Автор: Анахт Д.
Теги: философия аристотель логика античная философия диалектика формальная логика
Год: 1967
Текст
ТОЛКОВАНИЕ
«АНАЛИТИКИ»
АРИСТОТЕЛЯ
HEllOBE.nIlMoro cJ}HJIOCO«l»A )];ABII,IJ;A
TOJIKOBAHHE«AHAnHTHKH»APRCTOTEJIH
B ETbIPIIA I(A TII r nABAX 1
r'JIABA flEPBAH
A pIICTOTeJIb n « An8JIHTHKe» aa,n;8JIC H e.TIbIO HC CJIC,r(OB8 Tb
JfpOCTOH CHJIJIOrH3M. O,n;Hano CCJJn e.TlbIO « TIepBoH An8JIII-
'1'111\11» HBJIHeTCH npocToll C llJI 011 0 I'll 3M, TO 1I0tICMY YiHe n ca-
MO I na l I8JIe on rOBopBT: «IIp(..fI,p;e Bcero CJIe,n;yeT CI\a3aTb
o TOM, tITO HBJIHeTCH npe,n;MeTO [ IICCJIC,o;OB8HIlH II HeM 0110
) OJIiHIIO 6bITb BbIllOJIHenO, a M leHIIO tITO HCCJIC,n;OB8Tb
: ():liI\HO ,n;01\838TeJIbCTBO H t}TO 3TO - ,n;eJIO ,IJ;OK83bIBalOm;eii
11 8YI\II». 1\81\ BII;J.IIM, YiKe B II peAIICJIOBlI1I OH rOBopIIT 0 ,n;o-
!\a3a TeJJbC Tile.
I-18 ;)TO MbI CI\8i1\e l, qTO neT lllltICro CTp8HHoro B TOM,
1JTO QCJJbIO nCCJIe,n;OB8IIHH CT8BIITCH npocToii CIIJIJIOrB3M, no
B TO iI,e BpeMH rOBopHTCH 0 J OI\83a TeJJbCTBC, 8 HMCHIJO tl TO
TiU\oii il\e QeJJbIO [,n;anlioro HCCJJe,n;OB8IIIIH] HBJIHeTCH II ,n;o-
1\33aTCJIbC TBO. 8TO llO,n;OOHO TOl\IY, I\Or,n;8 KTO-JIH60 rOBopHT,
111'0 I\op80JIeCTpOeIIlIe HBJIHeTCH IlaCTblO llJIOTHHIIHoro pe-
[eClla, BOO l\op86JIeCTpOCIllIe CYlQCCTByeT 6JI8ro,n;apH 3TOMY
[ peMeCJIY ]. TOtIliO 1'81\ iHe H uaCtJeT I\pOBOllYCI\anHH rOBO-
jJIITCH, lITO ero n83H8qeHne 1 HBJIHeTCH [BOCCTanOBJlenIIe]
a;I.opOBLH, nuo [HpOBOIIYCHallue] cy ecTByeT pa,n;1I Hero.
11 IIOJTO?\.IY ApnCTOTCJlb YI\83b1Bae1' II n8 ,n;PyrylO npHtlHHY -
I101IeMY IJ elIOl' pe,L{c TBC II 110ft eJILIO « Au 8JIIITHHII» HBJIHeTCH
HOI\a38TeJlbCTBO. Ifo AJIH Toro lITOUI)I pa3'bHCHIITb, nOtIeMY
11 pe,n;MeTO f HCCJJC,n;OB8IJDH D <<1lepHoii An8JIHTHKe» CT8HO-
BUTCH npocToii ClIJI.TJOrII3M, on IJ plIBOAIIT H (}TY APyrylO IIPH-
tHlllY: H8H 61)1 il\eJIaH CAeJI8Tb IIpeACTOH ee U3JIOfHCHIIe
I1pUHTlibIM, OIl 3 eCb iHe rOBopllT 0 cOl epil\8 eHcH B HeM
",
1I0JIb3C, 3a panec COO{)I 8H, H8C I\O.TlbKO 1l0JIeano 3H8HHe npo-
eToro CHJJ IOrH3l\18. MMeHHO raH c.TleAyeT p8CCMaTpHB8Tb
I1poCToii CI1:.rIJIOf1I3M, [COOTIJOCH ero] c l:IIJIJIOrH3 IOM ,n;OI\8-
199
3aTeJIbIIbI 1. 1160 CJICP;YCT 3naTb, tlTO ApnCTOTeJIb HMeeT
B BIIP;Y 0P;1I0 II TO JHC, KorAa rOBoplIT 0 npoeTOM CIIJIJIOrU3 le
II 0 CIIJIJlOrII3 le p;0I\a3aTeJlblJOM, IlOCBHlQ3H JIM lJeTbIpe KIllIrll
«AllaJlIlTlfIO). CUJllIiI\aH iI\C llpOCTOii CIIJIJIOl'M3M C JIyqIlIIIM
cro BIIP;OM, T. e. C p;0I\a3bIBalOll HM 2, 0 I\OTOpOM 6yp;eT CI\a-
3auo n l aJIbIICiillIeM, OIl C6JIHjHaCT noc JleAuee C 06 IIM po-
P;OM [BbICI\a3bIBaIlIIH].
C.nep;yeT 3lIa Tb, QTO IIMeeTCH nHTb BII,n;OB cYiI\p;eHIIH: ,n;o-
H a 3bl B a 10 e e [c YiI\Ae 11 II e ], ,rUI a JI C I\ Tilt{ CC I\ 0 e 3, pM T 0 pH q eCRO e,
COcpMCTIPleCI\OC, IlOaTH'-IeCI\Oe, OHO ,He JlereIl,n;apnO-MII<pHtle-
CI\oe. llx IIHTb no CJleP;YIoLQeii n putllIIle: Te CYiKp;eIlIIH, fiO-
TopbIe no CBOC?tIY BbIpail\ellllIO II nOCTpoeII1I1O J eJlIIROM
nop;TBepiI\AaIOT II paBII TlbIIOCTb [IIOo/1.0iI\eIIIIH], HDJlHIOTCH ,n;o-
I<a3bIBaIOLQIIMII; eCJIII OHII IJO.J1HOCTbIO JliI\IIBbl, TO [TaKne
cYiI\AeIIIIH] HBJIHIOTCH Il03TMlJeCI\I1MII. bbIBalOT M TaI\Me CYII,,-
,n;eHHH, B 1\0TOpbIX I\Oe-qTO IICTIIHIIO II I\Oe-qTO JIOiRIIO.
II eeJlII B fllIX IICTHIJa II ..TJOil\b COp;epil\aTCH nopOBHY, TO Ta-
KHe CYiI\p;eHHH HBJIHIOTC.H pUTOpnqeCI\IIMII; H TOJIbI\O 0 pHTO-
pHtIeCKOM CYII ,n;eHHJI rOBopHTCH, tlTO B neM H1\leIOTCH
TIOJlOiHCHIIH l\aI\ cnopHbIe, TaI\ II 6eccnopHbIe, 3aBHCH HC
JIIIllIb OT IlHX C aMJIX. ECJIII iHe IICTIIIIIIOro HMeeTCH OOJIbIUe,
tIe 1\[ JIOil\HOrO, TO cyn\,n;eHHe HBJIHeTCH ,n;IIaJIeI\TnqeCKHM;
a CCJIII JIOiHb npe06JIap;aeT Hap; nCTIII1oii, TO TaHoe CYiI\,n;eIllIe
HBJlHCTCH COcpIICTUqeCI\IIM 4.
OAlIal\O IleHOTopbIe rOBopHT, t{TO CYil\,n;eIIIIC 6bIBaeT Bcero
TpCX BMP;OB: p;Ona3bIBalOIIJ;ee, AHaJlCKTIPleCI\oe, COcpIlCTIPle-
I' ,.,
CI\OC, lIOO OIIJI 001>ep;IIIIHIOT plITOpnqeCliOe CYiI\p;eI1l1e C p;ua-
JIeI\TIPleCKIIM, a JIerCH apHo- nlcplItleCKoe ("JIll nOaTIIQe-
CKoe) - e COcpIIcTJtPIel'I\II L II nOATBepn\lJ;aIOT OlIn 3TO CJIe-
AYIOIIJ;I1M 06pa30M: 1I}leCTCH JIIIIIIb TPII Bup;a CY/I\P;C II H:U,
nOCI\OJIbl\Y [y nac] Bcero IIHTb [cnoc06nocTeii], KOTOphIMII
[bI nOCTIIraeM II n03nae:\1 QTO-JIIIOO. 8TO - o yu ellue, BOO-
opall\clIlIc, MHPIIlIC, pac('y,r OK, pa3YM 5. RelJ;h n03nanaCMoe
naxop;HTCH IIJII1 BOBlIe, IlJIII BTIYTlJII Hac, I-J 0 Cpel I1 BUlJ;OB no-
3uaIlMH IIMCTOTCH TaHHC, I\OTOpbIC no BCCX OTITOIUenlIHX HB-
,TIHIOTC.H tIaCTIPlIIhIMIf, 1100, ITanpUMOp, OIII.ym.CIIHHt.-[ CBoii-
CTBCUHO IIMCTb )1CJIO e qaCTIIbI nI Br aMU. OOP;06IIbII\1 iKe
06pa30 1 II Bo06paiI\eJIIIC IIMCCT ACJIO C tlaCTIIOCTHMII, TaI{ HaK
Y)1cpiI\IIBaeT JIIIllib TO, tITO IIOJIyqarT OT oru;y ennii, BCJlel(-
CTBIIe t[cro II na3blnaCTc.H no06pall\CIJHCM, T. c. ,n;epiI\aIIJlC {
BHp;n foro 6. A )fIICHIIe nO;JnaCT 0611 ec, I\al\ II paccyp;OR II
pa3YM; o,n;lIaHO In CII 110 HP.JIaCT JTO 6C3 31T allIIH npUtIllnbI,
Tor,a;a Ral\ pa3YM naxo,u;UTCH BbIlIJC, tIe!\1 n03naune nplPIIIII;
a paccYlI-OI\ nOCTuraeT [ooIQec] no 1I03I1anIIbIl\1 lIpHtIlllIa r.
200
II TaR, nMeeTC H Tpn BII a CYiI\,a;ClllIii. tl 1I OIl Yll eIlIIH, 1111
,,1' ..
BooopaiHeUlle, HUO II 0110 lICXOl\IIT U3 OIQYII eHIIII, nil pa3YM
)1(\ IIMCJOT ,a;eJl3 e CYiI,; eIIIIHMII, lJOC.TlCI llItii I,al\ ca:\103IIaI0-
1I I1ii Dee cy ec; [uo IIMeCT l\C Tla C CYiI\l\CIlUHMII] II MlJeIInC,
1100 MUeIJlIO 3HaCT .JIHlIlb UTor [pacCYiI\ACIlIlH]; II TOJIbHO
PUCCYAOI\ IfMCCT ,a;eJIO C CYiHl1;CIlIIHMII. III 011 JIlIOO 6epeT
[B oCHony paCCYjH,a;eIJIIH] nOCbIJlI\Y, T. e. [lI3BeCTI10e] BLICl\a-
3hlBU IIlIe, II TaHOC CYjHACIIUe, I\OTOpOC IICXOl1;lIT "3 n03IIan-
II blX nplItIlIII II npeAIIICCTnYIO IIX ,a;aIIIIbIX, HBJIHeTCH ,a;ol\a-
33TCJlblIbIM; JIlIOO 011 IICXO,a;HT 1I3 MIIClIlIii, II TaHoe cYjl\,a;enlle
HllJIHCTCH l\Uao/1eI\TIPICCI\I1 f; lIJIII iHe 011 IICXOl1;nT 113 OlQYlQC-
IIUH, II Tal\oe CYiI\,a;CIJIIC HBJIHeTCH lIaCTlIbIM. TaI\lIM oopa-
30 1, HMCCTCH TpU llll,a;a CYiH,a;enuii.
13CJIC,a; 3a 3TIIM CHalI\C 1 0 nOJlb3C. L(ciicTBIITeJIbIIO, nOJIC3-
1I0C B paCC laTpllBaeMO { IIIJIIIe npc,a;MCTe 33I\JIIOQaeTCH B ,a;o-
l\aabIBaIO C I CHJIJIOrIl3MC. Tal\, tleJIOBCH, lIe YMeIOlQuii npa-
BIIJlblIO nncaTb, MOiI\IIO CI\a3aTb, Doncc nc YMeeT nncaTb;
TOlIIlO TaI\ II\C lIe YMceT n paBIIJIbIIO paccYII\,a;a Tb TOT, I\TO
IIC 3HaCT, lITO TaI\oe npocToii CIfJlJlOrIl3l\1. l\IciH,a;y TCM ,a;oHa-
abIBaIo uii CIIJlJIOrU3 I nOJIC3CII ,a;JIH BC HI\oii CPUJIococpun-
II TCOpcTlftlecl\oii, II n paI\TIPIeCHoii, l1;UUbI MhI [oe3 ,a;OI\83a-
TCJIbCTB] lIe I1pIIIIIlM3JIII 3a IICTIIUY TO, lITO OUJIaAaeT BIIl\II-
MOCTblO IICTIlIIbI B TCOpUII, l\aObI MLI IIC BocnpUIIllMaJIII
JIOil\IIOrO 311aUIIH II IIC TnOpnJIII UbI 3Jla [n jHH3lllf, Ha npaK-
1'1I1\C] 7.
I\POMC Toro, nOJIb3a OT paCCl\laTplIBacMoro IIbIIIe npocToro
CIIJIJIOrlI3Ma COCTonT II B TO I, tITO C 1l0MOIQbIO o noii BCI1 1I
1I0CTUraCTCH APyraH. 1100 lIe Bce YTalIJIa OT l1ac npnpoAa,
1'aI\ 1\31\ B TaI\O 1 CJlYllac IIIIKTO IIIPIcro IIC CMor ObI IIOCTllr-
I'
IIYTL; II TOlllJO Tal, /I,C lie c,a;eJIaJIa olIa ncc HDIIbIM, 1I00 Tor,a;a
1l1I1\TO YiI\C IIIIlJPro ObI IIC IICCJIc,a;OBaJI. O,a;lIaI\O 011 a 1\0C-tITO
YTalIJla OT Hac II l\oe-lITO Cl1;CJIaJla HBIILIM; OJIarOlJ;apH 3TOMY
11 cYll ecTllyeT lICCJIeAoBaIlIIP, 1\0TOpOC 03UalJaCT - IICI,aTb II
lIaXOAIITb. 11 ICIIIIO JTO II CTaJIO CYTLIO CHJIJIOrIl3Ma, AaObI
C 1I0MOIQLIO Toro, tITO HaM 1I0I\a3blDaCT npnpOAa, MOII\IIO
OLIJIO ULI lIaiiTlI TO, tITO olla CI\pbIJIa OT lIac, IIO,a;OUIIO Tal\
lIa3bIBaCMbIM cooal\a l-nIlJ,eiil\aM, 1\0TOpbIC Y3IJaIOT, T. e.
U8XO,a;HT, JIOrOBa 3Bepcii no [3BCpUIlbIM] Tpon3M II aana-
XUM 8.
PaCCMaTpIlBaeMOC I1bIIIC 110JIe3IIO II l];JlH caMoro nainero
UbITlIH, IIOO II3 CYIl\CCTD JIlIllIb pa3YMIIbIH tICJIODCH paCCYiI\-
l acT 0 cy eM. 1100 APyrlIe CY CCTBa IIC paCCY/H,a;aIOT, IIe-
I\OTOpbIC, lIe 0Yl1;y t lll 1\ 3TOMY CIlOCOOllbT, a neI\OTOpbIC, lie
UYiI\AaflCb B 3TOM. l'a1\, UCOCCUbIC CYll\CCTlla, l\ali ca 103IIalO-
7 AauuA Auax T
201
I..QIIC [BCC] CYIl Ce, ne rrYJI\,n;aIOTCH B paCCYII\,n;cnlIlI. A iRn-
DOTIIbIe [lIe paccyn\,n;aIoT], TaI\ HaI{ IIC cnocooIIbI 1\ 3TOl\IY,
IIOO OIlll lIe 3IIaIOT oo cro. TaI\, XOTH II C008I\C cBoiicTBerrlIO
OTbICHIIBaTb OAllO C nOMo bIO APyrnx Bc cii, no I\OTOpbIM
olIa II naXOAHT TO, lJTO HIJ eT, o,n;naI\O on a ACJIaCT 3TO rro
npMpo,n;c, 8 lIC no pa3l\lbIIIIJICIIIIIO; II tITO nocTynaTb Tal\ C.BOH-
CTBCIIIIO OT npnpOl];bI, BHAlIO ll3 Toro, qTO TaH I10cTynaeT BCH-
HaH c06aHa 9. fCiI\l];Y TCM JIIOOOH qeJIOBel\ paCCYII\,n;aeT, CJIC-
l];OBa TCJIbIIO, JIlllIIb tICJIOBCI\Y CBOHCTBelIliO P8CCYiHAaTb; HOO
eCJIll paccYJI\,n;aJIll ObI II llepa3YMIIbIe cy ecTBa, I\OTOpbIC
He Be,n;aIOT oo ero, 6e3 I\OToporo lIe 6bIBaeT CY/HAenIIH, 01111
yoeperJIll ObI Cc6H [OT BparoB]. A qTO Il\llBOTlibIe He 3rralOT,
tITO TaI\oe oo ce, BHArro lIa npJiIMepe rreTyxoB: I\or,n;a pCiI\YT
IIM no,n;oolIbIX II llX npnrollHIoT na y60M, OIIn pe3BHTcH, nc
IIOIIIIM8H, I\aI\Oe IIX IIaCTllrnCT 3JIO.
TaI{OBa C OOiI\bCii nOMo bIO II ,n;alIrraH rJI8B8.
fJIABA BTOPAH
BCJICA 3a na3rraQCIIlleM II nOJIb30H [CJiIJIJIOrII3l\Hl] Cf\a/HCM
TaIOI\C 0 nopH,n;I\e [nocTpoelIllH] Aarrrroro COQllnCnIIH, I\OTO-
poe llMeeT PHA BonpocoB, paccMaTpuBacMbIx CJleAYIoII HM 00-
pa30M: BO-nCpBJ>IX, ncpBOn8 t IaJIbnOC 3II8 t IenlIe npOCTJ)JX
0003HaQelIllii; BO-UTOpbIX, [APyroe] llX 3nlPIeIllIe; B-TPCTbJIX,
3na t ICIIIIe nepnoro cnn3IIoro ll3JIOII\ClIHH, T. c. npe,n;JIO/I\enUH;
a npcAJIOJI\CIlIIC eCTb npocToe CYil\,n;CIIUC 0 ,n;PyrlIx [rrpe,n;Me-
Tax] COOTBeTCTBeIIIIO qaCTHM cYiI\AeIlllM.
II BOT, 0 nepBOIIatIaJIbHOM 3IIaQenllll npOCTbIX 0003IIa t Ie-
HIIM ApllCTOTeJIb nOBeAaJI B «}\aTcrOpllHX»; 0 BTOpOl\1 iHe
3IIaqellIIll rrpOCTbIX 00031Ia t IelllIii, T. e. 06 MMeH8X II rJIaro-
JIax, on rOBopllT B «00 llCTOJII\OBalInll», r,n;e OR nOBeAaJI
TaR/HC 0 npc,n;JIOJI\CIIMHX, T. e. 0 nepBOl\1 CBH3IIOM H3JIOJl,elIlIJI
npOCTbIX 0003IIa l IeIIlIii, II3 I\OTOpblX COCTOllT BCHI\IIM CUJIJIO-
r1I3M. 0 ClIJIJIOrH3Me Booo e OIl rOBopllT D IIaCTOH eM Co-
QlIllellllH, 0 qaCTHX CllJIJIOrll3Ma on rOBopllT nOCJIC ,n;annoro
ll3JIO/HenllH JiI 0 p;OI\a3aTeJIbCTBC - BO «BTOPOM AnaJIJiITllI\e».
A 0 ,n;H8JICI{TlI t IeCI\OM CYiHAenlllI - B « TonIII\e», naCqeT IHe
pllToplltIeCHoro CYiI\AClIllH rOBopllT B « 06 llCRYCCTne pIITO-
P"I{H». 0 COcpllcTllQeCI\OM iHe CYjI\,n;eIIlIH rOBopllT B «0 COcpll-
CTIIQeCl\llX onpOBep/l\eJ1llHX», a 0 n03TlllJCCI\OM CYiHAeIIHll
rOBopllT B «I103TIIKe» 10.
M BOT, npeACTOH lle paCCMOTpelI1I1O BonpOCbI n.pe,n;llIeCT-
BYlOr APyr ,n;pyry COOTBeTCTBeIIIlO COCTaBHbIM qaCTHM CHJIJIO-
rli3MOB, TaI\ RaI{ Ii npOCTOH CIIJIJIOrll3M 06p83yeTcH COOTBeT-
202
CTBenno qaCTHM cy ero. TaR, npe MeT [MCCJIe OBaIInH]
« Ka TerOpUH» H eT paIIbme, IIeM [npeAMeT] « 06 IICTOJII{O-
BaIIUU», I\OTOpOe HBJIHCTCH BTOpbIl\1 COqIIUeHUeM 0 npocTbIX
0603IIa t IeJlMHX; a «06 UCTOJII\OnaIIUU» npeAIIIeCTBYCT «Ana-
JIUTIIl\e», H60 BTopoe 3UaQCHHe [npocTbIX 0603llaqCIIIIH]
nAeT paHbIIIe, IJeM rrepBoe CBH3IIoe U3JIO/HCnUe [cYjHAenuH].
A IIepBoe CBH3IIoe U3JIO/HeIlUe eCTb npocToM CIIJIJIOrU3M.
BOT CTOJIbI\O 0 rropHAl\e [paCCMOTpeuIIH] rrpocToro CIiJJIJIO-
I'U3Ma.
BCJIep; 3a 3TUM Cl\alI\eM II 0 TOM, nOtIeMY rrOCTaBJIenO Ta-
Roe 3arJIaBue. Bce AaIIIIoe cotIuHeHlfe 03arJIaBJIeliO «AnaJIu-
TUI\H» - OT OARoro OTpe3I\a, OT TpeTbero rrOJIO/HenUH ce
ncpBOM rJIaBbI 11; IIO Aa6bI MbI AOCTOBepHO 3BaJIU BbIIlJeyno-
l\fHHYToe, C1\3/Hel\1 0 TOM, IIa KaHHe qaCTH AaliHoe coqlIrrerrlI8
rrOApa3AeJIHeTCH. 11 TaI\, Bce AaHIIoe COtIUIIelIue [ApUCTOTeJIH]
AeJIUTCH Ha qeTbIpe HIIHrH. H rrepBbIe Ane KIIurli ua3BarrbI
« IIepBoii ArraJIUTUI\OH», a ABe rrOCJICAYIon ue I\IIUrU - « IIo-
CJIeAIIeiI» HJIll IHe «BTOPoii AnaJIIITHHOH». B ABYX nepBbIX
I{HUraX orr rOBopUT 0 npOCTOM CIIJIJIOrII3Me. 11 nOT B nHX
06eHx, B qaCTIIOCTII B rrcpBoH HIIure, Oll ronopuT HMCIIIIO 06
3TOM, a B nepnoii II no BTOpoii I\lIurax AalllIoro CO'IUllellUH
OH B eJIOM rOBopHT 0 BII ax CHJIJIOrU3MOB, B TpeTbeii U qeT-
BCpTOH [I\HHrax] - 0 eOAepjHalIUII 3TUX CUJIJIOrU3MOB
IIepBaH rJIaBa «IIepnoll: ArraJIIITUI\U» AeJIUTCH na TPH
qaCTH. 11 ee nepnaH qaCTb nOCBHII eIIa TOl\IY, l\aI\ C03 aeTCH
npocToll CUJIJIOrH3M; a BTopaH qaCTb - pacCMOTpelJUIO U!\leIO-
{QcrOCH 06UJIHH rrOCbIJIOI\; TpeTbH iHe qaCTb IIocnH{Qena arra-
JIU3Y [cBeAeliHIO] cYII\AerrHH. Ho 06 3TOM - 06 aIIaJIU38
cYII\AonIIH on yrroMUIJaeT nCIOAY, nOqTH no Bcex KHHrax.
OAHaHO [.JIHIIlb] TpeTbH qaCTb rrOJIYtIHJIa 3arJIaBue: 06 ana-
JIll3e cymAenHM 12, TaK I\aI\ rrOqTII Bee U3 l\frrOjHeCTB3 cnoco-
60B ana H3a [CBeAeHUH CYII\ACBuii] on II3JIaraeT B TpeTbell:
qaCTH [nepBOM rJIanbI]
OAn al\O YTBep/HAeRHoMY [BrraqaJIe] II [HoHetlIIbIM] cym-
AeIIHHM cBoiicTBelllio UCXOAIITb U3 neRoTopbIX rrOCbIJIOI\, 1\0-
Topble }10rYT DhITb cnH3IIO conOCTaBJICIIbI I{3H pOAcTBeHHble,
II ux MO/HHO corrpHraTb U naXOl];UTb TO, qTO M3 DUX [rre06xo-
AUMO] BbITeI\aeT, a lI feIIIlO BbITeI\aIOIJJ;ee II3 IIUX 3aI{JII01Je-
Hue, Kal\, naIIpHMep, p33YMnoe, CMepTIIoe, 6eCC?tfepTnoe, 1\0-
TopbIe cnO HTCH K qeJIOBeI\Y HJIH IHe 1\ anreJIY. A rrCqTO
OTJIUQIIOe [OT YTnepll\ CIIIIoro BnaqaJIe] IJCXOAH U3 nOCbIJIOR-
BbICI\a3bIBaulIll MO/HeT 6bITb JII06bIM 3naQenliJCM; II [3Aecb
CJJeAyeT] IlCCJIeAona Tb Te nOCbIJJ!\H, H3 HOTOpbIX ono 06pa-
3yeTc H.
