Автор: Прангишвили A.С. Бассин Ф.В. Бахтадзе-Шерозия Н.В. Добрович А.Б.
Теги: психология психоанализ психика
Год: 1985
Текст
THE UNCONSCIOUS
NATURE
FUNCTIONS
METHODS
OF STUDY
Edited by
A. S. Prangishvili
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE GEORGIAN SSR
A. E. Sherozia
TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY
F. V. Bassin
INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGY, USSR ACAD. SCI.
«METSNIEREBA>
PUBLISHING HOUSE
TBILISI
1985
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A CoIJective Monograph
in Four Volumes
Ed i tor i a 1 Boa r d:
A. S. Prangishvili, F. V. Bassin,
N. V. Bakhtadze-Sherozia, A. B. Dobrovich,
V. S. Rotenberg, L. I. Slitinskaya,
P. B. Shoshin
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7
CONTENTS
VOLUME FOUR
RESULTS OF THE DISCUSSION
IN MEMORY OF A. E. SHEROZIA
Editorial board 13
1. Set as the Unconscious Basis of
Mental Reflection
A. S. Prangishvili 16
2. The Unconscious and Set
V. V. (irigolava 24
3. The Problem of the U'nconscious and the Theory
of Set of the Uznadze School
T. T. Iosebadze, T. She Iosebadze 36
.
4. The Unconscious and Set: Again on the Ontological
Status of Unconscious Psychical Activi ty
N. I. Sar jveladze 56
5. The Problem of the Unconscious at the Tbilisi
International Symposium on the" Unconscious"
M. A. Sakvarelidze 67
6. At the Crossroads of the study of the Human Mind:
the Unconscious, Set, Goal-directed Activity
A. . G. Asmolov 77
7. Concerning the Principle of G. Ammon's "Social Energy"
(Some comparisons of m f hodological categories and their
analysis) .
F. V. Bassin, V. S. Rotenberg, I. N. Smirnov 93
8. A Return to Suggestion
L. Chertok 106
9. Lacan: The Renaissance or the End
of Psychoanalysis'
N. S. Avtonomova 115
10. W. I\retschmer's Conception of
"The Unconscious"
N. P. Rapokhin 129
8
I I. The International Symposium on the
Problem of the Unconscious, Tbilisi, 1979
N. V. Bakhtadze-Sherottia 140
12. Two Different Types of Unconscious Psychic Phenomena:
sub- and supra-consciousness
P. V. Simonov 149
13. The Role and Place of the Unconscious in the
Reflective Process of Consciousness
D. I. Ramishvili 160
14. Towards Conceptualization of the
Unconscious
P. B. Shoshin 170
15. How is the Construction of a Model
of the Unconscious Possible
V. V. Nalimov, Zh. A. Drogalina 185
16. Methodological Alternatives to the
Psychology of the Unconscious
A. A. Leontyev 199
17. Dream: a Special State of Consciousness
V. S. Rotenberg 211
lB. 'The Unconscious and Consciousness in the Aspect
Eol Interhemispheric Relations
L. R. Zenkov 224
19. The Problem of the Unconscious in Connection
with the Questions of Psychosomatic
Relations and Clinical Pathology
A. B. Dobrovich 237
20. The Unconscious, Functional Asymmetry, Language, and Creativity
(towards the statement of the problem)
.
V. V. Ivanov 254
21. The Unconscious and the Problem of the structural Isomorphism
between the Genetic and the Linguistic Codes
Th. V. Gamkrelidze 261
22. Semiotic Approach to the Problem of the Unconscious
V. N. Tsapkin 265
23. The Unconscious and Gnosis
(Methodological Aspects)
D. I. Dubrovski 277
24. Memory and the Unconscious
D. She Parjanadze 291
25. The Unconscious, Set and Music
O. N. Kechkhuashvili, R. She Esebua 299
9'
'26. The Unconscious Mental and the
Creative Process
L. I. Slitinskaya 307
27. Biologically Determined Unconscious
Motivations in the structure of Personality
V. A. Faivishevski 318
28. The Unconscious and Fundamental Principles
of Physics
E. B. Finkelstein 341
29. The Act of Conscious Apprehension and the Modern Measurement Theory
I. L. Vuntsevich
E. B. .Finkelstein 353
30. Concerning the Components of Natural and Machine-intelligence
Knowledge
V. V. Chavchanidze 356
.31. Concerning the Methods of Study of the structure
of a Person's Set as the Uncon-scious Mental
V. G. Norakidze 366
32. Concerning the Factor of Significance
and the Techniques of its Quantitative
Estimation
M. A. Kotik 377
33. Psychic and Psychophysiological Integration
F. B. Berezin 394
34. The Problem of the Scientific Status of
Psychoanal ysis
G. L. llyn 411
35. The Reasons for the Non-acceptance of Psychoanalysis
G. L. llyn 419
36. Psychological Set and Emotional
Significance
F. V. Bassin 429
EPILOGUE TO THE FOURTH VOLlJME 457
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 459
18
TOM qETBEPTbIH
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VOLUME FOUR
RESULTS OF
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JIeHHe Ha Bcex, KTO HMeJI CqaCTbe C HHM 06I.IJ.aTbCSI.
AnOJIJlOHY EnHcpaHOBHqy cy*,neHO 6bIJlO *HTb He,nOJlro. Ho OH OCTa..
BHJI rJly60KHH cJle,a B HCTOpHH HarneH HaYKH. naMSITb 0 HeM II 0 ero Ha-
yqHOM nYTH HeH3rJla,aHMa. OHa coxpaHHTCH Ha,aOJIrO II 6y,aeT BbI3bIBaTb.
qYBCTBO 6J1arO apHOCTH K HeMY 3a Bce, lITO OH COBepllIHJI.
Pe KonnerHH IV TOMa
MOHorpat}JHH'
A. E. IllEP03H.SI
«MbI nonbITaeMCSI npe,lJ.npHHSITb KOH enTyaJIbHbIH aHaJlH3 cOBpeMeH"
Horo HayqHOrO nOHHMaHHSI np06JIeMbI 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO nCHXHqeCKOrO,
H36paB npH 9TOM B KaqeCTBe Hcxo,aHoro nYHKTa TeopHIO nCHXOaHaJlH3a H
TeopHIO Heoc03HaBaeMoH nCHXOJIOrHQeCK9H YCTaHoBKH. ConOCTaBJIeHHe
3THX HanpaBJleHHH 06JIerqaeT paccMoTpeHHe HHTepeCYIOI.IJ.eH Hac np06J1e-
MaTHKH, H60, B OTJlHqHe OT ,npyrHx HanpaBJIeHHH, nCHXOaHaJlH3 H TeopHSI
u u
HeOC03HaBaeMOH nCHXOJlOrHqeCKOH YCTaHoBKH npe,lJ.OCTa BJISIlOT B Harne
paCnOpH2KeHHe ,aBa COBepllIeHHO pa3HbIX cnoc06a onepHpoBaHHH cpeHoMe-
HOM 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO B ero CBH3HX C nCHxHKoH B n:eJlOM. OJI.HOBpeMeHHO
14
H TO H pyroe HanpaBneHHe npe npHHHMalOT nOn@TKY B@,aBHHYTb Hap -
y C C03HaHHeM H,nelO 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO KaK OC060H cpOpMbI OTHOIlIeHHSJ
K eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH, KOTOpylO M02KHO npOCJle,aHTb BO BCeM ,l(Hana30He OC-
HOBHbIX npOSIBJleHHH JIHqHOCTH.
llCHXOaHaJIH3 paCCMa¥pHBaeT C03HaHHe H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe KaK B3a-
HMOHCKJIlOqalOInHe - npH HX Q>YHKnHOHHpOBaHHH - SJIeMeHTbI nCHXHKH
YTBep1K,llaH HX HenpHMHpHMbIH aHTarOHH3M. TeM CaMbIM pa3pYIlIaeTC5J cpe-
HOMeHOnOrH1JeCKaSI neJIOCTHOCTb He TOJlbKO CHCTeMbI' «C03HaHHe - 6ecco-
3HaTeJIbHoe», HO H caMOH JlH1JHOCTH. BeCC03HaTeJIbHOe BbIcTynaeT nplf
v
STOM TonbKO KaK OTpHnaTeJIbHbIH 3neMeHT, TonbKO KaK OTpH aTeJlbHOe
KatIeCTBO aHHOH CHCTeMbI. TIcHXOJIOrHH }Ke YCTaHOBKH, Ha06opOT, B nHI{e
OTKpbIToro elO <l>eHoMeHa YCTaHOBKH npe,llJlaraeT nOJlO2KHTeJIbHOe onpe,lle-
neHHe H HaHoonee a,lleKBaTHoe Ha CerO,llHH npe,l(CTaBJleHHe 0 cnoc06e cy-
eCTBOBaHHH HCXO,aHOH nenOCTHOCTH nCHXHKH.
B npoTHBOnOJI02KHOCTb nCHXOaHaJIH3Y, nCHXOJIOrHH YCTaHOBKH pac-
cMaTpHBaeT OTHoweHHH B CHCTeMe «C03HaHHe - oeCC03HaTeJIbHoe» He'
TOJIbKO H He CTOJIbKO B CBeTe H,lleH aHTarOHH3Ma, CKOJIf>KO B CBeTe He-
YCTpaHHMbIM 06pa30M npOHBJIHIOInerOCH B HHX cHHeprH3Ma. 1160, B OTJlH-
tlHe OT nCHXOaHaJIH3a, nCHxonorHH 3Ta onHpaeTcSI Ha npe,llCTaBJleHHe ()
4>YHJJ.aMeHTaJlbHoM e)J.HHCTBe qeJIOBeqeCKOH JIH1JHOCTH, BbIpa2KaeMOM KaK.
cBoeo6pa3HoH MO,lleJIblO <l>eHoMeHoM YCTaHoBKH.
OTCIO,lla ,llOCTaT01JHO HCHO BbITeKalOT npeHMy ecTBa nCHXOJlOrH1JeCKO-
ro KOHnenTa YCTaHOBKH KaK HaY1JHOH OCHOBbI HHTepeCYIO eR Hac ceiiqac'
OOIneH TeopHH C03HaHHSI H 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHqeCKOrO, 9THX Hepa3-
pbIBHO, XOTSI H npoTHBOpe1JHBO, CBSI3aHHblX Me2K,ay C060H 06pa30BaHHH
1JeJlOBeqeCKOii nCHXHKH. MbI nocTapaeMC5I n03ToMY, BbIJ(BHHYB B Ka qeCTBe.
v u
Henocpe,ncTBeHHoH HCXO,llHOH e,l(HHHI{bI npeAcToSI ero aHaJlH3a nCHXOJIO-
rHIO YCTaHoBKH, B OCHOBHOM HMeHHO C 9TOR T01JKH 3peHHSI H npoTHBono-
CTaBHTb ee nCHXOaHaJlH3Y, B HaY1JHOH ,aHCKYCCHH C KOTOpbIM OHa B CBoe-
BpeMH CJI02KHnaCb KaK O,nHO H3 OCHOBHbIX HanpaBJleHHH COBeTCKOH nCHXO-
norHH, HCXO,llSI ee O HOBpeMeHHO H3 Tpex cpYH,l(aMeHTaJlbHbIX KaTero-
pHii - JlH1JHOCTH, YCTaHOBKH H ,lle5ITeJlbHOCTH. 1100 C MOMeHTa ee B03HHK-
v
HOBeHHH H BnJlOTb Jl.0 HaWHX ,nHeH nCHxonorHSI YCTaHOBKH BbIcTynaeT y
Hac KaK nCHXOJIOrHB .zr.eBTeJIbHOCTH H JlHqHOCTH B HX HepaC1JJleHHMOM
e,llHHCTBe, TOJlbKO 6JIaro,napH KOTOPOMY H TO H ,llpyroe - ,lleSITeJlbHOCTb
If JlH1JHOCTb - npeBpa alOTCSI B npe,l(MeT nCHXOJlOrHH.
03 KHHfH A. E. lUep03HSI « nCHXHKa. C03HaHHe. 6eCC03HaTeJlb-
Hoe», T6HnHCH, « e HHepe6a», 1979, CTp. 21--22.
1&
YCTAHOBKA KAt( HEOC03HABAEMASI OCHOBA
nCMXMQECt(OrO OTPA)I(EHUSI
A. c. nPAHrHIlIBHJIH
I1HCTHTYT nCHXOJIOrHH HM. ,l:{. H. Y 3Ha,lt3e AH fpY3HHCKOH CCP, T6HJIHCH
.
Ha CTpaHHnax TpexToMHoH KOJlJIeKTHBHOH MOHorpacpHH «Eecco3Ha-
ieJlbHoe: npHpO,lLa, CPYHKnHH, MeTo,abI HCCJle,lLOBaHHSI» [61 BbI,aBHHYTbI cJle-
..nYIOI.IJ.He HeraTHBHbIe nOJlO)KeHHSI 0 CBSl3H nOHHTHH YCTaHOBKH C np06J1eMOH
6ecc03HaTeJlbHoro: 1) 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOe peaJlbHO JlHillb KaK <popMa cyrne-
CTBOBaHHH <pH3HoJlOPHqeCKHX nponeccoB; 2) 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOe - .9TO Ka-
TeropHH, HCrrOJlb30BaHHe KOTOpOH HeCOBMeCTHMO C ,lLHaJIeKTHKO-MaTepH-a-
JlHCTHqeCKOH MeTo.rr.OJlOrHeH rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH HaYKH, H 3) OT02K,neCTBJIe-
HHe nOHHTHSI YCTaHoBKH (B nOHHMaHHH ,l:L. H. Y3Ha,a3e) C rrCHXOJIOrHqe-
CKHM nOH5ITHeM 6ecc03HaTeJlbH'oro ,neJlaeT nOHHTHe YCTaHOBKH JlHillHHM
,lI.JlH nCHXOJlOfHH KaK 06'bSlCHSlIOI.IJ.eH HaYKH (cp. [6, T. I, 74]). P aCCMOT-
u
pHM HeKoTopbIe acneKTbI .9THX nOJI02KeHHH.
ECJIH np06JIeMa 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO - .9TO rrp06J1eMa nCHXOJIOrHH
(a .9TO, 6e3YCJlOBHO, TaK), TO COBepilleHHO SlCHO, qTO OHa M02KeT 6bITb pe-
illeHa JIHIllb C nOMOI.IJ.blO MeTO,lLOB HayqHOrO nCHXOJlOrHqeCKOrO HCCJIe,aOBa-
HHH; TeM caMbIM OCHOBOH ,nJlH ,nHCKYCCHH 0 nCHXOJlOrHqeCKOM rrOHHTHH
6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO lVIorYT CJlY2KHTb TOJIbKO HayqHble, .9KCnepHMeHTaJIbHbIe
,naHHble. B .9TOM IIJlaHe MbI H 6y,neM 06CY2K,naTb nOJI02KeHHH, 3aHHMaIOrnHe
Hac B ,aaHHOM cJlyqae. ,
1. HaqH'eM C IIonbITOK pe,lLynHpoBaTb 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOe .no ypOBHH
-TOJlbKO <pH3HoJlo'rHqeCKOrO COCTOSlHHH.
Pa60TbI IllKOJlbI Y3Ha,lL3e, HMeIOIII.eH rroJlYBeKoBYIO HCTOpHIO, H MHO-
2KeCTBO ,lLpyrHx Ha6JIIO,lLeHHH, 0606rneHHH H cpaKToB cOBepllIeHHo HCRO rro-
Ka3aJIII, qTO K COCTaBJlHIOIII.HM .9KCrrepHMeHTaJlbHbIX 3aKoHoMepHocTei1 aK-
THBHOCTH C03HaHHSI He06xo,nHMO OTHeCTH ,aeHcTBHH cpaKTopoB HarrpaBJIeH-
HOCTH, opHeHTHpoBaHHocTH, 3HaqHMOCTH H T. ,lL., T. e. rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKHX yc-
-TaHOBOK, KOTopbIe He ,lLaHbI B C03HaTeJIbHbIX nepe)KHBaHHHX, HO 6e3 KOTO-
PbIX, BMeCTe C TeM, He paCKpbIBaIO,TCH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH OC03HaBaeMOH nCH-
XHqeCKOH ,neHTeJIbHOCTH.
I( npHMepy, OCTaHOBHMCSI Ha pe3YJlbTaTax BbInOJlHeHHOro L{. H. Pa-
MHllIBHJIH B HHCTHTYTe nCHXOJlOrHH HM. ,l:L. H. Y3Ha,a3e HCCJle,l1.0BaHHSI
npHpO,lLW nponecca BW,lLeJIeHHH Toro HJlH HHoro SlBJleHHH rrocpe.nCTBOM CJIO-
Ba B peqeBOH .rr.eHTeJlbHOCTH qeJlOBeKa. B onbITax PaMHillBHJlH Bce HcrrbI-
"TyeMble Ha Bonpoc 0 TOM, SlBJlHeTCH JIH cpHaJIKa TpaBOH, KaTerOpHqeCKH 3a-
SlBJIHJlH, qTO <pHaJIKa He TpaBa, a nBeTOK; qTO 2Ke KacaeTCSI aHaJlOrHqHOrO
Borrpoca 0 KJIeBepe, TO OHM OTBeqaJlH, qTO KJleBep - TpaBa, XOTH H HMeeT
nBeTOK. no ,naHHbIM PaMHIlIBHJlH, O,lLH03HaqHOe npHMeHeHHe CJIOB, 0603Ha-
qaIOIII.HX nOBce.rr.HeBHbIe nOHHTHH, KaK npaBHJlO, 06YCJlOB.lIHBaeTCH BrrOJlHe
-o6'beKTHBHbIM cpaKTOM, a HMeHHo, pO bIO onpe,aeJleHHbIX HBJleHHH B COnH-
aJIbHOH npaKTHKe AaHHoro Sl3bIKOBoro KOJlJIeKTHBa. TpaBa, HarrpHMep,-
Bce TO, qTO npHMeHHeTCSI KaK 3eJIeHaSl Macca. Bce, qTO npOTHBOpeqHT .9TO-
16
MY llpHMeHeHHIO, HCKJllOqaeTCH H3 KaTeropHH TpaBbI. Ho B C03HaHHH CYO'b-
eKTa He OTpa}KeHa J(aHHafl 3aKOHOMepHOCTb, onpe)I.eJlSIIOrnaH yrroTpe6J1e-
HHe 3Toro CJlOBa -rrpH CQ3HaTeJlbHOM npon;ecce peqeBOM ,aeHTeJIbHOCTH.
-Cy6'beKT He OC03HaeT, QTO OR Ha3bIBaeT TpaBoii. O,aHaKO Fl3-3a HeOC03Ha-
BaeMOCTH 9Ta 3aKOHOMepHOCTb He JIHillaeTCH npH3HaKOB nCHXHqeCKOrO-
'OCMbICJIeHHOCTH H T. J(. BbISICHHJlOCb, tITO npH npaKTI-ItleCKOM KOHTaKTe qe-
JIOBeKa C npe)I.MeTaMH, Ha ypOBHe CKpbITbIX OT C03HaHHH CBH3eH, 3aKpen-
JIHIOTC5I oomBe OO'beKTHBHble OTHOllIeHHSI, HanpHMep, TpaBbI KaK paCTeHHH,
HCnOJlb3yeMoro B KaqeCTBe 3eneHOH: MaCCbI [6, T. III, 179].
Pe3YJIbTaTbI onbITOB, npOBe)I.eHHbIX B llIKOJIe Y 3Ha,l(3e, HCHO CBH,l(e-
ieJlbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, qTO HeOC03HaBaeMaH nCHXHqeCKaH ,l(eHTeJlbHOCTb CKp -
ibIl\1 06pa30M «coyqaCTByeT» KaK npe,n:nOCbIJIKa H perYJlHpYIOII(HH cpaK-
-Top B CTaHOBJIeHHH JIIOOOH Q?OpMbI aKTHBHOCTH C03HaHHH.
B peJ{aKn;HOHHOH CTaTbe K T. I MOHorpacpHH «Becco3HaTeJIbHoe», Ha-
TIHCaHHOH B coaBTopcTBe c <P. B. BaccHHbIM H A. E. IlIep03HH, MbI OTMeqa-
JIH: «ECJlH ,aJl51 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO xapaKTepHo TaKoe coyqaCTHe, TO oqe-
BH,aHO, qTO pe.rr.ynHpoBaTb 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOe J(O ypOBHH «TOJlbKO H3HOJlO-
rHqeCKHX COCTOHHHM» HJIH cpaKTopOB CTOJlb 2Ke HeJIOrHQHO, KaK Tpe60BaTb
pe,aYKIlJIH ,ao 9Toro caMoro C03HaHIIH Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH, qTO JII060H aKT
OC03HaBaeMoH nCHXHqeCKOH J(eHTeJlbHOCTH peaJIH3yeTcH <pH3HOJlOrHqeCKH-
MH MexaHH3MaMH [6, T. I, 76].
2. Tenepb OTHOCHTeJIbHO Toro, qTO 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOe nCHXHqeCKOe-
3TO KaTeropHH, HCnOJlb30BaHHe KOTOpOH HeCOBl\leCTHMO C ,aHaJleKTHKO-Ma-
'TepHaJIHCTHqeCKHM yqeHHeM. HeKoTopbIe nCHXOJlOrH nOJlaraIOT, qTO rHno-
'Te3a 0 peaJlbHOCTH 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOH nCHXHKH 03HaqaeT oTpHnaHHe M03ra
KaK MaTepHaJIbHOrO cy6cTpaTa nCHXHKH H npH3HaHHe cy6cTpaToM nCHXH-
\lIeCKHX HBJIeHHH caMoH nCHXHKH MHHYC C03HaHHe.
YTBep2K)I.eHHe, qTO nCHXHqeCKOe eCTb <PYHKnHH M03ra, He M02KeT 03-
lIaqaTb H He 03HaqaeT, qTO nCHXHKa HBJlHeTCSI H3HYTPH J(eTepMHHHpOBaH-
flbIM OTnpaBJleHHeM M03ra, era KJleTOqHOH CTPYKTypbI. KaK npaBHJIbHO OT-
!vleTHJI C. JI. Py6HHillTeHH, npe,nCTaBJIeHHe 0 nCHXHqeCKOM KaK 00 OTnpaB-
.JIeHHH M03ra BeJ(eT K <pH3HOJIOrHqeCKOMY HJ(eaJIH3MY.
npO,nOJl2KaH 9TY MblCJIb, C. J1. Py6HHillTeHH nHllIeT: M03r - TOJlbKO
tQpraH nCIiXHqeCKOH )I.eHTeJIbHOCTH, a He ee HCTOqHHK T9, 6]. OTnpaBHaH
e TOqKa ,aJlH npeoJ(OJleHHH cy6'beKTHBHcTcKoro nOHHMaHHSI nCHXHqeCKO
..n.e5lTeJIbHOCTH 3aKJIIOqaeTCH B npH3HaHHH Toro, qTO BHelllHHH, OO'beKTijB-
HbIH MHP, B03,aeHcTBYIOIII.HH: Ha M03r, H3HaQaJlbHO YQaCTByeT B .rr.eTepMHHa-
n;HU nCHXHqeCKHX 51BJIeHHH [9, 9]. npaBHJIbHO nOCTaBJIeHHblH: Bonpoc 0
CB5I3M nCHXHqeCKHX SIBJIeHHH C M03roM, OTMeqaeT Py6HHIlITeHH, HeH36e2K-
HO nepexoJ(HT B'Bonpoc 0 3aBHCHMOCTH rrCHXHQeCKHX 51BJIeHHH OT B3aHMO-
Jr.eHcTBHH QeJlOBeKa C MHpOM, OT era 2KH3HH f9, 30]. B 9TOH CIICTeMe B3a-
u
HMOOTHOllIeHHH qe.n:OBeKa C MHpOM CTep:lKHeBblM MOMeHTOM 5IBJI51eTCH J1.e-
'SITeJlbHOCTb qeJlOBeKa, HanpaBJleHHaH Ha aKTHBHoe, COOTBeTCTBYIO ee era
rroTpe6HocTHM npe06pa30BaHHe MHpa. COrJlaCHO OCHOBHOMY npHHnHny Ma-
TepHaJIHCTHQeCKOH nCHXOJlOrHH, « eflTeJlbHOCTb qenOBeKa COCTaBRHeT cy6-
..cTaHll;IIlO ero C03HaHHH» [7].
K accHKH MapKcH3Ma Ha npHMepax H3yqeHHH nponeccoB OpMHpoBa-
HH5I y IO,aeH HX npHHnHITOB, HJ(eH H T. ,n. KaK OTpa2KeHHH 6bITHH, peaJIb-
Hall J1.eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH nOKa3aJIH, qTO C03HaHHe He cJleAyeT nOHHMaTb KaK
e,nHHCTBeHHYlO CPOPMY CYIII.eCTBOBaHH5I nCHXHqeCKOrO H, TeM 60Jlee, H e
,C JI e J( ye TOT 0 2K.rr. e C T B JI SI T b n p H P 0 )I. Y n C Ii X H Q e C K 0 roo T p a-
)K e H H 51 C C 0 3 HaT e JI b H bI M n p 0 II. e C COM n 0 3 H a H H 51. 3TO no-
Ka3aHO MapKCOM Ha npHMepe aHaJIH3a npHpO)I.bI TOBapHoro cpeTHIlIH3Ma;
.4>aKT YQ?CTHH HeOC03HaHHbIX cpOpM OTpa2KeHHH B <pOpMHpOBaHHH nOBe.rr.e-
HHH QeJlOBeKa KOHcTaTHpyeTcH, KOr)I.a MapKC xapaKTepH3yeT JlHQHOCTHWe
GepTbI KanHTaJIHCTa KaK nepCOHH<pHKanHIO CYIII.HOCTHbIX CBOHCTB KanHTa-
2. Eecc03HaTeJIbHOe, IV
17
JIa, KOr)I.a OH OTMeqaeT, qTO TOprOBe MHHepaJlaMH He BH HT HX KpaCOTbI'
H T. ,a.
<PaKT peaJIH3aII.HH qeJIOBeqeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH nocpe)I.CTBOM C03HaHHSI".
nHCaJI 3HreJlbC, eI.IJ.e He CBH)I.eTeJlbcTByeT 0 ee 3aBHCHMOCTH HCKJllOqHTeJlb-
HO OT C03HaHHSI [1].
¥lTaK, HCXO SI H3 HaJleKTHKo-MaTepHaJIHCTHqeCKOH MeTO,l(OJIOrHH ITCH-
XO OrHqeCKOH HaYKH, BnOJlHe 3aKoHoMepHo 3a,l(aqeH nCMXOJlOrMM CqMTaT
HCCJIe,nOBaHMe KaqeCTBeHHoro pa3J1HqHH <PYHKII.HH C03HaBaeMoro H HeOCQ-
3HaBaeMoro B ynpaBJleHHH eHTeJIbHOCTblO qeJIOBeKa.
3. OCTaHoBHMcSI Tenepb Ha CBH3H YCTaHOBKH B nOHHMaHHH ,ll. H. Y3-
Ha)I.3e C nCHXOJlOrHqeCKHM nOHSITHeM 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO H Ha ee HayqHOH
3HaQHMOCTH.
npH3HaHHe peaJIbHOCTH oecc03HaTeJIbHOrO, Toro, qTO HeOC03H8BaeM3SI'
nCHXHlIeCKaH )I.eHTeJIbHOCTb «CKpblThIM oopa30M:' coyqaCTByeT B CTaHOB-
JIeHHH JII060H nCHXHtleCKOH .l1eHTeJlbHOCTH, Tpe6yeT onpe.neJIeHHH HCXO,l(HbIX
nocTynaToB nCHXOnOrHqeCKOrO HccneAoBaHHSI H pa3pa6oTKH KaTeropHanb-
Horo annapaT8, a eKBaTHO OTpa>KalOrnerO cneUH<pHKY oecC03H8TeJIbHOr(}
II cBoeoopa3He ero 3aKoHoMepHocTeA.
no OTHoweHHIO K npo6neMe KaTerOpHaJIbHOrO annapaTa nCHXOJIOrHH
6ecC03HaTeJIbHOrO peneBaHTHbIMH MorYT 6b1Tb crHnOTeTHtJeCKHe KOHCTPYK-
ThI», aHaJIOrHqHbIe pa3pa6aTbIBaeMbtM ,n:pyrHMH HaYKaMH (MexaHHKOH
<pH3HOJIOrHeH H T. .n.), OTHOCHTeJIbHO BbIBO,rtHbIX CYI.UHOCTeH, He BbIcTyna-
IOIIIJIX B BH,ae HenOCpe)I.CTBeHHblX nepe>KHBaHHH C03HaHHH.
KaK H3BeCTHO, B COBeTCKOH nCHXOJIOfHH HaqaJIO OOOCHOBaHHSI KaTero-
pHaJlbHOrO annapaTa, cnOCOOHoro OTpa3HTb KaqeCTBeHHoe CBoeoopa3He
oeCC03HaTeJIbHOrO, ObIJIO nOJlO>KeHO ,l:L. H. Y3Ha,rt3e Ii ero lIlKOJIOH B Heno-
cpe,aCTBeHHOH CBSI3H C pa3pa6oTKOH TeopHH nCHXOJlOrHqeCKOH YCTaHOBKH
U u u
IIIHpOKO OCBeI.IJ.eHHOH BO MHorHX TpY)I.aX npe)I.CTaBHTeJleH rpY3HHCKOH IllKO-
JIbI COBeTCKHX nCHXOJIOrOB.
n03BOJlHM ceDe JIHIllb HanOMHHTb JIOrHKY pa3pa60TKH B cOBeTcKoH
u U
nCHXOJlOrHH TeopHH HeOC03HaBaeMOH nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH YCTaHOBKH KaK
KOH enTyaJIbHOrO <PYH,aaMeHTa npe)I.CTaBJIeHHH 0 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoM.
I1cxo)I.SI H3 nOJlO)KeHHSI 0 TOM, qTO <paKT peaJlH3aI.(MH qeJlOBeqeCKOrO
,nellCTBHSI nocpe,rtCTBOM C03HaHHSI He CBH,neTeJlbcTByeT 0 ee 3aBHCHMOCTH
HCKJIIOqHTeJlbHO OT C03HaHHSI, qTO «HCTHHHbIe n06y,aHTeJlbHbIe CHJIbI, KO-
Topble pHBO)I.HT ero B ,rtBH)KeHHe, OCTaIOTCSI eMY He H3BeCTHbIMH», <P. 3H-
reJlbC C<POPMYJIHpOBaJI nCHXOJlOrHIIeCKH opHeHTHpOBaHHbIH Bonpoc OTHO-
CHTeJlbHO <pOpM H nYTell 06pa30BaHHSI npOII.eCCOB C03HaHH5I Ha OCHO-
Be HCTOqHHKOB, He 3aBHCSII.IJ.HX OT C03HaHHSI [I, 83]. nepe<ppa3HpoBaB
nOJIO)KeHHe A. H. J1eoHTbeBa, OTMeTHM, qTO B ,rtaHHOM cJlyqae <paKT npH-
3HaHH5I HeOC03HaBaeMoro He BbIpa2KaeT C060H npH3HaHHe HeKoero oco60-
ro HaqaJIa, TaSIrnerocSI B rJly6HHax nCHXHKH. Heoc03HaBaeMoe _ HMeeT TY
)Ke )I.eTepMHHaI.I.HIO, lITO H BCSIKoe nCHXHqecKC?e OTpa2KeHHe: peaJIbHOe ObI-
THe, )I.eSITeJIbHOCTb qeJIOBeKa B 06'beKTHBHOM MHpe [7, 204]. A. H. JleoH-
TbeB nHlIIeT: «OcyrneCTBJIeHHaH ,lleSITeJIbHOCTb 60raQe, HCTHHHee, qeM
npe,l.I.BapSIIOI.IJ.ee 'ee C;03Ha He. npH 9TOM )I.JISI C03HaHHSI cy6'beKTa BKJI, a,l(bI
KOTopbIe BHOCSITCSI ero ,aeSITeJIbHOCTbIO, OCTaIOTCSI CKpbITbIMH; OTCIO,na H'
npOHCxO,llHT, q TO C 0 3 H a H HeM 0 2K e T K a 3 a T b C 51 0 C HOB 0 II ,l.I. e 51-
T e JI b HOC T 11» ( B bI,a eJI eH 0 MHO IO - A. fl.) [ 7, 129].
KOHll.en HSI YCTaHoBKH rpY3HHcKOH IlIKOJlbI nCHXOJlOrOB TeM H 06ora-
lll.aeT aHaJIH3 nOBe,aeHHSI, qTO YCTaHoBKa KaK nepeMeHHaH CqHTaeTCSI npo-
MeLKYTOqHOll HMeHHO B CMbICJIe CneII.H<pHqecKoro ypOBHSI H cpOpMbI oTpa-
2KeHHSI 6bITHSI, T. e. peaJIbHOH ,aeMcTBHTeJlbHOcTH. KOHII.enIJ,HH Y 3Ha,n le HC-
XO,llHT H3 nocTYJlaTa, JIe)KaIII.ero B OCHOBe TpeXqJleHHOH cxeMhI aHaJIH3a
,n:eHTeJIbHOCTH, corJlaCHO KOTOpOH BCSIKoe nOBe,aeHHe, KaK 6bI H r,ae 6hI ORO
HH B03HHKJIO, onpe,rteJISleTCSI B03 eHCTBHeM OKpY)KaIOI.IJ.eH ,lleHCTBHTeJIhHO-
CTH He Henocpe CTBeHHOt a rrpe>K,rte Bcero onocpe,aOBaHO, Qepe3 I.I.eJIOCTHOe
18
OTpa:>KeHHe 9TOM nOCJIe,LlHeH B cy6'beKTe ,neHTeJIbHOCTH. 3HaIIHT, n C H X o-
J! 0 r H SI ,a 0 JI 2K H a H a 11 H HaT b C B 0 H H C C JI e ,Ll 0 B a H H Sf C H 3 Y q e-
H If 51 C Y 6'b e K T a ,a e 51 T e JI b HOC T H. B aKTHBHbIe OTHOIlleHH5I - C JI.eH-
CTBHTeJIbHOCTbIO BCTyrraeT CYO'beKT, a He OT,aeJIbHbIe aKTbI ero rrCHXHqe-
CKOH ,Lle5lTeJIbHOCTH, 51BJI5IIOIIl.HeC5I JIHIllb MO,LlH<p HKaUH5IM H cy6'beKT a ,Lle5l-
reJIbHOCTH.
OTCIQ,Lla S1CHO, qTO rrpeLK,ae Bcero CJIeJI.yeT YCTaHOBHTb, «B KaKOM KaIIeCT-
Be rrCHXOJIOrHSI ,LlOJILKHa BKJIIOqHTb HH,LlHBH,Ll B CBoe MeTO,LlOJIOrHIIeCKOe HC-
CJIe,aOBaHHe» [3, 77]. [{eHHbIH aHaJIH3 .9TOH MeTO,LlOJIOrHQeCKOH rrpo6JIeM.bI
npe,aJIO)KHJIa K. A. A6YJIbXaHOBa-CJIaBCKa5l, rr03HIJ,HIO KOTOpOH Mbl pa3-
,neJISIeM. PaccMaTpHBaSi Bonpoc «0 KaqeCTBe HH,LlHBH,Lla KaK cy6'beKTa 2KH3-
HeAe5lTeJIbHOCTH, KOTopoe ,LleJIaeT er cy6'beKTOM nCHXHIIeCKOH ,aeSlTeJlbHO-
CTH», OHa npOBO,LlHT TaKYIO aHaJIOrHIO: .n:aLKe npHMeHHTeJIbHO K opFaHH3-
MY cyrnecTByeT np06JIeMa no,a,aepLKaHHSI ero HeKOTopOH CneI.JJ1cpHqeCKOA
eJIOCTHoCTH. nOCJIe,aHSIH oOeCneqHBaeTcSI' HeKoTopbIMH perYJISITOpHbIMIl
'MexaHH3MaMH, COXpaH5IIOI.IJ.HMH .9TY KaIIeCrBeHHo. CBoeoopa3HYlO D:eJIOCT-
HOCTb npH Bcex H3MeHHIOI.IJ.HXC5I COOTHOlIIeHHHX opraHH3Ma co CpeJ1.0H, npH
H3MeHeHHH caMoro opraHH3Ma,' He rOBOpSl 0 ero pa3BHTHH'. TeM oOJIee Be-
p05lTHO, OTMeIIaeT K. A. A6YJIbXaHOBa-CJIaBCKa5l, rOBopHTb 0 Heo6xo..
,nHMOCTH nOMepLKaHHSI II.eJIOCTHOCTH H KaIIeCTBeHHoro cBoeoopa3HSI
HH,LlHBH,LlHOrO cnocooa CYI.IJ.eCTBOBaHHSI B ero COnHaJIbHblX CBSl3S1X
[3, 78-79].
· ABTOp CIIHTaeT, IITO 9Ta ocooeHHocTb :>KH3He,llSlTeJlbHOCTH C03,l(aeT 001>-
eKTHBHYIO HeOoxo,LlHMOCTb B HeKoTopoH CPYHK HH, KOTopaSI 3aKJIIOIIaJIaCb
ObI B nOCTOSlHHOM B0300HOBJIeHHH, nOMep:>KaHHH II YCTaHOBJleHHH CBH3eH
C ,LlpyrHMH JlIO bMH npH coxpaHeHHH KaQeCTBeHHoro cBoe06pa3HSI HH,LlH-
BH,Lla.
«MapKCH3M, BonpeKH YTBep)K,lleHHSlM 3K3HCTeH HaJIHCTOB, - rrHweT
K. A. A6YJIbXaHOBa-CJIaBCKa5l, - OTHIO,ab He OTpHII.aeT HH,LlHBH,aa «B ero
COOCTBeHHOM CI10C0ge cYI.IJ.eCTBOBaHHH», OH oTpHnaeT JlHIIIb B03MO:>KHOCTb
06'bHCHeHHSI JIHqHOCTH H3 Hee caMoH, pacnpocTpaHSIeT Ha Hee COnHOJIOrH-
lIeCKOe 06'b5lCHeHHe, CB5I3bIBa51 ee pa3BHTHe C pa3BHTHeM 06rneCTBa»
[4, 61]. np06J1eMa He CBO,LlHTCSI, KaK npaBHJlbHO OTMeqaeT aBTOp, K KOIII-
CTaTall.HH CJIYIIaHHOCTH Ka)K,noro OT,LleJlbHOrO HH,LlHBH,aa, OHa 3aKJIIOIIaeT-
CSI B MCCJle,LlOBaHHH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH 3Toro ypOBHH opraHH3aIJ.HH, 3TOH
cpOpMbI ObITHSI .qeJIOBeKa B ee COOTHeceHHOCTH C 6bITHeM pO,Lla [4].
HTaK, B CBeTe OCHOBHbIX nOJlO:>KeHHH MapKcHCTCKO-JIeHHHCKoH TeopHH
nCHXOJIOrHH npOOJIeMa CYIUHOCTH neJIOCTHOro cy6'beKTa nCHXHIIeCKOH )(eSI-
TeJIbHOCTH (noCKOJIbKY 3Ta' lI.enOCTHOCTb nOJIyqaeT BblpaJKeHHe B ,LleSlTeJIb-
HOCTH cy6'beKTa, JIHqHOCTH H MOLKeT ObITb pacKpbITa Ii HCCJIe,Z:(onaHa Ha-
IIIHMH 06blqHbIMH HayqHbIMH MeTo,aaMH) BbIcTynaeT KaK HCXO,LlHaH npo-
6JIeMa KOHKpeTHoH nCHXOJIOrHH.
nOcTaHoBKa npOOJleMbI eJlOCTHOro cYO'beKTa nCHXHIIeCKOH AeSlTeJIb-
HOCTH BbI,LlBHraeT Bonpoc 0 C 11 0 coo e n C H x H q e C K 0 HOp r a H II 3 a-
HH HH,LlHBH,Ll'a KaK onpe,LleJIeHHbIM oopa30M CJla:iKeH-
H 0 M C H C T e M bI, CB5I3HOM nOCJIe,aOBaTeJlbHOCTH ero OI1bITa H nOBe,Z:leHHH,
u u u
ero OTHOCHTeJIbHOH CTPYKTypHOH YCTOHqHBOCTH B YCJIOBHHX nOCTOHHJIOrO
H3MeHeHHH 06CTOHTeJIbCTB ,lI,eHTeJIbHOCTH.
,LL. H. Y 3Ha,Z:(3e npe,nJlO)KHJI MeTO,n «cpHKCHpOBaHHOH YCTaHOBKH» KaK
9KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIM, a,aeKBaTHbIM 9TOM np06JIeMe. ECTeCTBeHHO, MbI He
6y,aeM OCTaHaBJlHBaTbC5I Ha ero ,aeTaJIbHOM paCCMOTpeHHH. OTMeTHM TOJlh-
KO CJIe,nYIOIII.ee: pe3YJIbTaTbI OI1bITOB CBH,LleTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, IITO p aK"
u u
HH npOHCXO,LlSlT He CJIYIIaHHO H HapH,lI.y C ,aeHCTBYIOIIl.HMH CTHMYJIaMH on..
pe,neJI5IIOTC5I TaK)Ke npOMe)KYTOIIHOH rrepeMeHHOH (T. e. pacnOJIO}KeHHOA
Me}K.u.y CTHMYJIOM H peaKlI.HeH BHYTpeHHeH opraHH3alI.HeH HH,lI.HBH,lI.a). B
HJInlO3HHX BocnpHHTHSI H HX aHaJIOraX YCTaHOBKa KaK.npeopHeHTalI.HH H
,nHcn03HlI.HH K onpeJ,(eJleHHOH <popMe pearHpOBaHHSI BbIcTynaeT B KaqeCT-
19
Be o6lll.ero KOHCTHTYHpYlOrnero cpaKTopa BHYTpeHHeH, nCHXHlIeCKOH opra-
HH3a HH HH HBH a.
3KcrrepHMeHT B HBHnH HanHqHe B CTpYKType YCTaHOBKH pSAa pa3-
JIHqHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK, KaK-TO: B036YAHMOCTb, CTaTHqHOCTb- HHaMHq-
HOCTb, IIJlaCTHqHOCTb-pIIrHAHocTb II T. J{. B OTMelIeHHbIX Hccnetl.OBaHHHx
rpY3HHcKHX IICHxonorOB (BocrrpHHTHR, HaBbIKa, Bo06paLKeHHH, MblwneHHSI
Ii T. .n.) rroKa3aHo, qTO B TO BpeMH, KaK OT enbHble CliCTeMbI ,lI,eHCTBli5l, HB-
JI5IIOlll,HeCH KOMrrOHeHTaMII aKTIIBHOCTH, KOTopble pa3nHlIaIOTCH CBOHMH MO-
',aaJlbHOCTHMH (rrepnenTliBHbIMH, 3KcrrpeCCHBHbIMH 11 T. .), npeTepneBalOT
pa3Ho06pa3HbIe li3MeHeHIIH, Y C T a HOB K a H e H 3 M e H HOB bI C T Y n a e T
K a K II. en 0 C T H a 51 C T P Y K T Y pac rrOCTOHHHbIM HaoopOM xapaKTepH-
CTHK. 3TO 3HaqHT, qTO Y C T a HOB K a 51 B n 51 e T C H C H C T e MHO HOC 0-
6 e H HOC T b IO H H ,a H B H ,a a K a K C Y 6 'b e K T a II C Ii X 11 q e c K 0 H e-
H T e JI b HOC T H.
Dpe,[(CTaBJIHH C060R ,aHcrr03HnHIO K onpeAeJIeHHOH <popMe pearHpOBa-
HHH - IICHXOJIOrH1:lecKYIO opraHH3anHIO BHYTpeHHei1 cpe,[(bI HH)IJI.BHAa, yc-
TaHOBKa B@cTynaeT KaK xapaKTepHcTHKa neJlOCTHOro COCTORHHSI CYO'beKTa
u u u
IICHXHqeCKOH ,aeHTeJlbHOCTH B Ka)K bIH ,aIIcKpeTHbII1 MOMeHT era aKTHBHO-
CTH. UenocTHoe COCTOHHHe cy6'beKTa nCHXIIqeCKOii ,neRTenbHocTH - aTO
IIpe)K,ae Bcero opraHH3anHH «KOHeqHOrO 06mero rrYTH», no KOTOPOMY pa3-
BIIBaeTCH o,[(Ha CHCTeMa aKTHBHocTeH Ii O,[(HO BbIHBnHIOI.IJ.eeCR nOBeJJ.eHlie.
3TO 3HaqHT, lITO aTTHTIO,nbI, MOTHBbI, qepTbI JlHlIHOCTH, KOHneilTbI H
nOA06H e <paKTOpbI ,neHTeJIbHOCTH He H30nHpOBaHHO ,nPyr OT pyra H He
«rrOIlITYQHO» orrpe,aenHIOT BbIHBJlHIOllI.eeCH rrOBe,[(eHHe, a rrO)I.qHHHIOTC5I pe-
rynHpYIOI.IJ.eii <PYHKII.HH YCTaHOBKH - BbICllIero ypOBHH opraHH3aII.HH npo-
neCCOB rrepe2KHBaHIIH H ,aei'fcTBHR, HMeIOlll,IIX MeCTO npH OCYI.IJ.eCTBJIeHHH
)J.e5lTeJIbHOCTH.
Y CTaHOBKa - rrOHHTHe e ,a H H H II. bI II. e JI 0 C THO - JI H q H 0 CT H 0 r 0
Ii 3 M e p e H H 51, K KOTOPOMY CBO,aHTCH ,aei'fcTBYIOII(HH cy6'beKT B KaLK,abIH
AHCKpeTHbIii MOMeHT ero aKTHBHOCTH. B Ka)K,abIH ,nHCKpeTHbIH MOMeHT Ae-
HTeJIbHOCTH HH,[(HBII)I.a H36HpaTeJIbHO-HarrpaBJIeHHbIe nponeCCbI ero BOC-
npIIHTHH, rraMHTH, Bo06pa)KeHHH, pemeHHH 3a,naqH H T. ,n., npORBJIH5I on-
pe,ll.eneHHYIO BHYTpeHHIOIO CBH3HOCTb H rrOCJIe,aOBaTeJIbHOCTb, BblcTyrralOT
u v u
KaK IIpOneCCbI, yrrpaBJIHeMble e,aHHOII rrpOMe:tKYTOqHOH nepeMeHHOH - ro-
TOBHOCTbIO K orrpe,neJIeHHOH <popMe pearHpOBaHHH - YCT HOBKOH, T. e.
BbIcTyrraIOT KaK npOII.eCCbI, npOTeKaIOI.IJ.He B orrpe,lJ.eJIeHHOH 'II.eJIOCTHOH <pop-
Me nCHXHqeCKOH opraHH3aII.HH.
OpaBHJlbHO OTMeTHJI r. OJIJInOpT: 6e3 TaKOH HanpaBJl5IIOllI.eH YCTa-
HOBKH HH.nHBH,a ObIJI ObI paCTepHH H COHT C TOJIKY. HHKaKaSI ,neHTeJ1bHOCTb
He MO)KeT aKTyaJIH3HpOBaTbCH oe3 rOTOBHOCTH K orrpe.neJleHHOH <popMe
pearHpOBaHHH, nOOY)K,lJ.aIOI.IJ.eH ero ,aeHCTBOBaTb HMeHHO TaKHM 06pa30M,
a He KaKHM-JIHOO HHbIM.
I1H,aIIBH,lJ. nOCTOJIbKY HBJIHeTCH CYO'beKTOM ,lJ.eSITeJlbHOCTH, rrOCKOJIbKY
o HOp r a H H 3 yeT C 51 H e B C a M bI HMO M e H T A e 51 T e JI b HOC T H, a
n p e ,lJ. Y rOT 0 B JI e H K H e H. 3TO 3HaqHT, qTO peaKnlIH OCYIII.eCTBJIHeTC5I
He no npHHIJ,Hny CTHMYJI-peaKnHH, a KaK npeJIOMJIeHHaH Qepe3 BCIO CHCTe-
MY nCHXHqeCKOH opraHH3anHH HH,aHBH,aa, T. e. peaKnlIH oCYIII.e.CTBJIHeTCH
KaK «OOOOI.IJ.eHHbIH OTBeT».
B TO :tKe BpeMH «CHCTeMa nCHXHQeCKOii opraHH3all,IIH», «CHCTeMa-IIH-
,nHBH.n» H e ,a a Hac Y 6 'b e K T Y H e II 0 C P e ,n C T B e H H 0 K a K <p a K T
C 0 3 HaT e JI b H bI X II e p e )K H B a H H H. (KaK H3BeCTHO, MapKc O HOH H3
omH60K rereJIeBCKOH <peHoMeHOJIOrHII CqHTaJI ,H,neaJIHCTHqeCKOe OTO)K,ll.eCT-
BJIeHHe JIHlIHOCTH C C03HaHHeM II caMoc03HaHHeM).
«CoBepmeHHo eCTeCTBeHHO CqHTaTb, - nHmeT ,L:L. H. Y3Ha,a3e, - qTO
ecnH 1:lTO-JIHOO Y Hac II npOTeKaeT ,neHCTBHTeJIbHO 6eCC03HaTeJIbHO, TaK
3TO, B nepBYIO 01:lepe,lJ.b, YCTaHOBKa, COCTOHHHe CYO'beKTa B neJIOM, KOTO-
poe He MOJKeT ObITb OT,aeJIbHbIM aKTOM C03HaHHSI> [1o, 178]. Ho 3TO He
20
MelllaeT nCHXOJlOrHtJeCKHM YCTaHOBKaM OCTaBaTbCH aKTHBHbIMH CHJlaMH,
HanpaBJlHIOmHMH ,AeHTeJIbHOCTb cy6'beKTa B TY HJIH HHYIO CTOPOHY. B Y-
,a y q II e e c y 6 'b e K TOM, 9 T Y H a II p a B JI 51 10 In Y 10 a K T II B HOC T b
Y C T a HOB K II M bI H Ii K 0 r J{ a Herr 0 C P e ,n C T B e H H 0 Herr e p e )K H-
B a e M. JIHlIlb Ha6JIIO,QaH 3a B03HHKHOBeHHeM, TeqeHHeM H yracaHHeM
«3<p<peKTa» YCTaHOBKH, MbI CYAHM 0 ee 3aKOHOMepHOCT5IX H ,aHHaMliKe.
TIpH rro xo,Qe K YCTaHOBKe KaK opMe eJIOCTHOCTlI rrCIIXHqeCKOH op-
raHH3a HH HH,QHBH,l(a, KaK orrpe,aeJIeHHbIM 06pa30M CJIa)KeHHOH CHCTe e,
OTMeqaeM MhI B KOJIJIeKTHBHOH CTaTbe B coaBTopCTBe C <P. B. DaCCHHbIM Ii
A. E. UUep03HH, 6 JIO 06JIerqeHO 06'beKTHBHoe H3yqeHHe TaKHX, HanpH:
Mep, paHee TPY HO YJIOBHMbIX eJlOCTHbIX nCHXOJIOrHqeCKHX <peHOMeHOB,
KaK CPOpMHpOBaHlle HaMepeHHH H IIOCJle,QCTBHH HX HepeaJIH:?yeMocTH; 3a-
pO)K,neHHe, pa3BHTHe Ii yracaHHe aHTarOH1l3MOB nepe)KHBaHHH, nOHHMae-
MbIX KaK KOHcpJIHKTbI YCTaHOBOK, Ii T. J{. [5].
TaKoro po,na eJIOCTHbIe c,aBHrH B ,nyrneBHoH )KH3HH CTaHOBHTCH 60-
JIee ,lJ.OcTynHbIMH JlH 06'bHCHeHHSI, «noCKOJIbKY ,aBll)KeHHe Bcex .9THX nCH-
XOJlOrntleCKnx <}>eHoMeHoB Hepa3pbIBHO CBSI3aHO co CTaHOBJIeHHeM H npe-
06pa30BaHHSIMH... YCTaHOBOK» [5, 86] - BbICllIero ypOBHSI nCHXHqeCKOH
opraHH3a:ijHM Mo,ayca cy6'beKTa ,aeHTeJlbHOCTH B n.eJIOM B Ka)K,abIH )J.H-
cKpeTHbIH MOMeHT era aKTHBHOCTH, Mo,nyca, Ha 6a3e KOToporo B03HHKaeT
,[(eSITeJIbHOCTb C onpe,aeJIeHHOH HanpaBJleHHOcTbIO.
YCTaHoBKa BbIcTyrraeT KaK <p a K TOp 'H e r.9 H T P 0 II H q e C K 0 r 0 n 0-
p SI ,n K a. Bblpa:iKaH C060H nopSI,nOK, opraHH3an.HIO, OHa HBJISIeTCH OCHO-
BOI1: orrpe,neJIeHHOCTH rrOB ,aeHllSI, rrO.9TOMY, eCJIH YCTaHOBKa He pea.lIH3yeT-
CH, HapYlliaeTCH nopSI,aOK B opraHH3anHH nepelKHBaHHH H ,QeHCTBHH Cy6D-
eKTa, HMeIOIII.HX MeCTO rrpH OCYIII.eCTBJIeHHH .rr.e5ITeJIbHOCTH, «B HHX B03HHKa-
lOT ,ne30praHH3an.HH II KOH<pJIHKTbI... YCTaHOBKa - cpaKTOp, Bcer,l(a HCXO,a-
HO opHeHTHpOBaHHbIH Her3HTpOnHqeCKH, T. e. qT06bI MHHHMaJIH30BaJIaCb
BepOSITHOCTb B03HHKHOBeHHSI «6ecnOp5l,aKa» KaK B OTHOllIeHHSIX Me)l{)J.y
qeJIOBeKOM H MHpOM, TaK H B ,ayrneBHoH )KH3HH caMoro qeJIOBeKa» [5, 90] .
H3YQeHbI 3aKoHoMepHocTH YCTaHOBKH, rr03BOJlHIOIl(Iie 06'b5lCHIITb Ha-
rrpaBJleHHOCTb nocTynKoB H ,neHcTBHH JIIO,aeH, CBH3aHHbIX C npe06pa30Ba-
HHeM 3HaqHMOCTH ,lJ.JIH cy6'beKTa .9JIeMeHTOB ero Cpe,l(bI. MOlKHO npHBecTH
MHoro npHMepoB Toro, qTO «3aKoHoMepHble H3MeHeHIIH YCTaHOBOK - 3TO
o,nHoBpeMeHHo 3aKoHoMepHble H3MeHeHH5I 06YCJIOBJIHBaeMblx YCTaHOBKa..
MH 3HaQeHHit... npe06pa30BaHHSI 3HaQHMOCTH ,l(JISI cy6'beKTa Tex HJIH HH'bIX
acneKTOB oKpYlKalOIlI,erO MHpa» [5, 91].
, A. B. 3anopo}Ken: B CBoe BpeMH OTMeTHJI, qTO B YCJIOBHHX orrbITOB C
<pHKcHpoBaHHoH YCTaHoBKoH B03HHKHOBeHHe aCCHMHJIHTHBHOI1: Ii KOHTpa-
CTHOH HJlJII03HH CBH3aHO C 3aKoHoMepHocTSIMH 06YCJIOBJIHBaeMOro YCTa-
HOBKaMH H3MeHeHHSI OTHorneHHH K BellI.aM cy6'beKTa, Taro Crv1bICJIa, KOTO-
p bIM 9TH BeIII.H HMeIOT ,aJI5I .Hero [8].
C nCHXOJIOrIiQeCKHMH 3aKOHOMepHOCTSIMll H3MeHeHHH, 06YCJIOBJIMBae-
MbIX YCTaHOBKaMH, MbI BCTpeQaeMC5I BO Bcex, no cYIlI,ecTBY, 06JIaCTHX JlHQ-
HOCTHOH aKTHBHOCTH. KaK OTMeQeHO HaMII B nHTHpyeMoH BbIllIe KOJIJIeK-
THBHO:H CTaTbe B coaBTopcTBe C <P. B. BaccHHbIM II A. E. llIep03HSI, B OT-
BeTax JIHqHOCTH, HarrpHMep, Ha B03HHKHOBeHHe He6JIarOnpH5ITHbIX .n;JISI nee
06CTOHTeJlbCTB YJlaBJIHBalOTCH 3aKoHoMepHocTll «rrCHXOJIOrHQeCKOH 3alI1.H-
TbI» KaK pa3Ho06pa3HbIe cpOpMbI crrenH<pHtJecKoH nepecTpoHKH JIHQHOCT-
HbIX YCTaHOBOK, H3MeHSIIOIlI,He 3HaQHMOCTb ,nJlH cYO'beKTa (<<JIHqHOCTHbIM:
CMbICJI») Toro, qTO ero oKpY}KaeT [5]. n pHBe,aeHHbIX npHMepoB ,aocTaTOQ-
HO ,n:JlH Toro, tJT06bI nOKa3aTb, HaCKOJIbKO HenpaBHJlbHa TOQKa 3peHHH,
OTpHIl.aIOIlI,aH HaYQHOe 3HaQeHHe YCTaHOBKH KaK KaTeropHH 6ecc03HaTeJIb-
HOrA nCHXHKH.
KOHnennHSI YCTaHoBKH OTHIOJ{b He npHBo,n:HT K He,n:OOneHKe aKTHBHOH
pOJlH C03HaHHSI. nOHHTHe YCTaHOBKH SlBJISIeTCSI peJIeBaHTHbIM no OTHOIIIe.
HHIO K nOHHTliSlM «o6pa3YIOIItHX» C03HaHHH, no OTHorneHHlO K <PYHKII.HH, KO-
21
TOpyIO KalK,naSl H3 9THX OOpa3YlOInHX BblnOJlHSleT B npOnecce OO'beKTHBa-
HH CYO'beKTOM KapTHHbI MHpa. .
3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHbIe ,aaHHbIe nOKa3aJIH, qTO HeOC03HaBaeMaSl YCTa-
HOBKa KaK HanpaBJlSlIOIII.aSl nCHXHqeCKHe npo eCCbI npOMe:>KYTOqHaSl nepe-
MeHHaH, co cBoeii CTOpOHbI, n 0 C T 0 51 H H 0 K 0 P per H p yeT C 51 H a 0 C-
HOB e T 0 H H H cp 0 P Man H H, K 0 TOp a 51 no C T Y n a e T B n 0 p 51 ,It-
K e 0 0 paT H 0 H C B SI 3H B P e 3 Y JI b TaT e C 0 3 HaT e JI b H 0 H' a K-
T H B HOC T H, pa3BepHYTOH B nJIaHe OO'beKTHBanHH. Ho nJIaH OO'beKTHBa-
lI.HH B03HHKaeT npH 3a,aeplKKe peaJlH3aII,HH YCTaHOBKH, He COOTBeTCTBYIO-
III.eH aKTyaJIbHOH CHTyanHH. B CBeTe TeopHH YCTaHOBKH TaK npe,aCTaBJlHeT-
CSI CHHeprHSI HeOC03HaBaeMbIX H OC03HaBaeMbIX cpOpM nCHXHqeCKoro OTpa-
:>KeHHSI. reM caMbIM TeopHSI YCTaHOBKH 3aHHMaeT n93HnHIO, npe,aeJIbHO ,na-
JIeKYIO OT nCHXOaHaJIHTHqeCKOH KOHII,enIl.HH, nbITalOlUeHCSI YTBep,nHTb B qe-
JIOBeqeCKOH ,lI;eSlTeJIbHOCTH rereMOHHIO 06J1aCTeH, B KOTopbIe C03HaHHe He
npOHHKaeT, H npHHII,Hn aHTarOHH3Ma KaK HCXO,aHbIH ,aJISI nOHHMaHHSI npo-
,aYKTHBHOH <;BH3H MelK,ay C03HaHHeM H 6eCC03HaTeJlbHbIM.
YCTaHOBKa OTHOCHTCSI K c<pepe nCHXHqeCKOrO, HOD OHa, BbIpa:>KaSl nCH-
XOJlOrHqeCKOe COAepLKaHHe B3aHMo,aeMCTBHSI nOTpeOHOCTH H cHTyaII,HH-
3THX ,aBYX ,aeTepMHHaHTOB ,aeHTeJlbHOCTH, B caMOM OOIIJ.eM BH,ae OTpalKaeT
«CMbICJI cHTyaII,HH» H onpe,aeJIHeT HanpaBJleHHOCTb ,aeSlTeJlbHOCTH H npo-
u.eCCOB C03HaHHH. TeM caMbIM YCTaHOBKa KaK TaKOBaSl He HCqepnbIBaeTCSI
<pH3HOJlOrHlleCKOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH npou.ecca. 3aKOHOMepHOCTH YCTaHOB-
KH He ,aonYCKaIOT pe,aYKII,HIO K <pH3HOJlOfHH, He BbIBO,nHMbI H3 3aKOHOMep-
HocTeH HeHpocpH3HoJlOrHQeCKHX npOII,eccoB.
MbI nOnbITaJIHCb nOKa33Tb, qTO KaqeCT eHHaSl ocooeHHocTb CPYHKnHH
HeOC03HaBaeMoro nCHXHqeCKOrO B TeopHH YCTaHoBKH . H. Y3Ha,a3e pac-
KpbIBaeTcH B nJIaHe orrpe,aeJleHHOM 3aKoHoMepHocTH: oOlUencHXOJlOrHqe-
CKaH CyruHOCTb cYO'beKTa ,neHTeJlbHOCTIr OTKpbIBaeTCSI HaM, no CJIOBaM
,.Q. .H. Y3Ha,a3e, B KaLK,nOM ,aHCKpeTHOM cJlyqae ero aKTHBHOCTH B onpe,ne-
JIeHHbIX MO,nH<pHKalI,H5IX YCTaHOBKH, He npHHHMalOlUHX cpOpM, xapaKTep-
HbIX AJI5I co,aepLKaHHH C03HaHHSI [10].
KaK OTMeqeHO B HarneM KOJlJIeKTHBHoM CTaTbe B coaBTopcTBe C 0. B.
BaccHHbIM H A. E. lIlep03HSI, no,aooHoro po,aa MO,aH<pHKaII,HH YCTaHoBoK
HMeIDT xapaKTep cBoeoopa3Hwx 3aKoHoMepHocTeH coocTBeHHo nCHXOJIOrH-
qeCKOrO THna. TeM caMbIM 3TH H3MeHeHHSI - MO,au<pHKaIl.HH YCTaHOBOK
«CTaHOBHTCH npHHlI,HIIaMH, B bI n 0 JI H 5110 IIJ. H M H <p Y H K n H 10 0.0 'b 51 C-
H e H H 51 C M bI C JI 0 B 0 H C TOp 0 H bI, <p Y H K Il. H 10 0 0 'b 51 C H e H H 51 H a-
HanpaBJleHHOCTH nocTynKoB H ,aeHCTBHH KOHKpeTHbIX
JI IO ,Ll e 11» ( B bI,lX eJl eH 0 MHO IO - A. D.) I r 6, T. I I I, 728].
I1TaK, JIHrneHa BCHKoro OCHOBaHH5I TOqKa' 3peHHH, COfJIaCHO KOTOpOH
TpaKToBKa YCTaHoBKH B IIOHHMaHHH . H. Y3Ha,a3e KaK nCHXOJIOrHqeCKO-
ro nOHHTHH oecco3HateJlbHOrO Oy,aTO ObI ,aeJIaeT nOHSlTHe YCTaHoBKH JlHill-
HHM ,nJlSl nCHXOJlOrHH KaK OO'bSlCHSI IIJ.eH HaYKH.
SET AS THE UNCONSCIOUS B'ASIS OF MENTAL REFLECTION
A. S. PRANGISHVILI
The D. N. Uznadze Institute of P5ychology, Tbilisi
SUMMARY
Materialistic psychology must start its research with the study of the
subjecf of activi ty. The statement of the problem of the integral subject of
activity raises the question of the way of the mental organization of the indi-
vidual. Set as an integral structure with permanent characteristics erves as
22
the overall constitutive factor of the individual's mental organization. Be-
ing a systems specificity of the individual, set emerges as a factor of non-en-
tropic order. The individual is a subject of activity inasmuch as he/she be-
-comes organized not at the very moment of activity but is prepared for it in'
advance. At the same time, set-as a system of mental organization-is not
available to the subject immediately as a fact of conscious experiences. In
each discrete instance of the individual's activity his set undergoes a defin-
ite modification that does not assume forms characteristic of the content of
consciousness. However, set is continuously adjusted on the basis of the feed-
back information arriving as the resul t of the activi ty of consciousness oc-
,curring on the plane of objectification. This is how,the synergy of the uncon-
scious and conscious forms of mental reflection are visualized in the light of
the theory of set. The nature of mental reflection should certainly not be
identified with the conscious process of cognition.
..JII1TEPATYPA
1. MAPI(C 1(. II 3HrEJlbC <P., COq., T. 39, M., 1966.
2. MAPI\C K. H 3HrEJlbC <P., HeMeIJ,KaSI H]J;eOJIOrHSI, COq., T. 3, M., 1955.
3. ABY.llbXAHOBA-CJlABCI(A5I 1(. A., CooTHoIlIeHHe HH)J.HpH:)J.yaJIbHOrO H oow.eCTBeHHOrO
KaK MeTO;\OJIOrHqeCKHH npHHIJ,Hrr rrCHXOJIOrHH JIHqHOCTH. B C6.: TeOpeTHqeCKHe rrp06-
JIeMbI nCHXOJIOrHH JIHqHOCTH, M., 1974.
4. ABYJlbXAHOBA-CJlABCI\A5I K. A., Cyw.ecTByeT JIH )J.JI5I nCHXOJIOrHH np06JIeMa HH,lJ;HBH-
)J.a? BorrpocbI <pHJJOCO<pHH, 1972, N2 7.
5. BACCI1H <P. B., nPAHrI1IIlBI1J1I1 A. C., IIlEP03I15I A. E., 0 nepcneKTHBax ,lJ;aJIbHeH-
IlIero pa3BHTH51 HaYIIHbIX HCCJIe)J.oBaHHH B nCHXOJIorHH (K npOOJIeMe oecC03HaTeJIbHOrO
H co6CTBeHHO nCHXOJIOrHQeCKOH 3aKoHoMepHocTH). BonpocbI nCHXOJIOfHH, 1979, 5.
6. BECC03HATE,rIbHOE: DPVlPOLI.A, <pYHKLU1I1, l\1ETO,IlbI VlCCJIE,QOBAHI15I, T.T.
I-III, T6., MeIJ,HHepe6a, 1978.
7. J1EOHTbEB A. H., JJ.e51TeJIbHO Tb, C03HaHHe, JIHqHOCTb, M., 1975.
8. np AHrI1IIIBI1J1I1 A. C., I1CCJIe)J.oBaHHSI no nCHXOJIOrHH YCTaHOBKH, To., 1967.
9. :pYBI1HIIlTEfIH C. JI., BbITHe H c03HaHHe; M., 1975.
4 O. Y3HA 3E .n. H., 3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHbIe OCHOBbI nCHXOJIOrHH YCTaHOBKH, To.. 1968.
23
BECC03HATEJIbHOE " YCTAHOBKA
B. B. fPMrOJIABA
MHCTHTYT nCHXOJIOrHH HM. ,Q. H. Y3Ha,lt3e
AH fpY3HHCKOH CCP, T6HJUICH
CHMn03HYM no np06JIeMe 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHtIeCKOrO, COCT05lB-
IlIHHCH B T6HJIHCH B OKT.H6pe 1979 rO,lJ.a, - 9TanHoe SlBJIeHHe B HCTOpHH>
cOBeTcKoH nCHXOJIOfHH, H 9TO, HeCOMHeHHO, 3aCJIyra opraHH3aTopoB CHM-
n03HYMa - A. C. I1paHrHIllBHJIH, <P. B. I3accHHp, A. E. lIlep03H5I.
Ha 9TOM cHMn03HYMe, MaTepHaJIbI KOToporo ony6JIHKOBaHbI B Tpex
<PYH,aaMeHTaJIbHbIX TOMax MOHorpa<pHH (Ha PYCCKOM, aHrJIHHCKOM, HeMeII.- .
ROM H cppaHII.Y3CKOM H3bIKax), ,6bIJIH npe,lJ.CTaBJleHbI nOtITH Bce CYIl(eCTBY-
IOJ.[(He B 3apy6eLKHoM H COBeTCKOH nCHXOJIOrHH B3rJI5I,ZJ.bI Ha 6eCC03HaTeJIb-
Hoe nCHXHQeCKoe.
113BecTHo, liTO 06bltIHO CTOpOHHHKH TOM HJIH HHOH TeopHH npHrJIaIlla-
IOT Ha HayqHble cpOPYMbI TOJIbKO Tex, KTO B npHHnHne COrJIaCeH C HHMIf
XOTH 6bI no OCHOBHbIM BonpocaM. OpraHH3aTopbI CHMn03HYMa He I10IllJIH
no 9TOMY nYTH. B TpeXTOMHOH MOHorpa<pHH rrpe,aCTaBJIeHbI He TOJIbKO Te
B3rJI5I,lJ.bI H TeopHH, KOTopbIe nbITalOTCH 060CHOBaTb 3aKOHHOCTb 6eCC03Ha-
TeJlbHOrO nCHXHqeCKOrO B nCHXOJIOrHH, HO H pa,lJ.HKaJlbHO npOTHBOnOJIO)K-
HbIe MHeHH5I. B aTOM CMbICJIe T6HJIHCCKHH cpOPYM MO)KHO npH3HaTb,
YHHKaJIbHbIM. B pa60Te CHMn03HYMa npHH5IJIH yqaCTHe CBbIIlle 70 H3BeCT-
HbIX yqeHbIX H3 16 3apy6e)KHbIX cTpaH H 166 rrpe,acTaBHTeJIeH pa3JIHQHbIX
06JIaCTeH COBeTCKOH HaYKH.
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oeCC03HaTeJIbHOe nCHXHtIeCKOe CTaJIO npe,ZJ.MeTOM CTOJIb lIII1pOKOrO 06CYLK-
,neHH5I B Me)K,ZJ.YHapo,aHoM MacIllTa6e. OpraHH3aII.HH cHMn03HYMa, HeCOM-
HeHHo, 6bIJla nOJIe3HbIM ,ZJ.eJIOM, H MOLKHO C YBepeHHocTbIO cKa3aTb, 1.ITO,.
OJIarO,ZJ.apH eMY, COBeTCKaH nCHXOJIOrH5I B HaCT05lruee BpeMH CTaJIa Me)K-
,nYHapo)J.HbIM II.eHTpOM HCCJIe,noBaHHH aToH <!JYH,aaMeHTaJIbHOH np06JIeMbI.
Be3YCJIOBHO, opraHH3aTopaM cpopYMa npHIIIJIOCb HMeTb )LeJIo C BeCb-
Ma MHoroo6pa3HbIM MaTepHaJIOM, H ,lJ.JI5I npHBe,lJ.eHHH ero B rrOp5I,aOK no-
Tpe60BaJlaCb MHOrOJIeTH5I5I KpOnOTJIHBa51 pa60Ta, HO OHH C tIeCTbIO cnpa-
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TaJIOCb Hepa3peIlleHHbIM HJIH He )J.O KOHna HCHbIM, HO B II.eJIOM CHMn03HYM
nOJIHOCTbIO onpaB,aaJI u.eJIH, HaMelleHHbIe ero opraHH3aTopaMH. MOLKHO C"
YBepeHHOCTbIO CKa3aTb, tITO MaTepHaJIbI CHMn03HYMa, HeCOMHeHHO, BOH)J.YT
B 30JIOTOH <pOH,a COBeTCKOM nCHXOJIOrHH.
npOOJleMa" 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHtIeCKOro - o,nHa H3 caMbIX CJIO)K-
HbIX H Tpy,u.Hopa3peIllHMbIX np06JIeM B nCHXOJIOrHH. CJIe,lJ.yeT CKa3aTb, tITO,.
HeCMOTp.H Ha BHYTpeHHlO1O rrpOT"HBOpetIHBOCTb ytIeHH.H cI>peH,lJ.a, B HeM, 6e3-
YCJIOBHO, eCTb TO palI.HOHaJlbHOe 3epHO, KOTopoe, nO-BH)J.HMOMY, ,lJ.OJILKHa
HCnOJIb30BaTb HaYtIHa5I nCHXOJIOrHSI, tITO eIl(e B 40-e rO,lJ.bI oco60 no,aqep-
KHBaJi ,[l. H. Y 3Ha,a3e.
B ,naHHOH pa60Te MbI nOnbITaJIHCb paCCMOTpeTb rrpOOJIeMY 6eCC03Ha-
24
TeJIbHOrO nCHXHQeCKOrO C n03HnHH J1.. H. Y3Ha,l(3e H nOCTapaJIHCb ocae-
THTb OT,[{eJIbHbIe BonpOCbI, KOTopble, no HaweMY MHeHHIO, He 6bIJIH pellIe-
HbI Ha CHMn03HYMe. HaCKOJIbKO HaM YAaJIOCb BbIDOJIHHTb XOTH 6bI qaCTfP'}-
HO 3TY TPYJ1HYIO 3a,L(aQy, CYJlHTb He HaM.
ITo MHeHHIO B. BYHATa, HCTOpHH nCMXOJIOrHH Y./Ke MHHOBaJIa TOT
STan, Kor)ta YTBepJK,lJ.aJlH, qTO «nOHSlTHe nCHXHIIeCKOrO cpaKTa II <paRT CO-
3HaHH5I no HX co,aepJKaHHlO nOJlHOCTblO COBna)(aIOT» [22, 140]. 3a 3THM
nOCJle,lJ.OBana cOBeprneHHo npoTHBOnOJlOLKHa51 peaK H5I B 6YPJKya3HoH nCll-
XOJIOrHH, a IIMeHHO, 6HxeBHOpHCTHqeCKaH nCHXOJIOrHH, KOTopaH Boo6lll.e
OTpH aJIa C03HaHHe, nO,lJ.MeHHB ero nOHSlTHeM 06'beKTHBHoro IIOBe)(eHH5I,
no,n KOTOpbIM IIoJJ.pa3YMeBa1OTcH HJIH <pH3HOJlOrntIeCKHe npOII.eCCbI t HJlH ne-
nOCTHble .lteHcTBHH cy6'beKTa, HMeIOl.I(He onpe,l(eJleHHbIM eJleBOH CMbICJI
[ 10] .
COBceM nO-,lI.pyroMY IIO,lI.OrneJI K KpHTHKe HHTpocneK HoHH3Ma T. H.
nCHXOaHaJlH3 (rrcHXOJIOrH5I 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoro).
«OTKpbIToe» 3. peH,lJ.OM 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe M02KHO CqHTaTb BTOpbIM
cepbe3HbIM HacTYIIJleHHeM, npe,ll.IIpHH5ITbIM IIpOTHB C03HaHH5I B nCHXOJIO-
rUM. COrJIaCHO TeopHH rrCHXOaHaJIH3a, «6eCC03HaTeJlbHOMY» npHllHCbIBa-
JIOCb TaKoe «,[(HHaMHqeCKoe», ,aBHlKymee IIOBe,lI.eHHeM 3HaQeHHe, lITO pH,lI.OM
C HHM C03HaHHe BblrJlH,lI.eJIO IIOqTH KaK 3IIHcpeHOMeH.
MHorHe aBTopbI OTMeTHJlH rrpOTHBOpetIHH, co,nep)l{ailUieCH B yqeHHH
<l>peH a. ,IX. H.. Y 3HaJ{3e IIpOTHBonOCTaBHJI <ppeHJI.OBCKOMY «6eCC03HaTeJlb-
HOMY IICHXHqeCKOMY» CBOIO KOHl.(enII.HlO, r,l(e OH npeo,l:loJIeJI npOTliBOpeQHH,
Hepa3peIIlHMbIe B paMKax TeopHH cppeHJ(a.
KaK IIHIlleT ,[{. H. Y3Ha,n3e, C TOQKH 3peHHH Tpa,1J.HlI.MOHHOH nCHXOJIOrHH,
«Bce MHoroo6pa3He 51BJIeHHH Hallleii IICHXHqeCKOH )KH3HH, B OCHOBHOM,
paCrra,l:{aeTCH Ha TPH OTJIHqaIOIIlHeCH ,apyr OT ,l(pyra rpyrrnbI: n03HaHHe
qYBCTBO H BOJlH... Cy6'beKT, nepeMHBalOiliJIH KaKoH-HH6Y,l(b rr03HaBaTeJIb-
HbIM: aKT HJIM KaKoe-HH6YJ{b .9MOIl}IOHaJIbHOe cO,Qep2KaHHe HJIH COBeprnalO-
IUHH KaKOH-JIH60 BOJIeBOH nocTyrroK, COilpOB02K,naeT Bce 3TH nepeLKHBaHH5I
onpe,QeJIeHHbIMH aKTaMH, ,l.leJIaIOI.I.I.MMH HX BilOJIHe C03HaTeJlbHbIMH IICHXH-
qeCKHMH co,[(ep2KaHH5IMH. C 3TOM TOqKH 3peHH5I, HeT COMHeHll5I, qTO nCHXHKa
H C03H8HIIe BrrOJIHe IIOKpbIBaIOT .npyr ,L(pyra: Bce nCHXHlIeCKOe C03HaTeJlb-
HO, Ii TO, qTO C03HaTeJIbHO, HBJI5IeTCH no He06xo.nHMOCTH 11 IICHXHQeCKHM>
[12, 135].
npH TaKOM nOHHM3HHH nCHXHKH, no MHeHHIO ,Q. H. Y3Ha,lI.3e, nCHXH-
Ka qeTKO oTrpaHHqHBaeTCH OT Bcero Toro, tITO nHweHO C03HaHHH, II Tor.na
cOBepIlleHHo HenOHHTeH Bonpoc 0 pa3BHTHH rrCHXHKH: eCJlH npe,lJ.nOJlO}KHTb,.
'liTO nCHXHtIeCKaH ,neHTeJlbHOCTb orpaHH:qHBaeTCH TOJIbKO C03H3HHelA, TO
CJle yeT J(YMaTb, QTO nCliXHKa Boo6IIle pe3KO OTJIHQaeTC5I OT OCTaJIbHOrO
>KHBOrO MHpa Ii o6pa3yeT caMOCT05lTeJIbHYIO, He3aBHCHMYIO, coaeprneHHO
3aMKHYTYIO ccpepy ,l(eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH B BH]J.e C03HaHHSI.
KaK MbI 3HaeM, H3BeCTHO H ,Qpyroe HanpaBJIeHHe, KOTopoe no cymecT-
BY HHaqe pellIaeT 3TOT Borrpoc. COfJlaCHO 3TOMY HarrpaBJIeHHIO, HalIla Jl.y-
llIeBHaH .>KH3Hb BOBce He HCQeprrbIBaeTC5I C03HaHHeM. Ha060pOT, C03Ha-
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CKOH aKTHBHOCTH qeJlOBeKa, KOTOpOH ynpaBJlHIOT HMeHHO «6eCC03HaTeJIb-
Hble» rrCHXHqeCKHe HBJIeHHH.
MOJKHO IIo,aYMaTb, qTO nCHXHKa, COrJlaCHO 3TOH KOHII.eIIII.HH, npOXO HT.
,nBe cTyrreHH pa3BHTHH, H3 KOTOpbIX nepBaH HBJl5IeTCH cTyrreHblO «6ecco-
3HaTeJIbHoro», a CJIe,lJ.YIOIlI.aH - cTyneHbIO C03HaTeJlbHOH ,ayrneBHOH: aKTHB-
HOCTH. OJl.HaKO, CTOpOHHHKH YKa3aHHoro HarrpaBJIeHHH - rrCHXOaHaJIH3a-
paCCYJK,l(aIOT HHaqe. no MHeHHIO caMoro BH,lJ.HOro rrpe,lJ.CTaBHTeJlH 3Toro Ha-
npaBJleHH5I 3. <l>peii,aa, ccpepbl C03HaTeJlbHOrO H 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO HHKaK
HeJIb3 npe,aCTaBHTb KaK 3TanbI pa3BHTHH. npaBJl.a, eCTb CJIyqaH, Kor,aa
KaKoe-HH6YJl.b nCHXHQeCKOe COCTOHHHe H3 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO nepeXO,l(HT R
C03HaTeJIbHOe, HO Hepe,lI.KH HBJIeHHH, KOr,lJ.a rrpoHcxoAHT 06paTHoe: C03Ha-
25
TeJIbHbIH po ecc nepeXOAHT B 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIH, II 3TO 06CTOHTeJlbCTBO
lIaCTO JIO)KHTCH B OCHOBY nCHXHIIeCKHX 3a60JIeBaHHH lIeJIOBeKa [14].
,LLonycTHM, Y qeJlOBeKa B03HHKJIO )KeJIaHHe, KOTopoe OH AJIH ce6H CtlH-
TaeT rrOCTbIAHbIM. COrJlaCHO YtleHHIO peH,aa, JlHqHOCTb H3rOHHeT TaKoe
)l{eJIaHH H3 CBoero C03HaHH.H, 6YATO 3a6bIBaeT ero. Ha caMOM JKe ..neJIe
"3TO )KeJIaHHe He HaBcer,aa H3rOHHeTCH, He OKOHqaTeJIbHO 3a6bIBaeTCH, HO
II e p e x 0 ,n H T B 6 e C C 0 3 HaT e JI b Hoe H TaM IIpo,aOJI)KaeT CBOIO aKTHB-
HOCTb, qaCTO 60JIee CHJIbHYIO, qeM 3TO MOrJIO 6bITb B C03HaTeJlbHbIX YCJIO"
BHHX, MeLKAY TeM cy6'beKT 0 ero cymecTBoBaHHH HHqero He 3HaeT.
LITO rrpOHcXOAHT C 3THM BbITeCHeHHbIM «6eCC03HaTeJlbHbIM> IICHXHqe-
CKHM nepelKHBaHHeM, Kor,na OHO nepeXOJ(HT B C03HaTeJIbHOe COCTOHHHe?
'OTBeT <I>peH..na HceH: KaK TOJIbKO 3TO :JKeJIaHHe CTaHOBHTCH C03HaTeJIbHbIM,
,OHO J(JIH cy6'beKTa ,aeJIaeTCH 0 6 bI K HOB e H H bI M C 0 3 HaT e JI b H hI M
)K e JI a H HeM, qTO Be,aeT K OCBo60)K,aeHHIO cy6'be,KTa OT rHeTyw.ero B03-
,aeHCTBliH «6eCC03HaTeJIbHoro», BbI3BaBillero IICHXHQeCKOe HapYlIIeHHe JlHq-
HOCTR. «DCHXOJIOrHH 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO onpeJ(eJIHeT 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOe ,ay..
'rneBHoe COCTOHHHe JIHIllb OTpH aTeJIbHO, T. e. KaK ,nYII1eBHOe COCT05IHHe,
..JIHII1eHHOe C03HaTeJlbHOCTH, KaK 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe ,lI.YIlleBHoe COCT05IHHe...
nCHXOJIOrHH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO 0603HaQaeT npOueCCbI... JIHllIb KaK HeqTO
6eCC03HaTeJIbHoe. qTO KacaeTCH ero nOJIOLKHTeJIbHOH xapaKTepHCTHKH, TO
TaKOH IIOIIbITKH... He BCTpeIIaeTCH BOBce, rrOTOMY, qTO 3TOH B03MOMHOCTH
Y Hee BOOOIII.e HeT» [13, 9]. .
BbIXO,lI.lfT" qTO 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe ,[(0 ero «H3rHaHHH»» B 6eCC03HaTeJIb-
Hoe H rrOCJIe B03BpaIII.eHHH B C03HaHHe HBJIHeTCH O,aHHM Ii TeM )Ke, a B
KaKOH cpopMe OHO IIpOJ(OJl)KaeT CBoe cyrnecTBoBaHHe TaM, B 6eCC03Ha..
TeJIbHOM COCTOHHHH, 06 3TOM HHIIerO He CKa3aHO.
3TY Tpy,aHOCTb lIYBCTByeT Ii caM <1>peH,[(, Kor,lI.a CTapaeTCH ,aOKa3aTb
'CYIlI.eCTBOBaHHe 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO rrCHXHqeC Oro no aHaJIOrHH. TaK, OH ro..
BOpHT: nCHXHlIeCKHe IIpOIl.eCCbI, npOTeKaIOmHe B ,apyrHx JIIO,lIJIX, HaM He
,aaHbI Henocpe,aCTBeHHO, HO, HeCMOTpSI Ha 3TO, no nOBe,l(eHHIO ApyrHx JIIO-
,aeH MbI 3aKJIIOIIaeM 06 HX nCHXHlIeCKHX COCTOSIHHHX. ECJIH qeJIOBeK 6JIe,lI.-
HeeT H y Hero ,apOlKaT PYKH, HanpHraeTCSI JIHIl.O, TO MbI 3HaeM, lITO OH HC"
nbITbIBaeT CTpax, a eCJIH OH CMeeTCH, MbI 3HaeM, lITO OH pa,ayeTcH H T. )1,.
<CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO, no <1>peHAY, HeCMOTpH Ha TO, qTO TO HJIH HHoe nCHXHqeJ"
'CKoe COCTOHHHe ,apyroro lIeJlOBeKa HaM He ,aaHO, T. e. OHO 6eCC03HaTeJlbHO,
MbI Bce LKe 3HaeM 0 TOM, KaKOBO ero nCHXHqeCKOe COCTOHHHe.
nOA06HaH aprYMeHTaIl.HH JIHIlleHa CTporOH HaYlIHOH OCHOBbl. CJIe,lI.Y"
eT OTMeTHTb, lITO nOHHMaHHe qY2Koro nCHXHIIeCKOrO CqCTOHHHH npOHCXO,lJ.HT
"He no. YM03aKJllOqeHHIO no aHaJIOrHH, KaK 3TO YTBep)K,l(aIOT <1>peH,a H HeKO-
Topble ,apyrHe nCHXOJlOrH, a Ha OCHOBe HeKOTopbIX BpO)K,aeHHbIX MexaHH3-
MOB, KaKOBbIMH, HanpHMep, HBJlHIOTCH CMex npH YAOBOJlbCTBHH flJIH nJIaq
rrpH HeYAOBOJlbCTBHH. 4TO 3TOT MexaHH3M (cnoc06HOCTb) BpO)K,aeHHbIH,
-BH,aHO H3 npOCToro Ha6J1IO,neHHH: pe6eHOK, rrOKa eIII.e He 06JIa,aaIOIIlJIH crro-
C06HOCTbIO YM03aKJlIOqeHHSI no' aHaJIOrHH, BOCIIpHHHMaSI tJY*yIO MHMHKY
HJlH )KeCT, npeKpaCHO nOHHMaeT, Kor,na ero JIaCKaIOT H KOr,lJ.a ynpeKaIOT.
Ern.e 60JIee y6e,aHTeJIbHble ,nO BO,lI.bI npHBoAHT 0: K. AHOXHH: «B TelIe-
HHe 15 JIeT MOH COTPy,aHHKH II3YQaIOT *HBOH nJlO,lJ. qeJlOBeKa, HalIHHaSI C
'TpeXMeCHIIHOrO B03pacTa, li3DHTbIH no pa3JIHlIHbIM Me,aHIl.HHCKHM nOKa3a-
HHHM. Kor,aa MbI CMOTpHM Ha nHTHMeCHqHOe cYIlI.ecTBO, nOMeIlI.aIOIII.eecSI
Ha Jla,nOHH If BeCHI.Uee Bcero JIHII1b 500-600 r. H Y)Ke HMeIOIII.ee 06pa3 qe-
..nOBeKa, TO Tpy,aHO OT,lJ.eJIaTbCH OT BneqaTJIeHHH, QTO 3TO IIeJIOBeK. 3TO cy-
III.ecTBo BbIpa2KaeT cBoeH MHMHKOH a6COJllOTHOe HeY,l(oBOJlbCTBHe, lITO ero
BbIHYJIH, nJlaqeT H BCXJIHnbIBaeT, BbIpa2KaSI Bce CneIl.H<pHqeCKHe lIepTbI He-
y,aOBOJlbCTBHSI H 06H,abI. B03HHKaeT Borrpoc: KaK HMHKa, CneIl.H<pHIIeCKH
qeJIOBeqeCKOe KaqeCTBO, MOrJla nepe,aaTbCH B reHoTlill, H,aTH 1Jepe3 Bce CTa-
..1UIH OHToreHe3a H CTaTb BnOCJIe,ncTBHe MHMHKOH B3pOCJlOro lIeJlOBeKa?
113yqaH B3pOCJIbIX JlIOAeii, pOLK,neHHbIX CJIenhIMH II CTaBllIHX nOTOM
:26
TJIYXOHeMbIMH, 51 CMor 3aMeTHTb, tITO HX MHMHKa OTHIO,llb He OCTaeTCSI ,neT-
,CKoit OHa BeCbMa a,aeKBaTHO OTpaLKaeT ypOBeHb nepe)KHBaHHH, XOTSI, KO-
HetIHO, H He HMeeT nOJlHOH Bblpa3HTeJIbHOCTH. H6 Be,ab 9TH JIIO,llH He ,Mor-
JIM rrpH06peCTH MHMHKY, 6JIarO,lJ.apH nO,lJ.palKaHMIO. OTKY,lI,a OHa Y HHX?:'
[I, 301-302].
BbIllie MbI OTMetIaJIH, qTO, COrJlaCHO KOHII,ennHH <1>peH,lla, 6eCC03HaTeJIb-
Hoe lKeJlaHHe H ,lJ.0 CBoero 06pa30BaHH5I, T. e. ,ao Toro, KaK OHO CT3HeT 6ec-
C03HaTeJlbHbIM, H nocJle Toro, KaK oCBo60lK,l(aeTCH OT 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO
COCT05lHHH, HBJIHeTC5I 0'6 bI K HOB e H H bI M CO 3 HaT e JI b H bI MITe p e-
}K H B a 'H HeM H COBepllIeHHO He MeH5IeTC5I no CBoeMY CO,lI.epLKaHHIO. no
3TOMY Bonpocy ,lI,pyroro MHeHHH npH,lJ.epLKHBaeTCH B. JI. KaKa6aJ{3e: «MbI
'CqHTaeM JIHllieHHblM OCHOBaHHH Te3HC: )1.Jl5I 3. <PpeH,lI.a 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe-
TaKoe nCHXHqeCKOe, KOTopoe nocJle BbITeCHeHHH H3 C03HaHHSI He Tep5leT
-cB5I3H C C03HaHHeM, BepHee, cpOPMY C03HaHH5I. DOJI02KeHHe ,aeJIa y <I>peH-
,l(a KaK pa3 He TaKOBO: 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOe SlBJlHeTCH H TaKHM nCHXHqeCKHM,
KOTopoe 3a npe,lJ.eJlaMM C03HaHH5I 06JI ,l1.aeT opMofi C03HaHHH, HM.TaKHM,
KaKoe caMO no ce6e 06HapY2KHBaeTCH B npe,aeJlax C03HaHHSI» [3, 69].
ECJlH paCCl\1aTpHBaTb Bonpoc no CyrneCTBY, TO 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe, no
3. <Ppeii,ay, SIBJlSIeTCH HHqeM HHbIM, KaK c03HaTeJlb bIM, H3MeHHBllIHM «Me-
CTOHaXO)l{,aeHHe», «qTO lKe KaCaeTC5I HX caMHX, TO BHYTpeHH5I5I npHpo,na H
CTpYKTypa HX OCTaIOTC5I . B 060HX cJlyqaSIX o,nHHaKOBbIMH» [12, 178].
ECJlH 6bI 3TO 6bIJIO He TaK., eC,JIH 6bl 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOe no CBoeMY CO-
,aep)KaHHIO OTJIHqaJIOCb OT C03HaTeJlbHOro, TO nCHxoaHaJlH3Y HHKaK He
y,aaJIOCb 6bI npUMeHHTb KOHII,enII,HIO CPpeif,aa Ha npaKTHKe: nCIIXOaHaJIHTIIK,
COrJIaCHO <PpeH,ay, H3JIeqMBaeT nCHXHqeCKOe 3a60JIeBaHHe TeM, qTO ,aaHHoe
B 6eCCO HaTeJIbHOM B BH,lJ.e BWTeCHeHHorO LKeJlaHH5I npOBO,lJ.HT B C03HaHHe
60JIbHOrO, oCBo60LK,aaH 9THM nanHeHTa OT pa3pYIllaIOIII.erO nCHXH eCKoro
B03,lI.enCTBHH LKeJIaHH5I, BbITeCHeHHoro B 6eCC03HareJlbHOe, «B cym:eCTBO-
BaHHH KOToporo MbI y6e)K,lJ.eHbI, XOT5I H He BocnpHHHMaeM e o C3MH» [17,
188]. q TO KaCaeTC5I npe,nynpeLK,aeHH5I <PpeH,aa, «qT06bI MbI He OT02K,neCT-
BJlHJIH BOCnpH5ITHe C03HaHHH C 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIM nCHXHqeCKIIM npou.ec-
COM» r 17, 188], HaM KaLKeTCH, qTO OH HMeJI B BH,ny He pa3JIHQHe B HX co..
.neplliaHHHX, a pa3J1HtIHe B CTeneHH 06JIa,aaHHSI nCHXHqeCKOH CHJIOH - 6ec-
C03HaTeJlbHOe ropa3,a0 CHJlbHee no CBoeMY B03,L(eiicTBHIO Ha cy6'beKT, qeM
C03H a TeJIbHoe.
ECJlH 6bl 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe no cBoeMY cO ep)KaHHID 6bIJlO qeM-TO
RHbIM, qeM c03HaTeJIbHOe, 6bIJlO 6bI npHHnHnHaJIbHO HeB03MOMHO ero B03-
BpameHHe B C03HaHHe H .9THM caMbIM H3J1eqeHHe cy6'beKTa. LLeH3YPY, KO-
TopaH TaK cKpbIBaeT co,aepLKaHHe cHOBH,l1.eHHH, tITO TPY,lI.HO ero o6Hapy-
:>KHTb, <I>peHJI. paccMaTpHBaeT no aHaJlOrHH C )I,eHTeJIbHOCTbIO IIIBeiiu.a{)CKOH
nOJlHl(MM: «KOMMCCHH (T. e. nOJIHl(HH - B. f.), Ha3HaqeHMe KOTOpbIX oxpa-
HHTb rpaHHu.bI, B 9TOM OTHOllIeHMM xHTpee... B nOHCKax ,aOKYMeHTOB II Ha-
6pOCKOB ITJlaHOB OHH He ,nOBOJlbCTBYIOTC5I TeM, qTO OCMaTpHBaIDT ITanKH H
KapMaHbI, a npHHHMaIOT BO BHHMaHHe TaKLKe H B03MO)KHOCTb, qTO llIfiHO-
HbI 11 nepe6eLKQMKH MorYT cnpHTaTb TaKHe 3anpemeHHble BelUH B caMbIX
COKpOBeHHblX MeCTax CBoeM OJI.e}KJI.bl, r,ae HM, 6e3YCJIOBHO, He MeCTO, Ha-
npMMep, Me}K,lJ,y JI.BOHHbIMH nO,lI.OIlIBaMH canor» [14, 242]. 3Ta aHaJlOrHH,
npHBeLleHHa51 <PpeHJLOM, YKa3bIBaeT HMeHHO Ha TO, QTO 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe
no CBoeMY co,aepLKaHHIO H,aeHTHqHO C03HaTeJlbHOMY, TOJIbKO OHO CKpbITO
(HanpH ep, B CHOBH,neHHH), lITO 06HapY}KMTb ero Tpy,aHO, XOT5I He HeB03-
MOLKHO.
KaK H BeCTHO, OLlHHM H3 OCHOBHbIX cpe,l(CTB 06HapYlKeHH5I 6eCC03HaTeJlb-
Horo nCHXHqeCKOrO ,aJlH nCHXOaHaJlHTHKa 51BJI5IeTC5I CHOBH.l(eHMe. He CJIY-
qaHHO <PpeHJI. cpaBHHBaeT CHOBH,neHHe C ,apeBHHMH H3bIKaMH, KOTopble HeJIb-
351 nOHHTb, OCHOBbIBa5lCb Ha COBp;eMeHHOH rpaMMaTHKe. «KHTa,ifcK.tHH... 513bIK
COCTOHT, TaK CKa3aTb, H3 o,aHoro TOJlbKO Cblporo MaTepHaJIa,.no.n06HO TOMY,
KaK H3bIK, KOTOpbIM Mbl BbIpa:>KaeM HaWII MbICJIH, OJlaro,napH YCTpaHeHHIO
27
BbIpa)KeHHSI OTHOllIeHMH,. pa3JIaraeTC5I pa60TOM CHOBHj.\eHIl5I Ha Cb1pOH Ma-
TepHaJI. B KHTaHCKOM H3bIKe BO Bcex Tex CJIYQa5lX, KOr)(a HMeeTCH Heonpe..
.u.eJIeUHOCTb, BbI60p npe,n:OCTaBJIHeTCSI nOHIIMaHHIO CJIymaTeJISI, KOTOpbIH
npH aTOM PYKOBo,n:CTByeTcSI 06 HM CMbICJIOM» [14, 241-242]. «MbI }J.OJI-
)KHhI, O,l(HaKO, C03HaTbCH, - npo,lLOJl)KaeT <I>pefl,a, - B CHCTeMe Bb1palKeHHH
CHOBH,lI.eHH5I nOJlO)KeHHe rOpa3,lLo MeHee oJIarOnpHSITHo, IIeM BO Bcex 3THX
,apeBHHX H3WKax H rrHCbMeHax. B OCHOBe eBoeM 3TH 513WKll npe Ha3Haqa-
IOTCSI ,aJIH o6MeHa MbICJIeH, T. e. paCCQIITaHbI H3 TO, tITo6bI KaKHMH 6bI TO
HH 6wJlO nYTHMH 6WTb nOHHTHMMH rrpH nOMomH KaKHX 6w TO AU 6@JIO
cpeJ(CTB. Ho KaK pa3 Y CHOBH,aeHHH HeT aTOM oc06eHHOCTH. C HOB H,n e- .
H H e Hex 0 q e T H H K 0 M Y H H q e roc 0 0 6 lIt Ii T b, 0 H 0 H e 51 B-
JIHeTCH cpe,llCTBOM co06rneHHH MbICJIeH, Hao(5opoT,OHO
paCCqHTaHO Ha TO, llT06bI OCTaBaTbCH HenOH5ITHbIM» [14, 242].
3TY rrpocTpaHHYIO BblrrEcKY H3 JIeKII.HH <f>peH,lI.a Mbl npHBeJIH ,nJIH TO-
ro, QT06bI nOKa3aTb, KaKOM «rJly6HHHbIH xapaKTep» lIMeeT 6eCC03H3TeJIb-
Hoe <1>peff,aa II KaK CJIO)KHO 06HapYlKHTb ero cO,lJ.epmaHHe npll oopall1eHHH
K caMOMY apCeHaJlY nCHXOaHaJIHTHlleCKOrO BoopYlKeHHH.
COrJlaCHO <I>peM,n:y, TO, qTO rro CYI1I.eCTBY H3BeCTHO 0 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM
B rrCIIXOaHaJlH3e, nOJlyqeHO H3 HHTepnpeTaII,HH CHOBH,.QeHHH. <PaKT CHOBII-
,neHliSI ,L(Jl5I rrCHXOaHaJIH3a HMeeT He TOJlbKO pernaIOrnee 3HaQeHIIe KaK cpeJ(-
CTBO JlSI rro,axoJ(a K 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOMY rrCHXHqeCKOMY, HO OH 51B HeTCH H
rrp06HbIM KaMHeM ,lJ.Jl5I TeopHH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO rrCMXHqeCKoro.
t.JTO H3 ce6H rrpe,aCTaBJlHeT 6eCC03HaTeJlbHaH IICHxHKa?
OTBeT <f>peM,aa Ha 3TOT Borrpoc HceH: oeCC03HaTeJIbHaH rrCHXHKa HB-
JIHeTCH nCHXHKOH, c Y Il\ e C T B Y 10 II( e H H e 3 a B II C HMO 0 T C 0 3 H a-
H H 51 , a nCllXOaHaJIH3 - 3TO yqeHHe 0 He,n:ocTynHblx npHMOMY HaOJIIOJ(e-
HHID rJIy6oKo JIe)KaIUHX npOII,eccax. 11 <PpeM.lI. TYT 2Ke OTMeqaeT, tITO TICll-
XOaHaJIH3 HBJIHeTCH <PYH,aaMeHTOM ,n:JIH IICllXOJIOrHH ;r 17, 189].
50Jlee YMepeHHhIMH BblrJlH,L(HT B033peHHH T. JIMIIllca 0 npHpO,lle oec-
C03HaTeJlbHoro. OH, HanpHMep, rOBopHT, qTO CYIlI.eCTByeT )J.OBOJIbHO 60JIb-
lioe KOJIHqeCTBO nCHXHqeCKHX cpaKTOB, KOTopble He BocrrpHHHMalOTCH, HX
CYIlI.eCTBOBaHHe H C03HaHHe He nOKpbIBalOT ,l(Pyr ,n:pyra.
COrJlaCHO J1Hnrrcy, 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIH rrpOII,eCC MO)KHO Ha3BaTb JlyweB-
HbIM (rrCHXllqeCKHM) Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH, qTO OR Henocpe,n:CTBeHHO CBSl3aH
C co,aepLKaHHHMH C03HaHHH, II 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIe nCHXHqeCKHe npo eCCbI
He TOJlbKO cyrneCTBYIOT pHJI.OM C C03HaHHeM, HO II JlO)KaTCH B OCHOBY CO-
3HaTeJIbHbIX npOII,eCCOB H conYTCTBYIOT HM. no J1HIITICY, C03HaTeJIbHOe
(nCHXHqeCKoe) B03HHKaeT H3 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO M Ty,aa LKe B03BpalUaeT-
CH. BeCC03HaTeJIbHOe TaK )Ke CIIoc06HO OKa3aTb BJIHHHHe Ha CY01>eKT,
KaK II C03HaTeJlbHOe [20, 30]. B pa6oTe, ony6JIHKOBaHHoH n03,lJ.Hee, JIlIIIrrc
pa3BHBaeT 60JIee pa.LlHKaJlbHbIM B3rJIH,ll 0 3HaqeHHH oecc03HaTeJIbHOrO
nCHXHQeCKoro: no ero MHeHHIO, cpaKTopaMH nCHXHqeCKOH )KH3HM HBJIHIOTCSI
H e co J( e p LK a H H 51 co 3 H a H H 51, a 6 e ceo 3 HaT e JI b H bI e II C H X H-
II e C K Ii e n p 0 II. e C C b1. 3aJI.aqa nCHXOJlOrHH COCTOHT B TOM, lJT06bI H3
CBOHCTB COAep:>KaHHH C03HaHHH BbIBO,l(HTb 3aKJlIOqeHHH 0 rrpHpOJI.e 6ecco-
3HaTeJIbHbIX npOI(eCCOB. COBpeMeHHaH nCHXOJIOrHH, rOBopHT OH, SlBJIHeTCH
TeopneH nO,llOOHbIX npOII.eCCOB, O,lLHaKO OHa CKOpO y6e,lLHTCH B TOM, liTO
cyw:eCTBYIOT TaKHe, COBeprneHHO HHoro po,aa cBoe06pa3HH, KOTopble He
npe,nCTaBJleHbI B COOTBeTCTBYIO HX CO ep)KaHHHX C03HaHHH [19, 123].
no <l>peff,ay, Cyrn.eCTBYIOT TPH ccpepbI nCHXHqeCKoro: C03HaTeJIbHOe
npe,nco3HaTeJIbHOe H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHoe. Dpe,llC03HaTeJlbHOe <I>peHLl Ha3bI-
28
BaeT H nOT e H n Ii a JI b HOC 0 3 HaT e JI b H bI M, nOCKOJIbKY OHO OJIH3-
KO K C03HaTeJIbHOMY nCHX qeCKOMY. 3Ta OJIH30CTb, no <PpeM Y, 3aKJIIOQa-
€TCS B TOM, qTO OHO, (npeAC03HaTeJlbHoe) Mo eT npOHHKHYTb B C03HaHHe
6e3 BCHKHX npen5ITCTBHit ,QJI5I <l>peii a ,neiiCTBHTeJlbHbIM 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIM
lIBJISIeTCH BbITeCHeHHoe oeCC03HaTeJIbHOe, Hecnoc06Hoe BCTynHTb B C03Ha-
HHe co cBoeft eCTeCTBeHHOH npHpOAOH, H eCJIH OHO II BCTynaeT TY,lJ.a, TO
TOJIbKO KaK npe,l1CT3BHTeJIb BbITeCHeHHOH 6eCC03HaTeJIbH9H 'IICMXMKM (CHO-
BH,n:eHHe H T. 1(.).
MOlKHO C YBepeHHOCTbIO CKa3aTb, qTO <l>peMJ( rro,l{ npe,QC03HaTeJIbHbIM
no,npa3YMeBaeT TO, 1JTO B COBpeMeHHOH nCHXOJlOrHH B OCHOBHOM Ha3bIBaIOT
H eo C 0 3 H a H H bI M nCHXHlleCKHM. neCC03HaTeJIbHa5I nCHXHKa, no <l>peii-
y, He 5IBJIHeTC.H cTyneHbIO pa3BHTH5I nCHXMKM, CJIa6bIM C03HaHlleM, MHHH-
MYMOM C03HaHH5I Ii T. A. no ero MHeHHIO, rrCMXHKa 6ecc03HaTeJlbHa no-
CTOJIbKY, nOCKOJIbKY OHa CYlI.{eCTByeT oe3 C03HaHH5I. HeJIb3H npe,QCTaBHTb
nOJIO:>KeHHe Bemen TaK t 6Y,l(TO nepeXO,l( H3 C03HaTeJIbHOrO B 6eCC03HaTeJlb-
Hoe nCHXH1JeCKOe COCTOHT B CHH>KeHHH HHTeHCHBHOCTH. ECJIH ObI 3TO ObIJlO
TaK, TO HCKJIIOqaJICH Obi Bo06,Ill.e Bonpoc 0 BJlHHHHH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOH nCH-
XHKH Ha C03HaTeJIbHYIO [18, 242].
.aJIH <DpeH.Qa cOBepmeHHo HenpHeMJleMO MHeHHe, 6y,nTO JIaTeHTHa5I
MbICJIb HBJlHeTCH HeC03HaTeJlbHOH H3-3a cBoeH CJIa60CTH H OHa cpa3Y JKe
OC03HaeTCH, KaK TOJlbKO nOBbIwaeTCH ee HHTeHCHBHOCTb. Ha060poT, co-
rJI8CHO <PpeH,Z:(Y, cYIl(ecTBYIOT TaKHe JIaTeHTHbIe MbICJlH, KOTopbIe He MorYT
npOHHKHYTb B C03HaHHe, KaKHMH 6bI HHTeHCHBHbIMII OHM HH CTaJlH. BOJIee
Toro, oecc03HaTeJIbHOe nCHXHlIeCKoe, no <Ppeii.ny, nOTOMY HMeHHO H 51BJI5I-
€TCH oc06eHHo CHJIbHbIM (HanpHMep, BbITeCHeHHoe 6eCC03HaTeJlbHoe), liTO
OHO 6eCC03HaTeJlbHO [18, 408].
. BHeceHHe <:I>peH,l{OM B nCHXOJlOrHIO nOH5ITH5I 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO B on-
pe,neJIeHHOH Mepe CJIY>KHJIO [(eJlH YTBeplK,aeHHH npHH[(Hna HenpepbIBHoCTH
nCHXHtleCKOH l(eHCTBHTeJIbHOcTM. KaK H3BeCTHO, C TaKoH LKe u:eJlbIO J1eii6-
HHU: BHec B IICHXOJIOrMIO nOH5ITHe «MaJIOe BOCnpM5ITHe» .[5 J. ,«MaJIoe BOC-
npHHTHe», no MHeHHIO JIeH6HHu:a, BOcrrOJIH5IeT rrp06eJl, Kor a C03HaHHe He
no,aTBepJK)(aeT cpaKTa CYlI1.eCTBOBaHHSI rrCHXHKH B cy6'beKTe. TaKHM o6pa"
30M, ,ltJIH J1eii6HHna 6eCC03HaTeJIbHa5I nCHxHKa 5IBJlHeTCH cpaKTopOM, BOC-
nOJIHSlIOIIUIM Ii CB5I3bIBaroInHM <pparMeHTHOCTH C03HaTeJIbHOH nCHXMKH t Ii
eJ10CTHbIH II HerrpepbIBHbIH xapaKTep nCHXHKH 06eCneQHBaeTCSI Herrpe-
pbIBHOH nOCJle,l(OBaTeJIbHOCTbIO C03HaTeJIbHbIX Ii 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIX IICHXH-
qeCKHX COCTOSIHHH. BeCC03HaTeJIbHa5I nCHXHKa (T. H. «MaJlOe BOCnpH5ITHe»)
u
HBJlfleTC5I cTyneHbIO, HenOCpe,llCTBeHHO IIpe)(WeCTBYIOIl( H B03HHKHOBeHHIO
C03HaTeJlbHOH nCHXHKH. KpOMe Toro, rrpeKpameHHe C03HaTeJIbHOH nCHXH-
KH 03HaQaeT He ee nHKBHAa[(HIO, a nepexoA B oecC03HaTeJIbHOe nCHXHQe-
CKoe COCTORHHe.
,[(OCTOHHO BHHMaHHH TO 06CTOHTeJlbCTBO, llTO I1CHXHKa, nepeIlIe,Z:lllla5I
B 6eCC03H8TeJIbHOe, ,ltJIH JIefi6HHna HBJIHeTC5I He lleM-TO «rJly6HHHbIM»,
KaK 3TO y cI>peH):(a, a I1pOCTO npo,nOJI)KaeT CBoe CYIII.eCTBOBaHHe B BHJl.e OC-
JIa6JIeHHOrO C03HaTeJIbHOrO, T. H. «MaJIOrO BOCnpH5ITHH».
tJTO 03HaQaeT nOHHMaHHe TaKHM 06pa30M 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO HJIH
«M aJI oro Bocrrp H5ITH5I» ?
TIo TeopHH,Ll. H. Y3Ha,l(3e [12, 247-257], nocpe cTBoM aKTa 06'b-
e K T H B a II. II II cy6'beKT nOBTopHO BocnpHHIIMaeT 06'beKT C neJIbIO ero
«60JIee AeTaJIbHOrO, oOJIee QeTKoro» [12, 2481 OTpa)KeHH5I, H OHa (o6'b-
eKTHBallJ1H) «npe llIecTByeT JlI060MY I103HaBaTeJIbHOMY aRTY» [12, 249]
II onpe,aeJIHeT ero npoTeKaHHe.
CJIe OBaTeJlbHO, COrJIaCHO yqeHHIO ,Ll. H. Y 3Ha 3e, TO, QTO C nOMOIII.bIO
06'beKTHBanHH cy6'beKT BocnpHHHMaeT BHOBb, 6WJIO HM BOCnpHH5ITO H .nO
'3Toro, o.nHaKO nOCJIe aKTa 06'beKTHBa:n:HH .9TO BOCnpH5ITHe CTaJlO «6oJIee
)I.eTaJIbHhIM, 60Jlee qeTKHM» (,[l. H. Y3Ha,l{3e), TOllHee - C03HaTeJIbHbIM.
5ICHO, QTO BocnpHHTHe npe,nMeTOB, npOHCllle,QIllee ,lJ.0 06'beKTHBaII.MH, BnOJI-
29
He ,aOCTaTOqHO (HCHO, qeTKO) AJISI BbIIIOJIHeHHSI OObItIHbIX J{eHCTBHH H3'
ypOBHe YCTaHOBKH. OJ(HaKO, KorJ(a Ha nYTH npOTeKaHHH OObIQHOrO J(eHCT-
BHH B03HHKaeT KaKoe-HHOYJ(b rrpenHTCTBHe II J(JlH ero oecnpenHTCTBeHHor
npo,nOJl}KeHHH YLKe HeJ(OCTaTOt.JHO OTpa)KeHHSI KaKOrO-JlH60 06 eKTa Ha
ypOBHe YCTaHOBKH, TO CTaHOBHTCH Heooxo,allMbIM no B TOp Hoe, aOJIee
,neTaJIbHOe BocrrpHHTHe npe,nMeTOB, HMeIOlI.\HX OTHOllleHHe K nOBe,lJ.eHHIO,
T. e. OC03Ha He. llocJle Toro, KaK C rrOMOlI.\bIO MbIllIJIeHHH cy6'beKT YCTa-
HOBHT npHqHHY 3a,aep)KKH, rrOBeJ(eHHe 3aBepllIHTCg 06bIKHOBeHHbIM nYTeM.
Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHHH MOLKHO npeJ(ITOJIO:>KHTb, 'liTO TO, tITO, JIeii6HHD; no,npa-
3YMeBaeT nOJ( CBOMM 6eCC03HaTeJlbHbIM HJIH «MaJIbIM BocnpHHTHeM», HB-
JISleTCSI HMeHHO TeM, qTO ,a. H. Y3Ha,n3e H33B3JI 0 T P a )K e H HeM H a
y p 0 B Hey C T 3 HOB K H. HMeHHO n03TOMY, Ha Harn B3rJlH,a, ,Q. H.
Y3Ha,l(3e 06paTHJI oc06oe BHHMaHHe Ha «MaJIOe BocnpHHTHe» J1eii6HHIta
em.e B 1919 ro,ay, XOTH TorJ(a :me OTMellaJI, tJTO «caM JIefIOHHIJ. He COBceM
.
BCHO OC03HaBaJI nCHXOJlOrlrqeCKOe 3HaqeHMe «MaJIbIX BocnpHSITHH'> KaK
9JIeMeHTOB J(yrneBHoH :>KH3HH» T 13, 82].
no HarneMY MHeHlllO, nOHHTHe «YCTaHOBKa» HMeeT onpe,lleJIeHHOe npe-
HMyrnecTBo nepeJ( «MaJIbIM BocnpHHTHeM». COBeprnaH OObItIHOe, ,neHCTBHe t
lIeJIOBeK COB e p III e H H 0 H C H 0, ,nOCTaTOtlHO, XOTH H HeOC03HaHHO, OT-
pa>KaeT Bce npe,aMeTbI, HMelOIl{He OTHorneHHe K ,aaHHOMY aKTY nOBeJ(e-
HIIH, OH HCHO BocrrpHHHMaeT WKa<t>, rJ(e BHCHT ero KOCTlOM, BOCIlpHHHMa-
eT ,l(BepH WKa<t>a, KOTopbIe Ha,no OTKpbITb, tlTOObl HaHTH KOCTIOM, H T. ,n.
3.neCb MbI HHr,ae He BCTpellaeMCSI C «MaJIbIM BocnpHSlTHeM», KOTopoe, KCTa-
TH, He MOrJIO 6bI 06eCneqHTb TOIIHYIO ,aH4><t>epeHnHanHIO BHceBllIeH B lliKa-
cpy o.ne*,nbI. Bo Bcex TaKHX CJIytlaHx rrepeJ( HaMil Bcer,aa ,lleHCTBHTeJIbHOe,.
nOJIHOe BocnpHHTMe, XOTH HHKorJ(a He Tpe6yeTcH BMelIIaTeJIbCTBa C03Ha-
HIIH. O,LlHaKO, eCJIH, CKa:>KeM, Ha npHBbItlHOM MeCTe, r,l(e BIICeJI ero KOCTIOM,
OKaLKeTCSI ,LlpyraH o,neLK,Lla, TO HMeHHO nOTOMY, liTO OR Sl C HOB 0 C n p H-
H Ii M a JI Bce npe,LlMeTbI, OH He CTaHeT Ha,neBaTb 3TY ,aPyrylO o,neLK,LlY, H
B ero nOBe,aeHHe cpa3Y BKJIlOqaeTCH OO'beKTHBaII.HH. C 9Toro MOMeHTa era
nOBeAeHHe ocyrneCTBJIHeTCH npM nOMOrnH C03HaRHH - nOBe,aeHMe, KOTopoe
npOXOlI.HJlO Ha ypOBHe YCTaHOBKH, YCTynaeT MeCTO .rr.pyrOMY nOBe,l(eHHIO,
a HMeHHO, nOBe,aeHHIO, onocpe,aOBaHHOMY 06'beKTHBaII,HefI.
O,aHaKO CJle,LlyeT OTMeTIITb, tITO JIefIOHHII" HeCOMHeHHO, npaBHJlbHO
YKa33JI, QTO C03HaHHe H nCHXHKa He nOKpbIBalOT ,apyr J(pyra, tITO OHM He
H,lf.eHTHQHbI, H ,aJlH BOCnOJIHeHHH rrp06eJia Me:iK,ay HHMH OH BBen nOHSITHe
u
<MaJlbIX BocnpllSlTHH».
3a nOCJle,nHee BpeMH B cOBeTcKoH nCHXOJIorMH nopoH OTOLK.neCTBJlSlIOT
«oecc03HaTeJJbHoe» H «HeOC03HaHHoe», 1.JTO, no HarneMY MHeHHIO, HBJIReT-
cst CMerneHHeM nOHHTHH. B ,neHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH «HeOC03HaHHoe nCHXHQe-
CKoe» HHqerO oomero He HMeeT C «6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIM nCHXHtIeCKHM:', KOTO-
poe ObIJIO BHeceHO H npOtJHO BHeJ(peHO B HaYKY cI>peHJJ:OM, H T. H. CfJIy6HH-
HOH rrCHXOJIOfMeM» Bo06IIl.e.
HapH,ay C ,apyrllMH TPYJ(HOCTHMH, KOTopble B03HHKalOT nepeJJ. nOHS-
THeM «oeCC03HaTeJIbHoe», eCTb TPy,nHOCTb, CBSl3aHHaR C TepMHHOJIOrHeA.
TepMHHOM «6eCC03HaTeJIbHoe» pa3HbIe aBTopbI QqeHb qaCTO 0003HaqaIOT
pa3Hble HBJIeHHH, HHor,aa CTOJIb pa3HbIe, liTO Tpy.nHO HaRTH tITO-HH6Y,Llb
o6mee Me:tK,lI.Y HHMH. 5ICHO, 'liTO TepMIIHOJIOrHQeCKaH HeTOqHOCTb 06YCJIOB-
JIeHa rrpeJK,lI.e Bcero Heonpe,aeJIeHHOCTblO co,nep>K8HHSI caMora nOHHTHH.
Co CBoeH CTOpOHbI, CTaTYC 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO KaK nCHXHqeCKoro <t>e-
.
HOMeHa cpe,aH ,apyrHx nCHXHqeCKHX HBJIeHHH B 3@BaeT TpYAHOCTb onpe-
.neJIeHHH ero nOHSlTHSI. XapaKTepHblM ,llJlH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO, KaK H J1JIH yc-
TaHOBKH, HBJIHeTCSI TO, liTO OHO He ,naeTCH era HOCHTeJIIO-HHJlHBH,l(Y B
BH,ne C03HaTeJIbHoro <peHOMeHa, KaK 9TO 6bIBaeT B CJIyqae ,npyrHx
nCHXIf1IeCKHX HBJIeHHit MO>KHO rOBopHTb 0 Cxo,ncTBe Me>KJlY 6eCC03IiaTent..-
30
. u
HbIM H YCTaHOBKOH no 3TOMY npH3HaKY, o,nHaKO COBeprneHHO He,norrYCTlf-
MO HX 0 T 0 2K j1. e C T B {I e H H e, K KOTOPOMY HHor,na pH6eraIOT.
LITO TaKoe H e 0 CO 3 H a H H bI H'\ nCHXHqeCKHR <peHOMeH H KaK 08
nOHBJlHeTCH B C03HaHHH? B. C. POTeH6epr npHBo,nHT TaKOR npHMep: «TaK,.
qHTaIOllI.He 9TH CTpOKH He OC03HaIOT B MOMeHT 1JTeHHH, 1JTO 6YMara, Ha KO-
TOpOR ,HanRcaH TeKcT, c,aeJlaHa H3 Toro 2Ke MaTepHaJI8, 1JTO H CTOJI, 3a KO-
TOpbIM CH,lJ.HT 1JHTalOllI.HR cy6'beKT. Ho ,l.{OCTaT01JHO HaM ceirqac 06paTHTb<
BHHMaHHe Ha 9TOT <paKT, KaK OH TOT1Jac OC03HaeTCH» [8, 71].
B cY2K,aeHHH POTeH6epra Bce HCHO: B npo ecce HallIeR ,lJ.eHTeJIbHOCTH
MbI MH02KeCTBO BerneR He OC03HaeM, HO KaK TOJIbKO B03HHKaeT Heo6xOAH-
MOCTb B HX OC03HaHHH, MbI 6ecnpenHTC BeHHO, 06bIQHO 6e3 1JY*OH nOMO-
rnH OCYII(eCTBJlHeM STO.
OAHaKO 6bIJlO 6bI 60JIbIlIOR OIlIH6KOH Ha3BaTb STOT npOlJ,ecc. 0 C 0-
3 H a H HeM 6 e C C 0 3 HaT e JI b H 0 r O. COrJlaCHO nCHXOaHaJlH3Y, 6ecco-
3H8TeJlbHOe M02KeT OC03HaBaTbCH 1Jepe3 1Jy*oe BMellIaTeJJbCTBO: cnepBa
STO ,l(eJlaeT 06H3aTeJlbHO nCHXOaHaJlHTHK, a nOTOM, B H3BeCTHbIX YCJIOBHHX,
H caM cy6'beKT - HOCHTeJIb 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO (60JlbHOH).
PaccMoTpHM CJIyqaH cOMHa6YJJH3Ma - cBoe6>6pa3HOro HepBHoro 3a60-
JIeBaHHH. JIYHaTHK B COCTOHHHH CHa M02KeT XOAHTb no TaKHM onacHeHUlHM
MeCTaM, Ha npeO,l.{OJIeHHe KOTOpWX B 60APcTBoBaHHH BPH,lJ. JlH OCMeJlHTCH
HOpMaJlbHbIH 1JeJIOBeK. J1YHaTHK HCHO, M02KHO CKa3aTb, 1Jpe3BbIllaHHO HCHO
BocnpHHHMaeT oKpY2KalOIlI.He pa3,apa2KHTeJIH (6e3 9Toro HeB02MolKHO npe-
o,aOJleTb TOT CJlO2KHbIH nYTb, KOTOpbIH OH npOXOAHT), O,lJ.HaKO y Hero HeT
C03HaHHH BocrrpHHHToro. KaK 6YATO c03,aaeTcH CTpaHHoe nOJIO)KeHHe: JIY-
HaTHK HCHO, 1Jpe3BbIQaHHO «C03HaTeJIbHO» BocnpHHHMaeT Bce B OKpY)K8-
lOII(eM, H BMeCTe C TeM OH HHKaK He OC03HaeT Toro, 1JTO BocnpHHHMaeT. Boc-
npHHTHe, KOTopoe HMeeTCH y qeJIOBeKa B TaKOM COCTOHHHH, 6J1HJKO K BOC-
npHHTHIO, xapaKTepHOMY ,l.{JlH 2KHBOTHOro, OAHaKO He TOlK,lI.eCTBeHHO eMY,
XOTH 6b1 nOTOMY, 1JTO npH npOXOlK,l(eHHH onaCHoro nYTH ,na2Ke LKHBOTHoe
McnbITbIBaeT CTpax, TOr,l(a KaK JIYHaTHK nOJIHOCTbIO JlHllIeH ero.
CJIeAOBaTeJlbHO, HeT HHKaKoro OCHOBaHHH rOBopHTb 0 6eCC03HaTeJIb-
HOM nOBe,l(eHHH JIYHaTHKa, XOTH B C e e r 0 n 0 B e ,lJ. e H II e 0 C Y II( e C T-
n JI SI e T C 51 6 e 3 yqaCTHH C03HaHHH. O,nHaKO, KaK Tor,aa nOHHTb, T.JTO JIY-
HaTHK COBepIlIaeT TaKHe neJIeco06pa3HbIe II BMeCTe C TeM CJlO2KHeHlllHe H'
TOT.lHeHIlIHe ABHLKeHHH? OTBeT '[L. H. Y3Ha,l.{3e H8 9TOT Borrpoc BnOJlHe HceH:
Bce nOBe,aeHHe JIYHaTHKa npOHCXO,lJ.HT Ha ypOBHe YCTaHOBKH, KOTopaH no-
3BOJIHeT eMY 6e3 YT.laCTHH C03HaHHH OCYIlI.eCTBJISITb TOQHeHWee BocnpHHTHe
K8>Kj1.0rO npe,l1.MeT8 HJIH npenHTCTBHH, KOTopbIe eMY npHxo,aHTCH HCIIOJIb-
30BaTb HJIH rrpeO,l1.0JleBaTb. O,l1.HaKO, eCJIH B npOTeKaHHe TaKoro ,lJ.eHCTBH5r
BMeWaeTC5I BHHMaHHe (06'beKTHBanHH), OHO He TOJIbKO He 6y,neT crroco6CT-
BOBaTb OCYIl(eCTBJIeHHIO ,l(eHcTBHH, HO Mo*eT rrpHBecTH K rH6eJlH JIYHa-
THKa.
TaKHM 06pa30M, B lKH3HH 1JeJlOBeKa He HCKJII01JeHbI H TaKHe MOMeHTbI,.
KOr,l(a C03HaTeJIbHOe BocrrpHHTHe npe,nMeTOB H HBJIeHHH OKpY)KaIOIUeH cpe-
,Z:lbI He TOJIbKO He crroc06cTByeT ocy eCTBJleHHIO neJIeC006pa3Horo rrOBe.u.e..
HHHt HOt Ha060pOT, MOlKeT copBaTb ero.
CJleJ(OBaTeJIbHO, Kor,l(8 rOBopHM, 1JTO TO HJlH ,apyroe COCTOHHHe cy6"b-
eKTa (HarrpHMep, YCTaHOBKa) He npe,aCTaBJleHO B C03HaHHH, 3TO BOBce He
03HallaeT, qTO OHO «6eCC03HaTeJlbHO». «HeOC03HaHHoe» H «6eCC03HaTeJIb-
Hoe» - pa3HbIe rrOH5ITHH. YCTaHOBKa He OC03HaHa, O,lJ.HaKO OHa He eCTb
6ecC03HaTeJIbHoe.
PaCCMOTpHM e e O,l(HH CJIyqaH CMeIlleHHH nOHHTHH «6eCC03HaTeJlb-
Hoe::. H «HeOC03HaHHoe»., «Hocopor» rro-rpY3HHCKH Ha3bIBaeTCH «MapTOp-
Ka» (tJTO B rrepeBO,l(e 03Ha1JaeT «e,l(HHOpor»). ,[{eTH, rOBopHIlI.He Ha rpY2HH-
CKOM H3bIKe H 3HalO1l\He STO CJIOBO, OObl1JHO He OC03HaIOT, 1JTO OHO COCTOHT'
H3 ,l{BYX He3aBHCHMhIX CJIOB (CMapTO:' H cpKa»), T. e. 0603HaQaeT )KHBOT--
31.
Hoe, y KOToporo TOJ1bKO QARH por, B OTJIIf1IHe OT ,l{pyrHx )KMBOTHbIX, o6na-
).(aIOIlIJIX ,l{BYM5I poraMII. O,lI.HaKO AOCTaTOqHO rrOSIBHTbCH nOTpe6HOCTII Y3-
HaTb, nOqeMY 3TO .iKHBOTHOe rro-rpY3HHcKH Ha3bIBaeTCH «MapTopKa», a 00-
PYCCKH «Hocopor» HJIH CJIyqaHHO 06paTRTb BHHMaHHe Ha COCTaB 9Toro
rpY3HHcKoro CJI01KHOrO CJIOBa, qT06bI CJIOBD «MapTopKa» II3 npocToH CYM-
MbI CJIOrOB npeBpaTHJIOCb B Ba He3aBHCHMbIX ,lI.pyr OT ).(pyra CJ10Ba-«Map-
TO» 11 «pKa». nOKa pe6eHOK He ).(ora,n:bIBaeTCSI 0 TaKOM COCTaBe 3Toro CJlO-
Ba, MO:iKHO JIM rOBopHTb, qTO OR «6eCC03HaTeJIbHO» 3HaeT 9TO? KOHeqHO,
HeT! OH HH C03HaTeJIbHO, HH oeCC03HaTeJIbHO He 3HaeT COCTaBa 9Toro CJIO-
Ba. Kor,lla OH OTKpbIBaeT (HJIH eMY 06nHCH5IIOT), QTO 3TO CJIOBO COCTOHT H3
).(BYX caMOCTOSlTeJIbHbIX CJIOB, OR npOCTO OBJIa eBaeT HOB bI M 3 H a H H-
e M, If HeJIb3SI rOBopHTb, qTO OH B STOM CJIyqae OC03HaJI TO, qTO paHbllIe
3Han 6eCC03HaTenbHO .
C lIneCTBOBaHHe TaKHX HeC03HaTeJIbHbIX nCHXHqeCKHX COAeplKaHHH He
OTpHn:aeTCH HIIKeM. il09TOMY, Kor,n:a «HeOC03HaHHoe» OTOLK,LlCCTBJl51lOT C
«6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIM» Ii CO,l{eplKaHHe, xapaKTepHoe )1.JIH «HeOC03HaHHoro»,
rrpHfiIICbIBalOT «6eCC03HaTeJIbHOMY», 9TO HBJIHeTCH JIHllIb HenOHHMaHHeM.
fIO,lI.TBep)K,aeHIIeM 3Toro HBJI5IIOTCH, nO-HaweMY, CJIe,l{YIOInHe CJIOBa:
«Borrpoc 0 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM, TO eCTb 0 cymecTBoBaHHH, 0 pOJIH «Heoco-
3HaBaeMOM» nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOM .ll.eHTeJIbHOCTH...» - OTpbIBOK, H3 KOToporo
BH,l(HO, qTO «6eCC03HaTeJIbHoe» H «HeOC03HaBaeMoe» ynoTpe6JIHIOTCH B
3HaqeHHH «HeOC03HaHHoro» (rro).(qepKHYTO HaMH - B. f.). Peqb H.ll.eT 0 3a-
MeqaHHHX pe}1.aKTOpOB (A. C. TIpaHrHlliBIIJIH, <1>. B. BaccIIH, A. E. I1le-
p03H5I) [7, 57].
K CTaTbe A. T. BOtlOpHWBHnH «0 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoM», nOMemeHHoH B
MOHorpa<pHH «Becc03HaTeJIbHoe», pe,l:laKTopbI nHWYT: «A. T. 50QOPHIllBH-
JIH CtJHTaeT, qTO KaK T0JIbKO nCIIXHKe npHnHCbIBaeTCH cyrnecTBoBaHHe BHe
C03HaHHH, nCHXHKa npeBparnaeTCH B cy6cTaH HIO... OCHOBHa5I rrp06JIeMa
cpHJIOCO<pHH - «qTO paHbIlIe?» CHHMaeTCH II nooe,l{y O}1.ep)KHBaeT yqeHHe
o ,nBYX paBHonpaBHbIX cy6cTaHIl.HHX - MeTacpII3UqeCKHH ,l{yaJIH3M». «Ha
9TOM OCHOBe HM (A. T. BOQOPHWBHJIH) OTBepraeTCH «rHnOTe3a 0 6ecco-
3HaTeJlbHOH rrCHXHKe», a HeOC03HaBaeMOCTb paccMaTpHBaeTcH KaK CHHO-
HRM Herr03HaBaeMOCTII» [2, 189]. CJle).(oBaTeJIbHO, «HeOC03HaBaeMOCTb»
3,l{eCb 9TH aBTopM (pe,l:laKTopM) npHMeHHIDT He B 3HaqeHHH «Hen03HaBae-
Moro», a B 3HaqeHIIH «HeOC03HaHHoro» (B rrpOTHBHOM CJIyqae OHH He 01-
pHIl.aJIH ObI CHHOHHMHOCTII «6eCC03HaTeJIbHoro» H «Herr03HaBaeMoro»). lITO
9TO TaK, rrO,l{TBep)K,l{aeT CJle,aYIOI.II.ee HX B033peHHe: «OAHaKO, - nHWYT
OHH, - ero (A. T. BOqOPHIllBHJlH - B. f.) MO}l{HO TBep,l{O 3aBepIITb, QTO
K 0 r ,a a M bI rOB 0 p HMO 6 e C C 0 3 HaT e JI b H 0 M K a K 0 H e 0 C 0-
3 H a B a e M 0 H n C H X II q e C K 0 M ,l{ e H T e JI b HOC T II, TO MbI OTH1O).(h
He OTO)K}1.eCTBJIHeM C03HaHHe H nCHXHKY. M bI rr 0 }1. p a 3 Y M e B a e M n p II
9TOM JIHWb cyr.u:eCTBOBaHHe TaKIIX cpO pM nCIIXHQeCKOH
,a e 51 T e JI b HOC T II q e JI 0 B e K a, K 0 TOp bI e 0 C 0 3 HalO T C 51 H M
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Dome «Hen03HaBaeMbIM», TO, HaCKOJIbKO MbI nOHHMaeM, HeT a6COJI1OTHO
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[2, 189].
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«6ecc03HaTeJIbHoe,>, TaK H «HeOC03HaBaeMoe» yrroTpe6JIH1OT B 3HaqeHHII
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5IBJIHeTCH TaKHM nCHXHqeCKRM, KOTopoe caMO no ce6e BPH.ll. JIM MO)KeT 6e3
rrOMOI.II.H rrCHXOaHaJIHTHKa BCIIJIbITb B C03HaHHM. "
C ).(pyroH CTOpOHbI, eCJIH «6eCC03HaTeJIbHoe» II «Heoco3HaBaeMoe» MbI
32
6y eM nOHHMaTb B 3HaqeHHH «HeOC03HaHHoro», TO He OCTaHeTCH OCHOBa-
HHH JIH cnopa 0 GeCC03HaTeJIbHOM.
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qeTKaH rpaHHl(a.
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)I,OJLlKaeT rrpH He06xo,aHMOCTH CYIll.eCTBOBaTb .lI.JIH Hac H GeCC03HaTeJIbHO
(HeOC03HaHHO)>> [15, 33].
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XI1qeCKOH )\eHTeJIbHOCTH B CBoe BpeMH rOBOpHJIH MHorHe HCCJIe OBaTeJII1.
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u u
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npe,aMeToM Moero C03HaHHSI HBJIHeTCH TOJIbKO co,aep}KaHHe paccKa3a MO-
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BocnpHHHMaIO» f6, 10-11].
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XHqeCKOrO OTpa2KeHHSI qeJIOBeKa. fICHXII1.IeCKOe cO,l{ep2KaHHe B 1.IeJIOBeKe
He Bcer,na HaXO,11,HTCH Ha ypOBHe C03HaHHSI, B 1.IaCTHOCTH, BocnpHHTHe, OIll.y-
rn.eHHe - <pOpMbI nCHXHqeCKOrO OTpa2KeHIIH, °HO OHH He Bcer a OC03HaHbI»
I 16, 47].
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ypOBHH perYJISIIl.HH... CB5I3aHbI C pa3JIH1.IHbIMH ypOBHSIMH IICHXH1.IeCKOH eH-
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u u.,
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xapaKTepHcTHKOH, KOTOpylO nCHXHqeCKaH ]1.eSITeJIbHOCTb npHoGpeTaeT B
pa3HbIx <POp Max 2KH3HH» ,[9, 272]. >
KaK HBcTByeT H3 9TMX CJIOB, C. JI. Py6HHllITeHH HCHO YKa3bIBaeT Ha
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Hoe nCHXH1.IeCKoe» H «HeOC03HaHHoe rrCHXHQeCKoe», qero HeJIb3H CKa3aTb
o HeKOTopbIX CTaTbHX, ony6JIHKOBaHHbIX B YKa3aHHOH MOHorpacpHH (<<Bec-
C03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo a, cpYHKIl.HH, MeTo,n:bI HCCJIe,aOBaHII5I»).
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u
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o TOM, qTO ,I:L. H. Y3Ha,a3e B npHHl(Hrre' OTBepraeT 3aKOHHOCTb «Gec-
C03HaTe.JIbHOro nCHXHqeCKoro», rOBopHT TO 06CT05ITeJIbCTBO, 1.ITO B KatIe-
CTBe 3arJIaBHH naparpacpa OH npHBO)I.HT CBOH OCHOBHOH Te3HC - «He-
Hy:tKHOCTb nOHHTH5I 6eCC03HaTeJIbHoro» [11, 178] 1. 3aCJIY}KHBaeT BHHMa..
HI15I If TO, qTO 3TOT rraparpacp Henocpe CTBeHHO CJIe,ayeT 3a naparpacpOM
no)I. 3arJIaBHeM: «Y CTaHOBKa He 5IBJIHeTCH cpeHOMeHOM C03HaHH5I»
[11, 176]. OTcIO,aa HBcTByeT, 1.ITO ,aJIH ,I:L. H. Y3Ha,a3e IIOHSITHSI «6ecco..
3HaTeJIbHoe» H «He SIBJISIeTCSI cpeHOMeHOM C03HaHH5I» IIpe CTaBJISIIOT C060H
cOBepIIIeHH o pa3Hble rrOH5ITHH.
1 B OprHHaJIe: «TIoHHTMe 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO-H3JIHIllHee nOHSlTHe» <.n. H. Y3Ha.ll.3e, 3Kcne-
pHMeHTaJIbHble OCHOBbI nc'rXOJIOrHH YCTaHOBKH. TpY.l.lbl, T. VI, CTp. 43, «MeI1HHepe6a», T6HJIH-
CM. 1977).
3. Becc03HaTeJIbHoe, IV 3 3
B rraparpacpe «YcTaHoBKa He HBJlHeTCH cpeHOMeHOM' C03HaHHH»
. H. Y3Ha,a3e HH pa3Y He yrroTpe6J1HeT ,aRH xapaKTepHCTHKH YCTaHOBKH
TepMHH «6eCC03HaTeRbHoe». 3TO, rrO,lJ,qepKHBaIO, cpaK'lt He cRyqaHHbIH:
. H. Y3Ha,a3e KaT rOpHqeCKH OTpH aeT 3aKOHHOCTb nOHHTHH «6eCC03Ha-
TeRbHoe» B rrCHXOJlOrHH H BBO HT HOBoe nOHHTHe - «Y eTa H OB K a», ,ae-
JIaIOIIl.ee rrOHHTHbIM cpeHOMeHbI, He xapaKTepH3YIOIII.HeCH rrpH3HaKOM CO-
3HaHHH.
E,lJ,HHCTBeHHaSI aCJIyra <PpeH a, no 'MHeHHIO J:{. H. Y3Ha.n3e, 3aKJIIO-
qaeTCH B TOM, qTO «C03HaTeJlbHbIe npo eCCbI ,naJIeKO eme He HCqepnbIBa-
IOT Bcero cO,lI.ep1KaHHSI rrCHXHKH H qTO rr03TOMY B03HHKaeT Heo6xo,lJ,HMOCTb
rrpH3HaHHH IIpo eCCOB, rrpOTeKaIOlll.HX BHe C03HaHHSI» [11, 180].
ECRM pa3,aeRHTb 3TOT B3rJISI,a . H. Y3Ha,lJ,3e, TO He OCTaHeTCH HHKa-
Koro COMHeHHH B TOM, qTO ,aJIH rrOHHTHSI «6eCC03HaTeRbHaH rrCHXHKa» B
rrCMXORorHH YCTaHOBKH He HaH,lJ.eTCH HHKaKoro MeCTa H «OHO ,lJ,OJILKHO
6bITb oT6pOllIeHO» ( . H. Y3Ha,lJ.3e) KaK H3RHllIHee. BCHKoe H3MeHeHHe
CO,lJ,epLKaHHH «6eCC03HaTeJIbHoro» C eJlblO rrpHcrroc06HTb ero K yqeHHIO
,It H. Y3Ha,lJ,3e - COBepIlleHHO HeHYLKHoe 3aHHTHe H HHqeM He 060raIIl.aeT
rrCHXORorHIO YCTaHOBKH.
OTBeT Ha 3TY CTaTbIO 6bIJI orry6JIHKOBaH A. C. TIpaHrHllIBHRH, CP. B.
BaCCMHbIM H n. D. IllOllIHHbIM B LKypHaJIe «BorrpOCbI rrCHXOJIOrHH» NQ 6,.
1984 r.
THE UNCONSCIOUS AND SET
v. V. GRIGOLAVA
The D. N. lTznadze Institute of Psychology, Tbilisi
SUMMARY
The view is current in Soviet psychology according to which set in D. N.
Uznadze's theory and the unconscious mental are identical concepts. In
reality, set-according to Uznadze-is anexplanatory theory of the behavi-
our of Ii ving organisms, in l uding man; it has nothing in com mon wi th depth
psychology, and hence, with the unconscious. In Uznadze's view Freud's
only contribution lies in his discovery of the fact that "unconsc ous proces-
ses by far fail to exhaust the total content of the mind, and that the need
arises for recognizing processes occurring outside consc-iousness".
JII1TEPATYPA
I.. AHOXI1H TI. K., COll.HaJIbHOe H 6HOJIOrnlJeCKOe B npHpOAe qeJIOBeKa. B co.: «COOTHOlI1eHHe-
6HO.TIOrHlJeCKOrO H COIl.HaJIbHOrO B lJeJIOBeKe», MaTepHaJIbI K CHMn03HYMY B r. MOCKBe,
ceHTH6pb, 1975, M., 1975.
2. B e C co 3 HaT e JI b Hoe: npHpoAa, <PYHKll.HH, MeTOAbI HCCJIeAOBaHH5I, T. I, TOHJlHCH, MeIJ,-
Huepe6a, 1979.
3. KAKA5A)l3E B. JI., TtopeTHqecKHe np06JIeMbI r.ny6HHHoH rrCHXOJIOrHH, T6HJIHCH, Meu-
HHepe6a, 1982.
4. KAKA5A,[{3E B. JI., <1>HJIOcO<pcKHe OCHOBbI rJIyoHHHOH rrCHXOJIOrHH (KpHTHtIeCKHH aHaJIH3).
ABTope<pepaT ,l!OKTOpCKOH ,lI.HCCepTaIJ,HH, T6HJIHCH, 1974.
5. JIEI15HH f. B., HOBbIe onbITbI 0 qeJIOBeqeCKOM pa3YMe, KH. 2, M:, 1936.
6. JIEOHTbEB A. H., nCHXOJIOrHtIeCKHe Bonpo bI C03HaTeJIbHOCTH yqeHHH. I13BecTHSI Ann
PC<1>CP, N27, 1947. .
7. nPAHrI111IBI1JIH A. C., 5ACCI1H <1>. B., IlIEP03I151 A. E..,O np05IBJIeHHH aKTHB-
HOCTH oeeC03HaTeJIbHOrO B xYAO)KeCTBeHHoM TBOp1leCTBe. BonpOCbI <pHJIOCO<pHH, N22, 1978-
34
8. POTEHBEPr B. C., Pa3Hble cpOpMbI oTHorneHHH Me)K)l.Y C03HaHHeM H 6ecc03HaTeJIbHLtM.
BonpocbI cpHJIOCOcpHH, N22, 1978.
9. PYEI1HIllTEI1I-I C. JI., EbITHe H C03HalIHe, M., 1957.
10.. T AEI1 3E O. 11. <PHJIOcocpcKHe OCHOBbI HaYKH 0 rrOBe)l.eHHH, T6HJIHCH, MeIJ;HHepe6a,
]974 (Ha rpY3. 513.).
1 I. Y3HA,II,3E ,II,. H., MeCTO "Petites Perceptions" JIeiiOHHIJ;a B nCHX0J10rHH. BecTHMK T6M...
JIHCCKOro YHHBepcHTeTa, NQ 1, 1919 (Ha rpY3. 513.).
12. Y3HA1I3 E ,II,. H., TIcHXOJIOrHtIeCKHe HCCJIe)l.OBaHH51, M., 1966.
13. Y3HA,lJ3E ,II,. H., 3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHble OCHOBbI nCHXOJIOrHH YCTaHoBKH. TpY)l.bI. T. VI,
T6HJIl1cH, 1977.
14. <I>PEI1,II, 3., JIeKIJ;HH no BBe)l.eHHIO B .nCHXOaHaJIH3, M., 1923..
15..4XAPTI1IlIBHJIH Ill. ., TIpOOJIeMa 'oecc03HaTeJIbHOrO B cOBeTcKoM nCHXOJIOrHH, T6H-
JIHCH, MeIJ;HHepeOa, 1968.
16. IllOPOXOBA E. B., DpOOJIeMa C03HaHHH B cpHJIOCcxpHH II eCTeCTB03HaHHH, M., 1961.
17. FREUD S., Die Frage der Laienanalyse, Bd. XIV.
18. FREUD S., Psychoanalyse. Gesammelte Werke. Bd. VIII.
19. LIPPS Th., Grundtatsachen des Seelenlebens,. Bonn, 1883.
20. LIPPS Th., Komik und Humor. Hamburg-Leipzig, 1893.
21. REHMKE J., Die Seele des Menschen. Leipzig, 1920.
22. WUNDT W., System der Philosophie, Leipzig, 1907.
85
np06REMA 6ECC03HATE bHOrO H TEOPH YCTAHOBKH
UJKOJlbI Y3HAA3E
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3TOM CJIyqae ,lI.eno HMeeM C O.rr.HOH H3 HaHoo.nee
OCHOBHbIX np06JIeM, OT Toro MJIM HHoro perneHHH
KOTOpOM 3aBHCHT Bce Harne nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOe MH-
pOB033peHHe...».
A. Y3Ha,ll.3e [32, 160].
K nocTaHoBKeBOnpoCa
TIp06JIeMa 6ecC03HaTeJlbHOrO KpaCHOH HHTbIO npOXo,aHT Qepe3 IICTO-
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TSI OHa Hepe,aKO oTTeCHSIJIaCb, .YCTyrraH MeCTO HHbIM, nopoH TaKLKe HeM a-
JIOBalKHbIM np06JIeMaM.
Erne B CBOHX paHHHx ny6JIHKaII.IIHX «4\0 TaKoe TeopHH n03HaHHH» [28]
H «I1H HBH,I{yaJIbHOCTb II ee reHe3IIC» [29],l!. Y3Ha)l3e 3aTparHBaJI 3TY rrpo-
6neMY II ,I{aMe HCrrOJIb30BaJI HeKoe rrOHHTIIe «HeHTpaJIbHOrO COCTOHHIIH C03-
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pa60Te «MeCTO "peti tes perceptions" JIeif6HHII.a B nCHXOJIOrHH» [30] rrpo6JIe-
Ma 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO CTaJIa 06'beKTOM oc060ro BHHMaHHH L{. Y3Ha,I{3e. Cono-
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paMKH. caMoro C03HaHHH. 3aTeM B pa60Te "impersonalia" 131] B CB5I3Ii C
np06JIeMOH BocrrpHHTHH HM 6bIJIO BbI)I.BHHYTO nOH5ITHe «rrojJ:rrcHxHtJecKoe»:
(/.. .o6'beJ1.HHeHHe nCHXHQeCKOrO MaTepHaJIa B BH,ne onpe):(eJIeHHOrO KOMITJIeK-
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tJJIeHeHHOro eJ(HHCTBa» [31, 67 ]. B KatJeCTBe 3KBHBaJIeHTOB «IIO,lJ.IICHXHqeC-
Koro» ,[{. Y3HaJ(3e B Te rO,l(bI HCIIOJIb3yeT IIOHHTHH «CHTyaILIIH» H «6Hoc<pepa».
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,npa)KHTeJIb, TOJIbKO 06'beKTHBHoe 06CT05ITeJlbCTBO... BMeCTe C CHIOMHHYTHbIM
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,lJ.pyraH, a ,lI.JIH cIIHiu.eH OH Bo06rn.e He COCTaBJIHeT HHKaKOH CHTyaU.HH» [32,.
171 ]. ¥iJIH «... eC'JIH B OCHOBe ILeJIeco06pa3HocTH CB060,lI.HOH peaKILHH JIe:iKHT
..
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,llHeH ccpepOH: ,neHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH, KOTOPYIO MO)KHO 0603HaqHTb 6HoccpepoH.
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BaHHbIM B 6Hoccpepe...» [32, 178}. BIIOCJIe,lJ,CTBHH OTMetJeHHble IIOHHTH5I IIOCTe-
neHHO BbIKpHCTaJIJIH3HpOBaJIHCb B BH)1.e KaTeropHH «YCTaHOBKa», KOTOpa5I 06-
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onpe,lI.eJIeHHOM ,aeHTeJIbHOCTH, HanpaBJIeHHOCTb Ha y,aoBJIeTBOpeHHe aKTY-
aJIbHOH nOTpe6HOCTH. 5IBJIHHCb OTpa2KeHHeM cy6'beKTIIBHoro (BHYTpeHHe-
ro) H 06'beKTHBHoro (BHernHero ), a TaK)Ke 6Y,lI.yqH II.eJIOCTHbIM COCTOHHH-
eM cy6'beKTa, YCTaHOBKa npe,lI.CTaeT B KaqeCTBe onOCpe,lI.CTBOBaHHoro 3Be-
Ha, «npHHlI,Hna CBH3H» KaK Me)K)J.Y OT,aeJIbHbIMH ero COCTOHHHHMH, cpYHK-
lI,HHMH, 3JIeMeHTaMH (B HHTpacy6'beKTHOH ccpepe), TaK H Me)K,ay 3THMII no-
CJIe,aHHMH (HJIH e neJlOCTHWM cy6'beKTOM) H TpaHccy6'beKTHOH peaJIbHO-
CTbIO. HeMaJIOBa)KHbIM HBJIHeTCH H TO nOJIO)KeHHe ,Q. Y3Ha,lI.3e, qTO YC'la-
HOBKa co,aep)KHT He TOJlbKO «KaY3aJIbHbIH» (n06Y)K,lI.eHHe K ,aeHTeJIbHOCTH,.
nOTpe6HOCTb), HO H «lI,eJIeno,a06HbIM» MOMeHT B BH,ae 06meif npocneKTMB-
Hof( Hepa3BepHYTOH Mo,aeJIH 6Y)J.ymeH ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH, cBoe06pa3HO OTpa-
)KaIOIII.eH ee KOHeqHbIH pe3YJIbTaT. CJIe,aOBaTeJIbHO, YCTaHOBKa Ka'K MO,l(H-'
<pHKaILHH lI,eJIOCTHOro HH,lI.HBH,aa, onpe,aeJIHeMaH cy6'beKTHBHbIM (BHYTpeH-
HHM - aKTyaJIbHaH nOTpe6HOCTb, npOIIlJIbIM onbIT, B ero IIlHpOKOM IIOHHM6-
HHH, oc06eHHOCTH )J.aHHoro HH)J.HBH,aa) II 06'beKTHBHbIM (BHeIllHHM - KOH-
KpeTHaH cHTyalI,HH) cpaKTopaMH, OTpa2KaeT He TOJlbKO HaCTOHmee II npo-
llIJIOe, HO H 6y,aYIII.ee. C OTMeqeHHbIMH xapaKTepHcTHKaMH YCTaHOBKH Herro-
cpe,acTBeHHo CBH3aHbI eIII.e ,aBa OCHOBHbIX ee npH3HaKa, COrJIaCHO KOTO-
pbIM YCTaHOBKa onpe,aeJIHeT H perYJIHpyeT JlI06yIO ,aeHTeJIbHOCTb )KIIBOrO
cymecTBa, II OHa B CHJIY Bcero BbIIIleCKa3aHHoro He Mo eT 6bITb cpeHOMe-
HOM C03HaHHH: «YcTaHoBKa He MO)KeT 6bITb OT,aeJIbHbIM aKTOM C03HaHHH
cy6'beKTa, OHa JIIIllIb MO.nyC ero COCTOHHHSI, KaK neJIoro, n09TOMY COBep-
rneHHO eCTeCTBeHHO CqHTaTb, lITO eCJIH qTO y Hac II npOTeKaeT ,aeHCTBH-
TeJIbHO 6eCC03HaTeJIbHO, TaK 9TO B nepBYIO Oqepe,ab, KOHeqHO, Halla YCTa-
HOBKa» [33, 178].
AHaJIH3 pa60T,[{. Y3Ha,n3e C ,nocTaTOqHOH OqeBH,lLHOCTblO CBH,neTeJIb-
cTByeT 0 TeCHOH CBH3H np06J1eMbI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO C Teopl:IeH YCTaHOBKH Y3-
Ha,n:3e. He06xo,[(HMO o,nHaKO OTMeTHTb, qTO Bce TeopeTHKocrreKYJI51THBHhle
37
H3bICKaHH5I caMoro,Q. Y3Ha 3e Hera nOCJIe):(OBaTeJIeM CJIe,n:yeT paCCMaTpHBaTb
JIHIllb KaK rrpe,n:rrOCbIJIKH, HJIH KaK MOMeHTbI, conYTCTBYIO He OCHOBHOMY Han-
paBJIeHHIO HCCJIe,l(OBaHHH, pa3BHBaeMbIX B pYCJIe 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH: Tpa,n:H-
[(HH. HMeHHO 6JIarOJIapH pa3pa6oTKe 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOrO MeTO,l(a CPHKCII-
pOBaHHOR YCTaHOBKH CTaJIO B03MO)KHbIM C03,n:aHHe II pa3BIITIIe no,n:JIHHHO Ha-
YQHOrO HarrpaBJIeHHH, CcpOpMHpOBaBllI.erOCH B BH,n:e nCIIXOJIOrIItJeCKOH TeopHH
YCTaHOBKH. 3ro HarrpaBJIeHHHe no CBoeR CYTII, OqeBH,n:HO, rrpe,n:CTaBJIHeT CO-
60H O,I(HY H3 CTpOH:HbIX CIICTeM nCHXOJIOrHtJeCKHX 3HaHHH:, pa3BHBaeMbIX B
PYCJIe TOH: Tpa,I(IInHH, KOTOpa5I H. Ellenberger KBaJIlf<pHnIIpyeTC5I KaK 3KC-
nepHMeHTaJIbHbIH no,l(Xo,n: B pa3BHTHH H,n:eH 0 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM [45]. 3TOT
no)];XO,I(, COrJIaCHO YKa3aHHoMY aBTOpy, BOCXO,n:HT CBOHMH KOpH5IMH K pa60TaM
JleH:6.H Ila, fep6apTa II, tJTO oc06eHHO 06pa[[(aeT Hallie BHHMaHHe, K JIa60-
paTopHbIM 3KcrrepHMeHTaM <I>exHepa.
B TO :iRe BpeMSI, HeCMOTpSI Ha arreJIJISInHIO K H).(ee 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO
B TeopHH Y3Ha,a3e, no CYTII ,lLeJIa OHa He 6bIJla C03).(aHa K3.K TeopHH COO-
CTBeHHO 0 oeCC03HaTeJIbHOM. ,.Q. Y 3Ha,a3e, B CYIII.HOCTH, 3aHHMaJIC5I npo-
6JIeMOM n03HaHHSI, BocnpHSITHSI, a rr03,lLHee II rrOBe,aeHHeM HH,aHBII,lLa. TeM
caMbIM OH nbITaJICSI 06'bSICHHTb <l>aKTbI, CBSI3aHHbIe HMeHHO C 3THMH rrp06JIe-
MaMH. CaMO )Ke BBe,aeHHe II pa3pa60TKa rrOHSITH5I HeOC03HaBaeMoro nCH-
XHtJeCKoro (YCTaHOBKH) ObIJIO 06YCJIOBJIeHO, nO-BH).(IIMOMY, TeM, tJTO ,IL. Y 3-
Ha,a3e He y,aOBJIeTBOpSIJIH ObITOBaBllIHe B TO BpeMSI B rrCHXOJIOrHH rrpe,lL-
CTaBJIeHH5I (rrpeHMYIII.eCTBeHHO JIH60 MexaHHCTHlJeCKOrO, JIHOO BHTaJIHCTH-
tJeCKoro TOJIKa), KOTopble rrbITa.JIHCb 06'b5ICHHTb <paKTbI OTpa)KeHH5I ,lLeHCT-
BHTeJIbHOCTH, a TaKiKe nOBe,aeHHe )KHBOrO cYIII.eCTBa.' OH HarneJI HY)l{HbIM
BbI,aeJIHTb B ccpepe aKTHBHOCTH HH,lLHBH,lLa orrpe.n.eJIeHHYIO cp Y H K II. H lO,
BbInOJIHHTb KOTOpyIO He B COCTOSlHHH ObIJI HH O,aIIH H3BeCTHbIH ,lLO Toro Ha-
yqHO YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM nCHXIIlJeCKHH, a TeM 60JIee He rrCHXH1.IeCKHM cpeHO-
MeH. ,.QJI5I ocymeCTBJIeHH5I 3TOM <PYHKIl.HH H 6bIJIO BbI,lLBHHYTO nOHSITHe «YC-
TaHOBKa», KaK HeOC03HaBaeMoe nCIIxocpH3HOJIOrHQeCKOe COCTOSIHHe neJIoct-
Horo CYO'beKTa, B KOTOpOM (KaK 3TO SIBcTByeT H3 xapaKTepHCTHKH) nCIIXH-
qeCKO 1Y OTBO,aHTCSI pemalOrnee 3HaqeHHe. TaKHM 06pa30M, MbI npH,lI.ep-
)KHBaeMCH MHeHH5I, tJTO BBe,lI.eHHe, OTrpaHH1.IeHHe HeOC03HaBaeMoro IICHXH-
qeCKOrO (YCTaHOKH) B IllKOJIe Y3Ha,a3e ObIJIO OCYIII.eCTBJIeHO Ha OCHOBe
<PYHKILHOHaJIbHOrO KpHTepHSI.
l1,n:e'\H 06 YCTaHOBKe B TeopHH Y 3Ha,n:3e, KaK 6bIJIO OTMeqeHO Bblrne, no CY-
W.eCTBY, pa3BHBaJIaCb B PycJIe 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH Tpa,n:HIlHII, H, eCTeCTBeH-
HO, HMeeT TeCHYIO CB5I3b npe:iK,.Qe Bcero C TeMH HCCJIe,n:OBaHHHMH, KOTopbIe Ka-
CaJIHCb np05IBJIeHHH <paKTa YCTaHOBKH, Tex HJIH HHbIX ee acneKTOB. Oo):(pa3Y-
MeBaIOTCH pa60TbI <l>exHepa, MlOJIJIepa, IIIYMaHa, IIIapnaHTbe, Axa, Map6e
H ,I(p. O,I(HaK ObIJIO ObI HenpaBHJIbHbIM HrHopHpOBa'Fb H BJIHHHHe HeKOTopbIX
Q:>HJIOCOcpCKHX H nCHXOJIOrHqeCKHX HarrpaSJIeHHfi. B qaCTHOCTH, MOiKHO 06-
HapY:tKHTb HeKoe BJIHHHHe Hppau.HoHaJIHCTHqeCKOrO no,n:xoJ(a, nepCOHaJIH3Ma,
reillTaJIbTTeOpHH H ,n:p. O):(HaKQ aco6o CJIe):(yeT BbIJJ;eJIHTb MapKcHCTCKO-JIeH-
HHCKYIO CPHJIOCOCPHIO, KOTopaH BblcTyrrHJIa He TOJIbKO.B Ka1.IeCTBe ,n:eTepMHHH-
PYlOmero cpaKTopa, HO H COCTaBHJIa MeTOl(OJIOrHQeCKYIO OCHOBY ,n:aHHOH: Teo-
'PHIl. I1MeHHo nOJIO)KeHHH ,I(HaJIeKTH4eCKoro MaTepHaJIH3Ma, H npe)l{J(e Bcero
npHHII.Hn 061>eKTHBHoro ,n:eTepMHHIf3Ma, KOTOpbIl1 HaIlleJI KOHKpeTHoe Borr-
JIOlI.{eHHe B BH,n:e npHHILHna ,I(BYXCTopOHHefI ):(eTepMHHaIJ.HH, npe,n:CTaBHJI B03-
MO:>KHOCTb ,IL. Y3Ha,I(3e pa3paOOTaTb nayqHYIO OOIl(enCHXOJIOrIlqeCKYIO Teo-
PHIO, nbITalOrnYIOC5I npeo,n:OJIeTh OrpaHHqeHHOCTb, O,n:HOCTOpOHHOCTb, C oJ(HofI
CTOPOHhI, cy61>eKTHBHCTCKHX, a c ,!.{pyroH--MexaHHCTHKo-MaTepHaJIHCTHqeCKHX
38
nO,l(XO,l(OB. Oc06aH BalKHOCTb 3TOrO rrpHHIl.Hrra 3aKJIIOqaeTCH II B TOM, qTO 6JIa
rO,l(apH eMY CTaJIO B03MOlKHO BrrOJIHe 060CHOBaHHoe B03Be,l(eHHe «YCTaHOBKH})
B paHr 06'bHCHHTeJIhHOrO rrOHHTHH, KaK MexaNli3Ma JII060H: cpopMhI,l(eHTeJIb-
HOCTlI. A 3TO, B CBOIO OqepeAh, orrpe.n.eJIHJIO cy ecTBeHHoe OTJIHQHe 06CYlK;-
,naeMOH: TeopHH OT 3arra.n.HbIX KOHII.errnHH: YCTaHOBKH (<<Einstell ung», «atti tude»,
«set»): «... HH O,l(HH lI3 3arra,l(HbIX TeopeTHKOB He HC OJIb30BaJI yc TaHOBKY
KaK OCHOBHOH 06'bHCHHTeJIbHhIH KOHCTPYKT, a TaKlKe HH O,l(HH li3 HHX He .n.aJI
8.n.eKBaTHoe 06'bHCHeHHe rrpHpO):(hI H pOJIH ycraHoBKH B qeJIOBeqeCKOH ,neH-
TeJIbHOCTH» [46, 132].
3apy6elKHhle yqeHhIe cpaKTIIqeCKH TpaKTYlOT YCTaHoBKY KaK orrpe,ae-
JIeHHOe npeJl.pacrrOJIO)KeHHe, rOTOBHOCTb, Jl.HCrr03HII.HIO HH,lI.HBH,lI,a (rrpHMe-
HSIH ee HepeJl.KO OTHOCHTeJIbHO qaCTHbIX, OT,aeJIhHbIX ccpep ero aKTHBHoCTH),
KOTopaH B03HHKaeT B pe3YJIbTaTe npH06peTeHHoro onbITa HJIH npHpolK-
JleHHbIX ero oc06eHHocTeii. OHH B OTJIHQHe OT TOJlKOBaHH5I Y3HaJl.3eBcKOrt
illKOJIbI nepBHQHOM YCTaHOBKH He Ha,l(eJISIIOT ee 06III-eM OTpa:tKaTeJIbHOH
$YHKII.HeH 06oeKTHBHoro H cy6oeKTHBHoro B .rr.aHHOH KOHKpeTHOH cHTya-
1I.HH, TeM caMhIM Tep5lIOT rro.rr.xo,a5lmyIO nOqBY ,aJI5I paccMOTpeHHH ee B Ka-
qeCTBe 06oHCHHTeJIbHOrO nOHHTHH.
TeopH5I YCTaHqBKH Y3Ha,a3e 3apo,aHJIaCb H pa3BRBaJIaCb KaK TeopHH,
llbITaIOmaSIcH 06'b5ICHHTh SIBJIeHHH BocrrpHHTHH (OTpaMeHH5I .rr.eMcTBHTeJIh-
HOCTH) H rroBe,aeHHH LKHBoro CYIII.eCTBa, HO .rr.aJIee Bce OqeBH,aHee CTaHOBH-
JIOCh, qTO paCCMaTpHBaeMhIe eIO cpaKTbI Ii 3aKoHoMepHocTH rro cBoeM npH-
pO)J.e 66merrCHXOJIOrHQeCKHe. TI03TOMY TeopHH YCTaHoBKH CTaJI a rrpeTeH,lI,O-
BaTb Ha pOJIb 06III.enCHXOJIOrHqeCKOM KOHII,errII,HH. HapH,ay C 3THM, qTO
Ba)KHO C TOqKH 3peHH5I 06CY)K,aaeMoro Borrpoca, OHa rrpe.rr.CTaJIa H Kaqe-
CTBe onpe,aeJIeHHOM rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH KOHnerrII.HH 0 6eCC03HaTeJlhHOM, npo-
THBonOCTaBHBllIeM ce65I rrCHXOaHaJlH3Y (KaK Be,aymeM TeopHH 0 6eCC03Ha-
TeJIbHOM Ha 3arra,ae). I1MeHHo CTpeMJIeHHe peaJIH30BaTb ce6H, C O,LLHOM
TOpOHbI, B pOJIH 06rnerrCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH TeopHH, a C ,apyroM -- B pOJIH
TeopHH 0 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM rrCIIXIIQeCKOM -- BWHBIIJIO onpe,aeJIeHHWe He,ao-
CTaTKH Y3Ha,lL3eBCKOM TeopHH, KaCaIOIIJ.HeC5I rrpelK,lI,e Bcero nOHHMaHH5I He-
OC03HaBaeMoro nCHXHqeCKoro. fIorrhITKH rrpeO,llOJIeHHH 3THX He,LLOCTaTKOB
OTMeqeHbI 3apO:tK,aeHHeM HOBhIX TeH,lLeHIl.HM, HOBoro 3Tarra B paJBHTHH
H,aeH 0 HeOC03HaBaeMOM rrCHXHQeCKOM B llIKOJle Y3Ha,lL3e, Jl.a H Boo6Ill.e B
COBeTCKOM rrCHXOJIOrHH. 3TH HOBbIe TeH.rr.eHIl.HH npOHBHJIHCb Y:tKe B KOHIl.e
60-x rOlI.OB, HO 3aMeTHO OqepqeHHble KOHTypbI npHo6peJIH B 70-x rO,lI,ax,
KOTopwe 03HaMeHOBaJIHCb BWXO,lI,OM B CBeT TpeXTOMHOM KOJIJIeKTHBHOH MO-
HorpacpHH 0 6eCC03HaTeJIhHOM [11; 12; 13], a TaK)Ke MelK,aYHapo,aHbIM
H 1 03HYMOM, rrCCBHIIJ.eHHbIM 3TOM rrp06JIeMe. TaKHM 06pa30M, 3apO,lI.HJIOCb
HOBoe HarrpaBJIeHHe MbICJIH, KOTopoe He TOJIbKO 3HaqHTeJIhHO MeHHeT YC-
TOHBIpHeCH B COBeTCKOM rrCHXOJIOrHH rtpe,lI,CTaBJIeHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO rrOHH-
MaHHH c06CTBeHHO HeOC03HaBaeMOM nCHXHQeCKOM 06JIaCTH, HO H 3aTparH-
BaeT T8KHe cpYH,LLaMeHTaJIbHble BorrpOCbI 3TOM HaYKH KaK cymHocTb nCHXH-
qeCKOll )KH3HH qeJIOBeKa II crroc06bI ee nOCTHlKeHHH. <POpMHpOBaHHe 3TO-
1'0 HOBoro HanpaBJIeHHH MhICJIH, KOTopoe BnOJIHe MO)KHO Ha3BaTb «HOBOM
()pHeHTaII.HeM», 06YCJIOBJIeHO, KaK MbI npJIaraeM, He TOJIbKO JIOrHKOH pa3-
BHTH5I TeopHH YCTaHOBKH, HO H BceM XO,LLOM 3BOJIIOIl.HH HayqHOM MbICJIH.
B qaCTHOCTH, B03HHKHOBeHHlO «HOBOM opHeHTaIJ,HH» cnoco6CTBOBaJIH pa-
60TbI A. E.' lIlepo3HH, <P. B. EaCCHHa, a TaK)Ke C. B. [{YJIa,lL3e, A. C.
DpaHfHllIBHJIH, B. r. HopaKH,a3e HAp., OTnpaBJIHIOIII.HeCH OT pa3HbIX AHC-
U,HTIJIHHapHbIX nQCbIJIOK (rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKHX, <pHJIOCOcpCKHX, Me,llHII.HHCKHX).
B CBOIO Oqepe)J.b OHH 6bIJIH CTHMYJIHpOBaHbI TeM cpaKTHqeCKHM MaTepHa-
JIOl\i, KOTOpbIH CBHlI.eTeJIbCTBOBaJI 0 TOM, qTO CYIl!eCTBYlOIII.HM B COBeTCKOH
nCHXOJIOrHH B CB5I3H C np06JIeMOM 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO KOHIl.errTyaJIbHWH arr-
napaT He oxsaTWBaeT MHoro06pa3HYIO raMMY eHOMeHOB HeOC03HaBaeMO-
39
fO rrCHxHttecKOrO. C HHMH He pa3 CTaJIKHBaJlRCb He TOJIbKO rrCHXOJIOfH, HO
H rrpeACTaBHTeJIH ApyrHx 06JIaCTefI (MeJUiKlI, 6HOJIOfH, rreAarorH, IOpHCTbJ
fI ; p.).
CTaJIO OqeBH,LLHbIM, qTO p5lJ( HeOC03HaBaeMbIX 5IBJIeHHM rrCHXHKH qeJIO-
HeKa HeB03MOJKHO nO):(BeCTH nOA KaTeropHH Ii 3aKOHOMepHOCTH YCTaHOB-
KH. 3TO Ii rr06y,aHJIO npe,l(CTaBHTeJIeM «HOBOM opHeHTaIJ,HH» nOTIbITaTbC5I
060CHOBaTb Heo6xo,aHMOCTb BKJIIDqeHHH no..no6HWX HBJleHHM B Kpyr Hayq.
HbIX HCCJIeJI.OBaHHH II nOCTapaTbCH TeOpeTHtIeCKH OCMbICJIHTb HX [5; 40; 41
H )J.p.]. YKa3aHHbIe SIBJIeHHSI nCHXHlleCKOH JKH3HH tIeJIOBeKa 06blqHO 0603-
HaqaIOTC5I TaKHMH TepMHHaMH KaK: «6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe rrCHXHqeCKoe», «He-
OC03HaBaeMaH nCHXHIIeCKa5I ,lI.eHTeJlbHOcTb», «rrOCTC03HaTeJIbHbIe 06pa30Ba-
HHH» II T. n. npn 9TOM cJIe..nyeT 3aMeTHTb, tITO OTJIHqHe 3THX cpeHOMeHOB
OT OC03HaBaeMbIX He CBO,lI.HTCH TOJIbKO K HX HeOC03HaHHOCTH, a 3a.TIO)KeHO
OHO rOpa3,LL0 rJIy6JKe, B HX CYIll.HOC1'H, B HX OCPOOH CPYHKIJ,HOHaJIbHOM pOJIH.
K npHMepy, HeOC03 aBaeMbIM MOTHB - 3TO He npOCTO MOTHB, MHHYC rrpH-
3HaK C03HaHHH, a no orrpe,lI.eJIeHHbIM npHIIHHaM C,LLep)KHBae:MbIM, rrO)J.aBJIeH-
HbIH, HeY,lI,OBJIeTBOpeHHbIM MOTHB, KOTOpbIH rrpOHBJlHeTCH OC06bIM 06pa30M
H BbIITOJIHHeT COBceM HHYIO pOJIb B CPYHKIJ,HOHaJIbHOH CTpYKType qeJIOBe-
qeCKOrO nOBe,lI,eHHH, qeM rrO,lI.06HbIH eMY no cOJ.(ep2KaHHIO MOTHB C03Ha-
TeJIbHbIM.
HeKOTopbIe rrpe,aCTaBJIeHHH, pa3BHBaeMble coseTCKHMH HCCJIe,ltOBaTe...
JIHMH, OTHOCHTeJIbHO «6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHlleCKoro» ( «rrOCTC03HaTeJIb-
HbIX 06pa30BaHHM») B onpe,aeJIeHHOM CMbICJIe rrpHOJIH)KaIOTCH K nOHHMa-
HHIO 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO B rrCHXOaHaJIH3e, KOTOpbIH, HeCOMHeHHO, OKa3an
BJIH5IHHe Ha cpOpMHpOBaHHe 9THX rrpeACTaBJIeHHH.
I13BecTHO, qTO OTHOllleHHe K rrCHXOaHaJIH3Y B COBeTCKOH rrCHXOJIOrHH
BbIpa3HJIOCb no CYIl1.eCTBY B ,lI,BYX rr03HIJ,HHX: O,aHH yqeHble 3aHBHJIH 0 ero
MeTO,llOJIOrHqeCKOH HenpHeMJIeMOCTH, .rr.pyrHe - rrpH3HaJIH B HeM: paIJ,HO-
HaJIbHOe 3epHO H BbICTYIIHJIH 3a rrepeOCMbICJIeHHe ero rrOJIOLKHTeJIbHbIX
CTOpOH Ha OCHOBe MapKCHCTCKO-JleHHHCKOM MeTo,aOJIOrHH. LITO 2Ke KacaeT-
CH, B qaCTHOCTH, TeopHH YCTaHOBKH llIKOJIbI Y3Ha,lI.3e, TO B HCTOpHH ee pa3-
BtITH5I MO)KHO 06HaPY)KHTb TPH TeH)].eHIJ,HH: BHaqaJIe Bblpa)KeHa 6bIJIa rro-
3HIJ,HH nOJIHOrO OTpHIJ,aHHH cppeH,aOBCKoro yqeHH5I 1 , 3aTel\i rrOHBfIJIaCb no-
nbITKa aCCHMMJIHpOBaTb ero HeKOTopble ,aOCTH2KeHHH (HX onHcaHHe H 06'b-
HCHeHHe C rrOMOIII.bIO KOHII.errTyaJIbHOrO arrrrapaTa TeopHH YCTaHoBKH) H,
HaKOHeIJ" TpeTb5I TeH.rr.eHIJ,H5I rrpOHBHJIaCb B rrpH3HaHHH 3a nCfIXOaHaJIH30M
oc06oro B3rJl5I,aa Ha 06JIaCTb HeOC03HaBaeMblX 5IBJIeHHH H B AorrYIIl,eHHH
He06xo,lI.HMOCTH ,lI.OrrOJIHeHH5I HM pa3BHBaeMblx B llIKOJIe Y3Ha,lI.3e npe)].cTaB-
JIeHHH (3apaHee oCBo(0)].HB rrCHXOaHaJIH3 OT HaYQHO He,aOCTaTOQHO 060CHO-
BaHHblX TOJIKOBaHHH). Oc060e BHMMaHHe 3anOBO rrpHBJIeKJIO IICHXOaHaJIH-
THqeCKOe rrOHHMaHHe 06JIaCTH HeOC03HaBaeMoro rrCHXHqeCKoro. KaK H3Be-
CTHO, 3aHHMaHCb M3yqeHHeM HBJIeHHH IiCTepMH, 3. <PpeM)]. o6HapYLKHJI IJ,e-
JIbIH pHA cpeHoMeHoB rrCHXHqeCKOrO rropH)].Ka, He no)].na.rr.aIOIllHX rro,lI. KaTe-
ropHIO C03HaHHH, KOTopble cyrnecTBeHHO BJIHHJIH KaK Ha 3THorraTor-eHe3
60JIe3HeHHbIX COCTOHHHH, TaK H Ha qeJIOBeqeCKOe nOBe,aeHHe Bo06III.e. BbI-.
,aeJIHH B rrCHXMKe lIeJIOBeKa onpe.rr.eJIeHHYIO 06JIaCTb -- 06JIaCTb HeOC03Ha-
BaeMWX rrCHXHqeCKHX HBJleHHH -- H rrWTaHCb B TeOpeTHIIeCKOM nJIaHe OC-
MbICJIHTb fIX, 3. <I>peM,lI. TeM caMbIM CTpeMHJICH npeo,aOJIeTb OrpaHUqeH-
HOCTb rrpe,lI.CTaBJIeHMH, 6bITOBaBIllHX B nCHXHaTpHH H rrCHXOJIOrHH ero Bpe-
MeHH. B KaIIeCTBe TeOpeTHqeCKOrO 6a3Hca OTrpaHMqeHHH HeOC03HaBaeMoro
nCHXHqeCKOrO 3. <1>peH,lI. rrpHMeHHJI T. H. «TonorpacpHqecKYIO» Mo,aeJIb rrCH-
XHqeCKOrO arrrrapaTa (<<c03HaHHe», «npe,aco3HaTeJIbHoe», «6eCC03HaTeJIb-
Hoe»). M02KHO cKa3aTb, qTO B OCHOBY oTrpaHHtIeHHH BHec03HaTeJIbHOH rrCH-
1 3Ta rr03H HH, KaK HaM KalKeTCH, B CBoe BpeM5.I CblrpaJIa rrOJIO)KHTe.lIbHYIO pOJIb B <pOpMH-
pOBaHHH TeopHII YCTaHOBKH. He OTBepfHYB TeopHIO 3. <Pp, eH,l{a JI.. Y3Ha,l{3e BP5I,l{ JIM C03J}.aJl
6b1 CBOIO, opMfHHaJIbHYIO KOHIJ,enl{MIO 0 oeCC03HaTeJIbHOM (ycTaHoBKe).
40
XHqeCKOH 06JIaCTII OT C03HaHHH B 3TY MO.lleJIb, no cymeCTBY, ObIJIH nOJlo-
)KeHbI ,aBa npH3HaKa: 1. <PeHoMeHOJIOrHqeCKHH (npM3HaK nepeJKHBaHHH,.
oco HaHHH, «BocnpHHTIIH» - «...pa3JIHQHH Me)KJ(Y C03HaTeJIbHbIM 11 6ecco-
3HaTe,,1bHbIM eCTb B KOHeqHOM CqeTe Bonpoc BocnpHHTH5I, H3 KOTOpbI11 npH-
XO,aIITC5I OTBeqaTb, HJIH «)(a» HJIH «HeT» [34, 10]), H 2. «,[lHHaMHQeCKIIM»
npH HaK B _ aIIMO)(eMCTBHH nCIIXIIQeCKHX 5IBJleHHH - «...eCTb ,aB05IKOe 6ec-
C03HaTeJIbHoe: CKpbIToe, HO cnoc06Hoe CTaTb C03HaTeJIbHbIM (<<npe,lJ.C03Ha-
TeJIbHoe» - T.T.H.), H BbITeCHeHHoe, KOTopoe caMO no ce6e H 6e3 ,lI.aJIb-
HeHwero 2 He M02KeT CTaTb C03HaTeJIbHbIM (<<6ecC03HaTeJlbHoe» - T.T.M.)>>
[34, 9]). TaKHM 06pa30M, cppeM,aoBcKoe nOHHMaHMe 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO 3TO,
eCJIH I\102KHO TaK BbIpa3HTbcH, epeHoMeHOJIOro-J(HHaMHq CKOe TOJIKOBaHHe.
TonarpacpHQeCKaH MO)(eJIb, npe.llJlOlKeHH3S1 3. cI>peH.llOM, BMeCTe co CBH3aH--
HOM C HeM TeOpeTlrqeCKOM KOHCTpYK HeM, HecoMHeHHo, CbIrpaJIa HeMaJIO-
BaiKHYlo pOJIb B pa3BIITIIII nCIIXOJIOrHII. O.llHaKO, KaK H3BeCTHo, 3Ta MO-
)(eJIb BCKope 6bIJIa HeCKOJIbKO OTO.llBHHYTa B TeopHH nCIIXOaHaJIH3a Ha
3a,lJ,HHH nJIaH «CTp'YKTYPHOM» MO.lleJlbIO rrCHXHqeCKOrO arrrrapaT3 (<<OHO»,.
«SI», «CBepX-H»), KOTopaH II nOHbIHe CqHTaeTCH rrpe06JIa)(aIOru.eM MO)I.eJIbIO'
nCHXOaHaJIIITHqeCKHX HCCJIe)I.OBaHHM II TeparrHII. BPH,l( JIM MO)KHO He CO-
rJIaCHTbCH C MHeHHeM, QTO pa3pa60TKa CTPYKTYPHOA MO,lJ.eJIII IIMeJIa 60Jlb-
llIoe HalfeHIIe )(JIH ,l(aJIbHeMlIIero pa3BHTIIH nCHXOaHaJIHTHqeCKOM TeopHH,
,lJ.JI5I paCllIlIpeHIIH H yrJIy6JIeHHH ee B3rJIH.lI.a Ha nCHXIIqeCKYIO lKH3Hb qe-
J10BeKa. 3Ta Mo,aeJIb 3aCJIY2KHBaeT BHHMaHHH H C TOqKH 3peHHH HayqHOrO I
nO::;HaHIIH Bo06me KaK O)I.Ha H3 IIHTepeCHbIX norrbITOK OTpa2KeHIIH <paKTO-
pOB, eTepMIIHIIpYIOru.HX rrCIIXHqeCKYIO, KaK H JII06yIO IIHYIO, )(eHTeJIbHOCTb
qeJIOBeKa, T. e. HBJIeHfIH 6HOJIOrHqeCKOrO, COII.HaJIbHOrO H c06CTBeHHO rrCH-
XIIqeCKOrO nOp5l,aKa. Y)(aqHO 6bIJI HaM,aeH 3. <ppeH)J.oM II «H3bIK» nCHXIIKH
B KaqeCTBe OCHOB ,aJIH xapaKTepHcTHKII e,aHHCTBa H B3aHMo,aeMcTBHH yno-
MHHYTbIX pa3JIIIqHbIX cepep. Ho, rrO-BHj(HMOMY, rrpHMeqaTeJlbHOH: oc06eH-
HOCThIO HOBOM, «CTPYKTypHOH» Mo,aeJIII no cpaBHeHHIO C «TonorpaeplIqe-
CKOM» HBJI5IeTCH Bce )Ke TO, 1JTO «no Cyru.eCTBY 3Ta MO,lJ,eJIb rrCHXHqeCKOrO
arrrrapaTa paCCMaTpIIBaJIaCb C TOqKII 3peHlIH ero CPYHKII.IIH» [11, 259-260]"
O,lJ.EaK0 CJIe,lJ,yeT 3aMeTIITb, qTO <PYHKII.HOHaJIbHbI:H nO)I.xoj( 6bIJI npIIMeHeH
C eJIbIO BbI,aeJleHHH orrpe,aeJleHHbIX HHcTaH HH H CTPYKTypHbIX 3JIeMeH-
TOB, a He B CBH3H C pa3rpaHHqeHHeM C03HaTeJIbHbIX H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIX
HBneHHH. OTrpaHIIqeHHe OT epeHOMeHOB C03HaHHH 5IBneHHM BHeC03HaTeJIb-
HOM nCHXHqeCKOM 06JIaCTH B nCHXOaHaJIH3e H B HaCTOHLQee BpeMH no CYTII
.nen a peaJIII3yeTcH Ha OCHOBe ynoMHHYToro epeHOMeHOJIOrO- ,aHHaMH1.IeCKoro
H_MepeHIIH. CJIe,ayeT OTMeTHTb, qTO rrCHXOaHaJIHTHqeCKaH TpaKTOBKa 6ec-
COJHaTeJISHO O rrpe,aCTaBJISIeT C060M HaH60JIee HPKYIO H CTPOMHYIO CHCTe-
MY npe,lJ.CT3BJIeHIIH B HCTOpHII pa3BHTHH H,LLeM 0 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM, ccpop-
MHpOBaBIlIYIOCH B PYCJIe KJIHHHqeCKOrO no,axo,aa. 3TOT rro,lJ,XO,lJ" KaK YKa3bI-
BaeT H. Ellenberger, cpaKTHqeCKH YXO)lHT CBOHMH KOpH5IMII K HaqaJIY X IX
BeKa, K OIIbITaM C «MeCMepHqeCKHM CHOM» (Ha3BaHHbIM n03)1.Hee rHIIH03 M).
n pe).(CTaBHTeJIH «HOBOR opHeHTa HH», OCHOBbIBaHCb Ha KpHTIIQeCKOM
aHaJIH3e 01lIH60qHbIX rrOJIOLKeHHM cppeH)(OBCKOro yqeHII5I, KaK C MeTO)I.OJlO-
fHqeCKOM, TaK H C KOHKpeTHOM HayqHOM n03HII.HH, CTpeM5ITCH B06paTb B
CBOIO KOH err IIIO H pa3BHTb II.eHHble Haxo,aKH nCHXOaHaJIII3a (rrpe:iK).(e Bce-
fO era TOJIKOBaHHe 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO KaK 06pa30BaHHOH Ha OCHOBe npHH-
IIna B TeCHeHHH cBoe06pa3HOM rrCHXHqeCKOM 06naCTH, KOTOpOM npHCY H
CBOH cpeHOMeHOJIOrHH, CBOR «Sl3bIK» H co6CTBeHHble 3aKOHOMepHOCTH). OHM
npe,anpHHIIMaIOT nonbITKH CHHTe3HpOBaTb nCIIXOaHaJIHTlIqeCKHH rro,axo,lI. K
nCHXHQeCKOH 2KH3HH, KaK onpe,aeJIeHHbIH 06pa3 MbIllIJIeHHH, CepOpMHpOBaH-
2 OqeBHlI.HO 3AeCb oIliHOKa B nepeBO)(e. BMeCTO «oe3 j(eJIbHeHwero» AOJI)KHO ObITb. «oe3
.nonOJIbHHTeJIbHbIX XJIOrrOT» (Without more ado) COrJIaCHO aHrJIHH<;KoMY nepeBoAY (rrpHBelI.eHO
no KHHre: Psychology of Personality: Readings in Theory. Ed. by W. S. Sahakian. Chi-
cago, (1965).
41
HbIH B PYCJIe KJIHHHqeCKOro rroAxo,[(a, C AOCTH)KeHH.SIMH COBeTCKOH rrCHXO-
JIOfHqeCKOM HaYKH, rJIaBHbIM )Ke 06pa30M, C TeopHeH YCTaHOBKH IllKOJIbI
Y3Ha,[(3e (KaK HaH60JIee CTpOHHOM CHCTeMbI 3HaHHM 0 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM
B COBeTCKOH rrCHXOJIOrHH, orrHpalO eHC.SI Ha 3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHbIH rro,a-
xo,a) 3. He06xo,aHMO rro,[(qepKHYTb, qTO 3TO B3aHMOAOrrOJIHeHHe no,[(pa3Y-
MeBaeT He rrpOCToe 3KJIeKTHqeCKOe OODe,aHHeHHe ,[(BYX TeopHM (rrCHxoaHa-
JIH3a H TeopHH Y3Ha,a3e), a TBOpqeCKHM CHHTe3 onpe,neJIeHHbIX ,[(OCTH)Ke-
. HHH BYX Tpa,aH HM B pa3BHTHH 3HaHHH 0 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM.
TIorrMTKa BBe,aeHH.SI rrpe,[(cTaBJIeHHH 06 OC060M 06JIaCTH HeOC03HaBae-
MOfO nCHXHqeCKOfO B cOBeTcKYIO rrCHXOJIOrHIO, TaK )Ke, KaK B CBoe BpeM.SI
nOH.SITH.SI YCTaHoBKH, orrHpaeTC.SI, rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M, Ha CPYHKLLHOHaJIbHbIM
KpliTepHM. HMeHHo cBoeM pOJIblO H CPYHK HeM B rrpHcrroc06HTeJIbHOM ,[(e.SI-
TeJIbHOCTH qeJIOBeKa OTJIHqaIOTC.SI ,[(Pyr OT ,aPyra C03HaHHe, YCTaHoBKa H
6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe rrCHXHqeCKOe (rrocTc03HaTeJIbHble 06pa30BaHll.SI). Pa3pa-
60TKa np06JIeMbI 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOfO Ha OCHOBe cpYHK HOHaJIbHOfO rrpll-
3HaKa crroc06cTByeT He TOJIbKO 60JIee y6e,aHTeJIbHoMY 060cHoBaHHIO cYIII.e-
CTBOLbHH5t HeOC03HaBaeMOfO rrCHXHqeCKOfO, HO H HHTpa- H HHTep-}I;H<p<pe-
peHll,HaLLHlI rrOCJIe,[(Hero. KpoMe Toro, <PYHK llOHaJIbHbIH rro,axo , Ha HalIl
B3rJIH,[(, ,[(aeT B03MO)KHOCTb rrpeo,aOJIeTb TOpM03.SIIII.HH B KaKoH-To CTerreHlI
pa3BHTHe nCIIXOJIOrHH, nocTYJIaT «aTpH6YTHBHOCTH nepe)KHBaHHR», KOTO-
pbIH rro,apa3YMeBaeT Heo6xoAHMOCTb rrpHcYTcTBHH ,npH3HaKa rrepe)KHBaHHH
(oc03HaHHH) B JII060M rrCHXHqeCKOM .SIBJIeHHH [10; 21 H ,ap.].
CJIe}J,yeT 3aMeTHTb, qTO pa3BHBaeMaH B COBeTCKOH rrCHXOJIOrHH xapaK-
TepHcTHKa 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO He HCqeprrbIBaeTCH TO.ITbKO CPYHK HOHaJIbHbIM
nJIaHOM, a OTpa)KaeT H ,nPyrHe acneKTbI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO (cpeHOMeHOJIO-
rHqeCKHH, )J.HHaMHqeCKHH, reHeTHqeCKHH H T. A.). O,[(HaKO, rro HallieMY
MHeHHlO, HMeHHO CPYHK HOHaJIbHbIH no)J.xo,a rrp06JIeMe 6ecc03HaTeJIbHO-
fO COCTaBJIHeT HaH60JIee cymecTBeHHYIO qepTY, fJIaBHYIO OCb pa3BHTHH
npe CTaBJIeHHH 06 3TOH 06JIaCTlI B COBeTCKOH HaYKe.
BBe,aeHHe, HOBbIX rrpe,[(cTaBJIeHHM 0 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM rrCHXHqeCKOM B
COBeTCKYIO nCHXOJIOfHIO conpHfKeHo C HeMaJIbIMH TPY)J.HOCTHMH: «YqeT
3TOM peaJIbHOCTM C03,[(aeT HOBoe BH,aeHHe He TOJIbKO 06DeKTa rrCHXOJIOfH-
qeCKHX ,HCCJIe,[(OBaHHH, HO B orrpe,[(eJIeHHOM OTHOIlleHHH H caMOH rrCHXOJIO-
rHH KaK HayqHOH ,[(HCLLHnJIHHbI, nOCKOJIbKY OH n03BOJIHeT nO-HOBOMY OC-
IvlbICJIHTb ee KaTefOpHaJIbHbIH annapaT - xapaKTepHble )J.JIH Hee rrOHHTHH
II CPOPMYJIHpyeMble elO 3aKOHOMepHOCTH» .[ 8, 89-90]. BnOJIHe rrOHHTHO,
qTO B TaKOM CJIyqae HeJIb3.SI 060MTH Bonpoc 0 crre HcpHqeCKHX 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTHX, rrpHcymHx cpeHoMeHaM HeOC03HaBaeMOH nCHXHqeCKOH LKH3HH, KO-
TOpbIH <P. B. 5accHH, A. C. TIpaHfHIIIBHJIH H A. E. llIep03HH paCCMaTpH-
BaIDT B KOHTeKCTe Borrpoca 0 co6CTBeHHO rrCHXOJIOfHqeCKHX 3aKOHOMepHO-
CTHX. BbI)J.eJI.SIH .9TOT rrOCJIe,[(HHH, KaK oc060 Ba)KHbIM Borrpoc, 3TH aBTopbI
CB5I2 bIBalOT np05IBJIeHHH c06CTBeHHO rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKHX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH
C JIHqHOCTHOH aKTHBHOCTblO Boo6me" a fJIaBHbIM 06pa30M, C cpaKTaMH
«rrcHXOJIOfHqeCKOH 3amHTbI» H .9MOLLHOHaJIbHOH )KH3HH qeJIOBeKa [8].
BbIllie 6bIJIO OTMeqeHO, qTO «HOBa.SI opHeHTaLLHH», B03HHKIllaH B CBH-
3'H C aHaJIH30M np06JIeMbI 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO, HBJIHeTCH qeM-TO ropa3)J.o
60tiTJbIll M,.. qeM npocToH CHHTe3 OT,[(eJIbHbIX rrOJIO)KeHHH, KaCalOIIJ.HXC.SI Tex
II.TIll HHbIX BorrpOCOB 3TOM rrp06JIeMbI. Ee BrrOJIHe MO)KHO rrpe)J.cTaBHTb B
BH)J.e orrpe,[(eJIeHHOH TeOpeTHqeCKOH KOHCTPYK HH. MbI nenbITaeMCH )J.aJIee
B ll,eJIHX YHcHeHHH HeKoTopbIX oc06eHHocTeH 3TOM KOHCTPYK HH corrOCTa-
3 O o6eHHO BbIpaJKeHa 3Ta TeH)J,eHu,H5I B pa60Tax A. E. IIlepo3H5I. BcrrOMHHM XOT5I 6hI
ro TpeXqJIeHHYIO Mo,rreJIb rrCHXHqeCKOrO arrnapaTa: C03HaHHe, YCTaBOBKa H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe
nCHXHqeCKoe. A. E. E.06pOBHtJ B 3TOH CB5I3H BbICKa3bIBaeT CJIe)J,YJOrn.ee y6eJK)I.eHHe: «.. .He OT-
pHu,aHHe <ppeH)I.OBCKOro «6eCC03HaTeJIbHoro» H He rrOlJ.MeHa ero YCTaHOBKOH, HO HMeHHO KOHCT- .
PYKTHBHbIH CHHTe3 Toro u.eHHoro, qTO CO epJKHTC5I B 060HX YQeHH5IX eCTb CToJI60Ba5I )I.ppora
COBpeMeHHOH nCHXOJIOfHQeCKOH HaYKH» [17, 10f1].
42
BHTb no P5l)J.Y CYIIJ.eCTBeHHbIX MOMeHTOB ee OCHOBHble nOJIO)KeHH5I C rrpe,a-
CTaBJIeHH5IMH Tpa)J.H HOHHoro HarrpaBJIeHH5I TeopHH YCTaHOBKH KaK HCXO,a-
HOH 6a3w pa3BHTH5I YKa3aHHOH opHeHTa HH.
Tpa,JI,HQHOHHOe HanpaBJIeHHe TeopHH YCTaHOBKH
WKOJ1bI Y3Ha,l(3e
o C II 0 B H a 51 e JI b - paCKpbITb CYIIJ.HOCTb, MexaHH3MbI eJIeCO-
06pa3HOH H He eJIecoo6pa3HOH ,ae5lTeJIbHOCTH. PeaJIH3Y5I 3TY eJIb, TeOpH5I
Y 3Ha)J.3e nbITaeTC5I rrpeO)J.OJIeTb He,aOCTaTKH KaK MexaHHCTHqeCKOrO, TaK
H BHTaJIHCTHqeCK rO rro)J.xo)J.a.
o C HOB H bI e n p H H H n bI - Tpa)J.H HOHHoe HarrpaBJIeHHe, no CY-
III.eCTBY, orrHpaeTC5I Hh rrpHH HrrbI: «)J.BYXCTopoHHeH )J.eTepMHHa HH», «)J.H-
HaMHqHOCTH», «e)J.HHCTBa rrCHXHKH H ,ae5lTeJIbHOCTH», «orrocpe)J.CTBeHHOCTH»,
« eJIOCTHOCTH», «p a3BHTH5I», «aKTHBHOCTH».
B CB5I3H C nOHHMaHHeM npHH Hrra orrocpe)J.CTBbBaHHOCTH, BH;I.HMO,
Tpe6YIOTC5I HeKOTopble YTOqHeHH5I. O)J.HY H3 rJIaBHbIX npHqHH OrpaHllqeH-
HOCTH H rropoH HeCOCT05lTeJIbHOCTH rrpe,acTaB eHHH Tpa)J.H HoHHOH rrCHXO-
JIOrHll '[L. Y3Ha)J.3e YCMaTpHBa B. caMOM ee OCHOBaHHH, B crroco6e ee oc-
MbICJIeHH5I, cpYH)J.aMe!1T KOToporo COCTaB.lI5IeT, no ero MHeHHIO, TaK Ha3bIBa-
. eMblfl «rrocTYJIaT Herrocpe)J.cTBeHHocTH». KaK H3BeCTHO, 3TOT rrOCTyJIaT rro)J.-
pa3YNIeBaeT rrpH3HaHHe Herrocpe)J.cTBeHHoH CB5I3H Me)K)J.Y cpH3IftIeCKHMH H
I rrCHXHqeCKHMH, HJIH Me)K)J.Y c06cTBeHHo rrCHXHqeCKHMH 51BJIeHH5IMH. HMeH-
HO )J.JI5I ero rrpeo)J.OJIeHH5I H 6bIJIa BbI)J.BHHYTa ,[L. Y 3Ha)J.3e H)J.e51 06 orro-
cpe)J.cTBoBaHHoH CB5I3H Me)K)J.Y YKa3aHHbIMH 51BJIeHH5IMH, oCYIIJ.eCTBJIeHHe
KOTOpOH 6bIJIO B03JIO)KeHO Ha «YcTaHOBKY». HaM Ka)KeTC5I, qTO He C BceM
npaBHJIbHO HHTepnpeTHpyeT 3TY MbICJIb O)J.HH. H3 H3BeCTHbIX HHTeprrpeTa-
TOpOB COBeTCKOH rrCHXOJIOrHH H rrCHXHaTpHH H. POJIJIHHC: «npH pa3BHTHH
u \'
CBoeH TeopHH YCTaHOBKH, KaK KOH err HH 0 rpaHHqaIIJ.eM Me)K)J.Y nCHXHqe-
CKIIM H <pH3HQeCKHM, Y3Ha)J.3e OTBepraJI rrpHH Hrr nCHXHqeCKOrO )J.eTepMH-
HH3Ma MJIH cpH3HqeCKOH 4 KaY3aJIbHOCTH» [11, 271] . 8TO, rro MHeHHIO
H. POtl1JIHHC, He COOTBeTcTByeT <paKTaM, 1160 «...BO MHorHX CJIYQaHX o,a-
HO nCHXHqeCKOe COCT05lHHe orrpe)J.eJI5IeT CJIe)J.YIOIIJ.ee 3a HHM nCIIXHQe-
CKoe COCT05lHHe, a TaK)Ke qaCTO nCHXHqeCKOe COCT05lHHe BbI3bIBaeT CPH-
3HqeCKOe H3MeHeHHe B TeJIe (H Ha'o6opOT)>> [11, 271]. 3TO 51BHoe
He)J.opa3YMeHHe. ,[LeJIo B TOM, qTO ,Q. Y3Ha)J.3e Hero nOCJIe)J.OBaTeJIH OTPH-
aIOT He caM <paKT cyruecTBOBaHH5I YK'a3aHHbIX B3aHMO)J.eHCTBHH, a Heno-
cpe)J.CTBeHHbIH xapaKTep 3TOH CB5I3H. COrJIaCHO OCHOBHOMY rrOJIO)KeHHIO Te-
OpHH YCTaH.OBKH Y3H3)J.3e, CBH3b C )J.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTbIO ycr3HaBJIHB3eT )KH-
Boe CYIIJ.eCTBO K3K eJIOCTHbIH cy6'beKT, a He OT)J.eJIbHble ero CPYHK HH, H
B33H 0)J.eHCTBHe Tex HJIH HHbIX nCHXHqeCKHX cpeHOMeHOB HJIH CTOpOH
rrCHXHQeCKOH 3KTHBHOCTH T3K)Ke orrocpe)J.yeTC5I cy6'beKTOM, HX HOCH-
TeJIeM. BW)J.BHHYTwe ,Q. Y3Ha)J.3e nOH5ITHe H TeOpH5I YCTaHOBKH He rrpOTH-
BOpeq3T cpaKTaM rrCHXHqeCKOrO It rrCHXOCOMaTllqeCKOrO B3aHMO)J.eHCTBH5I,
3, Hao60pOT, )J.eJI3lOT HX 60JIee rrOH5ITHbIMH, 6JIaro)J.ap51 pa3pa6oTKe ono-
cpe)J.YIOIIl,erO 3BeHa - YCTaHOBKH (Mo.nyca cy6'beKTa).
a C HOB H bI e rr 0 H 51 T H 51 - «rroTpe6HOCTb», «CHTya H5I», < YCTaHOBKa»
(rrOCJIe)J.Hee qaCTO ynoTpe6JI5IeTC5I C rrpHJIaraTeJIbHbIMH «<pHKCHpOBaHHa5l»,
«aKTyaJIbHa5l», «rrepBHqHaH», «YHHTapHa5l»), «cpHKCHpOBaHHa51 YCTaHOB-
Ka», «ypOBeHb YCTaHOBOqHOH (HMrrYJIbCHBHOH) )J.e5lTeJIbHOCTH», «ypOBeHb
06'beKTHBa HH» H T. ,a. .
qTO KaCaeTC5I rrOH5ITHH «rr 0 T P e 6 HOC T b» H «C H T Y a H 51 », XO-
THM 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha CJIe,aYIOIIJ.He TPy,aHOCTH HX rrOHHMaHH5I. B Te..
4 Bep05ITHO, 3)J.eCb OrreqaTKa. CKopeH Bcero BMeCTO "cpH3HQeCKOH}) (physical) OJDKHO 6bITb
«rrcHXHQeCKoH» (psychical).
43
OpHH Y3Ha,ll3e 9TM nOHRTH5I paCCMaTpHBaIOTCSI KaK 06pa3YlOmHe <paKTOpbI
YCTaHOBKH. TI03TOMY Y npe CTaBHTeJIeM 3TOM IIIKOJIbI Hepe KO MbI MO:iKeM
BCTpeTHTb YTBep}KJ(eHHe: «,[{JIH Toro, lIT06bI C<pOpMHpOBaJIaCb YCTaHOBKa,
He06xoJ(MMO HanHlIHe aKTyaJIbHOH nOTpe6HOCTH H cHTya HH ee YAOBJIeT-
BOpeHH5I». IlpH TOJIKOBaHHH ,aaHHoro nOJI02KeHH5I HeKOTopbIe HCCJIe,lLOBaTe-
JlH YCMaTpMBalOT orrpe,LLeJIeHHOe npOTHBope t lIle 5 , liTO 06YCJlOBJIeHO, nO-BM-
,lIJIMOMY, CMeIlIeHHeM ,lLBYX nJIaHOB aHaJIH3a: JlOrHlJeCKOrO H cpaKTHqaCKO-
roo CornaCHO TeopHH, nOTpe6HOCTb H cHTyaUH5I KaK npeJIJIOCbIJIKH YCTa-
HOBKH npe,U.llIecTBYIOT eM B JIOrHlIeCKOM CMbICJle, a He peaJlbHO, BO BpeMe-
HH. Y)Ke caM <paKT HaXO:iK,aeHHH :iKHBOrO CYIll.eCTBa B TOM HJIH HHOM cpe,lL
B CHJIY ero 6HOJIOrHQeCKOH cyrnHocTH HenpeMeHHO npe,lLnOJIaraeT HaJIHqHe
nocTOHHHOM CB5I3H, B3aHMOJI.eMCTBHH HHJ(HBHJ(a co cpe,aOM. 3TO B3aHMOJ(eii-
CTBHe B KOHKpeTHWX YCJIOBHHX npe06pa3yeT HH,aHBH,aa B cy6neKTa onpe-
,aeJIeHHOrO nOBeJ(eHH5I, T. e. cpopMHpyeT cOOTBeTcTBYlOmylO YCTaHoBKY, a
3TO 3HalJHT, lITO, C OAHOM CTOpOHbI, cpeA3 rrpe06pa3yeTClI, CTPYKTypHpyeT-
CH (KaK B <pH3HqeCKOM, TaK H B nCHXOJIprHqeCKOM CMbICJIe) B BHJ(e CHTY-
al1.HH (qTO-TO BbIJ(eJIHeTC5I, lJeTKO BocrrpHHHMaeTCH, npHo6peTaeT 60JIbIllee
3HaqeHHe ,aJIH cy6neKTa, qTO-TO OTTeCHHeTC5I, HCKalliaeTC5I, He BocnpHHH-
MaeTC5I H T. A., a B II.eJIOM, cpeJ(a, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHKpeTHoro COCT05I-
HHH Cy6neKTa, HaJ(eJI5IeTCH onpeJ(eJIeHHbIM CMbICJIOM); C J(pyroH CTOpOHbI,.
O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO co CTpYKTYPH3a HeM BHelliHeM Cpe,lLM npOHcxOAHT CTPYKTY-
pHpOBaHHe BHYTpeHHeM, nCHXHqeCKOM ccpepbI (aKTyaJIH3HpYlOTC5I orrpeJ(e-
JIeHHble nOTpe6HOCTH, Te HJIH HHble nCHXHqeCKHe cO,lI.eplliaHHH, aKTHBHpy-
IOTC5I OnpeAeJIeHHbIe nCHXH4eCKHe CPYHKLLHH, KorHHrliBHbIe H JI.HCn03HLLHoH-
HbIe Q6pa30BaHH5I H T. J(.). ,[{PyrHMH CJIOBaMH, TaK 2Ke KaK H YCTaHoBKa
onpeJ(eJIHeTC5I BHeIIIHHMH H BHYTpeHHHMH <jJaKTopaMH, caMH 3TH cpaKTopbI
He CymeCTBYIOT caMH no ce6e, a BbIJ(eJI5IIOTC5I Ha OCHOBe B3aHMoJ(eMcTBHH
BHYTpeHHHx H BHelliHHX ,lLeTepMHHaHT oAHoBpeMeHHo B caMOM npo[(ecce
cpOpMHpOBaHH5I YCTaHoBKH. OTMeqeHHOe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO, KaK HaM KallieT-
C5I, 5IBJI5IeTC5I OJ(HHM H3 cymecTBeHHbIX' npeHMymecTB paCCMaTpHBaeMoa
TeopMH no OTHOIlleHHIO K TeM, KOTopble rrpH, nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOM aHaJIH3e
nOBeAeHqeCKOrO aKTa 3a HCXOJ(Hoe 6epYT OTJ(eJIbHO JIH60 BHeIIIHHe B03J(eM-
CTBH5I (CTHMYJIbI), JIH60 BHYTpeHHHe n06Y:iKJ(eHH5I (noTpe6HOCTH, HHCTHHK-
TbI H T. A.), a He HX B3aHMOJ(eHCTBHe.
TIpe,aCTaBJI5IeTCH YMeCTHbIM KpaTKO OCTaHOBHTbC5I 3J(eCb H Ha HeKOTO-
u.
pbIX CYIlI,eCTBeHHbIX MOMeHTax nOHHMaHH5I Y C T a HOB K H B COBeTCKOH
nCHXOJIOrHH. B HaCTOSII1l.ee BpeMH HHorJ(a orrepHpYIOT HeCKOJIbKO CrreII.H-
<pHlJeCKHMH HHTepnpeTaII.H5IMH 3Toro nOH5ITHH, KOTopble He B paBHOM CTe-
rreHH HMelOT OTHOllIeHHe K Y3HaA3eBcKoMY rrOHHMaHHlO. npe:tK,lI.e Bcero
CJIe,ZI,yeT CKa3aTb 0 pa3HOrJIaCH5IX OTHOCHTeJIbHO npHpoAbI YCTaHOBKH. B
3TOH CBH3H BbI,aeJISIIOTCSI TPH B3rJlH,aa: COrJIaCHO OJ(HOMY - YCTaHoBKa 5IB-
JI5IeTCH HenCHXHqeCKHM (cpH3HOJIOrHQeCKYI"M) <jJaKToM (A. T. DOqOPHIlIBH"
JIll, B. JI. KaKa6aJ(3e); BTOpOM, KOTOpbIM B HeKOTopOM CMbICJIe CB5I3aH C
paHHHMH npeJ(cTaBJIeHIIHMH ,[{. Y3Ha,lI,3e, - paCCMaTpHBaeT YCTaHOBKY
KaK HeqTO oco60e, 5IBJISIIOIlI,eeC5I H He co6CTBeHHO cpll HOJIOrHqeCKHM H He
c06CTBeHHO nCHXHqeCKHM (H. M. CapA BeJIaJ(3e; B. H. 3HHQeHKO, M. K.
MaMapJ(allI BHJIH 6 ); H, HaKOHeLL, TpeTHM B3rJIH,a, KOTOpbIH BHJ(HT CYTb -YCTa-
5 «napa OKC 'COCTOHT B CJIe YIOIll.eM.... JIH Toro, qTOObI B03HHKJIa YCTaHOBKa, OJIIKHa
ObITb OTpalKeHa CHTyaU.H5I Y OBJIeTBOpeHH5I nOTpeOHOCTH, HO cHTyaI H5I He MOlKeT 6bITb OTpalKe-
Ha oe3 YCTaHoBKH» (3, 29). 'I
6 «...OH (,IL. Y3Ha)l3e - T. T. H.) H npHJIaraJI aHaJIHTHqeCKHe nOHHTHiI « eJIoro», «yc-
TaHOBKH», «JIHqHOCTHOro e,lJ,HHCTBa» H T. ., paccMaTpHBaJI HX KaK np05IBJIeHHe r JIyooKoro ObI-
THH oro HJIH OHTOJIOrHqeCJ{oro, a He nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOrO ypOBH5I. n03TOMY «YCTaHOBKa» He Mor-
JIa ObITb ,lJ,JI5I Hero nCHXHqeCKHM 5IBJIeHHeM HJIH, TeM OOJIee, np05IBJIeHHeM «nCHXHQeCKH 6ecc03"
HaTeJIbHOrO». nCHXHQeCKHM Mor 6bITb JIH Hero JIHllIb MaTepHaJI Ha KOTOpOM 3KcnepHMeHTaJIb.
HO Mor JIH 3aceKaTbC5I BTOpIKeHH5I HJIH «3:\fep)p:KeH HH» 3Toro 6bITHHHoro HJIH OHTOJIOrUqeCKOrO
ypOBH5I...» / 18/.
44
HOBKH B ee c06CTBeHHO' nCHXHlJeCKOM npI1po,ae (Hanp., A. C. IlpaHrHiIiBH"
JIM, A. E. llIep03HH, <P. B. 5accHH).
He B aBaHCb B no,ap06HWM conOCTaBHTe bHWH aHaJlH3 npI1Be eHH x
n03HIl.HH, no nOHHTHbIM rrpHqHHaM, MbI OTMeTHM JIlllIlb CJIe YI01ll.ee. Y2Ke
caM <jJaKT CYllI,eCTBOBaHH5I TeopHH YCTaHOBKH lllKOJIbI Y3Ha,a3e KaK nCHXO-
JIOflFleCKOH TeopllH, KaK HarrpaBJIeHllH nCHXOJIOfJP-IeCKOH MbICJIll (a He c06-
CTBeHHO <pH3ll0JIOrHlJeCKOM HJIH cpHJlOCOcpCKOM), Ha Halll B3rJIH , CBll e-
TeJIbCTByeT 0 npaBoMepHocTH nCHXOJIOrHlJeCKOro nOHHMaHH5I <peHoMeHa
YCTaHoBKH. K TOMY )Ke, no HarneMY MHeHlllO, no cBoeH CYllI,HOCTH Y3Ha-
3eBCKoe nOHHTHe YCTaHoBKH 60JIee cooTBeTcTByeT npHpo e nCHXHQeCKOfO
(no,ap06Hee 06 9TOM CM. 40).
EllI,e O HH acneKT, KOToporo MbI XOTHM KOpOTKO KOCHYTbCH B CBH3H
C TOJIKOBaHHeM YCTaHOBKH, 9TQ nCHXHqeCKHe ypOBHH H CTPYKTypbI. KaK lI3'Be-
CTHO, ,LL. Y3Ha 3e BbI,ae HJI Ba ypOBHH nCHXHqeCKOH ,aeHTeJIbH'ocTH:' HM-
nYJIbCllBHbIH (ycTaHOBOqHbIH) H ypqBeHb 06'beKTHBa HH. Ill. A. Ha Hpa-
IIIBHJIH, ITbITaHCb pa3BHTb TOQKY 3peHHH ,Q. H. Y 3Ha 3e, BbI,aeJIHeT TPH ypOB-
HH C COOTBeTCTBYIOllI,HMH YCTaHOBKaMH. B qaCTHOCTH ,COrJIaCHO MHeHHIO
3Toro aBTopa, qeJIOBeK M02KeT npe,acTaTb KaK HH,alIBH , KaK cy6'beKT H KaK
JIHqHOCTb. CooTBeTcTBeHHo, aHHbIH HCCJIe,aOBaTeJIb pa3JIHlJaeT npaKTHqe-
rCKYIO, TeOpeTHlJeCKYIO H ,COIl.HaJIbHYIO YCTaHOBKH [25]. BTopaH TOqKa 3pe-
.HHH, KOTOpylO pa3BHBaeT A. f. ACMOJIOB, onHpaeTcH Ha TeopHIO e5lTeJIb-
iIOCTH. no ero MHeHHIO, B CBH3H C pa3HbIMH ypOBHHMH aKTHBHOCTH qeJIO-
jBeKa ( eHTeJIbHOCTb, ,aeMcTBHe, onepanHH) CJIe,ayeT pa3JIHQaTb, COOTBeT-
tCTBeHHO CMbICJIOBYIO, neJleBYIO H OnepaIl.HOHaJIbHYIO YCTaHoBKH [3] .
¥IHYIO HepapxHlIecKYIO CTPYKTYPY YCTaHoBKH npe JIaraeT B. A. 5I OB, KO-
u 6
TOpbIH cTpeMHTC5I pa3pa OTaTb T. H. ,aHcn03HnHOHHYIO KOH enIl,HIO JIHQHO-
CTH. Ilo MHeHHIO 9Toro HCCJIe OBaTeJIH, YCTaHoBKH cYI.I:(ecTBYIOT B. BH e
CHCTeMbI HepapXHqeCKHX HCn03HIl.HH. HH311IHH ypoBeHb STOM HepapXHH
COCTaBJIHIOT «3JIeMe.HTapHbIe YCTaHoBKH», 3aTeM H eT «CHCTeMa COnHaJIb-
HblX YCTaHoBoK», CJIe,aYIDllI,HH ypoBeHb 06pa3YIOT «6a30BbIe COII:HaJlbHbIe
YCTaHoBKH», H, HaKOHeIl.,. BbIClIIHH ypOBeHb HepapxHH npeJ(cTaBJIHeT «CH-
CTeMa Il.eHHOCTHbIX opHeHTaIl.HH» r 44].
HecMoTp51 Ha pa3JIHQH5I B nO,lI.xo,aax CTPYKTypHpoBaHHH YCTaHoBoK,
MbI He CTaBHM Bonpoc 0 npaBHJIbHOCTH KaKOrO-JIH60 H3 HHX. B03MO)KHO
OHH H He HCKJIlOlIalOT ,aPyr Pyra, a B KaKOM-TO CMbICJIe ,aonOJIHHIOT. O.LI--
HO HeCOMHeHHO, KalK,lI.bIM H3 HHX OTpalKaeT onpe,aeJIeHHbIe TeH eHIl,HH, ,ne-
TepMHHHpOBaH TeMH HJIH HHbIMH HanpaBJIeHHHMH nOHCKOB, KOHKpeTHbIMH
3a allaMH. llo3TOMY HayqHa51 OIl.eHKa 3THX B3rJIH,aOB Tpe6yeT CneIl.Ha bHO-
ro aHaJIH3a. O HaKO XOTeJlOCb 6bI YKa3aTb Ha TY TPy.n.HOCTb, C KOTOpOH
HenpeMeHHO CTOJIKHYTCH HCCJle,aOBaTeJIH npH pa3BHTHH OTMeqeHHblX B3rJIH-
,nOB. ECJIH MbI npH3HaeM Ha HlJHe pa3HbIx BH,aOB YCTaHoBoK, cooTBeTcTBY-
lOlIl,HX onpe eJIeHHbIM ypOBHHM, CTpYKTypaM, TO liTO )Ke onpe eJIHeT TOr.LI-a
HX e,nHHCTBO, B3aHMo,n:eMCTBHe H KOHKpeTHoe npOHBJIeHHe Toro HJIH HHoro
H3 HHX, qTO lKe C03,lI.aeT Il.eJIOCTHOCTb? OqeBH HO, 3TY <jJYHK HIO He MO-
)KeT BbInOJIHHTb «QaCTHaH», «JIOKaJIbHaH» YCTaHOBKa, penpe3eHTaHT KaKO-
rO-JIn60 ypOBHH, KOMnOHeHT CHCTeMbI. KaK H3BeCTHO, B COBeTcKoH nCHXO-
JIOrllH aHHbIM Bonpoc qaCTO BblcTyrraeT B BH,ne np06JIeMbI «cHcTeMoo6-
pa3YIOIIJ.erO cpaKTopa» (H. K. AHOXHH). He 3a eplKHBaHCb Ha aHaJII13e
9Toro ,n:HCKYCCHOHHoro Bonpoca, OTMeTI1M CJIe,nYIOIUee: Pa3,aeJIHH MHeHHe
o TOM, liTO Y3Ha,a3eBCKOMY nOHHMaHHIO YCTaHOBKH 60.JIbllle PyrHx nOHH-
THH COOTBeTcTByeT pOJIb CHCTeMoo6pa3YIOlII.erO cpaKTopa (A. ITpaHrHIIIBH-
JIH, A. IlIep03HH, P. CaKBa peJIH,ll3e H ,lI.p.), MbI ,nYMaeM, liTO STO ueHHoe
ee KaqeCTBO TepHeTCH, Kor.lla BbI,LleJIHIOT KaKHe-TO JIOKaJIbHbIe, crre HQJH-
qeCKHe ,nJI5I Toro HJIH HHoro BH,na ,neHTeJIbHOCTH YCTaHOBKH. Oco6eHHOCTb
qe OBeKa, KaK CJlO2KHOM )KHBOH CHCTeMbI, BbIHY2K):taeT ero 6blTb B nOCT05IH-
HOH CneIl.HcpHQeCKOM ABYCTopOHHeH CBst3H C BHeIllHeH cpe,n:OM. npH aTOM
.Q>YHK HOHHpOBaHHe aTOM CHCTeMb1 3aBHCHT KaK OT BHellIHeH Cpe,lI.bl, TaK H
OT BHYTpeHHHX' ,aeTepMIIHaHT, OT HaJIHqHbIX oc06eHHOCTeH H H3MeHeHHH B
HHX. bJIaro,aap.SI TaKHM 6 rrpH3HaKaM KaK « BYXCTOpOHH.SI.SI ,aeTepMHHaIl,H.SI»,.
«rrpHHIl,Hrr CB5I3H», «,aHHaMHqHOCTb» H B TO LKe BpeM.SI, «orrpe eJleHHa51 yc-
TOHqHBOCTb», «LLeJIOCTHOCTb» H T. ., YCTaHOBKa B ,I(aHHOM IIOHHMaHHK
60JIblIle COOTBeTcTByeT pOJIH CHCTeMoo6pa3YIOllI,erO cpaKTopa, qeM TaKHe
rrOH5ITH5I KaK «Il,eJIb», «3a aqa», «MOTHB» H T. ,a. (rrpeTeH,aYIOllI,He Ha 3TY
pOJIb). He,I(OCTaTOK 9THX rrOCJIe HHX 06HapYLKHBaeTC5I He TOJIbKO B TOM,
'ITO B HX JI.ecpHHHLLH5IX MbI He Haxo,aHM H o6xo;lI.HMble JI.JI.SI CHCTeMQo6pa3Y-
lOllI,eH pOJIH rrpH3HaKH, HO H B TOM, qTO 3TH 06pa30BaHH5I KaK KOMrrOHeHTbI
CHCTeMbI 06bIQHO caMH 51BJI5IIOTC5I rrpo,aYKTaMH orrpe,aeJIeHHOM lLeJIOCTHOH
opraHH3aLLHH, . rrpeo6pa30BaHH5I CHCTeMbI. Boo6llI,e CJIe yeT rrpH3HaTb, QTO
oc06a51 HaYQHa51 ILeHHOCTb rrpeJI.JIOLKeHHOro lIlKOJIOH Y 3Ha,a3e nOH5ITH5I YC-
TaHOBKH, rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M, B e,aHHCTBe ee xapaKTepHCTHK. 11 eCJIH MbI
OTKa3bIBaeMC5I OT KaKOH-JIH60 H3 HHX, TO MOLKeM rrOTep5lTb HMeHHO TO rro-
JIO:tKHTeJIbHOe, KOTOpbIM 06JIa aeT ,I(aHHOe rrOHSITHe. OJI.HaKO H3BeCTHO MHO-
LKeCTBO aKTOB, Kor a TIOH.SITHe «YCTaHOBKa» HCrrOJIb3yeTC5I B 60JIee Y3KOM
CMbICJle B OTHOlIleHHH OT,[(eJIbHbIX rrp05lBJIeHHH aKTHBHOCTH cy6'beKTa (ceH-
CO-MOTopHaSI, MbICJIHTeJIbHa5l, COILHaJIbHaSI H T. ,a. YCTaHOBKH). CKa3aHHoe
HaBOJI.MT. Ha MbICJIb 0 He06xo,aHMOCTH ,aaJIbHeHlIleii 60Jlee qeTKOI1 JI.Hcpcpe-
peHl(HaILHH cpeHOMeHOB, OXBaTbIBaeMbIX TepMHHOM «YCTaHOBKa». B03MO)K-
HO, B CB5I3H C 9THM rroHa,no6HTC5I BBe)J.eHHe HOBbIX rrOH5ITHM. CJIe,ayeT TaK-
JKe' 3aMeTHTb, QTO 6e,nHOCTb KaTerOpHaJIbHOrO arrnapaTa HayqHOH nCIIXO-
JIOrHH H, qTO rJIaBHOe, 3aKOHOMepHOCTH, 06YCJIOBJIHBalOllI,He CYllI,ectBoBaHHe
OTMeqeHHbIX qaCTHbIX TpaKTOBOK YCTaHOBKH, nO-BH,aHMOMY, Bce )Ke orrpaB-
,lIbIB8IOT npHMeHeHHe nOCJIe,aHHX. He CJIe yeT TOJIbKO CMelIlHBaTb HX t Y3-
Ha,a3eBCKHM nOHHMaHHeM YCTaHOBKII KaK ILeJIOCTHOH Mo,aHcpHKaLLHH
cy6'beKTa.
B CBH3H C 06cYLKJI.aeMbIM BorrpocoM, ,aYMaeTCH, Heo6xo,aHMO 3aTpoHYTb,
H O,aHY oco6eHHOCTb nOHHMaHH5I «cp H K C H P 0 B a H H 0 H y C T a HOB K H»7,
,'ITO nopoH HHBeJIHpyeTcH TeMH, KTO B nJIaHe COIl,HaJIbHO-rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKOrO
aH'aJIH3a rrbITaeTCH OTOlK,aeCTBHTb ,naHHoe rrOH.SITHe C TOJIKOBaHHeM aTTH-
TIOJI.a B TpexKoMrroHeHTHoH TeopHH 3ana,aHbIX HCCJIe,aoBaTeJIeii. HapH,ay C
npH3HaHHeM orrpe,neJIeHHbIX 'JI.OCTOHHCTB, HaY'IHOH ILeHHOCTH rrOHHTH5I aT-
THTIO,l(a H HeKoTopoH CXOllieCTH ero C nOHHTHeM COILHaJIbHOH <pHKcHpoBaH-
HOH YCTaHoBKH, Bce lKe Ha,ao nOJI.qepKHYTb HaJIHqHe TaKHX OTJIHqHTeJIbHbIX
'IepT nOCJIe,I(HeH, KaK ee HeOTJI.eJIHMOCTb OT orrpeJI.eJIeHHOM KOHKpeTHoH CH-
TyaILHH H KOHKpeTH3HpoBaHHocTb ee nOBe,aeH'IeCKOrO KOMrrOHeHTa. ,[{pyrH-
MH CJIOBaMH, rrOH5ITHe «cpHKcHpoBaHHaH YCTaHoBKa» CJIe,ayeT paccMaTpH-
BaTb He KaK Boo6ll1,e oTHoIlleHHe, n03HILHIO K KaKOMY-JIH60 npe,nMeTY, HB-
JIeHHIO, 'IeJIOBeKY, a KaK ,aHcrr03HIl,HIO - rOTOBHOCTb K orrpe eJIeHHOMY no-
Be,I(eHHIO B KOHKpeTHOH cHTyaIl,HH. 3TO rrOH5ITHe, TaK lKe KaK H «rrepBHq-
HaH YCTaHOBKa», Bblpa)KaeT KOHKpeTHYIO CBH3b MelK,ay BHYTpeHHHM If
BHellIHHM. n03TOMY MbI MO:tKeM HMeTb' O,l(HH, HanpHMep, OTpHLLaTeJIbHbIH
aTTHTIOA K KaKOMY-HH6YJI.b qeJlOBeKY, HO MHO)KeCTBO (B03MO)KHO JI.a:/Ke HC-
KJlIOqaIOIII.HX JI.pyr ,apyra) cpHKCHpOBaHHbIX YCTaHoBoK no OTHOlIleHHIO K
9TOMY HH HBH,ay ,aJIH pa3JIHqHbIX KOHKpeTHbIx cHTyaILHH (BcnOMHHM H3-
BecTHbIH napa,l(oKC JIa nbepa, Kor,aa X03HHH O,aHOH rocTHHHILbI, HMeH OT-
u u u
pHIl,aTeJIbHbIH aTTHTIO)J. K KHTaHILaM, Bce :/Ke npHHHMaJI HX B CBoeH rOCTH-
HHIl,e). TaKHM 06pa"30M, HaJIHqHH KaKOrO-JIH60 aTTHTIO,aa He,aocTaTOqHO,
JIH Toro, qro6bI HMeJIO MeCTO COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.ee eMY nOBe,neHHe B JI.aH-
HOM KOHKpeTHOM cHTyaILHH, Tor,na KaK B no,a06HOM cJIyqae cOOTBeTcTBYIO-
\
'1 KaCa5ICb «<pHKcHpoBaHHoH YCTaHOBKH», HeJIb3H He ynoM5IHYTb MHeHHe Ill. qxapTHIIIBH-
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JIHqHe Me:>K,lJ,y «aKTyaJIbHOib H «cpHKcHpoBaHHOH» YCTaHoBKaMH /38/. I
46
maH HKCHpOBaHHaH YCTaHOBKa HerrpeMeHHO rapaHTHpyeT CBOID pea H3a-
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HeHHH II B3aHMoKoMrre caILHH9.
