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HDJISlCMblMn Tpe6oBalinH tH HD.rISleTCH 3a"aQci'1 CltHTe3a.
.D.JIR Taro 'ITo6b1 AC OTBC'U!.fla nOCT3u.nCHHbIM Tpc60BaIlIlSl 1 TeXHII'IetKOro 3a.
naHUSI. OHa nOJl>Kna 6b1Tb YCTofl'illBOii II 1I ICTb onpC,!I.e.1CHIIYI0 IfJoP\lY KpllBoii ncpc-
X0;1110ro npouecca npH 3a.1.aHIIO:.l 1'apaKTCpC IIIICUllIcro B03 eiicTBIlSI. npll liCC,1C 0-
H3111i11 ;l.IIHa mKU AC COCTaBJISlIOT ee Jtllt\JI\JePCHUlWJtbIlOe ypaBIICIIIIC, I<OTOpoe no.1Y-
'iaCTCSI U3 Y pa BIICH 1111 OT;l.C.l b II bl '( 30CllbC II B PC3Y.'Ib Ta re IICK.11O'lCHIUI n PO'IC>K YTO'iII blX
ncpC ICIIII bl x . lldcTO Y pa BHCIIIUI COCTa 11,1 RIOTCR B OTK.'lonCIIIIII x ncpC ICHllbi '( BC.ll! 'III II
OT IICKOTOpOro YCTaHOBIIBUlcrocSI 3I1a'lCIlIlSI U B 6C3pa3McpHOii !fJ°PMC.
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II 60.1ee Bb1COIUIX CTenCIIHX lie Y'lHTbIBBIOTCH.
Bo MlIomx C.'IY'Iamc Y'laCTCR COCTaBIITb CTPYKTYpUYIO C1'C IY ,\C 11 110 nmOBblM
SBCllb SI I Ta KOII CIICTCMbl 011 pe ,!I.e.'IIITb ncpc aTO'lIlYIO t\JYII KUII 10. T aKoII 1I0.u.XO;J. IIcn O.'Ib-
syeTcSl npn IJaCTOTIlO 1 3ua.T1U3e AC.
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,nUH3MHhH H leeT BJI;1.
B .n .1bneiiwc 1 npIt JlCnOJlb30Bannn 1f300paiKeHuii '" a
qlllla 6Y;J.CT T3K>KC 0603I1a'laTbCH 6VKBOli . ....YIIKUHII KOMn.'lCKCUaSl BC.'In-
d . p, KOTOPYIO ne CJIC;J.yeT nYTaTb C ClIMBO.,10M
J1J1( (I)epenu.npOBalnIH P = dl ·
OTHOUleH ne u306pa>Kelll1" Bld X 0..1.11 ° ii I<OOP itllnaTbt K ·
qa.'IbIlWX YCJ10BIIHX U83blBaeTCH n e P e JI. a T J ° r. B1°..1- HOU npn lI}r.1eBbIX Ita..
U (p): 'I II 0.1 .... Y H K U II ells Bell a
\f (p) = XmJlx (p) = q (p)
x ux (p) d (p) ·
nOJlSlTHH tll nepe}),CiTOIJllblX 4>YHKl.lIIH 06h1IJH
'I3CTOTllbiMII MCTo.naMII. 0 nO,'Ib3YIOTCSl npll IICC.'IC;J.OBaIlIlIl AC
<1>1I311'1CCKUfl CMblC.'I ncpc.naTO'lIlOii CPYIII\UIIII .1ICrKO .
BeCTII nO.'lCTauoBKY B Bblpa>KCIIIIC (I I 3) p _ . pacKpblBaeTCiI, CC.'1II npous-
KO BXO"!.)' 3BCHd rapMoHullcCKoro c(ir aJla. t ; 'ITO COOTBeTCTBYCT npIIJlO>KCHIIIO
\\7 (j0) q ( w) = Y(c,,)
d (J{J})
\
= U (w) + jV (00) = A (ro) e jcp (tJ» ,
(1.1.3)
( n -\ n-1 + + I ) .-
aop - all- · · · Qn-1P T Qn .\:-
= (bopm + b1pm-l + · · · + b m -1P + bm) Z.
WaOO
WeD
U,wj
(1.1.1)
,.. T. e. nO.TJyqaeTCSl I{OMn..1eKCHoe tntc..10, M0,.1Y 1b KO-
,,0 70poro A (w) OnpCACJlHCT OTIlOWCIIUe aMIIJlUTy,'J,bI
__ ClirHaJI3 na DbtXOJJ-C }< aMn.11 II TY!lC CHrHaJIa Ha
I _ Bxo;te, a aprYMeuT - <}>a3Y cp (ooL onpC]le.'1flIOllI.YIO
V' CJJ,Bur MemJ.lY 3TIIMI1 KOJIe6aIUIH IH.
"".. Ha KOMrT.1JCKCIIOH 11.11 OCKOCT It \\1 (j((J) MO>KlIO
npe;J.cTaBI1Tb l<aK neKTOp JI.o/111HOii .4 (00) C yrJloM
n31{.TJ.OHa K oen a6cuncc, paBUblM £p (m). l-ia
pllC. 1.1.5 yro..1 cp «(a) HB.1HeTCH oTplillaTeJ1bllbI:\1
TaK I\BK BbIlIY>K!lCHllble l{o.1e6atHISI n pea..TIbHbl Pnc. 1.1.5. A lnJ1HTY JI.Ho. a30-
clfcTcMax. 06b1 HO JlMCIOT OTCTaBdHlIC no ljJa3c. B SI :apaKTcpnCTIIKa pa30MK-
nOChOJlbl\Y pa3JIlltjllbl!\.1 qaCTOTa f ro CooT- I-I)1TOIi CHCTeMbl.
BeTCTBVIOT pa3.1nQUbIe aMrTJ1I1TYJ1b1 A (00) II £}>a3bl cp
(00) t TO C 113MCHeHlICM tJaCTOTbl BeKTo p \\7 ( . )
PYIO KPIfB Y IO KOTo p aH Ha3bl JOO onliweT CBOlfM KOHllO 1 HeKOTO-
, naeTCSI a M n JI If T Y JJ. H 0 ,1, a 3 0
p a K T e p If C T Ii K 0 ii (CM pel 1 5 ) A - 't' BOI'l X a ·
CIICTCMbl 1I.'In OTJlCJJbHOro 3BCII M eT' 6 IT II m:'1HT .n1l0-ljJa30BaSl xapaKTcpUCTUKa
lIa BX A ra p MOH lI'IeCKlle KOJle6a \illS! on PCJle.'1e i e:: c IC II CIITaJlb IO... nO;J.aBail
raCMOII 3a CJlllllliUY, ocUU.'lJlorpa!fJ1I P YIOT YCTalloBllllwlf CCH Ko JI; i:OIl, n p IIHI
; II:: I::SlO:P:; I JI'i:I ITY7Y A (0) II ljJa3Y :( )Jl
CTpOSlT aMIIJlIITYJtIl0-ljJa30BYI0 XapIlKTepIlCTJlKV. .'lbKO ro'iCK, coe,.'.(llIIilSI KOTOpblC
A (00) H33WBaeTCH a M n J1 H T Y J1. n ° . u
C T II K 0 ii ; CfJ (w) _ !fJ .. II 'I a c.: 0 T II 0 II X a p a K T e p t1' -
U (m) _ B e Ul C C T B e I : I 0 "'1 : c 3 T C : 0 T II ? II X a p a K T C P II C T U K 0 it;
V (w) _ M II II M 0 ii 'I aCT 0 T II 0 ii : I P o i K X a p a K T P C T II K 0 it;
M K II Y Toil C II C T C M bl. T C P II C T II K 0 1\ P a 3 0 -
50JlbUJoe pacnpOCTpaHeHlle npn aHBoI1U3e II C.IHTe3e
qCCKlle 'I aCTOTII('IC xa pa KTCp JlCTIfKn (JIll X).' CUCTC!\! no. Y'InJlII .'1 ora p II IjJM n-
pa JIorapuljJMU'iCCKOil aMnJlIl7ynHO-'IaCTOTlIoii
ra p I mT C p II C T II K 0 ii (JIAX) 3BCIIII 1I.'Ili CIICTCMbl lIa3b1BaerCSI nOCTpOCllllaH '< a -
. '1,MII'IetKDM MaCWTa6c 'IaCTOT 3aBIICIIMOCTb ollAa B JlO-
L (co) = 20 Ig A (<0).
:lIa AII ) ;-c b a 'III JI IITY AHO-cJ>a30BOlr xa P 3 KTCp IICTlllm COO mCTCTBY IOUlcrO
Be..1nIJHHa L (00) U31\1epHeTCH B 1.eu.n6e.nax (!lB). npH 9TOM
20 Ig A (00) = III B.
.
:m: O"re I
<.E5MI\WBTY31\
r;Ie ao, al' .... a'l-1' an, b o , b l . ..., b lll - l , bin - nocToilUllblC K03t\Jc!>U UIICHTbI , on pe-
.nC.l Sle lblC na pa MCTpa MU p.a 1111011 CUCTeMbI; n. m - UC.'1 ble no.l0>K liTC,'Ib II ble q IIc. a ·
npU'IC 1 'Iaw.C m < n; x _ orK.'10IleUHC ynpaBJISlC IOII KOOp.1.HUaTblj Z - OUCUlHce
.. d ,hrh
B03"CHCTBne; P = dt - cn IBo..!J '1. H \.1''-t'epeHuupOB3nUH.
nOtl1ytteUUoe ypaBueHlle MOiKlIO 3anncaTb KopOtte:
D (p) x = Q (p) z.
r;Ic D (P) 11 Q (p) _ 0603Ua'iCUIISI oncpaTopllbiX MIIOro'lJtCIIOB, CTOffiUHX B ypaBHcHlII1
(1.1.1) nepe;t. nepeMeuHblMu x II z.
Ec.:'I1I Y'iUTblBacTcSI IICCKOJIb KO 1111 CUI \IIi x B03;1.C fiCTBIi iI, Han p IIMCp B03M yw. a IOUJ.CC
Ii ynpaBJIilloUJ.CC, TO COOTIICTCTBCUIIO 1I0HB.li110TCSI ,!I.OIIOJlHIITC.'1bUblC c.'laraeMbiC B lip a-
Boil qaCTH ypaBueHlul (1.1.1).
npll IICCJIe.n.ooamlli co06o;J.lloro ;J.BII>KeHIiH CIICTCMLI, KorAa Z = 0, ypaBnculIC
6y.!t CT lI teTb BUA
(aop" + atpn-1 + .. - + an-IP + an) x = o.
PeweHue 9Toro ypaBueHuH
x (I) = c1e Plt + C2 eP . t + · .. + c n / nt ,
rllC Cl' C2' .... Cn _ nocTOSlHUblC JlHTCrpllpoB3UlliI, onpC.1. eJl f!CMblC 113 lIa'ia. bllbIJli
YC.'IOBIIII; PI' P2' .... Pn - KOp 1m xapaKTCp IICTlI'iCCKOrO ypa BIICII lif!
aop" + alpn-l + .. . + a'l-lP + a.n = Q.
(1.1.2)
C.'lC;1yeT IIMCTb B BIUY, 'ITO B ypaBHcIIIISlX (I. I. I) 11 (1.1.2) CH tBO.'I P U leeT pa3-
u
IIbUl CMblCJI .
1\1I3.'IOrll'iHO OCIIOBUOMY ypaBIIClIIlIO C"CTC lbl S3111iCbIBalOTCH II ypaBHclIlISI OT-
JlC.1bHblX 3BCllbeB, CBil3b1BalOUJ.uC MC>K;1Y c060ii BblXOAHYIO Koop,!!.IIHary XBblX C B1'O.'1.-
fl U
HOII KOOp;u,IHaTou X B ",:
d (p) XB X = q (p) Xnx.
npeo6pa3YSI no JIanJiacy BXO;:t.U}"1O II OblX01. H YIO BCJlnlJllllbI, no,lY'III 1
d (p) XabLX (p) = q (p) XBX (P).
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qaCTOT. H83LIBaCTCH .'1 0 rap II cp H II C C K 0 ii 4> a 3 0 tJ aCT 0 T It 0 it x a ·
p a K T e p n C T I{ K 0 ii (JI<tJX).
n pn nOCTpOClIlI11 J1l.J X tI<i OCII a6cnllcc OTK..la,1.bIBcHOTCH 3J1atJeUIUI QaCT011>1 D .'10"
rapuq,!\1UtleCI<OM MaCUJTa6c? npH 3TOM WKa.1a B OTH OUJ£' JUUI (J) 6y;\eT I-lepaBHO leptlOH.
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..
TaB 0 11.
nOCTpOCHJle .10rapU(p\IHtJeCKoii UJ Ka.1 bt OjKIJO npOIt3BO,l,J1Tb C nO'-lolllr 10 cnc-
llua.'IhHOrO rna6..1oH3 13. 58].
Ilcno",lb30sa1lue MCT01l3 J14X DO !\UIOfHX C.1J}'''IdflX cy ecTHeHHO ynpolllaeT BIlt1..1113
..
)1.IUI3\HtKIl CHCre\1 II CIIIITe3 KoppeKTupYIOUJ.nx yCTponCT8.
OcnOBHble ,n,OCTOUHCTBa .'IOrtlpUr):\lutJeCKUX XdpaKTepUCTHK: a) B O;tHOKOHTypHbl'<
CHCTe\JaX npn noc.'el08dTe.lbnO J COt"JJ,HHeHItIl neCl,o.1bKIIX 3B HheD onepaUIiSI y nlo-
>Ke1l1U1 r\<1>X 3a leHHeTCH onepaune:ii C..l0iKCtHHI .I11.IX; 6) npJJ6. It>KeHHoe nocTpoellHc
JIlfX TllnOUhlX 3BeHbCB !l.OCTdTOtIHO npocTo; n) ",1lfX n03130.1S1eT conOCTdaUTb at.ln-
'JUHhl, Hf' C0I13:\1epH \U.lIe D naT)'pa.1LHo:\1 !aCwTa6e.
THllo8b1e 3BftlbR aOTOMallt'JCCKliX CHCTeM. 3eeHbSl AC J<Jt3CCJfcpIIlU r p) lOT no
pa3.rllltlllbI ' npU3I1aK nl. O;Ulal<O uanoo,,'lte CYlueCToeHHoi.i C TO'U<1t 3penUfl CTPYK-
Typbl CHCTe lbl ynpan..1 lIlul II ee pa60TbI HB..'1HeTCH K..1C1CCH(PUKc;lUUI 38eHben no ux
;I.IHlaMJltleCJ<lI 1 cBoiicTBa"l. no 3rO IY npl!3ual\:Y pa3.TIUQaIOT nHTb rpynn TlinODbIX
3BeUbE:D: n p 0 C Toe Y C II .1 II T e J1 b HOC, a n e p 11 0 J. U LJ e C K a e t K 0 .1 e ·
6 aTe .'1 b Hoe, II II T e r p .. P y 1O.Jlt e e H ;J. II 4> cp e pelf 11. Ii P Y 10 III e e.
B Ta6.1. J .1.1 npuBe,!lCHbl nepeJl,aTOtIHble YHKIUflf II tJaCTOTHble xapdKTepucTIH<JI
TunOBblX 3BeUbCB aOTO:\IaTJ'LleCI<IIX CJICTe l.
1< THnODbl 1 3BCIlbHM IInor;I.a OTIIOCHT II cp 0 P C n P y 10 Ill- 1-1 e 3 Bell b SI,
uanpUMep
Ta6Jluqa 1. /.1
nCpellaTOlJllbie (j>YtlKLllllt II 'l3CTOTltblC xapaKTCpJfCTIlKIt Tlln08 X 3Bt'libeo
n
\f' (p) = n \\7 i (p).
i=l
118Jf'IeUO- nep .n.aTO'illaJJ .\MnJtHT\" IJ.HC>- .rIornplIQJMH tlCCI{ue
r
sanlle <!>YHKUlig q,a30nan
qaCTOT UlJle x .1paKTepnCTIIKII
3nen8 xapaKTCpllCTIII<a
-
.
npOCTOe jV L(wJ yrw)-O
k 1 20 'Lc If
YCJI.1U. \\ (p) = k C -1
-
Te.1LHOe O {I)1. oc U
0 '-
w
\
,
\
JV L(w) 'f(w) =:. -arctg(wT)
dnCpJrO..1U- \v (p) = Tp I 'h 20 tq k
. i1iili1eK
w:: .::;IJ
tleCKOe
0 -u
'- ..)
0
-
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\V (p) = jV L(wJ yrw);;-orctg 2! c.i)
KO.lcoa.. ,. 20 l.q If 1-7 ""
k It) = (X) w=o
. 40a6/QeJ(
Te..l blloe - J °7
-- u
T2p"l.+2 Tp+ J j 0 I .
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1/T «}
I
jV L(w) TC
11uTcrpH- / y (0)) :0 - "2
\\"' (p) = tv == .0"
P YIOlllee ... - 20iJ5/DeK
p :3 U
. 0 '-
c:a W,p=/r fi)
jli L ((J) Y(w}= t f
HcJxPepeH-
W (p) = kp 3
LlJfp IOllleC w-O 20iJ6/0eK
0 Ii
0 " -
Wcp = 1/" -.,
(I)
#'
k ( T dx B "( )
X CblX = X ex + . dt ·
3ro 3BeHO MO}KIIO nO.1YlIJlTb nYTe 1 napa.'1.1e.1bfloro coe.:J,IIHel-BUI ;unl)(I>epcllu.upy-
lO111cro Ii npOCToro YCIf..1HTe.'1bHOrO 3BellbeB.
npIIBe,l-CHHble B Ta6..1. 1.1.1 HIITerpnpYIOLUne II ,!111 pell[UfPYIOw.lIe 3BeUbH
Jta3LlnalOTCH II JJ. e a .'1 b II hI M II. O...1H:tI{O nel\OTCpble 3..'Ie:'.ICHTbl AC 1I lelOT nepe;la-
kp k
10tlHblC <}>YHK1UIH BlI;J.a Tp + 1 linn p (Tp + 1) · TaJUle 3BelibH na3blBalOTCH COOT"
BeTCTBellHO pea ,n b II bl M H .ll. n <I> e p e U II II P Y 10 lll. ]I M II II II H T e r pH"
P Y 10 III II M If 3 B e H b H M H.
npliMepaMII pea.rrbHblX .!ln cpcpelIunpYlOl1U(X 3BeHbCB HD.1HIOTCfI ,!UI (l)epeHuIl-
PY1omaS! u.cnb RC H rli paB.rllll1eCKOe 1130.1pO tHOe YCTpoiicTBO.
3.TteKTpO!1.BUraTe rzb c ytJeTO'-t 3.1eKTpO leX311I1lJeCKOii nOCTOSIHHOii npe:-.teUH OTIIO"
CJJTCH J{ pe8.1bHOMY nUTerpupYIOWC:\IY 3BeIlY.
CJIe)J.yeT HMeTb a nu;I.}', tJTO a 3aOUCJI'-IOCTIl OT Taro. KaI<ne Be.TJutJUHbI npllllSlTbI
S3 BXOAUYIO Ii BbIXO.i1HYIO. O;J.un II TOT iKe 3..1e ICIiT IO>KeT OTIIOCUTbCR K pa3l1bl'-l rpyn.
naM TunOBblX 3BeHbCB.
npll qaCTOTHblX :\teTO..1aX uCC.'le,J,OB3nl1S! .\C onpe;r.e.1HIOTCH n e p e !I. a T 0 q -
II a Sf <p Y H K II. II H P a 3 0 1\1 K II Y Toil C 11 C T e M bl 11.1 II n e p e '1. a T 0 q '"
H bf e (P Y II J( 11 II II 3 a M 1< II Y T bI XCII C T e M (no ynpaB.1HIOU CMY 1f.'1H n03:\IYLUa-
1011 e IY B03;I.ciiCfBUfI\I). Or,l,e..1bubte TIIJ10Bble 3neHbSI 0 CIfCTe IaX MorYT (ShlTb coeJ,u-
HeBW pa3.1JIllllblM o(jpa30 1: nOC.1e1.0DaTc.TtbHO, napa.1.ae..TIbHO, CMernaHIlO. Kpo:\le
Toro, ClICTe fa MO>KeT HMeTb pSl;J. MeCTllblX BCTpetJuo-napa.I'J..'IC.1bHbIX u nepel<peCTHblX
o(SpaTJIblX cBH3eii.
nepe;I.aTOIJHcUI (l.YHKLUIH COBol,ynIlOCTJt n noc..'1e.n.OBaTe.1JbHO COe!lHUeHHbIX 3BeUbeB
llanpaB 'leHHOrO )I.eiiCTBHSI paBHa npOJl3Be,rJ.e1HflO nepe;x.aTOI.JUbIX 'PYHK11Uii 3TUX 3BeUbeB:
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B 06 Ille !\I c.rJytJae npH II napan..TIe.lbHo coe.n.tUleUliblX 3BeHbSJX lIanpaB..rJcIIHoro
p'eHCTBU H
n e p e .n a T 0 q H a SI £}> Y II K It Ii SI n 0 0 ill U (5 I{ C onpe;J.c.'uleTcH COOTlIO-
wCHlle 1
ale (p) = 1 + \F (p) ·
11
W (p) = \V i (p),
i=1
npnpaBHIIBanne Hy..rJlO xapaKTcpncTHtlccKoro nO..'1I1HOl\la 3Ha lellaTe..1H rrepe-
.naTOllHOfi <f>YIlKlllIlJ ,a.aCT >.apaKTepl1CTltllCcKoe ypaBHeHue CIlCTeMW
T e nepe;18TotJHaH <f>YHKl.UiSi COBoKynnocTII n napa..TI.TJe.1bIl0 COe!lItHenUbl'C 3DeHbeB
p B a cYM le nCpel1.aTotJHblx £}>YHKllllii 3TUX 3BeHbCB- H pllC. l.l. no a3aHo 3BeHO
C ncpeAaTotJHolI q>YlIl(uHeu \\ 1 (p)'.. OXBa-
lIeHHoe o6paTHOH CBH3hIO. I1MCl01ueH nepe-
AaTOtJnylO Q> rHI(l.lHIO \\'2 (p). npu 9TOM 06-
lll.aH nepe1aTOllU3H q.YHKl.lUH BbIpa31lTCH
CJIeJlYlOllluM OTIIOllJeHueM:
\V 1 (p)
\\ (p) = l:t W't (p) \fl z (p) ·
1 + ,,' (p) = o.
II
..
r,ne W (p) - nepc;r.aTotJH8" ynKunH pa30MKliYTOH cnCTeMbl.
nepe,!J,aTOIJnaH Q>YUKl.lItH no B03MYIllalOID-CMY
C T B II 10. npH."IO>KeHlIoMY K 06"beK1)' ynpaB.TleUHH, HMeCT BII;J.
\f.' 0 (p)
Q)z (p) = I + ,yo (p) t
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B03)\eU-
Tat.al'. o6pa30M. 3HaHHC nepefJ.aTotJnoti Q>ynJ\lllul pa30MKH}'TOii CHCTe fbI n03BO-
J'IHeT I'hili nl Bblpa>KeHIUI J.l.'UI OUIUOKJi II ynpaB lHe loii l\oOpJl.HHaTbl B «PYHKlJ.UU ynpa..
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n.'lHIOlllero II B03MYlll.alOlllilX B03;J.CIICTBHlI, a TaK>Ke x3paKTepucTutJecKoe ypaBue-
Hue J\C.
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B CHCTe IY c ue...lblO ooecneqeUIiH YCToiitJUBOCTIi. - C T a 6 II JI II 3 11 P Y 10 lllii M H.
B KaqeCTBe KOPPCKTUpYIOll\IIX YCTpoiicTB 06bl ' UIO ncnO.1Jb3YlOT ttCTbJpeXnO.:IIOCHIU<1I
Tuna RC, He CO;I.cp>Kaul,UC 11 IIl:tYKTIIBUOCTH . 1106oc I\Oppel{TupYIOllI. ee YCTpoiicTBO
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T e p II C T II K, .n..rUl KOTOpOrO UMeCTCfI 60J1bWOe J(o.T(ntJ CTnO HOMOrpa l t, rpatl> II<OB
II :tpyrux BCnOMOraTe..TJbHblX M3Tepna.,10B, o6.rter1JaIOIlUIX TPY:1 npoeltTaUTa. nOCTpO-
eHliC ueCKoppeKTupOBaHlloil 11 iKe.'1ae 'IOii lIaCTOTllblX xapaKrepnCTIU\ no 3TO\tY MeTO;J.Y
11.0CT3TOttnO npOCTO.
KoppeKTUPYlOlllne YC-rpoiiCTBa 6h1B("UOT nocne!J.onaTe.1b, IIble napaJ1.'Ie..1bllbte II
B BIIJl.e MeCTuoil 06paTIIOH CBH311. n p II n 0 C ,.'1 e A 0 BaT e .rJ b H 0 H K 0 P P e K -
U. II I{ nOCJIejIOB8TE'..TIbHO C 3.1eMeHTa nl cnCTe\lLI coe..1ltllSJeTCH cneunaJIbHOe KOppCK"
TUPYlOlllce YCTpoiICTBO. nepe;t.aTotJlI3st )YIlI\LlnH KOToporo Bbl6npaeTCH 113 YC.TIOBIHI
\\7)to; (p) = \r t:CK (p) \V n. K (p), .
T)1.e \\i')f{ (p) - nepe,1aTOIIUaSI YHI{[UIH >Kc.TJae\10ii cnCTeMbl; \\l ncK (p)- nepeJldTOQn3H
I!JYII KUII S! pa30M KH YToii IICCKOp pCKTIl pOBa II lIoii cnCTeMbl, CO;J.e p >Kau(eu JlIUlIb q)YH K UII-
OHa TIbIlO UCOOX01JI!\lble 3.fJeMCHTbl; \\ n. It (p) - ncpen8TOllH8H )YHK[lHH noc.TIe;\OBa-
TeJu.noro KOPpCI{TUPYIOlllero YCTpoiicTBa. B 9TO 1 c.TIyqac J1.\X KoppeKTIIPYIOw. ero
YCTpoficTBa 6YJ1eT HMeTb BHJ.
Ln. K «0) = L;t( (w) - L IICK (00).
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HaT }KCJIae"IOii .J1A.X L>r.. «(I) BhlqHTalOTcH Opl:tItIl"Tbl neCKoppel<TnpOBaUJlOU .rL\X
L HCIl «d).
nOC.TIe)lOBaTC.'IbH8S1 l\oppeKlllUl OCYlllCCTB.rJHeTCH C nOMOUJ.bIO npOCTblX 1\OppeK-
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lIennii. OCHOBHbl nl He)J.OCTaTKa Ht 9THX YCTpoiicTB flB1S1IOTCH: Tpc60Balille BblCOKOil
cTa6n..1bHOCTIl napaM€"TpOB H ttYBCTBHTe..T1bHOCTb K nO!\SeXtt\1.
B C.l qaC npHMeHeliliH nap a n .11 e .1 b H 0 ii 1\ 0 P P e K llit II 11,111 C n 0 -
M 0 lI.\ b 10 0 6 paT H bl X C B H 3 e ii Hco6xOJln tO BLt6paTb leCTO BK. lOlleH"SI KOp-
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peKTliPYIOllJ. ro YCTponcTB3. T. e. YCT3HOBIITb, 1(81UtC 3Bel1bH B npH!\1011 uenn ue.1CCO-
06pa3HO oXBaTJtTb 06paTllbl" 3DClfOM (o6paTHoil CBH3bto OXB3TbIB8iOTCSI ttaCTO Han-
6o.1ee nHeplUloHllblC 3JIeMCIITbi cncTeMbl). nCpc.naTottUdH £pYHl-\lUiH Tal\oro coe.n.uHellun
Bblpa>K3CTCH COoTHorueuueM
OTCIO,tr,3
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OXD (p)
I
W' n. K (p)
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113 noc.-1e;J.uero BblpaiKcnllSl C.1e...tVeT, QTO nepe,1.3TOl:ln3H $\YHJ-IlUSJ \\ (p)
saBIlCIIT KaK OT \V n. K (p):, TaK II OT II xn (p). C.'e.10BaTe. bIl0, npli 0;110" II of. >Ke
nepe"laToqnoii <PYUK1UIII \\ n. K (p) C YHKll1IH W' o. C (p) MOiKeT 6bITb pa3.1Uttuoii 8 33Bn-
CII\lOCTH OT Toro, KaKYIO aCTb npS1 \10.... uenu oxnaTbIB31OT 06paTllofr CHH3blO.
. B 16 p napa..l TJe..'IbHOH KoppeK.:Hp} louteii CBR311 IOiKI10 TaK>Ke nponeCTli, IICnOJIb-
S} fI I3bJpa}l{eHIIC ;]}IH nepe,1aTOIlIIOIl ct>rflKunu CKoppeKTupOBaHHOU CnCTe lbl:
1\ .. (p) = U" J 0"8 (p) \\7 oxn (p)
it\ 1 + \\,/0"(8 \P) U. o. c (p) ,
r;r.e \\ PflO"CB (p) - nepe;r.aTOtJH3S1 ( Yfll\lUI51 HCOXnaqeUlIhlX 06paTHoii CBSJ3blO 3BeHLeB
npn 9TOM ,!lOnYCI\aeTCH, liTO B lIel<OTopO 1 JI!lTepBa le tJaCTOT ·
\ I \\"' oxn (jw) U .0. C (j(U) I » I.
,
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= \r tto a" (jm) \\1 OX" (j(O) _ \\7t!(IXR (jw)
\\.., 0:0..8 l fW) \\ o. C (jw) - \\'.0. c (jw)
Lo. c (00) = L Hoxn ((0) - LiK ({O).
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cnelUl3J1bflLIMIi HO\IOrpaM la nl. I 13 BbJ p an<.eHIIH "'I'If! \\' (, . c .'\ ) C e fJ': e .. y
TC r t . . )K IJ .1 ",1 T, LITO nOKa3a..
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OT OXH (p Ii nOtJTH nO..1UOCTl>1O onpe,1C.1RIOTCfI \\"1 1 (p) II \f' (p) B npouecce
91(Cn vaTaUUII S10 3 o"(n o. c .
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IV>K (joo)
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ee 3BeHbCB H JlCTOqUIIKOB flUTaHIlSI. · . ..
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CTIIK OT.neJIbIlIJI'C 3BCJ ,bCB II TOIIIIOCTIi pa60TLI CJ(CTe tbl;
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BonpOCbl ,!{Hna n[Kn anTOMaTUtleCI(lIX ClfCTe\1 He PCW310TCH O;I.H03nattno. Kaqe-
CTBeHlIble nOI\(138Te.ll1 MorYT 6blTb 06ccneileUbl paJ.1Hllnbt lJt KOppCKTUpYIOtl.un.U1
cpe;J.CTBa Uf npn pa3.TIHqIl0 1 COOTlIOlllenll1l I1X napa (eTpOB.
CaMbJMH pacnpOCTpaHeHHblMIl MeTO:ta UI p 1Cl}eTa HB.1RIOTCH IlaCTOTHble leTo,J.br
I{OTOpble lllllpOI\O HcnO.l 3YIOTCH 13 IUDKeHepHOli npaKl'IlI(e. -lIuKe n p llB€1ell O P H"OI
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B 60p HCXOJl.HblX Jl.311tIblX. K IIcXo.!!nbl 1 llaHHhl 1 pac1.(era OTHOCSITCH' 1) Bn
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25
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6bl..10 YKa3allO Bblllie. OlleBlI;I.1I0. liTO I\BI\oii 6bl 8n;l. KoppeKluul Mbl U1I npHMenu.lu.
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cTynenclI pacnpe'1e.'lCHUSI 3.TJ:ek.Tp09HeprulI, npOHCXO:lRUtHe npn K, 3., BKw110tJClIIiH
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a.fIrOp"T 1e paClJeTa nepeX011f0ro npouecca B C33C. nonblTKa pea.'J1I381Utll a.'I.ropIlTM3
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Ha UB.\\. 3TO ; aeT B03MO>KHOCTb pacetlHTaib II nOCTpOHTb Ka K KpUBLIC nO.'1HOrO TOKa
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n.onYCTH tOCTb npHMeHeHHH ynpOIlJ..eulfofl CXCMbl 3a lell.leHIUI 060CHOBbtB3eTCH
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XO,IJ.HbIMII npouecca:\IH B L(enu CT8Topa, D.lliSI HlieM ycnoKOHTC.'1bHbIX 06 IOTOK 11 HaCbl-
UJ.eHlfe 1 MalllHUhI. B 3TOM CJ1yttae YllJtThlBalOTCSI ,,'JIIWb lI.lh1)(I>epeHunaJlbHbIC ypaB e..
UIfH OChIOTOI< B036Y*.:lCHIHI It MO:\ICHTOB. !\\e.1.TICHHOe 113Menenue Koop!J,UHaT C d1 ,
e d 2' 51' S2 H 012 ,nonYCJ<aeT npn leJ{eHlle MeTO.J.a noc..1e,!100aTe.,1bHoro BWtJIfC..letlHH
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HHfI edl' .1e;/2' Sl' \St II ..\012 OCTalOTCSI MallblMU. 3ro ynpOL1.laeT IfX npn6.1U>KCHHoe
Bblq" 1enlfe II n03Bo..1HeT HcnOollb30BaTb 3. e leIlTapHbIe Cpe,1,CTBa A.TUI paCqeTa (Jz =
= 0,02-:-0,05 c).
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HHTepua.1a 3ua t ieHIISI nepe leHHblX 3a;I.atJlf. npH ne06XO;l.H fOCTIl B Ka}f(;J.O 1 JlHTepBa.TIe
BBO..lRTCH U3 !eHeHHH CI<'O..'1b>KCHIIH H3rpY3KU, U3 leneHlfe nanpH>KelUIH III If tO!\(eHTa
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H napa.'1.1e.'lbHoi'i pa60ThI. oueHHTb CH I:\leTplltJIIYIO COCTaBJUlIOL1.lYIO TOKa II 113 teHeHue
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T It .1{ e C 1\ 0 11 M 0 .zt e ,,1 II [91 OCIiOBaHa lIa oa3e craTuCTHQeChOrO nOJ,xo;ta I{ ncc.rre-
,ItOB3HJlJO nepeXO.1HOrO npouecca. C nOMOlllblO 3THX a.,1ropliT\IOB nO.1}- qalOT 3Kcnepn-
MeHTaJlbHble cpe;J.HeCTaTHCTnlleCKue na pa teTpbl peiKHMa H 3..1e leHTOB II H X BepOHTHO-
CTJlble xap3KTepIfCTUKJI, DC} L1.leCTB..1HIOT CTaTnCTHQeCKOe MaTe laTnqeCKOe M01.e.'1lfpO-
BaHIlC (C.\t\\) II npOIf3BO;I.RT conOCTaB.,1eHlUl PC3Y.1bTaTOB CTaTliCTlIlleCKoro HaTypHoro
3KcnepllMeHTa II C t\\.
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p,raT1I311pOBa Jlnoro 113McpUTeJlbuoro KOMn.TJeKCa (AHK).
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n POll e C C a [12] 6a3lipyeTcH Ha IicnO.'lb30BaHIlIf Teopull n.'1aIUlpOBaHlul 3Kcneplf-
MeHTa ]I MeTO;J.8 c.1YlJaiinoro nOIlCKa. AJtropHTM pea..1H30Bali HB B_\1 133<:.\\.4. BpCMH
pcrneHHH 3a :t311H no O..1.nO fY J(o ln..'1eKcy pen<HMoB 1f.1111 no OTcelfBalUUO necYI1{CCTBeH-
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15 nnJ.
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pa3uo06pa3HbIx TeXJllltJeCKUX Cpe,.1].CTB. OT na,..te>Klloii pa60Tbl I(OTOPbJX 3aBliCHT ero
TeXHHKO-3KonOMUlleCKaH 3qxpCKTJlBHOCTb. 3TO B nO.rIlIOH Mepe OTHOCHTCH K o.!IJlofi 1-13
r.naBHblX CY10nblX CHCTeM - 3.rteKTp03uepreTUlleCKoil (C33C).
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Ha3Hal.leUIIH, npn HOpMaJIbHblX ye..'IOBHHX ee 3Kcn.TJyaTal{Hlf B TetJeHUC Tpe6YCMoro
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3.".reI{Tp03HepnUI, 1.Juc.'Ia H nponYCKIIoii cnoc06nOCTH nepeMbltJeK, onpe,lteJIeHIUI 3<f>cJ>eK-
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Onpe;J.e.."ICHlie na.n.eiKHOCTIf C33C COnpH>KeHO, KcU< npaBIfJlO, C npOBe)1.eHHeM
C.l0}KHbIX II 3atJaCTY'O rpO I03JJ.KIIX paCqeTOB, 6a31fpYIOIJ..UiXCSI Ha MaTeMaTUqeCKOM
annapaTe TeOpJIII MHO>KeCTB If 3nre6pbl ..'10rUKU [52], Ha TeopHIi nepoHTHocTefi H Mare-
MaTHlJeCKOii cTaTHcTuKe. na rJIy6oKO ! nOHU laHIlH npoueccon <PYHI\l.lHoHUpOBaHHH
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fUR, COOTBeTCTBYlOl.l.Ufe fOCT 13377-75 II MCTO,1.UKC Bbl60pa nOKa3aTe.neil )I.JUI
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np01f3BOJUITCH Bbl60p 9."Ie eHTOB C33C.
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P (y (Xl' X 2 , .. I, Xm) = O} = Qe,
(1.3.9)
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1=1
= P (Si) - P (51 A SJ) + P (Sl J\ SJ 1\ Sk) + · · · +
i ii' i k
+ (-l) -I P(SI/\ S21\.../\ 8(1)' (1.3.14)
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.
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(1.3.11)
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HOCTII C33C n03BOJIHeT HaHTlI BepOHTHOCTb 6e30TKa3Hoii pa60Tbi cncTe lbl SHaIJHTeJIbHO
6blCTpee, qe i )1pyrHe paCCMOTpeHHbIe Bblllle MeTO,J.hI, T3K KaK 3JlCCb HCnOJIb3yeTcH pa3"
"TJO>KeHHe nOBTopHOH AJ1 cpa3Y no u.eJ1oii KO!\.f6uHaI..lHII nOBTOpH10lllHXCH aprY leHTOB
II, KpOMe Toro, Bce npe06pa30BaHJHI npOBO)J.HTCH no PRC, qTO ,naeT B03MO>KHOCTb 113.
(Se>KaTb MHorHX npOMe>KYTOIJHbIX npe06p330BaHlfH.
Ha PRC Ka>K;\blii 9.TJe teHT H306pa>KaeTCH 3..rzcKTpntJeCKIiM KOIITaKTOM, n npOBo.n 3 ,
CBSl3blBaIOU{ne 9..1eMeHTbt, S8MCHHIOT .TJOrntJeCI{He onepaUHH 11 (1\) H HJlH (V). npn
TaKO:..! H306pa>KeUUII PKC OHa Bcer a nO.TIYIJaeTCH B BU)1e nOCJ1e)J.OB3Te.'1btlO-napa..'l-
J1e..1bl-JbIX KOHTaKTHbIX ueneii (a He MOCTHKOBblX CTpYKTYP) C \UIOfHMH nOBTopHIOIIlU-
MHCH KOHT3KTaMIl.
PI(C ,naeT Har.'1fl HOe npe;J.cTaB.lleHue 0 J{0 1611IiaUHH «BblrO.D.HbIX» nepe leHHblxf
no KOTOpbIM c..le;I.yeT pa3.7IaraTb £ J1, II 0 Han60Jlee ue..'leCOO6pa3HoH nOc.rJe oBaTe.TJb-
HOCTs.I npe06pa30DaHuii. KOTopaH npuBO,lI,HT cxeMY K npOCTeHweMY BIiJ1.Y.
l1J1H ynpo eHIIH rpa$HIJeCKOii IJaCTII pa60Tbt YCJIOBn tCH KOHTaKTbI n3 cxe,-,ax
He Jl300pa>K3Tb II 0603HaQ3Tb HX He 6YKBaMil Xl II XL' a npOCTO 1I0 lepa"UJ: i (3aMbl-
K8 1O w. uii ) H i' (pa3 lbIKaIOw.Hii), KaK 9TO nOJ{a3aHO H3 pHC. 1.3.5. a. Ha pRC. 1.3.5, 6-u
,naHa rpacpnlJeCKaH H..1..11OCTpaUIIH HCKOTOpblX COOTHoweHuii a.TIre6phl JIOrHKIt C no-
MOlllblO PRC.
nOu1e 3TI-IX 33MeQallHii ccpop lynllpye 1 a..'IrOpHTM CXe\UIO-JIOrHIJeCKOrO MeTOJl.a
npe06pa30BaHHH <I>.:\J1 ,lJ.JlH paCQeT3 na.u.e>KHOCTH C33C:
1. no YC",10BH M pa60Tocnoc06HOCTlt CHCTeMbI, 3anHCaHHbJM 8 BH,lJ.e (1.3.2) H.'III
(1.3.3), 1i306pa)Kae J PKC. npH 3TO 1 KOHTal{TbI, BXO!1Hlllue 0)1.1I0BpeMeHHO B neCKCJIbKO
napaJlJleJlbHbIX ueneii, BbnIOCH 1 B o6m.ylO ,rI.JUI HIIX noc.TJ:e,D.oBaTeJ1bHYIO J.J.enb.
2. Bblc5JfpaeM )1.JlSI BblHecelUIH B nOCJIe.D.OBaTe.'1bHYJO uenb TaKYlo J{oM6ullal..lHl0 Kon-
TaKTOB, KOTopaH OOCCneIJUBaeT pa3 !bIKaHHe Bcex H..TJH ()o.nbllleu qaCTH napa..'1011eJIbHbIX
ueneii P I(C. nOC..fIe BblHecelUIH rpynnw H3 , I{OHTaKTOB P KC pacna.n.aerCH 113 2 r na..
paJI.TIeJlbHbIX cxeM.
3. B Ka>KJt.Oli 1-13 2' nO..'IyqeHllbIX napa.n..1e.TJbHbIX cxeM npOIt3BO;(IfM npeo6pa30.
BaHIUI, a n leHHO: KOHTaKTbI, O,lUIHaKOBble C BbIHeceHHbIMIf,.3aMblKaeM, a oTpHu.aHJlH
BbIHeceHHblx KOHTaJ{TOB pa3:..tbIKae 'f.
4. B cxe tax, nO.:1YllcHHblX B PC3Y.lbTaTe npeo6pa30naHuii, YJ{aJlHe 1 Bee pa30:\-t-
KIIYTble u.enu II 3aMeHHeM Bce rpyrmbl KOHTaJ{TOB, OKa3anwuecH KOpOTK03aMKUYTblMU,
npOB0,l40M (JIIIHueil). KpOMe Toro, KOHTaKTbJ J li lelow."eCH BO Bcex napa.f1.TJe,,'IbllbIXi
75
Corw"IaCHO 3TOMY MeTO.J.Y COCTaBJUIIOT Cnel.UlaJIbHYlO Ta6.'1I1LlY. B KOTO-
pOM pa3Me alOT m CTpOK (no IJHC.'1Y 3..1eMCHTOB B cHcTeMe) 11 C cT0Jl6nOB, npllIJeM
1"'-" k d
C = Cd + Cd + .. a + Cd + · e · + Cd'
(1.3.12)
rj{e C - tlHCJIO COtIeTaillUi 113 d no k.
B Ha3BaHUHx CTpOI\. YKa3blB31OT BepOHTHOCTH 6e30TKa3Hoii pa(5oTbI 9..1eMeHTOB RXk
(n.'111 BepOHTHOCTIi HX OTI(a308 QXk)' a B Ha3BaHHHX CTo..'I6u.OB 3anHCbIBalOT Bce B03-
MO>KlIbte COtteTaHJUI KOH'bIOHKlJ,uil PI (n.'ll( Sf), B3HTbYX no O;1.HO", no .D.Be, no Tpn If T. ,n.
l(poMe Toro, YKa3bInalOT 3HaKH BepOHTHOCTeH 9TIIX KOH'bIOHKUHH (nJllOc HJUI l\IHHYC),
1Jepe!J.YJOl1.luecn B COOTBeTCTBJUI C $opMYJlaMU (1.3.13) II (1.3.14), ,n8HHbIMH B [52] nOJ!
HOMepa nl (6.96) H (6.97) COOTBCTCTBeHHO:
d
P {y (Xl' X 2t -.., Xm) = I} = Rc = P V P, =
'=1
t= L P (PI> - r. P (PI/\ Pj) + P (PIA Pi 1\ Ph + ... +
i j j i j k
+ (_1) -1 P (PiA Pi 1\.' -/\ Pd)j (1,3,13)
74
-
uenHX, BbtHocn f B o6ll'lYlo nOCJ1e)J.OnaTeJlbnylO I.lenb, a nenn. nOr,,10Il..lae tbIC JJ.pyru IH,
napa.TJJ1eJIbll bt \1I1 ItM uenSH.IIf. y aJlHeM.
5. H3YQaeM K2>K-U-YIO }fa 2 r npeo6pa30BaHHblx, K3K YKa3ano B n. 4, cxeM. EC.'IR
. v
cxeMa OKa3a.TJaCb nocToHIIHo-pa30MKHYTOH, olla H3 JI.a..'IbUellllIero paccMoTpeHlullfcK.fJlO-
qaeTCH, eCJIH )Ke cxeMa OK338JIaCb nOCToHHHo-3aMKHYToil, OHa .a.anblleihllU J npeo6pa-
SOBaHIUI 1 He nO;:tBepraeTcn.
npOllecc npeo6pa30BaHIUI cxe lbl. OKa3aBwciicR 6ecnoBTopnoii. H3 9TO 1 TaKiKe
3aKanQUBaeTCH. oecnOBTopHYIO <PYUKLlnlO, COOTBeTCTBYlOlllYIO ;J.aIUIOU cxe:\(e, aanUCbl-
Bae\' B KOH'bIOHKTIIBHOii cpopMe.
a) -
3. 3HaKH .'IOrnIJeCKOrO YMHO>KeJUUI II CJIO}KeHHff 33MeHHIOTCff SHaKaMn 'pH4>\ eTH.
qeCKOrO Y\iHO>KeHHH II C.'l0>t<eHIUJ:
p
r a
K=l\x. 1
. 1 £
1=
=ITP
i=1
a ,
.x l
.
.
(1.3.18)
-
-
.
1,
n
P D = V KI
i=1
n
= P {KI},
1=1
(1.3.19)
U;
XL
.
"
.. -
-
. ,
"
rJI.e x 1 - C06blTUH. He38BllCHMbIe B conol<ynHOCTu; Kl - oprOrOHaJIbHbIe I{Oll'bJOHK-
I
IUIH, n = - qnc.TJO napaJIJleJ1bHblX cxeM PKC.
. ./
xi
l- Z t:,J =
,,)
1
1-2
2)T 1 - 2 - J J =
L 1 - 2 - 4
a) 1 -1 - n - -1- =:.
0)
1
2
X 1 Xz (XJ VX;J=.x1 X 2,
\.
8)
-
-
1 :r.,VX1 2=X1
1.3.4. nPHMEPbl nPAHTH4ECHOrO HCn0J1b30BAHHfI
T04HbiX nOrHHO-BEPOFITHOCTHbIX METOAOB
PAC4ETA
1 2 3 1X2XJ V X1-X'2 3:4 =
- 14T "X1 X Z (XJ VXf}
1 X 1 X1... Xl= X1
JIJlH II.:1J1JOCTpaLlUIf H3J10>KeHlIbIX MeTO)I.OB paCCqHTaeM BepOHTHOCTb
6e30TKa3Hoii pa60TbI C33C, u306pan\elllloii Ha puc. 1.3.2.
-
....
T A6nilt4HblH METO.l\ PACLIETA HA.l\EmHOCTH cssc
-
-
1. 3anHCblBaeM YC.TJonue pa60Tocnoco6HOCTII STOM CIiCTeMbI (1.3.4).
2. COCTaB..1HeM paCljeTHYIO Ta6.'Iuuy (Ta6..'l.!1.3.1) B COOTBeTCTBliU C U3JIOmeHHbIMH
na crp. 72 npaBIIJIa llI. 1
3. 3anO.lJHHeM Ta6. r u1UY B TaKoii nOCJle)tOBaTC.TIbHOCTH:
a) npOCTaBJIfle\l 3HaKU X B cTo.'I6u.ax 1-4 TaC5.TJ. 1.3.2 lIa YPOBue 3JIeMeHTOB,
COOTBeTCTBYlOllUIX nYTHM ycnewHoro <PYHKl.lHOHllpOBaHIfH CHCTCMbl:
6) nOCJIeJ1,OBaTeJlbHO 3anO.TJHHeM CTOt/16l.lbl 5-15 Ta6JI. 1.3.3 cor.'1aCHO $YUKl\HHM J
HanpHMep:
e)
1
1
. .
. .
. .
, 1 I
1 l'
--
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1
::t. 1 V. X 1 V. · , V X 1 = -X 1
JfC)
-
-
X1 X 1'=O
.
.
.3)
.
-
-
X 1 V.z;=I
P 1 P 2 = (X 1 x 3 X c>X 7 ) (XIXSX4X6X7XS) = XIX3X4xoX6XiXS;
( 1.3.20)
1
1
lL) r 1 - 2 -...- n r =
(X 7 X2.' .X",)VIsI
n) BbltJepKUBaeM 83 Ta6 ,. L3.3 OJ\IIHaKOBbIe KOH'bIOHIHunr, BOWe;I.WUe B Hee c pa3-
IIblMIi 3HaKa nl.
nOJlytleHHaH Ta6.'luna (Ta6.'l. 1.3.4) n03BOJlHeT npoH3BecTu Henocpe,ncTBeHHoe BbI-
IlHC..1eHHe BepoHTHocTIl Oe30TJ<a3Hoii pa60Tbi CHCTeMbl nYTe 1 nepeMHO>KeHIUI B Ka>K,].OM
cTo..,6u.e Tex BepoRTHocTeH RXk' KOTopble OKa3annCb OTMetIeHHblMU KpccTHKa nl X.
j\HaJlIlTHQeCKOe BWpa>KeHlfe .n..'IH Bb!tIHC..1CHIHI BepoHTHOCTU 6e30TKa3Holl pa60Tbi BcefI
CHCTeMbl Rc liMeeT BII,:!
PIIC. 1.3.5. rpacputlecKan 1I..'1.'HocTpau.IIH lIeKoTopblX cooTHomelulH
at/'Ire6pbl JIOrUIUf c n9 M 01ll.blO PKC.
EC.TJH cxeM3 He stB.TJHeTCH 6ecnOBToplfofl. nepexO;J,IiM K fi. 2 II npoll3Bo-U-IfM Jta...1b-
Hefiwue npe06pa30BaHIiH B COOTBeTCTBHII c nn. 2, 3, 4 If 5.
6. no nOJ1y t leHHbIM B pe3y..lbTaTe npeo6pa30BaHliH cxeMa 1 3anncbtBaeM <1>AJI.