7*
203
II anplfMCp, ,n;ano Mne cY/J\lJ;enlfe 8yuta 6ecc.:uepTua. TnT\
BOT, H nOJIen lIaiiTII BbICIHl3J>IBaUIIH-nOCblJ1HIf, I\OTOpbJC npn-
BOAHT K ero 06pa30BaJlIlIO. OnHTb-Tal,1I 1.IIIe l];alIO lJ;Pyroc
cya,AclllfC - 8YZlla 6eCTe./tecna. .H BOJICII llaiiTII TaJ,lIe BbI-
CKa3bIBaIIHH, I\OTOpble MorYT nplfBCCTlI I\ cro o6pa30HalllIlO.
A a JIaJllIay [cymAcIIlfii, T. c. ClfJIJIOrlf:JMY,] cBoiicTDcnno, IfC-
XOlJ;H 1f;J Ol];IIlfX, [60JIce 061I IlX] cymneIIlIii, npnXOAIITb I\ Ka-
KOMY-IIIIOYAb l];pyrOMY, [tIaCTuo?tIY], CBOl];H ero I\ TCM, 1I3
1\0TOpblX 0110 06pa30nano, T. c. [l];JIH pa3YMCIIIIH ClIJIJIOrll3Ma
CJICnYCT 3I1aTb], Kal\oii 011 cpnrYPbI, n l\aI\oii U3 IIIIX cOBep-
IlJCIIBhIii n l\aI\oii IICCOD£'pUIClIllbIii, If nOtICMY CJIenYCT CHJIJIO-
rH3 [, oopa30HaIlIIbIii no BTOpoii [If TpCTbCii] <plIrype CBO-
l];IITb K nepBoii cpllrype. II onHTb, notlCMY CJIel];yeT IICCOBep-
menIlbIe ClfJIJIOrU3MbI npUnOl];IITb 1\ conepIlJeJIlIoii cpOpMC.
M Bce :)TO - 0 qaCTHX pa3l];CJIeHUH - rOBoplfTCH B l];annOM
H3JIO/l\CIIlIlI 0 CIIJIJIOrII3Max, HOTOpOC [B C TIOM] 03arJIaBJIeHO
«AllaJIIITlII\H», IICXO)J;H OT TpCTbero nOJIOiI,elllIH nCpBOll:
r JIa Dbl [HUHI'll nepBoii]
OAIIaI\O l];aIlIIOC COtlllIJCIJlIe 03arJIaBJICIIO «AnaJIlfTlnHI»,
a IIC « PaCnOJIOil\enlIC» 110 CJICl];YIOl.QlfM l];RYM nplf IHlIaM: BO-
nepnbJX, nOTOMY, tITO al1aJIlI3 [CY/Hl];enlfii] BCTpe1:JaCTCH pen\£',
tle1\l IIX paCIIOJIOiI\Clllle; nOTOMY, tITO TOT, I\TO YMCCT alIaJIIt-
31IpOHaTb, TOT YMCCT II paCIIOJIaraTb IIX l];pyr 3a APyro l, no
lIe TOT, I\TO YMceT pacnOJIaraTb, fon\PT II anaJIlI3l1pOBaTb,
Kal\ 3TO DilAllO IIa nplIMCpc IICBC/I\A, KOTOphIC YMelOT AJIIIJIIIO
1I3JIaraTb BCHl\lIe ?t[bICJIIf, 110 pa3JIaraTb lIX IIa Te [JJIC-
:MeIlTbI], 113 I\OTOpbIX OIlH COCTaBJICnbI, T. C. lIa CJIODa, CJIorll
II 6YI\BbI, ne YMCIOT. I3TopaH nplftIIIIIa B TOM, qTO, [nol];06no
,n;allllOMY CJIYtlalo], B YtIe1I1I1I reOMeTplI1f IIMelOTCH H paCllO-
JIomennc II allaJIH3, no rCOMeTpbI nnrnYT TOJIbI\O 0 npOH3BO-
AIIMOM HMlI anaJIII3e, TaI\ H3I\ 11M BY/Hlla lI30bITOIJIIaH paccy-
l];IlTeJlbHOCTb. C 3TIIM l];CJIO OOCTOIIT BOT TaK.
I3CJIeA 3a TIIM paccMoTpnM, HDJIHCTCH .TIII l];aJIIIOe Cotlll-
Hennc nOl];JIHlIllbIM. ,l];eiicTBIITeJILHO, l];3nIJOC COtllIIICIIne HB-
JIHCTCH 1I0l];JIIIIIIIbIM npolI3Bel];cIlllcM ApnCTOTCJIH no cJIel];Ylo-
IIM TpCM nplPIllllaM 13. 130-llCpBbIX, 1t3 CopOI\a naiinClIIIhIX
B l];pCBIIIIX l\nllrOXpaIlIlJIlIlI aX I\lIlIf, nOCBfllI eIl I1bIX CIIJIJIO-
f1l3MY, TOJIbl\O JTH qCTbIPC HIIurll OhJ.TIII OTOOpanbJ I\al\ Aeu-
CTBIITCJILJlO npHlIa JIeiHal.QIIC ApIlCTOTCJIIO. 130-BTOpbIX, no-
TOMY, tITO ApnCTOTCJIb YUOMlIllaeT 00 3TOM D CBOUX l];onol{-
JIIIIIHbIX nHCHII IIHX, noo B « 00 IIC TOJII\Ona 111111 » 011 rOBopUT,
'ITO «JTII [cyn\ACIIUH], HaI\ CI\a38nO B «AlJaJIHTIII\aX», pac-
I10JlaraIOTCH TaI\UM IHC' CIIOCOOOM» 14. TpCTLH nplItIHIIa B TOM,
'ITO [3l];CCb] coxpauen apIlCTOTCJICllCl\lIll OOblQaii, uGo
204
B npHBbIqI\e AplICTOTeJUI 06lQee npeABapHTb 'IaCTHOMY, I\al\
)TO OH AeJIaeT B COIIHIIeIIHII «0 AYI11e», CTallH 06m;ylO AYUIY
RnepeAH lIaCTHOH 15. Toqno TaI\ iHe 011 nocTynaeT II 3l];eCb,
CTaBH 06 ee CY/l\AellHe Bnepel];H CYil\AeIIIIH tJaCTIIOrO.
TaI\OBa C OOil\bell nOMoID;blO II Aan11aH rJIaB3.
fJIABA TPETbH
TpeTbH [nama rJIaBU nOCBH eHa Bonpocy 0 TO I], HB-
TJHeTCH JIH JIOrIIl\a 1JaeTblO cplIJIOCOcplI1I IIJIII qaCTIIn;eft; pac-
CMOTpenlIeM ()TOrO Bonpoca EBTOI\IIH na 1 1unaCT CBoe TOJII\O-
B a II II e « B Be A e II 1I H» no pcp II P II H, a A JI e 1\ C a II A P 16, Y nOM II II a H
;1aIlllbIH TPYA [EBTOI\lIH], pernaeT 3TOT Bonpoc JIyqllIe, 1JeM
OB, Tal\ I\al\ CIHITaeT, qTO JIOrHl\a HBJIHeTCH lIaCTbIO H opY-
AlIeM cpUJIOCOcpHH, YTBepmAaH, 1JTO olIa HBJIHeTen H TJH opY-
AIICM 6JIarOAapH JIHllIb CIIJIJIOrH3MY, IIJIII iI\e 1JaCTbIO B cpaRue-
nHII CO BceMII qaCTHMH cpIIJIOCOcpIIH. 1160 rOBopHT, liTO
IIMCeTCH TPH IHeHIIH 06 3TOM, Tal\ l\aI\ CTOHI\II nOJIaraIOT,
tITO CIIJIJIOrH3M: HBJIHeTC H tlaCTblO (IHIJIOCOCPIlII, a a pucToTe-
JIIII\II - [tITO ClIJIJIOrII3M HRJIHeTcH] 0pYAlIeM; TIJlaTOIIHI\1I iHe
lJ a3bIBaIOT ero II opYAlIeM, II tIacTbIO 17.
OAuaHO nOBeAaeM celltlac 0 TOtlI\e 3pCHIIH CTOlII\OB, Y 1\0-
TOpbIX nepBoe nOJIOiI,elIHe TaI\OBO: BCHl\aH Be b IIYiHAaCTCH
B I\aI\O?tI-JIIIOO HCI\YCCTDe IIJIII IIaYHe, eCJIII ona lie HBJIHeTCH
tIaCTblO APyroro IICI\YCCTBa UJIH ero tIaCTIIQeii; 110 JII06aH I10-
JIe3IlaH Be b HBJIHeTCH 1JaCTblO IIJIII qacTIIQeii tlerO-TO. rral\,
nanpHMep, I'IIrlIena lIaXOAHTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT naYI\U
npatleBaIIIIH, I\OTOpaH ne HBJIHeTCH qaCTbIO IIJIII 1JacTu cii
l];Pyroro HCl\yceTBa, II n03TOMY rlIrHene neOUXOAIIMO 6bITh
tIaCTblO IIJIlI tIaCTIIQeii IIaYHH Bpa qeBaIJHH. 11 IIa npUMcpe
rpaMMaTIII\H II aCTpOHOMltII [BlIAIIO, lITO] npaBII TJbllO rOBO-
pIITCH: lle R8JlReTCR IlaCTb1-O UJlU llaCTUlteu 8pyzozo UCliYC-
CT8a, Tal\ I\al\ Mbl 311aeM, 1JTO aCTpOHOMIIH lIe HBJIHeTCH
qaCTblO rpaM?tIaTIII\lI, n60 aCTpOIIOMIIH HBJIHeTCH tIaCTbIO Ma-
TCMaTIII\II II 1JacTuQcii BceR qJHJIOCOcplIlI.
J;I BOT, D ClIJIJIOrll3Me uYiHAaeTcH JIIIILIb cpIlJIOCOcpIIH: 1'CO-
pCTMqeCl\aH cpHJIOCOcpUH - AJIH pa3JIUtICIIIIH IICTUIJbI II JIII\II,
a IIpal\TIItIecI\aH - l];JIH pa3 TJlIqeIIIIH A06pa U 3.Tla; U CIIJIJIO-
rlI3M ne HDJIHeTCH nH 1JaCTbIO, IIH qacTIIQeii APyroro HCI\YC-
CTBa IIJIH naYI\II; OTI\Yl];a CJIeAyeT, qTO 011 eCTb tIaCTb IlJIII
tIaCTIII a IIJIOCOcpHU, 1\0TOpaH B CDOIO Otlepel];b nOApa3l];e-
JIHeTCR 11 a TcopeTIItIeCI\YIO II npaI\TlIqeCI\YIO 18, TaI\ l\aH eCJIII
lbI CTaneM AOl\a3bIBaTb, tITO OR ne HDJIHeTCH tIaCTIIIJ;eii [cplI-
JIOCOcpIIH], TO Oil nenpeMeIIRO OI\ameTCH ee 'laCTbIO. Tal\ BOT,
205
1JaCTHI1;cii OIl OJ)ITI> ne MOiHeT, noo qaCTJI a HMeeT TO iHe
COAcp/HanJle, tITO H I eJIOe, H TY IHe eJIb. TeOpeTHQeCl\aH
HJIOCO IIH I1MCCT CBOHM npel];MeTOM Bce cym;ee HaH OO'beI\T
n03IIaIIIIH, a QCJIbIO - [l];OCTMII\CIIIIe] IICTHIIJ)I; a npaHTHtIe-
CI\aH IIJIOCOcl>HH HM:ceT npCAMeTOM qeJIOBetleCHlIe l];YIlIH,
n;CJIblO iRe - A06pOAeTCJIb, T. e. HJ1I1 YMepeIIIIOCTb B qYB-
CToax, COrJIaCIIO ApHCTOTeJIIO, HJIH iRe IIcnOpOtInOCTb, CO-
fJIaCIIO IlJ1aTony. IlOA06IIbIM lI\e oopa30M II CHJIJIOrH3M CBOIIM
COAcpil\aIIHOM UMeeT 0003HaqCIIHH, a l eJIbIO - l];0I\a3aTeJIb-
CTBO. Ii TaI\, OIl Be MomeT 6bITb tIaCTHQeii <pHJIOC0<pJlII, TaH
Halt nu OAII a I13 ee tlacTcii He HMceT TaHOH QeJIII.
11a aTO MbI CI\a/HCM, qTO BbI HCI\OMOe BbIl];aeTe 3a l];OCTO-
Bepno H3BeCTIIoe, rOBopH, lITO CHJIJIOrlI3M ne HBJIHeTCfl ee
opYAIIe?tl, H MbIC JIb BaIIla neCOBepIIleIIlla, H60 Heo6xOAII?tIO
OblJIO nOI\a3a Tb, tITO 3TO HBJIHJIOCb n;eJIblO Bcero, QTO B CII.lIJIO-
fH3Me IIY/I\AaIOTCH Tal\/Re HCI\YCCTBO HJIH naYRa, qTO on ne
HBJIHeTCH qaCTbIO APyroro HCI\YCCTBa, HJIH IHe ero tIaCTHl,cii,
HJIH ero opYAHeM; a l];JIH Tex, ROTopbIe HcnblTblBalOT nYII\l];Y
[B 3TOM], OIl HBJIHCTCH qaCTblO, H.TJH qaCTHql\oii, HJIU opY-
l];He?t1. 1160, I\al\ BbI nOI\a3aJIH, eCJIH CHJIJIOrH3M eCTb qaCTJIql\a
<pHJIOCO<pHM, TO TaI\IIM IHe 06pa30M eJIel];OBaJIO 6bI IIOl\a3a Tb,
tITO OIl lIe HBJIHeTCH ero opYAHeM, II Bbl nOJIyqUJIII 6bI IfCHO-
Moe. B npOTnBIIO 1 CJIyqae H MbI naCtIcT IIHCTpYMeDTa l];JIH
HpOBonYCI\aI1HH, HOTOpbIii CYlQeCTByeT [l];JIH nOAl];ep/I\anHH
3AOPOBbH] B TeJIe, CI\ail\eM, lITO OB HBJIHeTCfl tIaCTbIO MCAII-
QMIIbl, 1100 on HC HBJIHCTCH 11M tIacTblO, DH tIaCTHQeii APY-
foro I1CRYCCTBa, a tITO 011 npHrOl];en JIMllIb l];JIH MeAH-
QHH bI.
BTOpoii AOBOl]; CTOHI\OB 3al\JIIOtIaeTCfl B TOM, HaI\ onn 1]0-
l\a3bIBalOT, qTO JIOrHlta HBJIHeTCH tlaCTbIO <pHJIOC0<pIIH. [OlIH
CCblJIalOTCH na TO], tITO caM [ApHCTOTeJIb] rOBopHT, 1JTO CPII-
JIOCOcpHH nOpOAHJIa ;)TOT caMblM CHJIJIOfM3M, CJIeAOBaTeJIhIIO,
Oll HBJIHeTCH H ee tlaCTblO. Ha 3TO MbI CRa/HeM, 1JTO neI\OTO-
pbIe HCI\YCCTBa M:HOfoe nOpO/Hl];aIOT, 1JTO He HBJIHeTCH IIX
IIaCTblO; OAIIal\O OHM C03AalOT HX, tIT06bl H OHH caMH H )J.PY-
fHC IICnOJIb30BaJIH 6bl IIX l];JIH CBOHX HY/HA, u60, [HanpHMep],
B JIHIICHRe H JIOI\Te nYII{AaIOTCH H nJIOTIIHI\ H 30l];tIHi'I, XOTH
H C03AaJI HX lIJIOTlIIII\; II tITO HX HaR UIIcTpYMenTbl c03AaJI
IIJIOTIIHR AJIH Toro, tITOObI IIMH IlOJIb30BaJIMCb, BHAIIO H3
Toro, 1JTO OIl C 60JIbIIlOii Oepe/HJIMBOCTbIO cAeJIaJI HX C n;eJIblO
HCnOJIb30BaIIMH l];JIH BceB03MO/RlIbIX nYII\A IIC TOJIbI\O CBOIlX,
1I0 H qY/RIIX.
TaI\OBa C 60il\beii nOMoID;blO H AallllaH fJIaBa,
206
/'JIABA lJETBEPTAfl
M BOT, TC ABa OBOAa, 1\0TOpblC BbICTaBHJlH CTOIII\H
C QeJIblO nOl\a3aTb, qTO CHJIJIOrU3M HBJIHeTeH [JIIIIIIb] qaeTbIO
cpIlJIOCOcpHU, Mbl OIIpOBeprJIU. A CCJIII aplICTOTCJIHl\1I BbI BII-
ralOT ero 1\81\ opYAHe, TO AJIH 3Toro OIJU IICnOJIb3YIOT CJIe-
nYI01QUC AOBOAbI: eeJIII rOBopHT, tITO CIIJIJIOrII3 [ HDJIHeTCH
lIaeTbIO cpHJlOCO lIlI, TO CJICl];yeT HMeTb B DUl];Y, lITO II APY-
fHC IICRyceTBa nym aloTCH B 3TOM JIOfHtIeeI\Ol\1 cpeACTBC,
II pOlI3BO H C cro n OMOIIJ;bIO nOJ];pa3l];CJICIIHC B C aMHX C CUC,
a TalOI\C onpel];eJIHH II l];01\a3bIDaH tITO-JIlIOO; Tal\, nanpJIMep,
paeCYAIITCJIbIlOeTb eBoi1CTBClllla TaIOI{C [JIIOAHM, 3aUUMaIO-
IIJ;JIMeH] npUI\Jlal];lIbIM Hel\yceTnoM; nanplIMCp, B CTpOIiJTeJIb-
nOM IICHYCCTBe II PIIxoAHTeH paCCYII\l];aTb, HUO eeJUI CJIel];yeT
IIpHMO B03BeeTH cTeny, TO [paceY/I\AaIOT], qTO HeOOXOl];UMO
[ encpBa] 3aJIO/l\IITb £pYIIAaMeUT. M BOT, eCJlII nepBbl ii [II PII-
Bel];eHUblii npHMep] BO Bcex OTIIOllIeIIIIHX Tal\OB, TO no neoo-
XOl];IIMOeTII TaHHl\1 Il\e UYl];eT H BTOpoii. IIanplIMcp, [n03bMCl\I]
CTYJI; eCJIII CJICl];YCT eJ];eJIaTb YA06uoe CIIl];eUUe, TO AJIH uero,
paceY/Hl];aeT nJIOTIIIII\, lle06xoAHMO IIMeTb TaHYIO-TO OPMY.
Tal\lIM 06pa30M, 1I0JIyqaeTCH, qTO <pHJIOCO£pIIH XY>He, tICM
npIII\JlaAUbIe neI\yceTBa, 1JTO eOBeeM neAonYCTHMO, HOO II
B lJ:aCTII ce, T. e. QeJIH, nymAalOTeH II l];pyrlIe HCI\yecTBa, Tal\
HaR ona [BbIcTynaeT I\al\] oomee. ECJIII UMceTCH l];B3 I1CI\YC-
CTBa II 0;1;110 IIym;J;aCTeH B QeJIIiJ jJ;pyroro HaR B 0pY;I;IIII, TO
neCOBepllICIIIIbIM IIa3bIBaeTC H TO, liTO HCnOJIb3yeTcH ;J;JlH
1JerO-TO APyroro, II60, HanplIMep, necoBcpmenIlbIM na3bI-
BaCTCH IlJOpllHtlecTBo no epaBIIcHlI10 C HOHeBOACTBOl\1.
Ha 3TO OTBeqalOT HeHoTopble 1I3 HallUX eTOpOIIJIIII\OB, ro-
BOpH, 1JTO, COrJlaCIIO BarneR ?tlbIeJIII, neCOBepllIenIJoii, eJIeAo-
BaTeJlbBO, UYlJ;eT IiJ neoeenaH AYIlJa no cpaBIIcIIIIIO C qeJIOBe-
tIeel\I1MII AYlliaMH, Tal\ I\al\ ne6ecHaH AYIIJa npOIl3BeJIa II
naUllI TeJIa, B HOTOpbIX Hal\ B 0PYl];1I1I nYil\AaIOTeH namH
l];Yll1II. 1la 3TO CJIeAyeT eHa3aTb, 1JTO ne6ecnaH AYJ11a npolI3-
nCJIa lIe TOJIbl\O HaIllH TeJIa, no II Rcpa3YMIIbIX iI\unOTIIbIX II
paeTenUH. A lIeHyeeTBo Iuopnoe npOIl3BOJ(IIT JIMIIlb Y3Ae t Il\II,
no He cyn ee, a TO, qTO nYiI\l];aeTCH B Y3l];e t Il\aX [I\al\ opY-
AI1n], eCTb 1\0HPROACTno.
OjJ;IIaI\O npUBOl];HT II l];PyroH TaHOH AOBOA: JIorIlI\a ne HB-
JIHCTCH 1JaCTblO IIJIOCO IIII, HaJ\ l\lbI nOl\a3bIBael\1. EeJlII il\e
Olla ne JIBJIHeTCH tlaCTbIO, neOUXOAHMO, t{TOOLI ona 6hVI3 opy-
,n;HeM [n;eJIoro]. TaR BOT, olla He MOiI\eT 6bITb 1JaCTbIO, HOO
CCJHI ynpa3AIIHIOTCH qaCTII, TO ynpa3JI;IIHeTCH II I CJlOC. OA-
naI{O HCHYCCTBO 01\a3aTeJIbCTBa cYIQecTBOBaJlO II AO Toro,
207
Hal, «AITa. JIITlIlnI» UbIJIU lIanllCaJIbI ApIlCTOTCJIe r, 1I60 II l];0
[Bcro] CYlQCCTDOBaJIII IICI\YCCTBO 1 0I\a3aTeJIbCTBa II pCaJIbIlaH
npllpOAa. Tal\OHO MIICllHC apnCTOTCJIIII\On.
IIJla TonHI\lI /I\C YTncpil\l];aIOT, tITO [JIOrHI\a] flBJIHeTC H II
llaCTblO, II opYl];lIe 1 [cpHJIOCOCPlllI]; a B TOM, lITO olla CCTb
0pYI IIC, l];OCTaTOtIllbI AOBOl];bI apHCTOTCJIHJ\OB. A TO, lITO olla
nBJIHCTCH qaCTbIO, 060CIIOBbIBaIOT OIlH caMH, HOO l];JIfl JTOrO
I1CAOC Ta TOtlllbl I OBOl];bI CTOIII\OB, Tal\ Kal\ onlI 6bIJIII 011 pOBcpr-
nYTbI. II BOT, OUlI OOOCIIOBbIBalOT 3TO CJICAYIO HM 00pa30M:
flIJIJIOrH3M HDJIHCTCfl lIaCTbIO cpHJIOCOcpUlI, 1I00 CIIJIJIorUJl\I
I'
t'CTb 311aIlHC, Hac alO ceCfl Bccro cYlQcro, IIOO 311 a Tille ncero
cyrqero HDJlHCTCfl qaCTblO cpHJIOCOcplIlI, noo JTO lie eCTb HCH
qnIJIOcocplIH, Tali I aI\ BCfl cplIJIOCOcpHH nYII\AaeTCH elQC B OJIa-
rOpOl];HO [ oopa3C II\lI311lI. A tlTO CIIJIJIOrH3M HBJIfleTCH lIaCTblO
q I IJ.TJOCOcpll [I, 3HaeT H llJIaTOII, npHoeraH B CBOUX nuaJIorax
1\ CIIJIJIOrIl3MY, I\OTOpbIH BO MllorllX MCCTax 011 na3bIBaeT ne-
peqlleM 3IIalllIii. A nepetJeIIb HBJIHeTCfl tIaCTblO Toro, nepetI-
IICM qcro 011 HBJIHeTCH. 11 qTO JIOrlIl\a eCTb tIaCTb, 011 onflTb
JIOI\a3bIBaeT B CBOCM 1I3JIOII\CIIHH, rl];e rOBopHT: YtIIICb, BOHpaH
B CCOH OT MlIorlIX TO, tITO caMO npOCHTCH, nOI{a TbI e e MO-
JIOA, CCJIII iHe TbI lie CAeJIaCilib JTOrO BOBpCMH, 3I1anUe yoe-
II,HT OT Tcon. nOA TeM, liTO caMO IIpOCIITCH B nOAJllIIIIIOM
CMbICJIC, OIl nOl];pa3YMeBaeT BC II, CYlQeCTDYIOlQlIC nOBIle,
a nOl]; yqCOOH - n03IIaUlIe CYlQlIX, lI60 CY CCTBYCT ABa BIIAa
AOHa3aTeJIbCTBa, TaH Hal{ B OAIIOM CJIYlIae rOBopllTCH 0 Toii
npnpOAe, HOTOpUH CYlQeCTByeT B caMHX me BelQax, I\aI\, na-
nplIMCp, l];YIlIa caMOABniI\y a, caMOABlImYlQeCCH BeqllOADII-
iI\YlQe, BeqllOABlIil\YlQeeCH oeCCMepTJIO 19. A APyroii BIIA l];0-
l{a3aTCwTJbCTBa lIaxoAHTCH B onpeAeJICIIJIHX, T. e. JIlIlllb B IIa-
IJfllX 3aMe l laI1lIHX H 3aHBJIeIIHHX, I\al\, nanpllMep, 113 ABYX
YTBCPAIITCJIbIlI)IX BbICI\a3bIBaIIHH OOJIee YTBepAUTCJIbIlbIM flB-
JIHCTCH TO, qTO Ooraqc. 8TO lIaxoAIITCH JIlIlIlb B lIalIJIIX CJIO-
nax, a TO nepBOC - II B BelQax; lIOO TOJIbI{O pUCTOTCJIb lie
OCTalIOBlIJICH nepeA TeM, tITOObI BbIHBHTb cnOCOObI [JIOrHlJC-
CHoii CBH3U] BbIClia3bIBaIluii, IICXOAH H3 caMIIX BelQcil, H BbI-
pa3HTb JTO [BO BceYCJIbIlliaIllIe], T. e. OTHpbITb 3aI\OHOMCp-
1I0CTb 20. II nOJTOMY r c nJIaTOII CHa3aJI, qTO ApnCTOTCJIb
II pCB pa TII 1 cpllJIOCOqHIIO B TOqllOe IIC I\YCCTBO.
