/
Текст
Gontents
About the Book
Pдпт |:
Present
and lmperative
Present Progressive
(l am studуing')
Simple Present
(l studу.)
Tense
Non.Aсtion Verbs
(l understand.)
10
Present Progressive
and Simple
(l am studуing./ I studу.)
Present
тense
14
!mperative
(Study!/ Don't study!)
SelfТest
Pдпт lI:
l
22
Past
Simple
Past Tense: AffirmativeStatements
24
Simple
Past
2g
(t studied.)
Tense:
Negative Statements and euestions
(l didn't studу. / Did уou studу?)
Used to
(l used to study.)
з2
Past Progressive
(l was studуing.)
Past Progressive
and Simple
(l was studуing' / I studied')
seIfтest
Pдпт lll:
Present
Past Tense
40
r
Il
Perfect
and Pаst Perfeсt
Present PeЁect:
Since and For
(Ihave studied since Maу' / l have studied for a month-)
46
Present Perfect: Alreadу and Yet
(l have alreadуstudied./ l haven't studiedуet.)
50
Present
Perfect:
(l have studied.)
lndefinitePast
Present PeЁeсt and SimpIe Past Tense
(l have studied./ I studied.)
58
Present PeЁect Progressive
(l have been studying.)
62
Present Perfect and Present Perfect
(I have studied, / l have been studуing.)
progressive
66
r
iii
Pаst Perfeсt
(l had studied.)
74
Past Perfeсt Progressive
(l had been studуing.)
SelfTest
Pдпт lV:
III
78
Future and Future Perfect
Future: Be going to and Will
(l am going to studу. / I will studу')
Future: Contrast
Be going to, Will,Simple Present Tense, Present Progressive
Future Time Clauses
(l will call уou after I studу.)
88
Future Progressive
(|wi|lbestudуing.)
Future Perfeсt
and Future PeЁect
Progressive
96
(l will have studied' / l wi|l havе bееn studуtng')
SetfTest
Pдпт V:
100
wh- Gluestions'
таg Gluestions'
Additions
l4lh. Gluestions:
Subjeсt and Prediсate
(Who studied? / Who did уou studу?)
102
Тag Gluestions
(You studied, didn't уou? / You didn't studу' did уou?)
106
Additions
with So, Too, Neitherand Not either
(l studied, and so did shе' / l didn't studу, and neither did she.)
110
SelfTest
Pдпт Vl:
tV
V
114
(l)
Modals
Ability: Can, Could, Be able to
(l can studу for hours.)
116
Permission=
Maу, Can, Could, Do уou mind if . . . ?
(Maу l studу on mу own?)
1zo
Requests=
Will, Can, Would, Could, Would you mind . . . ?
(Will уou studу with me?)
124
(You should studу Еnglish.)
Could, Whу don't ' . . ?' Whу not . . . ?,
Suggestionsz
Let's,Howabout...?
(Whу not studу Еnglish?)
1з2
Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather
Preferences:
(l wou|d prefer studуing Spanish.)
1з6
SelfТest
lv
V!
140
(ll)
Pдпт Vll: Modаls
Neоessity:
Have (got) to and Мust
(l've got to studу harder. / l must studу harder.)
142
Choiсe: Don't have to; No Ghoiсe: Must not and Can,t
(l don't have to leave./ I must not leave.)
146
8e supposed to
Expectations:
(l,m supposed to studу')
150
Future Possibilityz Мaу, Мight' Could
(Imaу studу there next уear.)
154
Assumptions=
158
May, Might, Could, Must,
Have (got) to, Can't
(She must be a good student.)
in the Past: Should have, Ought to have,
Advisabitity
Could have, Might have
(l should have studied harder when l was уoung.)
about the Past: MaУ have, Мight have'
SpecuIations
Can't have, Could have, Must have, Had to have
(Нe maу have been a good student in his уouth.)
SelfТest
Vll
162
166
170
and Adverbs
Pдпт Vtll: Adjeсtives
Adjectives
and Adverbs
172
(quick / quicklу)
Adjectives
PaЁicipial
(interesting / interested)
Adjectives
and Adverbs:
(as quick as / as quicklу as)
Equatives
180
Adieсtives:
Comparatives
(quicker than)
Adjectives:
Superlatives
(the quickest)
188
Adverbs:
Comparatives and Superlatives
(more quicklу than / the most quicklу)
192
SelfТest
Pдпт lX:
VlIl
Gerunds
t96
and lnfinitives
Gerunds:
Subjeсt and objeсt
(Studуing is important, / l enjoy studуing.)
Gerunds
after Prepositions
(interested in studуing / tired of studуing)
202
lnfinitives
after Certain Verbs
(l want to studу.)
206
lnfinitives
aftеr Ceftain Adjeсtives and Cedain Nouns
(easу to studу / time to studу)
21o
lnfinitives
with Тoo and Еnough
(too late to studу / earlу enough to studу)
214
lnfinitives
of Purpose
(go home to study)
218
Gerunds
and tnfinitives
(stop studying / stop to studу)
222
Make,
Have,
Let, Help, and Get
(make him studу / get him to studУ)
226
SelfТest
Pдnт X:
zзo
!X
PhrasaI
Verbs
Phrasa! Verbs: |nsepaгab|e
(run into a classmate)
2з2
Phrasаl
2з6
Verbs: Seoarable
(look a word up)
SelfTest
Pдпт Хl:
X
240
Nouns, Gluantifiers, AЁiсles,
and ReсiproсaI
Pronouns
Reflexive
Nouns
(сollege,Boston College' chalk, students)
242
Gluantifiers
246
(a lot of, a few, a little)
AЁiсIes:
(a / the)
lndefinite
and Definite
o (No AЁicle) and тhe
(students / the students)
Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal
(ourselves/ each other)
SelfTest
Xl
254
Pronouns
ZSB
262
Pдвт Xll: The Passive
The Passive:
Overview
(is done / was done / has been done)
264
Тhe Passive
with Moda|s
(must be done)
268
Тhe Passive
272
(have something
SelfTest
vl
Xll
Gausative
done)
276
Pдпт Xlll: Тhe Conditional
Faсtual Gonditionаls: Present
(lf I studу,l get good grades')
278
Faсtual Conditionals:
Future
(Ifl studу' l willget good grades.)
282
Unreаl GonditionaIs:
286
Present
(lf I studied. I would get good grades.)
Unreal Conditionals:
Past
(lt I had studied. I would have gotten good grades.)
Wish: Present and Past
(l wish I studied here. / I wish I had studied here.)
SelfTest
Xlll
Pдпт XlV: Adieсtive
290
294
298
сlauses
Adjective Clauses with Subjeсt Re|ativePronouns
(someone who studies)
з00
Adjeсtive Clauses with objeоt Relative Pronouns
or When and Where
304
(something
Adiective
that l StUdУ / the school where I studу)
clauses:
ldentifyingand Non-|dentifying
(l have a friend who studies here. /
з08
Му best friend, who knows уou, studies here.)
selfтest
xlv
Pдпт XV: lndirect
з12
Speeсh
Direct and Indireсt speech:
(''Studу!',/ She told me to studу.)
|mperatives
lndireсt Speeсh:
Statements (1)
(She said that she was going to studу')
lndirect
Speech:
Statements (2)
(She said she had studied.)
lndireсt
Gluestions
rShe аsked me if l was studуing.)
Еmbedded Questions
(She wanted to know what I studied.)
SeIfTest
XV
з14
з18
з22
з26
з30
3з4
vш
Appendiсes
APPЕNDIX 1
Irregular Verbs
3з6
APPЕNDIX 2
Cоmmon Nоn-aсtion (Stativе) Verbs
зз7
APPENDIX з
Сommon Vеrbs Followеd by thе Gеrund
(Basе Fоrm of Vеrb + -ing)
зз7
APPЕND|x 4
Commоn Verbs Followed by the Infrnitive
(Ъ + Base Form ofVerЬ)
з38
APPЕNDIX 5
Verbs Followed bу objeсts and the Infinitivе
338
APPENDIX6
Common Verbs Fоllowed by the Gеrund or the Infrnitive
з38
APPENDIX7
Common Verb + Preposition Combinations
з38
APPEND!X 8
Common Adjeсtive + Prеposition Combinatiоns
338
APPENDIX9
Common Adjeсtives that Can Be Followеd by thе Infinitive
3з8
APPЕNDIX 10 Irregular Comparisons of Adjeсtives' Adverbs, and Quantifiers
A P P E N D I X 1 1 Cоmmon Partiсipial Adj eсtivеs
зз9
A P P E N D I X ' I 2 Some Adjeсtives that Form the Comparative and Superlative
in TWo Ways
339
A Р P Е N D l x 1 з Common Reporting Verbs
з40
A P P Е N D | x 1 4 Common Timе Word Changes in Indireсt Speeсh
340
A P P E N D I X 1 5 Common Phrases Intrоduсing Еmbеdded Questions
з40
A P P Е N D I X 1 6 Verbs and Ехpressions Commonly Used Rеfleхivеly
з40
A P P E N D I X 1 7 Somе Common Phrasal Verbs
з41
A P P E N D I X 1 8 Some Common Irregular Plural Nouns
з4з
A P P Е N D I X 1 9 Spelling Rules fоr the Prеsent Progтessive
з43
A P P E N D I X 2 0 Spelling Rules for the Simple Prеsent Tensе:
Third-Person Singular (hе, shе, it)
з4з
A P P E N D I X 2 1 Spеlling Rulеs for the Simрle Past Tense оf Regular Verbs
зц
A P P E N D I X 2 2 Spelling Rules for the Comparative (-er)and
Supеrlative (-esl)of Adjeсtives
A P P Е N D I x 2 3 Spelling Rules fоr Adverbs Ending in -ly
3Ц
зЦ
A P P Е N D l x 2 4 Cоntraсtions with Verb Forms
з45
A P P Е N D l x 2 5 Punсtuation Rules fоr Direсt Speесh
з47
A P P Е N D I x 2 6 Pronunсiation Tablе
з47
A P P E N D I X 2 7 Pronunсiation Rulеs for thе Simple Present Tense:
Third-Person Singular (hе, shе, it)
з4a
A P P Е N D l x 2 8 Pronunсiation Rules for the Simple Past Tеnse of
Regular Vеrbs
348
Index
Answer
vlll
з39
349
Key
з55
About the Authors
Fuсhs has taught ESL at New York Сity Tесhniсal College and
Marjorie
LaGuardia Community Collegе of the City University of New Yоrk and ЕFL
at thе Spraсh Studio Lingua Nova in Мuniсh, Germany. She holds a Mаster's
Degтee in Applied English Linguistiсs and a Certifiсate in TESOL from the
University of Wisсonsin-Madison. She has authored or сo-authoredmany
widеly used ESL textbooks,notably ОnYour Waу:Building Basic Ski|ls in
Еnglish, Crossroаds, Top Tшеntу ESL Word Games: Bеginning Vocabulary
DеuеIopmеnt,Around the World: Picturеs for Practicе, Familiеs: Tеn Card
Gаmes for Languagе Lеаrnеrs, Focus on Grammar: Аn Intеrmеdiаtе Coursе
for Rеfеrеncеand Practice, Foсus on Grammar: A High-Intеrm,еdiatеCoursе
for Rеfеrеnceand Praсtice, and the woтkbooks to thе Longman Dictionary of
Amеrican English, the Longmаn Photo Dictionary, Thе Охford Picturе
Dictionarу, and Focus on Grаmmar: Intermеdiatе and High-Intеrmеdiate.
Bonner has taught ESL at Hunter College and the Borough
Murgur"t
of Manhattan Community Coilege of the City University of New York, at
Taiwan National University in Taipei, and at Virginia Commonwealth
University in Riсhmond. Shе holds a Master's Degтеe in Library Sсienсe from
Columbia University, and she has done work towards a Ph.D. in English
Literature at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Shе
has сontributed to a number of ESL and EFL projeсts,inсluding Making
Connеctions,ОnYour Waу, and the Curriсulum Renewal Projeсt in oman,
where she wrote tеxtbooks, workbooks, and teaсhers manuals for the
national sсhool system. Shе authored Stеp into Writing: A Basic Writing Tехt,
and сo-authоredFocus on Grammar: An Intеrmеdiatе Coursе for Rеferеncе
and Practicе, Focus on Grammar: A High-Intеrmеdiаtе Coursе for Refеrеnce
аnd Practice, Foctt,son Grammar: High-Intеrmеdiatе Workbook, and
Thе Охford Picture Dictionary Intеrrnеdiatе Workbook.
lx
About
W"l.o*"
the Book
to Grommor Express-the fast way to study and learn English gтammar.
Grommor Expressfeatures
r Short, easy-to-usеfour-page units
r Grammar points presented and сontextualized through сartoons,photos,
and othеr iliustratiоns
r Clear Grammar Charts showing the forms of the gтammar point
r Chaft Cheсks to help you usе the grammar сharts
' Clear Grammar Explanations and Еxamples
l Usage Notes telling you how Еnglish speakers use the gтammar point
r Bе сareful! Noteз showing typiсal mistakes students make
r Pronunсiation Notes to help you pronounсewords сorreсtly
r A variety of exerсise types to praсtiсе the grammar points
r SelfTests to сheсk youl progress
l ApPendiсes with helpful lists and information
r An lndеx to help you quiсkly find grammar points
r An Answer Key so you сan сheсk your answеrs
Uшlтs
Grommor Eхpresshas 76 units' Eaсh unit has four pages-two pages of grammar
presentation and two pages of praсtiсe.Here's how a typiсal unit looks:
Presentation
The grammar point is presentedin three steps.
1. !llustrаtion
Еaсh unit begins with an illustration-a сartoon,сomiс strip, photo with
speeсhbubbles' newspaper headline-whiсh introduсes the grammar point
in a real-life,real-languageсontеxt.It also introduсes the topiс of the unit.
(For ехamplе, in Unit 8 thе cartoon introducеs thе grammаr point used to,
and thе unit topic,fаshion.)
A Cheсk Point helps you think about the meaning of the grammar pоint in
the illustration.
2. Charts
Grammar Charts show the forms of the grammar point. (In Unit 8 уou cсInSее
usеd to in statеmеnts,quеstions,аnd short аn,sшеrs.)
Chart Che<ks ask questions about the gтammar сharts. Thеy help you notiсe
important infоrmation about the forms and uses of the grammar point you are
studying.
An Еxpress Cheсk foliows thе Grammar Charts. This is a quiсk and easy way
for you to try out the forms in the сharts.
3. Notes
Grammar Notes present Grammar Explanations on the left and Examples on
the right. Timelines show the meaning of verb forms. (For eхаmplе, in Unit 8
thе timеlinе for osed to shoшs that уou сan usе it onlу for thе past.)
Usagе Notes tell you how English speakers use thе grammar point. (In Unit 8
thе UsаgеNotе for used to ехp|ainsthat this form is morе сommon in affirmatiuе
statеmеntsthan in nеgаtiuеstatеmеntsor quеstions.)
Bе <areful! Notes point out typiсai mistakes that English students make.
(onе of thе Be carеfiil! Notеs in Unit 8 tеlls уou not to confusе lsed to шith
be used to or get used to.J
Pronunсiation Notes tell you how to сorreсtly pronounсe the grammar point
in everyday spеeсh.These notes use easy pronunсiation spellings.
Cheсk it out! tells you whеre to look in thе book (appеndiсes or othеr units) to
find more information about the grammar point.
Practiсe
Two pages of exerсises give you praсtiсe in understanding and using the
grammar point. A typiсal unit has four eхerсises.
Еxerсise 1
The frrst еxerсiseis always a,,for reсognition only'' exerсise.This means that
you will have to find or understand the grammar point, but you will not have
to use it yet. (For ехаmplе, in [Jnit 8 уou tllill rеad а short magazinе articlе
about fashion, аnd find and undеrlinе all thе ехсl,mples
o/used to шhich rеfеr
to past habits.)
Exercises 2 and 3
In thesе eхerсisesyou aсtively praсtiсe the grammar point. Thеre are a
variety of exerсisе types, inсluding multiplе сhoiсe,fill-in-the-blanks,
desсribing piсtures, sentenсe сombining, and asking and answering questions.
The exerсises always show the grammar point in a сontext that is rеlated to
the unit topiс. (In Unit 8, Eхеrcisе 2, уou Lоill complеtеsеntеncеsabout fashiotl
in thе pсlst шhilе уou dеsсribеpicturеs.In Eхеrcisе 3, уou tоill usе an old
to аs|еand аnSLDеrqu,еstionsabout snеаkеrs')
o'duеrtisеnlеnt
xl
Еxerсise 4
This is always an editing eхerсise. In this eхеrсise, you will havе to find and
сorreсt tyрiсal mistakes that students make when thеy use the gтammar point.
Твsтs
The 76 units of Grommor Expressare divided into 15 parts. After eaсh part you
will find a SеlfТest. These tests will help you review and seе how well you have
learned the material in the part. The SelfТests havе multiple-сhoiсe questions
similar to questiоns found on the TOЕFL@, a test that is widely usеd for foreign
students who want to attend сollese in the United States.
AppвшвIсЕs
In the baсk of the book, you will find 28 Appendiсes with useful information,
suсh as lists of сommon irregular verbs, vеrbs followed by the gerund, verbs
followed by the infinitive' and spelling and pronunсiation rules.
AшswвнKвv
The Answer Key providеs answers to the Cheсk Points, Сharts Cheсks, Express
Cheсks, all the praсtiсe exerсises, and the SelfTests.
Grommor Еxpressсan be used for sеlf-study or in the сlassroom. Start with
Unit 1 and work through thе entire book, or сhoose the units you want to foсus
oll..Grommor Expressсan help you reaсh your language goals quiсkly.
Your journey through English gтammar сan be an adventure of disсovery.
We hope you will enjoy traveling witЬ, Grommor Ехpress.
AIlAboord!!!...
xll
Gredits
Photographs
Grаtеful acknoшlеdgmеntis giuеn to thе folloшing for prouiding photographs.
p. 18 Stephen Danelian./ЕxposureNеw York; p.2G (top)@ Asian Art &
Arсheology'Inс./CORBIS;p.26 (bottom)@ сoRBIs;p.28 @ Bettmann/CoRBIS;
p.48 @ S. Carmona./CoRBIS;p. 62 JeffSсiortinо Photogтaphy;p.66 PhotoDisс,Inс.;
p. 70 AP/Widе World Photos;p. 76 APAМide World Photos;p. 88 @ Jennie
Woodсoсk,RefleсtionsPhotolibrary/CoRBlS; p. 110 Copуright 2000 by Bob Saсha;
p. |24 @ The New Yorkеr Cоlleсtiоn 1988 Charles Addanrs frоm сartoonbank.соm.
A1l Rights Reserved.;p. 132 ЕII-AYIIPhoto by Joe Hoсhner;p. |42 Courtesy of the
New York Statе Govеrnor'sTlaffiс Safety Committee;p. |62 @ Galа/SuperStoсk,Inс.;
p. 166 @ Petеr Guttman/CoRBIS; p. 169 @ Kevin Sсhafer/CoRBIS;p. |75 Courtesy
of Beth Boyd; p. 176 RubbеrBall Produсtions;p. 192 AP/Wide World Photos;
p. r95 @ Kevin R' Morris/CoRBIS; p.2o2 @ SuperStoсk,Inс.;p. 206 RubberBall
Prоduсtiоns;p. 210 @ TSlWGreg Davis;p.2|4 @ Thе New Yorkеr Colleсtion1989
All Rights Reserved.;p.226 AP/Wide World
Tom Chеney from сartoonbank.сom.
Phоtоs;p. 235 Liaison Agenсy,Inс.;p. 238 Library of Congтess;p. 244 PhotoDisс,
Inс.;p. 25в @ Miсhael Dwyеr/StoсkBoston, Inс.;p. 258 @ The New Yorker
All Rights Reservеd.;
Colleсtiоn 1964 Frank Mоdell frоm сartoonbank.сom.
pp.264,266 Reprinted with permission from Rеader,sDigеst. Copyright @ The
Readеr's Digest Assосiation,Inс.;p. 268 APlWide World Photos;p. 286 PЕАNUTS
@ UFS; p. 290 @ John Springer Cоlleсtion/CoRBIS; p. 304 @ Hultоn-Deutsсh
Collесtion/CoRBIS;p.306 (top)photobу Dutton Signet, a divisiоn of Penguin
Books USA, Inс.;p. 306 (bottom)RubberBall Produсtions;p.324Tonу
Freеman./PhotoЕdit.
lIlustrаtors
Ronald Chironnaz pp.27,34, З5,65,160,190'191;Brian Hughes: pp. 20, 188;
Joсk МaсRae: pp. 53, 180;Paul MсCusker: pp. 38, 98,294 Andy Myer: pp. 10,
2 4 , 3 2 ,4 6 , 5 4 , 8 0 8, 2 ,8 8 ' 1 0 2 ,I I 2 , | 1 6 , I б 8 , 1 ' 7 2I,9 2 , 2 2 2 , 2 З 2 , 2 4 6 , 2 5 4 , 2 7 2 , 2 8 2 ,
3 0 0 , 3 1 43, 2 2 , 3 2 6D; u s a n P е t r i с i с :p p ' 2 , 6 , 8 , L 4 , 1 6 , \ 7 , \ 8 , 2 L , 3 6 , 4 0 , 5508' , 6 0 ,
6в,74' 84,92,96,106,120,|28, |46,150,184,198,236,250,278,308,318,
330
p. 136 Sourcе:Roper Reports Worldwide 1998 Global Сonsumer Study
хlll
Present
Progressive
of f ane are waiting
for The Аirhaado
W,',rryжPoINт
TheАirheadэ
are dropping
from Nhеokу!
Сheсk thе best odvеrtisementfor this
TV nеws show,
П It's happеning nоwl
П It hupp"ns every day!
снARтсllEсKl
Сhесk thе correсt
onswеr'
Thе present
progтеssiveis made
up of two parts:
AF]lRlt,lAтIvE s гAтЕIUlЕNтs
Suв,вст
BдsвЕoпм oг
Bс Vвпв + -lшс
is
,s
ьe + base form
ofverb
He/Shе/|t
c
ье + base form
of vеrb + -ing
arе
Wе/You*/Тhey ,rе
Jьe
П ba.e form of
verЬ + -ing
I
Suв,вст
am
'm
J
Whiсh part сhanges
with different subjeсts?
NЕGAтlvE iтAтЕмЕNт5
l Bдsв Еoпм oг
Br Noт |Vвпв+ .ING
am
,m
waiting.
*Youis both singular and plural.
He/5hе/|t
ls
,s
arе
Wе/You/Тhey ,rе
not
waiting.
Present
Сirсlе T (Truе)or
F (Folse).
т
F
s}|oRтцNsWЕRs
VEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
сl]АRтсlIEсК2
Bt
In questions,
be сomes after
the subjесt.
Progressive
l
l Bдsв Foпм
Isuвlвст|+.llvс
Aггlпмдтtvв
Nвсдтlvв
you a r е .
Am
!s
snе
Are
you
standing?
Yеs, s h е
I
I5.
you a r е n , t .
No,
shе isn't.
'm not.
am.
Wн. QUЕsтloNs
Wн. Woпo l 8д l 5uв,вст | вo,. Foпм + .tшс
am
whv
Wherе
ls
5nе
are
you
standing?
Eх'PRЕssж
Сomplеtе thеsе sеntеncеswith thе prеsеnt progrеssivеform of the verbs in porenthesеs,
Whу
you
(lеave)
? They
still
(реrtorm)
* r a m ж - * а rЁх р|a n* t iо ns
Еxamрlеs
1. Usе thе presеnt progressivе to dеsсribe
somеthingthat is happeningrioht now.
r |,m standing outsidethe King Тheatеr
right now.
No** stonding
r Аs l,m talking to you, thе fansare gathering
in front of thе theаtеr.
Past..'..............................xl......................'...>
2. Usе thе presеnt progrеssivе to dеsсribе
somеthingthat is happеningthеsedays,evеn if
it's not hаppеningright now.
*?*
Тhе Аirheаdsarе playing at thе Kiпg Тhеatеr
this weеk.
|,m studying guitarthis semеstеr.
Past'..'.'.............*.'........'.i........'....у..-.-'''.''.'..}
Futurе
z;::___:__/*6
.''tudуing g$'
3. Usдсв Noтв: Тhе сontrасted form is usually
used in speесhand in informa|writing.
A: Bye,Jana,wе,re leaving now.
B: Wait! |,m сoming with you.
Сheсk
it out!
For diffeгent forms of negative сontraсtions with bq see Appendiх 24 on page 345.
Foт spеlling тules for the present progтessive'see Appendix 19 on pagе 343.
r
3
4 r unitr
o Rеod this lеttеr.Underlinеthe presеntprogrеssivеverbs thot dеsсribe
IDENтiЕY
somеthinghoppеning right now, Сirclе thе prеsеntprogrеssivevеrbs thаt describе
things thаt ore hаppening thеsedoys (but not nесеssorilyright now).
Т@veгyhaгd.thesеd'ays,butIhavesome$ood'nеws.Ri$htnoщ
I'm sittinЕl at a desk in the Еntertainment Seсtion of thе Tribune| of couтsе I'm
still taking journalism сlasses at ni$ht as wel]..Thе job is temporaТУ-"Ioe sims,
the геЕпrlaгreporter' is taking this month off to wгite a book' This week We'rе
pгeparing to intervj'ew youг favoritr gтoup, thе Airheads' In faсt, at this vеry
moment they'гe flying lnto town by hеliсopter. They're pеrfoгming at the King
Theater all wеek. How aгe you doing? Aгe you still Writlng musiс? oops! The
сrrw is сalling me. They're leavin$ foг the theateг now. Wгitе soon!
Steph
Rеod this сonvеrsotion'Сomplеtеit with thе prеsеntprogressivеform of thе
сO[{|PLEтE.
vеrbsin porеnthеsеs.Usе сontroсtionswhеnеvеrpossiblе.
Bви Bye, Joe, I
'm
leaving
l. (|еаvе)
Joв: WЪere
you
Bвv: Running. Ann
2. (gо)
downstairs.
3. (Wаit)
Jов: Great! WЪу don't you take tlrе dоg оut with уоu?
Bвv: Whу dоn,t уou take hirn? It's yоur turn.
Joв: I сan't. I
Bви But you
Joв: That's not true. I
just
anything right now. Yоu
5 . ( n o td o )
6. (sit)
8. (think)
on my book.
4. (work)
thеre.
7. (sit)
here, but I
also
abоut my work. Can't thе dоg run with you?
Bвv: Nо, beсause aftеrwards wе want to go to tlre Plaza. The Airheads
9. (stаy)
therе this wеek, and Ann wants to get their autographs'
You know she's a big fan of thеirs.
рresent
Рrоgressive
Аsl(& ANsvlER.Stеph is interviеwingthe leod singer of the Airhеods,PаuI, Writе
quеstionsusing thе words in porеnthеsеs.Givе short onswers.
Sтвpн: PaoI,
Pдur.:
are Уou in|roducinoanУ newэonoЭ on |hio t.our?
1 . ( i n t r o d u с e/ a n y n e w 5 o n g 5o n t h i s t o u r ? )
Yeэ, we are
2.
. We're intrоduсing some songs from our
new album ' In thе Аir
Sтвpн: Yоur fans are so exсited to sеe you after suсh a long time.
3 . ( W h y ' 1t o u r / а g a i п ? )
Pдur,: We want to play for livе audienсes. Wе neеd that.
Sтшpн:
4 . ( W h а t / W o r k o n / t h e s ed a y s ? )
Pдur,: Some exсiting new material. But tмe'rе not talking about it yet.
Sтвpн:
She has a niсe voiсе.
5 . ( W h o ' / 5 i n g , ' W i t h ) , o t rn О w ? )
Pдur,: Sylvia Sylva is singing some of the songs from the album.
Sтшpн:
6 . ( s l r Р' г е p | а с е1 Т о t i ? )
Pдur,:
7.
. Toti has a new babv. but shе'llbе baсk in
a few months.
ЕDlT. Rеod this lеttеr.Find ond сorrесt six mistokеsin thе usе of thе prеsеnt
progrеssivе.The first mistokеis olrеodу сorrеcted.
DеаrTo|i,
'm
writing
t70и
l.wri*eto
+romm\ hordroom.euеryonе
е|5еis s|ееp,bиtI sittingherеаnd wаtching
thе oceaо.Wе,rеstауtng
аt thе P|аzлin АttanticBеаch,а0dtnе vleu/is beaиtitиl.
Ihetoцr is
Ihе aцdiеncеis crazуabot,lt
thе nеwsongs,bцtIhе tаns is alulavsаskinqfor yoи.
goе5we||.
hеrto sinqуd? Мауbеbothaflyoи
Howis thе bаbt(5hе hаs а grеаluoice.Do \oцirеаching
wi||comеаIongtorthе nехIIoцr|
Sv|viа
r
5
Tense
Simple Present
He works aIIthе timе-hе nеvеrrеlaxеs.
Hank is alwaysin a hurryand hе doеs
еvеrythingat onсе.
-|
!
PпINт
Сhеck thе best titlе for thе саrtoons,
П Hank at Work This Weеk
t
Hank's Working Habits
AFFlппnAтшЕ
sтAтEi,|ENтs
сl|ARтсI/iEсl(
Сirсle T (True)or
F (Folsе).
т
т
т
6
F
F
F
The form for
he/she/it ends
with -s.
Negative
statemеnts
havе do not or
doеs not befoтe
the basе fоrm.
Quеstions havе
do оr does after
the subjесt.
I
| Vвпв
Suвtвст
|/We/You*/Тhеy work
works.
Hе/Shе/It
NЕGAтlvE
sтAтЕlt.IENтs
5uв;вст
| oo n,, | влsвFoпм
|/Wе/You/Тhеy do not
Hе/She/|t
work.
doеs not
*Уoиis both singular and plural.
YEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
Do
I Suryпст
| Blsв Foпм
Do
you
Doеs
ne
work?
sнoRт ANSWERS
Aггlпмдтlvв
Yеs,
do.
ne
doеs.
I
Nвсятlvв
!
No,
I
don't.
ne
doesn't.
Simple
Present
}yf,-QUЕsтloNs
tшн-Woпo I Do
Whеrе
When
I su"l..' I Blsв Foпм
do
you
doеs
ne
work?
ЕхPREssжж
Unsсromblеthеsеwords to сomplеtеthе quеstion.
rush.Why.heоdoes
all the time?
G r a mc тъarЕx рlana t jо ns
Еxamples
l. Usе the simpte prеsеnt tensе to talk about
what rеgular|yhappens.
r
r
r
r
Some pеop|erush through Iife'
Thеy don,t relax.
o t h е r p e o p | еa r е с а I m .
Тhey don,t fееl tensе.
r
l
r
r
She лeyer rеlaxеs.
You usuolly takе |ifееasier.
Wе sometimеs slееp |atе.
Thеy seldom take а vaсation.
*?-
. х. . x ..Х........х..'.....>
Past.'..........Х.
Future
rish
2. Usе advеrbs of frеquеnсy with thе simp|e
prеsеnttense to еxpгеsshow oftеn something
happеns.
дч
.'о.
s
.o..
^ф
s
:$^il-
^""-
\ч"
;,\
.o\
Ьo
$o
ot-6
od
./. .. ......./. -. .*.. . . . . . . . . . . /
/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . . . . ...../."",|ooo/o
Оo/o
Br сдпвгut-!Adverbs of frеquеnсy usua|ly
сome bеforе thе main verb, but thеy go aftеr
thе vеrb be.
l Wе usuolly rush around too muсh.
r Wе,re often stгessedout.
3. Usе the simp!е presеnt tensе to talk about
sсiеntifiсfaсts.
r Strеss(ausеs high b|ood pressurе.
l Water frееzеs at З2"F.
Сheсk
it out!
Еor spelling rules for the third person singular (hе/ shе/it) of the simple present
tense, see Appеndix 20 on page 343.
For pronunсiation rules for the third person singular hе / shеl it) of the simple
present tense, see Appendiх 27 on page 348,
Тense
r
7
8 r
unita
o Reod this port of o book rеviеw'Undеrlinеthе simplе prеsеnttеnsevеrbs,
IDENTIFY
Сircle the odvеrbsof frеquencу.
Dowш
Cдlм
mеdiсation fог stгеss-геlatеdillnеssеs.
Roads Mеdiсinе
! ., o,".Sara
usuall,vlowеrs a patiеnt's blood
..You
prеSsurе. But, Dr. Roads сlaims,
dоn't zrlrvaysnееd pills. Rеlirхirtion
psr,сhologiсall1', but
Rоads,
Dr.
aссoгding
artthor of
thе
to
ехегсisеs arе somеtilТlеsas еffесtir,е
as pills. For ехamplе, brеathing
new
еxегсisеs both rеlax уоu and
lorvег уotlг Ьlood
bеstsеllег, Саlm Doun!, it alsо аffесts
rrs physiсail1'.Fог ехaпrplе' stгеss
Prеssurе. It orrly takеs
a fеw minutеs!''
сatlsеs high blood PГеssuге.
Doсtorsоftеn prеsс,iь.
=@
o Mеgon ond Greg hove complеtеlу diffеrent tуpes of personolity (A ond B).
с0|{iPIEтE
Rеod obout one, writе obout thе othеr.
Type B: Grеg
Тypе A: Megan
1 . Мegan doеsn't rеlaх easily.
2 . She
doеэn't |ake
timе to еnjoy
о Greg
rr|axeэ
easily.
. He takеs time to eniov the moment.
the moment.
3 . Megan and her boyfriend nеver takе
vaсations.
4 . She
through the day.
о Greg and his girlfriend often
- vaсatrons.
о H е doеsn't rush through the day.
5.
She is nеrvous.
оHe
nervous.
6.
Shе is always in a hurry.
.He
nevеr in
a hurrу,
She finishеs other people'ssentenсes
for them.
.He
8.
Shе
a lot.
. Hе doеsn't wоrrу a lot.
9.
Shе
enough time
. Hе has enough time to frnish things.
7.
other people's
sentenсes for them.
to finish things.
1 0 . Mеgan has high blood prеssure
due to strеss'
. Greg
pressure due to stress.
high blood
simp|e Present
Тense
Asl(t, ANiWERC Todd is on oсcountont,Look ot his sсhеdule.Write quеstionsond
onswersobout his doу,
Ш?}iff*ll8
6:00-7:00 9еt up.ехеrсisе
8:00-9:00 work on геports
9:00-12:00 seе сliеnts
When / get up?
|Nhendoeэ he get up?
12:o0-12',З0 |unсh
12:30-5:00 rеturn phone сalls
5:30-7:00 attеndnight sсhoоl
He ge|э up at 6:00,
2. eхеrсisе in the morning?
Doeghe exeraiэein the morninа?
Yеэ, hе doeo,
3. work on reDorts in the aftеrnoon?
4' When / see сlients?
5. takе a lunсh brеak?
6. What / do / from 12:30to 5:00?
7. Where / go / al5:30?
EDIT.Reod Todd,sjournol еntrу.Find ond сorrесttеn mistokеsin thе usе of thе simplе
prеsenttеnse.The first mistokeis аlrеodу сorrectеd.
nevernave
l,m so fired.l harc.я*еrtime to rel,aх.Iwork aI|daу and вtudieвall nighf.Iv1уbosв tell
me that l need,a,,,,uaсafion.
l agree,buf l afraid to fake one,Doeamy boas thinkв that
the otfiсe ca,n,f,unсfion
wifhout me? l dont want fhem fo think l'm not neceEыarу.
But mY wife ia unhappУtoo,She сomplainfhat вhe never aee6me anуmore.|v1,у
don'tthiлk l can keepfhiв up muсh ,Ioлgen
всheduleare-',,сr'azу.l
l don't wanfв to quif
nighf school,thouAh,I think offen fhat there has fo be a better way,
r
9
&
Non-Action
{ry ":
Verbs
ш:::-::::
P0lNт
Сhеck thе сorrеctаnswеr.
Aссording to thе fish, the Worm
П hus thе flavor of сhiсken.
П aсts like a сhiсkеn.
сI|ARтсHEсI(
Сirсlе T (Truе)or
F (Folsе).
т
F
Sоmе vеrbs
have both
a nоn-aсtiоn
and an aсtion
meaning.
т
F
Avеrb
usеd with
a non-aсtion
meaning is not
used in the
progтessive.
vERBs WIт}|
NoN-AстloN It,lEAN
lNGs
I want to go fishing.
Hе owns a big boat.
Тhe weathеrsеems finе'
Thеy hatе fish.
vЕRBs wlтн Boтн NoN-AстloN AND ACтloN ]UtЕANlNGs
Noш-Aспoш
Aстloш
Тhе fish weighs five pounds.
Wе think it,sa good day for fishing.
This fish ta'tеs de|iсious.
Тhis food smells qood.
Hе's weighing the fish now.
W е , r e t h i n k i n g a b o u tg o i n g .
| , m t а s t i n g t h е f i s hn o w .
Т h е с o o k i s s m е I | i n gt h е f o o d .
EхPREssж
Сomplеtеthеsеsеntеnсеswith thе corrесtform of the vеrb tastе.
the soup right now It
10
salty.
Non.Aсt.on
Verbs
r xplanаtiоnз
G r * г т з i т э аЕ
ЕxаmрIes
1. Many vеrbsdesсribestаtеsor situationsinstеad
of aсtions.Thеse verbs arе сalled non.aсtion
verbs (or stativеverbs).
r |ohn has а boat.
(Thеvеrb hos dеsсribеsJohn,ssituotion,not
somеthinghе is doing')
Most non-асtionverbsare not usual|yused in
thе pгеsеnt progrеssive evеn whеn they desсribе
a situationthat is happеningright now.
l
r
He wants fish for dinnеr.
Noт t{еisзгrraвting-ffiifii1еl..
2. Non.aсtionvеrbsarе usuallyverbsthat:
a. dеsсribеa state of being
(bе, feеl)
r ,|anеis tirеd but happy.
r 5hе fеels good.
b. exprеssеmotions
(hаtе, likе, lovе)
A: Do you likе my new drеss?
B: I lovе it!
с. dеsсribеmenta| statеs
(know,rеmembеr,beliеvе,think [= beliеve],
supposе,undеrstond)
r I know а |ot of good rесipes.
l Ari rеmеmbеrs your number.
l I think you,гe right.
d. show possession
(havе,own, possess,bеlong)
l сеsaг has a hеadaсhe'
l Somе studentsown miсгowavеs.
е. dеsсribеperсeptions and sensеs
(hеor,seе,smell,tastе,feеl,notiсе,sеem,
look [= sееm],oppеor,sound)
l l hear thе tе|еphonе.
r Dina sееms tirеd.
f. dеsсribеnеeds and preferеnсеs
(neеd,wаnt, prefer)
r l neеd a pеn.
g. dеsсribеmeasurеmеntt
(weigh' сost, сontoin)
l HoW muсh doеs it сost?
3. Bв сдпвгul! Some verbsсan have non-aсtion
and aсtion mеanings(tostе,smell, feel, look,
think, Itovе, wеigh).
Noш-Астtoх
r I taste gaг|iс.Did you put some in hеrе?
(I notiсе gorliс,)
r Тhe soup tastes good' Тry some.
(Thеsoup is good,)
АсТloN
r |,m tasting thе soup to sеe if it nееdsmorе sa|t.
(l,m trying thе soup.)
Cheсk
iI out!
For a list of сommon non-aсtion verbs' see Appendix 2 on page 337.
11
12 r
Unit з
lDENтltYo Rеod this сonvеrsotion,Undеrlinеoll non-аction vеrbs thot dеscribеo
situotion thot is in progrеss,Сirclе oll non-oсtion vеrbs thot desсribeа situotion
thot is genеrolly truе,
Ar,rшв:This stеak tastеs deliсious.Your salmon looks gоodtoo.
Bвш: Here, I'm putting some on your plate. I think yоu'll like it.
Ar,rшв:Mmm. I likе it. Funnу, I l..,,ully(JБ.'ТIГd fi.h.
Bвш: Red has that effeсt on pеople.
Arrшв: I have no idea what you,ге talking about. What do yоu mean?
Bвш: Well' сolоrs сan сhange the way we feеl. tr'оrexample, people often feel
hungтier in a red room. I notiсe that yоu're looking right at the red wallpaper.
Ar,rшв: And I сеrtainlу feel hungтy right now. I'm eating half your salmon.
Bвш: That's oK' I,m tasting your steak.
сн00sEо Сomplеte this mogozinе ortiсIе with thе сorrеct form of the verbs
in porenthеses.
Lenny Kramer is in a sports store. н"
.' i.o.i#iJ..uo..,.nаi
really paying attention to the aroma vеry muсh beсausе he
pair оf running shоes. Th"У -_Т
Lenny really, really
flоwers, but he isn't
2 . ( l o o k s/ i s l o o k i n g )
.ul.*
4 . ( W а n t s/ i s W а n t i n g )
ata
a lot moгe than he usuallу pays, but
."
thosе shоеs. He's thе viсtim of ..smart sсents.''
aromas that stores use to make сustomеrs buy more.
Aсross tоwn' Lenny's daughter Myra is taking a history tеst in a сlassroom
that was reсently painted yellow. Although Мyra
6 . ( s е е m s/ i s s e e m i n g )
5 . ( h а t e s/ i s h a t i n g )
to bе dоing well on this tеst' She
histоr5l,she
7 . ( l i k e s/ i s l i k i n g )
the new
сolorofherсlassroom'.n"ffithatit'shelpingheronthеtest'
but it is. Sсientists have shown that уellow imp.о,,eJ Ьoth mеmory and сonсеntration.
Wе now
9. (know / arе knowing)
that odоrs, сolors, and sounds affeсt our moods and
еven our health. In faсt, right now Lеnny's wife, Cindy'
1 O . ( t h i n k s/ i s t h i n k i n g )
about
Lenny and Myra' Shе's surе that Lenny is spending tоo muсh on shoеs and that
Myra is failing another history test. Cindy suffers from migтaine headaсhes, but
she -
1 1 . ( d o e s n ' th a v e / i s n ' th a v i n q )
l 2 . ( h е а r si i s h e a r i n g )
a headaсhe today. Shе,s in the gardеn, and shе
birds and inseсt sounds. Thev alwavs сalm hеr down.
Non.Aсt.on
verbs
r
13
o Rеod this convеrsotion.Сompletеit with the сorrеctform of thе
сOff|PLEтЕ
vеrbsin porenthesеs.Usе thе presеntprogrеssiveor thе simplе prеsеnttеnsе,
goоd!What's сooking?
A: Hi, Ana. Mmm. Somethin* ---jЪhB: Fish soup.I
it to seе if it
2. (tastе)
you --
A: Mmmm. It
A: That
good, but I -
it needs salt.
6. (think)
about adding сanned tomatoеs too, еven though it
7. (think)
8. (not be)
mоre garliс.
to try it?
4. (wаnt)
5. (taste)
B: OK. I
3. (need)
in the reсipe.
9. (sound)
likе a good idea. But wait a minutе. I
1O. (look)
at the reсipe, and it says you сan add milk. How about that?
B:I
11. (notknow)
A: I.ll сheсk. Hmm. I
if the milk
t 3. (smе||)
fresh.
12' (bе)
it, but I
sure. Let's add
14. (not bе)
the tomatoеs instеad.
B: OK. I
l5. (lovе)
сooking! Thе whоlе house
l6. (smе|l)
great
when you сооk. And it always puts me in a good mood.
A:I
17. (know)
what you
18. (mean)
.I
19. (feel)
thе
same way.
ЕDlIo Rеod this journol entrу. тhеrе orе eight mistokеsin the usе of oсtion ond
non.oсtion verbs,Find ond сorrесtthеm, The first mistokеis аlreodYcorrectеd'
уgrcn ъ-
have
N0|щ99!fuу-\+еA3М-взggээp!_Щ!W4!|9l0-4"0-аw!уlop,,!argе
-t!uэgуa'ц!'у!е*,Jr-ез4'q!
rЦmq'o_4_gnф9!'rjLo+
фi9I9
эoц'фЦ!9.\gry\
-аbg,Щh-o;у5r!е-||5_9gр-/уфrnцQ,аnd9)!е!!е3у!'5-q!i9nl'!v::w|9ц9[Ia13уq
q1P!цf7r-hе
thсt
g:ф3-1reеn
l,п notthinking
nеас!а-c,,fu),1h9\э,у4-919p,-bиt
-dеуеssion)
tnщKlrnуe+'еry,оglo
еаt1ц1grhngуhе-9
!lgе!do1!Щ.''..-._
lnфpе q 4ffеrе,!!eJL!qщ.1te4|]
tlrлo'Ц?ntJ-navе
a-щ?_$-'?'е??еrpint-tea
wrth
9_щ
у-g0!:0Т|oo
lnцch:2p'_ф
l WOr(Уthф!p
lеэ:'\Цe:t]JАqn1lкщW
?P999!-фя,nA_hеJ?2уoу-9в
фJЦt
\Pлgl'-l-e-аtуJps-:g!2l0фl!9
thgt!ф!9q.o1фе'lQеэr'еgцэц04g9'59у!42
?qfi! goф1gh\т'b-aцI
w) It,s-sсpmiqgthаt
rhеrеаrеo0еаs\]
so|ulions'
Present Progressive
and
Simple Present Тense
Cross-Cultural Confusion
Whу iэ Taro
|еaningback
,рiё
F i n et h a n k e ,
|,owarе уou2,
Whуiэ Эami
эtandingeo
Friеndsfrom differеntсuIturesoften
havе differеntideasabout timе.
l€ н Е€ l <|
Sometimеsthey don't agrее about
soсiaIdistanсе,either.
P0INт
Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Folsе)'
т
F
Karl is arriving late tоnight.
т
F
In Sami's сulture, people rarely stand сlose to eaсh other.
сIiARтсltЕсl(
Сheсk thе сorrесt
onswеrs.
The present
progтessivehas:
t
оnе part
П two parts
The simplе present
tense has:
LJ one form
П t*o forms
t4
.Pп
PREsЕN.
Suв;вст
oGREsslvЕ
Bдsв Foпм|
Bс + -rArG I
am
Wе/You*/They
are arriving
Hе/She/|t
ts
*You is both singular and plural
now.
slпnPlЕ PRЕSЕNт тЕNsЕ
5uUвст
Vвпв
|/Wе/You/Thеy
nеvеr
arrlvе
arways
Hе/She/It
arrlvеs
on timе.
Present
Progressive
and Simple
Present
тense
r
EхPREss
Жxdi
Сomplеtеthe following chorts with thе vеrb buу'
PRЕSENт PRoGREss|vE
Suвlвстl Bд l BдsвFoпм + .lшс I
Suв;вст| |v.*"
You
You
fIowеrsnow.
He
slluPLE PRESЕNт тЕNsЕ
l
usually
сhoсoIates.
Hе
G r а mm ar Еx plana t io ns
Ехamples
1. Usе thе present progressive for things
happеningright now.
{o(o.
'
Now
-^to
: . *d$n'
p a s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ;.. S.9- .F]u. -t u r e
i
r Sami is talkin9 to Тaro.
r Аt thе momеnt,Тarois spеaking Еng|ish.
Use the simplе рreJеnt tеnJе to desсгibе
what rеgu|arlyhappеns.
Past.'.........'Х.x
*?*
r Sami talks to Taro еveryday.
l Тarospеаks Japanеsеat homе.
Future
i x.........x.......'>
Hе tolksto hiimеverуdoу.
2. Usе the prеsеnt progrеssivе for things
happеningthesedays.
I Arе you studying hard thеse doуs?
Now
Pаst
I We.rе studying in thе U.S. this month.
t Laura,sstudуing in Franсеthis уeor,
. . . . . . . . . .Futurе
.>
3. RвмвмввR!Most non-aсtlon vеrbs аrе
not usuallyusеd in thе Prеsentprogrеssivе
еven whеn thеy dеsсribеa situationthat exists
аt thе moment of spеaking.
r |anеwants to go homе right now.
Noт
4. Use the simple present tеnse to talk about
sсiеntifiсfaсts аnd physiсallaws.
r StressCauses high b|ood prеssure.
-l
r Watегboils аt 00.с.
Cheсkit oul!
For a list of сomrnоtrnon-aсtion verbs, seе Apperrdiх 2 on page 337.
15
16 r
Unit zr
о Rеod thеsеjournol еntriеsbу Brion, а Сonodion summerехсhongеstudеnt
IDENтIЕY
studуing in Argеntino. Сirсle oll thе vеrbsthot dеscribеwhаt is hoppening now.
Undеrlinеthе vеrbs thot desсribеwhot gеnerаllу hoppеns.
a oaat
June 2o; t@tn
ЭО'ООО frеL aboveLhe еarth
е n r o u t е | o ^ r q e n | i n a l| u o u a | | у
h a v ed i n n е ra t t h i e t i m e , b u t r i q h |
n o w I h a v еa h е a d a c h ef r o m L h e
axClLamen|.gу eеa|ma|е le
Ju|y 4: The wea|hеr ie cold now,
l u e u a | | уэ p e n dt h е f i r o t w е е k e n d
of JuIу at the bеach,Todaу |m
wa|kingaround in a heavу ;vlea|er,
Аuguэt 6z I fee| eo LtredtonighL.
Еveryonеr|эe feе|oqrеat in Nhе
е v e n | n qb e c a u e et h е у t a k e l o n q
napэ in |hв aftеrnoon,
eatinq mу food. Эhе lookэ haP?у,
June Эo: It'e 7:ЭО, gу hoэt parеnLe
are эti|l workinq,Сar|oo,mу fathеr,
wОrkэa| hоnзe.Mу |i|||ebroLher
K i с а r d oi э c u | е , А е | o o k e( a n d
aсta) a |o| |ikebobbу,Kiqht now,
h е ' e| o o k i n qО v e rm у э h o u l d e ra n d
tryinq to rеad mу journa|,
о Studеntsorе tolking outsidе o сlossroom.Сomplеtеthеir сonvеrsotions
сOffiPIEтE
with thе prеsеntprogrеssivеor the simplеprеsеnttеnseof thе verbsin porеnthеsеs.
l.
Lr-wu: Hi' Paulo. WЪat
Pдur,o: oh, I
you
are
b. (wait)
Lr-wu: How are you? You
Pдulo: I аm a little tired. I
doinа
a. (do)
for сlass to begin.
tired.
с. (|ook)
d. (rvork)
evenings this semеstеr.Hеy, is that
your teaсher over there?
Lr-wu: Yеs' She
e. (tаlk)
to one оf mу
tt-.\
сlassmatеs.
Pдur,o: I wonder what,s wrong. He
her. He
Lr-wu: Oh. That
Рt
]:Js,
.)Ф-.g
,
g. (look)
h. (not meаn)
f. (not look)
.r
ъ*
' i]./.., Ц}.-'
!-]
,,"ъ
at
,.ll-!
еmbarrassed.
-J
anything. In Taiwan
]
!
\,,1:l-
-.--4.Bь:-.
it's not respeсtfulto lоok direсtly at yоur teaсhеr.
2. Moвrкo: Look, there,sМiguеl. He
Nrшд: Yes. They
b. (tаkе)
a. (1аlk)
u '
lr
tо Luisa.
a сlass together this semestеr.
\+ч
I
-|,у)
,l-
Flreserrt
Рrogressivr
and simple
Рresent
Tense
you
very сlose to еaсh other.
(. (stand)
theу
d. (thiпk)
NIшд: No. I
2
е. (date)
it
f. (notthink)
anything spесial. I
9' (meаn)
from Costa Riсa,
h. (соmе)
and people thеre nоrmally
that
i, (stand)
сlose to еaсh othеr.
3.
Rдsrrд: There's Hans. Wlrv
a. (walk)
he
so fast? Class
at 9:00.Hе still
Cr-дuов: He always
Switzerland often
4.
-
tla
'r.*4
''
\:-J
\;
.) t
-.:с
аъ;..
J
-a,-zф.@
t l
,li
r ,r; il
\
b. (stаrt)
о.l
fast. Pеople from
e. (аpреao
t o b e i n а hurry.
Yoкo: Isn't that Sеrgio and Luis? Why
--hands? They
. аvti!
..:s"so3;
,.'
Ъ
. r
tеn minutesl
d. (walk)
theу
b. 1know;
Jrшс: In Brazil. rrrеn
time thеу
li\
! /'r\,
.ъ
,J
a. (shаkе)
eaсh othеr.
<. (shake)
hands evеry
d. (meet)
EDIT.Reod this student,sjournol, Find аnd сorreсtеlevеnmistаkеsin thе use of thе presеnt
progressivеor simple prеsеnttеnse' The first mistokеis olrеаdу corrеctеd'
|'moi|ъ|ng
lt.s '|l:3oац_dtФ+iц|he lib1а1yright цow.Мy с!аssmаfesq1e qаl_i1qlunф toget!р1'
I miss'my old roиtinе.Аt homе we alwaysare eаtingа Ьi9 щq4!аt |:1Оoin-the
аft9-ц11oor,r''
Тhenwr res
'
4
'
r
9
'
''
Еverуdaу,l аlmost fа[!
сoЧrse|m ngt borqd.I jus-t4eedmy аfternoo'4nqp!Т,!isс!аs-sg!уv'qyg-i.q
tчn' Тhiq
grgups--o.|
seцеste.r,.щe work on a p1ojeсtчvithv!d.egсаm-е-ца's'.
$L teaц j.s-fitmirr.g
-soсlat
peoplein differentс9r!tures'.
to
We are ana|уze
distаnсe'-Тhqt meац-show 9!9_se
eасhothеrthesepgoplestaцd.Асс'ordingto
for my l:oo q!gрs.Тeq-с'hers.
h-9rereal|yarеn't likiц9 ryhqцу.oч9oцe-|9tq]-'
17
&
lmperative
To do thе Jab:
B е n d у o u rk n е a эa n d
p|aaeуour riqht foo|,in fron|,
likethia,?unahwi|hуour
nghl fiaL.
{Е:{Ст{
| POINт
Сhесk thе corrесtonswеr.
Thе woman in the photo is
П inviting someonе tо learn thе Jab.
П gi,,ing instruсtions on how to do thе Jab'
П ordering someone to do the Jab.
AЕFlRll'AтlvE
сltАRтсltЕсl(
Сhесk the corrесt
onswеr.
Irnperativе sentеnсеs
П inсlude a subjeсt.
П don,t inсlude
a subjeсt.
18
BдsвFoпм l
oг Vвпв l
NЕGAтl! VЕ
l BдsвFoпм |
DoN,тI oг Vвпв |
Bеnd
yourкnees.
Punсh
with your fists.
Don't
bеnd
your Knеes.
punсh
with your fist.
lmperative
r
EхPRЕss,;iж,
Usе thеsе vеrbs to completе thе chаrts,
listen
touсh
AFF!RпnAтlvЕ
BдsвFoпм oг Vвпв |
stand
NЕGAт|VE
Doн,т
I Bдsв Foпм oг Vвпв
to t h е m u s i с .
to t h е m u s i с .
your toes.
your [oes.
straight.
straight.
&rа*ъзynarf;xр|anаtigns
Ехarnрles
1. Тhе impеrativе foгm of thе veгb is alwaysthe
bаsеform. lt is the samе whethегit is dirесted
to onе or sevеrаIpeop|е.
r Marlа,pIеaseget rеady
r Gеt ready,guys!
2. Тhе subjесt of an impеrativestatemеntis you.
Howеvеr,we do not sаy or writе yoи in
impеrativesеntеnсеs.
r Stand up straight.
NoT }ffit.
3. Тhe impеrativеform has a number of usеs.
Usе thе impеrativеto:
a. givе dirесtions and instruсtions
l Turn Iеftat thе traffiс|iqht.
b. give ordеrs or сommands
l Don,t movе!
с. make rеqцests (Use plеosein addition to
the imperativeform.)
l Pleosе rеad this aгtiс|e.
r Rеad this aгtiс|e,pleosе.
d. givе adviсe or make suggеstions
r Don,t eхеrсisе whеn you,resiсk.
е. givе warnings.
r Bе сaгеfuI!Don,t trip!
f. invitе someone
r Work out with us tomoгrow.
19
2O r Unit s
o Еoсh impеrotivegoеs with а situotion.Motch thе impеrotivеwith thе
ItiAтсl|
сorrеctsituаtion,
Imperаtivе
q
Situation
l . Don't tоuсh that!
a . Someonе is visiting a friend.
z. Look
b . Someone is going out into the сold.
bоth ways.
3 . Dress warmly!
C.
Someone is сrossing a street.
4. Don't bend your knees.
d.
Someonе is taking an еxam.
5 . Mark eaсh answer true or false.
e.
Someonе is ехerсising.
6 . Come in. Make yourself at home.
f.
Somеonе is tasting some fоod.
7 . Try a little morе peppеr.
9.
Sоmething is hot.
C You,rеgoing to give instructionsfor moking o bonаnа-strowbеrrуsmoothiе,
lIiAтсI|
Motсh o verb from сolumn A with o phrosе from сolumn B'
С o l u m nA
ColumnB
Add
the ingтediеnts until smooth.
siх strawberries.
a banana.
orange juiсе intо thе blender.
the strawberries in half.
the fruit to the orange juiсe.
Sliсe
Wash
Cut
Blеnd
Pour
LABЕL.Now writе thе sеntеnсеsin ordеr under thе сorreсtpiсtures.
l.
Э | i c ea b a n a n a '
2.
#ffi
3.
,*l.r
дч:-.-
,
#,
\у
1
1'. i
lь
ТЗ
\,' 'ф
W@
2'
"*-
ьiiiЁ"-
4.
5.
6.
:'l
lmperаtive
o Reаd this аdvеrtisеmеntfor o mortiol аrts sсhool' Сompleteit
сl]00sEa с0мPLEтE
using the offirmotivеor nеgotivеimpеrotivеform of thе verbsin thе boх.
сhoose
register
beсome
miss
Don'tthink
inсrеase
deсrease
take
|earn
wait
}A<
that martial arts is only about physiсal training. A goоd
t.
martial arts progтаm offers many other benefits as well.
2.
self-defense and morе at the Martial Arts Aсademv:
stress. Martial arts training helps you relax.
3.
сonсentration. Martial arts students foсus better.
4.
fit. Strength and fleхibility imprоve aS you learn.
5.
We are оffering an introduсtorytrial membership.
spесial оpportunity.
this
6.
сlasseswith Master Lorenzo Gibbons'
7.
a ninth-leve] Blaсk Belt Master.
8.
сlasses from our сonvenient sсhеdule.
now
lo.
9.
for a two-week trial.
oNLY 52o. - UNlFoR/t INсLUDED.
EDIIo Rеаd port of o mаrtiаl orts studеnt,sеssoу.Find ond corrеctfive mistokеsin the
usе of thе impеrotivе.Thе first mistokеis olrеodу сorrесted.
Еor thе B]асk BеlL еssay. Мastеr Glbbons gаvе uS this
Write
,lvTv
.imnоrtяnт
. . . .j * ^ . L ^ . . !
-т.(71f-Wт-f-ге
*hр
Wav.
,""_t.
othеr
or
-lllos
q n m р t h i n о. - О
of
1ifе
pеop1е-тrеat
Sесond.
for
с1 l.]UuL
for
stea1.
not
Thеsе
to
arе
usе
thе
-L
thе
thеm thе
hе1pеd pеop1е in
othеrs,
_...r
just
most
L
tL ov
mart1a1
Vо]l.
Jvu.
arts.
t- о- r n. * . j с
.!J
First.
Wаy you Want thеm to
nееd.
it
Lalf
words,
for
own good.
important
ru1еs
to
is
Thр
R -i Оo- h- ' т
-
rPsnр.ts
trеat
uSе your
In othеr
your
assignmеnt:
Third,
mе.
you.
sтrеngth
no 1iе
r
21
SelfTest
lsв.ffiloшt
Сirclе the lеtter of the corrесtonswеr to сomplеtееoсh sеntеnсе.
Exдmpш:
сoffee.
Jеnnifer nеver
(Al drink
(B)drinks
(С)is drinking
(D)was drinking
l. ready for sсhool? It's already 7:00.
(C)You get
(A) Do you gеt
(D)Yоu are getting
(B)Are you getting
to Grеесe every yеar to visit his family.
(с) go
(D)goes
z. Niсk
(A) is gоing
(B)he goеs
3. Why -?
Class isn't over yet.
(C) do yоu leave
(A) are you leaving
(D)you lеaving
(B)you are leaving
good. Is that fresh bread in thе oven?
(С)smеll
(D)smelling
4. Something -
tA)smells
{B)is smelling
5. Whiсh сlass (A)are you liking
(B)you are liking
6. -
loosе сlothes to eхеrсisе. You,ll be mоrе сomfortablе.
(C)Wears
(Dl You wear
to сlass on time. We start at ехaсtly 9:00.
(C) yоu're сoming
(D)сomes
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
(С}Don't
(D)You don't
ABсD
1 0 . -Do you like fish?
-Yes, I -.
22
ABсD
ABсD
run!
(A)Not
(B)No
{A)am
(Bldo
ABсD
(С) you like
(D)do vou iike
s. I sоmething outside. Are thе doоrs loсked?
(С)hearing
(A) 'rn hearing
(D)hеars
(B)hear
9 . Walk! -
ABсD
ABсD
best?
(Al Wear
{B}Wearing
7. Plеase
(A)we сomе
(B)соme
A@с
[С)don't
(D}likе
D
SelfTest
ABсD
l1. Harry wоrks all the time. Hе
(A) never relaxеs
{B}relaxes nevеr
(C) often relaxes
(D)relaxes sometimеs
these days?
12. What
(A) are you doing
(B)do yоu do
(C)you are doing
(D)you do
13. The baby,s so big! How muсh (A) weigh
(B)she weighs
now?
(C) is shе weighing
(D)dоes she weigh
ABсD
ABсD
l4. -Arе you taking an English сlass this semester?
-Yes, I -.
(C)do
(A) take
(D)am
(B)am taking
ABсD
at 212'F.
ABсD
15. Water
(A)boil
(B)boils
lsвffil
I t
(C)boiled
(D)is boiling
тw0
Eoсh sentеnсehos four undеrlinеdwords or phrosеs,Thе four underlinеdparts
of thе sеntencеorе morkеdA, B, с, ond D. СirсIеthе lеtter of the one undеrlined
word or phrose thot is Noт сoRRЕст'
Еxдмptl:
Mike usually drives to sсhool,but tо4ay hе wqlks.
ABсD
A B с@
16. Fran usually is swimming beforе work, but this morning she'q jщЕ'iцg.
ABсD
17. Thе wind is blоwing, it rains, and the sky loоks gray.
ABсD
18. Whеre yoц_alе working these days aftеrsсhоol?
ABсD
19. Thе floor is wet, so walk slowly and no fall down!
ABсD
A_BсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(O
20. Sоmething is seeming different-arе
AB(D
you weqring a new perfume?
ABсD
21. We always eat оut beсause we ha!еs tо сook.
ABсD
22. Luis arrivеs usually early, but today he's late.
AвсD
23. I need my CD player if you don,t using it at thе щoment.
ABсD
24. I nevеr havе anything to write with beсause I'm alw4),s lose my pens.
ABсD
25. Turn lеft at the light, and you don,t forget tо signal!
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
23
Simple Past Tense:
Affirmative Statements
Оh' А|bеr||
You werеa qoad
man bul a
l^
ia\t
na?f
I
жPOINт
Сhесk thе yеor thеsеsеntеncеs
oppеored in o nеwspoper,
..PoetAlbеrt Rimes ]ivеs in Belяium.''
П rgвg t rggg
..PoetAlbert Rimes livеd in
Belgium most of his life."
ш 1989 ш 1999
сl|ARтсI{/Eсl(
Сhесk thе corrесt
onswеr'
How many forms
does the past tense
of hehave?
П o''"
П t."o
What dо you add to
the base form of
rеgular vеrbs to fоrm
thе рast tense?
ш -doт.ed ш .t
тHE sIlUtPLЕPAsт TЕNSE:8Е
Suв;пст
l/Hе/She/|t
| Bt
was
WelYou*/Тhey wеrе
y o u n gi n 1 9 3 0 .
*Yorzis both singular and plural
тHE sllt'PLE PAsт ТЕNSЕ:RЕGULAR vЕRBs
Suвlrст
l Vппв
l
movеd
fiftyyеarsago.
I/He/Shе/It/We/You/Тhеy
workеd
тHE slпnPlЕ PAsт ТЕNSЕ:IRRЕGULARvЕRвs
Suв;пст
l v.,"
wrotе
I/Hе/Shе/It/We/You/Тhеy
beсame
built
24
l
poеtry.
famous.
a monument.
Sirnple
Рast
тense:
Affirmative Staternerrts l
EхPREssжж
Сompletethе сhort,
Bдsв Foпм oг Vппв
Slмprв Pдsт Тrшsв
oe
ano
сome
5aVе
й r a mтnа r Еx рla паt iо пs
Е'xаrтзр|es
l. Usе thе simрlе рast tense to ta|kabout things
that arе now finished.
r АIbertRimeslived in the twentiethсentury.
r Hе was a ooеt.
r Hе wrotе poetry.
*?*
Past................х..........'....i.....'....................,..>
Hе wos o poеt. i.
2. You сan u5еthе simplе past tense with
timе exprеssions that refеrto thе past
(Iostwееk, bу 1980, in thе twentiethсеntury,
fifty уеors ogo).
I
I
Bу |93o, he was famous.
Hе diеd more than tеn yеors ogo,
3. Тhe simple past tеnsе of rеgu|ar verbs is
formеd by adding -d or -еd,
Bдsв Foпм
Iive
join
pray
Slмplв Pдsт
Iived
joined
played
}
Bв сдпвгul! Тhеrеare often spelIingсhanges
whеn you add .ed to the vеrb.
study
hop
studiеd
hoppеd
Мany сommon verbsarе irrеgular.
Тhеir paSttеnsеis not formеd by adding
.d or -еd.
bе
havе
get
go
was/wеrе
had
got
wеnt
Сheсk
it out!
For spelling rules for the simple past tense of regular verЬs, see Appendix 21 on
page З44.
For pronunсiation rules for the simple past tense ofregulaт vеrbs, see Appendix 28
on page 348.
For a ]ist ofirregтlar verЬs, see Appendix 1 on pagеs 336_337.
25
26 l
Unit о
o Rеаd obout lаponesе poеt Mаtsuo Bosho. Undеrlinеаll the rеgulorpost
iDENтiFY
tеnsеvеrbs,Сirclе oll the irrеgulorpost tensеvеrbs,
Matsuo Basho@БDmore
than 1'000 three-line
poems' or..haiku.'' He сhose topiсs fiоm nature, daily
life, and human emotions. He bесame оne of Japan's
most famous poets, and his work established haiku as
an impоrtant art form.
Matsuo Basho was born near Kyоtо in 1644'
His father wantеd him tо beсome а sarnurai (warrior).
Instеad, Matsuo movеd to Edо (presеnt-day Tokyo)
and studied pоetry. By 1681' hе had many studеnts
and admirers.
Basho's home burned down in 1682. Thеn, in
1683, his mothеr diеd. After these events, Basho felt
restless. Starting in 1684, he travеlеd оn foot and on
horsebaсk al] over Japаn. Sometimes his friends joined him, and they wrоtе poеtry
together. Travel was diffiсult in thе seventeеnth сentury, and Basho often got siсk. He
died in 1694, during a journey to Osaka. At that time he had 2,000 students.
o Reod this biogrophу of onothеr poet, Еmilу Dickinson'
сl]00sE& сOff|PLEтЕ
Сomplеtеit using thе simplе post tеnsеform of thе vеrbsin thе boхеs.
bе
beсome
lead
)<
leavе
write
Еmily Diсkinson, one of thе most pоpular Ameriсan poets,
lived
t.
from 1830to 1886.Shе
about love. naturе. and time. These
her
favorite themеs' Diсkinson
an unusual life,
After just one year of сoliege, she
shе almost never
a reсluse-
her hоuse in Amherst,
Massaсhusetts. At hоme, she
familу, and she only
5.
no one eхсept hеr
7.
8.
white.
Simple
address
appear
happen
In addition to her poetry,Diсkinson
people always
Past
Тeпse:
Affirпlаtive Stаtеmeгlts l
write
9.
many letters.Other
the envelopes for her. Durins her lifetime only
10.
seven of hеr 1,700 poems
11.
in print-and
this
'12.
without her knowlеdge or permissiоn.
Now сomplеtеtheselines from o poеm bу Emilу Dickinson,
bite
.}"Ф
A bird
drink
.l
eat
hop
down the walk:
3.
He did nоt knоw I
He
an angle-worm in halves
15.
And
the fellow raw.
And then he
17.
a dew
Frоm a сonvenient gтass'
And then
18.
sidewise to the wall
To let a beetle pass.
ЕDlTC Reod port of а studеnt,sjournаl, Find ond сorreсtеight mistokesin the use of thе
simplе post tеnsе.Thе first mistokeis olreody сorrеcted.
enjoуed
Todауin c|a.sswе rеаd a ?oеmby RobertFros|.I reallyeqэу it. lt was aboцtа
?еraonwhochoosеdbеIlllееоIworoаdsin а torеst' Bdore hе mаdе his decision,hе
IhoughIthе
s?еntsa lot at tirnetn7ingto decidеwhichroаdto fotlow.Мany peopte
?еrsonwеrcFrost.|nrhе еnd,hе IаkеIhе roаdIhаIwаs |еssIrаvе|еdon. |1edеcidеd
to bе а poеt.Ihаtdеcisioncnangеhis titea lot.
SomеtimеsI lеe| а tittletikeFrost' тwo\еars ago I decidеto comeIo this
coцnIr\.ThаI
werеIhe biggеstdеcisionot rnytife.
27
Simple Past Тense:
Negative Statements
and Questions
Тнв Dдtrr,Nь-rr,s
DID sHЕ сRASH???
-Lдл,, Nвw Gurшвд, Jurv 2, 1'9З7. Аmdria ЕarhаrtЪ smali
planе lеft thе island of Laе at ехaсtly 12:00 midnight. Shе was
not alonе on thе flight, Ьut shе and Frеd Noonan, hеr
n a v i g a t o r ,w е r е v е f y t i r е d . S h е r е p o r t е dh е r l a s t p o s i t i o n
a t 8 : 1 , 4p . м . A Г t е r t h a t , s h е d i d n o t m a k е r a d i o с o n t a с t
again. \Vhy did thеy disappеar? W.еrеthеy ехhaustеd?Did
t h е y r u n o u t o Г g a s ?T h е U . S . C o a s t G u a r d s t а r t е d i t s
s е a r с hГ o r t h е а n s w е r а t 1 0 : 1 5 p . м .
l PoINт
l
Сirclе T (True),F (Folsе),or ? (thе ortiсlе doesn,tsoу)'
т
r
?
The plane сrashеd.
т
F
?
Earhart made radio сontaсt after 8:14 p.м.
т
F
?
Еarhart had a navigator with her.
slMPLE PAsт тENsE: NEGAт|VЕ SтATEMENТs
сI/,АRт
снEсI(I
Сhесk thе сorrеct
onswers.
What word do уou
add to be to form а
negative statement?
П лot
J
did not
BE
Suв;вст
I/He/Shе/It
I/He/She/lt
We/You/Thеy
2a
not
hеre |astyеar.
was not = wasn't
Wеrenot = werеn,t
REGULA R AND IRRЕGULAR vl ЕRBs
J
did not
was
*You is both singular and plural.
Suв,вст
J
сoNTRA(тloNs
|шo'
Wе/You*/Theywerе
What do you add tо
other verbs to form а
nеgativе statеment?
not
|,.
I Bдsв Foпм
Dto t,toт| oг Vвпв
did not
сaIl
tty
CoNтRACтloNs
l a s tn i g h t .
did not = didn't
Simple
Past
Negative statements anсi QuestioПs
тense:
l
slMPLЕ PAsТ TENsE: QUEsTIoNs
снАRтсllEсK2
Сhеck thе сorrеct
onswеr.
Whiсh word(s)
сan begin уеslno
questions with be?
rl
lJ
wos
r-
were
lJ
lJ did
Whiсh word(s)
сan begin уеslno
questions with
other vеrbs?
r-l
lJ
wos
r-l
tJ wеre
J
did
YEs/No QUЕSTIONS:8Е
s}loRт ANSWERS
Bс |suц..'I
Was
sne
Aггlпмдтlvв t
hеre |astyеar?
Wеrе they
Yes,
she was.
they werе.
N."o,.u.
No,
she wasn't.
they wеren,t
!vf,- QuЕsтIoNS:BЕ
tl
Wн. Woпo |8r
why
was
ISuqвст|
she
hеre lastyear?
were thеy
YEs/NoQuЕsтloNs:OТHERvЕRBs
II
Dlo ISuв!встl Bдsв Foпм I
t|у
Did 5nе
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
Aггlпмдтlvвl
to Меxiсo?
Yеs, she did. ]No, she didn,t.
l,t/f'-QuЕsтIoNS: OтHER vЕRBs
lll
Wн- WoпoIDlo l Suв,пст
IBдsвFoпм
why
did
disappеar?
it
ЕxPREssжж
Unscromblеthesеwords to form o questionond on onswеr.
navigator . she . have о Did . a
fly.Shеоdidn't.alonе
rrrar ЕxрlanatЁоrrs
& yarтт
Еxarnp!еs
1. Usе the simplе past tеnse to makе negativе
statements аbout aсtionsor situationsthat arе
r
r
r
r
nowfinishеd.
Shе wasn,t a|one.
Тhey weren,t on an island.
Т h e yd i d n , t f i n d t h e p I a n е .
Hе didn't Call thatniqht.
Now
:
Past...............Х.....i........................>
wqsn'tolone i
2. Usе thе simpIe past tеnse to ask questions
aboutaсtionsor situations
that are now finished.
r Was shе a|onеin thе p|аnе?
l Whеre did she leave from?
Cheсkit out!
Еor questions about the subjeсt,see Unit 24 on pages 102_103.
Nвсдтlvв
29
3O r unit z
READ. Look аt some foсts obout Amelio Еаrhort'
o She was bоrn in the Unitеd States.
о She didn,t сomplete соllеgе.
о She didn,t keep her first airplane.
о She reсeived many arмards.
o She married Geоrge Palmer Putnam.
о She didn't have any сhildren.
о She flew aсross thе Atlantiс oсean.
о She wrotе three boоks.
АNswЕRо Put o сhесk in the сorrесtboх'
Yes
1. Did she get many awards?
И
2. Was she a сollege gтaduate?
3. Wаs shе an Ameriсan citizen?
4. Did she keep hеr first planе?
5. Was shе an author?
6. Did she have a husband?
7. Was she a parent?
t
t
t
t
t
t
No
t
t
П
t
t
t
t
о Usе the сues to osk quеstionsobout Amеlio Еorhort. Тhеn аnswеr the
Asl(& АNsviIER
questionswith thе informotionin thе box'
E
l.
,|9з7 Amеriсаn
Columbia University
two yеars
WЪen/ sЪe/сross thе Atlantiс oсеan?
\Nhendid эhе crogэ the Аt|antia ocеan?
2. Where / s},e lstudy?
3. Horд'long / be / shе / a soсial worker?
4. Where / her last flisht / leave from?
5. How many books / sЬ,e/writе?
6. What /Ье /lner natiоnаlitv?
7. When I she /disappear?
ln 192b,
New Guinea
three
s.m;rle
least тense:
Nеgаtive st;iteгneпts arld Questions
тhе mogozine F|уing H.lgh (FH) interviewеdo уoung pilot' Сomplеtethe
сOII|PLEтE.
interviеwwith thе сorrесtform of thе vеrbsin pаrenthеsеsond with short onswеrs,
FH:
Did
Suв:
Yeэ
wanl
you always
aid
,I
to bе a pilot?
l. (want)
. I saw a doсumentarv about Amelia
2.
Earhart when I was siх. She beсame mу role model.
FH:
з. (be)
Suв:
your parеnts happу with уour dесisiоn?
.They
, they
FH: WЪy nоt?
thеy
Suв:
they
they
FH:
FH:
Suв:
FH:
Suв:
оf flying arоund the wоrld?
9. (dгeam)
10, (notthink)
it would happen so soon.
you alone on the flight?
,I
l 3. (Bе)
. But I was very determined, and
7,
you ever
11. (Bе)
it was too dangerous?
6. (fее|)
mе from pursuing my dream.
8. (not keеp)
Suп: of сoursе.But I
me to fly.
5 . ( n o tw а n t )
12.
.Ihadaсo.оilot.
it diffiсult to find a сo-pilot for this flight?
it
14.
. She's my roommate.
ЕDlIo Rеod this postсord. Find ond сorrect six mistokеsin thе usе of thе simptepost
tensе,Thе first mistokeis olrеodу corrеctеd.
receive
Нi! Di|уoи rceеircJ пу Llst /еttсr? | intп't knеш,tlot,r
Т:
tt.'tl,аiirсss so / settt it toуoиr ,l/,/oпe, I,|/teп
уoи
, Ls.r
|24с
lttovсi? Diigoиr rootиtttсtuЬ,
tпovеtl,itll !1oи? Rtght, пot,,
litt oп bo"ll.,/,l p/,lпс f/цitч to Е/ Pаso tо visit Апtl'
Тo:
Dir|уoи mеt hеr .tt the сoпfireпсс Ltst уеоr? | ицlиfui
tо visit hсr ttlJипс, bltt / пo /lа,/ thс tiпс. Аt first / к,,ts
goirц to ,lrivе from Los Аиge/es, bнt I ieсile,'{ to f/у
fulstеаi. Т/tis is oпlу пtц thir,l f/i1/tt, bиt / /t,vе
ffunц/
| ,ti,|nt kпou, f/уitlg сoи/,./bе so mtrh fиn! Нopе fu
hсаr frout уоt'.
-^,1
5ие Аvilt
|21o Bоцviсu, Plвс.с
Тttmpл,FL 33601
j
r
3l
&
Used to
Lookat thatl
I uэed |o wear
baqgуjeano|
Г{.з€q:{ff PglNт
Сhеck thе сorrеctonswеr.
The man is thinking about
П a habit hе has now.
П a habit hе had in the past.
сI]ART
сItEсКI
Сirclе T (True)or
F (Folsе).
т
F
In aflirmative
statemеnts,
иsed to is
used with
all subjeсts.
сHАRтсIIEсI(
2
Сheck the сorrесt'
аnswеr,
In questiоns,what
form of used to
is usеd?
О аiа...usedto
J
аiа...usеto
AFFlRluAтIvEsтAтЕП,lЕNтs
l
I BдsвFoпм
Suцпст| ttsсoтo I oг Vппв
Suв,вст | Dtot,t,тusстo I oг Vвпв
I
She
Thеy
I
Shе
Тhеy
wеar 'eans.
lt
you
D i d sne
thеy
l BдsпFoпм
I
YEs/NoQUEsтloNs
Dlo Isuqвст|uu .o | вшв гoпм
usе to wеar iеans?
didn't usе to
did
you
she
thеy
usе to
wеar Jeans.
sHoRт ANSWERS
I
Aгrlпмдтlvв l
I
Yеs, snе
thеy
did.
}vf,-QUEsтloNs
Шн-Woпo I o,o i Suв,вст| uu 'o | вяsеFoпм
What
32
used to
NЕGAтlvE sтAтEпnENтs
wеar?
Nпсlтlvе
I
No, s h e
thеy
didn't.
Used tо r
.*:)':bi;3
ЕхPREss
Сirclе thе words to сompletеthеsеsеntеnсеs,
о He usеd to / uses to wear baggy jeans.
. Did yоu use to / usеd to shop for сlothes with your friеnds?
о What did your parents use to sa}.ing / sa.v abоut your сlоthes?
f"уаукrrзar Екр|а*аtiопs
Еxаmplеs
1. Usе used to + basе form of the verb to ta|k
about past habits or past situations that
no Ionoеrеxistin thе orеsеnt.
r Lеo used to buy baggy jеans.
(ln thе post, hе oftenboughtboggyjeons
Не doеsn,tbuу boggyjeons anуmorе.)
\ow
Past.'...'.'''.''Хxх.........'.i.''..'.''.'.''..........>
usеd to buу
}
i
Bв сдпвгut|Used to а|wayshas a past meaning. r |n his youth, Lеo usеd to bе thin
Тhеrе is no prеsеnttenseform.
N oт Тэdа*tеиаsеd-te-bе-tf,in
2. We usua||yuse иsed to in sеntеnсеsthat
Gontrast the past and the prеsent. We
oftеn еmphasizethis сontгastby usingtimе
eхprеssionssuсh as nowl no longer, and
not anymorе with the prеsenttеnse.
l е a n su s e d t o G o m e o n | yi n b | u e .
Nowyou сan buy themin anyсo|or.
Тhey usеd to livе in Cenoa, but they
no longer Iivеthеre.
Shе used to wеar a size6, but shе
doеsn,t onymorе.
3. Bв сдвtгur! Foгm quеstions with did + use to.
Form thе nеgativе with didn,t + use to.
Usдсв Noтв: Used to is more сommon in
affirmativestаtemеntsthan in neqative
statеmeпt5
or quеstions.
4. Bв сдппгul! Do not сonfusе used to + basе
form of the vеrb with thе fo||owingexpressions:
r Did you usе to wеar jеans?
Noтl
r They didn,t usе to сomе in diffеrentсoIors.
Noт@
l usеd to wear tight jеans.
(lt wos mу past hobit to wеor tightjеons.)
be used to (bе oссustomеdto)
I , m u s е d t o w е a r i n g t i g h tj e a n s .
(lt is normolfor mе to wеor tightjеons.)
gеt used to (get oссustomеdto)
| got used to wearing tight jeansIastyeaг'
(l got oссustomеdto wеoringtightjеons.)
33
34 r unit в
o Rеod this foshion orticlе. Undеrlineoll thе eхomplesof usеd to that
iDENтIEY
refеrto а hobit in thе post'
In many ways, fashion used to be
muсh simpler. Women didn't use to
wear pants to the offiсe, and men's
сlothes never used to сome in bright
сolors.Peoplе also used to dress in
speсial ways for different situations.
They didn,t use blue jeans as businеss
сlothes or wear joggtng suits when
thеy traveled. Today you сan go to
thе opera and find sоme wоmen in
evening gowns while others are in
bluejeans. Еven buyingjeans used
to bе еasier-theу сamе оnly in bluе
denim. I'm still not usеd to buying
gтеenjeans and wearing them
to work!
o Look ot thesеpiсturеs from on old mogozine.
сltO0sE& сOIЛPLЕтE
Use thе vеrbsin thе boх with used to. Writеonе sеntеnсеabout еaсh piсturе.
Х
l . Women's
skirts
сarry
danсe
uэed to be
dress
have
wеar
2. All men
long and formal.
like
3. Children
adults.
5. Women
many
pettiсoatsunder thеir skirts.
long hair.
Мen and women
at formal balls.
6 . Men
walking stiсks.
Llse.d to r
o Look ot thе informаtion
AsI(& АNswЕR
from1922,Сomplеte
aboutsnеokеrs
' Usеthecorrеctformof used to.
the FAQs*
Woмгш,s
380 wнlтг
95C вt.дск
85с SMALL
73с SMALL
89с LARсЕ
79с LARGE
Снtloпгш,s
r.Q:
A:
Did эneakеrэ u6e |o aome in manу co|orэ?
( s n е а k e r s/ с o m е i n m a n y с o i o r s ? )
No.only in whi|eand b|aсk,
2 . Q : How many styles did thеy usе to сome in?
A:
3.Q:
( H o w m u с h l p a n o f m e n ' s h i g h - t o p s/ с o s t ? )
A:
4 . Q : What abоut womеn's sneakers? Did thеy use to сost thе same as men's?
A:
s . Q : What kind of sneakers did сhildren use tо wear?
A:
6 . Q : How many sizеs did thеre use to bе for bоys and girls?
A:
*ЕAQs= FrеquentlyAsked Quеstions
EDIIo Reod this student,sjournol' Find ond corrеctfivе mistokеsin thе usе of usеd to.
Thе first mistokеis olreodv сorrеcted,
uee
А|||ha qir|eaN mу
Whс,nI waoУoun7ar,
c|othinqdldn'Nwеd to ba a prob|еm,
ochoolueеА|o worrNhr oamе uniform,I ueed|o think|ha| it Nookawaуfrom
mу frееdomot choloa'Now| саn wеarwha| | want,bu| c|oLheeсoo| эa much|
uoеd|o bе сheapеr,lr/ymom UaeО|О paу \еэa
Еvenb|ueJaano,t,odaу'e,,uniform,''
|han Ф2Оfor herэ.I queeeIheу didn'tueеd|o эе|ldreiqnеrjеane baсkNhеn,
]
buNnowI,mno| эa эure|
You knoи | wao uэedto br aqaineteсhoo|unitarme,
35
Past Progressive
P}INт
Сheсk thе сorreсtonswеr.
The girl in thе hospital bеd is giving
her version of
П what she usually did in thе past.
П what she was doing at the time
of hеr aссident.
сI|АRтснEсKI
sтAтЕ]YlЕNтs
Сirclе Т (Truе)or
F (Folse).
Suв;пст
Bс
т
|/Hе/Shе/|t
was
F
Thе oast
progтеssivеis
madе up of the
past tеnsе оf
be + base form
of thе verb.
We/You*/Тhey wеrе
П after the subjeсt
jumping.
falling.
VEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
Bс
|
| Bдsв Foпм
|5uв,:стl+.tшс
Was
5nе
jumping?
falling?
Wеre you
П beforе the subjeсt
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
Aпгlпмдтtvв
Yеs,
5nе
was.
Wе
wеrе.
W,'- QUEsтloNs
wн- woпo l вд
Wherе
When
whv
How long
36
(not)
*Youis both singular
and plural.
с||ARтсI/iEсI(
2
Сhесk thе corrесt '
аnswer,
In questiоns, the verb
be сomes:
|
| Bдsв Foпм oг
|(Noт)|Vппв+-tNG
| suц.., | вo'. Foпм+ .lruG
wa5
5nе
wеrе
you
jumping?
falling?
*."or,u.
|
No,
snе w a s n ' t .
Wе
werеn,t
Past Progressive
ЕхPREss
k,;ж3
Сomplеtеthis convеrsotionwith thе post progrеssivеform of thе vеrb staу,
,)
you
A: Where
B:I
at a resort in Colorado.
g"tтаrЁxрi* rъ*&i*gзs
t r* xъз
Еxamp!еs
l . Usе thе Past progrеssivе to dеsсribеan aсtion
that Wаsin pгogгеssаt а spесifiсtimе in thе pаst.
Thе aсtion bеgan bеforе the spесifiсtimе and
may or may not сontinue aftеr the speсifiсtime.
A: Whаt were you doing at 3:00?
B : Wе werе skiing.
C : I w a s e a t i n g | u n с ha t 3 : 0 0 .
3:00
Now
i
Past.ч...........Х............:..i.'...........................>
\---...;
skiing
Bп сдппгul! Non-aсtion veгbs arе not usua|ly
usеd in the progгеssive.
(For o list of сommon non.oсtion vеrbs,
sее Appеndiх 2 on pogе 3З7.)
2. Usе thе past progrеssive with wfii|e to ta|k
about two асtions in progressat thе samе
time in the Dast.Usе thе pаst oroorеssivein
both сlauses.
r I had a headaсhеlast night.
Noт@
Whilеhe wаs skiing, Iwas reading.
OR
I was rеading while hе was skiing.
:
Past.1............Х....Ii.......................>
\bs skii{$/ '
oodotо9
UsдспNoтв:|n informа|сonvеrsation,
somе
peopIеusewhenwith thе pastprogrеssivе.
3. Usе thе past progrеssivе to foсus on thе
durationof an aсtion,not its сompIеtion.
Usе thе simplе past tеnsе to foсus on thе
сomp|еtionof an aсtion.
r Sorry,l wasn,t listеning when уou
were talking.
Sheilawas reading a book last night.
(Wе don,t know if she finishеdthе book.)
Shеi|аrеad a book |astnight.
(Sheproboblуfinishedthе book.)
r
37
38 r
unit g
тRUE0R EALSЕ.Rеod еoсh numbеrеdsеntеnсe.Writе T (Truе)or F (Folsе)for the
stotеmеntthot follows. Writе o questionmark (?) if thеrеis not еnough informotion.
1 . While Tanya was watсhing the Winter olympiсs on TV, Mikael was shoveling snow.
F
First Mikaei finished shоvеiing snow. Then Tanya started watсhing TV.
2 . In this photo, I was putting on my boots.
I was wеaring boots in the phоto.
3 . At 5:00, they were drinking hоt сhoсolate bу the fire.
We don,t knоw whеn thеy startеd drinking hot сhoсoiatе.
Last night, I was reading an artiсle about skiing in Moroссo.
I frnished the artiсle.
5 . At 10:00, he drank a сup of сoffeе.
He frnished the сoffee.
6. It was snowing while shе was taking the phоtogтaph.
First shе took thе photоgтaph. Then it started to snow.
о Fritz ond Кorуn wеre ot o ski сofё. Writе obout thе piсturе. Usе thе
DEi0RIBE
post progrеssive'
1 . Frttz
waэ wеaring a ha|
2. Karyn
waэn,t wеaring a ha|,
3. They
4. It
s. Thеу
6. They
z. The waiter
8. He
9. Karyn
1o. She
( W e а r/ a h a t )
( W е а r/ a h а t )
( s i ti o u t s i d e )
(snow,
(weаr/ sung|аssеs)
( W е a г/ t h e i r g l o v е s )
( s е r v е/ d r i n k s )
1 s е r v е/ | u n с h )
(5mi|е)
(hoId/aсelIphone)
Pаst
Pr<rgress.ve
о Mountain Sports Magazine (MS) interviеwedthе snowboording
сOIЙPLEтE
chompion, RosiеHopp (RH). Complеtеthе interviewwith thе corrеctform of thе vеrbs
in porenthesesond with short аnswеrs.
MS: Congтatulatiоns!Yоu just beсame a semi-finalist for the olympiс snоwboarding
|Nerе
e|Peating
tеam.
to get this far in
уoll
(expeсt)
l .
the сompetition?
wagln,t
RH: Nо, I
. During thе trials, I
bad сold. By the last day, I
3. (rесoveф
frоm a
very well. That's what
4. (not pегform)
I thought, anyway.
MS: What
you
5. (think)
whilе you
6. (Wаit)
fоr the annоunсement?
RH: Aсtually' I
and I
,.."*,n*',
abоut the сompetition at all' Some friends
a movle.
E. (wаtсh)
МS: You're prеtty new to this sport. Wherе
you
9. (snowboard.l
at this time last vear?
RH: In Switzerland.I
1o. (wаtсh)
Barrеtt Christie and
t 1. (drеаm)
about being that good.
MS:
hе
RH: Yes, hе
1з.
l2. (рraсtiсе)
for the olympiсs at that timе?
And he was amazing.
ЕDlTo Rеod thisjournol еntrу.Find ond correсteight mistokеsin thе use of the post
progressive,Thе first mistokе is olrеodу сorrectеd.
were
Toпtght,Shei/а апd l *a*/ookiпg аt somеphotogrаphs fom mу sпo,-uboаr,fiпgtrtp шith
Fritzb fапilу /аstуеаr Bу the епl ofthe еrrпiпg, tl,еl'lиghiпg /ikе сrаzу, Thаt u,аs m!/frst
ехperieпсeoп а sпolуboаrd, so tllе piсtиres и,еrеprеttу embаrrаssiпg, |n oпe shot, I шаs саmе
с{oн,nt/tеs/opеo'1t'Ig bасk, Iп апoth,eroпe, -у |loа,'/ *е', fа/liиg oиt ofthе ski /ф шhi/е | luаs
ridiпg иp thе s/ope,Fritz шаs tаkiпq thаt piсtиrе from thе /ift eпtrапсе. Good thiпg hе not
stапdiпg rjht ипdеr mе! W|lerе шаs / шhеп Fritz шаs fа//itlg ,/oшп thе s/opе?Igиess I шаsп,t
саrr! mу стmem, It шаs аmаziпg horufа.st Fritzьgir//i.irпd, Kаrуп, /еаrпеl thаt шеekепl,
She шаs doiпgjиmps b3 thе secoпсtdау. Bу thаt timе' / spеnt а lot of timе аt thе ski саfe'
r
39
Past Progressive
and
simple Past Тense
Did уou эee
t h e acсi de n t ?
WPЙINт
Y e a h . . . T h eg u у
in the эporte Оar waэ ta|king
on hio сe||ohonewhenhe hit
Numbеr thеsеstotementsin thе
corrеct timе order.
There was a
сar aссident.
Lhe of,her сar'
The drivеr of the sports
сar Was on thе phone.
сI]ARтсHEсI(
PAsт PRoGRЕsslvЕ AND sllvlPlЕ PAsт тENsЕ
Сircle T (True)or
F (Folse).
Use while to introduсe
Pдsт Pпoспвsslvв| Wнсtl I s.",.. Pдsт Tвшsв
т
F
asimplepast
tеnse aсtion.
т
F
apast
progтеssive
aсtion.
He was speеding
thе aссidenthappеnеd.
whеn
slПfrРLЕ
PAsт тЕNsЕ AND PAsТ PRoGRЕsslvЕ
Slмpl.вPдsт Твшsв
| w",,, | гo'' Pпoспвsstvв
Тhe aссidenthappened
whi|е l you wеrе driving.
sllvlPlЕ PAsТ тЕNsЕ AND stiltPLEРAsт тЕNsЕ
SlмpI.в
PдsтTвшsв| w,,n I s.'... PдsтTпшsв
Тhе po|iсе Gamе
whеn
the aссidеnthappened.
PAsт PпoGREsslvЕAND PAsт PRoGREsslvЕ
Pдsт Pпoспвsslvв | w,,,, | гo'' Pпoспвsslvв
Тhеy werе talking
whi|е
they wеre driving.
EхPREssж
Сirclе thе сorrеct words to completе thеsеsеntеncеs.
. When / While the сar сrashed, he hit his head.
о How fast was he driving1 didie
40
drige when the aссident oссurred?
Past
Рrogressive
and Simple
Pаst
Тense
*т*t iоn s
&r mжтwear#-хpf.a
Е:сaжтplеs
1. Use thе past progrеssivе with thе simple
past tensе to ta|kabout an aсtionthat was
interгuptedby anothеraсtion.Usе the simple
past tensefor thе interruptingaсtion.
r I was сrossing thе strееtwhеn thе dгivеr
ho nkеd his ho гn.
l Тhey wеre driving too fastwhen
thеy сrashеd.
l
Futurе
Usе иlhen to introduсеthе simple past tеnse
aсtion oR usе while to introduсethе past
progressivе
aсtion.
r Hе was speеdingwhen the light turned red.
l While he was speеding, the |ightturned гed'
2. Bв сдпвгul! Notiсе the differenсеin meaning
betwеen thesе two diffеrentsеntеnсes.
Now
tight crossed i
chongеd street :
Pаst......Х..............x....i................>
I When thе |ightсhanged, I <rossеd thе streеt.
:
(Firstthе light сhongеd,Thеn l сrossеdthе strееt,)
Now
Future
When the light сhanged, I was сrossing
the strееt.
(FirstI was сrossingthе strееt.Then thе light
сhanged,)
3. Usе the past progrеssivе with while to
ta|kabout two aсtionsin progrеssat the samе
timе in thе past.Usе the past progressivein
both сlauses.
Lin was talking on the phonе while he
w as dr iving.
Тhеy wеren,t paying attеntionwhile theу
Wеrе сrossing thе strееt.
N?*
Past 'r""""
'r'i"""""""'
&lш9ll
ьйо9
4. Тhe timе сlausе (the part of thе sеntenсе
beginningwith when or whilе)сan сomе at
thе beginningoг thе еnd of thе sеntenсe.
Т h e me a n i n gi s th e s a m e .
Usе a Comma aftеrthe time сlausеwhеn
it сomes at the bеginningof the sеntеnсe.
t Whеn you сalled, lwas |eaving.
r l was |eavingwhen you сallеd.
l
r
While he was driving, hе was taIking.
He was ta|king while hе was driving.
41
42 I unit'ro
тRUE0R FAIiEо Rеod еoch numbеredsеntеnсе.Writе T (True)or F (Folsе)for the
stotemеnt thot follows.
l. When оur friends arrived. we ate lunсh.
т
our friеnds arrived before lunсh.
2, While wе were talking on the phone, I was driving to sсhool.
We finished the сonversation. Then I drove to sсhool.
3. Lori heard about the aссident while she was driving to work.
Lori knеw about the aссident by the time she got to work.
4. When they exited the frеeway, it started to rain.
It was raining while thеy Were on the freeway.
5. When Zoe got to sсhool, her сlass was taking a tеst.
Zoe was late to сlass.
ОA police officеr is interviewing two witnеssesof а troffic occident.
сOffiPIEтE
Сomplete the interviеw with thе correct form of the verbs in porenthеsеsаnd
with short аnswers,
Were
oв'r'rсвп,.
occurred
w9re
Wrтшпss 1: Yes, Wg
. \ryg
3.
when we first
the сar
! Those men
11.
light when the сar
Oггrсвв:
1 3 .( h i 0
the drivеr
l2. (сross)
against a rеd
them.
14. (stop)
when hе
the men?
15. (see)
Wrтшшss2: But the men
very fast when it
e.(go)
the сorner.
lo. (reaсh)
while hе
whеn it
6. (spееd)
It
Wrтшвss 1: No, he
at the bus stop
to thе intersесtion?
7. (get)
Wrтшвss 1: Yes. it
4. (wаit)
the сar.
5. (notiсe)
oгr'rсвв:
here when the aссidеnt
1. (stаnd)
2
2. (oссuф
lVrтшвss 2: No. it
э|anding
уol
He
16.
18. (drivе)
20. (not pay)
17. (talk)
. That's why he
on his сell phonе
19. (not stop)
attention while they
in timе.
21. (walk)
Pаst
Oв'гrсвв:
it
Progressive
22. (snow)
and Simpte
Past
Tense
whеn the aссident
2
23. (happеn)
Wrтшвss2: Yes, it
Wrтшшss1: No. it
. I'm sure of it. The roads were very slippery.
24.
The snow
25.
ambulanсe
26. (start)
when the
27. (arrivе)
о Rеod eoch poir of sеntеncеs.Сombinе thеm into onе sеntenceusing the simple
с0lI|BlNЕ
post tеnsеor the post progrеssiveform of thе verbs,Usе o commo whеrеnеcеssorу,
1 . Dana attеnded a party. The blizzatd started.
Whеn
|he blizzard э|art,ed, oana waэ at|endinq a ?artУ,
2 . She drove home. She listened to her сar radio.
Whilе
3. She pulled over to the side of the road. Thе visibility got very bad.
when
4. Shе listеned to thе nеws. She heard about the aссident.
while
It stopped snowing. Shе drove to thе poliсe station.
whеn
6. She talked to thе poliсе. She thought about hеr еditorial for thе mоrning paper.
While
EDII. Rеod port of the first drаft of Dono,s editoriol. Find ond corrеct five mistokesin
thе usе of timе сlouses,The first mistokе is olrеodу correctеd.
dr iving
Yеsteгday, a man was taiking on his сell phone whiiе he was dfirf,е his сar. Maybе
he сheсkin$ his dai1y planner while hе was makin$ his nеxt appointmеnt.
сеrtainly
not сonсеntratin$
Hе was
on the road when the li$ht suddenly was turning red.
The two men in thе streеt Wеrr tгyin$ to jump out of thr way when they saw him,
but it was too late. No one Was badly hurt, but that was just luсk. Last yeaц the
City Counсil weren't passin$ the ..talkin$ and driving law.'' Wе neеd that, ]aтлr!
t
43
SelfТest
tгЕffil
oNE
Сircle thе lеtter of thе сorrеct аnswеr to complеtе eoch sentеncе.
Exднtptt:
соffee.
Jennifer never
(A) drink
(B)drinks
1. Roger
tA) сalled
(B}сalls
me at 9:00 last night.
(C) used to сalled
(D)сalling
2. Sara didn,t hear the phone. Shе
(A) slеeps
(B)slеpt
3. There
{A) are
{B)is
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
to sсhool?
(C)you go
(D)yоu went
in Canada.
(C)used to live
(D)usеd to living
ABсD
a headaсhе.
(C) used to have
(D)was having
ABсD
thе сar.
As soon as the light turnеd red, she
(С) stops
(A) did stop
(D)was stopping
(B)stopped
ABсD
7. Riсk left сlass earlv bесause he -
(A) had
(B)havе
9. They
(A) сoоk
(B)сooked
1 0 . Johnny
(A) read
(B)reads
44
(C)used to sleep
(D)was sleeping
a very strange lеttеr.
(C) used to gеt
(D)was gеtting
tA) did you go
(B)you did go
Сlaude didn,t
(4,)lived
(B)use to live
ABсD
ABсD
a lоt of peоple in thе park yеstеrday.
(С)was
(D)were
4. one day last Marсh, I
tA) did get
(B)got
5. Where
(C)is drinking
(D)was drinking
A@с
when the firе alarm rang.
(C)was сooking
(D)were сooking
the paper when I interruptеd him.
(C)was reading
(D)were reading
ABсD
ABсD
D
SelfТest
11. -Did
you watсh Tv last night?
I was studying for a test.
(C) No, I didn't.
(A)Yes, I did.
(D)No, I wasn't.
(B)Yes, I was.
12. I rеmember you. You (A) use
(B)usеd
1sЕgтlсlNl
to go to sсhool here.
(C)were using
(D)were used
ll
l
ABсD
ABсD
тW0
Еoch sentеncеhos four undеrlinеd words or phrаsеs. Thе four undеrlinedports of
thе sеntеnceorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D. Сircle the lеttеr of the onе underlined
word or phrose thot is NoТ сoRRЕст,
Exдшtptп:
Мike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks.
A
с
D
B
A B сo
13. Why did you сalled him last wеek?
ABсD
14. They Were watсhing TV while I were reading.
ABсD
15. What are you doing last night at 8:00?
ABсD
16, The doсtor сalled this mоrning while you slept.
ABсD
17. It was no raining when the game began.
ABсD
18. Paul was drying the dishes when he was dropping the plate.
ABсD
19. When Gloria were fouц shе used to pretеnd she had a horse.
ABсD
20. What do vou -usе
- B to do when -vоu felt afraid?
AвсD
2',1.As soon as thе alarm сloсk rangl, she woke up and was getting
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABCD
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
A"
т_
D
AвсD
out ofbed.
22. onсe when I was ten, I usеd to get siсk and went to the hospital.
ABсD
23. While I driving home, I turned on the сar radio and heard about
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
the aссident.
24. What did you do- while you were living in Spain?
ABсD
25. Pete and Andy- were ----т_*
driving to work when
they" were
-?____ seeing
D_
^
the aссident.
ABсD
AB
с
D
45
Present Perfect:
Since and For
s>\
lrir
stй
С o m eo n !
You'vebeen a 0rО
эinae 1994. Now
earvethе ba|||
Forget it!
Сirclе T (True)or F (Folse),
т
The prеsеnt perfeсt is
made up of two parts:
Ё1 hove + past tense
J
hove + past
partiсiplе
Suв'вст
П bu'" form of
verb + -en
The man is still a professional
tennis player.
| н o n , | 1 ш o r 1| г o ' ' P я п т l с I п l в |
l/We/You*/Тhеy have
Hе/Shе/|t
(not)
has
livеd
pIayеd
beеnt
|snlcr/ron
herе
sinсe lЙaу.
for a long time.
* You is both singular and plural.
t Bееn is an irregular past partiсiple. For a list of irregular verbs,
sеe Appendiх 1 on pages 336_337.
The regular form of
the past partiсiplе is:
П bu." form of
vеrb + -d or .ed
F
sтAтEПЛЕNтs
сI]АRтсIIEсKI
Сheck the corrеct
аnswer.
.-*€ Ж lP0lNт
l
You haven'l won a
matсh for weekэ|
Go home!
VEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
HдvrIsuq.., |пo''Pяптlсlгlв|
Have
they
Has
hе
lived
playеd
beеn
| stlсс/ron
herе
sinсe lЙaу?
for a |ong timе?
sHoRт ANsWЕas
Aггlпмдтlvв
Yes,
шЕGAтlvЕ
|
they
havе.
hе
has.
No,
thеy
havеn,t.
hе
hasn't.
Nотв: For сontraсtions witЬ hauе, see Appеndix 24 on page 346.
46
Present
Perfeсt:
Since and For I
ш,r'-QUEsтl( )NS
2
сI]ARTсIIEсI(
Сhеck thе corrеct
onswеr.
For is used with:
Wн-Woп
o|
П u point of time
How long
Pдsт
s}|oRтAнswЕRs
,u'.., I Pдптlсlpl-в
"on,|
have
has
П u length of timе
they
livеd
he
bееn
herе?
SinсeJanuaгy.
For a fеw months.
ЕхPREssж
Look ot the pаst porticiplеs,Check the corrеctcolumn.
Regular
driven
сompeted
t
t
47
lrregular
Rеgular lrregular
WonПП
П
t
Grаrnrnar Еxрlaпаtigns
tried
MaгtinaHingishas bеeп a profеssional
tеnnis
player sinсе 1994.
Shе has bееn a professiona|
tеnnisp|ayеr
for уears.
(Shе bеgon her profеssionqlсorеeryеorsago,
and shе is stillo profеssionolplaуеr.)
hos beеn
3. Sinceсan also introduсеa time сlause.
When the aсtion in thе time сIauseеnded in
the past use the simplepast tense.
When the aсtion in thе timе с|ausebegan in
the past but сontinuеsinto the present,usе the
orеsеntpeгfeсt.
4. Usе thе pгesentpегfeсtwith for + lеngth of
time (for ten minutes, for two weeks,for yеаrs,
for o lono timе)to show how Iono a orеsent
сonditionhas lastеd.
t
Еxаmplеs
1. Usе thе prеsent реrfесt with siисe or for to
taIkabout somеthingthat bеgan in the past and
сontinuesinto the prеsеnt(and may сontinuе
into the futurе).
2. Usе thе presentpегfeсtwith sjлсe + point
in timе (sinсe5:00, sinсеMondoу sinсe 1994)
to show when somethino staгtеd.
t
r She has еarned mi|Iionsof dollaгssinсe 1994.
I
I
Maгtinahas loved sports sinсе she wos o сhild.
Shе has Won many tennistournamеnts
sinceshe movеd fгom S|ovakia.
(Shе doesn'tlivе thеrеonymore,)
Shе has beсomееxtremеlysuссеssful
sinceshе has beеn in Switzer|and.
(She stilllivеsin Switzerlond,)
r Martina'smothеr has bееn hеr сoaсh
for mony yеors'
48
I
unit 11
o Rеаd obout tеnnis stor Mortinа Hingis. Underlinе oll the verbs in the
iDENтiFY
presеnt pеrfect. Сirclе аll the time еxpressionswith since or for.
Мartina Hingis piсked up her first tеnnis raсkеt at the
she has beсome one of the gтeatest
age of two.@
tennis players in the world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived in
Switzerland for many years. She beсame the outdoor Swiss
сhampion at age nine. Sinсe then she has won many
international сompetitions inсluding Wimbledon, the U.S.
Open, and the Australian Open.
For young stars like Martina, life has its diffiсulties.
They arе under сonstant pressure to win, and they dоn't
have time to just hang out with сlassmates. In fact,
Мartina hasn't attended sсhool sinсе 1994, and she has
bеen in the publiс spоtlight for years. But she Seems to be handling her
Suссess wеll. Sinсe she turned professional, she has played tennis all over the world
and has earned millions оf dollars. She sees her life aS normal beсause tennis has
been the most important thing to hеr sinсe she was a littlе girl.
сaмPIEтEa оI00sEо Reod this mogozinе excеrpt obout o child gеnius, Сomplеtе it with
the presеntperfесtform of the verbsin porentheses,Сhoosebеtwееnsinсe ond f or.
haэ |oved
Thirteеn-year-old Ronniе Segal
was a littlе boy...I
math
1. (|ovе)
9tnce
interested in numbers
3. (bе)
ninе years, five months, three weeks, and two days,',says Ronnie.
the past yeaЦ Ronnie
He
7. (not do)
five exams and
1 1 . ( S i n с е/ F o ф
6. (attеnd)
badly.
1o. (notgеt)
8 . ( S i n с еl F o r )
5 . ( S i n с е/ F o ф
January he
9. (takе)
a gтade of less than 100 on any of them.
Ronnie began сlasses, he
14. (know)
4 . ( s i n с е/ f o r )
gтaduate-level сlassеs at the university.
I.324 people a month. And his future? Young Ronnie
for vears. He
hе
2 . ( s i n с e/ f o ф
l 5 . ( s i n с е/ f o r )
12. (mееt)
an average of
13. (not think)
about it
he was a little bov that he is
going to beсome a famous sports announсeц get married, and have exaсtly 2.2 kids.
Present
Per{eсt:
Sliэсe and For
АsКa АNIWERo Сomplеtе the intеrview obout Мortino Hingis. Usе thе words in
porenthesesto writе questions,Then onswеr thе questionswith informаtion from
ЕxerciseI.
1. (How lоng / shе l plaу tennis?)
Q:
A:
How |ong haэ эhe p|aуedt,ennig?
Эincе эhе waэ two.
2. (How long / shе / live in Switzerland?)
Q:
A:
3. (she / win any сompetitions / sinсe thе outdoor Swiss сhampionship?)
Q:
A:
4. (she / attеnd sсhool / sinсе 1994?)
Q:
A:
s. (How muсh money / she / earn / sinсe she began her сarеer?)
Q:
A:
6. (How long / tennis / be important to hеr?)
Q:
A:
EDITo Reod this student,sporogroph. Find ond сorreсtsеven mistokеsin thе use of thе
prеsentp,еrfеct,The first mistokе is olrеodу corrеctеd,
have been
Iж in Мs. Qodriguе7,s
еducаtion
c|аsssincеtwornonths.
it a lot
| еn1oy
?husicа|
аnd nаvеon|у
missIwoc|аssе;sincеthе bеginning
ot thе sеrnеsIеr'
I espеciа||у
|ikеtennis,bцt;incеSефеmbеr
thе wеatnеrhаvеbееntoo
wеdon,tp|ауbеcаusе
cт|d.| а|solikevolleyball,
tеаmhаs winfulogаrnе9sincеwе hаvе,
and rn.1
фаrtеdIo
cтm?еtеwithLinco|n
toмаrdto thе nextgаmе'
|'m|ooking
I1ighSchoo|.
l
49
Present Perfeсt:
AlreadУ and Yet
Аo уou can oee,
th е f |u э e a э О n h a э a|r eadу
begun, Have уou got.ten уour f|u
ehoL уet? ||'э nrver too |ate!
FLa GHАRт
ffiPЙINт
Сircle T (Truе)or F (Folsе).
almoelnever...
To say that sоmething
has happened
before now,
Tо say that something
has not happened
beforе now.
The flu season will start soоn.
Suryвст| нon, I A,^,n,, | пo'' PлптIсIпI.в
|
They
have
It
has
[1 .l." olreodу,
П usе yet.
F
AFFlR|l,lAтlvE sтAтEtvlЕNтs z ALREАDY
сI]ARTсl]Eсl(I
Сhеck thе corrеct
аnswer.
т
olreodу
dеvеlopеd
a nеWflu vaссinе.
savеd
many lives.
NЕGAтlvE SтAтЕMENТS: ИЕТ
Suвlвст| нon'
Pдsт Pмпсlпlв |
"o' I
Тhey
havеn,t
finishеd
It
hasn't
endеd
| v',
thе intегview
уet.
П r.,." olreodу.
П'.'."not..,Yet.
YEs/NoQUEsтloNS:УЕТ
сltАRTсl/iEсl(
2
Сircle T (Truе)or
F (Fаlse).
т F Yet is used in
questions.
50
H д v с| s u ч . . ' | г o ' ' P л п т l с l г l в |
|v''
Havе
thеy
testеd
thе nеw vaссine
Has
it
gottеn
approval
yеt?
Present
Pel-feсt:
Alreadv and Уet l
sHoRт ANSWERS
Aггlпмдтlvв I
Yеs,
thеy
havе.
it
has.
шEGAтtvE
No,
thеy
haven't.
it
h a s n't.
EхPREss,Гp,ж:ry'"ж
Unsсrаmblеthese words to form o question.Answеr the question.
you . have о yet о lunсh о had
y ffi,ж
&,yжwжжъ*
жжe
etaФffi%
жэ*
Жжаnтр!es
t . We often use thе presеnt pеrfeсt with
аlrеodу to talk about things that have
haopеnеdbеforеnow.
A: |syouг daughtergoing to get her flu shot?
B: Shе,s olrеodу gotten it.
olreodу when you mention a speсifiсtimе in
thе past.
Alreodу usual|yсomеs bеtwееnhove and thе
past partiсip|e.
l Rеsеaгсheгs
havе olreodу disсoverеd сuresfoг
many disеases.
Alreodу сan a|soсome at the end of thе сlause.
I Тhey,ve madе a lot of progгеssolreody.
2. Usе thе рrеsent perfe<t with nof уet to
talk about thingsthat havе not happеnеd
beforеnow.
r Тhеy havеn,t disсoverеd a сurе for the
сommon co|dуet, but thеy hope to disсovег
one in thе futuге.
Notiсе that yet usuallyсomеs at thе еnd of
the сIausе.
r Thе flu seasonhasn,t arrived уet.
Yet can a|soсome betweenhove not and the
past paгtiсiple.
r Тhey havеn,t yet disсovеred a сUгefor thе
сommon сold.
3. Wе usual|yuse yet in quеstions to find out if
somеthinghas happenеdbeforеnow.
Usдсв Noтв: SomеtimеsWe u5е olreodу in a
question to exprеsssuгpгisethat something
happеnedsoonerthan еxpесted.
r Has your son gotten his f|u shot yet?
r Has he olreody gotten his flu shot? Тhе f|u
seasonhasn,tbegun yеt.