7. OT <1> \..1 nepeXO,.1JIM 1< B If no Heii BblQl'fCJIHeM BepoHTHoCTb 6e30TKa3HoH pa.
60Tbl cnCTe lbl Kal{ BepoSiTHOCTb panencTBa <1>AJI e;tIfHlfue.
nepexo;J. OT <1>AJ1 K Bel> ocyw.eCTB.TIHeTCH no CJIe;J.YIO If"1 npaBIf.rla:\f:
1. I\a>K;laH 6YKDa B cI>AJI 3aMeHHeTCH BepoHTHoCTblO ee paneHcTBa e;J.HHHl.le,
npuqe 1
P{xi=l}=R i ; P{x;=l} =P{xi=O} =1-R1=Qi. (1,3.16)
2. OrpullaHHe <PYHKLuur 3aMeHHeTCH pa3HocTbIO Me>K;l.Y e,AJullfu.eii Ii BepoRTHOCTblO
paneucTBa 3TOil $YHI<Ullif eJI.HIUll.le, HanpHMep:
P {/(x h "'J x 1 ) = {(X 1 X 2 )' (x3 x ,,)' [X5(x x;)']'}' =1} =
= 1 - (1 - R 1 R 2 ) (1 - RsR.J) [1 - Rc. (1 - QaQ7)1. (1.3.17)
Rc RxJRx,Rx.Rx, + Rx.Rx,Rx..RxoRx,Rxs +
+ Rx. R x. R x e R X7 + RXIRx:sRx RxIRx7Rxa - RXtRXaRx,Rxr.Rx,Rx,Rx. -
- Rx.RxtRx.Rx.Rx.RxoRx7 - Rx.RxtRx:sRx,Rx,RX,Rxe -
- RX1RxIRxaRx.Rx.Rx,RxB - RXaRx!Rx.RxIRx.RX.,Rxa +
.
"
.
-1- 2 <I3.x.RXtRxaRx&RxDRx.Rx7RXa)'
(1.3.21)
npntzeM eCJUI Bce Rxk O):(HH31<OBbl H paBHbI R, TO
.
76
Rc = 2R.l + 2R6 - 5R7 + 2R8.
(l.3.22)
77
-
I
I
T Q6/l111{a 1.3. J
Ta6.ruu(a lJ,JlH paCLJeT3 IIap.e}KJIOCTJI C33C no CXCMe Ila pnc. 1.3.2
..
.. Q.,
.. .. .. -0
.. ., .. Q., Q., Q., a.. Q..
ft .. "' .. .. ..
Cl. Cl.. Q. Cl.. Cl. Q., Q., Q.
- .. ., .. .. .. ... Of ft -
Q. ... .. .. -
RXJl, Q. Q. Cl. Q. Q.. Q. Q. Q. Q" Q. Q" Q. Q.
+ - +
-
J I 2 I 3 I 4 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I !J 110 11 112 1 13 I 14 15
R X1
RXI
RXs
Rx,
Rx..
RXo
RX7
RXa
Rc
Ta6l2lll{a 1.3.2
JIepBLlH npHMep 3anOmleJUIH paCqeTJlOH Tawun.UJI 1.3.1
..
oft .. .. Q.
"'
Of "' Q. Q" Q. Q" Q"
., ., .. .. .. .. ..
Q" Q. Q. Q" Q. Q., Q" Q., Q. cl: Cl.
... .. to ..
- - - .. .. -
Q., Q. Q" - ... .. -
R. xk Q. Q. Q. Q. 't Q. Q. Q.. Q. Q" Cl.
+ \ - + -
1 I 2 I 3 I 4 5 I 6 I - I 8 I 9 10 11 112 1 13 1 14 15
I
RXI X X - -
Rx. - - X X
RXI X X - X
Rx. - X X X
RXI X - - X
Rx. - X X -
R).:, X X X X
Rxs - X - X
Rc
78
-
Ta6Atll1a 1.3.8
BTOpOit npltMep 3anOJlHellHH paC'IeTHOH Ta6.rulltbl 1.3.1
I i I "'
"'I
.. .. .. Q.
Q" Q" .
. . .. Q. Q.
().. Q;. It .. .. .. .. It
Cl. Q" Q" Q. Q. Q" .,; ..
- Q. Q., 0-
.. - .. - - ... ..
Q. Q" Q. "- Q. .. III .. ... -
0- Q. Q.. Q" Q" .. ..
RXk Q. Q..
- +
-
-
I I 2 I 3 I 4 5 I 6 I 7 8 I 9 I 10 II J 12 13 1 14
15
.
RXI X X - - X X X X X X X X X
- X
RXI - - X X - X X X X X X X X
X X
\
RXs X X - X X X X X X X X X X X
X
RXt - X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X
Rx" X - - X X X X X X X X X X
- X
Rx. - X X - X X X X X X X X
- X X
R X7 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
RXe - X - X X X X X X X X X
- X X
Rc
a
."",
Ta61lUI{a 1,3.4
..
Ta6.1JlLta jlonSl paCLJeTa H3JJ.e}KHOCTlf C33C
no cxeMe fla pUC. 1.3.2 C BbllfepKHYThlMIi KOH'LIOHKl.{HHMII
.
..
. Q.,
. . .
.. .. . . 't Q" Q,.
Cl. Q. Q.. c;: "' .. ... 0:
Cl.. Cl.. Cl.. Q., PI
... .. 10 . Q"
... ...
Q" Cl. Q., Q., 't - .. .. .., ...
Q" Q. Cl.. .. - ..
RXk Q., Q., Q. -
Q. Q., Q. Q.
+ - +
-
1 I 2 I 3 I ." 5 6 7 I 8 I 9 1 10 . 11 I 12 I 13
14 15
I
R X1 X X - - X X X X X
- X
R X2 - - X X X X X X
- X X
RX3 X X - X X X X X X X X
Rx. - X X X X X X X X
X X
Rx" X - - X X X X X X
- X
RXe - X X - X X X X
- X X .
Rx, X X X X X X X X 'X X X
RXa I
- X - X X I- X X X X X
Rc R4 R.d R4 RfJ R7 It' R7. R7 R.1 1<8 R8
79
.
v.
CXEMHO.nOrH4ECKH METO,lJ. PAC4ET A
HA.l1E>HHOCTH C33C
Yp3BIJenne pa60Tocnoco6HocTH (1.3.5) paccM3TplfBaeMou CIICTeMbi
oTo6paiKaeTcSI pe.'1eiiuo-KoHTaKTHoII cxeMoii, 11306pa>KCIIIIOH lIa puc. 1.3.6.
Ha cxe 1C KOHTaKT 7, HMelOllI.UMCH BO Bcex napa..'IJIe.'lbHbIX nenHX, BbIHeceH B 06-
ll!YIO J).,,1S1 nnx noc.TleJJ,oBare.'JbHYIO Llenb. Kpo fe Toro, B nOCJIe;x.OBaTeJIbHbIe neon Obl-
lIeCeUbl KOHTaKTbJ 1, 3 H 2, 4.
B COOTBeTCTBIUf C aol1ropHT 'IOM npeo6pa30BaluiSI _npHMenJl 1 pa3JIOiKeHne cxeMbi
no KOHTaKTaM (nepeMeHllbIM) 5, 6, I{OTOpble BXOAHT BO Bce napaJI.'ICJ1bHbte uenu. TaK
haK qnc..'1o r BblHOCliMbtX KOHTaKTOB " .
paBHO .n.nYM, TO MOiKHO COCTaBHTb qe.. a) . j -6. _1
Tblpe opTorona.1bHbIe 1\OH'bl0HKunu:
,
J-c- 8
4....G: -8
X ' x '. X I X ' x '.
Gt O. Xu 6J X X6.
2
npn BbIlieceUHU KOHT31{TOB 5'
Ii 6' n pa3MbIKalHfll B P KC KOBTal(-
TOB 5 II 6 cxeMa (puc. 1.3.2, a) IIpe..
Bpa aeTcH B nocToHuno-pa30MKuy"
TYIO uenb (puc. 1.3.7 t a). CXeMbJ Ha
pUC. 1.3.7. 6 H 8 nOCJle BbIueceuuSl
5} -5'
4 8
6L
6' 1
L2
J
4
J
J
4-8
7
11
B) -
.
1 3 1 4 8 7 -
2 4C: 8
Puc. 1.3.6. Pe.TIeliHO-KOHT3KT"
lIaH cxeM3 <PYUKUHH (1.3.5).
2) -5 6 1-J
4-8
2-4 3-8
PUC. 1.3.7. rpa<pUqeCKaH 11.,'1.1 IOCTp 2 LUHI
..
pa3JIOiKeHI:IH CXCMbl, npHBe.lleUHOU Ha
pHC. 1.3.2, no 3prYMeHTaMX 5' X o.
KOHTaKTOB 4 II 3 B 06ll1.YlO nOC.Tle;tOBaTeJIbUYIO nenb C KOHT2KTaMIi 5' 6 it 5, 6' cO 'r-
BCTCTneUHO TaKiKe cTaHYT 6ecnOBTOpHbJ lI. B cxeMe Ha pllC. 1.3.7 t 2 KOHTal{TbI 4, 8
H 3, 8 OKaaaJIIICb KOpoTK03aMKIfYTbI nl, If OCTaBwaHCH qaCTb cxeMbl nOC..Tle y aJleHnH
3THX KOUTaJ{TOB 6Y1. eT T310Ke 6ecnonTopnoii. I
no CXCMaM Ha pilC. 1.3.7, 6-z 3anHllIe ' <1>.AJI B BH;I.e CYMMbI Tpex opTOrOnaJIbHbIX
CJIaraeMbIX, 3aMeHUB UU<pPbl cooTneTcTBYlOlllH IU r.epe leHubIMu:
X4X;XCX7 1 X2
X 1 x3 x S
XSXSX6 X 7 xl
Y (Xli I.., X8) =
.
Xl)XOX;
X2 X .a X S
x 1 X S
.
(1.3.23)
X 2 X4
OT no..'1yqelIlloii AJI nepeit eM K BepOHTHOCTHoii CPYUKI1.IUI
P {Y (xi. ..., Xg) = 1 \ = Rc = RX6QsRx,Rx, [1 -Q2 (1 - RXtRXaRxs)l + ..
+ Rx.Rx, Q,R Xf II - Q1 (1 - Rx. RX 6 RX a)] +
+ RXIRxe X7 [1 - (1 - RXJRx ) (1 - RXtRxJ). (1.3.24)
npH RXt = R X2 = ... = RX8 BblpaiKcHlie (1.3.24) npHHHMaeT BnA (1.3.22).
113 npHBe eHHbIX npllMepOB BHJI.1I0. qTO npH HcnO.!]b30B3HIUI Ta6JIuQuoro MeTo,n3
nO,,'IyqeHHe nO.,'1IUIOMa (1.3.22) CBO;tIlTCH K MeX8UHIJeCKoMY nO;J.CtleTY cTenelleil npl1 R 11
npllBe.n-eHHIO nO;I.ot5HbIx IJJIeHOB (CM. Ta6.'1. 1.3.4).
.
80
-
.
l-lcno1b30B8HHblH B 060JfX MeTO,1:(3X npueM, n03no.'lSlIOIllnn nO.TJyqUTb nO..1nHOM
DH;la Rc= L aRt. npll YC.T10nnn paBHoil Ha,ne>KHOCTH Bcex 3.1eMeHTOB, SlB..'lReTCSI O,!].IIUM
{
113 MeTO;l.OB JlCCJIe:lOB3IUtSl CBOHCTB cpYUKuun 6e30TKa3HOCTH. nO.TJyqeHHbIii nO.1UHOM
n03Bo..1HeT TaK>KC npOKOIITpOJIllpOBaTb npaBUJIbllOCTb peweHIUI 3a;I.a I UI.
HEKOTOPblE 3AME4AHHfI
no npOBE.l1EH tO P AC4E T A HA.l1E>+<HOCTH
MET0.l10M HECOBMECTHblX r nOTE3
l\\eTO;\ HeCOBMeCTHbIX rnnoTe3, onllcallllblii B [52, 23], HB..1HeTCH
cBoeo6pa311oit :\10'l.U I1KallIlCJI MeTO;:J.a pa3pc3aHIlH. B TO >Ke BpeMH }{aHHblil teTO;I. MO"
>KeT paCC laTpnnaTbCH II KaK MO;,\u<pIIKaunH cxe:\tHO-JIOrHqeCKOrO MCT01.a paCqeTa Ha-
Jle>KIIOCTII C33C, B KOTOpOM Tome <P<>PMUPYIOTCSI lteCoB teCTHble rlinOTe3bl no HeKOTO"
PO 1Y Ha60py aprY ICHTOB <PYHKunll Y (Xl' .... Xm) II TaK me B HeCKO..'1bKO 3TanOB npo-
H3BO.J.UTCH ee pa3JlOiKeHliC (B C 'IOiKHbIX S3;I.alJ3X).
Pa3.'UlqUe Me>K;\Y YKa3anilbIMU MeTO,.1.aMU COCTOIIT B TOM, tITO npH HcnO.T'Jb30BalilIH
MeTO..1.3 p33pe3aHUH II CXel\UIO-.TJOfliIJCCKOrO MeTOp'a HeCOB:\teCTHble rnnOTe3hI <POp II{.
PYIOTCR B onpe;J.e:leHHOM CMblC.TIe MeXaUHqeCKU, a npH liCnOJIb30BaHIllf MeTOAa neCOB-
MeCTHbIX rlinOTe3 UX HY>KHO KaiK,!'(blii pa3 <POPMYJUIpOBaTb no CO;l.ep>KdHltIO saJlaqu.
T. e. OC 'bIC..1eHHO. B nepBOM c ,yqae <popMa.'1H3anHH 3aAaIJn JIerh.O OT;I.eJII{ (a OT ee pe-
WeHltH II MO>KeT BwnO..'1HHTbCH paSHblMIi .TIIOAbMH, npuqe )1.JJH Tex, KTO 3aHU!\IaeTCH ee
pellleHlIe:\l, Hco6H3aTeJlbHO 'I.a>KC gnalHfe C.1MOH cnCTeMbl. Bo BTOpO\i CJIYIJae BCIO pa-
60TY OT H3q3,,1a ,no KOlIua JJ,OJIiKHbI BbJnOJIHHTb cneuua.T'utCTbI, XopOWO 3nalOllI.Ue IIcCJ!e-
.nyeMYIO CHCTe IY. ee CTPYKTYPY. OC06CHHOCTI1 <PYHKlluounpOBaUHH.
1.3.5.
v
nPH6J1H}t{EHHbIH J10rHKO-BEPOfiTHOCTHbIH
METOA PAC4ETA HAAE}t{HOCTili caac
C Y4ETOM BOCCT AHOBJ1EHHf1
.
Pea.TJbHble C33C Hn.TIHIOTCH BOCCTaHaBJ1nBae ibIMn cnCTeM3MII C pe3ep-
BltpOnaHUeM It pa3HoTnnublMu 3,,1JeMeIlTa IH. n03TO IY paCQeT IIX xapaKTepltCTHI( HaJ,e>K"
HOCTH npe;l.CTaB..'IHeT ell.l.e 60JIee C.'10iKHYIO 32jJ.aqy no cpaBHelllilO C paccMoTpeHHbt UI
Bblwe. npH nOCTpoellHII MaTeMaTlILJeCKOii Mo e.1}n CJIo>KHoii CUCTeMbI nO.TJyqaIOTCH
BeCb!\1a o6w.tte cxeMbt MaCCOBoro 06CJIY>KHBauuH. TPY,\HO nO;l.!l.alOlll.UeCH aHall'lUTUqe..
CKO IY ItCCJIe,!l.OBaIIlIIO. C .a.pyroii CTOpOHbI. Ha npaKTuKe a6CO.,1IOTllaH TOqnOCTb peme..
HUH CHCTe lb! II lie nYiKHa, a Y!lOBJIeTBOpnTeJIbUYIO TOqUOCTb MOiKHO nOJIYtlUTb, nOw1b-
3YHCb npn6..'IHiKCH HbJMH opMYJIaMn Ii oueHKaMlI.
PaCCMOTplf t MaTe laTlIlJeCKHe OCHOBbl MeTo,nHKII npu6JJU>KenHOii OueHKIt Ha.a.e>K-
UOCTIf C33C, MIfHYH TOqnOe pewenue. OTMCTIfM, tJTO OCHOBllble SaTpV..1HeIUIH npH lie..
no..1b30BaUIUf 3Toro MeTO)1.a o6Y '10n..1]ellbI MOCTIiKOBoii CTPYKTypoil C33C, pe3epBHpo"
BalllleM If pa3HOTlinnOCTblO 9.neMeHTon.
npe>K e Bcero nst HCCJ1e,"\yeMoli CliCTeMbI neo6XO;J.HMO COCT3BHTb YCII10BUH ee
pa60Tocnoco6HOCTlt, BLlpa>KeHHble QCpe3 KOH"bIOHKUIUO OTpuuanHfl Bcex UnIItMaJIbHbIX
ceqennii OTK 30B Tuna (1.3.3)
n n
Yc (xl' ".J XIII) = /\ S, = /\ [ 1\ Xk]. (1.3,25)
j=l 1=1 kf/=/(
51
33Te!\1 CJ1e;x.yeT ynpocTHTb <1>AJI (1.3.25) C nOMOlll.blO onepannn BbIIIeCeHJlH 3a
CK06KH O;IUHaKOBblX qJ1ellOB B lIeKoTopblX KOH"bIOIIKUHHX. 0PI-I BblueceHlfll 3a CJ<OOKU
o6w.ux aprY teHTOB ne06xo;J.IIMO coxpaHIITb KOH'bIOHKTHBUYIO <PoPMY 3anncn <PYHKUUlI
Ye. I1naqe rOBopH, npH 3TOM npe06p330BaHilIf c1> AJ1 c.'Ie;J.yeT OT (1.3.25) nepeitTH
K KOIl'blOHKLlUJi ,QHc1> (3i), KOTopble 1I33b1Ba1OTCH 3 Bell b H M II C x e M bI HeHa..1e}K-
HOCTI! CHCTe\lbI: .
..
Y c (Xl' .. "
n ,
X m ) = ./\ Sj = /\ 3 'J
1=1 1=1
(1.3.26)
.
f!J..e r - qllCJ10 3nellbca <r n).
81
i
t
nOCJIe OBaTe.1JbHo.n8pa.,'.1e,,'bU}'JO CTPYI{TypnylO cxe 'y. COOTBeTCTBYIOIllYIO
.
r
f}JynKI1.IIlI 1\3l, Ha30Be 1 C x e M 0 ii II e H 8 J1. e jK HOC T II CnCTeMbl. OT.TJUIJUTe.1b-
1=1
HoA oCOt)eHROCTblO 3TOii CXe lbl HB.'! HeTCH nOc..lej10BaTe..1bIlOe COe.nHUelUJe 3BeHbeB.
COCT8B.TIeHHbJX 113 BCen03MO>KHblX MUHltMa.1bUbIX na60pOB 3J1eMeHTOB, O):lHOBpe ICHHbJJi
OTK3a KOTOpblX npHBOJUIT K OTKa3Y BCell CHCTeMhI. npU 3TO 1 CTpYKTypa caMoro 3Bella
npe CTaB.T}HeT co6ofl napa..l..1e.1bHoe coeJU-IHeUUe u.enel1, COCTOHlJ.I.lIX U3 crporo nOC.TIeAO-
BaTeJIbHO coe.nUHeUllbIX 9..1e teHTOB.
<1>YHKUUH Yc (X It ..., Xf'l) B <Pop!\(e (1.3.26) HBJlHeTCH, KaK npaBHJIO, nOBTopnoH
<I>AJI. npeHe6peraH 3aBnCn JOCTbIO OTKa30B 3BeHbeB CXe!\lbI lIella;1.emHOCTH (1I3-3a
nOBTopHOCTlf AJ1), Io*no onpe;J.e..1I1Tb BepoHTHoCfb ce ()c30TKa3Hoii pa60Tbl Re. II
no ( Op tY:le
P8CIJerHbie €}>opMYJIbI IIMelOT BII;t
-
Y, =
1
-
1
11 ,
Ak
k=1
( 1.3,28)
II
E (Y k)-l
k=l
8 COOTBeTCTBY10IJ.I.aH liHTeHCUBHOCTb OTKa30B 3JIe leHTa X3 -
1 ;
'''3 = - = "k.
Y 3 k=l
(1.3,29)
r
RC.II = n R3i'
i=l
(1,3.27)
ECJIII npe;I.nO..'10iKIITb, liTO B nepnoJI, peMOHTa O;:I.HOrO H3 3.1eMenTOB nenOQKR OTK33b1
.npyrnx 3 1eMeHTOB HeB03 (O>KHbl (c.TJyqafi, BeCb la pacnpOCTpaHeHllblli n8 np8KTUKe). TO
HHTenCIIBUOCTb BOCCT8nOB'IeIIlUI 31{BIIB801'IeHTHOrO 9JleMeUTa X3 6Y,!I.eT paBH8
II -1
E Pk
k=l
1 11 n 11
'\'3 = ,.. i = A/ + Pk 'vi.- 'vk
L'3.. / =1 k=1 k=l
,
I"Ae Ph - K03ct> )IIUUeHT IICIlCnpaBliOCIll .91Je'deIlTa Xk, p.aB.llhlil
J
(1.3.30)
f)l.e R3l - BepOHTIIOCTb 6e30TKa3HOii pa60TbI i-ro 3BeH3 3 i .
-
1 , % Yj Yn-1 Y n
1 x, H Xt H :t -- - --f xn-IH In r-= .
Z t _ Z Z l Zn"1 Z n
lJ) -
Y31
- XJ1
Y s
-
:£3 Z31
- X32
ZS
-
13
=:-\ XJ I ..
I 23
I
-
Y3m
x,m
2 9m
Zk
Pk = - ·
Yk
(1.3.31)
-
-
PaCqeTUaH <l)OpM JIa ,3}IH onpe.n.e.'1eHIIH
- 1
Z3=
Z3 IIMeeT BII;J.
I
-
11&
E (Z3/)-1
;=1
11&
'V'!Jj
i=l
J
(1.3.32)
-
-
PHC. 1.3.8. }l CJIOBIIH 3KBIIBB..1eHTHpOB3HIHt:
a - nOc.1eJI,oBaTeJ1bHOH LlcnJl; 6 - napa.TI-
u
JIe.TJhHbIX BeT Bel! 3BeH3 cxe lbl HeH3Ae}K...
HOCTH.
a COOTBeTCTBYIOlJ.I.aSl nllTeHCHBIIOCTb BOCCTanOBJIeIUfH-
m
'\'3 = E v 3 /, (1,3.33)
j=l
CpCAHee BpeMH IlCnpaBlIOll paGoTbl 3Dena onpe"e.1ReTcH Bbrpa>KenneM
PaCqC:T na,!le>KHOCTil C33C no <Ix>PMy..1e (1.3.27) neCKO.1bKO 38HII>KaeT BepoRTHoCTb
IIcnpaBHoli pa60ThI CHCTe 1 no cpaBHeHUIO c TOqHbl 1 3naLienlIeM 3TOii BepoSITHocTU, 11
oruu6J{a pactJeT3, TaKIt'" o6pa30M, Hj1eT B 3anac na;!lC>KHOCTIi. 3a)J.aq8 COCTOIIT B TOM.
IJTO()bI no.nYtlHTb paCLIeTHbIe <POp IYJIbl. n03Bo..'IHIOlJ.I.lfe onpe)J.e1HTh BepOHTHOCTn R3l
c yqeTOM BOCCTaHOB.'IeHHH 3.1eMeIlTOB CIfCTeMbl.
<I>YUKIUllf 3i npe.n.CTaB.'IHIOT co6oil npOCTble napaJ1.1eollbHble CTPYKrypbl, COOTBeT.
CTBYlOlJ.I.ne narpY>KCHHOMY pe3epBlipOBanlllO, a B nOc.flC;l.OBaTe.'1bllbIX u.enHX HaXOAHTCH,
KaK npaBJfJIO, pa3HOTlinHb1e 3..1eMeHTbl.
YKa3annaH 3a)t8L1a, TalHfM 06pa30M, ,ne..'IlfTCH H3 )lBe LlaCTHbTe:
1) no 1I3BeCrHb1M Xapal{TepIlCTHKa,.1 6e30TKa311ocTH II BOCCTaHaBJIIfBae JOCTH Il. = x
9..'Ie leIiTOB (a n teHHO, cpe,!UJe"IY BpeMeful Hapa6oTI{Jf Ha OTKa3 Yk 11 Cpe):lHe!dY epee
l\IeHH BOCCT8110BJIeHIUI Z'l - CM., HanpH ICp, pnc. 1.3.8), HaXO,J.HIllUXCH B nOC'Ie,:{OBa-
u
'feJIbHOll uenn 3Bena, cTo w.ero H3 n 3..'le .leHTOB, oueHIfTb COOTBeTcrnYlO1J.I.1Ie xapaK-
TepHCTUKIf 3TOH nenu Y 3 II Z9 - Cpe,nHee BpeMSI Uapa60TKil II BOCCT8nOB.1eHJUI O;tHoro
Y 10BnOrO 3JIe leHTa X 3 , RB..1HlOlJ.I.erOCH 31{8IIB8neIiTHbI"l nOCJ1ejI.OB3Te..1JbHoi'l UenOlJKe U3
1l 3.'leMeHTOB;
2) no HaUAeHflbIM XapaKTepHCTlfK8 t nOCoI1e.n.OBaTeJIbHbIX uenefi V; II Z ]J...1H m na.
p8n.TJCJlbHbIX DeTBcii (puc. 1.3.8) OneHIiTb Ha,a.e>KHOCTh Bcero 3BeHa II .
82
} ' -
3-
111
n (1 + P3/) p;}
j=l
\
tl1
E '\'9/
j=l
J
(1.3,34)
fl1e
P3/=
Z3/ .
- ,
}I sl
1
1.3 = -
Y3
-
-
nz
'\i9/
j=l
"I '
n (1 + P9j) p;l- 1
/=1
(1.3.35)
-
a K03cp<!JnuuefiT Hcncnp3BHOCTJI 3BeHa -
.
-
In
. 1
n (1+p9/)p;j-l
i=l
TIplHulMaH AonymeHuH 00 3KcnOHeHu.nanbHOM saKone pacnpe,ae.'1eIlHSI C.'IyqaHHbIX
BeJIHtllUI Y k Ii Zk, 6y eM 1I leTb npocTeiiwuii CYMMapHblii nOTOK BOCCT8HOBJIeHIUI. 8
Z3
P3 = -
} 3
;'''3
1
(1.3.36)
-
-
-
- .
Va
-
83
.
9TO\1 OCHOnaHIIJI BepOHTHOCTb 6e30TKa3HOil pa60TbI i-ro 3BeHa CXCMbI JJCHa)I.e>KHOCTIf
paBlla
R3j (i) = exp (-'''3i t ),
(1.3.37)
rnaBa 1.4. 8JlEKTPOnO}t{AP06E30nACHOCTb
HA CY.LJ.AX
8 .D.JUI Bceu cxe lbI HeHa,ae/KUOCTIl -
1.4.1. 05Ll..\I1E n0110mEHHR
r
Re. H (t) = n exp (-A3 i t ),
i=1
r
1 + P3i
1=1
.
(1.3.40)
Ee30naCHaH 3Kcn.'1yaTaLlHH C33C OOeCneIJHDaeTCH KO fnJleKCOM opra-
Jllf3aUnOHUblX H TeXHUqeCKUX MeponpHHTlliL OpraHH3aUII0IIHbie MeponpllHTHH (nO,1.ro-
TOBKa OtJCJIV>KIIB310mero nepCOHa. a, ,nonVCK K 06C.1Y>KIfBaIlUIO ..'lUll, JtMelOIllJIX COOT-
neTCTBYJ01.U,}'IO l<oa.1u<lnIKauIHo, opraHlI3a UH peMOHTHbiX It nalla,!J.OtlHblX pa60T Ii ,D.p.).
a TaK>Ke pH.:! TCXHUqeCKIiX Mep 3aUUITbI, He Hawe;J.WlJx no .PH.J.Y nplltJHH npUMeUCHlut
8 C33C (3all.lllTHoe OTh.TlIOqCHlie, KOMI1CHCaUHH eMKOCTHOii COCT3a.J'.IHIOI1I.eH TOKa YTetlKIf
na 3e l.iIIO II JlP.), D naCTOflUJ.CM cnpaBOtlHIIKe He paCC laTpIlB3IOTCH.
OT,!J.eJJbHble TeXHlilJeCIOle Mepbl 3alllUTbJ, TaKIIe KaK 3au..UITa OT TOKOB KopOTKoro
3a tbIKaJln H. KOHTpOJ1b conpOTHB.fleHIIH H30.1HUHIf, 6.10KlfpOBKH t 3al.l.UITHOe orpa>K)1.e-
Illfe TOKOBe.aY1.U,1t x lJaCTeH t onHCblBalOTCSI B COOTBeTCTBYIOIllJIX pa3;te.'IaX J rJIaBaX II napa-
rpa<l>ax H3CTORlllero Cnp3BOIJHlIKa.
B .n.aHHoil r.l13Be paCCMaTpUBalOTCH HeKOTopbIe OCHOBHble BonpOCbI 3J1eKTp06e30-
naCHOCTIi Ha cY;J.ax II TCXHutJeCKHe MepbI 3aUUITbI no o(5ecneQeJUIIO 6eaonacHoti SKC-
n.TtyaTauHII CY]].OBoro 9.;1eKTpo060PYJJ.oBaluIH. nOJlOiKeHIUI HaCTOH1.U,eii r.rlaBbI pacnpo-
CTpaHRIOTCSI na cnCTeMbl nepe leHlioro TOKa C 1130.nupOBaUHoii nCHTpaJIblO, 3 TaK}Ke Ha
Jl30Jl11pOBaHHbie or Kopnyca CYAHa ,!J.ByxnpoBo I1ble CIiCTe 1bI nepeMeHlIoro H IlOCTOHB-
Horo TOKa.
(1.3.38)
H.,1H
r
]n RCe II (t) = -I L '''3t.
i=l
( 1.3.39)
<1>YUKUHH rOTOBIlOCTII cnCTeMbl Kr. CTalJ.HOHdpnoe 3Ha ellHe KOTOpO npl-lHHTO
H33LlaaTb I{ 0 3 U U II e II T 0 \1 rOT 0 B HOC T II BOCCTaHaBJ1I1BaeMOil CUCTeMbI,
MO>KeT 6blTb nOJlYLIeHa C nOMOlllblO $OPMYJ1bl
r Y3/
Kr = n - -
i=l Y 3l + Z3i
r "'3/
= n /..3. + V31 ...
. 1 &
1=
I
,
npn \!a..lbIX 3HaqeHlfHX P3/ MomeT 6blTb IiCnOJIb30BaHO ellle 60.'1ee npocToe
i=l
-
BbIpaiKeHue:
.
r
Kr I - P3ie
i=l
(1.3.41)
1 . Sl1EHTP06E30nACHOCTb
B CY A9BbiX
al1EKTPH4ECK X CETRX
..
B C33C nlfTaJlHe pa3.'1UQHbIX 3.fleKTpH<I>uUllpoBaHHblx CItCTe l, Mexa-
HII3MOBII YCTpoiicTB oCY1.U,eCTBJIHeTCH, KaK npaBIfJJO, OT H30. T urpoBaHHbIx OT KOP4
...
nyca cY,.1Ha ceTCU:
;l.ByxnpoBo;UlbIX' nOCTOSlHHoro TOKa HanpHiK IU{eM 12, 24, 110 II 220 B II O;1.HO-
<l'a3l1blx nepeMeHHoro TOKa qaCTOTOll 50 Ii 400 rUt HanpSI>KeHlleM npeuMYlU,eCT-
BeHHO 12 n 24 B, a TaK>Ke QaCTOTOii 200 fa (!VIH 3J1eKTpOHHcTpYMeIlTa), HanpH>KC-
UHe 1 36 B;
Tpex<l>a3l1blX nepeMeHHoro TOKa qaCTOTOil 50 Ii 400 fI.t, UanpH>KeH"e I 127 J 220
II 380 B.
YC,,tloBluI6e30nacHoCTH npn 3Kcn.TIyaTaUHIf 3011eKTpoo6oPYAoBaHHH, nOJIYIJalOlllero
nHTaHue OT YK33alUlblX ceTeti, 6Y.z1YT pa3.'1ULlHblMH. OHn Onpejl. 1HIOTCH B OCHOBHOM
Be.'IHqIlHOn Ii BpeMeneM npOTeKaHIIH TOKa, pO,!J,OM TOKa (nOCTOHHHblfl, nepeMeHllblii
pa3.1utJHOfi QaCTOTbl), nYTH nf npOTeKaHHfI TOKa tJepe3 Te.'10 qenOBeKa. 4alU,e Bcero
9..1eKTpOTpaBMbI B C33C B031111KalOT npn cJ]ytJaiiHO t npnKOCHOBeHHII qe.TtOBeKa K TOKO"
BeJlYll1.IIM aCTHM. HaXO)I.Hll.lHMCH no,.1. nanpH>KeHHeM , nu(5o npUKOCHOBeHlll1 K MeTaJ1J1H-
'leCKHM KopnycaM 1iJ11i qaCTHM, OKa3aBWlfMCH no)). UanpH}KelUleM BCJIeJ{CTBHe nOBpe>Kp'e-
HltH H30J1HUIUI H.TtI! no JJ.P) rUM npntJliHaM (pHC. 1.4.1 If 1.4.2). nplf 3TOM paccMaTpu-
BaeTCH TOJ1bKO O;l.Hocpa3Hoe (o)J.Hono.'IIOCHoe) npHKocHoBeHHe, TaK KaK c.'1yqau npltKOC-
HOBeHHH IJe lOBeKa K BYM <l>a3a 1 (noJllOca t) pe;u<u " lie SlB,l1HIOTCH onpeAeJJHIOIl1-I1MU
npll oueHKe YCJlOBHii 3JlCKTp06e30nacHocTu 3J1eKTplftleCKliX YCTanoBoK.
BbJpa>KeHIUI, onpe.ne"rUlloll.lne CIi.1Y TOK3 (B aMnepax), npoxoJ\Hl11.ero tJepe3 Te..'IO
QeJ10aeKa, B cJ1YLlae 0;J"10 a3Horo (o;t.HonOJIIOClloro) npltKOCHOBCHHH nplt YC.1<1BIUI pa..
BeHCTBa aKTliBHOIt cocTaB.TIHlOll.teH cOnpOTIIBJ1eUHH 1I30.TtHIJ.nU II eMKOCTII <l>a3 ceTH OT-
HOCIITeJIbHO Kopnyca cY)lHa, HMelOT BIlIt:
v u .
B AB}'xnpoBoAHOIi U30..1lfpoBaHHoli ceTn nOCTOHUHoro TOKa
*
B HacToHweli f.1ane 1-13..10>KCHbl TO.TIbKO pYLlllb1e MeTO;J.bl paCqeTa. KaK BII;UIO 113
npn lepOB. paCQeT Ha.!l.eLKHOCTIl ;J.aLKe cpaBHUTeJ1bHO npOCTblX C33C Tpe6yeT 311atJIITe '1b-
HblX 3aTpaT Bpe leJlU, r..ly60Koro nOIlHMallHH peiKlI fOB (PYHKlJ.UOHUpOBaHUH CIiCTeMbl t
60.1bllioro BHIfMaHIiH npJl Bb1nO.'1UeIlIHf npe06pa30BaHuil <1>A.Yl n npOBe!l,enUn MaTe-
MaTlftIeCKHX BbIK.,1a;tOK. npH YBeJIHqeHHH tJUCJI3 3:'1eMeHTOB JI YCJ10}KlieHUIl CTpYKTYpbJ
CIICTeMbl 3l1atJUTe",lbHO B03paCTalOT I<aK npCMCHflhle 3aTp3TbI, TaK II Tpy.:tHOCTJJ, CBH-
3aHHble C <l>opMa.'1J13aUueii 3a)la 1 1H II MaTeMaTHtleCKHMII BbIKJlaJ1Ka:\tlt.
B 06111eM C 'IYLlae C u,e..1bIO 06ecneLieHU H BblCOKOil 3 eKTHBHOCTH paCqeTHbtX pa60T
pCKO 1eH.IlyeTcB pa3;I,r.1JITb paCQeTbl lIa c.'le.n.Ylouute 3Tanbl (K BblnO.luelUIIO pa(5oT Ha
3TJlX 3Tanax c..1e;I.yeT npIlD..'1CKaTb cneUHa.TInCTOB pa3.1U1JUOrO ypOBHfI KBa.'1u<tJUKaUIUI).:
I) alla.1113 ct>YHKlJ.HOHaJIbHbIX CBH3eii CIiCTeMbI) cpOpMy.TtUpOBKa 33;J.a II YC.TtOBJUl
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,Q JI n R a J1 e JI e H II H - HHTepBaJl BbIpa>KeJlHblii B C.ZI,HHlIuax }!JIIfHbT (M").
P a 6 0 II a H I{ aCT b 1lI K a .'1 bl - qaCTb llIKa..'lbl. 8 npeAeJIax KOTOpOH no..
rpeuIflocTH nOKa3alluii ue npeBblwalOT 3ua IleIluH) onpe'1.e.,lSIe lblx K...laCCO:\J TOllHOCTU
npH6opa.
II ..., If H a III K a n bl - paCCTOSJlllle \!C)KJI.Y Halla.r1blloH If l<onelJJ-IOn OTMeTI<aMU
OTCtlHTalllloe no yre WI(a.TIbl "a'll{ OTpe3KY npH\toii, npoxo;I, eli Qepe3 CepeD.IfH
Bcex caMblX KOpOTKHX OTMeTOK.
J{ ...1 II If a p 3 6 0 II. e fI 1.1 aCT H W K a 11 bl - paCCTOHHlle Men<.ny OTMeTK8 tH
Ha1.J3.1a II KOHLl8 pa601.Jeu 1I3CTH WK3.'lbl.
n e per p y 3 0 q H bl it a M n e p MeT p - a tnepMeTp, WKaa'Ia 11..111 lIaCTb
LIJK:J..'1bl KOToporo.. C HOpMUpOBaJlHOII nOrp€WIIOCTblO COCTOIIT H3 il,oyx lJacTeii: pa6olleii,
np J\Ha3I1atleIlHon .!1...1H ..tf3 lepeHH" np" nop la.lbflOM pe>iUfMe pa60Tbl, H neperpY30Q-
nOli. npe;J,Ha3Ha t lCHHOli .ll S1 H3MepeHIUf npH KpaTKOBpeMeHHbIX neperpY3Kax nenH.
HOMUH3JIbHbIH TOK neperpY30IJHoro aMnepMeTpa-
TOK, COOTBeTCTBYIOUlUH KOIICqHOMY 3Ha'leHIIIO pa60tJeri qaCTH UlKa.'1bl a ncpMeTpa.
B 0 JI b T MeT p H 0 M H H a .'1 b H 0 r 0 H a n p H >K e H II H - BOJlb TMCTp.
H3 t la.lblJoe 9Ha 1 1enlle paOOqeH qaCTH lllKa.'1b1 KOToporo COCTan.1HeT He MeHee 600, KO-
HetlHOrO 3HaQeHHH pa6o'leu QaCTH IDKBJlbI. I
H 0 M H II a n b H a H B TOp H q H a Sf II a r p y 3 KaT p a H C cp 0 P M a-
TOp a T a K 3 - nOJ1Hoe conpoTlIB.'1eHl-le ero BueWUC11 BTOPUlUIOU enu (BK.'llOIJaSl
COe,.'1,lUlHTe..TJhHble npOBOAa) I BbJpa>Kel1110e B OMax.
114
nO MeTo.!1.Y (cnoco6y) nO.1JYQeHIIS1 pC3YJIbTaTa H3'\tepcHHi'I IIX pa3;J.e"
J1SHOT lIa npHMble If KocneHllble. n p H M bl i\I Ii Ha3blB310TCH T3Klle 113McpellIlR, npu
J<OTOpbIX nCKOMaH Be,,11111IlH3 H3MepHeTcSI Henocpe,1,CTBeHHO. 3 K a C B e H H bl M H -
npn liOTOpblX ItCKO:\JaH BenU(nUla BbI t Ulc.1HeTCH no (}JopMY.TIaM na OCHOBe 1f3MepeHliH
BcnOMoraTeJ1bHblX BeJlHIIIUI. npH 1ble 1f3MepeHHH OCYll.leCTB.'IHIOTCH MeTo;r.aMII cpaBHe-
...
IntH H Henocpe.n.CTBeHHOH. oueHKH.
/.\ e T 0 Jl cpa B H e H II fl n03BO.1HeT onpe e.,1HTb H3MepHeMYlO Be.. "qlfHY ny-
TCM cpaBHellJlH ee C Mepoii )1.aUHOU Be.'1It I IlUlbi (nanpUMep, 113MepeHHe 3J{C nYTeM
cpaBllefUISI ee C 3 C UOp laJ1bHOrO 3aTIeMCHTa). TaKIIM 06p330M. MeTO!l CpaBHeltHSI
npe,u.YCM3TpUBaeT licnO.'1b30BaHHe 06P33UOBbIX Mep. npn 3.'IeKTpJl l leCKIIX H3MepeHIIHX
UCDO..1Jb3y!oT oGpa3uoBbie Mepbl 3;LC, 3J1€KTpU4.eCKOrO conpOTIIB.1JeHHSf, eMKOCTH 11
..
B33HMHOU IfHJlYKTnBHOCTIi.
npH MeT 0 Jl e II e n a C p e .l( C T B e H n 0 ii 0 U e 11 K II 1f3:\lepfIe\t3Sf Be.TIff-
IIHHa onpe.n.e..'UleTCH Henocpc;lCTBeHHO no nOKa3alUISlM 1f3MepllTeJIbHOrO npn60pa, aT"
rpa.n.yupOBaHHoro B 3H3QCI-IIUIX 1I3MepHCMoii Be.'1HIIUHbl (lIanpH lep, 1I3Mepenne TOKa
a nlepMeTpOM). B CYAOBOii 3.1eKTpOTeXHJfKe npH OTHOCHTeJlbHO nenblCOKoA TOllHOCTH
H3Mepeuuis (O,5-4 u) tlauJ.e Bcero npUMelUlIOT MeTO,\ uenocpeJJ.CTBeHHOA OLleUKlt KaK
.HaHt50Jlee npocToii. Tpe6YIOlUuii HanMeHbwero npeMenn.
Bce 3J1el{TpOH3MepHTe..'bHble nplf60pbl JJ.eJIHTCH Ha ,lI.Be ocnOBHbte rpynnbI: 3JIeK-
-rpOMeX3HlIl.JeCJ<ue If 3,,1eKTpOHfible. :3 n e K T paM e x a II It q e C K It M H na3bl"
BaIOTCS1 npH60pbl, y KOTOpblX 3.1eliTpOMarHIfTllaH 3ueprnH, S3BlfCH1ll3H OT 113MepHe IOH
BCJlHtUUlbl, npeoGpa3yeTcS1 B MeX3HII t leCKoe rtepeMeweHue nO;J.BIf>KHOn QaCTH npu"
6opa. :3 n e Ii T pOll H LI M II na3bIBaJOTCH npu60pbI, y KOTOpblX 3.1eKTpOMarRIlTHaSi
lIeprnH npeoGpa3yeTcR B OTK...l0HeHlIe 9..1eKTpOHHoro ..'Iyqa 3..1eKTpOIIHo-.rryQeBOfl
Tpy6KH. CooTBeTCTBeHHO MeTo;r.aM 1f3!o,IepeHI1H Bce 3.rJeKTpO teXalln:(leCKUe "3 (epnTe.'b.
IIble npu60pbl ,lI.e..1HT na npu60pbI HenOCpC.1CTBeHHoil Ol..leUI<1t H npu60pbt cpaBHeHIIH.
npnGopbI lfenocpe CTBeHHOH oueHKH B CBOIO Oqepe!lb n01J.pa311e.1S1IOT ua nOKa3blna.
1OLU.lIe (y KOTOpblX (1IIC.TIOnoe 3HaQeHUC Ha (epHe foii B 1nQHHb1 onpe.nC,rUJeTCSI no OTCtJCT-
I-lhlM nplicnoco6.'1eH1fHM) II IIHTcrpllpYlOIl.lHe (nOKa3b1BalOllJ.l1e CY I:\.laplloe 3HaQeUHe
1<3KO.H-JIH60 3JleKTpUQeCKOii BeJIHtlJlHIX 3a onpe.J.CJlCllliWU npO le>KYTOK BpeMenn;
nanpU\lep, CIJeTQUKIl 3 lnep-tlacon).
Ha cynax HaUOOJIbWee pacnpOCTpaHeuue no.rtYQIf.:1H npll60phI nenOCpeJ1CTBeUHoii
ou.el-lKU, KOTOpble K...,accn4)JlultpYIOTCH no PSl.ny npIl3HaKOB: no 1f3MepHeMOH Be .TJIf.
'IUHe (3MnepMeTpbt, BO.'1bTMeTpbJ, $a30MeTpbl II T. ,u..) no POJJ.Y TOKa (npll6opbI nOCTOHH.
lIaro, nepeMeHHoro. nOCTOHHHo-nep('Melluoro TOI(3), no CTeneHIl TOtlllOCTH (BoceMb
K.'1aCCOB TOQHOCTII: 0,05. 0,1) 0,2, 0,5. 1,0, 1.5. 2.5, 4,0), no nplll-lII.llny AeitcTBnSl
115
1.6.1. OCHOBHblE OnPEAEJ1EHHfI
H 06LJ.J.HE CBEAEHHR
OCHOBHblE onPEAEnEHHfI
..
"
nOrPEWHOCTH H3MEPEHHY1
H anEKTP0J..13MEPHTEnbHbIX npl-i60POB
OCHOBHaSi nOrpeUlHOCTb npe.n.CT3B.'1HeT C0t50H CYM tY norpewflocTeii aT TpClIlISI
Dpa alOwnxcSI tJacTcii. OT onpOKH,!J.blBaIlHSI (113.3a Ha.,.TIHtJUH oceBoro 3330pa y npl-l-
60pOB C nepTlfK3JIbHOii OCbIO) , OT HeypaBlioBemellliOCTII (npH Heconna;J.elUUI lteHTpa
TIDKeCTH no;tBJUKHoii 4aCTli If oen BpaJJJ..enHH) , OT Henpaou..TJbHOA rpa.a.YHpOBKH n YCTa-
HOBKIf WKaJlbl, OT OCTaTOIIHoft :t.e<I>0pMau.lUI npYJKHH, aT BHYTpeHHUX 3JIeKTpJi 1 leCKHX
Ii larHHTHbIX nO.1Jeu, OT napaJIJIaKCa (norpellJHOCTb OTCtleTa nOK33aHHH npn Hencp-
neH,!J.ItKYJIHpHOCTU J1YIJa 3pClllfSl K WK8JIe). OCHOBHaSi norpemHOCTb nhIpaJKaeTCH B npo-
neHTax OT KOHetJJlOrO 3HalJellllSl pa60lJeii tlaCTIi WKaJlbl.
Kpo le OCHOBIIO({ norpeWHOCTH p360TY npJl60pOB xap3KTepn3YlOT TaK IIB3b1Bae-
Mble .n 0 n 0 .'1 H H T e JI b Ii bJ e nor pew HOC T II, KOTopble nbf3b1BalOTCH BJ1US{-
Hlle 1 BHeWHUX npH4UH H .B03HHKaIOT npn OTKJtoneUHIf YC.TJOBHH pa60TbI OT HOp laJlb-
HblX. K IJHc.1Y tl.onOJlHI1TeJJbllbIX OTHOCHTCH norpelllHOCTlf, Bb13B3HHbJe 113MeHeHHeM pa-
60tJ.ero nOJIO>KeHliH npH60pa. Tf'MnepaTypb1 OKPY>K310111ero B03;J.yxa, lJaCTOTbl ceTlI,
u
DJIIfHHlleM BHeUlHero MarHUTHoro If 3.'1eKTpll i leCKoro nOJlen II OTKJ10llellJleM HanpSI>Ke-
IlIfH OT IIO\IIUlanbJlOrO (Ta6J1. 1.5.1).
\
(npH60pLt M3rHIfT03.TJeKTpnqeCKOii, 3.TJeKTpO 13f1nITHOH If .npyrHx CHCTeM), no Kon-
CTPYKUIUI OTCtieTHoro YCTpoilcTBa (npn60pbl C MeXaHUlJecKIiM H..1" CBeTOBblM YKa3a-
"fe..1eM, ca iOnUllJYUlne H..'I1i perHcTpll YIOIU.lle), no xapaKTepy npnMeHeHH R (cTanUo-
Ha plibIe, nepeHocHble), no IICnOJIUelUl1O B 3aBlfCHMOCTli aT yc..10BUIJ 3Kcn.nyaTaulIJI
(BO;I.038WHllleHHble, rep:\leTIltJ.eCRHe, 6pbI3r0331l.l H UlCIIHble), no YC..10BIUIM MexaHlltJe-
CKIfX B0311eiicTBnii (TpSlCKOnpOI1Hble. Bu6poYCTOH l IIIBblC, Y JlaponpOllHble H T. .n.), no
cnocot5y C03;x:aHU SI npOTHBOJJ.eiICTBYIOlllero MOMenTa (JIOrOMeTpbJ, npu60pbI C MeX3IUI-
lleCKIiM 1f..111 M3rHnTHbI t npOTUBO:!ClicTBYIOllUIM MOMeUTO'-'), no nO.fJO>KeHHIO HY.TJ:eBOii
OTMeTKIl (npJ16opbl C OAUO- II..IH llBYCTopOHueli wKaJIoit), no Xap31{Tepy WK3.TJ:bI (npH-
(jOpbI c paSHOMcpnOH HJIII nepaBHOMepnoii lll1{3JJoii), no pa3MepaM KopnYCOB (\HIBHa-
"I'IOpBble J Manoro, cpe.n.Hero lUlU (50J1bworo raGapHT3) " .n.p.
norpeWIlOCTII 113:\-lepCHlui MorYT 6blTb CIICTe faTnqeCKlfe If cnY'laJi-
JlbIe. C neT e MaT II q e C K II M I-I Ha3blDalOTCH norpeWHOCTU. npOIlCXO..'lSlUJ.ue H3-3 a
neCOBepweHCTBa H3MepIITC.TJbl-lbIX npu60pOB, MeTOJJ.OB n3 lepeHuii, a TaK>Ke opraHOB
3peHlfSl uCC.'Ie;J.oBaTc.rJH. 3TH norpeWHOCTH MorYT 6blTb U3YlJeHbl. 3 UX B..1URHue Ha pe-
SYJIbTaT H3Mepenuii YMeHbllJaeTCSI BBe,tJ,eHlfeM COOT8eTCTBYIOI.U.HX nonpanOK. C JI Y -
. ..
q a II II bI M If n33bIB31OTCH nOrpCllJIIOCTII, npOIlCXO;J.Slllll'te aT CJIYIJalillblX npl-flIHH,
a TaK)I{e aT 0lllu6oK B OTClleTe nOKa3alluii no IllK3.r1C npJl60pa lIJ1n B 3anHcn Ha6JIIO-
.lleHHil. 3TU norpCllllIOCTlI lie MorYT 6btTb npC'1YCMOTpellbJ S3p3Hee Ii YllTeHbI n pH
..