11 BOT, B nonpoce 0 TOM, lITO AOI\a3aTeJIbCTBa naXOAHTCH
B Be ax, AplICTOTeJIb U llJIaTOII COrJIaCIIbI. 1.1 TO IHe HacaeTCH
AOHa3aTCJIbCTB, 1\0TOpbIe COneplI\aTCH B ocpopMJIellllbIX rrpa-
BlIJIaX, B 3TO f Y nlIx pa3J10rJIaClIe, 1100 BO BpeMeH3 llJIaTOlla
e e He 6bIJIO npaBHJI II nplIeMOH CIIJIJIOrU3Ma; U XOTH lIe
6WJIO no 06HbIX upHeMOB DO AIJlI llJlaTOna, TC?tI ne [eHCe :JTO
208
nc 03naqaeT, qTO .OJIaTOR n KaHon-TO Icpe napynTaJI HX
B CBOIIX ACBHTII AUaJIorax 21. Moo A06pol];eTeJIbIILIC II BCJIH-
Hue no nplIpol];e He nYtRl];aIOTCH B npaBnJlaX, 3 AeiicTBYIOT
CBepx 3TIIX npaBIIJI U caMII HBJIHIOTCH npaRIIJlaMII ,[l;oITJH nOTOM-
I\OB. H60 He nJIaTOII RY/Rl];aJICH B naYI\e AOI\l133TCJIbCTBa
ApnCTOTCJIH, a AplICTOTeJIb - n OI\a3aTeJIbCTBaX OJIaTOna,
TaI\ HaH Y nero B3HJI on ceMena CBoeR cpIIJIOCOcpIIU; II ne fo-
MCp nY/I\l];aJICH B n03TIIJ\e ApIICTOTeJIJI, a A pnCTOTCJIb -
B n03TIIl\e fOMepa; TOtInO TaJ\ iHe lIe J];Cl\locq)cn nYiHAaJICH
B plITOpHl\e repMorena 22, a repMorCII - B J];C IOCcpCJIC.
O llaI\O IIeJ\OTOpbJe COMneBaIOTCH, nO(IeMY IIJIaTOIIIII\1I ro-
BOpHT, tITO JIorlIJ\a l\IOil\eT 6bITb II qaCTblO, II opY,[I;lIeM Ol];TTIIX
II TCX iI\e RCll CH, noo, IIarrpIIMep, XOTH II PYI\a flDJIHeTCH II
tJaCTbIO, n OpYl];IICM, O,[l;lIal\O ona HBJIHeTCfl IIaCTbIO ,[I;JIH BCH-
I\oro TC.TJa, a OpYl];IICM - JIUIllb JIH iI\MBoro qeJIOBCI\3, Tal\
l\aJ\ PYJ\a MepTBeQa XOTH II HBJIHCTCn qaCTbIO nccro TCJla, no
110 HBJlflCTCH opY lIeM, 1I60 opY lIeM ona HBJ1JICTCfI R TOM
e JI Y If a C, 1\ 0 r,[l; a, [ II a n p 1I M C p,] a e T n Jill l]; C JI aCT q TO-II II 6 Y A J) ;
Tal\ II HYBIIIIIJI HBJIHeTCH n lfacTbIO, II 0pYl];IICM, no IIC 0,[1; II oft
II Toii IHe BelQlI, IIOO eocy HnJIHeTCH 0pYl];I1CM ,[I;JIH CO,[l;epiHII-
1\IOrO, a HYBlllHII C BOJJ;OH CCTb qaCTb npyroii BOl];bI. I-I a 3TO
nJIaTOHIII\lI oTBCtJaIOT, (ITO MbI TaHtl\e ne rOBoplIM, lITO JIO-
rMJ\3 HBJIflCTCH OpYl];IICM II qaCTbIO ,[I;JIH O IIUX II Tex iHe BC-
ll eii, a rOBoplIM, lITO [olla] lIJIII B o IIoii II TOft tHC nelQH
[BbJCTynaeT] rro-pa3IIOMY, IIJln me 0l];110 II TO me B pa3HbIX
BelQax BblcTynaeT I\aI\ IlaCTb H opY IIC, HaH, nanplIMep,
PYl\a, IIOO olla ,[I;JIH iI(IIBOrO HBJIHCTCH OpYl];MCM, a JIH [MepT-
Boro] TCJIa - IIaCTbIO; IIJIII iHC olIa B o noii II TOM iHe BClQH
BblcTynacT rrO-pa3JIOMY, II I\aR opYl];IIC, II l\aJ\ IIacTb, IIOO JIO-
rlIRa JIH cplIJIOCOcplIU HBJIHCTCH II 0pYl];I1CM, II qaCTbIO, II60
I\or a olla CJIYII(IIT JIH l];01\a3aTeJIbCTBa [CYlQeCTBOBaIIIIH]
pCaJIbllblX eYIQIIX, TO B JTOM CJIYllac ona HBJIHCTCJI tlaCTblO
(I>IIJIOCOCPIIII, I\or,[l;a iHe nLIcTyrraeT Hal\ npaBIIJIa [l\lbIlllJIO-
IIlIfl], TO CJIyn\IIT [cplIJIOcocpnn] OpYl];IICM 23.
TaHona C oOil\beH nOMOlQbIO II l];aIJIIaH rJIana.
rJIABA llHTAH
n pCJlC8e 8ce20 cAe8yeT CKaaaTb 0 TOJ!, IlTO R8AReTCR
npeD.ueTO.U uccAe808aUUR II Ke.M 01tO 80.llJIC1l0 6blTb 8blnOA-
nellO, a UJtell1tO llTO uccAe808a7'b fJOAJlC1tO 80KaaaTeAhCT80 U
llTO :JTO - 8eAO 80Jiaabl8a1-Olqeii naYKU. 130 BBel];eIlUII l];aH-
Horo TpY,[I;a OB H3JIaraeT ero CJIb, a TalOI\e TO, qTO nYiJ\JJO
AJIH JToii l CJIII. 11 nOT, uaCIIOT I eJIH Aannoro COIIHHeUUfl
209
CJI{\ YOT C1\33aTb, 'ITO ona I\acaeTCH AOI\a3aTeJIbCTBa H l];OI\a-
3bIBalo clI lIaYRII. A nYiI\HbIX B l];aIIIIOM CJIyqae Be eii
IIMeCTCH I1HTb, lI60 on cncpna onpe;:I.eJIHeT, 'ITO Tal\oe rrOCbIJI-
Ra, TCpMlIlI, CnJIJIOrII3 f, rOBoplIT, I\al\oii CIIJIJIOrlI3M COBep-
IlICIIHbIii II l\al\oii neconepIllcnlIbIii, qTO 3naqlIT: ()TO I eJIlII\OM
CO,n;CpiHIITCH II 3TO eJIlII\OM lIe co,n;epil\lITCH B lICM-TO, II 'ITO
co eplI\lITCH B 'laCTn l];pyroro, II qTO 3I1aqIIT: QTO-JIIl60 npn-
IlIlCbIBaCTCH Bce 1 II tITO lIe npHnlICbIBaCTCH nil O,n;IIOMY.
Ol];IT 31\0 BbICRa3bIBaIOTe H COMIJCIIIIH I\aI\ naCqeT rrepBoro,
Tal\ II naCtleT BToporo. II BOT naCtJeT nepBoro enpaUIUBalOT:
nOqCMY 011 c caMoro BBOl];CIJIIH rOBoplIT 0 l];0I\a3aTeJIbCTDe,
Ror,n;a I C"TII)IO l];aHIIorO cotllIUeIIHH HBJIHeTCH CHJIJIOrH3M? Ha
3TO MLT Cl\an\eM, qTO nplItIHIJ a 3aI\JIIOqaeTCH B CJIel];YIOII e?tt:
HCT 11111:101'0 CTpaIIIIoro B TOM, tITO, B TO BpeMH I\aI\ CJILIO
HCCJIe,n;OBanIIH HBJIHCTCH CIIJIJIOrU3M, Ol];IIOnpCMeHIIO rOBO-
pnTcn n naetJeT l];ORaaaTCJIbCTBa, II 0 TOM, 'ITO JTO HBJIHCTCH
n;eJIbIO ncc JIe,n;OBaH1IH. AeJIo B TOM, qTO nocpe,n;CTBOM l];ORa-
3bIBalO cro CIIJIJIOrH3Ma II npOCTO CIIJIJIOrlI3Ma paCCMaTpH-
BaeTCH [Ol];UII H TOT rHC] Bonpoc. BOT TaI\ IIaCqeT rrepBoro.
HactJeT iI\e BToporo BbIpalI\alOT cOMIIenlIe, nOqe fY on
paCnOJIOII\lIJI TCpMIIIl MO/I\l];Y nOCbIJII\OH II ClIJIJIOrH3MOM, H60
C JIe,n;oBaJIO 6bI pacrrOJIO/l\lITb HX IIJIlI COOTBCTCTBeIlIlO nallIcll:
rrpnpoJJ;c H OTl];a Tb rrpclJ;notJTeIIlIe AocToBepnoMY, l];OCTOBep-
IJbIM IRC AJIH Hac, 60JIee tJCM Bce OCTaJIbJlOC, HBJIHCTCH Tep-
MUll; IInIl iI,C CJIe OBaJIO OhI paCnOJIOil\IITb COrJIaCIIO lIX npn-
pOl];e II TepMHII nOMCCTIITb B 1\0H e - nOCJIe nOCbIJII\lI H
CHJIJIOrlI3Ma,
I-I a 3TO MbI CHarI\e l, qTO HMeeTCH qeTbJpe pClIIeIIHH. 130-
nepBblX, CHa/HeM, liTO lJa3BanUe TepJtUH nplIITa,n;JIe/I\lIT ca-
:MOMY ApnCTOTeJIIO. TaH I\aR on ca 1 rOBoplIT 3,n;eCb, qTO «TCP-
MHITO I H na3bIBaIO TO, lIa tlTO pa3JIaraeTCH CYiHAcnlIe» 24,
a lIMCJOlQCCC H 3,n;eCb BI)lpail\CIJIIC R na3bl8alO CBIIJI;CTeJIbCTBYCT
o TOM, tJTO ca 1 ApnCTOTC.TIb na3bIBaCT 3TO Tepl\IIIJIOM, II JIO-
3TO IY IIC C JlClJ;YCT ynoTpCOJIHTb ne3JIal\OMbIC C JIOBa II l];ODOJIb-
CTBOB3TbC H YiI\e 1I3BeCTIILIMH. Tal\OBa nepBaH nplI'IHua.
DTopaH npl11:I1IIIa 3aI\JIIOtIaeTCH B TOM, tITO on B Bonpoce
o cym,n;eITUII, IICXO,n;H 1I3 CBOIIX nyml];, AaeT onpelJ;cJIcnno
TepMlIu8, T31\ l\aI\ TepMIIlIoM HBJIHCTCH TO, na tITO pa3JIa-
raCTC H CYiI\l];eIHIe; BOT notJCMY TepMIlIIY CJIc,n;OBaJIO IIATlI aa
IIOC bIJII\oii.
TpCTbH nplPIlIlIa B TOM, tITO [AplICTOTCJIb] B «06 1ICTOJI-
HOBaIlHII» rOnOplIJI 0 BI)ICl\a3LIBaIJIIHX; Tenepb II\C OIl nOCTY-
naCT T31\, lJ;aoLI 060CIIOBaTb TO, tJTO rOBOpJIJI palIce, 1100
CpCAlI TpCX YIIOMHIJYTblX OIl rrOCbIJII\Y rrOCTaBIIJI DIlepel];lI n
210
rpa3Y iHe [BCJIen aa Hell] TepMIIH, TaI\ I\al\ XOTR II ronopIlJI
OJ] 0 npOCTbIX 0003IJa'ICJIllflX II 0 TOJIJ\OBaIIIIH IIMt\IlIl II rJIH-
fOJIa TaKII,e II B « !\aTCrOpIIHX», Of];IIaI\O nx on paCC faTpll-
naCT B « I\aTCrOpIIHX» JlllIlIb HaI\ npocTbIC 0003na t leUHH.
A R «06 llCTO.1I\OBaTlIIII» nCCJIel];yeT IIMH II l\TJarOJI J\3H llaCTII
pelflI; 0 HIIX iHe Hal\ 0 BJJICI,a3bIBaJIIIHX 011 rOBopIlT II 3 eCb,
II B «06 JICTOJIRORanllll», O llaI\O 0 IIUX OIl noyqaeT B «06
IICTOJII\OBaIIIlH» I\al\ 0 npOHBJIelIlIflX [lIacTeii pCtl1I IlJIU npcp;-
JIOiHCIIIIH], a 3p;eCb, [B «AIIa TlHTHI\C»], - Hal\ 0 'JaCTHX CI1.1I-
JIOfH3MOB.
qeTBepTaH npHtIlllIa B T01.I, tJTO TCPMHIIY C.TJel(YCT naxo-
,a;IlTbCH MCII\;:I:Y nOCbIJII\oii H CHJIJIOrII3MOM, Ta1\ I\aH cpe,a;IIHH
TCpMHH oopa3yeT B liP; bI CJIJIJIOrH3Ma, IIGo 3TOT CpC,a;IIllH Tep-
MHII JIIIOO HBJIHeTCH nOl];JICiRarn;H f tICrO-TO, p;pyrlIx TepMH-
HOB, H CI\a3bIBaCTCH 0 l];pyroM, II oopa3YCT CIIJIJIOrH3M
no ncpBoii <pHrypc; II I\Of,n;a HB.TJHeTCH nOAtlemaIIJ;IlM A.TJH
OOOIlX II.TJII me CI\aabIBaeTCH 06 0601IX, TO oopa;1yeT CIIJI.TJO-
rnaM no BTOpOH II TpCThcii <pIIrype; CCJIII 011 CI\a3bIBaeTCH
06 06011X, TO 06pa3YCT CII.TJ.Jl0rII3 1 no BTOpoii q)lIrype; eCJIII
iHC HBJIHeTCH no,a;JICiI\aII UM ,a;JIH 060HX, TO oopaaYCT CllJlJIO-
rU3M nO'TpCTbCH <pllrypc.
fOBopnTb cncpna [0 rJIaRIIOh-I] - 3TO aTTlfllCCHllii cnocoo
113JIOiI,eIIlIH [Tpyp;a], 1100 npH 3TOM no,a;BepraeTCH paCC 10Tpe-
111110 TO, lITO AO.TJiI\IIO 113YtIHTb, a IIMCllIIO n l];3J1IIOM CJIY-
tlac - tlTO HBJIHeTCH npcp;MCTO?tf paCCMOTpellllH II I\CM OlIO
,a;OJIiI\IIO ObITb BblnOJIIICIIO. 011 npaBHJIbnO IIocTynlIJI, nOCTa-
HHn Bonpoc, llTO eCTb npe8.AteT [paCCMOTpCIIIIH], B BI1I1IITeJIb-
HOM naAC/He, a Bonpoc, 1i020 JTO KacaeTCR, - B PO;J;IITCJIbIIO 1.
TaH BOT, Bonpoc llTO eCTb npe8.AteT? [cop;epil\IIT OTBOT
o TOM], tITO [npe,a;MeT paCCMOTpeIIHH] eC1'b l];0J\a3aTCJIbCTBO;
I\al\ BH,a;HM, 011 nOCTaBHJI 3TO B BHIJlITeJIbIIOM IH1P;CjI\C. II BO-
npoc 1'i020 KacaeTCR ucc./te8oea1-lue? co,a;epnoIT OTBeT, lITO
3TO - ,a;eJIO ,a;Ol\a3bIBaIo eii naYI\H; I\al\ BHAU f, 011 nOCTaBHJI
TO B pOl];IITeJIbIIO I naf];eil\e.
II CJICAyeT 3IIa Tb, lITO O IIO AeJIO - AORa3a TCJIbC TBO H
Apyroe - AOI\a3bIBalO aH naYI\a, n60 AOl,a3aTCJIbCTllO YiHe
caMO HBJIHCTCH eHCTllHcM, Tor,a;a I\al\ p;0l\a3blnaJ01Qan naYI\a
npe,a;cTaBJIHeT C060IO CIIOCOOIIOCTb [,a;eiicTBHH]. Ec JIll OIln na-
XOAHTCH B OAHOM H TOM jHe no,a;JIe/l\a CM, TO TBopH eH
ObIBaeT cnOCOOIIOCTb AciiCTBIIH, eCJIII lI\e 01111 naXOl];HTCH
B pa3HbIx nOAJIe/l\a IlX, TO TBOpH H I ObIBaeT AciicTBlle cno-
coonOCTII. 8TO TaI\, noo TBOPRlQIIM HBJIHCTCH AciicTBHe no-
Y'I alO ero, T. e. nOYIIeUlie Toro, I\TO OOJIa,n;aeT OIl pCI eJIeIIIIOii
cnOCOOIIOCTblO.
211
11 BOT OH rOBOpnT, fJT6 TaRoe nOCbJJIH8 II TepMIIH n £IT{)
T a 1\ 0 C C II JI JI 0 r II 3 M ; 1\ a I\ n II A II M , 0 II pac II 0,)10 iI\ II .TI T C P M 1111
MCiHAY nOCbIJII\oii II CII.1JJIOrII3MOM. I3C,,1C::\ 3a JTIIM 011 rOAopnr,
HaI\OH CIIJIJIOrU3M COllCplllClIlIbIii II I\al\oii lIcconeplIIcIlllhlii.
11 CJIeAYCT 3I1aTb, ({TO COBeputell1lblU II neCOBeputell1lblU ,IVIH
CHJIJIOrlI3MOB HBJIHIOTCH [BIIAOBbIMII] pa3JIlftIIIHMn. nOTOM 011
rOBopllT, tfTO 3I1a t IlIT: 3TO CJIIII\OM COAepil\lITCfl B TOM n qTO-
JIIIOO nplllJHCbIDaCTCH DceM lIJIH IIIIROMY; 3TII HDJIHIOTCH [BII-
l];OBbJMII] pa3JIIItJHHMII AJIH CYiHl];CllIlH, I\orl];a eonOCTanJIflIOTr,H
DOCXOiHl];ClIlIe II IlIICXOiHl];CI11I C OT Ol];I1IIX C yn<ACJIuii H APyrlI.\f.
TaR, eCJIII I\TO-JIIIUO I1a t IneT CHII3Y, lIanplIMCp CH3iI\eT, 'ITO
QCJIOBeH eCTb il,lIBoe cy ecTBo, TO 3TO 3I1a 1 1I1T, tJTO 0; 1l0 C-
JIIIHOM COl];ep/I\HTCfl B l];PyroM, TaI\ l\aI\ tJCJIOBCI\ I eJIIII\OM
COl];epiI\IITCH B iI\HAOltl CY CCTBe HaH D pOl];C. ECJIIi iI\e I\TO-
JIIiOO n3 t IIICT CBCPXY II CI\aiI\CT, tJTO il\lIBOC cy ecTBo CHH-
3bIBaCTCH 0 BCHRO I tICJIOBCI\e, TO 3TO eCTb TOT cJIY1Jaii,
Rorl];a rOBopIITCH: llTO-./lu6o npunucblBaeTcR 8ceM. A IIX
npOTIIBOnOJIOiHIIOCTHMII HBJIHIOTCH: IlTO-.Ilu60 zte.llUKOM ne
C08epJICUTCR 8 8pyzo.Jt U llTO-.Ilu60 1te npunUCbl8aeTCR ItU
08HO.Aty.
TaI\OBa C OOil\beii nO IO bIO II AflJIIIaH rJIaB3.
fJIABA lliECTAH
/1 BOT, nOCbl.llKa eCTb BblCKa3blBa1tUe, coo6UJal0UJee llTO-
1tu6y8h 0 tle.At-llu6y8b. CJICAYH CBOCMY 3flMbICJIY, ApnCTOTCJIb
AaeT Ollpel];CJIClIIiC nOCbIJIHM, T. c. cYiHl];eIIIIH, rODopH: IIO-
CbIJII\a CCTb TO, tITO COOUIl aCT qTO-IIUUYAb 0 qCM-III1UYAI).
CYII\ACIIlle ubIBaeT l];HOHHIIM: IIJIII HaTcropIPIecI\lIM, IIJIU
YCJIOIHII)IM; Of HaI\O 3Aecb on AacT onpCACJICIIHC JIlIlllb I\aTC-
roplfllccHoro cY/HAeIIIIH, I\aH UYl];TO c ero nOMo blO OBJIaJJ;c-
BaeT OlIpCACJIClIlICM II YCJIOBIIoro. 8TO IIMCCT OCIIOBaI1HC, MGO
YCJIOBIIOC, (,orA a B03IIIII,aIOT cOMIIenIIH, AJIfl CBocro O<pop fJIe-
IIIfH I1YiI\AaCTCH B I,aTcropIPICCI\IIX CYil\,T\CIIIIHX. CJIOBa llTO-
Hu6yiJb 0 lle.At-Hu6y8b lle BblpaiHalOT YTBepiI\l];CIIIIH, noo, B03-
MO/HIIO, Y nero MMCJIOCb npOAOJIiI\eIllie - oTpulfaloz.qee llTO-
JlU6yfJb 0 lleM-llu6yfJb, tITO HDJIHCTCH OTpIII 311IICM. Ho nOT
tlTO-llu6y8b 0 lle.At-llu6y8b HbIne CI,a3flno AJIH pa3JIIPIcIHtH
YCJIOAIIJ)IX (,YilU CIIllii, noo OIlM lle [BOoGII C] COOUrn;aIOT qTO-TO
o qeM-I1l1uy jJ;b, a qTO I1C t ITO [nplI onpeACJIClIllbIX YCJIOBMHX 1
HB TIHeT(, 11 TCM-TO H ne1JTO nc HBJIHCTCH TCM-TO, XOTH II 011
l];3CT onpe CJIClinC ou ero CHJIJIOrIl3Ma. A OUUUfll CII,)lJIOrn;\M
corTonT 113 oorn;nx cY/HAeIlIIH, II n03TOMY IIYiI\IIO UbIJIO oIlpe-
AeJIIITb oG ce CYiI\l];eIIIIC.
212
TaR BOT, 011 f];aJI Onpef];eJIeHHe oGll cro CYiHnOnllH II B « 00
IICTOJIHOBaHIIII», CI a3aB, qTO «CYIf\J\eIlUC eCTb PCqb, B 1\010-
pOll 3aI{",TJIO'H1CTCH lICTIIHIIOCTb IlJIU JIOiI HOrTb \IerO-.TIIIOO» \
II ;)TO onprl eJIelillC OXBaTbIHaCT TaI\iI\C YCJIOBlIOe eY/I\; e(lUP.
110 OR TaM OTj CJIhJIO onpCACJIUJI H YCJIOBlIOe eYiI\AeIIllC, CI\a-
aaH, tJTO JTO eCTb pCtII>, cooo aIo aH tITO-JInGo 0 tJCM-IlHoynh
II OTBepraIOI1 aH lITO-.TfllOO 0 lICM-liHOYl];b 26. A IILJIIC 011 onHTh
AaCT onpef];e:lrIIIIC I\aTcroplItICCI\oro rYiI\,IJ;eIIHH, THh I\al\ 3npl'h
CMY nymno OhIJIO TOllnOe OnpeACJIenlIe JIIHIIb noc&TJenncro,
1160 B « 00 IfC TOJII\OBanI1H» tIepC3 I1CpCtIIICJICIIIIC pa3JIIPIJlbl"{
3IIaqeUUH UhIJIO nOBeJl;ano 06 YCJIOBIIOCTII. 1160 CI\a3aTb IlTO-
ltu6yDb 0 lle.M-1tu6yDb II I/TO-llu6Y{)b 1tU 0 IteM 03ua t iaCT He
'ITO nnoe, l\aI\ Cl\a3aTb, tJTO CYiHnPIIIIC [npn T8I\IIX-TO YCJIO-
BIIHX] 6bIBaeT .TJIIUO YTBepl];IITCJIbllbl l, JIII60 OTplll a Te.TIbIlbIM.