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Bep)KJ1.eHHH Hea,aeKBaTHOCTH a)Ke caMoH rrOCTaHOBKH 3Toro Borrpoca B
,aaHHoH TeopHH. 0 KaKoH rereMOHHH MO)KeT H)I.TH peqb BO B3aHMOOTHOIlle-
HHH Me)K.ny KOHKpeTHoH Mo,aHcpHKaU:HeH ILeJlOCTHOro «HH,aHBH,aa», «cy6'b-
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MeT 0 bI H C C e.n 0 B a H H H. 113 pa3HbIX MeTO HqeCKHX rrpHeMOB,
pa3pa60TaHHbIX B paMKax lllKOJIbI Y3Ha}J,3e, BepOHTHO CJIe}J,yeT BbI)],eJIHTb
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eKTHBa HH» ), HX B3aHMooTHoIlleHHH r9; 33 H .np.].
8 3aHHMaSICb <PoPMHpOBaHHeM H H3MeHeHHeM <pHKCHpOBaHHbIX YCTaHOBOK BO BpeM5I rpyn-
nOBOH nCHXOTeparrHH, MbI HallIJIH IJ,e.necooopa3HbIM BbI e.nHTb TPH KOMrrOHeHTa, OAHaKO HeCKOJIb-
KO B HHOM nOHHMaHHH qeM COCTaBJISIIOmHe aTTHTIO a. B qaCTHOCTH. nOBe eHqeCKHH (KOHK-
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cHTya[(HH - 3MO[(HH, qYBCTBa, CO ep)KaHHH BocnpHHTH5I, BocrrOMHHaHH5I H. T. .n.), II KOMno-
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onpe,l{eJIeHHbIX cHTya[(HH HJIH aK[(eHTpHpOBaHH5I Tex HJIH HHbIX MOMeHTOB B eCTeCTBeHHOH
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47
IIoBaH OpHeHTanHA
o C HOB H a SI 1.( e JI b. B OTJlHqHe OT Tpa,lI.HIJ,HOHHOro HanpaBJIeHHSI
lIlKOJlbI Y3Ha)l3e, neHTp BHHMaHHH HeCKOJIbKO CMeCTHJICH C np06JIeMbI u.e-
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MeCTO H 3HaqeHHe B 06III.eM CHCTeMe qeJIOBeqeCKOH ,aeHTeJIbHOCTH. KOHeq-
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cOBeTCKoM rrCHXOJIOrHH B3rJIH,aoB, KaCalOIll.HX HeOC03HaBaeMoro nCHXHtIe-
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peqb H,aeT 0 npHHIJ,Hne, KOTOpbIM BrrepBbIe 6bIJI BBe)I.eH H. EOpOM B KBaH-
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eJIblO nOCTpoeHHH 06meM TeopHH C03HaHHH H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO rrCHXHqe-
.CKoro: «paCqJleHHB... BCIO ccpepy rrpOHBJIeHHSI rrCHXHKH... Ha C03HaHHe, 6ec-
C03HaTeJIbHOe nCHXHqeCKOe (npH HX COB eCTHofi Mo,aHcpHKaIJ,HH Qepe3 eJ(H-
HYIO YHHTapHYIO YCTaHOBKY HH)I.HBH,aa) H Ha 3TY caMYIO e,aHHYIO YHHTap
HYIO YCTaHOBKY, KaK HeKoe H3HaqaJlbHO ,aaHHoe nCHXHQeCKOe, MbI BBO,aHM
B CHCTeMY KOHKpeTHbIX MeTo,aOB B o6mefi MeTO,lI.OJlorHH H3YQeHHH rrpHH-
UHrr «)I.OrrOJIHHTeJIbHOCTH», KOTOpbIM cnoc06eH BocrrpOH3BeCTH n:eJIOCTHYIO
KapTHHY Ka:lK,aoro li3 Ha3BaHHbIX rrpOSIBJIeHHM IICHXHKH B OT,aeJIbHOCTH H
Bcex Tpex BMeCTe B3HTbIX...» [13, 7521.
KaK H3BeCTHO, rrOCJIe H. Bopa MHorHe HCCJIe,aOBaTeJIH OTCTaHBaJIH
MWCJIb 0 neJIeC006pa3HocTH rrpHMeHeHHH 3Toro IIpHHl.(Hrra B TOM HJIll HHOH
HaYKe, HarrpHMep, B 6HOJIOrHH, JIHHrBHCTHKe, rrCHXOJIOrHH [4; 16 II 11-p.] 10.
O,lI.HaKO npHHl.(Hn ,lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHOCTH, KaK O,aHH 113 OCHOBHbIX KOHKpeT-
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TIe)Kamee eMY no IIpaBY MeCTO B nCHXOJIOrHH. P a3BHTHe KOHIJ,enl.(HH ,aorrOJI-
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10 I1pHJI01KeHHe KOHu.enu.HH ,ItonOJIbHHTeJIbHOCTH K OOJIaCTH nCHXH3TpHH, Bep05ITHO Mor-
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3aHHaH B CBoe BpeMH B. A. rHJUlpOBCKHM: «He IIO.1I.JIe:iKHT COMHeHHIO, tJ1'O Bce rrepeqHCJIeHHhIe
HanpaBJleHHH B H3YQeHHH rrcHxH3TpHH (reHeaJIOrHQeCKOe, nCHXOJIOrHtIeCKOe, tIHCTO nCHXHaT-
pHtIeCKOe H. T. Jt. - T. T. 11.) He HCKJIlOqaIOT .ltpyr .n:pyra, a Donee M.lIH MeHee ,Z10nOJIHflIOT.
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..RUB TOM HJID HHOH KOHuenItHHt (14. 267).
48
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[5; 42 H ,np.].
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MeHeHHIO npH HCCJIe,l(OBaHHH YCTaHOBKH KaK B 06meM, TaK H B ,U.HcpcpepeH-
nHaJIbHOH nCHXOJIOrHH [24; 27; 33 II ,l(p.]. O,nHaKo B aToH TeopHH Bcer,U.a
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seA JIHtIHOCTR llienepa. JIepwa, MepJlo-nOHTH.
4. BeCC03HaTeJIhHOe, IV 49
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pa3HbIMH MeTo,aaMH, ytIHTbIBaH rrpH 3TOM YCJIOBH5I, B KOTOpbIX OHH ,nOObI-
BanHCb. O,aHaKO 3TO corrOCTaBJIeHHe OJIlKHO rrpOH3Bo,aHTbC5I He B PYCJIe-
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52
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51
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52
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HOMepHOCTHMH.
THE PROBLEM OF THE UNCONSCIOUS AND THE THEORY OF SET
OF THE UZNADZE SCHOOL /
T. T. IOSEBADZE
Tbilisi City Psychiatric Hospi tal
T. She IOSEBADZE
Tbilisi State lTniversity
SUMMARY
The paper gives a general outline of the problem of the formation and
development of Uznadze's theory of set in relation to the problem of the
unconscious. The authors of the paper attempt to outline a new direction
of thought in Soviet psychology which clearly took shape in the 1970s and
is here 'referred to as «New orientation». The authors develop the idea that
this new orientation not only alters the view, established in Soviet psychol-
ogy, regarding the unconscious mental proper, but also deals wi th such ba-
sic problems of psychology as the essence of man's psychic life and the ways
of gaining insight into it. With a view to characterizing jthe <sNewi orienta-
tion» as a defini te theoretical construct, the ideas developed wi thin this
new approach are juxtaposed-in regard to a number of essential problems
-with the propositions of the traditional line in the theory of set of Uzna-
dze's school, the latter theory serving as the starting point in the formation
of the indicated new orientation.
JIHTEPATYPA
I. AHAHbEB B. f., qenoBeK KaK npe,aMeT n03HaHHH, JI., 1969.
2. AHOXI1H n. K., 1136paHHbIe Tpy,abI. <PHJIOco<pcKHe acneKTbI TeopHH <PYHKI1.HOHaJIbHOH
CHCTeMbI. M. , 1978.
3. ACMOJIOB A. f., ,[{eHTeJIbHOCTb H YCTaHOBKa, Mry, 1979.
4. AJIEKCEEB H. C., KOHIJ,enIJ,HSI ,aonOJIHHTeJIbHOCTH. I1cTopHKo-MeTo,aoJIofHqecKHH aHa-
JIH3. M., 1978.
5. BACCI1H <1>. B., np06JIeMa 6ecC03H8TeJIbHOrO, M., 1968.
6. BACCHH <1>. B., PO)l(HOB B. K., PO)l(HOBA M. A., K COBpeMeHHOMY nOHHMaHHIO nCH-
XHQeCKOH TpaBMbl H 06II1.HX npHHIl.HITOB ee nCHxoTepanHH. B KH.: PYKOBO,aCTBO no nCH-
xOTepanHH, M., 1974.
53
7. BACCI1H <1>. B., IlIEP03H5I A. E., n03HaHHe- nOMCK HCTHHht. «JIfl, 30. II, 1977.
8. BACCI1H <1>. B., nPAHfHlllBHJIH A. C., llIEP03HSI A. E., K Bonppcy 0 ltaJlbHeHWeM
pa3BHTHH HayqHbIX HCCJIeJtoBaHHH B nCHXOJIOrHH (K np06JIeMaM YCTaHoBKH, 6 eCC03H a-
TeJIbHOrO H c06CTBeHHO nCHXOJIOrHtIeCKOH 3aKoHoMepHocTH). Bonpocbl nCHXOJIOrHH,
1979, N25.
9. E)I(AJIABA H. T., npOOJIeMa C03HaHHSI II oecc03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHQeCKOrO B nCHXOJlOrHH
YCTaHOBKH, T6HJIHCH, 1976. /
10. E040PI1111BI1JU1 A. T., npOOJIeMa oecc03HaTeJIbHOrO B nCHXOJIOrHH, TOHJIHCH, 1961.
11. EECC03HA TEJIbHOE: npHpo,L{a, <PYHKIJ,HH. MeTO,L{bI HCCJIe,L{OBaHHH, T. I, T6HJIHCH, 1978.
12. EECC03HA TEJIbHOE: npHpoAa, <PYHK[(HH, MeTO)J.ht HCCJIe,ltOBaHHH T. II. T6HJIHCH,
1978.
13. BECC03HA TEJIbHOE: npHpo,L{a, <PYHKItHH, MeTO)1bI IICCJIe.l{OBaHHSI, T.. III. T6HJlHCH,
1978.
14. rllIJ15IPOBCKHYI B. A., nCHxHa pHH, M., 1938.
15. fPMfOJIABA B. B., K Bonpocy BocnpHSlTHH HpeJIeBaHTHbIx npH3HaKoB npe,nMeTa. 3Kcne-
pHMeHTaJIbHble HCCJIe,L{OBaHHH no nCHXOJIOrHH YCTaHoBKH, T. V t T6HJIHCH, 1971.
16. rYPEBI14 11. 11., <I>E¥IfEHfiEPf H. M., KaKHe BepoHTHoCTH «paoOTaIO'D B nCHXOJIO-
fHH? B KH.: BepbHTHocIHoe npofHo3HpoBaHHe B ,lteHTeJIbHOCTH qenOBeK8. M., 1977.
17. .lI.OBPOBlIIq A. B., Y CTaHOBKa H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe B CBere np06JIeM nCHxorepanHH.
«MaI{He» (I13BecTHH AKa,IJ;eMHH HaYK fpY3HHCKOH CCP), 1982, N24.
18. 311H4EHKO B. n., MAMAPJI.AIIIBI1JIH M. K., H3YQeHHe BbICWHX n('HXHtlecKHX <PYH-
KU,MH H 3BOJIIOl{HH KaleropHH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO (PYKonHcb).
19. 3YPABAIIlBHJII1 A. )1./ TeOpeTHtIeCKHe H KJIHHHqeCKHe HCKaHHH B nCHXH8TpHH, T6H-
JlHCH, 1976.
20. KAI3AHOB M. M., Pea 6UJIHTau.HH nCHXHQeCKHX OOJlbHbIX, JI., 1978.
21. KAKABA.LL3E B. JI., npOOJIeMa oecc03HaTeJIbHOfO B KJIaCCHtleCKOH rJIyoHHHOH nCHXO-
JIOrHH. B KH.: Becc03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo,na, CPYHKl{HH, MeTo bI HCCJle,ltOBaHHH, 1. I, T6H-
JIHCH, 1978.
22. JIOMOB fi, <1>., 0 CHCTeMHOM nO,ltXO,lte B nCHXOJIOfHH. BonpocbI nCHXOJIOrHH, 1975, N92.
23. HATA,Q3E P. r., ¥cTaHOB01lHOe .neHcTBHe Boo6pa>KeHHSI, T6HJIHCH, 1958.
24. HATAJI3E P. f., 8KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIe OCHOBbl TeOpHH YCTaHoBKH,.l{. H. Y3Ha,A3e. B c6.:
nCHXOJIOrHtleCKaSi HaYKa B CCCP, T. II, M., 1960.
25. HA,[{IIIP AIllBI1JII1 Ill. A., nOHHTHe YCTaHOBKH B 06 'lieA tI COII.HaJIbHO:H nCHXOJIOrHH, TOH-
JIHCH, 1974.
26. HOPAI(I1,lt3E B. f., MeTo,ltbI HCCJIe)J.OBaHHH xapaKTepa JIH1JHOCTH, TliHJlJ.fCH, 1975.
27. nPAHfI1I1lBI1JIli A. C., np06JIeMa YCTaHOBKH Ha cOBpeMeHHoM ypoBHe ee pa3pa6oTKH
rpY3HHcKOH nCHXOJI orH1IeCKOH WKOJIoii. B c6.: nCHXOJIOrHQeCKHe HCCJIe,l10BaHHH, noc-
BHIl\ eHHble 85-JIeTHIO ,Q. H. Y3HaJt3e, nO;1 pe,ltaK[(Heii A. C. npaHrHWBHJU1. T6HJIHCH,
1973.
28. Y3HA,Q3E ,Q. H't tIro TaKoe TeOpHH n03HaHHSI, «CaxaJIxo ra3em», 1\1'2 102 H 164, 1910.
29. Y3HAJI.3E ,Q. H., I1H,l1HBHAyaJIbHOCTh H ee reHeaHC. «CaxaJIxo raSeTH), Nv 101 H 102,
1910.
30. Y3HA,lI3E JI.. H., MecTo "petites perceptions" JIeii6HHu.a B nCHXOJIOrHH, «BecTHHK T6H-
JIHCCKoro YHHBepCHTeTa», T. 1, T6HJIHCH, 1919.
3 I. Y3HA,l{3E,l{. H., Impersonalia. HaY1JH. c6. «t.IBeHH l\'t.eIJ,HHepet5a», TOHJIHCH, 1923.
32. Y3HA.lI.3E JI.. H., OCHOBbl 9KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH nCHXOJIOrHH, T6HJIHCH, 1925.
33. Y3HA,Q3E ,Q. H., 3KcnepHMeHTaJIb H ble OCHOBbI nCHXOJIOfHH YCTaHoBKH, T6HJIHCH, 196t.
34. <I>PEti,a 3. 51 H OHO, JI., 1924.
35. XA QAnYPIiQ3E E. H., 06pa30BaHHe YCTaHoBKH Bos,lteHcTBHeM HeBocnpHHHMaeMbIx
p a3 .n:pa)lul1'eJIeif. TPy.n:bI TOHJIHCCKOro YHHBepcHT a, T. 97. 1962.
36. XA T.IAnYPI1JI.3E . 11., npOOJIeMbI H saKoHoMepHocTH ,neAcTBHst <PH:KcHpoBaHHoH YCTa-
HOBKH. T6HJIHCH, 1976.
37. XOJDKABA 3. M., np06J1eMa HaBbIKa B nCHXOJIOrHH, T6HJIHCH, 1960.
38. 4XAPTI1IIIBI1JII1 III. H., HeKoTopble cnopHble np06JIeMbI nCHXOJIOrHH ycraHoBKH, T6H-
JIHCH, 1971.
39. tIXAPTHlllBI1JIH III. H., nOTpe6HocTb H YCTaHoBKa. MaTepHaJIbI XIV CHMn03HYMa no
54
3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHoMY HCCJIelJ.OBaHHIO YCTaHoBKH. XVI II Me)KlJ.YHa pO,l\HblH nCHXOJIO-
rHtJeCKHH KOHrpecc,. 1966.
40. lliEP03H5I A. E., I( np06JIeMe C03HaHHSI H 6ecc03HaTeJIb1l0rO nCHXHtJeCKoro. OnblT
HCCJIe,L{OBaHHH Ha OCHOBe ,L{aHHbIX rrCHXOJlOrHH YCTaHoKH, T. 1. T6HJ1HCH, 1969.
4J. lliEP03H5I A. E., K npo(5JIeMe C03HaHHSI H 6ecC03HaTeJIbHOrO rrCHXHtJeCKoro. OrrbIT HHTep-
npeTal{HH H H3JIO)KeHHH oow.eH TeopHIf, T. II, T6HJIHCH, 1973.
-42. IIIEP03H,SI A. E., nCHxHKa. C03HaHHe. BecC03HaTeJIbHoe. TOHJIHCH, 1979.
43. 3JIHABA H. .lI., np06JIeMa YCTaHoBKH B nCHXOJIOrHH MbIUlJleHHH. T6HJlHCH, 1964.
44. .sI,aOB B. A., 0 HCn03Hl{HOHHOH perYJlHl{HH COl{HaJIbHOrO nOBelJ.eHHH JIHqHOCTH. B KH.:
MeTO,l\OJIOrHtJecKHe npOOJIeMbI COl{HaJIbHOH nCHXOJIOrHH. M., 1975.
'45. 'ELLENBERGER H. F., "The Unconscious", In: Encyclopaedic Handbook of Medical
Psychology. Ed. by S. Krauss. London, 1976. .
.46. HERTZOG R. L. and UNRUH W. R., Toward a Unification of the Uznadze Theory
of Set and Western Theories of Human Functioning. B c6.: nCHXOJIOrHqeCKHe HCCJle,L{O-
BaHMB, rrOCBHLJ eHHble 85-JIeTHIO ,a. H. Y3Ha,L{3e, no,l\ pelJ.. A. C. npaHrMIllBHJIH, T6HJIHCH
1973.
-47. KRATOCHVIL S., Psychotherapie, Praha, 1970.
55
6ECC03HATEJlbHOE H YCTAHOBKA:
E E PA3 05 OHTOJIOfHIJECKOM CTAT CE
HEOC03HABAEMOR nCHXHIJECKOA }J.ESlTEJIbHOCTH
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CY b6a HayqHMX nOHHTHH TaKOBa, qTO Ha onpe eneHHoM 9Tane CBO-
ero npHMeHeHHH OHH CTaHOBSITCH HeKHM 3acpHKcHpoBaHHbIM 3HaqeHHeM, OT-
pa:lKeHHbIM B «aBTOMaTH3Max» HaYQHbIX BbIcKa3bIBaHHH: nOH5ITHe yrroTpe6-
JIHeTCH aBTOMaTHtJeCKH 6e3. CnenHaJlbHOrO OCMbICJIeHHH ero CYll{HOCTH. Ha
CMeHY TaKOM cHTya HH HeMHHyeMo npHXO HT MOMeHT caMOpe JleKCHH Ha-
YKH, QTO CBH3aHO He TOJIbKO C BblHCHeHHeM H YTOlIHeHHeM c06CTBeHHbIX
MeTO OJIOrHqeCKHX n03HAHH, HO H - C TeM, tJ:TO Ha GOJIee BbICOKOM ypOBHe-
tJeTKOCTH II HCHOCTH onpe eJIHroTcH Ga30B@e nOHHTUH, Hcnonb30BaHHe KO-
TOpbIX CTaJIO npHBbIT.JHbIM H CTepeOTHnHbIM. MaTepU3JIbI TpeXTOMHOH KOJl-
JIeKTHBHOH MOHorpa HH «BeCC03HaTeJlbHoe: npHpOJI-a, <PYHKAHH, MeTO bI
HCCJleJ(OBaHH5I» He TOJIbKO co epLKaT OTJ(eJlbHbIe pa60Tbl, KaCaIOInHeCH Ta..
KOM caMopeq>JIeKCHH. 3HaKOMCTBO C HHMH ,l(aeT Bce HOBMe Ii HOBbIe HM-
nYJlbCbI K OCMbICJIeHHIO II nepeOCMbICJ1eHHIO CYInHOCTH TaKHX oa30BbIX no-
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H OCTpO 3a,l(atJa YKa33HHOH caMope<pJIeKCHH BbIpHCOBbIBaeTCH np" nOCTa-
HOBKe CJIeJ.lYIOInHx BonpocoB: 1). KaKoB OHTOJIOrHtJecKHH cTaTYc oecc03Ha-
TeJIbHOrO nCHXHlIeCKOrO HnH <}>eHoMeHa YCTaHoBKH? KaKoBa npHpo a TOR'
C<pePbI peaJIbHOCTH, K KOTOpOH OHH OTHOCSITCH HJ1H KOTOpylO OHH 06pa3Y-
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OpHH ,[(. H. Y3Ha,n:3e HMelOT OD'bHCHHTeJIbHble npHTSI3aHHH, a C J(pyroH
CTOpOHbI, TO, qTO rrCHXOJIOrHtJeCKa5I HaYKa npH 06'bHCHHTeJIbHbIX 3a aqax
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IIeCKaH peTpocneKTHBa nYTH pa3BHTHH TeopHH YCTaHOBKH . H. Y3Ha 3
nOKa3blBaeT, HaCKOJIbKO HeO H03HaqHO peIllanC5I Bonpoc 0 «BemeCTBeHHOH»
npHpO,Qe HCKOMOH «OC060H peaJIbHOCTH», BbIcTynalOIIleH B pa3Hoe BpeMSJ
B Tpy,nax ,[{. H. Y3Ha,l(3e B 06J1HtJHH TaKHX pa3HbIX TepMHHOJIOrHqeCKHX
0603HaQeHHH, KaK «6HOC<pepa»t «no,nnCHXHQeCKaH peaJlbHOCTb», «CHTya-
D:HSI» H «YCTaHOBKa» [15]. TYT >Ke CJIe,llyeT OTMeTHTb t lITO B MaTepHaJIaX
TpexToMHoH MOHorpa<pHH DOJlee qeM ,l(OCTaTOtJHO aeTCH 3HaJlH3 pa3BHTHR
H,l(eH 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO B nCHXOaHaJIHTHtleCKOM yqeHHH 3. <PpeHJ1a H
66
HeO<ppeH,l(H3Me {5; 6; II; 16; 17; 1'8; 19; 20; 22 H ,np.], a. HCTOpHH CTaHOB-
JleHHH HAeH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO H YCTaHOBKH B yqeHHH ,U. H. Y3Ha,n3e B
CTOJIb "npeAcTaBHTeJIbHOH KOJIJIeKTHBHOH MOHorpa<pHH CneUHaJIbHO He no-
CBHInaeTCH HH OAHa CTaTbH. llpaB,na, STOT np06en BOCnOJIHeH <PYH,l(aMeH-
TaJIbHbIMH HCCJIe OBaHHHMH A. E. IlIepo3HH [15], HO .nYMaeTcH, tJTO B
paMKax nepBoro TOMa MaTepHaJIOB, Ha3BaHHe KOToporo rJIaCHT «pa3BH-
THe H.1{efi», 6bIJIO ObI neJleCOOOpa3HO npe,nCTaBHTb HCTOpHIO pa3BHTHSI Teo-
pHH YCTaHOBKH ,a. H. Y3Ha.1{3e, H60 HCTopHtJeCKaH peTpocrreKTHBa - 3TO He
npOCTOH B3rJIH,l( Ha XpaHHJIHIne HAeM, a cnoc06 Bblpa60TKH HOBoro no,l.{xo-
)J.a K CJIOlKHeMIllHM HaytJHbIM np06JIeMaM.
npelK,l.{e Bcero npeJlCTaBHM BKpaTne OCHOBHbIe n03HI(HH aBTopoB
TpeXTOMHOH MOHorpacpHH no np06JIeMe oeCC03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHtJeCKoro
H YCTaHoBKH. npeOOJIaAalOInee OOJlbWHHCTBO aBTopOB nOHHTHe 6ecco3Ha-
TeJIbHOrO nCHXHtJeCKoro CtJHTaeT BnOJIHe npaBoMepHbIM Ii HaYtJHo-rrpO,l.{YK-
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Kax KaKHX OOIUeTeOpeTHqeCKHX n03HIJ;HH onpeJleJlSleTCH CYlUHOCTb 6ecco-
3HaTeJlbHOrO (nCHXOaHaJIH3, TeopHSI YCT8HOBKH, TeopHSI JleHTeJIbHOCTH...).
O,aHaKO B nepBOM TOMe MOHorpacpHH npe CTaBJleHbI pa60TbI A. T. BOtJo-
pHIlIBHJIH H B. JI. K8Ka6aJl3e, B KOTOpbIX BbIpaJKaeTCH MbICJIb 0 MeTO,ao-
JIOrHqeCKOH HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH nOnbI'TKH ,llOnyrneHHSI 6eQC03HaTeJIbHOrO
nCHXHtJeCKoro II ero AaJlbHeHIlleM HaYQHOM H3YtJeHHH r3, 5]. B 3THX CTa-
Tb5lX B CYMMHpoBaHHoM BHAe tJeTKO npe,l.{CTaBJleHbI TPH CJIe,aYIOIll.HX oc-
HOBHbIX rrOJIOlKeHH5I rrpOTHB H.1{eH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO IICHXHtJeCKoro, 0 KO-
TOpWX HCHO rOBopHTCH H KOTopMe HaYtlHO onpoBepraIOTcH B pe,aaKnHoH-
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CTp. 74]: «(a) oecc03HaTeJIbHOe peaJIbHO, 80 TOJIbKO KaK cpopMa CyrneCT-
BOBaHHH nponeCCOB cpH3HOJlOrHQeCKHX, (6) HeOC03HaBaeMaSi nCHXHtJeCKaH
JleHTeJIbHOCTb - 3TO nOHHTHe BHYTpeHHe npoTHBOpetIHBOe, MaJIOnp0t(YK-
THBHoe H, B KOHeqHOM ctJeTe, cpHKTHBHoe II, HaKOHen, (B) Te3RC, nO,lltJep-
KHBaeMbIH OTAeJIbHbIMH COBeTCKHMH aBTopaMH: 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe rrCHXH-
tleCKOe -- 3TO KaTeropHH, nOJIb30BaHHe KOTOpOH HeCOBMeCTHMO C ,aHaJleK-
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nOAqepKHBaIOlI.{eH ,HeCOCTO.HTeJlbHOCTb ,( a) OTOJK,necrrBJleHHH C03HaHHH 'C
nCHXHKOH H (6) peJlYKUHH 6eCC03HaTenbHoro J!O ypOBHH «TOJI'bKO <pH3RO'"
JlOrHQeCKHX:' COCTOHHHH. ECJIU npH,llep}KHBaTbCH cxeMbi aHaJIH3a npHtJHH-
HOCTH H OO'bHCHeHHH B nCHXOJIOrHH )1(. nHaLKe, TO n03Hl HIO, 3aHHMaeMYIO'
A. T. BOtIOpHUIBHJIH H B. JI. KaKa6a,n3e, MO)KHO npHHSlTb 33 «opraHHCT-
CKoe 06'bSlCHeHHe Bo06w.e, CBO SIllI.ee nCHXOJIOrHtleCKOe K <pH3HOJIOrHQe-
CKOMY> [8]. ):{YMaeTcSI, tJTO CJIe,nOB8JIO 6bI ,ZtonOJlHHTb aprYMeHTau.HiO'
A. c. npaHrHWBHJlH, A. E. Illepo3HH H CP. B. BaccHH3 CJIeJlYlOlIlHMH no-
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HO 6epeTCH rHOCeOJlOrHtJeCKHH cy6'beKT C npHCYllI.HM eMY Hal(eJIeHHbIM Ha
n03HaHHe BemeH H HBJleHHH C03HaHHeM. ECJIH 6bl np06J1eMa cy ecTBo-
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il"
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TOpOB 6bIJIa 6bI BepHofl, M60 JlJIH «n03HaIOIll.ero pa3YMa» (T. e. rHOCeOJlO-
rHtJeCKoro cy6'beKTa) BCHKoe TpaHCneH,l.{eHTHoe K C03HaHHIO CTaHoBHTcsr
HMMaHeHTHbIM AJIH C03HaHHH, HeOC03HaBaeMoe npHHnHnHaJIbHO HCKJIlOtJa-
eTCH B CBeTe BceOC03HaIOIll.ero «n03HalOInero pa3YMa». Ho Bonpoc 0 6ec-
C03HaTeJIbHOM nCHXMtJeCKOM CTaBHTCH He B rHOCeOJIOrHtJeCKOM, a B nCH-
57
XOJIOrlitIeCKbM paKypce; HeOC03HaBaeMaH nCHXIiqeCKaH aKTHBHOCTb HBJIH..
€TCH peaJIbHOCTbID H 06DeKTOM HayqHOrO HCCJIe OBaHHH He B ITJIaHe H3Y-
qeHHH rHoceOJlorHqeCKOro cy6DeKTa, a KOHKpeTHoro peaJIbHOrO qeJIOBeKa,
'cy6DeKTa KOHKpeTHOH ,aeHTeJlbHOCTH. PeaJIbHbIH qeJlOBeK HeCBo,aHM K «no..
3HaIOlIl.eMY pa3YMY», a cy6DeKT KOHKpeTHOH ,aeHTeJIbHOCTH - K rHoceo..
JIOrlIqeCKOMY cy6DeKTY HJIH caMopecpJIeKcHpYIDIII.eH 06 HCTOKax c06cTBeH..
HOM aKTHBHOCTH CHCTeMe.
HTaK, 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe nCHXHIIeCKoe - 9TO peaJlbHOCTb, no,aJlelKa-
InaH HaYIIHoMY HCCJle,aOBaHHID. Ho KaKOBa ee OHTOJlOrHIIeCKaH npHpO,ZI.a
H KaK OHa CYIII.eCTByeT? B CBoe BpeMH Ll. H. Y3Ha 3e, KPHTHKYH yqeHHe
o 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM 3. <I>peH,na, YKa3bIBaJI Ha nOpOIIHOCTb YIIeHHH 6ecco-
3HaTeJlbHOrO, IIOHHToro KaK «nCHXHKa MHHYC C03HaHHe» (A. E. lllep03I1H),
H CTpeMHJlCH 3aMeHHTb TaKoe HeraTHBHoe ITOHHTHe BBe,neHHeM Ii 060CHO-
BaHHeM cepe'pbI peaJIbHOCTH, HMeIOlIl.eH n03HTHBHoe 3HaIIeHHe. KaK YKa3bI-
BaeT Ill. H. 4xapTHllIBHJIli fI4]., TPy,aHOCTM KOHl.(eIITyaJIbHOrO annapaTa
'CBoero ytIeHHH 0 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM OC03HaBaJI caM 3. cI>peH,l.{. BOT, qTO nH-
meT III .H. lJxapTHI.lIBHJlH: «no MHeHHIO cI>peHJ(a, 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe ITCH-
XHtJeCKoe eCTb peaJlbHOCTb, no CBoeR BHYTpeHHeH rrpHpo,ae MaJIO HaM no-
HHTHaH... AHaJlM3 SlBJleHHH C03HaHHH, rOBopHT OH, n03BOJlSleT 3aKJIIOIIHTb
o TOH <I> y H K I.{ If H, KOTOpyIO BbInOJIHSleT 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOe CHXHqeCKOe,
HO Y Hac HeT Ii He MO)KeT 6bITb HliKaKoro npe,aCTaBJIeHHH 0 cpopMe cyme-
CTBOBaHHH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHQeCKoro... YnoTpe6JIHeMble rrCHxoaHa-
JIHTHKaMH «6eCC03HaTeJlbHOe lKeJIaHHe», «6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe CTpeMJIeHHe»,
6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe npe,l.{CTaBJIeHHe», «6eCC03HaTeJlbHbIH CTpax» H T. ,l.{. HeJIb-
3H nOHHMaTb B MX npHMOM 3HatJeHHH. 3,aeCb, KaK rOBopHT <t.>peH,a, nepe,l.{
HaMH «6e3Bpe,aHaH He6pelKHOCTb BbIpalKeHHH» r 14, 106].
,ILaJIee III. H. 4xapTHIIU3HJlH BbICKa3bIBaeT MbICJlb, 06III.enpHHHTYIO B
lliKOJIe ,Ll. H. Y3Ha,a3e, IITO HeperneHHYID 3a aIIY. 3. <ppeH,aa peIlIHJI ,[{. H.
Y3Ha,l1,3e, HaH,aH H 060cHoBaB 0 co 6 y 10 C <p e p y peaJlbHOCTH - YCTa-
HOBKY, KOTopaSi. HMeeT CBoe n03HTHBHoe co,aeplKaHHe ,H BbIcTyrraeT B Ka..
qeCTBe HCKOMOH <p 0 P MbI C Y Ill. e C T BOB a H H 51 oeCC03HaTeJlbHOrO nCM-
XHIIeCKoro. Ho cpe,aH nO Jle,aOBaTeJleH ,l:{. H. Y 3Ha,n3e B TpeXTOMHOH MO"
HorpacpHH Bce lKe OTMeIIaIOTCH pa3HOrJIaCHH no HeKOTopbIM npHHl.(HnHaJIb"
HbIM nYHKTaM, H3 KOTOpbIX MOlKHO BbI,aeJlHTb 2 MOMeHTa:
I). CTaBHTb HJIH He CTaBHTb 3HaK paBeHCTBa MelK,ay
v C T a HOB K 0 H H 6 e C C 0 3 HaT e JI b H bI M rr C H X H II e C K H M? B CTa..
'1-bHX III. H. qxapTHIlIBHJlH if 14], A. C. IlpqHrHIlIBHJIH [9], III. A. Ha,nHpa-
llIBI1JIH [7] BblCKa3bIBaeTCH MbICJIb 0 TOM, 4TO 6eCC03HaTeJIbHaH nCHXHQ,eCKa51
aKTHBHOCTb npoxo,aHT B;cpopMe YCTaHOBKH; ITeM \caMbIM 9Ta rrOCJI.e,lJ,HHH'rrOJI';
HOCTbIO BKJIIOIIaeT B ce6H BCIO ccpepy 6ecC03HaTeJlbHOrO nCHXHQeCKoro. B
npoTHBOnOJIOlKHOCTb 9TOM n03Hl.(HH B pe,aaKl.(HOHHOH CTaTbe A. C. IlpaHrH"
lliBHJIH, A. E. lIIep03HH, <1>. B. 5accHHa IIHTaeM: «MbI rrpHxoJ(HM, TaKHM 06..
pa30M, B HTore K BbIBO,ay, IITO «6ecc03HaTeJIbHoe» - 9TO nOHHTHe BO BCHKOM
'CJIyqae ropa3,a0 60Jlee IlIHpoKoe, tJeM «nCHXOJIOrHtJeCKaH YCTaHoBKa». He.
ocrropHMo o,aHaKO, IITO B pH,ay <pOpM KOHKpeTHoro BbIpaLKeHHH HeOC03HaBa..
eMOH rrcHxHIIecKoH ,aeHTeJIbHOCTH nCHXOJIOrHIIeCKHM YCTaHoBKaM OTBO,aHTC
()IJeHb BalKHoe MeCTO» [10, 79-80]. 8Ta MbICJIb 60JIee KOHKpeTHo BblpalKeHa
B pa60Te A. E. Illep03HH T 15, 16], KOTOpbIH B CBoeH CTaTbe B I TOMe KOJI-
JIeKTHBHOH MOHorpacpHH [161 CJIe,aYIOIll.HM 06pa30M pe3IDMHpyer' CBOIO no-
3HII.HIO: «...I1HTepnpeTHp{YH TeopHIO .Heoco3HaBaeMoH .n C H 'x H II e c K) 0 H
"
YCTaHOBKH, MbI onHpaeMCSI Ha TpextJJIeHHYIO cxeMY HaJlH3a IIeJ10BeIIeCKOH
nCHXHKH «YCTaHOBKa - C03HaHHe - 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe rrCHXHIIeCKoe», BMe-
CTO ByqJleHHOH «YCTaHOBKa - C03HaHHe». (pa3pH,aKa Hallia - H. C.).
'TaKHM 06pa30M, A. E. lllep03HH, B OTJlHIIHe OT ,apyrHx rrpe,ncTaBHTeJleH
lllKOJIbI ,[{. H. Y3Ha,a3e, He OTOlK,aeCTBJISIeT YCTaHOBKY H 6eCC03HqTeJlbHOe
rrCHXHIIeCKoe, CIIHTaH HX OTAeJIbHbIMH, HO B3aHMOCBH3aHHbIMH peaJlHHMU
TIpH 9TOM YCTaHOBKa, no A. E. Illep03HH, BblnOJIHHeT <PYHKl(HID CBH3\.
58
MelK,ay (a) nCHXHqeCKHM ,Ii TpaHCnCHXIiqeCKHM, (6) OT,neJIbHbIMH C03Ha-
TeJIbHbIMH nCHXHqeCKHMH aKTaMH H (B) C03HaTeJIbHbIMH Ii 6eCC03HaTeJlb-
HbIMH nCHXHqeCKHMH npOneccaMH.. O,nHaKO, KaK 9TO 6y,neT nOK33aHO HM-
)Ke, npH TaKOM TOJlKOBaHHH, ,na H npH J(pyrHx HHTepnpeTanHSlX, OOoSlB-
JIeHHe YCTaHOBKH B KaqeCTBe nCHXHqeCKOH peaJlbHOCTH, KaK HaM KalKeTCH,
SIBJISleTCSI no MeHbweH Mepe HenOCJIeJ(OBaTeJIbHbIM IllarOM.
2) P a 3 H Ii naB no H H M a H Ii II 0 THO C H T C SI K Bon p 0 C Y
o TOM, M hI C JI H T b JI H Y C T a HOB K Y K a K n C H X H q e C K 0 e
SlBJIeHHe (COCTOSlHHe). B paOOTax A. E. Illep03HSI, A. C. IlpaH-
rHWBHJIH, B. r. HopaKHJ(3e, Ill. A. Ha,aHpalllBHJlH, B. n. 3HHqeHKO,
A. f. ACMOJIOBa, HeCMOTpH Ha pa3Hoe nOHHMaHHe npHpo,abI YCTaHOBKH H
ee OTHOIlIeHHH K C03HaHHIO, JIHqHOCTH HJIH ,aeHTeJlbHOCTI1, no HHTepe-
CYIOI.lI,eMY 3AeCb Bonpocy BbI,l BHraeTCSI B CYI.lI,HOCTH o,aHa H Ta )Ke MbICJIb:
YCTaHOBKa - HBJIeHHe nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKOrO nOp5i,lI.Ka. BOT KaKoe HTorOBoe
onpeJJ:eJIeHHe ,aaeTcSI B CTaTbe A. C. IlpaHrHlllBHJlH: «Y C T a HOB K a (Ha-
npaB.TleHHOCTb cy6'beKTa, He npHHHMaIOI.lI,aH cpOpM, xapaKTepHbIX J(JlH CO-
,[(eplKaHHH C03HaHHH) 0 THO C H T C 51 K C cp e p e TIC H X H II e C K 0 r 0
r pa3pSI,aKa HallIa - H. C.], H60 OHa KaK «npOMe2KYTOqHaH nepeMeHHaH»,
C O,aHOM CTOpOHbI, HBJIHeTCSI OTpalKeHHeM OO'beKTHBHOH cHTyaII.HH nOBe,ae-
HHH, a C pyroM CTOpOHbI, onpe,aeJIHeT HanpaBJIeHHOCTb nponeCCOB C03Ha-
HHH H eSITeJIbHOCTH. 51CHO, qTO 3Ta rrpOMelKYTOIJHaH nepeMeHHaSl, KaK CO-
,u.ep)KaTe.nbHaSI KaTeropHH, He M02KeT 6bITb HCqepnaHa CPH3HOJIOrHqeCKOM
xapaKTepHCTHKOM nponecca» [9, 93]. M02KHO COrJlaCHTbCH C A. C. npaHrH-
'IIIBHJlH, IJTO npHpo a YCTaHOBKH HBHO He HCqeprrbIBaeTCH <pH3HOJIOrHIJe-
CKOH xapaKTepHCTHKofI, HO, TeM He MeHee, COBepllleHHO npaBOMepHO B03-
HHKaeT Borrpoc: BepHO J1H B MeTo,aOJIOrHIJeCKOM TIJIaHe nOJI02KeHHe: «YCTa-
BOBKa OTHOCHTCSI K c<fJepe nCHXHIJeCKoro»? To, qTO cpH3HOJIOrHIJeCKHMH
xapaKTepHCTHKaMH He HCqepnbIBaeTCSI CO ep2KaHHe YCTaHOBKH KaK «npo-
MeLKYTOQHOH nepeMeHHoii», MOlKeT JIH 3TO 0J(H03HaQHO YKa3bIBaTb Ha TO,
IITO rrCHXOJlOrHIIeCKHMH. xapaKTepHCTHKaMH HCqepnbIBaeTCSI ee cO,l{ep2Ka-
TeJIbHaH CTopOHa? 1l0,l(00HbIe BonpocbI TeM 60Jlee npaBoMepHbI, IITO caM
):{. H. Y3HaJ(3e B pa3Hoe BpeMH CBoeH HayqHOH J(eHTeJIbHOCTH no-pa3HOMY
HCTOJIKOBbIBaJI Bonpoc 00 OHTOJlOrHqeCKOM cTaTyce YCT3HOBKH B CBH3H C
BorrpOCOM ee «Be eCTBeHHOH» npHpOJ(bI. TaKHe >Ke BonpOCbI B03HHKHYT H
"PH qTeHHH CTaTbH III. A. Ha,aHpaIlIBHJIH [7], KOTOpbIH nHweT: «B oome-
nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH TeopHH ,l:L. H. Y3Ha)(3e Y C T 3 8 0 B K a C q Ii T a e T C H
6 e C C 0 3 HaT e JI b H bI M n C H X H q e C K H M SIBJIeHHeM Ii eJIaeTCSI no-
nbITKa ee 060CHOBaHH f7, 113]» (pa3pSlAKa Hallia - H. C.). «B neJlOM
M02KHO CKa3aTb, qTO B qeJIOBeQeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe nCHXH-
tIeCKOe ,lJ.eMcTByeT B OCHOBHOM B BH,ae cpHKcHpoBaHHoH YCTaHoBKH»
[7, 115]. «Hepe,l{KO HaJIHllHe ...<pHKcHpoBaHHbIx YCTaHoBoK H HX yqaCTHe
B aKTHBHOCTH OCTaeTCH cOBepllieHHo HeH3BeCTHbIM HX cYO'beKTY. 11 3TO
nOHSITHO, nOCKOJIbKY <p H K C H P 0 B a H H a 51 y C T a HOB K a - n C H x H-
q e C K a 51 C T P Y K T Y P a, YllaCTBYIOI.lI,aH B aKTHBHOCTH HH,lJ.HBHJ(a, He
6y,ayqH HM OC03HaBaeMa» [7, 1161 (pa3pH,lJ.Ka Hawa - H. C.). COBeprneH-
HO ,apyroe nOHHMaHHe BbI,l(BHraeT H. III. 1.IxapTHllIBHJIH B CTaTbe, nOCBH-
Ill.eHHOH Bonpocy 00 OHTOJlOrHQeCKOH npHpo,ae 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO [14] .
XOTSI III. H. 1.IxapTHllIBHJIH npSlMO He a,l(pecyeT CBOH KOHTpaprYMeHTbI Bbl-
rneYKa3aHHbIM aBTopaM, 3arnHrnalO HM H,l(elO nCHXHqHOCTH YCTaHOBKH,
O,lI.HaKO 3aKJIIOqHTeJIbHaSi qaCTb ero CTaTbH Bce >Ke HOCHT nOJIeMHqeCKHH
xapaKTep. ABTOp 3a H aeT n03HII.HIO, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH CY HOCTb YCTa-
HOBKH He CBO,aHTCH HH K nCHXHqeCKOMY H 8H K H3HOJIOrHqeCKOM peaJIb-
HOCTH; np" xapaKTepHCTHKe nOHSITHSI YCTaHOBKH . H. Y3Ha,lJ.3e OH «HMe-
eT BBH,ay nepBHllHYIO, peaJlbHO He paCIIJIeHeHHYIO neJIOCTHOCTb, H3 KOTO-
pOM HaYKa nYTeM aOCTpaKII.HH BbI,aeJIHeT <pH3HOJlOrHqeCKOe H nCHXHqe-
CKoe». B nO,l(TBeplKAeHHe YKa3aHHoro nOJlOlKeHHSI Ill. H. 1.IxapTHlIIBHJIH
npHBo,aHT HeCKOJlbKO II.HTaT H3 pa3HbIX pa60T ,LL. H. Y3Ha,n3e: «B03HHK-
59
HOBeHHIO C03HaTeJIbHbIX nCMXMtJeCKHX npOneCCOB npe,lIJIIecTByeT COCTOSI-
HHe, KOTopoe HH B KaKOM CTeneHH Henb3SI CqMTaTb HerrCHXMtIeCKHM, Tonb-
KO <pH3HOJIOrMtIeCKMM COCTOSlHMeM» [13, 88]; «4eJIOBeK, KaK n:eJIoe, HBJIH-
eTCSI He CYMMOM nCMXMKM M TeJIa, nCHXHtIeCKOrO M <pM3HOJIOrHtIeCKOrO HJIK
HX coe,aMHeHMeM, TaK CKa3aTb, nCHxocpH3HtIeCKHM CYllJ,eCTBOM, a He3aBHCH-
MOM cBoeo6pa3HOH peaJIbHOCTbIO, KOTopaSi HMeeT CBOIO crren:HcpMqeCKYIO
oc06eHHOCTb H CBalO cnenMcpHtJeCKYIO 3aKOHOMepHOCTb. 11 BOT, KorAa ,aeii-
CTBHTeJIbHOCTb B03,neHcTByeT Ha cy6'beKT, OH, 6y yqH HeKOH neJlOCTHO-
CTbIO OTBeqaeT eM KaK 9Ta cnenM<pHqeCKaSl, 9Ta cBoe06pa3HaSi peaJlbHOCTb,
oTopaSI npe lIlecTByeT qaCTHoMY nCHxHtJecKoMY H <pH3HtIeCKoMY Ii K HHM
He CBO,l{MTCSI» {12]; «B npon:ecce B3aHMOOTHOIlleHMSI C ,neHcTBHTeJIbHO-
CTblO, orrpe,neJIeHHbIe H3MeHeHHSI B03HHKaIOT, B nepBYIO OqepeJ(b, B cy6'b-
eKTe, KaK B neJIOM, a He B ero nCMXMKe HJIH B aKTe rrOBe,aeHM5I Bo06rne»
[12]; «3TO neJlOCTHae H3MeHeHHe, ero npMpo,aa H TeqeHHe HaCTOJlbKO crre-
nHcpHtIHbI, tITO ,aJISI ero H3yqeHHSI HenpMrO)(Hbl 06blqHble rrOHSITHSI Ii 3aKO-
HOMepHocTH HM nCHXHqeCKOrO, HH CPH3HoJlOrHqeCKoro» r 12]. 8TH BbI)J,ep-
){{KH COBeplIleHHO S!CHO HJlJlIOCTPMPYIOT OCHOBHYro MbICJlb ,fi. H. Y3Ha,a3e 0
npHHl(HnHaJlbHOH HeCBO)(HMOCTH CYIIlHOCTH YCTaOOBKM HM K <pH3HOJIOrHqeCK!OH,
HM K nCHXMqeCKOH ccpepe. B TaKOM CJIyqae cnpallIHBaeTC5I: rrOqeMY }l{e MHO-
rHe nOCJle,l(OBaTeJIH H yqeHHKH LL. H. Y3HaJ(3e (A. C. npaHrHllIBHJlH, B. r.
HopaKfIJ(3e, III A.. Ha,aMpalllBHJlH, ,[L. 11. PaMHlIlBMJlH H ,ap.) KaTeropIi-
QeCKM OTHOCSIT (}JeHoMeH YCTaHOBKH K nCHXHqeCKOH peaJIbHOCTH H rrpH
9TOM HaCTOHtIHBO CCbIJlalOTCSI Ha caMoro C03,aaTeJlSl TeopMH YCTaHOBKH?
eJIO B TOM, qTO ,[(. H. Y3Ha 3e Ha rrpOTSI){{eHHH BceR caoeR HayqHOR ,ae-
SlTeJIbHOCTM )(0 1949 r. 3aI.IJ.HIUaJl H,aelO 0 C B 0 eo 6 p a 3 HOC T Ii TOM: pe-
aJIbHOCTH, KOTOpylO OH HMen B BH,ay npH BBe eHHH H 060CHOBaHHM nOHSI-
THSI YCTaHOBKH, HMerollJ,eH B KaQeCTBe CBOHX «npeAllIeCTBeHHHKOB» nOHS!-
TH5I «6Hoccpepa», «no,anCHXHQeCKaSi ccpepa», «CHTyanHH». JlHlIlb B CBoeH
nOCJIe,aHeH MOHorpa<pHH «3KcrrepMMeHTaJlbHbIe OCHOBbI nCHXOJIOrHH YCTa-
HOBKH» (] 949 r.) ,Q. H. Y3HaJ(3e 06'bSlBHJI YCTaHoBKY rrCHXMQeCKOH: peaJIb-
HOCTbIO (COCTOSlHHeM, 80 He nponeCCOM). CaM no ce6e TaKOH: nOBopoT
lb!CJIH SlBJISleTCSI HHTepecHbIM 06'beKTOM H3YIIeHHSI, TeM 60nee, tITO np"
v u
BHHM3TenbHOM 03HaKOMJleHHH C TeopHeH YCTaHOBKH Ii HCTopHeH ee pa3BH-
THH TPYJ(HO YJIOBHTb MeTOJ(OJIOrHqeCKHe MOTMBHpOBKH HJII1 9KcnepHMeH-
TaJIhHble (}JaKTbI, C JIOrliQeCKOH Heo6xoJ(HMOCTbIO J(MKTYIOll!He OTHeceHHe
YCTaHoBKH K nCHXHQeCKOH peaJIbHOcTM. CKopee, Hao60poT. B TaKOM CJIY-
'"
qae OCTaeTCH ,n:onycTHTb BepcHIO, cornaCHO KOTOpOH TaKoe H3MeHeHHe 113-
HaqaJlbHOH II03HnHH MO)KHO 06'bSlCHHTb KaKHMH-JlH60 HaYlIHO-6Horpa<pH-
qeCKHMH cpaKTaMH HJIH -C06bITHSlMH H3 )K113HM aBTopa 9TOH TeopHH, H60
H3 COlI.HOJIOrHH HaYKH H3BeCTHbI MHOrOIIHCJIeHHhle npHMepbI ,aeTepMHHa-
HH HaYQHOM II03H HH YQeHOrO nCHXOCOnHaJlbHMMH OTHOllleHHSlMH BHYTPH
HaytIHOrO co06IIleCTBa. Ho B ,ll8HHhIH MOMeHT OTO,l{BHHeM Ha 3aJtHHH nnaH
.9TOT acneKT Bonpoca, TaK KaK ero peIlleHHe OTHOCHTCH K 06J1aCTH He,n:o-
KYMeHTHpOBaHHbIX paCCY)K,lJ.eHHH H J(ora,lJ.OK. nOCTaBHM BbllIIeYKa3aHHbIM
Bonpoc 3aHOBO, 80 ,l(06aBHM K HeMY CJIeJI.YIO:rnee: SlBJlSleTCS:I JIM ,lJ.OCTaTOq-
HMM OCOHOBaHHeM AJISI 06 HBJleHHSI YCTaHOBKH nCHXHlIeCKOH peaJlhHOCTbID
TO, lITO B nOCJIe,l(HeH CBoeH pa60Te aBTOp TeopMH npM ep)KHBaJlCH TaKoro
iRe MHeHMSI? Be)J.b HeJlb351 KaTerOpHlIeCKM ,nOKa3bIBaTb, tJ:TO nOCJIe.nItee
CJlOBO YQeHOrO 6JIHiRe K HCTHHe, qeM IIpe bI,aYIUee. M bI n p H ,n: e p }K H-
B a e M C SI M H e H H SI, II T 0 ,lJ. JI SI a ,[( e K BaT H 0 r 0 p e ill e H H SI
II P 0 6 JI eM blOT 0 M, K a K M bI C JI 11 T b «B e IU e C T B e H H Y 10» II p lI-
P 0 ,lJ. Y yeT a HOB K H B paM K a x T e 0 p II H ,[{.' H. Y 3 H a ,a 3 e H
,a .TI SI e e p a 3 B H T H SI, C JI e ,l( yeT C K 0 pee 0 6 paT H T b C H K
a H a JI II 3 Y TO H 0 6ll( eM HOC HOB H 0 H H H B a p H a H THO if II a-
p a ,n; H r M e Hay Q H 0 rOM bI III JI e HH 51 H Ii C C JI e J( 0 B a H H SI, K 0-
u
TOp 0 H n p H ,n: e p ){{ Ii B a JI C 51 a B TOp T e 0 p II H B P a 3 H hI ene-
p H 0 A hI C B 0 e M Hay 11 H 0 OM e H T e JI b HOC T H. C aTOM TOqKH 3pe.
60
HRSI, MaJI03<P<I>eKTlfBHOH SlBJISleTCH CCbIJIKa JIHWb H3 OAHB KaKOU-TO nepH-
OA pa3BHTHSI HayqHOH MbICJlH ,a. H. Y3HaJ(3e If Q>HKcan:HH Ha HeM.
HTaK, B03HHKaeT Bonpoc 0 HaYQHOii napa,U.HrMe Bcero TeOpeTHqeCKO-
ro nOCTpoeHHH H 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHOrO HCCJIe,nOBaHHH TeopHH YCTaHOBKH:
J{. H. Y 3Ha,a3e. Bonpoc 3TOT He H3 rrpOCTbIX, HO, TeM He MeHee, co BceH
YBepeHHOCTblO M02KHO CKa3aTb: HayqHaH napa,U.HrMa ,[l. H. Y3Ha,U.3e B03-
HHKJIa Ha OCHOBe rJly60Koro OC03HaHHH <pHJIOCO<pCKOH HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH
KapTe3HaHCKoro .nyaJIH3Ma H CB5I3aHHbIX C HHM nOpOqHbIX npe,U.nOCblJIOK
nOCTpOeHH5I HayqHO-nCHXOJIOrHqeCKHX TeopHH B paMKax Tpa,U.HUHOH-
HOH nCHXOJIOrHH. ,aeKapTOBCKoe pa306III.eHHe ,nYWH II TeJla, MaTeplIH II CO-
\ 3HaHIIH «TH:tKeJlbIM 6peMeHeM JIerJIO Ha HaYKY nCHXOJIOrHH». (III. H.
1.IxapTIIIIlBHJIH). CcpOpMHpOBaJIaCb H rOCnO,l(CTBOBaJIa napa,U.HrMa HayqHO-
nCHXOJlOrHlIeCKOro MbIIIlJIeHHH, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOe (co-
3HaHHe) - OHTOJIOrHqeCKH H rrpHqHHHO-CJIe,U.CTBeHHO 3aMKHYTaH B ce6e cy6-
CTaHnHH, _ H60 nCHXHqeCKOe H TpaHCrrCHXHlIeCKOe, BHYTpeHHee Ii BHellIHee,
nCHXHQeCKOe H <pH3HOJIOrHQeCKOe, cy6'beKT H 06'beKT - pa3,neJleHbI rJly60-
KOH nponaCTblO. B TaKOH cHTyaUHH ,U.onYCKaJlOCb JlHllib ABa BH,U.a CBH3H
Me*AY H3HaQaJlbHO pa306rneHHbIMH cy6cTaHl(HHMH ,U.YllIH II TeJIa: nCHXO-
q>H3HQeCKHH (nCHxocpH3HOJIOrHQeCKHii) rrapaJIJIeJIH3M If rrCHxocpH3HqeCKOe
(nCHXO H3HOJIOrHqeCKoe) B3aHMo,U.eHCTBHe. . H. Y3Ha,a3e Heo,aHOKpaTHO
B03BparnaJICH K aHaJlH3Y AyaJlHCTHqeCKHX nOCTYJIaTOB TpaAHI(HOHHOH rrCH-
XOJIOrlfH Ii YKa3bIBaJl, lITO nCHxocpH3HIIeCKaSi np06J1eMa ycrreIIlHo pemaeT-
eSi JIHIllb npH YCJIOBHH JIHKBH,U.aI(HH nOCTYJlaTa 0 npHHUHrrHaJlbHOH pa306-
m.eHHOCTH tlYiliH If TeJIa, BHYTpeHHero H BHeWHero. rJly60KO ,U.HaJIeKTHQe-
CKHH crroc06 MbIWJleHHH aBTopa TeopHH YCTaHOBKH C JIOrHQeCKOH He06xo-
)J.HMOCTblO HanpaBJlSlJI K nOHCKY H3HaqaJIbHO n:eJIOCTHOH peaJlbHOCTH, MO-
J1..yc cymecTBoBaHHH KOTOpOH 03HaQaJI 6bI ,aHaJleKTHqeCKOe CHHTHe npOTH-
BOrrOJI02KHOCTeH H OpraHHqeCKOe e,U.HHCTBO npOTHBOnOJIO:tKHbIX rrOJlIOCOB
nCHXHQeCKOrO H TpaHcrrCHXHQeCKOrO, ,nYIIIH H TeJla, cy6'beKTa H 06'beKTa,
BHYTpeHHero H BHeIIIHero" rroTpe6HOCTH H cHTyaUHH ee y,U.OBJleTBOpeHHH,
HaCJIe)I.CTBeHHoro H npH06peTeHHoro. CHaqaJIa nOHHTHH «6HoccpepbI», «no,l(-
nCHXHtIeCKoro» H «CHTyanHH» YKa3bIBaJlH Ha C B 0 e 0 6 P a 3 HOC T b cepe-
pbI peaJIbHOCTH, KOTopaH ,l{aJIee 60JIee lIeTKO oT06pa3HJlaCb B rrOHHTHH yc-
TaHOBKH». TaKHM 06pa30M, 6bIJla no,aMeqeHa H ,U.aJIee 3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHO
H3YQeHa «0 C 0 6 a SI», no BbIpa:tKeHHIO caMoro ,Q. H. Y3Ha)I.3e, c<pepa pe-
anbHOCTH, SlBJlSlIOlI(aSiCH «nepeopHeHTaUHeH K nOBe,U.eHHIO» (A. C. IlpaHrH-
WBHJIH), «AJISI KOTOpOH: cOBepIIIeHHo qy:tK,abI «rrpoTHBOnO,,10:tKHble nOJlIOCbI»
nCHXHQeCKOrO (cy6'beKTHBHoro) H <pH3HoJlOrHQeCKOrO (06'beKTHoro) »
(A. E .IIIep03HH). nOHHTHe «YCTaHOBKa» He rrpOCTO YCTaHaBJIHBaJlO MO-
CTbl Me}K,ay nCHXHqeCKHM H TpaHCrrCHXnqeCKHM, nCHXHQeCKHM II cpH3HOJlO-
rHlIeCKHM, a 03HalIaJIO HeHY:tKHOCTb TaKHX MOCTOB, H60 3a,aaqa HX YCTa-
HOBJIeHHH B03HHKJla 6bI IIPH KOHCTaTaII.HH npHHUHnHaJlhHOH pa306III.eHHO-
CTH BHYTpeHHero H BHelliHero, ,U.YIlIH Ii TeJIa. H3HaQaJlbHaH eJIOCTHOCTb H
OpraHHQeCKOe e,n:HHCTBO npOTHBOnOJIO:tKHbIX nOJIIOCOB YCTaHOBOqHOH peaJIb-
HOCTH 03HaQaJIH «CBoero po a ueJIOCTHO-JIHqHOCTHYIO opraHH3aUHIO BHYT-
peHHeH rOTOBHOCTH HHAHBH a K ocyrneCTBJleHHIO TOH I1JIH HHOH npe,aCTOH-
IneH aKTyaJlbHoH (<<3,n:eCb H ceiiqac») eHTeJlbHOCTH» (A. E. Illep03HSI).
YCTaHoBKa, B03HHKmaH Ha OCHOBe nOTpe6HocTH Ii cHTyal(HH ee Y,l(OBJIeT-
BopeHHH, He CBO,U.HJIaCb HM K nOTpe6HOCTH, HH cHTyanHIi, a BbIpa}KaJla
«Qpe3BbIlIaHHbIH aKT» (A. H. JIeoHTbeB) HX BCTpelIH. TaKLKe He CBO,l(H-
naCb OHa HII K IICHXHqeCKOMY, HH K cpH3HOJIOrHlIeCKOMY, H60 ueJIOCTHO-
JlHQHOCTHYIO opraHH3aII.HIO HeJlb3S1 OrpaHHqHBaTb HH nCHXHqeCKOH, HII
cl>H3HOJIOrHQeCKOH ccpepOH.
HCXOAH 113 BbIweCKa3aHHoro, napa HrMY HayqHOrO MbIWJIeHHSI ,a. H.
Y3Ha 3e CJIeAyeT onpe eJlHTb KaK napa HrMY HaJIeKTHQeCKOrO e,U.HHCTBa
BHYTpeHHero H BHeWHero, cy6 eKTHBHoro Ii 06'beKTHBHoro, nCHXHqeCKOrO
H H3HOJIOrHqeCKoro. TaKaH napa,l(HrMa e,U.HHCTBa npocneLKHBaeTCH TaK-
61
:>Ke B CBH3H C BpeMeHHbIMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH YCTaHOBKH, a HMeHHO, Tor-
a, Kor,aa OHa onpe enHeTCH KaK aKTyaRbHoe (<<3 eCb H CeHqac») COCTO-
HHHe, BKnlOqalOllI.ee B ce6H KaK IIpOllIJlbIH OllbIT, TaK aHTHII.HnaII.HIO 6yJl.Y-
mero (<<ollepe)KaIOllI.ee OTpa)KeHHe»); 9Ta napa HrMa HanHII.O H IIPH ollpe-
,neJleHHH CYIII.HOCTH nCHXHqeCKOrO pa3BHTHH, KaK IIpOII.eCca Jl.HcpcpepeHII.H-
aII.HI1 H3HaqaJlbHOro HCPCPY3Horo ueJloro, a TaK)Ke IIPH BBeJl.eHHH nOHHTHH
«B03paCTHOH cpe bI», 03HaqaIO eH eJl.HHCTBO nCHxo<pH3HQeCKHX CHJI pa3-
BHTHH H <paKTopOB CpeJl.bI B OHToreHe3e pe6eHKa. napa HrMa e.lI.HHCTBa
YQeHHH ,a. H. Y3Ha 3e COBepllIeHHO HarRSI HO «pa60TaeT» IIPH paCCMOT-
peHHH BOllpoca 0 CBH3H nCHXHKH C eHTeRbHOCTblO cy6'beKTa.
3a aQa IIpeOJl.OneHHH IICHXOCPH3Hq CKOrO (nCHxo$H3HOJlOrHqeCKoro)
yanH3Ma oc060 HpKO BMpa3HnaCb B H3BeCTHOH KpHTHKe ,a. H. Y3Ha 3e
.lI.OrMaTHqeCKOrO nOCTYJlaTa HenOCpeJl.CTBeHHOCTH Tpa.lI.H HOHHOH nCHXO-
norHH, 0 qeM A. r. ACMOJlOB COBepmeHHO CnpaBeJl.nHBO IIHllIeT: «3a.lI.aqa
npeo oneHHH nOCTYJlaTa Henocpe CTBeHHOCTH Jl.OR)KHa no IIpaBY BOHTH B
HCTOpHIO nCHXOROrHqeCKOH HaYKIr no HMeHeM «3a aqH Y3HaJl.3e» [1, 148].
KaK H3BeCTHO, «pOKOBOH» nocTYJlaT HenOCpe.lI.CTBeHHocTH TpaJl.HII.HOHHOH
nCHxonorHH ollycKaR Hellocpe cTBeHHocTb B03Jl.eHCTBHH (a) cpH3HqeCKO-
ro Ha nCHXHqeCKOe HJIH (6) O Horo nCHXHqeCKOrO HBReHHH Ha Jl.pyroe.
HeTpy,aHo YJlOBHTb, qTO B BapHaHTe (a) nOCTYJlaTa HeIlOCpeJl.CTBeHHocTH
Jl.OlIycKaJlaCb CBH3b Me)K Y pa306III.eHHbIMH caMOCTOHTenbHbIMH cy6cTaH-
lI.HHMH MaTepHH H Jl.yxa, a B _BapHaHTe" (6) Me)K y OT enbHbIMH nCHXHqe-
CKHMH HBJIeHHHMH BHYTPH 3aMKHYToro «npocTpaHcTBa» IICHXHKH, OTOp-
BaHHoro OT MaTepHaJlbHOrO MHpa; B 060HX BapHaHTax HanHII.O « eHcTBHe»
IIpH II.HnOB MeTacpH3HqeCKOrO yaJlH3Ma. n03HII.HH, 3aHHTaH ,a. H. Y3Ha-
v
Jl.3e no npeOJl.OJleHHIO «poKoBoro» ,nnH TpaJl.HII.HOHHOH IICHXOJIOrHH nOCTY-
JlaTa Henocpe cTBeHHocTH, 1I0JlHOCTblO OTBeqaJIa IIpHHIJ.HllaM Jl.HaJleKTHKO-
MaTepHaJlHCTHqeCKOrO MOHH3Ma. ,QOIIYllI.eHHe «0 eo 6'.0 H» peaJlbHOCTH,
ollocpe cTBYIO eH CBH3b Me)K Y (a) IICHXHqeCKHM H TpaHCIICHXHqeCKHM
wnH (6) OTJl.enbHbIMH IICHXHqeCKHMH IIpOII.eCCaMH, He CBOJl.HJla b K BBe e-
,HHIO «<pHKTHBHOH» HJIH «rHnOTeTHqeCKOH» nepeMeHHOH, a 03HaqaJIa BbI.lI.e-
JIeHHe HOBOH HIIOCTaCH - 2KHBOrd, II.enoro H KOHKpeTHoro HH,nHBH,aa, cyGo-
eKTa eHTeJIbHOCTH; YCTaHOBKa MbIcnHRaCb 1I09TOMY KaK M 0 Y C C Y-
III.eCTBOBaHHH peanbHoro H KOHKpeTHoro cy60eKTa
KOHKpeTHOH (<<3.lI.eCb H CeHqac») eHTeJlbHOCTH. C eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTbIO, no
TeopHH YCTaHOBKH ,Q. H. Y3Ha 3e, BCTYllaeT B CBH3b He IICHXHKa caMa 110
ce6e HJIH ee OT eJlbHble IIpOII.eCCbI, a ueJlOCTHbIH HHJl.HBH ; a MO YC cy e-
CTBOBaHHH nOCJle HerO (ycTaHoBKa) onOCpeJl.CTByeT TaKYIO CBH3b.' Cne o-
BaTeJIbHO, npHpo,na YCTaHOBKH He TOJIbKO He CBO HMa K CPH3HOJlOrHqeCKOH
c epe, HO B paBHOH Mepe OHa He CBO HMa H K IICHXHqeCKOH peaJIbHOCTH.
HMeHHO B 3TOM CMbIcne HBnHeTCsI YCTaHOBKa 0 CO 60 H (no BbIpa)KeHHIO
,IT.. H. Y3Ha 3e) ccpepoH peanbHocTH. n03TOMY MO)KHO CKa3aTb, qTO BBe-
,aeHHe IIOHHTHSI YCTaHOBKH He OrpaHHQHBaJlOCb JIHlIIb TOJlbKO co06pa)Ke-
HE:SlMH MeTO OJlOrHqeCKOro xapaKTepa B IIJlaHe H3yqeHHH YLKe H3BeCTHbIX
06'beKTOB HaYQHOrO HCCJle OBaHHH H YKa3 BaJIO Ha HOBYIO ccpepy HayqHO-
ro nOHCKa, KOTopaH HMeeT cOBepllIeHHo onpeJl.eJleHHbIH H OC06bIH OHTOJlO-
rHQeCKHH CTaTYC.
. 3a,naqa IIpeO OJleHHH IICHXocpH3HQeCKOrO Jl.yaJIH3Ma BbIpa3HJlaCb TaK-
)Ke B KpH.THKe ,a. H. Y3Ha 3e eme O Horo OrMaTHQeCKOrO nocTYJlaTa
Tpa.lI.H HOHHOH IICHXOJIOrHH, 0 KOTOpOM He TaK Y)K qaCTO ynoMHHaeTC5I B
pa60Tax no HCTOpHH TeopHH YCTaHoBKH. I1MeeTcH B BH y «9MIIHpHQeCKHH»
v
1I0cTynaT Tpa HnHOHHOH IIcHxoRorHH, CorJlaCHO KOTOPOMY Me)K,ay IIpe -
MeTaMH H IICHXHQeCKHMH HBJleHHHMH cy ecTByeT rJly60KaH nponacTb H
npe,aMeTbI BHelliHero MHpa nOCTHraIOTCH IICHXHKOH nYTeM 3MnHpHQeCKOrO
np HII.HIIa «np06bI H 01lIH60K». 3MIIHpHQeCKHH 1I0cTynaT, KaK H IIocTYJlaT
HenOCpe.lI.CTBeHHoCTH,.lIpeO OJleBaeTCH HMeHHO Y3Ha,n3eBCKOH napa.lI.HrMOH
e,nHHcTBa: ollocpe cTBYH CBH3b MeLK,ny IIpe MeTaMH BHeWHero MHpa H
62
rrCHXHKOH, YCTaHOBKa OTpa>KaeT B ce6e KaK TpaHccy6'beKTHBHbIH MHp'
npe,QMeTOB, TaK H CYO'beKTHBHoe COCTOSlHHe; rrpH 9TOM YCTaHOBOqHOe OT-
pa>KeHHe HOCHT orrepe>KalOlI..{HH (aHTHI.{HnHPYIOlI..{HH) xapaKTep H OHO He
OrpaHHqHBaeTCSI C03epuaTeJlbHbIM (<<KOHTeMnJISlTHBHbIM> ) MOMeHTOM, a
rrpe,aCTaBJl5IeT c06010 npe,QHcn03HnHIO npe)I.MeTHOM ,Qe5ITeJIbHOCTH cy6'beK-
Ta. B 9TOM CMbICJle YCTaHOBKa nepBHqHa OTHOCHTeJlbHO pa3BepHYTOH )I.e-
.5ITeJlbHOCTH qeJlOBeKa.
w CXeMaTHqHO npe,QCTaBHJIH OCHOBHYIO napa HrMY HayqHO-nCHXOJIO-
rH.qeCKoro Mb111IJleHH5I aBTopa TeopHH YCTaHOBKH. Tenepb B03BpaTHMC5I K
nOCTaBJIeHHbIM B HaqaJIe CTaTbH BonpocaM H ,Qa)I.HM aHaJlH3 Toro, K Ka-
KHM nOCJle,QCTBHSlM npHBO)I.HT nOJlO>KeHHe 0 TOM, qTO «YCTaHOBKa OTHOCHT-
C5I K c<pepe nCHXHqeCKoro». no HallieMY MHeHHIO, OTHeceHHe YCTaHOBKH K
,c<pepe nCHXHqeCKOrO BJleqeT 3a C060H MeTO)I.OJlOrHqeCKHe TPY,QHOCTH II no-
JlyqaeTC5I, qTO nOCTYJlaT HenOCpe)I.CTBeHH9cTH ()I.a H 9MnHpHqeCKHH rrOCTY-
JIaT) Tpa)I.HUHOHHOH nCHXOJlOrHH ,QaJleKO He npeO)I.OJIeBaeTCSI: Be b He MO-
:iKeT >Ke onOCpe)I.OBaTb CB5I3b <pH3HQeCKOrO C nCHXOJIOrHqeCKHM TO, QTO
caMO no ce6e «OTHOCHTC5I K c<pepe nCHXHqeCKoro», HJlH KaK MbICJIHTb ono-
cpe,QYIOlI..{YIO' <PYHKUHIO YCTaHOBKH MeLK Y OT)I.eJIbHbIMH nCHXHLJeCKHMH npo-
l.{eCCaMH H COCTOSlHH5IMH, eCJIH OHa caMa SlBJlSleTCH nCHXnqeCKHM COCTOSl-
HHeM? ECJIH YCTaHoBKY MWCJIHTb B KaqeCTBe nCHXHqeCKOH peaJIbHOCTH,TO
nOJlyqaeTCSI, qTO e)I.HHCTBO H neJlOCTHOCTb nCHXHqeCKOrO H TpaHCnCHXHqe-
cKoro, cy6'beKTHBHoro H 06'beKTHBHoro, BHYTpeHHero H BHernHero pe,aynH-
PyeTcH Ha O)I.HY H3 CTOpOH TaKoro e)I.HHCTBa, a 3TO B CBOIO Oqepe,ab MO>K-
HO KBaJIH<pHUHpOBaTb KaK 06'b5ICHHTeJlbHbIH npHHUHn CBe,lI.eHH5I nCHXHqe-
CKoro Ha nCHXHqeCKOe, no )1(. TIHa:tKe [8]. HaCqeT TaKoro pO)I.a pe)J,YK-
UHH, HO B HeCKOJIbKO MHOH pe,lI.aKUHH H HHOM KOHTeKCTe, BeCbMa npH 1eqa-
TeJlbHbI CJIOBa B. J1. 3HHqeHKo: «CJIe,QyeT CKa3aTb, qTO nO,lI.MeHa ueJIOCT-
HOCTH KaKHM-JIH60 113 KOHCTHTypHPYIOIUHX ee K'OMnOHeHTOB, YTBepM)J,eHHe
ero npHMaTa npoBouHpyeTC5I aKCHOMaTHqeCKHM xapaKTepOM KJlaCCHqeCKO-
ro HayqHOrO 3HaHH5I H CJIY*HT OCHOBaHHeM JII060H H3 MHOrOqHCJleHHbIX
cpOpM pe YKUUOHH3Ma, CYl1I.eCTBYIO HX B COBpeMeHHOH nCHXOJlOrHH. Pe..
,aYKUHOHH3MY He06xo)I.HMO npOTHBonOCTaBHTb CTpaTerHIO aMnJIHcpHKaUHH,
060ral1I.eHH5I nCHXHqeCKOH peaJIbHOCTH» [4, 137]. C ,QPyroH CTOpOHbI, MbI
YLKe OTMeqaJlH 06lI..{YIO <pHJlOC0<pcKo-MeTo,QOJIOrHqecKYIO 3a,Qaqy ,a. H. Y3-
Ha)I.3e B nJlaHe npeo,QoneHHSI rrpHHI.{HnOB MeTacpH3HqeCKOrO ,QyaJlH3Ma )I.Y.
IlIH H TeJla, MaTepHH H C03HaHH5I, a CBe)I.eHHe CYlI..{HOCTH YCTaHoBKH Ha nCH-
XHqecKYIO peaJlHIO 06ecueHHBaeT orpoMHbIe pe3YJIbTaTbI TaKoro rrpeo,lI.o-
JIeHHSI. B Y3Ha,lI.3eBcKYIO napa,lI.HrMY e)1HHCTBa BHYTpeHHero HI BHernHero,
<pH3HqeCKOrO H nCHXHqeCKOrO HHKaK He BnHCWBaeTCSI TaKOrO pO,lI.a pe)I.YK-
I.{H5I nCHXHqeCKOrO Ha nCHXHqeCKoe. B Y3Ha)I.3eBCKOM nOHHMaHHH nOHHTHe
u
YCTaHOBKH OJIHl.{eTBop.5IeT ,QHaJIeKTHqeCKOe CH5ITHe npOTHBOnOJIOLKHOCTeH
u
Me>K,QY nCHXHqeCKHM H TpaHCnCHXHqeCKHM, ,lI.YIlIOH H TeJIOM, HO TaKoe CHSI-
THe He npHBo,aHT K onYIII.eHHIO «nCHxo<pH3HQeCKH HeHTpaJlbHOH», TpeTbeH
.peaJlbHOCTH, a, HanpOTHB, OHO npH3HaeT 3aKOHHble rrpaBa H BBO)I.HT B Ka-
qeCTBe 06'beKTa HCCJle)I.OBaHHSI OHTOJlOrHqeCKH COBeprneHHO onpe,QeJleHHO-
ro KOHKpeTHoro qenOBeQeCKOrO HH HBH a -- cy6'beKta ,QeHTeJIbHOCTH. Ec-
JIH Tpa,QHI.{HOHHO cy6'beKT CBO,QHJlCSI K C03HaHHIO H caMOC03HaHHIO (re-
reJIb), TO B yqeHHH ,I:L. H. Y3Ha,Q3e, OCHOBaHHOM Ha MapKCHCTCKO-JleHHH-
CKOH HayqHOH MeTO)I.OJlOrHH, cy6'beKT BbIcTynaeT B CBoeM peaJIbHOM ObI-
THH, a Bce nCHXHqeCKHe <PYHKl(HH, npOl.{eCCbI H COCT05IHHSI npe,QCTaBJIeHbI
KaK OT eJlbHbIe «opraHbI» l.{eJlOCTHOro cy6'beKTa, He CBO,QHMoro HH K <pH-
3HOJlOrHqeCKOMY, HH K rrCHXHqeCKOH peaJIbHOCTH. H, nOBTOp5I5ICb, B 9TOM
KOHTeKCTe CJle,QyeT 3aSlBHTb: yeT a HOB K a ,U.OJl:>KHa MbICJlHTbCSI KaK
63
M 0 J( Y C c Y e C T BOB a H Ii S! HMeHHO TaKoro He CBO HMoro K OT,lLeJlb-
HbIM CBOHM CTopOHaM, )K H B 0 r 0 H P e 8 JI b H 0 roc Y 0 1> e K T a KOH-
KpeTHOH eSlTenbHOCTH.
C TOqKH 3peHMS! CHCTeMbI 3THX paCCY}KJ(eHHH, HeCKOJlbKO HenOHHTHbIM
npeJ(CTaBJIReTCH, HarrpHMep, n03HII.HSI 11. r. DeCnaJlbKO, COrJIaCHO KOTO-
pOH CPYHKII.HH YCTaHOBKH 3HatlHTeJlbHO CY}KaeTCH H CBSl3bIBaeTCH JlHillb C
np06J1eMOH 06'bHCHeHHH aBTOMaTH3MOB B nCHXHtleCKOH eSlTeJ1bHOCTH [2
56-60]. Donee Toro, B KOHTeKCTe BbIIIIeCKa3aHHoro HeCKOJlbKO BHYTpeH-
He npOTHBOpetIHBOM npe CTaBJlHeTCH npe JlO}KeHHaH A. E. UUep03HSI H MM
e COBepweHHO HCHO 060CHOBaHHaH TpeXtlneHHaH cxeMa «YCTaHOBKa--co-
3HaHHe-6ecC03HaTeJlbHOe nCHXHqeCKoe», eCJIH O HOBpeMeHHO BCJIe,l( 3a
HHM OHTOJIOrHqeCKHM CTaTYC YCTaHOBKH OrpaHHtIHTb nCHXHqeCKOH ccpepOH
[16]. A. E. lllep03HH tleTKO nOKa3bIBaeT, tlTO rrCHXHqeCKOe He npHpaBHH-
BaeTCH K C03HaHlllO, tlTO nCHXHtIeCKOe cymecTByeT KaK B BH,ne COAep}Ka-
8HM nCHXHtleCKHX nepe}KHBaHHH, rrpe3eHTHpOBaHHbIX C03HaHHIO, TaK H B
BH,lLe HeOC03HaBaeMOH nCHXHtIeCKOH ,neSlTeJIbHOCTH; CBepx Toro, OH JK ,na.
eT 060CHOBaHHe nOnOJKeHHIO, COrJI8CHO KOTOPOMY CBH3b MelK Y C03Ha-
TeJIbHO-IICHXHQeCKHM H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIM IICHXHQeCKHM orroCpe.l1yeTcH
YCTaHOBKoii, KOTopaH HM 06'bHBnHeTCH rrCHXHtleCKOH peaJ1bHOCTbIO. Ilpe,n-
CTaBJIHeTCH, qTO YCTaHOBKa He MO}KeT OIIocpe,nOBaTb CBH3b Me2K Y CO-
3HaHHeM H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIM nCHXHqeCKHM, eCJlH aHa TOM iKe «<t>aKTypbI»,
tlTO H 3TH nOCne,lLHHe; B aTOM cnytIae CKopee Cne,lLOBaJlO 6M rOBopHTb He
06 oIIocpe oBaHHocTH CBH3H, a 0 HeIIocpe cTBeHHocTH CBH3H Me}K,ny
rrCHXHqeCKHMH SlBJIeHHHMH YCTaHoBKH, C03HaHHSI H 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO ITCH-
XHtleCKoro. n03TOMY cJle,n:yeT rro,n:qepKHYTb, tITO, BbIXO SI H3 orrpe,n:eJIeHHH
OHTOJIOrHqeCKOM npHpO,lLbI YCTaHoBKH 3a npe,n:eJIbI nCHXHqeCKOrO (KaK M
cpH3HOJIOrHQeCKoro), YCTaHoBKa, KaK MO,n:yC cymecTBoBa-
H H SI n: e JI 0 C THO roc Y 6 'b e K T 8 KOHKpeTHOH ,lLeHTenbHOCTII, AeMCT-
BHTeJIbHO BblcTyrraeT KaK «npHHUHII CBH3H» Me}K)I.Y C03HaHHeM II 6ecco-
3HaTeJIbHbIM IICHXHqeCKHM.
CJIe yeT OTMeTHTb, tlTO HaytIHOM napa,lLHrMe eAHHCTBa cpH3HqeCKOrO M
rrCHXHQeCKOrO ,lJ,. H. Y3Ha,a3e C03BYQHbI H eH H3BeCTHoro <ppaHUY3CKoro
IICHXHaTpa E. EM, KOTOpbIH TeOpeTHtIeCKH B BeCbMa HaCbIIl.(eHHoH CTaTbe
BBO,lLHT rrOH.HTHe «rrCHXHtleCKOrO TeJla» (<<corps psichique») ,aJlSI npeo o..
JIeHHH "ncHxocpH3HtIeCKOrO ,ayaJlH3Ma [21, 553-554]. HaKoHeu:, pe3IOMH-
PYH OCHOBHOH rra<l>oc HalIlHX pa3MblIIlJIeHHH no rrOCTaBJIeHHhIM B HaqaJIe
CTaTbH BonpocaM, XOTeJIOCb ObI npOnHTHpOBaTb CJlOBa H. III. 4xapTHIIlBH-
JlH: «BBHAY Toro, qTO YCTaHOBKa JlBJI5IeTCH' nepBHqHbIM neJIOCTHbIM MO,n:y-
COM, H3 KOToporo nYTeM a6CTpaKnHH H3HOJIOrHH M nCHxonorHSI BWtIJleHH-
roT CBOM 06neKTM HCCJIeAOBaHH5I, nOH5ITHe YCTaHOBKH 06JIaAaeT HeOu:eHH-
MbIMH MeTO OJIOrHqeCKHMH H HayqHbIMH IIpeHMy ecTBaMH rrepe,a BCeMH
TeMH rrOH.HTHHMH, KOTopbIe BBO HJIHCb B HaIllY HaYKY C Il.eJIbIO OIIpe,aeJIeHHH
nCHXOnOfHtIeCKHX 38KOHOMepHOCTeH nOBeAeHHH, B CTpYKType KOToporo
CPYHKllJ OHHPyeT 6eCC03HaTeJIhHOe nCHXHQeCKOe.
TeopHH YCTaHOBKH B TOM CMbICJle, KOTOpbIH rrpH,l(aJI eM ,Q. H. Y3Ha-
,lL3e, SlBJIHeTCH rJly6oKo H8YQHOH H opHrHHaJlhHOH TeopaeM 6ecc03HaTeJIb-
HOB ,neHTeJIbHOCTH nCHXHKH B CBH3H C OCHOBHbIMH npooneM8MH nOBe.rr.eHHH»
[14, 109].
64
TUE UNCONSCIOUS AND SET: AGAIN ON THE ONTOLOGICAL
STATUS OF UNCONSCIOUS PSYCHICAL ACTIVITY
N. I. SARJVELADZE
The D. N. Uznadze Institute of Psychology, Tbili'si
SUMMARY
Many followers of Uznadze's theory of set interpret it as. a psychical
phenomenon. At the same time its unconscious nature is assumed. Accord-
ing to this view, set is the unconscious psychical. Uznadze himself inter-
preted set as a subpsychi.cal sphere of an individual's activity: t is posi-
tion resulted from his scientific paradigm, namely, unity and integrity, ex
t rnal and internal, subjective and objective, physiological and psychical.
D. N. Uznadze overcame the Cartesian dualism and elaborated a monistic
position in the study of the psychology of personality. Although in his lat-
ter work Uznadze equated psychics and set, his ini tial posi tion seems to ha ve
been more correct, for it is precisely his initial position that helps to over-
come the postulate of immediacy of the traditional psychology.
JIHTEPATYPA
1. ACMOJIOB A. f., 06 HepapXHIJeCKOH CTpYKType YCTaHOBKH KaK MexaHH3Ma perYJI5IQHH
.n.e5ITeJIbHOCTH. BeCC03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo.n.a <PYHKIJ,HH, MeTOl\bl HCCJIe.n.OBaHHH, T...!.I, T6H-
JIHCH t eIl.HHepe6a, 1978, 147--157.
2. BECfIAJIbKO 11. f., 0 HeKOTopbIX acneKTax TeopHH YCTaHOBKH H np06JIeMa 6eCC03HaTe-
JIbHoro. EecC03HaTe.JIbHOe, T. I I I, T6HJIHCH, MeQHHepe6a, 1978, 56-61.
3. E040Pl1IllBI1Jll1 A. T., 0 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM. Eecc03HaTeJIbHoe..., T. I, T6HJIHCH, MeQ-
HHepe6a, 1978, 187--190.
4. 3I1H4EHKO B. n., YCTaHoBKa H .n;e5ITeJIbHOCTb: HY2KHa JIH napa.n.HrMa? Becco3Ha-
TeJIbHoe..., T. I, T6HJIHCH, MeQHHepe6a, 1978, 133-146.
. 5: KAKABA1I.3E B. JI., npOOJIeMa 6ecC03HaTeJIbHOrO B KJIaCCHQeCKOH rJIy6HHHoH nCHXO-
JIOrHH. Becc03HaTeJIbHoe..., T. 1. T6HJIHCH, MeUHHepe6a, 1978, }9 1-200. ./
6. J1EASI1H B. M., 3. <I>peH,lI. H 1(. IOHr. nonbITKH nCHXOaHaJIHTHqeCKOrO pellieHHH np06JIe
MbJ oeCC03HaTeJlbHoro. BecC03HaTeJIbHoe..., T. I, TOHJIHCJi, MeuHHepeoa, 1978, 358-
369.
7. HAlI.HP AIIIBI1JII1 111. A., 3aKoHoMepHocTH cpOpMHpoBaHHSI H ,IteHCTBHH YCTaHOBKH pa3-
JIHQHblX YPoBHeH. BecC03HaTeJIbHoe..., T. I. T6HJlHCH, Mel!HHepe6a, 1978, 111-122.
8. nHA)KE )1(., XapaKTep 06'bSICHeHHH B nCHXOJIOrHH H nCHx0<pH3HOJIOfHIJCrKHH napaJIJle-
JIH3M. 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHaH nCHXOJIOrHSI, no,lt pe.n.. n. <1>pecca H )1(. nHa2Ke, M., 1966,
157-194.
9. np AHfI1IIlBI1JII1 A. C., K npOOJIeMe oecC03HaTeJIbHOrO B CBeTe TeopHH YCTaHoBKH: lliKO-
JIa ,lJ,. H. Y3Ha,lI.3e. EecC03HaTeJIbHoe..., T. I, TOHJIHCH, MeQHHepe6a, 1978. 84-91.
10. nPAHrI1IIlBI1JlI1 A. C., I11EP03I15I A. E., BACCI1H <1>. B., OCHOBHbJe KpHTepHH pac-
cMoTpeHHH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO B KaqeCTBe cBoeoo6pa3HoH cpOpMbI nCHXHQeCKOH ,lI.e5ITeJIb-
HOCTH. BCTynHTeJIbHaH CTeTbH pe)taKI.{Hu. BecC03HaTeJIbHoe..., T. I, T6HJIHCH, MeI.{-
HHepe6a, 1978, 71--83. .
11. CTOEB C.. f., npOOJIeMa oeCC03HaTeJIbHOrO B cOBpeMeHHoM Heo<ppeH)tH3Me. Becco3H8Te-
JIb'HOe..., T. I, T6HJIHCH, MeU:HHepeoa, 1778, 290-298.
12. Y3HAlI.3E .l{. H., OCHoBHbIe nOJIOLKeHHH TeopHH YCTaHOBKH. Tpy.n.bI T. 6, TOHJlHCH, Mel!-
HHepe6a, 1977, 263--326.
13. Y3HA[(3E 1{. H., 3KcnepHMeHraJlbHbIe OCHOBbI nCHXOJIOrHH YCTaHoBKH, T6HJIHCH, 1961.
5. Becc03HaTeJIbHOe, I V
65
14. 4XAPTHIIIBHJIH Ill. H., I( Bonpocy 06 OHTOJIOrHqeCKOH npHpo,l1e 6eCC03HaTeJIbHoro.
BecC03HaTeJIbHoe..., T. I, T6HJIHCH, Mel.{HHepe6a, 1978, 95-110.
15. IIlEP03H5I A. E., I( np06JIeMe C03HaHH5I H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHQeCKoro. OnbIT HC-
CJIe,aOBaHHH H3 OCHOBe ,aaHHbIX nCHXOJIOrHH YCTaHOBKH, T. I, T6HJIHCH, MenHHepe6a.
1969.
16. IIlEP03H5I A. E., nCHXOaHaJIH3 H TeopHH Heoc03HaBaeMoH nCHXOJIOrHQeCKOH YCTaHOB-
KH: HTOfH H nepcneKTHBbl. Becc03HaTeJIbHoe..., T. I, TOHJIHCH, MeIJ,HHepeOa, 1978, 37-
64. .
17. IIlEPTOI( 1I., BecC03HaTeJIbHOe BO <I>paHI.{HH .no <I>peii,aa: npe,anoCblJIKH OTKphITHSI. Bec-
C03HaTeJIbHoe..., T. I, T6HJIHCH, Mel.{HHepe6a, 1978, 347-357.
18. AL THUSSER L. La decouverte du docteur Freud dans ses rapports avec la theorie marx-
iste:. BecC03HaTeJIbHoe... , T. I, 139-253.
19. ANSBACHER T., Alfred Adler's Views on the Unconscious. BeCC03HaTeJlbHoe..., T. I.
370-383.
20. CREMERIUS J., Dicscussion iiber den heutigen Stand der Theorie des Unbewussten in
der Psychoanalyse. Becc03HaTeJIbHoe..., T. I, 445-454.
21. EY H., Le probleme de 1 inconscient. Becc03HaTeJIbHoe..., T. I, 540-556.
22. JOSEPH E. B., Evolving Concept of the Unconscious in Psychoanalysis. BecC03HareJIb-
Hoe..., T. I, 254-265.
66
npOBnEMA 6ECC03HATEnbHOrO HA ME AYHAPOAHOM
CHMn03HYME«6ECC03HATEnbHOE» Br.T6HnHCH
M.A. CAKBAPEnHA3E
I1HCTHTYT nCHXOJIOrHH HM. ,Q. H. Y 3Ha,lt3e AH rpY3. CCP, T6HJIHCH
MaTepMaJIbl KOJlJIeKTHBHoH MOHorpa HH, nOCBHII."(eHHOH np06JIe e
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IOInHecH B COBpeMeHHOH nCIIXOJIOrlI1I He TOJlbKO B OTHOllIeHHH nOHHMaHH5I
Cnel.(HcpHKH YKa3aHHOH rrp06JIeMbI: HO Aa2Ke B OTHorneHHH Bonpoca 0 3a-
KOHHOCTH nOCTaHOBKH ee B KatIeCTBe nCHXOJIOrHtIeCKOa np06J1eMbI Boo6II."(e.
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ro KaK <I>aKTopa, HeOTBpaTHMoro ,l(JIH peaJlH3al.(HH JII060H nCHXHtIeCKOII
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HeRMH YKa3aHHoro nOHHTHH J{onYCKaeTCH JIHillb B CJIyqaHX HeKOTOpwX OT-
JleJlbHbIX nCHXHtIeCKHX HBJleHHM II, CJIeJ{OBaTeJIbHO, CYTb np06JIeMbI 6ecco-
3HaTeJlbHOrO CBOJ{HTCH K 06'bHCHeHHIO JIHillb 3TH X qaCTHbIX BHJ{OB nCHXH-
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qTO np06J1eMY 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO CJleJ{yeT OTHeCTM K qHCJlY HppeJIeBaHT-
HbIX J{JlH nCHXOJlOrHH H MHHMbIX no CBoeM CYTM np06JIeM. .
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3HaTeJlbHOrO 06YCJIOBJleH HaJIHqHeM rrpO[(eCCOB H HBJleHHH nCIIXHtIeCKOH
,neHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, C He06xoJ{HMOCTblO Tpe6YIOIII.HX ee nOCTaHOBKH. 11 K Ka-
TeropHH TaKOBbIX OTHOCIITCH, B nepBYIO Oqepe,ab, caMO C03HaHHe, TOqHee
rOBopH, npOl(eCCbI C03HaHHH, l(eJleC006pa3HOCTb H HanpaBJIeHHOCTb B03HHK-
HOBeHIIH II TetIeHHH KOTOpbIX He MorYT onpe,lI.eJlHTbC5I caMHM .C03HaHHeM,
caMHMH aKTyaJlbHbIMH npO[(eCCaMH TaKOBoro.
KOHetIHO, HeMaJIOBa)KHYIO pOJIb B CTaHOBJIeHHM np06J1eMbI 6eCC03Ha-
TeJIbHOrO CbIrpaJlII II Ha6J1IO,lI.aeMbIe B nCMXOJIOrHH, a oco6eHHO B naTorrCH-
XOJIOrHH, OT,aeJlbHble cpeHOMeHbI, BbIHYlK,aalOIII.He npH3HaTb' HaJlHtIHe cepe-
pbI, AeHCTBYIOlIl.eH 3a npe,lI.eJlaMl! caMoro C03HaHHH. O,AHaKO 3TH cpeHOMe-
HbI TaK 2Ke, KaK H YKa3aHHaH BbIille HanpaBJleHHOCTb npo eCCOB C03HaHH5I,
rrO,lI.TBep.>K,aaIOT 3aKOHHOCTb np06J1eMbI 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO He TOJIbKO B Ka-
qeCTBe qaCTHOH np06JIeMbI, B03HHKalOrneH JlIIIIlb B OTHOIlleHHH YKa3aHHbIX
OTJ{eJIbHbIX nCHXHtIeCKHX HBJIeHHH, HO H B KatIeCTBe npOOJleMbI, npaBOMep-
HOH C TOqKM 3peHHH 06III.enCHXOJlOrHtIeCKOH nplIpO.1{bI C03HaHH5I II B03MO)K-
HOCTH peaJIli3al.(HH ero aKTHBHOCTH Boo6III.e.
R CO)KaJleHHIO, HMeHHO STOT J{Hana30H np06J1eMbI 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO
H ynYCKaeTCH H3 BHJ{Y aBTopaMH pH,lla KaK 3apy6e2KHbIX, TaK H COBeT-
CKHX HCCJle,llOBaHHH. HeKOTopbIe H3 YKa3aHHbIX aBTopOB, KaK y*e OTMeqa-
JlOCb BbIIIle, He BH,lI.HT Heo6xo,lI.HMOCTH npHBJleqeHHH nOHHTHH 6eCC03Ha-
TeJlbHOrO Bo06III.e. TaK, Hanp., no MHeHlI10 n. A. raJlbnepHHa, K nOH5ITHIO
6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO B nCHXOJlOrlIH rrpH6eralOT JIHillb ,llJIH 06'bHCHeHHH aBTO-
67
MaTHlIeCKHX .SIBJIeHHH, BOBce He HYjK aIOInHXCSI B nCHXHqeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH
H TeM caMbIM lIo,nTBepjK,naIOInHX HeHYjKHOCTb 3Toro nOHSITHSI B rrCHXOJlO-
rHH fI, T. I, 201-204].
,[{pyraSi rpynrra aBTopOB, He OTpHn:aSI Heo6xo HMOCTH nOCTaHOBKH
rrp06JIeMbI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO, ,npH HCCJIe,nOBaHHH IIOCJIe,n:HeH OrpaHHqHBa-
eTCSI JIHllIb rrOHCKaMH OT,neJIbHbIX T. H. «HeOC03HaBaeMbIX KOMnOHeHTOB
nCHXHKH, OT.n:eJIbHbIX BH,nOB HeOC03HaBaeMbIX nepejKHBaHHH HJIH .n:eHCTBHH
C n:eJlblO CY)KeHHSI, a IIOpOH KaK 6bI paCllIHpeHHSI c<}>epbI 6eCC03HaTeJlbHO-
ro, H He ytIHTbIBaeT Toro, qTO cymecTBoBaiIHe TaKOBbIX y)Ke CTaBHT npo-
6JIeMY 0 npHpo,ne nCHXHKH Boo6me. TaK, Hanp., COrJlaCHO ,LL. ,LL. <Pe,aOTO-
BY, K 06J1aCTH 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO CJle,n:yeT OTHOCHTb JIHllIb TaKHe aaxo,n:SI-
llI.HecSI 3a rrpe,n;eJlaMH C03HaHHSI nCHXHlIeCKHe SIBJleHMSI, KOTopbIe B npo-
IlIJIOM SIBJISIJIHCb BnOJIHe C03HaTeJIbHbIMH, a BnOCJle,lJ.CTBHM CTaJIM aBTOMa-
TH3HpOBaHHbIMH cpopMaMH nCHXHlIeCKOH' aKTHBHOCTH [I, T. 11,- 437-441].
TIo,a06Hoe OrpaHHlIeHHe ccpepbI ,aeHcTBHSI 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO SIBJI5IeTC5I, Ha
Halli B3rJISI,n:, CJle,n:CTBHeM He,n:onOHHMaHHSI np06J1eMbI 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoro.
He,n:oon:eHKa y,n:eJIbHOrO Beca yqaCTHSI 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO B perYJISI HH
C03HaTeJIbHbIX npon:eccOB H BceM nCHXHqeCKOH aKTHBHOCTM Bo06 e npoSIB-
JlSIeTC5I H B BH,n:e TeH,n:eHn:HH K YBSI3Ke 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO HJIH C naTOJIOrH-
lIeCKHMH cpopMaMH rrCHXHlIeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH, HJlH C cpaKTaMH CHOBH,aeHH5I,
HJlH, HaKOHeII., co CMYTHbIMH, KaK 6bI He.u.opa3BHTbIMH cTHMYJIaMH lIeJIOBe-
qeCKOH JIHlIHOCTH. LLa)Ke AJISI A. 3SI, BCSI CTaTbH KOToporo HarrpaBJIeHa Ha
06ocHoBaHHe cYIII.eCTBOBaHHSI 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO, caMbIM TeCHbIM 06pa30M
CBSI3aHHoro C c03HaTeJIbHOH c<t>epoH, H KOTOpbIH no,n:tIepKHBaeT, tITO «YT-
Bep)K,l{aH peaJIbHOCTb C03HaHHH, MbI TeM caMbIM YTBep)K,n:aeM H peaJIbJIOCTb
6ecc03HaTeJlbHoro», nOCJle,n;Hee B KOHeqHOM ClIeTe 51BJIHeTCH ccpepoH CJIe-
nbIX 2KeJIaHHH, KOTopbIe KOHKypHPYIOT C C03HaHHeM, conpOTMBJl5IIOTC5I H
Bce JKe rro.n:tIHHSIIOTCH eMY, a B CJIYtIaSIX BbICB06o)K,n:eHHH H3 no,n: KOHTpOJI5I
nOCJIe,lI.HerO rrpOSIBJIHIOTCSI JlHIllb B cBoeH 60JIe3HeHHoii, l1aTOJlOrMtIeCKOH
cpopMe [I, T. II; 540-556].
HeJIb351 He YCMOTpeTb onpe,n:eJIeHHOrO Cxo,n:CTBa Me)K,n:y nOCJIe,aHHM
nO,,10)KeHHeM A. 3H H C006pa:tKeHHSIMH HeKOTopbIX aBTopOB OTHOCHTeJIbHO
COCT05lHH5I CHa, KOTopoe, BBH,n:y Bblpa:tKeHHOrO «OTKJIIOqeHHSI C03HaHHH»"
HMeIOLUero MeCTO, no MHeHHIO .9THX aBTopOB, BO BpeMH CHa, ,aOJI)KHO pac-
CMaTpHBaTbCH KaK «ccpepa ,n:OMHHHpOBaHH5I 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOH IICHXHQe-
CKOH aKTHBHOCTH» [I, T. II, 88-100], HJIH KaK «QJH3HOJIOrHtIeCKOe COCT05l-
HHe, B KOTOpOM 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe HrpaeT 3HatIHTeJIbHO 60JIbIIIYro, qeM np"
JIlO60M ,n:pyroM COCT05lHHH, pOJlb fI, T. II, 112-120].
llo,n:qepKHBaSI OC06yIO pOJlb 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO JIHllIb npH BbIIlleYKa-
3aHHblX COCTOSIHHSIX, MbI TeM caMbIM 3aKpbIBaeM 'rJIa3a Ha BKJla,n: 6ecco-
3HaTeJIbHOrO B peaJlH3aII.HIO rrpoueccOB C03HaHHH II BceH nCHXHlIeCKOH aK-
THBHOCTH H, CJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHO, He,n:ooueHHBaeM 06III.enCHXOJlOrHlIecKYIO
npHpo,ay 6ecc03HaTeJlbHpro. KOHelIHO, H cJlYllaH naTOJIOrHlIeCKOrO 'rrpo-
SIBJleHHSI nCHXHlIeCKOM aKTH HoCTH, H CHOBHAeHHH 3,n:opoBoro tIeJIOBeKa
npe,n:cTaBJIHIOT BeCbMa BbIrO,l{HbIH ,l{JISI H3ytIeHHH 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO MaTe-
pHaJl. O,n:HaKO He IIOTOMY, lITO pacnOHcaBllIeecSI B 3T X YCJlOBHSIX 6ecco-
3HaTeJIbHOe ,l{aeT ce6e BOJIIO H, SIK06bI n03TOMY HrpaeT oc060 60JlbllIYIO
pOJlb HMeHHO TOJIbKO npH OTMeqeHHbIX COCT05lHHHX, a nOTOMY, tITO YKa-
3aHHbIe COCTOSIHHSI HarJlSI,l{HO BbISIBJlHIOT He TOJIbKO B03MO)KHOCTb CYIII.eCT-
BOBaHHH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIX cpOpM nCHXHqeCKOH ,n:eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH,HO H-
tITO oc66eHHO Ba)KHO - HCKJIIOlIHTeJIbHO Ba)KHYIO HX pOJIb B npo ecce npo-
TeKaHH5I C03HaTeJIbHOH H BceH rrCHXHtIeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH qeJIOBeKa. Be,n:b
BbIpBaBlIlHeCH H3 THCKOB C03HaHH5I H CTaBIIlHe rraTOJIOrHtIeCKHM cpaKTOM
npo eCCbI HaqHHaIOT 3aTeM, no ,aaHHbIM 3THX :tKe HCCJIe,aOBaTeJleH, caMH
ynpaBJIHTb He TOJlbKO naTOJIOrHqeCKHMH HBJleHHHMH, HaJIHtIeCTBYI01ll.HMH
B C03HaHHH, HO B orrpe,aeJleHHbIX CJIyqaHX H BceiI aKTHBHOCTbIO C03HaHHH.
O,n:HO ,n:eJIO, tITO HaJIHn:o HMelOTCSI naTOJIOrHlIeCKHe J(eHCTBHSI H rrepe:tKH-
68
BaHHSI, a ,npyroe, 1JTO 3TH AeHCTBHSI H nepeJKHBaHHSI TaK)Ke YKa3bIBaIOT
Ha $aKTopbI, CTOSlIII.He H 3a HHMH H 3a BCSlKOH 06JIaCTbIO C03HaHHSI. CaM
naTOJIOrH1JeCKHH xapaKTep nponecca He paCKpMBaeT npHpo,ay TaKOBQrO H
CTHMYJISlII;HH ero OCYIII.eCTBJIeHHSI. HarJIH,Z:(HbIM nO,Z:(TBep ,aeHHeM BbIIlle-
CKa3aHHoro CJIYJKaT, HanpHMep T. H. nepHO,lI.H1JeCKHe aMHe3HH C aJIbTepHa-
THBHbIMII co,aepJKaHHSlMH C03HaHHSI. "
,lI.OBOJIbHO SlpKHM B 3TOM OTHOIlleHHH npHMepOM H3 06JIaCTij naTGJIOfHH
51BJI5IeTCH H T. H. lIIH30cppeHHtJeCKoe MbIIIIJIeHHe. B HaCToHlll.ee BpeMH naTO-
llCHXOJIOrHH pacnOJIaraeT 3Ha1JHTeJIbHbIM KOJIHtJeCTBOM YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX II.e-
JIbIM p5I,nOM HCCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIeH cpaKTOB, KOTopbIe y,nOCTOBepfIIOT, tJTO B CJIY-
Qa5IX IllM30cppeHHH He HCKJIIP1JeHO npaBHJIbHOe pelIIeHHe nopoH ,lI.a}Ke ,ao-
BOJIbHO CJIOJKHbIX MbICJIHTeJIbHbIX 3a,aatJ. 3TH' <t>aKTbI Har JI5IJI,HO ,aoKa3bIBa-
. JOT, qTO Ha6JIIO,naeMbIe B nponecce MbICJIHTeJIbHOH AeHTeJIbHOCTH 60JIbHbIX
llIH30cppeHHE'i1:, OTKJIOHeHHSI He SlBJlSlIOTCSI pe3YJIbTaTOM HapyrneHH5I COOT-
BeTCTBYIOrneH <PYHKII;HH H TeM caMbIM JIHlIIHHH pa3 no,aTBep2K,Z:(aIOT, lITO C3-
MH.n03HaBaTenbHMe nponecc@ KaK TaKOB@e ,lI.aJKe B CJlY1JaHX HX HeHapy-
llieHHOCTH H HopManbHoro COCTOSlHHH He MorYT OOeCneqHTb CBoeH a,aeKBaT-
. u
HOM HanpaBJleHHOCtH Ii 1JTO MexaHH3MbI KaK a,aeKBaTHOH, TaK If Hea,l(eK-
u
BaTHOH HX HanpaBJleHHOCTH CJle,nyeT HCKaTb 3a npe,aeJl3MH C03HaHHH..
B 3TOH CBH3H cJleAyeT YKa3aTb Ha ony6J1HKoBaHHbIe B MOHorpacpHH
pa60TbI 3. C. BeHH, KOTopbIe HBJIHIOTCSI, H3 Harn B3fJlH,l{, npeKpacHbIM
npHMepoM- np3BHJlbHOrO, C TOqKH 3peHHSI npOOJIeMbI oecc03HaTeJlbHOrO,
nO,lI.xo,Z:(a K naTOJIOrHqeCKHM"BH,aaM nCHxHtJecKoH ,aeSlTeJlbHOCTH. HccJIe,Z:(ySI
MexaHH3M@ naTOJlOrHtJeCKoro H3MeHeHHSI BocnpHHTHH H peqH npH HeKOTO-
pbIX BH,lI.aX arH03HH, acpa3HH H napacpa3HH, aBTOp nbITaeTCH nOKa3aTb Ba)K-
HOCTb TaKH HCCJle,lI.OBaHHH.,nJISI BMSlBJIeHHSI pOJIM 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO B op-
raHfr alI,HH riponeccoB BocnpHSlTHH H petJeBoH ,neHTeJIbHOCTH 3,lI.OpOBOro
cy6'beKTa [1, T. II, 322-330; T. III, 313-318J. -
DpBMeqaTeJIbHO B 3TOIvi OTHOllIeHHH H HCCJle,aOBaHHe C. ApHeTH, KO-
TOpWH Ha OCHOBe aHaJlH3a pH,aa cJlyqaeB HOpMaJIbHOH H naTOJIOrHqeCKOH
rrCHXHQeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH npHxo,aHT K B@BO,ay, tJTO c<pepa ,aeHcTBHH oecco-
3HaTeJIbHOro nepeXO)(HT rpaHHII;bI HHCTHHKTHBHbIX HJIH HepeaJIH30BaHHblx
CTpeMJleHHH, pacnpocTpaHHHcb Ha pH,lI. npOneccoB BbICl1lerO rrCHXHqeCKOrO
ypOBHH, H tJTO, CJle,aOBaTeJIbHO, «paMKH oecc03HaTeJIbHOrO ox aTbIBaIOT
HaMHoro 60JIee OOlliHPHYIO OOJIaCTb, qeM 3TO nOJIaraJI <l>peH,lI.» [1, T. III,
47-SS]. IlpHxo,aHTcSI TOJIbKO CO}KaJIeTb, qTO aBTop rOBopHT 0 paclliHpe-
, HHH cppei1:-,aoBcKoro 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO, a He 0 cnenHcpHtJecKHx cpopMax 6ec-
C01HaTeJIbHOrO, C Heo6xo,lI.HMOCTbIO yqaCTBYIOlll.HX B JII060H rrCHxntJeCKOH
eHTeJlhHOCTH tJeJlOBeKa.
MO:tKHO nepetIHCJIHTb HeHctJepnaeMoe KOJlHtJeCTBO oT;:teJIbHbIX, ,aOBOJIb-
HO pa3Hoo6pa3Hblx H rrCHXOJIOrHtIeCKHX, H naTOrrCHXOJIOrHtJeCKHX HBJle-
HHM, CBHlI.eTeJIbCTBYIOIII.HX 0 HaJIHtJHH onpe,lI.eJleHHbIX I oecc03HaTeJIbHhIX
MexaHH3MO , npHcYTcTBYIOrn?X B nCHXHtJeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH tJeJlOBeKa.
KC.TaTH CKa aTb, Ha CHMn03RYMe no BonpocaM oecc03H3TeJIbHOrO npHMe-
pbI TaKHX 51BJleHHH H306HJIOBaJIH B pH,ae BbIcTynJIeHHH 3apyGe}KHbIX HC-
CJIe,aOBaTeJIeH. OHH ,aa}Ke KaK 6bI ynpeK3JIH COBeTCKYIO rrCHXOJIOrHIO B TOM,
qTO, HMeH npeTeH3HH Ha 3HatJHTeJlbHbI ,aOCTH:tKeHHH B 06JI3CTH rrCHXOJIO-
rHH 6eCC03HaT€JIbHOrO, OHa MaJlO 3aHHMaeTCH HCCJIe,aOBaHHeM OT,lI.eJlbHbIX
CJIytJaeB ero np05lBJIeHHH, rrpHtJeM B KaqeCTBe rrpHMepOB YKa3bIBaJIH Ha He-
.nOCTaTOqHOe BHHMaHHe, y,aeJI5IeMOe COBeTCKHMH HCCJIe,aOBaTeJI5IMH HH,aH-
BH,ayaJlbHbIM cJlytIaHM pa3JIHQHbIX peaKTHBHbIX COCTOHHHH, HJIH Borrpocy 0
HeOC03HaHHbIX H OC03HaHHbIX B3aHMOOTHOlIIeHH5IX MeJKlI.Y po,aHTeJI5IMH H
peoeHKOM. KOHetIHO, H3Y1JeHHe YKa3aHHbIX 51BJIeHHH HMeeT 60JIhlliOe caMO-
CTOHTeJIbHOe, H '1TO oc06eHHO BaJKHO, rrpaKTHtJeCKoe 3HatJeHHe. O,aHaKO
HeJIb3H CBO,lI.HTb npOOJIeMY oeCC03HaTeJIbHOrO K BbIHBJIeHHIO MexaHH3MOB
OT,aeJlbHMX cpeHOMeHOB HOpMaJIbHOH HJlH naTOJIOrHtJeCKOH nCHXHtJeCKOH ,ae-
51TeJIbHOCTH. Bce 3TH HBJIeHH5I rrpe,nCTaBJISlIO tJaCTHbIe CJlyqaH, Bblpa:tKa-
69
lO He 06myIO 3aKOHOMepHOCTb, npOSlBJIHIOInYroCSI B HanpaBJIeHHOM xa-
paKTepe npOIl.eCCOB C03HaHHSI cy6'beKTa If BceR ero nCIfXHlIeCKOH aKTHB-
HOCTH.
