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Автор: Соколенко А.П. Тучина О.П. Корниенко Т.М.
Теги: языки мира лингвистика английский грамматика английский язык языкознание схемы и таблицы
Год: 1985
Текст
КРАТКАЯ
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ
ГРАММАТИКА
АНГЛИЙСКОГО
ЯЗЫКА
А. П. СОКОЛЕНКО, О. П. ТУЧИНА,
Т. М. КОРНИЕНКО
КРАТКАЯ
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ
ГРАММАТИКА
АНГЛИЙСКОГО
ЯЗЫКА
(В ТАБЛИЦАХ)
Под редакцией
дпцеппш М. М. ОБУХ )ВОЙ
МОСКВА
ВОЕННОЕ ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО
1985
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Настоящее учебное пособие «Кратка» практическая грамматика английского
языка (в таблицах)» предназначено для обучающихся английскому языку в неязы¬
ковых военных и гражданских учебных заведениях. Его также можно исполь
зовать при самостоятельном изучении английского языка.
Главная цель пособия — формирование навыков и умений структурно-семан¬
тического анализа текста. Исходный принцип — выделение формальных призна¬
ков грамматических структур и непосредственное соотнесение их с правилами
перевода, что обеспечивает эффективность анализа грамматических явлений
и создает прочность навыков и умений. Выделение типичных грамматических
структур важно также для обучения устной речи.
Принцип репрезентации грамматических структур — максимальная обобщен¬
ность и типичность с выделением структурно-семантических характеристик
таких, как:
— формальные признаки грамматического явления;
— формальные дистрибутивные характеристики (признаки типичного кон¬
текста), позволяющие опознать и вычленить данное грамматическое явление
в составе предложения;
— обобщенное значение грамматической модели.
Пособие состоит из трех разделов — морфологии, синтаксиса и словооб¬
разования—и представлено в виде таблиц, схем и моделей. Такой способ подачи
грамматических явлений способствует более быстрому зрительному восприятию,
развитию навыка распознавания форм и структур по формальным грамматическим
признакам, более ускоренному и прочному формированию навыков и умений.
Таблицы, как правило, включают модели, способы перевода грамма¬
тических конструкций, примеры, иллюстрирующие те или иные грамма¬
тические явления, включенные в таблицы. В сводных таблицах систематизи¬
руются наиболее сложные грамматические явления.
Упоажнения, данные после таблиц, обеспечивают практическое усвоение
грамматического материала, включенного в таблицы. Они построены на быто¬
вой, общетехнической и военной лексике.
Англо-русский словарь, помещенный в конце пособия,включает слова, встре¬
чающиеся в упражнениях. Словарь составлен по сплошному алфавиту.
Алфавитный предметный указатель предназначен для удобства нахождения
нужного материала.
Ваши отзывы и пожелания по содержанию и оформлению книги просим
направлять по адресу: 103160, Москва, К-160, Военное издательство.
3
УСЛОВНЫЕ ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЯ
A (adjective) — прилагательное
Adv (adverb) — наречие
Attr (attribute) - определение
Attr, (attribute) — определение придаточного предложения
Conj (conjunction) — союз
D (adverbial modifier) — обстоятельство
D, (adverbial modifier) — обстоятельство придаточного предложения
Ger (gerund) — герундий
Inf (infinitive) — инфинитив, неопределенная форма глагола
N (noun) — существительное
Num (numeral) — числительное
О (object) — дополнение
О, (object) — дополнение придаточного предложения
р (predicative) — именная часть сказуемого
р, (predicative) — именная часть сказуемого придаточного предложения
Р (predicate) — сказуемое
Р, (predicate) — сказуемое придаточного предложения
Р I (participle I) — причастие I
Р II (participle II) — причастие II
Prep (preposition) — предлог
Pron (pronoun) — местоимение
S (subject) — подлежащее
S, (subject) — подлежащее придаточного предложения
Suf (suffix) - суффикс
V (verb) — глагол
4
МОРФОЛОГИЯ
СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ
Таблица 1
ФОРМАЛЬНЫЕ ПРИЗНАКИ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
Формальные признаки
Примеры
Артикль: a (an): the; -
a table (стол) the book (книга)
Суффикс множественного числа (-e)s
desks (столы) boxes (ящики)
Существительные в притяжательном
падеже: -s’
my friend’s book (книга моего друга)
my friends’ books (книги моих друзей)
Поилагательные
a long story (длинный рассказ)
Местоимения:
притяжательные: my, your, his, her,
Its, our, their
указательные: this-these; that-
those
неопределенные: any, many (much),
some, few (little), every, each
— вопросительные: what, which, whose
— отрицательные: no, neither
my реп (моя ручка); our duty (наш
долг); their way (их путь)
this article (эта статья) those articles
(те статьи)
any model (любая модель)
some models (несколько моделей)
what effect? (какое влияние?)
whose article? (чья статья?)
no information (никаких сведений)
Числительные:
количественные: one, two,...
— порядковые first, second,...
one group (одна группа)
the first group (первая группа)
Предлоги; in, on, at, by, for и др.
in the table (в столе) on the table
(на столе)
5
Продолжение таблицы 1
Формальные признаки
Примеры
Причастия;
— причастие 1 (V-ing)
— причастие 11 (V-ed)
a developing country (развивающаяся
страна)
a developed country (развитая страна)
Суффиксы: -ег, -or, -ist, -ism, -(t)ion,
-ment, -ure, -age, -ship, -ness, -dom, -ity,
-ance (ence)
teacher (преподаватель); actor (актер);
communism (коммунизм); action (дейст¬
вие); dependence (зависимость);
storage (склад); nature (природа);
freedom (свобода)
1. Определите существительные по формальным признакам и переведите пред¬
ложения:
1. We know the names of the days of the week. 2. The cadets of our military school
study foreign languages. 3. When the teacher comes in, the cadet on duty reports to
him 4 Three cadets are absent. 5. There are two books on the table. 6. Leningrad is
one of the greatest histoncal places in the world. It is the second largest city in the
USSR 7 This is an English text. 8. These books are in the library. 9. His father is an
engineer. 10. They asked me many questions. 11. She read few books in French.
12- We have six lessons every day. 13. They had no lectures-yes terday; 14. Some birds
can fly from one continent to another without any rest ^5, 1 here are'no reasons to
worry. 16. There are not any mistakes in your рарегГ!^ Which of these books do
youfike to read? 18. What firms' do you like to see? 19. There are few books on
this subject. 20. 1 have little time. 21. I want to have another cup of tea 22. I have
many'TFTerTds in this town. 23. The “Komsomolskaya Pravda is very popular with our
young readers. 24. This film made a deep impression on us. 25. What day is today?
26. The ghservM.phenomenon was STgreai Interest. 27. The playing children did
not notice me. 28. The openecfbook is not English. 29. Have you made any potes at the
conference9 - Yes, 1 have. I have noted some interesting facts from the history ol
the Great Patriotic War. 30. The conference lasted for two days. 31. Albert Einstein
published his theory of general j£lafiwfy^in 1916. 32. The 1&£аШу was situated on
the high bank of the river. 33. The unit has xa,ceaiie4-9Qj»»jnformation about the enemy
location.! 34] Which direction wiiT’you attack in? 05 Dunjjg .field training cadets
usually carry out many exercises in the offence and defence. 36. The flying plane
left behind a stream_of white ‘smoke. 37. The teacher of tactics set this unit
a difficult mission. 38. This officer is our commander.
Таблица 2
ФОРМАЛЬНЫЕ ПРИЗНАКИ ЕДИНСТВЕННОГО И МНОЖЕСТВЕННОГО
ЧИСЛА СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
Формальные признаки
Единственное число
Множественное число
суффикс
The room is large.
Комната большая.
-(e)s
The rooms are large.
Комнаты большие.
a (an); the
the; -
артикль
This is a map.
Это карта.
The maps are large.
Карты большие.
Продолжение таблицы 2
Формальные признаки
Единственное число
Множественное* число
The map is large.
Карта большая.
These are maps.
Это карты.
указательное
местоимение
this, that
This book is new.
Эта книга новая.
I like that magazine.
Мне нравится тот жур¬
нал.
these, those
These books are new.
Эти книги новые.
I like those magazines.
Мне нравятся те журна¬
лы.
неопределенное
местоимение
each, every
There are new houses on
each side of the street.
На каждой стороне ули¬
цы новые дома.
I meet him every day.
Я встречаю его каждый
день.
many, few
H e has many friends.
У него много друзей.
There are few mistakes in
his work.
В его работе мало
ошибок.
глагол-сказуемое
is, was, has
Ль...
The vehicle^—was...
has...
Машина находится...
(находилась..., имеет...)
are, were
The vehicles-^
Машины находятся...
(находились...)
суффикс -ics в
названиях наук
-ics
Electronics is playing an
important part m the develop¬
ment of science.
Электроника играет
важную роль в развитии
науки.
2. Определите число существительных ио формальным признакам и переведите
предложения:
1. There are many rivers in our country. 2. This tape-recorder has a very
unod sound. 3. There is a telephone in the room. 4. They want to find new
ways of solving old problems. 5. Our researchers work on ways of solvmg old
problems. 6. Every chemical change involves some physical changes. 7. Cyber-
nil ics exists for a quarter of a century. 8- This element is also radioactive,
ч Some atoms emit negative particles. 10. The properties of the element were
of great interest. 11. The quantum mechanics has influenced modern scientific
theories. 12. Horse-power is a unit of power or work which is necessary to
hit 550 pounds to the height of one foot in one second. 13. Our engineers
try to solve the problem of transportation in big cities. 14. In the laboratory
are some devices. 15. Physics is a science. 16. These devices included
7
radars, night vision devices. 17 A new 105 ntio howitzer is being evaluated
for possible use as a close support weapon. 18 Electronics in the vehicle is
modified. 19. Each system has many improvemen's ir weight, length and range
of fire. 20. Their decisions depend on the situation in the concentration area.
21. Artillery provides long-range fire suppori for Infantry and Armoured units.
22. Large units consist of several arms and services. 23 A number of iight
machineguns are designed in 7.62 mm caliber. 7.4. The gun is used coaxially
with the mam armament on armoured vehicles. 25. These measures must be
supported by electronic reconnaissance.
Таблица 3
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ МНОЖЕСТВЕННОГО ЧИСЛА СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
Модели
Произношение суффикс*
Примеры
N (на звонкий согласный
или гласный) + -s
И
a level (уровень) — levels
a sea (море) - seas
N (на глухой согласный)
+ —S
м
a lent (палатка) - tents
a map (карга) - maps
N (на шипящие и свистя¬
щие: s,ss,z,x,sh, ch)+ -es
[iz|
a process (процесс) - pro¬
cesses
a bus (ав тобус) - buses
a box (коробка) -boxes
an inch (дюйм) - inches
N (на согласный + у -*■ i)
+ -es
[1Z]
a country (страна) - coun¬
tries
N (на гласный + у) + -к
И
a ray (луч) - rays
И(на о) + -e(s)
и
a hero (герой) - heroes
N (Haf, fe -*■ v) + -(e)s
[z]
a shelf (полка) - shelves
life (жизнь) - lives
3. Прочтите и переведите существительные в единственном и множественном
числе:
place-places
page-pages
watch-watches
knife-knives
problem-problems
model-models
atom-atoms
scientist- scientists
magazine-magazi nes
unit-units
tank-tanks
gun-guns
division-divisions
tram-trams
molecule- molecules
form-forms
bomb-bombs
aetion-aclions
8
4. Ilepc ведите предложения, обращая внимание на существительные во мно¬
жественном числе:
]. The cadels of our school live in those big barracks. 2. They study many
subjects. 3. These cadets study English at the military school. 4. We like these
films 5. I want to ask you some questions. 6. At the English lessons we read
many texts. 7. In summer the cadets live in tents in camp. 8. The enemy can
be counterattacked by the mobile reserves. 9. Defence is one of the basic forms
of combat. IQ. The organization of defensive positions is very important. 11. There
are two forms of defence. 12. There are three mortars and two recoilless
rides in the company. 13. Our artillery opened fire on the enemy armoured
personnel carriers. 14. Tanks and infantry attacked the enemy units from the
danks. 15- Mechanized infantry units launched an attack. 16. Artillery units
support other arms under all conditions of combat. 17. Armoured units are fast
and highly mobile in action. 18. In the centre of the inhabited locality of N.
we saw some destroyed houses. 19. Tanks always support infantry in combat.
20. Aviation supports tanks in the offence. 21. Different arms cooperate with each
other in combat.
Таблица 4
ОСОБЫЕ СЛУЧАИ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ МНОЖЕСТВЕННОГО ЧИСЛА
СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
Единственное число
Множественное число
путем изменения корневых гласных:
шип (мужчина) •
men (мужчины)
woman (женщина)
women (женщины)
foot (нога; фут)
feet (ноги; футы)
tooth (зуб)
teeth (зубы)
существительное child (ребенок) имеет
во множественном числе форму
children (де ги)
формы единственного и множественною числа совпадают:
aircraft (самолет, самолет ы)
series (серия, серии)
means (средство, средства)
works (завод, заводы)
форма единственного числа в английском языке употребляется в рус-
■ ком языке в единственном и во множественном числе:
advice (совет, сове! ы) knowledge (знание, знания)
Information (сведение, сведения) news (новость, новости)
У. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на существительные в единст¬
венном и множественном числе:
1. Women in the Soviet Union have equal rights with men. 2. My brother
hiis two children, a girl and a boy, the boy is two years old and he has ten
Ircth already. 3. The tourists did not hurt their feet while they were climbing
the mountain 4. Children like to keep birds, cats and dogs. 5. It is necessary
to leach a child to clean his teeth after each meal. 6. There were many men
9
stadium as they were watching hockey game. 7. Many women work as
of к ers at sch°ol- 8. The length of the vehicle is 21.3 feet. 9. The population
.Moscow, old and young, men and women, rose to defend its capital in the
aip%n of 1941. 10- The aircraft were standing by for an hour ready to take
? ll. A new chemical works was built not far from the town of N. 12. There
infn 8°°d means of learning English words. 13. Are there any other means of
"l ining him about our plan? 14. A series of stamps devoted to military leaders
■ •'■he Great Patriotic War was issued last year. 15. There were series of tele-
. 4 programmes shown at the festival. 16. There are two mechanical works
r I . lis town. 17. Her advice is always very useful. 18. His information was
£• 19. The news is heard on the radio at seven o’clock. 20. His knowledge
• tench is poor. 21. What is the news? The news is very interesting. 22. There
ls ^dme good news about his arrival. 23. The news was distributed with great
Таблица 5
МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЕ ЧИСЛО СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ ГРЕЧЕСКОГО
И ЛАТИНСКОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ
Единственное число
-on [эп], -um [эт]
р -епотепоп (явление)
d 1Ыоп (критерий)
Ьш, (данная величина)
^tlium (средство; способ)
-is [is]
lysis (анализ)
(кризис)
-as (3S)
g°4is (фокус)
Б hus (сорт, вид)
-а (я)
~1—
fo
•^nul» (формула)
Множественное число
"• [Э]
phenomena (явления)
criteria (критерии)
data (данные величины)
media (средства; способы)
-es (i:z)
analyses (анализы)
crises (кризисы)
-I |ai], -а [э]
X
foci (фокусы),
genera (сорта, виды)
-ae [I :J
formulae (формулы)
Переведите существительные, обращая внимание на формы единственного
^ множественного числа:
• stratum-strata; maximum-maxima; minimum-minima; equilibrium-equilibria;
'%тит-insignia; axis-axes: basis-bases; locus-loci; radius-radii; nucleus-nuclei;
5 Гп ulus-stimuli; bacterium—bacteria; thesis—theses
' Определите число существительных по формальным признакам и переве¬
дите их:
. a phenomenon, many phenomena, each phenomenon, this phenomenon, every
p ^^lomenon, a number of phenomena, a few phenomena
10
a nucleus, every nucleus, many nuclei, a number of nuclei, each nucleus,
this nucleus, these nuclei, a few nuclei
a medium, these media, each medium
a radius, each radius, this radius, these radii, a few radii, a number of
radi- those radii
N. Переведите предложения:
1. These data are very important. 2. They looked at us as though we were
curious phenomena. 3. Our science has been enriched by valuable data. 4. Some
interesting results have been obtained from observation of the solar spectrum.
5 fhis interesting phenomenon was discussed at the conference yesterday. 6. The
ubject of physics is to determine relations between physical phenomena. 7. Neutron
luis no electrical charge and is bound together with the proton in the nucleus
Bf an atom. 8. Man has learnt to split the nuclei of billions of atoms. 9. Do
you know the radius of the Earth? 10. Here is the formula you need. 11. The
bodies are rotating around the axes. 12. He remembers all these formulae which
wc have studied.
Таблица 6
ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО
Модели
Перевод
Примеры
N (одушевл., ед. 4.)+’s
N (одушевл., мн. ч. -s) +’
N (неодушевл.) +
(ед. ч.) — s
(мн ч.) -s’
(Икпначают:
существительные типа:
nth, sun, moon, nature, world,
■ ountry. ship и др.
промежуток времени и
расстояние
название стран, городов,
мосяцев, времен года
машины или детали ма¬
шин и механизмов
существительным
в родительном падеже
прилагательным
this engineer’s article
(статья этого инженера)
the student’s hostel (студен¬
ческое общежитие)
the cadets’ answers (ответы
курсантов)
the students’ holidays (студен¬
ческие каникулы)
earth’s resources (ресурсы
земли)
the moon’s light (лунный свет)
a month’s leave (месячный
отпуск)
at a mile’s distance (на расстоя¬
нии одного километра)
the Soviet Union’s territory
(территория Советского Союза)
Moscow’s theatres (москов¬
ские театры)
the airplane’s engines (авиа¬
ционные двигатели)
U
9. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на существительные в притя¬
жательном падеже:
1. Her father’s coat is quite new. 2. My brother’s favourite sport is gym¬
nastics. 3. I do not remember that man’s name. 4. My brother’s son is an
officer. 5. Ivanov’s father took part in the Great Patriotic War. 6. I always spend
my days off with my friend’s family. 7. They watched the May Day workers’
demonstration on TV. 8. Newton’s laws are fundamental in physics. 9. In Men¬
deleev’s time only a few scientists realized that there must be a general system
of laws. 10. Man’s dream of outer space became reality on April, 1961. 11. Big
experimental and theoretical programmes are under the way at the Academy’s
computer centre. 12. Two month’s program was fulfilled by our laboratory.
13. Radio is our century’s discovery. 14. The atom’s model is similar to the
sun system. 15. The idea of flying existed in men’s minds long ago. 16. Aca¬
demician Joffe’s theory concerns semi-conductors. 17. The Soviet scientists’ work
makes it possible to achieve progress in engineering and economy. 18. Today’s
vehicles are powered with powerful multifuel engines. 19- The airplane’s engine
is usually made of stainless steel. 20. An airplane’s flying height is registered
by altimeter. 21. Eyepieces are fitted to the gunner’s and commander’s sights
and used to indicate the target. 22. The loader’s position is generally on the
left of the gun. 23. A sniper enhances a unit’s fire. 24. Britain’s tank Chieftain
weighs over 50 tons. 25. The tank’s mobility depends on the characteristics of
the running gear. 26. This Japan’s antitank rocket can be fired from helicopters
as well as from ground positions. 27. The principal function of an airplane’s
wings (or helicopter’s rotors) is to provide lift.
Таблица 7'
ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ПАДЕЖНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ПРЕДЛОГОВ
В русском языке
Предлог
В английском языке
именительный падеж
(кто?, что?)
о
This cadet reads well.
Этот курсант хорошо
читает.
The lessons begin at 9
o’clock.
Занятия начинаются в
9 часов.
родительный падеж
(кого?, чего?)
of
from
The book of the cadet is on
the table.
Книга курсанта на столе.
Take the book from the table.
Возьмите книгу со стола.
дательный падеж
(кому?, чему?)
to
Не gave this book to the cadet.
Он дал эту книгу курсанту.
винительный падеж
(кого?, что?)
-
The teacher asked the cadet
many questions.
'Преподаватель задал кур¬
санту много вопросов.
We like these books.
Нам нравятся эти книги.
12
Продолжение таблицы 7
В русском языке
Предлог
В английском языке
торигельмый падеж
by
This article is written by the
(кем?, чем?)
cadet.
Эта статья написана кур¬
сантом.
with
I write with a fountain-pen.
Я пишу авторучкой.
предложный падеж
about
I speak about the cadet.
(о ком?, о чем?)
Я говорю об этом курсанте.
of
I think of the experiment.
Я думаю об этом экспери¬
менте.
HI Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выражение падежных
отношений с помощью предлогов:
I I bought the new plan of Kiev. 2. My friend returned from the country
lonlglit. 3. She always writes with a pen, but 1 like to write with a pencil.
I lohn Reed wrote a book about the Great October Socialist Revolution in
KumIii. 5. Newton was the discoverer of three basic laws of motion. 6. The
ib ilgners are speaking about a new model of the engine. 7. He was a specialist
in iiuinv fields of science. 8. Science today cannot exist without industry. 9. This
«'pertinent was done by all the first-year students. 10. The expedition is provided
»nlt new vehicles. II. He fulfilled this experiment with comrade H. 12. Scientists
пи constantly discovering new chemical forms of metals. 13. We measure voltage
In voltmeters. 14. The application of an electromagnetic field will influence the
Mow of electrons. 15. Machine-guns are operated either by the recoil or by the
pm'surc ol the powder gases. 16. Arms and services carry out important missions
mi combat. 17. The weight of air-to-ground supersonic missile system is about
■ а и I pounds. 18. Electronic warfare systems differ from other systems. 19. The
bull ol the tank is all-welded. 20. Grenade launchers are weapons attached to
n illlc 21. The recoilless rifle must be replaced by a manportable wire guided
inl'ullc 22. Ihe missile is powered by a two-stage solid-propcllant rocket engine,
i I I hey thought about the using mechanized forces in the operation. 24. Modern
tnикя can make road marches of more than 200 miles a day. 25. Tbe signal
hiiMiillon assists the commander to control the units of the division. 26. The
lb 11 ol flight on human physiology are the subjects of aviation medicine.
Таблица 8
ФУНКЦИИ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО В ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ
Моле ЛИ
Функции
Примеры
S (N) -f Р -I ...
подлежащее
Tbe text-book is on the
(able.
Учебник на столе.
S t Р + О (N| 1- ..„
about
Я • 1‘ 1 upon О tN)
with
прямое
домочиеяпе косвенное
предложное
This plant produces
tractors.
Этот завод выпускает
трактора.
13
Продолжение таблицы 8
Модели
Функции
Примеры
I showed the sister a book.
Я показал сестре книгу.
We spoke about our work.
Мы говорили о нашей
работе.
S + P + D (N) + ...
времени
обстоятельство
места
Не served in the Armour
during the war.
Во время войны он слу¬
жил в бронетанковых
войсках.
At the end of May our
cadets went to camp.
В конце мая наши курсан¬
ты поехали в лагерь.
S + be p (N) + ...
именная часть состав¬
ного именного сказуемого
Не is an officer of the
Soviet Army.
Он офицер Советской
Армии.
Attr (N) + S + P + ...
S (N) of Attr + P + ...
препози¬
тивное
определение
постпози¬
тивное
The tank mobility is high.
Подвижность танка вы¬
сокая.
The teacher corrected the
cadet’s mistakes.
Преподаватель исправил
ошибки курсанта.
The level of fuel is norma
Уровень топлива нор¬
мальный.
11. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции существитель¬
ного:
1. Не is a student. 2. Our group did not practise in the language laboratory
last term. 3. The window of this room is large. 4. Send this letter to Peter.
5. I know this officer well. 6. I can give this cadet my text-book. 7. This
machine is driven by electricity. 8. The designer spoke about the efficiency of
the new device. 9. Our cadets live in camp in summer. 10. The river is deep
south of this bridge. 11. You must repeat all these words and expressions.
12. The rate of fire is high. 13. Guided rockets have a great weight. 14. The
mam blow is usually directed against the forward defence area. 15. The units
of this division will inflict the main blow in the northern direction. 16. The
fire destroyed important objectives in the depth of the enemy defence. 17. The
mam blow is usually directed agamst the forward edge of the battle area.
18. The mmes are laid not only by mme-layers but also by airplanes and
submarines. 19. Here we shall speak only about an attack. 20. Today’s defensive
exercise is much more difficult than the one we had two days ago. 21. Our
soldiers fortified positions on the outskirts of the village. 22. This area is defended
by the units of the 12th battalion. 23. The cadets of our section carried out
14
reconnaissance near hill 194.6. 24. Defence is one of the basic forms of combat.
IS Ihe weapons platoon provides close fire support for the rifle platoons.
2f> Guided rockets are transported by ground vehicle or helicopter 27 Rifle
squads move from place to place in armoured personnel carriers. 28 There are
iw<i lypes of the attack manoeuvre. 29. These units are to bypass the enemy
positions. 30. The forward units continued advancing. 31. He knows the organi¬
zation of field artillery well. 32. According to size and weight machine-guns
arc classified as light and heavy.
МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ
Таблица 9
ЛИЧНЫЕ И ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ. ИХ ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД
Личные
Притмжвгсльные
Определение
Самос топельно
Ч ис.чо
Подлежащее
Дополнение
1-и форма
2-* форма
1 я
пае меня, мне
ту мой. моя, мое, мои
mine
У
а
you ВЫ (ТЫ)
you вас. вам (тебя. ie6e)
your ваш, ваша, ваше, ваши,
(гвой, твоя, твое, твои)
yours
he он
him его. ему
his его
his
=*
н
she она
her ее, ей
her ее
hers
it он, она, оно (неодушевл.)
И его, ее, ему (неоОушеел.)
its его, ее (неодушевл.)
-
we мы
us нас. нам
our наш. наша, наше, наши
ours
Э
you вы
you вас, вам
your ваш, ваша. ваше, ваши
vours
а
■j
9
*
О
they они
them их, им
their их
(heirs
2
12 Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на личные и притяжатель¬
ные местоимения:
I. We see them at their club. 2. He knows you well. 3. Speak about your
work. 4. We leave our house at 5 o’clock. 5. Give her her book. 6. Bring
" our English books. 7. I know him and his friends. 8. Give them their
ups ч. They seldom have eight lessons. 10. Comrade Ivanov is a friend of mine.
11 These are our maps. Bring yours. 12. I put my notes on my table. 13. Helen,
i Inend of hers, also lives in Moscow. 14. She lives in Moscow with her
lumily. 15. I often go to see them, 16. His brother teaches tactics. 17. What’s
your name?-My name is Peter. 18. Give them their notebooks. 19. Our plant
Is very large. It produces machiffes. 20. What’s your rank?-I am a captain.
21 We saw a new film yesterday. I liked it very much. 22. Open your book
•rid put it on the table. 23. Their camp is not far from the river. 24. We use
In. method in our work. 25. They speak English quite well. 26. Our school
i* hi the .entre of the city. 27. Who is this?-This is my brother. What is
i" imme?-His name is Petrov.-What is he?-He is a military student.-What
i> lin rank?-He is a senior lieutenant.-How old is he?-He is twenty six.
.'K fins is a schoolgirl.-What is her first name?-Her first name is Katya,
"i Meet me, please! 30. Tell him, please! 31. Send them your texts. 32. I seldom
• ■ ilium. 33. We take our books and note-books when we go to the classrooms.
11 is unswer was the best. 35. They often go to our club to see new films.
IP 1 want to help you. 37. My friend is a cadet of the military school.
IH W arc never in our barracks from 9 till 15 o’clock.
Таблица 10
УКАЗАТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ, ИХ ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД
Единственное число
Множественное число
this этот, эта, это
that тот, та, то
these эти
those те
Милели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
РЦГгоо) + Р + ...
подлежащее
местоимением
«это»
This (that) is a modern
vehicle.
Это — современная ма¬
шина.
These (those) are modern
vehicles.
Это — современные ма¬
шины.
Alif I l*i он) +S+P...
определение
местоимениями;
этот, эта, это, *
эти
тот, та, то, те
. 1
This (that) engine is new.
Этот (тот) двигатель
новый
These (those) engines are
new.
Эти (те) двигатели новые.
пин
17
Продолжение таблицы 10
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
S + P + Attr
(Pron) + О + ...
определение
местоимения¬
ми:
этот, эта,
это, эти'
тот, та, то,
те
1 like this (that) magazine.
Мне нравится этот (тот)
журнал.
I like these (those) maga¬
zines.
Мне нравятся эти (те)
журналы.
that of
слова-
заместители
существитель¬
ными, которые
они заменяют
(в ряде случаев
не переводятся)
The Moscow underground
is better than that of any
other city.
Московское метро луч¬
ше, чем метро любого
другого города.
those of
О
The results of your experi¬
ment are better titan those of
your friend.
Результаты вашего экс¬
перимента лучше, чем у ва¬
шего друга.
13. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на указательные местоимения:
1 This is a good news. 2. These are English textbooks. 3. That was his
first experiment. 4. That is not a word, that is a sentence. 5. This watch is
new and that watch is old. 6. You will do these exercises at home. 7. The
colour of the pencil is brighter than that of the pen 8. The information in
the magazine is newer than that in the textbook. 9. That road leads to the
airfield 10 The highway will connect these two airdromes. 11. Yesterday that
group of students had a lesson in military topography. 12. This system is more
economical than that one. 13. Those highiy sensitive instruments are widely used
m aviation industry. 14. These bodies move at line speed. 15. Hydrogen atom
is lighter than that of any other element. 16- This is an important feature of
the diesel engine. 17. This apparatus controls the flight of a rocket 18. The
fuel consumption is about twice that of a gasoline engme and three times that
of a diesel. 19. From this position the platoon leader can coordinate the fires
of his platoon. 20. This antitank missile is a larger version than that one.
21. The range of the Dragon Army’s first guided missile is far superior than
that of 90 mm recoilless rifle. 22. These units are trained to carry out different
tasks. 23 The infantry will depend upon these systems to detect and destroy
the enemy at very long ranges. 24. Some components of the new tank are
similar to those of the previous type. 25. These grenade launchers are used
to fire high-explosive projectile to the range of 400 meters. 26. These are light
amphibious vehicles. 27. Those turbojet liners may be used for transporting
soldiers at great distances.
18
Таблица 11
НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ «SOME», «ANY»
И ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНОЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ «NO»
Тип
пред¬
ложе¬
ния
Модели
Перевод
Примеры
исчисл.,
ед. ч.
какой-то, какой-
нибудь
Bring me some interestmg
book to read.
Принесите мне почитать
какую-нибудь интересную
книгу.
<и
О
X
л
some + N
исчисл.,
мн. ч.
какие-то, какие-
нибудь, некоторые,
несколько
My friend has some Eng¬
lish books at home.
У моего друга есть не¬
сколько английских книг
дома.
а>
н
S
Оч
<t>
П
н
>>
неисчисл.
немного (часть),
сколько-нибудь
(часто не перево¬
дится)
Give me some bread!
Дай re мне (немного)
хлеба!
some + Num
приблизительно,
около
There are some 20 cadets
in the classroom.
В аудитории около 20
курсантов.
any + N
исчисл., ед. ч.
неисчисл.
любой, всякий
Any method is good in
this case.
Любой метод хорош в
данном случае.
You may come at any time.
Вы можете прийти в лю¬
бое время.
опросительиос
any + N
исчисл., ед. ч.
исчисл., мн. ч.
неисчисл., ед. ч
любой, всякий
какие-нибудь
обычно не пере¬
водится
Can I get this book at any
bookshop?
Я могу достать эту книгу
в любом магазине?
Have you got any interest¬
ing books?
Есть ли у вас какие-
нибудь интересные книги?
Have you bought any
sugar?
Купили ли вы сахару?
сс
some + N
исчисл.
неисчисл.
обычно не пере¬
водится
Have you some English
books?
У вас есть английские
книги?
Where can I get some chalk?
Где я могу достать мел?
19
Продолжение таблицы 11
Тип
пред¬
ложе¬
ния
и
о
X
Л
Модели
ПО
not ... any
+ N (ед. ч.,
мн. ч.)
Перевод
никакой, нет
Примеры
I asked the commander no
questions.
I did not ask the commander
any questions.
Я не задавал командиру
никаких вопросов.
I have no (not any) time to
do this work today.
У меня нет времени сде¬
лать эту работу сегодня.
14. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на местоимения «some», «апу»,
«по», «not any»:
1. There is some book on the table. 2. Some water is added to the mixture.
3. Some qew facts have been discovered. 4. Some changes were made in the
original plan. 5. The air consists of some chemical elements. 6. Some new
power stations were built in our country. 7. Have you seen any mistakes m my
work? 8. Has this idea got any application?-Yes, it has got some. 9. There must
be some explanation ot any phenomena. 10. Does this book contain any useful
information? Ц. You may go to any library and ask for those magazines there.
12. Any spaceship must be protected from cosmic radiation. 13. What device
shall I test?-You may test any device. 14. Have you read any other stories by
Tolstoy? Is. Some cadets want to tell us about their working day. 16- 1 did not
meet any friends at the railway station. 17. Any force can do some destruction
or fulfil some useful work. 18. No one can deny this fact. 19. There is no
new buildmg in this district. 20. He has no one in this town. 21. We have
no meeting today. 22. You may use any new method. 23. There is not any
atmosphere on the Moon. 24. You mustn’t make any noise. 25. Any student
may take part in the conference. 26. The fuel tank capacity is some 350 gallons.
27. In modern warfare the success of any operation often depends upon the effecti¬
veness of the communication system. 28. There are some improvements in the
communication equipment.
Таблица 12
ПРОИЗВОДНЫЕ СЛОВА ОТ МЕСТОИМЕНИЙ «SOME»», «ANY», «NO»
Тип
предло¬
жения
Производные слова *
Перевод
Примеры
- thing
что-то, что-нибудь
Не knows something
8
about it.
5
Он что-то знает об
«
этом.
• s
ej
some +
body (one)
кто-то, кто-нибудь
There was some¬
&
body in the lab.
В лаборатории
>
кто-то был.
— where
где-то, куда-то,
They work some¬
где-нибудь, куда-
where near the insti¬
нибудь
tute.
20
Продолжение таблицы 12
Тип
предло¬
жения
Производные слова
Перевод
Примеры
Они работают
где-то недалеко от
института.
<u
О
X
Л
n
any +
—thing
всё
You can find any¬
thing in this magazine
Вы можете все
найти в этом жур¬
нале.
<D
H
s
Ct
o.
<0
body(one)
всякий, все
Anybody (Anyone)
knows him.
Все знают его.
P
>>
- where
везде, повсюду
You can meet him
anywhere.
Вы можете встре¬
тить его везде.
D
О
X
- thing?
что-нибудь?
Do you know any¬
thing about it?
Знаете вы что-
нибудь об этом?
a
H
s
о
О
tx
any +
body (one)?
кто-то?, кто-
нибудь?
Is there anybody in
the lab?
В лаборатории
есть кто-нибудь?
о
да
- where?
где-го?, где-нибудь?,
куда-нибудь?
Do you want to go
anywhere?
Хотите (ли вы) пой¬
ти куда-нибудь?
Этрицательиое
no
(not ...
any)
- thing
body (one)
ничто, ничего
никого
Не knows nothing
(does not know any¬
thing) about it.
Он ничего не знает
об этом.
We saw nobody (did
not see anybody).
Мы никого не ви¬
дели.
L- where
нигде, никуда
I shall go nowhere
(not go anywhere;.
Я никуда не пойду
15. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на производные слова от
местоимений «some», «апу», «по»:
1 She has something important to tell you. 2. Somebody entered the room
3. There is something wrong with the measuring instrument. 4. We usually ask
somebody (someone) who knows English well. 5. Somebody (someone) told me
that news. 6. He likes to read something about engineering. 7. The electric lamps
21
are somewhere on the shelf. 8. Their parents lived somewhere in the south.
9. Can I do anything for you? 10. Have you heard anything about laser?
I know nothing about it. 11. Have you anything to add?-Yes, I have. 12. Have
you anything interesting about a new tank design?-Yes, 1 have read about it
somewhere. 13. Is anybody (anyone) in your group who can solve this problem?-
Nobody knows anything about it. 14. You may invite anybody (anyone) you want.
15. Do you know anything about this film? 16. Does anyone remember the name
of this scientist? 17. A spaceship may go anywhere within the solar system.
18. This material can hardly be used anyvhere. 19. Do you want to meet with
him anywhere? 20. They knew nothing about the theory. 21. Nobody could
explain it properly. 22. No one was able to find any force between a charged
object and a magnet. 23. They had nothing to say. 24. I have nowhere to go today.
25. There is nowhere for me to expect letters from. 26. She has nobody to speak
to. 27. Nothing must be taken from the desk. 28. Nobody made any mistakes
in the dictation. 29. Is anybody absent today? 30. Will these cadets be sent
anywhere after their field training? 31. Can you tell me anything about the
defence area? 32. Anybody can show you the way to the training centre.
Таблица 13
ВОЗВРАТНЫЕ И УСИЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
Лицо
Единственное число
Pron + -self
Множественное число
Pron + -selves
1-e
myself (я) сам
ourselves (мы) сами
2-e
yourself (вы) сами, (ты) сам
yourselves (вы) сами
himself (он) сам
3-e
herself (она) сама
themselves (они) сами
itself (оно) само
ПЕРЕВОД ВОЗВРАТНЫХ И УСИЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ МЕСТОИМЕНИЙ
Модели
Перевод
Примеры
S + Р + О (Ргоп)...
возвратным глаголом
на «-ся(-сь)»
She hurt herself.
Она ушиблась.
возвратным местоиме¬
нием «себе (себя, собой)»
I bought myself а
book.
Я купил себе книгу.
S + Pron + Р...
The gun itself is very
heavy.
Сама пушка очень тя¬
желая.
местоимениями
Не himself did it.
сам, сама, само, сами
Он сам это сделал.
S + Р + О + Ргоп
Не did it himself.
Он сделал это сам.
16. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на возвратные и усилитель¬
ные местоимения:
1. We shall translate the text ourselves. 2. The students corrected their
mistakes themselves. 3. I have bought this book for myself. 4. We must discuss this
22
problem ourselves. 5. Your friend may take the book himself. 6. He cannot
solve this problem himself. 7. You may come across this interesting phenomenon
in your work yourselves. 8. The molecules themselves move in different directions.
9. She descril d me that phenomenon herself. 10. He will complete the experiment
himself. 11. They tested radio instruments themselves. 12. He made many expe¬
riments in physics himself. 13. The glory with which the Soviet Armed Forces
have covered themselves will live forever. 14. A guided missile destroys itself in
carrying dut its mission. 15. They must be able themselves to oppose the enemy
with strong forces. 16. The tank configuration itself is important in modern
warfare. 17. The machine itself must extract important information. 18. They detected
the target themselves. 1°. The ship landed safely herself. 20. The pilot can use the
compass himself. 21. Missile systems have shown themselves superior to any other
type of weapon. 22. During the tests the vehicles have demonstrated themselves
capable of fulfilling all design requ rements. 23. The air pump can have a piston
and cylinder similar in form to the engine itself. 24. He must be able to reach and leave
his firing positions himself. 25. Squad members themselves fire through the six gun
ports of the infantry combat vehicle. 26. They themselves use both direct and
indirect fires. 27. These engineer units are specially trained, organized and equipped
to fulfil combat missions themselves. 28. The battalion commander himself
received a report by radio from one of his unit commanders. 29. The tank
commander himself has the capability of firing all weapons.
Таблица 14
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ, ИХ ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД
who? кто?
whom?
кого?, кому?
to whom?
кому?
by whom?
кем?
whose?
чей?
what?
что?, какой?
which?
который?,
какой?
Модели
Функции
Приме
ры
Who + P...?
Who + is + N(Pron)...?
подлежащее
именная часть
составного именно¬
го сказуемого
Who speaks English
well?
Кто хорошо говорит по-
английски?
Who is your teacher?
Кто ваш преподава¬
тель?
Whom + ^^-+S+V...?
did
T, to
Prep —gy- wnom +
do (does)
прямое дополне¬
ние
предложное (кос¬
венное) дополнение
did
-+S +V...?
Whom did you ask about
it?
Кого вы об этом спра¬
шивали?
То whom did you show
that letter?
Кому вы показали это
письмо?
By whom is the letter sig¬
ned?
Кем подписано это
письмо?
Whose+N + P...?
■ определение
Whose book is that?
Чья это книга?
23
Продолжение таблицы 14
who? кто?
whom?
to whom?
by whom?
whose?
what?
кого?, кому?
кому?
кем?
чей?
что?, какой?
which?
который?,
какой?
Модели
Функции
What + Р...?
Примеры
What has happened?
Что случилось?
What +
N
are
Pron
ic N
What H h +
are Pron
+ A + Prep?
What + d-0(id0-e-S-L+S +V,,.?
did
именная часть
составного именного
сказуемого
предложное до¬
полнение
прямое дополне¬
ние
What are the results of
the experiment?
Каковы результаты
опыта?
What is your city famous
for?
Чем знаменит ваш
город?
it?
What do you know about
Что вы знаете об этом?
do (does)
What + N + —rj Ь S
did
+ V?
определение
What question did you
ask?
Какой вопрос вы задали?
Which + N + P...?
определение
Which metal is heavier:
copper or iron?
Какой металл тяжелее:
медь или железо?
17. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на вопросительные местоимения:
1. What do you know about this invention? 2. What do you think about this
letter? 3. Whom did you see at the laboratory yesterday? 4. Which is the nearest
planet? 5. Whose students are they? 6. What is he famous for? 7. What time
does the sun rise? 8. What film do you want to see? 9. Who is the most popular
singer now? 10. Whose invention is a reflecting telescope? 11. What instru¬
ments were used in this experiment? 12. Who was the father of the geocentric
theory? 13. What vehicles does infantry use for transportation? 14. What are the main
characteristics of this aircraft? 15. Who is company commander?. 16. Whose
mission was to demonstrate the characteristics of this system? 17. Whom does this
equipment belong to? 18. What training is required for operation of the unit?
i> What system will allow the soldier to see at mght? 20. What do tanks do on
braking through the enemy forward defence lines? 21. What do tactical missions
of artillery depend on? 22. Which are the nearest positions? 23. Whom did your
unit attack on the left flank? 24. Who commanded this Armour division?
25 What types are modern planes divided into? 26. What is reconnaissance
platoon armed with? 27. What officers does this staff consist of? 28. What arm
can move across any broken country in any weather? 29. What are armour units
used for? 30. What battalion does this platoon belong to? 31. Who commands
this artillery battalion? 32. What targets do antiaircraft guns usually fire at?
j3. hat is the mission of units in defence? 34. What does the success of
the deience depend on? 35. What is the grenadier equipped with?
24
Таблица 15
МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ «IT»», ЕГО ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
S (it) + P...
подлежащее
личным мес¬
тоимением «он»,
«она», «оно»
This is a new engine.
It develops a high power
Это новый двига¬
тель. Он развивает
большую мощность.
S (it)
is
+ +
was
Pron
_Num
указательным
местоимением
«это»
What is it? - It is a
fuselage.
Что это?—Это фю¬
зеляж.
.T + о (it)
дополнение
(прямое, косвен¬
ное, преОложное)
личным место¬
имением «его»,
«ее»
I have read this book.
Now I can give it to
you.
Я уже прочел эту
книгу. Теперь я могу
дать ее вам.
S (it) + 1S +
was
+ [ V-ed ] that"'
S (it) + -S— +
was
+ ■,, ■ , + to V...
V-ed
вводит под¬
лежащее (в не¬
определенно-лич¬
ных предложе¬
ниях)
не перево¬
дится
It is reported that the
plane landed.
Сообщают, что ca-
иолет приземлился.
It is easy to translate
this text.
Этот текст перево¬
дить легко.
S (it) +
was
вводит подле¬
жащее (в безлич¬
ных предложе¬
ниях)
It is cold.
Холодно.
It was cold yesterday.
Вчера было холод¬
но.
It rains.
Идет дождь.
S (it) +
' who
j. 1S | that
was which
_when
вводит подле¬
жащее (в пред¬
ложениях с уси¬
лительной конс¬
трукцией)
именно, как
раз, только, то
It was on October 4
1957 that the space age
began.
Именно 4 октября
1957 года началась кос¬
мическая эра.
18. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на местоимение «it»:
1. It is easy to answer this question. 2. It is important to know the
weather forecast. 3. It is hard to start engine at -30°C. 4. It is early morning.
5. It often snows in winter. 6. The flat is not large, but it is comfortable.
25
7 What day is it today?-It is Monday. 8. It is autumn. It often rains. It is getting
dark though it is 6 o’clock p. m. 9. It is a famous picture. It was painted by John
Constable. The artist was awarded a gold medal for it. 10. The City is in thr
centre of London. It occupies about one square mile in area. 11. It is the
Soviet Union that applies nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. 12. It was Y. Gagarin
who first orbited the Earth. 13. It is the system which we decided to improve.
14. It is known that water has no kinetic energy. 15. It is a new turret. 16. This
motor is new. It runs on different fuels. 17. It is effective to use aluminum
alloys in the tank building. 18. It is a manoeuvrable vehicle for quick operations
19. It is pointed out that new control system is effective. 20. It is evident that
flight velocity and altitude have increased in ctur days. 21. It will be shown
later that the effect of compression- can be compensated. It is reasonable to
use it for the practical purposes. 22. The tank is a vehicle. It is powered by
500 h. p. engine. 23. It is effective to train all forms of manoeuvre in camp
24. The vehicle is comfortable, It can carry ten men and the crew of two.
25. It is a new helicopter, it has improved performances.
ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ И НАРЕЧИЕ
Таблица 16
СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ
Положительная
Сравнительная
Превосходная
степень
степень
степень
односложные прилагательные и наречия
adv
deep (глубокий)
late (поздно)
deeper(более глубокий)
later (позднее)
(the) deepest (самый
глубокий, глубочайший)
(the) latest (позднее все-1
го)
многосложные прилагательные и наречия
adv
active (активный)
actively (активно)
26
"Г ] «*»•
[ (более активный)
L (менее активный)
5Г.1
Г (более активно)
L (менее активно)
£,Г;] »*'
Г (самый активный)
L (наименее активный)
the most"! , ,
the leastjac
f (наиболее активно)
L (наименее активно)
Продолжение таблицы 16
Положительная
Сравнительная
Превосходная
степень
степень
степень
степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий от разных основ
(the) best самый лучший;
лучше всего
(the) worst самый плохой;
худший; хуже всего
(the) most (самый боль¬
шой, больше всего)
(the) least (наименьший,
меньше всего)
• (the) farthest (самый
далекий
(the) furthest (самый
отдаленный, дальше
. всего)
■идите прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени и пере¬
ведите предложения:
I We visited one of the best stations of the Moscow underground. 2. The
IV Ilk Ocean is the greatest ocean in the world. 3. Aluminmm is lighter than
<ч Iron. 4. They will get better results in English if they speak more.
I vmiov speaks English best of all. 6. This student is more attentive than you. 7. We
• I.nll pay much more attention to reading special texts this year. 8. Captain
lives farther than I. 9. Which of the cadets ran fastest? 10. We shall work
ii»idcr lo make our capital one of the most beautiful cities in the world,
и i umce is much smaller than the Soviet Union. 12. He knows English words
|iu-»l of all. 13. Our military school has more foreign language laboratories
Ими vours. 14. A straight line is the shortest distance between two points.
I lie greatest part of the matter around us is liquid or gas. 16. Their
in и iiones are provided with the latest equipment. 17. Those engineers use the
■ ■ I progressive methods of labour. 18. The simplest source of power is a battery.
I j I lie most sensitive instruments of the Institute are in our laboratory. 20. Glass
it i briier isolator than wood. 21. Radar is one of the most valuable inventions
"I modern science. 22. The task of the operator is the simplest. 23. This engine
L t, i smaller number of cylinders. 24. Other modifications of tanks will include
ftiOK powerful engines. 25. Guns are more often used for direct fire. 26. This weapon
и ' «mailer in size. 27. The most essential striking weapon is the tank. 28. The
i important mission of artillery is to support infantry and tank units in
■ omhal.
Таблица 17
III 1‘КВОД ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ В СОЧЕТАНИИ СО СЛУЖЕБНЫМИ
СЛОВАМИ
Модели
Перевод
Примеры
f А + as
«такой же» + прилага-
This engine is as po¬
тельное + «как и»
werful as that one.
Этот двигатель такой
же мощный, как и тот.
1
good (хороший)
••■ II (хорошо)
i tcl (плохой)
*• -Ну (плохо)
ноту (много, многие)
пик h (много)
Lille (маленький,
•I'i'IO)
|ti (далекий,отдален¬
ный далеко)
better лучше
worse хуже
more (больше)
less (меньше)
farther (более дале¬
кий, дальше)
further (более отда¬
ленный, дальше)
27
Продолжение таблицы П
Модели
Перевод
Примеры
not so + A + as
«не такой» + прилага¬
тельное + «как»
This engine is not so
powerful as that one.
Этот двигатель не та¬
кой мощный, как тот.
as + A + as possible
«как можно» + прила¬
гательное в сравнитель
ной степени
The speed of the milt
tary plane must be as high
as possible.
Скорость военного
самолета должна быть
как можно выше.
twice (thrice,...) + A + as
«в два (в три...) раза» +
+ прилагательное в срав¬
нительной степени+
+ чем
This engine is twice as
powerful as that one.
Этот двигатель в два
раза мощнее, чем тот.
the A (-er)... the A (-er)
the more ...the A (-er)
«чем» + прилагатель¬
ное в сравнительной сте¬
пени ..., «тем» + прила¬
гательное в сравнитель¬
ной степени
The more he worked,
the better he understands
the problem.
Чем больше он рабо¬
тает, тем лучше понима¬
ет этот вопрос.
20. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на прилагательные в соче¬
тании со служебными словами:
1. This mechanism is as simple as his analogue. 2. This metal is as hard as thal
one. 3. This instrument is not so precise as that one. 4. This motor supplies not so
much energy as that one. 5. The solution of this formula is twice as simple as
they think. 6. The longer I listened to the music, the more I liked it.
7. The temperature today is as high as it was yesterday. 8. The more
powerful engine, the higher the speed. 9. This vehicle mo^es half as fast as that one.
10. The more we know about the structure of the atom, the better we can
use its energy. 11. The thicker armour a tank has, the more reliable protection
is for the crew. 12. This winch is twice as powerful as that one. 13. This program
includes not so many characteristics of the system as that one. 14. The more
universal device, the wider it is applied. 15. The higher the compression, the
more efficient an engine becomes. 16. The shorter the day, the longer the nighi
17. The more you practise in reading, the quicker you read. 18. The longer
the wire, the greater the resistance. 19. The more powerful power station
the greater amount of energy it generates. 20. The more correct information
is stored in a computer, the more precise data we get. 21. The higher cross-countr
capacity of the vehicle, the faster it moves. 22. The faster the movement of
molecules, the higher the temperature. 23. The submarine has been designed to
emit as little noise as possible. 24. The larger is the planet and the closer it is
to the sun, the shorter is a day on it. 25. The greater the vacuum, the more
efficient the rocket becomes.
28
Таблица 18
ФУНКЦИИ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОГО В ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ
Модели
Функции
Примеры
чп (Л) I S + P + ...
H i I* i Attr (A) + 0 + ...
определение
My best friend is an
officer.
Мой лучший друг —
офицер.
I received an important
letter yesterday.
Я получил вчера важ¬
ное письмо.
| i hf(xrow, look и dp.)
1 (A)
именная часть состав¬
ного именного сказуе
мого
This engine is powerful.
Этот двигатель мощ¬
ный
It grew wanner.
Потеплело (стало теплее).
Не looks ill.
Он выглядит больным.
А (Л) + I* + ...
подлежащее*
The newest is our
model.
Самая последняя — на¬
ша модель.
A 1 P 1 О (A) + ...
дополнение*
There were many
books on the table. He took
the newest.
На столе было много
книг. Он взял самую но¬
вую.
' В функции подлежащего и дополнения выступают только субстантиви-
I ищинwe прилагательные.
м Мгр'-недите предложения, обращая внимание на прилагательные в раз
шчных функциях:
I Л new road joins the plant with the railway station. 2. The object is too big in
i midiriil size. 3. He saw only the blue of the sky and the green of the sea.
I с >iir laboratory is large and light. 5. This building is much higher. 6. This
nblum is not difficult and can be solved today. 7. He thought of the past
in>I 'in amed of the future. 8. The results are highly satisfactory. 9. Their task is
li more difficult. 10. The rich and the poor live in different parts of London.
I li new methods have been studied in detail. 12. The atoms of different
ill.imcrs have different weights. 13. The metric system of measurement is
т-ll in many countries 14. This is a complex device. 15. These chemical
nb nances are important in our experiments. 16. It is a magnetic field. 17. The
iilinnii. radiation is harmful to living organisms. 18. In free space electrical energy
Mnii in the form of electromagnetic waves. 19. The oil pressure is low now.
29
20. The rocket is highly mobile. It is 14.5 feet long, 12 inches in diametei
21. Modern antitank mines weigh about five pounds. 22. This type of system is
portable. 23. This vehicle is lighter, provides more armour protection and goo*
faster. 24. The recoilless rifle is usually mounted on a jeep. 25. An interesting
feature of the vehicle was its thin armour plating. 26. The commander’s position
provides good observation and direct communication with the infantry men. 27. The
disc-type wheels of the armoured personnel carrier are removable and interchang
able.
ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ
Таблица 14
КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
Непроизводные числительные
от 1 до 12
Производные числительные
от 13 до 19
Num + -teen
Десятки
от 20 до 90
Num + -ty
1 one
13 thirteen
20 twenty
2 two
14 fourteen
30 thirty
3 three
15 fifteen
40 forty
4 four
16 sixteen
50 fifty
5 five
17 seventeen
60 sixty
6 six
18 eighteen
80 seventy
7 seven
19 nineteen
80 eighty
8 eight
90 ninety
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
Многозначные числительные
100 a (one) hundred 1,000,000 a (one) million
1,000 a (one) thousand 1,000,000,000 a (one) milliard
Таблица 20
ПОРЯДКОВЫЕ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
Числительные
Числительные
Десятки
от 1 до 12
от 13 до 19
от 20 до 90
Num + -th
Num + -th
Num + -eth
1 (the) first
13 (the) thirteenth
20 (the) twentieth
2 (the) second
14 (the) fourteenth
30 (the) thirtieth
3 (the) third
15 (the) fifteenth
40 (the) fortieth
4 (the) fourth
16 (the) sixteenth
50 (the) fiftieth
6 (the) fifth
17 (the) seventeenth
60 (the) sixtieth
6 (the) sixth
18 (the) eighteenth
70 (the) seventieth
7 (the) seventh
19 (the) nineteenth
80 (the) eightieth
8 (the) eighth
90 (the) ninetieth
9 (the) ninth
10 (the) tenth
11 (the) eleventh
12 (the) twelfth
30
Продолжение таблицы 20
Многозначные числительные
НК)(lire) hundredth
<Ш> (the) thousandth
1,000,000 (the) millionth
1,000,000,000 (the) milliardth
Таблица 21
ЧТЕНИЕ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫ)
Количественные числительные
О 11 < > Li к h t
[ Jb twenty six
IB| out lundred and six
|g/P two hundred and twenty six
1006 one thousand and six
2026 two thousand and twenty six
2626 two thousand six hundred and
twenty six
Порядковые числительные
■ . (the) twenty sixth
lAA iihr) one hundred and sixth
i ic) two hundred and twenty
■ tilth
1006 (the) one thousand and sixth
2026 (the) two thousand and twenty
sixth
2626 (the) two thousand six hundred
and twenty sixth
Простые дроби
Десятичные дроби
/)
п (one) half
0.5
point five
ы
и (one) quarter, a (one) fourth
0.05
point nought five
и
one sixth
2.53
two point five three
1 >
iwo filths
25.4
twenty five point four
Ы
Iwo and six sevenths
5.125
five point one two five
Чтение дат
1900 nineteen hundred
1805 eighteen five
1941 nineteen forty one
20th May, 1945 the twentieth of May, nineteen forty-five
May 20, 1945 May the twentieth, nineteen forty-five
11 I • почтите предложения вслух и переведите:
I Kidllo signal covers 80,000 km distance in as little as 3/10 of a second.