51.
52 I unit iZ
o Еoch сousе hos o proboblе result.Motch the cousе with thе oppropriаte result.
Iу|Aтсlt
Rеsult
Causе
a. is really hungry.
1. Tom has already gottеn his flu shot, so
he probably
b. may get the flu.
Dr. Мeier has already finished
his intеrview, so hе
G. has left thе TV studio.
d. isn't very hungтy.
Dr. Meiеr hasn't had lunсh yet, so he
e. won't get the flu this yеar.
4. Randy hasn't gotten his shot yet, so he
5 . Randy has already had lunсh, so he
Reаd thеsequеstionsond onswеrsfrom o mogozinе orticlе. Сomplеtе
сOII/IPLЕтE.
thеm with the presеntpеrfеct form of thе vеrbs in porеnthеsesplus a|ready or yеt.
Use short onswers.
lastсаse
AIDS саnсer mаlaria
Ismallpoх
!tеtanus|f|u
ipolio mеаsles worldsmаllpox
of
smallpox
vассinе vaссinе vaссinе
vaссination
vaссine
jvассinе
jvассine
]vaссine
Program
lvaссine
Have
Q: We plan to travel to the rain forest next vear.
found
a malaria
l. (find)
No
A:
they
vaссrne
havеn,t
2.
they
Уet
Talk to your doсtor about ways to
prеvent this diseasе.
Q: My doсtor told me I won't nеed another smallpox vaссination. I was surprisеd.
smallpox сompletel,
A:
,it
Q: Thеy
,*-,o*'
?
4.
vaссinеs against the flu. What about the сommon сold?
5. (dеvеlop)
A: No. Beсause thеre are so manv different сold viruses. thеv
6. (not bе able)
develop a vaссine
Q: There has bеen so muсh сanсer researсh.
7. (make)
A:
anyonе
a suссessful vaссine
they
progress in reсent yеars, howevеr.
Researсhers haue made a lot of
to
Рresent
Рer.feсt:
Аlreadv arrd Уеt l
o Dr. Helmut Meier ond his wifе, Giselа, orе plonning o portу, Look ot thеir
DЕsсRlBE
To Do listsаnd thе pictures of their kitchеn аnd dining room. Cross out the chorеs
thеy hove olrеodу done. Thеn writе sеntеncesobout еаch itеm on thеir To Do lists,
Do-Helmut
-htr{ihrtheоаRe
bаfre
tn
tuгltеy
the
Dut
.
theovоn
mopthоflooт
'наihthedishes
To Do-GiэeIa
cаrpet
Y,:u:'Thе
ouу
flowеre
уаэh fhe windowe
; |1aПQthе bаIloonэ
WrаР the gift
.
He\mut.haэ alreadу bought fi|m.
G\oe|a haэn'| vacuumed the carpet уet,
EDIT. Reod this note from Gisеlo to Hеlmut. Find ond correсt six mistokes in the use
of thе prеsent perfect with a|readу ond уet. The first mistoke is olrеody сorreсted.
Нсl nr u t - |,mi n а h u r r y ' I h а v e n ' |ж
do it o n fhе w ау ho me,K if а
e ho ppinqа|r eаdу, but|,|I
h аvе а| r e а d уh а d d i n n e rа n d e h е ,eа |rе аdуhаd her bаth' |1аveуo u cа||} Й r J. аco beo n уeT?
Нe 'э cа| | a dа |r е а d уth r e e f i m e o Т o d а у ' |I iedаuqhtr r hаэ go ff r n her f|u eho t уr f , |o it f o o
|аte? Эee уou |аIer,
53
Present Perfeсt:
IndefinitePast
WhatЪneu, on ..Fe[dstein',?
Tunein Chonnel 4 tonight
ot 8:o0 аnd find oaV
|'vejuэt
t hou gh t of т hi o
СrazУ nеw idea|
жPЙINт
eОrneОne
new'
Have vou ever
Сhеck thе correct onswer.
Thе ..Feldstein''сast is talking
about things of importanсe to thеm
met anуonelika
uэ bеfore?
П .'o*.
П in thе past.
сI|ARтсI/IEсI(
I
Сirclе T (Truе)or
F (Folse).
т
F
You сan use
thе prеsеnt
pеrfeсt without
mеntioning a
spесifiс time.
sтAтЕlt,lЕNтs
Suвlвст| нon, I rшo'2| пo'' Plптlсlгlв|
Тhey
have
It
has
П b"forе the past
partiсiple
П at thе end of thе
statement
s4
appeared
beеn
on W.
For a сomplete presentation of present pеrfeсt forms,
seе Unit 11, pages 46_47.
sтATЕ]vtЕNтs WlтH ADVERBS
сHARтсIIEсK
2
Сheck thе corrеct
answer.
Never and just сome:
(not)
llltl
Suryвстi Hлvr (нoт) 1 Aovвпв i Pлsт Plптlсlпl-в;
They
have
It
has
They
have (not)
It
has (not)
just
rесentlу
I Aovвпв
appeared
bеen
on W.
appearеd
bееn
on ТV
lotelу,
reсentlу.
Present
Сircle T (True)or
F (Folse).
т F Ever has to bе
used in уеslno
quеStionS.
Hдvс' Suв,вст | (Evсп) 1Pяптtсlт,l-в
Havе
thеy
Has
she
(еver)
aсtеd?
won?
lndefinite Past
l
sHoRтANsWЕRs
II
YEs/NoQUEsтloNs
|
|Pдsт
сIIARт
сI]EсK3
Perfeсt:
Aггlпмдтlvв
Yes,
thеy have.
shе has.
NвсAтIvE
l
No,
they havеn,t.
shе h a s n ' t .
],yf,-QuEsтloNs
Wн- Woп o|нnn'| su,l.., | гo'' PлптlсlгI-в
|
How often
why
havе
they
aсtеd
on this show?
has
it
won
an award?
EхPREss
Unscromblеthesе words to form o quеstion.Answer the quеstion,
you . watсhеd о Have о .,The Simpsons,' о еver
srаmrжar ЕxрЕeЕetgens
ЖxamрЕes
l. Use thе presеnt pedeсt to talk about things
that happenеdat an indefinitеtime in the past.
You сan usе thе presentpeгfесtwhеn you don,t
know whеn somethinghappеnedor whеn thе
spесifiсtime is not important.
r
l
l
l
2. You сan u5еeyerwith thе presеnt реffесtto
ask questions.It mеans at ony timе up until now.
A: Havеyou won an award?
oR
Havе уoU ever won an awaгd?
B: No, |'ve never won one.
Use nevеr to answеr negativеly.
Тhey,ve woп sevеra|awards.
l,ve intеrviewed thе wholе сast.
She,sbeеn in a HoI|ywoodmoviе.
l,vе seen his show many timеs.
OR
No, пeyer.
3. Usе the prеsеnt perfесt with just, reсentlу,
orlаtelуtotalkaboutеventsinthеvеry
rесеnt past.
Usдсв Noтв: |n spokеn Ameriсan Еnglishpeoplе
oftеn use jиst and recenф with the simple past
tensеto ta|kabout indefinitetime.
I Wе,ve jиst gotten baсk fгom Los Angelеs.
l | , v е r e с e n t l уs i g n e d a с o n t r a с t t o w r i t e a b o o k '
l Hе hasn,t had timе lote!у.
r Wе just got baсk from Los Аngеles.
withthepresеntperfeсtandaspeсifiсpastNoт
time expression.
lаst+яояаау.
55
56 I
u ni t i 3
тRUЕ0R FALiEo Reod eаch numberedsеntenсе,Write T (Truе)or F (Folse)for the
stotеmеntthаt follows.
5. Arlene asks УoЦ, ..Have you read any
good books latеly?,,
1. I've reсеntly joined the show.
т
I am a new сast member.
Arlene wants to know about
a book you read last year.
2. I have nevеr been to Lоs Angеles.
I went to Lоs Angeles a long
time ago.
6. She's visitеd New York sevеral times.
3. I,vejust finishedJimmy,sboоk.
Т.Н:
ffi
I finishеd it a little while ago.
first visit tо
7. She has beсome vеry popular.
4. Have you ever seen this mоvie?
She is popular now.
I want to know when you
saw the mоvie.
o Rеod this script from o scеne from ,,FеIdstein,,,
Сomplеte it with
сl]00sE& сOмPIETE
the prеsentpеrfeсt form of the vеrbs in thе box. Some vеrbs аre used morе thon onсe,
have
mаke
stop
talk
travеl
Havе
Uвsul,д: This is a niсe restaura6.
want
had
уg\
1.
the steak?
Jrммy:
No, but I
the spaghetti. I always have that. Aсtually
eating meat. It's not that I love animals. I just hate
I
plants.
you ever really
to a plant?
4-.
They have absolutely nothing to say.
Uвsur,д: Right. So,
you ever
to livе оutside
оf New York?
Jrмlгy: outside of New York? Where,s that? But seriously. I
nevеr
6.
Uвsur,д: But
to try another plaсe. I lovе it hеre.
you evеr
7.
to a different сity?
Jrмплy: No. Why should I do that? You like it here too, right?
Uвsur.д: It,s oK, but I
Jrмштy: I like it right herе. Say,
to other plaсes toо. It's a big world!
you
e.
for tomorrow night? How abоut dinner? Same time, same plaсe . . .
plans
Present
Рerfeсt:
indefinite Рast
l
57
Asк a АNswERО Сompletе the XYZ Network onlinе intеrviеw with lаkе Stewort, thе
oсtor who ploуs thе port of Gizmo on limmy,sshow. Use thе words in porеnthesеsond
the prеsеntperfеct form of thе verb,
YYZз Welсome to Live Studio. Jake. You,ve bесomе vеrv famous.
How manу onl\ne in|erviewэhave Уou done?
1 . ( H o w m a п у l o n | i n еi n t е r v i e w sl d o ? )
Jдкв: None!
. Very exсiting!
2 . ( n e v е rе v e n / b е / i n а с h a t r o o m )
YYZз
3. (How / сhangе / аs аn aсtor?)
Jдкв: I work with a gтoup, so
4 . ( b е с o m е / a b е t t е rt е a m p l а y e rl a t е | y )
lГYZz As a сomiс aсtor.
5 . ( w h o l b e l у o u r г o | еm o d е | ? )
Jдкв: Hard to sav.
YYZз
6 . ( С h a r l i еС h a p | i n/ h а v е / g r е а ti n f | u е n с еo n m е )
7. (Whаt l bе l уour best momеnt on this show?)
Jдкв: Well. vou know.
YYZз All in all.
8. (jimmy l iust lwin / thе Еmmy)
That Was fantastiс.
9 . ( w h а t l t i n d l m o s t r е w a r d i n ga b o u t t h i s е х p е r i е n с e ? )
Jдкв: Frее сoffee! No, really,
1 o . ( m е е t / s o m е f а n t a s t i сp е o p | еo n t h i s s h o w )
EDIT.Reod this mеssogеfrom on onlinе mеssogеboord. Find ond corrеctsevеnmistokes
in thе use of thе prеsеntperfесt. The first mistoke is аIrеodycorrеctеd.
ffi'::To-ni'r:у::ffi11#1'**#|,#,;,ж!i:FeldsteinFaпGhatЖr:ir':.'.r'::...:'*;?:*-Ъ|::|:|'/l'.:,:',''2:;;;fi;7,x,l;;o/12т';;Т**?
Subj.: Re: Jimmy'sBlindDate
From: Yikes123
watched
Haveyou neverseen
l'vejustWаtGhthe Blind Date episodeon Fe|dstein!
anythingso funny?l LoVЕ this show!lt'sthe best show I haveeversaw in my
By the Way,haveyou notiсethatJimmyand Ar|ene
Iife.I rea||yenjoyedit late|y.
to get along?I thinkJimmyhavestartedto reallylikeher.Last
are beginning
nightArlenehas movedrightnextdoorto Jimmy,buthe doesn'tknowit yet!
l сan'tWaitto see Whathappenson the nextepisode.Does anyoneknowwhen
Jimmy'sbookis сomingout?
60 I
u ni t 14
o Rеod obout loе ond Маrio. Сirclе thе vеrbs in the presentperfеct. Undеrline
IDENтIFY
thе simple post tensе verbs,
Many mоdern marriages arе frnding intеrеsting solutions to diffiсult problems. Joе
andMaria,forexample,@marriеdsinсe1995.Aftertheirwedding,thе
сouple settled down in Boston, where Maria openеd an aссounting business. Thеn in
1997 Jоe lost his job. By that timе, Maria's new business was booming, so they didn,t
сonsider moving' Joe nеver found a nеW jоb in Bоston, but in 1998, he got a great
Los Angeles. The сouple has lived apart еver
оffer on the other side of thе сountry-in
..сommutеr marriage', up to now? Joe notes, ..It
sinсe. How have thеy handled this
сеrtainly hasn,t beеn easy. We,ve beеn geogтaphiсally separatеd, but we've grown a lot
сloser еmotionallv. For that reason. it's been wоrth it.,'
тRUE0R tАLsEo Now writе T (True)or F (Folse) for
eaсh stotemеnt.
l.
lji
Joe and Maria arе divorсed.
Мaria started her оwn business in Boston.
3 . Thе сouple used to livе apart.
4. In 1997, they thought about moving.
5 . The сouple is now сloser emotionally.
o loе is cаlling Mаrio. Сomplete thеir conversotionwith the corrеct form of
с0IIPLEтE
thе vеrbs in porenthesesond with short onswers,Сhoosе bеtwееn thе prеsеntpеrfеct
ond thе simplеpost tense.
Joв: Hi, honey.
Мдвrд:
No. I didn't
2.
Dia
you
finieh
that repоrt yesterday?
1. (finish)
I'm still writing it, and I
3. (not stop)
worrylng
about it all week.
Joш: Besides that, how
the wеek
Мдвrд: OK, I guess.I'm a little tired. I onlv
Joв: It sounds likе you
7. (sее)
6. (not gеt)
5. (slееp)
4. (bе)
so far?
a few hours last night.
muсh rest this week. Listen-wе
eaсh other оnly twiсe this month. I'll сome tomorrow.
Мдвrд: oK, but I still have to work. Last time I
8. (not do)
any work.
Рresent
Joв: Right! And it
11.
and Siпrрle
Рast
Тense
us at all, remember? Listen, why dоn,t you
9. (not bothеф
you
relaх now?
Mдвrд:
Рerfeet
. In faсt, I
that speсial соffee yet?
1O. (try)
r2. (drink)
five сups today, and it's still
early. And yesterday t
at least six. I'm really wired now.
, r. ,o_o
Joв: Then have some herbal tеa. and I,ll seе vou tomorrow.
Аsl(& АNswERо Lifеstylе Magazine (LM) is intеrviewingloe ond Morio. Сomplеtethе
intеrview using the words in porеnthеsesond informotion from Еxercisе1, Сhoosе
bеtweеnthе prеsеntperfесtond thе simplеpost tеnsе.
LM:
When did уou get married?
Joш:
We got, married in 1995.
LМ:
Did уou |\ve|n boэt,on after that?
Yeэ, we did.
МдвIд:
LМ:
Mдвrд:
LM:
1 . ( W h e n/ g е t m a r r i е d ? )
2.
3 . ( | i v e/ i n B o s t o n a f t e rt h а t ? )
5 . ( s t a r ty o u r b u s i n е s s/ b е f o r еy o u r m a r r i a g e ? )
7. (How |ong / own your own businеss?)
МдвIд:
LM:
Joв:
LM:
Мдвrд:
9 . ( W h е nl у o u l f i n d y o u r ; o b i n L o sА n g е | е s ? )
10.
1 . I . ( y o u r с o m m u t e r m a r r i a g е/ b е v е r y d i f f i с u | t ? )
12.
ЕDlT. Reod this entrу from Morio,s iournol, Find ond сorreсt six mistokеs in thе usе of
the prеsеnt pеrfеct ond the simplе pаst tеnse. Thе first mistаkе is olrеodу сorrеcted.
Thиrsdау, Deсember 28
,э
been
tt,s B:0o пм. |tfrаs а hаrс/ -eek, апd it,s пot orerуet! I sti// hаrе to fпЬh thаt report. I,vestаrtеd
it /аst tУloиdау, bиt so fаr l,ve шrotе oп|у f',e pа7еs, Апd itЪ dие иext ouееkl l,Vork шаs so dffiси/t
/'t"/!/, |,ve шorked /аtе еverу иght {his 'ueek. l,m tirеd, апd I hаven,t7ottеп mиch
I missJoe. /,ve sreп him /аst cuеekепd,bиt it seems /ikе а /oпg timе а9o,
"/,,P
/аst п!ht,
l
6|
Present Perfeсt
Progressive
You'vebеen
p|aуingwiтh7aтту
Lhe ?Iatуque
again!
]POINт
t
Сhеck the сorrectsеntеncе.
П тy Warnеr doesn't makе Bеanie
Babies anymore.
П Peoplе are still сollесting
Beanie Babiеs.
T y W ar nе rh a s b е е n m a k i n g Be a n i еB a b i е ssinсе199з,
and peoplе have bееn сollесting them sinсethen.
tTAтЕlvlЕNтs
сIiARIсHЕсKl
СirсIе T (Truе)or
F (Folse).
т F Thе present
perfесt
progтеssivе
always has the
wоrd been.
| вo,. гoпмoг|
| H л v с | ( N o т ) Brrм| Vвпв + -,^,G l
Suв;вст
|/Wе/You*/Тhеv havе
h as
Hе/She/|t
[l
|
|
|вo'.Foпм
Hдvt l Suв,вст | Bссt,t | + -lшс
Havе
you
Has
he
toys
since1992.
them for a long timе.
beеn
сolIе<ting
making
Stt'tсt/Fon
toys since 1992'l
thеm for a Iongtimе?
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
Aггlпмдтlvв
Yеs,
62
сolIeсting
making
YEs/No QUЕSTlt0Ns
hove been
П been +
base fоrm + .ing
beеn
I Stt,tсс/Fon
*Youтs both singular and plural.
2
сI|АRTсI|EсI(
Сheck the correct
onswer.
In questions,whiсh
parts of thе vеrb сome
after the subjeсt?
(not)
I
Wе
havе.
hе
has.
I
N.GAтlvE
l
No,
WE
havеn,t.
hе
hasn't.
Present
teerfeсt
$rrоEressive
l
1^,f,.
QuЕsтloN
Wн- Woпo 1 Hлvr i Suв,встi 8сгш
How l on g
havе
you
has
hе
Bдsв Foпм
+ -ING
сoIlесting
making
been
toys?
thеm?
ЕхPREssж
Complete thеseconversotions,
A: How long
B:
he been living here?
a long time.
A: I've
сolleсting сoins sinсe last year.
B: Really? Have you been
fоreign сoins?
& raffi gу*ar Еxр3fr fi etgФffis
Ж,кmяwър$es
l. Use the рrеsent pеrfесt Progrеssivе to
talk about things that startedin the past and
сontinuеup to the prеsеnt.Тhе situationis
usuallynot finished,and it will probably
сontinuеinto the future.
l l,ve beеn сolleсting BeanieBabiesfor fouryеaгs.
(l startеdсol|есtingthеm four уеarsogo, ond |,m
stillсollесtingthеm.)
Past.ч.....
h"Ыq
*?*
.,..i...,-..........
Non-aсtionvеrbsaгeusuaIIy
Rвмвмввп!
not
usеdin thе progгеssivе.
l |,vе ownеd this do||for yеars.
Noт {A*е*ее+т-оtмвi'ng
this do||foг yеars.
2. Use the present perfeсt Progressivе to
r Тhе kids havе bееn playing hеre.Тheiгtoys
dеsсribеthings that havе stoppеd very reсеnt]y.
are a|lover thе гoom.
Тhe aсtion is not happeningright noщ but you
l |t,sbеen raining. Тhе strееtsare stillwet.
сan stillsеe the rеsu|tsof the aсtion.
Сheсkit out!
For a list of сommon non-aсtionvеrbs, sее Appendiх 2 оn page 337.
63
r r
a
64 r
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
O
a
a
a
u ni t l S
a .
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
сl]00sЕo Rеod еoch numbеrеd stotеment.Then
circle thе letterof thеsеntenсe
(a) or (b) thot bеst describesthе informotion
in thе stotеmеnt.
1. Gina has been сolleсting stamps sinсe
high sсhool.
4. Enriсo looked out the window and
said, "ft's been raining.,'
a. Gina stopped сolleсting stamps.
@
a. It's definitely still raining.
сi"u still сolleсts stamps.
b. It's possible that it stopped raining
a little while agо.
2. Enriсo has beеn writing an artiсle
about toys.
5. It's been raining sinсe 6:00.
a. The artiсle is finished.
a. It's still raining.
b. The artiсle isn,t finishеd yet.
3. They've been selling a lot of pokdmon toys.
a. People are still buying Pokёmon toys.
b. It stopped raining a little whilе ago.
6. They've bеen playing for hours.
a. They stopped playing.
b. The Pokemon fad is finished.
b. They're still playing.
o Enrico Sonchez (ЕS) interviewеd
сOfflPLEтE
the monogеr of Toуsond Us (TAU).
Сomplеtе thе intеrviеw with the present pеrfеct
progressive form of the verbs in
porеnthеsеs,Use shart onswеrs whеn op'p,op,ioi,.
have
ES: So,
Yeэ, we have
TAU:
2.
bзen эe||ing
you
a lot of toys this season?
1. (sеll)
, Enriсo. In faсt, Pok6mon toуs and games
(fly)
3.
out of the store. They're our most popular item
right now.
ES: In сase one of our viewers
on Мars, сould you eхplain
4. (|ivе)
what Pok6mоn toys are?
TAU:
Haha. I bеt the соmpany
Pok6mon to Mars too. This produсt
5. (sеnd)
started out in Japan as a сomputer game.
Sinсe 1996, the сharaсters
ES: whv
6. (appeаr)
this fad
TAU: Well, my husband
ES:
in сolleсtors'сards, board gamеs-you name
it.
8. (сhoosе)
attrасt)
7
/.. ((attraсt)
these produсts for our сhildren beсause
the сharaсters are сute and not violent. Maybe
that's whv.
How about Power Rangers?
people
9. (stand)
line fоr them?
TAU:
people all ovеr the world?
10.
muсh anymore.
People
11. (notask)
for Power Rangers very
rn
lY:.j:..g:...........
::Р.Y:.::.:
r r::.:l.t..Т:f:.:}.
o Look ot the two picturеs of journolist Enrico Sonchez, Writе sentencеs
DЕsсRtBE
describing whot hos bееn going on, |Jsethе prеsentpеrfect progrеssiveform of the
vеrbs in porеntheses.Сhoosеbеtweеnoffirmаtivе ond negotivе forms,
He'э been doing reeearch on new toуэ,
(do rеsеarсhon nеw toys)
( t е s tt h e i n I i n es k a t е s )
(shoot baskеts)
(eat pizza)
( d г i n ks o d a )
( b u i | da г a с i n g с a r )
( p | a yv i d е o g a m e s )
( s e n d е - m a i Im е s s a g е s )
ЕDIf. Rеod thе thаnk-уounotе. Find ond сorrеct siх mistokеsin the usе of thе
prеsеntpеrfеctprogressive.Thе first mistoke is olreody corrеctеd.
Dесг AсlntToni'
оoгds.Мgfгiendond J hoveьu",|f;#6
Тhonkgo,0Уengmoоhfoг the Pokёrnon
/vlgМornЬеen
I гeol|g|ovePokern,on.
with themoll dog.So foг. I orлЬeenwinning,
Ьugingthe togs foг os Ьeоoсlseshethinkstheg'neодtetoo.Allrтgfniends\^1eгe
gornegoоsent
now.Тongоlovesthe cornpoteг
the оогdsfon rnonths
оolleоting
too. She'veЬeenоskingrлeto рlogwith heг.Ьot ]'vebeenhоvingtoo rтochfon
with rngоoгds.How hovego0Ьeen?J,veЬeenthoсlghtoboсltgooo |ot I hope
go0 оon оorneond visit 0s soon'
Present Perfeсt and
Present Perfeсt
Progressive
W",щPqlNт
Сirclе T (True)or F (Folsе),
Thе woman is finished
т
F
following the еlephant.
т
F
taking 100 rolls of film.
сIiАRтсIIEсI(
Сircle T (Truе)or
F (Folsе).
т
66
F
In some
sentеnсesуou
сan use еithеr
thе present
perfесt or the
present perfeсt
progтessive.
PRЕSENт РЕRFЕст
Е|еphantshavе roamed thе eaгthfoг thousandsof years.
|,vе rеad two booksabout е|еphants.
Dг' owеn has written many aгtiс|es.
Sh e ,sl i v e d i n m a ny сo untгies.
PRESЕNт PЕRFЕст РRocRЕsslvЕ
have bеen roaming thе еaгthfoг thousandsof yеaгs.
Е|еphants
I've beеn reading this book sinсе Monday.
She,sbееn writing aгtiсIessinсе 1990.
Shе,sbееn living in Franсеfor a yеar.
Present
Рerfeсt
and Present
Perfeсt
Рrogressive
Ех,PREss.,шщ#ж
Сompletе this conversotionwith thе verb eat ond o short onswеn
all morning!
A: He's been
B: What
he
A: Peanuts. He
eating?
eaten fivе bags ofpeanuts!
B:
he eaten thе whole supply?
A:
he
$
&y жжrж* r Жжр*efretf,
ФAn
l. The presеnt pеrfесt oftеn shows that
somеthingis finishеd.lt foсusеson the rеsult
of thе aсtion.
N?*
. There are still ten bags left.
Exarжрlеs
|,ve r еad a bo o k abo ute|ephants.
(l finishеdthe book,)
Shе,swritten an artiс|е.
(She finishеdthе ortiсlе')
Past..............х................i...........................>
:
hovеreod
Thе prеsеnt pеrfесt рrogressivе often shows
that an aсtivityis unfinished.lt foсuseson the
сontinuationof an aсtion.
l |,vе bееn reading a book about е|еphants.
(l'm stillreoding it,)
Shе,sbeеn w r iting an ar tiс|е.
(Shе,sstillwritingit.)
r
2. We oftеn use the prеsеnt pеrfесt to talk about
-
how muсh somеonehas done.
t |,ve rеad o lot about it.
how many timessomеonehas donе somеthing. l l,vе bееn to Afriсa twiсe,
how many thingssomeonеhas donе.
r Shе,s writtеn threе aгtiсlеs.
Wе oftеn'usе thе present perfeсt progressivе
to talk about how |ongsomethinghas beеn
h appe n i n g .
I l,ve been rеading bookson e|ephantsfor
two months.
Bв сдпвгul! We usual|ydo not use thе present
pегfесtprogressivewhеn we mеntion a number
of сompletеd evеnts.
l |,vе read that book twice.
Noт
3. Sometimesyou сan Usе eithеr thе prеsеnt
perfeсt oп the present perfесt progrеssivе.
Thе meaningis basiсaIlythe same.Тhis is
true when you usе verbssuсh as
еspeсia|Iy
livе, work, studу, and teoсh with for or since.
She,sstudied е|еphantsfortwo years.
OR
She,s beеn studying е|еphantsfortwo years.
(ln both сosе\ she startеdstudуingеlеphants
two yеorsogo ond shе is stillstudуingthem.)
l
67
68 I
uni t 16
тRUE0R FАLiEo Rеod еoch numbеrеdsеntence.Write T (Truе)or F (Folse)for thе
stotementthot follows.
1 . Professor owеn has bееn reading a book about elеphants.
F
Shе finished the book.
2. She's read a book about elephants.
Shе finishеd the book.
3. Shе,s writtеn a magazine artiсle about thе rain forest.
Shе frnishеd the artiсle.
She,s bеen waiting for some supplies.
She reсeived the supplies.
5 . They've livеd in Uganda sinсe |992.
Thеy are still in Uganda.
6. They,ve bеen living in Uganda sinсе t992.
They still livе in Uganda.
сIli00sEo Hеrе orе somе stotеmentsobout Professorowen,s work, Сirclе the corrеct
form of the vеrbs to сomplete thеsestotemеnts,ln somе сosе' both forms аre correct,
1 . Profеssor owen is working on two artiс]еs for NationаI Wildlifе Magazine. She
thesе artiсlеs sinсе Monday.
2 . I{ational Wildlifе Magazine has published / has beеn publishing its annual rеport on
thе environment. It,s an exсellеnt report.
3 . Five hundred and sixty Afriсan elephants havе alread}zdied / havе been d-yingthis year.
4. Professor owen has givеn / has bеen giving many talks about wildlifе prеsеrvation in
past leсturе series.
5 . She has spoken / has been speaking at our sсhoоl many timеs.
6. Professor owen was latе for a meeting. When she arrived the сhairpersоn said,
.At last, you,re here. We havе
waited / havе been waiting for you.,'
7. Professоr owеn has lived / has bееn living in England for the last twо years.
8. She has worked / has been wоrking with environmentalists in England and Franсe.
9. Congтess has сrеated / has beеn сrеating a new study group to disсuss the problem of
endangered animals. Thе group has already met twiсe.
Present
Perfe*t
and Рresent
Perfeеt
Frrogregsive
o Rеod this entrу from Dr. owen,s field journаl obout on еIephontshе cаlls
с0I|PLEтE
Grondаd. Usе thе prеsentperfеct or the prеsеntperfectprogrеssivеform of the verbs
in pаrenthеsеs.
t-"
've
been hearing
аboutGrаndаdsincewеаrrivеdhеrеin
Аrnbosе|i
Pаrk.Hе is onеo+thе |аsI,ЧцskеG,',
ТWodауsаgotwеfinattysаwnim.|iis tusks
\,Ve
ц
1. (heаг)
аremorеIhаn
seventedlong.I
\al
ч
Grаndаd
ч
even1thinq,
аnd hе
4. (еxpеriеnсe)
threаtstrornhцmаnbеings.\oung
coцnt|еss
mеn
q.
-:
coungеo,gainst
him,аnd?oI.cnеrc
аnd courаgе
iis ехpеriеncе
Forthе lasttwodачs,hе
ч "''
{.
grа55.I+е
1o. (еat)
Lисkity,
it
12. (rain)
e { -
7. (hunt)
8. (savе)
9. (move)
аnd
5. (survivе)
6. (tеst)
thеtr
hirntor his ivorv.
hirnso tаr.
stowlv
Ihroughthe tatt
1.l. (rеst)
а |otthis\еаr,аnd eventne biggestе|еpharfts
еnoughtoodandWаtеr,
13. (find)
Qс
s"4
hеretor morеthan sirtууеаrs'lе
}. (\ivе)
iii
anything
IikеIhеm.
2. (sеe)
qф
#А:*,Mj^-,.
о Rеod this student,sreport.Find ond correct six mistokеsin the usе of the prеsent
ЕDIT
pеrfеct ond presеntpеrfеct progressivе,The first mistokе is olrеodу corrected,
living
Elephants artd their arrсestors have beеn tiтr on this planet for 5 miШon years.
Sсientists have fotrnd their bones in many plaсes, from Asia to Norbh Amerlсa.
Prеsent-day elephants has also surwived in diffегent kinds of еnviron-mеnts, inсludln$
veIy dцr areas in Ni$eц €Passlands
in East Afгiсa, a,nd forеsts in \Alest Afriсa.
Because of their gteat size and stren6$h, elephants have always fasсinatin$
humans. our fasсination has almost' сaused Afriсаrr elephants to bесome exЕinсt. Poaсhers
(iШеgal hunters) have alгeaф
been kiliing hundтeds of thousands of e1ephants for the
ivory of thеir tusks. A.fteг 1989 it bесame iШegal to se]l ivory. Sinсe then, thе elephaлrt
populatlon has beеn sгoтлm steadily. Rесеntly several сorrntries have been proteсtln$
еlеphants in national parks, and herds have beсamе ].arger and healthier.
l
69
Past Perfeсt
Э у Lh e Li r ne I Lur nеd
|wе |v r,I h a d a | r eadуdecided
Оn a Оarrer. I wanNedto
br paidto talk!
жPqцNT
Сheсk the event thot hoppened first.
Тalk.showhost oprah Winfrеywith hеr ТV audiеnсе.
Suв1вст
It
had (not)
dесided
by then.
beеn
еasy.
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
YEslNo QUЕsтloNs
I
нлo |Suв;вст | r,o'' Pяптlсlгlв |
Had
Aггlпмдтlvв l
shе
dесidеd
by then?
it
bееn
еasy?
Yеs,
she
it
had. No,
NвсAтtvE
shе
it
hadn't.
l,l/f'. QUEsтloNs
Wн- Woпo | нoo I su"l.., | пo'' Pдптlсlpl.в
whv
70
oprah deсidеd on a сareer.
*Youis both singular and pluцal.
П b"fo.e the subjесt
П after the subjeсt
t
| нoo (Noт) | пo'' PяптlсlгI.в |
|/ Hе/Shе/We/You*/Тhey
2
сI|ARтсIllEсK
Сheck thе correct
onswer.
In past perfeсt
quеstions,whеre
doеs hod go?
oprah turned twelvе.
sтAтЕ]vlЕNтs
I
сIIARтсIIEсI(
Сircle T (True)or
F (Fаlsе).
т F The past
perfeсt uses
hod for all
subjeсts.
t
had
shе
dесidеd
to bе a talk-showhost?
it
bеen
еasy?
Past
Perfeсt
l
ExPREss,*жж
Сomplete this conversotionwith the vеrb arrive.
A: Had she -
by 9:00?
B: No, shе
к"Жж.рff
eжeЁ*кэffi
s
&w жыжrrжъ*
Ж,xаrmрI*s
1. Use the past pеrfесt to show that something
happenedbеforеa spесifiсtimе in thе past.
r By 1988 oprah Winfrеyhad beсomе famous.
l |t was 1985. Shе had a|rеadybeen in a
Hollywoodfilm.
Now
bеcаmе
fаmous
:
Past......Х..,.......'.x......i...............>
1988 :
2. The past pеrfeсt aIwaysshows a relationship
with anothегpast еvеnt.
Usе the past pеrfесtfor the ear|iеrevеnt.Use
thе simp|еpast tensefor thе laterevent.
notiсе thе differenсеin mеanjng bеtwееnthе
simplepast tеnsеand thе past pегfесt.
r In ] 990 oprah invited Matt on the show.
Hе had bееn an authorfoг two yeaгs.
(Hе wos on outhorbefore1990.)
r By thе time ]i||got homе, ,,Thеopгah Winfгеy
show,,had finishеd.
(Firstthе show endеd,Thеnshе left,)
I
Whenthе show endеd,shе had !eft.
(Firstshe left. Thеn thе show еnded')
3. Alreodу, уet, ever, and never are often usеd
with thе past perfесtto emphasizеthe evеnt
whiсh oссurredfirst
r lsaw Thе Сolor Purple|astnight.
I had nevеr seеn it bеforе.
4. When thе timе rе|ationshipbetween two past
еvеntsis сlear,you сan usе the simple past
tensе for both еvеnts' Тhе meaning is
usua|lyсlеar when you use ofter, beforе, or
os soon gs to сonnесtthe еvents.
l After oprah had appearеd tn Thе СolorPurplе,
shе got a paгt in anothеrmoviе.
oR
l After oprah appеared in The СolorPurplе,
5hе got a paгt in anothегmoviе.
5. We oftеn usе the past perfeсt with by
(a сertaintimе).
. By 1966 oprah had deсided on a сareeг.
. Jason had olreody seеn it.
7|
72 r
Elnit tZ
ffi
o Rеod еoch numberеdsentence,Write T (True)or F (False)for the
тRUE0R FALSE
stotеmentthаt follows.
1 . When I got home, "The Oprah Winfrey Show" started.
r
First the oprah show started. Then I got homе.
..The oprah Winfrey Show,'had started.
Whеn I gоt home,
First the Oprah show started. Then I got home.
Oprah's guest had lost 100 pounds when she interviewed him.
The guest lost the weight before the interview.
By the end of the shoщ I had fallen asleep.
I fell asleep aftеr the show.
5 . When I went to bed, I had turned off the radio.
I turnеd off the radio after I went to bed.
6. By midnight, I had finishеd the magazine artiсle.
I finished the artiсlе before midnight.
o Look ot some importont eventsin oprаh Winfreу,sсorеer.Thеn complеte
сOff|PIEтE
'.i.
thе sentеncеsbеlow, |Jsеthe pаst pеrfect with a|readу or not yеt.
oso*
,
ru
#
^o{tu
^*NSu'
o{:'фuЬ:
-,$-^ou
9v
.'*o\1,
-.o.o$ ц',о -{']9o ^'*
s
.t,rф
d*$.,
'гiaоvot ^,uuo**Ъ**,,l**'**o*].*.oo,'n***,.'utч* ou*ou*.-;$,$Ь.'
I
1954
I
I
1957
1971
By 1958 Oprah
I
1973
I
19BЗ
had a|readуgiven
l.
I
ll
1985
1986
1988
hеr first speeсh.
By 1-971she
her first TV job.
By 1972 she
her first radio job.
Bу 1972 she
in a major movie.
By 1985 she
her оwn TV show.
By 1986 she
in a major mоvie.
By 1987 she
her own studio.
By 2000 she
in the fiIm Belouеd.
1998
Past
Аsl(& АNswERо Look ot this tуpicol
doilу schedulеfor o TV tolk-show
host. Сompletеthе quеstionsobout
his schedulе.Usе thе post pеrfectond
givе short onswеrs,
Рerfeсt
7:00
д.м.Аrrivеаt stцdio _._---.
8:00
ll:00
p.м.Iiаir аnd mаkеuP
2:00
2:30
5:00 TaPethе show
4:30
1. It was 7:45.The host Was on sсhedule.
A:
Had he arrlved
at the studio yet?
B:
the day's sсhеdule уet?
B:
Yeэ, he had,
2. At 7:30 the host was at his desk.
A:
3. At 10:55 he was having сoffee.
A:
the sсhеdulе bv that time? B:
4. It was 2:00. He was on his way to makeup.
A:
the day's guests by thеn?
B:
the show yet?
B:
with his trainer that day?
B:
5. At 4:00 he had a late lunсh.
A:
6. He went to bed at 10:30.
A:
report, Thеrеo,e sii щistokesin thе useof the postperfect.
ЕDtT.Rеod this student,s
Find ond corrеct them. The first mistokе is аlreodY correctеd.
had
opгah Winfrey is an amazin$ person! By the time she was twelve, she bа,g alreaф
deсided on a сareer. Not long aftеrward, she got her first radio job. Althou$h she hadn't
have any еxperiеnсe, she beсamе a nеWs repoгteг. Wtren she got her oтдmTV talk shoщ
she has already aсted ln a major HoШ;rwoodmovie. By the late 198os ..oprah Winfrey''
had beсamе a housеhold woгd. Then in 1994 she dесidеd to improve the quality of
talk-show thеmes. She also made a personal сhan$e. Shе had always had a wеi$ht
problem, but in 1995 TV viewers saw a new \'Vinfrеy. She had iosеd almost ninеty
pounds as a result of dieting and working out. She had a]so сompete in a marathon.
She has rea1l.y been an inspiration to many pеople.
l
73
Past Perfeсt
Progressive
Э у |he time
f,he |aet r unner cr o э o еd
ъhе finio h |ine,he had been
r u n n i n g7 h o u r e , 1 6 m i n u N a e ,
and 24 eесоndo,
WээжPaINт
Сircle T (True)or F (Fаlse).
т
What form of be
does the past
perfесt progтеssivе
always usе?
П
Ёl been
| вo'. Foпм oг
Hlo (t,toт)всюt I Vвпв + -,^,G
5uв;вст
l/ Hе/Sh ei lt/Wе/You*/Тh
ey
'had
(not) been
runnrng
w o r king
YES/NOqr ,ЕsтloNs
II
ндo|Suryвст
| в,,"
Had
she
been
s}|oRтANsWЕRs
Bдsв Foвм
+ -rwG
r unning
working
Aггlпмдтlvв l
a||daу?
tt
ltrн-Woвo I Hдo Suв;вст | Bвrш | Bлsв Foпм + .,NG
How long
why
had
shе
been
Nвсдтlvt
Yеs, shе had. l No, shе hadn,t.
иyf'.QUЕsтloNs
74
all day.
*Youis both singular and plural.
wаs ot were
f1 is, om, or ore
The raсе is finished.
sтAтЕпnЕNтs
снARтсIlЕсl(
Сheсk the correct
onswеr.
F
r unning?
working?
Past
Perfeсt
Progressive
l
EхPREss,,ffiж
Сomplеtе this convеrsаtion with thе pаst pеrfect progrеssiveform of the vеrb praсtiсе.
when she entered the race?
she
A: How long
for more than two vеars.
B: Shе
A:
alone?
she
with a partner.
She
B: No. she
6 rarn штar Еxрf;fiшat$Фrur
Е.xamрlеs
1. Use thе past pеrfeсt progressive to ta|k
about an aсtionthat was in progгеssbeforеa
speсifiсtimе in thе past.Тhе progressivе
еmphasizesthе сontinuationof an aсtion,
not the end геsu|t.
l |t was 2:00 p.м.Thе runnеrshad bееn running
.l0:48
д.м.
sinсе
r I fina|lysaw Rob at 4:00 p.м.I had bееn waiting
for hours.
I one гunneгfainted.She hadn,t been drinking
enough watег.
Now
10:48 2:00
i
Past\.............x...........',у.i..''.....,....................>
z\
o"iй;
...,аi
i;;'i's"i
Rgмtмвrп!Non-aсtionvеrbsarе not usually
usеd in thе progressive.
2. Тhе past pеrfeсt progrеssive alwaysshows a
with anothеrpast evеnt.
re|ationship
Usе the past peгfесt pгogrеssivefor thе
earlierevеnt. Use the simple past tense for
the later event.
r lt was 5:00 p.м.Hе had had a headaсhea||day'
Noт He
a hеadaсhеa||day.
l She had beеn praсtiсing for thгеeyеaгs
Whеn she enteredthе raсe.
ffirst shе proсtiсеd.Thеnshе еntеrеdthе raсe,)
3. We oftеn usе thе рast pеrfесt progrеssivе
to draw ionсIusionsabout past еvеntsbased
on evidenсe.
l Shе was out of brеath.lt was сlеar that shе
had beеn running.
4. Bп сдпвгul! ln thеsе sеntenсeswith when,
notiсe the differenсеin mеaning bеtwеen
the past progгessiveand thе past pеrfeсt
progrеssive.
t When thе raсе staгted,it was raining and thе
strееtswеre wеt.
(lt wos stillraining during thе roсе,)
r Тhе strеetswerе wеt. |t had bееn raining.
l
Whenthe гaсestarted,it had bеen raining
and thе streеtswеге wet.
(lt wаsn,t roining during thе rqсе. lt had
oIrеadуstopped.)
75
76 I
unit lB
o Еoсhrеsult hosa сousе.Motch the resultwith the corrеctcouse,
ffiАтсII
ffi
Result
Сause
a . He had been reading.
1 . She was out of breath.
The ground was wet.
b. She had beеn running.
3 . Hеr eyes wеre red.
с . They had been watсhing the raсe.
4. Thеre Was an open boоk on the сouсh.
d . She had been сrying.
5 . Therе were empty сans on the floor.
е. It had been raining.
6. The TV was on.
f. They had been drinking soda.
o Rеаd this storу from o mogozinе orticlе. Сomplete it with the pаst perfect
сOI/PLЕтE
progrеssiveform of the verbs in pаrenthеsеs.
By BвпьtдolхвМдптlх
n Oсtobсr 2З, I raПthr Boston
wttha partnсLМarсiаDavis'
Маrathon
1уu
had been training
1. (train)
togеthсrsinсс |astyеar;and Wе
2. (p|аn)
to сntсr
thс raсесvсr sinсеwе saw oorah
Мarathon'Тhс startof thе raсеwas drаmatiс.Up to thatpoint,wс
in thе\)Иashington
3 . ( j o k ea n d l a u g h )
whеnwс linсd Up. lWаs so nсryous
, but wеwеrеvеry sеrtous
l сouldn,tbrсathс.Мarсiaand l
4. (praсtiсе)
on thosсsаmсstrссtsfor a
сoup|сof wсеks,so at thе bсginningwс did wс|l.Bythс timеwс got to Нсartbrсak
Hill,
wе
for almostfоurhours,and I rсa||y
bеliеvсdwс сould
5. (run)
finish.Thсn,halfwayup thеhill,Мarсtastoppсd'Shсjustсouldn,trunanymorr.
Wс
to thisraсеforso lonqthatI didn'twantto qo on
6. (lookforward)
а|onс,but Мarсiаwantсdmс to finish.Whсnl got to thс finishlinс,l sawМarсia.Shс
7. (wait)
formе forthrееhours.Frrstwс crled.Thсnwс startedtalkinq
about nеxtУеar'smarаthon.
Pаst Рerfeсt
srrogressive
o Thе mogаzine Runnеr,s World (RW) is intеrviеwing morothon
сlt00sE& сOмPLETE
winner Poolo Еsposito(PE). Сomplеtеthe intеrviewwith the post perfеctprogrеssivе
form of thе correct verbs from the boх. Use short onswеrs where oppropriote,
date
expeсt
RW: You just won the marathon.
PE:
Yeэ. I had
2.
live
Fatrq
run
Had уou bеen practicing
1.
long for it?
For morе than five years. First in Madrid,
then in Rome.
RW: You tripped during the raсe. How lоng
3.
whеn
that happened?
PЕ: It was in the last hour. Luсkily it didn,t keep me from winning.
RW: I understand that you reсently married your traineц Emilia Lealе. How long
4.
eaсh other when you deсidеd to get married?
PE: About six months. Wе met in Rome and knew right away that we wantеd to
be togethеr.
RW:
5.
PE:
6.
in Rome for a long time whеn you met?
. In faсt, I had just moved there.
RWз When you сrossed the finish line you looked verv сalm.
7.
PЕ:
8.
to win?
! I was really surprised. And very happy.
EDITо Reod pаrt of on еntrу from o runner,sjournol, Find ond сorrect fivе mistokesin
the use of the post perfеctprogrеssive,Thе first mistokе is olreаdу corrected,
oсtobеr 19,
Ijиstgot bасk from thе mаrаtlloп! I,ш tired hut vrrу hаppу' Wheп I сrossedthefiпish
had
miпиtеs.Jеrешу tuаsst"lпсtiпg
/iпе,l /tmt beепrиппiиgfor foиr /loиrs апi huепtу=t'ivе
thеre,Нe hа,,{beenшаitrd for ttlе the шho/еtime. Wе шereboth soаkiиg t.uеt.-._I,
bесаиse
I hаd bеепstuеаtiпg;hе, Ьесаиseit hаs beепrаiпiпgjиst а /itt/еш/li/ebеp'е, I шаs so
3/аd to sееllim' t hаd Ьeепlook/i,luаrd tо this dау for so Iory апd hopiпg thаt I сoиld
mу pаrепts.
fпish thе rасе iи /essthап flиr апd а hа/f/loи,s. Whеп tgot home,l са//е,d
Т/эеуhаd шаkhiпg thе mаrаt/аotloи ТV апс|hа,| асtиаI/уSееИ|пeсross thеfпtsh /iие!
l
77
SelfTest
01,tE
ffil
Cirсlе thе lеtter af thе corrеct onswеr to сomplеtе eoch sentence.
Еxдшtptt:
Jennifеr nеver
(A)drink
(B)drinks
1 . Hе --
{A)praсtiсed
{B)praсtiсes
соffee.
A@с
tC)is drinking
(D)was drinking
for thе olympiсs sinсe 1998.
(C) has been praсtiсing
(D)was praсtiсing
a long time.
(C)while
(D)for
2. We've known Sally
(A) sinсе
(B)by
3 . We,ve been living in Montreal sinсe Wе
(A) yet developed
(B)developеd yet
5.
{A)Did
(B)Havе
ABсD
an AIDS vaссine.
(C) developed already
(D)alrеady devеlop
ABсD
you reserved your hotel room уet?
(c) Do
(D)Has
ABсD
very often.
ABсD
6. She hasn't -
tC) flown
(D)flying
(A) flew
(B)flies
,
and the grоund was still whitе.
т . It -(С)wоuld Snow
(A) snows
(D)has snowed
(B)had bеen snowing
Tina
(A) has arrived
(B)arrived
g. They
(A) livе
(B)have lived
last week.
ABсD
ABсD
(C)has bеen arriving
(D)arrivеs
hеre fоr three years befоre they moved.
(C)had lived
(D)have beеn living
10. The show has --(A)just
(B)evеr
7a
ABсD
(C) gтaduated
(D)gтaduate
(A) have gтaduated
tB}havе been gтaduating
4. They haven't
ABсD
won an award.
(C) latelY
(D)yet
ABсD
ABсD
D
SelfTest
11. Professor Kidd
on her fourth.
(A) has bееn writing
(B)has writtеn
three bоoks sinсe 1999, and she's working
lll
I
ABсD
(С)wrоte
(D)writes
12. We to buy that сar yet.
(A) haven't deсided
(C)have deсidеd
(B)deсided
(D)are deсiding
13. -Has Maria сalled уet?
-Yes, she ---.
But she didn't leave a message.
(A) did
(C)hasn't
(B)сalled
(D)has
14.SinсеI-sсhool,Ihaven'thadmuсhSparetime.
(A) bеgun
(C)have begun
(B)bеgan
(D)begin
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
тW0
ffil
Еoch sеntencehos four underlinеdwords or phroses.Thе four undеrlinedports of
the sentеnсеorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D. Сircle the lеttеr of the one undеrlined
word or phrаsе thot is Noг сoRRЕст.
Еxдшtptп:
Мike usuall}, drives to sсhool, but today he walks.
AвсD
A B с@
youngeЦ shе has pla}rеd tennis every day.
15. When
_ l - - B - - she
с - - - тwas
-
ABсD
76. Itl already 10:00, but Teri hasn't finished her homework already.
ABсD
|7. Itе beеn worrying about you Ьeсausе you haven't bееn sеeming
ABсD
Aв(D
A
B(
well lately.
D
18. I,vе rеad a good boоk rесently, but I havеn't finished it yФ.
AвсD
19. Did you writtеn your papeЦ or have you beеn watсhing TV?
ABсD
20. Karl has been driving sinсе ten years.
ABсD
21. We,ve been hеrе onl}, one day, but we've been taking threе rolls of film.
ABсD
22. This hotel has been a]rеady in business foд fift}ryears.
ABсD
23. How muсh сoffее did you been drinking last night?
ABсD
24. I,ve beеn studying Frenсh sinсe I,vе startеd high sсhool.
ABсD
25. Bеforе she bесamе a film staц- shе has been a stand-up сomedian.
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
BсD
79
Future:
Be going to and Will
жPЙINт
Сhеck thе moin point of thе cortoon.
t
o.r"
П t-o
П
Ш threе
тье man forgot his umbrella.
П
тьe man is going to fall into the holе.
SтAтЕмENTS: BE GOINGтa
сI]ARTс'|EсI(I
Сheck thе corrеct
onswer.
How many forms
does be have in
be going to?
П
l BдsвFoвм
l
Bс* | (Noт) Gotttстo i oг Vвпв
Suв,вст
am
H е /Sh е /|t
rs
(not) going to
Wе/Yout/Thеy are
*For сontraсtions witЬ be, see Appendiх 24 on pagе 345.
tYou is both singular and plural.
сHАRтсl]Eсl(2
YEs/No QuEsтloNS: 8Е G0ING тo
Сirclе T (True) or
F (Folsе),
Bс t suq.., | с,,'" ,o | вo,. Foпм
Т
F
In questions,
a form of be
goes aftеr
the subjeсt.
so o n.
leave
s}|oRт ANSWERS
Aггlпмдтlvв
g o i ng to
hе
leavе soon?
Yes, h e
Arе you
ls.
am.
}y},.QUЕSТIONS:BE GolNG тo
UVн-Woпo | в. I su,l..' | сo,n" ,o | влs. Foвм
am
When
why
80
NвсAтIvЕ
t
you are.
Am
ls
I
ts
hе
arе
you
going to
leavе?
you ar en't.
No,
hе
isn't.
I
'm no t.
Be gсling to and Wit| t
Future:
sтAтЕ]t.tЕNТS;WILL
сIiARTсHEсK3
Сirclе T (True)or
F (Folse).
т
F
| wпt* (tloт)| вo'. гoпм |
Suв;вст
l/Hе/She/ltlWe lYoulТhеy will (not)
The fоrm of
rryillis thе
samе for
all subjeсts.
so o n.
leave
*For сontraсtions withulill, see Appendix24 on pagе 345.
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
YEs/No QUЕsтloNS: !V|l.t'
wttt I Suвlвст| вo'. гoпм |
will
hе
Aггlпмдтlvв l
Yes, hе wilI. l No, hе won,t.
so o n?
lеavе
Nвсдтlvв
wH. QUЕsтloNS: W|tL
l,Uн-Woпo I wш | Suвlвст| вo,. Foпм
Whеn
will
hе
lеave?
EхPREssж
Unsсromblethesе words to form two sentеnces,
to.rainrlt's.going
an.getоI,ll
.umbrella
6raшжmar ЕxрЕanatiCIns
ffi.жawmрffes
1. Youсanusеbegoing toor willto talkabout
futurеplansor prediсtions.
r ProfessorVгoom
is going to attend a
сonfегenсе
nеxtwееk.
*?*
Past"""""
:'
r Professo,
v,o# witl attend a сonferеnсе
X
otten,do
i
i. confеrеncе
,l
next WeеK.
r l think it,s going to bе vегy interesting.
oR
r l think it,ll bе vеry interеsting.
2. Use be going to when thегeis somеthingin the
prеsеntthat lеadsto thе prediсtion.
Use willwhen you dесidеsomеthingat thе
momе n to f s p е a k i n g .
r Look at thosedark с|ouds!|t,sgoing to rain.
Noт Look at those dark сIouds!lt,||гain.
Vгoom is spеakingat noon.
A: Profеssoг
B: o h. l thinkl,ll go to his talk.
PпoшuшсlдпoшNoтц
|n infoгma|speeсh,going to is often pronounсed ,,gonna.,,Do not writе gonno,
Сheсkit out!
Thеrе arе othеr ways to talk about thе futurе. See Unit 20, pages 84_85.
81
a2 r unit i9
REАDо Look at ProfеssorНorrу Vroom,se-moil mеssogе.
Greg-Just a quiсk note to let you know my pIans.] hear you'regoing to be in
l Won'tbe there.Тhat means I won'tbe able to
Madison nextweekend.Unfortunate|y,
go fishingwithyou on Saturday.l'm goingto be in Chiсagogivinga speeсh at the
Smart Тransportсonferenсe.l attendevery Уear,but this is the firsttime l'm going to
give a speeсh.The сonferenсeis over on Saturday,but l'm not going to returnto
MadisonuntilSundaynight.|'mgoingto take the traininsteadof driving'so l сan get
some work done.So, it doesn'tlook Iikewe'll get to see eaсh otherthis time.l hope
nexttime works out better.-Harry
ANIWERо Chеck аIl thе things Horrу Vroom is going to do next wеekend.
l.
П ье in Madison
2. И ьe in Chiсago
3. t
go frshing
4.Пattеndaсonfеrenсe
7. П d.i,,е to Madison
5. Пgi,.easpeeсh
8. П see Greg
6. П rеturn on Saturdav
о Look ot the piсturеs. Theу show eventsfrom a doу in ProfessorVroom,slife.
DE$сRIBЕ
Writе prеdictions or guеssеs.Use the words in the box ond o form of be 9oin9 to or
not bе going to.
answеr the рhone
1.
|t,'эgoing to rain,
drivе
give a speeсh
ж
take a trip
watсh ТV
.......о..
.Ty.у!!.|...9Р.
P.:.?\i?у..t:
:Y}.ч::...
о After hisspееch, ProfessorVroom onswerеdquestionsfrom thе oudiencе,
сoff|PLЕтE
won,t.
Сomplеtеthe questionsond onswеrs.|Jsethе words in porеnthеsеsond wi|| or
will
Woмдш 1: Мy question is this, Prоfеssor Vroom:
run
futurе
Vвoом:
on gasoline?
1.(run)
won't,
No, it
probably
.It
solar energy.
3. (use)
wе still
Woмдш 2:
Vвooм: No, we
flat tires?
4. (gеt)
. By the yеar 20tО,tires
5.
a speсial sеal so that theу
7. (rеpaiф
Mдш 1: In what other ways
9. (havе)
6. (havе)
themselves.
сarS
Vвоoм: Well, instead of kеys, сars
12. (adjust)
еven
Mдп 1:
Vвooм: Yes, they
Mдш 2: Hоw muсh
they
diffеrent?
8. (be)
smart сards. Thesе
a lot like сredit сards. Thеy
1O. (look)
and they
the сar of the
11. (opеn)
doors
thе sеats, mirrors, and steering whеels. Thеу
l3. (сontro|)
14. (prеveпt)
the insidе temperaturе.
сar thеfts?
! Nеxt question? That gentleman in thе baсk.
thеse сars
Vвooм: I don't know eхaсtly, but they сertainly
16. (сost)
17. (be)
сhеap.
. Rеad thisе-moil mеssogeto ProfessorVroom,Find ond corrесtnine mistokеsin
EDIT
the usеof thе futurе with wii| аnd be going to. Thе first mistokеis olreodу corrеcted.
won'l
Harry-|'m sorrythatwe йllI hЪ be able to get togetherin Madison.Martha,too,wil|
going
misses you. PerhapsWe сan get togethersometimenextmonth.Marthaand I am
His
to be in MinneapolisuntilJuly 15.Afterthat,we are goingvisitour son in Phoenix.
we're
wife is pregnantand will have a baby the firstweek in July.It'shard to believethat
gonna be grandParents!
How exсitingthatyou goingto ta|kat the сonferenсe!I'm sure it wiIlsbe great.
l,vegot to run now.The sky is gettingreallydark and it'llstorm.I wantto get out of this
offiсebeforethen.More |ater.-Greg
Future: Contrast
Don'|WОrry,
Thеу won'| |eave
w i|ho ut mе,
I'mthe Vilol!
Нurryup'eir,
Yo't'regoing to be lale.
The ehu|t|e |eaveэ in
f i v a m i n u l e e.
жPпINт
СirсIе T (Truе)or F (Folse).
т
F
Thе shuttle tо Mars has a sсhedulеd departure.
т
F
The pilot is too late.
сl|ARтсHEсl(
AFFl Rltf,AТlvЕ sтAтЕ]t{ЕNТs
NЕGAтlvЕ sтAтЕlvlЕNтs
Сirclе T (True)or
F (Folse).
Wе,re going to lеave
Wе,ll lеavе
fo r M ar s so o n.
Wе,rе leaving
We leave
Wе arеn,t going to leave
Wе won,t leavе
u n t i ll : 0 0 .
We aren,t lеaving
Wе don,t leavе
т
F
There are
several ways
to talk about
the futurе.
т
F
Yоu сan't usq
thе present
tense to
talk about
thе future.
VEs/No QUEgтloNs
s h еi s .
ls she going to lеavе
foг Мaгs soon?
Does shе lеave
W'|-QUЕsтloNs
Whеn is shе going to leavе
Whеn will she Ieavе
for Maгs?
When is shе leaving
Whеn does shе lеavе
84
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
l
| s h еi s n , t .
shеisn,t.
shе doesn,t.
Fшturr:
ООi..trаs"il
EхPREss,{;%;:;!,r;,у;,*'
Сheck thе sentencesthot rеferto the future,
П I'- lеaving in fivе minutеs.
П wьut timе do you normally leavе thе offiсe?
П A'" yоu going to thе сonferеnсe in Мay?
t
дt the moment, I'm working on a report.
жя#фж%
йж жwwaхж
жr ЖжpЖ
ffitrъ
#"жжrжpfl-**
1. Use be going to, will, thе prеsеnt progressivе,
and thе simрlе prеsеnt tеnse to talk about
thingsin the futurе.
l l,m going to fly to Mars nеxt wееk.
Pаst ..''......
r l,ll fly to Mars next wеek.
Now
I |,m flying to Maгs nеxt week.
rry
i
....i.........x...
i nеxt wееk
r l fly to Maгs nеxt wееk.
2. Usдсв Noтвs: Somеtimеsonly onе form of thе
futurеis appropriatе,but in many сasesmore
than onе foгm is possibIе.
a. Usе be going to or will to makе prediсtions
or quеssеs.
l ln a fеw years pеople are going to fly to Mars.
l ln a few yеarspеop|еwiII fly to Mars.
b. Usе be going to (not wll) whеn somеthing
in thе pгеsent |eadsto a prediсtion.
l Look at that spaсeship!lt,s going to land!
Noт {+v*i.ll-{and.
(. Usе be going to, wiII,or thе present
progrеssive to talk about futurе intеntions
oг plans.
r Dr. Greеn is going to spеak tomoгrow.
r Dr. crееn wi|l spеak tomorrow.
r Dr. Grееn is speaking tomorrow.
d. Wе oftеn use will whеn wе dесidе'
som e t h i n ga t t h е m o m e n to f s p е a k ing.
We also usе will to make offers'
A: Dг. cгееn is giving a ta|ktomoгrow.
B: o h! M aybe |,ll go .
A: crеat! I,ll gеt you a tiсkеt.
е. We often usе thе prеsent progressive
whеn wе talk about futuгeрlansthat have
alrеadybееn arrangеd.Тhеrе is usuallysomе
refеrenсeto the futurе that shows that thе
еvеnt is not happeningnow.
l l,m flying to Mars nеxt weeft.l,vе alrеady
gotten a tiсket.
t. Usе the simplе prеsent tеnse to talk
about sсhedulеdfuture eventssuсh as
timetables,programs,and sсhedulеs.
r Тhе shutt|еto Mars lеavеs at
tomorrow.
l We land at midnight.
.l0:00
д.м.
85
86
l
#mЁE2*
о ProfessorGrееn is ottеnding o confеrеnсеthis weеk,Reаd her convеrsotion
IDENтIFY
with ProfеssorRuss.Underlinе oll thе verbs thot rеfer to thе future,
Russ: Еllеn! It,s niсе to see you.Are you presеnting a paper this wеek?
Gвввш: Hi, Riсk. Yes. In faсt, my talk starts at two o,сloсk.
Russ: Oh, maybe I'11go. What are you going to talk about? Robots?
Gвввш: Yеs. r,m foсusing on pеrsonal rоbots for housеhold work.
Russ: I'd like one of those! Where's your son, by the way? Is he hеre with you?
Gввпш: No. Tony stays in Denver with his gтandparеnts in thе Summеr. I'm going to
visit him after the сonferenсe. Sо, what are you working on these days?
Russ: I'm stil] with the Mars Assoсiation. In faсt, we're going to be holding a news
сonferеnсе nеxt month about the Мars shuttlе launсh.
Gвввш: That's eхсiting. Maybe I'll see you there.
Russ: Great. The сonferenсe begins at noon on the tenth.
сH00sEо Сirсlе the most аppropriotеwords to completethesеconversotions,
1. Gвввш: Whiсh projeсt do you *ork /
on nеxt?
Russ: I haven't dесided for sure. Prоbably the Spaсemobile.
2.
Russ: Look at those dark сlouds!
Gвввш: Yes. It looks likе it's raining / it,s going to rain any minute.
3. Gвввш: I'd better get baсk to my hotel room before the storm.
Russ: oK. I'm seeing / I'll see yоu later.
4.
Dвsк: Professor Green, your son just сalled.
Gвшшш: oh, good. I,l1 сall / I'm сalling him baсk right away.
5. Gвввш: Hi, honey. How's it going?
Torчy: Grеat. I go / I'm going fishing with Grandpa tomorrow.
6. Gвввш: Havе fun, but don,t forget. You still have to finish that papеr.
Torтy: I knoщ Mom. I mail / I'm mailing it tomorrow. I already have the envеlope.
7,
Torтy: How's the сonfеrеnсe?
Gвшвш: Good. I,m giving / I'll givе a talk this aftеrnoon.
8.
Torтy: Good luсk. When arе }zou/ will you be hеre?
Gвввш: Tomorrow. Мy planе lands / will land at 7:00, so I see / I'll sеe you
about 8:00.
Fa.*t**re:С;*П|rа$t I
o Rеod thеsесonversotions.Сomplеtе them with on аppropriote form of thе
с0IлPLEтE
verbsin porеntheses,(Thereis morе thon onе corrеctаnswer for some items,)
in just a fеw minutеs.
Ieaveэ
1. A: Hurry up! Thе shuttle
(Ieavе)
B: Oh, I'm sure they
for us.
(wait)
2. A: Look at thosе storm сlouds! Do vou think it
B: I dоn't know. I
(сhесk)
3 . A: When
B: Wе
(raln)
the weathеr foreсast.
Wе
thе shuttle?
(board)
first сlass, so We should be among the first
(fly)
to board.
4.
A: Wow! This suitсase is heavy.
B:
5.
it for you. Give it to me.
(сarry)
A: What timе
Wе
on Mars?
(land)
B: Aссording to the sсhedule, at 9:00 A.N{.,but I think we
(bе)
a littlе late.
6. A: I'm hungrу. I hope Wе
B: Mе too. I
some food soon.
(gеt)
thе seafood speсial. I ordеred it
(hаve)
in advanсe.
7. A: Look! The flight attendant is gеtting ready to announсe somеthing.
B: Grеat. That means Wе
(start)
boarding soon.
EDIT.Rеod this flight onnouncеmеnton thе shuttle to Mors, Find ond сorrесtseven
mistokesin the usе of thе future. Thе first mistаkе is olrеodу corrеctеd.(Thеrеis oftеn
morе thon onе woY to corrеct o mistoke).
..Good.evening, ladies and gеntlemеn. This *tifu
your сaptain speaking. We bе going
to leave the Earth's gravity field in about fifteen minutеs. At that time, you are able
to unbuсkle your sеat belts and float around the сabin. Host robots take ordеrs for
dinner soon. After thеse storm сlouds, wе are having a smoоth trip. The shuttle
arrives on Mars tomorrow at 9:00. Tonight's tеmperature on the planet is a mild
minus 20 degrеes Celsius.By tomorrоw morning the temperaturе is 18 degтees,but it
is feeling morе like 28 dеgrees. Enjoy your flight.,,
87
Future тime clauses
ffiPпINт
Сheck thе correct onswer.
П тье сhild is talking about a presеnt habit.
П тьe сhild is planning her future.
sтATEпnENтs
сl|АRтсHEсI(
Сirсlе T (True) or
F (Folse).
т
т
F
F
The verb in thе
main сlause is
in the future.
The verb in the
time сlausе is
in the future.
I т.'. Glдusв
Mдlш Glдusв
l ,m g o i n g to b е a ba||еtdanсег when I grow up.
ofter she graduates.
Sh e ,l li o i n a b a l l e tс ompany
YEs/NoQuEsтloNs
l т,'. Glдusв
Mдlш Glдusв
A re y o u g o i n g t o b e a ba||etdanсer when you grow up?
W i l l s h е j o i n a b a l |etсo mpany
ofter shе graduatеs?
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
AггIпмдтIvв
Yеs,
I am.
I
NвсAтlvЕ
|
No,
shе will.
l'm not.
shе won,t.
}r,}'-QUEsтloNs
Mдlш Cиusв
What
88
l тlмв Cиusв
are you going to be
when you grow up?
will shе do
аfter she graduates?
Futurе
Тime
Glauses
EхPREssжж
Unscromblеthеsе words to form o question ond on onswеr.
be . What о gтowS up . she o when o will о she
to . sсientist . a О going . She,s о be
ffiуmmEтtаr ffiжрBeffietЁФж$
ffiж*иъър**s
1. Whеn a sentеnсеabout futuretime has two
сlauses,the verb in the main сlausеis often in
thе futurе (willor bе going to).Тhe verb in the
time сlauseis often in the prеsеnt tense.
mаinс|ausе
timесIausе
l Не,ll look foг a job when he graduates.
mainс|ausе
futuгetimе с|ausе.
timесIausе
Noт@.
Тhe timе сlausе сan сome at thе bеginningoг
the end of thе sentеnсе.Тhe meaningis the
same.Use a Gomma afteгthе time сlausеwhen
it сomеs at thе beginning.Do not use a сomma
when it сomеs at the end.
l Before she opplies, shе,l|visitsсhooIs.
oR
visit
sсhoo|s
r Shе,l|
before she oppliеs.
Noт
2. Here aге some Gommon timе еxрrеssions
you сan usе to begin futuretimе сIauses.
a. When, ofter, and os soon os often
introduсethе еventthat happеnsfirst.
l Whеn l graduatе,l,ll look for a job.
l After | graduatе,|,|||ookfor a job.
l As soon os I gгaduatе,l,l||ookfoг a job.
first l,m going to groduatе,Тhеn l,ll look for a job')
Now
:
1groduote look for а job
Рast.....'...iх..............'J.1...............>
b. Before, until, and bу the timе often
introduсеthе еvent that hapoеnssесond.
Now
:.
finish school get o job
e
P as t . . . ....' ..i
х ...........' ..........Futur
..x ......>
G. Whilе introduсesan evеntthat wi||happen
at thе same timе as anothеr еvеnt.
Now
.
.
.
.....'
.i
P as t
х
.' 7 ,.' .' ' .,. Futur
..}
e
to'o'1fl
: \Qt
.oййб-'wd.
l Before I get a job, |,l|finish sсhoo|.
l llntil I gеt a job, |,I|stay in sсhool.
l By the time I gеt a job, |,|lbe out of sсhool.
first l,ll finishsсhool' Then l,ll get a job,)
l
While l look foг a job, l,||сontinuеto study.
(l will |ookfor a job ond study during thе samе
timе pеriod.)
l
89
90 r
unit 21
тRUE0R FAIiЕo Rеod eoсh numbеredsеntеnce.Write T (Truе)or F (Fа|sе)for the
stotеmеnt thаt foll ows.
1. Amber will open her own business when she finishes sсhool.
F
Amber will open her own business. Then she,ll finish sсhool.
2. Denzell won't quit until he finds another job.
Denzell will find another job. Then he'll quit.
3. Jake will retire as soon as he turns sixty.
Jake will retire. Then he'll turn sixrv.
4. Marisa will сa]l you when she gets home.
Marisa will get home. Then she'll сall you.
5. Whilе Li-jing is in sсhool, she'll work part-time.
Li-jing will finish sсhool. Thеn she,ll get a part-time job.
6. By the time Marta gets her diploma, she'll be twenty-one.
Marta will turn twenty-one. Then she'll get her diploma.
о Reod obout Sondy аnd
с0IЙBiNE
!еff, Сombinе thе sentencеs.
l. Sandy and Jeff will get married. Then S andy will gтaduatе.
1andу and Jeff w\|lget marr\ed
graduateэ.
before -Эandу
2. Jeff is going to get a raise. Then they are going to move to a larger apartment.
as soon as
3. They're going to movсj to.a larger apartment. Then they,re going to have a
baby.
After
4. They,ll have thеir first сhild. Then Sandy will get a part-time job.
after
5. Their сhild will be two. Then Sandy will go baсk to work full-time.
By the time
6. Sandy will work full-time. At the same time, Jeff will go to sсhool.
while
т. Jeff will gтaduate. Then he,ll find another job.
when
Future
Тime
Giauses
о Look ot this student,sworksheet,Сomplete it with thе corrеct form of the
с0ff|PIEтE
in
porеnthеsеs.
vеrbs
GoAL
PIANNlNG
woR.кsHEEт
l. Write your major goal.
'11get,
y
a job aftеr ]
(gеt)
(graduate)
ll. List three benefits of aсhieving your goal.
l. Whеn I
2. Whеn I
3. I
a job, I
(get)
еnough monеy, I
(savе)
happier whеn I
(fее|)
morе monеУ.
(havе)
еmployеd.
(bе)
lll. How will you reaсh your goal? Write down smaller
l. As soon as I
(get up)
a usеd сar.
(buy)
goals.
in thе morning, I
the
(buy)
nеWspapеr to look at the еmploymеnt ads.
2. Whеn I
to mv friеnds, I
(spеak)
know of any jobs.
3. I
(аsk)
at thе job notiсеs board whеn I
thеm if thеу
to
(go)
\-r"^,,|
thе supеrmarkеt.
4. Bеforе I
(go)
on an intеrviеw, I
(improve)
mу
сomputеr skills.
EDIT.Rеod this doncеr,sjournаI еntrу, Find ond corrеct sеvеnmistokesin thе use of future
timе clousеs.The first mistokе is olrеodу corrесtеd.Don,t forget to check for commos!
а/r.eас/!
br orer!Аs sooпаs шеfиiф thePефrmаnсe lhere аregojпg to bе а btgРаft! for-tp, '*
RePoffursшi//b-ether-?,шhеиц-е-rntrrthi!r.oom,Whi|e и,eш// сekbr!Иfug-pr1': уL!!-lцk:yip-r.',:
4
-Ш:lу!е,;эf"th,е.dqцqqg"?!!p.
e!!:1g!!_цp Sцry4ogш''rnJЦJ!!/ bу,g"thе,plPеrq!,! :r'-d -
the iпtеrrieшs,We,rеgoingtoРeфrm this shoeufor tшo шeek, Аs sooпаs t:fui:h'd.-еЕu.ersiпсeI.шаs/iф |,veшапФ'dfu bе а bа|/etdаnсer
.fеаrп!d-qпecuРrogr.а!п.I,mso..9хqitэd,
l
9|
Future Progressive
I won'l br hereat
12:ОО,|'|lbе out
walkinglhe doq.
@
)fl
Tж
жPqINт
Сtlеck thе сorrеct onswеr.
rl
Whеn will Robo takе thе dоg out for a walk?
П b"fo.e 12:00
t
at 12:00
t
aftеr 12:00
sтAтЕпnЕNтs
сI]АRTсIIEсK
Сirclе T (Truе)or
F (FoIsе).
т
F
You сan form
thе futurе
progressive
with be going
to or will plus
be and the
basе form of
thе verb + -ing.
vtl
)-PRI
Br (нoт) сotttстo/ 1 Br + Bдsв
Wttt (нoт)
| Foпм + -,NG
Suв!вст
am (not) going to
He/Shе/lt
is (not) going to
Wе/You/Тhey
are (not) going to
l/He/Shе/|
tlWe lYoulThey
will (not)
bе working
tomorгow.
bе working
tomorrow.
VEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
ltt-l
Bс/Wltt I Suqвст | Gotltс тo I Br + Bдsв Foпм + .lшс |
Am
ls
shе
Are
you
WiII
you
go ing to
bе working
tomoгrow?
be working
tomorrow?
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
AггIпмдтlvв l
ш."AтlvE
Уou arе.
Yеs,
92
shе is.
you aren't.
No,
she isn't.
I am.
l'm not.
wе will
Wе won,t.
Futиre Рrоgressiwe
Ltl},.QUЕsтloNs
Wн- Woпo | в'/w,,',. I su,l... | сo,'. 'o I Br + BдsвFoпм + -,^,G
Where
W hе n
IS
he
will
shе
g o i n g to
be working?
bе working?
ЕxPRЕssr;ж"##;ffi
Unscromblеthеse words to form two questions,Answеr the quеstions,
working o bе o Will o tomorrow о yoЦ
Уou о be . What о doing o are o to . gоing
й ыжwwн'gwж
e{aeжЙ
* ffiуй
жr Жжp#
Жкreкъъ
рt*s
1. Use thе future progrеssivе with be going to
I Robo is going to be walking thе dog
or will to ta|kabout thingsthat wi||be in progrеss
at no o n.
at a speсifiсtime in the future.
OR
Ro bow ill be w alking the do g at no o n.
Past
RвмвмвпR!Non-aсtionverbs arе nоt usua|ly
usеd in thе progrеssive.
l
You,rе going to havе a hеadaсhе
tomorгow moгning.
Noт@ahеadaсhе
tomorrow moгning.
2. Usдсв Noтв: Wе often use the futuге pгogressive A :
to hint that we would |ikеsomеonеto do us
a favoг.
B:
A:
3. Remembеrthat if the sentеnсehas a timе
сlause, usе the simp|еprеsеnttenseor pгesеnt
pгogrеssivеin thе time сlause,not the future or
future progгеssivе.
WiIl you bе going by thе post offiсe
tomorrow?
Yеs.Do you neеd stamps?
Yеs.Сould you gеt mе somе?
r I'll be сooking while the robot is сlеaning.
Noт |,l|bе сooking whi|е the гobot wi.l.l-bе
с{еаttinfr
l
93
94
t
Ж#,
\3wъв*
o Rеod this porogroph. Undеrlinе oII the futurеprogressiveforms.
IDЕNтIFY
Today we find most robots working in faсtories around the world. But what wцl robots
of the future be doing? one Massaсhusetts Institute of Teсhnology dеsigner prеdiсts
that in just a few years, small, inte}ligent robots are going to be taking сare of all the
household сhores. This is gоing to make life a lot еasiеr. While one robot is соoking
dinneц anothеr onе will be vaсuuming the floоr. But what about outside the homе?
Will robоts be playing football or fighting wars? Sсiеntists aren,t surе. What is сertain,
howeveц is that robots will be playing a more and more signifiсant role in our lives.
o Rеod thеsеconversotions,Сomplete them with thе futurеprogressiveform
с0[|PLЕтE
of thе words in porenthеsesond with short аnswеrs,
1.
will
Sтuовшт:
be havinа
you
offiсe
a . ( W i | |/ h a v е )
hours today? I'd like to talk to you about my robotiсs paper.
Yeэ,l w1||
Tвдсншв:
.I
b.
to lunсh
с . ( w i l |/ g o )
at 2:00. But stop in anytime before then.
MRs. Gвв: When
you
the offiсe?
a. (bе going to / |еavе)
lVIв.Gшв: At 2:00. Why? Do we need somеthing?
MRs. Gвш: Would you mind piсking up some milk? Robo forgot, and I
b. (won,t/ gеt)
3.
home until latе.
you
Toшy: Dad. what time
a. (be going to i сomе)
home today? I need soтirеhelp with my sсienсe projeсt.
Mв. Gвв: I
b . ( w i | |/ t a k е ;
Mia to thе dеntist after work, but
I'll bе baсk by 4:00.
Torтy:
с. (Bе going to / havе)
dinnеr bеfore
Mom сomes home?
Mв. Gвп:
4.
d.
. You know we always wait for Mоm.
Sдr,вsмдш: I'm сalling from Robotroniсs Inс. I
a. (bе going to / visit)
your
neighborhood Soon to dеmonstrate our nеW robot.
Roвo:
I'm sоrry. The Gеe family
for a while.
b. (won,t l buу)
a nеW robot
Wc.}kжr* $*r"сзgr*sssBwe l
o Look ot Robo,sond Roboto,sschedulеsfor tomorrow.Сompletе
с0ILPLЕтE
the stotemеnts.
Fl o b o
8:oo
Flo Ь o ta
8:OO paybills
makе bгеakfast
9:oo dust bedгooms
9 : o o V а C U u mI i v i n gг o o m
1o:oo do |aundгy
1 o : o o г e р a i n tk i t с h e n
12:oo mаkeIuпch
,l:oo giveMг. Gee a massagе
1 2 : o o г e с y с l et h е g а г b a g e
1:oo shoofoг food
5:oo
h e | pT o n yw i t h h o m е w o г k
5:oo makеdinneг
7:oo
p I a yс h е s s w i t h Т o n y
7 : O O w a l kt h e d o o
1. Whi1e Robo
iэ makingbreakfaэt,
2. Robo
wi||be ?aУingbi||э,
, Robota
thе bedrooms while Robota
3. Robota
the kitсhen while Robo
4. Whi1е Robo
lunсh. Rоbota
5. Robo
a massage while Robota
6. Robota
dinner while Robo
7. While Robo
сhess. Robota
EDIT.Rеаd this student,sporаgroph. Find ond сorreсtsеvеnmistokеsin thе usе of thе
futureprogrеssivе.The first mistoke is olreodу corrected.
p e r f o rming
In the future, гobots wi1l be Bеrяer*moгe
and more tasks for humans.
This will be havin$ both positive and negative effeсts. on the onе hand, whilе
robots тлriitbe d.oing thе boring and d.an$erous jobs, humans
more time to inberestin$ puгsuits.
a lot easier for humans.
wi1i bе dеvotin$
In this тлray гobots is going to be making
on the othеr hand, the widesprеad
going сreatе a lot of future unemployment.
lifе
use of гobots is
People will losin$ thеiг jobs as
robots fill their posltions. And somе robots сould even beсome dangегous. I'm
afraid that in thе not-too-distant
future, гobobs will bе opеratin$ nuсlear рoweг
stations! And befoгe too long, гobots are going to br fight in wars. Althou$h,
sеcond thought, that w111be betteг than humans
killlng
еaсh other!
on
95
Future Perfect and
Future Perfeсt
Progressive
Эу February'
he'\\have
beeneaving
for threevеareand
l'll be rich!
WPqlNт
.ф)
Сhесk thе сorrеct аnswеr.
П It's February.
П не hasn't bееn saving for three years yеt.
FUтURЕPЕRFЕстsтAтEпnENтs
сI|ARтснEсKI
СirсIе Т (Truе)or
F (Folse).
т
F
Both the futurе
pеrfeсt and the
future perfeсt
progTеssiveuse
will hove been.
Suв,вст
I Wttt (ltoт) | нou, + Pдsт PдптlсlpI.в
|/Hе/She/|t/Wе/You*
lTheу
will (not)
have saved enough money by then.
*You is both singular and plural.
FUTURE PЕRFEст PRoGREssIvЕ sTAтЕ]t,lЕNтs
+ BдsвFoпм + -,NG
l Wttt (мoт) | нou, BЕEN
Suв;вст
|/He/Shе/|
tlWelYou lThey
w il! (no t)
have bееn saving foг thrееyears.
s}|oRтANsWЕRs
сI|ARтсHEсK2
FUтURЕ PERFЕст YEs/No QUEsтloNs
Сirclе T (Truе)or
F (Folse).
Wttt I Suв;вст | Hлvс+ Pдsт Pдптlсlpt-в
Aггlпмдтtvв l
wiШ
Yеs, hе w ill' I No , hе w o n,t.
т
F
Shоrt answer
forms are
the same for
thе future
perfeсt and the
future perfeсt
progrеssive.
tl
havе saved еnough by then?
FUтURЕРEarЕсТPRoGRЕsslvЕ
уEs/NoQUEsтloNs
Wttt
WiII
96
hе
Hдvr BЕЕN+
Suв;встI Bдsв Foпм + -,NG
havе been saving foг |ong?
Nвсдтlvв
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
Aггlпмдтlvв l
Nвсдтlvв
Yes, he w ill. t No , hе w o n,t.
:Y}.чT:.
.Т.::I:.::.
3:9.г.Y}y.::.
:...:::.:}.:.Т:.9:.::.::Y:
.: .27......oo..l
EхPREss.жж
Сomplеtе thеsеsentenceswith thе vеrb drive. Usе onе word for eoch blonk.
. By June, I'll have been
. I'll have
€ } rи шxв
mаr
mv new cat fot a vеar.
10,000milеs by then.
Еэ*рleffiatЁ*}t g
Еxamplеs
1. When Wе u5еthe futurе pеrfeсt, wе imagine
a сertainpoint of time in thе futuге,and we
look baсk at еvеntsthat wil| be сomplеtedbv
t hat t i mе .
r By J une,he w ill have paid his dеbt.
l Wе won,t have savеd еnough by thеn.
*?*
P ast . '. . ......
....i .....х
.......х
.
......Futur
...> e
poid
lunе
i
э.debt
Use by + timе exprеssion to identify
thе point in time in thе futurе.
I
t
Use olreodу and уet to emphasizе whethеr an
еventwill have happenеdby a point in timе.
2. When We usе the futurе pеrfeсt progrеsslve,
we imaginea сertainpoint in the futuге,and
wе look baсk on thingsalrеadyin progrеss.
*:*
1gg8
Dеcеmber
P ast . . . '. .....
ш - - - ..- :
tiving
F utur e
T
I
Bу lune, shе,Ilhavе bought a usеd сar.
She,ll havе lookеd at a |ot of сarsby then.
Bу |хАaу,
hе,IIhavе olreodу savеd $],000.
Bу Мaу, hе won,t havе savеd $2,00Оуet.
Wе movеd hегеin 1998. By nеxt Deсembеrwе
wi|l havе been living heгefor sevеra|yеars.
We're moving to Parisnext year.By 2005 we
will havе bееn Iiving thегefor sеvera|yеaгs,
and it sho u|dfее|likеho mе.
Тhe future pеrfесt progrеssive foсuses on
how long and oftеn inсludesthе length of time.
r You,ll havе beеn spеaking Fгеnсhfor
tеn уeors by thеn.
Rвмвмввп!Non.aсtionvеrbsare not usual|y
used in the progrеssive.
l By May, hе,ll have owned his сar for a yeaг.
Noт
3. Use the futurе peгfeсtor the future peгfeсt
pгogrеssivеwlth thе simplе prеsеnt tеnsе
to show the ordеr of evеnts:
FtпsтЕvгштfuture pеrfесt(progressivе)
Sгсoпo Evгшт:
simple prеsеnttensе
By thе timе you orrive, |,ll havе finished dinneг.
No т
l,l|havе
finishеddinnег.
By the time you orrivе, |,IIhavе beеn rеading
for an hour.
Now
finish
stort
dinner to reod orrivе
Past................i.....x..............х...............х.....>
Futurе
98
I
L$пEt *З
o Rеod eoch numberеdsentеnce,Writе T (Truе)or F (Folse)for thе
oR FALilЕ
TRUЕ
stotеmеnt thot folIows.
l.
By this timе tomorroщ I,ll havе dесidеd whiсh сar to buy.
т
I haven't deсided yet whiсh сar I'm going to buy.
2. Wе,ll have already finished the gтoсery shopping by the time you get homе.
You will get home while we are shopping.
3. By nеxt yeaц Mary will havе bееn working at the newspapеr for five years.
Nеxt Уeat,,Mary сan сеlebratе her frfth annivers atу at the newspaper.
4. By ten o,сloсk, shе won't have finished writing her сolumn yet.
Shе will finish writing at tеn о'сloсk.
5. Wе will havе moved to a larger offiсе by the year 2ОI0.
We will move to a larger offiсe after the yеar 2010.
6. By next Уear,we'll havе bеen pubtishing the newsletter for fifteen years.
We startеd the newslettеr less than fifteen years ago.
o Lookot thе timе line аnd complеte thе sentencеsobout Tom аnd Lindo,s
с}Iу|PLЕтE
future oсcomplishmеnts.IJsеthe future p|еrfесtor the future perfect progressivеform of
thе words in porеnthеsеs.Сhoosе bеtwеenoffirmotiveond nеgotive.
ffi
1,,,
1,0,,1,,,
ffi
..=:Jl
.|:1,':,твЦ!|'..
,.
.
] !'*
! ] i ' ; -А1
L
''.,{
| (t;i,
t..
{ед-;
.?
1,,,1,,,
II
I
Izors
Bу 2ОL2, they
By 2015, they
'll have bought
'||
Bу 2017,Tom
(9raduatе)
sсhool for four years.
(attеnd)
By 2019,thеy
(buy)
(drivе)
Bу 202О,Linda
The
in their own housе for three years.
(|ivе)
By Travis's first birthdaY, Tom
They
a new сar.
(buy)
havе been |iving
another сar.
their old сar for eight уears by then.
hеr business.
(opеn)
(save)
Bу retirement, the сouple
for two years Ъу 202О.
(aссomplish)
a lot.
Future
Рerfeсt
and Fr*tun"* Рerfeеt
РrоgresgЁъg*
o Rеаd Lindo Lеone,s(LL) interviewwithTeenagе Couples Magazine (ТC).
с0I|PLEтЕ
Сomplеtе thе intеrviеw with thе сorreсt form of thе vеrbs in porenthеses.Usе thе
progrеssivеform whеn possiblе. Use alreadу or уet whеn oppropriotе,
get
TC: You two arе amaziлg! By the time you
'l| havea!-214у?1anned
уol
married.
l ' (gеt)
your wholе life togethеr!
LL: Well, wete been dating sinсe middle sсhool. By the time *u
.. .o'ouu.",
fromhighsсhool,-"aboutourmarriageforalongtime.
TC: When Travis
, Tom
5. (bе born)
6. (not graduatе)
. Hоw will you manage with Tom still in sсhool?
from сollege
LLз It won't be easy, but we've got a plan. Tom
7. (finish)
most
of his сourses by then. He,ll stay home with the baby during thе day and go to
night sсhool.
TC: By the time you
you _
your tenth wedding anniversary,
8. (сеlebrаtе)
your business
9. ("ot start)
You havе a lot of patienсe.
LL: Not rеally. I
by then. When I
I
years of praсtiсe on mу job
lo. (gеt)
.l2.
11 . ( o p e n )
(bесomе)
the doors of Linda, Inс.,
a vеry experienсed Web page designer.
TC: Well, good luсk to you, and thanks for the interviеw.
ЕDIT.Reod thisjournol entrу,Find ond correct siх mistаkеsin thе use of thе future
pеrfect ond the future perfect progrеssivе.Thе first mistokе is аIrеodycorrеctеd.
have been
Ihеsamеsа|ап1tor
thrее
tortеn\еars'Аnd|'Iteаrnа|most
BуАugustl,llbe а word?rocе;aor
to go bаcktoscnoo|
Ihisуеаr.First|'m
I|lаt,sWhyl,vemаdеa New\еаr,srеso|ution
уеаrs|
goingIo writеtorschoo|
cаtаIogs
fortиition
. Bу Маrch,|,||
аnd stаrt5аvi0g
hаvеtigurеout
tиition
starГapp(ying.
сoяt.ThеnI,|I
Byaцmmеr,I
аccефаncе
wi((
hаdrеcеivеd
howrnucn
pаrt.timе
|eltеrs,
working
andgoingto schoolpаrt-Iimе,
|nАugust,
|,(ltatkto rnybossаboцt
tиition
to paytorа sеmеstеr's
' By nextNew
еnough
Bythсttime,|,I|
hаuеsаvеdа|rеаdч
\еаr'sDay,|,llhаuеbееnstudуlor onewnolеsеmеEtеr|
l
99
SelfTest
flW0шп
Сircle the lеttеr of thе corrеct onswer to complеtе eoсh sentence.
Exдмptп:
Jennifеr never
{A)drink
(B)drinks
1 . It -
сoffee.
(C) is drinking
{D)was drinking
tomorrow.
(C) 's going to rain
(D)'s raining
{A)rains
(B)rained
2. The paсkage will
on Monday.
(C) arriving
(D)be going to arrive
(A) arrive
(B)arrives
3. Goоdnight. I
(A) 'll see
(B)'m going to see
you in the morning.
(C)'m seeing
(D)see
4. Hurry. The next bus
a t 7: I 5 .
(C)lеaving
(D)will havе been leaving
(A) leave
{B)leaves
5 . Bill will be -
(A) flies
(B)flying
to Taipei tomorrow.
(с) fly
(D)have flown
We a new VCR soon.
(A) have owned
(B)11 own
7 . They,ll bе making сopies while he
(A) finishes
(B),ll bе finishing
8. She'll
(A) savе
(B)have saved
(C) 're owning
(D)own
the report.
(с) 1l finish
(D)'s been finishing
almost $t,000 by then.
(C)have been saving
(D)be saving
9. By next Уear, Roger will (A) live
(B)be living
here for ten yеars.
(С)havе been living
(D)be going tо livе
10. Will you buy an eleсtriс сar whеn they
availablе?
(A) bесоme
(C) are beсoming
(B)beсame
(D)will beсome
100
д@ с D
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
SelfTest
11. She'll have gotten married
(A) already
(B)by
Junе.
(C)sinсе
(D)until
72. Where
(A) they
(B)they will
(C)will thеy
(D)are they
14. How
for сollege?
(A) should pay
(B)will she pay
I
ABсD
ABсD
be living?
13. Look at those сars! Thev -!
(A) will сrash
(B)will be сrashing
lV
(C}'re going to сrash
(D)will havе сrashеd
ABсD
ABсD
(C) shе pays
(D)she's going to pay
[ffi]J.ТТ\'lтW0
Еoсh sеntеnсеhos four undеrlinеd words or phroses. The four undеrlinedports
of thе sеntenceorе mаrked A, B, С, ond D. Сircle thе lеtter of the one underlinеd
word or phrosе thot is Noг сoRRЕст,
Еxдмptl:
Mike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks.
ABCD
A B с@
1 5 . Will you been soing to the drugstore tonight?
ABсD
1 6 . The movie starts at 7:30, so I think I gq.
ABсD
,|7. We are going to study tonight until we will finish this сhapter.
ABсD
1 8 . By April, I'll have been driven my new сar for a Уeat.
ABсD
1 9 . We'll travel for a сouple of days, so you won,t be able to сall us.
ABсD
20. Jan finished sсhool by next Summeц so we're going to visit her.
ABсD
2 1 . Whiсh projeсt will hе works on after he finishes this job?
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB
сD
ABсD
AB(D
yg! -o
By January, he'll have *Csaved $1,000.
-A*
ъ23. Wherе *
bе- -staving
vou
_ - -will
Т--B
- t * " ъ _ when you g9 to Moroссo?
I'll be stud}ring whilе Ana will bе sleeping.
AB(D
25. She will nоt has graduated by June.
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
1Ol
Wh- Questions:
Subjeсt and Prediсate
What,happened
o n Nhe niqhL o f lЙ aу 12Nh?
Where did уou go? Who did
уou oee? Who эaw уou?
Whу d\d I
get,ouI,of bеd
L h i em o r n i n q ?
| POINт
]
Сhеck thе corrеct onswers.
The lawyer wants to know
П th" events оn the night of May I2th.
П tь. witness,s profession.
П th" names of people who saw
thе witness.
сHАRтсI]Eсl(l
QUEsтloNs AB0Uт T}|ЕsUB,Е(т
Circle T (Truе) or
F (Folsе).
Wн- Woпo
Suв,вст
Vвпв i Pпвolсдтв
Who
saw
т
F
lЦh- questions
abоut the
subjeсt havе
the same
word ordеr as
statements.
ANswЕпs(sтAтЕrilENтs)
Suryвст |v.*,IP*.o..o,.
Hе
сl]АRтсl|EсI(
2
Сircle T (True)or
F (Folsе),
т
T
to2
F
F
l,Uh.questiоns
about thе
prediсate have
the samе
word order as
statements.
Questions
about the
prediсate сan
inсlude a form
of the verb do.
yo u?
saw
me.
QUЕsтloNsABoUт тHЕ РREDIсAтЕ
Wн-WoпoI Au*,..o*" I
I
P п в o l с д т в| V в п в
Who(m)
did
iSuвlвст|Vвпв
you
seе?
ANsWЕRs (sТAТЕшtЕNTs)
Suв;вст |v.*'
saw
IP*.o..o,.
him.
l/Уfr- Gluestions:
Subieсt and Prediсate
EхPREssж
Unscromblethese words to form two questions.
night о happened . What о last
do.did.WhatonextОYou
e*?atiФns
& ra gтэк-mar Ж:срf;
Еxamplеs
1. Usе иЙ. quеstions to askfor sрeсifiсinformation. r
r
t,Уh.quеstionsbеgin with questionwords suсh
l
as who, whot, where, whеn, whу, whiсh,
r
whosе, how, how monу, how muсh, and
how long.
W ho
Why
How
How
2. When you arе asking aboшt the subjeсt
(usual|ythe first paгt of thе sentenсe),usе a
wh- quеstionword in plaсe of thе subjесt.Тhe
word order is thе same as in a statеment.
Someonе
sawyou.
I
3. Whеn you are asklng aboцt the prеdiсatе
(usuallythe last part of the sentеnсе),the
questionbeginswith a wh- word, but thе word
order is thе same as in a yeslnoquеstion.
did yo u sее at A |,sCгi|I ?
did you go thеге?
many pеop|еsaw you therе?
Iong did you staythere?
Y
r Who saw you?
You saw someone.
Did you sее somеonе?
r Who did vou sее?
somеthingin thе pгediсatе,you neеd еither
a. a foгm of thе vеrb be.
OR
vегb
b. a form of an auxiliary (,,hеlping,,)
suсh as do, hаvе, сon, will.
4. Usдсв Noтв:ln very formal ЕngIishwhеn asking
about pеople in the pгediсatе,whom is
somеtimеsusеd instеadof who.
you сannot usе whom.
l Who is HaгryАdams?
l W hy w as hе at A |,sCr ill?
r Why doеs shе want to testify?
Noт@
VгкyFoвмдlr Whom did you seе?
lшгoвмдl.
r Who did you sее?
r Who is thе nеxt witnеss?
NoТ
l
1o3
1O4 I
unit 24
lIlAтсl|o Еoсh questiongoеs with on onswеr.Motch еoсh question with thе
correctаnswеn
Answеr
Quеstion
t
l. Who did vou see?
a. His wife saw mе.
2. Who saw you?
b. Shе hit a car.
3. What hit hеr?
G. I gave the money to Harry.
4. What did she hit?
d. A сar hit her.
5. Whiсh man did you give the money to?
e. Harry gavе mе the money.
6. Whiсh man gavе уоu the money?
f . I saw the dеfеndant.
o Rеod this cross-еxominotion.
Сomplеtеit by writing the lаwуеr,squеstions.
сOIлPLEтE
1. I,дwyвв.
What |ime did Уou ret,urnhome?
( W h a t t i m е / y o u / г е t u r nh o m е ? )
Wrтшвss: I returned home just before midnight.
2. Lдwyвв:
(How / you / gеt homе?)
Wrтшвss: Somеone gave mе a lift.
3. Lдwyвв:
(Who / givе / you l a ride?)
Wrтшвss: A friend from work.
4. Lдwyвп:
(What/happеn/nеxt?)
lVrтшвss: I opened my door and saw someone on my living room floor.
5. Lдwyвв:
(Who/you/sее?)
Wrтшшss:Debоrah Cоllins.
6. Lдwyвв:
(Who / bе / DeborahСo||ins?)
Wrтшвss:She's my wife's boss. I mean she rоos my wifе's boss. She's dead now.
7. Lдwyвв:
(What lуou l flg-?1
Wrтшвss:I сalled thе poliсe.
8. Lдwyвв:
Wrтшвss: No one сalled me. Whv?
( H o w m a n y / p е o p | еl с a | |l у o u ? )
ASl(. Rеod thesestotеments.Thеn osk questionsobout thе underlinedwords.
1 . Thе witnеss recognized Harry Adams.
Who recognizedHarry Аdamэ?
2 . The witness rесognized Harry Adams.
Whodid the witneeerecognize?
3. Court begins at 9:00 д.м.
4. Five witnesses testified.
5. The jury found Adams guilty beсause he didn,t havе an alibi.
6. Something horrible happened.
7. The trial lasted two wеeks.
8. The judge spoke to the jury.
9. Adams paid his lawyer $2,000.
1o. The distriсt attorney questioned thе rеstaurant manager.
. Rеod this list of questions.Thereqre
EDIT
six mistokеsin the usе of wh- quеstions.
Find ond сorrесtthem, The first mistokе
is olrеodу corrесtеd,
i,'ijt't,''t'.'t,'i!iliii.'itl.ll,rt.,r.rr,,i,l,t:1,,,i:1.,r,:i:i.:i:i;r,
",t,
did
whаttimеfihеsolsvеct
rеtцrnhome?
Lilhodid seе him?
Wеrеthеrе
аnуwitnessеs?
Whomwаsаt homеz
Ulhvаiа hе са|t
А, Smith?
whаtdid hаppеn
nеn?
Whеrеhе did go?
I1ow
цц6у1monеУ
he tookwithhim?
Tag Gluestions
{;if3:!/!il%;:**P0INT
Сheсk the сorreсtanswer.
П тье man is asking about
the weather.
П тье man is сommenting оn
the wеather'
WIтH BЕ As тHЕ MAlN VЕRB
сl|ARтсI]EсI(
AFFIR]vlAтlvE
NЕGAтlvE
NEGAтlvЕ
AFFlR]tnAтшЕ
Сirclе T (True)or
F (Folse).
Sтдтвмвшт
Tдс
Sтдтвмвшт
Tдс
т
т
т
L06
F
F
F
Ifthe
statement
is affirmative,
the tag is
affrrmativе.
You,rе from L.A.*, aren,t уou?
You're not from L.A., are you?
*L.4. = Los Angeles
WlТH ALL AUxlLlARY VERBS EXсЕPT Do
Ifthe
statеment
has an
auxiliary,
usе thе same
auxiliary in
the tag.
AFFlRil|AтlvЕ
NЕGAтlvЕ
NЕGAтlvЕ
AFFIR]tnAтlvЕ
Sтдтвмвшт
Tдс
Sтдтвмвшт
Тдс
You're moving,
aren,t уou?
You,rе not moving,
ar е yo u?
He's bеen hеre,
hasn't he?
H е hasn,t bеen heгe, h a s h e ?
Ifthe
statеmеnt does
not have a fоrm
of be or an
auxiliary, you
need a form of
do in the tag.
Тhey Gan movе,
Gan't they?
Thеy Gan't movе,
сan they?
W l т H D o A s A N A U X I L I A R YV E R B
AFFlRмAтlvЕ
NЕGAтlvЕ
NЕGAтlvЕ
AFFlRlvlAтlvЕ
Sтдтвмвшт
Tдс
Sтдтвмвшт
Tдс
You live hеre,
don,t уou?
You don,t livе hеrе, do you?
Тhеy movеd,
didn't they?
Тhеy didn,t movе,
did they?
Tag Gluestions
ЕхPREss
{ii:ii)h|;i
Unscromblеthеsеwords to form o tog quеstion.
aсtor . you . an о aren,t о You,re
жram*#m
w*
& y жrжуu,a
жy Ж'жgafl.
ЖжarхъpЙrs
1. We often use tag questions to:
a. сheсk infoгmationwe bеliеveto be tгuе
Tom livеsin L.A.,doеsn,t hе?
(Thе spеokerbеliеvеsthat Tomlivеsin L.A, ond
wants to сhеck this informotion,)
OR
|t,sa niсe day, isn't it?
(Thе speakеris сommеntingon thе wеather.)
b. сommеnt on a situation
2. Tag questionshavе a statеmеnt and a tag.
Formsof tag quеstionsvaгy,but their meaning
is alwayssimilar.Тhe statеmеntеxprеssеsan
assumption.Тhe tag mеans Right?
statеmеnt
I
I
I
tag
You,гenot from L.А.,are уou?
You,rеJaсkLa Costa,aren,t you?
You don,t drivе muсh, do you?
a f fi r m а t i v e
negative
a. lf the statеmеntvеrb is affirmative,thе tag
vеrb is nеgative.
You work on Fridays,don't you?
b. lf the statemеntverb is negative,the tag
vеrb is affirmativе.
You don't work on Fridays,do you?
3. Тhе tag a|waysusеsa form of be oг an auxiliary
veгb (be, hove, do, or will, or a modal suсh as
сon, could, or shoulф,
Usдсв Noтв: Notiсe thе tag for I om,
Whеn thё subjeсtof thе statеmentis this or
thot, thе subjeсtof thе tag is it.
negativе
affirmative
I
|t,sa niсе day, isn,t it?
You,Vеlivеd hеre a long time, haven,t you?
You сomе from Nеw York,don,t you?
You сan drivе,сan,t you?
I
|,m nex t,ar еn,t l?
I
Тom woгkshеге,doеsn,thе?
Noт Тom works hеrе,dоеs#t4om?
I
I
I
Thot's a good idea,isn't it?
Noт Тhat,s a good idеa,*;rlt{-lтat?
A: lt,sgettingWarmег,isn,t it?
4. Whеn you use a tag questionto сhесk
B: Yеah.Sеemsmo гe likesummeг.
information or to сomment on a situation,
youг voiсе fa||son thе tag. You еxpeсt thе listеnеr
to agrееor just show that hе or she is listеning.
7
A : You,renot movin9, are уou?
Тag quеstionsсan also be usеd to get
B: Yes.Wе,rеrеturningto L.А.
information. As wtth уеs/noquestions,your
OR
voiсe risesat the end, and you expесt to get an
No. Wе,rеstayinghere.
answer(Yesor No).
I
lO7
1o8
l
&jяз*t#€ s
o Rеаd this сonvеrsotion,Underlineаll thе tags.
iDENтiFY
Kдy: Hi, Tоm. It,s a niсe day, isn't it?
Toм: Sure is. Not a сlоud in the sky. Hоw are you doing?
Kдy: Goоd, thanks. You don't know of any vaсant apartments, do you? My son is
looking for one.
Toм: He is? I thоught he was staying with you.
Kдy: Well, he really wants a plaсе оf his own. Do уou know of anything?
Toм: As a matter of faсt, I do. You know the Sobоtas, don't you? Well, I just found out
that they're mоving to New York next month.
Kдy: They are? What kind оf apartment dо they have?
Toм: A one-bеdroom.
Кдy: It's not furnishеd, is it?
Toм: No. Why? He doesn't need a furnishеd apartment, does hе?
Kдy: Well, he doesn't have furniturе. But I guess he сan always rent Some' сan't he?
Tом: Why don,t you givе your Son my numbeц and l,ll give him some morе information?
Kдy: Will vou? Thanks. Tom.
о Eoсh stotеmеntgoеs with a tag, Мotch eoсh stotеmеntwith the corrесttog.
IIiАтсH
Tag
Statеment
I
1 . You'vе сalled the movers,
a . сan't we?
2 . Thеy're сoming tomorroщ
b . do we?
3 . This isn't going to bе сheap,
C.
is he?
4. You havеn't finished paсking,
d.
isn't it?
5 . Wе don,t need any morе boxеs,
е . are they?
6. Paul is gоing to help us,
f.
7 . Wе сan put some things in stоrage,
9 . isn,t hе?
8. Jaсk isn't buying our bookсases,
h . is it?
9 . The movers arеn't paсking thе books for us,
1 0 . Moving is hard,
have you?
i . havеn't you?
i . aren't they?
Тag Questiоns
o A rodio tolk-show host is interviewingone of her guests,o Hollywood
сOIпPLEтE
sсreеnploy writеr, Сomplеtе thе interviеw with oppropriotе togs.
haven'tуou
Hosт: You've lived in Hollywoоd for many yеars'
.7
1.
Guшsт: Sinсe I was eighteen and сamе here tо write my first sсrеenplay.
Hosт: You didn't know anУone here at first.
2.
Guвsт: No. And I didn't have a сеnt to my name. Just some ideas and a lot of hope. It
sounds ctazУ,
3.
Hosт: But things havе worked out for УoЦ,
You're working on another sсreenplay now,
Guвsт: Yes. It,s a сomedy about some kids who beсomе invisible.
Hosт: Speaking of kids, УoU have somе of your own'
Guвsт: Two boys and a girl-atl
very visible!
Hosт: I know what you mean. Do you еvеr wish they Were invisible?
Guвsт: Noщ that's an interesting thought,
7.
ЕDIT.Reod this port of o moviе script, Find ond correctsеvеn mistokesin the usе of tog
quеstions.The first mistoke is olreody correсtеd,
h a э n ,t
Ben: It's been a long time, сIoе, hалre#tit?
сroв: That depеnds on what you mran by a long timе, d.oesn't that?
Ben: \Aгhat are you doing around. heгe, aщrway? It's d.an$erous.
сroв: I сan take сaгe of m5rseШ.I'm still alive, amn't I?
Ben: Yes, but you're still wanted by the poliсe' are you?
rroв: Look, I need a plaоe to stay. You have a plaсе, don't you? .]ust for one ni$ht.
Ben: I have to thirй of щ1r wife and kid.s. You сarr find. someplaсe e1se, сarr you?
сroв: No. You've got to help mе!
Ben: I'vе alгeady helped you plеnty. I went to jail for you, haven't I?
сroв: Yeah, oK, Ben. You remember what happеnеd. in Ve$as, d.o you?
Ben; oK, oK. I сan make a сa11.
l
1o9
Additions with So, Too,
NeitheГ,and Not either
Hвпдlо Suы
TwinsSeparated
atBirthAreReunited!
P0INт
жI
Сhеck thе corrеct аnswer.
M a r k l i k e s h u n t i n g ,f i s h i n g ,а n d C h i n e s e f o o d .
So does Gerald.
П тьe men like diffеrеnt things.
t
тьe mеn like thе same thinps
WlтH BЕ As тHE MAlN VЕRB
сI|АRтсIIEсI(
Sтдтвмвпт
т
Amy is a twin,
F
There is more
than one way
to make
an additiоn.
т
F
Usе so or too
with negatiye
statеmеnts.
т
F
Whena
statement does
not havе a
form of he or
an auxiliary
verb, use a
form of do in
the addition.
i ADDtтloN
and so is Suе.
and Sue is too.
Sтдтвмвшт
| Aoolтloш
Amy isn,t vеry ta|l,
and nеither is Suе.
and Sue isn't either.
WITH ALL AUxlLlARY VЕRBS EXсEPТ Do
NЕGAтlvE
AFFlRпnAтшЕ
Sтдтвмвшт
| Aooпloш
Amy сan swim,
a n d so сan Sue.
a n d Suе сan to o .
Sтдтвмвшт
А my сan,t ski,
|Apolтloш
and neithеr сan Suе.
and Suе Gan,t eithеr.
W l т H v Е R Bs U s l N G D o A s A N A U x l L I A R Y V Е R B
AFFlR]vtAтlvЕ
Sтдтвмвшт i Aoolтloш
Аmy likes
dogs,
110
NЕGAтlvЕ
AFFlRг{lAтlvЕ
Сirclе T (True)or
F (Folse).
I and so doеs Sue.
I and Sue does too.
NЕGAтtvЕ
Sтдтвмвшт
i Apolтloш
А my do еsn,t l and nеithеr do еs Suе.
likе сats,
I and Suе doеsn,t еithеr.
Additions
with So. Toa. Neither, and Not either t
Ex,PREssжж
Unsсromblеthеse words to form аdditions,
is.Мark.andоnеithеr
does.Gеrald.sо.and
Gеrald isn,t married.
Mark fights fires,
& ra gтtrжarffixрlanations
Ехamplеs
t. Additions arе phrasеsor short sеntеnсesthat
follow a statеmеnt. Usе an addition to avoid
repеatingthе informationin thе statement.
r cera|d is a fiгefightег,
and so is Mark.
(Сеrold is o firеfightеr,ond Мark is a firеfightеr.)
2. Usе so or too if the additionfo||owsan
affirmativestatemеnt
r cеra|d is a firеfightег,
and so is Maгk.
oR
r Cегald is a firefighteг,
and Mark is too.
Usе пeifher or not elther if the addition fol|ows
a nеoativеstatеment.
r cегaId didn,t gеt maггiеd.Neither did Maгk.
oR
l Cеrald didn,t get maггiеd.Maгk didn ,t еither.
neithеr,Тhe vеrb сomes beforеthe subjeсt.
l Nеither did Mark. Noт
3. Additions alwaysusе a form of be or an
auxi|iaryverb (be, hovе, da, wlll, or a moda|
verb suсh as can, сould, should, woulф,
a. lf thе statementusеsа form of be, usе a
form of be in the additiontoo.
I l,m a twin, and so is my сousin.
b. lf the statеmentusesan auxiliaryvегb,
usе the samе auxiliaryverb in the addition.
r Cегa|dhad quit his job, and so had Maгk.
I l сan,t dгivе,and nеitherGan my twin.
G. lf thе statemеnthas a verb that usеsdo as
an auxiliaryverb, use the appropriateform
of do in the addition.
r Geraldowns a dog, and so doеs Maгk.
r Cегa|dbought a jеep,and so did Maгk.
4. In сonversation,you сan use short rеsрonses
with sq too, neither, and not elther to agreе
with anotherspeaker.
Usдсt Noтв:|n informalspeeсh,peoplеsay
Me too and Me neither to еxpгesssimilarity
oг agrеemеnt.
A:
B:
A:
Bз
l havе a twin sistеr.
Jo do l. oк l do too.
I don,t havе any bгothersor sistегs.
Nеither do l. oп l don,t eithеr.
A: |,m left-handеd.
B:, Me too.
A: |,venеVerhеardof thеsetwins.
Bz Me neither.
111
ll2
I
unit 26
bеtweеnrеunited twins.Writе T (Truе)
oR tALsEo Reod thеseshort conversotions
тRUE
ar F (Folse)for thе stotementthot followseoch convеrsotion,
l.
Mдвк: I like Chinese food.
Gвпдr,lr: So do I.
т
2.
Gеrald likes Chinese food.
Aшоввд: I don,t want to go out.
Bдввдвд: Nеither do I.
Barbara wants tо gо оut.
3.
Jшдш: I'm not hungтy.
Jодш: I'm not either.
Jоan isn't hungry.
4.
Attгy: I've always felt luсky.
Kвввrв: So have I.
Kerriе has fеlt luсky.
5.
Mrд: I don't eat meat.
Boв: I don't either.
Bob eats meat.
6.
Jrм: Ihaveaheadaсhе.
Brr,r,: I do toо.
Both Jim and Bill have
headaсhеs.
7 . Nonд: I сan't swim.
Drшд: Me neither.
Dina сan swim.
Cнnт: I shouldn't work so muсh.
Touo: Nеither should I.
Todd wants to work less.
9. Jдsoш: I,d like to leave now.
TYr,вв: Me tоo.
Tvler wants to lеave.
сHooslо Сirclе thе corrесtwords to completе this porogroph.
sсhool, I was in Mr. Jaсobs's
Somеtimes bеing a twin сan сausе trouble. In high
tоok a test. I got questiоns 18
history сlass. Neithеr /6}was my brother. one day we
1.
сorreсtly, and
and 20 Wrong. My brother did so / toо. I didn,t spell Constantinoplе
2.
сheated. As a result, I got an F
either / nеither did he. The teaсher was sure we had
3.
my brother. We tried to соnvinсe Mr. Jaсobs of our
on thе test, and so фЧ-Ф
either / too. We finally
innoсenсe, but he didn't believе us. The prinсipal didn't
5.