BbI'IMC.,1eHHIf KOHelJHOrO pe3Y.'IbT3Ta n3 1epeUIlI1.
nor p e LlJ HOC T b 10 n p Ii 6 0 p a Ha3b1BaeTCH pa31HfU3 Me>K.ny 311aQeHUCM,
nOol1Y t leHllbIM npll H3MepeHJHI Be.rtutJUllbl npn60pOM, n HCTltllHbtM 3H3'leHHe\1 3TO"
BeJI IilJ JUJbI. norpeWHOCTb npnoopa HBJ1HeTCSI O..lJIIIM 113 B8iKueitwllx nOK333Te.TJeii
KaqeCTBa II OCHOBflbJM era npJl3UaKOM, nO.,10>KeUHbIM B oCHony KJIaCcncIJnKaUHH npu-
6opon no HX TO"iHOCTH. nOHflTHH norpewHocTH It TO'UIOCTJI npnC5opoB B3aHMOCBH3aJlbJ.
no.;.. T a tJ II 0 C T b 10 n p It 6 0 p a nOHUMalOT era norpelllHocTb, orpaHulnlBalo ylO
CTeneHb n pn6.TJJ1>KeUIf H J{ HCTIIHHOMY 3HalJelHUO UqMep Slc 10ii Be.TUIIIHHbI.
norpewHocTH npn6opoB nO;J.pa3.n.e:uIIoTcH na a6co..'110TII}'IO J OTHocIITe.TIbIlYIO,
npHBe;teJlHYlo, OCHOBHYIO II .AonO.,}HHTC.TJbnbl .
A 6 C a .71 10 THO if nor pew II 0 C T b 10 Ha3bIBaeTC H pa3J10eTb Me>K.ny no-
KB3aune!\-t 113MepIITc..'1bUOrO npH60pa II tI.eiiCTBIITeJ1bllbIM :?HaqeHlleM H3MepSleMOH Be-
nJl'IJUlbl. J\6CO.'1lOTUaH norpeWHOCTb nbIpaJKaeTCH B 3HalJeHJUJX H3MepSie:'\loiJ II MO>KeT
t)bITb nO.TIOLKUTeJIbIlOii U..111 OTpuaaTe.TJbUOU.
o T II 0 C H Ten b II a ii nor pew II 0 C T b 10 Ha3blB3eTC9 OTHOUlelUJe a6co-
JIIOTIIOii 1l0rpelllHocTH npu60pa K AciicTBHTe..1blloMY 3HaQeUHIO 1f3MepHeMoii BeJlIPHlllbI,
BbIpa>KeHIIOe B npou.euTax.
n p H B e JI. e H H a H nor pew II 0 C T b paBH ReTCH BbIpa>KeHHOMY B npo-
u.eHTax OTHOlIleHIUO a6CO.'110THOii norpelllHOCTJI H3MepeHJlH K nepXHeMY npe.lI.eJ1Y
H3MepellllH npnuopa.
o C II 0 B H 0 (I Ha3blBaeTC9 norpeWHOCTb npH60pa f KOTOpylO OH H\I€eT n pH nop-
ManbHbIX YC.'10BHHX pa60Tbt (uopMaJlbHOe nOJIO>KeUHe, TeMnepaTypa OKpYJKa10111CH
cpe)tbl 20 :!: 5° C II T. .n.). OClloBHaH norpeUlIIOCTb 9.'1eKTpOIl3McpuTe..1bubIX np}l(jopoB
fla ncex OTMeTKax lllKaJIbl lie npeBblUlaeT CJ1eJlYlOI.lJ.HX 3HallelHlii:
Ta61lUlf1 J .5.1
AonYCTHMble norpelllHOCTlt nOKa3aHI-IH npuoopoB
,lI.onYCTJlMbiC 311a'lelilUI norpewJlocTefi <==) ,tVIR
HopMllpyeMbic norpewnOCTH npM6opOD Kndcca TO'lUOcTH
0,05 , 0.1 I 0.2- I 0.5 1 1.0 , 1.5 I 2.5 I 4.0
..
OCHOBHaH norpeWIIOCTb 0,05 0, I 0,2 05 1,0 1,5 2,5 4,0
J
norp elllllOCTb, 06YCJ10B-
neHHaH:
U3Meueuue:-1 TeMnepa-
TypbJ 'J.JIH npli60pOB:
rpynnbl A 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,5 1.0 1,5 2.5 4,0
rpynnL1 B - - 0,15 0,4 0,8 1,2 2,0 3,0
rpynnbl B - - 0,15 0,3 0,5 0,8 1,2 2,0
113MeHeHltC\1 pa60lJcro 0,05 0,1 . 0,2 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,5 4,0
nOJIO>KeHIIH npH6o-
pOB
OTKJIOHeUHeM qaCTOTbI 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,5 4,0
ua :!: 10% OT HOMII-
..
HaJIbHOH
OTKJIOHeHUeM HanpH- 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,5 4,0
>KeHHH H3 :!: 1 0 -b
aT HOMI1HaJIbHorO
n p " M e 'I a H II e. HopMHpyeMbic norpewHoCTIf npuBeAeHbI B npoUCIiTax
OT KOHe'lHOrO SHalieHIUI paOo'leA 'IaCTH WKanbi.
Knacc TO'lHOCTH OCIIOBII2H I\.nacc T01JIIOCill OCHoBllaS1
npu60pa norpew tlOCTb. % upll60pa norpew IIOCTb, %
0,05 ::t: 0,05 1 ::t: 1,0
0,1 :!:O I 1 5 :!: 1,5
, ,
0,2 =0,2 2,5 :!:.2,5
0,5 ::!:: 0 5 4 :!: 4,0
,
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Be.TJ:HtJHllbI norpewHocrefi Bce 9JIeKTpOH3MepHTeJIbHLIe nplt-
60pbl OTHOCHTCR K onpeJX 'eHHoMY KJIaccy TOlJHOCTlt. LLlf pa. 0t503HalJalOl.lJ.aH Knacc
TOtlHOCTH npH6opa, onpe,n.e.'1HeT Hau60"T)bwylO !J.onYCTHMYIO npHBe.11.eHHYro norpew-
HOCTb AJISI HOpM3.1bHbIX YCJlOBHH pa60Tbi npn60pa, T. e. ero OCHOBHYIO norpeUlHoCTb.
KpOMe Toro, 0603HalJeHlIe KJIacca TOlJHOCTH xapaKTepH3yeT It era l1 any C T H M hi e
J! a n 0 JI H If T e JI b H hi e nor p e Ul HOC T H, 06YCJIOBJIeHHble BJUUIHHe\f BHew..
HUX <J>aKTopOB.
TaKIIM 06pa30M, tIHCJIeHHOe 0603HaQeHHe KJlaCCa ;r.OCTaTOqHO nOJlHO xapaKTepl{-
iyeT K3IJeCTBO npJf60pa, HenOCpe]\CTBeIiHO YKaSbIB3H lia ero TOqHOCTb Ii nO,':(Bep-
JKellHOCTb BJIHHHIUO BHeWHHX aKTopOB.
.
116
117
.
1.0.2.
OCHOBHblE METOAbI J13MEPEHHR nAPAMETPOB
CY AOBblX 3J1EKTPI1L{ECHI1X CETE
nOCTOflHHOrO H nEPEMEHHOrO TOKA
9KcnnyaTanHB B OOJrbwHIICTBe c.TJyqaeo Tpe6yeTCfI no,Uep>KaIllfe qaCTOTbI C OoJIbllIOH
'TOt!HOCTblO (0,2-0,1%). TO cy.nOBh1e 1J2CTOTOMephl H3rOTOn.TUI1OT C paCTSlHYTLl\.t .llHana...
GOnOM n3 1epeHnH B 30He HONJrnaJlbHblX qaCTOT (CO WKaJlaMH 45-55 H 350-450 fLl).
M 0 '1 e tI Tell H X P 0 H H 3 a 11. Ii H npu BK TIIOqeH}Uf tla napaJIJ1ew1bHYIO pa-
601]' JJ.0YX JfllM HecKOJIbKHX renepaTopOB Tpexq>a3Horo nepeMeHHOrO TOKa Ita cy.nax
,.
onpe,1,eJIHeTCH c nOMOUlblO CTpe.nOIlHblX CIUIXPOHOCKonOB 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHOH CHCTe?\lbI
(..'Joro eTpOB). Ha 1I1Kaa!1e cnnxpOHOCKona 0603Ha'leHbI ABe CTpe.'1KH (O Ha C HaJJ.nuCbIO
«5b1CTpee», .npyraH c na,n,nHCblO c \e,VU HHee», ;1.arow.He 1U1<popMal1.HlO 0 perY.TlllpOBKe
yrJ10BOH CKOpOCTIl. B cepe;Ullle WKa..1bl IIMeeTCH OT\!eTKa CHHxpOHH3au,HH. CUHXPO-
HOCKonbt paCClfHT3HbI Ha KpaTKOBpeMeUHoe BK..TIIOqeHUe (He (jo.rlee 15 MHH) 113 BpeMH
CHUXpOHJl3aUHU.
n 0 pH.D. 0 K C JI e .n 0 B a 11 II fl a 3 Tpexq>a3Horo TOKa onpe..1e '1S110T nocpe;{-
CTBOM IlUiTOBbIX CTpe.'JOlJ.UblX a30YKa3aTe.'1e.H $eppO;J,HHa\Uf'JeCKOli CItCTeMbI. npn npH-
MO nopHJ{Ke CJle;J.onalUfS:l q>a3 YKa3aTe"ThH3H CTpe.'1J<a OTK..'10IfHeTCH BnpaBO OT CBoero
JiOpMa.TJbHOrO nO.'IO>KeUIIH, T. e. B HanpaBneUIiH crpe.nKH, H306paJKeHHOii Ha WK3JIe
npu6opa. OTK..TJOlleHlIe B npOTIfBonO.'lO>KHYIO CTOPOHY cBJI;J.eTeJIbCTByeT 06 o6paTHo 1
nopHt{Ke C.1eAOSaHHJI $aJ.
C H 11 Y T 0 K a H H a n p H >K e H II e B CCTSIX nOCTOSiH Horo
701{B H3MepsuoT aMnepMeTpaMIl MarIlJlT03J1eKTpllqeCKOll cnCTeMbl, a B Cy.aOBblX
ceTSIX nepcMclIHoro TOI{a - npH60paMu 3JIeKTpOMarllHTHoil H $eppo.n.uHaMIIlJ.eCKOii
CHCTeM. AMnepMeTpbl Ii BOJIbTMeTpbl, H lelOmHe panHoMepllYIO III KaJIY , o6ecnetJHBalOT
H3MepeHHH B npe)J.e.TIax OT 0 AO 100°0, a nplt HepaBHoMepHoH UJK3Jle - OT 25 JI,O 100°0.
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CXeMa\IH. H306pa>KeHllblMH Ha pHC. 1.5.2. ConpoTIIB..1eHlle R (pHC. 1.5.2, a) MO>KeT
6b1Tb BbI 1 IHC.1JeHO cor.r1aCHO saKOHY O"la no 3HaIJeHIISlM HanpH eHHH U " TOKa JR.
3aMepeHHbIx C nO\IOlllblO BO.1bTMeTpa V. EC.TIII HanpSl>KeHUe U nOMep>KIIBaTb no-
CTOSIIIHWM, TO no nOKa3anllJO aMncpMeTpa A MO>KHO 6YJJ.eT CY,rI.HTb 03Ha\leUliH conpo-
TIIB.'1eHJlR R = I k (k - nOCTOHHHbJii K09IjxjJHL\JleHT). AMnep leTp. oTrpaJJ.YllpoBan-
.. R
Ubllr B e;:tlfnuu.ax COnpOTJlI3..FJelJIUI (OMbJ J KIIJlOO:\tbl, Mero,"fbl) t If 6y JJ.eT npocTefiw n
o M MeT p 0 M (nOCJlellOBaTeJIbHaH cxeMa O IMeTpa). nOKa3aHlfSl TaKIfX O 'MeTpOB
B 60JIbWoA CTenCHU 3aBHCSlT OT KOJ1e()aJUISI nanpSl.>KelUISI IICTOIJIUIKa nJlTaHHSI r.
lJTOObl IICKJ110QnTb BJIUSlHJle KOJIe6aH1IH HanpSl>KelUISI lICTOtllUIKa nllTallJlSl. HY>KIIO
npliMellUTb npH60PJ 113MepHI01U.IIU He CIIJlY TOKa, a OTHOllleJ-IJSe Jl.BYX TOKOB, -}I 0 -
rOM e T p. E 1U lIanpfliKeuue, 1I3MepHeMoe BOJJbT leTpoM, npeACraBIfTb KaK
.
<
.
121
.
Tv
r:{e in: - OTHorneHue TOKOB. npOXOJJlllUIX 1Jepe3 BO..'1bT 1eTp H 1i3MepHeMoe co-
npoTnn.'lCUue. KaK BlIlI.HO 113 <l>OPMY 'lbl, pe3y..1bTaT U3\ICpeU1I1l He 3aBHCHT OT KO.1e6a-
JUIU HanpH>KeHJUI UCT01JHUKa nUTaHIHI. nOTOMY qTO B C+1yqae 1!3MenCIIHH narrpH}f{eHHH
06a TOKa (l , II I R) U3 lelunOTCH nponopl1.nona..'1bIlO, a CJIC:IOBaTe.,'IbHQ, HX OTHoweuue
If COOTBeTCTBeHHO pe3y.lbTaT 3a lepa conpoTHB.leHIIH R OCTalOTCH HeH3\1eIUlbIMU.
npnHUlInlfa.'IbHaH cxe ta 0 M MeT p a ..JI 0 rOM e T pan 0 C x e 1\1 e n 0 -
C JI e JJ. 0 BaT e .1 b Ii 0 rOB K .71 10 tJ C H II H II 3 M e p H e I 0 roc 0 n p 0 -
T If B JI C II If H n306paiKena na pllC. 1.5.2, 6. LI. flH orpalilltlClIlIH TOI<OB B nOCJle'1.0Ba-
u
'TeJIbHOIi uenn npn 3a,..fhlKaHIUI 33iKII:\IOB npnoopa HaKopOTKO BK.'uOqeHbJ nOCTOHUHble
no 3U8LJeHJUO lf3BeCTHble conpOTUB.fJCHItH R] II R 2 . EC"lU 3aMepHeMoe con pOT UB..'I e-
HHe R = 0, TO k 1 v = Rl + R 2 . tleMY COOTBCTCTnyeT H3'13.1J0 OTC'IeT3 no IlIK3.lJe.
i '
EC.1H conpOTIfB,t1eHHe R = 00, T. e. IJ.enb pa30MKHYTa, TO JR = 0, 1JeMY COOTBeTcTByeT
KonelJllaH OTMeTKa rnKa '1ur. TaKHe npn60pbl na3blBaIOTCH 0 I MeT p B M H C 6 e c -
KOHetlH blM n peJl.eJlOM 113MepeHII-H.
OMMeTpbI....'IOrOMeTpbl c nOCJle'tOBaTe..1JbHOii cxeMOU np1l\leJIHIOTCH J1JIH li3Mepel-llUI
OO.flbUlIfX 3l1a1Jeuuij onpOTUB.fJeHJlH. J]..I'JSI H3:\1epeHIfH OTIIOCHTC.TJbHO M3J1bIX conpOTUB-
..
JIeUIIU IICnOJIb3YlOTCH 0 M MeT PhI" .Tf 0 rOM e T p bI n 0 C x e Men a p a .Tf -
JI e n b J-I 0 rOB K .'1 10 I{ e Ii It H Ii 3 M e p HeM 0 roc 0 n pOT If B JJ e H II H
(pIlC. 1.5.2, 0). .:tJlH 3TOii cxe lb[ XapaK'TepHbI CJlCJI.YIOllJ.ue 3aBHCHMOCTU:
f
'J'QKa, a C.r1e.nOBa'TeJ1bHO, Ii Bp3I.1J.alOI.1J.erO MOMCHTa ero nO)J,BH>K1I3H qaCTb M01KeT 3aHIf-
Ma'Tb .Ttlofoe npOU3EOJlbHOe nOJIO>KeHlfe.
nOCRO.'Ibl\Y conpOTlfEJIeHUe li30JlHllli11 Hl\feeT CpaBIUlTeJIbllO BbICOKJfe 3na'lernUI s
npllGopt 1i3MepHIOID1n Y I TORn IIJlJI OTlJOWCIIJle 'TOKOB, .n.O. >KeH 6blTb BeCbMa qYBCTBIi"
Te.'lbHblM, a HanpSDKeHlIe HCT01JIUIKa TOKa - KBK "to>KHO 60.,1bWliM. HanpJIMep, npll
1I3MCpeHHH conpoTIIBJleHHH 25 J\\OM 11 HanpHmeHIUI JlCTotJlIHKa TOKa 500 B TOK B 113-
MepSJeMOIi nenl1 6YJleT 1'8BeH 2 MKA.
C.,TIc.nyeT OTMeTIiTb t IJTO j:ta>Ke B CJ1}'IJaHX JI3.MepeHIIH cOnpOTHBJIeHUH 1130JIHUlfH
o M ICTpa Ju"JIOrOMeTpa Jn J<oJle6an n H HanpHiKeHII H HCTOtliBIKa nnTanllH lie B.TIJIHIOT
v v
Ha pe3YJI.bTaT H3MepeHnH J1l1rnb TOrJ13, J<or,na eMKOCTb 1i3 lepHeMoH 3.1eKTpll1JeCKOn
CeTJI (3a1'IeKTpU1JeCKOfi MaWIUlbI, annapaT)'pbJ) cpaBHHTe:IbHO Ma.TIa. B CJIYlJae 60.TJb- .
11JHX eMKOCTeil 1I3MepHe" oro 06'beKTa (npoTIDKeHHaH Ka('5eJIbH3H .,1JIIIHfl, O(j OTKa Ma..
llUJllbI) Ko..1eoaHUH nanpH>KellllH IICTOtllnu<a nllTaHIiH Bbl30nYT KO.TIe6aHIIH cTpe.'IKH
J10rOMeTpa II 3aTpyn.J-IHT H3MepeHJfe. 3TH KOJIel)aHIIH CTpeJlKH CO"LSiCIUT1OTCSI 3apH.lJ.HO-
pa3pH,!1.Hbl:\UI TOK3MU eMKOCTU n3MepHeMoro 061:.eKTa, npOXO.D.HIU.nMu tlepe3 TOKOBYIO
paMKY JIOrOMeTpa B C10rOHY nCTOtfH1IK3 TOJ<a npll ).McllbllieuulI HanpRiKeHIIH reHepa-
'Topa U B CTOPOHY nOTpe6uTe,,'IH - npn nODhIllIennn HanpH>KeUIIH.
CYl.1leCTBYJOl.1laH np3KTHKa nCplJ01lf 1 1eCKoro KOmpOJ1H c npOTUBiIeJlHH H30JIflUIfil
CYJ1.0BbIX ceTeil lie BCerJla HE.'IHeTCH .n.oCTaTO\lHO 5<t CKTJlBHOJl, TaK KaR neT rap3llTI!1I
nOCTOHUCTBa H3MepeUHoro 31Ia1JeHlIH conpOTIiB.'IeIlIUI 1-130..'1HlUUI B npO fe)f{YTI\ax
MeiK,ny 1I3 tepe)JIUIMJI. B 'Tex c.tJyqaHX, KOf.n3 Heo6xo,nIUI l-IenpepblBHbUi KOHTpOJIb
Q U
3a COnpOTJIB_TIeHlfeM 1f30..1HUIiH ceTell nepet\.eHHoro TOKa, npll:\lellHeTCH YCTfOIlCTBQ
. .
'THna «3J1eKTpOH», B OCHOBY paf01b1 J<OToporo nO..'10>Ken npllHUHn Jl3JI01KeIUUI nOCTOHll-
Horo TOKa Ha J<OHTpOJ1J1pyeM)'1O ceTb.
YCTpoifcTBO «3J1eKTpOn» Bblno..'IlIeHO Ha feCI\OH'TaKTHbtX 3.TJeMeHTax 1I n03BOJIHeT
. ..
C nOMOIU.bJO BCTpOeUHOJI B Hero CII rHaJlbHOII J1aMnbl II BbtHoCHoro 3BOHKa CllrHa 11i3H-
U .
pOBaTb 0 CHIUKeHIUI conpOTUBJIeHHH 1130JlRIJ.UII D KOHTP0.,1I1pyeMoll ceTIi HlIme YCTa-
IJOn,.'IeHHOrO 3Ha1JenUH. Y CTpoiicTBO «(3.,1eKTpOH» MOiKeT no..'IYllaTb nllTBIHle J<aK OT KOH-
Tpo.'IHpyeMoil ceTn TaK n OT nOCTopOHuero nCTOtlUIiKa. B nOCJJe;I.ueM c_1JY1Jae B uenH
nIlT3f1UH YCTpoilCTBa .D.OlJ>KeH 6btTb npe yc OTpeJl BblKJIlOtJaTeJIb J1J1H CHHTUH B CJIYliae
HaJtOOHOCTII JlanpH)f{eHIIH KonTpoJllfpye Joii ceTIf. TeXHHtleCKlie xapaKTepnCT11KlI
YCTPOlicTBa «3.TJeKTpOH» npHBe,!lenbl BO BTOpOM TOMe cnpaBotlHHKa.
U = T\ R\f. rJI.e Iv - TOK B [tefiH BO'lbTMeTpa. a Rv - BlfYTpeUHce conpOTHBJIeHlIe
BOJlbTT\ eTpa, TO
R= U =
IR
1\/ Rv
In
- k Iv
-.1 'R'
.
U =lR2 + 1 R: R ; U = IvRv; (I-In) R = InRi'
Pernast YKa3alulblc ypaBHeHuSl t nO.'IYtlUM
IR -IRR = IRR 1 ,
1.5.5. OnPEAEJ1EHt.1E cosnAAEHI1f1 [tJA3
TPExmA3HorO TOKA
U.fllI
IvRv = In.
( Rl + R ) ( R. + RIR )
R 2 Rl + R '
Onpe.!l.e.:'feHUe COBna,:(eUIiH c»a3 npn BK..'IlOtIeHUIl CHHXPOIHlbTX reHepa-
TOpOB Ha na pa.,'I..1e.%HYlO pa60TY Ha cy.aax OCHonano H3 HcnO.'1b30BaHIlIf C Ii H X po.
II 0 C K 0 n 0 B - 3J1eKTpO 13nUlTllbIX H3:\iepUTe..1bllbIX MeXanJl3MOn C 3aMKUYTbIM
M3nUITonpOBo.nOM (CTaTopOM). B na3ax
CTaTopa S YJlO>Kella Tpexc»a3l-1aH 06MOTKa,
a BnYTpn nOMelllAeTCfl pOTOp C 06MOTKOH B03-
6Y)f{AeHII H B. 06 JOTKa CTaTopa }I 06MOTKa
B036ym.ae1l1lH pOTopa Qepe3 JJ.ooaBOllI-lble
conpOTIIBJleHUn RJJ nO!l.K.,110tlaK>TCH COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO K 1I3npSl>KeUIJIO ClIIIXPOHIf3UPY-
e:\foro reHepaTopa It ceTIf (puc. 1.5.3).
B3allMOtl.eHcTBHe M3rHUTHblX nOot'leii
u
pOTOpB H cTaTopa C03.I1.aeT Bpalu.alolllull
v
MOMeHT, n pl1Bo,n,nw.nu pOTOp BO BpaIlleHlle
u u
C 1JaCTOTOIf, nponopUlfoHa..1bHoH pa3HocTH
qaCTOT pa(joT3Iontero JI nOJlKJllOqaeMOrO re-
nepaTopoD. npn paBeRCTBe qaCTOT Bpaw.e-
IU'H pOTOp II YKpenJleflHaH ua ero OCR
CTpe.TJKa YCTBHBB..TJlmBIOTCH B onpe.n.e 'IeHHoe
nOJIO>KeHUe, saBI1CHUlee OT yrJla c:zm.rra
0.D.H0I1MeHHbIX c»a3 pa60TBl0m.ero II no.nKJIlOqaeMOrO renepaTopOB. n pit paBenCTBe
'JaCTOT H COBna elUln cpas crpell1JK8 npu60pa ycr8H8BnHBaeTCH H8 OTMeTKe CHHXPO"
JiB S8lU1H.
8
IIJIll
Iv
lR
Rv = ( 1 + ) R 2 + RI'
Tal{ K3K = k 2 = f (R), TO II ; = f (a.).
B ypaBJieHHHX R 1 - conpOTIfBJIeHHe B nOCJIe..'lOBaTeJIbHOlf uenK ..10rOMeTpa;
R 2 - orpaIUI1JHD310111ee conpOTHBJIeHne; I - 06ll1)til TOK Hcr01JIUIK3 nltTaHHH;
I R - TOK B noc..1C,.1.0BaTe.ibHoii uenH JIOrOMeTpa (RO He B nenu \2epHe\toro conpOTHB-
JIeHJ.fH); 1\, - TOK B napa,,1JIeJIbHOU uenH ..10roMcTpa; R - H3MepHeMoe conpo-
THB.TleHue.
EC.'1H R = 00, TO Rv = RI + R 2 0 npll 3aKOpO'lClIllbIX 3a>KIIM3X R2 = 0
Iv
n Tv = O. Tor a J R Rv = Ri.. 'T. e. 1J3MepeHUe ueB03MO}KHO.
no yr.TIY nOBofoTa ex no.a.BIDt{HOH qaCTn .1'JOrOMeTpa MO>KHO CYJI.HTb 0 tIHC.1IeHHOM
HaQennll 113!\'lcpHeMoro conpOTHBJleHHH, liTO n03Bo.'IHeT rpaJtynpOB3Tb 1l:IK3JIY II
nOCpe)\CTBeIHIO B e Ulfuu:ax conpOTHBJIeHHsr. nplf OTCYTCTBHIf B paMI{a.x JIOrOMeTpa
RA
R,4
,(1,4
I
1
- 2
J
If
"5
Pnc. 1.5.3. TIpHHunnHaJlbHaH cxe.
Ma onpeAe_1JeUIIH COBna,I1.eUIiH 4>a3.
122
123
-
Bo Jl3tJe»eaHIIC JtomUbIX OTCtJeTOB c.'Ie;IyeT JfMeTb B BUlY, lITO np" OTKJIIOtJeHlnl
nHTaHlffl CTpe..1Ka CJlHXpOHOCKOna MOlKeT 3aHIt laTb JllOOOe nOJlO>KeHUe no WKa.rle.
TeXJIl14CCKue xapaKTepnCTIiKIt CY.:lOBblX CHIIXpOHOCKonOB npHBeAeHbI BO BTOpO 1
TOMe cnpaBO'UllfKa.
1.6.6. OnPEAEJlEHHE nOPflAKA CJ1EAOBAHJ.1f1 ttJA3
TPEXttJA3HOrO TOKA
Onpe;I.e..'CHue nOpH:I. Ka c.ne;J.OBaHlur 4>a3 OCHOBano lIa IicnO.'Jb30BaHlfll
4> a 3 0 Y K a 3 aTe JJ e ii - BaTTMeTpODblX n3 fepUTe.'IbHbIX MeXaHJl3:\!OB <l>ePPO;Uf-
..
H3MUQeCKOU CHCTe {bI C ,lI.BYMH napa 1JIeJIbHbl IU UenHMU, npHHunnna.'IbHaH CXe ta
hOTOpblX npHBe;{eHa Ifa pllC. 1.5.4 t a.
IlpJfIlUHn ",eHCTBIISI q,a30YKa3aTe.'IH OCHOBaH lIa B3aJl IOAeiicTBIU1 TOKa B no-
ABIUKHOii 06 IOTI\e (paMKC), YKpenJleHHOH na no...1.BIDKIIOii tJaCTII np1l6opa. Ip C TOKO'-I
B HenO...1.BIUKHOii 06MOTKe (06MOTKC B036Y>K!leflHH) In. l(aK BII:lIIO li3 npUIIUnnUa.TIbIlOH
CXe lbI npu6opa. 06:\IOTKa pa U{U OP nOCJIe..'10B3Te..'IbHO C J106anOtJHblM COnpOTHBJle-
HJle t Rl BKJ110tJaeTCH Me>K,.'I,Y 3a>KlI iOM 1 ceTIl H HCKYCCTneHHOJl Hy.rteBoil TOtJKOfi. o6pa-
a) 1
.
2
o A
B)
A
J
R I R 2 1<4
08
.
18
UP
c
c
8 8
c
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Its
PIIC. 1.5.4. K onpe;I.eJICHHIO no-
pH:I-Ka C..1C..10naHIISI $a3 Tpexcpa3-
Horo TOKa: a - npHIIlU1nnaJlbH8H
cxe la QJa30YKa3aTe..1eii; (j - neK-
TopnaH JtltarpaM fa npH npHMo .t
C.rIe..10BaJUfli $a3; 8 - BeKTopnaH
,tJ.uarpa l:\fc1 npn 06paTHO 1 CJIe;x.o-
BaHHJI a3; z - cxeMa UK.'JIOlleHHH
cpa30YKa3aTeJIH B ceTb.
A c.' A6 - 8BTOMaTbi COOTneTCTBCHUO
CYAOBOI\ CeTIt " nHTaJfllSI c C>epera;
OP - o(5MOTl<a paMKJf; OB - 06MOT-
Ka B036YiKACHIHI
2) A
B
C
Alf
Ac
.
..... .
.".
K cy8oBou
cemu
... .I
...
numaHue
C Qepeza"
30BaHHOH conpOTHBJIeHIU1 HI R 2 It R 3 0 C,ellonaTe.fJbflO t TOK B OO toTKe pa:\JKH Ip npo-
nopUI10Ha.'1ell nanpHmeHllIO U AO Me>K.ay KJ1eMMa\fH /-2 (C f. pUC. 1.5.4, a) If COBna-
llaeT C IU1M no 4>a3c (puc. 1.5.4, 6 H 0).
06MoTKa B036Y)K,lI.eHIHI DB COBMeCTHO C nOCJle;{OBaTenbHO BKJIIOqeHHblM KOH,J,eH- .
C3TOpOM C nOJl,KJIlOttaeTCH K 3a/KIiMaM 2-3, T. e. K JII1HeHHoMY HanpH>KeHUIO UBC,
.
H COOTBeTCTBelllfO BeKTop TOKa OOMOTKJf B036Y)K.D.eHIUI 18 onepe>KaeT Ha 90° BeKTop
Q . .
npn..'IO)KeHHOrO JIliHeUHoro HanpH>KenJlSl UBC, BC.TJe;t.CTBue qero BeKTopbl 18 H lp
napa.'1,,1e..1bHbl. B saBlICU'-IOCTH OT nOpH,!lKa CJIe OBaHJiH a3 B KOHTponlfpyeMoii ceTIf
. .
BeKTOp I B HanpaBJIeH B TY /Ke CTOPOUY, qTO H BeKTOp J p . If JIlt HaBCTpeqy e fY.
Ec.."lU IIH.D.YKTHBHOCTb paMKH It aKTHBHoe conpOTIIB.fJeHue 06 fOTKH B036Y>K;(eHJUI,
BBIU1Y IIX He3HatJHTeJlbHOH neJ1HIIIUlbl II, CJle,!10BaTe...'IbIlO, l\IaJloro B.TIIUIHHH Ha nOKa..
3aHHSI n pn60pa t lie YtlHTblBaTb, TO 113 Bel{TOpHOii ,!J.HarpaMMbl.. 11306pIDKeHHOli Ha I
PIiC. 1.5.4, 6, B11...1-HO, liTO npH npstMo 1 nOpH,a,Ke CJIe;J.OB8HlfH cpa3 BeKTOp TOKa B 0(5.
. .
MOTKe B036Y>K eHHH la napa,,1JIe eU BeKTOpy B 06 IOTKe paMKIl Ip H COBnaAaeT C HU 1
124
--:
,
no H3npaBJIennlo. BP2ll.l 31 0m.uii MOMenT paBCH lH Bp = klB/ p COS CPt r..'1e k - K03<p-
. .
$IIUlleHT npOnOpu.1I0Ha.1bHOCTH; cp - yro.'! CjJ.Bura a3 MeiK,ny TOKaMIt /n " Ip. TaK
KaK npn npSlMOM nOpRJlKe CJJe,nOBaHIUI a3 <p = 0, TO COS cp = I H Map = klB/p.
.
npH 06paTHoM nOpHJlKe CJ1e;lOBaIUIR <}>a3 (pRC. 1.5.4, 0) BeKTOp HanpH}f{eHHH U BC
MeHHeT CBoe HanpaB.'1CHHe Ha npOTHBono..10}KHOe, a c.TJe.n.OBaTe.'IbHO, II BeKTOp TOKa
.
B 06MOTI\e B036Y>KJJ.eflHSI In MeHReT HanpaBJleHUe, OK33blBaHCb B npOTJlBo<l>a3e C neKt
TOpO:\( TOKa B 06MOTKe paMKU.
BpalllalOlllHH MOMenT B 3TOM c.'1YQae paneH Mop = klB/ p cos <p = - k1a1p =
= -It TaK KaK npH o6paTHoM C.'IeJJ.OBaHIUI QJa3 cp = 180 0 II cos cp:.:x -I.
TaKItM o6pa30M, HanpaBJIeHUe npaw.alOw.ero MO:!.lenTa, npHJ10iKeHHOro K nO)J.BIJ>K-
Roil qaCTII <l>a30YKa3aTeJIH, aanucnT OT B3aUMHoro HanpaBoIleHIUI neKTopon TOKa is
.
nip, T. e. OT nOpHJl.Ka CJ1eJlOBaIIlUI $a3 KOHTp0ollHpyel\fofi ceTIi.
npn npHMOM nopH,n.KC c..1eJ.I.OBaHIIH 4>a3 YKa3aT 'bHaH CTpeJIKa cJ>a30 Ka3aTe.JUI
OTKJIOHHeTCH BnpaBO OT CEoero HopMa.'1bJlOrO nO.'IO>KeHHH. T. e. B HanpaB.'1CIUUl
CTpeJIKn, H30(5pa>KCHHOH Ha WKane npH60pa. OTKJ10HeHlle CTpeJ1KH B npOTHBonO.'IOiK-
H} 10 CTOPOHY CBIIAereJ1bCTByeT oc) o6paTHOM nOpH,ll.KC cne,AonallHH q,a3.
\
.
PA3.D.EJl 2
L
Cy.n.OBbIE
8nEKTP08HEPrETH ECKHE
CvtCTEMbl
r naea 2.1. TEPMJI1Hbl, nOKA3A TEJlJl1, PO.n. TOKA,
4ACTOTA HAnPR>HEHHE case
2.1.1. OCHOBHblE TEPMHHbl H onPEAEJlEHHR
CY!I.oBoii 9J1eKTp03l1epreTlfllecKoH cnCTe-
M 0 if (C93C) Ha3bIBaeTCH COBOK)'nnOCTb Cy.nOBbIX 3..'1eKTpOTeXHUlfeCKIIX YCTPOHCTB,
otS'be.nulleHHblx npoueCCOM npOIf3BO.D.CTBa, npeo6pa30BaluuI H paCnpelle.,'leHHH 3..1eK-
Tpo311eprull II npeJJ.lla3HaQeUllblX )J.",lH nUTalUUI CY;J.OBbIX npHc IHIlKOB (noTpetSuTe.T1eu)
9JIeKTp03J1eprnn.
11(06)'10 C33C YC.'10BHO MO>KHO CtHITaTb COCTOHllt.Cli H3 Tpex qacTeil, B nepBYIO 1i3
KOTOpblX DXO,1HT CY110Bbie 3.TJeRTpOCTaHLuul (OCIIOBlible If aBaplli.lllble). BO BTOp}'IO-
CIiJIOBaH 3JIeKTpll l ieCKaH ceTb t B TpeTblO - ceTU O;!.HOII tellnbJX nOTpeGHTeJIci.i.
C Y Jl 0 B 0 it .3 11 e K T P 0 C T a H U Ii e if npnH HTO Ha3b1BaTb cOBoKynHocTb
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c npnno.n.oM OT rpeGuoro BaJIa n:HI YTU,,'11i33IUfOIlHOil Typ6uHbl) nOCTOHHlIoro Ifnu nepe-
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126
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127
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'I"pe6YloT Mellbwnx 3Kcn.TJyaTaunoHHblx pacxo;J.oB. O HaKo B HeKOTopblX c..'IYtlaH\:
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C llJIIpol<1f r Ii nJ1aBHbiM pcry..1I1poBaHHe:\1 qaCTOTbJ Bpa11ll IIISH npil (j.FJIf3KIIX no 3U34C-
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MeHee Ha;t.e>KHLI 110 cpaBHelllllo C annapaTaMIf nOCTOSlll1l0rO TOKa. nOKa3aTe..'111 .!lPY-
TUX annapaTOB nOCTOSlHHoro Ii nepe leHHoro TOI<a npl1 'lepUO paBH03HaQHbl. Pacnpe..
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II CTOIIMOCTII HMelOT HeCYlllecTDeHIILle pa3..1H1HIH.
npaKTIlKa nOKa3blBaeT. ttTO l1a (]O.FILlllllucTBe Kpynublx Ii cpe lIJ1x COBpe lellllblx
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nOCTOHHHoro TOKa.
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3HaHO ueJIeC006pa3HbiM ncno.1b30nallue C33C ncpe lellHoro TOl<a llacToToH 400 rUt
BMCCTO nepe:\leJlJIoro TOKa QaCTOTOH 50 ru.. K tIIfC.r1)' TaKIiX cY.Aon OTIIOCHTCSI: cy..1. a H3
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CTOTY 400 fu npn o)].unal{ODOM I1X oO'be:\lc IO>Kno yne..1HlInfb npn6.1H3IfTe.FIbIl0 B 2,5-
3,0 pa3a.
llpn QaCTOTC 400 fll nepeMellHoro TOKa 3HaQUTe.rlbli0 Y..,YllwaloTcSI Maccora6apJlT-
liLle nOKa3aTe.FJH 3.1eKTpoMarHIfTHbIX annapaToB (TpaHC(I)op 'laTopon. !lpoccc.'leii, lar.
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ManlltTHblX nepexo;lHblX npOu.eccoB, a TaKme pe3Ko y.,1YQWcHOTCSI iaccoraG3pHTllble
nOKa3aTenll 3.FIeMeIlTOB 3J1eKTpOaDToMaTlflol. QTO B cOBoKynnocTIi HBJISleTCH
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II ra6apHTbi K3()C.1CH If Ka6cJIbJlbIX Tpacc onpc.u.eJ1HIOTCH r,,1aBHb1M o6paaO:\1 TOKO\I,
nepe!lanaeMbIM no 111'''1. npll 3a;J.alnlo t HanpH>KeHlIn BeJUPUIHa TOI<a nponopuno-
118..TJbHa nepe;taBae ,oii MOIllHOCTH. C pOCTO 1 MOIUHOCTI-I C33C YBeJUI 1 lltB31OTCH Macca
It ra6apliTbI KaOeJlbHb1X Tpacc. OcnOBUbl:\! cpeilCTBO IIX YMeUbWCIUIR HD.1S1CTCSI
nODbJUleHUe HanpHn<etUIH. npn tOIUHOCTlt C33C B HCCKO",1bl<'O KH.'10BaTT npH lellHIOT
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127 S, npll IOUlHOCTn B COTUII KH.l0BdTf - UanpH>Kenust 220.380 B. npn !\10ll!HOCTIl
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ral0TCH B TeXIIJ(IICCI\OM 3a'1.aHUU ua npOCKTupOBaHlfe cy 1HH.
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no ncpBoMY npI13HR)(Y C33C .nC...UtTCH Ita CIfCTC ILI c o..1HoiL JJ.By ur, TpCMH II 60..Tlb"
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oc06ellll0 npn npH ICHeHlin na.l0rCllepaTopon. I ) cnO.1b30nallJle ) TUJIbTyp60reHepaTO-
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npO.:lO.l>KaIOT q>YHKltHOHllpOnaTb B Tct'ellile. 5-20 MUH.
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cy ..'tax, r..1c fJ npc:r b st8,' p.eTCH oco60 >KeCTKI1 x Tpc60BaliHii K 113MeHeu 1110 BbIXO..1Hbl "(
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H nO.!1.KoI110tlCllile ero K llHIHaM aBapniluoro pacnpCJI.eJIHTe.1blloro lU.HTa. TaKII. t 0(5pa30 t,
o6ecnc t llfBaeTcH HenpepblBHoe (c nepeKJlIO\leHueM) nHTaHlle nOTp 6HTe..1eH 3J1CKTpO"
3Heprllll nO;J.K..'IIOtleHHbIX K asaplHlllOIt 3.rleKTpocTaHUIHI. r\BapuuuaH 3.'1el{TpOCTaH-
nuS! BCe !la pacno..1araeTcH BHe 30HbI B03MO.iKHOrO 3aTon.rleUUH cYJUla, T. e. Bblllle r.rlaB-
HOll na..'ly6bl.
2.2.3.
case C QT6QPQM MOW.HQCT
OT e J10BO YCT AHOBKJ.1
OT6op MOllJ,nOCTIf OT cn.nOBO" YCTanOBKH... )l..1SI C33C MO>KeT OCYIllC-
CTB..1 stTbCH nYTC t npn leHeJlIISl B COCTane 9..TleKTpOCTaHl1.l1u:
1) reHcpaTopoB (Ba 'orencpaTopon), npliBO:I.uMbiX 1.lepe3 MeXaHlIlJecKYlo nepe..
J(atI)' OT cY.!1.oBoro BaJIOnpOBo,n,a no/lit OT Ba...13 oT6opa MO HOCTU f..1aBlioro 1BHraTe.TJst
(puc. 2.2.2, a);
a)
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Pnc. 2.2.2. 3.TIeKTpntJecKue CTp KTypllble cxe lbl C39C C oT60pO 1 MOUUIOCTU:
a - c BaJIOreHepaTopo l; 6- C YTHJIbTypooreHepaTopoM.
II - AII3e.1b: Br - B8norenepaTOp: r 11 - rJt38HblR ABHraTc...1b; T - Typ()uua;
. K - YTIIJ1113aLt.HOlillbl'A KOTen.
2.2.4. EAHH blE easc
..
ny
flY
n
Pnc. 2.2.3. 3ot1eKTpHllecKaSl CTPYliTypHaSl cxe ta
e,'UIHoii C33C.
11 ' - npeo6pa30B3TeJ1bHOe (nY(:KoBOe) YCTpoAcTBO:
/I,f /. J\J 2 - rpe611b1e 9J1eKTpo)J.BJlraTeJIu.
.\
.
2) Typ60reHepaTopoB (YTH.'1bTyp6oreHepaTopoB), KOTopbIe no..1yttaIoT . nap OT
VTIf.1J13aUHOHlIblX I{OT.r10B. Ifcno.?Jb3YlOlllIiX TCnJIO BblX.TJOnllbIX ra30B r..'1aBHbIX ;J.Bllra..
;.e.l'JeJI (puc. 2.2.2, 6).
nepBble "lorYT npnMeluITbcH KaK lIa Ten.'IOxo;J,ax, TaK n Ha napoxoJI.ax, BTopble -
TO.TJbKO Ha Ten.I'JOXO,!lax. Cyw.ecTBYIOT TaK>Ke Ko 6nHHpoBallHble CIiCTeMbl. KOTOpbJe
JlMelOT na.1JOrCHCparopbl If Typ60reuepaTopw oT6opa MOLLlIlOCTn
E .n. II H 0 it Ha-
SbIBaeTCSI C33C, KOTOp3H npe1."
CTaB..1HeT c060ii cOBoKynnocTb
IlCTOtlHHKOB 9.fJ€KTp03I1eprJiH,
3.TJ .I{TpOpacnpe e.'JJTeJIbHbIX IllHTon, a TaK>Ke rpe6Hblx 3,1eKTpo;J.BHraTc..rzen c cnCTe-
MOll IIX nYCI(a H ynpaB.'1eIUUI (Pltc. 2.2.3). EAHH3H C33C npuMeHHeTcH lIa caMOX01.
132
..l
133
IIblX nJIanytlJlx J<paHaX, 3eM..'1e'lepn3Te..'1bHbIX CnapH,I1aX II ,l1.pyrnx cy.n ax TCXHlIlIC-
CKOrO .TIOTa, r,ne 311a t JeHJle MOUlBOCTJI, Heo6xo.an toH npll pa(3oTe TeXHOJlOrU4eCKoro
oeopy Jl.OB3IUIH B nepHO.a CTOSlHKH CY;Ula, COIl3 ICpH:\tO C MOllUlOCTblO, Heo6xo..1I1:\IOii
,A.1fl }J.BUn-.eHIIH (xo a) cY lIa. 8031\10iKIIO TaKiKe npH:\teHellue e;UIIJblX C33C lIa tle-
1\0TOpbtX JIe!.lOKo...1ax, npO fbIC.r10DbIX If -1pyrnx CYA3X, r.n.e YJtaeTCH COBMeCTItTb
'fpeCOBaUH H. npeJJ:LHB..'1 Sle fble K rpe6Hbl:\1 9..TJeKTpJltJeCKII 1 YCTaHOBK8\1 II aBTOHO I-
IIblM C33C. }-laltcoJJee 6...1aronplIHTUbJM 3TO OKa3blBaeTCH B c..TJyqaSIX ucnoJtb30-
BaHU H I<Phl..'lbQaTb[X 1BIUKItTe.TIeii 11,,"111 BUIITOB perY.1npyeMoro 1l1ara.
6hfX 'In) x renepaTopOB, nO:O<..'1fO l leIlHLJX I( ceKU11I1 ill 1 If",'" 1l12. npu nplfC!\le nUTaUIUI
C oepera 113 CCKIUIIO W3 nOOtJcpe;J.HO :"JOrYT GblTb OCMOTpeUbi ceKUUII ill J H 1112.
npn HaJIJl4lfU Tpex reHepaTopOB lIa 9,,1el\TpOCTaHItIlIl 06b1lfHO ,U.fJH KaiK:lorO H3
Jut x Bbl;te.'I SIeTCH 0 !le.'1bH(u1 cel\IUHl WIIH C pcI3(jnBI(oi.j lIoTpeouTe.1eii na Tpn U.1U
TO.TIbKO lIa !tue KpallJlUe CCI\UIUI Willi.
,
1.111
81
L1J2
L1JJ
L1J48
W5
9 2.2.5.
CTPYKTYPHblE CXEMbl
SnEKTPOeTAH H essc
} CT3HOB 1eHJlbIX Ha 3.'Iel<Tpo-
PUC. 2.2.4. .9.1cKTpn-
QeCI<3fl CTPYKTypJla
CXCM3 3.'1eKTpOCTaullull
C o..1l1oi.i cHCTe toii c6op-
flbl x Ullt II.
11/ 1- ill5 - CCKLuur llilill: \
llln5 - IltJlT 11 liTcHI list
c (j("()era.
.
CTp}'KT)' pHWe CXe lbl 9.1eKTpOCTaHUlui CYJlOBbIX 33C .n.O.1iK IIbl
n pC...1YC'-t3TpUBaTb:
I) napd..1.rJe"fJbUYIO paUOTY BCeX rCnepaTopOB t
CTauuun;
2) p83,!le"TJbIlYIO pa60T)' OT.!le.rJbHbIX reuepaTopOB (n.111 rpynn renepaTopoD).
K3>KJlb1ii (Ka>l<;J.3H) n3 KOTOpbtx nO.1I,I<..1IO t laCTCH I< OTJ1e.'IbHol. Cel{UIUI CGOpHbtX Willi;
3) 3311UITY rcncpdTopOB H .1Hllllli 3.TIeKTpOnepe:l3411 OT neHopMa..'1bHbIX pe>KIIMOB
pd6oThl;
4) npnc:\1 nUT3Ullfi (0,.11HOli 113 3..1eKTpOCT8Hunii) C 6cpera H...1n OT llpyrHx Cy..'lOB;
3) ClIcTe"y ) npao.'1eHU st npn ncpCXO.3.e OT O,'1.lIoro peiKlI\Sa pa60Tbl 3.'1CKTpOCTaH-
llnlt K :lpyro IY;
6) DbH10.'IHCIIUC nepIlO..J.II'leCKIIX OCMOTpOB n pe lonTOB rPIll 3.1eKTpOCT8 I1l U II1
npll CItHTO 1 HdnpfliKel-lIfU;
7) B03MOiKIIOCTb 1t3rOTOB..'1eHIIH rp no ceKUIUl l;
8) MHIIII!\la.1bllbIC ra6apHTbI U Maccy rPllL.
3.1CI{TpOCTaHlulli KCJ1.1yaTHpyc:\lbIX CY,'],OB IIMCIOT BeCbM3 p33HoTnnubIe CTPYK-
TypHble cxe:\Jb1. CpC,J1l flnx IOjiUIO nai"iTH CXC:\1bt, 1.0nycKaJo1l.\lIe II lie ..1onycl<alouU le
n3pa.l..'e. bJlYIO pat30TY rcncpaTopoB, CXe!\lbI C o;I.l1oiJ II HeCKO.lbKIlMIf IIC3aBltCUMbl:\11i
CIfCT-e la nf C60PHbI x W HJ-f J ;{OnycKalouUlc nepeK.11011eulle rel-lepaTOpoB u..rUt nOTpeuu"
.
Te.'Ieu. II ;lp.
npn npoeKTHpoBauuIf CYAOBLIX 3.'1eKTpOCTaHUllii B naCTorun.ee BpeMH, KaK npa..
BH.']O, nr e1 ycMaTpltBacTcH napa.l.1Je,.rIbH2H pa60Ta rCHepaTopoB Ha Olluy clicTeMY
C60PUbIX WIIH, KOTopaH C nOM01l\bJO KOM IYTaUHoIIHbIX a nna paTOB 11.'111 CDe tllbl x W I1n"
HblX naK.13JJ.OK .a.e,,'1HTCH Ha UeCKOJIbKO CCKllllii, ;t.1H Toro lIrOGb1 o6ecne l lHTb B neKOTO-
('hI X c",1y t laHx paS..1eJIbUYIO pa60TY rellepaTopOB (Hanpn ICp, lIa c..'1yttaii pe;\IOHTa fPll(,
UCn03\IO)f{IIOCTII napa.rJ.1Jc..1bHOil paGoTbl C Ba.tlOrenepaTopo 11 YXY.J.ll1eHUH Ka l leCTB3 pa-
60Tbl pery.,1HToPOB tlaCTOTLI Bpall.leUIISI ;I..1st .n.pyrux cnCTe 1 aBTOMaTU3aUilII napaJI.lc..'Jb-
Hoii pa60TbI renepaTopoB).
Llne OT..1.e 1bHble CIICTe\lbl Willi, n Hop la.iJbHOii pa60Te He COe..1.IIHeI-lHble Me>KAY
cocoil, MorYT 6blTb npU311allbt lte..iecoo6pa3HbtMIl B TOM CJIyqae, Kor,!].a 0611l8R M01l\-
HOCTb napa.l..1e.1bHO pa60TaIOllUIX reHepaTopOB orpaHIIlllIDaeTCH npe...1.e.1bllbIMIl ;I..TIH
annapaTOB 3H3tlelllUI nl TOKOB KopOTKoro 3a fblKalflUI B CIICTe\le II B feCTe C Te 1 Bce
t.
renepaTopbI YCTaHaBoilUBaIOTC.H B npe..1.e..lax O;1.HOII 3.'1eI<TpOCT8HUIIII.
I-Ia puc. 2.2.4 npe.1I,CTCJB.1ena CTPYKTypHaH cxeMa 3..'1CKTpOCTaIHuul C OAIIOll cnCTe..