1(* i id и circle is 36 degrees. 3. 2/4 is read as two quarters (fourths). 4. The
on 'ini pack 1,300,000 Earths inside it. 5. The Sun’s diameter is about
31
865,000 miles, about 109 times the diameter of the earth. 6. It takes the Mu-
29 1/2 days to go around the Earth. 7. About 24 million visible текши
reach the Earth’s atmosphere every 24 hours. 8. On April 12, 1961 Y. Gagarin opened
a new cosmic era. 9. Luna-21 was launched at 07.00 Moscow time on January >
1973. It touched down on the Moon at 22.35 Moscow time on January 16, 197.1
10. In 1895 К. E. Tsiolkovsky put forward the idea of building an artificial satellji
11. In 1911-1926 a number of works were written and published by К. E. Tsle
kovsky on theory of cosmic flights. 12. The scientific apparatus of Proton-4 launched
on November 16, 1968 weighed 12.5 tons. 13. The Vostok equipment comprised
300 instruments carrying 240 electronic tubes, 6,300 semiconductors, 760 elect*
romagnetic relays and switches. 14. Vehicle Lunokhod-2 began exploration un
January 17, 1970 and travelled a distance of 23 miles during 5 lunar days or
operation. It took 80,000 TV pictures of the lunar surface including 86 panorann-
views. 15. The Soviet Union extends for over 10,900 km. from east to west
crossing no less than 11 time zones. It covers 1/7 of the Earth’s surface-
22 million square kilometres. Its population is 262 million. 16. The power of th(
engine is 750 horse power. 17. These two combat vehicles weighed 14,529 pound*
and 15,951 pounds respectively. 18. The M60 tank is powered by the 12-cylindoi
750 horse power diesel engine. 19. The AMX-30 tank is equipped with 105 mm gun
coaxial .30 calibre machine-gun and .50 calibre machine-gun. 20. The fuel tank
capacity is 350 gallons. 21. The gun range of fire is 17,000 metres. 22. B-52*
can carry up to 20 missiles on wing pylons and in the bomb bay. 23. The HAWK
missile can attack aircraft up to approximately 40,000 feet in altitude or out 10
approximately 28 km in range.
f juj «км* + flyryx
Infniliv е
to V
ЛЛЛ о6ра»0ВлНИЯ
Present Indefinite
Active
Future Indefinile Active
use(s)
see(*>
shall (wllli
use
shall (will)
see
We use a new fuel.
Мы исполыуем нопый вид топ¬
лива.
1 see a budge.
Я ниж\ мост
We shall use a new fuel.
Мы будем исполь;ов.1Ть новый
вил топлива
They wiil see a new picture there
Они увидят там новую картину
Past Indefinite
V -ed*
used
saw
We used a new fuel.
Мы использовали новый ни i
топлива.
They saw the film yesterday.
Они внлели jtot фильм нчера
Participle II
V-ed*
для образования
Perfect Active
Perfect Passive
форм Passive
used
seen
Wc have used the fuel.
Мы использовали (уже) юп
ливо.
The him has already been seen
by them
TOff i| чльм они уже видели
The fuel was used last week
Это топливо было исполь юва-
но на прошлой неделе.
Participe 1
V-ing
для обраюпания
Continuous Active
□ sing
seeing
The engine is using a new fuel
Двига1ель сейчас работа:! на
новом топливе
♦ Для правильных глаголов. Для неправильных глаголов см. таблицу 23. «Основные формы неправильных глаголов»
23. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на основные формы глагола:
1. We read texts, speak, write, do various exercises at the English lessons.
2. Those officers usually bring the latest English newspapers for the lesson.
3. The Soviet Eligher Schools provide students with fundamental knowledge.
4. The Commumst Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Government fight
for peace and friendship among all the peoples of the world. 5. The meeting
will last for an hour. 6. I am sure this group will pass examinations well.
7. I shall rest in the country this summer. 8. We shall get new topographic maps
next week. 9. Our brigade worked hard at the Communist subbotnik. 10. He
published his article a week ago. 11. Those young men left Moscow many
years ago. 12. He has improved this device. 13. They have a new TV set.
14. I have spoken to him on this subject. 15. 1 had taken the tickets before
you rang me up. 16. The streets are decorated with flags, slogans and illuminated
on May Day. 17. Lieutenant Somov was given two tickets for a football match.
18. He was speaking for ten minutes. 19. We shall show them a new device. 20. What
are you doing?-I am looking through the morning newspapers. 21. We were
translating the article from 5 p. m. till 6 p. m. 22. We were told that he was
making some progress in English. 23. My sister is working now at her hometask.
24.- Look at the thermometer! The temperature is rising. 25. The engineer has
checked up the operation of the new machine. 26. Their laboratory occupied a
separate part of the research centre. 27. Captain Orlov went to the military camp last
Tuesday. 28. The commander ordered to concentrate tank units and artillery for
offensive.
Таблица 23
ОСНОВНЫЕ ФОРМЫ НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ
I. Все формы разные:
— меняются корневые
гласные:
begjn- began- begun
drink-drank-drunk
swim - swam - swum
— меняются корневые
гласные, III форма имеет
-(ей):
break-broke-broken
speak-spoke-spoken
forget- forgot-forgotten
eat-ate-eaten
fall-fell-fallen
take-took-taken
give-gave-given
writ e - wrote - written
drive-drove-driven
see-saw-seen
grow-grew-grown
know - knew - known
— меняется основа:
do-did-done
be - was( were) - been
go-went-gone
2.1 и III формы совпа¬
дают, во II форме меняют¬
ся корневые гласные:
гип-гап-гип
come-came-come
become-became-become
3. Все формы совпада¬
ют:
cast-cast-cast
cost-cost-cost
cut-cut-cut
hit-hit-hit
hurt-hurt-hurt
put-put-put
let-let-let
split-split-split
shut-shut-shut
set-set-set
read-read-read
4. II и III формы совпа¬
дают:
— меняются корневые
гласные:
meet-met-met
get-got-got
win-won-won
lighl— lit — lit
strike-struck-struck
shine-shone-shone
feed-fed-fed
lead-led-led
find-found-found
— меняются корне¬
вые гласные, II и III
формы имеют —t:
loose-lost-lost
leave-left-left
keep-kept-kept
— основа не меняет¬
ся, II й III формы име¬
ют -t:
burn-burnt-burnt
learn-learnt-learnt
spoil-spoilt-spoilt
во II и III форме в кор¬
не -d меняется на -t:
send-sent-sent
spend-spent-spent
build-built-built
— II и III формы
имеют в корне — d(е):
make- made- made
have-had-had
lell-told-told
sell-sold-sold
say-said-said
— II и III формы ме¬
няют корневые глас¬
ные и имеют -ght:
think-thought-thought
bring - brought - brought
teach-taught- taught
34
24. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемые, выраженные
неправильными глаголами:
1. My friend has already gone. 2. Have you been to Leningrad?-No, I have
not. I have just come back from Riga. 3. My fnend always brought his vocabulary
to the lesson. 4. It took us half an hour to get to the firing ground. 5. Last
summer my family and I went to the Black Sea to have a rest. 6- Last lesson
we spoke about Soviet Army Day and wrote a short dictation. 7. My friend
left the military school last year. 8. We spent much time to perfect our spe¬
ciality. 9. These students made progress in English. 10. Since the atomic structure
became known many chemical processes were understood. 11. An atom has an
equal number of positive and negative charges. 12. D. Mendeleev found that
elements were arranged m the order of their atomic weights. 13. When nuclei
are split the energy releases. 14. When fuel burnt it produced heat. 15. The
enemy lost many tanks and guns at the approaches to Moscow in the winter
of 1941. 16. The Soviet Army won a brilliant victory during the Great Patriotic
War. 17. Our commander told us about the battle for Sevastopol. It began in
the autumn of 1941. 18. The mission of our group was to cut enemy lines
of communications. 19. Lieutenant Smirnov sat at that table. 20. The tank units
broke through the enemy defences. 21. Major Nikolaev took part in the military
parade on Red Square last year. 22. With a grenade in his hand Political
Commissar Klochkov went out to meet a German heavy tank. 23. We have
just seen some new vehicles. 24. The battalion commander had all the infor¬
mation about the enemy location.
Таблица 24
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PRESENT INDEFINITE ACTIVE
Форма
Модели
Примеры
Утвердительная
S + V (без to)...
(для всех лиц, кроме 3 л. ед. ч.)
Но: S + V - (e)s...
(для 3 л. ед. ч.)
i
He
She
It
We -
You
They
ask...
asks...
ask...
Вопросительная
Do (Does) + S + V (без to)...?
Do
Does
Do
1
he
she ask...?
_ it
we ■
you ask...?
thcy_
Краткие
ответы
Yes, S + do (does).
No, S + do (does) not.
Yes,
No,
1 do.
= he does.
I do not (don’t),
he does not (doesn't).
Отрицательная
S + do (does) not + V (без to)...
I
He
She
It -
We
You
They
do not
does not
do not
ask...
35
25. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемые, выраженные
глаголами в Present Indefinite Active:
1. They speak English well.- Do they speak English well?-Yes, they do.-
No, they do not (don’t). They do not speak English. Their brother speaks
French Does your brother speak French?-Yes, he does.-No, he does not
(doesn’t). My hrother does not speak French. Do you speak English?-Yes,
I do.-No, I do not (don’t). 2. He usually goes for his holidays to the Crimea. -
Does he usually go ior his holidays to the Crimea?-Yes, he does.-No, he does
not (doesn’t).-Do they go for their holidays to the Crimea?-No, they do not
(don’t). 3. We make these experiments every year. Do you make these experi¬
ments?-Yes, we do.-No, we do not (don’t). We do not make these experiments.
4. We go to the cinema on our days off. Do you go to the cinema?-Yes,
I do.-No, 1 do not (don’t). I do not go to the cinema on week-days. 5. Does
he live in Moscow?-Yes, he does. He lives in the centre of Moscow. 6. We
study different subjects at the military school.-Do you study many subjects at
the Institute?-Yes, I do. I study many subjects at the Institute. My favourite
subject is English. Do you like English lessons?-Yes, we do. We like English
lessons. We usually work hard at our English because we want to know it
well. 7. come to the classroom after morning inspection. Do you come
to the classroom too?-Yes, I do.-No, I do not (don’t). I do not come to
the classroom. After morning inspection I come to the language laboratory.
I listen to the tape-recorder there every morning. I want to know English well.
8. I live in the barracks. Do you live in the barracks?-Yes, I do.-No, I do
not (don’t). I do not live in the barracks. Do your friends live in the barracks?-
Yes, they do. They live in the barracks of our military school. 9. He attends
all his lectures. Does he attend all his lectures?—Yes, he does—No, he does
not. 10. All the cadets live in tents in camp. Do all the cadets live in
tents in camp?-Yes, they do.-No, they do not (don’t). They live in tents in
camp in summer. In winter they live in the barracks. 11. We work at our
English after supper. Do you work at your English after supper?-No, I don’t.
I do not work at my English after supper. After supper I have a rest. 12. We
do not play hockey. Do you play hockey?-No, we do not (don’t). We do
not play hochey, but we skate. Do you skate?-Yes, I do.-No, I do not
(don’t). I do not skate but I play hockey. 13. Planes take off from the airfield
every day. Do planes take off from the airfield every day?-Yes, they do.-
No, they do not (don’t). 14. Observation helicopters carry out the adjustment
of artillery fire. Do they carry out the adjustment of artillery fire?-Yes, they
do.-No, they do not (don’t). They do not carry out the adjustment of artillery
fire. 15. The weapon platoon provides close fire support. Does the weapons
platoon provide close fire support?-Yes, it does.-No, it does not (doesn’t).
The weapons platoon provides close fire support for the rifle platoons.
Таблица 25
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PAST INDEFINITE ACTIVE
Форма
Модели
Примеры
Н
X
П
сх
S + V-ed...
I
Не
She
It
We
You
They
asked..
OS
X
s
s
о
О
а
с
о
со
Did + S + V (без /о)...?
Did
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
ask...?
s ..
Й H
£ 10
OS CQ
а H ;
Ьб О
Yes, S + did.
No, S + did not.
Yes
No
si 1 Г did.
I 1 Ldid
not (didn’t).
я
л
C?
0
H
01
X
X
&
о
S + did not V (без to)...
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
did not ask...
26. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемые, выраженные
глаголами в Past Indefinite Active:
1. We translated this text last week. Did you translate this text?-No, I did
not (didn’t). I did not translate this text last week. 2. They graduated from
the Institute in 1982. Did they graduate from the Institute in 1982?-Yes, they
did.-No, they did not (didn’t). They did not graduate from the Institute in 1982.
3- He worked at a plant last year. Did he work at a plant last year?-No, he
did not (didn’t). He did not work at a plant last year. 4. I learned these
rules two days ago. Did you learn these rules?-Yes, I did.-No, I did not
(didn’t). I did not learn these rules. I translated new texts from the textbook.
Did you translate these texts?-Yes, I did. I translated these texts with my
friends. 5. Did they read books in the library?-No, they did not (didn’t). They
did not read books in the library. They worked in the classroom. Did you
work with them?-Yes, I did. I worked with them in the classroom yesterday.
6. Did you see him yesterday? Yes, I did.-No, I did not (didn’t). I did not
see him yesterday. I saw him two weeks ago. 7. These cadets worked with
maps in the field. Did he work with maps too?-No, he did not (didn’t). He
did not work with maps in the field. He stayed in the barracks. 8. Yesterday
we went to the field for field training. Did you go to the field?-No, I did
not (didn’t). I aid not go to the field. I went there last week. 9. He liked
this book. Did he like this book? Yes, he did.-No, be did not (didn’t). He
did not like this book. Did his friend like it?-No, he did not (didn't). He
37
did not like it. 10. He left the hostel at six. Did he leave the hostel at six?-
No, he did not (didn’t). He left the hostel an hour ago. 11. The lessons on
tactics began ten minutes ago. Did the lessons begin ten minutes ago?-Yes,
they did.-No, they did not (didn’t). They began an hour ago. 12. Did artillery
fire stop the attackmg troops of the enemy?-Yes, it did. Artillery fire stopped
the attackmg troops of the enemy. 13. Our units destroyed antipersonnel ob¬
stacles in front of that area. Did our units destroy antipersonnel obstacles in
front of that area?-Yes, they did.-No, they did not (didn’t). They did not
destroy antipersonnel obstacles <n front of that area. 14. The commander brought
into action the rear echelon. Did the commander bring into action the rear
echelon?-Yes, he did.-No, he did not (didn’t).-Where did he bring into action
the rear echelon?-He brought into action the rear echelon on the right flank.
15. Our aircraft bombed the concentration of the enemy troops near the town
of G. Did our aircraft bomb the concentration of the enemy troops near the
town of G?-No, it did not (didn’t). It did not bomb the enemy troops near
the town of G. It bombed the enemy near the railway junction of M.
Таблица 26.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ FUTURE INDEFINITE ACTIVE
Форма
Модели
Примеры
к
аЗ
X
>Д
<D
н
S
п
о.
<L>
СО
Н
S + shall (will) + V (без to)...
I
Не
She
It
We
You "I
They J
shall
will
shall
will
ask..
x
A
Я
<D
H
s
о
о
о.
с
о
со
Shall (Will) + S + V (без fo)...?
Shall . 1
he
Will she
Jt
Shall we
к
ask...?
s 3
£ H
H <D
CT3 QQ
CX H
ЬЙ O
Yes, S + shall (will).
No, S + shall (will) not.
Yes,
No,
I shall
he will.
I shall not (shan’t),
he will noi (won’t).
cd
Я
S
C.
b
■ О
S + shall (will) not + V (без to)...
I
He
She
It
We
You ~|
They
shall not
will not
shall not
wiii not
ask...
27. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемые, выраженные
глаголами в Future Indefinite Active:
1. I shall see them today. Shall I see them today?-Yes, you will. You will
see them after the lectures. 2. He will work in the library. Will he work in
38
the library?—Yes, he will — Norn he will not. He will not work in the library.
He will work at home. 3. will you translate this article next week? Yes, I
shall.-No, I shall not. I shall not translate this article. Will they translate this
article?-No, they will not. They will not translate this article. 4. He will write
letters to his parents. Will he write letters to his parents?-Yes, he will. 5. Will
they make experiments in October?-No, they will not.-Yes, they will. They
will make experiments. 6. They will go to the country. Will you go there?-
Ves, I shall. I shall go there too.-No, I shall not. I shall not go to the country.
I shall go to the Crimea. 7. Will Helen come?—No, she will not (won’t). She
will not come, she is too busy. 8. He will bring this map to his commander.
Will he bring it to his commander?-Yes, he will.-No, he will not (won’t).
9. Will you go to camp next week?-Yes, we shall. We shall go there next
week. We shall live in tents there. We shall stay in camp long. 10. They
will use new methods. Will they use new methods?-Yes, they will. 11. Major
Bogdanov will be on leave next week. Will he be on leave next week?-Yes,
he will. He will be on leave next week. 12. Will he enter military school
next year?-Yes, he will. He will enter military school next year. 13. These
officers will not have exercises in the field.-Will they have exercises in the
field?-Yes, they will. No, they will not (won’t). 14. Tomorrow he will be on
duty.-Will he be on duty tomorrow?-Yes, he will.-No, he will not (won’t).
He will not be on duty tomorrow. He will be on duty next Wednesday.
15. Will all the students form up for a roll-call at 6 in the afternoon?-Yes,
they will.-No, they will not. They will not form up for a roll-call at 6 in the
afternoon. They will go to the field training. 16. He will finish his picture
in time.-Will he finish his picture in time?-Yes, he will.-No, he will not
(won’t). He will not fimsh his picture in time. We shall not see it in the
gallery this month. 17. Shall we invite him to the meeting?-Yes, we shall.-
No, we shall not (shan’t). We shall not invite him. He will be in Moscow
then. 18. Will you be present at the meeting?-Yes, I shall. I shall be present
at the meeting. I shall make a report there. 19. Sergeant Petrov will carry out
reconnaissance in this area. Will he carry out reconnaissance in this area?-Yes,
he will.-No, he will not (won’t). Sergeant Petrov will not carry out reconnais¬
sance in this area. Cadet Pavlov will.
Сводная таблица 27
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ INDEFINITE ACTIVE
\Время
\
Форма\
Present
Past
Future
Утвердительная
S + [V (без to)...
I_V —(e)s...
I study English.
Я изучаю англий¬
ский язык.
S + V -ed...
I studied English.
Я изучал английский
язык.
S + shall (will) + V
1без to)...
I shall study English.
Я буду изучать анг¬
лийский язык.
ОС
cd
X
л
Do (Does) + S + V
Did + S + V (без to)...?
Shall (Will) + S + V
<D
(без to)..Л
(без to)...?
к
о
Do you study English?
Did you study English?
Will you study English?
О
а
Вы изучаете англий¬
Вы изучали англий¬
Вы будете изучать
с
ё
ский язык?
ский язык?
английский язык?
£ Л
ЬЙ н
Н
Yes, I do. Да.
Yes, I did. Да.
Yes, 1 shall. Да.
cd СО
а н
ж °
No, I don’t. Нет.
No, I didn’t. Нет.
No, I shan’t. Нет.
39
Продолжение таблицы 27
В
н
га
Я
к
о,
н
О
S + do (does) not + V
(без to)...
I do not (don’t)
study French.
Я не изучаю фран¬
цузский язык.
S + did not + V
(без to)...
I did not (didn’t)
study French.
Я не изучал фран¬
цузский язык.
S + shall (will) not + V
(без to)...
I shall not (shan’t) study
French.
Я не буду изучать
французский язык.
28. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы-сказуемые в
Indefinite Active:
1. Our cadets read English articles every day. 2. Captam Makarov goes to
the Academy in the morning. 3. We speak English every day. 4. My- friend
went to the theatre last night. 5. They translated this text yesterday. 6. Ele
will make a report about the first Soviet space rocket next week. 7. Soviet
scientists conduct theoretical and experimental investigations. 8. The teacher
often took us on excursions on days off. 9 They finally settled that ouestion.
10. Computers process information very quickly. 11. We obtained good results
yesterday. 12. The new lasers widen the field of their application m science
and technology. 13. On April 25, 1895 A. S. Popov invented an apparatus
capable of receiving electromagnetic waves-the antenna. 14. Ohm’s law shows
the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. 15. They left the labo¬
ratory at 9. 16. The speed of the plane will depend on many factors. 17. The
diode consists of twc electrodes. 18. World War II marked the initial large-scale
employment of electronics in military operations. 19. The fighting compartment
of the tank accommodates the crew, the armament, the ammunition and a two-way
radio. 20. By means of shock action tanks destroy enemy personnel, weapons
and various obstacles. 21- The Soviet T34 tank occupies a special place m the
history of tank industry. 22. The commander organized, moved and deployed
forces on the battlefield. 23. The Dragon uses an automatic guidance system.
24. This vehicle has 425 horse power diesel engine. 25. The decisive role of
infantry in combat will continue in the future too. 26. The character of ma¬
noeuvre is different in the attack and defence. 27. All arms and services’
coordinated their actions m combat.
I а б л и ц а 28
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ И ПЕРЕВОД ВРЕМЕН ГРУППЫ INDEFINITE ACTIVE
Ир? МУ
Модели
Выряжает
Переводится
Примеры
С
О
V (без to) (для всех лии)
действие, обычно повтори-
глаголом в настоя¬
We lest (he tests) new devices.
§
Но: V-(e)s (Оля 3 з.
юшееся. не ограниченное
щем времени
Мы исиытываем он испытывает!
Ом
«1. ч.)
времени ыми рамками
новые приборы.
действие, имевшее место
глаголом в прошед¬
Не tested this device yesterday.
в прошлом:
шем времени совер¬
Он испытал (испытывал) тгот прибо
W
yesterday (вчера)
шенного или несовер¬
вчера.
Л
V + -ed
last week, last month, last
шенного вида
Не сапн.- to the Institute at 9-
От
year iHa прошлой неделе,
Он пришел в институт в 9 часов
в прошлом месяце, в прош
лом году)
ago (тому назад)
in 1983 IB 1983 году)
однократное или повтор¬
глаголом в будущем
We shall (he will) test new devices
ное действие, которое про
времени совершенного
tomorrow.
<D
_
изойдет в будущем
или несовершенного
Мы будем (он будет) испытывать
J-ч
13
shall
4- V (пе i to)
tomorrow (завтра)
вида
новые приборы завтра
В
will
1 ” (UVJ Ivl
tonight (сегодня вечером)
1 shall visit you in two days.
Рч
next week, next month, next
Я навещу вас через два дня
year (на будущей неделе, в
будущем месяце, в будущем
годуз
in 2 days (через два дня)
29. Найдите сказуемые и переведите предложения:
1. At the lessons we study many subjects. 2. These cadets study English
at a military school. 3. Does your friend do his morning exercises every day?-
Yes, he does. 4. Our teacher of English likes to ask us many questions.
5. Do your lessons begin early?-Yes, they do. Our lessons begin at 9. 6. They
read English texts every day. 7. They do not live in this big town. 8. Does
your friend go to school?-No, he doesn’t. 9. We go for supper to our mess.
We go there at 8 o’clock in the evening. 10. He writes his tests well. 11. Do
you often listen to lectures at the club? 12. The cadets of our military school
live m large barracks. 13. We repeat the new words and expressions at home
every day. 14. I shall spend much time in the open next Sunday. 15. They
will go to the skiing base tomorrow. 16. Shall we get up at 9 tomorrow?-No,
we shan’t. We shall not get up at 9 tomorrow. At what time shall we get up
tomorrow?-We shall get up at 8 tomorrow. 17- We shall go to the country next
Sunday. 18. These officers will be present at this lecture tomorrow. 19. I know
your brother did not command a platoon, he commanded a company. 20. When
did you see this film?-I saw it last month. 21. Did you speak English to
these children?-Yes, I did. I spoke English to them. 22. I did not see him in
the club yesterday. 23. How long did you stay in camp?-We stayed m camp
for about two months. 24. In camp the cadets did not live in barracks, they
lived in tents. 25. The second year cadets went to camp last summer. 26. Did
you go to the library yesterday?-No, we did not. We did not go there yesterday.
We went there three days ago. 27. They worked at the problem of reliability
last year. 28. In the modern world radio and television play an important role
as a means of information. 29. Electonics enabled the astronauts to locate
their position in space. 30. The Soviet engineers achieved great results in
constructing semiconductor devices. 31. The electronic computer automatically
computes the location of the submarine.
Таблица 29
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PRESENT CONTINUOUS ACTIVE
Форма
Модели
Примеры
DC
£
I am
f
am
He
3
t
s +
is
+ V-ing...
She
is
+ reading...
н
are
It
O.
We =
u
s
You
are
>»
They
0C
£ .
Am
I
A
Am
he
4>
F
Is
+ S + V-ing...?
Is
she
+ reading...?
£
и
Are
. it
О
CL
we
С
Are
you
CQ
they
A
H
j—
CD
CQ
am.
I am.
H
О
Yes, S +
is.
Yes,
he is.
V
are.
_ we are.
£
=
am
I am
H
cD
No, S +
is
not.
No,
he is
not.
CL
are
we are
u:
Продолжение таблицы 29
Форма
Модели
Примеры
«
•я
I am
1
X
am
He
-
Л
n
s +
is
not + V-ing...
She
is
not + reading...
<D
H
are
It
EJ
We “
Я
rv
You
are
H
О
They
-
30. Найдите сказуемые в Present Continuous Active и переведите предложения:
1. We are answering questions on the new text. 2. He is correcting his
mistakes now. 3. She is closing the window. 4. They are speaking German now.
5. Oh, come on. The taxi is waiting. 6. They are listening to the radio now.
7. They are learning the new words here. 8. Ann is standing at the blackboard
and writing something. 9. In autumn many birds fly to the South. Look! How
many birds are flying high up in the air! 10. Is she reading a story in English?
11. Are you doing anything special tonight? 12. Is that boy writing a letter?
13. Is your teacher standing at the table now? 14. Is your friend working now?
15. Are your students writing exercises now? 16. Are you working at your
English, comrades?-Yes, we are. We are learning the words of the sixth
lesson. 17. Good morning, Ann! Where are you going now?-I am going to
the post-office to send a telegram. 18 Is major Lomov writing any exercises
from this lesson?-No, he is not. He is not writing, he is reading a book
19. Who is looking through a magazine?-Sergeant Popov is. 20. What are you
buying here?-I am buying textbooks and notebooks for the new year. 21. Where
is Nick?-I think, he is playing football in the yard. 22. She is not playing
chess with her son now. 23. They are not reading French now. They are
translating a new text. 24. The number of electronic devices at our laboratory
is increasing constantly. 25. The Soviet scientists are conducting a series of
experiments for the improvement of space communication. 26. The system is
undergoing now service tests. 27. These officers are having field trai ung now.
28. The company commander is demonstrating the use of trenches and other
antitank shelters. 29. The cruiser is returning to the base. 30. Three aircraft
are closing in from the south-east.
Таблица 30
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PAST CONTINUOUS ACTIVE
Форма
Модели
Примеры
Утвердительная
S + was (were) + V-ing...
i
He
She
It .
We
You
They
was
were
+ reading...
43
Продолжение таблицы 30
Форма
Модели
Примеры
о
с
с
о
Ш
Was (Were) + S + V-ing..
Was
Were
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
+ reading...?
s 3
us н
ь о
ce qq
o. H
W °
Yes, S + was (were).
No, S + was (were) not.
I was.
we were.
I was
we were
not.
(wasn’t).
(weren’t).
cd
I
-C
QJ
03
:=r
s
S + was (were) not + V-ing..
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
not + reading...
31. Найдите сказуемые в Past Continuous Active и переведите предложения:
1. I was reading a newspaper at 7 in the evening. 2. We were preparing
the hometask from 5 till 6. 3. I was doing an exercise at 5 o’clock yesterday.
4. He was learning the new English words when I came in. 5. They were
playing chess all day long yesterday. 6. Wre were doing our homework from
3 till 4 in the afternoon. 7. My friend was talking to Professor Ivanov, when
I saw him. 8. She was going to the plant when I met her. 9. My friend was
opening the window when I came mto the class-room. 10. They were playing
chess from 7 till 8 o’clock in the evening yesterday. 11. It was snowing all
day long yesterday. 12. Who was speaking when you entered the hall? 13. Who
was looking through that magazine from 5 till 6 o’clock?-My friend was.
14. Were the cadets playing football at 12? 15. What were you doing yesterday
mormng?-I was reading a book.-And what about your sister?-She was cooking
breakfast. 16. Was he reading a magazme at 2 o’clock?-No, he was not. No,
he was not reading a magazine at 2 o’clock. 17. What were you doing all
evening yesterday? 18. Were you working at home from 7 till 9 o’clock yesterday?
19. What were you doing when he rang you up? 20. Were you working hard
at your English during the past academic year? 21. Were you busy last night?-
Yes, I was. I was preparing for the examination. And what about you?-I was
watching the football game on television. 22. They were writing new words
when Senior Lieutenant Kotov brought the books. 23. When the teacher of
tactics was settmg a mission, his cadets were looking at him. 24. The company
commander was demonstrating the technique of fighting tanks in a wood.
44
Таблица 31
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ FUTURE CONTINUOUS ACTIVE
Форма
Модели
Примеры
У твердите льная
S + shall (will) be + V-ing...
I
He
She
It
We
You
They J
shall
will
shall
will
be + reading...
Вопросительная
Shall (will) + S + be + V-ing...?
Shall
Will
Shall
Will
_ I
he
she
_ it
we
you
they
be + reading...?
Краткие
ответы
Yes, S + shall (will).
No, S + shall (will) not.
Yes,
No,
I shall.
_ he will.
~ I shall not (shan’t),
he will not (won’t).
Отрицательная
S + shall (will) not be + V-ing...
I
He 1
She
It J
We
You
They
shall
will
shall
will
not he + reading...
32. Найдите сказуемые в Future Continuous Active и переведите предложения:
1. Не will be lecturing on L. Tolstoy tomorrow at 10 o’clock. 2. Tomorrow
morning from 10 till 11 I shall be watching the TV program. 3. He will be
landing the airport at 6 o’clock. 4. They will be discussing the problem about
the role of science in the period of scientific and technical revolution from
9 till 10. 5. At this time next Friday we shall be sitting in the Moscow tram
leaving for Sochi. 6. At this time tomorrow we shall be driving to Leningrad.
7. When you come home, I shall be doing my lessons. 8. When you come
1 shall be packing things. 9. We shall be waiting for you right here when you
return at 6 p.m. 10. Tomorrow at 10 o’clock I’ll be correcting the papers.
11. I shall be still studying physics at 8 o’clock. 12. I shall be reading a book
on Edison’s inventions all the evening tomorrow. 13. At two o’clock tomorrow
we shall be having a lesson on tactics. 14. What will you be doing at
10 tomorrow morning? 15. Will you be walkmg with hpr tonight? 16. Will you
be speaking to her this afternoon? 17. What will you be doing at 5 o’clock,
Peter?—I’ll be repairing my motorcycle. 18. Will you be writing a test from
9 till 10 tomorrow morning? 19. I shall not be working at the lab at 12 o’clock.
20. They will not be working when we come to see them tonight. 21. It’s
a pity that you will not be working tomorrow morning. 22. Our children will
not be sleepmg when we return home. 23. At this time tomorrow I shall not
45
be working at the language laboratory. 24. My friend will not be staying at my
place from 9 till 12. 25. The students will not be making experiments all day
long tomorrow. 26. I shan’t be able to answer your telephone call at ten
o’clock tomorrow morning, because I’ll be lecturing on at the Institute.
Сводная таблица 32
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ CONTINUOUS ACTIVE
ЛЗрсми
Формг-
Present
Past
Future
к
ев
X
A
s +
lam'
am
+ V-ing..
is
are ..
ntmg a letter.
S + was (were) + V-ing...
I was writing a letter
Я пишу (сейчас)
письмо.
at that time.
Я писал письмо в то
время.
S + shall (will) be + V-lng...
I shall be writing a let¬
ter at 5 o’clock.
Я буду писать письмо
в 5 часов.
Ат
Is
Are
+ S + V-ing...?
Was (were) + S + V-uig..
Shall (will) + S + be +
+V-rng..?
о
с,
с
о
CQ
Are you writmg a letter?
Вы пишете (сейчас)
письмо?
Were you writmg
ter at that time?
Вы писали письмо
в то время?
let-
Will you be writing a
letter at 5 o’clock?
Вы будете писать
письмо в 5 часов?
а. н
U о
Yes, lam. Да.
No, I’m not. Нет.
Yes, I was. Да.
No, I wasn’t. Нет.
Yes, I shall. Да.
No, I shall not (shan’t).
Нет.
S +
not + V-Ing
я
s
am
is
_are_
I am not writing a let¬
ter.
Я не пишу (сейчас)
письмо.
S + was (were) not +
+ V-ing...
I was not writing a let¬
ter at that time.
Я не писал письмо
в то время.
S + shall (will) not he +
+ V-rng..
I shall not be wnting
letter at 5 o’clock.
Я не буду писать
письмо в 5 часов.
33. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемые, выраженные
глаголами в Continuous Active:
1. Не is reading a book now. Is he reading a book now?-Yes, Ъе is.-
N0, he is not. He is not reading a book now. He is reading a newspaper.
2. They were waiting for you at 5. Were they waiting for you at 5?-Yes,
they^ were. They were waiting for me at 5. Was he waiting too?-Yes, he was.
He Was waiting for me too. 3. Tney are standing at the trolley-bus stop. Are
they standing at the trolley-bus stop?-Yes, they are.-No, they are not. They
are not standing at the trolley-bus stop They are crossing the street. 4. Will
he be preparing his lessons at home?-Yes, he will.-No, he will not. He will
not be preparing his lessons at home.-Will you be preparing them at home?-
Yes, I shall. I shall be preparing my lessons at home. 5. These cadets were
having field training from 2 to 5 o’clock yesterday. Were they having field
4ft
training?—Yes, they were. They were having field training from 2 p.m. to
5 p.m. yesterday. 6. Were these cadets resting from 3 p. m. till 4 p.m.?-Yes,
they were. They were resting. They were playing football and reading newspapers.
7. Private Sidorov is looking through newspapers.-Is he looking through newspa-
pers?-Yes, he is.-No, he is not. He is not looking through newspapers. He is
looking through magazines. 8. Private Ivanov was listening to the lecture from
4 till 6 o’clock in the afternoon. Was he listening to the lecture from 4 till
6 p.m.?-Yes, he was.-No, he was not. He was not listening to the lecture.
He was preparing for the lessons at that time. 9. The armoured carriers are
moving along the country road.-Are they moving along the country road?-
Yes, they are.-No, they are not. They are not moving along the country road.
The armoured carriers are crossing the river now. 10. They are concentrating
tanks for the offensive near the town of N. Are they concentrating tanks?-
Yes, they are.-No, they are not. They are not concentrating tanks for the
offensive near the town of N. They are concentrating them near hill 239.6.
11. Our company was moving in the direction of the town of N. Was our
company moving in the direction of the town of N?-Yes, it was.-No, it was
not. It was not moving there. It was moving in the direction of the railway
junction. 12. Different units are taking part in combat. Are different units
taking part in combat?-Yes, they are. Tank, artillery and infantry units are
taking part in it. 13. The infantry was supporting the tanks in reconnaissance.
Was the infantry supporting the tanks in reconnaissance?-Yes, it was.
Таблица 33
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ И ПЕРЕВОД ВРЕМЕН ГРУППЫ CONTINUOUS ACTIVE
Врем*
Модели
Выражает
Переводится
Примеры
С
am
длительное действие, происходящее
глаголом в настоя¬
Не is preparing a report no*
и
0)
S +
is
+ V-ing
в данный момент;
щем времени
Он сейчас готовит аоклад
t-H
Он
are
now (сейчас)
at this moment (в этот момент i
длительное действие, происходив
глаголом в прошед¬
Не was preparing a report а
шее в какой-то момент в прошлом.
шем времени
day long
УЗ
at 5 o'clock yesterday (вчера в 5 часов)
Он готовит доклад весь
СЗ
Он
at that time (в то время)
день.
S + was (were) + V-ing
all da., Ions (весь день)
from 5 till 7 (с 5 часов до 7)
when somebody came (К01да кто-то
пришел)
длительное действие, которое будет
глаголом в будущем
Не will be preparing his re¬
происходить в какой-то момент в бу¬
времени
port when you come.
03
S + shall (
will) be + V inj
дущем:
Он будет готовить доклад.
3
а( 5 o’clock tomorrow (завтра в 5 часов)
когда вы придете.
3
from 5 till 7 (с 5 часов до 7)
when somebody comes (когда кто-то
придет)
at that moment Iв тот момент!
34. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы-сказуемые в
Continuous Active:
1. We are listening to the lecture now. 2. What are you doing?-I am
writing a letter. 3. The plane is flying low. 4. We were building our heavy
industry for a number of years. 5. The sun was slowly disappearing. 6. Yesterday
the workers were still building the house. 7. A stream of cars was moving
along the street. 8. The students will be doing experiments from 10 till 11 a.m.
tomorrow. 9. I am afraid it will be raining all the day tomorrow. 10. They
will be repairing the car for the whole day. 11. I know we shall be writing
a test from 9 to 10 tomorrow nornmg. 12. They are designing a new model
of a computer. 13. We were sitting round the fire. 14. We shall be testing
a new vacuum tube at 5 p. m. 15. Our cadets were carrng out some very
interestmg work for the whole week. 16. National liberation struggle is going
on in many colonial countries. 17. This branch of science is taking a new
direction. 18. New developments in electronics are leading to great achievements
in technology. 19. I shall be reading a book on Edison’s inventions all the
evening tomorrow. 20. In our country much attention is given to electronics,
which is playing an important part in the development of science and industry.
21. An alternating current is continually changing in direction. 22. The frigate
is returning to the harbour for an engine failure. 23. The aircraft is going to
land. 24. The aircraft in distress is transmitting on its primary frequency and
receiving on secondary.
Таблица 34
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PRESENT PERFECT ACTIVE
Форма
Модели
Примеры
У твердите льная
S + have (has) + V-ed...
I
He :
She
It
We "
You
They
have
has
have
asked...
Вопросительная
Have (has) + S + V-ed...?
Have
Has
Have
I
he
she
it
~ we
you
they
asked...?
Краткие
ответы
Yes, S + have (has)
No, S + haven’t (hasn’t)
Yes,
No,
I have
_ he has.
I have not (haven’t)/
_ he has not (hasn’t).
Отрицательная
S + have (has) not + V-ed...
I
He
She
It
We '
You
They
have
has
have
not asked...
4-0320
49
35. Найдиге сказуемые в Present Perfect Active и переведите предложения:
1. We have been to the stadium today. 2. I have just seen your teacher.
3. I have read and heard about it before. 4. I have decided to spend my leave
on the Black Sea shore. 5. I have often seen his name in the papers this
year. 6. He has written only once since he left. 7. I have already given the
book back to my friend. 8. I have borrowed the book from my friend and
still have it. 9. I have been there for the first time in my life. 10. The
engineer has got all the necessary test measuring devices. 11. It’s only five
days since we have returned from Moscow. 12. Have you shown him my plan?-
Yes, I have. 13. Have you answered all the questions?- Yes, I have. 14. Have
they invited their friends to the conference ?-No, they have not (haven’t).
15. Have you had enough time to prepare for examination?-No, I have not.
16. Have дэи met this officer anywhere? 17. Have you seen the film?-Yes, I
have. I have seen the new film and I liked it very much. 18. Where is your
English book?-I have left my English book at home. 19. Why haven’t you
spoken at the conference? 20. Antitank guided weapons have been m service
in many countries for some years now. 21. The army has developed an improved
nonmetallic nnne detector. 22. The experience of the war has shown that the
Soviet Infantry is capable of operating successfully in any weather by day and
night. 23. Experience has shown that in obtaining those data a commander
must rely only on his own forces. 24. The British Army has adopted Australia’s
wire guided Malkara as a standard weapon. 25. The troops have offered the
enemy stiff resistance. 26. The Brest Fortress has become a school of patriotism
and devotion to the Soviet Motherland for every Soviet citizen.
Таблица 35
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PAST PERFECT ACTIVE
Форма
Модели
Примеры
CtJ
X
I
£
He
<D
H
She
s
S + had + V-ed...
It
had asked...
cx
We
a>
P
You
>»
They
к
cd
I
1
Had + S + V-ed...?
he
0>
H
she
Я
о
Had
it
asked...?
О
о
wc
С
you
О
со
they
Я Л
и н
н о
Yes, S + had.
Yes,
I
he.
had.
03 СО
|
Л н
« °
No, S + had not (hadn’t).
No,
he
had not (hadn’t).
к
га
X
I
g
He
<D
U
S + had not + V-ed...
She
га
It
had not asked
S
We
i
You
O
>0
They
36. Найдите сказуемые в Past Perfect Active и переведите предложения:
1. They had prepared everything by 5 o’clock. 2. Everything had been ready
long before they came. 3. The student read the book he had got from the
library. 4. He was quite sure he had seen that man somewhere. 5. I knew that
he had lost his dictionary. 6. By that time I had already typed all the letters.
7. They had just graduated from the Institute when we met. 8. I understood
that complicated problem when our teacher had explained it to me. 9. They
had left before we returned. 10. When they entered the hall the lecture
had begun. 11. By the time I arrived she had explained the problem to them.
12. He had passed all the examinations by January the 25th. 13. The writer had
published his new novel by the end of the year. 14. Had anyone been there
hefore you? 15. Had the teacher asked the words before you read and translated
the text?-Yes, he had. 16. Had they discussed the plan before the delegation
arrived?-Yes, they had. 17. Had the students finished their tests by the appointed
time?-No, they had not. 18. Before our explorers discovered diamonds in
Yakutia our country had imported them from abroad. 19. They had applied
this method before that article was published. 20. The scientist had not studied
this problem before first plasma was produced. 21. It was a project he had
in mind for 20 years and for which he had collected a great amount of data.
22. A group of engineers and workers had completed the construction of a big
power plant by the end of the year. 23. Soviet explorers had conducted a
large-scale study of the Soviet Arctic by the end of the auiumn. 24. I had
started the engine before the engineer came. 25. The price of rubber products
had been high before synthetic -ubbers came into use. 26. The commander was
pleased with the performance of the entire group and of each individual pilot,
especially with the way they had kept distances and executed group manoeuvres.
They all had displayed a new style of work. 27. The battle ended as quickly
as it had started. 28. The senior lieutenant approached the commanding officer
and reported to him that he had handed the message over to the staff.
29. When we returned home we learnt that Commander of the Air Force of
the front had observed our engagement. He had already radioed a message to
the regiment for our bold actions and the enemy planes we had shot down.
Таблица 36
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE
Форма
Модели
Примеры
У твердите льная
S + shall (will) + have + V-ed...
I
He
She
It -
We
You ~
They
shall
will
shall
will
have asked...
Вопросительная j
Shall (will) + S + have + V-ed...
Shall
Will
Shall
Will
I
he
she
_ it
we
you
they
have asked...?
Краткие
ответы
Yes, S + shall (will).
No, S + shall (will) not
(shan’t, won’t).
Yes,
No,
I shall.
_ he will.
I shall not (shan’t),
he will not (won’t).
51
Продолжение таблицы 36
Форма
Модели
Примеры
а
Ж
нР
к
<D
н
СО
Я
S
S + shall (will) not + have +
+ V-ed...
I
He 1
She
It J
We
You
They
shall
will
shall
will
not have asked..
37. Найдите сказуемые в Future Perfect Active и переведите предложения:
1. We shall have learnt much about the country by the end of the year.
2. By the time you get this letter we shall have discussed this problem.
3. When the bell rings, some of the students will have handed in their papers.
4. By this time next week they will have left the town. 5. When you see her
next, she will have taken the last exam. 6. She will have already typed your
article. 7. I am sure we shall have prepared everything when you return. 8. By
the end of the month all the students will have conducted all the experiments.
9. Will you have learnt a thousand of words by the end of the term? 10. They
expect us at 7. Will you have typed the last letter by then? 11. Will they
have come back by 12 o’clock? 12. What measures will you have taken by
their arrival? 13. Don’t come for the article at six o’clock. We shall not have
read it by that time. 14. They will not have read the book by the end of
the week. 15. We shall not have finished it by that time. 16. I shall not have
finished this work when you return. 17. The scientists will have separated these
rare elements from the ores by the end of the week. 18. In a certain period
of time the production of synthetic rubbers will still have increased. 19. By
that time natural rubber will have lost much of its present importance. 20. The
computer will have performed all the mathematical calculations when you return.
21. If we have a fixed quantity of gas that has expanded its density per unit
volume will have decreased. 22. By the end of the five year plan Soviet people
will have done much for the development of chemical industry. 23. The young
men who join the army have no experience in life. But by the end of their
service they will have returned with schooling in self control and discipline
and with technical and vocational knowledge and political training. 24. The men
and officers will have demonstrated their skill particularly in dangerous situations
by the end of field training. 25. The designers will have accepted a new vehicle
configuration by the end of the year. 26. The new tank will have been adopted
by that time.
\Врем(
Форма4
Сводная таблица 37
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PERFECT ACTIVE
Present
Past
Future
S + have (has) + V-ed
S + had + V-ed
S + shall (will) + have +
+ V-ed
I have arrived in time.
I had arrived by 5
I shall have arrived by
o’clock.
that time.
Я прибыл вовремя.
Я прибыл к 5 часам.
Я прибуду к тому вре
мени.
x
J3
>=:
о
H
я
er
<a
e
>>
V
Продолжение таблицы 37
\Врем*
Форма\
Present
Past
Future
Вопросительная
Have (has) + S + V-ed...?
Have you arrived in
time?
Вы прибыли во¬
время?
Had + S + V-ed..?
Had you arrived by
5 o’clock?
Вы прибыли к 5 ча¬
сам?
Shall (will) + S + have +
V-ed...?
Will you have arrived by
that time?
Вы прибудете к тому
времени?
s 3
H
H <D
Yes, I have. Да.
Yes, I had. Да.
Yes, I shall. Да.
Q. H
* °
No, I haven’t. Нет.
No, I hadn’t. Нет.
No, I shan’t. Нет.
*
03
X
S + have (has) not +
S + had not + V-ed
S + shall (will) not +
Ы
+ V-ed
+ have + V-ed
H
cd
He has not arrived in
He had not arrived by
He will not have arrived
X
time.
5 o’clock.
by that time.
&
Он не прибыл во¬
Он не прибыл к 5 ча¬
Он не прибудет к тому
о
время.
сам.
времени.
38. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы-сказуемые в
Perfect Active:
1. I shall have translated this text by tomorrow. Shall I have translated
this text by tomorrow?-Yes, I shall.-No, I shall not (shan’t). I shall not have
translated this text by tomorrow. 2. We had prepared our exercises by 5 o’clock.
Had you prepared your exercises by 5 o’clock?-Yes, we had.-No, we had not
(hadn’t). We had not prepared our exercises by 5 o’clock. 3. Have you seen
this film?-Yes, I have.-No, I have not (haven’t). I have not seen this film.
4. They have worked hard this week. Have they worked hard this week?-Yes,
they have.-No, they have not (haven’t). They have not worked hard this
week. He has worked hard too.-Has he worked hard too?-Yes, he has.-No,
he has not (hasn’t). 5. He has written an article. Has he written an article?-
Yes, he has.-No, he has not (hasn’t). He has not written an article. 6. They
have left Kiev for Leningrad this week. Have they left Kiev for Leningrad
this week?-Yes, they have.-No, they have not (haven’t). 7. My friend had not
worked at this factory before he entered our military school. Had he worked
at this factory before he entered our military school?-Yes, he had.-No, he had
not (hadn’t). He had not worked at this factory before he entered our military
school. Had you worked with him before he entered our military school?-Yes,
I had. 8. They had crossed the street before we came up to them. Had they
crossed the street before we came up to them?-Yes, they had. They had
crossed it before we came up to them. 9. They will have done all the work
by 3 o’clock in the afternoon tomorrow. Will they have done all the work?-
Yes, they will.-No, they will not (won’t). They will not have done all the
work by 3 o’clock in the afternoon tomorrow. They will have done it by
6 o’clock in the evening the day after tomorrow. 10. These cadets have done
their mornmg exercises today. Have they done their morning exercises today?-
Yes, they have.-No, they have not (haven’t). They have not done their morning
exercises today. 11. I have already read the newspaper “Krasnaya Zvezda”. Have
you already read it?-Yes, I have.-No, I have not (haven’t). I have not read
this newspaper yet. I have read the “Pravda”. 12. Have you ever been to
Leningrad?-Yes, I have.-No, I have not (haven’t). I have never been to Lenin¬
grad. I have been to Moscow for several times.
53
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ И ПЕРЕВОД ВРЕМЕН ГРУППЫ PERFECT ACTIVE
Таблица 38
Время
Модети
Выражает
Переводится
Примеры
1) действие, законченное до мо¬
We have finished our work
S + have (hast + V-ed
мента речи:
— обстоятельство времени не
указано
Мы закончили свою работу.
глаголом совершен¬
ного вида в прошед¬
— с обстоятельственными сло¬
шем времени
We have fulfilled our plan this
вами:
week.
today (сегодня)
Мы выполнили свой план на
this week, this month, this year (на
этой неделе
этой неделе, в этом месяце, в этом
С
году)
СО
— с наречиями неопределенного
1 have never seen him
>—
Он
времени:
ever (когда-либо)
never (никогда)
already (уже)
just (только что)
yet (еще не)
lately 1
Я никогда его не видел.
recently J недавн0
I have worked here for two years.
2) действие, которое началось с
глаголом в настоя¬
момента речи, но все еще продол¬
щем времени
Я работаю здесь два года.
жается
действие, которое совершилось
глаголом совершен¬
We had fulfilled our plan by the
к определенному моменту в
ного вида в прошед¬
end of the ear.
прошлом:
шем времени
Мы выполнили свой план к
и
сз
S + had + V-ed
by 5 o'clock (к 5 часам)
концу года.
Он
by the end of the week (к концу
недели)
before somebody came (перед тем,
как кто-то пришел)
действие, которое совершится к
глаголом совершен¬
We shall have fulfilled our plan
О
определенному моменту в будущем:
ного вида в будущем
by the end of the month.
V»
3
S + shall (will) +
Ьу5о’с1оск(к5 часам)
времени
Мы выполлям свой план к кон¬
3
+ have + V-ed
by that time (к тому времени)
цу месяца.
U-
before somebody comes (перед тем.
как кю-ю придел)
39. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы-сказуемые в
Perfect Active:
1. They have come to Leningrad to attend a conference on semiconductors.
2. The tourists have already arrived and have stayed here for three days. 3. He
has invited some of her friends to come today. 4. The engineers have obtained
quite remarkable results from the experiments they have recently performed.
5. Have you always lived in this town? How long have you lived here? 6. Have
you seen the exhibition they have just opened? 7. I wonder if he has enjoyed
the journey. 8. Do you know the man I have just spoken about?-Yes, I have
met him and have also read some of his works. 9. Your friends are now away
on a holiday. How long have they been away? 10. This is the paper he has
shown to us. Have you looked it through? 11. I haven’t yet fully analysed the
result of the series of experiments I have performed. 12? I shall see her on
Monday. She will have already typed your article. 13. By the time we get
them it will have stopped raining. 14r By this time next week they will have
done this. 15. Professor B. has completed his research. He has obtained very
important results. 16. This is the book I have just bought. Have you seen it?-
No, I haven’t. What a good book! Have you read it before? 17. Does he know
the facts you have just told us? 18. My friend has not been to Moscow for
years. 19. When he had finished breakfast, he decided to go for a walk. 20. It
was already 10 o’clock and he had not finished looking through the papers by
the time. 21. He had sent that telegram before he went home. 22. Before he
finished school, he had played football. 23. It had started to rain when we
set off. Had it already started to rain when you set off?-Yes, it had. 24. The
conference had not come to an end yet when the announcement was made.
25. What had you done before you went on your journey to the Far East on
July 6? 26. I hadn’t done half my work by the time they left. 27. The chairman
spoke his mind after he had listened to the views of all those present. 28. They
reported the results of their work after they had made a comprehensive study
of the phenomenon. 29. Their group will have carried out reconnaissance of
this area by the appointed time. 30. By night the fighting units had
concentrated in the area of the wood. 31. The tankmen will have reached the
bridge by the time of the counter-attack. 32. They will have attacked this
village by 5 o’clock m the morning. 33. Our division had mflicted the enemy
troops heavy losses in manpower and materiel before the help arnved.
Сводная таблица 39
ФОРМАЛЬНЫЕ ПРИЗНАКИ ГЛАГОЛОВ-СКАЗУЕМЫХ
В ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ (ACTIVE) И ИХ ПЕРЕВОД
чФорма
Время\
Indefinite
Continuous
Perfect
S + V (без to)
am
S + have (has) + V-ed
(V -(e)s)
s +
Is
+ V-ing
С
<о
are
<D
Не tests devices every
He is testine devices.
He has tested devices.
£
day.
Он проверяет при¬
Он провеояет при¬
Он проверил (уже)
боры ежедневно.
боры (сейчас).
приборы.
S + V-ed
S + was (were) + V-mg
S + had + V-ed
1Л
He tested devices
He
was testing devices
He had tested devices
Л
Оч
yesterday.
all day long.
before she came.
Он проверял при¬
Он проверял при¬
Он проверил приборы
боры вчера.
боры весь день.
до того, как она пришла.
55
Продолжение таблицы 39
уФорма
ВрешК,
I ndefimte
Continuous
Perfect
S + shall (will) +
S + shall (will) be +
S + shall (will)+ have +
О)
+ V (без to)
+ V-ing
+ V-ed
S-н
3
He will test devices.