3nCCb II\C, el\a3an 0 eYiI\j1;CIIIIH, qTO JTO CCTb llblCRa3hl-
BaIlHe, cooo alo ee QTO-IIJl6ynb 0 QeM-HII6Yj1;b, OH TeM ea-
MbIM onpeneJIUJI II OTpH aTeJIbIIOC CY/I\AeIIHe. XOTH on JlHIJ1J>
BCI\OJIb3b CHa3aJI 0 I\atleCTBe, IIC YI\a3aB, tITO 311a t lJIT IlTO
Jtu60 1te npunucbl6aercR llU o81to ty, onnal\o on pacnpocTpa-
I111JICH 00 3TOM B I\O.TJII'ICCTBelInOM OTIIOIlIClllfU, CI\a3aB, tlTO
CY/I\neIIHC oblBacT IIJ1II 06 HM, HJIH tJaCTllbLM, IIJ1II neonpr-
neJIelIHbIM. Moo 011 HC yno IRnYJI 0 Cll:nI1HtIlIo f, HaR 0 co-
HcpmllMOM IIconpCj1;C.TJelllIbIX [cYiHl];ellIIH], TaH I\aR enIlHlfQ-
HOC eCTb neonpCj1;CJIeUlIoe. O, naI\O 01111 OTJIlIlIaIOTCH OT l];PY-
rnx lIeOnpCnCJlelJIIblX CY/I\l];CIIHii, noo llM cnoiicTBCIIIIO HMCTh
lITO-TO, 110 01111 B l];aIl 110M CJIYtJae HM lIe OUJIanaJOT, a TCM 3TO
lIe eBOHCTBeIlIIO, II 01I1I IIC IIMCIOT; noo III1I\TO lie MOiHeT cI\a-
3a Tb RO?tIY-TO: Jro f'Crb C OKpaT IIJIII 6CRJill U II e.;108el - .JTO"
COI...par; IIJllI IHC 1111 aIle [nCJlb3H CI\a3aTb]: enllnll'lHOe
TJIOIlIJO, a lIaCTlIOC neTJICIIIIO; 1100 I1CI\TO r CAH11 lI t JlIJ)Iii] BCC-
I'l];a CCTb lICJlOnCH, a COI\paT, [I\aI\ 'ICJIOBeR], TJIeIIOII.
Tal\ona C UO/HbCii nOMOI..QbIO II naIIllaH rJIana.
fJIABA CE/I,LMAH
l aB onpCACJICIIlIe cyml];CIIUH, 011 nepeXOHHT 1\ BlIlI:aM cro,
CTaBH HCpCn HaMH ABa COMIICIIHH. nepBoe: nOqeMY B TO
OpCMH, HaH rOBopIITCH, lITO CJIbIO HllJIHeTCH CIIJlJIOrU3M, pac-
C faTpIInaIOTeH Tal\iHe JTH BbIIlJcynoMHnYTblC BCII n II oo ee
CYiHneIlHe? I3Topoe: nOtIeMY npn IIaJIHIlHII pa3JIIPlIIbIX BnnOB
CYiI\nCIJuii on ronopllT JlIlIlIb 0 nnaJICRTHIICCI\O 1 II nOI\a3bI-
naIO CM CY/HnCIIIII1, a 0 CO(pnCTIJtICCI\OM II nO:)TlftICCI\O 1 lIe
I'OBOpIIT? 1'1 BOT, BO-I1rpBbIX, CHalI\eM, QTO, nepeiiAH R BIIl];aM
c Yil\l];eIluft, CJICJ YCT OTMCTlfTb: B 06 CM c Y/Hf CIIlln IIl1lITO
213
He OTropomeno [OT ,npyrJIX RJI on], 060 cYil\ enOR OTJIIt-
tJ3IOTCR l];Pyr OT ,n;Pyra TIe CBOIlM onpCl];CJICIIIIC?1 no cpanne-
111110 C 06 I1M, TRI{ I\aH Y III1X IIMeeTC H 0l];1l0 onpe eJIenn(',
a ,n;pyrllMII BeIl aMlI. I-Ia nTopoe II\C !\[bI OTBCTIIM, tITO, ne-
pcii,n;H I\ BHAaM cYII\l];enllii, OIl P33JIfPlaCT TO, tITO nanooJloe
0J1113HO naM, T. C. CYiHl];CIIHR l];OI\a3bIBaIOII He H l];HaJleRTHtJ:e-
CHIle. BOT CTOJlbHO 06 JTOM.
nocJIe JTOrO on rOBoplIT 0 pa3nllI C Mejl\ Y l];OI\a3bInaIO-
IIJ.RM CYiI\,n;eIJIICM II HaJIeI\TntIeCI\II f n nOHa qTO pa3J1IIQaeT
IIX l];pyr OT APyr3 II no nOJlC3I10CTH, II no COl];epiI\aIlIIIO. no
nOJIe3IIOCTH - 3TO TO, qTO RaJ1CI\THtleCI\OC CYiHl];enUe 3al];aOT
nonpoc 0 npOTIIBOPCqlllI II oopa3yeT CYII\l];enHe ne B n;eJI01\r,
a JllIllIb naCqCT tI3CTU npOTHBOJICiHaIIlIH. 1'1 cciitlac on onpe-
ACJIHeT 3TO CJICl1;YIO IIM oopa30M: l];HaJICI\TllqeCI\OC cyn\l];enrre
HRJIHCTCH TaI\OBbIM l];JIH BonpOllIaIo cro, I\3I\ Bonpoc OTIIO-
CIITCJIbIlO qJICIIOD npOTHnOJICiHaIlHH, a AJIH CTpOHrn;ero CHJlJIO-
r1I3M - RaH npnIlRTlIe Toro, tITO I\3iI\eTCH, n Toro, qTO nepo-
HTIIO. B «06 IfCTOJlI{OnaIIHH» tI\c on CJlel];YIOrn;UM 00pa30M
onpel];eJIHeT ero, rOBopH, tITO ,n;naJleI\THtICCHIIH Bonpoc Tpc6yeT
OTBeTa na Ol];IIY tIaCTb CYII\l];ellnH IlJIH na l];PyryIO tl3CTb npo-
THBOJIeiHaIlHH 27. n03TOMY H nCI{OTOPbIC BbIpaiHaIOT COMIIC-
BHe, rOBopH: nOtIeMY 011 [B « AII8J1HTIII\C»] l];lIaJICHTlItJeCHlIii
nonpoc na3bIBaer BonpOCO f OTnOCIITeJIbIIO IIJICIIOB npOTIIDO-
JICII\3IIHH, a B «00 JICTOJII\OBaUHlI» - nonpOCOM, TPCOYIo nM
Ol];IlOro OTBeTa llJIH OTBCTa 113 OAIIY qaCTb npOTI1BOJICil\aBHH.
113 JTO AMMOIIlIll 28 l];3CT TaHOC pemCIIHC, rOBopR, tITO 063
JIBJIJIIOTCH npallllJIbllbIMII, 1100, I\orl];a 3a,n;3IoT Bonpoc OTIIOCII-
TCJIbllO npOTlInOJICiHaIlIIH D CJIO f, Torl];a npOHDJIHIOT l];RaJIeI\-
THqCCI\oe CYil\l];cIlHe, I{aH Ohl MOJltJ31I1IeM Yl];OBJICTBOpHH TY
tIaCTb, aa I\OTOpYIO B l];aIIlIOM CJlYtIae H30eraIoT l];aBaTb OT-
BeThI, npH 3TOM OTBeqaH n3 Ol];HY qaCTb cYiHl];ellHH l];eiicTBH-
TCJIbIIbIM 00pa30M, a Ila l];pyrYIo tlaCTh - IIoTell lIaJlbno. I30T
CTOJIbI\O 00 3TOM.
AOI\33bIBaIo ce cyiHl];enHe IIe 3a aeT Bonpoca, a oepcT
I\aiI\y eecH I,3H lICTlInnoe l];JIH nero, XOTH II caM paCCYtI\l];3IO-
Hii ne CtHITaeT 3TO BepoHTllbIM. BOT TaJ\ p33J1HtJaIoTcH OlIlI
ne TOJlbl\O no I10JIe3IIOCTII, 110 H no cOl];epiI\alllIIO, HUO l];oHa-
3LIB3IOrn;eMY CYiI\l];CllIlIO nO,rJ;JIelI\IIT Bce TO, qTO IICTlIllnO, XOTH
H neMbICJlIIMO, I\aI\, IIanpll fep, YTBepjI\,n;cnlle CO.lt1tlfe 1ta-
Jt1toeO 60.ltbZUe 3ew t.ltu, a 3eJt.ltR - JIy1tbl, XOTR U CO.ltluJe na-
:J/CeTCR 6e.ltUllUlloii 6 OaU1t rPYT 29. TaI\ BOT, 3TO XOTR II 110-
MbICJJIIMO, Ol];If(} 1\0 HCTIIIIIlO. A B nlIaJIeHTlIqeCI\O [ CYiHl];enUH
npel]; feTOM MbIC J1H HBJIJIeTCH Bce, tlTO ncpOHTIIO, XOTH H MO-
iHeT ObITb JIOiHbIO, RaI\, llanpHMep, YTBepil\,n;eIIHC, lITO oor
214
MOil\eT COBepIJIIITb Bce, UOO DeCM Tal I\aiI\eTCH. I-Io 3TO eCTb
.TJOiHb, noo COBepllIlITb 3JIO oor He B COCTOHnllll 1I3-3a oecnpc-
CJIbIIOrO l];oopa, HOTopoe 1I0 npll pOAe II cBepx npnpoAbI IICXO-
nT OT nero 30. OnHTb-TaIUI BepOHTIIO II JIOiHIIO, eCJIII CHa3aT:b,
tI1'O BCHI\oe TCJIO HaxoAlITCH B npOCTpanCTBe, IIOO 3TO XOTH II
j1;OnYCTlIltIO, OAII31\0 HBJIHeTCH JIOiHbIO, TaI\ l\aJ\ nenOJ-];RlIiHnaH
BbIcrnaH ccpep3 lie naXOp;IITCH B npOCTpanCTnc; XOTH II ltlI>I
IIa3bIBaCM II3XOAHIQIIMCH B npOCTparrCTBe TO, tITO OOJIaA3eT
IlOBepXIIOCTbIO, OAIIaJ\O nUtJTO nc MOiHeT naXOAIITbCH 3a npe-
ACJIaMII neoeCIIoro cRoAa, JlU nOHepXIIOCTb, JIll TeJIO; Hor a
lttbI rOBoplIM 0 TCJIe, TO [MbI J-];OJIIIOlbI 3I1aTb, tJTO] TeJIO, OOJIc'-
J-];alO ee leCTOltl, lIaxoAIITCH B npOCTpaIICTBe [RnYTplI CBoAa];
II Tal\ AO 6eCnpeACJIblIOCTlI [ncGccnoro CBOJ-];a]. I-I aCqeT 3Toro
[.n;OCTaTOqnO II Toro, qTO MbI Cl\a3aJIII] AO CIIX nop.
IloebIJIl\a CCTb BbICl\a3bIBaJlIIC, co06 alO ee qTo-nlIoYAL
o qe?tI-HlIoYAb; rOBopH 3TO, [ApncTOTCJIb] HaH 6bI XOTeJI CI{tl-
3aTb, qTO nOCbIJIl\oii ObIBaeT De T3I\oe BbICI\a3bIBaDlIe, I\OTO-
poe IIIIOfAa OI>IBaeT YTBepjHl];aIOll IIM IlJIII OTplIu;aIO H f, 1100
nonoonoe onpCAeJIeIllIe HBJIHeTCH onlIc aTCJIhIlbI?tI, Hal, 3TO
ObIBaeT, Hor;1;a C nO IO hIO OTpnI annH I1 ICIOn IIXCH 0603IIa-
qCUIIH tITO-TO YTBepin.IJ;aIOT, a T31\OC, I\aI\ A3nIIoe BbICl\a3bI-
nalIlIe, YTBepil\A3IOIQee IIJIII OTpll aIo ce tITO-nllUYl];b 0 tIe1\l-
IIUOYJ-];b. 11 JTO BbICHa3bIBaIIIIe ObIRaeT JIH60 OG IIM, JIII60 OT-
nOCH nMCH H tlaCTII, tI aCTIII>IM IlJIII neonpCAeJIeDHbIM. 1\al\
BIIAIIM, CY3IIB OnpeACJICnlIe B I\a tleCTBennOM OTIIOllieDUII, OIl
paCllillpnJI ero B J\OJIIPJCCTBCnIlO 1 OTllOIIICIIIIII, nepetJIICJIIIB
BIIAbI CYiI\j\eIIMii, a onpep;eJIenlle no Cl];UHIIQnOMY Oil onYCTIIJI,
3 no I aI\oii 3TO nplPIIIIIC - MbI CHa3aJIII.
II pu JTOJt 06UfUJt cY:JIC8euue.M R na3blBal0, Koz8a llTO-TO
npucyufe BCe.M UJlU 1-te npucyufe 1-tU 08UOJlY - a 3TO 0311a-
I'
qaCT, tlTO OO UC CYjJ\AeIIUH B CBoeM onpCAeJIenlI1I COAepiHaT
ABa 06 nx BbICI\a3bIBaIlIIH. Q3CTIIbIM II\C CYiI\AeillIeltf na3LI-
BaeTCH TaI\oe, I\orl a tITO-II1I6YAb I1pIICY C nCI\OTOpbI?tI, IIJIII
IIC npllcy e DCI\OTOPbI!\f, IlJIII npllcy c nc Bce l; B rrpOTIIBO-
nOJIOlliHOCTb 3TO fY YTBepiH alO ee CYiHAcIIIIe lle HBJIHeTClI
ne npIICY IIM IIeI\OTopbIM, I\aI\ II oG eMY AJIH Bcex YTBep-
n\ aIO CMY CYjHl];elIllIO npOTIIBOnOJIOiI\HbIM GYACT - nplIcy e
ne BCeltf. OAnaI\O 011, He l];eJIaH nIII\aROH pa311H bI, ne yny-
CI\aeT CJIYlJaH, tlTOGbI nbIpa3IITb CO?tlrreIllIe 00 3TlIX ABYX BII-
Aax CYil\;\CIIIIH. 011 rOBoplIT, nOtICMY, CC.TIII C.TIblO [3;J;CCb]
HBJIfleTCH CIIJIJIOrlI3M BOOG C II TCM caMbIM 11 oG ee CYiHJ-];e-
IIIIC, on e aM CDII30rneJI AO BUAOD cyn\AeIlIIH. I I OTBeqaeT, tl1'O
DlItITO lIe MernaCT lIaM lICCJICAOnaTh HIIAI)} cyn\J-];el1H i,
n Cl\IbIC JIC AOC TIIII,C llIlH I\CJIII, 11 pu [IIC C JIC ODaIllllI IIOJIOiI\CIIUH]
215
00 OOlI eM CYiH ennlI n 00 OOIl eM cn '1.TIorn:J f(', 8TO T:1I\, no-
eKOJII)KY B 0611 eM CYil\ CIJnfl [no CYJI CCTBY] JlIPICM HC OT-
JIIPIaIOTCH, T3I\ I\aI\ nCHI\aH noc I)IJII\a onpCJl.C TJHCTC H I\al\
CYjI\ACHIIC, [co06 aIo ce] tITO-JIIIOYAb 0 tJCM-IIMOYl1;b.
TaI oBa C 60il\bCii nOMO LlO 11 ,n;aHIJaH rJIaBa.
FJIABA BOCIJ JAf1
I/o TepMU1l0M R na3bloal0 TO, lla llTO pa3.1laZaeTCR cYJIC8e-
llue 31. I3CJICA 3a onpeAOJIenlIeM nOCbIJlI\M 011 onpel1;CJIneT II
TepMlIn, rOBopH, tlTO TepJtU1-to..M on Ha3bloaeT TO, na llTO paa-
JlaZaeTCR cYJIC8e1-tue, na CI\a3YCMOC II nOJ];JIen\aII ce; OAIIO ro-
BopnT, 0 tICM IIACT petIb, a APyroc - ITO 0 lIeM rORopHTCH;
II OIJII HBJIflIOTCH IlCHOIIJlI)IMII tIaCTHMH CYiH eIInH. A nec PY-
rue [cJIona] RblnOJIIIHIOT pOJIb CRH3I\JI, I\al\ [CJIOBO] eCTb, II
onlI YKa3bInaIOT I1JIII na HOJIlItICCTBO CYiI\ eIlnfl, I\8H onpe o-
JIeHIIC [I\Pyra OXBa ThInaeMbTX npeJ];McToB], n TJII iT\C na HaqC-
CTBO, l\aI\ MOAaJIbIJOCTb, IIJIII ITa xapal\TCp [cnH31I].
Ii ITO JTH [ na tIJICna - CYU'bCI\T II IJpcJ II(\aT] - Hn-
JIHIOTCH nalI60JIee najI\I1bIMII tIaCTHMII BI)ICI\a3bIBaIlIIH, na-
neCTJIO 113 CJIe Ylo cro: H31I\Aoe CYiH CJIlIe 06H3aTeJIbnO
UMCCT nOl1;JIen\a ce H CJ\a3YCMOC, II oe3 3THX nyx tIJIelIOB
IIIII\orJ];a lIe 6bIBaeT CY/I\ eIInH, Tor a I\aH OC3 J];Pyrnx nbII1Je-
ynoMHrrYTbIX [tIJICIIOB] CYiHACIIIIC ObIBaeT, T. C. [CYII\ ClJne
IOiHeT 6bITb] 6e3 CJIOR, YI\a3blnaIO HX na MOJ];aJIbIIOCTb, xa-
paI\Tep [CBH311], CTencnb [CY CCTBenIIoCTII], onpCJ];eJIeIJIIC
[I\pyra npeAMeTOB].. TaH, nanpllMep, RbICH33bInanlIC C01'ipaT
X08UT IIC IIMCCT UU OATIoro II3 JTIIX [J];onOJIIIRTCJIbIIbIX IJ TJC-
nOB], a J\orJ];a IIMeIOTCH J];onOJIIIIITC TIbIlO [II J];pyrIIe CJIOBa],
1\0TOphIe IIpUUaRJIHIOTCH 1\ O IlOMY II3 IIIIX IlJIII iHe nBOJ];HTCH
C I eJIbIO pa3J];CJICIIIIH, TO TCM caMhIM oxnaTblnaeTCH BCHHOC
CYII\ CIIue, IJTO pa3'LHCnCnO ApnCTOTCJICM B «00 IICTO.. T II\OBH-
IIUIl». 1160 HorJ];a I1MCIOTCH JJ:lla [ IJICI1a] npOrIIBOJJCiHaI1IIH:
coe,IJ.JlIIelIUe II pD3'hCJ];IIIIeIIIIC, pa3AeJICIIlIC n C ..TJIIHJ1I1C, yno-
MIIIIaIIHC o l1oro 113 J];BYX tJJICnOB npOTMDOJICiHanUH nOApa-
3YMenaCT II BTOpoii: nocpeACTnOM eoeAIIIICIIIIH naMeI\aCTCH
na pa3'hCJ];IIIICIIHe, a tICpe3 pa3J];CJIenlIe J];eJIaCTCH naMCI\ na
CJIIIHIJIIC. II oGe 3TH tICTRCpIHI, YI\a3bInaIo ne na lla.. T Jlftllle
I1 TJn OTCYTCTBlIe, B cOBoHynrrocTII COCTan.T1HIOT nOCCMI),
a I1MeJIIIO: II3JIIItIUe coeAIIlIeIIIIH, OTCYTCTBIIC coeAUIIenun;
IIaJIl-ttIlIC pa31>cAlIuenlIfl, OTCYTCTBIIC pa3'bCJ];lIneJIIIH; naJIII-
llIIC pa3J];C.TIeIIIIH, OTCYTCTllne pa3J];CJICIIIIH; na.TJIJtIIIC C TlllnI1I1H,
OTCYTCTBIIC CJIHHIJIIH. TaI\IIM 06pa30M, 011 OXnaTUJI BCHI\OC
r'yn\ elJnc.
21f)
l\al\ ?fbI CHa3a.TJII n nOJ\3:1a. T III, [OAIlU 1 113 rJH1nflT)JX tIJIe-
non CYiI\Al)IIIIH] HBJJHCTCH [lIpe,n.1I1\3T, BLJpail\3CMLIii t{epe3]
r.TJarOJI, n60 oG cc CYiI\JJ;eHIIC, J\al\IfM UbI ono IIH UhUIO, JIn60
R Boa fOII\1I0CTlI OUJIaAaCT [nOIJHTllCM] eCTb, COOOIl aIOIQnM
o na:lIll1Ull tICro-nUOYl];b y qcrO-I111uYAb, JIIIOO n AciicTnUTCJIb-
1I0CTll, B D03MOiI\JJOCTII, HaI\, 113llpllMCp, BCHl\uii l{eJIOBeR HB-
JIHeTCH nOAJIeil\3 nM, II 0 neM tITO-IJIlOYAb CI\33bIBaCTCH. 1100
XOTH neI\OTOphIC 113 I111X B JJ;CiICTBIfTC.TIbIlOC TII If OOJIaj1;aJOT
[I10IJHTIIC I] eCTb, Hal\, nanplIMep, 602 eCTb, C01ipaT eCTb,
oAIIaHo BbIpalI\eIIllc cy ecTBOBaIJlIH OIlII lI feJOT n n03MOiJ\-
nocTll, TaI\ I,aJ\ BCHI\IlH rJIarOJI pa3JIaraCTCH ITa eBoe np1JtI3-
cTlle; nanpJIMep, COKpaT eCTb - ConpaT RB.IlRerCR cyulecT-
BY'011fU.M; 602 eCTb - 602 RBoI ReTCR CYUfeCTBY1-OUfll.)}l.
11 nOT Te CYiI\ACIIIfH, J\OTopble B B03MOiI\I10CTII 331\JIIOtfaJOT
B ceoe [nOHHTlle] cy ecTBOBaIJIIH, HBJIHIOTCH JIllGO YTnep-
l];I1TCJIbTIbIMII, JIIIUO OTpll a TeJIblIbIMll. 11, OYAYtHI YTuep lI-
TCJIbTIbl lll, OlIn: 3al\JIIOlfaIOT n ceoc YTDepil\AcIHIC IIOIIHTIIH
6blTb, a IIPII I1aJIUtIHn nOIlHTIIH 6blTb CJIeAYCT 3lIaTb, tITO ono
MOiI\CT 6bITb OTIIHTO OT JInx; 1\0rAa iHC [CYII\j1;CHIIH] OTpll-
I aTeJrbIIbI, TO OBII 3aJ\JIIOtJaIOT B ccue OTpIlI alJlle - He 6blTb,
noo OT nllX OTIIllMaCTCH [6blTb n AaeTCH] ne 6blTb. A Te
cYiI\AelIllH, 1\0TOpbIe B AeiicTBIITCJIbIIOCTll 06JIaJJ;aloT nOJlH-
TIICM eCTb, uLIBaIOT JIIIUO C YI\a3aHlle 1 MOl];UJIbIlOC Tn nJIlI iI\C
UC3 nce, I\al\, nanpllMep, OC3 YI\a3allllH MOl];aJIbIIOCTII: C01ipaT
cnpaBe8JtUB, C01ipaT necnpaBe8.1lUB. TaH ROT, CYiHl];CIIIIH, 6y-
l];ytIII YTBepAIITCJIbIIbIMII, 3aI\JIJ01faJOT B ceoe nO TBcpiJ\,n;ellIIC
UI)ITllH, a OTpJI aTeJIbIIbIe - IIOl];TBepmAcHlle HeObITHn; CCJIll
olin [c YI\a3aTIlIeM] IOl];aJIbnOCTn, TO OIIHTb UJ)IBaIOT JInUO
YTnepAIITeJIbIIbIMH, JIll60 OTpIII aTeJIbIIbIMll; a CYil\ACJlHH no
eAlInllQn01tIY 6blBaIoT JIIIUO n pOCTLIMII, .TJIIUO HCXOAHII I1MII OT
IIIIX. 11 BOT, I\OrAa YTBepl];HTeJIbHOe CYIT\J);CIIIIC ohInacT II po-
CTbIM, Tor,IJ.a II 0 COJ\paTe lITo-JIn60 cooo aeTCH 113AJICiI\a n f
oopa30M.
1 aHoBa C oOil\beii nOMOIl LJO II j1;annaH rJIana.
r 1l,1/JA I1.EBHT AH
CU.IlJt02ll3M eCTb BblC1ia3blBanue, B KOTOpO.H npu YTBep-
:JIC8enuu lle20-.Ilu60 U3 ne20 ueo6x08u:wo BhlTeHOCT llf l lTO OT-
Jlllll1l0e OT YTBepJIC8enn020 U [u.uenllo] B Cll.ll,lj T020, liTO 3TO
[nepBOnalla.llbHO YToepJIC8enHoe] eCTb. nOC TJC [paCCMOTpC-
IIIlH] tlacTeii eJUIJIOrn3Ma, CIIcpna OJlII3J\IIX lIaM, T. c. noebI-
JIOJ\, a 3aTeM AaJICI\IlX, T. e. TepMlInOn, A pneTOTe,rfI) npn-
cTYIIaeT II K oupa3yeMbTM n nux CUJIJIOrII3MflM, II3JIflraH
217
n rrpe IICJlOBIfH aHHOrO COQIlHeIIIIH TO, tJTO II I BbICI\a33no
B Tpex COqllUelIHHX - « !\aTerOpIIHX», «06 IICTOJlJ.\OBanIlII» H
«AHaJlHTHl\aX». lI60 I\al\ n «!{aTerOpJIHX» OIl CHa3aJl 0 npo-
CTbIX 0003IIatJeIIHHx, 1\0TOpbIe CYTb TepMllHbI, B «00 lIeTOJl-
1\0BaHHII» - 0 CYII\l];eIIHHX, a B «AHaJIIITIIH3X» - 0 IIpOCTOM
CIIJlJIOrII3Me, no ooIlbIM me 00pa30M II B I1aCTOH eM npel];u-
CIITJOBIIII [I{ « AnaJlIITHl\aM» ], l];aB onpe CJlelIlIe nOCbIJll\H H
1'epMIIHa, OIl npnXOl];HT 1\ CIIJlJlOrIl3MY.
