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Автор: Аристотель Анахт Д.
Теги: философия логика античная философия диалектика формальная логика
Год: 1967
Текст
ТОЛКОВАНИЕ
«АНАЛИТИКИ»
АРИСТОТЕЛЯ
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214
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215
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217
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CbIJIOR] II C 1I3MeIICIIIIeM oAIIoro TepMIIII a 1I3 IIIIX BbInOl];HTCH
pa3nbIe 3aI\JIIOtIenIIH, I\aCaIO lIeCH IIIJOrAa oAIIoro, a llIIOrl];a
lIe Bcex, [110 MJIOrnx], TO fbI IIMeeM AeJIO C paccyn\l];eIlIIHMII
II eCIIJIJIOI'IIC TlItJeCHIIMII.
/1 e06x08uMlJlM 06pa30.M. fonopHTCH 1-teo6x08uMblM 06pa-
30M, l];aObI 3IIa Tb, '1TO ne06XOl];IIMOe II lIen peMeIIHOC II e OTHO-
CHTC H 1\ pacCYjHACIIIIHM, COCTanJIelIIIbIM COrJIaCIIO naneAenlI10
H anaJIOrnlI, IIOO OHII lIe nbInOAHT netITO IIeoGxoAIIMbI f 00-
pa30M. JI3neCTIIO, qTO BCHI\Oe l];OnYCTIIMOC paCCYil\p;CIIIIe nbI-
nOAJlT JIIIOO nop;OOHoe 1I3 nOA06IIoro, JInGo 60JIbllIOe 1I3 fa-
JIoro, JInOO MaJIOC 113 60JIbIlJOro. Ii BOT, TO, I\OTopoe BbIBOl];UT
nOAoonoe H3 IIOAoonoro, na3bInaeTCH anaJIorneii; TaI\OBO, na-
npliMcp, lle 8aBauTe Te.!lOXpa1-tUTeJtR 1f,U01-tUCU10, u60 U llu-
CUCTpaT 37, nOJtY1lUB [ceo], CTaJt 1-taCUJlbllU1iOJt. 110 Bel];b lie
222
OOH3aTeJIbIlO, tJTOObI II AnOIlIICnM COBepIlJaJI naCIIJIlIe, eCJIU
COBeprnaJI naCHJIlIe OncncTpaT. A TO paCCYII\l];eUlIe, ROTOpOC
BbIBOl];IIT 60JIbllIOe 1I3 MaJIOrO, lIa3bIBaeTCH I1aBel];elIlIeM; na-
nplIMep, nOC OJlbKY y tteJlOBena U K01-tR 8BUJICeTCR 1-tUJlC1-tR,J-l
tteJlKJCTb, TO U, CJleiJoBaTeJlb1-tO, Y BCR OZO JlCUBOZO CYUfeCTBa
iJBUJICeTCR 1-tUJlC1-tRR lleJlKJCTb - 3l];eCb 3aI\JIIOtIeillIe lIe BbITe-
I\aeT neo6xoAIIMbIM 06pa30M, IIOO JTO, [nanpIIMep], lIe HB-
JIHCTCH neOOXOl];IIMOCTblO l];JIH cpCJIIII\Ca, I\pOROl];IIJIa II rO IaMa,
y I\OTOpbIX l];RIIII\eTCH BepXIIHH lIeJIIOCTb 38. A Te paccyn\l];e-
IllfH, I\OTOpbIe B 3aI\JIlOtIenlIlI YTBepn\l];aIOT qTO-TO MaJIOe, BbI-
BOl];H 1I3 60JIbIlJOrO, IIa3bIBalOTCH CIIJIJIOrII3?tfOM, nbIBOl];
I\OTOpOro BbITeRaeT [lf3 nOCbIJIOI\] IIeOOXOl];HMbI 1 06pa30l'v1,
I\aI\, nanplIMep, lleJlOBeK RBJlReTCR CYUfeCTBOM 8By1-tOZU,;U;
COKpaT lleJlOBeK; CJle80BaTeJlb1tO, ConpaT CYUfeCTBO 8BY1-tO-
zoe - JTOT BbIBOl]; l];eJIaeTCH ueooxol];IIMbIM o6pa30M.
A rOBopnTcH BblTe aeT n3-3a l];HaJIeI\TIPleCI\IIX II COcplI-
eTIIQCCl\lIX Yl\[03aI\JIlOtIenlIll, I\OTOpbJe COl];ep/Ha T B ce6e B03-
MO/HIJOe II IIeB03MomlIoe; 1I6o l];lIaJIeHTlIqeCHlIe y?tf03aI\JTIOqe-
IIIIH l];eJIalOT BbIBO)];, HBJIHIO lfilc H B03?tfO/I\IIbIM, a COcpIICTII-
tICCI\ne - lIeB03MO/HIIbIM. Ho IIIJor)];a olIn Co)];epma T II
neo6XOl];HMOe, Ol];IIaI\O ne caMII IIO ce6e, a cJIyqaiino, II aTO
no)]; BJIIIHIIlIe?tf nOCJIel];OBa TeJIblIorO CIIJIJIOrII3Ma; IIOO, lIarrplI-
Mep, CIIJIJIOrII3?t1 COKpaT X08UT, a TOT, KTO X08UT, 8BuzaeTCR
cOl];eplI\IIT B ce6e B03Momnoe, [IIOO COI\paT MOil\CT II lie xo-
)J;IITb]. A )];JIH IIOCJIel];OBa TeJIbHOrO CIIJIJIOflI3Ma BblcTynaC'f
neOOXOAIIl'vIOe; IIOO, [naIIpIIMep], CORpaTY neB03MO/I\IIO 1Il'vleTb
HpbIJIbH, H B03MOII\Hoe [B l];anHOM CJIyqae] 6Yl];eT naCIIJIlIeJ\1
na)]; CIIJIJIOrII3MOM; HaIIplIMep, COKpaT JleTUT, a TOT, TO Jle-
TUT, UJteeT pblJlbR; CJle80BaTeJlb1-tO, U Co paT UMeeT pblJlb,n.