He will be testing
He will have tested
3
devices at 3 o’clock to¬
devices by 5 p.m.
—
morrow.
Он будет проверять
Он будет проверять
Он проверит приборы
приборы.
приборы завтра в
к 5 часам вечера.
3 часа.
40. Найдите глаголы-сказуемые по формальным признакам и переведите
предложения:
1. Our researchers work on important problems at present. 2. Who speaks
German well? 3. My friend does not play ten lis well. 4. Last week we did not
see this film. 5. The students tested ,'ifferent substances in the laboratory.
6. Did the students speak English at the lesson? 7. We shall listen to the
tape-recorder in the English classroom. 8. When will you visit your parents?
9. Scientists are actively helping the Soviet economy. 10. Whom were you speakmg
to when I came in? 11. Are you speaking with your company commander?
12. He has asked us many questions at this lesson. 13. Had she asked cadet
Petrov by the end of the last lesson? 14. Where have you taken this textbook?
15. Some chemists are making interesting experiments now. 16. We visited the
museum last week. 17. He had closed the window before he left the classroom.
18. What exercises are you writ ng now? 19. People often ask for this magazine.
20. My sister had looked through a magazine when I came in. 21. They have
dinner at home. 22. What will you be doing at the stadium? 23. Our English
teacher asks us many questions at the lessons. 24. Last lesson our teacher
asked us many questions. 25. Next lesson our teacher will ask us many ques¬
tions. 26. She is asking us questions now and we are answering them. 27. Our
teacher was putting us difficult questions for one hour yesterday. 28.. She will
be putting us different questions for the whole lesson tomorrow. 29. He will
have asked us many questions by the end of the lesson. 30. What have you
got the scheme of the mechanized infantry battalion for? 31. The battalion closed
with the enemy and destroyed him. 32. The unit staff assists the battalion
commander. 33. Does private Smirnov know tactics well? 34. A major general
commands this division.
Сводная таблица 40
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PERFECT CONTINUOUS ACTi VE
\Время
Форма4
Present
Past
Future
S + have (has) +
S + had been + V-ing
S + shall (will) have
X
heen + V-ing
been + V-lng
Й
о
e have heen testing
We had heen testing
Форма малоупотреби¬
к
a new device for two
a new device for two
тельна
п
hours.
hours when you came.
<D
Мы испытываем но¬
Мы испытывали но¬
н
вый прибор уже два
вый прибор уже два
часа.
часа, когда вы пришли.
56
Продолжение таблицы 40
\Время
Форма4
Present
Past
Future
Have (has) + S +
Had + S + been + V-ing?
<§
X
+ been + V-ing?
A
4
Have you been testmg
Had you been testing
o>
H
a new device for two
a new device for two
s
о
hours?
hours when we came?
о
p,
Вы испытываете
Вы испытывали но¬
к
о
новый прибор уже
вый прибор уже два
03
два часа?
часа, когда мы при¬
шли?
<t> _
S A
Ъй H
н о
Yes, I have. Да.
Yes, I had. Да.
cd CQ
a H
No, I haven’t. Нет.
No, I hadn’t. Нет.
°
S + have (has) not
S + had not been +
ж
Cd
heen + V-ing
+ V-mg
X
A
We have not been
We had not been
<D
testing a new device
testing a new device for
H
cd
for two hours.
two hours when you
£J.
S
came.
a
Мы не испытываем
Мы не испытывали
О
новый прибор два
новый прибор два
часа.
часа, когда вы при¬
шли.
41. Найдите глаголы-сказуемые в Perfect Continuous Active и переведите пред¬
ложения:
1. The officers of this group worked at the language laboratory last week.
Did they work at the language laboratory last week?-Yes, they did. How long
had they been working there before they learnt the words? These officers had
been working at the language laboratory for two hours. 2. Did colonel Petrov
serve in Kiev in 1981?-Yes, he did.-How long had he been serving there
when his son entered our military school?-He had been serving in Kiev for
five years when his son entered our military school. 3. Did these cadets work
on this book last year?-Yes, they did.-How long had they been working on
it before they returned it to the library?-They had been working on it for
two weeks. 4. She said that she had been studying English for three years.-
Has she been studying English for three years?-Yes, she has.-No, she has
not (hasn’t). She has not been studying English for three years. She has been
studying German for two years at the Institute. 5. Did it rain yesterday?-Yes,
it did.-How long had it been raming before you went for a walk?-It had been
raining for an hour. 6. What is Mike doing now?-He is reading a book.-
How long has he been reading it?- He has been reading it for two hours.
7. They have been discussing this problem for three hours.-Have they been
discussing this problem for three hours?-Yes, they have.-No, they have not
(haven’t). They have not been discussing this problem for three hours. They
have been discussing it all the morning. 8. I have been waiting for you for
about 20 minutes.-Have you been waiting for me?-Yes, I have.-No, I have
not. 9. I have been trymg to find you since ten o’clock. Have you been
waiting long? What have you been doing since I saw you last? 10. By the
23d of September he will have been workmg at the academy for three years.-
Will he have been working at the academy for three years?- Yes, he will. —
No, he will not (won’t). He will not have been workmg at the academy for
three years by the 23d of September.
57
СЛ
оо
Таблица 41
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ И ПЕРЕВОД ВРЕМЕН ГРУППЫ PERFECT CONTINUOUS ACTIVE
Время
Модель
Выражает
Переводится
Примеры
Present
S + have (has) been +
+ V-lng
длительное действие, которое
началось в прошлом и продолжа¬
ется в настоящее время.
for ... minutes, hours, weeks, etc.
(в течение... минут, часов, недель
и т. д.)
since ... (с..,)
глаголом в настоя¬
щем времени
Не has been working in our
laboratory for 5 years.
Он работает в нашей лабора¬
тории 5 лет.
Не has been reading the new¬
spaper since 6 o’clock.
Он читает газету с 6 часов.
Past
S + had been +
+ V-ing
действие, которое продолжа¬
лось в прошлом до определенного
момента:
for... hours, days, weeks (в тече¬
ние ., часов, дней, недель)
when somebody came (когда кто-то
пришел)
глаголом несовер¬
шенного вида в про¬
шедшем времени
Не had been working at his
report for two hours, when his
friend came.
Он уже работал над докладом
два часа, когда пришел его друг
Future
S + shall (will) +
+ have been + V-ing
Форма малоупотребительна
42. Найдите глаголы-сказуемые в Perfect Continuous Active и переведите
предложения:
1. Не has been living in Kiev since 1975. 2. I have not been working
for six hours. 3. They have been playing chess since morning. 4. Have you
been working for five hours? 5. I have been translating this article for two
hours. 6. By the time she graduates I shall have been teaching English for
two years. 7. They will have been waiting for over an hour. 8. By the end
of next month we shall have been learning English for nearly six months.
9. They have been experimenting with it since last year. 10. We have been
living here for a month. 11. By the time he was twenty-three he had been
writing short stories for two years. 12. When she comes home, I shall have
been studying for an hour. 13. They have been exploring these minerals for
a week. 14. We have been making attempts to find relations between these
phenomena since last year. 15. What have you been doing all the day?-I have
been preparing for my examination. 16. I have been thinking about my future
work since that time. 17. We have visitied my friend today. He has not felt
well for a week and has been staying away from work.-How long has he
been staying away from work?-One week or so. 18. What have you been®talking
about?-We have been talking about the situation he is in now and the way
for him to get out of it. 19. She has been waiting for Helen for an hour,
but her friend has not come yet. 20. We have been working hard all the day.
21. He has been preparing his paper for print for a week. 22. They have been
listening to the news on the wireless, you can find them in the laboratory.
23. You have been working too hard for the past few weeks. 24. Your friend
is a teacher at the University. He teaches mathematics there. Has he been
teaching it long?-Yes, he has been teaching at the University for about 15 years.
25. He had been speakmg for 10 minutes when the chairman of the meeting
stopped him. 26. I shall have been working for ten years when my brother
graduates from the military school.
Таблица 42
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ INDEFINITE PASSIYE
Модель: to be + V-ed
Время
Форма"
Present
Past
Future
У твердительная
I
Не
She
It -
We |
YOU;
They
Me
шив a
am
is
are
w (ere
ЮТ.
asked.
... ) enpa-
I 1
He
She
It .
We '
You
They
Mei
сиди.
was
were
1я (его,.
asked.
.) enpo-
i
He
She
It
We
You
They
Mei
(буду
shall
will
shall
will
гя (er
г enpa
be asked.
э,...) спросят
шивать).
Вопросительная
Am
Is
Are
_ I
he
she
it
- we
you
_ they
asked?
Was
Were
" I
he
she
: it
we
you
they.
asked?
Shall
Will
Shall
Will
I
he
she
Jt
_we
you
they
be asked?
59
Продолжение таблицы 42
Время
Форма4-
Present
Past
Future
Краткие
ответы
Yes,
No,
I am.
_ he is.
I am not (I’m not),
he is not (he’s not),
Yes,
No,
L was.
he
I ' was not.
hej (wasn’t)
Yes,
No,
I shall.
_he will.
I shall not (shan’t).
_he will not (won’t).
Отрицательная
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
am
is
not asked.
are
I
He
She
It _
We ’
You
They
was
were
not asked.
I
He
She
It
We
You"
They
shall
will
not be asked
shall
| will
43. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы-сказуемые в
Indefinite Passive:
1. They are invited to the conference. Are you invited to the conference?-
Yes, I am.-No, we are not (aren’t). We are not invited to the conference.
2. These devices are improved. Are these devices improved?-Yes, they are.
Those devices are not improved. 3. This important problem was solved. Was this
important problem solved?-Yes, it was. 4. The students were sent to the Komsomol
construction site in summer. Were the students sent to the Komsomol construc¬
tion site in summer?-Yes, they were. 5. This picture will be shown at the
exhibition. Will this picture be shown at the exhibition?-Yes, it will. Old
pictures will not be shown at the exhibition. 6. The letter will be posted
tomorrow. Will the letter be posted tomorrow?-No, it will not. The letter will
not be posted tomorrow. 7. Is Captain B. asked to come in?-Yes, he is. 8. The
rule was read by the students attentively. 9. I shall be given three tickets.
10. Will you be given any ticket?-No, I shall not (shan’t). 11. I was asked
to wait for the director. 12. Were you asked to wait for the director? 13. We
were not supplied with new protective means last Monday. Were you supplied
with new protective means?-No, we were not (weren’t). 14. Portable devices
will be supplied with dry batteries. 15. Great attention was paid to the mobility
and weight. 16. Is the weight reduced?-Yes, it is. 17. The radius of action of
the vehicle will be increased. 18. The target was detected quickly. 19. The
rockets are classified in accordance with their combat missions. 20. The motor was
quickly repaired. 21. Radio signals are used for remote control of the missile.
22. Were the vehicles equipped with new devices?-1* es, they were. 23. Grenades
are used by individual soldiers to carry out combat missions. 24. The recoilless
rifle was mounted on a jeep. 25. Is the squad armed with M14 rifles and
M79 grenade launchers? 26. TOW will be mounted on variety of vehicles.
27. Atomic weapons are used to destroy dumps, communications, transportation
and command installations. 28. Armour is often used to exploit the success of
an attack. 29. Several models of this vehicle will be produced to meet nowadays
demands. 30. A new experimental howitzer was recently demonstrated. 31. The
plane was identified by the radar. 32. Artillery is divided into field artillery
and air defence artillery.
60
Таблица 43
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ CONTINUOUS PASSIVE
Модель: to be + being + V-ed
уВремя
Форма"4
Present
Past
Future
У твердите льная
I
Не
She
It
We
You
They
Me
ют (с
am
is
are
ня (его’
зйчас).
being asked.
...) спрашива-
I
He
She
It .
We
You
They
Me
вали.
was
were
ня (его"
being asked.
...) спраши-
-
Вопросительная
Am
Is
Are
_ 1
he
she
_ it
we
you
they
being asked?
Was
Were
“ I
he
she
. it
we
you
they
being asked?
-
Краткие
ответы
Yes,
No,
I am.
=we are.
I am not (I’m not).
_we are not (aren’t).
Yes,
No,
I was.
.we were.
I was not (wasn’t),
we were not (weren’t),
-
Отрицательная
I
He
She
It _
We
You
They
am
is
not being asked.
are
I
He
She
It _
We _
You
They
was
not bemg asked.
were
-
44. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы-сказуемые в
Continuous Passive:
1. Many houses are being built by a new complex method. Are many
houses being built by a new complex method?-Yes, they are. But this house is
not bemg built by a new complex method. 2. Many scientific articles and
books are b ag translated into foreign languages. Are many scientific articles
and books bemg translated into foreign languages?-Yes, they are. 3. The devices
are bemg repaired. Are the devices bemg repaired?-Yes, they are. This motor
is not being repaired. 4. He was bemg spoken to me when the bell rang.-
Was he bemg spoken to you when the bell rang?-He was not being spoken
to me when the bell rang. 5. The plant was being constructed when the Kom¬
somol brigade arrived in that town. Was the plant bemg constructed wnen the
61
Komsomol brigade arrived in that town?-Yes, it was. This workshop was not
being constructed when the Komsomol brigade arrived there. 6. At present
many experiments are being carried out m our laboratory. 7. Is new equipment
being produced by your plant?-Yes, it is. 8. Different forms of political educa¬
tion is bemg widely organized in our city. 9. He was being looked attentively
when he read a letter. 10. The engine was bemg replaced by a new one when
the engineer came m. 11. Compulsory secondary education is bemg provided
m our country. 12. A new TV performance was being watched with great
attention. 13. Cybernetics is now being used for controlling many industrial
processes. 14. The methods of control are bemg radically changed nowadays.
15. New aluminium alloys are bemg introduced into production rapidly. 16. When
I entered the room, Ivanov’s report was being discussed. 17. Many important
observations were bemg made when our Lunokhod-2 travelled on the Moon.
18. Nowadays the Moon’s face is bemg exammed by scientists. 19. Automation
was bemg introduced in building work when we organized new brigades. 20. At
the lessons our cadets were bemg taught how to use taped programs. 21. The
Soviet Union’s economic tasks are being successfully fulfilled. 22. The moral
and political unity of the multinational Soviet people is constantly bemg conso¬
lidated. 23. We entered the power station when the steam turbines were being
installed. 24. Plastic materials are being applied to aircraft production. 25. A fixed
wing aircraft is bemg delivered to the units. 26. Centi" on is now bemg replaced
in the British Army by Chieftain.
Таблица 44
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PERFECT PASSIVE
Модель: to have + been + V-ed
\Время
Форма\
Present
w
aS
E
A
tt>
H
s
4
fX
have
been asked.
I
He
She
It
We '
You
They^
Меня (его,...) уже
спросили
has
have
Past
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
Меня (его,...) уже
спросили.
had heen asked.
Future
shall
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
Меня (его,...) уже
спросят.
will
shall
will
have heen
asked.
H
s
о
о
о.
r,
о
pa
Have
Has
Have
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
been asked?
Had
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
been asked?
Shall I
he
Will
she
■t
Shall we
Will Г
WUI | they-
have heen
asked?
62
Продолжение таблицы 44
Форма\
Present
Past
Future
<D _
s 3
H 4)
Yes,
I have,
he has.
Yes,
I
he
had
Yes,
I shall
_he will
ed oa
Он H
No,
I have not (haven’t)
No,
"I “I
had not
No,
' shall
not (shan’t).
US о
_ he has not (hasn’t).
-he_
(hadn’t)
_he will
not (won’t).
• TR
cd
I _
have
I
I
shall
X
►Д
He
He
He
will
о
She
has
She
She
5
It .
not been
It
had not been
It
not have
S
We
asked.
We
asked-
We
shall
heen asked.
Он
f—<
You
have
You
You
1
will
o
They
-
They
They
45. Найдите глаголы-сказуемые в Perfect Passive и переведите предложения:
1. Our reports have been written in time. Have your reports been written
in time?-Yes, they have.-No, they have not been written in time. 2. The
atmosphere has been studied by many scientists. Has the atmosphere been studied
by many scientists? 3. This problem has been studied by our group. Has this
problem been studied by your group?-This problem has not been studied by
our group. 4. These words have been learned by all the cadets of your group.
Have these words been learned by all the cadets of your group?-Yes, they
have. 5. The equipment had been repaired by that time. 6. New helicopters
had been produced by 1980. Had new helicopters been produced by 198P?-Yes,
they had. 7. The mistakes have been corrected. Have the mistakes been corrected? -
Yes, they have. 8. The text will have been prepared by 12 o’clock. Wm the
text have been prepared by 12 o’clock?-Yes, it will.-No, it will not. The
text will not have been prepared by 12 o’clock. 9. My son will have been met
by my sister as soon as the train comes. Will your son have been met by
your sister as soon as the train comes?-Yes, he will.-No, he will not. My
son will not have been met by my sister as soon as the tram comes. 10. These
electronic tubes had not been used before you came to our laboratory. 11. The
hotel had been built before we came to Moscow. 12. New model had been
tested by the end of November. 13. New conditions for experiment will have
been created when the laboratory receives new devices. 14. This building had
been completed by April. 15. Our plan had been worked out before you began
this work. 16. Has water been heated? 17. By the middle of the 19th century
about 60 chemical elements had been discovered. 18. The plan has been already
fulfilled. 19. These exercises will have been done by all the students before
the teacher comes in. 20. Captain Ivanov was told that field training exercises
had been fulfilled. 21. This machine will have been replaced by a new one by
tomorrow. 22. The targets have not been observed from the ground. 23. Impor¬
tant missions have been carried out by the engineers of our laboratory. 24. The
model of this combat vehicle had been discussed by the military experts before
it was manufactured. 25. After the communications system had been greatly
improved, the actions of combat units began more coordinative. 26. Defensive
exercises will have been fulfilled when the commander orders. 27. The enemy
submarine has been sunk.
63
СПОСОБЫ ПЕРЕВОДА ГЛАГОЛОВ-СКАЗУЕМЫХ В СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ (PASSIVE VOICE) Таблица 45
Время
Форма
Модели
Перепад
Примеры
о
с
13
а»
•з
с
is (are) + V-ed
при помощи глагола «быгь>
и краткой формы причастия
.страдательного залога. Гла¬
New vehicles are tested on the proving ground.
Новые машины испытаны (испытываются)
на полигоне.
Present
Conti¬
nuous
is (are) -f being + V-ed
гол «быть» в настоящем вре¬
мени не употребляется
The vehicle is being tested now.
Машина испытывается (Машину испытыва¬
ют) сейчас.
Perfect
has (have) + been -t- V-ed
The vehicle has heen tested.
Машина (уже) испытана. (Машину (уже)
испытали.)
Indefi¬
nite
was (were) + V-ed
глаголом, оканчивающим¬
ся на «-ся», «-сь»
The vehicle was tested last week.
Машину испытали на прошлой неделе.
Past
Conti¬
nuous
was (were) + being + V-ed
глаголом в действитель¬
ном залоге в 3-м лице мно¬
жественного числа с неопре¬
деленно-личным значением
The vehicle was being tested for 3 months.
Машина испытывалась (машину испытыва¬
ли) три месяца.
Perfect
had + been + V-ed
The vehicle had been tested before our arrival.
Машина (уже) была испытана (Машину
(уже) испытали) до нашего приезда.
О
fa
3
Indefinite
shall (will) + be + V-ed
The vehicle will be tested next week.
Машина будет испытана (машину будут йены
тывать, машину испытают) на следующей
неделе.
3
ц.
Perfect
shall (will) + have + been +
+ V-ed
The vehicle will have been tested by June.
Машина (уже) будет испытана, (машину
(уже) испытают) к июню.
46. Найдите сказуемые в страдательном залоге (Passive) и переведите пред¬
ложения:
). This cottage is built of wood. 2. The houses were surrounded by tall
trees. 3. The bridge will be built next year. 4. We have not yet been there.
5. These books are bemg sold out fast. 6. I have not been to the library for
three weeks. 7. The vehicle was tested by a group of engineers. 8. Children
are always taken great care of in the Soviet Union. 9. I am invited by my
fuend to her birthday party. 10. “The Sleeping Beauty”, a wonderful Russian
ballet, was composed by P. Tchaikovsky in a very short time, i.e. forty days.
11. She has read all the books in her library. 12. She has never been to the
Far East. They haven’t yet gone to the tennis court. 13. The teacher has told
the students about some English writers. 14. The works by Soviet writers, which
have been translated into many languages, bring with them the truth and light
that illuminate the people’s path to happiness. 15. The first Communist Party,
the Communist League, was orga. zed by Marx and Engels in 1847. 16. In
Soviet times Pushkin’s works have been distributed among >eople in more than
50 million copies and in 76 languages. 17. In tzarist Russia inventors were
never given a chance to put their inventions into practice. 18. Various theories
for the origin of the moon are discussed today. 19. Much study has been
given to space. 20. Many experiments had been made before the necessary
results were got. 21. The moon’s surface has been photographed in front and
behind, from far and from near. 22. The process of element formation in stars
have been explained by physicists and astrophysicists. 23. It has been believed
that the sky is being studied for very many years, at least-4,000 years. 24. The
experiments in space exploration will be gradually extended. 25. When each
mission has been completed, the space shuttle will return to earth and land
like an airplane. 26. The earth is a*!'acted by the sun. 27. This concept is
associated with the newest data. 28. Electronics is bemg used more and more
throughout the industry. 29. X-rays, like rays from radium, have long been used
in medicine. 30. The first Russian steam-engine of original design was invented
by Polzunov, a Russian mechanic in 1763. 31. The progress in communications
is associated with the invention of the telegraph and telephone. 32. Microwave
devices are now used widely for communications*and in industrial electronics.
Сводная таблица 46
ФОРМАЛЬНЫЕ ПРИЗНАКИ ГЛАШЛОВ-СКАЗУЕМЫХ
В СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ (PASSIVE) И ИХ ПЕРЕВОД
Крема
Форма’
Indefinite
Continuous
Perfect
s +
The device is tested..
Прибор испытыва¬
ется (испытан, испы¬
тывают)...
'am
am
have
is
+ V-ed
S +
is
being + V-ed
S +
+ been + V-ed
are
_are_
Jias .
The device is being
tested...
Прибор испытывает¬
ся... (испытывают)...
(сейчас)
The device has heen
tested.
Прибор был испытан
(испытали)...
cd
О.
was
S + + V-ed
were
The device was tested..
Прибор был испы¬
тан (испытывался)...
S +
berng + V-ed
The device was being
tested...
Прибор испытывался
(испытывали)...
S + had been + V -ed
The device had been
tested...
Прибор (был) испытан
(испытали)...
5-0320
65
Продолжение таблицы 4b
И|ЧМ.
Форма\
Indefinite
Continuous
Perfect
shall
shall
S +
+ be + V-ed
-
s +
+ have +
will _
will _
+ been + V-ed
5
The device will be
The device will have
■р
Рч
tested...
been
tested...
Прибор будет испы¬
Прибор будет испы¬
тываться (испытают)...
тан
(испытают)...
47. Определите глаголы-сказуемые в страдательном залоге (Passive) по фор¬
мальным признакам и переведите предложения:
1. On May Day the streets are decorated #Tth slogans, flags and illumination.
2. The “Pravda” is published in Moscow but it is printed in many towns and
cities of the Soviet Union. 3. These problems are widely discussed at scientific
conferences. 4. The Moscow University was founded by Lomonosov and later
it was named after him. 5. The world’s first atomic ice-breaker “Lenin” was
launched at the end of 1957. 6. Spaceships are automatically controlled from
the earth space travel centre. 7. The cargo will be delivered before tomorrow
noon. 8. The behaviour of air flowing around an airplane in flight is evaluated
by the science of aerodynamics. 9. A large part of the USSR national income
is being spent on education. 10. Many-storeyed houses are being built in our
town. 11. The problem of using thermo-nuclear reactions for the production of
power is being studied by scientists. 12. Many cities and" industrial centres of
our country are being supplied with electricity produced by the energy of water.
13. The engine was being exammed for two hours. 14. This book was being
looked 'through when I entered the library. 15. The film was being discussed
for twe hours. 16 Many books have been written about the Soviet Army.
17. Many railway lines have been built in all parts of the Soviet Union since
the Great October Socialist Revolution. 18. The new exhibition has been visited
by many foreign tourists. 19. The building had been completed by the 7th of
November. 20. All the examinations will have been passed by all the students
of our course by the 1st of July. 21. The military students will have been
sent to different units of the Soviet Army when they pass exams. 22. Sonar
is used by surface ships for submarine detection. 23. The plane is designed for
supersonic speeds and an operational radius of more than 500 nau .cal miles.
24. Armour units are designed for fast, highly mobile actions. 25. The missile
had been connected to the control box before it was launched. 26. Every effort
is made to disrupt and neutralize enemy support and reinforcement action.
27. Dispersion is employed to reduce vulnerability. 28. The armament of the
tank is divided into three groups. 29. The engine is mounted in the rear
section of the hull of the tank. 30. All the operations were conducted under
a strict radar surveillance.
Таблица 47
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА КОНСТРУКЦИЙ В СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ
ЗАЛОГЕ (PASSIVE)
Примеры
Перевод
1, 2, 3 4
1. I was told to come at 5.
Мне сказали, чтобы я пришел в 5 ча
неопределенно-личным предложени¬
ем, в котором подлежащее английского
б(>
Продолжение таблицы 47
Примеры
Перевод
СОВ.
1
Не was given the magazine.
Ему дали журнал.
1 , 2 , 3
We were shown a new film.
Нам показали новый фильм.
2 , 3_, 4 1
This flight is much spoken about.
Об- этом полете много говорят.
I 1
1 | |—
Our commander was sent for.
f *
За нашим командиром послали.
i—2 , ^3 1
This report is referred to.
1
На этот доклад ссылаются.
предложения переводится существи¬
тельным или местоимением в датель¬
ном падеже (I — мне, he — ему), а сказуе¬
мое — в соответствующем времени
страдательного залога.
неопределенно-личным предложени¬
ем, в котором перевод следует начи¬
нать с предлога, подлежащее английско¬
го предложения переводится предлож¬
ным или косвенным дополнением, а
сказуемое — в соответствующем вре¬
мени страдательного залога
Цифры над словами указывают на последовательность перевода.
Ч
48. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода гла¬
голов-сказуемых в страдательном залоге (Passive):
1. Не was asked to do it yesterday. 2. They are wanted here. 3. They
are always met at the station. 4. Both science and technique are paid great
attention to in our country. 5. It is known that English is spoken noi only
in Great Britam and the United States, but also in many other countries of
the world. 6. His article in the yesterday’s newspaper is much spoken about.
7. This house was not lived in for a long time. 8. This lecturer is always
listened to with great interest. 9. The tourists were shown all the places of
interest. 10. In America the Negro workers are given the hardest work and the
longest hours. 11. Much is being done to spread knowledge, science and culture
all over the country. 12. When were you brought this' reference book? 13. The
conference was attended by many well known scientists. 14. These books are
needed by all our students. 15. This subject will be dealt with in the next
chapter. 16. What are artificial textiles manufactured of? 17- When the students
have their practical work, they are given many different problems to solve.
18. When something is difficult for the students, they are helped by the teachers.
19. After the Great October Socialist Revolution K. Tsiolkovsky was given
state support. 20. All the peaceful proposals of the Soviet Union are met with
approval by all progressive mankind. 21. He is wanted by the commander.
22. The parade is preceded by marching drill. 23. Victory must be fought for.
24. This report was attended by all the officers. 25. Lieutenant-General, veteran
of the Great Patriotic War was asked to tell some battle episodes. 26 The
ammunition was sent to the right flank of the defence. 27. The company was
given the order to fortify its position. 28. The reconnaissance group was joined
by some snipers. 29. These operations were much written about in newspapers.
30. Both artillery and infantry weapons are paid great attention to by military
experts.
67
ВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
Fuiur*
Не will test devices tomorrow.
Он будет проверять (проверит) приборы
завтра.
Devices will be tested by him tomorrow.
Нриборы будут проверены им завтра.
Не will be testing devices all day long.
Он будет проверять приборы целый день.
Не will have tested devices by 5 p.m.
Он (уже) проверит приборы к 5 часам
вечера
Devices will have been tested by him by5p.n
Приборы будут проверены им к 5 часам
вечера.
»
Я
а.
Не tested devices yesterday.
Он проверял (проверил)
приборы вчера.
Devices were tested by him
yesterday.
Приборы были проверены
(проверялись) им вчера.
Н е was testing device at
5 p m.
Он проверял приборы в
5 часов вечера.
Devices were being tested
by him from 5 till 7 p.m.
Приборы проверялись им
с 5 до 7 часов вечера.
Не had tested devices by
5 p.m.
Он проверил приборы к
5 часам вечера.
Devices had been tested by
him by 5 p.m.
Приборы были проверены
им к 5 часам вечера.
с
о
V»
В
Не tests devices every day.
Он проверяет приборы
ежедневно.
Devices яге tested by him
every day.
Приборы проверяются им
ежедневно.
Не is testing devices now.
Он проверяет приборы
сейчас.
Devices are being tested by
him now.
Приборы проверяются им
сейчас.
Не has tested devices today.
Он проверил приборы
сегодня.
Devices have been tested by
him today.
Приборы проверены им
сегодня.
* /
* /
и /
CD /
/ В
/ «
/ W
ЭАКру
9AISSBJ
элгру
3AISSBJ
ЭЛТру
3AISSBJ
1>орма
эгщуэрщ
snonunu03
49. Найдите глаголы-сказуемые и переведите предложения:
1. I always get up at seven-thirty on weekdays. 2. I like to take a cold
bath every morning. 3. We started a new series of experiments last week.
4. When did the symposium start its work? 5. They will speak about this
problem in general. 6. When will you ring him up?-I shall ring him up as
soon as I come home. 7. The figures are taken from a number of articles in
the literature and are now presented m the table. 8. The results were not
thoroughly analyzed when the experiments were completed. 9. He was surprised
when he looked at his watch. 10. The new school building will be completed
next month. 11. The plane is flying above the sea. 12. This term is now being
used to mean quite a different phenomenon. 13. The difficulty was over¬
come and further steps were then taken. 14. The new stadium was being
built just at the time they arrived here. 15. How many years will you be
investigating the problem?-I think I will be doing it for five years or so.
16. He knows what I am talking about. 17. These are the journals I was looking
for yesterday. 18. The conference was coming to an end at 5 o’clock. 19. What
are you doing tomght?-I am planning to go out to see a new play at the
Art Theatre. 20. You are learning French now. How long have you been
learning it?—I have been learning it for three years. 21. We have already
discussed this problem in detail. 22. They went to the theatre after they had
finished their work. 23. These effects have also been investigated. 24. The new
model will have been discussed by the designers’ by 6 o’clock. 25. The designers
will have discussed the new model by 3 o’clock. 26. We have been visiting too
many art exhibitions smce last year. 27. The orbital station will be assembled
and the expeditions to the planets of the Solar System will take off from there.
28. The flights made by the Soyuz ships were used for experimenting and
testing the equipment. 29. The air-to-air missile has become the principal weapon
of air-to-air combat. 30. The surface-to-air missile resembles an antiaircraft but
is more effective and has greater range and accuracy. 31. Submarines are
classified as nuclear-powered submarines and diesel-electric submarines.
Таблица 49
СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛА “TO BE”
69
Продолжение таблицы 49
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Future Indefinite
J3
H
<D
CQ
S
H
cd
Q.
*
Yes
No,
•IS
am.
he is.
I am not
(I’m not),
he is not
(isn’t).
Yes 11 was-
’ Lwe were.
I was not
(wasn’t).
we were not
(weren’t).
No,
Yes
■a
shall,
he will.
N Г I shall not (shan’t).
’ L he will not (won’t).
ft
О
I
He
She
It
We '
You
They
are
not..
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
were
not..
shall
will
I .
He
She
It .
We shall
You 1 will
They] w“*
not be..
Ml. Найдите в предложениях глагол “to be” в соответствующей форме и пе¬
реведите предложения:
1. I am eighteen years old. And how old are you? 2. It is very important
information. Is this very important information?-Yes, it is. 3. My sister is at home
in the evening. Is your sister at home m the evenmg?-No, she is not.-Where
is she?-She is at the Institute. 4. My friends are in the reading room now.
Are your friends in the readmg room now?-No, they are not. They are at
the lesson. 5. Is comrade Nikitin present at the lesson?-Yes, he is 6, The
lecture was mterestmg. Was the lecture interestmg?-Yes, it was. 7. He was not
busy in the morning. 8. We werq glad to meet our old friend. 9. The students
of our group were ready to answer the questions. 10. Was your group in
the Russian Art Museum last month?-No, it was not. 11. Were they ready to
answer?-No, they were not. 12. Were you in the country last Sunday?-No, we
were not. We were busy with our car. 13. Were these young men present at
the lecture?-Yes, they were. 14. How old was your father five years ago?-He
was five years younger. 15. Our lessons will be over at half past two. Will your
lessons be over at two o’clock?-No, they will not. They will be over at three
o’clock. 16. I shall be free on Sunday. 17. This problem will be essential at
the conference. 18. I shall be at the club at half past six. Will you be there?-
Yes, I shall. 19. Will you be busy next week?-No, I shall not. 20- Will they
be in the classroom?-No, they will not.-Where will they be next Monday?-
They will be in camp. 21. Will you be free on Sunday?—Yes, I shall. 22. We
are officers of the Soviet Army. 23. My father’s friend is a teacher of tactics.
24. When will major Sokolov be on duty?-He will be on duty in two days.
25. Are special subjects difficult?-No, they are not. They are not very difficult.
26. Is this weapon effective?-Yes, it is. 27. Discipline is one of the many
components of general organization of the Army. 28. The diesel is economical
with fuel. 29. The new railway will be of great importance for the economy
of the USSR. 30. The history of the Soviet Armed Forces is full of heroic
deeds for the sake of the socialist Motherland. 31. This military vehicle is
suitable for different purposes. 32. Infantry, artillery and armour are important
arms. 33. These tanks are amphibious. 34. Field exercises will be difficult but
important in military traming. 35. The battles were fierce.
70
Таблица 50
ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД ГЛАГОЛА «ТО ВЕ»
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
be + Prep + N
простое гла¬
гольное сказуе¬
мое
глаголами:
находиться,
быть (в соот¬
ветствующем вре¬
мени; в настоя¬
щем времени не
переводится)
We are in the
museum.
Мы (находимся)
в музее.
I was in Moscow
last week.
Я был в Москве
на прошлой не¬
деле.
~~ Pron
N
ь . А
be+ Inf
Ger
_ Num
глагол-связка
составного
именного ска¬
зуемого
глаголами:
быть
являться
заключаться
(состоять) в том,
чтобы (в соответ¬
ствующем време¬
ни; в настоящем
времени не пере¬
водится)
It is me.
Это я.
Не will be а
pilot.
Он будет лет¬
чиком.
This structure is
strong.
Эта конструк¬
ция прочная.
Our aim was to
cross the river.
Нашей целью
было переправить¬
ся через реку.
His task was
getting better re¬
sults.
Его задача за¬
ключалась в том,
чтобы получить
лучшие резуль¬
таты.
be + to V
be + to be + V-ed
часть состав¬
ного глаголь-
ного (модаль¬
ного) сказуе¬
мого
глаголом «дол¬
жен» (в соответ¬
ствующем вре¬
мени)
They are to invi¬
te him to the
meeting.
Они должны
пригласить его на
собрание.
The flight prog¬
ram was to be
adopted yesterday.
Эту программу
полета должны
были утвердить
вчера.
71
Продолжение таблицы 50
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
be + V -ing
вспомога¬
тельный глагол
во временах
группы Conti¬
nuous и в стра¬
дательном за-
. логе
не переводится
The mechanic
is repairing the
block.
Механик ремон¬
тирует блок, (сей¬
час)
be + V-ed
глаголом в со¬
ответствующем
времени
The plan of our
work was discussed
yesterday.
План нашей ра¬
боты был обсуж¬
ден (обсудили)
вчера.
S1. Определите функции глагола «to be»» и переведите предложения:
1. They are in a new classroom. 2. The bus stop is on the left side of the street.
3. My sister is at home. 4. What is on the table? - My book is on the table, but your
book is in the table. 5. These men are not students, they are cadets. 6. History
•s not a difficult subject. 7. The best way to improve knowledge in English
is reading. 8. His seat was the fifth in the row. 9. Our plan is to carry out all
the experiments. 10 He is not a teacher of English, he is a cadet. 11. After lessons
our teachers are in the mess. 12. We were to meet a delegation yesterday. 13. My sister
is to do this work today. 14. The students are to come to the lectures in the
afternoon. 15. He was to find a new way of solving the problem. 16. He is writing
a letter to his friend. 17. We are "reading interesting stories. 18. I am answering
my teacher’s question. 19. My chief will be invited to the conference. 20. He was
asked some questions about this invention. 21. Every year the First of May is
celebrated all over the world. 22. You are right. Our teacher is young. 23. We were
to increase the pressure in the installation. 24. These exercises are not difficult.
25. The Earth is constantly changing. 26. These barracks are new. 27. Major Ivanov
is to be at the Academy at nine. 28. Our commander is waiting for the rein¬
forcement. 29. During the battle heavy losses were inflicted on the enemy.
30 Artillery battery was behind the front line. 31. The main mission of Infantry
in attack is to close with the enemy and destroy or capture him; in defence -
to hold its own positions and to counterattack the enemy. 32. Many antitank guns
were sent to the left flank where the enemy planned a breakthrough.
33. Aviation fuel is basically either gasoline or kerosene. 34. The latest wire-
guided missiles of the US Army are TOW and Dragon.
Таблица 51
СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛА «ТО HAVE»
Время
I
have...
I
1
shall
Не
He
He
She
has...
She
had...
She
will
It .
It
It
We
We
We
shall
You
have...
You
You
will
They_
They _
They
72
Продолжение таблицы 51
Время
\
\
<1юрма
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Future Indefinite
X
jO
<u
H
X
8
Q.
С
О
oa
Have
Has
Have
1
he
she
it
we
you
they.
Had
I
Shall
1
he
he
she
Will
she
it
?
it
we
Shall
we
you
Will
you
they
[they
have...?
s 3
I- u
3 a
ex н
^ o
Yes.
No,
.1 have,
he has.
I haven’t,
he hasn’t.
Yes,
No,
u
he
had.
hadn't.
Yes,
No,
I shall (I'll),
he will (he'll).
1 shall not (shan't),
he will not (won’t).
cd
X
•0
c;
4>
§
x
D.
I
have not (no)...
1
I
shall
He
He
He
She
has not (no)...
She
She
will
It
It
had not (no)...
It
We =
We
We
shall
You
have not (no)...
You
You
will
They
They
They,
not have..
52. Найдите в предложениях глагол «to have»» в соответствующей форме и
переведите предложения.
1. I have the first edition of this book at home. 2. We have much work today.
Have you much work today?-Yes, I have. 3. My friend has many English books.
Has your friend many English books?-Yes, he has. 4. We have many friends in
Kiev. 5. Have you a good mark on history?-Yes, I have. 6. Have you any
questions to the teacher?-Yes, we have some. 7. Have you any lessons or lectures
today?-No, we have not (any). 8. All the cadets have little free time on their
working days. 9. Our laboratory has more than a hundred precise instruments.
10. Had he a good practice in the language?-Yes, he had. 11. Had they a difficult
task?-No, they had not. 12. Had your group a party meeting yesterday?-Yes,
it had. 13. We have good ideas how to organize that excursion. 14. I shall not
have much free time on Monday. 15. I have no material to prepare the report.
16. The driver also has another vision block on the left. 17. The new vehicle will
have a good cross-country capability. 18. Will your company have reinforcement?
-Yes, it will. 19. Our company will have new weapons in some weeks. 20. Will
the battalion have strong points?-Yes, it will. 21. They had all the necessary
equipment for their work. 22. Had this helicopter good performances?-Yes,
it had. 23. This artillery piece has maximum range of fire about 15,000 metres.
24. Fuel characteristics have a big effect on engine service life. 25. The vehicle
has a very low silhouette. 26. In summer military units have their daily training
in camp.
Таблица 52
ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД ГЛАГОЛА «ТО HAVE»
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
have + N
простое гла¬
гольное ска¬
зуемое
глаголами:
иметь,
обладать (в
A hydrogen atom
has one electron.
Атом водорода
73
Продолжение таблицы 52
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
настоящем
времени обычно
не переводит¬
ся)
имеет (У атома водо¬
рода) один электрон.
have + V-ed
вспомога¬
тельный гла-
гол в Perfect
Tenses
лексическо¬
го значения не
имеет
I have translated
the article.
Я (уже) перевел чту
статью.
Не had finished his
work by 5 p. m.
Он закончил работу
к 5 часам вечера.
have + to V
часть сос¬
тавного гла¬
гольного (мо¬
дального) ска¬
зуемого
глаголом
«должен» (в
соответствую¬
щем времени)
We have to go to
camp.
Мы должны ехать
в лагерь.
She had to come ear¬
lier.
Она должна была
прийти раньше.
~ dinner
-breakfast
have + a rest
a talk
a walk
часть фразо¬
вого сказуемого
глаголами:
обедать,
завтракать,
отдыхать,
беседовать,
гулять
They had dinner al
two p. m.
Они обедали в 2 ча¬
са дня.
Let’s have a talk.
Давайте поговорим.
Примечание:
Если глагол to have имеет модальное значение или в сочетании с неко¬
торыми существительными утрачивает свое значение «иметь», «обладать», то
вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются с помощью вспомогатель¬
ного глагола to do:
Do you have to do this work in your laboratory?-No, I do not have to do it.
Вы должны делать эту работу в своей лаборатории? —Нет, я не должен
делать ее.
53. Определите функции глагола «to have» и переведите предложения:
1. Не has» this article. 2. The students had a talk with their Komsomol
leader. 3. These officers will have three lectures tomorrow. 4. He has translated
the article. 5. He has to translate the article. 6. Many of the students have got
excellent marks on tactics. 7. Many of my friends have to go to the Institute by bus.
8. He has been to Moscow this week. 9. He has to work hard at his English.
10. A new Institute has been opened in that city this year. 11. We have to see a new
laboratory. 12. We have seen a new film lately. 13. I wanted to have a rest after
a week of hard work. 14. They have to use new equipment. 15. They have used
new equipment. 16. We shall have a swim tomorrow morning. 17. Had you any
changes in your plan? 18. We had a walk last night. 19. This power station has
to supply our town with electricity. 20. This power station has supplied the
74
whole district with electricity for a month. 21. This laboratory has additional water
supply. 22. Soviet physicists have the most effective instruments for their scientific
and research work. 23. We had to make some improvements in this machine.
24. The scientists had to pay attention to the radiation belt around the earth.
25. The tank has the crew of four. 26. The commander has organized a good
observation post. 27. Our unit had organized the antitank defence by night.
28. Our division has a good antiaircraft defence. 29. Artillery will have to support
friendly troops by fire. 30. The telescope has an eight-power optical system.
31. Our units have delivered heavy artillery fire on the enemy. 32. Tube artillery
pieces have to deliver fire at some enemy strong points. 33. Our cadets had
their supper at 7 p. m. ind now they have free time. 34. The reconnaissance
group had to reach the village early in the morning.
Таблица 53
СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛА «ТО DO»
\Время
Формах
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Future Indefinite
Утвердительная
I
Не
She
It
We “
You
They _
do...
does...
do...
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
did...
I
He
She
It .
We
You
They
shall
will
shall
] will
do...
Вопросительная
Do
Does
Do
I ~
he
she
. it ...?
' we
you
they_
Г1 “1
he
Did she
it ...?
we
you
they
Shall
Will
Shall
Will
I
he
she
. it
we
you
they _
do...?
Краткие
ответы
Yes,
No,
I do
_ he does.
" I don’t.
_ he doesn’t.
Yes,
No,
J
he .
I '
he
did.
didn’t.
Yes,
No,
I shall
. he will.
I shan’t.
_ he won’t.
Отрицательная
I do no
He ~
She
It _
We '
You
They_
t (don’t)...
does not
.(doesn’t)...
do not (don’t)...
I "
He
She
it
We
You
They_
did not
(didn’t)
I sha
He '
She
It _
We s
You
They
II not (shan’t)...
will not (won’t)...
hall not (shan’t)...
| will not (won’t)...
75
Таблица 54
ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД ГЛАГОЛА «ТО DO»
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
S +
do
does
did
+ 0
простое гла¬
гольное сказу¬
емое
глаголами:
делать,
выполнять
Every day we do
our morning exercises.
Каждый день мы
делаем утреннюю за¬
рядку.
Do
Does
Did
+ S +V
(без to)
вспомога¬
тельный глагол
лексического
значения не
имеет
Do you read English
newspapers?
Вы читаете англий¬
ские газеты?
Did you go to the
training centre yester¬
day?
Вы ездили в учеб¬
ный центр вчера?
S +
donot
does not +
did not
+ V (без to)
I do not speak French.
Я не говорю по-
французски.
We did not go to the
theatre yesterday.
Вчера мы не ходили
в театр.
..as
,.as...as
..than
+ S +
do
does
did
заместитель
смыслового
глагола
He works as much
as his father does.
Он работает так же
много, как и его отец.
S +
do
does +
did
+ V (без to)...
усилитель
глагола-сказуе¬
мого в утвер¬
дительном
предложении
словами:
все-таки,
все же,
действитель¬
но,
обязательно
Не did make it in
time.
Он все-таки сделал
это вовремя.
Do come!
Приходите обяза¬
тельно.
54. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глагол «to do»:
1. His politeness does him credit. 2. No other person can do it as well as you
can. 3. Promise little but do much. 4. I thought she could do it. 5. An electrical
motor does mechanical work. 6. They do not exhibit their paintings. 7. Do you
work every day?-Yes, I do. 8. Do these computers make many operations?-Yes,
they do. 9. You did not refuse to help me. 10. Where do the laws of electricity
find wide application? 11. He gets up earlier than I do. 12. We did fulfil our plan
ahead of time. 13. Listening to the radio in English he understands as much
as his friend does. 14. We do insist on the experiment. 15. The gas molecules do
have attraction for one another. 16. Some of the metals do react at high temperatures.
17. Did any changes occur in the air? 18. What do you do? 19. The atomic power
76
ГЛАГОЛ «SHOULD», ЕГО ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД
Таблица 55
Модели
I",: >..!■•!!
Употребление
Перевод
Примеры
should + V (без го)
should (have) + V(-ed)
=:
о
се
Ч
л
X
л
4
о
н
ее
и
о
5
о
е
о
аз
при согласовании вре¬
мен в Future-in-the-Past
во всех лицах ед. и мн.
числа
глаголом в будущем вре
мени
I said that 1 should read the
book on Monday.
Я сказал, что я прочту книгу
в понедельник.
Не said that he should get the
book soon.
Он сказал, что он получит эту
книгу скоро
в придаточных допол¬
нительных предложениях
после глаголов типа:
demand, suggest, requi¬
re, order, insist, re¬
commend, decide, advise,
propose, agree, command
и др. и после оборотов ти¬
па: it is necessary, It is
important, it is strange, it is
possible, it is better и др.
глаголом прошедшего
времени в придаточном
предложении, которое
вводится союзом «чтобы»
в условных предложе¬
ниях II и III типов (1-е ли¬
цо ел. и мн. числа)
глаголом прошедшего
времени с частицей
«бы»
Не demands that we should do it
at once.
Он требует,чтобы мы сделали
это нем длинно
It is necessary that you should
report about it tomorrow.
Необходимо, чтобы вы доло¬
жили об этом завтра.
If you came in time, we should
discuss the problem.
Если бы вы пришли вовремя,
мы бы обсудили этот вопрос.
If you had come yesterday, we
should have discussed the problem.
Если бы вы пришли вчера, мы
бы обсудили этот вопрос.
Продолжение таблицы 55
Молели
Фунтик
Употребление
"
Перевод
Примеры
для выражения необхо¬
словами:
You should use this method.
к
димости, совета, упрека
следует
Вам следует применить этот
should +.V (беэ to)
U
и т. п.
должен
метод
n
необходимо
•s
нужно
X
-a
4
для выражения дейст¬
словами:
Не should have used this
should + have + V(-ed)
c*
вия, которое должно было
следовало бы
method.
О
s
состояться, но не состоя¬
должен был бы
Ему следовало бы применить.
лось
этот метод.
does much useful work today. 20. This student always reads newspapers in
the evening as his family does. 21. This motor runs better than it did before.
22. In radio astronomy we do not transmit or receive radio waves. We receive
signals. 23. Do help me! 24. Don’t be angry. Do come tomorrow. 25. Slight
changes do occur in the bottom of the sea from time to time. 26. The neutron
does not carry any electrical charge. 27. You do go to the-field for field training.
28. The last articles gave us much more information than the previous ones did.
29. Don’t do anything you don’t like. 30. He does his duty punctually. 31. Light
passes through glass but it does not pass through wood.
55. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глагол «should»:
1. You should read much in English. 2. You should write a letter to your parents
and your friends. 3. My friend thought that I should spend my vacation in a
village. 4. I said that I should meet with my friend in the evening. 5. My sister
wrote that I should leave Kiev by the earliest train. 6. The engineer said that I
should demonstrate the system tomorrow. 7. They ordered that the work should
be done in time. 8. The engineer demanded that the technicians should control
this process. 9. Professor suggests that the students should start their work
immediately. 10. It is important you should remember this rule of mechanics.
11. It is necessary that the students should speak much English. 12. It is
important that they should achieve positive results in negotiations. 13. If you were
attentive, the device should operate without failure. 14. We should inform you of
the conference if you gave us your address. 15.1 should help him if his sister did not
object. 16. If the engineer designed the device, he should demonstrate it.
17. Our laboratory should be equipped with new measuring devices. 18. It is
required that the report should be short and clear. 19. Each of us knew that we
should solve this difficult but interesting problem. 20. Our group leader wishes
that we should coordinate our actions with our neighbouring group. 21 The
ideal propellant should release the maximum amount of available heat. 22. It is
required that the device characteristics should meet all the standard requirements.
23. Air defence missile system should perform four basic functions: detection of the
target, identification, tracking and destruction. 24. Battalion commander demands
that the personnel should carry on all the firing exercises. 25. It is necessary
that these positions should be strongly fortified. 26. If we had organized our
positions well, we should have gained success. 27. It is necessary that a commander
should know the combat vehicle in detail. 28. If there are some troubles in the
carburettor, the vehicle should be stopped and the ignition should be checked.
29. These armoured formations should be equipped with medium tanks.
ГЛАГОЛ «WOULD», ЕГО ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД
* Таблица 56
Модели
ФункиИИ
Употребление
Перевод
Примеры
would + V (без to)
Ч
О
при согласовании вре-
мен в Future-in-the Past
, (2-е и 3-е лицо ед. и мн.
числа)
глаголом в будущем
времени
Не'said that he would take part
in this discussion.
Он сказал, что он примет учас¬
тие в этой дискуссии.
и.
се
Ц
и
•Я
Я
-Q
для выражения просьбы
в вопросит гльном пред¬
ложении
словами: «будьте доб¬
ры»» «пожалуйста» с глаго¬
лом в повелительном на¬
клонении
Would you tell me the way to the
stadium?
Будьте добры, скажите мне,
как пройти к стадиону.
н
се
!н
О
S
о
с
о
CQ
в прида 1 очном допол¬
нительном предложении
после глагола to wish
глаголом прошедшего
времени в придаточ¬
ном предложении, кото¬
рое вводится союзом
«чтобы»
I wish that he would publish his
article as soon as possible.
Я хочу, чтобы он опубликовал
свою статью как можно скорее.
в условных предложе¬
ниях II и III типов (2-е и 3-е
лицо ед. и мн. числа)
глаголом в прошедшем
времени с частицей «бы»
If he had time, he would write us.
Если бы у него было время, он
бы написал нам.
would -Khave)+ V ( ed )
If he had seen me yesterday, he
would have told me about it.
Если бы он видел меня вчера,
(то) он бы рассказал мне об это
would + V (без to)
Модальный
глагол
для выражения повтор¬
ного или обычного дей¬
ствия в прошлом
словами «обычно», «бы¬
вало» с глаголом в про¬
шедшем времени
Не would spend much time in the
library.
Он обычно (бывало) проводил
много времени в библиотеке.
56. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глагол «would»:
1. My friend would not drive the car at speed 30 kilometres. 2. He would work
at this design with his friend. 3. I have examined the engine but it would not
operate. 4. They would like to read this book. 5. The academician told that
this phenomenon would be observed m the south. 6. We wish he would take
part in the scientific conference. 7. It would have been impossible to make such
experiments a few years ago. 8. He asked me if I would come to the club tomorrow.
9. If the teacher had instructed how to use this scheme, nobody would have
made mistakes. 10. If she received their letter,'She would never be late. 11. If
you had done it in time, you would have been free long ago. 12. The teacher
wished the student would review the program material. 13. I wish you would check
up my translation now. 14. He would sit at his work for hours. 15. The students
would spend much time in the reading room of the central library. 16. If he had
a car, he would drive it. 17. He would have helped if he had had time yesterday.
18. Current would flow through metal but would not flow through glass.
19. Cosmic flights require that all the calculations would be made as precise as
possible. 20. Without mathematics there would be no science, there would be no
Newton’s law of universal gravitation, no electronic computers, no atomic energy,
no conquest of space. 21. He would have experimented if his friend had helped
him 22. We knew that the Friendship Tree in Sochi would become a symbol of
Peace and unity of all people. 23. Our group commander said that our students would
have to take that examination in three days. 24. Lieutenant Sokolov promised
us that he would make an interesting report about cosmic flights. 25. Captain N.
was sure that the cadets of that group would get excellent marks. 26. If you
were in the camp, the commander would make you to carry out this exercise.
27. Our crew commander would examine all parts and units of the vehicle
himself. 28. Two gun positions would be established in that sector. 29. These
teams would take up four defensive positions.
Таблица 57
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ПЕРЕВОД
Модальные глаголы
Перевод
Примеры
сап
могу, умею (физичес-
ская возможность, уме¬
ние)
Не can drive a tank.
Он может (умеет) водит
танк.
cannot
не могу, не умею
I cannot speak German.
Я не могу говорить по-
немецки.
may
мочь (иметь разрешение)
вероятно, может быть
(предположение)
May I take this book?
Можно мне взять эту
книгу?
may not
нельзя
Не may not do it.
Он не может (ему нельзя)
это делать.
must
должен, нужно, надо
We must go to camp.
Мы должны ехать в ла¬
герь.
must not
нельзя, не должен,
не надо
You must not use this
tester.
Вы не должны (Вам
нельзя) пользоваться этим
тестером.
6-0320
81
Продолжение таблицы 57
Модальные глаголы
Перевод
Примеры
ought
ought not
должен, следует,
следовало бы
не должен, не следу¬
ет, не следовало бы
We ought to be present
there.
Мы должны (нам сле¬
дует) присутствовать там.
You ought not to leave
the town.