Ho Oll onpe eoi1HCT BCRl\lIll CHJIJlOrH3M, [ol];UaHo Ral\oii] -
l\aTerOpHtlecJ\HM IIJIH YCJIOUIIbIii? - HH TOT, IIH ,n;Pyroii. 1100
I1pI1Be eIII10e onpCl];eJIeIIlIe 1I0l];XOl];HT 1\0 BCHI\OMY CHJlJlO-
rH3?tIY. A AJIeI\CaHl];p - TOJlHOBaTeJlb l];aIIlJOrO COqllHeIIIIH ro-
BopnT, qTO [ApncTOTeJlb] onpel];eJIHeT TOJIbHO I\aTerOplftIe-
CI\IIH CII TJ 10rlIaM, 060CHoBbIBaR CBOIO MbIC TJb C TJe,n;YIOII IIMII
nY:MH BeII aMH. Bo-ncpBbIx, TeM, tITO 011 l];3JI onpeACJICIIIIe
JIJIIIIb I\aTerOpHtleCHoro CYiHl];eIIIIH, a H3TCrOpHqCCHHe CHJlJIO-
rH3MbI 06pa3YIoTcH 1I3 I\a TeropHtJeCHIfX CYiHl];CIJlIii. n pHBO-
f];HT OB II uTopoii l];OBOl];, ronopH, qTO on CTaBIIT pa31IHI Y
MeiHl];Y conepIIlenIIbIMII II IIeCOBepIlICIIIIbIMI1 CIIJlJlOrn3MaMH,
a COBeprneHIIOC II nCCOBeprneUHoe nMeeTCH JllIllib Y H3Tero-
pnqeCRnX CIIJlJlOrII3MOB.
Ha 3TO MhI eRaiI\CM, Bo-ncpBbIX, no nOBOl];Y Toro, tJTO
A pnCTOTeJIIJ aCT onpel];CJlelIHe JlIIIlIb I\a TCrOpHIJCCI\Oro CYiI\-
1J;eBIIR; Men\l];Y TCM H3BCCTII0, tITO B « au HCTOJlHOBaIJHII» OIl
onpe1J;eJlHJI cYjI\l];eUHe uooo e. A nOtJCMY Oll [3l];CCL] 1J;aJl
onpe,n;eJICnHe JlHIlIb l\aTCrOplltIeCI\oro CYiI\l];eUIIR, MI)I YiHe
YI\a3aJIll npnqlIUY. no nOBOl];Y iI\e BToporo Bonpoca OTBeTIIM,
ITO 0 pa3JIH t ilIH YCJlORIIbIX cYII\l];cnHii OIl rOBopIIT B caMOM
I\OIID;e rrcpnoii rJl3BbI nepnoil l\I1nrH, paCCMaTpIIBaeMOll I1bIlie.
8TO rOBopllTCH no nOBO Y AJlcJ\calIJJ;pa. OAllaI{O n01JeMY .t\rn-
CTOTeJIb 113JI3raCT JII1IlJb llTO eCTb CU.Il.ll02U3.M?, OCTaBJIJlH no.
npoc CYUfecT6yeT JlU Oft? BCl];b Bonpoe C!fUfecT6yeT AU cy-
Ufee? npCAIllCCTBYCT Bonpocy liTO eCTb cYUfee? 32 nO;)TO IY
l];anaiiTe nOl\aiJ\CM, qTO ClIJlJlOrlI3M CYlQeCTByeT. lIo ()TO MhI
f];CJIaeM H3-33 cpUJIOcocpOB-ecpeHTIIHOB 33, I\OTOpbIe npOIlOBC-
YIOT ncn03IIanaCMOCTb [cy ero] II TCM caMbIM ynp33AIIHIOT
ClIJJJlOrn3M I\aH OpYAHC n03IIa1J1IH.
Ol];naHO OlIH ynpa3AIIHIOT CHJlJIOrlI3M CJIel];YIoID;uM oupa-
30M. [OlIn ClIp311II1UaIOT]: DbI, ncpnnaTCTHHH, C nOMOU I)IO
CHJlJlorll3M3 nOI\a3I)IBaCTe, tITO CHJIJlOrU3M CYlQCCTByeT, IVI II
UC3 CUJIJlOrIl3Ma? EC TIII UC3 CIIJlJIOrn3Ma, TO MbI ne COrJl3ClIbI
C HaMil, H3I\ C IICJlOrlftJno P3CCYiI\l aIOlQnMII; eCJlH JHC C no-
MOmLIO CIIJIJIOrn3M3, TO YII\C B C3MOM lIa t IaJIe BbI3bIBaCTC
co?tIllelIlIe, lICXO,IJ;H 113 COMIIIITCJlbilOrO 1\3I\ ,n;OCTOBcpno II3-
218
neCTHoro. AJIR CIIJIJIOrII31tla, C nO [Om;bIO I\OTOpOro ]:(ORa3bI-
BaCTe, QTO CII,TIJIOrlI3M cy eCTBYCT, BbI IIIHIBOAJITC nOAo6HbTii
iHe [ OHa3bIBaIO IIii CIIJlJIOrIl3M]. II TaR o 6eeI\oIIotlTIOCTII.
I-Ia 3TO MhI OTBCTllM TalC BbI, no,n;o6no ,n;CTHl\I-OOl\faIlID;H-
Ha?tf, IIOrraJIllCL CBOIIMH rI\e I\pbIJIbHMU, I\aI\ CRa3ano B JlC-
rCITl];c. 1160 II)I TO iHe ca [OC rORopHM BaM: I\aI\IIM 06pa30:M
BbI YTBepiI\,n;acTe tITO-TO, ec JIH lIeT CIIJlJIOrIl3Ma? AOI\a3bIBaH
IlJIII lie l];OHa3blnaH? 11 RaI\IlM 06pa30M B03MOiI\IIO, eCJlH, co-
rJIaCTIO BaM, OTBcpraeTCH cym;ccTBoBalIlIe CIIJlJIOrIl3Ma, rrOJlb-
30RaTLCH CHJIJlOrH3MOM, 1\0TOpbIii RI)I XOTHTC ynpa3AIIHTb 34;
11 MbI lIe 6YJl;e 1 npOAOJlrHaTb A() 6eCROneqrrOcTH. 1160 CHLTIJIO-
r1l3M, HOTOpbTii nORa3bIBaeT, tITO cy eCTBYCT CIIJlJIOrII3!\{, H
CCUH 1I0I\a3bIBaCT, XOTH II B ,n;aIIIIOM cJlyqae BbIcTyrraeT TIe
HaI\ CIIJIJlOrn3!\1, a l\aI\ TO, qTO no,n;JICiHHT CIIJIJIOrU3?t[y; IIO-
Aouno 3TOMY II orrpe,n;eJleIIIIC H ceOH orrpel];eJIHeT; XOTH H
D 3TOM CJlYlIae lIe RaH onpel];eJleIIIle, a I\aI\ onpCl];eJlHeMoe.
I BOT ceiiqac MbI llMeeM TaI\oe paccYiI\l];enHe, I\OTOpOe no-
I\a3bInaeT, tITO CHJIJIOrH3M cy eCTBYCT; OAuaHO TO, tJTO CIIJI-
JIOrIl3 [ cy ecTByeT, BbIHBJIHCTCH tJepe3 IICqTO l];pyroc. 1160
npnpOl];a IIe Bce YTalIJIa OT lIac, TaI\ RaI\ B npOTIIBIIOM CJIyqae
lIe 6bIJIO 6bI B03MOiI\110CTII tITO-JInUO nOCTJPIb, H lIe Bce c,n;e-
JIaJIa HBrrbIM, nuo TOrl];a lIe 6bIJIO HCCJIel];OBaIIIIH, lIO [Bce
YCTpOllJIa rrpnpOl];a TaR, tJTOObI ee MOiHIIO UbIJIO n03I1aTb lIe-
pC3] JICCJIe,n;OBaIIHe n pa3bICI\aITHO. 11 BOT no 3TOii npIItIHIID
tIeJIOBetIecRllii paCCYl];OI\ ncnbITblBaCT rroTpeunocTb B CIIJIJlO-
rllc TIPIeCI\O [ MbIllIJlCIIIIII, HUO JIIO,n;H BllAflT, tlTO Bce Be H
lIe no BCe!\[ CXOl];IIbl l];pyr C ,n;pyroM, 1160 TOrl];a ne 6blJIO UbI
B031\101l010CTII BhlHBIITb Ol];IIO tIep03 APyroe, TaI\ I\aI\ BCHI\aH
Be b B TaHOM CJIyqae IIOCTUraJIaCb UbI [lienOCpel];CTneIIIIO]
tJcpe3 caMY ce6H, qTO cBoiicTBeTIIIO [JlHIlIb] o y eIIIIHM, IIO
nc JIOrIPIeCI\OMY MbIIlIJIeIIHIO; H onHTb-TaI\H, 01I1I lIe BO BCCM
OTJIIPIaIOTCH l];pyr OT l];pyra, nuo TOrl];a IIH B I{OeM CJIyqac
113 ABYX OTplll aIlllii ne MOrJIII UbI DbIBeCTII 3aI\JIIOIIellIIH. BOT
CTOJIbI\O naCqeT JTOrO Bonpoca.
nOCJIC 3Toro l];anaiiTe 06pa TIIMCH I\ caMoMY CHJIJlOrII3MY,
I\OTOpbIii 011 onpCAeJIHeT TalC «CHJlJIOrH3M eCTb BLICRa3bI-
BaIllIe, B I\OTOpOM II pH YTBcpiHl];enHII qerO-JIHUO 113 nero ne-
OUXOAHMO BbITeI\aeT neqTO OTJIUqnOe OT YTnepiHl];eIIrrOro
B cnJIY Toro, tITO 3TO caMoe [YTBepiHACnTIOe] OCTb». 8TO
onpe,n;OJlCIIlIe H leeT CBOll pOl];, n60 BblCKa3blBallUe HBJIHeTCH
pOl];OM )J.JIH [CHJIJIOrIl3Ma] l];0I\a3bIBaIo ero, CO IICTIPIeCRoro,
n03TIJ1IeCI\oro n HMeeT COCTaBJIHIO lle pa3JIIIIIHH. A neHOTO-
pbIC 113 pa3JIHtIllii OTIIOCHTC H H 06'beRTY, I\aR, nanpnMep,
llezo-.Ilu60 n npu YTBepJIC8eUllU, a neHoTopbIe OTIIOCHTCH
219
1\ BIIJ\Y, R81\ 1-teo6xof)u,Mo 8blTe1\aeT 1-tel/,TO OT.IlUl/,HOe II Bce
OCT8JILIIOC. A BlJAOM CIIJIJIOrn3Ma HBJIHIOTC H BbIROAbI. 110 na-
BanTe YTOIIIlIIM B OTl];CJJLHOCTII RaiHAOC CJIOBO [UbIIlICI1IHIBe-
AeHHoii cPOPMY JIll pOBHlI] .
BblC};a3bl8allue, 8 JiOTOpO.M npu YTecpJIC8e1-tuu lleao-Jtu60.
OH CI\a3aJI npu YT8epJlC8elluu, 8 lIe npu 06YCJt08/tellltOCTU;
eCJIII ObI JTO 6blJIO He Tal" TO on TeM C8MbIM l];a TI 6bl onpc,1e-
JIeHlle TllllIlb YCJIOBIIOrO [CIIJIJIOrIl3M8]; II lIe CR83aJI 011 npu
cKa3bl8allUU, a TO j1;a"TJ UbI onpeAeJIeIIlle JIllllIb R8 Teroplflle-
CHoro [CllJIJIOrIl3M8]. Ol];II8KO OB CK838JI npu YT8e pJIC8e1-tuu,
T. e. npu 06031-ta 1 leltUU 80CT08ep1-tO U38eCT1l0ao. TeM C8MbIM
OXBaTllJI 011 1\8TerOpnqeCHHC II YCJIOBlIbIe [CHJIJIOrII3MbI], TaI\
HaI\ HX nOCbIJII\JI COAepil\aT l];OCTOBepHO H3BeCTHoe. 11 TaR8H
nOCbIJII\a tIepe3 nOCJICl];OB8TeJIbHOe paCCYil\AeHHe l];8eT OCIIO-
B8IIHe [l];JIH npaBIIJIblIOrO BbIBOl];8] R8H B HaTeropIPIeCI\IIX,
T8I\ II B YCJIOBlIbIX CIIJIJIOrH3M8X. 11 Hcno, nOqeMY YTBep-
iI\l];aeMbIe HBJIHIOTCH AoeTOBepHO 113BeCTllbIMll; 3TO TaK, HOO
l];OCTOBepno 113BeCTlIoe eCTb YTBepiHl];eIIIIe llCTHIIlIbIX llOIIH-
THH. A qTO OIl CR838JI npu YT8epJIC8e1-tuu, T8H 3TO Cl];eJI8I10
AJIH pa3JIllqenUH OT l];PyrHx DbICR83bIB8IlIIll, RaR, IIallpHMep,
I13'bHDHTeJIbIIOrO, nOBCJIHTeJIbIIOrO II npOTHBOnOJIar8eM:oro,
HUO IIH n Ol];HOM II3 IIUX nOl];JIeiH8 ee IIe BbIcTyn8eT' R8K l];0-
CTOBepno 113BCCTlIoe. Ol];I1aI\o Oll CH83aJI no MnOiHeCTBenIIOM
qHCJIe - YT8epJ/CfJae.Jttble 35, a IIC B el];HIICTBellIIOM - YT8ep-
J/CiJaeJ,toe, II 3TO 1I3-3U TCCIIOCBH38nllbIX II pa3l];CJIIITCJlbIIbIX
CIIJIJIOrU3MOB, a TaJOHC H3-38 oopa eIIllH H ycCqenllbIX CIIJI-
JIOrH3MOB, noo n JIUX 0l];1I0 [ne06XOl];HMbIM OUp830M] CJIeAycT
3a j1;PyrIIM.
T8I\, n8nplIMep, B TeCHOCBH38HllOM CIIJIJIOrn3Me, B I,OTO-
pOM rOBopIlTCH: « ECJIll COJIII e H8XOl];IITCH Hal]; 3eMJIcii, TO,
3lIalIlIT, B JTO npCMH l];eIIb; T8I\ BOT, cClllIac OllO n8XOl];HTCH
II8j:\ 3CMJIeii; CJICAOBa TCJIbIlO, CeMlIaC l];eIlb». TotInO TaI\ iHe
u pa3l];CJIIITCJIblIbIX [CIIJIJIOrU3M8X], n I\OTOpbIX rOBopuTCH:
«CeiitIac UJrH l];ClIb, IlJIII 1I0 1 Ib; CeiIQ8C l];eIlb; CJICl];OB8TC.1LIIO,
lIe IIOIJb». nOl];OOIIbIM iHe oopa30M H n OUpa eJIIIH oAIIO CJIC-
AyeT 3a l];pyrHM, uanpHMcp: «ECJIll IIII 0l];1111 H8MelIb lIe HB-
JIHCTCH tICJIOBCI\O f, TO H 1111 Ol];HII 1JeJIODCI\ lIC eCTb HaMCIIb».
I I B ycetJeUIIbIX CllJI.TIOrII3MaX 0l];1I0 CJIel];YCT 38 l];pyrIIM, IIO
n JInx nYjI\AaIOTCH [JJIIIlII>] pllTOpbI; nanplIMep: «I-IeI\To JIIO-
UMT U3 PlIlI,8TLC H; CJICJ OH8TeJIbHO, 011 UJIYl];JJHK»; [HJIM iI\C]:
«HCHTO YMCP, IJaXOAHCb pHl];OM C YOMiiI cii, CJIeAOBaTCJIbIIO,
JTOT CCTb YOllii a». 130T Tal\llMU CHJIJIOrH3MaMM nOJIb30naJICR
8CXHII IJpOTIIB J(CMOC<pcn8, ronopH Tal\: « DOCHOJIbI\Y 011 CbI-
I10IlCnannCTIJIIH II 3JIOii OTCI , n03TOMY naBepnoe 011 IlnJ\OJ'J a
22d
npn nYUJTnqnJ)TX BbIcTynJIPRIIRX ne OYJJ:PT RbTrJUJ PTb rrpnfTT-
I1bIM»). Dee :)TO yeCtICIIHbIC CIIJlJIOrIl3MhI.
110 nOtICMY OIIU IIa3BaIlbI ycc 1 IellllbIMu? lIoToMY, tITO IIX
eJIc,n;yer II3JIaraTb C.T}eP;YIO lIM 06pa30M: «HeI\TO HBJIHeTCH
JIIOOIITeJIe 1 II a pHl];OB; BC HHIIII JIIOOIITCJIb II a pHl];OB 6JIy,n;JIIII\;
C JIe,n;ona TCJIbIIO, II 3TOT qeJIOBCI, 6JIYl];IIIII-\»); « HCT\TO 1I0 1 IblO
,., ..
YOIlJI naXOAlIBJUerOCH pn,n;oM e IIIIM tIPJIOnel\a; COBepIJIaIOIJ l111
Tal\00 ,n;CJIO no Beex CJIY1IaRx HR.TJR0TeH YOlfiil\cii; eJlcl];ona-
TCJlbIlO, II JTOT tIeJIOnCH CCTb yoniiI a»). rral\lIl\I n,c 00pa30M
CJIC;10BUJIO 6bI 1I3JIOiHIITb II eHJIJIOrII3 [ 3cxuna: «AeMoeq)PU
HBJIHeTCH CbInOIIenanliCTIIIII\OM II 3JIhIM OTI OM; nCHI\lIii 110-
,T\oulIbIii tIeJIOneH lIanepnoe IIlIl\orl];a npll nYOJIlIqHbIX nhIcTYII-
JICIIHHX lIe 6hInaeT np"HTCII»). Ol];lIal\o pliTOpbI IICnOJIb30BaJili
cOI\palQcHllbTii eIIJTJIOrll3M no tICTbIpe 1 npIIIIHIJaM: JlJIIi ,n;JIH
COCpeil\CIIIIH BpcMenlI, IIUO 1I1I0rl];a OIIH l];eJIaJIIi JTO npli IIC-
,n;ocTaTI\e npcl\IclJlI; IIJIH JIbCTH CJIYIlJaTeJIHM, I\aH YtICIIbIM,
HHOObI 3naIolQIIM nCHyccTBO COCTanJIenllH CIIJIJIOrU3MOB; IIJJR
no APyroii nplItIlIue, l];aobI 3anOJIYIJIITb CJIYIJlaTCJIrii n nOA-
nellaJIbI, I\al\ ,n;OIIOJIIIHIO HX TO, tIcro IICl];OCTaCT [n CIIJIJIO-
rII3 [e], IIUO BCHI\uii OOJIbIIIC l];OBCpHCT cnon [ CJIOnaM, tICM
tIYil\lIM. 11 ClQC no l];pyroii nplPIIllIe, a IIMCIIIIO 01I1I npOII3-
BOJIbllO onYCI\3JIJI 66JIblUYIO nOCbI T}I\Y, noo qaCTO npnoerawln
1\0 JDI\II, U ,n;JIH Toro, tITOUbI CI\pblTb JIOiHb, OIIII nocTynaJiu
T81\HM 00pa30M.
IITaH, 011 cnpaBe,n;JIIiBO CI\a3aJl YT8ep:JIC8ae tble, a lIe
YT8ep:JIC8ae.!ttoe 36, IIUO B CUJIJIOrU3Max CJIel];YCT npllMCIIHTb
MIIon\eCTneu IIOC ({IICJIO; H, rOBopH YT(Je p:JIC8ae.!ttbZe, 011 TCM
CaMJ)IM I\aI\ UbI II aMCHllYJI, tITO l];JIH CUJIJIOr1I3Ma UYII\IIO IIMCTb
caMOC MelIbllIee l];ne nOCbIJII\II, T3I\ I\aH n CIIJIJIOrlI3M MOiI\eT
GhITb llI\JIIOIJeIlO II MIIOil\CCTBO nLTCI\a3bIBanuiL OTClo a II npo-
Jl30IIIJIO nanMCIIonaIIlle CIIJIJIOrII3Ma, 1\0TOpbIii l];OCJIOBIIO 0311a-
tIaCT COtIJICUeIIlIe, IIOO CUJl [CO], npnUanJIHeMOC [1\ OCIIOB-
IIOMY CJIony], 03na 1 IaCT MlIOII\CCTno, HaI\, nanplIMCp, copaT-
HUh, CO:JICUTeJlb, a TaIOI\C 03IIa t IaeT COUlipaIIlIe, T. e. CoqJIene-
lIHC CYiI\AeIIHil, 1I3-3a Ol];IIonpCMCIIIIoro BbIpail\elIliH CYiHAenuii
o MIIornx Bc ax. };luo 3l];CCb 0l];110 BhITeI\aCT lIC 1I3 Ol];IIoro,
a 113 MIIOiHeCTHa; nanpHMCp, lleJl08e eCTb :JICU80e cyz.qeCT80,
a JlCu(Joe CYUfeCT80 eCTb CYUleCT(JO 08YUl e(JJleu1-toe; cJle8o-
8aTeJlb1tO, U lleJlO(Je o8yule(JJlen. BOT BaM npliMCp, Hal, 1I3
?\fIlOiHCCTDa, T. C. :JICU8020 CYUfeCT(Ja II oDyute(JJlenU020, nhI-
TCI{aCT IIC 1 ITO 0 1I0, a IIM0I1I10 08YZlle(JJleUllbZU Ile.'loeel;.
1'aHOlla c GOil\bCii nOMOll\bJO II AaIlIIaH l'JIaBa.
221
fJIABA llECHTAH
113 neeo 1-te06x08u.Jtbl.M 06 pa30Jt BblTe'fiaeT 1-tellTO OT JtU1l-
1-toe OT YT(JepJIC8e1-t1-toeo [B CUJlY Toeo], llTO JTO eCTb. BCJIcl];
33 pa3JIIPIIIeM no COl];ep/HaIIIIIO 011 ncpeXOAIIT H pa3JIIPIIIJO
no cpopMe. ronoplIT OT JlUIl1-tOe, IIMeH B nIIAY, ITO 3aI\JIIOQe-
IIlIe l];OJIII\IIO OTJIlItJa TbeH OT nOCbIJIOI\ H IIlItITO n 3aI\JIIOtIenlIlI
lIe TO/Hl];CCTneIIIiO IIM; nanplIMep, II eJlOBel'; eCTb JlCUBOe C Y-
UfeCTBO; JlCUBOe CYUfeCTBO eCTb cYUfee; CJle80BaTeJllJ1-t0, lle-
JlOBel'; eCTb cyufee. H TaR, IIII oAna II3 nOCbIJIOI\ lIe TOjHAe-
CTBClIlIa 3aI\JIlOtIelIlIlO lleJtOBel'; eCTb cYUfee. 11 JTO IIC
TOiHACCTncnnoe nOCbIJIRaM II eCTb BbInOA, T. e. 3aI\JIIO IeliHe.
ronoplITcH :JTO II C eJIbIO pa3JIHqCIJIIH [npanlIJIbIIbIX CIIJIJIO-
r1I3MoB] OT CHJIJIOrH3MOn CTOIIKon, Y HOTOpJ>IX 3aHJIIOtIeUlie
TOiHl];eCTneIII10 nOCbIJIl\aM. HanplIMep, eCJtu 8e1-tb, TO CBeTJlO;
ce Ullac 8e1tb; CJte80BaTeJlb1-t0, coeT JlO. OIIn nocTyrralOT
TaH, '1T06bI cnYCI\aTbCH no cTyneIIbI\aM ynbIJIOrO nonTope-
HUH, a lIe AJIH ACJIa, 1I60 OHII BbIBOl];HT OAIIO lIe nocpeA-
CTnOM l];pyroro, a IIOCpeACTBoM Toro iI\e, T. e. OAIIO C rro-
MOII hJO nero me.