Moii C60PHbiX wnH. KOTOpblC pa31.e:leubl Ha nHTb cel{uHJI. K ceKUIiHM Wlnl ill! Ii lli2
n0 7 {K.110 t leHbl rencpaTopbl If H3noo.tJec OTBeTCTBelIHbte nOTpe6nTc.Tul 3TIeKTplPlecKoii
3Hcpruu. 1( ceKUIIH rnlln ill/J nO..1.I{..110IlCHbl B OCJ[OBHO I nOTpcolITe..ll1 CTOHIIOtlHOro pe-
)KUMa t clo;t.a iRe MO>KCT ()blTb nO..laHO nHralUlC C 6cpera. 1< ceKIUIH\I wltn ill4 II illS
nOl1.K",lJOtteHbl nOTpe6I1Te.'111 K3"JoY3a, OCBelllCllue II ;J.pyrHe nOTpe6nTe.TJH H3 nanpH>Ke"
lIne 220 B. C nOMOlllblO BbIK..11OQaTe.TIeif JlMeeTCH B03 10>KHOCTb p a3 1 e . 1 l1Tb fPll.l Ha
ceKUUII It OCYllleCTBIITh OC!\IOTP annapaTypbl TCX 11.'111 UllbIX reHepaTopOB II COOTBeT-
CTUYIOIllHX nOTpe6HTc.TJcii 3.f1eKTp03Heprnn.
1-la.'IJll(He BbIK.rIlOllaTe..'1H 81 llaeT B03MO>KHOCTb oCYlllecTB 1HTb napa,,1J,,'Jc.1hUYIO
paC;oTY rellepaTopOB nonapHo n 'Iu Bcex llcTblpex B leCTe. C nOMOlllbJO BbIK.1IO l laTC..1H 82
MO>KHO npoH3BecTu n00 1 IepC..1HbUI OC tOTp ceKuuli llJ4 n I1I5. C 1I0MOLLl-blO nepeKw'1lO t la.
Te..'HI ceKUUH ill3 (co CTO.SlHO'lUbl.M11 nOTpe6uTc.1JH IU) Mon<eT no..1Y l llITb nUTallliC OT JIIO-
,
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n
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Ba.'10reUepaTopbl II YTU.'1UJaUIIOHHLle T) p6orcIIepaTopbl1 I{al< np3BHJIo. BbIl1.e-
JIHIOTCH Ha COOCTBeUHbte Cel<u,UH lUUII.
Typ6orcilepaTopw It .L1113e 'b-reHcpaTopbI TaKiKe npulIHTo pa3:te.'IHTb no OT,Ite.lTh-
lIblM ceKlUIH 1 WITH.
B K3 t lCCTBC Cel<UUOHHblX annapaTOB npJf lelUHoTcSl Kdl{ pa3"ber:t,uHuTe..'1It, TaK H
anTOM8TII'1eCKlle Bbll\. lOtlaTe.ll1. nOC.1c..1uue npH Kopon,:nx 3aMblK8HIIHX B COOTBeTCTBHII
c Tpe(joD(nHle 1 1130upaTe.1hHocTH !J.ciicTBIHT 3alllilTbI OT!J,e..15HOT uenoBpen<!leHllble
ceKUIlU Wlltl OT nOHpCJK..1.eUHJ)'x.
/111
81
W2
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...
82
!114
,
I
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4- . ... ,
'V
n n
Pnc. 2.2.5. 3.1CKTPIlQCCIGfH CTPYKTypJlan cxe fa ,j.leKTpocTalluulI C JlBYMH
cnCTC la UI CUOPllblX WHit.
I
3,HllltTtI reliepaTopon II Bcex .'IUluii 3.1eKTponUTanllR, OTXO..'1.mnnX OT rPII. .
OCYUleCTB.1 HeTCH aBTO:\t3Tll t ICCIUI:\I11 Bbll<.TlIO t I3Te.'I H:\fll.
I-Ia plfC. 2.2.5 npe'1.CTaB.TJCnCl CTPY'<TypnaH cxe 1a 3.1CI{TpOCTaJlUUn C ,aBY:\HI cn-
CTe laMIl C60PIILIX WitH. npn 9TO:\1 l{aiK1a 1 CIICrC\la llJIIH toiKeT 6hlTb C nO'-IOU{blO
BbIK.1IO l 13TC.1eil B J 11 82 pa3)],e.i1eHa Ha ]\Be ceKUIHI. nOTpe6uTe..ll1 3.'Jel<Tp03neprun paB-
HOMepno pacnpe..F{e.1eHbJ Me>K.J.Y .aBY t H CIlCTe ld:\111 WIHI. nO.J.o('jlla Sf CXCMa 00J18,!lc.1eT
....
DblCOKOH MclueBpeHHOCTblO B pa60Tc II pe :OJITOllpllro;J.HocTblO. I-Ie;J,ocTaTKo\1 ee
135
134
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I
SJB..1ReTCH '-Boiinoil KO 1n.'1el{T C1BTOMaTH t leCKHX DLlK.'IOtI3Te.TJeH 'tJUI KaiK..1.0rO renepa-
Topa, tlTO CBH3ano C YB 1I1tleJII1CM ra6apUTOB fPU( 3.TJeKTpOCralllliHI. O naKO nplt
oo.;rJbllJoil MOLUIIOCTU renepaTopOB U HeB03 IO}KIIOCTIl pa3MeCTHTb Ha cY,1.ue neCKO.1bKO
3JIeKTpOCTalllUfH :J.annaH cxe la 3aCJIY>KHUaeT BIHIMaHIHI.
PaCCMOTpeHHbIe npH\ICpbl CTPYI{TypHbIX CXC"1 9t1'1eKTpOC allunfl n IIC'JepnblBal0T
MHoro06pa3UH nx B npaKTUKe, HO :'\ orYT C.'1Y>KHTb HeKOTopOIi OCHOBOH npn npoeKTli-
pOBaHUH.
r nasa 2.3.
onPE E11EH E HArpY3KV1
iI1 Bbl50P COCT ABA
rEHEPATOPOB
v
Cy.n.OBbIX 811 EKTPOCT AHL.J.JI1I11
3) lIa OCHOBalUUf IiCXO.n.HbIX JJ.allHblX no rpacpa:\f 2, 3, 4 3anO.'IIUIIOT rpa$bl 6, 7;
4) Bbl()HpalOT 3I-JaIJeUIISI K03cpqllHU1CHTOB O HOBpCMCflIIOii pa60TbJ O HoU seHHbIX
npHeMHIIKoB Ii ux K09qxpnuneuTbl 3arpY3KU 8 pa3.FIHlJllbIX peiKlfMax pa60Tbi H 3anon.
IISTIOT rpa bl 8, 9, 13, 14, 18, 19;
5) onpeJI.e..1JSnOT 3HatleHIIH K03 <pJILUlenTa MO HOCTII npneMIHIKOB B saBIlCHMOCTU
OT IIX sarpY3KU, a TaK>Ke al{TIfBHOii if peaKTuDHoii nOTpe6JUIC IOH MO 1I0CTII H 3anOJI-
lIHIOT rpacJ>bl 10, 11, 12, 15) 16, 17, 20, 21. 22;
6) HaXOD-HT cYMMapuYlo nOTpe6..TIHe:\lYlo MonUIOCTb no rpa4>aM 11, 12, 16, 17,
21, 22;
7) Haxo,nHT cYM JapHYlo nOTpe6JISlcMYro MOlllHOCTb no rpa4>aM 11, 12, 16, 17.
21, 22 6e3 YtJeTa 3nJl30,.rJ,HtleCKU pa60TalOlilll"< nOTpeollTeneir;
8) Bbl6upaloT K03$<pHuueHTbl, Xctp3KTepU3YIOIll.Ue BepOHTIIOCTb cOBMecTHoli pa-
(SOTbI npHeMHUKOB B pa3.1IIlIlIb1X pe>KHM3X H onpe;J.CJIHIOT paCqeTUYIO nOTpe6JIHeMYlo
MOWUOCTb (c ytJeTOM nOTepn 8KTHUHOli MOlllHOCTn B ceTU npJl fepHO 3 b);
9) naXOJl.HT cpcAHeB3BcwcUHblli Ko3<fxt>IIlUleHT MOll1.nOCTII uarPY3Klf B Ka*.n.OM pc-
>KUMe pa60Tbl. \
nOTpe6.nHeMY10 e;UUIUtlUYIO MonlHOCTb npueMHHKa BblI.JIlCJ1HIOT no <PoPMYJIe
P YCT
p no rp. e.n = 'rJ '
r)le P yCT - YCTaJlODJIeUliaH ejJ.UHUttHaH MOlllHOCTb; 11 - no nnla..1JbHOe 3HaQeUUe
Kn .
\lo1ltHOCTb, nOTpe6J1S1e IYI0 rpynnoi1 npneMHIfKoB, HBXO,tJ.HT no 4>opMyne
P noTp . atIlt = P noTp . ep.n'J'CTJ
T,ne '!YCT - KO..1H1.leCTBO 01lHon 1CHHbIX npI1C UnIKOB.
K09<1>4>JU1.UeHT O)I.HOOpCMeHIIOH pa60Tbi OJ{HOUMeHHblX npJlC IHHKOB onpe;r.eJUleTCSJ
OTHoweHlIC 1
2.3.1.
onPEAEJ1EHHE HArpY3HH rEHEPATOPOB
CY AOBblX 3J1EKTPOCT AH4HH
3uatJelluc lIa rpY3KJI reHepaTopOB Cy;tOBOH 3..'IeKTpOCTa HUltll B .11Ot::oii
MOMeHT BpeMenu onpC!le.rlHeTCH Ko.rtnIJeCTBOM II MOLUI-IOCTblO pa60TalOllllfX nplt 3TOM
nOTpe6uTC",1efI 3JIel<TpU\lecKoit 3Heprllll 1 ttTO B CBOIO O\lepellb S3B}iCnT OT peiKl1 10B
If oc06eHHOCTCH 91{Cn.rtY3TatUUI CY..lHa B pa3JIuttllblX yc.nOBIIHX (paliOH nJlaBaHIUI co-
CTOHHlIe MOpH 11 norOAhl, BIIJ1. II Macca rpY3a, CKOpOCTb cYJJ.ua, xapaKTep pa60Tbl
npu CTOHlIl<ax Ii T. n.). OTCIO a HCHO I IJTO xapaKTep H3MeHeHI .H lIarpY31UI reHepaTO-
pOB CY;J.OBbIX 3.1eKTpOCTaHIUUI OTHOCUTCH K KaTeropliU CJ1YlJaUllblX np011.e..ccoo J onn-
caHlfe 1<0TOpblX npOJI3BO, nTCSI C ucnO.'1b30BanueM TeopUII BepOHTHOCTell. O;I.naKO
B HH>KeHepHOii npaKTJfKe J10 HaCTOSIlllero BpeMeUH npH paC"leTe HarpY3KII reHepaTopOB
CY.!I.OBblX 3. CKTpOCTaHu.llii OT)J.aeTCSI npeJ1nOttTeHHe 11. e T e p M II H II P 0 B a H H 0 MY
MeT 0 Jl y. npll 3TOM npouecc 9Kcn.TJY3TaUlili CY)1.Ha pa3.J.e.FIHeTCSI lIa pH Hau60Jlee
xapaKTepUbIX pe}Kn toB, no Ka>K:I.OMY 113 I<OTOPbIX onpeJl.CJl5IeTCSI HarpY3Ka rcnepaTO-
pOB. PaC4eT O<!JopM.1HeTCH B Bu;r.e Ta6JIIIUbJ J B CBfI3H C tle ' MeTOll paCtteTa npUHHTO Ha..
SbIBaTb T a (j.1 II lJ II bl M [731.
B IIIIC",10 PC}KIIMOB pd60TbI CYJI.Ha, KOTopble COCTaB..lf110T Ta6,,'1J1uy tlarpY ?K reHe-
paTopOB, 06SI3aTe.'IbHO BK.'1I01.lalOTCH peiKlIl\Ibl, COOToerCTBYIOll1.He HallMeUblueu If Hau-
60..'1blUeii llarpY3KaM rCHcpaTopOB J a TaK}l{e lIeKOTopbIM npO tC>KYTOtIHbI 1 ee 3UaQe-
HHSIM. B saBHCUMOCTIi OT Tuna n lIa311attenllH cYJJ.ua paCC I3TpIlBaIOTCSIJ Hanpll tep.
C..1e..1YIOlllHC pC>Kn lbJ:
a) ;I.J1H rpY30BbiX TpaHcnopTHblX cy,ZtOO - CTOHHKa 6C3 norpY3Kn " c norpy3-
u .. ,.
Kofl, C'beMI<a C SIKOpSl, XOAOBOU II aBaplUIHbl1l peiKJI lbl;
6) ,1...1H nacCa>KnpCKliX CYJI.OB - CTOSIHKa t'5e3 nacCa>KUpOB U C nacca>KlJpa nl.
.
C'beMI{a C fIKOpS1, XO,1.0BOli II aBapnllHbl1l pe)KltMbI; ..
B) )J.JlH CYJI.OB TexHlltteCKoro q).'tOTa - CTOflHI<C\ oe3 pa60TbI H C pa60TOII TeXHO-
JlOrU4CCKoro o60py.nonafUIH, xo oBoif It 3Bapniiub1H peiKlIMbl; .
r) ;'.I,.TUI J1e;J..OKOJIOB -CTOSlIIKa, C'beMKa C HKOpSI, XO.!I. B ttUCToii BOJl,e, X01- BO JIb;t.ax.
OJ ..
8D3PUUIIWII pCn<.UM; _ u
;1.) 1l.'1H npOMbICJIOBhlX CY'1.0B - CTOHIIKa, Cl>eMK8, aBapU1UlbII1 pe)KII ', a TaK>Ke
pe}KI1 lbl, CBH3aHHbie C JIOBO 1 pbl6bl H ee nepepa60TKou.
A B a p II 11 H bI M CtlHTc:leTCH pe>KH"'. Kor;J.ct BO Bpe 'IH xOAa cYJJ.na It..FIH BblnO",1f1e-
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Ji3(je)KHa YCTaHOBKa l!a Hnx 1I0BbIX (60.'lee MOllUU,IX). a TBKil<C J].ono..rIIIHTeJlbllbIX npueM-
HHKO 9..1el<TpntJeCI<Oll 3Heprllll. B cnSl3H C 3TIt ' npn Rbl60pe COCTaBa reHepaTopOB cy-
)1.0BOII 3.'leKTpOCTaIlUUII 3Ha1JeJ-lUe 06111eii YCTaHon..1eHHoii ce MOlUHOCTJI neo6XO)I,HMO
npHHUMaTb ua 15-20 o 60nbllIe nO.rJY CHHOj't paCtleTOM.
CpaBHCHue BapuaHTOB 3.1eK!pOCTaIlUJlU no 9KOHO"IU CCI{I(M nOKa3aTe.1S1:\'1 npQ1I3-
BO;tIlTCfI na OCHOBaHIUf 3Ha eJlIHI npllBe,TIeUlIblX 3aTpaT, CpOKOB ol<ynaeMoCin II cC6e-
CTOIt IOCTH KIf.110Baar-'1aCa 9.'1eKTp03HCpflHI.
3Ha CHue n p H B e .n e H H bI X 3 a T paT onpe;{CJlSlCTCH no <l><>p:o.fyne
.
3 = 3 + OJ 151()
,
r11e 8 rO;I.OBb1e 9Kcn.TJyaTaunollHble pacxoJ].bJ; K -: J<anUTaJJbubte B.TJO}KeHHH,
J1 tJwn 1 HB..'1HeTCSI BapHaHT, cooTBeTcTBYIOlllHIl Han .leHblUn 1 npHBeJJ.eHHblM
saTpaTaM. I
Cpo K 0 K Y n a e I 0 C T II Bb1411C..1HeTcn no <l><>p IY.fJe
-
t - K 2 - 1<1
OK - ':.;."\ ,
vI -V2
,
r...1.e Ki' 3 1 :- KanltTaJIbllble B..'IO>KCHIUI H 9KcnJlyaTauHoHHbIC paCXO)I.bJ no nepBOMY
BapnaHTY; 1\2, 8 2 - TO >Ke no BTOPOMY BapnaHTY.
BTOPOMY BapuaHTY OTJI,aeTCH npe nOtJTCHHe B TO"-t CJIYIJae eC.TJII CpOK ol< y nae-
MOCTU \feUbUle 8 -,leT. '
B CY I IY K a n II T ..TI b II bI X B..1 0 >K C H II Ii (cTpoHTe..'IbHYIO CTOJlMOCTb\
06bJQll0 DK.TJIOt'310TCH npellcKypaHTuaH ltCl-la 06oPYJlOBaHHH 3JJeKTpOCTaHUHII, TpaHc-
nopTHble 3aTpaTw H pacxo;J.bI IUt MOHT8)K. B .cYMMY 3 K C n JJ Y a TaU II 0 1-1 II X
pac x 0 11 0 0 BXO;I.SlT 33TpaTbl Ha aMOpTI13a1UflO, peMOIIT, TonJiuBo CMa301lHbIe
MaTepna..1bl It OOc.1YiKltnanue 3.'1CKTpOCTaIlUIiH. '
3 a T paT bl 11 a a MOp T n 3 a U II 10 II P e M 0 H T HaXOJJ.S1T no <PoPMY.TJe
8 - (I( + C p ) tt
8. P - ,
. .)
-
r1e K - KannTall'IbllbJe BJIO>KeHHSI: C p - CTOJlMOCTb Bce" BH)lOD peMOHTOB sa BeCh
ncpno1. 31<cn.,1yaTaUIIII; f l - KO,,1utJeCTBO tlacon pa60Tbl 060PYJJ.OBal-llfSl B ro;J.Y' t _
pccypc ooopy ;J.oBaHIi H (KO.'HfQCCTBO QaCOB pa(5oTbJ 11.0 BbIBo a H3 9Kcn.'vaT ij. Ji).
3 a T paT bl HaT 0 n JI II B 0 U C M a 3 0 II II bI e I aTe p JI a JJ- bI onpe-
)te..1S110TCSI no (}>op IY.le
3 T . CM = (tnTUTK T + l1Z cM u',:t.t) ,VK lfo ,,! .10- e ,
r.ne nZ T - Hop:\la paCXO '1a Ton.1HBa npJl 1I0 nllla..1bp.oii MOUlHOCTIi npJlDOJJ.Horo -nBHra-
1" JJfI reHcpaTopa t r/(..'1. C. tJ); ln CM - HopMa paCXOJ1a C la30tJHblX MaTcplIa.lIOB: U T -
l.l na TOnJIIIBa, py6.1T; UCM - UCH I C\la30IJl-lblX MaTC p Jla.7JOB P \. 6 IT' N - H O "f Uij " b -
HaSI !\IO lll HOC 1< .. .J . , n ....I
HO ' . Tb ,'J.BJlraTe.:r:IR. t/1. c.; T - K03qxpHUlleJlT. yqUTblBalOllllui 113MCHeHIIC
p.lbl paCXO!l.a Ton.'1HBa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT uar pY 3KH '1nuraTeTISI. K V o . tfvn J{
UHeHT Hcn u 1-'''. nOM - I\, <7'f1'tJ -
OJIb30BaHHH HOMIUICI.lbHOH MOlllHOCTIi JJ.BH raTC.TJSI; t - KOJIUtleCTBO lIaCOB
pavOTbJ ...F(BlfraTe.rUt B ro,'!}'.
jK.D.eHBbl60p onTJ{ 'la.'1bHOrO BapnanTa cocraBa 9..1eKTpOCTaUltllll )I,O.TJ)KeH 6blTb nO;{TOCp-
paC1JCTO 1 peHTa6e 1bHOCTIJ 91<cn..1yaTaulfll CYJI.Ha.
141
I
YBe.,nqeHHe yrJI..a Bbl()Cra np" napa.'I.1CJIbIlOii pa60Te c CeTblO npnBO.n JiT K BeJIH-
qeJUflO TOKa CTaTOpa, 9.rJeKTpOMdrHIITIlOrO MO teHT(! H 8KTIIIHIOii MOUUIOCTH. B renCpd-
TOpHOM pe>KIl le C YBeJIutlelllle 1 yr..'1a Bbl6era 9.'1eKTpO 18rHnTflhlii MOMenT na Ba.'1Y
HB,,'lJSleTCSI TOpM03HbIM. lle'-1 60.'1bWe po-rop 3clucraeT BnepeJJ, no OTuoweHll1O K nOJIIO
CTa1 opa, -reM 60JIbWe MaWH Bet TOp O- .
3HTCH _ npli panHOBeCHIl MOMeHTOB, coa..
#'taDae lbIX H3 B8.1Y nepBlfqnbl J JlBnraTe..
J1C\1 II reHepaTopO:\I, yrO.,1 {) npUIHIM8eT
e,!UIHCTDeHlloe 3Ha1JeUUe, onpe.aelllSleMoe
MOllU-IOCTblO M8WHllbI. 38Bllcn 10CTb 9TOli
:\IOlllHOCTU P OT yr"TJa B n33bIBaeTCSI
..
yrJIOBOU xapaKTepUCTU"
.... ...
K 0 II C II H X pOll II 0 II M 8 W H 1-1 hI.
'r..10B(HI xapaKTepHCTIUUi npJl nrCTOHJI-
HOM H036Y>K,aeHIIII 6.1U31{a no BJI.lY I< cn-
H)'con.n.e (pIlC. 2.4.2),. 3TO 3HaQUT. LITO
C VBC..11t1.leflUeM \'[..1a b 3:leH.TpO larnnT-
ubiu MO:\leUT paCTeT' Hc6ecnpeJJ.C..1bHO.
npH HehOTOpO 1 3UaIJelilUI yrll'13 MOMeliT
JlOCTJlfiJCT MC\KCIUld.1bIlOrO cpll3 II I.leCKIJ
B03MO.:i<lJOrO 3H8 1 ICIUUJ.
OO.flaCTb yr.TJ:oBoii XapaKTCpnCTIIKII,
.. .
D KOTOpOJI .'IeKTpO 18nHITllbIlI MO 1eHT
y \leHbWc:ICTCH C pOCTO 1 yr J1a, COOTBeT-
.... ..
CTB eT JleYCT !lq'lBOII n8p8..1..1e.lbIl01l pa60T CUllxpoHuoii M3Wllflbi C CeTblO. nplf
pa60Te B 9TOII OO.'I8CTH 3.'lel{TpO farnIlTllbllI MOMenT HP npenS1TcTByeT 3Ci(JeralllflO
pOTopa \lanll1 Hbl no OTHoweHlIlO K nO.TJlO CTaTopa, TO nplf HOJUiT I{ «npOBopa'UIBa-
HIIIO» M8WJlJlbi OTIlOCHTeJIbllO cenl, T. e. 1< lIeCIIIIxpOHHOfi pa60Te.
nOT e p fI C TaT II II e C K 0 n y C TOIl II B 0 C T II, TaKIIM oGpa30 1, npo-
JICXO,!t,lIT B pe3y..1bTaTC Toro, lITO BUCWlfue CII.1bt, !1eiiCTnYIOliJJIC lIa porop MaWHHbl
II 3aCTaBJIHIOll.{.lle ero 3a6eraTb
Hnepe..1 no OTHOllJCHlIlO K nOJIIO
CTaTopa. He ypaBlloBeWHB810TCH
.. ..
3J1CKTpOMarHHTHon CIf.'lOIf, B0311U-
v
KClIOll1.eU B CUHXPOflllOIl M8wlfHe
C pOCTOI\J yr,,'18 Me>K;l.y nonepe'IHoii
OCblO pOTopa II BeKTopO:\1 uanp H.
iKC1I1I H ceTH.
A lIa. T HITlt l leCKCtSl 33BHClfMOCTb
aKTltBHOii tOIUHOCTIl t nepe!lana-
e laH B CCTb B VCT8110BHBweMCH
..
..
pe}l<u lc, .llJISI SlBHonO..'lIOCIIOH 1\Ia-
wnnw BbIpa>K8eTCH <jx>pMY.'1oii
p = UcEd sin 6+
Xd
U 1 I
+ C) ( - ) sin 28,
... Xq Xd
(2.4.1)
r.ae P - al<.TIIBuaS1 IOUUlocrb, nepeJJ,aBaeMC1R B ceTb; U c - HanpH>KeHHe ceTIf; Ed-
9..1eJ(Tpo..l!U!.>Kym£tR cn.1a reHcpaTopa; xd - ClllixpoHHaH PC81{THBHOCTb CT8TOp8 no
npO.ll(\TlbHOH ocn; 6 - yro..1 Me>K 1Y OCbJO pOTOp8 H BeKTopOM lfanpH>KelIlIH cern; x q -
CIIIIXpOIfHC1H peal<TII13HOCTb cr8Topa no noncpellHoii OCII.
nepCMeHllbJe 'l,IIOTCSI o6bJQJ10 B OTIIOCJlTCJIbHblX e;U-fHJIl!ClX.
npJl UCSlBHonO.'110CIfOil MdUlIllle xd = x Q . llo3TO IY
P - _ UCEfl
sin u.
. xd
.
1\tOIlUIOCTb BDapnfiflblx HCTOqIfIlI{OB 9 'IeKTp03l1eprnn onpC'leJIReTCR na OCHOBa..
IUIII nepeqUH aBapuijfiblX npIlC JIII1J(OBJ KOTOpbIH CO;J.ep>KHTCSI B npaBu..'1aX PCrJlCTpa
CCCP. ., C . ... C
Bbl60p Ko..1JlqeCTBa If MOlllUOCTU rCHcpaTopOB C.1IfHOIt 9JIeKTp03HeprCTlttJe KOB J{-
cre 'bl npOIf3BO.3.ItTCH B 3aBllcIIMoCTli OT pC>KHMOB pdOOTbl If lIarpY31<1I rpe6HbI x 3..1eK-
TpO;I.Bnr,!Te.TJeU II o6uJ.CCY:J.ODhIX npnCMIUiJ(OB II B KOHelIHO [ IITorc onpC;J.e..TUTe-rCH
9Kcn.TJyaTaUlloUHbl UI II 3KOIIO UlqCCI(Jf UI nOKa3aTe.!IHMU C)'JJ.U3.
rnaBa 2.4. nAPAJlJlEJlbHAf1 PA50TA
Cy.n.OBbIX IttCT04HV1KOB
8J1EKTP03HEPrlttV1
PC)KJI\I nap8.1.rIC..TJblIoi! paGoTbl renepaTopOB nCpeMCJlflOrO II nOCTOHH-
lIoro TOl<a ncno;1b3yeTcH B CYJlOBbJX 9JIeKTpOCTallu,IU!"( r.rt8BUbl\1 0(ipa30 1 nOTO 1Y) lJTO
nOTpeOUOCTb cY,!1lfa B 3.'1eKTp03HeprUII B 3H81.JIITeJJbHOii CTeneHH MeHSlCTCSI B 3aBllcn-
. MOCTIS OT pe>KlfMa pa60Tbi CY 1.H8: CTOHIIKH, C"be II{1I C HKOpH. xo;xa B Y3KOCTHX. l1nn-
TC.1blloro nepeXO,.'I,a, norpV30 lIo-p83rpY30I.JllbIX P8(50T II T. n. B K8>K 10M 113 3TJ.IX pc-
)KII MOB I{O.rIlI eCTno napa..1.rlc..'IbHO paCSOTalOllllf x rCHcpaTopOB YCT3 Han.1UBaeTCSI T8Klfl\,t,
T06br H8rp)'3Ka K8>K..'10ro 1f3 IInx COCT3B.TJR"la 70-90°0 uo nnla..TJbIlOJ1. npH n3 leHe-
IIUli C)'M\lC1pHOii HC1rp}'3I<JI Ha WUH8X fPIll MeHS1CTCSI Ii I{OJHIlJCCTDO napa.TJ.1c.'IbJlO pa-
60T310mnx reHcpaTopoB.
np'hMencHlfc pC>KIl:\ta napa.1.nctl1bHoli pa60TbI JJ,aCT CJIe..'1YIOll1.IIC npeuMymecTBa:
1) o6ecne nBaCTCSI paooTa Ka>K,!I.oro 8rperaTa npu H8HBb(CWIIX 3Ha eHIISlX K03ct>-
qU(lUICHTa nO.rJC3l1oro ;I.CiiCTBHH:
2} He JJ.onycl<aeTCSI pd6oTC1 ..1.li3CJIb-rellepaTopon rrpn HarpY3Kax Mcnee 30°0 HO-
v v
1\II1Ha.1bHOJl. IJTO COXP8USlCT !\IOTOPCCYpc 71BUraTeJ1CII;
3) ooeCneQUBaeTCR 60.:1bIII.cUI l-Ia,J.C>KHOCTL 9.1CKTp03I1epreTH ecKoi"l YCTaHOBKII
cy:tlla, iaK KaK npH ,ap06.'1eUIUI YCTC1HOB.'1CHIIOii MOlLlUOCTH MeiKJI.Y HeCI<O.'Jbl{UMIf
relfep'3TDp8 tlr Y JeHbll1aeTCH BepOHTIiOCTb OTKa3a DceM cnCTeMbl 3'JIeKTpOCHa()>KeHItR
B ne.10M:
4) o6CCnCI.JUBaeTCH B03\IO)I<HOCTb noc..'1e.!lOBaTeJIbIlOro peMOHTa 11..111 npo<pJlJIah"
TliKU l.JaCTJI rcuep3TopUbIX arperaTOB C COXpaHeHlte 1 9011eKTpocuaG>KeUIHI C}. J,Ha
IIcnpaBHbl\fll arper8T8!\UI.
p
.
lt$
.
l-F2
.
LF1
OCHOBHblE nOHJ1T S1 H onPEAEflEHHH
reHepamapHblU
pe:HCUI1
-180
II, 6Ueame/lbH6/U
pe3ICUff
180
OJ 31l. 2pao
2.4.1. nAP AJ1J1EJ1bHAfI P A60T A
C HXPOHHbIX rEHEPATOPOB
D pe>Kn (e n8pa:I.TIe..1bHoii p860TbI CJlHXPOHllblX \laWIIH OClI IIX pOTO..
pOB Dpa(U UOTCSI C 01Un81{ODOii yr..PJ:oBoii CKOpOCTbIO. Yro.fI MC>K.J.Y OCSI:\IU pOTopon
(pnc. 2.4.1) B YCTanoHIIBweMcSI pe>KII 1e n8pa..,.rtc.1bUoil pcl60TbI Hen3 1eHeH. BeJIU1.1IUla
..
3Toro yr.1a 3aDHCliT OT Be.rJUQnllbt nepaBIIOMepJlOCTH pacnpe:xenenltR aKTIIBHOIl lIa-
rpY3KIf MaWlI1I II COCTaB..1HeT OObIqllO OKO.TJO O:!: 5 3..1. rp8..'1 npll O:J.UHal{OBOii
HarpY3Ke If 20-30 3JT. rp3.!l npn HepaDI10 tCpHOCTIf pacnpe.J.e..'1enIlSl Harp) 3klf
01<OJJO I 00 0 f) .
npH napa.rr.1C. bHOfi pa60TC ClIlIXpOIlHOH MaU.1Hllbl C CCTblO B YCT8nOBlln..
we:\ICH pe>Kn te pOTOp np81118CTCSt CUHXPOIIUO C nO.1e 1 CTaTopa. EC.111 OCb pOTopa
o epe>KaPi nOJ1e CTaTop3, MaWJfHa paOOTaeT B renfpaToplio t pC>KIOte, OT;t3SaSl 3Hep-
rliiO B CCTb. npn OTCTaBallll1f pOTopa OT nOJ1R ClfHXpOHH3R taJlrnHa nepeX0111T D TJ,nn-
raTC.1bHbfii pe>KJlM, norpe6.1HH 9ueJ)rUIO H3 ceTlf. .ro.' Me>K.1.Y OCbtO pOTopa II Bf'I<TO-
po t HanpSl>KeUIIR CTaTopa (y r 0 ,,"I B bl 6 C r a) MeHSIeT npll 3TOM 31i8K Ha oGp3THbrii.
I-Idu6oJJee pacnpocTpaHeliHoe ooo3uallcHHe 3Toro yr..'H1 6.
142
([2
£d z
u
d 2
PUC. 2.4.1. BeKTopH8H JlHarpaMMa H8-
npH)KeUJlJI II 3LlC ClIlIXPOHHblX M8WJlIJ.
U - lIanpR>KCHHe ua UJIIIIUX; Ed,- Edt _
a c; lh. 6, - yr..'Jbl Bbl6cra MdUIIIU; ou-
jI.'on Me*AY OCSIMII pOTopon: d t . d t - npo,
AonbHblC OCII pOTOpOB; qt, q" - nonepetlJlble
OCIt pOTOpOB.
.
PUC. 2.4.2. 'r.10B3S1 xCipaKTepncTlIK8 CIIIL\POU-
..
11011 MaWlillbl npJJ nOCTO.HHIIO 1 B036 >K...l.efillll.
(2.4.2)
143
.
npn COe;I.IIIICHIHI M3UJIIHbi C CeTblO Qepe3 IIH,TI.YKTUDUoe COnpOTHB.1:eUUe Xp q}()P-
MY.1a (2.4.1) 6y e'f IIMeTb BU!l [1 J:
npn U c = U -= 1 o. c. npe,.1.E..,1bllafl MOIlUiOCTb. nepeAaBae 'afl B ceTb, orpann-
qeHa 3ua4eHueM
p=
UcEd
xp + Xd
. -1- Xd - Xq
sin U I )
(X p + xd (X p + Xq)
u 2
c
2
sin 2 B..
(2.4.3)
p = I sin .
x p
l-JeTpV..1. IIO yoe,1HTbCSI, qTO "pn x p 0 $OPMY.'IbJ (2.4.1) II (2.4.3) COBna,iJ.alOT.
'r.TJOBble x3paKTepltCTJlKH npu pa3Hblx 3HatleHIUIX TOKa B036Y>K;I.CIIIIH (ifi - ij3)
o()pa3YIOT ce leiiC1'no, nOI<a3aJ-lHOC na pltC. 2.4.2.
3..1eKTpo;J.BIDKYJ.JJ.aSt CIU12 Ed n CJTHOCH feJIbHblX e;J.lf1l1fllaX paaua TOKY B036Y>K,'1.e-
HUH. eC..rt1i CHIIXpOJIHaSt MaWIiHa He HaCblll.leHa. B oo..TJaCTII HaCbI ellIHI Ed MO>KeT
6blTb onpetl,e..1ena npu 3d;(aHHOM TOKe B036YiK;tCHIUI TO..TJ.bKO no KPUBoii HaMarHlilluna-
HHSt MaWIIHbl.
B pea..'1bllblX CY ODbIX 3..'1eKTpO:)l-lepreTUtle-
CKUX ClfCTCMC:tX TOK B036Y>K..'I. e UUR if MaWHfI
..,
C pOCTOM OT,.1.anaei\1011 (OID-nOCTIl YBC.TIutJJfBaeTCH
6..TIaro.n.apSl anTOMa1'HtleCKH 1 pery..'1HTOpaM 803-
6Y>KJ\cnnH. B CBH311 C 3THM npll pOCTC yr..rra {j
u
,n...1S1 nOCTpoeHUSI TJIOBOII XapaKTepnCTIIKIf He-
06X0'1H (O nOCJIe,':lOBareJIbHO nepeXO)UITb C o,!J.Hofl
....
XapaKTcpnCTIiKU CCMellCTBa KPUBblX Ha plfC.
2.4.2 lIa ;J.pyrylO. PC3Y.lbTlipYloUJ.aH l<plfDaH
yrJI0BOfi xapaKTepncTIfKII 6Y,':leT npe)l,CTaB-
..'HITb coGaii TanreHcoll,'J.}' /. H306pa>KenH}"tO
180 8 113 puc. 2.4.3:
npn HarpY3Ke H3 Ulunax reHcpaTopa (puc. 2.4.4) era 3KTUBHaR MOlllHOCTb CK..'la-
.,RbIBdCTCH 113 Tpex COCTaB.,'IStIOIl\UX:
P=gnr U2 + 1 UcUsin +gp(U2_UcUcos ),
x p
(2.4.6)
p
,
I
I
rJJ.e gur - ak TIIBllaH npOBO "MOCTb HarpY3KlI na WIIU3X; gp - aKTUBIl3H npoBoAIf-
MOCTb peaKTopa.
nCpBaH COCTaBJIHI01l.laH MOmnOCTH 3aTpatlnnaCTCH n Harp}'3Ke 1 BTopaH nepe.
JJ,aercSl B ceTb, TpeTbH npe,acTaBJUleT c060ii no repn B peaKTope.
....)0
oj 5) lJT
U I p zp
U c
U Up U c
I ...
P
ZJ/r
o
B COOTBeTCTnllll C 3"J( .1 npe,1.e..'1LHaSt nepe,"{aBa-
eMaH MOLUIIOCTb 3I1a t IJITe.'1bIlO YBe.TJIII.JItBaeTcH.
O.aual{o B peaJ1bHbIx YC.TJOBIIHX :iTa BC.'1HI.IIIH3
orpalllltlCHa B CBH3H C OrpallUI.IClllleM DbIXO!l-
Horo HanpsnKeHHH pcrYJIstTOpa B036Y.IKACHIHI. npn B03paCTallHH yr..1a 6 11.0 neKO-
Toporo 3HatleHHH TOK n036Y>K;I.CHHR nepecTacT ynCJIlilUIBaTbcH II, C.'1eJlOBaTe.TJ b 1-10,
yrJl0naH xapaKTepncTuKa ncpexo,n.IIT C TanrCHCOII,rJ.bl 1 na CHHYCOII;JJ' 2, COOT-
BeTcTBYlOll.lYIO MaKCIU,la..rtbHOMY TOKY B036Y>K,!J.eHItH.
no,!J. ,1. If HaM u q e C K 0 A Y C T 0 if II Ii B 0 C T b 10 nOHIf faeTCH cnoco6HoCTb
MaWIfHbI OCTaBaTbCSI B CIIHXpOHllo t COCTOHUUII npH H3 leJletHfll MO leHT8 Ha Ba.rtY
TO."lI.lKOM. OqCBH!lHO. liTO npn TO..T111Ke BIHUllalO11.lerO MO\leUTa lIa n3 lenellne yr.na l)
6Y;leT OK23blBaTb B..1lUlline II MOMeHT .Huepunu, CBH3aIlHblfi C 113MeHeHneM QaCTOTb(
DpalllelUiS1 rcncpaTopHoro arperaTa. B TaKO t C1YtJac 3.,1CKTpOMarllltTllblil MO!\feHT.
B03HIIKalOLUuil npH pOCTe yr.'13 6, JJ.O.1iKCH ypaBHoBeUUIB3Tb II BpalllalOllluif MOMCHT
H MO leHT IfnCpl.UIH. 3TH 06CTOHTe.'IbCTBa OOYCTJ:OB",'1ItBalOr MeHbWYIO Be.I1IfI.JIHIY npe..
eJla A1fHa IJfqeCKOU YCTOlftlUnOCTII CHlixpoHnoro reuepaTopa no cpdBHeHlflO co cra.
..
TH"leCKOII-
B ...'{BnraTe,,'!bHOM pe>KIfMe CIUIXPOHHOil \laUllfHbI yr..TIOBaH xapaKTcpliCTIII<a nOtlTII
CU IMeTpHtlHa xapaKTepnCTIJKC B renepaTopHOM pe>KII le.
Yr",10B3S1 xapaKTepnCTIlI<a CltllXpOHHOil MaUJIIHbJ npu napa.Yf.le.lblloii pa60TC
C ceTblO l.I€'pC3 peaKTJlDHOe conpOTHBneHue X p MO>KeT 6bITb Bblpa>KCHa nOCpe,lCTBOM
yr.rza MeiKJ.J.Y BeKTOpal\lll lIanpSl}KCHIli1 ccru H reuepaTopa L 1 ]:
PUC. 2.4 .3. Yr.10BaSt xap2KTepu-
CTUl<a CHHXPOHHOii MarnlIHhl. paGa-
I.>
TalOll.leH napa..1J1e.'1bIl0 C ceTblO npn
aBTO:\laTHLIeCKOM pery..TJUpOBaHHn
B036Y>K.J-eHJUI no 3aKOHY cp=const.
p=
1
tg B.
Xq
(2.4.4)
PIfC. 2.4.4. CxeMa (a) II BeKTopH3H ,nnarpaMMa nanpH>KeHIJn (6) npn napan-
..TJ:e..1blloii pa60rc rCHepaTopa C CCTblO lJepe3 conpoTHB.rzeHuc.
U c - HanpS1iKeHue CCTU; U - lIanpS1>KeIfJIC reJlepaTopa; up - HanpSliKCIIIIC na
conpOTIfB.'1eIlHIl peaKTopd: zp - conpOTIIBJI lIlIe peaKTopai ZIU' - conpOTIIBneflJle
Harp) 3KJt.
npHMep paCLJeTa. nYCTb reHepaTop oT;tacT C!KTIIBHYIO MOIlUIOCTb B HarpY3KY
c npoBo;uIMOCTbiO gur = 0,5 n B ceTb IIepe3 peaKTOp C 1l1l.!lYKTIIBHbI:\f conpOTIIBJIC-
HHeM xp = 0,8 II aKTHBHofl npoBo)),JlMOCTblO gp = 0,01.
PaCCIIJlTaei\1 MOll.llIOCTb reuepaTopa npu yr..TJe MeiK;J.Y BCKTopaMu nanpHiKeHIIH
Ii CeTIt, paBHo:\f = 30° (...1.JIH U C = U = 1):
I
p = 0.5 + 0,8 · 0,5 + 0.01 (1 - 0,87) = 0,5 + 0,625 + 0,001 3 = 1,1263 o. e.
..
3TO COCTaB.,1steT 112,6 6 HOMIIHa.lblloii M011.lHOCTII rcnepaTopa, 1f3 KOTOpblX 62,5°"0
nepe;r.aeTcR B ceTb II O.1.3 .b pacxo.n.yeTcSI B peaKTope.
npeAeJIbUaH tOlllHOCTb. KOTOpYIO MO>KIIO nepe'1aTb B ceTb llCpC3 peaKTop C xp =
= 0,8 o. e., paBHa
Pmax = 1 sin p = I sin 90 0 = 1.23 o. e.
x p xp
'r..l0BaH xapaKTcpHcTHKa npu napa.1J1eJIbHOii pa60Te ,rlBYX renepaTopOB COH3-
MepllMoii MOll.lHOCTU 6.11f31<a no BU.ay K ClIH)'COH.:t.e, ec..'1U D036Y>Kl,eHHe Hen3 leHHO.
npe,J,e..1bHaSl no CTaTH1.IeCKOii YCToiiq nBOCTU aKTIIBlia H MOlllHOCTb. nepe;I.3BaeMa Sl OT
MaWIIHbl K MaWIIHC. B ..'1.aHIlO:\1 C.1ytIae onpe..1.e..1ReTCS1 a:\ln.TJuTY;J.oil cun}'COJl1bI. npll
aBTO;\taTUqeCKOM pery..'1HpOB8HIIH B036Y>K!l.eIlItH MaKCliM8..1LHoe 3Ha l ieHue op..1.IIHaThI
yrJ1oBoii xapaKTepncTIiKIf 3HatIUTeJIbHO )'Be..rUlllHBaeTCH. KOHKpeTHoe 3HaQCHUe ero
aaBUCIiT OT HdCbllllCUIiH CIiCTeM B036Y>KJI-eHIIH.
.
p = UcU sin ,
x p
(2.4.5)
r;I.e P - al{THBH2H MOliUIOCTb. nepe;J.aaaeMaH B ceTb; U c - HanpH>KeHUC CCTII; U-
lianpH>KeHUe renepaTopa; - yro.rx Me>KAY BeKTopaMu uanpsDh.enuii ceTH H rCHepa-
Topa.
144
145
p ACnPE.lJ.EnEH E HArpY3KI-i
np nAPAnnElIbHOH PA6QTE
rEHEPATOPHblX ArPErATOB
6y,neT MeUS1Tb MOI.IJ.HOCTH M3UIJlHLt. By ;J.CT nponCXO JtTb TO.1bKO nOBblwellHC l.JaCTOTbI
B paIueH JHI H tJaCTOTbl Ita UUtHaX pacn pe,'1.eJIItTC."TbIlOrO llUITa.
tcToiftUIBaH ndpa,rl.'1c.r1bH8S1 pauoTa arperaTOB OObll.JHO oGecnellliBacTcH 6JIaro-
)1.apSi CTaTlilIeCKII 1 perY.1HTopaM CKOpOCTH. B TaKO 1 c.'lyqae 3a6eranne Bnepel1. o;J.lloro
113 arperaTOB npUB0111T 1< YMellbweUUtO nO;J.atJu 3ueprOIlOCJlTe..1S1 II Ha06opOT. liTO II
o6eCne'lJiBaeT VCTOH'IIiBoe pacnpe1e..1eHlfe 3KTilBIlOH HtlrpY3KII. CTaTII4eCKUC CKOPOCT-
Hble XdpaKTcpifCTlIl\U arperaTOB nOK333Hbi Ha plfC. 2.4.7.
PaCllpcoe,leHlle GK"ltlOHOii HGZPY3KU lUl XOJ10C11l0 If xoay. PaCCMOTpJl 1
COCTORIiHe CHCTeMbJ 7 B l<oTopoii K WIfHa 1 f.1C!BHoro pacnpC'le.luTe.1blloro u.UfTa He
nO'!U<.110 1 Ien 1111 0;11111 nOTpeOUTC.1b, na 06 IOTKU B03()y>K;J.eu If S1 OT HC3aBIICJUtLIX )fCTO'l-
.,
BIIKOD nO.laUhl uanpRiKeHlfH XO.'10CTOrO xo){a, a BUYCK 3I1cpronOCHTe.'1eU nepBltlJHblX
l\BuraTe.leIJ reHepaTopOB COOTBeTCTB}'eT TO..'1l>KO nOTepS1M JlX H2 BpalllenHC. B ..1.aHIfO f
no
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Ed 1 8 12 £ d 2
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d 2
\ /U
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ns
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o
PUC. 2.4.5. no.rtO>i<culic pOTOpOB npu 3a6erallllJl nepBofi 13WlllfbJ OTHOCUTe.'1bHO
..
BTopon.
PIIC. 2.4.7.
arpcraTon:
paooTe.
tlp - 'Ii1CTOT3 BpaU{etIUH npl1 XOJlOCTOM xo,tJ.e; IJ UOM - IIOMJlH3.1bJIaH q iCTOT3
Bpall eIlIUJ; lIS - '1aCTOTa Bpa NIIIH npn IIOMllllijJlbtloA IIdrpY Ke: fie - CIIU-
"'pOIlJl3H QaCTOT3 Bpa elUUI napdJJJleJ1bHO p 60TalOJ1UtX arperaTOB: PI - 8Ji.TJtB-
lIaUI Harp).3Ka ncpnoro rCIIt;paTOpa; P'J. - aKT1I811 n Il1rpy31{3 BToporo rcuep(1-
To p a. P - IIOMIIHaJlbllaS1 nI-\THBU3J1 usrpY3Ka: J - xapaKTCp1lCTIII{3 nepBoro
· II o t
Brpt?nna; 2 - xapaKTCpnCTJlKa BToporo arper3T3.
CTaTUqeCKHe CI\OpOCTllble xapaKTepltCTIlKII
a - npll aBTOHO IHoii pa6oTc; 6 - npH
.
rellcpaTOp HhI X
..
na pa..'1 le.'JbHou
c..'1Y t lae TOKII reHcpaTopoB II yrowl Melf<;ty OCSI nl pOTOpOB paD UbI Hy..11O. EC ll1 B TaKO\1
COCTOHIIIIII yue..1U 1 1lITb YCTanI<Y no qaCTOTC perY.IJSlTOpa o;J.I oro 113 ncpBH1IHbIX )1Bllra-
TC..1Cii, nanpliMep nepBoro, TO ero pOTOp tlal.JHeT Bpa1U.3TbCH 6bICTpee, neJ{TOp ero 3 C
no npO,'1.o..1bIlOii ()CII Ed, Ha1lueT nepeMCn{aTbCS1 n npocTpaHcTBe OTHOCIITC..1bHO BCK-
Topa E d 2 . B pe3Y. bTaTe oopa3yeTcSI yro.TJ MC>K..'1Y O:H III pOTOpOB (puc. 2.4.5) B 1\01(-
TYpC, COCTaD 1eIlHO:\1 Jl3 pea I{TUBUbl x conpoTIIB..1cn uii Mal1JHH j\1 J. \12 11 COlI POTJlB..'Ie-
UUH ..ll1Hlnl CDH3Jf (pIlC. 2.4.6L nOHBIITCH pa311ocTlloe flanpHiKeHuc It CBSl3aHHwii C HJI I
TOK 06 IOTKH cT3Topa.
.
:Ca1
Zp
Xd2
npn aHaJUI3e napa.rJJJP..1bJloii pa60Tbi arperaToB 061 JlJlIO IIcnO.TJb3YIOT c.'1e.!lYlOllllfe
nOIIRTIIH:
501 = n I - lZ lIo " _ CKO.1bjoKenne ncpBoro rCHepaTopa OTHOCItTC.'JbIlO HO UIHaJlb-
Il J {I)M
I
...
11011 qaCTOTbI BpallleJlIIH;
- CKO,,1biKeUlie BToporo reHepaTopa OTIIOC:UTe.1bHO HO:\fIlHaJ1b-
...
HOIl qaCTOTbl BpaUtenltH;
- Cl<o..lb>t<eHlle napa..'I..Tte.TJbHO paGoTaJOUI.IIX reneparopOB OT-
OJ
HOCIITe..1bHO 1-I0!\nlna.'1bHOIl qaCTOTbI BpallleHlur;
_ _ "0 - Il s ,.
u - CTaTn3 1 CKOpOCTHOIf Xapal<TepJlCTltKII arperaTa.
P UOM
OTIiOCHTC.TJbHOe pacnO.10>KeHUe CTaTHqeCKUX CKOpOCTHbJX xapaKTepHCTltK rrapa..1-
.
JIe.TIbHO paGoTalOlI HX arperaTOB B C.1YQae, Kor!t3 rrepBblli arperaT nOKpblBdeT 00.'1-
1I0CTb1O nOTepn BToporo. nOI<a33HO 113 pHC. 2.4 .8. J/13.TJO!\t xapaKTepHcTHKIf 2 BBepx
Ha"IIIHaeTCS1 n TOIJKe, cooTBeTcTBYJOlUel1 a6cIlucce, paOHO" MOll.lIIOCTIf nOTepb XO..10CToro
xo.n.a -px. "-2 C..'ICBa OT nY.l1S1, lITO rOBopHT 0 paOOTe . 13llJHnbI B pe)Kl{:,\te !tBJfraTe.1S1.
XapaKTepncTIfKCi 1 OTHOCHTCH K mWHHe, pa(5oTalOl.1.lell B peiKn te reucpaTopa.
PacllpeiJe,zeHlle GKmIl8HOll. nozpY3Kll npu HQZpY31\e. Kor;J.a K lllJ1UaM paCnpe;IC'In-
TenbHoro llllITa n011(..1Io t laeTCH aKTIIBH3H HarpY31\a. napa..1...1e..1bHO pa6oTaloliUle
arperaTbl npJlflJlM310T ee B COOTBeTCTBIiH C B3,Hf 1HbI f pacnO.l0il{eUUeM CKOpOCTHbPC
xapaKTepncTHK. EC.1H 3TH xapaKTepliCTHKH conna..1.aIOT JJ.pyr C !J.pyrOM. TO aKTltBHaH
Harp}'3Ka pacnpe!te.1HeTCH nopOBHY. Ec..'I1I JKe xapaKTepHCTIIKIf lie COBna..l.aIOT. TO
11 2 - nnOM
SO =
1'lIo:\t
Pile. 2.4.6. 3KDuna..1cuTHaH cxe\ta nap3...,] 1eJJbHolj pa60TbI CUH-
XPOJlUbtX MaWJlH.
s=
ns - nno'\l
/lIIOM
.,
1-13 Ba.l) nepBoro reHCpaTOpJ-lOrO arperaTa B03HH1{UeT TOp 103 llI.HU relfepaTOp-
IIbIii 3:lel\TpO\la flllITliblii MOMeHT. a Ha na..'IY BToporo - YCKOpSiIOll.lIIlI, .!J..BU raTC..1bHbIU.