Вам не следовало бы уез¬
жать из города.
need
нужно, надо
Need he do it?
Нужно (надо) ему делать
это?
need not (needn’t)
не нужно, не надо
No, he need not (needn’t)
do it
Нет, ему не надо делать
это.
57. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы:
tl. Our plan must be changed. 2. You ought to write to your parents more
often. 3. You must not be late. 4. We must learn a foreign language. 5. The
cadets must study military subjects well. 6. This device can be used during the
experiment. 7. Special attention must be paid to the fire power and mobility of the
vehicle. 8. Only he can answer this question. 9. The text must be translated
without dictionary. 10. Our group must pass the English exam by the end of the
month. 11. The students may use their notes. 12. He is an engineer, and he
ought to know the machine well. 13. Who can explain the nature of this phenomenon?
14. Our mechanic must examine the vehicle after parking it. 15. We must work
at tactics hard. 16. You need a consultation on special subjects. 17. May my
friend come with me?-Yes, he may. 18. You ought to be more attentive to your
friends. 19.1 needn’t go to the library today. 20. You may go on leave in September.
21. You needn’t change the plan of your work. 22 We must use the latest
achievements of our science and engineering. 23. They must study better two
stroke and four stroke engines. 24. This experiment can be started only tomorrow.
25. We cannot decrease the resistance in this circuit. 26. The nucleus of an
atom may be compared to a magnet. 27. The engineer can tell us about
advantages of this structure. 28. All vehicles can run over sand, snow and soft
ground. 29. The engine can be replaced in two hours. 30. The tank commander
must track the target attentively.
Таблица 58
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ
Модальные глаголы
и их эквиваленты
Present
Past
Future
сап =
be able + to V
(мочь, быть в со¬
стоянии)
am
is
are
can =
able + to V
could =
was
able + to V
were J
shall
nill
beable+to V
82
Продолжение таблицы 58
Модальные глаголы
и их эквиваленты
Present
Past
Future
may =
be allowed + to V
(мочь, иметь раз¬
решение)
am
is
are
may =
allowed +
+ toV
might =
was 1 allowed +
wereJ + lo V
SM be allowed +
must =
have + to V
be + Го V
(долженствовать)
have
has
am
is
are
must =
^|+ toV
+ toV
had + to V
was ]+toV
were J
Mh'j have + toV
wUl"] he + to V
58. Найдите эквиваленты модальных глаголов и переведите предложения:
1. Не was to do much work. 2. I am able to do it myself. 3. I was allowed
to do it. 4. The boy is not able to lift this load. 5. You will have to fulfil the
plan in time. 6. We are to be very grateful to our fathers and forefathers
that they withstood our country’s independence during the Great Patriotic War.
7. The members of the tourist group were able to visit the best theatres in our
city. 8. It was late and I had to stay at home. 9. Who is able to fulfil this task?
10. Last summer they were allowed to go to the sea. 11. I have to tell you the
truth. Your experiment was to begin at 5 p. m. 12. The cadets had to read
many articles on tactics. 13. The student was allowed to drive the truck.
He was to be attentive and see all the road symbols. 14. My friend had to
translate the article, but he couldn’t do it as he had a poor knowledge of the
subject. 15. I am not free now. I have to go to the Party meeting. 16. He will
be able to read the’article without any dictionary in some time! 17. You will have
to go to the meeting in a few minutes. 18. The results of this experiment are
to be obtained very carefully. 19. The temperature will have to be increased.
20. I shall be allowed to examine this motor. 21. He was allowed to watch the
motor start. 22. The laboratory will have to develop a new fire control system.
23. The tanks are able to cross this deep river. 24. The cadets will have to go
to the camp for field training. 25. New vis.on devices are to be mounted in the
fighting compartment of the tank. 26. The quality of the fuel will have to be
improved. 27. The crew was allowed to fire at the target. 28. The vehicles are
to be powered by a new diesel engine. 29. The spacemen have to take large
stresses.
Таблица 59
ПОВЕЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ
Форма
Модели
Перевод
Примеры
s w
n $
V (без to)
глаголом в пове¬
Speak louder!
и A
и c;
лительном наклоне¬
Говори(те) громче!
H <L>
> H
нии
я к
3 £
Do not (Don’t) +
«не» с глаголом в
Do not (Don’t) smoke
+ V (без to)
повелительном на¬
here!
о Я
клонении
He кури(те) здесь!
83
Продолжение таблицы 59
Форма
Модели
Перевод
Примеры
Утверди¬
тельная
Let + N (Pron*) +
+ V (без to)
«пусть, пускай» +
+ существительное
(личное местоиме¬
ние) с глаголом в бу¬
дущем времени
Let the engineers
(them) test this device.
Пусть инженеры (они)
проверят этот прибор!
Отрица¬
тельная
Do not (Don’t) + let +
+ N (Pron) + V (без to)
«пусть» + сущест¬
вительное (личное
местоимение) -(-отри¬
цание с глаголом в
инфинитиве
Don’t (Do not) let this
man (him) smoke here!
Пусть этот мужчина
(он) не курит здесь!
Утверди¬
тельная
Let + us + V (без to)
«давай(те)» с гла¬
голом в инфинитиве
Let us read the letter!
Давай(те) читать
письмо!
* В английском предложении личное местоимение стоит в косвенном
падеже
59. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы повелительного
наклонения:
1. Check up the time of the experiment. 2. Read the text louder. 3. Copy
this scheme after the lesson. 4. Don’t speak loud in the library. 5. Don’t turn on the
radio. 6. Let them work here. 7. Let them use the dictionary while translating
this article. 8. Let us repeat the rule. 9. In January 1931 at its 9th Congress the
Komsomol adopted the militant appeal “Komsomol members .must become
pilots. Let us build the Red Air Forces”. 10. Let the students see the TV programme.
11. Let her see this film. 12. Let your friends make some notes. 13. Let us
pass to the second item of the Party meeting agenda. 14. Let the current flow
in the circuit. 15. Cap off when you enter the room. 16. Clean the blackboard
with a wet duster. 17 Repeat the following words after the speaker. 18. Use all
the words. 19. Inspect the engine. 20. Stop firing. 21. Face the group.
22. Occupy firing positions. 23. Stop the motor. 24. Help him. 25. Reload the gun.
26. Fire at the target. 27. Check the running gear. 28. Check up the cooling
liquid level. 29. Let me report the officer on duty. 30. Salute the commanders
when meeting them. 31. Put on your phones and listen to the dialogue. 32. Lay
the gun to the target. 33. Lubricate all friction parts. 34. Organize strong points
in this area. 35. Remove the cover from the machine-gun. 36. Dram the oil from the
engine. 37. Install the machine-gun on the mount.
60. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы-сказуемые в
сослагательном наклонении (см. табл. 60>:
1. I should like to take part in the experiment. 2. Should I tell you the way
to the centre of the city? 3. They would like to speak English fluently and read
scientific articles without any dictionary. 4. Long live the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union! 5. It is important for our work that all devices be in a good order.
6. It is necessary that we should begin our Wfork in time. 7. It is important that
they should apply the new method. 8. It is necessary that modern vehicles
should meet these requirements. 9. It was decided that standard television equipment
should be used in the laboratory. 10. It is possible that he should repair this
device in a week. 11. It is necessary that he come immediately. 12. It is desirable
84
СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ
Таблица 60
Модели
Вы ражие I
Переводится
Примеры
V (без to)
V-ed
be (were)
have (had)
действие, которое
говорящий рассмат¬
ривает не как реаль¬
ный факт, а как во¬
ображаемое, желае
мое, предполагаемое
или как действие,
которое, по мнению
говорящего, необхо¬
димо совершить
глаголом в про¬
шедшем времени с
частицей «бы» или
глаголом в прошед¬
шем времени в при¬
даточном предло¬
жении с союзом
«чтобы»
It is necessary that she work the whole week.
Необходимо, чтобы она работала всю
неделю.
The commander demanded that his order be
fulfilled at once.
Командир потребовал, чтобы его npmcai
был выполнен немедленно.
If he were here today, he would speak with
the chief.
Если бы он был сегодня здесь, он погово¬
рил бы с начальником
should (would) + V (без to)
If he came to the library, he would receive
the magazine
Если бы он пришел в библиотеку, он полу¬
чил бы этот журнал
should (would) + have+
+ V-ed
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have
asked you about it.
Если бы он видел вас вчера, он спросил бы
вас об этом.
that everybody take part in the meeting. 13. It is essential that the substance
be chemically pure. 14. It is recommended that these reports should be delivered
at the conference. 15. I suggest that the problem should be discussed at our next
meeting. 16. The workers wished that housmg construction should be discussed
at the meeting. 17. The teacher required that the students attend all musical
lectures. 18. They suggested that he begin the test now. 19. I wish you were
present at that discussion tomorrow. 20 The engineer demanded that the unit
should be tested. 21. They insisted that this question be included in the agenda
of the conference. 22. He agreed that this problem should be solved in the
near future. 23. If he went for a walk, he would not be able to finish his work.
24. If I were a doctor, I would help you. 25. If he had learned it before, he would have
acted in a different way. 26. It is desirable that these four positions would
provide all-round antiaircraft defence. 27. It is important that reconnaissance
vehicles should operate silently. 28. The battalion commander ordered that re¬
connaissance be carried out by an armoured reconnaissance car. 29. If everything
were ready, the power plant would, be mounted. 30. It is essential that the
commander’s station should be 'equipped with a telescopic sight and all-round
observation devices.
Таблица 61
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОГО НАКЛОНЕНИЯ
В простых предложениях, выражаю¬
щих предположение или пожелание; в
лозунгах
I should like to take part in this
work.
Мне бы хотелось принять участие в
этой работе.
Long live our Soviet Army!
Да здравствует наша Советская
Армия!
В придаточных предложениях под¬
лежащих после оборотов типа:
It is necessary (необходимо)
It is important (важно)
It is possible (возможно)
It is necessary that atomic energy
should be used for peaceful purposes.
Необходимо, чтобы атомная энер¬
гия использовалась в мирных целях.
В придаточных дополнительных
предложениях после глаголов типа:
demand (требовать)
wish (желать)
suggest (предлагать)
require (требовать)
Не demanded that the orderbe fulfilled
immediately.
Он потребовал, чтобы приказ выпол¬
нили немедленно.
I wish he were in Kiev now.
Мне хотелось бы, чтобы он был сей¬
час в Киеве.
В придаточных условных предло¬
жениях
If he were here, we should complete
our research.
Если бы он был здесь, мы бы за¬
вершили наше исследование.
If we had applied a new method, we
should have achieved better results.
Если бы мы применили новый ме¬
тод, мы получили-бы лучшие резуль¬
таты.
86
Таблица 62
НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
Форма
Модели
Примеры
ЛCMC I НИ! ШЛОГ
с т pa дат та л or
действит. млог
сградат залог
Indefinite
to V
to be V-ed
I want to ask about it.
Я хочу спросить
об этом
I want to be asked about it.
Я хочу, чтобы меня спросили
об этом.
Infinitive
Continuous
to he V-ing
Не is happy to be
reading the book
Он счастлив, что
читает эту книгу.
—
Perfect
to have V-ed
to have been V-ed
1 am glad to have
met you.
Я рад, что встре¬
тился с вами
Не is glad to have been asked
about it
Он рад. что его спросили об
этом.
и
Q.
PI
V-ing
being V-ed
Leaving the town
they said “good-bye"
to everybody.
Уеэжая из города,
они простились со
всеми.
The questions being discussed
at the conference are very im¬
portant.
Вопросы, обсуждаемые на
конференции, очень важны.
PII
“
V-ed
—
The indicated address was
wrong.
У казанный адрес оказался не¬
правильным.
Продолжение таблицы 62
Форма
Мопели
Примеры
лействит. залог
с трала I залог
ДСЙС1ВМТ. залог
стр&дат залот
Participle
Perfect
haying V-ed
having been V-ed
Having left the Insti¬
tute they went to the
cinema.
Выйдя из инсти¬
тута, они направи¬
лись в кино.
Having been told about the
beginning of the lecture he went to
the classroom.
Когда ему сказали о начале
лекции, он пошел в аудиторию
Gerund
Indefinite
V-ing
being V-ed
My son likes skiing.
Мой сын любит
ходить на лыжах.
Не likes being asked questions.
Он любит, когда ему задают
вопросы.
Perfect
having V-ed
having been V-ed
We know of his
having finished his
experiment.
Мы знаем, что он
закончил свой опыт.
She does not remember having
been asked about this case.
Она не помнит, чтобы ее спра
шивали об этом случае
(i I. Определите неличные формы глагола и переведите предложения:
1. The teacher wants the students to find correct answer to his question. 2. He
began to translate an interesting article. 3. The program to be carried out was
discussed at the meeting. 4. It was lovely to be swimming on such a wonderful
day. 5. I like reading books. 6. The Russian people are known to have
nways fought heroically against the enemies of their country. 7. My friend was
Imppy to have been invited to the conference. 8. I knew my group leader to have
been taking the books at the library. 9. Reading this article I came across many
loreign words. 10. Listening to his arguments I saw he was right. 11. Goods to be
transported to the north are stored at the railway station. 12. The problem being
discussed now is of great importance. 13. Foreign tourists coming to' the USSR
are greatly impressed by economical progress achieved by the Soviet people.
14. Having written the dictation the pupils handed it to the teacher. 15. Haying pointed
the mistakes the teacher made the students copy the text. 16. Having oeen invited
lo the conference they came in time. 17. Skating is my favourite sport. 18. We have
just learned about his being sent to Moscow. 19. I remember her being given the
book. 20. We were informed of the ship having arrived at the port. 21. His
having invented this machine shows that he is a very experienced engineer.
22. The engineer told us about his having been invited to a new laboratory to organize
a mass production of the electrical devices. 23. We have noticed combat vehicles
being concentrated here. 24. To advance is an order of our commanding officer.
25. We heard of the group having been sent out to carry on reconnaissance in the
enemy rear. 26. Having filled the tanks with fuel the crew asked commander’s
permission to move further. 27. Having got the order the units started for
building up fortifications. 28. Some mistakes must have been made in assembling
the parts of this engine. 29. A number of vehicles were used to support division
operations. 30. The mission of the infantry is to close with the enemy by fire and
manoeuvre in order to destroy or capture him.
62. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы инфинитива (см.
табл. 63):
1. I want to invite you to the concert. 2. They were surprised to meet
him so early. 3. To master speciality is necessary. 4. Our group leader likes to
speak on this subject. 5. We had to use most efficient methods. 6. My sister likes
to read books. 7. My little sister likes to be read to. 8. I want to be invited to the
concert. 9. The optical sighting device is designed to be operated by one man.
10. He is glad to have got the letter from you. 11. My friend was glad to have
bought an interesting book. 12.1 knew our engineers to have worked at this problem.
13. They were surprised to have met him at the station. 14. They were surprised not
to have been met. 15. I know many power stations to have been built in
the East. 16. I am glad to have been given a new interesting work. 17. The teacher
wants to answer my question. 18. I am sorry not to have presented you that book.
19. The engineer is sorry not to have found another solution of this problem.
20. On the First of May delegations of many countries come to our capital to take
part in the celebration and to see the results achieved by the Soviet Union in its
development on the way to Communism. 21. He is glad to have been asked to take
part in the conference. 22. They knew th6 artillery to have disorganized the enemy
communications system. 23. The Corps of Engineers performs all field construction
work to enable other combat troops to fight and move and prepare obstacles to hinder
enemy movement. 24. Our lieutenant is ready to fulfil your order.
63. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив в различных
функциях (см. табл. 64):
l.To know a foreign language is very important for the officers of the Soviet
Army. 2. To come to the lessons in time is our duty. 3. To accomplish this
task means to make a plan ahead of time. 4. To test the accuracy of the method is
our main task. 5. It is necessary to compare these two examples. 6. It is impossible
to move over that terrain. 7. My brother can learn fifty English words every day.
89
40
о
Таблица 63
ФОРМЫ ИНФИНИТИВА
Форма
Залог
Модели
Выражают
Перевод
Примеры
Indefinite
Active
to V
действие, одновре¬
менное с действием,
выраженным глаго¬
лом-сказуемым *
I am glad to help you.
Я рад помочь вам.
Passive
to be + V-ed
инфинитивом глагола.
I am glad to be helped by you.
Я рад, что вы помогаете мне.
Continuous
Active
to be + V -ing
действие в процессе
развития одновре¬
менно с действием,
выраженным глаго¬
лом-сказуемым
дополнительным прида¬
точным предложением
I am glad to be helping you.
Я рад, что помогаю вам
(сейчас).
Не is glad to be helping us now
Он рад, что помогает нам
сейчас.
I Perfect
Active
L .. _
to have + V-ed
действие, предшест¬
вовавшее действию,
выраженному глаго¬
дополнительным прида¬
точным предложением
(формы Perfect переводят¬
ся глаголами в прошедшем
времени)
I am glad to have helped you
Я рад, что помог вам.
Passive
to have been + V-ed
лом-сказуемым
1 am glad to have been helped.
Я рад, что мне помогли.
Ю
3
действие, которое
придаточным дополни¬
I am glad to have been helping
з
длилось в течение
тельным предложением
you all these days.
а
••з
определенного пери¬
(формы Perfect Continuous
Я рад, что помогаю вам вес
с
о
>
ода времени до на¬
переводятся глаголом в на¬
эти дни.
и
О
to have been + V-ing
стоящего момента
стоящем или прошедшем
Ч-i
<
или в прошлом
времени)
I am glad to have been helping
т:
you before the trials began.
о
Я рад, что помог вам до г ого.
8. You may leave the classroom. 9. The engineers are to study the problem of
using solar energy. 10. You had to pay attention to the example in the book.
11. They must know the results of the experiments. 12. Your task is to organize
this work well. -13. My nlan is to organize expedition to the East. 14. Our solemn
duty is to defend our Motherland.' 15. We decided to invite our teacher to the
conference. 16. Their group wants to work in Siberia. 17. The guests from different
countries like to see the military parade and demonstration of the working
people on Red Square. 18. Our father is” going to come back in two days.
19. These are the students to take part in the conference. 20. The book to be read is
interesting. 21. The method to be used is effective. 22. I shall go to the library to
take these books. 23. In order to know English well you must work regularly.
24. In order to improve the engine the group of engineers has studied theoretical
and practical problems. 25. To improve vision devices was the task of our laboratory
engineers. 26. From the earliest days of aviation catapults have been used to
assist take-off. 27. My aim is to become a skilled officer of the Soviet Army.
28. The commander decided to attack the enemy positions next day. 29. Artillery
battery was attached to the brigade in order to support infantry units by fire.
30. The vehicle to-be-produced is of a new type, 31. It is important to use these
guns for long-range fire. 32. Our mission is to operate at the right flank.
33. Recoilless rifles can be employed to fight both armour and manpower.
34. (In order) to cross the iver our units used ferries and boats. 35. The division
commander concentrated large forces in order to repulse the enemy attack as
quickly as possible. 36. Artillery is always ready to provide support for friendly troops
under all conditions of combat-nuclear, non-nuclear, chemical and biological. 37. It
is difficult to carry out reconnaissance in that region.
Таблица 64
ФУНКЦИИ ИНФИНИТИВА В ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
to V + Р ...
подлежащее
инфинитивом
глагола или су¬
ществительным
То test this device is
our task.
Испытать этот при¬
бор (Испытание этого
прибора) наша задача.
Обороты типа:
It is necessary +
+ to V
It is necessary to test
this device.
Необходимо испы¬
тать этот прибор.
часть состав¬
ного именного
сказуемого
«состоит в
том, что¬
бы» + инфини¬
тив глагола
Our task is to test this
device.
S + is (was) +
+ to V...
инфинити¬
вом глагола
Наша задача (со¬
стоит в том, чтобы)
испытать этот прибоп.
часть состав¬
ного глаголь¬
ного сказуе¬
мого
«должен»+
+ инфинитив
глагола
Не is to test this de¬
vice.
Он должен испы¬
тать этот прибор.
91
Продолжение таблицы 64
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
S + P + to V
дополнение
инфинити¬
вом глагола
Our engineers want
to test this device.
Наши инженеры хо¬
тят испытать этот при¬
бор.
•о V
S r—— —f-
to be V-ed
+ P...
определение
«который
должен (бу¬
дет)» 4- инфи¬
нитив глагола
The engineer to test
this device works in
our lab.
Инженер, который
должен (будет) испы¬
тывать этот прибор,
работает в нашей ла¬
боратории.
S + P + to V...
In order+to V...
обстоятельство
цели
для того
(чтобы) 4- ин¬
финитив гла¬
гола
Our engineers came
to the lab to test this
device.
Наши инженеры
пришли в лаборато¬
рию, чтобы испытать
этот прибор.
In order to test this
device we have to come
to our lab.
Для того чтобы ис¬
пытать этот .прибор,
мы должны прийти в
нашу лабораторию.
64. Найдите оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» и переведите
предложения (см. табл. 65):
1. Our professor is said to know many foreign languages. 2. The investigation
of the outer space is said to be of great importance for science. 3. S. Korolev is
known to be a twice Hero of the Soviet Union. 4. A. Mozhaisky is known to have
tested the plane in Russia in 1884. 5- Many tests are reported to have been made
at the Institute. 6. This system is supposed to work reliably for two years. 7. The
reliability of the structure is supposed to be increased. 8. The computers are
believed to play an exceptional part in the further development of science and
industry. 9. The lecture was said to be interesting. 10. He proved to be a good
specialist. 11. They seemed to be greatly interested in this prohlem. 12. The
reactor of an atomic ice-breaker appears to be able to operate without refuelling.
13. The data is likely to be processed by specialists. 14. Information theory is
likely to be the area for researching. 15. The theory of electromagnetic waves
is certain to be very essential. 16. The neutron is thought to have almost the
same mass as the proton. 17. Radiolocation is likely to be one of the newest
forms of application of radio waves. 18. The computer is known to perform many
operations in a very short period of time. 19. This electronic countermeasure is
expected to be specified for all tactical aircraft. 20. The speed of many jet planes
is known to be greater than that of a sound. 21. Representatives of all arms of the
service are reported to have taken part in the paradi on Red Square on the 7th of
November. 22. This missile is said to be able to “kill” the most modern heavy
tanks. 23. The engine proved to be light and powerful. 24. The design of the
new plane appears to have been published in the magazine. 25. These space systems
are thought to be basic for modern space travelling.
92
Таблица 65
ОБОРОТ «ИМЕНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ С ИНФИНИТИВОМ»
(СЛОЖНОЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ)
Модель
S + P +
w V
to be + V -ed
to be + V-ing
to have + V-ed
to have been + V -ed
+ O + D
Употребление
Перевод
Примеры
с глаголами:
to say, to report, to know,
to suppose, to state, to expect,
to consider, to believe и др.
в страдательном залоге
с глаголами:
to seem, to appear, to
prove и др. e действитель¬
ном залоге
неопределенно-
личным оборотом
типа: «говорят»,
«(как) известно»,
«по-видимому»,
«кажется», «сооб¬
щают» и др. с по¬
следующим при¬
даточным допол¬
нительным пред¬
ложением с сою¬
зами «что», при¬
чем инфинитив
переводится лич¬
ной формой гла¬
гола
Не is said to study Spanish.
Говоряз, что он учит ис¬
панский.
Не is said to be studying
Spanish.
Г оворят, что он учит ис¬
панский (сейчас).
Не is said to have studied
Spanish.
Г оворяз , что он учил ис¬
панский.
The experiments are known
to be carried out at the plant.
Известно, что опыты про¬
водятся на заводе.
The experiments are known
to have been carried out at the
plant.
Известно, что опыты были
проведены на заводе.
They seemed to know about
it.
Казалось, что они знают об
этом.
65. Найдите глаголы, с которыми употребляется оборот «именительный надеж
с инфинитивом» и переведите предложения:
1. The Curies are known to have discovered polonium and radium.
2. V. I. Bazhenov, the great Russian architector, is known to have constructed many
beautiful buildings. 3. Mathematics is said to have been highly developed in
ancient Egypt. 4. The best experts are said to discuss the construction methods to be
used in building this canal. 5. The discovery of physicists are supposed to have a great
effect on science. 6. “Ten Days that Shook the World” by John Reed is
considered to give a truthful description of the events of the Great October
Socialist Revolution. 7. Radio is considered to be one of the most significant means
of navigation. 8 The. Baikal lake is known to be the deepest in the world. 9. All
railway lines are believed to be electrified in this region. 10. The capacity of solar
93
power stations is expected to increase rapidly. 11. They were reported to conduct
researches successfully. 12. These two scientists happened to work at the same
problem. 13. These problems are said to be extremely important for designing
and construction new types of machines. 14. Our chief is certain to take part at the
world scientific conference on this problem. 15. A complicated problem of using
solar energy is said to be solving in the future. 16. The electric current is believed to
be the motion of electrons. 17. The problem of new generators is likely to be one
of the i lost essential. 18. The reports to be made at the conference are likely to attract
attention of scientists in various countries. 19. The new weapon Is reported to
have a smooth bore and to fire high velocity finstabilized projectiles. 20. The use
of compass direction: seemed to be one of the methods for locating a target. 21. The
combination of these two innovations is expected to resul n a shell with far higher
effect than projectiles currently employed.
Таблица 66
ГЛАГОЛЫ И ГЛАГОЛЬНЫЕ СОЧЕТАНИЯ, С КОТОРЫМИ
УПОТРЕБЛЯЕТСЯ ОБОРОТ «ИМЕНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ
С ИНФИНИТИВОМ»
to say
говорить
is (was) said
говорят (гово¬
рили)
to know
знать
is (was) known
известно (было
известно)
сообщают (сооб¬
щили)
to report
сообщать
is (was) reported
to suppose
предполагать
is (was) supposed
предполагают
(предполагали)
to consider
считать
is (was) considerei
считают (счи¬
тали)
to expect
ожидать
is (was) expected
ожидают (ожи¬
дали) •
to assume
полагать
is (was) assumed
полагают (пола¬
гали)
to think
думать
is (was) thought
думают (думали)
to believe
полагать
is (was) believed
полагают (пола-
| гали)
to seem
казаться
seems (seemed)
кажется (каза¬
лось)
to appear
казаться
appears (appeared)
кажется (каза¬
лось)
to prove
оказываться
proves (proved)
оказывается
(оказалось)
to happen
оказываться
happens (happen¬
ed)
оказывается.
(оказалось)
to be likely
is (was) likely
вероятно
to be unlikely
is (was) unlikely
маловероятно,
вряд ли
to be sure
is (was) sure
безусловно
to be certain
is (was) certain
несомненно
66. Найдите оборот «объектный надеж с инфинитивом» и переведите пред¬
ложения:
1. I want her to read the story attentively. 2. I want my friend to come and see
us. 3. I wish her to be happy. 4. We wish him to succeed in the field of electronics.
5. We know them to carry out an interesting experiment in physics. 6. Our teacher
wanted the lab assistant to examine the broken device. 7. They got me to change
my mind. 8. The professor made the group repeat the experiment. 9. I think this
task to have been fulfilled by the end of the month. 10. We heard him speak French.
11. We heard him deliver an interesting report. 12.1 saw them examine this vehicle.
94
I i 1 saw the mechanic use this tool. 14. They did not watch us make experiment
in the laboratory. 15. The engine causes the vehicle to move. 16. Wrong lubrication
caused the friction to increase. 17. The pressure forces the piston to move.
IK We know S. Korolev to have been working very hard at the problem
of space flights. 19. They made them calculate the trajectory as soon as possible.
20. We assume the molecules in gases to enjoy greater freedom than in
liuuids and solids. 21. We believe six batteries to provide a greater capacity for
1 lie 24-volt electrical system. 22. We consider this engine- to be. supercharged.
2?. We noticed the mixture change the colour. 24. Admiral Makarov considered
tlie radio telegraph to be of great importance for the Navy. 25. We expect (he
reinforcement to arrive to this area in some hours. 26. The battalion commander
observed the units cross the river successfully. 27. The design permits th£
observation devices to be located more conveniently. 28. We know the word
radar to be composed of the initial letters of a descriptive term: radio detection
and ranging. 29. TThey watched an aircraft carrier move under protection of fighters.
Таблица 67
ОБОРОТ «ОБЪЕКТНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ С ИНФИНИТИВОМ»
(СЛОЖНОЕ ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ)
Модель
S + Р + N (Pron) +
(to) V
(to) be + V -ed
(to) be + V-»og
(to) bave +'V-ed
(to) bave been + V-ed
+ 0 + D
Употребление
Перевод
Примеры
после глаголов:
to want, to wish, to
like, to suppose, to
expect, to believe, to see,
to hear, to find, to think,
to know, to force, to
make, to order, to ask, to
permit и др.
придаточным до¬
полнительным пред¬
ложением с союзами
«что», «чтобы», «как»,
подлежащим кото¬
рого становится до¬
полнение, а сказуе¬
мым — инфинитив
They saw the boat come up
to the bank.
Они видели, как лодка
подходит к берегу.
Не believes tbe work to be
done in time.
Он полагает, что работа
будет сделана вовремя.
We expected them to be exa¬
mining the work in the shop.
Мы предполагали, что они
проверяют работу в цехе.
I know him to bave con¬
structed this device.
Я знаю, что он сконструи¬
ровал этот прибор.
She wanted the translation to
have been finished by the eve¬
ning.
Она хотела, чтобы перевод
был закончен к вечеру.
95
Таблица 68
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ ОБОРОТА «ОБЪЕКТНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ С ИНФИНИТИВОМ»
После глаголов, выражающих:
to want
желание
to wish
хотеть, желать
to desire
to cause
to force
to get И
to makej
to assume
to believe
to considei
to hold
to suppose
to think
to expect
to feel
to hear
to see
to watch
to observe
to allow
to permit
to order
to demand
to require
]
вызывать, причинять
вынуждать
заставлять
полагать
считать
предполагать
думать
ожидать
чувствовать
слышать
видеть
наблюдать
позволять
разрешать
приказывать
требовать
67. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот «объектный падеж
с инфинитивом»:
1. Our teacher Wanted the lab assistant to bring all devices. 2. We expected
the delegation to come yesterday. 3. I want my friend to take this book in the
library today. 4. Do you want me to follow your example? 5. I desired his friend
to solve this problem independently. 6. They know us to carry out laboratory work
here. 7. The engineers wanted the workers to fulfil the task as soon as possible.
8. We suppose this student to have read many articles on the subject before he
made his report at the conference. 9. They didn’t expect me to come so soon.
10. We expect them to complete this gigantic project next year. 11. We suspect him
to have written that letter. 12. The teacher wanted these sentences to be translated
into Russian. 13. We know molecules of a gas to be in a constant state of
motion. 14. The application of force causes the hody to move. 15. We consider radio
engineering to be of great importance for many branches of modern science.
'6. Everybody knows the Soviet Union to use atomic power for peaceful purposes.
17. We know tne cybernetics to be an important branch of modern technology.
18. The instruction requires the cooling water temperature to be within 80~95UC.
19. The engineers wanted the noise of the reconnaissance vehicle to be reduced.
20. He wanted us to know the composition of the US armoured division. 21. The
commander ordered his men to load the gun. 22. The chief ordered the documents
to be brought as soon as possible. 23. The tank design permits the crew com¬
partment to have more space. 24. They expected helicopters to supply rocket
96
Immchers with guided and unguided missiles. 25. The reconnaissance group observed
the echelon move in the direction of the inhabited locality. 26 The designers
want the silhouette of the «tank to be decreased. 27. We.suppose the regiment
headquarters to be located some hundred meters behind the firing positions.
Таблица 69
ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ИНФИНИТИВНЫЙ ОБОРОТ
S + to V (to
S + P +
Модель
be '+ V-ed) + P + О + D
Ss£‘ + 10 V (to be + V-ed) +0+ D
Употребление
Перевод
Примеры
после подлежащего,
выраженного сущест¬
вительным
после дополнения,
выраженного сущест¬
вительным
определительным
придаточным предложе¬
нием с союзом «кото¬
рый», выражающим дол¬
женствование, возмож¬
ность или будущее
время
существительным с
предлогом или сущест¬
вительным в родитель¬
ном падеже
инфинитивом глагола
The power station to
supply this town with
electric energy will be
build on the S. river.
Электростанция, кото¬
рая будет снабжать этот
город электроэнергией,
будет построена на ре¬
ке С.
They spoke about the
plan to increase oil pro¬
duction.
Они говорили о плане
увеличения добычи неф¬
ти.
Не had a great desire to
be appointed to this post.
У него было большое
желание быть назначен¬
ным на эту должность.
после слов the first,
the last и др.
глаголом в личной
форме или придаточным
определительным пред¬
ложением .
Jun Gagarin was the
first to penetrate into the
cosmic space.
Юрий Гэгарин первым
проник (был первым, кто
проник) в космическое
пространство.
68. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на определительные инфи¬
нитивные обороты:
1. The letter to be delivered at once is-on the desk. 2. The book to be read is
interesting. 3. The problem to be discussed at the conference is of importance for
our laboratory. 4. The device ю be designed is of no use for your work
5. Here is the work to be done in the morning. 6. There are many questions to be
answered in this field of science. 7. The engineer spoke of the plan to be fulfilled
next month. 8. The expedition to explore this region consisted of 20 men.
9. The author of this article was the first to come to the -■ght conclusion.
7-0320
97
10. The teacher was the last to enter the classroom. 11. The Soviet people were
the first to biiild the atomic ice-breaker named after V. Lenin. 12. He was the first
to introduce this system into life. 13. They will be the last to leave. 14. The new
railway line to connect these big centres will be completed in a year. 15. A group
of students is sent for practice to a new railway line to be opened for traffic next month.
16. The article to be translated is available at' any library. 17. The scientific
conference to take place next month will have to solve a number of problems.
18. The data to be stored in the memory of the computer are very numerous.
19. The distance to be covered does not exceed three miles. 20. Tbe computer
to be used for the work is rather complicated. 21. S. Kovalevskaya was the
first among women to become a professor. 22. M. Lomonosov was the first to
formulate the law of conservation of matter. 23. The great Russian admiral and
scientist. S. Makarov was the first to solve the problem of the stability of the ship.
24. Russian inventor F. Blinov was the first to design the tractor with metal caterpillar
tracks. 25. A. Leonov was the first to step out into cosmos. 26. The Soviet Union was
the first to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes. 27. Soviet soldiers Kantana
and Egorov were the first to hoist the Red Banner of Victory over the Reichstag.
28. A. Suvorov was the first in the Russian Army to hold the highest military,
grade of Generalissimo. 29. Ships to explore the ocean depths are designed
for long navigation. 30. Trucks to be used n the Arctic regions are equipped with
special engines. 31. Light observation helicopters have given the commander
the capability to perform visual reconnaissance over terrain.
Таблица 70
ОБОРОТ «FOR + СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ (МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ) + ИНФИНИТИВ»
Модель
for + N (Pron) + to V (to be + V-ed)
Перевод
Примеры
придаточным предложением с сою-
зами «чтобы», «для того чтобы», при¬
чем существительное (местоимение)
становится подлежащим, а инфини¬
тив-сказуемым придаточного пред¬
ложения
The main task is for the method to be
applied in the nearest future.
Основная задача заключается в том,
чтобы этот метод был применен (приме¬
нили) в ближайшем будущем.
существительным
The students waited for the lecture to
begin.
Студенты ждали начала лекции.
инфинитивом глагола
For you w test this engine is necessary.
Вам необходимо испытать этот дви¬
гатель.
69. Найдите оборот «for + существительное (местоимение) 4- инфинитив» и пере¬
ведите предложения:
1. It is difficult for her to solve this problem. 2. It was unnecessary for the
students to repeat the experiment. 3. We opened the door for the guest to enter.
4. I am waiting for you to begin the translation of the text. 5. The first thing
for us to do is to prepare for the examinations. 6. The students and teachers
waited for the meeting to start. 7. It is necessary for the military students to
98
ФОРМЫ ПРИЧАСТИЙ (PARTICIPLES)
Форма
Модели
Выражают
Перевод
Примеры
0)
>
N + V-ing...
действие, одновре-
_ менное с действием
причастием действитель¬
ного залога, оканчивающим¬
ся на «-щий(ся)», иногда
«-вший(ся)»
The officer reading a newspaper
is our commander.
Офицер, читающий газету, наш
командир. •
О
D.
о
<
Whenl +v .
While +Vm-
выраженным глаголом-
сказуемым в настоя¬
щем, прошедшем и
будущем времени
деепричастием несовер¬
шенного вида, оканчиваю¬
щимся на «-а», «-я». «-ась»,
«-ясь»
(When) reading the book he finds
(found, will find! many interesting
things.
Читая книгу, он находит (на¬
шел, найдет) много интересного
e
a.
о
"55
СЛ
N + being V-ed
причастием настоящего
времени страдательного за
лога, оканчивающимся на
«-МЫИ», «-ЩИЙСЯ»
определительным прида¬
точным предложением
The plan being discussed at the
meeting is of great importance
План, обсуждаемый (который
обсуждается» на собрании имее
огромное значение
Св
Pu
Being V-ed
обстоятельственным при
даточным предложением с
союзами «когда», «так как»
Being sent to Leningrad he visi¬
ted there many historical places
Когда его послали в Ленинград,
он посетил там много историче¬
ских мест.
sC
SO
Продолжение таблицы 71
Форми
Модели
Выражают
Перевод
Примеры
'о
Л
Он
N + V-ed к.
When
If
As
+ V-ed
действие, одновре¬
менное или предшест¬
вовавшее действию,
выраженному глаго-
лом-сказуемым
причастием настоящего
или прошедшего времени
страдательного залога, окан¬
чивающимся на «-мыв»
«-ННЫЙ», «-ТЫЙ»
The text translated by him is not
difficult.
Текст, переведенный (переводи¬
мый) им. нетрудный.
деепричастием, оканчива¬
ющимся на «-ась». н-ясь»
«при» + существительное
придаточным обстоя к- п.
стпенныч предложением
When cooled water becomes ice.
Охлаждаясь (При охлаждении,
Когда охлаждается), вода превра¬
щается в лед.
O'
ft
се
сц
о
Он
ев
0-
Having + V-ed
деепричастием совершен¬
ного вида, оканчивающимся
на «-в», «-я»
действие, предшест¬
вующее действию, вы¬
раженному глаголом-
сказуемым
Having finished the experiment
the engineers left the laboratory.
Закончив эксперимент, инже¬
неры ушли из лаборатории
Having been -г V-ed
обстоягельсгвенным при¬
точным предложением с
союзами «когда», «после того
как»
«после» + существитель¬
ное
Having been discussed this report
was sent to the conference.
После того как доклад был об¬
сужден, его послали на конфе¬
ренцию. (После обсуждения док¬
лад послали на конференцию )
know all forms of combat actions. 8. For this method to be valuable it must be
improved. 9 We waited for the new data of the test to be described. 10. For the
experiment to be successful the right conditions were necessary. 11. It is necessary
lor us to discuss this question at our next meeting. 12. For TV to be suitable for
i-veryday life engineers worked much at new electronic devices. 13. It is important
for the scientists to use these metals for many purposes. 14. It is essential for
I he cadets to practise professiona’ skills. 15. The calculations for them to make
now are difficult. 16. For the students to understand the structure of this metal
professor demonstrated a film. 17. This is for the engineers to decide how to operate
I his process. 18. For the data of the experiment jto be accurate, the engineers
use new methods. 19. Sound waves are too high in frequency for the human
rars to hear. 20. For burning process to take place oxygen is necessary. 21. For
the man to make his first step in cosmos scientists and engineers made many
experiments on the Earth. 22. Four years are required for light to travel from
Ihe nearest star to the Earth. 23. The aircraft is needed for the missile to destroy
ihe targets successfully. 24. Special equipment is used for the radar to seek
out and destroy high sp'eed targets. 25. For the commander to measure a distance
to the target laser -anpe finder is mounted. 26. The Hawk missile system was
ileveloped for the field army to operate effectively. 27. The truck is used for all
elements of Hawk equipment to be firmly mounted. 28. Modernization is provided
mr the troops to reach necessary level of mobility and reliability. 29. The higher
.1 tank’s silhouette, the more difficult it is for it to move on the battlefield without
oeing sighted and fired upon by the enemy.
70. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы причастий:
1. The students leaving Moscow for the holidays are to be back next
Tuesday., 2. He copied the text leaving some space for the translation. 3. He
ran away leaving the door of the house open. 4. When waiting for a telegram,
he tried not to think about the accident. 5. The scientists of our Institute are
working on problems connected with physical nature of supersonic waves.
0. When checked, the on-board systems were functioning normally. 7. He stopped
before the closed door. 8. There’s a book left for you by some man. 9. The
first book printed in the Russian language appeared in Moscow on March
1, 1564. 10. When questioned about the book, she said she had not seen it.
11. Being an experienced pilot, he brought the plane safely to the airport.
12. Being very busy, she only gave them some instructions and left the labo¬
ratory. 13. Being left alone, he sat in silence for some time. 14. Having walked
a few miles, he realized that he had taken the wrong direction. 15. Having left
the watch at home, he could not be certain about the time. 16. Having lost
the key, he couldn’t get into the house. 17. There were different instruments
on board carrying out various measurements. 18. Not having understood the
instructions, he couldn’t find the right way. 19. The tested engine was not
operating long. 20. The modern tank is a complex mechanism consisting of
thousands of details. 21. Our engineers have developed new types of rocket
engines. 22. The choice of propellant for this missile has not been done yet.
23. This system is designed against low moving objects. 24. The advancing
troops disorganized and destroyed the enemy positiones located on the left
flank. 25. Having suffered heavy losses, the enemy had to retreat in the northern
direction. 26. The repulsed enemy attack was supported by tanks. 27. The enemy
attack repulsed by our troops lasted 20 minutes. 28. Repulsing our attacks,
the enemy suffered heavy losses in manpower and materiel. 29. The units
repulsing the enemy attacks belong to our regiment.
71. Образуйте Participles I Active от указанных глаголов н переведите их (см.
табл. 72):
1. use (применять); 2. describe (описывать); 3. surround (окружать);
4. produce (производить выпускать); 5. revolve (вращать); 6. consider (считать);
7. make (делать); 8. be (быть, находиться); 9. explain (объяснять); 10. split (рас¬
щеплять); 11. apply (применять); 12. weigh (весить); 13. comhine (сочетать);
14. include (включать); 15. fire (вести огонь); 16. vary (меняться); 17. allow
(позволять, разрешать)
101
Таблица 72.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PARTICIPLE I ACTIVE
PI = V (без to) + -ing = V-jng
Модели
Инфинитив глагола без «to»
Participle I Active
read
reading
V + -ing
show
showing
tram
training
cry
crying
V (-y) + -ing
dry
drying
play
playing
take
taking
V (-e опускается) -1- -ing
drive
driving
write
writing
die
dying
V (-ie) -*■ (-y) + -ing
lie
lying
tie
tying
compel
compelling
V (-1) - (-11) + -ing
impel
impelling
travel
travelling
beg
begging
begin
beginning
V (-g, -n, -m -t, -p) -
swim
swimming
(-gg, -nn, -mm, -tt, -pp) + ing
sit
sitting
stop
stopping
72. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на Participle I Active:
1. The man writing a report is our teacher of tactics. 2. The highway
running through our town is wide. 3. The cadets playing chess study English
in our group. 4. The cadets speaking English know it rather well. 5. Those
playing boys and girls go to our school. 6. The man delivering this lecture
is our professor. 7. Reading English books you enlarge your vocabulary. 8. Stu¬
dying a foreign language cadets must learn many words and expressions 9 They
stood at the window looking at the playing children. 10. While explaining that
law the teacher illustrated it with formulae. 11. While going to our club I met
some of our cadets. 12. Living in camp our cadets will spend much time in
the open. 13. Preparing for my English lesson I do many various exercises.
14. There are many power stations using atomic energy. 15. All things surrounding
us are made of atoms. 16. The laser is a device producing a coherent light
source-а single narrow beam. 17. The number of electrons revolving around
each nucleus depends on the kind of the element. 18. Considering the nature
of modern war, air power can dommate not only in the air but also on the
land and sea as well. 19. The officers standing near the hill carried out recon¬
naissance an hour ago. 20. The retreating enemy units crossed the river north
102
р
ill that hill. 21. The tanks concentrating at the approaches to the town of N.
will inflict heavy losses on the enemy. 22. The colonel commanding this
division will arrive at the headquarters in an hour. 23. The enemy suffered
licutvy losses trying to break through our positions. 24. While crossing the river
Ihe enemy lost some guns. 25. Retreating in the eastern direction the enemy
tried to destroy the bridge over the river. 26. Repulsing enemy attacks, we
inflicted heavy losses on him.
Таблица 73
ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД PARTICIPLE I ACTIVE
P I Active = V (без to) + -ing = V-ing
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
I'he V-ing + N...
препозитив¬
ное определение
причастием, окан¬
чивающимся на
<<-щий(ся)»,
<<-вший(ся)»
The reading cadet
is my friend.
Читающий кур¬
сант — мой друг.
N + V-ing...
постпозитив¬
ное определение
придаточным оп¬
ределительным
предложением с со¬
юзом «который»
Не is one of the
engineers working at
our plant.
Он — один из ин¬
женеров, работаю¬
щих (работавших, ко¬
торые работают) на
нашем заводе.
When] . v .
While] + V'lng
обстоятель¬
ство
деепричастием
несовершенного
вида, оканчиваю¬
щимся на «-а», «-я»,
«-ась», «-ясь»
придаточным об¬
стоятельственным
предложением вре¬
мени с союзами
«когда», «в то время
как»
While designing а
tank, they used new
units.
Конструируя (Ког¬
да они конструирова¬
ли) танк, они ис¬
пользовали новые
узлы.
Being in Kiev, he
visited many mu¬
seums.
Находясь в Киеве,
он посетил много
музеев.
S + be + V-ing...
часть простого
сказуемого, вы¬
раженного гла¬
голом в Conti¬
nuous Tenses
глаголом в лич¬
ной форме в соот¬
ветствующем вре¬
мени
Our scientists were
studying this problem
for some years.
Наши ученые изу¬
чали эту проблему
в течение нескольких
лет.
103
73. Определите функции Participle 1 Active и переведите предложения:
1. I have read a book describing the life of that scientist. 2. Makmg these
experiments, we can compare the weight of elements. 3. Bemg the lightest
element, hydrogen occupies the first place m the table of elements. 4 Being
in the laboratory, we made some experiments. 5. When splitting the atom, we
release a great amount of energy. 6. While explaining that law, the teacher
iiiustrated it with formulae. 7. The engineers applying a new method of welding
achieved good results. 8. Weighing about 160 pounds, TOW can be separated
into parts. 9. Combining a lethal warhead, TOW is effective against stationary
and moving targets. 10. All major components including gun, sight and turret
controls can be replaced in the field. 11. The gun can be used against a
variety of targets firing different types of shells. 12. The armour plates varying
in thickness from 8 to 14.5 millimeters, protect the crew from infantry weapons
and shell fragments. 13. The night vision system will amplify light allowing
soldiers to see objects in darkness. 14- The Sheridan is an airtransportable
armoured assault vehicle weighing about 15 tons. 15. A mobile second generation
suitace-to-surface ballistic missile system using inertial guidance and a solid
propellant motor, called Sergeant was a great advance 'over Corporal. 16. The
system Honest John has undergone substantial improvements including reduction
in weight, shortening of rocket’s length.
Таблица 74
ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД PARTICIPLE I PASSIVE
P I Passive = being + V-ed
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
N + being +
+ V-ed
определение
определительным
причастным оборо¬
том, начинающимся
с причастий, оканчи¬
вающихся на «мый»,
«-ЩИЙСЯ», «-ВШИЙСЯ»
определительным
придаточным пред¬
ложением с союзом
«который»
The questions being
discussed at the confe¬
rence are very impor¬
tant.
Вопросы, обсуждае¬
мые (которые обсуж¬
даются) на конферен¬
ции, очень важны.
Being + V-ed...
обстоятельство
обстоятельствен¬
ным придаточным
предложением вре¬
мени или причины
с союзами «так как»,
«когда»
деепричастием
«будучи» -f краткая
форма причастия
Being attacked by our
troops the enemy had
to retreat.
Когда наши войска
атаковали противника,
гот был вынужден
отступить.
Being sent to Moscow
he visited our plant.
Будучи послан (Ког¬
да его послали) в
Москву, он посетил
наш завод.
104
74. Определите функции Participle I Passive и переведите предложения:
1. The article being translated by this student is difficult. 2. Literary dis-
■ ussions being organized at the club are useful and interesting. 3. The problem
being discussed by them is connected with the development of transport. 4. The
new houses being built in our city are very comfortable. 5. The results of the
experiments being carried out at our laboratory will soon be published. 6. Trucks
and cars now being produced at our automobile plants are in great demand
in many countries. 7. Being sent by air mail, the letter will be received m a
lew days. 8. Being well written, the article was short and clear. 9. Being
obtained, the results varied in some respects. 10. Being described in the journal
Ihe experiment attracted general attention. 11. Being studied in detaii the new
method will be introduced at the plant. 12. Being tested by the engineers the
new apparatus was recommended for work in all the laboratories. 13. The radiator
in a water-cooled system being made of nonfcrrous metals, is an expensive
component part of the vehicle. 14. Three types of ammunition bemg varied
uccording to the target range can be represented for use. 15. Being supported
from the air, the regiment advanced rapidly. 16. The M102 light towed'howitzer
being developed for airborne and airmobile division is helicopter-transportable.
17. The Dragon Army’s guided missile system bemg carried by one man destroy
tanks. 18. A grenade launcher being attached to a rifle fires at considerable
ranges. 19. The weapons being crew-served include machine-guns, rocket launchers,
recoilless rifles and mortars. 20. The gun being well-known has a long history
of battlefield use. 21. Bemg equipped with an armour-piercing or a high explosive
warhead, the antitank missile has an effective range of 1,000 to 6,500 feet
22. Being trained, the crew can fire the missile using standard fire control
system. 23. Bemg mounted on the reconnaissance vehicle, a 20 mm automatic
gun is intended for deployment to units. 24. Being separated into parts, TOW
can be carried by troops. 25. Being planned for battlefield and air defense,
this surface-to-air missile can be mounted on tracked or wheeled vehicles.
Таблица 75
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PARTICIPLE II PASSIVE
P II Passive = V (без to) + -ed = V-ed
Модели
Инфинитив глагола без «to»
Participle II Passive
work
worked
V + -ed
ask
asked
defend
defended
cry
cried
V (-y) * (I) + -ed
trv
tried
copy
copied
V f-vf — (v) + -ed
stay
stayed
play
played
employ
employed
stir
stirred
V l-r) -• (-гг) + -ed
refer
referred
prefer
preferred
105
Продолжение таблицы 75
Модели
Инфинитив глагола без «to»
Participle II Passive
smile
smiled
V (-e) ' + -ed
decide
decided
divide
divided
cancel
cancelled
V (-1) - (-Ц) + -ed
propel
propelled
impel
impelled
drop
dropped
V(-p,-t)-(-pp, -tt) + -ed
stop
stopped
transmit
transmitted
75. Образуйте Participle II Passive от указанных глаголов и переведите их:
Т. to connect (соединять); 2. to state (устанавливать); 3. to test (испы¬
тывать); 4. to describe (описывать); 5. to recommend (рекомендовать); 6. to
use (использовать); 7. to apply (применять, использовать); 8. to indicate (ука¬
зывать); 9. to heat (нагревать); 10. to complete (завершать); 11. to finish (за¬
канчивать); 12. to classify (классифицировать); 13. to mount (устанавливать);
14. to guide (управлять); 15. to equip (оснащать, оборудовать); 16. to design
(конструировать); 17. to produce (производить, выпускать); 18. to attach (при¬
креплять); 19. to develop (разрабатывать); 20. to increase (увеличивать);
21. to modify (модифицировать); 22. to fortify (укреплять)
76. Переведите предложения обращая внимание на Participle II Passive (см.
табл. 76):
1. There are many natural phenomena connected with physics. 2. The
periodic law stated by D. Mendeleev is of great importance for science. 3. The
tested devices were described in this paper. 4. The method recommended was
used by our engmeers. 5. Two forces when applied at the same time will
produce the same effect as the single force. 6. All the machines tested yesterday
are in good order. 7. The definitions of the weight indicated in this article
are not complete. 8. When heated to a certain temperature water increases in
volume. 9. The construction of this plant is to be completed by the end of
the year. 10. Our scientists, engineers and workers haye built powerful rocket
engmes. 11. Great progress has been made in the field of Soviet chemistry.
12. Grenades are weapons used by individual soldiers. 13. Infantry weapons may
be classified as individual and crewserved. 14: SAM (surface-to-air missile) can
be mounted on tracked or wheeled vehicles. 15. Air defence artillery is equipped
with guided missiles and guns. 16. Prototypes of a three-wheeled vehicle designed
for use by paratroops have already been produced. 17. A grenade launcher is a
weapon attached to a rifle or used separately to fire grenades. 18. The cartridge
is designed for use in the M14 rifle. 19. The power station mounted on the
same vehicle provides energy for the entire system.
77. Определите функции Participle II Passive и переведите предложения (см.
табл. 76):
1. In the centre of this city there were some, destroyed houses. 2. We
used all the methods recommended by our teacher. 3. Some very interesting
work is being carried out by our cadets. 4. The designer informed us of the
established record of nonstop flight. 5. If asked, say this tube was made in
our laboratory. 6. The problem of flying to the moon is being solved by our
scientists. 7. Men have learnt to control atomic energy. 8. The periodic table
has been used to solve many research problems. 9. Great interest ‘ has been
shown to the peaceful use of atomic energy during recent years. 10. If heated,
106
ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД PARTICIPLE П PASSIVE
Табяаэа
Р II = V (без to) + -ed = V-ed
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
The + V-ed + N...
препозитивное опреде¬
ление
причастием настоящего или
прошедшего времени страда¬
тельного залога, оканчиваю¬
щимся на «-нный». «-мыи»,
«-ТЫЙ»
The applied method gives good
results.
Применяемый метод даст хо¬
рошие результаты.
N + V-ed...
постпозитивное опре¬
деление
определительным причаст¬
ным оборотом
придаточным определитель¬
ным предложением
The results obtained by him are
of great interest.
Результаты, полученные (кото¬
рые были получены) им, пред¬
ставляют большой интерес.
When”
If + V-ed...
As
обстоятельство
придаточным обстоятельст¬
венным предложением
«при» + существительное
деепричастием, оканчиваю¬
щимся на «-ась». «-ясь»
When rotated the propeller pro¬
vides the necessary thrust.
Котла воздушный вит враща¬
ется, он создает необходимую
тягу.
При вращении (Вращаясь) воз¬
душный винт создает необходи¬
мую тягу.
S + be + V-ed
часть простого гла¬
гольного сказуемого, вы¬
раженного глаголом
страдательного залога
или в Perfect Tenses
глаголом в личной форме со¬
ответствующего времени и за¬
лога
This important problem was solve
by our scientists.
Эта важная проблема была ре¬
шена нашими учеными.