Ho eCJIH n OIl.eCC C03HaHHSI HMeeT HanpaBJleHHbIH xapaKTep, T. e. ec-
.;lM OH HanpaBJleH Iia qTO-TO, 9TO 3HaqHT, lITO TelIeHHe npOIl.ecca HanpaB-
JISleTCH' HMeHHO TeM, Ha qTO OH HaIl.eJIeH, K qeMY OH II CTpeM}ITC5I II Ky,aa
OH H ,lI.OJI)KeH npHRTH. CJle,aOBaTeJIbHO, npOIl.eCC C03HaHHH onpe eJleH H
HanpaBJIeH TeM, qero Y Hero nOKa ReT. 3TO B03MO}KHO JlHIIIb npH YCJIOBHH
u
IIpe,aBapHTeJIbHOrO OC03HaTeJIbHOrO OTpa}KeHHH Tex oTHolIleHHH, KOTopble
onpe,aeJl5IIOT HanpaBJleHHOCTb npoIl.ecca. Y C03HaHIIH OJI)KeH 6bITb 3aKoH,
KOTOpbIM 3aCTaBJl5IeT ero H,lI.TH no onpe)J.eJIeHHoMY nYTH. 11 caMbIH aKTHB-
HbIH npoll,ecc C03HaHHH Tpe6yeT )J.oc03HaTeJIbHOrO OTpa eHHH.
B 3TOH CB5I3H oc060e BHHMaHHe CJIe,lI.yeT Y,lI.eJIHTb ony6JIHKOBaHHOH B
TpexTOMHoH MOHorpacpHH pa60Te ,a. H. PaMHIllBHJlH, B KOTOpOH B pe3yJlb-
TaTe aH3JIH3a p5I,lI.a c06CTBeHHbIX 9KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX cpaKTOB aBTOp y6e-
,lI.HTeJIbHO ,lI.OKa3bIBaeT, qTO «HHr,ae He06xo,aHMOCTb ,aonYlll.eHHH npOIl.eCca
6eCC03HaTeJlbHOH nCHXHKH He AaeT TaK HeOTBpaTHMO If HarJIH,lI.HO 0 ce6e
3HaTb, KaK npM paCCMOTpeHHIf BbICllIHX <PYHKII.HH qeJlOBeqeCKOrO C03Ha-
HH5I...» [I, T. III, 173-186].
I1TaI(, HMeHHO HanpaBJleHHbIH xapaKTep caMoro npOIl.eCca C03HaHHSI C
Heo6xo'zU1'MOCTbIO BbIHY)KJ(aeT ,aonYCTHTb IIpe BapHTeJIbHYIO l1.0CO HaTeJlb-
HYIO aHHOCTb Toro, qeM no cymeCTBY H HarrpaBJIHeTCH caM 9TOT nponecc.
ECJIH O,lI.HOH H3 OCHOBHbIX oc06eHHOCTeH JII060H nCHXHqeCKOH aKTHBHO-
CTM 51BJISleTC5I ee HarrpaBJIeHHbIH xapaKTep, TO He06xo,ll.HMO npHH51Tb CJle-
.lLYIOI.I1ee nOJIO)KeHHe: eCTb' <pOpMbI IICHXHtIeCKOH aKTMBHOCTH, KOTopbIe MO-
rYT rrpOTCKaTb H HOCHTb HanpaBneHHWH xapaKTep 6e3 yqaCTHH C01HaHHH,
Ii eCTb c:pOpMbI nCIIXHqeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH, KOTopble Tpe6YIOT aKTHBHoro
YQaCTH5I C03HaHHH. 0 J( H a K 0 H e T T a K H X cp 0 P M n C H X H q e C K 0 H
aKTHBHOCTH, KOTopble MorYT OCyrneCTBJlHTbCH nOMH-
M 0 Y II aCT H 51 6 e C C 0 3 HaT e JI b H 0 r 0, a H M e H H 0: nOM ij M 0
n p e l1- B a p H T e JI b H 0 r 0, J( 0 C 0 3 HaT e JI b H 0 roo T p a }K e H Ii 51 0 6 'b-
e K T a.
TaKHM 06pa30M, HarrpaBneHHOCTb H [(eJleCooGpa3Ho Tb HBJIHIOTC5I Ta-
KHMH OCHOBHbIMH' rrpH3HaKaMH BceH nCHXH4eCKOH )J.eHTeJIbHOCTH, KOTOpbIMH
H onpeJ(eJI51eTCH He TOJIbKO B03HHKHOBeHHe, HO H 06llI.enCHXOnOfHlIeCKOe
3HaqeHHe np06JIeMbI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHoro. I1cCJIeJ(oBaTeJIH, CI.IHTaIOllI.He, lITO
np06J1eMa 9Ta npaBOMepHa JlHllIb B OTHOIlleHHIf HeKOTopbIX <pOpM nCHXH-
qeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH MJIH OrpaHHI.IHBaIOllI.He pOJlb 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO, J(ony-
CKaH ero yqaCTHe JIHIllb B rraTOJIOrHqeCKHX CJIyqaHX ero npOHBJIeHHH, He
BHJ(HT Bcero 3HaqeHHH rrp06JIeMW 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO B acneKTe Cne[(H MKH
B03HHKHOBeHH5I H TeqeHHSI C03HaTeJIbHOrO npo[(eCca Bo06llI.e.
C n03HlI,HH, rrpH3HalOllI.eH onpe,ll.eJlHIOllI.HH cpaKTOp 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO
B rrcHxHKe, Ha cHMn03HYMe BbIcTyrrHJI pH,lI. nCHXOJIOrOB, HCXO,aHB HX H3 Teo-
pHH BH,aHoro COBeTCKoro YlIeHOrO ,Q. H. Y 3H ,a3e. OrpOMHOH 3acJlyroH no-
cne,aHero IIepe,a COBpeMeHHOH rrCHXOJIOrHeH HBJlHeTCSI, B nepBYlO OqepeJ{b,
TO, QTO, nOKa3aB He06xo,aHMOCTb npH3HaHHH rrOHHTHH 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO
,aJIH pellIeHHH np06JIeMbI Cne[(HcpHKH - HanpaBJIeHHOCTH If lI,eJIeC006pa3-
HOCTH -- Bceft, B TOM qHCJIe H C03HaTeJIbHOH rrCHXHqeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH, OH
BBO,aHT B rrCHXOJIOrHIO rrOHHTHe «YCTaHOBKa», CJIY}Kamee perneHIfIO IfMeHHO
9TOH rrp06J1eMW. YCTaHOBKa -- 9TO rrpe,aBapHTeJIbHOe J{OC03HaTeJIbHOe OT-
paLKeHHe 06'beKTa B COCTOSlHHH cy6'beKTa KaK eJ(HHoro n.eJloro, OCYIII.eCT-
BJleHHOe Ha OCHOBe B3aHMOOTHOllIeHHSI *HBoro CYllI.eCTBa - HOCHTeJIH Bcex
CBOHX nCHXHqeCKHX H 6IfOJIOrHlIeCKHX B03MO}KHOCTeii, Bcero y*e 3aKpen-
. v
JIeHHOrO y Hero onbITa, If Tex 06'beKTHBHbIX YCJlOBHH, B KOTOpbIX OH HY}K-
aeTC5I ,lI.JI5I peaJIH3a[(HH HMeIOllI.eHCH Y Hero B JI.aHHbIH MOMeHT nOTpe6HO-
CTH. Y CTaHOBKa HBJIHeTC5I [(eJIOCTHbIM cy6'beKTHbIM COCTOSlHHeM, B KOTO-
pOM BeCb cy6'beKT B [(eJIOM,. ,Bce ero nCHXHqeCKHe H <pH3HtIeCKHe CHJlb H
70
B03MO)KHOCTH HaCTpOeHbI II M06HJIH30BaHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO TeM KOH-
KpeTHbIM 06'beKTHBHbIM YCJIOBHSIM, KOTopbIe Ii onpe,n:eJlSIIOT B03HHKHO-
BeHHe H CTaHOBJIeHHe 3Toro COCTOSIHHSI. A eKBaTHOCTb nCHXH1JeCKOH aKTHB-
HOCTH B OTHOllieHHH 06'beKTa, ee HanpaBJleHHbIH H neJleC006pa3HbIH xapaK-
Tep 06eCneqHBaIOTCSI HMeHHO TeM, QTO OHa CTpOHTCSI Ha 6a3e, oTpa)KaIb-
meH 3TOT 06'beKT YCTaHOBKH. B Ka)K,n:oM KOHKpeTHOM CJIyqae a,aeKBaTHoro
Boero npOSIBJleHHSI aKTHBHOCTb 1.JeJIO eKa SIBJISIeTCSI aKTHBHOCTbID cy6'beK-
"Ta, HaCTpoeHHoro co06pa3HO OTpa:tKeHHbIM B ero YCTaHOBKe 06'beKTHBHbIM
3aKOHOMepHOCTSIM.
O):(HaKO, no MHeHI1IO HeKoTpbIX aBTopOB TpexTOMHHKa, pH OCHOBHbIX
nOJlOlKeHHH Teopl1H YCTaHOBKH BbI3bIBaeT B03pa eHHSI. Oco6eHHO cnop-
HbIM, C HX T01JKH 3peJIHSI, OCTaeTCSI Bonpoc 0 B3aH OOTHOllieHHH YCTaHOBKH
11 C03HHH5I II, rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M, Te3HC 0 npHHII;HnnaJIbHOH HeOC03HaBae-
MOCTH YCTaHOBKH. Ha):(o oTMeTHTb, qTO C KpHTHKOH YKa3aHHoro Te3Hca MbI
BCTpeqaeMCSI He TOJIbKO Ha CTpaHHn;ax TpeXTOMHOH: MOHorpacpHH. TaK, B
'O HOH H3 CBOHX pa60T <I>. B. oaCCI1H, 51BHO He pa3,lI.eJI5I5I YKa3aHHbIH Te3HC,
BbICKa3bIBaeT Aa)Ke COMHeHIfe B OTHOIlleHHH npHHa,lJ}Ie:tKHOCTH ero caMOMY-
aBTOpy TeopHH YCTaHoBKH [2]. Be)1.b lI3 .nonymeHHoH ,IL. H. Y3Ha,rL3e B03-
MOlKHOCTH cYI.I(ecTBoBaHHSI HeOC03HaBaeMbIX- YCTaHoBoK, nHIlleT <P. B. Eac-
CHH, BOBce He CJIe,l(yeT C He06xo,l(HMOCTbIO npe.nCTaBJIeHlIe 0 npHH HnHaJIb-
HOM HX HeOC03HaBaeMOCTHI
K.oHeqHO, B03MO)KHOCTb cymecTBoBaHI1SI HeOC03HaBaeMbIX YCTaHOBOK
. SIBJIHeTCH XOTb II Heo6xo lIMbIM, HO BOBce He .nOCTaT01JHbIM OCHOBaHHeM
. J(Jl5I YTBep2K,n:eHH5I HeOC03HaBaeMOCTH YCTaHOBOK Bo06lI(e. Ho pa3Be YKa-
3aHHbn1: Te3HC B TeopHH YCTaHoBKH onHpaeTcH Bcero JlHllIb Ha cf>aKT cyme-
cTBoBaHHSI HeOC03HaHHbIX YCTaHOBOK? TIOJlO)KeHHe 0 npHHII;l1nHaJIbHO He-
C03HaBaeMOCTH YCTaHoBKH C Heo6xoAHMOCTb1O CJIe yeT 113 cneII;HcpHKH ca-
Moro 3Toro rrOHHTHSI, HHKaK He CBO,lI.HMOM K O):(HOH JIHlIlb B03MO)KHOCTH cy-
rneCTBOBaHH5I ee Y cy6'beKTa B HeOC03HaHHOH cpopMe. Te311C q TOM, qTO
«Y CTaHOBKa He 51BJIHeTC5I cpeHOMeHOM C03HaHH5I» ,[3, 39] CJIe yeT nOHH-
MaTb He B TOM rrpOCTOM CMbICJIe, qTO OHa MO)KeT He OC03HaBaTbC5I, a B
TOM, 1.JTO OHa 51BJISIeTCSI C rr e II; II <p H q e C K 0 H, K a 1.1 e C T B e H H 0 0 T-
.JI 11 II H 0 HOT JI 10 6 0 roc 0 ,a e p )K a H H SI C 0 3 H aH H SI 4> 0 P M 0 H
o T p a )K e H H 51 ,n: e H C T B H T e JI b HOC T H. «C03HaBaTb, 3TO 3HaqHT -
rrpe):(CTaBJISITb H MbICJIHTb, nepe)KI1BaTb 3MOII;HOHaJlbHO H COBepIllaTb BOJIe-
BbIe aKTbI. If H 0 roc o,n: e p )K a H H 51, K P 0 M e 3 Tor 0, C 0 3 H a H If e
H e H M e e T BOB C e» (3, 41). Y CTaHOBKa 2Ke KaK COCTOSIHHe II-eJIOCTHO-
ro cy6'beKTa, a He ero OT,aeJIbHbIX CPYHKII;HH 11 B03MO)KHOCTeH «rrpHHlI.HnH-
aJlbHO OTJlI11.JaeTC5I OT Bcex ero .nHcpcpepeHII.l1pOBaHHbIX nCHXHqeCKHX CIfJl II
-cnoco6HocTeH» (3, 171). aHa SIBJI5IeTC5I He cy6'beKTHBHbIM COCTOHHHeM H3-
rro,n:06He, cKalKeM, 3MOII;HOHaJlbHOrO COCTOSIHHSI, a COCT05lHHeM cy6'beKTa
HJlH, KaK YKa3bIBaeT Y3Ha,n:3e, «H e C y 6 'b e K T H B H bI M», a «c Y 6 'b-
e K T H bI M» COCT05lHHeM, H I1MeHHO KaK TaKOBaSI He MO)KeT OC03HaBaTb-
'C5l. H eCJlH CqMTaTb rrpaBHJlbHbIM rrOJIO)ReHHe Y3Ha,n:3e 0 TOM, 1.JTO «B aK-
THBHble OTHorneHHSI C ,n:eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTbIO BCTynaeT Henocpe,aCTBeHHO caM
.cy6'beKT, HO He OT,aeJIbHble aKTbI ero nCHXHqeCKOH ,rLeHTeJIbHOCTH», TO .nOJI-
)RHO 6bITb npHHHTO nOJIO)KeHHe O. TOM, qTO pe3YJIbTaT 3TH X B3aHM00THOIlle-
HHH, 3<p<peKT B03,aeHCTBH5I ,n:eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH Ha cy6'beKTa, HMeIOllI.ero T
Koe co,n:ep2KaHHe 11 06'beM Bcero CBoero onbITa, xapaKTepH3YIOlll.erOCH Ta-
KHMH CBOHMH oc06eHHOCTSIMH H, qTO rJlaBHOe, COOTBeTCTBYIOIlI.HMH eMY rro-
Tpe6HOCTSIMH, MO)KeT HaJIHqeCTBOBaTb JIHllib B BH,n:e II;eJIOCTHOro COCTOHHHH
cy6'beKTa, KOTopoe caMO He M02KeT CTaTb cO ep)KaHHeM C03HaHHSI. OHO
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JKeT 6bITb HM. Ka)K,abIH 3,aOpOBbIH qeJIOBeK 3HaeT, qTO OH M02KeT BH eTb,
MbICJlHTb, 3anOMHHaTb, BcnOMHHaTb, qYBCTBOBaTb, II 3HaeT OH 06 3TOM B
<CHJlY HenOCpe,lJ.CTBeHHoH ,n:aHHOCTH B ero C03HaHHH YKa3aHHbIx nCHXHQe..
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7'
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HOBKH.
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CJIe,aOBaTeJlHMH "nOJlo:m:eHHH 0 TOM, IITO YTBep:m:,neHHe OTHOCHT.eJIbHO HeB03-
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,aaIOTCH B pa3'bHCHeHHH Toro, IITO 6bITb npe)J.MeTOM Henocpe,aCTBeHHoro
onbITa H CTaTb 06'beKTOM HaYlIHOrO n03HaHHH 3TO He O,llHO H TO :m:e?I A
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CTaTb JIHllib TO, IITO HBJIHeTCH Henocpe)J.CTBeHHOH ,aaHHOCTbIO C03HaHHH HC-
CJIe,aOBaTeJIH? HH O,aHOMY IIeJIOBeKY Ha 3eMJIe He ,nOBeJIOCb OIUYTHTb Ii ne-
peiKHTb B CBoeM Henocpe,aCTBeHHOM onbITe BpaIUeHHe 3eMHoro llIapa BO-
Kpyr COJIHn:a. O,aHaKO 3TO He nOMellIaJIO HaYIIHOMY .n03HaHHIO YCTaHOBHTb
<paKT YKa3aHHoro BpaIII.eHHH. /
. B BbIllIeYKa3aHHOH pa60Te <P. B. BaCCHHa npHBo,aHTCH CJIeAYIOIII.HH
OTpbIBOK H3 nOCJIe,aHero HCCJIe,aoBaHHH Y3Ha,a3e: «...06bIIIHO 3TH YCTaHOB-
KH He OC03HaIOTCH...». He HBJIHeTCH JIH 3TO, nHllieT <P. B. BaccHH, «HaMe-
peHHbIM YKa3aHHeM Ha TO, IITO nCHXOJIOrHIIeCKHe YCTaHOBKH HeOC03HaBa-
eMbI TOJIbKO B 60JIbllIHHCTBe CJIyqaeB (<<06bIqHO»), HO He npHHII.HnHaJIbHO,
He Bcer,aa» [2, 46]. Ha,ao OTMeTHTb, lITO C aHaJIOrHQHbIMH BbICKa3bIBa--
HHHMH MbI BCTpeIIaeMCH H B HeKOTopbIX ,aPyrHx HCCJle,aOBaHHHX Y3Ha,n3e.
O,aHaKO HH KOHTeKCT 3TH X BbICKa3bIBaHHH, HH OCHOBHbIe npHHII.HnbI Teo-
pHH YCTaHOBKH He' ,aaIOT KaKHX-JIH60 OCHOBaHHH ,nJIH ,nonYIII.eHHH OC03Ha-
BaeMOCTH YCTaHOBKH B TeopHH Y3Ha,a3e. Ha06opOT, npH TaKOM ,aonym.e-
HHH MbI C Heo6xo)J.HMOCTbIO npHxo,aHM K OTpHII.aHHIO OCHOBHoro nOJIo:m:e-
HHH YKa3aHHOH TeopHH, COfJIaCHO KOTOPOMY YCTaHOBKa HBJIHeTCH CneII.H
<pHIIeCKOH, npHHn:HnHaJIbHO OTJIHIIHOH OT Bcex ,apyrHx nCHXHIIeCKHX cnoco6-
HOCTeH cy6'beKTa, cpOpMOH npe,aBapHTeJlbHOrO OTpa:m:eHHH ,aeHCTBHTeJIbHO-
CTH, npHXO)J.HM K pe,aYII.HpOBaHHIO ee HMeHHO K 3THM OT,aeJIbHbIM nCRXH-
qeCKHM npon:eccaM H TeM caMbIM JIHlliaeM ee B03MO:m:HOCTH CJlY}KHTb pa3-
perneHHIO TOH np06JIeMbI, )J.JIH pe.llIeHHH KOTOpOH OHa npH3BaHa. 1160 HMeH-
HO rrOToMY, IITO YCTaHoBKa HBJIHeTCH. TaKOH cpOpMOH oTpa:m:eHHH 06'beKTHB-
HbIX oTHollIeHHH, KOTopaH He OTHOCHTCH K KaTeropHH C03HaTeJIbHbIX nepe-
:lKHBaHHH, OHa H Mo:m:eT onpe,aeJlHTb H HanpaBJIHTb TeIIeHHe 3THX nepe:m:H-
BaHHH. .
Ho eCJIH B YCTaHOBKe KaK B n:eJIOCTHo-cy6'beKTHOM COCTOHHHH OTpa-
}KeH H onpe,aeJlHIOIUHH 3TO COCTOHHHe 06'beKT, eTO 3TO 3H IIHT, IITO OHa, KaK
3TO no,aqepKHBaeT Y3Ha,n3e, 5IBJlHeTCH He. TOJIbKO <popMaJIbHbIM, HO H CO-
,lJ.epJKaTeJlbHbIM nOHHTHeM. 3TO H ,aaeT eH B03MOJKHOCTb onpe,aeJlHTb He.
TOJIbKO COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.YIO 06'beKTHBHbIM YCJlOBHHM HanpaBJIeHHOCTb no-
Be,aeHHH, HO H COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHe HM co,nepJKaHHH C03HHHH. «...B Ka:m:,nbIH
,aaHHbIM MOMeHT B nCRXHKY ,aeHCTBYIOIUero cy6'beKTa npOHHKaeT H3 OKpy-
:iKaIOIU€H Cp.e,abI H nepeJKHBaeTCH HM C ,aOCTaTOIIHOH HCHOCTbIO JlHllib TO,
qT9 HMeeT MeCTO B pyc e ero aKTyaJlbHOH YCTaHoBKH» [3, 100]. I1HaQe'
rOBopH, co,nep:m:aHHeM C03HaHHSI Mo:m:eT CTaTb JlHlIIb OTpaJKeHHbIH Y}Ke B
YCTaHOBKe 06'beKT. I1MeHHo B 3TOM CMbICJle OHa H onpe,neJlHeT KOHKpeT-
HYIO aKTHBHOCTb C03HaHHH. 11 eCJIH MbI H rOBopHM OTHOCHTeJlbHO OC03Ha-
HHH B CJlYIIaHX YCTaHOBKH, TO HMeeM B BH,ay He OC03HaHHe caMOH YCTa-
HOBKH KaK n:e.nOCTHoro cy6'beKTHOro COCTOHHHH, C03BYIIHoro AaHHbIM KOH-
KpeTHbIM YCJlOBHHM, KaK nCHXOJlOrHIIeCKoro MexaHH3Ma aKTHBHOCTH nCH-
XHKH,_ a nepe:m:HBaHHe B C03HaHHH OTpa:m:eHHoro B YCT8HOBKe '06'beKTa..
Be b YCTaHOBKa '3TOH ne.nH H CJly:m:HTI
72
CTaTb HenOCpeACTBeHHOH ,naHHOCTblO C03HaHHSI MO>KeT He caMa YCTa-
HOBKa KaK TaKOBaH, a OTpa)KeHHbIe B HeM 061>eKTHBHbIe OTHOllIeHHH. Ko-
HeqHO, CO ep2KaHHe YCTaHOBKH He cer a peanH3yeTcH B BH e onpe e eH-
u _
HbIX co,aep}KaHHH C03HaHHSI, qTO, KCTaTH CKa3aTb, B pH e cJlyqaeB He Me-
llIaeT eM HanpaBJlHTb aKTHBHOCTb cy6'beKTa COOTBeTCTBeHHO ce6e. 11 BO
Bcex peAKHx. c YIIaHx, ecnH ,[t H. Y3Ha 3e H rOBopHT 06 «OC03HaHHbIX»
HJIH «HeOC03HaHHblX» YCTaHoBKax, MbI HMeeM eJlo JlHllIb' C He COBceM
y.n.aqHbIM BbIpa2KeHHeM, a <paKTHIIeCKH peqb H eT 06 YCTaHoBKax, KOTopble
JIH60 pea H30Ba Hcb, JIH60 He HallIJlH CBoeM peaJIH3aII.HH B BH e cO,llep-
)KaHHH C03HaHHH, T. e. OTpa)KeHHbIe 2 YCTaHOBKe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH 06'beK-
Ta nH60 CTa H Henocpe CTBeHHOM AaHHOCTbIO C03HaHHH, JlH60 OCTaJlHCI>
3a ero npeAeJlaMH.
O,aHaKO, COrJlaCHO PH Y HCCJIe,aOBaTeJleM, npHHHTHe Te3Hca 0 npHHII.n-
nHa bHOH HeOC03HaBaeMOCTH YCTaHOBKH C03 aeT BHYTpeHHHe npOTHBope-
lIH5J B paMK3.X caMOM TeopHH YCTaHOBKH. TaK, Hanp., A. f. ACMOJIOB CqH-
TaeT, IITO YKa3aHHbIM Te3HC npOTHBopeIIHT npe CTaBJleHHHM Y3Ha,a3e 06-
YCTaHOBKe, C<POpMHpOBaHHOM B nJlaHe 06'beKTHBanHH II HB HIOmeHCH npo-
YKTOM C03HaTeJlbHOH eHTeJIb OCTH q JlOBeKa [I, T. I, 147-157]. TOIIHO
TaK )Ke cI>. B. BaccHH, aHaJIH3HpYH cY)KAeHHe Y 3Ha 3e OTHOCHTeJIbHO OT-
HOIlleHHH Me)K Y YCTaHoBKoH H BOJleBbIMH npon:eccaMH, no araeT, qTO B,
aTOM CJlYIIae «peIIb H eT 06 YCTaHoBKe, KOTopaH eme o ee aKTyaJIH3aII.HH
CTa a 06'beKTOM C03HaHMH». .KaK 2Ke HHaIIe, no MHeHHIO BaccHHa, nOH5ITb.
TaKHe BbICKa3bIBaHHH Y3Ha 3e, KaK Hanp., «...BOJIH OKa3bIBaeTCH B CH ax
c,aeJIaTb YCTaHoBKY K Bo06pa)KaeMOM ,aeHTeJlbHOCTH aKTyaJlbHoM», H H'
«...MbIllIJIeHHe onpe,ae HeT YCTaHoBKY, Ha nOIIBe KOTOpOM cy6'beKT, PYKO-
BO,aCTBYHCb CBOHM BOJIeBbIM YCHJlHeM, ocymeCTBJlHeT npH3HaHHYIO HM I1.e-
JleC006pa3HoM eHTeJlbHOCTb». «M02KeT JIH BOJleBOe YCH He 6bITb HanpaB-
JleHHbIM Ha HeIITO Heoc03HaBaeMoel», cnpaIllHBaeT BaccHH. IlpaB,aa, caM
BaccHH YCMaTpHBaeT 3,aeCb He nppTHBOpeqHe, a CKopee ,aaJlbHeHIllee pa3-
BHTHe TeopHH YCTaHOBKH, npe,anOJlaraH, IITO B paCCMaTpHBaeMOH pa60Te
aBTOp TeopHH YCTaHOBKH, B03M02KHO, MeH5IeT CBOIO n03Hn:HIO B OTHorneHHH
np06J1eMbI B3aHMOOTHOllIeHHH YCTaHOBKH H C03H(!HHH,' ,aonYCKaH, HapH,ay
C HeOC03HaHHbIMH, CYIlI.eCTBOBaHHe H OC03HaHHbIX, HenOCpe,l(CTBeHHO aH-
HbIX B C03HaHHH cy6'beKTa YCTaHOBOK. BpH,a JlH, O HaKO, M02KHO corJla-
CHTbCH c YKa3aHHbIM npeAnOJlO2KeHHeM DaCCHHa. .ae o B TOM, IITO, BO-
nepBbIX, Ha CTpaHHII.aX TOM' )I{e nOCJle,aHeH pa60TbI Y3HaA3e MbI tJ.HTaeM:
'«YcTaHoBKa He MO)KeT 6bITb OT,ae bHbIM aKTOM C03HaHHH cy6'beKTa...»
f3, 178] «He MO)KeT nepe)l{HBaTbCH B BH,ae pH,l{a OT eJlbHbIX co,aep:iKaHHM»
[3, 41]. 11, BO-BTOpbIX, C YKa3aHHbIM BbIwe pellIeHHeM Bonpoca 0 B3aM-
MOOTHoweHHSlX YCTaHoBKH H BOJIH MbI BCTpeIIaeMcH BnepB.bIe He Ha CTpa-
HHn:ax paCCMaTpHBaeMOM . B. BaCCHHbIM pa60TbI, a, Hanp., H B «06rueH
nCHXOJlorHH», ony6J1HKOBaHHOH eme B 1940 r. nO.9TOMY BeT HHKaKHX OC-
u .
HOBaHHH COMHeBaTbCSI B TOM, IITO nOJlOLKeHHe 0 npHHnHnHaJIbHOH HeC03Ha-
BaeMOCTH YCTaHOBKH OCTaeTCSI B CRJIe H B nOCJleAHeM HCCJIe,l(OBaHHH Y 3-
Ha,a3e. Cne,n:OBaTeJlbHO, MbI AOJljKHbI JlH60 BMeCTe C ACMonOBblM C,lle.rraTb
BWBO 0 AeHCTBHTeJlbHO HMerornHxcH B TeopHH YCTaHOBKH npOTHBOpeqHHX,
JIH60 ,n:onYCTHTb, IITO YCMaTpHBaHHe aTHX npOTHBopeIIHH HB HeTCH cJle,a-
CTBHeM He COBceM npaBHJIbHOH HHTepnpeTaII.HH nOJIO)KeHHH Y3Ha,a3e OTHO-
CHTeJ1bHO YCTaHOBKH, ,aeHCTBYlOrueH B llJlaHe 06.DeKTHBanHH.
B aTOll CBH3H MbI CIIHTaeM Heo6xo,aHMbIM OCTaHOBHTbCH Ha O,lI.HOM He-
MaJlOBa)KHOM, Ha Halli B3rJlH,lI., 06CTOHTeJlbCTBe.
,
B HeKOTopbIX HCCJle,aOBaHHHX, a TaK2Ke H B ny6J1HIIHbIX ,aHCKYCCH5IX
no BonpocaM TeopHH YCTaHOBKH Hepe,aKO B KaIIeCTBe BbI,aBHHYTbIX Y3Ha-
A3e nOJlO2KeHHH H3J1araIOTCH C006pa2KeHHH, HBHO He npHHa,aJle2KaruHe aB-
TOpy TeopHH YCTaHOBKH H HenpHeMJleMWe C TOIIKH 3peHHH YKa3aHHOM Te-
OpHH Bo06rue.' TaK, Hanp., nOJlaralOT, qTO, COrJlaCHO TeopHH YCTaHOBKH,
C03,aaHHaH no,a B03,neMCTBHeM aKTyanbHoM CHTyan:HH YCTaHOBKa MOLKeT
73
npe,lI,e HTb a eKBaTHoe TeqeHHe npaKTHqeCKOrO nOBeAeHHH, YAOB eTBopH-
IO ero, rJIaBHhIM 06pa30M, BMTaJIhHbIe nOTpe6HOCTH cy6'heKTa. 1.ITO lKe Ka-
CaeTC5I npOTeKaIOIUHX Ha cpOHe ero C03HaHll5I nepelKHBaHHM cy6'heKTa, OHM
HBJI5I,IOTC5I pe3Y hTaTOM 06'heKTHBalI,HH, T. e. MorYT B03HHKaTh JIHIllb Ha
BTOpOM, CnelI,HcpHqeCKH qeJIOBeqeCKOM ypOBHe nCHXHqeCKOM aKTHBHOCTH.
TaKoe npe,lI,CTaBJIeHHe YKa3 BaeT Ha rrOJIHOe HenOHHMaHHe TeopHH YCTa-
HOBKH. DOBO,lI,OM ,aJI5I 3Toro C Y}KHT, OqeBHAHO, rrOJIO}KeHHe Y3Ha,lI,3e 0 Ha-
nHqHH Y qeJIOBeKa nepBoro ypOBHH nCHXHqeCKOH ,lI,e5lTeJIhHOCTH, KOTOpWM
5IBJI5IeTCH xapaKTepHhIM H ,aJI5I }KHBOTHOro, H Ha KOTOpOM a eKBaTHoe rro-
Be,lJ,eHHe qeJIOBeKa l\10}KeT OCYIll,eCTBJI5IThC5I 6e3 aKTIIBHoro YQaCTH5I ero
BhIClliHX rrCHXHqeCKHX npOlI,eCCOB. OTCIOAa BhIBO,lI,: CO,lI.ep}KaHH5I C03H3HHH
qeJIOBeKa l\10rYT B03HHKaTb JII111Ib Ha BhICllIeM ypOBHe nCHXllqeCKOH: .rr.eSI-
TeJIbHOCTH.
KOHeQHO, B pa60Tax Y3Ha,lI,3e HeO,lI,HOKpaTHO rrO,lI,qepKHBaeTCH, qTO H3
nepBOl'v1 ypOBHe, Ha ypOBHe HMrrYJIbCHBHOro rrOBe,lI.eHH5I, aKTHBHOCTb qeJIO-
BeKa onp ,lI.eJIHeTC5I YCT8HOBKOH, OCHOBHbIMH cpaKTopaMH KOTOpOH, TaK :tKe,
KaK 11 B CJIyqaSIX C }KHBOTHbIM, CJIY.iKaT aKTyaJIbHaSI nOTpe6HOCTb H Herro-
Cpe.rr.CTBeHHO ,llaHHaSI KOHKpeTHa51 aKTya.TIhHa5I cHTyaL(HSI.. TaKaH onpe,ne-
51eMa51 aKTyaJIbHOH YCTaHOBKOH aKTHBHOCTb H B cJlyqaHX C >KHBOTHbIM,
H B CJIyqaHX C qeJIOBeKOM 6e3 npOMeJlJIeHH5I H8XO)1.HT CBOIO peaJIH3alIJiIO
B COOTBeTCTBYIOrneM nOBe eHHH cy6'beKTa. D03TOMY ,Lle5ITeJIbHOCTb tJeJIO-
BeK8 B 3THX cnyqaHX HaXO,lI.HTCH B DonHOM 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Henocpe CT-
BeHHO HaJIHtIeCTBYIOInefi y Hero nOTpe6HOCTM II Henocpe,aCT eHHOH aKTY-
aJIbHOH cHTya HH. O,l1.HaKO «B YCJ10BHHX HMnYJIbCHBHOro nOBeJ( HHH Y JI,eH-
CTBYIOIIl.ero cy6'heKTa MorYT B03HHKaTb ,aOCTaTOQHO HCHble nCMXHt.leCKHe
CO)I.ep)KaHH5I... Ha OCHOBe aKTyaJlbHOM.. YCTaHOBKH B C03HaHHH CYO'beKTa
BblpaCTaeT pH}]: nCHXHIIeCKHX cO,l(ep}KaHHH, nepe)KHBaeMbIX HM c ,aOCTa-
TOqHOH CTerreHbIO HCHOCTH II OTIIeTJIIiBOCTH...» [3, 100]. 5IBJI5I5ICb peaJIH3a-
II.HeM Bce TOM 2Ke aKTyaJIbHOH YCTaHoBKH, OHH BKJIIOqaIOTCH B npo ecc llM-
nYJIhCHBHOro nOBe,aeHHH, cnoc06CTBY51 a,aeKBaTHoMY TetleHHIO nOCJle)I.Hero.
YKa3aHHhle nCIIXHqeCKHe cO).lep:IKaHH5I, TOqHO TaK :/Ke, KaK H nOBe,l(eHHe,
IIOJPIHHHIO HeC5I aKTyaJlhHoH YCTaHoBKe, rrpoTeKaIOT nOMHMO a K T H B-
H 0 r 0 yqaCTHH C03HaHHH cy6'heKTa, IIOMHMO ero BO H, HO Ha cpOHe ero
C03HaHH5I. BhIIlleYKa3aHHoe 06CT05ITeJIbCTBO He MernaeT a,aeKBaTHOMY Te-
qeHHID pa3BepHYTOM H3 rrepBOM ypOBHe rrCHXHqeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH: B Ka)K-
)J.O)J.HeBHOM )KH3HH, a TaKR<e B OTHOCHTeJIhHO rrpOCTbIX HOBbIX cHTyaII.HHX
aKTyaJIbHaH YCTaHOBKa cy6:heKTa OKa3bIBaeTCH B CH ax HarrpaBHTh nCH-
XHQeCKYIO aKTllBHOCTb cy6'heKTa B .rr.OJI)KHYIO B 3THX 06'beKTHBHhIX YCJIO-
BHHX CTOPOHY H 06eCneqHTh B03HI1KHOBeHHe COOTBeTCTBYIO HX 3TMM YC-
JIOBHHM cO)J.ep}KaHHH.
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HHKaeT J1Hlllb B CJIyqa5IX OCJIO:tKHeHH5I 06CT05lTeJIbCTB - B CJIyqa5lX 3a-
TpY,ll,HeHH5I pellIeHHH 3a,aaQH, H aKThI MbIlIlJIeHH5I CTaHOB5ITCH He06xo,aH-
M hI M 11 JI H Illb B 3TH X CJI YQ aH X» I r 3, 116 J .
, TaKHM 06pa30M, BbI,aBl1raeMOe HeKoTopbIMH nCHXOJlOraMH rrOJIO}KeHHe
o TOM, QTO B03HHKHOBeHHe rrepe2KHBaHHM cy6'heKTa Ha cpoHe ero C03HaHHH
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B3rJI5I)J.aM Y3Ha).l3e H HBJI5IeTCH CJIe,lI.CTBHeM B KopHe HerrpaBHJlbHOH HHTep-
rrpeTa:q,HH TeopHH YCTaHoBKH. Ha060poT, peaJIH3aII.H5I aKTa 06'heKTHBa-
lI,HH, a 3aTeM H MbICJIHTeJIbHbIX H BOJIIOTaTHBHbIX npOlI,eCCOB C03HaHH5I B03-
MO:tKHa JIHllIb npH YC OBHM npe,lI.BapHTeJlbHOH ,naHHOCTH- B YCTaHoBKe Toro
06'beKTa, B OTHOllIeHHH KOToporo AOJI}KeH oCYllI,ecTBHThC5I aKT 06'heKTHBa-
[(I1H, 06'heKTa, Ha KOTOpOM AOJI:tKeH cocpe,ne,aoTOqHTbC5I npoIJ,ecc MbIlIlJIeHH5I.
De3 3Toro npe,lI,BapHTeJlbHOrO OTpa2KeHHH HH aKT 06'beKTMBaII.HM, Hli npo-
lI,ecc MbIIlIJIeHH5I He MorYT OCYIUeCTBHTbCH. I1MeHHo 3TOT OTpalKeHHbIH B
YCTaHOBKe 06'heKT H CTaHOBHTCH rrpeAMeTOM MbIIlI eHHH cy6'heKTa, co,nep-
:tKaHMeM ero aKTHBHoro C03HaHHH. O,l(HaKO nOA B03 eHcTBHeM 9Toro y*e
74 ,
OTpa:m:eHHoro B C03HaHHH 06'beKTa, no,a B03,l{eHCTBHeM onpeAeJIeHHOrO yc-
TaHOBKOM co ep:m:aHHSI C03HaHH5I, OTTaqHBaeTCH, ,l{HqJcpepeH HpyeTcH MJlH
JKe nepeCTpaHBaeTCH II MO HcpHn;MpyeTcH H caMa YCTaHOBKa. 11 K3)KJ(bIM
HOBbIH llIar MbIIlIJIeHHH, onpe,aeJleHHbIH OTpa)KeHHbIM B YCTaHOBKe 061>eK-
TOM, cIIoc06cTByeT IIocTynaTeJIbHOMY npOII,eccy OTpa)KeHHH 06'beKTa. CJIe-
AOBaTeJIbHO, <t>aKTopaMH YCTaHOBKH, 06eCrreqHBaIOIl(efI aAeKBaTHoe Teqe-
HHe 3Toro nocTynaTeJIbHOrO npon;ecca OTpa)KeHH5I, B CJIyqaHX MbIllIJleHR5I
OCTaIOTCH Orr5ITb-TaKH orrpeAeJIeHHble 06'beKTHBHbIe YCJIOBH5I Ii onpeAeJIeH-
Ha51 nOTpeOHOCTb cy6'beKTa. O,aH8KO 06'beKTHBHbIM <t>aKTopOM YCTaHOBKH
B 3TOM CJ1YQae CJlY)I{HT YLKe OTpa)KeHHOe B C03HaHHH cO)J.ep:tKaHHe YCTa-
HOBKH, cy6'beKTHBHbIM :lKe <t>aKTopOM CTaHOBIiTCH BnOJIHe OC03HaHHa51 no-
3HaBaTeJIbHa.SI nOTpe6HOCTb cy6'beKT8. Ho HH caM8 OTpa}KeHHa51 B C03Ha-
HIIH cHTyaII.HH Ii HH caMa rr03HaBaTeJIbHa5I nOTpe6HOCTb He MorYT If He
n e p e }K H B a 10 T C 51 C Y 6'b e K TOM B K a q e C T B e <p a K TOp 0 B Y C-
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m e H H 10 3 a ,n 8 II H. B C 51 co 3 H 8 T e JI b H a 51 8 K T H B HOC T b C Y 6 'b-
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B C e 6 e T 0 H If JI If If H 0 ll: Y C T a HOB K H, a H a B bI II 0 JI H e H H e
n 0 C TaB JI e H H 0 H n e.. p e ,n C 0 6 0 ll: II, e JI Ii.
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p-yeTC5I BCJIe,n:CTBIIe aKTHBHOCTH caMoro cy6'beKTa [4, 218]. llYTeM aKTHB-
HbIX rr03HaBaTeJIbHbIX rrpOII,ecCoB OH 8HaJIH3llpyeT cHTyan;HIO, B KOTOpOH
,lJ.OJl)KHbI HaHTH CBOIO peaJIH38II,HIO CJIO:tKHBIlIHeC5I B TeqeHHe BCell: ero :tKH3-
HIi BblCillHe OC03HaHHble HM n03HaBaTeJIbHble IiJIH MOpaJIbHble nOTpe6Ho-
CTH, KOTOpbIM OH ,lI.OJI)KeH no,aQHHHTb HMeIOIl(HeC5I Y Hero B ,aaHHbIX KOH-
KpeTHHX YCJlOBH5IX aKTyaJIbHbIe nOTpe6HOCTH. CJIe,aOBaTeJIbHO, He06xo ll-
Mble ,lI.JIH B03HHKHOBeHH5I YCTaHOBKll YCJlOBH5I B cJlyqa5lX BOJleBOrO nOBe-
,lI.eHH5I C03 aIOTCSI B pe3YJIbTaTe 8KTHBHOCTH caMoro cy6'beKTa. O,lI.HaKO Y3-
Ha 3e TYT :IRe, Ha TOll: :tKe. CTpaHHn;e, no,aqepKHBaeT, QTO YKa3aHH851 aK-
THBHOCTb BOBce He 3aKJIIOqaeTCH B TOM, QTO cy6'beKT caM HenOCpe,lI.CTBeH-
HO BbI3bIBaeT B ce6e YCTaHOBKY - «3 Tor 0 0 H H HeM 0 )I{ e T Ii H e
CTapaeTCH ,lI.eJIaTb» Ir4, 218].
TaKHM o6pa30M, H B cJIYQa5lx MbIIIlJIeHHH, ,H B CJIyqaHX BOJIeBOrO no-
Be,l{eHHH, T. e. Ha BblCllIeM ypoBHe nCHXHqeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH cy6'beKTa,
4>aKTopaMH YCTaHOBKH, 06eCneQHBaIO ea a,aeKBaTHoe TeQeHHe YK83aHHblx
npoll,ec'coB, CTaHOB5ITC5I BllOJIHe OC03HaHHble nCHxHqeCKHe cO,lJ.ep}KaHH51.
O.nHaKo H3 n p H 3 H a K a 0 C 0 3 H a H HOC T H II 0 C JI e ,a H H X BOB C e
H e C JI e yeT 0 C 0 3 H a H HOC T b B 0 3 H II K'llI e H HaM x 0 C H 0-
Bey C T a HOB K H. B ony6J1HKoBaHHOM B TpeXTOMHHKe HCKJIlOqHTeJIbHO
HHTepeCHOM HCCJIe,aOBaHHH <P. B. E8CCHHa peqb H,lI.eT 0 T. K. HeBep6aJlH-
30BaHHbIX, HeOC03HaHHbIX <t>opMax MbIllIJIeHH5I! npe,aBap5lIOlII.HX B03HHKHO-
BeHHe OpeqeBJleHHbIX, OC03HaHHbIX ee <pOpM [I, T. III, 735-750]. KacaHcb
Bonpoca 0 xapaKTepe B3aHMOOTHOllIeHHH Me)K,lI.y Bep6aJlH30BaHHbIMH M He-
OpeqeBJIeHHbIMH cpopMaMH MbICJlHTeJlbHOll: ,n:e5ITeJlbHOCTH, cI>. B. BaccHH OT-
MeQaeT, qTO Heo6xo,aHMble JIH CTaHOBJIeHH5I Bep6aJlH30BaHHoH MbICJIH-
TeJIbHOll: )I.eHTeJlbHOCTH HeOC03HaBaMble MbICJIHTeJlbHbIe npOI(eCCbI «...B
CBOIO Oqepe b He B MeHbllIell: Mepe «3aBHCHT» OT nOBe,lI.eHH5I qeJlOBeKa, OT
ero OTHOIlleHHH K OKpY:tKaIOmeMY ero MHPy, OnHpaIOIII.HXC5I Ha aKTHBHOCTb
ero Bep6aJlH30BaHHOM MbICJlH» :[1, T. III, 745]. Ho Be,l(b He CTaHeM 2Ke MbI,
YKa3 BaH Ha saBHCHMOCTb HeOC03HaBaeMOH MMCJIH cy6'beKTa OT aKTHBHO-
CTH ero Bep6aJlH30BaHHOll:, C03HaTeJIbHOll: MbICJIH, YTBep:tK,lI.aTb, lITO cy6'b-
eKT C03HaTeJlbHO HarrpaBJleH Ha aKTyaJIH3an;HIO B ce6e HeOpeQeBJleHHbIX,
75
HeOC03HaHHbIX MbICJIeH, KOTOpble BBH,ay OC03HaHHOCTH cnoc06CTBYI01I(eH
11M Bep6aJIH30BaHHOH MbICJIH' 6y,ltYT HOCHTb OC03HaHHbIH xapaKTep.
CJle,ltOBaTeJIbHO, HeT HHKaKHX OCHQBaHHH YCMaTpHBaTh KaKHe-JIH60
npOTHBOpeQHH MeJK,ny Te3HCOM 0 npHHIIJIIIHaJIbHOH HeOC03H?BaeMOCTH yc-
TaHOBKH H nOJlOJKeHlieM Y 3Ha,a3e OTHOCHTeJlbHO oc06eHHOCTeH CTaHOBJle-
HHH YCTaHOBKH Ha BbICllIeM nJlaHe IICHXHIIeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH. CaMa YCTa-
HOBKa KaK IICHXOJlOrHIIeCKHH MexaHH3M, .OIIpe):{eJl5lIOInHH JlI06yIO IICHXHqe-
CKYIO ,ae5lTeJlbH9CTb cy6'beKTa, COrJIaCHO TeopHH Y3Ha):{3e, OCTaeTCH He-
OC03HaHHbIM, HecpeHOMeHaJIbHbIM COCTOHHHeM cy6'heKTa H B CJlYlIaHX ero
MbICJlHTeJlbHOH, H B CJIYIIaHX ero BOJleBOH aKTHBHOCTH. Ha06opOT, ,nony-
eHHe Te3Hca 0 IIpHH HIIHaJlbHOH OC03HaBaeMOCTH YCTaHOBKH Boo6 e HJIH
YCTaHOBKH, B03HHKllIeH Ha 6a3e 06'beKTHBa HH, IIpHBO,l{HT He TOJIbKO K
HBHbIM npOTHBOpeqHHM B paMKax caMOH TeopHH YCTaHOBKH, HO H C03,lla-
eT HenpeO,llOJlHMble Tpy,aHOCTH IIPH perneHHH BOIIpOCOB, CBH3aHHbIX C nCH-
XOJI.OrHqeCKHMH oco5eHHOCTHMH TeIIeHHH IIpo eCCOB BbICIllero IICHXMQeCKO-
fO ypOBHH.
THE PROBLEM OF THE UNCONSCIOUS AT THE TBILISI INTERNA-
TIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE UNCONSCIOUS
M. A. SAKV ARELIDZE
The D. N. Uznadze Institu e of Psychology
SUMMARY
The.paper deals with the critique of those studies presented at the sym.
posium which regard the category of the unconscious either as some irrele-
vant and even illegitimate psychological problem or as a problem valid on..
Iy with respect to some particular cases of normal or pathological mental ac-
tivity. ,
It is argued that the character of mental activity in general, and thena-
ture of the processes of consciousness in particular, points to the inevitable
involvement of the unconscious as a leading factor. The concept of set im-
plying a specific form of preconscious reflection of objective reality and nec-
essarily anticipating literally every kind of mental process (D. N. Uznad....
ze) is shown to exemplify a convincing solution oJ the problem of the un....
conscious.
JII1TEPATYPA
1. BECC03HATEJIbHOE: TIPHPO,L(A, <l>YHKUI1YI, METOJ1.bI I1CCJIEX{OBAHI15I, 'IT. I,
II, III. T6HJIHCH, «MenHHepe6a», 1978.
2. BACCHH $. B., K npOOJIeMe oc03HaBae ocTH nCHXOJIOrHQeCKHX YCTaHoBoK. TIcHXOJIOrH-
qeCKH HCCJIe OBaHHH, nOCBHIneHHbIe 85-JIeTHIO co HH p01K,neHHH,Q. H. Y3HaA3e, T6H-
JIHCH 1973.
3. Y3HA,n3E ,l{. H., 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIe OCHOBbI nCHXOJIOrHH YCTaHoBKH, TOHJIHCH, 1961.
4. Y3HA,n3E ,no H., DomaH nCHXOJIOrHH, TOHJIHCH, 1940.
76
HA nEPEKPECTKE nYTEJI K H3YQEHHIO nCHXHKH QEJlOBEKA:
6ECC03HATEJlbHOE,YCTAHOBKA, E TEJlbHOCTb
A. f. ACMOJlOB
MOCKOBCKHH: rocy,ltapCTBeHHbtH YHHBepCHTeT, cpaKYJIbTeT nCHXOJIOfHH
MO>KeT JIH aHaJIH3 ccpepbI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO Ha OCHOBe TaKOH KaTe-
ropHM COBeTCKOH nCHXOJlOrHH, KaK KaTeropHH ,aeHTeJlbHOCTII, yrJIy6HTb
npe,QCTaBJIeHHH 0 npHpO,lte HeOC03HaBaeMbIX SlBJIeHHH? 11 eCTb JIM Boo6 e
HeooxO,QHMOCTb B npMBJleqeHHH K aHaJlH3Y c$ep oecc03HaTeJlbHOrO 9TOH
KaTeropHH? /
LIT06bI OTBeTHTb Ha 9TOT Bonpoc, nonpo6yeM npOBeCTH MbICJleHHbIH
9KcnepHMeHT H B3rJlHHeM rJla3aMH yqaCTHHKOB IIepBoro CHM'n03HYMa no
np06J1eMe 6eCC03\1aTeJlbHOrO (1910) Ha nporne,ltllIHH no 9TOH >Ke np06JIe-
Me CHMn03HYM B T6HJlHCH (1979). nO-BH,aHMOMY, r. MIOHcTepoepr, T. PH-
.60, n. )KaHe, 5. XapT He nOqYBCTBOBaJIH 6bI ce6H Ha 9TOM CHMn03HYMe
QY>KHMH. r. MIOHCTep6epr, KaK H B 50CTOHe (1910), pa3,aeJlHJI 6bI Bcex
yqaCTHHKoB Ha TPH rpynIIbI: llIHPOKYlO rry6J1HKY, BpaIIeH H nCHx0<pH3H-
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3HaTeJIbHOM H 0 cBepxIIYBcTBeHHblx cnoc06ax o6 eHHH c03HaHHit BpaqH
oocY)KJIalOT npooJleMY pOJIH 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO B naTOJIOrHH JIHqHOCTH,
npH6eraH K pa3J1HIIHbIM BapHaHTaM IIpeACTaBJleHHH 0 pa3,aBoeHHH C03Ha-
HHH, paC enJIeHHH «51». <I>H3HOJlOrH LKe YTBep>K,ltaIOT, qTO 6eCC03HaTeJIb-
Hoe eCTb He IITO HHoe KaK npo,aYKT AeHTeJlbHOCTH M03ra. JIHllIb nOJlO>Ke-
HHH ,lI.BYX TeopHH OKa3aJlHCb 6bI COBeprneHHO HeO)KH,aaHHbIMH ,aJIH r. MlOH-
cTep6epra. 3TO - TeopHH YCTaHOBKH ,I!. H. Y3Ha,a3e H TeOpH5I ,lteHTeJlb-
HOCTH JI. C. BbIrOTCKoro, A. H. J1eoHTbeBa II A. P. JIypHH. npHH HnHaJlb-
BaSI HOBH3Ha COCTOHT npe)KAe Bcero B HCXO,aHOM nOJlO)KeHHH 9THX KOHII.eII-
nHH: ,a JI 51 Tor 0, q TOO bI H 3 Y q H T h M H'p n C II X H II e C K H X 51 B-
u u \ u
JI e H H II, H Y )K HOB bI II T 11 3 a 11 x n p e,n: e JI bI Ii H a II T H T a-
K y 10 e,a II H Ii II. Y a H a JI H 3 a n C H X H II e C K 0 r 0, K 0 TOp a H C a-
M a 6 bI K cepe pen C H x H q e C K 0 r 0 Hen p H H a A JI e )K a JI a.
ECJIH 9TO TpeOOBaHHe He C06JIIO,aaeTCH, TO MbI B03eBparnaeMCH K CHTY--
a HH 60CTOHCKoro CHMII03IIYMa. ,[leJlo B TOM, tJ:TO IIbITaTbCH nOH5ITb npHpo-
JJ.Y HeOC03HaBaeMbIX HBJleHHH JlH60 TOJIbKQ H3 HHX caMHX, JIHOO HCXO,n:H
H3 aHaJIH3a CPH3HOJlOrHqeCKHX MexaHH3MOB HJIH cy6'beKTHBHbIX SlBJIeHHH
C03HaHH5I - 9TO Bce paBHO, qTO nbITaTbCH nOHHTb npHpo,ay CTOHMOCTH H3
aHaJIH3a caMHX ,lteHelKHbIX 3HaKOB [1, 93]. B HaType HH,aHBH,aa MOJKHO, pa-
3YMeeTcH, 06HapYJKHTb Te HJlH HHble AHHaMHqeCKHe CHJlbI, HMnYJIbCbI, no-
6YlK,aaIO He K IIOBe,aeHHIO. Q,ltHaKo, KpK nOKa3blBaeT BeCb orrbIT pa3BHTHH
OOIII.enCHxOJlOrHqeCKOH TeopHH ,lteHTeJII>HOCTH (CM. A. H. J1eoHTbeB, 1983;
C. JI. Py6HHllITeHH, 1973), JIHlIIb aHaJlH3 CHCTeMbI JI,e5lTeJlbHOCTH HH,aHBH-
Aa, peaJIH3YIO eH ero )KH3Hb B o6 ecTBe, MO)KeT rrpHBecTH K pacK'pbITHlO
CO,lteplKaTeJIbHOH xapa,KTepHcTHKM MHoroypoBHeBblx nCHXHqeCKHX HBJIe-
HRit C npe,aeJlbHOH IIeTKOCTbIO' 9Ta MbICJIb BblpaJKeHa A. H. JIeoHTbeBbIM.
OH nRllIeT: «BKJIIOIIeHHOcTb JKHBbIX opraHH3MoB, CHCTeMbI npo cCOB HX
.. opraHoB, HX M03ra B npeAMeTHbIH, npe,n:MeTHo-AHcKpeTHbIH MHp npHBo,aHT
77
K TOMY, q T 0 C II C T e M a 3 T Ii X n pOI..( e C COB H a ,a e JI 51 e T C 51 C 0-
,n e p )K a H Ii e M, 0 T JI Ii II H bI MOT H X C 0 6 C T B e H H 0 roc O,Z:( e p-
)K a H Ii 51, Co,a e p 2K a H HeM, n p H H a ,a JI e 2K a III. Ii M C a MOM Y n P e,a-
MeTHOMY MHPY.
Dpo6JIeMa TaKoro «Ha,aeJIeHII5I» nopO:JK)J.aeT npe,aMeT I1CHXOJIOrHIIe-
cKoM aYKH!» [20, 261].
JII06bIe nonbITKH rrOH5ITb CO)J.ep2KaHHe H cpYHKI..(HH C03HaHH5I, 6ecco-
3HaTeJIbHOrO, YCTaHoBKH BHe KOHTeKCTa peaJlbHOrO npoI..(ecca 2KH3HH, B3a-
HMooTHoIlIeHHM cy6'beKTa B MHpe C caMoro HaqaJla 06eCCMbICJIHBalOT aHa-
J1H3 3THX YPoBHeM OTpa2KeHH5I ,Z:(eMcTBHTeJlbHocTH. PaccMaTpHBaTb C03Ha..
HlIe, 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe Ii YCTaHoBKY BHe aHaJIH3a ,ae5lTeJIbHOCTH - 3TO
3HaIIHT c6pacbIBaTb co CIIeTOB KJllOqeBOM ,aJl51 nOHHMaHH5I MexaHH3MOB yn..
paBJIeHHSI JII060M ca opa3BHBalOIII.eMC51 CHCTeMbI BOI1pOC, nOCTaBJIeHHbIH
H. A. BepHIlITeHHoM: «...,[( JI 51 11 e r 0 cYllI.eCTByeT TO HJIH HHoe I1pHCrrO-
COOJIeHHe B opraHH3Me...»? If CM. 326]. DCHxHKa B II.eJIOM, C03HaHHe H 6ec-
C03HaTeJIbHOe B 1JaCTHOCTH npe,acTaBJI5IIOT C060R B03HHKIllHe B xo,ne I1PH"
crrOCOOJIeHH5I K MHPY <PYHKII.HOHaJlbHbIe opraHbI ,ae5lTeJlbHOCTH cy6'beKTa.
3BOJlIOI..(H5I ,ae5lTeJlbHOCTH 2KHBbIX cYIII.eCTB npHBeJIa K n05IBJIeHHIO C03HaHH5I
Ii 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO, KaK KaIIeCTBeHHO OTJlHQalOIII.HXC5I YPoBHeiI opHeHTH-
pOBKH B )J.eHcTBHTeJIbHOcTH. ,[{JI5I 06CJlY2KHBaHH5I ,ae5lTeJlbHOCTH OHH C He-
OOXOAHMOCTbIO rrOHBHJIHCb; BHe ,aeHTeJlbHOCTH HX npOCTO He CYIll.eCTByeT.
D03TOMY"TO JlOrHIIeCKaH OnepaI..(H5I HX H3'bHTH5I H3 npOII.eCca B3aHMOOTHO-
llIeHHH cy6'beKTa C AeHCTBHTeJlbHOCTblO I1epeKpbIBaeT Aopory K H3Y1JeHHIO
3aKOHOMepHocTej1 OC03HaBaeMbIX H HeOC03HaBaeMbIX I1CHXHIIeCKHX 5IBJle-
HHit OJl.HHM II3 CJle,aCTBHH rro,a06HOH OrrepaII.HH 51BJI5IeTC5I TO, qTO HCCJIe-
,aOBaTeJlH 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO ,ao CMX I10p orpaHHIIHBalOTC5I IIHCTO OTpHI..(a-
TeJlbHOH xapaKTepHCTIiKOH '3TOH ccpepbI nCHXHQeCKHX 5IBJIeHHR. «4TO Ta-
Koe oeCC03HaTeJlbHoe?» - cnpallIHBaeTe BbI H nOJIYIIaeTe H3 Bcex nCHXOJIO-
rHqeCKHX CJlOBapeM OTBeT, KOTOpbIH, eCJIH OT6poCHTb MHOrOIIHCJleHHbIe Ba-
pHaII.HH, CBO,nHTC5I K CJle)J.YIOIII.eMY: «oeCC03HaTeJlbHoe... xapaKTepHCTHKa
JII060H aKTHBHOCTH HJlH I1CHXHIIecKoM CTPYKTypbI, KOTOpylO HH)J.HBHJl. He
OC03HaeT» (I1HrJIHllI, 1958, c. 569).
OO,l.{06HbIM OTBeT - 3TO He TOJIbKO 6e306H,aHa51 TaBTOJIOrH5I, nO)J.1JH-'
HeHHa51 cpopMYJIe «6ecc03HaTeJlbHOe - 3TO TO, IITO He OC03HaeTC5I». B
3TOM orrpeAeJIeHHH nOJlHOCTblO OTCYTCTByeT YKa3aHHe Ha TO, II T 0 ,ae-
TepMHHHpyeT HeOC03HaBaeMble 5IB.v:eHH5I. 3a ,aaHHoM ,ae<pHHHII.HeM 6ecc03Ha-
TeJlbHOI'O npocTynaeT XOpOIIIO H3BecTHbIH 06pa3 06HTaIOIII.ero B C03HaHHH
rOMYHKYJIIOCa, KOTOpbIH rrpHCTaJIbHO pa3rJlH,abIBaeT O,aHH pa3BepTbIBalO-
lll.HeC5I B nCHXH1JeCKOH :tKH3HH C06bITH5I, a Ha )J.PyrHe 3aKpbIBaeT rJla3a.
IJpHOJ1M3HTbC5I :>Ke K nOHHMaHHIO rrpHpo,abI 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO M02KHO JIHllib
I!pH TOM YCJlOBHH, IITO 6y,aYT BbI,aeJIeHbI AeTepMHHHpYIOIII.He 6eCC03HaTeJII?"
Hoe pa JIH1JHble 06CT05ITeJlbCTBa :tKH3He,ae5ITeJlbHOCTH QeJIOBeKa - no6Y2K-..
)I.aICIliHe cy6'beKTa I1pe,aMeTbI nOTpe6HOCTeH (MOTHBbI) , I1peCJle,ayeMbIe
cy6'beKTOM II.eJlH, HMelOIII.HeC5I B cHTyaqHH cpe,aCTBa ,aOCTH2KeHH5I 3THX II.e-
v v
JIeM, MHOrOIIHCJleHHbIe, He CB5I3aHHbIe I1p5IMO C pellIaeMOH qeJlOBeKOM 3a-
,lI.a1JeH, H3MeHeHH5I CTHMYJlHII.HH H T. n. 0 He06xo,aHMOCTH BbIAeJleHH5I ,ae..
v u
TepMHHHpYIOIll.HX HeOC03HaBaeMble npOI..(eCCbI HBJIeHHH Jl.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
rrp030pJlHBO nHCaJl C. J1. Py6HHllITeHH: «...5eCC03HaTeJlbHOe BJleqeHHe -
3TO B eqeHHe, npe,aMeT KOToporo He OC03HaH. OC03HaTb CBoe qYBCTBO --
3HatJHT He npOCTO HcnbITaTb CB5I3aHHOe C HHM BOJIHeHHe, a HMeHHO COOT-
HeCTH ero C npH1JHHOH H 06'beKTOM, ero BbI3BaBllIHM». (Py6HHllITeHH, 1956,
160). TeM caMbI , KaK MHHHMYM, B onpeJl.eJleHHe 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO )J.OJI)K-
UbI 6bITb BKJlIOIIeHbI Te ,aeTepMHHaHTbI, I1pHHa)J.Jle2KaII(He I1pe)J.MeTHOMY
MHPY, KOTopble onpe,aeJIHIOT cO)J.ep}KaHHe 3TOH <pOpMbI OTpa:tKeHH5I ,aeliCTBH"
TeJlbHOCTH. TorAa nepBOHaqaJlbHaH ,ae<pHHHII.HH 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO npHMeT
CJIe.lI.YIOIUHH BH,a: «0 e ceo 3 HaT e JI b Hoe 11 p e,n: eTa B. JI 51 e T C 0 6 0 H
COB 0 K Y n HOC T b n C H x H q e C K Ii X n p 0 Q e ceo B, J( e T e p M Ii H H..
78
p ye M hI IX T a K1 H M H } 51' B JI e H H 51 M H fA e!H C T B H ,T e JI h ,H 0 C T H, '0
B JI H 51 H H H K 0 TOp bI X H a e r 0 n 0 B e J( e H If e C y 6 'b e K THe 0 T-
J( a e T C e 6 e 0 T tI eTa». nO,allepKHeM, lITO B 3TY nepBOHatIaJIbHYIO xa-
paKTepHCTHKY 6eCC03HaTeJlhHOrO YKa3aHHe Ha TO, lITO cy6'beKT He OT a-
eT ce6e OTqeTa 0 ,l(eTepMHHaHTax nOBe eHH5I, BBO,lJ;HTC5I JlHlllh KaK YKa3a-
HHe Ha TOT pa60tIHH npHeM, tIepe3 KOTOphIH nCHXOJlor Y3HaeT 0 6eCC03Ha-
reJlbHOM, a He paCKpbIBalOma51 npHpOJ(Y 3TOH cpOpMbI OTpa:tKeHH5I oco6eH-
HOCTb. ,I:LJI5I BbI5IBJIeHH5I cymHocTHOH n03HTIfBHOH xapaKTepHCTHKH 6ecco-
'3HaTeJIbHOrO He06xo,aHMO 06paTHTbC5I npe:tK,ae Bcero K ,aBYM Crrel(McpHqe-
CKHM tIepTaM 6eCC03HaTeJlbHoro. nepBaH H3 3THX lIepT - H e tI Y B C T B li-
T e JI h HOC T h K 11 pOT H BOp e tI If 51 M: B 6e,CC03HaTeJIbHOM ,aeHCTBIf-
TeJIbHOCTb nepeLKHBaeTC5I cy6'beKTOM qepe3 TaKHe <pOpMbI ynO)J.06JIeHH5I,
OTOJK,neCTBJIeHHH ce6H c ,nPyrHMH JIIO,abMH H 51BJleHIf5lMH, KaK Henocpe,aCT-
BeHHoe 9MOl(HOHaJlbHOe BtIYBCTBOBaHHe, H eHTIf<l>HKal(HH, 3MOl(HOHaJIbHOe
3apaJKeHHe, 06'be,aHHeHHe B O,aHY rpynny nopoH cOBepllleH-Ho pa3JIHtIHbIX
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TOM, qTO HH,aeHl(bI 6pa3HJlbCKOrO ITJIeMeHH 6epopo OTO:tK,aeCTBJI5IIOT ce65I
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npOTHBOpeqHH H pa3J1HqHH Me:tK,ay 06'beKTaMH no TeM HJIM HHbIM CYIUeCT-
BeHHbIM npH3HaKaM. 11 BTopaH qepTa - B H e B p e M e H H 0 H x a p a K-
T e p 6eCC03HaTeJlbHoro: B 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM IIpOlllJlOe, HaCT05IIUee H 6y-
,..7J,ymee cocyrneCTBYIOT, 06'be)J.HH5IIOTC5I JI.pyr C ,apyroM B O,aHOM nCHXIIqe-
CKOM aKTe, a He HaXO)J.5ITCH B OTHOIlleHHH JlHHeHHOH Heo6paTHMOH nocJle-
,aOBaTeJIbHOCTH. npHqy,aJlHBble Cl(enJleHHH C06bITHH B CHOBHAeHH5IX H <paH-
Ta3Max; cnpeCCOBaHHOCTb npOlllJIOrO, HaCTOHrnero H 6y,ayruero B HeKOTO-
pbIX KJIHHHqeCKHX CHMITTOMaX H np05IBJIeHH5IX rrOBce,aHeBHOH :tKH3HH B o,a-
HO, He 3HalOmee npHqHHHbIX CB5I3eH BH,aeHHe MHpa - Bce 3TO OTHIO,ab He
MHCTM1JeCKHe, a peaJIbHbIe cpaKTbI.. 11 BeCb Bonpoc 3aKJIlOqaeTC5I B TOM, KaK
no,n;OHTH .K 3THM <j>aKTaM.
ECJIH HCXO)J.HO B3HTb 3a 06pa3el( 3aKoHoMepHocTH c03HaHH5I, B qaCT-
HOCTH, nOAqHHeHHOcTb HeKoTopwX BH,aOB nOH5ITIIHHOro pal(HOHaJIbHOrO
MbIIllJIeHHH cpopMaJlbHOH JlOrHKe, TO YKa3aHHbIe cpaKTbI 6y,aYT BocnpllHSI-
TbI KaK eme O,lI.HH aprYMeHT B nOJlb3Y lIHCTO HeraTHBHoJI ,ae<j>HHHl(HH 6ec-
C03HaTeJlbHOro no OTHOIlleHHIO K C03HaHHIO: B c<I>epe C03HaHHH rocno,aCT-
ByeT' JIOrHKa; 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOe - l(apCTBO aJlOrHqHOrO, Hppal(HOHaJlbHO-
ro H T. / 11. nO,lI.06Hoe BocnpHHTHe YKa3aHHblx BbIIlle cpeHoMeHoB HCXO,aHT
H3 TaKOH THIIHqHOH YCTaHoBKH n03HTHBHCTCKoro MbIIllJIeHHH, KaK 3ron:eH-
TPH3M B n03HaHHH CJIO:tKHbIX cOII.HaJIbHo-KYJIbTypHbIX H I1CHXHqeCKHX HB-
JIeHHH. Be,ab HMeHHO 3rOII.eHTpH3M, II B nepBYIO Oqepe.zib, TaKaH ero <popMa
u
KaK «eBp0l1oII.eHTpH3M», 3aCTaBJIHeT npHHHMaTb JIOrHKY eBponeHcKoro MbI-
llIJIeHHH ..3a 06pa3el( H npeBparnaTb ee B HaTypaJIbHYIO, eCTecTBeHHYIO xapaK-
TepHcTHKY C03HaHHH, npH 3TOM 6JIarOrroJlyqHO 3a6bIBaH, QTO caMa 3Ta
<j>opMaJlbHaH JlOrHKa eCTb KYJlbTypHoe IIpHo6peTeHHe. A eCJlH JI 0 r H K a H e
.It a H a C03HaHHIO OT npHpOJ(bl, a 3 a.n; a H a KYJIbTYPOH, TO npaBOMepHO II
npHMeHHTeJlbHO K C03HaHHIO ,norrYCTHTh HaJlHQHe HeCKOJlbKHX cocymeCTBY-
IOIUHX JIOrHK. HeCMOTp51 Ha <j>YH,aaMeHTaJlbHble HCCJleJ(OBaHHH JI. C. BbIrOT-
CKoro, A. P. JIypH5I (1930) H JIeBH-BpIOJIH (1930), 110CBHrneHHbIe aHaJlH3Y
MbIIllJleHH5I B pa3HbIx KYJIbTypaX,. IIIOpbI eBpOnOII.eHTpH3Ma BbIHY:tK,aaIOT o,a-
HOMepHo rrJIOCKO TpaKTOBaTb He TOJIbKO 3aKOHOMepHOCTH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO,
HO H C03HaHH5I. O,aHaKO Ha 3TOM npHKJlIOQeHH5I n03HTHBHCTCKOH MbICJlH, no-
naBllIeH B pa6CTBO 3rOneHTpH3Ma, He 3aKaHQHBaIOTCH. H3YQeHHIO KaqeCT-
BeHHoro cBoeo6pa3HH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO npen5lTcTByeT em.e OJ(Ha <popMa Ha-
YllHoro 3rOneHTpH3Ma, Ha3BaHHaH HaMH «3BOJllOnHOHHbIH CHo6H3M». Hc-
Xo,a51 H3 «3BOJlIOII.HOHHOro cHo6H3Ma», HCCJleJ(OBaTeJlH Hepe)J.KO paCl(eHH-
BaIOT cpOpMbI I1CHXHQeCKOrO OTpa:tKeHHH, I1pe,aIIIeCTBYIOrnHe C03HaHHIO, KaK
60Jlee npHMHTHBHbIe, apXaHlIHhIe H T. II. TaK, J(a)Ke eCJlH Ha CJlOBaX npH-
3HaeTC5I, QTO <PYHKl(HOHHpOBaHHe 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO He npOCTO aJIOrHqHO,
79
a no,aqHHeHO HHOH norHKe, TO 3Ta norHKa HHTepnpeTHpyeTcH KaK apXaHq-
HaH [19]. TaKHM o6pa30M, BHOBb ocyrneCTBJISIeTCH B03BpaT K qHCTO
HeraTHBHoMY nOHHMaHHIO 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO no OTHOllIeHHIO K C03HaHHIO.
113-3a «3BOJIlOnHOHHoro cH06H3Ma» TaKHe npOHBJleHHSI 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO
B J(eTCKOM MbIllIJleHHH, KaK ero aYTHcTHIIecKHH xapaKTep, CJIa60CTb HHTpO-
cneKnHH, HeIIYBCTBHTeJlbHOCTb K npoTHBopeIIHHM [26] , BocnpH MMaIOT-
CH KaK aJlOrHIIHOCTb HHcpaI¥fHJlbHbIX <pOpM MbIllIJIeHHH, HX npHMHTHBHOCTb,
B OTJIHIIHe' OT cpOpM nOHHTHHHoro MbIIIIJleHHH H T. n. A 3TH HH<paHTHJlbHbIe
<POPMbI - He npHMHTHBHee H He rpy6ee. OHH - ,apyrHe, HHbIe, qeM Te,
KOTopbIe npHcymH C03HaHHIO.
ECJIH MM C caMoro HaIIaJIa Ha eJIHM CBOH nOHCKH Ha BWHBJIeHHe Ka-
1.JeCTBeHHoro cBoe06pa3HH HeOC03HaBaeMblX cpOpM nCHXHIIeCKoro OTpaLKe-
HHH H CYMeeM npeo,aOJleTb KOCHOCTb HaYIIHoro 3rOneHTpH3Ma, 0 YBHJ(HM,
IITO YKa3aHHMe BbIllie cpeHOMeHbI H TaKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH oeCC03HaTeJIb-
Horo, KaK OTCYTCTBHe npOTHBOpeqHH H BHeBpeMeHHOH xapaKTep, CBH,aeTeJlb-
CTBYIOT He 00 YIll.ep6HOCTH, aJlOrHIIHOCTH oeCC03HaTeJIbHOrO, a 06 H H 0 H
era JI 0 r Ii K e, HJlH, TOIIHee, 0 0 H H bI X nor H K a x, CTOHInHX 3a Bce-
Mil .9THMH npOHBJIeHHHMH. npHIIeM, HHbIX JIOrHKaX He B CMhlCJle IiX apxa-
HqHOCTH II TaHHCTBeHHOCTH B CTHJIe C. JIeKJIepa [19], a HHbIX JlOrHKaX
<PYHK HoHHpoBaHHH oecc03HaTeJlbHOrO B J(eHTeJlbHOCTH cy6'beKTa, ooecne-
IIHBaIOIUHX nOJIHOBeCHbIH aAanTHBHbIH 3<p<peKT.
Cy:r.necTByeT JIH TaKOH KpHTepHH, ..KOTOPbIH Obi n03BOJlH;JI OTHeCTH ca-
MbIe pa3J1HIIHbIe npOHBJIeHHH oeCC03HaTeJlbHOrO K O,aHOMY 06rueMY KJlaccy
HBJIeHHH:, BbIHBHTb HX CPYHKI1.HOHaJIbHOe 3HaIIeHHe B npo ecce perYJIHIl.HH
J(eHTeJIbHOCTII Cy6neKTa H J(aTb HX 03HTHBHYIO xapaKTepHCTHKY no OTHO-
rneHHIO K C03HaHHIO? ,LlaBaHTe nOBHIiMaTeJIbHee BrJlH,aHMCH B TaKHe, Ka-
3aJIOCb 6bl, He CBH3aHHbIe ,[(Pyr c ,apyroM cpeHOMeHbI, KaK aYTH3M AeTCKoro
MbIIlIJleHHH, CJla60CTb HHTpocneKnHH, HeqYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb K npOTIiBopeIIH-
HM. ,QaBaHTe npH6aBHM K 3TOMY neCTpOMY PHJ(Y TaKHe 1 <paKTbI, KaK
«....oc06aH npo,aYKTHBHOCTb HeOpeqeBJleHHOH (HeOC03HaBaeMOH, npe,apeIIe-
Boii) MbICJlH, npOHBJlHIOIUaHCH BO «BHe3anHbIX» perneHH5Ix...; HeO,lLHOKpaT-
HO nOJ(BepraBrnaHcH H3YIIeHHIO B K.,TIHHHKe IlIH30<ppeHHH (5. B. 3eHrap-
HHK H J(p.) npHIIy,aJlHBOCTb, MHOLKeCTBeHHOCTb, pa3Hooopa3He, «cTpaH-
HOCTb» CMMCJlOBWX cBH3eH (JIerKOe YBH3wBaHHe Bcero co BceM, cpeHoMeH
«CMbICJlOBOH onyxoJlH» Ii T. n.) KaK Obi BbICBOOO2KJ(aeMbIX B YCJlOBH5IX pac-
na,[{a HOpMaJIbHO Bep6aJIIi3yeMoH MbICJIHTeJlbHOH J(eHTeJIbHOCTH; onpaB-
U u
J(aHHOCTb npHMeH5IeMOH HHorJ(a OqeHb opHrHHaJlbHOH MeTo,aHKH H T. H.
M03rOBoro IIlTypMa», npM KOTOpbIX HaXOJKAelIHe opHrHHaJlbHbIX peIIleH11H
0'6CY}KJ(aeMOH. np06J1eMbl J(OCTHraeTC5I nYTeM CTIIMYJlHI1.IIH reHe3a MHO)Ke-
CTBa «HeJ(o,aYMaHHbIX ,[(0 KOH a», He OpeIIeBJleHHbIX nOJlHOCTbIO npoeKTOB
perneHH5I II T. n..» [7,741]. 3a BceMH 3THMH <l>eHoMeHaMH npocMaTpHBaeT-
CH OJ(HH n03BOJIHIOIll.HH OTHeCTH HX K 06IUeMY KJIaccy KpHTepHH. H cJla-
60CTb HHTpOCneKI1.HM, H HeIIYBcTBHTeJIbHOCTb K npoTHBOpeqHHM, 11 3a-
npeT Ha pe<pJIeKCHIO B MeTOJ(HKe «M03roBoro IIITypMa», H aYTH3M... - 3Be-
U Q
HbH OAHOM nenH, rJlaBHbIM CTepJKHe,M KOTOpOM HBJlHeTCH 0 T C Y T C T B H e
npoTHBorrOCTaBJleHHOC H B HeOC03HaBaeMWX <popMa
nCHXHqeCKOrO oTpalKeHHSI cy6'beKTa H oKPYJKaIOIll.eH
e r 0 J( e H C T B H Ten b HOC T H. B H e O.C 0 3 H a B a e MOM n C H X Ii II e-
C K 0 MOT P a JK e H H H M H P H C Y 6 'b e K T 0 6 p a 3 y 10 T 0 J( H 0 H e-
J( e JI HMO e neJIoe. Ha Haill B3rJIH,a, CJIHTHOCTb cy6'beKTa H MHpa B He-
OC03HaBaeMOM nCHXHQeCKOM OTpa:>KeHHH npeJ(CTaBJlHeT C060H CyruHOCTHYIO
xapaKTepHCTHKY BceH ccpepbl oeCC03HaTeJIbHOrO, KOHKpeTHbIMH BblpaJKe-
HH5IMH, np05IBJIeHHHMH KOTOpOH 'CJlY2KaT ne'peIIIiCJIeHHble BbIllie cpaKTbI. TaK,
HarrpIiMep, npHIIHHa CJlaOOCTH HHTpocrreK HH pe6eHKa Jle}KHT B HeBbIJ(eJIeH-
HOCTH ero «51» H3 OKpYJKalOIII.eH ,neHCTBHT€JlbHOCTH. HeqYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb
K rrpOTHBopeIIHHM KaK B HH<paHTHJIbHbIX <popMax MbIIIlJIeHHH, TaK H B CHG-
BHJ(eHHHX HMeeT B CBoeH OCHOBe TY :>Ke caMYIO rrpHIIHHY - OTCYTCTBHe npo-
80
THBonOCTaBneHHH B 9THX OpMaX nCHXHqeCKOH peanbHOCTH CYOneKTa H OK-
pY2KalOIIlefO ero MHpa. Be,nb ,neHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb caMa no ceoe He 3HaeT JIO-
fHtJeCKHX npOTHBOpellHR. npHqHHa 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH MeTo,nHKH «M03fOBoro
IIlTypMa» - cBoe06pa3Hoe ypaBHHBaHHe B HeOC03HaBaeMbIX <popMax nCH-
XHlIeCKOrO OTpa2KeHH5I caMbIX HeBepOSlTHbIX, «oe3YMHbIX» BapHaHTOB H npH-
BbltJHbIX BapHaHTOB peIIleHHSI 3a,aaQH BCJIe,nCTBHe YCTaHOBKH Ha nOJIHOe
CH5ITHe JII060ro KOHTpOJISI no OTHOllIeHHIO K CBOHM BbICKa3h1BaHHSlM H Ta-
KHM oopa30M CJlH5IHH5I CBoero «51» C npon:eCCOM pelIIeHHH 3aJ(allH. nepelleHh
<peHOMeHOB, fJIy6HHHaSl npHQHHa KOTOpblX JIe}KHT B HepaCqJIeHeHHOCTH
cy6'beKTa H ,neRCTBHTeJlbHOCTH, MO}KHO ObIJIO ObI npo,nOJI}KHTb. Ho Y}Ke H3
CKa3aHHoro CJle,nyeT, qTO Bbl,neJIeHHaSI HaMH xapaKTepHCTHKa 6eCC03Ha-
TeJIbHOrO n03BOJl5leT 06'b5lCHHTb CXO,nCTBO BHemHe HeCBSI3aHHblX Me}K,ny co-
6010 5IBJIeHHM H ,naTb 06lI(YIO n93HTHBHYro xapaKTepI1CTHKY HeOC03HaBaeMOH
$OpMbl nCHXHqeCKOro OTpa:>KeHH5I. Ka1JeCTBeHHoe OTJIH1JHe .9TOH <pOpMbI nCH-
XHlJeCKOro OTpa2KeHHSI OT C03HaHH5I npoSlBHTCSI ern:e 60Jlee SlBHO, eCJIH Mbl
HanOMHHM, lITO C03HaHHe npe,ncTaBJl5IeT COOOH «...oTpa}KeHHe npe,nMeTHoH
,neHcTBHTeJlbHOCTH B' ee OT,neJleHHOCTH OT HaJIHIJHblX oTHomeHHH K HeR cy6'b-
eKTa... B C03HaHHH 06pa3 ,neHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH He CJIHBaeTC5I C nepe:>KHBaHH-
eM cy6DeKTa: B C03HaHHH OTpa:tKaeMOe BbIcTynaeT KaK «npe,aCTOHlI(ee cy6'b-
KTY» [20, 237]. Ta :tKe xapaKTepHcTHKa C03HaHHH KpaCOllHO OllHCbIBaeT-
CSI J{. H. Y3Ha,n3e npH aHaJIH3e cnen:H<pHKH MexaHH3Ma 06'beKTHBaII,HH.
<I>YHKn:HH npHcYIII.erO TOJIbKO 1JeJIOBeKY MexaHH3Ma 06'beKTHBaII,HH, no Bbl-
pa:>KeHHIO Lt. H. Y3Ha,a3e, np05lBJI5IeTC5I B TOM, lITO qeJlOBeK BH,nHT, IJTO CY-
rn:eCTByeT MHp H OH B .9TOM MHpe .[29, 452]. I1TaK: OTpa)KeHHbIe B C03Ha-
HHH npeJ(MeTbI Ii 51BJIeHHH MHpa OT,neJIeHbI OT HaJIHqHblX OTHomeHHH cy61>-
eKTa K ,L{eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH; oTpaLKeHHbIe B 6ecC03HaTeJIbHOM COObITH5I OK-
PY:tKarorn.ero MHpa CJIHTbI B O,n:HOM Y3JIe C HaJIHlIHbIMH OTHOIlleHHHMH cy6'b-
eKTa B J(eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH, 06pa3YIOT O,aHO Hepa3,neJIbHOe neJIoe C .9THMH
OTHOIlleHH5IMH. Ka)K,abIH H3 .9THX ypoBHeii nCHXHIJeCKOrO OTpalKeHH5I BHO-
CHT CBOH BKJIa,n B perYJl5In:HIO J(eSITeJIbHOCTH cy6'beKTa; Ka:>KJ(bIH H3 .9THX
ypoBHeH npHcnoco6JIeH ,aJl51 perneHHSI cBoera' CneII.H<pHIJeCKOrO KJIacca )K113-
HeHHbIX 3a.llatJ. TaK, 6JIaro,aapSI CJIHTOCTH cYO'beKTa C MHpOM B 6ecc03Ha-
TeJIhHOM cy6'beKT HenpOH3BOJlbHO BocnpHHHMaeT MHp II 3anOMHHaeT ero,
He OT,l(aBaH ce6e OTqeTa 06 .9TOM. O,nHaKo perYJl5III,HeH HenpOH3BOJI H IX
HenpeJ(HaMepeHHbIx aKTOB,. a TaK)Ke aBToMaTH3HpoBaHHhIx BH,llOB nOBe,lle-
HHSI THn )KII3HeHHbIX 3a,naq, ,QJISI KOTOpbIX He06xo,nHMO °6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe,
«PYHKII,H.H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO He HCqepnbIBaeTC5I. YnOMHHaeMbIe Bb IlIe npo-
SlBJIeHHSI npO.ltYKTHBHOCTH )topetleBOrO MbIWJIeHHSI He,nBYCMbICJ1eHHO fOBO-
p5lT 0 TOM, QTO 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe, He 3HaH «JIOrHKH C03HaHHH, HMeHHO B
CHJIY 3Toro He3HaHH5I OTKpbITO oeCKOHetlHOMY KOJIHqeCTBY «HHbIX JIorHK:'
v
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3aI(HH.
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tJeCKOH TeopHH J(eHTeJIbHOCTH OTKpbIBaeTCH B03MO}KHOCTb BBeCTH CO,llep a-
TeJIbHYIO xapaKTepHCTHKY 3THX KaqeCTBeHHO OTJIHQHbIX KJIaCCOB IieOC03Ha-
BaeMbIX 51BJleHHH, paCKpbITb <PYHKn:HIO 9THX HnJIeHHH B perYJISJ] HH ,aeH-
TeJlbHOCTH H npOCJIe,aHTb HX reHe3 C. ECJlH, onHpaHCb Ha nOJIO)KeHHSI llIKO-
JIbI J1. C. BblrOTCKoro, A. H. J1eoHTbeBa H A. P. JIypH5I, 6pOCHTh B3fJISI,lt
Ha HCTOpHIO CTaHOBJleHHH B3rJI5IAOB 0 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM, TO MbI YBHJ(HM,
tJTO pa3Hble acneKTbI rrp05lBJIeHHH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO pa3pa6aTblBaJIHCb
npH aHaJlH3e 1JeTblpex CJIe,nYIOIUHX npOOJIeM: npOOJIeMhI nepe,naQH orrbITa
H3 nOKOJleHH5I B nOKOJleHHe H <PYHKn:HH 9Toro onbITa B CO HaJIbHO-THIIH-
qeCKOM nOBe,neHHH JlHtJHOCTH KaK 1JJIeHa HJlH HHOH 06III.HOCTH; np06J1eMbI
MOTHBan:HOHHOH ,lleTepMHHaI(HH IIOBe,neHHSI JIHtJHOCTH; rrp06JIeMbI HerrpOH3-
BOJlbHOH perYJl5l[(HH BbIClIIHX <pOpM nOBeJ(eHHSI H aBTOMaTH3aII,HH pa3JIHtI-
. BbIX BH,aOB ,ne5lTeJlbHOCTH Cy6neKTa; npOOJIeMbl nOHCKa ,nHana30Ha QYBCT-
6. Becc03HaTeJIbHOe, IV
81
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CTaBJlSleTCSI, Ha Halli B3rJlSl,a, B03MO)KHbIM BbI,aeJIHTb qeTbIpe OC06bIX KJl3C-
ca npOSlBJleHHH 6eCC03HaTeJlbHoro: Ha,abIH,aHBH,ayaJlbHbIe Ha,aC03HaTeJIb-
HbIe SlBJIeHHSI; HeOC03HaBaeMbIe n06y,aHTeJlH nOBe,aeHHSI JIHqHOCTH (Heoco-
3HaBaeMbIe MOTHBbI H CMbICJlOBbIe YCTaHOBKH); HeOC03HaBaeMble perYJISI-
topw cnoc060B BWnOJlHeHHSI ,aeSlTeJlbHOCTH (onepa HOHaJlbHWe YCTaHOBKH
H CTepeOTHnbI); HeOC03HaBaeMble pe3epBbI opraHOB qYBCTB (no,anoporo..
Bble cy6ceHcopHble pa3,apa)KHTeJlH). '
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caHHe OCHOBHbIX oc06eHHOCTeH Ka:>KAOrO KJIacca H nOKa3aTb, "lITO B Ka}l{-
AOM H3 9THX KJlaCCOB npOHBRHeTCH OCHOBHaH qepTa 6eCC03H3TenbHoro'--
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1. HaJ(bIHJ(HBHJ(yaJlbHbIe 'HaJ(C03HaTeJlbHbIe SlBJleHHH
HatIHeM C OIIHcaHHSI Ha,abIH,aHBH,ayaJlbHbIx Ha,lI.C03HaTeJlbHbIX SlBJIe-
HHH, IIOCKOJIbKY, BO-I):epBbIX, 3TH SlBJleHHH Bcer,na 6bIJIH nOKpbITbi TYMaHOM
TaHHCTBeHHOCTH H CJIY:>KHJIH nOqBOH AJIH caMbIX npHqy,nJlHBbIX MHcpOJIOrH-
u u
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60JIee peJIbe<pHO OTKpbIBaeTCSI COII-HaJIbHhlH reHe3HC c<t>epbl 6eCC03HaTeJIb-
Horo B eJIOM.
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C03HaTeJlbHbIX Ha,abIH,aHBH,ayaJlbHbIX SlBJleHHH npe,aCTaeT B pa3HbIX HnOCTa-
CSIX BO Bcex HaIIpaBJleHHSlX, 3aTparHBaIOII(HX IIp06J1eMY nepe,aatIH onbITa
qeJlOBetIeCTBa H3 nOKOJleHHSI B IIOKOJIeHHe HJlH IIepeCeKaIOIII.YIOCH C HeH
np06J1eMY JJ;HCKpeTHOCTH - HenpepbIBHOCTH C03HaHHSI [25].
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KHe nOHSlTHSI, KaK «BpO)K,aeHHbIe H,aeH» (P. ,I:LeKapT), «apxeTHIIbI KOJlJIeK-
THBHoro 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoro» (K. IOHr), «KOCMHqeCKOe 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoe»
(Cy,a3YKH); «KOCMHqeCKOe C03HaHHe» (3. <PpOMM), «6ecc03HaTeJlbHOe
KaK petIb ,I:Lpyroro» (>K. JIaKaH), «KOJlJleKTHBHble IIpe,acT3BJIeHHSI»
(3.' ,I:LIOpreHM, JI. JIeBH-BpIOJlb) H «6ecc03HaTeJlbHble CTPYKTypbI» (K. JIe-
BH-CTpOCC, M. <PYKO).
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CSI B HCCJIe,aOBaHHSlX BbI,apIOIII.erOCSI MbICJlHTeJlSl B. H. BepHaAcKoro. ECJlH
Bce YKa3aHHble aBTopbI, 6y,ab TO P. ,LLeKapT, 3. <l>pOMM HJlH K. IOHr, B Ka-
qeCTBe TOqKH OTCqeTa ,aJISI nOHHMaHHSI Ha bIH,aHBHAyaJlhHbIX Ha,lI.C03Ha-
TeJlbHbIX SlBJleHHll H36HpaIOT OT,aeJlbHOrO H H,a H B H,a a, TO B. H. Bep-
Ha,acKHH BH,aHT HCTOqHHK nOSlBJleHHSI HOBoro nJlaCTa peaJlbHOCTH B KOJl-
JIeKTHBHOll ,6ecc03HaTeJlbHOll pa60Te q e JI 0 B e q e C T B a. OH Ha3bIBaeT
3TOT nJIaCT peaJlbHOCTH - HooccpepoH. no,a BJlHHHHeM HayqHOH MbICJlH H
qeJlOBeqeCKOrO Tpy,aa 6Hoc<fJepa nepexo,aHT B HOBoe COCTOSlHHe - B H 00-
C <p e p y», OTMeqaeT B. H. BepHa,acKHll lIl, 19]. O,aHaKo H H,lI.en B. 11.
BepHa,lI.CKOrO 0 Hooccpepe, HecMoTpSl Ha nO,lI.qepKHBaHHe HM CO Ha bHoro,
MaTepHaJlbHOrO xapaKTepa B03HHKHOBeHHSI Hooccpepw, ,lI.0 CHX nop C 60Jlb-
IlIHM Tpy,aOM np06HBaIOT ce6e ,aopory B MbIIlI eHHH cOBpeMeHHblx yqeHbIX
If nopoll BocnpHHHMaIOTcSI KaK H351III.Ha51 cpaHTa3H5I.
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HHll TaK II OCTaIOTCH TOJlbKO BOIIpocaMH. KaK npOHHKHYTb BO Bce 3TH Ha,a-
bIH,lI.HBH ya bHbIe 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIe CTPYKTYPbI? KaKOBO HX npOHCXO)K,ae-
HHe? B 60JlblIIHHCTBe CJIyqaeB OTBeT Ha 3TH BOIIpOCbI OqeHb 6 H30K K HX
CKa30IJHOMY pellIeHHIO B «CHHell IITH e» MopHca MeTepJlHHKa. . B 3TOH
BOJlllIe6HOH CKa3Ke ,a06paSl <peH AapHT AeT5IM qY,lI.O)J.eHCTBeHHbIll aJlMa3.
CTOHT JIHIIIb nOBepHYTb 9TOT aJIMa3, H JIIO,aH HatIIlHaIOT BH,aeTb CKpbITbIe
n:YIlIH BeIl{eH. KaK Ii B JII060H HaCTOSlrneH CKa3Ke, B 3TOH CKa3Ke eCTb 60JIb-
82
maH npaBAa. OKPY)Ka1OII(He JI1O,aeH npeAMeTbl qeJIOBeqeCKOH KYJlbTypbf
AeHCTBHTeJlbHO HMe10T «,aYIllY». 11 «AYIlla» 3Ta - He tITO HHoe, KaK nOJIe
3HatIeHHH, CYlI(eCTBY1OlI(HX B cpopMe OlIpe,aMetIeHHbIX B npOI(eCce ,aeHTeJlb-
HOCTH B OpYAHHX Tpy,aa cxeM AeHCTBHH, B cpopMe pOJleH, lIOHSlTHH, pHTya-
nOB, I(epeMOHHH, pa3J1HtIHbIX COII.HaJlbHbIX CHMBOJIOB HOpM, COII.HaJlbHbIX
06pa3II.OB noBe,aeHHSI [20].
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HCXO)K,aeHHe. B HX OCHOBe JIe)KHT 06'beKTHBHo cYIII.eCTBYIOllI.aSl II S1BJISl1O-
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B BHJJ.e pa3JIHtIHbIX cxeM nOBe,aeHHSI, cOI(HaJlbHbIX HOpM II T. n. H a ,a C 0 -
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Hwe cy6'beKTOM KaK tIJleHOM TOll HJIH HHOll rpynllw
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H H H H n 0 3 H a H H H, B JI H 51 H H e K 0 TOp bI X H a e r 0 JJ. e 51 T e JI b-
HOCTb aKTyaJIbHO He OC03HaeTCH cy6'be,KTOM H He
K 0 H T P 0 JI H P yeT C 51 II M. 3TH 06pa3II.bI (HanpHMep, 3THMQeCKHe CTe-
peOTHlIbI), YCBaHBaHCb tIepe3 TaKHe MexaHH3MbI COI(HaJlH3aI(HH, KaK no,a-
pa)KaHHe Ii HAeHTH<pHKaII.HSI, onpe,aeJlSl1OT oc06eHHOCTH nOBe,aeHHSI cy6'beK-
Ta HMeHHO KaK npe,aCTaBHTeJISI AaHHOH COI(HaJlbHOH 06llI.HOCTH, /T. e. co-
II.HaJlbHO-TlilIHtIeCKHe oc06eHHOCTM lIOBe,aeHHSI, B lIpOSlBJleHHH KOTOpbIX
cy6'beKT H rpynna BbIcTyna10T KaK O,aHO Hepa3pbIBHoe I(eJIoe. B COBeT-
CKOH nCHXOJlOrHH npeACTaBJleHHSI 0 «Ha,aC03HaTeJIbHOM» Hero paJIH B
TBOptIeCKOH ,neHTeJlbHOCTH pa3BHBa1OTcH M. r. 5IpollIeBcKHM (1978), KOTO-
u
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u
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3HaTeJlbHbIMH KaTerOpHaJlbHbIMH YCTaHoBKaMH annapaTa n03HaHHSI, BO-
nJIOlI(a1OlI(HMHCH B BbIJJ.BHraeMbIX ytIeHbIM rHnOTe3ax H npoeKTax HX pe-
meHHH.
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Horo 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO H T. n. HMeIOT BlIOJlHe 3eMHY1O OCHOBY. 3a BceMH
3THMH npe,acTaBJIeHHSlMH CTOHT peaJlbHbIH cpaKT CYllI.eCTBOBaHHSI Ha,abIH,aH-
BH,ayaJlbHOrO HaAC03HaTeJlbHOrO, HMe1OlI(ero tIeTKO npOCJle)KHBaeMbIll co-
II.HaJlbHbIH reHe3HC H- -npe,acTaBJlSlIOIl(erO C060H YCBaHBaeMbIe cy6'beKToM'
06pa3II.bI nOBeAeHHSI H n03HaHHSI, nOpO)K,aeHHbIe BceR COBOKY"HOH ,aeSl-
TeJIbHOCTblO qeJIOBeqeCTBa.
2. Heoco3HaBaeMbIe no6YJI.HTeJlH JI.eSlTeJlbHOCTH (Heoco3HaBaeMble
MOTHBbl H CMbICJlOBbie YCTaHoBKH JlHIIHOCTH)
HeOC03HaBaeMbIe lI06y,aHTeJlH ,aeSlTeJlbHOCTH JIHtIHOCTH Bcer,aa 6bIJlH
n;eHTpaJlbHbIM npe,aMeToM HCCJIeAOBaHHSI B Tpa,aHI(HOHHOM lICHXOaHaJIM3e.
OHH lIpHHHMaIOT ytIaCTHe B perYJlSlI(HH ,aeSlTeJIbHOCTH, BblcTynaSl B BH,ae
. CMbICJlOBbIX YCTaHoBoK. He lIepecKa3bIBaSl 3,aeCb pa3BHBaeMblx HaMH lIpe,a-
CTaBJleHHH 06 HepapXHqeCKOll YPoBHeBoll lIpHpo,ae YCTaHoBoK KaK Mexa-
HH3MOB cTa6HJlH3aI(HH «I(eMeHTHpoBaHHSI» ,aeSlTeJlbHOCTH JIHqHOCTH, Hano-
MHHM JlHllIb, qTO B COOTBeTCTBHH C OCHOBHbIMH CTPYKTypHbIMH e,lI.HHHI(aMH
,lI.eSlTeJlbHOCTH (,aeSlTeJlbHOCTb, AeHcTBHe, OlIepaI(HSI) BbI,ae;ISlIOTCH ypOBHH
CMbICJlOBbIX, I(eJleBbIX H OlIepaI(HOHaJlbHbIX YCTaHOBOK, a TaKlKe ypoBeHb
nCHxocpH3HOJlOrHtIeCKHX MexaHH3MOB YCTaHoBKH (ACMOJlOB, 1979). 06 aSl
CPYHKI(HH YCTaHoBoK JlI060ro ypOBHSI B perYJlHl(HH ,aeSlTeJIbHOCTH ,xapaKTe-
pH3yeTcH TpeMSI CJle,aYIOIII.HMH MOMeHTaMH: a) YCTaHoBKa onpe,aeJlSleT yc-
TOHtIHBWH II.eJleHalIpaBJleHHWH xapaKTep npoTeKaHHSI ,aeSlTeJIbHOCTH H BM-
cTynaeT KaK MexaHH3M cTa6HJlH3aI(HH ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH JIHtIHOCTH, lI03BOJIH-
IOIII.HH coxpaHHTb ee HalIpaBJleHHOCTb B HelIpepbIBHo H3MeHSlIOIII.HXCSI CH-
TyaI(HSlx; 6) YCTaHoBKa oCBo60)K,aaeT cy6'beKTa OT He06xo,L:(HMOCTH "PH-
83
HHMaTb peWeHHH II npOH3BOJIbHO KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb npO KaHHe ,neHTeJIb-
HOCTH B CTaHJ(apTHbIX, paHee BCTpe1JaBllIHXCSI cHTyaI(HHX; B) (<I>HKCHpO-
BaHHaH) YCTaHOBKa MO)KeT BbIcTynaTb _ B Ka1JeCTBe <l>aKTopa, 06YCJIOBJIH-
BalOIUero HHepI(HOHHOCTb, KOCHOCTb ,aHHaMIIKH J(eSITeJlbHOCTH II 3aTpYAHH-
lO ero npHCIIOC06J1eHHe K HOBbIM cHTyaI(HHM.
TaKOBbI OCHOBHbIe OG06eHHOCTII <PYHKI(HH YCTaHOBOK JII060ro ypOBHH
B perYJIHI.I.HH eHTeJlbHOCTH. H 06 3TIIX oco6eHHocTHX MbI MO)KeM cero,a-
HH rOBopHTb KaK 0 HayqHO 060cHoBaHHoM cpaKTe, 6J1aro,aapSl CPYH,aa eH-
TaJlbHbIM HCCJIe,aOBaHHHM ,Ll. H. Y3Ha,l(3e Hero lllKOJlbI. 4TO 2Ke KacaeTCSI
CneI.I.H<pH1JeCKHX npOHBJIeHHH CMbICJlOBbIX, neJIeBbIX H OIIepaI.I.HOHaJlbHbIX
YCTaHOBOK B ,lI.eHTeJlbHOCTH, TO OHH onpe,aeJIHIOTCH npe)K,ae Bcero TeM, Ka-
Koe co,aep)KaHHe - JlHqHOCTHbIH CMbiCJI HJIH 3Ha1JeHHe (A. H. JIeoHTbeB)
- BblpamaeT YCTaHOBKa B AeHTeJlbHOCTH cy6'beKTa.. H 3J(ecb erue pa3 xo-
1JeTCSI BbI,aeJIHTb O.llHO nOJlO2KeHHe, 6e3 KOToporo MbI 6y,aeM nOCTOHHHO ny-
TaTbCH npH paccMoTpeHHH B O.llHOH CBH3Ke KaTeropHH «YCTaHOBKa» H «6ec-
C03HaTeJlbHoe», «YCTaHOBKa» H «C03HaHHe», «YCTaHOBKa» H «,lI.eHTeJlbHOCTb».
,UJISI 60JIee SlBHoro BbISlBJleHHSI CBSl3H Me2K Y BceMH 3THMH KaTeropHSIMII
He06xo,lI.HMO Bcer,aa IIOMHHTb BeCbMa nOJIe3HOe, BBe,l(eHHOe B JIHHrBHCTHKe,
pa3J1H"[H HHe: nJlaH cOJ(ep2KaHHH H nJIaH BbIpa)KeHHH. YCTaHoBKa KaK ro-
TOBHOCTb K pearHpOBaHHIO eCTb CBoero po,aa HOCHTeJlb, <p 0 p M a B bI P a-
Ll{ e H H 51 Toro HJ1H HHoro CO,l(ep2KaHHSI B AeSlTeJlbHOCTH cy6'beKTa. ECJlH
<paKTop, IIpHBO.llHIlU1ll K aKTyaJIH3aI.I.HH YCTaHOBKH, OC03HaeTCH cy6'beKTOM,
TO YCTaHOBKa, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, BbIpa)KaeT B ,aeSITeJlbHOCTH 3TO OC03HaBa-
eMoe cO)l.ep)KaHHe. B Tex )Ke CJlY1JaSIX, KOr,L{a . KaKOll-JIH60 06'beKTHBHbIll
<paKTOp ,aeHTeJlbI;IOCTH, HanpHMep, MOTHB ,L{eHTeJlbHOCTH, He OC03HaeTCH, TO
aKTyaJIH3HpyeMaH HM CMbICJlOBaH YCTaHOBKa BbIpa)KaeT B AeHTeJlbHOCTH
HeOC03HaBaeMoe cO,lI.epmaHHe, B CJIyqae CMbICJIOBOH YCTaHOBKH - BbITec-
HHeMbIll cy6'beKTOM JIH1JHOCTHbIll CMbICJI npOHcxo,aHIUHX C06bITHH.
I1TaK, Kia BTOPOMY KJlaccy np05lBJleHHH 6eCC03Ha-
T e JI b H 0 roo THO C 51 T C 51 H e 0 C 0 3 H a B a e M bI e MOT H B bI H C M bI C-
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o C Y lll. e C T B JI 51 e T C 51 ,l( e SI T e JI b HOC T b II B C BeT e K 0 TOp o-
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JI H 1J HOC T H bI H C M bI C JI. 0 CYlll.eCTBOBaHHH 3Toro KJIacca HBJleHHH
CTaJlO H':BeCTHO 6JIaro,aapH HCCJleJ1.0BaHHHM OCTp01JeHHOrO nOCTrHnOTM1Je
CKoro BHYllleHHH, IIpHBo,aHlll.erO K BbInOJlHeHHIO ,lI.eHCTBHH, HMnYJlbC KOTO-
poro He H3BeCTeH caMOMY COBepllIHBlIleMY 3TO J;(eHCTBHe nocJle BbIXO,l(a 113
fHnH9TH1JeCKOrO COCTOHHHH qeJlOBeKY. nO 06H e HBJleH H B nCHXOnaTOJlO-
rHH OIIHCbIBaJlHCb KaK pa3.llBoeHHe C03HaHHH, CHMIITOMbI OTqY}K eHHH 1Ja-
CTeH c06CTBeHHoro TeJla,' BbIIIOJlH5IeMbIX B COMHa6YJIHqeCKOM COCTOSlHHH
,n:eiiCTBHH npH HCTep H, onpe,aeJlSleMbIe «OTlll.enJIeHHbIMH» OT C03HaHHH
JIHqHOCTH n06Y)K.lleHHHMH. 3TH HBJleHHH 6bIJlH 0603Ha1JeHbI TepMHHOM
«IIo,aC03HaTeJlbHoe» (n. )l(aHe). BnOCJle,n:CTBHH AJIH 06'bHCHeHHH npHpo-
,l{bI 3THX HBJleHHH, a 3aTeM H ,aJlSl IIOHHMaHHH pa3HoypOBHeBbIX MOTHBan.H-
OHHbIX CTPYKTYP JIH1JHOCTH B I.I.eJlOM OCHOBaTeJleM nCHXOaHaJlH3a 3. <PpeH-
)10M 6bIJlO BBe,L{eHO nOHHTHe 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOe B Y3KOM CMbICJle CJlOBa-
«,l(HHaMH1JeCKOe BbITeCHeHHoe 6eCC03HaTeJlbHoe». nO,l( 6ecc03HaTeJIbHbIM
nOHHMaJlHCb HepeaJlH30BaHHbIe BJIe1JeHHSI, KOTopble 113-3a HX KOH<pJIHKTa
C COIl.HaJlbHbIMH 3anpocaMII 06lll.eCTBa He )10IIYCKaJlHCb B C03HaHHe IIJlH
H3rOHHJlHCb, OTqY}K,l(aJlHCb H3 Hero C nOMOIII.blO TaKoro 3alll.HTHoro Mexa-
HH3Ma nCHXHKH KaK BbITeCHeHHe. nYAY1JH BbITeCHeHbI H3 C03HaHHH JIH1JHO-
CTII, 3TH BJIeqeHHH 06pa3YlOT ccpepy 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO - CKpbITbIe a.<pcpeK-
THBHbIe KOMIIJIeKCbI, npe,apacnOJlO)KeHHOCTH K ,l(eHCTBHHM, aKTHBHO B03-
,n:eHCTBYIOlll.He Ha }KH3Hb JIH1JHOCTH II npOSlBJlSlIOlll.HecSi nopoH B HenpHMbIx
CIIMBOJlHtleCKHX <}>opMax (IOMope, CHOBH,neHIIHX, 3a6bIBaHHH HMeH H HaMe-
84
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,ay qepTa AHHaMHqeCKHX npOHBJIeHHH 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOro COCTOHT B TOM,
tJTO OC03HaHlle JlHqHOCTbIO npMqHHHOM CBH3H HepeaJIH30BaHHbIX BJleqeHHH
C npHBe)1.111HMM K HX B03HHKHOBeHHIO B npOllIJIOM TpaBM:aTllqeCKHMH CO-
6bITHHMH He npHBO,lI.HT K HCqe3HOBeHHIO nepeLKliBaHliH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIX
3THMH BJleqeHHHMH (HarrpHMep, CTpaXOB), TaK KaK Y3HaHHoe cy6'beKTOM
BocnpHHHMaeTCH HM KaK HeqTO 6e3J1HqHOe, qy}K"Aoe, npOHCXO,lI.HIlI.ee He C
HHM. 3cpcpeKTbI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO B rrOBe,aeHHH YCTpaH5HOTCH TOJIbKO B
TOM CJIyqae, eCJlH BbI3BaBillHe HX C06bITHH rrepe)KHBaIOTC5I JIliqHOCTbIO CO-
BMeCTHO C )1.pyrHM qeJIOBCKOM (HarrpHMep, B nCI1XOaHaJIHTHtIeCKOM ceaH-
ce) HJlli C ,apyrHMH JIIQ,Z:(bMH (rpynnoBaH rrCIIXHaTpHH), a He TOJIbKO Y3-
HalO'TCH eIO. Oc060 BaLKHoe 3HaqeHHe ,lI.JIH nOHH aHHH .9TOrO JIaCca npo-
HBJIeHHH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO Ii npHeMOB ero nepeCTpOHKH HMeroT eHOMeHH
H MexaHH3MbI 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO B Me)KJIHqHOCTHbIX OTHOIIIeHHHX, CBSI33H-
HbIX C YCTaHOBJleHHeM 3MOII.HOHaJlbHOM HHTerp,aII.Hli, nCliXOJlOrHqeCKOrO
CJlHHHHH B3aHMo,aeHCTBYIOIlI.HX ,,1IO,aeH B O,lI.HO Hepa3,neJIbHOe II.eJloe (CM.
oaccHH, 1982). K 3THM cpeHoMeHaM OTHOCHTCH 3MrraTHH, nepBHqHaH H,lI.eH-
THcpHKaII.HH (Heoc03HaHHoe 3MOII.liOHaJlbHOe OT02K,lI.eCTBJIeHHe C rrpHT5Ira-
TeJIbHbIM 06'beKTOM, HanpHMep, MJIa,lI.eHII.a C MaTepbIO), TpaHc<pep (B03-
HHKaIO HH B nCHxoaHaJlHTHqeCKOM ceaHce rrepeHoc HepeaJIH30BaHHbIx
CTpeMJIeHHH naII.HeHTa Ha nCHXOaHaJlHTHKa, 06eCrrelIliBaIOIlI.liM HX 9MOII.H-
OHaJIbHOe e,lI.HHeHHe, HeKpHTHqeCKOe npHHHTHe HMH ,lI.pyr ,lI.pyra), rrpoeK-
II.HH (Heoc03HaHHoe Ha,lI.eJIeHHe ,lI.pyroro qeJlOBeKa np HCYIlI.HM H. ,lI.aHHOH
JIHqHOCTH )KeJlaeMbIMH HJlH He.LKeJIaeMbIMH CBoHcTBaMH). Bo Bcex _3THX
npOHBJIeHHHX 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO n06Y)K,lI.aIOIlI.HH cy6'beKTa MHp H caM
cy6'beKT npe,acTaBJIHIOT O,lI.HO Hepa3pbIBHoe u:eJIoe.
