Автор: Боэций
Теги: античная философия
Текст
Комментарий
к «Категориям» Аристотеля1
КНИГА ПЕРВАЯ
[Введение]
Закончив с тем, что изложено в учении Порфирия2
относительно предикаментов3 Аристотеля, я продолжил ряд [сочинений],
написанных простым и доступным языком, составив и эти
комментарии на ту же тему. Я не примешал ничего из сферы более глубоких
вопросов, но ради соблюдения соразмерности в освещении
стремился к тому, чтобы не стеснить читателя краткостью [изложения]
и не смутить его большим объемом. Поэтому, как представляется,
вначале следует вкратце представить цель этого труда, которая
такова: существует только один человеческий род, способный давать
вещам имена, поскольку вещи пред-положены и преимущественно
пребывают в характерном состоянии [своей] природы4. Отсюда
ясно, что, снабжая [именами] все [вещи] по очереди, человеческий
© А. Аполлонов, перевод, примечания, 1999
1 Перевод выполнен по изданию: А. М. S. Boetii. In Categorias Aristotelis
libri quatuor // PL. T. 64. При переводе текста Аристотеля в некоторых
случаях привлекался перевод А. В. Кубицкого (Аристотель. Категории. М., 1939).
Первая публикация текста: Вестник РХГИ. 1999. № 3.
2 Боэций имеет в виду свои комментарии к «Введению» Порфирия к
«Категориям» Аристотеля. Как известно, он составил два комментария. Первый,
имевший диалогическую форму, представлял собой пояснение к латинскому
переводу «Введения», осуществленному Марием Викторином. Эта работа,
однако, не удовлетворила Боэция — он составил второй комментарий,
превосходящий по объему предыдущий, причем перевел «Введение» сам. Судя
по всему, комментарий к «Категориям» был написан после того, как философ
закончил оба комментария к трактату Порфирия.
' Предикамент (praedicamentum) — так Боэций переводит греческий
термин категория (катт|уор1а).
4 Здесь и далее Боэций излагает так называемую конвенциональную
теорию языка. Согласно ей, имена вещам даются человеком ad placitum, то есть,
по произвольному соглашению между людьми; имя не имеет какого-либо
сверхъестественного происхождения и связано с вещью лишь постольку,
поскольку обычно употребляется для ее обозначения.
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BTOpl1lIHO - TO, KOTOpOe OTHOCHTC5I K CMbICJIY (ratio Y nellletL 11 no-
CKOJIbKY Bce HCKYCCTI30 JIOrI1KI1 OTHOCHTC5I K pel.JM (oratione) H B 3TOl\1
TpY,lle rroBecTByeTC5I rrpeMl\1ywecTBeHHo 0 3BYKax, TO, XOT5I 3Ta KHl1ra
11 COnp5l)KeHa C ,llPyrl1l\1I1lIaCT5IMI1 <pI1JIOCOCPI1I1, OHa Bce JKe rrpeMl\-IymecT-
BeHHO OTHOCMTC5I K JIOrI1Ke, 0 HeKOTopbIM 06pa30M rrpOCTLIX 3JIeMeHTax
KOTOpoi1, TO eCTb 0 CJIonax (senno), 51 B HeM rrpe)f(,l!e Bcero 11 paccY)K,llaJI.
11 3Ta KHMra rrpl1Ha.n:JIeJKI1T ApI1CTOTeJIIO, a I-Ie KOMY-TO ,llpyrOMY,
rrOTOl\1Y qTO BC5I ero cpHJIOCO<pI151 corJIacyeTc5I C rrpe,llMeTOl\1 ,llaHHOrO
TPy.n:a, KpOMe Toro, caMa KpaTKOCTb 11 TOHKOCTb [rrOBeCTBOBaHI151] HeOT-
JIl1qMMbI OT [xapaKTepHbIX ,llJI5I] ApI1CTOTeJI5I, K TOMY)I(e TPY,l{, KOTOpbIH
OH HanHCaJI 0 CMJIJIOrI13MaX, BbIrJI5I.n:eJI 6bI HeOKOnqeHHbIM 11 He3aBep-
llIeHHbIM, eC.1J11 6bI 01-1 He rrpeJLIlOCJIaJI 6bI eMY [KHl1ry] 0 nOCbIJIKaX HJIH
rrpeHe6per 6bI TpaKTaTOM 0 rrepBbIX 3BYKax, 113 KOTOpbIX COCT05lT rro-
CbIJIKI1. XOT5I eCTb cll.{e H ,llPyra51 KHHra ApI1CTOTeJI5I, nOBeCTBYIOIlla51
o TOM )Ke Cal\10M, rrOqTI1 Toro )Ke CO,llep)KaHH5I, rrYCTb 11 OTJIHlIHa5I no pe-
ql1, HO [Hl\1eHHO] 3Ta KHl1ra [TO eCTh rrpe,llHKaMeHTbI»] OTKpbIBaeT
CqeT c06CTBeHHbIl\1 [pa60Tal\1 ApHCTOTeJI5I]. APXI1T 2 TaK)I(e COCTaBI1JI
KHl1rl1, KOTopble Ha3BaJI Ka80Aol AOyOt ( «0611U1e CJIOBa ), B nepBOMI13
KOTOpbIX paCIlo.1JO)l(HJI 3TH .n:eC5ITb rrpeJII1KaMeHTOB, OTqerO neKOTopbIe
60Jlee rr03,llHMe [TIHCaTeJII1] rrO,ll03peI3aIOT, qTO M306peTeHHe TaKoro ,l{e-
JIeHI151 npl1Ha,llJIe)l(I1T He Apl1CTOTeJIIO 11 t.1TO TO )Ke HarrHCaJI NIY)I( fIl1cpa-
ropeel!. TaKOBoro lvrHeHI1s-I npI1,llep)KHBaJIC5I q.>I1JIOCOcp 5lMBJIHX: J , KOTO-
POMY B03pa)KaJI CDeMI1CTHI1: 1 , rrOJIaraBIIIl1fl, qTO [aBTopOM Ha3BaHHoro
1 Ratio - JIOfll t lecI<I1H CMbICJI. .Tho6aH BCIIlb (res), o603Ha4aeMaH CJIOBOM
(1l01l1en, vocabuhllll), 06Jlan:aeT TaK)Ke H CMbICJIOM (ratio), KClKOBOll CMblCJI n:aeT-
CH B onpen:eJIeHIUIX If onHcaHlUlX . OnncaHHe (descriptio) COCTaBJIHeTCH 11::) c06-
CTBeHHblX np113HaKoB (propria) BeIIU1, a onpen:eJIeHI1e (definitio I1JIH diffinitio) co-
CTOIfT B YKa3cUIHII pon:a (genus) II Blln:OBbIX OTJI11 t II1H I1JIII OTJIH4lfTeJIbHbIX
npH3HaKoB (diffirentia). TaK, HanpHMep, HeKoe )KI1BOTHOe 0 I(OTOPOM MbI rOBO-
pHM, eCTb neII1b, CJIOBO )J(HBOTHoe - ero 3HaK, a onpen:eJIeHHe «cy6cTaHllIlH on:y-
rneBJIeHHaH, lIYBCTBYIOlllCUI - CMbICJI.
:l APXJlT 113 TapeHTa (IV B. n:o H. 3.) 3HaMeHHThifi .lI.peBHerpeqeCKHII cpHJIOCOcp,
KOTOpblit no CBI1l1eTeJlbCTBY lInoreHa JIa3pTIHI, BnepBble MeTOlUltJeCKH nCCJIen:o-
BM MexaHHKY, IlCnOJIb3YH MaTeMaTH4eCKIIe npIUIlUlnbl, H BoepBbre npHl\IeHHJI l\Ie-
XaHHlIeCKOe l1BI1:>KeHl1e K reOMeTpHtleCKOI\.ry lIepTe)l(y, Korn:a CelIeHHeM nOJIYUI1.7IHH-
n:pa CTpeMHJICH HatiTH n:Be Cpen:HHX nponopUJfOHaJIbHhIX, tlT06bl peUIIfTb ::)an:at1Y no
yn:BoeHHIO Ky6a. :vI B reOMeTpllII Oll BnepBLle OTKpblJI Ky6, KaK fOBOpHT nJIaTOH
B ,,[ocynapcTBe"» (cDparMeHTbl paHHI1X rpelICCKHX qHfJIOcoq)OB. M., 1989. C. 448).
"i 51MBJIl1x (OK. 280-330) - ytleHIIK nopq)JlpHH, OCHOBaTeJIb ClIpHt'ICKOH Heo-
ITJIaTOHlItleCK<rH IIIKO.nhI. b03unII ynOMJIHaeT 5IMBJIHXa B OCHOBHOM KaK KOMMeH-
TaTopa ApHCTOTeJIH, XOTH TOT JI3BeCTeH CKopee KaK BTIOJIHe caMOCTOHTeJIbIIhr:t'J aB-
TOp. B03MO)KHO, HMeHHO KOMMeHTapHH 5IMDJII1Xa K KaTeropHHM» 6blJI n:JIH
E03lUUI OllHIlM 113 OCHOBHbIX I1CTOtJHI1KOB no apnCTOTeJIeBCKOii JIOfI1Ke.
i <1>eMHcTHH (317 -387) - qnlJIoco(P, npenol1aBaJI B KOHcTaHTIIHOnOJIe. n pu-
n:ep)KlIBa.7ICH MHeHHH, 4TO, HecMoTpH Ha HeKoTopble OTn:CJIbHble pa3JIHtIHH, yqeHlle
llJIaToHa H ytICHHe Apl1CTOTeJIH no cYU{eCTBY CXOl1Hbl (TaK )J' e, KCTaTH, ClIHTaJI
H D03UlIti). <1>eMHcTIIll HBJIHCTCH aBTopoM KOMl\IeHTap11eB K ApIlCTOTeJIIO, KOTO-
pbIe, B03MOJKIIO, 6blJI11 H3BCCTHbl E03UI1IO, - eCJII1 He Henocpen:CTBeHHO, TO tJepe 3
cotIIIHeIUIH n:pyrHx <lnIJIoco(l)OB.
KOMMCIITapH" I( «KaTCrOpIUIM» APHCTOTCJUI
125
TPYJJ.a] 6bIJI He APXI1T, TIliIcparopeCIl H3 TapCIITa, KOTOpbIH 6bIJ1 TaKJKe
,llPyroM IlJIaToHa, HO HeKl111 nepI1naTeTI1K APXI1T, KOTOpbIH HOBOl\'IY
TPY,llY rrpH,l(aJI aBTOpI1TeT .llpeBHOCTbIO I1MeHH.
COXpaHHJII1Cb pa3J1l-p-IHble 3arOJIOBKI1 lTpaKTaTa ApHCTOTeJI5I], no-
CKOJIbKY O.n:HI1 Ha3bIBaJII1 [ero KHl1roii] 0 BeI1!aX, JJ.PyrHe - 0 pO,llax Be-
melt MX c6J1JIa C TOJIKY O,llHa Ii Ta )Ke 01ll116Ka. Be,llb, KaK MbI YJKe CKa3a-
1111, B 3TOM TpY,lle peqb l1,lleT He 0 pO,llax Bell.{e:ti, He 0 Be ax, HO 0 CJIOBaX
(serIno), 060 q HaqaIOll111X pO,llbI Bellleti. 06 3TOM 3a51BJI5IeT caM ApHCTO-
TeJIb, rOBOp5l: «113 Toro, LITO r0I30pHTC5I 6e3 KaKoi1-JII160 CB5I3H, Ka)l(,lloe
0603HaQaeT HJII1 cy6cTaHI!I1JO I1JII1 KOJII1t.IeCTBO [H T. ,l{.]» 1. ECJIH 6bI OH
rrp0I13BOL{HJI ,lleJIeHl1e Bemeti, TO He rOBOpl1JI 6bI «0603Ha1.JaeT»; Be,llb Be-
lI.{M 0603HaQaIOTC5I, HO CaMI1 He 0603HaqaIOT 2 . Ern:e O,lllII1M BeCOl\1bIM ,ll0-
a3aTeJIbCTBOM Toro, qTO ApHCTOTeJIb paccY)I(,llaJI He 0 BeI1!aX, liO 0 CJIO-
Bax (serIno), 0603HCl'-IaI0Il1HX Bell111 , 51BJI5IlOTC5I ero CJIe,llYIOll1l1e CJIOBa:
Ka)K,lloe 113 Ha3BaHHoro caMO rro ce6e He rOBOpHTC5I B YTBep)l(,lleHHe;
YTBep:>K,lleHHe rrOJIyqI1TC5I lIPH HX CB5I3I1,llPyr C ,llPyroM 3. ECJI.H )Ke Bell.{H
coe.n:liIH TC5I, TO OHI1 HI1KOI1M 06pa30l\1 He npOH3I3e,llYT YTBep)l(,lleHI151,
1160 YTBep)K,lleHl1e rrpe6bIBaeT B pe1.J:H. IT03TOMY, eCJII1 npH coe,llI1HeHI1H
npe,l{HKaMeHTOB rrpOH3BO,llHTC5I YTBep)K.n:eHl1e (a YTBep)l(,lleHl1e rrpe6bI-
BaeT TOJIbKO JII1IIlb B peqH, 11 TO, qTO coe.n:HH5IeTC5I ,l{JI5I np0I13Be,n:eHYI5I YT-
Bep)K,lleHI151, eCTb 3BYKI1, 0603Hat.laIOll.{He BeIl I1), TO TpaKTaT 0 rrpe,llI1Ka-
MeHTax rroBecTByeT He 0 Bell.{ax, a 0 3BYKax; CJIe,llOBaTeJIbHO, Hey.n:aqHO
Ha3bIBaJII1 [3TOT TpaKTaT KHl1rOH] 0 Bell.{ax I1JII1 pO,llax Bell!eH. I1Hble 01'-
MeqaIOT, 4TO [3arJIaBHe] 3TOt'I KHYIrl1 ,llOJI)KHO ql1TaTbC5I [KaK] «AHTCTO-
rrI1Ka», qTO BeCbMa a6CYP,llHO. IlOt.fCMY )Ke He JIyqllle - «AHTecpH3I1Ka»,
KaK 6y.n:TO .n:JI5I <pH3I1KI1 OT 3TOI1 KHHrI1 MeHbIIlaJI rrOJIb3a? I10qeMY lie
JIyqIIle 03arJIaBHTb rlpe,ll-06 HCTOJIKOBaHHH» I1JIH «AHTeaHaJIHTI1Ka»
B CB5I3H C TeM, qTO «I1epBbIe aHaJII1TI1KI1 qI1TaIOTC5I paHbIlle «TOJII1KH»
H KHHra «06 I1CTOJIKOBaHYIH» rrpe,ll.7JaraeTC5I Hat.IHHaIOllU1M .lIJI5I H3Y1.Je-
HM5I pallblile «IIepBblx aHaJIHTHK»? II03ToMY Ha,l{JIe)KHT OTpl1llYTb caMY
MbICJIb 0 TaKOl\1 3arJIaBl1H H CKa3aTb CJIe,l{YIOll.{ee: rrOCI(OJlbKY cymeCTBY-
lOT rrepBbIe ,lleC5ITb pO.n:OB Berue:H, 6bIJIO He06xo.n:I1MO, qT06bI CYll.{eCTBO-
BaJIH ,l{eC5ITb npOCTbIX 3BYKOB, KOTopbIe CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 nO,llJIeJKaIl1I1X
BeIl{ax, H60 Bce, 41'0 0603HaqaeT, CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 Toi1: BellLI1, KOTOPYIO
0603HaqaeT. CJIe,llOBaTeJIbHO, KHHra ,l!OJI)I(Ha 6blTb Ha3BaHa «0 ,lleC5ITH
rrpe,l{I1Kal\'1 eH Tax».
Ho, 6bITb MO)KeT, KTO-I-II16Y,l{b CKa)KeT: nOqC IY [ApHcTOTeJlb] rOBO-
pHT 0 caMHX [Bell.{ax], eCJII1 c06cTBeHHo rrpe,llMeTOM 06cY)K,lleHI151 5113-
JI5IIOTC5I 3BYKI1, 0603Haqaloll!I1e Bell{H? I-la 31'0 CJIe,l{yeT OTBeTHTb, qTO
nOCK01lbKY Bell.{11 Bcer.n:a CB5I3aHbJ co CBOI1M 3HaKOM, TO '-11'0 6bI HI1
I ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTeropllH 1 b 25.
'l BOCxo,[{HIl!ee K CTOHKaM npel{cTaBJIeHHe 0 TOM, \.ITO Ol{Ha nCIIlb TaIOKe MOJKeT
6hITb 3HaKOM l{pyrOJI (HanpIIMep, l{bIM -- 3HaI( orHH) b03UllCM, no BCerI BI1l{HMO-
CTH, BOCnpHH.HTO He 6bIJIO, B OTJupnIC OT CTOIItICCKOiI TeOpHIJ rnnOTeTHtleCI<HX
CMJIJIOfH3MOB, KOTOpbIM (1)II.lIocoq) nOCB}lTJIJI oTl{eJIbHhlH TpaKTaT.
J ApucmolneJl1J. KaTeropHH 2a 5.
126
A((Hl Hii MallJIHii TOplCnaT CCOCpHII EO l\"ti
npOI1cXQ,l(HJIO B BCIuaX, 3TO )Ke 10)KHO 06HapY)KI1Th 11 OTHOCI1TeJIbHO
HMeH Beulej"i: n03TOMY CIlpaBeJIJIHBO, flITO i\plICTOTCJIbJ, rOBOp51 06
Hl\1eHaX, IlpH3HaJI l3aBI1CHl\10CTb 1 cBoe06pa 3H5I (proprietas) 0603Ha-
qaIOIlU1X 3BYKOB 0'1' Toro, qTO I1MI1 0603I-Ia L IaeTC5I, TO eCTb 01' BeweH.
B03MO)KHO, 6Y,lleT 3a,llaH IiI ,llpyroi1 Borrpoc: rrO L Iel\1Y, eCJIH [ApI1CTO-
TeJIb] 3,lleCb pa3,l{CJI5IeT pe1.Jb Ha .LI:eC5ITb npe,l{HKaMeHTOB, B KHMre «06
HCTOJTKOBaHHH» 01-1 npOBO.llHT ,lleJIeHl1e JIHllIb Ha ,l{Be lIaCTI1, a 11l\1eHHO,
Ha Hl\l51 (nOlnen) H rJlarOJI (verbum)? I-Io OTJIHqHe COCTOHT B TOM, 1.J:TO
TaM [ApI1CTOTeJIb] pa3.lleJI5IeT cpHrypbI CJIOB, 3,l{eCb )I(e TpaKTyeT 0 3Ha-
Kax, TaK qTO 01-1 Cal\1 ce6e He npOTI1BOpCt.II1T. Be,llb B KHl1re 06 I1CTOJI-
KOBaHI111» OH pa3l\1bIlllJI.HeT 06 HMeHH 11 rJIarOJIe, 0 TOM, KaKOBbI CJIO-
Ba COrJlaCHO HeKOTopoti Q)l1rype: qTO O,l!HH l\10rYT H3MeH5ITbC5I rro
na.n:e)l(aM, ,llpyrI1e )l(e pacrrpe.n:eJI5IIOTC5I rro I3pel\1eHaM. 3,llecb )l(e rOBO-
pI1TC5I He 0 lpa3JIyp-lHI1 CJIOB] COrJIaCHO 3TI1M cpI1rypal\l, HO 0 3BYKax -
TO, qTO OI-III CYTh 0603HaqaIOll.{He. II03TOMY HeT HI1KaKOrO npOTHBope-
qH5I B npOBe,lleHI111 pa3JIMqHOrO ,lleJIeHH5I pa3JIl-!'-IHbIX BelI(eii 11 Cl\1bIC-
JIOB: B ,llaHHOM CJIYlIae [ApnCTOTeJIb] He pa3,lleJI5IeT pe\Ib, HO pacrrpe,lle-
JI5IeT Cal\111 I1l\tIeHa no HeKOTOpOl'vIY KOJIl-PIeCTBY pOlJ,OI3. Be,llb .lleC5ITb
pO,llOB Bell.{ei1 CYTb He co06pa 3HO pelIH, 11 OH ,lleJII1T 3BYKI1 Ha ,lleC5ITb
npe,nJIKalVleHTOB, 0 KOTOpbIX rroBecTByeT co06pa3HO 0603Hat.IeHHIO Be-
ll.{eM. 11 no 1'011 )Ke npHlIl1IIe 6bI.7IO He06xo,llI1MO TaK)Ke HeKOTopbIM 06-
pa30l\1 npHMeIIlaTb pa3rOBOp 0 BelI!aX, Be,llb (KaK Y)KC 6bIJIO cKa3aHo)
oc06eHHocT11 (proprietates) rrp05lBJI5IIOTC5I B CJIOBaX (serlTIOnes) HH-
KOHM I1BbIM 06pa30M, KpOMe KaK OT BeII eH; O,llHaKO npe,llMeTOM 06-
CY)I(l(eHI151 51BJI5IIOTC5I He CTOJIbKO c06CTBeHHO BeWH, HO npe,l{lIKaMeH-
TbY, TO eCTb Cal\H1 3BYKI1, 0603HaqaJOIIJ.I1C neIUH, - TO, qTO 01111 CYTb
0603 H a -q alO II! 11 e.
IlolIeMY )KC, XOT5I peqb I1,llCT 0 rrpe,llI1KaMClrrax, Tel\1 He l\1eHee
B nepBYIO 01.Jepe.llb TpaKTyeTC.H 06 3KB.HBOKaJIbHOl\1 (aequivoca), YHH-
BOKaJIbHOl\1 (univocaY H 06 OTbIl\1eHHOM (denolninativa)? oe3YCJIOB-
no nOTOMY, qTO 113JIaraIOllJ.HMI1 [TOT I1JIl1 BlIOH npe,llMeT J BCer,lla rrpe.n:-
rrOCbIJIaeTC5I IIeqTO, nocpe,l{CTBOl\1 npHBJIe 1 leHH5I qero MO)l(eT 6bITb
06JIert.IeHO 06yqeHHe nOCJIel(YIOIllel\1Y: HarrpHl\1Cp, B reOl\1eTpHH rrpe)l(-
,lle ,llaIOTC5I onpe,lleJIeHI151 11 TOJIbKO 3aTeM rrpHBO,lJ,I1TC5I p5l,l{ TeopeM.
TaK 11 3,llCCb: Bce, qTO l\'IO)KeT MMeTb rrOJIb3Y I1PB 113Y1.J:CHHI1 rrpe,llI1Ka-
MeHTOB, ApnCTOTeJlb IIpelJ,CTaBI1JI npe)K,lle, 1.JeM rrepelileJI K caMHM
IlpelJ,HKarvleHTal\1. 'Terrepb )Ke, rrOCKOJIbKY 51 3aKOHq11JI C Tel\1, t.ITO CJIe-
,llOBaJIO CKa3aTb B nepBYIO Oqepe,llh, MbI nepeXO,l{I1l\1 K calVlOMY rrpe,llMe-
TY 1I3YlIeHH5I H K TeKCTY. KaKOBa )Ke nOJIe3IIOCTb 3KBHBOKaJIbHOrO,
YIII1BOKalIbHoro H OTbIMeHHoro, 6Y,l{eT pa306paHO co06pa3HO Cl\1bICJIY
(ratio) H onpe)(eJleHI15Il\1 Ka)K,l{oro H3 HHX.
I TaK D03IlHii nepenO.lUIT rpetJeCKIIe TepMHlIhI 6 rov'U Ot <pwvai 11 O"'UvroV'U Ol
<pwvaL
KOMMCIITap"" I, «I(aTcropHSlM ApHCTOTeJUI
127
06 3I(BHBOH:aJIbHOM
«3KBHI30KaJ1bHbIM na3bIBaeTC51 TO, Y t.Iero O)1HO TOJ1bKO HM5I 06111ee,
a COOTI3eTCTBYIOJl(YIti I1l\leHH Cl\1bICJI (ratio) cy6cTalIUl1H pa3J1Ht.fII bIH,
KaK, lIarrpHMep, <<:>KHBOTfIoe - H lIeJ10BeK, H TO, lITO IIap.HCOBaHO.
BeJ{b Y HHX 06lU11M 5IBJI5IeTCs-l O}IHO TOJIhKO Hl\151, a COOTBeTCTBYI O lU l1 ti
3TOMY I1MeHI1 Cl\1bICJI (ratio) cy6cTaHl!HI1 pa3JIHt.IIIbIlt 1160 eCJ1H 1(1'0-
JII160 rrOKa)J(eT,( liTO eCTb ,llJI5I Ka)l(,lloro 113 HI1X TO, rrOCpC)1CTBOM l!ero
OHI1 CYTb )KHBOTHbIe, TO ,llJI5I Ka)l(,llorO OH YJ<:a)l(eT CBotI c06CTBeIIHblH
ClvlbICJI (ratio) 1.
Jh06aJI Bell.{b YKa3bIBaeTC5I HJII1 C nOMOll(bIO onpe.lleJleIII15I, YIJII1 C rrorvlo-
IUbIO I1MeHI1. 1160 l\1bI HJII1 Ha3bIBael\1 nO.lI.JIe)KaUJ:YIO BelUb c06cTBeHHbIM
J1MeHel\1, HJIH )Ke nOKa3bIBaCM, qTO OHa eCTb, nOCpe)1CTI30M onpelJ:eJIeHH5I.
TaK, I-IarrpHl\lep, lvlbJ I-Ia3bIllael\1 HeKYIO cy6cTaH1U'lI0 MMeHel\llJeJIOI3eKa I1,lla-
eM ero orrpet(eJIeHHe, rOBOp5l: lIeJIOBCK eCTb )!(.HI30THOe pa 3YMHoe, Cl\ICpT-
Hoe. CJIe.llOBaTeJIbIIO, TaK KaK JII06a5J BeWb Pa31J5ICIU.JeTC}I rrOCpellCTI301V1 on-
pe,l{eJIeHH5II1JIH HMeHI1, TO 01' 3THX ,llBYX, a H feHHO orrpelleJIeHH5I 11 Hl\leIIl1,
rrpOI1CXO,ll5lT lleTbIpe pa3JII11.JH5I. B cawlOlVI lJ:eJIe, Bce I3eIllH HJII1 CI35I3bIBaIOT-
C5I KaKHM-JIHOO HlvleHelVI HJIH onpelleJIeH11 el\1, KaK, HaIlpI1Mep, 1.J:eJIOBeK
11 )I(I1BOTHOe - 06a Be,llb l\10ryT 6hITb Ha3BaHbI )I(I1I30THbIMI1 H 06a CB5I3aHbI
O,llHHM orrpe,lleJIeHl1el\1 ()!eHCTBHTeJIbHO, 11 )l(I1BOTHOe -. Cy6CTaHUI151 O,llY-
llleBJIeHHa5l, 1.J:YBCTBYlOlUaJI, 11 qeJIOI3eK TalOKe cy6cTaHI!yUI OJl.YIllCBJIeHHc15l,
QYBCTBYIOll.{a5I), II 31'0 Ha3bIBaeTC5I YHI1BOKaJIbHbIM. L{pyroe )I(e - TO, \.11'0
He CB5I3aHO HH I1MeHa lH, HI1 onpe,llCJIeHI1511VII1, KaK, Harrpl1Mep, orOHb, Ka-
lvleHb, u,BeT, M pa3JIHqaeTC5I npHpO,llO}! CBOeH: cy6cTaH1UU1, H 31'0 Ha3bIBaeT-
C5I ,llHI3epCI1I30KaJIbHbINI (diversivoca). 1'peTbe )l(e - TO, 4TO Ha3bIBaeTC5I
Pa3JII1qHbIMH Hl\1eHaMH, HO 11l\'leeT e,llHHOe orrpe,lle.lleHl1e YI Ha3IIat.IeIll1e, KaK,
HarrpHMep, l\'le1.J: 11 KJII1HOK, Be,llb 3TO - MHoro liMen, HO TO, t.ITO OHI1 0603Ha-
t.IaIOT, pa31J5ICI-HleTC5I 0,llHI1.l\1 onpe,lleJIeHHeM, H 3TO Ha3bIBaeTC5I MYJIbTHBO-
KaJIbHbIl\1 (ITIultivoca). qeTBepTOe)Ke - TO, 'ITO corJIacyeTC5I ,llpyr C ,l!pyroM
no HMeHaM, HO pa3JIHqaeTC5I orrpe)1eJIeHH5Il\IH: HanpHMep, 'IeJIOBeK iKI1BOM
M qeJIOBeK HapMCOBaHHbII1:; OHH 06a Ha3bIBaIOTC5I JIIO,llbMH I1JIH )l(l1ll0THbI-
MI1. Ho eCJII1 KTO-JII160 3aXOqeT onpe,lleJII1Tb 11306paJKeIIHe 11 qeJIOBeKa,
TO .n:aCT B KWK,l{0l\1 CJIyqac Pa3JIUqHbIe orrpC,lleJIelII151, H 3TO na3bIBaeTC5I 3K-
BHBOKaJIbI-IbIM.