S + have + V-ed
The engineer has used the recom¬
mended method in his work.
Инженер использовал рекомен¬
дованный метод в своей работе.
the wire melts. 11. If placed in different localities, the weight of the body
varies. 12. When checked, all the devices were functioning well 13 The accele
ration is expressed in units of velocity per unit of time. 14. The speed of a
body is determined by the time required to pass through that space 15 When
frozen, the water becomes a colourless solid known as ice. 16. When measured,
the temperature of the body was very high. 17. Two forces when applied at
the same time will produce the same effect as the single force. 18- If arranged
according to their atomic weight, the elements will present the table discovered
by D. Mendeleev. 19. When broken, the conductor stops conducting electric
current. 20. The energy used per second is proportional to the frequency.
21. If insulated, the wire may be used as a conductor 22. The aircraft is
designed to fly at supersonic speeds. 23. The enemy targets located behind the
front line were generally not well camouflaged. 24. It is not so easy to spot
well-camouflaged targets. 25. The trajectory of a rocket affected by air resistance
will be changed 26. The attacked village is a small inhabited locality on the
right bank of the river. 27. Squads are grouped into a platoon.
Таблица 77
ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД PERFECT PARTICIPLE
p"f"' р‘"“р" [^r.r-t,'i"rb,v.TVv,d
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
Having + V-ed
обстоятель¬
ство времени
или причины
Having been +
+ V-ed
деепричастием со¬
вершенного вида,
оканчивающимся на
«-в», «-я», «-вшись»
придаточным об¬
стоятельственным
предложением с со¬
юзами «когда»,
«после того как»,
«так как»
«после» + существи¬
тельное
Having tested the new
engine, they put it into
production.
Испытав (Так как
они испытали, После
испытания) новый
двигатель, они пусти¬
ли его в производство.
Having prepared for
my English lessons, I
began to work with a map.
Подготовившись
(После того как я под¬
готовился) к уроку анг¬
лийского языка, я начал
работать с картой.
Having been tested on
the stand, the engine was
installed on the tank.
После того как двига¬
тель прошел стендовые
испытания, он был ус¬
тановлен на танке.
Having been equipped
with a new engine, the
vehicle could move with
a high speed.
Так как машина была
оснашена новым двига¬
телем, она могла дви¬
гаться на большой ско¬
рости.
108
ж Определите функции Perfect Participle и переведите предложен^:
1. Having finished my translation I gave it to the teacher. 2. Having received
i os letter I showed it to my friend. 3. Having visited the places of historic
interest in the town, we decided to rest a little. 4. Having launched satellites
equipped with various apparatuses, Soviet scientists have realized 1C-Tsiolkovsky’s
dream of mterplanetary travels. 5. Having been translated into many foreign
languages, V. Lenin’s works became known all over the world. 6. Having joined
the Communist Party, she took an active part in the social life of our institute.
1 Having been given the tickets, the students went to the theatre. 8. Having
repeated the experiment, they noticed an interesting regularity. 9. Having solved
Ihe main problem, the scientist made a report on its results. 10. Having checked
Ihe temperature, he deemed to change the conditions of the experiment. 11. Having
been interested in their research work, he wanted to get acquainted with them.
12. Having penetrated behind the enemy lines, the tanks struck a heavy blow
.il the enemy from the rear. 13. Having forded the river, our tanks and infantry
supported by artillery continued their offensive. 14. Having crossed the river,
the artillery units opened fire at the fortified positions. 15. Having left the
positions, the :anks moved in the direction of the wood. 16. Having been tested,
this howitzer came into service. 17. Having undergone substantial improvements,
honest John Rocket became less in weight. 18. Having mflicHd the mam
blow, our unit approached the railway station. 19. Having brokeh through the
enemy defenses, our unit moved forward. 20. Having attacked the enemy, infantry
units disorganized his mam forces. 21. Having cut this enemy grouping from
Ihe mam forces, our units inflicted heavy losses on it. 22. Having repulsed
the enemy attacks, our troops under cover of the artillery fire launched the
counterattack. 23. Having reached the left bank of the river, our tanks crossed
a. 24. Having approached the hill, the cadets climbed up to its top.
Таблица 78
МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ СУФФИКСА «-ED»
Модели
S + P (V-ed)..
S + P (have +
+ V-ed)...
S + P (be + V-ed)
S + Attr (V-ed)
by N (Pron) + P...
Функции
сказуемое
определение
Перевод
глаголом в про¬
шедшем времени
глаголом в соот¬
ветствующем вре-
причастием насто¬
ящего и прошедше¬
го времени страда¬
тельного залога с
окончаниями на
«-МЫЙ», «-ННЫЙ»,
«-ТЫЙ»
Пр^Меры
We tested new devi¬
ces.
Мы испытывали но¬
вые прибоРы.
We have tested these
devices.
Мы испытали эти
приборы.
These devices are
tested in Dbr laboratory.
Эти приборы испы¬
тываются в нашей ла¬
боратории.
The device tested by
him is in Cur laboratory.
Прибор, испытанный
им. находится в нашей
лаборатории.
104
Продолжение таблицы 78
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
S+P+0+
+ Attr (V-ed)
определение
причастием на¬
стоящего и прошед¬
шего времени стра¬
дательного залога с
окончаниями на
«-МЫЙ», «-ННЫЙ»,
«-ТЫЙ»
They have discussed
the efficiency of the de¬
vice tested.
Они обсудили эффек¬
тивность испытанного
прибора.
When] + S +
обстоятель¬
ство
обстоятельствен¬
ным придаточным
предложением
If tested, this device
will help us to increase
the output.
Если этот прибор бу¬
дет испытан, он помо¬
жет нам повысить вы¬
пуск продукции.
Havmg V-ed +
+ 0...
деепричастием со¬
вершенного вида,
оканчивающимся на
«-в», «-я»
Having translated the
article, he gave it to the
teacher.
Переведя статью, он
дал ее преподавателю.
79. Найдите слова
с суффиксом
«-ed», определите его
функцию и переведите
предложения:
1. We finished our y/ork last week. 2. Last month we installed two engines.
3. They translated an interesting article. 4. We have discussed all aspects of
this problem at. our conference. 5. This article was translated by our cadets
yesterday. 6. The translated article is of great importance for us. 7. The article
translated by him is of great importance for our research. 8. Our laboratories
are equipped with new measuring instruments. 9. Their laboratories equipped
with new devices are large and light. 10. The method used depended upon the
material selected. 11. The techniques applied must be discussed once more.
12. The results obtained are very good. 13. The substance heated changed its
properties. 14. The results of the experiment achieved in the laboratory must
be checked twice. 15. When produced, these parts will be sent to different
plants. 16. When translated, the instruction was used by our specialists. 17. When
mounted, the new equipment will help us to mechanize a number of opera¬
tions. 18. Our mechanic repaired the tank. 19. Havmg solved the mam problem,
the professor made a report on his researches. 20. Having corrected the exercises,
the teacher explained the most typical mistakes. 21. The improved performance
of the new weapon system will provide a much greater capability for the small
infantry unit in operations against enemy armour. 22. Light antitank weapon system
is the infantryman’s personal weapon designed for use m both defensive and
offensive operation^. 23. The power station mounted on the same vehicle provides
energy for the entire system. 24. The gun stabilizer is designed to enable
tankmen to fire from a moving vehicle with increased accuracy.
80. Найдите самостоятельный причастный оборот и переведите предложения
(см. табл. 79):
■ • Some exercises being very difficult, we asked the teacher to help us.
2. The engineers applying a new method of welding, good results were achieved.
3. Radio was invented in Russia, its inventor being A. Popov. 4. A current
reverses at regular intervals*, the algebraic sum being equal to zero. 5. This
110
Miuterial being a dielectric, no current can flow through it. 6- Transistors being
sensitive to light, engineers have to take this property into consideration. 7. The
i>i inciple of action being extremely simple, the device was widely used for
various purposes. 8. Comf iters and calculating machines can be subdivided into
Iwo classes: analog and digital, the basic difference bemg the way in which
numbers are represented inside the machine. 9. The Earth’s orbit being an
ellipse, the distance between the Earth and the Sun constantly changes as the
I nrth revolves around the Sun. 10. The computer perfoms complicated compu-
i.itions, the output unit producing final answers. 11. It has been calculated
I hat about 24 million visible meteors reach the Earth’s atmosphere every 24 hours,
llu.r total weight amountins to about 5 tons per day. 12. Any moving objects
i an do work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity.
11. There are two tables in this paper, one of them containmg the initial
data. 14. Many metals are good conductors, silver presenting one of them.
15. Radioactivity discovered, many great discoveries were made in atomic physics.
16. The pressure being known at some pomt in the flow of air, the pressure
at another point m the flow is easily calculated. 17. The resistance bemg
very high, the current in the circuit is very low. 18- Some of the most difficult
problems having been solved, we decided to take a rest. 19. The analog machine
lonsisted of five mam parts, one of them being the mput. 20. Uranium, radium,
plutonium are radioactive substances, the former being widely used in atomic
icactors. 21. The parallel circuit consists of a voltage source and two resistors,
trie latter bemg connected in parallel. 22. A device puncnmg information on
cards or films, the reader converts it into pulse form. 23. Light as well as
heat increases the conductivity of semiconducting materials, this principle bemg
used .1 photography. 24. There are some essential parts of a radar system,
one of them being the antenna system. 25. This tank is armed with a gun and
Iwo machine-guns of a certain calibre, one of them being .30 coaxial
machine-gun. 26. The tank has been fitted with modern tank cannon, the last
being able to fire different rounds. 27. The chain reaction of nuclear fission
is brought about by neutrons, the neutrons being uncharged particles. 28. No
special cooling arrangements are necessary for small transformers, natural cooling
bemg sufficient. 29. The XM148. grenade launcher is a single shot weapon
weighing three pounds when empty. 30. The fire control system bemg modern,
the efficiency of the main gun can be fully exploited. 31. There have been
several changes within the classic lay-out, the general lay-out of tanks being,
however, much the same. 32. The mechanized infantry combat vehicle (MICV)
is a mobile fighting transport for a rifle squad, its top speed being 27 miles
an hour. 33. The fighting compartment accommodates seats, these seats being
mounted on brackets. 34. The vehicle is provided with a dry-type clutch, the
latter being disengaged by means of a pedal.
Таблица 79
САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПРИЧАСТНЫЙ ОБОРОТ
V-ing.
V-ed..
being
V-ed.
having
V-ed.
having been
V-ed.
+ S + Р + О + D...
I
III
Продолжение таблицы 79
Перевод
Примеры
Вначале предложения:
обстоятельственным придаточ¬
ным предложением (причины, вре¬
мени, условия), начинающимся со¬
юзами «когда», «после того как»,
«потому что», «если»
The ship moving in the space, the radio du
vices functioned properly.
Когда кораиль двигался в космическом
пространстве, радиоаппаратура действова¬
ла безотказно.
The experiment having been carried out, we
decided to have a rest.
Когда (после того как) опыт был проведен,
мы решили отдохнуть.
В конце предложения:
самостоятельным предложением
с союзами «так как», «причем», «а»,
«и», «но» или без союзов
The ship moved in the space, the radio
aevices functioning properly.
Корабль двигался в космическом прост¬
ранстве, (и) радиоаппаратура действовала
безотказно.
The test was not difficult, all equipment having
been received in time.
Испытание не было трудным, все оборудо¬
вание было получено вовремя.
81. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы герундия (см. табл. 80):
1. Reading enriches our knowledge. 2. Reading technical books helps studying
special subjects. 3. Burning changes the fuel into heat, light, gases and ashes.
4. Improving the material and cultural standards of the people is one of the
most -important tasks set by the Communist Party and Soviet Government.
5. We are speaking of going to Moscow. 6. Adding a few crew members can
give the expedition more favourable conditions for research activity. 7. You are
responsible for the work being done in time. 8. Don’t forget about inviting
him on Sunday. He will never come without being invited. 9. Would you
like being asked first? 10. He does not like bemg interrupted while readmg.
11. The scientist told us about travelling around the world. 12. His havmg read
this article proves that he take? great interest in this subject. 13. We thanked
him for helping us. 14. Excuse me for having put so many questions to you.
15. I remember her having told me about the meeting. 16. They knew about
our having done it. 17. We could solve this problem m case of your giving
us all the necessary data. 18. They reported of the equipment havmg been
installed in a new laboratory. 19. The director was informed of the foreign
cl (..legation having been met by the representatives of the plant. 20. We knew
of comrade Simonov’s having been informed about the new method of experi¬
menting. 21. A steam engine uses steam made by fuel having been burnt out¬
side the engine. 22. We know of a new helicopter being designed. 23. Their
having any special education in this field of science was a great sensation.
24. This submarine is equipped for launching torpedoes and for laymg mines.
25. Reloadmg of up to eight missiles is automatic. 26. Service testing of internal
combustion engine oils, especially diesel oils, is very difficult. 27. Our unit
commander was against launching attack m the evening. 28. This munition
requires no preparation before firing. 29. Field artillery battalion commander
remembers having been given that order.- 30. The troops could cross the river
without using the ferry, the bridge having been restored the previous night.
31. After breaking through several defense lines, our troops supported by our
aircraft advanced rapidly.
112
8-0320
Таблица 80
ФОРМЫ ГЕРУНДИЯ
Ger = V (без to) + -ing = V-ing
Форма
Зилы
Модели
Выражают
Перевод
Примеры
О
>
действие, одновремен¬
существительным
Defending the Motherland is our
ное с действием, выра¬
инфинитивом гла¬
duty.
<
V-ing
женным глаголом-сказуе¬
гола
Зашита Родины (Зашишатъ Ро¬
мым; иногда выражает
придаточным предло
дину) — наш долг.
о
действие относящееся к
жением
'с
будущему времени
С
I know of his being awarded the
“О
order. ,
с
и
>
Я знаю, что его награждают ор¬
ю
СЯ
деном
СО
0-
being + V-ed
Не tells me of his going to this exhi¬
bition tomorrow.
Он говорит -же, что поедет на вы¬
ставку завтра
1>
>
дейс1вие, предшество¬
придаточным пред¬
I know of his having translated
О
having + V-ed
вавшее дейс гвию, выра-
ложением с глаголом-
the article.
<
же иному глаголом-сказу¬
сказуемым в прошед¬
Я знаю, что он перевел статью
о
емым
шем времени
<2
о
о,
о
>
I remember having been told
ся
having been + V-ed
about it.
СО
Q-
Я помню, что мне ювори.ти об
этом.
Таблица 81
ГЕРУНДИЙ БЕЗ ПРЕДЛОГОВ
Ger = V (без to) + -jng =V-ing
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
V-ing + P...
подлежащее
существи¬
тельным
Swimming is useful for
health.
Плавание (Плавать) по¬
лезно для здоровья
S + is (are) +
+ V-ing...
часть состав¬
ного именного
сказуемого
My favourite sport is
swimming.
Мой любимый спорт —
плавание.
S + P + V-ing...
часть состав¬
ного глагольно¬
го сказуемого
инфинити¬
вом
Не began swimming every
day.
Он начал плавать каж¬
дый день.
S + P + V-ing...
прямое до¬
полнение
1 like swimming.
Я люблю плавать (пла¬
вание).
82. Найдите герундий, определите его функцию и переведите предложения:
1. Smoking is bad for you. 2. Doing these exercises is useful. 3. Studying
languages is necessary for future military specialists. 4. Their purpose is produc¬
ing goods of high standard quality. 5. My task was improving his results.
6. Our aim is reading technical literature on our speciality. 7. Yesterday the
workers finished building the house. 8. We began doing physical exercises.
9. I shall finish doing this exercise in a quarter of an hour. 10. A good
sportsman never stops training even if he is very busy. 11. He never forgets
looking through all morning newspapers. 12. 1 like translating technical books
from English into Russian. 13. The group prefers experimenting from 8 till
10 a.m. 14. 1 am used to getting up at 6 o’clock in the morning in summer.
15. Skating and skiing are very good winter sports. 16. They started translating
the article at once. 17. Measuring voltage in a circuit has been done today.
18. Their duty was checking the indications of computers. 19. Their task is
further developing of the problem. 20. Our group leader suggested experimenting
at low temperatures. 21. The company must finish preparing for the attack.
22. The mission of the battalion is crossing the river. 23. The elevating mechanism
permits elevating or depressing the line of sight. 24. The mission of this lank
unit is breaking through the enemy positions. 25. They finished transporting
troops and weapons to the battlefield. 26. Fording the river was very necessary
for the platoon. 27. Testing of tankcrews was done in time.
114
Таблица 82
ГЕРУНДИЙ С ПРЕДЛОГАМИ
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
• t Р + Prep
on
in
at
to
for
of
+V-ing
предлож¬
ное допол¬
нение
существитель¬
ным с предлогом
инфинитивом
Не insisted on discus¬
sing this problem.
Он настаивал на об¬
суждении этой пробле¬
мы (на том, чтобы обсу¬
дить эту проблему).
О (N) + of + V-rng..
определение
придаточным
предложением
I know the way of me¬
asuring the voltage.
Я знаю способ изме¬
рения напряжения (как
измерить напряжение).
О (N) + for + V-ing
«для» + сущест¬
вительное
«(для того) что¬
бы» 4- инфинитив
We use this device for
measuring voltage.
Мы используем этот
прибор для измерения
напряжения (чтобы из¬
мерить напряжение).
on
in
upon
Prep after + V-ing...
before
обстоятель¬
ство
«после (до)» -f-
существительное
деепричастием
придаточным
обстоятельствен¬
ным предложе¬
нием
On repairing the car we
went to camp.
После ремонта маши¬
ны (отремонтировав ма¬
шину, после того как
мы отремонтировали
машину,) мы уехали в
лагерь.
0 (N) + without +V-ing...
«без» 4- сущест¬
вительное
«не» 4- деепри¬
частие
Big transports are able
to fly intercontinental
range without refuelling.
Большие транспорт¬
ные самолеты могут со-
вешиатъ межконтинен¬
тальные рейсы без доза¬
правки (не заправляясь)
топливом в воздухе.
0 (N) + by + V-ing...
#
«путем», «при
помощи» 4- суще¬
ствительное
деепричастием
We have learned to
produce energy by acce¬
lerating particles in reac¬
tors.
Мы научились полу¬
чать энергию путем ус¬
корения частиц (уско¬
ряя частицы) в реакто -
Dax.
115
83. Определите функцию герундия с предлогом и переведите предложения:
1. I dream of going to the seaside. 2. We agreed upon meeting at the
booking-office at 9 sharp. 3. I insisted on his joining us in this work. 4. We
thanked him for his having repaired our clock. 5. I like your idea of going
to the south in summer. 6. There are different methods of teaching translation
from one language into another. 7. The teacher explained us a new method
of readmg. 8. On coming to the hostel military students listened to the radio.
9. After studying the theory we may begin experimenting. 10. I have to finish
this work before going home. 11. Without going into details he gave a short
description of his travels; 12. It is impossible to know a language well without
reading books written in this language. 13. Avoid using foreign words without
knowing, their meanings. 14. He left the teacher’s room without asking any
questions. 15.' Find Tipur mistake by adding these sums. 16. The library carried
out great cultural work among its readers by opening new reading-rooms and
organizing' conferences A)f the readers. 17. Because of starting new expedition
he had to change the date of his leave. 18. In spite of his being busy he
helped us to prepare material for the scientific conference. 19. Instead of going
to the club we decided to go to the cmema. 20. Besides bemg a good student
he is an all round sportsman. 21. They worked very hard with a view to
completing the experiments in time. 22. Flymg is the fastest way of going
from one place to another. 23. Before driving a car we study theory m a
special class, 24. The problem of using a new fuel becomes important. 25. In
designing the system the designers paid much attention to the transportability
and light weight. 26. The idea of creating a multistage rocket belongs to
K. Tstolkovsky. 27. In firing and loading the gunner uses the computers data.
ГЕРУНДИАЛЬНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ
Модели
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
N’s(N q/JPron) +
V-ing
being + V-ed
+ having + V-ed
having been + V-ed
подле¬
жащее
соответствую¬
щим придаточным
предложением (в
. зависимости от
Yury Gagarin’s having
flown in cosmos the first
is known to everybody.
To, что Юрий Гага¬
рин полетел в космос
первым, известно всем.
допол¬
нение
функции герун¬
дия), в котором
N’s (N о/, Ргоп) яв¬
ляется подлежа¬
щим, а герундий —
сказуемым
We heard of his study
ing physics with great in¬
terest.
Мы слышали, что он
изучает физику с боль¬
шим интересом.
опреде¬
ление
Wc were informed of
the method of their having
applied in experimenting.
Нас информировали
о методе, который они
применили в экспери¬
менте.
обстоя¬
тельство
They go on experi¬
menting in spite of the
alloy temperature having
run up.
Они продолжают экс¬
перимент несмотря на
то, что температура
сплава повысилась.
116
Н4. Найдите герундиальные обороты, определите функцию герундия и пере¬
ведите предложения:
1. My friend’s taking part in this exploration is known to me. 2. Her
being invited to take part in this conference is approved by everybody at our
Institute. 3. The teacher’s having used a new programmed textbook was of
(treat interest. 4. Her being sent to Moscow was not a surprise for the workers
ol our laboratory. 5. Your sister’s being taught by this professor will help her
in becoming a good scientific worker. 6. I am surprised of her havmg been
Inle. 7. We msisted on her sister bemg presented with an interesting book.
К We were informed of their fulfilling five-year plan for three years. 9. They
were sure of that fact after their havmg obtained the results of the experiment.
10. They would not be able to make these calculations without T Newton’s
having provided them with the second law of motion. 11. The researchers
■ucceeded in fulfilling the programme in time because of their having used
new devices and new methods of work. 12- We know of our cosmonauts
having carried out experiments in cosmos. 13. We knew of his having made
an important discovery in this field of science. 14. Those engineers did not
come because of their being busy with new devices. 15. Her havmg got these
results was a great success for such a young scientist. 16. They couldn’t adopt
this project without having discussed it with some specialists. 17. Electronics
penetrating inlo all fields of science and industry is the result of engineering
progress. 18. Fact of reinforcements having arrived in time helped mechanized
units to exploit success in attack. 19. The officer insisted on his bemg provided
with special protective clothes. 20. We knew of lieutenant Novikov’s having been
informed about safety measures against chemical agents. 21. The French pilots
having got the highest awards is a proof of their services havmg been highly
appreciated by the Soviet Government.
Таблица 84.
СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИЕ ФУНКЦИИ «-ING»-OOPM
Неличные формы
Функции
Participle I (V-ing)
Gerund (V-ing)
подлежащее
—
Reading is useful.
Читать (чтение) полезно
сказуемое
1 am reading a book.
Я читаю книгу.
Our aim is reading Eng
lish well.
Наша цель — читать rio-
английски хорошо.
дополнение
I like reading English
books.
Я люблю читать анг¬
лийские книги.
определение
The reading officer is our
commander.
Читающий офицер —наш
командир.
I like his method of
reading.
Мне нравится его ме¬
тод чтения.
Продолжение таблицы 84
Неличные формы
Participle I (V-ing)
^ Gerund (V-ing)
функции
обстоятельство
When (while) reading a
book I found many inte¬
resting things
Читая книгу, я нашел
много интересного.
On reading a book I
found many interesting
things.
Прочитав книгу, я нашел
много интересного.
85. Найдите «-ingw-формы, определите их функцию и переведите предложения:
1. My friend began studying English two years ago. 2. I like looking through
newspapers in the morning. 3. We must finish writing this report in two hours.
4. Looking through newspapers I found an interesting article on art. 5. Mastering
English is our task. 6. After reading this article I translated it. 7. It is difficult
to understand these abbreviations without using a dictionary. 8. Reading such
books you will improve your knowledge of this subject. 9. When testing the
engine, the engineer used new methods. 10. There are many ways of solving
this problem. 11. Measuring resistance is necessary in many experiments. 12. Our
scientists are working out methods of utilizing atomic energy for peaceful pur¬
poses. 13. They started testing new devices. 14. When testing the engine, the
engineers applied new methods. 15. Infantry fights by combining fire, manoeuvre
and shock effect. 16. The signal battalion assists the commander in controlling
the units of division. 17. The seismic detectors have the capability of detecting
personnel at a range of 30 metres and vehicles at 300 metres. 18. Weighing
about 160 pounds, TOW can be separated into parts that can be carried by
troops. 19. The gun can be used against a variety of targets firing different
types of shells. 20. During the tests the rockets were launched from supersonic
aircraft reaching their targets without exception. 21. Remote operation is done
by attaching an optical remote control unit. 22. The vehicle can travel 450 miles
without refuelling. 23. Within 60 seconds after moving into position, the artillery
piece can deliver fire.
ПРЕДЛОГ
Таблица 85
МНОГОЗНАЧНОСТЬ НЕКОТОРЫХ ПРЕДЛОГОВ
Предлоги и их перевод
Примеры
at
в (время)
за (место)
на (место)
at
6 o’clock в 6 часов
the table за столом
the plant на заводе
ь>
г возле, у, около (место).
к (время)
творительный падеж (кем?, чем?)
by
the window у (возле) окна
5 o’clock к 5 часам
the student студентом
118
Продолжение таблицы 85
Предлоги и их перевод
Примеры
for
рад»] (цш)
в течение (время)
из-за (причина)
for
you для (ради) вас
shopping за покупками
five days в течение 5 дней
bad. weather из-за плохой погоды
Ironi
с, от (направление, место)
из (направление, место)
с, от (время)
from
the South с юга
the room из комнаты
two till six от 52 до 6
In
of
й (место)
на (место)
в, через (время)
при (условие)
the box
the Sun
July
a day
в ящике
на солнце
в июле
через день
temperature при температуре
и J
о, относительно
родительный Надеж (кого?, чего?)
of
metal из металла
the book о книге
speed of the саг скорость машины
на (место)
в (дата, день)
по (тема, предмет, наука)
о, относительно
the table на с юле
Monday в понедельник
history по истории
phenomenon о явлении
to
'в (место)
дательный падеж (кому?, чему?)
к (направление)
to
the Academy в академию
the students студентам
the teacher к. преподавателю
я illi
творительный падеж (кем?, чем?)
with
Г them с ними
a ien ручкой
У
86. Переведите словосочетания и предложения, обращая внимание на предлоги:
at that time; at 3 o’clock; at the lesson; by the morning; by the river;
by plane; for my sister; to struggle for peace; to send for books; to stay in
a camp for a week; for bad conditions; to come for tickets; to be in the
classroom for two hours; for my being late; far from that bouse; from my
lextbook; from the capital; from the north; to take from the table; from three
o’clock till a quarter past six; from the vehicle; in the classroom; in the
direction; to see in the distance; to come back m two hours; in October; to
come in the morning; in high pressure; in low temperature; the order of the
commander; made of steel; nne of six - parts; one of the students; consist of
two exercises; the student of the group; a house of a stone; on the Moon;
to speak on the problem; a lecture on history; a portrait on the wall; on
Tuesday on the eighth of March; on the aircraft; to put a book on the table;
the road to the wood; to fall to the floor; to go to the south; to go to the
railway station; questions to the text; to walk with one’s friend; to prove with
theory; to wash with water; with my point of view
1. The Institute is at the end of the street. 2. I shall do my best for
you. 3. What have you come for? 4. We study for 6 hours every day. 5. Our
laboratory does not use this material for its bad conductivity. 6. 1 have received
the telegram from my sister. 7. I have learnt this rule from my book. 8. Many
guests from different countries come to Moscow to see the parade on
Red Square. P. We are always busy from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. 10. He told me
of his report on mathematics. 11. There are fifteen students in the group.
12. Last year he was in the South in summer. 13. He will be here in a month.
14. This motor operates in different weather conditions. 15. The people of the
Soviet Union have achieved great results in economic life. 16. One of the
119
best means to get to the stadium is to go by bus. 17. We had a lecture on
mathematics on Friday 18. They discussed the report on electricity for an
hour and a half. 19. New vehicle can travel to the distance of 400 km
20 The engineer spoke on this problem with enthusiasm. 21. In winter On¬
ground is covered with snow 22. The newly built town is connected with the
centre of our country by an airway. 23. There are many higher schools in
Moscow. 24 There are many classrooms in this building of the Institute.
25. After examination we shall go to camp for training in special subjects
studied by us at the Academy in winter. 26. There will be no lecture on
history on Monday. 27. The enemy battalion was cut off from the rest of the
troops. 28. Our regiment broke a battle position on the left bank of the Svetlaya
river. 29. Infantry is brought to the battlefield by armoured personnel carriers.
30 The guidance system is installed in the turret. 31. Firing ports are on each
side of the armoured personnel carrier.
СОЮЗ
СОЧИНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СОЮЗЫ
Таблица 86
Некоторые союзы и их перевод
Примеры
and и, а
We have achieved progress in science
and culture.
Мы достигли успехов в науке и куль¬
туре.
Не is a military engineer, and music is
his hobby.
Он военный инженер, а музыка — его
увлечение.
as well as так же как, а также
Не is fond of engineering as well as the
English language. I
Он увлекается техникой, а также
английским языком.
both ... and как ... так и, и ... и
Не knows both construction and opera¬
tion of the engine.
Он знает как (и) устройство, так и (и)
работу двигателя.
but но, а, однако
either ... or или ... или, либо ... либо
Не is very busy, but he promised to take
part in the conference.
Он очень занят, но (однако) обещал
участвовать в конференции.
The main armament of infantry combat
vehicle is either a 20mm or 25mm automa¬
tic gun.
Основным вооружением боевой ма¬
шины пехоты является или 20-мм. или
25-мм автоматическая пушка.
neither ... nor ни ... ни
120
Не was neither in the Crimea nor in the
Caucasus.
Он не был ни в Крыму, ни на Кавказе.
Продолжение таблицы 86
Некоторые союзы и их перевод
Примеры
mil only ... but also не только ...но и
This officer Knows nol only his speciality
but also two foreign languages.
Этот офицер знает не только свою
специальность, но и два иностранных
языка.
М псе же, однако, несмотря на это
1 can drive the car, yet 1 have no practice.
Я умею водить машину, однако у ме¬
ня нет практики.
N7. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сочинительные союзы:
1 We have the right to education, and to study well is our duty. 2. Our
country always keeps the Leninist principles of independence and freedom о
nil countries and nations. 3. This young man is an expen m physics, but
literature is his hobby. 4 This laboratory work as well as that one was done
in time by all members of our group. 5. Electrical energy as well as heat
iicrgy can be converted into mechanical energy. 6 Many metals may be in
pure state as well as in combination. 7- The work was both interesting and
useful. 8. M. Lomonosov was both an outstanding poet and a scientist. 9. Both
radio and TV are the means of mass information. 10. I study French, but
I can speak English. 11. 1 study at the politechnical institute but I work at
Ihe plant 12. We copied the exercise, but we did not succeed- in translating
II 13. Anybody depending on its state possesses either kinetic or potential
energy. 14. You can meet us either, in the club or in the library. 15. You
may use for your report either these articles .or special magazines. 16. Neither
she nor her assistant could be present at the meeting. 17. Either you or I
must do this work. 18. 1 must show the article either to the teacher or to
my friends. 19. Not only temperature but also speed of the particles should
he increased. 20. We remember not only the author, but the title of the book.
21 Not only engineer but any worker can explain the advantage of this
engine 22. I asked her to come, yet she did not appear. 23. They tried to
solve this problem, yet they failed. 24. My friend knows many English words,
yet he cannot speak English fluently. 25. Rockets of different types are used
against both troops and fortifications 26. Modern artillery supports other arms
by combining fire power and mobility. 27. Lance carries either conventional or
nuclear warhead. 28. TOW antitank weapon system fires both at stationary and
moving targets. 29. Mines are threat not only to mechanized infantry but also
for all arms and services. 30. The antitank rocket may be fired from the
vehicle as well as from the ground. 31. The M67 recoilless rifle is effective
against armour as well as troops and fortifications. 32. Neither speed nor arma¬
ment meet requirements of the vehicle. 33. Engineer troops not only participate
in combat, but they also provide support to other arms.
This year
СИНТАКСИС
ПРОСТОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ
ПОВЕСТВОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ
I II III
ту
brother
.Таблица 87
IV
III
has entered
the military
school
IV
in Kiev.
В ЭТОМ году
мои
брат
поступил
в военное
в Киеве.
училище
88. Составьте предложения из данных слов, соблюдая порядок слов в простом
предложении:
I 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 .5 6
1. have, discussed, they, the problem; 2. group, studies, cadet, this, in our;
12 3 456 7 1 23456
3. now, am, at, I, the, lesson, English; 4. breakfast, cadets, to, their, go, after.
78 9 I 234567 8
the, lesson, usually; 5. laboratories, are, in, there, many, our, military, school;
1 2 3 „4 5 6. 7 „ 8 , 9 10 II
6. many, teacher, asks, often, us, questions, lessons, English, at, the, our;
* 23456 7 8 1 2
7. division, the, in, morning, the, offensive, early, began; 8. effective, destroying,
3 45 678 9 10 И 1 2
high-speed, at, these, missiles, all, altitudes, are, in, airplanes; 9. go, Academy,
345 678 9 10 1 234
the, to, every, o’clock, at, eight, morning, I; 10. examinations, June, will, take,
5 6 7 8 9 10
our, students, the, of, group, next
122
■о Нынишите цифры, которые обозначают подлежащее и сказуемое каждого
предложения:
123 4 567* 9 12.
1 There are many qualified specialists in the Soviet Union. 2. The device
45 6789 10 234 5
di ngned by this engineer is of great importance. 3. The velocity of sound in
73 9 12 3 . 4 S 6 .
•Hi varies with temperature. 4. The Soviet electronics industry is producing
i 8 9 10 It I 2 3 4 5
i oinputors which find various applications 5. Artificial satellites travel round the
8 I 234 56 7 89 10
I urih like planets. 6. The Army will have issued the specification for a new
17)45 67 8
iniik 7. The Ml 14 medium towed 155mm howitzer fires separate-loading ammu-
■1 12 ) 45678 .« 10
nllion. 8. This Japan’s antitank rocket can be fired from helicopters as well
II 1) 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
«t from ground positions. 9. The M14 automatic rifle is designed for selective
9 10 11 12 1) 14 15 16 i'7 18 19
«cmiautomatic or automatic fire, but may be quickly made semiautomatic only.
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10. Air defense artillery is equipped with guided missiles and guns.
Таблица 88
ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ И СПОСОБЫ ЕГО ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ
1. Место в предложении (как правило, перед
Формальные признаки:
сказуемым)
2. Отсутствие предлога
Модели
Способы выра¬
жения подлежа¬
щего
Перевод
Примеры
S (N) + Р + ...
существитель¬
ным
существитель¬
ным
The cadets study tactics.
Курсанты изучают так¬
тику.
S (А) + Р + ... I
рилагательным
прилагательным
The newest is our model.
Самая последняя — на¬
ша модель.
S (Pron) + Р + ...
местоимением
местоимениег*
Не served in the artillery
missile battalion.
Он служил в ракетном
дивизионе.
S (Num) + Р + ...
числительным
числительным
Hundreds and thousands
take pert in this work.
Сотни и тысячи прини¬
мают участие в этой ра¬
боте.
S (Ger) + Р + ...
герундием
существи¬
тельным
инфинитивом
Reading is useful.
Чтение (Читать) по¬
лезно.
S (Inf) + Р + ...
инфинитивом
инфинитивом
существи¬
тельным
То attack in this direc¬
tion is necessary.
Атаковать (атака) в
этом направлении необхо¬
димо (необходима).
123
90. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы выражения под
лежащего:
1. The teacher will deliver a lecture today. 2. Our cadets go to the stadium
on Sundavs 3 One calibre 30 machine-gun is mounted coaxially with th
90 mm gun 4. I am a good sportsman. 5. She will be a doctor. 6. He found
mistakes in my translation. 7. We saw a microscope on the table. 8. These
means can he used in offensive and defensive operations. 9. The newest is a
xenon arc lamp 10. The wounded were taken to the hospital. 11. Fifteen
divided by five is three. 12- Nine times nine is eighty one. 13. Eleven minus
four is seven. 14. Five and seven make twelve. 15. Reading English books is
useful 16- Asking him about it was useless. 17. Knowing him personally is a
great pleasure. 18. Performing the mission was associated with many difficulties
19. Accomplishing the tasks is essentially the same in each unit. 20 To receive
the latest information was necessary. 21. To decrease the sizes of the structure
was his purpose. 22. To investigate the properties of these substances was our
plan. 23. To give a true picture of the surrounding matter is the task of
natural science 24. Who knows mechanized infantry battalion organization?
25 Major Petrov left Moscow for military camp. 26. Our battalion has the
mission to close with the enemy. 27. Going to field for field training is
compulsory 28. To provide fire support is the task of artillery. 29. To defend
our Motherland is our sacred duty. 30. Defence is one of the basic fornb of
combat 31. Everybody understands that the success of offensive operations
depends on many factors.
Таблица 89
СКАЗУЕМОЕ И СПОСОБЫ ЕГО ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ
Формальные признаки:
1. Место в предложении (как правило, после под¬
лежащего )
2. Имеет в своем составе глагол в личной форме
Модели
Виды сказуемого
Способы выражения
Примеры
S + P
V4e)s
V-ed
be + V -ing
be + V-ed
have + V-ed
will + V
would + V
простое ска¬
зуемое
глаголом в
личной форме,
в любом време¬
ни, залоге, на¬
клонении
Не studies (studied,
will study) at a mili¬
tary school.
Он учится (учил¬
ся, будет учиться)
в военном училище.
Ground troops are
(will be) supported by
aircraft
Наземные войска
поддерживаются
(будут поддержаны)
авиацией.
124
Продолжение таблицы 89
Модели
»♦
be
grdw
+ p
get
(N,A,
turn
V-ing,
-
to V)
s t
S +
сап
may
must _
begin
start
continue
+ V
(без to)
Виды сказуемого
составное
именное ска¬
зуемое
составное
глагольное ска¬
зуемое
Способы выражения
глаголом-
связкой в лич¬
ной форме +
+ именная часть
сказуемого
модальным
глаголом + ин¬
финитив смыс¬
лового глагола
глаголом в, лич¬
ной форме +
-Ь инфинитив или
герундий смыс¬
лового глагола
Примеры
They are officers
of the Soviet Army.
Они офицеры Со¬
ветской Армии.
This plane is new.
Этот самолет но¬
вый.
Our aim is to defend
(defending) our
country.
Наш долг — защи¬
щать свою Родину
(защита Родины).
They must improve
this design.
Они должны
улучшить эту кон¬
струкцию.
The tank began to
fire (firing) on move.
Танк начал вести
огонь с ходу.
91. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на виды сказуемого:
1. My brother will join the Soviet Army next year 2. The article about
the results of the experiment has not yet been published. 3. A group of stu
dents of our Institute went to BAM last year. 4. We shall have tested new
devices by the end of the week. 5. The room was dark. 6. He became an
engineer two years ago. 7. My friends are officers. 8. He began studying
mechanics last year 9. Our cadets can speak English. 10. They are to return
in May. 11. His dream has come true. 12. The situation seemed quite hopeless.
13 My wish is to spend my holidays in the South. 14. The Red Army was
founded for fighting against the whiteguards and foreign invaders. 15. The laser
is a device for producing a coherent light source. 16. A newer version of
this multichannel system will add flexibility in the airborne and airmobile
units. 17. The radio set is weather-proof and is designed to operate in any
climate 18. The reaction to this was to develop countermeasures. 19. Electronic
devices are used in different kinds of automatic computers. 20. These - systems
are vulnerable to electronic interference. 21. Air defense artillery is equipped
with guided missiles and guns. 22. Artillery is an important arm. 23. Major-
General has commanded this division. 24 Artillery fire is more powerful than
125
infantry fire. 25. Artillery units must support other arms in combat. 26. CM
centration of fire is very important. 27. Armour units are fast and highly mobilJ
in action. 28. The bridgehead was established by the infantry battalion. 29. Om
company is taking part in organizing some strong points.
Таблица 90
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ. ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ
V+ S + V (без to) + О + D?
Форма
Модели
Примеры
Indefinite
Active
По (Does)
Did
Shall (Will)
+ S + V
(без to) +...?
Do (did, will) you study English j
every day?
Вы занимаетесь (занимались, бу-
дете заниматься) английским язы¬
ком каждый день?
Continuous
Active
Am (Is)
Was (Were)
Will (Shall) 3
+ S + V-mg + ...?
- S + be V-ing + .. ?
Are you reading a book now?
Вы читаете (сейчас) книгу?
Were you reading a book at
5 o’clock?
Вы читали книгу в 5 часов?
Will you be reading a book at
5 o’clock?
Вы будете читать книгу в 5 часов?
Perfect
Acrtive
Sade(HaS>] + S + V-ed + ..?
Will (Shall) + S + have +
+ V -ed + .?
Have you translated the article
today?
Вы перевели статью сегодня?
Had you translated the article by
5 o’clock?
Вы уже перевели статью к 5 часам?
Will you have translated the article
by 5 o’clock?
Вы переведете статью к 5 часам?
92. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Do the cadets pass their examinations once or twice a year? 2. Is your
friend a teacher of English? 3. Did he write the article yesterday? 4. Does she
translate English texts without the dictionary? 5. Will you study English at the
military school? 6. Shall we translate this article? 7. Can you drive a car?
8. Have you ever been to Leningrad? 9. Are these instruments new? 10. Is
this a rudder? 11. Are the functions of the fin and of the stabilizer to sta¬
bilize the aircraft in flight? 12. Must he be on guard duty today? 13. Can you
help me to plot the situation on the map?
93. Поставьте общие вопросы к предложениям:
1. We go to the camp every summer. 2. They went to the tankdrome last
week. 3. We shall study new subjects next month 4. This weapon weighs
33 pounds. 5. The engine has been replaced by a new one. 6. This atomic
power station is being reconstructed. 7. The operation of this tester had been
perfected by the end of the week. 8. This device can be used in our research.
9. A new bridge was being built across the river when I came here. 10. New
126
iMftiiilirs must be carried out this week. 11. We are interested in this problem.
I) I Ins problem is of great importance. 13. The famous scientist was asked
К lake part in the discussion. 14. This group of engineers obtained good test
■Mill* 15. Our professor delivered an interesting report on this problem. 16. Our
.In.l engineer heads the research group. 17. We began our test early in the
Kming 18. Our training centre is located not far from here. 19. Our cos-
Biiiiiiiiits have made many flights into space. 20. This book describes the deeds
■и Soviet pilots.
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ. СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ
Таблица 91
Вопросительные слова
who? кто?
whom? кому?
what? что?, какой?
which? какой?, который?
whose? чей?, чья?, чье?.
чьи?
why? почему?
when? когда?
where? где?, куда?
how? как?
how I ш*п?., сколько?
Вопросы к подлежащему и его определению
Модель:
S (who, what)... + Р + О + D7
(What) S + Р + О + D?
Примеры
Who translates this text well?
Who will go to camp?
What helps you to study well?
What books are sold here?
Whose book is on the table?
What engine must provide power?
Вопросы к другим членам предложения
Модель: *
Where (When...) + V+ S + P + 0 + D?
Примеры
W here do you study?
When did you enter the military
academy?
What are you testing at your laboratory?
What methods have you applied at your
plant?
94. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам (цифры в скобках указывай
на количество вопросов):
1. The cadets usually take their seats in the classroom at about mil
o’clock. (3); 2. We repeat the new words at home every day. (3): 3. On
teacher always corrects our mistakes at the lesson. (4); 4. Our troops surrounded
the enemy battalion after a short but Tierce battle. (3); 5. These units can
carry out many independent missions. (3); 6- The number of electronic device»
is increasing in our country. (2); 7, The USSR has greatly mcreased the produc¬
tion of radio receivers. (2); 8. The tests of new transistors are being conducted
in the laboratory. (2); 9. Lasers have been built on the basis of transistors (2)
10. The operation of this system has been studied by the engineers. (2)
95. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Who teaches you English? 2. What problem was discussed at the meeting?
3. Who can translate this article without a dictionary? 4. Whose equipmenl
is to be loaded first? 5. Who is on duty today? 6. Whose turn is to be on
duty? 7. What is on the table? 8. When do all the cadets of your group
come into the classroom? 9. How many cadets are present at the English
lesson now? 10. What book is on the table? 11. Whose friend is that man?
12. Where is your military school? 13. What is the armament of modern
aircraft? 14. How is the missile controlled in flight? 15. What is the mission
of your unit?
Таблица 92
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНАЯ КОНСТРУКЦИЯ ТИПА «WHAT ABOUT...?»
Вопросы
Ответы
What abo
What about
(А как насчет,
а как в отношении)
ut + Ger?
discussmg?
(обсуждение)
repeating?
(повторение)
changing?
(изменение)
studying?
(изучение)
organizing?
(организация)
clear
(ясно)
It seems likely that
(вероятно) (что)...
doubtful
(сомнительно)
obvious
(очевидно)
possible
(возможно)
Вопросы
What ah
W hat about
(А как насчет,
а как в отношении)
out + N?
conclusions?
(выводы)
problems?
(проблемы)
observations?
(наблюдения)
results?
(результаты)
methods?
(методы?)
128
Таблица 93
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНАЯ КОНСТРУКЦИЯ ТИПА «HOW WOULD YOU...?»
Модель: How would you + V... + this (that) N...?
Вопросы
Ответы
Mow would you
(Как бы вы)
solve this problem?
(решили эту проблему)
consider this proposal?
(рассматривали это пред¬
ложение)
determine the meaning
of a word?
(установили значение
слова)
apply this method?
(применили этот метод)
formulate the law?
(сформулировали закон)
carry out the task?
(выполнили задание)
I think... (Я думаю...)
I believe... (Я полагаю...)
For all I know... (Все, что
я знаю...)
I don’t know it for sure but...
(Наверняка я не знаю, но...)
1 don’t know it exactly but...
(Точно я не знаю, но...)
As a matter of tact I don’t know
it for certain. (Фактически я не
знаю этого точно.)
Таблица 94
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНАЯ КОНСТРУКЦИЯ ТИПА «IS IT OF ANY..?»
Модель: Is this (that) discovery of any importance (...)?
Вопросы
Ответы
Is this (that)
(Является ли)
discovery
(открытие)
experiment
(эксперимент)
tact
(факт)
theory
(теория)
result
(результат)
use
(применение)
of any
impor¬
tance?
(важ¬
ным?)
By all means.
Certainly. (Конечно.)
Of course.
I am sure (certain)... (Я_ уверен(а)...)
It goes without saymg... i (Без сом-
No doubt about it... J нения...)
9-0320
129
Таблица Ч1
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ ТИПА
«WHAT IS YOUR OPINION OF...?»
Модель; What is your opinion of...?
Вопросы
“1
Ответы
What do you think of...?
То my mind.. (По моему мнению.,,1
(Что вы думаете о...?)
То ту knowledge... (Насколько я
What is your opinion of...?
знаю...)
(Ваше мнение о...?)
In ту opinion... (По моему мне¬
нию )
What can you say about...?
From ту point of view... (С моей
(Что вы можете сказать о...?)
точки зрения...)
As far as I know... (Насколько мне'
известно..)
How can you estimate...?
As far as 1 can judge... (Насколько 1
(Как вы оцениваете...?)
можно судить...)
Таблица 96
НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННО-ЛИЧНЫЕ И
БЕЗЛИЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
Неопределенно-личные предложения
Модели
Употребление
Перевод
Примеры
S (Pron one) +
+ Р +...
сап
One may
must
should
МОЖНО
МОЖНО
нужно
необходимо
One can obtain better
results.
Можно получить
лучшие результаты.
One must work hard.
Нужно работать
усердно.
S (Pron they) +
+ Р...
They + V
(без to)
неопределен¬
но-личным обо¬
ротом «говорят»,
«известно»
They say he uses thes
amplifiers.
Говорят, он исполь¬
зует эти усилители.
Безличные предложения
Модели
Употребление
Перевод
Примеры
It + be +
+ A(N)...
безличным
предложением
(it неперево-
. дится)
It is cold. Холодно.
It is 5 o’clock. 5 ча¬
сов.
S (Pron it) Т
+р. . .
It is (was) +
+V -ing
It is getting dark
Смеркается.
It + У(без to)
It snows. Идет снег.
It rains. Идет дождь.
130
■ Ьренедите неопределенно-личные и безличные предложения:
I One must study English well. 2. One can translate this text without a
НИицгу 3. One can solve this problem. 4. One may start reading this book.
I One may answer this question. 6. One must read the novel. 7. One must
I.uni' this direction. 8. They say he writes the article on this subject. 9. They
Mr lie lives in Moscow. 10. If you go to the South, ring your sister up.
Tj II you take taxi, it will take you twenty minutes to get there. 12. It will be
ftipttv tomorrow. 13. It was very cold. 14. It was warm in summer. 15. It is
MvQ»»nry to irgamze an excursion on holiday. 16. It is difficult to find out
It* way without the map. 17. One can measure the voltage in this circuit.
T| II is not an easy task to test this vehicle. 19. It takes twenty five minutes
« и place the power plant. 20. It is impossible to cross the river ,.i this area.
\ One should know the composition of a tank battalion. 22. It is important
in organize a strong point in this area. 23. One must know the mam charac-
trrUtl< s of combat vehicles. 24. It is necessary to provide support for that
ilib piatoon. 25. One can effectively control this machine. 26. One can assemble
ml» device. 27. It is necessary to arrange all elements in this table. 28. They
-v the Sheridan is an airtransportable armoured assault vehicle. 29. One may
ii»i Ilns device. 30. They say the missile system can automatically locate track
junl ■ ngage enemy aircraft at extremely long distances. 31. One may determine
ili loi.ation of this object. 32. If you press the accelerator pedal the speed is
iiu'iuused.
Таблица 97
ОБОРОТ «THERE + TO BE»
Фирма
Present
5a
в. я
Vg
H <D
' is a map ‘
on
There
was a mapl
There
'a map]
the
were mapsj
will be
maps
are inaps_
wall.
on the wall.
• -J
There
На стене карта
(карты).
„ была карта
На стене были карты
Past
Future
Од
Eig
о v
Is
a map
on
there
the
Are
maps
wall?
Есть ли карта (карты)
на стене?
Was
there
Were_
on the wall?
a map
maps
Была ли карта! на
Были ди карты] стене?
Will Та map] on
there be maps j the
]_ Jwall?
Будет ли карта (кар¬
ты) на стене?
яЗ
ВЙ
2J2
Yes, there is (are).
Да.
No, there is (are) not.
Нет
Yes, there was (were).
Да.
No, there was (were)
not.
Нет.
Yes, there will.
Да.
No, there wffl not.
Нет.
Я R
gl
Oh
is
no
map
There
was
no
map
are.
maps
_were
maps
There
На стене нет карты
(карт).
На стене не было
карты (карт).
There Гтар "] on the
will be no I maps | wall.
На стене не будет
карты (карт).
131
Запомните перевод конструкций:
[" ] *
There must be
There seem(s)
There exist(s)
Может быть
Должно быть
Кажется
Существует
Запомните перевод конструкций:
р, Г is есть, находится, имеется
mere afe естЬ) находятся, имеются
[was бьшо,находилось, имелось
е [were были, находились, имелись
There wfll be будет (будут) находиться
(иметься)
97. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание иа обороты: «there + to be»,
«there + can be», «there + exist» и др.:
I. There is a reading hall in our library. 2. There is a large plant in ouf
town. 3. There are two bridges across the river. 4. There are many interesting
books in our library. 5. Is there any progress m his knowledge?-Yes. there
is. 6. Are there many articles on physics in this magazine?-No, there are not
7. There is no underground in this town. 8. There is no tape-recorder in the
classroom. 9 There was no snow in the yard. 10. There is no telephone in
the room. 11. How many hydroelectric stations were there in this region ten
years ago?-There was only one hydroelectric station. 12. There will be a hockey
match in our town on Tuesday. 13. There will be much interestmg information
about the space in newspapers and magazines. 14. There will be many interesting
reports at the conference. 15. There must be some interesting articles in the
magazine. 16. Will there be any lecture in that hall?-Yes, there will. 17. There
are great achievements in the national economy of the Soviet Union. 18- There
are four states of a matter: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. 19. There may be
new types of artillery shells. 20. There existed many interestmg theories about
the structure of a matter. 21. There may be different results of the experiment.
22. At the end of the 19th century there appeared a new means of commu¬
nications, the radio. 23. There seemed no way to get into nucleus. 24. D. Men¬
deleev concluded that there were missing elements in the Periodic Law. 25 There
are many ways of applying sun’s energy. 26. On the left flank of our defence
there were more machine-guns than on its right flank. 27. There are firing
ports in the sides and rear of the vehicle. 28. There were six smoke grenade
launchers on the turret. 29. There is a hatch in the roof of a tank. 30. There
are two types of rocket engines: solid propellant engines and liquid propellant
engines. 31 There are two general types of artillery—field artillery and air-
defense artillery. 32. There may be new types of artillery shells. 33. There was
no infrared device in that vehicle.
СЛОЖНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ
Таблица 98
СЛОЖНОСОЧИНЕННОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ
Формальные признаки:
1. Наличие более чем одного подлежащего.
2. Наличие более чем одного сказуемого.
3. Наличие сочинительных союзов.
132
Продолжение таблицы 98
Примеры:
We have entered the military school, and we must study hard now.
Мы поступили в военное училище и теперь должны учиться усердно.
The weather was fine, but we could not go to the country.
Погода была чудесной, но мы не могли поехать за город.
Have you brought your textbooks or have you left them at home?
Вы принесли учебники или оставили их дома?
КН. Переведите сложносочиненные предложения:
1. The article was easy and the students translated it without any dictionary.
1 They have entered the military academy and now they must study hard.
I There were no mistakes in the tests and the teacher put good marks.
■I 1 would like to go in for sports, but I am too busy at present. 5. They
live two miles away, and I always get to their place in two hours. 6. The
triun started off, and we left the carriage. 7. His train will arrive at 6 p.m.,
or it may arrive two hours later I am not sure. 8. At the bus stop I always
meet my friend, and we both go to the office. 9. The measurements were made
very accurately, and we obtained good results. 10. The fortifications surrounding
Leningrad were very strong, and the enemy could not break through them.
II The plane designed by S. Tupolev covers the distance from Moscow to
London in three and a half hours, and Soviet military planes are known to
have still greater speeds. 12. Soviet servicemen matured in battles, and their
fighting skill increased. 13. The Soviet Armed Forces were created by the great
V Lenin, and they fulfil their historical mission. 14. The temperature oi the
Venus is nearer 500 degrees, and the pressure is nearer 100 times that on
Ihe Earth. 15. I. Newton invented the reflecting telescope an inch in diameter,
but it magnified objects fortv times. 16. In flight the missile will be under
'•ommand guidance, but the burning of the first two stages will be automatic.
17. Pressure in the combustion chamber is lower, and the engine running is
therefore smoother. 18. Vehicles must have the better mobility standards, and
they must be small enough for easy concealment. 19. Rockets and missiies are
effective in combat, yet they need special vehicles to be installed on. 20. This
vehicle is heavy-armoured, but it is fast and mobile in combat.