JIHqHOCTHbIe CMbICJIbI, «3HaqeHHH-J(JI5I-MeHH» Tex HJIH HHbIX C06bITHH
MHpa COCTaBJlHeT KaK 6bI cep,aII.eBHHY onHCbIBaeMoro KJIaCCa HeOC03HaBa-
eMblX HBJIeHHH - KJIaCCa HeOC03HaBaeMbIX MOTHBOB H CMbICJlOBbIX YCTaHo-
BOK [32, 4]. .
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Tex HJlH HHbIX O,aHOCTOpOHHHX Bep6aJlbHbIX B03,lI.eHCTBHH. 3TO nOJIOLKeHHe,
OCHOBaHHoe Ha II.eJlOM pH,ae cpaKTOB, nOJlyqeHHbIX B 9KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX
HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHHX A. H. JIeoHTbeBa H A. B. 3anopo2KII.a (1945), E. B. Cy6-
60TcKoro (1977) H ,ap., B CBOIO Oqepe,lI.b, BnJloTHYIO nO,lI.BO,lI.HT Hac K OCO-
6eHHOCTH CMbICJIOBbIX I 06pa30BaHHM, orrpe,aeJIHIOIlI.eM MeTo,aHqeCKHe nYTH
HX HCCJIe,llOBaHHH. 3Ta oc06eHHOCTb COCTOHT B TO'M, qTO H 3 M e H e H H e
CMbICJlOBbI X :06pa'30BaHHH! BcerAa onOCpe,lI.C\TB!OBaH0
H3MeHeHHeM caMOH ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH cy6'beKTa [5].I1MeH-
HO yqeT 9rOM Ba)KHeHIlIeH oc06eHHOCTH CMbICJIOBbIX 06pa30BaHHH (cHcTe-
MbI JlHqHOCTHbIX CMbICJIOB H Bblpa*aIOIlI.HX HX B ,aeHTeJIbHOCTH CMbICJIOBbIX
YCTaHoBoK) n03BOJlHeT npOJlHTb CBeT Ha HeKoTopble MeTaMopcpo3bI B pa3-
BHTHH nCHXoaHaJlH3a, 06'bHCHeHHe KOTOpbIX BbIcTynaeT KaK CBoero pO,lI.a
rrpOBepKa rrpe):(JlaraeMOH HaMH KJlaCCH<pHKaU:HH.
Bo-nepBbIX, He3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb nC XOTepaIIHH, OrpaHHqHBaIOmeHCH
qHCTO Bep6aJlbHbIMH O,lI.HOCTOpOHHHMH B03):(eHCTBHHMH, T. e. TOH TeparrHH,
KOTOpyIO CTOJlb H,aOBHTO BbICMeHJI eIII.e 3. <l>peH,lI. B CBoeH pa60Te
«0 «,aHKOM» nCHXOaHaJlH3e» (1923), KaK' pa3 H 06'bHCH5IeTCH TeM, qTO no
caMOH CBoeH npHpo,lI.e CMbICJIOBble 06pa30BaHHH HeqYBcTBHTeJI,bHbI K Bep-
6aJlbHbIM B03,lI.eHCTBHHM, HecYIII.HM qHCTO HHcpopMaTHBHYIO HarpY3KY. TIo-
BTopHeM, lITO CMbICJlbI H3MeHHIOTCH TOJlbKO B XO,lI.e peopraHH3aU;HH ,lI.eH-
TeJIbHOCTH, B TOM qHCJI.e H ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH 06IlI.eHHH, B KOTOpOH npOHCXO,lI.HT
«peqeBasr pa60Ta» ()I(. J1aKaH). He CJIyqaHHO n03TOMY )KaK J1aKaH, BbI-
,aBHHYBIlIHH Jl03YHr «Ha3a,lI. K <l>peH,lI.Y», nepeKJIHKaeTCH B 3TOM 'nYHKTe C
OCHOBOnOJlO)KHHKOM rrCHXOaHaJIH3a, 3aMeQaS\: «<I>YHKU;HH H3bIKa 3aKJlIOqa-
TCH He B MHcpOpMaU:HH, a B n06Y)K,lI.eHHH. HMeHHO OTBeTa ,apyroro 51 ,liIlI.Y
B pelIH. HMeHHO MOM Bonpoc. KOHcTaTHpyeT MeHH KaK cy6'beKTa» {/K. JIa-
85
K8n, IJ:HT. no ABTOHOMOBOH, 1978). HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, TOJIbKO ,lI,eHTeJIb-
nOCTb, B TOM tIHCJIe II AeHTeJIbHOCTb 06rneHHH, BbIpaLKalOrnaH Te HJIII HHbIe
CMbICJIo06pa3YIOIII.lIe MOTHBhI H CJIY2KaIII.a51 OCHOBOH ,lI,JI5I 9Mon:HOHaJlbHOH
HJ{eHTI1c.pHKaI(HI1 C ,QpyrIIM, M02KeT II3MeHHTb JIH4HOCTHble CMbICJlbI naI(HeH-
Ta. BO-BTOpbIX, B He9cpcpeKTHBHOCTII BJII1HHHH YKa3aHHoro THna Bep6aJIb-
HbIX B03AeHCTBHH Ha ccpepy CMbICJIOB - B03AeHCTBIIH, KOTOpbIMII tIaCTO
nO.llMeHHeTC .llHaJIOr Me2K,lI,y nCH:xoaHaJIHTHKOM 11 naIlJieHTOM, - CJ1e,ayeT HC-
KaTb, Ha Halli B3rJlH,l(, O,l(HY H3 npHtIHH HBHO HaMeTHBIIlerOCH c,aBHra OT
HH,lI,HBHJLyaJIbHbIX MeTO,l(OB K rpynnoBbIM MeTO,lI,aM nCHXOTepanHH, HanpH--
Mep, K TaKHM MeTO,l(aM, KaK nCHxo,apaMa, T -rpynnbI H T. II., B KOTOpbIX
TaK HJIn MHaqe peKOHCTpypIIpyeTcH AeHTeJlbHOCTb" npHBo,aSIlII.aH B KOHeq-
HOM HTore K H3MeHeHHIO JIlitIHOCTHbIX CMbICJlOB H Bblpa2KalOIll.HX IlX B ,lI,e-
HTeJIbHOCTH CMbICJ10BbIX YCTaHOBOK.
fIO,II,bITO)KHBa5I rrpe,L(CTaBJIeHHH 0 npHpO,l(e HeOC03HaBaeMbIX rro6y,aH-
TeJIeR ,ae.HTeJIbHOCTH, 06 HX CYllI.HOCTH, nepeQHCJIHM OCHOBHbIe oco6eHHo-
CTH ,lJJIHaMnqeCKMX CMbICJlOBbIX CHCTeM JlHqHOCTH:
1) rrpOH3BO,llHOCTh OT ,L(eHTeJIbHOCTH cy6 eKTa II ero COnl1aJIbHOA no-
3Hn:HH B CHCTeMe a6III.eCTBeHHhIx oTHollleHHH;
2) HHTeHI(HOHaJIbHOCTb (opHeHTHpoBaHHocTb Ha npe,L(MeT ,L(eHTeJIbHO-
CTH: CMbICJI BCer,lI,a KOMY-TO HJlH qeMY-To aJI.peCOBaH, CMbICJI Bcer,L(a eCTb
CMbICJI qerO-To); .
3) He3aBHCHMOCTb OT OC03HaHHH (JIlIqHOCTHbIH CMbICJI MO)KeT 6bITb
OC03HaH cy6DeKToM, HO caMoro no ce6e OC03HaHHH He,lI,OCTaTOqHO ,aJIH H3-
MeHeHH5I JIHqHOCTHOro CMbICJla);
4) HeB03l\10LKHOCTb BOrrJIOIll.eHHH B 3HaqeHHHX (JI. C. BbIroTcKHH,
M. M. 5axTHH) II HecpopMaJlH3yeMocTb (<p. B. 5accHH).
5) c.peHoMeH8J1bHO CMbICJlOBbIe o6pa30BaHHH rrpOHBJlHIOTCH B BH,L(e Ka-
*YInIlXCH CJIy:qaHHbIMH, HeMoTI1BHpoBaHHbIMII «OTKJlOHeHHH» flOBe,L(eHHH
OT HopMaTHBHoro ,l{JIH J(aHHoH cHTya HII (HanpHMep, 06MOJIBKH, JIHIlIHHe
, BH*eHHH H T. II. (ACMOJIOB, 1979).
3. Heoco3HaBaeMbie perYJIHTOpbl cnoco6oB BbInOJlHeHHH )l.eHTeJIbHOCTH
(onepaQHoHaJIbHbIe YCTaHoBKH H cTepeoTHnbI)
B 0 C HOB e per Y JI 51 H H He IT p 0 H 3 B a JI b H hI X H a B TOM a-
T H 3 Ii P 0 B 8 H H bI X a Kt T Y a JI b H Q H e K 0 H T P 0 JI H P Y e M bI X C n 0-
C060B BblnOJlHeHII5I J(eHTeJIbHOCTH cy6 eKTa (onepa-
U H i1:) JI eLK a T T a K II e n p 0 51 B JI e H H H 6 e C C 0 3 HaT e JI b H 0 r 0, KaK
H e 0 CO 3 H a B a e M bI eon e p a u: H 0 H a JI h H bI e y C T a H a B K Ii H C T e-
p eo T Ii n hI. 0 H H B 0 3 H H K a 10 T B n p 0 e c c e p e III e H H 51 P a 3 JI H q-
H bY X 3 a a 1J (n e p e n T II B H bI X, M HeM II q e C K H X, MOT 0 P H bI X,
M bI C JI H T e JI b H bI x) H J( e T e p M H H H P, Y 10 T C H H e 0 C 0 3 H a H H 0
npeJ{BOCXH aeMbIM 06pa30M C06bITIIH H cnoc060B
A e H C T B II 51, 0 IT H palO III. H M C 51 H a n p a III JI hI H a n bI T IT 0 B e-
J( e H H 51 B n 0 ,ZI. 0 6 H bI X C II T Y a n II H x. ,L:LHHaMHKa B03HHKHOBeHHH
9THX aKTyaJlbHo-Heoc03HaBaeMblx c.pOpM IICHXHqeCKOra OTpa2KeHHH Kpa..
COqHO onHCbIBaJIaCb B nCHXOJIOrHH C03HaHH5I KaK nepexoJ( co,aepLKaHHH
C03HaHHH li3 cpoKyca C03HaHIIH Ha era neplIcpepHIO (B. BYH,l{T). ,L:{JlH 060-
3Ha1JeHHH pa3HbIx, cTa,llHH 9THX IIpOHBJleHHH 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO B pery-
JISIII.HII J(eHTeJIbHOCTH npHBJIeKaJIHCb ,llBa Kpyra TepMHHoB, cpHKcHpYlOmlix
JIH60 Heoco3HaBaeMYro nO,llroToBKY cy6 eKTa K J(eiicTBHIO C OITopoii Ha
npOlIIJlbIH onbIT - «6ecc03HaTeJIbHbIe YM03aKJlro1JeHMH» (f. reJlbMfOJIbl.(),
«rrperrepnenI(HH» (B. LL}KeMc), «npeJ(C03HaTeJlbHoe» (3. <l>peHJ(), «rHTIOTe-
3a» (,.[{LK. BpYHep), «BepOHTlIOCTHoe nporH03HpoBaHHe» (H. M. cI>eHreH-
6ep r) H T. II.; JIH60 HerrpOH3BOJlbHbIH KOHTpOJlb YLKe p a3BepTbIBaIOIIJ.eHCH
aKTHBHOCTH cy6'beKTa - «,llHHaMHqeCKHH cTepeoTMn» (11. D. DaBJIOB),
86
-«cxeMa» (<D. 6apTJleTT), «aKl(enTOp ,l(eHCTBHH» (n. K. AHOXHH), If T. IT.
<1> Y H K II. Ii H 9 T H X II P 051 B JI e H H H 6 e C C 0 3 HaT e JI b H 0 roc 0-
.c 0 C T 0 H T B TOM; q T 0 C Y 6 'b e K T M 0 )K e T 0 ,a HOB P e M e H H 0
n e pep a 6 a T bI BaT b H H cp 0 P M a II. H IO 10 A e H C T B Ii T e JI b HOC T H
H a H e C K 0 JI b K H X P a 3 JI H II H bI X Y P 0 B H 51 X Ii cpa 3 Y COB e p-
m a T b II. e JI bI fI P S1,l.I. a K T 0 B IT 0 B e A e H Ii 51 (3arroMHHaTb H OTbIC-
KHBaTb perneHHSI 3a,aaq, He CTaBH OC03HaHHbIX II.eJIei'I pernaTb H 3anOMH-
HaTb; 06XO,l.I.HTb nperrSlTCTBHSI, He YTpY)K):(aH ce6S1 OTQeTOM 06 HX cymecT-
BOBaHHH; «,lJ.eJIaTb ceMb ,aeJl cpa3Y» H T. n.).
DO)KaJlyfI, O,l.I.Ha H3 rrepBbIx norrbITOK BbIBeCTH 06IUHH 3aKOH, KOTOpO-
MY rrOAQHHHIOTCH HeOC03HaBaeMbIe S1BJleHHH 3Toro KJlaCCa, rfpHHaAJIe)KHT
KJIanapeJlY. OH CcpOPMYJIHpOBaJI 3aKOH OC03HaHHSI, CYTb KOToporo 3aKJlIO-
qaeTCH B CJIe,aYIOIneM: IIeM 60JIbilie MbI nOJIb3yeMcH TeM HJIH HHbIM .n.eHCT--
BHeM, TeM MeHbille MbI ero OC03HaeM. Ho CTORT Ha nYTH npHBblqHOrO ,aefl-
eTBHH nOHBHTbCH nperrSlTCTBHIO, KaK B03HHKaeT nOTpe6HOCTb B OC03HaHHH,
u u
KOTopaH H HBJIHeTCSI npHqHHOH Toro, qTO ,l{eHCTBHe BHOBb nOna):laeT nOA
KOHTpOJIb co CTOpOHbI C03HaHHH. GAHaKO 3aKOH KJlarrape,l.I.a onHCbIBaeT
JIIillib <l>eHoMeHaJlbHYIO ,ZI.HHaMHKY 3Toro KJIaCCa HBJleHHll. 06'bSlCHHTb )Ke
B03HHKHOBeHHe OC03HaHHH nOSlBJleHHeM nOTpe6HOCTM B OC03HaHHH -- 3TO
TO )Ke caMoe, IITO 06'bSlCHHTb npOHCXOYK,lJ.eHHe KpbIJIbeB Y rrTHII. IIOHBJleHH-
eM nOTpe6HOCTH JIeTaTb (BblroTcKHll, 1956). ..
Kap,QHHaJlbHbIll liar B pa3BHTHH npe,l.I.CTaBJIeHHH 0 CYIUHOCTH HeOeQ-'
3HaBaeMWX perYJlSlTOpOB ,aeHTeJIbHOCTH 6@JI CAeJIaH B COBeTCKOH IICHXOJIO-
rHH. He H3J1araH 3,l.I.eCb Bcero MaCCHBa .9KCIIepHMeHTaJIbHbIX H TeOpeTHqe-
CKHX HCCJIeAOBaHHH 9Toro IIJIaCTa 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO, YKa)KeM TOJlbKO Ha
ie ABa HaITp.aBJIeHHH, B KOTOpbIX BeJlHCb 9TH HCCJIe,L(OBaHHH.
B reHeTHqeCKOM acneKTe H3YQeHHe «npe,lJ.C03HaTeJlbHoro» 6bIJIO He-
pa3pbIBHO CBH3aHO C aHaJIH30M np06JIeMbI pa3BHTHH IIpOH3BOJIbHOH pery-
JIHII.HH BbICIIlHX cpOpM ITOBe,L(eHHSI QeJIOBeKa. «TIpOH3BOJIbHOCTb B ,aeHTeJIb-
HOCTH KaKOn-JIH60 YHKUHH HBJIHeTCH BCer,l.I.a 060pOTHOM CTOpOHOH ee OCO-
. u
3HaHHH», -- ITHCa O HH H3 H eHHWX B,l.I.OXHOBHTeJleH H po,aOHaqaJlbHHKOB
9Toro HarrpaBJIeHHH JI. C. BbIrOTCKHll r 12]. B CBeTe H3J10)KeHHOro BbIllIe
nOHHMaHHH oecc03HaTeJIbHOrO KaK <t>OpMbI rrCHXHQeCKOrO OTpa)KeHHSI, ,B
KOTOpOH cy6'beKT H .MHP npeACTaBJlHIOT O,aHO Hepa3,ll.,eJIbHOe ILeJIoe, oco6eH-
HO OqeBH,l(HOH CTaHOBHTCH He06xo,aHMOCTb CTOJIb }KeCTKOro YBH3bIBaHHH
J1. C. BbIroTcKHM Me)K,l(Y C060ll npOH3BOJlbHOCTH H OC03HaHHOCTH J1.eSlTe b-
HOCTH qeJlOBeKa. Be,ab npOH3BOJlbHOCTb Bcer,ZI.a rrpe,anOJIaraeT K 0 H T P 0 JI b
o CTOpOH@ cy6DeKTa 3a CBOHM IIOBe,l.I.eHHeM IIPH HaJlHqHH HaMepeHHSI ocy-
eCTBHTb }KeJIaeMbIH HM aKT nOBe,l(eHHH, ITO,aqHHHTb TO HJIli HHoe nOBe,ae-
HHe, HarrpHMep, 3aIIOMHHaHHe CBoeH BJlaCTH. Ho ,aJI5I TaKoro KOHTpOJlH,
KaK MHHHMYM, He06xo,l.I.HMO KaK 6bI 6pOCHTb B3rJIH,l( Ha CBoe c06CTBeHHoe
nOBe,LleHHe CO CTOpOHbI, npOTHBOIIOCTaBHTb ce6SI OKpYLKaIOIII.eH ,l.I.eHCTBH-
TeJIbHOCTH. TaM, r):(e HeT rrpOH3BOJIbHOrO KOHTpOJlSI, TaM HeT npOTHBOCTaB-
.JIeHHH ce65I MHPY., a TeM caMbIM HeT OC03HaHHSI. fIp06JIeMa IIpOH3BOJIbHO-
CTH -- OC03HaHHOCTH nOBe,l.I.eHHH 6@JIa rrO,l.I.BeprHYTa rJIy6oKoMY aHaJIH3Y
B H3BeCTH@X pa60Tax no npOH3BOJIbHOH H HenpOH3BOJIhHOH perYJIH HH e-
HTeJIbHOCTH . [15, 16].
B CPYHKII.HOHaJIbHOM nJlaHe H3YQeHHe HeOC03HaBaeMbIX perYJlHTOpOB
eSlTeJIbHOCTH HenOCpe,l(CTBeHHo BrrHC@BaeTCH B np06JIeMY aBTOMaTH3a HH
pa3J1HtIHbIX BH,aOB BHernHell H BHYTpeHHeH ,lI.eHT JlbHOCTH. TaK, A. H. J1e-
HTbeB@M rrpOaHaJlH3HpOBaH rrpoII.ecc rrpeBpaIII.eHHH B xo,ae 06YQeHHSI ,l.I.en-
''CTBHH, HaITpaBJIHeMOrO OC03HaBaeMOH rrpe,aBHAHMOH eJlbIO, B orrepal(HIO,
YCJlOBHH oCYIII.eCTBJleHHSI KOTOpOll TOJlbKO «npe3eHTHpYIOTCH» Cy6neKTY. B
..aCHOBe OC03H3HHH, TaKHM oopa30M, JIe)KliT H3MeHeHHe
M e C T a IT p e,lI. MeT H 0 roc o,n e p }I{ a H H H B C T P Y K T Y P e ,l.I. e H-
I e JI b HOC T H, 51 B JI 5I 10 Il1. e E' C 51 C JI e .n C T B HeM IT p 0 II. e C C a a B-
"'T 0 MaT 3 a H 11 - A e a B T 0 1 a T Ii 3 a II. H Ii ,ll e SI T e JI b HOC T H. 3TO
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nOJIO)KeHHe pa,aHKaJIbHO OTJIH1JaeTCH OT npe,l(CTaBJIeHHH 0 ,l(HHaMHKe OCO-
3HaHHH B HHTpocneKTHBHOH nCHXOJIOrHH C03HaHHH. ECJlH HHTpocrreKTHBHWH
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aKTHBHOCTH» KJIIOq K H3MeHeHHIO COCT05lHHH C03HaHHH - B caMOM ,l(BHlKe-
HHM ,ae5lTeJlbHOCTH, ee pa3BHTMM, ee aBTOMarH3au.HH H ,l(e3aBTOMaTH3all.HH.
B XO,l(e npou.ecca aBTOMaTH3aII.HM npOHCXO,l(HT CTHpaHHe. rpaHH Me)K,ay
cy6'beKTOM H 06'beKTOM,' paCTBopeHMe cy6'beKTa B ,l(eHTeJIbHOCTH. H. A.
EepHlliTeHH npHBo,aHT HPKHH npHMep TaKoro CJIH5IHHH cy6'beKTa C MHpOM,
rrpOHCXO,l(HmerO B npOIl.ecce aBTOMaTH3a[(HH ,aeHTeJIbHOCTH, 06pa aHCb K
cpparMeHTY H3 rrpOH3Be,l(eHHH J1. H. TOJIcToro «AHHa KapeHHHa»: «4eM
AaJIee JIeBHH KOCHJI, TeM 1J3llI.e H I qame qYBCTBOBaJl OH MHHYTbI 3a6bITb5l,
npH KOTOpOM YlKe He PYKH MaXaJlII Kocoii, a C a M a K 0 C a ,l( B II r a JI a
3 a C 0 6 0 fl... nOJIHOe H3HH TeJIO, H KaK 6bI no BOJlllie6cTBY, 6e3 "MbIC-
JIH 0 HeM, pa60Ta, npaBHJlbHaH H OT1JeTJIHBaH, ,l(eJlaJI3Cb caMa C060H»
(J1. H. TOJlcToii).
B OCHOBe <PYHKIl.HOHHpOBaHHH aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHWX cpOpM nOBe,l(eHHH
j]:e)KaT Onepal(IIOHaJlbHbIe YCTaHOBKII II CTepeOTHnbI. npOBe eHHbIe C no-
3HIl.HH npe CTaBJIeHHH 06 ypoBHeBoH npHpo,ae YCTaHoBKH KaK MexaHH3Ma
cTa6IIJIH3au.HH ,l(e5lTeJlbHOCTII HCCJle OBaHHH n03BOJIHJlH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO
BbI5IBHTb ,aBe- CYlIl.eCTBeHHO OTJIHQaIOII1.HeCH HeOC03HaBaeMbIe cpOpMbI pery-
JlHIl.HH aBToMaTH3HpoBaHHoro rrOBe,l(eHHH 1[23]. DbIJlO nOK33aHO, 1JTO
Tpa,lI,HIl.HOHHO H3Y1JaBlliHeC5I KJlaCCH1JeCKHM MeTO,lI,OM cplIKcaUHH YCTaHoBKH
,l{. H. Y 3Ha,l(3e OTHOCHTCH K TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM Y C T 3 HOB K a M H a n e-
n e' B 0 H n p II 3 H 3 K, T. e. npH3HaK cpaBHHBaeMbIX YCTaHOB01JHbIX 06'b-
eKTOB, KOTOpbIH C caMoro Ha1JaJla OC03HaeTCH cy6'beKTOM. YCTaHOBKH Ha
neneBOH npH3HaK JIelKaT B OCHOBe «C03HaTeJIbHbIX onepanHH» (A. H. J1e-
oHTbeB), KOTopbIe B03HHKJIH BCJIe CTBHe aBTOMaTH3anHH ,aeiicTBHH. TaKo-
ro po,aa C03H3TeJlbH@e onepaUHH B03HHKaIOT B xo,ae HeOAHOKpaTHMX no-
BTopeHHH eflcTBH5I, HanpHMep, npH 06Y1JeHHH BO)K,l(eHHIO aBTOM06HJIH,.
KOCb6e HJIH nHCbMY. Co,aep)KaHHe [(eJIH ,l(eflCTBHH, BHa1JaJIe OC03H3BaeMoe
cy6'beKTOM, 3aHHMaeT B CTpO HHH ,aPyroro, 60JIee CJlOJKHOrO ,l(eHCTBH5I
MeCTO YCJIOBHH ero BbI}IOJlHeHHH. BCJle,l(CTBHe H3MeHeHHH MeCTa l(eJIH B
CTpYKType e5lTeJIbHOCTH, c,aBHra ueJIH Ha YCJIOBHe, npOHCllie,aIIIero npH
aBTOMaTH3aUHH ,aei1cTBHSI, ,l(3HHOe ,lI.eH:CTBHe npeBpallI.aeTCH B C03HaTeJIb-
HYIO OnepaIl.HIO. no CBoeMY npOHCXO)K,aeHHIO C03HaTeJIbHble onepaII.IIH no-
HBJI5IIOTCSI BCJle,lI.CTBHe aBTOMaTH3aUHH ,aeMcTBHH; no cnoc06y perYJIHUHH
C03HaTeJlbHWe onepau.HH -- nOTeHII.HaJIbHO npOH3BOJlbHO KOHTpOJIHpyeMwe;
no ypOBHIO OTpa)KeHHH - BTOPHqHO HeOC03HaBaeMbIe (npH nOHBJIeHHH 3a..
TpY,lI,HeHHH B.xo e HX OCYlIJ.eCTBJIeHHSI MorYT oc03HaBaTbC5I); no AHHaMHKe
npoTeKaHHH - rH6KH, Jla6HJlbHbI. TaKOBbI qepTbI C03HaTeJlbHbIX OnepaIl,HH.
Y CTaHOBKH Ha ueJIeBOH npH3HaK, perYJlHpYIOIII.He npOTeKaHHH C03HaTeJlb-
HbIX oneparu.fH, eCJIH rOBopHTb B TepMHHOJlOrHH ,It H. Y 3Ha,l(3e, HCXO,lI.HO
npHHa,[(JleJKaT nJIaHY 06'beKTHB3n.HM. I1HbIMH CJIOBaMH, OC OBHOH MaCCHB
9KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX HCCJle,aoBaHHH IIlKOJlbI ,Q. H. Y3HaA3e nOCBHlIJ.eH H3Y-
qeHHIO oc06eHHOCTeH: HMeHHO 9THX JIHlIlb B TOp II"1J H 0 H eo C 0 3 H a B a-
e M bI X yeT a HOB 0 K, YCTaHOBOK Ha n.eJIeBOH npH3HaK. aT BTOpH1JHO
HeOC03HaB3eM X YCT3HOBOK Ha neJIeBOH npH3HaK npHHIl,HnHaJlbHO OTJlHQa-
IOTCSI Q n e p a II. H 0 H a JI b H bI e Y C T a HOB K II H a _ H e 0 C 0 3 H a B a e-
M bI if n p H 3 H a K (HH9r,aa rOB pHT «HppeJIeBaHTHbIH npH3HaK»). 3TH'
YCTaHOBKH perYJIHpYIOT n P H C n 0 CO 6 H T e JI b H W eon e p 3 n If If. npH-
cnOC06HTeJlbHWe OrrepaII.HH OTHOC5ITCH K peaKTHBHOMY HepapXHqeCKH
caMOMY HH3KOMY ypOBHIO pearHpOBaHHSI B CTpYKType AeHTeJIbHOCTH
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HHM 0 ,L{eHTeJlbHOCTH, c03HaHHH H JlH'lHOCTH.
AT THE CROSSROADS OF THE STUDY OF THE HUMAN MIND:
THE UNCONSCIOUS, SET, GOAL-DIRECTED ACTIVITY
A. G. ASMOLOV
Moscow State University, Department of Psychology, Moscow
SUMMARY
The author considers the genesis, functions, and specific fea tures of di f-
ferent unconscious phenomena in the light of the general psychological the-
ory of acting. A positive defini tion of the unconscious as a special level 0 I
psychical reflection is proposed, in which the subject and the world presen t
one indissol u hIe whole. The in errelations of goal-directed acting, the uncon-
scious nd set are discovered. Proceeding from the fundamental principle s
of the theory-assumptions that psychological activity is thing-bound and
that psychical reflection of an object is determined by its place in the struc
ture of the action performed by the reflecting person- the author outlines
three classes of unconscious phenomena: (a) supraindividual supraconscious
phenomena, (b) unconscious motives and personal meaning attitudes, and
(c) unconscious. mechanism.. of. the subject's control of his actions and
operations.. The problem and directions of research in the context of which
the phenomena corresponding to these classes have been studied are describ-
ed-particularly the problem of acquisi tion and transfer of experience, the
problem of.determinafion of activity at the personality level, the proble....,
of voluntary coptrol of higher forms of behaviour, and the problem of auto-
matization of different kinds of internal and external activity.
JIJ1TEPATYPA
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. JIH3a. M., 1923, 46-51.
32. lllEP03H5I A. E., C03HaHHe, 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe .ncHXHqeCKOe H CHCTeMa <PYHJ1aMCHTaJIb-
HbIX oTHoIIleHHH JIM1IHOCTH: npe,nnoCbIJIKH oo eH TeopHH. B KOJI II. MOHorpacpHH: Bec-
C03HaTeJIBHoe: npHpo).{a, CPYHKIl.HH, MeTO)tbl HCCJIe,nOBaHHSI, T. III. T6HJIHCH, 1978, 351-
389.
33. 5IPOillEBCKHI1 M. r., Ha,nc03HareJIbHOe B HaY1IHOM TBOpqeCTBe H reHe3HC nCH,OaHaJIH3c3
<t>peH,l1a B KOJIJI. MOHorpacpHH: BecC03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo,Zla, CPYHKItHH, MeTo,nbI HCCJIe.
)tOBaHHSI, T. III, T6HJIHCH, 1978, 414-421.,
34. A Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychol<?gical and Psychoanalytical Terms (Ed. by H. B.
English and A. Ch. English), Longmann, 1958, p. 594.
92
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MOHOM H,lleH H3JIOJKeHbI HM BO MHorMX CTaTbSIX H B HeCKOJIbKHX KpynHbIx MO-
HorpacpHHX, B Q3CTHOCTH, B Handbuch der Dynamischen Psychiatrie, Bd. 2.
1982, Mlinchen, Er. Reinhardt Verlag). H3CTOHIn3H CT3TbSI HBJISIeTCSI OT-
KJIHKOM H3 HeKoTopbIe H,lleH r. AMMoHa Hero COTpy,n:HHKOB H ObIJIa onYOJIH-
KOBaH3 B )KypH3JIe Dynamische Psychiatrie, 1983, N2N2 1 - 2. H3 PYCCKOM
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94
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BOpHJIM 2 .
2 "Our psychical topography has for the present nothing to no with anatomyU -Freud
S. The Unconscious, 1915 (st. ed. L., 1957, v. 14, 175); "We must recollect that all our pro-
visional ideas in psychology will presumably some day be based on an organic substructure"
- Freud S. On Narcissism, 1914 (St. ed., L., 1957, vol. 14, 78); "The phenomena we have
to deal with (in psychoanalysis) do not belong only to psychology; they have also an
organic and biological aspect", - Freud S. An Outline of Psychoanalysis, N I> Y., Norton,
1949, 103.
95
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TaK:' He H3JIetIeHHe Qepe3 OC03HaHHe, a OC03HaHHe Qepe3 H3JIeQeHHe. 3TO,
HecoMHeHHo, nepeCl\tl0Tp O,lI.HOrO H3 OCHOBHbIX nOJIOlKeHHH OpTo,n:oKCaJIbHO-
ro <ppeHAH3Ma, HO nepecMoTp, B 060cHoBaHHe KOToporo MorYT 6bITb npH-
Be)I.eHbI OQeHb MHorHe cpaKTbI H TeOpeTHQeCKHe co06pa.iKeHHSI.
12. MO.iKHO 6bIJIO 6bI OQeHb ):LOJIro rOBopHTb 0 TOM, KaKOBbI HCTOKH
paCCMOTpeHHOH HaMH BblIIIe r JI Y 6 0 K 0 H H P a B C T B e H H 0 H n 0-
T P e 6 HOC T H Q e JI 0 B e K a B 3 M n a T H H, - nOTpe6HOCTH, pe,lI.YK HH
KOTOpoif, BepOSITHO, CKopee, tIeM KaKOH-JIH60 ,U.PyroH npH3HaK, 3aCTaBJISI-
1@2
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<ppeHHqeCKOH nCHXOnaTOJIOrHH. MbI, o,aHaKO, He 6y,neM CeHIJaC 3aTparH-
;BaTb 9TY OqeHb cneI1.HaJIbHYIO TeMY. B paBHOH CTeneHH MbI He CTaHeM yr-
JIy6JISITbCSI B Bonpoc 0 TOM, B KaKOH Mepe onopa Ha BalKHeHlliHM, BCKpbI-
ibIH AMMOHOM, npHHI1.Hn MelKJIHqHOCTHblX OTHOllieHHH (Ha npHHII.Hn nepe-
,lJ.aqH H nOJlyqeHHSI «COII.HaJIbHOH 3HeprHH» B ero 06pa3HOH TepMHHOJlO-
rHH) 3aCTaBJISIeT B3rJISIHYTb nO-HHOMY Ha C a M 0 e C Y III. e C T B 0 nCHXOTe-
paneBTHqeCKOrO nponecca. 3TO - TeMa, TaKlKe Tpe6YIOIII.aSI CneII.HaJIbHOrO
paCCMOTpeHHSI XOTSI 6bI nOTOMY, qTO OHa cnoc06Ha OqeHb BO MHorOM OCBe-
THTb xapaKTep H npHIJHHbI TpY,lI.HOCTeii, a eCJIH rOBopHTb TOIJHee, TSIlKeJIbIM
KpH3HC, IJepe3 KOTOpbIM npoxO,lI.HT COBpeMeHHbIH nCHXOaHaJlH3. Hallia II.eJIb
B HacToHIll.eM C006III.eHHH 6bIJIa HHOM: H3JIO.iKHTb, Bo-nepBbIX, Hallie nOHM-
MaHHe npHHII.Hna «COII.HaJIbHOH 3HeprHH» AMMOHa, oxapaKTepH30BaB 3Ha-
qeHHe 3Toro npHHII.lIna KaK O,lI.HOH H3 Be,ayIll.HX Ha COBpeMeHHOM 3Tane
pa3BHTHH nCHXOTepanHH MeTO OJIOrHqeCKHX KaTeropHH, H, BO-BTOPbIX, no -
qepKHYTb, KaK 9TO Y:tKe 6bIJIO CKa3aHO BbIllIe, yx B bI CO K 0 r 0 r Y M a-
H II 3 M a, lliHpOKO BHOCHMbIH AMMOHOM B COBpeMeHHYIO nCHXOJIOrHIO H
nCHXHaTpHIO. 06meCTBeHHaSI 3HaIJHMOCTb TaKoro no,axo a OqeBH Ha.
B COBeTCKOH nCHXHaTpHH H eH CXO Horo THna pa3pa6aTWBaeT aKa e-
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repMaHCKOH AKa eMliH nCHXOaHaJIH3a (3ana,aHbIH EepJIHH), H 3Ta 6JIH-
30CTb HCCJIe,aOBaTeJIbCKHX HanpaBJIeHHH, pa3BHBaIOIII.HXC5I B YCJIOBH5IX
pa3HbIX KYJIbTYP, pa3HbIX cpOpM cpHJIOcocpCKoro MHpOB033peHH5! CKopee,
qeM IJTO-JIH60 HHoe, rOBopHT 06 HX 06'beKTHBHoCTH, a BMeCTe C TeM 06 HX
E COKOH HaYIJHOM II.eHHOCTH H 6JIarOnpHSITHoCTH nepcneKTHB HX ,aaJIbHeH-
rnero pa3BHTHH.
,l:LJIH Hac BHYTpeHHee pO,aCTBO ynoMSIHYToro BbIllie «cpaKTa AMMOHa»
.c npHBe,aeHHOH OCHOBHOH MbICJlbIO, «cpaKTOM» ,IrocToeBCKoro rOBopHT, BO
BCHKOM CJIyqae, OqeHb 0 l\tIHOrOM.
I1pe,aCTaBJIeHHbIH BbIllie MeTO OJIOrHIJeCKHM aHaJIH3 KOHII.enII.HH «Co-
II.HaJIbHOM 3HeprHH'> r. AMMOHa 6bIJI ony6JIHKOBaH, KaK YlKe 6bIJIO OTMe-
qeHO, Ha CTpaHHII.aX :iKypHaJIa «,aHHaMHIJeCKaH nCHXHaTpHH» (1983,
.N2NQ 1-2). B Halli a,apec 6bIJI BbICKa3aH B 3TOM CBSI3H cOTpy,aHHKaMH
T. AMMoHa pSI,lI. KpHTHIJeCKHX -3aMeqaHHH [8; 10]. TI03TOMY B KaIJeCTBe
,j.(onOJIHeHHH K H3JI02KeHHoMY BbIllie MbI nonbITaeMCSI OTBeTHTb Ha 9TH 3a-
MeIJaHHSI.
E. MapceH HaIJHHaeT CBoe BbIcTynJIeHHe C 060cHoBaHHH MeTacpopHIJe-
'CKoro SI3bIKa ,aHHaM'HIJeCKOH nCHxHaTpHII. CCbIJIaSICb Ha P. 5IK06coHa, OHa
YTBep2K,aaeT, qTO MeTacpopHqHOCTb, Heonpe)J.eJIeHHOCTb H HeKOTopaSI nOJIH-
ceMaHTHqHOCTb HCnOJIb3yeMoH TepMHHOJIOrHH SIBJI eTCSI Heo6xo HMbIM aT-
pH6YTOM II.eJIOCTHOro XOJIHCTHqeCKOrO no xo,aa K np06JIeMe qeJIOBeKa, xa-
.paKTepHoro ,lI.JIH lliKOJIbI r. AMMOHa, H HaXO,lI.HTCSI B Hepa3pbIBHOH CBH3II
-c TBOpqeCKOH . CHJIOH 3TOH TeopHH. I103TOMY HenpaBOMOqeH 6pOllieHHbIH
>HK06bI HaMH ynpeK B H3JIHlliHeH MeTacpopHQHOCTH KOHII.enII.HH r. AMMOHa,
3aTpY.lI.HSIIOI.L(eM nOHHMaHHe OCHOBHbIX ee nOJI02KeHHM. O HaKO HalliH 3aMe-
qa,HHSI no 3TOMY Bonpocy HHKOHM 06pa30M He HOCHJIH xapaKTepa ynpe-
Ka. HanpOTHB, OTMeqaSI, qTO AMJ\IOH npH6eraeT K SI3bIKY MeTacpop, Mb nH-
llleM, qTO 3a 3THMH MeTacpopaMH CKpbITa rJIy60KaSI MbICJIb, nOJIHOCTbIQ on-
paB,lI.bIBaIOIll,aSI 06pa3HbIH CTHJIb ee BbIpalKeHHSI. B CTaTbe He rOBopHTCSI,
liTO MeTacpoplfqHOCTb CJIY.iKHT «KaMHeM npeTKHOBeHHSI» B nOHHMaHHH KOH-
II.enII.HH ,ll,HHaMHqeCKOH nCHXHaTpHH. I10-BH,aHMOMY, 3TO OlliH6Ka nepeBO,lI.a.
B CTaTbe CKa3aHO TOJIbKO, qTO KaTerOpHaJIbHbIii annapaT HHaMHQeCKOM
nCHXHaTpHH cBoe06pa3eH H n03TOMY He JlerOK ,aJISI nOHHMaHHH.
110 cymeCTBY .iKe KalK,aaSI rJI06aJIbHaSI KOHII.enI1,H5I B npou.ecce CBoero
pa3BHTHSI npOXO,lI.HT nYTb OT MeTacpopHqHOCTH K JIanH,n:apHO qeTKOCTH II
>TOqHOCTH. I1pH 3TOM, KOHeIJHO, HeH36e2KHO npOHcxo,aHT HeKOTopoe yrJIy6-
JIeHHe H ynpomeHHe KOHI1.eIIll.HH, 3aTO nOBbIlliaeTCH B03MO:tKHOCTb ee aHa-
.JIH3a II pa3BHTHSI.
103
B. MapCeH H Y. lIlTYK OTMetIaIOT, tITO B HarneR CTaTbe cOI.JJraJIbHaSl
rpynna pacc¥aTpHBaeTCSI KaK CJIHIliKOM 06llI.ee nOHSITHe, oe3 ,aaJIbHeiuneM
,aHcpcpepeHIl,HaIIJiH. MbI COrJIaCHbI C 3THM 3aMeqaHHeM, HO XOTeJIH ObI TOJlb-
KO nOAqepKHYTb, qTO 3a,aaqeH HallieH CTaTbH ObIJIa OI(eHKa JIHllib HaHDO-
JIee- OOIUHX, MeTO OJIOrHqeCKHX acneKTOB nOHSITHSI «COIl,HaJIbHOH 3HeprHH»,
qTO He TpeOOBaJIO yrJIy6JIeHHSI B ,aeTaJIH.
3aCJIymllBaIOIUHM 60JIee no p06Horo docY:tK eHHH npe,aCTaBJISleTC
HaM 3aMeqaHHe 0 HeOOXO HMOCTH ,aHaJIeKTH1JeCKHX OTHOIIIeHHM MefK,llY no-
Tpe6HOCTbIO B CBH3H C ,llPyrHMH JIIO,llbMII H IIOTpe6HOCTbIO B He3aBHCHMOCTH,
caMo,aOCTaT01JHOCTH, BbI eJIeHHH ceOH 113 Cpe,llbI. Ha 3TOH CTopOHe Borrpo-
ca MbI He OCTaHaBJI'HBaJIHCb B CTaTbe, HOO He 3TO ObIJIO OCHOBHbIM npe,llMe-
TOM paCCMOTpeHM5I. O,aHaKO MbI nOJIaraeM, 1JTO Me:tK,llY HHTerpaI(HeH C M -
pOM H oCB060lK,lleHHeM OT CHM6HOTHQeCKHX OTHOIIIeHHH co 3HaQUMbIMH
,apyrHMH JIIO,llbMH HeT npOTHBOpeqHSI. DOJIee Toro, HMeHHO CTIOC06HOCTb K
YCTaHOBJIeHHIO MHOr03HaqHbIX .qYBCTBeHHbIX CBSl3en C MHpOM B caMbIX pa3-
Hooopa3HbIX rrpOSlBJIeHHSlX n03BOJISleT B KOHe1JHOM HTore npeOJJ.OJIeTb or-
paHHQeHHble CHMOHOTHIJeCKHe OTHOIlleHHH C KaKHM"JIH60 O,llHHM 1JeJIOBe-
KOM, OCB060,llHThCH OT qpe3MepHOH 9MOIl,HOHaJIbHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Hero.
OIII.YIll,eHHe eCTeCTBeHHOH H p a,llOCTHOH «BTIHCaHHOCTH» B MHp, .CTOJIb Tec-
HO CB5I3aHHOe C a,lleKBaTHbIM pa3BHTHeM 06pa3Horo MbIlllJIeHHH, ,llaeT 'Ie-
JIOBeKY MOIll,HYIO nO,ll,lI.ep)KI{Y BO Bcex ero )KH3HeHBbIX rrp05IBJIeHH5IX H 5IB-
JISleTCH HenpeMeHHbIM YCJIOBHeM CTaHOBJIeHHSI HH,llHBH,llyaJIhHOCTH H aMO-
,llOCTaTOQHOCTH. 3aBHceTb cpa3Y OT Bcero H OT Bcex ----- 3HaqHT He 3aBHceTb
/
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CBSl3b c KOHKpeT bIM JIHIl.OM OTpalliaeT HecTIoc06HOCTh K caMOCT05ITeJIbHO-
MY B33HMO,lLeHCTBHIO C MHpOM Ii OIUYllI.eHHe He3aI..UHI..UeHHOCTH rrepe HHM.
qeJIOBeK, YB peHHbIH B CBoeM CHJIe II npOQHOCTII eBoeM rr03HIl,HH (a TaKaH
YBepeHHOCTh HeMhICJIHMa oe3 rJIy60Koro omYIlI.eHHH rapMOHHqeCKOM CB5I3lf
C MHpOM), He HY:tK aeTC5I HH B KOM ):(0 TaKOM CTerreHH, QTOObI OTKa3aThCH
OT COOCTBeHHOH HH HBH,ayaJIbHOCTH. H MbI He HarrpaCHO TIO,llQepKHBaeM,
1JTO npH rrpaBHJIbHOM pa3BHTHH OTHOIIIeHHH B npOIl,ecce nCHXOTeparrHH 3M-
naTMQeCKOe B33HMO,lLeHCTBHe C BpaQOM 5IBJI5IeTCSI TOJIbKO nepBbIM IllarOM
Ha nYTH 'BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH MHOr03HaQHbIX CBSl3efi C MHpOM. P a3YMeeTCSI,
OHO HM B KoeM CJIyqae He ,llOJI)KHO ObITb nO MeHeHO CHM6HOTHQeCKOM 3aBH-
CHMOCTbIO. EI..Ue pa3 Hy:tKHO nO,llqepKHYTb OTJIlIqHe HallIeii n03HI(HH OT TO'q-
KH 3peHH5I Tex, KTO CqHTaeT OTHOllleHHH B npOIl,ecce nCHXOTepanHH <pOpMOH
perpecca K CHMOHOTHqeCKHM OTHOIIleHHSlM OOJIbHOrO (<<MJIa,aeHI.{a») C Te-
parreBTOM (<<pO,lI.HTeJleM»). llpH TaKOM perpecce nO,[(JIHHHbIH H ,llOJIrOBpe-
MeHHbIH ycrrex rrCHXOTeparrHH (B CMbICJIe BOCCT3HOBJIeHHSI co6CTBeHHbIX
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" '
)KeHHSI ycrrexa rrCHXOTepaneBT ,llOJI:tKeH BblrrOJIH5ITh B KaKOH-TO CTerreHH TY
)Ke cpYHKUHIO, QTO H MaTb H3 BTOpOM rOAY :tKH3HH peoeHKa. MaTh .llOJl)K-
Ha BBO,lJ.HTh pe6eHKa B MHp 3MnaTHqeCKHX H B TO lKe BpeMH MHOr03Haq-
HbIX 3MOIl,HOHaJIbHbIX OTHorneHHH He JIH Toro, qT06bI H3KpenKO npHBSI-
3aTb pe6eHKa K ceoe, a ,[(JlSI Toro, qTOObI IIOMOQb peoeHKY B OBJIa)I.eHHH
MHpOM, rro.rr.,aep:tKaTh ero, rrOBblCHTh ero YBepeHHocTb B ce6e, B KOHeqHOM
HTore - IIOMOqb eMY oTopB'aTbcSI OT nOJIHoit 3aBHCHM.oCTlI OT caMoH MaTe-
pH. TOtIHO TaK:tKe H nCHxOTepaneBT ,lJ.OJI)KeH CTaBHTb nepe,lJ. co6oii 3a,aaqy
B03BpaIII.eHHSI CYO'beKTY MHpa BO BceR 'ero MHOroI.{BeTHocTH. KOHeqHO, ca-
MO no ce6e pa3BHTHe 00pa3Horo MbIIlIJIeHH5I, cnoco6HoCTH K BOCnpH5ITHIO
n.eJIOCTHOCTH H MHOr03HaqHOCTH MHpa H coocTBeHHbIx C HHM oTHorneHHH
em.e He rap 3HTHpyeT p a3BHTMSI HH,llHBH,ayaJIbHOCTH, a 5IBJI5IeTCSI JI Hilib OOSl-
3aTeJIbHOH npe,llrrOCbIJlKOH K TaKOMY. pa3BHTHlO. QTo6bI OHa peaJIH30Ba-
JIaCb, He06xo HMO HarrpaBJIeHHOe BocrrHTaHMe.
104
CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLE OF G. AMMON'S "SOCIAL ENERGY"
(SOME CaMP AR ISONS OF METHODOLOGICAL CA TEGOR IES AND
THEIR ANAL YSIS)
F. V. BASSIN, V. S. ROTENBERG, 1. N. Sl\1IRNOV
Institute of Neurology of the IJSSR Academy of Medical Sciences
1st Moscow Medical Institute
Institute of Philosophy of the ITSSR Academy of Sciences
SUMMARY
Gunther Ammon's conception of the essence and functional purpose of
",social energy" is juxtaposed with Freud's well-known views on th psychic
energy. The principal difference an advantage of Amrnon'5 conception lies
in its emphasis on the special significance of the individual's social relations
in the formation of his energetic potential. Account is also taken not only
of verbal, formal logical contacts but non-verbal, emotionally charged forms
of communication are regarded as still more important. 'Such an approach
permits\ to relate the concepts of" social energy" to contemporary data
on the functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres. It is stressed that
those interactions between persons that are considered by Ammon as deci-
sive in the development of human personality can be best described in terms
of the org nization of an ambiguous context associated with the function of
the right hemisphere. The basic task of psychotherapyt regardless of the par-
ticular school within which it is carried out, is to restore the individual's
capaci ty for the formation of an ambiguous context as well as the reestab-
Iismhent-wi th psychotherapis t's ai d-of significant relations wi th the world.
This provides for the normal functioning of the mechanisms of psychologi-
cal defence. The rupture of these leads to various neurotic and psychoso-
'- matic disturbances. A reintetpretation of some of the fundamental proposi-
tions of psychoanalysis is proposed, in particular it is suggested that the
psychoanalytic' formula: "cure through insight" should be re-place'd by the
formula: "insight through cure".
JII1TEPATYPA
l. MAPKC 1(., 3HrEJIbC <1>., CotJ., T. I, 242.
2. BACCI1H <1>. B., BonpocbI nCHXOJIOrHH 1973, Ng 6, 13-24.
3. BblrOTCKI1B }I. C., nCHXOJIOrHH HCKyccTBa, M., 1929.
4. BblfOTCKI1I1:. 31. C., MbIUIJIeHHe H peqb, M., J933.
5. ,IJ.OCTOEBCKI1I1: <1>. M., TIHcbMa, T. 1., M.-JI., fOCH3,L{aT, 1930, 418.
6. HAJ1HMOB B. a., BepQ5ITHOCTHa5I MO,L{eJIb SI3bIKa'J ,[\1., 1959.
7. HOLT R., The Ego. Scient. Proceed. of the Amer. Acad. of.Psychoanalysis. 1967 5 11, I.
8. MARSEN B., Dynamische Psychiatrie /Dynamic Psychiatry, 1983, 78/59, 49-51.
9. ROTENBERG V. S., Dynamische Psychiatrie jDynamic Psychiatry, 1979, 59, 494-498.
10. STUCK U., Dynamische Psychiatri e /Dynamic Psychiatry: 1983, 58/59, 52-56.
11. SULLOW A Y F., Freud - Biologist of the Mind (beyond the psychaoanalytic legend).
Basic Books, N. Y., 1979.
10 5
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TepHaJIhH3H CHJIa, CBH3bIBalOrna5I Bpaqa C naUHeHTOM. HaqlfHaH C 1850 r. y
Bpeii,na, a 3aTeM y.JIbeo0 If BepHxeiiMa CJIOBO «MarHeTH3M» BbIXOAHT li3 yno-
pe6JIeHH5I H 3aMeH5IeTCH CJIOBOM «rHrrH03», a BMeCTO «MarHeTHqeCKOrO CPJlIOH-
.,l(a» OHM HaqMHalOT rOBopHTh Y)Ke 0 «BHYllIeHHH» (suggestion). TepMHH «BHY-
weHRe» 6bIJI BeCbMa nonYJIHpeH BrrJIOTb ,n;o HaqaJIa X IX BeKa. B ,n;aJIbHeHIIIeM
OH ynoTpe6JI JIc5I C OOJIblliHMH OrpaHHqeHHHMH (3a HCKJIroqeHHeM 06JIaCTH
rHllHoTepanHH H .9KCrrepHMeHTaJIbHOii nCHXOJlOrHH). OapJIo<pcp [24] ,l{a}J{e He
Ha3bIBaeT ero CpeL{Jf ,l{PyrHx He heu.HcpHqeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB, KOTopbIe nrpalOT
TeparreBTHqeCKYIO pOJIb B pa3JIHQHbIX BH,l{aX nCHXOTeparrHH.
MO)KHO TOJIbKO Y HBJIHTbCSI TOMY, qTO .9TO CJIOBO HH pa3Y He BCrpeqa-
eTCH B cneUHaJIbHO rrOCBHIUeHHOH rrp06JIeMe rrJIaue60 CTaTbe [25]. A Be,ab
XOpOlliO H3BeCTHO, qTO IIJlane60 - .9TO rrpe)K,ae Bcero BHYllIeHHe. «nJIaue-
60 - 3TO nCHxoTepanHH», - I1HIlleT <PpaHK .[ 10, 291], XOTH K nOH5ITHlO
.BHyrneHH5I OH Me o6pamaeTCSI.
MapMOp Ha3bIBaeT BHymeHHe O,l{HHM li3 JIeqe6HbIX cpaKTopOB, HO CBH3bI-
rBaeT ero C y6e:tK,l{eHHeM (persuasion) If He CqHTaeT ero pOJIb OCHOBHOH [21].
B STOM I1JIaHe OR corJIarnaeTC5I C Tel\f orrpeJI.eJIef.IHeM y6e)K)(eHHH, KOTopoe ,na-
eT' <1>paH B Y)Ke lI.HTHpOBaBIlleHCH pa60Te [9 ]. mOT TepMHH HMeeT CBOlO HC-
TOp1IlO B rrcHxoTeparrHH.. Era HCrrOJIb30BaJI eme ,lJ,I06ya [7] (yqeHMK BepH-
xeHMa, BoccTaBIIIHM npoTHB CBoero YQHTeJI5I); CQHTa5I BHYIIIeHHe 6e3HpaBcT-
.BeHHbIM H CTpeM5ICb 3aMeHHTh ero y6e)K,n;eHHeM, T. e. paUHOHaJIh'HOii rrpoue-
,,nypoii, rrpe,n;rroJIaraIOmeii yqaCTHe BOJIH H C03HaHH5I rraUMeHTa. Y cDpaHKa,
.O,ltHaKO, CJIOBO «y6e)K,n;eHHe» HMeeT HeCKOJIKO HHOH CMbICJI. KaK H MHorHe
.,npyrHe CJIOBa <ppaHnY3cKoro 5I3bIKa, rrepeH,n;5I B aHrJIHHCKHH 5I3bIK, OHO rro -
'BeprJIOCh onpe,neJIeHHoMY rrepeocMbICJIeHHIO. ECJIH no-cppaHUY3cKH 3TO CJlOBO
.{)003HaqaeT HeKYIO HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHYIO rrpou.e.1(YPY, TO aHrJIHHCKOe CJIOBO per-
suasion 0603HaQaeT HeKYIO «CMeCb» acpcpeKTHBHbIX H paUHOHaJIbHbIX 3JIeMeH-
fl'OB. I1MeHHo TaKOB 06JIHK CJIOBa «y6e)K eHHe» B TpaKToBKe <ppaHKa. OHO ox-
'BaThIBaeT, Hap 5I,ny c ,n;p yrHMH cpaKTOp aMH, H BHYIlIeHHe, rrp HqeM pOJIb ero
:pa3JIHqHbIX COCTaBJI5IlOmHX OCTaeTCH ,L(OBOJIbHO Heonpe,neJIeHHOH. C TaKHM
.MHOrOJlHKHM nOH5ITHeM TPY,L(HO pa60TaTb.
ilpOJ{OJIlKaSl H3yqaTb H3MeHeHHH, HacTyrralOIII.He B rrpou:ecce nCHXOTe-
'parreBTIP-IeCKOrO B03,neHCTBHH, <PpaHK <POPMYJIHpyeT HTorH H BbIBO,l1.bI B
CTaTbe «TeparreBTHqeCKHe cpaKTopbI, 06IILHe ,nJI5I Bcex BH,l{OB nCHXOTepa-
nHH» .[9]. ABTOp CTOMT Ha TOqKe 3peHH5I, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH B pa3JIHqHbIX
BH,l(ax TICHXOTeparrHII cYIII.ecTBYIOT o6IlI,lIe u:eJIHTeJIbHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI. OHH
B03 eHcTBYIOT Ha TO, qTO <PpaHK Ha.3bIBaeT e MOp a JI H 3 a II. H e H, - cpe-
HOMeH, 06HapYlKHBaeMbIH y Bcex 6e3 MCKJIIOt.J.eHHH rraII.HeHTOB, KaKOBbI 6bI
HII 6bIJIH CHMrrTOMbI HX 3a60JIeBaHHH. C ,aeMOpaJIH3aII.HeH OH peKOMeH).J.Y-
eT 60pOTbC5I, rrpe,aJIaraH rraII.HeHTY «rrOMOIlI,b qeJIOBeKa, KOTOpbIH AaeT eMY
06IlI,YIO rro,n,l1.ep)KKY H O,lI.06peHHe» ,[9, 33].
TaKa5I rrOMOIII.b M02KeT rrpHHHMaTb pa3JIHQHble cpOpMbI - OT HCrrOBe,lI.-
HHqeCTBa .no TpeHHpoBKH caMoKOHTpOJI5I. ,I:LeHcTBeHHocTb .9THX npoII.e yp,
,no6aBJI5IeT aBTop, 3aBHCHT OT xopomero KOHTaKTa Me)K,ay rraUHeHTOM H
BpaQOM. Ho qTO B KOHeqHOM CqeTe KpoeTcH 3a .9THM «XOpOIIIHM KOHTaK-
TOM», KaK He BHymeHHe (KOCBeHHoe, KaK MbI YBH,aHM aJ1ee)?
TepMHH «BHYilleHHe» rropO,lI.HJI CTOJIbKO rrYTaHHII.bI H rrpe,ny6e)K,l(eHHH,
tITO cero,aHH rrpOCTO He06xo,l1.HMO aTb eMY 60JIee qeTKOe orrpe,lI.eJIeHHe. flo-
HaqaJIY ero HCrrOJIb30BaJIH B nCHXOTeparrHH ,aJI5I 0603HaqeHH5I rrpe,lI.HaMepeH-
Boro BnH5IHRH Bpaqa Ha rraUHeHTa. 3TO BJIHHHHe BO MHorOM 3aBHCHT OT
107
J( 0 B e p H 51 IIanHeHTa K Bpaqy. Y)Ke O,aHO TOJIbKO ,nOBepHe HrpaeT Tepa-
neBTHtJeCKYIO pOJlb. cI>pei1 HarrOMHHaeT, tJTO B ,npeBHOCTH CqHTaJIOCb He-
06XO,LlHMbIM, tJT06bI nepe,a' nOceIII.eHHeM JleKapH 60JlbHOH np'e6bIBaJI B CO-
CTOHHHH «O)KH,aaHHSI C BepoIO». <1>pei1,n 06'bHCHHeT .9TO CJleJI.YIOIII.HM 06pa-
30M: «XOTHM MbI Toro IIJIH HeT, HO Ha ycneillHoCTb JIetJeHHH, npOBo,nHMoro
BpatJOM, BJIHHeT HeKHH cpaKTOp, 3aBHCHIIJ:HH OT nCHXHtJeCKOH npe.ApacnOJIO-
)KeHHOCTH naII.IIeHTa» r 11, 258].
B03,aeHcTBHe no 06Horo THna TO)Ke Ha3bIBalOT BHYllIeHHeM, ,n06aB-
JIRH 'I'aKHe onpe,aeJIeHHSI, KaK K C B e H Hoe, Hen p e,a HaM e p e H Hoe
(TaK liTO B03HHKaeT ,na)Ke HeKoe npOTHBopellHe, nOCKOJIbKY CJIOBO
suggerer 3THMOJIOrHlIeCKH BOCXO HT K sub-gerer Ii, CJleJI. BaTeJIbHO, npe,n:no-
JIaraeT BOJIeBOe eH TBHe). B03HHKaeT nOTpe6HOCTh B HOBOM TepMHHe, Ii MhI'
eI.IJ:e BepHeMC5I K 3TOMY Bonpocy.
Pa3pa6aTbIBa5I CBOIO KOHII.errII)11O H CTpeM5ICb C,lI.eJIaTb ee HayqHoft,
CPpeM,a nonbITaJICH H36e)KaTb BH)[rneHHH B 06eHX ero cpopMax: KaK np5IMO-
fO, TaK H KOCBeHHoro. OH no.naraJI, liTO, OTKa3aBIIIMCb OT rHTIH03a, OH TeM
caMbI 1 M36aBHTC5I M OT npHMoro BHYllIeHH5I. 4TO 2Ke KacaeTCH BHYIlleHHH
· KOCBeHHoro, TO H36e)KaTb ero 6bIJIO ropa3 o TpY.AHee, nOCKOJIbKY, KaK
npH3HaBaJI caM <DpeH)l., «ero HeB03M02KHO ,n03HpOBaTb IIJIH XOTH 6bI KOH-
TpOJIHpOBaTb CHJIY ero B03,n:eHCTBHSI» r 11, 259]. cI:>peH CTOJIKHYJICH, TaKHM
o6pa30rvl, C Ba)KHeMrneH np06JIeMoii: KaK MOR<HO OBJIa,aeTb 3THM HeHCRO-
peHHMbIM, HO HeYJIOBHMbIM cpeHoMeHoM, HaYlIHO ero HCnOJIb30BaTb? OT-
BeT <I>peH,n:a TaKOB: OCBeHHoe BHyrneHHe nOCTeneHHO paCTBopHeTCH B XO-
,ae aHaJIH3a II HCTOJIKOBaHHH TpaHccpepa. iloJI.o6HOe pellIeHHe OTBetJaJIO ero'
paUHOHaJIHCTHlJeCKOM YCTaHoBKe, II60 acpcpeKTHBHoe OKa3bIBaJIOCb TIO.lI.-
lIHHeHHbIM n03HaBaTeJIbHoMY. O,aHaKo HbIHe TaKoH OTBeT BbI3bIBaeT
BOJpa)f(eHHe: .AOCTaTOqHO CKa3aTb, liTO TpaHccpep He BCerJI.a paCTBOp5IeTCH
B KOHue JIetJeHHH II ,liTO Me:>K,lI.Y aHaJIHTHKOM H naII.HeHTOM tJaCTO coxpaHSI-
eTCH aq)(peKTHBHaH CBH3b. A 3TO 3aCTaBJI5IeT npe,nnOJIO:tKHTb, qTO qYBCTBa,
KOTopble naII.HeHT HCIIbITbIBaeT no OTHOllIeHHIO K BpatJy B npOII.eCce aHaJIH-
3a, He Bcer,aa CBH3aHbI no CYTII eBOeM: C TpaHccpepOM. OHH He Bcer,lLa npn-
HHMaIOT CPOPMY nOBTopa, He BcerJ(a BI1HCbIBaIOTC5I B HCTOpHIO naII.HeHTa,
nO,l(qac OHH OKa3bIBaIOTCSI «npHBH3aHHOCTbIO», aHaJIOfHtJHOM: TOM, KOTO-
paH B03HHKaeT Ha ,lLOpelleBOM: CTa,lLHH. Ha IIYBCTBO «npHBH3aHHoCTR» 06pa-
THJIH BHHMaHHe B CBOHX pa60Tax DOYJI6H [31 II YQeHble-3TOJIOrH, 0 tJeM MbI
rOBopn.nH B .nPyroM MeCTe r6]. OtJeBH,lI.HO, TaKHM 06pa30M, 4TO nOHHTHH
T p a H C <p e p II B H Y rn e H H e He nepeKpbIBalOT ,aPyr .ILPyra rrOJIHOCTbIO.
BHYIIleHJIe 5IBJIHeTC5I. YCJ{OBMeM TpaHccpepa: 6e3 Hero TpaHccpep He B03HH-
KaeT. O,lI.HaKO BHyrneHHe He BXO,aHT lI,eJIMKOM H IIOJIHOCTblO B TpaHc<pep, B
HeM OCTaeTCq HetJTO TaKoe, liTO YCKOJIb3aeT OT aHaJlH3a.
EOOlTJ:ee Toro, KOrJI.a TpaHccpep .lleHCTBHTeJlbHO IIMeeT MeCTO, ero HCTOJI-
KOBaHHe He Bcer,lla 060CHOBaHO. OHO ,aOJl2KHO onHpaTbCH Ha HCTOpHlO na-
UHeHTa, o,aHaKO, KaK rrOKaSaJlH BH,lI.epMaH \[33], PycTaH [27] H CneHc
[31 J, COMHeHHH B03HHKalOT CBH3H "c caMoi1 B03MO)KHOCTblO HCTHHHOH:
peKoHcTpYKlI,HH 3TOH HCTOpHH. PycTaH rOBopHT ,aa)Ke, qTO aHaJIHTHK caM
BbIJI.Yl\1bIBaeT Te 3JIeMeHTbI,' KOTOpbIX He xnaTaeT B MCTOpHH rraII.HeHTa, Ha-
B5i3bIBaeT HX eMY [27, 54]. A B 3TOM CJIYlIae BHYllIeHHe - OTIHTb-TaKH B
npHMoii, BOJIeBOH cpopMe - BHOBb IIOHBJIHeTCSI B aHaJIlI3e.
r nH03 KaK napa,l(HfMa
BJlli H"SI nCHX,OTepaneBTHQeCKOfO OTHOllIeHHSI
I !eo6xo,JHMO OTMeTH1;b, liTO IIOCJIe BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHbI B Tpy,aax
MHOfHX nCHXOaHaJIHTHKOB (CM., HarrpHMep, [3]), HCCJIe,l{OBaBI1IHX OTHOllIe-
HHe Me/K,.1y BpatJoM H rraII.HeHTOM, BbIHBJIeHbI acpcpeKTHB'Hbre CBH3H, aHaJIO-
rHIIHble TeM, KOTopbIe cYIIJ:ecTBYIOT Ha paHHMx CTa,n:HHX B O;THorneHHHX Ma-
108
TepH H Mna eH a. Co CBoeM CTOpOHbI, KbI06H \[ 17] IIO lJepKHBan MOMeHT
CHMOIiOTHqeCKOM CJIIiTHOCTH B. rHIIH03e. Ho pa3Be 3TOT MOMeHT He co ep-
)KHTCR B TOM, qTO MbI O CHX IIOp 3a HeHMeHHeM JIyqIlIerO TepMHHa, Ha3bI-
BaJIH KOCBeHHbIM BHYIlleHHeM?
3HalJHMOCTb 3THX CHM6HOTHqeCKHX CBH3eH 3aCTaBJIHeT 06paTHTb BHH-
MaRHe Ha eJIHTeJIbHYIO pOJIb 3MnaTHH. ,L:LaHHbIM TepMHHOM 0603HaQaeTCH
a4><peKTHBHaH CBH3b BO BceH ee CHJle H rJIy6HHe. HYiKHO, o,aHaKo,. IIPH-
3HaTb, lJTO 06 3TOM cpYH,aaMeHTaJlbHOM OTHOIlIeHHH, K KOTOPOMY IIPHXO,lJ.HT-
CST Bce qame H lJaIUe 06paIUaTbcH, MbI IIOqTH HHqerO He 3HaeM, HeCMOTpH
H3 nOCB5IIUeHHYIO eMY 06IllHPHYIO JIHTepaTYPY. MaHHOHH, rOBOpH.T a e,
QTO IlOHHTHe 3MnaTHH -- HHqerO He 06'bHCHHIOIUa5I ,0TroBopKa [20]. OHO
CBH33HO C a<p<peKTOM, OTHOCHTeJlbHO KOToporo <DpefI,a rOBOpHJI B 1920 r.:
«3TO H3HMeHee HCHaH II HaHMeHee ocTyrrHaH 06JIaCTb IICHXHIJeCKOM JKH3-
HM» [12, 44]. B caoeM He,lI.aBHO BbIIIle,lI.IlleM KHHre P. lllacpcpep [27] y,ae-
JlIIJI MHoro MeCTa npOIl,eccy 3MnaTHH. CJIOBOM «BHYIlleHHe» OH He rrOJIb3Y-
eTCH. O,aHaKO KaK MOJKHO rOBopHTb 06 3MrraTHH, He paCCMaTpHBaH acpcpeK-
THBHYIO CBH3b, KOTopaH JleJKHT B ee OCROBe? XOT5I llIacp<fJep KpHTHKyeT
HaTypaJIH3M <DpeH a, ero OTHOIlleHHe K 3MrraTHH BocnpOH3BO,lJJIT OTHOIlle-
HHe <I>peH,l(a K BHYIlleHHIO: llIacpcpep nOJIaraeT, qTO 3MnaTHeH MOJKHO yn-
paBJI5ITb nocpe,aCTBOM HCTO.(TIKOBaHHH. 3,lJ.eCb MbI CTaJIKHBaeMCH C Bonpo-
COM 0 TOM, KaKOBa- COOTBeTCTBeHHO ,aOJIH 'KorHHTHBHoro H acpcpeKTHBHoro
B IIpo ecce. rrCHXOTeparreBTHqeCKOrO B03,lJ.eHCTBHH. ¥IMeHHO .9TOT Bonpoc
YJKe B03HHKaJI no rroBop.y KaTapTHqeCKOrO MeTo,aa: tITO JKe Bce-TaKH BbI-
3NBaeT HClJe3HOBeHHe CHMIITOMa -- OC03HaHHe HJIH OTpearHpOBaHHe? KaK
H3BeCTHo, pOJIb HCTOJIKOBaHHH -- BOIIpOC CIIOpHbIH. HeKOTopbIe CqHTalOT
ee COBceM He3HaqHTeJIbHOH. 3,lI.eCb MhI HMeeM B BH,l(Y IIpeJK,ne Bcero Py-
CTaHa, ,lXJIH KOToporo «,lLJIHTeJIbHbIH aHaJIH3 eCTb IIOCTeneHHoe, HHTb 3a
HHTbIO, llJIeTeHHe HeKoeii CHM6HOTHqeCKOH TKaHH, B KOTOpOH 6eCC03Ha-
TeJIbHble 3JIeMeHTbI Bce 60JIbIlle H 60JIbIlIe (XOTH H 6e3MOJIBHO) co06ma-
IOTCH ,apyr C .n:pyroM no,a IIOKpOBOM 5I3bIKOBOrO aHaJIH3a [27, 97].
[{eJIHTeJ1bHbIH 3JIeMeHT, HeCOMHeHHO, CJIe,l(yeT HCKaTb B a<t><t>eKTHBHoM
OTHOIlleHIIH. HeHcHo, o,aHaKO, KaK, c06cTBeHHo, npOHCXO,lJ.HT H3JIeqeHHe; BO
BCSIKOM . cJlyqae, Ha6JIIO,aaTb 3TOT npo ecc Tpy,aHO. I1TaK, cYII.I.eCTByeT Ta-
KOM BocrrpoH3Bo,aHMbIM B 3KcnepHMeHTe cpeHoMeH, KOTOphIH CBH eTeJIbCT-
ByeT 0 rJly6HHHbIX nCHx0<pH3HOJIOrHqeCKHX H3MeHeHHHX: .9TO fHnHOTHqe-
CKoe BHyweHHe, ,l1aIOIlI.ee HHor,aa BeCbMa BneqaTJISlIOIII.He pe3YJIbTaTbI, Ta-
KHe, KaK aHecTe3HH, n03BOJl5IIOIII.aH npOBO,lJ.HTb xRpyprH1JeCKHe oIIepa HH-,
1303HHKHOBeHHe BHyrneHHoro OJKora II T. . [5]. MbI CqHTaeM, qTO 3TOT <t>e-
HOMeH - napa,nHrMa Toro BJIHHHHSI, KOTopoe OKa3bIBaeT MeJKJIHttHoCTHoe
OTHOIlleHHe.
He CJIYlJaiiHO <ppeii,l( npH,lI.aBaJI rHnH03Y rrepBocTeneHHYlO BaJKHOCTb B
.pa3pa60TKe cBoeH KOH eI1 HH: «nepeo eHHTb 3HaqeHHe fHTIHOTH3Ma B pa3-
'BHTHH nCHXOaHaJIH3a HeB03MOJKHO» [14, 407]. XOTH B KaKoA-To MOMeHT
<f>peii,l( no pa3HbIM npHqHHaM OTKa3aJICH OT rHnH03a B CBoeM IIpaKTHKe,
3TO He MemaJIO eMY HHTepeCOBaTbCH rHIIH030M C TeOpeTHqeCKOH TOtIKH
3peHHH. B 1921 r. B pa60Te «TIcHXOJlOrHH TOJInbI H aHaJIH3 «51»» rHnH03
Bce eIII.e 3aHflMaeT Be,aYIII.ee MeCTO. Bo BC5IKOM cJIyqae, BepHo, tJTO cI>peii,a,
no ero c06cTBeHHoMY rtpH3HaHHIO, TaK H He CMor pellIHTb 3ara,n:KY fHIl-
lH03a.
nOCJIe KOHqHHbI <Ppeii,aa ero YlJeHHKH Y:>Ke He rrpOHBJIHJIH TaKoro HH-
Tepeca K' ,l(aHHOH np06JIeMe. Cpe,n:H OpTO,lJ.OKCaJIbHbIX rrCHXOaH3JIHTHKOB
HCCJIe,n:oBaTeJIeH rHIIH03a MOJKHO nepeqeCTb IIO IIaJIb aM (CM., HaIIpHMep,
[17] ). Ho H HX pa60ThI B ,aaHHoH 06JIacTH YJKe IIpHHa JIeJKaT HCTOpHH,
°H60 B TeqeHHe IIOCJIe,LlHHX ,l(Ba)J. aTH JIeT rHI1H03 npaKTHqeCKH HCQe3 C nCH-
XOaHaJIHrHqeCKOH c eH@. HCTOpHKH H TeopeTHKH nCHXOaHaJIH3a ClJHTaIOT,
''ITO YJKe'" caMO B03HHKHOBeHHe nCHXOaHaJIH3a yrrpa3,aH5IeT pOJIb rHIIH03a.
()AHaKO 3rrHCTeMQJ10rHqeCKH 3TO cepbe3Hoe 3a6JIYJK eHHe. OTKpbITHH
109
<PpefI,na, HeCOMHeHHO, 6bIJIH qpe3BblqaHHO Ba)KHbIM MOMeHTOM B HCTOpHH'
rHIIH03a, HO HMH IIpo6JIeMa rHTIH03a He HCqeprrbIBaeTC5I. TIepe,lI. HaMH ,OT-
KpbIBaeTC5I orpOMHoe rrOJIe HCCJIe,aOBaHH. 50JIbllIHHCTBO ./Ke IICHXOaHaJIHTH-
KOB 3aKpWBaeT rJIa3a Ha 9TY peaJIbHOCTb. OAHaKO, KaK He,aaBHO 3aHBHn
[HJIJI, nCHXOaHaJIHTHK Bcer,aa ,lI.OJI./KeH BCTpeqaTb npo6J1eMY JlH[(OM K JIH-
ny, a Be ,lI.ep./KaTb ee rro,a crrY,ll.OM, KaK 3TO rropa3HTeJlbHbIM 06pa30M ,neJIa-
eTCH c np06JIeMOH BHYIIIeHHH.
3KcnepHMeHTa bHYe Hcc eAOBaHHB
OTBeprHYTblfI rrCHXOaH8JIHTHKaMH, rIInH03 CTaJI 06J1aCTbIO HCCJIe,nOBa-
HHH B 9KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHOH IICHXOJIOrHH. OrpOMHoe KOJIHqeCTBO ny6JIHKa-
II.HH CBH,aeTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, KaK MHoro ,aeJIaeTCH B 3TOM 06JIaCTH (OCO-
GeHHO B JIa60paTopHHX OpHa, 5ap6epa, XHJIrapJI.a). O,aHaKO 3TO MaJID qT()-
npH6aBJI5IeT K HaIIlHM 3HaHHSIM 0 rHIIH03e. KaK rrpH3HaeT BaHIl.eHxocpcpep,
O,aHH H3 aBTopOB CTaH<pop,lI.CKHX IIlKaJI rHITHa6eJIbHOCTH, «K 1900 rOJ(Y, a
no CYTII H ellI.e paHbIlle, Bce OCHOBHble ,lI.aHHble 0 rHITH03e Y)Ke 6bIJIH no-
JIyqeHbI. HHtIerO HOBoro C Tex ITOp He IIpH6aBHJIOCb, II 60JIbllIaH qaCTb HC-
CJIe,nOBaHHH, rrpOBe,lI.eHHbIX IIOCJIe 1900 r. (H B oco6eHHocTH nOCJIe 1920 r.)'t'
xapaKTepH3yeTC5I cKopee IIepeoTKpbIBaHHeM Y)Ke H3BeCTHoro, HelKeJIH coo.
CTBeHHO OTKpbITHHMH» [34].
KaK 06'bSICHHTb, nOqeMY CTOJIb MHorHe HCCJle,lI.OBaHHSI, HecMoTpH Ha
npMMeHeHHe MOlI1.Horo HayqHOrO arrnapaTa, He npHBeJlH K HOBbIM Teope-
THQeCKHM OTKpbITH5IM? TIpHQHHa 3Toro, fno HailleMY MHeHHIO, B TOM, tITO
6HxeBHopHCTCKH opHeHTHpOBaHHble HCCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIH CTpeMHJIHCb npe ,ne
Bcero KBaHTHcpHILHpOBaTb SIBJIeHH5I, Tor)J.a KaK TO, qTO B HHX HaH60JIee
Ba./KHO, CBH3aHO C cy6'beKTOM, C OTHOIlleHHeM Bpaq-naII.HeHT H He no,aAa-
eTCH HCIIHCJIeHHIO. HHKaK He MOrJIH OKa3aTbCH 60JIee IlJlO,aOTBOpHbIMH HC-
CJIe,lI.OBaHHH, IIpOBo,aHMble B n03HTHBHCTCKOH TpaAHIJ.HH, B HalliH ,n:HH Y)Ke
YCTapeBIlleH. HeKOTopble MCCJIe,aOBaTeJIH -[23] cTpeMHTcH COHTH C ITpOTOrr-
TaHHblX TpOil H BKJIIOtIHTb B rrOJIe HCCJle,aOBaHHH TaK)Ke nepelliIIBaHHH
cy6'beKTa.
PH,n 9KcrrepHMeHTaTopOB ,[301 y*e HaqaJI BBOAHTb 3TH cy6'beKTHBHbIe
IIepeLKHBaHHH B CBOH Ha6JIIO,aeHHH. TeM }Ke nYTeM H,aeM II MbI B HallieH
JIa60paTopHH. QTo6bI 06HapY)KHTb Cy6'b KTHBHblii onbIT rHrrHOTHtIeCKOrO
Ilepe:IKHBaHHH, MbI rrpHHHMaeM BO BHHMaHHe He TOJIbKO «BepTHKaJlbHoe»
H3MepeHIIe rHIlH03a (HHaQe rOBopH, He TOJIbKO ero «rJIy6HHY»), HO TaKLKe
11 «ropH30HTaJIbHoe» H3MepeHHe. B CBoeH ,lI.HCCepTa HH HaIlleMY COTPY,a-
HHKY MHIIIO ,[22] y,naJIOCb OIlHcaTb qeTblpe <.jJOpMbI rHIlH03a, HaRTH )l.JIH
Ka:IK.rr.OH H3 HHX CBOll rrcHxOAHHaMHtIeCKHH KOppeJlHT. JII06onbITHO qTO ero
AaHHbIe COrJlaCYIOTCH C KJIHHHqeCKHMH Ha6JIlOAeHHHMH, rrpOBO,lLMBllIHMHCSI
B TetIeHHe Bcero XIX BeKa (HX rJIalliaTaeM 6bIJI IllapKo).
OTMeTHM, HaKOHeIl" lITO B MocKBe PO:>KHOB H BYPHO [26] OIIHCaJIH
pa3JIHlIHble cpOpMbI TpaHca II ClleII.HcpHKY HX cy6'beKTHBHoro Ilepe)KMBaHH ,
cooTBeTcTBYIOIII.YlO pa3JIHtIHbIM nCHXHlIeCKHM CTpYKTypaM. OHH cnpaBe)l-
JIHBO B03palKalOT npoTHB TIOHHTHH rJIy6HHbI rHTIH03a. MorYT JIM paCIlOJIa-
raTbC5I Ha OJI.HOM KOHTHHYYMe MrHOBeHHO BbI3BaHHoe COMHaM6YJIHQeCKOe
COCTOHHHe H JIerKHH TpaHC?
H oco4>cKHe HCKaHHB
MbI XOTeJIH 6bI Tenepb OCTaBHTb TBep,aylO IIOQBY 3KcrrepHMeHTaJlbHhIX
HCCJIeJI.OBaHHH H nepeHeCTHCb qYTb JIH He K aHTHIIOJI.aM, a HMeHHO, B 06..
JIaCTb CPHJlOC0<pHH. Bo <1>paH HH CYlI1.eCTByeT II.eJIoe TeqeHHe, KOTopoe OTIH-
paeTCH Ha rHIIHocyrrecTHlO B nOHCKax no,a,lLep:IKKH H 06ocHoBaHHH CBOHX
c06cTBeHHblx cpHJIOCOCPCKHX H,lI.eH. E e B XIX BeKe B repMaHHH BeJlHKHe.
110
<pHJIOCO<pbI - rereJIb, <PHXTe, IIleJIJIHHr, IIlorreHrayep - rrpOSIBJISIJIH LKH-
BOM HHTepeC K «2KHBOTHOMY MarHeTH3MY», KaK B Te BpeMeHa Ha3bIBaJIM
rHrrH03. Bp5l)1. JIH M02KHO YJ(HBJISITbCSI STOMY, rrOCKOJIbKY cpeHOMeH rHrrHO-
cyrrecTHH HenOCpeJ(CTBeHHO 3aTparHBaeT H Me2KJlHQHOCTHOe BJIHSIHHe, If
BHYTpHJIHlIHOCTHOe OTHOllIeHHe MeLK,llY TeJlOM H ,nYIIlOM. HanpaBJleHHe, 0
KOTOpOM MbI rOBOpHM, rrpe,llCTaBJIeHO rrpeLKJ(e BCero Y2Ke yrroMHHaBIIIHMH-
CSI nCHXOaHaJIHTHKaMH MaHHOHH H PYCTaHOM (B npOIIIJlOM - YIIeHHKa-
MH JIaKaHa), a TaK:>Ke rpYl1110M cpHJIOCOcpOB H3 CTpacoyprcKoro YHHBep-
CHTeTa (M. Bopx-5IKooceH, )1(.' JI. HaHcH, 3. MHIIlO \[3 J). OHM KPHTHKY-
lOT <pHJIOCOcpHlO CYO'beKTa H CTpeMHTCSI YHHIIT02KHTb caMO pa3rpaHHQeHHe
MeJK,llY «51» If «,aPyrHM». Y HCTOKOB SToro TeQeHHSI MbI HaXO,llHM TaKHX
f\1bICJIHTeJIeii, KaK Byoep, JIeBHHa, ,Z:LeppH,na (YlIHTeJIb Eopx-5IK06ceHa) t
Hpap. .
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,naTHYIO nOtIBY ,l(JIH cpHJIOco<pCKoro aHaJIH3a, nOCKOJIbKY OH ,l(aeT B03MOLK-
1l0CTb Y,l(HBHTeJlbHbIM oopa30M HaOJIIO,aaTb B03,l(eMCrBHe BHyrneHHH, KOTO-
poe OCTaBaJIOCb ,aJIH <PpeH,lI.a 3ara,nKoi1 1 . 3Ta 3ara,aKa BHOBb B03HHKaeT if
B nCHXOaHaJIH3e, XOTH OH HCKJII01JaeT rHIIH03 H3 CBoeH l1paKTHKH. EIII.e B
1917 r. <1>peR,l( 3aMeTHJI: «...MbI OTKa3aJIMCb B HarneR MeTO.llHKe OT rHTIHO-
3a TOJlbKO ,aJI5I TOfO, IITOObI BHOBb OOHapYLKHTb BHYlIleHMe B cpopMe TpaHc-
<pepa» [13, 478]. nepBoH B 1950 r. OOpaTHJIa BHHMaHHe Ha 3TO BbICKa3bI-
BaHHe H,na MaKaJIIIHH [181 Bee, OCTaBllIeRC5I Tor,na He 3aMeqeHHOH, CTa-
Tbe. HeJ(aBHO I30px-5IKooceH IIO,l( BrrelIaTJIeHHeM Toro 2Ke BbICKa3bIBaHHSI
<PpeHJ(a nOCBSITHJI eMY B CBOIO OtIepe,l(b rrpOCTpaHHbIH: KOMMeHTapHH: B KHH-
re «<PpeH,aOBCKHM cy6'beKT»: «ECJIH TpaHccpep H BHyrneHHe - O.IT-HO H TO
:>Ke, TOf)J.a 3ara,llKa BHyrneHHSI HeH30eLKHO 6pocaeT TeHb H Ha TpaHccpep
H Ha, Bce TO, liTO nO.llpa3YMeBaeTCSI nOJ( 3THM CJIOBOM B nCHXOaHaJIH3e.
vIHa tIe rOBOp5I - Ha Bce, Ha BeCb rrcHXOaHaJIH3»2 r 1, 190].
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[20]. lV\efK.llY TeM H ,nPyrHM, MeLK,lI.Y TpaHc<pepoM H rHllH030M, MaHHoHH
YCTaHaBJIHBaeT pOJ(CTBO, KOTopoe, eCJIH rrocMoTpeTb Ha ,lleJIO llIHpe, 110-
3BOJIHeT BbIBeCTH TpaHccpep H3 O,lI.epLKHMocTH: «TpaHccpep - 3TO TO, qTO
OCTaeTCSI OT O.rr.eplKHMOCTH, OH rrOJIYlIaeTCH B pe3YJIbTaTe pSI,aa H3'b5lTHH.
,QbHBOJI ynpa3.rr.HHeTCSI - rrpHl1a,nKH OCTaIOTCH. MarHQeCKHH aHTypaLK yrr..
pa3,aHHeTCH - < MarHeTH3HpOBaHHbIe» MeCMepa OCTaIOTC5I. Ynpa3,lI.HHeT-
C5I MeCMepOBCKHM qaH -- OCTalOTCSI rHIIH03 Ii CBH3b BpatI--rra HeHT. Yrr-
pa3,aHHeTCSI fHIIH03 - OCTaeTCH TpaHccpep» [19, 50]. .
1aHHoHH 3aBeprnaeT 3TOT 3axBaTbIBalOmHM HCTOpHqeCKHM 01IepK rrCH-
XOTeparrHH rrpH3HaHHeM, qTO TpaHccpep YCKonb3aeT,OT HayqHOfO H3YQeHHSI,
t:ITO «OH nOHCTHHe HBJIHeTC5I He no,n.naIOIll.eHCH TeOpeTHtIeCKOMY OCMbICJIe-
HHIO lIaCTbIO aHaJIH3a» r 19, 48 J .
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TpaHccpepa, H YCMaTpHBaeT npHlIHHY 9Toro B He)l{eJIaHHH peH,lI.a OTKa-
3aTbCH OT Tpa,aHIJ.HOHHOro nOHHMaHHSI CYO'beKTHBHoro: «<I>peHJ( He J(aeT
TeopHH TpaHccpepa HMeHHO BCJIe,aCTBHe ero COJIHnCHCTCKoro B3rJI5I,lla Ha
OOJIaCTb CYO'beKTHBHoro»; OH He rrpH3HaeT Toro, lITO «He cy:rneCTByeT cy6'b-
eKTa oe3 Me:>KJIHqHOCTHOro OTHOIlleHHH, KOTopoe H npH,lI.aeT cy6'beKTY cym-
HOCTb «,npyroro» [48, 213].
nOCJIe,aHHe cooopaLKeHHH YLKe, OtIeBH,Z:(HO, HBJIHIOTCH QHCTOM crreKY-
JI5I HeM H MorJIH 6bI CTaTb rrpe,aMeToM J(OJIrHX ,lI.HCKYCCHii. CiiOp Ha 9TY
J. Y Ha3BaHHbIX Bblille <pHJIOC0<pOB qaCTO OTMeqaeTCH HeJ.tH<p<pepeH HpoBaHHoe HCnOJIbSO-
BaHHe TepMJlHOB «BHymeHHe» H «rHnH03». 3TO He y,l{HBHTeJIbHO, eCJIH yqeCTb, qTO OHH-He npaK-
THKYIO He BpatIH H tlTO B013ce He cnenH<pHKa 9THX HBJIeHHH npHBJIeKaeT HX BHHMaHHe. Hx HH-
TepecyeT TO, lITO Me:>KJ1Y 9THMH HBJIeHHHMH oornero - Me}KJIHqHOCTHOe B3aHMOJl.eHCTBHe.
9 Bhlwe MbI Y1Ke BHJ,te.TIH, tITO ynooo,nOOJIeHHe TpaHccpepa H rHllH03a BOBce He CaMOOqeBHJJ."
BO.
tIt
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tIaSiCb npOTHB H,neH cyG'beKTa, ynoMHHYTbIe aBTopbI, nO-BH,nHMOMY, 3aGbI-
BaIOT, qTO .BHYIlleHHe - 3TO OTHOIlleHHe Me)K.l1.Y JIIOAbMH, B KOTOpOM- KalK-
J(bIM coxpaHHeT CBOlO TeJIeCHYIO caMOTOLK,l.(eCTBeHHOCTb. YLKe CnHH03a Ha
CBOH JIa,n nOCTYJIHpyeT Hepa3pbIBHOCT TeJIa H a<pq>eKTa. 3aCJIyra 3THX
3BTOpOB, o,nHaKO, B TOM, qTO OHH no,nIIepKHYJIH 3HaqeHHe BHYIlleHHSI B nCH-
XOaHaJIH3e. OHH noGYLK,naIOT Hac BHOBb oGpaTHTbCH K BOIIPOCY, ,noceJIe
He pa3pellIeHHOMY, - K BOIIPOCY 0 pOJIH, KOTOpylO HrpaeT BHYIlleHHe B
nCHXOaHaJIH3e.
3AKJIIOt.IEHHE
BHYIlleHHe, npHCYTCTBYlOmee BO Bcex BH,nax nCHXOTepanHII, HrpaeT
OCHOBHYlO pOJIb B npOII.ecce JIeIIeHHSI. 3TO - npH3HaHHbIM cpaK'£, XOTSI caM
TepMHH «BHYIlleHHe» HCnOJIb3yeTcH He Bcer,na. KaJK,nbIH IICHXOTpeaneBTH-
qeCKHH MeTOA, npeTeH,nySi Ha opHrHHaJIbHOCTb, no,ntIepKHBaeT CBOH CIIenH-
Q>HIIeCKHe q>aKTopbI, npeYMeHbIllaSi 3HaIIeHHe TaKHX cpaKTopOB B ,nPyrHx
MeTO.l1.ax. TaK, nCHXOaHaJIHTHKH xpaHSIT MOJIIIaHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHO BHywe-
HHH, TpaKTYSI ero Ha OCHOBe Tex LKe npe.l1.paCCY.l1.KOB, t{TO H rHllH03, XOTH,
no CJIOBaM caMoro CPpeH.l1.a, nCHXOaHaJIH3 «paCIIOp5l)KaeTC5I HaCJIe CTBOM»
rHllH03a .r 14, 407]. HeKoTopbIe nCHXOaHaJIHTHKH, 0J(H8KO, llpH3HaIOT, IITO
TpaHccpep BbIIlleJI H3 rHIIH03a. 4TO )Ke KacaeTCSI nCHXOJIOrOB-.9KCIIepHMeH-
TaTopOB, TO OHH, KOHeIIHO, MHoro rOBopHT 0 BHYIlleHHH, XOT5I, 3a HeCKOJIb-
KHMH HCKJIlOIIeHHSlMH, JIHIllalOT ero rJIYOHHHoro COAepLKaHHH, a MMeHHO,
. TOM acpcpeKTHBHOM CBSl3H, Ha KOTOpOM TaK HaCTaHBaJI <l>peMA, He nbITaSlCb,
np aB,aa, ,naTb eM KaKOe-JIHOO OO'bSlCHeHHe.
DpHXO.l1.HTCH npH3HaTb, IITO MbI H llOHbIHe He 3HaeM 06 aTOM 60JIblIle
, Toro, (ITO ObIJIO H3BeCTHO cppeH,l{Y. HeB03MO:tKHO OTpHII.aTb, IITO peqb H,neT
o KJIIOIIeBOM npOOJIeMe, H nOKy,aa OHa He pa3pelIleHa, HeqerO H rOBopHTb
o HaYIIHOCTH IICHXOTepanHH. B HaIIlH ,l{HH, KaK MbI BH,neJIH, HeJIb3H ,ZtaTb
on.eHKY HaHoo ee AeHCT eHHbIM pe3YJIbTaTaM IICHXOTepaneBTHtIeCKoro JIe-
IIeHH51. KaK rOBopHT ilapJIocpcp, «HaH60JIee 3HaIIHMbIM OTKpbITHeM B 06-
JIaCTH nCHxoTepanHH 0Y.l1.eT TO, KOTopoe n03BOJIHT B KOHeIIHOM CqeT6 npo-
ABHHYTb BIIepe,n HaIlle nOHHMaHHe MexaHH3MOB JIeIIeHHSI» \[24, 292].
Ha HbIHemHeH cTa,nHH HaIlla nepBooIIepe,nHaSl 3a,Z:laqa 38KJIIOtlaeTCSI
B TOM, IITOObI SlCHO H npSlMO CCPOPMYJIHpOBaTb Te pa3JIHIIHbIe np06JIeMbI,
KOTopbIe B03HHKaIOT B CBSl3H C BHYIlleHHeM. ilpeiK,ne Bcero, nOJIe3HO ,naTb
OIIpeAeJIeHHe IIOHSITHSI BHYIlleHHSI, KOTopoe COXpaHHJIO ObI Bce TO, qeMY
HaYIIHJI a Hac B .9TOM OTHOlIleHHH HCTOpH5I. B H Y III e H H e - .9 TOT.e JI e C-
H 0 - a q> cp e K T H B H bI bIM II P 0 II. e C C, H e ,lI. e JI HMO e n C H X 0 C 0 II. H-
o 0 H 0 JI 0 r H II e C K 0 e e ,n H H C T B 0, cp Y H K II. H 0 H H p; Y 10 m e e H a
o II e H b .l1. P e B HeM: Y Pi 0 B H e or e: C C 0 3 HaT e JI b H 0 r 0, ; , n 0 CIO
C TOp 0 H Y T P a H cepe p a, 0 II 0 C P e ,n Y 10 m; e r 0 B.JI H SI H H e 0 ,n H O-
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B H, ,l{ H bI e t II, C H X 0 JI 0 j H II e C K; H e H JI M cp 3 H:O JI o;r H II e C K II e
H 3 M e H e H H SI.
B KaIIeCTBe rHIIOTe3bI MbI MO)KeM npe.l1.CTaBHTb ce6e BHYIlleHHe Ha Ma-
Hep IIepBOHaIIaJIbHOrO OTHOIlleHHSI MelK,ny MaTepbIO H MJIa.l1.eHII.eM, r,ne acp-
cpeKT H TeJIO COCTaBJISIIOT e,nHHoe neJIoe. I1MeHHQ nO.9TOMY UbI M roBOpHM
o «TeJIeCHo-acp<l>eKTHBHOM nponecce. lITO LKe KacaeTCSI BblpaLKeHHH «IICM-
XOCOII.HOOHOJIrHqeCKOe e.l1.HHCTBO>, TO OHO ,[{JIH Hac 060CHOBbIBaeTCH TeM
<l>aKToM, IITO B CJIYIIae BHymeHHH O.l1.HH MbICJISlIII.HM, rOBOp5lIItIIH, QYBCTBY-
u ·
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r COOHOCTb KOToporo HCneJISlTb OH BepHT, acpcpeKTHBHOH CBSl3blO, BnHcaHHOH
B reHeTHtIeCKHH KO,n.
llpHBeAeHHoe onpe eJIeHHe nOKp6IBaeT TO, IITO BbIwe 6bIno Ha3BaHO CKe-
112
cse8HbIM BHYllIeHHeM»: MbI npeAnOqHTaeM BO H36e>KaHHe ASYCMbIcneHHOCTH
saMeHHTb ero Bblpa>KeHHeM «nepBHQHOe 'OTHowe'HHe» (relation primaire).
KOHeIIHO LKe, npHBe,neHHoe HaMH onpe,nJIeHHe He npeTeH,nyeT Ha HC-
qepnbIBaIOmHH H OKOHqaTeJlbHbIH xapaKTep. OHO ,nonJKHO paCCMaTpHBaTb-
CSI KaK opy,nHe n03HaHH5I, KOTopoe, eCTeCTBeHHO, AOn2KHO H3MeH5ITbCSI B
xo,ne HCCJIe,nOBaHHH. 3TH HCCJIe,nOBaHHSI ,nOJILKHbI npoBo,nHTbCSI o,nHOBpe-
MeHHO B pa3JIHqHbIX ,nHCIJ:HnJIHHaX, npHQeM Ha CKopbIe pe3YJIbTaTbI pac-
CQHTbIBaTb He npHxo,nHTCSI. B oLKH,naHHH 3THX pe3YJIbTaTOB nCHXOTepaneB-
Ta npH,neTCSI paOOTaTb B COCTOSlHHH HeYBepeHHOCTH, KOTopoe caMO no
ce6e He ,nOJILKHO BbI3bIBaTb OTIIaSlHHSI, eCJIH OHO BOCnOJIH5IeTCH Ha,neLKHO-
CTblO HHTYHriHH H npOIIHOCTbIO onbITa. Heooxo,nHMO, o,nHaKO, C03HaBaTb
9TY HaillY HeYBepeHHOCTb: corJIaCHO HaCTaBJIeHHIO COKpaTa, «OHH ,nOJILKHbI
3HaTb, lIT6 OHH He 3HalOT». I1HaIIe rOBopH, B 06JIaCTH nCHXOTepanHH, nOKa
eme CTOJIb MaJIO H3YIIeHHOH, He06xo,nHMO OTKa3aTbCSI OT ,norMaTH3Ma, ,no-
nYCTHTb HaJIHQHe MHorHX TOIIeK 3peHHSI, npOSlBJISlTb IllHPOTY B3rJISI,nOB.
A RETURN TO SUGGESTION
L. CHERTOK
The Centr of Psychosomatic Medicine, Paris, France
SlJMMARY
The author calls for reconsidering of the epistemological status of sug-
gestion. The latter manifests itself in two forms-direct and indirect. Pres-
ent in all psychotherapies, the indirect suggestion plays an importaht part
in changes observed in experiments with hypnosis. This implies presence
of affective ties, which are there all the time, but remain inexplicable and
beyond control. Freud tried to solve the problem by merging suggestion in..
to transf rence. Neve theless, it persists in the psychoanalysis, its ature,
being occult for the analyst. Suggestion is studied in psychological experi..
ments, but, regretfully, without its interpersonal content. It is scarcely men-
tioned by researchers who admit the efficiency of psychotherapy. We should
realise that the cognition of suggestion is indispensable for any scien-
tifically-based psychotherapy. The author puts forward a provisional defi-
nition of suggestion in order to clarify the problem, 'to avoid confusions
and to give a new momentum to research in this area.
nHTEPATYPA
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114
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npHpOJ{a, Q>YIIICUHH, MaTO)1H HtcneJtOB3HHSI). T6HJIHCH, «MeuHHepe6a), 1978.
116
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3 JIaKaH 6hIJI He C1:0JIhKO nepBOOTI<phIBaTeJIeM, CKOJIbKO «pHTOpOM», HCKYCHbIM npe1KAe
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<l>peH.l{a; HAeH 6eCC03HaTe.JIbHOrO KaK peqH ,[{pyroro HHcnHpHpOBaHa nepeOCMhICJIeHHbIM re-
re.neM; TpaKTOBKa CHMBOJIHtJeCKoro 06HapY2KHBaeT npHHMoe B03,neHCTBHe K. JIeBH-CTpocca;
TpaKTOBKa 03HaQarow.ero MHorHM 06513aHa <1>. Ae CoCClOpy H T. ,n. C 1 erne n t C. Vies et Ie-
gendes de Jacques Lacan P., Grasset, 1980, p. 58.
4 L'Ecole freudienne de Paris (1964-1980).
117
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CO,l(ep)KaHHe JlaKaHOBCKOH MbICJIH K 51CHOCTH H JIOrHqHOCTH HJIH - tITO
elIJ,e xYJKe - rrpeACTaBHTb JIaKaHOBCKYIO KOHuerrIJ,HIO KaK eAHHOJIHqHOe
BOrrJIOrneHHe HayqHOCTH COBpeMeHHoro rrCHXOaHaJIH3a. ,[LpyrHe yqeHHKH
JIaK3Ha BHA5IT 3epHO HCTHHbI B J1aKaHe «TeMHOM», B MHCTHQeCKOi\1 orrbI-
Te, TaHIlLeMC5I nOA nOKpOBOM cxeM H cpOPMYJI. ITo CYTH BC5I rrp06JIeMaTH-
Ka rrpOTHBOpeqHBOrO e,LlHHCTBa TeopHH H rrpaKTHKH iiaKaHa o6CYJK,LlaeTC5I
B ,l(BYX pYCJIax: C OAHOH CTOpOHbI, 3TO Bonpoc 0 TOM, KaKOBa TeOpH5I JIa-
KaHa, rvlOlKHO JIH CqHTaTb «JIaKaHH3M» HayqHbIM HJIH HeT (eCJIli HeT, TO
3,LleCb 60JIbIllOH cneKTp B03rvlOJKHbIX OTBeTOB C aKIJ.eHTaMH Ha peJIHfHH t MH-
cpe, HCKYCCTBC, MopaAH, rrOJIHTHKe H rrpoq.), C ,l(pyroH CTOpOHhI, 3TO B011-
poc 0 TOM, KaKOBa npaKTHKa J1aKaHa, MOiKHO JIH CqHTaTb ee aBTopHTap-
HOM HJIH, HarrpOTHB, aHTHaBTopRTapHOM B OTHOIlleHHH K IIaI.I,HeHTaM, KOJI-
JIeraM, 06meCTBY? K@HeqHO, 06a HarrpaBJIeHH5I HeH36eLKHO rrepeceKaIOTC5I,
TO HJlH HHoe pellleHne Borrpoca 0 TeopHH J1aKaHa He6e3pa3JIHqHO ,lJ}IH
OIJ,eHKH ero rrpaKTHKH, H Ha06opOT. CnopbI rro 060HM BorrpocaM npHXO,LL5IT
B KOHeqHOM CIIeTe K peIlleHH5IM B 513bIKOBOH rrJlOCKOCTlI: TaK, crrop 0 J1a-
KaHe HayqHOM lIJlH HeHayqHOM, «CBeTJIOM» HJlH «TeMHOM», paI.I,HOHaJIbHOM
HJIH HppaI.I,HOHaJIbHOM yrrHpaeTC5I B np06JIeMY ABOHCTBeHHOCTH CHMBOJIHqe-
CKoro (CHMBOJI «aJIre6paHqeCKHM» lIJIH CHMBOJI «MHCTHqeCKHM»), a cnop
o naKaHe aBTopHTapHOM HJIH aHTHaBTopHTapHOM ynHpaeTC5I B rrp06JIeMY
HHTepnpeTaIJ,HH OCHOBHbIX H,lI.eOJIOrHqeCKHX <PYHKIJ,HH 513bIKa (.H3bIK KaK
Cpe.nCTBO OTqYJKAeHH5I I1JIH SI3bIK KaK cpe,LlCTBO OCBo6oJK,aeHH5I qeJIOBeKa).
A Terrepb rrorrMTaeMC5I rrOqYBCTBOBaTb HaKaJI cTpacTefi H rrpeACTaBI1Tb
ce6e OJKeCTOqeHHble 6aTaJIHH, 6YIlleBaBIllHe BOKpyr JIaKaHOBCKoro HaCJIe-
AH5I B rrOCJIe,LlHHe rOAbI ero JKH3HH H nOCJIe CMepTH. O,aHa 3a ,lI,pyrofi BbI-
XO,a5lT CTaTblI, naM<pJIeTbI, KHHrH. Ilo OAHHM TOJIbKO HX Ha3BaHH5IM MOJKHO
CY,lI.lITb 06 lIX rrOJIeMHqeCKOfi 3aocTpeHHocTH: «CbIHOBbSI <ppefi,aa YCTaJIH»,
«)KH3HH II JIereH,abI )KaKa JIaKaHa», «ITclIxoaHaJlHTHqeCKHe MaIllHHbI»,
«DCI1XOaHaJIH3 - MaTb H IllJIIOxa», «Cy,ab6a, CTOJIb neqaJIbHaSI», «OR Bac
He OTrrYCTHT» (pe,qb HAeT 0 nCHXOaHaJIH3e), «Teop1I5I KaK BbIMbICeJI» H np.6
5 TI03TOMY BP5I)J. JIM npaBbI Te HCCJIe)J.OBaTeJIH, KOTopbIe IIbITaIOTC5I CTporo pa3TpaHHtlHTb
JIaKaHa KaK r JIaBY III KOJI bI If JIaKaHa KaK TeopeTHKa: eCJIH lIlKOJIa If «IIJIOxa» (aBTopHTapHa
)J.orMaTHqHa), TO 9To-}.:(e He opocaeT TeHb Ha TeopMIO. Cpo B 3TOH CB5I3H BbICKa3bIBaHIUI C. BH}.:(ep-
MaHa (Viderman S. La machine de-formatrice. - Confrontation, Cahiers 3, 1980, p. 34).
HaHBHocTb TaKoH n03Hll.HH cnpaBe)J.JIHBO IIo)J.qepKHBaer' <1>. PYCT8H (Roustang F. ...EIle ne
Ie lache plus. P., Minuit, 1980 p. 176).
6 C 1 em en t C. Les fils de Freud sont fatigues. P., Grasset, 1978; idem. Vies et le-
gendes de Jaques Lacan. P., Grasset., 1980; Confrontation, Cahiers 3, Les machines analyti-
ques. P. 1980;' Roudinesco E., Deluy H. La psychanalyse: mere et chienne. P.,
Union Generale d'Edition. 10/18, 1979; Roustang F. Un destin si funeste. P. Minuit
1976; idem. ...Ene ne Ie lache plus. P., MiT}uit, 1980; Mannoni M. La theorie comme fiction.
P.. Seuil, 1979.
118
PocnYCK J1aKaHOM CBOeH IllKOJIbI H nonbITKa OpraHH3aIlJiH HOBoH IIIKOJlbI 7
JIHlllb 060CTpHJIH 3TY 60pb6y. ,
TpY,lI.HO 6bIJlO nO,lI.YMaTb, qTO O,lLHH H3 HeKOr,lI.a aKTHBHbIX yqaCTHH-
KOB JIaKaHOBCKOrO CeMI1Hapa, npH06peTIllHH penYTaIl,HIO qeJIOBeKa, COJIH,lI.-
HO BJla,lI.eIOIII.ero MeTO.l1.aMH CTPYKTypHoro nCHXOaHaJlH3a, HeKTO cI>paHcya
)KoP:IK, COTPy,nHHqaBIlIHH BMeCTe C CapTpOM B 3K3HCTeHll)laJlHCTCKOM )KYP-
HaJIe «TaH MO.l1.epH», TaHHO H He 6e3 YMbICJla npOHHKIIlHM «B CTaH Bpa-
rOB», rrO,lI}IO:IKHT no,a 3,aaHHe JIaKaHH3Ma 60M6y CTOJIb 60JlbIlIOI1 B3pbIBqa-
TOM CHJlbI. BbIIlIe,lLIlIMH B 1979 rOAY naMcpJIeT cI>. )Kop)Ka 8 C OCTpoYMHeM
H He 6e3 eXHACTBa BWCMeHBaJI ceKTY JIaKaHHCTOB Ha OCHOBaHHH JIHQHOrO
QnbIT3. 06ll.I,ee KpHTHqeCKOe co,nep)KaHHe naM<pJIeTa BnOJIHe YKJla,lI,bIBaeT-
CSI B cxeMbI 3K311CTeHIIJlaJIHCTCKOM TIOJIeMHKH CO CTpYKTypaJlH3MOM (JlIO-
6ble «06'beKTHBHCTCKHe» cnoc06bI TIOCTH:lKeHHSI qeJIOBeKa 06'bSIBJlSIIOTCSI Me-
aYTeHTHqHbIMH, a npH3HaHHe CYIll.eCTBOBaHH5I 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO KaK CHJlbI,
ynpaBJISIIOIII.eH qeJIOBeKOM, - OTqYLK,neHHeM, HapyrneHHeM nOCTYJlaTa 0
6e3rpaHHqHOH qeJlOBeqeCKOH cB060,lLe), O,lLHaKO B HeM OqepqHBaJIHCb H HO-
Bble MOMeHTbI CTaporo cnopa.
: OCHOBHbIe nOH.HTH5I JIaKaHOBCKOH KOHu:errnHH, - CQHTaeT <1>. )K0PLK,-3TO
CBoero pO,lLa «a-KOHnenTyaJlbHbIe» (TepMHH JK. A. MHJIJIepa) orrpe.n.eneHHH,
HeJ(oc'PynHble HM Tpe3BOH KpHTHKe, 8M 3KCnepHI\.feHT3'JIbHOii rrpOBepKe. OHH
BBo,n5lT Hac B c<l>epy ,lLBYCMhICJIeHHOCTH KaK MeTO)J:HqeCKOrO npHHUHrra. 3TO'l'
JIaKaHOBC,KHH 330TepH3M-He HeBHHHa5I Hrpa, nOCKOJIbKY OR CKphIBaeT BHYT-
peHHHH «nOp5I,lLOK», BbIcTynalOmHH: (B COOTBeTCTBHH C HrpOH CMblCJIOB cppaHU:Y3--
_.
CKoro TepMHHa "ordre") H KaK «rrpHHYLK)J:eHHe». 11 nOp5l,lLOK, H npHHY}K):(eHHe
-3TO, COrJIaCHO <1>. !KoP){{Y, - He TOJJbKO BHYTpeHHHe MOMeHTbI TeOpeTHqe-
CKOH KOHnenU:HH JIaKaHa, HO II peaJIbHble CHJIhI, KOTopble He06xo,lLHMbI JIaKaHY
;tJlH nOMep2KaHH5I onpe,neJIeHHOH CTPYKTypbI BJIaCTH, ,nJI5I oT60pa nOCB5IIII.eH-
Hb1X II H3rHaHH5I HerrOCB5I eHHbIX.
Ka3aJIOCb 6bI, - npO,l(OJILKaeT <P. )KOPLK, - cpopMaJIHCTHqeCKaSI TpaK-
TOBKa OCHOBHbIX JI aKaHOBCKHX nOHSITHH, H, npeLK,ne Bcero, nOHSITHSI 03-
aaqaIOIII.ero, ,lLOJILKHa 3aBe,lLOMO HCKJllOqaTb BCHKHH MaCTH H3M. O,lLHa-
KO «060LKeCTBJIeHHe» 03HaqalOIII.ero, npeYBeJIHqeHHe pOJIH 03HaqaIOIll.e-
fO B qeJIOBeqeCKOM CYAb6e H ynoBaHHe Ha cpopMaJIH3aIl,HIO 03HaQaIOIlI.ero
KaK e,lI,HHCTBeHHoe YCJIOBHe HayqHOCTH nCHxoaHa'JlH3a KaK pa3 H Be,aYT
K MHCTHII.H3MY, a 3aTeM H K c06CTBeHHO peJlHrH03HbIM HHTeprrpeTaII.HHM.
4>opl\IaJlH30BaHHaSI H rrOTOMY ,lLa:IKe aCKeTHqHa5I HHTepnpeTaIJ,HSI qeJIOBe...
Ka KaK «rOBOp5llIl.ero CYIII.eCTBa», qeJIOBeqeCKOrO LKeJIaHH5I KaK 6eCKOHeQ-
Horo H aceKcyaJIhHOrO, qeJlOBeqeCKOro 513bIKa KaK 6eCnJIOTHOrO, OTopBaH-
floro OT 2KHBOro qYBCTBeHHoro onbITa, ,l(eJIaeT J1aKaHa CKopee rrOCJIe,lI,OBa-
TeJIeM OpHreHa II xpHCTHaHCKHX MHCTHKOB, He:IKeJIH HaCJIe,l(HHKOM l\IbICJIH
-<1>peH,lI,a 9 . DCHXOaHaJIH3 OKa3bIBaeTC5I, no CPo /Kop:IKY, He MexaHH3MOM
CH5ITHH HeBp03a, HO MexaHH3MOM «npO.lI.OJIlKeHHH HeBp03a APyrHMH cpe -
/
'1 "La Cause freudienne".