Ii JIlIllIb l];OI\a3bIBaIO lIii CIIJIJIOflI3M C ero IIOCJIel];OBa TeJIbIIbI f
B bI B 0 l]; 0 M CO l]; e p IH II T II eo 0 x 0 l];1I M 0 e ; T a H , II a II p II M e p , II e.ll 0 B e
eCTb JlCUBOe coa8anue, liTO HBJIHCTCH nCOOXOl];IIMbIM II 603
cBHaeii [c )];pyrlIMII CYlQIIMII]. A JlCUBOe coa8a1-tue eCTb oiJy-
UleBJlell1-tOe, II c aMO IIO ce6c HRJIHCTCH neooXol];UMbIM l];JIH
)];aIIlIbIX [CYlQIIX], HBJIHeTCH HCOOXOl];HMbIM II B CBH31I [c l];PY-
rlIMII CY IIMII].
9TO JlCe [caMoe] eCTb. CI\a3aB JTO, OIl TCM caMbIM XOTe TI
DbIpa3IITL, tITO YM03al\JIIOtICIIIIe CJIel];yeT [BbIBOl];UTb], OIIII-
paHCb na BbIl];BIIUYTble [YTBcpiI\l];aCMble] nOCbIJII\II, a lIe na
KaI\OC- TJII60 OIIpOl];eJIenllC, Y3IIanaCMOe lIaBne CBCpX Toro,
IIJIlI iRC IIel];OCTaIo ce. l-IarrpllMep, 8 yuta ca.Mo8BUJlCyufa,
caJto8euJICYUfee Bett1-toiJeUJlCYUfe, Be t l1-to8BUJICY Ufee 6ec-
c. u e pT 1-tO" C Jl e a 0 BaT e .Ill} 1-t 0 , 8 y uta 6 e C C t e pT lla 39. [IT plIM e p
nO TBep/l\;\aCT CI\aaaHIIoe], 1I6o [3aI\JIIOtIeHlIe] BbIBe eHO lie H3
223
BbIABIIIIYTblX nOCbI 10K, a JI3 KaKorO-TO onpC C lCIIHH, I{OTO-
poe J\lbl 3IIae 1 JI:lBIIC CBepx Toro, rJ1aCRII Ce, qTO BeqnOABJI-
iI\Yll CC oeCCMepTno. 11 OIIHTb [TO mc caMoe 6YAeT, CCJIII
B:lHTb CII"T{ 10rII3M] OYUlQ ca;Jloo(JU:JICYUfQ, CQ,MOO(JU:JICYUfee Bell1-tO-
OBUJICY Ufe, Be t l1-toiJ6ZlJICY Ufee 6ecc.Me pT1-tO; c.Ile80 (JQTe.ll h1-tO,
OYWQ C toOBU:JICYUfa; n60 3,n;eCb JIUllIncii HBJIHeTCH OAlIa no-
Cbl TJI\a, a MMCIIIIO eell1-tOOBUJICYUfee 6eCCJtepT1l0, 1I60 ona
nUI\aK ne YtJaCTnyeT R YM03aI\JIIOtIeIIUII.
TaKOBbI II neYJ\fCJIO COCTanJIHeMbIC CTOUI\aMll CIIJIJIOrn3MbI,
I\al\, JIanpUMep 40, A = B, a B = B, CJteOOBaTeJlb1-tO, AB = B.
Ii onHTb: AB 60Jlhllle, lle.M B, a B 60.llblUe B, CJleOOBaTeJtb1tO,
A B 60JlbUle, lle.Jt B,. 3TH ClI TJ.TJOrII3MbI COCTaB.TJCnbl neIIpa-
BIIJIbHO. [3TO Tan], 1100 MenblIIllii TepMIIII olIn OCPYT ABaiI\-
,n;bl, a OOJIbIlllIii onYCHaIOT, TaH HaI\, ronopH A = B, a B = B,
OIIH ABaiI\Abl R3HJIII MeHbllllIM [TepMIIII], a OOJIblnuii ony-
CTUJIII, IIOO IIIII\aKOe A He OblBaCT GO"TJbIJIC, 'ICM A. 11 JTO
OTIIOCIITCH nOl];06nbIM iI\e 06pa30M II H npyro [y npUMCpy.
Moo npaBHJIbTIO 6blJlO 6bl, ec JIll CIIJIJIOrH3M 6I)IJI 6bl nOCTpocn
CJleAYJO nM 06pa30M: A = B, a B = B, a Te Beu/Zl, KOTopble
paBnbl oonou U TOU :JICe BeUJU, 6blBaKJT paBllbl U oPyz oPyzy;
cJteooBaTeJlb1l0, A = B. Ii onHTb, A OOJIbllle B, a DTOT
6oJtbUle, lle.M B; a TO, llTO 60JlbWe 60JlblUeZO, 6y8eT, CJleOO-
BaTeJlb1l0, 31-tallUTeJlb1-tO 60.llbUl e, lle. Me1-tbWee; CJle80Ba-
TeJlb1-tO, A B 60JlblU e, lle.M B. BOT JTO II CCTb npanlIwTJbIIOe
paccYiI\Aenlle. OAlIaI\O CCJIII B OTIIOIlICIIUII nOCJICAIIlIX IIpIIMC-
pOB, rAc [coxpallHeTCH OAUIIaI\onan] npnpoAa HCCJICAyeMbIx
npeAMeToB, CUJIJIOrU3M CTpOIITCH npaRIIJIbIIO, TO B OTIIOIllC-
HUll APyrlIx l1pllMepOB 3TO He oYAeT nOnXOAIITb; Tal\, nanplI-
]\-[ep, ;)TOT [lleJtoBen] RBJlReTCR 6paTOJt TOZO [lleJlOBe a], U
o Pyzoii RBJlReTCR 6paTO.M TOZO [lleJlOBe1'ia]; C.IleaOeaTeJlb1l0,
;)TOT U oPYZOU RB.IlRl0TCR 6paTbR,MU opyz OAR opyza, tfTO
II HBJIHCTCH JIOiI\IIbIJ\[ 3aI\JIJOtIeIIIIC I, noo B03MOil\110, 1J1'OOhI
ABoe ObIJIlI ObI opaTbHMII AJIH APyroro tICJIOBcI\a, 110 IIC ObIJUI
U pa TbHMU l];pyr AJIH APyra. Tal\, on lIIJ , lIMCH ChilI a OT o,n;noii
iI\ClIbl, B3HJI [3aTeM] B iHeHbl APyrylO, 1\0TOpaH UMCJIa CbIIHl
OT npyroro MYiHa; U BOT, TOT, nTO POAUTCH OT IIIIX [B 3TOM
1I0BOM 6pal\c], OY CT 6paTOM, C OAIIOM CTOpOHbI, AJIH TOrO,
I\TO [HBJIHeTCH pOAIIbIM CblIIOM] ,n;JIH OT a, a C npyroii CTO-
pOIlIJI, [nJIH Toro, HTO HBJlHeTCH pOl];IIbIM CI)IIIOM] jl;JlH ]\-[a-
Tepn. Ooa, oy,n;Y'IH opaTbHMII nJIH onlloro, npyr .TIH APyra
BOBCC ne HBJIHIOTCH 6paTbH fll.