Таблица
СЛОЖНОПОДЧИНЕННОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ. ТИПЫ
ПРИДАТОЧНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ
Главное предложение
О .1 2 3 4
+ S U + Р I—, + I—IO
D
обстоятельственное
_J
When S rt- Pi"
подлежащее
What Si+ Pi" -
определительное
сказуемое
vhat Si+ Pi"
определительное
+
I)
обстоятельственное
When Si~t~ Pi"'д
дополнительное
that Si+ Pi'
определительное
" which Si+ Pr 'J- j^' which Sfb Pf'J— -j which Srb Pi'"J
Примеры:
What you say is interesting. (придаточное подлежащее)
To, что вы говорите, интересно.
This is what we were talking about, (придаточное сказуемое)
Это то, о чем мы говорили.
We know that you will be a good engineer, (придаточное дополнительное)
Мы знаем, что вы будете хорошим инженером.
I have bought a magazine which is very well illustrated, (придаточное
определительное)
Я купил журнал, который хорошо иллюстрирован.
The cadets were listening very attentively when the lecturer was telling them
about the Kursk battle, (придаточное обстоятельственное)
Курсанты очень внимательно слушали, когда лектор рассказывал им о
битве на Курской дуге
99. Определите тип придаточных предложений и переведите предложения:
1 What engineers want to do is to improve reliability of this system
2. What I am explaining refers to the third law of motion. 3. The problem
is how to improve these components. 4. The matter is where he has lost the
book. 5. He said that he would deliver his report on the results of the last
research. 6. They thought that they would rest at the sea shore. 7 The man
who said it is my brother. 8. Here is the article which was published in the
magazine 9. The questions which are on agenda of the meeting are very impor¬
tant for the students and teachers. 10. The cadet who is near the blackboard
knows mathematics well. 11. When I saw him he was entering the classroom
12- I had looked through his notes before he spoke at the meeting. 13. I rested
in the country where you had been born. 14. I am ready to go wherever you
invite me. 15. We went there where he had parked the car. 16. This hydroelectric
power station was being reconstructed when we came here. 17. 1 am not going
to the theatre because I have already seen this play. 18. Since I have met
him 1 did not ring him up. 19. He did not come as he was busy. 20 fou
should write an article about your experiment as you promised.
134
Таблица 100
ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ПОДЛЕЖАЩИЕ
главное
Примеры:
That this experiment is to be carried is known to everybody.
To, что этот эксперимент должен быть проведен, всем известно.
When that method was adopted is easy to find out.
Когда этот метод был одобрен, легко узнать.
Why the enuine stopped running was difficult to understand.
Почему двигатель перестал работать, было трудно понять.
Who carried out this experiment is known to us.
Кто провел этот эксперимент, нам известно.
100. Найдите придаточные предложения подлежащие и переведите предложения:
1 Who invented the radio is known. 2. Who solves this problem must be
written in the document 3. What was done on this problem must be syste¬
matized. 4. What problems are regarded in the article may be read in his
report. 5 That one must work regularly to master a foreign language is clear
to everybody 6 That the Soviet Union holds a prominent place in developing
world science is a well known fact. 7. That M. Koshkin is a famous lank
designer is known to every military man. 8. When you make a report is a
pleasure for the group. 9. When the new plane was to arrive nobody knew
10 When that method was adopted is difficult to lind out. 11. Where satellites
are used is known. 12 Where 1 shall apply my idea is not a problem.
13. How to start the engine is your task. 14. Whether he read this article is
not known. 15. What force acts on the body is your task to determine
16 That atom nucleus is a powerful energy source is a fact. 17. Whai
characteristics this vehicle possesses is a question for all of us 18. How diesel
engine operates is not a problem for him. 19. Who has applied this device
for another purpose is not known. 20 How the current moves through wire has
been already proved. 21. That the acceleration of a particle is always propor¬
tional to the force acting on it is widely known now. 22. That the density
of the air decreases with altitude was known long ago.
135
Таблица |<>|
ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ СКАЗУЕМЫЕ
главное
S + P
придаточное сказуемое
that + Si+ Pi+ Oi + Dr |
Союзы и союзные слова
who кто
whom кого
what что, какой
that что; то, что
whose чей, чья. чье, чьи
which который
whether ли
if ли
when когда
where где, куда
how как
why почему
Примеры:
The main difficulty was that the test group did not yet arrive.
Основная трудность была в том, что испытательная группа еще не
прибыла.
The question is if they are ready to begin this test in a week.
Вопрос в том, готовы ли они начать это испытание через неделю.
For some time the unsolved problem was how our engineers had to use
these instruments in their work.
Некоторое время нерешенной проблемой было, как наши инженеры
должны использовать эти приборы в своей работе.
101. Найдите придаточные предложения сказуемые и переведите предложения:
1 The question is where I shall apply my knowledge on physics. 2. This
is why I want to be present at the professor Petrov’s lecture. 3. The problem
is how to improve this process. 4. The task is when the experimental research
program must come to an end. 5. The new method is that he applies powerful
electromagnetic fields. 6. The question is whether he will be able to help us.
7- The problem was what high temperature must be used for this process
8. The first question of the conference is how atomic energy will be applied
for peaceful purposes. 9. The question is whether this shape will be available
10. The main point was where I could get special literature for my report.
11 The question is whether we finish our laboratory work in time. 12 The
weather is not what it was last Monday. 13. The question is whether they have
already seen the film. 14. The question is that it is not difficult to study
English while reading much. 15. The weather today is not what it was yesterday
16. The task is how our laboratory should apply new scientific achievements
17. The main importance is who should make the report at the scientific
conference. 18. The matter is who solves this problem. 19. The question is
how we shall do it. 20. The advantage of this device is that it is accurate.
21. That was why he studied theory of gravitation with great attention. 22 The
question was which fuel was more effective. 23. But the mam reason was that
the receiver was out of order. 24. The most useful property of the diode is
that it passes current only in one direction. 25- The problem was what signal
should be used for remote control. 26. For a long time the main problem
136
* и-, how to transform solar energy into another kind of energy. 27. The problem
n when a new version of the vehicle will be produced. 28. The advantage
hi' v diesel engine is that it is more powerful. 29. The trouble was that this
imilotype of the armoured personnel carrier had no centralized tyre inflating
■viitni 30. The importance is when your units should arrive at this sector of
iflc Iront. 31. A special feature of this form of communications is that the
ii imis of radio relay station emit radio waves in a narrowly directed beam,
IB me by decreasing the possibility of enemy interception.
T а б л и ц a 102
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
Г *
главное
S + Р + 0 + D
придаточное дополнительное
that + Si+ Pi+ Ot + Di
Союзы и союзные слова
that что
whether ли
If ли
who кто
whom кого
what что, какой
whose
which
when
where
why
чей
который
когда
где, куда
почему
Примеры:
We know that you will be good officers.
Мы знаем, что вы будете хорошими офицерами.
Не-asked me if I knew the way to the airdrome.
Он спросил меня, знаю ли я дорогу к аэродрому.
Nobody knows why he did not come in time.
Никто не знает, почему он не пришел вовремя.
We asked the cadets what main parts the tank consists of.
Мы спросили у курсантов, из каких основных частей состоит танк.
102. Найдите дополнительные придаточные предложения и переведите пред
ложения:
1. We think that this idea is really excellent. 2. He knows which of the
tests is more reliable. 3. I know that tie is in the laboratory. 4. I don't know
who was present at the lesson. 5. I don’t know whose book was on the table
6. We understand that this problem must be solved. He says that you must
do it as soon as possible. 1 am sure that you do not forget English as you
read English books. 7- I listen attentively to what you are speaking about.
8. I am not sure if he can take part in this investigation. 9. Tell us briefly
what this article is about. 10. Before looking through an article, decide in
advance what information you want to get. 11. They ask whether you will be
able to cope with this problem. 12. We do not know how the control is
accomplished, but we have theories. 13. I shall ask if they will return home
soon. 14. They do not know how to reduce heat losses. 15. Our experience
shows that the new method has great advantages. 16. We see that the flow
137
Таблица 103
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН В ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРИДАТОЧНЫХ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯХ
Глагол-сказуемое в главном предложении стои1
Формальные признаки: в форме прошедшего времени, глагол-сказуемое
в придаточном также стоит в одной из форм
прошедшего времени.
Past Indefinite
V-ed
The engineer said (сказал)
that he
used
(использует)
had used
( использовал)
would use
(будет использовать)
this device.
138
ill current in metallic conductor is always accompanied by the development
ol heat. 17. He states that this voltage is sufficient. 18. We see that the plate
urcuit can react on the grid through the capacity between them. 19. The electrical
equipment is designed to ensure that vital functions can be maintained even
under extreme conditions. 20- Experiments are conducted to confirm that the
hull form and stability characteristics of the tank are satisfactory. 21. The internal
combustion engine differs from the steam turbine engine in that fuel is burned
directly m the engine. 22. To describe the complete cycle it may be assumed
that the piston is at the top of the stroke. 23. We should think that manufacturers
are tending more and more toward small calibre guns with very high rates of
fire. 24. The tank is armed with a stabilized 20 mm automatic cannon that
enables the gunner to fire accurately on the move.
103. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на согласование времен:
1. Не said that his brother served not far from Moscow. 2. He said that
his brother had served not far from Moscow. 3. He said that his brother
would serve not far from Moscow. 4. He knows that I am busy. 5. He knows
that I was busy yesterday. 6. He knows that I shall be busy. 7. The engineer
said that he would examine the motor. 8. She knew that she would do it
if she had time. 9. He said that he would answer the letter immediately when
he received it. 10. He said that he liked travelling by plane. 11. I am sure
that the work was done in time. 12. He said that he translated such texts
without any dictionary. 13. He said that he would translate this text tomorrow.
14. The newspaper reported that this mine had produced six thousand tons of
coal this year. 15. It was announced that the conference would open on the
first of June. 16. I. Newton first explamed why all objects on the earth attracted
one another. 17. Last time we read that the problem of constitution of matter
had been discussed by many philosophers. 18. D. Mendeleev predicted that the
missing elements would be found. 19. The newspapers reported that the laun¬
ching of a new rocket had taken place. 20. The professor told the students
that a number of articles had been puhlished on that subject. 21. He told us
they formed up for a roll-call near the tents. 22. The teacher did not ask this
cadet when he would be on duty. 23. That officer didn’t know that the highway
bridge was near the village of N. 24. Lieutenant Gromov said that all the
platoon commanders would go for field training. 25. Our company commander
didn’t tell us that the headquarters had been south of Slavino. 26. Sergeant
Petrov knew that those cadets had much work to do. 27. I knew that some
teachers of tactics had gone to camp. 28. He asked if cadet Sergeev had
carried out reconnaissance. 29. He didn’t ask if there had been a headquarters
in that village. 30. My friend asked me if I knew the composition of the
infantry division. 31. I asked that officer in what unit he had served before.
32. We knew that our unit would soon close with the enemy. 33. Sergeant
Smirnov asked him if he had fired a machine-gun. 34. The colonel said that
a new anti-tank wire-guided missile would be soon adopted m the US Infantry.
104. Найдите определительные придаточные предложения и переведите их
(см. табл. 104):
1. We study some theoretical problems which are also of practical impor¬
tance. 2. I asked the librarian to find the information that interests me. 3. The
engmeer with whom I work is the best designer of our laboratory. 4. I remember
the day when the first Soviet man major Yury Gagarin was launched into
cosmos. 5. The house where I lived in Kiev is in Parhomenko street. 6. The
subject that you are discussing is closely connected with cybernetics. 7. He is
going to tell you the date when the device will be produced. 8. I read the
magazine where I saw the article on this; subject. 9. Radio which was invented
in Russia became one of the most popular means of communications. 10. In
the metal that is heated the electron moves with greater speed. 11. Electrical
energy that escaped into free space exists in the form of electromagnetic waves.
12. Researchers are of the opinion that laser technology will enable them to
139
obtain high temperature plasma. 13. Long ago people came to the conclusion
that heat is a form of energy. 14. The airplane has an engine which gives il
the power for forward motion. 15. The remarkable performance of computei
is based on principles which are not difficult to understand. 16. The article
that I received from him yesterday is very important. 17. The chief engineer ]
who works at our plant will report the results of their recent research at this I
conference. 18. The Battle of Stalingrad which was the greatest battle of all
times ended in the historic victory of the Soviet Army. 19. The designer whose 1
work I showed you yesterday will return to Moscow at the end of the week. I
20. The man who was here is our famous inventor. 21. The reason why he
tested this unit twice is known to us.
Таблица 104 I
ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
Главное
Примеры:
The officer who is reading a book is our commander.
Офицер, который читает книгу, наш командир.
The problem which is very important for onr laboratory will be discussed
at the conference.
' Вопрос, который очень важен для нашей лаборатории, будет обсуж¬
даться на этой конференции.
The tape-recorders that we have are very good.
Магнитофоны, которые у нас есть, очень хорошие.
I shall always remember the day when I passed the English exam.
Я всегда буду помнить день, когда я сдал экзамен по английскому
языку.
140
Таблица 105
ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВЕННЫЕ ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ.
ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ МЕСТА
главное
S + P + 0 + D
придаточное места
where ~f~ Si~b Pi "P OiH" Di
Союзы и союзные слова
where где, куда
wherever где бы ни, куда бы ни
Примеры:
1 spend ш1' leave where it is not so hot.
Я провожу свой отпуск там, где не так жарко.
Do your duty wherever you may be.
Выполняйте свой долг, где бы вы ни были.
105. Найдите придаточные предложения места и переведите предложения:
1. Take your seats wherever you want. 2. He came where his friend waited
for him. 3. I rested in the town where K. Tsiolkovsky had been born. 4. I
want to go where V. Lenin lived. 5. I have been where hydroelectric station
! • being built. 6. The labour is effective where different machines are used
7 I am ready to work wherever my people send me. 8- I am ready to defend
my country wherever the Communist Party calls upon. 9. She went where you
■nt her. 10 The Komsomol members of our group worked where they could
he useful. 11. The plants are built where there are natural resources. 12. I put
the books where you asked. 13. Old friends met where they used to meet
m their childhood. 14. We are building new many-storeyed houses where there
were only low old houses some years ago. 15. The heat energy is released
where friction takes place 16. A great amount of energy is released where we
observe fission. 17. I placed the device where you pointed. 18- Transistors are
UWd wherever the electrical instruments are produced. 19. The electronic devices
are used where precision is necessary. 20. The Soviet Armed Forces are always
ready to defend their Motherland and rebuff any aggression wherever it may
come from. 21. Recoilless rifles are offensive weapons for use where great
mobility is necessary. 22. Occupy your position where you were ordered.
23. The commander planned the attack where the enemy did not expect it.
24 An air-cooled engine operated satisfactorily under tropical conditions where
water-cooled engines are liable to overheating. 25. The device comprises the
ippcrator's desk where control and indication means are installed. 26 The core
of the mobile reserve is the tank divisions which i.m i.ipidb 1 mi'Un the
defense where needed or can carry out counterattack. 27 For m.inv i>uip<>scs
an air-cooled engine has considerable advantage, particularly HI IM MMll sizes
where portability is an important factor. 28. This weapon he* lit important
role for infantry, particularly where liglu or medium iinlitaiik being
used.
141
w
Таблица 106
ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ВРЕМЕНИ
главное
Примеры:
When we arrived at the station, we saw a lot of people.
Когда мы прибыли на станцию, мы увидели множество людей.
As soon as I received his telegram, I went to Leningrad.
Как только я получила его телеграмму, я поехала в Ленинград.
The family has not got any news from him since he left Smolensk.
Семья не имела никаких известий от него с тех пор, как он уехал
из Смоленска.
106. Найдите придаточные предложения времени и переведите предложения:
1. Before I came to Moscow I had been to the Crimea and the Caucasus.
2. After the experiments had been made, we obtamed good results. 3. You
need not stay in the laboratory before the tests are finished. 4. M. Tukhachevsky
was 25 when he became an. army commander. 5- He had studied theory
before he began experimenting. 6. While he was talking to the chief engineer,
1 was looking through the newspaper. 7. When he came to the Institute, it
was 9 o'clock. 8. We watched the reaction as long as it was over. 9. As soon
as he finishes his calculations, we shall begin the test. 10. As the report was
over, hot discussion began on it. 11. After the equipment had been repaired,
it was sent away. 12. Many experiments had been made before the scientist
succeeded in getting the desired result. 13. Until this problem is solved we
shall nol be able to proceed with our research work. 14. After the agreement
had been signed, the delegation left Moscow. 15. We have not had any news
from him since he left Brest. 16. When that method was adopted, a new series
of experiments followed. 17. The laws of nature are studied more thoroughly
when new precise instruments were developed. 18. We have the best electrical
conductivity when silver is used. 19. Some metals lose all resistance when the
temperature is about absolute zero. 20. You can understand the operation of
a computer when you know its main blocks. 21. The condenser becomes a
better conductor of electricity when the frequency of applied voltage is increased
22. When mternal resistance increases, the electrical energy of a battery is
transformed into useless and harmful heat within the battery. 23. Development
of selfpropelled artillery in the Soviet Union began at the end of the twenties
when industry started supplying the Soviet Army with combat equipment up to
the standards at the time.
142
Таблица 107
ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ОБРАЗА ДЕЙСТВИЯ
главное
придаточное
+ Si+ Pi+ Oi+ Di
Союзы и союзные слова
how как, каким образом as if "1 как будто как если бы
as как as though
Примеры:
You must read this text as he does.
Вы должны читать этот текст так, как читает он.
Не came into the room as if nothing had happened.
Он вошел в комнату, как будто (как если бы) ничего не случилось.
107. Найдите придаточные предложения образа действия и переведите пред¬
ложения:
1 The laboratory work was done as the teacher planned. 2. I shall translate
the text as you ask me. 3. We fight for peace as our Communist Party
leaches us. 4. The first year student designed the device as if he was an
engineer 5. We have seen the film attentively for the second time as if we
did not see it before. 6. The students of our group solved the problem at
once as if it was not difficult. 7. The student answered this question as if he
knew it before. 8. It is not so difficult as you think. 9. The task is not so
easy as you considered it. 10. He reads slowly as if he wanted to remember
(his abstract. 11. He always answers all our questions as it he worked here
lor a long period of time. 12. We keep to all the points as it was stated
in our program. 13. We have completed our work by 6 as it was planned.
14. Our chief suggested to cooperate with our neighbouring laboratory as we
did it two years ago. 15. The lab assistant increased temperature as if there
was no limit for it. 16. They will carry on reconnaissance as they have been
ordered. 17. Our commander ordered the cadets to train all the field exercises
as manuals and regulations require. 18. The sergeant acted as he had been
ordered 19. The vehicle moved as quickly as maximum speed allowed. 20. The
device followed the target how it had been programmed before. 21. Our sergeant
knew the program in detail as though he was an experienced officer. 22. The
program was adopted as it had been decided at the meeting. 23. The device
detected the target as it had been planned. 24. My friend told the incident
in detail as if he himself had been there. 25. He addressed his commander
lust as I expected him to do. 26. Robots can make some decisions as
businessmen do. 27. Robots help scientists in many practical uses as if they
were experienced researchers. 28. An automation can pilot a plane as an
experienced pilot does.
143
Таблица ЮН
ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ЦЕЛИ
главное
Примеры:
Students must study foreign languages in order that they could derive ne¬
cessary information from English magazines.
Студенты должны изучать иностранные языки, для того чтобы они
могли извлекать необходимую информацию из журналов на английском
языке.
In order that we may calculate the specific weight of the body, it is ne¬
cessary to weigh it.
Чтобы мы могли вычислить удельный вес тела, надо прежде всего
взвесить его.
Our teacher in history delivers lectures slowly so that the students may
understand him better.
Наш преподаватель истории читает лекции медленно, чтобы слушатели
могли лучше понять его.
108. Найдите придаточные предложения цели и переведите предложения:
1. I wrote the letter that they knew about my arrival. 2. We used different
means so that our students might improve their knowledge m English 3 Copy
this rule that you may not forget it. 4. We shall go to the South so that our
children have a good rest at the sea. 5. We shall organize the excursion in
order that everyhody see the achievements of our science. 6. Study topography
so that you can orient on any ground in any weather. 7. Our professor was
invited to the conference so that the students might hear some interesting
facts about education in England. 8. We analyzed all these problems in drder
that you might understand the nature of the phenomenon. 9. My friend made
some notes so that I might copy them. 10. We shall do our hest that you
get this book in time. 11. Our laboratory assistant studies three foreign languages
in order that he may read special literature. 12. This engineer reads much so
that he may use new methods in his practice. 13. Her home work was written
in pencil in order that she could correct all her mistakes. 14. Write down his
address that you may not forget it. 15. The teacher makes the scheme on the
blackboard so that the students may understand this process. 16. He put the
book on the table so that his friend might see the exercise. 17. I gave him
my telephone number so that he might ring me up. 18. The plate consists
of a cylinder of nickel mounted so that it surrounds but does not touch the
grid. 19. New fuel is used in order that the vehicle may move at higher speed.
20- In order that atoms and molecules should combine and form compounds,
they must approach so near each other that their attractive forces are great
144
miimh to hold them together in compounds. 21. The problem of the control
id (lie path of the missile has to be solved so that the missile may reach
a, target. 22. A safety device has to operate so that the missile cannot damage
fn. ndly personnel or equipment.
Таблица 109
ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ПРИЧИНЫ
главное
S + P + 0 + D
придаточное причины
придаточное причины
| \s + Si+ Pi+ Orb Di —
—[because ~b Sfb Pi+ Ofb Di
Союзы и союзные слова
HS 1
for так как, поскольку because потому что
since
Примеры:
We have got good results because effective methods were used.
Мы получили хорошие результаты, потому что были применены эффек-
i ииные методы.
As the group was in the field, it did not take part in this discussion.
Так как группа была в поле, она не могла принять участие в этом
обсуждении.
109. Найдите придаточные предложения причины и переведите предложения:
1. Не could not come for he was in the training centre. 2. He looked
through his notes very carefully for he was going to make a report at the con¬
ference. 3. As the scientist agreed to lecture at our Academy, 1 did not ask
him anything. 4. As we had no idea about the meeting, we couldn't attend it.
5 As we know the length and time, we can define the velocity. 6. Since there
are light and strong alloys, we use them in order to build lightweight vehicles.
7 An ammeter must have a low resistance since all the current must pass
through it. 8 We could not make use of this method because it was too
complicated. 9. Practice has shown that only large atomic stations are economical
lor they can be equipped with large reactors. 10- On October .4,1977 is a great
date in the life of our country because on that day the Supreme Soviet met
to adopt the new Constitution of the USSR, the Fundamental Law ot the
country. 11. No country and no people are threatened by the Soviet Union
us it has no aggressive plans. 12. Artillery influences the course of combat
for it is a powerful and mobile arm. 13. Artillery is an arm of long range
combat for it is equipped with howitzers, guns and missiles. 14. Modern infantry
can move quickly for it uses trucks, armoured personnel carriers, helicopters
and planes. 15. As the vehicle is designed for support, it can carry any new
equipment. 16. As modern vehicles are equipped with radars, they can detect
the target under any weather conditions. 17. As the surface-to-surface missile
system has been modified there are improvements in distance and accuracy.
10-0320
145
Таблица 110
УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
Союзы и союзные слова
при условии что
if если provided I
unless если не providing |
Тип
предложении
Модели сказуемых
придаточное предложение
главное предложение
Перевод
Примеры
CD Н
s Я к
® э 5
к <? *
о rt
>vK
Present Indefinite
V (без to)
V4e)s
(для 3 л. ед. ч.)
Future indefinite
Jffl] +V (бе3 w>
глаголом в будущем
времени
If you apply a new method, you
will obtain these data.
Если вы примените новый ме¬
тод. вы получите эти данные.
о
£ - •
« g 5 .
! о,Э « ж
§|ёх
_s
глагол в форме,
схожей с Past Indefi¬
nite
V-ed
should
would.
could
mieht
+ V (без to)
глагол в форме,
схожей с Past Perfect
had + V-ed
should
would
could
might
глаголом в прошед¬
шем времени с части¬
цей «бы»
If you applied a new method, you
would obtain these data.
Если бы вы применили новый
метод, вы бы получили эти
данные.
+ have + V-ed
If you had applied a new method,
you would have obtained these data
Если бы вы применили новый
метод, вы бы получили эти данные.
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на придаточные условные
предложения:
I If you come tomorrow, you will see him. 2. Provided you return the
kiiini.il tomorrow, you may take it today. 3. If the weather is fine, we shall go
и и walk. 4. We shall not leave the Institute unless we make laboratory work.
1 II I were not busy, I should come to you today. 6. Provided you study hard,
[ кш will get an excellent mark. 7. I do not want to retell you this story unless
I Win listen to me attentively. 8. I meet you after the lessons unless you object
■ 1Г V Nothing happens unless you come later. 10. This work will be carried out
■ j^t ii.ssfully provided you use the data obtained. 11. He will visit us if he comes
iii Kiev this summer. 12. My friend will not speak to the director unless you.
im ■ I he last examination. 13. They will follow the new technique provided they
I'liieve good results. 14. If you take part in the conference, you have to send
huh report as soon as possible. 15. If a new laboratory is founded, it can do
i lot of useful work. 16. If you had come in time, we might have finished
i#i|lng the text. 17. I should have helped her if she had asked me. 18. Wc
•liiuild have written the summary of this article if you had told us a week ago.
II the temperature of the cathode is increased, the thermal agitation is increased
«ml Ihe electrons are emitted with a higher average speed. 20. If I had attached
U grimier importance to learning foreign languages, I should have known them quite
w II now. 21. If you had a large stock of English words, you would not have
in i unsult your dictionary too often. 22. Lubrication system is used provided that
Ни i are friction surfaces. 23. Engine noise silence is accomplished provided
iin In> blowers are used. 24. Unless the driver uses preheater in cold weather, he
i iinnot make the engine run. 25. The vehicle cannot increase speed unless desig-
iiiis improve some parts. 26. Examine the mam components, small parts and
.mils unless you know the reason of failure.
Таблица 111
ИНВЕРСИЯ В УСЛОВНЫХ ПРИДАТОЧНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯХ
условное придаточное
Примеры:
If he were in the laboratory, "I
, —f I he would continue the experiment.
Were he in the laboratory, J
Если бы он был в лаборатории, он продолжил бы эксперимент.
If we could get the necessary equipment,
1 *
Could we get the necessary equipment,
we should finish our work earlier.
147
Если бы мы получили необходимое оборудование, мы бы закончит
работу раньше.
If you had tested the device,'
the circuit would have functioned.
T •
Had you tested the device,
Если бы вы проверили прибор, цепь работала бы.
111. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инверсию в услонн*
придаточных предложениях:
1. Had wc had more time, we should have discussed all' the suggestion*
2. Were 1 you, I would read English books in the original. 3. Had I some ho*
time, J could do the work today. 4. Were he in Moscow now, he would tub*
part in the discussion. 5. Could I find time, I would come to see you. 6- Woi#
they free, they could come to see the football match. 7. Were it not so lain,
I should go to the cinema. 8. Were I in your place, I should not put question*
9. Were he here, he could tell you everything. 10. Had I any free time today
or tomorrow, 1 should do the work. 11. Had I had any free time yesterday,
I should have done the work myself. 12. Were I in Leningrad now, I would
go to see the new performance. 13. Had he had more time, he would have coma
to this lecture. 14 Had I known that it was necessary I could have done it
yesterday.- 15. Had I got the book in time, I should have done the exercise
16. Had I known you were here yesterday, I would have cpme. 17. Had the rivci
not been so deep in this place, we could have crossed it. 18. Had he been in
town, he would have been present at our meeting. 19. Had the telephone not
been out of order, I should have rung up last night. 20. Had he been hens,
he might have objected to your suggestion. 21. Had you asked me yesterday,
1 should have brought the books you need. 22. Had you learned the words
you would have translated these sentences without difficulty. 23. Were he in the
field, he would train this exercise. 24. Had I examined the motor, I should
have noticed the break. 25. Had we been on those positions, we should havjl
organized proper communications. 26. Had we applied this method of test, wc
should have had the results desired. 27. Had the mechanic been there at thal
moment, he might have repaired the equipment. 28. Were the wire of a smaller
diameter, its resistance would be increased.
Таблица 112
БЕССОЮЗНЫЕ ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
1. Наличие двух подлежащих.
Формальные признаки: 2. Наличие двух сказуемых.
3. Отсутствие союзов.
Дополнительные придаточные предложения
главное
S + 1> | 1
that
опускается
|
придаточное
Si + Pi+ Gi+ Di
Пример:
I know (that) he serves in the army.
Я знаю, (что) он служит в армии.
148
главное
Определительные придаточные предложения
wh ich
опускается
Продолжение таблицы П2
придаточное
s г I" Р, + О] -f- D,
Примеры:
I'he vehicle (which) you see in the park is of a new design.
Машина, которую вы видите в парке, новой конструкции.
I'he officer (whom) you invited is here.
()фицер, которого вы пригласили, здесь.
Ill Определите тин бессоюзных придаточных предложений и переведите их:
I Не thought I knew everything. 2. Не told me all he wanted to. 3. He
thought the commission would start work next month. 4. He tells me he will be
Mri! soon if nothmg prevents him. 5. The work he did last week was very imuor-
ЫШ 6 He had to bring me the book I asked for yesterday, but he didn't. 7. Vou
have not told us anything about the discoveries he nude in science. 8. i have
Muled the literature you recommended. 9. We were told we could not get new
books from the library. 10. Before ending the discussion he made some notes
on questions he was interested in. 11. He told us about the expedition to the
.liirth he had taken part in two years ago. 12. He looked through the article
«ml found the information he needed. 13. We were sure we should overcome
Пом- difficulties. 14. The hydroelectric plant we are speaking of is not far from
here 15 He approved the method they had adopted. 16. This article is directly
feinted to the information we are looking for. 17. I work at the laboratory
measuring devices are tested in. 18. They mixed all the substances they had to
pmduce the desirable effect. 19. The method our engineers objected to did not
pm good results. 20. Our leading engineer thinks we shall complete our research
hi time 21 The heat a body contains is the kinetic energy of its molecules
'!! The text the officers are reading is about our Soviet cosmonauts. 23. The
tunlemy we study in is one of the biggest educational military institutions in
llic Soviet Union 24 The day the Soviet Army defeated the Germans at Narva
iiihI Pskov was declared the birthday of the Soviet Army. 25. The success Soviet
h icnce and technique have achieved in aviation is very great. 26. He saw the
building the artillery was firing at from the hills. 27. The scheme of manoeuvre
id a tactical plan is the way the commander expresses his intentions. 28- The
'•ommander said the main emphasis had been placed on more manoeuvrable
vehicles.
Таблица 113
КОНСТРУКЦИЯ ДЛЯ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ ЧЛЕНОВ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
Модель:
who
whom
именно
только
это
It is (was)... that
which
when
как раз
вот и
149
Примеры:
On April 12, 1961 Y. Gagarin made the first cosmic flight.
12 апреля 1961 года Ю. Гагарин совершил первый космический полт
It was on April 12, 1961 that Y. Gagarin made the first cosmic flight.
Именно 12 апреля 1961 года Ю. Гагарин совершил первый космический
полет.
It was Y. Gagarin who made the first cosmic flight.
Именно Ю. Гагарин совершил первый космический полет.
It was the first cosmic flight that Y. Gagarin made.
Именно первый космический полет совершил Ю. Гагарин.
113. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод конструкции для
выделения отдельных членов предложения:
1. It was in Moscow that M. Lomonosov began to study. 2 It was A Popov
who invented communications by means of radio. 3. It was in Yasnaya Polyiuw
that L. Tolstoi wrote his famous works. 4. It is under the Soviet power llml
T. Shevchenko's works have become known to the people. 5. It was A. Mozhaiskv
who built the first airplane in the world. 6. It was through this book that I learned
about this discovei y. 7. It was on October 4, 1957 that the Space Age begun.
8. It was the LtSSR again which launched the first man into space on April 12,
1961. 9. It is in our country that all the doors to knowledge, science and nil
are wide open to the people. 10. It was N. Copernicus who developed a new
heliocentric theory. 11. It is S. Kovalevskaya who was the first Russian woman*
mathematician. 12. It was D. Mendeleyev who gave the world his periodic tabl#
of elements. 13. It is in this respect that the condenser acts as a voltage stabi*
lizer 14. It is the electron flow towards the positive electrode that represent»
the electric current 15. It is an increase in temperature that increases the speed
of the molecules. 16. It was the diameter of the wire that we did not change
to obtain these results. 17. It was the Communist Party that in the grim year»
of the Great Patriotic War led the Soviet people and their Armed Forces In
victory. 18. It is the Communist and Workers’ parties of the socialist states whii.h
take constant care of maintaining the high combat readiness of their armies.
МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ СТРОЕВЫХ слов
Таблица 114
СЛУЖЕБНОЕ СЛОВО «AS»
Часть речи
Перевод
Примеры
относительное
местоимение
какой, который, что
This is the same device as I sa*
last time.
Это тот же самый прибор, ко¬
торый я видел прошлый раз.
наречие
как, в качестве
Do as you are ordered.
Делайте, как вам приказывают. I
As a rule the rangefinder measu¬
res the distance.
Как правило, дальномер опре-И
деляет расстояние.
This engine is used as an auxi¬
liary one.
Этот двигатель используется
в качестве вспомогательного
(как вспомогательный).
150
Продолжение таблицы 114
Перевод
Примеры
когда, в то время
как
союз
As the tank engine runs, the
energy is produced.
Когда работает двигатель тан¬
ка, вырабатывается энергия.
по мере того как
As the target moves, the data in
the device that tracks it are changed.
По мере того как цель движет¬
ся, изменяются данные в при¬
боре, который следит за нею.
так как, поскольку
As this is an electronic com¬
puter, it can handle thousands of
calculations per second.
Так как (поскольку) это ЭВМ,
она может производить тысячу
вычислений за секунду.
часть групповых
предлогов (as for,
as to)
что касается, отно¬
сительно
As for me I am always glad to
help anybody.
Что касается меня, я всегда
готов помочь любому.
As to his suggestion it may be
accepted.
Что касается его предложе¬
ния, оно может быть принято
(его можно принять).
114. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многозначность слова «as»:
1. As to their methods they were quite new. 2. As to application of atomic
power in our national economy it is various. 3. Do as your teachers taught you.
4 Apply this control system as the instruction requires. 5. As a rule he prepares
for the English lesson hard. 6. As usual spring comes after winter. 7. As a rule
the discoveries made by Soviet scientists serve as a basis for many entirely new
inventions. 8. For a long time he worked as a test pilot. 9. As an astronomical
device the radio telescope is more effective than the optical one. 10. As I was
walking along the street, I met some of my friends. 11. As the temperature
rises 100°C, the water boils. 12. As the plane engine runs, the noise is produced.
13. As it raining, the people walk under umbrellas. 14. As it showed, the
trees became white. 15. As the research work was developing, it became more
and more interesting. 16. As my friend was interested in this work, he asked
to explain it. 17. As they were assembling this system, they got new spare parts.
18. As he was busy, he did not come. 19. As our training was over, we have
more time for our own work at a library. 20. As for my friend he is an
excellent student as he studies well and behaves properly. 21. As a rule our
teacher always explains new grammar phenomena at the lesson. 22. Correct
all your mistakes as your class-mate did. 23. As you know my friend works as
chief of a laboratory. 24. As we connect wires to the supply, the current runs
through them. 25. In 1941 the Soviet people rose as one man to defend our
Motherland. 26. As to these vehicles they are used for different purposes. 27. As
the tank is heavy, it mounts a powerful diesel engine. 28 Many fighiing vehicles
are used as protected carriers for transporting troops. 29. A new howitzer is
used as a close support weapon. 30. Artillery weapons are classified as field
artillery guns or air-defence missiles. 31. The armoured personnel carrier is used
as an infantry carrier and weapons platform.
151
Таблица III
СЛУЖЕБНОЕ СЛОВО «FOR»
Часть речи
Перевод
Примеры
СОЮЗ
так как, ибо, ввиду
того что
For this operation required
many calculations, they used enflb
puters.
Так как эта операция требо¬
вала большого объема вычисло 1
ний, они использовали ЭВМ.
для
Periscopes are used for obser¬
vations.
Перископы используются для
наблюдений.
предлог
ради
Не does it for science.
Он делает это ради науки.
за
The Soviet people fight for
peace.
Советские люди борются за
мир.
Л
из-за
They stayed at home for bad
weather.
Они оставались дома из-за
плохой погоды.
в течение, в про¬
должение
The inspection lasted for an
hour.
Осмотр длился в течение
часа.
115. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многозначность слова «for»:
1 We shall stay here tor some days. 2. What shall I do for you? 3. Bring I
this book for my friend, please. 4. They stay in a camp for a month. 5. I have
not seen you for ages. 6. She has sent for her daughter. 7. Everybody must I
fight for peace 8. In the struggle for peace and independence Communists are 1
always in the first ranks. 9. The Soviet Union has always had the support of 1
the working people of all countries for in the Soviet Union they see a reliable
defender of peace and security. 10. We shall go to the lecture on phvsics for
it seems to be very interesting 11. I shall look through this magazine for an
hour. 12. We used the electronic devices for this experiment. 13 The equipment
for this experiment was sent for. 14. Solar batteries are suitable for powering
the transmitters in space vehicles. 15. It has been known for a very long time
that a matter is composed of atoms. 16. The ammeter is an instrument for measuring
current 17 The units fortified their positions for two weeks for they prepared
for all-round defence 18. The artillery preparation lasted for twenty five minutes.
19. I have come to the military camp for field training. 20. Our group leader
was on mission for some days. 21. The vehicle has higher speed for it is powered
by a diesel engine. 22. What is antiaircraft artillery used for? 23. We carried out
offensive and defensive exercises for some days.
152
Таблица 116.
СЛУЖЕБНЫЕ СЛОВА «BECAUSE», «SINCE», «TILL», «UNTIL»
Служебные
слова
Часть речи
Перевод
Примеры
because
предлог
из-за, вслед¬
ствие
Because of bad weather
they did not go to the
country.
Из-за плохой погоды
они не поехали за город.
СОЮЗ
потому что
The device is often usee
because it has high accuracy.
Этот прибор часто ис¬
пользуется, потому что
он обладает высокой
точностью.
предлог
с
Since the end of World
War II there has been a
rapid development of jet
engines.
С конца второй миро¬
вой войны началось
быстрое развитие реак¬
тивных двигателей.
since
союз
с тех пор как
The engine power has
greatly increased since
diesel fuel is used.
Мощность двигателя
значительно увеличилась
с тех пор, как стали ис¬
пользовать дизельное
топливо.
так как, по¬
скольку
Since these two ships
have finished the exercise,
they are allowed to proceed
to the base.
Поскольку эти два ко¬
рабля закончили упраж¬
нение, им разрешается
следовать на базу.
наречие
с тех пор
Many engines have been
produced since.
С тех пор было выпу¬
щено много двигателей.
till
until
предлог
ДО
The trial run lasted till
Monday.
Испытательный про¬
бег длился до понедель¬
ника.
153
Продолжение таблицы 116
Служебные
слова
Часть речи
Перевод
Примеры
•
СОЮЗ
до тех пор
пока
The motor will not run
in cold weather till it is
preheated.
В холодную погоду
двигатель не заведется
до тех пор, пока не согре¬
ется.
116. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на служебные слова «because»,
«since», «till», «until»:
1. He went to the library because he did not find this article at home
2. We can forecast weather on the Moon because it has no atmosphere 3 Because
of heavy rain my friends have not come in time. 4. We do not use this device
because of its breaking. 5. Because of great noise he could not hear that signal
6. Great changes have taken place in the political systems of many countries of
the world since World War II. 7. Since you want to attend this conference, you
must go to Moscow in July. 8. I know this rule since school 9 I have never
met him since we graduated from the Institute. 10. Many years have passed since
I saw my friend. 11 The art of war has been greatly changed since the Great
Patriotic War was over. 12. Since he knows many English words he does not
often use dictionary. 13. Since the students have prepared everything for the
experiment, they were allowed to begin it. 14. The temperature of water does
not rise since it. is heated to 100°C. 15. What have you done smce?-I have read
many interesting articles since. 16. The planes have been greatly improved since
17. The lessons by radio last from 5 p.m. till 7 p.m. 18- Navigation period on
the Dnieper river begins in March and lasts till late autumn. 19. Summer holiday
lasts till September. 20. The people communicated with different means since
ancient time. 21. Since an atom is electrically neutral, it has an equal number
of positive and negative charges. 22. We cannot use the device until you give
us all necessary instructions. 23. Our commander will be on leave till Saturday.
24. Infantry units will stay at this position till tomorrow morning. 25. The US
Ml 13 armoured personnel carrier has been in service since 1953. 26. The units
will not begin the attack till the signal rocket fires. 27. The radio set became
light because of the used transistors.
Таблица 117
СЛУЖЕБНЫЕ СЛОВА «ACROSS», «ALONG», «BEHIND», «BELOW»
Служебные
слова
Часть речи
Перевод
Примеры
across
предлог
через
They ferried across the
river.
Через реку они пере¬
правились на пароме.
наречие
на другую
сторону
They used amphibious
vehicles to get across.
Чтобы переправиться
на другую сторону, они ис¬
пользовали плавающие
машины.
154
Продолжение таблицы 117
Служебные
слова
Часть речи
Перевод
Примеры
along
предлог
ПО, ВДОЛЬ
The seats are along the
sides of the vehicle.
Места расположены
по бортам машины.
наречие
с, вместе, впе¬
ред, по всей ли¬
нии, с собой
Come along!
Идем (Пошли) вместе!
Не brought the tape-re¬
corder along.
Он принес с собой маг¬
нитофон.
behind
предлог
за
The troop compartment
is behind the driver’s com¬
partment.
Десантное отделение
находится за отделением
управления.
наречие
позади
The camp was left far
behind.
Лагерь остался далеко
позади.
below
предлог
ниже
The temperature was
below 20°C.
Температура была ни¬
же 20°C.
наречие
ниже
Do according to the in¬
struction given below.
Действуй согласно
инструкции, приведен¬
ной ниже.
117. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многозначность слов
«across», «along», «behind», «below»:
1. Go ahead, I shall get across myself. 2. The football team members lined
up along the central line of the football field. 3. Our laboratory does not use
temperatures below - 1000°C. 4. Use the words given below. 5. The students
always read notes given below the text. 6. A half an hour later we ferried across
the river 7. Our champion runner left many sportsmen behind. 8. Officers must
know all orders typed below. 9. No signature was put below. 10 My friend has
Written his explanation to the scheme below. 11. We read the text beiow the
picture with great interest. 12. Along with the other exercises the students made
up sentences with the word “along”. 13. Our school years are far behind. 14. The
article of my chief was published in the scientific magazine aiong with the articles
of other famous scientists. 15. Steel does not melt at the temperature below
- 1300°C. 16. We have seen a beautiful park behind the University. 17. Near the
river the group was divided into two groups. The task of the first group was to
come across at night. 18. The bridge is behind. 19. During the parade the units
«of the Soviet Army march m Kiev along Kreshchatik street. 20- The Comman¬
der reported that mechanized infantry units were defending their positions behind
the Jown of N 21 We saw some inhabited localities along the river. 22. What
units" have been located behind to support your offensive? 23. Mortar battery
155
occupies the firing positions behind hill 141.5. 24. Our battalion commander
carried on all firing exercises along with the other young officers 25 Our obser¬
vation post was located behind the village. 26. Infantry units usually move behind
tanks. 27. The target moved along the sight line.
Таблица 118
СЛУЖЕБНЫЕ СЛОВА «AFTER», «BEFORE»
Служебные
слова
Часть речи
Перевод
Примеры
after
предлог
за, после,
вслед за
The infantry moved
after tanks.
За танками двинулась
пехота.
I spoke with the com¬
mander after the lecture.
Я разговаривал с коман¬
диром после лекции.
СОЮЗ
после того как
After the field training
had been over, the crew re¬
ported to the commander
about the results.
После того как закончи¬
лись полевые учения,
экипаж доложил коман¬
диру о результатах.
наречие
после, потом,
впоследствии,
позднее
This problem will be
regarded, after.
Этот вопрос будет рас¬
смотрен позднее.
предлог
перед, до
There are many impor¬
tant tasks before us.
Перед нами стоит мно¬
го важных задач.
before
союз
прежде чем,
перед тем как,
до того как
Many centuries passed
before man found the
secret of electricity.
Прошло много столе¬
тий, прежде чем человек
нашел секрет электри¬
чества.
наречие
раньше,
прежде
This lubricative system
was not used before.
Раньше такая система
смазки не применялась.
1.8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многозначность слов
«after» и «before»:
1 After work I Tead newspapers. 2. After an extensive training the crew had
a short rest. 3. The students listened to this lecture before. 4 After the lessons
the students had a Komsomol meeting. 5. After the Komsomol meeting had been
over, we decided to go to the library. 6. 1 read this book before. 7- 1 knew
this fact before. 8. Before they invited their friends to the conference hall, they
hud decorated it with slogans and pictures 9- Before my arrival in Moscow.
I made a plan to visit all historical places. 10. The atomic reactor was installed
Olltr. 11. After the reactor was inspected, it was installed at the atomic power
nation, 12- After the body has been cooled, it will get smaller in size. 13. Before
applying plastics the engineers studied its properties 14. Alter the Great Patriotic
War had been over, our country began restoring its national economy. 15- After
experiment the scientists found new properties of semiconductors. 16. As the expe¬
riment had been over, the group of engineers discussed its results. 17. We shall
analyse the results of the experiments after. 18- After launching man-made sputniks
mu scientists solved many important problems in this field. 19. After the man-
mude sputnik had been launched, the research laboratories of the world tracked
Us flight trajectory. 20. Cosmonauts had received this signal before they started
Ihcir medical examination. 21. This helicopter was in service before. 22 1 have
seen the plan of the attack before 23 Our platoon occupied these positions after.
14 The distance was ranged before. 25. Before the attack was planned, the
commander had gathered all the necessary information about the enemy disposition.
Таблица 119
СЛОВА «PROVIDED», «PROVIDING»
Слова
Функции
Перевод
Примеры
provided
сказуемое
глаголом в про¬
шедшем времени
The engine provided 700
horse power
Двигатель развил мощ¬
ность 700 л. с.
с предлогом
by — определе¬
ние
причастием
прошедшего
времени
We shall discuss the data
provided by cosmic observa¬
tion.
Мы обсудим данные, полу¬
ченные при наблюдении за
космическим пространством.
чаще с сою¬
зом that — союз
в условном при¬
даточном пред¬
ложении
при условии
что (если)
We shall finish our work
tomorrow provided that you
help us.
Мы закончим свою работу
завтра при условии, что вы
поможете нам.
чаще с сою¬
зом that — союз
в придаточном
предложении
providing
Any body is heated providing
that there is a source of heat.
Любое тело нагревается
при условии, что имеется ис¬
точник тепла.
определение
причастием на¬
стоящего вре¬
мени
The system providing the
engine cooling has been greatly
improved.
Система, обеспечивающая
охлаждение двигателя, была
намного улучшена.
119. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многозначность слов
«provided», «providing»:
1. This illustrative material of the lesson provided necessary understanding ot
the theory. 2. We shall discuss the report providing new scientific data are given
in it. 3. We have provided our classroom with new tape-recorders. 4. Professor
157
will support your idea provided you make up new models. 5. Our expedition
provided with special equipment spent all the summer high in the mountain'
6. Radioteiescope provided a man with a new means to study cosmic phenomena
7. Provided we have lecture on cybernetics next year, we shall buy those books
8. Provided this system of exercises is used, the students will remember many
new English words. 9 Providing (that) you see our teacher today, teii him the
date of our conference. 10. Provided the art exhibition is impressive, I have
promised to make some sketches. 11. The charges attract each other providing
(that) they are opposite. 12. Vou will translate this difficult article on cosmic
research providing you get a special dictionary from a library. 13. Vou wiU
learn much from the books providing (that) you apply a new method of iapid
reading. 14. Any tool is a form of automation provided it helps people to work
easier and quicker. 15. This new method provided by the physicists gave good
results during their research work. 16. Provided this instrument is mounted, il
will help the operator to observe the process. 17 Provided new equipment is
designed for our laboratory, we shall plan our experiment in September. 18. The
data of the research will be correct provided our chief finds a new way of
solving the problem. 19. Information provided by colour TV is more natural and
visual. 20. Computers provided with instructions generate calculations in a
second 21. Provided we use necessary instruments in the guidance system, the
measurements will always be correct. 22. Automation provided the control of
an individual machine and the whole plant. 23. These pilots will fly their planes
provided all preparatory work is completed. 24. Long distance space communication'
is possible providing TV and radio are used. 25. Most generators will run as
motors providing (that) they are supplied with current.
Таблица 120
СЛОВО «ONE»
Модели
Часть речи
Перевод
Примеры
one + N
числитель¬
ное
один
There was only one
book on the shelf.
На полке была толь¬
ко одна книга.
one of+ [pron
ОДИН ИЗ
One of these books
was issued a month ago.
Одна из этих книг
была издана месяц тому
назад.
one + V (-e)s или
V (без to)
неопреде¬
ленно-личное
местоимение
все, каждый,
всякий
One knows this device
Все знают этот при¬
бор.
one +
must
can (may) +
should
+ V (без to)
«следует», «не-
обходимо», «нуж¬
но» + глагол или
не переводится
One must be careful.
Необходимо быть
осторожным.
One may receive low
resistance.
Можно получить
низкое сопротивление.
One should be attentive.
Нужно быть внима¬
тельным.
158
Продолжение таблицы 120
Модели
Часть речи
Перевод
Примеры
one’s + N
притяжа¬
тельное мес¬
тоимение
СВОЙ
One should never
forget one’s duties.
Никогда не следует
забывать свои обязан¬
ности.
A + one
не переводит¬
ся или перево¬
дится словом, ко¬
торое заменяет
This engine runs bet¬
ter than the old one.
Этот двигатель ра¬
ботает лучше, чем ста¬
рый (двигатель).
this (that)
another
the other
which
+ one
слово-за¬
меститель
тот, та, то,
который
•
I saw this picture,
show me another one.
Я видел эту картину
покажи мне другую.
Bring me a device —
Which one?
Принеси мне при¬
бор. — Который?
120. Переведите предложения, обрашая внимание на слово «оие»:
1. Не took only one book from the library. 2. I have only one ticket to
the cinema. 3. One of the books was sold yesterday. 4. The “Lenin” is one of
the most comfortable sea-going ships. 5. One understands that field exercises are
important in military training. 6. One knows the achievements оГ the USSR in
the field of science and technology. 7. One reads the works by Russian writers.
S. What must one do to speak English well? ,9. One must solve this problem.
10- One must stop the experiment. 11. One must learn from the experience of
others. 12. One must know the history of one’s own country. 13. To obtain good
results in the experiment one must work hard. 14. One must always keep one’s
word. 15. One must know that hydrogen nucleus contains one atom. 16. This
book is as interesting as that one. 17. Good students help weak ones. 18. The
first earth satellite was a Russian one. 19. This method is a general one. 20. Solar
batteries as well as atomic ones are used in space vehicles. 21. Without reading
much one cannot be an educated person. 22. That is one of the ways in which
atoms are joined together 23. One of the peaceful uses of atomic energy is to
move turbine. 24. One knows that oxygen is essential to all forms of life.
25. Raising the quality of manufactured goods is one of our main tasks. 26. Atomic
power stations can be as economical as ordinary ones. 27. One of the particular
characteristics of the art of war is the great difference between theory and
practice. 28. The simplest atom has one proton in its nucleus. 29. The mass of
warm air moves from a high-temperature regions to ones of lower temperature.
30. Before starting these reactions one must provide for low pressure*
121. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слово «that» («those») (см.
табл. 121):
1 That was a beautiful picture. 2. It is important to use that theory. 3. That
problem was solved in our laboratory. 4. That is an extraordinary event. 5. At
that point the temperature drops down to zero. 6. Give us a metal that can
withstand very high temperature. 7. Tank designers applied the alloy that weighs
more less than steel. 8. Computers are machines that think under human direction.
9. He said that he would come. 10. That scientist came to the conclusion that
the central nervous system was sensitive to radiation. 11. That we reached the
Moon is the advantage of our science and technology. 12. He took a decision
so sudden that we did not expect it. 13. He read so quickly that it was diflfeu.lt
to understand him. 14. I do so in order that you understand me. 15. Now that
159
the training is over I want to have a rest. 16. Sirius has a mass two and m
half times larger than that of the Sun. 17. I shall demonstrate the film so that
you understand better that process. 18. The railways of our country are longer]
than those of any other country. 19. The resistance in that circuit is lower tnan |
that of the previous one. 20. Military engineers use radio receiver that has high
sensitivity. 21. Venus has almost the same diameter as that of the Earth. 22. Wc
saw radio-electronic devices that had been designed in your lab. 23. The radai
sets in the airplanes are similar to those used on ships. 24. Our commander said
that our mechanized units had broken through that defence. 25. That artillery and
aviation supported this operation did not surprise us. 26. If you see that the motor
is out of order, stop it. 27. That engine stopped running surprised everyone.
28. The temperature rised so quickly that we switched off the device. 29. I was
ordered to get to that position and carry on observation. 30. Range-finder is a
device that measures the distance. 31. That there were tanks in this battalion he
knew. 32. We know that the tanks crossed the river and reached positions near
the village.
Таблица 121
СЛОВО «THAT» («THOSE»)
Модели
Часть речи
Перевод
Примеры
that (those) + j^y
указатель¬
ное местЪ-
имение
тот, та, то,
это(т)
We have examined
that information.
Мы проверили ту ин¬
формацию.
What is that?-That is
our laboratory.
Что это? — Это наша
лаборатория.
N + that
относитель¬
ное место-
имение
который (кото¬
рые)
I am interested in the
metal that occurs in the
free state.
Я интересуюсь ме¬
таллом, который встре¬
чается в чистом виде.
S + P + that
что
We know that these
data are new.
Мы знаем, что эти
данные новые.
that
союз
то, что
That he discovered а
new particle is a well
known fact.
To, что он открыл но¬
вую частицу, общеиз¬
вестный факт.
160
Продолжение таблицы 121
Модели
Часть речи
Перевод
Примеры
" I that
IWW J
•
так, что; те¬
перь, когда
Не works so fast that
it is difficult to follow
him.
Он работает так быст¬
ро, что за ним трудно
следить.
Now that I am through
with my work I can help
you.
Теперь, когда я закон¬
чил работу, я могу вам
помочь.
,han [those] + V-ed
слово-за¬
меститель
словом, кото¬
рое заменяет
This resistor is more
powerful than that used
before.
Этот резистор мощ¬
нее резистора, приме¬
нявшегося раньше.