B pC3)'..'1bTClTC YCTdHOBIlTCH paBlIonccne MO 1eIlTOO. O,1.lIaKO B 06MOTI<aX cTaTopoB oy..
llCT 1f 1.TIf TOJ< II le)J{;J.Y OCH:\III pOTOpOB nOHBHTCS1 on pC...1.e..1CH tlbJii yrooll. ClIlIxpOUlla 51
MaUIIlua BToporo arpcraTa 6y eT pa60TaTb B J.nllraTe:lbllo 1 pe>KHMC, nOKpbIBaH QaCTb
nOTcpb XO OCToro xo a CBoero arperaT8.
Ilpn !l3.'blieliwe 1 113:\1eUeHUn YCTaBKu perY.1S1Topa nepBoro arperaTa n CTOPOIlY
YBe.IIIllICIIJlSI lIaCTOTbl Bpan.lefHlfi nOTcpll XO.10CToro xOJ,a nToporo arperaTa MorYT
UblTb nO.1110CTbIO KOMneHcnpoBaubI nepnoii MawulIoii, paOOTalOllleii reHepaTopo l...
B 3TO 1 cJJY'lac perYJIHTOp CKOpOCTII BToporo arperaTa no.rUIOCThIO 3al<poeT BnycK
3J1CprOHocllle..:'JH (Ton.1I1Ba, napa). J1.a.'1bueiiwee nOObIweHUC YCTdBI<l1 npaKTUtJeCKH He
146
147
.
6P = 6'1. - li l PHI"' + 2 S l - SO ,
6 1 + 6 2 6 1 + 6 2
r;xe 6 1 , t>2 - CTaTJl3M CKOpOCTllblX x2paKTepHcTIIK arperaToB Por - MOlllHOCTb CYM-
MapHoll al<THBHOil lIarpY3KH Ha wlluax; SOl' 502 - CKO..fJbil<eIUUI OTHOCJlTe.1bII0 HO nl-
Ha..1bHoii Q£1CTOTbl, onpeAe.fJHe IO" YCTaBKOH perY.'lHTOpa CKOpOCTIf.
l-'13:\lenenne qaCTOTbl na WHJlaX npJl 3arpY3Ke MaWUH MOiKeT C5blTb paCCtJUTaHO
no <POp IY.1e
(2.4.7)
lie OT.!J.aeT B ceTb Jut aKTIIBUYIO. un pe31<TIIBIIYIO IOlllHOCTb. TOK CTaTopa II yrO.1 paBJlbl
HYJJIO. EC.1111 .npn TaKOM IICXO,!lHO t COCTOHHlfH yne.rUltJHTb TOK B030YiKJ1eHIfH Mdllillllbl.
TO ona nepelllleT B reuepaTopHbll1 pe>Klu.t, OT,!12BaH B ceTb peaKTlfBIIYIO MOlllHOCTb.
npu 9TOM nC,,1H t nula TOKa CTaTopa (B OTHOCHTC.1bllbIX e;UIIUIlJ.ax) npu6.1lUKellilO onpe-
:x.eJ1HeTCH c}>opM}'JJoil
I - if - U c
- J
Xd
(2.4.9)
B03HIIKaeT nepaBHOMepnoe pacnpeJ1.eJleH lie) Be.TIUtlUna KOToporo MO>KeT ()blTb pac..
Cq"TaHa no opMy e
-Px.X2 0
p .x 1
p
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tfZI
.
'Lf
f,1.e if - TOK B036Y)f{;J.eHuH; U c - HanpSI}henne ceTU; x I - peaKTIIBHoCTb cTaTopa.
npll YMclILweulI11 101<a B03()Y>K eHJ1H reuepaTop 6Y.!leT nOTpel5.'1RTb 113 CCTIf
peaKTUBUYIO MOll.lHOCTb JJ.lIH B036}m,neHHH tlepe3 CT£1TOp. YMeHbwellue TOKa B036Y)K1.C-
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1\0fO aaMbJl<aHIIH, panHoro Uc/X{I.
EC;III >Ke 3all£1BaTb pa3,,1l1tJllble 311aI.JellHH aKTHDHOll MOlllHOCTU rencpaTopa, OT,J.a-
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u
nOCTOHHCTBC 3a.nalllloro 3H£1lJellJlSl al{TIiBHOH MOlllHOCTU, TO nO.TJytUfM CeMeltCTBO TaK
lIa3bJBae tblX \' -o6pa3HblX xapal<TepUCTItK (pIlC. 2.4.9). Opn STO!\t reOMeTpll'1eCKOe
MeCTO TOlICK neplHUII K3iKJ1,.oii li3 3TIIX }<PUBbIX 6YJ1.eT npe.D.CTaBJIHTb c060ii perYJIupo-
B0411YIO xapaKTe)HICTIU<)' CHIiXpOHIIOii MaWllllbl npn cos <p = 1.
PacnpeiJciZeHtle peaK/1ltl8HOil. fla PY31\llllpU llapaJ2Ae,,'1 bHOll pa60nze aoyx eeHepa Ino-
pOB oiJuHal\080li rlUOll<HOCI11U. napan.TIe.1bll0 pa60T£1IOlu.nc ClltiXpOJ-Il1bIC reHepaTopw OT-
.rr.£1lOT uarpY31<e OJUllIal{OnLle 311aqeHIIH peal<TuBHoIl MOlllHOCTIf, ecJtIl IIX 3 C 0;1.IIH3-
KOBbl. .Be.r:IH eHlle D036Y>K.!1.el-lllSl O.rlHoii 113 MaWlI1I npnBO;I.IIT K vne...1U 1 lenUIO ee ,«0.'111
pea KTHnuou lIarpY3KlI II YMeHbWCH 1110 COOTBeTCTBeHIIO J1.0.1J1I BTOpoii Maw ItHbI. EC.T111
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BTOpOli, TO ncpBaH MaWIIUa 6Y.3.eT He TO..rlbl<O nOKpbIBaTb BeCb peaKTIIBHbIH TOK
uarpY3KH, no II nUTaTb peaKTIIBllbIM TOKO:\ BTopyro MaWIfIlY.
B JlOpMa..TJbHOM pe>KJI le napa.'I..'Ie..1btJoii p£1(5oTbl TOKH B036Y)K!l.eHIUI (nx OTUOCH-
Te.1bHbJe ne.J]1I41I1iLI) reHepaTopOB AO.TliKllbl 6UTb O.!UtHaKOBbIMIi. EC.ijJl Toro paBeHCTBa
HeT. TO peaKTHBlible HarpY3KU pacnpe;I.eJ1 HIOTCH HepaBHOMepHO. Be..1UlIuna llepaDHO-
McpnOCTH npll lepHO paBHa OTIlOCHTe.TIbllOii p23HOCTIf TOKOB n036Y>K!leHHH.
"cToHQIlBOC pacnpe;J.eol1ellJle peaKTHBHoi"t lIarpY3KU npn napa.1JJeJIbJlOII pa60Te
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OJ
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6 1 60>
6 1 +"0 2 Pur.
(2.4.8)
06bltJHO CI{OPOCTHble xapaKTepnCTIiKH CTpOHTCH I HaCTpaUBalOTcSl OTIlOCIITe.'IbHO
MOlllHOCTII CBoero renepaTopa. n03TOMY npn cOBna,.1.eHlIH 3THX xapaKTepUCTJlK aKTIIB.
n
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I.lJ..IIX n£1paJI.rte.TJbHO, 6e3 HarpY3Ku Ha wlluax.
Pne. 2_4.9. V-06pa3l1ble xapaKTc..
u
PHCTUKIt CIfHXpOHJlOli M3WIIHbl.
Hble MOl1J.nOCTII p3cnpe;J.eJIHIOTCH ue TO.TIbKO p8BHo lepllo, HO If nponopnUOHa.TIbHO MOm.-
HOCTHM napa.1.1e..lbHO p£160Ta10l1J. nX Mauanl.
npHMep pac'leTd. I !CXo.Ulble .!laUllblC: narp}'3K3 Ha WIiHax Pur = 1 o.e;
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S(l = 0,0056
W v
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''' P - _ 0,03 - 0,02 I . 2 0.01 - 0,005 0 0
L1 -'- = ,4 (4 %).
0,05 0,005
p =
Pi cPaKT
Pi HO\t
-
n
Pi 4Jal\T
.=J
n '
Pi 110M
i=l
{2.4.10}
I 13 lelIenlle lIaCTOTb1 H2 IIBllla X
f = 0,005.0,02-+ 0,01.0,03 _
0.05
0,02.0,03 0 00 0 0 )
0.05 =, 4( .4'0.
r,..lC 6P - IfcpaBIiOMcpllOCTb pacnpe..1.e.,1cUIiH aKTIIBlIoii narpY3KIf; P l 4>at T- 3HatJe-
IlIle tOW.HOCTIl ;J.aUHoro reHepaTopa B MOMCHT 113:\lepeHIUl; Pi 110\1 - HOMIIHaJlb-
II
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1=1
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UOCTell reHepaTopOB!. n - KOJ111 1 lCCTBO I1apaJJ.TIC.lbIlO pa(5oTalomux rcnepaTopOB;
A.TIS! peaKTItBHOIt HarpY3KII
n
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TaKlt\! oupa30M. pa3110CTb narpY3KII COCTan.TJflCT 40%, a CKO 1b}Kelllle M£1llJIIII
OTlIocnre..lbHO ClIlIXpOHHOii CKOpOCTIf - 0,4°0.
.],..151 Toro lIrOObl npUIlY1.JtTe.'1bIlO BpytIUYIO pacnpe;I.e.TJIITb al(THBIIWe H£1rpY3KH
te)K.:l) napa.'.1e.fJbHO pa60T£1lOUJ.II\11I reHep£1Topa IU It B TO )KC BpC'-IH OCTaBItTb lJaCTOTY
HeU3MeHHOH, Hc06xo.n.UMO yne.TIlIlIHBaTb YCTdBI<y perYol1f1Topa CKOpOCTIt 0;1.I-10ro arpe-
raTa II YMeHb1lJaTb YCT£1BKY JJ.pyroro.
npn paCC IOTpeHIUI BonpOCOB pacnpe;x.CoI1eHIlSI 3KTUBHOit HarpY3KU IIMC.'IOCb
B BUr'!Y. QTO u£1np >KeIlHe na UHIH3X no epiKIiBa.10Cb p£1BHblM HO:\llIlIa.'1bllOMY.
PaCllpeOeJleflUe peaKf11116Hott HazpY31\.tl npll napaA/le.llbHOll pa6ot1ze c cenlblO. Ec.rllf
nepBH'lllblii )1.Bur£1TeJlb cnnxpoliHofi MaWllllbl C03.naeT TO.rIbKO MOIllHOCTb, He06x011t-
MYlO .n.-T1H nOKpblTIUI nOTepb XOJ10CToro xO!1.a, a He3aBilCUMoe B036Y>K!1.CHUe MaWIIHbJ
TaJ{OBO, liTO C03,t1.aeT a:I.C CTaTopa, paBHYIO HOMlInanbHO IY nanpHiKeHlIlO J TO arperaT
n
Qi 110.\1
j =-1
,
(2.4.11)
149
148
ol.
rJIC Q _ n(>paBJ-IOM PIlOCTb pacnp ,!1e.'lelnUI pea1\TIlBHOH narpY31{U; Qi cJ>8KT - 3Ha-
tJenne MOllUIOCTJI '1aJllloro reuepaTopa B MO:\feIiT n3 lepeHUSJ; Qi II(J\I - 1I0 llflla.r1bH SI
pcaKTUD'H:UI IOlliUOCTb.
flplllfCP pacc( tna. OnpeJlc..1'!.Tb HepaBHOMepnOCTb pacnpe,!I.e..leHIfH aKTIIBHoii
uarpY3KH ,ll.1H oueHKH .n.onYCTIfMOU Be..lutJlHlbl no HOP UL\f PernCTpa.
IIcxo!lHble .n.aUtible: HOMIfHa.!Jbllbfe MOllUIOCTII reliepaTopOB P U10M = 100 KBT, -
P2UOM = 200 KBT; <paKTJltleCKHe lIarpY3KII B ..'UUIIII.JIi"1 MO:-'ICUT: Pl aln = 70 KBT.
P2<!:J3KT = 170 KBT; Pi 110\1 = 300 KBT J ,£P ( d'ilKT = 240 liBT;
KOTOpb1e - He;J.orpY>KeJnlblMH. OJlHaKO CHHXpOtlUaH pa60Ta MaWHII MO>KeT 3.:\eCb
COXpc1IHITbC r eC.TIII He cpa60TalOT aUTOM8Tbl 3aLl.UtTbI. 3TO oco6eHilO xapaKTepno J],JISI
lI.1I3C.'1h-reUepaTopllbIX S.TJeKTpOcTaHllui"1. nOCI{O.TJbKY no npaBU,,'laM PerliCTpa CCCP
MexanlltIeCKUC ynopbl YC.fanaB.TJHBaIOTCSI lIa peiiKe lUl3C.rJeii C OTMCTKOis IIOO lIa-
rp 3KII, arpcraT lie MomeT nguHSlTb (30.TJbWYIO aKTUBU)"1O narpY3KY. HapYU1Clllle CTa-
TlIfleChoii YCTOlttlHBOCTII It «pa3Ba..1» nap3.TI.1C.TJbHOJl pat50TbI np01t30H..1.eT 3:J.eCb B TO f
C.1YQae, eC.TJII O'UIH II TOT me arperaT npJi leT ua ce6H OO.rlbWYIO 8KTUBIIYfO narpY3KY
II CIBf leT peaKTIIBHYIO.
p =
70
100
240
JOO = 0,7 - 0,8 = -0,1 (10 )o).
v
PACnPED.EnEHJIIE AKT BHOH HArpY3KH
nocnE CJ.1HXPOHI-13AU.
llepeeoa HGcPY3Kll. B OfllJ,e 1 c.T1Y l lae napa,,1.1c.'bIi0 pa6oTatOuUIC renepaTopbl
OT.J,ClIOT 8KTI1BUYIO II peaKTJIBflYIO :\JOIllHOCTIl l-Iarp)"3Ke 113 Ulunax. nepepacnpe1enUTb
::iTU nOTOKH MOIUUOCTII MO)hHO. B03.!lciicTBYH na YCTaBKII pery..'IHTOpOB CKOpOCTII n
n036Y>KJ,cIUUI renepaToplibIX arperaTOB. 1-(anpJl tep, nOBbl1uafi ) CT8BKY no QaCTOTe
npalueJlIISI .!I.BurdT£'..TJn r.epEoro arperaTa It )'MenbliJafr YCTaBI,y BToporo, MOiKHO BCIO
3KTHBUYI0 :\ .Om.HOCTbr HcoCi O.:1l1 IYIO narp:'3Ke, OWlIpaTb OT nepBoii MalUHlIbl. B npe.
(,.1e nepBbIH arperaT tSy,aCT lie TOJ1bKO OT,J.8BaTb BCIO aKTIIBIfYIO :\tOlUIIOCTb HdrpY31{e,
HO II nOKpblnaTb nOTepn XO.'IOCTOrO xO;J.a BToporo arperaTa.
.. T al<oe }J(e llepepacnpC..'te.nCllne peaKTIIBHoii narpY3KII MOiKHO npOJt3BeCTU J B03-
JlCUCTBYH tla YCT3Bhll perY.1HTopOB B036YiK;l('IHUI. B npe;l.eJIe 10>KHO, Hanplf tep r
)"Be.TJUIIUnaH )TTCtBhY BToporo arperaTa, nepeneCTI1 BCIO peaKTHBHYIO HarpY3K)' na
BTOpYIO M3U1I1I1Y.
npn Bb1K.110tleHlllf arpeTdTa U3 napa..,..'1e.1blloii pa60TbI .rlY t lllle He nepenO,.1HTb C Hero
3KTHUIIYIO lIarpy JKY. a cpa3Y lKe BblJ(,,'110 t laTb renepa ropllLIil aBTO laT. I IHaile YC.l0BIIH
OTI{.110IJeHIfH YXYJ1WaTCH. nOCKO.1bKj' npn o;untaKoDblX HanpH)KCHHSlX B036v>K;I.eHIHI
h .
CIHITJle aliTIIBHOJl Harp}'3KlI npUBe.!J.CT 1{ CHltiKelflllO COS (I OTK..110QaCMOrO renepaTopa
)to UY.TJH, a TOK CT3Topa npn 3TO f npaKTII1leCKli OCTalleTCH neJf3:\ICIIIILI:\I. 113necT1l0,
liTO OTK..'IIO'ICHnc TOKa npn J1n3KO 1 cos rp npOIlCXOJI.IIT C Go..'1ee MOUUloii J1yrol1, qe 1 npn
BhlCOKOM.
noe.TIe CliHxpoHu3aluiu rellcpaTopnblx arperaToB B YCTanoBIIBllIeMcH
rC>KII le aKTISBHc:UI H rpY3Ka pacnpC..1c.TJSleTCH leiK..1Y HU UI B 3dBUCHl\IOCrll He TOJlbKO
01 CTaTIf3 la CKOpOCTllhlX xapaKTcpnCTIfK nap2.TI.TIe.1bIl0 BK..1IOQeHHbIX M2111UH J no H OT
ua t l8.r1bHhlX YC.10Bllii I.IX paOOTbl nepe.n. CIIHxpOll1i3aUlicii. or naQa..TJbllOH pa3nOCTil
Q(iCTOT II 3 rpY3KII. Pacc .rOTp)(M JlCCKO.1LJ<0 liOIlKpeTl-lblX c.rxYlJaeB.
1. EC.1U 1ua arperaTa u tetO,. Q;J.IIHal\oBbJii CTaTU3M CKOpOCTHbJX Xapal{TepHCTIiK,
06a pauoTcuoT nepe:J. CIIUxpoHII3aIuseii Itd xo 10CTO\1 XO,1.Y II Ha1Jd.'JbHoe CKo..lb>KeUUe
IIX panHo I-IY",110, TO nOC.1C CIIIIxpOIIU3aUlfll OIBI GY;J.YT npO!l0 1>KaTb pa60TaTb CIIH-
XpOHHO (II ()e3 narpY3hU) C Toii }I{e qaCTOTOIi, liTO II o BK..'IlOtleHIISI na napa..'I.rze.nbUYIO
P(!60TY.
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a)
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2
n
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2
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100 R 0 100 p.
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KonE6AHHfI MOLUHOCT nPH nAPAnnEnbHOH PA68TE
rEHEP A TOPHbJX ArPEr A T08
n p 1I1Iuua :\111 KO.TICOau uii :\'OllUIOCTSI na pa.'.1('w'lbIf0 pa6oTatOu HX M3-
unrn tOrYT 6bJTb:
I) ncpllo.t1IPICCKoe 113MCllelHiC BpauldloIucro MO:\leliTa nepnntJI-Ioro JlB1IraTe.1H
O;l.lIoro UJUI Bcex napa.TJ..1e:lbHo P3(50TcH011lHX arpcraToB. TaKoe HJ lellelilie tO I(HTd
npoHcxo;UIT Jl3-3a HcpanHoMCpHOCTJI BpaU CHH ..'I.1I3€.'ILHbl x .;t.BJI raTe.'1eii. OHO npIIB0111T
J\ nepIl0..1H4eCKo IY nepepacnpC,'1c.'1CllIlJO aKTlfDlloii lIarpY31{1I. O,.1HaKO Tal\oro pO,1 a
1<0 le6aJl tiSl tOI.1.lHOCTIt 06LIlHfO neEC.TIJilUI II COCT8B.1 SIIOT ;I.O.flll n pouellTa (n Kpaii He 1
C. 1Y4 c: e - C;U1HHUbl npollcIITOB). DO.'IeC CYUlCCTBCHHYIO pO.lb HrpaeT R8.'1eJlne KO..1e-
6dllJlII K .rIlIIJCCTBa nnpblcK8 Ton.1nn , nponcxo:UtlUee B pe3Y.'JbTaTe npollecCOB B cpop-
cYUOIJUOII CIfCTC %C ,1U3f.1H. no 3TOII npU'-IIiHe 1\0..lc6aIlIlSI fOlUHOCTII IIIIOr..13 AOCTII-
ralOT 30°0 HO BIHa.lbHoji II ()o.lfe;
2) anToKo.Tle6aHIIJl n CJlCTe te pery..'JllpoB3I1HH '-IaCTOTbl nparn.eHIIS1. 3TH KO..'1e6a..
HltH CBH3c.Hlbl C Ha.TJIIIHle 1 ..110( TOB B MeXaHll'leCJ<.IIX CBH3S1X perY.TJ TOpOn CI<OpOCTU
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K03(I) HIlneHTa.. YCII.leIIJUI II rUCTepe31iCO t Koppel<.Top,1, II orpalllfllellbi r.13BlIbl\1 06..
pa30 1 JIe..'1}IHeUIIOcTS1 nl I<oppel{ropa HanpH>KeHIISI. aHn lorYT ;t.OCTuraTb 50°0 1:0-
MIIHa.TIbHOIi II 60..1ee.
KpOMC Toro, npn DK.rlJOtlefBIII Ha napa.1.'IC.'1LU)'1O paco1Y arpcraTon C pery..1 To-
pa"lIl, lI te ?u.r.H:\rll aCT3TH l ieCKHe no BHJ1Y BHeUHUtC xapaKTelHfCTIiKII, fC3 ypaBHIITe.'Ih-
IlblX CBH3eu tO)KeT npoH30liTU nOTepSl YCToiltIUBOCTIf. B pe3y..'JbTaTe anepliO,1UlJeCKOrO
ncpcrcKdHIHI MOlllHOCTJI JleKOTOpble arpcrdTbl OKa3blB81orcSi neperpY>I<cHHbIMJ-I) a He-
150
o
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IIUH reHepaTopllblX clrperaTuB Hd napa.'I..1e 'bIlYIO pa60TY npn
pa3Hbix natJa..1hflblX YC..10BJUIX.
2. Ec.,n;to CHHxpoHH3auHII nepBbtii arperaT (xapaKTepncTIIKa 1) pa()oTa.., c nO.1-
Hoii aKTnU1foil HarpY3Koii. a BTOpoil (xap KTepIlCTItKa 2) nO.!J.l<'110lJU.rtCSI I{ ne!\fY na
XO.TIOCTOM xO..1.y C Hy.']eBbIM CKO.rJb>h.eUlfeM (pltc. 2.4.10, a), TO B YCTaFIOBUBllle!\ICH pe-
>KIIMe aKTIfBuafl HarpY3Ka BToporo arpcraT3 UY;J.eT paBHa IIY.11O, a nepBoro OCTaHeTCH
paBHoii 1 OO o .
3. EC,,'l1l B npe.J,bI.JYlllc:\1 c.rzyqae tldCTOT3 apalllclulH BToporo arperaTa npe.BbIW3CT
lJaCToTY Bpam.eHltfl ncpBoro H3 ue. IIIIIIHY CTaTI(3 la ero CKOpO THOi1 Xapal{TepUCTHlill,
TO noc.fle CiflixpOHH3alUIII aKTnnHaSl uarpY3Ka pa3;J.e..1I1TCH ' JK;J.y arperaTaMH nOpOBJlY J
a QaCTOT3 (nplt paBfloii tOIUIIOCTIt arperaTOB) n03paCTeT Ha Be.TIHtfnHY. qnCJlCUHO PclB"
II) 10 nO.10Blllle CTaT}f3M8 CI{OPOCTHbIX xapaKTepnCTHK (pIlC. 2.4.10. 6).
4. EC.1H :I.Ba arperaTa. pa(ioTalolllue B O..10CTYIO, CIIHXrOll1f3I1pOBaJIliCb npn
Jlal{aJ1LHO 1 CKO.1b>hCHHII. (}oI1J13KO t K cTaTII3 IY CKOpOCTHb1X xapaKTepUCTHK. TO arpe-
u v u
raT I IIMefUUIUI .ao Dl{.110 l lelilfst MellbIUYIO 4aCTOTY. nepeHJ.er n T}.BlfraTe.'lbHbn1 pe>KIIM.
l.JacToTa 118 WJIHaX 6y..'tCT COOTneTCTBOBaTb TOtiKe nepecetleHIIH CKOpOCTHbiX xapaK-
'IepUCTIII{.
J51
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CJUI\pOHH3al.UHI paCCtJUTblBalOTCH no <l>op 1y..TJaM
K8J{ II npn 06blIJHbtX CTaTIPleCI(IIX perY.1HTopax. lI3 'eHIiTb pacnpeJ1c.lenne HarpY3
Kif B paCC:-'tdTpJlnae tO ' C.1Y i lae \!O>KHO. Kal<. II B 06bl\lUbiX CHCTeMax, 1I3MeHeHHCM
YCTaBKU perY.1RTopa no OTK.l0HeHIIIO C nO tom.blO cepBO,,\BnraTe.1H.
P _ sol -502
1--
6 1 + 2
+ B2 P
HO U
6 1 + 6a
(2.4.12)
v
PACnPE,QEnEHI--iE AHTvtBHOI1 HArpY3KH
...
nPH nAPAnnEnbHOH PA60TE ArPEr ATOB
CO CT A TI--i4ECKY1MH PE ry nf1TOP AMH
ArPEr A TOB
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.
P _ 502 -Sot
2-
6 1 +
+ 1 l'
{) 1 -r- 2 1I0 "
(2.4.13)
s = B 2 s Ol + 6 1 5 02 _
6 1 + 2
cSl 2
6 1 + 6 2
P nOM '
(2.4.14)
npn nO,J.K..lI0 1 Ielunt arperaT3 co CTaTHtteCKHM pery.rUITopO 1 CKOpOCTlI
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v
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C KOM6HHHPOBAHHblMI--i PEry n TOP AMVI
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aJ
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.TJe.lbHoii pa60Te arperaToB C pa3Hb1 fH THnaMII perYJIHTOpOB CKOpOCTU.
J - CKOPOCTIUt SI xapaKTepnCTUK3 arperaT3 C I(OM61fIlUpOBaUI1b1 ' perYJ1SJTop0:,l;
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Horo 3rperaTa. 4aCTOTa Ha wnHax lie MeHSIeT'cR (2.4.12, a).
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qaCTOTOIl, TO OH npHHHMaeT aKTIIBH}"lO lIarpY3KY B COOTBeTCTBIUI co CTaTIi3MO!\.! CBcero
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0
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He ol)ecnelJHBaeT ero paBHO lepHOCTlI. Be.'1HtJIfHa HepalJHO tepllOCTn pacnpe;te.neIUI5I
3aBJlCliT OT H3I.JaJlbHOrO CKO.lbjKeHIUI MaWJlH II OT CTaTH3Mon perYJIHTOpOB CKOpOCTU.
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152
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..
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TOpOB, TO B nepeX0J1HO 1 pe>KHMe no..'10>KeHUe UHoe. B T81{UX pe>KJI .'ax, Kal\: BK.11O'le-
Hue n BbIK.'JIO'leHue HarpY3KU, I{OpOTKOe 3a tbIKaUlle, CHIIXPOHII 3a UIUI) 3HatJUTe.'JbIlYIO
pO..TJb lIatlllllalOT nrpaTb q>al{TOpbl. 06YC.'IOBJleHHble ueB03'-10>KHOCTblO MrHOBeHHoro 113-
..
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3.T}eKTpO larHIITHO" 9HeprUif 06 IOTOK CIUIXPOIIHblX MaWIUI.
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..
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153
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A
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(jHeHIUI. ..
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aBTo raT8 cTaou.fJbHO, a KpU03S1 olleHuii cnnycoH..1a.fJbHa.
CllHXpOHI13al4lHI tlepC3 peaKfTIOp. Cnoc06 CJlHXpOHJf3aLtilif Qepe3 peal{TOp COCTOII r
D TOM, tJTO CnfHaJI lIa BK.'IIOtICHUe reHepaTOpo nOJ1.aeTCSJ BHal'alle lid KOIITaKTOp. I{O-
TOpb11l aaMbll{aeT Ilenb peal{TOpa, WYHTIfPY"
lOUJ.cro reHepaTopHbtii aBTOMaT. TaKJlM o()-
pa30M. CllflxpOHlf3aLlIIH npOHCXO,J,HT CHa-
Ila,,'HI tJCpC3 peaKTOp, orpanlltlliBalOUJ.uii TOI{
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QCpe3 anTOM:tT. npu 310 t aBTOMaT BI{..1IO"
tJaCTcn C Bbl!lCp>KKOil Bpe"ICIII1 npll lcpHO
OT 2 .n.o 6 c. O..1.Ho.1uHeHHaH cxeMa CltIlXPO"
IIH3alUIII tJepe3 peaKTOp nplluc!).cna Ha
pnc. 2.4.21. a.
TOil BaH cn HxpoIIH3aUliH tJepe3 KOHTaK-
TOp (pue. 2.4.21, 6) 3aKJlIO l laCTCH B CJ1C,lYIO-
I\puBble lIanpH>KeHHSJ UJ.C:\I. T OIHII31Ji Cif H x pOll1l3aTop C nccro I1r..
Ifb :1 yr.Tfo,"f .nepe>KelnfH BK..llOlJaeT 6bICTpO-
n.clfcTnYlouullI KOIIT81"TOp. Coc;UflleuHblii
nap<&.rI.le:lbIlO C a8TO laTo r. a 6JIOK-KOHTaJ(Tbl
l\oHTaKTopa nO;IaIOT CnrHaJI n3 anTO f8T. npll flf.\o6xo..111\!OCTH nOC,1e;1.0B3Te..'IbHO C KOH-
'faKTOpO 1 IOji{eT 6blTb n!,,,'IIOljCU pe3J{Top C ncoo..rJbWHM conpoTIIB. clllle\l.
npJl cnoc06e rpy60n CJ.lHXpOHH3aLllfH HUK3Koro liOIlTpO.1H yr.,1a lie npC;tycMaTpu:"
B3eTCSI.. BK.'lotJclllfe nponcxo,!J.HT npll .TJrooo 1 yr"H .
Cnoc06 Cd loclHrxponlf3aunlf orYIllCcTB.TJSleTCfl BK.'IIOlJennC .1 reHcpaTopa B ceTb
()e3 B036Y*.J,eJlIIH. HanpHiKcHIIC D O(hIOTK B03()Y>K,".{euIIH nO;laeTCSI O 'lHOBpC ICIIIIO
c BK. IOtJ(\HJfCM aBTO:\laTa IIJIII C 1-IC6o.1bWH:\1 on03.3.aHlfeM. ECTCCTBCHHO, qTO npn 3TO 1
cI1oc06e TOli BKJIIOqeUJUI MO>KeT AOCTliraTb 60JIbWIIX 3U3tJC'HIUJ.
PUC. 2.4.21. O,'lHO.TJlIlleiiuaH cxeMa rpy60ii CIHIXpOIJn3allHIf LJepC3
peaKTop (a) H TOlllIOii CHHxpouII3aLlHII ttCpe3 KOIITal\TOp (6).
r - rCllcpaTOp; A - aDTOMaT; 1< - kOIfTdKTOp; P - peaKTop; C - CJlHXp
HU38TOp.
.
81!..eMp. onef!.txeHlIR
.
OCHOBH['I I aKTopOM, DbI3bIBalOlU.JfM nepexo..'Ufble npcueCCbl npn CItIfXpOUIf3a..
UIIH. SlB..1HeTCH OTJ1utJHe B D(\71I1 I HllldX I\IIUeTUtteCKItX 311epruii ClfHXPOHII3upyeMbTx
renepaTOpuwx arperaTOB ncpe..1 IIX BK.nlotJeHItC 1 II nOC..1e YCTaHOB..'IeUltSl npOLlccca.
II36bITOK KUIICTutJeCI(oil 3l1cpn.IH 1I1)1180.3.IIT K TOMY I tITO pOTOpb1 arperaTOB If noc..'Ie
BKJllotJellllH Ha napaei1JIe.TJbli)"1O pa60TY, nYCTb .n.a}Ke I1PH lIy.,1enOM yrnc, npOllOJIinalOT
OTHOCUTC'.TJbIlOe J1.nU>KCllue D TY )f{e CTOPOIlY. B031111KaeT BeKTopllaSl pa3HOCTb 3!lC,
KoropaSl npHK 'Ia..'J.bIBaeTCSI 1< lIenu. BI<..'110lJaIOlileH B ce()SI nepexo lIwe peaKTJlBHOCTH
CHHXPOHllblX MaWHH U conpOTHBJ1eHUe J1IfHltlt C8SJ311. no;'! l1.ciiCT811C'M pa3110CTH B03-
IIHKalOT TOI< U CBH3alfHbie C nil\! 3..1CKTpOMarn1lTlible MOMeHTbt, TOpM03HUJ.He arperaTbl.
CKOpOCTb napaCTaJHUf yr.l'Ja {) no;t lleiicT8HeM TOpM03Horo MOMenTa YMCllbwaeTCH.
CoOTBeTCTBCHJlO Ha l fHII810T npu6. r UI>KaTbCH .n.pyr K .:!pyry 3HatJCIUUJ tJaCTOT nO;:J.KJIIO-
qaeMulX MaWHII. Kor.n.a tJaCT01.bI BpaU.lCIHISI ypaBIiSlIOTCH. pOCT yrJ1a 6 npCKpaTHTCSI.
O 1Hal{0 OCbllJHO no UIICPUUII nOCJ1e ypaBuuBdHItH IldCTOT npOIlCXO 1ItT Jf3MeHeHite 3uaKa
C'K0J1IJ>KeIlIU1 MaUHIH, ()..'1arO!l3pSI qCMY yro.YJ () CHOBa Haql{HaCT YMCllbwaTbCH. nOCJJe
HeCKOJIbKUX KOJ1E'(\aHUH npouecc YCTanaBJIHB3eTCSI. npH JlOCTaTOIJnO 6oJIbWO" pa3-
HOCTn lJ3CTOT H leJ.JJeHHOM YMeUbweHHlf ee yrOJI l) MO)l(CT DbiUTH 3a npelleJ1bHoe 311a.
... .
qeHHe, onpe.a.CJ1S1e IOC .D.IIHa:\UtlJeCI<OU YCTOlltJUBOCTblO.
Oco(jeHHO 6btCl po paCTCT yrOJ1 6 npH CHHxpOHH3aUJlH rellepaTopOB qaCTOTOH
400 rUe IIHTellcHBHoClb pOCTa yrJIa npH TOM >Ke nJIow.a;tH. 3aK..TIIOlJeUHOH Me>KJ.Y
KpJlBblMU 113MeueHHH qaCTOTbl, n 8 pa3 6oJ1bwe, tJeM npll ttaCTOTe 50 rLt. BKJ1IOIlCHHe
peaKTopa Me>K!lY rellepaTOpaMI1 T3K>Ke YOCJ1l1lJl-fBaeT CKOpOCTb HapaCTaHIUI yrJIa. 3To
CBSl3tUI0 C YMCHbwclHleM TOI\OB pei1KTOpOB U COOTBeTCl BeHHO MellbwcM HHTCHCHB-
J-IOCTbIO TOp IO)KCHIISJ 336eralOUJ.eii Bnepc.n. MaWllllbl.
Ha puc. 2.4.22 nOKa33Ha 06..'IaCTb YCToiitJlfBOH ClfHxpOHII3al.UUI, OrpaHUtIeHHaH
OCHMII KOOp,aHU3T If I\puBOJi. npn Bcex COtIeTaHHHX HaQ3JIbHbJX CKOJ1b>KeHIfH S H
dU6
U6 + a -
dUll
dot
PUC. 2.4.20.
6ueHuii.
160
6 3aK. 36
161
.
s
..
COnpOTlln..'Iellllll pcaKTopa X p B 3TOii ofi.fJaCTIf CllnxpOHII3alUU1 YCTOIt Jln3, T. e. Ma...
UIIfHbI nOCJJC ncpexo.n.Horo npou cca pa60TalOT C}fHXPOHHO. Bne 3TOU 06..'I3CTII Cliff-
XpOHJl3aUJUI HCB03MOiKHa npH J110()OH JI...l'fnTe..TJbHOCTIl nepeXOllHoro npollccca.
. ..
CHIIXPOIHI3,UUISI \to>KeT 6b1Tb HeYCTOH BBO!.1: .,
I) npH npeBbIlllCIUli1 npe;lc..l'fbHO .'lonYCTUMOU no YC.r10nUSI!\' YCTOULJHBOCTIi OTHocn:
Tf'..'IbHOii BC.,1ULJIIHbl pa3HOCTU K}fHCTH CCKIIX 31-1eprnIJ arperaTa ,TJ.O H nOClle CHH"'PO
tlH3a1UfU; . ..
2) npu npeBblllJenli1i npelle.TJbHOii \IOIlUIOCTIt, ncpe.rlaBae 1011 MaUJHUOJ.l B ccrb
IIcpe3 conpoTnn.lcHue cnS13H.
CYlllHOCTb nepBoro KpliTepuSl SlCHa U3 npe;J.b1.zIYluero o6'LSlcHelllul 4>11311KU npo..
l1CCca cunxpoflll331Ufll. PaCqeT npe,.1,e.1bllo 1l0nycTII\10rO Uaqa.'I.?Horo CKO..'1biKeHIIH
Mal1JHH ncpe.a CIIHXpolll13auHcH npoH3Bo.n. UTCSI no
cJle...r1.YlOulH \1 £PoPMY JIaM: ..
npH CIIIIXpoIHi3aluuI C ceTblO 6ecKOlle Holl
MOLlUIOCTIl
npH ClfHxpoHII3aUluf Jl8YX MaUUU.,
I
502 = Jf 3,14.3.50 = 0,046 0.. e. (4 6%).
PaCqCT no 8TOPO\1Y KpHTCpUIO:
npH CHHxpoHII3alUlii C ceTblO
1
.
501 = /" - )
I 2:rlTJx p
(2.4.IG)
1
SOt = 50 = 0,02 o. e. (2 0 u );
npll CHHxpoHH3aunu llnyx OlUtHaKOBblX MaWIIH
2
5 02 = 50 = 0,04 o. e. (4°0).
PaCqeT TOKa cTaTopa, TOKa B036}'m;t.eHIISI, TOKOB .'lCMn$epnblx 06"IOTOK. HanpH"
:H<eHIfSi II MOMeHTa CIfHXPOHHOII MaWI1HbI, pa6oTal0lucH BXOJIOCTYIO npn BKJIIOqCHlI1I Ha
napaJJJIeJlbuylO pa60TY c ceTblO. npOll3BO!l,IITCSI C nOMOlllblO CJle;:lYI0111Hx Bb1pa>Ke-
HH" [27J:
.
npn CII HXpoIHI3auHH HBY x O'lUHaKOBbIX arpc...
faTau
o
xp
I
so'> =: ,
.. V nfT JXp
(2.4. 17)
1 = 11 (I - U c co: ,,)2 _I-
(xP+xd)--
l-g
1/=1 + 2 fldXd1d;
1 - gtg2
lr :l 2.
1 AeM = V I D + I Q'
I - U c cos 6 0 .
I d = ,. ,
x p + x d
(U c sin l5or .
( " ) 2 7
X p -I- X q
(2.4.20)
flle - Hatla..fJbllOe CKOJIh>K('Hue, O. e.; f - lJa...
CTOTa rellcpaTopa, I'll; T J - nOCTOSIHuaSi ItlteplUUI
IIe p C3 \,' awn
arperaTH, c; Xp - con p TIIBJIefille .. MC>Kll J M ...
Hoii If ceTblO (UJIn BrOpOJI M81UJlHOII), B3S1Toe OT-
HOCIITCJIbHO 6a30BbIX B(\JUlttUn reHepaTopa.
CY111 HO C"Tb BToporo KpUTerUSl COCTonT 8 TOM, qTO (\pe3 conpOTli8JIeHJle CBSl31i
ue.TJh3S1 nepe.n.aTb MOUlIIOCTb cnepx onpc.nCJ1ellHoro npe.!lc..1blloro lICtqeHUSl. npll nepe...
.na (' MOlIlHOCTIl no conpOTIIB..'1eHUIO CBSl311 TCtJeT TOR. C03118 111Inl Ha HeM nan.eHue Ita..
npSl>KCIIIH1. C.ne!lOBaTCJJbHO, MC>K1I.Y nCI{TOpc1MlI U8npSliKeHilil CIIHXPOIIJl3ltPYCMbiX Ma.
[UUII 06pa3yeTcSI yrOJI, KOTOpblii .n.o6aBJ1S1CTCn K yr..'lY f 12' 1{(lK 6bl IICKYCCTBeHHO CHU'"
)Kast nOTOJIOK cro npC'1eJlbllOrO 3HC3ltCIlUSI.
PaC1fCT npC)J.C.TJbIlOrO CI<O..'lL>KeHIISI no BTOPOMY KpnTcpHIO npOH3BOJ1. HTCff no CJJe...
.nYIOl1J.IIM £PoPMY.,IUIM:
npJt CIIHxpOIIH3alUIH C CCTblO 6CCKOJleqnoil MOlUIIOCT}I
1
.
501 = ,
xpk{)
(2.4.21)
PIIC. 2.4.22. 06JI8CTb YCToii-
"
Qll8011 CIIIIXpOHH3dLUlIf
peal<Top.
(2.4.22)
(2.4.23)
npH CUlixpOliH3aUJlIf llnyx OllUliaKOBblX arperaToD
2
SO'> = k '
Of X p 6
r.ne kfJ - I{03C}xPUUJlCIIT }tC}f 1CHnSi CIfCTe\1bl perY.r1Itr08al-ln. CKopocTn arpCra"f3.
QUCJICHIIO paDIiLlii o6paTHoii DC..'1I1 I I1II1C CTlITH3Ma CKOp0CTIIOli xapaKTcpHcTnKIi. f-Ia...
npH tep, npu uaK,,10He xapaKTepnCTHh.J.I, COCT:tUJJSlI0111C 1 2( &,
1
kfJ = 0 02 = 50.
.
(2.4.19)
J Uc - R
q == sin ua;
x p + x q
.
, I - gt
J D = Jl'd I xd1d;
- g.g2
I Q = -flqxql q:
Uq=I/-Xd1d+ID;
n
U d = xqI Q ;
U = V U: + U ; 6U = I - U;
M.9 = U q / q + Ud1d,
(2.4.24)
..
(2.4.18)
(2.4..25)
(2.4.26)
(2.4.27)
(2.4.28)
npllr.,ep paCt.leTa. OnpeJ}.CJIHTb npeJ1C.ilbllble CKOJlb){{CIIJU1 npll CltHXPOHlf33UIUI
l!epe3 peaKTop.
l-'lcxolll1hIe .n.C3HHble: T J = 3 C; t = 50 ru; xp = 1 o. e.; ko = 50.
PactJeT no nepBo IY KpHTepulo:
npH CIlllxpoll1l3aIlun c cerblO
I
rlle I d. I q - COCT3BJIHIOlllne TOKa CTaTopa no npo.nOJIbllOfi " nonepellHoH OCRM.
I DJ lQ - COCTaBJIHI011111e TOKa lleMn$epHoii 06MOTKH: 1 f- TOK B036Y>K.D.eIUIH; Ud:
U q - COCT3BJ1S110111He HanpsnKeHIISI Ha 3IDKlfMax cTaTopa; /). U - npoBan HanpH>Ke-
IHISI; M3 - 3JIel{TpO\farHIITHblii MOMeHT; x d ' Xq' x dt x; - CItHXpOHHble H nepeXO;:lHble
peaKTHBHOCTH MaWllllbl; xp - conpOTIIBJ1elllle peaKTopa.
K03c}xpllu,lfeHTbI CBSl31i 06MOTOK MaWIfH, BXO;:lHlllHe B paclleTHbIe cpopMynbZ:
X d ' d
fld = ; fAd = ;
XjXd xDx d
502 =
1
V 2.3,14.3.50
= 0.033 o. e. (3J30o);
Xad .
g 1 -
- xl J
xad .
ga = .
x D
f.Lq= 1 -
"
x q
.
Xq
(2.4.29)
J62
G .
'U
]63
I
N
X d - Xs
X D =Xad+X Ds ;
X Q = X aq + X Qs ;
X -x - X . X d ' = 1 - IJ d X d ;
aq - Q S' r
Xfs
Xad
(2.4.30)
EC.'I1t CIfHXpOJUf3Hp}'IOTCSI JIBe OjUfUaKOBblC RCSlBHono..'110CHbIe ManHfHhI. TO MomMO
npHHHTb, qTO Xdl = X;I = Xd2 = X 2= x". B T3KOM ulYlJac <PoPMYJ1h! ynpolllalOTCH:
. 1 - COS .so . sin «5 0
tdi = X p + 2x l1 ; lqi = X p + 2x'! · (2.4.34)
npHr.lep paC'fera. Onpc;tc.'1HTb TOKH B nepBblii MO leUT BKJIJOlJeUJlH lIa napaJJJleJJb-
JlYIO p aooTY.
(/Icxo.!1Hble nallJJbIe: rellepaTOp TJlna h1CC275-500. napaMerpbl no TeXIIHIJeCKJlM
)TCJ10BHHM: Xs = 0, ]2; x d = 1,3; x Q = 0,83; x = 0,25; x = 0,18; x; = 0,15.
,[{ono..'IHIITe..1bHbIC napaMeTpbl paCCIJJlTbiBaeM no pMYJ]aM (2.4.30)1
Xad = 1,3 - 0.12 = 1,18; xfs = 0,15;
\x i = ] ,33; x Ds = 0, 108; x D = 1,3; I
XUq =. 0.71; x Qs = 0,03; x Q = 0.74:
gl = 0,89; g2 = 0,92; f1d = 0,81 ;
}I.nH paCIJCTa npOMe)f{YT01JHbIX BeJ1l1lJlln - C06Cl BCJlllbPC n B3aUMHblX IIH.nYKTun Oll
..
IJOCTeH - IIcno 'Ib3VCM C(JOTtlOllleIHI
.
Xud = Xd - Xs;
xi = Xad + xis;
x d - .\:s
xIs = x' d -x
1- s
xad
\
.
,
1
1
1
.
.
x =
Ds
1
,
-
1
I
I
.
tq = 0.82;
J.Ld = 0,84.
X Qs =
-
X;- Xs x uq
ConpOTIIBJIeUHe peal{TOpa COCTaBoI'ISleT x p = 0,3 o. e.
Yro..l BKJ110QeUIUI npHHn f3eM 6 0 = 30 0 .
PaclfeT TOKOS npH BI\JIlOlfeHIIH renepaTopa lIa napaJJ.r1( JlbHYIO pa60TY c ceTblO:
PaClfeT TOROB It HanpSliKellnii npH CHIJXpOHH3aUIUI .n,BYX renepaTopOB C XOJlO-
CTOrO xo.n.a OCYlll,eCTBJUleTCSI no CJleJlYIOw.UM <PoPMynaM [1, 27]:
(I - cos 6) (xp + X;1 + X;2) cos l} - (xp + X;t + 2) sin 2 6 .
(xp + X l + X 2)(Xp + X;I + X ) CDS:.! IS + ,(2.4.31)
+ (xp + X;l + X 2) (xp + x l + X;2) sin 2li
(1 - cos 6) (xp + X l + X;l) sin () + (xp + x' t + X 2) sin t) cos l> .
lqi= (xp + X l + X 2) (xp + X;l + x ) cos 2 IS + J
+ (Xp + X;l + X 2) (xp + X I + x ) sin 2 6
i ll2 = i ql COS i) + idt sin 6;
id2 = idl COS {) - iQ1 sin 6;
"
U q1 = 1. - xd1i d1 ;
" .
U q2 = 1 - x d 2'd2:
"
U dl = X q l i ql;
" .
U d2 = x q 2'Q2;
AUt = I-VI;
8U 1 = 1 - U 2 ,
J\llsi = U qllqI + U dl'dl;
J32 = l!q2 i q2 + Ud2 ' d2'
(2.4.32)
/ _ 1 f (I -] .0,87) 2 (I . 0,5)2
- Y (0,3+0,18)2 + (0,3+0,15)2 = 1,14 o. e.;
J I 1-0,92 2"
f = + 1 _ 0,92. 0,89 = 1, I a;
(I - 0,89) 1.3
I D = 0.84 1 _ 0,89.0,92 0,27 = 0, 18;
IQ = -0,82-0,83.1,11 = -O 75.
. -
Id) - -
PaCqeT HanpSI>KeHIUI renepaTopa H ero MO leHT3:
U q = 1,125 -1,3.0,27 + 0,18 = 0,95:
Ud= 0,15.1,11 = 0,166;
U =0,96; u = 1 - U =0,04 (4%);
A13 = 0,95. ].1 I + 0,166.0,27 = 1,09.
(2.4.33)
.
2.4.2. nAPAJ1nEnbHAfl PA60TA rEHEPATOPOB
nOCTOflHHorO TOKA
t. T
rJle - HaqaJlbJlbJH yron MeJKJ1Y OCJlMIJ pOTOpOB.
164
06w.He n0J10iKeHHR. YCToAqJlBaR napaJJne.iIbnaH pa60Ta reHepa..
TOpOB nOCTOHHHoro TOKa c napaJIJIeJIbHblM Boa6Yjf{!leHHe f B03MOiKHa npH nOJlO>KU-
TeJ]bHOM CTaTU3Me BHemHJlX xapaKTepHCTHK If X nepBHqUblX BnraTe.,1eH. feHepaTopbl
c nap3JIJIe.TIbHbI UI If nOC.le)1.0BaTeJlbHblMH o6MorKa ui B036Y}K;1.eHHR pa6oTalOT YCToii..
I.jIlBO TOJIbKO npn Ha.nUqHH ypaBHItTeJ1bHOrO npOBO;{a, nOKaaaHHoro H8 pnc. 2.4.23.
BKnlOlJeHHe Ha napanJlenbHYIO pa6oTY. II/Iff BKJIIOlfeHIIH reHepaTopa H3 napa.n..
JIeJIbH}'1O pa()oTY Heo6xo,lJ.HMO c06JIK>;J.aTb CJ1e.nYloJ..U.ue Ba ycnoBHff:
165
.
1) nanpSI>KCHHe nOjll<J1IOIJaeMQro reuepaTopa JlOJJ>KIIO 6bl'Tb paBHhl\1 1'lanpSliKe-
111110 CC1U:
2) no.nflpHocTh lIanpsoKeuliH HKOpH rCllcpaTopa JJ.o...1jf\Ha 6blTb T31<ona, IITo6b1
B MOMeHT BJ< 'IOqCHHH Ha napa.TJ..T1e..fJbuylO pat50TY TOK HKOpSi 1.IMeJI BeJIItIJHUY. onlf3KYlO
I{ H}'Jno. .