TUI\ona C oOII\beii nOMO bIO II ,n;alIIIaH r.TlaBa.
224
r oHARA 011.11 H 1/ AIl.ll,A T A fl
C08epUlellllbl.U CUAJl02U3.MO.M Jl lla3blOG10 TOliOii, KOTOpblU
DAR Obl!l8AenUJl 1teo6xo8u,; tOCTU 3ali.lllO l te1-tUR He nYJIC8aeTCR
Ull 8 Ite. 8pyzo.!tt [83RTOM U381le, KpOJ,te T020, ttTO npU1-tRTO].
nOCJIC 011 pCACJICIIIIH CIIJIJIOrlI3Ma 011 ncpCXOl];UT 1\ pa3 TIIItI1I1O
CUJIJIOrU3MOB, a JlMeIIIIO 1\ [011 PCACJICIIUIO] COBeplllCIIIIoro II
IICCOBeprnClIIIoro CIlJIJIOrII3M3, ronOpH, tlTO nel\OTopbIC 113
CIIJIJIOrU3MOB, 1\0TOpbIe CTpOHTCH no ncpnoii <purypc, HR-
JIHIOTCH COllepIlleIlIlbIMH, a lIel\OTOpbIe [ClIJIJIOrII3Mbl], HOTO-
pbIC CTpOHTCH no BTOpoii U TpCTbCii (pnrypaM, HHJIHJOTCH
JleCOBCplIIeIIllbIMII. nOtIeMY iI\C MhI rORopllM nCCOBcpIIICIlIIbI!i
CIIJIJIOrU3M? lie nOTOMY JIll, qTO 011 [HI\OObI] lIe nYjHl];aCTCH
R [l];onOJIHIITCJIbIIOl\l] TCpMIIIIC? llCl];b TO, 111'0 IIC IIY/H,n;aeTCH
[B tJCM-TO ,n;PyroM], COBepmClIlICC Toro, ITO nYil\,n;aeTCH;
a IICCOHCplllCIIHbIH CIIJIJIOrlI3M - JTO TOT, tITO nYiI\,n;aeTcrr
n I\aI\OM-IIUOY b TepMlIlIe, B3HTOM Jl3BIIC, [ROToporo Herr
B JlMCIOn IIXCH nOCbIJIKax]; TOrl];a l\aH COBCpIUCIIIILIll IIC nYjH-
,n;aCTCH II nOCTOpOIJIIC f TcpMHlle, [B3HTOM Jl3RIIe]. nO JTOMY
Bonpocy II B03HIIKJIO pa3110rJIaCne ICiI\l];Y MaI\CIIMOM Yp<p IIH -
CHUM - YtICIIHHOM HMBJII1Xa, II (DCMIICTUCM 41, TaI\ HaK (De-
MlICTHii, nplIIIHB [l];alllloe ApIICTOTCJICM] pa3l];eJICIIIIC CIIJI-
JIOrII3MOn, lJCI\OTOpbIC 113 IIIIX lIa3bIBaJI COBCpUICIIIIbIMII - Te,
I\OTOpbIC CTpOHTCH no nepBOH <J>lIrype, a nCI\OTopbIe - IICCO-
BcplllellIlbIMII - TC, 1\0TOpbIe CTpOHTCH no BTOpoii II TpCTbeii
<purypaM. MaHCIIM iHC, ClIIITaH, tlTO BCC CIIJIJIOrII3 lbI, IIMCIO-
!Que TCpMJlIILI, lie UYiHA8IOTCH [IIII B 1ICM nOCTopOIlIICM], na-
3llaJI IIX COBepIlJeUIJbIMU. 11 l];JIH pcmelllIH :1TOro CHopa onn
B3HJIII B CYl];blI IIMnepaTopa 10Jluana, KOTOpbIii U IIpIlCY; I1JI
1I00el];Y Mal\cIIMY.
OAIIaHo CHaiI\CM lIaCQCT cDCMIICTIIH, tlTO 11 011 B 0 1I0?t1 113
CHOIIX COlIlllICIIIlH CHa38JI CJlel];YIo ce: H IIC na3bIBalO IIeco-
ncpIuelIlIbIM TOT CIIJIJIOrU3M, KOTOpbIH IIOJlIIOCTblO 3aBIICIIT
01' KaI\OrO-IIUOYl];b 1I3BHe B3HToro TepMIIIIa. Moo TOT CIIJIJIO-
r1I3M, HOTOpblM I10JIlIOCTbIO 3aBIICIIT 01' [AOIIOJIIIIITCJIbIIOrO 1
TepMIIna, lIe CTanOBIITCH Hal\HM-JlIlOO CIIJIJIOrH3MOM uu
C nOMO blO t{crO-JIUOO l];Pyroro, ll3HToro 1I3BIlC, I1II C no-
MOmblO oopa enlIH A lIB, lJlI C IIOMOIl\blO I1Cl];onYCTIIMoro
lIaBCl];eIIIIH. IlecoBeplllcHlIbIM JKC, [rOBopUT on], H lIa3bIBa(O
lIe TOT CUJIJIOr1I3 1, HOTOpblii UYiHl];aeTCH R HaI\OM-JIIIOO BHClll-
neM [l];onOJIIJIITeJIbIIOM] TepMUIIe, IIOO TOT ClIJIJIOrII3M, 1\01'0-
POMY I1eAOCTaeT TepMlIlIa, II CUJIJIOrll3MOM Yil\e He HBJIHeTCH.