1'errepb, rrOCKOJIbKY CKa3aHO, lITO eCTb 3KI3HBOI(aJIbIIOe, l\lbI npOCJIC-
)l(I1Bael\1 OT,lleJIbHbIe rrOJIO)KeHI151 onpe,lleJIeHI151 ApI1CTOTeJI5I. BCIIJ.I1,
YKa3bIBaeT OlI, He 51I3JI5IIOTC5I 3KBHBOKaJIbHbIl\H1 Cal\lH no ce6e, eCJII1 He
Ha3bIBalOTC5I O,llHHM Hl\1eHeM, n03TOMY, qT06bI 6bITb 3KBHBOKaJIbHbIl\'IH,
OHH rrOJIY1.JaIOT [naHMeIIOBaHl1e 1 OT 06111ero Hl\leIII1; rrpaBHJIbHO rOBO-
pHT l ApI1CTOTeJIb]: «Ha3bIBaIOTC5I 3KBHBOKaJIbIIbIMI1 , Be.l{b OlIB He
CYTb 3KBI1BOKaJIbHbIe, HO I-Ia3bIBalOTC5I TaKOI3bIMH.
3KBI1BOKal!YI5I CBOHCTBCIIHa HC TOJIbKO HMeHaM, HO 11 rJIarOJIaM,
nanpvHvIep, KorlJ.a 51 lroI3oprol: 5I nOHI1l\1aIO Te651 (col11plector te)
I ApucmOnZeJlb. KaTeropHII la 1.
128
AIIHl(ldi MaUJlH" TO()KnaT CcnepHII 1>0311,H"
11 «51 nOHHl\faeM T060ti» (colnplector a te). fIpJI )TI1X 0603HaqeHI151X
XOT51 YI yrroTpe6JI5JeTC5I O)U-IO HM51 «conlplector», HO B 0.lJ.HOl\1 r CJ1YQae]
OHO rrepe.llaeT 3Hal!eHl1e .n.eHCTI31151, a B ]].pyrolvl - npeTeprreBaHI151,
Ii nOTOMY 3TO TaK)I(e 51BJI5IeTC5I 3KBI1BOKaUI1eit I160 O,llHO I1M5I, TO eCTb
«com plector», pa3rpaHJlP:lHBaeTC5I pa3JII1'-IHbIMI1 OIlpe,lleJIeI-lM5IMI1 ,lleH-
CTBI151 11 rrpeTepIIeBaHI151. TaK)I(e )10BOJIbHO 1.J:aCTO 3I<:BI1BOKaUI15I 06Ha-
pY)l(I1BaeTC5I B npe,l{JIorax 11 COI03ax, H n03T01\1Y KOf)Ia Apl1CTOTeJIb ro-
BOpHT: «Y HHX OL{HO TOJIbKO 111\151 06 »ll.{ee> , TO I1M5I CJIe,l{yeT rrOHYIMaTb
KaK JII060e 0603HaqeHHe Bell.{eH 3BYKOM, TO eCTb BC5IKOe CJIOBO, He
TOJIbKO [HM5I] c06CTBeHHoe I1JII1 HapI11(aTeJIbHOe, qTO KaCaeTC5I Toro
JII11I1b I1MeHI1, KOTopoe MO)l(eT 113MeH5ITbC5I rro na,lle)KaM, HO BC5IKOe
0603HaqeHHe Ber-ueH, nocpe,llCTBOM KOToporo MbI CKa3bIBaeM CJIOBa,
,lIaHHbIe Bell.{aM.
O,llHO» ynoTpe6JI5IeTC5I ,llB05lKO: Bo-rrepBbIX, Kor,lla 1\1bI rOBOpI1M,
qTO HeqTO eCTb OlIHO, KaK eCJII1 6bI MbI CKa3aJIH, t.ITO Ml1p OL{J1H, TO eCTb
eLIJIHCTBeHHbI.t'r; BO BTOpOM CJIyqae, KOr,lla l\'IbI BbICKa3bIBaeM C lIeJIblO
OTJIl1qI1Tb O,llHO 01' L(pyroro, KaK eCJII1 6bI KTO-HI16Y,llb CKa3aJI: «Y Me-
H5I O,llHa TOJIbKO TYHHKa», TO eCTb, HeT TorH, C ueJIbIO OTJII1qeHI151 OT
Torl1. CJIe,llOBaTeJIbHO, HMeHHO 3TO I1MeJI B BI1,l{Y ApI1CTOTeJIb, Kor,lla
rOBOpHJI: «O,llHO TOJIbKO HM5I 06ll.{ee», KaK eCJII1 6bI XOTeJI, qT06bI 31'0
6bIJIO rrOH5ITO KaK a lIe orrpe.n:eJIeHI1e , 1160 3KBI1BOKaJIbIIOe CB5I3bIBa-
eTC5I I1MeHel\1, HO pa3JIl1qaeTC5I onpe,lleJIeHHeM.
«06ll.{ee» TaK)I(e CKa3bIBaeTC5I MHor11MI1 crrOC06al\1I1. «06ll.{I1M» Ha-
3bIBaeTC5I TO, qTO pa3,lleJI5IeTC5I Ha qaCTI1, H Tor,l{a He 51BJI5IeTC5I y)l(e CO-
BOKynHbIl\'I 0611 YIl\'I, HO c06CTBeHHO ero qaCT5IMI1, Ka)K,llOH B OT,lleJIbHOC-
TI1, KaK, Harrpl1Mep, ,llOM. «06U(I1M» Ha3bIBaeTC5I 11 TO, 4TO He .lleJII1TC5I Ha
qaCTI1, HO rrepeXO,llI1T rrOOqepe,l{HO B rrOJIb30BaHI1e 06JIaJIaTeJIeH, KaK,
HarrpI1lVIep, 06ll.{HH pa6 I1JII1 KOHb. TaK)Ke Ha3bIBaeTC.H 06IUHM» TO, qTO
B rrpouecce HCrrOJIb30BaHI151 CTaHOBI1TC5I qbeH-JIl160 c06CTBeHHOCTbIO,
a rrOCJIe HCrrOJIb30BaHH5I BHOBb CTaHOBI1TC5I 06Il.!HM, KaK, HarrpHMep, Te-
aTp: H60, rrOKa 51 HM rrOJIb3YIOCb, OH l\'IO t'I , Kor.n:a )Ke YXO)J(Y 113 Hero, CTa-
HOBI1TC51 06ll.{Yl1\1. «06ll.{HM» Ha3hIBaeTC5I H TO, qTO, He J!eJI5ICb Ha qaCTI1,
O,llHOBpeMeHHO H ueJIMKOlVl ,lIOCTYIraeT Ka)l(,llOrO, KaK, Harrpl1Mep, 3BYK
HJII1 CJIOBO (sern10) IleJIHKOM H rrOJIHOCTbIO ,llOCTHraeT l\1HOrI1X yrneti
B o.n:no H TO /Ke Bpe1\151. I1TaK, C006pa3I-IO 3T01\1Y nOCJIel(Hel\'IY 3I-IaqeHHIO
«06ll.{ero» ApI1CTOTelIb YTBep)l(,llaeT, \.ITO ,llJI5I 3KBJ1BOKaJIbHbIX Bell.{et'r
06ll.{I1M 51BJI5IeTC5I liIM5I. 1160 11 0 qeJIOBeKe HapMCOBaHHOl\l, 11 0 qCJIOBe-
Ke )l(I1BOM, 0 HI1X 06011x, CKa3bIBaeTC5I IleJIoe 11l\151 «qeJIOI3eK .
«A cooTBeTcTBYIOlI(I1t'1 3TOMY I1l\1eHI1 Cl\1hICJI (ratio) cy6cTaHIJ:1111
pa3JIl1qHbII1: : rrOcpe,llcTBOl\1 3Toro rrpI13HaKa (significatio) [ApHCTO-
TeJIb] rrpe.n:rroCbIJlaeT, qTO eCJII1 orrpe,lleJIeHH5I ,llaIOTC5I He co06pa3HO
YlMeHH, a KaK-JII160 HI-Ia1.J:e, TO Bce orrpe,lleJIeHl1e 6Y,llCT .n:OBOJIbHO lIlaT-
KYIM 11 HeTBep,llbIl\1. 11 B rrepBYIO Oqepe,llb ua,llJIe)l(I1T CKa3aTb 06 oc06eH-
HOCTH orrpe]].eJIeI-Il,tH. Be,llb TOqHbIe onpe,lleJIeHI151 - Te, KOTopbIe 06pa-
I.llaIOTC5I: Harrpl1Mep, eCJIH TbI CKa)Kernh: "41'0 eCTb qeJIOBeK? -
:lKHBOTHOC pa3YMHoe, CMepTHoe», 31'0 I1CTHHHO; r YI] «qTO eCTb )KHBOT-
KOMMCHTapH" K «KaTCrOpHlIM ApHCTOTCJISI
129
Hoe pa -iYMHoe, CMepTHoe? - qeJIOBeK», 31'0 TaK)l(e HCTHHHO. ECJII1 )l(e
KTO-JII160 CKa)l(eT TalC «l.ITO eC1'b t.leJIOneK? - cy6cTaIll.I;H5! O.llyweBJIeII""
Ha.H, qYBCTBYIOlll.a5l , 31'0 11CTI1HHO, [111 «LITO eCTb cy6CTaHUl151 O,llYIIleB-
JIeHHa5l, 1.JYBCTBYIOIl{a5l? - t.IeJIOBeK», nOCJIe]].I-Iee 6Y,l{eT I1CTI1HHO He BO
Bcex CMbICJIaX, IIOTOMY, '-11'0 JIOrna]].b TaKJKe cy6cTaHUvHl olJ.yrneBJIeHHa5I,
LIYBCTBYIOIl!a5I, 1-10 OHa - He t.leJIOBeK. I1TaK, 51CHO, 1.J:TO 6e3YKop113HeH-
HbI!\tII1 51BJI5IIOTC Te onpe,llelICHI1.H, KOTopbIe l\forYT 06pall.{aThC5I. I-Io TaK
npOI1CXO,l(HT B Tex [CJIY1.Ja5lX, Kor,lla onpe,lleJleHH5I] ,llaIOTC5I He 01' 06Il1e-
ro [HMeHH], a 01' O,llHHOqHOrO (unUll1)t, HarrpHMep, OT HMeHI1 «qeJIO-
BeK». )KI1BOTHOe eCTb 06ll.{ee I1M5I, 11 eCJIH KTO-HI16Y.lI:b CKa)KeT: qeJIO-
BeK eCTb cy6cTaHQI151 O,llyrneBJIeHHaJI, qYBCTBYIOll(a5l», CJIe,llyeT, qTO
orrpe,lleJIeHl1e [HeTO'-IHO], eCJII1 OHO He 06pall.{aeTC5I, rrOCKOJlbKY ,llaHO OT
06wero I1IvleHH. ECJII1 )Ke orrpe,lleJIeHHe ,llaHO 01' O,l{HHOqHOrO HMeHH,
Tor.lla orrpe,lleJIeHl1e ,llOJI)KHO 06pa30BbIBaTb OT caMoro [3Toro] HMeHH,
O,llHaKO 3TO HY)KHO lJ,eJIaTb rrpaBI1JIbHO. TaK, HarrpHMep, orrpe,lleJIeHl1e
1.JeJIOBeKa - «)l(I1BOTHOe pa3YMIIoe, CMepTHoe», a He cy6cTaHQI151 O,llY-
llleBJIeHHa5I, qYBCTBYIOma5l». ITepBoe ,llaHO C006pa3HO HlVleHI1 qeJIOBeKa,
BTopoe - co06pa3HO [HMeHH] )l(I1BOTHoro.
To )Ke 11 C TeMH I1MeHaMI1, KOTopbIe CKa3bIBcUOTC5I 0 ,llBYX Bell.{ax KaK
0611 He. ECJIH He orrpe,lleJI5ITb CMbICJI cy6cTaHQI1H COrJIaCHO HMeHH, MO-
)KeT He pa3 CJI I1TbC5I TaK, qTO OHH H3 YHHBOKaJIbHOrO CTaHYT 3KBI1BO-
KaJlbHbIM, a H3 3KBHBOKaJIblIOrO - YHHBOKaJIbHbIM. Be,llb XOT5I qeJIOBeK
11 JIOrna,llb co06pa3HO I1l\leHH JKI1BOTHOro CYTb YHHBOKaJIbHOe, OHM MoryT
6bITb 11 3KBHBOKaJIblIbIM, eCJIH };IX OlIpe,lleJIHTb He co06pa3HO YIMeHl1.
1160 H lICJIOBeK H JIOlllal{b Ha3bIBaIOTC5I 06ll.{I1M HMenel'v1 )KI1BOTHOro;
eCJII1 )f(e HeKTO ,llaeT orrpe,lleJIeHHe qeJIOBeKY, rOBOp5l, '-11'0 OB eCTb )KHBOT-
Hoe pa3YMHoe, Cl\1epTIIOe, H JIOllIaIIH - qTO OHa eCTh )KHBOTHOe nepa3YM-
Hoe, Y13,llc1l0ll.{ee p)KaHHe, TO OH ,llaJI pa3JII1LIHble orrpe,lIeJI eH 1151 , H [,l{aH-
HbIe] Bell.{H 6bIJIH rrepeBe,lleHbI 113 YHHBOKaJIbHOrO B 3KBHBOKaJIbHoe. 3TO
npOHCXO,llHT rrOTOMY, lITO onpe,lJ,eJleHI151 6bIJIH ,llaHbI He co06pa3HO HMe-
HI1 )}(I1BOTHOro, KOTopoe eCTb HX 06ll.{ee HM5I, HO C006pa3HO HlVleHI1 qeJIO-
BeKa H JIorna,llJt!. 1160, eCJIH onpe,lleJIeHHe ,llaBaTIOCb 6bI COrJIaCHO 06Il1e 1Y
I1MeHH, KOTopoe eCTb «)KI1BOTHoe», TO qeJIOBeK eCTb cy6cTaHIlI151 O,llyrneB-
JIeHHa5I, qYBCTBYIOIlla51, TO eCTb C006pa3HO I1MeHI1 )l(HBOTHOro, 11, C ,llpyroH
CTOpOHbI, JIOrna,llb eCTb cy6cTaHQI151 O,llyrneBJIeHHa5I, qYBCTI3YIOIUa5I, OlI5ITb
)l(e C006pa3HO I1MeHI1 )l(HBOTHOro; u60 co06pa3HO O,llHOMY 11 TO MY )ICe Hl\'Ie-
HU )f(HBOTHoro JIOlIla,llb H qeJIOBeK CKa3bIBaIOTC5I YHHBOKaJIbHO. 11 Ha060-
pOT, 113 3KBI1BOKaJIbHOrO YHHBOKaJIbHbIM CTaHOB5ITC5I TaKHl\1 06pa30M: Ha-
npHMep, HeKTO CKIDKCT, qTO IIMpp, CbIH AXI1JIJIa, 11 ITHpp 3rrl1pCKHH CYTb
YHHBOKaJIbHbIe, rroToMY qTO rrocpe,llcTBOM O,lllIoro HMeHI1 11 I1MenYloTC5I
nHPPOM, 11 CYTb )KI1BOTHbIe pa3YMHbIe, cMepTHbIe. 3,llecb onpe,lI.eJIeHl1e
,l(aeTC5I co06pa3Ho I1MeHI1 tIeJIOBeKa, [11 TaKI1M 06pa30M] OHO C03,llaeT
YHI1BOKaJIbHOe H3 3KBI1BOKaJIbHoro. ECJII1 JKe CMbICJI onpe,lleJIeHI1 6bIJI
I To eCTb 01' HMeHH 6JUDKaihnero BHl{Cl :HJJI1 (B cJIYlIae onpe.n:eJIelllHI BHl{a) OT
I1MeHH 6JIIDKai:'nnero pOl{a.
130
AHHU,H" MalIJIHH TOp)(:naT CCnCpHII 1>03l(H"
61>1 co06pa3Ho Hl'vleIIH n Hppa cB5I3aH JIH60 C pOJU1TeJI5IMH, JIH60 C P0.llH-
HOM, TO HX Ha)!Jle)J(aJIO 6bl 3aKJIIOlIaTh B rpaHyII1hl pa .HlhJX OIIpe.lJ.eJTeHHti.
I1TaK, npaBI1JIbHO ,ll06aBJIeHO «COOTBeTCTBYIOHtee HMeIlI1», rrOTOMY lITO
Orrpe,lleJIeHI1C, ,llaHHoe KaK-JIH60 HHalIe, He Cl\fO)KeT 6bITb HaL{e)l(lIbIM,
H qaCTO rrpI1BO,llI1T K pa3JII1t.IHhIM 01ll116Kal\1.
CMbICJI» (ratio) TaK)I(e CKa3bIBaeTC5I MHOrl1MH cnoc06aMH. ECTb ratio
B 3HaqeHMH pa3YM , eCTb ratio B 3Hat.ICHI1H paCqeT», eCTb ratio B 3Ha l le-
HYIH rrpl1'-1I1Ha», rro rrpl1Mepy «rrpOI1CXO)l(lI.eHH5I», H eCTb ratio, KOTopoe
,llaeTC5I B orrHCaHH5IX HJIYI orrpe,lleJIeHI151x. 11 TaK KaK Hal1BbICIlll1e pO,l{bI po-
,l!a He I1.MeIOT, I1H,llHBH,llbI )Ke lIe pa3JI11qaIOTC5I III1KaKI1M cy6cTaHI!HaJIb-
HbIl\f OTJIHq, l1el\1 a orrpe,lleJIeHHe ,lIaeTC5I Ha OCHOBaHI1I1 pOJIa 11 OTJII'PII1-
TeJIbHOrO npH3HaKa, TO HeB03lvlO)KBO OTbICKaTb HI1KaI(OrO onpeJ!eJIeHI151
HI1 Hal1BbICllll1X pO,llOB, HH I1H,llHBH,llOI3. O,llHaKO orrpe,lleJIeHH5I nOJ(qI1HeU-
HbIX pOlI.OB MOryT CYIl1eCTBOBaTb, 1160 OHI1 06JIa,llaIOT 11 pOL{Ol\f H OTJIHql1-
TeJIbHbIMI1 rrpI13HaKaMI1. 1"0 )I(e, qeMY HeB03l\10)l(HO ,l{aTb orrpe,lleJIeHl1e,
pa3JIl1qaeTC5I JII111Ib OrrHCaHI151MH. A orrHcaHHe eCTh TO, qTO 0603HaqaeT Ka-
KYIO- JI1160 BeIl(b rrOCpe,l{CTBOM KaKOH- JIH60 HeOT'beMJIeMOH oc06eHHOCTI1.
I1TaK, eCTb YIJIH onpeJIeJIeHHe, I1JII1 OrrHCaHl1e, H 06a 0603Ha l laIOT Cl\1bICJI
(ratio) cy6craIIUI1I1. Il03TOMY Kor,lJ,a ApHCTOTeJIb CKa3aJI 0 CMbICJIe (ratio)
cy6cTaHl(I1I1, TO OB BKJIIOlII1JI 11 onHcaHHe H orrpe.lleJIeHl1e.
113 3Klll1I30KaJIbHOrO O.llHO 51BJI5IeTC5I TaKOBbIM BCJIe,llCTBHe CJIYt.la5l,
JIpyroe - no ,l!orOBopeHHOCTH. «BCJIe,llCTBHe CJIYl.Ja5I» - KaK, HarrpH-
Mep, AJIeKCaH,llp, CbIH n pHaMa, 11 AJIeKCaHJIP BeJII1KHH. 1160 CJIyqaHHO
BbIlllJIO TaK, 1.J:TO OHI1 rrOJIYlJHJII1 O,l!HO 11 TO )l(e I1M5I. «fIo ,llOrOBopeHHOC-
TI1 )l(e» - Bce TO, lITO [rrOJIyqI1JIO I1M5Il no )I(eJIaHI1IO JIIO,l{eH. 113 3Toro
O,llHO [rrOJIYlIHJIO I1M5I] B CMJIY CXO,l{CTBa, KaK, Harrpl1l'vlep, qeJIOBeI( napH-
COBalIHbIti 11 qeJIOBeK )I<:I1Boti, KOTopbIe HCnOJIb3YIOTC5I 3,l{eCb ApMCTOTe-
JIeM B KaLIeCTBe rrpI1Mepa; ,llpyroe )Ke COrJIaCHO copa3MepHOCTH (pro-
portio), KaK, Harrpl1Mep, HaqaJIO (principium), 1160 HaqaJIO eCTb JIJI5I
lII1CJIa - e,llI1Hl1l!a (unitas), a ,llJI5I JII1HHH - T04Ka. 11 rOBOpHTC5I, qTO
3Ta 3KI3I1BOKalll151 - rro copa3MepHOCTH. 1"peThe )Ke 3KBHBOKaJIbHOe -
TO, qTO rrpOI1CXO,llI1T OT t.lerO-TO O,llHOro, KaK, Harrpl1Mep, Me,llI1UI1HCKI1I1:
I1HCTpYMeHT (medicinale ferramentuln) H lvIC,l{HUHHCKoe cHa,ll06be
(nledicinale pigmentuln), H60 3Ta 3KI3I1BOKaUM5I rrpOI1CXO,l{I1T OT O,llHOH
Me,l{l1l!l1HbI. A qeTBepToe TO, LITO OTHOCI1TC5I K OJIHOMY, HanpI1Mep, eCJIH
HeKTO rOBOpI1T: «,llBH)I(eHl1e rrOJIe3HO L{JI5I 3,l{OpOBb5l», «e,lla rrOJIe3Ha .l{JI5I
3,llOpOBb5l», - 3TO 51BJI5IeTC5I 3KBI1BOKaJIbHbIM, KOHeqHO )Ke, rrOTOMY, 1.J:TO
OTHOCI1TC5I K O,llHOMY I1MeHH 3,llOpOBb5I.
n Oqel\1Y )l(e [ApI1CTOTeJIb] TpaKTyeT 06 3KBHBOKaJIbHOl'vI rrpe)l(,lle, qeM
06 YHHBOKaJIbHOM? IloTOMY lITO ,lleC5ITb npeJII1KalvleHTOB, XOT5I H pa3JII1-
qaIOTC5I orr pe,lleJIeHH5IM 11 , na3bIBaIOTC5I O,l{HI1M Hl\leHel\f cKa3yeMoro
(praedicatio). B CaMOl\1 .lleJIe, l\/lbI I3cex HX Ha3blI3aelvi npe,llHKa leHTal\1H;
calVII1 JKC rrpeJI.HKaMeHTbI eCTb pO,llbI BellLci;'J, n03TOMY CKa3hlBaIOTCs-I
o nO,l!J1C)KanU1X ll1l\1] BelI ax YHHBOKaJlbHO. 1160 BC5IKH];i pOl! CKa3bII3aeT-
C5I 0 CBOHX c06cfBeHIIbIX BH,llax YHHBOKaJIbHO, a nOTOMY [ApHcTOTeJlb]
60J1ee npaBHJ1hHO TpaKTyeT rrpe)l(l{e 06 06I1(eM 11l\'leHI1 Bcex IIpe,lU 1 Ka-
KOMMCIITapHH I, I(aTcrop"JlM» ApHCTOTeJlJl
131
MeHTOB, KaK eCJII1 6bI ,llaJlee OI1I1CbIBclJI, KaKI1l\1 06pa30M Ka)l{jlhlti 113 HMX
cKa3bIBaeTC51 0 C06CTI3eHHbiX BJ1,lJ,aX. ECJIJ1 )Ke (KaK 6bl.TIO CKa3aIIO) IIaM'e-
peHHe ero KIIl1rI1 - [TOJIKOBaTb] He 0 Bewax, HO 06 HMeH3X, TO nOt.IeMY
OH rOBOpl1T 06 3KBHBOKaJlbHOM, a He 06 3KI3I1BOKaIUiH? BC.llb 3KBHBO-
KaJIbHbll\111 51BJI5IIOTC5I BeI-UI1, 3KBHBOKaIU'I5I )Ke - CJ10BO. 31'0 Tal< nOTOMY,
41'0 Cal\'IO I1M5I I-Ie cOlJ,ep)l(I1T B ce6e Hl1qerO OT 3KBHBOKal{I1I1, eCJIH He pa3-
JIl1qaIOTC51 BenU1, 0 KOTOpbIX CKa3bIBaeTC5I 31'0 CJIOBO. A IlOTOMY OTCIO,lla
cJIe,llyeT: caMa :9KBI1BOI<:al!l151 BhIBO,llI1T K cy6cTaHUHI1, l TaK 1.J:TO] C caMHX
[3KBI1BOKaJIbHbIX BeweH] 60JIee ,llOCTOH.HO Haql1HaTb.
n pe,llcTaBJI5IeTC5I, qTO cYll.{eCTByeT 11 lJ,pyroH l\10,llYC 3KBI1BOKaUI1I1,
KOTOpLIt'1 Apl1CTOTeJIb COBepllleHHO He rrpI1HHMaJI. 1160, .KaK rOBOp5lT
«Hora (pes) t.IeJIOBeKa», TaK )l(e rOBOp5IT 11 «llIKOT (pes) opa6JI5I», 11
«fIO,llHO)I(be (pes) ropbI», 11 rrpoqee B TOM )l(e pO,l{e, rrOJIYLlaIOll.{ee 111\1e-
Ha rrocpC.LI:CTBOM I1HOCKa3aI-IH5I (translatio). KOHeqHO, y I1HOCKa3aHI151
HeT HI1t.Iero c06CTBeHHoro. IT03TOMY He 1\10)l(eT 6bITb 3KI311BOKaJIbHOrO
COrJIaCHO HHOCKa3aHI1IO, eCJIH rrO,llJIe)l(all(He Bell.{H He Ha3bIBaIOTC5I c06-
CTBeHHbIl\1H H Hel13MeHlIbIlvlH I1MeHaMI1. TaKOB I1X 06Il1I1H 0630p. Ho He
BC5IKOe I1HOCKa3aHI1e OT ,lleJI.HeTC5I 01' 3KBHBOKaUMH, a JII1ll1b TaKoe, Kor-
.u:a Ha BeIl1I1, HMeIOll.{l1e YCTaHOBJIeHIIOe I1M5I, ,llJI5I KpaCOTbI rrepeHOCI1T-
C5I I1M5I ,llpyroti:, y)l(e Ha3BaHHo i Bell.{I1. I-Iarrpl1l\lep, nOCKOJIbKY KorO-TO
Y)Ke Ha3bIBaIOT B03HI1I!ei1, TaK )Ke Ha3bIBalOT 11 KOpMqerO; eCJII1 KTO-HI1-
6Y,llb ,l{JI5I KpaCOTbI Ha30BeT Toro, KTO 51BJI5IeTC5I KOpM'-lYl1\1, B03Hl1ueti:,
TO «B03HI1Ila» He 6Y,lleT 51BJI5ITbC5I 3KBI1BOKaJIbHbIM HMeHeM, XOT5I 6bI
OHO H 0603HaqaJIO pa3Hoe, TO eCTb yrrpaBJI5IIOll.{ero KOJIeCHHueHI1 KO-
pa6JIeM. Ho I1HOr,lla BeIUb, He I1MeI0Il1a51 I1MeHH, 6epeT I1M5I OT ,l{pyroH
Bell.{11. rror)(a 31'0 I1HOCKa3aHI1e ylJ,ep)KI1BaeT CBOHCTBO 3KBI1BOKaUHH,
KaK, HarrpHMep, COOTBeTCTBeHHO )l(I1BOl\IY t.IeJIOBeKY 111\151 qeJIOBeKa CKa-
3bII3aeTC5I 0 HapHCOBaHHOM. 11 ,l{OCTaTot.IHO 06 3KBI1BOI<aJIbH01\1, ,llaJIee
peqb nOH,lleT 06 YHI1BOKaJIbHOM.