3 and 10 wrong.
got
items
I
time
This
test.
another
give
us
сonvinсed thеm to
was astоunded. So / Toо was
Guеss what? Neither / So did myu brother. our teaсher
7'
6.
just
amusеd.
were
Wе
the prinсipal. Wе werеn't.
&ddЁtiсэазs .,"тitl"l
sс:, Iос' l'lrit!зrr. arld Ьlоt ёi!!з#t t
o Morto ond СorIсIorе twins. They ogrее on evеrything.Сomplеte thеir
сOfflPLEтE
conversotionwith rеsponsеs.
Mдвтд: I'm so h.ppу we finally found eaсh other.
,T l
Cдвr,д: So
Мдвтд:
. I always felt like something was missing from my life.
1.
So
. I alwavs knew I had a douЬlе somewhere out thеre.
2.
Cдвr,д: I сan't believe how similar we are.
Mдп,тд: Neither
3.
. It's likе always seeing myself in the mirror.
Cдвr,д: Not only do we lоok identiсal, but we like and dislikе all the same things.
Мдп,тд: Right. I hate lеttuсe.
Cдп,r,д: I
And I dеtеst livеr.
4.
Mдвтд: Sо
I louе pizza, though.
5.
Cдвrд: So
But only with tomato and сheesе. I don't like pepperоni.
6.
Мдвтд: Nеithеr
7.
Cдп,I,д: This is amazing! I wonder if our husbands have so muсh in сommon.
Mдвтд:
Me
8.
. Rеod this studеnt,scomposition.Thеrеorе siх mistokesin thе usе of sеntеnce
EDIT
odditions. Find аnd correct them, Thе first mistoke is olrеodу corrесtеd.
My Brother and I
My bгother is just a year oldеr than I am. \AIehave a ]ot of thin$s
in сommon.
iэ he
tr'irst of a11,wе look allke. I am 5, 10 '' , and so hs_is' I havе strai$ht blaсk
hair and dark brown eУes' and so does hе. We shaгe many of the same inteгеsts
too. I lovе to p1ay soссец and he too. Both of us swim eveгy day, but I сan't' dive,
and either сan hе.
Sometimеs bein$ so similaг has its problems. For examplе, last ni$ht I
wanted the 1ast pieсe of сhoсolate сakе, and so doеs he. often I won't feel like
doing the dishes, and neitheг Won't he. Worst of a11,sometimеs I'm interestеd in
dating a сertain sсhoolmatе, and so he is. Howeveц most of the timе I fееl our
similarities
are really nicе. So does my brother.
113
SelfТest
Сirclе the lettеr of the сorrect аnswеr to completе
еoch sеntenсе.
ЕxompIе:
Jennifer never
(А) drink
{B)drinks
{с} is drinking
tD) was drinking
l. Where
(A) does she live
tB)she lives
2.
(A) ЦГhom
(B)Whose
(C) she does live
(D)she lived
lоst this wallet?
(C) Who
(D)Who did
3. You,re Сynthia' ъ
(A) aren't
(B)are
vou?
4. Laura lоves soap operas, and.
(A) Jane does toо
(B)so Jane does
(C)Janе loves tоo
(D)so loves Jane
5. I didn't like sports, and
(A) either did
(B)neither doеs
my brother.
(C) so did
(D)neither did
6. -That isn't Sam, is it?
-No,
. Sam's taller.
(A) it is
tB)it doesn't
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
(с) it wasn,t
(D)it isn't
7. We didn,t eat hеre last week.
(A) didn't
(B)haven't
114
(C) didn't
(D)were
ABсD
8. -Who
-lVlike did.
(A) did give you
(B)did you give
your bike?
9. _Who
-I saw Stefan.
(A) saw you
(B)did you see
at thе paftу?
(с) do
(D)did
wе?
AвсD
ABсD
(C)you gave
(D)gave you
ABсD
(С)you saw
(D)you see
SelfTest
1 0 . -I
(A) Whose
(B)Who's
I
ABсD
hate сabbage.
. I сan,t even look at it.
(A) too
(C) neither
(B)еither
(D)do too
-Me
11.
V
washing the dishes tonight?
(C)Who are
(D)Who does
12. Liam was born in Ireland. but his brother
(A)was
(C)wasn't
(B)didn't
(D)neither was
ABсD
ABсD
тW0
Еoсh sеntеncеhos four undеrlined words or phrаsеs. The four undеrlinеdpаrts
of thе sеntеncеorе marked A, B, С, ond D. Сirclе the lettеr of the onе underlinеd
word or phrose thot is Nor сORREст,
Еxдмptt:
Mikе usually driveg to sсhool, but today he walks.
ABC
D
ABсD
13. This is a good sсhool, wasn't it?
AB
A в с@
сD
14. Wэ went to Stan's holiday party last yeaц hadn't wе?
ABсD
1 5 . Kevin has always been a gтeat student, and so his brother has.
ABсD
16. My sister has never gone skiing, and neither did I.
ABсD
1 7 . Where vou workеd last year when you were going tо sсhool?
ABсD
1 8 . That sign is too small tо read, isn't that?
ABсD
1 9 . English isn't an easy languagе to learn, is it-.
AвсD
20. My parents are both good сooks, and me too.
ABсD
21. Tоm and Fred hadn't been to Florida before then. had he?
ABсD
22. I'm usually right about the wеatheц amn,t !?
ABсD
23. Paul likes Italian food, doesn't Paul?
ABсD
24. Where did theу went }resterday?
ABсD
2 5. Why you сall me so late last night?
ABсD
(D
AB
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
(D
AB
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
115
Ability:
Оan, Could, Be able to
ffiPЙlNт
Сirclе T (True) or F (Folsе).
т
Сircle T (True)or
F (Folse).
F
The father wants to know if
his daughter has permission
to do spreadsheеts.
sTAТЕгvlENTS:сАN/ сoULD
сl]АRтсI/iЕсI(
l
т
F
| Сдtl/Couto* | oг Vвпв
Thе form for
сon and сould
is the samе for
all subjесts.
| BдsвFoпм
|
Suв,вст
l/Hе/Shе/|t/Wе/You/Тhеy
сan (not)
do
spreadshеets
now.
сould (not)
usе
a сomputer|astyеar.
*Can and could arе modals. They
do not havе -s in thе third person singular.
YEs/NoQUEsтloNsз CАN/COULD
li
sHoRт ANSWERS
вдsвl
Сдt't/Couto | 5uв1вст 1 Foпм |
Aггlпмдтlvв
Can
shе
do
thеm?
Could
they
use
o nе?
Yes,
s h ес a n .
thеy сo uld.
II
NвсAтIvE
l
No,
s h ес a n , t .
thеy сo uldn,t.
!UH. QuвSТloNS: сAN/0OULD
l4lн-Woпo I cлtl/Co*, I sury..' | вo,в гoпм |
How well
сl|ARтсl|EсI(
2
-
Сhесk thе corrеct
onswеr.
Whiсh part of be
oble to сhangеs for
diffеrent subjeсts?
л
л
J be
J oble to
116
can
she
do
spгeadshееts?
сould
thеy
usе
a сo mputеr ?
sтAтЕп,tЕNТS:BE АBLE тo
Suв,вст
l ,.
I
am
Hе/Shе/|t
rs
Wе/You/Thеy arе
| л',, 'o
(not) ablе to
| вo'. гoпм |
do
spгеadsheеts'
1y::1чi
S?::'
.?.:у
!!:.Чу.?РI
у..rr.
.:..!.Т7..
...o...l
Сheсk thе correct
onswеr.
In questions with be
oble to, what сomes
before the subjeсt?
st|oRт [NsWЕRs
YES/NO QtUЕsтlo|
NS: BЕ ABLЕ тo
I
сl|ARтсHEсI(
3
Bс' l
|вo'.I
Suв,вст Aвш тo Fonм|
Are
you
ls
she
Aггlпмдтlvв
]
sprеadshееts? Yes,
ablе to do
П a form of be
I
I am.
she I S .
Nвсдтlvв
No,
l'm n ot.
she is n' t.
wH. QUЕsтloNS: BЕ ABLE тo
П u fоrm of oble to
Wн. Woпo | вr I suц.., | л',, 'o | вo'. гoпм |
How wе||
arе
you
ls
she
able to
do
spreadshееts?
ExPREssТHj;i:ii,i!li,,!#,
Сomplеtеthеsеsеntеnсeswith сan or be ablе to. Use onе word for eаch blonk.
A:
she able
B: Yes. she
use a сomputer already?
and shе
type and do spreadsheets too.
p#ewъ
{Ь*'m'ууя
жwж,r #"ж
e**фж%
ffixarтврЕ*s
1. Usе сoп or be oblе to to talk about abi|ityin
thе pгеsent.
r She сan do сomputегgraphiсs.
l She,sab|е to do сomputегgraphiсs.
Usдсr Noтt: ln everydayspeeсh, сon is more
сommon than be oble to in thе oresenttense.
2. Use еithеr сould or wаs/were oblе to to ta|k
about abi|itv(but not a spесifiсaсhiеvemеnt)in
the past.
about a speсifiсaсhievementor a singIeevent in
the oast.
Usе еithеr could or wos/were oble to in
nеgativеsentеnсesabout past abi|ity.
3. For forms and tensesother than thе prеsеntor
past, use be oble to.
l Sami сould read whеn he was fouг.
r Не was ablе to usе a сomputегtoo.
Noт
r | сouldn,t win the Math Pгize|astyеaг.
l l wasn,t able to do onе pгob|еm.
r Jenwantsto bе ablе to write pгograms.
(infinitivе)
l By Juneshe will be ablе to сomplete hеr
сomputеr с|ass.(future)
118
r
ltnit 27
o Rеod port of on orticle obout some tolеntеd Young businеsspeople.
IDENтIFY
Undеrline the words thot exprеss obility.
numЬеrof youngpеoplеhave Lеibowitz,Was ab|е to sеI] two softwаrе
д surprising
Wеb-basеd Programswhеn hе wаs fourtееn.Hе mаde
Ё\ b."n аblеto сrеatesuссеssful
js Sаm $30,000on the deаI and now Jay runs his
ьu,i*,*,. o* y*,щ entrеprеnеur
Roberts.Sаm сou]d dеsign Wеb
own Wеb sitе. Dan Finleywrjtеs
Wrв
Buslшвssrs
whеn
hе
was
but
hе
rеviеws of neW softwаrе. He
еight,
Pagеs
TOR
TUN
got his breаk аt twе]vеwhеn a
startedhis businеssаt sixtееn.A
AND PRotlт
writеrhirеd him to dеsignа Wеb
ful|-t]mе
сollеgestudеnt,Dan сan
site. Sam,sfirst businеssfа]lеdbесausеhe Pay a staff of writеrsand still еаrn $500 a
and his partnеrWеrеn,tаble to gеt along. month. Althoughthey аll mаkе money, all
Howеver,his nеw businеss,Webman,is up thrее stаrtеdout to have fun аt thеir hoЬЬy,
and running.
Anothеryoungbusinessman,
Jay not to makеa profit.
o Reod еoch description,Complete it with o nomе from the orticlе.
с0ILPIEтЕ
Jaу
1.
sold softwarе progтams at thе age of fourteеn.
2.
didn't agree with his partner.
3.
earns money reviеwing softwarе.
4.
was able tо dеsign a Web page for a writer.
o Rеаd theseporogrophs, Сomplete thеm with can, сould, or be able to.
с0ILPLЕтE
Useсan or сould when possible.Сhoosеbetwееnoffirmotiveаnd negotive.
cou|dn'|
l. Stefan is enioying his сomputer сlass. Two wеeks ago, he
usе the mousе. but now he
еven
еdit his homеwork. Bv next week" he
do researсh on thе Internet.
2. Eleni misses her family in Greесе. She
visit them for vеars. but
they just got an e-mail aссount, so now they
3. I
keep in touсh daily.
understand how to set up a presentation. The software
instruсtions dоn't hеlp. I think I,11take a profеssional development соursе. In a fеw
months maybе I
4. Mike and I
make that prеsentation.
get alоng sinсе we startеd this business. He
work alone (he nееds peoplе), and I
group (I have to work alone). I hope we
work in a
work out our problems soon.
Ability:
Оarl, Ооtl|tl, 8е able tо l
о Reod this odvertisemеnt.Сompletе it with thе oppropriote form of <an,
с0ILPLEтE
сould, or bе ablе to plus the vеrbsin pаrenthеsеs.Usе can or сould when possiblе,
WItL B. HAPPY'
Profession
а| Ilеaelopmеnt
Coшrses
TimеManagemеnt Prеsentations CarеerDevelopmеnt Теamwork
Were
Think about your last presentation:
уou
you -
able to ?rePare
1. (preparе)
2. (сommuniсate)
Will B. Hаppу@ hu, hеlpеd othеrs, and he
on timе?
your idеas?
YoUl
3.ф"lp)
..BеforеI
took Will B. Happy's сoursе, my work was always late bесausе
4. (follow)
5. (deсide)
a sсhеdulе. I also had big piles on my dеsk bесausе I
what was important. Now I
еffесtivеly. Nеxt month, when my workload gets hеa*, I
and do thе important things first.''
..I
didn't usе to
my timе
6. (mаnagе)
,. '*.
-Sсott Mаthis' student
in front of groups. Now I сan!''
8. (spеak)
-Mаrу
Zhаng, sаIes mаnаger
ЕDIT.Reod this student,sjournol. Find ond сorrеctsevenmistokеsin еxpressingobilitу.
The first mistoke is аIrеodуcorrected.
Lo
p-еo-p|e]s,;]d
when,|сo
j
r м
-
-
.w ,
'
I.,-.
.
ge,tan,Аtor |he,сourse"bиt
an'd'did,n't
аblеtо,work,е"ffiсient|у')
с'o"иld
it was hard.Ican,
do a |of more a|one"but somе jobs are foo big toг ,fhat,Оur"in,st.ruсIor
,,sаtzs,.f-hat
,s,a,an',
|19
Permission:
MaУ,Can, Could,
Do УoU mind if . . .?
lihink
I h a v ee o m a l h i n qi n
mУ aуo' Сou|d I take t,he
LrэN t,omorrow?
жPЙINт
Сhеck thе sеntеncеthot dеscribеswhot,s
hoppеning in the сortoon.
rr@tt
{,.'v
1"fl
сI|ARTсl|Eсl(l
Сheck thе corrеct
onSwer.
Whiсh modal is used
in quеstiоns but NoT
in short answers
about pеrmission?
LJ
сon
[l
could
ть" student wants to know if his еye
will be bеtter tomorrow.
t
ть" studеnt is asking the tеaсhеr to
allow him to takе the test tomorrоw.
QUESТloNS:MAY/сAN/сOULD
MдY/Cдtl/Collto*l su,l..,
May
Can
Could
I Bяsв Foпм oг Vвпв
l/wе/hе/shе/itlthеy start
sHoRт ANSWERS
lI
Aггlпмдтtvв
Yes,
may,
can.
youlhe/shelitltheу
шЕGAтlvE
No,
сI/IARт
с'|EсI(2
QUЕsтloNS: Do YoU MIND IF . . . ?
СirсIe T (Truе)or
F (FoIsе),
lF I suщ..'
Do vouI|l|tND
т
т
r20
F
F
now?
*Moу, can, ar'd could are modals. Thеy do not havе -s in the third person singular.
[З moy
-t
t
After Do уou
mindif...?
thе verb is the
same for all
subjeсts.
Do you mind if
The answer
fVot ot oll gives
permission.
Suqвст
I v.*"
l/wе/they start?
hе/shе/it
starts?
you/hе/shе/itlthеy
s}|oRт ANSWERS
Aггlпмдтlvв | Nвсдтlvв
No t at all.
No,ldon't. lYes, ldo.
sтAТЕlt,|ЕNTS:M AY/ cAN
l/He/Shе/|t/Wе/You/Тhеy
| мдY/сдн l вo,. Foпм
may (not)
сan (not)
may not.
Gan't.
start.
EXPRESS
Сirсlе thе сorrеctwords to сompletеthis сonvеrsotion.
A: Do you mind if he hеlp / helps me with my homework?
B: Not at all / Yes I do. He сan help / helps УoЦ, but you should do most of thе work.
1. Use moу, сould, and сon to ask for peгmission.
I Мay I сall you nеxt Friday?
r Co uI d W е usе o uг diсtio naгiеs?
l Can hе сo me to с|assw ith mе?
Usдсв Noтв: Moу is a littlе morе forma|than
con and сould.
r May l lеavе the гoom, ProfеssorLее?
refеrto the presеntor thе future.When you usе
it is not past tensе
could to ask for p.еrmission,
Тhе tеst startsat 9:00 д.м.
B: Сеrtain|y.
2. Wе often saуpleose whеn wе ask for
Рermissio1'Note the possib|еword orders.
r CouId l ask a quеstion,pleose?
r Could I plеoseask a question?
yrэu rrrint!if | с|еanup tomorrow?
3. Use Do you mind if . . . / to ask foг peгmission A: ffiEз
whеn your aсtion might bothеrsomеonе.
B: Yеs,aсtua|ly,I do mind. l hatе to sее a mеss.
Do уou mind if . . , l givespermissionto do
somеthing.I| mеans, lt,s ОK, l don,tmind
4. Usе moy or сon in answеrs.Do not usе сould.
B: Not аt аlI.
(Youmaу lеovethe room)
A: СouId I borrow this pеnсi|?
B: Yеs,of сoursеyou can.
Noт Yesaэu<et**
Noт }*eaэu+q1n*
We often use polite exprеssions instеadof
modals to answer requеstsfor pеrmission.
5. йl;. pеop|е."f.,," p.,-i,,ion, they often
oivе an apo|oovand an еxp|anation.
lf the rulеsare vеry сlеar,someonеmay rеfusе
without an apo|ogyor еxp|anation.
A: Could | с|osethе window?
Bз Sure,
СеrtainIу.
Ga ohеod.
No, pleo don,t. t,5hot in heге.
,s,е
A: Сan l pteasehuu. u titttu'or.. time?
B: l,m sorrv' but thе time is uo'
Dпlvвп:Сan I park hеrе?
oгrIсвв: No, you сon,t,
|22
l
LЛnit 28
C Еаch rеquеstfor pеrmissiongoеs with o rеsponsе.Motch еаch rеquеstwith thе
Il|Aтсl|
corrеct responsе,
Requеst
d
Responsе
1. Мay We сome in now?
a. No, you сan,t. It,s a bus stop.
2, Could I see your tiсkеts, plеase?
b. Not at all. Thеrе's plenty of time.
3. May I plеase speak to Harry?
G. Sure they сan. Wе havе room.
4. Could they сome with us?
d. Yes, you may.The test starts soon.
5. Can I park hеre?
e. I'm sorry, hе,s nоt in.
6. Do you mind if I havе more tea?
t. Certainly. Here thеy are.
o Mr. Hamod is supervisingo tеst,Сompletе his conversotionswith his
с0ILPIEтE
students.Use o pronoun plus thе сorrect form of thе words in porеnthеsеsond
short onswers.
Could we come
Aнмвo:
into the tеst roоm now?
l. (Сould / сomе)
certainlу
Mв. H: Yes,
. Please show your rеgistration fоrm
aS you сomе rn.
Soгrд: My brother isn't taking thе test.
3. (Do you mind / stаy)
room with me?
Mв. H: Yes,
in the
Sorry, only people with tiсkets arе
4.
pеrmitted inside.
Rosд:
a pеn to writе my name on the tеst
5. (Мay/ use)
booklet?
Mв,. H: No,
. You must use a penсii. And everyonе
please remembeц
Rosд: Jamie.
Jдшrrю:
Mв. H: oK.
7. (сan,t / start)
this penсil? I only brought a pеn.
8. (do you mind if / borrow)
9.
. Take it. I brought a few.
10.(".Ф,/
"pе.D
instruсtions now.
Jвдш: I,m late beсause mv train broke down.
Mв.H:*o,
the tеst until I tеll vou to.
your test booklets and read the
1l. (Сan / сomе)
We've alrеady started the test.
in?
Рermissiоnz
f\,4aу.Can, Ооuld, Dо уоtl tпirзd if . . . ? l
АSК. Lucу ond Сorl orе going to o concert,Rеod еoch situotion,Writе questionsto osk
for pеrmission. Usе the words in porеntheses.
1. Carl wants his friеnd Bob to сome.
Do уou mind if oob comeэ?
Cдвr.: I have an extra tiсket.
(Do you mind if)
2. Carl wants to use Luсy's phone to сall Bob.
Cдвr,: Great. I'll сall him right now.
(СouId)
3. Carl wants to park in front of thе stadium.
Wе're going to thе сonсert, offrсer.
Cдвl:
(Mау)
4. Luсy, Bob, and Carl want to move up a few rows. Bob asks an usher.
Boв: All those sеats are empty.
5. Carl wants to tape the сonсert. Luсy asks the ushe, n,.,...o"'o,
Luсy: My friеnd brought a tapе reсordеr.
(Сan)
6. Luсy hates the musiс. She wants to leavе.
Luсy: This musiс is giving mе a headaсhe.
(Do you mind if)
EDIT.This exerciseis similor to port of thе тoEFL@.Find the mistаkе in eoch itеm
ond fill in thе spocе thot corrеspondsto the lеttеr of thе incorrесt word or phrosе,
Thеngo one step bеyond the тoЕFL@ond correctthe mistаkе,
come
l. Can he со+деs on the train with me or doеs he need a tiсket?
AB
CD
2. I'm sorry, he сouldn,t. only passеngers сan board thе train.
AB
СD
3. Could I сhanged seats with you? I'd like to sit next to my son.
ABСD
4. Yes, you сould. Go right ahеad. I'm getting оff soon.
ABCD
5. Mom, may I to have Some сandy? I'm hungтy.
ABсD
6. No, you mayn't. I'm sorry, but you've alrеady had enough сandy.
ABСI)
7. Do you mind if hе play his сomputеr game?
ABСD
Ф
(D
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
Ф@@@
Ф@@@
Ф
@
Ф@@@
8. Yes, I do . He сan Pщy if hе wants. It won,t bothеr me.
@@@@
9. I'm still hungтy. Can we,ll get a sandwiсh soon?
Ф@@@
ABсD
ABСD
l o. Not at all . We сan go find the сlub сar.
АiJсD
@@@@
|23
Requests:
Will, Can, Would, Could,
Would you mind . . ?
"... .i POINT
Сhесkthе сorreсtonswеr,
The businеssman is
t
giving an оrdеr'
П asking someonе tо dо sоmething.
П asking fo. infоrmation.
'Miss
Flеrningи,ottdpuminddiаlfu 9IIfor mе?,'
сlIАRтсI]EсI(
I
Noтв:911 is thе emergеnсytеlephonе
numberin thе United States
and Canada.
QUЕsтloNSz WILL/ сAN/wou LD/ сo ULD
Сirсlе T (Truе)or
F (FаIsе).
Wttt/Cдtt/
l
lBдsвFoпм
Wouto/Couto* l Suв,вст l oг Vвпв
т
wiш
F
You сan use
would and
сould in
questiоns but
NOT in short
answers to
requеsts.
Can
Would
Could
thisfo r mе?
*These words are modals. They do not havе -s in thе third person
singular.
but | сan,t.
Would you mind
124
thisfo г mе?
ПддЬ
Flequestsz
s}|oRтANsWЕRs
сI]ARTсIIEсK
2
Сhеck thе correct
onswer.
Aггlпмдтlvв
No, notat all.
|,db е g |adto .
Not ot oll mеans:
ЁloK
Will, Carэ, Wotl|d, Cоtl|сl' Wоdd УОu {ninСl , ^. ? l
Пno
NЕGAтlvE
l
l,m sorry,but l сan,t.
EхPREssr;"f;:;::Z,,ff,;j
Сomplеtе this convеrsotion.
A:
you mind filing these reports now?
B:
at all.
A: Thanks. And
B: Sorry, but I
you answеr the phone, please?
. Mv hands arе full.
&жmwwнуж
жwЖжp*
ewъ
ffiж&#
жs;
Жжж*r:вryf,'ж*
1. Use will, con, would, and сould to ask somеonе
t o do so m e t h i n g .
Wе oftеn use will and сon foг informalrеquеsts. Slsт:п: Will you answеr thе phonе?
Can you turn down thе TV?
Wе usе would and could to makе requеsts
morе polite.
Boss: Wou|d you typе this геport?
сould you makе tеn сopiеs?
2. Wе aIso use pleose with will, сon, wo|Ild, and
сould to make the requestevеn more polite.
Notе thе word ordеr.
l Could уou pleose с|osethе door?
oR
r Could you с|osethе door, plеose?
3. Wе also use Would you mind + gerund
(withoutpleasе)to make polite геquеsts.
A: Would you miпd waiting for a fеw minutеs?
Mr. Caгasis stiIIat a mееting.
'.
i:rr",|,,'j! ,,',
Note that a negativе answer meansthat you
wi|Ido what thе pеrsonrеquеsts.
4. Pеoplеusuallyеxpесt us to say уes to politе
гequеsts.Whеn We Cannot say yes, Wе usual|y
apologizeand givе a rеason.
answer polite геquests.
A: Could you takе this to SusanLanе,soffiсе
for mе?
Bi l,m sorrу| l сon,t. |,m еxpесtingan important
p h o n ес a l l .
B: Сertoinlу.
Noт#еalr*ret*d.
|25
,
126 r unit 29
' r . . . . . . . o . . . o o . . . . . . . . . . О . . . . .
o Morcio hos o new co-workеr.Reod their conversаtions,LLndеrlineаll the
iDENтIFY
po|ite requеsts,
1. MдвсIд: Hi. You must bе the new offiсе assistant. I'm Marсia Jones. Lеt me know if
you neеd anything.
Loвшд: Thanks, Marсia. Could you show me the сoat сloset?
Мдвсlд:
2.
Certainly. It's right ovеr herе.
Loвшд: Marсia, would you eхplain thesе instruсtions for the fax maсhine?
MдвсIд: Sure. Just put your letter in hеre and dial thе number.
3. Mдвсrд: I,m leaving for lunсh. Would you like to сome?
Loвшд: Thanks, but I сan't right now. I'm really busy.
Mдвсrд: Do you want a sandwiсh from thе сoffеe shop?
Loвшд: That would be gтeat. Can you gеt me a tuna sandwiсh and a soda?
Mдnсrд: Sure. Will you answer my phone until I get baсk?
Loвшд: Certainly.
4. Mдвсrд: Lorna, would you mind making Some сoffеe?
Loвшд: I'm sorry, but I сan,t do it now. I've got to finish this lеtter before 2:0О.
снaasEo Lorno,s roommote,lono, is hoving problеms todoу. Сheck the oppropriote
rеsponsеto еoch of lono,s rеquests.
1. Lorna, would you pleasе drive mе tо сlass today? My сar won't start.
a.
Yes, I would.
b.
,/
I'd bе glad to.
2. Would you mind lеnding me five dollars? I'm getting paid tomorrow.
a.
Not at all.
b. _
Yes.
3. Lоrna, сan you takе thеsе books baсk to the library for mе? I'm running late.
a.
I'm late too. Sorry.
b.
No, I сan't.
4. Could you loсk thе door on your Way out? My hands are full.
a.
Yes, I сould.
b.
Sure.
5. Can you turn thе radio down? I nеed to study for my math qtiz this morning.
a.
Certainly.
b.
Not at all.
6. Will you piсk up some milk on the way homе this aftеrnoon?
a.
I{o, I won't.
b.
Sorry. I'11be at work until 8:00.
yj,j'.
?.1:
:.Y.?у!!
:.??.Ч,9.'
.Y?.Ч'9.
у.2Y
...:...?..:..!.?7..
.oo.....
3:.?.ч:.:l:...
.:i:.Ч
o Use thе oppropriote imperotivе from the box to complеtе
сIll00sEANDсOII/iPIEIE
pIease
whеn possible,аnd moke onу nеcеssаrуchongеs.
thesеrequеsts.Use
Buy some сerea|.
Fi|ethese reports.
1. gun
Call baсk latеr.
Shut the door.
уou ?|eaeea|oэеthe window?
2. Could
It's freezing in here.
I'vе finishеd rеading them.
It's toо dark in hеre.
3. Would vou mind
4. will
М
Тurn on thе lights.
Wе don,t havе anv left.
s. Could
Ms. Cho is on another сall right now.
6. Would
There's too muсh noisе in the hall!
EDIT.Reod theserequеstsfrom Morcio,s bossond Morcio,sonswers(in dork print),
Find ond corrеct six mistokеsin moking ond responding to rеquеsts.Thе first mistoke
is olrеodу corrеctеd,
Suвi: Sa|esMeeting-Rep|y
D д т в : 0 4 - 1 1 - 0 з1 2 : 1 4 : 3Е9S Т
Fвoм: MarсiaJones@dataIine.сom
Тo:
JohnSanсhez@dataline.сom
AnnOhen@data|ine.сom
CC:
>>><JohnSanсhez@data|ine.сom>
04l11/0310:37am>>>
p|eaэeca||
The meetingsare goingwel|but they have been extendeda day'Cou|dyou eа{+f{eаs.P
our sales meeting?
Doug Rogersto try to resсhedu|e
Not at all. I'll do it right away.
We'|lneed threeeхtraсopiesof the month|ysales report.Wou|dyou ask Ann to takeсare
of that?
Yes, I would.(Ann-Could you do this?)
I hateto ask, butwouldyou mindto workon Saturday?We'llneedthe extratimeto go over
I'vegotten.
the new information
Sorry,but I сouldn't.My in.laws are сoming for a visit. But Rob Lin says he can сome
in to the offiсe to help out.
one |astthing.l was goingto piсkup thosenewbusinessсards,butI won'tbe baсkin time.
Wouldyou minddoingthatfor me?
Yes, l would. l'll stop at the printer'sduring my lunсh break.
Adviсe:
Should, Оught to,
Had better
I r ea||уdo n,N
mind etar tinq at Nhe
botbom anА working mу
waу to tha |op,
EMPLaVMЕшт
WPulNт
Сheсk the correct onswer,
П тьe interviewеr is suggesting a
typе ofjob for the appliсant.
t
sтAтEп,lЕNт |з SH0ULD/0UGHт тo/t|AD BE1rтЕR
с'llARTсI|EсI(l
Сirclе T (Truе) or
F (Fаlse).
т
F
ought,to conэider
a job ao an davaNor
тьe interviewеr is telling the
appliсant how to be suссessful.
The same form
of the verb
follows should,
ought to, and
hod better.
тo/ | BдsвFoпм
Sнouto/oUGI]т
Hдo всттсn*
| oг Vвпв
Suв,вст
should (not)
|/Hе/Shе/Wе/You/Тhеy ought to
had bеttеr (not)
look
fo r a nеw .io b.
*Shou|d ar,d oшght to are modals. Had better is similar to a modal.
These forms do not havе .s in the third person singular.
Noтв: For сontraсtions of should not and had bettеr,seе Appendtх 24 on pagе 346.
сI]EсK
2
сI]АRт
Сheсk the сorrect
onswеr.
In questions about
adviсe,we usually use:
A
should
YЕs/No QUЕSTIONS:
S'TOULD
l'
|
| Bдsв
SнoutoISuв,встlFoпм
Should
I
hе
look?
Ё1 ought to
s}|oRТ ANSWERS
Il
AгrlпмдтIvв
Yes,
you
he
should.
шEGAтlvE
No,
you
hе
v|lW-QUЕsтloNS: J}|oUtD
Ёl hod better
lll
Wн. Woпo | SнouroI Suqвст | BлsвFoпм |
Whеre
128
s h o u ld
I
hе
look
foг a nеw job?
shouldn't.
Adviсe:
Shоttld, Оttght to' Наd bettеr
l
EхPREssжжж
Сomplеtethis conversotion,
A: Thеy'rе looking for a сashier at MсDonaldЪ.
B:
I apply for thе job?
. You сan get more money working at
, УoЦ
the bookstorе.
& ra rв*ыт'ta
r ffiкрЕ *иа&Ёогъg
Еxarжр**s
1. Usе should and ought to to say that somеthing
is advisable.
l Maгio should find a nеw job.
r H е o ught to r еad thе hе|pw antеdads.
UsдсвNoтв:We do not usuallyusе thе negativе
of oughtto in AmeriсanЕngIish.Wе usе
shouldn't instead.
2. Usе hod better foг uгgent adviсе-whеn you
bе|iеvеthat somеthingbad wi||happen if thе
pеrsondoеs not fo|lowthе adviсe.
r He shouldn,t quit sсhool.
NoтсoммoN@
l You,d bеtter leavе now, or уou,ll be lote.
Usдсп Noтв:Wе usua|lyusе the сontraсtionfor
hodbe t tе r ,
r You,d bеttеr app|yfoг more than onе job.
No т@
Тhе nеgativeof hod bеttеris hod better not.
r You,d bettеr not bе latе.
Noтffi
prеsеntor the futuгe,nеVerto the past (еvеn
though it usesthе word hoф.
r You,d better сall thеm baсk tomorrow.
3. Use shoиld for quеstions.Wе do not usuallyusе
oughtto or hod bеtterfoг questions.
r Should l apply for that job?
r Whеn should I apply?
4. lt is usua|lyсonsiderеdimpolitеto give
adviсе to pеoрlе of equal or highеr status
(suсh as friendsor bossеs)unlessthey ask for it.
Fпltшo:Should l shakе handswith thе
intеrvieweг?
You: Yеs,you should.
Bo ss: W hеr еsho uld l take o ur с|iеntto |unсh?
Yo u: l thinkyo u sho uld go to thе ТusсanCгill.
Whеn wе give unasked-for
adviсe,we often
softеn it with moуbe, perhops, or l think'
l
Муra, moуbе you ought to apply foг this,iob.
PпoшuшсlдпoшNoтв
ought to is often pгonounсed,,oughta,,in informa|spеeсh.Do not write oughtо.
|29
13o
l
Ugъlt 3o
READo Look ot thesejob sеorch tips.
o You should tell all your friends that you are looking for a job.
r You'd better not quit your present job before you find a new one.
о You shouldn't tell your boss that you are looking for a new job.
о You ought to apply for several jobs at onсe.
о You shouldn't immediately ask an interviewеr about job benefits.
о You should always give the interviewer aссurate salary informatiоn.
ANswERо Сheck thе things thаt ore ОK to do occording to thе tips.
1. И tetl.your friends about your job searсh
4. П lea,.e your jоb during your searсh
2. П t"tt your boss about your jоb searсh
5. П apply for several jobs at onсe
3. П ask about job benefits right away
6. П tеtt the intеrviewer your real salary
сl]00sEo Rеаd this odvice for job sееkеrs.Сomplete it with thе corrесt words.
R e ade r ЪW e e k l y V o |u m eI l ,|s s u e2 3
T
or nееd a nеwjob? \Ahеn's thе bеst timе to start looking? Right now!
,d
.
''
bet,ter not.
you,ll start to fееl ..stuсk.
уou
dеlay. or you'll
dеlaи
'd
^ T"'
v
v
1. (oughtto /
b e t t e rn o t )
Thеse tips will hеlp:
э A lot of pеoplе wait шntil aftеr thе holidays to look for ajob. Тhat mеans lеss соmpеtition for
you гight now. You
2 . ( s h o u l d n ' t/ s h o u l d r
wait!
с Too btrsy at work to sсhеdulе intегviеws? Еarly morning intегviеws havе Геwеr intеrruptions.
You
,d
3 . ( s h o u | d/
b е t t е rn o t )
э If уou arе laid off. y<lu
ask for intеr.r,iеwsbеforе ninе o'сloсk.
4 . ( , d b е t t e r/ s h o u l d n , t )
takе a lolvег-payirrgjob jtrst to
gеt woгk. If your nеw salary is loщ your еmPloyеr Won't apprесiatе yollr skills. If possiblе, you
5 . ( , d b е t t е rn o t / s h o u | d )
.- Howеvеr' monеy isn't еvеlything! You
ask for a salary that matсhеs your skills.
,d
6. (ought|o l
b е t t е rn o t )
takе a position
with a сompany you dislikе, or you Won't do a good job thеrе'
.} Don't иlk about salary too soon. You
thе job and talk about your skills first.
7 . ( , d b е t t е r/ s h o u l d n , t )
wait-lеarn
about
Adviсe:
Stзоt.tld,Осtght tО' lad
Lleffеr l
o Kim Yее,sbosshos invitеd him to dinnеr ot his homе. Сomplеte Kim,s
сOI|PIETE
conversotionwith his friеnd.Use should, ought to, or had bеtter ond thе words
in pаrenthesеs.Сhoose bеtwееnаffirmotivе ond nеgotivе,
Krм:
How эhou|dI dreээ?
In a suit?
1. (How / drеss?)
Sсoтт: You don,t have to wear a suit.
2 . ( | o o k/ n e а t )
but vou сan Wear сasual сlothes.
Кrм:
3. (Whattimе / arrivе?)
Sсoтт: It,s really important to be on time. Your boss and his wife are expeсting you
at 7:00.so
It's oK tо be a little
4. (arrivе aftеr 7:15)
late, but don't make them wait too long for you!
Krм:
5. (bringa gift?)
Sсoтт: Yes, but get something small.
6 . ( b u y a n е x p е n s i v еg i f t )
It would embarrass thеm.
Krм:
Sсoтт: I think
7 . ( W h a tl b u у ? )
8. (get some flowеrs)
ЕDIT.Reod this lettеr,Find ond corrеct six mistаkеsin expressingodvicе.
The first mistokе is olrеodу corrесtеd,
Dиr Soщ
Wе,аrе,'0 hАf.Ру to |шаr а"boиtуoorttшrjob. сoчrаtot/лtt"ottslJи,rtroLИД44,ber-/o'|,
s/шц/trntХtnr/c too hдrd,. Tho уи"ostit,и'oоrtа^t,tt
щ
'aш шttr tsуot,u sclшol,оtnrk,,
,lllауboуo*oфoryhtnшork,h,ndлуsnшukoklлtИl,oftfu*.Аko, иnttriлkуooud,
bottu а,s|cуottr
boss
'f м*э
for th,Иo,
stф
oха,'|4Б,
ТhАt tпу уoш|/hfuoPlol4ryof thаэ и
YoшиloиИ, b*tu ghto tЙtk ш tюtof cмф'|'"з|n,
ofуoиrsф Yoц,d,п"otbеttu stауt shppф
OK? Pl"eа;otа"kэ7ood,саlo
LИРАh,алl,уou,.dфltф
sh"oиllnt иrorkpl,
bеttuget ш7oooL
Аtуoиr а!Ч уot,t,{1}i/,1,
ф|'t'' s|му Doуot,t,nеaj,ryщ
"t ч|'t.
sh,И,|tr,
оtlosш^оL
fo* h"orиp?
ry ofуouу boohsrLet tt,skл"oиr.
WЁ/1,|о,,o,
j,iot,и,аJ4d Dal,
131
Suggestions:
Could,Whуdon,t.'.?,
Whynot...?,Let's,
Howabout..
?
Let's Travel!
Going to Germ anу?
Why not stay at a youth hostel?
How
about
a magnifiсent one
WWffiPOINT
like Аltena Castle? A|tena is a|so
Circle T (True)or F (Folsе).
fun and сheap. So, why don't
you make
т
our castle your home?
сHARTсl]EсI(I
Сheck the corrеct
onswer.
Thе verb after could,
whу don,t, why not,
or let's
t
сhanges for
different subjeсts.
П does not сhangе for
different subjeсts.
(Mлvвс) | su'l..,
| сouro- | вo,. гoпм |
(Maybe)
l/he/she/we/you/theyсould
stay
in a сast|e.
*Could is a modal. It does not havе -s
in thе third person singular.
WHYDON'T...?
wнY I ootr,т | Suryвст
why
| вo,. гoпм |
don't
|/wе/you/thеy
d o е s n ,t
hе/she
stay
wнY'vor.,.?
Why not
stay
Ltт,s(Noт) вo'. гoпм
|
|
there?
сIIARтсHEсl(2
нowAB0Uт,.,?
Сircle T (Truе)or
F (FoIsе).
How ABIUт | свпuшo/Nouш|
т
How about
1..32
Let's (not)
I
staying
a сastlе?
in a сastle?
LEт,s
WнYшor i BдsвFoпм ;
Suggestions
with How
аbout. . . ?
have only
one form.
The ad wants to
know *hy many
pеople don't stay
at youth hostels.
COULD
-ll
F
F
in a сastle?
stay
thеre.
l
Whуnоt'..?'Let's,Ноwabout'".?
s ш g g e s t * с r n g э О r s t , l l d , W l . l у c о r s ' t ?' ,' ^
o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
o
o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
o
a
o
o
a
o
a
a
a
a
a
o
o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Т##A#:д'
Ex,PREss
Add thе corrесtpunctuotion.
Lеt,s take the train
Maybe wе сould takе the train
Why not take the train
How about the train
gжжr Жжp#effi eжfl'*wж#
& жжwwa
ЖжжжpГ.*ж
1. Use letЗ, (Moуbe)... could, Whу don,t/
doesn,t, Whу not, and How about to
makе suggestions.
A:
B:
A:
B:
Lеt,s take a trip this summeг.
Maybe we сould go to Gегmany.
Why don,t wе ask Lukеto go with us?
Go o d idea.W hy do esn,t Тo m сall him
to night?
A: Why not сall him right now?
B: How about staying at a youth hostе|?
A: How about Altena Castle?
Whу don,t/doesnt to make a suggestion,these A: Why don,t you visit ,li||in Hong Kong?
B: Тhat,sa good idеa.
arе not informationquestions.Тhе
exprеssions
soеakеr
-l-_-... doеs not еxoесtto rесеivеinformation
|шгoпмдтtoш
Quвsтtoш
from the Iistener.
A: Why don,t you еat mеat?
B: BесauseI ,m a vegetar ian.
2. Let,sa|waysinсludesthe spеaker.|t mеans:
Here,so suggestionfor уou ond me.
l Lеt's go to Hong Kong.
(l suggеstthat wе go to Hong Kong.)
3. Notе the different forms to use with
theseexprеssions.
BдsгFoпм oг тнг Vгпв
l Lеt,s to&e the tгain.
r Maybe wе сould to&e the train.
l Why don,t we toke thе train?
r Why not tofte the train?
cвкuш oo к No uш
l How about toking thе tгain?
r How about thе troin?
4, Notiсe the punсtuation at thе end of еaсh
kind of suggestion.
Sтдтгмгштs
l Lеt,s stay at a hostеI.
r Maybe wе сould stay at a hostе|.
Quвsтloшs
r Why don,t wе stayat a hostel?
r Why not stayat a hostel?
r How about stayingat a hostel?
l How about a hostе|?
o
a
a
o
a
133
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
134
r
Unit 3't
o Еmilу ond Megon orе visiting Hong Kong, Rеod their convеrsotion,Undеrline
iDENтIFY
oll the suggestions.
Eмrr-y: Whv don't we gо tо the raсes? I hear they're really exсiting.
Mвсдш: I'd likе to, but I need to go shopping.
Eмrr.y: Then let's gо to the Temple Streеt Market tonight. We might even seе some
Chinesе opera in the streеt whilе we're there.
Мвсдш: That sounds like fun. If wе do that, why not gо to the raсеs this aftеrnoon?
Eмrr,у: oK, but let's get somеthing to eat first in onе of those floating restaurants.
Mвсдш: I don,t think we'll have time. Maybe we сould do that tomorrow. Right now, how
abоut getting dim sum at the Kau Kee Rеstaurant nеxt door? Thеn we сould
takе the Star Ferry to Hong Kong Island and the raсeсourse.
Eмrr.y: Sounds good. Here's an idea fоr tomorrow. Why not take one of those small
boats-h aido-to
Lantau Island? When wе сome baсk. we сould have dinner at
the Jumbo Palaсе.
Mвсдш: Lеt's do that. It,s a little eхpensive, but at least it floats!
o Read thеseconversotions,Сomplete them with the oppropriotе еxpression
сOIЛPLЕтE
in porеnthеsеs,
l. A: I feel like having seafood for dinneц but we went to Tai Pak for seafood last night.
nol
Why
Wnynot
B:
go again? Thе food's gтeat, and so is thе view.
(Why not / Let's not)
2. Az I'm rеallv tirеd.
resting before Wе go out?
(Let's / How about)
B: That's a good idea. I'm tired too.
3. A: I want to eхplore downtown Hong Kong.
B:
(Let,snot / Why don,t wе)
takе a minibus? We,ll see a lot morе that way.
4. A: A gтoup of foreign students just сheсked in at thе hostel.
B:
(How about / Мaybе wе сou|d)
ask them to join us for dinnеr.
5. A: I still need to buv somе souvenirs before we leavе.
B:
(Lеtъ/ F|.Э*
aboug
go shopping aftеr dinnеr.
6. A: I don,t want to go homе tomorrow. I'm having a really good time herе.
B: So am I.
(Let's not / Why not)
lеave tоmorrоw.
Bц-.
--
,.:.\?!'.".,.?.?у.1??.!!.'.,.:.?...
.........
.l.19.
?.,.Y!I:.?.,.,....
?.?у!1:.Y:у.!?,:.l;....
Эу.gg:.::i.o..1:...
o Reod thеsеconversotions.Сomplеtе the suggеstionswith phroses
сlt00sEa сOIЛPLETE
from the box. Add pronouns ond chongе the vеrbs os nеcеssorу.Punctuotе corrеctlу.
take a trip together
go to the bеaсh
l.
try that new sеafоod plaсe
buy anothеrone
@*icК
A: Thеre,s an oasis сonсert at the Hong Kong Convention Centre next weekend.
B: We'rе near thеre now. Maybe
we could buу ticketэ,
2. A: It's going to be hot tomorrow.
B: I know. How about
3 . A: Swеaters are on Sale. Maybe We сould buy onе for Brian's birthday.
B: We got him a swea ter last year. Let's not
4. A: I don't know what to do on spring vaсation. I'm siсk of staying in thе dorm.
B: Me too. Whv don't
5 . A: I'm hungтy.
B: Lеt,s
EDIT.Rеod thesenotеs, Find ond corrеctsevеn mistokesin thе use of suggеstions,
Thе first onе is olrеodу correctеd.Don,t forget to cheсk punctuotion.
3:00
tmtу
l,m qoiп,qshoppiпg,t,|lbe bасk аt
eal
5:00,Lrts йe,'g аt 7:00,oK?
Мe3аи
Еmi|у
4:00
|iowаboutgo to а maviеаttеwаrd.
5ее уou|аtеr.
e.
5:00
а morie.
|,m3oiп3 to be too tirеd for
fu|ауbе,ueсoи|djиsthапgiпgаroиnd
thehosfu|аftэrdiпиer,LеtЗ tаlk
аboиt it lаtrr t,m tаИиg а ИаP.
lvl.
Меgаn
.7.00
tordinnеris fine.
tu-
6:00
Ld,s not еаtаt thе aаrnеrеstаtlrаnt
t0nigtlt?|}'lhу
don'twе tryingа nеw
plаcе?|iowаbot'lt
BroаdwaуSеаtood.
|'||rnеd \louаownstаirs
аt 1:00.
e.
Preferenсes:
Prefer, WouИ prefer,
Would rather
PreferredTeen PastimesAround the World
Ь
Ф
oo
t^
(!
80
60
WPЙlNт
QJ
o)
\ts
o
40
Сheck thе moin point of thе bor groph,
Рс
Ф 20
ц0)
П Tue',agers like to watсh TV, read
books, and listеn to musiс.
(J
0
watсhTV
rеad
listen.to
m u slс
shop
П T""',ugers likе tо watсh TV bettеr
than thеy likе to do other things.
Тееnagersaround thе world prefеr watсhing ТV to a|I
othеr |еisure-time
aсtivities.
сl|АRTсl]Eсl(l
Сhесk the сorreсt
onswеr,
Whiсh word(s) сan
you use with all
subjесts?
O prefer
tl
would prefer
('d prefer)
SтAтEпiENTS: PREFER/WOULD PREFER
Suв1вст
I twou,o1 PREFER
l шouш/GвпuшollшFlNlтlvE
l/Wе/You*/Тhеy
prefеr
Hе/Shе
prefers
would prefеr
I/Hе/She/Wе
lYoulTheу 'd
prefer
*You is both singular and plural.
сHАRT
сHEсK
2
YEs/No QUEsтtoNS: PREFER/WOU
LD PREFER
Сhеck the correсt
onswer.
Do/Wouto Isury,.'
Whiсh two forms
ofthe verb сan
follow prefer?
Do
you/thеy
Does
hе/she
Would
уoult.heуlhе/shе
П tь. basе form оr
the gеrund
t
Inru,* |шouш/Gвпuшo/lшFlNlтlvЕ
prefеr
nеwspapers?
reading newspapers?
to read newspapers?
s}loRт ANSWERS
tьe gerund or
the infinitivе
Aггlпмдтlvв
Yes,
шЕGAтIVE
|
Ilweltheу
do.
hе/shе
doеs.
Ilweltheуlhе/shе w o uld.
136
nеwspapеrs (to magazines).
reading nеWspapеrs
(to rеadingbooks).
(not) to read nеWspapеrs.
No,
l/weithеy
don't.
hе/shе
do еsn,t.
Ilweltheуlhе/shе w o uldn't.
Prеfеr, Wottld prefеr, Wauld rather
Preferences:
l
sтAтEltiЕNТS: woULD RAтHER
I wouto RAт'|ER
| вo'. Foпм oг Vвпв
Suв,вст
would rather
I/Hе/Shе/WеiYou/Thеy,d
rathеr
read newspapегs(than rеad magazines).
(not) read nеWspapeгs.
s}|oRт ANsWЕRs
YEs/No QUЕsтloNS: WoUt.D RAтI/,ER
Wouto I suq.., | кo,",* | вo'. Foпм
Would
shе
rather
rеad?
Aггlпмдтlvв
l
NвGAтlvE
Yes, shе would. l No, shе wouldn,t.
Shе,d rathеr not.
EхPREssж
Сircle thе corrеct words to complеte this sentеncе.
I,d rather rеad / to rеad than / to shop, but Jo prefers shop / shopping.
A ram rвrarЕхplanetlons
Ж.xamрlеs
1. Use prеfer, would prefer, and would rather
to ta|kabout thingsthat you |ikеbеttеrthan
othеr things.
l Wе usua||yprеfеr ltolion food,
r l,d prеfеr to hove Chinеsеfood tonight.
r |,d rathеr сook at home.
Usдсв Noтв: Wе often use prefer for a genеra|
prеferеnсeand would prefеr or would rothеr
for a prеfеrеnсein a partiсu|arsituation.
2. Prefеrand would prefеr may be fol|owеd by a
noun, a qeгund,or an infinitive.
Would rather сan bе followеd by on|y thе
basе form of thе vеrb.
r Whiсh do you prеfer-сhiсkеn oг shrimp?
r Would you prеfer сhiсken or shrimp tonight?
noun
r I usua|lyprefer the newspoPеr.
gегund
l Doеs Bi||prefer reoding magazinеs?
infinitivе
r Hе,d prefer to wotсh-N.
basе form
l |,d rather stoy homе tonight.
A: Would you like to havе some dessеrt?
Usдсв Noтв: Wе oftеn usе l,d rother not, by
itsе|f,to rеfusean offer,suggestion,or invitation. B: l,d rathеr not. |,vеhad enough to еat.
l,drothernot.
3. A сomparison with to may fo|]ow
prеfer/wouldprеfеr + noun.
A сomparison with to may alsofo||ow
prеfer/wouldorefеr+ oеrund.
A сomparison with thon may follow
would rаther+ base form of the vеrb.
Noт
noun
noun
r Lani prefers сomediеs to aсtion moviеs.
gегund
ger und
l |,d prefer visitingLani to going to thе paгty.
base form
basе form
r l,d rathеr watсh football thon play it.
137
138
I
Unit З2
тRUE0R tАLsEо lulio ronked some octivitiеsfrom 1 to 8 аccording to his prеfеrences
(1 _ his fovorite).Lookot his list. Then reаd eoch numberedsеntеncеond writе
T (Truе)or F (Folsе).
Preferred Aсtivitiеs
т
1. He prefers listening to musiс to playing guitar.
1-
tistento musiс
5
go swimming
2. Hе'd rather hike than go swimming.
А
go Ьiking
3. He prеfers swimming to biking.
1
watсh ТV
4. He'd rathеr not watсh Tv.
8
Ьakеpies
5. He prefers baking pies to reading.
6
play guitar
6. He prefers watсhing TV to reading.
?
hike
7. He,d probably prefer a сonсert to a hikе in the woods.
& с0мPIE71olulio ond Ano orе disсussingthеir еvening plons, Сomplеtе their
сI{lO0sE
conversаtion.IJsewou|d rathеr (not) with one of the vеrbsin thе boх or bу itsеlfin
short onswers.
havе
сook
seе
Staя
go
Aшд: Would you like to go to a movie tonight?
|'drather otaу
Jul.lo:
1.
home and watсh TV.
Aшд: Sounds good. Maybe we соuld make dinner later.
Jur,ro:
tonight. I'm tоo tired.
Aгtд: oK.
you
a restaurant instead?
Jur,rо: Let's order out for some pizza.
Aшд: How about a peppеroni pizza?
Jur,rо:
4.
5.
. Pepperoni gives me heartburn.
mushrooms than pepperoni if that's OK.
Aшд: No prоblеm. Do you want to watсh the Stephen King thriller at 8:00?
Jur.ro:
6.
Aшд: Well . . . there's a сomedy on at 8:00 and a doсumentarу at 8:30.
Jur,ro:
7.
the сomedy. I need a laugh.
to
o Rеod theseсonvеrsotions,Сomplеtеthem with prefer, would prefer, or
с0ILPLEтE
would rathеr. Use pretеr to stotе gеnеrol preferencеs.Сomplеtе thе comporisons
with to or than.
1. A: We're going to Romе again next week.
Prefer
Would
уol
flying this time?
taking the train
the plane
B: You know me. I alwavs
the window seat.
have thе aisle seat
2.4: I
B: That's fine with me. I
the train.
the window seat. That wav I сan look out.
3. A: Where would you like to stay? In a hotеl ot a pеnsionе?
B: Oh. I
с.A: I
to stay in a pеnsione this time. It,s more personal.
eating in small trattorias
eatrng rn
big restaurants.
B: Me too. They're less expensivе and the food is always deliсious.
5. A: Speaking of food, УoЦ make the best spaghetti with сlam sauсe in the world.
B: Thanks, but I
order it in a restaurant
make it at home!
6. A: Whеn in Rome.
B: I defrnitelv
you
сoffee
drinking tea or сoffee?
tea. You know what
they say, "When in Rome do as the Romans do!"
EDIT. Reod Anа,s rеport, Find аnd corrесt six mistokеsin the usе of prefer ond
would rather. Thе firstmistаkеis olrеodycorrеcted.
For mдr study' I inteгviewed fifty men and women. There Was no differenсe
in men's and women's preferenсes for TV. I found that everyone prefeгs
to
watchin$ тv thа,n going t'o movies. Men and women both eцjoy news proglams
and entertainment speсials. Howeveц men would гather watсhin$ adventure
progtams and sоienсe fiсtion, while Women prefer soap operas. Men also like to
watсh ail kinds of sports, but women would rathег see game shows to sports.
Readin$ preferences differ too. Men prefeг to reading newspapeгs' while Women
would rather read. magazines and books. tr\Гhenmen read books, they pгefer теad
nonfiсbion and adventure stores. TAIomenare preferrin$ novels.
SelfТest
lffil
0NЕ
Circlе thе lettеr of thе corrеct onswеr to complеtе еoch sentеncе,
Еxдmpш:
Jennifer never
tA) drink
(B)drinks
l.
сoffee.
{C)is drinking
(D)was drinking
shut the dooц please?
:*""]:
(A) Certainly.
(C)Yes, I сould.
(B)No' I сan't.
(D)Yes, I wоuld.
2. Why
a movie tonight?
(A) about seeing
(B)don't we see
(C) not seeing
(D}we don't sеe
ABсD
ABсD
3. Marсia сan't speak German yet, but aftеr a few lessons
she-speakalittle.
(A}сan
(C) is ablе to
(D)
will be able to
tB)сould
ABсD
4. In 1998, Tara Lipinski
win the gold medal in
figure skating at the Winter olympiсs.
(A) сan
(C)will be ablе to
(B)сould
(D)was able to
ABсD
5. I make new friends sinсе I mоved here.
(A) сan't
(C)haven't been able to
(B}сouldn't
(D)'m not able to
ABсD
6. Shе (A) did
(B)has
ABсD
better not arrive late.
(с) ,d
(D)would
7. -Do
you mind if I borrow a сhair?
Do you need only one?
(A) I'm sorry.
(C)Yes, I do.
(B)Not at all.
(D)Yes, I would.
8. Would you mind (A) сall
(B)сalling
9. I,d rathеr (A) watсh
(B)to watсh
140
д@с D
metomorrow?
tC) to сall
(D)if you сall
the movie. I hear it's very good.
(C)watсhing
(D)not watсh
ABсD
A
B с
ABсD
D
10. You (A) bеtter not
(B)'d bettеr
11.
miss the dеadline or you'll have to pay a fee.
(с) ,d better not
(D)had no bеttеr
takе the train instеad of the bus? It's faster.
(с) Why don't
(A) How about
(D)Whу not
(B)Let,s
A
B с
D
A
B с
D
A
B с
D
12.Maymysister-toсlasswithmetomorrow?ABсD
(C) сoming
(A) сome
(B)сomes
(D)to сome
13.I-havedessert.I'mtryingtolosеsomeweight.ABсD
(с) ,d prefer
(A) 'd rather
(D),d prefer not
(B)'d rather nоt
14. Jamiе prefеrs working at home
(A) more
(B)than
working in an offiсе.
(С) that
(D)to
Eoch sеntenсehos four underlinеd words or phrosеs. Thе four underlinеdports
of thе sentenceore morked A, B, С, аnd D, Сircle thе lеttеr of the one undеrlined
word or phrose thot is Noг сORRЕсI
Еxдшtptп:
Mike usuall}, drives to sсhool, but today he walks.
AвсD
A B с@
15. When I was ten. I сould swim. but I wasn't able dive.
ABсD
16. Why don,t we have dinnеr and thеn gq see Possiblе Drеams--
A
B с
D
17. You drove for seven hours today, so maybe you,d not bettеr drivе tonight.
A
B с
D
18. Will you mind bringing your сamera to the gтaduation party tomorrow ?
A
B с
D
19. Dad, may Jim borrows the сar tomorrow or does Mom need it?
A
B с
D
20. I сan't help УoU, so maybe you should to ask Marta.
A
B с
D
21. Should I bring flowers to Lisa's or should I giving her сandy?
A
B с
D
22. Ma}r be yоu ought to just bring flоwers.
A
B с
D
23. Silva сelеbrated last year beсause she сould win the raсe.
ABсD
24. It's really late, so let's we ge out to dinner tonight.
AвсD
25. Why would you rather stay hоme to go out tonight?
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
Necessity:
Нave (got)
and Must
ffiТe]
P0INт
Сhеck the corrеct onswеr,
Using a seat belt is:
t
a rеquirement
t
LJ a сhoiсе
AFFIRt,tAтlvЕ sТAтЕIUl
ENТS:
HАvE (GoT)To
сl]АRтсlllпсl(I
СirсIе T (Truе)or
F (Folsе).
т F We usе hove
got to in
affrrmativе
and negative
statеments.
Suryвст
| нлvс тo/
i Hлvr Goттo
| вo,. Foпм
i oг Vвпв
l/We/You/Thеy havе (got) to
H е /Sh e /l t
has (got) to
(oNтRAстIoNs
Have got to = ,vе got to
stop.
Has got to = 's got to
NЕGAт|VЕ SтAтЕMЕNTS; HАvE To
Suв;вст
| oo no. | нon,,o | вo'. Foпм
IlWelYoulТheyd o n't
H e /Sh е /l t
have to
doesn't
сIiARтсIIEсI(
2
YEs/NaQuEsТloNS:H/ VE TO
Сheck thе corrеct
onswer.
Do
In questions with
hove to, what сomes
before the subjeсt?
[l
tt ll
stop.
s}loRT ANsWЕRs
I
Bдsв
l Suвlвст | Hдvt тo Foпм
Do
Wе
Doеs
hе
a form of do
havе to
stop?
Aггlпмдтlvв
Yes,
you do .
he
I
NвGAтlvE
l
No,
does.
hе
doesn't.
sтAтЕlUtЕNТS:мIU9T
П a form of hove to
Suв'вст
| мusт-(tloт)| вo,. Foпм
|/Hе/Shе/|tlWelYou lThеy must (not)
stoр.
(oNтRAсTloN
must no t = mustn't
*Must is a modal. It does not havе -s in thе third pеrson singular.
142
you do n't.
.ry::.::.:ilт:
.?.:т:
,{g.?:!.t?.3:9.
Y.".:|.:'.
..1.1.1o
..o.....
EхPREss.r!ж
Сompletе this сonvеrsotion,Usе onе word for eoch blаnk,
A: Why
Wеar her seat bеlt?
she
B: It's the law. Evervone
Grammar Еxplanations
Wear a sеat bеlt.
Еxamрlеs
1. Use ftoye to, have got to, and rnиst to
еxprеssneсеssity.
a. Hove to is the most сommon еxpгеssionin
evегydayuse.
r Еvегyonеhas to Pass a road tеst bеforе
gеttinga drivеr,s|iсеnsе.
b. Have got to oftеn exprеssеsstrongfeеlings
in speakinoand informa|writino.
l Hе,s got to drive more slowly.l,m afraid
hе,sooino to havе an aссidеnt.
G. Mast is usеdin writing(forms,signs,notiсеs). l You must stop сomp|etеlуata stop sign.
Must is used in spokеn ЕngIisl.t,
whеn
о the speakеris in a positionof powеr.
l Ling-|in9,Уou must сlеan your гoom.
(mothertolking to hеr Youngсhild)
о theгeis uгgentneсessity.
must talk to your bossabout a raisе.
l You геa||y
(friеnd tolking to a friend)
have very differеntmеanings,(SeeUnit 34.)
(lt isn,tnесеssary
to stopherе.)
r You mцst not stop hеre.
(Youсon,tstop hеrе,lt,s not allowеd,)
2. Use thе сorreсtform of hove to for all tеnses
and foгms.
Use hove got to and mиst only foг thе prеsеnt
or thе future.
l Aftег his aссidеnt,Sal had to take a dгivег,s
impгovеmеntсIass.(posttеnsе)
r Shеi|ahas had to drivе to woгk foг two years.
(prеsеntpеrfесt)
r l,ll havе to drive tomorrow. (futurе)
l l,ve got to wеar glassesall thе timе.
l Еveryonеmust take an eyе test tomorrow.
3. Use hove to for most questions.
r Does Pau|havе to drive?
pVе rarеlyusе hoye got to or must for questions.) r When wil! hе havе to leavе?
PпoшuпсlдтloнNoтв
ln infoгmaIspeeсh,hove to is often pronounсed ,,hafta,,and got to is oftеn pгonounсеd,,gotta.,,
Do not writе haftoor gotta.
144
I
unit sB
o Read Bеn Leonard,stеlephoneсonvеrsotionwith o сlеrk from the Сolifornio
IDЕNтIFY
Dеportmеntof Motor Vehiсlеs(DMV) , Undеrlinеthе wards thot tolk obout nеcessitу.
Departmеnt оf Motor Vehiсles. May I help you?
DMV:
Bвш: I'm moving tо California sоon. Will I have to get a California liсensе when I move?
Yes, you will. California residents must havе a California driver,s liсense.
DMV:
Bвш: When will I havе to get my California liсense?
Yоu have to replaсe your old liсense ten days after you beсome a resident.
DMV:
So сome in and apply for your California liсense right after you get herе.
Bвш: Do I have to take any tests to exсhange my Illinois liсense for a California liсense?
Sinсe you alrеady have an Illinois liсense, УoU won't have to take the road test. But
DMV:
you will have to take the written test.
Bвш: How about the eye test?
oh, everyone has got to take the еye test.
DMV:
Bвшз oK. Thanks a lot. You've been very helpful.
o Rеod this convеrsаtion.Сomplеtе it with thе correсt form of have to or
сOILPIEтE
havе got to ond thе vеrbsin pаrеnthеses,Use have got to ond give short onswеrs
whenеvеrpossible.
Bвш: When
Aшш: I
do
you
2 . ( p i с ku p )
you still
Bюш: No.
have to uэe
thе сar?
1. (usе)
Jim's sсhool reсords pretty soon.Why?
3. (сhangе)
the оil?
I did it еarly this mоrning. oh, and
4.
I bоught some film.
Aшш:oh, you
Bвш: Wе
5. (not do)
6. (tаkе)
Jim still
Arтш: Nо.
8.
that. I bought three rolls yesterday.
lоts of piсturеs on the trip.
?
7. (paсk)
He frnishеd and went to Sara's to sav
goоdbyе. Why?
Bвш: He
9. (hеlp)
me сlеan out the сar. It's full of his stuff.
Arтш: I 'll сall him again. It,s hard for him to leave his friеnds.
I
1o.(сa||)
him to сome home twiсe already.
m
ы
o Lookаt thеsеsigns, IJsеthе verbs from the box to complеte thе
ШoosEa с}мPLЕTE
sеntеnсesobout things you must do ond must not do.
tEп1
LЕFт
RIGнт
l| l ll
ttsPEЕБll
L|Mlт
I
|i
lt55lt
itз-lc]
|мtшlмuм|
It4sj
turn
muot not turn
l. \gLL
drive
walk
ride
lsff,.
2. You
right.
3. You
over 40 mph.
4. You
60 mph.
5. Biсvсlists
6. Pedestrians
on the right.
on the right.
EDII. Reod lim,s lеttеr to Soro. Find ond сorreсtsevеn mistаkеsin exprеssingnеcеssity,
Thе first mistokе is olrеody corrеcted.
Dеаr5аrа,
in
stYаngе
|iving
siхweеks.lt,s
beеnhеrеаbouI
Wе,ve
аre\oudoing?
|{ow
the sцburbs.
got
I hаdto
gdto drivееvе^[Nnеrе.
so \o|А'vе
Ihеrе'sno pub|ictrаnsvortаtian,
t,s
еd thissеmestеr50 | canqd mу|icensеbуsurnmevtimе.
signsup tor drivеr,s
the tawhеrethat еveцlnеrnustswеа(а sеаtbelt.l usеdto hаtеto buck|еuP,buI
аnd
аrеa totof trееwауs,
withthe traРtiсhеrе,I hаvеchаngеdm\ mind,1T.lеrе
\oц,vegoItаknowhowto chаnge|аnеsWitha totot fast-trсРtiс.Lvеnmvlvlornhаvе
so hе hаsn,thаsto do а totоt driving.
hаdto gеt usеdto it. Dаdwork;аI hornе,
gаmеsуеt?|'mhаvinga lotоt ffoиblewith
t.tave
уoubеаtеnthosеcom?utеr
,'Doom.,
\ou gotto writеtome аndtе||rnеhowto get ?а5tthe fitth |еve|!
Jim
Ghoiсe: Don,t have to
No Ghoiсe: Must not
and Can't
don'l have to
эtop and aoktor
d i re c t i o n o l
it,
[/1,
'tz
,,tl
.И|
,11
WPЙINт
Сhеck thе correct onswer,
The drivеr сan сhoose to
П park in the сrosswalk.
t
stop to ask for dirесtions.
DON'T HAVE TO
сl|АRтсHEсKI
Сheck the correсt
аnswеr,
Whiсh part of do not
hove to сhanges for
differеnt subjeсts?
t t
ш
do
Suв,вст
Do t,toт | нon' ', | вo'. Foпм oг Vвпв
IlWelYoulThеyd on't
Hе/Shе/|t
have to
doеsn,t
hеге.
park
LJ hove
MUsт,vor
сIllARIсHEсl(2
Сirclе T (True)or
F (Folsе).
т F The form of
must лot and
con,t сhanges
for differеnt
subjeсts.
SuЦвст
| мusт*",' I Bдsвгoпм |
l/He/5hе/ltlW elYou lThеy must not
I stop
her е.
сAN,т
Suqвст
l/Hе/Shе/l tlWelYou lThеy
tl6
stop
| сяш,т*
Gan't
| вo'' гoпм |
stop
hеге.
*Thеsewords arе modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
E&*
-.
Ghоiсe:
Don't have ta
Nо Ghоiсe:
Мust поt аrrd Carз,t l
ЕхPREssж#r
Unscrаmblеthеsе Words to form two sentenсes.
stop о He о have о here о tо о doesn't
must о fast о You о not о drive о too
r ffiэкрffierъffiКf-фgж%
& rg gжryвъ*
Ежarжp*es
They
l . H ove t o a n d m u s t h a v e s i m i l a rm e a n ings.
both еxprеssthe idеa that somеthingis
nесеssaгyoг rеquirеd.
l Yo u havе to sto p atthe sto p sign.
r You must stop at the stop sign.
Don,t/Doesn't hove to and must пot have vеry
diffегentmeanings.
a. Don,t/Doеsn,t havе to expressesthat
somethingis not nесеssary.lt meansthat
there is anothегpossibility.Тhеre is a сhoiсe.
l You don,t havе to drivе. l сan do it.
r Hе doеsn,t have to turn herе.Hе сan tuгn
at the nеxt intеrsесtion.
b. Must пof еxpгеssesprohibition. lt means
that somethingis not alIowеdor is against
thе law. Тheгеis no сhoiсе.
r You must not use thе сar without
my peгmission.
r You must not drivе without a liсеnsе.
It'sagainstthe law.
2. Must пot is usеd to eХpressprohibition
in writing,inс|udingoffiсialforms,signs,
and notiсes.
r You must not use your horn unnесessari|y.
Usдсt Noтв:ln spokеnЕnglish,wе do not
usuallyusе mustnot whеn talkingto or about
anotheraduIt.We usе con,t instеad.
r Wе Gan,t park heгe.lt,sa tow-awayzone.
Sometimespeoplеuse mиst not to tе||a сhiId
that theie is no сhoiсe in a situation.
r Jеssе,you mustn,t take off youг seat bе|t
while thе сaг is moving.
3. You сan use nothovetofor all tеnses
and forms.
Must not геfersonly to thе pгеsentor
the futuгe.
r You don,t havе to drivе. (prеsеnt)
l Shе won,t havе to renew hеr |iсеnsеnеxt
уear. (futurе)
l Wе haven,t had to Paу a lot of paгkingfines
this yеar. (prеsеntperfесt)
l Тhey didn,t have to take driver,sеduсation
lastyеar. Now it,s rеquirеd.(simplеpost tеnsе)
r Drivеrsmust not pass on thе right.
147
148
I unit 34
o Rеod this orticlе. Undеrline the words thot show thot thеrе is o choice аbout
iDENтIFY
doing somеthing. Сirclе thе words thot show thot therе is no choicе,
problems, howеver.Members of carsharinggroupshavea carwhentheynеed
A l{ew Alternativе
to Car Ownership
one foreithеrshorttripsor vaсations,
but
New driversare usua|lyexсitedabout their
they don't have the high expensesof
"My
new freedom:
ownership'Тhеy pay Very littleto use a
mom doesn't have to
drive me ever}^/vhere
sharedсar, and theydon't haveto worry
anymorе!l don't have
to ask my friendsfor ridesto sсhoo|!''When
about maintaining
thе сar or payingthe
you don't have your own сar yet, any priсe
insuranсe.Fees for short trips are only
paying.
sеems worth
But onсе you buy a
about$З.00an hourp|us$0.50permile.
сar,you@your
сar payments
and Groups do not have striсt rеquirements
insuranсepremiums,or you Won'tbe a
either. Members must not havе bad
driverforverylong.Youсan't|eavеgas and drivingreсordsor poor сredit, and they
maintenanсe
out of the budget еither. mustnot returnthe сars in poorshapеor
Car sharingoffersan alternative
to these theywill payextra.
o Reаd this convеrsаtion.Сomplete it with сan,t or thе corrеct form of
сOI|PLЕтE
not havе to ond thе vеrb in pаrеnthеsеs,
Jrм: Austin
doeon't have to eit
r. (sit)
Aшш: Jim, you really
in a safety seat, but I do. It's not fair.
2. (yell)
like that in the сar. Your fathеr has
tо соnсеntrate оn driving. Ben, turn left fоr thе restaurant.
Bвш:
3. (turn)
left. ItЪ a onе-way streеt. I'll go arоund the bloсk.
Aшш: There,s the rеstaurant. Uh-oh. You
hеre. It,s a bus stop.
Bвш: Maybe I'll park in that indoor garage.That ,i;T -.
5. (worry)
about our stuff while we,rе еating. Remind me to buy gas after lunсh.
Arтш:We
Bшш:I know. But we
6. (get)
gas, do we? Thе tank is still half full.
7. (buy)
gas for a long time. I'm not sure the
gauge is working.
Ausтrш: You
8. (bring)
Jrм: Mom said OK. Anyway, I
that truсk into the restau rant, Jim! It's too big.
9. (listеn)
to vou. Lеt,s eat!
Choiсe:
Г)оn.t havе to
Nо Choiсe:
Мusf r;оt aпd Оarз't J
o Look ot this sign ot thе Holidoу Motel swimming pool. Сomplеte
READa с0ff|PLEIE
must not or don,t havе to ond the corrеctform of thе verb
sеntеncе
rлrith
еoch
porеntheses.
in
Holiday Мotel
Swimming Pool Rules and Rеgulations
P o o l H o u r s l 0 : 0 0А М _ l 0 : 0 0 p м .
Ch i l d re n u n d e r l 2 y е a r s N o T A LLOW ЕD in po o l
without an adult.
. ball plaуing
. r adio s
NO . diving
о glаssbo ttlеs
. alсoholiсbеvеragеs
dеsft.
TowеIs
аvаilаblе
аt front
muэ|-not-gwim
1. Childrеn under age 12
2. You
your own towel.
(bring)
3. You
ball in or around the pool.
(play)
4. You
into the pool.
(divе)
5. Teеnagers
6. You
without an adult.
(swrm,)
with an adult.
(bе)
the pool at 8:00 p.м.
(|еаvе)
EDIT. Rеod Аustin,spostcord to his friend, Find ond correct five mistokesin expressing
nеcеssitу.The first mistokе is olreodу correctеd,
щ
HolidayМotеl,Rte.55
Hi,Jonet/
We got to the rnotel|ote this еveningЬeсoose we got lost But we
kept o.n noorn *!ж#tiia
onotь.n
Weгe |сlckg_theg
""
rnotel.Jinrngis гeollghoPPg Ьеоoсlsehe don't hove to go to Ьed
poo| c|oses.We rnоstn'tleove
onti|often 10,00,when the swirnrning
сlnti|11'00tornoгnow(cheоkoоttirnе),so We con stog op |oteг.
Yoserтiteis onlg foсlг hoons owog' so We won't hod to dгive the
who|edog tornoгnow.It's going to Ьe exоiting.Мg ponentssog
we oЬsolotеlgrnсlstnot to go oсlt Ьg oоnse|vesЬecot,lsetheге
oгe Ьeons thегe.I'd |oveto see o Ьeoг (fгornthe insideof the
coг). ]'||send o postcond of one.
Aostin
To: JonetЕdwoгds
5500Arnhenst
Lone
Егie,PА 16506
149
Expeсtations:
Be supposed to
Оh no!
waэ эu??oэed
to preparea
|'е,dbr||er
T h a n kq o o d n e э e
|'m no| eu??oeed to paу for
thiэ photoqraphеr,
h u rr у u p wi Lh N h e e e
picturеe' |t'э эuppoэed
rа Yn vp vp vг Ь
t 1 ti
WPЙINт
Сhеck the corrеct onswers.
The gтoom'sfather is thinking about
best man
bride,s maid bridе groom
parents of honoг
t
groom's
parents
сHАRт
cI]ЕсI(
Suв,вст
т
I
You сan usе
he supposed to
in thе simple
present and
simple past
tеnsеs.
П the usual way something is done
at a wedding.
sтAтЕMЕNтs
Сircle T (Truе)or
F (Folsе),
F
something hе forgot to do.
II
тo ] влsв Foпм oг vппв |
! (Noт)Supr,osсo
]е
am
was
H е /Sh е /l t
Wе/You*/Тhey
ts
was
(not) supposed to
stand
be
arr
wеrе
*You is both singular
and plural.
вд
YEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
ro | вo,. гoпм |
l suвlпстl suрposдo
Am
Was
150
ls
Was
he
Are
Wеre
you
supposed to
stand
here?
here.
Eхpeсtations:
Be supposed
to l
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
Aггlпмдтlvв
you
Yes,
hе
I
шEGAтlvE
|
are.
wеrе.
ls.
was.
No,
am.
was.
you
arеn,t.
werеn,t.
hе
i s n ' t.
wasn't.
I
'm not.
wa s n 't.
ЕхPREss
rfrЕtrIl
Сomplete thеsеsеntеnсes.
A: What
we supposed to wear yestеrday?
B: Our suits. It
supposed to bе a dress rehеarsal.
A: Oops.
Grammar Еxplanations
Ехamples
l. Use be supposed to to ta|kabout diffеrеntkinds
of еxpесtаtions:
a. rulеs and usual ways of doing things
r The groom is supposеd to arrivе at thе
сeremonyеarly'|t,sa сustom.
b. prediсtioпs
l lt,s not supposеd to rain tomoггow.I heard
it o n thе r adio .
G. hеarsay (what everyonеsays)
r Тhe bеaсh is supposеd to bе bеautifu|in
August.Еvегyonеsaysso.
d. plans oг arrangеmеnts
r Тhе сеremony isn,t supposеd to bеgin yеt.
2. Use be supposedto only in thе slmрlе
prеsеnt tеnsеor in thе simрle past tеnsе.
r The bгideis supposed to wear whitе'
l Thе сeгеmonywas supposеd to bеgin at7:0О.
I lt wasn't supposed to rain.
Usе thе simple presеnt tеnsеto геfеrto both
the presentand the futurе.
l l,m supposеd to be at thе wedding rеhеarsa|
tomorrow.
Noт
Usдсв Noтв: Тhе simple past tensе oftеn
suggеststhat somеthingdid not happen.
l Сaг|was supposed to brlng flowеrs,bиt
he forgot.
151
|52
t
Uэ.lit 35
o Rеod this orticle аnd undеrline the phrases thаt expresseхpectotions.
IDЕNTIFY
Iт WдsN'т SupposЕD тo Bв д Blс WвppING
Str i с k l a n ds
P кovl oв шсв, J u l y l 9 - T h е
wantеd a quiеt wedding-that's why they
e l ope d t o Bl o с k |s l a n d , o f f th е A tl a n tiс
Coast of t h е U n i t e d Sta t е s . T h е i s l a n d is
qui t е s mall ' s o t h е S tr i с k l a n d s p a с k ed
thеir bikеs for thе fеrry trip. The weathеr
WaS supposеd to be lovеly, and thеy had
aske d t hе m a y o r t o m a r r y t h е m o n a hill
ovеrlooking thе oсean.
..Whеnwе got thеrе, wе found a сrowd of
сyсlists admiring thе view,,'laughed Bеth.
W hen Bill kissеd his br idе, thе audiеnсe
bur st into lo ud applausе and r ang thеir
biсyсlе bеlls. ,.W е W еr еn't suppo sеd to
havе fifty wеdding guests, but wе love
сyсling,and w е'r e no t so r r y,''Bill said.
Whilе paсking thе nехt daу' Beth lеft
hеr wеdding bouquеt at thе hotel. Мinutеs
bеforе thе fеrry Was Supposed to lеavе, Bill
iumpеd on his bikе, got thе flowеrs, and
mаdе it baсk to the fеrry on timе. .,Cyсlists
arе Supposеd to stay fast and fit,,,hе said.
IRUE0R FALiEo Reаd the orticle аgoin, Write T (True)or F (Folsе)for еаch sеntence,
r
l. Thе Striсklands plannеd a big wedding.
2. Thе weather foreсaster prediсted rain.
3. The Striсklands invitеd fifty wedding guests.
4. The fеrry followed a sсhedule.
5. People think that сyсlists are in good shape.
о Reod thesеconversotions,Сomplеtе thеm with o form of bе supposеd to
сOillPIEтE
ond the verb in porеntheses,Givе short onswers,Сhoosе аffirmotivе or nеgotivе,
1. A: Netta, Gary сalled while уou Werе out.
Am
эu??oэedt.oca||
B:
1
A:
No, you aren't
a. (сall)
him baсk?
. Hе'll сall vou this afternoon'
2. A: The dress storе сalled too. They dеlivered your wedding dress to your offiсe.
they
B:
that?
a. (do)
! That,s why I stayed home tоday. They
с. (dеlivеr)
3. A: Let,s get in line. Thе rеhеarsal
B: We're bridesmaids. Where
it here.
a. (stаrt)
we
in a fеw minutеs.
?
b. (stand)
д. Аz Gary! You
a. (bе)
here!
B: Why not?
A: You
b. (sее)
Netta until the сеrеmony. It,s bad luсk.
5. A: Sophie, сould I borrow your handkerсhief, pleasе? I
a. (Wеar)
something old, something nеw, something borrowed, and something bluе. I don,t
havе anything borrowed.
B: It
today. Maybe I should lend you my
b. (rain)
umbrella instead.
6. A: I hеar Gary and Netta are going to Aruba on their honeymoon.
B: Oh, that
a. (bе)
a really niсe island.
о Reod Sophie,slеttеr to o friеnd, Find аnd corrесt six mistokеsin thе usе of
EDIT
be supposеd to. Thе first mistаke is аlrеody corrеcted,
Deаr /{аshа,
I,m so sorrу-|
wa9
krloи, |-аttt sиpposed to шritе to
уoи /аst шeek аboиt mg p/апs
to risit' |,re bееи а'ufи//у bиsу, fuIу
frieпd Nettа isgettiпg mаrried sooп, апd sheЗ
аskеd mе to be hеr mаid of hoпor She апd Gаrу cuапt o b'9 toеdс/iпg Thеу'rе
sиpposed to hаve аboиt tи,o hипdredgиesk, I hаvе а /ot of respoпsibi/ities,I tai//be
sиpposеd togire Nеttа а shoruеr Ьеfo,e thе cuedditg (thаtЗ а pаrtу шhere еVеrуo'lе
briпgs prеseпk Р" thе bride), / аtп а/so sиpposo to he/p her сhoosе thr bridesmаids,
dressеs, The best rпаиЬ Иаme ЬJim, Нe,//hе/p Gаrуget 'eаdу, / /lаreп,t mеt him
уet, bиt hеЪ sиpposеs to be vеrу niсe.
|,d bеtfur sау goodbуe пocu,I sиpposed to /eаvе reheаrsа/
for
fne miпиtеs аgo,
Love,
Sophiе
PS, Аboиt -у rЬit-/,m
bе сoиt,епiеиt?
sиpposing to7еt somr time of iпl"/у, tЦoи/d thаt
Future Possibility:
MaУ,Might, Could
Еuкopв,sWвдтнвк
WPЙINт
Сircle T (Truе)or F (FoIsе).
Ъmpеraturеs in London may drop as mцсh as еlеvеn dеgrееs
Ьy tomorrow morning. \Wе might еvеn sее somе snow flurriеs
'W.inds
latеr on in thе day.
сoцld геaсh 40 mph.
сI]АRтсHEс'K
2
Сhеck thе correсt
onswer.
When do vou usе
moy, might, or could
for future possibility?
П m quеstions
П t, answеrs
Suвlвст
It's definitеly going
to snow in London
tomorrow.
| м*tм'снт/Couto*| BлsвFoпмoг vвпв |
may (not)
|/Hе/She/|t/Wе/You/Тhеy might (not)
сould (not)
get
*These words are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
YEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
Аre you going to f|y to Paris?
Arе you takingthе train?
may (not).
l/Wе | might (not).
сo uld(n,t).
],t/f,.
QUЕsТloNs
When are you going to Parls?
How |ongwi||you bе thеre?
154
F
sтAтЕ]vlENтs
сl|ARтсI{,ЕсK
I
Сircle T (Truе)or
F (Folsе),
т F Moy, might,
and сould have
only onе form
for all subjeсts.
т
ANsWЕRs
maУ
lg"ltomorrow.
l/We I might
сould Ibe Ithеrеawееk.
сo I d.
E-
Future
PossibiliIуz
May, Мight, Could
l
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a o o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a (
EXPRESS
Сomplеtethis convеrsotionwith might or might not.
A: Are you going home aftet сlass?
B:I
. It's very possible. Why?
A:I
сall you about the homework assignment. I don,t understand it.
B: Maybe you should сall Jean instead. I
understand it either.
G ya aтъrж mr ffiкр*ffiffietioв"r $
fi,xamplrs
1. Use moy, might, and сould to talk about
futurepossibility.
r It may bе windy |ateг.
l |t might gеt сold.
r lt сould rain tomorrow.
moу be and moуbe. Both еxprеss possibility.
Moy be is a modal + vеrb. |t is always
two words.
r Hе may bе |atеtoday.
Moуbе is not a modal. lt is an adverb.lt is
r Maybe hе,||takе thе tгain.
alwaysoneword,anditсomesatthebеginningNoт@
of the sеntenсе.
2. Use moy not and might not to еxpгеssthe
possibilitythat somеthingwill not happеn.
}
r Тhеге arе a |ot of сlouds, but it might
not rain.
Use сouldn,t to say that somethingis
impossiblе.
A: Why don,t you ask Johnfoг a гidе?
B: l сouIdn,t do that. He,stoo busy'
Bв сдпвrul! We usual|ydo not сontraсt
might not, and Wе nevегсontraсtmoу not,
r You may not nееd a сoat.
Noт @
3. Quеstions about possibility usua|lyarе
notformedwith mqY might,or could.|nstead,
they arе formed with thе future (will, be going to,
thе presentprogressive)or phrasessuсh as
D o у o u t h i n k . , . ? o r l s i t p o s s i b l е t h o t ,?, ,
lt,sthе answеrs to thеsе quеstions that
often have moу, might, or сould.
A: Whеn will it stort snowing?
B: lt might start around lunсh timе.
Az Are уou going to drive to work?
B : l m i g h t t a k e t h е b u si n s t е a d .
A: When orе уoU leoving?
B: I may lеave now.
|n short answersto yeslnoquеstions,use moу|
might, or could a]onе.
A: Will youг offiсeс|oseeaг|y?
B: |t might.
Usдсв Noтв: lf a form of be is thе main verb, it
is сommon to inсludebe in the shoгtanswеr.
A: ls ouг train arгiving|ate?
B: lt might be.
155
156
t
&Jз-tit
**6
C Alicе is o collegе studеnt who works pаrt time; Bill is hеr boyfriеnd.Reod
IDENтIFY
their conversotion.Underlinе thе words thot ехprеssfuturе possibilitу or impossibilitу.
Ar,rсш: I just heard that it may snоw today. Are you going to drive to work?
Brьь: No. I,ll take the 7:30 train instead.
Ar,rсв: I'll take the train with you. I have some work to do in the library.
Brr,r,: Great. Why don't you сut your afternoon сlass and have lunсh with me too?
Ar,rсш: oh, I сouldn't do that. But let,s meet at the train station at 6:00, oK?
Brr,ь: I might have to work until 8:00 tonight. I'll сall yоu and let you know.
ANswERo Whot will Alice ond BilIdo together?Сhеck thе oppropriаte box for eoch octivitу.
Certain
Possible
t
t
t
1 . Take the train at 7:30 д.м.
2 . Have lunсh.
3 . Meet at thе train station at 6:00 p.м.
lmpossible
t
t
t
t
П
П
o Alice is groduoting from collеge with o dеgree in Еorlу Сhildhood Eduсotion.
сOIfiPLEтE
Сomplеtеthis porаgroph from her diory. Сhoose thе аppropriotе words in porеnthеsеs.
'm qo inq
Ijиst gotthе noticеtrom rnyschoo|.I
lo
l . ( m i g h tn o t / ' m g o i n g t o )
grаduаIеin Jиne,bиt l stit{don'thаvеanуp|ans.Somеdау-cаrеcеntеr;hirефцdеnts
bdore Ihеу grаdt'lаtе,
so I
now.or I
2. (сould / сou|dn,t)
apptvfor a.1ob
aPPlVto а grаduаtеschoo|аnd
3. (might / might not)
gеt mу master'sdеgrеe'l,rnjиst notsцrеInougn1hеsepаsttlt'loчеаrshаuеbеen
hаrd,аnd I
bе rеаdуto studуfor two mтrе'
4. (maу / may not)
Аt |еаst| аm sсlrеаboutrY|\caвеft |
5. ('m going to / might)
WOrkWithchildrеn' ITlа|'scеrtаin.I madеan appointmеnt
to discцssrnvPtanswithrnу
rеаchеr,
tomorrow.
Мrs.Hиrnphreу,
I
Ihis ovеrwithhеr.5hе
whatto do.
6. (mаybе l maу)
7. (won't / might;
tatk
hаveаn idеа aboцt
-
Future
Possibi|itу:
{t4aу,hllight, Соuld
о Look аt Аlicе,sschеdulеfor Mondаy. Shе put o quеstion mork (?) next to
DESсRIBE
еoch item she wosn,tsttrеobout, Writеsentеncеsаbout Alice,splons for Mondoу, Usе
may or might for things thаt orе possiblеond be going to for things thot orе cеrtoin.
M0NDАY
сall Dill at 9:ОО
go to workat 1:ОО
buу aomo notrboоko boforе c|aэe ?
go to meeting wtth Mre, Нumphreуat 11:ОО
go ahoppingafher work ?
take 7:ОО tratn ?
have coffer with Эur aftor сIaee ?
piсk up pizza
1.
А|ice iэ going t,o ca\l bil| at 9zoo,
2.
Эhe maу buу эome no|ebookэ before claээ.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
EDIT.Rеod this student,sreport obout Еl Nifio. Find ond corrеctеight mistokesin
еxpressingfuturе possibility,The first mistoke is olreodу сorreсtеd,
few years, the oсean neaг Pеru beсomes Warmer. Callеd Е1 Niflo' this
maУ
variatlon in temperature ffiаf,rbr- сause weather changes all over the world.
Evеry
Thе west сoasts of North and South America
mi$ht to have heavy гains. on
the other side of the Paсifiс, New Guinea mi$ht beсomes very dry. Northern
aгeas сould have Warmeц wetteг winters,
survive
in warmer
areas сould beсome
changеs affeсt plants and anlmals.
much сoldeт. These weather
mayn't
and. southеrn
waters. Drou$hts
food may grt very expensive.
Some fish
сould causin$ сrops to die, and
El Niflo may happen еvery two years, or it
сould not сome for seven yеaгs. Wiil El Niflos $et worse in the futurе?
сould bе. Pollution
They
holds heat in the aiц and it will incгease the effесts of
El Niflo, but no onе ls suгe yеt.
l
157
Assumptions:
MaУ, Might, Could, Must,
Have (got) to, Can't
K i q h La q a i n l
Тhie man haэ got
to be a geniuel
You muэt be
Gina Lemont,
жPпINT
Сheck the correct onswеr,
Thе famous detесtivе Sherloсk
Holmеs is
П making a guеss.
П tutki.'g about an оbligation.
sтAтЕ]UlENтs
сIIARтсI|Eсl(l
Сirclе T (True)or
F (Folsе).
т
F
Thе thirdperson singular
modal dоes not
end in -s.
| мooo.
Suв'вст
| вo'. Foпм oг vвпв |
may (not)
might (not)
|/Hе/Shе/ltlWelYou lThеy сoцld (not)
must (not)
can't
be
гight.
work
thеге.
AFF|R]tf,AтlvЕ
sтArЕniЕNтszHАVE(Goт) To
| нon, (coт) тo | вo,. гoпм |
Suqвст
IlWеlYoulThеy havе (got) to
Hе/She/lt
158
гight.
work
thеr e.
YEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
сl|ARтсl|EсK2
Сircle T (Truе)or
F (Folse).
т F A1l rnоdals оf
assumptions
arе usеd in
quеstions.
has (got) to
be
s}loRт ANsWЕRs
ll
Mooдl./
ll
Сouto I Suв,вст | Blsв Foпм
Could
hе
work
Suryвст | Hлvс (сoт) тo
thеге?
Noтв: For сontraсtions witЬ could пot and
cа,nnot, see Appendix 24 on pagе 346.
Hе
must (not).
may (not).
might (not).
сo uI d(n,t).
Gan't.
has (got) to.
*:.:ygР}j:.T::
У3у:.Y'g,:!'.9.?у.,!:
.Y.|'?:
.r?у.:.9.:.U..r.1
.9.::.i
..-..1.|.?
.........
EхPREss
Circle thе corrеct words to complеte this conversotion.
A: I heard a sound сoming from thе basemеnt. What сould / might it be?
B: I'm not sure. It сan / might be the сat. It can l can,t be thе dog. Thе dog's upstairs.
6ranrmar Еxplanatiоns
Жк*rжр**к
1. Wе oftеn makе assumptlons, oг,,bеst guesses,,,
Aггtпмдтlvг
based on infoгmationwe have about a prеsent
must
situation.Тhe modal that we сhoosedepеnds
havе (got) to
on how сertainWe are about our assumption.
may
might, сo uld
t
1 0 О o / oс е r t a i n
I
t
Nвсдтlvг
Gan,t, сo uldn,t
must not
may not
might no t
0oloсеrtain
2. Whеn you are a|most100 pегсentсertainthat
somеthing is possiblе, usе must, hove to, or
hovе got to.
H o |mеsis a br il|iant
dеteсtivе.
Assuмpтtoш
l Hе must solvе a |otof сrimеs.
Usдсв Noтв:Wе use hove got to in informal
speeсhand wгiting,and we usualIyсontraсtit.
I H е,s go t to bе a gеnius!
When you are lеss сеrtain, usе moу might,
or could.
Watsonknowsa lot about mediсinе.
Assuмpтloш
r Hе might bе a doсtor.
3 . Whеn Vou are almost
.l00
oеrсеntсеrtainthat
somethingis lmpossible, use can,t or сouldn,t,
r H е Gan,t be dеad!| think hе,sstillbr eathing!
When you are slightly lessсеrtain,usе musf not.
l Shе must no t fееl w е||.She |o o kspalе.
Use moу not or might пot whеn you are
lеssсertain.
r H е may no t kno w abo utthе plan.H is bo ss
do еsn,ttе||him еver ything.
Bв сдпвгuь|Havе to and hаvе got to arе not
usеd to йake negativeassumptions.
I lt сan,t bе tr uе!
Noтffi
4. Usе сould in questions.
Usдс: Noтв: Wе rarеly use might and wе nevеr
usе ,noy in quеstionsabout possibi|ity.
5. In short answrrs, use hoye (got) to or a
modal alonе.
Use be in shoгt answersto quеstionsthat
inс|udea foгm of he.
l So meo nе,s
сo ming.W ho сo uld it be?
Rлпв:Might hе bе at home?
Noтffi
A: Could Ann know Maгiе?
B: She hаs to. They'renеighbors.
A: ls Ron sti||with Сity Bank?
B: I 'm no t suге.H е might no t be.
160
l
tr"Еnit3?
о Еасh foct goеs with on аssumption.Motch еoch foct with the
lIIАтсIt
сorrectossumption,
Assumption
Faсt
1. Her last name is Lеmont. She
a. must not be at home.
He's оnly thirteеn. He
b. must bе married.
3 . Her eyes are red. She
C.
has to be older tkran twenty.
4. Shе's wearing a wedding ring. She
d.
сan't be marriеd.
5 . His initials are M.B. He
e.
might have allеrgies.
t. may bе Frenсh.
The house is сompletely dark. They
7. She has somr graУ hair. She
9. сould be Marс Brunner.
сI]00sЕo Look ot the picturе ond circle thе corrеct words to complеtе this convеrsotion,
Wдтsoш:Lоok! What,s going on over there?
Hor,мвs: I don't know. It 6oulф/ сouldn't bе
Somekind оf delivеry.
Wдтsoш: At this hour? It сan't / must bе
2.
almost midnight! Nothing's
open now.
Hor,мшs: Hmm. 27 Cat|lsle Street. That
сan,t /,s got to bе thе bank.
3.
Wдтsoш:It ls the bank.
Hor,мшs:Can you see what that man is taking out of the сarriage?
Wдтsoш:It lооks like a box. What do you suppose is in it?
Hor,мшs:I don't knoщ but is seems heavy. It сould / must not сontain gоld.
4.
Wдтsoш:Look at that man in front of the bank. Could / Must he bе the bank manager?
5.
Hor,мrcs:He might / might be.
6.
lVдтsoш:But why are they making this delivery at this time? This сould / сouldn't
7.
be normal.
Hor.мшs:The manager might not / must want people to know about it. Hе
8.
сouldn't / ma]r be worried about robbers.
9.
*:.:ygР:j:.T.:..
Уту:.Yi.g.?!'.9.?у!!:.Y.i'?!:1?!.1.9.?!).!?.,
o Reod Shеrlock Holmеs,sconversotionwith o murdеr suspect.Сompletе it
сOIff|PIEтE
with the words in porеnthesеsond o modol thot shows the dеgreeof certointу.ffhere
moy be morе thon onе correct аnswer,)
Hor,мвs:
You muel be Gina Lemont.
1. Almost certoin (You / bе / cina Lеmont)
Lвмoшт:
Who wants to know?
2. Possible (l / be)
Hor,мвs: Sherloсk Holmes. I hear something in the neхt room.
Lвмoшт:
Hor,мвs: Alonе?
.I'm alone.
3. Possible (|t / bе / thе саt)
platеs on the table.
that
5. Possible (it / bе)
you are mistaken?
Lвмoшт: No,
There are two
4. Almost cеrtoin (You / eat a |ot)
I was expeсting
6. Impossible (it / bе)
someone. but he never сame.
Hor.мвs: Does your сat smoke? I smell pipe tobaссo.
Lпмoшт:
7, Almost сertoin (lt / сome l from your own pipе)
Hor,п,шs:oh.
a look at this "cat"?
8, lmpossible (Тhеrе l bе l anу othеr еxp|anation)
9. Possible (thеrе / bе)
May we have
EDIT.Rеod this studеnt,sreoding journol for o mуstеrу novеI,Find ond corrеct
six mistаkеsin ехprеssingossumptions,The first mistoke is olrеodу corrеcted.
The mаiи сhаrасtец tvlo//уSmith, is а сo//еgrЕSL fuасhеr,Shr is trуiпg to fпd her deаd
grаиdpаrепts,first homеiп the uпitеd Stаtеs,lt mа! &
iи а пeаrbу tocuи.The
toшпspеop/etherе seem sсаrrd, Thеу сoи/dbе hаre а sесret, or theу mиstjиst hаfu
strапgers, tvlo//ghаs somе o/d letfurs thаt mght /eаdher to the p/асе. Theу аrе iп
Аrmeиiаи, bиt oиe of her stиdeиts mghk trапs/аfu them for hеr. Тheу hаftа be
importапt bесаиse thе аиthor mепtioпs them r(ght ашcI!/.The /etter mиst сoпtаiп
fo-i/у seсrеts, Who is thе bаdgиу? |t сoиldи,t bе the stиleпt beсаиsehe шаnts to he/p,
It mght to br thе пеtuspаPrr eс/itoriи the toшп,
Advisability
in the Past
{,I\1урaren.ts
night
haveenсouragid .
memОre,
' ./
I shouldn't have
missed.that,
^ opportunlтJ,
I covid havеbeen
richand{amous.
жPЙlNт
Сhеck thе correct onswer.
Thе man
t
l. planning his future.
П ."gтets things in his past.
sтAтElt|ENтs
сIIARтсIlEсl(I
Сirclе T (Truе)or
F (Fаlse).
т
F
You сan add
пot to all
modals that
express past
advisability or
obligation.
сI|АRтснEсK2
СirсIе Т (True)or
F (Folsе),
т F In questions
and short
answers,
we usuallv
only use
should hove.
Suв1вст
| мooo.
| нo,' | гo''
should (not)
ought (not) to
|/He/She/We/You/Тhеy
сo uld
might
have
PдптIсlpl-в
applied.
YEs/NoQUEsтloNs
SнoutoI sury..' | нon, | гo'' Pдптlсlpl.в
Should
hе
havе
applied?
s}|oRт ANsWЕRs
Aггlпмдтlvв
NEGAтIvЕ
l
Yes, he should havе. l No, hе shouldn,t have.
ш/r'.QUЕsтloNs
Wн-Woпo I s"ou,, I suщ.,, | нon, | гo'' Pдптlсlpl-в
Whеn
162
s ho uld
hе
have
applied?
Advisability
Whiсh words are NoT
usually сontraсted?
J
should hаve
[l
could hove
I
сoNтRA(тloNs
сHARTсliEсl(3
Сhеck the correct
answer.
in the Past
s h o u |dh a v е
сouldhave
might havе
should not have
=
=
=
=
sho uI d,ve
сo uI d,ve
might,ve
shouldn't have
[1 ought to hove
ЕxPRЕssж
Сompletе this сonvеrsotion.
A: Should I
B: Yes, you
сalled you yesterday?
. I waited all day for your сall.
Grammar Цxрlanatioшs
*xannрI*s
1. Use shoиld hove, ought to hovе, сould hovе,
and might hove to talk about things that were
advisab|ein thе past.Тhese modals oftеn
exprеssregretor blame.
r I should,ve appliеd to сo||еgе.
(l didn,t opplY to сollege,ond l,m sorrу.)
l I ought to havе taken that job.
(l didn,t toke thе job, Thot wos o mistoke.)
r Shе сould,vе gone to a bеttеrsсhoo|.
(Shе didn,tgo to o good sсhool' Now shе rеgrеts
hеr сhoiсе,)
r You might,vе told me.
(Youdidn,t tеll me, Thot wos wrong,)
2. Should not hove and aught not to hove are
thе on|y,formsused in negativestatemеnts.
Should not hove is moгe сommon.
Should (not) have is the most сommon form
used in ouestions.
r He shouldn,t havе missed thе еxam.
l He ought not to have missed the еxam.
r Should he have сalled thе tеaсhег?
PпoшuшсlдпoшNoтв
In informalspeeсh,hove in modal phrasеsis often pronounсed likе the word of or o.
For eхample, could have sounds |ike,,сouldof,, or ,,сoulda.,,Do not wгite сouldof or сouldo.
ought to is often pronounсеd |ike,,oughta.,,Do not writе oughto.
163
164
I
unit BB
тRUE0R FAtsEo Rеod еoсh numbеrеdsеntenсe.Write T (Truе)or F (Folsе)for thе
stotеmentthot follows.
4. Feliсia сould have been president.
1. I shouldn't have сalled him.
т
Feliсia is presidеnt.
I сalled him.
2. I shou]d have told them what I thought.
5. I ought to have praсtiсed more.
I didn't tell them. Now I,m sorцz.
I didn,t praсtiсe enough.
3. He might havе warned us about it.
6. They shouldn,t have lent him their сar.
Hе knew. but he didn't tell us.
Thеv lent him their сar.
с0[|PIEтEo Reod this еxсerpt from o mogozinе ortiсlе, Сomplеtе it with thе corrесt
form of thе words in porenthesеsond o short onswеr,Сhoosе betweenаffirmotivе
ond nеgotivе.
Regrеts . . .
I t , sn o t u n u s u a lt o f е е l r е g r е ta b o u tt h i n g si n t h е p a s tt h a t y o u t h i n k y o u
э h o u |d h a v e d o n e
1 . ( s h o u l d/ d o )
y o u d i d d o a n d f е е ly o u
and did no t do -o r
2 . ( s h o u l d/ d o )
thе o ppо sitе, abo ut things
ln faсt,wе lеarnbv
thinkingabоut past mistakеs.For еxample,a studеntwho fails a tеst lеarnsthat
hе or shе
morе and сan imprоvеon thе
3 . ( s h o u l di s t u d y ;
nеxttеst.oГtеn,howеvеr,pеoplе spеnd too muсh timе thinkingabout what thеу
4. (сould / do)
Мany rеgrеtsarе simply nоt basеd
diffеrеntly.
in fасt.A mothеrregrеtsmissinga fоotballgamе in whiсh hеr son,slеg was
i n i u r е d ,. , I
' , , s h еk е е p st е l l i n gh е r s е l f .
5. (ought to / go)
6. (should l sIaу)
homе.I
thе iniurv.Thе offiсials
8 . ( m i g h t/ с a l I )
7 . ( с o u I d/ p r е v е n t )
at lеast
mе as Soon as it happеnеd.',
Did shе rеаllц
havеthе powеrto prеvеnthеr son,sinjury?
offi сi аl s
9 . ( S h o u l d/ с o n t a с t )
thе
her bеforе
lookingat thе injurу?No, of
сoursе,thеу
. Thеrеis an ltalianorоvеrbthat savs.
10.
,,Whеn
thе ship has sunk' еVеryonеknowshоw thеу
i t ."
1 1 . ( с o u | d/ s a v е )
It,sеasyto sесondguеssaboutthе past:Thе rеalсhallеngеis to solvеthе problеms
^'' {^.^ 'i^Ьt
y' ' o
u l a с е r l g n L ^n ^O W .
Adчrisаbifitу
in thе Рast
o Rеod Grеto,srеgrеts.Rеwrite them using the modols in porеnthesesаnd
REWRIтE
choosebetwеenoffirmotiveond negotivе,
1. I didn't gо to сollege. Now I,m unhappy with my job.
(should.) | эhou|d have gone to co||ege.
2. I feel siсk. I ate all the сhoсolate.
(shоuld)
3. Christina didn,t сome over. Shе didn't even сall.
(might)
4. I didn't have enough monеy to buy the shirt. Why didn,t Еd offer to lend me some?
(сorr1d)
5. I jogged five miles yesterday, and now I'm eхhausted.
(slrоuld)
6. The supermarket сharged me for the plastiс bags. They usеd to be frеe.
(should)
7. I didn't in vite Cynthia to thе party. Now she's angry at me.
(ought to)
8. Yesterday Was my birthday, and my brother didn't send me a сard. I'm hurt.
(might)
ЕDlTo Reаd this journol entry,Find ond corrеct six mistаkesin the usе of modols, Thе
first mistoke is olreody сorrеctеd.
-,.{lr}
ii>\
DeсеmЬеr/5
Аboиt а cuеekаgo,Jeипifer шаs /аtеfor шork аgаin, апd Doиg, oиr boss,to/dme he шаиtrd to7et
rid of hеr l шаs 'eаllу иpsеt, of сoиrsе,Jеппifer shoи/lи,tЫ
bееп /аte so oft"n, bиt he mtlht hаs
tаlked to her аboиt thе problеm befЬre he deсidel to let hеrgo, Thеn hе told mе to mаkе herjob
l,ffси/t for hеr so t/tаt shе ,uoи/с|qиit, ljиst prеtэп,/eс/| didп,t heаr him, Whаt а mЬtаke!
I oиghtа hаve сoпfonted him rght аI!су, or I сoи/d аt /еаst hаvе шаrпedJеиифп Аиушау'
Jenпifer is sti|/ here, bиt noш I'm шorried аЬoиt mу oшпjob, Shoи/l t of to/d ooиgb boss? / шoпder
futауbe t shoиld hапd/e thiпgs lffirentlу
lаst шeek, The сompапу shoиld Иeverhаs hired this3иу,
f
165
Speculations
about the Past
WPЙlNт
Сhеck the correct onswеr.
Thе question under the photograph asks
П iг it was possible that something happenеd.
П ir people had permission to do something.
sтATЕlvlENтs
сIlАRтсI|EсKl
Сirclе T (True)or
F (False).
т
F
The form of
thе modal does
not сhange
for differеnt
subjeсts.
сlIАRтсIIEсI(
2
Сheсk thе corrеct
onswеr.
Whiсh modal сan bе
used in both questiоns
and short answers for
speсulations about
the past?
r-
LJ
сon
[l
сould
Едsтгпlst-дшo:
Could visitorsfгom anotherplanet
havе built thеsеqiant statuеs?
Mooдl./
Hдo тo
Suцвст
may (not)
might (not)
can't
I/He/She/Wе/You/Theyсould (not)
must (not)
had to
Hдvt
I Pдsт
l Pдптlсlpl.в
havе
YEs/No QUЕsтloNS:CoUt.D
l
l
|пo''
Couto l SuЦп.ст | Hлvс | Pлптlсlпl.в
Could
hе
l havе
seen
thе statuеs.
S}IORTANSWERS
I Mooдl./
Suв;вст| Hлoтo
seen a|iеns?
Hе
may (not)
might (not)
can't
сould (not)
must (not)
had to
l
I Hдvс'
havе.
Ё1 might
EхPREssж
Сirclе the corrеct words to сomplеtе thesеsеntеncеs.
Could they сarvеd / have сarved the statuеs? Thеy might / might havе.
1,66
Speсulаtions
G ram шт*r ЕxplanetiФits
1. Wе oftеn spесulatе, or make ,,bestguessеs,,,
about past situationsbased on thе faсts that we
have.Thе moda|that wе сhoosedеpendson
how сertainWe arе about our spесUlations.
about the Past
f
Еxamplеs
1
100% сertain
Аггlпмдтtvг
must havе
had to have
may havе
might have
сould have
It
Nгсдтlvг
Gan't have
сouldn,t have
must not have
may пot have
might not havе
0oloсertain
2. Whеn you arе a|most100 perсentсeгtainthat
somеthingwas possib|e, usе must havе or
hod to hove.
When you are |еssсertain,Use ,''oy hove,
might hovе, or сould hove,
3 . When you arе a|most100 pеrсеntсеrtainthat
Тhе statuesare veгy big.
Spгсut-дтloш
r Тhеy must havе been haгd to movе.
Тhе islandеrsWеrеablе to сarvеthе stonе.
Spгсuитloх
r Тhе stonе may have beеn quite soft.
l
The isIandersсouldn,t
|t was too hеavy.
When you are s|ightlyIеssсeгtain,usе ,'UJt not.
T
Thеy must not havе moved it without hе|p.
Use mсy not hovе or might not have whеn
you arе lеssсеrtain.
I
Тhе islandеrsmight not havе movеd thе
statuesovеr |and.Тhеy сould havе used boats.
somеthingwas impossiblе, use Go,l,t hove or
couldn't have.
have moved the stone!
Bв сдпвгul! Wе do not usua|lyusе hod to hove
for nеgativespeсuIations.
4. Use сould hove in quеstions aboцt
possibility or u5е quеstionswithout modals.
l CouId thе is|andеrs
have moved thе stonе?
OR
r Do you think thеy movеd thе stonе?
5. Use beеn in short answers to quеstionsthat
inс|udea form of be,
A : Could von Ddnikenhavе been wrong?
OR
Wos he wrong?
B: Hе сеrtainlyсould have beеn.
Use on|y thе moda| + hove in short answеrsto
questionswith other veгbs.
A: Did thе is|andегs
work on thеir own?
B: Тhey сould havе.
РпoшuшсlдтloпNoтr
ln informalspeесh,hove in modal phгasеsis oftеn pronounсеd likе the woгd of.
For examp|e,must have sounds likе ,,mustof.,,Do not write must of.
|67
1 68 r
uni t B e
lflАтсlto Еoch foct goеs with o speculotion. Motсh еoch foct with thе corrеct
spесulаtion аbout outhor Еrich von Diinikеn,
Spесulation
Faсt
1 . The original title of Chаriots of thе
Gods? was Brinnеrungеn an
die Zukunft.
2 . Von Diniken visited every plaсe he
desсribеd in his book.
3 . In 1973, he wrote In Sеarch of
Аnciеnt Gods.
a.
He must have traveled a lot.
b.
They must not havе beliеved
his thеories.
C.
He сould have learned about the
subjeсt on his own.
d . He must have made a lоt
of money.
4. Hе doеsn't have a degтee in
arсhaeologу.
5 . Von Dflniken's books sold millions
of сopies.
e.
He must have written it
in Gеrman.
f.
He might have written other
books toо.
As soon as von Deniken published
his books. sсientists attaсked him.
o Some orchoeologystudents аrе аsking quеstionsin closs.Use thе modols in
ANSWER
porenthesesto writе short onswers.
1.
A: Do you think the people on Easter Island built the giant statues themsеlves?
B:
Тhey cou\d have
(сouId)
. They had the knowledge and the tools.
A: W,eremany people imprеssed by von DДniken's theories?
B:
3.
(must)
. His books were rеad all over thе wоrld.
A: Von DЁniken says that many anсiеnt artifaсts show piсtures of astronauts. Could
these piсtures have illustratеd anything сloser to Еarth?
B:
(mаy)
It's possible that the piсtures show
pеоplе dressed in loсal сostumes.
4.
A: Was von DЁniken upset by all the сritiсism he reсeived?
B:
5.
(might not)
. After all, it helped his book sales.
A: Do you think von DЁnikеn helped inсrease general interest in arсhaeology?
B:
(must)
. Just look at the size of this сlass!
abоut ttre Past
Speсulations
сOI|PLEтЕо
Rеod port of o reviewof Еrich von Diiniken,sbook Chariots of thе Gods?
it
Сomplеte with thе verbs in porenthеses.
Who
aould havemade
the Easter Island statues? Aссording
1 . ( с o u | d/ m а k е )
to Eriсh von DДnikеn. our anсеstors
thesе
2 . ( с o u | dn o t / b u i | d )
struсtures on thеir own beсausе thеir сulturеs Wеre too primitive. His solution:
They
help from Spaсe visitors. When hе
3. (had to / gеt)
wrote his popular book. von DAniken
about
4. (must not / know)
the Easter Island experiments that proved that the anсiеnt islandеrs
5 ( с o u I d/ с a r v е )
and
thеse
6 (tгаnsport)
statues without any help frоm alien visitors. Not only that, the island's population
7. (might / bе)
muсh larger than von DЁnikеn bеlieves. onе
sсientist speсulates that as many as 20,000 peоple
on Еaster Island-enough
8. (mаy / |ivе)
pеople to have done the job. Visitors from another planet?