1-10 IJa3bIBalOT [IICCORcprnenllbIM] TOT [CIIJIJIOrII3M], HOTOpbIii
AJIH BbIpaiI\ClllIH llCOOXO I1!\fOrO IlCilOJIb3YCT HaXoAH lIiicH
225
B P;PyroM BHeIlIJluii TepMUn ,l];JIH BbIpail\CIIIIH lICOOXOj1;IIMOCTJJ,
110 nc ,n;JIH ,n;onOJIlieUHH, "JIH 06pameUIIH .l4 II B, IIJIU iI,e AJIH
[nOJIYtIenUH] neAorrYCTUMoro naBc,n;eIIIIH. 8TO naC"tJeT pa3JIU-
"tJHH CUJIJIOrU3MOB.
TIoCJIe 3Toro 011 H3JIaraeT lIaM H 0 pa3JIHQUU CYiI\l];CIIUii --
o Tex, KOTOpbIC CJIHHOM COl];cplI\a TCH [B ,n;pyrOM] H IIC CO-
,n;epit\aTCH, 0 Tex, KOTopbIe rrpHrrHCbIBaIOTCH BceM H lIe npn-
rrHC bIBalOTC H IIH O,n;IIOMY, H 1JTO 3TH 6bIBalOT JIu60 YTBepl];U-
TCJIblibIMU, JIHOO OTpH aTeJIblibIMU. 11 BOT, YTBCpl];HTeJIbIIbIMJI
6bIBaIOT Te cyn\,n;enHH, I\OTOpbIe eJIHKOM COAcpiKa TCII
[B ,n;pyroM] HJIII rrpHnIIcbIBalOTcH BceM, a oTpH aTeJIbIIbI IH -
Te, "tJTO lIe COl];ep/HaTcH H lie nplInHcbIBaIoTcH HU O,n;IIOMY.
A nOqeMY OIIH OTJIU1JaIOTCH APyr OT l];pyra, lbI Y3IIaCM, Ror,n;a
rOBopUM: l/,eJt06eK eCTb :JICU60e CYUfeCT60 - KaR eJIUI\OM
COl];ep/Ham;CCCH [B lICM], [T. e. TeM caMbIM] MbI rOBopUM, tITO
l/,eJt06eK COl];Cpll\HTCH B :JICU60M CYUfeCT6e; CCJIH IHe MbI CI\a-
IHeM :JICU60e CYUfeCTBO n OTIIOIlJeHRH BCHI\OrO tIeJIOBeHa, TO
MbI BbICHaiRCM IIo,n;06I1oe cyml];ellHe [I\aH TaHoe, HOTopoe]
npurrHCbIBaCTCH BceM. A eCJIH MbI CKaiI\eM, qTO "tJeJIOBeI\
[lie co,n;epiHuTcH] UH B 0,n;1I0 1 IHHBO?\f CYlI CCTBe, TO 3TO 6y-
,n;eT CKa3ano B CMbICJIe Toro, "tJTO He COl];epiHIITCH IIU B O,n;IIO [
[l];pyrOM]; eCJIH lI\e rOBopUM, "tJTO JI\unoe cym;ecTBo [ne CO-
,n;ep/RHTCH] JIU B Ol];IJOM tIeJIOneI\e, TO 3TO rOBopUTCH B CMbICJle
Toro, "tJTO lIe npHrIHCbIBaeTCH nu Ol];IIOMY.
1-10 [3l];eCb] UMeeTCH TPH COMIIeHHH. I3o-nepBbIX, nOqeMY
MbI rOBoplIM [l/,eJt06en] lfeJtUKOM C08ep:JICUTCR 6 3ICU80"iK co-
aiJaHuu, Tor,n;a HaR OHO, :JICU60e coaiJauue, COl];epmUT B ce6e
H "tJeJIOBeRa, II HOHH, H 6bIHa? PemeHue [3Toro Bonpoca Ta-
HOBO]: nOTOMY qTO 1JeJIOBeH n;eJIIIKOM COl];epiHHT B ce6e onpe-
,n;eJIeHHe IHHHoro cym;ecTBa. DTopoe COMIIeIIHe: nOqeMY, HOf;r1;a
MbI rOBopHM - 1JeJIOBeR CCTb mHBoe C03,n;anHe, 3TO CI\a3bI..
BaeTCH B C?t[bICJIe - lfe.1UKOM coiJep:JICaUfeeCR [B ueM], a 1\0-
rl];a MbI rOBopHM :JICU60e CYUJeCT60 0 BCHHOM "tJeJIOBeKC, JTO
CKa3bIBaeTCH B CMbICJIe, 1JTO npHnHCbIBaeTCH BceM? PelJIenne
()TOrO [TaI\OBO]: npncToiino cKa3yeMOMY [n TaHIIX CJIyqaHX]
OTHOCHTCH H IIconpe,n;eJIeUnOMY [rrOl];JIeiI\am;eMY], u60 lfeJtu-
nO t co8ep:JICaUfeeCR OTIIOCHTCH R TOMY, tITO CKa3bIBaeTCH,
a He K TOMY, qTO onpel];eJIHeTCH; HanpHMep, ["tJeJIOBeR] I C-
JIUI\OM COl];epiI\UTCH B :JICU60M CYUfeCTBe; a rro,n;JIe/Ham;eMY
npHCTOHno [6bITb TeM], qTO onpel];eJIHeTCH; narrpHMep, I\orl];a
[bI rOBopUM :JICU60e coaiJauue, [TO TO npunHCbIBaeTeH] BCH-
I\OMY "tIeJIOneI\Y. 8TO Tau, R60 JTO [npunHcbIB aHHe] BCHHOMY
onpeAeJIHCMO:MY CBH3alI0 C tIeJIOBeKOM, T. c. C IIaJIUtIHbI f nOl];-
JIemalQHM. TpeTbe COMHeHlIe: nOlIe IY Oil ljeJtunoM cof}ep-
226
J/CUTCR nOCTaBIIJI Bnepel];II npUnUCbl8aeTCR 8CeM? PCmeIIlle:
noo paCCMaTpllnaCMbIH HaMH Borrpoc ailaJIHTlftICCI\llll II ana-
.TIII3Y [60JIee] rrpnCTOHHO TO, TITO HBJIHeTCH anaJIIITIII\OH no
rrpelIMYmeCTBY 42, tlCM IIlICXOml];eIIIIC.