06 YUHBOKaJIbHOM
Y HYlBOKaJIbHbIl\1 Ha3bIBaeTC5I TO, y qero 06ll.{ee I1M5I 11 COOTBeTCTBY-
IOIlJ.Hti YIMeHI1 CMbICJI (ratio) cy6cTaHUl111 O,llI1H 11 TOT )Ke, KaK, [HanpI1-
Mep], "JKHBOTHOe u - [3TO] 11 t.leJIOBeK 11 6bIK. Be,l{b 06a OI-IIi Ha3bIBaIOTC5I
06Il{Hl\1 HMelIelvI ,,)I(HBOe cymecTBou H [HX] CMbICJI (ratio) cy6cTaI-lUI111
0.llI1H H TOT )Ke. 1160 eCJII1 KTO-HM6Y.lI:b YKa)l(eT CMbICJI (ratio) Toro 11 ,lJ,py-
foro, qTO eCTb TO H ,llpyroe, rrOCpe,llCTBOM qero OHM CYTb iKl1Bble CYll.{eCT-
Ba, OH YKa)l(eT O,llI1H 11 TOT )Ke Cl\lbICJI (ratio »> 1.
Onpe,lleJ1HI3 3KBHBOKaJIbHOe, [ApI1CTOTeJIb] rrepeXO,lJ,I1T K OIIpe,l{eJIe-
III1IO YI-IHBOKaJIhHOrO H He HaXO)1HT lVIe)K,lly III1MI1 lIHKaKoro ,l!pyroro pa3-
JIHqM5I, KpOMe Toro, qTO 3KBHBOKaJIbHOe onpe,lleJIeHHel'v1 (diffinitio) pa3.lle-
JICIIO, a YIIHBOKaJIbHOe onpeJJ:CJlelIHel\I (tern1inus) CB5I3bIBaeTC51; 1I0 Bee
1 ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTcropHH 1 a 7.
132
AUHlf.Hii MaHJlH" Topl naT CCHCpHU E031(ldi
npol-Iee, QTO 6blJIO CI<:a3aHO npH onpe.n:eJIeHI1H 3KI3J1BOKaJIbHOrO, nO,ll011.n:eT
TaK)I(e H rrpl1 3TOl\1 orrpe,lle.TJeHI1I1 YHI1BOKaJIhHoro. BelLb KaK ]].JI5I 3KBI1BO-
KaJIbHOrO orrpe,lleJIeHl1e npOHCXO,llJ1JIO co06pa3HO I1MeHI13KBJ1BOKaJIbHbIX
Bell1eH, TaK )l(e 11 ,lIJI5I YHMBOKaJIbHbIX: CMbICJI (ratio) cy6cTaHUI111 YKa3bI-
BaeTC5I co06pa3Ho I1MeHI1. Y HHBOKaJIbHbIMI1 51BJI5IIOTC5I pO,llbI BI1,llal\1 I1JII1
BM,l{bI BI1,lIaM. PO,lIbI BH,llal\1, KaK, HanpHMep, )KI1BOTHOe 11 t.IeJIOBeK. 1160,
rrOCKOJIbKY pO.ll qeJIOBeKa - )KI1BOTHOe, qeJIOBeK Ha3bIBaeTC5I )l(HBOTHbIM,
CJIeI10BaTeJIbHO, 11 )l(IiIBOTHOe, 11 qeJIOBeK Ha3bIBaIOTC5I )l(HBbIMH cyrn:eCTBa-
MH. 11 TaR, eCJII1 TbI orrpe,lIeJIHIlIb TO 11 ,llpyroe co06pa3HO 06rn:eMY I1MeHH,
TO CKCl)KellIb, qTO )KHBOTHOe eCTb cy6cTaHIlI151 O,llYIlIeBJIeIIHaJI, qYBCTBYIO-
ll.{a5I, IiI qeJIOBeKa, COrJIaCHO TOMY, qTO eCTb )l(HBOTHOe, TaK)I(e Ha30Bellib
cy6cTaHIJ:l1eH O,lIYIlIeBJIeHHot'I, qYBCTBYIOll!eti, TO He 06HapY)J(I1Illb B 3TOM
Hl1qerO JIO)KHOro. TaK )J(e H BM,llbI YHI1BOKaJIbHbI BI1,llaM [B TOM CJIyqae, ec-
JII1] 061JeMJIIOTC5I O,llHHM H Tel\1 )Ke pO,llOM, HarrpI1Mep, qeJIOBeK, JIOIlIa,l{b
11 6bIK: HX 06ll.{I1I1: pO,ll eCTb )l(HBOTHOe IiI OHI1 Ha3bIBaIOTC5I 06IUIiIM l1l\feHeM
)J(HBOTHoro. I1TaK, co06pa3HO O,llHOMY MMeHI1 )l(HBOTHOro, KOTopoe 51BJI5I-
eTC5I .lIJI5I HI1X 06ll.{I1M, rrpl1JIO)KeH e,llI1HbIM CMbICJI (ratio) 3Toro orrpe,lIeJIe-
HI151, Be,llb Bce 01111 CYTb cy6cTaHIlHH O,llyuleBJIeIlIlbIe 11 qYI3CTBYJOll.{l1e.
CJIe,llOBaTeJIbHO, Apl1CTOTeJIb lIpHBO,llHT rrpl1Mep COrJIaCHO I3TOPOMY 3Ha-
qeHHIO YHHBOKaU:I1H (BI1,lIbI YHI1BOKaJlbHbI BI1,lIaM, C KOTOpbIl\111 HaXO,ll5lTC51
rro,ll OL{HHM pO,llOM, KaK, Harrpl1Mep, qeJIOBeK 11 6bIK).
06 OThIMeHHhIX
OTbIMeHHbIMI1 Ha3bIBaeTC5I Bce TO, qTO I1MeeT Hal1MenOBaHl1e,
[rrOJIyqeHHoe] 01' l.JerO-TO, B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C [ero] I1MeHeM, OTJII1t.la5lCb
JII1111b <pJIeKCl1eH (casus), KaK, HarrpHl\1ep, OT "rpaMMaTMKI1" - "rpa-
MOTHbIll", 01' "MY)KeCTBa" - "MY)l(eCTBeHHbIH"» 1.
B 3TOM orrpe,lleJIeHI111 TaK)I(e HeT Hl1qerO HerrOI-I5ITIIoro. B CaMOl\1 ,lle-
JIe, ,llpeBHHe na3hIBaJII1 <pJIeKCI151MH (casus) HeKl1e 113MeHeHH5I (trans-
figuratio) Hl\1eH: Harrpl1Mep, OT CnpaBe,l{JII1I30CTI1» [06pa3yeTc5I J «cnpa-
Be,llJII1BbIH», OT «MY)l(eCTBa» - «l\1Y)l(eCTBeIIHbIi1 11 T.,ll. VI TaK, 3TO
113 feHeHl1e MMeHI1 Ha3bIBaJIOCb ,llpeBHI1MI1 cpJIeKCl1eH. TaK)Ke BC5IKI1M:
pa3, KOr,lla HeKa51 BelUb yqaCTByeT B L{pyrOI1: [Bell(I1], CaMI1M YT-IaCTHeM
[3TOI1: Bell.{bIO] 06peTaeTC5I KaK BellIb, TaK 11 I1M5I. I-Iarrpl1 fep, HeKI1H qe-
JIOBeK, rrOCKOJIbKY yqaCTByeT B CrrpaBe,l!JIHBOCTM, rrepeHI1MaeT OT Hee
BeIUb 11 HM5I, Be,llb 0 HeM rOBOp5lT crrpaI3e,l{1II1BbIII»2. I1TaK, OTbIMeHHbI-
MH Ha3bII3aeTC5I Bce TO, qTO 01' JIHQHO 01' nepBOHaqaJIbHOrO HMeHI1 O,llHOH
I ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTeropllH 1a 12.
2 B 3TOM MeCTe b03Ulri,'! 3aHHMaeT OTKpOBeHHO peaJIIICTJP-IeCKYIO (B CMbICJIe
np06JIeMbI YHHBepCaJIHH) n03J1UHIO, KaKOBaH, BnpOl.JeM, He xapaKTepHa l1JIH KOM-
MeHTapJlH B ueJIOM. «CnpaBel1JIHBOCTb J]}HI q)HJJOcocpa - BnOJIHe peaJIbJlaSI BeIIlb,
res, B KOTOpOH l-lpyraH BeIIlb MO)l(eT npHHSITb YllaCTlle». PaBHbIM 06pa30M (HBHO
:HJIH HeSIBHO) B 3TOH rJIaBe nOCTYJIHpyeTcH peaJlbHOe CYIIleCTBOBaHHe TClKJlX 06-
lliHX nOHHTIII1, KaK «MY)KeCTBO», MY JbrKa» 11 .lIp.
KOMMeHTapnH I( KaTCrOp"HM. ApnCTOTCJUI
133
cpJleKCI1, etI TO eCTI> OJJ.Hl1lvI H3l\leHeHHel\1 [ OKO IP-IaH H5I ]. 11 eCJII1 nepBOHa-
qaJIbHOe HM5I - «CnpaBe,lI,JIHBOCTb», TO OT Hero np0I13BO,l{I1TC5I I1 -ilvle-
neHHoe I1M5I «crrpane,l{JII1BbIH». CJIeJJ.OBaTeJIbHO, OTbIMeHHbIl\II1 Ha3bIBa-
eTC5I Bce TO, 1.JTO OTJII1lIaeTC5I 01' nepBOHaqaJIbHOrO HIVleHH O.llHOH TOJIbKO
cpJIeKCl1eH, TO eCTb O,llHHM 01' JIl1qI1eM [B OKO IP-I all 11 H 1 11l\1CHH, 06JTa,l{a51
HaHMeHOBaHHeM co06pa3HbIM nepBOnaqaJIbHOMY l1l\feHII.
CyrneCTBYIOT Tpl1 He06xo,llI1MbIX [YCJIOBI151] YCTaHOBJIeHH5I OTbIMeH-
HbIX I1MeH: B'o-rrepBbIX, peaJIbHOe yt.IaCTI1e; BO BTOpbIX, HOtvlI1HcUlbHOe Y1.Ja-
CTHe; B TpeTbl1X, HaJIHl{He HeKoero 113MeHeHH5I [ OKOHqaHI151]. I-IarrpHMep,
Kor.n:a HeKTO Ha3bIBaeTC5I lvlY)KeCTBeHHbIl\'I 01' MY)l(eCTBa: eCTb Be,l{b HeKoe
MY)I(eCTBO, 13 KOTOpOM yqaCTByeT 3TOT MY)l(eCTBeHlIbI:H, a TaK)I(e OH 06JIa-
.llaeT conpl1qaCTHOCTbIO I1MeHI1, Be,llb Ha3bIBaeTC5I MY)KeCTBeHHbIM. Kpo-
Me Toro, CYll.{eCTByeT HeKoe H3MelIeHI1e [OKOHqaHI151]: Be,llb l\1Y)l(eCTI30
11 MY)l(eCTBeHHbIM He OKaHt.II1BaIOTC5I Ha OL HH 11 TOT )Ke CJIor. I:CJIl1 )l(e j{e-
JIO 06CT0l1T TaK, qTO HeT Y1.JaCTI151 B Ben1I1, TO He MO)l(eT 6bITb H YlIaCTH5I
B I1MeHH. IT03TOMY I3ce TO, qTO He npHHI1MaeT YlIaCTHC B BeIllI1, He MO)KeT
6bITb OTbIIvleHHbIlvI. B paBHOH CTerreHH H Ha060pOT: TO, lITO XOT5I 11 Y1IaCT-
ByeT B Bell.{l1, HO He B I1MeHI1, OTJIHqHO 01' npHpO,llbI OTbIMeI-IHbIX. Harrpl1-
Mep, eCJII1 neKTO, 6Y.ZI:YtIH ,ll06poL{eTe.HbHbll\1, YLIacTByeT B caMOH,ll06p0,lle-
TeJII1, MbI lIa3bIBaeM ero «My.n:PbIM», 11 HI1KaKI1M ,llpyrH1\1 MMeHeM. O,lllIaKO
«,l{06pO,lleTeJIbHbI I» 11 MY,llpOCTb» pa3JII1qHbI rro caMOMY I1MeHJ1, CJIe,llO-
BaTeJIbHO, XOT5I OH 3,lleCb H )'1IacTByeT B Bell.{l1, HO He 13 HMCHH. IloTOMY ro-
BOpHTC5I, qTO MY,llpbIH nOJIyqaeT I1M5I lIe 01' ,l{06p0,lleTeJII1, HO 01' MYJIPOC-
1'11, B KOTopbltr OH, KOHelJHO )l(e, H yqaCTByeT, 11 CB5I3aH HMeHeM,
11 OTJIl1qaeTC5I H3MeHeHI1eM [OKOHqaHI151]. MHaqe, eCJIH OTCYTCTI3yeT 113-
MeHeHHe r OKOHqanl151]: Hanpl1Mep, HeKaH )I(eHll.{HHa - l\1Y3bIKaHTllla
(musica); OHa npl13TOM M caMa yqaCTByeT 13 HCKYCCTBe MY3bIK11 (n1usica),
11 Ha3bIBaeTC5I MY3bIKaHTlllei1: (musica). 31'0 HaI1MeHOBaHl1e, CJIe,l{OBa-
TeJIbHO, He OTbIMeHHoe, HO 3KBI1BOKaJIbHOe, H60 O,llHHM HlVieHeM «lllusi-
ca» Ha3bIBaeTC5I 11 caMa JKeHll.{HI-Ia, H HaYKa. Be,llh rrOCKOJIbKY [B 060YIX
CJIytIaHX] Hl\1eeT MeCTO OKOHqaHl1e Ha o.n:I1HaKOBbIH CJIor H cxo.n:Hoe HM5I
(nomen), H HeT HI1KaKOrO H3MeHeHH5I, OHH He MoryT 6bITb OTbIl\'IeHHbIMI1.
A lIOTOMY Bce, t.1TO Ha3bIBaeTC5I OTbIMeHHbIM, yqaCTByeT 11 13 Bell.{M,
If B HMeHI1, M pa3JIHqaeTC5I HeKI1M 113MeHeHI1eM CJIOBa.
11 TaK, Apl1CTOTeJIb rrpe,llBapl1TeJIbHO H3JIO)l(HJI TO, qTO C1-IHTaJI He06xo-
,llI1MbIM ,llJI5I rrpe,llI1KaMeHTOB; MY JIbTI1BOKaJIbHOe )l(e 11 .llHBepCI1I30KaTIbHOe
OTBepr, rrOCI<:OJIbKY peIlII1JI, qTO 01' IIHX BeT rrOJIb3bI ,llJI5I HaCT05lIUerO TpaK-
TaTa. 1-10 Bce )Ke H TO H ,llpyroe Haj])Ie)l(HT KpaTKO orrpe,l{eJII1Tb. MYJIbTHBO-
KaTIbHoe - TO, Y qero MHoro 11l\1eH J1 O,llHO onpe,lleJIeHHe, HanpHlVICp, Kpyr-
JIbIH IllHT (clipeus) H rrp5ll\10yrOJIbHhIHrn:I1T (scutuln), HJII1 MapK DOPUHM
KaTon: Be,llb CTOJIb MHOrl1l\111 I1MeHaMH 0603HaqaeTC5I O,llHa rro,llJIeJKam aH
BeIlIb. ,l{I1BepcHBoKaJIbHoe )Ke - TO, Y qero I-II1 HlvreHa, HH orrpC,lleJICIU15I He
CYTb 0.lU-IO 11 TO )l(e, HarrpHMCp, qeJIOBeK, UBCT, H Bce npOLIee, lITO rrOJTHO-
CTbIO pa3JII1QaeTC5I Me)l(l(y c060ii If CJIOI3eCHblM HaI1MeHOI3aHl1eM, H CMLIC-
.10M orrpe.lleJleHH5I.
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134
AHHI H" MallJIHH TopKBaT CCHCpHII D031\H"
o cy6cTaHl(HH
«Cy6cTaHl(H5l, H r a3bIBaeMa5I TaK B c06CTBeHHOM Cl\lbICJIe CJIOBa,
B rrepBYIO OLJepel{b 11 B HaHBbICIlleH CTerreHI1, - 31'0 Ta, KOTopaH lie CKa-
3bIBaeTC5I 0 cy61JeKT VI He HaXO.llHTC5I B cy61JeKTe, KaK, I-JanpI1 fep, He-
KHt'1 1 1.JeJ10BeK YIJIH HeKa51 JIOllla.llb. BTOpbIMH )J(e cy6cTaIIUI151MH Ha3bI-
BaIOTC5I BHl{bI, K KOTOpblM npHHalJ,JIe)l(aT Te, KOTopbIe Ha3bIBaIOTC5I
Cy6cTaHlIl'HIMH B rrepBYIO O'-ICpelJ,b. 11 01111, H P0)1hI 3Tl1X BI1)10B. I-Iarrpl1-
Mep, HeKI1H t.leJIOBeK rrpHlIa,l{JIe)l(I1T K BHIlY "t.IeJIOBeK u , a pO,l{OM ,l{JI5I 31'0-
ro BH,lla HBJI5IeTC5I ,,)1(11 BOTHoe u . I1TaK, 3TH r BeIlU1], nanpl1MCp "qeJIOBeK u
11 ,,)I(HBOTIIoe((, Ha3bIBaIOTC5I BTOpbIMI1 cy6cTaHUH5Il\IH»2.
Crrpallil1BaeTC5I, rrOt.lel\1Y Apl1CTOTeJIb HaqaJI TpaKTaT 0 rrpe,llI1Ka-
MeHTax C cy6cTaHUI1I1? A rrOTOl\1Y, QTO JIl06a51 Bell(b I1JIH HaXO)].I1TC5I
B cy61JeKTe I1JII1 B cy61JeKTe He HaXOl{I1TC5I; 11 qTO 6bI lIB HaXO,l{HJIOCb
B cy61JeKTe, HYJK,llaeTC5I B cy61JeKTe, TaK KaK He l\'10)l(eT cyrn:eCTBOBaTb
B c06CTBeHHOH rrpBpO,lle. 11 TaK KaK cy6cTaHIlH5I cy6 r heKTIIa BCel\1 Be-
IuaM, Hl1qTO 113 Toro, '-11'0 HaXO,l{I1TC5I B cy61JeKTe, He CMO)l(eT CYULeCTBO-
BaTb BHe cy6cTaHl(Hl1. 1--10 rrepBI1qHoti 51BJI5IeTC5I Ta rrpHpO,lla, 6e3 KOTO-
pOM ,llpyraH He MO)l(eT CYIl1eCTBOBaTb, n03TOl\1Y npelJ,CTaBJI5IeTC5I, qTO
cy6cTaHIlHlI nepI3Hl.JHa no rrpMpO,l{e. CJIC,llOBaTeJIbHO, HeT HHqerO y.n:l1-
BI1TeJIbHOrO B TOM, qTO ApHCTOTeJIb B [CBoeM] I1CCJIe,llOBaHHI1 npe)J(,lle
paCClvl0TpeJI TO, qTO rrepI3I11.JHO rro npl1pO,l{e; 11 XOT5I OH I-Ie Cl\10r ,llaTb orr-
pe,lleJIeHl1e cy6cTaHQI1U, lIO nOCJIe BbIlllerrpHBe,llelIHOro rrpl1Mepa OH
)laeT OrrHCaHl1e, rrocpe,llCTBOM KOToporo MbI MO)l(eM Y3HaTb, t.ITO eCTb
c06CTBeHHO cy6cTaHUl1 : 3TO TO, qTO He HaXO,l{HTC5I B cy61JeKTe, H60
cy6cTaHUI151 He IIaXO,llHTC5I B cy61JeKTe.
[ ApHCTOTeJIb] rrpOH3B01(HT neKoe .n:eJIeHl1e cy6cTaHl.{I1t'I, Kor,lla rOBO-
pET, qTO O,l{HH CYTb rrepI3bIe, a ,llpyrl1e - BTopble, Ha3bII3a51 nepBble MH,l{I1-
BI1,llyaJIbHbIMI1, a BTopbIe pO,llaMH 11 BH,lIal\111 I1H,l!HBH,lIyaJIbIIbIX. 11 TaK,
XOT5I ,l{JI5I rrepBhIX H BTOpbIX cy6cTaHIlI1t'I 06IUH 1 51BJI5IeTC5I TO, qTO OHI1
He HaXO,ll5lTC5I B cy6'beKTe, B OTHOlueHHI1 rrepBbIX cy6cTaHQI111 ,ll06aBJIe-
HO: «He CKa3bIBaTbC5I 0 cy61JeKTe», [11 TaKHl\1 06pa30M ApHCTOTeJIb] OT-
JIl1qaeT nepBble cy6c-raHIlHH OT BTOpbIX. Be,llb HH)]}IBI1,llYaJIhHa51 cy6-
CTaHQYI5I, rrOCKOJlbKY OHa cy6cTalIUI151 (in eo quod est substantia),
He HaXO,llHTC5I B cy6'beKTe, a B TOM, qTO OHa I1H,llHBI1,l{yaJIbHa, OHa He CKa-
3bIBaeTC51 0 cy61)eI(Te. I1TaK, rrepBbIe cy6C'FaHUHI1 - Te, KOTopble He Ha-
XO.l!51TC5I B cy61JeKTe 11 HC CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 HelVI, KaK, HarrpHl'vlep, COKpaT
HJIH llJIaTOH. Be,llb OHH, flOCKOJIbKY CYTb cy6cTaHI(HH, He HaXO!-(5ITC5I HI1
B KaKOl\I cy61JeKTe, a TaK KaK llaCTIIbI 11 YIH,llMBH.llyaJIbHbI, TO He CKa3bIBa-
10TCH HI1 0 KaKOl\1 cy61)CKTe. BTopbIe /Ke cy6cTaHllHH, ,llJI5I KOTOpbIX 06-
rul1M C rrepBbIM n cy6cTaHUI151MH 51BJI5IeTC5I TO, lITO 01111 He naXO,ll5lTC5I
B cy6'beKTe, [06J1a,l!aIOT] oc06eHHOCTbIO (propri un1) «CKa3bII3aTLC5I
I l-IcKHii (aliquis, quidaln) )])HI E03UIUI Hla1.lIIT «onpe.zreJIeHHbrl'I», 4aCTHbli1»,
TO eCTb IUlIU IBII.n:yaJIhHbIH.
:! ApUCmOnleJlb. KaTeropHH 2a 11.
l(oMMclITapH" I, «KaTCrOp"lIM ApHCTO'fCJllI
135
o cy6'beKTe»; uTI1 BTOpblC cy6cTaHIlHH YHHBCpCaJ1bHbI, IlarrpHl\1ep, «{.Ie-
JIOBeK», a TaK)I(C )KHBOTIIoe», 1160 LIeJIOBeI< 11 /KHI30THOe lIe HaXO,ll5lTC5I
HH B KaKOIVI cy6'beKTe, HO CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 HeKoelvl cy6'beKTc. 1"aKI1M 06-
pa30M, rrepBbIe cy6cTaHU1111 CYTb {.IaCTHble, BTopbIe - YHI1BepCaJlbHbIe.
«Cy6cTaHUI151MH B c06cTBeHHoM CMbICJ1e» CJIOBa Apl1CTOTeJIb Ha3bI-
BaeT l1H,llHBI1,llYaJIbHhIe cy6cTaI-1UI1I1 IlOTOMY, 1.JTO caMbIH BI1,ll «tleJIOBeK»,
a paBHO 11 «)I(HBOTHOe , KOTopoe eCTb pO,ll, MbI c0611paeM (colligere)
TOJIbKO JIl1ll1b tI3 rr03HaHI15I I1lI,llI1I311LI:YaJIbHoro. A TaK KaK 06U.(HOCTb 110-
3HaeTC5I (in telligere) H3 qYBcTBeHHblx BOCIlpH5ITHH (sensus) e,llI1Hl1qHO-
ro, TO C rrOJIHbIl\1 OCIIOBaHHeM cy6cTaHUI151l\1H B C06CTI3eHHOl\1 CMbICJIe
Ha3bIBaIOTC5I HH,llI1I3H,llyaJIbHble 11 e,llI1HH1.J:HbIe. I1I-I,llHBHJIyaJIbHbIe cy6-
CTaHIll111 Ha3BaHbI «Cy6cTaHllH5IMI1 B nepBYIO 04epellb» nOTOMY, 1.J:TO
JII06a51 aKIlHlI.eHUH5I rrpe)l(,lle rrpHBXO,llI1T B I1H.llI1BH,llbI, n TOJIbKO 3aTeM -
BO BTopbIe cy6cTaHUl1M. Be.llb IlOCKOJIbKY ApHCTapx eCTb rpal\Il\laTHK 11
ApnCTapx eCTb qeJIOBeK, 1.J:eJIOBeK eCTb rpal\Il\1aTI1K. 11 TaK, YTBep/K,llaeT-
C5I, '-11'0 rrpe)l(,lle JII06aJI aKUH,lleIIIlH5I rrpHBXO,l{I1T B HH,llHI3HLJ., 11 TOJIbKO 3a-
TeM 3Ta aKIlI1,lleHl.(H5I rrpI1BXO,llHT B BH,llbI YI pO,llbI cy6cTaHI Hi1:. CJIe,llOBa-
TeJIbHO, rrpaBI1JIbHO, qTO rrpe)K.lle cyw:eCTByeT cy6'beKT, OH H Ha3bIBaeTC5I
cy6cTaHUI1eiI B rrepBYIO oLJepe.lIb.
A «[ cy6cTaHUl1eti] B HaHBbIclileH CTerreHH» nepBa5I cy6cTaHUH5I Ha-
3BaHa rrOTOMY, 41'0 Ta [cy6cTalIIlH5I], KOTOpa5I HaH60JIee cy6'beKTHa rrpo-
ql1M Bell.{aM, l\'IO)l(eT 6bITb Ha3BaHa cy6cTaHIlHe:t'I B HaH.BhIcllleti CTerreHI1.
A Ha1160JIee cy6'beKTHa nepBa5I cy6cTaHIlH5I, rrpoqee JKe JII160 naXO,llMT-
C5I B rrepBbIx cy6cTaHlIl15IX, JIH60 CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 }-IHX KaK, HanpI1l\1ep, po-
,llbI 11 BI1l{bl. Be.lIb pO.lI.bI H BH,llbI CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 CI30MX yIII,llHByu aX, KaK
«)KI1BOTHoe» 11 «qeJIOBeK» CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 COKpaTe, TO eCTb BTopbIe cy6-
CTaHIlI1H 0 rrepBbIX. ECJIH )l(e lpeqb H,lleT] 06 aKUI1,lleH llYI5IX , TO OHI1
B nepBYIO Oqepe,llb HaXOlJ,51TC5I B rrepBbIX cy6cTaHlU1.51x. A TaK KaK H aK-
IlI1,lleHl!YII1 HaXO,ll5lTC5I B rrepBYIO 01.Jepe,llb B rrepBbIx cy6cTaHU115IX, H BTO-
pbIe cy6cTaHl.(HH CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 rrepBblX, TO nepBbIe cy6cTaHUHI1 cy6'b-
eKTHbI BTOpbIM cy6cTaHIlI151l\1 11 aKIlH,lleHIlH5Il\1. 11 lIOCKOJIbKY OHI1
cy6'beKTHbI B HaHBbICIlIen CTeIleHH H CYTb cy6cHCTeHl.(HH 1 aKIlH,lleHl(HH
H 0 HI1X CKa3bIBaIOTC5I BTopbIe cy6cTaHUHH, TO OHH Ha3bIBaIOTC5I «cy6-
CTaHIll151MYI B HaI1BbICIlIeH CTeI1eHH .
[ApHCTOTeJIb] rOBopHT, qTO He Bce BI1,llbI H He Bce pO,llbI 51BJI5IIOTC5I
BTOpbIMH cy6cTaHIlI151MI1, HO JII111Ib Te, KOTopbIe CO,l{ep)KaT rrepBbIe
cy6cTaHl.(HH, KaK, Harrpl1Mep, t.IeJIOBeK» H «)I(HBOTHoe». 1160 «t.IeJIO-
BeK CO,llep)l(HT COKpaTa, TO eCTb HeKYIO HH,llHBH.lI.yaJIbIlYIO cy6cTaH-
IlI1IO. A «)I(HBOTlIOe cO,llep)l(I1T HH,llI1BI1,lla 11 BI1,ll, TO eCTb qeJIOBeKa
11 HeKoero qeJIOI3eKa. il03TOMY Apl1CTOTeJIb rrOJIaraeT, qTO P0,llbI 11 BH-
LI:bI, KOTopble CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 rrepBbIX cy6cTaHl.(I15IX, caMH 51BJI5IJOTC.H
I B TpaKTaTe «npOTIiB EBTIIX1UI H I ecTopHH» (E0311,Ull. YTeUlel-UIe qHIJIOCOcpIl-
ell. C. 173,174) b03UHii pa :J)leJIHeT nOHHTHH cy6cTaHUHH» 11 «cy6cllcTcnuHH», O)l-
HaKO B )laIIHOM CJIYlIac cy6cIIcTeHUJUI ::>TO TO )Ke, tITO H cy6cTaHUIHI. .lI.eilcTBIITCJIb-
lIO, cy6cHcTeHUIIII H 3 TpaKTaTa «IlpoTHB EBTHXHH H HeC'TopIIH» CYTb pOJlbJ 11 BJUlhl,
3)leCb )f(e cy6cHcTeHUIUIMH Ha3bIBc110TC}l HHJUIBlI/{ya..1IbHLIe CYOCTanUHII.