8 Gtorge'F. L'Effet' Yau de Poele de Iacan et des lacaniens. P., tiachette, 1979.
9 «03HatlalOII1.ee, no CYTH,' OTCbIJIaE;r K e,lJ.HHCTBeHHO HCTHHHOMY H rrOJ{JIHHHO npHCYTCTBY-
'1OIII-eMY» (George F., Ope cit., p. 93), K TpaHCQeH,lJ.eHTHbIM YCJIOBHSIM qeJIOBeqeCKOrO ObITHH.
flo,ZtTBep)K):{eHHe rro,nOOHbIX BblBOJ{OB <1>. /KoP)K HaXOJ{HT B pa60Tax O,lJ.Horo H3 yqaCTHHKOB JIa-
KaHOBCKoro ceMHHapa, CBHII1.eHHHKa .lI.eHH Bacca (ibidem p. 92-93).
KOHeQHO, aprYMeHTaQHSI, KacalOmaHCH, HanpHMep, CXO,ZlCTB H pa3JIHQHH MeJK,lJ.Y BepOH pe-
JIHrH03HOH H BepOH B nCHXOaHaJIH3, MO)KeT t5bITh BblnHcaHa ropa3.110 TOHbllle, He2Ke.JIH 3TO
.neJIaHO y <1>. )I(0p)Ka (cf. Roustang F. Un destin si funeste, pp. 31-37 sq), O HaKO caMa B03-
I(O>KHOCTb HHTepnpeTaIJ,HH JIaKaHa B peJIHrH03HoM KJIlOtJe ocraeTCH: KaK OCTaTOqHO cephe3HaH
'l'eH,lteHUHSI OHa ocyu eCTBHJIaCb, HanpHMep, B pa60Tax <1>. ,QOJIbTO.
119
CTBaMH» - nYTeM Cd3,lLaHHSI KBa3II-peJlMrH03HbIX CeKT H npOnOBe,lLM H e-
OnorHqeCKHX ,aorM.
CPHJlHIIIIHKH q>. )K0p)Ka BbI3BaJIH CJlOLKHbIe qYBCTBa He TOJIbKO B ,lLY-
Illax rrpaBOBepHbIX JlaKaHHCTOB. C O,lLHOH CTOpOHbI, He 3aMeqaTb OqeBH,a-
HbIX H3'bHHOB JIaKaHOBCKoro no,axo,lLa K 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOMY 6bIJIO npOCTO
HeB03MO)KHO. C ,lLPyroH CTOpOHhI, CJIHIllKOM MHoroe B naMcpJIeTe HanOMII-
HaJlO ,lLeHCTBHH OCJIa, JIHralOIII.ero YMHpaIOIlI.erO JIbBa, H Y)Ke O,lI.HO 3TO 06-
CTOHTeJIbCTBO oKpallIHBaJIO Bce nepHneTHH ,lLaJIbHeHlliero cnopa. O)1.HH H3
HaH60JIee pe3KHx OT3hIBOB Ha naMcpJIeT <P. )K0p)Ka npHHa,aJIeJKMT nepy
K. KJIeMaH 10 : XOTH nepHo,n YBJIeqeHHH JIaKaHOBcKoH MhICJIbIO OCTaJICH ,aJIH
Hee n03a,lI,H, OHa B npHHII.Hne He MOJKeT COrJlaCHTbCH C TpaKTOBKOH JIaKa-
HOBCKoro HaCJIe HH cI>. )K0p)KeM.
OTBeT KJIeMaH Ha OCTpbIH naMcpJIeT )K0pLKa BblrJIH,lLHT BHeIllHe pe-
cneKTa6eJIbHO H cnOKOHHO. HCKYIlleHHaH B TOHKOCTHX ny6J1HCTHQeCKOH
nOJIeMHKH, K. KJleMaH npHGeraeT K He3aMhICJlOB8TOMY, HO .9<p<peKTHOMY
JIHTepaTypHOMY npHeMY: no cpopMe ee KHHra rrpe,nCTaBJlSleT C060H KaK 6bI
nOllbITKY 06'bHCHHTh ,l(OqepH - qeJIOBeKY ,lI,pyroro nOKOJIeHH5I, - qeM 6hI-
JIM ,aJIH npe,lI,llIeCTBYIOIII.ero nOKOJleHHSI JIaKaH Hero IllKOJla. KJIeMaH MhIC-
neHHO B03BpaIII.aeTC5I K .9TanaM TBOp1JeCKOH 6HorpacpHH JIaKaHa, ycneB-
llIero npH LKH3HH CTaTb «JIereH,aOH», no,nqepKHBaeT npOTHBOpe1JHBOCTb er<>
MHTepeCOB II 3aHHTMH. MHorHe 3aMe1JaHHSI K. KJIeMaH no a,npecy JIaKa-
HOBCKoro nCHXOaHaJIH3a no BHAHMOCTM CXO,lLHbI C ynpeKaMH <P. )KopLKa,.
O,lI.HaKO OCHOBHhIe aKII.eHTbI B OOOHX CJIY1JaSlX paCCTaBJIeHbI no-pa3HOMY..
naKaHOBCKHH aBTopHTapH3M ,lI,03BOJIHeT peJIHrH03HOM ceKTe yqeHHKOB
JIHIllh O,nHY JIIOUOBb - JII060Bh K M.9TPy, - CqHTaeT <P. )K0pLK. HeT, JIa-
KaH, KaK BC5IKHH KpynHhIH MhICJIHTeJIb, yqHJI JlI06BH B BhICOKOM cpHJIOCOcp-
CKOM C 1hICJIe, H 3TOT ypOK - e,lI.Ba JIll He rJIaBHOe, 1JTO OCTaeTCH B ,nYllle
OhIBlIIHX yqeHHKOB, .u.aLKe Tor,aa, Kor,aa OHH YLKe ycrreJIH pa30QapOBaThCH
B ero H,ae5IX, - B03paLKaeT K. KJIeMaH. KpHTHKa <P. )l(0pLKa ynYCKaeT
113 BH,ay .lI.YXOBHbIe nOHCKH J1aKaHa, He Y1JHTbIBaeT CHTyalI.HIO TpYJI.HOrO
pO)K,aeHH5I 3HaHHH, CBO,nHT BHeIIIHHe nepMneTHH JIaKaHOBCKOH Cy,abGbI K
LKeJIaHHIO BJIaCTBOBaTb. K. KJIeMaH nbITaeTCH npe,lLCTaBH1:b Te 2Ke COObI-
THH KaK 60peHhe ,rr.yxa, KaK rrOHCKll qeJIOBeKa, nO-HOBOMY. nOqYBCTBOBaB-
IlIero Tpe6oaaHH5I 3nOXH B pellleHHM pH,n:a n03HaBaTeJIbHbIX np06JIeM, HO
OCYlK,[leHHOro Ha rrOJIYHayqHOCTb.
\ K. KJIeMaH - He HOBHqOK B 06JIaCTH nCHXOaHaJIH3a. B BhIIlle,lLllleH He-
CKOJIbKHMH rO,lI.aMH paHbllie KHHre' «ChIHOBbH cI>peH,rr.a YCTaJIH» (1978)
OHa pHcyeT OCTphIH, He JIHllIeHHbIH CaTHpHqeCKHX KpaCOK COIU10JIOrHqe-
CKHH nopTpeT COBpeMeHHhIX nCHXOaHaJIHTHKOB (no,rr.pa3YMeBaeTCH 3,rr.eCb
npeLK,ne Bcero .1IlKOJIa JIaKaHMCTOB, XOTSI IIpHMO 0 J1aKaHe pe1Jb He H)1.eT).
«CbIHOBb5I <PpeH)J.a» - nCHXOaHaJIHTMKH - 3TO CBoero pO,lI,a HYBOPHlIIH
B 06J1aCTH 6eJIJIeTpH3Ma H BbICOKoro HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIH3Ma: OHH «YCTaJIH»
OT CBoeH Tpy,nHOH:' npocpeCCHH H CTbI)1.HTCH qeCTHOro peMec.na - JIeqHTb
"TJIO,rr.en; OHH HIll.YT GOJIee pecneKTa6eJIbHbIX cpOpM caMOOCMhICJleHHH H ca-
MOBbIpaJKeHHH. DCHXOaHaJIHTHKY 60JIee MMIIoHHpyeT pOJIb M3rOH, OTBep-
:iKeHHOrO, 1JbH COlI.HaJIbHa5I MHCCHSI 3aKJIIOqaeTCH B pa3pYlIIeHHH CHCTeMbI,.
B KOTOPYIO OH OKa3bIBaeTC5I BKJIIOqeHHbIM ll , JIH60, qTO ropa3,ao xapaKTep-
Hee, pOJIh TBOpU.a B ccpepe H3HIll.HOH CJIOBeCHOCTH, HJIH 6eJIJleTpHCTa
(TeM DOJlee, qTO nOBce)1.HeBHOe 06meHHe C reHHaJIhHhIM TBOPlI.OM - 6ec-
C03HaTeJIbHbIM - ,lI.aeT MHoro 5IpKOrO MaTepHaJIa). Bonpoc TOJIhKO B TOM,.
B KaKHX cpopMax CJIOBeCHOCTH CJIe,lI.OBaJlO 6bI 3arreqaTJIeBaTb peqb 6ecco-
10 C I em en t C., Vies et legendes de Jacques Lacan.
u. O,nHY H3 npHIIHH TaKoro MaprHHaJIbHOrO caMOC03HaHHH K. KJIeMaH BHAHT B TOM, liTO
cppaHu,Y3cKHH nCHXOaHaJIH3 JIHllieH caMOCTOHTeJIbHOrO IOpH}.:(HlleCKoro cTaTyca: HanpHMep, ):1a-
)Ke nonaCTb B CHCTeMY cou,Ha bHoro CTpaXOBaHHH nCHXOaHaJIHTMKH MorYT JIHWb no aeAOMCTB
nCHXHaTpHH HJIH nCHXOJIOrHH, c KOTOpbIMH OHM Be):1YT O)KeCTotJeHHYIO 60pb6y.
120
I
3HaTeJlbHoro: BO BCHKOM cJlyqae pOMaHHqeCKHH )KaHp, HaHOOJlee llaCTO
HCnOJIb3yeMbIH nCHXOaHaJIHTHKaMH ,nJIH 3Toro, He no,nxo,nHT, H60 HHKaKOH
COH, HHKaKOH <l>aHTa3M He 'paCCKa3bIBaeTCH B CTOJIb pHTyaJIH30BaHHOH H
KOHBeHl(HOHaJlbHOH <popMe12. ,[lalKe JIyqIIIHe KHHrH no nCHXOaHaJlH3Y, -
ceTyeT K. KJleMaH, ....:...: HanOMHHalOT CJIOeHOe .IlHpOlKHoe: CJlOH KJIHHHKH,
u u u
enOH HJlJlIOCTpaTHBHoro MaTeplIaJla, CJlOH xy,nO}KeCTBeHHOH CJIOBeCHOCTH
no CJIyqalO II T. ,no KJIeMaH npe,lI.JIaraeT CBoe, nOJIYIllYTJIHBOe 06'bHCHeHHe
CTpaCTH nCIIXOaHaJlHTHKOB K 6eJIJIeTpH3MY. nCHXOaHaJIHTHk, BMeCTe C YT.le-
HbIM H JlHTepaTopOM, nYTeIlleCTBYIOT no TOM nOrpaHHIIHOH 06J1aCTH, KOTO-
pa.H OTAeJIHeT B JlIOOOM 06III.eCTBe HOPMY OT naTOJIOrHH. Bce- Tpoe CTaHO-
BSITCSI KOHTpa6aH,lI.HCTaMH, KOTopbIe nepeB03SIT COQHaJIbHO onaCHbIH:, «3a-
npeIIleHHbIH» TOBap, Haxo,nSI Te HJIH HHbIe COII-HaJlbHO npHeMJleMbIe <pop-
MbI ero 06paIII.eHHH. EOK 0 60K C yqeHbIM H C JIHTepaTopOM, nO,lI.pa2KaSI HM,
B ocooeHHocTH nOCJIe,lI.HeMY, pa60faeT II nCHXOaHaJlHTHK, KOTOpbIH ne-
peB03HT qYJKHe CJIOBa H MbICJlH B SI3bIKe oecc03HaTeJlbHOrO H 3aTeM pac-
IlIHcppOBbIBaeT HX. TaKHM 06pa30M, ,lI.JISI K. KJIeMaH, B OTJlHqHe OT <P. )Kop-
)Ka, ,[(eSITeJlbHOCTb nCHXOaHaJIHTHKa CpO,nHH cKopee XY,lI.OlKeCTBeHHOH, He-
LKeJlH peJlHrH03HOH AeSITeJIbHOcTH. (BnpOqeM, TaKoH n03HII.HH K. KJleMaH
npH,l(ep)KHBaJlaCb He Bcer,aa; JlIO,lI.H, CJle,lI.HBIllHe 3a CKaqKaMH B .9BOJlIOIl.HH
B3rJlSI,lI.OB K. KJleMaH, KOHeqHO, nOOCTeperYTCSI npe,lI.CKa3bIBaTb Oqepe,lI.HOH
nOBopOT B ee CY)K,aeHHSIX H OII.eHKax).
DOqeMY LKe Bo06lI1.e OKa3bIBaeTCSI B03MOLKHbIM TaKOH: pa36poc MHeHHH
B ou.eHKe nCHXOaHaJlH3a: C O,nHOH CTOpOHW, nCHXOaHaJIH3 KaK HaYKa,
,nPyrOH: CTOpOHbI, nCHXOaHaJlH3, KaK peJlHrH03HaH HJIH XY,lI.OLKeCTBeHHaSI Ae-
5;:TeJIbHOCTb? OT.leBH,nHO, T.lTO B nCHXOaHaJIH3e eCTb HeqTO, ,nonYCKaIOIll.ee
pa3JIHqHble HHTepnpeTaII.HH, HO Bce LKe 'ITO B HeM Ba)KHee -- HayqHO cpop-
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12 KaK nOKa3bIBalOT 6eJIJIeTpHCTHQeCKHe 9KcrrepHMeHTbI B Yjf{e ynoMHHaBmeHCH KHHre
3. PY,l{HHecKo H A. ,l(eJIIOH, ,nJIH 9Toro He rO,l{HTCH H HaH60JIee yroHQeHHbIe JKaHpbI cpe,ZtHeBe-
KOBOH KYPTya3HoH n033HH, HeKor,l{a HCIIOJIb30BaBIllHeCH Tpy6a,l(ypaMH H TpYBepaMH.
13 Des com b e s V., L Equivoque du symbolique. In: Confrontation, Cahiers 3, 1980,
pp. 77-95.
121
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Ka KaK OPY,lI.H5I COII.HaJlbHOrO rropa601ll.eHH5I. 3Ta TpaKTOBKa 6JIH3Ka 3K3H-
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Roe HeOTlIY)K,lI.aeMOe «6a3HCHoe» 51BJIeHHe; eCJ1H HaACTpOelIHbIe CTPYKTypbI
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,eMO rrpHCY1ll.erO, BpO)K,l(eHHOrO Ka:JK,lI.OMY HH,lI.HBH,lI.Y 513bIKa BocrrpMHHMaeT-
C5I KaK cpe,lI.CTBO H36aBJleHH5I OT «rocrro,lI., 60rOB, THpaHOB». Pa3J1HlIHbIe
BapHaHTbI 3Toro rro,lI.XO,lI.a npe,lI.CTaBJleHbI B AOKJla,lI.?X pH,lI.a <ppaHIl.Y3CKHX
YlIaCTHHKOB T6HJlHCCKOro CHMrr03HYMa - C. JIeKJlepa, 3. PY,lI.HHeCKO,
P. Ma)Kopa, HeCMOTp51 Ha Bce HIDaHCbI HHAHBH,lI.yaJlbHbIX pa3J1HlIHH Me)K-
jJ,Y HX rr03HIl.HHMH 17 .
14 Cf. R 0 u s tan g F. ... Elle ne Ie lache plus, p. 68.
15 Lac an J. L'Impromptu de Vincennes. -Magazine Iitteraire, numero spec. 121.
Jacques Lac-an, fev. 1977, p. 24: «To, tJTO npHBJIeKaeT Bac cBoeH peBOJIIOII:HOHHOCTblO,. eCTb H3
caMOM )1.eJIe M9Tp, TaK BhI era H nOJIytIHTe».
16 Cf. J.-P. Sa r tr e. L'Ecrivain et Ia langue. - Revue d'Esthetique, nouv. serie,
1965, no 18, pp. 306-334.
17 Cf. L e c I air e S. Un soulevement de questions. Le mouvement psy hanalytique
anime par Jacques Lacan (Texte du rapport presente au Symposium de Tbilissi - oc-
tobre 1979) - Confrontation, Cahiers 3, 1980, pp. 69-76; Major R. L"Inconscient: une de-
l22
!TaK, C. J1eKJIep BHPTY03HO H BrrOJIHe B JlaKaHOBCKOM CTIIJIe rrpO eMOH"
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pa3J{eJleHHbIH). COOTBeTCTBeHHO OCB060)K eHHe TeJIa qepe3 oCBo6olK eHMe 513bI-
Ka, OBJIa eHHe 513bIKOM KaK HeOTqY*,lI.aeMOH CHMBOJIHQeCKOH: C06CTBeHHOCTbIO
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pHH K KaKHM-TO PyrHM JIHIl.aM (KaK rrpaBHJlO, K JIHIl.aM, 06J1eqeHHbIM BJla-
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CHJIbI corrpOTHBJIeHHH C03HaHHIO, H CHJIbI, rr03BOJIHIOllLHe CHHTb 3TO corrpo-
THBJleHHe), OCB060,lI.HTI;>CH OT 3THX 3MOIl.HM H OT BJlH5IHH5I Bpaqa, HaH:TH B
ce6e crroc06HOCTb ,aJI5I ,aaJIbHeMlllero caMOKOHCTpYHpOBaHHH. TaKHM 06-
pa30M, KOHeIl. JleqeHH5I, KaK rro,aqepKHBaJIH H <I>peif,a, H JlaKaH, ,l(OJILKeH
eOBrra aTb co «CH5ITHeM TpaHccpepa», C BbIXO OM B ccpepy peaJIbHhIX Me1K-
JIHqHOCTHbIX oTHollleHHH.
I1pHBJIeKaeT BHHMaHHe TOT cpaKT - OH MHoro H pa3HOCTopOHHe o6-
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TpaHc epa H BwxoAa 3a rrpe eJlw rrCHXOTepaneBTH1.IeCKOH: ccpep He nOJlY-
.cision politique (Texte du rapport presente au Symposium de TbiIissi), ibidem, pp. 175-178.
.,lVISI P. Ma)Kopa 6ecC03HaTeJIbHOe-He C10JIbKO MeCTO ocyrn;eCTBJIeHH5I BJlaCTH, CKOJIbKO BbIXOl1a
33 npe)1eJIbI BC5IKOH BJlarTM HJIM CHJIbI, MeCTO, r e U.apMT "L tanarche", - ibidem, p. 178.
18 1< 0 u s tan g F., Un destin si funeste, p. 79.
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rneHHIO K C03HaHHJO H rrpe,lI,C03HaHHIO, rOBopHT cI>. PYCTaH, aneJlJIHpY51 K
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,aM MbICJlHMOrO H cy ero20 - npe,aeJI, JIHlIIeHHbIH KaKOH-JIH60 CTPYKTY-
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RH nCHXOTepaneBTHIIeCKaSI npaKTHKa CBO,lLHTbC5I K SI3WKOBWM npoue,aypaM,
K Hrpe C 03Ha1.JaIOIll,HM? HeT, IICHXOTepaneBTHqeCKOe O'FHOlIIeHHe BpaIIa If
rraIl,HCHTa He pa3BepTbIBaeTCH B SI3bIKe: SI3bIK; peIIb BbIcTynaIOT TOJIbKO
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BCJIe,l( 3a J1aKaHoM, IITO QeJIOBeK e Tb «rOBopHlI(ee CYlI(eCTBO» (parlet-
re) MO:IKHO, eCJIH HMeTb B BH,lI.y cpaKT rrO,lI.1.JHHeHHH qeJIOBeKa rropH,nKY
03I:Ia1JalOll{ero; HeJIb35I, eCJIH IIO,lI.pa3YMeBaTb npH 3TOM, KaK 60JIbllIHHCTBO
nCHXOaHaJIHTHKOB JIaKaHOBCKOH opHeHTaI1,HH, IITO Bce B 1JeJIOBeKe onpeJ.(eJIH-
L r
19 51 pKHe, oCTpble 9KCKypCbI B HCTOpHIO rrcHXOaHaJIH3a, ,ZleTaJIbHOe OCBelUeHHe B3aHMOOT-
HoweHHH <l>peH,lI.a co BceMH era yqeHHKaMH CM. B BhIIlleHa3BaHHbIX pa60Tax M. MaHHOHH,.
3. PY HHecKo, <1>. PycTaHa, B u.eJIOM p.H e cTaTeII, orrYOJIHKOBaHHblx B aJIhMaHaXe «KoH<ppoa-
TaCbOH» .
20 R 0 u s tan g F., lle ne Ie Iac;he plus, p. 152, .153, 170
21 Ibidem, p. 151.
124
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fonHpaeTCS1 Ha HeKHe 60JIee rJIy60KHe ypOBHH CTPYKTYPHpOBaHHH,-KOTopbIe no
..caMOH CBoeH npHpo,ne HeH3bIKOBbl H He 513bIKOM YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCH.
llCHXOaHaJlHTHlIeCKaH TeopHSI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO 3aBHCHT, CJIe,lI.OBa-
TeJIbHO, OT onbITa, B KOTOpOM peaJIH3YIOTCSI- He TOJlbKO SI3bIKOBble OTHOlIle-
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rHnH03 (rOBOp51 0 pOJlH BHYlI1eHHSI H rHnH03a B nCHXOaHaJIH3e, <1>. PYCTaH
lionHpaeTCSI H8 pa60TY JI. IllepToKa 2a ). OTKpbITaH K HeH3bIKoBOMY onbITY
nCHXOaHaJIHTHqeCKaSI TeopHH He MOJKeT CYIUeCl'BOBaTb'B BH,ae 3aKOHQeH-
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CTpYKnHH Bpalla eCTb ero rHnOTe3a OTHOCHTeJlbHO Tex HJlH HHbIX 3nH30-
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{)bITHSI, He npHHHMaeT Ha Bepy H AOBOAbI Bpalla - OH OTKa3bIBaeTCH rrpH-
3Ha fb KOHCTPYKII,MIO Bpalla QaCTbIO c06CTBeHHOH HCTOpHH. 3aCTaBJIHeT JIH
3TO Bpatla H3MeHMTb CBOIO KOHCTPYKII,HIO? COMHHTeJlbHO: KaK npaBHJIO,
Bpaq 061>HCHHeT llo,n06Hoe ynopcTBO HeCHHTbIM COI1pOTHBJIeHHeM' OC03Ha-
BRIO. 11 KTO )ICe OKa3bIBaeTCSI B ,lI.aHHOM CJIYlIae cy,abeii? T..JeJlOBeK C «He-
HHTbIM TpaHccpepOM»: B HeM }KHBYT CBOH KOMI1J1eKCbI, KbTopbIe rrpH CJlY-
tIae TCR<e MorYT nepeHOCHTbCSI Ha 60JlbHOrO (T. H. «KOHTpTpaHccpep»).
....
22 Ibidem, p. 151. 156.
23 R 0 U I tan g F., ... Elle ne Ie tache plus, pp. 107, 130. Cpo IlIepToK JI. H.no3HaHHoe
B nCHXUKe QenOBiK8. .M., cnp, orptcCJ 1982.
24 R 0 U st. n g F., Un destin si funeste, p. 99.
125
MbI rOBOpHM 3 eCb TaK nOAPo6HO 060 Bcex neptIneTH5IX nCHX03HaJIH-:
THlIeCKoro n03HaHHH-npaKTHKH, lIT06bI nOHHTHee CTaJI TOT BbIBO,a, K KOTO-
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KOTOpbIM KaK 6bI LKHBeT co6CTBeHHOH LKH3HbIO - He TOJlbKO caMO,[(OCTa-
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nOKa3aJI, 1JTO XYAOLKeCTBeHHoe TBoplleCTBO Mo:meT paCCMaTpHBaTbCH KaK
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TaKHM 06pa30M, JIaKaHOBCKoe npOTHBopellHe MeLKAY Te peTHlIeCKHMH'
II npaKTHqeCKHMH acneKTaMH nCHXOaHaJIH3a He CTpaIllHT <P. PYCTaHa.
TeopHH nCHXOaHaJIH3a CYIII.eCTByeT, nOCKOJIbKY B nCHxoaHaJlHTHqeCKOM
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HaM CHTyall.HH. . PYCT3H cpHKcHPyeT 3,lI.eCb npOTHBopellHe JlI060ro, He
TOJIhKO JIaKaHOBCKoro, nCHXOaHaJIH3a, JII06oro IICHXOaHaJIHTHlIeC oro onbI-
Ta: nCHXOaHaJIH3 He MO)KeT CYIll.eCTBOBaTb, He CTpeMHCb 6bITb HaYKoif, OA-
HaKO, eCJIH 6bI 3Ta TeH,lI.eHI1,HH K H3YlIHOCTH ocy ecTBHJIaCb, eCJIH 6bI 6bI-
JIa nOCTpoeHa B KOHI1,e KOHI1,OB cpopMaJlH30BaHHaH TeopHH nCHXOaHaJIH3a 9
TO 3TO 6bIJIO ObI He BbICB060lK,lI.eHlleM nCHXOaHaJIH3a H3 MHCTHqeCKHX
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BaJIO paHee Ha ypoBHe cpaHTaCTHqeCKHX npe,anOJIO)KeHHH H HHTYHTHBHbIX
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HeM TeOpeTHqeCKH HCTHHHoro H npaKTHlIeCKH 3cp<peKTHBHoro. BpH,lI. JIH 3TO
3aKJIIOQeHlle PYCTaHa MOLKHO CqeCTb cnpaBeAJIHBbIM. ECJIH 6bI BCTpeqa
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XO,lI.3, TO Tor,aa He MOrJla 6bI CYIll.eCTBOB3Tb HHKaKaSI HaYKa, H B lIaCTHO-
CTH, nCHXOJIOrHSI, Me,lI.Hll,HHa H npoll.
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HHOH KOHKpeTHOH cHTyall,HH MeLKJIHlIHOCTHoro 06meHHSI - 06rneHHH, KO-
Topoe BPH,lI. JIH M02KeT ObITb 06'beKTOM CTporOH HaYKH, XOTH H CO,l{ep*HT
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peTaeT CBOH n03HTHBHbIH CMbICJI H nonbITKa BbISlBJIeHHSI Sl3bIKOBbIX acrreK-
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MbICJIH, BbIpa2KeHHOH B Sl3bIKe l .
06III.He HTorH Harnero paCCMOTpeHHSI CBO,l{51TC5I K CJIe)J,YIOIUeMY. Crro-
pbI BOKpyr JlaKaHOBCKoro Hac e)J,H5I HMeIDT cepbe3Hoe rr03HTHBHoe CO,lI.ep-
)KaHRe, HOO 3a KaLK,aOH perrJIHKOH 3TH X crropOB CTOHT Y)Ke )J,OCT3TOlJHO
pa3pa6oTaHHaSI KOHII.errll,HSI, KOTOpa51 JIHllib 3aTeMHSIeTCH, HO He ynpa3,aHH-
eTCH H)J.eOJIOrHlJeCKHMH KOHHOTall,HSlMH. T6HJIHCCKHH CHMIl03HYM H nOJIe-
MHKa BOKpyr Hero C)J,eJIaJlH OlleBM,aHbIMH He TOJIbKO ,l(JIH <ppaHnY3cKoH, HO
H ,lI.JISI MHpOBOH rrcHxoaHaJlHTHqeCKOH MbICJIH Te pa3Hoo6pa3Hble B03MO:>K-
HOCTH, KOTopble OTKpbIBaeT aHaJIH3 H,aeH Ii TpYAOB J1aKaHa ,lI}IH nOHHMa-
I 1
25 Cp. B ace H H <1>. B., Y npeJJ,eJIOB pacn03HaHHoro: K np06JIeMe npe,>1petJeBoH <pOpMY
MbIWJIeHHSI. B KH.: Becc03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo.z:ta, CPYHKIl.HHt MeTOJJ,bI HCCJIeJJ,osaHH$l, T. III,
T6IJ1HCH, 1978, 735-749.
126
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nOKa3bIBaIOT, tITO HII O,aHO 5IBJIeHHe CTOJIb KpynHoro MaCIlITaoa, KaKMM,
npe,aCTaeT J1aKaH H JIaKaHII3M, He MO>KeT H36e2KaTb BKJII01JeHHH B H,aeo-
JIOrllqeCKHe KOJIJIH3HH COBp£MeHHoro MHpa: 3a pa3rOBopaMH 0 «pea6HJlHT.a-
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qeCKOe OCMbICJIeHHe BceH rrp06JIeMbI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHoro. I1MeHHo 3TY HJI.eIO
HCHO Ii rrp030pJIHBO OTCTaHBaJlH B CBoe BpeMH COBeTCKHe HCCJIe,aOBaTeJIH.
Ha Bonpoc )Ke 0 TOM, ObIJI JIH JIaKaHH3M B03pO)KJI.eHHeM HJIlI KOHIJ,OM
nCHXOaHaJIH3a, BpSIJI. JIH B03MO)KeH OJI.H03HaQHbIH OTBeT. OQeBH,aHO, QTO
«KOHell.» nCHXOaHaJIH3a - .9TO OOO:>KeCTBJIeHHe llIKOJIbI, Il03HIl.HH, J1H,ae-
pa -- CJlOBOM, Bcero Toro, QTO YBO,aHT ero TeopHIO B MHCTHIl.H3M, a ero
npaKTHKY - B aBTopHTapH3M. B rrCHXOaHaJIH3e eCTb, O,l(HaKO, H JI.pyrHe
B03MOJKHOCTH; OHH CBH3aHbI rrpe)l{,ne BcefO C .9KCIIJlHKaIl.HeH JI.OpecpJIeKCHB-
HbIX acrreKTOB peaJlbHOrO onbITa, c BbIHBJIeHHeM ooxne3HatIHMOrO CMbICJIa
pa3J1HQHbIX )l{H3HeHHo-npaKTIItIeCKHX cHTyau.HH, C OCMbICJIeHHeM B3aHMO-
cBH3eH MeLK,ay JI.O-H3bIKOBbIMH H co6cTBeHHo H3bIKOBbIMH <popMaMH MbIIII-
JIeHHH -C pa3BHTHeM Tex TeH,lJ.eHIl.HH, KOTopbIe cnocooHbI npoTHBoCTOHTb
B nCMXOaHaJIH3e MafHll CJIOBa II MafHII BJIaCTH. 5Y,lJ.YIIl.ee nOKaLKeT, KaKHe
HMeHHO <pparMeHTbI JIaKaHOBCKoro HaCJIeJI.HH oKaLKYTcH HaH60JIee rrep-
crreKTIIBHbIMH JI.JI5I JI.a.JIbHeHllIero pa3BHTHSI B .9TOM nJIaHe. C YBepeHHocTbIO
MOLKHO YTBep)K,lLaTb JlHIIIb, tITO TaKHe cpparMeHTbI B KOHIJ,eIn:.I,HH JIaKaHa
eCTb.
LACAN: THE RENAISSANCE OR THE END OF PSYCHOANAL YSIS
N. S. AVTONOMOVA
Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
S:u m mar y
>_ r_ __ .- .
f:!The main contradiction of J. Lacan's psychoanalysis is seen here as a
contradiction between the rational and irrational aspects of his work, [be-
tween his theory (structural) and practice (transferential). Far from overcom-
ing this difficulty, Lacan's followers go into smaller controversies,discuss...
ing e. g. whether Lacan's theory. is scientific or not (mythical, religious,
product of fiction, etc.), and whether Lacan' s pra tice is authori taria'n or
"liberating". The answer in both cases is sought within the sphere of Ian...
guage-understood broadly. The dangerous trend of modern psychoanalysis is
connected with a tendency to the personification of the Leader's theoreti-
cal posi tion as the ul ti mate truth. However, there are also other poten tiali..
ties in psychoanalysis which enable it to escape this fallacy and to go on
with its therapeutic job proper by applying our present-day knowledge of
the unconscious in unique concrete situations of real interpersonal relations.
JlI1TEPATYPA
1. BECC03HA TEJIbI-IOE: TIPHPO.l1.A, <I> YHKU 1111, METO,QbI HCCiIE.l1.0BAHI1JI, T. T.
I.-III, TBI1J1I1CI1, MEUHI1EP BA, 1978.
2. llIEPTOK JI., Hen03HaHHoe B nCHXHKe lleJIOBeka, M., nporpecc, 1982.
3. CLEMENT C., Les fils de Freud sont fatigues. P., Gras'3et, 1978.
4. CLEMENT C., Vies et legendes de Jacques Lacan. P., Grasset, 1980.
121'
5. DESCOMBES Vt, L 'Equivoque du symbolique. In: Confrontation. Cahiers 3, 1980.
6. GEORGE F., L'Effet 'Yau de Poele de Lacan et des Iacaniens. P., Hachette, 1979.
7. LACAN J., ECfits. P., Seuil, 1966.
8. LECLAIRE S., Un soulevement de questions. Le mouvement psychanalytique anime par
Jacques Lacan. In: Confrontation, Cahiers 3, 1980.
9. MAJOR R., Lelnconscienb une decision p oliti que. In: Confrontation, Cahiers 3,' 1980.
10. MANNONI M.. La theorie comme fiction. P., Seuil., 1979.
II. ROUSTANG F., Un destin si funeste. P., Minuit, 1976.
12. ROUSTANG F., ....ElIe ne Ie tAche plus. P., Minuit, 1980.
128
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-qTO TeKymee H HerrOCTOSIHHoe, 6bIJIH 3aJIOLKeHbI rrpe,nnOCbIJIKH ,lI.JI5I HHTe-
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9. Qecc03HaTeJIbHOe, IV
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TeJIbCTBaX BCTyrraIOT B pe3 oe rrpOTHBOpeqHe ,apyr C APyrOM» [4].
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TeJlbHOe <PYHK HoHHpyeT JIHllIb KaK pe3epBHaH CTaHlI.H5I ,aJIH HenpHeMJIe-
MbIX rrHIII.eBbIX, ceKcyaJlbHbIX H arpeCCHBHbIX )KeJIaHHH. MexaHlI3M B3aH-
Mo,aeHCTBHH MelK,l(Y «C03HaHHeM» II «6eCC03HaTeJlbHbIM» HCCJIe,ayeTcH
TOJIbKO C TOqKH 3peHHH OTpHlI.aHHH HJIH npHHHTHH ,aeJlHKaTHWX rrpHMHTHB-
HbIX HMnYJlbCOB, qYBCTBa BHHbl HJIH CTpaxa rrepe,lI. HaKa3aHHeM. ,lJ,pyrHe-
6HOJ10rHtIeCKHe HJlH nCHXOJlorHqeCKHe OTHOllIeHH5I yrrYCKaIOTCH H3 BH,ay...
B rrCHXOJlorHH <I>peM,na «6eCC03HaTeJlbHoe» npe,nCTaBn5IeT C060H nHlllb rro-
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60TKH MexaHH3MOB cpOpMHpOBaHHH rrpe,lI.CTaBneHHH H nOCTpoeHHH ,lI.BHlKe-
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CMaTpHBaH B Ayxe pOMaHTHqeCKOrO nO.L{XO,lI.a 3HaqeHHH, CMbICJlOBOH orrbIT
H II.eHHOCTH cy6'beKTa, rrCHXOaHaJIM3 OTpHII.aeT HX, BTHCKHBaeT HX rrpOHB-
JIeHHH B Hea.L{eKBaTHYIO JIOrHqeCKYIO cxeMY MexaHHCTHqeCKOrO MbIlllJIeHHH.
YKa3aHHaH HerrOCJle.L{OBaTeJIbHOCTb 06peKaeT nCHXOaHaJIH3 TeOpeTHqeCKlf.
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pa H A. A,aJlepa. I1MH 6bIJIa BocrrpHHHTa H pa3BHTa H,aesi rrpoAYKTHBHOft
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CTeMaTHqeCKOrO Ha6J1IO,lI.eHHH Ha,l( HCTepHKaMH 3. KpeqMep rrpHllleJI K.
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HomeHHIO K )KH3HH, HeC1\10Tp5I Ha aM6HBaJIeHTHble qYBCTBa H pa3HoHa-
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np05IBJIeHH5IM. DpoTHBOpeqHe Me)KJI,Y C03HaTeJIbHO n03HaHHbIM, )KeJIae-
MbIM 11 BbITeCHeHHbIM B «6ecc03HaTeJIbHoe», KaKliM 6bI pe3KHM OHO HI1 Ka-
3aJIOCb B onpe,aeJIeHHble MOMeHTbI, - Bce lKe OTHOCHTeJIbHO I1 5IBJIHeTC5I
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nCI1XHQeCKYIO )KH3Hb MO)KHO' rrOHHTb I1 OilHcaTb, He rrpH6eraH. K KaTeropHH
«6eCC03HaTeJIbHoro...» [5]. CYTb B3rJI5I,lJ.a 3. KpeqMepa Ha «6eccQ3Ha-
TeJIbHoe» COCTOHT B TOM, qTO «6e C03HaTeJIbHoe» He 06pa3yeT KaK TaKO-
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cpeHOMeHOB nOBe)I.eHI1H I1 C03HaHH5I cpopMaJIbHble ,aeTepMHHaHTbI JI,BHLKeHHH
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CTH TOll pOJIH, KOTOpylO HrpaeT B 2KH3HH qeJlOBeKa HeOC03HaBaeMaH nCH-
XHQeCKa51 JI,eHTeJIbHOCTb. fOBOpH 0 MeCTe H 3HaqeHI1H HeOC03HaBaeMoro,
B. KpeqMep OTMeqaeT, qTO Bce qeJIOBeqeCKOe, B TOM qI1CJle H nCHXHqeCKaH
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HaXO,lI,HTCH B nOTeHnHH, HJlH rOT 0 B HOC T H H M02KeT HaMepeHHO HJIH
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«6eCC03HaTeJIbHoe» H npeJI,llIecTByeT C03HaHHIO H «CJle,ayeT 3a HI1M». B
CB5I3H C 3THM BCJIeJI, 3a lIleJIJlI1HrOM H 3. cpOH rapTMaHoM, COrJIaCHO
B. KpeqMepy, «6ecc03HaTeJIbHoe» MO)KHO npHHHTb 3a OCHOBY ,aeHcTBH-
TeJlbHOCTH. Ho npH .9TOM, npaB,aa, HY)KHO HMeTb B BH,ay, qTO peqb H,aeT
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131
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138
W. KRETSCHMER'S CONCEPTION OF "THE UNCONSCIOUS"
N. P. 'RAPOKHIN
All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Complex Problems, Acad. Sci.
USSR, Moscow.
-SUMMARY
The views of the well-known West-German psychiatrist and clinical
psychologist on the problem of unconscious forms of mental activity are ana-
lysed in the paper. I
The origins of the conception developed by Kretschmer are traced, and
I'
its strong and weak points are demonstrated. Special attention is given to
Kretschmer's critique of the psychoanalytical interpretation of the uncon-
scious. 'The closeness of some propositions of his conception to the views of
Soviet researchers on the problem is stressed.
J1I1TEPATYPA
1. EACCI1H <P. B., 0 COBpeMeHHOM KpH3Hce nCHXOaHaJIH3a. B KH.: lIlepToK JI., Herr03HaHHoe
B nCHXHKe qeJIOBeKa, M., nporpecc, 1982.
2. MbIIIIJIEHI1E: DPnIJ.ECC, LlE51TEJIbHOCTb, OE EHI1E, M., HaYKa, 1982.
3. l3HAl1.3E LL. I-I., 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIe. OCHOBbI nCHXOJIOrHH YCTaHOBKH, T6HJIHCU, 1961.
4. KRETSCHMER W., Zum Begriff des Unbewussten. B KH.: Eecc03HaTeJJbHoe: npHpo,n;a,
CPYHK HH, MeTO bI HCCJIe,n;OBaHH5I, 1. I, T6HJIHCH, Me HHepe6a, 1978, 174-179.
5. KRETSCHMER W. Widerspruche des "tiefen psychJlogischen" Begriffe des Un1:.ewussten.
MaTepHaJI, npHCJIaHHbIH ,n;JI5I rry6JIHKaQHH B IV TOMe KOJIJIeKTHBHOH MOHorpacpHH: Bec-
C02HaTeJIbHoe: npHp o,n:a , CPYHK HH, MeTO)J.bI HCCJIe)J.OBaHH5I.
,6. KRETSCHMER W., Gibt es das "l nbewusste"?
MaTep, HaJI npHCJIaHHbIH )J.JI5I ny6JIHKa HHH B IV TOMe KOJIJIeKTHBHOH MOHorpacpHH:
E CC03HaTeJlbHoe: npHpO)J.a, CPYHKQHH, MeTO)J.bI HCCJIeJJ.OBaHH5I..
139
T6HJlMCCKHR ME)I(,nYHAPO,nHbIA CMMn03i'IYM
no np06J1EME 6ECC03HATEJlbHOrO
(1979, 1-5 OKTH6pH)
H. B. 6AXTAA3E-WEP03H
T6HRHCCKHH rocY,ltapCTBeHH@H YHHBepCHTeT
llpo6JIeMa 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO nCHXHtIeCKOrO HBJIHeTCH O,aHOH H3 ca-
MbIX CJIO)KHbIX H TPY,rJ:HO pa3pellIHMbIx np06JIeM, B03HlIKaBIllHX Kor,rJ:a-JIH-
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pbIe, HarrpH)KeHHble crropbI, KOTopble ,rJ:JlHTCH Y2Ke 60JIee CTOJIeTIiH. 3THM
If 06YCJIOBJIHBa.eTcH ee aKTyaJIbHOCTb 11 60JIbllIOH HHTepec K HeM. B pa3-
pa60TKe 3TOH rrp06J1eMbI 3aHHTepeCOBaHbI He TOJIbKO rrCHXOJIOrH, HO II
<PHJIOCOcpbI, rrClfXOHeBpOJlOrH, HeiipocpH3HOJIOrH, rre,rJ:arorH, JIHTepaTypOBe-
AbI, HCKYCCTBOBe,abI, rrCHXOJIlfHrBHCTbI H npe,aCTaBHTeJIH pH,rJ:a ,apyrHx cne-
IJ.HaJIbHOCTeM.
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tIeCKOM YCTaHOBKH. B TO me BpeMH ,Q. H. Y3Ha)1.3e HBJlHeTCH O,rJ:HHM H3 ca-
MbIX KpynHbIx COBeTCKHX rrCHXOJIOrOB, nO,rJ:MeTHBllIHM B TeopHH 6eCC03HaTeJIb-
Horo <l>pefUJ,a nOJlO)KHT.eJlbHOe 3epHO, KOTopoe MHorlie KJIaCCHKH nCHXOJlO-
. rHH He 3aMetIaJIII, a HMeHHO, tITO nCHXHtIeCKaH )KH3Hb tIeJlOBeKa He HC-
qepnhIBaeTCH TOJlbKO C03HaHHeM H qTO cy ecTByeT TaKaH ccpepa nCHXHqe-
CKoro, npOHCXO)K,rJ:eHHe, 3aKOHW J npOHBJIeHHH KOToporo HeJlb3H HCKaTb
TOJIbKO B paMKax HCHoro C03HaHHH. Bce 3TO n03BOJlHJlO rU. H. Y3Ha,a3e
060CHOBaTb H rJly60Ko pa3BHTb MapKCHCTCKO-JIeHHHCKYIO HaYtIHYIO KOH-
aerrl1,IIIO 6eCC03H a TeJIbHOrO nCHXHqeCKoro.
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MbICJIH, rrpe,aCTaBJIeHHH, BocnOMHHaHHH, )KeJIaHHH, cpaHTa3HH H T. )1.. He
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OC03HaeTCH,. HJlH HeT, HO HeB03MO)KHO rrpe,aCTaBHTb ce6e, QT06bI OHa 6bIJla
«nepeMell eHa» Ky,na-TO B «nO,rJ:BaJl» If TaM, OCTaBaHCb MbICJIblO, C.lleJIaJIaCb
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npoueCCOB YCTaHOBKH, a He «cO,l(ep)KaHHe» 3TlIX npOI1.eCCOB. OHa He «CO-
,aep2KHTCH» 'r.lle-TO BHH3Y, a BCHKHH pa3 pom.llaeTCH, np06Y)K,l(aeTCH YCTa-
HOBKOH. To )Ke caMoe MO)KHO CKa3aTb 0 ,l(PyrHx cpeHoMeHax C03HaHRH -
o BocnOMHHaHlfHX, LKeJIaHHHX H npOqeM» (A. E. lllep03H5I, I1.HT. no [3]).
«KOHIJ.err HH YCTaHoBKH, - rOBopHT aKa,l(eMHK A. C. DpaHrHIIIBHJ1H,
- rr03BOJIHeT COBeTCKHM nCMXOJlOraM 3a5.lBlITb CBOH 3a"KOHHble rrpaBa Ha
140
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JIbI 38 py6eLKoM, rrOCJIe Toro, KaK B HaIlIMX Tpy,nax rrpHHHJIH yqaCTHe HC-
CJIe,il.OBaTeJlH H3 pa3HbIX CTpaH, OT rrpOCJIaBJIeHHOrO )1(. nHaLKe AO MOJlO-
.norD KaHaJ(CKoro rrpo<t>eccopa rpHII,IOKa, CTaJIO SICHO, tJTO T6HJIHCH cero){-
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II03HYM no np06J1eMe oecc03HaTeJIbHoro» ir3], Ii He YAHBHTeJIbHO, qTO HMeH-
HO B T6HJ1HCH B 1979 rOAY COCTOSIJICSI MeLK,llYHapO,llHbIH cHMn03HYM' 110
np06J1eMe 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO, opraHH3aTopaMH KOToporo 6bIJIH COBeTCKHe
yqeHble A. C. DpaHrHIlIBHJlH, A. E. lllep03HSI, CPo B. 5accHH Ii MHOfHe ro-
AbI TeCHO C HHMH COTpYJ(HHqaIOIr(HH JI. llIepToK H3 napH}KCKOrO UeHTpa
nCHXOCOMaTHqeCKOM MeJ(HII,HHW.
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CKenTHqeCKH OTHOCHJIHCb K liJ(ee rrpOBe,neHHSI CHMI103HYMa. ,[{pyrHe pac-
CM8TplIBaJIH era KaK C06bITHe HCKJlIOQHTeJlbHOe, XOTSI 6bI y)Ke rroToMY, qTO
3HaMeHHTMH nepBwM (BOCTOHCKHH) CHMI103HYM COCTOSIJlCH OKono 70 JIeT
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1vIeiK,rrYHapo,aHOH BCTpetJH, rrOCBH eHHOH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOMY.
DpOBe,lleHHIO HaytJHOH ,aHCKYCCHH Ha CHMrr03HYMe rrpe,lI.WeCTBOBaJla
60JIbllia5I nO,l(rOTOBHTeJIbHaSI pa60Ta, KOTopaSI ,lI.JIHJlaCb 5 JleT. B TeqeHHe
3Toro BpeMeHH pe,llaKII.HOHHaSI KOJIJlerHH rroJIyqIjJI a OKOJlO 600 HayqHbIX
TPY;(OB COBeTCKHX H 3apy6e)KHbIX aBTopoB, 200 li3 KOTOpbIX 6bIJIH orry6-
JIHKOBaHN B BH,ae TpexToMHoH KOJIJleKTHBHoH MOHorpa$HH «BeCC03HaTeJIb-
Hoe: npHpo,n:a, <PYHKAHM, MeTO)1,bI HCCJle,aOBaHHH», (To., MeII,HHepe6a,
1978); pe,n:aKTopaMH .9TOH MOHorpa<jJHH HBJl5IIOTC5I A. C. DpaHrHlllBHJIH,
A. E. llIep03HSI, c.t>. B. BaccHH.
TIOtITH Bce cYIII.eCTBYIO He B COBeTCKOM H 3apy6eLKHoH nCHXOJIOrMH
MHeHHSI 0 6ecC03HaTeJIbHOM rrCHXHqeCKOM OKa3aJIMCb TaK HJIH liHaqe rrpe.ll-
CTaBJIeHHbIMH B 3THX Tpex TOMax $YH,naMeHTaJIbHOM MOHorpa<pHH. «Mo)K-
HO C YBepeHHocTblO CKa3aTb, tITO MaTepHaJIbI cHMno3HYMa HeCOMHeHHO
BOH.llYT B 30JlOTOH cpOH,n: cOBeTcKoH rrCHXOJlOrHH» [2].
3M6JIeMOH CHMII03HYMa 6bIJIO BbI6paHo H306pa}KeHHe «CTpeJIbna»,
B3HToe H3 rpY3HHcKOH PYKOIIHCH 1188 ro,aa, H306pa}KaBllIee KeHTaBpa-
nOJlYJIbBa-qoJlyqeJlOBeKa. TIpocpeccop A. E. lIIep03HSI, OJ(HH li3 pe.llaK-
TOpOB TpexToMHHKa, BbI6paBllIHH .9TO H306pa2KeHHe B KaqeCTBe 3M6JIeMbI
CHMn03HYMa, TaK 06'bHCHSIeT .9M6JIeMY: «CTpeJIeu.» II.eJIHTCH B qy OBHIl1.e,
He 3aJIOLKHB B JIYK CTpeJIbI. CMbICJI 9TOH rro,np06HOCTH: OHa YKa3bIBaeT
Ha HepaCTopiKHMOCTb «CBeTJIOfO» H «TeMHoro» B YIIIe qeJIOBeKa. 4eJIo-
BeK He crroc06eH y6lITb B ce6e qy,nOBHIne, HO H OHO He B COCTOHHHH IIO-
JKpaTb qeJIOBeKa; CMepTb O,llHOro 03HaqaJIa 6bI KOHeII. Apyroro; e,llHHCTBeH-
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.
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liar ellle He OCMbIcneH caMHM «CTpeJIbII.OM». Ero B3fJIH.ll HarrpaBlIeH Ha-
3a,ll, K rOJIOBe ,l{paKOHa. 3M6JIeMa 6bIJIa nOMeIII.eHa He Ha JIM[(eBOH CTOpO-
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150 COBeTCKHX H 100 3apy6e2KHbIx. KpoMe yqaCTHHKoB, Ha CHMII03HYM
141
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Y3cKHe rrCHxoaHanHTHKH.
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«oecc03HaTeJIbHoe» H 3M6JIeMOH cHMrr03HYMa. TaKHe )Ke rrJIaKaTbI 6bIJIH
rrOMemeHbI Ha CTeHax HapH,aHo YKpallleHHoro .LLBop a lllaXMaT, f,lI,e 1 OK-
T5I6pH npOH30lllJIO TOpJKeCTBeHHoe OTKpbITHe cHMrr03HYMa. I1HTepec K CHM-
. rr03HYMY 6bIJI HaCTOJIbKO BeJIHK, tITO ,LLBopen lllaXMaT He Mor BMeCTHTb
Bcex :tKeJIaIOIlI.HX.
B pa60Te CHMrr03HYMa npHHHJIH YtIaCTHe TaKHe BH,aHble 3apy6e)KHbIe
YtIeHble, KaK P. 51K06cOH, f. flOJIJIOK,. P. PO,lI,)KepC, H. POJIJIHHC (CillA),
f. A¥MOH (<pPf), C. J1eKJIep, JI. lllepToK, 11. 5pecc (<f>paHlI.H5I), J1. fa-
paii, 5. EY,lI,a (BeHrpHH), T. MeiiH (AHrJIH5I), B. I1BaHoB, C. CToeB (5o'JI-
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E. B .llIopoxoBa, TI. 51. faJIbrrepHH, B. B. ,LLaBbI,aoB, T. B. faMKpeJIH,a3e,
B. .N\. KBaqaXHH, ,LL. C. A,lI,pHaHOB, M. M. Ka6aHoB, 11. 11. PaMHIIlBIiJIH,
B. f. HopaKH)1.3e, A. A. J1eoHTbeB, B. C. POTeH6epr, B5Iq, Bac. I1BaHoB,
1-1. C. ABToHoMoBa, A. 11. 3ypa6alllBHJIH, T. H. KetIxyalllBHJIH, B. B. fpH-
rOJIaBa, ill. A. Ha,aHpalllBHJIH, B. TI. 3HHQeHKO II MHOfHe ,lI,pyrHe.
DporpaMMa CHMrr03HYMa rrpe,aYCMaTpHBaJIa 06cy:tK,lI,eHHe CJIe,aYIOllI. HX
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.lI,OBaHM5I 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO; 7. KpyrJIbIH CTOJI cHMrr03HYMa: 0 COOTHOllle-
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«OT nOJIHOrO HerrpH3HaHHH ,lI,0 rrorrMTKH 06nHCHHTb tIYTb JIM He BeCb MMp
C n03H HH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOro - BOT rpaHHnbI Toro nOJIH, Ha KOTOpOM,
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HeHHoii Ha 3anaJ(e rrCHXOaHaJIHTHtIeCKOH TeopHeH cI>peii,aa. COBeTCKHe
YtIeHble rrpOHBHJIH CBoe KpHTHtIeCKOe OTHOllleHHe K yqeHHIO cI>peHJ(a, DT-
npaBJl5I5ICb OT n03HnHH $HJlOCO$HH H nCHXOJIOrHM ,lI,HaJIeKTHqeCKOro MaTe-
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HbIX ytIeHbIX cymeCTBYIOT, KaK OKa3aJIOCb, BO MHorOM npeBpaTHble rrpeA-
CTaBJIeHHH.
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Me - «TIp06JIeMa 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO B rrCHXOJIOrHtIeCKOH KOH errnHH yc-
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A. C. TIpaHrHlllBHJIH rrO,lI,tIepKHYJI, tITO YCTaHOBKa, OY,lI,YtIH rrpHH HnHaJIbHO
Heoc03HaBaeMOH, onpe,aeJlHeT HanpaBJIeHHOCTb npo ecCOB C03HaHH5I H ,ae-
HTeJIbHOCTH. «Pa60TbI lllKOJIbI Y3HaJJ.3e, HMelOmeii nOJIYBeKoBYIO HCTOpHIO,
H MHO:tKeCTBO J(pyrHx Ha6JIIO,aeHHH, 0606meHHH H cpaKTOB cOBepllleHHo
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6e3 KOTOpbIX, BMeCTe C TeM, He paCKpbIBalOTCH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH OC03Ha-
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142
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COBeTCKOH rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKOM lllKOJIbI LL. H. Y 3Ha,a3e. COrrOCTaBJIHH ,aBe cxe-
MbI - 3arra)lHYIO H COBeTCKYIO - pa3BHTHH rrpe,aCTaBJIeHHM 0 6eCC03Ha-
TeJIbHOM, ,lI.OKJIa,aqHKH rrpHlIlJIH K 3aKJIIOqeHHIO, qTO B 3THX cxeMax eCTb
KaK 3JIeMeHTbI Cxo,aCTBa, TaK H pa3JIHqHH, qTO. «...HH o,aHa H3 3THX cxeM
eIlI.e He HMeeT 3aBepllleHHoro xapaKTepa, rrOCKOJIbKY KaK Ha 3arra,lle, TaK
II B COBeTCKOM COI03e HeT e,aHHOMbICJIHSI HH B OTHOllleHHH rrpH3HaHHH pe-
aJIbHOCTH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO KaK rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKOro <peHOMeHa, HH, eIlI.e
MeHee, B OTHOllleHHH Toro, KaK cpeHOMeH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO CJIe,llyeT KOH-
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143
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JIOrIIH II nCHXOTepanHH CJIe,lI.OBaJIO 6bI OTHeCTHCb K .9TOM MbICJIH Bcepbe3. B
tIaCTHOCTH, K TOMY, tITO C03HaTeJIbHOe H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe perYJIIIpYIOTCSI
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npHHI1.HnbI 3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHOrO HCCJ1e,aOBaHHH HeOC03HaBaeMbIX nCHXOJIO-
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144
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aTpHSI», H3)taBaeMoro 3TOH AKa.rr.eMHeH.
THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE PROBLEM OF THE
UNCONSCIOUS, TBILISI, 1979
N. V. BAKHT ADZE-SHEROZIA
Tbilisi State Uni versity
SUMMARY
The Tbilisi International Symposium was addressed by representatives
of highly differing trends in the interpretation of the unconscious. The Sym-
posium should be characterized as an extensive conirontation of the two
basic approaches to the problem of the.unconscious that had taken shape in
modern world literature: (a) Psychoanalytic, dominant in the West and in-
cluding the teaching of S. Freud and all present-day psychoanalytic trends
(the scientific schools of G. Klein, G. Ammon, J. Lacan) and (b) Soviet, tak-
ing shape as the resul t of a study of the integral-personali ty manifestations
of the human mind; the latter (approach was invariably related-to a great...
r or lesser extent-to the general theory of man's unconscious psychological
sets. D. N. Uznadze's -theory of unconscious psychological set was chosen
by the organizers of the Symposium as the initiaL position of approach
to the problem. However, Uznadze's classical model: set - consciousness
was reconstructed through its qualitatively new modification: set-conscious- I
ness - the unconscious, as proposed by A. E. Sherozia. According to Uz-
nadze's classical model (set-consciousness), set is assumed to be not only
the unconscious proper but also the only possible form and mode of exis-
stence of the unconscious. According to the model suggested by Sherozia,
set is not identical with the concept of " the unconscious", but is one of the
forms of manifestation of unconscious mental activity. The unconscious in
itself is not uniform and - apart from set - it involves irrational" personal
rp.eanings" (the "unconscious" in the tradi tional understanding). This change
of the methodological structure of the theory of unconscious psychologi-
cal set permitted a critical approach to the scientific psychoanalytic orien-
tations proper as well as to the scientific orientations of the theory of set,
and instead of viewing these two lines of research as mutually exclusive to
get down to their generalized consideration on an essentially new basis cor-
responding to Sherozia' s theory of consciouseness and the unconscious mind.
In the scientific deba te Soviet scientists and scholars set forth their at...
titude to Freud's classical heritage from the standpoint of dialectical mater-
141
rialism: Soviet science considers that Freud introduced categories into the
theory of the unconscious that have a positive significance for the science
of the mind, viz., N10se of repression, psychological defence, the symbol-form-
ing acitivity of dreamlike altered consciousness, and so on. These concepts
enabled the unravelling of major specificities of man'5 mental life, and to
build entirely new views on their nature. At the same time Soviet science
rejects Freud's idealistic attempts to render his conception universal by
extending it to the area of social relations.
Notwithstanding the essential difference in the approach to the prob-
lem of the unconscious between the Psycholoanalytic trend and Soviet sci-
ence, in the course of the discussion a number of major Western researchers
supported our principled propositions. They noted also that the publication
of the three-volume monograph "The Unconscious: nature, function and
methods of study" (Tbilisi, 1978) created exceptionally favourable prospects
for a further in-depth study of the problem of the unconscious.
The TbiIisi International 5 y mposiu mapped out a qualitatively new
stage in the study of unconscious mental activity-that of interdisciplinary
research.
JII1TEPATYPA
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C03HaTeJIbHoe».
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peaJlH3yeTcH_ qepe3 MexaHH3MbI 9MOl(HH, KOTopbIe, KaK 6bIJlO rrOKa3aHO
HaMH paHee, 3aBHCHT He TOJIbKO OT BeJIHqIfHbI nOTpe6HOCTH, HO M OT o eH-
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tIaJIbHO no CBOMM nOCJIe,lI.CTBHHM OTCYTCTBHe rJIaBeHcTBYIO eH nOTpe6Ho-
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rrpOILeccaxI); H B yrrpaBJIeHHH rrpOMbIlliJIeHHbIM npOH3BO,lJ.CTBOM. 3TO OT-
HIO,lLb He 3HalJHT, qTO MbI «nepeHeCJIH» <pH3HOJIOrHtIeCKHe 3KcnepHMeH-
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HOCTH YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI JlHllib n03,l.(Hee.
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155
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nOrHqeCKOrO aHaJIII3a II c nOMOIl.{bIO KpHTepHSI npaKTHKH B IIIHpOKOM CMbIC-
JIe CJlOBa. HeHpocpH3HOJIOrHqeCKYIO OCHOBY CBepXC03HaHHH npe,nCTaBJISleT
TpaHccpopMal(HH If peKOM6HHal(HH CJIe,I(OB (SHrpaMM), XpaHSlIl.{HXCH B rra-
MSITH cy6'beKTa, rrepBHqHOe 3aMbIKaHHe HOBbIX BpeMeHHbIX CBH3eH, lIbe
COOTBeTCTBHe HJIH HeCOOTBeTCTBHe ,neHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH BbISlCHSleTCSI JIHllIb
B )I.3JIbHeHilieM.
2. ,[LeHTeJIbHOCTb cBepxc03HaHHSI Bcer,na opHeHTHpoBaHa Ha Y,llOBJIeT-
BopeHMe ,aOMHHHpYIOIneH rroTpeoHocTH, KOHKpeTHoe cO,I(epJKaHHe KOTOpOH
KaHaJlH3HpyeT HarrpaBJIeHHe «rrCHXHqeCKOrO MYTareHe3a». TaKHM oopa-
, 30M, «rrCHXH1JeCKHe MYTal(HH» H3HalIaJIbHO HOCHT Herrpe,aCKa3yeMbIH, HO
HeCJIyqaHHbIH xapaKTep. BTOpbIM KaHaJIH3HpYIOIIJ.HM <paKTOpOM HBJlSleT-
CH paHee HaKOrrJIeHHbIH OIIbIT cy6'beKTa, 3acpHKCHpOBaHHbIH B ero C03Ha-
HHH Ii no,nC03HaHHM.
3. HerrOJIHOe OC03HaHHe cy6'beKTOM ,aBHJKYInHX HM rroTpeoHocTeH CHM-
MaeT MHHMoe rrpoTHBOpelIHe Me)K,ny OO'beKTHBHoH ,l(eTepMMHHpoBaHHocTbIO
nOBe,neHHH tIeJlOBeKa HaCJIe,nCTBeHHbIMH 3a,naTKaMH, YCJlOBHHMH BocrrHTa-
HHSI, oKpYJKalOIneH Cpe,llOH Ii cy6'beKTHBHo ornyrnaeMoH HM CBOOO,n:OH BbI-
6opa. 3Ta HJlJII03HH CB06o,l(bI HBJlHeTCSI tIpe3BbIlIaHHO n:eHHbIM rrpH06peTe-
HHeM, rrocKoJlbKY o6eCnetIHBaeT tIYBCTBO JIHtIHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, n06Y)K-
J{aIOInee BcecTopoHHe aHaJIH3HpOBaTb H nporH03HpoBaTb B03MO)KHbIe no-
CJIe,llCTBHH Toro HJIH HHoro rroCTyrrKa. OOHJIH3al(HSI H3 pe3epBoB rraMSlTH,
TaKoro pOAa HHcpopMal(HH Be,aeT K YCHJIeHHIO nOTpe6HocTH, YCTOHqHBO
rJIaBeHcTBYIOIneH B HepapxHH MOTHBOB AaHHoH JlMtIHOCTH, 6JIaro,llapSl tIe-
MY OHa oopeTaeT crrOCOOHOCTb rrpOTHBOCTOSlTb cMTyaTHBHMM ,nOMHHaHTaM,
TO eCTb nOTpe6HOCTSlM, 9KCTpeHHO aKTyaJIH3HpOBaHHbIM CJIOjKHBWeHCH
oocTaHoBKoM.
4. B3aHMoAeHcTBHe cBepxc03HaHHH C C03HaHHeM eCTb npOHBJIeHHe Ha
ypoBHe TBOptIeCKOH ,l.(eHTeJIbHOCTH tIeJlOBeKa YHHBepCaJIbHOrO rrpHHl(Hna
B03HHKHOBeHHSI HOBoro B rrponecce OHOJIOrHQeCKOH H KYJIbTypHOM SBOJlIO-
II.HH. <l>YHKl(HM cBepxc03HaHHSI H C03HaHHSI cooTBeTcTBYIOT B3aHMO,lleiicT-
157
BHIO HeIIpe,lI.CKa3yeMoH H3MeHtfHBOCTH Ii oT60pa B npOHCXOLK,aeHHH HOBbIX
BH,lI.OB )KHBbIX cyrneCTB. TIO,n:OOHO TOMY, KaK 3BOJIIOII.llOH;npYIOrnaSi IIOIIYJISI-
UllH pO)K,lI.aeT HOBoe Qepe3 OT60p oT.n.eJlbHbIX oc06eH, 3BOJIIOlI.HSI KYJIbTY-
pbI HaCJIe.lI.yeT B pSl,lI.y CMeH5IlOrnHXCSI nOKOJIeHHH H,aeH, OTKpbITH5I H C0lI.II-
:lJIbHbIe HOpMbI, nepBOHaIIaJIbHO B03HHKaIOIIJ.He B rOJIOBe KOHKpeTHbIX nep-
.dOOTKp bIBaTeJleH H TBOPlI.OB. _
5. CBe,l.{eHHe nCHXH1JeCKOH )I.e5ITeJlbHOCTH IIeJIOBeKa K O,aHOMY JIHllIb co-
3HaHllIO He B COCTOSlHHH 06nSlCHHTb HH ,lI.HaJleKTHKY .lI.eTepMHHH3Ma H CBO-
60,lI.bI BbI60pa, HH MeXaHH3MbI TBOpqeCTBa, HH nO,aJIHHHYro HCTOpHIO KYJIb-
TypbI. TOJIbKO npH3HaHHe Ba)KHeHIllHX <PYHKlLHH HeOC03HaBaeMOrO IICHXJ{-
qeCKOrO C BbIJ(eJIeHHeM B HeM IIpHHnHIIMaJ1bHO pa3J1H1JHbIX cpeHOMeHoB IIO,lI.-
H CBepXC03HaHHSI ,aaeT B03M02KHOCTb IIOJIyqHTh e"CTeCTBeHHoHayqHbiH Ma-
TepHaJIHCTHIIeCKHH OTBeT Ha caMbIe )KrYIIHe BOIIpOCbI qeJIOBeKOBe,lI.eHHSI.
TOJlbKO yqeT 3THX CPYHKlI.HH OTKpbIBaeT nYTb K perneHHIO npaKTHIIeCKHX
3a,l.{aII BOCIIMTaHHH, rrpo<pHJIaKTHKH H JIeIIeHHSI HepBHorrCHXHIIeCKHX 3a60-
JIeBaHHH.
TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF UNCONSCIOUS PSYCHIC
PHENOMENA: SUB- AND SUPRA-CONSCIOUSNESS
PAVEL V. SIMONOV
Insti tute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, USSR Academy
of Sciences, Moscow
S{TMMARY
The author suggests major differences between two forms of the uncon-
scious psychic phenomena: sub-concsiousness and supra-consciousness (ac-
cording to K. Stanislavsky) or above-consciousness (according to M. Yaro--
shevsky). it is emphasized that these two forms of the unconscious devel...
oped in the evolutional process as the resul t of the dual nature of evolution,
where the trend toward survival and preservation is in dialectical connec-
tion with the one toward development.
Sub- and supra-consciousness are defined along the following .five pa-
rameters: 1) sub-conscious is something that was or can be realized; the ac-
tivityof supra-consciousness is unrealizible in principle; 2) sub-conscious-
ness is oriented toward the signals of highly probable events; supraconsci..
ousness d'eals with lowly probable combinations of traces of previously receiv-
ed experiences; 3) subconsciousness "provides" for the need in preserva...
-tion and survival; supraconsciousness-for that of development and growth;
4) subconsciousness is involved in the process of confli:cts between bi-
ological and social needs; supra-consciousness, between social and ideal,
needs, between the available and the just; 5) subconsciousness is oriented to-
ward the past, supraconsciousness toward the future.
According to the author the major theoretical result of the development
of the concept of supraconsciousness is the definition of the problem "de'"'
terminism and freedom of ,choice" as being groundless. Due to supraconsci-
158
ousness a person is relatively free at the stage of developing decision vari-
ants (" psychic mutations") and is not free when choosing between these var-
iants. The phenomena of subconsciousness and supraconsciousness must
be taken into account in education and in the treatment of neurosis.
JIHTEPATYPA
1. BEPHA,QCKI1I1 B. 11., BHoreOXHMHtIeCKHe OtIepKH, l\'\.-JI., l1a,n. AH CCCP, 1980.
2. EPIIIOB n. M., PYCAI<OBA E. A., CHMOHOB n. B., CaMaH BepH2H np06a )J;YWH, HaYKa
H }KH3Hb, 1982. .N'Q 58.
3. CI1MOHOB TI. B., 3MOIJ,HOHaJIbHOe B030Y}K,2I.eHHe H «ncHxHtJecKHH MYTareHea», B KH.:
BTOpOH CHMn03HYM no np06JIeMe «LIeJIOBeK H MaIllHHa», M., 1966.
4. CI1MOHOB n. B., 3MOIJ,HOHaJIbHbIH MC3r, M., HaYKa, 1981.
5. <l>EI1:HBEPf E. JI., I(HoepHeTHK-3, JlOI'HK3, HCKYCCTBO, M., «Pa,nHo H CBSl3b», 1981.
6. 5IPOIIlEBCKHI1 M.. f., KaTerOpHaJIbHaH perYJISlI{HH HayqHOH ,AeSlTeJIbHOCTH. BonpocbI CPH-
JIOCCXPHH, 1973, .N'2 11.
159;
POJlb H MECTO 6ECC03HATEJlbHOrO B OTPA)I(ATEJlbHOM
npOll.ECCE C03HAHHJI
JI.. H. PAMHWBHJ1H
11HCTHTYT nCHXOJIOrHH HM. ,It H. Y3Ha,lI.3e AH rccp, TOHJIHCH
C TOQKH 3peHHSI B03HHKweH B nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOM 06CYJK,neHHH npo6-
JIeMbI cymecTBoBaHHSI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO rrCHXHqeCKOrO npouecca H, B
1JaCTHOCTH, rrp06JIeMbI ero orrpe):(eJISlIOmerO yqaCTHSI B aKTHBHOCTH C03Ha-
HHS!, pemaIOIIlHM npe,n:CTaBJIHeTCH cne,nYIOIIJ:ee 06CT05lTeJIbCTBO. A qTO
e Tb Boo6IlI.e rrCHXHKa? B qeM ee OCHOBHaH rrpHpo]I.a?
,[LeJIo B TOM, I:ITO rrCHXHKa eCTb CPYHKllHOHaJlbHoe rrOHSlTHe, H Ka./K-
)I.bIH rrpou.ecc B HeM HOCHT TaKOH }Ke xapaKTep. HHaqe rOBOpSl, STOT rrpo-
u.ecc MO}KeT B03HHKHYTb, pa3BHBaTbC5I H ynp01JHTbCH TOJIbKO B TOM CJIY-
qae, eCJIH OH 1JeM-JIH60 CJIY}KHT II nOJIe3eH )KH3HeHHOMY nponeccy opra-
HH3Ma rrpH era npHcrroco6JIeHHH K oKpy:m:alOrneMY MHPY.
Be.lI.yrnylO pOJIb B 3TOM rrponecce npHcrroc06JIeHHH nCHXHKa BblrrOJI-
HSleT TeM, qTO OHa OCYII(eCTBJl5IeT OTpa)KeHHe OKpYJKaIOll eii )KHBOe cyme-
,CTBO .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, BepHee, HaJIHqeCTBYlOll.lHX B HeM II HY)KHbIX ,llJlSI
Hero YCJlOBHH, nOCKOJlbKY rrCHXHKa eCTb COOCTBeHHO OTpa)KaTeJIbHaSl cno-
C06HOCTb. KaKoe lKe MeCTO 3aHHMaeT B 3TOM npoaecce 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe
H KaK Ii qeM OHO cnoc06cTByeT <PYHKllHH OTpa}KeHHSI H TeM caMbIM OCHOB-
HOMY rrponeccy pa3BHTHSI ./KHBOH .u.eHCTBHTe.HbHOCTH?
I1MeHHo C 3TOH TOqKH 3peHMSI OC06bIM HHTepec rrpe):(CTaBJI5IIOT ,aOCTH-
)KeHH5I 3TOJlOrOB, TaKHX KaK KapJl Cl>PHW, KOHpa,a JIopeHl( II HHKO THH-
6epreH, rrpOH3Be,llIlIHX rrepeBopOT He TOJIbKO B CBoeH 06JIaCTH, HO H B nCH-
XOJIOrHH Bo06I.Ue, rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M, B nOHHMaHHH npHpO):(bI n03HaBa-
TeJIbHbIX nponeCCOB. B qaCTHOCTH, B rHOCeOJIOrHqeCKHX rrpe,arrOCbIJIKaX
3Toro nOHHMaHH5I ):(0 caMoro nOCJIe,aHero BpeMeHH rro,apa3YMeBaJIOCb H
CI:IHTaJIOCb HeCOMHeHHbIM, 1JTO OTHome.-.HSI KaK TaKOBble, a 3HaI:IHT H caMoe
OOI.Uee B 51BJIeHHSlX, He MorYT BOHTH B rrepll.enll.HlO H 6bITb OTpalKeHbI B
BH):(e a6CTparHpOBaHHoro, - BepHee 6bIJlO ObI CKa3aTb H30JIHpOBaH-
Horo - HHBapHaHTa, ,naHHoro B caMbIX pa3J1M1JHbIX KOHKpeTHbIX SlBJIeHHHX,
H qTO 3TO ):(OCTH)KHMO JIHllIb Ha caMOH BbICOKOH cTyneHH BepOaJlH30-
u
BaHHOH IICHXHKH, T. e. ,U.ocTynHo TOJlbKO MbICJIHTeJlbHOMY npoaeccy qeJlO-
BeKa.
Me:>KAY TeM 3TOJIOrHlIeCKOe H3yqeHHe, HanpHMep, 3KcrrepHMeHTbI THH-
pepreHa, HeonpOBep)KHMO YCT3HaBJlHBaIOT, tITO nepBoe, qTO OTpa}KaeTCSI
H, CTaJlO 6bITb, H cpHKcHpyeTcSI B OOJlaCTH nCHXHKH H3 OKpYlKaIOIIleH cpe-
bI Y:>Ke Ha caMOH pa HeH cTyneHH B03HHKHOBeHHSI nCHXHqeCKOro OTpa-
)l{eHHH, STO HMeHHO OTHoweHHSI, B qaCTHOCTH, rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHbIe H Bpe-
MeHHble COOTHOllIeHHSI MelKJ(Y HBJIeHHSlMH, MorYIII.He 6bITb BbIpalKeHbI B
.MaTeMaTHQeCKHX IIOKa3aTeJIHX. ,L:LaHHbIe, HanpHMep, B BM,ae onpe,U.eJleHHOH
rrponopllHH, OHH HanpaBJIHIOT ,neHCTBHe LKHBbIX cyruecTB - XOTH 6bI Ta-
KHX KaK nTeHD:bI ,np03,lla, - BbI3bIBaH COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHe peaKl.{HH H B CJIY-
-qae BHeWHe BeCbMa pa3JIHqHbIX CTHMYJIOB. BMeCTe C TeM 3TH OTHOIlleHHH,
\160
T. e. CaMbIe 06Il1He MO H-TbI peaJIbHbIX npOlleCCOB SlBJIeHHH, o ($blQIlQ,
KaK npaBHJIO, B nOCJle].lHIOIO OqepeAb BblXO)JJIT H8 nepeJI.HHH DJlan' e03Ha..
HRSI H 6bIBalOT BbI eJIeHbI TaM B BH,lle CJJOBecHO ocl»opM ellH9ro COAep1KaH:KA
y*e nocpeJ(CTBOM c06CTBeHHO HH'feJIJIeKTyaJIbHOH aKTHBHOC'f.H.
M TOJIbKO JIHWb BhWleCK83aHHbIM MO)f{HO O.OngCHHTb, liTO em.e B 1960 r.
BIOJlepl BbICTaBHJI KaK «reHHaJIbHYIO TeopeTHKo-rr03HaBaTeJIbHYIO» MbICJlb
(EinfaII) 3HHllITeHH.a, B IcKa3aHHYIO HM B ero MaJIeHbKOH KHHre "Out of My
Later Years" (1950), COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH <pH3HKa-TaK:me Ka;K I-I,UOBCe,l{.HeBHQe
MbilliJIeHHe 0 BHelliHeM MHpe H eeT JleJIO Cpe,ltH nCHX.HqeCKHX nponeCCOB JIHIllb
c qYBCTBeHHbIMH nepeJKHBaHHHMH H C «UOHHMaHHeM» (<<Begreifen») cBH3eH
Me1K,ltY HHMH.
;' lloHHMaHHe npH .9TOM reHHaJIbHbIH <pH3HK CTaBHT B KaBbl1IKH H nOHCHHeT,
QTO OH HMeeT B BH,ltY no,lt nOHHTHeM naCTHraeMOCTH (Begreiflichkeit) <pH3H-
qeCKOrO MHpa. YnopH,l{OqeHHbIH xapaKTep qYBCTBeHHbIX BnetJaTJIeHHH, K Ko-
TOpbIM CBO,ltHTCH 3TOT MHp, C TOqKH 3peHHH 3HHIIITeHH8, eCTb ,[(eJIO HameH cno...
COOHOCTH C03H,l(aHH.H. IlocTHraeMocTb, rOBopHT OH, 3HaqHT B03MO:IKHOCTb no-
cp.e,nCTBOM TBOpqeCKOrO nOpO}K,neHHH 06IIU-rX nOHHTHH H OTHOIlleHHH Me)K,ny
.9THMH nOHHTHHMH, a TaK)Ke Me}l{, Y nOH5ITHHMH H qYBCTBeHHbIMH nepe>KHBa-
HHHMH «YCTaHOBHTb KaKOA-Jlu60 nOpSlJ10K (irgendeine Ordnung) Me}KAY .9THMH
nOCJJe,ltHHMH», T. e. qYBCTBeHHbIMH nepe)l{HBaHH5IMH (nOJ{tIepKHYTO 3HHillTeH-
HOM-D,. P.). 3TH npaBHJIa CBH3bIBaHHH «MOJKHO cpaBHHTb,-DOHCHHeT 3HH-
IIITeHH,-C npaBHJlaMH HrphI, KOTopbIe caMH no ce6e npOH3BOJlbHbI (willikur:"
lich) (nO tIepKHYTO HaMH-[l. P.), HO JIHllIb HX onpe,l(eJleHHOCTb ,l(eJIaeT Hrpy
B03MO)KHOH 2 .
J B CTaTbe «0 cpH3HKe H peaJIbHOCTH» 3HHIlITeMH1. onHTb-TaKH OCODO OT-
MeqaeT, tITO nOHHTHHHaH CHCTeMa MOjl{eT ObITb C03,naHa cpH3HKOH JIHlIlb Ha
OCHOBe c.Bo6o Horo [u306peTeHHSI (auf freier Enfindung); .9TO OH no,ntIepKH-
aaeT H ,l{o6aBJIHeT B cKookax (<<HHBeHII.HH, 3TorJ'"3HaIIHT, ?r Ha He:' eCTb1 ,l{HCTHJI-
JISIT. 83 nepe}l{HTOrO onbITa»). Ho 3Ta rrOHHTHHHaH L CHCTeMa J{OJI)KHa nOKa-
8aTh CBOIO COrJIaCOBaHHOCTb C OllbITOM Ii TeM-l nO,l{TBepAHTb CBOIO HCTHHHOCTb.
:HcTHHHoe co,nep)KaHHe CHCTeMbI OllHpaeTCH, rOBopHT 3HHillTeHH, «Ha CBH,ne-
TenbCTBO onhlTHo-OnpaB,l{bIBaeMbIX TeopeM, KOTopbIe, co CBoeM CTOPOHbI, Be.nYT
aatlaJIO OT QYBCTBeHHbIX BneqaTJIeHHH»3 11 TaKaS! cornaCOBaHHOCTb 3THX noe-
ne,l1HHX C MhICJIHTeJlbHOH CHCTeMOH, no MHeHHIO 8AHillTeHHa, MO}KeT 6hlTb no-
HHTa nHIllb H3" <j>aKTa HHTYHI.(HH. C TOqKH 3peHHH 3TOH TeopeTHKo-n03HaBa-
TeJIbHOH n03HI:(HH reHHaJIbHOrO cpH3HKa, BnOJIHe aaKOHOMepHo, qTO TO, qTO
IMHp HaWHX qYBCTBeHHblX BneqaTJleHHH MO>KeT 6h1Tb nOHSlT», 9HHWTeHH CQH-
I
TaeT Cqy,nOM». «HaReKH HenOCTH)KHMOe B aTOM MHpe eCTb B03MO]J(HOCTb er
DOCTH]J(eHHR»,4- nO ,l{qepKHBaeT OH.
. 3TY MQICJIb 3HHillTeHHa BIOJIep CtIHTaeT reHHaJIbHOH, HO, HeCMOTpH
Ha 9TO, CTapaeTCH ee «nOJ{npaBHTb>. 08 nOJIaraeT B03MO}l{HbIM OTKJlOHHTb
1 K. B t1 hIe r, Das Gestaltprinzip im Leben des Menschen und der Tiere, stuttgart, 1900.
MbI rOBopHM 3,l{eCb «eI.U:e B 60 ro,l{Y», HMeH B BH,lI.Y, qTO 3pHCT Max 60JIee CTa JIeT TOMY Ha33,l1
paCCKa3bIBaJI B CBdeM «AHaJIH3e. OI.U:ymeHHib, KaK OH B O HH npeKpaCHbIH eHb pa3 HaBcer,lUl
nOHHJI, qTO H MHP, H caM OH COCT05lT JIHWb H3 MaCCbI, CD5I3aHHbIX .lI.pyr C ,l.{pyroM OWYI.U:eHHH
2 I.(HTaTbI 3HHWTeHHa Hero BbIpalKeHHH, npHBO HMbIe B KOBbIQKaX, ,l{aHbI H3 Ha:maHaoA
KHHrH BIOJIepa, rJIaBa XI, c. 85-95.
3 TaM JKe, c. 86.
,4 TaM lKe, c. 85.
11. Becc03HaTeJIbHOe, IV 161
n 0 JI H bI H x a 0 C 11 Y B C T B e H H 0 rOM aTe p H a JI a, H3 KOToporo' HC-
XO)J.HT 3HHIlITeHH, H HMeHHO OTKJIOHHTb C nOMOIl{blO rellITaJlbTa, KOTOpbIH,
no MHeHHIO BIOJI pa, M02KeT CJIYLKHTb HeKOTopbIM nepeXO)J.HbIM MOCTOM K
nOHHTHHM. TaKHM 06pa30M, BblpaLKeHHe 3HHllITeHHa «HHTYHTHBHO», CO-
rJIaCHO BIOJIepy, MOLKeT H OJILKHO 6bITb nOHHTO \ KaK «HarJIH)J.HO )J.aHHoe»,.
KaK cnoco6HOCTb HarJIR)J.Horo nOCTHLKeHHR 5 .
TOT <paKT, qTO BIOJIep BbICTaBJIHeT <paKTOp relliTaJIbTa, KOTOpbIH H
reHeTHtIeCKH paHHeH cTyneHH, r)J.e eIl{e HeT BepOaJIbHOH, T. e. HHTeJIJIeKTY-
a,,1bHoH nCHxHKH, TaK HJIH HHatIe oTpaLKaeT npe MeTHYIO )J.aHHOCTb, 060-
eKT oKpYLKalOIl{ero MHpa, - 3TO caMO no ce6e Y,lla1JHOe )J.onYIl{eHHe SIOJIe-
pa. Be,llb relliTaJIbT BKJIlOqaeT BocnpHRTHe OTHOIIIeHHH. .
KOHetIHO, He Y)J.HBHTeJIbHO, tITO aBTOp TeopHH OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH He
CtIHTaeT HHKaKYIO n03HaBaTenbHYIO cTyneHb H HHKaKHe ,nonyrneHHSI B BH,ne
KaTeropHH a6COJIIOTHhIMH H OKOHtIaTeJIbHhIMH. «He ,cyrnecTByeT HHRaKH):
OKOHQaTeJIbHbIX KaTeropHH B CMbICJIe KaHTa, - rOBopHT H nOJI.QepKHB3eT
08. Ho HMeHHO 3TOT <paKT H CBHJ{eTenbcTByeT He npOTHB, a B nonb3Y Teo
pHH OTpaJKeHHH. Be3rpa8HQHOCTH CHCTeM OTHoweHHH oooeKTHBHoro MHpa
COOTBeTcTByeT TaK >Ke He 3HaIOllI.ee rpaHHl.{ CJIe)tOBaHHe n03HaBaTeJIbHOrO
u u
nponecca, npH KOTOpOM O)tHa cTyneHb CJIYLKHT 0I10pOH pyroH H, KaK npa-
BHJIO, BKJllOtIaeTCH B 06Il{YIO CHCTeMY, a He 6bIBaeT 06hIlIHO BbIopOIlleHHoit
Pa3Be TeopHH OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH YCTpaHHJIa HJlH CHH3HJIa 3Ha11HMOCTb Me-
xaHHKH HbIOTOHa? COBepllIeHHO HenOHHTRO TOJIbKO O)tHO - H BMeCTe c
TeM Bce He)J.opa3YMeHHH H)J.YT oTCIO)J.a, - a HMeHHO: nOqeMY-TO npOlJ,eCC
H npHHII:Hn OTpaLKeHHR nOHHMaeTCR H npHpaBHHBaeTCH K 3epKaJIbHOMY
OTpaLKeHHI0 6 , H CtIHTaeTCR, lITO OTpalKeHHbIH, T. e. n03HaHHbIH 06oeKT, co-
rJIaCHO TeopHH OTpaLKeHHR, OJILKeH 6bITb TOtIHO BocnpOH3Be eH H npe -
CTaBJleH npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO TaK, KaK OH ,naeTCR B 3epKaJIe, HHaqe rOBopR,.
6e3 BCHKOH CYO'beKTHBHOH cpOpMbI. H BMeCTe C TeM HMeHHO nOCJIe,llHRR,.
ee 06H3aTeJIbHaR )J.aHHoCTb npH Bcex BH)J.ax n03HaHHR, BbICTaBJIReTCR BO-
06me KaK aprYMeHT npOTHB a)J.eKBaTHoCTH TaKOBoro. MeLK,ay TeM, 0 no-
3H3BaTeJIbHOM npoI.J,eCce, T. e. I1CHXHQeCKOM OTpa)KeHHH, MO)KHO H HMeeT
CMbICJI rOBopHTb JIHillb I1PH HaJIHtIHH cy6'beKTa BMeCTe C ero CnelJ,H<pHqe-
CKOH cnoc06HOCTblO H C npHcyrneH eMY npH aTOM cpOpMOH OTpa)KeHHR.
B CBR3H C 3THM BIOJIep npHBO HT TaK lKe paCCY:IK eHH R Ko Hpa a J1ope-
HIla 0 TOM, tITO peu.enTopHbui annapaT AaeT «HenpaBHJIbHoe» n pe CTaBJIeHHeJ
«KpHBYIO» KapTHHY (OH rOBopHT "das schiefe Bild ") cpH3HtIeCKOH peaJlbHOC-
TH, nOCKOJIbKY HarrpaBJIeH Ha coxpaHeHHe po){a, a He H3 nOCTH:>K eHrle)J.eHCTBH-
TeJIIJHOH npHpO){bI'<pH3HtIeCKOrO MHpa, O){HO ' H3 HarJIH HbIX ,llOKa3aTeJIbCTB.
3Toro OH BH HT B TOM, tITO onpe eJIeHHbIe l.{BeTa HaM KalKYTCH KOHTpaCTHO'"
npOTHBonOCTaBJIRIOIl{HMHCR pyr pyry, tITO BOBce He OOYCJI OBJIeHO CTOH"
m:eH 3a HHMH <pH3HqeCKOH npHpO OH 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX BOJIH. OH npH .9TOM
npHBO HT TaK:lKe KatIeCTBeHHoe nepeLKHBaHHe e HHCTBa 6eJIoro lJ,BeTa, tIeMY
B peaJIbHOCTH onHTb-TaKH HHtIerO CTOJIb npocToro (Einfaches) He COOTBeT-
cTByeT. B CTaTbe «K nOHHMaHHIO cy6'beKTa H 06'beKTa B TeopHH .IT. H. Y3Ha-
,A3e» (1973)7, MbI TaK iKe YKa3bIBaJIH, tITO, Hanp., rryprrypHbIH lJ,BeT, caMhIH
6JIH3KHH no nCHXHqeCKoMY KatIeCTBY K KpacHoMY II.BeT y, Ha caMOM )J.eJIe no
5 BIOJIep HMeeT B BM)J.Y, qTO MHoroe H3 Toro, lITO B aHaJIHTHtIeCKOM reOMeTpMH onpeJ(eJIH-
eTCH MaTeMaTHlIeCKM, T. e. nOHHTHMHO, HaM, B orrpe,neJIeHHOM CMbICJIe, )J.aHO H OlIeBH,l{HO B Har-
JIH,ltHOM nOCTHLKeHMH H lITO EBKJIH.l10Ba reOMeTpHH B 9TOM CMbICJIe He CBo6o,ltHa OT HarJIH,l{HOH
aprYMeHTaIJ,HH. TaM LKe.
6 Hanp. eM. Cassirer, Philosophie der syrnbolischen Forrnen, 1923.
7 CM. C60pHHK-nCHXOJIOrHlIeCKHe HCCJIeJI-OBaHHH, nOCBHm.eHHbIH 85-JIeTHIO CO AHH POJK-
J{eHHH ,[{. H. Y3H 3e, 1973, 316-316.
162
CBOHM <l>H3HtIeCKHM COCTaBJIHIOlI.{HM aJIbllIe ,npyrHx OTCTOHT OT Hero. Ho CtlH-
TaJIH H CtIHTaeM, tITO H3 3Toro MO}KHO H ,nOJIlKHO ,neJIaTb JlPyrHe BhIBOAhI.
KOHpa JIopeH BeCbMa cnpaBe JIHBO OTMetIaeT, lITO, BeCb annapaT
BocrrpHRTHH HanpaBJIeH Ha TO, tITo6bI cy6'beKT Y3HaBaJI HYlKHbIH eMY
n p e MeT rrpH Bcex CJIYtIaHHOCTRX ero aHHOCTH. 11 B KaqeCTBe noJt-
TBep2K alOIl{erO npHMepa HM npHBO HTCR cpaKT KOHCTaHTHOCTH l.{BeTa.
«3Ta «06:beKTHBHpYIOIl{aH» CPYHKl.{HH, - rOBopHT OH, - HalI.eJIeHa HCKJIIO-
lIHTeJIbHO Ha 3pHTeJIbHbIH npe MeT, a He Ha CBeT KaK TaKOBOH». DqeJle
COBeprneHHO Bce paBHO, lITO 3a peaJIbHOCTb npHtIeTCH 3a 5IBJIeHHHMH « Be..
1"a», eH Ha,lJ.O Y3HaTb COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{He nBeTbI, Y3HaTb no HX KOHCTaHTHO
cnpHKpenJIeHHbIM CBOHCTBaM», He3aBHCHMO OT MeHRIOIUHXCR YCJIOBHH CBe-
TOBbIX OTHOllIeHHH, 3aMelIaeT K. JIopeHlI.. KOMY npH eT B rOJIOBY C 3THM
cnopHTb? Ho OH OTCIO a eJIaeT BeCbMa HecnpaBe;J:JIHBOe 3aKJIIOlIeHHe 0
BbIHY.lKJteHHOH BOHCTBeHHOCTH n03HaBaTeJIbHorO nO XO,lJ.a K 06uieH npo-
6JIeMe IICHXocpH3HtIeCKHX OTHOllIeHHH, r;ne npe,lJ.MeTHOe BocrrpHHTHe C03Jta-
eT HYlKHYIO JIR cyrnecTBoBaHHR onpe eJIeHHOrO pO,lJ.a KapTHHY MHpa, He
3a60TRCb 0 ee a eKBaTHOCTH, BepHee, HCKa.lKaR peaJIbHOCTb TaKOBOH.
Ho tITO TaKoe npe MeT? 3TO eCTb TOtIKa nepeCetIeHHR OTHOllIeHHH,
TOqKa, KOTopaR Y3HaeTCR no ee MeCTY B CHCTeMe 60JIee 06III.HX OTHOllIe-
HHH. TaK, HanpHMep, 6eJIbIH nBeT, 0 KOTOpOM rOBopHT K. J1opeHlI., Y3Ha-
eTCR JIHllIb no ero OTHOllIeHHIO K 06Il{eMY oCBerneHHIO H npH OTKJIlOtleHHH
nOCJIe,lJ.Hero B H3BeCTHOM 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOM 5IlIl.HKe BbIrJIH,aHT OTqeTJIHBO
cepbIM H ,lJ.aLKe TeMHo-cepbIM npH MaJleHllIeM crYIl{eHHH na,lJ.alOIl{eH Ha He-
ro TeHH. Ho Be b HMeHHO 3TO 06CT05ITeJIbCTBO, 3Ta BKJIlOtIelfHOCTb BeTa
B 06Il{He OTHOIIIeHHR nOMoraeT HaM He TOJIbKO Y3HaBaTb npe,lJ.MeT, HO H
BbIJteJIRTb 3aKOHOMepHOCTH CBeTOBbIX HBJIeHHH H OTHOIIIeHHH. 0 KaKOH HC-
Ka)KeHHOH KapTHHe rOBopHT KOHpa,lJ. JIopeHlI., y6e)K,lJ.eHHbIH ,lJ.apBHHHCT,
JIytIIIIe Bcex nOKa3bIBalOIl{HH npOlI.eCCbI npHcnoco6JIeHHR B MHpe 6HOJlO-
rHH? 0 nepelKHBaHHH tIYBCTBeHHbIX KatIeCTB, KOTopbIe HeH3BeCTHO C KaKO-
ro BpeMeHH H B KaKOM BH e aHbI KaK TaKOBbIe Ha paHHHX cTyneHRx nCH-
XHqeCKOrO OTpaLKeHH5I? HHatIe KaK MOrJIH 6bI nYTaTb nTeHlI.bI ,lJ.p03 a CBOIO
nepHaTYIO MaTb C BYM5I OCKaMH JIHllIb no npH3HaKY paBeHCTBa nponop-
HH? HMeeM JlH MbI npaBO HCXO HTb H3 cpeHOMeHOJIOrHQeCKH aHHOH HaM
KapTHHW tIYBCTBeHHMX BneqaTJIeHHH H npHnHC BaTb ee K neplI.enlI.HH Ha-
ceKOMbIX? MbI MOLKeM H ,nOJI)KHbI rOBopHTb JIHillb 0 ,lJ.HCKpHMHHHPYIOIl{eH
cnoco6HOCTH LKHBOTHoro B OTHOllIeHHH Toro HJIH HHoro lI.BeTa. 11 BMeCTe c
TeM, He 6y eT 2Ke K. J1opeHlI. 'OTpH aTb, tITO H CHer, TaKOH BaLKHbIH JtJISI
9CKHMoca, H neCOK, BaLKHbIH ,aJIR )KHTeJleH nYCTbIHH, H caxap, H3-3a KO-
Toporo TaK C YMa CXO,lJ.HJI MOH no,aonbITHbIH IIIHMnaH3e, ,lJ.eHCTBHTeJIbHO
aHbI KaK npeJtMeTbI B peaJIbHOCTH Halliero OKpYLKeHHH.
npe MeTHbIH MHp H eCTb TOT MHp, KOTOpbIH OTpaLKaeTCH B npaKTHKe
HalIIer9 cyrnecTBoBaHHR H, tITO oc06eHHO BaLKHO H cyrnecTBeHHO, B HailleH
R3bIKOBOH npaKTHKe. H HMeHHO TaM H aHbI HaqaJla TeOpeTHqeCKOH MhIC-
JIH, H3 KOTOpOH H BMpOCJIa cpH3HKa H, Bo06Il{e, HaYKa. A qTO KacaeTCSI
cy6'beKTHBHoH cpOpMbI, T. e. Toro, tITO MbI BHJtHM COtIHYIO 3 e JI e H Y 10
TpaBY H K pac H bI e nbIJIalOIl{He MaKH B HeH, TaK Be,lJ.b 3Ta «cpopMa»
KJIa,lJ.eT HatIaJIO H 3CTeTHtIeCKOMY BocnpHHTHIO, a OTCIO,lJ.a H xY,lJ.O)KeCTBeH-
HOMY TBOptIeCTBY, H, Bo06Il{e, 60JIbIIIeH qaCTH TOH peaJIbHOCTH, KOTopaR
Ha3bIBaeTC5I qeJlOBeqeCKOH KYJIbTYPOH. BnpOQeM, 9TOT «3eJIeHbIH» lI.BeT,
CO CBoeH CTOpOHbI, MHoroe 06'bRCHReT H 60TaHHKe. OTKY,lJ.a 3TO «npe3pe-
HHe» K npe,lJ.MeTHOMY MHPY - HCTOtIHHKY BceH HallIeH' n03HaBaTeJlbHOH
aKTHBHOCTH? A nOqeMY )Ke TOr,lJ.a 3HHIlITeHH, qT06bI 06'bHCHHTb CBOIO Te-
OpHIO H ee 3apO)K,lJ.eHHe BepTxaHMepy, pHcyeT eMY CHTyaU:HIO Haxo,a5IIl{e-
rOC5I Ha nJIaTcpopMe qeJIOBeKa H BHLKYIl{HXCR B cooTBeTcTBYIOrneM Ha-
npaBJIeHHH BarOHOB? Be,l{b 3TO H eCTb npe MeTHbIH MHp.
A pa3Be caM cpaKT cyrnecTBoBaHHR nponecca npHcnoco6JIeHHR If OUH-
palOlI.{erOCR Ha Hero pa3BHTHR LKHBoro MHpa He cBH eTeJIbCTByeT c Heeo-
163
MHeHHOCTb}Q 0 TOM, 1JTO It n'epnennHH 6YKapIKH B K8KOH-TO Mepe a,zteKBaT-
Ha, HHaqe rOBOpSI, OTpamaeT TY qaCTb 3aKOHOMepHOCTH '06'beKT1JBHOrO' MM-
pa, KOTopaSI Heo6xo,!{HMa ,nJlSI ee 6J1arOnOJlyqH51, a rJIaBHOe, J(JISI o6Ill.ero
nponecca: pa3BHTHSI, 6e3YCJlOBHO, rocnOJ(CTBYIO ero B 3TOM MHpe. H eCJIH
3TO B03MOJKHO, TO B03MomHO JlHlllb 6JIarOAapH .TOMY, qTO HaqHHaeTCH .9Ta
OTpa)K8TeJlbHa5I cnoc06HOCTb co cnoc06HOCTH CXBaTHTb OTHOlIleHHH, ca-
MbIll BepHbIH 1-1 He 06MaHbIBaIO HH KOMnOHeHT n03HaBaTeJIbHOrO npo ec-
ca, If HMeHHO nOTOMY C HaqaJla 2Ke cpHJlOCOqJCKOH MhICJIH npHnHCbIB'aeM:bIH
.,1HIllb «BepIlIHHe» 3Toro npOIl.ecca, oc060 Ha eJIeHHOMY C03HaHHIO, a 3a-
TeM H.neHpYIOIII.eH aOCTpaKnHH, HHaqe, C03epnaHHIO CYIII.HOCTH (ryccepJIb).
B npOIl.eCce pa3BHTHSI 06'beKTHBHoro MHpa B03HHKaeT onpe,!{eJl'eHHaSI
cTyneHb, r)I.e B ,!{eHCTBHe BCTynaeT cy6'beKT, T. e. Ho n'TeJIb cnoc06HOCTH
nCHXHQeCKOrO OTpameHH5I, HHaqe rOBOp5I, OTpa)KeHHH cne HcpHKH H YCJIO-
BHH aHHOCTH Toro IIJIH HHoro 06'beKTa H cnoco6HOCTH Y3HaB8Tb ero. 3TOT
06'beKT H ecth MppeJleBaHTHbIH pa3.lI.pa2KHTeJlb, KOTOPOMY 06bIlIHO COBceM
He 06.SI3aTeJIbHO HaXO,!{HTbCH B oKpymeHHH Ka2K.lI.OrO 'cy6'beKTa 3Toro BM-
)1.a. OH CJIyqaHHbIH: no OTHOIlIeHHIO K TOMY MaTepHaJlbHOMY npOIl.eccy, B
u
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JISlTb ero. Cy6'beKT 2Ke eCTb B03HHKIlIaSI B pa3BHTHH OpraHHQeCKOrO MHpa
II H C T a H Il. H SI II H )I. II B H.II. Y a JI b H 0 roo n bI T a, HaKanJlHBalOIII.a5I 3TOT
noc e,aHHM rrOCpe)I.CTBOM KpHTepH5I nOJle3HOCTH H Ha 3TOH OCHOBe Y3HaID-
III.a5I COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.He 06'beKTbI, HanpaBJI5IIOlIl.He ero nOBe.neHHe.
Ho KaK BCe-TaKJI B03MO)KHO Y3HaBaHHe 06'beKTa B KaQeCTBe HH)I.HBH-
,ayaJIbHOrO npou:ecca, .naHHoro Ha paHHIIX cTyneHRx pa3BHTH5I nCHXHKH,
TeM 60Jlee eCJlH 3TOT OO'beKT HppeJIeBaHTeH C TOQKH 3peHHH rrpOTeKalOIII.e-
fO B opraHH3Me npOIl.ecca?
[{eJIO B TOM, qTO Y Ka)KJ(oro HOCIITeJI5I nClIxHKH, HHatJe, cy6'beKTa, eCTb
cnoc06HoCTb B.bI,l(eJIeHH5I cooTBeTcTBYlOmeir CHCTeMbI opHeHTHpoB, aHHaH B
BH e onpe eJIeHHOrO 6HOJIOrUQeCKOrO MexaHH3Ma. ECJIH KapJIY <PpHlllY H3,nO
6hIJIO C OHCTpYHpoBaTb anna'paT )1;JI5I Toro, tJT06bI y6e):(HTb npIiexaBlliero K
HeMY 06p 30BaHHoro KOJI ery, QTO B Bep6YlOmeM TaHu.e nqeJIhI nepe aeTcH
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nqeJI eCTblCBOH BpOLK eHH IH 6HOJIOrHQeCKHH MeX3HH3M, cHa6)KalOmHH HX cno-
C06HOCTblO BhI,AeJIRTb onpe){eJIeHHYIO CHCTeMY opHeHTHpOB BO BHemHeM MHpe,
aHHYIO hicaet nunc,H OTBeqaTb H3 KOHKpeTHoe MeCTO B HeM COOTBeTCTBYIOI.J.:(eH
peaKIJ:HeH. 3TO B03MO}KHO JIHlllb 6J1aro.1{ap5I TOMY, QTO B pa3BHTHH n03HaBa..
TeJIbHbIX npou.eccoB )l{HBOrO cyrn.-ecTBa oTpaLKeHHe oTHollIeHHM, KaK nOKa3a..
no .9TOJI,OrHtJecKoe H3YQeHHe, HBJIHeTC5I ne.pBIIqHbIM no cpaBHeHHIO C nepu.e-
nnHeH cyry60 MaTepHaJIbHbIX CBOHCTB CTHMYJIa. TeM 60JIee cIIMnTOMaTHQHO,
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cnopHTb npoTHB TeopHH OTpa.IKeHHR, 6Y YQH B n lIeHY npe nQChIJIOK rHoce--
OnOrHQeCKOrO yaJIH3Ma.
no Mepe pa3BHTH5I 6HOJIOrHQeCKOrO MHpa 3TH MexaHH3MbI CTaHOB5IT-
CH CJIO)KHee: CHCTeMbI OTHorneHHH, OTpa2KaeMbIe C nOMOIII.blO 3THX Mexa-
HH3MOB, ooeCneqlIBalOlIl.HX )KHBOe cymecTBo He06xo,lJ.HMbIMH opHeHTHpaMH,
MHQ)KaTCSI II eJIaIOTCH nO,[(BH}KHee H, CJle,lJ.OBaTeJlbHO, JIerqe H QalIl.e CMe-
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8 MbI rOBopHM 06 «HH,nHBH,nyaJIbHOM onbITe» H B cJIYIJae caMblX HH31I1HX C03,L\aHHH, cyme-
cTBYIO HX B BH,ne nocpe cTBoM ,aeJIeHIUI pa3MH02KaIO HXC5J MHOJKeCTB, nOCKOJIbKO HOBaH CTY-
qeHb H B .9TOM cJIyqae TaK}Ke nOHBJIHeTCH JlHIllb 3a CqeT B03HHKHOBeHH.st HOBoro OIiOJIOrHqeCKO-
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164
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>KaHHe CHrHaJIbHOrO pa3,npalKHTeJIH, HO HHqerO He 3H8lOT 0 HeM. HHatIe ro-
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ro H, TeM caMbIM, HHTeJIJIeKTyaJI'H3HpOBaHHoro OTpalKeHHH.
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«8bICKOQHJIa» co:sepweHHo HeO}l{H,naHHO B 3TOT MOMeHT. B TO. 1Ke BpeMH 1I.OHTH )10 3TMX HaHTHH
«06hItlHO HeB03MO>KH@ 6es ,nOJIrOH npo,nOJI1KHTeJIbHOH H npe.nBapHTeJIbHOH paooTbI». To }Ke ca-
Moe H B .lWyrHX CJIyqaHX H Y Hero H y raycca H Y ):{pyrHx 9 . ,Ho 3TO 3HaqHT, tJTO, KOHeqHO, B
H3bIJ<OOOM <pHKcHpeBaHHH aaYQHblX pe3Y JIbTaTOB y*e OJIJKHa ObIJIB 6bITb aHa B03MO>KHOCTb B03HH-
IQIQIUfHSI TOH 'rBqptJecI(OH 8JJ. H. A OT.Ky,na ona MOrna «BbICKO'lHTb» B C03HaHHH nYCTb reHH8Jlh-
H0rO MaTeMa:rHKa? Ho H 9TH .l(OCTH')I{eHHH, KaK H BCftKHe .npyrne DO Bce 06JIaCTSlX HaYQHoi'i
MbICJUI, liHKOT.na Hoe 06.X:OJlH'VCSI tie.') eCTOCTBeHHoro Sl3b1Ka,r):{.e ,tJ;aHbI caMble O He -H Heo6xo.ZJ.HMbIe
OpHeHTHpbJ .D.JUI MbJCtlJm'eJfbHoA: p.a6bTbI.
9 CM. )1(. A)t a Map, I1cCJIe);{oBaHH,e nCHXOJIOrHH npoIJ,ecca H306peTeHHH B OOJIaCTH
MaTeMaTHKH, M., 1970.
165
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ynopH,lJ.OtIeHHOe n:eJloe.
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o rrpnpO,lJ.e Ii 3aKOHOMepHOCTSlX nCHXHKH MelKJI.Y B. <I>. J10MOBbIM H CI>. B.
BaCCHHbIM B «llCHXOJlOrHqeCKOM lKypHaJIe» OT 1982 r. (B N2 1 H N2 6). B
CTaTbe no,n Ha3BaHHeM «06 HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHH 3aKOHOB nCHXHKH» B. <1>. JIo-
MOB, OTMeTHB npe,lJ.BapHTeJIbHO, B tIeM 3aKJIIOlIaeTCSI cyrnHocTb HaYIJHOrO
n03HaHH5I, JI.aeT nepetIeHb pa3JIHqHbIX rpynn nCHXOJIOrHtIeCKHX 3aKOHOB,
OCODO nO,lI.tIepKHBa5I, liTO cyrneCTBYIOT 3aKOHbI pa3JIHtIHbIX ypOBHeH H, B
CBSl3H C 3THM, peIIIHTeJIbHO B03pa2KaSl - He Ha3bIBaSl a,lI.pecaTa - IIpOTHB
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3aHHH Hero OC06bIMH 3aKOHOMepHOCTSlMH. Pa3BHTHe nCHXOJIOrHH, KaK l;Ja..
YKH, Boo6rne, He MO)KeT HaJlHIJeCTBOBaTb oe3 3Toro. Me)K,!{Y TeM, eCJIH ,[(a-
)l{e B3S1Tb 9TOT caMhIH rrpon:ecc OCSI3aHHSI, pa3Be OH ocyrneCTBJIHeTCSI 6e3
cy6'beKTa, a He eCTb oco6aSl QJYHKl(HSI T3KOBoro, CJIY2KarnaSl ero rroTpe6Ho-
CTH OTpa3HTb COOTBeTCTBYIOrnHe CTOpOHbI 06'beKTHBHoro MHpa? H HMeH-
HO B CHJIY .9TOrO OOCT05ITeJlbCTBa HOpMaJIbHOMY qeJIOBeKY Ka2KYTCSI YAH-
BHTeJIbHbIMH ,nOCTH)KeHHSI CJIenbIX B STOM: 06JIaCTH; a Me2KJI.Y TeM, nCHXQ-
JIOrHlIeCKoe H3YlleHHe nOKa3aJlO, liTO Y HHX TaKHe lKe B03M02KHOCTH B 3TOM
OTHOllIeHHH, KaK H Y 3pSlllHX, HO Bce eJIO B HX BbIHY2K,n:eHHOM npeHMyme..
10 CM. CTaTbIO B. <I>. JIoMoBa «OTBeT rrpocpeccopy <1>. B. B accHHY», c. 152-153, nCHXOJIO-
fHQeCKHH JKypHaJI, 1982.
165
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-cTOHT B e,IJ.HHCTBeHHOM qHCJle, qTO TeM 60Jlee 065I3bIBaJlO aBTopa KOCHYTb-
-cH OCHOBHoro MOMeHTa H CYIll.HOCTH nCHXHqeCKHX HBJIeHHM. Be,il.b nCHXH-
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167
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CTBeHHO B03,n:eHcTBoBaTb Ha .ltpyroH oe3 pemalOI11:ero yqaCTHH cYO'beKTa,
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cooTBeTcTBYIOIII.erO H3bIKOBoro KOJlJleKTHaa H aanpaBJISltoIII.RX aKTHBHOCTb
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RH3aUHH TaKoBHx?
TH,E ROLE AND PLACE OF THE UNCONSCIOUS IN THE
REFLECTIVE PROCESS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
D. I. RAMISHVILI
The D. Uznadze Institute of ,Psychology, Acad. Sci. Georgian SSR. TbiIisi
SUMMARY
The author criticizes the gnoseologicaI du.aIism, widespread in psychol-
ogy, and demonstrates that the unconscious reflexion of systems of general
relations and the recognition of a concrete object according to its place in
the given system i the earliest process of psychological activity.
At the level of subverb l ps.ychics, the reflection of these relatidns takes.
place on the basis of reference points established in the biological orga..
ni'zation of an anirn:al, which serves as the instance of individual experience.
At this level of development qualitative changes in behaviour occur only
at corresponding leaps in the biological nature of anim,al species.
As for the human or-social psychics, here language is the in-stance of un"
c'onscicfus fixation of sccial experien e from wht.eh the continuous and pro-
11 cmTH, ttO'reMy ,IamtpBMep., 'BOtJp-ac' B33HMOdTH0meHHH KpaTKOBpeNreItRLrX If ,ltOJIroBpeMeH-
Bhtx \XpaHH3HII\ omO cSl 'B. C>. -'JlOMOBWd K « ne eHTapHbIM aaK'O, H3M» 'He Tpe6YIODUlM,.
np.'QJI tula cy6'LeKta., BQb MnM'Bp:eMelDloe < rpaH.JIH e STa, no cytnecTBY, Onbrt tt -ex'P&
it" 'MTONHetHriecIfII Jf ' rett Ka ;n'HC'9w. ',eMy.
{fiB
gressive reflexion of new systems of relations takes place, and which deter-
mines speech activity as well as the cognitive process of individual con-
sciousness.
JII1TEPATYPA
1. A,[(AMAP )1(., I1ccJIe,noBaHHe nCHXOJIOrHH npOIJ,ecca H306peTeHHH B 06JIaCTH MaTeMaTHKH.
M., 1970.