TaROBa C OOil\bCH rroMo blO H l];aIIHaH rJIaBa.
rgABA BEHA ATAH
/1 U3 JTUX cYJIC8e1-tuu o81-tu 6bl8aKJT YT8ep8uTe.llb1-tbl tu,
8pyeue - OTpUljaTeJlbllblMU. AplICTOTeJIb rrOBCl];3JI 113M Bce
TO, tITO OIl o,l];n aiI\,l];bI 06c aJI, [a IIMeHHo] l];aJI onpel];eJIeHlIe
TcpMIIIIa, nOCbIJII\H 11 CRa3aJI, t{TO TaHoe CIIJIJIOrII3M, CRa3aJl
TaI\II\C 0 ero pa31I0BIIl];IIOCTHX - 0 COBepIlJeHIIOM II lleCOBep-
lIIeIIIIOM CIIJIJIOrII3Me, a TaR/He 0 pa3HOBIIl];HOCTHX rrOCbIJIOR -
o Tex, I\OTOpbIe eJIIIROJ\1 He COl];ep/Ha TCH [B l];pyrOJ\I], II Tex,
tJTO cO,l];ep}I\aTCH eJIHI\OM, 0 Tex, ROTopbIe rrplIIIIICbIBalOTCH
nce l, H 0 TCX, qTO He rrpnnlICbIBaIOTCH HII Ol];HO IY. Tenepb
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JIOr1l3Max, T. c. YtIellIIC 06 IIX 06p3lQenllHx, l];a6bI, rrpH6craH
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011 lIe nOBel];aJI 00 3TOM 3apanee, ne rOBopHTb 0 TOM, 'ITO eme
l];OIlOl];JIHIIHO lIe 1I3BeCTIIO, II He yt{IITb 3TOMY B Cepel];IIHe
[CBoero 1I3JIO}RCIIIIH <plIryp]; II03TOMY OH rOBopIIT 06 3TOM,
[lla BpeMH] npepbIBaH nOBeCTBOBaHlIe. BbIpa/HaIoT COMHeHHe
no nOBOl];y Toro, nOtIeMY on He nOBel];aJl HaM pallce II 0 l];0-
Ha3aTCJIbCTBe [tICpe3 paCCMOTpeIIlIe] neB03MO}I\IIOrO, II Ha-
I\IIM oopa30M OHO CTpOHTCH, H60 B JTOM 011 TaI\}I\e nYII\,l];aeTCH
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rypaM.
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MbI n leeM rrpel];CTaBJIeHHe 00 3TOJ\1. Tenepb lI,e YTIIIT 0 HIIX
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nlIJI II C ne06XOAIIMbIMH Be aMH npH [061.>HCIIeIIIIII] RaTe-
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IIbIe [l];JIH Hac BClQlI], a neROTopbIC [npII6JIII3IITCJIbIIO YiHe
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raerCH. TaI\, liall pMMep, H rOBOplO: lleJl08e eCTb :JICU60e
227
coadaHue, JlCUBOe COadaHUe eCTb odyweBJteHHOe; CJtedOBaTe./lb-
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cTynllT npoTuB [rrpaBIIJIbHoro] BbIBOJ];3, T. e. rrpoTIIB Toro, qTO
qeJIOBeR eCTb Ol];YIlICBJIeIlIIOe, TOT CTaHeT onpOBepraTb c no-
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IIue; TaI\, nanpuMep, B03b leM [cYII\l];enue] HU o8Ult lleJtOBeK
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lIue, I\OTOpOe 6bIJIO Bnepel];lI, COrJIaCIIO ROTOPOMY BCHI\uii
tIeJIOBeI\ CCTb II\UBOC cy ecTBo; II BOT H npOU3BOiHY [06pa-
eHue] no TpeTbCM urype CJIel];ylO IIM 06pa30M: nu OdUH
lleJtOBe1; He RBJtReTCR o8yweBJteHHblJrt; BCRKUii lleJtOBe1; eCTb
:JICUBOe CYUfeCTBO; u, 06pa30BaB [3aTeM] qaCTHOOTplI aTeJIb-
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rOBopUM]: He BCRKoe :JICUBOe coa8aHue o8yuleBJteHo. OAnaHO
3l];eCb fJIaBIIbIii BbIBOA - HU 08UH lleJtOBe1; He RBJtReTCR o8y-
weBJteHHblM, tITO npOTIIBOnOJIOiRIIO nepBOIIaqaJIblIoMY 3aRJIIO-
lJelllIlO. I1MeJIOCb OAIIO natIaJIbHOe CYiRAeHue - BCRliUU
lleJtOBen eCTb :JICUBOe coa8aHue; U npu 06pa30Banuu qaCTIIO-
OTpU aTeJIbnOrO CYiRl];eIIUH nOJIytIUJIOCb He BCR1;oe :JICUBOe
coa8altUe; [TOl-IIIO TaI\ II\e] o8yweBJtelto BCR1;oe [:JICUBOe co-
a8aHue] II He BCRKUU [lleJtOBe1;]; II IIOJIyqaeTCH npOTIIBope-
tIue, I\OTOpOe nen03MOiI\IIO npU3I1aTh llCTUIIIIbIM. 3TO II na-
3bIBaIOT oopa eIIHeM CIIJIJIOrII3Ma. BOT CTOJIbI\O [ C I\aiI\C?tI]
UaCqeT JTOro.
Ol];I1aI\O Bonpoc 06 06pa eIIuu cYiI\Acnnii CJICl];OBaJIO 3a-
panee, T. e. l];0 1I3JIOII,eHIIH yqeUIIH 0 CUJIJIOrU3Max, paCCMO-
TpeTb B CJIel];YIO IIX BOCbMII rJIaBax. Bo-ncpBbIx, B CI\OJIbI\UX
CMbICJIaX CI\a3bIBaeTCH 06pa enue II 0 RaI\OM U3 nux IIACT
petIb B l];aIIIIO?t1 cJIyqac? BO-BTOpbIX, TOT, 0 I\OTOpOM CeHtIaC
Ul];eT petIb, CI\OJIbI\O IIMeeT CMbICJIOB U AJIH KaRon eJIu npn-
MeIIHeTcH? B-TpeTbllx, orrpeAeJIIITb TO, 0 lJCM lll];eT petIl>.