136
AIIHU,H" MaIlJUIH TOpKnaT CCnCplUI Doau,Hti
BTOpbIMJ1 cy6cTaHUYI5I, l\II1 rOBOp5I 06 3TOM TaK: «BTOpbIl\1H )Ke cy6-
CTaHUH5Il'vII1 na3bIBaIOTC5I BH,l(bI, K KOTOpbIl\1 npHHa)1JIe)KaT Te, KOTopbIe
na3bIBaIOTC5I cy6cTaIll1I15IMI1 B nepBYIO ot.lepe.llb; OHH H pO,llbl 3THX BH-
,llOB», 11 3aTeM npI1BO.lJ.HT IlOJIXO,l{5IllJ.He IlpHMepbI, KaK eCJII1 ObI rOBO-
pl1JI: «I-Ie BC5IKHH pOl( II He BC5IKHM lI3H.ll] 51 Ha3bIBaIO cy6cTaHl(l1et'I,
HO JIHllIb TC BI1,llbI, K KOTOpbIM rrpI1Ha.lIJIe)KaT 3TH HH,llHI311.llbI, TO eCTb
nepBble cy6cTaHIJ:I1I1, 11 pO,llbI 3TI1X BI1,llOB, cO,llep)l(aUU-IX nepBbIe cy6-
CTaHIJ,I1H». 31'0, Ha,l{O nOJIaraTb, CKa3aHO ,llJI5I Toro, t.IT06bI KTO-HI16Y,llb
He nO,llYMaJI, 1.JTO UBeT, KOTOpbIH eCTb pO,ll, HJIH 6eJIoe (albunl), KOTO-
poe eCTb BI1,ll, 51BJI5IIOTC5I I3TOpbIMH cy6cTaHUI151l\1H, Be,l{b OHH He cO,l!ep-
)l(aT rro,ll C060t'I nepBbIX [cy6cTaHIJ:I1t11.
O,l{HaKO KTO-HI16Y,llb l\10JKeT CKa3aTb: KaKHl\l 06pa30l\1 HH,llI1BH,llYC:Ulb-
HbIe cy6cTaHlU111l\'IOrJIH 6bITb nepBl1qHbIl\1H, eCJII1 Bce TO, t.ITO nepBl1qI-IO,
6Y,llyqH YHH1.J:TO)l(eHHhIM, YHl1qTOJKaeT TO, 1.J:TO 51BJI5IeTC5I rrOCJIe,llYIOWI1M,
a Kor,lla I1C1.J:e3aeT rrOCJIe,llY10rn:ee, 60JIee paHHee He YHJ;p-ITOiKaeTC5I? B ca-
MOM ,lleJIe, eCJII1 norH6HeT «qeJIOBeK», TOTqaC)J(e HCt.Ie3HCT H COKpaT, ec-
JIH ){(e HCqe3HeT COKpaT, 1.JeJIOBeK» He 6Y,llCT HeMe.lI.7JeHHO YHI1lJTO)l(eH.
CJIe,l{OBaTeJIbHO, eCJII1 C YHHqTOJKeI-Il1el\l pO,llOB YI BHl{OB HH,llHBI1,llbI I1C-
Lle3a10T, a npl1 YHMqTO)f(eHHH I1H,llHBH,lIOB pO,l{bI H BH)(bI COXpaH5IIOTC5I,
6blJIO 6bI npaBI1JIbHee IIa3BaTb pO,llbI 11 BH,l!bI nepI3Hl.JHbIMH cy6cTaHUI151-
1\1M. I-Io TaKI1M 06pa30M rrpl1po,lla HH,llHBI1,l{OB nOHHMaeTC5I HeBepHO, 1160
cy6cTaHUH5I I1Hl{HBI1,lJ,OI3 He 3aKJIlOLICHa IJ:eJII1KOl\1 B O,l{HOlvi COKpaTe HJIH
B KaKOIVI-lIH6Y,l{b O,llHOM 1.JeJIOBeKe, HO BO Bcex e,llHHl11.J:HbIX [JIIOLI:51X].
Be,l{b P0)1bI 11 BH}IbJ nOCTHraIOTC5I He H3 O,l!HOrO e,llHHHqHOrO, HO CXBaTbI-
BaIOTC5I YM03peHHel\1 (ratio lllentis) 113 Bcex OT ,lleJIbHbIX I1II,llHBH,l{OB.
B calvlOlvl ,lleJIe, MbI Bcer,lla rrpe,l!n01.J:HTaeM TO, l.JTO CXO,llHO 13 l.JYBCTBeHHbIX
BOCrrpH5ITI151X, BeCbMa noxo)l(e 0603HaqaTb CJIOBaIvIH. 'TOT JKe, KTO rrep-
BbIM HaHIvleHOBaJI t.IeJIOBeKa, He npe,llCTaBJI5IJI ce6e (concipere) [t.IeJIOBe-
Ka], c06paHHoro 113 e,llI1HHt.IHbIX JIIO,lleH, HO [npe,llCTaBJI5IJI] B Y1\1e HeKoe-
ro e,llI1HHqHOrO I1H,llHBH,lla, KOTOPOMY 11 ,lIaJI I1M5I 1.JeJIOBeKa. 11 TaK, C
YHHqTOJKeHHeM e,llHHI1l{HbIX JIIO,lleI1: He coxpaHHTC5I11 l{eJIOBeK , H npl1
YHl1qTO)f(eHI1H e,llI1HI1t.IHbIX )l(I1BOTHbIX I1Cqe3HeT H <)KI1BOTHoe». IIo-
CKOJIbKY )Ke B aToM: KHHre peqb l1,l!eT 0 3HaqeHI1H CJIOB, Te [cy6cTaHUI1H],
KOTopbIe rrpe)K,lle rrOJlyt.II1JIl1l1lvleHa, [ApI1CTOTeJIb] C nOJIHbIM OCHOBaHI1-
eM Ha3BaJI rrepBbIMI1 cy6cTaHIl1l5lMH; rrpe)l(,lle )l(e H1\1ena nO.7JyqHJIO TO,
qTO paHbllIe MOrJIO 6bITb BOCrrpI1H5ITO qYBcTBaMH. A qYBcTBaM nO,llJIe)l(aT
rrepBbIe HH,llI1BH,llbI, n03ToMY [ApI1CTOTeJIb] 060cHoBaHHo pacrrOJIaraeT
I1X B ,lleJIeHI1H rrepBbIMH.
TaKH1\1 )Ke 06pa30M pa3pCrnaeTC5I 11 ,llpyra51 rrp06JIel\la, KOTOpa51 3a-
KJIIOQaeTC5I 13 CJIe,l{YIOIl1eM: rrpH TOlvl, qTO nepBbIe YMorrocTl1raeMbIe no
rrpHpO,lle [Bell.{H J CYTb cy6cTaHUHH, KaK, Harrpl11\/lep Eor H YM, lIolleMY
)l(e He I1X Apl1CTOTeJIb HlvlcHyeT rrepBHlIHbIl\1H cy6cTaHIJ:I'I5IMM? IloTOMY,
t.ITO 3,lleCL J1,lIeT pet.Ib 06 HMeHax, I1MeHa )l(e crrepBa 6bIJIH ,llaIIbI TOMY,
1.JTO B IlCPBYIO ot.IepC,llb 51BJI5IJIOCb cy6'beKTal\111lIYI3CTBeHIIoro BOCnpl151-
TH5I, JII060e /Ke Yl3 Toro, lITO OTHOCHTC5I K YlvIorrOCTHraeMoii 6eCTeJIeCHO-
CTH, B nOJIyt.leIII1H Hl\IeH ClJI1TaeTC5I nOCJle]].YIOllU1l\1. A TaK KaK B 31'01\1
KOMMCIITapH" I( «I{aTcropHJlM » ApHCTOTCJUI
137
TPy.n.e TpaKTyeTC}[ B rrepBYIO ot.lepe,l(h 06 HMeHax, TO HH,l(HBH,l(yaJlbHhIM
cy6cTaHIlH5IIvI, KOTopble IIepBhIe IIOjT,JIe)KaT l.JyncTBaM, rrOCB5IweHbI nep-
BbIe CJIOI3a B TpY,lle, nOBeCTBYIow.el\1 0 cJ10BaX, H rro npaBY I1H,l(HBI1,llY-
aJIbHble 11 qYBCTBeHHO I30Crrpl1HI1MaeMble cy6cTanU11H paCCMaTpI1BaIOT-
C5I KaK rrepBbIe cy6cTaHIlI1I1.
XOT5I CYIl1eCTBYIOT Tpl1 cy6cTaI-II!I1I1 (MaTepl151, q)OpMa [species r
11 Ta, KOTOpa51 rrp0I13BO,lII1TC5I 113 3TI1X ,llBYX, BO Bcex OTHOllleHH5IX CO-
CTaBHa5l11 cOBoKyrrHa51 cy6cTaHIU151), 3,lleCb rroBecTByeTc5I lIe 06 O,llHOH
TOJIbKO MaTepl1I1 HJIH O)1HOH TOJIbKO <popMe (species), HO 0 coe,llI1He-
HHH 11 CMelIIelIl1H I1X 060HX. l.{acTH /Ke cy6cTaHl!I1I1, Q)Opl\1a (species)
H MaTepI151, 113 KOTOpbIX COCTOI1T caMa cy6cTaHIU151, HeCOCTaBIIbI 11 npo-
CTbI. ApHCTOTeJIb yrroMI1I-IaeT HX rr03)1(e, rOBOp51 Me)K,lIy lleJIOl\1, t.ITO qa-
CTI1 cy6cTaHUl1H H CaMI1 51BJI5IIOTC5I cy6cTaHIlH5Il\111. 11 ,llOBOJIbHO 06
3TOM. Terrepb rrepeHLLelvI K CJIe,llYIorueMY.
«1II3 CKa3aHHoro ot.JeBI1,llHO, qTO y Toro, qTO CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 cy61JeK-
Te, He06xo,llHMO CKa3bIBaeTC5I [0 cy61JeKTe] H 11l\151 11 Cl\1bICJI (ratio),
KaK, HarrpHMep, "qeJIOBeK u CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 cy61JeKTe - HeKoeM qeJIO-
BeKe. Ero I1M5I CKa3bIBaeTC5I CJIe,llYloIUJIM 06pa30M: Be,llb TbI CKa)l(eIlib
"qeJIOBeK(( 0 HeKoeM '-IeJIOI3eKe. CMbICJI (ratio) "qeJIOBeKa u TaK)J(e 6y-
,lleT CKa3bIBaTbC5I 0 cy61JeKTe - HeKoelvI '-IeJIOBeKe, Be,llb neKI1i1 qeJIO-
BeK 11 qeJIOBeK, 11 )J(I1Boe CYll.{eCTI30; TaK lITO 0 cy61JeKTe 6Y,l{eT CKa3bI-
BaTbC5Il1lIM5I, 11 CMbICJI (ratio). Y Toro )Ke, qTO HaXO,l{I1TC5I B cy61)eKTe,
B 60JIblll11HCTBe cJIY1.Jaen HI1 I1M5I, HI1 CMbICJI (ratio) He CKa3bIBaIOTC5I
o cy61JeKTe. I1HOr,lIa, B orrpe,n:eJIeHHbIX CJIyqa5lX, Hl1qTO, O,l{HaKO, He
nperr5lTcTByeT TOMY, qT06bI I1M5I CKa3bIBaJIOCb 0 cy6 r beKTe; CMbICJI (ra-
tio) )Ke He MO)l(eT CKa3bIBaTbC5I. TaK, HarrpHMep, 6eJIoe, HaXO,ll5lCb
B cy61JeKTe - B TeJIe - CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 cy61JeKTe, Be,llb 0 TeJIe rOBOpI1T-
C5I, qTO OHO 6eJIoe; Cl\'IbICJI (ratio) )Ke 6eJIoro HI1Kor,n:a He CKa3bII3aeTC5I
o TeJIe. A Bce rrpoqee HJII1 rOBOpI1TC5I 0 cy6'beKTaX - rrepBbIx cy6cTaH-
IlI151X, I1JII1 Haxo,n:I1TC5I B HHX KaK B cy61JeKTax. 31'0 51CHO 113 Toro, qTO
nOJIaraeTC5I qepe3 e,l{HHl1qHoe: )J(I1BOTHoe, HarrpHl\'lep, CKa3bIBaeTC5I
o qeJIOBeKe, CJIe,l{OI3aTeJIbHO, 11 0 HeKoeM qeJIOBeKe; Be)1b eCJII1 6bI [OHO
He CKa3bIBaJIOCb] HI1 06 O,llHOM 113 orrpe,lleJIeHI-IbIX JIIOJJ:eM, TO [He CKa-
3bIBaJIOCb 6bI] 11 0 qe.7JOBeKe Bo06Il1e. Orr5ITb ){(e, UBeT HaXO,llI1TC5I B Te-
JIe, CJIe,llOBaTeJIbHO, B KaKOM-JII160 [orrpe,lleJIeHHOM] TeJIe, eCJIH )Ke ero
HeT HI1 B O,llHOM 113 e,llI1HI1t.JHbIX [TeJI], TO BeT H liB n KaKOM TeJIe Bo06-
me. TaKI1M 06pa30M, I3ce rrpoqee I1JII1 rOBOpHTC5I 0 cy61>eKTaX - rrep-
BbIX Cy6cTaHUI151X HJIM naXO,llI1TC5I B HI1X - B cy61>eKTax. CJIe,lloBa-
I B TpaKTaTe O TpoBu e » (E0311,UU. YTeIIlelll1e q)HJJococl>Heti. C. 148) E03UHii
TIHllIeT 0 cpopMax (formae), cYIIlecTBYIOll.{lIX BHe MaTepIIH H npoIfcxoLJ:HIlUIX OT
HI1X o6pa3ax (imagines), nOl{06UHX 3Tl1X <P0PM, cYIl{eCTI3Yloll.{I1X B TeJIax. IIoxo)Kc,
1.ITO species, o6pa3YlollU1e BMeCTe C MaTepl1eli COCTaBHbIe BellUJ, If HBJISIIOTC I TaKH-
MIl BTOpHLJHbIMH cl)opMaMJI», H.ITI1 06pa3al\HI, I<OTOpbIe l303uHil CneUHaJIbHO He
XOlIeT lIa3bIBaTb q)OpMaMI1, nOCKOJIbKY «3TH nOCJIel{HHe l T. e. 06pa3bI], CYllI.eCTBY-
IOIIUle B TeJJaX, MbI HeBepHO HMeHyeM CI)OpMaMII: nce 3TO .ITlIUIb 06pa :JhI, nOl{o6uc
(PapM, cymeCTnYlOlllIlX He B MaTepHI1» (TaM )Ke).
138
AHHU,"" MaIlJlH" ToplcoaT CC8CpHH Doau,H"
TeJIbHO, eCJ1I1 6bI He CYlueCTBOBaJIO nepBbIX cy6cTauIU1ti, TO lIe 6bIJIO
6bI B03MO)KHblf\1 CYllleCTBOBaHl1e HHlIero HHoro» 1.
Bce, 0 l.JeM 6bIJIO CKa3ano, JII160 HaXO,llHTC5I B cy6'beKTe, JIYI60 CKa-
3bIBaeTC5I 0 cy61JeKTe. 1-10 He Bce, qTO HaXO.llI1TC5I B cy61JeKTe, CKa3bI-
BaeTC5I 0 CBOI1X C06CTBCHHbIX cy6'beKTax. ,l!eHcTBI1TeJIbHO, TO, 1.J:TO Ha-
XO,llI1TC5I B KaKOM -JIH60 cy61JeKTe, lI1Hor,lla] CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 CBOel\1
cy61JeKTe. TaK, narrpl1l\1ep, «6eJIoe» CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 TeJle, Be,llb 0 TeJIe
rOBOpHTC5I, '-ITO OHO 6eJIoe. Ho, rrOCKOJIbKY BTopbIe cy6cTaHU11H eCTb
.l{JI5I nepI3bIX JII160 BI1,llbI, JII160 pO,llbI (HarrpI1Mep, ,llJI5I COKpaTa BH,llOM
51BJI5IeTC5I «t.ICJIOBeK , pO,llOM - «)KHI30THoe»), a pO,ll CKa3bIBaeTC5I
o cy61JeKTHbIX [eMY] BI1,llaX 11 HH,llI1BI1,llaX YH HBOKaJIbHO, TO BTopbIe
cy6cTaHIll1H CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 cy6'beKTHbIX [HM] BH,l{aX rrOCpe,llCTBOl\1
YHHBOKaJIbHOH I1pe)J:HKaUI1H. B caMOM ,lleJIe, eCJIH rrp0113Be,lleHO O,llHO
orrpe,lleJIeHHe rrepBbIX H BTOpbIX cy6cTaHUI1H, TO OHO COBrra,llaeT. Be,llb
11 )l(I1BOTHOe, 11 qeJIOBeK, 11 COKpaT CB5I3bIBaIOTC5I O,llHHM onpe,lleJIeHI1-
eM, 1160 OHI1 CYTb cy6cTaHUl111 O,llyweBJIeHHble H t.IYBCTBYIOIl1He. CJIe-
l{OBaTeJIbHO, BTopbIe cy6cTaHIlI1I1, CKa3bIBa5lCb 0 CBOI1X cy6'beKTaX,
TO eCTb 0 nepBbIX cy6cTalIUI151X, CKa3bII3aIOTC5I YHI1BOKaJIbHO.
I1Hor.lla )l(e caMoe HM5I Toro, '-ITO HaXO,llI1TC5I B cy61JeKTe, I-Ie CKa3bI-
BaeTC5I 0 cy61JeKTe. r-faK, ,ll06p0,lleTeJIb HaXO,l{I1TC5I B ,llywe, HO HMKOI1M
06pa30M He CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 ,llyrne. A HHor,l{a [I1M5I Toro, qTO HaXO,llI1T-
C5I B cy61JeKTe], CKa3bIBaeTC5I OTbIMeHHO. TaK, Harrpl1Mep, nOCKOJIbKY
rpalvIMaTI1Ka HaX0lI.I1TC5I B '-IeJIOBeKe, TO OB OTbIlVIeHHO Ha3bIBaeTC5I rpa-
MOTHbIl\1 01' rpal\1MaTYIKI1. O,l{HaKO, \.faCTO VI Cal\10e Hl\151 [HaXO,lls-IIl1erOC5I
13 cy6'beKTe 1 CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 cy61JeKTe. Hanpl1Mep, nOCKOJIbKY 6eJIoe Ha-
XO,l{I1TC5I B TeJle, 0 TeJIe rOBOp5lT, '-11'0 OHO 6eJIoe. Ho [B03MO)l(HO TOJIbKO
CJIe,llYIOluee]: JI1160 Hl\151 He CKa3bIBaeTC5I, JII160 CKa3bIBaeTC5I KaK OTbI-
MeHHoe, JI1160 )l(e rrpe,l{I1KaI I151 OCYIl1eCTBJI5IeTC5I IIocpe,llCTBOM C06CT-
BeHHoro HMeHH. OnpeLI:eJIeHl1e Toro, qTO HaXO,l{I1TC5I B cy61JeKTe, 0 ca-
MOM cy61JeKTe HHKOr,lla He CKa3bIBaeTC5I. TaK, HarrpHlvlep, «6eJIoe»:
rrOCKOJIbKY OHO HaXO,llHTC5I B cy6'beKTe - TeJIe, - 11l\151 6eJIoro CKa3bIBa-
eTC5I 0 TeJIe, HO orrpe,l{eJIeHHe 6eJIoro IIHKOI1M 06pa30M He CKa3bIBaeTC5I
o TeJIe. Be,llb 6eJIOe I1JIH TeJIO He MorYT onpe,lleJI5ITbC5I rrOCpe,llCTBOM
CMbICJIOB (ratio) ,llpyr ,llpyra. ,l..{anee, eCJIH JIIo6a51 aKl(I1,l{eHUH5I HaXO,llHT-
C5I B cy61JeKTe 11 cy61JeKT 51BJI5IeTC5I cy6cTaHUHei1, cy6cTaHUI151 OT JIMqa-
eTC5I OT aKUI1,lleHUI1I1, OTJIl1qaeTC5I TaK)I(e 11 orrpe,l{eJIeHHe cy6cTaHUHH
H aKIlH,lleHIlI1I1, TaK 1.JTO orrpe,lleJIeHl1e cy61JeKTa 11 Toro, qTO HaXO,llHTC5I
B cy61JeKTe, He l\10)l(eT 6bITb 0,llHI1l\1 H TeM )Ke. 11 3TO TO, 0 qeM rOBOpl1T
[ApI1CTOTeJIb]: «Y Toro )Ke, l.JTO HaXO,llHTC5I B cy6'beKTe B 60JILW11HCTBe
CJIyqaeB HH HM5I, HH CMbICJI (ratio) He CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 cy6'beKTe», KaK
,ll06p0,lleTeJIb 0 ,llYIlle. 11 ,ll06aBJI5IeT: 11Hor,lla, B orrpe,lleJIeHHbIX CJIyqa-
51X, Hl1qTO, OlXHaKO, He nperr5lTcTByeT TOMY, qT06bI I1M5I CKa3bIBaJIOCb
[0 cy61JeKTe ]», B O,llHI1X CJIyqa51X - OTbIMeHHO, B ,llpyrHx - c06CTBeH-
HbIM HMeHeM. qTO JKe KaCaeTC5I cKa3yeMoro I3TOpbIX cy6cTaHUI1H,
I ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTeropHH 2a 19.
I{OMMCIITapH.H K KaTcropHSlM ApHCTOTCJUI
139
TO OHO BCer,l(a npI1HXO,l(HT I{ rrepBbIwl cy6cTaHuH51M. Be.llb eCJ111 neKl1tI
lIeJIOBeK - II tleJIOBeK, H /KHBOTHOe, H IIpOllee, TO I1 LleJ10BeKY 11 HeKoe-
MY l.ICJIOBeKY nO.llXO.llI1T O,l(HO onpe,l(eJIeHl1e )I(I1BOTHoro.
Ho Bce )I(e caM ApHCTOTeJ1b BeCbMa 51BHO nOKa3bIBaeT, {ITO HII,llHBI1-
,lJ,yaJIbHbIe 11 qaCTHbIe cy6cTaHIlHH 5IBJ151IOTC51 cy6cTaHUl15IMI1 B 60JIb-
ll1ei1: CTerreHH. TaK KaK JII06a51 BeWb - 31'0 I1JIH cy6cTaI-IUH5I, I1JIH aKUH-
,lleHUH5I, H3 cy6cTaHU11ti )l(e 0)11-111 - nepBbIe, a ,l{pyrHe - BTopbIe,
TO rrOJIY1.J:aeTr51 Tpo:tiHoe ,lleJIeHl1e, TaK 1.JTO BC5IKa5I BeIl(b I1JIH aKUI1,lleH-
IlH.H, I1JIH rrepBa51 cy6cTaHIlI151, I1Jll1 I3TOpa5l. A ,ll1I5I Toro, qT06bI HX ,l{e-
JIeHl1e rrpOH30IlIJIO COrJIaCHO OIlI1CaHI1IO, l\1bI rOBopMM TaKI1M 06pa30l\1:
BC5IKa5I BeI.1..lb I1JIH HaXO,llI1TC5I B cy6'beKTe, I1JIH B cy6'beKTe He HaXO,llI1T-
C5I; H3 Tex, KOTopbIe HaXO,ll5lTC5I B cy6'beKTe, O,llHH CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 cy6'b-
eKTe, ,llpyrl1e HeT; H3 Tex, KOTopbIe He HaXO,ll5lTC5I B cy6'beKTe, O,l{HH He
CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 cy6'beKTe, ,llpyrl1e JKe CKa3bIBaIOTCJI. 11 TaK, BC5IKa51
BeIl1b JIH60 HaXO,llHTC5I B cy6'beKTe, JII160 B cy6'beKTe He HaXO,llHTC5I.
OHa HJII1 HaXO,llI1TC5I B cy6'beKTe 11 CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 cy6'beKTe, I1JII1 Haxo-
,l{I1TC5I B cy6'beKTe 11 He CKa3bIBaeTC5I HI1 0 KaKOl\1 cy6'beKTe, I1JII1 He Ha-
XO,llI1TC5I 13 cy6'beKTe 11 CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 cy6'beKTe, HJII1 He HaXO,llHTC5I
B cy6 r beKTe H He CKa3bIBaeTC5I HH 0 KaKOM cy6'beKTe. CJIe,llOBaTeJIbHO,
eCJII1 MbI, npI1.H5IB 31'0, OT,lleJII1l\1 nepBble cy6cTaHUHI1, OCTaI-IYTC5I BTO-
pbIe cy6cTaHUI1I1. 11 aKUI1.lI.eHIlI1I1.. Ho BTopbIe cy6cTaHIU1I1 - Te, KOTO-
pbIe He HaXO,ll5lTC5I B cy6'beKTe H CKa3bIBaIOTCs-I 0 cy6'beKTe. IT03TOl\'IY
OHI1 y,llep)KI1BaIOT CDoe 6bITl1e, TOJIbKO JIHIlII) CKa3bIBa5lCb 0 ,llpyrl1x.
CKa3bIBaIOTC5I )l(e I3TOpbIe cy6cTaHUI111 0 nepBbIX, CJIe,llOBaTeJIbIlO, rrpe-
,llHKaIlH5I OTHOCHTCJIbHO nepBbIX cy6CTaHUHti 5IBJI5IeTC5I lJpHllHHOt'1 cy-
lI(eCTBOI3aHH5I BTOpbIX cy6cTaHIlHH. Be,llb BTopbIe cy6cTaHl!HH He cy-
meCTBOBaJIH 6bI I1Haqe KaK CKa3bII3as-ICb 0 nepBbIX; TO )l(e, 1.JTO
HaXO,llI1TC5I B cy6'beKTe, COBeprneHHO He I1MeJIO 6bI B03MO)KIIOCTI1l{JI5I
cymecTBOBaHH5I, eCJII1 6bI KaKHM-JII160 06pa30l\1 He Ofll1paJIOCb Ha nep-
BbIe cy6cTaHU11H KaK Ha OCI-IOBaHHe.
11 TaK, Bce CYll.{eCTBYIOIl1ee, KpOMe rrepBbIX cy6cTaHllI1I1:, 6Y,l{eT I1JII1
BTOpbIMH cy6cTaHIlI151l\IH, I1JIH aKUI1,lleHUH5Il\fl1. Ho BTopble cy6cTaH-
ll.I1H CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 rrepBbIX cy6cTaHUI151X, a aKUI1J eHUI1I1 HaXO,ll5lTC5I
B rrepBbIX cy6cTaHIlI151X. IT03TOl\1Y Bce I1JIM CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 nepBbIX
cy6cTaHIlI151X, KaK BTopbIe cy6cTaHUHH, HJII1 HaXO,llYITC5I B rrepBbIX
cy6cTaHIlH5IX, KaK aKUI1,lleHUI1H, qTO Apl1CTOTeJIb H3JIO)l(HJI CJIe,llYIO-
ll.{I1M 06pa30M: «a Bce rrpoqee HJII1 rOBOpI1TC5I 0 cy6'beKTaX - rrepBbIX
cy6cTaIlUH5IX, I1JIH HaXO,llHTC5I B HHX, KaK B cy6'beKTax», 1.J:TO rrO,llKpe-
nHJI TaKJKe HaI1,llOCTOBepHeJ111II1MH rrpl1MepaMI1. ,lle:ticTI3HTeJIbHO, OH
YTBep)l(,llaeT, qTO eCJIH. aKl!H,l{eHUI151IIe HaXO,llI1TC5I HI1 B KaKOM cy6'beK-
Te - TeJIe, TO 11 He B KaKOM TeJIe Bo06rn:e. 1160 eCJII1 rOBOpI1TC5I, 1.11'0
[aKUI1,lleHUI151 I-Ie naXOl{YITC5I] HI1 B lIeM 113 e,llI1HH{IHOrO, TO 11 HI1 B qeM
Bo06ll.{e. PaBHbIM 06pa30M eCJIH )I(I1BOTHOe He CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 e,lll1-
HHt.IHbIX H I1H,llI1BYI,llyaJIbHbIX JIIO,ll5lX, TO He CKa3bIBaeTC5I HI1 0 KaKOM
qeJIOBeKe Bo06111e. Il03TOMY BTOpbIC cy6cTaHUI111 CKa3bIBaIOTC5I B CH-
JIY Toro, qTO CYIl{eCTBYIOT nepI3bIe, a lIeKMe aKUI1,lJ,eHIU1H cyweCTBYIOT
140
AUHU,"" MauJI"" TopKnaT Ccoep"I1 Eoau,""
nOTOMY, '-ITO nepBble cy6cTanUl1l1 51BJI5IIOTC51 JT.JI5I HI1X cy6'beKTaMI1. Ec-
JII1 6bI nepBbIC cy6cTaHU11l1 He CYIl.{eCTBOBaJII1, He MOrJIO 6bI cyrn:eCT-
BOBaTb HI1 TO, 1.JTO 0 HHX CKa3bIBaeTC5I, HI1 TO, l.JTO HaXO,llI1TC5I B HI1X
KaK 13 cy6'beKTax.