2. J10MOB B. <1>., OrBeT npcxpeccopy <1>. B. BaccHHY. nCHXOJIOfHqeCKHH >KypHaJl, 1982.
3. PA.MHllIBHJIH ,[l. H., K nOHHM8HHIO cy6'heKTa B TeopHH ,[l. H. Y3HaA3e. B c6.: nCHXOJIO-
fHtlecKHe HcCJIe,nOBaHHSI, nOcBSlll{eHHbIe 85-JIeTHIO co JtHSI p0}KAeHHSI .n. H. Y 3Ha):{3e.
T6., MeIJ,HHepe6a, 1973.
4. BOHLER K., /Das Gestaltprinzip im Leben des Menschen una cler Tiere. stuttgart. 1960..
nYTH I(OHl(EnTYAJlH3A HH 6ECC03HATEJlbHOrO
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B HayqHOH JIHTepaType Ha aHrJIHHCKOM SI3bIKe, r,n:e 3HaqHTeJIbHbIH pOCT
HJIM CHH.lKeHHe JIIOOOrO KOJIHQeCTBeHHoro nOKa3aTeJISI npHHHTO (npHtIeM Des
MaJIeHIIIeH HpOHHH) BeJIHqaTb «.L{paMaTHqeCKHM» (dramatic), a Borrpoc, tIeM-
TO 3aHHTpHroaaBllIHH HCCJle.L{OBaTeJIH, YLKe HerrpeMeHHO 6pocaeT eMY «BbI30B»
,(a chalIenge), lIIHpOKO ynoTpe6J1S1eTCH BbI3bIBaIOmee CBOHM L{paMaTH3MoM BbI-
pa1KeHHe «aTaKOBaTb npOOJIeMY» (to attack a problem), CJlOBHO npOOJIeMa-
STO HeKaH KpenOCTb. nO-PYCCKH MbI OObItiHO TaK He rOBopHM, npe,n:nOtJHTaH
B nOL{OOHbIX KOHTeKCTax HeCKOJIbKO 60JIee C ep}KaHHbIe TOHa.. Ho BOT B OT-
HOIlleHHH TOHJIHCCKOro CHMl103HYMa KpaCOqHOCTb, a<p<I>eKTHBHaSl HanpH-
JKeHHOCTb nOCJIeAHeH MeTacpopbI Ka}KeTCSI KaK HeJIb3H OOJIee YMeCTHOH. OH H
'B caMOM ,neJIe BHL{HTCH KaK HaCTOH HH illTypM npOOJIeMbI oeCC03HaTeJIbHOrO,
pa3BepHYThIH K TOMY 2Ke no HeObIB3J10MY qHCJIY HanpaBJIeHHH. 0 MaClIITa..
'6ax npe,n:npHHHTOH TOrL{a nOIIbITKH BbIHTH Ha HOBbIe HayqHbIe pyoe}KH CBHL{e....
TeJIbCTByeT YJKe TOT cpaKT, tITO B Heft: YtIaCTBOBanH npe,nCTaBHTeJIH MHorHX,
'qaCTO BeCbMa L{aJIeKHX ,n:pyr OT ,npyra CneI.tHaJIbHOCTefl-<}>HJIOCo<Pbh nCHXOJIO-
fH, Bpat.lH, <pH3HOJIOrH, JIHHrBHCTbI, CPH3HKH, HH)KeHepbI, MaTeMaTHKH. Ho
II .9TOT ,n:OCTaTOQHO BHYIlIHTeJIbHbIH Ii neCTpbIH nepeqeHb He H,l{eT HH B KaKoe
cpaBHeHHe C MHorooopa3HeM npeL{CTaBJIeHHbIX Ha CHMn03HYMe IllKOJI, CH-
CTeM B3rJIH,L(OB, HayqHbIX KOHI.tenU;HH.
TaKOH IIJlIOpaJlH3M CbIrpaJl npHHnHilHaJIbHO IIOJIO}l{HTeJlbHYIO pOJIb: OH
n03BOJIHJI CKOH eHTpHpOBaTb B IIpOCTpaHCTBe H BO BpeMeHH, CBeCTH JIHnOM
K JIHU;Y eCJlH He Bce 6e3 HCKJllOtIeHHH, TO OqeHb MHorHe H3 cy eCTBYIOrn:HX
B COBpeMeHHOH HaYKe TOqeK 3peHHH Ha peaJIbHOCTb H IIPHPO Y 6eCC03Ha-
TeJlbHOrO, Ha MeTO bI ero HCCJle OBaHHH, Ha B03MO}l{HOCTH o6parn:eHHSI K
HeMY TIPH peIlIeHHH TIpHKJlaAHbIX 3a,Z:(aq. Y)Ke caMO no ce6e CTOJIKHOBeHHe
CTOJIbKHX, HHor a COBepIlIeHHO HeCOBMeCTHMbIX B3rJlH OB CYJIHT nOHBJIe-
HHe CBe)KHX, TIpO YKTHBHbIX H eH - nYCTb ,na)Ke B MOMeHT KOH<I>pOHT I.tHH
HHqTO He IIpe Be aeT KOHCTPYKTHBHoro Hcxo,na e6aTOB.
BMeCTe C TeM HeJIb3S1 HrHopHpOBaTb CYI.I.teCTBeHHbIX H3,nep1KeK CTH-
XHHHOCTH, KOTOpOH 6bIJI OTMeqeH nJIIOpaJIH3M TOMJlHCCKHX HCKYCCHH. no-
)KaJlyii, HaH60Jlee ocaAHaSi H3 3THX H3,nep)KeK COCTOSlJla B OTCYTCTBHH
'cpe H c06paBIllHXCH CTapTOBoro KOHceHcyca no Bonpocy 0 TOM, qTO Ta-
Koe 6eCC03HaTeJIbHoe. PaCXO)K eHHSI B C<POPMYJIHpOBaHHbIX onpe eJIeHHHX,
a TeM 60JIee B HeSlBH@X TpaKTOBKax KJIlOqeBOro CJlOBa «6eCC03HaTeJlbHoe»
BblpnCOBbIBaJlHCb Bce HBCTBeHHee no Mepe BbIXO,l(a B CBeT IIepBbIX Tpex TOMOB
HaCTOH eii KOJlJleKTHBHOH MOHorpa<pHH H K MOMeHTY OTKpbITHSI CHMII03H-
YMa CTaJlH COBepIlleHHO otJeBH,nHbIMH. HeKOTop@M ero yqaCTHHKaM, OCO-
i170
6eHHO TeM, KTO 6bIJI B3pameH B Tpa,nHnHHX nCHXOaHaJIHTHtJeCKOH CYOKYJlb-
TypbI, 3TOT cpaKT IIpe,aCTaBJISIJICSI AO TaKOH CTeneHH HeBepOSITHbIM, liTO
OHH KaKoe-TO BpeMSI He MOrJIH IIOJlHOCTbIO npH3HaTb ero peaJIbHOCTH. no-
Ka3aTeJlhHa B aHHOM OTHOllieHHH OCnaJlJlHTHBHaSI peaKnHH O Horo H3 reo.
poeB lliTypMa llbepa 5pIOHO. l101JTH B caMOM Ha1JaJIe CBoero ,nOKJIa,l(a OH
HeAoYMeHHO BOCKJlHKHYJI: «rOBOpHM JIM MbI 06 O HOM II TOM :>Ke oeCC03Ha-
TeJlbHOM?». Ho ero OTBeT Ha 3TOT, Ka3aJIOCb' ObI, OTKpOBeHHO pHTopHtJe-
CKMH Bonpoc He 6bIJI 6e30rOBOpOtIHO OTpHnaTeJIbHbIM: «nO"BR HMOMY,
HeT». H TYT JKe OH IIOcnelliHJI 06aBHTb, CTpeMSICb ;xe3aBYHpOBaTb TOJIbKO
tJTO BbICKa3aHHYID HM o3a6oqeHHOCTb: «O HaKO, 51 He npH,nalO 3TOMY He-
,aopa3YMeHHIO CTpaTerHtJeCKoro 3HatJeHHH».
YBW, «CTpaTerHtJeCKoe 3HaqeHHe» TaKoro pOAa «He,nopa3YMeHHn» no-
pOH MOJKeT 6bITb BeCbMa OI.i.J.YTHMbIM II B npHHnHIIHaJlbHOM, H B IIpaKTH-
qeCKOM IIJlaHe. ECJIH HMeTb B BH,ny CTpaTerHIO HaYtIHbIX 3aBoeBaHHH, TO
OTCYTCTBMe o,nHHaKOBbIX HJlII IIO KpanHen Mepe CXO,nHbIX TOIIorp8tPHtIeCKHX
KapT H Koop,aHHaT neJlH y yqaCTHHKOB lliTypMa rp03HT paCIIbIJlHTb HX CR-
JlbI no He onYCTHMO 60JlbllIOH TeppHTopHH. PHHYBIllHCb H8 nOKopeHHe HO-
MHHaJIbHO O,LJ:Hon H Ton' 2Ke KperrOCTH, OHM HeH30e}KHO 6Y YT nop03Hb
llITypMOBaTb MHO)l{eCTBO pa3J1HtJHbIX YKpenJleHHbIX nOCTOB, 3aQaCTYro HMe.
lOIIJJIX JIMIIlb KOCBeHHoe KaCaTeJIbCTBO K nepBOHaQaJIbHO OO'bHBJleHHOH ne-
JlH-lI,HTa,lLeJIH, KOTopaH B HTore M02KeT II He nOHeCTII 3aMeTHoro ypOHa.
HMeHHO 3TO, I10XOLKe, H npOH30lliJIO B TOHJIHCH. B pe3YJIbTaTe ceH-
llac ,lI.aLKe HeJIb35I C YBepeHHOCTbIO YCTaHOBHTb, npHBeJI JIM CHMn03HYM K
.ztpaMaTHqeCKHM CJ(BHraM B HallieM KOJlJIeKTHBHOM 3HaHHH 0 6eCC03Ha-
TeJlbHOM - J(JIH 3Toro HaM KaK MHHHMYM nOTpe60BaJlOCb ObI CHaqaJIa ,l.l0"
rOBopHTbCSI OI1HTb LKe 0 TOM, tITO eCTb 6eCC03HaTeJIbHoe. HeCOMHeHHbIM,
O,l(HaRO, OCTaeTCH cpaKT, tITO np06J1eMa 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO (IIO KpaHHeH:
Mepe B TOM IIOHHMaHHH, KOTopoe 6y,neT OTCTaHBaTbCSI HH2Ke) no-npeLKHe-
MY 6pocaeT HaM BbI30B - nO}KaJIyii, He MeHee ,L\ep3KHH, qeM paHHeH oce-
HbID 1979 ro a, nepe ,aOCTorraMHTHbIM IIlTypMOM.
HTaK, Ha OI1bITe T6HJIHCCKOro cHMn03HYMa MbI HMeJlH JIHIIIHIOIO B03-
MO)KHOCTb y6e HTbcH, HaCKOJIbKO BaLKHO HMeTb eCJIH He e,aHHCTBO, TO XO-
TSI 6bI CXO CTBO B3rJISI,aOB Ha 3HatIeHHe KJlIOtleBOrO CJIOBa, 0603HatIalOrnero
npe MeT 06CY1K eHHH. TIonpo6yeM pa306paTbCH B CYIl{eCTBe HMeBIIlHXCH
pa3HOTOJIKOB H TeM caMhIM paC1JHCTHTb nOtIBY J(JIH 6Y YIll.ero TepMHHOJlO-
I'HQeCKOrO cor JI allieHHH.
Cpe,aH MHOrOtlHCJIeHHbIX TpaKTOBOK TepMHHa «6eCC03HaTeJIbHoe»,
npe,QCTaBJIeHHbIX B COOTBeTCTBYIOIll.en HaytIHOH JIHTepaType (II B lIaCTHO-
CTH, B MaTepHaJlaX CHMII03HYMa), MOLKHO BbI,Z:leJlHTb TPH KpynHbIx KOH en-
TyaJIbHbIX KJlaCTepa:
- 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoe-1 (HJlH COKpameHHO B 1) - aHTHTe3HC C03HaHHH;
- 6ecco3HaTeJlbHoe-2 (52) - cOBoKynHocTb npon:eccOB, npoTeKalO-
fiX BHe C03HaHHH, nOMHMO ero KOHTpOJlSI;
- 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe-3 .(53) - O,nHH H3 cnenHcpHtleCKHX CPYHKnMOHaJIb-
HWX KOMnOHeHTOB IICMXHKH, no CBoeH ceMaHTHtleCKOH MO,Z:laJIbHOCTH rOMO-
JIOrHtJHblii C03HaHHIO.
. B IIepBOM H3 Ha3BaHHbIX KaqeCTB 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe BbIcTynaeT K8K
rrpeHMymecTBeHHo cpHJlOcocpcKaSI KaTeropHH, 06pa30BaHHaSi IIYTeM OTpH-
ll,aHHH: oecco3HaTeJIbHoe-l eCTb TO, qTO He eCTb C03HaHHe. B TaKOM CMbIC-
e (XOTH H He 06H3aTeJlbHO B TaKOM BH e) KOHnennHH 6eCC03HaTenbHoro
BBO,aHTCH B ,Z:lpeBHHX H KJIaCCHtIeCKHX <pHJIOCOtPCKHX Tpy ax (BCIIOMHHM
XOT5I ObI llJIaTOHa, fep6apTa, JIen6HHua). MHoroe H3 no o6HOH TpaKTOB-
KH 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO COXpaHHJIOCb H B pR,l{e COBpeMeHHbIX pa60T (CM.,
HanpHMep, [9]), BKJIlOtJaH OTAeJIbHbIe CTaTbH, ony6JIHKOBaHHbIe B nepBhIx
Tpex TOMax ,l\aHHOH MOHorpacpHH [III, 16J.
171
{B 1}1 rrpeAcT8BJI-HeT co6oii, HcanOMHHaeM, neJIbIH KJIaCTe nOHSITHH,
BHYTPH KOTop,oro HMeeTCH 60JlbliiOe KOJlHlleCTBO pa3J1.HllHbIX MOj{H<p HKa -
Hit 3Ta MH02KeCTBeHHOCTb npOHCTeKaeT H3 He0)1H03HallHOCTH KaTeropHH
(cpeHoMeHa), OnpeAeJIHeMOrO BbIillenpHBe,aeHHoH <POPMYJIHpOBKOH. 4T06bI
3Ta HeOAH03HallHOCTb CTaJIa npe,aeJIbHO AocTyrrHoH BocnpHHTHID H aHanM-
3Y, nepeBeAeM )J.aHHoe BbIwe orrpej{e.JJ:eHHe B CHMBOJIbHYIO <POPMY:
B l=U/C;
3j{eCb / - 3HaK JIOrH1JeCKOrO BbIlIHTaHHH, a U - HeKHH KOHnenTyaJIbHbIH
YHHBepCYM, co,aep*aIII.HH KOH enn:HIO C03HaHHH (C). 3TO MOJKeT 6bITb
Hj{eaJlbHbIH MHP, CHCTeMa' 6bITHH, lIeJlOBetIeCKOe cyrnecTBo KaK [JIOfHtIe-
CKoe 1 06'be,aHHeHHe M aTepHaJIbHOrO H H,aeaJlbHOrO HallaJI, F'laKOHel(, nCH-
XHR8 tJeJIOBeKa. KaKoe HMeH.HO COAepLKa'HMe BJI02KeHO B yaHBepCYM, no-
qT.H HHKor)J.a He orOBapHBaeTCSI. KOH enTyaJIbHOe HanOJIHeHHe U MO)l{eT
ObITb (pa3YMeeTCH, C HeM8JIOH CTerreHblO cy6'beKTHBHoro rrpOH3BOJla) pe-
OHCTpYHpOBaHO lIHT8TeJIeM Ha OCHOBaHRH KOHTeKCTa, KO'MMeHTapHeB, CITO-
pa,nHtJeCKHX 3aMeQaH,HrH II a6MOJIB01{. aBTopa.
He OCTaTOqHoe BHHMaHMe, KOTopoe y enHnocb 3KcnJlH HTHOMY 3a a-
Hllm YHIIBep;CYMa B OOJIblliHHCTBe HCTOllHHKOB, CBH eTeJIbCTByeT 0 pacnpo-
CTpaHeHHOCTH HeAc>on:eHKH CO;l(epLKaT.eJIhHbIX npepeKBH3'HTOB OTpHn:aHHH.
A MeLKAY TeM OTpH aHH.e Jl0.I'HlIeCKH KoppeKTHO, TOJIbKO eCJIIi ollepqe o
TaKLKe' H TO, B npe)J.eJI2X lIero OHO npOH3BOAHTCH. nO OOHa H-e,noon:eHKa,
B tJaCTHOCTH, H8XOAHT CBoe BbIpaLKeHHe B 06III.enpHHSlTOH TpaKrrOBKe OT-
pHn:aHH H KaK o,nHOMeCTHOM onepanHH, liTO 3aKperrJl HO H B YQe6HHKax UD
MaTeMaTIIt:feCKOH JlOTHKe (CM., MaII'pHMep, [3]) .llOCJI€AHee iKe eCT,b otle.
u
BH Hoe cne)J.CTBHe rrpeAnenaraeMoH KOHCTaHTHOCTH YHHBepcYMa B Tpa4H-
l{HOHHbIX nocTpoeHHSlx.
He Meuee cYIII.eCTBeHfl'bIM HCTO.qH'I KOM HeeAH03.H.atlHOCTH B 1 SlBJISleTCSI
nOJIHCeMHB ,npyroro KOM nOHeHTa orrpe,neJlSlIOIII.eH tPOPMYJIbI - C. YnOM$I-
HeM B 3TOM CBSl3H JlHIIIb HeKOTOpbI-e, HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIe KaTe-
ropHH 3 H,aqeHlIH, 0603l=IaQeHItbIM CJIOBOM «C03HaHHe»: (1) cnoc06HoCTb
H,aeaJIbHOrO BocrrpOH3Be,neHH AeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH [6]; (2) HHCTaH HH ,ne-
SITeJl:bHOrO OT.p'a}l{eHH"SI MllTepHaJIl>HOrO MHpa B HJ1eaJIhHDM [5]; (3) COBO-
KynHocTb 3HaI=IHH., .9T.2JIOHOB, n:e.neH, MOTHBOB, OC03HaBaeMbIX cYO'beKTOM
II CPOpMHPYIOIlI.HM erG ,a.e5ITeJIbHOCTb [1, 14]; (4) Te JKe KaTeropHH Ha
ypoBHe KOJlJleKTHBa, 06rnecTBa [III, 190]; (5) cl>YHKI!HOHaJIhHbIH KOMno-
HeHT lIeJIOBeqeCKOH rrCHXHKH, onpe,neJIHeMbIH pSlAOM npH3HaKOB fI, 21];
(6) B 60JIee Y3KOM CMbICJle, qaCTb nCHXHKH, onepHpYlOlI(asr HCKJlIOtlHTeJIb-
, HO Bep6aJlbH'bIMH H HHbIMH KOMMYHHKaTHBHbIMH 3HaKOBbIMH cpe,acTBaMH
[III, 140]. Pa3yMeeTCSI, BHYTPH Ka}l{AoH H3 3THX KaTeropBH MO>KBO npo-
CJlej{HTb rrpaKTHlIecKH HeHCtIepnaeMoe MHorooopa3He 3HaQeHHH, npntleM
B OT,l{eJlbHbIX CTaTbSlX, a TeM 60JIee' B MOHorpa<pHHx MO:>KeT cocyrnecTBo-
BaTh HeCI<:OJIbKO, Ka3aJlOCb ObI, Mo,naJIbHO H€COBMeCTHMbIX TpaKTOBOK Tep-
MltHa «C03HaHHe». KOH eFITyaJIH3aI(HSI Toro, liTO 8BTOp BKJIa,nbIBaeT B STOT
u
TepMH'H, HepeAKO 3'aTpYAH-HeTCSI OTCYTCTBHeM orrpeAeJIeHHH HJlH eJfeHa-
rrpaBJIeHHbIX HOSlCHeH'HH, liTO, KaK Ii B CJIytJae YHHBepCYMa, 3aCTaBJISleT
tIHTaTeJISI HCKaTb' Heo6xOAHMYIO HH<popMa HIO KOCBeHHbIMH nYTSlMH.
- MbI BH HM, T8KHM 06pa30.M, lITO 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoe-l onpe eJISleTCSI qe-
pe3 ABe HeOIIpe eJI.eHHOCTH, H 3TO, OqeBHAHO, HBJISleTcsr HCro1JHHKOM OTM.,e..
'1a.eMblX MHorHMH' TPYAH0cTeit, H3 KOTopbIe H.3TaJIKHBaeTCSI KOH errTyaJlH
3Bl(HH 6ece03H8TeJl.bHoro, Kor,na OHO BBOtt!HTCH nYTeM OTpHl\aH'HSI [I]. Ii
see )Ke, eCJlH MhI orp.aHH1lHMCB p-aCCl\IOTpeHHeM JIHllib co6CTBeHHO nCHXO-
1 3.neCb H .naJIee B 3TOH rJIaBe CHMBOJI, SaKJIIOqeHHbIH B <pHrypHbIe CK06KH, npe,ltCTaBJlSleT
HeKOTopoe MHOJKecTBO (B MaTeMaTHqeCKOM CMbIC'JIe CJlOBa). TOT JKe CHMBOJI, HO 6ea 4>HrypHhlX
CKe<50K OOOSHaqae-r mn3llHbIH 3JIeMeHT ooq'BeT.cTBYIO!l.\eFO MHOJKeCTBB.
,172
.nOfHqeCKOH JlR'TepaTypbI, TO 3aMeTHaSI qaCTb E>TMeqeHHOH HeO'npe eJIeHHO-
CTa CHHMae'rCH, T. K. B pOJlB yHHBepCYMa U 3',Z{eCb rro"tJTH Bcer,n:a q,'HrYPH-
p'yeT qeJlOBetIeCKaSl nCHXHKa, a 13 p'OJIH OTpm.xaeMoro cpeHOMeHa C - nYCTb
" .
He O,l(HH H TOT }Ke, HO TeM tie :MeHee KOMnOHellT HH,llHBHJ:lyaJIbHOH nCHXHKH,
BbffiOJIHSlIOIIXHH onpe)l.eneHHnre <PYHKnHH.
,[{JlSI Toro, tIT06bI no,n:tIepKHYTb HMeHHO nCHXOJlOrHtIeCKYIO npHHa,aJIelK-
- HOCTb 6ecco lIaTeJlbHoro-l, HeKOTopble aBTopbI npHoeraIOT K npe,aJlOLKeH-
HOMY A. E. IllepoBueH [71 Tep'MHHY «oeCC03HaTeJIbHOe nCHXHtIeCKoe». O,a-
HaKO tIaIII.e YITOTpe6J1S1eTCSI 0603HatIeHHe «HeOC03HaBaeMaSl nCHXHtIeCKaH
J[.eHTeJlbHOCTb» [2], no OTHOIlleHHIO K KOTOPOMY CJlOBO «6ecco3HaTeJIbHoe»
BbIcTyrraeT K3K ObI B pOJIH KpaTKoro, 6pOCKoro CHHOHHMa, JIHWeHHOro,
Q,L(H3KO, ceMaHTHtIe'CKOH tJeTKOCTH CBoero oOJree pa3BepHYToro 9KBHBaJleH-
ia. CJle,L(yeT cpa3Y LKe orOBopHTbCSI: CHHOHHMH3a HSI OOOHX TepMHHOB
HaTaJlKHBae'TCSI Ha TPY,l(HOCTH <popMaJlbHOrO CBOHCTBa, TaK KaK OOJIaCTb
nCHXHKH, KaKOBOH SlBJIHeTCH 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoe-l, He nOAJle:>KHT, CTporo ro-
BOpsr, OTO>K,l(eCTBJleHHIO C pa3BOpatIHBalOIII.eHCSI B ee rrpeAeJiaX ,n:esrreJIbHO-
CTblO. O,n:HaKO HbIHeIIIHSISI TeH):(eHnHH H3BIKOBOH CTHXHH Bee DOJlee Y3aKO-
HHBaeT rrOAOOHoe OTOLK,aeCTBJleHHe, a 9TO B CBOIO OtIepeAb CJIY>KHT pa3-
MbIBaHHIO ceMaHTHtJeCKOH MOAaJlbHOCTH Toro H Apyroro TepMHHa, KalK,abIH
M3 KOTOp X CeHtIaC notJTH B O,L(HHaKOBOH Mepe CJlYLKHT AJISI 0003HatIeHHH
KaK ,aOMeHa, TaK H AeHCTBHH.
XOTH, KaK TOJIbKO tITO OTMetIaJlOCb, 6ecco3HaTeJIbHoe-1 B rrOHHMaHHH
60JlbillHHCTBa aBTopOB He BbIXOAHT 3a KOHnenTyaJIbHbIe rpaHHnbI nCHXH-
KH, JlOrHKa onpe,aeJleHHSI tIepe3 OTpH aHHe HeH30elKHO rrOATaJlKHBaeT HC-
CJIe,L(OBaTeJlH K pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO 9Toro nOHHTHSI Ha HeHpocpH3HOJlOrMQe-
-cKHH ,lLOMeH. B KOM6HHanHH C OTpH aHHeM rrCHXHtIeCKOrO \ BHe C03HaHHH
'9Ta JlOfHKa CTaHOBHTCH OTnpaBHbIM nYHKTOM AJISI 060CHOBaHHSI cpH3HOJlO-
TlItIeCKOH pe,lLyKUHH oeCC03HaTeJIbHOrO r I, 48].
Pa3Hooopa3HbIe KorHHTHBHbIe H HCnOJIHHTeJIbHbIe aBTOMaTH3MbI, He-
3aBHCHMO OT Toro, OOCJlY>KHBaIDT OHH pa60TY C03H3HHH HJlH 6ecc03HaTeJlb-
Horo, 06pa3YlOT OCHOBY oecc03HaTeJlbHOro-2, onpeAeJIeHHe KOToporo BbI-
rJI5JJ.!.eJIO ObI npHMepHO TaK: E2 eCTb. Bce TO, tJTO fB npeAeJlax nCHxHKHl
H leeT MeCTO BHe KOHTpOJlSl co CTOpOHbI C03HaHHSI. Cro,aa, CJleAOBaTeJlbHO,
OTHOCHTCH TaKLKe HeOC03HaBaeMbIe nponeccbI neJle06pa30BaHHSI, cpOpMHpO-
u u u
BaHHSI H nepeCTpoHKH MOTHBOB, eHHocTeH, peweHHH, HeOC03HaBaeMbIe
nCHXOJIHHrBHCTHtIeCKHe cpeHOMeHbI H T. A. Oco60ro yrroMHHaHHH B 3TOH
CB5I3H 3aCJIY)KHBaeT <peHOMeH YCTaHOBKlI (rro ,U. H. Y3Ha,a3e), KOTOpbIH
TaK>Ke rrpHHa,L(JIeLKHT K KaTeropHH {B 2}.
rJlaBHOe pa3J1HtIHe Me>K,ay oecC03HaTeJIbHbIM-I H 6ecc03HaTeJlbHbIM-2
KOpCHHTCH B ccI>ep.e ceMaHTHtIeCKOH MOAaJlbHOcTH: eCJIH B rrepBOM' cJlYtIae
u u
MbI HMeeM ,aeJlo C KOHnerrTyaJIbHOH KaTeropHeH, TO BO BTOpOM - C npo-
'neccyaJIbHo-cpeHOMeHaJlbHOH. 9TO HaxoAHT CBoe oTpaLKeHHe B KpHTepHHx,
e nOMOIII.bIO KOTOpbIX onpeAeJiSleTCSI npHHaAJleLKHOCTb K 6ecc03HaTeJIbHO-
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TOWARDS CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE UNCONSCIOUS
P. B. SHOSHIN
Moscow University, Department of Psychology
SlTMMARY
Analysed and compared are three main l approaches to conceptualiza-
tion of the unconscious: (1) as psychic minus consciousness, (2) as a set of psy-
chological phenomena and activities of which the subject is unaware, and
(3) as a specific, positively-defined component of the psyche. It is shown
that the latter approach is the most functional in both theoretical and ap-
plied studies. A three-layered conceptual scheme of human psyche is then out-
lined to substitute the classical vertical-line image of the unconscious-pre-
conscious-consciousness triad. This triad now consti tutes the upper
layer, the medium one being made up of internal objects. The service lay-
er, placed at the base of the whole scheme, represents the most primitive
psychological phenomena, processes, and dynamisms.
JII1TEPATYPA
I. BACCI1H <1>. B., TIpOOJIeMa oecC03HaTeJIbHOrO M., Me.ltHlI.HHa, 1968.
. BACCI1H CP. B., PO)I(HOB B. E., 0 COBpeMeHHOM rro xo e K rrpOOJIeMe HeOC03HaBaeMoA
nCHXHQeCKOH .zte5ITeJIbHOCTM (oecc03HaTeJIbHoro). BorrpocbI q,MJIOCO<PHH, 1975, N2 10,
94-108.
183
3. rHJIbBEPT ,lJ.., AKKEPMAH B.,OCHOBbI TeOpeTHqeCKOH JIOfl1KH, M., H3)I.-BO HHocTpaH-
HOH JIHTepaTYPbI, 1947.
4. LlOBPOBH4 A. B., Y CTaHOBKa Ii 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe B CBeTe npOOJIeM nCHxoTepanIiH. H3Bec..
TH5I AH rpY3HHCKOH CCP, cepHH <pHJIOCO<pHH H nCHXOJIOfHH, 1982, .N24, 97-109.
5. J1EOHTbEB A. H., ,I:{eHTeJIbHOcTb. C03HaHHe. JIHIIHOCTb, M., nOJIHTH3)l.aT, 1977. ,n
,
6. cnHPKHH A., C03HaHHe. B KH.: <PHJIOco<pcKa5I 3HIJ,HKJIOne,lJ,H5I, T. III, M., COBeTCKa5I 8H-
QIiKJIOne)l.H5I, 1970, 43--48.
7. IIlEP03I15I A. E., I( npOOJIeMe C03HaHHH Ii 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHQeCKoro: OnbIT HH-
TepnpeTaQHH H H3JIO}KeHHH o6m;eii TeopHH, T6., MeUHHepe6a, 1973.
8. DORSCH F., Psychologisches W6rterbuch. Hamburg: Meiner, 1970.
9. Psi can a 1 i s i e f i 10 s 0 f i a. Padova: Ed. Gregoriana, 1968.
10. SINTSCHENKO w. P., MAMARDASCHWILI M. K., Die Erforschung der huheren p y..
chischen Funktionen und 'die Evolution der Kategorie des Unbewussten. Zeitschrift
filr Psychologie, 189 (1981) 255-267.
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190
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191
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CTBe aeo CTaHOBHTCH <pYHK HeH paCnpe,l!eJIeHHH ,l(BYX CJIyqaHHbIX BeJIHqHH
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pbIH qeJIOBeK C 6eJIOH 60pO,l(OH - MY)KCKOe HaqaJIO - npopOK I1JIHH,
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192
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STO nepe)KHBaHHe OTJIH1JHO OT 06bI1JHOrO orrbITa aKTHBHOH )KH3HH [19].
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HbIM.
HOW IS THE CONSTRUCTION OF A 1\10DEL OF THE UNCONSCIOUS
POSSIBLE
V. V. NALIMOV and Zh. A. DROGALINA
Moscow State University, Laboratory of the Mathematical
Theory of Experiment, Moscow
S IT M MAR Y
A model providing for the identification of personality and interper-
sonal relations is elaborated proceeding from probabilistically oriented
philosophy. The Goncept of semantic continuum is introduced, on which a
probabilistic measure is given.
Bayes's theorem acquires the status of a syllogism determining the mech-
anism of processes occurring at the pre-logical level of consciousness. Per-
197
sonality is expressed through the Ego-the carrier of a probilbilistically
weighted system of value concepts-and through the meta-Ego--.capable in
critical situations of spontaneous change in value concepts. Personality may
also manifest itself in multidimensional correlational constituents. Inter-
personal relations (hypnosis, transfer, and other close contacts between
personalities) form an unstable hyper-personality uniting various individu-
alities into one correlationalJy linked field.
J1J1TEPATYPA
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,;METo,nOJlOrH1{ECKHE AJIbTEPHATHBbI nCHXOJlOfH"
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HHCTOM. 3TO 6bI.TIO BalKHO rroToMY, qTO HHKaKO:H TeKCT He ,lJ.aeT rrOJIHOrO
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199
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MeHHO, H He MeHee pellIaIOme, H3 CJIOB, paCCKa30B, HCTOpHH, MHcpOB, H3
rpaMMaTHKH H JIeKCHKH. 51 3 bI K He e C T b H a,L( C T P 0 if K a, ,lJ,OOaBJIeH-
HaH K cpH3HKO-XHMHqeCKOH CHCTeMe: BCHKHH 06'beKTHBHbIli aHaJIH3 nOKa-
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CJIOBII(eCTBO-HeOJIOrH3M, rrpH YMaHHbIH JIaKaHoM (no-cppaHIJ.Y3CKH OR 3BY-
qHT "par Ietre"). 11 3a HHM CTOHT He npOCTO H,n:e5I COUMaJIbHOH npHpo,n:bI JIM£!-
HOCTH-HJIH, .BepRee, COBceM He 3Ta H,n:e5I! 3TO BbIHCRHeTC5I OqeHb CKOpO:
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CBH,neTeJIb pa3,n;eJIeHHOH H npOTHBOpeqHBOfI npHpO bI, Hl\1rrYJIbCnpYIOII(eii )J.BM-
)J{eHHe, lI3 KOToporo COCTOHT )J{H3Hb CJIOBII(eCTBa» [11, 7-8 ].
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«3Ha L lameH MaTepHaJIbHOcTH». Ooe OHM OpraHHqHbI ,aJI5I qeJIOBeKa (CJIOB-
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[II, 9].
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HbIM y,l.I.OBJleTBopeHHeM H BocnOMHHaHHeM 0 rrepBOM, MHcpHqeCKOM Y,lLO.B-
JleTBOpeHHH» [11, 9]. becc03HaTeJIbHOe H eCTb «coBoKyrrHocTb CHCTeM,..
yrrpaBJI5IIOIlI.HX CHJIaMH )KeJIaHH5I» (TaM )Ke).
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<ppeH,lU13MY, HO - He B MeHbllleH CTerreHH - K 3K3HCTeHI1.HaJIHCTHqeCKOI1-,
<peHOMeHOJIOrHH. TIO,lJ,pOOHbIH aHaJIH3 3THX CBH3eH YBeJI 6bI Hac CJIHIlIKOM'
AaJleKO: OrpaHHqHMCH YKa3aH eM Ha HJ(eIO «HerrorpeIllHMOCTH OIIl.yr.u.eHHH»"
npOTHBorrOCTaBJIeHHOrO 3a6J1Y)KJ(eHHIO pecpJleKCHH, y r. MapCeJlH, Ha
capTpOBCKHH Te3HC 06 aOCOJIIOTHOCTH «cy6'beKTa KOHKpeTHoii peaJIbHO-
CTH» ... «MbI CJIHBaeMC5I BOe,lJ,HHO C TeJIOM, OOJIbllle Harnero OCBe,lJ,OMJIeH-
HbIM 00 3TOM MHpe, 0 neJI5IX H crroco6ax ero CHHTe3HpOBaHHH» [22, 276] --
pa3Be 3TO He aHaJIOr JIaKaHOBCKOH TeopHH «CJIOBrneCTBa»? HaKoHeI1" H
200
«CYllI.eCTBO lKeJIaHH5I» npH,ILYMaHO CapTpOM: «qeJIOBeK - 3TO 6ecnJIo,IL-
HaH cTpaeTb» [23, 708] 1.
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. XO,lJ,HbIX rHOCeOJIOrHqeCKHX nOCTYJIaTaX, Ha KOTopbIe - OC03H3HHO HJIH
HeT - Ol1HpaIOTCH H 3K3HCTeHI1.HaJIHCTbI, H JIaKaHHCTbI.
3Ta MeTO,ILOJIOrHH - npHMeHHTeJIbHO K JIaKaHH3MY - MO:tKeT 6bITb
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nepe,IL JIHI1.0M )J.pyrHx aHTHHoMHH, HYlK,lI.aIOllI.HXCH B pa3peilleHHH, pO)l{,lI.a-
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pa, B KOTOpOM Boo6I1J,e OTBepraeTC5I 3BpHCTHQeCKa5I II.eHHOCTb «cpHKCaI1.HH».
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aKT» [412].
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JIOrHqeCKHe «Ka1KHMOCTH»? CaMa np06JIeMa, no BblrOTCKOMY, IIOCTaBJIeHa
HenpaBHJ1bHO. «Be,l(b B HaYKe MbI XOTHM Y3HaTb H C T H H H Y IO, a He
K a :tK Y m Y IO C 51 rrpHQHHY KaMIlMOCTH ... ECJlH 51 6yJI.Y 3HaTb <pIl3Hqe-
CKYIO npIlpoJI.Y ,lI.BYX JIHHHH H 06'beKTHBHble 3aKOHbI rJIa3a, KaK OHM eCTb,
caMIl no ce6e, 51 nOJIytIy B KaIJeCTBe BbIBo,aa H3 HHX 06'b5lCHeHIle Ka)KHMO-
CTH, HJIJII03HH» ,[7, 412]. TIpoIll,e: C y 6'b e K T H B Hoe He HCtIepnbIBaeT
C060H npe,lI.MeT rrCHXOJIOrHH.
«B rHOCeOJIOrHH K a )K HMO C T b eCTb, H YTBep:tKAaTb 0 HeM, QTO
OHa eCTb 6bITHe, - JIO:tKb. B OHTOJIOrHH K a :tK HMO C T H HeT BOBce. HJIM
nCHX0J10rHQeCKHe cpeHOMeHbI cymeCTBYIOT - TOr,lI.a OHH MaTepHaJIbHbI H
06'beKTHBHbI, HJIH MX HeT - TOr,lI.a IlX H e T II H3YQaTb HX HeJIb351. H e-
204
13 0 3 M 0 JK H a HMKaKa5I HaYKa TOJIbKO 0 cy6'beKTHBHOM, 0 K a LK H M 0-
C T H, 0 npHJHaKaX, 0 TOM, IJero HeT. 4ero HeT - Toro H e T BOB C e, a
He nOJIYHeT, nOJIyecTb. 3TO Ha,lI.O nOHHTb» [7, 415].
11 ,lI.aJIee: «cy6'beKTHBHoe caMO no ce6e KaK npH3paK ,lI.OJILKHO 6bITb
nOH5ITO K3 KCJI e,lI.CTB He, KaK pe3YJIbTaT ...,n B Y X 06'beKTHBHbIX IIpO-
ueCCOB. 3ara,lJ,Ka IICHXHKH penBiTC5I ... He rrYTeM H3YIJeHH5I npH3H3KOB, 3
nYTeM H3YQeHH5I ,lI.BYX p5I,lI.OB 06'beKTHBHbIX npoueCCOB, JI3 B33111fO,lI,eHCT-
BH5I KOTOpbIX B03HI1KaIOT npH3paKH KaK KaMYIILHeC5I OTp3MeHH5I 0,lI. H o-
ro B ,n;pyroM» [7,416].
3TO paccYM,aeHHe KaK HeJIb35I 60Jl e 5.IpKO «BbICBeIJMBae,;» MaTepHa-
JIHCTHqecKYIO n03HlI,I1IO B 06JIaCTH 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO, H MbI pacnOJlaraeM
,UpyroH pa60ToH BblroTcKoro, r,lI.e OH np5lMO 06paTMJIC5I K aHaJIH3Y 3Toro
Bonpoca, nO,lI.qepKH)'B, IJTO - npH MaTepH3JIIfCTHIJeCKOM nO,lI.XO,lI.e - nCH-
XMKa BblcTynaeT «KaK COCTaBHoe CJIOLKHOrO npoIJ.ecca, KOTOpbU1 cOBepIlleH-
HO He nOKpbIBaeTC5I ero C03HaTeJIbHOH qaCTbIO, H nOTOMY HaM npe,lI.CTaB-
JI5IeTC5I, qTO B nCIIXOJIOrMH COBepIIIeHHO 3aKOHHO rOBopHTb 0 nCHXOJIOrHqe-
CKH C03HaTeJIbHOM If nCHXOJIOrHqeCKH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM: 6eCC03H3TeJIb-
. Hoe eCTb nOTeHUHa.JIbHO C03HaTeJIbHoe» [8, 146].
H 3THX Te3HCOB BblroTcKoro CJIe,lI.YIOT ,lI.aJIbHeHIIIHe BbIBO,abI, npHH-
J HnHaJIbHO BaMHble ,lI.JI5I HameH np06JIeMbI..
TIepBbIH H3 HHX: Y 6 e C C 0 3 HaT e JI b H 0 r 0 H e T C B 0 eH 0 C 0-
.6 0 H 0 H T 0 JI 0 r H H. HeT H He MOLKeT 6bITb - ,lI.JI5I cpHJIOcocpa HJIH IICH-
XOJIora - MaTepHaJIHCTa - OC060H «HaYKH 0 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM», - 3TO
ObI.TIa 6bI HaYKa 0 KaMHMOCT5IX. <PaKT CYIll.eCTBOBaHH5I 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIX
51B eHHH HeocnopHM; HO HeT HHKaKHX MeTo,aOJIOrHqeCKHX HJIH TeOpeTHIJe-
CKHX OCHOBaHHH BbI eJI5ITb 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe B HeKHH OC06bIH npe MeT. Bbl-
rOTCKHH OqeHb TOIJHO orrpe,lI.eJIHJI 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOe KaK ITOTeHIJ.HaJIbHO CO-
3H3TeJIbHOe H - B ,lI.pyroM MeCTe TOH }Ke CTaTbH - 3aMeTHJI, qTO peIJb H,lI.eT
o p a 3 H 0 H C T e IT e H H C 0 3 HaT e JI b HOC T MHO CJlOLKHbIX ,lI.HHa-
MHlJeCKHX B3aHMOOTHOIIIeHH5IX B nCHXHKe C03HaTeJIbHbIX H 6eCC03HaTeJIb-
HbIX 3JIeMeHTOB.
KCTaTH, COBeprneHHO He CJIYQ3HHO Ha T6HJIHCCKOM CHMn03HYMe OKa-
3aJIOCb, qTO cpe)J,H COBeTCKHX yqaCTHHKOB, B CYIIl.HOCTH, He 6bIJIO «enen,H-
.aJIHCTOB no 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOMY». DbIJIH CneILHaJIHCTbI no nCHXOTepanHH He-
.Bp030B, 3KcnepH'MeHTaJIbHOH H TeOpeTHIJeCKOH nCHXOJIOrHH YCTaHOBKH, nCH-
.XOJIOrHH JIHqHOCTH, ypOBH5IM perYJI5IILHH ,ne5ITeJIbHOCTH H T. ,n. H T. n.
Ha nCHXOJIorHqeCKOM ypOBHe nOJIOLKeHHe 06 OTCYTCTBHH Y 6ecc03Ha-
'TeJ1bHOrO c06cTBeHHoH OHTOJIOrHH BbIcTynaeT Y}Ke B caMoH nOCTaHOBKe
OCHOBHbIX np06JIeM. B03bMeM, HanpHMep, TaKOH Bonpoc, KaK ypOBHH op-
raHH3aIl,HH ,lI.e5lTeJlbHOCTH. KaK H3BeCTHO, cOBpeMeHHaH COBeTCKaH llCHXO-
1I0rH5I OITHpaeTCH B 3TOM OTHOIlleHHH Ha nCHxocpH3HOJIOfHqecKYro TeopHro
H. A. DepHIIlTei1:Ha, H B qaCTHOCTH - Ha ero nOJIO){(eHHe 0 Be,lI.YIlI.eM II cpo-
HOBbIX ypOBH5IX [4, 99-100 H ,lI.p.]. B c06cTBeHHo nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKOM ac-
rreKTe, npHMeHHTeJIbHO K ypOBH5IM 0 co 3 H a H HOC T H JlI060H ,ae5lTeJlb-
HOCTH, MbI pacrrOJIaraeM 3,neCb 6JIeCT5IIII.H'M HCCJIe,aOBaHHeM A. H. JIeoH-
TbeBa r 13].
no CYIll.eCTBY, 3TOT, OHTOJIOrHQeCKHH no BblroTcKoMY, no,axo,a cBoH-
CTBeHeH - no KpaHHeH Mepe, B paMKax nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH mKOJIbI BblroT-
CKoro - TpaKToBKe Bcex np06JIeM, f e MbI HMeeM ,neJIO C «HeC03HaTeJIb-
HbIMH» nCHXHqeCKHMH npo eccaMH. Oc06eHHo cyrn:ecTBeHeH OH npH aHa-
JIH3e 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB CTPYKTypbI JIHIJHOCTH, B nepBYIO oqe-
pe,lI.b JIHqHOCTHO-CMbICJIOBbIX 06pa30BaHHH. Bo06rn:e ,lI.HHaMHKa C03HaTeJlb-
Horo If 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO B CTpYKType JlHIJHOCTH HBJI5IeTC5I, C HameH TOq-
KH 3peHH5I, eHTpaJIbHOH IIp06J1eMOH IICHXOJIQrHH JIHtIHOCTH.
B03BpaIlI.a.HCb K nHTHpoBaHHbIM BbIllie 1I0JIO}KeHHHM JI. C. 'BbIfOTCKO-
fO, OMHO YBH,lI.eTb B HHX opHfHHaJIbHYIO MeTO,lI.OJIOrHIJeCKYro npofpaMMY
u U
J(aJIbHeHIIIero pa3BHTH5I MaTepHaJlHCTHIJeCKOH IICHXOJIOrHH, He nOJIYlIHBlIIYfO
205
no CHX nop nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHOH peaJIH3aII.HH B c06CTBeHHO nCHXOJIOrIPle-
CKHX (TeopeTHqeCKHX H 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX) HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHHX. COfJIaIIIa-
HCb C BwrOTCKHM B ero npHHII.HnHaJIbHOH n03HII.HH no np06JIeMe rrCHXrrqe-
CKOH OHTOJIOrHH, MbI, TeM He MeHee, CrrJIOIIlb H D5I,l(OM npO,lJ.OJ1)KaeM onepn-
pOBaTb rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKHMH «Ka)KHMOCTSlMH». ITpHtIHHa 3Toro B 3HaqH-
TeJIbHOH CTerreHH B yrrpo eHHOM, BYJIbrapH3YIOI.I:(eM nOHHMaHHH H,l(eaJIbHO-
I ro Hero B3aHMOOTHOIlleHH5I C cy6'beKTHBHbIM.
TIpHBeJJ,eM KOHKpeTHbIH rrpHMep. B KHHre K. K. TIJIaTOHOBa «CHCTe a
nCHX0J10rHH H TeOpH5I OTpa)KeHH5I» YTBep)K,naeTCH, tITO H,aeaJIbHOe - Bce-
rAa nCHXHqeCKOe, HO He Bce rrCHXHtIeCKOe H,neaJIbHO. ABTOp COqYBCTBeHHO
liHTHpyeT C. JI. Py6HHIllTeHHa, rrHcaBIIlero, qTO xapaKT.epHCTHKa rrCHxn:IJe-
cKoro, KaK H,lI,eaJ1bHOrO, OTHOCHTCSI K 06pa3Y lIJlH H,l(ee, Bo06Ill.e npo)J,YKTY
nCHXHQeCKOH ,lLe5ITeJIbHOCTH, B IlX OTHOIIleHH5IX K npe,lLMeTY HJIII BeIll.H. Pa3-
BHBaH .na.rree 3TOT B3rJIH,lJ., K. K. TIJIaTOHOB CtIHTaeT, tITO «H,lLeaJIbHOe --
3TO cy6'beKTHBHoe 5IBJIeHHe, KOTopoe CYIll.eCTByeT B <popMe 06pa3a, CBH3aH-
Horo C nOHHTHeM HJIH rrOHHTHHMH H Bblpa)l{aeTCSI CJIOBOM HJIH CJIOBaMIi.
11,lJ.eaJIbHoe - BbICllIaH cpopMa cy6'beKTHBHoro, H60 Bce H,lJ.eaJIbHOe
cy6'beKTHBHo, HO He Bce cy6'beKTHBHoe - H,lJ.eaJIbHO» [16, 160].
06paTHMcH K nOCJIe,lLHeMY H3,lLaHIlIO «cI>HJIOcocpcKoro CJIOBapH». B
rrOJIHOM COOTBeTCTBHH C ,aYXOM H 6YKBOH MapKCH3Ma-JIeHHHH3Ma TaM ro-
BOpHTC5I: «Cy6'beKTHBHoe B MapKCH3Me rrOHHMaeTC5I He KaK BHYTpeHee
(nCHXnqeCKoe) COCTOSIJIHe cy6'beKTa, rrpOTHBOrrOJIO)KHOe 06'beKTY, a KaK
npOH3BO,lJ.HOe OT ,aeHTeJIbHOCTH cy6'beKTa, BocrrpOH3BO,lL5IIll.ero B <pop M ax
3TOH )J,e5lTeJIbHOCTH CO,1J.ep)l{aHHe 06'beKTa» r 19, 358]'. ITepBoe MapKcHcT-
CKoe orrpe,1J.eJIeHHe cy6'beKTHBHoro, OTHIO,ZI,b He rrOTepHBIIlee CBoero 3Haqe-
HHH, )I.aJI, KaK H3BeCTHO, KapJI MapKc. OH CKa3aJI, tITO fJIaBHbIH He,lJ.OCTa-
"
TOR Bcero rrpe,1J.rneCTBYIOIll.erO MaTepHaJIH3Ma B TOM, tITO «npe,lLMeT, ,LLeH-
CTBHTeJIbHOCTb, qYBCTBeHHOCTb 6epeTCSI ... H e K aK tI e JI 0 B e tI e C K a SI
q Y B C T B e H H a H ,a e SI T e JI b H OIC T b, n p a K T H K a, H e C y 6 'b e K-
T H B H 0» I r 1, 1] - JIerKO BH,lLeTb, qTO «CPHJIOCOcpCKHH CJIOBa Pb» 3)J.eCb
OqeHb 6JIH30K K MbICJIH MapKca.
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TH06'beKTHBHoe» HJIH «aHTH06'beKTHoe». 3TO aT 0 6 P a )I{ e H H e 0 6 'b e K-
TaB )J. e 51 T e JI b HOC T H q e JI 0 B e K a, 3TO xapaKTepHCTHKa A e SI-
T e JI b HOC T II C 06'beKTOM. OHO H MO)KeT CYIll.eCTBOBaTb TOJIbKO B <pop-
Max ,lJ,e5lTeJIbHOCTH! OHO, KaK npaBHJIbHO nHIlleT 10. CPo ByxaJIOB, BbICTY-
rraeT KaK con.HaJIbHaH xapaKTepHCTHKa n.eJIeHanpaBJIeHHOH npaKTHqeCKOM
Ii n03HaBaTeJIbHOH ,1J.eHTeJIbHOcTH. «Cy6'beKT, HCXO,lLSI H3 CBOHX nOTpe6HO-
cTeH H neJleH, ." CHaqaJIa MbICJIeHHO, a 3aTeM npaKTHqeCKH rrpe06pa3yeT
ee ... B 3TOM npon.ecce npOHCxO,lJ.HT H rrpe06pa30BaHHe caMoro cy6'beKTa,
CKJIa,abIBaIOTC5I HOBbIe 06Ill.eCTBeHHble OTHOllIeHH5I, rroTpe6HOCTH, n.eJIH, 3Ha-
HHH If T. ,l(.» f6, 112]. I1Haqe rOBopSI, MbI ,lJ.OJI:tKHbI rrOHHMaTb cy6'beKTHB-
Hoe JIH60 - B cpHJIOCOcpCKOM nJIaHe - KaK CBOHCTBO ,ne5ITeJIbHOCTH, JIH-
60 - B nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKOM - KaK TO, tITO HanpaBJIHeT H onpe,lLeJIHeT rrpa-
lI,ecc ,lLeHTeJIbHOCTH, TaK CKa3aT:D, CO CTOpOHbI cy6'beKTa. A 3TO II eCTb TO,
tITO . MbI Ha3bIBaeM «nCHXHtIeCKHM». OTCIO,aa 6e3YCJIOBHa OIllH60tIHOCTb no-
HHMaHH5I cy6'beKTHBHoro y K. K. DJIaTOHOBa KaK CBOHCTBa, rrpHcymero
)l{IIBOTHbIM, a He TOJIbKO qeJlOBeKY.
OIIlH60IIHa Hero H,lI,e5I 0 TOM, tITO cy6'beKTHBHoe (B TOM tIHCJIe H,lJ.e-
aJIbHoe) eCTb p e 3 y JI b TaT rrCHXHtIeCKOrO OTpa)KeHH5I 3 . 3Ta H,lLe5I XO-
pOlliO COQeTaeTC5I C ero Me MbICJIbIO 0 TOM, qTO «H,lJ.eaJIbHOe - Bcer,na TICH-
XHQeCKoe»: HO Be,1J.b H,1J.eaJ1bHOCTb «eCTb He lITO HHeoe, KaK npe,1J.CTaBJIeHHaSI
3 KCTaTH, J(3BaeMoe 11M orrpeJ(eJIeHHe OTpalKeHIUI 3BYQHT COBeprneHHO nO-MOJIbepOBCKH:
«OTpa)KeHHe - 3TO TaKoe B3aI1MO,IT.eHCTBHe c.peHOMeHOB, npH KOTOpOM OTpa)KeHHbIH <peHOMeH,
OCTaBa5ICb cymecTBeHHO HeH3MeHHbiM, C03,IT.aeT B OTpalKaIOmei1 CHCTeMe cpeHOMeH OTpa)KeHHOrO
KaK npo.rr.YKT npo ecca OTpalKeHH5I» [16, 91].
206
B BeIlIJI cpOpMa 06Ill.eCTBeHHO-tJeJIOBetJeCKOH ,lJ.eHTeJIbHOCTH» [9, 148], a
«C03HaHHe Ii BO H HH,lJ.HBH,lJ.OB BwcTynaIDT KaK YHK HH H,aeaJIbHOCTH Be-
Ill.eA» (TaM )Ke). OHH, KaK H ApyrHe nCHXHtJeCKHe cpeHOMeHbI, CYTb ITCH-
XHqeCKHe cpOpMbI Bblpa2KeHHH H,lJ.eaJIbHoro. B bI P a 2K e H H 51, a He cYIll.e-
CTBOBaHHHI I1x CYIlI,eCTBOBaHHe, KaK JII06HJI rOBopHTb A. H. J1eoHTbeB,.
CBH3aHO C «3KCTpalLepe6paJIbHbIMH» npo eccaMH.
BTOpOH Te3I1C, KaCaIOIll.HHCH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO H C,ne,lJ.YIOIll.HH H3 H3-
JIOMeHHOH }3bIllie n03HII.IfH JI. C. BbIrOTCKoro: H e T p a 3 H bI X K 0 H lL e n-
n: H H 6 e C C 0 3 HaT e JI b H 0 r 0 - eCTb pa3Hoe nOHHMaHHe OTHOllIeHHH
qeJIOBeKa K MHPY, K npe,lJ.MeTHOH ,aeHTeJIbHOCTH, eCTb, KaK rOBopHT BbIrOT-
CKHH, «pa3Hble KOHCTPYKll,HH CliCTeMbI 3HaHHH». ,UYMaeTCH, O,II,HO I13 OC-
HOBHbIX paCXOM,lJ.eHHH Me2K,lJ.y yqaCTHHKaMH CHMn03HYMa no 6eCC03HaTeJIb-
HOMY KaK pa3 H 3aK IOqaeTCH B pa3 HqIIH HX 06III.HX npe,nCTaB eHHH 0 xa-
paKTepe B3aHMOOTHOIlleHHH lJeJIOBeKa c npe,lJ.MeTHOH peaJIbHOCTbIO H 0 Me-
CTe nCHXHqeCKHX npOII.eCCOB B 3TOH CHCTeMe B3aHMOOTHOllIeHHH. B 3TOM
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06 3nHCTeMo orHH 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO, tJTO «pa3JIHlJHble, Ka3aJIOCb 6bI, npo-
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YIIeHblx H IlIKOJI, 'HO lie npoTHBopeIIHBocTb caMoH KOHKpeTHoH peaJIbHOcTH.>}
[III, 142]. LLono HHH H yrJIy6J1HH 3TY MbICJlb, MO)KHO Bblpa3HTb ee Tal{:
-He npOCTO IIlKOJI, HO pa3JIHQHbIX MeT 0 ,a 0 JI 0 r H II e C K II X H a n p a B-
n e H H H.
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ce6e nCHXHtJeCKoe OTpa2KeHHe B ero HeOTTOp2KHMOCTH 01' nOpO)K,aaIDInHX
era H HM onoCpe,lJ.yeMbIx MOMeHTOB qe OBeIIeCKOH ,lJ.eHTeJIbHOCTH» [12,
12-13], H rrocTapaTbcH HHTepnpeTHpoBaTb 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe B CHCTeMe Ta-
KHX e,lIJfHHII. aHaJlH3a. rOToBa JIH K 3TOMY Hallia nCHXOJIOrHH?
3a,1J.aIIa, C OPMYJIHpOBaHHaH 3,lJ.eCb C OBaMH A. H. JIeoHTbeBa H3 ero
nOC e,lJ.HeH MOHorpa HH, 6bI a HCHa eMY Y)Ke B KOH e 30-x rO,lJ.OB, KOr,lJ.a
OH nHca : «6bITHe nCHXOJlOrHlJeCKOrO ... B HaJIHlJHH e,aHHoro H Hepa3J102KH-
lvioro O)I.YllIeB eHHoro MH3HeHHoro npon;ecca», TO eCTb ,neHTeJIbHOCTH; «OT-
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· K ,II,eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, onOcpe,lJ.OBaHHaH oT06pa2KeHHeM 3TOH ,neHCTBHTeJIb-
HOCTH» (PYKonHCb, ll,HT. no r 15, 87]). B CYIll.HOCTH, BCH ,lJ.a,JIbHeHllIaH Ha-
yqHaH ,lJ.eHTeJIbHOCTb A. H. J1eoHTbeBa Hero YtJeHHKOB 'H 6w a HanpaBJIe-
Ha Ha pacKpwTHe TaKoro nOHHMaHHH H pa3pa60TKY a,lJ.eKBaTHMX eMY e,1J.H-
HHII. aHa H3a. Ho pa60Ta 3Ta OCTaJIaCb He3aKoHtJeHHoH. B HbIHellIHeH KO.H-
uenTyaJIbHOH CHCTeMe nCHXOJIOrHH AeHTeJIbHOCTM MHpHO cocYIII.eCTBYIDT
,lI.Ba pH,lJ.a rroHHTHH H e,lJ.HHH : O,aHH H3 HHX, KaK «e,aHHH[(a» (BbIroTcKHH),
«ypoBeHb» (BepHIIITeHH, A. H. J1eoHTbeB), «CMbICJIOBaH YCTaHOBKa» (Ac-
MOJIOB), «aKTHBHOCTb» (B. A. ileTpoBcKHH), «MOTHB» (A. H. JIeoHTbeB,
C. ,U. CMHpHOB) HBJIHIOTCH pe3yhbTaToM rrepeCMOTpa KOHn:enTyaJIbHOH CM-
CTeMbI Tpa,lJ.HII.HOHHOH rrCHXOJIorHH nOA yrJIOM 3peHHH MeTo,aOJIOrnIIeCKoii
nporpaMMbI BblroTcKoro; ,lJ.pyrHe, H HX 60JlbllIIIHCTBO, OTpa2KaIOT KapTe3H-
aHCKYlO MO,1J.eJIb COOTHOllIeHHH nCHXHtJeCKoro H 06'beKTHBHO-rrpe,lJ.MeTHoro.
B OCHOBe yrroMHHYToro nepeCMOTpa nCHXO OrHQeCKHX e,lJ.HHH JIeMaT
HeCKO,,1IbKO OTnpaBHbIX nO O)KeHHH. ilepBoe, KaK Y2Ke rOBOpHJIOCb, - H,1J.eH
MaTepHaJIHCTHtJeCKoro MOHH3Ma. BTopoe - H,lJ.eH e,lJ.H,HCTBa «3KcTp a lL e pe6-
paJIbHoro» H «HHTpalLepe6paJIbHoro» nCHXHIIeCKoro, npH npHopHTeTe rrep-
Boro, TO eCTb «,lJ.eHTeJIbHOCTH cy6'beKTa no OTHOllIeHHIO K ,L(eHCTBHTe bHO-
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llpaHrHlIlBHJIH Ha rrpHMepe cpeHoMeHa llaHHKH, H T. ,IT.. B OOOI1X C.Jlyqa5lX
MaTepHaJIHCTHQeCKOMY rrOHHMaHHIO 3,l(eCb rrpOTHBOCTOHT oco60ro po,rr,a HH-
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TH5I» [3, 375], - nHcan <P. B. DaccHH B 1968 ro,l(Y. nO)l.rOTOBKa K CHMrro-
3HYMY no rrp06JIeMe 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO H XO 3Toro CHMrr03HYMa rrOJIHO-
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208
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CKOH ,l{e5lTeJIbHOCTH.
METHODOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES TO THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE
UNCONSCIOUS
A. A. LEONTYEV
A. S. Pushkin Institute of the Ru sian Language, Niosco\v
SUMMARY
S. Leclerc's paper presented at the Tbilisi Symposium clearly shows the
fundamental difference between" metaphoric" irrationalism and the ration...
alism of scientific thinking. The basic characteristics of the latter being
universality, reflexiveness, and use of objective systems. This rationalism,
how ver, should avoid developing into reflexive reductionism.
Dualism and materialistic monism constitute the second methodologi-
cal alternative. The place of the latter in the psychology of the unconsci-
01)5 is ascertained from an analysis of L. S. Vigotsky's methodological pro-
gramme set forth in his book «Historical Significance of Psychological Cri-
SIS».
In the course of this analysis the following points are made:
.a) the unconscious lacks its own special ontology;
b) there are no divergent conceptions of the unconscious, but only various
attitudes of man to the material world;
c) the unconscious cannot be correctly understood outside of a concrete.
social approach to activity.
JII1TEPATYPA
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TeHHa, «BecTHHK Mry: CepH5I rrCHXOJIOfH5I», 1978, .N'Q 2.
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,3peHH51.
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eTCH HeKOTopaH HenOJIHOII.eHHOCTb 06pa3Horo MbIIIlJIeHH51 (qTO 3TO - CJIe lI-
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'pa30B H rrpe,L{CTaBv1eHHH, He CBH3aHHbIX ,apyr C ,apyroM MHOr03HaYlHbIMH
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212
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qaCTHOCTH, OTCYTCTBHe CaMOC03HaHHH, OC a6JIeHHe KOHTpO H C03HaHH5f
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HCXO)I,HM IIPH 3TOM H3 orrpe)I.eJIeHHH C 0 3 H a H H 51 K a K 3 H a H II SI 0 C 0 6-
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a) 06 eKTHBHpOBaHHe H 3aKperr eHHe B peYlH 3HaHHH 06 06 eKTHBHoH
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eKTa II03HaHHH 3TOH pea bHOCTH. C 3TOH CPYHKII,HeH C03HaHHH CBH3aHO
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213
nHH Hepa3pWBHW, H CHOBH Hoe H3MeHeHHe C03HaHHH CBO HTCH K YTpaTe
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ce6H BH)J.HIllJ1M cHoBH,aeHHe, T. e. B 3TOT MOMeHT OH He cIIoc06eH K OTpa-
}KeHHIO 06'beKTHBHOM peaJIbHOCTH H BbI,aeJIeHHIO ce6S1 KaK C Y 6 'b e K T a
II 0 3 H a H H H. Il03TOMY OH He KpHTH1.IeH K CO ep)KaHHlO CHOBH)J.eHHM H
MO)KeT BOCrrpHH5ITb KaK caMO C060H pa3YMelOIII.eeCSI Bce, 1.ITO B 60,apCTBOBa-
HHlI BbI3BaJIO 6bl KpaHHee y,aHBJIeHHe. Ho BbI,lI,eJIeHHe ce6H KaK cy6'beKTa-
JIH1.IHOCTH coxpaHeHo, coxpaHeH 06pa3 «5I» H, 6JIaro,lJ.ap51 3TOMY, B CHOBH,lI,e-
HHH coxpaHeHa EGO-CPYHKII.HSI, B03l\iO)KHbI caMoBocIIpHSlTIIe H CaMOOIl,eHKa,
(no KpaHHeH Mef>e, Ha ypoBHe IIpe,aCTaBJIeHHH 0 «51» KaK 0 ,aeMCTBYIOll1,eM
JIHu;e B CHOBH,n:eHHH). 3Ta CaMOOI1,eHKa MO)KeT, KaK H B 60,apCTBOBaHHH,
npHBo)J.HTb K caMooCYlK,aeHHIO, K IIOSlBJIeHHlO 1.IYBCTBa BHHbl HJIH cTbI,aa.
]1MeHHo 6JIaro,lI.apSl 3TOMY Bce npoHcxo,n:SlIlI.ee B CHOBH):LeHHH HMeeT rJlY-
60KHH JiH1.IHOCTHbIM CMbICJI.
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JleHHblX, OCYlIl,eCTBJISleTCH no 3MOI.I.HOHaJIbHbIM IIapaMeTpaM H He BnOJIHe
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)KeHHH. TIpH 3TOM OIl,eHHBaeTCH He 06'beKT KaK TaKOBOM, a ero oTHotrreHHSI
:H CBH3H. TaKoe pacCOrJIaCOBaHHe B OIl,eHKe CMbICJIOB H 3Ha1.IeHHH TeM 60-
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Ho ):LJI5I Toro, 1.IT06bI c,aeJIaTb Haill JIH1.IHOCTHbIH CMbICJI ,aOCTOHHHeM
PyrHx JIIO,aeH llJIR 06'beKTOM a H a JI H 3 a c06CTBeHHoro 60,apCTBYIOlI1.erO
C03HaHHSI; ero He06xo,aHMO 06'beKTHBH3HpOBaTb H 3aKpeIIHTb B 3Ha1.IeHHHX.
l e}K Y TeM orrHcaHHaH )J.HCCOIl,IIaIl,HSI C03HaHHSI ,lI.eJIaeT 3TO 3aTpYAHHTeJIb-
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rrepeBO,lI.Y B KaTeropHIO 3Ha1.IeHIIit TaKOH IIepeBO,a CTaHOBHTCH B03MO)KHbIM
B -Ka OH-TO Mepe nOCJIe rrp06y:tK)J.eHHH, HO K 3TOMY BpeMeHH OT CHOBH)J.e-
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qero, l.ITO MO)KHO 6bIJIO 6bI BKJlI01.IHTb B CcpOpMHpoBaHHYIO cHcTeMY 3Ha-
qeHHH. D03TOMY OHH ):LOBOJIbHO JlerKO aMHe3HpYIOTCSI.
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qTO rrpH caMOM ,lI.eTaJIbHOM 3arrOMHHaHHH C06bITHH H acpcpeKTHBHoII oKpac..
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CHOBll,aeHHll. (HeJaBHCHMO OT Toro, XaOTH1.IeH JIH HX CI02KeT HJIH JIOrH1.IeH H
CTpoeH) He B COCTOHHHH C006IlI.HTb HR HalIleMY aHaJIHTH1.IeCKOMY MbIIIlJIe-
HHIO, HH CJIYIIlaTeJIIO JlH1.IHOCTHbIM CMbICJI cHoBHAeHHH.
III. TaKHM 06pa30M, apecpJIeKCHH C03HaHHH BO BpeMH cHoBH,aeHHll -
31'0 rrpOHBJIeHHe ,n:HCCOILHaIl,HH C03HaHHH. B qeM CMbICJI TaKOM ,aHCCOIl,Ha-
HII II KaKOB ee rrCHXOJIOrHlIeCKHH MexaHH3M?
OJ1.HOH HJ OCHOBHbIX 3aJ1.aQ CHOBH,aeHIIH npaKTll1.IeCKH Bce aBTopbI,
KaK COBeTCKHe, TaK H 3apy6elKHble, CQHTaIOT IICHXOJIOrHQeCKYIO 3aI1l.IITY
[6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11].
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BbIIllaeTCH rOTOBHOCTb K B3aHMo.u.eMCTBHIO C HepelIleHHOM np06JIeMOH, BOC-
CTanaBJIHBaeTCSI lIYBCTBO KOMneTeHTHOCTH, lITO aHaJIOrH1.IHO npeo,aOJIeHHIO
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214
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XOpOlIlO COrJIaCYIOTC5! C pa3BHBaeMOH HaMH H B. B. ApllIaBCKHM KOHII,en.
AHeM nOHcKoBOll aKTHBHOCTH [13; 14]. DOHCKOBa5! aKTI1BHOCTb, HarrpaB-
u
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'.opraHH3Ma H crroc06cTByeT a,n:arrTaIJ,HH. 'CHHLKeHHe rrOHCKOBOll aKTHBHOCTM
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nOCbIJIKOM K pa3BHTHIO rrCHXOCOMaT030B. Bo BpeM5! 6bICTporo CHa H CHOBH-
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HH3Ma (cy6'beKTa) K rrOHCKY B rrepHO,lI. 60,lI,pCTBOBaHHH. Bce 3TH rrOJI02Ke-
HH5I nOJIyqHJIH pa3HOCTopOHHee 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOe II TeOpeTHqeCKOe 060-
CHOBaHl1e [13; 141.
B03HHKaeT Ba)KHbIH Borrpoc: KaKOBa CO)1.ep)KaTeJIbHa5! CTopOHa nOHC-
KOBOll aKTHBHOCTH BO BpeMH CHOBH,lI.eHHH? Co eplIlaeTC5! JIH B CHOBH,aeHHH
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3TOM rrOHCK crroc060B pa3perneHH5I Tex peaJIbHbIX 3a,lI,aQ H rrp06J1eM, C KO-
10pbIMH He Y):LaJIOCb crrpaBHTbC5! B 60,n:pCTBOBaHHH, B qaCTHOCTH, OCYll1.e-
CTBJI5IeTC5I JIH B CHOBH):LeHHH rrOHCK BWXO,lI.a H3 MOTHBaIJ,HOHHOro KO cpJIHK-
'Ta, KOTOpbIM BO BpeM5I 60,lI.pCTBOBaHH5! rrpHBeJI K COCT05IHHIO OTKa3a OT no-
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Ilo-BH,n:HMoMY, B OT,lI.eJIbHbIX CJIyqaHX Bce 3TO ,lI,eHCTBHTeJIbHO HMeeT
MeCTO. TaK, OTKpbITHe MeH):LeJIeeBbIM B CHOBH,n:eHMH 6eH30JIbHOrO KOJIbII.a
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HbIe TeOpeTHqeCKHe aprYMeHTbI rrpOTHB TaKoro rrpe,arrOJIO)KeHHH [15], H3
KOTOpbIX MbI He MO)KeM CeMqaC nO,lI.p06HO OCTaHOBHTbC5!.
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'CXO,aHOH cpYHKII,HH CHoBH,l1.eHHll npH,n:aBaJIOCb pelIlaIOIII.ee 3HaQeHMe. B Te-
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218
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219
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220
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JIOBeKa BO MHorOM ,L(eTepMHHHpOBaHbI CO HanbHbIMH OTHOIlleHHHMH, MO)K-
HO rrpHH5ITb H,n:eIO r. AMMoHa [6], QTO CHOBH,L(eHH5I npe,lI,CTaBJI5IIOT C060H
<PYHKII.HIO pa3BHTH5I He TOJIbKO OT,n:eJIbHOH JIHqHOCTH, HO M COUHa bHOH
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221
DREAM: A SPECIAL STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
V. S. ROTENBERG
1st Mosco.w Medical Institute, Moscow
S U 1\'1 1\1 A R Y
The function of dreams in most cases is not finding an actual solution
of tasks and emotional problems facing us in real life, but overcoming the
state of giving up the very search for a sol ution, restoring the abili ty for ac-
tive search and one's sense of competence. The realization of this function
is made possible by a specific change of consciousness, \vhich loses its reflec-
tive character and capacity for forming notions, while retaining its abili-
ty for forming personal meanings. This change correlates with the predomi-
nance in dreaming of non-verbal thinking, the chief characteristic of which
is the organization of a polysemantic context. It is due to this fact that non-
verbal thinking is non-alternative in principle and affords great possibili-
ties for search in a freer semantic field.
JII1TEPATYPA
1. APTEMbEBA E. 10., OCHXOJIOfHH cYO'beKTHBHoH ceMaHTHKH, M., 113-BO YHHBepcHTeTa.
1980.
2. BEI1H l\. M., 5IXHO H. H., rOJIYBEB B. ]I., ilCHX0<pH3HOJIOfHQeCKHe KOppeJIHTbI oec-
C03HaTeJIbHbIX npoueccoB BO BpeM5I CHao B KH.: BeCC03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo,na, <PYHKI.lHH,
MeTO)I;bI HCCJIe)I;OBaHH5I, I I TOM, T6. t MeIl.HHepe6a, 197 , 112-120.
3. POTEHBEPr B. C., .AKTHBHOCTb CHOBH)I;eHHH H np06JIeMa 6ecc03HaTeJIbHofo. B KH.: Bec-
C03HaTeJIbHoe: rrpHpo,na, CPYHKIl.HH, MeTO,1,bI HCCJIe)I;OB::tHHH. II. TOM., T6., Meu.HHepeoa,
1978, 99-111-
4. POTEHBEPr B. C., Pa3HbIe <pOpMbI OTHOlIIcHHH \fe2K)I;y C03HaHHeM H 6ecc03H3TeJIbHbIM.
BonpocbI cpHJIOCOcpHH, 1978, 2, 70-79.
5. POTEHBEPr B. C., CJJOBO H 06pa3: np06JIeMbI KOHTeKCTa. BonpocbI cpHJIOCocpHH, 1980, 4,
152-155.
6. AMMON G., Der Traum als ich-und Gruppenfunktion. Dynamische Psychiatrie, 1973,
Heft, 3, N 20.
7. CARTWRIGHT R. D., Happy Endings for our Dreams. Psychology Today, December,
1978, 66 - 76.
8. CARTWRIGHT R. D.. The Nature and Function of Repetitive Dreams: A Survey and
Speculation Psychiatry, 1979, 42, 2, 131-137.
9. COHEN D. B., Sleep and Dreaming: Origin, Nature and Functions, Oxford, Pergamon
Press, 1979. '
10. COHEN D. B., The Cognitive Activity of Sleep. In: (Corner M. A. et al. Eds.) Adaptive
Capabilities of the Nervous System: Progress in Brain Research, Amsterdam, Elsevier,
1980, 53.
..
11: GREENBERG R., PEARLAM Ch., The Private Language of the Dream. in: Natterson J.,
Aonaon J. (Eds.) The Dream in Clinical Practices, 1979, 85-96.
12. RECHTSCHAFFEN A., The Single-mindedness and Isolation of Dreams. Sleep, 1978, I,
97-109.
13. ROTENBERG V. S., ARSCHAVSKY V. V. Srarch Activity and its Impact on Experi-
mental and Clinical Pathology. In: Activitas Nervosa Superior, 1979, 21, 2, 105-115.
222
14. ROTENBERG V. S., ARSCHAVSI\Y V. V., REM Sleep, Stress and Search Activity.
Waking and Sleeping, 1979, 3, 235-244.
15. ROTENBERG V. S., Sleep, Dreams, Cerebral Dichotomy and Creation. A New Approach
to the Problem. \Tortrag gehalten aui dem XIII International Symposium der DAP,
Dezen1ber 1981, Munchen.
16" ROTENBERG V. S. Funktionale Dichotomie der Gehirnhemispharen und die Bedeu-
tung der Suchaktivitat fur psychologische und psychopathologische Processe. In: G.
Ammon (Ed.) Handbuch der Dynamischen Psychiatrie, B. II, Ernst Reinhardt Ver-
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sodes and Emotional Setting. Paper presented to International Conf rence on Life-
Course Research on Human Development, West-Berlin, September, 16-2, 1982.
6ECC03HATEJ1bHOE M C03HAHME B ACnEKTE
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224
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no,ao6HbIMH naUHeHTaMH. Sperry, Gazzaniga, Bogen H ,Qp., HMeIOIII.He HaH6o-
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XO,aHMO CB5I3aHHblMH C )C03HaHHeM [III, 144]. B 3TOM nJIaHe n.eJIeHanpaB-
JIeHHaH HHTepnepCOHaJi bHaH KOMMYHHKaTHBHa51 aKTHBHOCTb ,nOJIlKHa 6bITb
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HalI pOJIb rrp IHa,aJIelKHl rrpaBoMY nOJ1ymapHIO [11]; [22]. PSI,lJ. ,aaHHbIX
nOKa3bIBaeT, QTO e5lTeJIl HOCTb npaBoro nOJIymapHH, OqeBH HO, HBJIHeTCH
oco3HaBaeMoH H Y JIHn: e pa3):(eJ1eHHbIMH nOJIYIllapH5IMH M03ra. npelK)J.e
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15. Becc03HaTeJIbHOe, IV 225
rnapHIO npe)I,JIaraIOT OTBeTHTb Ha BOnpOC 0 II.BeTe, npe,a'bHBJIeHHOM B rrpa-
BOe rrOJI yrn a pHe [15]. 3Trr 3KcrreprrMeHTbI rrOKa3bIBaIOT, 1JTO: (1) npaBoe
nOJIyrnapHe (a) rrpaBHJ1bHO nOHHMaeT npe)I,'bHBJIeHHYIO BepOaJlbHYIO 3a-
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BCJIYX) 6e3 OC03HaBaHH5I CO,lI.eplKaHH5I np01JHThIBaeMoro [16]. HaH60J1ee
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226
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APOM O HOCTopOHHero npOCTpaHCTBeHHoro HrHopHpOBaHHH, nCHXHqeCKaH
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nOKa:JIH3YIO YIOCH B Me30-,QH3HuecpaJIbHOH HecneUHcpHQeCKo1i 06JIaCTH M03ra.
9Ta CHCTeMa He3aBHCHMa OT CHCTeMbI 06llI.eH aKTHBaUHH If CHCTeM nO,l(,nep)Ka...
HHH OO,npcTBoBaHHH, nOCKOJIbKY MOJKeT cpYHKll.nOHHpOBaT'b B YCJlOBHHX, KO-
r]l.a ){Be nOCJIe,L{HHe CPYHKL(H'H HaKO,L{HTCH B COCTOHHHH no,naBJleHHH (B qaCTHo-
£TH, B MOMeHTbI cHoBH eHMH B 6bICTpOM CHe. B aKHHeTHQeCKOM MYTH3Me HJIH
coma vigile) HJI' )Ke 6bITb HHaKTHBHpoBaHHoH B YCJIOBH5IX, Kor,Qa CHCTeMa
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CBH3aHHbIe co CJIOJKHbIMH cpopMaMH nOBe,l(eHHH, ocy eCTBJIHeMbIMH npM OT-
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xHpyprHtJeCKoro OTIbITa 'npHXO HT 3. 11. KaH,l.{eJIb [II, 101]. 3aKoHbI aKTHBa-
nHH 3TOH Me30- H3HIl.e<paJIbHOH CHCTeMbI C03HaHHH B HaCTOHmee BpeM.H OCTa-
IOTCH B cy ecTBeHHoH Mepe HeHcc.JIe,nOBaHHbIMH. B KaqeCTBe npe,nBapHTeJIb-
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CTeMbI. B 60,l(pCT BOBaH'IIIi CHCTeMa OC03HaHHH pa60TaeT B CBH3H C HHTeHll.H-
OHaJIbHOCTbID, aKTHBH'OCTb ee HOCHT no 60.J1bIlle\H tlaCTH ueJIelranpaBJIeHHbIH
xapaKTep.
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HeHHTeHII.llOHaJIbHOCTb, HerrpOH3BOJIbHOCTb II HBHYIO CBH3b C pa60ToH CM-
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06'bHCHMTb KalKYIl YIOCH rrapa,lLOKCaJIbHOCTh COOTHOllIeHllH OC03HaBaeMOCTH
npOII.eCCOB npaBOrrOJIYllIapHoro II JIeBOrrOJIYllIapHoro THna B 3TOM COCTOH-
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MeCTO B TOM CJIyqae, KOr,lI.a npOH3BO,lIJITCH HerrpepbIBHhIH C03HaTeJIbHbI:H
HHTeHIlJfOHaJIhHbIH OT60p 06pa30B, MKOHllqeCKHX 3HaKOB li3 perrepTyapa
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nOJIOMeHHe nOJIyqllJIO B He)I.aBHee BpeMH rrpHMble HeHpocpH3ll0JIOrH1JeCKHe
nO,lI.TBeplK,lI.eHH5I [19]; [23]. TaKHM 06pa30M, YCJIOBHeM OC03HaBaeMOCTH
npOn;eccoB JIeBOrO nOJIYIllapllH HBJlHeTCH HHTeHII.HOHaJIbHOCTb rrpo eccoB
B npaBoM [20].
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227
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BOCnpH5ITHSI oopa3a 51BJlSIeTC5I ero nOHHMaHHe, T. e. npeJlOMJIeHHe tJepe3
nOHSITHe H, CJIe,aOBaTeJIbHO, qepe3 KOMMYHHKaTHBHYIO CHCTeMY JI e B 0 r 0
nQJIyrnapH5I [II, 97]; [20]. OtIeBH,l(HO, MO)KHO npHH5ITb, IITO ,aJ15I oC03Ha-
HHSI aKTHBHOCTH npaBoro nOJIyrnapHSI B OO,apcTBoBaHHH HeooxoAHMa HH-
TeHUHOHaJIbHa5I aKTHBHOCTb J1eBOro nOJ1yrnapHSI rII, 97].
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BaeT, TaKHM o6pa30M, CPYHK HIO yrrpaBJleHHSI npo eccaMH, rrPOHcxo,a5IrnH-
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npHHIl,Hny, 6JIH3KOMY K «Bce HJ1H HHqero».
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qeCKHX ocooeHHOCTeH HKOHHIIeCKOH CHCTeMbI KOMMYHHKaI.(HH, rrpHCYIII.en
npaBOMY nOJlYlIlapHIO, rrpaKTHIIeCKH 6e3rpaHHIIeH [14]; [III, 170]. B CBH-
3M C 3THM BC5IKaH KOHuenTyaJ1bHaH MO,l(eJIb, nOJlaraeMaH B OCHOBY rrpaBO-
nOJlYlliapHOH aKTHBHOCTH, OKa3bIBaeTCSI TOJ1bKO O,l(HHM H3 B03MO}KHbIX cno-
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COB, IITO H onpe,IJ.eJlHeT BeCbMa orpaHHIIeHHYIO, HO 3aTO nO,l(BH2KHYIO Ii KOH-
THHyaJIbHYIO ccpepy OC03HaHHH rrpaBOrrOJlYIllapHbIX npOI.(eCCOB nCHXHKM B
60,npCTBOBaHIIII.
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npaBOrrOJIyrnapHbIH, a rrpOI.(eccaM, npOHcxo,nHIII.HM B Me,nJIeHHOM CHe, JleBD-
rrOJIYIllapHbIH xapaKTep [III, 157]; [I, 52]. OTCYTcTBHe HHTeHUIIOHaJ1bHO-
CTH C03HaHH5I BO CHe, OTMeqaeMOe 60J1brnIIHCTBoM lICCJIe,noBaTeJIeH, MO}KeT
03HaQaTb TO, qTO MeHee aKTIIBHoe rrOJ1YllIapHe B orrpe,aeJIeHHOH CTa,IJ.HH CHa
HrpaeT pOJIb naCCllBHoro. «Ha6J1IO,lI,aTeJ1H» Tex nCHXHqeCKHX rrpou.eCCOB, KO-
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HaJlbHOCTb pa3BfITHH C06WTHU, rrpOTHBopeIIHe fIX. JIOfHIIeCKOMY II JIHHrBH-
CTHIIeCKOMY CHHTaKCIICY, CBH,aeTeJlbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, IITO JIeBOe nOJIyrnapHe
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CHOBH,aeHlIH.
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eT aKTMBHO B <pOpMHpOBaHHH nCHXHIIeCKHX rrpOI.(eCCOB JIeBOrO, TO CJIe,ayeT
npII3H8Tb, qTO IICIIXHQeCKHe IIpou;eCCbI, IIpOHCXOl1.HI.IJ;He B JIeBOM nOJIyrna-
pHM, 6Y,l(YT rrpH 3TOM HOCIITb.xapaKTep a6CTpaKTHoro orreplIpOBaHHH 3Ha-
KaMM-CHMBOJlaMII B COOTBeTCTBHH C <pHKCHpOBaHHbIM Ha6opOM JIOrHQeCKHX
CHHTaKCHqeCKHX npaBHJI. OCHOBHOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH 3HaKOB-CHMBOJIOB
228
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CYTCTBHe aKTHBHOrO B3aHMO,AeHCTBHH cO,Aep}KaTeJIbHbIX npO eCCOB JIeBO-
ro nOJlY1lI8pHSI C HKOHHqeCKHMH CHCTeMaMH npaBoro 3TH npo eCCbI OKa3bI-
BaIOTCH nOJlHOCTbIO JIHllIeHHbIMH KaKOrO-JIHOO KOHKpeTHoro co,aep}KaHHSI.
TaKHM 06pa30M, B Me,AJleHHOH <t>a3e CHa npaKTH eCKH HeqerO OC03HaBaTb,
KpOMe HaJIHqHH caMoro <t>aKTa aOCTpaKTHbIX MbICJlHTeJIbHbIX onepalu-I"fI
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HaJJ. OTBJIeqeHHbIMH CHMBOJIaMH, qTO II xapaKTepHO ,AJlH OTqeTOB B npooY}K-
J1.eHH5IX H1 3THX CTa,aHH CHao
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CKHe MbICJIHTeJlbHble npou:eCCbI npaBoro nOJlYlliapHSI OOJIa,aaIOT CBOHCTBOM
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MH. 06'beM HHcpopMaII.HH, o6pa6aTbIBaeMOM B 3TOM CHCTeMe B e,lI.HHHlI,Y
BpeMeHH, no HeKOTopbIM ,AaHHbfM, OKa3bIBaeTCH B 10 6 60JIbIlIHM, lIeM npH:
BepOaJlbHOM onepHpoBaHHH [III, 144]. J1eBOnOJIYllIapHble nCHXHqeCKHe
npou;eccbI a6cTpaKTHoro <p0pMaJIbHO-JIOrHqeCKOrO MbIIlIJleHHH CBH3aHbI c
JIHHeHHbIM nOCJle,lI.OBaTeJIbHbIM THnOM CHHTe3a H HaXO,lI.HTCH B 2KeCTKOH
CB5I3H c npocTpaHcTBeHHbIMH If BpeMeHHbIMH KOop,lUiHaTaMH. OOD-
eM HH<popMa HH, nepepa6aTbIBaeMOH B TaKOH CHCTeMe, nponopn:HOHaJleH
BpeMeHH npou;ecca. OqeBH,aHO, liTO ,AJIH o6pa60TKH OAHoro H Toro LKe KO-
JIHtIeCTBa HHcpopMaU;HH B 6bICTpOM CHe Tpe6yeTcH HaMHoro MeHbllIe Bpe-
MeHH, qeM B Me,aJIeHHOM, qTO COOTBeTcTByeT BpeMeHHbIM COOTHOllIeHHSlM
3THX CTa,lJ.HH.
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MorYT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT OOCTOHTeJIbCTB 6bITb OC03HaBaeMbIMH HJIH He-
OC03HaBaeMbIMH. Hx BKJIIOqeHHe B nOJle C03HaHHH onpe,L(eJIHeTCH He CTOJlh-
KO HX npHpO,L(OH, CKOJIhKO HanpaBJIeHHeM aKTHBHOCTH Me30-,lJ.HeHu;ecpaJIh-
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u;eCCbI COOTBeTCTBYIOT TO MY, tITO 3. <l>peH,a onpe,aeJIHJI KaK «npe,aco3Ha..
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oeCC03HaTeJlhHOe, nOCTYJIHPYIOT, CYIU'eCTBOBaHHe HeOC03HaBaeMbIX ccpep,
KOTophIe npHH HnHaJIbHO He MorYT ObITb rrepeBe,AeHbI B C03HaHHe H ,aeTeK-
THpYIOTC5I TOJIhKO no BHeIllHeH cpeHOMeHOJIOrHH H TeM npOHBJIeHH5IM B CO-
3HaHHH, KOTopble OHH BhI3bIBaIOT. TaKHM oopa30M, HeOC03HaBaeMOCTb 3TO-
ro pO,lJ.a ,aOJl}KHa JIe}KaTb B caMOH CTpYKType nCHXHqeCKHX npou:eCCOB.
OqeBH,lJ.HO, qTO ,lI.JIH BhlqJleHeHHH ee xapaKTepHCTHK HaHOOJIee n:eJlecooo-
pa3HO BepHYTbC5I BHOBb K Bonpocy 00 oc06eHHOCTHX rrCHXHtIeCKHX npouec..
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KaK CJIe,L(yeT H) H3JIO}KeHHOrO BbIllIe, caMa HOMHHaJIbHa51 H cpeHOMe-
H3JIbHaSl qaCTh nCHXHqeCKOrO co,aep}KaHHH npaBOnOJIYIllapHoro H JIeBO'-
rrOJIyrnapHoro MbIIlIJIeHHH He MorYT 6bITb 3,L(eCb pa3,lJ.eJIHTeJlhHbIMH npn-
3HaKaMH. IlpH 60JIee npHCTaJlbHOM paccMoTpeHHH cpYHKlLHOHaJIbHbIX oco-
6eHHocTeH nOJIYllIapHH M03ra BbIHCHHeTCH, qTO OHH pa3JIHqaIOTCH He KJlaC-
caMH 06DeKTOB, KOTOpbIMH OHH onepHpYIOT. npaBoe nOJIYIllapHe, KaK 3TO
nOKa3hIBaIOT MHOrOqHCneHHble HCCJle,AOBaHHH, ,AOCTaTOqHO XOpOIliO 3HaeT
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ro, no HeKOTopbIM )J.aHHbIM, BbICIlIHe ceMaHTHqeCKHe onepaU:HH B BepOaJlb-
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[19]. C ,L(PyroH CTOpOHhI, JIeBOe nOJIyrnapHe MO}KeT on03H8BaTb o6pa'\bI
H HeBep6aJlbHYIO HH<popMaU;HIO. CJIe,L(OBaTeJlbHO, OCHOBHoe OTJIHqHe 3a..
KJIIOqaeTCSI B cnoco6e 06pa60TKH, Ko,aHpoBaHHH H ClIHTbIBaHHH HHcpopMa-
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229
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fOTCH aHHble HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHH aJIeKCHH Y 5IIIOHueB. B HIIOHCKOM H3bIKe cy-
I.I..I.ecTByeT ,lI,Ba cnoc06a nHCbMa: aJlcp3BHTHoe H HepOrJIHcpYIIlecKoe, npHqeM,
B 060HX HCnOJIb3YIOTCH O,aHH H Te }Ke rpacpHQeCKHe 3HaKH. OKa3bIBaeTC5I,
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HepOfJIHcpHqeCKOrO npOtITeHH5I TeKCTa, 3HaK He BocnpHHHMaeTCH KaK nHK-
TorpaMMa, O.ll.HaKO COXpaH5IeTC5I cnoc06HOCTb qTeHH5I Tex }Ke 3HaKOB B aJI-
c.paBHTHOH CHCTeMe. fIpH IIopalKeHHH JIeBOrO nOJIyrnapHH BOJHHKaIOT 06-
paTHble paccTpoHcTBa lITeHH5I. B HaIllHX c06cTBeHHblx Ha6JIIO,lLeHH5IX MbI
o6HapY)FH,,1H 6,HH3KHe no CMbICJlY HapyrneHH5I Y 60JIbHbIX C rrOJlyrnapHbIMH
nOpa}KeHi!5IMH B rn3XMaTHOH Hrpe. TIpH nopalKeHHH npaBoro nOJIyrnapH5I
Ha6JIIO,lI.aeTCH HapyrneHHe cnoc06HoCTH K TBOpqeCKOH, KOM6HHaTopHoH Hr-
pe, rra,lL2.E'T KJIaCC rnaXMaTHCTa, B TO BpeM5I KaK nOJlHOCTbIO coxpaHHeTC5I
3HaHHe : HaqeHHH <pHryp, npaBHJI, XO)I,OB. IlpH rropalKeHHH JIeBOrO nOJIY-
mapH5I B03HHKaIOIUHe paCCTpOHCTBa CBH3aHbI C YTpaTOH 3HaqeHHH <pHryp,
HenOHHMaHHeM rrpaBHJI HrpbI II XO,lI.OB [i8].
TaKHM o6pa30M, rrpaBOnOJIYllIapHoe MbIIIlJIeHHe OTJlHQaeTC5I OT JleeD-
nOJIYIIlapHoro He HCXO,lI.HbIM MaTepHaJlOM nCHXHqeCKHX npOl(eCCOB II HX
pe3YJIbTaTaMH, a caMHM cnoc060M 06pa6oTKH MaTepHaJIa, npOlJ,eCCOM
cpOpMHpOBaHH5I 06pa3a. OqeBH,lI.HO, qTO HMeHHO 3Ta qaCTb nCHXHqeCKOH
aKTHBHOCTH rrpaBoro rrOJIYIIlapH5I OKa3bIBaeTCH rrpHHII.HnHaJIbHO HeOC03Ha-
BaeMOH. fIpHQHHY HeOC03HaBaeMOCTH npaBOnOJIYIIlapHbIX MexaHH' MOB 06-
pa60TKH HHcpopMaIl,HH MO)KHO YCMaTpllBaTb B TOM, QTO )I,JIH OCOJHaHHH He-
OOXO,lI,HMa CPHKCaU:H5I OC03HaBaeMoro cpaKTa B rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHbIX H Bpe-
MeHHWX KOOp,lI.HHaTax. A HMeHHO 3Ta xapaKTepHCTHKa OTCYTCTByeT B npo-
ueccax npaBOnOJIyrnapHoii nCHXllKH, nOCKOJIbKY BafKHeHllIHMH npHHUHI1H"
aJIbHbIMH oc06eHHocTHMll ee .5IBJI5IIOTCH HeJIOKaJlH30BaHHOCTb HHcpopMaUHH
H CHMYJIbTaHHbIH crroc06 ee nepepa60TKH (roJIorpaq)I{qeCKHH npHHUHn)
f:.J]; [I, 48]. TaKHM 06pa30M, OC03HaBaeMOCTb HJIH HeOCOlHaBaeMOCTh
nCHXnqeCKOrO npo ecca onpe,lI.eJI5IeTCH He MepOH era Bep6aJlH3yeMocTH, a
oco6eHHOCT5IMH ero CTpYKTypHOH opraHH3aL(HH, KOTOpa5I, OQeBH,lI.HO, B CY-
m.eCTBeHHOH Mepe orrpe,lI.eJIHeTCH <PYHKL(llOHaJIbHOH opraHII3aUHeH nOJIyma-
v
pH f M03ra.
2.0. H3J10fKeHHble co06pa)KeHH5I OTKpbIBaIOT IllHpOKliH ,lI.Hana30H npa..
6JIeM B 3TOH 06J1aCTH. I10nbITaeMcH BbI,lI.eJIHTb HeKoTopbIe H3 HHX.
2.1. OqeBH HO, O,lLHOH H3 aKTyaJIbHbIX 3a all HBJIHeTCH rrp5lMOe o6Ha-
PY)KeHHe Tex HenpocpH3HOJIOrHqeCKHX xapaKTepHcTIiK KalK,lI,OrO H3 nOJIY-
IllapHH, KOTopble MOrJlH 6bI 6bITb CBH3aHbI C oc06eHHOCT5IMH fIX HeHponcH"
XOJlOrHqeCKHX MexaHH3MOB. ,ao HaCTOHIIl.erO BpeMeHH rrpe,L(cTaBJIeHHH 0 ro-
JIOrpacpHqeCKOM xapaKTepe pa60TbI npaBoro nOJIYIIlapH5I 3fIlK,lI.51TCH He Ha
npHMOM 06HapYlKeHfIH 3Toro THna rrpo eCCOB B HeHpocpH3HOJIOrHqeCKHX
HCCJle,lJ,OBaHH5IX, a Ha OTHOCfITeJlbHO KOCBeHHbIX )I,aHHbIX JIOrHqeCKOro aHa-
JIH3a ero BbICllIHX <PYHK HH H CHH,lI,pOMOB, B03HHKalOIIl.HX npH JlOKaJIbHbIX
nopallieHH5IX npaBoro nOJIYllIapH5I [I, 64]; [I, 48]. Bep05ITHO, HaH60JIee
nepcrreKTHBHbIMII 3,aeCb 6bIJlH 6bI HCCJIe,aOBaHH5I npo eccoB 3aneqaTJIeHHH
H BocnpoH3Be,aeHH5I HHcpopMaUHH B COqeTaHHll C MeTo,aaMH BbI3BaHHblX no-
TeHlI,HaJIOB, KOppeJI5IUHOHHOro II crreKTpaJIbHOrO aHaJlH3a 33f.
2.2. BTOpOH np06JIeMOn .5IBJI5IeTCH BbI5ICHeHHe HeHpocpH3HOJIOrHlIeCKHx
MexaHH3MOB B3aHMO,AeHCTBH5I nOJIYIllapHH M03ra. OTMeQeHHa5I peUHnpo'K-
HOCTb, a B pH)I,e acneKTOB H aHTarOHHCTHqHOCTb <PYHK HH npaBoro II JIeBO-
ro nOJIYIIlapHH ,QOJIlKHa onpe)I,eJleHHbIM 06pa30M np05lBJI5ITbC5I B HeHpocpH-
3HOJIOrHQeCKOH opraHH3alI.HH Me}KnOJIYIIlapHbIx cBH3eH. KocBeHHbIe aH-
Hble 0 TOM, liTO 3TH B3aHMOOTHOIIleHH5I MorYT OCHOBbIBaTbCH Ha rronepeq-
HOf\1 TOpMO}KeHHH, nOJIyqeHbI B HCCJIe,lI.OBaHH5IX 60JlbHbIX, KOTOpbIM no Me-
.lI.HlI.HHCKHM nOKa3aHH5IM npOH3Bo,aHJIHCb o,aHonOJIYllIapHble 9JIeKTpOCYJlO-
230
p0)l{Hble IllOKH. I1HaKTHBaII.HSI O)I,HOrO H3 rrOJlYIllapHH rrpHBO,2I.HT KaK 6bI K
paCTOpMa)l{HBaHHIO CPYHK HOHaJIbHOfI aKTHBHOCTH ero rrapTHepa [I, 61].
HaMII nOJIYIIeHbI ,aOCTaTOIIHO np5IMbIe ,lJ.aHHble 0 HaJlHqHH Me1KIlOJlyrnapHo-
ro nonepeIIHoro TOpMO)l{eHH5I Y IIeJIOBeKa C HCIIOJIb30BaHHeM MeTO,lJ.a YC-,
.pe,lI.HeHHbIX BbI3BaHHblX nOTeHlI,HaJlOB (6). CJIe)I,yeT nOJlaraTb, IITO none-
peqHOe TOpMO)l{eHHe HrpaeT pOJlb He TOJIbKO perYJI5ITOpa B3aHMHoro ypOB-
HH aKTHBHOCTH ,l{BYX nOJIyrnapHfI, HO H ocymeCTBJI5IeT KO,lJ.HpOBaHlie H ne-
peHoe CO)I,epLKaTeJIbHOH HH<popMalI,H-H MeLK,l(Y nOJIYllIaplI5IMH.
2.3. YlIHTbIBa5I OrpaHHqeHHOCTb B03MO}KHOCTen: np5IMOrO nCIIXOJIOrHQe-
CKoro HCCJle,U.OBaHH5I «6ecc03HaTeJIbHoro», CJIe,U.yeT nOJIaraTb, qTO B ero
M3YIIeHHH Bce 60JIbIllYIO pOJIb 6Y'u'YT HrpaTb MeTo,abI HeHpocpH3HOJIOrHIIe-
CKoro TecTHpOBaHH5I, B qaCTHOCTH, MeTO,L( perHCTpalI,IIH BbI3BaHHblX nOTeH..
ll.HaJIOB rOJIOBHOrO M03ra. 3TH HCCJIe,aOBaHII5I y}Ke II03BOJIHJIII nOJIYIIHTb
Henocpe.rr..CTBeHHble ,lI,aHHble 0 HaJlHqHH HefIponCHXHqeCKHX npOlI,eCCOB, CB5I-
3aHHbIX C 06pa60TKofI HeOC03HaBaeMOH HH opMaILHH [7]; [I, 54]; [1, 52],
a TaK)I{e 0 CB5I3H HeOC03HaBaeMofI nCHXHlIeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH C npaBbIM no-
.JIyrnapneM M03ra [7]; [I, 54]. B p5I,U.e 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX HCCJIe,aOBa-
HMM nOJIyqeHbI TaK}Ke )I,aHHble, rOBOp5IIII.He 0 B03MO)KHOCTH npe,lJ.CKa3aTb
Ha OCHOB3HHH BbI3BaHHblX nOTeHll,HaJIOB, B KaKOM nJIaHe HHTepnpeTHpyeTcSI
npe,lI.D 9"TI5Ie fbIH BH3ya.JIbHO CTHMYJI - B CHMBOJIHqeCKOM HJIH HKOHHqeCKOM,
tITO 6JI1I3KO K HanpaBJIeHUIO HCCJle,U.oBaHHH, CB5I3aHHblX C np06JIeMOfI Me)K-
nOJIyrnapHoH aCHMMeTpHH B npHJIO)KeHHH K Bonpocy COOTHOIlleHH5I C03Ha-
TeJIbHbIX H 6ecc03HaTeJIbHbIX nCHXHQeCKHX rrpoILeccoB [I, 52].
2. 4. 1. BKJUOIIeHHe rrp06JIeMbI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO-C03HaHHH B o6 e6lio-
JIOr'lIIIeCKYIO npo6J1eMaTHKY CTaBHT Bonpoc 0 npHcrroco6H'TeJIbHOH pOJIH 3TOH
JlyaJIbHOCTIf If HeH36e)KHO BICIIIOqaeT acrreKT H3yqeHH5I cpMJ10-H OHToreHeTHtIe-
CROM .9BO.J1IOll.HH .3TOro:cpeHOMeHa C HCn'OJIb30BaHHeM ,l(aHHbIX H MeTO OB .9THOCe-
MHOTHKH, .3THOnCHXOJIOrHH H apxeOnCHXOJIOrHH. HCCJIeJJ;OBaHHH B 3TOH o6JIa-
'CTH BhI5IBHJIH H3J1HtIHe ccpepbJ nO.lLC03HaTeJIbHOH aKTHBHOCTH B nCHXHqeCKOH
)KH3HH TaK Ha3hIBaeMbIX rrpH!vIHTHBHbIX 06llI.eCTB II 3THHQeCKHX H30JIRTOB, pe-
aJIH3YIO eHCH B 06 eCTBeHHorvl 6bITHH B cpopMe MHcpa [18]; [20]; [1, 42J.
AHaJIH3 3HaIIeHH'H MH<pOB 06HapY)KHBaeT HaJIIIIIHe ceMHOTHQeCKOH: Heo Hop0JJ;-
HOCTH npocTpaHcTBa B npe,l(CTaBJIeHHHX caMbIX pa3HbIx ,l(peBHHX H cOBpeMeH-
HblX KYJIbTYp. npH 3TOM ceMHOTHQeCKOe 3HaQeHHe, rrpHIIHcbIBaeMoe npaBoH
H JIeBOR cTopoHaM, OKa3bIBaeTC5I B OCHOBHOM COBna,l(aIOmHM C ceMMOTHtIeC1{HMH
acneKTaMH npaBoro H JleBOrO rrepuerrTyaJIbHWX nOJIynpocTpaHcTB H COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO JIeBOrO H npaBoro nOJIYllIap'HH lVl03ra, BbI5IBJI5IeMbIX B HciipoI1CH-
XOJIOr\HQeCKHX II HefIpo$'H3HOJIOrHQeCKHX HCCJIe,l(OBaHHHX. TaK, npaBoe no-
-JIynpocTp aHCTBO accoUHHpyeTC5I C rrpaBHJIbIfOCTbIO, HCTHHOH, JIOrHtIHOCTblO,
CHOCTblO, nocIOcTopOHHHM tBeTJIbIM MHpOM, ,lL06POM, pa HOHaJIbHbIM Haqa-
.JIOM. JIeBoe nOJIynpocTpaHcTBo Ha,l(eJIHeTCH npoTHBOnOJIO)K'HbIMH CBOHCT-
BaMH, SlBJI5I5ICb 06JIaCTbIO HenpaBHJlbHOCTH, JlO)KHOCTH, MeCTOM HaXO)K eHHH
nOTycTopoHHero TeMHoro MHpa, HppaIl.HOHaJIbHbIX CHJI, MeCTOM npe6hIBaHHSI
,neMOHOB H CTHXHH, He nOMaIOInIIXCH 06bItIHOMY paUHOHaJIbHOMY ynpaBJIe-
BRIO H Tpe6YIOrnlfX ,l{JItH OBJIa eHH5I H KOHTaKTa C H'HMII Cne HaJIbHbIX PHTY-
aJIH3HpOBaHHhIX nCIIXHtIeCKHX II nOBe eHtIeCKHX npHeMOB [III, 157J; [11]:;
122J. COO1'BeTcTBYlOrn H e 3HaKOBble aCCOIl.HaIlJiH 3acpHKcHpoBaHbI B 5I3hIKOBbIX
<popMax MHorHX HapO,l(OB MHpa (cpaBHH: «rrpaBoe )I,eJIo», HO «JIeBbIe J10XO"
J\hI»; sinister (aHrJI. )-,nypHOH, 3JIOBeru:HH:; HO right-rrpaBbIH, CnpaBe,l{JIH-
Bh1H, H T. .) YtIHThIBa5I oco6yIO qYTKOCTb rrepBo6bITHoro. qeJIOBeKa K ,l{BH>Ke-
JIHHM co6cTBeHHoro nCHXHqeCKDrO MHpa, a TaK)Ke '-TeH,[(eHIl.IHO npHnHchIBaTb
231
CBOHM BHYT (HHHM COCTOflHHHM CBOHCTBa OO'heKTHBHOCTH, MOJKHO C onpe,ne-
JIeHHbIM OCHOBaHHeM CBH3aTb 3TY CeMHOTHQeCKYIO npOCTpaHCTBeHHYIO aCHM"
MeTpHlO C aCHMMeTpHeH M03ra.
2.4.2. TaKHe COOTHOlIIeHHH Y qeJIOBeKa HCTOpHqeCKHX 3nox, OTpa1KalO-
mHeC5I B ero BH3yoIIpaKCHqeCKOH ,ne5ITeJIbHOCTH ()KHBOIIHCH), DbIJIH nOKa-
3aHbI paHee [I, 64]. B ,lI.OIIOJIHHTeJIbHOH HeonYDJIHKOBaHHoH qaCTH Toro :iKe
HCCJte,lI.OBaHHH MbI oDHapY)KHJIH OIIpe,lI.eJIeHHbIe KOMII03HII.HOHHbIe ocooeH-
HOCTH, 3aKJIlOqalOIII.HeC5I B TOM, qTO B IIO,lI.aBJI5IlOIII.eM OOJIblIIHHCTBe pac-
u
CMOTpeHHbIX HaMH IIaM5ITHHKOB Cpe,lI.HeBeKOBOH )KHBOIIHCH CTaTHCTHqeCKH
,lI.OCTOBepHO npe06JIa,lI.aeT JIeBO-IIpaBoe HanpaBJIeHHe OCHOBHoro ,lI.BH1KeHHH
COObITHit CB5I3b TaKOH ,lI.HHaMHKH C aCHMMeTpHeH nepII.eIITyaJIbHOrO np.o-
u
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CH BnOJIHe Bep05ITHOH. ,ILeJIO B TOM, qTO aKT xY,lI.OJKeCTBeHHoro TBOpqeCTBa
rrpe,lI.CTaBJIHeT cODoH IIpOII.eCC IIepeBO,lI.a MHOr03HaqHOro II B cYIII.eCTBeHHoH
CTeneHH nO,lI.C03HaTeJIbHOrO cO,lI.ep1KaHHH TBOpqeCKOrO npoII.ecca B O,lI.HO-
3HaqHOe BbIpa)KeHHe, npe,lI.CTaBJI5IlOIII.ee CODOH C OIIpe,lI.eJIeHHOH TOQKH 3pe-
8HH YIIopH,nOqeHHbIH JIorHqeCKHH, XOTH H HeBep6aJIbHbIH, TeKCT, qeMY CIIO-
co6cTByeT IIOCJIe,aOBaTeJIbHWH CIIoc06 nOCTpOeHH5I xY,lI.O)KeCTBeHHoro 06pa-
3a H3 OT,lI.eJIbHWX 3JIeMeHTOB IIepBoro ceMaHTHqeCKoro ypOBHH, B orrpe,lI.e-
JIeHHOH Mepe MO,lI.eJIHpYlOIII.HH IIpOII.eCC IIOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHOrO IIOCTpoeHHH,
CBOHCTBeHHoro CHCTeMaM CHMBOJIHQeCKOH KOMMYHHKaU:HH [20]. YqHTbIBa51
,nOIIOJIHHTeJIbHO Be,ayIII.YlO pOJIb IIpaBoH PYKH B H306pa3HTeJIbHOM npon.ec-
ce, C03,aaHHe 1KHBOIIHCHoro IIpOH3Be,lI.eHHH B OIIpe,lI.eJIeHHOM aCIIeKTe MO)K-
HO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK IIpOII.eCC nepeBO,lI.a HHcpopMaII.HH, IIepBHqHO co ep-
1KameHCH H oDpa6aTbIBaeMoH B npaBoM IIOJIYlIIapHH, B JIeBOIIOJIYlIIapHYIO
cHcTeMY BbIpaJKeHHH. I10CKOJIbKY IIOJIYlIIapHH IIepeKpecTHo CBH3aHbI C no-
JIHMH nepII.eIITyaJIbHOro npocTpaHcTBa, MO)KHO nOJIaraTb, qTO nepeBO,lI. HH-
cpopMaII.HH H3 IIpaBoro IIOJIYlIIapHH B JIeBOe ceMHoTH3HpyeTcH B ,lI.BH)KeHHI1
H30DpaJKaeMOrO H3 JIeBOrO nOJIYIIpOCTpaHCTBa B npaBoe. To, liTO B OCHOBe
BbI60pa npaBO-JIeBOH KOMII03HII.HH JIeJKaT HeKOHBeHII.HOHaJIbHbIe H, IIO-BH-
,lI.HMOMY, HeOC03HaBaeMbIe IIJIaCTbI, IIpOHBJI5IeTCH, HaIIpHMep, B TOM, qTO
<pOTOCJI aH,lI.bI, ,lI.aHHbIe B ODp meH OH npaBO-JIeBOH IIpOeKII.HH, BOCIIpHHH-
MaIOTC5I KaK CTpaHHbIe H pa3,lI.paJKaIOIII.He, ,lI.aJKe eCJIH Ha HHX IIpe,lI.CTaBJIe-
HbI QHCTO IIeH3a}KHbIe CI01KeTbI. 3TO 1Ke KacaeTCH ODpaIII.eHHH H306pa)Ke-
HHSI B npOH3Be,lI.eHH5IX LKHBOIIHCH.
2. 4. 3. fIpH3HaHHe Toro, liTO B opraHH3aII.HH npO TpaHCTBa }KHBOnHCH
u
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CJIYJKHJIO 6bI OCHOBaHHeM ,aJIH BeCbMa nepCIIeKTHBHhIX apxeOnCHXOJIOrHqec..