B-lJeTBepTbIX, YCTaHOBUTb, B CI\OJIbI\IIX 3UaQeHUHX 011 CYll C-
cTByeT, YCTanOBIITb nc06XOAHMoe II AorrYCTIiMoe, 1160 l];pyruc
OIl He ynoMIIIIaeT, a U?\IeHIIO B03?\IOiI\I10e II nCB03MOII\IIoe,
II YCTallOBUTb TaRiRe, nOtIeMY COOTBeTCTBCll no I\an\l];oe II3
JTIIX UCnOJIb3yeTcH l];JIH oGpa eHuH. B-IIHTbIX, 1I0lJeMY 011
OIIYCTIIJI oGpa elIuc B03MOII\IIOrO U IICB03MOiRIIoro? I3-1ue-
CTbIX, qTO lIpel];CTaBJIHIOT C060IO Te CYiI\l];eIlUH, I\OTOpbIe BbI--
RBJIHIOTCH C 1I0MO bIO 06pa eIIlIii? ll-ceAbMbIX, RaI\OB I1X
1I0pHl];OI\? B-BOCbMbIX, I\aI\lIe 1I3 IIJIOCO OB 1I0l];BepralOT JTO
COMueIIlI1O ?
11 BOT, 113 BOChMU rJIaB paCCMaTpIIBae?tloro IIbIIIe Bonpoca
OH 113JlaraeT TOJIbRO TpH. Bo-nepBbIX, B CI{OJIhI{HX CMbICJIaX
228
CI\a3bIBaCTCH 06pa eHlIe, II 0 l\aHOM 1I3 ITHX "ACT petIb B aH-
110M CJIyqae. Tal\ BOT, 06pam;eIlHe CKa3bInaCTCH B TpeX 3Ha-
tICIIIIHX, JIU60 n TepMIIIIaX, JIHOO B OTIIOIlJCIlHHX, IITO on n
n3JIOiI IIJI B «I\aTerOpIIHX», I\orAa CHa3aJI, tITO OTIIOIlJCIIHe
CKa3blnaeTCH 0 TO f, qTO oOJIaAaeT 06paTHMOCTblO, [l\aI\, na-
npIIMep], oTe HBJIHeTCH OT OM CblHa, II Cblll HnJIHeTCH CbI-
nOM OTI a; JIII60 B cym eIIIIHX, I\al\ B anHOM CJIyqae. Tal\ona
nepDan rJIana.
Do BTOPOll rJIaBe [ronopHTcH 0 TOM], IITO BOT B 3TOM
3IIa tIeIIIIII, I\ac alo e fCH CYII\ l];C II II ll, 0 KOTOpO f II II CT PCqb
D aIIHO?tf CJIYtIae, CI OJIbI\O [IIMeCTCH CMbICJIOB] II l];JIH ROTO-
poro [II3 lIUX] nOCTanJIelIO U;CJIblO [3TO 06pa CIIHe]. JlI JTO
Tal\iHe ronoplITCH B TpCX CMbICJIaX, lI60 3TO JIn60 npOCToe
[o6pa elllIe], JIH60 l];OnYCTIIMoe, JIH60 CJIOiI\lIo06paTIIMoe.
n pOCToe [o6pam;eIlHe] - 3TO TO, I\OTOpOe coxpaHHeT TO
iRe l\atJeCTno, liO l\feQHeT nOpH OI\ TepMlInOB; nanplIMep, 1-tU
o8Ult lleAO(JeK 1-te eCTb KaMe1-tb, U ltU o8ult aMe1-tb 1-te eCTb
lleAO(Je . I\aIIeCTno OCTaJIOCb TCM II\C, noo 06a [cYiHl];CnnH]
HBJIHIOTCH OTpH aTeJIblIbIMII, llO U3MCIIHJICH JIIIIIlb nopHAoH
I' ,.,
TcpMlIlIon, Tal{ l\aK npCl];UI{aT CTaJI CY0'beI\TOM, a CYU'beI\T-
IIpe III\aTOM. 1100 I\orl];a Mbl ronoplIM 1-tU o8un lleJtO(Je 1-te
eCTb naJtenb, TO [3l];eCb] lleAO(Je HDJIHeTCn cy6'beHTOM,
a aMellb - npel];HI\a TOM; I\or a iHe l\fbl rOBopUM llU 08U1-t
aJte1-tb ne eCTb lleAO(Je , TO aMeltb CTanODIITCH cy6'beI\TOM,
a lleJtO(JeK - npe UI\aTOM.
A J];OUYCTIIMbIM 06pa eIIlIeM HnJIHeTCH TO, HOTopoe Me-
nHeT HaqeCTBO [CYiH eIJIIH], 110 coxpaIIHCT npCII\lllIM nopH-
l];01\ TCpMIIIIOB. Ol];I1aKO l];OnYCTIIMbIl\f lIaabIHaCTCH [o6pa e-
I1lIe] I\aca TeJIbHO COl];epiHaIIIIH [CYiI\l];CllIIH], I\OTOpOC llaj1;JIe-
ilOIT Y OCTODepIITb; HanplIMep, l];OIIYCTIIMO CYiI\AeHlIe (JCRliUii
lleAO(Je cnpa(Je8JtUB, qTO HBJIHeTCfl YTBepiI\j1;enneM; II onHTb-
TaIBI l];OnYCTHMO CYiI\AClIlIe nu o8Ult l{,e.llo(Jet 1-te cnpa(Je8AU(J,
lITO nnJIHeTCH oTpIII,alIlIeM. DOT [BaM] 1I3MelIHJIOCb [{aIICCTBO
[ CYiI\l];CIlIIH], no IIOpHl];OI\ TepMIIHoB OCTaJICH TC 1 iI\C, 1l6o
OCTaJIlICh TCMH iHe npCl III\aT II CYO'bCHT.