BC '1l1lJlIHa TOKa HKOpSi MaWUHbI, patoTaBllJei-j ]1.0 DK.1IOItCHIiH Ha X0J10CTOM XOJlY,
MO*CT 6b1Tb paCCIJilTaHa no {1}()p 1Y.le
r nasa 2.5. P AC4ET
Cy .n.OBOH KA5EJlbl-iO CETH
2.5.1. PACLfET HAEEJlbHO CETH
no YCnOB 1O HArPEBA KA6EnH
,
,
(2.4.35)
Ba.>K}(( lil1JJtMU KpllTcpnsDul npann..1bHocTIl BbIuopa CetleJUUI KaOeJUr
HB.TlSJIOTCSI Te lnepaTypa lIarpeB3 ero >KII.l n peiKlfMe, npHHSJTo 1 .!I..1SJ ..1.aulloro Ka6e.,lH
33 paCtJeTllbllf I n BenllIJIIU3 nOTepu HanpH>KCHIUI B HeM.
Pa3J1111JdlOT C.le1.YIOUUie pC>Kn lbI pa60Tb1 KaOC.'1H:
!I. ,.'1 II T e .'1 b U hI - pe>KIDI, nplt KOTOpOM BpeMst HcnpepbIDHoro HaXO>KJ{CJHISI
HaGCJIH no.n. narpY3KOil npeBblwaeT BpCMSI ..'tOCTIUKeUIISI YCTanOBIIBllJeiicH Te!-.Inepa-
Typbl HarpCBa TOKOnpOBO!lSlLUeii >KU.1b! Ka()e.'1S1:
.,
K paT K 0 0 p e.M e H II hi II - pen<IIM, npn KOTOpO 1 K KOHLlY nepHO)l.a BKJIIO-
lJeHIHI HarpY3KIt Te;..lnepaTypc:l Harpena TOJ(Onpono..1HUlCH >KIIJ1b1 IIC ycneoaeT ,1.0CTIf-
fHYTb YCTaHOBllnW rOcR. 3H81lCIUUI, a B nepHOJJ. OTK.'IIOlJeIUUI CIUf>KaeTCSI 1.0 TeMncpa-
T}' p bl 0 Ii P Y }I{CUOWC Ii C peJ.hI;
non TOp II 0 - K paT K 0 n p e \1 e H Ii hi ii - pe>KUM. JJ pit KOTOpO f KpaTKO-
BpCMeJlJlbIe ncpnO.!lbJ BK.'1t04eUIISI HarpY3KJI IJcpe.n,YIOTCH C KpaTKonpeMeHHblMII n(,plto-
JIa nr OTh '1 lIeIlIlH npn 3TOM B nepn01 nK.TIIOlJenUH (/2) TeMnepaTypa narpeBa TOJ{O-
npOBOllHlllCIl )K1f.lbl KaoenSJ HC ycncnaeT ;J.oCTurUYTb YCTallOBUBwerOCH 3l1alJellllSl,
a B nepHO.!l OTK.TJIOIICIUfH (1 2 ) He ycneBaeT CHH311ThCSI .:to Te:\lIlepaTvpbl OKpV>KaIOUlCH
Cpe.L\br. OTIiOCHTenbuaSJ npo:.\on>KIITe..1bIlOCTb I1rpHo.aa BK.TJIOtJeHIISJ onpe;J.e.TJSJeTCH
DbIpa>KCHIICM
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..
Ii COCJlHIIIlTe w 'lbIlOU ueuif.
+
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-
-
oncB ':in one
PI P2
+ + -
OflB
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PB
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t I + '2 t
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u
C T Y n e H It a T bl II - pCiKilM. npll KOTOpOM [lPOJ\O.TJ>KI1TenbHOCTb nepnOlla
BKJIIOlJelUIH (i.) II npol1.o.'1>KItTe.1bHocTb naY3bl (/2) SIB.1HIOTCSI nepe:\leUllblMU ne.'lu.
IJIfHaMIl.
npHBelle 1 pSl!J. onpe'1CJleUHH Ii TepMHHOB, KOTophle IICn0J1b3YIOTCSJ npH :laJ1bHeil.
lueM 113JJO>KClnU1
. rpynna Ka6eJIeu, " leIOl11.aSl 06lllfe KpennCHlfE', B KOTOpoii Ka>K1J.hlH Ka6cJIb (KpOMC
KpaIlHI X) conpnKa aCTcH C !lB)"MSI COCC1tHIlMIl. COCTaDJtSlrT p H ;{. npOK.n3..'1Ka rpynnbl
Ka6C'JIen. COCTOHl11.en 1t3 ..'lB}'X PSJ;lOlJ, lie pa3;J.<:'.'1eUllbIX 3a30pO I, II 1f 1(,lOllI.eii 06w.('c
KpennelUIC, HOCUT Ha3naHlie .n. n y x p H JJ. H 0 H,
rpynna conpllK3calOlllliXCH Me>KJ.Y co6oii Kaoeneft, COCTOSllllan "3 Tpex Ii ()onee
pR..'lOB II lI telOmaSi oomee Kpen.lellne. 06pa3yeT n y q 0 K.
.. Bpe H, B TetJeHne KOToporo npeBhlllleHue TCMnepaT}'pbl HarpeBa TOKOnpOBO,llH-
UteH >t<HJJbr HarpY>KellHOrO Ka()eJISJ JlOCTHraeT ne.'I1I4HHbI, panHoII 0,632 3UaqelllUI
YCTanoBuBwerocH npeBblweHHSI TeMn(\paTypbl, Ha3blBaeTCH n 0 C T 0 Sf H H 0 ii B P e -
M e H H K a 6 e n H.
3 K D 11 B a J1 e H T II bJ M T 0 K 0 M ..'1..1 H Kace..')eH C pe3HHODoil 1130JJfUUICii CIIII..
TaeTCSl TOK, )J.,'HITe.'1hHOe npOXO>K..'1.eHUe KOToporo npUBOJ.IIT Kace.1b I{ Tal(O tY >Ke 113-
HOC}". Kal{ II npn KpaTKOBpCMCHHOH HarpY3Ke 3a.naHHb1M TOKO I, a ;J.J1H Ka6cneH c nJlaCT-
MaCCOBOH Jf30nSlLlUeir (113 nOol1113TIf.leua If.l11 nO.1JtX.l0pBHHU"la) - TOK, 1l.t1IfTeJIbHoe
npOXO>K!{eHHC I<OToporo Bb13b1BaeT TaKoii )K(' UdrpCB Kaoe.1H. tJTO II K I\OIlUY KpaTKO-
BpeMCHHoro pe>KIIMa.
- np<:'Dh1l1:eune Te"nepaTYpw lIarpeB3 0..11f1l01lHOrO Ka6eJtH OTHOCUTeJIbllO TeMnepa-
TypbI o pY>KaIOlll.ero n03..1yxa onpe.!l.eJ1HeTCH p 13HOCTblO TeMnepaT}"p H3rpeB8 TOKonpo-
BOnHl11CIf >KliJIbl Ka6cJ1H II o;<pY>KalOl11.cro B03nyxa. a nYtJKa Ka6co/'1cil - pa3HOCTblO
TeMncpaTYP TOKonpOBO.:t.RllI. 1I }h1lJ1b1 H3n6o-,1ce Harpt'Toro Ka6e..'lH B nYllKe II OKPYJK310-
lJ{cro B03. lJ sxa.
. TeM cpaTYpa OI<pym3101!1('fO B0311YX3 XapaKTepH3YCTCSJ Te\fnepaTypOH, H3-
MepSieMOH H3 paCCTOHlllns lie MCllee I M OT ),a6c.'IH 11.1111 nVIlKa Kat:CJIl ii Ha ypOBlle
TpaCCbI. -
Ten n 0 B L1 M con pOT H B JJ e II II C M K 3 6 e JI H H331>10aeTCSI neJ1Ulluua.
onpe,n.eJ1HIOl1.laSi p33HOCTb TCMnepaT}'p TOKOBe;{yw.cii >K1t.rlbl Ka6cJ1H It oKpY>KalO e"
1.67
PUC. 2.4.23. CxeM3 napa..'J.TleJ1bHOii
pa60ThI renepaTopoB C:\lellHHIHoro B03-
6Y>K:l.CUIHI.
OIlL13 - nocnCAOnC1TeJlbHaH OOMOTK3
B036y)t(AeuJlH: on B - napannenbll Hl
o(j1\10TKa BOSt)y>t<AeIUJS1: P B - peOCTaT
B03(}Y>KACUIUI; 31 n - ypaBHUTCJ1bllbll\
npOBO,a..
PIIC. 2.4.24. BK.'1lOltCIIUe BOJlbT-
MeTpa Jl.1S1 nponepKII npaBIfJlb-
IIOCTJ.I cxeMbl nepeJ;. BKJIlOtJC-
IHteM reHepaTopa Ha napan-
nenbuYJO pa60TY C ceTblO.
OuuuSKa n YCT3noBKe pa3110CTH 9JlC 11 Hanpfl}KennH orpanUQIfBaCTCH )].onycTu-
Moii JlJIH rellepaTopa BeJIHtJuHoii C5pocKa TOKa HKOpH D MOMCIIT nK.'JIOIJCHIUI H npoBa..loM
HanpH>KCHUH Ha UlIIU8X.
OO..IJSlpHOCTb HanpH>KeHI1U onpeJ1.CJJHeTCfl C nOMOlllblO CXeMbJ. npnBelleHtloil 113
PIlC. 2.4.24. npn 3aMhlJ<alnnt DbIK.1Io t laTeJ1SI P2 BOllbTMCTp. DK.110IJeUllbIH B ucnb no-
CJ1e}1.0na-reJIbHO, JJ.OJI>KCH nOI{a3aTb n3npfl>KCIUIC, panHoe UYJII0, eCJIH nOJ1SJpHOCTII lIa-
npSI>KeHllir HI<OpH n ceTn Bb16panbl npaHII..'1hIlO. II paBHoe llBoiillOMY H2npH>KelUnO-
II
npn ncnpaBII.TJbllOU cxeMe.
Pacnpe.n.eJ1eHlle HarpY3KJ' nocne RKnlO'icHJfH Ha napannenbnylO pa6oTY. ECll11
pa3HocTb 311C II HanpSJ>KCHIiH nepeJ]. BKJlIOtfCHlleM 6blJla pd8Ha ny.mo, TO nO.D.KnlOtJCH-
Hblil rencpaTOp He 6Y!le1 neCTIl lIarpY3Kn. lI.JUI lIa60pa reHepaToplloii HarpY3KIt
Jle06XOD.IIMO yne..'IIIIJHTb TOK B036Y>KJ1.eIlUH reHepaTopa. ECJ111 TOK B036Y>l(JJ.CHIISI
.. ..
YMeHblillfTb, TO reHcpaTOp nepCUJJ.eT B JJ.BuraTCnbHbJU pe>t<u l.
l-IepaBHoMepHOCTb pacnpe!lCJIeHIIH HarpY3Kn napa.'I.T1C'.'1bHO pa60T81011l1lX reHepa-
TOpOB onpell.CJlSIeTCSl COOTHOluelUICM nBK.TJOIlOB pe3Y.TlbTUPYIOIllI1X 3aBlfCilMOCTCii 3lI.C
reHepaTopOB OT TOKa SJKOpH.
nepcno,'J. uarpY3KU C O l.HOrO .rCHcparopa 113 ;tpyroii npOH3BOJU 1 TCSI YBeJlll'1CIIHeM
B030Yil{;J.CUJln ncpnoro renepaTopa Ii y"enbwclnleM B036Y>KAeJlHH BToporo.
166
cpe;J.bl (0) npn aa.n.auHoii MOw.nOCTH nOrepb (P) " 113MepHeM3H B Ten"YJOBb1X OMa XI
S = Of p.
HOpMbJ 3.'1eKTpHIJeCKHX narpY30K 06b1lfHO YCTaHaBJ1HBaIOTCR J1JUI 0,l1JIH01IHO
npOJlO>KeUlloro Ka6eJUI n CJIe.1J.YJOlllHX YCJIOBHH:
a) TeMnepaTypa TOKoBe,nY1l.leH *1t...1bl paBHa )VUITeJ1bHO ,llOnYCTllMOH JlJUI ,llauHoA
MapKII Ka6eJ1H;
6) TeMncpaTypa oKPY>KaIOUlCfi cpe br +450 c;
B) po,1 TOKa nOCTOHIUlblH JI..'1H nepe leHllbl" qaCTOTOH 50 fll;
r) pCmH\l narpY3KII - n..1JiTe..rrbHblu.
JlJIfI Ka6eJleu c pe3lulonoii U3o.1slllneii CpOK CJl)'>K6bl B 3TIIX YCJIOBIUJX npJI lie.
npepbJBflOIl TOKOBOil uarpY3Ke COCTaBJ1HeT IIC Menee 2200 CYT.
A,
1,0
0;
0.8
0,7
0,6
0,5
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3natJeHHSI nonpaBotJlloro J(oa$4JHlJ.ueHTa kj
T a6llUl{a 2.5.1
r
Ce'lellllC k J Cel.leUlle k l
IHt6eJUI. I K8()en . I
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25 - 0,99 120 0,83
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35 - 0,98 150 0,79
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50
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70
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95
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3Ha'ieHIISI nOnpaBO'IHOrO Ko9fjJ4> H lJ. H eHTa k 2
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8
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TCMnepaTypa HarpC8a k l TeMnepaTypa Harpcna
TOK()npOBOASUl\ei1 )Kllnbl. °C TOKonpoBo,tUIU efl IIJJbI. °C k.
65 1,000 90 1,440
70 1 , 108 95
1.506
75 1,200 100
1 ,568
80 I ,290 105
1,625
85 1 ,369 110 1,679
PUC. 2.5.1. KpuBaH JJ)1H onpCJ1eJIeHIUI K03<1>4> H1 1lfeJlT3 Al (CM. Ta()JI. 2.5.4).
3HatJeHHH nonpaOO1JHOrO K03 $HlJ.lleHTa k3
Ta6JIUlla 2.5.3
I;.
C Y1IeTo:\.s CKasaHHoro 110nYCTIIMblll TO R MO>K CT 6blTb onpe)].CJ1eH no t}>opMyJIC
...f B
J JJ.on = r 11lRS ' (2.5.1)
rlle 0 - JI.OnycTII !Oe npeBbJlllCJlne TeMnepaTypbl narpeBa TOKOnpOBO,llSlm.eii >KJ.IJ1bt
Ka6cJUI na;t TeMnepaTypoii OKpY>KaIOUleH cpe,D.bI. °C; m - 'IHC.'10 TOKonpOBOJUfllUIX )KIIJl
R Ka6eJIe; R - aKTHBHoe 9JleKTpl{ eCKOe conpOTHBJIeHlIe TOKonpoBo..'1. H w. e ii LKHJlbl Ka-
6eJuJ, OM/M; S - nOJIHOe TenJIOBOe conpoTHn..rreuHe l{a6eJuJ, T. OM' M.
npUBe.neHlltlSI $opMYJI3 He Y1IUTbiBaeT nOTepb B MeT3",'l,J1HIJeCKHX o150J10QKaX Ka-
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CKOJlbKY O.11HO>KIiJIbHble Ka6eJIH B MeTa..7JJ1utJeCKoii 06oJIotJJ<e }lJISI Kan8J1H3aUIUf nepc-
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O'Jellb Ma.TJbl 6.narOllapH HII3KOMY YPOBHIO HanpSl>KCHIUI.
ECJ11t YCJJOBHSI pa60Tbl J<a6C.. T Ul OTJlJI aIOTCfl OT YKa3aHHblX Bblwe J TO ,lI.OnYCTUMoe
3ua'JeHHe TOKa ,ltJUJ Ka6cJIH onpe,'1.eJlSleTCR no cI>o PMY.'Ie
J - klk2 k 3 k .. -V 0
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YBeJIHQenHe 3KTlfBHoro conp01.:HB..'leHHB TOKonpOBOllHllUIX iKH." ]tBYX- It TpeX>KHJIbllbiX
Ka6eJ1cii BCJle'lCTBne nOBepxHocTHoro 3$PeKT3 H 3$PeKTa 6..'1lt30CTH: k'A - nOnpaBO'l-
IIbIn K03$t>HuJ.JeHT (CM. 3UalfCJlIUJ B TaOJ1. 2.5.2), }''1IiTbIBaJOllud\ OT..1JlIlfHC np}IIIHTOii pa-
60lJeH TeMnepaTYPbl TOKOnpOnOJlSlllieH }1<lfJlbl Ka6eJIH OT 65° C; ks - nonpaBotJHbJU
K03$ nuueHT (CM. 3HaIJeHUB B Ta6J1. 2.5.3), YtJHTblBalollulH OTJlnQne TeMnepaTypbl
OJ<PY>KalOlUeii cpe)1bI OT 45° C; k.s - nonpaBollHblH K03<1$nunellT, YIlHTbmalowull YXYll.-
llJelHIC YCJlOBHH oX..1a>K.lleHHSJ Ka6eJIeH, 3aK.TJJOQeUllbIX B Tpy6bI 1IJ11t KO>KYXH J]HJtoii
6oJ1ee 2 M (JlJIH Tpy6b1 k4 = 0.8; JlJ1H KO>Kyxa k.J = 0,85); A - nonpaBotJublH K09( -
t}>HIJ.HeUT, Y IJTb!BaIOw.JJii OTJUltJlle pe>K1I \Ia HarpY31UI Ka6eJlH OT ,llJUITeJ1bHoro (<I>oP-
MYJIbI ,llJlH BbllJJJCJIeHHSI K03<M>l1ulleHToB A 2 - A5 n 3aBIICHMOCTJi OT cBoifcTB U30JlSlIUIH
Ka(5eJISI npUBC,lI-eHbl B Ta6JI. 2.5.4, a K09q>cl>nulfcHT Al onpe)leJUleTCH no KPUBOii
pltC. 2.5. J).
168
)J.onYCTH- k3 npJI TeMnepaType OKPYiKat011lCn °C
us TeAl- cpe,AbJ .
nepaTypa I I I I
>t<lIJJbI K8- 0 10 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
6enSJ. °C 55 60
65 1,80 1,66 1,50 1,41 1,32 1,22 1,12 1.00 0,87 0,71 0,50
70 1,67 1,55 1,41 1,34 1,26 1,18 1,10 1,00 0,89 0,77 0,63
85 1,46 1,37 J ,27 1,22 1,17 1,12 1,06 1,00 0,94 0,87 0,79
npH
4»OPMYJlbI J1,JJSI Bbl1JIICJleHHSI Koa4>4>Hl{lfeUTOB A I-A 5
t<paTKOBper.'eHHblX II nOBTOpHO-KpaTKOBpeMettllblX pe>KHMaX
Ta61luqa 2.5.4
HarpY3KH
PC>KUM
HsrpY3KH
n Ka6enefi H nponOAOB
c pe3111t0BOn H30n.Hl\ucJ1
n Ka6enefi c nonnxnop-
BHllllnOBoA H nonH9Tllne-
JlOBOi\ H30n HI.{Hefi
KpaTKOBpeMeHllblii
Ai = f ( )
(CM. pHc.2.5.1)
-V 11
A 2 = 1 - e- T
(2.5.2)
At=
-
II
T
nOBTOp 110- KP aTKOBpe-
..
MeHJlbUI
A - 1 f /1
3 - V /1 + t 2
l-e
-
t.+t J
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CTyn eHtJa ThIfi
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6 = JI 24
-V '1
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I
Yen 0 B II bI e 0 t) 0 S It 8 11 e It II fl: .1 I - npOAo.'UKHTeJ1bROCTb nepnOAa 1t8-
rpYSKJI. MJIH; '. - npOAOJI>KIITenbIJOCTb naYSbl, MHH; 13 - nOJllfoe BpeMH H8XO-
)K,AeHHH Ka6eJ1H nop' HarpYSKofi B 'le'leHne CYTOK, 'I; T - nOCTOHlllt8SJ epeMClf1i 113"
rpeS8 Ka('jeJIH, onpeAeJJSJeMDSJ no oPMlnc (2.5.19).
TO OH n p H M e 'l a H II e. ECJUI Ko3<j> I11J.JJeHTbI A. II A. OK8>KYTCSI NCJlbWe 0.5,
II npJlIIHMdlOTCSJ paBllblMIf 0,5.
..t.
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v ,.
nOJIH3TUJIenOBOn 1t30.rtHUHen MaKCU taJIbHLIIi TOI{ pC>Kn la He 1l0J1>KCH npeBbllllaTb
.nJU TeJ1bHO .!10n YCT II Moro. llJlSl ...'J.pyrnx Ka6eJJeii n.onYCTIlMbUi TOK B cTyncHl.laTO pe-
JKHMe paneH 3KBlma.t1enTHOMY TOKY:
r.n.e a l - nonpaDOtHlblit K03cJ;<}JIIUUCIIT; d 3 - HapY>I{HbIlf :lnaMeTp OC;OJIOIJKU RafellSJ
npHDOJUi'\lbJC HJI>Ke c)JOpM)'JJbI .D.'lSJ BH)'Tpellllcro conpOTIIB..1eIUUI nO..'lyqeUbl np
3TOM IKC ...10nVlllCIUIH:
-
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fIle 1 1 , ..., In - TOKII cTyneHeil: ti, ."J t -lI.,'HITe"1bHOCTb CT}neneH.
n..'15J Ka6e..1eH C pe3HHOBOH 1130nsnuteii MO>KIIO } BeJIUttUB31b DJUITeJIbHO .lI.OnYCTJf-
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pa;I.uyc Ka6e.1H (5c 3aUlJlTHOH 060nOlJKU; a - paCCTOHIIJle Me>KllY lleUTpaMlI Ka6eJIH
II TOKOnpOBO..'l.SlIUCIi >KJI.'lbJ;
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,
(2.5.3)
,
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200
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RCfllISI Ka6e..'1H nOl1 TOKOM MO>KeT GLITb npllHHT MC'lIee
2200 CYT. JlonycTJlMYIO TCMnCpaT}PY )Kunh1 MOn<1I0
nb16paTb no no,,1YQeHHOii 3KcnepUMeUTaJ1bll0 3anl-tCH-
MOCTII cpoKa cJ1Y>K6bl 1130JJHUllif OT re Te tnepaTypbl
(pIfC. 2.5.2). JIonycTIfMblH TOI, npH 3TOM onpen;eJ1HTCSI
C nOM01I..lbIO cooTBeTcTBYIOl11.CrO K03 uuHeHTa, B3HToro
113 TaGJI. 2.5.2.
I-hoKe npJfBO,lJ.HTCH ,naHllble :tJUt paCqeTa TenJIO-
u
Doro conpOTHnneUItH II nOCTOHUIiOIt Bpe!\leUH 011H-
nOIJHO npo..10>KeHHOrO KaGc..fJSI, Ha OCHOBaUHU I{OTOPI>IX
MO>KHO paCClJliTaTb 3HaQeHUe !lonYCTIIMoro TOKa .n.rUI
Bcex MapOI< K36eJ1('ff, UJHypOB HJUi npoBo.n.O B , npn.
MCIIHe lbIX B CY!J.OBblX ceTH X.
B npOCKTHOii npaKTHKe 06b11JIIO ncnonb3YlOT ro..
TOBble Tau..1Hllb1 uop ' HarpY30K, co.aep>KaWHeCSI B cne..
IlU3JIbliLIX HopMaTIfBHblx J10KYMeHTax. PaCQCT 9TIIX
nopM BbtnOJ1UeH 1t3JJO)f{eHHblMH HIi>Ke MeTo.n.3Mtf.
3HaQCUUSI K03q$nulleHToB B npHBOilli!\tbJX .n3nee
pMYJIaX MorYT co BpeMeHeM HCCKOJ1bKO 113MelUITbCH
OJ
8 COOTBeTCTBUIl C pe3}' JlbTaTaM HCCJ1e!lOBaHIfH
B 9TOH 06J1aCTIt.
PaC'IeT Ten..'10BOIO conpOTHBJ1eHHR KaGenR. T en-
nOBoe COnpOTJlBJIenne Ka6eJIfi S HB..1sreTcSI CYM O" ren..
J10BblX COnp01ltBJlCfllfH U30..1S1UIHI Ka6e.., S113' cro 3a..
UIUTHOii o O..'OqKIf So I TenJIOBOrO conpOTIIBJ1eI-lHSJ
Ten..'100T!laQe C nOBepXIIOCTH SnOB:
S = S" + S._6 + SnCJo. (2.5.4)
.ana nepBblx CJ1araeMhlX 06pa3YlOT BHYTpeHllee
Ten..'lOBOe COnpOTJlBJIClllle S I'M.
TenJIODOe conpOTUBJleHlfe H30J1SUUfJl Kat)eJ1R H
ero BHYTpeHnee TenJIOBOe conpOTHBJleUlte BbtIJI-ICJ1SI.
IOTCH no CJ1e.nYIOIUJIM <PoPMYJ1aM (47, 48]:
llJIH O.!l.HO>KlI..'1bItOrO Ka6eJUI
\
Sail =
"
a2(1 In
411
a 4
1-
i2 ,1
3 3
Ti 1 / 4 J2 _ 1
JI ,-
1
-
L,cyr
"000
JOOD
,
(2.5.8)
2000
TJ1.e '3 - HaPY>KUhUi paJlJl}C OCO.,'10IJKH Kaf'f\.'lS1;
P}1 SI TpeXIKIf..TIb HOrO Ka(j('.lH
1000
.
800
600
500
1;00
JOG
f;:tC 03 - nonpanOQHbUi
,
JUI UUCII;
03(J ,
St l3 :=. In
· u.n I ,7' d2 ,
K03ct( ItUnCHT; d - JUJaMeTp TOKonpOBOJJ.Sllli.cfi
(2.5.9)
>KHJIbI C H30-
S a (] ]
n il = n
II tin
,-;1
3 .
1 J 7 r ld 2 '
(2.5.10)
)J..JlH 4cTblpeXIKJlJJbnOrO Ka6eJJSI
100
80
10
60
50
*0
JO
20
6() 10 80 90 tOO tfO I .c
Puc. 2.5.2- 3aBHcHMOCIb
CpOK3 C'JIYIK6bJ pe3H HOBOH
1130.'1HllIHt OT ee TeMnepa-
TY phi.
03 0 -1
8 1t3 = In ,.,
- .
8n 3,34, .d 3 ,
. T
SRJI =: agO In .
8Jt 3,34, .d: J ,
..
(2.5.11)
(2.5,12)
AJJfI IInTIUKH lblloro K30eJJH
S QJo In
"3 =
IOn
f)
r.)
.. .
9,3r 1 d 4 '
,n
3 .
9.3'ld-' ,
(2.5.13)
S a3a
HII = In
IOn
(2.5.14)
D,JIH AtllorO.>KIf.1bHoro Ka6eJ1fi
(2.5.6)
SH3 = a (T ( I _ x 2 )
4 rr , '
r,ne G.J.-:- ?npaDotJIILJii. K03( (lunUlel!T; x - paccToHlille Me>K.:lY UeJlTpa nl KaC5e..T)H II
('}..11I}K,UfWell I{ neM}' TOKon pOBOJl.SJlllCIi )KJlJ1bI; r 2 - pa.nnyc Ka6e.1H OC3 3anUITlloii 060-
notJ Kif.
Tcn.fJOBOe conpOTUBoileHIIC 060..101.lKIi .'1106oro K86e..'1f1 OnpelleJIS1eTCH no cpopMYJIe
c- (T d 3
00G = 2n In. d '
Ka(j J1H 6C3 060l101.JKU; (/3 - napY>Kllbui ]tnaMCTp Ka6eJ1H.
X'..
I - B $opMYJJe (2.5.15) 3aBUClfT OT QHC,,18 >J\1I..'1 H CUCTeMbl Ii x
CKPYTKII. Ee 3HaQellH H- npIlBO.lJJITCfI B Ta6JI. 2.5.5.
(2.5.15)
SU3 = 2(Jn In
d.")
-
d t J
(2.5.5)
rlle (J - Yllc.r1bHoe TenJIOBOe conpOTHBJIenne, °C. MIST; dj - nnaMeTp TOKOnpOBOJ1H-
lUeH >K1i.nbl; d 2 - llltaMeTp Ka6eJUI nOll 060nOtJKoii.
ECJ111 TcnnonponoAHoCTU MaTepnaJIOD 1t30nHnHH H OOOJIOQKH Ka6eJUI 6JIII3KH
Me>K,lU' C060H, TO
(2.5. ]6)
,
Sau = ala In
.2n
d s
d 1 I
r]lc d 2 - JUt8MCTP
. BC'.TUt1JHlla
170
171
Ta6 Ull a 2.5.5
x 2
3ffaQeHlts1 K03 4>HUHeHTa 1 - r" , 8XOJJ.snl ero B 4>OPMY.ilY (2.5.15)
:J
...
Taollut{a 2.5.6
nonpaBotJJtble K03 HulfeHTbI DJ-.a 4 B 1f10pMy..13X (2.5.6)-(2.5.15)
\aTepuan U30n nHH nnA 060nOQKH H THn Ka6enH
nonpasolJ-
II bI n K03c1J.
$lIltHCHT
t.!ucno x:3 llltCnO Xl
CllcTc....a 1- TOKonpo- CncTeM3 1-
TOKOnpO- 2
CKPYTI'" ') BOJl.S11U,H X CKPYTKU ,.)
DOlJ,SUl\IIX T1'S -
..- >Kiln
Jt\Hn
7 1+6 1,0 24 2+8+ 14: 0,972
10 2+8 0,938 27 3+9+ 15 0,965
12 3+9 0,924 30 4+10+16 0,951
14 4+10 0,898 33 5+ 11+ 17 0,933
16 5+11 0,869 37 1+6+12+18 1,0
19 1+6+12 1,0
.
(J. °e. Ij BT
3,0
5,2
2,6
7,5
4.5
5,3
3.3
5,8
4,4
Pe3I1HOBan If 3 OJUnUUI J<a6cJlcik BMecTe C 3311UITHOH
o('OJlOtjKOH H3 lIeroplOtleli Ul.13UrOBOii pe3lHfbl:
O#1HO}Kn.'1 bllblX
Jl,BY X>KH..1 bHLlX
TpeX-, qCTblpeX-, nHTH>KU.rl bHblX
PC31f110BaSl 1130.'1 H UIUI Ka6e4l1eli C 38nO.:tnCHUCM U3
npJI>K1i :
,l:lBYX>KH.'l bHllX
Tpex >KUJI bJlblX
Pe3UIIOB3H H30JlHlUUI MIlOrOii<lI,,'IbJlblX Ka6eJIeu
no. r UIX,,'IOPDHIIII.T10B3H 1i30..r:UUUIH )1.BYX- U TpeX"
>hH.TJbHbIX l<aOe.TJCH C o60no t lKofi 113 nO.TIHXJ10PBUUII-
OBOrO nn8CTHK8T3
nOJUIXJIOPBHuu..10BaSi 1130..'1R1UISI MIIOrO>KU.'1bllbIX
KaOeJleii
npCCCOBallU8H M3rue3HaJ1 blfaH 1130 'IRUIUI KB(5eJIefi
C O,ltHonpOBOJ101lIlbIMIi )fUIJI8MII:
J1.BYX>f<If..'1 bUhlX
TpeX>KH..'lbHb1X
MJlOrO>KII.1J bllblX
nO..'BI3TJiJICHOnaH U30..1RIUtH Ka6e.'1eli:
..TJ.nyx- It TpeX>KlfJI blIblX
MIlOrOii<HJIbHbIX
I 35
,
1,00
0,87
0,78
0,97
1,06
1,60
0,97
0,78
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If oGO,,10 t ICI< KaOeJIcil npnne:I.CHbI (-nUKC:
1130JUIUIIOllllaH pe311Ha Tunos PTH-O. PIli..l nnu PTI1-2
1i8 iKunc O)UIOil\UJ1 blloro Ka6e"T} H . . . . . . . . · · . .
Kp{, lIuliiopraIiIPICCK3f( PC311U3 Ha >KH 1e O!l.HOn<liJIbHOro
l<a6en. SI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . · · . .
OfOl(OllKa 1-13 ncroplOtleii Wn8HrOBOH pe3Hllbi THnOB
P llIH - L P lU H - 2 _ . . . . . . . . . · · · . · . · . .
1i3CJIS1UIIOBllbllt no..1HXJ10PBHIUI,nOBbIiI n..'laCTHKaT Ha iKII.fJe
O;J.HOiKHJl bHorO Ka(5CJUI .............. . ·
n01U3TUoI1ell 118 >KIiJIe OJ],HO>KHJ1bJlOrO Ka(je.nH. . . . ·
OCOJI0\IKa U3 nOJIIIXJ10PBItIUIJIOBOrO WJI8HrOBorO nJI3-
CTli KaTa . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . · . · . · · . . .
npecCOB3J1I1BSJ M3rHe3UBJIbHBH U30,,1'ISllJ.IHI OJ],HOiKlI..1bHOrO
l<aoe.TJ. H ................ . . . . · · ·
C.noil JHtKUPOB811HOii x.T)ontJaT06Y la>I\HOll On.fJeTKIi . . .
C,,1'IOii XJ10ntJaTOOYltI8>KHOii On..'1eTKU, nponUTaHHOn npo..
1'IIDOrIlU..'lOCTHbIM (6HTYMllbJ !) COCTaBOM . . . . . . · · .
3aUlIITH8SJ 06o.t10 Ka 113 CDUHU8 (DK.71lOtl3H B03JJ.YWHble
npOCJIOiiKll MC>K!lY CBIUILlOM If nOnCpXHOCTblO Ka6eJIR no
oOo.nOtIKOn). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · · · , · .:
enoil nponUTaUIIOii Ka6e..,1bHofr IUII-I x.TJon t laTo6YMa>KHOU
n pSI )1\11. . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . · · · · · · ·
C.10" OnJ1eTJ<U 113 CTeKJI SlJI II blX HliTeft ........
0,70
0,70
0,85
0,80
a,
°C. MID.,
-
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
7,5
7,5
3,3
3,3
3,3
4,5
4,5
<1>opMyn3 (2.5.1 B) - 3MnHpntJecK8H, If elo CJ1e,l:lyeT n0J1b30BaTbCH nUWb B npe,ne-
JJ8X 3H(=ttteHlfH I yt<a3alHlblx B Ta6J1. 2.5.7.
PaCLJeT nOCTORHlfOH BpeMeltH OJl.HIfO'iHOro. Ka6eJ!H. nOCToHHHaH BpeMeHH Ks6eJuJ
B MIIUYT8X MO>KCT 6bITb pacctjHT8n8 no $JpMYJIe
1,4
5,0
3,4
Cv
T = 240
2
d Hap
o
,
atdHap + hi
(2.5.19)
fJl,e C v - CPC",lHHH )'1e.nbIl3H 06'bCMH8H TCnJ10eMKOCTb Ka6eJISI. l1.>K/ c C. M 3 ; aj It hf -
K03ctx1>UIUfCHTbI, nplUUIM8eMble no )J.aHHbI t T36J1. 2.5.7; d u1tp - HaPY}KHblH ,lI.n8MeTp
K36eJUl, M: 0 - npCBblWenJle TeMnep8Typbl TOKOnpOBOJlHUJ.eti )KJf,,'!bl Ka6eJIH, °c.
3n8 t leJllt H cpeJJ.Heii y.n.enbllOH 06"bCMHOii renJJOeMKOCTII Ka6eneii C Me"lllJblMIf
>KHJl3MJI npliBe.!leHbl HJUKe:
TCnJIOBbIM COnpOTltB.'leUJlCM MCTa.TJ.TJHIJCCKJlX o60..'IotJeK MO>KHO npene6per8Tb.
B Ta6..'1_ 2.5.6 n pUBC..'J.ellb1 BeJUI1JltUbl nOnp8B01JHbl x I{O*PULlIICHTOB, ncno.nb3} c-
MLlX B (PopMy..1ax (2.5.6)-(2.5.15) JlJtSl onpe eJIeHIHJ ren..10Boro conpoTuB..1eHuH
1130JlSJUIUI It BHYTpcHHero TcnJl0Boro COnpOTJlB.'1CHlfSJ (ia(5e..1H.
TenJIOBOe conpOTlfBJIeUlle renJIOOT..'1.alJe c nOBepxHocTH Ka6cJlH MO>KCT 6blTb onpe-
..n.e..1eHO no cl><>PMY JIe
c V . 1 0- · .
]J.>K/ e. ),ta
1(8tJenH H npoBo.na C pa3J1H1JHOH 1t30JIHUlIeii Jf 38nUITHoif
000J10\IKoii 113 nponUT8HHoii UJI" n31<HpOB3HIIOii XJIOntlaTO"
6YMB>KHOii onneTKU. 1i3 pe311HbI co CT3JJbllOii onneTKOW
II11H oe3 nee
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ka6eJIH C 1130JISIuncii U3 npeccoBallHoii MarHe3UH Ii 000-
..
JJO'IJ(OIl 113 MeJUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
KaOeJJH c pe3liHOBOli Jl30JISlUneil H CBIIHI.tOBOH o60no1JKoii
l(a6eJIH C ncx.'1 ItXJlOpBHIlItJ10BOit H30JISJ UHeu, ooonotlKOH
" ..
II 9KP3IIUpYlomel1 OnnCTI{OJt H3 Me)J.Ub!X npOB0J10K IIJIH
Ge3 Hee .
.......................
Ka6eJJil c n0J1U3THnelioBoi', 1130JlSlUUeH, nonllx.nopBItHH-
JlOBOH 000J10IJKoil II .9KpaIIlJpYIOLl.leii onneTKOH 1-13 Me,lJ.HblX
npOBonOK IIJJ8 6e3 Bee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SnOB = j{0;OR , (2.5.17)
" P
3,00
2,98
2,35
r.a.e anon - y,'J,eJIbHOC Ten..'10BOe conpOTHBJIeHHe nOBepxHocTH 060JIOtJKU Ka6eJ1H,
°C. !\1 2 /BT:
d H3p · 2 5 18)
on08 = a 1 + b l e t ( . .
u
at II b I - Ko3\f>cpuuueuTbl, nO.TJyqeHlfble 3KcncpnMcHTa.TJbHO; d nDp - H8PY)f{Hblli 11113-
MeTp K36eJ1S1, M; e - npeBbIwenue TeMnepaTypbl HarpeBa TOKOnpOBO;I.HU.lUX >KHJl Ka-
oe." H I "C.
172
.(
2,50
2,58
.
173
.
1
.
I
,
Ta6Atll{O 2.5.7
3HatteHHH K03 cI>"UlleHTOB, BX01J.H11.{ItX 8 OP'IYJ1Y (2.5.18)
BUJ1 nODepXHOCTU Ka6e.nH
naULlnpnaH On.rreTI<a 113 CTa.'IblfOii
..
npOBO.'10KU, 1l0KpblTOH rpYHTO 1
3allU1THaSl 060..'10tlKCJ 1f3 CBIIlIua
AJtOn ' laT06YM3>KBaH OnJJeTK8, npo-
nllT8IIH3H (htTVMHbl 1 COCTaBO"'. 060-
-
..
JIOllK8 113 1lJJIaHrOBOH pe31lUbi
3alllllTHaSJ 060!10tJKa 1f3 TeMHoro
nO.111l x.rrop BHIUloI10Doro nJ1aCTliKaTa
XJIon'laT06Y 1a>KlJaH JI aKltpOBaH-
HaH on.rleTKa
3allLHTHaH OOOJIotlKa 113 KpaCIlOn
Me;I.1I
On.'1eTKa 113 Me!lHoJi JIY>Kenoil npo-
Bo.rrOKU
Ta6.uu a 2.3.8
3H3 t ,enHH ycpeluleHtlblx Kosrf)(fJHuueuToB CIfH>KeHIUI TOKa
"PH rpynrloBoii npOKnanKe KaGeJleH
06n8CTb npnMeliClil1 M
aa b. I 3naqelulc a.
d uap . M O. °c XapaKTcp rpynnbl KaCieJleA Crroco6
npOKna,AKH I
J · II ·
0,052 17 0,008-0,065 20-50 fpynnbI CIf.'JOBbIX Harpy>t<Cf-IHblX
Ka- B OT{HH pSI)]. 1,10 1,30
0,070 23 0,06-0,060 20-50 6e.1cH B .!lBa pH lla J ,27 1,50
0,055 19 0,004-0,060 20-50 nYlIKOM 1,70 2,00
° t 034
o ,U34
0,046
0,040
0,0025-0,018
0,003-0.021
0,004-0,029
0,003-0,022
20-50
20-50
20-100
20-50
CMernanHble rpynnbI, COCTOHlllHe H3
HarpY>KeHllbiX Ii HeHC:JrpY1KellHblx CH-
JJOBblX II cna6oTOtIJlbiX Ka6e.1cii
1,00
1,25
] ,72
B 0 '1.HII pSI
B )lBa pH,aa
n Y'IKOM
1,00
1,00
1,46
63
63
103
84
· .llJUl Ka6eneA B cnnouUlon 1\If'Tan. r lll t leCKO" 06onO'lKC JUJIf B nnOTHOIi
onneTKe.
.. J].nSl Bcex OCT3nbllblX Ka6eneA.
Me;tllon
J - ipacqA
3KB - k J ' k '
I'? 2 'l 3 4
(2.5.20)
EC.fJH pCiKJlM.. HarpY31<1i Ka6£,.,1H OT..'JHqe' OT J{...'1I1"fc.rIl JlOrO, TO B YC.rJOBJUI X ero pa.
60Tbl B C:\1ernallHOlf rpynnc 3a 9KBBBaJIeHTHbili MO>KHO npHHlfMaTb TaKOH TOK, KOTOpblif,
npOTCKaSI no Ka6c..110 JJ.JJHTe..lbHO, BbI30aeT HarpeB. pBBHbIi.j Cpe,ll.HCMY BO BpeMCHH Ha-
rpeBY Ka6e.I1H B TCl.lCHliC CYTOK. npUIIIIMaH 3KBIIBa..1eIlTUblii TOK paBIiLIM ;J...'IIlTeJ1bJlO
J10nYCTJlMOMYJ MO)KUO onpellCJlHTb nOC1C)),HUU H3 <1JOPMYJlbI
J - I Aon
rp - a ' (2.5.23)
r,l1.c - K03(1)<plIuneHT, 3aBllcHllluU OT tJJic..1Ja tJaCOB pa60Tbi Ka6eJIH B CYTKH fa:
Ceqeune J<a6e.'1H, He06xoJI.UMOe )1,JIH ncpe:laiJn 3a allHoro 3HaqeHIf S1 TOKa I pacq
npH O,ll,lUIOiJHOii npOKJIaJlKe Ka6eJISI. 06bliJ HO onpeJIe.rr H'e1'{"H Jl1-100 cpa3Y no Ta6JI lfuaM
JI.OnycTIlMbIX TOKOBblX HarpY30K, eCJ11f peiKllM HarpY3KI' Ka6eJUI cCDOTBeTCTB}'eT YKa-
S3HHOMY B 3TJlX Ta6JIJluax, JIIf60 no sK8I1Ba.FJeHTII0 tY TOKY:
r)le K03QxPHuHeHTbI A, k 1 , k 2t ks It k4 Te >Ke, tJTO II .nJIH $OPMYJlbI (2.5.2).
3KBIIB3J1eUTHblll TOK nplufliMaeTcR paBHblM 'IJlJfTe..'bHO JlonycTJlMoMY, 3HaqeH11e
I<OTopOro If onpe..'1eJISJeT lfeo6xoJUfMoe CeqeHlfe. J\lO>KHO. KOHe1.l1l0, II B 9TOM CJ1YlJae
DOJlb308BTbCSl 4x>PMy..'13!'d1t (2.5.1) H (2.5.2).
ECJ111 peiKuM HarpY3Kii OT..'1UlleU OT ;I.J1HTCJIbHOrO, TO 3H3qelllle 1 I{03qxpuulleHTa A
npUX01.HTCH npeJlBapuTC'oI1LHO 33)J.anaTbCH, TaK KaK nOC"fOSUlllaH BpC tCIHI l{a6eJlH
HeU3BeCTH3.
Onpe.!I.e'IJlB ceqe,nse Ka6eJlH, cJIe.n) T naiiTIt ro nocToHIIHYIO npeMeHIf H COOTBeT-
CTBYIOw.ee 3Ha'leHHe A. B c.TIyqae pacxo>KltelluSJ nOJ1ytJeHHoro 3HaqeHltH A c npHHSI-
'fLIM IIco6XOJUiMO nOBTopUTb paC'IeT .no HX COBna.nCHJHI.
npn rpynn080H npOKJ1aT}.l<e Ka6cJIefi YCJlOBUSI Ten.,100TBOJ],a OT Ka6enH YXY)J...
"
rualoTcH, 1JTO llOJ1>KHO YI.JUTbiBaTbCH COOTOE:'TCT8YfOUUfM CHliiKeUHeM J.onycrHMolt Jl.l1R
l<atSeJlSl HarpY31{H.
npe)J.eJlbHO .nonyCTH .lbIH TOK Kaue.1cA. npC..!.1.Ua3HaQCllHbIX l1..rJR rpynnoBol1 npo..
I<JIaJJ,KH nplt ,lI,JIJJTeJJbHOil HarpY3Ke J npU6.,1JtiKeHllo MOiKHO onpe.n .TJHTb no cpopM}"JIe
I rp = I !J.on , (2.5.21)
ex.
rJ],e I Aon - JlOnycTIIMblH TOK .a..TlSI Ka6CJISI npn O'1.HHO'IHOH npol<na.n.Ke n D.J1HTeJIbHOfi
narpY3Ke, A; ex. - ycpe.nnenllbIH K03q$H1UleHT CHU>KeIHUI TOKa J 3naQeRHSI Koroporo
npHne.neHbT B TaOJI. 2.5.8.
npe.QBapHTeJIb.Jlbul Bbl60p Ce'leHItSJ KaoeJ1H no pac4eTHoMY TOKY Kat>eJ1H I PdCq
npn rpynnoBoH npOKna..n.Ke npOIt3BO,ll.UTCJI no <}>liKTIIBlJOMY TOKY 14>IIKT' onpe)J.enHe-
MOMY tlJopMYJloii
J..pIlKT = I Pijctja..
.4,
174
.
p = -V ·
(2.5.24)
(2.5.22)
ECJ11f npOJl30Cllenne a \1CllbWC e]lJlIIIIlJ.bl, ero CJleJ{YCT npHHHTb paBllbIM eJ{HHlIlle.
Ce'lellne Ka6e.. r rH B 9TO\J c.rJY1Jae onpe)1.e..'1S1eTCH no q,HKTU8HOMY TOKY:
I( HJ<T = J p8Cqa . (2,5.25)
ECJ1H 06111aS1 J!..,r)HTeJJbJlOCTb narp}'3KII Ka6eJIH B rp} nne IIC npeBblwaeT 6 I.J 8 CYTKJI,
TO B :)TO:\I C'lytlae MOItHIO CqUTa"fb Cl = l.
.. EC.TJU TCMnepaTypa OKp Y>:I<aloll.leii cpe,n.bJ, lIon YCTHM3H TeMnep3Typa TOKone.ny"
Ulen >KU..'IbI Ka6eJ1H 11..111 tJaCTOTa TOKa OT."HltJaJOTCH OT Tex, )J...'1H KOTOpblX .n.ej'ICTBIITeJIbHbI
Ta6..fJHtJllble HOpMbl, a T3K>Ke eCJJn rpynna Ka6eJ1cii npoJIo}Kelia B Tpy(5e 1IJ111 KO)I<yxe
npSl 10yro..1blloro C(, CIIIUI )J...11fIlOli 2 M II 6o..'Ice, TO nnO,!J.JtTCSI nonpaBKa K TOKY c no-
MOU1.bIO TCX me K03<J>4>JlUUeHTOB k. - k.s, tJTO II .:IlISl O.!lIlIlOI.JHO npo..10>KeHIIOro Ka(5eJIH.
KorJ{a BC Ka6e..TIbllble TpaCCbI CKOMnJ1eKTOBaHbl, CQCTaB If pa3Mepb1 nY'IKon JI.'1J1
pSl,3.0B Ka6c.flCIl H3BeCTllbI, Hco6xo.!UIMO npOBepUTb npaBJlJJbHOCTb Bbl60pa pa3McpOB
nYtJKOB H.rJli PSl,llOB Kd6e.rJeii. KpU"fepneM J],...1S1 T81<Oli npOBCpKJI CoI1Y>KUT COOTBeTCTBue
cpaKTUQeCKOU MOLlJ.UOCTU nOTepb. BblJI.('oI1RfOllleiicH 80 BCCX Ka()CJ1HX nYIIKa, TOli BCoI1U-
'Hille nOTepb, KOTOp3 1 \IO>KeT OblTb pacceHHa c nOBepXIIOCTH nYtJKa JtaHHblX p33MepOB
npll C06.'IIO,l1.CJfIlIt JJ.on CTIfMoro npeOblwelfliH TCMncpaTypbl TOKOBeJlYlllHX }KHJI Ka6e.1eii.
npH J1.JIIITC.1bflOIi ltarpY3Ke 3H IICllue npC)J.CJIbHO .AOn)'CTIIMOH MO HOCTIt no..
Tepb (BT/M) MO)l<eT OblTh onpeJ1CJIeHO no $opMYJIe
e -b 2
LJ P Aon = ,
U2 A
2,8 (bJ + bll) + ",SBJI
(2.5.26)
175
r.:te 0 - ;J.OnYCTH IOe npeBbIWeHUe Te {nepaTypbt TOKOBC:J.YW.UX >KH.1 Kaoe..1eA, °c;
02 If b 2 - K09cM>uLlncHTbI (Ta6.,. 2.5.9), 3aBHC"w.nc OT DJI!].a nOBepxHocTH Ka6e...leu
(YCT3HOBJIeHbJ OnbJTHb1M nYTcM); bl If bJl - pa3 lcpbl CTOpOH npHMoyrOJJbHHKa. onll-
caHHoro BOKpyr nOnepelJHOrO cellCHIUI nYIJK3, M; - K03qxpllLlIteHT, YCT3nO"BJ1eHHb!ft
onbITHbI 1 nYTe\1 (;tJISI Ka6e..1cii C MeT3J1JIlilleCKOii on.lIeTKOU H.'IlI 060 101JKon = 2;
l1J1H npollux Ka6CJIeii = 3); SaH - Cpe.llHee 8UYTpeHHce Ten",10Boe conpOTHBJIeHHe
nYQKa ,!I...1uuoil 1 M, T. O I. M. 3HaqCHlIH SBH npuBe;J.eHbI HlIiKC:
SOH'
T. 0'(. \I
Ka6eJ1 b:
c pe3HHOBofi n30JI "une" 6e3 cnJlowHoii MeTa.rIJUllleCKOH
O()onOtJKlf C TOKonpOB01UJUUn,Uf iKU..18 !n CCQeHueM Ie-
Hce 150 1 12 H I3blwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70 i!(e C TOI{OnpOBOJlHw,Jt nf iKlI.1a nl CeqeHHe t 150 M:\1 2
0,060
0,042
Ii Bb[llJe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . ·
c pe3HHOBOH 1130J1HUneii B cnnowlloit MeTa.f1.TJlIlIeCKOH:
060Jl041{C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C nO.rIlIXJIOpBIHUIJJOBOH H30JI H LllleH B OOOJ10QKC 113 Toro iKe
M3TepnaJIa C MejtHOH OnJIeTI{oii uJln 6C3 nee. . . . .
C Marne3113..'1bHOii H30JI"luteii B lerUIoii ooonollKe. . .
.. u
C nOJ1J17)TIIJICIIOnOH H30JISIllliCII B no.ruIXJIOpBHHHJIOBOIi
O(jO.,TJOIlKC 6e3 Me.l1l1oil 0 nJIeTKH . . . . . . . . . . .