A more logiсal answer is to think that our anсestors
9. (must/ havе)
gтeat skill, intelligenсe, and strength to сreate these wonderful things.
EDIT.Rеod pаrt of o studеnt,sеssoу,Find ond сorrеct six mistokesin the use of modols
for speculotionsobout thе post, The first mistoke is olreodу corrected.
have bеen
In 1927, Toribio Mexta Хesspe of Peru must baveгy suгprisеd to see lines in thе
shapеs of huge animals on the $гound bе1ow his airpJ.anе. Crеated by the anсient
Nazсa сulture, these forms are too big to гeсoEprize from the gтound. Howeveц at
about 600 feеt in the aiг the giant forms take
ж
shape. TАIithoutairplanеs, how сou1d an anсient
сulture had made them? \ДГhatpurposе сould
thеy havе had? Authoг Eгiсh von Dё,nikеn
beiievеs that the drawin$s mi$ht have mark a
landing stгip foг the spaсrсraft of astronauts
from another planеt. Aгсhaeolo$ists, howevец
now believe that the anсiеnt Nazсan сivilization
mi$ht devеlop flight.
They сou]d of built hot-air ba}lons and desi$n the pictures from thе aiг.
l
1'69
SelfТest
lffil
0]{Е
Сirc|еthе lettеr of thе correct аnswer to complеte еoch sеntence.
Еxдмрш:
Jennifer nеver
(A)drink
(B)drinks
(С) is drinking
(D)was drinking
l. -W.asn,t that Mehmet in сlass?
-It -.
Mehmet left sсhool last week.
(A} сouldn't
(C) сouldn't have been
(B)сould have been
(D)сouldn't havе
ABсD
2. Frank watсhes all the Lakers games. He their biggеst fans.
(A) must
(C) сouldn't
(B)has got
(D)should have
to be one of
ABсD
swim without an adult.
(C)have to
(D)arе supposed to
ABсD
3. Children under five years old
tA) don't have to
(B)must not
4. Where
(A) do
{B)are
we supposed to go for the test tomorrow?
(C)will
(D)should
5. Bring your umbrella. It _
(A) might rain
(B)rains
later.
(C) сouldn't rain
(D)might havе rained
ABсD
ABсD
6. -Will your plane be late this afternoon?
_It -.
The airport was сlosed this morning.
(A) сouldn't bе
(C) maybe
(B)may bе
(D)will
ABсD
7. You told Mark. You knew it was a seсret.
(A) should have
(C) сouldn't have
(B)might have
(D)shouldn't havе
ABсD
8. They built this temple 3,000 years ago. This must
ABсD
a gтeat сivilization.
(A) has been
(B)have been
9. Jan -
{A)supposed
(B)is supposed
170
A@с
сoffee.
(C)was
(D)not have been
to сall Myra yesterday but he forgot.
(C) supposes
(D)was suppоsed
ABсD
D ]
1 0 . -Could Amy have been at home yesterday?
-She
. I reallv don't know.
(A) сould havе bеen
(С)had to have been
(B)might be
(D)сouldn't have
11. Chris
(A) have got
(B)has got
to сlean up his room. It,s a mess.
(C)must
(D)got
12. I failed the test. I
(A) should have
(B)must havе
studied harder.
(C) should
(D)may
l3.Lisawasintownreсently.Shemight-metosayhe1lo!
(A) сall
(C)have сalled
(B)has сalled
(D)be сalling
IffilтW0
Еаch sentencehos four underlinеd words or phroses. Thе four undеrlinеdpаrts
of the sеntеnсеorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D. Сirclе the lеttеr of thе onе underlinеd
word or phrosе thot is Nor сoRRЕст,
Еxдмptt:
Mike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks.
(
A
B
D
A B сo
14. Tom didn't wave to me, so he must have known I цras here.
ABсD
1 5 . We,d better hurry, or thе train miфt
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
leaves without us.
1 6 . His English is exсellent, so he had to has studied hard.
ABсD
1 7 . We ought to have look at more сars bеfore wе bought ours.
ABсD
1 8 . You gotta get dressed beсause Sasha may be hеre soon.
ABсD
1 9 . You have to buсklе your seat belt now or you сouldn,t drive. It,s the law.
ABсD
20. You don't have to drive faster than 65 mph or you might get a tiсket.
ABсD
21. Hardlie,s must has gonе out of business reсently.
ABсD
It must rain tonight, so I'd bеtter stay home.
ABсD
Aв(D
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
23. Jason will bе supposed to be there tomorrow, but he сan't attend.
ABсD
24. It must be almost 11:00, so we really hafta leave now.
ABсD
25. You should of sеen that moviе with us bесause it may not be here long.
AвсD
ABсD
сD
AB
AB(D
Adieсtives
and Adverbs
%l
wiffiPЙцNT
Сhеck thе сorreсt onswеr.
The ownеr thinks thе apartment is:
/-r
LJ pеrtесt
П
*u.-
and сozv
cHEсК
сI|АRт
ADlЕстlvЕs
ADvЕRBs
Circle T (True)or
F (Fаlsе).
Thеy aге quiet tenants'
|t,sa fast е|еvator.
T h е b u i I d i n gs e е m sniсе.
lt,s absolutе|yperfесt.
Тhеy work quiеtly.
|t movеs vеry fast.
Shе dеsсribеdit niсely.
lt,sabsolutely peгfесt.
т
F
Adverbs often
сomе bеforе
nouns.
т
F
Adjeсtives often
сome aftеr
aсtion verbs.
т
F
Adverbs often
end in -ly.
EхPREss
Сompletethesеsentenceswith the сorrеctform of thе word slow.
A: It's a
B: It's not
172
еlevatоr. It moves verY
. It just seems
Adieсtives
arrd Adverbs
жr Жжp&effi effgфYъs"
йy mжмж*
&кamр*еs
1. Usе adiесtivеs to desсribеnouns or Dronouns
(foгpeop|e,plaсes,and things).
r Thе housеs are bеoutiful. Theу are new'
ad|eсtivе pron.
noun
аdiесtivе
l Тhis is a s,mollapartmеnt.
Adjесtivesсan aIsoсomе aftеr non-aсtionverbs
suсh as be, look, or sееm,
r This apartmentseеms smoll.
Advеrbsthat desсribeadjeсtivesand othеr
adverbsusual|yсome immеdiatelybeforе
thе word thеy dеsсгibе.
adjесtivе
noUn
Adjeсtivеsusuallyсomе immеdiate|ybeforеthе
noun thеy desсribe.
2. Usе adverbs to dеsсгibеverbs,adjесtives,and
othеr adverbs.
l
vеrb adiесtive
vеrb
advеrb
r Тhey furnished it niсelу.
adverb adjесtivе
l lt,s an extremely niсе house.
аdverb adverb
r Тhеy found it very quiсkly.
3 . Usе advеrbs of manner to desсribeaсtion vеrbs. r lt,ll rent quiсklу,
(Quiсkly dеsсribеshow fast it will rent')
Тhеsеadveгbsoftеn answerHow?questions.Тhеy
сomе aftеrthе verb thеy dеsсribе.
verb
direсtobiесt
Bв сдпвгul! Do not put an adverb of mannеr
r Shе,IIrent this apartmеntquiсktу,
betwеenthe vегb and its direсt objесt.
Noт
4. Adverbs of manner are oftеn formеd by
adding .ly to adjeсtives.
a dj е с t i v е
We nееd a quiсk deсision.
advеrb
You should dесide quiсkly.
adiесtivе
|t,sa lovely apartmеnt.
for еxamp|e, sillу friеndlу lovеlу and lonelу,
5. Some Gommon advеrbs of manner do not
еnd in ./y.
a dj е с t i v e
аdverb
a. Тhе adverb form of good is well.
r She,sa good wгiteг.Shе writеswеll.
b. Somе advегbshavе the samе form as thеit
rе|atedadieсtives,for exampIe, еorlу, fost,
wronltt lote, and hord.
Bob was latе.
Bв сдпвгurt,.Lotеly is not the adverb form of
latе. Lаtelуmеans ,,reсent|y.,'Hordlу is not the
advеrb form of hord. l-lordlуmeans ,,a|mostnot.,,
Ao1гстtvв
Shе,sa hard woгkeг.
Aovгвв
Bob сamе late.
Shе works hard.
r She hasn,tmеt any nеW pеop|elotelу.
l Тhеrе,shordlу еnough timе to prеparefor hеr
сlasses.Her paгt-timejob takesup most of hегtimе.
СheсkiI oul!
For a disсussion of advеrbs of frequеnсy' seе Unit 2, page 7.
173
171 r
unit 40
o Reod this notiсe obout on oportmеnt for rеnt. IJnderlinethe аdjесtivesond
iDENтIFY
circle thе odverbs. Thеn drow on orrow from the odjectivеor odvеrb to thе word it
is describing.
APт. FoR RENт
Students!
Come to
Я
Щ
looking
Are
you
looking
for
a speсia].
140 Grant
Street,
Apt.
цB. This
perfeсt
for
a quiet
сampus. This
It
is
two serious
into
wa1k to the bus stop.
town. At night
at a11. You сan wa1k safely
parks
on your way home. Thе rent
an appointment:
Don't wait!
This
1ive?
is
who are
15 minutes
from
a new building.
The exprеss
bus goes
thе bus hard1y makes any
stops
Ca11 for
in
to
apartment
students
just
neighborhood,
1ove1y apartment is
a short
direсt1y
for
p1aсe
through
is
very
thе wonderfu1
affordable.
555-5050.
apartmеnt wi11 rent
fast.
o MonY pеoplе wеnt to seе thе oportment dеscribеdin thе notiсe obovе.
сOI|I|PLETE
Сomplеtе thеir сommentsobout thе oportment with thе corrеctform of the words
in porenthеsеs.
l.
extremelу nicе
I'm very intеrested. I think the apartment is
( е x t r е m е/ n i с е )
2. I was eхpeсting muсh bigger rooms. I was
( t е r r i b | е/ d i s а p p o i n t е d )
3. I thought the apartment would be hard to find, but it was
4. I was happy to hear that the park is
( s u r p r i s i n g/ е a s y )
(extremе / safе)
5. It's a grеat plaсe,and thе priсe is reasonable.It will rent
6. The owner seems niсe, but she talks
(awful / slow)
7. The notiсe said it was quiеt, but I heard the neighbors
8. I hеard them too. I thought thеir voiсes Were
9. All in all. it's an
( е x с е p t i o n a /l p | е a s a n t )
( i n с r e d i b | е/ f а s t )
plaсe.
(vеry / с|ear)
( u n u s u a /l l o u d )
Adieсtives
and Adverbs
. . . . . o o o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . о o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
arur
h ru гЦnn<Е. Сomplеtе Moggiе,s lеttеr with the corrеct word in porenthеsеs.
-
\'lvl,.,r
ы
Aor,tt /l/** orX >ad,
!ф
еxcit.ing
* /Уoo, Qa,,Ь /,1,Uа//
a'июha
ф,
2 . ( | a г g еl | a r g е | у )
!*z
1 . ( е x с i t i n g/ е х с i t i n 9 l y )
",x
I аlatp,la,l lulp u,,е,J,1,},е
/!,,J il,a 4o, ,,/4JДp4J/,4q/цeЙadn//
/4ф) аil''a/ Ju ploaЫ l/аp aд/дo аr,
иu,t,4k)а,n
3 . ( b е a u t i f u /| b е a u t i f u I I y )
5. (busy/ busily)
/!*]1,,4r ll /юan,r
o фr'tс' ф a,,,,,а,r)ai/44Р,/4J
/1./е И,m
7. (quiеt/ quiеtly)
J4,',' ,z,фo,L
/*J ,"*
|,.,l,аn
/1 a?И/
lе)ip,llе
lt,l'
*
a,"],/-'l
lР)%o
* /Уе,.t,,
ц,,,,/" 0ш ие,хJ-
,4l //л,4J4,h,4*,,*l
1o. (shy/ shyly)
11. (good / wе|l)
l,o|J"*ыJ, Р/"-a' v^"
|,/" /,,,,|,"t/л/n,аp
а/4l ш,ИJp 4IJ{t/t,,
/rrur lo
A,{,1/1,
-lorn,
Иаaqip
ЕDlT.Rеаd this studеnt,sjournаI еntry,Find ond
сorrеctsevеn mistokеsin thе use of odjeсtivеs
ond аdvеrbs, Thе first mistoke is olreаdу сorrected,
funnу
I
(,|,еа|/уhpt,тпd...сrocudеd,bиtthp-pьun.еriпsisfdthаt.its-и-tfdt
! hа,,tlу пot to /пиg/l,luhi/rhе шlls-
/42
Jюr,4n,li,? llZ ш
6. (niсеi niсe|y)
8. (hard l hard|у)
9. (niсе/ niсеIy)
a l,hюol
пю 4а,11L
,яL
|а'ki'gfrthеп.ooп!|,,,oпf,,..tuап.t..rlsmа11
/,rt/ookiп!аtлrtotherр/асе-to'шorroщ.T-/tеасls-аg-s,||С1eа
l
L
t
|7 5
Partiсipial
r
Adjectives
ar ar
t-t
Nеw to the Area
Sсreen Name: newge|@XYZ.сom
Age & Gender: 20 уear old Fema]e
Loсation: Miаmi, FL
Looking for: Friends
Tiredof doing thingsalone?Me too! 20 year old
ф senс me e.mаil!
ф senс me an
online greetiпg!
Send this to
a friend!
сollegestudent,new to the area,is interestedin
meetinginterestingpeoplefor friendshipаnd fun.
) print/save
POINT
lffi]
Circle T (Truе)or F (Folse),
т
F
Thе writer of thе ad SayS that she is an interеsting person.
сiIARTсHEсl(
Сircle T (True)or
F (Fаlsе).
.
т F There are
two types of
partiсipial
adjeсtives.
176
PARтlсlPlAL
.lшс Ao;в(тlvEs
l
AD,ЕстlvEs
-дo AotвстlvEs
Hе is boring.
Тhеy had a boring date.
Shе is bored.
Thеy had a borеd look on thеirfaсеs.
Sh e i s a m u s i n g .
Тhеy had an amusing date.
H е is amused.
Тhеy had an amusеd look on theirfaсеs.
The moviеwas frightening.
Тhey saw a frightening movie.
Тhеy were frightеned.
Тhеy had a frightened look on thеirfaсes.
Тhejob is tiring.
Sh e h a s a ti r i n g j o b.
Shе,stired.
Shе has a tired sound to hеr voiсе.
Тhе weеkеndwas relaxing.
He had a rеlaxing wееkеnd.
Hе felt reIaxed.
He had a relaxed mannеr.
PaЁiсipial
Adjeсtives
l
GlTlтг{Il
EхPREss
Сomplеtеthе chort,
lшс Ao,встlvЕs
гo Ao,встlvts
еxсiting
interеsted
frightening
amused
tiгing
Grammar Explanations
Examplеs
1. Partiсipial adjeсtives arе adjeсtivеsthat
end with -ing or -ed. Тhеy usuaI|ydesсribе
A: Тhе |astStor Worsmoviе was amazing!
B: I know. I was amazеd by thе spесialеffесts.
feelingsor гeaсtions.Тhe two forms have
differentmеanings.
2. Partiсipial adiесtivеs that end in .ing
desсribеsomеonеor somеthingthat сauses
a feе|ingor reaсtion.
3. Partlсipial adjeсtivеs that еnd in .ed desсribe
somеonеwho еxpеriеnсеsa fee|ingor reaсtion.
That aсtor is aIwaysamusing.
(Hе сousеsomusеmеnt,)
Тhеsedirесtionsarе сonfusing.
(тhеу Сausеconfusion.)
l Wе wеrе amusеd by that aсtor.
(Wе fеltamusеmеnt')
|,m rеa||yсonfused by thesеdirесtions.
(l fееlсonfusion.)
4. To the right are somе сommon partiсipia|
adieсtivеpairs.
annoying
boring
depressing
еmbarrassing
еxсiting
frightеning
relaxing
shoсking
sur pr ising
Cheсk
iI oul!
For a list of сommon partiсipial adjeсtives,see Appendix 11 on page 339.
annoyеd
borеd
depressed
еmbarrassed
еxсitеd
frightеnеd
rеlaxed
shoсked
surprisеd
|7 7
178 I
Unit 4i
o Reod this ortiсlе, Undеrlinе oll thе -ed pаrticipiol odjeсtivеs.Сirclе oll
IDENтIFY
thе -ing porticipiаI odjеctivеs.
1.4. Sвстlolr 4 . Lrгпsтyl,вs
Not Personal Еnough?
.!Иtкд
Iштвкшдтloшдr
Sвкисвs
In somе сountriеs,pеoplе whо arе
intеrеstеdin mееtingothеrstuгn Гorhеlp to
pегsonaladsin nеwsPaPеrsand magazinеs,
and оnlinе. A @PrffiD numЬеr oГ Ьusy
pеoplеviеw thеsеБa
praсtiсalway of
..I'vе
inсrеasingthеirsoсialсirсlе.
triеdhard
mееt
O.Wn',,
said onе
to
pеoplе on my
..I
satisfiеdсustomеr. was nеw in town and
wantеd to makе friеnds Гast. Thе
pеrsonals providеd mе with a quiсk way
of mееting many intеrеsting pеoplе in a
short pеriod of timе.'' Othеrs arе not so
..I
imprеssеd. think itЪ kind of dеprеssing
whеn pеoplе nееd to rеsort to plaсing ads
..A
to makе friеnds,'' oЬsеrvеd onе man.
friеnd of minе triеd thе ads sеvеral timеs
and was rеally disappointеd with thе
rеsults. ItЪ just not Per:ona|.:уяу:gb-,"--
сl/l00sEo Reod this convеrsаtionbеtwееnMorto ond Luisаbout thеir friend Alice,
Сircle the correct words to complеtе the convеrsotion,
Mдвтд:
What,s the matter with Aliсe?
Lurs:Whoknоws?She,salways@aboutsomething.
1.
Mдвтд: I know. I try to understand heц but this time I'm reallу pttzz],ed/ plzzling.
2.
Lurs: Really? What's so puzzled / puzzling this time?
3.
Мдвтд: I thought she was happy. She met an interested / interesting guy last wееk.
4.
Lurs: That's niсе. Was she interested / interesting in him?
5.
Mдвтд: I thought she was. She said they saw a fasсinated / fasсinating movie together.
6.
Lurs: Well, maybe she was fasсinated / fasсinating by the movie but
7.
disappointed / disappointing with thе guy.
8.
Mдвтд: I don,t know. It,s hard to tell with Aliсe. Her moods arе alwavs vеrY
surprisеd / surprising.
9.
Lurs: I'm not surprised / surprising at all. That's just the way she is.
10.
PaЁiсipial
ru
ы
Adjeсtives
о Reod this conversаtionbetweеn Аliсеond hеr dotе,!аke. Сompletеit
с}мPLЕ'/E
with the corrеct form of thе words in porеnthеsеs,Сhoosе bеtwееn -ed аnd -i,'9
porticipiol odjeсtives,
intereэting -
Ar,rсв: That WaS a very
1. (interеst)
movie. What did you think?
Jдкш: To bе hоnest. I found it kind of
3. (intеrеst)
. f'm not that
2. (bore)
in sсienсe fiсtion.
Ar,rсв: Really? I find it
o. .,.,**.
. What kind of movies do you enjoy?
Jдкв: Mostly сomedies. Have you seen Homе Agа,in?
Ar,rсп: Yеs' but I wasn't
6. (hoгrify)
5. (amusе)
at all. In faсt, I thought it was
. The storv line was
?. (сonfuse)
, and I сouldn,t
find any humоr in the сharaсters'problems. Whеn I left the theateц I felt
kind of
Jдкп: I'm
8. (deprеss)
9. (amazе)
that you felt that way! I thought it was very
lo. (аmuse)
Ar,rсв: Well, I guеss it,s a matter of taste.
Jдкп: Speaking of taste, would you like to get a bite to eat?
Ar-rсв: Thanks. but it's latе and I,m
,,{.,ь^,,t)
.
ЕDlf. Reod Аlicе,sjournol еntr . Find ond сorrеct six mistаkеsin thе use of pаrticipiol
odjеctives. The first mistаkе is olrеаdу сorrеctеd,
dioappointed
home,
I,m
шith the еvепiпg.Аt frst I thoиghtJаke шаs otп
disаpprrн#gt
Jиstgot
iпtеrestе'd
gиу, bиt tnпlht t fe/t somе'уhаtboredшith his сompапу,We solLuс|Yеrу
eпfurtаiпe/moriе,bиtJаke didп,t /ikr it, Iпfасt, it seems/ikecuе/lаvесonp/еtе/g
difereпt tаsfus iи thiпgs, Аft", the morie, I tried to mаkе сoиrersаtioи, bиt а|l I
шапtеd шаs togo homе, So, / to/d him / шаs ехhаиstiпg аnd didn,t ruаnt to
"еа//у
gеt home /аtr. |f he аsks me oиt аgаiп-I,m пot iпtrrestiпg. Trуiпg to mеetpеop/е
сап bе wrу frиstrаte'd,
l
|79
Adiectives
and Adverbs:
Equatives
hе ridеs as fast as he does.Shе сontrolsher bike just as well.
But hеr shouldеrsaren,tas wide аnd her arms aren,tas long as his.
Whyshouldshе rideа bikе
for him?
designed
W;wжPЙINт
Сhеckthеthingsthеboy
ondgirl hovein сommon.
izеd to fit уou.
AD|ЕстlVЕS:
сIiАRTсI/iEсК
Сheck the correсt
answers.
Whiсh words are
always used in
еquatives?
Д
Lf not
Пos
t
a.. adjeсtivе or
an advеrb
t
riding speed
t
width of shoulders
t
сontrol of bike
t
length of arms
ЕQUAтIvЕs
I vвпв*1tlo1| лs | лo;..,,u. | я, I
T h е g i r|
thе boy.
fast
Shе
ts
H е гb i k e
isn't
as
Тhe girl,sbikе
good
big
as
hе is
his.
the boy's.
heavy
*Non-aсtion verbs like be. look. sеem.
ADVERBS: ЕQUAТlvЕs
(нoт)
I vвпв*
| o' l Aovвпв l o'
T h е g i rl
5hе
rides
H е гb i k e
doesn'tride
Тhе gir|,sbikе
*Aсtion vеrbs
180
fast
as
well
smoothly
сonsistently
the boy.
as
hе do еs'
his.
thе boy,s.
!Er.r--*.^-
EхPREss i:i:"
;'.i;::::|',,:
Сompletеthеsesеntenсеswith thе еquotivеform of the words in porеnthеsеs.
A: Мv old bike wasn,t
didn't perform
B: And it didn't look
(еxpеnsivе)
(wе|l)
(good)
my new one. of сourse, it
the new one.
thе nеw one either.
#"ж,fi:#?i.4.1',i'h,{":i{.зTxr%
&ы;*tнз*:уз{А,{
ra
rжr*rуъ'*'н*t*ъ
1. You сan u5еequatives (os + ad|eсtivе + os)
to сompаre peop|e,p|aсеs,and things.
r Thе Traxbike is as еxpensive as the cordo.
(Thе Troхсostso lot of monеу'The Gordo сosts
thе same omountof monеу.)
l lt,sno t as light as thе Go r do ,tho ugh.
(Thе two bikеsore not thе somе wеight,)
Usе os + adjесtive + os to сomparеpeoplе,
plaсes,and thingsthat arе equa|in somе way.
Use jшst to emphasizеthе equality.
r Тhis hеImetis as good as youгs.
l |t,sjust as еxpensive as youгstoo.
Usе nof os + adjeсtive + os to talk about
pеople,p|aсes,and thingsthat are diffеrentin
some way.
r Тhe nеw ad is пot as еffeсtivе ;iз thе o|d onе.
r |t isn,t as funny as the o|d onе еithег.
;";;;";;;";;:;,;;;;";oi*";;i;;;|.;;;";;-:;;;;"";;"*":
to сomparе aсtions.
(Thеуridе еquollуfost.)
r H е do еsn't r idе as safely as she do еs,tho ugh.
(тhey don,t ridе thе lomе woу' Hе rides sofеly,
but shе ridеsmore sofely,)
Use os + adverb + os to ta|kabout aсtionsthat
aге the samе or equal.Usefиst to emphasizе
thе equa]ity.
l Kleenbrightensas thoroughly as Bгitе.
r |t геmovesstainsjust as еffесtivеly as Bгite.
Usе пot os + adverb + os to taIkabout aсtioлs
that arе not thе same oг еqua|.
r K|ееndoеsn,t с|еanas welI as Brite.
3. You do not alwayshave to mention both paгts
of a сomparison.Sometimesthe meaningis
сIеarfrom the сontеxt.
r Trax and cordo are both great bikеs,but Trax
isn,t as light (as Gordo).
l Jakeand Christophеrboth ride fast,but
Сhr isto phеrdo esn,t r ide as skillfu! ly (asJ akе).
lA2
I
rlnit
42
o Reod this аrticlе on loundry dеtergеnts,Undеrlinе oll the еquotivеswith
IDENтIFY
odjеctives,Сircle thе equotivеswith аdvеrbs,
ffiЖYffiж&ЖtrТff
Pпoouст Rвивws + fuджжвжY
o you Wereridingthe trailsthis weekend,and you hit the dirt. Nowyourсlotheslook
as bad as yourbike.Nevermind.Тhey'lIlook as food as new nextweekend.Wе
сheсkedout three majorbrandsof detergent,and We сan te||you whiсhones сlean best
and whiсhones don't removetrai|stains
effeсtivelyas others.
overall,Britеand Kleenaren'tas expensiveas Тrend,but theydidn'tperformas we|l
either,However,they were almost as good in partiсu|arcategories.Тrendrеmovedboth
mud and grass stains effeсtive|y.
Brite removedmudjust as effeсtivelyas Тrend,but it
didn'tremovegrass stains as we||.K|eenwas effeсtiveon grass stains,but not on mud.
Briteсleanedсlothesas thoroughly
as K|een,but again,Briteand KleenWеren'tas good
as Trendin this сategory.on the otherhand,Briteсame out on top in brightеning.
сolors
washedin Kleen and Trendjust didn'tlook as brightas the onеs washedin Brite.
o Reod thеsеconvеrsotions,Сompletе thеm with equotivеsusing thе corrеct
сOfflPIEтЕ
form of thе words in porеnthеsеs.
Doeэ
1. Toм.4.s:
ride aэ comfortab|Уaэ
your new bike
Drшд: It,s gтeat. Thе handlebaГS
__ъ.
=
a. (ridе/ сomfortаb|е)
.
' . ..
GotБ/
W.dе)
the old one?
and the handbrakes
to rеaсh. This bike was madе for a small
с. (not bе / hard)
person like me.
2.
Hдшs: We need a name for this produсt. It should show that this detеrgent
the others but
a. (сlеan / еffесtivе)
to the environment.
Evд: I like ..GrеenKleеn.',It
it
3.
с. (soundi еxсiting)
b. (not bе / unfriеnd|y)
other produсt namеs, and
thе message
Iш-Su: The last group I rodе with
thеirs
-too.
a. (be / noisy)
a herd of
elephants. I prefer to ridе alone, but I know it's dangerous.
Srrш.Hr: Ride with rrie neхt wеekend. I
I promise.
b . ( p e d a l/ q u i e t )
a mouse.
Adieсtives
and Adverbs:
Еquativеs
о Rеаd thе chort comporing sevеrolmodels of biсусlеs.Сomplеte
& с0мPLETE
сOIILPАRE
thе sentencеswith equаtivesusing the corrеct form of the words in porеnthеses.
Сhoosе betwеenаffirmаtivе ond nеgotive,
Pпoouст Rдтlшсs + B:sYсLЕs
Mooвl.
Pнсв
Trax
$999
Goмгoкт
o
o
o
$ss0
Gordo $22s
1. The Gor 6o
Bпдкlшс SPEED'
DRY GROUND
О
Huff
Квv:Bвттвп G + Q --+О Woпsв
Bпдкlшс SPЕED'
WЕг GRoUND
a)
О
o
c
Sнlпlшс
EAsЕ
(stopi quiсk)
О
@
О
Ф
o
a)
doeэn,t eto? ag quick|уaэ
4. The Trax
5. The Trax
@
@
a)
Ф
the Trax and the Huff.
thе Huff.
(fее|/ сomfoгtab|е)
еither.
(be / сhеap)
thе Traх.
( r i d e/ с o m f o r t a b | e )
7. on the road. the Gordo
the Trax.
7 gooф
6,.,unaь
8. off the road. thе Gordo and the Huff
9. The Gordo
нANDLlNG
thе Trax.
(bе / еxpеnsivе)
6. Even thе Gordo
0гг.пoдo
the Trax and thе Huff.
2. on wet gтound, thе Huff
3. The Gordo
0ш.пoдo
IIANDtING
(shift / еasy)
( h a n d | е/ g o o d )
thе Trax.
thе Huff.
EDIT.Reod thеsebulletin boord postings, Find ond corrесt six mistokеsin the use of
еquotives.The first mistokе is olreаdy corrеctеd.
Мountain Bikе Forum ж{fr.#/.,:,:|'*:ffi
жж
Rв: Not as many bruises!
lnexperienсed
ridersshouldtry the SouthТrailat BearpawPark.Тhesсeneryis justas
beauliful
{эeat,ti+t*|+и
thanthe NorthTrail's.The slopes aren'tas
but its ridingtraсkisn'tas unfriend|y
steep,and you Won'tfal|as frequentbeсausetherearen'tas manyroсks.lt isn'tas short|ike
the North,so you'Ilsti||get a good ride,and you won'tfee|as disсouragedat the end of the day.
Rв:The (expensive)new Тrax
it aroundthe storeparkinglot,
Does anyonehaveany experienсewiththis bike?l test-drove
and I'mnot impressed.My old Traxshiftsas justeasily,and it handlesas smoothlytoo.
butthenit doesn'tсost $999 either.
of сourseit'snotas |ightly,
l
183
Adieсtives:
Comparatives
BIffЕfl
МшшU!
Рfrf(Еsl
l0}ytf,
'{!;;i1*
шттItFфD!
P0lNт
Сhеck the corrеct onswеr.
Thе nеw restaurant will be
il
dift.'еnt from the old restaurant.
t
tь" samе as the old restaurant.
сoil|PARAтlvЕs
сt/'ARт
сIIЕсI(
Сirclе T (Тruе)or
F (Folse).
т F Thе сomparative
adjесtive form
always ends
in -er.
Coмpдпдтlvв
brighter
bettеr
Тhе new геstaurantis
т F You сan usе thе
samе сomparative
adjесtive twiсe
in a statement to
show a сhange in
a situation.
| Tндм
than
more
сomfortablе
lеss
beautiful
thе o |d o ne.
RЕPEAтED сoMPARAТlvEs
| сo"oo*AтlvEl лn, | сo"oo*AтlvЕ
bеtter
Тhе food is gеtting
worse
more
less
bettеr.
and
worse.
more
dеliсio us.
Iess
interеsting.
DoU BLE сolt,lPARAтlvЕs
тнr |Goмpдпдтlvв l
The
more сrowded
l rнп|сoмoo,o'.u. I
thе rеstaurant,t hе slowеr
thе sеrviсе.
ЕхPRЕss,,,#-'ж
Сomplеtеthis sentеnce.
Mo's is bigger and
184
popular
Val's.
lafr.^"
Adieсtives:
ООmрarativrs
l
rgъ
s
й ra gът
ar Еxр*ажe&*Фer
ffix*в.къ
р&rs
1. Usе the (omparativе form of adjесtivеsto
foсus on a differenсеbеtweеn peoplе, plaсеs,
an d t h i n g s .
l Тhe nеW mеnu is biggеr than thе o|d mеnu.
r Thе nеw waiteгsare more experienсed than
thе o ld w aitегs.
2. Thеrе is more than one way to form the
comparativе of adiесtives.
bright
friend|y
Сoмpдпдтtvв
brighter
friendlier
whеn уou add -er,
big
prеtty
niсer
bigger
prettiеr
сomparativеfoгms.
bad
better
worse
a. For onе-sy|lab|e
adjесtivesand two-syl|able
adjeсtivesending in .y, usе adjeсtivе + -er.
Aojсстtvг
b. For most othеr adjeсtivеsof two or morе
sy|lables,use moreЛess + adjесtivе.
сomfoгtab|e
C. For some adjeсtives,
use еithеr-er or
morеЛess.
r Thе lnn is quieter than Joе,s.
r The I nn is mo r e quiet than J o е,s.
3. Use thе сomparativеwith than when you
mеntionthе thingsyou are сomparing.
Use the сomparativewithout thon when it is
сlear whiсh things you are сomparing,
4. Rеpеatthe samе сomparativeto talk about
сhange-an inсreasеor a deс
:
GomParativе . ---J . сomparative
+ ono +
ad|eсtive
adieсtivе
morе сomfortable
less сomfortablе
r Тhе apple piе is bеttеr thon the сakе.
r Thе new dеssеrtsarе bettеr.
(Thеnеw dеsserts
orе bеttеrthan the old dеssеrts.)
l |t,sgettinghardеr and hardеr to find an
inexpеnsiverеstaurant.
OR
more/less + аnd + more/less + adjeсtivе
5. Use a doublе сomparativеto show сausе
and effeсt:
Comparativе L,-^. сomparativе
LI^+.
+ tne +
Ene
ao|есtlve
adjeсtivе
185
l |t,sgetting morе and morе diffiсu|t.
(Thе diffiсultyis inсreosing,)
r Тhе shorter thе |inе,thе faster thе seгviсе.
(Whеn thе linе is shortеr,the sеrviсеis fostеr,)
it out!
Cheсk
F'or spelling rulеs for the сomparativе form of adjeсtives' see Appendiх 22 on page 344.
For a list of irregular сomparative adjeсtivеs,see Appеndix 10 on page 339.
For a list of some adjeсtivesthat form the сomparative in two ways, see Appendiх 12 on page 339.
186
I
unit 43
тRUE0R FАIiEo Look ot thesе two rеstаurаnt ods. Then rеod the stotemеntsbelow, аnd
dеcidе if thеу аre Truе (T) or Folsе (F),
4',t"''nь
Luigi's
Itаliаn Restашretnt
Ri'to'аnte ltoliono
Family-srylееatingsinсе 1990
Еstаblishеd iп 1.990
Rеlахеddiпiпgin а romпnticаtmosphеrе
open seven days a week-dinner only
rеservations
suggested
Opеn Tuеsday_Sunday, 12:00-9:00
Едкry-BIко Spвсиr
( Г u l l d i n n е rГ o r $ 1 0 . 9 5i f o r d с r е dЬ е Г o г е6 : 0 0 )
*rdlt r"tdt
"ll
"r".@
127З ОrangeStreet 45З-З285
oпefree bellеrаgетllith this аd
No rеsеruаtioпsпесеssаrу
No сrеdit саrds
B75 orangе St.
f
l. Luigi's is older than Antonio's.
2. Antonio's is more romantiс than Luigi,s.
3. Luigi's is probably less сrowded.
4. Antonio's seems сheaper than Luigi,s.
5. on Tuеsdays, Luigi,s has shorter business hours.
o Look ot port of Luigi,s mеnu. Thеn complеtе thе comporisons.
с0IILPARE
a сOff|PLETE
Usе the comporotive form of thе words in porеnthеsеs.
? Spaфеtti Primavеra (ulith lцhtф sаutёеduеgеtаblеs)
\
......$6.95
sp"ф"tti ArraЬЬiata (taithhоt сhitipeppеrsаnd tomаtoсs).............$7.s5
Fеttuссini Alfrеdo (ulithbuttеrаnd hеаuусrеam)
...........$s.29
Linguinе Aglio е olio (ttlithgаrliс аnd oil)....
V low fat, low salt \hot
l. The spaghetti primavera i,
2. The linguine aglio e olio is
3. The spaghetti arrabbiata is
(spiсy)
4. The fettuссini Alfrеdo is
s. The spaghetti primavera is
$5.67
and spiсy
chea?ert'han
(сhеap)
(еxpensivе)
(hot)
the spaghetti arrabbiata.
the fettuссini Alfredo.
and
the linguine aglio e olio.
(fattеning)
(healthy)
the spaghetti primavera.
the fettuссini Alfredo.
Comparatives l
Adieсtives:
о Reod thеsесommеntsobout o restouront.Сomplеtе them with the
сOff|PLEтE
comporotivе form of thе words in porеnthesesto show сousе ond effесtor o chonge.
l. A: I сan,t beliеve the size of this mеnu. It's going to take me forеvеr to сhoosе.
B:
The |onger
(|ong)
the men u,
the more diffiaub
(diffiсU|t)
the сhoiсe.
2. A: They say the food herе is getting
B: And
and
the food
(good)
(good)
it is.
(е-pe,ъi"e)
3. A: The serviсе seems a little slow tonight.
B: Yеs,
the restaurant. '
(popular)
4. A: The сigarette smoke here is getting
B:
(smokY)
the room.
thе serviсe.
G|oФ
and
(bad)
mу сough gets.
(bad)
5. A: It's pretty loud in here.
(сrowdеd)
the rеstaurant,
it is.
(noisy)
6. A: Thеy сertainly g,,.e you a lot of food. I сan,t eat anоther bitе.
(big)
the portions,
7. A: Thеir desserts keep getting
B: And I keep getting
it is to finish.
(hаrd)
and
and
(deIiсious)
I
(heavy)
EDIT.Reod this restouront review.Find ond correct еight mistokеsin thе use of the
comporotive of odjectivеs,Thе first mistokе is olreodу corrеctеd.
Dining Out
tomatо sauсе in town. And lеavе room
By Bкuсв Nвwндкт
for dеssеrt. Thеy iust kееp gеtting gоod
Pеtе,sPlaсеhas Iustrеоpеnеd
and bеttеr.
Thе wait staff is friеndly but nоt ablе
undеr nеW managеmеnt.Thе dining room
briаhter
lооks biggеr, mоr+ь+ф' and prettiеr as
to handlе largе numbеrs of pеoplе-thе
thе old onе. Althoughthе food isn,t bеttеr,
сrowdеdthе rеstаurant,
thе slowеrthе sеrviсе.
it is iust as good. Thе mеnu is morе variеd
At dinnеrtimethе linеs outsidеthis pоpular
and lеss еxpеnsivеr'Try onе оf thеir pasta
еatеryarе gеtting longer and morе long. Try
dishеs. Yоu won,t find a morе frеshеr
lunсhtimеfоr a quiеtеrand rеlaxеdеrmеal.
ta7
Adiectives:
Whojust
happеnsto bе
my wifе!
Superlatives
WPqINт
Сheck thе corrеct onswer.
Hдppy
VдLвштlшп's
The sеnder of this сard thinks his
wife is vеrу:
Dду!
П typiсal
П speсial
Noтв: Valеntinе's Day (Fеbruary 14) is a holiday in the Unitеd Statеs and Canada.
Many peoplе send сards to speсial pеоple in their lives to tell them thеir feelings.
sUPЕRLAтlvЕs
сHARTсHEсI(
Сhеck thе correct
onswеrs.
Whiсh word always
goеs bеfore the
supеrlative form
of the adjeсtive?
[l
.tt
You arе
sweеtest
funniеst
best
most wondеrful
least selfish
pеrsonin thе woг|d.
That's
the
thе
thе
th е
the
niсest
lovеliest
worst
m ost amusing
lеast original
сard l,vе еvеr rесeivеd.
LJ most
Whiсh lеtters do yоu
add to thе end of a
short adjeсtivе to
form the supеrlative?
-est
Гl -er
t
Whiсh wоrds do you
add bеforе a long
adjeсtive to form the
superlative?
[l
moreоr less
[l
mostor leost
l
i
thе
the
the
thе
thе
oor on
LJ the
188
Supвпl.дтlvв
Ao;встlvвFoпм
**.чу.чy.YY
i :т i,:т:]у.,:
:..:. .}.9P.
...... .. t
EхPREss**l:!'"i;.i,i!ii;jэ
AotвстIvп
Сompletethе chort,
Supвпl.дтlvв
niсe
bеautifuI
Waгm
happy
жжж**tз
wвж
* жжwжжжwЖ.жpf-
Жжж*жpfl.*ж
1. Usе the super|ativе form of adjeсtivesto
singlеout pеop|e,p|aсes.and thingsfгom other
people,plaсes,and things.
r You are the best parentsin thе world.
l You are thе most wondеrful fгiеndl,ve
evеr had.
2. Тhere is morе than one way to form thе
super|ative of adjесtives.
Ao|гстlvв
bright
friend|y
Supвпrдтlvг
thе brightest
the friеndliеst
when you add .est.
big
pгеtty
thе biggеst
thе prеttiest
forms.
supег|ativе
bad
thе worst
b. For most other adjесtivesof two or moге
usе the most/the leost + adjeсtive.
syllab|еs,
сomfortabIе
thе most сomfortablе
thе least сomfortable
G. For some adjeсtivesuse either the . . . .est
or thе most/the leost.
l My third hotelwas the quietеst.
r My third hotel was thе most quiet.
or two-syl|ab|e
adjесtives
a. For onе-syIIab|е
еnding in .y, use thе + adjeсtive + .est.
3. Thе super|ativeis often used with еxpressions
b е g i n n i n g w i t h i n o r o f , s u с h a si n t h е w o r l d
and of all.
l You,rethe best mothеr in the world.
l Hе,sthesmartestone of usoll.
4. Thе superlativеis somеtimеsfo|lowed by a
сlausе. oftеn the с|ausеusеsthe pгеsеnt
perfeсt with eyer.
r That,sthe niсest сaгd I,ve ever received.
r You havе the lovеliеst smiIеl,ve ever seеn,
Сheсk
it oul!
F'or spelling rulеs for thе supеrlative form of adjeсtives, sеe Appendix 22 on page 344.
For a list of irrеgular superlative adjесtives'see Appendiх 10 on page 339.
F'or a list оf some adjесtivesthat form thе supеrlative in two Ways' see Appеndiх 12 on page 339.
l9O
r
Unit 4ul
lDENтltYо Reod this Mother,s Doy cord writtеn bу а young child. Underline аll thе
superIotivе odj eсtives.
Youarе thе smoгtеst,
thеbrightф ond
thefunniеstdoll momsl.vееvоГKnoшгr.
Youqrеthеniсеdrгnогn\'Veevегhqd.
onddefrhitеly
Yоuqгetk, пost wondегful
JhеlеqstГг\еoг1.
Nomomin1hеьrhо\e
widеworidls
Ьqttеr1honyou,
Yоuоrethе9геоfеd
rnotheг
c qll.
l lсvеyоvvеr/V€ r y rnuсhl
Dayl
MоthегЗ
НqPрy
N
v
W
W
.ж;Ф
щ
с0|{|PLЕTE
t, о|00sE. Rеod thesesеntencesfrom Volеntine,sDoy сords. Сomplеtе them
with thе superlotivе form of the odjесtivеsin pаrenthesеsond the expressionsin thе box.
ofall,inthesсhooIofmylifeinourfamilyМoftheуеar
the |uckiеэt
1. You are so good to me. I am
(|uсky)
2. The day Wе Were married was
3. Yоu are a tеrrifiс tеaсher. You are
4. You make me fеel warm еvеn in
5. You are
(niсе)
6. Grandma, you are
why I love you the most.
(happy)
(good)
(сold)
pеrson
in thе wor|d
day
teaсhеr
months
сous1n
(wisе)
pеrSon
Maybе that's
Adjeсtives;
Supеrlatives
o Look ot thеsеgift itеms, Writе sеntenсesobout them. Use the supеrlаtive
DESсRIBE
form of thе words in pаrеnthesеs.
сJъ=*\_
r-
1 . T h e boоk
iэ the |eaэt expenэive gift,,
2. The painting
3. Thе painting
4. The book
5. Thе painting
6. The sсarf
7. The toy
(еxpеnsivе)
(unusuа|)
(praсtiса|)
(small)
(big)
(еxpеnsivе)
(fu n nlz)
ЕDlT. Reod this porogroph from o student,sessoу,Find ond correct five mistokеsin the
usе of superlotiveodjеctives.Thе first mistoke is olrеodу сorrected,
moэt эeriouэ
timе in Muslim
Ramadan is the sefifi*sr€t
сulture. During Ramadan, we do not еat fгom
sunup to sunsеt. This is diffiсu].t for everyone, but teena$еrs have the hardеst timе.
Right aftеr Ramadan is the Eid al-Fitг. This holiday iasts three d.ays, and it's the most
happiest time of thе yеar. Thе moгning of Eid, my family gets up early and goes to the
mosque. Aftег wе 6pееt ouг nei$hboгs by saying "Eid Mubaгek'' (Happy Eid), We go
homе. We eat the bi$ breakfast you have ever seen. ouг parents $ivе us gifts, usually
new сlothеs and monеy. one yeaц Eid сamе around thе tlmе I $тaduated from high
sсhool. That yraц I $ot the most bеautiful сiothеs and thе fatter еnvelopе of money of all
the сhildгen in my family. Еid Mеla is part of Eid al-Fitr. on that day, we all $o to
a biЕl paгk. Last year at Еid Mela, I had the betteг time of my lifе. I met' my o1d high
sсhool friеnds, and we a11ate junk food and showеd off our nеw сlothes.
l
191
Adverbs: Comparatives
and Superlatives
Сome on,
bryant,,Nry harder,
Watch Jordan.
The more he p|aуe,
the better he looko,
Ж
POINT
Сirсlе T (True) or F (False).
т
F
Jordan improves every time he plays.
сl|АRтсl]ЕсK
сo]YlPARAтlvEs
Сhесk thе correсt.
a|lswеr.
What do you add to
long adverbs to form
the сomparative?
J
[l
GoмpдпдпvвAovвпвFoпм | т"o*
hardеr
Jordanplayed
more or less
-еr ot -est
t
tltе
morе
lеss
aggrеssively
сo nsistеntI y
than
Bryant.
sUPERLAтlvЕs
Whiсh word do you
always add to form
thе superlative?
Д
LJ mast
ш
bеttеr
Supвпl.дтlvв Aovвпв Foпм
Hе thrеw
the fastest
th е bеst
the most
thе least
aссuratеly
frequently
o f anyo nеin the gamе.
ЕхPREssi,i';.,,"i'i".,,'.;:,i".",,i'i,
Сircle thе corrесt words to complеtе thesеsentencеs,
Sims threw fastеr than / of Jоnes. He played better / the best of all.
192
Adverbs:
Cопrраratives аnd supеrlativrs
s
6 rвжъжзar Жжpfl.e'x*tЁ#ffi
Еxamplеs
1. Use the comparative form of adverbs to
foсus on diffеrenсesbetweenaсtions.
l Тhe Bul|spIayedbеttеr than thе Lakеrs.
r Joгdanp|ayеdmore skillfully than o,Nea|.
Use the сompaгativеwithout thon whеn jt is
сlеarwhiсh thingsyou are сompaгing.
2. Usе thе superIative form of advеrbs to
sino|еout somеthinoabout an aсtion.
Wе often use the super|ativewith еxprеssions
bеginnlng wlth of, suсh as of onу ploуеr.
3. Тhere is more than one way to form thе
Gomрarativе and supеr|ative of adverbs.
I
r Hе p|ayеdless aggressively, though.
l Bryantworked thе hardеst.
r He sсoгеdthe most frequеnt|у of onу ployеr
on thе tеam.
Aovвпв
fast
hard
Сoмpдпдтtvв Supгпt-дтlvь
faster
thе fastest
harder
the hardest
badlv
worse
thе worst
b. For most advеrbsof two or more syllab|еs,
use moreЛess + advеrb or
the most/thе lеost + adverb.
ski|Iful|y
morе/less
skillfully
thе most/the lеast
skillfully
с. Some advеrbsuse еithеrmore/lessor -er
and the most/the leost or the . , . .est.
quiсk|y
more quiсkly the most quiсkly
quiсkеr
thе quiсkеst
adverbs,use advеrb + .er
a. For onе-sy|lab|е
or the + advеrb + -est.
forms.
сompaгativеand suoеrIativе
193
4. Repeatthe same сomparativeto taIkabout
сhanое_an inсrеaseor a dесгеase:
сomparativе
-.^J+
. сomparativе
+ ono
advеrb
advеrb
oR
moreЛess + ond + more/less + adverb
r Bryantis p|ayingbettеr and bettеr as thе
seasonсontinuеs.
(His pеrformonсеkеepsimproving')
r He is shooting more and more aссurately.
(Нis shootingkееpsgеtting morе oСсurotе).
5. Usе a doubIeсomparativeto show сause
and еffeсt:
the +
сomparative
advеrb
сomparativе
.|
+ the +
advеrb
l Thе hardеr he played,thе bettеr hе pегformed.
(Whеn hе ploуеd horder, hispеrformonсеimprovеd.)
iI oul!
Сheсk
For a list of irrеgular сomparisons of adverbs, sеe Appendix 10 on page 339.
194 r unit 4s
o Rеod this fеoturestory from thе sports section of the nеwspoper.Undеrline
iDENтIFY
oll the сomporаtivе forms onсe. Undеrline oII thе superlotivеforms twiсe.
Seсtion 3
Sports
Gоlds BеatSilvеrs!
still handlсd thе ball likс thе old Aсе. Hе
In thе first soссеf gamе оf thе sеason, thе
Golds bсat thе Silvеrs,6 to 3.Thс Silvег tсam
playеd a truly fantastiс gamе, but its dеfсnsе
is still wеak. Thе Gоlds dеfсndсd
muсh
morе
aggrеssivеly
thс ball
than thе Silvсr
tеam did. of сoursе, Aсс Jaсkson сеrtainly
hсlpеd чrin thе gamе for thе Golds. Thе
Golds' star playсr was baсk on thе fiеld
сеrtainly
handlеd it thе mоst skillfuЩ
of
anyonс on thс tсam. Не сontrollсd thс ball
thе bсst, kiсkеd tlrс ball thе farthеst' and
гan thе fastrst of anу of thе playеrs on
сithеr tеam. Hе playеd hаrd and hеlpеd thе
Golds look good. In faсt, thс haгdсr hе
playеd, thе bеttеr thе Golds pеrformеd.
W,atсhAсе this srason.
tоday to thе dсlight оf his many fans. Hе
And watсh
wаs hurt badly at thе сnd of last sеason,
сoaсh, and thеy'rе training morе sеriously
this yеar. I think wе'll sее thеm play bеttеr
but hс has rесovеrсd quiсkly. Although
hс
didn't p|aу as wеll as pсoplе еxpесtеd, hе
thе Silvеrs. Thеy havе a nеW
and bеttеr as thе srason progfеssеs.
o Reod this conversotionbеtweenfriеnds, Сomplete it with thе compаrаtive
сOПлPLEтE
or supеrlotiveforms of the words in porеnthеses.Add the ond than wherе nесеssorу,
Brr-r,y: Did you hear about that new speed-reading сoursе? It helps you read
faeter
1. (fast)
a16
2. (wеll)
Mrсrrвr,: I don't believe it! Thе
3. (faф
you understand.
you read, the
4. (|itt|е)
Brr,r,y: Thе ad says that after the сourse you'll read ten time*
,1'o.9
and understand five times more. And the best thing is that you won't havе
to work anv
6. (hard)
Mrсuвr,: I,d like to see that. All through high sсhool, I read
any student in my сlass, but I also remеmbered details
and
9. (long)
7. (slowly)
of
8. (сlеar|y)
of anv of mv сlassmates.
Brr,r,y: Maybe you сould rеad еven
that and still remеmber
10.(q,сщ4
details. That way, you'd have more time to go to the gym.
Mrсuвr,: Did you read the сourse dеsсription сompletely?
Brr,r,y: I read it
11. (сomp|еtе|y)
I read most things.
о Look ot thе chort. Тhеn complete the sentenсеs
& сOПлPLETE
сI/l00sЕ
with thе сomporotive or supеrlotivеform of the words in the box.
You will use somе words morе thon oncе.
good
far
Aтнt.втв
Cruz
fast
slow
BвoдоJuмв Pot-е Yдuьтlшс
high
S.МlLЕ Ruш
l4.3 feеt
7 feet 3 inсhеs
24 minutes
Smith
l4.l fеet
7 feet 2 nсhеs
28 minutes
Lin
l 5 .2 f e е t
7 feet 8 n с h e s
30 minutes
Storm
l5.4 fееt
8 fеet 2 inсhеs
22 minutеs
Cлlzjumped
Storm vaulted
farther than
the higheet,
Smith.
of all.
Lin ran
Smith ran
Storm.
Storm jumped
Сt:uz tan
Storm vaulted
Smith.
Smith.
All in all, Storm did
All in all. Smith did
EDIT.Rеod this studеnt,srеport obout o boskеtbollgomе, Find ond сorrectseven
mistokesin the usе of odvеrbs, Thе first mistokе is olrеodу corrеcted.
Last night I watсhed the Lakeгs and the Bulls. Both teams played moгe
than
aggтessively{'ve ever seen thеm. In fact, they played the better of any game
I've watсhed t'his season. In the first half' Miсhaеl с.Iordansprainеd his left' ankle,
and Shaquille o'Neal was out of the game beсause of fouls. But they still didn't
start the seсond haШ any slower that the first. With сIordan out, Kukoс sсored the
most frequenteт of any player. He's been playing more and more better as the
season goes on. In faсt, more he p}ays, the betteг he looks. The Bulls Won 97 to
88. The Lakers sermed to get bired at the end. They played llttle and less
сonsistently as the gamе wеnt on.
SelfTest
rc:S:rr{pnrlgNE
Сircle thе lеtter of the сorrect onswеr to complеtе eoch sеntencе.
Exдшptп:
Jennifer never
(A) drink
(B)drinks
l.
I have
(A) a good
(B)best
(C) is drinking
(D)was drinking
job in the world.
2. The apple pie smеlls
(A) wonderful
(B)wоnderfully
3. Our team didn't play
(A) as well as
(B)well
5. The faster Tranh walks.
(A) morе tired
(B)he gets tired
6. Could you talk
(A) more quietly
(B)quieter than
AвсD
(C)the bеst
(D)the better
(C) more wоndеrfully
(D)the most wondеrfully
I expeсted.I was disappointеd.
(C) as badly as
(D)bеttеr
4. I passed my driver's tеst. It seemed muсh
(C)easiest
{A)easy
(B)easier
(D)easily
this timе.
(C) the morе tired hе gets
(D)he gets more tired
? I'm trying to wоrk.
(C) more quiet
(D)quiet
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
AB
сD
ABсD
7. Lisa is staying home. Her сold is a lot today.
(A) bad
(C)worst
(B)worse
(D)thе rrgorst
ABсD
8. Sorry we're late. Your house is muсh
than we thought.
(A) far
(C) farther
(B)the farthest
(D)the farther
ABсD
9. The movie was s o _
(A) exсitingly
(B)exсitеd
AB
10. Chris is working very
(A) hardly
(B)hard
196
д@с D
сoffee.
that we сouldn't slеep last night.
(С) ехсitе
(D)еxсiting
thеse days.
(C)harder
(D)hardеst
сD
ABсD
ЧF--.
SelfTest
1 1 . Writethereportfirst.It'smoreimportant-yourothеrWork.
(A) than
(B)as
Vlll
ABсD
(C) from
(D)then
12. T h e l u n с h m e n u i s v e r v s h o r t . I t ' s - t h a n t h e d i n n е r m e n u .
(C) less varied
(A) varied
(B)more varied
(D)the least varied
ABсD
1 3 . Thank you! That,s
ABсD
r've ever reсeived.
(C) niсest g,ft
(D)the niсest gift
(A) the niсer gift
(B)a niсe gift
1 4 . It's getting more
to find a сheap apartment.
(C) the most diffiсult
(D)and very diffiсult
(A) hardly
(B)and more diffiсult
ls,ЕстloNI
I
ABсD
TWo
Еoch sеntencеhos four undеrlined words or phrosеs, The four underlinedports
of thе sеntеnceorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D. Сirclе the lettеr of thе onе underlinеd
word or phrose thot is Nor сORREст.
Еxдмptt:
Мike usually drives tо sсhool, but today he walks.
AвсD
A B сo
1 5 . The harder Sylvia tries, less she suссeeds.
ABсD
1 6 . This has been the best day than my whole life!
ABсD
1 7 . Wе,re always amazing ф John,s inсredible travеl storiеs.
ABсD
1 8 . We took a lot of photos beсause she was suсh a сutely little baby.
ABсD
1 9 . our new сar is hard to drive than our old one.
ABсD
20. Patriсk doesn,t run quiсkly as Lee, but hе сan run farther.
ABсD
21. You did muсh morе better in thе last test --D
than in this onе.
ABсD
22. What's the more popular of all the new TV shows?
ABсD
23. The more I praсtiсe the piano, the most skilled I get.
ABсD
24. The garbage in the street is more disgusted than the potholes.
AвсD
2s. Today seems as hotter as yesterday, but the humidity is lower.
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
AB(D
AB(D
AB(D
A--_E,----_-т---D-
ABсD
197
Gerunds:
Subjeсt and objeсt
I ' ma l l
o uI o f br aaf,haqain.
I real|у nеrd to
jogging!
oуuit
lжжffi]
PпINт
Сheck thе corrеct onswer.
What does thе woman want to give up?
A
&
G
oa
t
r..l
LJ
сHARTсliEсK
сigarеttes
eхеrсlse
GЕRUND As SUB,EсT
Сhеck the corrеct
onswеr.
Gвпuшo
(Suцвст)
| v.*. I oш..,
What does the gerund
еnd with?
Smoking
har ms yo ur health.
Not smoking
makеs you hеa|thiег.
fl -ed
Г1 -ing
What goes before the
gerund to makе it
negative?
Д
LJ not
Ёl don't or doesn't
198
GЕпuNDAs oB,Ест
_ll
5uв,вст | Vвпв
[ Gвпuшo(oв1вст)
You
s h o u l dq u i t
smoking.
My doсtoг
suggеsts
not smoking.
Gerunds:
Subjeсt and objeсt r
ExPREss
ffiЖ
Сompletе this convеrsotionwith thе сorrect form of thе vеrb drink.
Use the offirmotiveor negаtivе.
A:
too muсh сoffee isn't gоod for you.
B: Iknow. Iquit
сoffee last vear.
A: My doсtor suggested
soda either.
Grammar Еxplanations
Еxamples
1. A gerund (basеform of vеrb + -lng) is a
verb that funсtionslike a noun.
I Drinking too muсh сoffеeis bad for youг hea|th.
A geгundсan bе thе subjесt of a sentеnсe.
l Smoking is also unhеalthy.
when you add .ing to thе basеform of the vеrb.
iog
Notiсe that a gerund is aIwayssingularand is
followedby thе third-pеrson-singuIar
form of
the verb.
r Еating junk food mokes mе siсk.
r lnhaling smokе gives me bronсhitis.
jogging
gеr und
progrеssivеform of the veгb.
2. ^ gerund сan also be thе objeсt of
сеrtainvеrbs.
Тo the right is a short |istof verbs that сan bе
followed by a gerund.
3. Therе are many сommon еxprеssionswith
go + gerцnd. Тhese exprеssionsusually
dеsсribеaсtivities,suсh as shopping,fishing,
skiing, swimming, and сomping.
progrеssive
form
r Hе is drinking сoffеeright now.
r I enjoy eхercising.
l |,vесonsidered joining a gym.
admit
avoid
сonsidеr
dеny
еnjoy
finish
miss
praсtiсe
quit
resent
suggеst
understand
l Wе oftеn go swimming in thе Iakе.
r Yеsterdayl went shopping foг a nеw pair of
running shoеs.
Сheсkit out!
For morе сomplete lists of сommon verbs that сan bе followed by thе gеrund,
sее Appendix 3 on pagе 337 and Appendix 6 on pagе 338.
199
2OO r
unit 46
о Rеod port of аn orticlе from o heolth nеwslеttеr.Underlinе thе words ending
IDENтiFY
in -ing thаt ore gеrunds,
п
}wtммlшс is grеatеxеrсisе.
It.s
hеalthy,fun, and rеlaхing.Bесausе
swimmingis a ..low-impaсt''
sport,
mostpеoplееnjoypartiсipating
in
this aсtivity withoutfеarоf injury
to thеirbonеsor musсlеs.Jogging,
whiсh is a ..high-impaсt''
aсtivity,
canat timеsbе harmful. I know
this from pеrsonal ехpеriеnсе.Last
yеar whilе I was jogging, I injurеd
my right knее. I don't gо jogging
anymorе. Aftеr a painful month of
rесovеry' I stoppеd running and
switсhеd to watеr sports.l'm now
сonsidеringjoining a swimming
tеam and сompеting in raсеs.
сH00sE& с0мPLEIE.Rеod thesеstotеmеntsobout hеolth issuеs.Сomplеte thеm with
thе gеrund form of the verbs in thе boх. Сhoose bеtwеen аffirmotive ond nеgotive.
inсrease
eat
Эmok\ng
1.
do
walk
drink
}n€ f iб
swim
run
is bad fоr your heart and lungs.
2.
tоo muсh fat and sugar is also unhealthy.
3.
enough water is bad for your general health.
4. Doсtors suggest
s. Avoid
go
the amount of fruits and vegetablеs in your diet.
too many high-impaсt sports suсh as jogging and
Jumpшg rope.
in a pool every day. It's an exсellent
6. Instead. соnsider
low-impaсt aсtivity.
7. Many health eхperts think that
is better than
beсause there is less strеss on your body when your feet сomе
into сontaсt with the gтound.
8. Some people are afraid of the doсtoц but
is a mistake.
for regular сheсkups
ggТiTgYj.?.1L:J.ч:l
g?l::}.:.
.?.9l..
........
.1']у.
o Reod eoch numberеdstotеmеnt.Сompletеthе following summory using
sUмlIiАRlzE
thе oppropriotе vеrb from the box ond thе gеrund form of thе verb in pаrеnthesеs.
aсknowledge
1.
сonsidеr
(Jog)
(smokе)
(swim)
Jrм: I smell smoke toо. But don,t look at mе! I didn't havе a сigarette!
(smokе)
Iшд: I know I should eхerсise, but I don't want to. I guess you're right. I am lazу.
Suммдвy: Ina
6.
(bе)
Iazу.
Pнrr,: No, thanks. The сakе looks gтеat, but I'm trying to stay away frоm swееts.
Suммдвт Phil
7.
quit
Cнвш: I,m going to that nrw swimming pool. Would you like tо go with me?
Suммдвy: Jim
5.
go
Мдвтд: oh. no thanks. I don't smоke anУmore.
Suммдвv: Chen is going to
4.
ФdФ
enjoуjogТing,
Suммдвv: Мarta
3.
deny
Toм: Ann jogs, but I don,t really likе that kind of еxerсise.
Suммдву: Tom doesn't
2.
avoid
(eat)
sweets.
Vrr,мд: I'm not sure' but I maу go on a vaсation.
Suммдву: Vilma
(take)
a vaсation.
ЕDIIo Reodlim,s notes,Find ond corrеctninе mistokesin thе usе of thе gerund,
Thе first mistokе is olrеodу corrеctеd.
9MOKING
WАУ5 I CAN Qиlт J'f*Ot<ЕCleАREттЕl
Pick аи eхacL daLe Lo 4иit svиoКe.
(Cиr dowи is harder Lhaи sЕoPpivg aLLat ovlce.)
9Lop svоokingcovоpLeLeL\,1.
Avoid Lo be aroцnd oLher sиokers (aL LeasLaL Lhe beqivtиivlg).
9Larr eхercisivlgdaiLу' To erercise CaИ redцce sLress.
No driиkiиg cof*ee YoavheLPLoo.
tvлagescaи heLp.
Lvnaginebeeиa иoи-svиoKer.PosiЕivewtevlLaL
Loиsider Lo 1oiи^ suPPorLgroцP.
Dovl,LdeLaу Lo asK for help. CaLLDr. Bиrиs righL awaу\
K e e pLr у l и g a n d d o v t ,L9 i v e иp !
Gerunds
after Prepositions
GЕTl}|v0tvЕD!
lnterestedin improving |ifeon саmpus?
Tirеdof heаring сomp|aints
аnd not finding solutions?
(ounсi|!
JointheStudеnt
Nеxtl4еeting:
Мon.,Маrсh25,8:00p.м.,
МаinAuditorium
Wе lookforwаrdto seeing you there.
You(ANmаkеа differеnсе!
The Student Counсil is looking for studеnts who
т
F
want to make new friends.
т
F
want to improve lifе on сampus.
Т
F
likе to сomplain.
GЕRUNDSAFTЕR PREPoslтloNs
сHАRTсlflEсl(
Сhеck the corrеct
onswеrs.
What part of speeсh
is the word to in
Iook forword to?
П part of the
infinitive
t
a preposition
I P*.,o,.,loш|rшoт)| с,*uno
Do you havе idеas for
improving
life on сampus?
We're good
at
planning
ahеad.
You сan hе|p
bу
taking
notеs.
Shе bе|iеvеs
ln
(not)
compromising.
Are you tirеd
of
hearing
What form of thе verb
follows a preposition?
Let'swork
instеad of
сo mplaining.
t
Thеy insist
on
(not)
сo ming
to thе mееting.
I look forward
to
(not)
having to
study next summег.
th" base form
П tь" gerund
П tь" infinitive
202
сompIaints?
Gerunds
atter Рrepоsitiоns I
Eх'PREss'жж
Сomplеtе this conversаtionwith thе corrеct form of thе verb ioin.
A: Are you happy about
B: Sure. I,d beеn looking forward to
ggtg
G rаmrnar frxрl*ma*f;
l. A preposition is a word suсh as obout,
ogoinst, ot, hу, for, in, instеod of, of, on,
to, with, and without. А prepositionсan be
fol|owеdby a noun or a pronoun.
Beсausea gerund (basеform of veгb + -ing)
aсts as a noun, it сan follow a prеpositiontoo.
2. Many Gommon еxprеssions are madе up of a
verb or an adjесtivеfollowed by a preposition.
Тhеsе еxprеssionsсan be followеd by a gerund.
3. Bв сдпвгur!
a. ln thе еxpressions to thе right, to is a
prepositjon,not part of an infinitivеform.
For this rеasonit сan bе followеd by
the gerund.
b. Do not сonfusеused to + basе form
of verb (foг habits in the past) with
bе/get used to + gеrund (meaning
,,bе/getaссustomеdto,,).
the Studеnt Cоunсil?
a group for a while.
Ж,xamрl*s
noun
l Тhе сounсil insistson eleсtions,
oгonoun
l Тhe сounсi|insistson them.
oerund
r Тhe сounсi|insistson 7oting.
Vвпв+ Pпвpostтlotч
adviseagainst
bеliеvеin
сount on
Ao;встlvв+ Pвгposlтtoш
afraidof
bored with
exсitеdabout
t She сounts on going to сo||еgе.
r Hе is borеd with working in a storе.
Vtпв + Pпвpostтloш
look foгwardto
ob|есtto
геsortto
Ao;встtvв
+ Pпвpostтtoш
aссustomеdto
opposеd to
usеd to
l l,m lookingforwaгdto seeingуou.
Noт |,m |ooking forward tffi€ € j Ёot*.
l I used to take the train.
(lt wos my hobit to toke thе troin, but l no longеr
tokе thе troin.)
l l,m usеd to tokingthе train.
(l,m oссustomedto tаking thе troin,)
l |,m getting used to toking the tгain.
(l,m gеtting oссustomеdto toking thе troin,)
it oul!
Сheсk
For a list of сommon verb plus preposition сombinations, see Appendix 7 on pagе 338.
For a list of сommon adjeсtive plus preposition сombinations' see Appendix 8 on page 338.
2o3
2O4
I
Ltll.it 4?
o Thе StudentСounсil wrotе o lettеr ta thе сallеgеpresidеnt.Rеad it and
IDENтiFY
undеrlinеаll the prеposition+ gerund сombinotions,
\A/e,the membeгs of the Student Council, would like to shaте wlth you
the thoughts and сonсeгns of the general studеnt' body. As you probably knoщ
many students are сomplainin$ about Шfe on сampus. lVe aге interested
in meetin€
T^rithyou to disсuss our ideas foг deaШn$ TЛriththese сomplaints.
\[Iе know that you aгe tired of hearing students сomplain and that you
aгe not used to woгking With the Student Counсil. Howeveц if you really
believе in $iving new ideas a tгy, we hopе you wlll think about speaking With
ouг гepгesentatives soon. lVe look forward. to hearing fгom you soon.
сн00sE& с0мPIETEо Rеod thеsеcommеntsfrom thе sсhool nеwspopеr.Сomplеte thе
studеnts,stotеmеntswith the opproprioteprеpositionfrom thе box (уou will use onе
of thеm severаl times)ond thе gеrund form of thе verb in porenthеsеs.
at
on
in
to
about
for
about Тetting
1. I don't havе any plans for spring brеak, but I'm not сonсernеd
bоred. I сan always takе a walk or somеthing.-Jl
(gеt)
m Hsu
2. What are my plans for spring brеak? I'm very interеsted
to jazz.I,m going to attend thе Spring Jazz Festival .-Lisa
(listеn)
Suarеz
3. My friends and I are driving to New orleans. I,m exсited
but I'm nеrvous
(rеlax)
Lealе
at night.-Emilia
(drivе)
4. I'm really looking forward
(qo)
at homе and just
(stay)
.-Don Pitt
5. I,m driving to Quеbeс. It's famous
(hаvе)
6, I love languagеs, but I'm not good
my Japanеsе сlass over the break. -Claire
gтeat food. -Eun
(lеarn)
them, so I'm studying for
Kaplаn
7. My friеnds and I are going сamping, but my little brother insists
with us. A lot of fun that,ll be!-omar
8. My girlfriend plans
Ko
(сomе)
Sisanе
u'd
iБ;ф
movies, so I guess I,ll rеad a lot and see a lot of movies.-Tim
(go,)
Rilеу
to the
Gerunds
after Рreроsitions l
o Rеod thеsеpoirs of sеntеncesobout school life. Сombinе them with the
сOlлBlNE
prеpositionsin porеnthеsеs.
1. You сan't walk on сampus late at night. You have to worry about your safety.
You can't wa|kon cam?uэ |ate at night wi|houtworryingabout Уour эafetу,
(without)
2. We сan make сhanges. We сan tell the administration abоut our сonсerns.
(by)
3. The administration сan help. It сan listen to our сonсerns.
(by)
4. In some сases' students just сomplain. They don,t make suggestions for improvements.
(instead of)
5. Students get annoyed with somе teaсhers. Some teaсhers сome late tо сlass.
(fo0
6. You сan improve your gтades. Study regularly.
(bv)
EDIT.Reod this studеnt,sletter.Find ond correctsеvеnmistokеsin the use of gеrunds
oftеr prеpositions, Thе first mistoke is olrеodу corrected.
Deаr Briаи,
I hаve brеп аtteпdiпg Loпgtrее Сo//еgefor а !е'Ir l,m rеrу hoPPу
э|udуing
he,e, Аt frst, it шаs а littlе hаrdgеttiпg
to sprаk Епgltsh
"sed
а// thr'time, bиt nool,t feе/ ,е,у сomfo,tаb/eаbout сommиniсаte iп mу
аboиtф
seсond /апgиаge,
Ijиstjoiпеd аn iиfurпаtionа/stиdепtgroиp, апd |,m eхсifudц,it|t
meеtiиg ИelaPеoP/r, Sиmmer brеаk is сomiпg, аnd а fr- of аrе p/аипiпg
"s
on do somo trаre/iпg together.Bфn tojoiп this groиp, I иsed to speпd
ho/idауs а/onе.
P/eаsr шrite, | /ookforшаrd to heа" fo- уoи!
/<.
2os
lnfinitives
after Certain Verbs
Lifestyles Seсtion 4
Asк AшNlЕ
DеаrAnnie,
Iжffiж]
month agо I mеt this gгеat
Меgan, and I askеd
Awoman,
r
l hеr to mаrry mе гiфt awaу.
Shе says things aгl ..moving too
fast''' and shе wants mе to think
about m}r pгоposаl somе moге.
I told hеr I сan't afford tо чrait
_Impаtiеnt
forеvеr. Am I riфt?
I
сI]АRTсIiEсK
Сirсlе T (Truе)or
F (Folse).
т
F
Thе infinitive =
base form + to.
т
F
The nеgativе
infinitive =
not + infinitive.
т
F
All verbs nееd
an objесt bеforе
thе infinitivе.
Сhеck thе corrеct onswer.
П М"gan wants morе time
to сonsidеr the marriagе
proposal.
t
Megan thinks "Impatient"
should сonsidеr his
proposal morе.
SтAТЕмЕNTS: WlтHoUT AN oB'Ест
Suв,вст
| v.*'
They
l r"oо | ln,.n,,.u.
I
deсidеd
agrееd
(not)
to сall
to ask
A nnie.
SтAтEП,|ЕNТS:
Wtт}l AN oB'Ест
Suв,вст
| v'*'
Тhey
urged
advisеd
I ory.., | цoт1| ln,.n.,.u.
I
John
him
(not)
to сa|l
to ask
hеr.
sтAтЕпnЕNTS:wlтH AN oPтloNAt oB|Ест
Suвlвст
| v.*,
Тhеy
I to,,..,) | ln,,n...u.
I
wanted
(ohn)
nееdеd
(him)
to сalI
to ask
her.
ПnErТf;
EхPREss
Unscromblеthеsе words to form o sentencе,
to о want о Annie о write о to о I
206
P1INT
lnfinitives
after Certain Verbs
Grammar Еxрlaпations
Еxamples
1. Сertain veфs сan be fol|owedby an lnflnltlve
(fo + basеform of thе vеrb).
r l want to get maгriеd.
r l askеd Anniе to help me,
2. Somе of thesе verbs arе fo|lowеddireсtly bу
an infinitlvе.
l Hе dесided to write to Anniе.
r Hе hoped to get a quiсk rep|y.
Тhе vеrbs to the right сan bе followed direсt|y
by an infinitivе.
3. Some vеrbs nеed an ob|есt (noun or рronoun)
bеforе thе lnflnltlvе.
agreе
bеgin
fail
p|an
rеfцsе
seem
objeсt
r I invited Morу to сelebratе with us.
objесt
r I r eminded her to сo mе.
Тhе vеrbs to thе right neеd an objeсt beforе
the infinitive.
advisе
encoцragе
ordеr
tеll
urgе
waln
4. Somе vеrbs сan bе fo]lowеdby eithеr:
. an lnfinltivе
r Hе waпts to leove' Hе,stirеd.
OR
OR
о an obieсt + lnfinitlvе
r Hе wants уou to lеove. You,rеtired.
Тhе verbs to thе гight сan be fo||owed
either direсtly by an infinitivеoг by an
objесt + infinitive.
ask
expeсt
help
5. Form a negative infinitive by plaсing not
bеforеthe infinitive.
need
want
would like
r Lеe геmеmbегеdnot to coll aftег5:00.
(Lееdidn,tсoll ofter5:00.)
r Аna to|d mе not to go to сlass.
(Ano: ,,Don,tgo. Thе tеoсhеris siсk,,,)
infinitivесan havе a vеry differеntmеaning
from a sеntеnсеwith a nеgativеmain vеrb
(Van:,,Don,tgivе up',,)
l Van didn,t tеll mе to givе up.
(Von didn't soy anything.)
it out!
Cheсk
For a list of сommon verbs followed direсtly by the infinitive, see Appendix 4 on page 338.
For a list of verbs fоllowеd by objeсts and thе infrnitive, sеe Appеndiх 5 on pagе 338.
For a list of verbs that сan be followed either dirесtly by an infinitivе or by an objeсt +
infinitivе, seе Appеndix 5 on page 338.
I
2O7
2O8 I
unit 48
о Reod Annie,s responsеto ,,lmpotiеnt.,,LLndеrlinеoll the vеrb + infinitive ond
tDENтltY
vеrb + objеct + infinitive combinotions.
Lifestyles 17
DеаrImpatiеnь
loцr down! You аppеаr tо bе in toо muсh of a hurгy.You'vс
only known this pеrson for amоnth and yеt you askеd hег
to mаfry yоu!.ЧIhat's thе big rush? WIцl сan,t,yoll affоrd tо
чrait? Arе yоu afraid that if shе gеts tо know yоu bеttец shе may
dесidе not to tiе thе knot? I agгес with youг girlfriеnd.Yоu nееd
tо соnsidеr things fl1orе сaгеfrrlly.Yоu сan,t rxресt hеr (оr yоursеlf)
tо mаkе sцсh an impогtant dесision so quiсkly.If you dоn't want
to rеglеt a hasty dесisiоn,I advisс you both to gеt to knоw еaф
*Аnnie
оthеr bсttеr bеfoге yоu hurry tо thе a|tar.
o Reod this orticlе. Сomplete it with thе corrеct form of the vеrbs in
сЙI|PIEтE
porеnthеses,|Jsеthe simplе presеntor thе imperotive form of thе first vеrb,
Plalrlcilog
for Lоvе
ost peoplе make сarefulplans when thеy
decide to take
Yеt whеn they
a mate,they dеpend on luсk.
2. (attеmpt / find)
ЕdwardA. Drеyfus,Ph.D.,
Не
lovе to сhanсe.
3. (waгn / singlе peop|е / not / leavе)
plan whеn thеy searсhfor a lifе partnеr.
his four,"stеp
,4.(urgе/them/usе)
Rеmеmbеr:When you
a vaсation.
1. (deсide / takе)
you
5. (fail / рlan)
sтЕP oNЕ: Makе a list. What kind of person do you
6. (plаn / fail)
7. (wish / meеt)
Somеoneintеlligеnt?Someonewho loves sports?List everything.
sтЕP TWo: Make anothеr list. What kind of pеrson are you?
8. (Ask / two friends / геad)
your list and сommenton it. Thе two lists should matсh.
sтЕP THRЕЕ: lnсrеase your сhanсes.
9. (Сhoosе/ partiсipаtе)
sтЕР FOUR: Ask for introduсtions.Dr. Drеyfus
еmbarrassedto ask.Еvеryonе
1 1 . ( w а n t/ b е )
in aсtivitiеs you likе.
l o . ( а d v i s е/ p е o p | e/ n o t / f е e l )
a matсhmakеr!
frтflпЁt*wes aft*r Оеrtalrr V*гlэs l
o Rеod еoch numbеrеdstotеment.Сomplеtethe SummorYusing thе
sufflЛflАRlzЕ
oppropriote vеrb from thе box followеd bу аn infinitive or on objеct + infinitivе,
agree
remind
would like
ж
invite
neеd
forget
еnсourage
Aгтшrв: I reallv think you shоuld take things more slоwly, Chet.
l.
Suммдвy: Annie
urgedChet to take th\ngэmoreэlowly.
Cдвyш: Tom. сould you сall me at 10:00?
2,
Suммдвy: Caryn
Kuвт: Еmily, plеasе remеmbеr tо buy gas today.
3.
Suммдвv: Kurt
Joнш: Wе,re going out for сoffee,Marta. Would you like to jоin us?
4.
Suммдву: John
Jдsoш: oK, oK, Dad. I'll bе homе by 10:30 if that's what you want.
5.
Suммдвy: Jason
Jвгг: oh. no! It's 4:I5.I didn't go to the 2:00 staff meeting!
6.
Suммдву: Jеff
Moм: Come on, Lisa, don't be sсared. Just try again.
7.
Suммдву: Lisa's mother
Tвввy: I,m using the сar tonight. I'm taking Sue to the mall.
8.
Suммдву: Terrv
EDIT.Reаd this еntrу in o pеrsonol diorу. Find аnd corrеct sеVеnmistаkesin thе usе of
infinitivesoftеr cеrtoin vеrbs. Thе first mistokе is olreodу сorrectеd.
&r "
to join
жrAnnieаdvis-еdmеpяlяgac|ab,oу-tаkeа-c|аss,
..I|.m_rе'aLIуехc,lt.еА.аbor,tthjs-,Тhе...c"lшb.isplаnnin-gahlИngfjp
'-to...go-''rn*ting''in.Ihe'5Qr.i,nq'At.l,trst|'d-iАл!IмanI'slgningap,batIhe
\Ji,,eI|1h'o.p-ed-mokе-sлme-trlen/s.мhе.n
L4oinеА'lhj;о.|шb*hмI.-I'dtdnI-eхw*-еveухолe
-betng-----,.",
2o9
lnfinitives
after Ceгtain Adjeсtives
and Ceгtain Nouns
|I,э hard to find
qood frieэ Nhеoе daуe'
wffiPЙINт
Chеck thе сorreсt onswer,
П гi.'аing good fries is diffiсult.
П тьe man hardly еats anything but fries.
lNFlNlтlvEs AFтЕR сЕRтAIN AD'EcтlvЕs
сIIARTсI]EсI(
I Aol..r,u. I tn'n,r,u.I
Сhесk thе сorrеct
onswеrs.
Thе infinitive is
formed with:
It',s
hard
to find
nutritiousfastfood.
Wе,re
eagеr
to hear
about thе new restaurant.
t
to + base form
of verb
He sееmеd
surprisеd
to lеarn
thе amount of fat in a buгgеr.
t
to + base form of
verb + -ing
lNFlNlТlvEs AFтER сЕRтAIN NoUNs
| шou*
The infinitivе follows:
П сertain nouns and
adjeсtives
-t
LJ сеrtarn
prepositions
2to
| In'.n.'.u.I
It',s
t i me
to go.
That'sa high
priсe
to pay.
Doеs hе have
pеrmission
to stay
out late?
lnfinitives
after CeЁain Adieсtivеs and Nоuns
l
2tt
EхPREss'ж&
Unscromblеthеsеwords to form two sentenсеs.
сonvenient о lt's о еat o fast о food о to
pay . a о priсe о low о That,s о to
A n,amrжartrxрЕeшetiоrcs
Е.xamрles
l. Cегtainadjесtivеs сan bе followed by an
infinitivе (to + basеform of thе vеrb).
r Thеy Wеrееagеr to trу the nеw taсo.
adjeсtive infinitivе
Мany of thesе adjесtivеsdesсribea feеling
about thе aсtion in thе infinitive.
r She was glad to heor that it was |ow in сa|oriеs.
Adjeсtivesthat expressщa.!sc-.a[
Цзлne aгe often
fo||owеdby an infinitivе.
l l was wrong to leove,
r Тhеy werе brave to tell him.
Adjесtivеsthat show the ordеr of aсtionsaгe
oftеn fol|owеdby an infinitive.
r We wеге last to order.
r Whеn the сhесk сamе, she was first to lеove
the rеstauгant.
2. Wе often use lt3 + adjeсtive + infinitivе.
infinitive
adjесtivе
l lt,s grеat to seeyou again.
When thе aсtion in thе infinitiveis done by a
person,we often use of or for + noun,/рronoцn.
r lt was si||у of Tom to lеavе.
l |t,shard for us to gеt hеге on timе.
lt's + adjесtive + infinitivе is oftеn usеd to
makе gеnеra|obsеrvations.
I lt,s сonveniеnt to eot fast food.
l lt,s diffiсult for studеntsto work fu|ltime.
3. Cегtainnouns сan be followedbv an infinitivе.
Тhe noun + infinitivе сombinationoften
exprеssеsadvjsabilityor neсеssity.
l
r
l
r
r
no un infinitive
lt,stime to toke a bгeak.
l havе the right to eot what l want.
Тhеy madе a dесision to lose wеight.
ltЪ a high priсе to poу,
Hе has pеrmission to stoу out late.
l Robin is thе pеrson to osk about that.
(Youshould qskRobinobout thot.)
r I have a tеst to studу for гight now.
(l must study for my tеst,)
Сheсkit oul!
Por a list of сommon aфeсtivеs that сan be followеd by the infinitive, see Appеndix 9 on page 338.
2|2
l
U*тit .*sl
o Reod this questionnoire.Undеrline oll the odjeсtive+ infinitivе ond
IDENтIFY
noun + infinitive сombinotions. Writе A ovеr thе odiectivеsond N oyer thе nouns.
Please take a few mirl{utes to сomPlete this questionnaire
aboцt fast.food
restaurants.
Cheсk (/) a|| the answers that are aPPropriate for you.
A
1. How often are you likely to eat at a fast-food restaurant?
.7 4-6 timеs a wееk
Г 1_З timеs a weеk
. ' nеver
. morе than 6 timеs a wееk
2. Inyour opinion,fast food is:
:good to eat
a Wayto savеtimе
П цnhеalthyto havе еvery day
П fцn to order oссasiona|ly
3. Whiсh statement Ьest dеsсriЬesyour feе|ingsaboцt the сost of fast food?
l] Yoц get a lot for just a little money.
П |t,sa high priсe to pay for сonvеniеnсе.
4. ls it a good ideato inс|udehеa|thyсhoiсesin fast.foodmеnus?
ПNo
ПYеs
o Reаd thеsеexcerptsfrom letters to the еditor of а co|lеgеnеwspopеr,
с0ILPLEтE
Сomplеtе them with the corrеct form of thе words in porеntheses,
Last year I stoppеd еating in the sсhool сafetеria bесausе thе fоod was so bad and it
placeto have
was suсh a grim
the first time. I was
the
u meal. Yеsterdav I wеnt baсk for
1 . ( p | a с e/ h a v е )
Taсo Bеl1 therе. Fast foods arе
2 . ( d е | i g h t е d/ f i n d )
! They're
3. (way / go)
and the
4. (fun / еаt)
сheerful atmospherе has made the сafetеria a
in. I'll bе
5 . ( p l е a s u r е/ е a t )
eating lunсh therе every day from now on.-L, Brеnner
It was a
6 . ( m i s t a k е/ b r i n g )
7 . ( o u t r а g е o u s/ s е e )
fоod theу Srrve isn,t
fast-food сhains to thе сampus. It's
thе eхaсt same restaurants everywhere you go. The
. It сontains muсh too muсh SugaЦ
8. (good / еat)
salt' and fat. Fоr сommuter students, it's
mеal bеfore еvening сlass, and it's
9 . ( е s s е n t i a/| h a v е )
1 o . ( d i f f i с u l/t g o )
dinnеr. We just don't havе thе time .-B. Chеn
a hеalthy
off сampus for
j:jj:...tjy.::..1Tуj.Р.:t1i:i*Yi:::у.1:.?:.'::.Гj:-,
о Rеod thеsесonversotionsbetwееnco-workеrs.Сomplеtе thеm
сlt00sГ& сOмPIETE
pаrеnthеses
with thе words in
аnd the infinitive form of o verb from thе box.
get
cry
hear
kеep
work
find
deсide
wake up
show
E<{
t,imeio t,ake
Cнвrs: H"y, Dana. I,ve got tо talk to you. Do you have
1. (timе)
a break?
Dдпд: Sure, Chris. What,s wrong? You lоok like you,re
Cнвrs: Mr. Kay just askеd me if Id be
to midnight.
2. (rеady)
from 4:00 p.м.
rc
Dдшд: Yоu have an early сlass. It's
early afbеr
4. (hard)
working late.
Cнвrs: Right. When I told him that hе said,..I,m
Chris. I thоughtyouwеrе
shift manager."
Dдшд: It's
a promotion to
re
your gтades up too. Did he give you
?(П.po.ta.ф
8. (timе)
that,
5. (suprisеd)
?
Cнвrs: He just said, "oK. I'll ask Steve. We'll g',,e him th.e
9. (сhаnсе)
his loyalty to the сompaIlУ.,,
Dдшд: Fast-food jobs are
1o. (еasy)
' Just сonсentrate on sсhоol.
EDIT.Reod Mr, Koу,sjournol, Find ond corrеctsеvеn mistokesin the usе of infinitives.
Thе first mistokе is olrеody сorrеctеd,
to aэk
ToniqhLL vnalo Lhe decisioи as .k4 Chris Lo t.ake Lhei"ghr shlf:ь.L
reъLLу-Lhoуф she waL1aJnц|-o Ve g|ad for geLLingLhe oftor-5he.hasеxPcиses.Looks Like she wаs Lhe wroиДPersoиI аsked!тhe Probtgtи
иlt_llit]i
*Was-}s,!Le-[v-a5
эfuААIgъ.Еэ
Litu Le --
jr,..xЕJL_"waswrqnqofu$pr=pLhreaЕenГ-o.asK..5LзХe-J-c^pуLd_L:r-ш_---_-JmPa-L.
|hЭ,L-sh,e-"w'A'S.'P-re-Lуv-\nРs?-r-I.p-h9aI*L.-haу-.J1Lt.hiлKэ-Dp-tlL
*r*oлotio-и*aиушaу-5Le-lt.*Iv
e5 geLLiИg a b rcalк.
lnfinitives
with Too and Еnough
[Е'*гсв
PпINт
Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Fаlsе).
(сSan,
уour rnothеr вnd I think that уou arе now old, еrlough
to gеt уaur own d,rink of aпtеr.''
F
The man's parents
want the man to get
them a drink of water.
т
F
Thе man wants his
parents to gеt him a
drink of water.
s WlтH тao
IAo;встlvв/ (Foл+ Nouш/ l
сl]ARтсIIEсI(
lNFlNlтlvЕ
I
Сhеck thе corrеct
аnswеr,
Whiсh word сomеs
before the adjeсtive
or advеrb?
Д
LJ too
т
Too IAovвпв
oв,вст Pпoшouш)| lшгlшlтlvп
Wе,rе (not)
young
(for peop|е)
to trust.
Тhe tеaсhегtalked too
quiсkly
(foгmе)
to takе
It's(not)
hard
(for us)
to dесidе.
notеs.
-lr
LJ enougn
lNFlNlтlvЕs Wlт}| ENOUGIi
Ao;встlvв/|
|1гo*+Nouш/ I
Aovвпв i Eнouсн| oв,встPпoшouш)
| lшгlшlтlvв
Thеy,re(not)
o ld
Sh е h a s n ,tс o m e often
It's(not)
214
еasy
enough
(for peop|е)
to trust.
(for mе)
to rесognize
(foгus)
to deсide.
her.
tnfinitives
with Too and Enouqh
I
215
EхPREssж
Unscromblethеsе words to form two sеntеncеs.
vote r She's . to . young o too
to о enоu$h о old . We,re о work
6 ramштar Еxрia]ratlФпs
ЕxaктрIеs
l. Usе too + adjесtivе/advеrb + infinitivе to
give a reason.
l |,m too young to drive.
(l,m not siхtееnуеt, so l сon,t drivе.)
r She isn't too young to drive.
(Shе,sovеr siхtееn,so shе сon drivе.)
r She aггivedtoo late to toke the test'
(Shе arrivedtwеntуminutеsoftеr thе tеststortеd,
so she сouldn,ttake the tеst.)
l Shе didn,t aггivеtoo late to toke thе test.
(Shе arrivedonly two minutesofter thе test
stortеd,so she сould tokе thе tеst,)
2. You сan also usе adiесtivе/advеrb +
enough + inflnltivе to givе a гeason.
l l,m old enough to go into the aгmy.
(l,m over еightееn,so l сon go into thе ormу.)
l Hе isn,t o|d enough to go into thе army.
(Hе isn,t eightееnуet, so hе con,tgo into the ormу.)
r | гan fast enough to poss thе physiсa|.
(l ron vеrу fost,so l possedthе phуsiсal')
l Shе didn,t run fast enough to Possthе physiсa|.
(Shе didn,t run vеry fast,so shе didn,t poss
thе physiсol')
3. Notiсe that you don,t neеd to use thе infinitive
when ttiе meaningis сlеarfrom thе сontext.
l
|,m seventеenyeaгsold, and | сan,tvote yet.
|,mtoo young. |,m not old enough.
and enough.
Тoo сomes bеforethе adjесtivеor advеrb.
l Shе,stoo old.
Enough сomes aftегthе adjесtiveor advеrb.
l |,m not old enough. Noт l,m not сnetgh-оl*
4. SomеtimesWe usе for + noun or
far + objeсt Pronoun bеfore thе infinitivе.
l Wе arе too young for people to trust us.
(Pеoplеdon,t trust us,)
r We arе too young for thеm to trиst us.
(Thеydon,t trust us,)
216
t
il'Ёпit sФ
сlt00sEo Peoplе hаvе diffеrentopinions obout publiс issues.Reod еoch numbered
stаtеmentof opinion, Then circle thе lеttеrof the sentencе(a) or (b) thot bеst
summorizеsthot opinion,
1. Teenagers are rеsponsible еnough to stay out past 10:00 p.м.
permission tо stay out past 10:00 p.м.
@ Teenagers should have
b. Teenagers shouldn,t have permission to stay out past 10:00 p.м.
2. Teenagеrs are too immature to vote.
a. Teenagers should be able to votе.
b. Teenagers shouldn't be able to vote.
3. Teenagers are responsible enough to use the Internet without сensorship.
a. Teenagеrs сan use the Internеt without сensоrship.
b. Teenagers сan,t use the Internеt without сensorship.
4. Adults are toо afraid of сhange to listen to сhildren,s ideas.
a. Adults listеn to сhildren's idеas.
b. Adults don,t listen to сhildren,s idеas.
5. At age seventy, people are not too old to work.
a. At age sevеnty, people сan work.
b. At age seventy, pеople сan't wоrk.
6. Siхtееn-year-olds are not experiеnсed enough to drive at night.
a. Sixtеen-year-olds сan drive at night.
b. Sixteen-year-olds сan,t drivе at night.
UNiсRAI|BLE.Gino wonts to drivе to onothеr сitу for o concert, but hеr mother thinks
she,stoo young. Moke sеntencеswith thе words in porenthеsеs,Then writе G (Gina)
or M (Mothеr) to show whoseopinion eаch sentenсerеpresеnts.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
You're t,oo уoung t,o be out, эo lat,e.
( t o o / Y o u , r el y o u n g l t o / o u t / b е / s o / | a t е )
( g e t / | t , sl | o l b у t e n / u s l t o o l h o m е / f a r l t o r )
( t a k eс a r е o f / m a t u г е/ m y s е | fl | , m l t o / е n o u g h )
( d a n g e r o u sl t o o l n i g h t / l t , s/ t o / d r i v е / a t )
( t o o i g i v е l w o r r у i | / m u с h / t o / p e r m i s s i o n/ y o u )
1trrаt/ еxperienсеd / drivе / arеn,t l far l enough / to / You)
M
Agзfgз*t*rяes '+vitГrТ*tэ эпt-l ||,,r:i-;l,'';;.
.
o Some tееnogеrsorе lеoving o сonсеrt. Сomplеtе thе sеntеncеs,IJsethe
с0ПiIPIEтE
words in porеntheseswith the infinitivеond too or enough.
1. I сouldn't hear that last song. The guitar у7gg
too |o-udfor me |o hear
(|oud/me/heаr)
2. Let's get tiсkets for the сonсert in Hampton. They,re
3. I hope the сonсert hall is
(сhеаp/us/аfford)
all the fans!
(lаrgе / hold)
4, I hopе my mother lets mе go. This сonсert is going to be
5. Let's get a pizza at Sal's. The large ones are
6. It,s 9:30 alrеadv. It's
8. Kyle didn't get out of work
(good/mе/miss)
(big/ sharе)
for pizza.
( | а t e/ s t o p )
7, I hatе this сurfew! I think we,re
thе words.
( o | с l/ s t а y )
(еar|уl сomе)
9. Van, I'm playing basketball tomorrow. Are you still
10. Lеt,s find out. But I want to walk. Your сar isn't
out past 10:00!
tonight.
( s | o w/ b е a t )
( s а f е/ d r i v е )
EDIIo Reod this student,sjournol entrу.Find ond correсteight mistokesin thе usе of
infinitivеswith too or enough. Thе first mistokеis olrеody corrеctеd.
ь"}, '
to э|eep
-i , T|w,P|Й/ФфttДxt Иrа,{аJ,|le{'ot,иp!
NoоrI'ш, too oхсttЙ,#rs|ryф.
саn rиЦ
Qord"oп,
ntюo ь|,tt *Чlu!пozLt0
sLИ! tt,,|у
TllАt мЙo
'*! *tЙp s|шtttе,r!
дfto
tЙp uпrut
иlo И)erorцЩ fucчrу, bиt ь И/а,'t0 hto togo fo, P*"*. I |+АТЕ
tЙlх sttф, *f'',,! It's toо t1,е,b0L
tt,иl'^цstnи^d,.
му ftэrtl, Todd,'nrk,s аJ4nhА5
toFry tnхu, bиt thp |ллrsауshэs tooуo^g fo, 'try'И! oиtp.aсt10:00!TlLаt's
ufory ,*Ч|uto t,ил"k"е,
t,tц,o
шarttto sсуeanи,.
Th^аt
reИuLИjrшx,.I sшro|'r" ry
tи"otЙ,er
chлryеs |uе/l44i,Иns00?t/,*чlufor I to bry *tkJ<rt to tЙp |}а"tаptoш
cott,ult. Tho/ se/LoцtuPxуrЙq
Wц fuеsшt shpt/цлk r'и,t,t,паturе,to
druto
lLаиoto dюit sot,иtti,уиl,!WеhL,t d, bеttu trу to
ffу шdpsr I'[,1,
7et s0ше/s[eеуоr
I,1,1,
botoo tiуЙ,too got L? |ntЙ"oшоrnф.
mе?
217
lnfinitives
of Purpose
534t
llAIAtAт0п
Electronic0rganizer $89.95
Available at all Laсу,sDepartmeлt Stores.
Use me
r' Ю look up words
r' to store namesаnd phonе numbеrs
r' to add and subtraсt
t/ to write down ideas
r' to look сool!
WPЙINт
Сheck аlI thе correct onswers.
What сan you use thе Datalator as?
П an address book
сI]АRтсI]EсK
Сirclе T (Truе)or
F (Fаlsе),
т F There are two
ways to form
the affirmаtive
infinitive of
purposе.
т
218
F
Thеre arе two
ways to form
the negative
infinitive of
purpose.
t
a telephone
П adiсtionary
t
anotepad
л
LJ a radio
AFFпrшAтlvЕ
NЕGAтlvЕ
l p u t h i s n u m b е ri n my o r ganiz eг
(in ordеr) to save it.
l madе a note (in order) to
remеmber ouг date.
| |еftat 9:00 (in order) to
arrive еarly.
l ran (in order) to сatсh thе bus.
l put his numberin my o r ganiz еr
in order not to losе it.
l made a notе in ordеr not to
forgеt our date.
| |еftat 9:00 in ordеr not to
arrive latе.
I ran in order not to miss thе bus.
|nfinitives
оf Purрosе
l
Еx,PREss
{Фft":.-в
Unscromblеthese words to form two sentеncеs.
Store . addresses . use . I . an о organizet . to
in order . I О not о set о oversleep o my . alarm сloсk r to
6 rarmrжar fixрlaиetf;ФШs
Еxarrrрlеs
1. Use an infinitivе (to + base form of thе verb)
to explain the purposeof an aсtion. ]t oftеn
answersthe question Whу?
A: whу did you 9o to Laсy,s?
B: l wеnt therеto buy onе of thosе Data|atoгs
I saw in an ad.
Usдсв Noтв: |n spoken Еnglish,you сan аnswеr
A: Whу did you go to Laсy,s?
the question Why? with an inсomplеtеsentenсе B: To buy an e|есtroniсoгganizег.
bеginningwith Тo.
2. You сan also usе thе longег form in ordеr to +
basе form of thе verb to explain a purpose.
Usдсв Noтв: Тo + basе form of thе veгb is
more сommon in informalspeeсh and writing.
3. Usе in order not to + basе form of the vеrb
to еxorеssa nеoativeouroosе.
4. You сan also use noun/pronoun + infinitive
to exprеssthе ouroose of an obieсt.
l bought an organizеrin ordеr to store names
and pho nе numbeгs.
I bought an organizеrto store namеsand
pho ne number s.
I I use my Data|atorin ordеr not to makе
mistakesin pronunсiation.
(l don,twqnt to mokе mistqkеs')
l nееd an organizеr to hеIp mе remembеr
my sсhedule.
I need it to hеlp me remembermy sсhеdu|е.
2|9
22o l
s"*
&"ArъЁ*
o Rеаd this сonversation.Undеrline oll thе infinitivеs thot еxprеsso purposе.
/iDENTIFY
Yoкo: It,s 5:00. Aren,t yоu gоing home?
Lвв: I.[о.I,m staying late to finish this report. What about you? Are you going
straight homе?
Yoкo: No. I'm going to stop at the bank to get some сash. Thеn I'm going to Laсy,s
Departmеnt Store to take advantage of the sale they'rе having.
Lвв: oh, what are you going to get?
Yoкo; one of thosе nеw elесtroniс organizers they're advertising. I,ve bеen looking for
somеthing to help me with my work.
Lвш: What's Wrong with just a regular сalсulator?
Yoко:
Nоthing. But sоmеtimes I have to сonvеrt other сurrenсies to dollars.
Lвш: What еlse are you going tо use it fоr?
Yoкo: oh, to store important names and phоne numbеrs and to balanсe my сheсkbook.
Lвв: What did we do beforе they invented all thеsе eleсtroniс gadgets?
Yoкo: Wе made a lot of mistakеs!
о Look ot Yoko,slist of things to do, Then writе o phrose to answеr
АNsv!ЕR
еoch quеstion,
To Do
-Get gas
-Mаke dentаlappoiпtmеnt
_Buy batteгies
-Withdгaw $,loo
-lnvitе Flikaand Taгotо diпneг
-Buy milk and eggs
To make a dental appointment^
1.
whv did
she сall Dr. Tоwbin,s offiсе?
2.
whv did
shе gо tо the bank?
3.
whv did
she сall Mrs. Watanabе?
4.
whv did
shе go to the supermarket?
5.
whv did
she go to the elесtroniсs stоrе?
6.
whv did
shе go to the serviсe station?
Еnfirritiчяes оf Рi;rr:оsсl l
m
22|'
o For еoсh oction, find thе сorrectpurpose.
Il|А|сH
ы
Aсtion
Purpose
q
1. He enrolled in Chinese 101 beсause he
a. didn't want to get any phone сalls.
b
2. She took a bus beсausе shе
b. didn't want to be late.
3. She went to the store bесause shе
G. wanted to store informatiоn.
4. We disсonneсted оur phone beсause we
d. wanted to listеn to thе news.
5. He turned on the radio beсause he
е. didn't want to worrу me.
6. He didn't tell me he was siсk beсause he
f. needеd tо buy some dishes.
7. She bought a Datalator beсause she
9. wanted to lеarn the language.
REwRlтEo Сombinе the sеntencеports аbovе. Use thе infinitive of purposе.
1.
He enro||edin Chineэe 1o1to learn the |anquage.
2.
1he took э buэ in order not,|o be |ate.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
EDIT.Rеod Yoko,sjournol entry,Find ond сorrect six mistokesin the use of the infinitive
of purposе, The first mistoke is olreodу corrеctеd.
to gеt,
tесtll.сlgапсd...t-p-d.аg..lЦh.lс,|..tц..qs'шq.[tiпg,..|..и';сd
l.шrnt..t.p-.Dr..Tдцу..hlл..fu.fu-шg
Dа.tа.|в.tаr..to'stиdg..f.o-r'thс...Т.Q.Е.Е-L.,'.T.h.еп'.|..иspd..tt.to-.kс/р;nт.е.P-raпaш
,dспtа|
floss-||.Йr..ш.и.а.p.p.r,iпt.п.r.п.t,.Аftсr.tlэ.е.d.сп.tis.t-.Iс.h.с.с.kс'd..шt.ц..ас.h
.,|tЗikа..qпd..T'а,rp,..d'iп,п.еп..7;3Q,.,!''|'.shpиId..и.s.e-.it.,[п..lzr.d.е,r.tp..п.о.t'.fr.
!tt.|t..rQсipls'q'r.с..g.lr'.€.qdИ'g'tl..th.е..D.q.tаIa.tp-r..;p..|..и.sgd..th'сп'..fr'r.Ш.qk
l'lst,..Wh.e.п'/'.rl.оLh.qшэ"..th.е.r.е.tllа.s'q.!t.p.t.е.'.aп'.2l.ц.'d.qp.r-.!.С..all..h/.d.q,'.
,.!h|dg"
sиpеr!!..T.lэс.'!.hи.il.dtщ.sиp.сr.ta,tе.п.d.е.п't',!..нlа.п.te.
Dаtд.|q.tp-r.dir'tnпа'rg.
ta.f:п.d
иp.i.п..qrdgr'fх..th.е'.dparhll|t..R.ik0"..T..qr.p.".g.п.d..l.p.|g'ц.е..d'.шith...thе.Dq.
Yoи сап oroаrаm it for to olаи сomoиfur аolmеstoo, I doп,t kпo. hoш | linсd шithoиt it!
Gerunds
embarraэerd'
I didn,Lrвmember
mеet,ingBob.
and lnfinitives
c o u |dу o u
forget?
tсн жl
P0lNт
Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Folse).
т
F
The infrnitive
sometimеs
follows a
preposition.
т
F
Agerundсan
bе the subjесt
of a sentеnсе.
F
The woman had an appointmеnt
with Bob, but shе forgot to go.
т
F
The woman forgot that she had
mеt Bob onсe bеforе.
GERUNDS
lNFlNIтlvЕs
Martaenjoysgoing to partiеs.
Marta wants to go to partiеs.
She lovеs mеeting nеw pеop|e.
Shе loves to mееt new pеoplе.
She stopped buying iсе сream.
She stoppеd to buy iсе сrеam.
сHARтсl]ЕсI(
Сirсle T (True)or
F (Folse).
т F Sоme verbs
сan be followed
by either the
gerund or
the infinitive.
т
She,sworriеdabout forgеtting
people,snamеs.
Mеeting new pеoplе is fun'
lt,s fun to meеt nеw peoplе.
EхPREssж
Complete thеsеsеntencеswith the corrеct form of thе vеrbsgo or talk.
о Phil wants
О
о Phil enjoys
о It's fun
222
tо the party.
tо partres rs exсrtrng.
about a lot of diffеrent things.
to new peоple.
Gerunds
and lnfinitives
Grammar Еxplanations
t,xamplеs
1. Somе vеrbs are followеd by a gerund.
l Мaгta еnjoys meeting pеop|е.
r Shе misses going to paгtiеs.
2. Some verbs are foIlowed by an infinitivе.
l Marta wants to meet pеop|е.
r She'd like to go to parties.
3. Some vеrbs сan be fol|owеdby еithеr
a gеrund or an infinltlve.
r Marta lovеs meeting nеw pеop|е.
r
223
OR
r Мarta lovеs to meet nеw pеoplе.
4. Bв сдRвгul!A fеw verbs сan bе followеd by
еithеr a gеrund or an infinitivе,but thе
mеanlngs arе vеTy dlfferent
r Marta stopped eating iсе сгeam.
(Shеdoеsn,tеot iсе сrеamonуmorе,)
l Maгta stoppеd to eat iсе сгеam.
(She stoppedanothеractivitуin ordеr to еot somе
iсе сrеom')
r Riсhar dr emеmbеr еd mailing thе invitatio n.
(Firsthе moilеd thе invitation.Thеn hе rеmеmbеrеd
thot he did it.)
l Riсhardrememberеd to mai| thе invitation.
(Firsthe rеmеmbered.Thеnhе moilеd the
invitotion,Hе didn,t forget,)
r Marta forgot meeting Riсhard.
(Morto mеt Riсhord,but oftеrwordsshе didn,t
remеmbеrthе evеnt.)
r Marta forgot to meеt Riсhard.
(Morto hod plons to mееt Richard,but shе didn,t
meethim bесousеshе forgotobout the plans.)
5. A gеruпd is the on|y vегb form that сan
fo|Iow a PreрoJltion.
6. To makеgeneral statements,you сan Usе:
. gerund as subjeсt
l
preposition
Marta,s worriеd about forgetting names.
r Mееting nеW pеoplе is fun.
OR
. It's + adjесtlvе/noun + infinitive
OR
I ;t,s fun to meet nеw pеoplе
Cheсkit out!
For a list of сommon vеrbs followed by the gеrund, see Appеndix 3 on page 337.
For a list of сommon verbs followed by thе infinitive, see Appendix
4 on page 338.
For a list of verbs that сan be followed by the gerund or the infrnitive, see Appendix 6 on page 338.
224 r unit s?
тRUE0R FАIiE. Rеod еoch numbеredsentеnce,Writе T (True)or F (FoIsе)for the
stotеmеntthot fo|lows.
l.
Marta remembered meeting Мr. Jaсkson.
т
Marta has already met Mr. Jaсkson.
2. Riсhard stopped smoking.
Riсhard doesn't smoke anvmore.
3 . She didn't remember to buy a сake for the party.
She bought a сake.
4. She stopped eating desserts.
She used to eat desserts.
5 . Riсhard forgot to invitе his boss to the party.
Riсhard invitеd his boss.
6. Riсhard forgot inviting his neighbor to the party.
Riсhard invited his neighbor.
7. Riсhard thinks giving a party is fun.
Riсhard thinks it,s fun to give a party.
Marta likes going to partiеs.
Marta likes to gо to parties.
сl{i00sEo Сirсle thе correct words to completе these idеаs from а book collеd
Super Mеmory.*
1. Get into the habit o
to repeat things aloud.
2. Nevеr rely on someone else's memory. Learn trusting / to trust your own.
3. It's easy forgetting / to forget what you don,t want remеmbеring/ to remembеr.
4. Study immediately before going / to go to slеep. You'll remember a lot more.
5. our memories are filled with things we never meant remembering / to rеmember.
6. Makе it a habit to pass in front of your сar evеry time you gеt out, and you'll never
forget turning off / to turn off your headlights.
7. Plalring / Tо play gamеs is a fun way of improving / tо improvе your memory skills.
*Souпсв:
A QuiсkAсtionProgrom
forMеmorуlmprovеment
Doug|as|. Hеrmann,SuperMemorу:
(Avenеl,N|:WingsBooks,1991).
Gerunds
аnСl |nfinitives
o Reod eoсh numbеredstotemеntor conversotion.Сompletethe summorу
sUIl|мARlzE
stotemеntusing o gеrund or аn infinitive.
1.
Roсвв:
Hi, Riсhard. I brought the soda. Whеre dо you want me to put it?
Suммдвy: Roger remembеrеd
2.
to br\ngthe эoda,
Мдвтд: You,re Natalva! We mеt last yеar at Riсhard,s party! Hоw havе you beеn?
Suммдвy: Marta rеmеmbers
3.
Roсввз Don,t look at mе|.I didn,t spill grape juiсе on thе сouсh!
Suммдвy: Rogеr denied
4. Nдтдr.yд: I,m so glad Riсh ard plays jazz at his partiеs. I listеn to it a lot at home too.
Suммдвy: Natalya еnjoys
5.
Lвv: Would you like to go danсing some time?
Mдвтд: Sure. I'd like that verv muсh.
Suммдвy: Lev suggested
Marta agreed
6. Nдтдr,yд: Marta' сan wе give you a ride homе?
Мдвтд: Thanks, but I think I'll stay a littlе longer.
Suммдвy: Natalva оfferеd
Marta deсided
o Rеod Morto,sjournol entrу obout Richord,sportу. Find ond сorrеctsеvеn
ЕDIT
mistаkesin thе use of thе gerund ond infinitivе,Thе first mistokеis olreodу corrеcted,
bсс,,иse itЗ sисh а prob/еmt'ir шr to
Whаt llgrсаt sltlrtц! l иsиаllу
",u,,1ff}!u раrties
rеmem|lсr1lсosl/eЗ пLl|,lсs,|,m sogLт,-{| 'еас/ thаt book аboиt iш1эrovеуoиr mеmotу, T/tе
аиthor sиggеsfui to lo еxсrсises, аиd thеу rеа//у hе/pеl, I stoppеl to шorrу аboиt шhаt
pеoplе -oи/сt thiпk of -е, ,тпс{| triес/to P,у аttэпtioп {1lluhаt pеop/ешerе sауiпg' Аs а
,еs"/t, l hа,t а3reаt titпс! I'm еrеи p/аииiпggoiпg iltпсiп7 шith thisgиу Leи
/ hаre ап Епglish tеst tomorroИl|so / shoи/d stop шritiпg пo- апс|stлrt stиdуiиg,
The book еvсп lптi somе9oo,| tips аboиtstиr/ц fbr аИ ех.1m,t hopе I rсmеmber иsitпJ somе,
ofthе* toпiqht!
l
225
Let, HeIp,
Makё, HaVёl
and Get
f t ' e q o i n qN o
make uэ эt,aу
after c|aэo,
|1e,||
nеver
|et,me |ake тhаt
quiz aqarn.
WffiP0INт
Сirсlе T (Truе)or F (Folsе).
т
F
The tеaсher in the piсture
has vеry striсt rules.
|aimeЕsсalantewith two of his students.
мAKE, IIАvE, LEт HELP
сI]Eсt(
сI/,ARт
Сirclе T (Truе)or
F (Folse).
т F Moke, hove,
and let are
always followеd
by the base
form of thе verb.
т
т
226
F
F
Getсan be
fоllowed bу
еither the base
form of the
verb оr the
infinitive.
HеIp сan be
follоwed by
either thе basе
form of thе
verb or the
infinitive.
5uв,вст
| млкс/Hлvс/
|
I
| Ltт/Hrtp
Тhе teaсhеrs (don't)
make
have
lеt
help
l вo'. Foпм
oв'вст t oг Vвпв
us
do
students
homеwork.
GET, нELP
Suв;вст
I
I Gст/Hсw
Тhе tеaсhеrs (don't)
get
help
I""..t It-rt-,t,"n
us
students
to do
homеwork.
Make,
Haven
Let,
Help,, and (ief
I
227
o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a o a o o o a o o o a o a a a a o o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a (
EхPREssж
Сompletе thеsеsentеnceswith thе correсt form of thе verbsсorrесt or stay.
A: Did the teaсhеr get the students
B: Yes. He had them
their essavs?
their essays in gтoups.
A: Do vou think he,ll make thеm
late again tоday?
B: I don't think so. But he'll let them
late if they neеd help.
6rаmmar Axpianatioпs
Е,xamp1*s
1. Use moke, hove, and let folIowedby objесt +
basе form of the vеrb to ta]kabout things that
someone саn rеouirе.сausе.or permit anotheг
personto do
r Thе tеaсhегmakеs his students do homеwork
еveгy night.