«113 BTOpbIX cy6cTaHIll1H BI1,ll B 60JIbilieH CTerreHH cy6cTaHQI151,
qeM pO,ll, Be,llb OB 6JIH)I(e K rrepBOH cy6cTaHQI1I1. 1160 eCJIH KTO-HH6Y,llb
CTaJI 6bI YKa3bIBaTb, qTO eCTb rrepBa51 cy6cTaHIlI151, TO OH YKa)l(eT 60-
JIee HarJI5I,llHO 11 rrO,l{06aIOll.{e, Ha3BaB BM,ll, He)KeJII1 pO,ll. TaK, YKa3bIBa51
HeKoero qeJIOI3eKa, OH 51BCTBeHHee YKaJKeT, YKa3aB [BI1,ll] "qeJIOBeK",
qeM [pO,ll] ,,)I(I1BOTHoe". ITepBoe B 60JIbIlIeM CTerreHI1 CBoi:lcTBeHHO He-
KoeMY qeJIOBeKY, BTopoe - 06meMY. 11 KOr,lla YKa3bIBaelllb HeKoe ,lle-
peBO, TO 51BCTBeHHee YKa)l(elllb, YKa3bIBa51 [BI1,ll] ",llepeBO", He)l(eJII1
[pO,ll] "paCTeHl1e"»1.
J13BecTHO, LITO MH,llI1BI1,llyaJIbHbIe cy6cTaHIll111 CYTb cy6cTaHIll111
lIepBbIe, Hal1BbICIlII1M 06pa30M H B c06CTBeHHOM Cl\1bICJIe CJIOBa. BTO-
pbIe )Ke cy6cTaHUI111, TO eCTb pO,llbI 11 BI1,llbI, KaK He O,llI1HaKOBO Y,l{aJIe-
HbI OT rrepBOH cy6cTaHQI1H, TaK H He 51BJI5IIOTC5I cy6cTaHIlI151MH B paB-
HOM CTerreHI1. Be,llb TaK KaK BI1,ll 6JII1)1(e K rrepBOM cy6cTaHU:HH, He)l(eJIH
pO,ll, OH B 60JIbllleH CTerreHH cy6cTaHIlH5I, HeJKeJIH ero c06CTBeHHbIH
PO,l{. TaK, «qeJIOBeK» 6JIH)I(e K COKpaTY, He)KeJIH «JKHBOTHOe , H no
3TOM )l(e rrpHQI1He qeJIOBeK» B 60JIbIlIeM CTerreHYI cy6cTaHIlI151. XOT5I
)I(HBOTHoe» H caIvl0 51BJI5IeTC5I cy6cTaHIlHeti, HO B MeHbllleM CTerreHH,
He)KeJII1 qelIOBeK . 3TO rrpOHCXO,llI1T lIOTOMY, qTO B JII060lvI OlIpe.n:eJIe-
HMB BI1,ll 60JIee rro,n:XO,ll5lll.{e CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 rrepBOH cy6cTaHIlHI1, He)l(e-
JIM pO,ll. 1160 eCJII1 KTO-HI16Y,llb )l(eJIaeT YKa3aTb, qTO eCTb COKpaT,
TO rrOKa)l(eT 60JIee 6JIH3KYIO 11 CBo 'IcTBeHHYIO COKpaTY cy6cTaHUI1IO,
eCJII1 CKa)l(eT, qTO OB - qeJIOBeK, HeJKeJII1 )KHBOTHoe. To, qTO COKpaT -
)KI1BOTHOe, 06ll.{e C ,llpyrI1MH, KOTopbIe He CYTb JIIO,l{I1, KaK, HalIpl1Mep,
JIOllla,llb liIJII1 6bIK. A TO, qTO 01-1 qeJIOBeK, He 51BJI5IeTC5I 06mHM HH C t.IeM
,llpyrI1M, KpOMe KaK C TeMI1, KTO co,n:epJKI1TC5I lIO,ll BI1,n:OM «qeJIOBeK».
II03TOMY 0603HaqeHliIe 6Y,lleT 6JIH)I(e K 3HaqeHI1IO, Kor,n:a I1H,n:I1BH,ll YKa-
3bIBaeTC5I nocpe,n:CTBOM BI1,n:a, He)l(eJII1 KOr,lla CKa3bIBaeTC5I Ml\151 pO,lla.
11 TOqHO TaK )I(e, eCJIH KTO-HI16Y,l{b, )J(eJIa51 0603Ha1.JHTb KaKOe-JIH60 I1H-
,llI1BH,llyaJIbHOe ,llepeBO, Ha30BeT ero L{epeBOM: OH 60JIee 6JII13KO 060-
3Haq11T, 1.JTO eCTb TO, t.ITO OH orrpe,lleJI5IeT, qeM KOr,lla Ha30BeT [,llepeBO]
paCTeHl1eM. PaCTeHHe )Ke eCTb pO,ll ,llepeBa, H OHO CKa3bIBaeTC5I TaK)Ke
o TOM, qTO He 51BJI5IeTC5I ,llepeBb5lMH, Harrpl1lvlep 0 KanYCTe HJII1 0 JIaTY-
Ke. A rroToMY lIe rrO,llJIe)l(I1T COMHeHI1IO, t.ITO BI1,llbI B 60JIbIlIeM CTerreHI1
cy6cTaHQHI1, TaK KaK 6JII1)Ke K rrepBbIM H B BbIcIlIeH CTelIeHH cy6cTaH-
UI151M, rr03ToMY 03HaqeHHbIM BH,ll YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, qTO eCTb 3TO, 60JIee
rrO,llXO,ll5lll.{e 11 HarJI5I,llHO, po,n: )Ke - 60JIee OT,llaJIeHHO M 06ll.{e.
«,l{aJIee, rrepBl1qHbIe cy6cTaHl111H Ha3bIBaIOTC5I cy6cTaHUH5IMH B
BbICllleH CTerrelIl1 rrOTOMY, qTO OHH cy6'beKTHbI BceMY rrpOqelvlY, H Bce
npoqee JIH60 CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 HYIX, JII160 HaXO,llI1TC5I B HHX. 11 KaK rrep-
I ApuCmOmeJlb. }(aTeropIU1 2b 7.
KOMMeHTapH" K .KaTcropHSM. ApHCTOTCJUI
141
Bonat.laJlbHble cy6cTaHUI1I1 OTHOC.HTC.H KO BceMY IlpOqeMY, TaK H BH,Q
OTHOCI1TC.H K PO)(y: BH.lJ, cy6'beKTeH PO,l{Y, Be]].b P0]].bl CKa3bIBaIOTC5I
o BI1,llax, HO He Ha060pOT, BI1,n: 0 po,n:ax. A IlOTOMY 11 113 3Toro 51CHO, 1.JTO
BI'Il( B 60JIblllei1 CTerreHI1 cy6cTaHUl'l5l, qe l po]].» J.
[ApI1CTOTeJIb] BHOBb rrOl(TBep)l(l(aeT nocpe,llCTBOM 60JIee BeCKoro
,l{OKa3aTeJIbCTBa TO, 1.JTO BI1l(bI CYTb cy6cTaHllJII1 B 60JIbIIleM CTerreHI1;
OH pa3'b5lCH eT, 1.J:TO 3TO 06CT0l1T TaK, qepe3 rro,ll06I1e. 1160 lIOCKOJIbKY
Bce cy6cTaHIJ.MI1 - JII160 rrepBble, JII160 BTopbIe, BTopbIe )Ke - JII160 po-
,llbI, JII160 BI1,llbI, TO TOT 113 BI1,llOB HJII1 pO,llOB, KOTOpbIM HaM,lleH 60JIee
nO,ll06HbIM rrepBbIM cy6cTaHUH5IM, 6Y,lleT 060CHOBaHHO CqI1TaTbC5I cy6-
CTaHUl1eM B 60JIbllIeM CTerreHI1. Ho rrepBbIe cy6cTaHl11111 rrOTOMY Ha3bI-
BaIOTC5I cy6cTaHUI151MH B BbICllleM CTelIeHH, qTO OHI1 cy61JeKTHbI BceMY,
TaK qTO npoqee I1JII1 HaXO,l!I1TC5I B HI1X, KaK aKIlI1,l!eHI1I1H, HJII1 CKa3bIBa-
eTC5I 0 HI1X, KaK BTopbIe cy6cTaHUI1H. TaKI1M 06pa30l\1, TO, qTO lIPHBXO-
,llI1T B rrepBbIe cy6cTaHUHH, TO )Ke 11 B BH,l!bI, Be,l!b BH,l!bI cy6'beKTHbI
BceM aKl1H,lleHUI151M H 0 BI1,l!ax CKa3bIBaIOTC5I pO,llbI, HO BH,l!bI He CKa3bI-
BaIOTC5I 0 pO,l!ax. II03TOMY pO,l!bI cy6'beKTHbI He B TOM )Ke cTelIeHH, qTO
11 BI1,l{bl. 1160 BI1,llbI He CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 pO,llax. CJIe,llOBaTeJIbHO, KaK
rrepBbIe cy6cTaHUMI1 cy6'beKTHbI BTOpbIM cy6cTaHUI151M 11 aKI1I1,l!eHl1I1-
51M, TaK 11 BI1,l!bI cy61JeKTHbI aKI1I1,lleHUI151M 11 pO,llaM. A pO,llbI, XOT5I OHI1
H cy61JeKTHbI aKI1H,lleHI1H5IM, BI1,l!aM Bce )l(e He cy6'beKTHbI. II03TOMY
y BI1,lla I1MeeTC5I 60JIbllIee rro,ll06l1e rro OTHOllIeHHIO K rrepBbIM cy6cTaH-
IlI151M, He)KeJII1 y pO,lla. A eCJIH y BI1,l{OB I1MeeTC5I 60JIbllIee nO,l{0611e lIO
OTHOllIeHHIO K cy6cTaHIlH5IM B BbIcllIeH CTelIeHI1, TO OHH H caMH 6Y,llYT
cy6cTaHIlI151MI1 B 60JIbllIeH CTeneHI1.
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pO,llbI, BI1,llaMI1 6bITb He MoryT, [Be,llb MbI I1MeeM B BI1,l!y TOJIbKO TO], qTO
OHI1 He MorYT 6bITb BH,l!aMI1 B TOM, qTO OHI1 CYTb pO,l!bI. Be,llb [BI1,ll], B
TOM, qTO OH eCTb BI1,ll, He CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 60JIee BbICOKI1X [pO,llax], B TOM
JKe, qTO OH eCTb pO,ll, OH CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 TOM, qbl1M pO,llOM OH 51BJI5IeTC5I.
II03TOMY CaMI1 pO,llbI He MoryT 6bITb cy6'beKTHbIMH TOMY, pO,llaMI1 qero
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,
CYTb.
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KO YKa)Kellib HeKoero qeJIOBeKa, YKa3bIBa51 [BI1,ll] "qeJIOBeK((, qeM Kor-
,l!a YKa)KelIlb HeKYIO JIOlIla,l!b, YKa3bIBa51 [BI1,ll] "JIOIlIa,l!b". TaK)Ke 11 O,llHa
rrepBHqHa51 cy6cTaHI1I151 He B 60JIbIlIeH CTerreHI1 cy6cTaHIlH5I, qeM ,llPy-
ra5l, Be,llb HeKI1H qeJIOBeK He B 60JIbIlIeH CTelIeHI1 cy6cTaHIlI151, qeM He-
KI1H 6bIK» 2.
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JIl1qI1TeJIbHbIX, c06CTBeHHbIX H npI1BXO,ll5lll{I1X rrpH3HaKax), qTO O,llHH
[Bell.{l1] CYTb TOJIbKO pO,llbI, pO,ll KOTOpbIX HaHTI1 HeB03MO)KHO, ,l!pyrl1e -
I ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTeropllH 2b 15.
:l ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTeropllH 2b 21.
142
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TOJlbKO BH.llbl, KOTophle He MorYT 6bITb pa3,l(eJIeI-IbI lIa .llpyrne Bl-lJLbT. 31'0
Te, KOTopble CH:a3bIBaIOTC5I B OTHOllleHHI1 Toro, lITO eCTL 3TO (in eo quod
quid sit), 0 MHorHX pa3JI11lJHbIX IlO l.JI1CJIY [I111)111I3H,L{axJ, paCnOJIO)l(eIlHbIX
rro,ll CBOI1M BI1,l{Ol\tll1 ne pa3JIHl.JaIOIUHXC5I MeJK,llY C060H xapaKTepoM (figu-
fa) CBoeH rrpJ1pO,llbI: lIarrpl1Mep, «qeJIOBeK» CKa3bIBaeTC51 0 e,llHIII1qHbIX
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KO I1H,llI1BI1,llaMI1, TaKl1e KaK «1.JeJIOBeK HJIH «JIOIlIa.zIb», nOCKOJIbKY He MO-
rYT 6bITb pO,llaMI1, Bcer,l{a 51BJI5IIOTC5I paBHbIMI1 cy6cTaHUI151MI1. Be,l{b I1M5I
«JIOIlIa.llb» CTOJIb )Ke 6JII13KO COOTHOCI1TC5I C HeKoeH HH,llHBH,llyaJIbHOH
JIOIlla,llbIo, CKOJIb H I1M5I «qeJIOBeK» - C HeKI1M I1H,llI1BI1,llYaJIbHbIM 1.JeJIO-
BeKOM. IT03TOMY eCJII1 BI1)1bI, KOTopbIe I-Ie 51BJI5IIOTC5I pO,llaMI1, O,l{I1HaKOBO
OTCT05lT OT rrepBbIX cy6cTaHIll1ti, TO cnpaBe,llJIMBO CqI1TaeTC5I, 1.J:TO OHH
CYTb paBHbIe cy6cTaHUI1H: [ApI1CTOTeJIb] rOBOpI1T, qTO lIe I3ce BI1,llbI CYTb
paBHbIe cy6CTaHUI1I1, HO TOJIbKO Te, KOTophIe paBHO Y,llaJIeHbI OT rrepBbIX
cy6cTaHIlI1H.
MO)KeT CJIYlJI1TbC5I H TaK, qTO KaKOH-HI16Y,llb O,llI1H BI1l{ HeKoero 60-
JIee BbICOKoro pO,lla, 6Y,llY1.JH CpaBHI1BaeMbIM C onpe,l{eJIeHHbIM BI1,llOM
[Toro )l(e p0,lla], OKa)KeTC5I B MeHblIIeI1: CTeneHI1 cy6cTaHl!I1ei1, 1.Jel\1 3TOT
,llPyroi1. TaK, eCJII1 KTO-HH6Y,llb Ha30BeT BI1,llOl'vl )l(I1BOTHOro rrTHUY H qe-
JIOBeKa, TO «rrTl1ua» 11 «qeJIOI3eK» He 6Y,llYT paBHbIl\IYI cy6cTaHUI151MI1,
TaK KaK «nTI1Ila» BbIllle «qeJIOBeKa . Be,l{b «1.J:eJIOBeK» He l(eJIHTC5I Ha
,llPyrl1e BI1,lIbI, 11 eCTb B 60JIbIlIeH CTerreHI1 BII)1. «fl THua» )l(e MO)l(eT ,lle-
JII1TbC5I Ha ,l{Pyrl1e BI1,llbI, HarrpI1lvlep, Ha 51cTpe6a» 11 «KopIIIYHa», KOTO-
pble XOT5I H 51BJI.HIOTC5I no BI1,llY rrTI1uaMI1, O,llHaKO ,llPyr C ,llpyroM He 0,llI1-
HaKOBbI. «51CTpe6» I1JII1 «KoprnYH» CYTb BH,llbl B c06CTBeHHOM CMbICJIe
CJIOBa, 11 OHI1 rJIaBeHCTBYIOT Ha,l{ O,llHI1MH TOJIbKO I1H,llI1BI1,llaIVll1. A rrOTO-
l\.1Y «1.JeJIOBeK» YI «51cTpe6» O,llI1HaKOBO OTCT05lT 01' nepBbIX cy6cTaHUYII1:
11 CYTb paBHbIe cy6cTaHUI1I1. «qeJIOBeK» )Ke H «rrTl1ua», rrOCKOJIbKY
«rrTl1ua» BbIllie qeJIOBeKa», He paBHbIe cy6cTaHUHM, Be,llb «qeJIOBeK» -
B 60JIbIlIeH CTerreHI1 cy6cTaHUH5I. CJIe,llOBaTeJIbHO, Te BI1,llbI, KOTopbIe
O,l!I1HaKOBO OTCT05lT OT CBOI1X HH,llI1BI1,llOB 51I3JI5IIOTC5I paBHbIMH cy6cTaH-
UI151MI1. IT03TOMY BI1,l{hI, KOTopbIe He 51BJI5IIOTC5I pO,llaMYI, paI3HOY,llaJIeHbI
OT rrepBbIX cy6cTaHIlI1t'I 11 Ha3bIBaIOTC5I paBHbIMI1 cy6cTaHUI151lv1I1.
Ot.leBI1,llHO, KaK He Tpe6YIOll.{ee rr05lCHeHI151, qTO nepBbIe cy6cTaH-
IlI1I1 TaKJKe CYTb paBHbIe cy6cTaHIlI1I1. Be,llb HeKI1H: t.IeJIOBeK H HeKa51
JIOllIa,llb, rrOCKOJIbKY OHM CYTb I1H,l{I1BI1,llbI, CYTb cy6cTaHIII1H B rrepBYIO
01.Jepe,l{b, B c06CTBeHHOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa 11 B BbICllleH CTerreHH. I103TO-
l\1Y cpe,l{11 cy6cTaHU11H B BbIClIIeH CTerreHH HI1 MeHbIlIYIO, 1I11 60JIbrnyJO
HaMTI1 HeB03MO)l(HO. I1H,llHBI1,llhl, CJIe,llOBaTeJIbHO, CYTh paBlIbIe cy6-
CTaHUI1I1.
«CrrpaBe,llJII1BO, qTO rrOCJle rrepBbIX cy6cTaHUHH 113 Bcero rrpoqero
Ol{HI1 TOJIbKO BI1.llbI H pO,llbI Ha3bIBaIOTC5I BTOpbIMI1 cy6cTaIIIlH5IMI1:
113 Bcero, 1.JTO CKa3bIBaeTC5I, TOJIbKO OHI1 YKa3bII3aIOT I-Ia nepBl1qHYIO
cy6cTaHUllIO. LleHCTBHTeJIbIIO, eCJII1 KTO-HI16Y,llb 6Y,lleT YKa3bII3aTb, 1.J:TO
eCTb HeI<TIJ:I 1.JeJ10BCK, YKa3hIBa5I BI1,ll I1JII1 po,n:, "l.JeJIOBeK" I1JII1 ,,)I(I1BOT-
KOMMCIITapJ.lH K KaTeropHSlM» ApHCTOTCJUI
143
Hoe'\ OB YKa/KeT l ero) 60JIee 6JIl13KO H 5ICBO. A YKa3aB 1.JTO-BI16Y.lI.b H3
I1HOrO, Hanpl1l\trep, ,,6eJlhIH", I1JII1 ,,6e/KHT", I1JII11.ITO-JII160 nO.ll06HOe, OB
6Y,lleT YKa3bIBaTb 1.J:Y)K,lJ,oe. I103TOMY cnpaBe,lVIHBO, qTO 113 Bcero IIpOqe-
fO TOJIbKO l BI1]J.bI 11 pO.llbI) Ha3bIBaIOTC5I BTOpbIMI1 cy6cTaHl!H5IMH 1.
Apl1CTOTeJIb nOKa3bIBaeT, '-ITO no rrOp5l,llKY H rrO.lI.06aIOIlte rrOCJle
rrepBbIX, TO eCTb I1H,llI1BH,llyaJIbHbIX cy6cTaHUI1i1, pacrrOJIO)l(eHbI BI1,llbI
11 pO,llbI, 51BJI5IIOIIJ}IeC5I BTOpbIIVIJ1 cy6cTaHltH5Il\ll1, [qeMY] I1MeeTC5I npoq-
Hoe 11 Ha,lle Hoe ,llOKa3aTeJIbCTBO, 1160 OH rOBOpI1T, qTO rrOCJIe nepBbIX
cy6cTaHIlJ1:H pO,llbI 1iI BI1,llbI rrpaBI1JIbHO Ha3bIBaIOTC5I I3TOpbIMYI cy6cTaH-
UM5IMI1. Be,llb B orrpe,lleJIeHI151X, r,lle I3bI5IBJI5IeTC5I cy6cTaHIlH5I t.IerO-JII1-
60, Hl1qTO He YKa3bIBaeT Ha rrepBYIO cy6cTaHIlI1IO, KpOMe pO.lla 11 BI1,lla.
1160 0 COKpaTe, eCJIH KTO-HI16Y,llb CrrpOCI1T, qTY OH TaKoe, CKa)l(YT: qe-
JIOBeK HJII1 )KI1BOTHOe; 11 CrrpaIlII1BaeMbI:H 0 TOM, '-ITO TaKoe COKpaT,
rrpaBHJIbHO OTBeTI1T: '-IeJIOBeK I1JII1 )KI1BOTHoe. CJIe,llOBaTeJIbHO, BTopbIe
cy6cTaHIlHI1 rrOKa3bII3aIOT, qTO TaKoe rrepBbIe; rr03TOMY, eCJIH KTO-HI1-
6Y,llb, [OTBeqa5l] Ha Borrpoc, «qTO eCTb rrepBaJI cy6cTaHIlH5I , Ha30BeT
[ HeqTO] rrOMI1l\10 BTOpbIX cy6cTaHUI1:H, OH BbICKa)l(eTC5I B BbICIlIe:H CTe-
rreHI1 HeYMeCTHO, KaK eCJII1 6bI CrrpaIlII1BaIOll.{eMY, qTO eCTb COKpaT, He-
KTO OTBeTI1JI: 6eJIoe», I1JII1 6e)l(I1T», I1JII1 qTO-HYI6Y,llb rrO,ll06Hoe, He
5IBJI5IIOll.{eeC5I BTOpoi1: cy6cTaHUl1eH; OH HI1Kor.n:a He na30BeT HI1qerO
rrO,llXO,ll5lllI.ero, eCJII1 BbICKa)l(eT 0 rrepBot'I cy6cTaHUH11 1.JTO-JII160, KpOMe
BTOpOH. A rroToMY HH'-Iero 113 Toro, qTO He 51BJI5IeTC5I BTOpbIMI1 cy6-
CTaHUM5IMI1, He pa3'b5lCH5IeT, qTO eCTb rrepBa51 cy6cTaHUI151; BTopbIe )l(e
cy6cTaHUl111 CYTb pO.n:bI 11 BM,llbI, rr03TOMY rrpaBI1JIbHO, qTO rrOCJIe rrep-
BbIX cy6cTaHIll1H BI1,llbI 11 pO,llbI Ha3bIBaIOTC5I BTOpbIMI1 cy6cTaHUI151MH.
«,llaJIee, rrepBl1qHbIe cy6cTaHIll111 6JIaro,llap51 TOMY, qTO OHYI cy6o-
eKTHbI BceMY OCTaJIbHOMY YI Bce OCTaJIbHOe JII160 CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 HHX,
JII160 B HHX HaXO,llI1TC5I, Ha3bIBaIOTC5I cy6cTaHUYI5IMI1 B c06CTBeHHOM
C lbICJIe CJI.OBa. 11 KaK rrepBbIe cy6cTaHUJ111 OTHOC5ITC5I KO BceMY npo-
qeMY, TaK )Ke KO BceMY OCTaJIbHOMY OTHOC5ITC5I BI1,llbI 11 pO,llbI nepBHq-
HbIX Cy6cTaHl!HH. 0 HI1X Be,llb CKa3bIBaeTC5I Bce OCTaJIbIIoe: ,lleHCTBH-
TeJIbHO, HeKoero '-IeJIOI3eKa Ha30Belllb rpaMOTHbIM, CJle,llOBaTeJlbHO,
Ha30Belllb rpaMOTHbIM 11 qeJIOBeKa H )l(I1BOTHOe; TaK )l(e M BO BCel\1
')
rrpOqeM -.
3TO ,llOKa3aTeJIbCTBO TOI1: )l(e Bell.{11 , rrocpe,llCTBOM KOToporo [Apl1-
CTOTeJIb] ,llOCTOBepHeHlllHM 06pa30M rrO,llTBep)l(,llaeT, 1.JTO pOlJ,bI H BI1-
,llbI npaBI1JIbHO pacrrOJIO/KeHbI rrOCJIe rrepBbIX cy6cTaHlII1H. Be)1b 06
I1H,llI1BI1,llaX rOBOpI1TC5I, qTO OHM CYTb rrepBbIe cy6cTaHUHI1 11 '-11'0 OHI1
nO,llJIe)KaT BceMY OCTaJIbHOMY rrOTOMY, qTO OHI1 rrO,llJIe)KaT rrpe,llI1Ka-
IlI1H BTOpbIX cy6cTaHUl1H 11 BTopbIe cy6cTaHUI111 CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 HI1X,
H nOTOMY, qTO OHH rrO,llCT05lT (su bdare) aKUI1,lleHIlI151M TaK, qTO Te MO-
rYT CYll.{eCTBOBaTb. IT03TOMY [I1H,llI1BI1,llbI] 51BJI5IIOTC5I nepBbIMI1 cy6-
CTaHl(I151l\111.
1 ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTeropMH 2b 29.
'2 ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTerOpl111 2b 38.
144
AIIHU,HH MauJlu" TopKuaT CCOCpHH bO IJ.":H
11 KaK nepBble Cy6cTaHl!I1I1 cy6'beKTHbI aKl(I1JleHl!H5IM, TaK )I(e H BTO-
pble. Be]J.b nOCKOJIbKY HeKI1H l.JeJIOBeK cy61)eKTeH aKUI1.lleHl!I151M, aKUI1,l(eH-
UHH rrO,l(-JIOJKeHbI (supponitur) 11 [BI1LI:] t.IeJIOBeK» 11 [pO,ll] )I(I1BOTHoe»,
11 rrOCKOJIbKY HeKI1i1 lIeJIOBeK, TO eCTb ApMCTapx, 51I3JI5IeTC5I rpal'vlOTIIbIM,
TO 51BJI5IeTC5I rpaMOTHbIlvl [BI1,ll] «qeJIOBeK», a TaK/I(e [pO,l{ 1 )I(I1BOTHoe».
Il03TOMY rrepBbIe cy6cTalIUI111 cy6'beKTHbI aKIlH,lleHUI15IM B nepBYlO Ot.IC-
pe,llb, BTopbIe )l(e - 130 BTOpYIO Oqepe.llb, 11 KaK rrepBbIe cy6cTaHUI1J1 cy6 r b-
eKTHbI 11 aKUH,lleHIlI151M, 11 BTOpbIM cy6cTaHII 1151 l\1, TaK 11 BTopbIe cy6cTaH-
UI1I1 rro,ll- JIO)KeHbI aKIlI1,l{eHIlI151M. A BTopbIe cy6craHUYIl1 CYTb BI1,llbl
11 pO,llbl. CJIe,llOBaTeJIbHO, rrpaBHJIbHO YCTaHOBI1JI [ApI1CTOTeJIb J, qTO nOClle
rrepBbIx cy6cTaHIll1H pO,llbI 11 BI1,llbI 51BJI5IIOTC5I BTOpbIMI1 cy6cTaHIlI151MI1.