IIcI\OTOpbIC nblpalI\alOT COMneIllIe no 3TOMY nOBOl];Y: IIO-
tleMY JTO OIl ocpeT [oGpa elllIe] n oTpllI,a TCJIbllOll cpopMe,
[rOBopH], qTO l];onycTIIMo, tIT06bI nil oAlln tJCJIOBCI\ IIC OblJI
cnpanCAJIHB, 1I60 B YCJIOIHIblX CYiI{l];CIIIIHX nplI CllHTIIH YCJIO-
nlIH nOJIYlfaeTcH [nOJIlIoe] oTpIII aIlHe? 11 BOT, eCJIH CYiI{AC-
1IIIe 6bIJIO YCJIOBI1bIM, TO CJIel];onaJIO eI\a33Tb: eCAU 1-te8ony-
CTUJtO, llT06bl (JCRI UU lleAO(JeK 6blA cnpa(JeiJJlu(J. Pemellue
3Toro [TaI\OBo] - 3TO paBIIOCIIJIbHO l];Pyrol\fY CYiI\AeUIIIO, I{O-
Topoe rJIaCIIT: He 1-teo6xo8uMO, llT06bl Jt1060u lleAO(Je 6blA
229
Cnpa8eG.JlUa, IIOO 1]:0nYCTlIMO, QTOObI TIlI Ol];UII tJeJIOBel\ He ObIJI
CrrpaDel];JIHB, [II rrOJTOMY rOBoplITCfi, qTO] IIe II eooxol];1Il\f0,
tITOObI l\an\l];bJM qeJIODel\ ObIJI CrrpaDel];JIIID.
A CJIOjHIIbIM oopaIQerrlIeM HDJIHCTCH TaI\Oe oopa eIIlIc, 1\0-
TOpOC MeIIHCT II RatlCCTBO .CYil\l];eIIIIH, II nopH)1;OH TepMIIHOB.
HarrplIMep, ec.JlU eCTb lle./t08eK, eCTb U JlCU80e CYUfeCT80; ec./tu
1-teT JlCU8020 CYUfeCT8a, 1-teT U lle./t08eKa. 8TO oopa cIIlIe HD-
JIHCTCH CJIOjHBbIM, II OIIO DCTpeqaeTCH rrplI COCTaBJIeHlI1I BTO-
poii pa3IIODHAJIOCTII YCJIOBIIbIX cYII\l];eIIlIii; II I{Orl];a on nplI-
cTynaeT R YCJIODIIbIM CYiRl];eIIIIHM, TO rroyqaeT 00 JTOM 00-
pa CIlIIII.
11 BOT, BTOpoii BII,IJ; YCJIOBnbIX CYiHl];enHM: rrpn OTplI aIlIIII
Ol];IIOrO TepMIIIIa OTBepraeT II l];Pyroii: eCAU [IlTO-Jtu6o] ne
eCTb JlCU80e CYUfeCT80, TO aTO 1-te R8JtReTCR U lle./t08enOM.
A YTBepiI\l];eIIHe Ol];Horo BJIeqeT 3a COOOIO [YTDepml];elJlIe] II
,n;Pyroro TepMlIlIa: eCJlU [1-tellTo] eCTb lle./t08e , TO 01-tO eCTb
U :JICU80e CYUfeCT80; U 80T aTO eCTb lle./to8e ; C./te808aTe./tb1-tO,
01-tO eCTb U JlCU80e CYUfeCT80. Ho 3TO CRa3bIBaeTCH nocpe,n;-
CTDOM CJIOII\IIoro oopa eIIIIH, HOO qepC3 oopam;errlIe OIIO 1I3-
MenHeT Bl\feCTC C RaqeCTBOM II rropHAOR TepMIIIIOB. Ol];lIaI\O
ceiiqac petIb lIl];eT 0 rrpOCTOM oopam;enIIH.
TpeTbH rJIaDa 3aKJIroqaJIaCb B TOM, qTO CJIeAODaJIO l]:aTb
onpel];eJIelllIe Toro, 0 qeM IIAeT peqb, II onpel];eJIeIIlIe JTO Ta-
HOBO: « n pOCTbIM oopa enIIC?t1 HDJIHeTCH TaHaH C DH3b I]:BYX
rrOCbIJIOH [IIJIII CYII\l];CHllii], RorAa Y ooenx OCTaJOTCH TeMII me
RaqeCTDa Tep fIInOD, 1I0 rropHl];OI\ [pacrrOJIOmeUIIH] TepMn-
HOB MeIlHeTCH, coxpaHHH nCTlIrrHOCTb». C eRab aalIIIMaeT
MCCTO pOl];a, a 88e nOCbl./t U OTIIOCHTc.H R orrpCl];eJIelllIlO 00-
pa eIIIIH [cyn\l];enuii], IIOO onn oo aIoTcH IIe aOCOJIIOTIIO,
a peJIHTIIBIIO. HarrpIIMep, oTeq, eCTb OTeq, Cbl1ta, a Cbl1-t eCTb
Cbl1-t OTlJa, noo OTeQ oOJIal];aeT 06paTlIMocTblO B OTrrorneHIIII
CbIna. Oopa enlIe HMeeT MeCTO II B TOM CJIY Iae, HOrj1;a IIMeeT
1\1eCTO CBel];enlIe [1\ neB03MOjRnOMY]. HarrpIIMep, nu OaUlt
lleJt08eK 1-te eCTb KaMe1-tb; 3TO CJIYtlaeTCH, I\orl];a nplI oopa-
enllH CYjHAelIHH IICXOl];HT OT I\aMIIH IIJIII HOrl];a D CYjRl];eIlIIII
DCTpetIaeTCH qeJIOBel\ II ero CDO,J;HT [1\ lleB03MoiRlIO IY].