... ..
TO )I...e C Me;J.IJOH OnJICTKOIf ............
0,035
0, 110
0,025
0,136
0,094
<1>op IYJIa (2.5.26) cnpaBe,],.1nna, eCJIII .!l..'1I1Te.TIbIlO 33rpY>KeHO TOKOM He MeHee
50 Bcex KaGe..'Ieii. B npOTltUIlOM CJIYQac JlOnYCTU laH MOlllHOCTb nOTepb 6y.n eT
MeUbWc. KO )c}>ULlueHT CIUliKeHUH k:,
Tao llu4 a 2.5.9 COCTaBIiT
3HaifeHIUI Kos41lJ>llllHeHTOB 02 H b 2
ka = ( I + 2,5 Ig ) nl ,
fI
(2.5.27)
B 11,,\ nORepx UOCTH
Kat)cnH at b.
r..1.C n - qllCJIO Ka6eJ1eu nyq!<a; nl-
tJUCoI10 HarpY>KCllllbTX Ka6eJleiL
,U.1H Ka6e.PJeH C no..1I1x..'l0pBunn.TlO-
v u u
BOU U.'lU nOJIII9THJIeHOBOH U30JI"Ultell
C.1e'J.yeT npllllllMaTb IICCKO.rtbKO MeHb-
rnylO BCJIU 1 .J1illY 3Toro K09cM>IIlU1CHT3,
a IiMeHHO:
Onw1eTK3 113 CTaJIb- 0,086 3,5
HOH n pOBO.rtOKU, nolO
u
KpblTOH rpYIITO f
Onw1eTKa 113 XoI10n.. 0,098 2,6
QaTo6YM3>KHOli npo..
nJlTaHHoli npHiKH, 060-
v
JIOllKa 113 lUJI3UrOBOH
pe3IIHbI ItJIH WJIBHrO-
Boro nOJlUx..10pBIIHU-
JIOBOrO nJIaCTIfKaTa
fepMeTU3HpYIOW.aH 0,103 2,9
060.10IlKa 113 CBHIILla,
OnJIeTKa 1t3 MejtllblX
npOBO.,1JOK
repMeT1I3UPYIOIll3S1 0,100 9,0
06o..10tlKa H3 Me1.H
k = ( 1 + 1,3 Ig ) :1 . (2.5.28)
<I>aKTlIlJeCKaH MOll\HOCTb norepb BbI-
QUCJ1HCTCH no pMYJIe
n
:E p al T = :E nIJ acI{R. 10- 3 (2.5.29)
1
If JI Jf
n
:E p 4>aKT = :E mJ KBR. 10- 3 .
I
(2.5.30)
r!}.e n - qncno Ka(5eJIeU B nytJKe "JIll pH.!I.Y; m - tJIICJIO KHJI Ka6eJIH; I pac'! - paCqeT-
Ublll TOK lIarpY3KII Ka6eJIH B 3a,'l3HIIOM pe>KHMC, A; I KB - 3KBilBaol1cHTHblii TOK lIa-
rpY3KH Ka6e..'lH, pa60TalOllterO B pe>Kn leJ OT JIHlJHOM OT IlJIUTe..'1bHOrO, ..-\.; R - aKTun-
Hoe conpOTHBJIeHlIe TOKOnpODO]1.Hw.eii >KUJlb1 Ka6eJ1H npH paCqeTHoi! re fnepaType H
<pClKTUIJeCKOii 1JaCTOTe TQKa. o I/KM.
li6
..
Ta61lllt4a 2.5.10
3HaQeHIUI RKTHBHoro 9neKTpU'ieCKOrO cOnpOTHBJIelfJlR
MHoronpOBO TJOifHblX 1KHJI Ka6e.fJeH
CeQCIUIH R. OM/KM. npu TeMnepaType Harpena TOKonpoBop.JlllI.HX >KIIJI. °C
TOKonpOBO-
AHUUIX >KII." I I I I I I
Ka()eJ1H. MM' 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
0,75 28,8 29,3 29.9 30,3 30,8 31,2 31,8 32,3
1,0 21,6 22,0 22,4 22,7 23,1 23,4 23,8 24,2
1 5 14,4 14,7 14,9 15,1 15,4 15.6 15,9 16.2
,
2,5 8,65 8,8 8.96 9,09 9,25 9,36 952 9,7
,
4.0 54 6,5 5,6 5,67 5,78 5,85 5,95 6,05
,
6,0 3,6 3,67 3,73 3,78 3,85 3,90 3,96 4,03
10,0 2,16 2,20 2,24 2,27 2,31 2,34 2,38 2,42
16,0 .,35 1,38 1,40 1,42 1 45 1,46 1,49 1,51
,
25,0 0,865 0.88 0,896 0,909 0,925 0,936 0,952 0,970
35,0 0,617 0,629 0,640 0,650 0,660 0,669 0,680 OJ 691
50,0 0,432 0,440 0,448 0,454 0,463 0,468 0,476 0,484
70,0 0,309 0,314 0,320 0,324 0,330 0,334 0,340 0,345
95.0 0,227 0,232 0,236 0,239 0,243 0,246 0,251 0,255
120,0 0,180 0, 183 0,187 0, 189 0, 192 0, 195 0, 198 0,202
150,0 0, 144 0,147 0,149 0,151 0, 154 0.156 0, 159 0, 162
185,0 0,117 0.119 0,121 0, 123 0, 125 0.127 0, 129 0,131
240,0 0,090 0.092 0,093 0,095 0,096 0,098 0,099 0,101
300,0
0,072 0,073 0,075 0,076 0,077 0,078 0,078 0,081
400,0 0,054 0,055 OJ 056 0,057 0,057 0,58 0,059 0,060
,
3HaQelUfH aKTlfBHoro conpOTHBoI'1CHIUI Ka6eJIH MO>KIIO onpe,lJ.CJIHTb no Ta6JI. 2.5.10.
ECJIH r PcJ>aKT -< :E P Aon . TO fO>l'\IfO CtHIT3Tb. liTO p33 ICpbl nYlJKa BblopaHbI npa-
BHJ1bHO. EC.TJU me 9"[0 YCJJOBJIC HC y..1.0n.leTnoIHICTCH, TO CJIC;J.yeT p33 eJIHTb nYQOK
pT fl{a.iIbHbr:\1 3330pOM l)B{'PT = 25 MM If.TJIf ropH30llTaJIbHbl:-'1 3a30p0'-t l)rop =
- 100 M,.S. npn TaKHX pa3 lep3x 3a30poB I{B>K;J.8H lJ8CTb nYlJK3 MO>KeT paccMaTpll-
BaTbCR l<aK caMOCTOHTe.TJbllbJU nYIJOK. noc.1Je 3Toro npHl3eAelillblit Bblwe pactJeT fiOBTO-
pHeTC" .
ECw'lli nYQOK npcllHa3HaQCII .lI.JI" npOKJIa;J.Klt B Tpy6e 1fJ]1{ Komyxe np"MoyrOJIb-
lIoro CeQCHHS1 J(.,'UIHOif 2 M II 6o..1ee, TO JJ,onYCTJtM3H MOUJ.HOCTb nOTepb CHIUKaeTCH
YMUO>KeHne ! lIa K03<I><PHI!HCIITbl: 0.64 - ,llJIH Tpy6; 0,72 - JlJIH KO>KYXOB.
<I>aKTIIlJecKoe npeBblweHue Te tnep3Typbl TOKOnpOBO:lRlllJiX iKHJI h.a6e,,'In 04>aK
MOiKHO BbIQUCJIHTb no <l1opMYJIe l'
:E P }aKT
ecj>aKT = (0 - 3) L + 3,
I P;J.on
r.ne e - oJ10nycTHMoe npeBbIllieHue TeMnepaTypbl HarpeB3 TOKonpOBo,.1. w-eH >KIfJIbi
Ka6e..1JH, C.
Heo6xoOilAtO nO .tflUmb, 'imo PJ.1on iJoA Ha 6wnb onpeoeAeHa npll. 'noli 3H.a'le-
HUU e. l\omopoe nOaCfnaOAJlemcR 8 (2.5.3/)_
HarpeB Ka6eJIH) npo..10>KeHHOrO B nYIlKe, onpe.ne.1HeTCH napaMeTpaMH nY'IKa
B lteJ10M. n03TO !Y p3CQeT 3KBJlB3neHTHoro TOKa ,nJIH K36cJlH, pa6oT31Ow,ero B pC>KJ.IMe,
OTJIHI.JHOM OT .!l..rIHTeJlbHoro. Jlo..1>KeH BblnO.I1HHTbCH C YlIeToM nocToHHHoii BpeMeHH
nYIJKa, a He OT;{e.'1bHOrO K36e.,"UI.
PaClfeT nOCTOHHHOH BpeMeHH "yqKa Ka6 'eH. nOCTOHHHan Bpe leHII nYQKa (B MH-
HYTax) onpe,1.eJIHeTCH cI>oPMYoI10ii
T = 5,43C\IQ2 8 blbll
e - b 2 bl + bll +
(2.5.31)
15,2CVb2P S SH b l b I [
O-b9
..
(2.5.32)
. 1 o- J
177
T}le C" - Y,.'te..'IbHaH
np IfBe,.'teHbI Hllme:
..
061>e fHan Ten.!IOeMKOCTb nYIJK3 l<a6e 1eH, 3Ha 1 1enJfH KOTOpOH
oj lp.fJiJa..A
0) IpQd3. A
,
CV. IO - I ,
Jl.>K/OC'MI
\ /' / / 1/ /
If I I
t:;::; h J )
,7 b
-'rl. +
,
1/ !I / / 1 vJ )+ /
j J +,/
/ / / I 1/ 1 / /
If if jI V / ,Iv /"
I 7 / / /1' v )'
1200 If II) Jlf / V /'/ . ) ...P/
)/.711/ VA x
100fJ fl/) J J 1/ 1 A 4' '3 /
II )1/ j7 f7 /i .;/. I
///.7 / /' / V I
8IXJ /I v J f /7 l/ 1/ 1
600 /j'/ 7)7 /".....v:
/ V// /v /'"
'100 'h V /7....../
/ V
200
J 5
,I
y
2000
2000
KaOeJIb:
c pe31HloBOH H30JUIUnCH 6C3 cnJIowHoii \teTaJlJIltlIC-
cKoii 060J10llKli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,65
c pe3JHIOBOii H30J1HUUefi B CBHHUOBOH OOOJlOlfKC. .. 2,10
c nOJ1IiXJIOPBlIIUiJIOBoi1 H30JlHUIlCii B 38U1.HTIIOii 060-
,,10llKe li3 Toro iKe MaTepnaJla, C Me.n.Hofl OnJIeTKOfi UJ1n
6e3 II ee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2,20
.." "
C nOJHI3TlIJIenOBOli Jl30JlSJUUCIf B nOJIUXtl10PBlftlUJIOBOII
OfOJIOlJKe c Me}l.Hoii: on.'JeTKoII . . . . . . . . . .. 1,75
TO }f{C 6e3 MC.u.HOi OnJleTKH . . . . . . . .. . . ... 2,42
1800
1800
1600
1600
. 1'/00
1'fOO
12m
1000
OCTa.'lbllbIC Be..'1H4nUbl, BXO;J.HUlHe B <t>OPMYJIY (2.5.32). aHa.'10rntlHbl Be.r:InqIfHaM
B opMY.fJe (2.5.26).
Bee CKa3allHoe Bblwe OTHOCUTCS1 K C\teW8HHbIM nYliKaM) T. e. K nyqKaM (" 'n PSl-
n.a,t), COCTOSJllUI:\1 113 Kal5e.TICli, nliTaJOUJ.Hx pa3JJblX nOTpe6HTeJleii. C t lHT310T, liTO B Ta..
KOM nYIIKe Ka6c.'111 BK.110'lalOTCH II BblKJIIOlJaJOTCH B pa3Hoe BpeMH. 3TO CfJI3iKIlBaer
K0.,'1(:'oaHJUI TeMnepaTypbl Kat'5e",lcii n 06..1er4aeT YCJIOBJtsl Ii x paOOTbl.
EC.TJII me rpynna napaJJJ1e.'lbHO BKJllo'.eHHbIX Kat'5C.'1eH nHT8eT Olliloro MO Horo
nOTpe6uTeJ1H II..TIM UJ.IIT, TO YC.'10BIIS1 HX pa60TbI O '10)KHSnOTCH, TaK K3K Bce OHIi 0'1110-
BpeMcHHO HaxOASlTCSI HOJJ. no.nHOH HarPY3Koi.... B STOM cn)'llae CneD-yeT H36er3Tb npo-
KJ13}lKH TaKJlX Kaoe.neJi nYlIKOM, nOCKOJ1bKY 3Ha'IHTe.'lbHO scfJ<pcKTJfBllee 6y JleT npo-
I<Jta;.1,1<8 B OlUIH HJUt 8 )lDa pSUla C 3a30pO\f H..'I11 6C3 3330pa IUIII 8 Tpn pSlJla C 3a30pOM
Me>K,ay 11J1 nl. 3a30pbl Men<;lY BepTHKa..1bHbn1U pH,n8MII )lO..T)iKllbl blTb He eBee 25 \1M,
a MeiKJIY ropIl30HTa..'IbHbl!\-UI - lie Menee 150 MM. IlpOK.r1 aj\K8 BepTHK2JIbHblMIf pSlJ1.3MJI
npennOQTHTenbHee.
Cetlenne II IJHC..10 Ka6eJIel1 npu 0)1.110- II..YJII JlByxpH.u.noH (6e3 3330p8) npoK.r'1a,nKe
npn ,\JUtTe.,11bHOM pe>Ku'-lc narpY3Ku MO>KHO Db16paTb HenocpeJ1CTBeHHo no rpa4)JIK3M
(pIfC. 2.5.3).
B CJIY'13e J1BYX- UJIIt TpeXpSIJJ.HOH npOK.'1a]lKH C 3330p3MJI YKa38HHoH BbllJJe Be-
Jl1Pllf IIb1 ceLIellllC II ll.HC..'10 Ka (je.'leH lIa xO!J.sl'r c.ne.nYIOUlII M 06pa30M. nOJl 11)'10 Be rlll-
lJlIHY 'TOKa l. J, KOTOPYIO lIe06xOIlIJMO nepe;x.aTb, ,neJlSlT 113 npeAnOJ1a rae\toe QHC.,'10
PH,T:\.OB N It npn6J1U>KeHIJO Ollpe.ne..YJHIOT TOK, nepeJ1aB8eMblii OJlIUIM pSlJ10M KaceJJeii:
800
.
600
If(J]
200
J
5
7
g
11 lJ 15 n
7
!J
IJ
./5
"
n
6) JpfliJa, A
z} IpJ1oa, 4
J
,
I /' )/
V / f
7 l + + /
/ 7 V /1 /
/ i/ I / /'
15f1J j Ir / III' / /
J ,f/ I' /.r ,,\\)/v
V [7 _7 / 1-f..
If J [7 /f.' V ./
/200 JV Y /;/ V '\.i-
7 .1 fT "v 7 1
nM J 7 /V /' 1- 'j.....l,../
::JUV V / J V
l/fT /" /'" 1-. v
.I V v....... .v""
6fXJ -'
7 // .......y....
7 -""""v
/-
JOO "'" .
6 8
JOO
6 8
2100
2100
.
1800
1800
1500
,
I pSlJ13 =
El
JV
.
1200
l.I-roOlJl YlJeCTb TenJlOBOe B.'1JUIIIUe, C KOTOpblM B 3TO i c.,'1Y4ae npn YKa3dllHbl x
.,
sa30pa:< Bee >Ke HaAO cIIHTaTbcff, 8bI I IUCJIHIOT 9KBHBaJleHTIlb1l1 TOK pSJ,lI.a
,
1 pSl,nB 5KB = J PJlAa k ,
900
fJl.e k = t ,I - ,1..1g ,tlBYXpRJUIOii npOK,,1aJlKJf; k = 1.2 - ,iJ.JJH TpeXpH'1HOH npo-
K.1a.nKn C D.blCOToii pR;J.a JlO 150 MM; k = 1,3 - !I,.lSI TpexpR;lHoil npOK.'1aAKU C BM-
cOToii pH,'1.2 CBWUIC 150 MM.
no Haii,J.eHHO:\tY raKUM OUpaJOM 3KBHBa.1en rUO!\.ty TOKY no rpa SlKaM pnc. 2.5.3
onpeJ1.e..'JHIOT IIco6xoJJ.uMoe Il1fCJlO H CelJeH ue l<a6e.1eii B PRAY.
Ec.'1U peilUI\t pa60TbL rpYUI1bI napaJIJIe.1bllbtX Ka6eJIeii OTJ1HtJeH OT Jl.1UTeJlbROrO,
TO cetlenne Ka6c..1H C llOCTC1TOlllloit TOllHOCTblO Bbt6upaeTCH no 31<BJlBaJIeJlTHoMY TOKY
.D....1IIITe.1bllofi lIarpY3KH cnoco60\I, YKa3aUHhlM p3Hee. npK onpe,lJ.e.neUIHI K03<P$HUH-
ellT3 A c..'lelyeT UCnOJIb30B3Tb He.lntJllllY nocToHIIHoij BpeMeHu rpynnbl Ka6e.'1eii
(nYlloK, pHJ1. ,JBa pRlla II T. Zl.).
ECJJII pe)KIIM KpaTKOBpe\lCUnOli lIarpY3KH lI:\feeT MeCTO OCTaTO'IHO pCJlKO (Hanp...
Mep, c..'lytlau 8BapliliHoro nJiTallJUI II T. n.), TO MOmBO AonYCTJ.ITb 60.r1ee BbJCOJ{ue Ha-
rpY3KH H8 K36eJ1b, TaK KclK yne.rnl4ellne ero 113HOCa 6Y.lleT ue3Hat.JlITe.llbllblM If ManO
OTpa3J1TCH Uti cpOKe ero CJ1Y}l{Gbl.
.J.
600
l
.
r
.
.
12
10
,
J
.
t
n
10 12 I 16 1!.
1'1
.
PIIC. 2.5.3.., rpa$lfI<H JJ.::UtTeJIbHO Jl.On CnfMblx TOKOBblX lIa rpY30K CY,ll.OBbIX Ka6eJIeH
C pe3IfHOnOIl 1130JIHl1HE"1i npJ1 0 = 25 C: a - npH OJJ.HOpSI.fI.HOH npOKJJaJ{Ke If I =
= 50 ru; 6 - TO >Ke n pH f = 400 fu; 0 - npH JlBYXpHJJ.HOH npOKJIaJJ.Ke f{ I = 50 fLlj
2 - TO me np" I = 400 ru.
178
,
179
CKa3annoc OTIIOCIfTCH K 1<a6C.'1HM C pC31.fJiOBOii 1f30JIHIUfeii If HC MO>l<eT (5blTb
r.pJ.IMeHeJlO K Ka6c.'1HM C TepMOnnacTHtIeCKOil 1f30nSlUHCii (HanpJlMCp, nOnIl3TH.'1CHo-
Boil) .
nOCKO.TJbKY B paCC 13TpHBaeMOM CJlYllae BCe Ka6enn BK.11011310TCH If BLlK.'IlOllaIOTCH
O.D.HOBpe leHnO, BbIpaBHJlBamUI TeMnep3Typbl, KaK 9TO JlMeeT MeCTO B CMeW3HHOM
nYIIKe, 3JlCCb He npOIlCXO.!'UIT, It TeMnepaTypa K KOIIUY pe>KH\1a MO>KeT 3H311l1TeJIbHO
nOBbICItTbCSI. n03TO\IY npaBHJIbllOCTb Bbl60pa celleHHH H ll11c.1a napanJIeJIbHO BKJJIO-
tleHHblX Ka6e..leH npH KpaTKOBpCMelUlOM pC>KIIMe p360Tbi C nOBblweHlloil lIarpY3Koii
onpeIte 'SIeTCSI !lOnYCTlIMOCTbIO Tellmep3Typbl HarpCBa TOKOnpOnO.D.HUUIX >Kiln Ka6eJJeH
K KOiIUY pe>KHMa. 3Ta TeMnepaTypa .A 1H KaC5e.'1eii C pe3HIIOBofi 1i30nHIUleii lie Jlon>Klla
npeBb1UlaTb 110° C.
TeMnepaTYPY narpeBa TOKonpOBO '1. lIIlUX >lOIn Ka6e;UI K KOHUY pe>KlIMa 8 m3x
,nJIHTenbIlOCTblO 11 MO>KBO paCCIIHTaTb no cne.D.YlOllleii <}JopMyne:
I; ( - .!...!. ) - .!...!.
Omax = 0 ,.,' 2 1 -e T + Ole T. (2.5.33)
k- l.Aon
fJI.e e - npc)J.e. bllo JlonYCTHMoe npCBblweHHe TeMnepaTypbl lIarpeBa TOKonpOBO;'1. SI -
IQ.eii >Klinbl B Jl.1I1TeJIbHOM peiKU:\le, DC; "i I K - CY:\iMapllblii TOK KpaTKOBpeMeHHoil
lIarpY3KlI, A; t l.Aon - CY!\IMdPllblii JlOnycTII:\1b1H TOK It.'IUTenblloii narpY3KH, A;
0 1 _ npeBbllIJCHlle TeMnepaT)'pbl TOI<onpoBollSIllleii iKJ.lJIbl Ka6e.rleii K MOMellTY n3 t Ici.rla
pe>KII:\la, °C; /1 - npO;lO:I>I\IITe.IJbHOCTb nepHO,la BKJIJOtJeIUlSI, 1IUIH; T - nOCTOSlH-
lIaH BpeMeHlI p CCttJ.lTblBaeMoro pSlA3 Ka(5e.lJeii, Mil".
npliBe;temlblii MeTOjt He CJJe.'lyeT pacnpOCTpaUSITb lIa nYCKOBblC TOKIf.
npHMCp I. PaCC4HT3Tb npMeJlbHO 1l0nYCTII lblii TOK .D.JIH O.D.IIHO'IilO npOAOn>Kell-
1I0ro TpCX>KIIJlbHOrO Ka6e.!JH KI-IP C ce'lelllfeM TOKOnpOBO.D.HIUIiX >K1i.1J 70 MM 2 npn Ann-
Tcnblloii HarpY3I<e nepeMel-lJlbll\f TOKOM 113CTOTOii 50 f"u.
IlcxOJlnble J1MlllbIC: ;J.onycTHMaSl Te:\mepaTypa TOKOBellyweii >K1fJ1b1 65° C; Tel\f-
nepaTypa OKpY>KalOlllerO B03.1.yxa 40° C. Pa3 Iepbl Ka6e.IJH: 113PY>KHblil 11ll3MeTp Ka-
6e.'lSI C 060.'10ttKOii dm.l p = 37,2 MM; JlHaMeTp >KliJlbl C H30.1HUlleii d = 14,9 MM; TOJlWlllla
H30.'1HUHH 1,6 MM.
OnpeJleJISle:\1 BHYTpeliHee Ten..10noc COnpOTJ.IBnClilie no <}JopMyne (2.5.10)
0,97.3 18,6 3
SBH = 6.3,14 In 1,7.5,35.14.9 2 =0,178 T.OM.M.
YlleJIbHOe Ten.10Boe conpoTnD.TICHHe 0 Ii nonpaBollllblii K03ctxPHIlHeHT G 3 no 11311Hb1M
7a6n. 2.5.6 COCT3IWSIIOT: 0= 3" C. \l/8T II Cl3 = 0,97.
YAl' 1bIlOe Tcn.'10BCe COnpOTlIB.TIeIiHe nOBepXHOCTlI B COOTDeTCTDHU c <tOp MY-
J}OU (2.5.18) COCTaBUT
Ta6J1tll-(a 2.5.11
)J.onYCTlIMbie npOJl.OJI/KHTe.rJbHble HarpY3KIt Ha 3J1eKTpH"IeCKlle Ka6e.'JH
Ii npOBOJl.a c pe3ltHOBOH H30Jls:1l\HeH
I Ceqell lie >Kiln ,[lonYCTJIMbli'I TOI<. A. l<aCienefi
l\aCienSl, MM* I I
0.AIlO>t<unbHblX Jt0YX)f(1f nbllbiX TpeX>KUnbllblX
1,0 11 11 Il
1,5 16 16 16
2,5 21 21 21
4 27 27 27
6 35 35 35
10 47 47 47
16 80 78 60
25 100 98 79
35 135 115 97
50 166 137 120
70 ! , 205 165 135
95 245 200 170
120 285 225 200
150 330 255 235
185 375 - 275
240 445 - 325
300 500 485 * - 380
400 605/545 - 440
500 700/580 - -
625 802/665 - -
· ..1aIlHble. YK83311111>1e B "mCJUlTene. OTIIOCSITCR I( nOCTosmHOMY TOKY, 8 B 311a-
MeHaTene - K nepCMeHHOMY
Ta6.t2llt a 2.5.12
,AonycTIIMbie KpaTKoBpeMeHHble HarpY3KII Ha KaGeJUI
H npOBona c pe3HHoBoH H30 HUlie"
0,0833
Snon = 3.14-0,0372 =0.718 r.OM.M;
S =0,718+0,178 =O,89G r.OM.t.t.
1l0nYCT1iMbIH TOK HaiiAeM n O <t>op IYJ1e (2.5.1):
11 25
I Aon = y 3.3,09.10- 3 .0,896 = 173 A.
npHMCp 2. PacctIHTarb npeAe.TJbHO 1l0nycTIIMbIii TOK Ka6eJIH MapKJI KHPn ce 1 le-
lmeM 3 X 25 MM 2 npH nOBTopBO-Kp3TKoBpeMeHlloH HarpY3Kc c ,nnIlTc.TIbtlOCTblO nepll-
0P.8 BKnIOIJeH}IH 11 = 3,0 MHlJ H ,nnHTenbllOCTblO naY3bl /2 = 8,0 MIIII.
Hcxo,llllble JlalnlblC: .llonYCTIIM3H TE:'MnepaTypa TOKonpoBo)l.HlllHX >Kiln 65° C; TE:M-
IIcpaTypa oKpY>KalOJ..U.cro B03,nyxa 40 0 C; lJaCTOTa TOKa 50 fu..
180
CeqCHlfe JlonYCTIiMbliI TOK. A, KdC;eneO
>K1IJ1 Ka- 0.AIIO>KlfnbllbIX I
Cien Sf, AU Y x >t< II n hH bI X TpeX,tClfnbHblX
MM I 30 Milli I
60 ,.11111 30 1'011111 60 M"" 30 MUll 60 MIIII
1 11 11 Il 11 11 11
1,5 16 16 16 16 16 16
2,5 21 21 21 21 21 21
4 27 27 27 27 27 27
6 35 35 35 35 35 35
10 47 47 47 47 47 47
16 80 80 80 80 80 80
25 100 100 100 100 95 80
35 135 135 125 120 110 100
50 165 165 155 135 135 130
70 205 205 185 170 190 165
95 255 245 235 205 245 205
120 310 290 275 235 290 245
150 365 330 325 270 350 285
185 430 380 - - 410 335
240 540 470 - - 500 405
300 650/625 * 545/525 - - 595 485
400 810/730 670/605 - - 740 595
· ,D.'ulHble, YKa3aHHble D qllCJJIfTene, OTIIOCSITCR « [JOCTORHHOMY TOK Y , It B 311a-
Mell8TCJJC - K nCpe\feIiIlOMY.
0,0372 _ 0 0833 ° C . 2 B
(TnoB = 0,055 + 19 25 -, ... M I T,
f.ne 0.055 H 19 - Ko 4mul!ellThlt B3HTblC H3 Ta6.'1. 2.5.7.
TennoBoe conpOTlm.!Jelilie Ten.'100Tlla t Ill C nOBepxllocTH naiilleM nO opMYJJaM
(2.5.17) II (2.5.4):
f :.
181
Ta6.Aw{a 2.5.13
'faH npoKna)].Ka Ka6eJlCH 11.111 OTKpb1TaSJ npOKJlaJlKa B HeCKOnbKO PH}lOB. HarpY3KH,
YK33aHHbJe B 3TlfX Ta6.'UlLlaX, CHllii<aIOTCSI Ita 25°0 [49].
npll H5nonb3003HHH nYIlKoBoii npoKJ1a;J.Klf Bbl60p Heo6xolUfMoro cellelUfSI IImt
AonYCTII 'oU lIarpY3KII npmt3Bo;J.IITCH !\leT010M. omlcaHffbiM paffee.
nonpaBKII 3a Te mcpaTYPY oKpY>KalOll1.C1f cpe;I.bI If lIacToTY nepeMellHoro TOKa
BBOJl.HTCH c nOMOlllblO <POPMY l If K03<l>clmLltleHTOO, npHoeAeHHhfx paltec.
JIonYCTHMble nOBTopHo-KpaTKoBpeMeHHhle HarpY3KH
Hd Ka6e.'1II If npOB01l.a c pe3HHoBoH H3o.rIRLlueH
JlonYCTHMbl.n TOK. A. Kd6enel1
CeqeHlre
>KHn K 6e- O)1110>KlfJ1bHblX )1UYX>Kllnbllb1X TpeX>K}1nbHIXX
nCii,
MM 2 I nB = 25%lnB = 40%
nB = 25% nB = 40% nil = 25% nil = 40 0 0
1 16 16 16 16 16 16
1,5 25 21 21 21 21 19
2,5 34 27 34 27 27 26
4 47 38 47 38 38 35
6 66 55 60 50 54 46
10 80 65 80 65 75 60
16 110 100 110 95 105 85
25 155 135 150 125 135 120
35 200 170 190 155 175 135
50 260 215 230 195 205 175
70 330 275 270 225 270 225
95 405 330 325 270 325 270
I O 475 400 375 315 375 315
150 540 -tGO 430 360 430 360
185 630 530 - - 490 410
240 750 630 - - 580 480
300 860i 25 * 720 690 - - 650 540
400 9fO 900 800 750 - - 780 650
500 1040 795 880,795 - - - -
· ]lallllble. YKa3311Hble B 'It!c.rmTenc. OTHOCSlTCSI K nOCTOSlIIliOMY TOKY. 8 B 3113-
MC.I<ITeJ1e - K ncpeMetlllOMY.
2.5.2. OnPEAEnEHHE PACLiETHblX TOKOB
YLfACTKOB KA6EnbHOH CETH
PaeqeTHbli'l TOK B a mepax !I..'1H oLluopa cetteHtlSI I<a6eJIH onpc.'I.C-
JISICTCSI no C 1elI.YIOU.lHM <t>oPMYJ1aM:
a) '!nSI KaGenSI, llItTalOlllero ;I.BuraTe.1b noeTosmHoro TOKa,
\ J _ PHo\lk 3Srp " 10: 1 .
paC1J - IIU IIOM t (2.5.34)
6) lI.JlSI Ka6eJ1H, IIHTalOlllero ABtlraTe.'1b nepC JeffHOrO TOKa,
I _ P W )p,i l 3H:-p.103
pac'! - I ' (2.5.35)
'II. 3 U HOM COS q.'
rlI.e HOM - 1I0MIII!anbHaR,.. MOlll.nOeTb ;1.BHraTC.'1H, KBT; k 38i "P - K03<1>qmLllfeHT 3a-
rpY3KH llBlfraTenH. 11 - hn 1 .!lOllraTe...1SI: Uno!\r - Ho mHanbHoe lIanpSlJKellne, B;
cos cp - K03<l>4>IfLlHeIiT MOU.lHOCTH :l.Bli raTe '1 SI;
B) ..'lnH <l>lIlI.cpa. nlfTalOll1.erO HeCKOw'lbKO (n) nOTpc6uTC.'1e.ii nOCTOSIltHOro TOKa,
n
[pacll = ko [+ [3an,
I
(2.5.36)
no <l>OPMY.'1C {2.5.2} II .naHHWM TaU.1. 2.5.4
V II + 1 2
1 Aon = J /1 '
rAe I - }l."IlfTe.'1bHO .nonYCTIIMblii TOK. KOTOpblH 110 ( OpMYJle (2.5.1) COCTaB.'1HCT
95 A. TorJla
rlle ko - K03<}J{ IILlHenT O 1HoopCMeHHOCTH pa60Tbl nOTpe6uTeneli, nUTalOllI. XCH OT
n
}laHliorO <l>1I'I.epa; J-cY 1Ma nOJ1HbiX TOKOO Bcex n nOTpe6uTe.1Ief[, nUTalOllluXCH OT
I
}laHHOro <l>1IlI.epa, A: 1 38n - TOK 3anaCHblX 0T-BeTo.1enlfii, A;
r) AJI!! cI>HJ.epa, llIlTalOlllero HeCKO.TJbKO (ll) nOTpe6uTeJleii ncpeMeUHoro TOKa,
paCIlCTHbm TOK B 061l1.c 1 CJlYll3e OnpCJI,eJ1SIeTCH K3K reoMcTpHlleCKaH C}"MMa aKTHBHblK
H pcal<THBHbiX TOKOB Bcex nOTpc6HTe.'1eH C YlleTO:\1 K03cpcf1mmeHTa o.n.HOBpe leIlHOCTH
ItX pa60TbI II ne06xo;J.II:\loro 3anaca no TOKY:
1 p.c' = 1/ ( I. r + ( 1 p r + 1..n.
(2.5.37)
/ 3+8
Iii on =95} = 182 A.
rJ1.c 1 a. I p - COOToeTCToeHHO aKTIIBIIblii H peaKTHBHbJii TOK ;J.nSl Ka>K,'J.oro nOTpe6uTCJISI:
1''11 = I nOTD I cos <p:
Ipi = I noTp I sin rp;
lnuTp i - nonHblii TOK i-ro nOTpc(5uTeJ1H.
01ICBIIJ1.nO, liTO eC 111 6bl H310 6bl.'10 pCIl111Tb 06paTII)'1O 3aJl.aqy. T. e. no 3d!l.allliOMY
TOKY nOOTopHO-KpaTI\OBpCMelUloro pe>KHMd (11 = 3 MIIII, t 2 = 8 MUll, In. K = 182 .4)
obl6paTb lIe06XoJ1.IIMOe CC'ielille, TO
/3KB = 182 Jf 3 8 =95 A,
2.5.3. PACLiET nOTEPb HAnPflJt{EHHfI
B KA6EnbHOH CETH
liTO COOTBeTCTBVeT CCllcml10 3 X 25 MM 2 .
B npdKTIIKC CYllOCTpOeHJUI npHMeHfleTcSI U )].pyroii, ynpolllcHHbllI. MCTO]J. bJ60p3
CCtlellllSi Ka6eJ1H, no KOTOPOMY CeqCIIHH O;l.HO-, }1BYX- H TpeX>KH.'lbHb1X Ka6c.lJeu C pc-
311110BOii 1130.1S1Ll,uCli Obl6HpalOT B COOTBeTCTBlnt C HarpY3KaMII, YK33,:HlHhl:\1II
B Ta6.'1. 2.5.11-2.5.13. 3TII Ta6mutbJ COeTaBJICHbI C Y 1 1eToM OTKpbITOi-'1 O.lIiOpSIAJwii
IIpOlUld'J,Kn Kaue.'1cii, AJ1UTC..lbHO .n.onYCTHMOii TeMne"paTypbJ TOKonpoBoASluteii >KIIJlbI
Ka6eJUI 65° C Ji TCMDCpclTypbl oKpy* uow.eii c.pejl.bI 40° C. ECJUI >l<e nplll\leneU3 CKpbl-
It52
BenlltlHlfa nOTcpll HanpH>KeHItH I1U 0 Ka6eJIe MO>KCT GblTb pacc'iu-
7aHa no cJIe.nYIOm. M qK>pMYJla,,&
p'JlH nOCTOSIlflioro TOKa
6U = 2Jp cqlR .100 O.l.
U 1o,
{2.5.38)
183
.."'. I
}1.JIH 0,nHO<}>a3HOrO nepeMeHHOrO TOKa
I1U 2/ pacql (R cos q> + x sin ({I). 100%
u
,lI,.'IH Tpexcpa3Horo nepeMeHHoro TOKa
aU = V"3 ;ac..d (R cos cp + x sin cp) .100%, (2.5.40)
r)].c lpacq - paC 1 1CTHbJii TOR HarpY3KIf Ka6cJIH, A; l- )I..llma _Ka6enH, M; U-
HOMHHanLHoe JlanpH>KeUIiC ceTH, B; Un - Um.UlHanblloe .'1IlHcmfOe Hanp >KeHHe
ceTn Tpcx<l>a3Horo nepe leHlloro TOKa, B; R - aKTIIBJlOC conpoTl-m.'Iemfe O,rJ.HOH TOKO-
npODO,lI,Slllleii >KHJIbi Ka6c.TJH lIpH paclleTHoii Te mepaType >KH.fJbI C YtleTo f O-':IIHHHSI
tJaCTOTbl TOKa, OM/M; X - HH;J.YKTHolloe conpOTUB'IelUfe, npuoe;J,eHHoe K O;'].HOII TOKo-
npOBO;'I,HIl.leii >Kllnc Ka6enH, OM/M. .
I-IarPY3Ka C'HfTaeTCH aKTlfBHO-IHlAX.KTHBIlOU. u
3uallellllH aJ<TlfBHb1X conpoTHo.'IeHHII TOKonpOOOAHIlI.HX >KHJI Ka6enen npuBC,lI,eUbi
B TaM. 2.5.10.
npu pac'leTe aKTIfOUblX conpoTHBneuJJii npuHHMa.fJOCb
pt = P20 [1 + a (0 -20)], (2.5.41)
rJlc PI - conpoTlm.!JeJlHC MC;I.HOii >KHJIbI cellellueM I MM 2 npn Te:\m paType to C; Pw -
conpOTlmJJelUfe flforonpoBo.10tIHOi1 Me.1.uoi-'l >K1f.lIbl ce'ICHHeM 1 M 12 npn Te mepaTYP.
20° C, paBuoe 0,0184 O I. \1 12/M; a - TeMncpaTYPHblii K03cp$lfIllleHT, paoHblll
0,004° C 1.
npu lIarpY3KC Ka6e.'IH nepe lcmlbtl\1 TOKO f 3KTHBiloe conpOTHB.fJeHJ.fe >KIIJIW
,AOJI>KHO 6WTb Y!\.IIIO>KeHO Ha 1<o*plflllleIlT, npmIHMaeMbIii no Ta6n. 2.5.14.
Ta6.'lllu,a 2.5.14
(2.5.39)
r,ne 1- tJaCTOTa nepeMeHlloro TOKa, fu.; a - K03<I><PIIII.neHT, YlfHTbIB3JOIlUIH BJlJlHIJUe
CTa.'1bJlOII OnJIeTKH (npH HanHIfHH cTa 'bHO" onneTKH a = 1,25; B OCTaJlbHblX CJlYllaSlX
a. = I); D - paccToHIIHe Me>KllY OCHMII TOKOnpOBOJl,Hllt.HX >Kiln; '1 - paJJ.HYc TOKO-
npOBOAHllI.eif >KJlnbI.
3Ha t lcJUISI npUBe,rJ.eHHhlX K o,nHon >KH.TIe HH)J.YKTHOJlblX conpoTHBneuHH neKoTopblX
MapoK Ka6cJIeH ,naIOTCH B Ta6..1. 2.5.15.
Ta61lUI{a 2.5.15
3nalleJlIIR DH.D.YKTHBHblX conpOTIfBJIeHIfH HeKOTopblX MapOK
.D.BYx- II TpeX>KHJIbHblX Ka6e.neH
Ko3$$HUHeHTbI YBeJIHlleHHR aKTHBHoro cOnpOTHBJleHHR
TOKonpoBoJJ,RUleH >KHJ1b1 Ka6eJISI npH lIarpY3Ke ero neper.weHHblM TOKOM
I1HJJ.YKTHIHIOC conpOTHBnellHC X, OM/KM
Ce eH He KIIPn KHP, KHP3, CPM HPlllM
}KJlnbl. MM 1
50 fn. 400 fit 50 fll I 400 rn. 50 fn. I 400 rn.
1,0 0,147 1,18 0,118 0,94 0,117 0,94
1,5 0,139 I,ll 0,1 10 0,89 0,1 10 0,88
2,5 0,134 1,08 0,108 0,86 0,108 0,86
4,0 0,126 1,01 0,101 0,81 0,100 0,80
6,0 0,119 0,95 0,095 0,76 0,092 0,73
10,0 0,115 0,92 0,092 0,74 0,089 0,71
16,0 0, 109 0,87 0,087 0,70 0,083 0,66
25,0 0,106 0,85 0,085 0,68 0,082 0,66
3:1,0 0,102 0,82 0,082 0,65 0,079 0,63
50,0 0,098 0,78 0,078 0,62 0,076 0,61
70,0 0,095 0,76 0,076 0,60 0,073 0,59
95,0 0,094 0,75 0,075 0,60 0,073 0,59
120,0 0,092 0,73 0,073 0,59 0,072 0,58
150,0 0,092 0,73 0,073 0,59 0,072 0,57
185,0 0,092 0,73 0,073 0,59 0,072 0,57
240,0 0,091 0,73 0,073 0,58 0,071 0,57
O.nIJO>KHnbJlble Ka6enll npH JlBYX- II TpeX}Kllnbllble
CC'Ieline 1.J3CTOTe TOKa Ka6enJi npH qaCTOTe TOKa
}Kiln, MM' I
5.1 fl( I 400 fit 50 fit 400 fit
25 - 1,01 - 1,02
35 - 1,02 - 1,04
50 - 1,04 - 1,06
70 - 1,09 - 1,13
95 - 1,16 - 1,29
120 - 1,25 - 1,45
150 - 1,34 - 1,60
185 1,01 1,45 1,02 1,78
240 1,02 1,62 1,04 2,10
300 1,02 1,75 - -
400 1,04 1,98 - -
n p H M e q a U II e. Bt'nll'I HHe conpOTIIBneUHH ABYX- II TpeX)KHnbHblX Ka-
6enen O SlCH HeTCH BnlUIHHeM 94>4>eKTa 6nU30CTH.
J],JIH TeX pe KJ.IX c.'1Y 1 IacB, KOr)l.a nepeMeHHbIH TOK nepc,naCTCH no OAHO>KHnbllbIM
Ka6eJIHM (6e3 MCTaJInHlleCKOH OnJICTKH), IflJAYKTHOlIoe conpOTHB.'IeHHe Ka6eJIH B OMax
MO>KIIO onpe,ne.fJHTb no cpopMy.TIe
x = 4n/I.IO- 7 (In : - 0,75),
(2.5.43)
HH,lI,YKTHBHoe conpoTlIBneHHe ,noyx- JI TpeX>KHJIbllblX Ka6eJICH Ha 1 M J1JllllIbl
paCCQHTblBaeTcSI no pMyne
X = 2nfa. (0,46 Ig + 0.05) . 10-°, (2.5,42)
r.ne l - !l,nlllla Ka6cJlH, M.
npli ClKTHBllo-eMKOCTHOM xapaKTepe HarpY3KH 311aK n.TIIOC B «}>opMYJIaX (2.5.39)
1:1 (2.5.40) cne.nYCT 3aMetIHTb Ha MlfHYC.
C AocTaTollHoil ,rJ..1H npe.n.BapHTeJIbHOif OllCHKIf TOtlHOCTblO BenJllIHHa nOTep"
HanpH>KeHJlH B O;:t.HO 1 MeTpe TpCX>KHJIbIlOrO K36e.IJSI MapoK KHP, KHPn, KHP3,
HPW.\\, CPM II ,npyrnx aHa:lorWlHblX JIM Ka6eJIeii C peJllHOBOH H30nHllHei% II MeAlloii
>KJlJloil MO>KeT 6b1Tb onpe '1.eJlelfa no KPHBblM pHC. 2.5.4 II 2.5.5 ,n.IJH UanpH>KeHltii 380
Ii 220 B, lIacToToii 50 H 400 rU. H coscp= 0,7+0,9.
KpHBbie nOCTpoeHbI HCXOJlH JI3 ycpe.nHeHHblx YCJIoBnii pa60Tbi Ka6eJlSI B Tpex-
«I>a3Ho11 ceTH B CMewaHHQ:\1 nYIfKe 0 TelfeHlle 24 II B CYTKII npu aKTlIBJlO-UII,nYKTIfBHOii
HarpY3Ke.
npH paCqeTe nOTepn HanpSl>KeHHH 0 nYIlKe napanJlenbHO DKJlIOIICIIHblX Ka6eJleH
B ceTII nepeMemloro TOKa c.!Je.nycT IIMeTb 0 BIIJ1.Y, liTO If1I;1.YKTHOHoe conponlBnClllle
nYll1<a Ha YllaCTKe cro pa3.l1.CnKH 0 MecTC npllCOe,lI,IIHeBltH K lllHHaM pe3KO YBeJIHtlJl-
B3eTCH. C YBeJInllellHe 1 tlUCJIa (n) napaJIJIeJIbHO BKJIlOlfelUlWX Ka6eJIeii OTHOCHTeJlbllaH
BCJJII'lIIna' 3Toro COnpOTl-IBJIelIHH 003paCTaeT If )J.JIH KOpOTKJ.IX Tpacc, paCCIIHTaHllbiX
:184 I .
I. .
I;.
185
lIa 60JIbWYI0 CJI.'1)' TOKa, owu6Ka B onpc.n.e.'1Cmm nOTCpn JlanpH>KCHlfR MO>KeT .n.OCTII-
raTb 50-60%. 3TO OC06CHHO 3a",eTIl0 B ceTSIX nepeMennoro TOKa tlacToToii 400 rLl.
Ha pHC. 2.5.6 npune}l.ellbl KpllBble nOTepb HanpmKellHH Ha ,.'I.BYX Y1JaCTKaX pa3-
J].e.'1KU Ka6eneH (c )].BYX KOHllOB Tp3CCbl) cellCtmCM 3 X 70 MM 2 . ,ll.rum3 Y l laCTKa r a3 -
,ne..1KU npllHHTa paBnO" 0,5 M, paccTommc MeiK..1.Y 4Ja3aMu 0,15 M. I-IanpmKelllic CeTJf
380 8, cos cp = 0,8, HarpY3Ka aKTHBHO-JII1'J.YKTlIBHaH.
npUBe..1.enHble KpUBblC n03Bo.1HIOT OIleHllTb Be.'1HlluHY nOTepn HanpSI>KeHltH Ha
Y1JaCTKoX pa3,lJ.eJ1KH.
3Hamle BemItlltHbi nOTepb nanpH>I<ellHH B KaC5eJIbHbJX Tpaccax RDJIHCTCH He06xo-
JUIMblM, HO He.n.OCTaTOIIHbIM J1JUI oueHKU cnpocKTHpooanlloii CHCTeMbI pacnpe;{c.nemIR
9.'1eKTp03I1epnHl. HeOOXOJ1UMO RCIIO cc()e npeJlCTaBHTb, tlTO COnpOTJIB.1eHlUI p33.1H1JHbIX
YllaCTKOB CHCTe",bl pacnpe'le.rICHIiH 9J1eKTp03Hepnm ,.'J.oniKHbI o6ecnCilUBaTb Talme
nOTeplt nanpH>KeHIIH, npll KOTOpblX B .IIIo60M pC>KUMe pa60Tbi 3neKTp03J1eprCTlI1JeCKOif
CHCTeMbl J10CTHranaCb 6bl He06xo,lJ.UMaSI cTa6HJIbllOCTb HanpR>KemUI na 3a>KJi\laX
nOTpe6HTe.'1eii npn npaBU.'lbIlO
Bbl6patmoM 3na1.JeHJIII YCT3BKJI
lIanpH>KellltH reHepaTopa.
EC 1H orpamltHlTbCH paCCMOT-
pelineM TonbKO AnJ.ITe..lbllbIX PC-
>KHMOB pat50TbJ 9JIeKTpmmepre-
TlPICCKOH CJlCTe lbl, TO YKa3aHHoe
BblWC ycnoBHe MO>KHO salHlcaTb
CJIeJlYI01llilM 06pa30M:
UllOM + 6U AJ1. llon. B - UT. B +
+ I 6U c miD I > U Y > UllOM +
+ AU AJ1. Aon. II - 6U T . 11+
+ I AU e max I, (2.5.44
rJl.C UllOM - HOMIlHaJIbHOe lIanpH-
>KelHle nOTpe6uTe.'1H; U ;I.1. AGn. 8.
U A.I'!. nOli. 11- COOTBeTCTBeHHO Bepx-
Hee II InJiKllee JI..'1I1TeJIbllb!C Jl.OnYCTlIMbIC OTKJIOneHHH lIanpR>KCmm Y nOTpeGu-
TcnH; U y - YCTaBI<8 uanpHiKenllH rellepaTop3; UT. B' AUT. II - COOTBeTCTBemlO
BepXllllii n 1IJ1>Kllllii npeJl.c..1LT TOllnOCTlI pery.rmpOBanllH H3npSI>f\eIHlH reHcpaTopa;
6U c mIn. 6 U c max - COOTBeTCTBellHO naHMCHbWlle H Hau60.1bwue nOTe )JI lIanpH-
>KeHUR B uenu OT T01.JKJI n0l1K..1IO t leHUH KoppeKTopa n3npH>KeTUfSI rencpaTopa JJ,O
3a>KIIMOB nOTpe6J1TC'.1H.
BLlpa>KClllle (2.5.44) HB.TJHeTCfI lIeo6xo;Ul\lblM U ,.'I.OCTaTOIIHLI 1 YC.'lOBlle 1 CY1lleCTBO-
BallllSI TaKoii YCT8BKII lianpH>KeUHH reHepaTopa, KOTopaH 0(5ecncIIHB8CT )1.onYCTlIMbTe
npC.ileJlbl OTK.lOlleHllii lIanpH>Kelll1H Ha 3a>KIIMaX nOTpe6HTeJIH npu UMClOllllIX MeCTO
Hau60.!JbWIIX H Hall leHbWIlX nOTepRX lIanpH>KemlH B ceTII If .!laHlloii T01.JHOCTIf nOJl-
Jl.ep>KaHHH 113npHil\clIIlH rClJepaTopa. EC.111 YC.'10BHe, 3aA3BaCMoe nblpa>KeJlIICM
(2.5.44), YJlon.'1eTI.!OpReTCSI, TO nOC.1e,r1.nee onpeAe..1HeT II 3Ha t leUHe YCTaBKH HanpH-
>f<eIUIH (IIJIII .aOnYCTm,IYIO 06.TJaCTb ee 3I1aIlCHIIII).
Bblpa>l\eHlle 1 (2.5.-14) YJl.06110 nO 1b30BaTbCR, Bblpail\3H Bce oe.'1l1 t lllllbl B npOllen-
Tax II nplfllll lan 1I0 IUHa.'1bIlOC lIanpH>KClllle nOTpc6HTC.1H sa 100 0 u .
flpll 3afll'CIi 3Toro BwpaiKclIlIH npc nO 'IaraJIOCb, tITO aCIf IMeTpHH HanpRiKeHHH
OT,neJIbHbIX <l>a3 Tpcxq-,a3110ii CIICTe:-'lbl lIe3H3 1 111TeJIblla, CTaTJl3 1 xapaKTepllCTHKU
renepaTopa OXO,nIlT B ne.!JlIlJIIIIY, onpe.nenHlOlltYIO TOlllIOCTb perY.TJllpOB3lUiH ero mmpH-
>KeHIIH, a HarpY3Ka renepaTopa - 3KTlfBHO-IIHl1.YKTIIBII3R. npH aKTIIBHo-eMKOCTHOii
narpY3Ke n.TlIoe nepe.1 311a t lCIIIIHMII I f..U c mln I II I 6U c rnax I 3aMCHHeTCSJ Ha MmIYC.