«,l{JI5I Bcex cy6cTalIUI1H 51BJI5IeTC5I 06ll.{Hlvr He HaXO,llMTbC5I B cy6'b-
eKTe. ,l{eHCTBI1TeJIbHO, rrepBa51 cy6cTaHIlI151 He CKa3bIBaeTC5I HH 0 Ka-
KOM cy6'beKTe 11 He HaXO,llI1TC5I B cy6'beKTe. OTHOCMTeJIbHO BTOpbIX
cy6cTaHUI1H 3TO TaK)Ke HeCOl'vlHeHHO, rrOCKOJIbKY HI1 O,llHa 113 HHX He
HaXO,llI1TC5I B cy6'beKTe. Be,llb [BI1,ll] "qeJIOBeK u CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 cy6'beK-
Te - HeKoeM qeJIOBeKe, HO OH He HaXO,llI1TC5I B cy6'beKTe, 1160 "qeJIO-
BeK u He HaXO,llHTC5I B HeKoeM qeJIOBeKe. TOt-UfO TaK )I(e 0 cy6'beKTe -
HeKoeM qeJIOBeKe - rOBOpHTC5I KaK 0 )KI1BOTHOM, liO )KI1BOTHOe He Ha-
XO,llI1TC5I B HeKoeM 1.JeJIOBeKe» t.
IToCJIe rrepeql1CJIeHI151 cy6cTaHIll1HI1 ,lleJIeHI151, B KOTOpOM [ApHCTO-
TeJIb] 06'b5lBJI5IeT, qTO O,llHI1 [H3 cy6cTaHIlHH] rrepBbIe, a ,l{pyrl1e BTopbIe,
OH, rrOCKOJIbKY He ,llaHO HI1KaKOrO orrpe,lleJIeHH5I cy6cTaHIll111 (H60 Hal1-
BbICIlII1H pO,l{ He I1MeeT o rrpe,l{eJI eH 1151 ), CTpeMI1TC5I OTbICKaTb HeKoe OCO-
60e CBOHCTBO (proprietas), KaK 6bI HeKI1I1: 3HaK (signuIll), rrOcpe,llCTBOl\1
KOToporo MbI MO)KeM rr03HaTb cy6cTaHIlI1IO, YI Ilpe)K,lle YKa3bIBaeT, qTO
MO)KeT 6bITb xapaKTepHbIl\f ,llJI5I CaMI1X cy6cTaHUI1H Bo06ll.{e, a 3aTel\1 I1C-
CJIe,llyeT TO, qTO 51BJI5IeTC5I LI:JI5I HI1X c06CTBeHHbIM npI13HaKOM. OH HaqaTI
C 3Toro ,llJI}I Toro, qT06bI 6e3 KaKOI1: 6bI TO HI1 6bIJIO 01lI116KI1 rrepe 'yTI1
K 3TOMY I1CTI1HHOMY c06CTBeHHOMY npl13HaKY 11 rrOKa3aTb, 1.JTO rrO,llJIHH-
HbIM c06CTBeHHbIM rrpH3HaKOM cy6cTaHIll1H 51BJI5IeTC5I rrOCJIe,l!HI1H [113
Tpex rrepeql1CJIeHHbIX HI1)Ke].
[T epMHH] c06CTBeHHbIH rrpI13HaK» yrroTpe6JI5IeTC5I B Tpex 3Haqe-
HI151X. B nepBOM CJIY1.Jae OH eCTb TO, qTO CBO:HCTBeHHO BceMY orrpe,lle-
JIeHHOMY BI1,lly, 11 lIe TOJIbKO eMY 0,llHOl\1Y, Harrpl1Mep, ,llJI5I qeJIOBeKa -
6bITb ,llBYHorHM. Be,llb BC5IKHH qeJIOBeK I1lvleeT ,llBe HOrl1, HO He TOJIbKO
OH - rrTI1IlbI TaK)Ke ,llBYHorl1. I1JII1 )l(e, [c06CTBeHHbI i IIpH3HaK] eCTb
TO, qTO CBot'ICTBeHHO TOJIbKO O,l!HOMY BI1,l{Y, 11 He BceMY, KaK, Hanpl1Mep,
TOMY )Ke qeJIOBeKY CBOMCTBeHHO 3HaTb rpaMOTY, HO He I3C5IKOMY qeJIO-
BeKY, H, ,lleHCTBI1TeJIbHO, He I3C5IKHH qeJIOBeK rpaMOTeH. TpeTbe )l(e 3Ha-
qeHl1e c06CTBeHHoro rrpH3HaKa TaKOBO: OH CBO:HCTBeH BceMY BH,lly,
11 TOJIbKO eMY O,llHOMY, 11 BCer,lla, KaK, Harrpl1Mep, [qeJIOBeKY] - crroc06-
HOCTb CMe5lTbC5I. BeL{b BC5IKI1I1: lleJIOBeK crroc06eH CMe5lTbC5I, 11 qeJIO-
BeK - eL{I1HCTBeHHoe )l(I1BOTHOe, KOTopoe CMeeTC5I.
I ApuCmOmeJlb. I(aTeropHH 3a 7.
KOMMCHTapH" (, KaTCrOp"$(M» ApHCTOTCJUI
145
11 TaI(, ,l(Ba nepBhIX 113 YKa3aHHbIX [ Ilat.leJIHj1] (BCe1\1Y [BI1.n:y] H He
TOlIbKO O/UIOlvlY Cl\1Y H TOJlbKO O,l(HOMY l BI1.n:y], !-IO He I3Ce1\IY) 1\1 bI Ha30-
BeM HeKHMI1 c06CTBeHHbIl\III1 rrpI13HaKal\1H, KOTopble, KaK npe,llCTaBJI5I-
eTC5I, ,llaJIeKYI 01' HCTI1HbI c06CTBeHHbIX npI13HaKOB. 1"01' )I(e TpeTI1H
(rrpHcYll.{e BceMY BH,llY 11 TOJIhKO eMY O,llHOMY) .n:ei1cTBHTeJIbIIO eCTb
c06cTBeHHhIH rrpH3HaK. Te [c06cTBeIIHbIe rrpH3HaKI1], KOTopbIe 6hIJI11
yrrOl\15IHYTbI paHee, He 51BJl5IIOTC5I rrO.llJII1lIHbIMI1 H Ha3bIBaIOTC5J «conYT-
CTBYIOl1.!HMH >, 3TOT )l(e nOCJIe,llHI1H eCTb I1CTHHHO c06CTBeIIHbIH rrpl1-
3HaK. CJIe,llOBaTeJIbHO, ApI1CTOTeJIb, KaKHe 6bI 011 HH HarneJI C06CT-
BeHHbIe rrpH3HaKH TaKoro pO,l!a, TO eCTb Te, KOTopbIe [CBOHCTBeHHbI]
O,llHI1M TOJIbKO cy6cTaHIlH5IM, HO He BceM I1JII1 BceM, HO He 11M O,lIHI1M,
OTKJIOH5IeT I1X KaK HeI1CTI1HHble rro OTHOlIJeHI1JO K orrpe,lleJIeHHO i I1pl1-
pO,lle qero- JI1160. I1CTI1HHbIM )l(e OB rrOJIaraeT TOT rrOCJIe,llHI1H, KOTOpbIM
IIO,llXO,l!HT BC5IKOH cy6cTaHIll1M 11 TOJIbKO eM O,llHOM. B caMOM L{eJIe, c06-
CTBeHHbIe npl13lIaKI1 CYTb TO, qTO 06pamaeTC5I, KaK, Harrpl1Mep, TO, qTO
51BJI5IeTC5I qeJIOBeKOM, crroc06HO Cl\1e5lTbC5I, a TO, qTO cnoc06HO CIvle5lTb-
C5I - qeJIOneK. A crroc06Ho 06paillaTbc5I TOJIbKO TO, qTO CBOHCTBeHHO
BceMY [BI1,llY] 11 TOJIbKO el\1Y 0.llH01\1Y, 1160 He rrO.llX01J:HT qeMY-TO I1HO-
MY B 60JIblIJeM HJII1 MeHbIlIeH CTerreHI1. IT pe,l{BapHTeJIbHO OTIVleTHB 31'0,
MbI rrepeXO}IHM K peqM [ApHCTOTeJI5I] H 113JIO)J(eHHIO caMoro [COOTBeT-
CTBYIOlllero] 1\1eCTa [113 ero KHHrI1].
11 TaK, ApI1CTOTeJIb r0I30pl1T ClIe) YIOll(ee: «,llJI5I Bcex cy6cTaI-Il!I1H 51B-
JI5IeTC5I 06ll.{I1M He HaXO,llHTbC5I B cy61JeKTe». B calvIOM )1eJIe, rrepBbIe cy6-
CTaHIlI1H, TO eCTb I1H,llHBH,l{bI, He HaXO,ll5lTC5I B cy61JeKTe, t.ITO COBepIlielI-
HO 51CHO ,lleMOHcTpHpyeTC5I CJle,llYIOIl(I1l\1: qaCTHa51 cy6cTaHl!H5I HI1KOI1M
06pa30M He MO)l(eT 6bITb aKl!I1,lleHl!l1eM qeMY-JII160. O,l!HaKO BTopbIe
cy6cTaHIl1111 I1MeIOT BHL{HMOCTb HaXO)K,lleHH5I B cy6'beKTe, rrOCKOJIhKY CO-
3,l!aeTC5I BneqaT JIeHHe, qTO BTopbIe cy6cTaHIl11H HaXO,ll5lTC5I B cy61JeKTaX,
TO eCTb B rrepBbIX cy6cTaHIlH5IX, HO 3TO JIO)l(HO: BTopble cy6cTaHIIHI1
TOJIbKO CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 rrepBbIX cy6cTaHIlH5IX, HO He HaXO,ll5lTC5I B HHX.
1160 )KI1BOTHOe TOJIbKO CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 HeKoeM t.IeJIOBeKe, HO He Haxo-
,l(HTC5I B HeM KaK B cy61JeKTe. 3TO ,llOKa3bIBaeT TO 06CT05lTeJIbCTnO, qTO
HH,llHBH,l{bI Bcero Toro, qTO HaXO,llHTC5I B cy61JeKTe, TaK)I(e HaXO,ll5lTC5I
B cy61JeKTe. Hanpl1Mep, IIOCKOJIbKY IlneT HaXO,llHTC B cy61>eKTe - TeJIe,
11 HeI(I1M [orrpe,lleJIelIHbIM] U:BeT OJIl1paeTC5I Ha cy6'beKT - TeJIO. 3,lleCb
)Ke, rrOCI(OJIbKY rrepBbIe cy6cTaHl!HH, TO eCTh J1H,l!I1BI1,llbI, He HaXO,l!51TC5I
B cy61JeKTe, TO M HX YHHBepCaJII1I1, TO eCTb BTopbIe cy6cTaHUHH, KOTO-
pbIe CYTb pO,llbI M BI1,l{bI, He MorYT Orrl1paTbC5I HH Ha KaKOM cy6'beKT.
A rrOTOMY BTopbIe cy6cTaHIll1M COOTHOC5ITC5I C rrepI3bIMH JrHillb KaK
C cy61JeKTaMI1 npe,ll11 KaUI1I1, HO He HaXO,ll5lTC5I B HI1X KaK aKIlH,llelIl!l1l1.
BOT eIl.(e O,lll1lI na)[(HeHIlIMM aprYMeHT, rro,llTBep)l(,l!aIOIUI1H, t.ITO BTopbIe
cy6cTaHl!J1H lIe HaXOlI.51TC5I B cy61JeKTe: Bce, '-11'0 HaXO,llHTC5I B cy61JeKTe,
MO)KeT H3MeH5ITbC5I, cy61JeKTHaJI )l(e [cy6cTaHUH5I] He MeH5IeTC5I. l"aK,
UBeT, HaXO,ll5lll.I.HHC5I B TeJIe, OCTaIOIueMC5I Te1\1 )Ke caMbIM, MO)KeT H3Me-
H5ITbC5I, HarrpI1Mep, CTaHOBHTbC5I H3 l.JepHOrO 6eJIhIM. BTopbIe )l(e cy6-
CTaHUHI1 He H3MeH5IIOTC5I, eCJII1 He H3MeH5IIOTC51 nepI3bJe cy6cTaIIUHH.
146
AIIHI(H" Mal-IJIH" TOpl(UaT CcncpHH D03U.""
,lI.oKa3aTeJIhCTBO :lKe Toro, lITO BTopbIe cy6cTaHIU1H lIe HaXOJJ:51TC5I
B cy6'beKTe, KOTopoe npe){JIaraeT Cal\1 ApYICTOTeJIb, TaKOBO: cnepBa OH
yql1T, 1.JTO Y Toro, lITO HaXO,lU1TC5I B cy6'beKTe, TOJlbKO I1IVI5Il'vIO)l(eT CKa3bI-
BaTbC5I 0 cy6'beKTaX, CMbICJI (ratio) )l(e - HYIKOf,lla. Be.llb eCJLH 6eJIoe Ha-
XOJIHTC5I B TeJle, TO rOBOpI1TC5I, lITO TeJIO 6eJIOe, 11 6eJII13I-Ia CKa3bIBaeTC5I
o TeJIe, O,llHaKO, TeJIO I1MeeT O,llHO orrpe,lleJIeHHe, a 6eJI113Ha - ,llpyroe.
BTopbIe )J(e cy6cTaHIl1111 11 CKa3bIBaIOTC.H 0 nepBbIX nocpe,llCTBOM I1MeHH
11 CB5I3aHbI orrpe.n:eJIeHl1eM. B caMOM ,lleJIe, HeKYIH qeJIOBeK - 31'0 H qeJIO-
BeK, H )KI1BOe cYU!eCTBO, HO HeKI1 'I t.leJIOBeK orrpe,lleJI5IeTC5I CMbICJIOM (ra-
tio) KaK t.leJIOBeKa, TaK 11 )l(HBOTHoro. 11, COrJIaCHO CrrpaBe,llJII1Bet'lIlIeMY
3aMeqaHI1IO, Bce, qTO HaXO)1I1TC5I B cy6'beKTe, CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 cy6'beKTe 3K-
BI1BOKaJIbHO. BTopble )l(e cy6cTaHUl111 CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 rrepBbIX I-Ie 3KBI1-
BOKaJIbHO, HO YHHBOKaJIbHO, IlOTOMY qTO, KaK YJKe 6bIJIO CKa3aHO, CorJIa-
CYIOTC5I 11 I1MeHeM H orrpe.n:eJIeHYIeM. fl03TOMY KaK IIcpBble cy6cTaHUHH
He HaXO,ll5lTC5I B cy6'beKTe, TaK JKe JIHIlIelIbI cy6'beKTa 11 BTopble. CJIe,llona-
TeJIbHO, He HaXOl{I1TbC5I 13 cy6'beKTe - 0611(ee .llJI5I Bcex cy6cTaHUI1H, 11 ,llJI5I
BTOpbIX, H ,llJI5I rrepBbIX, 11, KaKa5I 6bI HH 6bIJIa cy6cTaHUYI5I, l H3 BbIllieCKa-
3aHHoro] CJIe,llyeT, qTO OHa He HaXO,llI1TC5I HH B KaKOM cy6'beKTe.
I o, crrpalIIHBaeTC5I, rrpHCYIl1e JII1 .n:aHHoe [CB01ICTBO] O,llHOM TOJIbKO
cy6cTaHUl111 YIJII1 1.JCMY-JII160 eIl1e? Be,llb eCJIM 3TO rrpl1cywe O,llHOH TOJIb-
KO cy6cTaHIlI1M, TO [,llaHHoe CBOHCTBO] - He HaXO,llHTbC5I B cy6'beKTe, rro-
CKOJIbKY OHO, KaK MbI rrOKa3aJII1, rrpl1cyme BceM cy6c-raHIlI151M, - 6Y,lleT
HMeHOBaTbC5I nO,l]}IMHHbIM c06CTBeHHbIl\1 npH3HaKOM cy6cTaHUI1I1. Be,llb
I1CTHHlIbIM c06CTBeHHbIl\'I rrpl13HaKOM 51BJI5IeTC5I TOT, KOTOpbIH rrpl1cyll.{
BceMY [BH,llY] 11 TOJIbKO el\1Y O,llHOMY; O,llHaKO 3TO [CBOHCTBO - He Haxo-
,llI1TbC5I B cy6 r beKTe], lIe 51BJI5IeTC5I c06CTBeHHbIM np113HaKOM cy6cTaH-
l{1111, \.11'0 ApI1CTOTeJIb 11 nO,llTBep)l(,llaeT npaB,llOrrO/l06HeHIlIHM ,llOKa3a-
TeJIbCTBOM, rOBOp5l:
l!aJlee, HYIqTO He MelliaeT, qT06bI I1M5I Toro, qTO Haxo.n:I1TC5I B cy6'b-
eKTe, I1Hor,lla CKa3bIBaJIOCb 0 cy6'beKTe, ,llJI5I CMbICJIa (ratio) )l(e 31'0 He-
B03MO)l(HO. I-IanpoTI1B, y BTOpbIX cy6cTaHUl1H 11 Hl\15I, H CMblCJI (ratio)
6Y,llYT CKa3bIBaTbC5I 0 cy6'beKTe: Be,llb TbI BbICKa)l(elllb 0 HeKoeM qeJIOBe-
Ke CMbICJI (ratio) qeJIOBeKa 11 )J(I1BOTHoro. Il03ToMY cy6cTaHIlH5I He 6y-
,lleT OTHOCI1TbC5I K TOMY, 1.J:TO HaXO,llHTC5I B cy6'beKTe. 3TO, O,llHaKO, He 51B-
JI5IeTC5I c06CTBeHHbIM rrpI13HaKOM cy6cTaHUI1U, Be,llb H OT JII1l1I1TeJIbHbIM
rrpl13HaK (differentia) rrpI1Ha,llJle)J(I1T K TOl\1Y, qTO He HaXO,llI1TC5I B cy6'b-
eKTe: B caMOM ,lleJIe, 0 cy6 r beKTe - KaKOM-JIM60 [OTl{eJIbHOM] qeJIOBe-
Ke - rOBOpI1TC5I KaK 0 CIIoc06HOlvi XO,llI1Tb (gressibile); HO 3TO He Haxo-
,llI1TC5I HH B KaKOM cy6'beKTe: HH ",llBYHoroe u HH "crroc06Hoe XO,llI1Tb U He
HaXO,ll5lTC5I B qeJIOBeKe. TaK)I(e 11 Cl\1bICJI (ratio) OTJIl1ql1TCJIbHOrO rrpl1-
3HaKa CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 TOM, 0 1.J:eM CKa3bIBaeTC5I caM OT JIHql1TeJIbHbIH
rrpl13HaK, HanpHMep, eCJII1 "crroc06Hoe XO,l!I1Tb u CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 qeJIOBe-
Ke, TO 11 CMbICJI (ratio) "crroc06Horo XO,llI1Tb U CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 lIeJIOBeKe,
Be,llb 1.J:eJIOBeK crroc06eH XO,llHTb» 1.
1 ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTerOpHI1 3a 14.
KOMMCIITapHH I, KaTerOp" M» ApHCTOTCJUI
147
ApHCTOTeJIb YTBep)l(](aeT, lITO [«He HaXO,lJ)IThC5I B cy6'beKTe»] lIe
51BJI5IeTC51 C06CTBCI-IHbIl\II npH3HaKOM cy6cTaHUHI1, Tal< KaK 31'0 .)J(e
CBOHCTBCIIHO paBHbIIVI 06pa30M H OTJIl1lIl1TeJIbHbIM rrpI13HaKal\1, Be,lIb
01' JIl1lI11TeJIbHbIH rrpH3HaK He HaXO,l(I1TC51 HI1 B KaK01\f cy61>eKTe. lJ!JI5I
pa3'b5lCHeI-IH5I 3Toro ApI1CTOTeJIb] npH6eraeT K CJIC,l(YIOIIlel\1Y lJJ.OKa3a-
TeJIbCTBY]: eCJII1 6bI OTJII1t.IHTeJIbHbIH rrpH3HaK HaXO,llMJIC5I B cy6'beKTe,
TO OlJ,HO TOJIbKO ero HM5I CKa3bIBaJIOCb 6bI 0 cy6'beKTe, lIO He CMblCJI
(ratio). OTJII1qI1TeJlblIbIH )I(e rrpl13HaK CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 TOM, 0 t.leM OIl
CKa3bIBaeTC5I, YHI1BOKaJIbHO, Harrpl1Mep, eCJTH KTO-JIH60 BblCKa)l(eT
o 4eJIOBeKe OTJIl1qHTeJIbHbIH rrpl13HaK crroc06Hoe XO,llI1Tb», TO orrpe-
,lleJIeHl1e 3Toro 01' JIl1qYlTeJIbIlOrO rrpYl3HaKa TaK/Ke BeCbl\1a y,llaqHO no-
,lIOH,lleT qeJIOBeKY. Be)(b «crroc06Hoe XO.lI:I1Tb» eCTb TO, qTO rrepe,llBMTa-
eTC5I lIOraMI1 no 3el\fJIe, 11 qeJIOBeK eCTb TO, qTO rrepe.lI:BHraeTC5I HoraMH
rro 3eMJIe. TaKI1M 06pa30l\1, ClvlbICJI (ratio) cy6cTaHUMH OT JII1t.II1TelIb-
Horo npH3HaKa 1 11 Toro, 0 1.J:eM CKa3bIBaeTC5I caM OTJIyp.II1TeJIbHbII1 npYl-
3HaK, MO)l(eT 6bITb O,llHHaKOBbIlvl, TO eCTb OHM MoryI' 6bITb CB5I3aHbl
CKa3bIBaHHeM e,l{I1Horo I1MeHI1 11 OrpaHI1l.J.eHl1eM e,llI1HOrO onpe,lleJIe-
HI151. TaK qTO eCJII1 6bI OT JIYlt.JHTeJIbHbIlI rrpH3HaK HaXOJ HJIC5I B cy6'beK-
Te, TO OH HMKOHM 06pa30l\1 He Mor 6bI CKa3bIBaTbC5I 0 cy6'beKTe YHHBO-
KaJIbHO. Il03TOMY c06CTBeIlHbIl\1 np113HaKOM cy6cTaHl!I1I1 He 5IBJI5IeTC5I
TO, '-ITO OTHOCI1TC51 TaK)Ke H K OTJIMt.II1TeJlbHOMY npH3HaKY, 1160 OTJII1-
qHTeJIbHbIH npI13HaK He eCTb cy6cTaHIU151, [Be.lI:b 6Y,l!b TaK], He Haxo-
,llI1TbC5I B cy6'beKTe» 6bIJIO 6bl c06CTBeHHbIM rrpH3HaKOM cy6cTaHUI1H.
l--lo, C ,llpyroi:I CTOpOHbI, OT JIl1qHTeJIbHbIti rrp113HaK I-Ie 5lBJI5IeTC5I aK-
IlI1,lleHQI1eI1, Be,llb l B TaKOM CJIY1.Jae 01-1 J HaXOJ I1JIC5I 6bI B cy6'beKTC. O,ll-
HaKO JII06a51 BeWb 51BJI5IeTC.H I1JII1 cy6cTaHIU1ei1: I1JIH aKIU1,lleHIll1eti,
TO eCTb I1JIH HaXO.l{I1TC5I B cy6'beKTe I1JII1 B cy6'beKTe He HaXO,llI1TC5I,
M aKIU1,lleHI(I1H CYTb Bce TO, qTO He BXO.llI1T B cy6cTaHIIHIO cy61)eKTa,
11 Kor,lla OHYI 113MeH5IIOTC5I, rrpl1po,lla cy6cTaHQ11H OCTaeTC5I HeH3MeH-
HOM:. ECJIH )l(e rrpI1 HX HCqe3HOBeHI111 cy6'beKTbI 6YlI.YT YHI11.J:TO)KeHbI,
TO MbI lIe CMO)l(eM Ha3I3aTb I1X aKlll1,lleHIlI151MI1 B rrOJIHOM Cl\'IbICJIe CJIO-
Ba. qTO )l(e KaCaeTC5I OTJIl1ql1TeJIbHOrO npYI3HaKa, TO OIl eCTb TO, qTO
CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 MlIOrOl\1, OTJIl1qHOM rro BI1,lly, B TOM, KaK0I30 3TO (in eo
quod quale sit). I-Io OTJIl1qHTeJIbHbIH npI13HaK He eCTb cy6cTaHIll15I,
H60 eCJIH 6bI OH 6bIJI cy6cTaHUHeM:, TO CKa3bIBaJIC5I 6bI 0 cy61)eKTe
B OTHOllleHI1I1 Toro, qTO 3TO, HO He «KaKOBO 3TO». A KaqeCTBOM OH He
51BJI5IeTC5I rrOTOMY TOJIbKO, qTO, [6Y,llb OH Ka1.JeCTBOl\1], 011 6bIJI 6bI aK-
UI1,lleHIll1et'r 11 HaXO,llI1JIC5I B cy6'beKTe. I-Ie COCTOI1T JIH CKopee OT JIl1ql1-
TeJIbHbIH npl13HaK 113 cy6cTaHUI111 I1JII1 KaqeCTBa, TaK qTO TO, 0 qel\1 OH
CKa3bIBaeTC5I, YHI1qTO)l(aeTC5I BMeCTe C ero I1Cqe3HOBeHl1eM? Harrpl1Mep,
1 I--Ia nepBbII1 B3r.n.HD: CMbICJI cy6cTaHUMl1 OTJI}PH1TeJIbHOrO npI13HaKa eCTb
HellTO HenO:3MO)KHOe, nOCKOJ1bKY OTJIl1'IIITe.7IbHhliI npH3HaK HC 51BJIHeTCH cy6cTaH-
UHeH. C n:pyroiI CTOpOHbI, OH 06JIan:aeT onpeJJ.eJleIlHOH cy6cTaHUl1aJIbHOCTbIO, lfTO,
B03MO)l(IIO, J1 l1MeeT B BIIJJ.Y b03ul1il. f-IeJIh3H IICKJI10'laTb TaK)I(e 11 TO, lfTO «CMbICJI
cy6cTaHUMH CTaHOBI1TCH y b03UI151 lfeM-TO npOJIe TeXHl1 l IeCKoro TepMl1Ha, CJIHO-
Hl1MOM «onpen.eJIeHl1H».
148
AHHu)di MallJudi TOpKnaT CCIJCpHH Eoau,Hi
TerrJIO, HaXO]J.51ll{eeC5I B BO,lte: KOr,ll,a OHO I1C1.Je3aeT, BO.lla MO:IKeT rrpe6bI-
BaTb He113MeHHOH no CBoet'I cy6cTaH1U'IH; TerrJIO HaXO]J.I1TC5I B cy6'beK-
Te - BO,lle, 11 KOr,lla OHO I1C1.Je3HCT, BO,lla He YHl-P-ITO)l(I1TC5I. Tel\1 He MeHee
paBHbIM 06pa30M TenJIO rrpe6bIBaeT B orHe, HO eCJIH TenJIO I1Cqe3HeT,
orOHb He06xo,llI1MO YHl1qTOJKHTC5I. 3TO rrpOI1CXO,llHT TaK rrOTOMY, qTO
KaqeCTBO TenJIOTbI rrpHcyme orHIO cy6cTaHQl1aJIbHO, 11 eCTb nO,llJIliIHHOe,
TO eCTb cy6cTaHQl1aJIbHOe, OTJII1t.Jl1e (differentia).
11 TaK, CJIe,llyeT 3aKJIIOQI1Tb, qTO OT JIHqI1TeJIbHbIH np113HaK He eCTb
TOJIbKO cy6cTaHIU151 YIJII1 TOJIbKO KaqeCTBO, HO H3 HI1X 060l1x COCTaBJI5IeT-
C5I cy6cTaHIlI1aJIbHOe KaqeCTBO, KOTopoe rrpe6bIBaeT B npHpO,lle cy6'beKTa,
11, rrOCKOJIbKY 51BJ15leTC5I qaCTbIO cy6cTaHQl1li1, He eCTb aKIlI1,lleHIlH5I, 11, 6y-
,llyqH I<aqeCTBOM, OT,llaJI5IeTC5I OT cy6cTaHQI1H, 11 eCTb qTO-TO cpe,llHee Me)l(-
l1.y cy6cTaHQl1ei1 H KaqeCTBOM. 11 rrOCKOJIbKY [OTJIl1qI1TeJIbHbIH I1pI13HaK]
He HaXO,llMTC5I B cy6'beKTe 11 He 51BJI5IeTC5I cy6cTaHIll1eti, TO «He HaXO,llMTb-
C5I B cy6'beKTe» He 51BJI5IeTC5I c06CTBeHHbIM npl13HaKOM cy6cTaHUI1H.