I
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Таблица 122
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ С ПОМОЩЬЮ СУФФИКСОВ
А + Suf = N
V + Sot - N
N + Sof = N
А г N
V[* N
N г N
-асу
accuracy (точность)
-age
shortage (недостаток)
-an
politician (политик)
-егу
bravery (храбрость)
-ion
precision (точность)
-ег
Britisher (британец)
-ness
darkness (темнота)
-ism
Socialism (социализм)
-ist
naturalist (натуралист)
-ia
inertia (инерция)
-ty
possibility (возможность)
-th
depth (глубина)
-асу
conspiracy (конспирация)
-age
leakhge(утечка)
-al
arrival (приезд)
-ance
guidance (руководство)
-ade
blockade (блокада)
-ant
assistant (помощник)
-ure (-ture, -(s)sure)
signature (подпись)
-ее
trainee (обучающийся)
-er
worker (рабочий)
-ice
service (служба)
-ment
appointment (назначение)
-ion(-ation, -tion,
-(s)sion)
production (производство)
-су
captaincy (звание капи¬
тана)
-age
pilgrimage (паломниче¬
ство)
-an
physician (врач)
-ship
leadership (руководство)
-ate
doctorate (докторская
степень)
-er
gunner (наводчик)
-drome
airdrome (аэродром)
-ese
Japanese (японец)
-hood
childhood (детство)
-ism
Marxism (марксизм)
-ery
gunnery (артиллерий¬
ское дело)
-or
debtor (должник)
162
I Переведите существительные, производные от других частей речи, и запом¬
ните суффиксы, с помощью которых они образуются.
ih'Iioi (автор) —authorship
(m.'ihI (друг) — friendship
Miiniude (товарищ) — comradeship
ImmI ( тердый) — hardness
•l.iii (ясный) — clearness
'I live (эффективный) — effectiveness
■immune (коммуна) —communism
|j»H> (i ерой) — heroism
thiiiinl (формальный) — formalism
i imvcnlional (условный) — conventio¬
nalism
i и! (действительный) — realism
«ириЫе (способный) — capability
mobile (подвижный) — mobility
Humble (гибкий) — flexibility
■able (устойчивый) — stability
ivlalive (относительный) — relativity
develop (развивать) — development
move (двигаться) — movement
■ i|uip (оснащать) — equipment
in lueve (достигать) — achievement
bombard (бомбардировать) — bom¬
bardment
translate (переводить) — translation
transmit (передавать) — transmission
install (устанавливать) — installation
connect (соединять) — connection
divide (делить) — division
convert (превращать) — conversion
elevate (поднимать) - elevator
design (конструировать) — designer
receive (принимать) — receiver
accumulate (накапливать) — accumu¬
lator
drive (водить машину) — driver
command (командовать) — commander
press (давить) — pressure
seize (захватывать) — seizure
grow (расти) — growth
pass (проходить) — passage
refuse (отказывать) — refusal
brother (брат) — brotherhood
history (история) —historian
Таблица 123
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ С ПОМОЩЬЮ СУФФИКСОВ
N + Suf * А
N г А
V + Suf = А
V рА
А + Suf = А
А г А
-fill
beautiful (красивый)
-less
и rm less (безоружный)
-ive
successive (последователь¬
ный)
-ic
atomic (атомный)
-al
musical (музыкальный)
-able
valuable (ценный)
-ible
accessible (доступный)
-ary
legendary (легендарный)
-ar
nuclear (ядерный)
-ish
Polish (польский)
-у
rainy (дождливый)
-ous
dangerous (опасный)
-ful
respectful (вежливый)
-less
resistless (непреодоли¬
мый)
-ive
active (активный)
-ic
pacific (мирный)
-ly
seemly (подобающий)
-able
eatable (съедобный)
-ory
contributory (содейст¬
вующий)
-ary
incendiary (зажигатель¬
ный)
-ed
professed (открытый)
-ant
radiant (лучистый)
-ing
amazing (удивительный)
-ish
bluish (голубоватый)
-у
greeny (зеленоватый)
-ly
kindly (добрый)
-some
longsome (растянутый)
163
123. Переведите прилагательные, производные от других частей речи, и запом!
суффиксы, с помощью которых они образуются:
form (форма) — formal
instrument (прибор) — instrumental
practice (практика) — practical
norm (норма) — normal
physics (физика) — physical
base (база) — basic
academy (академия) — academic
democrat (демократ) — democratic
history (история) — historic
patriot (патриот) — patriotic
suit (подходить) — suitable
measure (измерять) — measurable
steer (управлять)— steerable
recognize (узнавать) — recognizable
convert (превращать) — convertible
law (закон) — lawful
power (мощность) — powerful
use (польза) — useful
harm (вред) — harmful
dirt (грязь) — dirty
ease (легкость) — easy
explain (объяснять) — explainable
reason (разум) — reasonable
change (изменять(ся) — changeable
compare (сравнивать) — comparable
peace (мир) — peaceful
insist (настаивать) — msistant
culture (культура) — cultural
element (элемент) — elementary
red (красный) — reddish
lone (уединенный) — lonely, lonesom
attain (достигать) — attainable
attract (привлекать) — attractive
attend (сопровождать) — attendant
friend (друг) — fnendly
black (черный) — blackish
Таблица 124
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ С ПОМОЩЬЮ СУФФИКСОВ
N 3 Suf = V
N г V
-ate
stimulate (стимулировать)
—еп
threaten (угрожать)
-ify
classify (классифицировать)
-ize
theorize (теоретизировать)
а + Suf = v
А р V
-еп
widen (расширять)
4')f}
intensify (усиливать)
-ate
generate (образовывать)
-ize
modernize (усовершенст¬
вовать)
v + Suf = v
v г v
~(i)fy
argufy (спорить ради
спора)
124. Переведите глаголы, производные от других частей речи:
formula (формула) - to formulate
amalgam (амальгама) — to amalgamate
fraction (дробь) — to fractionate
function (функция) — to functionate
proportion (пропорция) — to propor¬
tionate
dark (темный) — to darken
light (свет) — to lighten
red (красный) — to redden
sharp (острый) — to sharpen
light (плотный) — to lighten
damp (влажный) —to dampen
economy (экономия) — to economize
character (характер) — to charactenze
vapour (nap) — to vaponze
crystal (кристалл) — to crystalize
propaganda (пропаганда) — to propa¬
gandize
national (национальный) — to nationa¬
lize
164
popular (популярный) — to popularize
special (специальный) — to specialize
real (реальный) — to realize
active (активный) — to activize
gas (газ) — to gasify
class (класс) — to classify
glory (слава) — to glorify
intense (интенсивный) — to intensify
simple (простой) — to simplify
solid (твердый) — to solidify
acid (кислота) — to acidify
loc(al) (локальный) —to localize
electric (электрический) — to electnfy
strength (сила) — to strengthen
organ (орган) — to organize
threat (угроза) — to threaten
modern (современный) — to modernize
central (центральный) — to centralize
false (фальшивый) — to falsify
pure (чистый) — to purify
sympathy (сочувствие) — to sympathize
Таблица 125
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАРЕЧИЙ С ПОМОЩЬЮ СУФФИКСОВ
N + Siif = Adv
A -1- Suf = Adv
Num + Suf = Adv
-wise
-wise
-ly
prcsligewise (ради npec-
broadwise (широко)
firstly (во-первых)
гижа)
-ward(s)
Чу
•outhward(s) (к югу)
deeply (глубоко)
secondly (во-вторых)
Ргоп, + Suf = Adv
P II + Suf = Adv
Adv + Suf = Adv
-wise
-ly
-ward(s)
anywise (в любом случае)
hurnedly (поспешно)
downward(s) (вниз)
125. Переведите наречия, производные от других частей речи:
«low (медленный) — slowly
icady (готовый) — readily
«oft (мягкий) — softly
гаге (редкий) — rarely
quick (быстрый) — quickly
attentive (внимательный) — attentively
strong (сильный) — strongly
comfortable (удобный) — comfortably
positive (положительный) — positively
north (север) — northwards
home (дом) — homewards
considerable (значительный) — consi¬
derably
heavy (тяжелый) — heavily
direct (прямой) — directiy
careful (тщательный) — carefully
inquiring (вопрошающий) — inqui¬
ringly
part (часть) — partly
bad (плохой) — badly
successful (успешный) — successfully
regular (регулярный) — regularly
day (день) — daily
brave (храбрый) — bravely
new (новый) — newly
comparative (сравнительный) — com¬
paratively
distinct (ясный) — distinctly
entire (полный) — entirely
essential (важный) — essentially
particular (особый) — particularly
according (соответственно) — accor¬
dingly
after (позади) — afterwards
agreeable (приятный) — agreeably
backward (обратный) — backward(s)
some (некоторый) — somewise
North-West (северо-запад) — north¬
westward^)
Таблица 126
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ПРЕФИКСОВ
Pref + N = N
anti-: anticyclone (антициклон)
со-: cooperation (взаимодействие)
contra-: contraction (вращение в
противоположном направлении)
counter-: counterweigh t (противовес)
demi-: demilune (полумесяц)
dis-: disadvantage (недостаток)
ex-: exserviceman (демобилизо¬
ванный)
fore-: forearm (предплечье)
mis-: misfortune (несчастье)
out-: outside (наружная сторона)
over-: overweight (перевес)
post-: postgraduate (аспирант)
self-: self-interest (эгоизм)
semi-:' semicircle (полукруг)
sub-: submarine (подводная лодка)
super-: superspeed (сверхскорость)
165
г
Продолжение таблицы /А
emi-: hemisphere (полушарие)
hyper-: hypervelocity (сверхскорость)
inter-: interconnection (соединение)
un-: unconformity (несоответствие!
under-: undercurrent (подводное Тф
чение)
126. Переведите существительные, обращая внимание на значение префиксе*’
defence (оборона) — self-defence
criticism (критика) — self-cnticism
condemnation (осуждение) — self-con¬
demnation
determination (определение) — self-de¬
termination
help (помощь) — self-help
induction (индукция) — self-induction
knowledge (познание) — self-knowledge
will (воля) — self-will
action (действие)—counteraction
attack (атака) — counterattack
blow (удар) — counterblow
intelligence (разведка) — counterintel¬
ligence
march (марш) — countermarch
offensive (наступление) — counterof¬
fensive
ability (способность) — disability
proportion (пропорция) — disproportion
harmony (гармония) — disharmony
order (порядок) — disorder
fascist (фашист) — antifascist
body (тело) — antibody
aircraft (самолет) — antiaircraft
freeze (замораживать) — antifreeze
conductor (проводник) (физ.) — semi.
conductor
tone (тон) — semitone
profit (доход) — superprofit
man (человек) — superman
committee (комитет) — subcommittee
section (отделение) — subsection
surface (поверхность) — subsurface
stratosphere (стратосфера) — substrir
tosphere
dependence
pendence
(зависимость) — mterd<>
Таблица 127
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ПРЕФИКСОВ
a-; asymmetrical (асимметричный)
anti-: antiatomic (противоядерный)
circum-: nrcumiunar (окололунный)
со-: coexistent (сосуществующий)
demi-: demiofficial (полуофициальный)
dis-: disadvantageous (невыгодный)
ex-: exchangeable (взаимозаменяемый)
hyper-: hyperacoustic (сверхзвуковой)
in-: mcapable (неспособный)
inter-: international (международный)
non-: nonaggressive (неагрессивный)
over-: over-delicate (сверхчувстви¬
тельный)
post-: post-glacial (послеледниковый)
pre-: precapitalist (докапиталисти¬
ческий)
self-: self-confident (самоуверенный) |
semi-, semicolomal (полуколониаль¬
ный)
sub-: subconscious (подсознательный)
super-: snperhard (сверхтвердый)
trans-: transcontinental (трансконти¬
нентальный)
un-: undeveloped (неразвитый)
Pref + N = A
anti-: antitank (противотанковый)
over-: overage (устарелый)
post-: post-war (послевоенный)
166
127. Переведите прилагательные, обращая внимание на значение префиксов:
иЫе (способный) — unable
well (здоровый) — unwell
logical (логичный) — nonlogical
inductive (индуктивный) — non-induc¬
tive
rigid (жесткий) — nonrigid
ntundard (стандартный) — non-standard
acting (действующий) — self-acting
recording • (записывающий) — self-re¬
cording
cooling (охлаждающий) — self-cooling
correct (правильный) — incorreci
direct (прямой) — indirect
accessible (доступный) — inaccessible
personnel (личный состав) — antiper¬
sonnel
missile (ракета) — antimissile
continental (континентальный) — in¬
tercontinental
allied (союзнический) — interallied
national (национальный) — internati¬
onal
changeable (заменяемый) — interchan¬
geable
dependent (зависимый) — independent
arctic (арктический) — subarctic
lunar (лунный) — sublunary
marine (морской) — submarine
natural (естественный) — supernatural
submarine (подводный) — anti-subma¬
rine
skid (скольжение) — antiskid
normal (обычный) — supernormal
sensible (разумный) — supersensible
fine (тонкий) — superfine
war (война) — post-war
combustion (сгорание) — precombus¬
tion
woolen (шерстяной)— semi-woolen
automatic (автоматический) — semi¬
automatic
Таблица 128
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ПРЕФИКСОВ
Pref + V = V
—I
a-: awake (будить)
be-: beset (окружать)
со-: co-exist (сосуществовать)
counter-: counterattack (контратаковать)
de-: declutch (расцеплять)
dis-: disconnect (отключать)
en-: enclose (окружать)
fore-: foresee (предвидеть)
in-: incorporate (вводить)
inter-: interchange (заменять)
mis-: misinform (дезинформировать)
over-: overburden (перегружа гь)
pre-: preheat (подогревать)
re-: redo (переделывать)
sub-: subdivide (подразделять)
super-: supercharge (перегружать)
sur-: surmount (преодолевать)
trans-: transform (трансформировать)
ни-: unarm (разоружать)
under-: underload (недогружать)
167
Продолжение таблицы 128
be-: befriend (помогать)
de-: deplane (высадиться из самолета)
en-: entrench (окапываться, закреп¬
ляться)
dis-: disjoin (разъединять)
be-: belittle (умалять)
en-: enlarge (увеличивать)
out-: outflank (обходить фланг)
128. Переведите глаголы, обращая внимание на значение префиксов:
charge (заряжать) — discharge
join (соединять) — disjoin
integrate (объединять) — disintegrate
approve (одобрять) — disapprove
credit (доверять) — discredit
like (нравиться) — dislike
apply (использовать) — misapply
comprehend (понимать) — miscom¬
prehend
direct (направлять) — misdirect
cut (резать) — undercut
value (ценить) — undervalue
do (делать) — underdo
act (играть роль) — overact
charge (заряжать) — overcharge
heat(нагревать) — overheat
elect (избирать) — reelect
educate (воспитывать) — reeducate
read (читать) — reread
write (писать) — rewrite
load (заряжать) — reload
gas (отравлять газами) — degas
centralize (централизовать) — decentra¬
lize
contaminate (заражать) — decontami¬
nate
mobilize (мобилизовать) — demobilize
consider (рассматривать) — disconsider
date (датировать) — misdate
estimate (оценивать) — underestimate
pay (платить) — underpay
fulfil (выполнять) — overfulfil
grow (расти) — overgrow
arm (вооружать) — rearm
appear (появляться) — reappear
Таблица 129
ПЕРЕВОД МНОГОКОМПОНЕНТНЫХ ТЕРМИНОВ
Компоненты — существительные
двухкомпонентные термины
луч
лазера
трехкомпонентные термины
N,
n2
N3
3
laser
2
beam
1
wave
волна
луча
лазера
168
Продолжение таблицы 129
четырехкомпонентные термины
N,
n2
N3
N4
4 3 2 1
laser beam wave stability
стабильность волны луча лазера
пятикомпонентные термины
N,
n2
N3
N4
Nb
5
laser
проблема
4
beam
стабильности
3
wave
волны
2
stability
луча
1
problem
лазера
Компоненты — существительные и другие части речи
двухкомпонентные термины
N,
N,
2
1
the gun
stabilization
стабилизация
пушки
трехкомпонентные термины
A
N,
n2
2
light
стабилизация
3
gun
легкой
I
stabilization
пушки
169
Продолжение таблицы 129
четырехкомпонентные термины
А
N,
Nj
N3
3
light
проблема
4
gun
стабилизации
2
stabilization
легкой
1
problem
пушки
пятикомпонентные термины
А
N,
n2
N3
n4
4
light
разработка
5
gun
проблемы
3
stabilization
стабилизации
2
problem
легкой
1
development
пушки
129. Переведите многокомпонентные термины, обращая внимание на смысловые
связи внутри них:
двухкомпонентные термины:
]. peace (мир) — policy (политика)
2. gun (орудие) — fire (огонь)
3. chain (цепь) — reaction (реакция)
4. defence (оборона) — plan (план)
5. engineer (инженер) — battalion (батальон)
6. aircraft (самолет) — speed (скорость)
7. cargo (груз) — helicopter (вертолет)
8. artillery (артиллерия) — support (поддержка)
9. brake (тормоз) — pedal (педаль)
10. air (воздух) — reconnaissance (разведка)
трехкомпонентные термины:
1. division (дивизия) — command (командный) — post (пункт)
2. gas (газ) — turbine (турбина) — engine (двигатель)
3. electronic (электронный) — detection (обнаружение) — device (прибор)
4. military (военный) — police (полиция) — company (рота)
5. infantry (пехота) — combat (боевой) — vehicle (машина)
6. heat (тепло) — measunng (измерение) — instrument (прибор)
7. negative (отрицательный) — electncal (электрический) — charge (заряд)
8. alternating (переменный) — current (ток) — generator (генератор)
9. hand (рука) — brake (тормоз) — lever (рычаг)
10. cooling (охлаждение) — system (система) — thermometer (термометр)
11. tank (танк) — fire (огонь) — power (мощь)
четырехкомпонентные термины:
1. main (основной) — armament (вооружение)
stowage (укладка)
2. internal (внутренний)— combustion (сгорание)
гатель)
3. aviation (авиация) — general (общий) — support
(рота)
4. division (дивизия) — logistical (тыловой) — control
(центр)
5. field (поле) — artillery (артиллерия) — howitzer (гаубица) — battalion (батальон)
6. ten (десять) — positions (позиции) — automatic (автоматический) — selec¬
tion (выбор)
ammunition (боекомплект) —
tank (танк) — engine (дви-
(поддержка) — company
(управление) — centre
АНГЛО-РУССКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ
УСЛОВНЫЕ СОКРАЩЕНИЯ
a adjective прилагательное
adv adverb наречие
С] conjunction союз
и noun существительное
predic predicative предикативное употребление
prep preposition предлог
v verb глагол
А
АА gun [еГеГдлп] зенитная пушка
ABC-means ['я 'bi: 'si: 'mi:nz] средства ору¬
жия массового поражения
accelerate [ak'selareit] v ускорять
acceleration [ak,seb'reiSft] n ускорение
accept [эк'sept] v принимать
acclaim [э 'kleim] n одобрение, восхищение
accommodate [a'komadeit] v вмещать
accompany [э 'клтрэш] v сопровождать
accomplish [э 'kompliS] v осуществлять, вы¬
полнять; достигать
accuracy ['sekjurasi] n точность
accurate ['aekjurit] а точный
achieve [a'tji:v] v достигать; добиваться;
получать
achievement [a'tikvmant] n достижение
act [askt] v действовать
action ['aekin] n действие; bring into a.
вводить в бой
activity [aek 'tiviti] n деятельность
add [aedj v прибавлять, добавлять
additional [a'difanl] а дополнительный
adhere [ad'hia] v оставаться верным (напр.
принципам)
adjust [a'd.tASt] v регулировать
adjustment [a'd.txstmont] n регулировка;
корректировка
admire [ad'maia] v восхищаться
adopt [a'dopt] v одобрять, утверждать;
принимать на вооружение
advance [ad'va:ns] п прогресс; успех; на¬
ступление; v продвигаться вперед; in а.
заранее
advanced [ad'va:nst] а передовой
advantage [ad'va:ntid3] п преимущество
adverse ['aedv3:s] а неблагоприятный
advisable [ad'vaizabl] а рекомендуемый;
желательный
affair [э Теэ] п дело
afraid [a'fretd] а испуганный; be a. of
бояться
age [eid3] л век
agenda [3'd3enda] п повестка дня
agent ['eid3ant] л отравляющее вещество,
ОВ
agile ['aed3ail] а подвижной, быстрый
agitation [,sed3t 'teiS п] л беспокойство; коле¬
бание
agree [э'дп:] v соглашаться
aim [etm] л цель
airborne ['еэЬэ:п] а воздушно-десантный
air-conditioning ['еэкэп'dijtug] л конди¬
ционирование воздуха
aircooled ['sakurld] а с воздушным охлаж¬
дением
aircraft ['eakra:ft] л самолет(ы); авиация;
летательный аппарат
air-defence ['eadi'fens] л противовоздуш¬
ная оборона, ПВО
air-defence forces ['eadi 'fens 'fo:siz] воздуш¬
ная армия ПВО
air-defence missile ['eadi 'fens'misail] зенит¬
ная ракета
airfield ['еэГкМ] л аэродром
171
airplane ['eoplem] n самолет
air power ['еэ'раиэ] военно-воздушные си¬
лы, ВВС
air pump ['сэ'рлтр] воздушный насос
air raid ['еэ 'reid] воздушный налет
air-to-air missile ['eatu'ea'misail] ракета
класса «воздух— воздух»
alarm [э'1а:т] л тревога
alliance [э 'laians] л союз
allow [a'lau] v позволять
alloy [aebi] л сплав
all-round [,э:1'rauitd | а круговой
all-round defence ['о.I 'raunddi 'fens] круго¬
вая оборона
already [od'redi] adv уже
alter ['э:Вэ] v менять
alternating current [odtaneitig 'kxrant] пе¬
ременный ток
altimeter ['aeltimrta] n высотомер
altitude [ 'seltitju:d] n высота
ammeter ['aemita] n амперметр
ammunition [,aemju 'nijn] n боеприпасы
amount [a'maunt] n количество
amphibious [eem 'fibias] а амфибийный, пла¬
вающий
amplify [’semplifai] v усиливать
analogue [ 'sen slog] n аналог
ancient ['em] ,int] а древний
announce [a'nauns] v объявлять
announcement [a'naunsmant] n объявление
antiaircraft ['aenti 'еэк ra:ft] я зенитные сред¬
ства
antiaircraft shell ['asnti'eakraift'ifel] зенит¬
ный снаряд
anticipate [aen'tisipeit] v предвидеть
antipersonnel ['aenti,pa:sa'nel] а противо¬
пехотный
antitank ['aenti'taegk] а противотанковый
APC ['ei 'pi:'si:] (armoured personnel carrier)
брояетранспортер, БТР
apparatus [,аерэ 'reitas] (pi тж. без измен.) n
прибор, инструмент
appeal [э 'pi: 1] п призыв
appear [э'рге] v появляться, показываться;
проявляться
application [,aeph'kei!h] п применение
apply [a'plai] v применяться); приклады¬
вать, прилагать
appreciate [r>'pn:iteit| v оценивать
approach [э 'prout j] v приближаться, под¬
ходить
approach [a'proutjjn (обыкн. pi) подступы
approval [s'prmval] и одобрение
approve [a'pru:v] v одобрять
arc [o:k] и дуга
area ['еэпэ] n район
arm [a:m] n оружие; род войск; v вооружать
arm of the service ['a:mavS3's3:vis] род
войск
armament ['crmormnt] n вооружение
Armed Forces ['a:md'fb:siz] вооруженные
силы
armour ['а:тэ] и бронетанковые войска:
танки; броня
armoured f'a:mad] а бронетанковый
armoured assault vehicle ['а:mada 'so:11 'v?:tk 1 ]
штурмовая бронированная машина
armoured carrier ['a:mad'kaeria] броне¬
транспортер, БТР
armoured personnel carrier [ a:mad,pa:sa-
'nel 'kaeria] бронетранспортер, БТР
armoured reconnaissance car [ a:madn-
'kanisans'ka:] разведывательный бро¬
неавтомобиль
armoured reconnaissance vehicle ['a:madn-
'kanisans vi:ikl] разведывательная бро¬
нированная машина
armoured regiment ['a:mad'red3imant] тан¬
ковый полк
armoured unit ['a:mad'ju:nit] (броне)тан-
ковая часть (подразделение)
armour-piercing [ 'а:тэ -piosiq] а бронебой¬
ный
armour plate ['a:ma'pleit] броневой лист
armour plating ['сптэ pleitigj броневое по¬
крытие
arrange [э'гетбЗ] v располагать(ся)
arrangement [э Teind3mant] n расположе¬
ние; переделка, приспособление
arrival [a'raival] n прибытие
arrive [л Taiv] v прибывать
art [a:t] я искусство
article ['a:tiklj n статья
artificial [ ,a:ti 'fij I) а искусственный
artillery battalion [a:'tibriba'taeljan] артил¬
лерийский дивизион
ash [aei] я пепел
assemble [a'sembl] v собирать(ся)
assembly [a'sembli] я устройство
assist [a'sist] v помогать
associate [a'souileit] v связывать
assume [э sju:m) v предполагать
attach [э'taeti ] v прикреплять; приписы¬
вать, придавать
attack [a'taek] я атака; v атаковать
attempt [э'tempt] я попытка
attend (э 'tend] v присутствовать; посещать
attention [a'tenSh] я внимание; pay а. обра¬
щать внимание
attentively [s'tentrvli] adv внимательно
attract [o'traekt] v привлекать, притягивать
attraction [a'traekin] n притяжение
author ['э:0э] я автор
automatic rifle [ ,з:(з 'maetik 'raifl] автомат
automation [,э:ts'me.']n] n автоматизация;
автоматика
auxiliary [aig'ziljsri] а вспомогательный
available [a'veibbl] а наличный, доступ¬
ный; приемлемый
average ['£evsnd3] а средний
avoid [з 'void] v избегать
172
award [a'wa:d] n награда; v награждать
aware [a'wea] a: be а. сознавать
axis [ 'aeksis] n (pi axes) ось
В
bank [baegk] n берег
barrack ['baerak] n казарма
basic ['beisik] а основной
battle ['bsetl] л битва; бой
battle weigh ['baetl 'weit] боевой вес
beam [bi:m] n луч
because [bi 'kaz] cj потому что
behave [bi'heiv] v вести себя
behaviour [bi 'heivjo] n поведение
believe [bi'li:v] v считать, полагать
belong [bi'bg] v принадлежать
belt [belt] n пояс
blow [blou] n удар; inflict a b. наносить удар;
strike a b. наносить удар
board [bo:d] л приборная доска; борт
body ['badij л тело
boil [bail] v кипеть
bomb bay ['bam'bei] бомбовый отсек
bore [Ьэ:] n канал ствола, ствол (оружия)
bottom ['botom] n дно
branch [brarntj] n область; отрасль
break [breik] n поломка; v (broke, broken)
ломать; разбивать; расщеплять;
b. through прорывать
breakthrough ['breik'0ru:] n прорыв
bridge [brid3] n мост
bridgehead ['brid3hed] n плацдарм
briefly ['bn:fli] adv коротко
brilliant ['briljont] а блестящий
bring [brig] v (brought) приносить; b. into
action вводить в бой; b. up воспитывать
build [bild] v (built) строить
burn [bam] v (burnt) гореть
burning ['barnig] n горение
busy ['bizi] а занятой
buy [bai] v (bought) покупать
С
cadet [ka'det] n курсант
calculate [ 'kaelkjuler t] v вычислять
calculation [.kadkju'leijn] и вычисление
call [kail] v называть; с. for требовать,
предусматривать; с. upon призывать
cannon ['kaenan] n пушка
capability [ ,keipa 'biliti] л возможность
capable ['keipabl] а способный
capacity [ka'paesiti] n объем, емкость; мощ¬
ность
capture ['kasptja] v взять в плен; захва¬
тить, взять (силой)
care [kea] v заботиться
cargo ['ko:gou] п груз
carrier ['kseria] п транспортное средство
carry ['каеп] v нести, переносить; перево¬
зить; с. on вести; с. out выполнять; про¬
водить
cartridge [ 'ка:t rid.3] п патрон
cast iron [kaist'aian] чугун
caterpillar track ['kaetapila'traek] гусеница
cause [ko:z] v вызывать (что-л)', быть
причиной; заставлять
celebrate ['sehbreit] v праздновать
celebration [.seli'breiih] n праздник; тор¬
жество
centralized tyre inflating system ['sentralaizd
'taiain 'fleitig 'sistim] централизованная
система подкачки воздуха в шинах
centre ['santa] п центр
certain f'sa:tn] а определенный
chain [tjein] п цепь
chairman [Ч|еэщэп] п председатель
change [tjeind3] п изменение; v менять,
изменять; с. one’s mind изменить мне¬
ние
charge [t]a:d3] л заряд; v заряжать
check up ['tSek'xp] v проверять
chief [t)i:f] n начальник
choice [tiois] n выбор
choose [tiu:z] v (chose, chosen) выбирать
circle ['sa:kl] n круг
circuit ['so :k11] n цепь
citizen ['sitiznj n гражданин
climb [klaim] v взбираться, влезать
close [klouz] v закрывать; сближаться;
приближаться; [klous] а непосредствен¬
ный; близкий; ближний
close support weapon ['kloussa 'pa:t'wepan]
оружие непосредственной поддержки
coaxial [,kou'seksial] а соосный
coaxially [ ,kou 'ieksiali| adv соосно; спа¬
ренно
colonel f'kaml] n полковник
combat ['kambat] n бой
combat action ['kambat'aekin] боевое дей¬
ствие
combat readiness ['kambat'redinis] боего¬
товность
combine [kam 'bain] v объединять; сочетать
combustion chamber [kam'bAStSbn'tifcimba]
камера сгорания
come [кдт] v (came, come) приходить;
подходить, приближаться; с. across
встречать; с. into service поступать на
вооружение
company ['клтрэш] п рота
compare [kam'psa] г сравнивать
compartment [kam'paitmant] п отделение;
отсек
complete [kam'plkt] v заканчивать, завер¬
шать; а полный
complicated ['komphkeitid] а сложный
compose [kam'pouz] v составлять
composition [,kampa'ziin] л состав
comprehensive [,kampri'hensiv] а всесто¬
ронний
173
comprise [kom praiz] v включать, заклю¬
чать в себе; состоять из
compulsory [кэт'рлЬэп] а обязательный
(для всех)
computation [,komp)u: 'teijti] n вычисление
concealment [кэп 'sidmant] n укрытие
concern [кэп 'so:n] v касаться, иметь отно¬
шение
conclude [кэп'к1и:с1] v прийти к заключе¬
нию, (с)делать вывод
conclusion [кэп 'к1и:3эп] п заключение, вы¬
вод
condenser [кэп 'denSa] п конденсатор
condition [кэп'diin] п условие
conduct [кэп 'dxkt] v проводить
conductivity [ ,kondxk tiviti] n проводимость
conductor [kan'dxkta] n проводник
(в физике)
confirm [kan'fa:m] v подтверждать
connect [ka nekt] v соединять, связывать
conquest [’koijkwest] n завоевание
conservation [,konsa:'veijn] n сохранение
consider [kan'sida] v рассматривать; по¬
лагать, считать
considerable [кэп 'sidarabl] а значительный
considerably [кэп 'sidarabli] adv значительно
consideration [kan,sida'reiSh] n рассмотре¬
ние; внимание, предупредительность
consolidate [kan 'salideit] v укреплять; объе¬
динять; закрепляться (на местности)
constitution [,konsti'tju:jn] п состав
construction site [kan 'strxkin 'sait] n строй¬
ка
consumption [kan'sxmpSh] n потребление
contain [kan 'tern] v содержать
continually [kan'tinjuali] adv постоянно
control [kan 'troul] n управление; v (управ¬
лять
conveniently [kan'vnnianth] adv удобно
conventional [kan 'venl anl] а обычный
convert [kan'va:t] v превращать
cool [ku:l] v охлаждать
cooling ['ku:lig] n охлаждение
cooling fan ['ku:lig'faen] вентилятор
cooperate [kou'apareit] v взаимодейство¬
вать
cope [koup] v: c. with справляться с
copy ['kapi] v списывать
correct [ka'rekt] v исправлять; а правиль¬
ный; точный
cost [kast] v стоить
counterattack [’kauntara.taek] n контрна¬
ступление
countermeasure ['kaunta'me3a] n контр¬
мера ; (радио)противодейсзвие
course [ko:s] n ход, течение
cover ['kxva] n крышка; чехол; v покры¬
вать; прикрывать; пройти (расстояние)
create [kn: 'eit] v создавать
credit ['kredit] n честь; заслуга; зачет
crew [kru:] n экипаж, команда
crew-served weapon ['kru:'sa:vd'wepan|
групповое оружие
Crimea [krai'ima] n Крым
cross [kras] v переходить; переправляться I
cross-country capability ['kros'kxntri
,keipa 'biliti] проходимость
cross-country characteristics ['kras'kxntri
,k;erikt3 'ristiks] проходимость
cruiser [Tcnnza] n крейсер
curious ['kjuarias] а любопытный
current ['kxrant] n ток
currently ['kxrantli] adv сейчас
cut [kxt] v (cut) резать
cycle ['saikl] n такт
D
damage ['dasmid3] v повреждать
dangerous ['deind3ras] а опасный
darkness ['da:kms] n темнота
data ['delta] n данные
deal ['di:lj v (dealt): d. with рассматривать
dean [di:n] n декан
decide [di'said] v решать
decision [di'si3n] n решение
decisive [di'saisiv] а решающий
declare [di 'к1еэ] v объявлять
decrease [di:'kn:s] v уменьшать
deed [di:d] n поступок, действие, дело
deep [di.p] а глубокий
defeat [dr 'fi: t] v наносить поражение; раз¬
бивать
defence [dt'fens] n оборона
defence area [di'fens'кэпа] район обороны
defend [di'fend] v оборонять, защищать
defender [di'fenda] n защитник
defense [dt'fens] — defence
defensive [di 'fensiv] а оборонительный
define [di'fam] v определять
definition [,defi'nijti] n определение
degree [di 'gri:] n градус
delay [di 'lei] v задерживать; отсрочивать,
откладывать
deliver [di'liva] v передавать, вручать; до¬
ставлять; d. a lecture читать лекцию;
d. a report делать доклад; d. fire вести
огонь
demand [di'ma:nd] n требование; спрос;
v требовать
density [ densiti] n плотность
deny [di'nai] v отрицать
depend [di'pend] v: d. on (upon) зависеть от
deploy [di'pbi] v развертывать(ся)
depression [di'preiti] n склонение орудия
depth [dep0] n глубина
derivative [di'rivativ] а производный
describe [dis'kraib] v описывать
description [dis'knpjh] n описание
design [di'zain] n конструкция; v предна¬
значать, конструировать
designer [di'zaina] n конструктор
desirable [di'zaiarabl] а желательный
174
desire [di zaia] v желать; требовать
destroy [dis'tr.ii] г разрушать
destruction [dis'tr,\kS n] n разрушение; уни¬
чтожение
detect [di'tekt] v обнаруживать
detection [di'tekih] n обнаружение
determine [di'ta:min] v определять
develop [di 'velap] v развивать; разрабаты¬
вать
development [di'vebpmant] n развитие; раз¬
работка
device [di'vais] n прибор
devote [di'vout] v посвящать
devotion [di'voujti] n преданность
diesel engine ['di:zol 'end.tin] карбюратор¬
ный двигатель
different ['difrant] а различный
digital ['did3itl] а цифровой
dimension[di menin] nplразмеры,величина
direct [di'rekt] v направлять; руководить
direct fire [di 'rekt 'faia] огонь прямой на¬
водкой
direction [di'rekih] n направление
disappear [,diso'pia] v исчезать
disassemble [,disae'sembl] v разбирать
discover [dis'kAva] v обнаруживать; от¬
крывать
discoverer [dis'kAvara] n изобретатель
discovery [dis'kAvan] n открытие
dismount f'dis'maunt] v сходить, слезать;
спешиваться; высаживаться для веде¬
ния боя
dispersion [dis'pa:iti] п рассредоточение
disrupt [dis'rApt] v нарушать
distress [dis'tres] и бедствие
district [’distrikt] п район
divide [di 'vaid] v делить
domestic [da'mestik] а внутренний; мест¬
ный; отечественный
drain [drein] v сливать
dream [dri:m] n мечта;.v (dreamt, dreamed)
мечтать
drive [draiv] v (drove, driven) водить, вести,
править; управлять; d. а саг вести ма¬
шину
driver ['draiva] п водитель
driver’s compartment ['draivazkam 'pa: tmant]
отделение водителя танка
drop [drap] v падать
dry [drai] а сухой
dump [d \mp] n полевой склад
duty [ 'dju:ti] n долг; be on d. быть дежур¬
ным
E
earth [з:9] n земля
edition [I'dijti] n издание
education [,edju:'ketin] n образование
educational [,edju: 'keiianl] а учебный; обра¬
зовательный
effect [i 'fekt] n влияние
effective range [i'fektiv'remd3] эффектив¬
ная дальность стрельбы
effort ['efat] n усилие
electronic tube [ilek'tranik'tjuib] электрон¬
ная лампа
elevation [ ,eli'veii tt] n возвышение, возвы¬
шенность
emergency [i ma:d3ansi] n -крайняя необхо¬
димость
emit fi'mit] v испускать (лучи), выделять
(тепло), издавать (звук)
emphasis ['emfasis] п подчеркивание, уда¬
рение
emphasize [ emfosaiz] v подчеркивать, вы¬
делять
employ [im'pbi] v применять
employment [im'pbimant] n применение
enable [1'neibl] v позволять; давать воз¬
можность
end [end] n .конец
engagement [in'geid3mant] n бой; ведение
огня
engine ['end3in] n двигатель
enhance [in'lia:ns] v усиливать
enjoy [in 'd3oil v получать удовольствие
enrich [in'ntf] v обогащать
ensure [in ilia] v обеспечивать
enter ['enta] v входить, вступать; посту¬
пать
entire [in Чаю] а полный; совершенный;
целый
equal ['i:kwal] а равный
equip [I'kwip] v оснащать; снаряжать; во¬
оружать
equipment [I'kwipmant] n оборудование;
оснащение; снаряжение
escape [is 'keip] v избежать (опасности)
essence ['esns] n основная мысль
essential [i 'senial] а важный; существенный
essentially [i'senjali] adv в основном; по су¬
ществу
establish [is'taebhj] v создавать; устанав¬
ливать
establishment [is'taebliiftiant] n учреждение;
учебное заведение
eternal [i:'ta:nl] а вечный
evaluate [i'vaeljueit] v оценивать
event [1'vent] n событие
evident ['evidant] а очевидный
exact [ig'zsekt] а точный
exactly [ig'zaektli] adv точно
examination [ig,zasmi'neijn] n осмотр; про¬
верка
examine [ig'zaeimn] v осматривать; прове¬
рять
exceed [ik'si:d] v превышать
excellent ['eksalant] а отличный
exception [ik'sepin] n исключение
exceptional [ik sepSanl] а исключительный
175
exercise ['eksasaiz] n упражнение, трени¬
ровка; учение, занятие; боевая подго¬
товка
exhibit [19 'zibit] V выставлять; показывать
exhibition [,eksi'bi|ii] и выставка
exist [ig'zist] v существовать
expect [iks'pekt] v ожидать; предвидеть
experience [iks'piarians] n опыт
experienced [iks’piananst] а опытный
explain [iks'plein] v объяснять
explanation [,ekspb'neiin] /1 объяснение
exploit [iks'pbit] v использовать; e. the
success развивать успех
exploration [,ekspb:'rei[h] n исследование
explore [iks plo:] v исследовать
expression [iks 'p rein] n выражение
extensive [iks'tensiv] а интенсивный
external [eks't.rnl] а внешний
extract [iks'traekt] v извлекать
extra-mural [ ekstra 'mjuarnIJ а заочный
eyepiece ['aipi;s] n окуляр
F
face [feis] v сталкиваться
fail [fell] v терпеть неудачу '
failure j'feilja] n поломка
famous [’feimos] а известный
fan [fen] n вентилятор
fast [fa:st] а скорый, быстрый
favourable [ТегуэгэЫ] а благоприятный
favourite ['feivarit] а любимый, излюблен¬
ный »
feature [ 'f 1:tJЭ] n особенность
feel [fi:l] v (felt) чувствовать
ferry ['fen] n переправа; паром; v переправ¬
ляться на пароме
field [fi:ld] n поле; область
field manuals and regulations ['fi:ld'm<enju-
alzsnd ,regju'leiinz] полевые уставы и
наставления
field training ['fidd'tremig] боевая подго¬
товка в полевых условиях; занятия в
поле
fierce [fias] а ожесточенный
fight [fait] v (fought) вести боевые действия;
f. for сражаться за
fighter ['faito] п боец, воин; борец; самолет-
истребитель
fighting [’faitig] а боевой
fighting compartment ['fartigkam'pcrtmant]
боевое отделение (танка)
figure ['figa] п цифра
fill [fil] v заправлять (топливо в бак)
fin [fin] п стабилизатор; киль
finally ['fainali] adv в конце концов
find [famd] v (found) находить; f. out
выяснять
finstabilized ['fin'steibilaizd] со стабилиза¬
тором
fire [faia] n огонь; пожар; стрельба; v
стрелять, вести огонь; deliver f. врс i и
огонь
fire support ['faiasa рэ:1] огневая поддержки
firing ['faiarig] п стрельба; а огневой
firing ground [Таюпд'graund] артиллерий
ский полигон
firing port ['faiang'po:t] бойница
firm [fa:m] а твердый
firmly ['fa:mil] adv жестко; прочно
fission ['fijfi] n расщепление
fit [fit] v устанавливать
fixed wing aircraft ['fikst'wig'eakra.ft] са¬
молет с неподвижным крылом
flexibility [ .fleksa'biliti] n гибкость
flight [flait] n полет
flight path ['flait'ра:0] траектория полета
flow [flou] n поток; v течь
fluently |'flu:ontli] adv бегло
fly [flai] v (flew, flown] летать
flying height ['flan g'hait] высота полета
follow ['folou| v следовать за; соблюдать
foot [fut] n (pi feet) фут
force [fo:s] v заставлять, принуждать
force [fo:s] n (обыкн. pi) войска
ford [fo:d] v переходить вброд
forecast ['fo:ka:st] n прогноз
foreign [ 'form] а иностранный; зарубежный
forever [fa'reva] adv навсегда
forget [fo 'get] v (forgot, forgotten) забывать
formidable ['fo.midabl] а страшный, гроз¬
ный
forn) up ['fo-.т'лр] v строиться
fortify [ 'fa:tifai] v укреплять
fortress [ 'fo: t ris] n крепость
forward defence area ['fewaddi'fens'sana]
передовой район обороны
forward edge of the battle area I'fo: wod-
'ed3avboЪаеН'еэпэ] передний край обо¬
роны
found [faund] v основывать, учреждать;
создавать
free [fri:] а свободный
frequency ['fri:kwansi] n частота
friction ['frikjn] n трение
frigate ['frigit] n фрегат
fruit [fru:t] n результат
fuel [fjusl] n топливо, горючее
fuel consumption ['fjual ksn'sAmpiti] расход
топлива
fulfil [ful'fil] v выполнять
function ['fxgkin] n функция, назначение
fundamental [ Длпёэ'mentl] n (обыкн. pi)
основы
G
gain [gein] v добиваться
gather ['даейэ] v собирать
generate [ d3enareit] v вырабатывать; про¬
изводить
generation [,d3ena'reiin] и поколение
176
get [get] v (got) доставать; получать;
g. acquainted познакомиться, g. across
переправляться на другую сторону; g. up
подниматься, вставать
glass [gla:s] n стекло
glory ['gls:ri] n слава
goods [gudz] n (ynomp. с глаг. в мн. ч.) то¬
вар, товары
goose [gu:s] (pi geese] n гусь
govern ['gxvsn] v управлять
grade [greid] n звание
graduate ['grseuiueit] v окончить учебное
заведение
girenade [gn'neid] n граната
grenade launcher [gri'neid' 1 о:nt Sd>] гранато¬
мет
grenadier [,grens'dis] n гранатометчик
grid [grid] n сетка
grim [grim] а суровый
ground [graundj а наземный
ground defense ['graunddi'fens] наземная
оборона
.;row [grou] v (grew, grown) расти
guard [ga:d] v охранять
guest [gest] n гость
guidance ['gaidns] n наведение
guidance system [ 'gaidns 'sistim] система на¬
ведения
guide [gaid] v управлять
guided missile ['gaidid'misail] управляемая
ракета
guided missile system ['gaidid 'misall 'sistim]
управляемый ракетный комплекс
guided rocket ['gaidid 'rokit] управляемая
ракета
gun [длп] n пушка; пулемет
gun-launcher ['длп 'b.ntji] n пусковая уста¬
новка
gunner ['длпэ] n номер орудийного расче¬
та; наводчик
Н
half [ha:f] п половина
hand [haend] v передавать; вручать
hand-carry ['haend ,kaeri] v переносить на
руках
happen ['haepsn] v случаться
harbour ['ha:bo] n гавань
hard [ha:d] а тяжелый; adv усердно
hardly ['ha:dli] adv едва
harmful ['harmful] а вредный
hatch [haeti] n люк
headquarters ['hed 'kwortoz] n штаб; управ¬
ление
heat [hi:t] n тепло; v подогревать
height [halt] n высота
helicopter ['helikspts] n вертолет
high [hai] а высокий
high-explosive [ 'hanks 'plousiv] а осколоч¬
но-фугасный
hill [hil] n высота
hinder ['hinds] v мешать, препятствовать
hoist [hoist] v водружать
hold [hould] v (held) удерживать
holiday ['hslidi] n (тж. pi) каникулы
hopeless ['houplis] а безнадежный
horse power ['h.o:s ,pauo] лошадиная сила
hostel ['hostl] n общежитие
hour [ 'аиэ] n час
housing construction ['hauzirjkon' s t г лk S Ti ]
жилищное строительство
howitzer ['hauitso] n гаубица
hull [hxl] n корпус (корабля, танка)
human ['hjurmsn] а человеческий
hydrogen [ haidrid.Tnn] n водород
I
ice-breaker ['ais .breiks] n ледокол
identification [ai,dentifi'keiin] n опознава¬
ние
ignition [ig'mjn] n зажигание
immediately [i'mi:djstli] adv немедленно
importance [im'psrtsns] n важность, значе¬
ние
important [im'psrtsnt] а важный, значи¬
тельный
impress [im'pres] v производить впечатле¬
ние, поражать
impression [im prein] n впечатление
improve [im'prurv] v улучшать, совершен¬
ствовать
improvement [im'prurvmsnt] n усовершен¬
ствование
inch [intj] n дюйм
include [in'klurd] v включать
income ['inksm] n доход
incorporate [in'ksrpsreit] v включать
increase [in'krirs] v увеличивать
independence [ ,mdi 'pendsnsj n независи¬
мость
indicate ['indikeit] v показывать
indivisible [ ,indi'vizsbl] а неделимый
inertial guidance [i'ns:ijsl'gaidns] инер-
циальное наведение
-nfantry ['infsntri] n пехота
inflict [in'fhkt] v наносить (напр, удар)',
причинять; i. blow наносить удар;
i. losses наносить потери
influence ['influsns] v влиять
inhabited [in'haebitid] а населенный
inherent [in'hisrant] а присущий
initial [I'niji] а первоначальный
innovation [,inou'veiih] n новшество
innovator ['inouveits] n новатор
input ['input] n вход
insist [in'sist] v: i. on настаивать на
inspect [in'spekt] v осматривать
inspection [in'spekih] n осмотр
in spite of [in 'spaitov] prep несмотря на
’/212-0320
177
install [in'sts.l] v устанавливать
installation [ ,msts 'leii ft] n установка
instead of [in'stedsv] prep вместо, взамен
instrument ['instrument] n прибор
intend [m'tend] v намереваться
intention [in'tenSh] n намерение
interchangeable [ ,inte 't(fcmd3sbl] а взаимо¬
заменяемый
interference [.ints'fisrsns] n помеха
internal [in'tsrnl] а внутренний
internal combustion engine [in ts:nlksm-
'bASt|sn'end3in] двигатель внутреннего
сгорания
interrupt [,ints'rApt] v прерывать; переби¬
вать
introduce [,mtrs'dju:s] v вводить; присту¬
пать, начинать
invader [in'veids] n захватчик
invent [in'vent] v изобретать
invention [in ven]n] n изобретение
inventor [in'venta] n изобретатель
investigate [in vestigeit] v исследовать
investigation [m,vesti gei) n] n исследование
invisible [in'vizsbl] а невидимый
invite [in'vait] v приглашать
involve [in'vslv] v вызывать
iron I'aisn] n железо
issue [ isju:] n выпуск; издание
item ['aitem] и пункт
J
jeep [d3i;p] n джип, l/4-т автомобиль об¬
щего назначения
jet [d3et] а реактивный
jet fighter [d3et ,faits] реактивный истре¬
битель
join [d3mn] v соединять(ся); присоеди¬
няться; j. the Army поступать на воен¬
ную службу
journey ['d3s:m] n поездка
junction [ d3a rjk) n] n узел, узловая станция
К
keep [ki:p] v (kept) придерживаться (темы
инструкции)
kill [kilj v поражать; уничтожать
know [nou] v (knew, known) знать
knowledge ['nslid3] n знание
L
lab [laeb] n (сокр. от laboratory) разг лабо¬
ратория
laboratory [ls'bsrst(s)ri] лаборатория
labour ['leibs] n труд
land [bend] v приземляться, совершать по¬
садку
language laboratory ['laeggwid3b'bsrstsri]
лингафонный кабинет
large unit ['la:d3'ju:mt] соединение; обм
динение
last [la.st] v продолжаться, длиться
laugh ['la:f| v : I. at смеяться над
launch [b;nti] v начинать, предпринимал.,
запускать (ракету)
launcher ['b:ntis] n пусковая установка
launching ['lo:nt]ig] n пуск, старт (ракепч.ц
law [b:] n закон
lay [lei] v (laid) наводить; I. mines закла
дывать мины
layer [,'leis] n слой
laying mine [ 'lenrj 'mam] якорная мина
leap year [li:pjs:] високосный год
learn [b:n] v (learnt, learned) учить
leave [li:v] n отпуск; be on I. быть в отпуске
leave [li:v] v (left) уходить, уезжать; поки
дать; оставлять
length [1ег)9] п длина
lethal warbead ['li:6sl ws:hed] мощная бое¬
головка
letter ['lets] n буква
level [’levl] n уровень
liable f'laisbl] а подверженный, склонный
liberation [ ,libs'reii ti] n освобождение
lift [lift] n подъем: подъемная сила; v
поднимать
light [bit] n свет
light observation helicopter [ bit ,sbzs:-
'veij n 'helikspts] легкий разведыватель¬
ный вертолет
light source ['lait'ss:s] источник света
lightweight ['laitweit] а легкий (no весу)
line of sight ['lainsv'salt] линия прицели¬
вания
line up ['lain 'лр] v выстраивать
liquid ['likwid] n жидкость
liquid propellant ['likwidprs'pebnt] жидкое
ракетное топливо
liquid propellant engine ['likwidprs'pebnt
'end3in] жидкостный ракетный двига¬
тель, ЖРД
list [list] v записывать: перечислять
listen to ['lisnts] v слушать
load [loud] n груз; v заряжать
loader ['louds] n заряжающий
location [lou'keiift] n расположение
locality [lou'kaeliti] n местность; пункт
long range combat [Ъд 'reind3 'ksmbst]
дальний бой
look [luk] v: I. for искать; I. through про¬
сматривать
lose [lu:z] v (lost] терять
loss ['b:s] n pi потери
low [lou] а низкий
low level attack ['lou ,levb'tsek] атака с ма¬
лой высоты
low pressure ['lou 'preis] низкое давление
lubricate ['lu:brikeit] v смазывать
lubrication [,lu:bri'keiin] и смазка
178
м
machine-gun [тэ '1 i:пдлп] п пулемет
magnetic [mieg'netik] а магнитный
magnify ['maegnifai] v увеличивать
main [mein] а главный
maintain [men'tem] v поддерживать
major [ тек!3э] л майор
majority [тэ'dЗз r[tij л большинство
make [meik] v (made): m. up составлять
mankind [mien 'kaind] л человечество
man-made [maen,meid] а искусственный
manoeuvre |тэ 'nurvo] n маневр
manpower [maen,paua] n живая сила
manual ['msnjualj л учебник; устав; на¬
ставление
manuals and regulations ['mEenjualzand ,re-
gju'leiihz] уставы и наставления
manufacture [,maenju'faektSb] v выпускать;
изготавливать
marching drill ['martStg 'dril] строевая под¬
готовка
mark [ma:k] v отмечать
master['ma:sta]v совершенствовать; овла¬
девать
materiel [m3,ti3n'el] я техника
mathematics [,тгев1'maetiks] n математика
matter ['maeb] n вешество; материя
mean [mi:n] n средство; способ; v озна¬
чать; иметь в виду
measure [теЗэ] л мера; v измерять
measurement [me3amant] я измерение
measuring ['теЗэпд] я измерение
measuring device ['теЗэпдск 'vaxs] измери¬
тельный прибор
mechanized infantry ['mekanaizd'infant ri]
мотопехота
meet [mi:t] v (met) встречать; m. require¬
ments соответствовать требованиям
melt [melt] v плавиться
member [memba] я член
memory [ 'memari] я память
middle ['midi] я середина
militant ['militant] а боевой; военный
mind [maind] я мнение; взгляд
mine [mam] я шахта; мина
mine detector [’maindi ,tekta] миноискатель
mine-layer [ mam ,leia] я миноукладчик
missile [ mi sail] я ракета
missing [’misig] а недостающий; отсут¬
ствующий
mission [ 'mi5 rt] я боевая задача; be on m.