If ellTO. tIe CJIel];yeT npene6peraTb JTIIM 1te I lTO, I\aH
I\aI\lI f-TO I1e3na tJIITeJIbllbIM CJIOBOM, IIOO 0110 IIMeeT neoo'b-
HTIIbIe n03MOiHIIOCTU, I\al\ H ne CJIel];YCT CtIlITaTb 3a I1IPIerO
ne 3natIaII ee [cJIono] AJIH CIIJIJIOrIl3MOn, a TalOHe l];JIH COtIe-
TaIIIIH IICCIIJIJIOrlICTlItJCCI\IIX paccY/I\AcIIIIii. J;foo [3l];ecb] CJIe-
l];YCT 3IIaTI), C I\OJIbI\O IIMeeTC H coqcTaIluii n coel];unelIlIH
CJIon. 11 I\orl];a nplI 113Menel1IIII COl];cpiI\aIIIIH [nocbI TJOl\] CJIe-
l];YCT Ol];no, a lIe MIIOjI\eCTBO 3aI\JIlOtJeIIlIii, TO fbI IIMeCM AeJIO
C CIIJIJIOrlICTlftIeCHIIMII paccyn\AeIJHHMII; HorAa IHe npIl OAH"
IIaHonOM COQCTaIIlI1I UMeeTCH IIeCROJIbl\O coeAIIIIeIIllii [no-
CbIJIOR] II C 1I3MeIICIIIIeM oAIIoro TepMIIII a 1I3 IIIIX BbInOl];HTCH
pa3nbIe 3aI\JIIOtIenIIH, I\aCaIO lIeCH IIIJOrAa oAIIoro, a llIIOrl];a
lIe Bcex, [110 MJIOrnx], TO fbI IIMeeM AeJIO C paccyn\l];eIlIIHMII
II eCIIJIJIOI'IIC TlItJeCHIIMII.
/1 e06x08uMlJlM 06pa30.M. fonopHTCH 1-teo6x08uMblM 06pa-
30M, l];aObI 3IIa Tb, '1TO ne06XOl];IIMOe II lIen peMeIIHOC II e OTHO-
CHTC H 1\ pacCYjHACIIIIHM, COCTanJIelIIIbIM COrJIaCIIO naneAenlI10
H anaJIOrnlI, IIOO OHII lIe nbInOAHT netITO IIeoGxoAIIMbI f 00-
pa30M. JI3neCTIIO, qTO BCHI\Oe l];OnYCTIIMOC paCCYil\p;CIIIIe nbI-
nOAJlT JIIIOO nop;OOHoe 1I3 nOA06IIoro, JInGo 60JIbllIOe 1I3 fa-
JIoro, JInOO MaJIOC 113 60JIbIlJOro. Ii BOT, TO, I\OTopoe BbIBOl];UT
nOAoonoe H3 IIOAoonoro, na3bInaeTCH anaJIorneii; TaI\OBO, na-
npliMcp, lle 8aBauTe Te.!lOXpa1-tUTeJtR 1f,U01-tUCU10, u60 U llu-
CUCTpaT 37, nOJtY1lUB [ceo], CTaJt 1-taCUJlbllU1iOJt. 110 Bel];b lie
222
OOH3aTeJIbIlO, tJTOObI II AnOIlIICnM COBepIlJaJI naCIIJIlIe, eCJIU
COBeprnaJI naCHJIlIe OncncTpaT. A TO paCCYII\l];eUlIe, ROTOpOC
BbIBOl];IIT 60JIbllIOe 1I3 MaJIOrO, lIa3bIBaeTCH I1aBel];elIlIeM; na-
nplIMep, nOC OJlbKY y tteJlOBena U K01-tR 8BUJICeTCR 1-tUJlC1-tR,J-l
tteJlKJCTb, TO U, CJleiJoBaTeJlb1-tO, Y BCR OZO JlCUBOZO CYUfeCTBa
iJBUJICeTCR 1-tUJlC1-tRR lleJlKJCTb - 3l];eCb 3aI\JIIOtIeillIe lIe BbITe-
I\aeT neo6xoAIIMbIM 06pa30M, IIOO JTO, [nanpIIMep], lIe HB-
JIHCTCH neOOXOl];IIMOCTblO l];JIH cpCJIIII\Ca, I\pOROl];IIJIa II rO IaMa,
y I\OTOpbIX l];RIIII\eTCH BepXIIHH lIeJIIOCTb 38. A Te paccyn\l];e-
IllfH, I\OTOpbIe B 3aI\JIlOtIenlIlI YTBepn\l];aIOT qTO-TO MaJIOe, BbI-
BOl];H 1I3 60JIbIlJOrO, IIa3bIBalOTCH CIIJIJIOrII3?tfOM, nbIBOl];
I\OTOpOro BbITeRaeT [lf3 nOCbIJIOI\] IIeOOXOl];HMbI 1 06pa30l'v1,
I\aI\, nanplIMep, lleJlOBeK RBJlReTCR CYUfeCTBOM 8By1-tOZU,;U;
COKpaT lleJlOBeK; CJle80BaTeJlb1tO, ConpaT CYUfeCTBO 8BY1-tO-
zoe - JTOT BbIBOl]; l];eJIaeTCH ueooxol];IIMbIM o6pa30M.
A rOBopnTcH BblTe aeT n3-3a l];HaJIeI\TIPleCI\IIX II COcplI-
eTIIQCCl\lIX Yl\[03aI\JIlOtIenlIll, I\OTOpbJe COl];ep/Ha T B ce6e B03-
MO/HIJOe II IIeB03MomlIoe; 1I6o l];lIaJIeHTlIqeCHlIe y?tf03aI\JTIOqe-
IIIIH l];eJIalOT BbIBO)];, HBJIHIO lfilc H B03?tfO/I\IIbIM, a COcpIICTII-
tICCI\ne - lIeB03MO/HIIbIM. Ho IIIJor)];a olIn Co)];epma T II
neo6XOl];HMOe, Ol];IIaI\O ne caMII IIO ce6e, a cJIyqaiino, II aTO
no)]; BJIIIHIIlIe?tf nOCJIel];OBa TeJIblIorO CIIJIJIOrII3Ma; IIOO, lIarrplI-
Mep, CIIJIJIOrII3?t1 COKpaT X08UT, a TOT, KTO X08UT, 8BuzaeTCR
cOl];eplI\IIT B ce6e B03Momnoe, [IIOO COI\paT MOil\CT II lie xo-
)J;IITb]. A )];JIH IIOCJIel];OBa TeJIbHOrO CIIJIJIOflI3Ma BblcTynaC'f
neOOXOAIIl'vIOe; IIOO, [naIIpIIMep], CORpaTY neB03MO/I\IIO 1Il'vleTb
HpbIJIbH, H B03MOII\Hoe [B l];anHOM CJIyqae] 6Yl];eT naCIIJIlIeJ\1
na)]; CIIJIJIOrII3MOM; HaIIplIMep, COKpaT JleTUT, a TOT, TO Jle-
TUT, UJteeT pblJlbR; CJle80BaTeJlb1-tO, U Co paT UMeeT pblJlb,n.
Ii JIlIllIb l];OI\a3bIBaIO lIii CIIJIJIOflI3M C ero IIOCJIel];OBa TeJIbIIbI f
B bI B 0 l]; 0 M CO l]; e p IH II T II eo 0 x 0 l];1I M 0 e ; T a H , II a II p II M e p , II e.ll 0 B e
eCTb JlCUBOe coa8anue, liTO HBJIHCTCH nCOOXOl];IIMbIM II 603
cBHaeii [c )];pyrlIMII CYlQIIMII]. A JlCUBOe coa8a1-tue eCTb oiJy-
UleBJlell1-tOe, II c aMO IIO ce6c HRJIHCTCH neooXol];UMbIM l];JIH
)];aIIlIbIX [CYlQIIX], HBJIHeTCH HCOOXOl];HMbIM II B CBH31I [c l];PY-
rlIMII CY IIMII].
9TO JlCe [caMoe] eCTb. CI\a3aB JTO, OIl TCM caMbIM XOTe TI
DbIpa3IITL, tITO YM03al\JIIOtICIIIIe CJIel];yeT [BbIBOl];UTb], OIIII-
paHCb na BbIl];BIIUYTble [YTBcpiI\l];aCMble] nOCbIJII\II, a lIe na
KaI\OC- TJII60 OIIpOl];eJIenllC, Y3IIanaCMOe lIaBne CBCpX Toro,
IIJIlI iRC IIel];OCTaIo ce. l-IarrpllMep, 8 yuta ca.Mo8BUJlCyufa,
caJto8euJICYUfee Bett1-toiJeUJlCYUfe, Be t l1-to8BUJICY Ufee 6ec-
c. u e pT 1-tO" C Jl e a 0 BaT e .Ill} 1-t 0 , 8 y uta 6 e C C t e pT lla 39. [IT plIM e p
nO TBep/l\;\aCT CI\aaaHIIoe], 1I6o [3aI\JIIOtIeHlIe] BbIBe eHO lie H3
223
BbIABIIIIYTblX nOCbI 10K, a JI3 KaKorO-TO onpC C lCIIHH, I{OTO-
poe J\lbl 3IIae 1 JI:lBIIC CBepx Toro, rJ1aCRII Ce, qTO BeqnOABJI-
iI\Yll CC oeCCMepTno. 11 OIIHTb [TO mc caMoe 6YAeT, CCJIII
B:lHTb CII"T{ 10rII3M] OYUlQ ca;Jloo(JU:JICYUfQ, CQ,MOO(JU:JICYUfee Bell1-tO-
OBUJICY Ufe, Be t l1-toiJ6ZlJICY Ufee 6ecc.Me pT1-tO; c.Ile80 (JQTe.ll h1-tO,
OYWQ C toOBU:JICYUfa; n60 3,n;eCb JIUllIncii HBJIHeTCH OAlIa no-
Cbl TJI\a, a MMCIIIIO eell1-tOOBUJICYUfee 6eCCJtepT1l0, 1I60 ona
nUI\aK ne YtJaCTnyeT R YM03aI\JIIOtIeIIUII.
TaKOBbI II neYJ\fCJIO COCTanJIHeMbIC CTOUI\aMll CIIJIJIOrn3MbI,
I\al\, JIanpUMep 40, A = B, a B = B, CJteOOBaTeJlb1-tO, AB = B.
Ii onHTb: AB 60Jlhllle, lle.M B, a B 60.llblUe B, CJleOOBaTeJtb1tO,
A B 60JlbUle, lle.Jt B,. 3TH ClI TJ.TJOrII3MbI COCTaB.TJCnbl neIIpa-
BIIJIbHO. [3TO Tan], 1100 MenblIIllii TepMIIII olIn OCPYT ABaiI\-
,n;bl, a OOJIbIlllIii onYCHaIOT, TaH HaI\, ronopH A = B, a B = B,
OIIH ABaiI\Abl R3HJIII MeHbllllIM [TepMIIII], a OOJIblnuii ony-
CTUJIII, IIOO IIIII\aKOe A He OblBaCT GO"TJbIJIC, 'ICM A. 11 JTO
OTIIOCIITCH nOl];06nbIM iI\e 06pa30M II H npyro [y npUMCpy.
Moo npaBHJIbTIO 6blJlO 6bl, ec JIll CIIJIJIOrH3M 6I)IJI 6bl nOCTpocn
CJleAYJO nM 06pa30M: A = B, a B = B, a Te Beu/Zl, KOTopble
paBnbl oonou U TOU :JICe BeUJU, 6blBaKJT paBllbl U oPyz oPyzy;
cJteooBaTeJlb1l0, A = B. Ii onHTb, A OOJIbllle B, a DTOT
6oJtbUle, lle.M B; a TO, llTO 60JlbWe 60JlblUeZO, 6y8eT, CJleOO-
BaTeJlb1l0, 31-tallUTeJlb1-tO 60.llbUl e, lle. Me1-tbWee; CJle80Ba-
TeJlb1-tO, A B 60JlblU e, lle.M B. BOT JTO II CCTb npanlIwTJbIIOe
paccYiI\Aenlle. OAlIaI\O CCJIII B OTIIOIlICIIUII nOCJICAIIlIX IIpIIMC-
pOB, rAc [coxpallHeTCH OAUIIaI\onan] npnpoAa HCCJICAyeMbIx
npeAMeToB, CUJIJIOrU3M CTpOIITCH npaRIIJIbIIO, TO B OTIIOIllC-
HUll APyrlIx l1pllMepOB 3TO He oYAeT nOnXOAIITb; Tal\, nanplI-
]\-[ep, ;)TOT [lleJtoBen] RBJlReTCR 6paTOJt TOZO [lleJlOBe a], U
o Pyzoii RBJlReTCR 6paTO.M TOZO [lleJlOBe1'ia]; C.IleaOeaTeJlb1l0,
;)TOT U oPYZOU RB.IlRl0TCR 6paTbR,MU opyz OAR opyza, tfTO
II HBJIHCTCH JIOiI\IIbIJ\[ 3aI\JIJOtIeIIIIC I, noo B03MOil\110, 1J1'OOhI
ABoe ObIJIlI ObI opaTbHMII AJIH APyroro tICJIOBcI\a, 110 IIC ObIJUI
U pa TbHMU l];pyr AJIH APyra. Tal\, on lIIJ , lIMCH ChilI a OT o,n;noii
iI\ClIbl, B3HJI [3aTeM] B iHeHbl APyrylO, 1\0TOpaH UMCJIa CbIIHl
OT npyroro MYiHa; U BOT, TOT, nTO POAUTCH OT IIIIX [B 3TOM
1I0BOM 6pal\c], OY CT 6paTOM, C OAIIOM CTOpOHbI, AJIH TOrO,
I\TO [HBJIHeTCH pOAIIbIM CblIIOM] ,n;JIH OT a, a C npyroii CTO-
pOIlIJI, [nJIH Toro, HTO HBJlHeTCH pOl];IIbIM CI)IIIOM] jl;JlH ]\-[a-
Tepn. Ooa, oy,n;Y'IH opaTbHMII nJIH onlloro, npyr .TIH APyra
BOBCC ne HBJIHIOTCH 6paTbH fll.
TUI\ona C oOII\beii nOMO bIO II ,n;alIIIaH r.TlaBa.
224
r oHARA 011.11 H 1/ AIl.ll,A T A fl
C08epUlellllbl.U CUAJl02U3.MO.M Jl lla3blOG10 TOliOii, KOTOpblU
DAR Obl!l8AenUJl 1teo6xo8u,; tOCTU 3ali.lllO l te1-tUR He nYJIC8aeTCR
Ull 8 Ite. 8pyzo.!tt [83RTOM U381le, KpOJ,te T020, ttTO npU1-tRTO].
nOCJIC 011 pCACJICIIIIH CIIJIJIOrlI3Ma 011 ncpCXOl];UT 1\ pa3 TIIItI1I1O
CUJIJIOrU3MOB, a JlMeIIIIO 1\ [011 PCACJICIIUIO] COBeplllCIIIIoro II
IICCOBeprnClIIIoro CIlJIJIOrII3M3, ronOpH, tlTO nel\OTopbIC 113
CIIJIJIOrU3MOB, 1\0TOpbIe CTpOHTCH no ncpnoii <purypc, HR-
JIHIOTCH COllepIlleIlIlbIMH, a lIel\OTOpbIe [ClIJIJIOrII3Mbl], HOTO-
pbIC CTpOHTCH no BTOpoii U TpCTbCii (pnrypaM, HHJIHJOTCH
JleCOBCplIIeIIllbIMII. nOtIeMY iI\C MhI rORopllM nCCOBcpIIICIlIIbI!i
CIIJIJIOrU3M? lie nOTOMY JIll, qTO 011 [HI\OObI] lIe nYjHl];aCTCH
R [l];onOJIHIITCJIbIIOl\l] TCpMIIIIC? llCl];b TO, 111'0 IIC IIY/H,n;aeTCH
[B tJCM-TO ,n;PyroM], COBepmClIlICC Toro, ITO nYil\,n;aeTCH;
a IICCOHCplllCIIHbIH CIIJIJIOrlI3M - JTO TOT, tITO nYiI\,n;aeTcrr
n I\aI\OM-IIUOY b TepMlIlIe, B3HTOM Jl3BIIC, [ROToporo Herr
B JlMCIOn IIXCH nOCbIJIKax]; TOrl];a l\aH COBCpIUCIIIILIll IIC nYjH-
,n;aCTCH II nOCTOpOIJIIC f TcpMHlle, [B3HTOM Jl3RIIe]. nO JTOMY
Bonpocy II B03HIIKJIO pa3110rJIaCne ICiI\l];Y MaI\CIIMOM Yp<p IIH -
CHUM - YtICIIHHOM HMBJII1Xa, II (DCMIICTUCM 41, TaI\ HaK (De-
MlICTHii, nplIIIHB [l];alllloe ApIICTOTCJICM] pa3l];eJICIIIIC CIIJI-
JIOrII3MOn, lJCI\OTOpbIC 113 IIIIX lIa3bIBaJI COBCpUICIIIIbIMII - Te,
I\OTOpbIC CTpOHTCH no nepBOH <J>lIrype, a nCI\OTopbIe - IICCO-
BcplllellIlbIMII - TC, 1\0TOpbIe CTpOHTCH no BTOpoii II TpCTbeii
<purypaM. MaHCIIM iHC, ClIIITaH, tlTO BCC CIIJIJIOrII3 lbI, IIMCIO-
!Que TCpMJlIILI, lie UYiHA8IOTCH [IIII B 1ICM nOCTopOIlIICM], na-
3llaJI IIX COBepIlJeUIJbIMU. 11 l];JIH pcmelllIH :1TOro CHopa onn
B3HJIII B CYl];blI IIMnepaTopa 10Jluana, KOTOpbIii U IIpIlCY; I1JI
1I00el];Y Mal\cIIMY.
OAIIaHo CHaiI\CM lIaCQCT cDCMIICTIIH, tlTO 11 011 B 0 1I0?t1 113
CHOIIX COlIlllICIIIlH CHa38JI CJlel];YIo ce: H IIC na3bIBalO IIeco-
ncpIuelIlIbIM TOT CIIJIJIOrU3M, KOTOpbIH IIOJlIIOCTblO 3aBIICIIT
01' KaI\OrO-IIUOYl];b 1I3BHe B3HToro TepMIIIIa. Moo TOT CIIJIJIO-
r1I3M, HOTOpblM I10JIlIOCTbIO 3aBIICIIT 01' [AOIIOJIIIIITCJIbIIOrO 1
TepMIIna, lIe CTanOBIITCH Hal\HM-JlIlOO CIIJIJIOrH3MOM uu
C nOMO blO t{crO-JIUOO l];Pyroro, ll3HToro 1I3BIlC, I1II C no-
MOmblO oopa enlIH A lIB, lJlI C IIOMOIl\blO I1Cl];onYCTIIMoro
lIaBCl];eIIIIH. IlecoBeplllcHlIbIM JKC, [rOBopUT on], H lIa3bIBa(O
lIe TOT CUJIJIOr1I3 1, HOTOpblii UYiHl];aeTCH R HaI\OM-JIIIOO BHClll-
neM [l];onOJIIJIITeJIbIIOM] TepMUIIe, IIOO TOT ClIJIJIOrII3M, 1\01'0-
POMY I1eAOCTaeT TepMlIlIa, II CUJIJIOrll3MOM Yil\e He HBJIHeTCH.
1-10 IJa3bIBalOT [IICCORcprnenllbIM] TOT [CIIJIJIOrII3M], HOTOpbIii
AJIH BbIpaiI\ClllIH llCOOXO I1!\fOrO IlCilOJIb3YCT HaXoAH lIiicH
225
B P;PyroM BHeIlIJluii TepMUn ,l];JIH BbIpail\CIIIIH lICOOXOj1;IIMOCTJJ,
110 nc ,n;JIH ,n;onOJIlieUHH, "JIH 06pameUIIH .l4 II B, IIJIU iI,e AJIH
[nOJIYtIenUH] neAorrYCTUMoro naBc,n;eIIIIH. 8TO naC"tJeT pa3JIU-
"tJHH CUJIJIOrU3MOB.
TIoCJIe 3Toro 011 H3JIaraeT lIaM H 0 pa3JIHQUU CYiI\l];CIIUii --
o Tex, KOTOpbIC CJIHHOM COl];cplI\a TCH [B ,n;pyrOM] H IIC CO-
,n;epit\aTCH, 0 Tex, KOTopbIe rrpHrrHCbIBaIOTCH BceM H lIe npn-
rrHC bIBalOTC H IIH O,n;IIOMY, H 1JTO 3TH 6bIBalOT JIu60 YTBepl];U-
TCJIblibIMU, JIHOO OTpH aTeJIblibIMU. 11 BOT, YTBCpl];HTeJIbIIbIMJI
6bIBaIOT Te cyn\,n;enHH, I\OTOpbIe eJIHKOM COAcpiKa TCII
[B ,n;pyroM] HJIII rrpHnIIcbIBalOTcH BceM, a oTpH aTeJIbIIbI IH -
Te, "tJTO lIe COl];ep/HaTcH H lie nplInHcbIBaIoTcH HU O,n;IIOMY.
A nOqeMY OIIH OTJIU1JaIOTCH APyr OT l];pyra, lbI Y3IIaCM, Ror,n;a
rOBopUM: l/,eJt06eK eCTb :JICU60e CYUfeCT60 - KaR eJIUI\OM
COl];ep/Ham;CCCH [B lICM], [T. e. TeM caMbIM] MbI rOBopUM, tITO
l/,eJt06eK COl];Cpll\HTCH B :JICU60M CYUfeCT6e; CCJIH IHe MbI CI\a-
IHeM :JICU60e CYUfeCTBO n OTIIOIlJeHRH BCHI\OrO tIeJIOBeHa, TO
MbI BbICHaiRCM IIo,n;06I1oe cyml];ellHe [I\aH TaHoe, HOTopoe]
npurrHCbIBaCTCH BceM. A eCJIH MbI CKaiI\eM, qTO "tJeJIOBeI\
[lie co,n;epiHuTcH] UH B 0,n;1I0 1 IHHBO?\f CYlI CCTBe, TO 3TO 6y-
,n;eT CKa3ano B CMbICJIe Toro, "tJTO He COl];epiHIITCH IIU B O,n;IIO [
[l];pyrOM]; eCJIH lI\e rOBopUM, "tJTO JI\unoe cym;ecTBo [ne CO-
,n;ep/RHTCH] JIU B Ol];IJOM tIeJIOneI\e, TO 3TO rOBopUTCH B CMbICJle
Toro, "tJTO lIe npHrIHCbIBaeTCH nu Ol];IIOMY.
1-10 [3l];eCb] UMeeTCH TPH COMIIeHHH. I3o-nepBbIX, nOqeMY
MbI rOBoplIM [l/,eJt06en] lfeJtUKOM C08ep:JICUTCR 6 3ICU80"iK co-
aiJaHuu, Tor,n;a HaR OHO, :JICU60e coaiJauue, COl];epmUT B ce6e
H "tJeJIOBeRa, II HOHH, H 6bIHa? PemeHue [3Toro Bonpoca Ta-
HOBO]: nOTOMY qTO 1JeJIOBeH n;eJIIIKOM COl];epiHHT B ce6e onpe-
,n;eJIeHHe IHHHoro cym;ecTBa. DTopoe COMIIeIIHe: nOqeMY, HOf;r1;a
MbI rOBopHM - 1JeJIOBeR CCTb mHBoe C03,n;anHe, 3TO CI\a3bI..
BaeTCH B C?t[bICJIe - lfe.1UKOM coiJep:JICaUfeeCR [B ueM], a 1\0-
rl];a MbI rOBopHM :JICU60e CYUJeCT60 0 BCHHOM "tJeJIOBeKC, JTO
CKa3bIBaeTCH B CMbICJIe, 1JTO npHnHCbIBaeTCH BceM? PelJIenne
()TOrO [TaI\OBO]: npncToiino cKa3yeMOMY [n TaHIIX CJIyqaHX]
OTHOCHTCH H IIconpe,n;eJIeUnOMY [rrOl];JIeiI\am;eMY], u60 lfeJtu-
nO t co8ep:JICaUfeeCR OTIIOCHTCH R TOMY, tITO CKa3bIBaeTCH,
a He K TOMY, qTO onpel];eJIHeTCH; HanpHMep, ["tJeJIOBeR] I C-
JIUI\OM COl];epiI\UTCH B :JICU60M CYUfeCTBe; a rro,n;JIe/Ham;eMY
npHCTOHno [6bITb TeM], qTO onpel];eJIHeTCH; narrpHMep, I\orl];a
[bI rOBopUM :JICU60e coaiJauue, [TO TO npunHCbIBaeTeH] BCH-
I\OMY "tIeJIOneI\Y. 8TO Tau, R60 JTO [npunHcbIB aHHe] BCHHOMY
onpeAeJIHCMO:MY CBH3alI0 C tIeJIOBeKOM, T. c. C IIaJIUtIHbI f nOl];-
JIemalQHM. TpeTbe COMHeHlIe: nOlIe IY Oil ljeJtunoM cof}ep-
226
J/CUTCR nOCTaBIIJI Bnepel];II npUnUCbl8aeTCR 8CeM? PCmeIIlle:
noo paCCMaTpllnaCMbIH HaMH Borrpoc ailaJIHTlftICCI\llll II ana-
.TIII3Y [60JIee] rrpnCTOHHO TO, TITO HBJIHeTCH anaJIIITIII\OH no
rrpelIMYmeCTBY 42, tlCM IIlICXOml];eIIIIC.