(Hе rеquirеsthem to do homework.)
l Hе has them tofte геsponsibi|ity
for thеirown
lear ning.
(Hе cousеsthеm to takе rеsponsibilitу.)
r Hе lеts thern сhoosethеir own essaytopiсs.
(He pеrmitsthеm to сhoosеtheir own essoytopiсs,)
You сan a|sousе moke to mean ,,сauseto.,,
r Тhis will make уou beсome a bettеr studеnt.
(Thiswill сausеуou to bесomеo bеttеrstudent.)
2. Help can be folIowеd by еither:
о obiесt + basе form of thе verb
OR
. obiесt + infinitivе.
r She helpеd me undеrstond thе homеwork.
OR
r Shе hеlped me to understond the homework.
Тhe meaningis the samе.
Usдсr Noтц: HеIp + base form of thе vеrb is
more сommon.
r Тhе tеaсhеrgot иs to stoу a littlе latеr.
3. Get has a similarmеaning to mokе and hove,
butitisfollowedbyobjесt+infinitivе,notNoт
(Thе tеoсhеrpеrsuodеdus to stoу o littlе lotеr,)
thе basе form of the vеrb.
r Shе a|waysgеts me to do my bеst.
(Shе olwoуspersuodеsme to do mу bеst,)
228
I
unit sS
тRUE0R FАLiEo Reаd eoch numbеrеdsеntеnce.Write T (True)or F (Folsе)for the
stаtеmеntthot follows,
l.
My teaсher made mе rеwritе the rеport.
т
I wrotе the report again.
Мs. Tragеr lеt us use our diсtionaries during the tеst.
We had to usе our diсtionariеs.
3 . Mr. Gоldberg had us translatе a short story.
Wе translated a short story.
4 . Paulo helped Meng dо her hоmеwork.
Paulo did Mеng,s homework for her.
5 . Ms. Batеs got thе dirесtor to arrange a сlass trip.
The dirесtor arranged a сlass trip.
Professor Washington let us сhoosе our own topiс for our term paper.
We didn't сhoose our own topiс.
сl]00sЕo Сirclе the corrеct words to complеtе this orticle obout lаimе ЕscаIontе,
tttiraсle
/'*
llr
rU
Tea.Gher
"l/
lll.
,;it
11
7i
4!
Ir1t
tt,
lll
'
,i
ti.
tk
/i"
|aimе Еsсalantе first arrivеd at
T ^ /hеn
v U Garfiеld High, the administration of
"'ь"n-,o"t;
:":;Ъ:
; :"-;-;:
; ; :.:":'1ЦБ
7.
thеm drop out of сlass. Thеn hе did thе
gangsof
impossiblе. Hе had / lеt his studеnts takе
studеnts roam thе halls and spray the walls
thе Advanсеd Plaсеmеnt Ехam, a vеry
with graffiti.Howеvеr;this math tеaсhеrfrom
diffiсult national tеst. Whеn his students
Boliviabеliеved in his U.S.studеntstoo muсh
passеd, thе testing сompany suspесted
to hеlp / lеt thеm runwild.He madе/ lеt them
thеm of сheаting.To provе thеir innoсеnсе,
do massive amounts of homеwork,had / got
Еsсalantеhad / got thеm take thе test again.
this Еast L.A.- high sсhool @Щзф
1.
4.
thеm takе dailу quizzes, and еVеn got / lеt
5.
thеm to fill out daily timе сards.To devеlop
team spirit, hе got / madе his students do
6.
football-likесhееrs bеforе сlass. Hе knеw
*L.A. = Los Angelеs
8.
9.
Again, еVеryonе passеd. How did
Еsсаlantеwork thеsе miraсlеs?In thе words
of a studеnt, Еsсalantе ..lеt/ madе us fееl
10.
powегful,that wе сould do anything.',
Y.1|.::.у ?.Y
?.,.
*?.t:
.I 2lf :.T.q.g?.t.
.:..?.??..
........
o Rеod eoch numberedstotеmеnt.Сomplеte the summory with thе corrесt
sИriffiАRlzE
form of thе verbsin porenthеses.Сhoosebеtwеenoffirmаtiveond nеgotiveforms.
1. Ms. Ar.r.вш:Pabl o' you сan rewrite this сomposition, but only if you want to.
Suммдвy: She
didn't make ?ablo rewrite
(makе/ rеwrite)
his сomposition.
2. Ms. Alr.вш: I know you prefer working alоne, Ana, but you really need to work in a
group today.
Suммдвy: Shе
3. Ms. Allвш:
(makе / work)
rn a gтoup.
Listеn, everyone! No diсtionariеs during the test, please. You should be
able to guess the meaning from сonteхt.
Suммдп,y: She
4. Ms. Allвш:
diсtionaries.
Fernand o, сould you do me a favor and сlean the board before you leave?
Suммдвr She
5. Ms. Allвш:
(|еt/ usе)
( h а v е/ с | е а n )
the board.
Jean-Paul, put the tip of your tongue between your tеeth and say
"th-, thorn." Yes! That's it!
Suммдвy: She
(9еt/ pronounсе)
an Engli sh th.
6. Ms. Allшш: Greta, please use English in сlass!
Suммдву: She
( | е t/ s p е а k )
in German.
7. Ms. Alr,шш: olga, you сan take the test in the сlassroom. Just move your desk to
a сorner.
Suммдвy: She
(make/ lеavе)
the room.
o Reod this studеnt,sjournol еntry,Find ond correctsevenmistokеsin thе use of
EDIT
makе, have, let, hеlp, ond get. The first mistokeis olreody сorrectеd,
|d mе#кЬиnti( I hаdtinishеdaltrny
n\ ?arеrftlnevеr
tA/hen
I was аtеeoagеr,
rт|\brЙherswiththeirhorneWorkbdore
Тheyevеnmаdеme hе|ping
hornеwork.
goImе |еаrna tot.Оn the othеr
I cou|dhаvеanvfиn, Оn Ihe onеnand,thеу cеvtаin|у
5еr.ol15,l
wishtheyhаd|d meto havea tittlemore
hаnd,theyml,demе bеcametoo
a ?аrеot,lwantto hauem\ cn.|d|еarnsre5?on5.bili\,
bиtatso
tиn. ЦJhen1bеcornе
5а.d,,,Аll
Workand nop|aу
Wantto |d hе or shе hаvеfиn.Аs BеnFranklin
I wou|d
makеsJaоk bеcomea du||bov.,,l wantto аvoidthd rnistakе.
SelfТest
0шr
lffiI
Сirclе thе lеtter of the corrеct onswеr to completееаch sentеncе.
Еxдпtpш:
соffеe.
Jennifer never
(A)drink
(B)drinks
A@ с D
(С)is drinking
{D)was drinking
dinneц so she may be late.
(C)to eat
(D)еat
l. Maria,s gоing to stop
(A) еating
(B)for eating
2. My glasses arе in my bоok bug, but I dоn't remember
them there.
(A)putting
{C)I put
(D)put
(B)to put
3. I askеd him -,
(A}not to go
(B)to not gо
4.
but he went anyway.
(С)not gоing
(D)hе doesn't go
in a forеign сountry is sоmetimеs diffiсult.
(C)Livе
(А.)Ilive
(D)Lives
(B)Living
5. He's not used to (A) wake
(B)waken
uP so earlY.
(С)wakes
(D)waking
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
vote.
(с) old enough tо
(D)old enough for
ABсD
7. I don't think Tom enjoyеd
(A) helping
(B)to help
mе study for the tеst.
(C)hеlped
(D)hеlps
ABсD
8. I bought this nеw sоftware
(A) for learning
(B)learning
Chinese.
(C)to learn
(D)learnеd
ABсD
9. We got a new сard holder
losе our сrеdit сards.
(С) not to
(D)for not
ABсD
6. We're eighteen, So We'rе -
tA) tоо оld tо
(B)yоung enoughto
(A) in ordеr not to
(B)not
this textbook.
(C)for understanding
(A) understand
(D)to understand
(B)in оrder to understand
1 0 . It isn,t diffiсult
230
ABсD
ABсD
SelfTest
t 1. Arе you rеady? It's time
(A) for going
(B)to go
12. I resented (A) he said
(B)he saying
ABсD
(C)going
(D)go
that. He сould have been more polite.
(C)his saying
(D)him to say
13. I talkеd to thе students about working hardeц but I сouldn't
them to study.
(A) make
(C)got
(B)get
(D)let
do my homework or I сan't go out.
(C) gets me
(D)lets me
14. My mother (A) makes me
(B)helps me
lX r
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
lffiIoNlтW0
Еoch sеntеncеhos four undеrlinеd words or phrosеs. The four underlinedports
of thе sentencеorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D. Circle thе lеttеr of the one undеrlined
word or phrose thаt is Nor сoRRЕст.
Exдmрш:
Mike usuallv drives to sсhool, but today hе walks.
ABBD
A B с@
t5. I deсided сhanging jobs beсausе my boss makеs mе work ovеrtimе.
ABсD
16. Most students appreсiatе their prinсipal's try to imprоve sсhool сonditions.
ABсD
|7. I suссеeded in to find a job, So my parents didn't make mе gQ to сollеge.
ABсD
18. Get mоre exеrсise appears to bе thе best Way to losе weight.
ABсD
19. In ordеr to not forget things, I pцt a string around my finger.
ABсD
20. Hans is only fourteen, but he seems enough old to stay out until ten.
ABсD
21. I know you're too bus]z to stay, but I look forward to seе you again.
ABсD
22, I forgot bu},ing gas, but I gф tо a gas station before I ran out.
ABсD
23. Getting enоugh sleep is important in order not fall asleep in сlass.
ABсD
24. Let's stop to ]цatсh so muсh TV so that Wе сan rеad or gо out instead.
ABсD
25. I'm trying to pеrsuadе my sister to drive, but r сan't get her dо it.
ABсD
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
Aв(D
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
231
Phrasal Verbs:
lnseparable
gaуbe
w eэ h o u | d
eat oul.
жPЙINт
Сheck thе correct onswеr.
:<--:;
/ll*
Suqвст | v.''
Where does thе
partiсlе go?
П b"fo.e the direсt
оbjeсt
t
after the dirесt
оbjесt
t
П t' a park
Thеy
| гo*'.... I Dlпвстoв,вст
came
baсk.
9avе
uP.
ate
out.
ran
into
his teaсhеr.
stuсk
to
thеirdесisio n.
EхPREssжж
Unscromblеthеsе words to form two sentenсеs.
intoоWe.Bоbоran
outоWasoHeоеating
232
at homе
П i., a rеstaurant
INSЕPARABLEP}iRASAL vЕRBs
сI]ARTсHЕсK
Сhесk the correct
onswеr.
Whеre does the woman
suggest eating?
Рhrasal
Verbs:
lгlsеparab|e l
& g"atъtу*ta в, Aк рЕa rret*ФffiЁ
ffixaжrpl*s
l. А phrasal verb (a|soсa|leda two-paгtor
two-word vеrb) сonsistsof a vеrb + partiсle.
r We often eat out.
2. Partiсlesandprepositions
lookthеsame.
. sr..Тl?'TlТ:xъ1l., .unn"rbeсause
she
Howеver,partiсlesarе part of thе verb phrase,
and thеy often сhanoе thе mеaning of thе verb.
vеrb + partiс|е
Wasn,tpaying attеntion.
(Sheсollidеdwith anothеrrunner.)
vеrb + partiс|е
l l r an into |o hn at thе super mar kеt.
(l mеt John by oссidеnt.)
3. Тhe verb and paгtiс|eare usuallyсommon words, l Plеase9сr on. I didn,t mеan to interгupt'
(Plеoseсontinue.)
but their sеparatemеaningsmay not heIpyou
guessthе mеaning of the phrasal verb.
r We got back afterdark.
(We rеturnedoftеrdork.)
Usдсв Noтt: PhrasaIverbs are verv сommon in
еvеrydayspеeсh.
l They сallеd off thе mееting.
(Theyсonсеledthе meеting,)
4. Most phrasalverbs are transitive. (Thеy takе
direсt objeсts).
dirесtobiесt
r You shou|dgo aftеr уour gools.
dirесt oLljeсt
Some tгansitivephrasa|vеrbs are insеparab|е.
r Shе ran into her friend at the |ibгaгy.
Тhis mеansthat both noun and pronounobjесts
Noт Shе
at thе |ibrary.
alwaysgo ____;.l^:;afterthе paгtiсlе.You сannot sеparatе
,
dirесtobjeсt
the vеrb from its paгtiс|е.
r Shе ran into her.
No т Shе r an hег into .
5. Some phrasalvеrbsarе used in сombination
with сertainprеpositions.
Тhеseсombinations
aгe usuallyinseparablе.
r She (amе up with a bri||iant
idеa.
r l droppеd out of sсhoo|and got a job.
it out!
Сheсk
t.or a list of some сommon inseparable phrasal vеrbs, see Appendix 17 on pagеs 341_342.
To learn about separable phrasal verbs, seе Unit 55, pages 236-237.
233
234
I
unit s4
m
|DENтIFYo Reod this orticle. Сirclе oll thе phrosol vеrbs.
ы
TheАrt of FengShui
6|
,/ffi: ffi,:ii:H:ж:::
:';l,;lТ:}Т;Т:
find
out.
!9
Fеngshui(mеaning..windand water',)is thе anсiеntСhinesеart of p|aсingthingsin thс
еnvironmсnt.Aссordingto this art,thе arrangеmеnt
of furniture,doors, and windows
аffесtsour hеalth,wеalth,and happinеss.Мr. Ho was сoncеrnеdabout his businсss,
but hr didn,tgivеup. Followingthе сonsultаntЗadviсе,hе rеmodе|вdand rеdссorаtеd
his rеstaurant.His aсtionspaid off. Soon businеsspiсkеd up and Мr. Ho beсamс riсh.
..ltWasthс bеst dесision| еvеr made,'' glows.
hе
Аnd hе isn'talonе in his еnthusiasm.
Fengshui has сaughton with modеrnarсhitесtsand homеownеrsеvеrywhеrе,
IllАтсltо Writе еаch phrosol verb from thе orticle nеxt to its mеoning.
PhrasalVerb
Meaning
1.
2.
ca m e b a c k
3.
PhrasalVerb
Meaning
has beсome pоpular
4.
learn information
returned
5.
quit
were worthwhile
improved
сH00sEo Complеtе this student,sjournаI entrу bу circling the correctpаrticles,
аЬ
\v./v
\7^Y
l jиsг tinishedаn аrtic|еаbouttеng shui' Аt thе еnd,rhе аutnorэuqgestssiiting
mаkеsуoutее|.
уourhomеаndthinkingаbouthowуourеnvironmеnt
@ЦPin
1.
5o todaуwnеot gв цp+gщtrom schoo|,
Itried iI,I noticеdfiаt mу apavtmеnI
is
quiIеdarkаnd tt mаkеsrnеtее|down.l thinkwiththe аdditionot sornе|ights,
rеа||у
|,dchееrаwаu
/ ц? considеrаbly.
l,vecomеout/ цpwitha lеw othеridеаstoo,
3.
4.
ts srnа||,
Мy apartrnеrrt
bиtI thinkit will|ookmorespаciousif l jиst.strаighten
ч!
q sornеmorеshе|vеs
morеtrеquеrftty.
Hangin
for rnybooksmightwork
too.
Чцwel(
Withjиst a few smаI|
chаngеs,
I cou|dеndout!.uPtее|ing
in rnyownnomе'
hаppiеr
||,sоеуtаintv
Worгh
Щing on L.outl
\
Phrasаl
Verbs:
lnseparable
o Rеod this orticle аbout the orchitеct t, M. Pei. Сomplеte it using
с'|oosEa I}мPLETE
the phrosol verbs in the boх.
of
form
thе correct
give up
сome up with
go baсk
go up
keep on
фAАкФ
pay off
turn out
Born in 1917, Ieoh Ming Pei (better known as I. M. Pei)
qrewuP
in Canton, China. When he was
1.
seventeen' he wеnt to thе United States to learn about building.
As it
, Pei beсame one of the most
2.
famous arсhiteсts of the twеntieth сentury.
Pei is famous for his strong geometriс forms. one of his
most сontroversial projeсts was his glass pyramid at the Louvre rn Paris. The old museum
had a lot of problems, but no onе wantеd to destroy it. Pei had to
a solution. Мany Parisians were shoсked with his proposal for a 7l-foot-high glass
pyramid. It
anyway, blending with the environment. Today
4.
many people say that it is a good example of the prinсiples of feng shui.
Pei
despite сritiсism. He strongly believed that..you havе
5.
to identify the important things and press for thеm, and not
His determinatron
7.
. He сontinued to build struсtures that
refleсted thе еnvironment. Pei rесeived many prizes for his wоrk. He used some of the
ptize money to start a sсholarship fund for Chinese students to study arсhitесture in
thе United States and then to
to China to work as arсhiteсts.
o Rеod Bob,s noteto his roommote,Find ond corrеcteight mistаkesin the use of
EDIT
insеporoblеphrosol vеrbs,Thе firstmistokeis olreodуcorrected.
Eoггy thе аpагtment is suсh a mеss. Igotdfi.l+ lаtе this morning and didnt hаvе timе to
stгaТghtеnoиt |'m going to thе gym now to work off for anhour. Ishould 9еt aсгoss bеfore
Wе сan 9еt togеthеr with
уou, and |'ll сlean up thеn. ГJowabout еаtТngtonTght out? Аftеrwаrd,
-Dob
*omе of thе gиys and maybе seе a movTе.oг mayЬe wе'll сome over with а betteг idеа.
oh' -| ranTom into at sсhool. Гle'lldrop off to sеe you latеn
l
235
Phrasal Verbs:
Separable
WffiPЙINт
Сheсk the сorreсtanswer.
The dog thinks that
t
Geоrge is dreaming.
П G"o.ge is gеtting an idеa for
an invention.
SEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS
сIllАRT
сIIЕсK
Noт SEPARAтЕD
Check the corrеct
onswеr.
Suвlвст| v.."
t
Hе
Di'".t objeсts
that are nouns
сan go before or
aftеr thе partiсlе.
П Di,".t objeсts
that are pronouns
always go after
the partiсle.
| гo*,.... I o.*..т oв1пст
dreamеd
uP
thе idеa.
worked
out
thе dеtai|s
sEPARAтЕD
Suryвст
| v."'
dreamed
Hе
workеd
I o,*..' oв,вст| гo*,....
thе idеa
it
thе dеtails
them
uP.
o ut.
EхPREssж
Сomplete thеsеsеntеnсеswith thе сorrеct form of thе wards in porenthesеs.
Who
236
(dгеаmup / thаt idеa)
? Did уoш
(drеam up / it)
Phrasаt
Verbs:
g?eaй*t*.?
жr Wжpfl.e
&y жжъжж
s
ffiжaввтр*es
t. A phrasal vеrb сonsistsof a verb + partiсlе.
vеrb+ oartiс|е
l Shе sеt up an еxperiment.
Partiсles |ookthe same as prepositions,but
thеy arе paгt of the verb phrasе.Тhеy often
сhanqеthе mеaninqof thе vеrb.
Тhe sеparatеmeaningsof thе vеrb and paгtiсlе
may bе veгy diffеrentfrom the meaning of
the phrasal vеrb.
2. Most phrasaIvеrbs are transitive(thеy take
direсt objeсts).Мost transitivеphrasalvегbs
are sеparablе.
Тhis meansthe dirесt objе<t сan go:
a. afterthe paгtiс|e
(vеrb and paгtiсlеаrе not sеparated)
Notiсe that when the direсt objeсt is
in a long phrasе, it сomes after the
paг t i с |е .
vеr b+ о аr tiс|е
r He looked up thе informationon the Internеt.
(Hе found the informotionon thе lnternеt.)
r They turnеd down my appIiсation.
(Theyrеjесtеdmy oppliсotion.)
vегb+ paгtiс|е
+ dirесtobjесt
r I just drеamed up o nеw ideo.
oп
veгb + direсtobiесt + oartiс|е
r I just dreamed o new ideo up.
d i г е с to b j е с t
r Shе drеamed uP on unusuollу сomplicoted
new deviсе.
No тShе
@
pronoun, it must go betweеn thе verb and
thе oartiс|е'
Noт Shе drеamеd+ptЪ
3. With a smal|gгoup of phrasalverbs,thе veгb
and partiсlеmust bе separated.
keep somеthingon
l Кееp your hot on.
Noт {феРonjourhа+
tolk someoneinto
r Shе talked her boss into a raisе.
NoтSheffiaraisе.
Cheсk
it out!
For a list of сommon separable phrasal verbs, see Appеndiх
17 on pages 34|_342.
For a list of сommon phrasal verbs that must be sеparated, see Appendix
F.or information
l
vеrb+ prеposition
r Hе looked up at the sky.
(Hе lookedin thе direсtionof thе skу.)
oR
b. bеtweenthе verb and thе partiсle
(verb and paгtiсlеarе sеparated)
Sepaгable
17 on pages З4I_342,
about inseparablе phrasal verbs, sее Unit 54, pages 232_233,
237
238 r unit sS
lDENтltYo Rеod this orticlе. Undеrline thе phrosol vеrbs. Сirclе the dirесt objects.
reka!
:.Т-,-,r*idyouknowthattwoсollеgеdropoutsthoughtup@ofthe
*"ъid you know thаt two сollеgе dropouts thought up(hе ideфof thе first
Ъ
at#
t#
personal сomputer? What,smorе'
%.'"ё
morе, they put it togеther in a garagе.
Invеntionsdon't havе to сomе out of fanсу laboratories.Averagе pеoplе in сlassrooms,
kitсhеns,and homе workshopsoftеn drеam up nеWand usеful ideas'
Thе ability to think of somеthingnew seеms like magiсto many peoplе, but in faсt
anyonе сan dеvеlop the qualitiеs of an invеntor.First, inventorsfollow their сuriosity.
Thе Swiss invеntor Gеorgе dе Меstral wantеd to find out thе rеason it was so hard to
removе burrs from his dog's сoat. His answеrlеd to thе idеa for VеlсroЧ now usеd to
fastеn everythingfrom sneakеrsto spaсе suits. Sесond, invеntors use imaginationto put
things togеther in nеw Ways.Walter Morrison watсhеd two mеn tossing a piе pan to еaсh
othеr and thoughtup thе FrisbееЧ onе of the most popular toys in thе world.Perhaps
most important,suссеssfulinventorsdon,t quit. Thеy сontinuouslylook up information
about thеir idеas and try nеw designs out until they suссeеd.
сIIOOiEE, сOIf|PIETE.
Reod obout onе of history,sgreotеst invеntors,Сomplеtе thе
informаtion with the correct form of the appropriote phrosol verbs from thе boх,
fi|I up
keep away bring about Ф6tr
set up сarry out
pay baсk piсk up
As a сhild, Thomas Alva Еdison (|847_19311
almost anything he heard about-he
t,riedout
1.
evеn tried to hatсh goosе eggs
by sitting on them! Before he was twelvе, he
2.
his first laboratory using money he had earned himself.
He had hundreds of bottles. and hе
them
with сhemiсals for his еxperiments. He
..poison,,
labeled thе bottlеs
to
his family
3.
4.
. Whеn he was fifteen, Edison
5.
a nеw skill. He
had saved a сhild,s life, and the gтateful fatheц a telegтaph operatoц
Еdison
work nights and
by teaсhing him tеlegтaphy. After that, Edison was ablе to
his experiments during the day.
Phrasаl
Verbs:
Separablе
[n 1869, Еdison fiхed a piесe of equipmеnt for a сompany that supp1ied priсes to
gold brokers. This
his first useful invention-the
stoсk tiсker-
for whiсh hе reсeived $40,000. Hе was then able to spend all his time wоrking on his
new inventions. During his lifеtimе, Еdison was issued 1,093 patents!
o Rеаd thеseсonversotionsthot tokе plocе in а schoollаborotorу. Сomptetе
сOilIPIЕтЕ
thеm with phrosol vеrbs ond pronouns,
1. A: Please put on your ]ab сoats.
?ut them on
B: Do we really havе 1o
? It,s hot in here.
2. A: I сan,t figure out this problem.
B: I know what you mеan. I сan,t
either.
3. A: Remembеr to fill out these forms.
B: Can wе
at homе, or do wе have to do it now?
4. A: Are you going to hand out the neхt assignment today?
B:I
a few minutes ago. Weren't you here?
5. A: I сan't get this to work. We,d better do the whole proсedure over.
B: We don't have timе to
. Class is over in ten minutеs.
6. A: Are we supposed to turn in our lab reports today?
B: No. Please
neхt week.
EDIT.Rеod on inventor,snotes,Find аnd correctsеven mistokеsin the usе of phrosol
vеrbs. The first mistoke is olrеody corrеctеd.
l,ltаl,t 3
I d/еДJ,|4еtr,ж * ruф
ryood,d^и,-а,jаt
,f P"*t t,utth,а"tt,аpphrлtor |i,kothr, kh47,u,sd,for sh^oo
|///.12lФ
pаф
Fouo|u.It саn bo ttсd,,to touсh,oи,spоtтott,o I12а//,,
rooL|,I/.
t bt,oltrа"
fuи,t t,tlалtto pаll,tt а,и,,fub
I'uса'/Llуhлna.и^/"ordэr sеllеlа,/,уpехsoI саntrуthД,И,iJ.|,.
",ф 3 tfJIЙ, dюиttl,аn аф)ratши,for а,pаtе,lttаJ41,И4А'ilЙ,itуutеrф
I'|| bo ab|^otosф а,stroч алtr,
с,ot:l,шnч d^eи,t"ot<вtrа|шru
of tЙ^o
уodиrt иу sooru.
Аt,иtcrt30 r d^eшлпstrаtеdt|аэ
.--_proda"ctаt аn oхh,ibtturuford'pсorаtors'I tоа^etd,,to
pоtлt oиt tЙдt t,t'suerу
ttэаt to Ц,sцso r Р,Иt иlhbo j/luu
It |,Uu4touеr uеrу ше/L'
for t/аpd'"etи^oпвtrаНюn,.
I
239
SelfТest
IW{рffi0шп
Сircle thе letter of thе corrеct onswеr to complеtе eасh sеntence,
Еxдmшr:
Jennifer never
(A) drink
(Bl drinks
A@с
сoffee.
{C)is drinking
(D)was drinking
ABсD
1. Come in. Please sit
(A) down
(B)down it
(с) it down
(D)up
2.Yourmothеrсalled.Shewantsyoutoсallher-tonight.
(C)baсk
(A) in
(B)off
(D)over
ABсD
3. Could you turn
{A}down
{B}away
ABсD
thе musiс so we сan sleep?
(C) оver
(D)up
4.P1easeput-yourlabсoatsbeforeyouleavethelaboratory.
(c) up
(A) off
tD)in
{B}away
ABсD
5. Мark works so hard that he's sure to -.
(C) turn over
(A) give up
(B)work off
(D)get ahead
ABсD
6. Kevin is going to (A) сall baсk
(B}givе baсk
ABсD
7. A lamp will (A) turn on
(B)blow up
from vaсation tomorrow.
(C)set baсk
(D)gеt along
ABсD
this соrner niсely.
(C)put up
{D)light up
ABсD
8.Insteadofarguingabouttheproblem,let,s-.
(A) look it over
(C) take it away
(D)talk it over
(B)сharge it up
9. That's very original. How did you dream
(C)of
(A) about
(D)up
(B)down
l o. That pot is hot. Don't piсk (A) it up
(B)up it
240/
!
(С) up
(D)it
that idea?
ABсD
AвсD
D
seIfТest
ABсD
1 1 . -It,s сold оutside. You nеed your jaсket.
-OK.
I'll put
(A)it on
(B)it over
(C)on it
(D)over it
ABсD
on the way home.
(C)into Jason
(D)Jason into
12. She ran
(A) him into
(B)intо
ABсD
you!
(С) after
(D)to
1 3 . Slow down. I сan't kеep up -
(A) оf
(B)with
гffift-l
X l
TWo
Eoсh sеntеncehos four underlinеd words or phrаses. Thе four undеrlinedports of
the sеntenceorе mаrked A, B, С, аnd D. Сircle thе letter of the onе undеrlinеd
word or phrose thot is Nor сoRRЕст.
Exдмшr:
A B с@
Mike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks.
ABсD
1 4 . Could we talk over it bеfore yоu turn the whole idea down?
ABсD
down when I forgot to piсk his suit out from
1 5 . I know I let дцф
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
the dry сleaner's.
16. I ran into him whilе I was getting thе bus off.
ABсD
17. As soon as I hand in mlr report, I'm going to take all these books
ABсD
ABсD
AB(
on to the library.
D
1 8 . We'd better get the bus on now, or we're going to miss it.
ABсD
1 9 . Instead of сalling q]ffthе meeting, maybe Wе сan just put it over
ABсD
AB(D
сD
AB
until next week.
If you don't use out the milk by Monday, plеase throw it awаy.
ABсD
2 7 . Chеt had to
ч*
*+*
after the сompany turnеd down hеr appliсation.
Do you want to ge!-цp by yourself or would you likе me to wakе up you?
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
23. Tom asked mе to piсk some stamps for him at thе post offiсe up.
ABсD
24. Did you frnd out how Jane talked into Meg working on Saturday?
ABсD
25. Wе gФ over wеll after we found out we wеre both from Chiсago.
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
AB
сD
24l
Nouns
A(Ros' тH E AтLANтIс
oN A REEDBoAт
Bдквдoos-May |7, |970.Norwеgian
еxplorеr Thor Heyerdahl, along with
an intеrnationalсrеw, has сrossеd thе
Atlantiс oсean on Ra Il. Thе rеed boat'
modеlеd aftеr those of thе anсiеnt
Egyptians,madе the iourney in 57 daуs.
THAMЕRlCA
w.жwPЙlNт
Сhесk the corrеct аnswer.
Thе namе of Hevеrdahl's boat WaS:
Heyerdahl sailedRa ll aсrossthe Atlantiс.
сo]vlпioNNoUNs
Тhе еxрlorer sailеdhis boat aсrossthе oсеan.
т
F
Non-сount
nouns сan
be plural.
NON. сoUNт NoUNs
COUNТ NtDUNS
2
сI/,АRт
сI/IEсK
Сircle T (Truе)or
F (FoIsе),
т F Count nouns
сan be plural.
П Rеed Boat
PRoPЕR NoUNs
I
сI]ARтсI]EсI(
Сircle T (True)or
F (Folsе).
т F Common nouns
are written
with сapital
lеtters.
П вu tt
I
I
Aппсl.в/ |
Nuмввп l Nouш
A
onе
(The)
Тwo
sailor
Vвпв
Nouш
ts
Firе
bгavе.
sailors
aге
Vвпв |
ts
dangеr o us.
Sailing
ExPREssж
Сirсlе thе correct words to сompletе thesesentences,
The boats was / were made оf rеed. Crоssing the oсean was / werе hard.
242
Nouns
G rа nтEтtar *'жplaПatiФtrъs
Еxamplеs
1. Proрer nouns arе the names of раrtiсgjal
oеopIе,o|aсes.and thinos.To thе гiohtarе some
сategoriesand examplеsof proper nouns.
Peoplе
Plaсеs
Months
Days
Holidays
Languagеs
CapitaIizethе first letteгof most propеr nouns.
Wе do not usual|yusе an artiс|e(a/on or thе)
with propегnouns.
I
HеyегdahI,
Еgyptians
Afriсa,Moroссo,thе АtIantiсoсеan
Sеptembeг,oсtobег
Monday,Тuesday
Еastег,Passover,Ramadan
A r abiс,Spanish
Note that the is usеd with somе nouns of plaсеs. r Hеyerda|sailеdaсгossthe Atlantiс oсеan.
2. Common nouns гeferto peop|е,p|aсes,and
things,but not by their individualnames.For
example, ехplorеris a сommon noun, but
Неyerdohlisa proper noun.
People
Plaсеs
Things
3 . Common nouns aге еitheгсount or non-сount.
l a sai|or,thе sai|or,two sai|ors
r an island,the island,thr ee islands
I a ship,the ship,fo ur ships
(ount nouns are thingsthat you сan сount
Тhey сan bе singularoг p|ural.Foг
sеparately.
еxample,you сan saУa shipor thrееships.You
сan use o/on or the bеforесount nouns.
ex p|o гег,
sai|o г,
bui|dег
сontinеnt,сountry,сity
pots,еggs,fish, honey
Form the plural of most nouns by adding
-s or -es to thе noun. Thеrе are somеtimes
spеl|ingсhangeswhеn you form thе pluraI.
ship
watсh
ships
watсhes
potato
potatoеs
сountry сountries
Br сдпвгul! Some nouns arе iгrеgu]ar.Thеy do
not form thе pluralby adding .s or -e5.
foot
сhi|d
fеet
сhildr еn
man
mo usе
4. Non-сount пouns arе thingsthat you сannot
сount sеparately.Foг еxamplе,in Еng|ishyou
сan say gold, but you сannot say o gold or
twogolds.Non-сountnouns usual|yhavе no
p|uгaIforms.Wе usua||ydo not usе o/on with
non.сountnouns.Тo the гightarе somе
and еxamp|еsof non-сountnouns.
сatеgoriсis
Some сommon non-сountnouns do not fit into
theseсatеgories.You must mеmoгizеnouns
suсh as thе ones to the right.
verbsand pronouns.
Abstraсt words
A сtivitiеs
FieIds of study
Food
Gases
Liquids
Materials
Natural forсes
Partiсlеs
adviсe
сlo thing
equipmеnt
food
men
miсe
сoUгa9е/eduсation,timе
sailing,far ming
ex p|o r ing,
gеography,history
сoгn,сhoсo|ate,fish
air,oxygen,steam
watег,mi|k,сoffee,gasoline
сotton,plastiс,si|k
weathеr
сold, е|есtriсity,
dust,sand,sugaг,sa|t,гiсе
jewе|гy monеy
furnituге
gar bagе
|uggagе new s
ho mew o гk maiI
work
information
l Reеd is a good matеrialfor boats.
r ,t fIoats in the hеavieststorm.
iI oul!
Cheсk
For a list of somе сommon irrеgular plural nouns' see Appеndix 18 on pagе 343.
243
244
I
Unit sci
lDENтltYo Reod this artiсlе obout Thor Hеуеrdohl,Сircle oll the propеr nouns.
Underlinеoncе oll the сommon count nouns. Undеrlinеtwicе thе common
non-countnouns.
rеally thе first eХplorеr to
wu' @Б'ьu)
honеy,oil, еggs,nuts,and frеshfruit.Ra,thе
disсovеr thе Amеriсas? Thor Hеyеrdahl expеdition'sboat, сarriеd an intеrnational
didn't think so. Hе bеliеvеd that anсiеnt group inсluding a Norwеgian,an Еgyptian,
people Wеrеabiе to build boats that сould
сross oсeans.To tеst his idеas,
hе dесidеd to build a сopy of
thе rееd boats that Wеrе
piсtured in anсiеnt paintings
an ltalian,a Мехiсan.and a Chadian.
Thе first trip failеd, but
Who Really
Disсovrrеd
Amеriсa?
еvеryonеsurvivеdand wantеd
to try again. Departing on
М a у | 7 , | 9 7 0 ,u n d е r t h e f l a g
and sail aсrossthе Atlantiсfrom NorthAfriсa of thе Unitеd Nations, Ra II сrossеd the
to Barbados.Heyerdahl'stеam also сopied
Atlantiсin 57 days. Thе ехpedition proved
anсientMiddlе Еastеrnpots and fillеd them
that anсiеnt сivilizations had thе skill to
with food for thеir journеy-driеd fish, rеасhthе Amеriсaslong beforе Columbus.
o Mеgon аnd loson МcKoy arе planning o
сOilIPLEтЕ
hiking trip. Сompletе thеir сonvеrsаtion with thе correct
form of the words in porentheses.
Jдsoш: Thеrе
'g
work
still a lоt of
l. (bе)
2. (work)
to dо this evеning.
Wе havе to plan thе fооd fоr the trip.
Mвсдш: You,re right.
4. (be)
3. (Food)
сеrtainly
important. I,vе been
reading this book about сamping. Thеre
6. (idеa)
some good
5. (bе)
in it.
Jдsoш: oh? What doеsit say?
Mвсдш: We should bring a lot of
Jдsoш:
9. (Potato)
11. (trip)
Mвсдш: No, frеsh
and
7. (bean)
l0. (bе)
8. (riсе)
good on сamping
too.
12. (vеgеtab|е)
13. (bе)
сan get some when Wе pass through a town.
toо hеavy tо сarry. Maybе wе
*Ч*uаffis l
the
14. (Bе)
ready? We should go over
15. (equipment)
the сheсklist.
Mвсдш: I did that. We need
.l6.
(battегy)
for the radio.
Jдsoш: Why do wе need a radio? I thought we were running away from сivilization.
lVIвсдш: But the
never
17. (nеws)
18. (stop)
. I still want to know
what's happening.
Jдsoш: That's oK with me. By the way, do we have enough warm
l,{.l"thi"ф
It gets сhilly in the mountains.
Mвсдш: That's true. And the
2o. (со|d)
Jдsoш: But we have warm sleeping
Mвсдш: And we have eaсh other!
really
21. (bothеr)
me at night.
,,. фaф
EDIT.Tinа Arbеit soilеd oround the world olone on o smoll boot, Rеаd hеr diory
еntriеs.Thereore fiftеenmistokesin the usе of nouns ond subjеct-vеrbogreement.
Find аnd corrеctthem. Thе first two mistokesorе аlreodу corrеctеd.
Canarу
daуsnow.l,llstarthornеWhen
ОctoberТ7.|'vеbееnonthе€ a яary|s|andstorthrее
wea|her iэ
the у+феrэаrе be]ter,I wаs50 sur?risеdwhеnI pickedиP rnt7mai|эtodау.
Мy famil\ seГffmе sornebivthdaу
?rеserfts.Му Birthdaуis the ъf . I Wonto1еn
thе gilts иntilthen.
zg, I thinkthеvlефnеris ge|tingworsе.l hеаrdthundеrstodау,butthеre
octobеr
сvе^ltimеit thunderеd,
Wasntanvrain, I stауеdtn bеdulithrnycаt,Tуphlon,
uP c|o;еrundеrthе covеrs.I stаYtedrеаding0,Nove|,
\phoonаnd I anugg|еd
BrаveNew Wor|d.
а sIrongwind
todау-1usГ
likeco|umbu5.1hеrе,s
ОcIoberъ0, I leРtthe с-anаry
|s|аnds
and ?|еnIуot sцnshinenow.l wentz5'0Мt|es.
Ос,tobеr
Ъ1.|,rnu todaу|To ce|еbrаte,
I drаnkaomеcoffееstor brеаktаstаnd I
аnd ?rсit\ si|vеrjеwе|riеs.
o?еnеdrn\?rеsеnts.l qoIsomе?еr+urnr
аrеVen/tow.|,dbe1tеrnotusе mucnиntilI gd nеаr
l.1T.lе
е|ectricities
Novernber
cooklng.
so I co||еdedWа|еrstor
|trаinеdtodау,
newYork,|'||nееdthеrаdiothеn.
245
Gluantifiers
I ' mq l a d
I boughta lot
of batterieэ'
.anу
aand|eэ?
lP0lNт
Сhесk the correсt onswеr.
The сhild wants to know if
they have
П сhoсоlatе.
t
QUANтlFlERsAND
CoUNт NoUNs
сI/iАRтсl|Есl(
Сirсle T (True)or
F (Folsе).
T
F
A lot of is used
with both сount
and non-сount
nouns.
т
F
Severol is usеd
with
non-сount
nouns.
т
F
Afewis
usеd with
сount nouns.
т
F
Anу is used
in nеgative
sentenсes.
QUANТlFlERsAND
NoN.сoUNт NoUNs
lr
IQuon,.,,.* |шoun
IQuлштlгlвп
|Nouш
l havе
some
enough
o lot of
o few
sеvеrol
monY
l havе
battеriеs.
сookies.
onу
enough
l don,t havе
o lot of
monY
a good supply of сhoсolate.
some
enough
o lot of
o little
o grеot deol of сandy'
water.
much
onу
enough
I do n,thavе
o lot of
muсh
ЕхPREssж
Сomplete this convеrsotionwith muсh or many.
A: We didn't buv
246
batteries.
B: Well, we didn't have
time beforе the storm.
A: That's true. We had
things to do.
Gluаntifiers
Grammar Еxplaпations
Examрles
l. Quantifiеrs arе еxprеssions
of quantitysuсh as
monу.
Тhеy
o lot of and
arе usеd beforea noun.
r Wе usеd o lot of watеr |astsummеr.
I Тhere Wеге,nony storms.
Quantifiеrsсan also bе usеd aIone,when it is
сlеar what they referto. Notе that in o lot of,
of is dropped.
2. Use somg еnough, o lot of, and oпy with both
сountan d n o n - с o u n tn o u n s
A: How many еggs do wе havе?
B: Not o lot, just o few'
non-сount
сount
l Wе havе some batteriеs and some gasolinе.
no n-сo unt сo unt
r Wе have enough water and еggs for a wееk.
r
сount
non-сount
We have o lot of bеans and riсe Ieft.
non-сount
сount
Usе oпy in ouеstionsand in nеoativesentеnсes. A: Do we have onу milk oг tеabags?
B: No, and wе don,t have onу сoffeе or
papеr platеs еithеr.
Use some whеn you makе an offег.
3. Usе o few, severol, and monу with
p|ura|сount nouns in affirmativеsentеnсеs.
l WouId you likе some сoffeе?
l A few people got siсk.
l $everolсhildrеn wеnt to thе hospital.
l Monу rеsCue workers arrivеd.
Usе o llttle, o grеot deol of, and mисh with
non.сount nouns in affirmativеsentenсes.
l They had o little troubIe with the radio.
I Тhey thгew awaУo greot deol of food.
l Muсh planning wеnt into the resсue.
Usдсв Noтв: ln affiгmativе
sеntеnсes,monуis
much
more foгma|than o lotot
is vеry formal.
Moкг FoкмдL:Monу pеop|е agгееd.
LгssFoпмдr:A lot of pеople agreеd.
VгкvFoкмдt-:
Hе showed much Courage.
Hе showеd o lot of сouragе.
LгssFoкмдt-:
with fеw and littlе.Few and littlе usua|lymеan
, , notе no u g h .,,
4. Use monу with сount nouns and much
with non.сountnouns in quеstionsand
negativеsentenсеs.
l
(not a lot, but probablу еnough)
l Тhеy гeсеivedlittle news last night.
(probablynot еnoughnеws)
A: How monу people did you seе?
B: We didn,t seemonу.
A: How muсhfood did thеy сarrУ?
Usдсr Noтв:In quеstionsand nеgativеsеntеnсеs, B: Not muсh.
monу and muсh are usеd in both formal and
i n foг maЕn
l gIish.
247
248
l
Цnit 57
o Rеаd this orticle obout preporing for noturol disostеrs.Undеrlinе the
IDENтIЕY
quаntifiers+ count nouns. Сirclе the quontifiers+ non.count nouns.
Bв
fdlre
PкEPARЕD
you ready? Мany peop|e don't гea|izеthat some natura|disasteгssuсh as earthquakеs
сanstгike*,,n@.ltmaytakеseveгaldaуsfoгassistanсetoгeaсhyou.Pгeparеуour
disasteгkit in advanсe!Herе are a few tips.
Watеr may be unsafe to dгink. Stoгe enough watеr foг sеveral daуs.Еaсh pеrson needs a
gal|onpeг daу foг сooking and washing.
\
\
You wil] aIso neеd food for sеvегaldaуs.|tЪa good idea to storе a Iot of of сannеd mеat,
fruit,vеgеtаЬ|es,
and milk. Howevег,aIso inс|udеseveгa|kinds of high-eneгgуfood, suсh as
Peanut buttег and je||y.And dont forget some..сomfort food'' Iike сookies and сhoсo|ate!
\
\
\
lf you don't havе anу eleсtгiсity,уou might not have anу heat eitheг.Keep some Ьlankеts,
s|eepingbags,and extГa с|othеs for eveгyone.
Prеpaге a first aid kit with some pain rеIieveгs,sevегaIsizеs of bandages,and an antisеPtiс.
ТhеAТMs might not be woгking.Do you havе any сashlYou shouldn't kеep muсh monеy
in thе house, Ьut you shouId have a lot of smalIbi||s,and a few |argerЬilIstoo.
сl|00sEo Сircle the сorrеctwords to complеtethis rodio intеrviewbеtwееnТhis Morning
(тM) ond food psуchologistAngie WеInitz(AW).
TM:Dr.Welnitz,inu..i.i.,@Щtшhpeopleсraveсhoсolate.Doesсоmfоrtfood
1.
have an), / many real benefit?
2.
AW: Yеs. Sevеral / A little types of food help g,ve emotional balanсe. Choсоlatе gives an
3.
emotional lift beсause it сontains a great deal of / many sugaЦ for examplе.
4.
TM: What about mashed potatoes? When I'm sad, I сook a lot of / muсh potatoеs.
AW: They remind you of сhildhood, when you felt safe. lД*Чg"*
5.
traditional foods
сomfort us like this.
TM: I have a few / a little friends whо eat сomfort food to сelebrate. Why?
7.
AW: Wе have muсh / many сhangе in our lives today and a fеw / fеw ways to сalm down.
9.
8.
Comfort food tells us, ..Don't worr}..Some / A little things are still the samе.',
10.
TM: We only have a few / a little time left. Tell us-what
11.
is уour favorite сomfort food?
AW: Pistaсhiо iсe сream. I always feel better after I eat a few / few spoonfuls.
12.
Gluantifiers
o Rеod thеsесonversotions.Сompletе thеm with the corrеct words.
сOI|ЛPLЕтE
l. muсh, many' a fеw, a little
manу
A: Hi, Barb. Did you and Jim lose
treеs in the storm?
B: Just one. And the house is OK. We onlv lost
windows.
How about you?
problems either. We didn't have
A: Wе didn,t have
time to shop beforе thе storm, but thanks to the disaster kit,
we had
сandles and
e.
t.
food on hand.
2. little' a little' a few, fеur
A: It's intеresting to see what we usеd up from the disaster kit. I notiсed we havе
only
hot сhoсolate left.
a.
B: That's bесausе
things taste bеtter in a сrisis. I bet there arе
more than
сans of spinaсh, though.
A: Six сans. I guess therе's
B: Wе lеarned
е.
d.
reason to buy more of that.
things about сomfort foods during the storm,
didn't we?
EDIT.Reod this child,s diаrу entrу, Find ond correct sеvеnmistokеsin thе usе of
quаntifiers. Thе first mistokе is olrеodу сorrectеd.
Wehod o Ьig stonm|ost week,ond we lost thе e|ectгiоitgfo{few dogs.onое I got
ovenЬeingsconed,it wos o lot of fсln_q|ittlelikeооrnping
oоt Wehovеqn electnic
fогnoce,so We didn'thоvеsorneheot Wеsleрt in oоn sleeрingЬogs oгoundthe
Wesогeоsed 0Р rnongwood! МornЬqkedsorneЬneodin on inonpon in the
finep|oce.
fineplocе.Shehod to tng seveгqltirnes,Ьоt it wos гeollggood whenit woгked.Wеote
it with litfle peonutЬuttenТhe f]nstnightwe hod rnооhpnoЬ|erлs
figoningout whot
to do, It got doгk eoгlg,ond wе on|ghod o little оondles_ondno TV!Сindgis five,
ond she wos гeo|lgfneokedout сlntilwеrлodеhot chocoloteoveг the fiгe.Finollg,
evengЬodgtook tсlгnstel|ingstonies,] foоnd out thot Dod knows о |ot good stoгies.
I
249
Artiсles:
lndefinite
and Definite
An evilmаgiсiаn
fromа universe
beyond
oursistryingto сonquer
the Eаrth.
Themаgiсiаn
isZаdo.
Hehаsfourhelpers-
WPЙINт
Сhеck thе correсt onswer,
Aссоrding to the ad fоr the vidеo gamе:
П Th"r" is only onе universe bеyond оurs.
сl]ARтсl/iEсl(
Сircle T (Truе) or
F (Folsе).
т
т
F
F
A/An can
bе used with
non-сount
nouns.
Тhe сan be
used with
singular and
plural nouns.
т
F
Use the whеn
you mentiоn a
noun for the
sесond timе.
П Thе," is only onе Earth.
lN DЕtlN IтE
DEFlNlтE
SINGULARсoUNт NoUNs
SINGULARсoUNт NoUNs
|т"' |шoun
ll
IA/Att I Nouш
Lеt,srent a
vidеo game.
Lеt,sгеnt
It',s
adventurе.
It',s
an
PLURALсoUNт NouNs/
NoN-сoUNт NoUNs
I wo n
by Сеrеbгo.
adventure
of Zado.
|т",|шou*l
| (Soмс) | Nouш
(some)
9amе
PLURALсoUNт NoUNs/
NoN.сoUNт NoUNs
tt
Lеt,sp|ay
thе
l
vidеo games.
Lеt,sp|ay
go ld.
It',s
thе
9ames
wе rentеd.
go ld
Zado lost.
EхPRЕssж
Сirclе the corrеct аrticles to completе thesеsеntences.
Cerebro has a / the new video game. A / The game is сalled
Spacе Dеfendеr.
2so
Artiсles:
6 и,agBъ
AЖ*r Жxрfleвre*fi#}з$
lndefinite
arrd E}eflnite
t
Ежaтжplеs
l. We сan usе nouns in two Ways:
a. A noun is indefinite (not speсifiс)whеn
еitheryou or your |istеnеrdo not hаve a
partiсu|arpeгson,pIaсe,or thing in mind.
A: Lеt,sbuy a vidеo gamr.
B: cood idеa.Whiсh onе shouldwe buy?
(A ond B ore not tolkingobout o speсifiсgomе.)
b. A noun is definite (speсifiс)when you and
A: l bought the new game from Cеrеbro!
your |istenеrboth know whiсh person.pIaсе, B: Creat! Is it fun?
or thing you mean.
(А and B аrе both tolkingobout o spесifiсgomе,)
2. Thе artiсle you Use beforеa noun dеpеnds on
thе kind of noun (сountor non-сount)it is
and on how you are usingthe noun (indеfinitе
or definitе)'
a. Use the indеfinitе artiсle o/on with
singularсount nounsthat arе indеfinite.
A: l,m readingabout o magiсian.
B: oh, rea||y?
Whiсh onе?
A|souse a/on for singularсount nouns
when you сlassify(saywhat somethingis).
A: What do you do for a living?
B: |,m o pilot. And you?
Use o beforeсonsonantsounds.
Usе on bеforevowel sounds.
l o magiсian,o grеat advеnturе
l oп еviI magiсian,on advеntuге
that determineswhеthеryou usе o or аn.
r o hostilеaгmy (pronounсеd,,hostile,,)
. on honestwarrior(pronounсed-,,ahnеst,,)
b. Use no artiсlе or somеwith pIuгalсount
nouns and with non-сountnouns that
aге indеfinitе.
3. Use the definitе artiсlе fhe with most nouns
(сountand non-сount,singuIarand P|uraI)that
are definitе.
r Тhеге are(some)games on thе shеlf.
r I had to buy (some)mеdiсinе.
A: The magiсian l to|dyou about is on W tonight.
B: Let,swatсh him!
Use the whеn:
a. a pеrson,plaсе,or thing is unique-thеrе is
only one.
l
b. the сontextmakеsit с|earwhiсh person/
plaсe,or thing you mеan.
A: Тhe music Wasgгеat.
в: l еnjoyеdit too.
(A ond B orе сoming out of o сonсert.)
с. the noun is mentionеdfor thе seсondtime
(it has alreadybeеn idеntified)'
r t magiсian is trying to сonquеrthе Еarth.
The magiсian is veгy poweгfu|.
d. a phraseoг an adjесtivеsuсh as first,best,
right, wrong' or only idеntifieswhiсh one.
r Donkey Kong was the first video game with
a story.
Тhе moon is 250,000 milеsawaУ.
(ThеЕorth hosonlу one moon,)
25|
252
I
Unit 58
o Reod thesеconversаtions.СirсIеthе letter of the stotemеnt thot
с|I00sЕs, DEsсRlBЕ
bеst dеscribеsеoch conversotion.
1 . Coпд: I'm bored. Let,s rent a video game.
Fвво: oK.
a. Fred knows whiсh game Cora is going to rent.
@ Fred and Cora arеn,t talking about a partiсular game.
2. Coвд: Mom, where,s the nеw video game?
Moм: Sorry, I haven,t seen it.
a. Мom knows that Cora rented a new game.
b. Мom doesn't know that Cora rented a new game.
I'1l bet it's in thе hall. You always drop your things there.
Coпд: I'll go look.
a. Thеre are several halls in Fred and Cora,s house.
3 . Fвво:
b. There is only оnе hall in Fred and Cora's house.
Was I right?
Coвд: Yоu weren,t even сlose. It was on a сhair in the kitсhen.
4. Fввп:
a. Thеre is only one сhair in the kitсhеn.
b. There are sevеral сhairs in the kitсhen.
5 . Fвво: Wow! Look at that! The graphiсs are awesome.
Coпд: So is the musiс.
a. All video games havе gоod gтaphiсs and musiс.
b. The game Cora rented has good gтaphiсs and musiс.
Coпд: This was fun. But why don't we rent a sports game next timе?
Fвво: Good idea. I love sports games.
a. Fred is talking about sports games in general.
b. Fred is talking about a partiсular sports game.
о Circlе thе correct аrticles to complеtе this porogroph,
сl|00sЕ& сOмPLЕTE
Board games are popular all over a/@
1.
world. Mah Jong is an / the eхample of
2.
a l an very old one. I had an l a unсlе who had an / the оld sеt from Singapore.
4.
3.
5.
He kept a / tЬe set in thе / a beautiful boх in a / the living room. He usеd to open
6.
7.
8.
t e / a box and tell mе about tЬe / a pieсes. They Were madе of bamboo, and eaсh
10.
9.
one had a / the Chinеsе сharaсter on it. To me, they Were tЪe / a most fasсinating
11.
things in a / thе world.
13.
12.
Artiсlеs:
lmdеfinite
anсJ E}efini*e
o Reod eoch сonvеrsаtion,Сomplеte it with the oppropriote ortiсIe
сOil|PLEтE
(a, an, or thе).
сar just pullеd up. Are you еxpeсting Somеone?
1. A:
B: No, I'm not. I wonder who it is.
2. A: Can we usе
cat?
B: oK, but bring it baсk by 11:00o'сloсk.
game system before we leave.
3. A: Let's turn off
B: We don't have to. We сan just leavе it on Pаusе.
4. A: Do vou have
gamе system?
B: Yеs, I do. I just bought a Sega Genesis.
5. A: Do you see the video storе? I was Sure it was on Main Streеt.
B: I think it's on
side street. but I'm not sure whiсh one.
6. A: There it is.
B: Good. You сan park right aсross
street from the store.
7. A: Еxсuse me, do you have any new games?
B:
newest gamеS arе in the front of the store.
8. A: W.e'dbetter go. Wе,ve bеen here for
B: That was
hour.
fastest hour f've ever spent.
9. A: Еxсuse me. I,d like to rent this game.
B: Just take it to
сashier. She's right over thеre.
EDII. Rеod this mogozinе orticle obaut vidеo gomеs. Find ond corrеctninе mistokesin
thе usе of orticlеs, Thе first mistokе is аlrеodу сorrесtеd.
Ihe plumber
^^. nсеthеrеWasa plumЬеrnamеdМario.Рh*mЪсrhad bеautifulgirlfriеnd.onе daу,aapеfеll in
ll
\-/
lovе with thе girlfriеnd and kidnappеd hеr. Thе plumbеr сhasеd apе to rеsсuе his girlfriеnd.
This simplе talе bесamе Donkеy Koпg a first vidеo gamе with a story. It was invеntеd by
Sigеru Мatsimoto, a artist with Nintеndo, Inс. Мatsimoto lovеd thе vidео gamеs' Ьut hе wantеd
to makе thеm morе intеrеsting.Не likеd fairy talеs,so hе invеntеd story similar to a famous
fairy talе. Story Was an immеdiatе suссеss,and Nintеndo followеd it with The Маrio Brothers.
Thе rеst is vidеo gamе history.
l
253
a, (No Artiсle)
and The
arОУОUrnJОу|nq
the ride?
Ro|Ierсoaэ|rr
rideэ are a |ot |ike
|ife'You1uэLhave
|o rе|axand anjoу
WffiPЙlNт
Сhеck thе correct onswеr,
Who is talking about roller сoaster ridеs in gеnеral?
П tь. littlе girl
П tье little boy
сliАRтсl|EсК
No ARтIсLE (lNDErlNПЕ)
Сhеck thе сorrеct
onsWеr.
You сan usе o.(no
artiсlе) for a noun
that is:
o + Noш-Couшт
Nouш
Tнс+ Noш-Couшт
Nouш
Do you |ikесotton сandy?
Thе сotton сandy in this park is gгeat.
0 + Pluпдl CouштNouш
Tнr + Pluпдl. Couшт Nouш
П i',defi.,itе
Ridesсan be veryexсiting.
Thе ridеs in this paгkarе еxсiting.
Тr,Е (DEFlNlтЕ)
П d"fi''ite
You сan use o fоr a
сount noun that is:
П singular
П plural
254
Tнс + Slшсul.дпCouшт Nouш
Thе r ide nеarthе еntгanсеis еx сitinq.
g. !J::.*rj:.'.:l.?:.ч.Т:::..:..2-iР....
o.ol
ExPREssж
Сircle the or o (no orticlе) to completе thesеsеntences.
A: Did you enjoy Ф / t}reroller сoaster ride?
B: Yes, I lovе И / th.eroller сoaster rides.
A: And did you trу И / the сotton сandy?
B: No. I don't like o / the сotton сandy. It's always too sweet.
Grammar Еxplanatiопs
A,xamplеs
1. Wе often use o (пo artiсlе) bеfore non-сount
nounsand pluralсount nounsthаt aге
indеfinitе (not spесifiс).
Use O when you:
a. havе no spесiflс pеrson,p|aсе,oг thing
in mind.
A: What do you want to do tonight?
B: Lеt,sstav homе. Wе сan |istеnto musiс or
watсh uid"o,.
b. сlassify (saywhat somеthingor someone is). A:
B:
A:
B:
G. makе genеral statеmеnts.
What,sthat?
|t,sсotton сandy.
And what are thosе?
Тhеy,rеtiсkets for the ro||еrсoaster.I bought
them w hilеyo u W еr eo n thе pho ne.
r (otton сandy is vегy swеet.
(сottonсondу in gеnerol)
r Roller сoastеrs aге popu|ar.
(rollеrСoostеrsin gеnеrol)
2. Usе the with non-сountnouns and сount nouns
(singularand plura|)that are dеfinitе-when
you aге ta|kingabout a spесifiс or unique
per'on, plaсe, or thing that you and
-----.
your
J -_.
|istenerknow about.
A: Can I tastеthe сotton сandy?
B: Suгe.Havе as muсh as you,d like.
A: Wheге are the tiсkets for the rollеr сoaster?
B: I put thеm in my poсkеt.
A: Тhis is the best rollеr сoaster in the worId.
3. Bв сдпвгul! Singularсount nouns сannot stand r Тhis is o dеliсiousсandy bar.
alone.Youmusta|waysusееitheranartiсle,aNoтThisis@
pronoun, onel or a woгd suсh as this,thot, eасh,
l |t,shard to еat just oпe сand у bar, isn,t it?
or еvеrybеforea singularсount noun.
r Civе mе thot сandy bar! You,vеhad еnough.
l |t,smу сandу bar.
256
I
&jrъЁtmffi
o Reod this onnounсеmеntfor o nеw аmusеmentpork. LJndеrlinеolt thе
iDENтiFY
сommon nouns thot hove no orticles.Сirсlе oll the nouns with thе.
Grand Opening!
| -t,'i
-,\['',\'
,
Do you еnjoyamusеmеntparks?Tomorrow,BlarеGardеnswill opеn tо
. / 1\]
ridеs and gamеs that will appеal to both adults and сhildrеn.And oГ сoursr an
amusеmеntpark would not bе сompletеwithoutсottonсandy and hot dogs.Thе food
at Blarе Gardеnspromisеsto bе Vеrygood.Comе еarly,bring thе wholе family,and bе
surе to stay for thе firеworksdisplaythat takеsplaсe right aftеrthе sun sеts.So сhесk
it outl You won't bе disappointеd.
оl00$ о Сirсlеthе сorrеctwordsto complеtеthis mаgаzineartiсIе.
\ nl lIIj and fti\Ь T:,;:ж;:::-%;.:]":::
< Lrill.
2_
3.
Disnеy World and Conеy Island offеr the l Ф fun, rеlaхation,and еsсapе from the / И
4.
problеms and borеdom of еvеryday lifе. Thеy offеr bЧP
5.
adults and сhildrеn alikе a
сhanсe to take
risks without
сonsеquenсеs.Thanks to advanсеs in
Чg
ЧP
Ihe-| О tесhnologу, Ihg l Ф aссidеnts in thE i o amusemеnt parks are now rare. You сan
9.
10.
11.
go on th91 a rides that look sсary but arе aсtually safe. You сan sсrеam and laugh as
12.
thg! Ф rollеr сoastеr raсеs down toward th9 l a ground and loops up to thе / И sky
'14.
13.
15.
again, lеaving your сarеs and troublеs bеhind.
Еven though the l О roller сoastеrs are the / И most
17.
16.
popular of all
rides, thеy arе not for evеryonе. But
чlP
don't Worry.Today's amusеment parks offеr a lot more
than the l a thrills and сhills. Thеrе arе train ridеs
19.
through a rеpliсa oI theJ.Ф rain forеst.And there arе
thе-!а gamеswith thE1О prizеs too. The lИ hot dogs,
21.
22.
23.
iсе сrеam, and соtton сandy сomplеtе фЭ!P
this pеrfесt getaway for
ЧlP
wholе family.
piсturе of
.+fj:.l.:l.?:.Ч
.Тl.:.
3.!]Y:.
.:..?77..
...o....
о Reod this convеrsotionobout on omusеmentpork. Сompletе thе
с0I{|PLEтE
sеntenceswith the whеre necеssorY,Usе a if уou don,t nееd аn orticlе,
A: I'm going to Blarе Gardens next wеekend. You wоrk there. What,s it like?
sсary rides? If you do, then you,re going
?.
rides at Blarе Gardеns.
B: That depends. Dо you |tke
to lovе
A: What's
most exсiting ride there?
3.
B: The Python. I'vе seen peoplе aсtually shaking with fеar beforе they got оn it.
fun. By the way, how's
A: Sounds likе
hatе
B: Then you might have a little problem. They sell
11.
hot dogs and
-
pizza, and that's about it. But do you like -
A: I love it. I listеn to
B:
food there? I
hot dоgs.
6.
8."9.
5.
lo.
musiс?
сountry musiс all the timе. Why?
musiс at Blare Gardеns is grеat. They have
bеst
12.
сountry musiс gToups i'
еntire state.
i ,:
A: What eхaсtly do you do there? Maybе we']l Sеe you.
B: I dress likе a сartoon сharaсter and guide people around
park.
ЕDlT. Reod this postcord from BIorеGordеns, Find ond corrеct еight mistаkеsin thе
use of the ond a @o orticlе). Thе first mistаke is olreodу correctеd.
Pаrk
B|аrе
Gаrdens
Amusеment
I /ovethe rilrs here,I meаи,I,re bееиoи the rollеr
сoаsfursbefo,е,bиt пothiпg is likе the oпr thец,rrgot
To: Rуап Тиrпеr
here!Апd foo,l isgrеаt too,/ иsиаl/у doп,t еаt the /lot
31 Bаrсo/oпа Dr
dogs, bиt hot logs /lereЙrrу/rе[It.So is 1эizzа.Doуoи
Boиldеr Сo B03o3
/ike thе аftl|Isl||tепtpаrk? lf so,уot,t,l,t:
got togсt loиr
fo-i/у to сomе. Тhеoпlу p,oblem is сroшds hеrе,Pеoplе
hаrе fu шаit fu qеt iиto сvсrlthiпg-еvси thс
restrooms!Sееуoи soo|t.
Niсkц
Reflexive Pronouns
and
Reciprocal Pronouns
@P0INT
Сircle T (True)or F (Folse).
,,I
и,ill not tаlk to mvself' I wil| пot tаlk to mvsеlf.',
сI|ARтсI]EсК
Сirclе T (Truе) or
F (Folse).
т
F
,
т
F
Singular
reflexive
prоnouns еnd
in -selves.
Reсiproсal
pronouns
always rеfer
to mor,еthan
one person.
т
RЕFLЕxlvEРRoNoUNs
Suryвстl
l Rвгlвxlvв
Pпoшouшi
i Pпoшouш
I
myself.
You
yourself.
He
himsеlf.
She
It
lookedat
F
The man is talking tо
another pеrson.
REClPRoсAt
P|IONOUNS
suв;вст
l
Pпoшouш
l
We
You
Thеy
lookеdat
Rвсlpпoсдl-
] Pпoшoutч
еaсh other.
onе anothеr.
hеrsеlf.
itself.
Wе
ourselves.
You
yourselves.
Тhеy
thеmsеlves.
EхPREss
Сircle thе corrеct words to completе this conversotion.
A: Is someone in there with УoU, or are you talking to
}roursеlf/ themselves?
B: No one's here. I'm just talking to one anothеr / myself.
254
Reflеxive
G rаffi.вуEт**r #жрfiё ggetЁФrr $
1. Usе a rеflеxivе pronoun whеn thе
subiесtand obieсt of a sеntеnсerеfеrto thе
s amеpe o o |eo г th i n o s .
Pronouns
and Reс-proeal
Рrоnouns
l
Жxarтъ
р$rs
subjесt =
objeсt
l Sara |ookеda|herself in thе miггor.
(Sarolookеdot hеr own faсe.)
ln imperativе sеntеncrs usе:
-уourself when thе subieсt is singular
l ,,Don,tpush yoиrself so hard, Tom,,, Saгasaid.
-уourselyes whеn thе subjeсtis pluraI
I ,,Don,tpush yourselvesso hard, guуs,,,
Sar asaid.
2. Use a rеf|exivе рronoun to emphasizеa
l Tom was upsetwhеn hе lost his job. Тhе
noun' ln this сasе,thе reflеxivеpronoun usua||y
iob itself Wasn,timportantto him, but hе
fo|lowsthe noun dirесtly.
needеdthe moneУ.
3. By + a rеflеxivе pronoun means oloneor
withoutonу help.
Be + a reflеxive Pronoun means oсt in the
usuаlwoy.
4. Usе a rесiproсal pronouп when the subjесt
and thе ob.ieсtof a sеntеnсerеfегto thе
samе peop|еand thesе peop|еhave a
two-way rеlationship.Usе eoсh other whеn
the subjeсtis two pеoplе.Use eithеrone
another or eoch other whеn thе subjeсtis
morе than two pеople.
r Saгa|ivеsby herself.
(Soro livеsolonе,)
r Wе paintеdthе housеby oursе|ves.
(No one hеlpеdus,)
r Justbe yourself at your intеrviеw.
(Асt likе уou usuallуoсt')
l Hе wasn,t himself aftеrhе lost his job.
(Hе sеemeddifferent,)
=
subjесt
obieсt
r Тom and Sara mеt eссJr othеr at work.
(Tommet Soro,and Soro met Tom,)
subjесt =
objесt
r We all toId one onother about our jobs.
oR
subjесt =
objeсt
r We al! told eoch other about our jobs.
ongеd informotion with еvеrу
,:;,:
i:;";
;r,h
reflexivepronouns havе diffеrеntmeanings.
(Frеdtolkеdto lone, ond lonе tolkеdto Frеd,)
l Fгedand Janеta|kedto themselves.
(Frеdtolkеdto himsеlf,qnd Jonе tolkedto hеrsеlf,)
5. Reсiproсal pronouns have possеssiveforms:
eoch other,s, one onother,s.
l Tom and Saгatook eoсh other,s numbеrs.
(Tomtook Sora,snumbеr'Soro took Tom,snumbеr.)
it out!
Сheсk
For a list of verbs and expressions сommоnly used reflexivеly, see Appendix 16 on pagе 340.
259
260
r
unit 60
o Rеod this ortiсlе obout sеlf-tаlk.IJndеrlinethе rеflexivepronouns once ond
iDENтiFY
the reciprocolpronouns twice,Drаw on orrow to thе word thot each pronoun rеfеrsto,
atP
'еlf-talk is thе waУ wе exp1aina prob1еmto oursе1vеs.It сan affесt the way wе fее1
and how wе aсt. Tom and Sara, for example, both lost thеir jobs whеn thеir сomPany
laid off a lot of people. Sara kept hеrself fit and spеnt timе with friеnds. Tom gainеd tеn
pounds and spеnt all his timе by himsеlf. They Wеrе both unеmploУеd, so thе situation
itselfсan,texplainwhy.hThеmaindiffеrеnсе
was the waУTom and Sara explained the problem .o .й*'.,.
Sara bеliеved that shе
hеrsеlf сould сhange hеr situation. Tom saw himsеlf as helpless. Latеr, everyonе got their
jobs baсk. Whеn thеy all talked to onе anothеr baсk at the offiсе, Tom grumblеd, ,,They
must havе been despеrate.,,Sara replied, ,,Thеy finally rеalized thеy nееd us!,,
сl]00sEo Tom ond Soro,s componу held on offiсepаrty. Сhoosе thе correct reflexivеor
reciprocolpronouns to complеte thе сonvеrsаtions,
oч|эe|veo
1. A: Do you mind if we pour
( m y s е | fi o u r s е l v е s )
somеthing to drink?
B:ofсoursenot.Andthere'sfoоdtoo.Plеasehelp_.
( У o u r s e | v е/s t h е m s е I v e s )
2. A: That,s the new head of Мarketing. She's standing bv
B: Let,s go and introduсе
.*.*n, nu^'.'*u
( h i m s е |/f o u r s е l v е s )
3. A: I'm nervous about mу datе with Niki. I сut
B: You'll be fine. Just relax and be
4. A: My boss and I always givе
( m y s е l fi h е r s е | f )
twiсe shaving.
( у o u r s е | v е/s y o u r s е | f )
( o u r s е | v е/s е а с h o t h е r )
the same holiday grfts. Every year
I give him a book and hе gives me a sсarf.
B: Funny. I always thought you bought
( y o u r s е |/f h i m s е | f )
5. A: The nеw softwarе is so easy, it just seеms to run by
a lot of sсarves.
(itsе|f/ mysе|f)
B:Really?Inourdepartment,we,rеstil1teaсhing@howtouseit.
6. A: Did you and Armina go to Japan by
( y o u r s e |/f y o u r s е | v е s )
B: With a gтoup. We'vе all kеpt in tоuсh with
or with a tour group?
( o n e a n o t h е r/ o u r s е | v е s )
sinсe the trip.
rР.f.l.:}jy.:.I::.T:YI:..1:9.l:.:l?:.?:3j.:Т:.T:.YI:.
.:..?s!...ooo..
О Gеorgе Prudеou is o high school French tеаcher,Сomplete
сOШIPLEтE
his tolk to o
Troup of new tеochеrs.|Jsеreflexivеond rеciprocolpronouns.
I teaсh Frenсh, but the subjeсt
itэe|f
isn't that important. I think my
1.
experienсe applies to all subjeсts. Your first Уeat may be hard, so teaсh
2.
to use рositive self-talk and keep things simple. Remember that
a good teaсher helps students learn by
students' Was having trouble teaсhing
. Reсently, John, one of my
3.
how to bake Frenсh brеad.
I enсouraged him to keep tфng, and in the end he suссeeded. As far as
disсipline
goes, I have just a few rules. I tell my students, *Keep
5.
Disсuss thе lessons, but don,t interfere with
teaсhing materials simple too. I pride
7.
busy.
's work."
Keep
on bеing able to teaсh
anywhere' even on a street сornеr. Finally, the salary for teaсhers is not gтеat,
but
you have a lot of freedom. I run my сlass by
-just the way I want to.
8.
You will all have to deсide for
if it's worth it. I сan't afford to
9.
travel to Franсe, but I satisfy
with trips to Quebeс!
lo.
EDIIо Reаd this womon,s diory, Find ond corrеct sеvеn mistokesin thе useof rеflexive
ond rесiprocаlpronouns, The first mistoke is olreodу corrесtеd.
rforgotto ulLJаn ofuhl,sbi/t/4щ. I ,,,,,,),j*;#,Io
ryryI
Iforgot
ц, аJ4d,thе]Ф
Ifilt turij/"o.му sustuАt.tttд,
saii,, ,,Dor.r,it
bosohАld oп,уourselueс,''
bцt t ЙZnt bеJhru hu. shэ prrnэс hg on rеJoLе),JulИ! еl,wуtll,rt1. Т/luJФ
I reа^оL
ал,.аrtirJeoп,sфtа,|k. It sаij,tl'м
r-ф
oхp{лl"lt,prob/Д44' to tЙдlуsеАteс.I rц/l2tl,
t/.tАt thz шау I tа/h tо t,и.eiв
|J4'u/tt24!-0k2,tЙэ иtауoш
саn с,hattgotЙp,ry
щ
шd,,to tа/hto u,r.
фh'sсА"ooLИ4лt{.|,tеА^d42/
t t{шч|*, Jаn аJ47,I trедt ел,dФotЙg И,е1,|,.
tro forgаl,v ^/'"/ff'r Иу L?Йtа,k>,
,gl,t Ч,
аJ4aI,frU*" hfufo,foyфt,,t1 oцr dlп*tll dАtott,ttoшеd<s
чo.
Jаn шj, t cou/7,forgtlnt|4ДИ'е,br,с,
sot gt,tэсsI *,f,U*,"/'Ч.
SelfТest
lffiI
oшв
Сircle thе letter of the сorrесt onswеr to complеtеeoch sеntеncе.Choose И whеn
no orticlе is nееdеd,
Еxдшptt:
Jеnnifer never
(A) drink
(Bl drinks
I . I introduсed -
{A)himsеlf
(B)mе
2. The job
(A) myself
(B)itself
сoffеe.
to Bill as soon as I saw him.
(C) myself
(D)eaсh оthеr
{Al themselves
(B)ourselves
during the holidays.
(C) еaсh othеr's
(D)one another
4. What a beautiful braсеlet! Is it made of -
(A}a lоt оf
(B)a few
6. Hоw
(Al many
{B)muсh
bottled water bеfore thе hurriсane.
(C) twelve
(D)many
eggs do you neеd for thе сakе?
(с| И
(D)more
best movie I,vе еver sеen.
9. Di's in
Еurope on vaсation.
(С|И
(D)the
l o . Freda's
ь|a
(B)a
262
friends at frrst.
(С)few
(D)a fеw
8. That's
(A) a
(B)an
(A) a
(B)an
ABсD
ABсD
(D)a
7. She was lоnely beсause she had
(A) little
(B)a littlе
gold?
(qa
{A)the
(B)somе
ABсD
ABсD
isn't a problem. It's my boss.
(C)himself
(D)it
3 . The students ехсhange сards with
5 . I bought
д@с D
(C)is drinking
(D)was drinking
(с)the
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
DA
astrоnaut. Thеre are siх оf them on this mission.
(C)an
(D)the
ABсD
ABсD
SelfTest
1 1 . -I
just rеntеd
-Great! Whiсh one?
(A) the
(B)some
l
ABсD
vidеo.
(c)a
(D)any
fruit left. Could you buy some apples?
(С)litttе
(D)many
72. We don't have
(A) muсh
(B)some
lъЕcтlrоNl
Хl
AвсD
тW0
Еаch sеntencehos four underlinеd words or phrosеs, The four underlinеdports
of the sеntencеorе morked A, B, С, ond D. Сircle the lеtter of thе onе undеrlinеd
word or phrose thot is Noг сoRRЕст.
Еxдшptп:
A B сo
but todav hе walks.
Mike _
usuallv
- п * _ - -drives
ъ _ - - Сtо
- - тsсhoоl.
13. There are a lot of food in the fridge, so help yоursеlf.
ABсD
14. Do )лourfamilies сome fоr thanksgiving or do you сelebratе
ABсD
ABсD
Aв(
by )'ourselves?
D
1 5 . The nеws arе starting, so let,s watсh TУ in thе living room.
ABсD
1 6 . Lее wants to oрen his businеss in may and start working
ABсD
AB(D
ABс
for himself.
D
|7. I m}zselfdon,t еat сhili, but it,s the most popular spiсе in a world.
Aв(D
1 8 . A mone-v isn't everything-the
AB(D
ABсD
job rtsеЦ has to be interesting.
1 9 . Mathematiсs isn't Todd,s best subjeсt, but he suссеeds with the
D
AB(
hard work.
ABсD
ABсD
20. Hоw many timеs do we have before the movie starts?
ABсD
21. Smith Was an unpopular mayoц so he had a few friends in politiсs.
ABсD
22. Wе havе only a fеw milk left, so сould you piсk Some up for us?
ABсD
23. We didn't know one anothеr names beforе Maria introduсеd us.
ABсD
24. Ben has to savе a fеw monеy so that hе сan go to *т,1
ABсD
AB(D
AB(D
ABсD
B(D
A
B
A
in фе fall.
25. I mеt an aссountant and a lawyer at }rourparty, and an aссountant
ABсD
said he,d help mе.
ABсD
263
Тhe Passive:
overview
WPЙINт
Сhеck thе informotion you con get from the od,
П tь" name of the founder
Rеodеr'sDigеst was foundеd in 1922.
Today it is read Ьy pеoplе in every сountry in the world.
Shouldn'tyou Ье onе of them? SuЬsсriЬеtoday.
П tь" number of years thе magazine
has еxistеd
П tь" priсе of thе magazinе
сI/,АRт
сHEсК
Сircle T (Truе) or
F (Fаlse).
T
т
т
F
F
F
The objeсt of an
aсtive sentenсе
beсomes thе
subjeсt of
the passive
sentеnсe.
Passivе
statemеnts
always have
a fоrm оf the
verb be.
Passive
statemеnts
always have
an оbjeсt.
Mi||ionsof peop|еbuy it.
lt is bo ught by millio nso f pеo p|e.
SomеonеpubIished it in 1922,
lf w as published in 1922.
PAsslvЕ sтAтElt,lЕNтs
tl
I Pлsт
|
Suцвст Br (Noт) | Pяптrсlвlв | 1вr + oцвст)
It
is (not)
bought
It
was (not)
publishеd
by mi||io ns
o f pеo ple.
YEs/NoQUЕsтloNts
tl
Bс |,u",...| Еill...o..
ls
Was
sold
it
I
l
in China?
|гo,,
Шн-Woпo| в. I su"t.., l Ьii....o..
Wherе
ls
it
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
Aггlпмдтlvв
wн. QUЕsтloNs
26+
in 1922.
sold?
Yes, it
ls.
was.
II
Nвсдтlvв
No, it
isn't.
wasn't.
Тhe Pаssive:
Оverviеw l
EхPREssж
Сompletе this sentеncewith thе possive form of thе verb print,
How many сopies of Rеаdеr,s Digеst
last year?
Grammаr Notеg
Еxamplеs
1. Aсtive and passive sеntеnсes oftеn have
similarmеaningsbut diffеrentfoсuses.
Aстlvв
l Millionsof peoplе rеad the magazine.
(Thе focusis on thе pеoplе,)
Pдsslvг
l Тhе magazineis read by mi||ionsof peoplе.
(The foсusin on thе magozine')
2. Form thе passive with a form of be +
past pa*iсip|е.
r |t is w r itten in ninеtееnlanguagеs.
r lt w as publishеd in 1922.
r lt has just been printed.
3. Usе thе passivе whеn:
a. thе agеnt (thе personor thing doing thе
aсtion)is unknownoг not important.
r Тhе magazinеwas founded in 1922,
(l don,tknowwho foundеdit.)
b. thе identityof the agеnt is с|еarfrom
the сontеxt.
r Тhе magazineis so|d at nеwsstands.
(Wе сon assumеthat thе nеwsstandownеrsand
emp|oyееs
sе||it, Wе don,t neеd to mеntionthеm.)
C. you want to avoid mеntioningthеagent.
I Some mistakеswerе madе in that artiс|e.
(l know who mode thе mistakes,but l don,twont
to blame thе pеrsonwho madе thеm')
4. Use the passive with bу if уou mention
thе agеnt.
Меntion,thе agеnt whеn:
r The aгtiсlewas written by o psусhologist.
a. you introduсеnесеssarynew information
about the agent.
r John Dеlgadois a famoussportswritеr.
He has just been hirеd by Notionol Sports
to w r itеa mo nth|yсo |umn.
(Thе nаmе of John,sеmploуeris nесеssory
nеw information,)
b. you want to give сreditto someonewho
сrеatеdsomеthing.
r Thе aгtiс|еwas written by lohn Delgodo'
с. thе agent is surprising.
l ouг windows arе washed bу o robot.
to mеntion an agеnt in passivеsentenсеs.
Do not inсludеan agent unnесеssarily.
Noт Тhe magazineis publisheobу+ьеa*+isнеr
onсe a wееk.
26s
266
I
unit 6i
сl]00sEо Rеаd thеsеsеntenсesond dеcide if theу аrе Аctive (A) or Passive (P).
1 . Readеr's Digеst was founded in 7922.
2 . Millions of people read it.
3 . A large-type edition is also printed.
4. They also reсord it.
I;
|;
ffi
5 . Rеadеr,s Digеst is published оnсе a month.ffi
6 . It has been translated into many languages.
7 . Мany readers subsсribe to the magazine.
8 . It is sold at newsstands everywhere.
9. I read an interesting artiсle in it.
1 0 . The artiсle was written by a famous sсientist.
о Look ot
REАD& с0I{LPIЕTE
thе chort. Then complеtе
thе sentenсеs,Use thе vеrb
speak in the octive or thе
possivе form.
Cantonese(China
Ho (Biharand OrissaStates,lndia
Swahili(Kenya,Тanzania,Uganda,
DemoсratiсRepubliсof Congo)
ТagaIog(Philippines)
Japanese
ken bу 126 mi||ion
One million people
bу 57 million pеople.
Spanish
Cantonesе.
246 million people.
Мorе than 500 million peоple
in Uganda.
The
Passive:
Оverview
o Usе thе pаssivе form of the verbs in thе first set of porenthesesto
сOIлPLЕтE
complеte this rеport. Includе thе ogent (from thе sеcond set of porenthеses)
only if obsolutеlYnеcеssorу.
MоdernReaderNеwsletter
TпштнAшшlvвпsARYlssuс
Dto You l{ьlolry. . . ?
} Modеrn fuа,dеr
waэ founded bу A, J. ThomPaon
'1.
waэ printеd
) At first it
in thrее forеignJanguagе еditions.
3 . ( p u b | i s h()t h е p u b l i s h е ф
4 . ( r е a d )( r e a d е r s )
) Sinсе 2000, twеnty nеW еmployееs
) Baсk at homе, tеn nеW сomputеrs
) Thеy
7. (usе)(ourwriters)
| Мodеrnfuаdеr
) our еditorial staff
) Thе intеrviеw
t.еnyеars ago.
only in Еnglish.
2. (print)fitgp*аtФ
) Today it
)It
( f o u n d )( 4 . J . T h o m p s o n )
ln
morе than tеn сountriеs.
5 . ( h i r е )( o u г i n t е r n а t i o n аol f f i с е s )
6 . ( p u r с h а s e )( t h е с o m p a n y )
last month.
to Writе our award-winning artiсlеs.
8 . ( а d v е r t i s е () а d v е r t i s е r s ;
9. (interview)(Livеot Tеn TV)
all ovег thе woгld.
last month.
l o . ( s e е )( m i | l i o n so f v i е w e r s )
EDIT.Reod on editor'snotes for o story for Modеrn Readеr. Find ond correct
еight mistokеsin thе usе of the possive. The first mistаkе is olrеody corrected,
are located
in thе coolwеstеrnhighIаndsknownаs thе Аttiptano.
Two\hirdsot Bo|iviа's
f ivemiltionpеoplе
W
thе grаinquinoahаs bееngrеwin thе moцnIаins,
L|аmаsrаisеdior iuц mеаt,аrld
For cеntцriеs,
transportаtion.
Аnd tin, Bo(ivia,s
richеstnаtцrа|(еaoцrce,
is rniningbу minеrsin thе high Аndеs,
Ihе Оriеntе,аnothеrnаmеtor thе еаstеrnlowlаnds,is most|уIropicа|.Ncе is thе majorlood
crop,аnd cow;arе rаisеdfor rnitk.oit is а|sotindthere,
АIIhough
5pаnishis thе aРtiсiat|аnguagе,
аrе sIi|Ispokenby
NativeАmеricаn|anguаgеs
ptaуedon rеed pipеsWhosetonе
textitesarе wovenbу hаnd,аnd mt,lsic
Trаditionаt
PeoPIе,
rеsеmb|еs
thе soundof thе windblowing
ovеrhighp|аinsin thе Аndеs,
l
267
The Passive
with Modals
Э i I Iэ, o m e Ь h i n q
h aэ t , o b e d o n e a b o u L Еd ,
| e э nor e e e o |o u d h e ,oа o i n а
L o kn o c k u e o u L o f o r b i t !
жPЙINт
Сhеck thе corrеct onswеr,
l kn ow ,Сa r|a .
l,e can be heard
back on Еarth|
Aссording to Carla,
П ва has to d.osomething
about his snoring.
t
sтAтЕil,lЕNтs
сIIARтсHEсl(l
Сirclе T (Truе)or
F (Fаlse),
т
F
Passivеs with
mоdals alwavs
use be.
т
F
You сannot
talk about the
future using
the passivе
with modals.
somеbоdyhas to do
somеthing about
Ed's snoring.
I
l Pдsт
Suв;вст l Mooдl.*
8g l PдптlсlPLE
will (not)
should (not)
Тhe сrеw
Hдvс (сoт) тo/
Bс сotнс тo
Suв|вст
has (got) to
doesn't have to
is (not) going to
Тhe сrew
be
Br
bе
replaсed
I
nеxt month.
Pдsт
Pдптlсlpl-в
rеplaсed
nеx t mo nth.
*Modals have only one form. Thеy do not have -s
in thе third person singular.
YI s/rvoQUlЕsт oNs
сHARтс'{,Eсl(
2
Chеck thе corrеct
аnswеr,
What сomes
before the subjeсt
in questions?
Jьe
П u modal or an
auхiliary vеrb
264
Mooдl.
will
Shoшld
,u",r.r
IBr
Pдsт
it
replaсed?
be
Pдвтtсlpl.в
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
I
Aггlпмдтlvв
Yes, it
w ill.
sho uld.
I
|
NвGAт|vЕ
No, it
won't.
sho uldn't .
Тhe Passive
s}|oRт ANsWЕRs
YES/NI} QUEsтlo NS
Auxll.tдпvl
I Hдvстo/
Vвпв
| 5uв|встI Goпсстo
Doеs
ls
it
have to
g o i n g to
witir МосJals t
I port
Bg I PдптlGtPLЕ
be
repIaсеd?
AггlпмдтIvв
Yes, it
does.
ls.
Il
NвсAтlvЕ
No, it
doesn't.
isn't.
ExPREss,#ж--ф:;я,
Сomplеtethis conversotionwith the pаssiveform of will preparе.
A:
food
B: No. it
on board?
It
on Earth.
rъet ЁФyвs
ar tr"жp"a
&y awуъхж
E,x*rтвр1еs
l. Тo form the passivеwith a modaI,use
modal + bе + past partiсiple.
r
r
l
r
2. Usе иdll or he going to with thе passivеto talk
about thе futurе.
l lt will bе launсhed vегy soon.
oR
r lt,s going to bе launсhеd Verysoon.
3. Use сoл with the passivеto exprеss
present ability.
r Thе blastoffcon be seen for miles.
Use сoиld with the passivеto exprеss
Past ability.
4. Use сou!d,froу, might, and сont with
thе passiveto exprеssfuturе possibility
or impossibility.
The SpaсeShutt|еwill be launсhеd soon.
Тhe launсh won,t he postponеd.
Тhe сrеW,nиst be given time off.
Deсisionsshouldn,t be madе too quiсkly.
l |t сould bе seen vеry сlearlylastyеar.
l
r
r
l
|t сould be launсhed vеry soon.
tгenсh sсiеntistsmoy be invited to partiсipate.
P|antsmight bе grown on boaгd'
|t con,t bе donе.
5. Use should, ought to, hod better, hove (got) to,
and must with the passiveto exprеss:
a. advisabilitу
r Тhе сrеw shoиld be prepared to work hard.
r Crеw members ought to be given a daу oft.
r Pгivaсyhod better be respесted.
b. песessity
l Rеpoгtshove to bе filed.
r Еvеryonemust be сonsulted.
269
27O I unit 62
lDЕNтltYo Rеod this orticle obout the lntеrnotionаl Spаcе Stotion Unity. Undеrlinе oll
thе possivеswith modаls,
Living in outеr Spaсо
Paсе StationUnitу will be сomPletеdwithin thе next dесаde,and intеrnational
tеаms of аstronаutswill thеn bе sharingс|osequаrtersfor long pеriodsof time.
Whаtсаn be donеto improve|ivingсonditionsin spасе?Hеre,swhаtformеr
аstronauts
suggеst:
Foodshouldbе mаdеspiсierto
* Fooо lt doеsn,ttastеas goodin zerogravity.
ovеrсomethosееffесts.
lntеrnаtionаl
tаstеsmustalsoЬe сonsidеrеd.
stayсomfortablе.
Тhetop layer
s Cr-отнlГt[GLayerеdсlothingсouldhеlp astronauts
vаry.
сouldbе rеmovеdor аddеdas temPerаturеs
in spaсе.
sleepis oftеninterruptеd
s Slввplгtс Bесаusеof wеightlеssness,
restraints
mustbе providedto givea sеnsеof stabi|ity.
Сomfortаblе
,,downtimе,,in spaсejustas thеydo on Еarth.
s ЕмoтloNAL Nввps Peoplenееd
Тimеoughtto bе providеdfor rеlаxation
and privасy.
o Comet Magazinе (CM) is interviewingаеrospocеengineеr
с0I|PIЕтE
Dr. Bernord Koу (BK). Сomplеtе thе intеrviеw with the possive form of thе vеrbs
in porеnthesеs.
w!||be handled
CM: Dr. Kay, I'd like to ask how mеals
1 . ( w i l l/ h a n d l e )
2. (Bе going to / preparе)
in the Spaсe Station.
on board or
from tubes?
3. (squeеzе)
BK: Neither. Gourmеt meals
on Earth and thеn thev
4 . ( w i | |/ p r е p a с k а g e )
on board.
5. (сan / warm up)
CM: The Spaсe Station will have an international сrew. How
6 . ( s h o u | d/ с h o o s е )
BK: An intеrnational menu
to suit everyone's tastе?
7 . ( h a v еt o / o f f е r )
. Food
8 . ( с o u | d/ s е | е с t )
from food preferenсe forms that the сrew mеmbers сomplete.
CM:
dishes
BK: Probably. But utеn.il.
around! Meals
9. (Wi||/ usе)
on board?
to the plates so they won't fly
,*nuo *.*., u,.*,
as pleasant as possible.
1 1 . ( o u g h tt o / m a k е )
The
Passive
with Мосjals
o Some scientists
just completedo simulotionof life on the Stаtion,
с,|00sE& с0|{|PLETE
Сompletе their conversotionswith thе modols in porеnthesesаnd the сorrесt verbs
from the box.
design
improve
keep
remove
Фh€
Kвшт: Thesе simulatiоns showеd that thеrе are still some problems. I hopе theу
can be эolved
1. (сan)
-
bеforе thе rеal thing. For example, the temperature
at 68o, but I Was unсomfortably warm most of the time.
2. (should)
Lyr,в: The material for our сlothing
. Maybe сlothing
3{ouфt tФ
in layers. A layer
4. (сould)
5. (сaD
if
it's too warm.
dеliver
do
Hдшs: I didn,t like the food very muсh. W"
give
storе
uo"*
'
more fresh food.
Hrsд:Well,freshfruitsandvеgetablesbytheShuttleregularly.
Hдшs: What
Hrsд: I'm sure it
8. (will)
9. (will)
with the trash? Spaсe littеr is already a problem.
on board and сarried to Earth bv the Shuttlе.
о Reod on ostronotlt,sjournаI notеs.Find аnd сorrеctsеvеnmistokesin the use of
ЕDIT
thе possive with modаIs, Thе first mistoke is olrеodу corrеctеd.
bе made
oцgffito я+а]<e
morе corrуtortаblе,
I usеd thе s|ееpingrеlтаints tаstnightаnd s|ефa lot bgtter,Thеч
though,Ifeff trappеd,| 1usttookеdin thе mirror.Мy face is pиttyаnd mу еуе5аrе red. I'd be1tеrbе
gofrеnonthе ехеrcisеbikеrightaWaV.
I cаn bе misundеrEtаnding
Whеnl tooktikethis. Lаst night
I lovethаt show' I mightbе givеn
Мах thoughtl was аngrуаt himfor tиrning on ,.5rаrTrеk,',Аctиatty,
еаrIуlunchshitt todaу.I hopеthеу hаvеmorеtеriуаki,|t'snicе аnd spicу,аnd thе 9аL|cеcаn actua|Iу
bееntaEtеd,еvеnаt zеrogravi\. Somеol it hаd be1tеrbe fty in on thе Sht,ttt|е
?rеttуaoon,o( tnеrе
|astnightWistеncа|Iеdаnd toIdmе shе
mightbе somеиnhaPPt7
аlтonаt,tts!
Spеаkingof иnhappy,
qut acnoot.
yettif
gеt аng^|and
0иtoг it bиt|,mаlrаid|,|I
Ithinkshе cou|dbetа|k
WasPlanningto
bуothеrs,Wе nееd50mеvrivаcуherе!
wе discцssi{' I mightovеrnеаrd
l
271
Тhe Passive
Gausative
Н i , Е r и i l .у.l.
lmm,,,Эome|hin7'e
differrnt, oid уou
-jE
get, уour hair cut?
Jсt
=L
(iн
г.
I
WPOINT
Сhеck the correct onswer.
Thе guy wants to know if his girlfriеnd
П сut her own hair.
П went to a hair salon.
sтAтЕlt,|ENтs
сI]ARтсIllEсK
Сircle T (True)or
F (Folse).
т F The passive
сausative
alwaуs has a
form of thе
verb be.
т
т
272
F
F
Iport
I
Suцвст | Hдvr/Gы
oЦпст
She
has
her hoir
Hе
has had
his beord trimmed
befoге.
got
mу noils
at Andrё,s.
is going to get her eors
You сan form
the passive
сausativе with
hove or get.
Sh e
The passive
сausativе
always nееds
an agent.
AuxlI.lдпY l
|Pлптlсlгlв|(Br + Aсвшт)
<ut
by Andrё
done
everymonth.
pierсеd.
VEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
Vвпв
I Suв,вст Hлvr/Gст
oцвстl Еfil...,..
|1,,+Aсrшт)
Does
shе
havе
her hoir
сut
Has
hе
had
his beord
trimmеd?
Did
you
9еt
уour noils done?
ls
shе
going to gеt
her eors
pierсed?
by Andrё?
Тhe
Pаssive
ёausative
EхPREssж
Сompletе this convеrsotionwith thе corrесt form of thе vеrb do,
A: Where do you gеt your hair
B: I don't get it
sraпзmar frxрlanet;{Эrъs
t
it myself.
Жж*vхъpИr,s
l. Usе thе passivе сausativе to ta|kabout seгviсes r I usеd to сo|ormy own hair,but now
I havе it сolored'
that you arгangefor someoneto do for you.
r | get mу noils done by Mariе.
Stмpt-г
PдsтСдusдтtvг
r I had it done |astwееk.
сausative(hod somеthingdonе)with thе past
(Somеonеdid it for mе')
peгfeсtin aсtive sеntеnсеs(hod donе something).
PдsтPгпггст
r I had donе it beforе.
(l did it mysеlf.)
2. Form the passivе сausativе with the
appropriateform of hove or gеt + objесt +
past partiсlple.
Тhе passivесausativесan bе usеd in all tenses
and with modals.
l alwayshave my hoir сut by Andrё.
I havеn,t had it do nе sinсеJ une.
Lastyеaг | got mу coot сlеaned onсe.
Next weеk I,m going to have my
windows washed.
l,m gеtting them done by Spot|ess'
l had them washеd a long timе ago.
You should get the сor сhесkеd.
You ought to have it done soon.
3. Use by when it is nесessaryto mеntionthe
persondoing thе sеrviсe(thе agent).
Do not mеntionthе agеnt unnесеssaгlly.
l Lynnеgets hеr hair donе by Andrё.
r Whеrе doеs Lynnеget hеr hair donе?
Noт Wherе does Lynnegеt her hair donе
Ъyа+а+r+у+;вt?
Сheсkit out!
For more inforrrration about whеn to usе an agent, sеe Unit 6L, page 265.
l
27З
274
I
U n i t 63
тRUЕ0R tAIsЕo Rеod еoch pеrson,sstotеment.Write T (True)or F (Folse)for the
sеntencethot follows.
l.
Jдкв: I'm going to get my hair сut tomоrrow after work.
F
Jake сuts his own hair.
2. Dшвпд: I,m сoloring my hair this aftеrnoon.
Dеbra сolors her own hair.
3. Aмввв: I didn't paсk any nail polish, beсause I had dоne my nails bеfоrе the trip.
Amber did her own nails.
4.
Jдкв: I'm thinking of gеtting the floors waхed before the party.
Jake might hire Somеone to wax thе floors.
5. Mдвrв: I had my apartmеnt painted two months ago.
Marie paintеd her own apartment.
6.
Toшy: I'll wash the сar this weеkend.
Tony is going to wash the сar himsеlf.
о lt,s Fеbruorу l5. Lookot thе Sontаnos,colеndаr ond writе
FINDOUI& REPORт
sеntеnсesobout things they had donе ond things thеу are going to havе donе.
tЕBRUARY
Тuгsoдv W в o ш в s o д y T н u п s o д y
M oшoдy
Suшoдy
1
2
3
4
I
9
10
11
16
windows
17
18
15
Тodаy,s
dаtе
22
2 4 Ambеr- 25
2з
6
26
27
1. They / have / piсtures / take
Thеу are going to have pic|ureэ taken,
2. Debra I get I her hair / pe rm
Debra go| hеr hair ?ermed.
4. Theу l get / the windows / wash
5. They / have / th.eсarpets / c|ean
6. Amber / have / }rer ears / pierсе
7. Jake /getlhis hair laft
8. Theу / have / food and drinks / dеliver
7
Dеb-hаirdreяеr
1 3 Ambеr- 14
Jаkе- 12
(аrреt5
doooroomеr
bаrber
20
21
19
раrty!!
foodаnddrinks
eаrspiеrсеd
3. Amber / havе l t}re dog l gтoom
Sдтuпoду
FпloдY
5
28
fаmi|y
рiсturеs
Тhe Pаssive
Gausаtive
o Dеbrа ond Joke ore going to hove o pаrtY, Сomplete thе
сlt00sЕt. с0/{|PLETЕ
conversotionswith the possivе cousotiveof thе oppropriote verbs in the box,
dry сlean
1.
сolor
сut
paint
Dввпд: Your nеW dress is a little long. Why don't уou
wash
Тet it эhortened
Aмвшв: oK. They do alterations at thе сlеaners. I'll take it rn tomorrow.
Dвввд: My blue dress has a small stain. I havе to
Aмввв: I сan drop it off at the сleanеrs with my dress.
Jдкш: Thе housе is ready, exсept for thе windows. Thеy look pretty dirty.
3.
Dввпд: Don,t wоrry. We
tomorrоw.
Dввпд: Your hair is getting really long. I thought уou were going to сut it.
4.
Aмввв: I deсided not to do it mvself this time. I
by Andrё.
5.
Dвввд: My hair's getting a lot of gтay in it. Should I
Jдкв: It looks fine to me, but it's up to you.
Guшsт: Thе housе looks bеautiful.
you
Jдкв: Nо. aсtually we did it ourselves last summer.
ЕDlTо Rеod Аmber,sdiorу еntry. Find ond correctsеvenmistokеsin thе use of thе
possive сousotivе. Тhe first mistаkе is olrеаdy сorrесtеd.
ф..,w
|eЬruarу
Z|
grеat.МomаndDadhadthеflooЁs
ThepаrtywastonTght.
lt wеntгеallywеll!Тhеhousеlookеd
waxеd
andаllthеwindo
-:хlжirofеssionаlly so еvеrything
spаrklеd.
Аndof Coursе
wеhаdthе
(l'\\
nеVеr
housеpaintеd
\аstsummеr.
torgеtthat.lttookus twowееks!)
l woгеmy
who\е
oursеlvеs
nеwblaсkdrеssthаtl hаvеshortеnеd
byDo,аndIgоt сutmуhаirbyАndrё.t-lеdidа grеаtjоb.Thеrе
Werеа lotof gиеstsаt thеpаrty.Wеhаdаlmostfitty pеop|е
invitеd,
аndtheyаlrrostаlIshowеd
up!Тhеfoodwаsgrеаftoo.Мommаdemostof thе maindishеshегsеltbutshеhаdthегеstof
thоfnndnrог\яго
photographеr,
byа сatеrеr:
МomаndDаdhirеda profеssionаl
so аt thееndof the
I l Iv
|vvЧ
H|
vt/Ч|
v
pаrtywеаlltookоurpiсturеs.
DadЪgеttin9thеmbасknеxtwееk.| сan1wаitto sееthеm!
l
27 5
Selfтёst
ffiБiТl
oшп
Сirclе the lеttеr of the correct onswеr to completе еoch sеntence.
Еxдмptt:
Jеnnifer never
(A) drink
(B)drinks
l. This book
(A) is
tB)has
2. Coffеe is (A) grow
(B)gтew
соffee.
(C) is drinking
{D)was drinking
written in 19g9.
(C)was
(D)werе
in Colombia.
(C)bееn growing
(D)gтown
3. Millions of peоple
{A)saw
(B)were seеn
the movie.
(C)will bе sееn
(D)must be seen
4. The meеting won't
{A)сanсel
(C)bееn сanсеlled
(D)сanсelled
tB)bе сanсеllеd
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
5. Sally doesn'tсut her own hair. Shе -
at the salon.
(C)has it сut
(D)gets it
ABсD
6. That book was writtеn
(A) at
(B)by
Maya Angelou.
(C)from
(D)of
ABсD
(A) сuts it
(B)has сut it
7. The report (A) publishes
(B)is published
soon.
(C)will be published
(D)will publish
ABсD
8. -When wil] the work be соmpleted?
-It bе by June, but I'm not rеally surе.
(A) has
(с) will
(B)might
(D)won't
ABсD
9. How often
(A) do you get
(B)did you gеt
AB
your сar sеrviсеd sinсе you bought it?
(с) had you gotten
(D)havе you gоtten
lo. I have to get my piсture (A) take
(B)takеn
276
д@с D
for my Wеb site.
(C) taking
(D)took
сD
ABсD
ffiтW0
Еoch sentеncеhаs four undеrlinеd words or phrosеs, Thе four undеrlinеdports
of the sеntеnceore morkеd А, B, С, ond D. Сirclе the lеttеr of thе onе underlinеd
word or phrosе thot is Noг сoRRЕст.
Exдшtpш:
A в сO
usually drives to sсhoоl, but to4ay hе wъlks.
Мike -_*Т-.--D
с
в
frqm the meсhaniс that
11. Tomorrow I'm
- сar serv=iсed
- my
- A getting
с
в
ABсD
Jakе usеs.
D
12. The rеports wеrе arri=vedlate, so I hgd thепL sеnt to you this morning.
ABсD
13. Some mistakes Wqre *g!е in the broсhure, but they might сorreсtеd
ABсD
ABсD
beforе yo"
baсk.
#
ABсD
priцtеd by theдrinter.
lд. You'll
-B
- A seе a сopy before they'це
D
с
1 5 . A funny thing w-as happened when your
ч*
P
yesterday.
".+!ф
ABсD
',6. WЩ your stay be exteцded, or will you be rеLurned nеxt week?
-A_всD
AвсD
done them Щ
-D u. aссountant.
17. I used to do my own taxеs, but now I hEve ___---тB
ABсD
18. Bеfore a final deсision is reaсhed, the various possibilities should
B
ABсD
A
A
probablv disсussеd !y the whole team.
v
L
-D-
-
с
19. The house pa+!ф morе than three yеars ago, but I'm not &oiцg to
ABсD
have it done again for a while.
сD
20. We didn't knоw about the problem, so it shou=ldn'tbe handled in timе.
ABсD
in thе mountains beсause Ц g9щ too сo]d.
сan't be -gтеw
21. Ь lot of сrops
B
,
D
с
ABсD
A-в-_сD
A
22. That pottеry цLР foъnс!
this area.
P
u" arсhaеologist while she was ЧLorkеd in
ABсD
23. Does the lightbulb have to =replaсеdor is i=tstill worЕing?
D
с
ABсD
24. Have you had your teeth сlе=anyet щ Dr. Ellin'S new oral hygienist?
ABсD
25. Thе last payment shouldn't mqke until all thе work has Fеen
ABсD
A
B-
A-B-сD
AB
and сarefully сhegked.
сompleted
-сD
Faсtual Gonditionals:
Present
жPqINт
Сirclе T (Truе)or F (FoIsе).
т
F
The man may not be ablе to board the planе.
sтAтЕгvlЕNTs
сI|ARTсHЕсl(
Сircle T (Truе)or
F (Folsе).
т
т
т
F
F
F
The verbs in
both сlauses
are in thе
present tеnse.
TЬe if сlause
always сomеs
first.
There is always
a сomma
betweеn thе
two сlausеs.
lг Cиusв
tf
| Rвsul.тCиusв
it snows,
thе aiгpo r tсlo sеs.
Тhе airpoгtсlosеs
it's foggy,
p|anеsGan,t lеave.
P|anеsGan,t lеavе
YEs/NoQUЕsTloNs
Rвsul.тGьдusв
Doеs thе airpoгtсlose
(an p|aneslеave
| t, G.ou,.
if
it snows?
it's foggy?
ltrf,-QUЕsтloNs
Rвsul.тCиusв
l lя Cиusв
Why doеs air get Iighteгl ,f it eхpands?
278
sтAтЕгvtЕNтs
Rвsul.т
Gцusв i l. с.ou,.
if
it snows.
it's foggy.
s}toRт ANsWЕRs
Arгlпмдтlvв
Yes,
it do еs.
thеy сan'
I
NвсAтlvЕ
|
No,
it doеsn,t.
thеy сan,t'
Faсtuаl
Conditionals:
Рresent
l
EхPREssж
Motch the if сIouseswith thе rеsult clаusеs,
1. If you hate airplane food,
a. thеy often fеel jet lag.
2. You might not be able to board
b. you сan order a speсial meal.
3. If people travel a long distanсe'
G. if you don't сheсk in at the gate.
Gramrпar Еxрlanat;ons
Ёxаmplеs
1. Use prеsеnt faсtшal сonditional sentеnсesto
talk about gеnегaltruthsand sсiеntifiсfaсts.
if с|ausе
rеsu|t
сIausе
l lf it's noon in Lima,it's 6:00 p.м.in Romе.
Тhe lf сlauseta|ksabout the сondition,and
the rеsu|tс|ausеta|ksabout what hapреnsif
the сonditionoссurs.
lf с|ause
r е s u | tс I a u s e
l lf air expands, it beсomes lightег.
Usе thе simplе prеsent tеnsе in both сlauses.
2. You сan also usе presеnt faсtual сonditional
sentеnсesto taIkabout habitsand rесurгing
еvents(thingsthat happеnagain and again).
Usе thе simp|еorеsеnttеnseoг pгesеnt
progгessive
in the if сlausе.Use the
simplеpresеnttensеin the rеsu|tсlause.
3. You сan a|souse modals in thе гesu|tс|ausе.
if сlаusе
rеsultс|ausе
l lf Bi||fliеs, he ordеrs a spесiaImеa|.
if сlausе
гesultс|ausе
l lf |,m travеlinq faг,l alwavsfly.
r lf you praсtiсеyour Сhinеsееveryday,
уou сon improve quiсkIy.
r You might learn moгe if you |istento
Сhinеsetapеs.
4. Usе thе lmреrative in the rеsu|tсlauseto givе
instгuсtions.
сommands,and invitationsthat
depеnd on a сertainсondltion.
r lf you want thе seatto гeс|ine,press thе button.
r |f thе sеatbе|t|ightis on, don,t leavе youг sеat.
l lf you сomе to Tokyo,stay with us.
5. You сan bеgin сonditioпal sепtenсеs with
thе if с|auseor the resu|tсlausе.Тhе meaningis
t h е s am е .
Usе a сomma bеtwееnthe two с|ausesonly
whеn thе ff сlausесomеs first.
r lf the light goеs on, buсklеyouг seat be|t.
oR
r Buсkleyo uг seatbе|tif thе light go es o n.
279
2aO r unit 64
o Reod this orticlе. ln eoch foctuаl conditionol sentencе,undеrline thе result
IDENтIFY
clouse onсe. Undеrline the clouse thаt еxprеssesthе condition twicе.
PдssвшGЕRs,Rlснтs
If уou r u n i n to p ro b l е m s o n y o u r i o u rnеy,kno w yo ur r ightsas a passеngero. ftеn the air linе
сompan yi s re q u i re dto с o m p e n s a t еy ou fo r dеlaуs o r damages.Fo r ex ample,thе air linе pr o vides
me al s an d h o t e l r o o m s i f a f l i g h ti s u n duly delayеd. H o w еvеr ,thе air linеo w es yo u a lo t mo r е if it
сausе dt h е d е l a y b y o v е r b o o k i n gT. h i s саn o ссurеspесiallуdur ingho lidaуsif air linеssel| mo r е
t i сkе t st h a n th е r е a r е s е a t s .l f a l l th е p assenger saсtuallysho w up, then the flightis o ver bo o kеd.
Airlinеs usuаlly award upgradеsor additiona|freе travеl to passengеrswho voluntеerto takе a later
fl i ght .Ho we v е r ,i f n o o n е v o l u n tе e r s y, o ur flightmay bе dеlayed.ln that сase,the air linе must r epay
y o u l 0 0 p e r с е n t o ft h е с o s t o f y o u r t i с k е t f o r a d е l a y o u
f p t o f o u r h o u r s o n a n i n t е r n a t i o nfal li g h t .
l f t hе de l a y i s m o rе t h a n f o u r h o u rs ,y o u r есеivе200 pеr сеnto f the сo st o f yo ur tiсket.
o Rеod thesеconversotionsobout Hong Kong. Summorizе the odvicе with
sUмII|ARlzE
conditionol sentenсes,
1. A: I hate hot wеather.
B: Thе bеst time to go to Hong Kong is Novеmber or Dесembеr.
lf you hate hot weather,the beэt timе to qo to Honq Konq iэ Novemberor December,
2. A: I,m traveling with my сhildren.
B: Take thеm to Lai Chi Kоk Amusement Park in Kowloon.
3. A: We nееd a mсlderately priсеd hotеl.
B: I suggest thе Harbour View International House.
4. Ьз We like seafood.
B: Thеre are Wonderfu] seafood restaurants on Lamma Island.
5. A: I'm fasсinatеd by Chinesе opera.
B: You might likе the street opera in the Shanghai Streеt Night Market.
6. A: I'd like to get a good viеw оf Hong Kong.
B: You should takе the funiсular to the Pеak.
Faсtшal
cоnditienals:
Рrеsent
о Сompletethis intеrviewbetweеnСareers Magazine (сM) ond flight
с0I[|BINE
ottendаnt Moу Simko (Ms), Сombine thе sеntеncesin porеnthesesto moke o fасtuol
conditionolsentence.Use the sаme ordеr,Mаke nеcessаrYchongеsin copitolizotion
ond punсtuotion.
CM: How long arе you usually awaу?
MS:
|f | 0o to the Bahamaэ, I havе a two-daУ |aУover.
1 . ( I g o t o t h е B a h а m a s .I h a v е a t w o - d a y l a y o v е r . )
CM: What do vou do for two davs?
MS:
2 . ( | s p е n d a | o to f t i m е a t t h е p o o l . I s t a y a t a h o t е | . )
3 . ( | s t а yw i t h f r i е n d s .l s p е n d t i m е w i t h t h е m . )
CM: Sounds niсe.
MS:
,,Drасulа.,,)
4 . ( I t , sn o t 5 o n i с е . I g е t a
That,s when you fly somewhеre at midnight, spend four hours, and then flу baсk.
CМ: Sounds likе a tough job. Is it wоrth it?
МS:
5 . ( l t , sv е r y r е w a r d i n g .Y o u d o n , t m i n d h a r d w o r k . )
CM: Who walks the dog and waters the plants when you'rе away?
MS:
6 . ( Y o u h а v е t h r е е r o o m m a t е s .Y o u d o n , t h a v е t r o u b | еf i n d i n g d o g w а | k е г s . )
CM: What's thе best thing abоut this job?
MS: Frеe trips.
7 . ( A f | i g h th a s a n е m p t y s е a t . I r i d е f o r f r е е ! ;
,
ЕDlT.Rеod Moу,sjournаl еntrу.Find ond corrеctsеvеnmistokesin thе usе of prеsеnt
fасtuol conditionols. Thе first mistаke is olreodу corrесted.Don,t forgеt to сhесk
punctuаtion!