IToCJIe 3Toro Apl1CTOTeJIb .n:06aBJI5IeT TaK)I(e, qTO Hal\1 He CJIe,llyeT 6ec-
rrOKOI1TbC5I rro nOBO,lly Toro, qTO qaCTI1 cy6cTaHQI1H HaXO,ll5lTC5I B IleJIOM
KaK B cy6'bCKTe, qT06bI, nO)l(aJIYH, MbI He rrpH3HaJII1 KOr,lla-HH6Y,llb, qTO
OHM He 51BJI5IIOTC5I cy6cTaHIlI151MI1. QacTI1 cy6cTaHQl1t'I naX0l1.51TC5I B
cy6'beKTe He TaK, KaK aKllH,lleHUI1I1, H60 MbI nOJIaraeM, qTO HeKl1e qaCTI1
cy6cTaHIlI1I1: TaK HaXO,ll5lTC5I B IIeJIOM, KaK B cy6'beKTe, KaK rOJIOBa HJII1
pYKa B [COCTaBe] Bcero TeJIa, I1JIH )Ke TaK, KaK cpopMa (forn1a) 11 MaTepl151
(materia), KOTopbIe, 6Y,ll 11 qaCT5Il\1H cocTaBHoM cy6cTaHUHI1, HaXO,ll5lT-
C5I B caMot'I 3TOH cocTaBHoH cy6cTaHIlHI1. 11 TaK, Apl1CTOTeJIb rrpe,llOCTe-
peraeT Hac OT Toro, lIT06bI MbI He rrpl13HaJIn KOr,lla-HH6Y,llb, qTO qaCTH
cy6cTaHIlI1I'1:, rrOCKOJIbKY OHI1 HaXO,ll5lTC5I B cy6'beKTe, 51BJI5IIOTC5I aKIlH-
,lleHQI151MH, rOBOp5l:
«11 rrYCTb Hac He 6eCrrOK05lT qaCTH cy6cTaHIlHH, qTO OHH TaK Haxo-
,ll5lTC5I B IleJIOM, KaK B cy6'beKTe, qT06bI Hal\1 He rrpHlllJIOCb B,llpyr rrpl1-
3HaTb, qTO OHH He 51BJI5IIOTC5I cy6cTaHIlI151MI1, Be,llb MbI CKa3aJIH, qTO
TO, qTO HaXO,llI1TC5I B cy6'beKTe, HaXO,llHTC5I B HeM He TaK, KaK qaCTI1 Ha-
XO,ll5lTC5I B qeM - JII160» 1.
[ApI1CTOTeJIb] c006ll.{aeT 3TO KaK OCHOBaHHe Toro, rrOqeMY HI1KOMY
He CJIe,llyeT Cql1TaTb, qTO [qaCTH cy6cTaHIlI1t'I] lvlorYT 6bITb aKIlH,lleH-
IlI151MI1. ,llei1cTBI1TeJIbHO, aKUI1,lleHQI1I1 orrpe,lleJIeHbI KaK TO, qTO Haxo-
,llHTC5I B cy6'beKTe He KaK KaKaJI - HI16Y,llb qaCTb. Be,llb BbIlLle CKa3aHO:
«fOBOpIO )l(e, 1.JTO [He4TO] HaXOl1.I1TC5I B cy6'beKTe TaR: OHO XOT5I H Ha-
XO,llHTC5I B qeM-JIH60, HO He KaK KaKa5l-H116Yl1.b qaCTb 11 eMY HeB03-
MO)l(HO CYll.{eCTBOBaTb 6e3 Toro, B qeM OHO HaXO,llHTC5I»2. ITOCKOJIbKY
)Ke aKIlH,lleHQI1I1 HaXO,ll5lTC5I B cy6'beKTe He KaK qaCTI1 cy6'beKTa, a qa-
CTI1 cy6cTaIlU11H HaXO,lJ,51TC5I B IleJIOM HHaqe, t.leM B cy6'beKTe, HI1 y KO-
ro He 6Y,lleT OCHOBaHI151 ,llJI5I rrpel1.rrOJIO)l(eHI151, qTO qaCTH cy6cTaHIll1H
CYTb l.JaCTI1 aKUI1,lleHUI1H.
I ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTeropIU1 3a 29.
'! ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTerOpl1H 1 a 24.
KOMMCIITap"" I( «KaTcropHSlM ApHCTOTCJUI
149
Cy6cTaHUI151lvl H OTJIl1qHTeJIbHbIM rrpI13HaKal\1 CBOI ICTBeHHO TO, lITO
Bce [06pa30I3aHHble] 01' HI1X [CKa3yeMble J CKa3bIBaIOTC5I YUHBOKaJlbHO.
Be,llb Bce [06pa30BaHHble] OT HI1X cKa3yeMble CKa3bIBaIOTC5I JII160 06
HHL{I1BJ1,llaX, JII160 0 BI1,llaX; qTO JKe KaCaeTC5I nepBoti cy6cTaHIlHI1, TO 01'
Hee He [06pa3yeTC5I] HHKaKoro cKa3yeMoro, Be,llb OHa He CKa3bII3aeTC5I
HH 0 KaKOM cy61JeKTe. 113 BTOpbIX)I(e cy6cTaHl!I1M BI1L{ CKa3bIBaeTC5I 06
I1HL{M, BI1,lle a pO,ll - 0 BI1,lle H I1H,llI1BI1l{e. Ilo,ll06HbIl\1 06pa30M 11 OT JIl1ql1-
TeJIbHbIe npl13HaKI1 CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 BI1,llaX 11 HI-I,llI1BI1,llax. ,l{eHcTBI1TeJIb-
HO, nepBble cy6cTaHIll111 rrpMHMMaIOT CMbICJI (ratio) BI1,llOB 11 pO,llOB,
a BH.n: - ClvlbICJI (ratio) pO,lla, Be,llb Bce, t.ITO rOBOpHTC5I 0 rrpe,llYIKaTe, ro-
BOpI1TC5I TaKJKe 11 0 cy61JeKTe. TOqHO TaK )f(e BI1,llbI 11 11 H,ll11BI1,llbI rrpYIHI1-
MaIOT CMbICJI (ratio) OTJII11.JMTeJIbHOrO npl13HaKa. A YHI1BOKaJIbHbIl\1 6bI-
JIO [Ha3BaHO] TO, y qero 06ll.{ee 11 HM5I, H Cl\1bICJI (ratio). rI03TOMY Bce
[cKa3yeMbIe, 06pa30BaHHble] OT [BTOpbIX] cy6cTaHIlHI1: 11 OTJIYIqI1TeJIb-
HbIX rrpJ13HaKOB, CKa3bIBaIOTC5I YHvIBOKaJIbHO» 1 .
IT pO,lleMOHCTpl1pOBaB, qTO He HaXO,llHTbC5I B cy61JeKTe» 51BJI5IeTC5I 06-
IUI1M ,llJI5I cy6cTaHIll1HI1 OT JIl1ql1TeJIbHOrO npH3HaKa, Apl1CTOTeJIb CHOBa
YKa3bIBaeT Ha 06IUee ,llJI5I HI1X [CBOHCTBO]. Be,llb 113 cy6cTaHUH:H O,llHH -
rrepBble, .n:pyrl1e - BTopbIe, 11 IIepBbIe cy6cTaHUl111 CYTb HH,llI1BI1,llyaJIb-
HbIe. Ho rrOCKOJIbKY I1H,llI1BI1L{bI HHKOI1M 06pa30M He MoryT 06JIa,llaTb
cy61JeKTOM, TO OT I1H,llI1BH.n:OB He MOJKeT 6bITb [06pa30BaHO J HI1KaKOrO
cKa3yeMoro. BTopbIe )l(e cy6cTaHIll1H CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 06 HHI.!I1BH,llYaJIb-
HbIX, TO eCTb 0 rrepBbIX, cy6cTaHUI151X YHI1BOKaJIbHO, Be,llb 11 HM5I, H CMbICJI
(ratio) BTOpbIX cy6cTaHUHH CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 rrepBblX. TaK, 11 BI1,ll H pO,ll
CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 KaKOM - JIl160 HH,llI1BI1L{e, HaIlpHl\1ep 0 ITJIaTOHe, TO eCTb
o HeKoeM qeJIOBeKe CKa3bIBaeTC5I 11 [BI1,ll] «qeJIOBeK» 11 [pO,ll] )I(I1BOT-
Hoe», Be,llb HeKI1M qeJIOBeK 51BJI5IeTC5I11 qeJIOBeKOM H )l(I1BOTHbIM, 11 06 I1H-
.n:I1BI1,lle CKa3bIBaeTC5I CMbICJI I1X 060l1x [T. e. po.n:a 11 BH,lla]. Be,llb rOBOpYIM
)l(e MbI 0 HeKoeM qeJIOBeKe, t.ITO OH - )KYIBOTHOe pa3Yl\1HOe, CMepTHoe, qTO
eCTb orrpeL{eJIeHl1e BH.n:a, TO eCTb «t.IeJIOBeKa». III, C ,llpyroH CTOpOHbI, MbI
rOBOpI1M: qeJIOBeK eCTb cy6cTaHUI151 O,llyrneBJIeHHa5I, t.lYI3CTBYIOll.{aJI, 1.JTO
eCTb orrpe,lleJIeHHe pO,lla, TO eCTb «)I(HBOTHoro». B caMOM ,lleJIe, BI1,ll rrepe-
HI1MaeT OT CBoero pOL{a H orrpe,lleJIeHl1e, H I1lvI5I. BelJ,b 0 qeJIOBeKe» CKa-
3bIBaeTC5I «)I(I1BOTHoe»: rOBOp5lT )l(e, t.ITO qeJIOBeK - )KHBOTHOe; H, C ,llPY-
rOI1: CTOpOHbI, TOT )l(e qeJIOBeK» paBHbIl\1 06pa30lvI rrpl1HI1MaeT CMbICJI
(ratio) «JKI1BOTHoro : rOBOpl1M )l(e MbI, qTO qeJIOBeK eCTb cy6cTaHUI151
OL{yrneBJIeHHaJI 11 qYBCTBYIOll.{aJI.
l1TaK, He rrO,llJIeJKI1T COMHCHI1IO, qTO, TaK KaK BI1,llbI 11 pO,llbI 06 I1H,llI1-
BH,llax, a pO,llbI 0 BH,llaX, CKa3bIBaIOTC5I YHI1BOKaJIbHO, TO eCTh rrpl1 JIIo60H
rrpe,llI1KaUI111 BTopbIe cy6cTaHUl1H CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 cy6'beKTaX YHI1BO-
KaJIbHOH peqbIO, TO 3TO [CBOHCTBO] - 06IUee ,llJI5I HI1X 11 ,llJI5I OT JII1t.II1-
TeJIbHbIX rrpI13HaKOB. BeL{b OT JIl1ql1TeJIbHbI i rrpl13HaK CKa3bIBaeTC5I
YHI1BOKaJIbHO 0 BHL{e, 0 KOTOpOM OH CKa3bIBaeTC , 11 06 I1H,llI1BI1,lle 3TO-
ro BI1,lla. 1160 KOr,lla 0 neKoeM qeJIOBeKe CKa3bIBaeTC5I OT JIl-p:lHTeJIbHbIJ1
I ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTeropMM 3a 33.
150
AHHU,H" MaIIJIH" TopKuaT CCDCpHIl DOaIJ.H"
npl13HaK «crroc06Hoe XO,l(I1Tb» (rOBOp5IT )[(e, l.JTO TOT I1JIH HlIOH l.JeJIOI3eK
cnoc06eH XO)lHTh, HanpHl\Ilep 11JlaTOH I1JIH L(HUepOH), TO I1H,l{I1BH,llbI
npI1HYlMaIOT 11 orrpe,l(eJleHl1e OTJ1Hl.JYlTeJIbHOrO npI13HaKa, CKa3bIBaIOll{e-
roc5I 06 3T11X I1HLI:HBl1,l{ax. BeJIb «cIIoc06Hoe XO.lT.YlTb» eCTb TO, qTO 1\10-
)I(eT nepe,ll,Bl1raTbC5I HoraMI1 no 3eMJIe. 11 TaKI1M 06pa30l\1, TbI l\10/KeIllb
onpelJ,eJII1Tb HeKoero 1.JeJIOBeKa co06pa3Ho I1MeHH OTJII11.J:I1TeJIbHOrO
npl13HaKa: CIG:DKeIlIb, Harrpl1Mep, 1.J:TO IlJIaToH eCTb TO, tJTO nepe,llBl1raeT-
C5I HoraMI1 rro 3el\IJIe. 11 31'0 )l(e [ orrpe,lleJIeHl1e] nO,llXOlJ,I1T 11 BI1,l!Y HeKoe-
ro qeJIOBeKa, TO eCTb «qeJIOBeKY». Be.n:b «1.JeJIOBeK», TO eCTb c06CTBeHHO
BH,ll, rrOCKOJIbKY 51BJI5ICTC5I «crrOC06HbI1\1 XO,llHTb», MO)l(eT 6bITb orrpe.n:e-
JleH CJIe,llYIOll{I1M 06pa30M: qeJIOBeK eCTb TO, qTO rrepe,llBl1raeTC5I HOral\111
rro 3eMJIe.
11 TaK, 11 OT JIl1qI1TeJIblIbIe rrpl13HaK11 CKa3bIBaJOTC5I 0 TOM, 0 lleM 01-111
CKa3bIBaIOTC5I, YHMBOKaJlbHO. fl03TOMY 13 CB5I311 C TeM, lITO M BTopbIe
cy6cTaHl!I1H CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 TOM, 0 qeM OHB CKa3hIBaIOTC5I, YHI1BOKaJlb-
1I0 YI OTJII11.JMTeJlbHbIe npl13HaKH TaKI1M JKe 06pa30M, TO KaKHe 6bI CKa-
3yeMble HI1 6bIJII1 06pa30BaHbI 01' cy6cTaHUI1:H HJIM OTJIl1 l lI1TeJIbHbIX
rrpI13HaKOB, OHI1 BCer,lla 6Y,llYT CKa3bIBaTbC5I 0 cy6'beKTaX YHHBOKaJIb-
HO. Il pMt.IHlIa )l(e Toro, lITO BTOpbIC cy6cTaHIll111 CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 rrep-
BbIX YHHBOKaJIbHO, Ta, KOTOpYIO Apl1CTOTeJIb Y)I(e pa31J5ICH5IJI paHee,
Kor)].a YKa3hIBaJI Hal\1, qTO Bce, CKa3bIBaeMoe 0 npe,llI1KaTe, CKa3bIBaeT-
C5I TaK)I(e H 0 cy6'beKTe t . ,lle:HCTBI1TeJIbHO, Bce OTJIl1ql1TeJIbHble rrpH3Ha-
KH, KOTopbIe CYTb BH,llOBbIe OTJIl1qH5I po.n:a, CKa3bIBaIOTC5I H 0 BI1,lle 11 06
11 HIU1BI1,l{e, HanpHMep, rrOCKOJlbKY OTJII1t.JHTeJIbHbIC rrpJ13HaKI1 ,lleJIaIOT
lPO,l{] «)I(I1BOTHoe» «O,llYIIleI3JIeHHbIM 11 «qYBCTBY IO lllHl\1», TO OHI1 TOq-
HO TaK )Ke 6Y,llYT CKa3bIBaTbC5I H 0 BI1,l1,e, TO eCTb 0 «t.IeJIOBeKe» 11 06 HH-
l I1BI1JIe, TO eCTb 0 HCKoelvI lIeJIOBeKe.
B CB5I3H C TeM, qTO 3TO 6hIJIO H3JIO)l(eIIO BbIIlIe, 11 nOCKOJIbKY Toro
Tpe6yeT KpaTKOCTb rrOBeCTBOBaHH5I, rrYCTb 6Y,lleT ,llOCTaTOqnO CKa3aHO
06 3TOM.
IT pe,llCTaBJI5IeTC5I, qTO Ka)l(,lla51 cy6cTaHIlI151 0603I-Ia l laeT HeKoe
[orrpC,lleJICHHoe] ,,31'O u . B OTHOIlIeHHH rrepBbIX cy6cTaHUl1H 5lBJI5IeTC5I
6eccnoplIbIM H HCTI1HHbIM, t.ITO OHI1 0603HaqaIOT HeKoe [onpe,lleJIeH-
Hoe] ,,3TO". Be.llb TO, 1.JTO OlIH 0603HaqaIOT, I1H,llBBH,llyaJIbHO II O,llHO rro
qHCJIY. q TO )I(e KaCaeTC5I BTOpbIX cy6cTaHQI1H, TO Ka)l(eTC5I, B COOTBeT-
CTBHI1 CO crroc060M I1IvleHOBaHI151 (figura appellationis), t.ITO OHH CXO,ll-
HbIl\1 06pa30M 0603lIa1.J:a10T HeKoe [ onpe,lleJIeI-IHoe] ,,3TO", [HarrpHMep],
KorlJ,a KTO-I-IH6Y,llb rOBopHT "qeJIOBeK« I1JII1 ,,)I(HBOTHOe", 1.JTO, O,llHaKO,
HeBepHO, 1160 B 60JIbIlIeI i CTerrCHH OH 0603HaqaeT "KaKOBO [eCTb TO
HJIH HHoe J He1.JTO", BCl1b TO, 1.JTO eCTb cy6'heKT, [3,lleCb] He eCTb [qTO-TO]
O,llHO, KaK B CJIyqae nepBOH cy6cTaHIlI1I1, TaK KaK "qeJIOBeK u 11 ,,)I(I1BOT-
Hoe" CKa3bIBaIOTC5I 0 MHorOM. Ho [BTopbIe cy6cTaHIlI1I1] 0603HaqalOT
He npOCTO neKoe "KaKOBO 3TO u , KaK, Harrpl1?\tep, ,,6eJIoe", Be,llb ,,6eJIoe"
He 0603Ha1.J:aeT HI1qerO I1Horo, KpOMe Ka4eCTBa. BI1LI: )J(e 11 pO,ll onpe,lle-
1 ApuCmOmeJlb. KaTerOpI1l1 1b 10.
KOMMeIlTapH" I, «KaTcrOpHJlM>'> ApHCTOTCJlSI
151
J}5lIOT KalIeCTBO OTHOCHTeJlbHO (circa) cy6cTaHuI1H, BCl(b OHH o603Ha-
qalOT, KaKOBa Ta I1JII1 I1Ha51 cy6cTaHILH5I. A onpe,l(eJleHHe no pO,llY 6y-
,lleT 60JJee [lIlHpoKoe], qeM rro BYI,l(Y, BeLI:b rOBOp5IIlU1I i «)KI1BOTHOe ox-
BaTbIBaeT 60JIhIlle, lIeM [TOT, KTO rOBopHT] "qeJIOI3eK u » 1.
IlocJIe Toro KaK [ApHcTOTeJIb] YKa3aJI I3bIIlle Ha pa3LleJI5IeMbIe
[c OTJIHqI1TeJIbHbIl\'1 npH3HaKoM] conYTCTBY10lllHe npl13HaKH (conse-
quen tiae) cy6cTaHU1111 «He HaXO,llI1TbC5I B cy61JeKTC H «I3cel\1 r 06pa30-
BaHHbIl\1] o cy6cTaI-IIlI1:H [CKa3yeMbIM] CKa3bIBaTbC5I YHHBOKaJIbHo»
H oT,lleJII1JI I1X 01' nO.lI:JIHIIHOro OTJIl1qI1TeJIbHOrO rrpH3IIaKa, nOCKOJIbKY
Cql1TaeTC5I, qTO OHYI 06ll.{11 01' JIl1qHTeJIbHbIM rrpH3HaKaM, OH ]J.06aBJI5I-
eT ell{e OllHO [CBOHCTBO cy6cTaHUI1I1], KOTopoe He 5II3JJ5IeTC5l ee C06CT-
BeHHbIM npI13HaKOM, TaK KaK rrpl1CYll.{e He BC5IKOH cy6cTaHIlI111. Be.llb
KaK KOJIYlt.leCTBO 0603HaqaeT «CKOJIbKO», a Ka1.J:eCTI30 «KaKOBO», cy6-
CTaHIlH5I, KaK Ka)l(eTC5I, 0603HaqaeT HeKoe [orrpe,lleJIeHHoe] «31'0».
B CaMOl\1 ,lleJIe, KOr,lla 51 rOBopIO «COKpaT» I1JIH «ITJIaTOH» I1JII1 Ha3bI-
BalO KaKYIO- HH6Y,llb ,llpyrYIO I1H,llI1BH,llyaJlbHYIO cy6cTaHUI1IO, 51 060-
3Haqaro HeKoe [orrpe,l{eJIeHHoe] «3TO». O,l!HaKO [,llaHHa51 oc06eHHocTb]
rrpl1cym:a He BceM cy6cTanUH5IM. ,LleHCTBI1TeJIblIO, B OTHOWeHI1I1 I1H-
,llMBI1,llOB, rrOCKOJlbKY OHI1 51BJI5IIOTC5I 4aCTHbIl\111 11 e,llI1HHqHbI:\fl1 rro
1.J:I1CJIY, BepHO,qTOlI1l\1CBOHCTI3eHHO) 0603HaqaTbHeKoe[orrpe.lleJIeH-
Hoe 1 3TO». B OTHOrneHHI1 )l(e BTOpbIX cy6cTaI-IUI1t'I - He TalC 1160 BTO-
pbIe cy6cTaHIlHH He 51BJI5IIOTC5I HH e,llJ1HbIl\tII1, HH eZ(l1HI11.J:HbIl\1H rro q11C-
JIY, HanpOTI1B, BH,llbI BKJIIOqaIOT B ce651 MHO)l(eCTBO HII,llI1BI1,llOB 11 pO,ll
061JeMJIeT 60JIbliIOe KOJIl1qeCTBO BI1,llOB, rr03TOIVlY Korlla 51 rOBopIO «qe-
JIOBeK , 51 He 0603HaqaIO HeKoe [orrpe.lleJIeHHoe] 3TO», H I1M5I «qeJIO-
BeK» He 5lBJI5IeTC5I e,llH Hl1qHbIM, rrOTO IY LITO CKa3hIBaeTC5I 0 MHOrl1X
I1H.lI:HBI1,n:ax; no CKopee [ 4eJIOBeK» 0603HaqaeT], KaKOB HeKTO, Be.lI:b 011
rrOKa3bIBaeT, KaKOI3a cy6cTaHUH5I, B CB5I3H C TeM, qTO OHa Ha3bIBaeTC5l
«qeJIOBeK». Ho ,llaHHoe KaqeCTBO orrpe,lleJI5IeTC5I (detern1inare) no (cir-
ca) cy6cTaHIlI1I1, Be,llb KaK I1H,llI1BI1.lI:yaJIhHOe KaqeCTBO HMee1' BH.lI:hI
11 pO,llbI KaqeCTBa 11 KaK [rrpC,llHKaMeHT] «KaqeCTBO» OXBaTbIBaeT e,llI1-
Hl1qHbIe KaqeCTBa pO)1aMI1I1 BJ1,llaIVII1, TOt.IHO TaK )l(e pO,llbI H BI1,n:bI I1H.lI:YI-
BH,llyaJIbHbIX cy6cTaHUI1t'1 CYTh BTopble cy6cTaHIlHM. CJIe,l{OBaTeJIbIlO,
KOr,lla 51 rOBopIO «qeJIOBeK», 51 0603Hat.lalo TaKYIo cy6cTaHUHIo, KOTOpa51
CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 60JIbWOM KOJIl1qeCTBe pa3JIHqHbIX rro t.IYICJIY [I1H,llHBI1-
L{OB] B TOM, 1.J:TO eCTb 3TO. Il03TOMY, KorL{a 51 r0I30pIO «qeJIOI3eK», 51 060-
3HaqaIO HeKYIO cy6cTaHIlI1IO, a HMeHHO TaKYIO, KOTOpa51 CKa3bIBaeTC5I 06
HHL{I1BI1.lI:ax. TaK )l(e 11 B OTHOrneHl111 pO,lla. 1160 Kor,lla 51 rOBopro «)1(11-
BOTHoe», 51 0603IIaqaIO TaKYIO cy6cTaHUI1Io, KOTOpaJI CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0
MHornx BH,llax. CJIe,lloBaTeJIbHO, eCTb KaqeCTBO, HanpI1Mep «6eJIoe», KO-
Topoe Bcer,lla HaXO)1I1TC5I B cy6cTaHUI1I1, HO He TaK, qTO YI-Il1qTO)l(aeT (in-
terimere) Cal\IY cy6cTaHUHIO, rrOTOMY qTO 6eJIH3Ha lIe 06JIa.lI:aeT cBoticT-
BOl\1 cy6cTaHUHI1. A TO Kat.IeCTBO, KOTopoe CKa3bII3aeTC5I 0 cy6cTaHUI151X,
onpe,lleJI5IeT KaqeCTBO rro (circa) cy6cTaHIlHH, Be,l(b OHO rrOKa3bIBaeT,
1 A]JUC1110me.Tlb. KaTeropMH 3b 10.
152
AHHl(H" MauJlHli TOpl(DaT CencpHII b031(U"
I<:aI<:OBa 3Ta Cy6cTaHl!115I. rraI<:, eCJII1 '"JeJ10BeK eCTh pa3Yl\lIHbI1 i, TO 11 cy6-
CTaHUI151 6Y.lle1' pa3YMHOH, a «pa3YMlIbI1 i» eCTb Ka1.JeCTBO. I1TaK, I3TOpbIe
cy6cTaHUYI11 nOKa3bIBaIOT, KaKOBa cy6cTaH1U151. IT03TOMY «0603HcPlaTb
HeKoe r onpe}Ie.TleIlHOe I ,,31'0"» lIe 51BJI5IeTC5I C06CTI3eHHbIM npH3HaKOM
cy6CTaHl!I1H. Be,llb BTopble cy6cTaI-1UI1I1 0603HaqaIOT He HeKoe [ orrpe,lle-
JIeHHoe] «3TO», HO (KaK y)l(e 6bIJIO CKa3aHO) KaKOBO 3TO HeqTO, 11, XOT5I,
C O,llIIOH CTOpOHbI, OHI1 rrOKa3bIBaIOT, KaK0I30 31'0 HeqTO, C ,llpyro i CTO-
pOHbI, caMO KaqeCTBO OHI1 onpe,lleJI5IIOT rro (circa) cy6cTcU-IUI1H. Ka1.JeCT-
BO JKe BTOpbIX cy6cTaHIll1H HaXO,llI1TC5I B I1H,llI1BI1,llaX 11, eCTeCTI3eHHO,
CKa3bIBaeTC5I 0 lIHX JKe CaMI1X, TO eCTb 06 I1HL{HI3I1.llYaJIbHbIX cy6cTaHUI1-
51X. I1TaK, KaqeCTI30 BTOpbIX cy6c1'aHIlYIH orrpe,lleJI5IeTC5I rro (circa) I1H-
,llI1BI1,llaM, TO eCTb TOMY, qTO rrepBI1t.Jno.
Orrpe,l{eJIeHHe (determinatio) )Ke TeM IlIl1pe, t.leM 60JIblile 06'beMJIeT
Cal\l TepIVII1H, 11 COOTBeTCTBeHHO TeM y)l(e, qeM l\1elIblllC OH 06'beMJIeT,
rr03TOMY pO,ll cO,llep)l(I1T B ce6e 60JIbllIee, a I3H.n: He CTOJIh MHoroe. 1160
Kor,lIa 51 rOBOpIO «)KI1BOTHOe , [51 Ha3bII3aIO 11] qeJIOBeKa, 11 6bIKa, a TaK-
)I(e OXBaTbIBaIO O,llHHM 3TI1M I1MeHel\1 Bcex npoqI1X )KHBbIX CYIueCTB.