TaROBa C OOil\bCH rroMo blO H l];aIIHaH rJIaBa.
rgABA BEHA ATAH
/1 U3 JTUX cYJIC8e1-tuu o81-tu 6bl8aKJT YT8ep8uTe.llb1-tbl tu,
8pyeue - OTpUljaTeJlbllblMU. AplICTOTeJIb rrOBCl];3JI 113M Bce
TO, tITO OIl o,l];n aiI\,l];bI 06c aJI, [a IIMeHHo] l];aJI onpel];eJIeHlIe
TcpMIIIIa, nOCbIJII\H 11 CRa3aJI, t{TO TaHoe CIIJIJIOrII3M, CRa3aJl
TaI\II\C 0 ero pa31I0BIIl];IIOCTHX - 0 COBepIlJeHIIOM II lleCOBep-
lIIeIIIIOM CIIJIJIOrII3Me, a TaR/He 0 pa3HOBIIl];HOCTHX rrOCbIJIOR -
o Tex, I\OTOpbIe eJIIIROJ\1 He COl];ep/Ha TCH [B l];pyrOJ\I], II Tex,
tJTO cO,l];ep}I\aTCH eJIHI\OM, 0 Tex, ROTopbIe rrplIIIIICbIBalOTCH
nce l, H 0 TCX, qTO He rrpnnlICbIBaIOTCH HII Ol];HO IY. Tenepb
011 IIatIlIHaeT paCCMaTpIIBaTb l];PyrylO qaCTb ytICnlIH 0 CIIJI-
JIOr1l3Max, T. c. YtIellIIC 06 IIX 06p3lQenllHx, l];a6bI, rrpH6craH
1\ oopa eHIIHM no BTOpOll: 11 TpeTbeii <plIrypaM, nOCI\OJIbRY
011 lIe nOBel];aJI 00 3TOM 3apanee, ne rOBopHTb 0 TOM, 'ITO eme
l];OIlOl];JIHIIHO lIe 1I3BeCTIIO, II He yt{IITb 3TOMY B Cepel];IIHe
[CBoero 1I3JIO}RCIIIIH <plIryp]; II03TOMY OH rOBopIIT 06 3TOM,
[lla BpeMH] npepbIBaH nOBeCTBOBaHlIe. BbIpa/HaIoT COMHeHHe
no nOBOl];y Toro, nOtIeMY on He nOBel];aJl HaM pallce II 0 l];0-
Ha3aTCJIbCTBe [tICpe3 paCCMOTpeIIlIe] neB03MO}I\IIOrO, II Ha-
I\IIM oopa30M OHO CTpOHTCH, H60 B JTOM 011 TaI\}I\e nYII\,l];aeTCH
[l];JIH 06p a meIIIIii CIIJIJIOrII3MOB] no BTOpOH II TpCTbCH <pH-
rypaM.
I-Ia JTO MbI CI\a/l\eM, 'ITO on CtIeJI l];OCTaTOTIIIbIJ\{ TO, t{TO
MbI n leeM rrpel];CTaBJIeHHe 00 3TOJ\1. Tenepb lI,e YTIIIT 0 HIIX
II paCRpbIBaeT HX co,n;epmaHlIe RaR Be eii 00H3aTeJIbHbIx.
A l];aJIee OH noYtI3eT TaRme 0 CBel];eHIIII [npoTIIBOnOJIO/H-
lIoro] 1\ lleB03MO/I\IIOMY, IIOO TaHHM IRe 06p330M OIl nOCTY-
nlIJI II C ne06XOAIIMbIMH Be aMH npH [061.>HCIIeIIIIII] RaTe-
roplIii, nOCTaUIIB BnCpel]; HeROTopbIC IIeAOCTOBepno 1I3BCCT-
IIbIe [l];JIH Hac BClQlI], a neROTopbIC [npII6JIII3IITCJIbIIO YiHe
H3BeCTIIbIe BelQlI] pa3'bHCIIHJI B Hon e.
O,l];naI\O [CJIel];yeT CI\a3aTb, tITO] JTO [BbIIlJcynoMHIIYTOC
CBel];eIIHe] ObIuaeT II plI ynpa3l];IlelllIlI 3aHJIIOtIclllIH npII no-
Cpel];CTBe Tex CYil\l];CllIIH, I\OTOpbIC npOTMBOnOJIOjI\JII)I 3aIOIlO-
tIeIIIIIO, [B qaCTIIOCTII nOCpel];CTBOM BbIl];BHII\eIIIIH] o,l];noro
CYII\l];CIIHH, I\OTOpOC CTOH TIO BIIepc,l];U, a TCIICpb onpOBCp-
raerCH. TaI\, liall pMMep, H rOBOplO: lleJl08e eCTb :JICU60e
227
coadaHue, JlCUBOe COadaHUe eCTb odyweBJteHHOe; CJtedOBaTe./lb-
HO, U lleJtOBeK eCTb 08YlUeBJteHHOe. Ii BOT, eCJIU I\To-JIu60 BbI-
cTynllT npoTuB [rrpaBIIJIbHoro] BbIBOJ];3, T. e. rrpoTIIB Toro, qTO
qeJIOBeR eCTb Ol];YIlICBJIeIlIIOe, TOT CTaHeT onpOBepraTb c no-
MO bIO CBel];enlIH 0l];1I0ro [II3 cyn\l];enlIii] R lIeB03MOiI\IIOMY.
TaRUM 06pa30 1 II nOJlYtIaeTCH rrpOTUBOnOJIOiI\IIoe 3aI\JIIO'-lC-
IIue; TaI\, nanpuMep, B03b leM [cYII\l];enue] HU o8Ult lleJtOBeK
He RBJtReTCR o8yweBJteHHblM U B03bMCM elI e Ol];IIO CYiI\l];e-
lIue, I\OTOpOe 6bIJIO Bnepel];lI, COrJIaCIIO ROTOPOMY BCHI\uii
tIeJIOBeI\ CCTb II\UBOC cy ecTBo; II BOT H npOU3BOiHY [06pa-
eHue] no TpeTbCM urype CJIel];ylO IIM 06pa30M: nu OdUH
lleJtOBe1; He RBJtReTCR o8yweBJteHHblJrt; BCRKUii lleJtOBe1; eCTb
:JICUBOe CYUfeCTBO; u, 06pa30BaB [3aTeM] qaCTHOOTplI aTeJIb-
Hoe CYiRl];eIIUe I\aI\ [06pa eIllIe] no BTOpoii urype, [MbI
rOBopUM]: He BCRKoe :JICUBOe coa8aHue o8yuleBJteHo. OAnaHO
3l];eCb fJIaBIIbIii BbIBOA - HU 08UH lleJtOBe1; He RBJtReTCR o8y-
weBJteHHblM, tITO npOTIIBOnOJIOiRIIO nepBOIIaqaJIblIoMY 3aRJIIO-
lJelllIlO. I1MeJIOCb OAIIO natIaJIbHOe CYiRAeHue - BCRliUU
lleJtOBen eCTb :JICUBOe coa8aHue; U npu 06pa30Banuu qaCTIIO-
OTpU aTeJIbnOrO CYiRl];eIIUH nOJIytIUJIOCb He BCR1;oe :JICUBOe
coa8altUe; [TOl-IIIO TaI\ II\e] o8yweBJtelto BCR1;oe [:JICUBOe co-
a8aHue] II He BCRKUU [lleJtOBe1;]; II IIOJIyqaeTCH npOTIIBope-
tIue, I\OTOpOe nen03MOiI\IIO npU3I1aTh llCTUIIIIbIM. 3TO II na-
3bIBaIOT oopa eIIHeM CIIJIJIOrII3Ma. BOT CTOJIbI\O [ C I\aiI\C?tI]
UaCqeT JTOro.
Ol];I1aI\O Bonpoc 06 06pa eIIuu cYiI\Acnnii CJICl];OBaJIO 3a-
panee, T. e. l];0 1I3JIOII,eHIIH yqeUIIH 0 CUJIJIOrU3Max, paCCMO-
TpeTb B CJIel];YIO IIX BOCbMII rJIaBax. Bo-ncpBbIx, B CI\OJIbI\UX
CMbICJIaX CI\a3bIBaeTCH 06pa enue II 0 RaI\OM U3 nux IIACT
petIb B l];aIIIIO?t1 cJIyqac? BO-BTOpbIX, TOT, 0 I\OTOpOM CeHtIaC
Ul];eT petIb, CI\OJIbI\O IIMeeT CMbICJIOB U AJIH KaRon eJIu npn-
MeIIHeTcH? B-TpeTbllx, orrpeAeJIIITb TO, 0 lJCM lll];eT petIl>.
B-lJeTBepTbIX, YCTaHOBUTb, B CI\OJIbI\IIX 3UaQeHUHX 011 CYll C-
cTByeT, YCTanOBIITb nc06XOAHMoe II AorrYCTIiMoe, 1160 l];pyruc
OIl He ynoMIIIIaeT, a U?\IeHIIO B03?\IOiI\I10e II nCB03MOII\IIoe,
II YCTallOBUTb TaRiRe, nOtIeMY COOTBeTCTBCll no I\an\l];oe II3
JTIIX UCnOJIb3yeTcH l];JIH oGpa eHuH. B-IIHTbIX, 1I0lJeMY 011
OIIYCTIIJI oGpa elIuc B03MOII\IIOrO U IICB03MOiRIIoro? I3-1ue-
CTbIX, qTO lIpel];CTaBJIHIOT C060IO Te CYiI\l];eIlUH, I\OTOpbIe BbI--
RBJIHIOTCH C 1I0MO bIO 06pa eIIlIii? ll-ceAbMbIX, RaI\OB I1X
1I0pHl];OI\? B-BOCbMbIX, I\aI\lIe 1I3 IIJIOCO OB 1I0l];BepralOT JTO
COMueIIlI1O ?
11 BOT, 113 BOChMU rJIaB paCCMaTpIIBae?tloro IIbIIIe Bonpoca
OH 113JlaraeT TOJIbRO TpH. Bo-nepBbIX, B CI{OJIhI{HX CMbICJIaX
228
CI\a3bIBaCTCH 06pa eHlIe, II 0 l\aHOM 1I3 ITHX "ACT petIb B aH-
110M CJIyqae. Tal\ BOT, 06pam;eIlHe CKa3bInaCTCH B TpeX 3Ha-
tICIIIIHX, JIU60 n TepMIIIIaX, JIHOO B OTIIOIlJCIlHHX, IITO on n
n3JIOiI IIJI B «I\aTerOpIIHX», I\orAa CHa3aJI, tITO OTIIOIlJCIIHe
CKa3blnaeTCH 0 TO f, qTO oOJIaAaeT 06paTHMOCTblO, [l\aI\, na-
npIIMep], oTe HBJIHeTCH OT OM CblHa, II Cblll HnJIHeTCH CbI-
nOM OTI a; JIII60 B cym eIIIIHX, I\al\ B anHOM CJIyqae. Tal\ona
nepDan rJIana.
Do BTOPOll rJIaBe [ronopHTcH 0 TOM], IITO BOT B 3TOM
3IIa tIeIIIIII, I\ac alo e fCH CYII\ l];C II II ll, 0 KOTOpO f II II CT PCqb
D aIIHO?tf CJIYtIae, CI OJIbI\O [IIMeCTCH CMbICJIOB] II l];JIH ROTO-
poro [II3 lIUX] nOCTanJIelIO U;CJIblO [3TO 06pa CIIHe]. JlI JTO
Tal\iHe ronoplITCH B TpCX CMbICJIaX, lI60 3TO JIn60 npOCToe
[o6pa elllIe], JIH60 l];OnYCTIIMoe, JIH60 CJIOiI\lIo06paTIIMoe.
n pOCToe [o6pam;eIlHe] - 3TO TO, I\OTOpOe coxpaHHeT TO
iRe l\atJeCTno, liO l\feQHeT nOpH OI\ TepMlInOB; nanplIMep, 1-tU
o8Ult lleAO(JeK 1-te eCTb KaMe1-tb, U ltU o8ult aMe1-tb 1-te eCTb
lleAO(Je . I\aIIeCTno OCTaJIOCb TCM II\C, noo 06a [cYiHl];CnnH]
HBJIHIOTCH OTpH aTeJIblIbIMII, llO U3MCIIHJICH JIIIIIlb nopHAoH
I' ,.,
TcpMlIlIon, Tal{ l\aK npCl];UI{aT CTaJI CY0'beI\TOM, a CYU'beI\T-
IIpe III\aTOM. 1100 I\orl];a Mbl ronoplIM 1-tU o8un lleJtO(Je 1-te
eCTb naJtenb, TO [3l];eCb] lleAO(Je HDJIHeTCn cy6'beHTOM,
a aMellb - npel];HI\a TOM; I\or a iHe l\fbl rOBopUM llU 08U1-t
aJte1-tb ne eCTb lleAO(Je , TO aMeltb CTanODIITCH cy6'beI\TOM,
a lleJtO(JeK - npe UI\aTOM.
A J];OUYCTIIMbIM 06pa eIIlIeM HnJIHeTCH TO, HOTopoe Me-
nHeT HaqeCTBO [CYiH eIJIIH], 110 coxpaIIHCT npCII\lllIM nopH-
l];01\ TCpMIIIIOB. Ol];I1aKO l];OnYCTIIMbIl\f lIaabIHaCTCH [o6pa e-
I1lIe] I\aca TeJIbHO COl];epiHaIIIIH [CYiI\l];CllIIH], I\OTOpOC llaj1;JIe-
ilOIT Y OCTODepIITb; HanplIMep, l];OIIYCTIIMO CYiI\AeHlIe (JCRliUii
lleAO(Je cnpa(Je8JtUB, qTO HBJIHeTCfl YTBepiI\j1;enneM; II onHTb-
TaIBI l];OnYCTHMO CYiI\AClIlIe nu o8Ult l{,e.llo(Jet 1-te cnpa(Je8AU(J,
lITO nnJIHeTCH oTpIII,alIlIeM. DOT [BaM] 1I3MelIHJIOCb [{aIICCTBO
[ CYiI\l];CIlIIH], no IIOpHl];OI\ TepMIIHoB OCTaJICH TC 1 iI\C, 1l6o
OCTaJIlICh TCMH iHe npCl III\aT II CYO'bCHT.
IIcI\OTOpbIC nblpalI\alOT COMneIllIe no 3TOMY nOBOl];Y: IIO-
tleMY JTO OIl ocpeT [oGpa elllIe] n oTpllI,a TCJIbllOll cpopMe,
[rOBopH], qTO l];onycTIIMo, tIT06bI nil oAlln tJCJIOBCI\ IIC OblJI
cnpanCAJIHB, 1I60 B YCJIOIHIblX CYiI{l];CIIIIHX nplI CllHTIIH YCJIO-
nlIH nOJIYlfaeTcH [nOJIlIoe] oTpIII aIlHe? 11 BOT, eCJIH CYiI{AC-
1IIIe 6bIJIO YCJIOBI1bIM, TO CJIel];onaJIO eI\a33Tb: eCAU 1-te8ony-
CTUJtO, llT06bl (JCRI UU lleAO(JeK 6blA cnpa(JeiJJlu(J. Pemellue
3Toro [TaI\OBo] - 3TO paBIIOCIIJIbHO l];Pyrol\fY CYiI\AeUIIIO, I{O-
Topoe rJIaCIIT: He 1-teo6xo8uMO, llT06bl Jt1060u lleAO(Je 6blA
229
Cnpa8eG.JlUa, IIOO 1]:0nYCTlIMO, QTOObI TIlI Ol];UII tJeJIOBel\ He ObIJI
CrrpaDel];JIHB, [II rrOJTOMY rOBoplITCfi, qTO] IIe II eooxol];1Il\f0,
tITOObI l\an\l];bJM qeJIODel\ ObIJI CrrpaDel];JIIID.
A CJIOjHIIbIM oopaIQerrlIeM HDJIHCTCH TaI\Oe oopa eIIlIc, 1\0-
TOpOC MeIIHCT II RatlCCTBO .CYil\l];eIIIIH, II nopH)1;OH TepMIIHOB.
HarrplIMep, ec.JlU eCTb lle./t08eK, eCTb U JlCU80e CYUfeCT80; ec./tu
1-teT JlCU8020 CYUfeCT8a, 1-teT U lle./t08eKa. 8TO oopa cIIlIe HD-
JIHCTCH CJIOjHBbIM, II OIIO DCTpeqaeTCH rrplI COCTaBJIeHlI1I BTO-
poii pa3IIODHAJIOCTII YCJIOBIIbIX cYII\l];eIIlIii; II I{Orl];a on nplI-
cTynaeT R YCJIODIIbIM CYiRl];eIIIIHM, TO rroyqaeT 00 JTOM 00-
pa CIlIIII.
11 BOT, BTOpoii BII,IJ; YCJIOBnbIX CYiHl];enHM: rrpn OTplI aIlIIII
Ol];IIOrO TepMIIIIa OTBepraeT II l];Pyroii: eCAU [IlTO-Jtu6o] ne
eCTb JlCU80e CYUfeCT80, TO aTO 1-te R8JtReTCR U lle./t08enOM.
A YTBepiI\l];eIIHe Ol];Horo BJIeqeT 3a COOOIO [YTDepml];elJlIe] II
,n;Pyroro TepMlIlIa: eCJlU [1-tellTo] eCTb lle./t08e , TO 01-tO eCTb
U :JICU80e CYUfeCT80; U 80T aTO eCTb lle./to8e ; C./te808aTe./tb1-tO,
01-tO eCTb U JlCU80e CYUfeCT80. Ho 3TO CRa3bIBaeTCH nocpe,n;-
CTDOM CJIOII\IIoro oopa eIIIIH, HOO qepC3 oopam;errlIe OIIO 1I3-
MenHeT Bl\feCTC C RaqeCTBOM II rropHAOR TepMIIIIOB. Ol];lIaI\O
ceiiqac petIb lIl];eT 0 rrpOCTOM oopam;enIIH.
TpeTbH rJIaDa 3aKJIroqaJIaCb B TOM, qTO CJIeAODaJIO l]:aTb
onpel];eJIelllIe Toro, 0 qeM IIAeT peqb, II onpel];eJIeIIlIe JTO Ta-
HOBO: « n pOCTbIM oopa enIIC?t1 HDJIHeTCH TaHaH C DH3b I]:BYX
rrOCbIJIOH [IIJIII CYII\l];CHllii], RorAa Y ooenx OCTaJOTCH TeMII me
RaqeCTDa Tep fIInOD, 1I0 rropHl];OI\ [pacrrOJIOmeUIIH] TepMn-
HOB MeIlHeTCH, coxpaHHH nCTlIrrHOCTb». C eRab aalIIIMaeT
MCCTO pOl];a, a 88e nOCbl./t U OTIIOCHTc.H R orrpCl];eJIelllIlO 00-
pa eIIIIH [cyn\l];enuii], IIOO onn oo aIoTcH IIe aOCOJIIOTIIO,
a peJIHTIIBIIO. HarrpIIMep, oTeq, eCTb OTeq, Cbl1ta, a Cbl1-t eCTb
Cbl1-t OTlJa, noo OTeQ oOJIal];aeT 06paTlIMocTblO B OTrrorneHIIII
CbIna. Oopa enlIe HMeeT MeCTO II B TOM CJIY Iae, HOrj1;a IIMeeT
1\1eCTO CBel];enlIe [1\ neB03MOjRnOMY]. HarrpIIMep, nu OaUlt
lleJt08eK 1-te eCTb KaMe1-tb; 3TO CJIYtlaeTCH, I\orl];a nplI oopa-
enllH CYjHAelIHH IICXOl];HT OT I\aMIIH IIJIII HOrl];a D CYjRl];eIlIIII
DCTpetIaeTCH qeJIOBel\ II ero CDO,J;HT [1\ lleB03MoiRlIO IY].
A ceiiqac, Rorl];a oepeTcH B rrplIMCp OTen; CbIna, TO 1I0nHT1J0,
tITO IIIIRTO lIe MOjI\eT 6bITb I1a3Ban OTn;OM [oe3 CbIna]. Ioo
CCJIII IIMeJIO MeCTO oopa eIIlIe B nOl];JIIIHIIOM CMbICJIe II Ha-
JIIII O l];eiic TBIITeJIbrrO IIMeeTCH oopa TIIMOCTb, TO CJIel];OBaJIO
rrpOlI3neCTII oopa eIIlIe TaI\, RaI\ II 6bIJIO CI\aaaHO. Ho ceiiqac
MbI rODoplIM: Cb 1-t - aTO Cbl1-t OTlJa, II TaR me n CIIJIJIOrII3Me,
IIOO Ta?tl ABa CYII\l];errIIH He 061J a1OTCfi DO nce l, coxpanHH TO
me l\atIeCTRO, IIO n3MeHHH nopHl];OR TepMIIHOB.
230
8TO ObIJIO CRaaaHO 0 TOM, qTO OnYCTII IO D OUp[tmenlIlI
CY/H)J;eIJHii, I\OrA8 l\feHHeTCH I\atJCCTBO, II JJH D3aH nIOrO
CJIOrHnOrO 06paru;eHHH, ROr 8 MeIIHIOTCH II I\a IeCTBO, H rrOpH-
J];OI\ TepMHIIOB. C OXpa1-tRR UCTU1-t1-l0CTb rOBOpIITCH, AaObI He
nOJJYtJIIJIOCb TaI\, tITO o lIa 113 rrOCbIJIOR 6yp;eT HCTHIlIIOii,
3 ,n;pyraH - JIOIIOIOM. H 0 rrOqeMY on lIe CI\a3aJI [B TaT OM
CJIytIae] COXpallJlR JlOJIC1-tOCTb; [JTO TaR], H60 Te, qTO HCTIIlI-
IIbI, nlIHor a lIe BOIOIOT pyr rrpoTHB pyra, a .TlOiHHbIC
BOIOIOT II npoTIlB HCTIIHbI, H pyr rrpoTHB j1;pyra. I-IanpuMep,
eCRKuu lleJlOeeK 8blWUT - JTO eCTb IICTIIIIa. A BOT [Ba l]
Te, I\OTOpbIe BOIOIOT [ pyr C pyroM]; HMCCTCH Ba CYil\ C-
JIHH: lte 8CRnuu lleJlOeeK 8blW UT H 1-lU 08U1-t lle./tOeen 1-te 8bl-
ZltUT, I\OTopbIe npOTHBOnOJIOrHIIbI pyr pyry. Jtl e e: 1-te eCR-
KUU lleJlOeen X08UT; rrpOTIIB :JToro rrpaBUJIbIIOrO CYiH CIIHH
BbIcTyrraIoT J.(Ba pyrHX: 6CRKUU lleJlOeeK X08UT H 1-tU 08Ult
lleJlOeeK lie X08UT; HO onH BOIOIOT U J.(pyr npoTHD l];pyra, noo
eCRKuii II 1tU 08ult npoTHDOnOJIOiI\TIbI pyr j1;pyry.
TaHoBa C 60iHben rrOl\lolQbIO H AaIIIIaH rJIaBa.
r JIABA TPH llAl1.ll,AT AH
B qOTBCPTOii rJIaBe H3 BbI,n;BHIIYTbIX HaMIl [BOCbMH BO-
rrpOCOB] cnp8lUHBaOTCH 0 TO I, B CHOJIbHUX [3UaQeIIHHX] cy-
ecTByeT [npe MeT paCCMOTpeIIHH], a TaIOHe IICOOXO HMoe
II ,n;orrYCTHMOC. 11 DOT cy ecTlloBaIIlIe ObIBaeT BOHHH I: IIJIH
TaRHM, ROTopoe BblpaiHaeT O IIO JIHilib ObITue H ne aaBHCUT
OT crrocooa DbICHa3bIBalIIIH, 0 tJe f Oll rOBopHT H B «06 HCTOJI-
({OBarrIIH» 43, II 3 eCb; HJIH B03MOiHrrbIM CYlQCCTBOnaIIHeM, OT
HOToporo npOUCTeRaeT nYTaIIu a. l\ HaI\OMY me Ha [JTHX
BH OB] CYII eCTBOBaHIIH on rrpncTyrraeT? MbI [na JTO] OTBe-
TII?tI, lITO 011 [II8 t IIInaeT] C Toro, I\OTOpbIii JIlIllIb BbIpaiI\aeT
ObITue, HOO OIl caM BbI eJIHJI 3TOT BH cy ecTBoBaIIHH U3
,n;pyrllx BM OB, CHa3aB eCRKoe cYJlC8ellue eCTb U.IlU cYJlC8e1-lUe
o TO},t, llTO npucyu?e, UJlU 0 TOM, llTO (J03JrCOJIC1-t0 npucyu?e,
UJlU 0 TOM, llTO 1-te06x08uMO npucYUfe, QTOObI OIl l\lor 6bI
CRa3aTb, qTO BCHI\Oe BbICI\a3bIBanIIe ObIBaeT JIHOO IIO crrocooy,
JIu60 oe3 crrocooa, II 06 :JTOM peqb H eT B «00 UCTOJIROBa-
HIIII», r,n;e cOOolQaeTCH 0 TOM, qTO IIeqTO HBJIHeTCH TeM-TO,
a IIe l ITO He HBJIHeTCH TeM-TO, 1100 eCJIM CJIOBO npucYUfe ceii-
qac BbIpaiRaJIO 6bI D03Momnoe cy ecTBoBaIIHe, TO 3TO, De-
pOHTllO, yrrpa3l];IIHJIO 6bI llbICRa3bIBaUHH rro [BbIllIeYI\a3an-
1l0 fY] cnocooy, II BCJIe CTBHe 3Toro 063 nOJIOiHeIIIIH A pIICTO-
TeJIH D p;aJIbllellllIeM II3JIOiHeIIIIM 0I\a3aJIHCb ObI qYiI{AbIl\lII, RaK
231
1I011;JBeCTlIble HaM nOJIOmOHIIH 06 oopa eHHIl cym,n;cHMii,
a TaRiHC ynpa3AIIlIJIO ObI «00 nCTOJIROBaHIIII», I\al\ {COlJM-
nCBne], IIC onpeJJ;e.rUllOI1 ee Bce CYiI\ CInUL 110 n l];aIIIIO 1
I'
c TIyqaO CJIOBO npucyu/e llblpamaeT cyryoo CYll OCTBOBalIlIe,
I' U
II 3TO B rrepBYIO OllCpCl];b l\aCaCTCH OJpall eIInH cym clIulI
o B03MomlI0 rrpIICYll CM, 00 oOpalJ eIInlI ROTOpbIX OIl ytlHT
B aJlI->IlcihuCM. 1\lbl rOBoplI I, qTO OIl lIe y e T{UJI BIIJ1Ma-
IlHH 3TOMY, l\aR cOl opmall CMYCH B Heooxo nMo rrpucYI CM,
noo U B03!\fOJJ\JIO rrplIcy ce [B I{OneqUo?t1 ClJeTe] HB TJH-
eTCH nC06XOl];UMbIM. TaI{OBbI [pa3JIUtJIIbIO] 3ua t IonUH npu-
('y cro.
q TO mo l{aCaCTCH lIo06xo UMO IIpUCYIl ero, TO U ono pa3-
JlHllllO: 8TO UJllI nOCTOHIIIIO rrpncYlQee, H T}II npucy ee B 6y-
J YlQeM; l\aI\, nanplIMep, MbI rOBopUM 6y8eT: 6y8eT .!teTO, 6y-
8eT aU.Ma. A rrOCTOHIIllO rrpucy ec - 3TO JIu60 BetIHoe, JIHOO
TJIOIIIIOC. Doquoe - 3TO, IJanpU ICp, I\orl];a MbI rOBoplI f 60-
JlCeCTeell1l0e ecez8a 806poe, CO.!t1-tlJ e ecez8a ceeTUT, OZOl-tb
ecez8a cozpeeaeT; a [I1cOOXO nMocTb] TJICIIIIOrO nblpaiRaeTcH
tICpe3 r pa3JIutJIIble] onpe CJICIIUH - II QOpe3 cyo1>eRT, II tlC-
pC3 npC Ul\aT; cc JIll tlOpC3 CYO'bCHT, TO 3TO, lIanpIlMCp, 6YAOT
TaHoe cyn,,n;ClIUC: ConpaT 8blUlUT, [al-tallUT, 01-t] CYUJeCTeyeT;
CCJIU tlOpr3 npel];HhaT, TO ;)TO C01i,paT CJlywaeT, [u JTO 8eii-
CTeue] CYUfecTeyeT [ne06x08u,,ublJt 06paaoJt] 80 Tex nop,
nOKa on CJlYlll aeT.