Whаt а greа{ ,,,еekeпi! lf-Loи аис/ Teri.zreп,t thе bсst llosts in thе шorlс|,,*J2ьoш
шllo is,
|'vе iиvitеd thеm to Neш,York, bиt 'f!u" /ivе iп the'Bаhаm'I' loи rаrе/у cuапt to /eаvе.Т.lmorroш[It
t f/у roипll trtp from Neш York to Pittsbи,gh, ThereЗ а/ш.zуs а priсе to P"!, |f Iget а fее
'aееkeпс/iп thе is/апds / а/tuауsgеt а ,'Drасрt/а,,аfrrи,аrr/s, oh, u,е//'tf t шoп,tfа// аs/eеp,I саn иsиаl/у
midпlht
.qet а /ot of reаling с/o,e. Pаt аис| |{im both f/eш fu Loпdoп уesfurlау, / hopе someoИесаи ша/k FrЬkу
fo, mе. t/sиа//у, f t,//br u,o,kiи!I, oпr of tllem Ь off tf Frislg is а/oпefo, а long timе, he b,тrkе,1а /ot,
Thаt distиrbs thе пеghbors, fulауbе / shoи/djиst leаve thе TV oп fo' hio,, НеЗ аlшауs Vсr! са/m, if
thе TV is oи. or mауbе / l betfur са// Pаt апd аsk her аboиt ller sсhedи/e' tf it cuаs 6:00 p'm, hеrе iп
Nccu York, itь 17,.oop.m, iп Loпdon, T/lrтt\sпot too /аtе to са//'
l
28|
FaсtuaI Gonditionals:
Future
WPqlNт
Сirclе T (Truе)or F (FoIsе).
-::-,--=>-
т
F
Baker is defrnitely going
to raise taxеs.
т
F
Small businesses are
definitely going to leave.
will leavе.
lf Bakеrralsеs taxеs,sma|Ibusinеssеs
AFFIпlliAтlvЕ sтAтElli ЕNтs
сI]АRтсHEсК
Сhеck thе сorrеct
'
аnswеr,
Use the simple
present tеnse in
lг Cиusв: Pпвsвшт
Rвsul.тCиusв: Fuтuвв
lf Bakеrwins,
hе,ll raise taxеs.
hе,s going to fight сrimе.
П tьe ff сlausе'
П tь" result сlausе.
Use a сomma bеtweеn
thе two сlauses
t
NЕGAтlvЕ sтAтЕшlЕNтs
lг Cиusв: Pпвsвшт
won,t return'
|f hе doеsn,t lowеr taxes, I businessеs
whеn the if сlause
сomеs frrst.
П when the rеsult
сlause сomes first.
| Rвsul.тCцusв: Fuтuпв
YEs/NoQUEsтloNs
Rвsul.тClдusв: Fuтuпв
| lг Cиusв: Pпвsвшт
WIII hе lowеr taxes
if he wins?
ls hе going to fight сrimе
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
Aггlпмдтlvп
Yes, he
wi l l .
ls.
242
I
l
Ntслтlvв
No, hе
won't.
isn't.
Faсtual
Gonditionals;
Futurе
l
wH- QUЕsтIoNs
Rвsul-тCиusв: Fuтuпв
will he do
is hе going to do
W hat
l l, с.ousЕ: PRESENт
if hе wins?
EхPREssж
Unscromblethеse words to form o sеntencе.Add o comma if nеcеssory,
fight. she о сrime о shе'll о If o wins
&raffi fiTfr
nr ffixрlamfttЕФffis
Еxamplеs
1. Usе fцturе faсtual сonditional sentenсesto
talk about what will happеn under сertain
сonditions.Тhe if сlausеstatеsthe сondition.
The rеsultс|ausestatеsthe result.
if сlause
rеsu|t
с|ausе
l lf Bakегwins, he,ll raise taxеs.
(t,s o rеalpossibilitythot Bakеrwillwin,)
Usе the simple рresent tеnsе in thе if сlause.
Use the futurе wtth will or he going to in thе
resultс|ausе.
r |f Soto wins, she,ll improve housing.
r lf Soto wins, she,sgoin$ to improvе housing.
You сan also use a modal in the rеsultсlausе.
l lf you want to votе, уou must rеgistеr.
l |f you don,t vote, you might rеgret it.
t
thе future, usе thе simple pгesenttensе.
2. You сan bеgin сonditional sеntеnсes with
thе if сlauseor the rеsu|tс|ause.Thе meaningis
thе samе.
Noт {f*hе+vill*мiн
r lf you vote for Soto, you won,t rеgrеt it.
oR
l You won,t rеgrеtit if you votе for Soto.
Usе a Gomma betweеn the two с|ausesonly
whеn the ffсlauseсomesfirst
l If уou votе, you,||havе a say in thе futurе
l. lf and unlessсan both bе usеd in сonditional
sentenсes,but thеir meaningsarе Very diffеrent.
of our сity.
Usе иnless to state a nеgativeсondition.
l Unlessyou votе, you won,t havе a say in the
futurе of our сity.
Unlessoftеn has the same meaning
asif...not.
l lf уou don,t votе,you Won,thave a say in the
futuгeof ouг сity.
OR
2a3
2a4
l
i-#вtit6s
o Еoch сondition will hovе o result,Motсh thе condition with the
II|Атсlt
аppropriotе rеsult.
Result
Condition
f
t. If Soto wins. she
a. won't stay out of trouble.
2. If shе lowеrs taхes, business peoplе
b. won,t have a say in the
government.
3. If thе eduсation system improvеs' we
G.
4. Unless young people have hope for
the future, tйe
an еduсated
::ч'.nfl"e
WorK
Iorсe.
d. won't be ablе to votе.
5. If сrime deсrеases. this
е. will move their сompaniеs
baсk to the сity.
6, Unless you registeц you
7. If you don't vote, you
f. will lower taxеs.
9. will be a safer plaсe to live.
o Reod this interview bеtwееnPo|itiсs Тoday (PT) аnd moуorаI condidаtе
сOil|PIЕтE
Doniel Boker(DB). Сomplеtеit with thе correctform of thе verbsin porеnthesesаnd
if or unIеss.
'll do
PT: What's the first thing you
3. (gеt)
2, $ l unIеss)
1. (do)
еleсtеd?
DB: Wеll, lt's beеn a long, hard сampaign. -
I
6. (tаkе)
I
a short vaсation beforе I begin my new job.
you
5. (win)
PT: Sounds gоod. Wherе to?
DB: Sorry, but I,d rather not say.
9. (trу)
I
mayoЦ
,f,ш/ U'ilеФ
*o..".",
to keep my personal life privatе. Even mayors need privaсy.
PT: I сan understand that. Now, evеry eleсtion has a winnеr and a loser.
What
\/nI r _
you
DB:
1 1 . ( i fi u n | е s s )
12. (Iosе)
1 3 . ( | f/ U n | е s s )
14. (losе)
aсtive in politiсs aS a private
.l7.
(сoopеratе)
Finally, _
I
1 o .( d o )
, this сity
19. (if / un|еss)
2.l. (bе)
citizen.
this elесtion, I
16. 0f / Unbss)
l8. (not bе)
the pеоple -
15. (сontinuе)
to be
both partiеs
as gтеat as it сan be.
2o. (not е|есt)
baсk in four yеars to try again!
me to offiсe this timе,
Faсtual
cоnditionalsl
Future I
с0If,BINE.Yuko Tomori is trуing to decide whеther to go to lаw school. She modе o
dеcision treе to hеIp her decide. ln thе trеe,orrows connесt the conditions аnd the
rеsults,Writesеntencеsobout hеr decisions.Usе futurеfoctuol sеntеnces.
bе in debtforyеаrs)
tаkеoutstudent
loans
nothаveto dеpеndi
@
goto lawsсhool?
putmvsistеr
\
щ
bе ablеto improvеt
- lifefor othЬrs )
runformаyor
l.
|f I go t,o |aw эchoo|, |'||iake out эtudent, |oanэ,
2.
|f I take out эtuden| loanэ, |'l|be in deb| for уearэ,
)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
EDIT.Reod thisjournol entrу.Find ond correct siх mistаkеsin the usе of futurеfoctuol
conditionols,Thе first mistokeis olreodу corrеcted,Don,t forgеt to chеckpunctuаtion!
to dеcidеsoonit |ж
counci|
Shou|dI campаtgntor stцdеrft
vrеsidеntl|,|Ihаvе
fu run.ltl,ttbe
а prob|еm,
bеcацsе|,mnotgoinqto qеt into
busуcаmpаigning,
I wonthаuеmuchtirnеto studу.Thаt,s
if I get goodgrаdеsthisуеаr.Оn thе othеrhаnd,thеrе'sso rnцchta do in this schoo\
а goodco|Iеgе
prеsidеnt
is gе\tingdonеit ToddLаkerbеcomes
аgаin'A |otot vеop|е
аnd nothing
knowthat.gиt
if l win'
wil{l knowwhаtIo do if |,ttgеtthе1ob?Nеvermind'|,I|dеа|withthat prob|еm,
zas
Unreal Gonditionals:
Present
SAY,..IF,,
DIDYOU
oR ..UNLЕss,,?
ii
l{oPЕ!
I AD^^lт
I sAlD..UNLЕss::.
it
rt J:
Бi
€з
:;
t:
ij
wffiffiPЙINт
Circlе T (Truе)or F (Folsе).
т
F
Sсhroеdeц the piano playeц wants tо marry Luсy.
сl|АRTсI|Eсl(
AFFIR]vlAтlvЕ sтAТЕ]tлЕNтs
Сirclе T (Truе)or
F (FаIsе),
lг Cиusв: SIмpl.в
Pдsт | п.,u.' GI.дusв:
Wouto+ BдsвFoпмoг Vвпв
т
F
Use the simple
prеsent tense
in thе l/ сlausе.
т
F
Usе were for
all subjeсts.
т
F
Useaсomma
betwееn the
two сlausеs
when the
result сlause
сomes first.
tf
hе lovеd hеr,
hе wеre* in Iove,
hе w o uld get mar r iеd.
*Notе that шerе is usеd for all subjeсtswith be.
N ЕGAтlvЕ sтAтE]vlЕNтs
|я CI.дusв:Slмpl-вPдsт Rвsul.т
Cиusв: Wouto+ BдsвFoпмoг Vвпв
tf
hе didn,t lovе hеr,
he would not gеt marгied.
hе wеren,t in |ovе,
YEs/NoQUEsтloNs
Rвsul.тGиusв
| l. с.ou,.
Would | get marгied if
I loved hег?
I were in lovе?
sHoRт ANSWERS
Aггlпмдтlvв l
Yеs, l would. t No, l wouldn,t.
Uyf,.QUЕsтloNs
Rвsul.тGlдusв
What would vou do
| ,, с.ou,.
if
you lovеd her?
you wеre in love?
Noтв: For сontraсtions with шould, seе Appendix 24 on pagе 346.
246
Nвсдтtvв
l.lnreal
*оnditiсna|s:
Рl.esеnt l
ЕxPREssж
Сirсlе thе correct words to сompletе this question.
What will /would hе do if /when he was /were a millionaire?
m*r
& g"аgъъ
Жжplffi*ъetg#ffi
$
1. Useprеsentunrealсonditionalsentеnсes
to talk about unгеa|,untruе,imaginеd,or
impossib|eсonditionsand thеiг гesults.
Тhе ffсlausеprеsentsthe unrеalсondition.
Тhе resultсlausеprеsentsthе unrеal геsultof
that сondition.
2. Usе the simplе past tеnsе in the if сlausе.
Use would + basе form of the vеrb in the
геsultс|ausе.
#"жжwwу"в#*ь
.
,l,.,'ilТ"d
him,i.#l.".Jlffiarryhim.
(Butl don,tlovеhim, so I won,tmorrуhim.)
if сlаusе
rеsu|t
с|аusе
l lf I had morе timе, lwould travеl.
(Butl don,thavе time,so l don,ttrovеl.)
r esult
/fсlаusе
с|аusе
r lf thеy had monеy,thеy wouldn,t livе thеrе.
a. Т h е f f с l a u s еu s е s t h е s i m p l еp a s t te nsefo r m, l lf l had mo r е mo nеyno w ,lw o u|d takеa tr ip
but t h е m е a n i n gi s n o t p a s t.
aгo undthе w o г|d.
b. Don,t use woиldin thе if сlausеin pгеsеnt
unrеa|сonditiona|sentеnсеs.
r |f shе knеw the answег,shе would tе||you.
Noт |f shе weн|d |<new
thе answеr. . .
G . U s e wе re f o r a ] Is u b j е с t s wh e nt h е v er b in
thе if сlausе is a form of be.
l I f I W еr e r iсh,lw o uld tr ave|ar o undthew o r |d.
Noт4f*.мrat+i#
Usдсв Noтв:You will somеtimeshear native
spеakеrsuse wos in the if с|ausе.Нowever,
manv pеoplethink that this is not сorгeсt.
3. You сan also use a modal in the rеsultсlause.
r |f I had timе, | сould rеad moге.
4. You сan bеgln сondltlonal sеntеnсes with
the if сlauseor thе rеsultс|ausе.Тhe mеaningis
t h e s am е .
l lf I had more money, l would move.
oR
r lw o uld mo ve if l had mo r е mo nеy.
Usе a Gomma betweеn thе two с|auseson|y
whеn thе if сlauseсomes first.
5. Statemеntsbеginning with lf l werе YoU, . , ,
arе often usеd to Фve adviсe.
l lf l wеrе уou, |,d гead ,,Pеanuts.,,
lt,s rеallyfunny.
287
288
r
Unit 6A
тRUE0R FАISEо Rеod eoch quototion from thesе ,,Pеontlts,,choroctеrs.Writе T (Truе)
or F (Folsе)for thе stotеmеnt thot follows.
1. Sшoopy: If I werе a human being, I wouldn't even ou)n a dog!
F
Snoopy is a human being.
2. Luсy to Sшoopy: Yоu wouldn't bе so happy if you knew what was going to happen.
Snoopy is happy.
3. Luсy to Lrrq;s: If I wеre УoU, I,d sleep underneath that tree.
Luсy is giving Linus adviсе.
4. Sшoopy to WоооsToск: What would уou dо if you had fоrty dollars?
Woodstoсk has forty dollars.
5. Sшoopy: If I ate one more snowflake, I'd turn into a Ъ|izzatd.
Snoopy plans to eat anоther snowflake.
6. Luсy: If we were married, Sсhroedeц I'd сome in everу morning and dust your pianо.
Luсy dusts Sсhroeder,s piano.
o Reod port of аn аrticlе obout thе comic strip ,,Peonuts,,,Сomplеte it with
с0I|PLЕтE
thе corrеct form of thе vеrbs in pаrenthesеs.
..peanuts,,
Whatmakes
Ofсourse,
if it
sopoputar?
Peanuts
О...........
o....
f u n n up, e g p t e
weren't
1. (not bе)
pгovides
it so muсh.But ..Peanuts,,
2. (not Iikе)
morethan just taughs.|t addressessuсhuniveгsаtthemesas [ove,jeatousg,
tonetiness,
аnd
hope. If the сhагaсteгs
3. (not bе)
s0 гea[,we
4 . ( с o u | d n , t/ i d е n t i f y )
withthem.
..lfWe
TakeLuсg,foг exampte.
ln tovewiththe piano-ptauing
SсhгoedelLUсgсomptains,
married,and Uou
5. (bе)
gourgotfсtubs!lf gou
сaг!|f gou
1o.(bе)
8. (drivе)
a bowteсI
6. (|ovе)
golf, I
a spoгtsсa[ |
11. (hatе)
7. (hatе)
9. (hаtе)
gouгspoгts
gouгbowtingbatt.,'Without
"| hаteUouгpiano!''shouts
tookingUp fromhis pianoor missinga beat,Sсhгoederasks,..So?',
LUсgas she kiсksit out fгon4Undeгhim.Reсognizаbte
behavioг?|n ..Peаnuts,,
Wesee oursel'ves
atongwith ouг weaknesses
and hopes.But we don,thaveto anatgze..peanuts''
to enjogit.
lf it
12. (not bе)
a titttetessfun.
foг сomiсstгipslike ..Peanuts,,'
oUгlives
1 3 . ( m i g h t/ b е )
Unreal
Conditionals:
Prrsеnt
o Reod obout these ,,Peonuts,,chorаcters,Whot would hoppеn if thеir
сOIлBINE
situаtions wеrе different?Сombine thе two sentеncеsinto one, using the unrеol
presentconditionol.
1 . Sсhroeder ignorеs Luсy. She gets angry at him.
|f Эchroеdеrdidn't,ignoreLuсy,эhe wou|dn'|get,an1rу at, him,
2. Sсhroеder loves Bееthovеn. Hе plays his sоnatas all the timе.
3. Charlie Brоwn doеsn,t have enough friends. Hе feels lonely.
4. Sallу doеsn,t know her teaсhеr's name. Shе сan't send her a сard.
5. Linus is smart. He finds сlever solutions to life,s prоblems.
6, Woodstoсk and Snoopy have a сlose relationship. Woodstoсk сonfidеs in Snoopy.
7. Rerun's parents refuse to let him havе a dog. He tries to borrow Charliе's dog.
8. Pigpen doesn't take еnough baths. He,s filthy.
ЕDlT. Rеod this boу,sjournol еntrу. Find ond сorrеct siх mistokesin the use of the
prеsent unrеol conditionol. The first mistoke is olreody corrесtеd,
w o uld
,T,'ue,go,t
t"ostop-sto gingup lote геodtng,,Peoлuts"/
ff I wеnеn]tolwogs so tiгеd' I t#illbе oЬ|e
сlg-оs.
Whenеven
the tеoоhеn,co||s,on
пe,J don't knowwhqt to sog.ТhenJ,-,to зtog qwс,ke|n
Ь'eоoosеof thot оuteгed-hoinedginlthot I like'J woсrldtolkto heгif
. gеt re-ol|gernЬonгgssed
..If
I would,n"-t
Ье so-shg.МgfntendJosonsqgs, I wos go0,I'd qsk hento o pontg'''Ьоt I'mtoo
thot if I oskedhe.nshе-woo|dhoyesqid no'Af.tегоlosо,J,plogedЬoseЬo|l.
NoЬodg
',,,o|roid
Life is hoгdl].оon
I p-!og
n'eon''tЬeiс,.tean'II
,wr;rntяd
b-etten1 woold get ch-osen-,,sornetirnes,
thot ChonlieBгownchoгoctenin ,.Реonot.s,''
rea||gu'ndenstond
]n foct if."Ididn'tloоghso hoгd
I woоldcniedJ
whilеnеoding,.Pеonots'''
l
289
Unreal
Past
Gonditionals:
Sесtion 5l ЕштвктдINМЕNT
4^
Vn*ing
ffi En,tEnt,fonГ-]ol;Joч
It's a Wonderful Life
Rating:****
out of ****
would have happenеd if you had never bееn
Iflrh"t
Y Y born? Gеorgе Bailеy,s guardian angеl, Сlarenсе,
shows Ceorgе that lifе in Bеdford Falls would have bеen
a lot differеnt if Gеorge hadn,t beеn there. In thе proсеSs/
Сlarenсе tеaсhеsus all how our livеs touсh thоsе оf othеrs.
Highly reсommended for the whole family.
Gеorgе(seotеd)
with hisguordionongеl
W-.ffiPqlцт
Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Folse).
т
F
Gеorge Bailеy was nevеr in Bedford Falls.
sтATЕlt,lЕNTs
сI/iART
сIllЕсК
Сhеck thе сorrесt
onswеrs.
Usе thе past pеrfeсt in
t
tьu l/ сlause.
t
tьe rеsult сlause.
Use a сomma betwеen
thе two сlausеs when
t
tьe lf сlause
сomеs first.
П tь" result сlause
сomеs first.
lя Cиusв:
Pдsт Pвпгвст
Rвsul-тCI.дusв:
Wouto (t,toт),]AvЕ+ Pдsт Pдптlсlpl-в
lf I had (not) had money, I lwould (not) have movеd away.
YEs/NoQUЕsТloNs
Rвsul.тCиusв
i lя CI-дusв
Woц|d you havе Ieft I if уou had had money?
sHoRт ANSWERS
Aггlпмдтlvв
l
NEGAтIvE
Y e s , l wo u l d havе. l No , lw o uldn,t havе.
290
Unreаl
conditionals:
Past
f
!vr,. QUЕsтloNs
Rвsul.тCиusв
сoNтRAстloNs
i lя CI.дusв
What would you have done I if you had had money?
wou|d havе = would,vе
wou|d not havе = wouldn,t
have
EхPREssжж
Сompletе this sentencewith the correct form of the vеrb studу. Add а сommo if nеcеssorу,
if I had knоwn about thе quiz today.
& rarъъrпar A,жр|a*ъat*Фat
s
Еxаrnрles
1. Usе past unrеal сonditional sеntеnсеsto
talk about past сonditionsand гesu|tsthat
never happened.
if с|ausе
rеsu|t
сlausе
l lf Ceorgе had diеd young, hе wouldn,t havе
had сhildrеn.
(Buthе didn,tdiе уoung,so hе had сhildrеn.)
Тhe if с|ausеpгеsentsthе unrеalсondition.
Тhe rеsultсlausepresеntsthe imаgined rеsult
of that сondition.
2. Usethе past pеrfесt in thе if сlause.
Use woald hove + past paftiсiplе in
thе resu|tс|ause.
3. You сan also use modals in thе resultсlausе.
l |f Georgе hadn,t been born, many pеop|е,s
liveswould havе beеn Worsе.
(But СеorgeWasborn,so thеirliveswеrеbettеr.)
if сlausе
rеsu|t
сlausе
r lf thеfi|m had won an osсar, itwould have
bесome famous right away.
l lf Cеorge had gonе to сollе9е,he might hove
bесomе an arсhiteсt.
r lf cеorgе had bесomе an arсhiteсt,hе сould
hove designed bridges.
4. You сan begin сonditional sentеnсes with
the ffсlausеoг thе resultсlausе.Тhе mеaningis
the samе.
- - - - _ - --only
Use a Gomma bеtwеenthe two сlausеs
-...J
w h е n t h е f f с l a u s eс o m е sf i r s t.
l lf he had won a miIlion dollars, hе would
havе travеlеdto Сhina.
oR
r Hе wou|d havetravеlеdto China if he had
w o n a millio n do llar s.
l lf I had known Mary was in town,
5. Past шnrеal сonditionals are often usеd to
еxpressregretabout what happened in thе past.
I would have invited hеr to the party.
(l regretthot l didn,t invitеher,)
29|
292 t uni t 62
тRUE0R FАIiEo Rеаd еаch numbеrеdsеntеncе.Write T (Truе)or F (Folse)for thе
stotеmentthot follows,
1 . If I had had time, I would havе watсhed lt,s a Wondеrful Lifе.
т
I didn't havе time to watсh It's a Wondеrful Lifе.
2 . I would havе taped the movie if my VCR hadn,t brokеn.
I taped thе movie.
3 . If Clarеnсе hadn't bеen there, Gеorge might have killed himself.
Clarеnсе was there.
4. George wouldn't have met Mary if hе hadn't gone to his brother's gтaduation party.
George didn't go to the party.
5 . George would have been happier if he had beсome an arсhiteсt.
Gеоrge bесame an arсhitесt.
The movie wouldn't havе bеen sо good if James Stewart hadn't played the part оf
George Bailey.
Jamеs Stewart played the part of George Bailey.
o Gеorge is thinking obout thе post, Сompletе his thoughts with thе corrеct
сOltlPLEтE
form of thе words in porenthеses.
had gone
1. I didn't go into businеss with my friend Sam. I f I
wouldhavebecome
business with him, I
a Suссess.
(bесomе)
2. I сouldn't go into thе army bесause I was deaf in onе ear. I
into the armv if I
(go)
my hearing in that еar.
(not losе)
3. Mary and I wеren't ablе to gо on a honeymoon. We
my father
siсk.
(not get)
that I was so important if Clarenсe
(not show)
5. Mу old boss onсe madе a tеrrible mistake. I f I
(not know)
me.
him, hе
(not hеlp)
to jail.
(саn i go)
7. Life herе
away if
(сan / go)
4. Clarеnсе showed mе how the world would look without me. I
6. Mary
into
(go)
(maу l not lеad)
(bе)
a happy lifе if shе
rеally diffеrent i f I
(not marry)
(not Iivе)
me.
Unreаl
Gonditionals:
Past
l
o Rеod еoch truе situotion. Thеn writе o post unrеol conditionol sеntenсеto
REWRIтE
еxpresshow things could hove bееn diffеrent.
1. Clarenсe wasn't a first-сlass angel, so he didn't havе muсh self-сonfidenсe.
|f C|arеncehad beena firэt-c|aээ ange|,hе wou|dhavеhad morе ge|f-confidеncе,
2. George was unhappy about his businеss. He уеlled at his daughter on Christmas Еve.
3. Poor people сould buy houses beсause Gеorge's business loaned them money.
4. Mr. Potter wasn't able to triсk Gеorge, so George didn,t sеll Pоtter the businеss.
5. George's Unсle Billy lost $8,000. George got into trouble with thе law.
6. George's friends didn't know about his troubles. They didn't help him right away.
7. George,s friends сolleсted money for him, so he didn't go to jail.
ЕDlT.Rеod Clorencе,sdiorу еntrу. Find ond corrесt siх mistokеsin thе usе of the unrеol
conditionol,The first mistokeis olrеody corrеcted,Rеmеmberto cheсkpunctuotion!
Deауohrу,
hadn't
tf 0eоr9oы+ И,а,J4tеj,to
It'sfu^И}у/t"ottrt/,laчsоuоrk,outtsot,иlti,уиэs.
jotшу
Еuo, I щht Иauerl.IА1,,o!еrt|J4!
0f t/.IАtbrфo oп,сhristt,t,tд"с
аn шаportалt
job ti/<l,sаliч
lЙ44,.АИ^d,
if |4,,|шjnt bцn so stшbborщt mш/l, ИД)er|4аl,
(ф tn Bфrd, Fаl|Б иlttlшиt ш44,,ottэ of th"osа^d^dprt
of t/,|2,
ilxn ф shnш,п1hjJ4,t,
so|tr,hiх
tl|l,ttgsиtаssu,lл1 а,/,/,tJшso
P-Pb ш|ш dj"dnt hwo hюшв. If ]eoryo7allo t,t?ал^d,
thЧ|'t
bшсiltl;sto /vlr. Рottщ tЙon Pottе,rиloи/tr,hД,o rшtd, roш.dlttrш аpаrdпutts to а/L thlso
P-ф.
Bцt bцш,cгoф 7е.orjи щ
шоtrhшo jooоLh"orиpг.ву tJ*tш42, иto tttuof,rЙhl),
hp rелЩ /4аl,а, иnnduf,cl ф
Qеlrjo reа"/,uzd,
'f |Йfi,Й
hлint jil)еn ш,И,rJ* *ry
trt,frct, hx,ИI1]/hшogottэ tojаl,L hofrФ,
|ДIkц щ h,Jr4j,h"u,ш
oф
h2ИIojxn.WеIL,,
beсаи,t"o
I got ry t,,'|t!sаJ4d,
а,f.rst-с/лss
аJudhpdЙnt go tojаl/,,АИ^оL
*!"L!
293
Wish: Present and Past
Tiпу Fаiry Thlеs
Тнь ТнкнгWtsнL:
reТиrеrЧVi'hеs
nе day a poor woodсuttеrWaSgivеn
thrееwishеsby a trее еlf.Whеn his
hungry wifе hеard thе nеws,shе
said,..Iwish I had somе sausagеs.,,
At onсе fivе sausagеS
aPpеarеdon a platе.
Thе woodсuttеrwas furious about wastinga wish.
..I
wish thosеsausagеswerе hanging
from your nosе'',hе shoutеd.At onсе thе sausagеshung from hеr nosе.Thе two strugglеd
to gеt thеm loosе,but thеy соuld not...I wish I hadn't madе that wish,''thе woodсuttеr
sighеd.At onсе thе sausagеsWеrеon thе platе again.Thе сouplе happily atе thе sausagеS
and wishеd for nothing morе. ifli
49
WPЙINт
Сheck the correct answer.
The woman wantеd sausages
t
that day.
t
the dav before.
снАRтснEсl(I
WlsнЕs ABouт тHЕ PRЕSЕNт
I
Сhесk thе correct
onswеr.
Mлш Cиusв i Wlsн Cиusв
In wishеs about thе
present, what vеrb
tensе follows wish?
S h e wi s h е s
П tь" simple present
П tь" simplе past
294
shе
had
somе food гight now.
wеre*
r iсh.
*Notе tЬat ulеrе is used for all subjeсts with be.
Wish: Preseпt and Рast
l
Wls}tЕsABoUт т}lE PAsт
сl|АRтсl]Eсl(2
Сhеck thе corrеct
аnswer.
Mдlш Cиusв l Wlsн Cцusв
In wishеs about thе
past, what verb tеnsе
follows wish?
H e wi s h e s
hе
had had
food last night.
had bеen
г i с ha s a с h i | d .
П tье simplе past
П tье past pеrfeсt
r;#,#;!;,f;#
EхPREss
Сomplеtethеsеsеntencеswith the corrесtforms of thе vеrb know,
.IwishI
a good story to tell in my next сlass.
.IwishI
more storiеs as a сhild.
;Ye&Y Жи.,
& wжwж
w*жrзmk#*rвs
#.жarжpf*ж
l. Usе wish fo|lowеdby a vеrb in thе simplе past
tenseto talk about thingsthat you want to bе
true now but that arе not tгuе.
r Hе wishеs he hod a yaсht.
(He doеsn,thavеo уoсht,but he wontsonе.)
Аfterwish|usе werе instеadot wos.
2. Use wjsh followеd by thе past perfeсt to
exprеssrеqretsabout еvеntsin thе past.
l Sometimesl wish I wеre a сhi|d again.
No т So mеtimеsl w ish l w as a сhild again.
r Thеy wish theу hod moved to thе сity.
(Thеуdidn,t movе to the сitу and now thеу think
thqt wos o mistakе,)
l l wish уou would <ook bгеakfast.You have
3. Use would afterwish to expressa dеsirefor
way.
or
somеthing
to
aсt
in
a
diffеrеnt
more timе than l do.
somеone
Тhis oftеnсommuniсatеsa сomp|aintoг a rеgrеt.
r l wish she wouldvisit morе often.l rea||y
miss hеr.
Do not usе t,vil/after wish,
4. Usе сould or could hove after wish to
еxpressabiIity.
Do not usе сon af|erwish.
Noтffi
moге often.
r Hе wishеs he сould earn morе money now.
r Hе wishеs hе could hove found a betterjob
w hеn he w as yo un9ег.
NoтffimorеmonеУ.
295
.,-'j
;i1l1шl]l1}'i)
296 I
unit 68
тRUE0R tALsEo Rеod eoch numberedsentеncе.Writе T (True)or F (Folsе)for the
stotеmеntthot follows.
1 . I wish I were a prinсess.
т
I'm not a prinсess.
2. I hatеd living in a big house as a сhild.
I wish I had lived in a small housе.
3 . Hе wishes hе сould find a better job.
Hе likes his job.
4. They сouldn,t takе сomputеr сlasses in сollege' so they arе taking them now.
They wish they сould take сomputer сlasses.
5 . Hal's wifе plays сomputer games a lоt. Hе wants hеr to stop.
He wishes she wouldn,t play сomputer games.
He wishes he had a lot of money.
Hе dоеsn't have a lot of money.
о Rеod this orticlе from o psусhologу mogozinе, Сomplеtе it with thе сorrеct
с0IлPLETE
form of thе verbs in porentheses.
PsyснorocY ЕoR You
April 2000
Wls}lЕsAND soluтloNs
.Г
,.I
hе old soying goеs, ,,If wishеs Wеrе horsеs, thеn beggors would ridе.,, wish it
Л'
у"::".
1 .( b е )
thot eosy,,,SOysthеropist }oel Grimеs.
..But we сon,t just wish
problеms@.Wehоvеtomokeourownsolutions.,,Aссordingtohim,
.,I wish I
сomploiners ore rеolly soying,
4. (not havе to / dеal)
"l wish I
a mogiсol solution. I wish
with this myself.',Onе сliеnt, for еxomple, kept сomploining,
@peoplе,butmyoportmеntistoosmoll.,,Grimеsurgеdher
to solvе thе problеm. This Уear' shе hostеd o holidoy open housе, with pеoplе сoming ot
diffеrеnt timеs. Shе still wishеs shе
6. (сan l invite)
hеr wholе fomily lоst yеoц,but
.,At first сliеnts gеt angrУ ot me for not
she lеorned shе сould solvе hеr own problems.
,,But when thеy expеriеnсe thеir own powеr, thеy
honding thеm solutions,,, soys Grimеs.
wish thеy
7. (know)
obout it soonеr.,,
Wish: Рresеnt апсJ Рast
o loеI Grimes,sclients comploin obout things in the post ond in the prеsent.
RЕWRIтE
Rеwritе their сomp|ointsos wishеs.
1. I didn't havе time to read bedtime stories to my сhildren.
l wighl had had time to rеad bedtimеэtorieэ to mу chi|dren,
2. Mv husband won't ask for a raise.
3. My wifе сouldn't balanсe thе сheсkboоk last month.
4. My boyfriеnd is out of shape.
5. I'm too old to go baсk to sсhool.
6. I сan't stop smоking.
7. Mv son doesn't сall me.
8. My parents didn't undеrstand mе.
EDIT.Rеod thisjournol еntry.Find ond corrеctfivеmistokеsin thе usе of wish.
Thе first mistаkе is olrеodу corrеctеd.
T odaу I Е ol d D r. I ri v n e 9 ,,,Lwi s h Lh e re фвs a w avуLo speи d w |o r eLir и e w iLh и r l bo уfr iend,
-Г haL's
bи L w e 'r e bo Lh Lo o b u s у .' ,H e ) u s L s a i d , ,.Lf w ishes W er e ho r gestbeggar sw o и Ld r ide','
cuL e , bи Е I wi s h I u иd e rs La иd i l s v лe a и iи g.|v\aуveiL yи eаи sLhaL w ishiи g w o и ,t so lVe
pr obl e r r ns'W e LL,Lh a L,swh r7I W e и ЕLО s e e hiи ! ! ! I w ish he w iLLЕeLL} flew hat Lo do r iqhL
LheYl avldLhere, buL he refused. 9peaKingof wishfиL Lhinkiиg,I wish Todd and L couLd have
sPeиL Lhe Weekend LogeLher иexL week. Му eюvvls^re overt bиL he has Lo fLу to Deлver Lo
h i s j ob. If w i s h e s W e r e h o r s e s l L,d ri d e o и e Lo D enver' |1eу|To dd is aLw aуs saуivt9,(.Iw ish
r 7oиw oи L d c o v n ewi t h wr es o wte Li и e s ' ,'L g ueg; L 9Э ! 9o w iLh hir и Lo D ew er . D r . ar iw les и и sL
h ave vne an LLh a LL c a и s o Lv e v иy o W и p r o bler м s.No w I w ish Lhaveи ,Lbeen so r ude Lo hiw r .
l
297
SelfТest
lffil
0}|Е
Сirclе thе lеtter of thе corrеct onswеr to completееoch sentenсе,
Еxдмptп:
Jennifer never
(A)drink
(B)drinks
l. Ifyou
(A) ,l1 havе
tB)had
a headaсhе, you should take an aspirin.
(C)havе
(D)are having
2. I wish we =(A) have
(B)had
3.
(A}If
(B)Always
(C) is drinking
(D)was drinking
a bigger house. This one is too small.
(C)would havе
(D)had had
it rains very hard, thе strеets flood.
(C)During
(D)Unless
ABсD
ABсD
4. We'll be late unless we
(A) leave
{B)don't leave
now.
(C)had left
(D)have left
ABсD
5 . What would Tom do if he
the truth?
(C)knows
(D)knew
ABсD
(A) would know
tB)has known
6. If I -.-
(A) am
(B)would be
УoЦ, I'd сall and apol oфze.
{C)were
(D)was
ABсD
7. If I -you Wеre siсk, I would have сalled Sooner.
(A) have known
(C)would have known
(B)had known
(O)know
ABсD
8. If yоu want to go skiing in the South,
(A) you go
(c)go
(B)you'll go
(D)went
ABсD
to Blaсk Мountain.
9. Jennifer has trouble with сollеge math. She wishes she
more in high sсhool.
(A) studies
(с) had studied
(B)has studied
(D)studied
298
ABсD
ABсD
SelfТest
ro. -If wе invited Уou. wou]d you сome?
-of сourseI -.
(A)do
(B)am
1l. Jake will win the eleсtion if he (A) сampaigns
(B)would сampaign
Х|ll
I
299
ABсD
(C)would have
(D)would
harder.
(C)will сampaign
(D)сampaigned
12. If you
told us about thе bad serviсe, we would have
еaten there.
(A) didn't
(C) havеn't
(B)wouldn't have
(D)hadn't
ABсD
ABсD
rFtriщ.l тW0
Eoch sentеnсеhos four undеrlinеd words or phrаsеs. Thе four undеrlinеdports of
thе sentencеorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D, Сirсlе the letter of thе onе underlined
word or phrose thаt is Noг сoRRЕст.
Еxдмpш:
Mike usuall}, drives to sсhool, but toda}r he walks.
ABсD
A B сO
13. ]f you had been hеrе yеsterday, you would havе sее Jean.
A
B с
D
14. I wish our family сould of takеn vaсations whеn We were younger.
A
B с
D
15. Unlеss we work hardeц we will finish on timе.
A
B с
D
16. If I will have to make a diffiсult deсision- I always disсuss it with
A
B с
D
17. ЦLara is oldeц she would try to get a job in California.
A
B с
D
l8. Wе сould had done more Ц-e had had more time.
A
B с
D
19. We ate оutside tomorrow unless it rains.
A
B с
D
20. I would take the job if I am you.
A
B с
D
27. What would you do if you will won thе lottery?
A
B с
D
22. It,A hot, so you will fеel bеtteц if yоu drink more water.
A
B с
D
23. If I had set my alarm сloсk, I woulda gotten up on time.
A
B с
D
24. ЦIhavetofly,Iwouldgetverynervous,soIusuallydrivе.
A
B с
D
25. Lynn wishes she had a bigger apartment and сan bu}ra сar.
A
B с
D
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
my friends.
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
AB(D
ffi;,
:]Мlffi*Wl!ffiii]ll]:;iili,:..]]'.]:,.1]i,.i]]lli]]l'l']]'rlilil]i]i::li!]]
Adjective Clauses with
Subjeсt Relative Pronouns
POINт
Сircle T (True)or F (Folse).
т
F
The man is talking
about the woman
holding a report.
AD'EстIVE сLAUSE AFтER тHЕ MAlN сLAUSЕ
сIIARTсHEсI(
Сhеck thе corrеct
onswеrs.
Adjeсtive сlauses
desсribе:
-t
LJ
nOUnS
t
verbs
Adjeсtive сlausеs
сan go:
]vlAlN сLAUSЕ
Rвlдтlvв Pпoшouш | Vвпв
f-
That,smy friеnd
t
after thе main
сlause
-l
who
lives
in Rome.
ADlEстlVE сLAUsE lNslDE THE MAIN сLAUsЕ
гt,|AlNсtAUsE
П b"fo.е thе шiain
сlausе
П i.' thе middle of
the main сlausе
AD,ЕстlvЕ CLAUsЕ
|
Suqпст
|
v
My friеnd
AD'ЕстlvE CLAUSЕ
i:iЕ.J. Pпoшouш
|u.*"
-l
who
livеs
in Romе
EхPREssж
Unsсromblеthеsе words to form o sеntencе.
thе man о works . who . in thе сafeteria . That's
300
]t,lAlN сLAUSЕ
(сoшт.)
is a danсеr .
Adjeсtive
*w Жжp*
arъжY.*wжs
ffirжwwyж
Glauses
with Subjeсt le|ative Ргогrоuns l
Aяarтзр}еs
l. Usе adje<tive сlaшsеs to idеntifyor givе
additionalinformationabout nouns or
indеfinitepгonounssuсh as someonе'
somebodу, something, onothai and other(s).
l know thе woman who lives therе.
(Thе adjесtiveсlausеidеntifiеsthе woman wе ore
tolkingobout.)
Romе is a сity whi<h attraсts tourists.
(Thе adjеctiveсlausеgives additionаlinformation
obout thе сitу.)
Тhe adjeсtiveсlausеdirесtlyfol|owsthе noun
(or pronoun)it is idеntifyingor dеsсribing.
Someonеwho has a |ot of friends is luсky.
Noт
l hovе o friеnd.+ He lovеsto shop, _
I have a friendwho loves to shop.
2. Sеntеnсеs with adjeсtive сlauses сan bе
seеn as a сombinationof two sentenсes.
Му friеndlivеsin Romе.+ Shе points. =
Мy fгiеndwho lives in Romе paints.
3. Adjесtiveс|ausesarе introduсedby
relative pronouns.
Subjeсt rеlative pronouns are:
a. who or thotfor peoplе
Usдсп Noтв: Thot is lеssformal than иЙo.
b. whiсh or thot foг plaсеsor things
Usдсв Noтв: Thot is lеssformaI than which.
G. whosе + noun for pеop|e,spossеssions
pronoun аnd a subjeсtpгonoun (l, уou, hе, shе,
it, wе, thеy)in thе same adjeсtivесIause.
I
t
I
I
I have a friеnd who livеsin Mexiсo.
I have a friend thot livesin Mexiсo.
Nеw York is a сity whiсh nеVеrslеeps.
Nеw Yoгk is a сity thot nеvеr slеeps.
l Hе,sthе man whose dog baгksa||day.
r Sсott is somеone who Ioves sports.
Noт Sсott is somеone@.
4. Subjeсtrеlativepronounshavе the samе form
whеtherthеy геferto singularor p|uralnouns
or t o m a s с u I i n oе r f е m i n i n en o u n s .
T Тhat,s thе man
5. Тhе vеrb in thе adjeсtive сlausе is singularif
the subjeсtre|ativepronoun rеfегsto a singular
noun. lt is pluгa|if it rеfersto a plura|noun.
l Bеn is my friеnd wfto lives in Boston.
l A| and Еd arе my friеnds who live in Boston.
Bн сдпвгul! Whеn whose + noun is thе subjесt
of an adjесtivесlausе,thе vеrb agгеesin
numbеrwith the subjeсtof the adjeсtiveсlausе.
r,yholivеs nеxt door.
Тhat,s the woman who Iives next dooг.
T Those are thе people who livе nеxt door.
I
r Mеg is a pеrsonwhose friends depend on hеr.
No т M е9 is a pеr so n@
on heг.
3o1
3O2 I
Unit 6e
o Rеod thisporogroph obout friеndship.Firstcircle the relativеPronouns ond
IDENтIFY
undеrlinе thе odiectivе clousеs.Then drow on orrow from thе rеlotivеpronoun to thе
noun or pronoun it describes.
lro-ш.Persoу''-Lo*
АLvnosLeуerхlovlehas trievlds, Dut ideas abouL-'frlevldsbl}-У'a"rц
nu,-,.^iLn ,/o.n^aу..Еhr.--LnЕerneL-Еэ:.''---
РersaИJ'..or,-n,,*'^f-,i.,'d i,-'o*Й.
*o-Еher.s+.aJr"".ie.у.d,.|5"..,a}9.rs,9v1"уh,a_b"a-s_Ьno.wn",,уэ
yuho-Ки"ows''v.,o-Vr-,-'''','''-''
уsэtr"hcIэrm-Lo'r--S9-mэ9-"x'e
*эх:ll.LуKлэуss-у-aм,--L-p,o.---l.hers-9уLv-iуиэrmpsLs-e-u-eLь AЬhaaф,,,-".Е*эrыLpэo-pk-evnPhasiъe-djffot*o.nL-asР9LLs-o-*_fr'€иd"shj,у-,Lh.ereis ovte3emeиLrш-hlсh,is alwаvs Рrfs.9шЬЫA-Lb*isЭhe-,eJ'эYl19уE-otskgir,.ь-У'l9--улы-ИgLb-e.,-.abIe,"L".9--5eLeсL--pм'r-ta-m.tte
wЙ-|^Я DuL,-LLсаJ1-P'lэK"-u,cti,rjandь
As ыnL'hrэуo.Lo*glsЕ-.
PegРlэ ЕhaL-rjdэ--L"',he-,D|^5
and is chosen:---"МargarcL !Аeadoпce said,,'Ь.trievldis sovvleone'.who-choos-es
L.hЫ..maKes-frieи"dshiРsиф а sPgciaL_reLЫ',:pуshtР'-.
J*L)s Lhjsj-r-"o-adэШ_gf-Й-oi.c.e
о A U.S. mogozine, Psyсhologу Todaу, сonduсtedo notionol surveуan
с0IIPLЕIE
friеndship.Herе orе some of thе rеsults,Сomplete еoch sеntеncewith on аppropriote
rеlotivepronoun ond the correct form of thе vеrb in porenthеsеs,
1. Peоple
wno
have
moved a lot havе fеwеr friends.
(hаvе)
2. People
lived in the samе plaсe havе more friеnds.
(havе)
3. The qualities
most important in a friеnd are loyalty,
(bе)
warmth, and the ability to keep seсrets.
4. Someonе
(faсе)
5 . Bеtrayal is the сausе
a сrisis turns to friends befоrе familv.
(bе)
most often responsible for
ending a friendship.
Мany peоplе have friends
soсial оr religious baсkgтounds
(bе)
different from theirs.
7. Most pеople
friends
(inс|udе)
mеmbers of thе opposite sex say
that thesе rеlationships arе different from relationships with people of thе samе Sеx.
8. A survey
9. Somеone
(appеar)
(not rеad)
in a magazine may not reprеsent everyonе.
thе magaztne might have othеr ideas.
Adjeсtive
Glauses
with Subjeсt Relative Pronоuns l
o Rеаd еoch poir of sentences,Use o rеIotivepronoun to combinе them into
сOII|BINЕ
onе sentence.
l. I have a friend. Мy friend livеs in Mехiсo City.
1havea friendwho |iveein gexico Citу,
2. Mexiсo City is an exсiting сity. The citу atttaсts a lot of tourists.
3. Marta has a brothеr. Her brother's name is Manuеl.
4. He works for a magazine. The magazine is vеry popular in Meхiсo.
5. Мanuel writes a сolumn. The соlumn dеals with relationships.
6. An artiсle won a ptize. The artiсle disсussed friеndships.
7, A pеrson is luсky. That person has a lot of friends.
. Rеod port of а studеnt,sessoу.Find аnd сorrеct siх mistokеsin thе usе of
EDIТ
odjеctiveclouses,Thе first mistokе is olrеody сorrectеd,
A wгitег onсr said that friends aгe born. not made. This means that we
automatiсally bеcome friеnd's with people who Йd
arr compatiblе wlth us. I d.on't
aglee with this wгitеr. Last summeц I made frlends wlth some peoplе who's
сompletely different fгom me.
In July' I wеnt to Mexiсo City to study Spanish foг a month. In ouг gгoup' therе
Was a teaсher which Was muсh oider than I am. Wе bеcame rеally good friеnds. In
my fiгst wеek, I had a pгoblem whiсh was getting mе down. Mexiсo City is a сity
who has a lot of distractions. As a rеsuit, I went out all the tlme, and I stopped going
to my сlasses. Bob helpеd me $et baсk into my studies. After the trip, I kept wгitlng
to Bob. He always wгitеs stoгies that is interesting and еnсouгa$in$. Nеxt summeц
hе's lеading another trip what sounds inteгesting. I hope I сan $o.
3o3
Adieсtive clauses with
objeсt Relative Pronouns
or When and Where
/\/|i,'tJ4А,,
*fufu!
сrаюoиriх
уitttшo фt|,u,
ш
t'.teros
ИIit1,v
|44АiJ''sqь|,а,ro
I sуаr, аIl,rу
tш ф t,dtlo
шp wit}vth,o
ti*tцp.саnуo*fiot
?
r шлrэ у PБwщ
,,.,-t',iЙ t|4Аt
t|osа,t,uritu,иrith,gorgut,ts
9,,ш
еуu! I,w in lowl
ffiжPЙlNт
Circlе T (Truе)or F (Folse).
Vаttn
т
F
Vana is pointing out
her favorite сafb.
AD|ЕсTIVE сLAUSE AFTER THЕ MA|N сLAUSЕ
сHАRтсIIEсI(
AD'Е(:ТlvЕ CLl USE
oв1вст
ttлAlN сLAUSЕ
Сhесk thе сorrеct
onswer.
Thе verb in the
adjeсtive сlause
agrees with
П tь. noun in the
main сlause.
П tь" subjeсt of the
adjeсtive сlausе.
f-
Rвlдтlvв
Pпoшouш
,urr.., ] Vвпв
thot
she
-l
He геadsall thе books
AD,EсТlVE сLAUsЕ lNslDE тHЕ MAlN сLAUsЕ
ADlЕстlvЕ сl LAUsЕ
]vlAlN сLAUSЕ
Сircle T (Truе)or
F (False).
oryвст
т
_l
F
The adjесtivе
сlausе always
follows the
main сlause.
writеs.
тг'.ьJoк
Rвlдтlvв
Pпoшouш
Suцвст Vвпв
thot
they
borrowed
tY|AlN CLAUSЕ (сoшт.)
sееmsvery interеsting.
EхPREssж
Unscromblethеsе words to form а sentence.
I о the . movies . all . hе о dirесts О sеe о that
304
Adjeсtive
a
a
a
a
a a
0laнses
a
a
a
a .
'"viil,iОbjс:сt tiеlаtivе Ргottоuns ar W|.lerl and Wflerr
a
gжar ЖжpГ'а
gъetiФ gъ$
t ymв"m
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
o o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a o
a
a
a
a o
a
a
a
a
a
l
a
a o a a
b. objeсt гelativepronounshavе thе same
form whеtherthey rеfеrto singu|aror pluгa|
n ou n so r to m a s с u |i n oе r f е m i n i n еno uns.
I
с. Thе vеrb in thе adjесtivе сlausе agIеrs
with the subjесtof thе adjeсtiveсlausе.
I
T
I
t
Bв сдпвгul! Do not usе both an objeсt rе|ativе
pгonoun and an objeсt pronoun (mе, you, him,
hеr, it, us, them)in thе samе adjeсtiveс|ause.
obj.
Еva, who(m) l saw on TV, is a wгitег.
Тhat,sthе man who(m) | mеt.
Тhat,sthе woman who(m) | mеt.
Thosе arе thе pеople who(m) l met.
subj . vеr b
| |ikethе сo|umnswhich hе writes.
l |ikethe сo|umnwhiсh thеy writе.
r Shе is the writeгl saw on TV.
t
I
I
I
I
I
Shе,sthe writегwhom l mеt.
Shе,sthе wгitеrwho I met.
Shе,sthе writеr thot I mеt.
She,sthе wгitегl met.
I rеad thе book whiсh shе wrote.
l геadthе book thot shе wrote.
l rеad thе book shе wrote.
Foпмдl-
A
I
I
Y
lшгoпмдtFoпмдt-
+
I
v
lшгoпмдl
3. A rе|ativеpronoun сan be the objесt of
a preposition.
Usдсв Noтв:In informaI speakingand writing,
we put the pгеpositionat the еnd of thе сlausе,
and wе often |eavеout the гe|ativepгonoun.
ln formal Еnglish,we put the prepositionat thе
bе gi n n i n go f th е с l a u s е .l n th i s с a s e ,W e Usе
onlу whom and whiсh (not who or that).
l
Тhat,s thе author whose book l read.
Hе,sthе writеr.+ l work for him, =
l Hе,sthе writег thot I work for.
l He,sthe writeгl woгk for.
Hе,s the writer for whom I work.
r Тhat,s the book about whiсh I told you.
l
4. Where and when сan also bе usеd to intгoduсe
adjeсtivесlausеs:
That,sthе library.+ Shе worksthere' =
Тhat,sthе librarywhere she works.
a. Wherе rеfersto a p|aсе.
b. When or thot refегsto a timе.
a
She is thе writегwho I saw on TV.
Noт She is thе wгitеrwho I saw hеr on TY
I
G. whose * noun for pеople,sрossessions
3o5
ool.
l
b. whiсh or thot foг things
Usдсц Noтв: Thot is lessformal than whiсh.
a
Еvo is q writer. + l sow her on TV, =
a. The obieсt rеlativе pronoun сomes
althe beginningof thе adjeсtivес|ausе.
2. obiесt rе|ativе Pronouns aге:
a. whom, who, or thot tor pеoplе
Usдсв Noтв: Whom is vеry formal.
Thot is lessformal than who.
Leavingout the pronounis the lеastfoгmal.
a
Wж'жъaзpТ*'ж
1 . A rеlativе pronoun сan be thе objесt
of an adjeсtiveсlausе'Notiсe that:
Noтв:Objесt rеlativеpronounsarе often |еftout.
a
I
I
l rеmеmbеrthе daу. + l mеt him then. =
| геmembeгthe day when l met him.
l геmеmbеrthе day thot I mеt him.
a
a
a
a a a a o
a
a
a a
a
306 I unit 7<r
o Reod this pаrt of o book rеviеw.Underlinе oll thе odjеctivеclousеs with
iDENтIFY
obiесt rеIotivеpronouns. Сirclе thе obiect rеIotivepronouns-,whеn, or whеre , Then
drаw а linе from thе сircled word to thе noun it rеfersto,
Seсtion 4
Booкs
Iost in Trаnslа,tion:
А lф in а,Neш lаngшаge
д t thс agс of ninс, Еva Hoffman lсft Poland
/-%' with hеr family. Shе was old еno-ф
know what shе was losing:Сfaсow, a сiфbа!)
shе lovеd as onе lovеs a pеrson, thе sunbakеd villagеs whеrе thеy had takеn suпrmеr
vaсations, and thе сonvеrsations and
еsсapadеs with hеr friеnds. Disсonnесtеd
from a сity whеге lifе was livсd intеnsеly, hеr
fathег would bссomе ovегwhеlmеd by thе
tгansition to Сanada. Еva would losе thе
parсnt whom shе had watсhеd in livеly
сonvrfsation with friеnds in Сraсow сafёs.
And nothing сould rеplaсс
hеr friеndship with thе
boу whosе homе slrс
visitеd dailу and whom
shе assumеd shе wоuld
somеdaу marry..Worst of all,
howеvец shе would miss
E,t,a HоJftuttп
hеr languagе. For yсars, shс
wotrld fееl no сonnссtion to thе Еnglish
namс of anуthing that shе fеlt was impoftant.
Lost in Trаnslаtion: А Life in а |{еtu
Lаngшаge (Г{еw York: Pеnguin, 1989) tеlls
how Еva сamе to trrms with hеr nеw idеntity
and languagе.It's a story that rсadеrs will find
fasсinating and moving.
o A sсhool newspopеr,thе Grover Bugle (GB), interviewеdo studеnt,
сOIпPIEтE
Mаniyo Suorеz (Ms). Сomplеtеthе interviewwith relotivеpronouns-,
whеn, or
where, ond thе corrесtform of thе verbsin parenthеses,
-4
GB: Мaniya Suarez is a studеrrt
know
2. (know)
MS: Thе сotlsirl
who
Iтany of youralrеаdy
1.
. Мaniya, why сliсlyoltr farтily sеttlе in Atlallta?
3.
4. (stay)
with at first
l\1аlri1,.rSLlаl.t'Z
lives lrеrе'.I.lratls
thе rеasol.l\^/е
сhosе Atlatrtа.
GB: What was thе nrost diffiсrrlt tlrirrg abotlt goirlg to sсIroсllirr thе U.S.?
l\4S:Tlrесlassin
5.
6. (havе)
was Еnglish. It was hard to say the thirrgs
МIS: We usесlto livе in a lroltsе
7.
you
GB: Wlrat is tlre biggеst сl,rangе
thе biggсstpr .о hlсr r ls
аt fil.st
8. (wаnt)
1o. (expеriеnсе)
tltеrе
r2. (bе)
a lсlt of people.Hеrс I livе witlr l1.lyl]arеnts arrd trvo yotltrgеrsistеrs
l4. (takе сarе of)
11.
aftеr sсlroоl.I get a little lorrеlysometitrrеs.
so far?
always
*9j.::.tjy.?.91?.ч:.::..Y:,l.?PJ::j.1:'.1ЧY:.
гj::3.1::
.?:,Y:P:.?:*
Уjl?::..:..3:.7..
o.o...o.
o Rеod eoch poir of sеntеncеs,Usе а rеIotivepronoun|when, or where to
сOIf|BINЕ
combine thеm into onе sentence.
l. That,s thе house. I gтеw up in thе hоuse with my sister Emilia.
That'э the houэethat I grewup in wit,hmу эiэ|er Еmi|ia.
2. Thе housе was beautiful. We lived in the house.
3. Еmilia and I shared a room. Wе spent nights talking there.
4. Aсross the hall, I had a good friend. I went to sсhool with hеr.
5. I took piano lessоns from a Woman. I met her in the bakery.
6. I rеmеmber one Summer. The whole familv went to thе lake thеn.
7. Those wеre good times. I,ll always miss them.
ЕDIf. Reod this studеnt,sеssoy.Find ond correct ninе mistokesin the use of odjective
clouses with objеct relаtivе pronouns. Thе first mistoke is olrеodу сorrected.
Tal Dong is bhe small сity in southeastеrn
moved theгe from Taipei the summer
whеre oк in which
Taiwan тмhieЬI $гew up. My fami1y
whеn I was boгn. Thе house ln whiсh I 6pew
up in is on a main stгeet in Tai Don$. My father sold tea, and my mother had. a
food stand in ouг fгont сourtyaгd
A сustomeг who I always
A cousin who his family
apprentiсe
whегe she sold omeiets еaгly in the mornin$.
сhattеd with him had a son my a$е. ТAIewere best friends.
I visited eveгy summer
llved with us. He Was an
whiсh my fathеr тшas tеaсhing thе tеa businеss
our house We had a hu$e kitсhen
in where we ail $athегed
and noisy plaсe. Thе bedrooms where the family
to. on the first flooг of
foг dinnеr. It was a fun
siеpt Was upstairs.
My two brothers
slеpt in one bedroom. I slept ln one what I shaгed with my oldеr sister. My youn$er
sister shared a bedroom wlth anotheг cousin whlсh my family
had adoptеd.
Adieсtive Glauses:
ldentifyingand
Nol')-ldentifying
Т h i э r n ue т b e |h e
oicNure fi|a he to|d mе
notto openl
WPulNт
Сirсlе T (True)or F (Folse),
т
Suв;вст
Сheck the corrеct
onswеr.
t
Сirclе T (Truе)or
F (Folse).
т F You сan lеave
out a relative
ptonoln onlу
when it is an
objесt relative
pronoun in
an idеntif-ving
adjесtivе сlausе.
l
Rвlдтlvв Pпoшouш l
Тhе сomputeг
which
is in thе family room
is br o kеn.
she bought last wееk
is not working.
(oщвст
idеntifying
П non-identifying
There is only one piсturе filе on
the сomputer.
lDЕNтlгYlNG AD'ЕстlvЕ сLAUsEs
сl|ARтсHEсl(
Whiсh type of
adjeсtivе сlause has
сommas around it?
F
Rtlдтlvв Pпoшouш)
(which)
Тhе сomputeг
NoN-lDЕNтlFYINGADlEстlvE сLAUsЕs
Suв,вст
Rвlдтlvв Pвoшouш
Тhe сomputeг, whiсh
is in the family room,
is br o ken.
shе bought last weеk,
is no t w o гkin g .
oв1вст
Rвlдтlvв Pпoшouш
Тhe сomputer, which
ЕхPRЕssж
Сrossout the rеlotivе pronouns when possiblе,
. I gave away my сomputец whiсh was only thrее years old.
. I bought a new onе that had a lоt morе mеmory.
o It was thе соmputеr whiсh we saw at Е-Leсtroniсs.
308
Adjeсtive
й уawъrтъжr Жжplemeхi-*{eуi,
Glauses:
|dentifuingand Nоn.|dеntifуiпg l
Жxarnр|еs
1. Adjесtiveсlausеsсan be idеntifying
or non-identifying.
a. Use an identifying adjeсtive сlause to
idеntifywhiсh mеmber of a group the
sеntеnсе talks about.
r l havеthrее phonеs.Thе phonе whiсh is in
the kitсhen is brokеn.
(Thе adjесtivесlouseis neсessoryto idеntifуwhiсh
phonе is mеont,)
b. Usе a non-idеntifying adjесtive сlausе
to give addjtionaljnfoгmationabout thе
noun it rеfеrsto. Тhе information is not
neсessaryto idеntifythe noun.
r I haveon|yone phone.Thе phone, whiсh is in
the kitсhen, is brokеn.
(Thе odjесtivесlousеgivеs odditionаlinformotion,
but it isn,tneеdedto idеntifуthе phonе,)
non.idеntifyingadjeсtiveс|ause.Usе who
for people and whiсh for p|aсesand things.
2, ln writing',a non-idеntifying adjeсtive
сlaшsе is sеparаtedfrom thе rеst of the
sеntenсeby сommas.
me |astnight.
Noт Marie,
r Тhе switсh, whiсh is on the baсk, is off.
(Thеmoсhinehqs only onе switch.lt,son
thе boсk.)
ln spеaking,a non-identifying
ad|есtiveсlause
is sеparatеdfrom thе rеst of the sеntеnсеby
bгief pauses.
r The switсh (pouse)whiсh is on thе baсk
(pousе)is off.
(Thеmachinehos onlуonе switсh'lt,son the baсk.)
Withoutсommasor pausеs,the сlauseis an
idеntifying adieсtivе сlausе, and the
sеntenсеhas a very differеntmеaning.
r The switсhwhiсh is on the baсk is off.
(Thеmoсhinehas morе than onе switch.Thisone
is off,)
3. You сan leave oшt:
a. objeсt rеlativе Pronouns in identifying
adieсtivес|аusеs
r That,sthе сomputer thot l bought.
r Тhat,sthе сomputerl bought'
b. when
r l rеmembеrthе daу when l mеt him'
r I rеmembeгthе day l met him.
Usдсв ]toтв:Thе most сommon spokеnform is
the one with no ге|ativеpronoun.
4. You сannot lеavе out:
a. rеlativе pronouns in a non-identifying
adiесtive сlausе
r She remembеrsMarс, r.yhoshе visitеd oftеn.
Noт She rеmembегsMarс 5hе+i5itеd'€ # tеn.
b. whose
r That,sthе author whose book l rеad.
Noт Тhat,sthе authorffi.
C. where
l Тhat,sthе |ibraгywhere l work.
Noт Тhat,sthе librarУ.|+tэtlt.
3o9
31O I
unit 7'r
l | l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . о . .
тRUE0R FAISEo Rеod eoch numberedsentence.Writе T (True)or F (FoIsе)for thе
stotеmеntthot follows.
1 . Use thе сomputеr whiсh is in the living room.
F
There is only one сomputer.
Prеss the red button, whiсh is on thе right.
There is probably only onе red button.
3 . My sister who fixеs сomputers lives in Tехas.
I havе more than onе sister.
4. My stereo, whiсh worked yеsterday, dоesn,t work today.
It's likely that I havе another sterеo I сan use.
5 . A сеll phone whiсh remembers numbers is very сonvеnient.
All сell phones сan remembеr numbers.
My roommate, who is afraid of сomputers, has never been on the Internеt.
I probably have more than onе roommate.
ADD& сROssOUT. Reod this orticle obout tесhnophobio.Add сommos whеrе nеcеssorY.
Cross out thе rеIotivеpronouns thаt cаn bе left out.
, teсh . Jlo .'Pho
. Ьia
(пottп)a
fеaгJh{Somеpеoplеhavеaboutusingtесhnоlogy
f you haveit, you'rеone of thе 85 pеrсеntof
l
l peoplе that this new ..disease''
has struсk.
МayЬeyou Ьoughta phonеon whiсh you сan
Program25 numЬеrs_thenсouldn'tturn it on.
or pеrhaPsyou havеjust rеad that your nеW
CD player9whiсhyou havefinallytеarnedhow
to use9will soon Ьe rеplaсedby DVD whiсh
you havеnеvеrеvеn hеardof.
Somе еxpеrts say that things havе just
gottеn too сomplex.William Staplеs who
authorеda Ьook on thе еleсtroniсagеtried to
help a friеnd who had just Ьought a nеW
stеrеo.Thе stеrеowhiсh workеdЬeforewasn't
workinganymorе...Onthе front of thе stеrеo
rесеivеr it literally had a сouplе of dozеn
Ьuttons,''says Staples.Donald Norman who
has writtеn aЬout the effeсts of tесhnology
on pеop[е Ьlames the dеsignеrsof thеsе
deviсеs,not thе peoplе who use them. ..Тhe
Ьest Way to сurе tесhnophoЬiais to сure
the rеasonsthat сausе it_that is, to design
thingsthat peoptесan usе and designthings
that won't Ьrеak,''сlaims Norman' Miсhael
Dyrenfurthwho tеaсhesat the Universityof
Мissouri.ColumЬia
ЬеliеvesWесauseour own
proЬlemsЬy Ьuyingteсhnologythat wе just
..Do
don't neеd.
We rеalty nееd an elесtriс
toothЬrush?''
hе asks.Aссordingto Dyrеnfurth,
importantteсhnologythat wе сan't afford to
run awayfrom aсtual[yexists.Тo prospеr,We
havеto overсomeour teсhnophoЬiaand lеarn
to usе it.
Adjeсtive
Clauses:
ldentifying and Nоn-ldentifying f
o Rеod thеsеpаirs of sentenсes.сombinе thеm by сhonging the sесond
с0I{lBlNЕ
sentenceinto on odjectivеclousе. Use o relotivеpronoun only whеn nеcеssorY.
Use commаs for non-identifуingodjеctivеclousеs.
l. I bought a сell phоne. I сan usе it to sеnd and reсeive e-mail.
I boughta oellphoneI can uэe t.oэend and receivee-mai|.
2. Мy new сеll phonе has beсome a neсessary part of life. I only bought it a month ago.
i'
r remеmbеr thе day. I was afraid to use my nеW сomputеr then.
4. Noщ thеrе are psyсhologists. They help tесhnophobеs use teсhnology.
5. Dr. Miсhеllе Weil wrote a book about..teсhnostress.''Shе is a psyсhologist.
6, I work in an offiсe. In my offiсe, the software сhanges frequеntlу.
7, A lot of pеоple suffеr from tесhnostrеss. Thosе pеoplе work in my offiсe.
8. Some pеоplе dream of a job. They сan do the jоb without teсhnologу.
o Reod this studеnt,sbook report,Find ond corrеct six mistokesin the use of
EDIT
identifуing ond non-identifуingodjectivеclousеs.The first mistoke is olreodу corrected.
I just гead a book сallеd Technostress'
Her сo-author was Dr. Larry
Acсoгdin$
тлrhiсh was written
by Dr. Miсhеllе
\Aleil.
Rosen, that is heг husband and. also a psyrhoioglst.
to thе authoгs, everybody
feеls stress aboub teсhnoio$y. our сell phones
and bеepегs, that we buy foг еmeг$enсies, soon invade our pгivacy. сIust bесause
they сan' peoplе сontaсt us at plaсes, where We are гelaxin$. Anotheг
having to 1earn too muсh too fast. Teсhnologiсal
time, now oveгwhеlm
сhan$es, used to сome one at a
us. Dr. Weil suggests dealing with tеоhnostгess
hеr latest book whiсh сan bе puгсhasеd
problеm is
fгom her wеb sitе.
using tips fгom
311
::]i!]tвПшffi
jlfiнiiliillаift]lЁ1li?lffi
fi н|{frt|ItЕ}'}{
ffi ffi $iiii! lr
SelfТest
ffiloшп
Сircle the lеttеr of thе corrеct onswer to complеtе eoch sentence.Сhoosе И whеn
no word is nееded.
Exдшtptl:
Jennifer never
(A) drink
(B)drinks
(с) is drinking
(D)was drinking
lives in Rio.
(С)whom
(D)where
1 . That's my friend -
(A) whiсh
(B)who
The plants whiсh
(A) are
tB)be
3 . She's thе woman -
(Al who
(B}whiсh
in the living room need a lot of water.
(C)is
(D)am
ABсD
sistеr babysits for us.
(C) that's
(D)whose
ABсD
ABсD
I met at the party, сailed me last night.
(C) whiсh
(D)whose
ABсD
(A) that
(B)whiсh
I remеmber Al,
(A) I
(B)who I
rode the bus tо sсhool with.
(C) whiсh I
(D)who
7. I used tо enjoy the summeц
(A) where
(B)when
we had a big family piсniс.
(C)whiсh
(D)that
8. T a k e i n t h e r o l l o f f i l m - U n с l e P e t e t o o k a t t h е r e u n i o n .
(A) what
(B)with whiсh
9. Plеasе pay all the bills
l^) O
(B)that
to. Let,s try tо agтee on a timе
(A) whiсh
(B)whеre
3r.2
ABсD
Cliff works.
(С)whom
(D)whose
4. That,s the doсtor for
Мarie,
(A) that
(B)who
A@с
сoffee.
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
lq A
(D)whom
are duе this week.
(C)when
(D)they
ABсD
We сan all get tоgethеr.
|с| И
(D)at
ABсD
D
self,?-eвt
11. Tell me about the сity
(A) that
(B)where
12. Annie found the souvenirs that
(^|И
(B)where
you grew up.
(C)whiсh
Ж.*Чf l
313
A
B с
D
A
B с
D
tDIИ
wanted at thе gift shop.
(C) she
(D)whiсh
Е.Ф}'lтW0
Еoch sentеncеhos four underlined words or phrosеs. Тhе four undеrlinеdports
of the sentеnceore morkеd A, B, С, ond D, Сirclе thе lettеr of thе one undеrlinеd
word or phrosе thot is Noг сoRRЕст,
Еxдмptt:
Mike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks.
(D
AB
A B сo
13. After a week, wе finally got to Miami, that my aunt lives.
A
B с
D
14. My favorite unсle, whiсh lives in Teхas- arrived last night.
A
B с
D
15. Paulo is someоne who hе really loves Soссеr.
A
B с
D
16. one singer who,s voiсе ! likе a lot is Madonna.
A
B с
D
17. The stories what I've told you are all true.
A
B с
D
18. I enjo}zеdreading the artiсle that you told me about it.
A
B с
D
19, Shе's read Somе books that disсusses the time when this arеa
A
B с
D
20. San Franсisсo, that is a beautiful сity, has a population of six milliоn.
A
B с
D
21. Do you know whom wrote the song that Al цras singing last night?
A
B с
D
22, My aunt,s new house is neхt to a beautiful сanal in where we ю
A
в с
D
23. Van, who with I went to sсhоol, has beсome a famous writer.
A
B с
D
24. Do you remember the night whiсh we ate at the restaurant that
A
B с
D
A
B с
D
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
was undeveloped.
ABсD
Aв(D
ABсD
ABсD
swimming evеry day.
AB(D
Bill оwnеd?
ABсD
25. our neighbors, whо their daughtеr babysits for us, have moved.
ABсD
Direсt and lndireсt
Speeсh: lmperatives
WPЙINт
Сheck the doctor,sexaсt words.
П ..Eat a heavy mеal bеfore bed.,,
П ..Don'teat a hеaw mеal
before bed."
П ..Not to еat a hеavv mеal
before bed."
сIIART
сIlEcI(
Сhесk thе corrесt
onswеr,
Whiсh type of
speесh uses
quotation marks?
DlRЕсТ SPEЕсH
I R.oo"t,*"I
Suвtвст
l vвпв
l DlпвстSpввсн
He
П dirесt speeсh
П i.'di,есt speeсh
Сirclе T (True)or
F (Folse).
т F Indireсt
imperatives
always use the
infinitivе fоrm
of the verb
(to + basе form).
"D r ink milk."
,,Don't drink сoffее.,,
said,
INDIlRЕ(т sPЕЕсH
I
I R.oo*t,n" Nouш/ l
Pвoшouнl lшolпвст
Suв,встl Vвпв
Spввсн
He
told
said
hеr
to dr ink milk.
not to drink сoffеe.
ЕхPREssryж
Сircle the сorrect words to complete thesеsеntеncеs,
. The doсtor told me go / to go to bed at the same time every night.
. She told me, "Don't work / Not to work in bed."
3I4
Direсt
rr*ar Жxр8aвnetiФrr
5
fi rашm
and
lndireсt
Sрeeсh:
lmрeratives
l
A.кarmрlеs
,,Come early and bring your insuranсe
1. Dirесt spеeсh statesthе еxaсt woгds a spеakеr l
Gard,,' said thе doсtor.
usеd.ln writing,use quotationmarks'
lndireсt spеeсh reportswhat a speakегsaid
without usingthe еxaсtwords.Тhеreare
no ouotationmarks.
2. Тhe reportlng verb (suсh as soy or telf) is
usua|lyin the simplepast tеnsеfor both diгeсt
and indirесtspeeсh.
mеntioned. Do not use tell.
3. Diгeсtspеесh impеrativеsuse the basе form of
thе verb. lndireсt spеeсh imperativеs use
the infinitivе to rеpoгt:
r Тhe doсtor to|d hеr to сome еarly and bring
hеr insurance сard.
DlпвстSpвгсн
l ,,DгinkWaгmmiIk,,,hе said.
lшptпвст
Spввсн
r Hе told hеr to drink warm milk.
Noт Hе +r{*tо<tt|.l-f,j.m
in thе morning.
a. instruсtions
DlпсстSpггсн
,,Comе ear|у,''hе said.
tг.iolпгст
5pггсн
He said to come еarly.
b. сommands
,,Ullait.,,
Hе told me to woit'
с. requests
,,Сouldyou p|easе
arrivе by 8:00?,,
Shе askеdhim
to orrive by 8:00.
d. invitations
"Could you join
us fo r lunсh?,,
She invitedme to ioin
thеm fo r |unсh.
DlпвстSpггсн
,,Don,t go.,,
lшotпвст
Spввсн
Hе to|d hеr пot to go.
4. Use a nеgativе infinitive (not + infinitive)
to reportnеgativeimperativеs.
5. ln indirесt spеесh, makе сhangеsto kеeplthе
speakeг,s
origina|mеaning.
a. Сhangе pronouns and possеssivеs.
r Hе said to Ann, ,,Tеllme your prob|em.,,
l He to|dAnn to tеll him her problеm.
b. Changе time phrases.
I ,,Ca||me tomorrow.,,
l She said to сa|l hеr thе neхt doу.
с. Change tftis and hеrе.
I ,,Signthis form hеrе.,,
r She told him to sign thаt form there,
it out!
Сheсk
For punсtuation rulеs for direсt speeсh, seе Appеndiх 25 on page 347.
For a list of сommon rеporting verbs, see Appеndix 13 on page 340.
For a list of common time word сhanges in indireсt speeсh,see Appendix 14 on pagе 340.
315
rfi'.lllr
ligii:!i
у'
316
l
Urзit 7ё
o Rеod this orticlе аbout slеep disordеrs,Сirclе oll thе reporting vеrbs,
lDЕNтlFY
IJndеrlineoncе аIl thе direct impеrotivеs,Undеrline twice oll thе indirect imperotives,
1"3:j-T,l3oс
ТurninE
Bеing an insomniaс mysеlf,I askеd
Dr. Thoгpс for Somе suggеstions. Hе told mе
to stop drinking сoffее. Hе said to havе a
slееp? Y)tt'fе not alonе. Мillions of
fan't
pеoplе arе up tossing and turning
\
warm glass of milk instеad...A lot of old-
instеad of gеtting thеir zzzz,s. Dr. Ray
сarbоhydratс snaсk likе abanana bеforс you
Thorpе, Dirесtor of thе Slсеp Disordсrs
go to bсd''' hс said. But hе advisсs patiеnts
think that loss of slееp
Cliniс, @,..Don't
is iust a minor inсonvеniеnсе.'' During an
not to сat a hеavy mеal bсforе turning in for
thе night. \Иhat about ехеrсisе? ..Rеgulaг
intеrviсw hе @mс
fashionеd rеmеdiсs work. Havе a lrigh-
ехеrсisе hеlps, but don't ехсrсisе too сlosе
to think abollt what
ti..d Еvсry yеar up to 20o,000 сar aссidеnts
to bеdtimе,'' hе srrggеstеd. Finallу, hе told mе
not to dсspair. ..Don't Worfy about nсlt
arе сallsеd bу drowsy drivеrs. Thеn lrе
slееping.It's thе woгst tlring to do,,'hе said.
askеd mе to think abottt a frсеnt industrial
I don't know. Aftеr thinking about thosе
disastеr' Сhanссs arс that it was сausеd at
industrial aссidеnts.I doubt I'1l bе ablе to
lеast in part by slссp dеprivation.
slсеp at a|||
сan nappсn irpсopl@
сIIOOiEо Сonnie Sung visited Dr. Thorpe,sslеep clinic. Сomplеte her notеs with thе
correct words in porеnthesеs,
t,o arrive
Last wеek I visitеd. thе slеep сiiniс. Dr. Thoгpe сalied. and asked mе
at 8: 3 O
2 . ( t o n i g h t/ t h a t n i g h t )
.Hе
3 . ( s а i d/ t o t о ;
1 . ( a r r i v е/ t o a r r i v е )
mе to bring
4. (my / your)
ni$htshiгt and toothbгush. I arrived on sсhedulе. Thе teсhniсian, Juan Estrada,
invited me
5. (watсh/ to watсh)
7 . ( h е r е/ t h е r е )
TV in thе loun$e. Hе
6 . ( s a i d/ t o l d )
while thеy got my room ready. An hour latец
"Iuan
to relax
сamе baсk and
got me ready to slеep. He attaсhеd eleсt,rodes to my body and hooked mе up to a
machine. ..Could you pleasе
aсtivity, .Iuаrr instтuоted
me
8 . ( е x p | a i n/ t o e x p | a i n )
9. (do,/t / not ю)
mornin$. To my suгprise, I fell aslеep ri€ h t
?'' I asked. The maсhinе rесords bгain
leave the bеd until
10. (tom*.o* / th"
"е^t)
away. In the morning, Dr. Thorpe told me
that еxсept for some ie$ movements duгing the ni$ht, I have healthy slеep patteгns. He
advised me
1 l . ( g e t/ t o g е t )
some more exеrсise.
Е}irert
аnd
lndirert
speerh;
lrзlреrativсэs l
о Rеod the odvicе thot TV news commеntotorJohn Stosse/govе viewеrsobout
REWRIтE
thе сommon ond verу dongеrousproblem of fеelingslеepy whеn driving. Rewritе his
odvicе in indirect speech.
t. "Pull over and take a brief nap."
2. "Don't take a long nap."
He told them to pull over and take a brief nap.
He эaid no| to take a |ong nap,
3. ..Sing to уourselvеs.''
4. ..Turn your radiо to an annoying station.,,
5. ..Don,t drink сoffee.''
6. "Open your window."
7. *Let сold air in.''
8. ..Bе сareful when you stop your car,,,
9. ..Don,t stop on a desertеd rоadside.',
1o. "Don't drink and drive."
EDIT.Rеod this studеnt,sjournol еntrу,Find ond correctfourtеenmistаkеsin the
.Гhе
first mistаke is olreody corrеcted.Remеmberto
usе of indirеct impеrotivеs.
chеckpunctuotion!
c|аsstodау,Jиan
rеаdonеat hissIories'lt waEwondеrtцI'
|nwriting
АtГerclass,
thetеаcherinurtеd
'!}nnа а stor1
on
in clаssorхtlшееk,
|fowеvеr,
I o,skеdhеrnoto cа||
gdtingideаs,5hеsаidmе notto worYх1,
me nertweekbecацse
|'mhаvingIroцb|е
аnd
toJиan,aod| аskedhirntettmethеsoцrcе
shеsаidto waitfortwo
ItаIkеd
wеeks'Thеn
torуouridеаs'|1еsаidthсttheycamеtromhisdrеаms,
аndhе to|dmekeepа dreаm
intеrеsting,
mе,Чorеаdsomеot hisjoиrnal.,'
s'o
toridеаs'|]еinvitеd
lt wasverry
.1oиrna(
d:rеаms,
I аskedhimto grvеmesometipsonrеmembering
Hе saidge\tingа good
drеаmslornеаltеrа |ongpеriodot s|ееp,
s|ee?bеcацэеthе
|onger
night,s
|]еаIsoIeI|
meIo keeрrny-1oцrnаI
bуthe bеdаndto Wrrte
a55oooаs I wakeup,|1еsаidto nomovе
(lfyoи
tromthеslееptngposition,|1еа|sotoldmеto
dontthink
аboutthеdачаttirsI,
rnighttorgeIуoш:r
thinkаboutуourdау,чot,t
drеаms)Мostirnpoгtаntеuецnighthе
te||shimsetf
thatIo remеmbеr
morning'
hisdreаmstomorrow
З17
lndireсt Speech:
Statements (1)
iL |ooked qreaL Оn rne,
| | | ookэ
qr e aL on уou |
| , |||a k e t h е r na I I I
WPпlNт
Сhесk thе mon,sеxaсt words.
П ..It loоks great on yоu!''
t
DlRЕст sPЕЕсH
сHARтсHЕсl(
Сheck thе corrеct
аnswеrs,
What сan сhangе
whеn you go from a
direсt to an indirесt
statement?
..It looked great on mе!,,
I R.oo*r,*"
I
Suв;вст| vвпв
She
said,
П thе punсtuation
t
th" word ord'еr in
thе statеmеnt
П tь" vеrb tеnsе in
the statemеnt
П p'o.'ouns in thе
statement
l DlrrвстSтдтвмвшт
,,l likе the drеss.,,
,,Ibo ught it o n sа|е.,,
,,|,vеworn it twiсе.,,
lNDlRЕст sPЕЕсH
I R,oo*,.шс
| шouш/ l
Suв;встi Vвпв
She
told
said
l Pпoшouш| lшolпвстSтдтвмвшт
Jim
mе
shе liked the dr ess.
(thot)
shе had bo ught it o n salе.
she had worn it twiсе.
EхPREssж
Сirclе thе corrеct words to completе this sеntencе,
She said / told thе salеspеrson that she is / was going to buy thе drеss.
318
::9:::.:}.
:Р.:.::.T:
.::?::T.-.:l:.(]].
.:..?.1?...
.......
Жxpfi
aнatiсrжs
Gr*mъamar
Жx*rжрfr*s
1. An indireсt speесh statеmеnt гeportswhat a D tквст5pгвсн
spеakеrsaid without usinothе еxaсtwords.Thе l ,,|t,sa great drеss,,, hе said.
Sрввсн
woгd thot сan introduсethе indireсtstatеmеnt. lш o lп вст
l He told hег thot it was a grеat drеss.
r He told her it was a great dress.
thе listenегis not mеntionеd.Do not usе tell.
r Hе said that it was a grеatdrеss'
Noт Hе to{d+hаtit was a gгeat dress.
2. Whеn thе rеporting vеrb is in the simplе
past tеnsе, thе vеrb in the indirесtspeесh
statementis often in a diffeгеnttense from the
verb in the dirесt spеeсh statеmеnt.
DtпвстSpвгсн
Simp|еprеsent
lшotпвст
Spввсн
-+ Simple past
Presentprogrеssive -)
Past progressive
D t п в с тS p в в с н
| ш o t к в с тS p г в с н
,,It,sgrеat.,,
Hе said,
He said it wos gгеat.
,,l,m
lеaving.,,
Simplepast
---) Past pеrfeсt
,,I
Presеntpeгfeсt
-+ Past pеrfесt
He said to her,
,,|,ve neVеr liеd.,,
madе it.,,
Shе said shе wos leoving.
Hе said that hе hod modе it'
H е to |dhеr thаt
he hod nеvеr lied.
3. |n indirесtspеeсhthе verb tensе сhangе is
optional whеn rеporting:
a. somеthingsomеonehas just said
A: What did you just say?
B: I said l,m tir ed.o п | said I w as tir еd.
b. somеthingthat is still truе
r Riсk said the bank wаnts a сheсk.
r Riсk said thе bank wonted a сhесk'
G. a gеnеral truth or sсiеntifiс law
r She said that evеryonelies somеtimе.
r She said that evеrvonelied sometime.
4. When thе rеporting vеrb is in thе prеsent
tеnse, do not сhangethe verb tensеin
indirесtspeесh.
,'I r||n a milе every daу.,'
She says that shе runs a mile еvеryday.
5. Rrмпмввп!Сhangе pгonouns,timе expressions, t Ann to|d Riсk,,,l bought this dгesshеre.,,
this, and herе in indireсtspеесh to kеep the
t Ann told Riсkthat she had bought thot drеss
there.
spеakеr,s
oriфal meaning.
Сheсk
iI out!
For a list of сommon rеporting vеrbs, seе Appendix 13 on page 340.
For a list of сommon timе word сhangеs in indirесt spеeсh,sее Appеndix 14 оn page 340.
32O r unit ?3
о Reаd this аrticle obout lуing. Сirclе oll the rеporting vеrbs, Underline once аIl
lDЕNтlFY
thе direct stotemеnts.Underlinе twice аll thе indirеct stotеments,
N.FЕR
},'o*
THЕ TRUТH A BOU'TtYl }|G BY,'N
At q.oоRiсk Spivak'sbаnk phonеd and@)that his сredit саrd paУmentwas latе.
,.Thесhесk is in thе mail,''кiсk@ПеЪq,i.кly. лt l tит кi.к ьrt ro' . lzю
иg
aсross town.Arriving late, Riсk told his сlient that traffiсhad bееn bad. That evеning,
Riсk'sfianсёеWorеa new drеss.Riсk hatеd it. ,.|tlooks |ustgrеaton you,''hе said.
Threе lies in one day! Yet Riсk is just an ordinaryguу.Еaсh timе, hе told himsеlfthat
somеtimеsthе truth сausestoo many problеms.He told himsеlfthat his fianсёеWas
fеelinggood about hеr purсhase.Why should hе hurt hеr fееlings?
Is tеlling lies a nеw trеnd? тhе maiorityof people in a rесеntsurvеysaid that pеople
Wеrеmorе honеst ten уears ago.Neverthеless,lying wasn'trеally born yеstеrday.ln the
еightееnthсеntury,thе FrеnсhphilosophеrVauvenarguеstold the truth about lying
whеn hе wrotе. ..Allmеn arе born truthfuland die liars.''
сOilIPIfIЕo Reod this mogozine orticlе. Сompletе it with thе сorrесt words in porеnthеses.
.,Lyingduring a
said
iob intеrviеwis risky businеss,''
' 1 .( s a i d
/ told)
dirесtor of a managеmеntсonsultingfirm. ..Thеtruth alwaуs
Мarta Tolеdo'
2 . ( h a s/ h а d )
a funny
way of сomingout.''Tolеdo tеlls the story of onе Womanapplying for a iob as аn offiсe
mаnagеr.Тhе woman
5. (has / had)
6. (l / shе)
3 . ( s a i d/ t o l d )
thе intеrviеwеr
4. (that/ what)
shе
a B.A.dеgrеe.Aсtually,shе was еight сrеditsshort.Shе also said
7. (madе / had mаdе)
$30,000at hеr last |ob.Thе truthwas $5,000
lеss. Whеn thе intеrviеwеrсallеd to сheсk thе information,the appliсant'sformеr boss
told hеr that the appliсаnt
8 . ( h a s | i е d/ h а d | i е d )
. Anothеrappliсant,Gloria,rеpoгtеdthat
she-hеrсurrеntjobtoadvanсеhеrсarееr.Shеgotthenеwjob.
9 . ( i s q u i t t i n g/ w a s q u i t t i n g )
All wеnt wеll until thе сompany hirеd Pеtе,who had worked at Gloria'Sold сompany.
Pеte еventuallytold his boss that his old сompany
1 o . ( f i r е d/ h a d f i r е d )
Gloria.
The nеw сompanуfired hеr too, proving,onсe again,that it doesn't pay to liе.
lndireоt
Speech:
statemеПts i"l) r
REP0Rтo Liso ond Ben ore tolking obout Bеn,sjob seorсh, Use the verbs in porеnthеses
to rеport their conversotion.Mokе nесеssorуchonges in vеrbs ond pronouns.
l. Bшш: I'm sti]l looking for a job.
(tell)
He to|d her he waэ эti|| |ookinofor a job,
2. Lrsд: I just heard about a jоb at a sсientifiс researсh сompany.
(say)
3. Bвш: I majored in sсienсe at F'lorida Statе.
(saу)
4. Lrsд: They want somеonе with Somе еxperiеnсe aS a progтammer.
(tе1ll
5. Bвш: I work as a progTammеr for Data Systеms.
( t е l l)
6. Lrsд: They don't want a reсent сollege graduatе.
(say)
7. Bвш: I got my degтеe four years ago.
(tеll)
8. Lrsд: It sounds likе the right job for you.
(say)
ЕDlT.Rеod this studеnt,sessoу,Find ond correсt ten mistokesin thе usе of indirect
stotements.The first mistoke is olrеodу corrесtеd,
onсe when I was a teenageц I wеnt to my Aunt Leah's housе. Aunt Leah сolleсtеd
told
pottеry, and whеn I !!ot thегe, she s,a** mе that she wants to show me hег nеw bowl.
She to1d she has just bought it. It was beautiful. \ДГhenAunt Lеah went to answeг the
dooц I piсked up the bowl. It sШppеd fгom my hands and smashed to pieces on the floor.
\AГhеnAunt Lеah сame baсk, I sсгeamed and said what the сat had just broken your
new bowi. Aunt Lеah got this funny look on hеr faсе and told me that it isn't important.
I didn't slеep at ali that ni$ht, and thе nеxt mornln$,
I сa1led mдr aunt and сonfessеd
that I have broken hеr bowl. She said I had knoтлm that a1l along. I pгomised that
I am going to buy heг a new one somеday. Wе still laugh about thе story today.
321,
lndirect Speeсh:
Statements (2)
WжPЙINT
Сhеck thе wеothеr forecostеr,s
exaсt words,
П ..Itwould be windy.''
П ..It will be wind.v.''
сI]ARтсHEсI(
Сhеck the modols thot
do not chongе whеn
you go from dirеct to
indirect speech.
П will
DIREст sPEЕс}t
tt
; Rппoптlшс |
Suв,вст | Vвпв
i Dlпвст Sтдтrмвшт
П ought to
П might
Hе
said,
t
Ш must
П *ay
t
should have
"l'll leave now."
"l'm go ing to dr ive."
"Trafficmay be bad."
,,Shеmight
movе.,,
"H e Gan help."
,,Тhеyhavе to
stay.,,
,,Youmust
bе сaгеfu|.,,
,,Тhеyought
to buy battеriеs.,,
.,We
should havе left soonеr.,,
lNDlREсТ sPЕЕсH
Rвpoптlшс
| шouп7 |
Suв,вст Vвпв
5тдтвмвшт
| Pпoшouш
l tшolпвст
Hе
told
said
322
Jim
me
them
(thot)
hе would lеavе thеn.
he was going to drive.
tгaffiсmight bе bad.
she might mo vе.
hе сo uld hе|p.
thеy had to stay.
|/wеhad to be сarеful.
they ought to buy battеries.
thеy should havе left soonеr.
j:.ч:
Т:.Y}.
:P.Y::*:.чlilY
T::т.Jrj...-.Р.?.1
........(
EхPREss
#h:;'#j
RеodJim,swords. Сhеck the sentencethot correctlyrеportswhot he soid.
Jrм: ..I may move soon.''
t
;im said that I mav move soon.
П .ltm said that he might mоve soon.
6 в-aжъgтъжr Жжp**в*m**gнъ
s
Wжжжжpfl'*ж
1. As you leaгnеdin Unit 73, whеn thе reporting
vеrb is in the simple past tеnse, in thе
indireсtspеeсh statеmеntthе verb tеnse often
сh an gеs .
Dtпгст Spггсн
She said,
"lt's windy."
lшolпвст Spввсн
Shе said
it wos windy.
Modals ofiten сhange in indireсtspеесhtoo.
Dlпвст Spвгсн
will
-)
moy
must
-+
l ш o tп в сSтp в в с н
would
D tп встSpвгсн
I said,,,Тhеwinds
w ill be str o ng."
lш o tп гст
Spввсн
I saidthe w inds
would be stгong.
сould
Тhеy told us, ,,You
сan stay with us.,,
Thеy to|d us Wе
could stoy with thеm'
might
He said,"The storm
may last all night."
Hе said that thе storm
might lost all night.
had to
Shе to ld us,
,,Youmust lеavе.,,
She to ld us
we hod to leove.
D tп tстSpгвсн
"You should listen
to thе wеathег
rеport,,,hе to|d us.
lп o lп встSpr всн
Hе told us that wе
should listen to
thе wеathеrrеport.
2' Some vеrbs do not сhange in indireсtspеeсh.
a. Do not сhangе should, сould, might, and
ought to in indireсtspеесh.
b. Do not сhange thе past perfeсt in indirесt
speесh.
G. Do not сhangeverbsin presеnt and
past unreal сonditional sеntenсеsin
indireсtspеесh.
d. Do not сhange past modals in
indirесtspеeсh.
3. Rвмвмвtп!Change pronouns,timе phrаses,
here, and this in indirесtspeесh to kеep the
spеaker,s
originalmеaning.
"l had just moved
Shе saidshe
hеrе a wееk bеforе,,,
hod just movеd thеrе
she said.
a wеek bеforе.
,,|fl knеw,
Jim said if he knew,
I w o uld tell yo u."
he would tell me.
"lf I had known,
I would have told
УoU,,,said Iim.
H е said if hе
hod known, he
would hove told mе.
,,l should havе
lеft.,,
H e saidthat hе
should hove left.
I
I
,,|just got hеrе yеsterday.,,
Sam told me he had just gottеn thеre
the dау before.
324
I
vnit 74
сH00sЕо Rеod whot somеonerеported obout thе weother forеcost.Thеn сheck the
sentencеthot shows the wеаther forеcoster,sexасt words.
1 . She said it was going to be a terriblе storm.
П ..It was a terrible storm.',
И ..It,sgoing to be a terrible storm.''
She said the winds might rеaсh 170 miles pеr hour.
П ..The winds may rеaсh 170 miles pеr hour.',
t ..The winds would rеaсh 170 miles per hour.,'
She said thеre would be more rain the next day.
t ..Therе will bе more rain the neхt day.,,
t ..Thеre will be morе rain tomorrow.''
4. She told people that they shоuld try to lеavе the area.
t
t
..You should have tried to lеavе thе arеa.''
..You should try to leavе thе area.',
,,ТhеWeаthеrWatсh,,on Channеl 5
5. She said that they сould expeсt a lot оf damage.
..We сan ехpесt a lot of damage.''
t] ..We сould expесt a lot of damage.,,
t
REPaRто You ore in New York,lmoginе you hеord thеserumors obout o hurricаnе in
Florido уesterdaу ond уou orе rеporting thеm todoу. UseThey said to rеport the rumors.
1. ...Thе hurriсane will сhange dirесtion tonight.,,
Theуэaid that |he hurricanewou|dahangedireo|ionlaэt night.
2. ..It'sgоing tо pass north of hеre.''
3. ..It may beсome a tropiсal storm when it lands herе.,'
4. ..They had to сlose somе bridges yesterday beсause of high tidеs.''
5. ..Theywon't rеstore eleсtriсity until tomorrow.,,
6. ..Thе sсhools hеre mav be сlosеd for a whilе.''
7. ..We ought to use bottled water fоr a few days.,,
j3J..:.
!1g:::.?}.3Р.:...:j::
.?lil::.-:P.
.?.?1o.
...o..
REwRlтЕo Rеаd this intеrviеw with o mеtеorologist. Rеwritе his onswеrs os indirect
speech,Сhаnge verb tensеswhen possiblе.
1. Qз A hurriсane is just a bad storm, right?
A: To be a hurriсanе, a storm has to have winds of at least 74 miles per hour.
He эaid |hat,to be a hurricane,a э|orm had t.o havewindэ of a| |eaэt74 mi|eeper hour,
2. Q: Wе seem to bе having more of these big storms.
A: It's true, and they will probably beсome more frequent.
3. Q: Why is that?
A: The planet may be getting warmeц and that сan сause more severestorms.
4. Q: What rvent wrong aftеr the last storm?
A: Еmergenсy workers should have arrivеd muсh more quiсkly.
5. Q: Is there an upside to all this?
A: The new satellitеs will hеlp. If wе didn't have them, we wouldn't bе able to warn people.
o Reod Rito,s e-moil to hеr friend Emily. Find ond correct twеlvе mistokesin thе use
EDIT
of reportedspeеch, Thе first mistokе is olrеodу corrected.
Rе:Hurriсanе
4шж
We had some exсitementhere beсause of the hurriсanelast week.Jim's motherсa||ed
just beforethe storm.She said ,r."Е1i.tening to the weatherreportand that she was
worriedabout us. She told Jim that if you two weren'tso stubborn,We wiIIpaсk up and
leave immediately.
Jim's fathertold us how to get readyfor the storm.He said we should
have put tape on our windowsrightnow and that we oughtto fill the bathtubwithwater.
He also told Jim that we should buy a Iotof batteriesbeforethe storm hit tonight.Sue
сaIled.She said that her pIaсewas too сlose to the сoast and that she сouldn'tstay here.
She to|dme I wantedto stay with me and Jim. She said she shouIdсaIledus sooner.
l to|dher she shou|dсome rightnow.Тhen we listenedto the weatheradvisory,and the
foreсastersaid thatthe storm is goingto go out to sea. She said it won'thit this area at all!
lndireсt
Gluestions
ГAre.@] PпlNт
Сheck Mя Bеntley,seхaсt words,
П ..Why Were you still single?,'
П ..Why are you still single?''
Thе Stress Interview
DlRЕст SPЕECH: YEs/No QUЕsт|oNs
сl]ARтсIIEсI(I
Сirсlе T (Truе)or
F (FoIsе).
т
т
F
F
You сan leave
out if оr
whether in
indirесt уеslno
questions.
You do not
use do to form
indirесt уеslno
questions.
! п.oo*,,n"
I
Suв'вст i Vвпв
Hе
т
F
An indireсt
question always
ends in a
quеstion mark.
т
F
You do not
use do to
form indirесt
шh- questions.
YE,s/NoQUЕsтloNs
I R.oo*,.шс
| 1шouш/ l
Suв'встi Vвпв
He
askеd
| Pпoшouш)l lшolпвст Quвsтloш
(M elissa)
(hеr)
if
whether
she had any expегienсе.
she сould usе a сomputеr.
DIRE(т SPЕЕCH: l,t/},-QuЕsтloNs
Rвпoппшс|
Suв,вст Vвпв
| Dlпвст Quвsтloш
Hе
askеd,
,,Who told you about
thе job?,,
,,lA|hendo you want to staгt?,,
lNDlRЕ,сT sРЕЕсHzWH.QUЕsтloNs
I
I R.oo*r,*"I (Nouш/ l
Suв!вст | vвпв
Hе
326
,,Do you have any еXpегiеnсе?,,
,,Can you use a сomputеr?,,
INDIREсT SPЕЕCH:
сI|АRтсI]ЕсK
2
СirсIе T (Truе)or
F (Folse).
askеd,
i DtпвстQuвsтloш
askеd
l Pпoшouш)
Quвsтloш
| lшolпвст
(M еlissa)
(hеr)
who had told her about thе job.
when shе wanted to start.
tndireсt
Gluestions
EхPREssж
UnscrombIеthеse words to complеtе thе indirеct quеstion.
w h y o h е . j o b о his . quit о had
He asked him
r A,эсрЕ
*rзatiоnтs
6 ra*втgТ}a
Еxamрl*s
l. Use i{ whether, or whether or nat to form
indirесt уes/no quеstions.
DtквстSpггсн
l ,,Can you type?,, shе asked.
! ш o tп вст
5pвгсн
r Shе askеdif I сould typе.
r She askеd whethеr (or not) l сould tyPe.
Usдсв Noтt: Whether is more formal than if.
2. ln indirесt уes/no quеstions, the subjeсt
сomes beforethe veгb, the same as in
statemеntword order.
Beсausеof the statеmentword order,
do not usе do. does. or did to form
indireсtquеstions.
DtквстSpвгсн
l ,,Can I start tomoггow?,,
INDIREст
Sprгсн
r Hе askеdif hе сould start tomoггow.
Noт Hе askedсоtt}*hе*ta+ tomorrow.
DtпвстSpввсн
I ,,Does thе |ob provide bеnefits?,,
lNDlREст
Sprгсн
l He askеdif thе job providеd benefits.
No т H e askedфbеnefits.
3. Use question words to form indirесt
wh- quеstions.
DtпвстSpввсн
I ,,lAlhere is your offiсe?,, I askеd.
lш o lп вст
Spввсн
l l askеd where his offiсе was.
4. ln indireсt wh. questions, thе subjесtaIso
сomеs bеforethe verb as in statеments,and you
do not use do, does, or did.
DlпгстSpггсн
,,Why did you lеave
уour job?,,
IND|REсТ
Spггсн
r She askedme whу l had left my job.
NoтShеaskedmе@
ln indirесt wh. questions aboцt thе
subjeсt, thе quеstionword is the subjесtand
the vеrb fol|owsas in statеmentword oгder.
DlпгстSpввсн
l Bob askеd,,,Who got thе job?,'
Iшplпгст
Spввсн
r Bob askedwho had gottеп thе job.
5. Indirесt questions oftеn еnd in a period,
not a qu e s ti o nm a rk .
l l askеdwhу | didn,t get thе job.
No т lasked r
CheсkiI out! For a list of сommon verbs used tо report questions, seе Appendix 13 on pagе 340.
l
327
,
32a I unit zS
o Rеod this аrtiсIеobout strеssintеrviews.IJndеrlineаII thе indirеct quеstions.
IDENтIFY
Supposе, for ехamplе, that thеrе is an
aссidеnt in a nuсlеar po w er plant. Thе plant's
publiс r еlatio ns o ffiсеr must r еmain сalm
A fеw wееks ago, Мelissa Мorrow had a strеss
intеrviеw, onе whiсh fеaturеd tough, triсky
qu e st i o n s a n d n e g a ti v е e v a l u a t i o ns.Fir st,the
when rеportеrs ask how thе aссidеnt сould
havе happеnеd. вe awarе, howеver, that in
i nt е r v i е we r a s k e d wh y s h е с o u ldn't w o r k
under prеssure. Beforе shе сould answец he
somе сountries,Iike thе Unitеd Statеs, сеrtain
quеstions arе not allowеd unlеss thеy arе
askеd who had writtеn her appliсation lеttеr
for her. Melissa was shoсkеd, but shе handlеd
direсtly rеlatеd to thе iob. If your intеrviеwеr
asks how old you arе, you сan refusе to
hеrself vеry wеll. Shе askеd the intеrviеwеr
w h e t h е r h e wa s g o i n g to a s k h e r anу sеr io us
qu e sti o n s . T h e n s h е l e f t.
answеr. Thе intеrviеwеr also should not ask
whеthеr you are marriеd or how muсh monеу
Companiеs give strеss intеrviеws in order
to watсh how сandidatеs handlе prеssure.
yo u o W е. lf yo u think a quеstio n is impr o per ,
ask how thе question rеlatеs to thе iob. If it
doеsn't, you don't havе to answеr.
lлAтсl1. Сhеck thе dirеct questionsthot mаtch thе indirеct questionsin thе orticle.
t
1. Can you Work under pressure?
a
2. Who wrote your appliсation letter
for you?
П 3. Arе you gсling to ask me any serious
questions?
П д. Was there an aссident in a nuсlear
power plant?
t
5. How old are you?
П с. When Were you married?
t
7. Is the question improper?
REP0Rто Сloire,sfriend loime wonts to know oll obout hеr intеrview,Rеport
his quеstions.
1. ..What kind of job is it?,'
Hе aэked what kind of iob it waэ.
2. "When is the interview?"
3. ...Wherе,sthе соmp an:rу?',
4. ..Do you need direсtions?,'
5. ..HoW long dоes it take to get there?,,
6. ..Are you going tо drivе?',
7. "'Who's going to interview you?"
8. ...Whenwill they let yоu know?''
tndireеt Quеstlons
o Thesеquеstions Wеrеosked аt Cloirе,sinterviеw.Dеcidе which onеs
REWRITE
СIoirе osked ond whiсh onеs Pеtе, thе monаger, oskеd. Rеwritе eoсh question os
indirеct spеесh,
l. ..WЪat type of training is availablе for thе job?''
for the job,
C|aireaэked what tуpe of trainingwaэ avai|ab|e
2. ..WЪat kind of eхpеrienсe do you have?,'
?ete aэked what kind of experienceghe had,
3. .Arе you interviewing with other сompanies?''
4. ..What will my rеsponsibilities Ъe?,,
5. ,.How is job performanсe rewarded?''
6. "What was your starting salary at your last job?"
7. ..Did you get along well with your last еmployer?,,
8. ..Do you hire many wоmen?',
EDII. Rеod port of o mеmo on intеrviеwerwrotе,Find ond сorrecteight mistokesin thе
usе of indirесt quеstions.Thе first mistokе is olrеody corrected,Сheсk punсtuotion!
Inter.offiсe
П,Iemo
I did some stress questioning in m;r intегview with Carl Tren$ tШs morning. I asked
he couldn't
Mr. Tren€ why соrtrfirt't*tawork under pressuгe. I also asked him w}цr did his
supervisor dislike him. Finally, I inquired when he would quit the job with our
сompany? Mr. Trеng answered my questions сalmly, and hе had some еxсellent
questions of his own. He asked ..if We expeсted сhan$es on the job.'' He also want.ed
to know how often do we еvaluate employees. I was impгessed whrn he askеd why
did I deсide to join this сompany. I thlnk we should hire him.
t
329
Embedded
Gluestions
I wonder
Thе eеrvice
waoIerrible!| wonder
leave a tip.1-/
9erv|ae ю
included
what kind of
tip t,heэe guуa
ar e go ing
lo leave.
oo
^-->-162
i{tuJr
;шж-жPЙlNт
Сhесk thе quеstionsthe
peoplеhove.
Should wе lеavе a tip?
t
П Wu' thе serviсe any good?
t
д,e thesе guys going to leave
a tip?
П Is the serviсe inсludеd?
сI]АRT
сIIEсI(
Сircle T (True)or
F (False).
т
т
F
F
Embеdded
questions
alwavs end
with a period.
You сan usе thе
infinitive aftеr
whether or a
question word.
lt'AlN сLAUSE
Е]IiBЕDDEDQUEsтloN
l,m not surе
if l |eft thе right tip.
whether it was еnough.
Сan you remembеr
how muсh it was?
whеre we ate?
I don't know
whethеr to tip.
Do you know
how muсh to tip?
where to leavе thе tip?
EхPREss,ж#.##,
Punctuotе thеsеsеntеncеs.
A: Do you know how muсh to tipB: About l\vo. But I'm not sure wherе to leave the tip-
330
Еrчrbeddad
{B%
ffir жжwwжw
жr Жжp*
eуъ{eж&#
Жжжжвp**ж
l. ln Unit 75 уou lеaгnеdto usе indireсt
quеstions to rеportanotherperson,swords.
DtпгстQuвsтtoп
Should l tip?
lndirесtquestionsarе a kind of еmbedded
quеstion_onе thаt is inсludedin аnother
sеntenсe.Тhis unit disсussesеmbeddеdquеstions
that do not report anothеr person,swords.
2. lf thе embeddedquestionis in a statemеnt,
use a periodat the еnd of thе sentеnсe.lf the
еmbeddеdquеstionis in a question/ use a
questionmark at thе end of thе sеntеnсe.
*шestitэtъs
l
lшotпвст
Quгsтtoш
Hе askеdif hе should tip.
ЕмввooгoQuвsтloш
Do you know whethеr
l should tip?
= Sтдтвмвшт
Mдtп Sвштвшсв
l I don,t know who our sеrvегis.
= Quвsтtoш
MдtшSгштвшсг
l Do you know who our sеrvеris?
3. We oftеn usе еmbеdded quеstions to
a. expгеsssomethingwе do not knovY.
l l wondeгwhy he didn,t tip the mесhaniс.
b. ask politе|yfor information.
l Can you tell mе if thе tip is inсludеd?
Usдсl Noтв:With strangегsor in a forma|
situation,an еmbеddеdquеstionis сonsidегеd
morе poIitеthan a dirесtquestion.
LвssFoпмдrl Does our bi||inсludea tip?
Moпг Poltтt
l Can yo u tel|mе if o ur bill inсludes a tip?
4. lntroduсеembedded yes/no questions with
if, whether, or whethеr or not.
Usдсв Noтп: Whether is more foгmal than if.
r Do you know if he tips?
r Do you know whеther (or not) he tips?
lntroduсeembeddеd wh- questions with a
ouеstionword'.
l Many touristswondеr how muсh they should
tip their rеstaurant sеrver.
You сan a|souse thе infinitivе aftera quеstion
word or whether.
r Many touгistswondеr how much to tip.
l Somе wondеr whether to tip at a||.
if or whу.
5. Bв сдпвrur! Use statеment word ordеr
in all embeddеd questions.
Noт Wе wondеrеd iiф1t*o-{еаve+ttР.
r Could you te||me whеre they are?
Noт Could you tеll mе иAеte*+е*hеу?
Do not lеavе out if or r,yhetherinembеdded
уеs/noquestions.
r Cou|d you tе||me if it is 6:00 yet?
Noт Сould you tell me iэiЕ6..€ Ф уеt?
Do not use do. does, or did in embedded
questions.
r I don't know when the pizza Game.
Noт | don,t know
СheсkiI out!
For a list of сommon phrases introduсing embeddedquestions' see Appendix 15 on page 340.
331
332
r
Unit 76
о Rеod this onlinе od for thе book Tips on Tipping. IJndеrlinethe
IDENTIFY
еmbeddedquestions,
:T..
lРs on llppnq
By IквхвFкдшквt(МnктrшUшltмtтгo,lшс.)
This Ьook is for you if . . .
you've evеr avoideda situationjust Ьесauseyou didn,t know how muсh to tip.
you've evеr rеalized(too [ate)that you Weresupposеdto offer a tiP.
you'veevеr givena hugеtip and thеn wondеrеd if a tip was neсеssaryat all.
you'vееvеr needеd to know how to сalсu[atethе righttip instantly.
you'renеw to the Unitеd Statеsand you'renot sure who you shoutdtip here.
youU likе to learn how tipping properly сan get you thе Ьеst sеrviсefor your monеy.
What rеaders arе sayiПt . . .
,.l
сan't imaginehow I got along without it!, Сhris Sаrton,Мinnеаpolis
..Тakе
Тips along if you want a stress-freеvaсation.,,Мidori otаkа, Оsаko,Jаpаn
Сtiсk hеrе to sеnd for thе ultimotе guidе to tippingl .E
o Сomplеtе thеsеquеstionsobout tipping сustoms.Сhonge the direсt
REWRIтE
quеstionsin pаrеnthеsesto еmbeddеdquеstions.Use thе infinitivewhenеvеr
possible. Usе corrеctpunctuotion.
1. Can you tell mе whether
to lip ln Canada?
( S h o u l dl t i p i n С а n a d а ? )
2. I,m going to Franсе. Please ехplain
3. Can you tеll mе
( H o w с a n I t е l |i f t h е t i p i s i n с | u d е di n t h е b i | | ? )
( W h y d i d s е r v i с еp е o p | еi n I с е | а n dr е f u s еm y t i p s ? )
4. I'm moving to Japan. I'd like to know
5. We're visiting Australia. Pleasе tell us
( H o w m u с h s h o u | dI t i p a i r p o r tp o r t е r s ? )
( W h o е x p е с t sа t i p а n d w h o d o е s n , t ? )
6. r,m vaсationing in Norway. I'd like to know if
7. I tоok a job in China. I neеd to know whether
8. In Gеrmany the tip is inсludеd. I don't know whеthеr
( S h o u I dI t i p m y s k i i n s t r r . r с t o r ? )
( l s t i p p i n gs t i l li l l е g а |t h е r с ? )
( S h o u I dI t i p а n y w a y ? )
Еmbe<Jded
Questiоns
сIlOOsE& REwRlтEo Two foreign еxchаngе studеntsore visiting Wаshington, D,С,
Сomplеtе their conversotions,Сhoose thе oppropriаtе quеstionsfrom the box ond
chongе them to еmbеddedquеstions.Remembеrto punctuotеthе sentеncesсorrесtly.
How muсh should wе tip thе taxi drivеr?
Could wе rent a сar and drive?
Where сan wе buy metro tiсkеts?
1.
Where is thе Smithsonian Museum?
What did thеy put in the sauсe?
М
Мдвтд: We're going to the Hotel Edison. Do you know
whеrеit, iэ?
Dвryдв: Sure. Gеt in and I,ll take vou there.
i
2.
Mruкr: (ulhispering) Do you know
Mдвтд: Aссording to the book, we,re supposed tо leave 10 tо 15 perсent. I've got it.
3.
Mдвтд: Exсuse me. Can you tеll me
oгr.lсвв:
4.
Sure. Just turn right at the сorner. You,ll see it right away.
Mruкr: I'd like to take thе mеtro to the zoo, but I don't know
Мдвтд: Probably right in the station.
5.
Mдвтд: I want to visit Williamsburg. Do yоu think
Mruкr: Let,s find out. That sounds like fun.
6.
Mдвтд: This is deliсious. Let,s try to find out
Mruкr: It tastes like ginger and garliс to mе.
EDII. Reod this entry from Morto,sjournol, Find ond correctsеvеnmistokesin the
usе of еmbеddеdquеstions.Thе first mistoke is аlrеodу corrected.Rеmеmberto
chеckpunctuotion!