быть в командировке
mix [miks] v смешивать
mixture ['mikstis] я смесь
mobile ['moubail] а подвижный
modify [’madifai] v модифицировать
mortar ['marts] я миномет
mortar platoon [ martapb 'turn] минометный
взвод
motherland ['mxbalaend] я родина
motion ['moul h] я движение
motor [ 'mouta] я двигатель
mount [maunt] v устанавливать
mountain ['mauntin] я гора
move [murv] v двигаться
movement [ mil rvmontj n движение
multichannel ['malti'tlsnl] а многоканаль¬
ный
multifuel [’imltifjuol] а многотопливный
multiply ['m \l11plai] v умножать
multistage ['m,\ltisteid3] а многоступенча¬
тый (о ракете)
N
narrow ['nserou] а узкий
nautical f'nartikal] а морской
near [шэ] а близкий
necessary ['ncsisori] а необходимый
need [mrd] v нуждаться
negative ['negotiv] а отрицательный
negotiation [ni,goujl'eiin] л переговоры
neighbour ['neiba] я сосед
neutralize [njurtralaiz] v подавлять
news [njurz] л новость, новости
night vision device ['nait 'vi3andi 'vais] при¬
бор ночного видения
night vision system ['nait'vi3an'sistim] сис-t
тема ночного видения
noise [naiz] л шум
noise silence ['naiz 'saibns] бесшумность
nonferrous ['nan'feras] а цветной (о ме¬
талле)
note [nout] я заметка; v делать заметки
notebook ['noutbuk] я записная книжка;
блокнот
notice [ noutis] v замечать
nuclear ['njurklia] а ядерный
nuclear-powered ['njurklia'pauadj а с ядер-
ными двигателями, с ядерной силовой
установкой
nucleus ['njurklias] я ядро
number ['плтЬэ] я число; a n. of много
numerous [njurmaras] а многочисленный
О
object [bbd3ikt] я предмет
object [эЬ 'd3ekt] V возражать
observation [ ,эЬгэ: 'veil h] л наблюдение
observation helicopter [ ,abza: 'veij h 'helikapta]
разведывательный вертолет
observe [ab 'zarv] v наблюдать
obstacle ['abstakl] я препятствие; загражде¬
ние
obtain [ab'tem] v получать
occupy [ okjupai] v занимать
occur [a'kar] v происходить
offense [o'fens] n наступление
offensive [э 'fensiv] я наступление; а насту¬
пательный
oil [ail] n масло
179
on-hoard [ 'on ,bo:d] а бортовой
operate ['oporeit] v действовать; работать;
вести боевые действия
operation [ppa'reiifi] л операция; боевые
действия
opinion [э pinjan] л мнение
oppose [a'pouz] v противостоять
orbit ['o:bit] и орбита; v вращаться
order ['э:бэ] л порядок; приказ; out of о.
неисправный
outer space ['auto 'speis] космическое про¬
странство
outline ['autlain] v обрисовать, наметить в
общих чертах
output unit ['autput'ju:nit] блок вывода
outside ['aut'said] л наружная часть (сто¬
рона)
outskirt ['autskait] n pi окраина, пред¬
местья ( города)
outstanding (aut'staendig) а выдающийся
overcome [,ouva'kxm] v (overcame, over¬
come) преодолевать
overhaul [ ouvaho:l] л капитальный ремонт
overheating ['ouva 'hi.tig] n перегрев
overwhelming [ ,ouvo 'welmi r|] а подавляю¬
щий
oxygen ['aksid33n] л кислород
P
Pacific Ocean [pa sifik 'oulti] Тихий океан
painting ['peintig] n картина
paratroops [ paeratruips] n pi парашютно-
десантные войска
parent ['ртаrant] и родитель
participation [pa:,tisi'peijti] л участие
particle [ paitikl] n частица
particular [pa'tikjulo] а особый
path [pa :0] я траектория
payload [ peiloud] n полезный груз
penetrate ['penitreit] v проникать
perform [po'fbim] v выполнять; делать;
проводить
performance [pa'foimans] n спектакль; pi
тактико-технические данные
permission [pa'miSn] n разрешение
permit [pa'mit] v позволять; допускать
(что-л.)
personnel [,po:s3'nel] л личный состав
phenomenon [fi'nominan] n явление
piece [pi :s] л орудие
piston [ pis tan] n поршень
plane [plein] л самолет
plate [pleit] n анод
plate circuit [’pleit sa:kit] анодная цепь
platoon [pb'tuin] л взвод
point [paint] л точка; пункт; вопрос, дело;
v указывать
politeness [pa'laitnis] л вежливость
poor [риэ] л беднота, бедные; а бедный
port [po:t] л бойница; люк
portability [,po:ta'biliti] л портативное п.
portable [ рэМэЫ] а переносный, поры
тивный
possess [ро 'zos] v обладать
possible ['posabl] а возможный
post [poust] v отправлять по почте
pound [paund] л фунт
powder [ pauda] л порох
power ['раиэ] я мощность; энергия; власы..
v снабжать энергией; оснащать
power plant ['pau.i 'plaint] силовая уста¬
новка
powir station ['раиэ .steiiti] электроСтам»
пня
power to weight ratio ['pauota 'weit 'rei!tou|
удельная мощность
practice [ prasktis] л: pet into p. осущест¬
влять
precede [pn:'si:d] v предшествовать
precise [pri'sais] а точный
precision [рпЧгЗэп] n точность
predict [pri'dikt] v предсказывать
preheater [pn:'hi:ta] л подогреватель
prepare [рп'реэ] v готовить
present ['prezntj а присутствующий; на¬
стоящий; at p. в настоящее время; be p.
присутствовать
present [pri 'zent] v дарить
pressure ['preSs] n давление
prevent [pri'vent] v предотвращать
previous [ prnvps] а предыдущий
principal [ prinsapal] а главный, основной
print [print] v печатать
private [ prarvit] л рядовой
produce [prs'djuis] v производить, вы¬
пускать
production [pra 'dxkSb] л производство
program(me) I'prougrajm] программа
projectile ('prod3tktail] л снаряд
prominent ['prominont] а выдающийся
promise ['promts] v обещать
proof [pru:f] л доказательство
propellant [pro pelont] п ракетное топливо
proper ['ргзрэ] а соответствующий
properly ['propali] adv должным образом
property [ propati] л свойство
proposal [pro pouzol] n предложение
(чего-л.)
propose [pra'pouz] v предлагать
propulsion [ргэ'рл1!п] n движение
prospect ['prospekt] л план
protect [pro 'tekt] v защищать, охранять
protection [pra'tekSfi] л защита, охрана
protective |pro 'tektrv] а защитный
prototype [ proutataip] п опытный образец
prove [pru.v] v доказывать
provide [p ro 'vaid] v обеспечивать; исполь¬
зовать
publish [ p/vblih v публиковать
pump [рлшр] n насос
pure [pjus] а чистый
purpose [ po:pos] и цель
180
pursue [ps'sju:] v преследовать
pul [put] v (put) класть, ставить; p. forward
выдвигать; p. into practice осуществлять
Q
quality ['kwohti] n качество
quantity [kwontiti] n количество
quantum ['kwantnm] n квант
quite [kwait] adv совершенно
R
radar set ['reida 'set] радарная установка
radar surveillance ['reidasa: veilsns] радио¬
локационное наблюдение
radius of action ['reidjasov 'aekjn] запас
хода
railway ['reilwei] n железная дорога
railway station [ reilwei'steiSn] железнодо¬
рожная станция
raise [reiz] v повышать
ram [raem] v таранить
range [remd3] n диапазон; дальность, ра¬
диус действия; v измерять (расстояние)
range-finder ['reind3,famd3] п дальномер
rank [гае gk] п ряд; звание
rapid ['raepid] а быстрый, скорый
rapidly ['rapidli] adv быстро, скоро
rare [геэ] а редкостный; редко встречаю¬
щийся, редкий
rate of fire ['rcitov'faio] скорострельность
ray [ret] n луч
reach [ri;15] v добираться; достигать
realize [’nolaiz] v осуществлять; понимать,
осознавать
rear [пэ] n тыл; корма
rear echelon [rio 'epbn] второй эшелон
reason ['rt;zn] n причина
rebuff [ri'bxf] v отражать (нападение)
receive [ri'si:v] v получать
receiver [ri'sirvs] n приемник
recent ['ri:snt] а недавний, последний;
новый, современный
recently [ 'п; sntli] adv недавно
recoil [ri'koil] n откат; отдача
recoilless rifle [n'koilis 'raifl] безоткатное
орудие
reconnaissance [ri'kanissns] n разведка
reduce [n'dju.s] v уменьшать
reduction [ ri 'блк 1 n] n уменьшение
refer [ri 'fa:] v ссылаться (на кого-л., что-л.);
приписывать (чему-л.)\ относить (к эпо¬
хе, классу)
reference book ['refrans Ъик] справочник
refuel ['rit'fjual] v (до)заправлять топли¬
вом; вновь заправляться топливом
refuse [n'fju:z] v отказывать
regard [ri'ga:d] v рассматривать
regiment [ red3imant] n полк
region ['гЫЗэп] n район
register ['red3isto] v показывать, отмечать,
рег истрировать (о приборе)
regularity [ ,regju 'laeriti] и закономерность
regulation [,regju'leiSn] n наставление
reinforce [,ri:in'f3;s] v усиливать
reinforcement [,ri:in'fo:sm3nt] n пополне¬
ние; подкрепление, усиление
relate [n'leit] v относиться, иметь отно¬
шение
relation [n'leiih] n отношение, связь
relationship [ri 'leiiti)tp] n отношение, вза¬
имоотношение, связь
relativity [ ,reb 'tiviti] n относительность
release [n'li:s] v освобождать, высвобо¬
ждать; выделять (ся)
reliability [п ,1аю'biliti] n надежность
reliable [ri'laiabl] а надежный
reliably [n 'laiobli] adv надежно
reload ['n:'loud] v перезаряжать
reloading ['ri:'loudirj] n перезаряжание
remarkable [п'то:кэЫ] а замечательный
remember [ri'memba] v помнить
remote [n'mout] а дистанционный
remote control [ri'moutkan 'troul] дистан¬
ционное управление
removable [n'mu:vabl] а съемный
remove [ri'mu:v] v убирать; снимать
repair [ri'pca] v ремонтировать
replace [ri'pleis] v заменять, замещать
represent [,repn'zent] v изображать, пред¬
ставлять; представлять собою; озна¬
чать
representative [ ,repri 'zcntatrv] n предста
витель
repulse [ri'pxls] v отражать
require [ri 'kwaia] v требовать
requirement [ri'kwaiamant] n требование
research [ri'sa:tj]я исследование; а научно-
исследовательский
researcher [n'ss:tSi] n исследователь
resemble [ri zembl] v быть похожим
reserve [ri'za.v] v откладывать, запасать;
сохранять за собой; резервировать
resistance [ri'zistans] л сопротивление
respect [ris'pekt] п уважение; отношение,
касательство; v уважать
respectively[ns 'pektrvli] adv соответственно
responsible [ns 'pansabl] а ответственный
restore [ris'ta:] v восстанавливать
retreat [ri'tri:t] n отступление; v отступать
return [пЧэ:п] n возвращение; v возвра¬
щать (ся)
reveal [ri'vi.l] v открывать; разоблачать
review [ri'vju:] v повторять
revolve [ri'volv] v вращагь(ся)
rifle platoon ['raiflpla 'tu:n] пехотный взвод
rifle squad ['raifl 'skwod] пехотное (стрел
ковое) отделение
rise [raiz] n повышение, увеличение
road [roud] n дорога
rocket launcher ['rokit'bmtjb] реактивный
гранатомет
roll-call [ roulkad] n перекличка
181
roof [ru:f| n крыша
rotor f'routa] n несущий винт (вертолета)
round [raund] n выстрел
route [ru:t] n маршрут
routine [ru:'ti:n] а повседневный; текущий
rudder ['rxdc] n руль направления
rule [ru:l] n правило
run [глп] v (ran, run] работать (о двига¬
теле); r. across переходить; г. away
уходить
runner ['глпэ] п бегун
running gear ['глшд'дю] ходовая часть
S
sacred ['seikrid] а священный
safely ['seifli] adv безопасно
safety ['seifti] n безопасность
safety measure ['seifti ,шеЗэ] мера безо¬
пасности
salute [so'lu:t] v отдавать честь
save [seiv] v экономить
scholar ['skob] n ученый
science ['saians] n наука
scientific [ 'saion'tifik] а научный
scientist ['saiantist] n ученый
second ['sekond] n секунда
secondary ['sekandari] а средний; второ¬
степенный
security [si'kjuariti] n безопасность
see [si:] v (saw, seen] смотреть; видеть
seek [si.k] v (sought): s. out обнаруживать
seem [si:m] v казаться
seize [si:z] v захватывать
seldom ['seldam] adv редко
select [si'lekt] v выбирать
self-propelled ['selfpra'peld] а самоходный
sell [sel] v (sold] продавать
semiconductor ['semikon dxkto] и полупро¬
водник
send [send] v (sent] посылать
sensitive ['sensitiv] а чувствительный
sentence ['sentans] n предложение
separate [ scpnreit] v разделят!,
separate ['sepnt] а отдельный
sergeant [ sa:d3ont] n сержант
serve [ss:v] v служить
service ['so:vrs| n служба; заслуга; come
into s. поступать на вооружение; in s.
на вооружении
service life ['ss.vis'laif] эксплуатационный
срок службы
service testing ['sawis'testig] техническое
испытание
set [set] v (set): s. a task ставить задачу;
s, off отправляться
settle [’setl] v выяснять, улаживать
shake [Sctk] v (shook, shaken] трясти; по¬
трясать, волновать
shape [Sfcip] n форма
shell [Sel] n снаряд
shell fragment ['Sel 'fraegmont] осколок см*
ряда
shelter ['Selto] n укрытие
shock [J bk] n удар
shoot [jti:t] v (shot] стрелять
shooting ['iu:tig] n стрельба
shorten ['jirtn] v уменьшать
show [Sou] v (showed, shown) показывай.
side [said] n бок; сторона; борт
sight [salt] n прицел; v прицеливаться.
визировать
sight line ['salt'lain] линия прицеливания
sighting device ['saitigdi'vais] прицельное
приспособление
sign [sain] v подписывать
signature ['signitS a] n подпись
significant [sig'nifikont] а важный
silently ['saibntli] adv бесшумно
similar ['simib] а подобный
simple ['simpl] а простой, нетрудный
single ['sirjgl] а единственный; один
situate [ sitjueit] v располагать, размещать
size [saiz] n размер
skill [skifj n навык; умение
skilled [s)nld] а опытный, умелый; квали¬
фицированный
slight [slait] а слабый, незначительный
small arms ['smxl a:mz] стрелковое ору¬
жие
small arms fire ['smD:l'a:mz 'faw] огонь
стрелкового оружия
smooth [smurt] а гладкий, ровный
smooth hore ['smu:Sbo:] гладкий ствол
( оружия)
soft [soft] а мягкий
solar ['soub] а солнечный
solemn ['sobm] а торжественный
solid ['solid] n твердое вещество; а твер¬
дый
solid propellant motor ['salidpra pebnt -
'moil to] твердотопливный ракетный дви¬
гатель, ТРД
solution [sa'lu:)h] n решение
solve [solv] v решать
sorry ['sori] a : be s. сожалеть
sound [saund] n звук
source [so:s] n источник
space [speis] n пространство; космос, кос¬
мическое пространство
spacecraft ['speiskra:ft] n космический ко¬
рабль
spaceship ['speisitp] n космический ко¬
рабль
space vehicle ['speis 'vi:ikl] космический ко¬
рабль
spare [spca] а запасной; запасный; резерв¬
ный
spare parts ['speo'pa:ts] запасные части
speaker ['spi:ka] n выступающий
specify ['spesifai] v точно определять
speed [spi:d] n скорость
182
spend [spend] v (spent) проводить
spirit ('spirit] n моральная сила, энергия,
решительность
split [split] v (split) расщеплять(ся)
spot [spot] v установить местонахождение,
засечь, обнаружить
spread [spred] v (spread] распространять
squad [skwod] n отделение
stabilizer ['steibilaizo] n стабилизатор
staff [sto:f] n штаб
stainless ['steinlis] а нержавеющий
start [sta:t] v начинать
state [steit] n состояние; положение; госу¬
дарство; v излагать; формулировать
station ['steiih] v помещать; размещать
stationary ['steiShori] а стационарный
stay [stei] v находиться
steam [sti:m] n nap
steam engine ['sti:m,end3in] паровой дви¬
гатель
step [step] n шаг; v шатать, ступать; s. out
выходить
storage battery ['sto:rid3 ,bsetori] аккумуля¬
торная батарея
store [s to: | v хранить
straight [streit] а прямой
stream [strum] n вереница, поток; полоса
strength [st re i)0] n сила
stress [stres] n напряжение
strict [strikt] а строгий, взыскательный
strike [straik] v (struck) ударять(ся); s. a
blow наносить удар
strong point ['strop'point] опорный пункт
struggle ['strvgl] n борьба
suhject [ sAbd3ikt] n предмет; тема, вопрос
subject [sob 'd3ekt] v подвергаться
submarine [ЧлЬтэгып] n подводная лодка
subordinate [so b.rdnit] n, а подчиненный
substance ['s,\bstons] n вещество
substantia) [sob'staenjol] а значительный
succeed [sok'sud] v преуспевать, процве¬
тать
success [sok'ses] n успех; exploit the s.
развивать успех
sudden ['sxdn] а внезапный, неожиданный,
непредвиденный
sudden(ly) ['sAdn(li)] adv внезапно, вдруг,
неожиданно
sufficient [sa'fijSnt] а достаточный
suggest [so 'd3est] v предлагать, совето¬
вать: полагать
suggestion [so'd3estion] n предложение,
совет
suitable ['sju:tabl] а подходящий
supercharge ['sju:potia:d3] v работать с
наддувом
superior [sju:'piorio] а превосходящий
supersonic ['sju:po 'sonik] а сверхзвуковой
supersonic wave [ sju:po'sonik weiv] сверх¬
звуковая волна
supply [so 'plai] n подача, питание; v снаб¬
жать
support [so 'po: t] n поддержка; г поддер¬
живать
suppose [so'pouz] v полагать; считать
sure [iuo]a : be s. быть уверенным
surface ['so.fis] n поверхность
surface-to-air missile ['so:fistu co'misail]
ракета класса «земля — воздух»
surface-to-surface missile ['so:fisto so: Its
'misail] ракета класса «земля — земля»
surpass [so:'pa:s] v преодолевать
surprise [so 'praizj n неожиданность; v удив¬
ляться
surround [so'raund] v окружать
surveillance airplane [so: 'veils.ns 'eoplein]
разведывательный самолет
suspect [sos'pekt] v подозревать
switch [switj] n выключатель; переклю¬
чатель; s. off выключать ток
T
take [teik] v (took; taken): t. off взлетать
take-off ['teikof] n взлет
talk [to:k] n разговор; v разговаривать
tape [teip] v записывать на магнитофон¬
ную ленту
tape-recorder ['teipri ,ko:do] n магнитофон
target ['ta:git] n цель
target range ['ta:git reind3] дальность до
цели
task [ta.sk] n задача, задание; set a t. ста¬
вить задачу
tell [tel] v (told] рассказывать
tent [tent] n палатка
term [to:m] n семестр; термин
terrain ['terein] n местность
terrain vehicle ['terein’vi:ikl] транспортное
средство
test [test] n испытание; проба, проверка;
v испытывать, проверять; undergo t про¬
ходить испытание
test pilot ['test 'paibt] летчик-испытатель
think [9i gk] v (thought) думать
thorough ['0лгэ] а тщательный
thoroughly ['влгэй] adv тщательно
threat [0ret] n угроза
thrust [0rASt] n тяга
ticket ['tikit] n билет
time [taim] и время
title ['taitl] n заголовок
tool [tu :1] n инструмент
top [top] n вершина
torque [to:k] n крутящий момент
touch [Uti] v касаться
towed [toud] а на механической гяге
tracked ['traekt] а гусеничный, на гусенич¬
ном ходу
tracking [ traekig] n слежение
track-laying vehicle ['traek ,leiig'vi :ikl] гусе¬
ничная машина
traffic ['traefik] n движение
183
train [trem] v обучать(ся); тренировать (ся)
training ['treinig] n обучение; подготовка;
тренировка; занятие
transform [trsens'fo:m] v преобразовывать
translate [trasns'leit] v переводить (с одного
языка на другой)
transmit [trsenz'mit] v сооощать; переда¬
вать
transmitter [traenz'nnta] п передатчик
transport [traens 'рэ: t] v перевозить, транс¬
портировать
travel ['traevl] v перемещаться; проходить
trend [trend] n направление
trial ['traial] n испытание
troop [tru:p] n pi войска
trouble [ЧглЫ] n беспокойство; неисправ¬
ность
truck [trxk] n грузовой автомобиль
truthful ['tru.dful] а правдивый
try [trai] v пытаться
tube [tju:b] n электронная лампа; ствол
( миномета)
tune [lju:n] n тембр
turboiet [4a:bou'd3et] а турбореактивный
(о двигателе)
turbo-blow [Чэ:Ьои'Ыои] n турбонагнета¬
тель
turn on [Чэ:п bn] v включать
turret [' t л ri t] n орудийная башня
TV set ['ti: 'vi: 'set] телевизор
twice [twais] adv дважды
two-way radio ['tu:'wei'reidiou] приемопе¬
редающее устройство
type [taip] v печатать
ultrasonic [,Altr3'sonik] а ультразвуковой
umbrella [лш'ЬгеЬ] n зонт
unbreakable [ 'лп 'breikobl] а нерушимый
understand [,\ndn 'staend] v (understood)
понимать
unfavourable [лп'feivarabl] а неблагопри¬
ятный
unit ['ju:nit] n (воинское) подразделение,
часть; прибор
unity [ 'ju: niti] n единство
upper [лрэ] а верхний
use [ju: s] n применение; использование
use [ju :z] v применять; использовать
useful ['m:sful] а полезный
useless i'ju:slis] а бесполезный
usually ['ju:3uali] adv обычно
V
vacation [va'keiift] n каникулы
vacuum tube [ 'vaskjuam'ttu: b] электронная
лампа
valid ['vaelid] а веский, обоснованный;
действенный, эффективный
valuable [ vaeljuabl] а ценный; важный; по¬
лезный
value [ 'vaelju:] n важность; величина, iii
чение
vapour ['veipo] n nap
variety [va'raioti] n разнообразие; мш»
жество
various [Vcarios] а разнообразный
vary ['veari] v изменяться
vegetable ['ved3itobl] n овощ
vegetable oil ['ved3it3bl'oil] подсолнечник
масло
vehicle ['vi :ikl] n средство передвижении.
транспортное средство, машина
velocity [vi'bsiti] п скорость
version ['v3:Sh] п модель
via ['vaia] prep через
view [vju:] n точка зрения
vigilantly ['vid3ibntli] adv бдительно
visible [Vizsbl] а видимый
vision block [ЧзЗэпЪЬк] смотровое при¬
способление (в танке)
vision system [ЧнЗэп'sistim] приборы
наблюдения
vital ['vaitl] а насущный, очень важный
voltage [Voultid3] n напряжение
voltage source ['voultid3 'so:s] источник пи¬
тания
volume ['voljum] n объем
voluntary ['vobntan] а добровольный
vulnerability [,\'л1пэго'bihti] n уязвимость
vulnerable ['vvlnarabl] а уязвимый
W
wait [weit] v: w. for ждать; ожидать
warfare ['wo:fe3] n война
warhead [ wo:hed] n боевая часть
watch [woti] v наблюдать
wave [werv] n волна
way [wei] n способ
weapon [ 'wepon] n оружие; боевое средство
weapons platoon ['wepsnzpb'tu:n] взвод
оружия
weapons squad ['wepsnz 'skwod] отделение
оружия
weather ['weds] n погода
weather-proof ['wcdapru:(] а защищенный
от атмосферного влияния
weigh [wei] v весить
weight [weit] n вес
weld [weid] v сваривать
welding ['weldir)] n сварка
wet [wet] а влажный
wheel [wi:l] n колесо
widen ['waidn] v расширять
win [win] v (won) выиграть; победить,
одержать победу; w. a battle выиграть
бой
winch [winti] п лебедка
wing [wig] п крыло
wire ['wais] п провод
wire-guided missile ['wai3,gaidid'misail] pa-
184
кета, управляемая по проводам; про¬
тивотанковая управляемая ракета,
ПТУР
wireless f'waralis] п радио
wish [wij] v желать
withstand [wid'stiend] v (withstood) усто¬
ять, выстоять; выдержать
workshop ['waikSap] цех
wounded f'wuindtd] а раненый
wrong [год] а неправильный
X
xenon ['zenon] n ксенон; а ксеноновый
V
yet [jet] adv до сих пор; (пока) еще
Z
zone [zoun] п зона, пояс, полоса, область
ПРЕДМЕТНЫЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ
Артикль как формальный признак единственного и множественного числа сущест¬
вительных, 2
Безличные предложения, 96
Бессоюзные дополнительные придаточные предложения, 112
Бессоюзные определительные придаточные предложения, 112
Бессоюзные придаточные предложения, 112
Виды сказуемых,«9
Возвратные и усилительные местоимения, 13
Возвратные местоимения, 13
Вопросительная конструкция типа How would you...?, 93
Вопросительная конструкция типа Is it of any...?, 94
Вопросительная конструкция типа What about + Gerund...?, 92
Вопросительная конструкция типа Wbat is your opinion of...?, 95
Вопросительное предложение, 90
Вопросительные местоимения, 14
Вопросительные местоимения в функции именной части составного именного ска¬
зуемого, 14
Вопросительные местоимения в функции определения, 14
Вопросительные местоимения в функции подлежащего, 14
Вопросительные местоимения в функции предложного дополнения, 14
Вопросительные местоимения в функции прямого дополнения, 14
Вопросительные слова, 91
Вопросы к другим членам предложения, 91
Вопросы к подлежащему и его определению, 91
Временные формы глагола, 48
Выражение винительного падежа, 7
Выражение дательного падежа, 7
Выражение именительного падежа, 7
Выражение падежных отношений с помощью предлогов, 7
Выражение предложного падежа, 7
Выражение родительного падежа, 7
Выражение творительного падежа, 7
Герундиальные обороты, 83
Герундиальный оборот в функции дополнения, 83
Герундиальный оборот в функции обстоятельства, 83
Г ерундиальный оборот в функции определения, 83
Г ерундиальный оборот в функции подлежащего, 83
Герундий, 80—84
Герундий без предлогов, 81
Г ерундий в функции обстоятельства, 82
Г ерундий в функции определения, 82
Герундий в функции подлежащего, 81
Г ерундий в функции предложного дополнения, 82
Герундий в функции прямого дополнения, 81
Г ерундий в функции части составного именного сказуемого, 81
Г ерундий с предлогами, 82
186
Глагол, 22—84
Глагол-сказуемое как формальный признак единственного и множественного числа
существительных, 2
Глаголы и глагольные сочетания, с которыми употребляется оборот «Именительный
падеж с инфинитивом», 66
Глагол to be в функции вспомогательного глагола во временах группы Continuous, 50
Глагол to be в функции вспомогательного глагола в страдательном залоге, 50
Глагол to be в функции глагола-связки составного именного сказуемого, 50
Глагол to be в функции простого глагольного сказуемого, 50
Г лагол to be в функции части составного глагольного (модального) сказуемого, 50
Глагол to do в функции вспомогательного глагола, 54
Г лагол to do в функции заместителя смыслового глагола, 54.
Глагол to do в функции простого глагольного сказуемого, 54
Глагол to do в функции усилителя глагола-сказуемого в утвердительном предложении, 54
Глагол to bave в функции вспомогательного глагола в Perfect Tenses, i2
Г лагол to bave в функции простого глагольного сказуемого, 52
Глагол to have в функции части составного глагольного (модального) сказуемого, 52
Г лагол to have в функции части фразового сказуемого, 52
Г лагол should в функции вспомогательного глагола, 55
Г лагол should в функции модального глагола, 55
Г лагол should, его функции и перевод, 55
Г лагол would в функции вспомогательного глагола, 56
Г лагол would в функции модального глагола, 56
Г лагол would, его функции и перевод, 56
Десятичные дроби, 21
Дополнительные придаточные предложения, 102
Инверсия в условных придаточных предложениях, 111
Инфинитив в функции-дополнения, 64
Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели, 64
Инфинитив в функции определения, 64
Инфинитив в функции подлежащего, 64
Инфинитив в функции части составного глагольного сказуемого, 64
Инфинитив в функции части составного именного сказуемого, 64
Инфинитивные обороты, 65—70
Infinitive как основная форма глагола, 22
- ing — формы в функции дополнения; 84
- ing - формы в функции обстоятельства, 84
- ing - формы в функции определения, 84
- ing - формы в функции подлежащего, 84
- ing - формы в функции сказуемого, 84
Количественные числительные, 19
Конструкция для выделения отдельных членов предложения, 113
Личные местоимения, 9
Личные местоимения в функции дополнения, 9
Личные местоимения в функции подлежащего, 9
Местоимение any и его производные, 12
Местоимение it, 15
Местоимение it в безличных предложениях, 15
Местоимение it в неопределенно-личных предложениях, 15
Местоимение it в предложениях с усилительной конструкцией, 15
Местоимение it в функции косвенного дополнения, 15
Местоимение it в функции подлежащего, 15
Местоимение it в функции предложного дополнения, 15
Местоимение it в функции прямого дополнения, 15
Местоимение по и его производные, 12
Местоимение some и его производные, 12
Местоимения, 9—15
Многозначность предлога at, 85
Многозначность предлога by, 85
Многозначность предлога for, 85
Многозначность предлога from, 85
187
Многозначность предлога in, 85
Многозначность предлога of, 85
Многозначность предлога on, 85
Многозначность предлога to, 85
Многозначность предлога with, 85
Многозначность суффикса - ed, 78
Многозначные количественные числительные, 19
Многозначные порядковые числительные, 20
Многофункциональность строевых слов, 114—121
Многофункциональность суффикса - ed, 78
Множественное число существительных, 2—5
Множественное число существительных греческого и латинского происхождения, 5
Модальные глаголы и их перевод, 57
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, 58
Наречие, 16
Неличные формы глагола, 62—84
Неопределенное местоимение как формальный признак единственного и множественного
числа существительных, 2
Неопределенно-личные предложения, 96
Неопределенные местоимения some, any, 11
Непроизводные количественные числительные, 19
Оборот «Именительный падеж с инфинитивом», 65
Оборот «Объектный падеж с инфинитивом», 67
Оборот «for + существительное (местоимение) + инфинитив», 70
Оборот There + to be, 97
Оборот There + to be в Future Indefinite, 97
Оборот There + to be в Past Indefinite, 97
Оборот There + to be в Present Indefinite, 97
Образование глаголов с помощью префиксов, 128
Образование глаголов с помощью суффиксов, 124
Образование'наречий с помощью суффиксов, 125
Образование прилагательных с помощью префиксов, 127
Образование прилагательных с помощью суффиксов, 123
Образование существительных с помощью префиксов, 126
Образование существительных с помощью суффиксов, 122
Образование Continuous Active, 32
Образование Continuous Passive, 43
Образование Future Continuous Active, 31
Образование Future Continuous Passive, 43
Образование Future Indefinite Passive, 42
Образование Future Indefinite Tense, 26
Образование Future Perfect Active, 36
Образование Future Perfect Passive, 44
Образование Indefinite Active, 27
‘Образование Indefinite Passive, 42
Образование Participle I Active, 72
Образование Participle I Passive, 74
Образование Participle II Passive, 75
Образование Past Continuous Active, 30
Образование Past Continuous Passive, 43
Образование Past Indefinite Active, 25
Образование Past Indefinite Passive, 42
Образование Past Perfect Active, 35
Образование Past Perfect Passive, 44
Образование Perfect Active, 37
Образование Perfect Continuous Active, 40
Образование Perfect Participle Active, 77
Образование Perfect Participle Passive, 77
Образование Perfect Passive, 44
Образование Present Continuous Active, 29
Образование Present Continuous Passive, 43
188
Образование Present Indefinite Active, 24
Образование Present Indefinite Passive, 42
Образование Present Perfect Active, 34
Образование Present Perfect Passive, 44
Обстоятельственные придаточные предложения, 105—111
Общие вопросы, 90
Общие вопросы в группе времен Continuous, 90
Общие вопросы в группе времен Indefinite, 90
Общие вопросы в группе времен Perfect, 90
Определительные придаточные предложения, 104
Определительный инфинитивный оборот, 69
Основные формы глагола, 22
Основные формы неправильных глаголов, 23
Особенности перевода конструкций в страдательном залоге, 47
Особые случаи образования множественного числа существительных, 4
Отрицательное местоимение по, 11
Перевод безличных предложений, 96
Перевод возвратных местоимений, 13
Перевод вопросительных местоимений, 14
Перевод времен группы Continuous Active, 33
Перевод времен группы Indefinite Active, 28
Перевод времен группы Perfect Continuous Active, 41
Перевод герундиального оборота в функции дополнения, 83
Перевод герундиального оборота в функции обстоятельства, 83
Перевод герундиального оборота в функции подлежащего, 83
Перевод герундия в функции обстоятельства, 82
Перевод герундия в функции определения, 82
Перевод герундия в функции подлежащего, 81
Перевод герундия в функции предложного дополнения, 82
Перевод герундия в функции прямого дополнения, 81
Перевод герундия в функции части составного глагольного сказуемого, 81
Перевод герундия в функции части составного именного сказуемого, 81
Перевод глагола в Future Continuous Active, 33
Перевод глагола в Future Indefinite Active, 28
Перевод глагола в Future Perfect Active, 38
Перевод глагола в Past Continuous Active, 33
Перевод глагола в Past Indefinite Active, 28
Перевод глагола в Past Perfect Active, 38
Перевод глагола в Present Continuous Active, 33
Перевод глагола в Present Indefinite Active, 28
Перевод глагола в Present Perfect Active, 38
Перевод глагола to be, 50
Перевод глагола to do, 54
Перевод глагола to have, 52
Перевод глагола should, 55
Перевод глагола would, 56
Перевод глагола-сказуемого в Future Continuous Active, 39
Перевод глагола-сказуемого в Future Indefinite Active, 39
Перевод глагола-сказуемого в Future Perfect Active, 39
Перевод глагола-сказуемого в Future Perfect Continuous Active, 41
Перевод глагола-сказуемого в Past Continuous Active, 39
Перевод глагола-сказуемого в Past Indefinite Active, 39
Перевод глагола-сказуемого в Past Perfect Active, 39
Перевод глагола-сказуемого в Past Perfect Continuous Active, 41
Перевод глагола-сказуемого в Present Continuous Active, 39
Перевод глагола-сказуемого в Present Indefinite Active, 39
Перевод глагола-сказуемого в Present Perfect Active, 39
Перевод глагола-сказуемого в Present Perfect Continuous Active, 41
Перевод двухкомпонентных терминов, 129
Перевод местоимения it, 15
Перевод многокомпонентных терминов, 129
Перевод неопределенно-личных предложений, 96
Перевод подлежащих, 88
Перевод прилагательных в сочетании со служебными словами, 17
Перевод пятикомпонентных терминов, 129
Перевод самостоятельного причастного оборота в конце предложения, 79
Перевод самостоятельного причастного оборота в начале предложения, 79
Перевод слова one в функции неопределенно-личного местоимения, 120
Перевод слова one в функции притяжательного местоимения, 120
Перевод слова one в функции слова-заместителя, 120
Перевод слова one в функции числительного, 120
Перевод слова that (those) в функции относительного местоимения, 121
Перевод слова that (those) в функции слова-заместителя, 121
Перевод слова that (those) в функции союза, 121
Перевод слова that (those) в функции указательного местоимения, 121
Перевод служебного слова as, 114
Перевод служебного слова for, 115
Перевод трехкомпонентных терминов, 129
Перевод четырехкомпонентных терминов, 129
Перевод указательных местоимений, 10
Перевод усилительных местоимений, 13
Перевод форм с суффиксом - ed, 78
Перевод Indefinite Gerund Active, 80
Перевод Indefinite Gerund Passive, 80
Перевод Participle I Active, 71
Перевод Participle I Active в функции обстоятельства, 73
Перевод Participle I Active в функции постпозитивного определения, 73
Перевод Participle I Active в функции препозитивного определения, 73
Перевод Participle I Active в функции части простого сказуемого в Continuous Tenses,
Перевод Participle 1 Passive, 71
Перевод Participle I Passive в функции обстоятельства, 74
Перевод Participle I Passive в функции определения, 74
Перевод Participle II Passive, 71, 76
Перевод Perfect Gerund Active, 80
Перевод Perfect Gerund Passive, 80
Перевод Perfect Participle, 77
Перевод Perfect Participle Active, 71
Перевод Perfect Participle Active в функции обстоятельства, 77
Перевод Perfect Participle Passive, 71
Перевод Perfect Participle Passive в функции обстоятельства, 77
Повелительное наклонение, 59
Повествовательное предложение, 87
Подлежащее и способы его выражения, 88
Порядковые числительные, 20
Предлоги, 85
Придаточные предложения времени, 106
Придаточные предложения места, 105
Придаточные предложения образа действия, 107
Придаточные предложения подлежащие, 99, 100
Придаточные предложения причины, 109
Придаточные предложения сказуемые, 99, 103
Придаточные предложения цели, 108
Прилагательное, 16—18
Прилагательные в конструкции the А(-ег)... the А(-ег), 17
Прилагательные в сочетании со служебными словами, 17
Прилагательные в сочетании со служебными словами as + А + as, 17
Прилагательные в сочетании со служебными словами as ... as possible, 17
Прилагательные в сочетании со служебными словами not so ...as, 17
Прилагательные в сочетании со служебными словами twice as ... as, 17
Прилагательные в функции дополнения, 18
Прилагательные в функции именной части составного именного сказуемого, 18
Прилагательные в функции определения, 18
190
Прилагательные в функции подлежащего, 18
Притяжательные местоимения, 9 ,
Притяжательные местоимения в функции определения, 9
Притяжательный падеж существительного, 6
Производные количественные числительные, 19
Простое предложение, 87
Простые дроби, 21
Participle I как основная форма глагола, 22
Participle I Active, 71
Participle I Active в функции обстоятельства, 73
Participle I Active в функции постпозитивного определения, 73
Participle I Active в функции препозитивного определения, 73
Participle I Active в функции части простого сказуемого в Continuous Tenses, 73
Participle I Passive, 71
Participle I Passive в функции обстоятельства, 74
Participle I Passive в функции определения, 74
Participle II как основная форма глагола, 22
Participle II Passive, 71
Participle II Passive в функции обстоятельства, 76
Participle II Passive в функции постпозитивного определения, 76
Participle II Passive в функции препозитивного определения, 76
Participle II Passive в функции части простого глагольного сказуемого, выраженного
глаголом в Perfect Tenses, 76
Participle II Passive в функции части простого глагольного сказуемого, выраженного
глаголом страдательного залога, 76
Past Indefinite как основная форма глагола, 22
Perfect Participle в функции обстоятельства, 77
Perfect Participle Active, 71
Perfect Participle Passive, 71
Самостоятельный причастный оборот, 79
Синтаксические функции форм с суффиксом -ed, 78
Синтаксические функции -ing- форм, 84
Сказуемое и способы его выражения, 89
Слово one, 120
Слово that (those), 121
Словообразование, 122—128
Сложноподчиненное предложение, 99—112
Сложносочиненное предложение, 98
Служебное слово across, 117
Служебное слово after, 118
Служебное слово as, 114
Служебное слово because, 116
Служебное слово before, 118
Служебное слово behind, 117
Служебное слово below, 117
Служебное слово for, 115
Служебное слово provided, 119
Служебное слово providing, 119
Служебное слово since, 116
Служебное слово (un)till, 116
Согласование времен в дополнительных придаточных предложениях, 103
Сослагательное наклонение, 60
Сочинительные союзы, 86
Сочинительный союз and, 86
Сочинительный союз as well as, 86
Сочинительный союз both ... and, 86
Сочинительный союз but, 86
Сочинительный союз either... or, 86
Сочинительный союз neither ... nor, 86
Сочинительный союз not only... bnt, 86
Сочинительный союз yet, 86
191
Союзы, 86
Союзы и союзные слова в дополнительных придаточных предложениях, 102
Союзы и союзные слова в определительных придаточных предложениях, 104
Союзы и союзные слова в придаточных предложениях времени, 106
Союзы и союзные слова в придаточных предложениях места, 105
Союзы и союзные слова в придаточных предложениях образа действия, 107
Союзы и союзные слова в придаточных предложениях подлежащих, 100
Союзы и союзные слова в придаточных предложениях причины, 109
Союзы и союзные слова в придаточных предложениях сказуемых, 101
Союзы и союзные слова в придаточных предложениях цели, 108
Союзы и союзные слова в условных придаточных предложениях, 110
Специальные вопросы, 91
Способы перевода глаголов-сказуемых в страдательном залоге, 45
Способы перевода глаголов-сказуемых в Future Indefinite Passive, 45
Способы перевода глаголов-сказуемых в Future Perfect Passive, 45
Способы перевода глаголов-сказуемых в Past Continuous Passive, 45
Способы перевода глаголов-сказуемых в Past Indefinite Passive, 45
Способы перевода глаголов-сказуемых в Past Perfect Passive, 45
Способы перевода глаголов-сказуемых в Present Continuous Passive, 45
Способы перевода глаголов-сказуемых в Present Indefinite Passive, 45
Способы перевода глаголов-сказуемых в Present Perfect Passive, 45
Спряжение глагола to be, 49
Спряжение глагола to be в Future Indefinite, 49
Спряжение глагола to be в Past Indefinite, 49
Спряжение глагола to be в Present Indefinite, 49
Спряжение глагола to do, 53
Спряжение глагола to have, 51
Спряжение глагола to have в Future Indefinite, 51
Спряжение глагола to have в Past Indefinite, 51
Спряжение глагола to have в Present Indefinite, 51
Степени сравнения многосложных наречий, 16
Степени сравнения многосложных прилагательных, 16
Степени сравнения наречий, 16
Степени сравнения наречий от разных основ, 16
Степени сравнения односложных наречий, 16
Степени сравнения односложных прилагательных, 16
Степени сравнения прилагательных, 16
Степени сравнения прилагательных от разных основ, 16
Суффиксы как формальный признак единственного и множественного числа сущест¬
вительных, 2
Существительное в функции дополнения, 8
Существительное в функции именной части составного именного сказуемого, 8
Существительное в функции косвенного дополнения, 8
Существительное в функции обстоятельства, 8
Существительное в функции обстоятельства времени, 8
Существительное в функции обстоятельства места. 8
Существительное в функции определения, 8
Существительное в функции подлежащего, 8
Существительное в функции постпозитивного определения, 8
Существительное в функции предложного дополнения, 8
Существительное в функции препозитивного определения, 8
Существительное в функции прямого дополнения, 8
Типы придаточных предложений, 99
Указательное местоимение как формальный признак единственного и множественного
числа существительных, 2
Указательные местоимения, 10
Указательные местоимения в функции определения, 10
Указательные местоимения в функции подлежащего, 10
Указательные местоимения как слова-заместители, 10
Употребление времен группы Continuous Active, 33
Употребление времен группы Indefinite Active, 28
192
Употребление времен группы Perfect Active, 38
Употребление времен группы Perfect Continuous Active, 41
Употребление глагола should, 55
Употребление неопределенных местоимений some, any с исчисляемыми существитель¬
ными, 11
Употребление неопределенных местоимений some, any с неисчисляемыми существитель¬
ными, 11
Употребление «Объектный падеж с инфинитивом», 68
Употребление сослагательного наклонения, 61
Употребление сослагательного наклонения в придаточных дополнительных предло¬
жениях, 61
Употребление сослагательного наклонения в придаточных предложениях подлежащих, 61
Употребление сослагательного наклонения в придаточных условных предложениях, 61
Употребление сослагательного наклонения в простых предложениях, 61
Употребление Future Continuous Active, 33
Употребление Future Indefinite Active, 28
Употребление Future Perfect Active, 38
Употребление Future Perfect Continuous Active, 41
Употребление Indefinite Gerund, 80
Употребление Participle I Active и Passive, 71
Употребление Participle II Passive, 71
Употребление Past Continuous Active, 33
Употребление Past Indefinite Active, 28
Употребление Past Perfect Active, 38
Употребление Past Perfect Continuous Active, 41
Употребление Perfect Gerund, 80
Употребление Perfect Participle Active и Passive, 71
Употребление Present Continuous Active, 33
Употребление Present Indefinite Active, 28
Употребление Present Perfect Active, 38
Употребление Present Perfect Continuous Active, 41
Усилительные местоимения, 13
Условные придаточные предложения, 110
Формальные признаки бессоюзных придаточных предложений, 112
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Future Continuous Active, 39
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Future Indefinite Active, 39
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Future Indefinite Passive, 46
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Future Perfect Active, 39
Формальные признаки глагола-Ьказуемого в Future Perfect Passive, 46
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Past Continuous Active, 39
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Past Continuous Passive, 46
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Past Indefinite Active, 39
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Past Indefinite Passive, 46
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Past Perfect Active, 39
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Past Perfect Passive, 46
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Present Continuous Active, 39
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Present Continuous Passive, 46
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Present Indefinite Active, 39
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Present Inaefmite Passive, 46
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Present Perfect Active, 39
Формальные признаки глагола-сказуемого в Present Perfect Passive, 46
Формальные признаки глаголов-сказуемых в действительном залоге (Active), 39
Формальные признаки глаголов-сказуемых в страдательном залоге, 46
Формальные признаки единственного числа существительных, 2
Формальные признаки множественного числа существительных, 2
Формальные признаки подлежащего, 88
Формальные признаки сказуемого, 89
Формальные признаки сложносочиненного предложения, 98
Формальные признаки согласования времен в дополнительных придаточных предло¬
жениях, 103
Формальные признаки существительных, 1
193
Формы герундия, 80
Формы инфинитива, 63
Формы причастий (Participle), 71
Функции вопросительных местоимений, 14
Функции глагола to be, 50
Функции глагола to do, 54
Функции глагола to have, 52
Функции глагола should, 55
Функции глагола would, 56
Функции инфинитива в предложении, 64
Функции и перевод Participle I Passive, 74
Функции местоимения it, 15
Функции прилагательного в предложении, 18
Функции существительного в предложении, 8
Функции указательных местоимений, 10
Функции Participle I Active, 73
Функции Participle II Passive, 76
Функции Perfect Participle, 77
Числительное, 19—21
Чтение дат, 21
Чтение десятичных дробей, 21
Чтение количественных числительных, 21
Чтение порядковых числительных, 21
Чтение простых дробей, 21
Чтение числительных, 21
Эквиваленты модального глагола сап, 58
Эквиваленты модального глагола may, 58
Эквиваленты модального глагола must, 58
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
с.
Предисловие 3
МОРФОЛОГИЯ
Существительное 5
Таблица 1. Формальные признаки существительных —
Таблица 2. Формальные признаки единственного и множественного
числа существительных 6
Таблица 3. Образование множественного числа существительных . 8
Таблица 4. Особые случаи образования множественного, числа су¬
ществительных 9
Таблица 5. Множественное число существительных греческого и
латинского происхождения 10
Таблица 6. Притяжательный падеж существительного 11
Таблица 7. Выражение падежных отношений с помощью предлогов 12
Таблица 8 Функции существительного в предложении 13
(сводная).
Местоимение 16
Таблица 9. Личные и притяжательные местоимения, их функции и
перевод —
Таблица 10. Указательные местоимения, их функции и перевод . . 17
Таблица II. Неопределенные местоимения some, any и отрицатель¬
ное местоимение по 19
Та б л и ц а 12. Производные слова от местоимений some, any, по . . . 20
Таблица 13. Возвратные и усилительные местоимения 22
Таблица 14 Вопросительные местоимения, их функции и перевод. . 23
Таблица 15. Местоимение it, его функции и перевод 25
Прилагательное и наречие 26
Таблица 16. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий .... —
Таблица 17. Перевод прилагательных в сочетании со служебными
словами 27
Таблица 18. Функции прилагательного в предложении 29
Числительное 30
Таблица 19. Количественные числительные —
Таблица 20. Порядковые числительные —
Таблица 21. Чтение числительных 31
Глагол . . 33
Таблица 22. Основные формы глагола —
Таблица 23. Основные формы неправильных глаголов 34
195
с.
Таблица 24.
Образование Present Indefinite Active
35
Таблица 25.
Образование Past Indefinite Active
37
Таблица 26.
Образование Future Indefinite Active
38
Таблица 27
Образование Indefinite Active
39
(сводная)
41
Таблица 28.
Употребление и перевод времен группы Indefinite Active
Таблица 29.
Образование Present Continuous Active
42
Т а б л и ц а 30.
Образование Past Continuous Active
43
Таблица 31.
Образование Future Continuous Active
45
Та б л и ц а 32
Образование Continuous Active
46
(сводная)
Таблица 33.
Употребление и перевод времен группы Continuous
48
Active
Таблица 34.
Образование Present Perfect Active
49
Та б л и ц а 35.
Образование Past Perfect Active
50
Таблица 36.
Образование Future Perfect Active
51
Таблица 37
Образование Perfect Active
52
(сводная)
Таблица 38.
У потребление и перевод времен группы Perfect Active. ,
54
Таблица 39
Формальные признаки глаголов-сказуемых в действи¬
(сводная)
тельном залоге (Active) и их перевод
55
Таблица 40.
Образование Perfect Continuous Active
56
Таблица 4).
Употребление и перевод времен группы Perfect Con¬
tinuous Active
58
Таблица 42.
Образование Indefinite Passive
59
Таблица 43.
Образование Continuous Passive
61
Таблица 44.
Образование Perfect Passive
62
Таблица 45.
Способы перевода глаголов — сказуемых в страдатель ■
Таблица 46.
ном залоге (Passive)
64
Формальные признаки глаголов-сказуемых в страда¬
(сводная)
тельном залоге (Passive) и их перевод .
65
Таблица 47.
Особенности перевода конструкций в страдательном
Таблица 48
залоге (Passive)
66
Временные формы глагола
68
(сводная)
Таблица 49.
Спряжение глагола to be
69
Таблица 50.
Функции и перевод глагола to be
71
Таблица 51.
Спряжение глагола to have
72
Та б л и ц а 52.
Функции и перевод глагола to have
73
Таблица 53.
Спряжение глагола to do
75
Таблица 54.
Функции и перевод глагола to do
76
Таблица 55.
Глагол should, его функции и перевод
77
Таблица 56.
Г лагол would, его функции и перевод
80
Таблица 57.
Модальные глаголы и их перевод
81
Таблица 58.
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
82
Таблица 59.
Повелительное наклонение
83
Таблица 60.
Сослагательное наклонение
85
Таблица 61.
Употребление сослагательного наклонения
86
Таблица 62.
Неличные формы глагола
87
Таблица 63
Формы инфинитива
90
Таблица 64.
Функции инфинитива в предложении
91
Т а б л и ц а 65.
Оборот «Именительный падеж с инфинитивом» . .
93
Таблица 66.
Глаголы и глагольные сочетания, с которыми употребля¬
ется оборот «Именительный падеж с инфинитивом»
94
Та б л и ц а 67.
Оборот «Объектный падеж с инфинитивом»
95
Таблица 68.
Употребление оборота «Объектный падеж с инфини¬
96
тивом»
Таблица 69.
Определительный инфинитивный оборот
97
Таблица 70.
Оборот «for + существительное (местоимение) + инфи¬
98
нитив» . . . \
Таблица 71.
Формы причастий (Participles)
99
с.
Таблица 72. Образование Participle I Active 102
Таблица 73. Функции и перевод Participle I Active 103
Таблица 74. Функции и перевод Participle I Passive 104
Таблица 75. Образование Participle II Passive 105
Та б л и ц а 76. Функции и перевод Participle II Passive 107
Таблица 77. Функции и перевод Perfect Participle 108
Та б л и ц а 78. Многофункциональность суффикса -ed 109
Т а б л и ц а 79. Самостоятельный причастный оборот 111
Таблица 80. Формы герундия 113
Таблица 81. Герундий без предлогов 114
Таблица 82. Герундий с предлогами 115
Таблица 83. Герундиальные обороты 116
Таблица 84. Синтаксические функции -ing —форм 117
Предлог 118
Таблица 85. Многозначность некоторых предлогов —
Союз 120
Таблица 86. Сочинительные союзы —
СИНТАКСИС
Простое предложение 122
Таблица 87. Повествовательное предложение —
Таблица 88. Подлежащее и способы его выражения 123
Таблица 89. Сказуемое и способы его выражения 124
Т а б л и ц а 90. Вопросительное предложение. Общие вопросы . . . . 126
Таблица 91. Вопросительное предложение. Специальные вопросы 127
Таблица 92. Вопросительная конструкция типа What about... ? . . . 128
Таблица 93. Вопросительная конструкция типа How would you..? . . 129
Таблица 94. Вопросительная конструкция типа Is. it of any..? —
Таблица 95. Вопросительная конструкция типа What is уоиг opinion
of...? 130
Таблица 96. Неопределенно-личные и безличные предложения . . —
Таблица 97. Оборот There + to he 131
Сложное предложение 132
Таблица 98. Сложносочиненное предложение —
Таблица 99 Сложноподчиненное предложение. Типы придаточных
предложений 134
Таблица 100 Придаточные предложения подлежащие . . . . 135
Таблица 101 11ридаточные предложения сказуемые 136
Таблица 102. Дополнительные придаточные предложения .... 137
Таблица 103. Согласование времен в дополнительных придаточных
предложениях 138
Таблица 104 Определительные придаточные предложения ... 140
'Г а б п и ц а 105 Обстоятельственные придаточные предложения. Прида¬
точные предложения места 141
! блица 106 Придаточные предложения времени 142
Таблица 107 11риди точные предложения образа действия 143
Таблица ЮН 11риди точные предложения цели 144
Тиблица 109 Придаточные предложения причины 145
Таблица 110 Условные придаточные предложения 146
Таблица III. Инверсия в условных придаточных предложениях . . 147
Таблица 112. Вессокыные придаточные предложения 148
Г а б л и ца 113. Конструкция для выделения отдельных членов предло¬
жения 149
197
с.
Многофункциональность строевых слов 150
Таблица 114. Служебное слово as ~
Таблица 115. Служебное слово for 152
Таблица 116. Служебные слова because, since, till, until 153
Таблица 117. Служебные слова across, along, behind, below 154
Таблица 118. Служебные слова after, before 156
Таблица 119. Слова provided, providing 157
Таблица 120. Слово one 158
Т а б л й ц а 121. Слово that (those) 160
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Таблица 122. Образование существительных с помощью суффиксов 162
Таблица 123. Образование прилагательных с помощью суффиксов . . 163
Таблица 124. Образование глаголов с помощью суффиксов .... 164
Т а б л и ц а 125. Образование наречий с помощью суффиксов 165
Таблица 126. Образование существительных с помощью префиксов —
Таблица 127. Образование прилагательных с помощью префиксов . . 166
Таблица 128. Образование глаголов с помощью префиксов .... 167
Таблица 129. Перевод многокомпонентных терминов 168
Англо-русский словарь 171
Предметный указатель 186
Соколенке А. П. и др.
С59 Краткая практическая грамматика английского языка (в
таблицах)/А. П. Соколенко, О. П. Тучина, Т. М. Корниенко;
Под ред. М. М. Обуховой.— М.: Воениздат, 1985.—200 с.
В пер. 55 к.
Пособие состоит из трех разделов — морфологии, синтаксиса и словообразования — и пред¬
ставлено в виде таблиц, схем и моделей. Включает упражнения, иллюстрирующие изучаемые
грамматические явления
В конце пособия даны англо-русский словарь и алфавитный предметный указатель.
Предназначено для обучающихся английскому языку в неязыковых военных и гражданских
учебных заведениях, а также может быть использовано при самостоятельном изучении англий¬
ского языка.
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199
Анастасия Петровна Соколенко
Ольга Петровна Тучина
Татьяна Михайловна Корниенко
КРАТКАЯ ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
(В таблицах)
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