11 JIH tIcro 011 cciiqac paccY/I\ aOT 0 neooxo IIMOM? OT-
DCTUM, qTO l];JIH nOCTOHIIIIoro II Ol];unaI\OBOrO OOJl lH; rrpu
;)TOM [CJI yeT 3I1aTb] II 0 pa3JIIJtIIIHX lIe06xOI u,. I.)ro. lITO
iI,C I\acaCTCH B03MO/I\I10ro, TO 0110 6bIBaeT TpOHHU f: JIUOO
[3aDnCUT] OT MaJIOI'O, JIn60 OT Mllororo, JIHOO OT paBlloro.
OT ?tIaJIOrO, I\al\, nanpUMep, OT CQaCTJIIInOrO CJIYtIUH, u60
I\TO-JIUOO MOJI,OT, I] CMnonn,o nOHon aB, II aUTU HJIaA; a OT
Mllororo, [I\aI\, nanpIIMcp], rrpnpOJ1;a II nO,Ll;paiI\aIOll Ce cii
I'"'
I1CI\YCCTllO, HOD M 11 oroc TBOpHT IICI\YCII aH nplI pOJ].a, a TalOI\C
UCI\YCCTBO, I\OTopoe CTaBUT rrcpc COOOIO MllOiHCCTBO cJIeiI;
a OT pallHoro - ;)TO tIeJIOBctIeCl\aH 3apallce aIIIIaH CIIOCOO-
1I0CTb, noo B nac [aaJIOiI\ena n03MOiI\IlOCTb] CJIYUJaTb II ne
CJIYIDilTb. 13 I\aI\OM iI,O U3 ::>TlIX 3UaqClIUH ceiiqac ynoTpco-
JICHO CJIOBO? II a 3TO Mbl CI\aiI\C!\I, liTO CCllqaC OIl oepeT oro
B TO I 3na QCIIlIU, I\OTOpOe yuoTpe6JIHCTCH H C IbICJIe MIloroI'O,
noo HacaPTCfi 0110 [OOJIaCTH] UCRYCCTBa U B03 IOiI,Horo, nxo-
AH ero B IJaYHY COOTHOTCTBelJllO 3Hal]I1IO. TaI\OHa II tIOTBep-
THH rJLaBa.
'rcncpb IIcpciil];eM I\ nHTOM rJIaBe, B ROTOpoii MbI pac-
C laTpIlBael\1 Bonpoc 0 TOl\I, n0 1 ICMY Oil onYCTIIJI oopa CllHe
232
B03hlomlIoro II IIon03MOiI\JIOro. II a 8TO MI)I OTnCtIap l, qTO on
onYCTIIJI H03MOiI\IIOC I\HH C01 Cp,I\aIlJ;cccn H TOM, CY CCTBOHa-
11lIC lIero AonYCTHMO, a lIeB03MOiI\IJOe OIIYlI eIIO 11M no Toii
lIpUtIUIIe, qTO B ooparn;eIIIIoii <popMe 0110 OTOII\,a;eCTBJIHeTCn
C BbICI\a3J)IBalIIICM 0 IIeooxoAUMOM U [CTaIIORIITCH] OTpIIIJ,a-
IIlIeM OTpIlIJ,aIlIIH; UOO YTBepiHAeIIMC lICBOaMOII\IIoro nplI CllC-
fJ;eIIUU [1\ npOCTOll cpopMe] paBIIOCUJIbJIO npOCTOMY YTBep-
iR,n;ellUIO neOOXOAUMoro; nanpIlMep, 1-lee03MOJICllO 1-te 6blTb-
Heo6xo8uMO 6blTb, UOO TO, qTO ne MO,HeT lIe ObITb, eCTb
TO, qTO eyrn;CCTBYCT no IIe06xofJ;HMOCTU; M 8TO CCTb oTpuqa-
Hue OTpIln;aHUH, [noo BbIparheUIIC] ne nee03.MOJIC1-tO ne 6blTb
[paBHOCUJIbIIO BbIpalI\CIIIIIO] He 1-teo6xo8u.MO 6blTb. Tal\oBa
nHTaH rJIaBa.
Tenepb oopaTuMcH 1\ 1I1CCTOH rJIaBe, rAe rOBopuTCH 0 TOM,
qTO npeACTaBJIHeT COOOIO TO, qTO BbIHBJIHeTCH C nOMom;blO
06pam;ennii. 11 CHalI\eM, qTO 3TO eCTb 3IIaIlue [IIc06xoJ u-
Moro], uoo C nOMOrn;blO oopam;enuH Tex iI\C CYiI\ACIIUii 0 npH-
cyrn;eM U HcooxoAUMO npucym;eM BbIHBJIHeTCH, tITO 06 COT-
I' I'
pUu;aTCJIbIIOe CYiHAeIIue neOOXOAUMO l];OnYCHaeT oopa enue
B OTHOllIeIIUU CHOUX TepMUIIOB; naHpuMcp, ltU o8u1-t lleJlOeelti,
1-te eCTb a.;uellb, U ltU o8u1-t aMellb 1-te eCTb lleJl08eK. A 00-
m;eYTBepAUTeJIbIIOe cyn\ CJllIe ooparn;aeTcH B tIaCTIIoe; IIa..
nplIMep, 8CRKUii lleJlOee eCTb JlCueoe CYUfeCTeo, U 1-teKOTOpoe
JlCU80e CYllfeCT80 eCTb lleJlOeeK. A tIaCTJlOe OTpUI aIIUC IIC 00-
parn;aeTC 11 lJU n OTIIOIIlCIJUII CBOIiX TCpMIIIIOB, nu qcro-JIuoo
APyrorv npUMCp, 1-teKOTOpblM :JICU8bl t CYUfeCT8aM 1-te npu....
cYUfe 60.. u Jllo8bMU, 1-te OTopbl t .Ill{)8JlM ne npucYute 6blTb
JlCU8blMU cYllfecT8aMu; [JTU CYiI\l];CIIUH] lIC cOrJIacYIoTcH IIII
KaH UCTUIIIIbIe, III1 KaI\ JIOiI\IIbIe, U HeT [3AcCb IIIIHal\oro]
ooparn;CIIUH. 8TO, l\aK OJ)IJIO CI\aaano, rOBopHTCH B OTIIO-
1I1CIIUU Toro, ITO npucYlQc, U Toro, lITO neOUXOAUMO npu-
CY C.
A B OTHOlllellUU AonYCTUMoro TaIOI\e n03BOJIIITeJIblIbI 00-
parn;eIlUH YTBepl];UTeJIbllbIX CYiHAcIlIIi1; nanplIMCp, neKUU Ite....
A08eK u8eT II neKUU u8yUfuu eCTb lleJl08elti,. A OTpUIJ,aIllIC
YTBepn{,n;elIlIH npUMCIIHeTCH l\aI\ npOTUnOnOJIOiI\Hoe, noo 06-
rn;eOTpUl a TCJIbIlOC cYiI\l];enIIe, I\OTOpOC UIIorl];a l];OnYCI\aC1
06parn;enuc B CHOUX TcpMllIIax B OTIIOlIIeIlHU cYII\l];enui1
o npUCYII eM II no06xoAlIMO npucy eM, Tenepb lIe l];onYCHaCT
06parn;enuH IIH B OTIIOillenuu CY/HAelIlIH 0 B03MO/I,1l0 rrpucy-
rn;eM, nu B OTnOIIleIIUlI ce6H C aMoro. 1100 06Ill,ce [oTpHu,aIIlIe]
IIIlKOfl];a He nOATHep/Hl];aeT UCTIIITIlOCTU B OTllOIlJClIlIlI COAep-
iI\ a II UH B 03 M 0 IH II 0 n p II C Y rn;e ro ; 0 fJ; II a 1\ 0 tI aCT II 00 T P uU;a Te JIb II 0 e
cYil\Aenue, I\OTopoe. IIll0rAa ne 06pam;aCTCH B OTIIOllIenHM
8 )J.aoliA AllaXT
233
npHcyll cro It J1r()OX() I1MO npncYIJ cro, Tf'nrpTJ onY(,J\[\rT 00-
pall CllHe B OTllOIIICIIlIII B03MOjHIIO II PIICYlJ Cro; Hall pH Me p,
1le 8CRKUii lleJl06eK uf}eT II lle 8CRKUU U8Yllfllzl eCTb lle/108e .
TaI\OBa C OOiJ\bcii nO fO bIO II HannaH I'JH1B3.
fJIABA rJETblPIIAJ(I AT AH
BCRltoe cYJlC8el-lue eCTb UJlU cYJlC8el-lue 0 TO"'!, llTO npu-
cYUfe, UJlU 0 TOM, llTO 1leo6xo8llJtO npucYUfe, llJlU 0 TO)f, liTO
603 tOJIC1l0 npucYllfe. Tcneph oopaTII ICH 1\ CCf1hMOii r:[(lBO,
[rAe rOBopIITCH], I\aI\ona OtIcpeAIJOCTb o(jpalJ clIlIii, 0 l\oTopoii
CJICAYCT 31Ia1'I.. CJICAYIo oe: on nOCTalHIJI cY,I\j1;cnJlc 0 TOM,
qTO JIpIIcy e, BnepcHn Toro, tITO IICOOXO,TI.HMO npIICYll e II
B03MOiHIIO npIICYlQe, Hal\ TO, tITO [ronopIlTCH] OC3 cnocooa, -
BUCPCAU Tex, 1\0TOpbIe [Cl\aahIBaIOTcH] 110 I\aI\O!tIY-TO cno-
COoy; a neOOXOAIIMO npUCYII ce 011 nOCTaBIIJI Bucpe,n.u B03-
MO/HIIO npucy cro, II60 neouxo,n.IIMO npIIcy ec, I\al\ 3TO
BIIAIIO U3 06pa clluii, BCerl];a II Ol];HHaI\OBbIM oopaaOM oOJIa-
l];aeT TeM, qTO IIMeCTCH B npHcYll eM. OnHTb-TaHu B lIX oopa-
elluflx 011 OOlQcOTpnn;aTCJJbIIOC cym,n.cnlle nOCTaBIIJJ Bne-
pel];II 00lQeYTBep,n.IITeoi1bJIOrO nc TO TIbI\O nOToMY, tITO 0110
oopa acTcH II lITO B OTJ10IIIClilln CCOH caMoro OOJIa,n.aCT 00-
paTH foeTbIO, 110 II nOTOMY, tf1'O pro oopa eIlIIC UCJIOJIL3yeTcH
AJIH l];Pyrllx oopall cIIllii. A OOu cYTRepAH TrJIbIIOe CYiI\J eJl ue
011 nOCTaBIIJI BIIept'l];1l IJaeTIIOYTRCpJ],I1TCJII..I10rO, XOTH U ero
nOJIaraJIOCb 1J0CTanUTb BIlCpCl];H, 110 lie Hal\ oupa aJO eeCH
B OTllOllleIIHII CCOH, a IH1H [IIO cnoeMY XapaI\Tepy oOJIee]
oo ee, IeM tIaCTIIoe. A qaCTlIOYTBcp,IJ;IITeJIbIIOC CYiI\l];eUUC 011
nOCTaBUJI BncpcAM tlaCTIIOOTpUI aTeJIbliOrO, IIOO qaCTIIOOTPH-
u;aTCJIhIIOe CYiH,n.CIIHe BOBce lIe oopa aeTcH 13 OTIlOllleIIIIII
eYiHl];enuii 0 npueYlQCM H IICOUXOAlIMO IIpnCYIlJ,e I. TaI\OBa II
Cel];bMaH rJIaBa.
[06paTIIMcH 1\] BOCbMOM rJIane, [n 1\0Topoii nOBecTHyeM]
o HeROTopblX COMIICIIIIHX. I3o-ncpBblx, [roBopHT]: nO'leMY TbI,
o A pHCTOTeJlb, rOBoplIlllb, liTO 06 eOTpIII a TCJIbIIOC CYII\,TI.CHlIe
oupa aeTCH B OTIIOIllellIIII CCUH, UOO no M1l0rUX BeIl ax fbI
lIe naXOl];UM, tIT06bI JTO OblJIO TaH? HanpnMCp, eCJlU llU o8Ha
Tbl 8a l-le peJICeT 1l0JICa, TO U 1lU 08U1-t 1l0JIC lle peJICeT TblK8 y;
U ec./lU nu o81-ta CTella lie 1laX08UTCR na nOJlY, TO U l-lU 08U1-t
liOJl He llaX08UTCR 8 CTel-le; U eCJlU llU 08Ull nYOUlUH l-le l-la-
X08UTCR 8 8Ul-le, TO U l-lUJtiaKOe 8U1l0 He naxo8UTCR 8 Y8-
ZUUl-le. 11 BOT, Bce JTH 06paIl C!InH HBJIHIOTCH [061I e]OTpu-
n;aTCJlbIlbIMU CYiT\,n.C II II Hl\IH, oopa aIO UMHCH n OTIIOIJICIIJlIl
CUMIIX ceOH, 11 11M lIO..larUJIOCb ObITb COl'JlaClIbIMU II HLIHllJIe-
234
HUJI lfCTIIHbT, O naT\O onn ne IICTHnnbJ. ITo 3TOMY Donpocy
IIMeCTCH TPH COMIICI1IIH, OAno 113 HOTOpbIX paapCIlI3eTCH CJlC-
AYIOll UM 06paaOM: [cy6'beHT] lie a3MbII,3eTCH QeJIJII\OM II
nOJIlIOCTblO [,n;aHHbIM] npe]];HJ\aTOM, H60 CJIe]];OBaJIO CHa3C1 Tb
T31\: UU oi)ua TblKea He peJICeT UOJICa, U nUIlTO, IlTO pCJICeT
1l0JIC, ue eCTb Tbl 6a, a RBJlReTCR Jlu60 uanll./tbUU OM, ./t1l60
tle: t-To i) py 2UJrt noi)o6ublM. 11 onHTb: nOC1'iO./lb1\-Y uu oi)lla
CTellO ue uuxoi)UTCR lla O./tY, TO U llUllTO U3 Huxoi)RUfe20CR,
na 1'iOJlY ue ReJlReTCR CTeTlOU, u eCTb KunUT UJlU 6e pe81iU;
II nOC1'iO./tb1'iY llU oi)un KY6lUUIt ue uaxoi)uTCR, 6 6Ulle,
TO U llUIlTO U3 T020, IlTO llUX08UTCR 6 6Ulle, ue eCTb
KyeUlU1-t, U R8.1lReTCR ceMellKOJt U./tU JlCe 6Ul-toapa8uou 1'iOC-
TOllKOU.
OlJ;JIaI\O II IceTCfl II ,n;pyroc (,O IIIeEHe: nocnO/tb} y TO, liTO
ne R6.1ReTCR, :JICU6blJt cYU?eCT60Jt, ne eCTb lleJl06en, TO U ue
R6./t.RlOUfeeCR lle./t06e1iOM ue eCTb JlCU60e CYUfeCT60, [EO 1\3K
6bITb B T3I\OM CJIytIae] C JIOIUa]];LIO HJIH 6blI\OM? Apyroe co-
MHelIlIe: nOC O./tbny UU1'iU1'ioe Te./tO ue llUXOi)UTCR 6 6e./tU31le,
TO R1'io6bl i)o./tJICUO 6blTb Tan, IlTO U nUKU1i,aR 6e./tu3nu ne ua-
XOi)UTCR, 6 Te./te. A [D T3I\0!\[ cJIyqae] 0 qe 1 iI\e CRaabIBaCTCH
6eJI1I3113 HJIH lI,e B qC I on3 naXOAHTCH, Hal{ nO]];JIejRa e I,
eCJIH IIC n TeJIe?
TpeTbC COMlIenHe TaI\OBO: TO, IlTO lle uaxoi)uTcR 6 [1'iU-
1io.Jt-nu6yi)b] oIueCTe, ue U,MeeT no./tOJICeUUR, a ne UMelOUfee
nO.llOJICellUR ne 1-laxoi)uTcR 6 [1'iU1'iOJt-.1u6o] J,tecre. Ii pa3Be
3TO HCTlInTIO, eCJIII IIMeOTCH [TIOnHTHC] ufJYUfuii? 3]];CCb
IIMeeTCH 0]];1l0 pemCliue. I3o-nopDbIX, lIe CJIOAYCT rrpII oupa-
{QeIIHH CYII\lJ;ClIIlii OTOII\lJ;eCTBJIHTb TO, QTO OTpUQaCTCH, C TC f,
QTO IIaXO]];HTCH B nOlJ;JJCiHall C I, II npHBO IITb cro n COOTDCT-
CTBHe C oG cii U;CJIbIO, IIOO, I\or]];a IIMeeTCH [llaJIII o] OTPH-
,-
alIlIe H y nOlJ;JICjl\a cro H y Cl\aaye?tloro, Tor,n;a nYilillO oua
oTpII aIIIIH COe;I.IIIIIITL n cl\a3ye?tloM:. HanplIMOp, TO, IlTO ne
eCTb :JICU60e CYUfeCT60, He eCTb [u] Ile./t06e1'i, a TO, liTO
He eCTb lleJlOee1'i, lle eCTb [lle]:JICU60e CYUfeCT60, 1I60 OTpn-
allHH, OTDcpraH APyr JJ;pyra, C03 aIOT O]];TIO YTBepiRlJ;eIIHC:
TO, IlTO He eCTb neJICU60e cyuteCT60, R6./tReTCR JICU6blM cYUfe-
CT60M. II OTIHTb: TO, IlTO ue uaxoi)uTCR, 6 [Oi)IlOJ,.t i)auuo.u]
"'teCTe, ue UMeeT nO./tOJICeUUR" U TO, IlTO ue UJ,.teeT nO,,10JICeHUR,
UUXOi)UTCR lle 6 [fJaltUOM] J,.teCTe, [a 6 i)6UJlCenuu]; H e e:
UU oi)no Te./tO ue llaxoi)uTcR (J KUlleCT6e; no 3TO yme eCTb
JIOiHb, IIUO B Jia tIeCTBC no,n;pa3YMeBaCTCH TeJIO, XOTH II OTBJIC-
'IeHIIO. 1/160 CKaabIBanne 3]];CCb ]];BOHI\Oe: O]];IJO - no nplIpOJJ;e,
npyroe - OTBJIeQCHIIoe. IIo nplIpolJ;e - I\or,n;a 06 ee CRa3J I-
BaCTCR 0 tIaCTnO I, a CJJytJRIrITLIe np1I3HaKH CKa3bIBalO'ICfi
8'"
')'J -
,,\oJ .J
o CYII UX. A OTRJICtJCnnoc - HorAa tIaCTIIOC Cl\a3bIRaCTCH 00
OGlI C!\I, a cYI.Qee CI\a3bIBaeTCH 0 c TIY{IaiiIIbIx npU3J131\ax.
OAHaI\O COMIIcnaIOTCH II OTHOCHTeJlbIIO oo eYTBCPf]JITeJIb-
I'
Horo cyn'AeHIIH CJIeAYIO IIM oopa30?tt: nOqeMY rOBopUTCH, {ITO
oo eYTBepl];UTCJIbIIOe CYiI\l];eIlIIC 06JIal];aeT 06pa TIIMOCTblO no
OTIIOIlJeTIIIIO K CYiHl];CHUIO tIaCTlIOYTBepl];UTeJIbIIOMY; u60 ec JIll
JTO IICTIITIBO, TO 1\0e-I\TO MO/I,eT BbICI\aaaTb COMHeIlue CJIe-
AYIO UM oopa30M: nOC OJlb Y eCRKUU, liTO ReJlReTCR JlCe1-tut U -
nou [ceiitlac], 6blJl aeeCTee1-l1-lUlteu, TO U TO ReJlReTCR aee-
CTee1-t1-tUl?eU [ceUllac], 6blJl JlCeltUfU1-tOU; U nOC1iOJlb Y eCR uii
CTapUK 6blJl pe6eH OM, TO U I1TO [ceUllac] ReJlReTCR pe6e1-t-
liOM, 6blJl CTapUfiO"ll. PCIIIeIIIIC JTOrO TaHOBO: 3;I.eCb npel];lIl\aT
nerrpaBIIJJbT10 JICnOJIh30Ban B oopalQCHUU CY/I\l];CHIIH - eCR-
1i,aR JlCenu/Ulla 6bl./lO iJeecTeell1-lU1leu, 1I60 CJICl];ORaJIO oopa e-
JIRe rrpOlI3BeCTII (' J[0l];YIO n [ oopa30 t: eCRllaR :JICeHUJU1-ta
6blJla aeeCTee1-t1-lUlfeU, U h'TO pa1-tbute 6bl./l aeeCTeeU1-tUlteu,
[ceiillac] eCTb JlCeHllfU1-ta; II eCRKUU CTapu 6blJl pe6e1-tKOM,
U "liTO pallblll e 6blJl pe6e1-t OM, [ceUllac] eCTb CTapu .
BbIpail\alOT no 3TOMY rrOROl];Y II TaRoe COMueUlIe: rrotIeMY
OIl rOBopllT, tITO tIaCTIIOOTpll aTeJIbnOC CY/Hl];CITlIe rre oopa-
aCTC H JIll n OTIIOIUel1l1U CCOH, 11M B OTHOlIlCIIUH l];Pyroro,
1100 He OOJIaJJ;aCT oopaTIIMOCThlO B OTlIOlJ1CJlIBI oo eYTBcpl];U-
TeJIblIOrO CYiI\l];eIlIIH, I\al\ :)TO ObIBaeT Y 06 CYTBepl];nTeJIb-
nol'o CYII,l];CIIIIH B OTIIOIlIelllIII CYII\l];eHUH tIaCTHOYTBCpj1;U-
TeJIbHoro? 11 anpUMCp, Horl];a I\TO-JIHOO rOBopUT: 1-te eCRKoe
:JICueoe cYllfecTeo eCTb lleJlOeeh'", liO eCRfiUU lleJlOeeK eCTb :JICU-
eoe cYUfecTeo, PC1UCIIIIC 3Toro TaI\OBO: [3,IJ;ecb] I\aqeCTBO
cYiHl];elIlIn ue OCTaCTCH Oj1;HllM II TeM Il\e, noo 0l];I10 113 BbICRa-
3bIBaHuii YTBepl];IITCJIbIIOe, a l];pyroe - OTpM aTeJIbIIOe, tITO
He ,IJ;OJIiHHO HMeTb MeCTO npu npOCTOM oopa eHIIU, u60
B 3TO 1 CJIYtJae Bcerl];a coxpaIIHeTCH Ol];HO II TO iI\e l\aqeCTBO,
no MeHHeTCH JIIIIlJb nOpHl];OI\ TepMHHOB.