A ceiiqac, Rorl];a oepeTcH B rrplIMCp OTen; CbIna, TO 1I0nHT1J0,
tITO IIIIRTO lIe MOjI\eT 6bITb I1a3Ban OTn;OM [oe3 CbIna]. Ioo
CCJIII IIMeJIO MeCTO oopa eIIlIe B nOl];JIIIHIIOM CMbICJIe II Ha-
JIIII O l];eiic TBIITeJIbrrO IIMeeTCH oopa TIIMOCTb, TO CJIel];OBaJIO
rrpOlI3neCTII oopa eIIlIe TaI\, RaI\ II 6bIJIO CI\aaaHO. Ho ceiiqac
MbI rODoplIM: Cb 1-t - aTO Cbl1-t OTlJa, II TaR me n CIIJIJIOrII3Me,
IIOO Ta?tl ABa CYII\l];errIIH He 061J a1OTCfi DO nce l, coxpanHH TO
me l\atIeCTRO, IIO n3MeHHH nopHl];OR TepMIIHOB.
230
8TO ObIJIO CRaaaHO 0 TOM, qTO OnYCTII IO D OUp[tmenlIlI
CY/H)J;eIJHii, I\OrA8 l\feHHeTCH I\atJCCTBO, II JJH D3aH nIOrO
CJIOrHnOrO 06paru;eHHH, ROr 8 MeIIHIOTCH II I\a IeCTBO, H rrOpH-
J];OI\ TepMHIIOB. C OXpa1-tRR UCTU1-t1-l0CTb rOBOpIITCH, AaObI He
nOJJYtJIIJIOCb TaI\, tITO o lIa 113 rrOCbIJIOR 6yp;eT HCTHIlIIOii,
3 ,n;pyraH - JIOIIOIOM. H 0 rrOqeMY on lIe CI\a3aJI [B TaT OM
CJIytIae] COXpallJlR JlOJIC1-tOCTb; [JTO TaR], H60 Te, qTO HCTIIlI-
IIbI, nlIHor a lIe BOIOIOT pyr rrpoTHB pyra, a .TlOiHHbIC
BOIOIOT II npoTIlB HCTIIHbI, H pyr rrpoTHB j1;pyra. I-IanpuMep,
eCRKuu lleJlOeeK 8blWUT - JTO eCTb IICTIIIIa. A BOT [Ba l]
Te, I\OTOpbIe BOIOIOT [ pyr C pyroM]; HMCCTCH Ba CYil\ C-
JIHH: lte 8CRnuu lleJlOeeK 8blW UT H 1-lU 08U1-t lle./tOeen 1-te 8bl-
ZltUT, I\OTopbIe npOTHBOnOJIOrHIIbI pyr pyry. Jtl e e: 1-te eCR-
KUU lleJlOeen X08UT; rrpOTIIB :JToro rrpaBUJIbIIOrO CYiH CIIHH
BbIcTyrraIoT J.(Ba pyrHX: 6CRKUU lleJlOeeK X08UT H 1-tU 08Ult
lleJlOeeK lie X08UT; HO onH BOIOIOT U J.(pyr npoTHD l];pyra, noo
eCRKuii II 1tU 08ult npoTHDOnOJIOiI\TIbI pyr j1;pyry.
TaHoBa C 60iHben rrOl\lolQbIO H AaIIIIaH rJIaBa.
r JIABA TPH llAl1.ll,AT AH
B qOTBCPTOii rJIaBe H3 BbI,n;BHIIYTbIX HaMIl [BOCbMH BO-
rrpOCOB] cnp8lUHBaOTCH 0 TO I, B CHOJIbHUX [3UaQeIIHHX] cy-
ecTByeT [npe MeT paCCMOTpeIIHH], a TaIOHe IICOOXO HMoe
II ,n;orrYCTHMOC. 11 DOT cy ecTlloBaIIlIe ObIBaeT BOHHH I: IIJIH
TaRHM, ROTopoe BblpaiHaeT O IIO JIHilib ObITue H ne aaBHCUT
OT crrocooa DbICHa3bIBalIIIH, 0 tJe f Oll rOBopHT H B «06 HCTOJI-
({OBarrIIH» 43, II 3 eCb; HJIH B03MOiHrrbIM CYlQCCTBOnaIIHeM, OT
HOToporo npOUCTeRaeT nYTaIIu a. l\ HaI\OMY me Ha [JTHX
BH OB] CYII eCTBOBaHIIH on rrpncTyrraeT? MbI [na JTO] OTBe-
TII?tI, lITO 011 [II8 t IIInaeT] C Toro, I\OTOpbIii JIlIllIb BbIpaiI\aeT
ObITue, HOO OIl caM BbI eJIHJI 3TOT BH cy ecTBoBaIIHH U3
,n;pyrllx BM OB, CHa3aB eCRKoe cYJlC8ellue eCTb U.IlU cYJlC8e1-lUe
o TO},t, llTO npucyu?e, UJlU 0 TOM, llTO (J03JrCOJIC1-t0 npucyu?e,
UJlU 0 TOM, llTO 1-te06x08uMO npucYUfe, QTOObI OIl l\lor 6bI
CRa3aTb, qTO BCHI\Oe BbICI\a3bIBanIIe ObIBaeT JIHOO IIO crrocooy,
JIu60 oe3 crrocooa, II 06 :JTOM peqb H eT B «00 UCTOJIROBa-
HIIII», r,n;e cOOolQaeTCH 0 TOM, qTO IIeqTO HBJIHeTCH TeM-TO,
a IIe l ITO He HBJIHeTCH TeM-TO, 1100 eCJIM CJIOBO npucYUfe ceii-
qac BbIpaiRaJIO 6bI D03Momnoe cy ecTBoBaIIHe, TO 3TO, De-
pOHTllO, yrrpa3l];IIHJIO 6bI llbICRa3bIBaUHH rro [BbIllIeYI\a3an-
1l0 fY] cnocooy, II BCJIe CTBHe 3Toro 063 nOJIOiHeIIIIH A pIICTO-
TeJIH D p;aJIbllellllIeM II3JIOiHeIIIIM 0I\a3aJIHCb ObI qYiI{AbIl\lII, RaK
231
1I011;JBeCTlIble HaM nOJIOmOHIIH 06 oopa eHHIl cym,n;cHMii,
a TaRiHC ynpa3AIIlIJIO ObI «00 nCTOJIROBaHIIII», I\al\ {COlJM-
nCBne], IIC onpeJJ;e.rUllOI1 ee Bce CYiI\ CInUL 110 n l];aIIIIO 1
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I' U
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o B03MomlI0 rrpIICYll CM, 00 oOpalJ eIInlI ROTOpbIX OIl ytlHT
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