Kor,lla )l(e rOBopIO «qelIOBeK», 51 OXBaTbIBalO 3Ha1.JeHMel\1 3Toro lIMeHH
O,llHI1X TOJIbKO HH.n:I1BI1,llyaJIbHbIX JIIo,lleH. IT03TOl\1Y 60JIbllIee orrpe.neJIe-
Hl1e rrpOI1CXO,llI1T qepe3 pO,ll, He)J(eJII1 qepe3 BH,ll, H orrpe,lleJIeHl1e Ka 1.Je-
CTBa rro (circa) cy6cTaHUI1H rrpOI1CXOL{I1T I1JII1 Tal<, qTO OHO 51BJI5IeTC
cy6cTaHItHaJIbHbIM KaqeCTBOM B BI1.n:e 11 pO,l!e, HJIH TaK, '-ITO OHO CKa3bI-
BaeTC5I OTHOCHTeJIbIIO HeKoeH 06rrU-IOCTI1 cy6'beKTOB. }-Io Ka1.J:eCTBO ca-
MO rro ce6e, TaKoe, KaK «6eJIoe», He 0603HalIaeT HHKaKYIO cy6cTaHUHIO
H He 06HapY)KYII3aeT HI1KaKYIO 06ll.{HOCTb, Harrpl1Mep pO,ll CBOHX I311,llOB
11 BH.n: I1H.n:I1BI1,llOB.
113 3Toro CJIe.n:yeT, qTO rrpe,llCTOI1T pa3bICKaTb ,llpyroH C06CTBCH-
HbIH rrpl13HaK cy6cTaI-IIlI1I1.
«Cy6cTaHIlI151M CBOHCTBeHHO H TO, qTO 11M Hl1qTO He rrpOTI1BOrrO-
JIO)l(HO. B caMOM ,lleJIe, qTO MO)KeT 6bITb rrpOTI1BOnOJIO)l(HO rrepBOH cy6-
CTaHUI1I1, HarrpI1l\1ep HeKoelvry qeJIOBeKY I1JIH HeKOel\'1Y )l(I1BOTHOMY?
11M HHqTO He rrpOTI1BOrrOJIO)l(HO. 11 [BI1,llY] "qeJIOBeK", 11 [po.n:y] ,,)I(H-
BOTHoe" HI11.JTO He rrpOTHBOnOJIO)l(HO. 3TO, O,llHaKO, He c06CTBeHHbIH
rrp113HaK cy6cTaHUI111, HO [CBOHCTBO] MHororo L{pyroro, Harrpl1Mep KO-
JIl1qeCTBa: HHqTO He npOTHBOrrOJIO)l(HO ,llJII1He B ,llBa I1JIH B TPH JIOKT5I,
a TaK)l(e B ,lleC5ITb [JIOKTeH], 11 Bo06me HI1qeMY TaKOl\1Y. Pa3Be qTO I<TO-
HI16Y,llb CKa)l(eT, qTO MHoroe npOTHBOrrOJIOJKHO IVIaJIOqI1CJIeIII-IOMY I1JII1
60JIbllIOe l\!laJIOMY, HO 113 orrpe,lleJIeHHbIX KOJIl1qeCTB O,llHO ,llpyrOMY He
npOTHI30nOJIO)l(HO» t .
ApI1CTOTeJIb rrpI1BO,llI1T H elI(e O,llHO CBOHCTBO cy6cTalIIlI1I1, YT-
Bep)J(,lla5l, qTO cy6cTaHIlHI1 Hl1qTO He rrpOTI1BOrrOJIO)l(HO, 11 ,llOKa3bIBaeT
31'0 rro 11 H.llYKl! 1111 , IlOCpe,llCTBOM OT ,lleJIbHbIX rrpI1.l\1epOB. B calVIOM .lle-
JIe, qeJIOBeK lIe rrpOTI1BOrrOJIO)KeH 1111 [.llpyrOMY] 1.JeJIOBeKY, HI1 JIOllIa-
,llI1, HI1 KaKOMY-JII160 I1HOMY JKI1BOMY CYllleCTBY. 11 eCJIH KTO-HI16Y,llb
1 ApucmomeJllJ. KaTeropMH 3b 24.
KOMMeIITapH" K «KaTcropHSIM ApHCTOTCJlSl
153
CKa)I(CT, lJTO XOT51 orOlIh H BO,l(a CYTb CYOCTaIlUI111, orOHh TeM I-Ie Menee
rrpOTHBOrrOJIO)l(eH BOlle, OH OIIlH6eTC5I. Be,l(b lIe OrOHl> rrpOTI1BOIlOJIO-
)l(eH Bon.e, HO KaqeCTBa OrH5I np01'HBOnOllO)l(HbI Kat.IeCTBaM BO,llbI. 1160
XOllO)1 H TenJIO, BJla)I<HOCTb 11 CYXOCTh CYTb npOTI1BOrrOJIO)l(HOCTI1,
H O,llHI1 H3 3THX Kat.leCTB HaXO,ll5lTC5I B orHe, ,llpyrHe B I30.lle, rr03TOIVIY
11 Ka/KeTC5I, 1!TO OHI1 j(eJlaIOT IlpOTHBOnOJIO)J(HbIl\1H Cal\'lH cy6cTaHUHH,
r KOTopble Ha caMOlVl ,lleJIe J TaKOBbIlv1I1 He .HBJI5IIOTC5I. 31'0 MO)KHO ,l!OKa-
3aTb Ha npl1lvlepc Bcex npot.IYIX cy6cTaHUHit Cpe,l{11 KOTOpbIX HI1KTO He
CMor 6bI OTbICKa1'b npOTI1BOrrOJIO/KHOCTH.
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eT HHqerO rrpOTI1BOrrOJIO/KHOro. Be,llb HI1 ,llBa He rrpOTI1I30rrOJIO)KHO
TpeM, HH t.IeTbIpe - ,llBYM, 11 HHt.ITO rro.n:06Hoe B 3TOl'vI pO,lle, H60 eCJII1
6bI MbI CKa3aJIH, lITO Tpl1 rrpOTUBOrrOJIO)i(HO .n:BYM, TO rrOl.JeMY 6bI nal\1
He lIpe,llnOJIO)J(I1Tb, qTO 3THlvi ,llBYl\1 He npOTI1BOrrOJIO)KHbI TaK)I(e t.Ie-
Tblpe HJIH rr5lTb? HeB03MO)l(HO rrpHBeCTI1 III1KaKOro 110BO)(a, rrOlleMY,
eCJIH Tpl1 rrpOTI1BOrrOlIO)I<HO ,llBYl\1, qeTbIpe HJII1 rr5lTb ,l!BYM He rrpOTI1-
BOrrOJIO)KHbl. ECJIH JKe 3TO TaK, eCJII1 qeTbIpe HJIH TPI1, I1JII1 n5lTb,
I1JII1 CKOJIbKO-HH6Y,llb eine CTaHYT rrpOTI1BOrrOJIO)l(IlbI ,llBYM TeM, t.ITO
pa3JI11qHbI rro ql1C.JIY, TO Y O,llHo:ti Bell.{H 6Y,lleT l\'IHO)l(eCTBO rrpOTI1BOrrO-
JIO)KHOCTe:ti, qero 6bITb He MO/KeT. CJIeL{OBaTeJIbHO, KaKOMY-JII160 [011-
pe,lleJIeIlHOMY] KOJIYI1.J:eCTBY HH1.JTO He npOTI1I30rrO.lIO)l(HO. ECJIH )Ke
KTO-HI16Y,llb CKa)KeT, t.ITO MHoroe rrpOTHBOrrOJIO)KHO MaJIOqHCJIeHHOMY
I1JII1 60JIbIlIOe MaJIOMY, TO, ,n:a/Ke eCJII1 OH 11 .n:OKa)l(eT, t.JTO OHI1 CYTb KO-
JIHqeCTBa, OHI1 Bce )J(e He eCTb OIIpe,lleJIeHHbIe KOJII1'-leCTBa, Be,llb rOBO-
p5lll.{I1H 3TO He onpe,lleJI5IeT, CKOJIbKO Hl\leHHO eCTb «60JIbllloe» HJII1
«MaJIOe». 1'0 )l(e H OTIIOCHTeJlblIO l\'IHOrOro H «MaJIOLIMCJleHHoro .
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Hoe, 60JIbllIOe 11 MaJIOe] CYTb KOJIHt.IeCTBa, OH 6Y,lleT [BbIHY)I(,lleH] rrpl1-
3HaTb, t.ITO OHB HeOrpaHI1t.leHHbI H Heorrpe,n:eJleHHbl. ApHCTOTelIb )l(e
rOBOpI1T, 1.JTO HJ1qTO He npOTHBOrrOJIO/KHO onpe,lleJIeHHOMY KOJIHqeCT-
BY, KaKOBbI, HarrpHl\'Iep, ,n:Ba I1JII1 Tpl1, I1JII1 JIHHI151, I1JIH nOBepXHOCTb.
KaK 6bI TO HI1 6bIJIO, eCJII1 O,llHI1 KOJIH4eCTBa H 'leIOT rrpOTI1BOrrOJIO)l(-
HOCTH, a ,llpyrI1e I-Ie I1MeIOT, HI1QTO COBeprneHHO He rrpOTHBopet.IMT CKa-
3aHHOMY, a I1l\'IeHHO TOl\1Y, qTO [OTCYTCTBHe rrpOTHBOnOJIO)l(HOCTH] He
51BJI5IeTC5I c06CTBeHIIbIl'vI npI13HaKOl\I cy6cTaHIlHB, H60 YCTaHOBJIeHO,
\ITO HeKOTopbIe KOJIl1qeCTBa He l1l\feIOT rrpOTHBOrrOJIO)KHOCTeit TaK 4TO
eCJII1 OTCYTCTBl1e IlpOTHI30rrOJIO)l(HOCTeH CBot'ICTBeHHO 11 KOJIH\.leCTBY,
TO 3TO He 51BJI5IeTC5I c06CTBeHHbIM rrp113HaKOl\1 cy6cTaHUHH. 11 nYCTb
.n:a)Ke KTO-HH6y.n:b IlOJIaraeT 60JIbIlIOe 11 Ma.7JOe KOJII1qeCTBal'vll1, COBep-
IlleHHO Ot.IeBI1,llHO, qTO OHH (KaK BrrOCJIe,l!CTBI1I1 rrOKa)l(eT caM ApI1CTO-
TeJIb) 51BJI5IIOTC5I He KOJIHqeCTBaMH, lIO COOTHeceHHbIMI1, Be,llb 60J1bllIOe
CKa3bIBaeTC5I OTHOCHTCJIbHO Malloro. O.llHaKO 60JIee TwaTeJIbHO MbI pac-
ClvIOTpHl\1 3TY TeMY, KOr,lla ,ll0i1:,lle 1 ,ll0 Hee. r-rerrepb )l(e, rrOCKOJIbI<Y 51CHO,
qTO cy6cTaHlU111 HlIt.ITO He rrpOTHI30110JIO)KIIO 11 qTO [,llaHHaH oc06eH-
HOCTb] He 5IBJI}[e1'C5I ee C06CTBeJIHbIM npH3HaKOM, TaI( KaK [OTCYTCTBI1e
154
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rrpOTI1BOnOJIO)KIIOcTetij XapaKTepHO TaK)Ke 11 ,lJ)J5! KOJII1lJeCTB, l\1bI 06-
paTI1l\1 HaLlIe noneCTBOBaHHe J{ CJ1e.n.YloI.llei1 oc06eHHOCTH cy6cTaHUI1I1.
«!(aK Ka)KeTC5I, cy6cTaHUH5I He l onYCKaeT, [QT06bI 0 HeM r0I30pl1-
JIOCb] ,,60JlblIIe u J1JIH "MeIIbllle u . 51 rOBopIO I-Ie 0 TOM, LITO O,l{Ha cy6cTaH-
IlI151 He MOJKeT 6bITh 60Jlbllle I1JII1IVleHbUJe llpyroti cy6cTaI-Il!HI1 (KaK y)l(e
6bIJIO CKa3aHO, 31'0 B03MO)l(HO), HO 0 TOM, tITO 0 Ka)K)1oi:r cy6CTaHl!HI1
KaK TaKoBo:fr He rOBOpHTC5I ,,60JIbllle u HJIH "rvIeHbIlle u . TaK, Harrpl1Mep,
eCJII1 3Ta cy6cTaHUI151 - qeJIOBeK, TO OB He 60JIee H He MeJ-lee qeJIOBeK
HI1 rro O1'HOIIIeHHIO K ce6e caMOMY, HI1 rro OTIIOllleHHlO K lipyrOMY. Be.l{b
HI1 O,llHH t.IeJIOBeK He s-IBJI5IeTC5I 60JIbUII1M qeJIOBeKOl\1 no OTI-IOllleHHIO
K ,llpyrOMY qeJTOBeKY, KaK O.n:HO 6eJIoe B 60JIbllleH HJII1l'vleI-IbIlIeH CTerre-
HI1 6cJIoe, t.leM ,llpyroe, I1JII1 O,llHO 6JIaro B 60JIblllei1 CTCrreHI1 6JIaro, He-
)l(eJIM ,llpyroe. Be,llb l\'IO)l(lIO CKa3aTb, 1.JTO OHO 60JIbllIee HJIH MeHbluee rro
OTHOllleHl11O K caMOMY ce6e: TaK, Harrpl1Mep, TeJIO, 6Y,llyqH 6eJIbIl\1, Te-
rrepb Ha3hIBaeTC5I 60JIee 6eJIbIM, He)KeJII1 paHee, a 6Y,llyt.J11 TerrJIbIM - 60-
lIee HJII1 l\1eHee TerrJIbIl\1. 0 cV6cTaHl!1111 )Ke lIeJIb351 CKa3aTb, qTO OHa -
0.1
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BOpHTC5I, t.ITO 011 51BJI5IeTC5I HbIHe 60JIbllIHM t.leJIOBeKOM, He)l(eJII1 Ilpe)K-
,lle, paBHO H HH 0 t.J.el\f JJ:pyroM, qTO CYTb cy6cTaHUI1H. 1103TOlvIY cy6cTaH-
l{I151 He )10nYCKaeT, ['JT06bI 0 HerI rOBOpI1JIOCb] ,,60JIbllIe u I1JII1
u 1
"IVleHbllle » .
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HO [rrpOBO,llHT] HeKoe pa3JIHqHe: OH YKa3bIBaeT, qTO cy6cTaHIU151 He ,ll0-
rrYCKaeT, l '-IT06bI 0 Het'! rOBOpHJIOCb] «60JIbllle HJIH MeHbIlle , HO He
nOTOMY, l.J1'O O,llHa cy6cTaHUI151 He MO)l(eT 6bITb 60JIbIUe I1JIH l\1eHbllle
,llpyroH cy6cTaHl(HH. ,lleHCTBI1TeJIbHO, HeKH11 qeJIOBeK, XOT5I 11 s-II3JI5IeT-
C5I cy6cTaIll!HCI i, 51BJI5IeTC5I 60JIbllleI1: cy6cTaHllJ1etl, t.leM qeJIOBeK»,
TO eCTb BI1,ll, M qeJIOBeK» - lIe)l(eJII1 «JKI1BOTHoe», TO eCTb pO,ll. CJIen:o-
BaTeJIbHO, ApHCTOTeJIb He rOBopHT: rrOTOMY, qTO HeJIb351 OTbICKaTb cy6-
CTaHIlHI1, KOTopble 6bIJIH 6bI 60JIbllll1l\1I1 Cpe,llM cy6cTaI-IIll1ii. I1x, KaK
CKa3aHO, B03l\10)l(HO OTbICKaTb: YKa3bIBae1' )l(e OH BbIllle, 1.JTO nepBbIe,
TO eCTb I1H,llI1BI1.n:yaJIbHbIe cy6cTaHIll111 51BJI5IIOTC5I cy6cTaHUH5Il\1H B
BbIClllet'1 CTerreHM, a M3 BTOpbIX cy6cTaHl!HH 60JIbIlIHM11 cy6cTaHIlH5IMH
51BJI5IIOTC5I BI1,llbI, He)l(eJIH pO,llbl. I1TaK, OH He rOBop11T: rrOTOl\1Y, qTO HH-
KaKa51 cy6cTaHIlI1JI lIe 51BJI5IeTC5I 60JIbllle:f1 I1JII1 MeHbIlleH. no OTHOIlIe-
1II1IO K ,llpyroH cy6cTaHUI1H, HO IIOTOlvlY, qTO 0 Ka)l(,llOH cy6cTaHUI1I1, KaK
TaKOBOH, He rOBOpI1TC5I KaK 0 60JIbllIei1 I1JII1 MeHbllIe}I cy6cTaHUI1I1. Ha-
rrpI1Mep, eCJII1 Cy6cTaHlll151 - QeJIOI3eK, [ApHCTOTeJIb] He rOBOpI1T: rrOTO-
l\1Y '-ITO 1.JeJIOBeK He MOJKeT 6bITb 60JIbllleti I1JII1 l\1eHbIlleii cy6cTaHIll1ei1,
Be,l{b HH,llHBI1,llyaJIbHbIH '-IeJIOBeK eCTb B 60JIbllleH [CTerreHH] cy6cTaH-
UI15I, a Bl1f( [ «1.1eJIOBeK»] - B MeHbllIet:I [CTerreHI1], eCJIH ero cpaBHHTb
C rrepBoi1:, TO eCTb HH.llHI3I1JJ:yaJIhHoi1 cy6cTaHl!Heii 1-10 l ApI1CTOTeJIb]
rOBopHT: KaK TaKOBble», TO eCTb t.leJIOI3eK [KaK TaKOBO}r] He 6Y,lleT
60JIbllIHM HJII1 MClIbllII1M lleJIOBeKOl\'1. OH, TaKHl\1 06pa30NI, lIe YTI3ep)K-
1 ApUCm0111eJl b. KaTeropHII 3b 34.
KOMMCIITapHH I, «KaTeropHSlM» ApHCTOTCJUI
155
,l(aeT: rrOTOMY, \.11'0 {leJIOBeK He l\IIO:IKeT 6bITb 60Jlbluei1 HJIH MeHblueH
cy6cTaHQHei-i, lIO nOTOl'vIY, tlTO lIeJIOBeK, KaK TaKOBoi1, He 60JIce 11 HC fvIe-
Hee qeJIOBCK, Be.llb HeKHH 1.JeJIOneK He eCTb 60JIee HJIII Menee tIeJIOBeK.
PaBHbIM 06pa30M 31'0 MO)l(HO Ha6JIIO,l(aTb H rrpH cpaBHCII:HH Tex )J(e [1'11-1-
L{I1BI1JIyaJlbHhIX JIlo.n:eti 1: calVI \.IeJIOBeK no OTHOllleHI1IO K ca 10MY ce6e He
eCTb B 6YJIblllet'I [CTerreHI1] qeJTOneK, HO TO )I(e H B CJIY1.1ae, eCJIH cpaBHH-
BaTb ero C .llpyrI1M, rrpl1 YCJIOllHI1, 1.11'0 01II1 HaXO,l(51TC5I B paBHbIX OTHO-
llleHlI5IX (sub eaden1 conjunctione sunt). rraK, KaKoil-JII160 I1H,l{HBI1,n:y-
aJIbHhlti t.IeJIOBeK, 6Y.llyql1 cpaBHHBaeMbIl\'1 C .llpyrl1M HH.llI1I3H,l{yaJIblIbIl\1
qeJIOBeKOM, lIe 6Y.lle1' «60JIbllle» I1JII1 «MeHbllle» {leJIOBeK, 11 caMbIH BH.ll
[ «qeJIOBeK»] 13 OTHOIlleHI1H caMoro ce651 He 6Y.lleT 60JIbllll1M HJIH lvleHb-
111I1M qeJIOBeKOM.
31'0, O.llI-raKO, Ol.JeBI1.llHO TOJIbKO L{JI5I cy6cTaHIlHti, KaqeCTI3al\'I )Ke B03-
MO)l(HO 6bITb 60JIblile J1JII1 lvIeHbllle: 6eJIoe l\10)l(eT 6bITb 60JIec I1JII1 l\lenee
6eJIbIM no OTHOllleHI1IO K CaMOl\1Y ce6e H rrpHHHl\1aTb 60JIbUIYIO HJIH l\'IeIIb-
lllYIO [ CTerreHb ], TaK, HarrpI1l\1ep, eCTb MeHec 6eJIoe 11 60JIee 6eJloe. O.llHO 6e-
JIoe l\'IO)l(eT 6bITb 6eJIee, qCM .llpyroe, KaK, HarrpHMep, IlBeT JII1JIHI1 no cpaB-
HeHHlO C UBeTOM XJIOrrKa 11 na060poT, O.llHO 6eJIoe MO)l(eT 6bITb MeHee
6eJIbIM, KaK, Hanpl1Mep, I1BeT XJIOIlKa rro CpaI3IIeHI1IO C l!BeTOIVI JIHJIYIH,
I1JII1 IlBeT JIe6e.llHHOrO rryxa no cpaBHeHI1IO C I BeTOl\1 ClIera. 31'0 )Ke KacaeT-
C5I 11 .llpyrl1x KaqeCTB, TaKI1X KaK 6JIaro HJII1 TerrJIO, 1160 [KaqeCTBa 1l\10ryT
113MeH5ITbC5I co BpeMelIeM 11 rrepeXO.llI1Tb B 60JIbIUYIO HJIHIVleHblllYIO l CTe-
rreHb]. 1160 6JIaro He pa3 CTaHOBI1TC5I 60JIbIJJHl\1 HJII1 l\leHbIllI1l\'I, TaK )l(e
H TerrJIO - 60JIee HJIH l\1CHee rOp5lql1M. qeJIOBeK )J(e, TaK KaK OH - cy6cTaH-
IlH5I, IIH Terrepb He 6Y.lleT 60JIce cy6cTaHUI151, qel\1 6blJI paI-Ibllle, HI1 rr03)Ke
He 6YJIeT 60JIee HJIH MeHee qeJIOBeKOl\1, qelvI OH 5IllJI5IeTCH Terrepb.
XOT5I cy6cTaI-II 115I M He .llOrrYCKaeT, [qT06bI 0 nei,'r rOBOpl1JIOCb j
60JIbllle» HJIH «l\1eHbUIe», 3TO [CBOH:CTBO] He 6Y.lleT ee co6CTBeHHbIM
rrpH3HaKOM. Ho nOqeMY 3TO [CBOI1:CTBO cy6cTalIl{HH j lIe 5IBJI5IeTC5I ee
c06CTBeHHbHvi rrp113HaKOlvI, caM Apl1CTOTeJIb 3al\laJTql1BaeT KaK HeqTO
01.1eBI1L{HOe; MbI )Ke .ll06aBl1M, qTO He OL{HI1 TOJIbKO cy6cTaI-IIlI1H He .n:orry-
CKaIOT, r tIT06bI 0 HHX rOBOpHJIOCb] «60JIbllle» HJIH «MeHblue», 1I0 H lvlHO-
roe .llpyroe. Harrpl1l\'Iep, O.l1.Ha OKPY)l(HOCTb He 6Y.lleT 60JIee HJII1 MeHce
OKPY)l(HOCTb, t.IeIVI .llpyra5l, O.llHO lJ:BofIHoe He l\1eHee H He 60JIee IJ:BoliI-Ioe,
1.IeM .llpyroe, paBHbIM 06pa30M qeTbIpe B .llBa pa3a 60JIbllle .llBYX [He
B MeHbllleH 11 He B 60JlbllleH CTerreHH], tIeM .lleC5ITb 60JIhIIle n5lTI1. A no-
TOMY TaK KaK TO )Ke caMoe npHCY1ue 11 .n:pyrOl\1Y, TO, Hallo rrOJIaraTb, OHO
He eCTb c06CTBeHHbIH rrpl13HaK cy6cTaHIlHH.
Bce 31'0, nYCTb H CBOHCTBeHHoe Cy6cTaHUH5IM, HO He 5II3JI}IIOweeC5I
ee c06cTBeHHbIMl1 rrpH3HaKaMI1, TaK KaK npHCYll!e 11 JIpyrOl\1Y, Ha3bIBa-
eTC5I conYTCTBYIOIlJ;HMH rrpI13UaKal\l11 (consequentia) cy6cTaHUHI1.
Be.n:h Bce OHI1 corrYTCTBYIOT cy6cTaHUI1H, TaK '-ITO npl1 JII06bIX 06CTO-
51TeJIbCTBaX LI.JI5I cy6cTaHUI1H 6Y.lleT 06HapY)l(HBaThC5I YKa3aIlHoe,
a I1MeHHO, r cy6cTaHUHH CI3oIicTBeHHO J I-Ie HaX0)111TbC5I B cy6ocKTe;
cKa3yel\1bIC, [06pa30BaHHble] aT cy6cTaHIJ:I1ti, CKa3bIBaIOTC5I YUHBO-
KaJlbHO; [cy6cTaHl!H5I] 0603Ila\.IaeT orrpe,l(eJleIIHOe «3TO ; [cy6cTan-
156
AIIHU,"H MaIlJ)H" ToplcnaT CCDCpHII E031(Ht1
UI111] HI-PiTO He rrpOTHBOnOJIO:IKHO; [cy6cTaHQI15I] He L(onYCKaeT, [qTO-
6bI 0 HeH rOBOpHJIOCb] «60JIbllle I1JII1 «MeHbllle». To )Ke, t.ITO rrpI1cy-
ll.{e He BceM cy6cTaHU115IM, CYTb aKUH]J.eHUI1I1 cy6cTaHIU'It'I, a rrOTOMY
He CYTb C06CTI3eHHble rrpl13HaKI1. fI03TOMY, He 51BJI5I5ICb c06CTBeHHbI-
MI1 rrpH3HaKal\111, OHH ewe He nOKa3bIBaIOT, KaKOBa cy6cTaHUH5I. CJIe-
.llOBaTeJIbHO, .llJI5I Toro lJT06bI MbI CMOrJII1 n03HaTb KaqeCTBO cy6cTaH-
UI1II B c06CTBeHlIOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa, HaM Ha.llJIeJKI1T natI1'11 TaKoe
CBOI1:CTBO, KOTopoe xapaKTepHO .llJI5I Bcex cy6cTaHII11H H TOJIbKO LI:JI5I
HI1X. Ml\1eHHO ero 11 YKa3bII3aeT caM [ApI1CTOTeJIb 1: «ITp e .llcTaBJI5IeTC5I,
qTO rrO.llJIHHHbIl\1 c06CTBeH:IIbIM npl13HaKOM cy6cTaHUYII1 51BJI5IeTC5I TO, 1.JTO
OHa, 6Y.llY1.1H 0.llHOI1 11 ToM: )f(e rro 1II1CJIY, cnoc06Ha rrpl1HHMaTb npOTI1BO-
rrOJIOJKHOCTI1; 0 rrpOl.JelvI )I(e, qTO He cyrb cy6cTaHIIHH, 1II1KTO He CMOJKeT
CKa3aTb, qTO OHO, 6y,n:yql1 O.llHI1M 11 TeM JKe rro lfHCJIY, cnoc06Ho rrpl1HH-
MaTb rrpOTI1BOrrOJIO)KHOCTH. TaK, O.llI1H 11 TOT JKe rro qHCJIY l!BeT He l\'IOJKeT
6bITb 6eJlbIM H qepHbIM; TaK )l(e 11 .lleHCTBl1e O.n:HO 11 TO JKe rro qHCJIY He 6y-
.lleT Hepa,zrI1BbIl\1 H yceplIHbIM (prava et studiosa). To JKe OTHOCI1TC5I H KO
BceMY .llpyroMY, qTO He CYTb cy6cTaHUI1I1. Cy6cTaHUI151 JKe, 6Y.llyql1 O.ll-
HOM H TOM )l(e rro qHCJIY, crroc06Ha rrpHHI1MaTb rrpOTI1BOrrOJIO)l(HOCTI1. Ha-
rrpI1Mep, HeKHH 1.JeJIOBeK, 6Y.llY l -l11 0.llHHl\111 TeM JKe no QI1CJIY, I1HOr.lla CTa-
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pa3Be qTO KTO-HI16Y.llb B03pa3HT, qTO peqb 11 lvlHeHHe crroc06HbI rrpl1HI1-
MaTb rrpOTI1BOnOJIO)l(HOCTH. Be.llb KCOKeTC5I, qTO O.llHa 11 Ta JKe peqb - I1C-
TI1HHa 11 JIO)l(Ha. HarrpHlvlep, eCJIH I1CTI1HHa peqb "HeKTO CM.llHT", TO, Kor-
.lla OH BC1'aHeT, 3Ta )I(e pellb 6Y.lleT JIO)l(HOH. To )l(e H B OTHOllIeHHI1
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.lla OH BCTaHeT, TOT, eCJII1 OCTaHeTC rrpH 3TOM )l(e l\1HeHHH 0 He 1, 6Y.lleT
3a6JIY)l<.llaTbC5I. OLI:HaKO eCJIH I(TO H COrJIaCI1TC5I C 3THM, TO DCe)Ke [06Ha-
PY)l(I1T] pa3JII14I151D cnoc06e, [KaKlfM B TOM J1 B 3TOl\1 CJIYllae npHHI1MaIOT-
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