OCTCI.lbllble BC.'llllHfllhI nOllCTaBJlHIOTCH B (2.5.44) co COOH UI SIl3KaMU. '1JeT aCUM-
MCTIHIJI lIalipHiKeHIIH If raC 1 1eT Kp8TKoBpe:\ eHHbl" OTK.TJOUeHHii CM. B rJl. 2.10.
J-Ia ocnOBamm }">Ke npnnollllBwlI"<CH co06pa>KellHii MO>KHO T3K>Ke 3amicaTb
6U ;I.'1. Aon. 0 - nU A.'I. .{ton. II > I I1U c rnax - 6U c mln 1+ I1U T . B -- I1U T . II (2.5.45)
3TO Bb1p3>KCIIIIC npellCT3BJIffeT c060'l .lIe06 0,l1.1I1\10e H AOCTaTOIIUOC YCJIOBI:e
CYLLl€CTBOBatmH Heo6xoJJ.IIMoro 311aqCIIIIH 'YCT3B!{H nanpR>K€IUlH reHepaTopa. ECJiU
/J U, '0 11
0,71
0,10
0,09
0,08
0,07
0.06
0,04
o,OJ
50
220 lJ
J808
/50 200 S, Hl1 2 250
/J U,% I
Pue. 2.5..1. KpliBble nOTepb HanpH-
>KeHIIH B O;J.HOM MeTpe Ka6eJlH C pc-
3JUlOBOii H30.!JHUlleii npH qaCTOTe
50 fll.
0,11
0,10
Pnc. 2.5.5. KpUBlJIC nOTepb uanpfI-
>KCIIUR B O,nHOM MeTpe Ka6eJ1H C pe-
SlmOBO" 1f30JIHltlfeii "PU qaCTOTe
400 fit.
10
20 JO
186
-l
dU.I.
jOfu, oorLl.
0,07. O,j6
0.06 0,48
(JP 0,40
0.04 o,J2
o,OJ 0,24
q02 q16
10
20
JO 11,
PIIC. 2.5.6. KPUBblC non'Pb
B JlBYX I<a(jeJIbHbIX pa3JJ,e.'IKax.
JlanpH>KellilSI
IB7
HepanenCTBO (2.5.45) He Y.D.OB 1eTBopHeTCH, TO 3TO 03HaQaeT, qTO npH JI311110ir p33HOCTil
nOTepb lIanpH>KClllfH B ceTn II T011110CTIf nO.'I,.1ep>KaHUH HanpH>KeHHSI H3 reHepaTope
HeB03!\fO>KUO ..'l.06HTbCH Tpe6yeMoil eTa6H '1bHOCTIf HanpH>KeHIUI H3 nOTpe6HTeJIe.
npUBe.n.elfHble Bblwe BbipaiKeJUIH namfC3Hbi 1.TISI CnCTe\lbl C O;UllfM nOTpe6nTe.flel\
Hau60.1bwlle nOTepn HanpSI>KeHliSI B ceTU npll 3TO\1 B03UIIKalOT npH !\f3KCUMa.lbHOU
33rpY3Ke nOTpe6l1Te'lfl, a lfamleUbwue - npl MIIHn 13.'1bHoii. 3TH BbIp3>Kem,fH MOiKHO
pacnpOCTpauuTb H U3 rpynny nOTpe6uTC.leu, lIaxo;J.H1LlUXCSI B paBHblX CJIOBHHX,
T. e. n leIOllJ,nX 0;J.IHI3KOBbIe ;J.onycTID,lbIe onulOHeHlffl lIanpSD:I\CIHlH. npll..3Tm.1 Hall-
60.lJblllaH nOTepSI HanpH>KCIIJISI 6Y.J.CT mreTb MeCTO B pe>KII:-'le Han60o''1bWen 3arpY3KIt
CIICTe!\lhl .ao flanooJIce Y.:lanellHOro OT reHcpaTopa nOTpe6uTe.fI H, a . aH 1eHbLUlie nOTepH
HanpH>t.clIlIH .n.O.'J)KHbI C5h!Tb onpe.l1.C 1CHbI B pe>KIIMe :-.-mHHMaJlbHOII 33rpY3KIf CIICTe!\lbI
,no 6mliKaiiwcro K rCllepaTOPY 110Tp 6I1Te.1S1. npH npe;l.BapHTC.lbllblX p3CqeTaX H311-
MeHbwee 311a 1 1CHHe nOTeI'll HanpHiI<:eHIIH MOiKHO npHHIfMaTb paBHbl uymo. npn Ha-
JIJilIllIl ueCKonbKUX (/l) rpynn nOTpeGIITeJIcii C O.J.HHaKOBhIMIf .n.onycn1 lbIMU OTK..10ne-
IIHH m lIanpSDt<ellllH 1.T)H nOTpc6HTeJIeii BH¥.TPIi KaiK!J.oi'l rpynnbI Bblpa>KeHlfe Tuna
(2.5.44) ..1.0..'1>KHO 6b1Tb 3amfcaHO .ll.o''IH K8>K;J.01I rpynnbl, a YCTaBKa nanpH>KeHIISI relle-
paTopa onpcAc:IeHa KaK pewellHe CIfCTe:\lbl uep3BcHcTB Tlma (2.5.44).
EC.11I .I1CBYIO qaCTb BblpaiKeHHH (2.5.44) 0603H3 t lllTb A, a npaBYIQ B, TO
Al U y Bli
A2 Uy B2;
A U.io
1,2
1,0
B
q6
"
2
o
:PHC. 2.5.7. I(pliBble nOTepb HanpH>KelUIH
B aBTOMaTUlleCIOIX BblKJllOllaTe.flflX Tlln3
AK50 B ceTHX C qaCTOTOii 50 fu.
I - cas q: = 0.9+0.65: U = 380 B; 2-
cos cp = 0.9-t- 0,65: U = 220 B
AU.% .
J.O
2.
2,0
1,
1.0
0,5
Pelllellne 3TOii CHCTeMbI
Aml n U y Bmax. (2.5.47)
r,n.e A mln- HaHMellblllee 113 Bcex 3H311eHIlii A; B IU3X - Hall60JIbllJee 113 Bcex 3Ua t J€-
mJii B.
U%
1,0
48
0,6
0.4
0,2
lJ 20
60
140 180 220 2 0. JOO J10 JOO 420 60 I. A
PUC. 2.5.9. KpHBble nOTepb HanpH>KeHJHI B aBTOMaTU1JeCKHX BblK".1101JaTe..1HX
B ceTHX C qaCTOTOii 400 rLl npH TOKax J].O 450 A.
1-13 H3o''10iKeHHOro BIt;:lHO, qTO .ll.OnYCTHMOCTb Tex IInlt JIIIbJX nOTepb nanpmKemHl
B ceTH MO>KHO oueHIITb TO.'1bKO paCCMaTpHB3fl CHCTeMY n uenOM C YtlCTOM B03MO>KHbJX
pe>KIiMOB ee pa60TbI.
C nOMOllJ,bIO npHBe,neHUblX c}1oP\iY,,'I MO>KHO pe1ll8Tb pH,n pa3Hoo6pa3HbiX 3aAaq,
T3KHX, lI3npHMep, KaK paCtleT ueOC5XO)lIfMOii YCTaBKIf Hanpfl>KeHHfl renepaTopa, ,no-
nYCTlIMblX npe,ll.enOB 1f3MeHelllifl HarpY3KIi, .ll.OnYCTIIMblX nOTepb UanpSl>KelllIH B ceTH
n CBH3aHHoro C 3THM He06xo.ll.HMOrO Ce1JeUHH Ka6eJISI, n .np.
AlI,%
o 2 6 .8 10
I.A
PUC. 2.5.8. KpuBule nOTepb lIanpH>KeHlfH
B aBTOM3THIICCKUX BblKnIOllaTe..1HX Tllna
AK50 B ceTSJX C tlaCTOTO" 400 fLl.
I - cas q> = 0.9; U = 380 B; 2 - cas q> =
= 0.9: U = 220 B; 3 - cas cp = 0.65;
U = 380 B: .J - cas <II = 0.65: U = 220 B
0,8
PIIC. 2.5.10. KpHBbJe no-
7epb HanpSl>KelllfH B aBTO-
MaTH qecKH x BbIKJIlO1:J3TeJIfl x
B ceTHX C qaCTOTOlJ 400 rU
npH TOKax 800-3500 A.
0.6
44
42
o
2000
JOOO I,A,
7000
(2.S,4G)
OlleBHAJlO, qTO JJ,.TISI BblnOnHeJlIiSi YKa3aHHblX Bb1111e paCqeTOB He06xo,nm.fo 3HaTb
nOTeplO UanpH>KenHH BO Bcex 3neMeHTax uenH rCllep3TOp - nOTpe6lfTeJIb. KPOM6
Ka6enbHbIX Tpace, paCtleT nOTepb HanpSl>KeUlfH B KOTOpblX H3 10>KeH Bblllle, HMelOT
8uaqeHHe nOTeplf HanpSJ>KeHHH B TpaHCQ>op\l8TOpaX H aBTOM8TH t ieCKlfX BbIKJIlO1JaTeJJSlX.
nplIBe,neM HeKOTopble J1allHbIe, Hc06xo}J.HMble J1JIH 0l1.eHI{H nOTepb HanpSl>KeHHSI B YKa..
BaHUblX 3JIeMeHTax.
JInH aBTOMaTOB THna AK50 c pacnenHTenHMH lIa TOKn 2-10 A DC.TIHtIHHY nOTepH
nanpH>KeHJfH npH TOKe, paBHOM 1I0MJlHaJIbHO IY TOKY p(iCUenHTenH J, MO>KHO OI..leHIfTb
no KpHBblM pHC. 2.5.7 Ii 2.5.8. npH HOMHHaJIbHblX TOKax pacu.emlTeJIeii OT 10 JJ,O
50 A .lI.JISI npe,nBapHTeJIblIbIX OI..leHOJ{ MO>KHO npHHHTb c.ne..n.YIOll1He ycpeJ].HeHHbIe sua..
IJeJlHSI nOTepb nanpH>KeHHSI:
npH qaCTOTe 50 fLl - 0,1 %;
npn qaCTOTe 400 rU, - 0,25%.
188
<
An Uy> Bn.
189
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KOtI1 pa 06 IOTlm B036Y>f<,!leIiIlH, UO TOK, D031H1Ka10111Jiii B 310M KOIIT e COrrJaCHO
33KOifY 3.1eJ<TpO larIfIlTJfOil IiH;lYKlum CTpeMIITCSI COXpamlTb ero noi!c: . .
lIeI13 lellllb)M. no:no 'v O.lJ.IIOBpe !eIJfIO C P OCTO I TOKa HKO p H YBe cuennefllle
B0.36v)K;I.eUJIH . . .IJHIHfB3CTCH H TOK
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C TOKOM HKOp , TOK B036Y>K...'1.eHIIH lIa1.JJfHaeT 3aTe 1 YMenbwaTbCSI n l.Jep 3 HeCK nbKO
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11.111 C leUJaUllbt\1 B036Y>K..'lclllle 1 3Ta BemftlJUla C5Y.IleT 6.IJH3Ka K Uy..'110. npH . 3 reu -
paTopa C l!e3aBIICH\lbl 1 n036Y>K- ' . .
)1CIUlC 1 Olld paDua TOI<Y B03(jY>K- If{J
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6Y>f<JleHIIH CII1I)I<alOTCn 3 'J.C II TOK
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1.JIIH3 noc.le,'J,lIero 33BJlCHT OT
cnoc06a D03....y>K!tCHIIH, 'i1apa rcT-
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3..'leKTpO.'lBllraTeJIlI n p H K. 3.
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CTJIraeT MaKCII IYMa, tlaCTOTa Bpa-
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3HC:l 1 I11Te.!JbHO 113\ICHIITbCH, no-
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ec..1J1 H3MepHTb cro B )10.'1HX 110-
Mlllla.'1bIlOrO TOKa :lBHraTeJ1H. KaK
II BpCMH I m3X, OKa3bIBClCTCH 0;11101 0
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3l1allCIUIH m renepaTOpOB.
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npll K 3 "'ciic n\.1n CO ) pee. TaK K3K 3.'1eKTpOMarHIITllhIii fo.IO\fCIIT, D031111KalOUUIH
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t . K. 3 max, K.3 B MOMCIIT t cpa6aTbIBallllH 3allJ,HThi II
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o
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2) Bbl611palOT pactieTHYIO TotlKY K. 3.;
3) Bbl'lHCJIHIOT I P
MOUJ,HbIX ABlJraTe 1ei ' (B max n If rJIY"o!l. K. 3. Ha 3ailUIM3X renepaTopOB Ii H;:!1160.'1ee
Bpalll.CHIiSI ,"J.DUraTe lICH B Tn e I CJI elf I n. e He K 1 3 CJI I e tlaC YCJIOBl ) fO n pe!lno.rJaraeTCH, 'ITO lIaCTOTa
4 w .. . MeIlHcTcH;
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..5 HX 3a>KIf 13X; npll rnyxllx
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6) Bbl t llfcnmOT nOJIHO '
K.3. H M3KClIMaJIbllble T011 Jf PaC1.JeTHOe conpOTlfDJIeHHe, MaKCHMa.fJbHWii TOK B TOllI<e
K. 3. B OT)J.eJ1blIbIX BeTBHX cnCTeMbl.
YCpC;!.HClllfe 3HailellJlii nOTepb HanpSl>KCUIfH npOH3Be.a.eHO B .lJ.Hana30He nanpH.
>Keuuii ceTU 220-380 B II npn cos cp = 0,65+ 0,9. C )lOCTaT01.JHOH TOIJHOClblO npu-
Be;teHlfble ;J.aHHbJe MOiKUO IfcnO.!Jb30naTb If ..'l.1H aBTOMaTOB .\K63.
nplJ qaCTOTe 50 r11. nOTepH m HanpSI>KeHIIH B Jlpyrllx Tllnax aBTO:'ofaTOB na TOKH
60 1bUlC 50 1\ IO>f<UO npeHe6peraTb. KC:lK np3BU 10, 3l1a1.JClllle nx He 6y ACT npenhl-
waTb 0,1 0 0 .
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MO>KBO oplleHTllpoDOIlHO Cy.aUTb no KpIfBWM, I1pIlSe.1eIHlbI 1 Ha pllc.2.5.9 II 2.5.10.
Bce .a3UHble 0 nOTepHX HanpH>KeHJlH B aBTO iaTax npuDe.n.eHbl JI,.'1H C.l}'113H aKTHBII<r
1J1J.n.}'KTIIDIIOil Harp)'3Ku.
nOTCpH HanpHiKCIIJIH B 0;11104>a3110:\1 Tpallc<pop:-'laTope Hnll B )a3e Tpex 33Horo
Tpane<popMaTopa npn cJI:\I leTpll1.Jlloi1 lIarpY3Ke onpe.:tc.1HeTcH no CPop IY.'1e
ilUlJ o = a (c K . a COS Cf2 + e K . p sin q>l)t
(2.5.48)
l.!lC a - Ko3<!J4H111.lleUT, paBllhl1t OTIlOUleHUlO TOK3 lIarpY3KI! K HOMI1U3nbHoMY TOI<Y;
e K . a - aKTlfBUaH COCTaB.'1HI0llJ,3H uanpHiKelHIH KopOTKoro 3a lbIKaIUlH, 0 0 ; eK. p-
peal<TIIBH3H COCT3B.'IHI0llJ,aSt lIanpH>KellHH KopOTKoro 3a lblKaHIIH, 0 0 ; cos £P2 - K03<l>-
q>HU UeHT IOlllIIOCTU HarpY3KII.
<1>opMY.'Ia (2.5.48) cnpane!l..'1JlBa npH aKTHBno-HH;tYKTlIBHO ' xapaKTepe na-
rpY3KIL EC.'111 Harp)'3Ka IIMeeT aKTlIBHO-e IKoeTHblii xapaKTep, TO 3HaK nJIIOC B op.
Myne C.'1e.1yeT 3a 1eUItTb H3 fo.umyc.
COeTaDJISlIOUJJle UanpH>KeHIIH KopOTKoro 3a IbIKaIlHH BWIJIICJIHIOTeH no op IYJIaM
P K .
e,<. 8 = 105
H() I
(2.5.49)
,r:l '2
e K . P = V e,< - c K . a'
(2.5.50)
rJI,e p« - nOTepH MOLUHOCTII B onblTC KopoTKoro 33MblKanHH, BT; SHOM - HOMIIHaJlb-
lIaH MOlllHOCTb Tpallcq,opM3Topa, KB. A; CK - Hanp >KeIHle KopoTKoro 3aMblK311HH, %.
rl1asa 2.6. TOKIlt KOPOTKOrO 3AMbIKAHHf1
8 CSSC n08TOHHHOrO TOHA
2.6.1. 06LlJ.Aft XAPAKTEPHCTHKA H nOPftAOK
PAC4ET A TOKOB KOPOTKoro 3AMblKAHHft
K 0 pOT K II e 3 a M bl K a II 1-1 H (K. 3.) MorYT 6blTb KaK r n y -
!X II M If (MeT3Jlnll t leCKHMIt), npH KOTOpblX nepexo;Uloe COnpOTIfBJIelllie It, cnC,,'J.OBa-
Te..'1bHO, HanpH>KeHlle B MeCTax K. 3. npaKTlfileCKU paDHbl HYJIIO, TaK H Her n Y -
II M If (IJepe3 ).IJeKTplilleCKYIO JI.yry), npn KOTOpblX HanpH>KeHlle B MeCTax K. 3.
MOiKCT 6blTb BeCb 13 3I1allIITe.'1bHbIM.
HH>Ke paCCM3TpJ.JBaIOTCH TOJIbKO rnyxllc K. 3.
npU'-'1epnblH npouecc 113!11enellHH TOKa K. 3. renepaTopa 6e3 aDTOMaTHtleCKoro
pery..1HTopa HanpHJKeHHH H306pa>KeH KplJBOii lIa pHC. 2.6.1.
npH l{. 3. TOK reHep3Topa CHailaJIa pe3KO B03paCT3eT H S3 BpeMH, npU6JIH3H-
TeJIbHO pa8Hoe 0,02-0,04 C, JI.OCTlfraeT MaKCIIManblloro 3H8I.JeHHH.
Ilpn K. s. Ha 3a>KUMaX renepaTopa 9TO 3HaQeHUe 06blIJil0 B 8-12 pa3 npeBblwaeT
3HaQeUHe HOMIHl8JIbHOrO TOKa (ecnH K. 3. npOHcxo.a.liT 80 Blleumeii 11.enn, TO conpOTH-
D.fJeHHe HCTOIIHHKa mfT3H1IH .no MeCTa K. 3. YMeHbwaeT KaK MaKCHM3JIbHoe 311allCHue
TOK3 K. 3., TaK H BpeMH ,nOCTU>KeHIfH 9Toro MaKCIfMYMa).
190
'"It
o
t max
PUC. 2.6.). I(PIIB3H Jl3MCHemIH TOKa HKOpSI re-
HepaTopa nOCTOHHlloro TOKa npn KOpOTKOM
3aMblK3IUJJf .
/0 - TOK }J..O K. s.. I J
, K. S max. K. 3 }'CT- COOTBeT..
CTBeJlHO 1>S<lJ<CISM3J1bIlOe H YCT8HOBII8IUeeC1I 3HaQeHlSe
TCKa K. 3.; t max - Bper.UI IHlcTynnCIIJUJ M.IKCIIMaJlb-
noro 3ua'ICIUIH TOKa K. 3.
un
O;l.1I0.1HHeliuylO II paClleTIIYIO npmU.lIfIHla.lbIlYIO CXC:\1ht COCTan.1flIOT B COOTBeT-
crBlln C O;l.HII'I 113 OCHOBHblX pe>KU IOB pat50Tbl C} .llHa, Hall60.lee TH>Ke lbl!\1 no YC.10-
BHH I K. 3.
Ha cxe Je C.1e.'1.yeT Bbl;I.e.1nTb reHepaTOpbt II TC 3..'leKTpOJ.BHra re.rlU, nOMIIHaJ1bHan
MOlllHOCTb KOTOpbIX COlf3MepllMa C MOlllHOCTflMIi OTJ.C,,1bHLIX reuepaTopOB. nplf 3TOM
YKa3blBalOT 1I0MIIHa.rtbHble 311allcliltH IIX 3..1C n TOI<a. OCTa.1bIlLle, OTHoeUTe.1bHO l\1a.l1o-
MOUlHbIe, nOTpe6uTe..l11 YIlUTblBalOTCH KaK O;l.HU 3KnIlBa.'1CHTublii. 3,lC KOToporo paBHa
HanpH>KeHJIIO Ha umHclX rpUJ.. a TOK - CYM"WPUOMY Hmuma.1bUmty TOKY 3T1IX
3.TICKTp01BHraTeJIeii B paCC:\laTpHBae tO 1 pe>KII te.
Kpo le noro, npn coeT3BJ1emIU paCIlCTlIoii npmflumHa.'IbHOIi CXC lbI YI<a3blBalOT
YCTaIl0B..1CHIIYI0 KOM tYTaUIIOHHO-3aw.HTHYIO annapaTYPY J a T £tKiKe KO 1HlleCTBO H CC-
qeHHH lllHH 1-1 Ka6e.lcii Cy.n.OBoii CCTII.
CIfMO T ; 1: :. I I ; 3 3 T :/me.1bHoro H.'IH HC3aBn-
,
w (1)
T B 1::: 2,26 P .
au. B UllOM'
B) OTIiOLUeliHe ManIItTO.1..BH>KYlllCii Cl1l1bl pa .
peal< 1111 HKOpH npu Kpaliue 3aMe 'IeHHOii K MM; H 3 1 : rLte T: fF
Fq+ bKAS :!: 2 W n . B 1 110101
k p . SI = an. B
F
2.6.2. PAC4ET TOKOB KOPOTKOrO 3AMbIKAH f1
m KT BHbIX COnpOT BJlEHHH
rEHEP A TOPOB AB r A TEJlE&:1
3!I,ecb 3Hal< nJIIOC nepe.!l CJIaraeMbiM 2 U'n. n I CT aB
a 110\1 IITCR npH paCqeTe reHepaTopa
co BCTpellHo, a Jl.BllraTeJIH _ c cornac on. Bu.
B036Y>K,nemIH; 3HaK MIfHYC _ n II a IJc:: ::HHOH 06MOTKOII nOC.lJeAOBaTeJIbHOrO
co BCTpetlHO BK.1lOtIeUHoii 06MO OJf paTOpa C cor.lJaCHO, a llBllraTeJIH -
nOCJIe 9Toro HaXOASJT:
a) BcnO IOraTeJJbHble BeJIll1lHHbI A, B, C (cooTBeTcTBeHHO B c-!, c- , c-,1.)
J
A =T + C (Pa+ PIl\ + O,ll1l p . SJ)I
B
C
B = T B (Pa + P1l\ + k p , SJ) J
C = O,4pn IlOM ;
6) .,lteKpeMelfTbl 3aTyxalU{H l.lenu HKOpH Pa H llenH 06MOTKII
napaJIne..1bHoro B036Y )J.eHHH PB (B c-J.) . He3annCliMoro linll
A I f ( A 2 -:'
pa=T+ r T) - B;
Po = - 11 ( .: )2 -BJ
B) nepeXOJl.HblH TOK K. 3. B OTHOCIITCJIbHbIX e.,ltIUUll.lax
., C
, =
npu BbltIlICJIelUIil I K . 3 max ana.ll1TUlleeKHM :\leTO!I,ml IICXO;J.HWMII Hn-
JUlIOTCH C 1e;J.YlOllllle aaHllblC:
U nO \1 - HmUUlanbHoe nanpH>KClmC M8U1ll11bl, B;
I HOM - 1f0 lIIlIaJ1bllbIH TOK HKOpfl. A;
nllOM - HO lIma"JbH3H IJaCTOTa BpaulclHtH. 06. mH;
Ra - conpOTlm:lcHlic uerm HKOpfl B HarpcToM COCTOHHHU. OM;
<D HOM - 1I0MllllanbHbJil nOTOK MaUlHllbl lIa nOJ1l0e, C03;J.alOl1I.nii npH HO\lIIna.'Ib-
nOli lIaCTOTe BpaLl.lenHH 3,.1C EUOM' B6;
F _ MarIlHT011:miKYII aH clI 'a O():\IOTI<H HC38DJIcm10ro 1I.1H napa.TJ.TJeJIbHOrO
B036y>t<,TI.emIH Ha napy nO.'IlOeOn, C03;I.alOlllaSl nOTOK (I>UOM' A;
p - IIUC.'IO nap n0J110COB laLUHHbI;
a - tHlCJIO nap napaJI.1c.1l>HbIX BeTBcii 06MOTKII HIWpH;
Y _ tlll('.10 Kon:leKTopHblX n.lJaCTUH, nepeKpblBae 1blx l1I.eTKoit;
ep - peaKTII8HaH 3,.'1.C CeKl.lIHl B nmmHaJ1bHO:\t pe>lotMe, B;
Wn. It> aH. B - IIIIC.10 BIITKon lIa nO.'1IOC H tlliCJIO napaJI.'IC lbllbIX BeTneH oGMOTKII
napa.IJJIc.1bHoro u:m HC3aUltCm1OrO B036Y>l<JlCIIHH;
Wn. B, an. n - TO >t<.e 06MOTKII noc.le,llonaTe.'IbHOrO n036y>t<.a. elllfSl ;
b K - UlHpUlla KO I IYTau.Honnoi1 301lbl, c t;
AS - Ho mHa.TJbnaH J1IIIIeiiu8H narpY3Ka HKOpH, A/c l;
F q - MarIlIlTO,lI.BH>t<.YW. aH ClIJ1a, paBHaH pa3ManmIlUBaI0w.c:\ty n.erICTBHIO
nonepcIIHoii peal<UlUI HKOpH B IIO UlII3JlbHOM pe>t<HMe pa60TbI Ha napy
nomOCOB, A;
U B - HanpH>t<.eHllc B036y>t<;t.eIlIlH (nplt napaJI.'lCJIbHOM B036Y>KACHIIil Un =
= UllOM), B.
BK.1IO t leUUC nOC.'ICJ10BaTC.IJbIlOH 06 IOTKIf B036YiK;t.enlfH - cor.'1aCHOe lInH
BCTpe 1 IHoe.
npe;J.BapllTe.!JbHO HaXO;\HT:
a) conponiD.lJeHHH B OTHOCIITe",1bIlLIX e;I.IIHuuax:
COnpOTlIBJICHUC 06MOTKII HKOpH
Ra1no\! .
pa = U
110M
pa - Po
r) paCIJCTHblH YCTanoBlfBwHHCH TOI< K. 3.:
I1JIH MaWHH C napa.rIJIeJIbHblM B036Y>K,neHlfC 1
i p . YCT = 0;
.tlJ1H .laWlm C UC3aBHCln.lbIM B036Y AeHueM (B OTUOCHTeJIbHblX C;J.HHIU.tax)
i _ I
p. yeT - ra -I- PI!( + k p . Si ·
TOK K. 3. reHepaTopa, pa60TaBwero .!l0 1<' 3. B pe>KHMe XOJIOCTOrO
AenHeTCH B OTHOCIITeJIbHblX eAHH lIl.lax 1-13 Bblpa>KeHlUI XOlJ.a, on pe-
. . . -p t . t
'K.3max ='p.YCT - ,'e a 013'<+ (i' -ip.}'cr)e- PB max,
r,ne t max B CCKYII.LJ.3X onpe;I.e.'IHCTCH no (POp:\IYJ1e
t _ 2,3 ] ( Pa i' )
ma\: - g -
Pa - PB Po i' - i p. YCT ·
.LI.nH nO.'IYIJeIflHI pe3ynbTaTa B
'1'01< a I K . 3 max B OTIlOCHTeJIbllblX e". \ n Ll e a P X ax. 3HaqeHife nO.TJYlleuHoro MaKCIIMa'1bHOrO
JoI\ }iMHOiKacTcH Ha 1 110 14.'
(2,6.1)
nepeXO.1.. HOe conpOTIfB..'1eHlle B lI.leTOIlHoM KOHTal<TC npll KpaHlle 3aMe!t.'1eHHOii
KOMMYTaLlIUl
p yep
Plll =k K --,
a U UOM
r.ne k K _ K03 qmUllenT, xapaKTepH3YI0ILlIIH BC-,1HllIIllY ManHlTHoro nO.TJH B KO IMYTa-
llHOHIIOii 30He (J.JIH MalllHH 6e3 1{Q m lleaLlHoHHoii 06MOTKH k K = I. a C KOMnellca-
l.lUOHIIOii 06 10TKOiI k K = OJ8)i
192
7
3aK. 36
193
I ' KCII mnbllbni TOK B a tne.
EC.'111 )].0 K. 3. no HKOplO MaUIIIHbl npOTCKa.TJ TOJ{ 0' TO Ma ..
pax paBen:
.nnfl reHepaTopa lK.3 max + 1 0 ;
,n.'IH ,'J,BlfraTe.1R lK.3 max - 10. apa " "e bllll t 11.'111 C lelllaHnblM
3 1 rene p aTopa 1I.1II !1.BJ-lraTe.'1H C n ... . .
HalJeHlle K.3 max . O]OeTOrO xo;:ta \tOJKIIO onpe)te.'1HTb
B036YiK.J.euue:\-J, pa60TaDllIcro .no K. 3. B peiK I:n l m nenO\10ra;e.,'bHblMII KpJJBbl m.
'faKiKe, nO.!Jb3YRCb npe,1.DapHTe.'1bJlO paCcqn . .
(r,'I,e 3.I1.C E lloM paBua VUOM.+ lHOMR a + 2 B JI..'1fl renepaTopa II V IIO ...! - llloMRa- 2 B
il..1H .Il.BUraTe.1R), a t.raJIOMOllUlbIe JJ.8uraTeJIII H306pIDKalOT B DH,'I,e O)tHoro 91<DIIBa..1CUT-
Horo IICTOlJlIllKa 3;J.C C cpHKTIf8Hbl 1 8H)'TpeHlfllM conpOTHBJIeHHeM B o iax
R _ U llm ..
cPo A - 5 '""' 1 '
HOM. A
r)).e IIIOM. - cpl lapHbIli HO IIH1a.'1bHbIii TOK Ma.1JOMOlllllblX ABUrareJIcii, A.
5
8=70 I
100
"'
'\ :<.. JOO
" ",",y
"'''' " 500
1000
"
2000
"'
" , JOOO
I
?\
4000
/
.. 500
.
!'\.
0 o A c-
2.6.3. PAC4ET TOKOB KOPOTHOrO 3AMbIKAHI-1f1
B CSSC
C 1 o.e
20
16
16
1'1
12
4
.3,5
)l.!Jfl paCtJCTa CCCTaD.1RIOT paCqeTHYIO cxeMY 3aMCllleHUfI Ha HeA
reHepaTopbl H ,!J,DuraTe.'111 3a leU.J.aIOT 9KBHBa.'IeHTHbl UI IICTOqHIIKaMII 3LlC II <lJuKTlm-
HblMIl BHYTpeHIiUMI1 con pOTlm.'1 eH II HMIf , a OCTa.'1bJlble 3.1eMeHTbl 3.1eKTpUqeCKOii ceTH
(h.a6e'lH, lllHlIbI, 8BTOMaTlitJeCKHe DbIK.'110tlaTe.TIIJ If np.) H nepeXO,LJ.llblC COnpOTlIB'le-
IJIIH KOHT3KTOB - 3KBIIBa.fJeHTHbIMII conpOTHBJIeHIfH UI.
nplf pactleTe MaKeIlMa.'1bllbIX TOKOB K. 3. B cY,l.oBoii cent K3>K;J.ble n BcrnCll, CXO.'I.H-
mHeCH Ha pacqeTlloii cxeMe 3a\leU.leIllIH D Ollltil Y3e 1 It IIMelOIUJle HCTOtlUIlKII 3..1.C Ei'
£2. ..., Eft H conpOTIIB.1e1l1lH Rl' R2' ..., Rn, 3a leHHIOT 0;1.110« 3KDltDaJIeHTlIoil DeTBblQ
c 3,J,C 1.1 COnpOTlIBJICnJ!CM J COO'fBe'fCTBCnHO paBHblMIi B BO.1bTax J1 OMax
El + +... + En
Rl R 2 Rn .
1 1 1 J
Rl + R 2 +... -{- R"
I
R 3KO = I 1 po I t
+ R2 +."+ Rn
C nOMow,blO 3TlfX <PoPMyn BCIO c.rlO>KHYIO 3.'1eKTpHqecKYI0 ceTb nOCJIe,!J,onaTCJIbIlO
np1f80;J.RT K 0!1.H0I1 3KBIIB3.!JeIiTIIOIi 3J.C E"jKO II nOJIHOMY paCqCTlloMY conpOTHBJIC-
muo R EJKB , noc.'1e tlero MaKCHMa lbu.wii TOK n paCqeTHOii 'fOtlKe K. 3. B 8Mnepax na-
XO..1.HT 113 BbIpIDKellllH .
E 3KD
(2.G.2)
10
9
8
7
6
(2.6.3)
F OI J<8
IK.smax =- R ·
KB
2 25 50 75 100 125 750 175 200 25 JO
P 2 6 2 Bcnm.tOraTCJIbllbIe KpHBbJe AJIH onpc,ne.T'JeUHH M8KeU!\laJIbHOrO
IIC. . . . . r. !1elllleM
TOKa K. 3. Malllllllbi C OCHOBHbl 1 napa..'IJ'lenbHbI 1 803vY>K"" . - .
PaCticT TOKOD K. 3. B OT;x.e.1bllbIX DeTDHx paCtleTiIOH cxe"lbl npOJf3BOJlHTCH B OOp8T-
HOM nOpfl..1.KC: CHalla.'Ia onpe.'I.e'1HIOT lIanpH>KCHIfC B Y3.fJe, C5.TIII>KaiIWe t K TOI.JKe Ie 3.;
1JepC3 3TY Be.'1HqlfH}' HaXO)].HT 'foqKH B DeTBHX, CXO..1.flU.lnCCfl B 3TOM Y3.'1e; 3aTeM Bbl-
tUlCJIHIOT HanpH>KeHHe B C.'Ic;x.Y10llleM Y3..1e If T. ]I..
TOI( K. 3. rCHcpaTopa, pa60TaBlllerO .'I.O KopOTKoro 3aMblKaIHIH B peiKIlMe XO.'IO.
CToro xO:1.a, B MOMCHT t cpa6aTbIBaliIJR 3au..r.IITbl onpe;te.TlHIOT (8 OTHOCI1Te..'I_bJIbIX e;x.l1.
IIl1uax) no <f>OpMy.1C
3HaH 3HaqeHlfH A, B Y no tPH , : B: :II: I H ; ;e I lae I =
npOMe>KYTOtlHYIO BC.fJHtlUlI ,n
lK. s max = C/- 10- 3 .
.MeTO!1.0 t BcnOMoraTe..1bHblX KplfBblX MOiKHO T3KiKe nO ( 33 oT )fl C nir :I ;:S
HlIH MaKCIHfanblloro TOKa K. 3. HH3KOBO.TIbTnbIX MallHlII
B036Y>K)].CHHeM. 'a K 8 B ceTn Ka>K;J.blii reHepaTOp 1I COH3!\fCPII-
n p H P aCIJeTC MaKClIManbHoro TOK .. , 3 "' C K OTo p aH
pO.!l. nraTe b 3a!\leHHIOT lfeTotIHItKO I ,....I.,
MbIil C E IUI n JJ. ° a : H III: K 4>n TlIBH \1 BI;YTpelum 1 conpOTHB.!JeHne 1 B O lax
paBHa 110M J
. ( .'. ) -Pot + .
'«.3 = L -1 1 <. s. }'CT e fK. 3. YCT;
(2.6,4)
npn paclJcre rcnepaTopa C napa.'I.Te.ThIfblM B036Y>K 1.eHJfe 1 YCTalloBHDwHikH 'fOK
. 1
K. 3. IK. 3. YCT CqUTaCTCH paBJlbl!\1 -r.- O. c., eC'IH nOCJIe,D.OBaTe.'1bHaH OOMOTK3 803-
upa
6Y>K.'I.eHnfl DI\.11OqeUa cor.1aCHO C napa.1J1e.1bHOii, H paDHblM \fY.'IIO, eC.'111 3Ta oG lOTKa
DK.'IIOqeHa BCTPCqHO; npu paCtleTC reHepaTopa c He33DJlCJf t.bIM B036YiK;J.CIIUC:\1
. 1
J K . 3. YCT = P + II. .. ,
a p. SI. YCT
r,'J.e
Rcb
E HOM
- I K. S m3'
F 2 Wn B
. q:!: --=-- 'noM
k an.B
p. JO. yeT = F
.
"'
194
../
1-
195
r;J.e (P l)p.on - ,D.OnYCTlfMafl Be.'IJ1l1Hna Tep 1HtJeCKoii CTOHKOCTH, nplflmMae fafl no
saBO;J.CKnM ;I.aHHblM, A , c; t - Bpe iH epa6aTbiBamfH 3alllHTbl, C.
LLnH ynporn.CHlfH pOBepKIf peKOMeH;I.YCTCH cnatJaJ13 npmfHTb JIeBYIO tJaCTb Bbl-
pa>KeHIIH (2.6.5) paBHo» It 9 ma,< t, TaK KaK qaCTO n npu TalWM 3aBblllICHHOM 3H8 t 1C-
IIIUI annaparypa y,rr..OB.'IeTaOpsieT TpcGoBaHllm.1 B OTllomemm Tep (U1leCKoi.i CTOHKOCTH.
Ecnll uep3BeHcTDo (2.6.5) trpll 3TO f He BbInOnHHeTCH, IIHTerpan BbltIUC.'IflIOT no npll-
().,'] IImeJllloti (POPMY lie
t
J Ii. 3 dT = I:rOMi . 3. Y CT i [ 1 + ( . i' -1 ) Ilt ] ·
&1\. 3. yCT
o
KO m.lHCJI'f Ilt naXO;l.HT
(2,6.6)
1600 + 6,1.440 + 2. . 1560
k p . fJ = 14800 8 = 0,315;
C = 0,4.4.810 = 1300 c- 1 ;
1
A = 0,418 + 1300 (0,0254 + 0,039 I + 0, 11.0,315) = 131
B 13c.
= 0,418 (0,0254 + 0,039 1 + 0 .315) = I 180 c- ;
Pa = 65,5 + I. G5,5 - 1180 = 121 c-.L.
,
Pb = 65,5 - V 65,5 2 - 1180 = 97 c- 1 .
, .
., 1300
& = 121-9,7 =)1,60. e,;
I
i p . YCT = 0,0254 + 0,0391 + 0,315 = 2,63 o. e.:
t _ 2.3 I ( 121 11.6 )
ma.,< - 121 - 9,7 g 9,7 . 11,6 _ 2,63 = 0,025 c;
i.<. 3 ma,< = 2,63 - I I ,6e- 121 - O ,025 + (11,6 - 2,63) e- 9 ,7.0,025 = 9,1
A2
C-1.
.
w
3HaK nepe;!. C:larae (bl t 2 IIIOM BblGnpaeTcH no npaBlI.'IY, npIlMeJUIBlllc:\fYCSI
an.B
npu naXO>K;I.eHIlIf k p . SI (CM. 2.6:2).
£C.11l ;1.0 KopOTKoro 3aMbIKaHlUI no SIlWplO npoTeKan TOK 10' TO TOK K. s. B a me-
pax B MO ICHT BpeMeHU t paBeH i K . 3JUOM + 10.
npOBepKY ce.t1eKTHBHblX 8BTOMaTIIIJeCKJlX BbIKnlOtJaTeJ1eii If m;!.epOB Ha 'fep-
MlflJeCKYIO CToiiKOCTb npOJt3BO;I.HT no YC.'10BHlO
t
J / . s dT ..;: (/2 t )AOfi' (2.6.5)
113 Bblpa>KeHUH
1 - e -Pat
kt = 2 .
Pat
EC.1U no paccMaTplfBacMO IY YIJacTKY CCTII B pC>KIUle K. 3.
o. e.
COOTneTCTBCH HO.
Ec.'11f rellcpaTopLI 1I le10T pa311LIe 311aqeHUH .n.eKpeMCHTa 3aryxauliH PB' TO B <pop-
MY.'1b1 (2.6.4) 11 (2.6.5) no.n.eTaB..1HeTCH MUHIIManbiloe 113 liIIX.
npH:\1Cp l. PaCCtHiTaTb MaKCII ld.'lbHbIH TOI< K. 3. H3 3a>KHMaX rellepaTopa.
lICXO.J.llble ,n,aHHble: U nPM = 400 B; I noM = 1560 A; llHOM = 810 06/ 1I1H; Ra =
= 0,006 52 OM; a>HO == 2,48. 10-: 86; F = 14 BOO A; p = 4; a = 4; Y = 4,35;
cp = 3,6 B; wu, B . 410; a U . 8 = 1; Wn. B = 1; an. D = B; bl< = 6,1 C I; AS =
= 440 A/c l; F q = 1600 A; Un = 220 B.
B rellepaTope 06 (OTKa nOCJIeJl.OBaTe..'IbHOrO B03uY>K;'I.eHHH BK.rIIOqeHa BCTpeQHO
no OTIIOlllellll1O K 06\IOTKe ne3aBUCII (OrO B036Y>K,IJ.emIH.
PaCIJeT: --
_ 6,52.10 3 .1,56.10- 3 c= 0 0 9 54 ·
Pa - 400 ,- o. e. J
= l .i. 4,35.3,6 = 0 0 39 1
p 4 400 ' o. e.1
410 2,48.10- 2
r» = 2,26 --r- 4 400 = 0,418 c:
11.3
J2 (f x 150i
10
npOTeKaeT TOK OT He-
t
CKO.1bl<llX IICT011lUlKOB nUTaHUH, TO I K . 3 B W IeHT Bpe leHlI t II JIIITerpa.1 J I . s d-c
o
onpe;I.eJ1HloT C nO IOll.lblO (2.6.4) H (2.6.5). npn 3Tm1 Be.1UqliHbl i' II i K . 3. yCT IIaXO,aHT
C nO\IOlllblO ( OP IY.l (2.6.2) II (2.6.3), ucno..1b3YH B leCTO (PIfKTIIBHWX BIIYTpeHHIIX
conpOTIIDJIeHUii reuepaTopoB R41 ne.!J1f 1 I1fHbl (D o lax)
R = EIIO .'
i' I HaM
II
R EHo 1
ro. }.CT = .
&K. 3. yc r/no:\!
PUC. 2.:6.3. PaCtJeTuaSI npUUl.lUnuaJ1bHaH CXCMa 3..1eKT p 03He p reTII-
qeCKOH CHCTeMbJ.
npHI'YJep 2. PaCC'IHTaTb MaKcn ldnbHblii TOK K 3 B CY.l10BOI C
'fORa. . .. eTII noeTOSIHBoro
PaC'IeTHasr npHHLl.nnnaJIbHaH cxe la 3JI u
.neHa Ha P IIC 2 6 3 Ha ""," . . eKTpo::meprenl'IeCKOH CHCTeMbl n p lfBe-
. ... .:7TOI1 cxel\le.
r J, r2 - reuepaTopbl Tuna rnM5 (E H = 239 B I - 21 BO A R
= 7.7 MOM); OM, HOM - · <P =
, P.3 - 3KBHB3JIeHTHbJH JJ,BHr3Te.TJb (V UOlol = 220 B' ,...., I = 330
Rc.b = 13.3 MOM); I HOM. on 0 A.
All A2, A3 - aBfOMaTUqeCKUC BbIKJIIOtJaTe:1H Tuna AM25 (R = R = -
= 0,03 MOM)j Al A2 R AJ -
196
197
A 4 - aBTO
laTlltleCKllil BbIK.11OQaTeJIb Tuna A3340 (R A4 = 0,192 MO
i);
ill J, W2 - WYHTbI Tlma 7511.1CM3000 (R llIl = R W2 = 0,025 MOM);
W3 - WYIH Tllna 7511IC.\\750 (R W3 = 0,1 MO:-'I).
Ka6e.lbHaH Tpacca Ha ytlacTKax J H 2 COCTOIIT H3 16 O;I.HO>KIJ.1JbHbIX Ka6eJIeH 113
no.'IIOC CetlelmC
1 150 M
I
u A
1HHOii 10 M. KaC5e.!JbHaH Tpacca na yqaCTKe 3 COCTonr
JI3 weCTlJ OJlJlO>KIt.TlbUbIX Ka6e.!Jeii Ha noJ1tOC ce 1 1ellueM 70
IM
II ,ll.JIHHOJl 20 M. Con po-
7UBJIe1llte 1 M Ka6e.'1bHoi1 nllillUl lIa 01.IIH nO.'1IOC COCTaBJISICT: .!J..TIH yqaCTKOB / U 2 P =
= 0,009
IOM; }l.!JH yqaCTKa 3 p = 0,0515 MO
I. COnpOTlIDJ1ClUJH Ka6e.lbHblX y t l3-
CTROB Ha ABa nomoca paBHW
R Ka 61 = R I \s6 2 = 2rl = 2 .O,OO
10 = 0,18 MOM;
RsaG 3 = 2.0,515.20 = 2,06 MO
I.
C yqeTOM Bcex YKa3aHHbIX BbIllle 3HaQCHUii conpOTHBJIeHHH paCQeTnaH cxeM3
9.TIeKTp03uepreTlfqCCK01"J CHCTe
lbl (CM. pilC. 2.6.3) lI-1OmCT 6b1Tb 11306paiKeHa B BH,ae.J
npHBe;I.CHIiOM na plfC. 2.6.4, a, r;I.e
R31
n 1 = R
KB 2 = R AJ + Rlll J + R nep r + R Ka 61 + Rq)l =
=0,03+ 0,025+ 0,048+ 0,18+ 7,7 =7,98 MOM;
R 3 t<B 3 = R WJ + R A3 + R nep s + RKaCi 3 = 0,1 + 0,192 + 0,22 + 2,06 = 2,57 MO
{.
BeTBn a HCTOqUHKaMH 3..1C Erl If EJ.l3 3a
lelllalOTCH oJ.Hoii 9KBlIoa.1eHTHoA
OCTDbiO (pile. 2.6.4,6) C lIeTOqHnKOM 3,J.C
E _ ErJRcJ}.A + E0'3 R 3K81
3KB 4 - Rq,.11. + R:iJI\B 1
a)
Ila
Pnc. 2.G.4. PaCqeTUaH cxc
la 3a-
Me lllCII H H .
239.13.3 + 220.7,98 = 232 B
13,:3 + 7,9b
If 3KBIIBa.TIeHTUW
i conpoTIfB.'IeHlle
.1
R - R<f!. l1 R ?JKO 1
3KB 4 - Rm. A + R 3KD 1 -
13,3.7,98 4
13 3 7 9 = ,98 MOM.
. + ,8
B CBOIO otJepe.1.b BeTBIi C UCTOqUIIKaMJI E:tKO.1 II E;jIUJ2 3aMew.alOTCH 3KBHBanellT-
HblM UCTOqHHKOM 3,J,C
F _ F 3KB -1 R :JKB 2 + E r2 (R
KB oS + Ra)
I\D - R;jJ<82 + R 3KB 4 + Ra =
232.7.98 + 239 (4,98 + 0,03) 235
&:: - B
7,98 + 4,98 + O,OJ - ·
OGlllce 3K13JJBa.TJeHTHOe conpOTJI8.1Cllue u.enn K. 3. cocraB.'1HCT
R - R 31 l O 2 (R 3KR 4 + Ra) + R _
31\8 - R 3KB 2 + R:iJKn .a + Ra 3KB 3 -
7.98 (4.98 + 0,03)
= 7,98+ 4,98+ 0,03 + 2,57 = 5,65 MO!vf.
,MaKCIiMaJIbHbIH TOK K. 3. B TOqKe l( paBCH
/ E
KB 235 4 00
1(.3 max = R;jKB = 5,G5. 10- 3 = I 6 A.
rnasa 2.7. TOKII1 KOPOTKOrO 3AMbiKAHI1H
8 CSSC nEPEMEHHOrO TOKA
nepeXO;I.Hble conpOTlm..'IeHlHI (KaGe.'1b - Ka6enb, Ka6e.'Ib - wuna
IIp.) onpe-
]J.C.TJHI0TCH nYTe
1 nO,1PleTa 06111ero Ko..'IH1leCTOa KOHTaKTllblX coe.llllHemIH Ha ;I.alIHOM
yqaCTI<.e. a 06111ee nepeXO;lHoe conpOTlmneUHe yqaCTKa HaXO;I.UrCH KaK CYM
ia Bcex
nepeXO!lHbIX conpoTHB.lelluil.
nYCTb Ha yqaCTKaX /-3 H\ICeTCH no 12 COe.!l.JJHeHHii Ha ABa nO.'1lOca. ,QJIH Ka6e..l'H
ceqeHHe
150 M
1
nepexollHoe conpOTHB.TJeHUe O!lHOrO KOIITaKTa paBuo 0,064 MO:-'I.
Jl.1H Ka6
'IH CetlelUle
1 70 MM - 0
1 I MO
I. CYMMapHble nepexo,lJ.Hble COnpOTllBnemUi
KOHTaKTOB ua yqaCTKaX 1-3:
0,064.12
R nep 1 = R nep 2 = IG = 0,048 MOM
R - 0, 11 . 12 0 22 0
ncp 3 - 6 = I M )1.
198
l'
B .naHHoii r.'1aBe paccMaTpHBa.K>TCH MeTO,1.bI paCqeTa MaJ\.CHMa.1bllbIX
TOKon.. KopOTKoro 38MhIKaHlUI (K. 3.) )J..'IH npooepKIl 3..1eKTpoo60PYJ.0.naJUIH na HX
B03JleHCTOHe. I
npouecc K. 3. B C33C - C.'IOJKJloe ffi3JICHlie. KOTOpOe BBH.J.Y Ma.'1bIX )J.:nm 3..1eJ{-
7PUtJecKUX CBH3en 0 cy.nOBblX CIICTe\I3X B03
cikTBYeT Ha 311aQUTeJJbHYJO qaCTb 06opy.. f
,lI,OBaIlHSI CYllHa. ..Q.!JIITe.'IbHOCTb 1\.3. Mana H OObltlHO lie npcBblwae-r 1 c. O..1.HaI\O K. 3. t
MorYT nbl3bIB3Tb T3Klle onaClible ;I..'UI 9.'Ie
leHTOB H ,':lJlH neeii CHCTeMbI nOCJIe,'1.CTBHH.'
KaK:
- pa3pYllleUlle 3.1eKTpoo(50pY;J.00amfH 11 .name nOiKap B MeCTe K. 3. 113-33 003'"
eACTBHH 3neKTpHqCCKOH ,'1.yrH;
- .noBpe>K;J.eIlHe 9.IJCI<TPOo6opY10BaHJlSI (3neKTpIlQeCJ<I-IX MaWUH, annaparon.
KaoeneH, pacnpe;J;e.'JRTeJTbFlblX }CTpoiiCTB) B pe3Y;IbTare 3.'IehTpOA"HaMJPleCKOro
(MexaUHlleCKoro) II Ten.10Boro AeI'icTOJIR TOKOB n u.enu 1<. 3.;
199