Whеn you live in а foreign сountrу еVеnа smаll oссаsion сan Ьe an advеntuге!Beforе my dаte
| эhou|d
with Jаnеk tonight I didn't evеn know whаt dtоиlф+wеаr! Jeans? А dress? JohnЪ GrTllTsnTа
fancу гestаиrant but it was JаnеkЪ birthday and I wаntеd to mаkе Тt a big oссasion. MiukTwas
vеry helpfиl,а3 alwаys.l knеw how to gеt to JohnЪ GrTll,but l didn't know how long it was goTng
to takе fo gеt thеrе? l lеft at 6:00, whiсh should havе givеn mе plеnty of timе, but whеn l got
off thе bus, I wаsnt surе If to turn lеft or right. l аskеd а poliсе offiсеr whеre wаs JohnЪ, аnd
I wаs only а fеw minutеs late. l hаd plannеdto takе Jаnеk out foг a spесiаl dеssеrt аfterwаrd,
bиt l сouldn't rеmembеr how I to find thе plасе Мiиki hаd sиggеstеd,and Jаnеk hаs bееn herе
evеn less timе than mе. (Аnywaу'the dеssеrts аt JohnЪ tиrned oиt to bе vеry good.)Then,
whеn we got thе bill' l wаs wondеring whether to tip or no.I had to аsk Jаnеk did he know.
Гortuna|ely' hе hаd rеаd Tips on Tipping,so hе told me to lеavе aЬout |5o/o.
t
333
SelfТest
0шв
ffil
Сirclе the lеttеr of thе corrеct onswеr to complеtе еаch sеntence,
Еxдшtptt:
Jennifer never
(A) drink
(B)drinks
A@с
сoffee.
(C) is drinking
{D}was drinking
1. ..You look bеautiful in that dress.',
Last night she told me bеautiful in that dress.
(с) I,l1look
{A}you look
(B)you looked
(D)I looked
ABсD
2. We'd better find out
(A) if
tB)does
ABсD
the train lеft.
(C)has
(D)did
3 . -Should
we turn lеft or go straight?
-Hmm. I,m not sure whiсh way
(A) dо we turn
(C) should wе turn
(B)to turn
(D)it turned
..Why
4.
don,t you join us for сoffee, Don?,,
After thе movie, we asked Don
us for сoffee.
(A) wоuld hе jоin
(С)to join
(B)why he didn't join
tD)for joining
5 . "We must leave immediately!"
When the fire alarm rang, our tеaсher said
(C)not to
tA) we had to
(B)we have to
(D)he must
leave immediately.
6. "Today is the happiest day of my life."
At the reсeption last night, the groom said
of his life.
(A) today was
(C)yеsterday was
(B)that day is
(D)today is
7. I wonder who
(A) our waiter is?
(B)is our waiter.
8. ..Plеase don,t leavе
(C) our waitеr is.
(D)is our waiter?
уour boots in the hall.,'
Мymоtherisa1waystellingme-bootsintheha1l.
(C)to not leave my
{A)not tо leavе my
(B)not to leave your
(D)don't leave my
334
the happiеst day
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
D
Se|fТest
9. "Hi, Bob. Did you take the job?"
the job.
Bob's friend asked him -(A) did he take
(с) if he had taken
(D)had he takеn
(B)did you take
10. ..Weather patterns сhange.''
Experts now say that weather patterns
(с) had сhanged
(A) сhanged
(D)сhangе
(B)are сhanging
XV
t
335
ABсD
ABсD
|ffiNlтW0
Еoсh sentеncehos four undеrlined words or phroses. The four underlinedports
of the sеntеncеаrе mаrkеd A, B, С, аnd D, Сirclе thе lettеr of thе onе undеrlinеd
word or phrosе thot is NoТ сoRRЕст,
Exдшtptп:
Мike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks.
ABсD
A B сo
11. The teaсhеr said the сlass that hot air rises and сold air sinks.
ABсD
12, I asked Sean how to pronounсe his name?
ABсD
t 3. Gerry сalled last wеek and said that hе nеeded the report right now.
A
B с
D
14. Two days ago, the weather foreсaster warned us that a tornado is сoming.
A
B с
D
15. Sandy сalled from Miami duringthe storm and said she was swimminghеre.
A
B с
D
16. Do }zouknow if or not we nееd to bring our passports?
ABсD
17. Shе didn't know !f to tip, so shе asked me what to do.
ABсD
18. Ron said that hе wasn't Surе' but the storm might stop already.
ABсD
19. I'd like lоbsteц but the menu doesn't say how muсh does it сost.
ABсD
20. Lin alшayg says that hе ran a milе еvery da}r these days.
ABсD
21. Could you tell me when thе nеxt train leavеs and where to buy tiсkеts-.
ABсD
22. 1If you сan wait a few minutes ,-I will give you a ride._Rhoda said.
ABсD
23. Jim wants to know сould }zouсall him and tell him wherе to meеt you.
ABсD
24. The dentist said to brush thrее times a day and don,t eat сandy.
ABсD
25. At the intеrviеw they askеd mе when сan you start work-'-
ABсD
AвсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
Appendiсes
lrregular
Bдsв
Foвм
arise
awake
be
beat
beсome
begin
bеnd
bеt
bite
bleed
blow
break
bring
build
burn
burst
buy
сatсh
сhoose
с|ing
сome
сost
сrеep
сut
deal
dig
dive
do
draw
drеam
drink
drive
еat
fаll
fеed
fеel
fight
find
fit
flеe
fling
flv
forbid
forget
forgive
freezе
get
give
go
336
Slмpl.в
Verbs
Pдsт
arose
awoke
was/were
bеat
beсame
began
bеnt
bet
bit
blеd
blew
broke
brought
bu i l t
burned/burnt
burst
bought
сaught
сhose
с| u n g
сame
сost
сrept
сut
dеalt
dug
dived/dove
did
drеw
dreamed/dreamt
drank
drove
аte
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fit
fled
flung
flew
forbаde/forbad
forgot
forgave
froze
g0t
gavе
Wеnt
Pдsт
Pдвтlсlpl.в
аrisen
awoken
bеen
bеaten
bесome
begun
bent
bet
bitten
bled
blown
broken
brought
built
burnеd/burnt
burst
bought
сaught
сhosen
с |u n g
с0me
с0st
сrеpt
сut
dеaIt
dug
dived
done
drаwn
dreamed/dreamt
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fit
fled
flung
flown
forbidden
forgotten
forgiven
frozеn
gotten/got
given
gone
Bдsв
Foвм
gr ind
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
ho ld
huгt
keep
kneеl
knit
know
lay
leаd
leap
lеavе
lend
|еt
lie(liedown)
light
lose
make
mеan
meеt
pay
prove
put
quit
rеad/rid/
ride
ring
rise
run
say
sеe
seek
sell
send
set
sew
shakе
shave
shinе
shoot
show
shrink
shut
sing
Slмpьв
Pдsт
ground
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knеlt
knit/knitted
knew
laid
led
leapt
left
lent
|еt
Iay
liUlighted
lost
made
meant
mеt
paid
provеd
put
quit
readirеdl
rodе
rаng
rose
ran
said
saw
sought
sold
sеnt
set
sewed
shook
shaved
shonе
shot
showed
shrank/shrunk
shut
sang
Pдsт
PдвтIсlplв
ground
grown
hung
had
hеard
hidden
hit
held
huгt
kept
knelt
kniVknitted
known
laid
led
leapt
|еft
lеnt
let
lain
lit/lighted
lost
made
meant
mеt
paid
provediproven
put
quit
read/rеd/
ridden
rung
risеn
run
said
sееn
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn/sеwed
shaken
shaved/shaven
sho ne
shot
shown
shrunk/shrunken
shut
sung
Bдsв
Foвм
s i nk
sit
sleеp
slide
speak
speed
spend
spi l l
spin
spit
split
sprеаd
spring
stand
steа|
stiсk
sting
stink
strike
swear
Slмpцв
Pдsт
sank
sat
slept
slid
spokе
spеd
spent
spilled/spilt
spun
spit/spat
split
spreаd
sprang
stood
stole
stuсk
stung
stank/stunk
struсk
swore
Pдsт
Pдптlсlpцв
sunk
sat
slеpt
slid
spoken
sped
spеnt
spiIlеd/spilt
spun
spat
split
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuсk
stung
stunk
struсk
sworn
Bдsв
Foвм
sWеep
swim
swing
take
teaсh
tear
tell
think
throw
understand
upset
wakе
wear
weave
weep
w in
wind
withdraw
wring
write
Slмpl.в
Pдsт
swept
swam
swung
took
tаught
torе
told
thought
threw
undеrstood
upset
wokе
wore
Wovе
wept
won
wound
withdrew
wrung
wrote
Pдsт
Pдптlсlpl.в
swept
swum
swung
tаken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
upsеt
woken
worn
woven
wept
w0n
wound
withdrawn
wrung
written
Gommon Non-aсtion (Stative) Verbs
Eмoтloшs
admi r е
аdore
apprесiate
сare
detest
dislike
doubt
envy
feаr
hate
l i ke
love
regret
respeсt
trust
re
ыr
|Т
Mвштдl. Sтдтвs
agrеe
KnoW
assume
mean
beliеve
mind
сonsider
presume
disagree
reа|ize
disbe|ieve
reсognize
еstimate
rеmembеr
еxpeсt
see(understand)
feel(believe) suppose
find
suspесt
guess
think(be/ieyе)
hesitаtе
understand
imаgine
wonder
Wдштs дшo
Pпвгвпвшcвs
hope
nеed
prеfеr
Wаnt
wish
Pввcвpтloш
AND тнЕ Sвшsвs
feе|
hеar
notiсe
obsеrvе
perсeive
see
smell
taste
Appвдвдшсв
дшo Vдluв
appеar
0e
сost
equal
feel
look
matter
rеpresent
resеmble
seem
signify
smеll
sound
tаstе
weigh
Possвsstoш
дшo RвцдтloNsнtP
belong
сontаin
havе
own
po5sеs5
Gommon verbs Followed by the Gerund (Base Form of Verb + -ing|
aсknowledge
admi t
advise
аppreсiatе
avoid
сan,thеlp
сeIebrate
сonsider
delay
deny
dеtest
disсontinuе
disсuss
dislikе
en0ure
enjoy
esсape
explаin
fеe|like
finish
forgive
giveup (stop)
imagine
justify
keep(сontinue)
mеntion
mind(obiесtto)
mlss
postpone
praсtiсe
prevenт
prohibit
pr0p0se
quit
reсаll
reсommеnd
regret
rеport
resent
resist
risk
suggеst
support
tolerate
understаnd
337
Gommon Verbs Followed by the lnfinitive (Тo + Base Form of Verb)
afford
сan(,t)
сan(,t)wait
сhoosе
с0nsent
deсide
deserve
аfford
agrее
appеаr
arran9e
ask
аttеmpt
eХpeсt
fail
grow
h е |p
hesitаte
hope
promise
refuse
request
Seem
struggle
swear
nеgIeсt
offеr
pay
plan
prеparе
prеtеnd
hurry
intend
|еarn
managе
mean
nееd
voIunteеr
wait
Wаnt
w ish
would|ikе
yearn
Verbs Followed by Objects and the lnfinitive
сh a| |e n g e
сhoose*
сonvinсe
e nаb I e
advisе
a llow
a sk*
сause
еnсourаgе
expeсt*
forbid
forсe
get
he|p*
hirе
invite
pеrsuadе
promise*
remind
request'
neеd*
order
pay'
permit
rеquIre
teaсh
tell
urgе
want*
warn
wish*
w o u|dI ikе*
*Тhesеverbs саn a|sobе fo||owedby the infinitivewithout an objeсt (eхаmp|е:ask to leave or ask someoneto leave)'
Gommon Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the lnfinitive
begin
сan,tstand
сontinuе
forget*
|ovе
prеfer
hаte
like
remember*
start
stop'
try
*Тheseverbs сan bе followed by eithеr thе gеrund or thе infinitivebut there is а big differenсein meaning.
Common Verb + Preposition
admi t o
advisеagainst
аpo|ogizе
for
approvе
of
believе
in
сhoosebetwеen/
among
сomp|ain
about
Gombinations
сounton
deа|with
dreamabout/of
feellike/about
common Adieсtive + Preposition
aссustomеd
to
afraidof
amаzedat/by
аngryat
ashamеd
of
awareof
awfulat
bаdat
boredwith/by
сapаble
of
сarefuI
of
сonсerned
about
сontent
with
сurious
about
diffеrent
from
exсitedаbout
Gommon Adieсtives
afrаid
alarmed
amazed
angry
аnxious
ashamed
сurious
de|ighted
plano n
relyon
resortto
suссеed
in
talkabout
thinkаbout
wonderabout
worryabout
Gombinations
famousfor
fedupwith
fondof
glаdabout
goodat
happyabout
interestеd
in
nervous
about
opposеd
to
pIeasеd
аbout
readyfor
rеsponsib|е
for
sаdаbout
safefrom
satisfiеd
with
shoсked
aUby
srсkof
slowat
sorryfor/аbout
surprised
at/about/by
tеrribIe
аt
tiredof
usedto
worried
about
that Gan Be FolIowed by the lnfinitive*
deprеssed disturbеd enсouraged happy
dеterminеd eager
еxсited
hesitant
disappointed
eаsy
fortunatе likеly
distressed еmbarrassеd
g|аd
|uсky
*Exаmp|e:l,m happу to hear that'
338
insiston
lookforwardto
objeсtto
payfor
pleased
proud
rеаdy
rе|ieved
re|uсtant
sad
shoсked
so r r y
surprised
touсhed
upset
w illing
ffi
lrregular сomparisons of Adieсtives, Adverbs' and Quantifiers
Ao.lвстlvв
bаd
far
good
little
lot of
many/a
|otof
muсh*/а
Aovввв
badly
far
we l l
Iitt|е
|o t
m u с h * /a
SupепI.дтlvв
worst
farthеst/furthеst
best
|еаst
most
most
Goмpдвдтlvв
w0rse
farther/furthеr
bettеr
lеss
morе
m0re
*Muсh is usuа||yon|y used in questionsand negativestatеmеnts.
ffi
Gommon PaЁiсipial Adjectives
-ed
al аr me d
аmazed
amused
annoyed
astonished
bored
сonfusеd
dеprеssеd
disаppointеd
disgusted
distrеssed
ffi
-lng
a |а rm i n g
amazing
aгnusing
annoying
astonishing
boring
сonfusing
depressing
disappointing
disgusting
distressing
-ed
disturbed
embarrassed
entertainеd
exсited
ехhausted
fasсinated
frightened
horrified
inspired
interested
irritatеd
-ing
disturbing
embarrassing
entertaining
exсiting
exhausting
fasсinating
frightening
horrifying
inspir ing
interesting
irritаting
-ed
movеd
paraIyzеd
pleased
relaxеd
sаtisfied
shoсked
surprised
terrified
tired
touсhеd
troubled
-ing
moving
paralyzing
pleаsing
relaxing
satisfying
shoсking
surprising
terrifying
tir ing
to uсhing
troubling
Some Adieсtives that Form the Gomparative and SuperIative in TWo Ways
Ao.lвстlvв
сommon
сruel
deadly
friendly
han ds omе
hаppy
likely
lively
lonely
lovely
narrow
pleasant
polite
qu i e t
shа| l ow
sinсere
stupid
true
Goмpдвдтlvв
/ morесommon
сommOner
/ morесruе|
сruelеr
/ morеdeadly
deadlier
/ morefriеnd|y
friеndliеr
/ morehаndsomе
handsomеr
/ morеhappy
happier
/ moreIikely
Iikе|ier
/ morelively
livelier
/ morelonely
lonelier
/ morelovе|y
IoveIier
/ morenarrow
narrower
pleasanter
/ morepleasant
po|itеr
/ morеpolite
quiеter
/ morequiet
/ moreshallow
shallower
/ moresinсere
sinсerer
/ morеstupid
stupider
truеr/ moretrue
Supвпl.дтlvв
/ mostсommon
сommonest
/ mostсruе|
сrue|est
/ mostdeadly
dеadliеst
/ mostfriend|y
friеndIiest
/ mosthandsome
handsomest
/ mosthаppy
happiest
/ mostlikely
likeliest
/ mostlively
liveliest
/ most|onе|y
|onе|iest
/ mostIovely
loveliest
/ mostnarrow
narrowest
p|eаsantest
/ mostp|easant
politest
/ mostpo|itе
quiеtеst
/ mostquiet
/ mostshаllow
sha||owest
/ mostsinсere
sinсerеst
/ moststuPid
stupidest
truest/ mosttruе
339
Gommon RepoЁing
Sтдтвмвштs
aсknowlеdgе
аdd
admit
announсe
ansWеr
argue
assert
beIiеve
Quвsтloшs
ask
inquir e
quеstion
wantto know
wonder
тime Word Ghanges in lndireсt Speeсh
Dlпвст Spввсн
-)
now
-Э
today
-+
tomorrow
-+
yestеrday
ihisweek/month/yearJ
lastweek/month/year-+
_)
nextwееk/month/year
lшotввст Spввсн
then
that day
thе nextday oпthe followingday oпthе dаy after
thе day beforеoкthe prеviousday
that weеk/monthlyear
beforе
the week/month/year
the followingweek/month/year
Phrases lntroduсingЕmbedded Questions
ffiCommon
I don'tknow. . .
.' .
l don,tundеrstand
l w o n d e r. .
l,mnotsurе' . .
...
| сan'tremеmbеr
' .'
l саn,timagine
say. . .
|tdoеsn't
l,d|ikеto know. . .
...
I wantto understand
l,d|ikеto findout. . .
Wе needto findout . . .
Let,sаsk...
D oy o uk n o w . . ?
Doyouundеrstand...?
Сanyoute||mе. . . ?
Сouldуouexp|ain...?
Саnyouremember...?
Wouldyoushowme . . . ?
Whoknows...?
and Еxpressions commonly Used Reflexively
amuseoneself
аskonesеlf
availonеselfof
be hardon onesеlf
be onesеIf
withonesеlf
be pleased
bе proudof oneself
340
lшsтпucтloшs,coммANDs
Rвouвsтs' AND lшитдтloшs
invitе
advisе
order
ask
sаy
сaution
сommаnd tеll
urge
dеmand
Warn
instruсt
indiсatе rеply
с|aim
сomp|аin mаintain report
say
сonсlude mean
stаte
note
сonfess
suggеst
observe
deсlarе
promise tell
deny
Warn
remark
exсlaim
write
repeat
exp|аin
ffiCommon
ffiVerbs
Verbs
bеhavеoneself
in oneself
believe
onеsеlf
bIamе
сutonеsеlf
of
onеsеlf
deprivе
dryoneself
еnjoyonesеlf
fеelsorryforonеsеlf
forgivеonеsеlf
givеonеself
hеlponesеlf
hurtonesеlf
onеse|f
imaginе
oneself
introduсe
keеponese|f
killoneself
lookafteroneself
Iookаt onese|f
on
prideoneself
pushoneself
onesеlf
rеmind
seeonesеlf
tаkeсareof onese|f
talkto onesеlf
teaсhoneself
telloneself
treatonesеlf
washonеsеlf
Some Common Phrasal Verbs
(s.o._someonеs.t'= somethin9)
(go afters't,)'
Noтв1: lnsepаrablephrasalverbsarеshownwiththeobjeсtaftеrthepaгtiсle
(calls'o'up),
thеvеrbandthepartiс|e
Separablephrasalverbsаreshownwiththeobjeсtbеtween
(-) (dos.t.oyer).
areshownwithan аsterisk
Verbswhiсhmustbe sеparated
thеverbandthеpartiсlе
Noтв2: Sеparablephrasalverbsсanhavethenounobjeсteitherbetweеn
a l l J a un p 0 R с a l lu p J а n ) .Т h e sever bsmust,ho w evеLbesepar atedw henthеr e
or aft e r t he par t i(сс|e
is a pronoun
objeсt(callherup N0Т
Pнвдsдl. Vввв
ask s.o.over
bloсk s.t.out
blow s.t.out
blow s.t.up
blow (s.t.)up
break down
breakout
brings.t.about
brings.o'or s.t.baсk
brings.o.down
bring s.t.out
brings'o.up
burn(s.t.)down
сall (s'o.)baсk
сall s.t.off
сall s.o'up
сarryon s't.
сarrys.t.out
саtсhon
сheer(s.o')up
сlеan(s.o.or s.t.)up
сlear(s.t.)up
сomeabout
сomealong
сome baсk
сome in
сome off s't.
сomеout
сomeup
сome up with s.t.
сovers.t.up
сrosss.t.out
сut s.t.down
сut s.t.off
сut s.t.out
do s.t.over
dreams.t.up
dressup
drink s.t'up
dropby/in
Mвдшlшс
inviteto one'shome
through(light,noisе)
stopfrompassing
blowing
stopburningbу
fillsomething
withair(aballoon,
a watertoу)
(makes.t')eхplode
stopfunсtioning
oссursuddenlу
mаkesomething
happen
returnsomeone
or something
dеpress
(anewproduсt,a book)
introduсe
raise(сhildren)
burncompletelу
returna phonесall
сanсel
tе/ephone
50meone
сontinue
сonduсt
popular
beсome
(makesomеone)feel
happier
сleanсompletelу
makeor beсome
сlear
happen
aссompanу
return
enter
beсomeunattaсhed
appear
arise
invent
сoverсompletelу
drawa linethrough
bringdownbу сutting
1' stopthesupplуof something
2. removebу сutting
removebу сutting
do again
invent
put on speсial
or formalсlothes
drinkсompletelу
visituneхpeсtedlу
Pнвдsдl. Yвпв
drop s'o.or s.t.off
drop out (of s.t.)
еat out
empty(s.t.)out
figures.o.or s.t.out
fill s.t.in
fill s.t.out
fill (s.t.)up
find (s.t.)out
follow (s.t.)through
fool around
get s.t.aсross
get ahеad
get along
get bасk
get by
get out (of s't.)
get s.t.out of s.t.*
get together
get up
give s.t.away
give s.t.baсk
give s.t.out
givе (s.t.)up
go aftеr s.o.or s.t.
go alongwith s.t.
Mвдшlшс
nelsomething
tаkesomeo
someplaсe
quit
eatin a restaurant
emptусompletelу
1' do something
uneхpeсted
or unintended
2' reaсha finalplaсeor сondition
beсomedetaсhed
(afterthinking
about)
understand
withinformation
сomplete
(aform,an application)
сomplete
fillсompletelу
learninformation
сomplete
beplaуful
getpeopleto understand
an idea
makeprogres'suссeed
relatewell
return
survive
leave(aсar,a taхi)
benefitfrom
meet
risefrom bed
givewithoutсhargingmoneу
returnsomething
distribute
quit,abandon
pursue
1. support
go baсk
go off
go on
go out
go over
go up
grow up
hand s't' in
hands.t.out
hangup
hangs.t.up
сontinue
leave
suссeedwithan audienсе
be built
beсome
an adult
givesomeworkto а bossor teaсher
distribute
enda phoneсonversation
puton a hookor hanger
еndup
fall off
2.be partof
return
(agun,fireworks,
eхplode
a roсket)
(continшеd on nехt pagе)
34r
Pнвдsдl. Uвпв
)
he l p(s . 0.out
hol don
kеep(s'o.or s't.)away
kеepon
keeps.t.on*
keepup
(withs.o.or s.t.)
lay s.o.off
leaves.t.on*
leаvеs.t'out
Iets.o.down
let s.o.or s.t.in
Iеts.o.off
let s.o.or s.t.out
lie down
light(s.t.)
up
lo okou t
look s.o.or s.t.over
lo oks . t .u p
makes.t.up
passs.t.out
pay s.o.or s.t.baсk
pay off
piсk s'o.or s.t.out
piсku p
piсks . o.or s . t .up
playar ound
points.o.or s.t.out
put s.t.away
put s.t.baсk
put s.o.or s.t.down
put s.t.off
put s.t.on
put s.t.togеther
put s.t,up
run intos.o.
run out (ofs.t.)
sees . t t. hr ough *
sеt s.t.off
set s.t.up
342
Mвдшlшс
assшt
wait,nothangup thеphone
(сauseto)staуat a distanсe
сontinue
notremove(a pieсeof сlothing
orjewelrу)
Pнвдsдl. Vввв
MвдшIшс
show s.o.or s.t.off
displaуthebestqualities
showup
appear
shut s.t.off
stopa machineor light
signup
register
sit down
takeа seаt
standup
rise
start(s.t.)
over*
startagain
go as fastas
stayup
rеmainawake
endsomeone,s
еmploуment
stiсkwith/tos.o.or s.t. notquit,notleave
1.notturnoff (alight,a radio)
straighten(s.t.)
up
makeneat
2. notremove(a pieсeof сlothing
switсhs.t.on
starta maсhineor a light
orjewelrу)
take s.t.away/off
remove
omit
takes.t.baсk
return
disappoint
takе off
depart(a plane)
allowto enter
takes.o.on
hire
allowto leave(abus,a train,a сar)
takе s.t.out
borrowfroma librarу
allowto leave
talk s.o.into*
pеrsuade
reсline
talk s.t.over
disсuss
illuminate
teаm up with s.o.
startto workwith
be сareful
tear s.t,down
destroу
eхamine
tear s.t.up
tearintosmallpieсes
trуto findin a bookor on the lnternet
thinkbaсkon s.o.or s't. remember
сreate
thinks.t.ovеr
сonsider
distribute
thinks.t.up
invent
repaу
throw s.t.away/out disсard
be worthwhilе
touсhs.t.up
improvebу makingsmallсhanges
] . se/eсt
try s.t,on
put сIothing
on to seeif it fits
2' idеntifу
try s.t.out
findout if something
works
improve
turns.o.or s.t.down 1' rejeсt
1. lift
2, deсrease
thevolume(a radio,a TV)
2.get (anidea,a new book,an interest) turns.t.in
submit
havefun
turns.o.or s.t.into
сhangefromoneformto another
indiсate
(s|ang)
turn s.o.off
destroуintеrest
put something
in an appropriate
plaсe
turn s.t.off
stopa maсhineor light
returnsomething
to itsoriginalplaсe
turns.t.on
starta maсhineor light
stopholding
turnout
havea particularresult
postpone
tur nup
appear
сoverthebodуwitha pieсeof сlothing
turns.t,up
raisethevolume
orjewelrу
usе s.т.up
useсompletelу,
сonsumе
аssemb/e
wake up
ariseaftersleeping
ereсt
wake (s.0.)
up
awaken
meetaссidentallу
watсhout
be сareful
nothaveenoughof a supplу
work s.t.off
rеmovеbу workor activitу
сomplete
work out
1.be resolved
саuseto eхplode
2' eхеrсise
(a business,
1. establish
work s.t.out
solve
an organization)
writes.t.down
writeon a pieсeof paper
2.preparefor use
writes.t.up
writein a finishedform
*-.
Some Common lrregular Plural Nouns
Slшсul.дв
anаlysis
bаsis
сrisis
hypothеsis
Pluпдl.
analyses
bases
сrisеs
hypothеses
Slшсul.дп
half
knifе
leaf
life
loaf
shelf
wife
Pt.uвдl.
halves
knives
leaves
lives
loaves
shelves
wives
Slшсut.дв
man
woman
сhitd
Pluвдl.
mеn
women
сhiI dr еn
foot
goose
tooth
feet
geese
teeth
Slшсul.дв
mo usе
Pьuвдl.
miсe
deer
fish
sheep
deer
fish
sheep
pеrson
people
Spelling Rules for the Present Progressive
1. Add-lngto thebaseformof thеverb.
rеаd
stand
readиg
stаnding
-e,dropthefina|-е andadd-ing.
2' |fa verbеndsin а si|еnt
leave
tаkе
leavinq
taking
word,if thе|astthreе|etters
arеа
3 . ln a one-sy||ab|е
(СVС),
сombination
doub|е
сonsonant-Vowе|-сonsonant
thеlastсonsonant
bеforeadding-iп9.
сVс
JJJ
sit
sitting
сVс
in wordsthatend
Howeveldo notdoublеthe|astсonsonаnt
in w,х, or у'
sewino
sеW
fiхing
fix
enjoy
enjoying
thatendin a сonsonаnt4. ln wordsof twoor morеsy|Iab|es
vowe|-сonsonant
сombination,
doubletheIastсonsonant
is stressed.
on|yif thelastsy|lаb|e
admit
admittlng (The|astsy||able
is strеssed,
so youdoublethe-t,)
I
whisper whispering (ТhelastsylIabIe
is notstressed,
soyoudon'tdoub|е
thе-r.)
5. lf a verbеndsin -ie,сhangethеie to y bеforеadding-ing'
diе
JJJ
dуing
running
ru n
Spelling Rules for the Simple Present Tense:
Third-Person Singular (he, she, it)
1. Add-sfor mostverbs.
works
work
buy
buys
ride
rides
returns
rеturn
2. Add-esforwordsthatеndin -сh,-5,-5h,-х,or -z'
wаtсh
pass
rush
rе|ax
buzz
watсhes
passе5
rushes
re|аxes
buzzes
3. Сhange
they to i andadd-eswhenthebaseformendsin
а сonsonant
+ y.
study
studies
hurry
hurries
dries
dry
Donotсhange
thеy whenthebаsеformеndsin а vowel
+ y. Add-s.
play
plays
enjoys
enjoy
forms'
4. A fewverbshaveirrequ|аr
be
is
00
does
go
goеs
nave
hаs
343
Spelling Rules for the Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs
1. |ftheverbеndsin a сonsonant,
add-ed.
return
returned
help
helped
2. |fthеverbеndsin -e,add-d.
|ive
сrеatе
diе
Howеve1
do notdoub|e
one-sy||abIe
wordsendingin
-w' -х,or -у'
bow
bowed
mix
mixed
p|ay
p|аyed
|ivеd
сreated
died
4. ln wordsof twoor moresy|lables
thаtendin a сonsonantvowel-сonsonant
сombinаtion,
doublethe|аstсonsonant
on|yif the|astsy||ab|e
is strеssed.
prefdr
prеfеrrеd (Тhеlastsyllablеis strеssed,
soyoudoub|е
the-r.)
3. Inone-sy||ab|е
words,
if thеvеrbendsin а сonsonаnt(сVс),doublethefinal
vowe|-сonsonаnt
сombination
сonsonant
andadd-ed'
сVс
JTJ
ho p
uli'
hopped
rub
rubbed
Spelling Rules for the Gomparative
Superlative (-est) of Adjeсtives
1. Add-erto onе-sy|Iab|e
adjeсtives
to formtheсomparative.
Add-estto one-syllab|е
adjeсtives
to formthesuperlative.
сheap
сheаpеr сheapest
bright
brighter brightest
2. |ftheаdjeсtive
еndsin -e,add.r or -st'
niсe
n|сеr
(Тhe|аstsy||ab|e
is notstressed,
soyoudon'tdoublethet.)
5. |fthеverbеndsin а сonsonant
+ y, сhangе
they to i аnd
add-ed.
worry
worried
саrry
сarried
6. |fthеvеrbendsin a vowе|+ y, add-ed.(Donotсhаngе
they to i.)
p|аy
p|ayed
annoy
annoyed
Еxсeptions:pay-paid,
Iay-|aid, say-sаid
сVс
JJJ
visited
n|се5r
3. |ftheadjeсtive
endsin a сonsonant
+ y, сhangеy to i
beforeyouadd-eror -est.
prеtty
prettier prеttiest
Exсeption:shy
shyer
shyest
(-er) and
4. lf thеadjeсtive
endsin a сonsonant-vowe|-сonsonant
(сVС),doublethefinаlсonsonant
сombination
before
аdding-eror -est.
сVс
JJJ
big
bigger
biggest
Howevеr,
do notdoub|e
theсonsonant
in wordsеnding
in -w or -у'
slow
slower
slowest
сoy
сoyer
сoyest
Spelling Rules for Adverbs Ending in -Iу
1. Add-/yto theсorresponding
adjeсtive.
niсe
niсelу
quiet
quiet/y
beаutiful bеautifu|/y
2. |fthеadjeсtivе
endsin а сonsonant
+ y, сhаngе
they to i
beforeadding-/y.
easy
344
easilу
3. lf thеadjeсtive
endsin ./e,dropthee аndаdd-y.
possib|е possib|y
Howeve1
do notdropthee forotherаdjeсtives
endingin -e.
eХtrеmе
Exсeption:truе
extremе/y
trulу
4. lf theadjесtive
endsin -iс,add-allу,
basiс
basiсallу
fantastiс fantastiсa//y
Gontraсtions
with Verb Forms
Pпвsгшт
Tвшsв,
Pпвsвшт
PпoспвsslvЕ,
ANDlмpвпдтlvг
1. SlмpI-в
with Be
Contrасtions
lam
youare
hei s
sheis
it is
Wearе
youarе
thеyare
l'm
you're
he's
she's
it's
Wе,re
you'rе
thеy,re
l аm not
youarenot
he is not
sheis not
it is not
we arenot
youarеnot
thеyarenot
l'mnot
you'renot or
he'snot
or
shе,snot or
it's not
or
we'renot or
you'renot or
they,rеnot or
you aren't
he isn't
she isn't
it isn't
wе аren,t
you aren't
theyaren't
with Do
Contraсtions
don't
do not
doesn't
doesnot
Slмpl.вPпвsвшт
l'm a student.
Hе,smyteaсhеr'
We,rеfromСanаda.
PпвsвштPпoсввsslvв
l,nrstudуing
her е.
Hе,stе.rсhirig
verbs'
W e,r еlivitr gher e.
SlмpI.вPввsвшт
She,snot siсk.
H eisn,t|аte.
Weаren,ttwins'
They're
not here.
Pпвsвшт Pпoсввsslvв
S h e , sn с r tr е а d i l r q .
H e i s n , tс о m i i . . i : .
W e a r е n , t| е а i l i г r п .
T h e y , r еn о t р i а ' ; i t l i : .
Iмpвпдтlvв
Slмpl.вPпвsвшт
Тheydo n,tlive her e. D о n'tr uп !
|tdo esn'tsno wmuсh.
2 . Slмpt.гPдsтTвшsв
ANDPAsтPпoспвsslvг
Contraсtions
with Be
wasnot = Wasn't
Wеrеnot = Werеn,t
with Do
Contraсtions
didnot = didn't
Slшplв Pдsт
H е w а s n , ta p o e t .
T h e yw e r e n , tt w i n s .
We didn't see her.
Pдsт PвoсREsslvE
H e w a s г l . ls i n q i n q .
Т h e yw е r e n t s l e е р i l ; r : .
3 . Fuтuпг
with VУil/
Contraсtions
= l'll
Iwill
youw i l l = y o u ' l l
h ew i l l = h e ' l l
shew i l l = s h e ' l l
= i t' l l
itwill
w ew i l l = w e ' l l
youw i l l = y o u ' l l
thеywiIl = thеy,ll
Fuтuвв wlтн Wtt.t
|,||tаkethеtr аin.
It'llbe fasterthatwav.
We'llgo together.
H еw o n'tсo mew ithus.
Theywon't missthetrain.
willnot = won't
(continuеd on nехt pagе)
345
,.liЁ.]н*ii'fiiЦnlti
у'
Contraсtions
with Be going to
= l ,m g o i n gto
l аmgoi n gt o
youaregoingto = you'regoingto
= he,sgoingto
hе is goingto
shеis goingto = she,sgoingto
= it's goingto
it is goingto
Wearegoingto = Wе,rеgoingto
youaregoingto = you'regoingto
theyaregoingto = they'regoingto
Fuтuпв wlтн 8g GoINGтo
|,mgoingto buytiсkets
tomorrow.
S hе,sgo ingto сalIyo u.
I t'sgo ingto r ainso o n,
We'regoingto driveto Boston.
goingto сrash!
Тhey,re
4 . Pпгsншт
PгпгrстANDPRЕsЕNт
PЕRFEст
Pпoспвsslvв
contraсtionswith Haye
I hаvе = l,ve
youhave = you've
he has = he's
shehas = she's
= it's
it has
wе have = We,vе
youhave = you've
theyhave = they've
You'vealready
readthatpage.
We'vebeenwritingforan hour.
She,sbeento Afriсаthreetimеs.
lt,sbeеnrainingsinсeyesterday.
We haven,tseenanye|еphants
yet.
Тheyhaven,tbeenIivinghеre|ong.
Shehasn'ttakenanyphotos
today.
hаvenot = haven,t
hasnot = hasn't
5. MooдI-s
ANDMoDAL.LIкЕ
Expпвssloшs
сannotor саnnot =
=
сou|dnot
=
shouldnot
=
hаdbetter
=
wou|dprefer
=
wouldnot
=
wouldrather
сan,t
сouldn,t
shouldn't
,d
better
,d prеfer
wouldn't
'd
rather
Shесan,tdanсe.
go .
W esho uldn't
betterdeсide.
Тhey,d
|,dpreferсoffee.
Shew o uldn't.
l'd rathertakethebus.
=
=
=
=
=
сould,ve
should,vе
would,ve
must've
might've
W есo uld,ve
w aI ked.
We might,vearrived|аte.
сou|dhave
shou|d
havе
wouldhаvе
musthave
mighthave
6. CoшolтloNAls
Wlт}lWouto
lwould
youwould
hewould
shewould
we would
youwould
theywould
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
wouldhavе
= would,ve
wouldnot
= wouldn't
346
l'd
you'd
he'd
she'd
we'd
you'd
they'd
|fI hadtimе,l,dtravel'
lf youmovedhere,you'dbe happy.
|fsheknewtheanswе1
she,dtell you.
We,dbuya nеWсarif we hadthemoney.
|fyouinvited
them,they,dсome.
lf I hadknown,
I would'vetoldyou.
l wouldn,tdo thаtif I wereyou'
Punсtuation
j
Rules for Direсt Speech
Direсtspeeсhmayеitherfol|owor сomеbeforеthereporting
vеrb.Whеndirесtspeесhfollowsthеreporting
verb,
а. Puta сOmmа
afterthеrеporting
vеrb.
quotation
b. Useopening
marks(..)bеfore
thefirstwordof
thedireсtspeесh.
с. Beginthequotation
witha сapital|еttеr.
d. Usetheappropriatе
еndpunсtuation
forthedirесtspeeсh.
lt maybe a period(.),a quеstion
mark(?),or an exс|аmа.
tionpoint(!).
quotation
е. Putсlosing
marks(,,)afterthеendpunсtuation
of thequotаtion.
Еxamples:
Hesaid,,,Ihаdа goodtimе.,,
5heаskеd,,,Wherе,s
theparty?,,
,,Be
Тheyshoutеd,
сarеful!,,
Whendireсtspeeсhсomesbeforethereporting
verb,
a. Beginthesеntenсе
quotаtion
withopening
marks(,,).
b' Usеtheappropriаtе
endpunсtuation
forthеdirесtspeeсh.
lf thеdirесtspeeсhis a statеmеnt,
usеa сomma(,).
lf thеdirесtspeeсh
is a question,
useа question
mark(?).
lf thedireсtspeeсhis аn exсlаmation,
usean exсlamation
po int(! ).
с. Usесlosingquotation
marksaftertheеndpunсtuation
for
thеdireсtspеeсh(,,).
d. Beginthereporting
сlausewitha lower-саse
|еttеr.
e. Usеа periodat thееndof thеmainsentеnсe
(.).
,,I
Еxamples: hаda goodtime,,,
he sаid.
,,Where,s
thеparty?,,
sheaskеd.
,,Be
саrеfu|!,,
theyshouted.
Pronunсiation Table
coшsoшдштs
VowвI.s
Symbol
KeyWord
Symbol
KeyWord
Symbol КeyWord
i
beat,fеed
а
b a n a n aa,m o ng
p
paсk,happy
r
bit,did
т
shirt,murder
b
baсk,rubber
еI
date,paid
aI
bite,сry,buy,
eye
t
tie
d
Symbol КeyWord
!
ship,maсhine,
stаtion,
speсiaI,
disсussion
mеasurе,
vision
die
3
h
hot,who
men
е
bet,bed
&
bat,bad
au
about,how
k
o
box,odd,father
JI
voiсe,boy
сame,key,quiсk
m
g
gamе,guеst
n
sun,knoщpnеumonia
bought,dog
rr
beer
boat,road
tr
bare
Ц
w
wet,white
u
book,good
or
bar
f
I
light,lo ng
u
boot,food,
student
)r
door
сhurсh,
nature,
watсh
judge,genеrаI,
major
fan,photograph
sung,r inging
v
right,wrong
tour
van
r
ur
yes,use,musiс
buttеr,bottlе
э
ou
A
but,mud,
mothеr
Sтввss
' showsmain stress.
tI
d3
0
thing,breath
y
б
s
thеn,breаthе
sip,сity,psyсhology
t.
Z
zip,p|eаse,
goes
347
Pronunciation Rules for the Simple Present Tense:
Third-Person Singular (he, she, it)
present
in thesimp|е
tеnsealways
1. Тhethirdperson
singular
prothreеdifferent
еndsin thelettеr.s.Тhereаre,howеver,
singular.
nunсiations
forthefinalsoundof thethirdperson
lsl
tаlks
lzl
|ovеs
ltzl
dаnсes
sounds
2. ThefinaIsoundis pronounсed
/s/afterthevoiсeIess
lpl, lll, lkl,andlfL
top
get
tаke
| аugh
tops
gets
tаkes
| аu g h s
|zl afterthevoiсеdsounds
3. Thefina|soundis pronounсed
lbl,ldl,lgl,lvl, 16l,lml,lnl,lr1l,lll,andlrl.
desсribе
spend
hug
live
bаthe
seem
r e mai n
sing
tell
lower
ltdl
attendеd
hop
hopped
work
worked
l au gh
l aug h e d
address аddrеssed
pu bl i s h pu b l i s h e d
watсh
watсhed
3 . Тhefinalsoundis pronounсеd
/d/afterthevoiсedsounds
|b|'|g|,|v|,|z|,|3|,|ф|,|m|,|n|,|цl,||l,|r|,and|6l'
348
rubbеd
huggеd
lived
surprised
Isttl
ldul
says
does
|sеz|
ldьzl
Rules for the Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs
2. Thefinalsoundis pronounсed
/t/afterthеvoiсe|ess
sounds
lpl, lkl,lfl,lsl,l[], andI{1.
rub
hug
l i ve
surprise
agreеs
triеs
stays
knows
5. ТhefinaIsoundis pronounсed
|п|aftеrthеsounds
Is|,Iz|,
It|,$|' /f/, andlфl' llzl addsa syllable
to thеvеrb.
rе|aх
rе|aхеs
freеzе
frеezеs
rush
rushes
massаgе massages
watсh
wаtсhes
j udge
j udges
say
do
-d.Тhere
pastaIwаys
1 . Therеgu|аr
endsin thе|ettеr
simp|е
pronunсiations
аrе,howevеr,
thrеediffеrent
forthefinа|
past.
soundof thеregular
simp|e
ldl
|ived
agree
try
stay
know
6. Do andsаyhavеа сhangе
in vowеlsound.
dеsсribеs
spends
hugs
lives
bathеs
seеms
remains
sings
t e l ls
lowers
] Pronunсiation
Itl
rасed
4. Thefina|soundis pronounсеd
/z/aftеral|vowelsounds,
massаge
сhange
rhymе
return
bаng
enr o ll
аppеar
bathе
massaged
сhanged
rhymed
returned
banged
enr o lled
appеared
bathеd
4. Thefina|soundis pronounсеd
/d/afterаlIvowe|sounds.
agree
p|ay
die
еnjoy
row
agreеd
p|аyed
died
еnjoyed
rowеd
5. Тhefina|soundis pronounсed
/rd/after|tlаnd/d/.
/td/addsa syllаble
to thevеrb.
start
deсide
stаrted
deсided
lndex
Alan, 25О_25|
A fешlfeu:, 246_247
A grеat dеal of,246_247
A little Ilittle, 246-247
A lot of, 246-247
Abilitу' 116_117
passive, 269
w i t h ut i s h. 2 9 5
Aсtive/passive, 264 _265
Additions, 110-111
Adjeсtive сlauses
identifying and
non-identifying, 308-309
with objeсt relativе pronouns,
304-305
with subjeсt relative
pronouns, 300-301
with шhеn ard шhеre. 305
Adjeсtives
сomparatives, 184 _1B5,
339,344
сontrast with adverbs.
172- t 73
equativеs, 180_181
followed by infrnitives,
2r0-21r,215,338
irregular сomparisons, 339
partiсipia|, |7 6_|7 7, 339
with preposition
сombinations. 203. 338
supеrlatives, 188_189,
339' З44
Adverbs
сomparatives, 192_193' 339
сontrast with adjeсtives,
r72-t73
ending in _lу, I72_I7З,344
equatives, 180-181
of frequencу,7
followed by infinitives, 215
irregular сomparisons, 339
of manneц I73
superlatives, 192-193
Adviсe, \28_129
If I шеrеуou,287
imperativе, 19
passive, 268-269
Advisability in the past, 162-163
After
with futurе time сlauses, 89
with past perfect, Tl
Agеnt
with passive, 264-265
with passive сausative,
272-273
Аgo, 25
AIrеadу
future perfeсt,97
past perfe ct, 7I
present perfeсt, 50_51
Alulaуs,7
Anу,247
Artiсles
a/ an, 243, 250-25I
no artiсle,250_25|
no artiсle сontrasted with thе,
254-255
thе,243,250_25|
As in equatives, 180-181
As soon as
futurе time сlauses,89
past perfect, Tl
Assumptions, 158-159
Auхiliary verbs
in additions, 110-111
with questions about
prеdiсate, 103
in tag questions, 106-107
Bе
сontraсtions. 345
foliowed by reflеxive
pronoun, 259
simple past tens e, 24-25,
28-29
Bе able to' |16_117
Be (doing), 2-3
Be going to
сontraсtions' 346
сontrast with other future
forms, 84-85
faсtual сonditionals, 283
future, 80-81,84-85
future progтessive,92
with passive, 268-269
Be supposed to, I50-1,5I
Be used tolused to, 33,203
Beforе
future time сlauses' 89
past perfect, Tl
Bу
with futurе perfeсt,97
with pass iv e, 264-265, 268-269
with passive сausative,
272_27З
with past perfect, TL
followеd by reflexive pronoun'
259
Bу the time, 89
Can
ability, 116-117
permissioл, |20_L2Т
requests, I24-I25
Can't
ability, 116-117
assumptions, 158-159
with passive,269
prohibition, 146-147
speсulations about the past,
166-167
Can't haae, 166-167
Commands
imperativе, 18_19
indireсt speeсh, 315
Commas
with adjeсtive сlauses, 309
with faсtual сonditionals,
279,283
with time сlauses,41, 89
with unreal сonditionals.
287.291
Common nouns, 242-243
349
Comparatives
adjeсtives, 184_185, 339, 344
advе r bs ,192_1 9 3 ,3 3 9
irregulaц 339
Conditionals
futurе faсtual, 282_283
past unreal,290-29I
prеsеnt faсtual' 27 8_279
present unreal, 286-287
with utish,294-295
Contraсtions
with vеrb forms. 345_346
CouId
ability, 1.16-11-7
assumptions, 158-159
futurе possibility,
154-155
indirесt speесh, 323
with passivе, 269
pеrmission, 120_12|
requests, I24-I25
speсulations about the past,
166- 167
suggestions,132-133
aft e r шi sh. 295
CoшIdn,t
assumptions, 158-159
impossibility, 155
past abilitу, tt6_It7
Could haue
advisability in thе past,
t62-t63
speсulations about the past,
1.66-167
Count nouns/non-сount nouns'
242-243
and artiсTes, 250-251.,
254-255
and quantifiers, 246-247
-d Gее _ed)
Defrnite artiсle, 250_25I
Dirесt speeсh
imperativе, 314_315
punсtuation rules, 347
questions , 326-327
statements, 318-319,
З22_323
Dirесtions, 19
350
Do
with additions, 110
сontraсtions, 345
tag questions, 106-107
Do уou mind if, I20_I2I
Dontt haue toltnust not.
I46-147
Each otherleach
258-259
-еd
шill, 81',85
Futurе faсtual сonditionals'
282-283
Futurе perfесt, 96_97
Future perfeсt progтessive,
96-97
Future possibilitу, |54_1'55, 269
Futurе progrеssive, 92_93
other's.
adjесtive ending, I7 6_177
past partiсiplе, 46
p a s t t e nse,24
Embedded quеstions, 330_331
phrasеs introduсing, 340
Enoшgh
with сount and non-сount
nouns, 246-247
with inflrnitives, 2I4-2I5
Equatives, 180-181
-еr
сomparativе adjeсtives,
184-185,344
сomparative adverbs, 192_193
-est
supеrlative adj eсtives,
188-189, 344
superlative adverbs, 192-193
Euеr
with past perfect, T0
with present pеrfeсt, 55
with superlatives, 189
Ехpeсtations
be supposеd to, 150_151
Faсtual сonditionals
future,282_28З
prеsent, 278_279
Feus|a fеu:' 246_247
Forlsincе,46_47
Future
bе going,q 80_81
сontrast of future forms. 84_85
p a s s i v e,269
presеnt progтessive, 85
simple present tense, 85
timе сlausеs,88_89
Gerunds
сontrast with infinitives.
222-223
aftеr prеpositi ons, 2О2-2ОЗ,
223
as subjeсt or objeсt, 198_199
after сеrtain verbs, 198_199,
223, 337-338
Get (s.o.to do s.t.), 226-227
Getlhaue (s.t.done), 272-27 3
Gеt шsеd to|шsed to,33,203
Go + gerund, 199
Had bееn (doing), 74_75
Had better
adviсe, 128_|29
with passive,269
Had (donе), 70_7I
Had to hansе, 166_167
Hardlу, I73
Haae
сontraсtions, 346
presеnt perfeсt, 46_47, 50_51,
54-55
prеsent perfeсt progressive,
62-63
Haoe (s.o.do s.t.).226-227
Hauе beеn (doing)
present perfeсt progressiv e, 62
Hauе (done), 4647, 50_51,
54-55
Hauelgеt (s.t' donе), 272_27 З
Hante (got) to
assumptions, 158-159
neсessity, I42_I43
with passive, 269
Help (s.o.do s.t.),226-227
Horo abou| 132-133
Identifying adjeсtive сlauses,
308-309
after сertain verbs, 206_207,
338
-ing
сontrast with unlеss' 283
in embedded questions,
330- 331
in indireсt question s, 326_З27
^ffсlauses
future faсtual сonditionals,
282-283
past unreal сonditionals,
290-291.
prеsеnt faсtual сonditionals,
278_2т9
prеsent unreal сonditionals,
286-287
If I шerе уou, 287
Imperative, 18-19
dirесt and indireсt speeсh,
314- 315
faсtual сondition als' 27 9
reflехive pronouns,259
In order to,2tB-2I9
Indefrnite artiсlе, 250_25I
Indеfinite past, 54_55
Indireсt questions, 326_327, 33 1
Indireсt speeсh
imperatives, 314-315
indireсt questions, З26_327
pronoun сhanges, 315, 323
reporting verbs, 315, 340
statеments, 318_3 t9' 322_323
time word сhanges, 3I5, З23,
340
verb tеnse сhanges' 319,
322-323
Infinitives
after сertain adjeсtives,
270- 211, 21 5 ,3 3 8
after advеrbs, 215
сontrast with gеru nds,,222_22З
with indireсt imperatives,
314- 315
negative, 206-207 , 218-219,
314- 315
after сеrtain nouns, 2I0_2tI
aftеr objeсts, 2О6_207,227
of pur pos e , 2I S- 2 I 9
aftеr question words, 330_331
with too and еnough, 2I4_2I5
as adjeсtive endin g, 176_1'77
future perfeсt progтessive,
96-97
future progтessive, 92_93
gerunds, 198-199, 202-203
past pеrfeсt progтеs siуe, 7Ц7 5
past progтеssive' 36_37
presеnt perfeсt progтessive,
62-63
present progтessive,,2-З
Inseparable phrasal verbs,
232_23З' 34I_342
Instruсtions
imperativе, 18_19
indireсt speесh,315
Invitations
imperative, 19
indireсt speесh,315
Irregular plural nouns, 343
Irrеgular verbs
lists, 336-337
simple past tens e, 24-25, 28
It,s + adjeсtive + infinitive,2|I
rf
Just,54-55
Latelу, 54_55, |73
Lessltnorе, I84, |92_|93
Let (s.o.do s.t.),226-227
Lеt,s, 132_133
Littlel a little, 246-247
_Iу
as adjесtive ending, I73
as adverb ending, 172-173,
344
Make (s.o.do s.t.,),226-227
Manу,246_247
Maу
assumptions, 158-159
futurе possibilitу, 154_155, 269
p e rm i ssio n,I 20-I 2l
speсulations about thе past,
166-167
Maу haaе, |66
Maуbе
сontrast with maу bе, I55
in suggestions,132-133
Mе neithец |||
Me too, II1,
Might
assumptions, 158-159
futurе possibilitу, 154_|55,
269
indireсt speeсh, 323
speсulations about the past,
r 66-t67
Might haae
advisability in the past,
t62-I63
speсulations about thе past,
166-167
Modals (sеealso spеcific modals)
faсtual сondition als. 27 9. 283
indireсt speeсh, 323
and passive,268-269
and unreal сonditionals. 287.
29I
More|less, 184_185, |92_19З
Mostllеasd 1B8_1B9, 192_193
M uch,246-247
Mшst
assumptions, 158-159
neсessity, r42_I43
with passive, 268-269
speсulations about the past,
1,66-167
Must haue, t66-I67
Must notldon't haaе to.
I46-147
Must not (hauе), 166_167
Nесessity
hauе (goD to and must'
t42-I43
passive, 269
Negative inГrnitives
imperatives, 315
of purpose,2tB-219
after сеrtain verbs, 206_207
Nеithец 110_111
3s1
Neuer
with Past Perfect,TI
with presеnt perfeсt, 54
with simPle Present tense, 7
Non.aсtion verbs, 10_11
list, 337
Non.сount nouns/сount nouns'
242-243
and artiс|es, 250_25|, 254=255
and quantifrers, 246-247
Non-idеntifying adj eсtive
сlauses, 308_309
Not at all, 720-12I, t25
Not еithеr, |IО_|IТ
N ot уе t , 50_51
Nouns
сommon' 242-243
сount, 242_243, 246_247,
250-251,254-255
definitе,254_255
indeflrnite,254-255
followed bу infinitives, 210_211
irregular Plurals, 243, 343
non-сount, 242_243, 246-247,
250-251" 254-255
plural, 243' 343
propeц 242_243
with quantifi et s, 246-247
objeсt
gеrunds, 198_199
befоrе infinitives, 206_207, 227
with inseParable and
seParable Phrasal verbs,
232_23З,236_237
objeсt relativе piоnouns,
304- 305, 3 0 9
Оften' 7
Оnе anothеrlone another,s,
258-259
Оught to
adviсe, t2B_|29
in indireсt speeсh, 323
with Passive, 269
Ought to haae, 162-163
Partiсipial adjeсtiv es, t76_177
list, 339
352
Partiсles
сontrast with prеpositions,
232-233,237
inseparable Phrasal verbs,
232-233,34t-342
separable Phrasal verbs,
236-237 ,341-342
Passive
with agent, 264-265
сontrast with aсtive, 264-265
with modals, 268-269
Passive сausative, 272_27З
Past Gее Simp|e past tеnsе)
Past partiсiples
to form future pеrfeсt, 96_97
to form Passive, 264-265,
268-269
tо fоrm passive сausative,
272-273
tо form past perfect,70_77
to form present perfeсt,
46-47 ,50-51, 54-55
Past perfeсt, 70_7t
with a|rеadу,7I
wi th еUеr ,7|
indireсt speeсh,323
wi t h nеuеr ,7t
with уеt,7|
Past perfeсt progтеssive, 74_7 5
Past progтessive, 36_37
сontrast with simple past
t е nsе, 37,4l
with simplе past tense,40_4|
with шhi|е' 37,40_4t
Past unrеal сonditionals,
290-291\323
Permissiоn,I20-I21polite answers, 121
Phrasal verbs
inseParable,2S2-233
list,34l-342
separable ,236-237
transitive ,233,237
PIease
with permissiоn, t2Т
with requests, 125
Plural nouns, 243,343
PossibilitY
futurе, |54_tб5,269
questiоns,167
Prеdiсate, 102_103
Prеfeц 136_137
Prefеrenсes, 136_137
Prepositions
сombinеd with adjeсtives, 338
сombined with verbs, 338
сontrast with partiсlеs,
232-233,237
followed by gerun ds, 202-2О3,
223
relative pronoun as objeсt of,
305
Prеsent соntinuous (sее Prеsеnt
progrеssiuе)
Present faсtual сonditionals,
278-279
Prеsеnt perfесt
with alrеadу and уеt, 50_51
сontrast with presеnt pеrfесt
progтessive, 66_67
сontrast with simplе past
tеnse,58_59
with еuец 55
indefinite Past, 54-55
with7иsf, 55
with latеlу,55
with sincе and foц 46-47
Prеsеnt perfeсt progтеssiv e, 62_6,3
сontrast with present pеrfeсt,
66-67
Presеnt progтessive, 2-3
сontrast with simple presеnt
tense, 14-15
fоr future, 85
spelling rulеs, 343
Present unrеal соnditionals,
286-287
Prohibition
must not and can't, 146-147
Pronouns
reсiproсal,258_259
reflexivе, 258_259
rеlative, 300_30 1, 304_305'
308-309
Prоnunсiation
simple past tense оf regular
verbs, 348
simplе present tensе, 348
taЬle, З47
ProPer nouns' 242-243
:
t
$i
Punсtuation (sее also spеcific
punctuation)
direсt speeсh, 347
aftеr suggestions, 133
Purpose,278-219
Quantifiers
and сount nouns, 246_247
irrеgular сomparisons, 339
and non-сount nouns. 246_247
Question marks
in еmbedded questions,
330-331
in indireсt questions, 326-327
in suggestions,132-133
Questions (seе olso Wh_
quеstions; Yes/Ir(oquеstions)
еmbedded,330-331, 340
indireсt, 326-327,33I
permission,,I20
possibilitу,167
about prediсatе, 102_103
rеquests, 124
simple past tense, 28-29
about subjeсt, 102_103
tag, 106-107
Quotation marks, 314_315, З47
R ar е l у, 7
Rеcentlу,54_55
Reсiproсal pronoun s, 258_259
Reflexive expressions, 340
Reflexivе pronouns, 258_259
Regret
past unreai сonditionals, 291
w i t h шi sh, 29 5
Regular verbs
pronunсiation rules, 348
simple past tense, 24-25, 28
Relative сlauses Gее Adiеctiuе
clausеs)
Relative pronouns
in identifying and
non-idеntifying adj eсtive
сlauses, 308_309
objeсt, 304_305
subjeсt, 300-301
Reported speeсh (sеeIndirеct
spеесh)
Reporting verbs, 314-315, 340
Rеquests, |24_t25
imperatives, 19
indireсt speeсh, 315
polite answers, 125
Seldomr T
Separable phrasal verbs,
236-237,34r
Sеaeral,246_247
ShouId
adviсe, I28_r29
indireсt speесh, 323
with passivе, 269
Should haue, 162-163
Shouldn't, I29
ShoшIdn't hanse, 162_|63
Simplе past tens e, 24_25, 28-29
сontrast with present perfeсt,
58-59
irregular verbs, 24-25,
336-337
with past prоgressive, 40_4I
pronunсiation rules, 348
spelling rules, 25,344
Simple present tеnse, 6_7
сontrast with present
progressivе, I4_I5
for future, 84-85
with futurе perfeсt, 97
with futurе perfeсt
progтessive,97
in future time сlausеs, 89
pronunсiation rules, 348
spеlling rulеs, 343
Sincelfoц 46_47
S o , 1 1 0-111
Soпt,e, 246_247, 250_25I
Sornetirnes, T
Speсulations about the past,
166-167
Stative verbs (sееNon-а,ction
uеrbs)
Subjeсt
gerunds, tg}-199,223
of imperative, 19
tоh_ questions, 102_103
Subjeсt relative pronouns,
300-301
Suggestions, 132-133
impеrative, 19
Superiatives
adjeсtives,188_189,З39, 344
adverbs, I92-I93
Tag questions, 106-107
Telllsaу,315, 319
Than, 184-185, 192-193
That
with indireсt speeсh, 318_319
rеlative pronoun, 301,
304-305
Thatlu:hich'
3ОI
Thе
definite artiсle. 250_25I.
254-255
with superlative adjeсtives,
188-189
with superlativе adverbs,
I92_I9З
Time сlauses
futurе, 88_89' 93,97
past, 40-4I , 7L, 75
with sincе, 47
Too
in additions, 110-111
with infrnitive s, 2\4-215
Transitivе phrasal verbs, 23З,237
Two-word/part verbs (sее
Phrasal uеrbs)
Unlеsslif' 283
Unrеal сonditionals
past,290-29I
present, 286-287
Until,89
Used to,32-33
сontrast with bеlgеtusеd to,
33, 203
UsшаlIу,7
353
tдiЁi#яglвlнЕill:|,],
ll.i .
Vеrbs
with both aсtion and
non-aсtion meanings, 10_11
сombined with prepositions,
203, 338
followed by gerund, 198-199,
222- 223, 33 7 - 3 3 8
impеrative form, 18_19
followed by infrnitives,
206-207,222-223,338
irregulaц 24_25, 28' 336_337
non-aсtion, 10_11, 15, 337
phrasal, 232-233, 236-237,
34r-342
r e gul aц 24, 28 ,3 4 4 ,3 4 8
reporting, 314_315, З40
simplе past tens e, 24_25,
336_337,344,З48
tag questions and auxiliary,
106-107
transitivе ,233, 237
used refleхivelv. 340
Warnings, 19
Waslu:еre (doing)' 36_37
Wеre
in present unreal сonditionals,
286-287
i n w i s hе s, 294 _ 2 9 5
When
with adjeсtive сlauses,305, 309
354
futurе time сlausеs. 89
past perfect, T0
past perfeсt progтessive, 75
simple past tense, 40-41
Where
with adjeсtive сlausеs, 305, 309
questions, 103
Whether
in embedded questions,
3 3 0 -331
in indirесt questions, 326_327
Whether or not, 327
Which
identifying and
non_idеntifying adj eсtive
сlauses, 308_309
relative pronoun, 301, 305, 309
Whilе
with future time сlauses. 89
with past pгogтessive, 40_4t
Who
with questions about subjeсt
and prediсate, 102_103
relativе pronoun, 300_30 1,
3 0 5 , 309
Whom
with questions about
prediсate, 103
rеlative pronoun, 305
W h o s е ,3 01, 305, 309
Wh- questions
embedded.330-331
indireсt, 326_327
subjeсt and prediсatе, 102_103
Whу don,t, 132_133
Whу not, I32_L33
w iu,80-91, 84-95
сontraсtions, 345
faсtual сonditionals, 283
with passive, 269
with requests, 124-125
wiш be (doing), 92_93
wiш haaе been (doing),96_97
will hаue (donе),96_97
Wish, 294-295
Would
сonditionals,286-287
with requests, 124-125
with utish,295
Would haae,290-291
Would prefeц 136_137
Would rathец 136_137
Would уoш mind' I24_I25
Yеslno questions
embeddеd' 330_331
indireсt, 326_327
Yеt
with future perfeсt, 97
with past perfect, Tl
with prеsent perfесt, 50_51
Answer
Key
Noтг: In this answег key,whегe thе сontraсtedform is given, the full form is a|soсoгreсt,
and whеrе the fu||foгm is givеn, thе сontгасtеdform is a|soсorгесt.
Present
3. Why are you touring again?
с. What are you working on thеse days?
5. WЪo,s singing with you now?
6. Is she replaсing Toti?
7. No, she isn't. oв No, she,s not.
'm writing
Progressive
жPqINт
It's happening now!
I wrte to you from my hotel room. Еveryone
э |eeping 'm э it|ing
else is slфр, but I si++iаghere and watсhing
сI]АRтсItEсl(l
be + base form of vеrb + -ing
bе
the oсean. Wе,re staying at the Plaza in
сHARтсHEсl(
2
Atlantiс Beaсh, and the viеw is beautiful. The
going
tour is gэеs wеll. The audienсe is uazу about
F
EхPREss,,{#:r:/ЬТ;:;А
are . . .leaving
are . . . performing oв're
ffiI@very
the nеw songs' but the fu.,.Тalways
. . performing
for you. How is thе baby? She has a gтeat
Аre
voiсе. Dо you teaсhing her to sing yet? Maybe
hardthesedays,butI
both of you will сome along for the neхt tour!
havе some good nеws. Right noщ I,m sitting
at a dеsk in the Entertainment
asking
Seсtion of
tJneT|ibunе!Оf сourseI@still6ki"D
journalism сlasses at night as well. The job
is temporary_Joe
month off to writе a book. This
@this
week *u{ЗБТrejarinЪto intеrview your
favorite grouP, the Airheads. In faсt, at this
very moment they're flying into town by
heliсopter. The
Simple Present
Sims, the regular reporteц
performing
the King
жPЙINт
Hank's Working Habits
сHARтсl]Eсl(
T'ЦF
Theater all week. How@rou
@@
you still
oops! The сrew
@-usiс?
is сalling me. They,re leaving for the
EхPREss,{:1:;,:,'ЯЯ':'4,
theater now. Write soon!
ffiIn
2.are...going
з. is waiting oв,s waiting
4. 'm working
s. 're not doing oR aren't doing
6.'re...sitting
7. 'm sitting
8.'m...thinking
9. are staying
Тёnse
Why does he rush
today,sfast-paсed
world,*" @
stress. Strеss @affeсts
esсape
us psyсhologiсally,
but aссording to Dr. Roads, author of the
new bestselleц CaIm Doшn!, it also affесts
us physiсally. For eхample, stress сauses
high blood pressure. Doсtors
@щqq
mediсation for stress-related illnesses.
Мediсine @rlalDlowers
a patient's blood
(continuеdon nехtpagе)
355
r
356
Key
&nswer
pressure. But, Dr. Roads сlaims,..You don't
(alwavs)needprlls. Relaxation exerсlsеs
I
. f r
n
r
EхPREss,LТr:;:.i{:,i:#
'm
tasting, tastes
effесtive as pills. For
qщ@as
example, breathing exеrсisеs both relax yоu
Ar-rшв: This steak tastes deliсious. Your
salmon looks good toо.
and lower your blood prеssure. It only takes
Bвш: Herе, I'm putting somе on your
a few minutes!"
plate. I think you'll likе it.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1o.
take
rushes
isn't
is
doesn't finish
worries
doesn't havе
doesn't have
Alrшв: Mmm. I like it. Funny, I usually
@Гфti.ь.
Bвш: Red6фthat
effeсt on people.
Aьrшв; I have no idea what you'rе talking
4.
5.
6.
7.
Does he work on reports in the afternoon?
Nо, he doesn,t.
WЪen does he see сlients? He sees сlients
from 9:00 to 12:00.
Does he take a lunсh break? Yes, he does.
What does he do from 12:30 to 5:00? Hе
returns phone сalls.
Where does he go at 5:30? He attends oв
goes to night sсhool.
never have
I,m so tired. I hаv€ - flеv€ + time to relax.
etudу
I wоrk all day and str*dies all night. My boss
te||э
teЦ me that I nеed a vaсation. I agтеe, but
I'm
think
I afraid to takе one. Does my boss thinks that
don't
the offiсе сan funсtion without me? I dоnt want
them to think I'm not neсеs.sary.But my wifе
is unhappytoo.sь" ifllfi
that she never
sееs mе anymore. My sсhed,,t" *
crazу,I
don't think I сan keep this up muсh longer.
wanl
I don't wants to quit night sсhool, thоugh.
often
I^think оften that there has to be a better way.
Non.Aсtion
Verbs
about. What do you mеan?
Bвш: Well, сolors сan сhange the way we
For example, people often@Ф
@
hungrier in a red room. I notiсe that
you're lооking right at thе red
wallpaper.
Ar,rшв: And I сertainly feel hungтy right
now. I'm eating half your salmon.
Bвш: That's oK. I'm tasting your steak.
z.
3.
4.
s.
6.
z.
is looking
сost
wants
hatеs
seems
likes
2.'m tasting
3. needs
+. Do...want
5. tastes
с. think
7. 'm thinking
8. isn't
9. sounds
1o. 'm looking
8. doesn't suspeсt
9. knоw
1o. is thinking
11. doеsn,thavе
12. hear s
11. do n't kno w
12. is
13. 'm smelling
14. 'm not
15. lo ve
1с. smells
17. know
18. mеan
lP. feel
Not a good day! I feеl kind of depressed and
have
need
I'm haviэg a headaсhe. I-m_+eеdi+sto do
ж-*:ffiPЙlNт
somеthing right away to сhange my mood
сHARтсHEсК
artiсle about how smells сan affeсt mood
'm эmе||inа
and even hеalth, so right now I smеЦ an-
has the flavor of сhiсken
цT
and get rid of this pain. Last wеek, I rеad an
Key
Answer
orange (for the dеpression) and a gТeen
apple (for the headaсhe). They smell niсe,
don ' l th i n k
but l*_no#+}rinking that I notiсe a differenсe
prefer
to eat
in how I feel! I think IЫрrefеrri*s
something when I feеl down. But I worry
wеigh
too muсh. So, at the
that IЫ+veiiфins
'm h a v i n g
moment I hа.ve a Ъup of peppermint tea with
lemon. The artiсle says that the peppermint
smell helps you eat less. Well, I don't know
about that! A сhoсolate iсe сream sundae
sounds pretty good right about now!
э e e mэ
ItЪsеemi*g that there are no easy solutions.
ffiJune
I
357
fеet
zв:(Б sittlnDin a seat30,000
above the earth en route to Argentina!
I usually have dinner at this time, but
right now I@
a headaсhe from the
exсitement. My seatmate@*,
food. She6йЕ} happy.
Junе 30: It,s 7:30. My host parents
Carlos, my fatheц
6Ьstill@.
works at home. Мy little brother Riсardo
is сute. He looks (and aсts) a lot like
my
Bobby. Right.'o*, ь@over
journal.
read mу
shoulder a''d@БDto
July 4: The weather@сold
now. I usually
spend thе frrst weekend of July at thе
in a
beaсh. Today I@around
hеavy swеater.
and
Present Progressive
Simple Present Tense
жPqINт
ЦT
с,iARTс']Eсl(
two parts
two forms
EхPREss,,tr.f,ffiifjл
PRЕSENт PRoGREsslvЕ
I
Suвlвст 1 Bг 1 Bяsв Foпм + -'NGI
am
buуing
You
are. buуing
He
iэ
flowеrs now.
buуing
slмPLE PRЕSENт тENSE
Suвlвстl
lVвпв
I
l
buУ
You
He
usually buу
buуe
сhoсolates.
August
6: I@Б}so tired tonight. Еveryone
else feels gтeat in the evening beсausе
they take long naps in the afternoon.
1. b. 'm waiting
с. look
d. 'm working
e. 's talking
f . isn,t looking oв's not looking
g. looks
h. doesn't mean
2. a. 's talking
b. 're taking
с. 're standing
d. Do...think
e. 're dating
f . don't think
g. means
h. сome
i. stand
3. a. is...walking
b. starts
с. has
d. walks
е. appear
4. a. ate. . . shaking
b. know
G. shake
d. meet
358
r Answer
Key
,m эitt,ing
I
and
sit in the library right now.
It's 12:30
NЕGAтlvЕ
Doн,т | вo,. Foпм or vппв |
Мy сlassmates are eating lunсh togetheц but
nevereat
I'm not hungry yеt. At home, we еа*-:ae\rer
this early. Today our jоurnal topiс is сulturе
Don'l
|iэten
to thе musiс'
Don'l
touoh
your toеs.
Don'l
эtand
straight.
shoсk. It's a good topiс for mе right now
beсausе I,m tiф
pretty homеsiсk. I miss my
2. c 4 .
3. b s .
еa|
old routine. At home wе always areеati*g a
big meal at 2:00 in the afternoon. Then we
I have
rеst. But here in Toronto Еm+аtring a 3:00
сonversation сlass. Еvery day, I almost fall
asleep in сlass, and my teaсher xif-",
.A."
you borеd?" of сourse I,m not bored. I just
io a|waуэ
need my afternoon nap! This сlass *Ьлraуsis
're working
fun. This semеsteц we werk on a projeсt with
video сameras. My team is filming gтoups of
ana|уzing
peoplе in diffеrent сultures. Wе are anaфzе
e
d
6. a
7. f
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Wash six strawbеrriеs.
Cut the strawbеrries in half.
Pour orange juiсe into the blender.
Add the fruit to the orangе juiсе.
Blend the ingredients until smooth.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Learn
Deсreasе
Inсrеasе
Beсоme
Don't miss
z.
8.
9.
to.
Take
Choosе
Don't wait
Register
For the Blaсk Belt essay, Master Gibbons
Write
gave us this assignment: )bu-wri*e about
..soсial distanсе.,,That means how сlosе to
somеthing important to you. My topiс is Thе
Aссording to
eaсh other these people stand.
'm leaving
my new watсh, it's 12:55,so I }eavе now
Right Woу, thе rules of life for the martial
reэpeс|
arts. !.irst, respeeёs other peopie-treat thеm
for my 1:00 сlass. Tеaсhers herе really
don't like
aren++я<+щwhеn you сome late!
the way you want them to treat you. Seсond,
hе|p
people in nеed. In other words, use
h€ Ы
don't,
yo\rr strength for others, flot-to use it just for
don't,
your own good. Third, ne lie or steal. Thеsе
lmperative
are thе most important rules to me.
WPпlNт
giving instruсtiоns on hоw to do the Jab
сHАRтсI|EсК
don't inсlude a subjeсt
ЕхPRЕssж
SelfТest
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
AFFIRrUIAтlvE
Bдsв Foпм oг Vппв |
Liэten
to thе musiс.
Touch
your toеs.
Эtand
straight.
ffiI
1.8
2.D
3.4
4.^
ONE
5.
6.
7.
8.
D
A
в
B
9.
10.
11.
12.
с
в
A
A
13. D
14.D
15. в
т
I
Answer
I
i
тW0
IsЕcтtoNl
(Corrесt anSIDеrS arе in parеnthеsеs.)
16. A
17. с
rs. B
19. с
20. B
(sw i m s )
(is raining)
(are you)
(don't)
(sеems)
21. с
22. ^
23. B
24. D
25. B
(hatе)
(usually arrives)
(aren,t oв are not)
('m alwaуs losing)
(dеlеtе уo,,i
Simple Past Tense:
Affirmative Statements
wWPqINт
2.
3.
д.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Key
r
lo. addressed
11. appear ed
l2. happеned
14. saw
ts. bit
16. ate
17. drank
ls. hopped
wrotе
werе
led
beсamе
left
saw
worе
wrote
Today in сlass we read a poem by Robert
enjoуed
Frost. I really еftjоу it. It was about a person
aho э e
who еheesed bеtween two roads in a forest.
Before he made his deсision, he #-
1989
1999
359
a lot
of timе trying to deсide whiсh road to follow.
wa9
сlIАRтсltEсl(
Many people thought the person wеFe Frost.
took
In the end, he tаt<ethe road that was less
two
- d ot - е d
traveled on. He deсidеd to be a poet. That
changed
deсision еhange his lifе a lot.
EхPRЕssжжfж
was, were
сame
saved
Sometimes I fеel a littlе like Frost.
decided
Two years ago I d€ € i dе to сomе to this
Matsuo Basho@-ore
than 1,000 thrее..haiku.''
from
line poems, or
He@,ooiсs
nature, daily life' and human emotions. Hе
от
Qggeщ9one of Japan's most famous poets,
and his work еstablished haiku as an
wa9
сountry. That wеfе the biggest deсision of
my life.
Simple Past Tense:
Negative Statements
and Questions
important art form.
Matsuo Basho @фbo.n near Kyoto in
1'644.His fathеr wanted him tо beсome a
samurai (warrior). Instead, Matsuo moved to
Еdo (prеsеnt-day Tokyo) and studied poetry.
By 1681, he6aDmany
students and admirers.
Basho's home burnеd down in 1682.
Thеn, in 1683, his mother died. After these
events, Basho@restless.
Starting in 1684,
he traveled on foot and on horsebaсk all
over Japan. Sоmetimes his friends.ioined
,/---;\
him, and they@Ф9poetry togethеr. Travel
in thе seventeenth сentury, and
GЬaimсult
Basho oftenGФsiсk. He diеd in 1694,
during a journey to osaka. At that timе he
6uDz,ooostudents.
WWPЙINт
? ,F , 7
сl]ARтсI]Eсl(I
not
did not
сHARтс|tEсK2
was, were
did
ExPREssж
Did she have a navigator?
She didn,t flУ alone.
No
Yеs
4. No
5 . Yes
6.
7.
Yes
No
"'
lit'fii}li;фiii'
360
l
Aпsиrer
Key
2. Where did she study? (At) Columbia
University.
3. How long was she a soсial worker? (For)
two years.
4. WЪere did her last flight lеavе from?
(From) New Guinеa.
5. How many books did she write? Three.
6. What was her nationality? Ameriсan.
7. When did she disappear? (In) 1937.
3. Were
4. No...werеn't
5. didn't want
6. Did...feel
7.Yes...did
8. didn't keep
EхPREssж
usеd to
use to
say
In many ways' fashion used to be muсh
simpler. Women didn't use to wear pants to
the offiсe, and men's сlothes never used to
сome in bright сolors. People also used to
9. Did...drеam
ro. didn't think
11. Were
12.No...wasn't
13. Was
1 4 .N o . . . w a s n ' t
dress in speсial ways for different situations.
They didn't usе blue jеans as business
сlothеs or wear joggrng suits whеn they
traveled. Today you сan go to thе opеra and
receNe
}Ii! Did you reeеi+ed my last letter? I didn't
know
knеr^ryour new address so I sent it to your
did уou move
old one. Whеn уou_n*oveа? Did your
find somе womеn in evеning gowns while
others arе in blue jеans. Even buying jeans
used to be easier-thеy
roommatе move with you? Right now I'm оn
dеnim. I,m still not used to buying gтеen
board a plane flying to El Paso to visit Ana.
meet
Did you met her at the сonferеnсe last уeat?
didn't have
I wanted to visit her in June, but I ne-had
jeans and wearing them to work!
2. used to have
3. used to dress
4. used to danсe
thе time. At first I was gоing to drive from
Los Angeles, but I deсided to fly instead.
This is оnly my third flight, but I love flying!
di dn 't
I dn*nt know flying сould be so muсh fun!
Hope to hear frоm you.
Used to
WryWТPulNт
a habit he had in the past
сIlАRтсltEсI(I
T
сl]ARтсl]Eсl(2
did...useto
only сame in blue
m
ы
5. used to wear
6. used to сarrv
(Ansulеrs mау Uarу slightlу.)
z. Thеy (only) used to сome in two styles.
(high-top and low-top)
3. How muсh did a pair of men's high-tops
use to соst?
(They used to сost) 98@.
4 . No. Women's sneakers didn't use to сost the
same as men's snеakers. Women,s sneakers
used to сost less than men's sneakers.
5 . Th"y (only) usеd to wеar low-top sneakers.
6. There used to be (only) two sizes. (small
and large)
When I was youngeЦ сlothing didn,t r*sеd to
All the girls at my sсhool used
3дioolem.
to wоre the same uniform. I used to think
o.
that it tооk away from my frееdom of сhoiсe.
Now I сan wear what I want, but сlothes
dtж*ъ*я*эв.
K**y l
сost so muсh! Еven blue jeans, today's
uэ ed
..uniform,'' used to be сheaper. Мy mom r*ses
to pay less than $20 for hers. I guеss they
uge
didn't used to sell designer jеans baсk then.
You knoщ I uрж used to bе against sсhool
uniforms, but now I'm not so sure!
Past
{ш::
Progressive
|i,
1ш P0 lNт
what she was doing at the time of
her aссident
сI]АRтсHEсКI
Tonight, Shеila and I w.as looking at some
photographs from my snowboarding trip
with Fritz's family last year. By thе end of
wеre
thе evening, weJaughing like crazу. That
was my frrst experienсe on a snowboard, so
the piсtures Were pretty embarrassing. In
cominа
one shot, I was еаmе'dоwn the slope on my
baсk. In another one' my board.#H"falling
out of the ski lift while I was riding up the
to o k
slope. Fтitz wа++ан+s that piсture from the
waэn'I
lift entranсе. Good thing hе nоt standing
right undеr me! Wherе was I when Fritz
was falling down the slope? I guеss I wasn't
carrуing
€ а тrу my сamera. It was amazing how fast
F
сIiАRIсI]Есl(2
Fritz,s girlfriеnd, Karyn, learned that
before the subjeсt
Т#;tr:;.r:H:ffi
EхPREss
wеekеnd. Shе was doing jumps by the
w aэ э pending
sесond day. By that time, I sреnt a lot of
A:wеre...staying
B: was staying
2. F
3. T
4. 1
361
time at the ski сaf6.
5.
6.
T
F
3. werе sitting outside.
4. wasn't snowing.
5. were wearing sunglassеs.
6. Wеren't wearing gloves.
z. was serving drinks.
8. wasn,t serving lunсh.
9. wasn't smiling.
1o. was holding a сеll phone.
3. was rесovering
4. wasn't performing
5. were...thinking
6. were waiting
7. wasn't thinking
8. were watсhing
9. wеre . . . snowboarding
1o. was watсhing
11. (was) dreaming
12.Was...praсtiсing
13. w as
Past Progressive
and
Simple Past Тense
WшmPaINт
2,r
сI]ARтсI|Eсl(
цT
EXPRESS'"{#!;::{;:i;:j
Whеn
was he driving
2. F
3. T
4.
5.
6.
т.
8.
werе waiting
notiсеd
Was...spееding
got
was
4. F
5. T
9. was going
lo. reaсhed
1'1. wasn't
.l2. were
сrossing
13. hit
$siЁtннiшlьi:t
362
l
&msияer Кexr
14.Did...stop
15. s aw
tс. didn,t
'17.was talking
18. was driving
r9. didn't stop
2o. weren't paying
21. were walking
22.Was...snowing
23. happened
24. was
25. wasn't
26. started
27. arcived
z. she was driving homе, she listened to her
сar radio.
3. She pulled ovеr to the side of the road . . .
thе visibility got very bad.
+. She heard about the aссident . . . she was
listening to thе news.
s. She drove to thе poliсe station . . . it
stopped snowing.
6. shе was talking to the poliсe, she was
thinking about her еditorial for the
morning papеr.
Yеsterday' a man was talking on his сell
drivinа
o}:3" while he was d+iv6his сar. Maybe
he^сhесking his daily planner while he
was making his next appointment. He was
сertainly not сonсentrating on the road
when the light suddenly,n*3tTfji**s,"4.
tried
Thе two mеn in thе streеt were trying to
jump out of the way when they saw him, but
ffi"ЖтW0
(Corrеct ansu)ers arе in parenthesеs.)
13. с (сall)
20. ^(did)
lц. C (was)
21. D (got)
15. A (wеre)
22. с (got)
16. D (wеrе sleеping)
23. B (was driving)
17.B (not)
24, B (dеlеtеcomma)
1s. D (dropped)
25. D (saw )
(w
as)
19. A
Present Perfeсt:
Sinсe and For
ж'ru.TжPqINт
T
сHARтсl|Eскl
hauе * past partiсiple
base form ofverb + -d ot _еd
сHARтсl]Eсl(2
a length of time
EхPREssТ3:;!:'!;'::,:'
,:
driuеn: irregular
compеtеd: regular
шon: irregular
triеd: regular
Martina Hingis piсked up her first tennis
it was too latе. No one was badly hurt, but
raсkеt at the age of ,*o.@
that was just luсk. Last yeaц the City Counсil
Аi dn 'tpa э э
weren+Ёаssiаg thе ..talking and driving
bесome one of the gтeatest tennis players
law." We need that law!
the outdoor Swiss сhampion at age nine.
she has
in thе world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived
in Switzеrland'@
She beсame
shе has won many international
@
сompetitions inсluding Wimbledon, the
SelfTest
U.S. Open, and the Australian Open.
For young stars like Мartina, life has
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
ffiffg
1.A
2.D
3.D
0NЕ
4. B
s.A
6.в
7,^
8. B
9.o
10.с
1 1 .с
12.8
its diffiсulties. They are under сonstant
pressure to win, and they don't havе time
to just hang out with сlassmates. In faсt,
Martina hasn't attended sсhool @,
and she has beеn in the publiс spotlight
But she seems to bе handling her
{Фiiйф.
suссеss wеll. inсе she turned оrofessiona
lLnswer
she has playеd tеnnis all over thе world
and has earned millions of dollars. Shе
sеes her life as normal beсausе tennis
has bеen the most important thing to her
inсe she was a little gir
3.
ц.
5.
с.
7.
в.
9.
Jы
w3
| -ы
've been
fot
For
has attended
hasn't done
Sinсе
has taken
10. hasn't gotten
11. Sinсe
12. has mеt
13. hasn't thought
14. 's known
15. sinсe
363
Perfeсt:
Present
Alreadу and Yet
Т::::.
:':ж,1',:'ЗP0INт
F
сHARтсHEсКI
use alrеadу
usenot...уеt
сIlАRтсltEсl(2
T
EхPREss
;:j:#.:!;F;;л
2. How long has she livеd in Switzerland?
(Shе has lived in Switzerland) for
many years.
3. Has she won any сompetitions sinсe thе
outdoor Swiss сhampionship?
Yes. she has.
4. Has she attended sсhool sinсe 1994?
No. she hasn't.
5. How muсh money has she earned sinсe
she began her сareеr?
(She has еarned) millions of dollars.
6. How long has tennis bеen important to her?
(Tennis has beеn important to her) sinсe
she was a little girl.
have been
Havе you had lunсh yet?
Yеs, Vwe have. oR Ir[o,Vwe haven't.
ffi 2'c
#l
Y.#
wl
w
I-Д
beginning of the semester. I esгесiф',,*f;fo
tennis, but sinсe SeptemЪer we dоnЪp}aу
beсause the weather hнre bеen too сold. I
also like volleyball, and my team ьu, l#
started to сompеte
with Linсoln High Sсhool. I'm looking
forward to the nеxt game.
4.Ъ
5.d
3.a
I am in Ms. Rodriguez's physiсal eduсation
for
с1ass sin€ e two months. I enjoy it a lot and
miээed
havе only miss two сlasses sinсe the
two games sinсe we t6
F'{*у l
3. Has . . . disappeared already oв yet
4. Yes... has
s. have already develoPed
6. haven't been able . . .Yet
7. Has...made...yеt
8.No...haven't
3. Helmut has already baked thе сakе.
д. Gisela has alrеady bought flowеrs.
s. Helmut hasn't put the turkey in the
oven yet.
с. Gisela has already washed the windows.
z. Helmut has already mopped the floor.
в. Gisеla has already hung the balloons.
9. Hеlmut hasn't washed thе dishеs yet.
1o. Gisela hasn't wrapped the gifts yet.
gone
ж
Y,& I'm in a hurry. I haven,t wеn+shopping
Уeт
alreaф, but l,ll do it on the way home. Rita
haэ
hаJйеalready had dinner and she's already
called
had her bath. Have you eaЦ Mr. Jaсobson
a|readу ca||ed
yet? He's еaцеа-а+reaф threе times today.
ha'n't,
His daughter has gotten her flu shоt yet.
Is it too late? Sеe you later.
j..;!!li
iii:;;!!l$]i4ii$фll:l:!:
t
364
Ansияеr
Key
neхt door to Jimmy, but he doesn't know it
Present
Perfeсt:
lndefinite Past
yеt! I сan't wait to see what happens on the
neхt episode. Does anyone know when
Г::-,,"-."ii?ш*жPЙINT
Jimmy,s book is сoming out?
now
сl]ARтсl/iEсК
I
T
Present
Simple
сltАRтсIiEсK2
rurrP0Шт
before the past partiсiple
EхPREssr;i;;i:;i;,,:у;',}
T
Have you evеr watсhed..Thе Simpsons''?
Yes, Vwe have. oв No, Vwе haven,t.
ffi
ffi
z.F
з.T
2.
3.
4.
s.
4.F
s.F
'vе had
've
stopped
Have . . . talked
have...wanted
с. F'
т.T
6.
7.
8.
9.
Perfeсt
and
Past Tense
сl/lARтс,]Eсl(l
the present perfeсt
сIiARтсHEсК2
hauе * past partiсiplе
,ve . . . wanted
havе . . . traveled
've travelеd
havе...made
2,
3.
4.
5.
6.
I,уe never even been in a сhat room.
How havе you сhanged as an aсtor?
I've beсome a better tеam player lately.
who has been your role model?
Charlie Chaplin has had gтeat influenсе
on me.
7. What has bеen your best moment on
this show?
8. Jimmy has just wоn the Еmmy.
9. what have you found most rewarding
about this experienсe?
.Io.
I,ve met some fantastiс peopie on
this shоw.
EхPRES|T#,!':i;"{',,!iii!н
mеt, have been
Many modern marriages are finding
interеsting solutions to diffiсult problems.
Joe and Maria, for exampt",@
married sinсe 1995. After their wedding, the
сouple settled down in Boston, where Maria
opened an aссounting business. Then in 1997
Joe lost his job. By that timе, Maria's new
business was booming, so they didn't сonsider
moving. Joе never found a new job in Boston,
but in 1998, he got a gтeat offеr on the other
side of the сountry-in
.o.'pl"@
Los Angeles. Thе
apart ever sinсe. How
thi s ..сommuter marri age,,
watched
I'vе just w.atеh thе Blind Date episodе on
6u?") tь"y @
up to now? Joe notes,..It сertainly
Feldstein! Have ro,, #
reщщs99 easy.w(ygщФ geogтaphiсally
separated,b..,t*@a
lot сloser
emotionally.For that reason,it( beф
funny? I LovЕ
geen
seen anything so
this show! It,s the best show
've
I havе ever sаlv in my life. I^realiy enjoyed
noticed
it lately. By the way, have you notiсе that
Jimmy and Arlenе are beginning to get
along? I think Jimmy #.
started to rеally
like her. Last night Arlene Ж
moved right
z--=*
-\
worth it."
2.7
3.F
4. F
5. T
Answer
3. haven't stopped
д.has...been
s. slept
6. haven't gotten
7. saw
в. didn,t do
g. didn't bother
1o. Have . . . tried oв Did . . . try
1'1.Yes, I have. oR Yes, I did.
,уe
12.
drunk
13. drank
5. Did you start your business beforе your
marriage?
6. No, I didn't.
z. How long have you owned уour own
business?
8. (I've owned my own business) sinсe
1995/for slr years.
p. When did you frnd your job in Los
Angeles?
1o. (I found my job in Los Angeles) in
I998/thrеe years ago.
11. Has your сommuter marriagе been very
diffiсult?
12. Yеs, it has!
'э been
p.м.
It,s 8:00
It wаs a hard week. and it's not
over yеt! I still have to finish that report.
э|arted
I've 'tarted it last Monday, but so faц I've
wrltten
wrete only five pagеs. And it,s due nехt
haэ been
week! Work wаs so diffrсult lately. I,ve
worked latе every night this week. I'm tired,
didn't get
and I ьаve+t-sot+eft muсh sleеp last night.
5aw
I miss Joe. I,ve seеn him last weekend, but
it seems likе a long time ago.
Present
Perfeсt
Progressive
ffiPqlNт
People are still сollесting Beanie Babies.
сl|АRтсltEсКl
T
Keу
l
365
снАRтсI]Eсl(2
bеen * base form + -ing
ЕхPRЕssж
A:
B:
A:
B:
has
For
been
сolleсting
2.b
3.4
4.b
5.a
6.b
3. havе been flying
д. has been living
5. has been sending
с. havе beеn appearing
7. has . . . bеen attraсting
8. has been сhoosing
9. Havе . . . been standing
1o. No, they haven't.
lt. havеn't been asking
2.
3.
4.
s.
6.
7.
8.
He hasn,t
He hasn,t
He,s been
He hasn't
Hе's been
He's beеn
He hasn't
been tеsting the inline skates.
bеen shooting baskеts.
еating pizza.
been drinking soda.
building a raсing сar.
playing video games.
bеen sending e-mail messages.
Thank you very muсh for the Pokёmon
7|aуing
сards. Мy friend and I have been Р}aу ч,i11'
j*
them all day. So faц I
been winning.
haэ
I really love Pok6mon. My Momleen buying
thе toys for us beсause she thinks they're
havebeen
сute too. All my friends w€ r e сolleсting the
сards for months now. Tonya loves the
Эhе'э
сomputer game you sent too. Shе}е bеen
asking mе to play with heц but I've been
having too muсh fun with my сards. How
thinking
havе you been? I've been thэi*фt about you
a lot. I hope you сan сomе and visit us soon.
366
I Answer
Key
Present Pel.feсt and
Present Perfect
Progressive
areas in Nigeц gтasslands in Еast Afriсa,
and forests in West Afriсa.
Beсause
oftheirn"?:"zix1*)dstrength,
WPЙINт
elephants have always fаseina+ing humans.
F,T
our fasсination has almost сaused Afriсan
сIiARтсI]Есl(
еlеphants to bесome extinсt. Pоaсhеrs
killed
(illegal huntеrs) have already be€ + -kil+ing
T
EхPREssж
hundrеds of thousands of elephants for thе
A: eating
B:has...been
A: has oв ,s
B: Has
A:No...hasn't
шl Т
z.
3.
с.
s.
6.
z.
8.
g.
ivory of their tusks. Aftеr 1989 it bесamе
illegal to sеll ivory. Sinсe then, the elеphant
7rownoк beengrowing
population has ьеenеrоw+ steadily.
4.F
s.T
o.T
has published
have already died
has given
has spоken
have been waiting
has lived oв has been living
has worked oв has beеn working
has сrеatеd
2.'ve... seen
з. has bеen living oв has lived
д. has expеrienсed
5. has survived
6. have tеsted
7. have hunted
8. have saved
9. has beеn moving
1o. has bеen еating
11. (has bееn) resting
12. has beеn raining oв has rained
l3. have found oв have beеn finding
Еlеphants and their anсestors havе been
l i vi n g
live on this planet for 5 million years.
Sсientists have found thеir bones in many
plaсes, from Asia to North Ameriсa. Presenthave
day еlephants Ьas also survived in differеnt
kinds of еnvirоnmеnts, inсluding veтy dry
Reсently several сountries have been
proteсting elephants in national parks, and
become
herds have bе€ a ffir larger and healthiеr.
Past
Perfeсt
Гfi€-ffiФ@ P0INт
oprah deсided on a сarеer.
сI|АRтсI//Eсl(
l
T
сHARтсIIEсК2
bеfore the subjeсt
ЕхPRЕss
ffiffiж
A: arrived
B: hadn't
f5 f, .iтr . ,
2.
3.
с.
5.
6.
z.
s.
4.F
5.F
hadn't yet gotten
had already gotten
hadn't yet been
hadn't yеt gotten
had already bеen
hadn't yet built
had already starrеd
6.r
Т-
I
Answer
l(ey
t
З67
t
I
z. Had he reviewed . . .
з. Had he rеviewеd . . .
д.Hadhemet...
s. Had he taped . . .
с. Had he worked out .
Й|
}в'I
No, he hadn't.
Yes, he had.
No, hе hadn't.
Yes, he had.
Yes, he had.
e
d
Oprah Winfrey is an amazrng person! By the
had
time she was tweivе, she hаs already dесided
*t
|Ы
on a сareеr. I.{otlong afterward, shе got her
h ad
first radio job. Although she hadn't hаve any
experienсe, she beсamе a news reporter.
had
When she got her own TV talk shoщ she h*s
alrеady aсted in a major Hollywood movie.
..oprah Winfrey', had
Bу thе latе 1980s
be aome
bесаmе a housеhold word. Then in 1994 she
4.a
s.f
6.c
been planning
bеen joking and laughing
bеen praсtiсing
beеn running
been looking forward
bеen waiting
z.
з.
а.
s.
с.
7.
had
had
had
had
had
had
з.
а.
s.
6.
z.
8.
had you been running
had you been dating
Had you been living
No, I oв we hadn,t
Had you been eхpeсting
No, I hadn't
I just got baсk from the marathon! I,m tired
but very huppy.Whеn I сrossed the frnish
had
line, I hаvr bеen running for four hours and
deсided to improve the quality of talk-show
themеs. She also made a personal сhange.
twenty-five minutes. Jeremy was standing
waiting
thеrе. Hе had bеen wаi+ed for me the whole
She had always had a wеight problem, but
in 1995 TV viеwеrs Saw a nеw Winfrey.
Ioэt
almost ninety pounds as a
She had М
time. Wе were both soaking wet-I, bесausе
result of dieting and working out. She had
competed
also eоrеpetе in a marathon. She has rеallу
raining just a little whilе bеforе. I was so
lo o king
glad to see him. I had beеn }eok forward to
been an inspiration to many people.
this day for so long and hoping that I сould
I had been sweating; he, beсause it hаs been
finish the raсe in less than four and a half
hours. When I got home, I сalled my parents.
beеn
They had^watсhing the marathon on TV and
Past Perfeсt
Progressive
had aсtually seen me сross the finish linе!
WPЙlNт
T
сI]ARIсltпсl(
bеen
EхPRЕssж
A:
B:
A:
B:
had . . . been praсtiсing
had been praсtiсing
Had . . . been praсtiсing
hadn't, had beеn praсtiсing
SelfTest
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 poirtts.)
Iffil
oшt
1.с
s.B
2.D
3.с
4.^
6.с
7.B
8.в
9. с
10. A
11. в
12. A
1 3 .D
14. B
ffiшип*.
368
I Answer
a a a o a a a a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a o a
Key
lffi,кlтWo
(Corrеct ansшеrs arе in parеnthеsеs.)
15. с (dе l е t е h a s )
16. D (yet)
17. с (se e m e d )
1s. A ('ve bеen reading)
1e. A (Have)
20. D (for)
21. D (taken)
22. B (has already been in business oR for
fifty years alrеady)
23, с (drink)
24. с (dеlеtе,ve)
25. с (had)
1 3 . ' 1 l. . . с o n t r o l
14. Will . . . prevent
1s. w ill
ffiI'm sorrythatwe#i*
tс. will ...сost
17. won,t be
beabletoget
together in Madison. Мartha. too. will
miэ э
misses you. Perhaps we сan get together
sometimе neхt month. Мartha and Iж
going to bе in Minnеapolis until July 15.
to
After that, we are going^visit our son in
Phoenix.His wife is pregna"tJа,-:iii,f;".
a baby the first week in July. It's hard to
beliеve that we,r
Futurez Be going to
and wiil
gтandparents!
"'Жoe ar e ОR'r e
How eхсiting that you^going to talk at
WrPoШт
the сonferenсe! I,m sure it #il- be great.
The man is going to fall into the holе.
I've got to run now. The sky is getting rеally
it,'эgoing to
dark and i#Ц storm. I want to get out of this
сItАRтсHEсl(I
three
offiсe before then. More later.
сltАRтсltEсl(2
F
сltARтсltEсl(3
Future: Contrast
T
EхPREssжжж
W-
It's going to rain.
I'll get an umbrella.
ffi
ф2.
TF
itemsсheсkedз2,4,б
tle,s golng to takе a trip.
3. He,s not going to drive. oв He isn,t going
to drive.
4. Hе's going to givе a speeсh.
5. He's going to answer the phone.
6. He's not going to watсh TV. oв Hе isn,t
going to watсh TV.
3 . ' 1 1. . . u s e
4.Will ...get
5. won't
6. will have
7. 'll repair
s.will ...be
s. will have
t o. will look
11. 'll open
12. 'll adjust
PIINт
сl]АRтсI]Eсl(
TF
EхPREss
Тtr;;:,{*ffi'
I'm lеaving in five minutеs.
Are you going to the сonferеnсe in Mav?
Ellen! It's niсe to sеe you. Are you
ffi Russ:
presenting
a paper this week?
Gвввш: Hi, Riсk. Yеs. In faсt, my talk starts
at two o'сloсk.
Russ: oh, maybе I,ll go. What arq you
soing to talk about? Robots?
Gвввш: Yes. I'm foсusing on personal robots
for household work.
Т
Ix
&*ъswer' &{**уl
i
Russ: I'd like one of thosе! Where's your
son, by the way? Is he here with You?
i
Gвввш: No. Tony stays in Denver with his
gтandparents in the summer.
I'm going to visit him after the
сonferenсe. So, what are you
369
temperature on the planet is a mild minus
morning
20 degтees Celsius. By- tomorrow
'э goingto fee|oк '|llhq
feel
wi||be
tеmperature Ь 18 degтees, but it is{re}ing
more like 28 dеgтeеs. Еnjoy your flight."
wоrking on these days?
Russ: I,m still with the Mars Assoсiation.
In faсt, we,re going to be holding a
news сonferenсe next month about
the Mars shuttle launсh.
Gвввш: That's exсiting. Maybe I'll see
you thеre.
Russ: Great. The сonferenсe begins at
noon on the tenth.
z.
3.
д.
5.
it's going to rain
I'll see
I'll сall
I'm going
6. I'm mailing
7. I'm giving
s. will you be, lands,
I'll see
t. 'll wait
,ll сheсk oR'm going to
2. 's going to rain,
сheсk
3 . do . . . board oв will . . . board oв
're flying
arе . . . going to board,
'l1 сarry
4.
5 . do . . . land oR are . . . going to land oв
will . . . land oR arе . . . landing,
'rе going to be oп,'ll bе
're going to get oв get oR'rе getting
6.
,m having oR'm going to have
oR'll gеt,
'll start oв start
're
going to start oR
7.
Я^
ж..Good
r--il
I a ы
iO
evening,ladies and gentlemen.This
afe
will-be your сaptain speaking. Wе Ьe going
to leave the Еarth's gтavity ''",u'#,,u}"o".
fifteen minutes. At that time, you are able to
unbuсkle
Уo"''?:*Hтn ж*,,|l"*around
the сabin. Host robotфake orders for
dinner soon. After these storm сlouds,
're
going|o haveoк'||have
we-a+ehа:*itg a smooth trip. The shuttle
arrives on Mars tomorrow at 9:00. Tonight's
Time Glauses
Future
,.':|:i:i;*
P0lNт
The сhild is planning her future.
сltARтсI]Eсl(
ЦF
',.i',,,i":.'.,,"::;ii,,.,;.!|3
ЕxPRЕss
What will she be whеn she grows up?
She,s going to be a sсientist.
T
F
4.
5.
T
F
6.7
8Ыл
2. They are going to move to a larger
YА
s
apartment... Jeff getsa raise.
3. . . . they move to a larger apartment,
they're going to have a baby.
с. Sandy will get a part-time job . . . they
have thеir frrst сhild.
5. . . . Sandy goes baсk to work full-time,
their сhild will be two.
6. Sandy will wоrk full-timе . . . Jeff goes to
sсhool oв Jeff will go to sсhool . . . Sandy
works full-time.
т. Jeff will frnd another job . ' . hе gтaduates.
ffi,.
gтaduate
ш.
'm going to havе
1. get, 'l1 have oR
2. save,'11buy oR'm going to buY
з. 'll feеl oR'm going to fеel, am
IШ.
,m going to buy
r. get up' ,ll buy oв
2. speak,'ll ask oR'm going to ask
з. 'll look oR'm going to look, go
4. go,'ll improve oR'm going to improve
37o
l
Кey
&nswrr
wTomorrow
is my frrst danсereсital! By the
timе I й*x write my next journal entry, it
will alrеady be over! As soon as we finish
the performanсe' therе *
goi,'g to be a big
party for us. Reporters will be therqxwhen
we enter the room. While we йiК сelebratе,
the press will interview membеrs of the danсe
group.As soon as I get up Sunday morning,
I'll buy thе paper and read the interviеws.
We're going to perform this show for
two
wеeks. As soon as it,s finished,
'rеgoing
|o |еarnoк'|||earn
wе }.earneda new progтam. I'm so exсited.
Ever sinсе I was little' I,ve wantеd to be a
ballеt danсer.
will bе vaсuuming the {1oor'But what about
outsidе the home? Witl robots be playing
football or frghting wars? Sсientists aren't
surе. What is сertain, howeveц is that robots
will be playing a more and more signifrсant
rolе in our livеs.
с.
a.
b.
3 . a.
b.
с.
d.
4 . a.
b.
2. will bе dusting oв is going to be dusting . . .
is vaсuuming oв vaсuums the living room.
3 . will be repainting oR is going to bе
4.
Future Progressave
{-:
P0lNт
:..
"i':::::::,.}
Bеfore 12:00
сHARTсIiEсl(
T
EхPRE,ssi;!::;::i;i/:,:1
Will you be working tomorrow?
Yes, I will. oв No, I won't.
What are you gоing to bе doing?
(Ansшеrs ulill uarу.)
ffiToday
we find mostrobotsworkingin
faсtoriеs around the world. But what
will robots of the future bе doing? one
Massaсhusеtts Institute of Tесhnology
designer prediсts that in just a few years,
small, intelligent robots are going to be
taking сare of all the housеhold сhorеs.
This is going to make lifе a lot еasiеr. While
one robot is сooking dinnец anothеr onе
,ll be going
are . . . going to bе leaving
won't be getting
are . . . going to be сoming
'll be taking
Arе . . . going to be having
No, wе arеn't. oв No,.we'тenot.
'm going tо be visiting
won,t bе buying
5.
6.
7.
repainting the kitсhen . . . is doing oв
does the laundry.
is making oв makes . . . will be reсyсling
oв is going to be reсyсling the garbagе.
will be giving oв is going to be giving
Mr. Gee . . . is shopping oв shops for food.
will be making oR is going to be making . . .
is hеlping oв helps Tony with homework.
is playing oв plays . . . will be walking oв
is going to be walking the dog.
robots
*ittь"Pffig
ffiIn thefuture,
morе and more tasks for humans. This
have
will kю*avi+s both positive and negative
effeсts. on the one hand' while robots
ar e do ingo е do
will_ьe-аei*s the boring and dangеrous
jobs, humans will be devoting more time to
interеsting pursuits. In this way robot,1Т
going to bе making lifе a lot easier for
humans. on the othеr hand, the widespread
to
use of robots is going^сteate"a lot оf future
unemployment. Pеople will^losing their jobs
as robоts fill thеir positions. And some
lhnsrяrer
robots сould even beсome dangerous.
I'm afraid that in the not-too-distant future,
A{ey
l
havebеen
_
By August I'll bе a word proсessor for
m
Y#
fl
have еarnеd oкhavе been еarninа
ten yеars. And I'll еarn almost the Ъamе
robots will be operating nuсlear power
salary for threе years! That's why I've madе
stations! And before too long, robots are
f i g h ri n g
going to be fiфt in wars. Although, on
a New Year's resolutiоn to go baсk to sсhool
this year. First I'm going to write for sсhool
sесond thought, that will be bеtter than
сatalogs and start saving for tuition. By Marсh,
figured
I'11have figl*rе out how muсh tuition will
humans killing eaсh othеr!
сost.
Then I'll start applying. By summец
'll have
I hдd reсeived aссeptanсе letters. In August,
Future Perfeоt
and
Future Perfeсt
Progressive
I'll talk to my boss about working part-time
r',rumPoШт
and going to sс.hoolpart-time' By that time,
a|readуэavёd
I'll have sаvеМf
enough to pay for a
Hе hasn't bеen saving for thrее years yet.
сHARтсI]EсI(
I
semеster's tuition. By neхt New Year's Day,
F
I,ll haveь"".,,ffiЪ,
сI]АRIсltпсl(2
o.'" wholesemestеr!
T
EхPREssr:i;:;::i|;!!l*3
SelfTest
driving, driven
F
T
Wf
Y#
37|
4.
5.
F
F
6.7
3. won't havе gтaduatеd
a. will have attended oв will have been
attending
5. won't have bought
6. 'll have bеen driving
7. won't have opened
8. ,il havе bеen saving
9. will have aссomplished
3. gтaduate
4. ,|I havе already beеn thinking
s. is born
6. won,t have gтaduatеd . . . yet
z. will havе already frnished
8. сеlebrate
9. won't havе started . . .yet
1o. ,ll havе alrеady bеen getting
11. open
12.'I| have alrеady bесome
(Total : 100 points. Eqch itеm : 4 points.)
ffiчl
1.
2.
3.
4.
oшп
с
A
A
B
ffii\жI
5.
6.
7.
8.
B
B
A
B
9. с
10. A
11. B
12. с
тW0
(Corrеct ansu)еrs arе in parеnthеsеs.)
ts. B (be)
16. D (will go)
't7. D (finish)
1s. с (driving)
"|9,^ (bе traveling)
20. ^ (will frnish oп is going to frnish)
21. B (work oR be working)
22. с (alreadу oн delеtе уet)
23. A (will you)
z+. D (is)
2s. B (have)
13.
14.
с
B
372
&rъ*wer" E'eу
l
Wh- Gluestions:
Subjeсt and Prediсate
"}POINT
ш..'..3.:",,',r,"'Z|
PпINт
r"
the events on the night of May 12th
the names of people who saw the witness
сlIАRтсltEсI(I
You,re an aсtol aren,t vou?
Е.T
EхPREssТ;::,""iii'..ffi
What happеned last night?
What did vou do nеxt?
д.b
5.с
6.e
How did you get home?
Who gave you a ride?
What happenеd next?
Who(m) did you sеe?
Who is Dеborah Collins?
What did you do?
How many people сalled you?
What timе (oв When) does сourt begin?
How many witnesses testifiеd?
Why did the jury find Adams guilty?
What happened?
How long (oв How many weeks) did the
trial last?
8. Who spoke to the jury?
9. How muсh did Adams pay his lawyer?
to. Who(m) did the distriсt attorney question?
3.
д.
s.
6.
7.
did
What time^the suspесt rеturn home?
э aw
Who di*sеe him? Were there anv witnesses?
W ho
Whom was at home?
Why did he сall A. Smith?
hap p e n e d
What *++appen next?
did he
сHАRтсI]Eсl(
'!
ЕхPREss/',;ij#,:,:
2
сliARтсl/iЕск
2.
3.
д.
s.
6.
7.
8.
The man is сommenting on the weathеr.
F'цT
T
a
d
Тag Cluestions
Whеre hе4id go?
d i d h et a k е
How muсh monev he_+oоkwith him?
Кдy: Hi, Tom. It's a niсе day, isц'Ц!?
Toм: Sure is. Not a сloud in the sky. How
are you doing?
Kду: Good, thanks. You don,t know of any
vaсant apartments, do yоu? Мy son
is looking for onе.
Tом: He is? I thought hе was staying with you.
Кдy: Well, he really wants a plaсe of his
own. Do yоu know оf anything?
Toм: As a mattеr of faсt, I do. You knоw thе
Sobotas, don't vou? Wеll, I just found
out that they're moving to New York
neхt month.
Кдy: They are? What kind of apartment do
they have?
Toм: A onе-bеdroom.
Kдy: It's not furnishеd, is it?
Toм: No. Why? He doesn't need a furnished
apartment, doеs hе?
Kдy: Well, he doesn,t have furniturе. But I
guess hе сan always rеnt some, сan't hg?
Toм: Why don't you give your son my
numbeц and I,ll give him some more
information?
Кдy: Will you? Thanks, Tom.
ffi:,'n
4.f
s.b
6.9
7. a
2. did you
3. doesn't it
4. haven't they
8.
9.
10.
с
е
d
5. aren't you
с. don't you
7. isn't it
ffi
ffiBвш: It,sbeena longtime,.lo",
it?
Joв: That depends on what you mеan by a
it
long time, doesn't м?
...-P-
t
t
I
II
I
Arъswer Key
t
I
t
Bвш: What are you doing around here,
l
My brother is just a year older than I am.
anyway? It's dangerous.
We have a lot of things in сommon.
Joв: I сan take сare of myself. I,m still
aren'l
alive' аmn+ I?
First of all, we look alike. I am 5'10", and
iэ he
so he_is. I have straight blaсk hair and dark
Bвш: Yes, but you,re still wanted by the
aren'l
poliсe, ате you?
brown eyes, and so does he. We share many of
Jов: Look, I need a plaсe to stay. You havе
a plaсe, don't you? Just for onе night.
the same interests too. I love to play soссeц
do eэ
Both of us swim every day, but
and he^,too.
neither
I сan't divе, and either сan he.
Bвш: I havе to think of my wifе and kids.
Sometimеs, bеing so similar has its
can'l
You сan find someplaсe else, eaR you?
Joв: No. You,ve got to help mе!
Bвш:: I've already helped you plenty. I went
didn't,
to jail for you, hаYе*+ I?
Joп: Yeah, oK, Ben. You remember what
don'l*
happened in Vegas, 4o you?
Bвш: oK, oK. I сan make a сall.
problems. For example,last night I wanted the
dia
last pieсe of сhoсolatе сake, and so doеs he.
often I won,t feel like doing the dishеs, and
w ill
neither won't he. Worst of all, sometimes I'm
interested in dating a сertain sсhoolmate, and
Iэ he
so hg-is. Howeveц most of the time I feel our
similarities are really niсe. So does my brother.
*oR:You don'l rememberwhat happenedin
Vеgaэ,do уou?
SelfTest
with So, Too,
Additions
Neither, and Not either
(Total : 700 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
{щЕТlъ!
WшtrffiPqlNт
1.4
2.с
3.4
The men like the same things.
сI|АRтсl]Eсl(
0}|E
4.^
5.D
6.D
7. D
8.D
e.B
10. A
11. B
12. с
!ЕtrтJЗщ]тW0
ЦцT
EхPREss,Lжжffi#}"
and neither is Мark
and so does Gerald
ffi
ffi
ffi
2.F
3.7
4.7
s.F
6.7
7.F
2. too
3. neithеr
4. did
5. eithеr
с. So
z. So
2. did I
3. сan I
4. do tоo
s. dol
с. doI
7. dol
373
8.
9.
в.
T
T
(Corrеct ansшеrs arе in parеnthеses.)
13. с (isn't)
14. с (didn't)
ls. D (has his brother)
16. D (have)
17. ^ (did you work oR were you working)
18. D (it)
le. D (?)
20. D (I am too oв so am I)
21. D (they)
22. с (aren't)
z3. D ftе)
zд. C (go)
2s. ^ (Why did you)
374
I
Answer
Key
s.
6.
z.
8.
Ability:
Can, Could, Be able to
WжPпINт
Today in mу Will B. Happy Teamwork сourse'
F
I learned about work styles-"Drivers"
сI|ARTсl]Eс'(I
сIiARтсltEсK2
bе
pеoplе,s ideas. The Enthusiast in our group
ao mmunio ale
сan еоmmu+iеаtes well, but you сan't
сI]ARтсIiEсK3
a form ofbе
depend on her. Now I understand what was
EхPRЕssж
happening in my business сlass last yeaц
feel
when I сouldn't flе}tсomfortable with my
A:Is...to
B:is...сan
2. Sam
3. Dan
+. Sam
1. сan, ,ll be able to
2. hasn't beеn able to, сan
3. сan't,,ll be able to
4. haven't been abie to, сan't, сan,t,'ll be able to
2. Were . . . ablе to сommuniсate
3. сan hеlp
4. сouldn't follow
and
..Enthusiasts.',I'm a Driveц so I сan make
to
dесisions, but I,m not ablе..listеn to other
T
A surprising numbеr of young people have
bеen able to сreate suссеssful Web-based
businesses. One young entrepreneur is Sam
Roberts. Sam сould dеsign Web pages when
he was eight, but he got his break at twelve
whеn a writеr hired him to dеsign a Wеb
sitе. Sam,s first business failed beсause he
and his partner weren't ablе to gеt along.
Howevец his nеw business, Webman, is up
and running. Another young businessman,
Jay Leibowitz, was able to sell two softwarе
progтams when he was fоurtеen. He made
$30,000 on the deal and now Jay runs his
own Web site. Dan tr'inley writes reviews of
new software. He started his business at
siхteen. A full-timе сollеge student, Dan
сan pay a staff of writеrs and still earn $s0о
a month. Although they all make money, all
three startеd out to have fun at thеir hobbv.
not to make a profit.
сouldn't deсide
сan manage
'11be able to otganize
be able to speak
tеam. I thought that thеy all talked toо
weren'l
muсh and did#t able to work effiсiently.
waэ ab|eto
I еоt*+dgеt an A for the сourse, but it was
hard. I сan do a lot more alone, but some
jobs are too big for that. our instruсtor says
be
that soon the Drivers will..able to listеn and
willbe able to
the Enthusiast еоu+4be more dependable.
Permission:
Maу, Can, Оould,
Do уou mind if . . .?
WPЙINт
The student is asking the teaсhеr to allow
him to take the test tomorrow.
сI|ARтсI|Eс'(l
could
сIiARтсl]Eсl(2
цT
EхPREssж
A: hеlps
B: Not at all, help
ж
ыE
Ы..'
'
*
4. c
3.e
5.a
6.b
r+
Answer
3. Do you mind if he stays
с. Ido
5. May I usе
6. you may not oR you сan't
7. you сan't start
8. do you mind if I borrow
9. It{otat all oв Ir{o,I don't oв Go right ahead
1O. you may open
1l . Can I с o m e
12. you сan,t
m
ы
(Ansшеrs.maу uarу slightlу.)
z. Could I use your phone?
3. May I (oв we) park herе?
+. Could we movе up a few rows?
5. Can wе (oR he) tape the сonсеrt?
6. Do you mind if I (oв we) lеave?
z. B
з. B
с. B
s. C
с. A
7. p
8. A
e. C
10. A
(сan't)
(сhange)
(сan)
(havе)
(may not oв сan't)
(plays)
(No, I don't oв Not at all)
(we)
(Yes, We сan oR Sure oв Certainly)
Requests:
Wiil, Can, Would, Could,
Would Уou mind . . .?
WPqlNт
asking someone to dо something
сI|ARтсHЕсl(I
T
l
З75
t. Mдвсrд: Hi. You must be thе new offiсe
assistant. I'm Marсia Jones. Let
rne know if you need anything.
Loп,шд: Thanks, Marсia. Could you show
me the сoat сloset?
Mдвсlд: Certainly. It's right over here.
2. Loвшд: Marсia' would you explain thеse
instruсtions for thе fax maсhine?
МдвсIд:
Surе. Just put your letter in
hеre and dial thе numbеr.
з. MдвсIд: I'm leaving for lunсh. Would you
likе to сome?
Lовшд: Thanks, but I сan't right now.
I'm really busy.
Mдвсrд: Do you want a sandwiсh from
the сoffeе shоp?
Loвшд: That would be gтеat. Can you get
me a tuna sandwiсh and a soda?
MдвсIд: Surе. Will vou answer m.y phone
until I get baсk?
Loвшд: Certainly.
д. MдвсIд: Lorna, would you mind making
some сoffее?
Loп,шд: I'm sorry, but I сan,t do it now.
I've got to finish this lettеr
before 2:00.
2.a
3.a
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
4.b
5.a
6.b
you file these reports?
turning on thе lights?
you buy some сеreal?
you сall baсk later?
you shut thе door oв you mind shutting
the door?
The mеetings arе going well but they have
сIllАRтсIiEсl(2
OK
ExPRЕssж
A:
B:
A:
B:
Key
Wоuld
No, nоt
will oR сan oв would oв сould
сan,t
beеnеxtended
a day.Could,o,,#ffffi
Doug Rogers to try to resсhеdule our
salеs meeting?
Cert,ain|у
oк of сourae oк Эure
No+-a+-аlt I'll do it right awaу.
We,ll nеed three extra сopies of the monthly
saies rеport. Wouid you ask Ann to take сarе
of that?
Certain|уoк of courъeoк 1ure
y+s_'++Yоuн. (Ann-Coцld
you do this?)
(сontinuеd on nехt pagе)
I Answer
376
KeY
workinа
I hate tо ask, but wouid you mind te werL
7. What should I buY?
8. you should (oв ought tо) get some flowers
on Saturday? We,ll need thе extra time to go
over the nеw information I've gotten.
сan,I
Sorrу, but I € {*ldnzt.
My in.laws
ffiwe
are sohappyto hearaboutyournewjob'
Congтatulations! Just rеmember-you
are
too hard. Thе mоst
сoming for a visit. But Rob Lin says he
shouldn't Хwork
сan сomе in to the offiсe to help out.
important thing right now is your sсhoolwoтk.
o uаh|to
Maybe you only oughtа work two days a
one last thing. I was going to piсk up those
week instead of three. Also, we think you'd
new business сards, but I won,t bе baсk in
better ask yоur boss for timе оff during
time. Would you mind doing that for me?
Not at all oP.I'dbe glad to
I'lГstop at the printer's
sф$o{*'d.
during
exams. That way you'll have plenty of time
'd
to study. You weuld better give this a lot of
my lunсh break.
сareful thought, oK? Please take good сare
better not
of yourself. You,d nоt_bet+еr start 'o'o,|;lo*
Adviсe:
Should, Ought to,
Нad better
wо+ked
meals, and you defrnitеly shоuldn't
'd
at night. At your age' you чriЦ better get a
good night's sleep. Dо you need anything
W.жPЙlNт
The intеrviеwеr is suggesting a type of jоb fоr
the appliсant.
from homе? Shоuld we send any of your
books? Let us know.
сI]АRтсHEсl(I
T
Suggestions:
сI]АRтсHЕсl(2
Could, WhY don't .
Why not . . ?, Let's,
Нowabout...?
should
ЕхPREI|жffiffi
ffi
A: Should
B:No...shouldn't
P0lNт
F
l
сIIАRтсI]EсI{
[tems сheсked: 1, 5,6
does not сhange for differеnt subjесts
2. shouldn't
з. shоuld
д. shouldn't
s. should
,d bettеr not
с.
'd
7. better
2. You should (oв You ought to) look neat
3. What time should I arrive?
4. you shouldn,t (ов you,d better not) arrive
after 7:15
s. Should I bring a gift?
6. You shouldn't (oв You'd better not) buy an
expensivе gift
2
сIIARтсIllEсl(
F'
EхPREss
ж:.ffi:;ф'
Let's take the train.
Maуbе we сould take thе train.
Why not take the train?
How about thе train?
2
&rз*ъ*в*r,Ж'*уl
Eмrr.y: Why don't we go to the raсes?
I hear they,re really exсiting.
Mвсдш: I,d like to, but I neеd to go shopping.
Eмrr.y: Then let,s go to the Temple Street
Market tonight. We might еven see
some Chinese opera in the street
while we're there.
Mвсдш: That sounds likе fun. If we do
that, whv not go to the raсes this
afternoon?
Eмrr.у: oK, but let,s яеt somеthing to
eat first in one of those floating
rеstaurants.
Мвсдш: I don't think we,ll have time.
Mavbe we сould do that tomorrow.
Right noщ how about getting dlпt
sиrn at the Kau Kee Restaurant
neхt door? Then we сould take the
Star Fеrrv to Hong Konя Island
and the raсeсourse.
Емrr,у: Sounds good. Here,s an idea for
tomorrow. Whv not take one of
those small boats-Йoldo-to
Lantau Island? When we сome
baсk, we сould have dinner at the
Jumbo Palaсe.
Mвсдш: Let,s do that. It's a little expensive,
but at least it floats!
2. How about
3. Why don't wе
a. Maybe we сould
2.
3.
4.
5.
5. Lеt's
6. Let's not
going to the beaсh?
buy another one.
we take a trip togethеr?
try that nеw seafood plaсе'
Emily
3:00
I'm going shopping. I'11be
еat
baсk at 5:00. Let's еа+ing
at 7:00.OK?
Megan
377
4:00
Megan
7:00 for dinner is fine.
going
?
How about go to a mоvie afterwardx
See you later.
Е.
5:00
Emily
I'm going to be too tired
for a movie. Maybe we сould
nang
just hangЬg around the hostel after
dinner. Let's talk about it later.
I'm taking a nap.
M.
1\,{-
6:00
Let,s not eat at thе samе restaurant tonight,Х
trУ
Why don,t we trуing a new plaсe?
?
How about Broadway Seafooф
I'll meet you downstairs at 7:00.
E.
Preferenсes:
Prefer, Would prefer,
Would rather
T:!::
PotNT
Tеenagers like to watсh TV bettеr than they
like to do other things.
сl]АRтсltЕсl(l
ulould prefеr ('d prеfеr)
сHARтсHEс,l(
2
the gerund or the infinitive
EхPREss
read, than, shopping
2.F
3.F
4. F'
5. F
6.
7.
T
T
37a
l
l\rзsъ*я*r Keу
2. I'd rather not сook
3. Would...rathergo
4. I'd rather not
5 . I'd rather have
6. I'd rather not
7. I'd rather seе
l.prefer...to
2. 'd rather . . . than, prefer oR'd prefer
3. ,d prefеr
4.prefer...to
5.'drather...than
6. do . . . prefer . . ., prefer . . . to
WrжтW0
(Corrеct ansшеrs аrе in parеnthеsеs.)
1s. D (able to dive)
21. D (etve)
16. D (?)
22. A (M aybe)
17. с (better not)
23. с (was able to)
18. A (\Мould)
24. с (dеlеte we)
19. B (borrow)
2s. D (than)
20. D (ask)
Necessity:
Have (got) to and МIust
my study, I interviеwed frfty men and
жFor
women. There was no differenсe in men,s
and women's prefеrenсes for TV. I found that
to
everyone prefers watсhing Tv thaft going to
movies. Men and women both enjoy news
progтams and entеrtainment speсials.
Howeveц men Would rather #g
WжPutNт
a requirement
сIIARтсliEсKI
F
сI|ARтсl]Eсl(2
a form of do
adventure progтams and sсienсe fiсtion,
EхPREss,,,,/#;,;:;;/;;F;:э'
A:does...haveto
B: must
while Women prеfer soap operas. Mеn also
like to watсh all kinds of sports, but women
than
would rather see game shows to sports.
Reading preferenсes differ too. Men prefer
io readoк readinа
мing
newфapers, while women would
rathеr read magazines and books. When men
to read oк reading
read books, they prefеr rеad nonfiсtion and
adventurestories.Women
"*"ffi*
novels.
SelfTest
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
Жotlt
1. A
2.8
3.D
4,D
5. с
6.с
7. B
s. в
e.A
10. с
11. D
12. ^
13. B
14. D
wl
Е.ж'I
Dvгv: Department of Motor Vehiсles.May
w
|-;@
l hЪlp you?
Bвш: I'm moving to California soon. Will I
have to get a California liсense whеn
I move?
Dtшv: Yes, you will. California residеnts
must have a California driver's liсense.
Bвш: Whеn will I have to get my California
liсense?
Dtшv: You have to replaсе your old liсense
ten days after you beсome a resident.
So сome in and apply for your California
liсense right after you get there.
Bвш: Do I have to take any tests to
exсhange my Illinois liсense for a
California liсense?
Dttтv: Sinсe you alreadу have an Illinois
liсense, you won,t have to takе the
road test. But you will have to take
the written test.
Bвш: How about the eye test?
Dмv: oh, everyone has got to take thе
eye test.
Bвш: oK. Thanks a lot. You've beеn very
helpful.
&e.aжъ*яe**,
Ж*у
2. ,ve to (oв ,ve got to) piсk up
3. Do . . . have to сhange
+. I don't
s. didn't have to do
've to (oв've got to) take
6.
z. Does . . . have to paсk
8. he doesn't
9. 's got to (oв has to) help
10. 've had to сall
2. must turn
3. must drive
4. must not drivе
5. must ride
6. must not walk
How are you doing? We've been herе about
l
379
сltАRтсltFсl(2
F
EхPREss
{H:;,ж#:ru
Hе doesn't havе to stop here.
You must not drive too fast.
New drivers arе usually exсited about their
nеw freedom:..My mom doеsn't havе to drive
me ever)Дvhere anymore! I don't have to ask
my friends for ridеs to sсhool!,,When you
don't have your own сar yet, any priсe seems
worth paying. But onсe you buy a сaЦ you
siх weеks. It's strangе living in the suburbs.
сar payments and insuranсe
@your
premiums' or you won't be a drivеr for very
There,s no publiс transportation, so you've
got
эign
get to drive еverywhere. I had to signs up
an alternative to thеse problеms, however.
for driver,s ed this semester so I сan grt my
liсense by summertimе. It's the law here that
muol
everyone ffi*s+s wear a seat belt. I used to
gas and maintеnanсе
long. Yoo {бnТleФ
out of the budget either. Car sharing offers
Меmbers of сar-sharing gтoups have a cat
whеn they nееd onе for еither short trips
or vaсations, but they don,t have the high
еxpenses of ownеrship. Thеy pay vеry little
hate to buсkle up, but with the traffiс here,
to use a sharеd сaц and they don't have to
I have сhanged my mind. There are a lot of
аoNto
freeways, and you've Ьottа know how to
worry about maintaining the сar or paylng
сhange lanes with a lot of fast traffiс. Еven my
haэ
Mom hа$e had to get usеd to it. Dad works at
had
home, so he hasn,t hаs to do a lot of driving.
Have you beaten thоse сomputer gamеs
the insuranсe. Fees for short trips are onlу
about $3.00 an hour plus $0.50 per mile.
Groups do nоt havе striсt requirеments
еither. Members@ьua
driving reсords or poor сredit, and they
ust not retu
the сars in poor shapе or
they will pay extra.
yet? I'm having a lot of trouble with "Doom."
've
You^got to writе to me and tell mе how to
get past the fifth level!
Ghoice: Don't have to
No Ohoiсe: Must not
and Can't
9:iж;i;;:{"*POINт
stop to ask for dirесtions
сI]ARTсltFсl(l
do
z.
3.
4.
5.
сan't уell
сan't turn
сan't park
don't have to worry
2. don't have to bring
3. must not play
4. must not dive
6.
7.
8.
9.
don't have to get
haven't had to buy
сan't bring
don't have to listen
5. don't havе to bе
6. don't have to leave
W.egot to the motel late this еvening beсausе
we got lost. But We wеre luсky-thеy kеpt
didn't havelo
our room so wе mr*st_nоtfind another motel.
(сontinuеd on nехt pagе)
38o
I &rъжwзw*Ж*у
doeэn'I
Jimmy is really happy bесause he de#t have
fifty wedding guests, but we love сyсling,
to go to bed until after 10:00,when the
don'l havelo
leave
swimming pool сloses. We Рдr*s+n+
and wе,re not sorry'" Bill said'
until 11:00 tomorrow (сheсkout time), so
we сan stay up later. Yosemite is only four
have
hours awaУ, so We won't had to drive the
whole day tomorrow. It's going to be exсiting.
My parents say we absolutely must not )d.
go out by oursеlves beсausе there are bears
there. I,d love to sеe a bеar (from the insidе
of the сar). I'll send a postсard of one.
Expeсtations:
Be supposed
'
to
,"::::::::,,P0lNт
the usual way somеthing is done at a wedding
сI|АRтсl|Eсl(
her wеdding bouquеt at the hotеl. Мinutes
before the ferrу was supposed to leave, Bill
jumpеd on his bike, got the flowеrs, and
made it baсk to the ferry on time...Cyсlists
are supposed to stay fast and fit," he said.
2.F
3.F
2. a.
b.
с.
3. a.
b.
4. a.
b.
5. a.
b.
6. a.
s.T
4,7
Were . . . supposed to do
No, they weren't
were supposed to deliver
is supposed to start
are . . . supposed to stand
aren't (oR,re nоt) suppоsed to be
aren,t (oв,re not) supposed to seе
'm
supposed to wear
's
supposed to rain
's supposed
to be
I,m so sorry-I
know I:жsuppоsed
to write
to you last weеk about my plans to visit.
I've been awfully busy. My friend Netta is
T
Еss !;.;.;|,.:;
ЕхPR
:.:
::..
;'!;
getting married soon, and she's asked me to
A: were
B: was
w
Whilе paсking the next day, Beth lеft
be her maid of honor. Shе and Gary want a
big wedding. They're supposed to have
It Wasn,t Supposеd to Be a Big Wedding
about two hundred guests. I havе a lot of
Providenсe, July 19-The Striсklands
responsibilitiеs. l.uiii"ь" supposed to give
wantеd a quiеt wеdding-that's
why theу
eloped to Bloсk Island, off thе Atlantiс Coast
of the Unitеd States. The island is quite
Nеtta a shower before thе wedding (that's a
party where everyone brings presents for the
small, so the Striсklands paсked their bikеs
bride). I am ut.ouffito
for the ferry trip' The wеather was supposed
thе bridesmaids,drеsses. The best man's name
to be lovely, and they had asked the mayor
to marry thеm on a hill ovеrlooking
thе oсеan.
..Whеn we got there, we found a сrowd
of
сyсlists admiring thе vieщ,'laughed Beth.
When Bill kissed his bride, the audienсe
burst into loud applause and rang thеir
biсyсle bеlls...We weren't supposed to have
help her сhoose
is Jim. Hе,ll help Gary gеt ready. I haven't
met him yеt, but ь".. #ЕA#
tо be very niсe.
I'd better say goodbr" ,o*.lffrpposed
to leave for rehеarsal frvе minutes ago.
P.S.Aboutmy visit-I'm ffi;i
to getsome
time off in July. Would that be сonvenient?
Ansuver
I
381
weather сhanges all over thе world. The
Future Possibility:
МaУ, Мight, Could
west сoasts of North and South Ameriсa
might D6have heavy rains. On the other side
bеco m e
of the Paсifrс, New Guinea might beеomеs
WffiPqINт
F
very dry. Northern areas сould have warmeЦ
сI]Аnт
о]Eсl(l
wetter winters, and southеrn areas сould
T
beсome muсh сolder. These weather сhangеs
maУnot
affесt plants and animals. Some fish maу#t
сI]ARтсIiEсI(2
in answers
ЕхPREssж
survive in warmer waters. Droughts сould
cauo e
еаtrsing сrops to die, and food may get very
B: might
A: might
B: might not
expensive. Еl Niflo may happen every two
maу ОKmight
years' or it eor*}dnot сome for seven years.
Ar,rсв: I just heard that it may snow today.
Are you going to drive to work?
Brr-r.: No. I'll take the 7:30 train instead.
Ar,rсв: I'll take the train with you. I have
some work to do in the library.
Brr-ь: Great. Why don,t you сut your
aftеrnoon сlass and have lunсh with
me too?
Ar,rсв: oh, I сouldn't do that. But let,s meet
at thе train station at 6:00, oK?
Brr,ь: I might have to work until 8:00
tonight. I,ll сall you and let you know.
4. may not
5. 'm going to
Will Еl Niflos get worsе in the future? They
сould Ъ'(. Pollution holds hеat in the aiц and
maУo R mighto к co u|d
it will inсrease the effeсts of Еl Niflo. but no
onе is sure уet.
Assumptions:
Мay, Мight, Could, Must,
Have (got) to, Can't
WщrPaШт
1. Certain
2. Impossible
3. Possible
2. сould
3. might
Key
making a guess
6. may
7. might
3. Shе's going to a meeting with
Mrs. Humphrey at 11:00.
с. Shе may (oн might) have сoffee with Suе
aftet сlass.
5. Shе,s going to go to work at 1:00.
6. She may (oв might) gо shopping
aftеr work.
z. Shе may (oв might) take thе 7:00 train.
8. She's going to piсk lp pizza.
Еvery few years, the oсean near Peru
beсomes warmer. Called Еl Niflo, this
maу
variation in temperature fnaуbе сausе
I
сI]ARтсI1Есl(
T
сItАRтсl]Eсl(2
F
EхPREssж
A: сould
B: might, сan't
m
4.Ъ
w2.d
3.e
2.
3.
4.
s.
must
's got to
сould
Could
5.9
6.a
7.c
6.
7.
8.
9.
might be
соuldn't
might not
may
З82
l
Ansrrver
Кey
I might (oв сould) be
It сould (oR might oв may) be the сat
You must еat a lot
Could it be
it сan't (ов сouldn't) be
It must сome from your own pipe.
Therе сan,t (oв сouldn't) be any othеr
explanation.
9. thеre сould (oв might oв may) be
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The rnain сharaсtец Molly Smith, is a сollege
ЕSL teaсhеr. Shе is trying to frnd her dead
grandparents,first home in thе United
be
States. It may briflg in a nearby tоwn.
Thе townspeople there seеm sсared. They
сould Ж,have a seсrеt, #?[ъ;ж*:ж;'',
hatе strangers. Molly has some old lеtters
that might lead her to the plaсe. They are in
Armеnian, but one of hеr stude.,t. #Нi*
havelo
translate them for her. They hа*a bе
inrportant beсausе thе author mentions
thеm right away. Thе letter must сontain
EхPREssr*ж
A: have
B: should havе
ffii:Т
4. F
5. T
6.7
z. shouldn't have donе
3. should have studied
4. сould havе done
5. ought to have gonе
с. shouldn,t have stayed
7. сould have preventеd
s. might...haveсalled
9. Should, . . have сontaсted
Io. shouldn,t havе
11. сould have saved
2. I shouldn't have eatеn all thе сhoсolatе.
3. She might havе сalled.
4. Hе сould havе offerеd to lend mе some
(money).
5. I shouidn't have joggеd five milеs yesterday.
6. They shouldn,t havе сharged me
(for thе plastiс bags).
7. I ought to have invited Cynthia
(to the partу).
8. He might havе sеnt mе a сard.
family seсrets. Who is the bad guу? It сouldn't
About a week ago, Jennifеr was latе for
be the student bесause he wants to help. It
work again, and Doug, our boss, told mе hе
might Хbе thе newspaper editor in thе town.
wantеd tо get rid of hеr' I was really upset.
have
of сoursе' Jеnnifer shouldn't hаd been late
have
so often, but he might has talked to her
Advisability
WPЙlNт
regrets things in his past
сHARтсI|Eсl(l
F
сI|EсI(
2
сI{iАRт
T
сI{lАRт
сHEсl(3
ought to hauе
in the Past
about the problem before he deсided to lеt
her go. Then he told me to make her job
diffiсult for hеr so that she would quit.
I just pretended I didn't hear him. What a
o ughtto
mistake! I ou€ h ta have сonfrontеd him
right away. or I сould at least have warnеd
Jennifer. Anyway, Jennifer is still hеre,
but now I,m worriеd about my own job.
have
Should I оf told Doug's boss? I wonder.
-ш!i
Ansvwer
Key
I
383
h a v eh a n d l e d
Maybe I should hаnd}e things differently
anсiеnt сulture had rnade thеm? What
last week. Thе сompany should never has
purpose сould they havе had? Author Еriсh
hired this guy.
von Dd'nikеn beliеves that the drawings
mar ked
might have mаrk a landing strip for thе
have
have
spaсeсraft of astronauts frоm another
Speсulations
about the Past
planet. Arсhaeologists, howevец now bеliеve
that the anсiеnt Nazсan сivilization might
WP0lNт
have dеve|oped
have
d€ v еlоp flight. They сould оf built hot.air
deэigned
balloons and design the piсtures from the air.
if it was possible that something happened
сllАRтсIiEсl(I
T
сI]Есl(
2
cI|АRт
SelfТest
could
EхPREssж
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
havе сarved, might havе
2.a
3.f
4.
5.
с
d
ш
IffiI
6.b
2.
3.
4.
5.
Thеy must havе beеn
They may havе
He might not havе been
He must have
2.
3.
4.
s.
6.
7.
8.
9.
сould not have built
had to have gotten
must not have known
сou].dhave сarved
(сould have) transported
might have been
may have livеd
must have had
In 1927, Toribio Mexta Хesspe of Pеru
havebeen
must bе very surprised to see linеs in thе
oшl
1.с
2,8
3.8
4.8
s.A
6.8
7. D
lffiEt\|l
тW0
8. B
9. D
10. A
11.B
12. A
13.с
(Corrеct а,nsшеrs arе in parenthеsеs.)
14. с (must not have known)
1s. D (leave)
16. c (havе)
17. B (looked)
ls. A (have got to)
19. с (сan,t)
20. A (must not)
21. B (have)
22. ^ (may oв might oв сould)
23. ^ (was oв is)
24. с (have to)
2s. ^ (should have)
shapes of huge animals on the gтound bеlow
his airplanе. Created by the anсient Nazсa
Adieсtives
сulture, these forms arе toо big to reсognize
from the ground. Howeveц from about
600 feet in the air the giant forms takе
shape. Without airplanes, how сould an
W-жPqlNт
warm and сozy
сItАRт
сHEсK
F.F.T
and Adverbs
384
#lrrsr*яer Кe3r
l
faэt
What a mess!! I lеft that plaсе vеry fаsф
ЕxPRЕss,,ш:{!#,;f,"#'
too. I'm not asking for the moon! I only want
A: sloщ slowly
B: slow, slow
a small plaсe in a сlеan building with
Studеnts! Are yоu lоoking fоr u .ou6ul pfi."
friеndly neighbоrs. I'm loоking at another
to livе? Come to 140 Grant street, Apt. 4B.
-.-.----_----..is (absolutely)peЦfeсt for two
This apartment
-:
plaсe tomorrow. The ad says'..Clean and
q,dfi;йdеnts
bright. Small but сonvenient apartment on
аuiet
lovely, q-iiet'у bloсk.,, I wonder what that
who are looking for a 99,!
really means!
neighborhood, just 15 minutes from сampus.
This lovelv apartrтrent is in a new building.
It is a 'h.,?йtk
to the bus stop. The eдpдggq
bй go6sGireсtliinto
----
.
r-----r
6u'aD-ik"'
any stops at all. You сan wPlk
6"f"i)through thе wonderful parks on your
i. eбБфub.
J-y ьo*e.The,",,t
€
Call for an aPPointment: 555-5050'
r--7t----'
This apartment will rent@g).
: _",1
WА
l|1@
ы
2.
3.
4.
s.
6.
7.
8.
9.
tеrriblv disappointed
surprisingly еasy
extremelY safe
inсrеdibly fast
awfullу slowly
YerУ сlearly
unusuallY loud
exсeptionally pleasant
2. large
з. bеautifullу
+. happily
s. busy
6. niсe
PaЁiсipial
tоwn. At night the bus
7.
в.
9.
ro.
tr.
WPqlNт
F
сHARтсl|EсI(
T
EхPREss
ж'ж,,ffi
exсiting
interesting
frightening
amusing
tiring
m_
жIn
quiet
hardly
niсe
shy
good
g,-a-funny.^
1
W,АffiSomе apartment ads are so flffiftitу! one ad
.-.ы
warrn
..warml)r aпd eozу.,'It was
desсribed a plaсе as
really hot and сrowded, but the owner insisted
perfect|у
that it suited me'perfееt. I was trying very
hard
h"-d'у not to laugh whilе he was desсribing
it, so I had to leave quiсkly. Anothеr plaсe
cule
I saw was supposеd tо be..niсe and еute\r.''
Adieсtives
exсited
interested
frightened
amused
tired
some сountries, peоple who are intеrеsted
in meeting оthеrs turn for hеlp to pеrsоnal
ads in newspapers and magazinеs, and
onlinе. A@number
of busy people
view these ads as a praсtiсal way of
..I,vetried hard
inсrеasing their soсial сirсle.
to meеt people on my own,,,said one satisfiеd
сustоmеr...I was new in town and wanted to
make friеnds fast. The personals prоvidеd
me with a quiсk way of mеeting many
in a short Period of time'"
@people
"I think it's
impressed.
Others are not so
peоple need tо resort
kind of@when
to plaсing ad's to make friends,'' observed
'A friend of mine tried the ads
one man.
several times and was really disappointed
with the rеsults. It's just not personal enough.',
&rъ*ияс*в.
&{*xr t
2. puzzled
3. plzz|тлg
+. interesting
5. interested
6. fasсinating
7.
8.
9.
1o.
2.
3.
с.
5.
с.
7. сonfusing
в. depressed
9. amazed
1O. amusing
11. exhausted
boring
interestеd
fasсinating
amused
horrifying
fasсinated
disappointеd
surprising
surprised
385
and wе сan tell yоu whiсh onеs сlean best
and whiсh ones don't rеmove trail stains
€.
others.
"ББйiГ;Ь
overall, Brite and Kleеn arеn,t
as eхpensive as Trend, but they didn't
diэappointed
Just got home. I'm disаpроi+ti+g with the
evening. At first I thought Jake was an
i n t e r e at i n g
in+еrested guy, but tonight I felt somewhat
bored with his сompany. We saw a very
enterlaining
еn+e+tаiаеd movie. but Jake didn,t like it.
In faсt, it seеms 1ikе we have сompletely
p".fo..''@
*Ыйithеr.
Howevец the5rwere
almost as good in partiсular сategoriеs.
Trend removed both mud and gтass
stains effeсtively. Brite removed mud just
effeсtively
Trend. but it didn't remove
gтass stains
Kleen was effeсtivе on
@
gтass stains, but not on mud. Britе сleaned
сlothes
thoroushlv as Kleen, but again,
Brite and Kleen weren't as good as Trend
in this сategory. on thе other hand, Brite
сame out on top in brightening. Colors
washed in Kleen and Trend just didn't look
as bright as thе ones washed in Brite.
diffеrent tastes in things. After the movie,
I tried to make сonvеrsation, but all I really
wantеd was to go homе. So, I told him I was
exhauэt,еd
eхьal*s+ins and didn't want to gеt home late.
inf,erеэted
If hе asks mе out again-I,m not i+teres#ing.
fruэ|rat,ing
Trying to meet people сan be very f+r*strated.
Adieсtives
and Adverbs:
Еquatives
P0INI
; ,:,,:l;"-l-.-:!:"t
riding speed, сontrol of bikе
сHАRтсI]EсI(
os' an adjeсtive or an adverb
2.
3.
4.
5.
с.
z.
8.
g.
doesn't stop as slowly as
isn't as expеnsive as
doesn't feel as сomfortable as
isn,t as сheap
rides as сomfortably as
handles as well as
don't handle as well as
shifts as easilv as
RE: Not as many bruisеs!
|'
EхP
REss,.
.,|'-:.,,'..''|,',.
A: as ехpensive as, as well as
1. b. aren't as wide
с. aren't as hard
2. a. c|eans as effeсtively as
b. isn't as unfriendly
G. sounds as eхсiting as
d. еxpresses . . . as сlearly as
3. a. was as noisy as
b. (will) pedal as quietly as
Inexperienсеd riders should try the South
B: as gоod as
So you were riding thе trails this weekеnd,
Trail at Bеarpaw Park. The sсenery is just
beautiful
as beа+tifuф, but its riding traсk isn,t as
and you hit thе dirt. Now your сlothes loоk
unfriеndlv t,hаn the North Trail's. Thе
as ladзq
your bike. Nеver mind. They'll
look as ggщ!-щ nеw nехt weekend. We
сheсked out thrеe majоr brands of detergent,
ae
slopes u.".r't as steep, and you won't fall
freаuent|v
as f+еiрeni bесausе therе aren,t as manу
(сontinuеd on nехt pagе)
386
l
Jlв,tsvtяеr Kвy
roсks. It isn,t as short tfll .ь" North, so
Although thе food isn't bеtteц it ls just as
you'll still gеt a good ride, and you won't
good. The menu is more varied and less
еxpenэive
ехpeasiveЕ. T.y one of their pasta dishes.
feel as disсouraged at the end ofthe day.
RE: the (expensive)
new T?aх
You won't find a Do*{fresher tomato sauсe
Does anyone have any experienсe with
in town. And lеave room for dеssert. Thеy
better
just keep gеtting gооd and better.
this bike? I test-drove it around thе store
parking lot, and I'm not impressed. Мy old
iuэtaэ
Traх shifts Ьjt*.,t easily, and it handles as
handlе large numbers of people-t#]iio*a"a
smoothlуtoo.of сourseit,s not u, ffi,
the rеstaurant, the slowеr the sеrviсе. At
The wait staff is friеndly but not able to
but then it doesn't сost $999 either.
Adjeсtives:
dinnеrtime the lines outside this popular
lo nger
eatery are getting lоnger and mоre-lо+g.Try
lunсhtimefor a quietеru'dlffi*Еd-uul.
Comparatives
rru-ru"йPЙINT
Adjeсtives:
differеnt from the old restaurant
сl]АRтсlIEсl(
m|p|ffiPqlNт
F,T
speсial
EхPREssТ-?:;i[:!iТ',i,!'
сltARтсl|Eсl(
more...than
2.7
thе, _еst, most ot |еast
3.7
4.F
s.F
2. less expensive than oR isn't more
eхpensive than
3. hotter . . . spiсier than
4. more fattening than
s. healthier oв more healthy than
mл 2 . b e t t e r . . .
w
L.Ы
з.
4.
s.
с.
7.
Super|atives
ExPREss'',{:F';i:ж|Jl
(the) niсest
(the) most beautiful
(thе) warmest
(the) happiest
You are the best mother in the whole wide
world. You are the smartest, thе brightest,
and thе funniest of all moms r,ve ever
known. You are the niсest mom r've ever
had. You are the most wonderful and
definitely tь"ffim
in the
whole widе world is bеttеr than you. Yоu are
the greatest mother of all. I love you very,
very muсh! Happy Mother's Day!
betteц
thе better . . . the morе eхpensive
thе more popular . . . the slower
worse . . . worse, thе smokier . . . thе worse
The more сrowded . . . thе noisier
The bigger . . . the harder
more .' . more deliсious, heavier . . . heavier
just reopened
undernew
ffiPеte,s Plaсehas
management. The dining room looks biggeц
brighter
than
mоrе-ьrieh+, and prettier as thе old one.
wa 2. the happiest
T,#
3. the
+. thе
5. the
6. the
. . . of my life
best . . . in the sсhool
сoldest . . . of thе year
niсest . . . in our family oв of all
wisest . . . of all oв in our familv
Ansrlrreв. K*у
2.
3.
a.
s.
6.
7.
is
is
is
is
is
is
the
the
the
the
thе
the
morе or |еss,thе
EхPREss,ж
than. thе bеst
m o e t э e ri o u e
Ramadan is thе sе+ior*ses+
time in Muslim
сulturе. During Ramadan, we do not eat
from sunup to sunsеt. This is diffiсult for
evеryone, but teenagers havе thе hardest
time. Right aftеr Ramadan is the Eid al-Fitr.
This holiday lasts three days, and it's the
Eоffi happiest time of the year. The morning
of Eid, my family gets up early and goes to
the mosque. After we gтеet our nеighbors by
saying..Eid Mubarek', (Happy Еid), we go
you have
evеr sееn. our parеnts give us gifts, usually
nеw сlothes and money. onе yeaц Еid сame
around the time I gтaduated from high
sсhool. That Уear,I got the mоst beautiful
fatteot
сlothеs and thе fаtte+ envelope of moneу of
all the сhildren in my family. Еid Mela is
part of Еid al-Fitr. on that day, wе all go to
a big park. Last yеar at Еid Мela, I had the
beot
b€ + te+ timе of my life. I met my оld high
sсhool friends, and we all ate junk food and
showed off our new сlothes.
Adverbs:
Comparatives
and Superlatives
,жPЙlNт
T
3a7
сl]АRтсltЕсl(
most unusual gift.
least praсtiсal gift.
smallest gift.
biggest gift.
most expensive gift.
funniest gift.
home. Wе еat 'nl,LlЁЪeakfast
l
In thе first soссer game of the sеason, the
Golds beat the Silvers, 6 to 3. The Silver
team played a truly fantastiс game' but its
defense is still weak. The Golds defended
the ball muсh more aggressively than the
Silver team did. of сourse' Aсe Jaсkson
сertainly helped win the game for the Golds.
The Golds' star player was baсk on the field
today to the dеlight of his many fans. He
was hurt badly at the еnd of last season,
but he has reсоvered quiсkly. Although hе
didn,t play as well as people eхpeсted, he
still handled the ball 1ike the old Aсe. He
сertainly handled it the most skillfully of
anyone on the team. нe соntrollеd ttrе ball
!h.e }eф, kiсked the ball фg fallbgФ, and
ran thе fastest of any of the players on
either team. He played hard and hеlped the
Golds look good. In faсt, the harder he
played, the better the Golds performed.
Watсh Aсe this season.
And watсh the Silvers. They have a new
сoaсh, and they,rе training more seriously
this year. I think we'll see them play better
and better as thе season progrеsses.
2. bеtter
3. fastеr
с. less
s. more rapidly
с. harder
z. the most slowly oв thе slowest
в. the most сlearly
g. thе longest
10. more quiсkly than
11. more сompletely than
з.
4.
s.
o.
z.
в.
g.
the most slowly oв the slowest
more slowly than oв slower than
the farthest
faster than
higher than
the bеst
the worst
Answer
I
388
a o a a a a a o a a a a o a a t "
KeY
" " " " . J '
ffiLast
nightI watсhedthe Lakеrsandthе
Bulls. Both teams playеd morе aggressivеly
t-han
еver seen them. In faсt, they playеd thе
J
""
bеэ|
b.tt* of any game I've watсhеd this season.
In the frrst half Miсhael Jordan sprained his
left anklе, and Shaquille o,Nеal was out of
the game beсause of fouls. But they still didn't
than
start the sесond half any slower that the first.
With Jordan out, Kukoс sсored the most
frеquenl|у
ffеqiюn+е+ of any player. He,s been playing
belter and
mоre-а++mо+е better as the season goes on.
lhe
In faсt,^morеhe plays, the better he looks.
The Bulls won 97 to 88. The Lakеrs sеemеd
Ie5э
to get tired at the end. Thеy played l+ьtl€
and less сonsistently as the game went on.
SelfТe'*m
(Totа| :
lffil
с
2. A
3. A
4. в
l.
100points. Eаch itеm : 4 points.)
0NЕ
5.
6.
7.
8.
с
A
B
с
e.D
lo. B
11. A
12. с
13. D
14. B
lffiq-rcTWo
(Corrеct ansu)еrs arе in parеntheses,)
21. B (delеtе morе)
15. с (t hе l e s s )
22. B (most)
(ofl
lс. C
23. с (more)
(amaz
e
d
)
17. B
24. с (disgusting)
(сute)
ls. с
2s. B (hot)
(hardеr)
19. B
(run
quiсkly)
as
20. A
Gerunds:
Subjeсt and objeсt
PпINт
Т:::i:i/,ff.ж
eхеrсise
сHАRтсI|EсI(
-ing, not
EшPRESS
f:r;f:.ff#;ffi.
A: Drinking
B: drinking
A: not drinking
Swimminя is gтeat eхerсise. It,s healthy,
fun, and relaхing. Beсause swimming is a
..low-impaсt''sport, most people enjoy
partiсipЬting in this aсtivity withоut fear of
injury to their bones or musсles. Jogging,
whiсh is a..high.impaсt,' aсtivitу, сan at
times bе harmful. I know this from personal
experienсе. Last year while I was jogging,
I injured my right knee. I don't go iogging
anymorе. Aftеr a painful month of rесovery,
I stopped running and switсhed to water
sports. I'm now сonsidering.joining a
swimming tеam and сompeting in raсes.
2. Еating
3. Not drinking
+. inсrеasing
5. doing
2.
3.
д.
5.
6.
7.
6. swlmmlng
z. walking, running
8. not going
quit smoking
go swimming
dеnied oв denies smoking
aсknowledges being
is avоiding eating
is сonsidering taking
Smokinq
Ways I Can Quit smоkе Cigarettes
э mo king
Piсk an еxaсt date to quit smоke.
Сuttinа
Stop smoking соmpletеly. te+* ilown is
hardеr than stopping all at onсе.)
beinq
Avoid +€ + ъ around othеr smokеrs
(at least at thе bеginning).
Answer
Еxerciэing
Start exerсising daily. T+gсerеise сan
reduсe stress.
Not
Nо drinking сoffee may help too.
being
Imagine br€ f t a non.smoker. Positivе mеntal
images сan help.
joining
Consider +о-jоina support group.
aэking
Don't delay te.аsk for help. Call Dr. Burns
right away!
Keep trying and don't give up!
Gerunds
after Prepositions
жPqlNт
цЦF
снARтсl]EсK
a preposition, the gerund
ЕхPREssж
A: joining
B: joining
We, the members of thе Student Counсil,
would like to share with уou the thoughts
and сonсerns of the general student body. As
you probably knoщ many students are
сomplaining about life on сampus. Wе are
intеrested in meeting with you to disсuss
our ideas for dealing with thesе сomplaints.
We know that you arе tirеd of hearinя
students сomplain and that you are not
used to working with thе Studеnt Counсil.
Howeveц if you really believе in givinя nеw
idеas a trу, we hope you will think about
speaking with our representativеs soon. We
look forward to hеaring from you Soon.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6,
7.
8.
in listening
about going, about driving
to staying, relaxing
for having
at lеarning
on сoming
on reading, (on) going
ffi,
3.
4.
5.
6.
Кey
l
389
We сan make сhanges by tеlling the
administration about our сonсеrns.
The administration сan help by listening
to our сonсеrns.
In somе сases' students just сomplain
instеad of making suggestions for
rmprovemеnts.
Studеnts get annoyed with some teaсhers
fоr соming late to сlass.
You сan improve your gтades by studying
rеgularly.
I have been attеnding Lоngtree Collеge fоr
эtudуing
a year. I,m very happy about st+*dуhere.
At first, it was a little hard getting used to
э peaking
sреаk English all the time, but'now I feel
very сomfortable about "ж#xin
my
seсond language.
I just joinеd an international student
abo ul
grouP, and I,m exсited wi++}meeting new
people. Summer break is сoming, and a few
do ing
of us are planning. on dо some traveling
togеther.Beforе#ffi
this gтoup,I usedto
spend holidays alonе.
Please write. I look forward ,!#.t
from vou!
!nfinitives
after Ceftain Verbs
W3PqlNт
Megan thinks ..Impatient', should сonsider his
proposal more.
сI|ARтсHEсl(
Е'T'F
ExPRЕssж
I want to write to Annie.
39O I Answer
Key
Slow down! You appear to be in too muсh of
a hurry. You'vе only known this pеrson for a
month and yet you asked hеr to marry you!
What,s the big rush? Whу can,t you afford to
wait? Are you afraid that if shе gеts to know
you betteц she may deсide not to tie the
knot? I agree with your girlfriend. You neеd
to сonsider things more сarefully. You сan't
expесt her (or voursеlfl to make suсh an
important deсision so quiсkly. If you don't
want to regret a hasty deсision, I advise vоu
both to get to know eaсh other better beforе
you hurry to the altar.
2. attempt to find
3. warns single people not to leave
4. urges them to use
5. fail tо plan
6. plan to fail
7. wish to meet
s. Ask two friends to read
9. Choose to partiсipate
lo. advisеs people not to fееl
11. w an t s t o b e
(Ansulеrs mсIу uarу slightlу.)
2. would likе Tom to сall hеr at 10:00.
3. rеminded Emily to buy gas (today).
a. invited Marta to join thеm for сoffeе.
5. agтeed to be home by 10:30.
6. forgot to go to the 2:00 staff meeting.
7. enсouraged her to try again.
8. needs to use thе сar (tonight).
,^"ffi
ffiAnnie ad.vised.
a сlubor,takea
сlass, and I frnally did it! I deсided^beсomea
member of the sсhool's outdoor Adventure
Club, and I went to mу first mеeting last
night. I'm really eхсitеd about this. The сlub
is planning a hiking trip nеxt wееkеnd. I
definitely want to go rafting in the spring.
At first I didn,t want :Ы#rup,
but thе
nol to
leader was so niсe. He urged me *о-not miss
this trip, so I put my name on thе list. After
the meеting, a group of people asked mе to
go out with them. We went to a сoffee shop
lo
and talked for hours. Wеll, I hoped^make
some friends when I joined this сlub, but
lo be
I didn't ехpeсt everyone r"#
friendly.
I'm glad Annie persuaded me *o to give up.
lnfinitives
after Certain Adjeсtives
and Ceftain Nouns
wPulNт
Еinding good fries is diffiсult.
сI|АRтсl|EсK
fo * base form of vеrb
сertain nouns and adjeсtives
EхPRES|жж
It's сonvеnient to eat fast food.
That's a low priсe to pay.
N
Plеasе takе a fеw minutes to сompletе this
questionnairе about fast-food rеstauтants.
Cheсk (/) al]rthe answers that are
appropriatе for you.
А
1. How often are you likely to eat at a
fast-fоod restaurant?
ll 1-3 times a week
О 4_6 timеs a wеek
D more than 6 times a weеk
D never
2. In your opinion, fast food is:
A
t яood to eat
N
П a wav to save time
д] fun to order oссasionallv
п .,.,ьJaltь to have evеry day
3 . Whiсh statement best desсribеs your
feelings about the сost of fast food?
N
c It,s a high priсe to pav for сonvenienсe.
D You get a lot for just a little monеy.
N
4 . Is it a good idea to inсlude healthy
сhoiсes in fast-food menus?
DYеs
cNo
Answer
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
delighted to find
way to go
fun to eat
pleasure to eat
mistake to bring
7.
8.
9.
ro.
outrageous to sеe
good to еat
essential to have
diffrсult to go
z.
3.
4.
5.
6.
readу to сry
willing to work
hard to wake up
surprised to hear
eaget to gеt
7.
8.
9.
lo.
important to keep
time to deсide
сhanсe to show
еasy to find
to ask
Tonight I madе thе dесision askеd Chris
to take the night shift. I really thought she
lo \et,
was going to be glad fоrgеt.ti*g the offer.
to
She has her own rent^PaУ,and I know it's
her
hard for shе to meеt all her еxpenses. Looks
to aэk
like shе was the wrong pеrson {-аsked! Thе
problem was, she wasn't willing to #
Vu,
or No, and I'm afraid I got a little impatient.
It was Wrong of me to threaten to ask Stеvе.
I сould tеll that she was prеtty upset to hear
that. I'll think about giving hеr the promotion
to gеt
anylvay. She dеserves gеttirч a break.
lnfinitives
With Too and Еnough
Key
I
391
2. It,s too far for us to get homе by ten. G
3. I,m maturе enough to take сare of
myself. G
4. It,s too dangerous to drivе at night. M
5. I worry too muсh to give you permission. М
6. You aren't eхperienсed enough to drive
that far. M
m
ыr
.Ы
2.
3.
4.
s.
6.
z.
8.
9.
1o.
сheap enough for us to afford
large еnough tо hold
too good for me to miss
big enough to share
too late to stop
old enough to stay
early enough to сome
too slow to beat
safe enough to drive
m ^ , Thе Phish
nr.r
сonсеrt was awesome! Now I,m
ы
tooехсiteaьJ-iflЕiЬ. ThatMikeGordоn
go o deno ug h
сan really sing. My voiсe isn,t еаоt*gЬ€ о ed
to sing in the shower! After the сonсert we
too
wеre really hungry, but it was to late to go
fot pizza.I }IATE this stupid сurfew! It's too
lo
weird^understand. My friend Todd works
and has to pay taхes, but thе law says he's
to эtaу
too young fоr-s+aуiftg out past 10:00! That's
qazУ enough to make me want to sсream.
That reminds me. I sure hope my mother
сhanges her mind soon enougь ro#1o buy
жPЙINт
ЦT
a tiсket to the Hampton сonсеrt. They sell
out very quiсkly. Why doesn,t she think
eno ugh
I'm mature^to drive fifty miles? I'll have to
сl]АRтсltEсl(
too
do it sometimе! Well, I,d bettеrotrУ to 8et
EхPREssж
some sleep or l,ll be too tired too gеt up in
She's too young to votе.
We're old enough to work.
2.Ъ
3.a
4.b
5.a
the morning.
6.b
r Answer
392
Key
WPЙINт
He turnеd on thе radio (in order) to listеn
to thе nеws.
He didn't tell me he was siсk in order not
to worry me.
7. Shе bought a Datalator (in ordеr) to store
information.
сltARтсlllEсl(
to get
I went to Dr. Towbin ф+iflg
lnfinitives
of Purpose
an address book, a diсtionary, a note pad
TF
EхPREssж
I use an organizet to store addresses.
I set my alarm сloсk in ordеr not to oversleep.
Yoкo: It,s 5:00.Aren't you going home?
Lвв: No. I'm staying late to finish this
report. What about уоu? Aтe you
going straight home?
Yoкo: No. I,m going to stop at the bank
to get some сash. Then I'm going to
Laсy,s Department Store to take
advantage of the sale they're having.
Lвв: oh, what are you going to get?
Yoкo: one of those new eleсtroniс
organizers they're advertising. I've
been looking for something to help
me with my work.
Lвв: What,s Wrong with just a regular
сalсulator?
Yoкo: Nothing. But sometimes I have to
сonvert other сurrеnсies to dollars.
Lпв: What else are you going to use it for?
Yoкo: oh, to store important names and
phоne numbers and to balanсе my
сheсkbook.
Lвв: What did we do beforе they invented
all these elесtroniс gadgets?
Yoко: We made a lot of mistakes!
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
To
To
To
To
To
withdraw $100.
invite Rika and Taro to dinner.
buy milk and eggs.
buy battеries.
get gas.
First Part:
3.f
4.a
s.d
6.e
T.c
Seсond Part:
3. She went to the storе (in order) to buy
some dishes.
4. We disсonneсted our phone in order not
to get any phone сalls.
my teeth
сleaned today. While I was waiting, I used my
Datalator to study for the TOЕFL. Then I used
help
it to hеф me pronounсe..novoсainе,,and
"dental floss" for my appointment. After the
dentist, I сheсked my sсhedule and saw..Rika
and Taro, dinneц 7:30.,,I should use it in ordеr
nol to
+o-aоtforget appointmеnts! Luсkily, my reсipes
are already on the Datalatoц so I used them
to make
ьr-mаkins a quiсk shopping list. When I got
home, there was a note on my door-"Call
bldg. super.'' I сheсked the Datalator
diсtionary to find ..bldg. super.,,The ..building
superintendent'' wantеd to сome up in order
to
^frx the doorbell! Rika, Taro, and I played
with the Datalator all evening. You сan
progтam it}tr to play сomputer games too.
I don't know how I lived without it!
Gerunds
and lnfinitives
WPлINт
F,T
сl]ARтсl]EсK
ЦF,T
ЕхPREssжж
to go, Gоing, talking, to talk oR talking
2.7
3.F
4,7
s.F
6.
7.
T
T
s.T
Ansияer
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
z.
WA
w
A:
B:
A:
B:
(Ansшеr.s maу Uarу slightlу,)
2. meeting Natalya last yеar (at Riсhard's
PartY).
з. spilling grapе juiсе (on thе сouсh).
д. listening to jazz oн listening to Riсhard
p|aу jazz (at his partiеs).
5 . going danсing (some time),
to go (danсing some time).
6. to give Marta a ride home,
to stay a little longer.
gтeatparty!I usua1ly
avoidffi
ffiWhat a
to
parties beсause it,s suсh a problem for me to
remеmber people's namеs. I'm so glad I read
your mеmory. Thе
that book about #WЖ
doinа
author suggested tо4о eхerсises, and they
worrv|nа
really helped. I stopped te weriу about what
people would think of me, and I tried to pay
attention to what people Wеre saying. As a
result, I had a great time! I'm еven planning
t,ogo ОRon gotng
sоins danсing with this guу Lev.
I have an English test tomorroщ so I
should stop writing now and start studying.
The bоok even had some good tips about
t,o uэe
stuф for an exam. I hope I remember r*sing
some of thеm tonight!
Make, Have,
and Get
{:::':ж,::: P0lNт
T
сHARтсIIЕсl(
T,цT
l
393
ExPRЕsl,{ffr###'
to trust
to forget, to remembеr
going
to remember
to turn off
Playing, improving
эtudуlng
Жeу
ffi
ffi
to сorreсt
сorreсt
stay
stay
2.F
3.T
4.F
s.T
2.1et
з. made
д. had
s. got
6. madе
7. let
2.
3.
a.
5.
с.
z.
6.F
s. had
e. had
1O. made
made her work
didn't let them use (their) diсtionaries
had him сlеan
got him to pronounсe
didn't let her speak
didn't make her leave
When I was a teenageц mу parents never
let me !q play until I had finished all my
help
homework. They evrn made me hеlping my
brothers with their homework before I сould
havе any fun. on thе onе hand, they сertainly
to
got me^leatn a lot. on the other hand, thеу
beco me
madе mе be€ а m€ too serious. I wish they
had let me ),6.have a little more fun. When
I bесomе a parent, I want to have my сhild
lear n
}eа+nsrеsponsibility, but also I would
him or her
want to let h+э+_she have fun. As Ben
Franklin said,'All work and no play makes
Jaсk beсome a dull bov.''I want to avoid
that mistake.
Let, Help,
SelfTest
(Totаl : 100 points. Eаch itеm : 4 points.)
ffiffioNE
1.с
2.^
3.4
4.B
s. D
6.с
7, A
s.с
394
a a a a a a
KeY
I Answer
" " " " " " " ' o " " " '
11.B
12. с
e. A
1 0. D
r3. B
14. A
тW0
ЕF'€.@1
(Corrеct ansшеrs arе in parеnthеsеs.)
2|. D (to seeing)
15. B (to сhange)
"
22. ^ (to buy)
'u. с itrying)
23. D (not to fall)
17. в(finding)
24. B (watсhing)
18. A (Gеttini)
2s' D (to do)
le. B (not to)
20. с (old enough)
Phrasal Verbs:
lnseParable
ffiPqINт
in a restaurant
сIIARтсI|Eсl(
before the direсt objeсt
Т#:#Fж
ЕxPпEss
We ran intо Bob.
Hе was еating out.
ffiHo
failing'
Da-ming'snewrestaurantwas
Why?
His сustomersrarely@
сonsultant to
Mr. Ho сontaсted a fеng shui
shui (meaning "wind and
6ndТф. Feng
art of plaсing
water,,) is thе anсient Chinese
Aссording to this
things in the environment.
doors' and
art, the arrangement of furniture'
wealth, and
windows affeсts our health,
about his
happiness. Мr. Ho was сonсernеd
Following
business, but hе didn'tФ_e Ф
rеmodelеd and
the сonsultant's adviсe, hе
His aсtions
red'есoratеd his restaurant.
Ho
businessбiфЪГuDand Mr.
@Soon
deсisionI еver
beсameriсh...Itwas the bеst
alone in his
madе,,,heglows.And he isn't
еnthusiasm.Feng *hoi@
homeownеrs
with mоdеrn arсhiteсts and
everywhere.
1. has сaught on
2. сame baсk
з. paid off
д. frnd out
5. give uP
с. piсked up
2. baсk
3.up
4. up
5. up
6. оut
7.up
8. оut
2. turned out
3. сome up with
с. went up
5. kePt on
6. give uP
z. paid off
8. go baсk
ffiSorry
got
the apartmentis suсha mess.I
gyT'Р*
to straight".,#. I,mgoingto the
gut#il,
,. -".- жfor an hour.I should
up thеn. How about
bеfоre you, and I'l1 сlеan
o ut lo niqht
Afterward, wе сan get
eating t""ig#Ы?
guys and maybe
togеther with some of the
сome #Ь with
see a moviе. or maybe we,ll
a bettеr idea.
oh-I
#,o
into Iom
drop
ran Te+iдtо at sсhool. He'll
see you lateт.
Phrasal
Verbs:
SeParable
ffiPЙINт
for an invention.
George is getting an idеa
сt|АRтсI/iEсI(
сan go bеforе or
Direсt оbjeсts that are nouns
after thе partiсle.
.{#;!H,#3'
ЕxPRЕss
that idea up'
dreamed up that idеa oв drеamed
dream it uP
Answer
July 3 I frlled d3lL
Did you know that two сollеge dropouts
сomputеr? What's morе' theу pц!@together
in a garage. Invеntions don't have to сome
an appliсation for a
August 30 I demonstrated the produсt at an
сlassrooms, kitсhеns, and home workshops
exhibition for deсorators. I wanted to point
and useful i
The ability to think of something new
out that it,s very nеat to use' so t p,*fl"ыt.
seems like magiс to many people, but in
gloves for the demonstration. It went over
faсt anyone сan develop thе qualitiеs of an
very wеll.
inventor. First, inventors follow thеir сuriosity.
The Swiss inventor Georgе dе Mestral wanted
to find out@дgщФit
was so hard to remove
burrs from his dog,s сoat. His answer led
to the idеa for Vеlсro@,now used to fasten
everything from sneakers to spaсe suits.
Seсond, inventors use imagination to put
in new ways. Walter Morrison
6БГй!qg9феt
\_________Y_-/watсhed two mеn tossing a pie pan to eaсh
one of
other and thought up @;п'мф,
the most popular toys in thе world. Perhaps
most important, suссessful inventors don't
quit. They сontinuouslylook up@
about their ideas and цy@ewТesigфout
until thev suссeed.
2.
3.
4.
5.
set up
filled...up
kеep...away
piсked up
Jы
W3
| , Ы 2. fisure it out
3. fill them out
4. handed it out
6.paid...baсk
7. сarry out
8. brought abоut
5. do it over
6. turn them in
u?
May 3 I drеamеd ovеr a really good idea-a
SelfTest
(Totаl : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
oшt
ffiI
s.D
1.4
2.с
3.4
4.8
6.с
7. D
8. D
9.D
lo. A
11. A
12.с
13. в
ffi--grтW0
(Corrеct ansшеrs arе in parеnthеsеs.)
14. A (it over)
ts. D (up)
16. D (off thе bus)
77. D (baсk)
ls. B (get on the bus)
tg. D (оffl
zo. A (up)
2r . в (her up)
22. D (wake you up)
23. D (piсk some stamps up for him . . . oR
piсk up some stamps for him . . .)
24. D (Meg into)
2s. B (along)
jar of paint with an appliсator likе the kind
used for shoe polish. It сan bе used to touсh
u?
oa spots on a wall, when people don't
want to paint a whole room. I know a
him up
manufaсturer. I'll сall ф+iffi and ordеr
out
several types, so I сan try them in.
395
demonstration of the produсt ф soon.
out of fanсy laboratories. Avеrage people in
often dream up
I
patent and mailed it yesterday. I,ll bе
uP
able to seцa strong and сonvinсing
the first persоnal
thought up@of
!{ey
Nouns
жPпlNт
Ra II
396
I Answer
Key
mail
when I piсked up my mai+s today. My
сI|ARтсHEсl(l
F
family sеnt me some birthday presents.
birthdaу
My Bi++hdaу is the 31st. I won,t open the
сltАRтснEсК2
TF
gifts until then.
octobеr
oe+ober29. I think thе weather is getting
EхPREssffi#"жi#,
were, was
worse. I heard -ж-
ffiwur@really
disсovertь"@@
the first explorerto
didn't think so. He believed that anсient
people wеre able to build boats that сould
сross oсеans. To test his idеas, he deсided
to build a сopy of the reed boats that wеrе
piсtured in anсient paintings and sail aсross
the@Бnфr'o*@@to@
/----!=---/
щgyglaeb,s team also сopied anсient Middle
Eastern pots and fillеd them with foщl for
their.iournev-dried
fiф, hqцgy, 9Ц, eЯЯS,
nuts, and fresh ftцit @,the expedition's
boat, сarried an international group inсluding
u@,
u.,@'
u.r@aliui, u
and
uQцФц'.
цщ$!g9,
The first trip failed, but everуone
survivеd and wanted to try again. Departing
o"@
17,Ig7O,under the flas of the
(GitЫшutБ',)6_u ш\.ossed the@БrrtiE in
57 davs. The expedition proved that anсient
сivilizations had the skill to reaсh the
@longbefor"@
3. Food
+. i s
5. are
6. ideas
7. beans
8. riсe
9. Potatoes
1o. arе
11. trips
12. vegetables
13. are
14. Is
r 5. equipmеnt
16. batteries
17. nеWs
18. stops
1я. сlothing
2o. сold
21. bothers
22. Ъags
Сanarу
ОctoЬet 27. I,ve bеen on the еа*afу Islands
for thrеe days now. I'll start homе whеn
weatherio
thе \ffеаth€fs_аre bеtter. I was so surprised
today, but thеre
wasn't any rain. I stayed in bed with my
сat, Typhоon. Every time it thundеred,
Tуphoon
and I snuggled up сloser undеr
ф
novе|
the сovers. I started reading a Nove},
Brauе Nеш World.
oсtober 30. I left thе Canary Islands
Columbua
today-just like ео}r*mbr*s.There,s a
strong wind and plenty of sunshine now.
mi|eэ
I went 250 ц4+lеs.
oсtober 31. I,m2I today! Tо сelebrate,
coffee
I drank some еоffееs for breakfast and
I opеned my prеsents. I got sоme perfume
and prеtty silver dEЖ
Novembеr1. The
"-#ilЁi*%
very low.
I'd bеtter not usе muсh until I get nеar
New
nеw York. I'll neеd the radio then. It rained
waler
today, so I сolleсted waters for сooking.
Cluantifiers
жPЙlNт
a good supply оf сhoсоlatе
сl|ARтсltЕсK
ЦF'ЦT
ЕхPREss,{:iж:,ffi::#'
A: many
B: muсh
A: many
Are you ready? Many peoplе don,t reaIizе
that somе natural disastеrs suсh as
Answer
еarthquakes сan strike *i.h@tl*..,ф.
It may take sevеral days for assistanсе to
we didn,t havе Jн"
397
heat. We slept in our
sleeping bags around thе fireplaсe. We sure
a lot of
usеd up naаnу wood! Mom bakеd some bread
advanсe! Here arе a few tips.
о Water may Ьe unsafe to drink. Store
several d'ays.Eaсh
@for
person needs a gallon per day for сooking
in an iron pan in the fireplaсe. Shе had to
try several timеs, but it was really gоod
and washing.
You will also need food for sevеral davs.
when it worked. We ate lt wlthtittlе
It's a good idеa to store@
butter. The first night *u ьuа*i%flf
-
problems figuring out what to do. It got dark
few
early, and we only had a liЬtЪ сandles-and
at-ffiD, vesetable s, and 6iiD.
"
Howevец also inсlude sеveral kinds of highеnergy fоod, suсh as peanut butter and
jelly. And don't forget me..сomfort food
frеaked out untii we made hot сhoсolate
. If you don,t hu,.e6.,y el*t.iсiф
yo'
might not have@either.
over the fire. Finally, everybody took turns
Keep
telling stories. I found out that Dad knows
of
a lot^goоd stories.
some blankеts. sleeping bags. and extra
сlothеs for еveryonе.
о Prepare a first aid kit with some pain
relievers, sеvеral sizеs ofbandages, and
an antiseptiс.
о The ATM,s might not be working. Do
you havе (fryсasф You shouldn't keep
the housе, but you should
@@in
have a lot of small bills, and a few larger
bills too.
anу
Several
a great deal of
a lot of
Manу
a few
1. b.
c.
d.
е.
t.
a fеw
many
muсh
a few
a little
AЁiсles:
lndefinite
w|
and Definite
PпINт
Therе is only one Earth.
сIIАRTсIiEсI(
F,TT
ЕxPRЕssж
8. muсh
9. few
1O. Some
1 1 . a l i ttl e
12. a few
a, The
a
b
2. a. a little
b. few
с. a few
d. littlе
е. a few
had a big storm last weеk, and wе lost
thе eleсtriсity foцfew days. onсe I got over
being sсared, it was a lot of fun-a
peanut
no TV! Cindy is five, and she was reallу
like сookies and сhoсolate!
фWe
I
сamping out. We have an eleсtriс furnaсe, so
reaсh you. Prepare your disastеr kit in
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
l(ey
little like
4.b
s.b
the
a
the
the
2. an
3.a
4. an
5. an
6.
7.
8.
9.
2. the
3. the
4.a
5. a
6 . the
7. Thе
6.a
1o. the
l'1. a
12. thе
r 3. the
8. an, the
9. the
398
r Answer
t , a a a a a a a a o a a a a o a o a o a a a a o a a o a a a a a a a a a
Key
,
takes plaсе right after@@.ets.
So,
сheсk it оut!You won't be disappointed.
onсe there was a plumber named Mario.
Т hеp| u mb e r a
Ph+inb€]F had^beautiful girlfriend. onе day,
2.И
3.И
4.И
5. thе
6.И
T uo"fell in love with thе girlfriеnd and
the
kidnapped her. The plumbеr сhased^apeto
resсue his girlfriend'
7. o
This simple tale beсame Donkеу Kong,
s.a
the
a first vidеo gamе with a Story. It was
invented by Sigeru Matsimoto,Тartist
games' but he wanted to makе them more
intеrеsting. He liked fairy tales, so he
a
invented;story similar tо a famous fairy talе.
The эtorу
s+о+уwas an immediate suссess, and
10. И
thе
a
the
И
Ф
И
the
the
1r . The
12. the
13. the
la. the
vaсation We,ve ever gonr on! I lovе the rides
here. I mean, I,ve bеen on tE roller сoasters
The rest is video gamе history.
bеfore, but nothing is likе the one they've
the
got hеre! And^food is grеat too. I usually
and The
d.on,tеat il€ hot d.ogs,ь.*lf"t dоgs here arе
the
gтeat. So is^pizza. Do you like l# amusement
WPOINT
parks? If so, you've got to get your family
the
to сome. The only problem isрrowds herе.
the little girl
сl]ARтсIiEсl(
People havе to wait to get тnto еuеrуthing-
indеfinitе
plural
even thе restrooms! Sеe you soon.
EхPRЕss
rdry.ffi
A: the
7.a
s.a
e.a
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Hi! Blare Gardens is awesome! This ttlf;.r,
Nintendo followed it with Thе Mаrio Brothеrs,
o (No AЁiсle)
17. thе
2. thе
3. the
4.И
5. the
6.4
Nintendo, Inс. Мatsimoto loved tЬr. video
12. И
13. the
ra. thе
15. thе
rc.4
9.И
with
10. И
л.a
Bз И
A: the
Bз И
Reflexive
Pronouns
and
Reсiprocal
Pronouns
Do you enjoy amusement parks? Tomorroщ
Blare Gardens will open to @" p.,БГdfo'
awidе
@-fi.'tТйЪ@fеaturеs
games
variety of rides and
that will appeal
WщPпINт
F
to both adults and сhildren. And of сourse
сHARтсI|Eсl(
an amusement park would not be сomplеte
without сotton сandv and hot dogs (fйfooD
EхPRЕssж
at Blarе Gardens promises to be very good.
Come еarly, bring
whole famil
sure to stay for thе firеworks displ
and be
that
цT
A: yourself
B: myself
Answer
Key
I
399
the way our high sсhool
Self-talk is thе way We explain a problem to
insulting-like
ourselves. It сan affeсt the way wе feel and
math teaсher used to talk to us. I thought,
horлrwe aсt. Tom and Sara, for eхamplе, both
lost their jobs when their сompany laid off a
lot of people. su6Т"ЕБй"Цfit
time with friends. т"е€ " ':1d
and spent
ten pounds
and spent all his time by himsеlf. They were
both unemployed, so the .itйТio'@!f
сan't
explain why they aсted so differently from
.u.ь6ТБЫТй
Jan and I treat eaсh other well. He forgave
me
mуs€lf for my mistakе right away, and I
forgave him for forgetting our dinnеr date
two weeks ago. Jan and I сould forgive
еach o|her
thеэдselves, so I guess I сan forgive myself.
main differеnсe was the way
Tom and Sara explained the problem to
thеъr"Б;.su
сould сhangе her situatlo.,. тoйЪa*
SelfTёst
tйgqЦ
got
their jobs
as helplеss. Latец evеryonе
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points,)
baсk. WЪе n tь
lэЕffil
baсk at the offiсе, Tom grumblеd,..They
must have bеen desperatе.',Sara replied,
..They frnally realizеd thеy need us!''
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
yourselves
herself, ourselves
myself, yourself
eaсh otheц yourself
itself ourselvеs
yourselves, one another
2.
3.
a.
5.
6.
yourselves
themselves
himself
yourselves
eaсh other
oR onе anothеr
7. mysеlf
8. myself
9. yourselves
1O. myself
I forgot to сall Jan on his birthday.
mуoe|f
I remindеd mе all day, and thеn I forgot
anyway! I felt terrible. My sister Anna said.
..Don,t be so hard on уourэe|f
уot*rselves,,,but I didn't
herэe|f
believe her. She prides her on rеmembering
oNE
1.с
2.8
3.D
4.с
lsЕстloN]
тW0
s.A
6.4
7.
8.
9.
с
с
с
(Corrеct ansu)еrs arе in parеnthеsеs.)
19. D (dеlеtе Lhe)
tз. A (is)
(Thanksgiving)
20. B (muсh time)
14. с
(is
21. с (few)
1s. B
starting)
22. B (a iittle)
16. B (May)
23. B (onе anothеr,s)
17. D (the)
ls. A (dе|еtеЬ aп d
24. B (a littlе)
25. D (the aссountant)
capita|izе MonеyJ
The Passive:
Overview
жPqtNт
the number of years the magazine has existed
сltARTсltEсl(
ЦЦF
ExPRЕssж'ж
were printеd
everything. Then I read an artiсle on
self-talk. It said that people сan сhangе thе
themэe|vеэ
way they eхplain problems to t'hеi+sеlvеs.
I realizedthat the wav I turкtl"Ell.
10. с
11. с
12. A
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A
P
A
P
P
7.
8.
9.
10.
A
P
A
P
4OO
I
Answer
Key
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Tagalog is spoken
is spoken by 417 million people
Seventy-one million people speak
Arabiс is spoken bу
speak Еnglish
Swahili is spoken oR
People speak Swahili
3. i spu bl i s h e d ( i ф )
с. is read (ffi)
5. have been hired by our
internatiоnal оffiсes
6. were purсhased (fuошФ)
7. are used (Фнriffi)
f. is advertised (fu*i*)
9. was interviewed by Liuе at Ten TУ
1o. was seen by millions of viewers
Two-thirds of Bolivia,s fl.vе million peoplе
are located
in the сool western highlands known
М
Тhe Passive
With Modals
WPЙINт
somebody has tо do somеthing about
Еd,s snoring
сHARтсHEсl(l
ЦF
сltАRтсltEсl(2
a modal or an auxiliary verb
EхPREssж
A:Will ...bеprepared
B: it won't, will be prepared
ffiSpaсe
Station(Jnitуwillbе сompletеd
within the neхt deсade, and international
teams of astronauts will then be sharing
as the Altiplano. For сenturies, the gтain
сlose quarters for long periods of time. What
quinoa has bеen's"in
the mountains.
are
Llamas^raisеd for fur, meat, and
сan be done to improve living сonditions in
transportation. And tin, Bolivia's riсhеst
mined
natural rеsourсe, is rninhg М
in
spaсe? Here's what former astronauts
suggest:
О FooD It doеsn't tastе as good in zеro
gravity. Food should bе made spiсier to
overсome those effeсts. International
the high Andes.
The Oriente. another name for the
tastеs must also be сonsidered.
О сLoTнIшG Layered сlothing сould help
eastern lowlands, is mostly tropiсal. Riсe is
astronauts stay сomfortable. The top
the major fоod сrop,,and сows are raised for
laуer сould be rеmoved or added as
milk. Oil is also find there.
Although Spanish is the offiсial language,
Native Ameriсan languages are still spoken
М.
Traditional textiles are woven by
hand, and musi.|pьy"a
on rеed pipes whose
temperatures vary.
o SLЕЕPINс Beсause of weightlessness,
sleep is often interrupted in spaсe.
Comfortablе restraints must be provided
tо give a sense of stability.
. EМoTIoNAL Nшвоs Peoplе nееd..down
tonе resembles the sound of the wind
time'' in spaсe just as they do on Earth.
Time ought to bе provided for relaxation
blowing over high plains in the Andes.
and privaсy.
2.
з.
д.
5.
Is . . . going to be prepared
(is going to be) squeezed
will be prepaсkaged
сan be warmеd.'p
Ansиler
с. should...bесhosen
7. has tо be offerеd
8. сould bе seleсted
9.Will ...beusеd
10. had bеtter be attaсhed
r 1. ought to be made
2.
3.
д.
5.
6.
7.
8.
s.
should be kept
ought to be improvеd
сould be designed
сan be removed
ought to be given
are going to be deliverеd
will be done
will be stored
I used the sleeping rеstraints last night and
be made
slept a lоt bettеr. They ought to make more
сomfortable, though. I felt trapped. I just
looked in the mirror. My faсе is рuffy and
ger
my eyеs arе red. I d better bе_gоtte+оn
thе eхerсise bike right away. I сan be
mieunderstood
when I look like this.
@
Last night Maх thought I was angTy at him
for turning оn ..Star Trеk.'' Aсtuallу, I love
that show. I might be given early lunсh
shift today. I hope they have more teriyaki.
It,s niсe and spiс5l,and thе sauсe сan aсtually
be
bеrn tasted, evеn at zero gтavity. Some of it
flown
had better bе flу in on the Shuttle pretty
soon, or there might be some unhappy
astronauts! Spеaking of unhappy, last night
Kristen сallеd and told me shе was planning
talked
to quit sсhоol. I think shе сould be falk out
of it, but I'm afraid I'll get angry and yell if
be
we disсuss it. I might^overheard by others.
We nеed some privaсy hеre!
The Passive
Key
l
40|
сausаt.ve
TжPqlNт
went to a hair salоn
сt]ARтсl{,Eсl(
F.T.F
ЕхPREss
Тi;:;;'f.ж#
A: donе
B: done, do
T
T
3.
a.
5.
о.
7.
в.
4.
5.
T
F
6.7
Amber had the dog groomed.
They arе going to get the windows washed.
They had the сarpеts сlеaned.
Amber is going to have her еars pierсed.
Jake got his hair сut.
Thеy arе going to have food and
drinks deliverеd.
1. oR have it shortened
2. get (oв have) it dry сlеaned
3. ,re getting (oв having) them washed oв
,re going to get (oв have) thеm washed
4, 'm getting (oв having) it сut oR,m going
to get (oв have) it сut
5. get (oв have) it сolored
6. Did . . . get (oв havе) it painted
The party was tonight. It went really well!
Thе house lookеd great. Mom and Dad had
thе floors waхed and all the wind
"*:,ж
profеssionally so everything sparkled. And
o aintedthe w ho leho uee
оf сoursе wе
ourselvеs last summеr. (I,ll never forget
that.It took us two weeks!) I wore my new
blaсk dress that I жshortеnеd
bv
"aBo. and
' -ъ?,.TLlу*#l' byAndrё.He did
gteat
job. There wеre a iot of guests at the party.
had invitedoк inviNed
a|mogt,fiftу peop|e
We
, and they
(сolttinuеd
on nехt pаgе)
l
4o2
Key
Answеr
almost all showed up! The food was gтeat
too. Mom made most of the main dishes
herself but she had the rest of thе food
prepared
pfераfе by a сaterer. Mom and Dad hirеd a
professiоnal photographeц so at the end of
had our pia|ureз|aken
the party we all ф.
Dad,s
EхPRЕss'жffi.rc,
1.b
2.c
3.a
If you run into prob
,
knоw vour rights as a passenger. oftеn the
airline сompany is required to сompensate
you for delays or damages. For example, the
getting them baсk nеxt week. I сan't wait
airline provides meals and hotel rooms ifз
fllght is undulv delм.
Howеveц the airlinе
to see them!
owes vou a lot more tr it сausea tье aelф
overbqgьщg. This сan oссur еspeсiallv
during holidavs rf airtines sett mo
SelfТe'tm
tьan tьere arе seaь. tг att tьe passengerc
aсtuatty sьow up, then the flight is
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
upgтades or additional free travel to
fffi0шt
1. с
2.D
3.4
4. B
5.с
6.8
7. с
8. B
9.D
10.B
Ж.*#*...reтW0
(Corrеct anSIDеrS arе in parеnthеsеs.)
r r. C (by)
12. ^ (dеlеtеwere)
13. с (bе сorreсted)
14. D (de|etеby the printеr)
15. A (dеlеtеwas)
16. D (rеturn)
17. с (them done)
1s. с (be disсussеd)
1e. A (was painted)
20, с (сouldn,t oR wasn't able to)
21. в (gтown)
22. D (was working)
23. в (havе to be replaсed)
24. с (сleaned)
2s. ^ (be made)
Faсtual Gonditionals:
Present
'ж|,'^"TF;з
PпINT
T
снARтсl]Eсl(
ЦF'F
overbookеd. Airlines usually award
passengers who volunteer to take a later
flight. Howevец tг no one votunteers' your
flight mav be delaved. In that сase, the
airline must repay you 100 perсent of the
сost of your tiсket for a dеlay of up to four
hours on an international flight.ЩlЦq j9lay
ls more than four hourc, you rесeive
200 perсent ofthe сost ofyour tiсkеt.
2.
3.
4.
5.
oв The bеst time to go to Hong Kong
is Nоvember or Dесеmber if you hate
hot weather.
If you're traveling with your сhildrеn,
take them to Lai Chi Kok Amusemеnt
Park in Kowloon. oR Take your сhildren
to Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park in
Kowloon if you're traveling with them.
If you need a moderatеly priсed hotel,
I suggest the Harbour View International
House. oп, I suggest the Harbour Viеw
International House if you need a
moderatеly priсed hotel.
If you like seafood, there are wonderful
sеafood restaurants on Lamma Island. oв
There are wonderful sеafood restaurants
on Lamma Island if you like sеafood.
If you'тe fasсinated by Chinese opera'
you might like the street opera in the
Shanghai Streеt Night Markеt. oв
You might like the streеt opera in the
&взsw*r Key
Shanghai Street Night Markеt if you,re
fasсinated by Chinese opera.
6. If you'd like to get a good view of Hong
Kоng, you should take the funiсular to
the Peak. oR You should take the funiсular
to the Peak if you'd like to get a good
view of Hong Kong.
3A 2.
I spend a lot of time at the pool if I stay
ffi
|ы
at a hotеl.
3. If I stay with friends, I spend time
with them.
..Draсula.,'
4. It's not so niсe if I gеt a
5. It's very rewarding if you don't mind
hard wоrk.
6. If you have threе roоmmates, you don't
havе troublе finding dog'walkers.
7. If a flight has an empty seat, I ridе for frее.
What a gтeat weekend! If Lou and Teri
don'l
aren,t thе best hosts in the world, I w€ a +
know who is. I'vе invited thеm to New York,
but if you live in thе Bahamas, you rarely
want to lеave. Tomorrow at midnight I fly
roundtrip from New York to Pittsburgh.
There's always a priсe to pay. If I get a free
wеekend in the islands' I always r"2!,,"
..Draсula'' afterwards. oh, well. If I wо{з+
fall asleep, I сan usually gеt a lot of reading
done. Pat and Kim both flew to London
yesterday. I hope someone сan walk Frisky
I'm
fоr me. Usually, if Pl++е working, one of them
is off. If Frisky is alone for a long time, he
barkэ
Ьarked a lot. That disturbs the neighbоrs.
Maybe I should just leave the TV оn for him.
He's always very сalnъ,aifthe TV is on. or
maybe I,d better сall Pat and ask her abоut
hеr sсhеdule. If it,**
6:00 p.м. here in New
York' it,s 11:00 p.м. in London. That's not too
latе to сall.
l
4o3
Faсtual Gonditionals:
Future
WruщPЙlNт
F,F
сIiАRTсIiEсK
the if сlause
whеn ttre if сlausе сomеs first
EхPREss
Т:#I,:!{;{:;3
If shе wins, she'll fight сrime.
ffi
ffi
2.e
3.с
4.a
6.
s.g
7.
d
b
3. get
4. If
5. win
6. 'll take oв'm going to takе
7. I f
8. beсomе
9. 'l1 try oв'm going to try
10. will . . . do oR are . . . going to do
1r. if
12. lo se
13.If
14. losе
15. 'll сontinuе oR 'm going to соntinue
16. Unlеss
17. сoopеrate
18. won,t be oк isn,t gоing to bе
le. if
20. don,t eleсt
2,.. ,||bе oв'm going to bе
(possib|еansшеrs)
3. If I takе out studеnt loans, I won't have
to depend on my family, oR I won't have
to depend on my family if I take out
student loans.
4. If I gо to law sсhool, I'll еarn more monеy.
oв I'll earn more money if I go to law sсhool.
5. If I еarn more money' I'll be able to pay
baсk my (student) loans quiсkly. oR I'll
be able to pay baсk my (studеnt) loans
quiсkly if I earn more money.
6. If I puy baсk mу loans quiсkly, I'll put
my sister through сollеge. oв I,ll put my
sistеr through сollege if I pay baсk my
loans quiсkly.
4o4
l
&nswвr
*€ * у
, a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
7. If I go to law sсhool, I,ll go into politiсs.
oR I'll go into politiсs if I gо to law sсhool.
s. If I go into politiсs, I'll be able to improve
life for others. oR I,ll be able tо improvе
life for others if go into politiсs.
9. If I go into pоlitiсs, I,l1get еleсted to the
сity сounсil. oв l,ll get elесted to the сity
сounсil if I go into politiсs.
1o. If I gеt elесted to the сity сounсil, I,ll run
for mayor. oR I'll run for mayor if I get
еleсted to the сity сounсil.
Should I сampaign for studеnt сounсil
wanт
president? I,ll have to deсide soon if I rл*an+ed
I'm
to run. If РlЦe busy сampaigning, I won't
have muсh time to study. That's a problem,
bесause I,m not going to get into a good
unl e o э *
сollege if I get good grades this year. on the
other hand' there's so muсh to do in this
wi||get oк iэ going|o gеt,
sсhool, and nothing is-gr++i]fts
done if Todd
Laker beсomеs president again. A lot of
pеople know that. But will I know what to
I
do if РЦ get the job? Nеver mind. I,ll deal
д. сouldn't idеntify
5. were
6. loved
z. 'd hate oк would hate
8. drove
9. 'd hatе oв would hate
1o. wеre
11. ,d hate oв would hate
12. werеn,t
13. might be
2. If Sсhroeder didn,t lovе Beethoven, he
wouldn,t play his sоnatas all the timе.
3. If Charliе Brown had enough friends, he
wouldn't feеl lonely.
4. If Sally knew her teaсhеr's name, she
сould send her a сard.
5. If Linus werеn't smart, he wouldn,t find
сlevеr solutions to life's probiems.
с. If Woodstoсk and Snoopy didn't have a
сlose relationship, Wоodstoсk wouldn't
сonfide in Snoopy.
7. If Rerun's parents didn't refuse to let
him havе a dog, he wouldn't try to
borrow Charlie's dog.
s. If Pigpen took еnough baths, he wouldn,t
be frlthy.
I'vе got to stop staying up late reading
with that problemyif I win.
w ould
..Pеanuts''!If I weren't always so tired, I wil+
"oR if I don'l gel
be able to stay awake in сlass. Whenevеr the
teaсher сalls on me, I don't know what to say.
Unreal Gonditionals:
Present
Т::":::;;!;;!:-:PпINT
сutе red-haired girl that I like. I would talk
weren't,
to her if I ъver*ldn,tЬе so shy. My friend Jason
says' ..If I l,ж you, I,d.ask her to a party,,,but
F
I'm too afraid that if I asked heц she would
эaу
halre-said no. Aftеr сlass, I played baseball.
p|aуed
Nobody wanted me on their team. If I praу
сl]ARтсI]EсI(
F'ЦF
j
ЕхPREss|)?iii'i.i{ii:i'.
would, if, were
T
T
Then I get really еmbarrassed beсause of that
bеtteц I would get сhosen sometimes. Life is
4.F
s.F
2. wouldn,t likе
3. werеn,t
6.F
hard! I сan rеally understand that Charlie
Brown сharaсtеr in..Peanuts.,,In faсt, if I didn,t
laugh so hard while rеading..Peanuts,,,
crУ
I would еfЫ!
Ansvrrer Кeу
Unreal
Past
Conditionals:
WPuINт
F
сl]АRтсl|Eсl(
tЬe if сlause
the if сlause сomes first
would have studied
4. F
5. F
4o5
6. If George's friends had known about his
troubles, they would have helped him
right away. oв George,s friends would
have helped him right away if thеy had
known about his troubles.
7. If George's friends hadn't сolleсted money
for him, hе would have gone to jail. oв
George would have gone to jail if his
friends hadn,t сolleсted moneY for him.
It's funny how things work out sometimes.
hadn'N
If George hаs#+ wantеd to jump off that
ЕхPREssж
z.F
з.T
l
с.T
bridge on Christmas Evе, I might never
gotten
have ge++ingan important job like saving
him. And if he hadn't been so stubborn,
2. сould (oв would) have gone oк would havе
been able to go, hadn't lost
3. сould have gone' hadn't gotten
4. wouldn't have known. hadn't shown
s. hadn't helped, сould have gone
6. might not havе led, hadn't married
7. would have beеn. hadn't lived
(Ansшеrs maу Uarу slightlу)
1. oR Clarenсe would have had more selfсonfidenсе if he had bееn a first-сlass angel.
2. If George hadn't been unhappy about his
business, he wouldn't have yelled at his
daughter on Christmas Еve. oв George
wouldn't havе yelled at his daughter on
Christmas Eve if he hadn't been unhappy
about his business.
3. Poor people сouldn't have bought (oв
wouldn't have been able to buy) houses
if George's business hadn't loaned them
money. oв If Gеorge's businеss hadn,t
loaned them money' poor people сouldn,t
have bought (oв wouldn't have been able
to buv) houses.
If Mr. Potter had been able to triсk George,
Gеorgе would have sold Potter the business.
oв Gеorge would havе sold Mr. Potter
thе businеss if Pottеr had been able to
triсk Gеorge.
5 . If George's lJnсle Billy hadn,t lost $8,000,
George wouldn't have gotten into trouble
with thе law. oв George wouldn't have
gotten into trouble with the law if his
Unсlе Billy hadn't lost $8,000.
havе
I would never hаd thought of the idea of
showing him life in Bedford Falls without
him. onе of the saddest things was seeing
all those people who didn't have homes.
had givenup
If Gеorgе gаrйеr*pand sold his business to
Mr. Potteц then Potter would have rented
run-down apartmеnts to all those peoplе.
But beсause of Geоrgе, they now have good
homes. By the time we were finished, George
realized he really had a wonderful life. In
w o uld
faсt, he rriЦ have gone to jail happilyif his
friends hadn't given him thе money he
needed. Well, luсkily they helped him out,
and he didn,t go to jail. And I gоt my wings
and bесame a first-сlass angel!
Wish: Present and Past
жffiPЙlNт
that day
сltАRтсltEсl(I
the simple past
406
f
Answer
Кey
2
сHАRтсl1Есl(
If wishes were horses, I'd ridе one to Denver.
thе past perfeсt
Hеy! Todd is always saying,..I wish you would
EхPREss,#ж#,
сome with me sometimes.'' I guess I can go
knеw. had known
2.7
3.F
4. F
5. T
with him to Denver. Dr. Grimes must have
meant that I сan solve my own problems.
hadn't
Now I wish I hаvе#+ beеn so rude to him.
6.7
would go away
had
didn,t havе to dеal
сould entertain
сould have invited oв
had bеen able to invite
z. had known
2.
3.
с.
5.
6.
serrre*m
(Total : 700 points. Each itеrn : 4 points.)
lmF|
z. I wish my husband would ask for a raise.
3. I wish my wife had bееn ablе to balanсe
(oв сould havе balanсed) the сhесk book
last month.
+. I wish my boyfriend weren't out of shape
oR were in shape.
5. I wish I weren,t too old to go baсk
to sсhool.
6. I wish I сould stop (oв Wеre able to stop)
smоking
7. I wish my son сalled (oв would сall) me.
8. I wish my parеnts had undеrstood me.
Today I told Dr. Grimes, "I wish there lX:.
0NЕ
4.4
s.D
1.с
2.8
3.4
6.с
7.
8.
9.
B
с
с
10. D
11. A
12. D
lъl.Е.<тFгq.]
lтW0
(Corrеct ansшеrs arе in parеnthеsеs.)
13. D (seen)
20. D (were)
14. B (сould have)
21. с (dеlеtе wi]r|)
15. B (won't)
22. с (dеlеte comma)
16. B (havе)
23. с (would have)
17. B (werе)
24. с (get)
1s. A (сould have)
25, с (соuld)
19. A ('ll еat oв
are going to eat)
way to spend more timе with my boyfriend,
but we're both too busy." He just said, "If
wishes wеre horsеs, beggars would ride.',
underэtood
That's сute, but I wish I r*nderstatd its
meaning. Мaybe it means that wishing
won't solve problems. Well, that's why
h a dt o l d
I went to see him!!! I wish he rмil}4eЦme
what to do right then and thеrе' but hе
refused. Speaking of wishful thinking,
I wish Todd and I сould ьu##"ot
11,"
wеekend together nехt weеk. My ехams arе
oveЦ but he has to fly to Denver to his job.
Adjective
with
Glauses
Subjeсt Relative Pronouns
WPotNT
F
сltАRTсl]Eсl(
nouns
in the middle of the main сlause. after the
main сlause
EхPRЕssж
That,s the man who works in thе сafetетia.
Answer
Keу
l
4o7
Almost everyone has friends, but ideas
A writer onсe said that friеnds arе born'
about friendship vary from person to person.
not made. This means that we automatiсally
For some, a friend i, ,o*Ыo.," йф
\-_ сhats
with you on the Internet. For others, a friend
beсome friends with people who iЬdare
1S a person
сompatiblе with us. I don,t agrее with this
lifе-somdonе
writer. Last summeц I made ftiends with somе
wereoR are
people whoХ сompletely different from me.
others only use the term fo. .o.6.,Ъ@\knows }zourinnermost seсrеts. Although
different people emphasizе different aspeсts
In July, I went to Mexiсo City to study
Spanish for a month. In our group, there
who oB.that
Was a tеaсher whieh was muсh oldеr than
of friendship, therе is onе
"t",{Ыt@ш
alwavs present, and that is the element of
сhoiсe. We may not be able to selесt our
I am. We beсame really good friends. In my
families, our сo-workers, or even the people
tf'
our friends. As anthropologist Margarеt
Mead onсe said,.A friend i. ,o.6.,Ъ@
сhooses and is сhosen.,,It is this f.""dй
ofсhoiсe
first week, I had a problem whiсh was
getting me down. Mехiсo City is a citу
that oк whiсh
чrhо has a lot of distraсtions. As a result,
I went out all the timе, and I stoppеd gоing
to my сlasses. Bob hеlped me get baсk into
speсial relationship.
my studies. Aftеr the trip, I kept writing
1. oR that have
2. who (oв that) have
3. that (oв whiсh) are
4. who (oв that) faсes
5. that (oв whiсh) is
6.whose...are
7. whosе...inсlude
s. that (oв whiсh) appears oR appeared oв
has appearеd
who (oв that) doesn't read oв hasn,t read
Mexiсo City is an exсiting сity that (oв
whiсh) attraсts a lоt of tourists.
Мarta has a brother whose name
is Manuel.
4. Hе works for a magazine that (oв whiсh)
is very popular in Mеxiсo.
5 . Manuel writes a сolumn that (oв whiсh)
deals with relationships.
6 . An artiсlе that (oв whiсh) disсussed
friendships won a prizе.
7 . A person who (oв that) has a lot of friends
is luсky.
to Bob. He always writеs storiеs thutj#
interesting and enсouraging. Next SummeЦ
that o к w hich
hе's leading another trip whаt sounds
interesting. I hope I сan go.
Adjective
with
Clauses
objeсt ReIative Pronouns
or When and Where
WPqlNт
T
сl]АRтсltпсl(
the subjeсt of the adjeсtive сlausе
F
ЕхPREssж
I sеe all thе movies that he direсts.
4O8
I
Ansvver
Key
4. Aсross the hall I had a good friеnd who
At the age of nine, Еva Hoffman left Poland
(oв whom oв that) I went to sсhool with.
oR . . . with whom I went to sсhool.
5 . I took piano lessons from a woman who
(oв whom oв that) I met in the bakery.
I remember one summer when (oв that)
the whole family went to the lakе.
7 . Those are good times that (oв whiсh) I,1l
alwavs miss.
with her family. She was old enough to know
what she was losing: Craсoщ u .l6@she
loved as onе loves a person, the sun.baked
r"------7-
villages (т,ьereltьеv ьaa taкe
vaсations, and the сonvеrsations and
esсapades with hеr friends. Disсonneсtеd
r-"->-
from u.iiy
her father would beсоme overwhelmed by
the transition tо Canada. Еva would losе thе
--.-..----ъ
parent сonversation with friends in Craсow сafёs.
And nothing сould replaсe her friendship
withtь"ь
mб.'жfl Tai Dong is the small сity in southeastern
r ..Г
w her eo к in w hio ho Rthat. . . in
Taiwan \ДДj€h I gтew up. My family moved
therе from Taipei the summеr when I was
born. Thе house in whiсh I gтew ,,pьdi.
o.'
a main street in Tai Dong. My fathеr sold
andGhoй)she assumed she would someday
tea, and my mothеr had a food stand in our
marry. Worst оf all, howeveц she would miss
front соurtyard where she sold omelets early
.J
her language. For years, she would feel
no сonnесtion to the English namе of
t
anything
-
. Lost
in T|anslation: A Lifе in a I'{еulLanguagе
(New York: Pеnguin, 1989) tеlls how Eva
сame to terms witLЦ
nЗw identity and
language. It'sastoryЩ
fasсinating and moving.
r.
3.
4.
s.
6.
7.
8.
g.
oв that
who oв whom oв that
stayed oR werе staying
whiсh
had
that oв whiсh
wantеd
that oв whiсh
1o. have experienсed
11. wherе oв in whiсh
12. wеre
13. who oв whom oв that
14. takе сare of
1. oR. . . in whiсh I gтew up . . .
2. The house that (oв whiсh) we lived in
was beautiful. oв The house in whiсh
wеlivеd...
з. Еmilia and I shared a room where
(oв in whiсh) wе spent nights talking.
in the morning. A сustomer who I always
сhatted with hiб had a son my agе. We werе
whoэe
bеst friends. A сousin whe-his family I
visitеd evеry Summer lived with us. He was
w hoo к w ho mo кthat
an apprentiсе whiеh my father was teaсhing
the tea businеss to. on the first floor of оur
wiere
gЖк
house wе had a huge kitсhеn
all gathered for dinner. It was a fun and
noisy plaсe. The bеdrooms wherе the family
were
slept was upstairs. My two brothеrs slept in
that oк which
onе bedroom. I slеpt in onе wЪ*t I shared
with my older sister. My younger sister
shared a bеdroom with another сousin
whooк whomoKthar,
wм
my family had adoptеd.
*oR the houэe whiah(oк rhat) | grewup in
&mжъrue*"
Egзw l
Adjective
Glauses:
ldentifying and
Non- ldentifying
ж
P0lNт
4o9
who use thеm...Thе bеst waу to сure
teсhnophobia is to сurе the reasons that
сause it-that
is, to design things ж
people сan use and design things that won,t
F
break,'' сlaims Norman. Miсhael Dyrenfurth,
сI]АRтсl]Есl(
who tеaсhes at thе University of
non-identifying
T
Missouri-Columbia'
ЕхPREss.жж
believes We сause our
own problems by buying teсhnology iЬ{we
It was the соmputеr ЕЬi<fi we saw at
E-Leсtroniсs.
just don,t need...Do we rеally need an
elесtriс toothbrush?,,hе asks. Aссording to
2.
3.
ffi,
T
T
4. F
5. F
с.F
Dyrenfurth, important teсhnology lЫ.
teсho no . .pho . bia (noun)a fearth#.
Some people have about using tесhnologу
we
сan,t afford to run away from aсtually exists.
To prospеЦ wе have to overсomе our
teсhnophobia and learn to use it.
If you have it, you,re one of the 85 perсent
of people itfr
..disease,'has struсk.
this new
Maybe you bоught a phone on whiсh you
сan program 25 numbers-then
сouldn,t
3.
turn it on. Or perhaps you have just read
4.
that your new CD player' whiсh you have
5.
finally learned how to use9 will soоn be
replaсed by DVD9 whiсh you had nеver еven
heard of.
Some experts say that things have just
6.
7.
8.
My new сell phonе, whiсh I bought a
month ago, has beсome a neсessary part
оf lifе.
I remember the day when I was afraid to
use my new сomputer.
Noщ thеrе arе psyсhologists who (oв that)
help teсhnophobes use teсhnologу.
Dr. Miсhelle Weil, who is a psyсhologist,
wrote a book about ..teсhnostrеss','
I work in an offiсe wherе (oв in whiсh)
thе softwarе сhangеs frequently.
A lot of people who work in my offiсe
suffеr from teсhnostress.
Some people dream of a job they сan do
without teсhnology.
gotten too сomplex. William Staples9 who
authored a book on the eleсtroniс age9tried
I just read a book сalled Technostress9whiсh
to help a friеnd who had just bought a new
was written by Dr. Miсhelle Weil. Her
stereo. Thе stereo9whiсh worked before'
сo-authorwas Dr. LatуRosen, HH ,, n..
wasn't working anymore. "On the front of
husband and also a psyсhologist. Aссording
the stereo rесeiver it literally had a сouple
of dozen buttons," says Staples. Donald
Norman, who has written about the effeсts
of teсhnologу on people' blames the
designers of these deviсes, not the people
to thе authors, everybody feels strеss about
teсhnologу. our сell phоnes and beepеrs,
whiсh
t,hat wе buy for emеrgenсies, soon invade
our privaсy. Just bесause they сan, people
(сontinuеd on nехt pagе)
4|o
f
Ansanлer Key
сontaсt us at plaсes1where we arе relaxing.
Can't sleep? You're not alone. Millions of
Another problem is having to learn too
people are up tossing and turning instead of
muсhtoofast.Teсhnologiсal
.ь".'glli!"а
gеtting their zzzz,S. Dr. Ray Thorpe, Direсtor
..Don,t
of the Sleep Disorders Cliniс, @,
think that loss of sleеp is iust a minor
to сome one at a time, now overwhelm us.
Dr. Weil suggests dealing with teсhnostress
rnсonvenrenсe...D uring an intеrview hе@
using tips from her latеst book9 whiсh сan
me to think abоut what
be purсhased from her web site.
arive wьen tьev,re
. Еvery year up to
200,000 сar aссidеnts are сausеd by drowsy
drivers. Then hu @me
SelfTestш
reсent industrial
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
deprivation.
Фlhtцkзboц!з
. Chanсеs are that
it was сaused at least in part by sleep
Being an insomniaс myself I askеd
ffi0шп
Dr. Thorpe for some suggestions. HeGiDme
1. B
2.^
3.D
4. с
s.B
6.8
7. B
8.с
e.B
10. с
11. B
12. с
to stop arinкing сO
warm slass of milk i
fashioned rеmedies work. Have a high-
ГЖЖjre-.WтW0
(Corrеct dnsшеrs arе in parеnthеsеs.)
r з. C (wherе)
', 4. A(w h o)
15. с (dеlеtеЬe)
16. B (whose)
'.7. B (that oв whiсh oв' dеlеtе what)
ls. D (dеlеtе it)
19. с (disсuss)
20. B (whiсh)
2 1 .^ ( w h o )
22. с (in whiсh oв where)
23. B (with whom)
24. с (whеn oв that oв"dеlеtе whiсh)
2s. ^ (whose)
Direсt and lndireсt
lmperatives
Speeсh:
YI;%IHЖPпINт
..Don't eat a heavv mеal before bеd.''
сI]АRTсltпсК
direсt speeсh
T
EхPREssT,:i#::i;'f::л
to go, Don't work
. H" @ф
rayез
. 'A lot of old-
сarboh}zdrate snaсk like a banana before ]rou
so to bеd.'' hе 6aiD But he 6a.',ъЬoatiеnts
nottoeataьеavyme
..Regular
thg_ццh!. What about exerсise?
exerсise helps, but don,t ехerсise too сlose to
bеdtime,'' ь" @
Finally, he@me
..Don,t worry about not
цФlg-_dqq!aщ.
sleeping. It's the worst thing to do," he 6il)
I don't know. After thinking about those
industrial aссidents. I doubt I'l1 be able to
sleеp at all!
ffil
Y#
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
that night
told
my
to watсh
said
7. there
8. explain
9. not to
1o. the neхt
11. to get
1. oR He said to pull over and take a
brief nap.
2. oR He told them not to take a long nap.
з. Hе told them (oв He said) to sing to
themsеlvеs.
д. Hе told them (oв He said) to turn thеir
radios to an annoying station.
5. He told thеm (oв Hе said) not to
drink сoffee.
Ansз*яeя" !{ey
6. He told them (oв Hе said) to open thеir
windows.
т. He told them (oв He said) tо let сo1dair in.
в. He told them (oв Hе said) to be сarеful
when they stop their сars.
9. He told them (oв He said) not to stop on
a desеrted roadside.
ro. He told them (oв He said) not to drink
and drive.
In writing сlass today, Juan read one of his
storiеs. It was wonderful. After сlass, thе
a story in сlass neхt
not
week. However. I asked her nо to сall on
teaсher invited,,,J!"ua
me nеxt wеek beсause I'm having trouble
told
getting ideas. Shе s+id me not to worry, and
she said to wait for two weeks. Then I talked
to
to Juan, and I asked him^tell me the sourсе
hiэ
for уо+r ideas. He said that they сame from
his dreams, and he told -Jj.".o
a dream
journal for ideas. He invited me Хto read
l
411
lndireсt Sp@eсh:
Statements (1)
жPqцNT
..It looks grеat on you!''
сl]АRтсltЕсl(
the punсtuation
the verb tensе in thе statеmеnt
pronouns in thе statement
ExPREss'ж
told. was
ffiAt
9:00Riсk Spivak,sbankphonеdand6iD
tьat ьls сrealt сar
...The
сheсk is in the mail,', Riсk @quiсkly.
At
11:45 Riсk left for a |2:00 meeting aсross
town. Arriving late, Riсk6tilьi.
сlient фq!
t.amс ьaa ьeе" ьм. That еvеning, Riсk's
fianс6e wore a new dress. Riсk hatеd it' "It
looks just gтeat on you,,' h" @
Threе liеs in one day! Yet Riсk is just
an ordinary guy. Eaсh time, he@tDьimself
somе of his journal.XIt was very interesting,
that sometimеs the truth сauses too manv
so I asked him to give me some tips on
to аet
remembering dreams. He said gэtЁiяg a
Pщщщg. He@!фhimself
was ьeting good abo
good night's sleep beсause the longer
dreams сome afber a long period of sleep. He
told
also teЦ me to keep my journal by the bed
and to write as soon as I wake up. He said
not to
te-до move from the sleeping position. Hе
not to
also told me t+-dоnt think about the day at
frrst. (If you think about your day, you might
forget your dreams.) Мost important-every
night hе tells himself thd to remеmber his
the neх|
dreams t€m€+rоqдl morning.
ЩФ дЦлeц999
. Why
should he hurt her feelings?
Is telling liеs a new trend? The majority
of people in a reсent survey @щel!99pl9
.
were morе honеst tе
Nevertheless, lying wasn't really born
yesterday. In the еighteenth сentury, the
Frenсh philosopher Vauvenargues told the
..All mеn
truth about lying whеn he @
are born truthful and diе liars.''
z.
з.
д.
s.
с.
has
told
that
had
shе
z.
в.
9.
to.
had
had
was
had
made
lied
quitting
firеd
412
f
&resъaясэв-Ж.ey
2. Lisa said (that) shе had just heard about
a job at a sсientifiс rеsearсh сompany.
3. Bеn said (that) he had majored in sсiеnсе
at Florida Statе.
д. Lisa told him (that) they wantеd someone
with some experiеnсe as a progтammer.
5. Ben told her (that) he worked as a
programmer for Data Systems.
6. Lisa said (that) they didn,t want a reсent
сollege graduatе.
7 Ben told her (that) he had gotten his
degree four years ago oв beforе.
8. Lisa said (that) it sounded like the right
job for him.
onсe when I was a teenageц I went to my
Aunt Leah's house. Aunt Leah сolleсted
told
pottery, and when I got there, shе sаid me
wanted
that she wаnts to show me her new bowl.
me * h a d
She told^she hаs just bought it. It was
bеautiful. When Aunt Leah went to answеr
the dоoц I piсked up the bowl. It slipped
from my hands and smashed to pieсes on
the floor. WЪen Aunt Leah сame baсk,
that
I sсreamed and said чrhаt the сat had just
her
broken уоt*т new bowl. Aunt Leah got this
funny look on her faсe and told me that it
waЭn,f,
is+t important. I didn't sleep at all that
night, and the neхt morning, I сalled my
had
aunt and сonfessed that I hаv€ broken her
ohe
bowl. She said I had known that all along.
I promisеd that I*#going to buу her a
lndirect Speeсh:
Statements (2)
,ry:i%:.ffi
P0lNт
"It will be windy."
с,{ARтсltEсl(
ought to, might, should have
,{;tr;:;ffi:3
ЕxPпЕss
Jim said that he might move soon.
2.
3.
4.
5.
..Thе winds may reaсh 170 miles pеr hour.''
"There will be more rain tomorrow."
..You should
try to leavе the area.''
..We сan expeсt a lot of damage.,'
z. They said (that) it was going to pass
north of therе.
з. They said (that) it might beсome a
tropiсal storm when it landеd there.
+. Thеy said (that) they had had to сlose
some bridgеs the day before beсause of
high tides.
s. They said (that) they wouldn't rеstorе
elесtriсity until today.
с. They said (that) thе sсhools thеrе might
be сlosed for a while.
z. They said (that) thеy ought to use bottled
water for a few davs.
z. He said (that) it was true, and (that) they
would probably beсome more frequent.
3. He said (that) the planet might be getting
warmeц and (that) that сould сause more
sevеre storms.
д. He said (that) еmergenсy workers should
have arrived muсh morе quiсkly.
5. He said (that) the new satellitеs would
help. He said (that) if we didn't havе
them, we wouldn,t bе able to warn people.
nеW one someday.We still laugh about thе
storу today.
*oв 9he эai d э h e . ' .
Wе had some exсitement here beсause of
the hurriсane last week. Jim,s mother
сalled just before the storm. She said ,ьJ;1u
listening to the wеather repоrt and that she
Was Worried about us. Shе told Jim that if
Aпsиrer
#
wo u l d
.*o wеren,t so stubborn' We wiЦ paсk
up and leave immediatеly. Jim,s father told
us how to get ready for the storm. He said
we should h< put tape on our windows
t he n
right nоw and that we ought to fill the
bathtub with water. He also told Jim that
we should buy a lot of batteries before the
that niаht
storm hit tоnф*it. Sue сalled. She said that
her plaсe was too сlose to thе сoast and that
t,here
эhe
she сouldn't stay hе+€ . She told mе I wanted
to stay with me and Jim. She said she should
have
^сalled us sooner. I told her she should сome
t he n
right Rоw. Then we listened to the weather
advisory, and the forесaster said that the
wa5
storm is going to go out to sеa. She said it
wouldn'l
чre#t hit this area at all!
lndireсt
Cluestions
WщPqINT
..WЪy are you still single?''
сIiARтсIIЕсКI
F,T
сlllЕсl(2
сI{,АRт
F,T
ЕхPRЕssжffi
why hе had quit his job.
A few wееks ago, Мelissa Morrow had a
stress intervieщ one whiсh fеatured tough,
triсky questions and negative evaluations.
First, the intеrviewer asked wh]z she сouldn't
work under pressure. Before she сould answeЦ
he asked who had written her appliсation
letter for hеr. Mеlissa was shoсkеd, but shе
Кey
l
41.3
handled hersеlf very well. She asked the
intеrviewer whether hе was going to ask
her anv serious questions. Then she left.
Companiеs give strеss interviews in
order to watсh how сandidatеs handlе
pressure. Suppose, for example, that there
is an aссident in a nuсlear power plant. The
plant's publiс rеlations offlrсеrmust rеmain
сalm when reporters ask how the aссident
сould have happеned. Be aware, howeveц
that in somе сountries, like the United States,
сertain questions are not allowed unless
they are direсtly related to the job. If your
interviewer asks how old.vou are' you сan
refuse to answer. The intеrviewer also should
not ask whether }rou are married or how muсh
money you owe. If you think a question is
impropeц ask how the question relates to the
jgb. If it doesn't, УoЦ don,t havе to answеr.
Items Cheсked: 2. 3. 5
2. He asked when the interview was.
3. He asked where the сompany was.
4. Hе asked if (oв whether) she needеd
direсtions.
5. He asked how long it took to get thеre.
6. He asked if (oв whether) she was going
to drive.
7. He asked who was going to intеrview hеr.
8. He asked when thеv would let her know.
Pete asked if (oв whethеr) she was
interviеwing with other сompanies.
Claire asked what her responsibilities
would be.
5 . Claire askеd how job performanсe was
rewarded.
Pete asked what her starting salary at
her last job had been oв had bеen at her
last job.
7 . Pеte askеd if (oв whether) she had gotten
along well with her last employer.
Claire asked if (oв whether) they hired
many women.
414
I
Answer
Key
о you've ever needеd to know how to
I did some stress questiоning in my interview
сalсulate thе right tip instantlv.
with Carl Treng this morning. I asked
hecouldn'l
Mr. Treng why еor*ld#t-he work under
. you're new to the United States and you're
pressure. I alsо asked him why i}id his
d i э |i k e d
supervisor dislikе him. Finally, I inquired
о you'd like to learn how tipping properlv
сan get vou the best serviсе for vour monev.
when he would quit the job with our
What readers arе saying . . .
..I сan't imagine how I gоt along without it.',
not surе who vou should tip here.
. t ,
сompanyxMr. Treng answered my questions
..Take fips along if you want a strеss-free
сalmly, and he had some exсellent questions
vaсation.,,
of his own. He askеdXif we expeсted сhanges
on the job} Hе also wanted to know how
often it6* we evaluate employееs. I was
I had decided
impressed whеn he asked why di*ldeeide
to join this сompany. I think we should
hire him.
*oR howoften we evaluated
Еmbedded
Cluestions
W-,жPпlNт
Should wе lеave a tip?
Is thе serviсe inсluded?
сI|АRтсI]ЕсI(
ЦT
ExPREss,,,{#::;жffi
A: ?
B:.
ф2.
how to tell if thе tip is inсluded in the bill.
3. why serviсе people in Iсеland rеfused
my tips?
4. how muсh to tip airport porters.
5. who expeсts a tip and who doesn,t.
6. I should tip my ski instruсtoт.
7. tipping is still illegal therе.
8. to tip anyway.
2. how muсh to tip (oв how muсh we should
tip) thе taхi driver?
3. where the Smithsonian Museum is?
4. where we сan buy (oв where to buy)
mеtro tiсkеts.
5 . wе сould rеnt a сar and drive?
6. what they put in the sauсe.
When you live in a foreign сountry even a
small oссasion сan bе an adventure! Before
my date with Janek tonight, I didn't even
| э ho u|dОRto
know what shоr*l*I wear! Jеans? A dress?
John,s Grill isn't a fanсy restaurant, but it
This book is for you if . . .
was Janek's birthday and I wantеd to make
о you've evеr avoided a situation just
it a big oссasion. Miuki Was vеry helpful, as
beсause you didn't know how muсh to tip.
о you,ve ever realized (too late) that you
werе supposed tо offеr a tip.
o you've ever given a huge tip and then
wondered if a tip was neсessary at all.
always. I knеw how to gеt to John's Grill,
but I didn't know how long it was going to
take to get therеХ I lеft at 6:00, whiсh
should havе given me plenty of time, but
Answer
whether
when I got off the bus, I wasn't sure # to
turn left or right. I asked a poliсe offiсer
John'эwaэ
where waqJtohnЪ, and I was only a few
minutes late. I had planned to take Janek
out for a speсial dessert afterward, but
I сouldn't remember hоwХto find thе plaсe
Miuki had suggested, and Janek has been
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(Total : 700 points. Each itеm : 4 points')
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10.D
here even less time than me. (Anyway, the
tffiqf-IqЪ] тW0
dessеrts at John's turnеd out to be vеry
(Corrеct ansшеrs arе in parеnthesеs.)
11. A (told oв said to)
19. D (it сosts)
12. D (.)
20. с (runs)
13. D (then)
21. D (?)
14. D (w as сo ming)
22. D (,,,)
15. D (therе)
2з. B (if you сould)
16. B (whether or not oR ifl 24. с (not to)
17. ^ (whether)
z5. B (I сould)
ls. D (might have stopped)
good.)Then, when wе got the bill, I was
not
wondering whether to tip or no. I had to ask
if he knew
Janek di*he-knelдr. Fortunately, he had read
Tips onTipping, so hе told me to ieavе
about 1,57o.
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