KHX HCCJIe ,lI.OBaHHH reHe3a C03HaTeJIbHOrO H oeCC03HaTeJIbHOrO B 3BOJIIOII.HH
q eJIOBeKa. BaJKHeHlIIHM MexaHH3MOM H o,n.HOBpeMeHHO npOII.eCCOM npeBpame--
HH5I HeaH,l{epTaJIbna B homo sapi'ens ObIJIO pa3BHTHe y nepBoDbITHoro qeJIOBeKa
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qBTeJIhHhIM npH3HaKOM no oTHo'weHHIO K JKHBOTHbIM. OCHOBHOH 3HaKOBOH
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JIa C03J{aHHH CHMBOJIHqeCKOH CHCTeMbI KOMMYHHKaII.HH, 06eCIIeqHBaIOlueH
BbICOKYIO CTaOHJIbHOCTb 3HaqeHHH, 0,lI.H03HaqHOCTh COODIII.eHHH, IIPOCTOTY
nOCTpoeHHH MO,lI.eJIeH peaJIbHOCTH. OqeBH,lI.HO, Bce 60JIblIIee HapaCTaHHe
pOJIH CHMBOJIHqeCKOH CHCTeMbI KOMMYHHKaII.HH H MhIIIIJIeHHH npe,llCTaBJIHeT
aenpepbIBHbIH H Bce DOJIee paClIIHpHIOIII.HHCSI nponecc B pa3BHTHH qeJIOBe-
Ka: qeJIOBeK Bce MeHhllie JI-eJIaeT (B CMbICJIe Henocpe,nCTBeHHoro PYKO,llCJlb-
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232
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)KHBOH BHeqeJIOBeqeCKOH npHpO,lI.bI. PaDOTaH Ha CTaHKe C nporpaMMHbIM
ynpaBJIeHHeM, qeJIOBeK OCYIII.eCTBJIHeT CHMBOJIHqeCKHe onepaUHH, KOTopble
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Cpe,l(CTBeHHbIe ,lI.e'HCTBHH, npHBo,aHIII.He K IIOJIyqeHHIO IIOJIe3HOrO pe3YJIbTa-
Ta B BH,lI.e KOHKpeTHbIX IIpe,lI.MeTOB.
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pOBaHO BbIlIIe, C HKOHHqeCKOH CHCTeMOH KOMMYHHKaUHH, TO JIOrHqHO cqH-
TaTb, qTO C03HaHHe eCTb cpeHOMeH, B03HHKlIIHH HenOCpe,lI.CTBeHHO B CBH3H
C pa3BHTHeM CHMBOJIHqeCKOH KOMMYHHKaUHH. 5bIJIO 6bI, O,lI.HaKO. OIIIHO-
KOH nOJI araTb, qTO nCHXHKa qeJIOBeKa eCTb IIpO,aYKT IIpOCTOH CYMMbI
HKOHHQeCKOH CHCTeMbI KOMMYHHKaUHH (IIO,lI.C03HaHHe), npHCYIII.eH JKHBOT-
HbIM, M CHMBOJIHqeCKOH CHCTeMbI KOMMYHHKaUHH (C03HaHHe), IIpHcyrnefr
,nonOJIHHTeJIbHO qeJIOBeKY. I10-BH,nHMOMY, JKHBOTHble He 06JIa.l(aIOT HII co-
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HOCTb o6CYLKt{aBIIlHXCH rHnOTe3 H MeTO,lJ.HqeCKHX nO,lJ.XO,lJ.OB.
THE UNCONSCIOUS AND CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE ASPECT OF
INTERHEMISPHERIC RELATIONS
L. R. ZENKOV
Clinic of Nervous Diseases, 1. .f\1. Sechcnov Moscow First Medical Institute.
Moscow
S lJ 1\1 1\1 A R Y
The problem of the brain substrate of conscious and unconscious psy-
chical processes is considered in the aspect of functional hemispheric asym-
metry. In spi te of an j mpressive coincidence of many characteristics of con-
scious and unconscious psychical processes wi th the peculiari ties of left and
right hemispheric thinking respectively, the notion of a si mple relation of con-
sciousness to the verbal, left hemisphere, and of the unconscious to the non-
verbal, right hemispere, is not qui te correct. Two types of the unconscious
are identified: one, determined by the selectively directed activity of a
special meso-diencephalic system of consciousness; and the other, lying in
the very stru'cture of right-hemisphere holographic type of information pro-
cessing. Some peculiarities of the interrelatron of conscious and unconsci-
ous in \vakefulness and sleep and methods of their investigation are discuss-
ed. The development of conscious and unconscious thinking is traced with
regard to the material of neolithic art in relation to the evolution of social
structure.
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pa3JIHt:IHOe 3 H a II e H He B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT o6III.ero C M bI C JI a ero ,lI.e-
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XHH era IJ,eHHOCTeH JIHOO O)lHO H3 nepBbIx, JlH60 O,nHO H3 nOCJIe,nHHX MeCT,
tJTO, oe3YCJIOBHO, BJIHHeT Ha xapaKTep TelleHHH II TeMn oopaTHoro pa3BH-
THH 3a60JIeBaHHH. XOpOlliO H3BeCTHO, HanpHMep, IITO B nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH
aTMoc epe aKTHBHoH H eJleHanpaBJIeHHOH ,neHTeJIbHOCTH, noeTOHHHO nH-
TalOIII.eH onTHMH3M cy6'beKTa, 60JIe3Hb MO>KeT 6bITb JIertIe nepeHeceHa H
:sq>cpeKTHBHee npeoJ{OJIeHa, tIeM B aTMoccpepe neCCHMH3Ma H cpHKCalJ,HH Ha
237
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CTHOBaHHeM. Ba}KHeHillaH lI3 TaKIIX OrOBOpOK 3aKJII01JaeTCH B TOM, qTO
OTHOllIeHHH «OHOJlOrHQeCKOH npHpO,abI» qeJIOBeKa C ero COII.HaJIbHOH cpe-
,aOH, B npHHII,Hrre, He MorYT HCqeprrbIBaTbCH aHTarOHH3MOM, a xapaKTepH-
3YIOTCH (rrpH Bcex aHTarOHHCTHqeCKHX MOMeHTax) <PYH)J.aMeHTaJIbHOH C Ii-
H e p r H e H [6; 32; 33].
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n C Ii x H II e C K II x )J.HC<PYHKII.HH. ,I:{ocTHLKeHHH cOBpeMeHHoH HaYKM HBRO
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)J.HCII.HrrJlHH, B qaCTHOCTH HeHpOXHMHH, BbI,lJ,BHHYJlH cepbe3HYIO aJIbTepHa-
THBY rrCHxo,aHHaMHqeCKOMY «o6'bHCHeHHIO» reHe3a nCHX030B, MO)J.HOMY
eme B nepBOH TpeTH BeKa [36; 42]. 3a<pHKcHpoBaH, B CYIll.HOCTH, JIHIIlb
O)1.HH BH)1. rrCHX030B, B B03HlIKHOBeHHH KOTOpbIX MOLKHO C1JlITaTb Be,lJ,ymeH
pOJlb rrcHxoTpaBM : pe1Jb H,LLeT 0 peaKTHBHwX nCHX03ax. Bce np01JHe BH-
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CHTeJIeM IICHXHKH H ero CO HaJIbHOH cpe,LLoit CaM yrroMHHYTbIH KOH<pJlHKT
Hepe,aKo OKa3bIBaeTCH CJIe,lJ,CTBHeM Ha1JaBillerOCH nCHX03a, T. e. naTOJIOrHH
M03ra y HOCHTeJlH nCHXHKH. BorrpeKM MHoroBeKoBoH 6eJIJIeTpHCTH1JeCKOH
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CTH K HeBp03aM). HeiiporYMopaJIbHaH rrpHpo,aa nCHX030B HbIHe COMHeHHH
He OCTaBJlHeT [3; 35; 46], XOTH caM rrCHXOTHK CKJIOHeH pa3BHBaTb «,lI.pa-
MaTlIqecKYIO» HHTeprrpeTaII,HIO rrpoHcxo)J.HIIlero, H3bICKHBaH rrpHqHHbI H
KOHKpeTHbIx BHHOBHHKOB CBoero COCTOHHIIH BO BHelliHeM MHpe (1JTO, KCTa-
TH, IIOCJIe,aOBaTeJIbHO yrJIy6J1HeT ero KOH<PJlHKT C OKpYLKeHHeM) 1. HTaK,
06JIaCTb rrCHXHaTpHH, B KOTOpOM nCHXO,lI.HHaMHT.IeCKaH )J.OKTpHHa 0 reHe3e
AHC YHKII,HH nCHXHKH eIll,e coxpaHHeT CTaTYC 060CHOBaHHOH KJIHHHqeCKOH
rHnOTe3bI, OtlepT.IUBaeTCH cerO)J.HH rpaHHII,aMH HeBp030B H naToxapaKTepo-
norHIJeCKHX pa3BHTHH.
11 B TO LKe BpeMH ,aaLKe rrpOTHBHHKaM nCHXOaHaJfH a HeJlerKO OTPH-
QaTb cerO,LLHH yqaCTHe JIHT.IHOCTHbIX cpaKTopOB B ,LLHHaMHKe nCHX030B, He
rOBopH YLKe 0 HeBp03ax H rraToxapaKTepOJlOrHQeCKHX pa3BHTHHX. Be,LLb
caMa TOJlbKO QTO ynoMHHYTaH TeH,aeHII,HH rrCHXOTHKa K «,LLpaMaTH3aII,HH
lleHCTBHTeJlbHOCTII, K ope)J.oo6pa30BaHHIO C HJIJII030pHbIM OOHapYLKeHMeM
BparOB, rrpeCJle)J.OBaTeJleH, Bpe,LLOHOCHbIX CHJI H T. II. JIHlIlb C 60JlbIllOH Ha-
TH}KKOH MOLKeT 6bITb BbIBe)J.eHa HenOcpe)1.CTBeHHO H3 rraTOJIOrHH MeMHeH:-
pOHaJIbHbIX CBH3eH, OOMeHa BeIll,eCTB II T. )1.. 3aTO 3,LLeCb HBHO BblcTynaIOT
BIIepe,lt «I10HCKH CMbICJIa» (CM. «3aKOH CMbICJIa» y CP. B. 5aCCHHa [4; 5]),
TO eCTb npOHBJleHMH nCHXOJIOrHT.IeCKOH, JIHT.IHOCTHOH aKTHBHOCTH HH)1.IIBH,LLa
Ha cpOHe naTOJlOrnIJeCKH 1I3MeHeHHOH pa60TbI M03ra. HeT Ha)(o6HOCTH
rrO)J.1JepKHBaTb 3aBHCHMOCTb rrCHXHT.IeCKOro cTaTyca OT TaKHX cpaKTopOB,
KaK ,lJ,eHCTBHe TOKCHHOB HJlH aYTOTOKCHHOB Ha M03f, )1.eHCTBHe TpaBM H T. II.
Ho 3TO eIII.e He ,aaeT OCHOBaHHH YTBeplK,LLaTb, tlTO JI IO 0 a SI rrCIIXIIqeCKaH
HCcpYHKII.HH B03HHKaeT B CHJlY OpraHH1JeCKHX rrpH1JHH. CYlI(eCTBYIOT H
HHbIe MexaHH3MbI cpOpMHpOBaHHH rrCHXHqeCKHX AHCcpYHKlI,HH:; B tIaCTHOCTH,
MexaHH3MOM TaKoro po,aa HBJlHeTCH HapyrneHHe OTHorneHllH MeLKAY C03Ha-
HHeM H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOH ccpepOH rrCHXHKH qeJlOBeKa.
1 B CBeTe 3THX ,naHHbIX KJIHHHKH nCHxo.rr.HH3MHqeCK35I BepCH5I npOHCXOJK)(eHHSI nCHX030B
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6pe.no06pa30BaHHH y 60JIbH X.
238
npH 9TOM CCbIJIKa Ha «OeCC03HaTeJlbHOe» B nOHllMaHHII <I>peH,aa,.
CTporo rOBOp , HeOOH3aTeJIbHa. nCHXOnOrHQeCKHH ypOBeHb a anTa HH
HH,lJ.HBH,l(a, KaK HbIHe HCHO, BKJIIOqaeT B ceOH, nOMHMO C03HaHHH, CHCTeMY
HeOC03HaBaeMbIX nCHXOJlOrHT.IeCKHX npOII.eCCOB. C HaH60JIblIleH nOJlHOTOH.
u
H npo,aYKTHBHOCTbIO aTH rrpo eCCbI OCMbICJIeHbI, OQeBH HO, TeopHeH YCTa..
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JIOrHT.IeCKOe «ooeCneqeHHe» MexaHH3MOB YCTaHoBKH xoporno corJIacyeTc5I
C B033peHHHMH H. n. DaBJIOBa, A. A. YXToMcKoro, il. K. AHoxHHa, H. A.
5epHIIlTeMHa Ha opraHH3a HIO BblclIleH HepBHoM ,l(e TenbHOCTH [2; 9; 22;
33]. DpOOJIeMaTHKa 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO OlKHBJIeHHO ,[(HCKYTHpyeTC5I cero,n..
H TaKlKe B CBeTe HOBeHIllHX ,[(aHHbIX 0 nOJIYIllapHoH aCHMMeTpHH rOJlOB-
Horo M03ra [6; 12; 25]. I1HbIMH CJlOBaMH, HCCJIe,[(OBaHHe oecc03HaTeJIbHhIX
nCHXOJIOrHQeCKHX cpaKTopoB, BJIHHIOIll.HX Ha HapyrneHllH nCHXHKH, B Haille
BpeMH CTaHOBHTCH OOIll.enpH3HaHHoH ccpepoM HaYKII.
I(ocHeMcH Tenepb COM a T H T.I e C K H x ,[(HC<PYHKII.HH, npe,ll,nOJIOlKH..
TeJlbHO CBH3aHH X C nCHXHKOH. ECJIH n03HII.HH OpTO,l(OKCaJlbHOrO cppeHAH3-
Ma npe.n.rrHChIBaJIa YCMaTpHBaTh B JII060M COMaT03e He QTO HHoe KaK
CJIe,LI,CTBHe HHTpanCHXHqeCKOrO KOH<pJIHKTa, TO Y2Ke B rro,[(xo e CPo AJIeK-
C3H,l1.epa H rrpe,[(CTaBHTeJIell: ero lIlKOJIbI 6e30rOBOpOT.IHO npHHHMaeTC5I or-
paHHQHTeJIbHOe TOJIKOBaHHe Te3Hca 0 «nCHxoreHHOM» npOHCXOlK)1.eHHH 00-
J!e3HerI TeJIa. HCCJIe,II.OBaHII 9TOll: lIlKOJlbI n03BOJIHJIH BbI enHTb JlHillb
7 COMaTH IeCKHX 3a60JleBaHHH, .n.eTepMHHHpyeMblx nCHXO HHaMHqeCKHM
KOHcpJlHKTOl\L 3TO neIITHT.IeCKa yo eHaJIbHa 513Ba, 3BeHHbIH KOJIHT,
6pOHXHaJIbldl5I aCTMa, Hefipo epMHT, peBMaToH,[(Hhle apTpHTbI, apTepHaJIb-
Ha rHrrepTOHH5I H THpeoToKcHK03 Ir39; 48]. O HaKo rrcHxo,[(HH3l\IHQeCKHH
KOHcpw1HKT paccMaTpHBaeTcH ,[(aHHOll: IllKOJlOH KaK OOJIe3HeTBopHhIH cpaK-
TOp, ,[(ei1cTBYIOIlI.HH COB M e C THO C T3KHMH cpaKTopaMH BHenCHXOJlOfH-
T.IeCKOrO rropH Ka K3K BpO)K,lJ.eHHble KOHCTHTYU,HOHaJIbHble ocooeHHOCTH
cy6'beKTa, pO OBhle MHKpOTpaBMbI, OpraHHT.IeCKHe 3a6oJIeBaHH MJIa.n.eHT.Ie-
CKoro B03paCTa H T. n. [47; 48]. CaM lKe IICHxo HHaMHT.IeCKHll: KOH<pJIHKT
YBH3bIBaeTcH 3TOH IllKOJlOll: C ocooeHHocTHMH yxo,II.a 3a cy6'beKTOM B MJla-
,l(eHT.IeCKOM B03pacTe (cnocoobI oTYT.IeHHH OT rpY H, rrpHrOTOBJIeHHH KO
CHY H T. II.), co CJIYQaHHbIMH .9MOI(HOHaJIbHbIMH TpaBMaMH MJIa eHT.IeCKO-
ro II ,[(eTCKoro B03pacTa, C 3MOI(HOHaJlbHOH aTMoc<pepOM ceMbH H CneI(H-
<pHqeCKHMH qepTaMH JlHqHOCTH pO,[(HTeJIeH H, HaKOHeIL, C ,[(anbHeHlIlHM
3MOI(HOHaJIbHhIM OI1hITOM cYO'beKTa r 48; 49].
TIOHHTHO, QTO B TaKOM KOHTeKCTe I1pHHI Hn nCHxoreHHoro ,lJ.eTepMHHH-
pOBaHHH HeKoTop X COMaTHQeCKHX cTpaAaHHA CTaHOBHTCH OORee npHeM-
JIeMbIM ,[(JI5I COBpeMeHHbIX npeLI.CTaBHTeJIefI npOTHBOCTOHIlI.eH cppeM,lJ.H3MY
n03HIJJIH. B TaKOM KOHTeKCTe cnop MOlKeT H,aTH JlHilib 0 3Hat:IHMOCTH Tex
HJIH HHhIX rrCHXOJIOrllt:IeCKllX cpaKTopOB B PH,[(Y Bcex rrpOt:IHX naToreHHhIX
MOMeHTOB, a TaKlKe 0 TOM, KaKHM KOHKpeTHhIM oopa30M YKa3aHHble <paK-
TOphI npHoopeTaIOT CBOIO COMaTHqeCKYIO rraToreHHOCTb. OTMeTHM B CB 3H
C 3THM, liTO BH Hhle npe,[(CTaBHTeJIH COBeTCKOH MeAHUHHbI, HCXO HBlilHe
1I3 COBepllleHHO HHbIX MeTO)J.OJIOrHT.IeCKHX npe,[(nOCbIJlOK, QeM IIIKOJla
<1>. AJIeKcaH,[(epa, B CBOIO OT.Iepe b H a6COJIIOTHO He3aBHCHMO TaK}Ke YC-
TaHOBHJIH CBH3h C nCHXO OrllQeCKHM cpaKTopOM TaKHX 3a6oJIeBaHHA, KaK
rrenTllQeCKaH 3Ba, opOHXHaJIbHa51 aCTMa, apTepHaJlhHa rHIIepTOHH H
A p. [I I; 20].
J{aJlee, no <PpeH,lJ.Y II ero OpTO OKCaJIhHhIM nOCJIe OBaTeJI M (HarrpH-
Mep, C. CPepeHqH, CPo ,LLeHT.IY, M. I(JIeHH H ,[(p.), B JIIOOOM COMaTHqeCKOM
3a60neBaHHH cJleAyeT HCKaTb «CHMBOJIHqeCKoe» oTo6pa*eHHe nCHXO HHa-
MHtIeCKOrO KOHcpJIHKTa: 3aOOJIeBaHHe JII060ro opraHa KopeHHTC5I B «CllM-
BOJIH1JeCKOM HCIIOJlb30BaHHH» 9Toro opraHa AJI Bblpa)KeHH nCHXO)J.HHa-
MHT.IeCKHX KOJlJlH3HH «Ha Sl3bIKe TeJIa». BblpalKaHcb KJlHHHlIeCKH, BCHKHH
COMaT03 ,aOJI*eH paccMaTpHBaTbcH (eCJIH cne)J.OBaTb 9TOH oKTpHHe) KaK
B03HHKIIIHH no MexaHH3MY MCTepHlIeCKOH KOHBepcMH. 8TO npe)(CTaBJ1eHHe
239
HaXO):{HTCSI, O,nHaKO, B SlBHOM npOTHBOpeqHH C <paKTaMH KJlHHHKH. KOHBep-
CHBHO-HCTepHtJeCKHe COMaT03bI, HMelOlI.{He ,nOCTaTOtJHO OqepqeHHYIO CHH-
,l{pOMOJIOrHtrecKYIO KapTHHY, pa3BHBalOlI.{HeCSI Y JlHrr. C H3BeCTHbIMH OCO-
6eHHOCTHMH rrCHXHQeCKOrO CKJIa,na [381 H BCTpeQalOlI.{HecSI OTHOCHTeJlbHO
HeqaCTO, pa3YMeeTCH, He MorYT paCneiIHBaTbCH KaK «MO,l{eJIb» cpOpMHpO-
BaHHH B C e x rrCHxoreHHbIX COMaTHqeCKHX 3a6oJIeBaHHH. ,QJlSI COBpeMeH-
HWX nOCJle,aOBaTeneH rrCHXOaHaJIH3a oOJlee xapaKTepHO IIpe,acTaBneHHe 06
o n 0 c p e,a C T BOB a H H 0 M BJIHHHHH IICHXOJlOrHqeCKHX <t>aKTopOB Ha
COMaTHqeCKYIO C<pepy opraHH3Ma. C TOqKH 3peHHH lIlKOJIbI <1>. AJIeKcaH,ne-
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KJIHK» CY01>eKTa f39].
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HOM - rrOJIO}KHTeJlbHbIX ,lI.aBHO CTaJlO 06InHM MeCTOM. HHTepeCHOH H nJIO-
,lI.OTBOpHOH HBJIHeTCH MbICJIb <1>. AJIeKCaH,lI.epa 0 TOM, liTO HeOOXO,lI.HMO
H3yqaTb BJIHHHHe Ha COM,aTHKY C II e II. H cp H q e C K H X 9MonHH, TaKHX KaK
Hcrryr, 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb, Y,lI.OBOJIbCTBHe, CTpa,l{aHHe, CTbI,a, CTpax, rHeB,
HaCTOpO}}{eHHOCTb H T. n. [47]. Be,lI.b HeT oCHoBaHHH 3aBe,aOMO OTpHnaTb,
lITO crrenH<pHKa 9MOnHOHaJIbHOrO COCTOHHHH MO}KeT HMeTb OTHOllIeHHe K
crrenHcpHKe COMaTHqeCKOrO OTKJlHKa opraHH3Ma. ,aeHcTBHTeJlbHO, HMeHHO
co CneII.HcpHqeCKHMH nepe}KHBaHHHMH 9Toro po,aa COnpSl}KeHbI ,l{JIH HH,nH-
BII,l(a II crroco6 oTYlIeHHH ero OT rpy,aH B MJla,aeHlIeCTBe, H YCTaHoBHBIllaH-
CH B ero ,aeTCKHe ro,abI rrCHXO.,"!orHlIeCKaH aTMoccpepa ceMbH, H' npollHe
ynoMHHaBIlllIecH MOMeHTbI. CTepeoTHrrbI acpcpeKTHBHoro pearHpoBaHHH,
CJlO)KHBllilIeCH B ,aeTCTBe, MorYT, BH,l(HMO, HaJIO)KHTb CBOH OTIIeqaTOK Ha
v
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MO)KeT 3a ClIeT crreUHcpHQeCKOrO BereToBHCuepaJIbHOrO OTKJIHKa opraHH3Ma
rrOBblCHTb YH3BHMOCTb Tex IIJIH HHbIX opraHoB H CHCTeM K OOJIe3HeTBopHbIM
<t>aKTopaM BHerrCHXOJIOrHlIeCKoro rropH,lI.Ka [48] 2.
Ho rrO,lI.lIepKHeM, qTO KOHll.errll.HSI COBeTCKOH Me,lLHUHHbI 0 KOpTHKOBHC-
n.epaJIbHbIX CBH3HX TaK)Ke HHKor,aa He HCKJIIOqaJIa pOJIH acpcpeKTHBHbIX
$aKTopOB B pa3BHTHH COMaTHlIeCKOH naTOJlOrUH; HarrpOTHB, 9TH cpaKTopbI
6bIJIH B ll.eHTpe npHCTaJIbHOrO BHH,MaHHH HCCJIe,[(oBaTeJIeH [II; 15; 17; 20].
!1)I.e5I 0 TOM, liTO )I.HCCPYHKll.HH KOpTHKaJlbHOrO ypOBH5I, )I.eTepMHHHpOBaH-
HbIe rrCHXOJIorHqeCKHMH MOMeHTaMH, MorYT rrpHBeCTH K ,lLHCCPYHKll.HHM
BHYTpeHHHX opraHOB II CHCTeM, OTHIO)I.b He BCTynaeT B rrpOTHBopellHe C
TaKHMII, HarrpHMep, rrOJIO)KeHIIHMH <1>. AJIeKcaH,aepa, KaK ero YTBep:tK,aeHHe
o TOM, qTO BereTaTHBHbIe peaKll.HH Ha pa3J1HqHble 9MOll.HOHaJIbHbIe .COCTO-
HHHH BapbHpYIOT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KaqeCTBa 9MOll.HH, IIJIH MbICJIb 0 TOM,
t:ITO CPH3HOJlOrHQeCKlie peaKII.HH Ha 9MOII.HOHaJIbHbIe CTHMYJlbI 3aBHC5IT OT
npeJ.lllieCTBOBaBlliero 3MOll.IIOHaJlbHOrO COCTOHHHH, H T. TI. f39; 47; 48].
¥ITaK, CHHTe3 TIpe)I.cTaBJleHHM, KOTopble pa3BHBaJlHCb B paMKax npo-
. THB06opCTBYI01ll. HX HaYQHbIX llIKOJl, He TOJIbKO B03MO}l{eH, HO II HeH36e-
}l{eH - 9TO BeJIeHHe BpeMeHH. 061ll.aH ,anH Bcex HCCJIe,aOBaTeJIei1 rrpo6J1e-
Ma 3aKJIlOQaeTCH B TOM, QTo6bI rrOCTHQb, KaKHM KOHKpeTHbIM 06pa30M
113aHMOCBH3aHbI TICHXHlIeCKoe H COMaTHqeCKoe. ,aJISI perneHHH 9Toro Borr-
poca Heo6xo,lI.HMO npeLK,ae Bcero peIIlHTeJIbHO rrpeo,aOJIeTb MeTO,lI.OJIOrHqe-
CKHe OIllH6KH, THTIHQHble ,aJlH HeKOTopbIX nCHXOJIOrOB H rrCHXHaTpOB, 3aHII-
MaIOlUHXCH rrCIIXOCOMaTHqeCKOH np06JIeMoii.
(2) B 9TO¥ IlJIaHe 3aCJIY:>KHBaeT KpaTKoro oocYJK,aeHHSI paooTa aMe-
pHKaHcKoro cnennaJIHCTa r. BaHHepa [49]. ABTOp npHBo,nHT TPH «KJIac-
CHQeCKHe» Mo,aeJIH nCHXOCOMaTHqeCKHX OTHomeHHH: A - rrCHXHqeCKOe H
cOMaTHQeCKOe He3aBHCHMbI ,apyr OT ,apyra, B - TO H ,npyroe CYTb «,l{Be
2 npH TaKOM no,nXO,lI.e K nCHXOCOMaTHtJeCKHMH 33BHCHMOCTHMH BpH,n JIM BbI30BeT npHH-
nHllHaJIbHbIe B03paLKeHHH H KOHIJ,enu.HH r. AMMOHa [40), y,neJIHIOlII.erO oco60e BHMMaHl1e CBH3H
onpe,lteJIeHHOrO THna JIHtJHOCTH H npe.rtpacrrOJIO)KeHHOCTH K onpe.rr.eJIeHHbIM aaOOJIeBaHHHM C Te-
liB oco6eHHOCTSlMH «CHMOH03a» MaTepH H MJIa)J.eHna, KOTopbIe CJIO)KHJIHCb ,lI.JIH CYO'beKTa B MJIa-
AeHtleCTBe.
240
CTOpOHbI Me,aaJIH», OHH COnYTCTBYIOT J(pyr J(pyry, ao He Haxo,a5lTC5I B npH-
QHHHO-CJIe)1.CTBeHHOH CBH3H, C - nCHXHIIeCKOe H COMaTHIIeCKOe B3aHMHO
.neTepMHHHpOBaHbI II MorYT «nepeXO,lI.HTb» ,apyr B J(pyra. PellIHTeJIbHO OT-
aBa51 rrpe,arrOqTeHHe MO,lJ.eJIH «C», aBTOp paCCMaTpHBaeT HeCKOJIbKO .Teo-
peTHtIeCKHX BapHaHTOB TaKoro rrepeXO,lI.a. H Bce lKe caM .9TOT rrepeXO,lI. OC-
TaeTC5I ,lI.J15I Hero HenOCTHlKHM:bIM. .«KaKHM 06pa30M, - crrpalliHBaeT OH,-
HeM aTe p H a JI b H bI If II P 0 IJ. e C C (rro,nqepKHYTO HaMH - A. ,LL.), Ta-
KOM, KaK 3MOII.HOHaJlbHaH peaKIJ.HH Ha «CTpeccoreHHYIO» cHTyaI(HIO, . no-
pOLK,lI.aeT TaKHe MaTepHaJlbHbIe H3MeHeHH5I, KaK nOBbIIlleHHe KOHIl.eHTpaIl.HH
KaTeXOJIaMHHOB B IvIOqe HJIH yqarueHHe cep,lI.u.e6HeHH5I?» r 4 , 269]. B TY-
nHK CTaBHT aBTopa H nepexo,a B o6paTHoM HanpaBJIeHHH: «KaKHM 06pa-
30M HepBHbIe HMnYJIbCbI, H3MeHeHH5I B KOHII.eHTpaII.HH 3H3HMOB HJIH KOH-
u;eHTpaII.HH Belll.eCTB-Me,lI.HaTopOB... MorYT ,«II p 0 J( Y II. H P 0 BaT b» (no,lI.-
qepKHYTO HaMH - A. LL.) II,lI.eH, MbICJIIt, BIIeQaTJIeHH5I, qYBCTBa, HaCTpoe-
HUH H T. IT.?» r 49, 270].
MbI y6elK,lI.eHbI, tITO caMa nOCTaHOBKa 9THX BonpocoB B KapTe3HaH-
CKOM J(yxe 06peKaeT aBTopa Ha 6eCIIJIOAHOe TonTaHHe no Kpyry. 3a)1.aBaH
CBOM nepBbIM Bonpoc, f. BaMHep HrHopHpyeT XOpOillO nOHHMaeMYlO lIIKO-
JIOM cI>. AJIeKCaH,lI.epa ,aBOHHYIO pOJIb 3MOII.HOHaJlbHOrO OTKJIHKa: ero pOJIb
n e p e lK H B a H H 51 Ha ypOBHe nCHXHqeCKOrO II OJ(HOBpeMeHHO ero pOJIb B e-
r e T 0 B H C II. e p a JI b H 0 roo T K JI H K a Ha ypOBHe COMaTHqeCKOrO [39;
41; 47]. KalKeTcSI, f. BaRHep ynycKaeT H3 BHJ(Y, qTO, no J(aHHbIM cOBpe-
MeHHOM HeMpocpH3HOJIOrHH, - :u.eHTpbI acpcpeKTHBHoro pearHpoBaHHSI H II.eHT-
pbI BereTaTHBHOH perYJIHII.HH TeCHO B3aHMOCB5I3aHbI nocpe,nCTBOM rHnOTa-
. JIaMyca H, CKopee Bcero, SIBJISIlOT C060H eJ(HHoe II.eJIoe KaK perYJIHTOpHaSI
CHCTeMa [2; 23; 31]. 3a,aaBaSI CBOM BTOpOM Bonpoc, aBTop HrHopHpyeT TO
06CTOHTeJlbCTBO, qTO no COBpeMeHHbIM npe,aCTaBJIeHHHM nCHXHqeCKHH ypo-
HeHb a,lI.arrTaII.HH HH,lI.HBHJ(a J(OJI:iKeH pacnOJIaraTb c06CTBeHHOH CTPYKTY-
pOM (B CHCTeMHOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa) H co6CTBeHHOM ,aHHaMHKOH, KOTopbIe
HeCBO,lI.HMbI K CTpYKType H J(HHaMHKe II.epe6paJlbHbIX HJIH HHbIX MaTepH-
3J1bHbIX npO,II.eCCOB. 3,aeCb YMeCTHO HanOMHHTb BbICKa3bIBaHHe B. H. JIe-
HllHa r 1]: «...Ha3BaTb MbICJIb MaTepHaJIbHOH - 3HaIIHT C,lI.eJIaTb 01IIH6oq-
HbIM lIIar K CMelIIeHHIO MaTepHaJIH3Ma C H,aeaJIH3MOM». 8TO rrOJIO)KeHHe
'HBJISIeTCH npo06pa30M HH<popManHoHHoro nO,lI.xo,na K nCHXHKe, KOTOphIH
Tpe6yeT qeTKOrO pa3rpaHHqeHHSI KaTeropHH HanpaBJlSIIOrnerO cpaKTopa H
peaJlH3YIOrnero MexaHH3Ma nCHXHqeCKHX <l>eHoMeHoB. ECJIH, HanpHMep,
peanH3YIOInHM MexaHH3M MbICJIH BHe BCRKoro COMHeHHR CBH3aH C nepe-
6paJIbHbIMH npOn;eccaMH, TO nOHCKH HanpaBJIHIOrnerO (CMbICJIoo6pa3YIOrne-
ro) <paKTopa MbICJIH CTOJIb 1Ke HeCOMHeHHO BbIBO,lI.HT Hac B «3CTpanepe6-
paJIbHOe npOCTpaHCTBO> - B ccpepy 0 THO ill e H H H MeJKJ(Y cy6'beKTOM
Ii ero cpe,aOH (B rrepBYIO OtJepe,llb - COIJ;HaJIbHOH Cpe,LLOff). YKa3aHHbTe OT
HOllIeHHSI H onpe eJI5IroT co,aepJKaTenbHYIO CTOPOHY nCHXHqeCKHX nponec-
COB [14; 21; 30], qTO B n p Ii H II. H n e He,aocTynHo CPH3HOJIOrHqeCKoMY
HJIH HeifpoXIIMHqeCKoMY HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHIO.
fOBOpH H3bIKOM HeifpoKH6epHeTHKH, nCHXHqeCKHH ypoBeHb a.rr.anTa-
lIHH HH,LLHBH,L(a eCTb CHCTeMaII H <p 0 P M a II. H 0 H H a , a OHa He OTO)K-
AeCTBHMa C MaTepHaJIbHOM CHCTeMOH, Ha 6a3e KOTOpOH <PYHKII.HOHHpyeT
[14; 38].. CTPYKTYPHble 9J1eMeHTbI HHcpopMaII.HOHHOH CHCTeMbI - CYTb
u
e II r H a JI bI B KOHTeKCTe CHrHaJlbHOH ,lI.eHTeJlbHOCTH, a He BerneCTBa HJIH
HepBHble HMrrYJIbCbI, npHHa,lI.JIe)KarnHe MaTepllaJIbHOH CHCTeMe (B ,lI,aHHOM
cJlyqae - M03ry). npH 3TOM, KaK H3BeCTHO, O,LLHH H TOT )Ke CHrHaJl, B
npHHII.Hne, MO)KeT 6bITb peaJlH30BaH B HHcpopMaII.HOHHOM CHCTeMe p a 3-
JI H q H bI M H MaTepHaJIbHbIMH cpeJ(CTBaMH. HHaMHKa CHrHaJIOB H HBJISI-
eTCSI «cy6cTpaTOM» TaKHX nCHXOJIOrnqeCKHX cpeHOMeHOB, KaK MbICJIH, Bne-
\ qaTJIeHHH, HaCTpOeHH5I H T. n. TaKHM 06pa30M, 0 npHMOM rr«pO,lI,YII.HpOBa-
HHH» MbICJIeH, BneqaTJIeHHH H T. n. H3 HeMpOXHMHqeCKHX HJIH 6H03JIeKTpH-
qeCKHX H3MeHeHHM B M03ry Bo06rne rOBopHTb He npHxo,nHTCH (3AeCb
16. Becc03HaTeJIbHOe, IV 241
MhICJIb f. BaHHepa CMbIKaeTCH C H3BeCTHOH MaKCHMOH D. Ka6aHHca.,
«M03r BhI.neJI5IeT MbICJlb, KaK neqeHb )KeJlqb»). YKa3aHHbIe MaTepHaJIbHble
H3 1eHeHH5I lVfOrYT JlHilib MO,lLHcpH HpOBaTb XapaKTep CHrHaJIOB, nepepa6a...
TbIBaeMbIX Ha nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOM ypOBHe: npHBOAHTb K 3aIIIYMJIHBaHHIO!o
O,l(HHX CHrHaJIOB, K YCHJleHHIO HJlH HCKalKeHHIO ,lLpyrHx, qTO B KOHeqHOM
CqeTe H OKa3hIBaeT BJlH5IHHe Ha MbICJIH, BneqaTJIeHHH, BocnOMHHaHH5I, H3-
CTpOeHH5I II npoq. DOCJIe.nHHe «npo.nY HpYIOTC5I» Bce )Ke Ha co6CTBeHHO<
rrCHXOJIOrlPleCKOM ypOBHe, a He «.no» Hero HJIH «no.n» HHM 3 .
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,no6Hble rrOCTpOeHH5IM r. BaHHepa, 5IBHbIM aHaxpOHH3MOM. B HaYKe, 06-
pa3QHKOM MeTo,l(OJlOrIPIecKoH 6eCnOMOllI.HOCTH, Bce e e THnHqHOH )l.JIK
HeKoTophIX KpyroB Cne HaJIHCTOB.
(3) C HallieH TOqKH 3peHH5I, HMeHHO 3MOnHOHaJIbHO-BereTaTHBHaSl
ccpepa opraHH3Ma 3aCJIYlKHBaeT HaH60JIblIlerO HHTepeca KaK B03MOlKHaH
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CKHX .nHCcpYHKlI,HM: II Hao6opoT. llcHxoreHHbIH acp<peKTHBHbIH OTKJIHK MO-
JKeT HH)'{YlI,HpOBaTb qepe3 rHnOTaJlaMHQeCKHe MexaHH3MhI BereTOBHc e-
paJlbHOH perYJIHlI.HH onpe,l(eJleHHhle H3MeHeHHJI B COM a T 11 q e C K 0 H
c <p e p e, a, C ,l(pyroH CTOpOHbI, BereTOBHCIl,epaJlbHble H3MeHeHH5I B opra-
HH3 fe MorYT oTo6pa)KaTbC5I Qepe3 rHIIOTaJIaMYC B036YLK):{eHHeM eHTpOB
a<t>cpeKTHBHoro pearHpOBaHH5I ,nH3Hu;ecpaJIbHO-JlHM6nqeCKOH CHCTeMhI, QTC>
CTaHOBIITC5I .nOCT05IHHeM nCHXHKH KaK 3MO HOHaJIhHOe n e p e )K H B a H H e.
To 06CT05ITeJlhCTBO, llTO HHbIe naToreHHhle nepelKIfBaHHH KaK 6bI «OTCYT-
CTBY!OT), B C03HaHHH qeJlOBeKa, He npOTHBOpeQHT CKa3aHH01V1Y, a JIHIIlb
no.nTBep.1.T{;J.aeT B OqepeAHOH pa3 yqaCTHe 6eCC03HaTeJIhHhIX npOlI,eCCOB B
rrcHxHIfecKoH .lKH3HH. KaK YKa3bIBaJI C. JI. Py6HHIIITeHH, «qYBCTBO MO:tKeT
cy ecTBoBaTb If He 6y.nyqH OC03HaHHhIM... OC03HaTb CBoe qYBCTBO -
3HaqHT He npOCTO HcnbITaTb CB5I3aHHOe C HHM BOJIHeHHe, a HMeHHO COOT-
HeCTH ero C npHLIHHOH H 06'beKTOM, ero BbI3bIBalOllI,HM» ( HT. no [34], 13).
fIpH B036YlK)1,eHHH acpcpeKTHBHhIX lI,eHTpOB Me.lKYTOqHOrO M03ra (HJlH
HX TopMolKeHHH) MeH5IeTC5I, OqeBH,l(HO, 3MOlI,HOHaJIhHa5I (cHrHaJIbHa5I) OK-
pacKa rrCHXHQeCKH nepepa6aTbIBaeMoH HHcpopMa HH, a YlKe BCJIe,n 3a.
9TH 1 r..1eHHeTC5I BC5I HanpaBJleHHOCTb nCHXHqeCKOH .ne5ITeJIbHOCTH. MOlK O
JJ.YMaTb, QTO YKa3aHHoe H3MeneHHe COCT05IHH5I AH3HILecpaJIhHO-JIHM6HQe-
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H 0 11 yeT a HOB K II HHAHBH,l(a (KaK HeOC03HaBaeMoro 3BeHa ero nCHXO-
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HaTHBHbIH npOIJ,eCC, 11 MbIIllJIeHHe, H HaCTpoeHHe, H T. ,l(. [32]. TaK, eCJIH
Ha nCHXO OrHqeCKOM ypoBHe B03HHKaeT nepe*HBaHHe TpeBorH, 6y.nb OHO
BbI3BaHO TeQeHHeM BHeIllHHX C06bITHH HJIH 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHOH no.naqeH
cRa6oro TOKa He cpeJJ.CTBeHHO B onpeAeneHH H yqaCTOK H3Hue aJlbHO-
JIHM6HQeCKoi:i CHCTel\lbI [23], TO BHHMaHHe, npOIIIJlhIH onhIT, MexaHH3MbI
npOfH03HpOB3HH5I II Bce npOqHe 6J10KH nCHXHQeCKOH CHCTeMbI HH,l(HBH,l(a,.
CO::;HaTe TIbHLle H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHhle, HaqHHaIOT OTCJIe.lKHBaTh BO BHelliHea
HJIH BO BHYTpeHHe cpeAe opraHH3Ma B03MO*H e «npHqHHW» TpeBorH E
<pOp IIHpOBaTb B OpraHH3Me npe.nHcn03H HIO K O.lKHAaeMOMY OTpHlI,aTeJIb"
HOMY q)aKTOpy.
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M3THQeCKOe H 06paTHO nOKa HeH3BeCTeH, H 3AeCb B03MO.lKHhI )1,aJIeKO n y-
mHe ,l(OnYllleHHH. HanpHMep, no rHnOTe3e H. f. I3ecnaJIbKO [7], «...KJleT-
KH opraHH3Ma 06JIa alOT KaKHMH-TO cpopMaMH nCHXHqeCKOrO oTpalKe-
HH5I... IlpH STOM BhlCIllHe ypOBHH OTpa.lKeHH5I <PYHKlI,HOHaJIbHOH CHCTeMbl'
3 leaK rrOKa3bIBalOT B BbICIlleH: CTerreHH y6e HTeJIbHbIe HCCJleJ(oBaHHH ,I(. 11. PaMHIIIBHJIH-
[24], peruaIOIII.YIO pOJIb B cpOpMHpoBaHHH nOJ(06HbIX cpeHoMeHoB rrcnXHKH qenOBeKa (BocnpH5ITHSI-
npe){C'TaBJIeHHSI. MbIC.lIH II T. n.) HrpaeT 'SI3bIK KaK ,lJ.OCTOSIHHe OJ(HQBpeMeHHO COlI.HaJIbHO- HCTO"
pHQeCKOe H HH,llHBH,lJ.yaJIbHoe.
242
onpe,neJl5IIOT B H3BeCTHbIX npe.neJIaX .neHTeJIbHOCTb H YCJlOBH1I OTpalKeHHSI
HH31I1HX ee OT.neJlOB H Hao6opOT». ABTOp OnHpaeTC1I Ha MbICJlb D. K.
AHOXHHa: «...B OpraHH3Me, HeCMOTpH Ha npHHII,HnHaJlbHO pa3J1HQHble
Cpe.nCTBa nepeKO.nHpOBaHH5I, HH OpMa HOHH H 3KBHBaJleHT coxpaHHeTcH»
[2]. OT.naBaH ,aOJIlKHOe CMeJIOCTH H.neH f. H. EeCnaJIbKO, MbI Haxo.nHM,
qTO OHa BbIrJI5I.nHT OTHIO.nb He cpaHTaCTHqeCKOii, eCJIH He npHHHMaTb <pop-
MY 1HPOBKH CJIHiliKOM 6YKBaJIbHO H CqHTaTb, llTO HMeHHO 3MO HOHaJlbHO-
BereT8THBHbIH cnoco6 nepeKo.nHpOBaHH5I co.neplKaHHM nCHXHKH HCnOJIb3yeT-
C5I .n,J15I nepe.naqH HH<popMaUJIH Ha Bce ypOBHH opraHH3a HH COMaTHqe-
CKOM ccpepbl opraHH3Ma, BnJIOTb .no KJleTOqHOr0 4 . B nOJIb3Y 3TOM MbICJIH
CBH.neTeJIbCTBYIOT .naHHbIe 0 c.nBHrax B opraHH3Me, c.nBHrax 6HOXHMHqe-
CKHX H o.nHOBpeMeHHO HH<popMaII,HOHHbIX, KOTopble conpHlKeHbI C B03HHK-
HOBeHHeM 3MOIJ:HM [41].
KOCHeMC5I B CBeTe CKa3aHHoro rrCHXOCOMaTHlIeCKHX oTHolIleHHH. B
CJIyqaHX HCTepHH . nepeBo.n rrCHXHlIeCKoro B COMaTHqeCKOe MOlKeT BblrJISI-
.neTb «.nOCJlOBHbIM». B 60JIbIIlHHCTBe 2Ke .npyrHx CJIyqaeB MbI HMeeM )J.eno
He C COMaTHQeCKHM «H306pa2KeHHeM» no.ncny.nHbIX rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKHX TPY,ll-
HOCTeM, a C 60JIee HJIH MeHee crrel HcpHqeCKHM TeJleCHbIM OTKJIHKOM Ha HHX.
KaK 6bI TO HH 6bIJIO, eCTb OCHOBaHH5I YTBeplK.naTb CJle.nYIomee: rrCHXOJIO-
rHqeCKHe KOJIJIH3HH OTpalKaIOTC5I Ha COMaTHlleCKOM COCTOHHHH nOCTOJIbKY,
nOCKOJIbKY OHB 3aTparHBaIOT 3MOII.HOHaJlbHO-BereTaTHBHYIO ccpepy [15; 20;
341. KocHe:McH Tenepb COM a T 0 - nCHXHQeCKHX OTHOIlleHHH, H3yqeHHe
KOTOpbJX He MeHee aKTyaJlbHo [8; 18]. Peqb H.neT He 0 BJIH5IHHH Ha MQ3r
Tex HJIH HHbIX areHTOB-«Bpe.nHOCTeM»; B eHTpe HaIllero BHHMaHH5I - Te
COM3THQeCKHe B,HH5IHH5I Ha nCHXHKY, KOTopbIe MorYT 6bITb .neTepMHHHpO-
BaHbI HMeHHO nepeKo.nHpOBaHHeM COMaTO-BereTaTHBHbIX .nHCcpYHKII.HH op-
raHH3f\13 B CrreII.HcpMqeCKHe acpc.peKTHBHble COCT05IHH5I cy6'beKTa, nYCTb H
HeOC03HaBaeMble HM. Harne paCCY:IK.neHHe TaKOBO.
TOqHO TaK .lKe, KaK, HanpHMep, COCT05IHHe CTpaxa HMeeT B opraHH3Me
CBOH BereTorYMopaJIbHbIM 3KBHBaJIeHT [15; 41], HeKoTopble BereTorYMo-
paJIbHble C,LLBHrH B opraHH3Me nOJIyqaIOT Ha .nH3H ecpaJlbHO-JIHM6HqeCKOM
ypoBHe M03ra CBoe. oTo6palKeHHe B BH.ne CTpaxa. COMaTHqeCKHe c.nBHrH
JI-pyroH CrreII.HcpHKH, COfJIaCHO 3TOM H.nee, MorYT ,LLaBaTb .npyrHe CJI.BHrH B
a<l>QJeKTHBHbIX eHTpax IvrefKYTOlIHoro M03ra: TOCKY, HaCTopOlKeHHOCTb,
fHeB, BeCeJIOCTb H T. n. CJIe,ayeT YlIHTbIBaTb, lITO CB5I3aHHbIe C BereTaTH-
KOM «TeMHbIe omyrneHH5I», BbIXBalIeHHbIe reHHeM H. M. CeqeHOB3 cpe.nH
rrOTOKa rrepepa6aTbIBaeMOH M03rOM HHcpOPM3II.HH, Bcer.na rrpHo6peTalOT
.nJI5I cy6'beKTa II3BeCTHYIO 3MO HOHaJIbHYIO OKpaCKY: HX n 0 B bI III e H H a 11
MHTeHCHBHOCTb 06bIQHO HMeeT cy6'beKTHBHbIH OTKJIHK B BH.ne TpeBorH, yr-
HeTeHHOCTH, CTpaxa, rHeBJIHBOCTH H T. n. OCHOBbIBa5ICb Ha aTOM, MbI ClIH...
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n n p H H II. II ne cnoco6Ho OKa3bIBaTb BJIH5IHHe Ha nCHxHKY, II HMeHHO
qepe3 BereTO-3MOII.HOH3JIbHOe onocpe.nCTBYIO ee 3BeHo, T. e. e e Ha TOM
3Tane, Kor.na TOKCHqeCKHe cpaKTopbI, COnp5IlKeHHble c 3THM 3a6oJIeBaHH-
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He CJIYlIaMHo B cpe.ne BpaqeH-HHTepHHcToB CJIOlKHJIOCb MHeHHe, QTO
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Ka 3Toro H3MeHeHH5I HHor,aa n03BOJl5IeT onbITHoMY HHTepHHcTY ,lI.oraJI.bI..
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4. OTpHnaTb cymecTBoBaHHe TaKOH nepe,natIH B Harne BpeMSI 6bIJIO 6bI 6eCCMbIJIeHHbtM: ,noc..
TaTOqHO COCJIaTbCSI Ha HCCJIe,nOBaHIUI JI.II'IlIepToK3 0 BHyrneHHbIX ITOJ{ fHITH030M O:>Korax [34],
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5 nCHXHaTp B TaKHX CJIyqaSIX MO:iKeT OrpaHUtIHTbCSI KOHCTaTanHeM HeBp030 HJIH nCR-
xonaTono,nOt)Horo COCTOSIHHSI; nCHxuaTp nCHXOaHaJIHTijqeCKO IIlKOJIbI Hepe):tKO CqHTaeT CBo-
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243
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244
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fJIOIll.afOT Bee BHHMaHHe 60JIbHOrO H BbI3bIBaIOT Y Hero rrpeAnOJIO.lKeHIUl 0
Tex HJIH HHbIX T5I)KeJIbIX He,lJ,yrax 6 . I1Hor,aa rrpH 9TOM cy6'beKTa BHe3aTIHO
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245
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,aorrYCTMMO OTpbIBaTb O,Z:(HH OT ,aPyroro) BhlcTyrraeT l[HllIb KaK q aCT H hI H
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qeCKHX 3aBHcHMocTeH. PacKpbITHe nO)J.JIHHHhIX 3°aKoHoMepHOCTeH: <pOpMH-
pOBaHHH H 06paTHoro pa3BHTHSI COMaTHqeCKHX H nCHXHqeCKHX 3a6oneBa-
HlIft: HaCTOHTeJlbHO Tpe6yeT CHCTeMHoro nO)J.xo)J.a.
THE PROBLEM OF THE UNCONSCIOUS IN CONNECTION WITH
1'HE QUESTIONS OF PSYCHOSOMATIC RELATIONS AND CLINICAL
PATHOLOGY
A. B. DOBROVICH
Psych iatric Hospi tal N2 13, Mosco\\t
SUMMARY
The reality of psychosomatic and somatopsychic relations is at present
recbgnized by scientists of all trends existing in medicine. There is no doubt
that "the unconscious psychics" takes part in these relations, being an
element investiga ted by Psychoanalysis, though it should have the theory
of set, developed by D. N. Uznadze, as a realistic basis of stud,yr. The partic-
ular mechanism of "transition" of the psychic into the somatic and vice
versa should be looked for in the activi ties of the diencephalic-libmic vege-
tative-affective apparatus. These activities cause the subject's situationaIJy
conditioned emotional response which (though conscious) is more often than
not unconscious and is capable of influencing the vegetative-visceral area
'Of the organism, as is observed. e. g. in sornatoneuroses. On the other hand,
the somatically conditioned changes in the activities of the diencephalic-lim-
bic apparatus are capable of changing the character of emotions and the
subject's way of thinking by influencing his psychology, as is observed,
e. g. in endogenous depressions. In ° any case, the mechanisms of psychologi-
.cal defence, the impact of which can be traced not only in cases of neuro-
sis and somatoneurosis but also in cases of psychoses, e. g. in schizophrenia,
,are formed on the unconscious level of the psychology of an individual. It is
highly probable that the formation of the mechanism of psychological de-
fence is connected in the first place with the activities of the subject's set
which specifically infI uences his consciousness and "postconscious" psy-
,chological structures.
251
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BECC03HATEJlbHOE, cJ>YHKl(HOHAJlbHA5I AC"MMETP" ,
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.II B TaKHX CHMBOJIHT.JeCKHX pHCYHKax. 3aTeM (no Mepe Bce OOJIbllieil aKTH-
Ba HH npaBoro nOJIYIllapMH) CHOBa CTaJI np05lBJI5ITbCSI KOMnJIeKC BBHbI
254
Y>Ke B ,nOCTaTOT.JHO TpaHC<pOpMHpOBaHHbIX <pOpMaX 6pe a, KOTOpbIe HOBO MY
Ha6JIIO,aaTeJIIO MOrJIH 6bI onHTb nOKa3aTbCH 3ara,l(0T.JHbIMH. PMCYSI, 60JIbHa
npHrOBapHBaJIa: «5YMara, npOCTH MeHHI KapaH,l(am, npOCTH MeHSI! Ii cpOH,
npOCTH MeHH!» H na,l(aJIa Ha KOJIeHH (oT6HTble OT Toro, T.JTO OHa nOCTOHH-
HO 6yxaJIaCb Ha KOJIeHH). 3aBepmaH paccKa3 06 STOM 60JIbHOH, ,aooaBJIIO,.
qTO Y Hee 2Ke Cpe,lI.H cxeMaTH3HpOBaHHblx PHCYHKOB 6bIJI II PHCYHOK PY-
KH C TeM 3HaT.JeHHeM CHMBOJIa 60ra, KOTOpbIH xapaKTepeH ,lI.JIH nepBo6hIT-
Horo' HCKyccTBa H HCKyccTBa llIH30cppeHHKOB r 4]. ,aJIH Toro, tITOObI He B03-
BpaIII.aTbCH OOJIbme K pe3YJIbTaTaM aHaJIH3a nOBe,lI.eHIfH 60JIbHbIX npH 0,lI.-
HOCTOpOHHIIX 3JIeKTpOCY,l(0PO)KHbIX llIOKax, 51 XOTeJI 6bI TaKlKe nO,lI.tIepK-
HYTb, tITO MeTaH3bIKOBble Onepal(HH BeCbMa xapaKTepHbI ,lI.JIH nepBoro qaca
nOCJIe npaBOCTopOHHero 1lI0Ka, KOr,l(a JIeBOe nOJIYlIlapHe ,lI.eMOHcTpHpyeT
Bce CBOH B03MOLKHOCTH, OTHOCHIlI.HeCH K 513bIKY, B TOM T.JIfCJIe H K ero MeTa.:
Sl3bIKOBOMY yrroTpe6JIeHHlO, npH KOTOpOM H3bIK, 060paT.JHBaHCb Ha caMoe
ce6H, CJIYlKHT cpe,l(CTBOM ,aJIH c06CTBeHHoro HCCJIe,aOBaHHH, KaK .9TO rrOKa..
3aHO B AOK.rra,ae P. O. 5IK06coHa Ha HalIleM CHMn03HYMe. 513bIK MOLKeT HC-
nORb30BaTbCH ,l(JIH YHCHeHHH caMIfM T.JeJIOBeKOM ce6e He TOJIbKO H3 KOBOll
,aeHTeJIbHOCTH (B HopMe lIO OTHOllIeHHIO K pO,l(HOMY H3bIKY oeCC03HaTenb-
HaM f3, 257]), HO H ,aJIH OC03HaHHH ,aPyrHx CTOpOH rrOBe,aeHHSJ, oe3 Bep6a...
JIH3all,HH OCTaIOIII.HXCH HeOC03HaHHbIMH.
He npHBO,lLH ,lI.aJIbHeHlIlHx aHaJIOrHqHbIX KJIHHHtIeCKHX ,l(aHHbIX, 51 ne-
peH,lI.Y cpa3Y K CPOPMYJIHpOBKe npe,lI.JIaraeMOH rHnOTe3bI. HeCKOJIhKO aBTopOB
B pa3HbIX cTpaH,ax, 3aHHMaIOIII.HXCH <PYHKII.HOHaJIbHOH aCHMMeTpHeH: M03-
ra, He3aBHCHMO ,lLpyr OT ,l(Pyra rrpHlliJIH B nOCJIe,l(HHe rO,l(bI K ,l(OrrYIII.eHHIO,
tfTO 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe CBH3aHO npe2KJI.e Bcero C npaBbIM nOJlYlliapHeM [5,
116; 6; 12 H ,lI.p.], B HopMe HeMbIM. B 1iaCTHOCTH, MHorHMH 06pameHo BHH"
MaHHe Ha B03MOLKHOCTb yqaCTHH HMeHHO npaBoro nOJIYlliapHH B cpOpMH-
pOBaHHH CHOBH,lI.eHHM (B 3TOM CMbICJIe JIeqeHHe ,aenpeccHH nocpe,acTBoM'
,aenpHBa HH CHa B cpa3e REM, 06cYlK,aaIOIlI.eeCH B HanetIaTaHHblX MaTepH-
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pOHHHM IllOKOM). Ho 51 rr03BOJIIO ce6e ,a06aBHTb K 3TOMY ,l(OnYIII.eHHIO, KO-
Topoe 51 HeO,LLHOKpaTHO OTCTaHBaJI, eIII.e O,lLHO: OC03HaHHoe nOHHMaHHe cepe-
pbI nOJIa, xapaKTepHoe ,aJIH B3pOCJIOro, OTHOCHTCH K ,aOMHHaHTHOMY no
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me 3pHTeJIbHbIX 06paSOB, HO 06pa30B YLKe TpaHccpopMHpOBaHHbIX HJIH HH-
cpaHTllJIbHbIX H He CO,lLep:tKaIII.HX B ce6e 06bIqHO HX HBHOH «B3pOCJIOH» ceK-
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H rrOJIymapHH HepeqeBOrO, KOTopoe no xapaKTepy CBoeM ceKcyaJIbHOCTH
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pHO,LL pa3BHTH5I ceKcyaJIbHOCTH. nepHO CJIOBeCHOro 06yqeHHH ceKCY, Bi
HopMe BeCbMa ,lLJIHTeJIbHbIH, CJIe,ayeT 3a nepno,aOM, Kor,aa pe6eHOK 06yqa-
eTCH pO,aHOMY H3bIKY. 3TO npe,acTaBJIHeTCH B03MOLKHbIM nOKa3aTb Ha Ta-
KHX npe,LLeJIbHWX cnyqaHX, KaK «BOJIqbH» ,aeTH (THna ayrJIH), BocnHT .
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60ro 06yqeHHH ,l(OJIroe BpeMH (Y2Ke nOCJIe COBepllIeHHOJIeTHH) OCTaIOTC5I
Ha BeCbMa HHcpaHTHJIbHOH: CTa,l(IfH pa3BHTHH ceKcyaJlbHOCTH. BMeCTe C TeM
B HopMe HepeT.JeBOe npaBoe nOJlYlIlapHe MO:iKeT 6bITb HCTOT.JHHKOM o6pa-
250.
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TeJIbHbIX CTpO<p K «BHTH3IO B 6apCOBOH llIKype» [9] II 6JIH3KHX K HHM
npe CTaBJIeHHH B .n.pyrHx, rrpOH3Be,aeHH5IX I cpe,aHeBeKoBoH JIHTepaTypbI).
ilpaBoe rrOJIyrnapHe OTBe1:IaeT 3a o6pa3HocTb nYIIIKIIHCKoro «51 nOMHIO qy -
Hoe MrHOBeHbe», HO He 3a H3BeCTHbIH JleBOnOJIYllIapHbIH aBTopCKHH lIpa-
3aHQeCKHH KOMMeHTapHH K 6Horpa<pIIQeCKOMY 3rrII30,ay, OTpa)KeHHOMY B
3TOM CTHXOTBopeHHH. nHqHa51 ,apaMa BJIOKa, KaK H COOTHOllIeHHe Me)K,l(y
pa3HbIMH 2KaHpa1\1H CTHXOB (B03BbIuieHHbIX, 06paIII.eHHbIX K COCPHH, If He-
rrpHCTOHHbIX) BJIa,lI.HMHpa COJIOBbeBa (rrO}l)IHHHIIKH KOTOpbIX, KaK Ii rrH-
'ceM, rrpO,DJIKTOBaHHbIX IIM caMOMY ce6e OT HMeHH CO<pHH, HarrHcaHbI pa3-
HbIMH nOqepKaMII, B03MO)KHO, pa3HbIMH pYKaMH, QTO OqeHb B03MO)KHO C
TOtIKM 3peHHH npOTHBonOCTaBJIeHHH <PYHKu;HH nOJIYllIapHH), MO)KeT o 61>51C-
HHTbCH' TeM LKe OTJIHQHeM 06pa3Horo (HHcpaHTHJIbHOrO HJIH Cy6JIHMHPO-
.BaHHoro Ha,n:ceKcyaJIbHoro) co,n:epLKaHHSI 3MOD:HH npaBoro rrOJIyrnapHH H
BepOaJIH3yeMoH (B TOM qHCJIe B D:HHHqeCKHX HJIH 9pOTHqeCKHX BWCKa3W-
BaHMHX) rrOJlOBOH aKTHBHOCTH JIeBOrO nOJIyrnapHH II KOHTpOJIlIpyeMwx HM
nO,lI.KOpKOBbIX 06JIaCTeH. J1I060Bb II TBOpqeCTBO B HOp Me, KaK II 6pe,a (TH-
na Toro CJIyqa51 KOMnJIeKCa BHHbi, C KOToporo 51 Ha1:IaJI) B rraTOJIOrHH MO-
ryr 6bITb COOTHeceHbI HMeHHO C npaBbIM rrOJlyrnapHeM, a OC03HaBaeMbIH
pa3YMOM (B TOM tIHCJIe If II.HHHqeCKH) ceKC - C JleBbIM. JIeBoe H rrpaBoe
nOJIyrnapHH npOTHBonOCTaBJIeHbI BMeCTe C TeM H KaK CIICTeMbI yrrpaBJle-
HH5I, C O,lI.HOH CTOpOHbI, nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIMH 9MOIlJIHMII (BnJIOTb AO 9HcpO-
pHH), C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbI, ,lJ.errpeccHeif (QeM II 06'bHCH5IeTC5I B03 0)KHOCTb
ee JIeqeHH5I ,l(enpHBaD:IIeH: CHa IIJIH npaBocTopOHHHM lliOKOM) II TeH,l(eHII.H-
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rrpe,lJ.cTaBHTb H KOHTpOJIHpyeMoe CJIe,[lOBaHHe ,l(pyr 3a ,l(pyroM rrpaBblx HJNI
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B OqeHb rHnOTeTH1:IeCKOH cpopMe MO)KHO 6bIJIO 6bI npe,lJ.rrOJIOLKHTb, QTO,
13 qaCTHOCTH, caMoy6HHCTBO (HJIII 6JIH3KHe K 3TOMY cpOpMbI rrOBe,l(eHHH,
HarrplIMep; npOBoU:HpYIO He .n.Y3JIb Y PYCCKHX n03TOB XIX B.) II cppeH,l(OB"
"CKHH «HHCTHHKT CMepTH», Ha pOJIb KOToporo ,i(OJI)KHOe BHHMaHHe 6bIJIO 06-
palll.eHO JIHllib B He,n:aBHee BpeM5I [II, 33, 259], MO:iKHO CBH3aTb C npaBbIM
rrOJIyrnapIfeM (caMoy6HHcTBO - npe.n:.eJIbHbIH CJIYQaH, KOTOpbIH C 9TOH TOt{-
KH 3peHHH MOLKHO orrHcaTb KaK y6HHCTBO rrpaBbIM nOJlymapHeM JIeBoro).
Tor,aa He TOJIbKO pa3J1HqeHHe «51» (COOTHOCHMoro C JIeBbIM nOJIymapHeM),
«CBepX-51», H «OHO» (COOTHOCHMoro c npaBbIM lIOJIYlIlapHeM), HO II npOTH-
BorrOCTaBJIeHHe 3poca (JIeBOrrOJIyrnapHoro)" H TaHaToca (npaBOrrOJIYllIap-
Horo) y n03.n.Hero <PpeH,l(a MO)KHO 6bIJlO 6bI HCTQJIKOBaTb (B ,n:yxe ero paH-
Hero orrbITa «ilCHXOJIOrHH ,l(JIH HeBpOJIOrOB», JIHllIb He;:J:aBHO HarreqaTaHHO'-
ra) C TOQKH 3peHH5I cpYHKIl,HOHaJIbHOH aCHMMeTpHH nOJIYllIapHH.
JI5I nCHXOaHaJIII3a xapaKTepHa opHeHTHpOBaHHOCTb Ha CJIOBO, ,l.(OBe....
l{eHHa51 ,no npe,neJIa B llIKOJIe .JlaKaHa, O 3aJIO)KeHHaH Y)Ke BO <ppeHAOBCKOM
aHaJrH3e orOBopOK (versprechen) H HrpbI CJIOB B KaJIaM6ypHbIX OCTpOTax. Ec-
JIB peqeBa51 ,ne5lTeJIbHOCTb rrpeLK,n:e Bcero JIeBOrrOJIYlIlapHa, TO eCTeCTBeHHO,
qTO npH peqeBOM OCMbICJleHHH (Bep6aJIH3al HH) 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO Ha nepBbIH
nnaH If BbI)1:BHraIOTC5I CJIOBeCHO OC03HaHHble ceKcyaJIbHble BJIeqeHH5I KaK Ta..
KOBble. Ho OCTalOTCH HepellIeHHbI IH BorrpOCbI, OTHOC5IIIIHeC5I K 06JIaCTH B3a-
HMO,ZJ.eHCTBH5I BYX nOJIYllIapHH: II Tex HH)KHHX ypOBHeH opra:HH3aIl,HH M03ra,
KOTophIe C HHMH CBH3aHbI. Borrpoc nepBhIH: MhI 3HaeM, qTO cy6 A oMHHaHTHoe
(npaBoe) nOJlYlliapHe nOJIb3yeTc5I 3pHTeJIbHhIMH :lKeCTOBbIMH 06pa3aMH, BO
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256
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KaK paBO MorYT ){aTHpOBaTbCH nepBhle CJIOBeCHhIe (erne He rrOHHMaeMbIe ,no
KOHna) BneqaTJIeHHH. HOBeHllIHe pa60TbI, npe,nIIOJIaralOlI(He BeCbM8 paHHHH
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,l{JIH BhlHCHeHH.H Toro, KaK'HM o6pa30M paHHHe HeCJIOBeCHbIe BnetJaTJIeHH5I MO-
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H n03,l(Hee no,n06HhIH nepeBO,l{ C H3bIK3 HepeqeBbIX 06pa30B H3 eCTeCTBeHHbIH
SI3hIK He06xoJ(HM Ii J(JIH nCHXOaHaJIHTHqeCKOrO ceaHca. HarrpaIllHBaeTCH rJIY-
60KaH aHaJIOrHfI C rHnH030lvl, IIPH KOTOpOM C rrOMOlI(bIO CJIOB rHrrHOTH3epa,
nO-B\H HMOMY, OCYII(eCTBJIHeTCH OTKJIIOQeHHe JIeB-oro nOJIYllIapHH Ii DOJIee HJIB
MeHee H30JIHpOBaHHoe <PYHKII.HOHIipOBaHHe rrpaBoro 15, 157] (HafIoMHlIa-
IOlI(ee JIeBOCTOpOHHHH 1ll0K). ,QaJlee CJIe,Z\yeT BbIHCHHTb, He H8BH3bIBaeTCH JIll
ceKcyaJIbHaH HHTeprrpeTanH5I CHMBOJIHKH np8Boro rrOJIYIllapHH npH ee Bep-
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ceKC.
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THIIHqHble ,aJIH ,lLOMHHaHTHoro (JIeBoro)? E e ,[LLKeKcoH, OTKpbIBllIHH nep-
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KO B npHMoM CMbICJIe xapaKTepHo l1JIH HeKoTopbIX OCOObIX <pOpM ceKcy-
aJIbHOrO nOBe,II,eHHH (HarrpHMep, y rOMoceKcyaJIHCToB), r,l{e, BepoHTHo,
yqaCTHe neBOnOJIYllIapHblx MexaHH3MOB (spOTHQeCKa.H pOJIb, B qaCTHOCTH,
KaK BH H3BpameHHocTH). BOJIee HOpMaJIbHbIM (B cpOJIbKJIOpe HeKoTopbIX
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JIOCb He Ha CJIOBa, a H8 6eCCJIOBeCHbIe 06pa3bI [13; 1, 80-81], oeccrrop-
HO npaBOrrOJIyrnapHble. B 3TqR CBSl3H OC06bIH HHTepec rrpe,l(CTaBJI5IeT TO,
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11. Becc03HaTeJIbHOe, IV
257
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H 02I,HIi npnivlep H3 c06CTBeHHbIX BocnOMllHaHHll. KaK-TO 51 CrrpOCHJI A. A.
AXMaTOBY, nOllerv1Y OHa TaK BpaLK,lI,e6na K rrCHXOaHaJIH3Y. I-Ia 3TO OHa MHe
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Bee 6bIJIO 6bI neB03MOLKHO. 51 nO,IT,,lI.ep./KHBaJI ee MbICJlb, COCJIaBlliHCb Ha
,l1.na TIHChM3 PHJIbKe, HanHcaHHblX 24 5IHBapH 1912 f. [2, 514]. B 3TO
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paCCK330B C3JIHH,lJ,)Kepa 0 1l03Te CHMype. Ero repoH, rrpOH,lJ,H no HaCTOH-
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CTaBneHa rrCHXOaHaJIHTHIJeCKaH K HHHQeCKaH npaKTHKa B ee BYRbrapH30-
BaHHOM BH,lJ,e H n03THIJeCKOe TBOpIJeCTBO, K npeAcTaBHTeJI M KOTOpbIX C3-
JlHH)I)Kep CK.HOHeH OTHeCTH <PpeH,aa, HO He ero 3nHfOHOB. JII06onbITHO, IJTO
B O,lLHOM H I1HCeM K CBoeR HeBeCTe caM CPpeH,I( IIHCaJI, tITO OH Ha,aeeTC.sr
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pa)KeHHe OH nOJIHOCTbIO Mor HcnOJIb30BaTb B cpH3HKe, a He B HCKYCCTBe).
OTMeqeHHOe 3pHKO f 3pHKCOHOM [ 11, 301 «3pHTeJIbHOe JII060TIbITCTBO»
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BOCTIOMHHaHHH CBOMX na HeHTOB eme o BBe eHMH OKOHqaTeJIbHWX CJlO-
258
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npe,l(CTaBJl5IeT MHTepec H caMOHa6JIIO eHHe <1>peM a B rrHCbMe <PJIHCCY 0
ero «06eHx JleBbIX PYKax»). 3TOM HHTYHII.HH He XBaTaJIO MHorHM ero no-
CJIe OBaTeJI5IM (pa3YMeeTC5I, cpe M ero nepBOHatIaJIbHbIX e)J.HHOMbIllIJIeH-
HHKOB, paRO OT Hero OTOllieAllIHX, OC06H5IKOM CTOHT IOHr, MHoro C)J.eJIaB-
lliHH )J.nH rJIy6HHHoro rrOHHMaHH5I 3pHTeJIbHWX apxeTHnOB rrpH BceM crrop-
HOCTH, a 3atIaCTYIO H cpaHTaCTHtIHOCTH rrpe,aJI02KeHHbIX HM CJIOBeCHbIX TOJI-
KOBaHHM). HaH60JIbllII1e ,aOCTlfiKeHH5I cI>peH,l(a (B H3YQeHHH CHOBH,aeHH:H:
I1 OCTPOYMH5I) CB5I3aHW HMeHHO C np05lBJIeHHeM 3TOM ero HHTYHII.MH. He
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M03re) KOMnJIeKCOB, npHBe,lLY 6HorpaqH'PleCKYIO npe,lI,bICTOpHIO "steppenwolf"
fepMaHa fecce. He nOBTOp.HH Y:iKe CKa3aHHoro B CTaTbe P. f. KapaJIallIBH,nH
o reece, HaneqaTaHHOH B MaTepHaJIaX Harnero CHMTI03HY1\1a [7], HanOMHIO
nOCJle.ll.OBaTeJI l!OcTb OCHOBHbIX cpaKToB. reece, HeCKO.lIbKO JIeT cTpa,naBIllHH
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.9TOT Kpyr .n:errpeCCHBHhIX rrepeiKHBaHHH B,blpalKeH fecce B n03){Hee ony6J1H-
KOBaHHOM CTHXOTBOpHOM Il.HKJIe «CTenHOH BOJIK}). Ho TOJlbKO, xYJJ:O)KeCTBeH-
Ha5I cy6J1HMalI.H5I B 3aMeQaTeJIbHOM O;(HOHlVIeHHOM pOMaHe npHHeCJIa fecce OC-
Bo6o}K eHHe OT CTpa,n;aHHH. Tor,n;a H B03HHKaeT TOT rrpOCBeTJIeHHhIH B3fJI5IJ{
Ha MHP, KOTOpblH npHCY q03JJ:He:MY feece. TBOpqeCTBO OKa3aJIOCb saBepme-
HHeM nponecca JIeqeHHH, HaqaTOrO nCHXOaHaJIH30M:. OTqeTJIMBOe nOCTpoeHHe
Bcero npoH3Be,n:eRH5I KaK onncaHHH npOBe,lleHHbIX aBTopo 1 Ha,l{ caMHM C060H
onbITOB BepOaJIH3aUHH npOlIIJIOrO, QaCTHQHO CXO HhIX c nCHXOaHaJIHTHQeCKH-
MH, JIe:tKHT B OCHOBe KHHrH 30 eHKo «nepe BOCXO,l{OM COJIHua». no HanHca-
HMH ee 30_ eHKo B 1943 r. B MoeM npHcYTcTBHH rOBOpHJI, tITO eM)! y,n:aJIOCb
H36aBHTbcH OT TOCKH, BCIO :tKH3Hb ero MyqaBllIeH; OH XOTeJI c nOMOll(bIO KHH-
rH C,l.{enaTb 9TOT M TO)]; 06III.e}.{ocTyrrHbIM.
B03Bpama5lCb OT xY,l(O)KeCTBeHHOH JIHTepaTypbI K HaYKe, B 3aKJlIOQeHHe
51 XOTeJI 6bI rrpHBeCTH CJIOBa O,lI.HOrO KpynHoro cpH3HKa, n03HaKOMMBlIIerOCH
c np06JIeMaTHKOH CPYHKII.HOHaJIbHOH aCHMMeTpHH. TIo ero BbIpa2KeHHIO,
CYTb COCTOHT B ,L(OCTHLKeHHH COBepllIeHHOH rapMOHHH rrpaBoro II JIeBoro.
KaK MHe ,aYMaeTCSI, 3TO H eCTb COBpeMeHHaH cpopMa TOM MbICJIII 3. CaIIH...
pa 0 HOpMaJlbHOM cpYHKII.HOHHpOBaHHH 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO, KOTOpyIO UHTH-
pOBaJJ P. O. 5IK06cOH B CBoeM BblcTynJleHHH Ha CHMII03HYMe.
JIHTEPATYPA
I. AJJ.P MAP )1(., I1ccJIe.noBaHHe nCHXOJIOrHH npou.ecca H306peTeHHH B 06JI3CT.H MaTeMaTHKH,
M., COBeTCKoe pa)(HO, 1970.
2. BbIrOTCKI111 JI. C., ilcHXOJIOfH5I HCKyccTBa. Pe,Z{. H KOMMeHTapHH B. B. HBaHoBa. M.,
I1cKyccTBO, 1968.
259
3. I1BAHOB B. B.,r HeKoTopbIe np06JIeMbI cOBpeMeHHoH JIHHfBHCTHKH. B KH.: 06mee HSblKOS2
HaHHe. XpecToMaTHH. COCT. B. 11. ROCOBCKHH. DOJ{ pe):{. A. . CynpYHa, MHHCK, BbI-
I1l9HIIIaH WKOJIa, 1976, 23-43 (BnepBbIe HaneqaTaHO B 1963 r.).
4. I1BAHOB B. B., 06 O,AHOM TRne apXaHQHbIX 3H3KOB HCKYCCTBa H no nHKTorpa<pHH. B KH.:
PaHHHe cpOpMbI HCKyccTBa, no)]; pe)J.. E. M. MeJIeTHHCKofO, M., I1CI\YCCTBO, 1972,
165-147"
5. I1BAHOB B. B., 4eT H HetJeT. ACHMMeTpHH M03ra H 3HaKOBbIX CHCTeM, M., COBeTcKoe
palJ,Ho, 1978 (cepHH «KH6epHeTHKa»).
6. I1BAHOB B. B., 3HaKoBaH CHCTeMa oeCC03H3TeJIbHOrO KaK ceMHOTHtJeCKaSI npot5JIeM3. B
KH.: BecC03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo;J;a, <PYHKQHH, MeTO,lJ.bI HCCJIe,nOBaHHH, 'I. III, T6HJIHCH,
1978, 168-172.
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qeCTBe repMaHa recce. B KH.: Eecc03HaTeJIbHoe. npHpo,lJ.a, <PYHKUHH, MeTO):{bI, HCCJIeJ10-
BaHHH, ill, T6HJIHCH, MeuHHepe6a, 1978, 529-536.
8. KOX E. n., 3pHTeJIbHble arH03HH, M., Me)];Hl{HHa, 1967. _
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H3 PycTaBa, cno., 1910 (liMn. AKa,rr.eMH5I HaYK).
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260
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262
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CTaBJIeHHbIX 113 «:M:y)KCKOrO rrpHHI1.Hna» HH H «)KeHCKOro npHH Hna» HHb
'R crpyrrnHpoBaHHbIX no TPH, qTO ,aaeT Bcero 64 TPOHqHbIX nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIb-
HOCTH, aHaJIOrIPIHbIX reHeTHqeCKHM «TpMnJIeTaM». C rrOMOIltbIO COtIeTaHHH
rrO,lL06HbIX «TpoeK» H orrHCbIBaeTCH B 3TOH ,lLpeBHeKHTaiIcKoH CHMBOnHQe-
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MeTpOB co CTPYKTYPOH reHeTHqeCKOro KO)I.a, BblcTynalOIII.ero, OqeBH,aHo,
B KaqeCTBe HX HeOC03HaRaeMoro cy6cTpaTa.
THE UNCONSCIOUS AND THE PROBLEM OF THE STRUCTURAL
ISOMORPHISM BETWEEN THE GENETIC AND THE
LINGUISTIC CODES
Th. V. GAMKRELIDZE
G. V. Tsereteli Insti.tute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Sciences of the
Georgian SSR, Tbilisi
SL"MMARY
The paper deals with the unconscious involved in the interpretation of
the structural similarities evidenced by the genetic and the verbal codes.
These structural similarities between the two different kinds o'f informa-
263
tion-carrying systems- the genetic and the verbal codes-were duly charac..
terized on several occasions by the linguist Roman J akobson and the biol-
ogist Fran ois Jacob, who, however, differ profoundly in the interpretation
of this structural isomorphism. Does the isomorphism exhibited by these
two different codes result from a mere convergence induced by similar needs,
or is it perhaps due to the fact that the foundations of the linguistic pat-
terns superimposed upon molecular communication have been modelled di..
rectIy upon its structural principlesP
The latter assumption is the view held by J akobson. It of necessity in-
volves the mechanism of the unconscious in the process of such a modelling.
As a matter of fact, structuring an information-carrying system on the pat-
terns of an existing model presupposes in the living organism unconscious
familiarity with the structural principles of the latter. This is true not
only of the phylogenetic process of the linguistic code structuring in the
form of natural languages, but also of the individual acts of creativi ty dealing
with the formation of an original information-carrying system. In this connec-
tion N. Marr's language model should be adduced, postulating four sound
triplets as basic units of the language code, different combinations of
which yield linguistic sequences of higher order; reference should also be
made to the ancient Chinese system of symbols described nearly 3,000 years
ago in the Chinese book I Ching (" Book" or "Classic of Changes"), the
structure of which exhibits a high degree of analogy with the genetic code.
The structures in the natural order described in the book just cited corres-
pond exactly to those of the genetic code, all this supporting the idea that
a strict relation is imposed by a kind of unconscious filiation between
the discussed systems and the genetic code.
264
CEMMOTMlJECKI1" no,nxo,n I( np06J1EME
6ECC03HATEJIbHOrO
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pHca 0 pOJIH 3HaKOB B perYJIHllJIH nOBe,lLeHHH [6]; r 41], B. H. BOJIOlllHHO.
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COBeTCKHX H 3apy6e)KHbIX Cne HaJIHCTOB [9]; [14]; [36]; f 48] y6e,I(HTeJIb.
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33 (25]; [47]; f261; ,[30]; [46]; [49].
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265
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OCHOBe 06pa30BaHH5I BblweHa3BaHHbIX cpeHOMeHOB, <PpeH,lJ, YCTaHaBJIHBaeT
HX CTPYKTypHYIO rOMOJIOrHqHOCTb. Bee OHH 5IBJIHIOTCH HCKa)KeHHbIM ono-
Cpe;:LCTBoB3HHbIM BbIpa)KeHHeM 6ecc03H3TeJIbHbIX npOlJ,eCCOB: KOH<pJIHKTa
MOTHROB, BbITeCHeHHH HerrpHeMJIeMbIX LKeJIaHHH II CBH3aHHblX C HHM rrepe-
)£(HBaHHH. I-IanpHMep, o6pa30BaHHe HeBpOTHQeCKOrO CHMIITOMa OH onHCbI-
BaeT CJIe,lI,Y!OllI.HM 06pa30M: «...B 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOI\1 BbITeCHeHHoe )KeJIaHHe
rrpo2J,OJI:tl(aeT cyuJ,ecTBoBaTb H LK,lI.eT TOJIbKO nepBoH B03MOLKHOCTH C)J.eJIaTb-
CH aKTHBHbIM H IIOCJI3Tb OT ce6H B C03HaHHe HCKa}KeHHOrO, CTaBlliero He-
Y3HaBael\1bIM 3aMeCTHTeJIH. K 3TOMY 3aMellI.aIOIlI,eMY IIpe,LLCTaBJIeHHIO BCKO-
pe npHCOe,lLHHHIOTCH Te HenpHHTHble qYBCTBOBaHHH, OT KOTOpbIX MO)KHO 6bI-
JIO CQHT3Tb ce6H H36aBJIeHHbIM, 6JIaro,LLap51 BbITeCHeHHIO. 3TO 3aMeIlI,aIO-
mee npe)].cTaB.J1eHHe - CHMITTOM... B CHMIITOMe, HapHAY C npH3HaKaMH
HCKa)KeHH5I, eCTb OCTaTOK KaKOrO-JIH60 CXOACTBa c nepBOHaqaJlbHOH, Bbl-
TeCHeHHOrI HJI,eeH, OCTaTOK, n03BOJIHIOIlI,HH cOBepllIHTbC5I TaKoH 3aMeHe».
[18, 162].
H3 pa60T cI>peH,IT,a CJIeJIyeT, qTO HeBpOTHqeCKHe CHMrrTOMbI, CHOBII)l.e-
HHH, OIllH6oqHble ,aeHcTBH5I H T. n. MO)KHO pacc'MaTpHBaTb KaK cBoe06pa3-
2 3TH TeH eH HH B pa60Tax c!>peI1J1.a B 3Hal!HTe.t1bHOH CTCrreI-II1 06YCJIOBHJIH pa3JJ;e r:IeHHe,
HanpHMep, COBpeMeHHoro aMepHKaHCKoro nCllxoaHa.r:IH33 H3 CTOpOHHIIKOB MeTanCHXOJIOrlltleC-
Roro nO,ZI,xo)J.a H CTOpOHHHKOB «KJIHHHt:IeCKOH» TeopHH. CM. 06 3TOM [1, 40]; [III, 210].
3 r.1aBHOH npHqHHoH peBH311H y-qeHIHI <I>peif,ZJ,a ero yqeHH aMH H nOCJIe,l1.oBaTeJ1HMH no-
CJIYlKHoIl0 HX CTpeMJIeHHe CrJIa]I.HTb 3TY JIHHHIO - )I.eCeKcyaJIH3HpOBaTb H rYM3HI13HpoBaTb
OpTo.rr.oKCaJIbHO nCHXOaHaJniTHq CKOe nOHHMaHHe qe.TJOBeKa (BHHcBaHrep, XOPHll, <t>POMM,
CaJIJIH-BaH H ,ZI,p.) .
266
Hble 3HaKH (TeKCTbI), 3aMell1,aIOll1,He BbITeCHeHHble nepe2KHBaHHH (KOH-
JIHKT MOTHBOB) H perrpe3eHTHpYIOIl1.He HX B C03HaHHH H rrOBe eHHH.
4. 3aKOHOi\1epHOCTH HeOC03HaBae 1oro 06pa30BaHH5I TaKHX 3HaKOB HaH-
..GoJIee no po6HO Q)peH,L( aHaJI'H3HpyeT B «TOJIKOBaHlfH cHOBH eH1fH». B nCH-
XHqeCKOH e5lTeJIbHOCTH npM 06pa30BaHHH CHOBH eHHH OR BbI.l(eJIHeT Be <PYH-
KUHH: rrpOH3BO CTBO MbICJIen CHOBH,n;eHH5I (CKpbIToe co ep)J{aHHe) II ,HX TpaHC-
'<popMaUHlO B 06pa3bI 51BHoro CO ep.iKaHH5I. MbICJIH CHOBH.l1.eHHH-3TO npo"
TeKaIDlI1.aH H3 ypOBHe rrpe,n;C03HaTe.nbHoro BHYTpeHH5I5I petlb. B pe3YJIbT3Te
« eHTeJIbHOCTH CHOBH.l1.eHH5I» CJIOBeCHble perrpe3eHTaIl,HH (W ortvorstell ungen)
Mblc.neii CHOBH,[LeHH5I perpeCCHpYlOT ({tlepe3 6eCCO HaTeJIbHOe)} K BocnpHHTHIO
B BHJ(e npe lVleTHbIX penpe3eHTaQHM HI/11M 06pa30B (Sachvorstellungen). <PpeH.L{
BbI)1.eJI51e'f .l(Ba THrra npe06pa30BaHH5I CKpbIThlX Mb cJIeiI B 5IBHOe CO.l1.ep)Ka-
HHe: KOH).:(eHCaIl.HlO Ii CMeIneHHe. KOH.l1.eHCaQH5I-3TO COBMeI.U:eHHe pa3HOpo -
HhIX 3,n:eMeHTOB '(CKpbITbIX MbICJIefI) B e,LLHHhu1: 06P33 (HarrpHMep, COCTaBJIeHHe
«Ko.n..rreKTHBHbIX JIHIIHOCTeH» H a OCHOBaHHH CXO,2J.CTBa BHelllHOCTH, HI\1eHH HJIH
cpaMHJIHH, 06lliJ1S>CTH qepT xapaKTepa, npocpeCCHII II T. ll.). KOH,L(eHCHpOBaH-
Hhle 06pa3bI rrpe)J.CTaBJI.HIOT cODoH «Y3.TIOBble nYHKTbI» CHOBH.D:eHHH, B KO-
TOphIX CXO IITCH .MHO)l(eCTBO «MbICJIHTeJIbHbIX IlerrOqeK». TaKHe 06pa3bI OKa-
3bIBalOTCH CBepx,n;eTepMHHHpOBaHHbIl'vIH H Tpe6YIDT n03TOMY NiHo eCTDa HH-
. TeprrpeTaUHH. CMeIII.eHHe-3TO perrpe3eHTaI.{H.H 3HaQHMbIX MbICJIeH IIocpe,Z:lC-
TBOM BTopOCTerreH HhIX eTaJIeH, 3TO OnepalI.HH no e-KOHTeKcTya,rIH3au.HH
3JIeMeHTOB CKphIToro cO ep)KaHH5I. KOH,lLeHCaII.H.H H CMe eHHe CTaHOBHTC.H
Q,l{HHMH lI3 II.eHTpaJIbHbI KaTeropHH nCHxoaHa.nH3a, Kor,n:a_ <I>peitn YCTaHaB-
JIHBaeT, qTO 3TH onepanHH JIC)KaT B OCHOBe .06pa30BaHHH Bcex npOJ(YKTOB 6ec-
C03HaTeJIbHoro. HarrpHMep, OH rrHweT, lITO BO BpeMH aHaJIII3a HeBpOTHqeC
KHX CHMllTOMOB «.. .MbI HaXO)1.HM TaK.iKe pH,LL Bna.TIHe paUHOHa.nbHbIX MhICJIefl,
paBH03HaQHhIX HailieMY C03HaTeJIbHOMY MbIIll.neHHIO,.. 3TH HOpMaJIbHh1e MbICJIH
nOJ(Bepr.nHCb aHopMa.nbHOH o6pa6oTKe (B pe3y.nbTaTe BbITeCHeHHH-B. .):
6hIJIH TpaHc<popr HpOBaHhI B CHMnTOM nocpen,CTBOM KOH)].eHCaII.HH II 06pa-
30BaHHH KOMnpOMHCCOB; nYTeM ITOBepXHOCTHhIX aCCOllJiaUHH, ITpeHe6peMeHH5I
K npOTHBOpeQHHM H, B03MO)KHO, perpeccHH» [33, 636]. B KOHeqHOM HTore,
nepeBolL «CKPbITbIX fbICJIeH» MOlKeT 6bITb BOnJIOmCH' B caMOM pa3JIlf1!HOM
3HaKOBOM M3TepHaJIe: 3HaKH-CH!\fBO.TlbI H HKOHHQeCKHe 3HaRIf cHoBHAeHHH,
3HaKH-HHjJ.CKCbI II HKOHHQeCKHe 3HaKIf OLUH6oQHbIX II CHMnTOMaTHQeCKHX eH-
CTBHH H T. ll.
B OJl.HOH H3 pa60T cDpe:H C03 aeT ,lI,alKe cBoe06pa3HYlo ceMH-
OTHQeCKYIO KJIaCcHcpHKartHIO HeBpOTfP!eCKHX CHMilTOMOB: «. ..6ecc03Ha-
Te.HhHoe rOBopHT Ha HeCKOJIbKHX lLH3JIeKTax. B COOTBeTCTBHH C pa3-
RHqHeM nCHXOJIOrHQeCKHX YCJIOBHli, 06YCJIaBJIllBaIDlliHx 06pa30BaHHe
'Orrpe)].etJ1eHHbIX cpOpM HeBpo30B H HX OTJIHQHe pyr OT ,n;pyra, MhI HaXO H1\f 3a-
KOHoMepHhIe pa3JIHQHH If B cpopMax BblpaiKeHHH HeOC03HaBaCMhIX nCHxH ec-
KHX HI\'IUYJIbCOB. ECJIH H3bIK )KeCTOB HCTepHH COfJI3cyeTcH B n.eJIOM C llHKTO-
:rpacpHqeCKHl\f H3bIKOM CHOBH,LLeHHi1:, rpe3 II T. n., TO YM03pHTeJIbHbIH 5I3hIK
-ooceCCHBHoro HeBp033... .l1.eMOHcTpHpyeT cc06ble H,l1)10MaTHtIeCKHe qep;rbI...
HanpuMep, TO, qTO 60JIbHaH HCTepHeH BblpafKaeT CHMITTOMOM PBOTbI, 06cec-
'CHBHaH naUHeHTKa Bblpa3HT rrOCpe)I.CTBOM TIlI.aTe.lIbHbIX 3aIIJ.HTHbIX Mep rrpo-
_THB 3arpH3HeHHH... Bce 31"0 rrpe..n;CTaBJI5IeT co60H: pa3JIHQHbIe penpe3eH Ta UH H
HJIH BbITeCHeHHoro B 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe }KeJIaHHH nau.HeHTKH '3a6epeMeHeTb,
267
r
HnH 3a:rnHTHOH peaKlI.HH Ha 9TO >KenaHHe» 131, 177 -;--178J. nOCKOJlbKY CBOe-
MaHHcpecTHoe 3HaKOBoe BonJIOII(eHHe CHMnTOMbI, CHOB ,l(eHHH H T. fi. npHo"
6peTalOT B pe3YJIbTaTe KOHJ.(eHCaIJ.HH H CMemeHHH, TO 3a,naQa HHTepnpeTa-
llJIH Ka:tKJ.(OrO TaKoro «TeKCTa» 3aKJIIOQaeTCH B ,I(e-KOHJ.(eHcaUHH II pe-KOHTe-
KCTyaJIH3aUHH COCTaBJlHlOIllHX ero 3.neMeHTOB rrpH nOMOInH aHaJlH3a CBOOO,n-
HbIX aCCOII.Hau.HH K 3THM 3.neMeHTOM.
rIpOCT HIlIHM npHMepOM ,l{e-KOHJ.(eHCaIJ.HH MO:tKeT nOCJIY:>KHTb HHTepnpe-
TanHJI CHOBH)JeHHH AJIeKcaHJ.(pa MaKeJ.(OHCKoro. B HO'qb nepe,l( B3HTHeM ro-
pOJ.(a THpa eMY npnCHH.nCH nJI5IlIlYll HH Ha ero mHTe caTHp (satyros). ,apeB-
HerpeqeCKHH npe,lJJlleCTBeHHHK <1>peH,l(a Jl.e-KOH,l(eHCHpOBaJI 3TO CHOBH,l(eHHe B
IIpe,lI}IO)KeHHe, BWpa)KaBlllee CTpaCTHoe }l{eJIaHHe AJIeKCaH,lLpa, ooecrrOKoeH-
Horo ,lLJIHTeJIbHOCTblO ocaJ.(bI ropO,lI,a: "Sa Tyros" -«_THp-TBOH» [33, 131 J.
5. ,I:LJI5I nOHHMaHHH ceMaHTHqeCKOH CTPYKTypbI «CJIe,l(OB» 6eCC03HaTeJIb-
Horo KaK 3HaKOB OC06bIH HHTepec npe CTaBJIHeT TaK Ha3hIBae!v1aH Mo,neJIb pe-
6yca. lllHpOKO H3BeCTHO, QTO rrpHBep:tKeHIJ.hI OpTO,l(OKca.JIbHOrO nCHXOaHaJIH-
3a paCC 1aTpHBaIOT o6pa3bI cHoBH,n;eHHH H HeBpOTHqeCKHe CHMnTOMbI KaK
O,L\H03HatIHhle, npeHl\tYII(eCTBeHHO ceKcyaJIbHble CHMB9JIhI, 3acpHKcHpoBaH-
Hble B «apXaHqeCKOM MbIIIlJIeHllH» qeJIOBeKa H KY,JIbType. TaKoe aTOlVIHCTH-
qeCKOe, HeKOHTeKcTyaJIEHOe npe)I.CTaBJIeHHe 0 e}1,I1HHuaX «H3bIK3» 6eCC03-
u u v
HaTeJIbHOrO corJJacyeTcH co «BTOPOH» TeopHeH CHMBOJIHKH, 3aHMCTBOBaHHOH'
<PpeH)LOM y B. IllTeKeJI5I. 4 3Ta TeOpH5I HeO,l(HOKpaTHO rrO BepraJIaCb cepbe3-
HaM KpHTHKe, B TOM tIMC.lIe II CTOpOHHMKal\1H nCHXOaHaJIH3a (5HHCBaHrep,.
llieH,l(3, JIaKaH, YaHJI,L(eH Ii AP'). HanpHMep, aMepHKaHCKHH ceMHOTHK
K. BepK (Burke) H83bIB3tT aHaJlorOBble HeKOHTeKcTyaJIhHhle HHTepnpeTa-
I.I.HH CHl\IBOJ10B O)I.HHM H3 ({JlerKHX rrYTeli, rrO)I,MeHHlOIllJ1X )I.JIHHHble H H3BHJIH'"
CTble MapulpYThI». CBepx):{eTepMHHHpoBaHHocTb npH TaKOM nO)I,XO.11.e pe,ny-
II.HpyeTcH o MexaHHCTHqeCKOrO O.l{H03HaQHOrO ,l(eTepMHHH3Ma. DpHMepa-
MH TaKon pe.11.YKIJJIH MOfKHO Ha3BaTb rHnepTpoqnno ceKcyaJIbHOrO B YtJe-
HHH <PpeH,l(a, 8c?O-KOMrreHCaIJ.HH B pa60Tax AJ{.nepa HJ1H TpaBMbI pO)K,neHHH Y
PaRKa [49, 34}. HY)KHO OTMeTHTb, QTO carvI cI>peH,lJ. paccMaTpHBaJl «CHMBOJIH-
qeCKOe TOJIKOBaHHe» TOJIhKO KaK BcnoMOraTeJIbHYIO TexHHKY, npHMeH5IeMYIO
K TaR Ha3bIBaeMbIM «THTIHQeCKHl\1» CHOBH)I.eHH.HM H Hecrroco6HYlO 3aMeHHTb
aCCOII.HaTHBHYIO H a)Ke cpaBHHTbCH CHew [16,,157]. KpoMe Toro, TeopHH
CHMBOJIOB C YHHBepCaJIbHhIMH 3HaQeHHHIVIH HaXOJ\HTCH B pe3KoM npoTHBo-
petlHH cera co6cTBeHHoH rrepBoH TeopHeti. B «TOJIKOBaHHH cHoBH,QeHHH:.
CP peH)I. DRilleT, lITO OlllH6KH era rrpe,lJ.llleCTBeHHHKOB CBO,.QHTC:H K TOl\fY, tITO OBR
nbITaJIHCb BbIBeCTH CMbICJI CHOBH,lJ.eHHH HenOCpe,lJ.CTBeHHO li3 06pa30B ero 5IB-
Horo COJl.Cp:>KaHH5I, a He H3 HX CB5I3eH (Qepe3 rrOBepXHOCTHble accounaUHH) co
CKpbITbIlVIH MbICJIHMH. OH cpaBHHBaeT CHOBH,QeHHe C pe6YCOM, KaiKYIIlJIMCH
cOBeprneHHo a6cYP,l(HbIM, eCJIH paccMaTpHBaTb ero KaK KOMn03HUHIO xy,nOiK-
HHK3, H 06peTaIOillJIM CMbICJI, eCJ1H noc.n:e,lJ.OBaTeJIbHO 3aMeHHTb K3)K,!{hUi
H306pa3HTeJIbHbU 'I' 3JIel\tleHT cooTBeTcTBYlOlllJIM CJIOrOM HJIH CJIOBOM, KOTopoe
3TOT 3JIe leHT penpe3eHTHpyeT.
«CO,lI,epfKaHHe CHOBH)I,eHH5I )I,aHO HaM B BH,[(e nHKTorpaqHfIJeCKOrO TeKCTa
(Bilderschrift), 3HaKH t<oToporo HY*HO nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO nepenO;\HTb Ha
Si3hIK MbICJIeH CHOBH,lI.eHHH. MhI, HeCOMHeHHO, Bna,l1.eM B 3aOJIym).leHHe, eCJIH
4 «. ..nOCT05IHHOe OTHOIIIeHHe Me)K)J.Y 3J!eMeHTOM CHOBH.l(eHIUI If ero 3HaqeHHeM MbI Ha3b1-
BaeM CIfMBOJUlqeCKIfM, a caMbIH 3JIeMeHT CHOBR).J.eHHH - CHMBOJIOM...» [I6, 151].
268
6YAeM nbITaTbCH TIHT8Tb 3TH 3HaKH KaK 06pa3bI B COOTBeTCTBHH C HX H306-
pa3HTeJIbHOH 3HatIHMOCTblO (Bilderwert), a He HX 3HaKOBbIM OTHomeHHHM
iZeichenbeziehungen)>> [33, 312}. lloHHMaHHe CHOBH,lleHHH KaK pet5yca rOBO-
PHT, Bo-rrepBbIX, 0 Hea,lleKBaTHOCTH OTopBaHHoro OT H3bIKa «CHMBOJIHQeCKoro»
npOQTeHHH 06pa30B HBHoro CO){ep2KaHHH; BO-BTOPbIX, 0 TOM, lITO aHaJIH3Y
\
.(T. e. ,neKOHJleHCa HH Ii peKOHTeKcTyaJIH3all.HH) nO,D;JIe>KHT He «nHKTorpacpH-
'QeCKHI1:», a CJIOBeCH'bIH TeKCT, nOCKOJIbKY «IIHKTorpacpHqeCKHH» TeKCT HMeeT
'CMhIcn JIHllIh KaK «03HaQaIOmee» CJIOBeCHoe. A TaK KaK nOBepXHOCTHbIe ac-
COnHaIJ;HH CJIY.>KaT CBH3YIOID:HM 3BeHOM Me.lK,llY CKpbIThIMH MhICJI5IMH II HBHbIM
COJ{epJK3HHeM, TO HX «3HaKOBbIe OTHOllIeHHH», 0 KOTOpbIX rOBopHT <t>p eH,ll ,
Bb151BJI5IIOTCH Ha OCHOBe ,n:aHHbIX aCCOII.HaTHBHOH TeXHHKH.
npOaHaJIH3HPyeM Tenepb B COOTBeTCTBHH c paCCMOTpeHHOH MO,l(eJIblO
ceMaHTHtIeCKYIO CTPYKTYPY CHOBH,D;eHHH H HeBpOTHqeCKHX CHMllTOMOB. Bep-
HeMCH K CHOBH,lleHHIO AJIeKCaH){pa MaKe,nOHCKoro. BH3yaJIbHbIH oopa3 caTH-
pa caM no ceoe He HeceT 3HatIHMOH HH<popMaII.HH, HeOOXO,l(HM ero nepeBO,l.(
B CJIOBeCHYIO <POPMY: "satyros". CJIOBeCHbHf )Ke TeKCT )(e-KOH eHcHpyeTcH,
KaK MbI 3HaeM, B "Sa Tyros"-"THP-TBOH", lITO penpe3eHTHpyeT CKPbITYIO
MbICJIb CHOBH,l(eHH5I. 3HaIIHT «nHKTorpacpHQeCKHH» 06pa3 caTHpa BbIcTynaeT B
pOJIH 03HaQalO erO no OTHOllleHHIO K 03HaIIaeMOMY «satyros». «Satyros» B CBOIO
Oqepe,l(b 5IBJIHeTCH 03HaqalO HM no OTHOIlleHHIO K 03HaQaeMOMY- "Sa Tyros",
QTO pel1pe3eHTHpyeT <PPYCTplipoBaHHoe )KeJIaHHe AJ1eKCaHJI.pa, T. e. CJIY:>KHT
03HaqaIOIl1.H 1: .3TOrO LKeJIaHHH (o3HaQaeMoro). TaKH1\1 o6pa30M, c.ne.Lt.YH MO-
,neJIH .. pe6yca, MbI npHXO,llHM K rrpe,llCTaBJIeHHIO 06 o6pa3e CHOBH,neHHH KaK
CJIOLKHOMY «MHOroHpycHOMY» H MHOr03HatIHoMY KOHHoTaTHBHoMY 3HaKY, TIo-
){OOHOH CTPYKTYPOH 06J.Ia aIOT H MHorHe HeBpOTHqeCKHe CHMIITOMbI. Ha-
npHMep, HCTepHqeCKHH 6J1e apOCrra3M caM no ce6e, T. e. TOJIbKO Ha ypoBHe
«rrHKTorpa<pHqeCKoro» 03HaQaIOIII.erO-COMaTifItIeCKHX OIII.YIIleHHH, oeCCMbICJIeH-
HO, onocpe,ncTBYHCb CJIOBeCHOH «)KaJ1060H» (<<He Mory BHJI.eTb» HJ1H« Y Me-
H5I r JIa3a 3aKpbIBaIOTcH»), MO:tKeT perrpe3eHTHpoBaTb: «He XOqy BH,neTb 3Toro»
<HJIH «5I 3aKpbIBaIO rJIa3a Ha .3TO», tITO BblpalKaeT KaKOH-TO HeOC03HaBaeMbIH
BHYTpeHHHH KOH<pJIHKT. Ba2KHeHIllHM YCJIOBHeM, C03,llaIOInHM B03-
MOlKHOCTb nOJI.06HbIX ceMHOTHtIeCKHX nepeBOJI.OB, KOTopble JIeBH-CTpOCC [39]
Ha3bIBaeT ({.neHcTBeHHocTbIO CHMBOJ1HKH», 5IBJlHeTCH MHOr03HatIHOCTb JIHHrBH-
CTHqeCKliX 3HaKOB. TaK, B BbIIllenpHBe,neHHbIx rrpHMepax o6pa3 caTHpa-pe-
3YJIbTaT OMOHHMHH, a HCTepHqeCKHH JIecpapOCI1a3M-npOJI.YKT nOJIHCeMHH. Co-
rJIaCHO CPpeH,ny [33], MHOr03HaqHbIe CJIOBa OKa3bIBaIOTC5I «KJIIOtIeBbI 1H» (HJIH-
«Y3JIOBhlMH nYHKTaMH») B TeKCTax CHOBHJI.eHHR lIJIH CHMnTOMOB, nOCKOJIbKY,
SlBJIHHCb KOH,l(eHCHpOBaHHbIM BbIpaLKeHHeM H nOBepxHocTHbIX, H rJIyooKHX
aCCOII.HaIJ.HH, ORH n03BOJIHlOT nepeHTH OT HBHoro ypOBHH cO,l(ep2KaHHH K CKpbl-
TOMY. KpoMe Toro, «ycTaRoBKa» Ha nepeBO,l( CJIOBeCHbIX BbIpa.iKeHHH B HCTe-
pHqeCKHe KOHBepcHH C03,llaeTCH H306HJIHeM 3acpHKcnpoBaHHblx B 5I3bIKe «rrCH-
XOCOMaTHQeCKHX MeTacpop»: «TOIlIHHT OT O,l(HOR MbICJIH 0.. .», «cep.lI.IJ.e pa3pbI-
BaeTCH Ha qaCTH» H T. n. 9TH MeTacpopbI BOIliJiH B H3bIK, no MHeHHIO <ppaH-
nY3CKoro q>IIJIOcoq,a n. PHKepa [45], B pe3YJIbTaTe rrpoTHBOnOJIOLKHOrO ne-
t)eBO,lla-C «5I3bIKa TeJIa» Ha eCTecTBeHHbIH-
6. 113 Bcex 3HaKOBbIX CHCTeM HaH60JIbIllee BHHMaHHe OCHOBaTeJIb nCH-
269
XOaHaJIH3a Y,lLeJIliJI 5I3bIKY, npHMeqaTeJIbHO, qTO em.e B nepHO HeBpo.lIOrH'-Ie-
CKHX HCCJIe.l(OBaHHH B CBoeH nepBOH MOHorpaqHfH «Acpa3HH» (189]) OB j(a)Ke'
npe npHH5IJI nOllbITKY pa3BHTb co6cTBeHHYIO TeopHIO 5!3bIKa 127J. JIaKaH
YTBep)KAaeT, '-ITO B IIOJIHOM c06paHHH COqHHeHHH <PpeH a Ha Ka)K.1!OH
TpeTbeH CTpaHH[(e 3aTparHBaIOTC5I <pHJIOJIOrH'-IeCKHe np06JIeMbI, rrpHqeM
«... aHaJIH3 BonpocoB H3bIKa CTaHOBHTC5I TeM nOAp06Hee, qeM 6JIH)Ke
06cY)K eHHe KacaeTCH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHoro» 137, 159]. I1HTepec <1>peHAa K
5I3bIKY 06'b5ICH5IeTCH, B nepBYIO Oqepe,n;b, TOM OC060H POJIhlO, KOTOpYIQ
CJIOBO, peqb HrpaeT B rrCHXOaHaJIHTHqeCKOM MeTo,n;e. «TIPH nCHxoaqaJIHTH-
qeCKOM JIeqeHHH, - fIHllleT OH, - rrpOHCXOAHT TOJIbKO CJIOBeCHhU1 06MeH,
pa3rOBOp Me.IK,l(Y aHaJIH3Hpyel\1'bIM H BpaQOM»5 [16, 23]. DCHXOaHaJIH3 --9TO
«talking cure» - «JIeqeHHe pa3roBopoM», KaK MeTKO 3aMeTHJIa 3HaMe-
HHTaH na[(HeHTKa Bpeilepa. Pa60TbI cDpeH,n;a nOKa3bIBaIOT, tITO Te nepefKHBa-
HH5I naIl.HeHTa, KOTopbIe B pe3YJIbT3Te BhITeCHeHH5! He MorYT 6hITb Bhlpa-
2KeHbI HM BO BHeIlIHeH H BHYTpeHHeH peqH (T. e. He OC03HaIOTC5I), Haxo,n;HT
HCKa:tKeHHOe BblpaLKeHHe B HeBpOTHqeCKHX HapyrneHH5IX. MOlKHO CKa3aTb,
'-ITO 3TH rrepefKHB'aHHH nOTepHJIH aAeKBaTHoe JIM «03HaqaIOIII.ee». OTCIO,lLa
3a,l(aqa nC'HXOaHaJIHTlIKa: peKOHCTpYHpOBaTb Ha OCHOBaHHH H!\1eIOmHXCH
TeKCTOB 3TO BbITeCHeHHoe B 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe «03HaQaIOmee», rr01fOQb na-
UHeHTY nOH5ITb CMbJCJl ero HeBpOTHqeCKHX rrpOHBJIeHHH. B03BpaI..U.eHHe
YTpaqeHHOrO ,l(HCKypCHBHoro «03Haqa!OJI(ero» Ha CBoe MeCTO, T. e. Ha MeCTO
3aMe aIOIlI.HX era CHl\1TITOl\10B, 3TO II eCTb OC03HaHHe BbITeCHeH,Horo COAep-
:iKaHH5I. 6 B O.lI.HOM H3 CBOHX ,l];OKJla,n;OB CPpeH,l]; cpaBHHBaeT rrCH'XOTepaneB-
THQeCKHH 3q)(peKT OC03HaHHH naToreHHbIX rrepe)KHBaHHH C MarHqeCKHM 3a-
KJIHTHel\f JJ;YXOB:
«.. .60JIe3HeHHbIe COCT05UUUI He MorYT CYIII.eCTBOB3Tb, KorAa HX 3ara,n:Ka pa3pernaeTCH
H pa3peUIeHHe !IX npHHHMaeTC5I 60JIbHbIMH. E na JIH Hai1 eTC5I HeqTO n01I.o6HOe B Me H-
II.HHe; TOJIbKO B CK33Kax rOBOpHTC5I 0 3JIbIX ,Llyxax, CMJIa KOTOpbIX npona aeT, K3K TOJIbKO
Ha3bIBaellib HX no HaCT05IIIl.eMY MMeHH, KOTopoe OHM ,nep:IK3T B TaHHe» [17, 41].
DOHCKH YTpalieHHOrO B peqH rraI1.HeHTa CMbICJIa COCTaBJI5IlOT caMYIO
CYTb C03,AaHHOrO <PpeH,lLOM nCHXOaHaJIHTI1QeCKOrO MeTO)l.a. Be)J.b rJIaBHbIM
HHCTpYMeHToM 3Toro l\1eT9JI.a 5IBJI5IeTC5I HHTepnpeTaUH5I - aHaJIH3 3Ha-
KOBbIX CTPYKTYP, H, B rrepBYIO Oqepe,lLb, CTPYKTYP 5I3bIKOBbIX, rrOCKOJIb-
KY KaK )J.aHHoe ()KaJI06bI, rrepeCKa3 CHOBHJI.eHHH, aCCOII.HaI1.HH), TaK
H HCKOMoe (BbITeCHeHHble MbICJIH) HBJIHIOTC5I ,lLHCKypCHBHbIMH TeKCTaMH.
no MHeHHIO /K. J1aKaHa, CrreII.HcpHKa rrCHXOaHaJIH3a SaKJIlOqaeTC5I HMeHHO
B TOM, liTO: «ero cpeACTBa - 3TO peqeBbIe CpeJI.CTBa, rrOCKOJIbKY peqb
npHAaeT <P YHKI1.H5IM HHAl!BH,lLa CMbICJI; ero 06JIaCTb - 06JIaCTb KOHKpeT-
5 PeQb He 5IBJIHeTC5I e,LlHHCTBeHHbIM cpe,ZI.CTBOM KOMMYHllKa IIH. B KOHKpeTHOII CHTyaU:HH
peqeBOrO 06 eHH5I orpoMHYIO pOJIb HrpaeT u.eJIbIH KOMnJIeKC napaJIMHrBHCTH4eCI{HX <paKTO-
pOB (cpOHall,H5I, pHTMHKa peQH, KHHeCMKa, MHMHK3 H. T. ,Ll.), H aBTOp «ilCHxOnaTOJIOrHH 06bI-
.neHHOH )KR3HR» npR aB3JI HM 60JIblliOe 3HaQeHHe ,LlJI5I nOHHMaHR5I CKpbIToro, 6eCC03HaTeJIhHOrO
YPOBHH KOMMYHHKaUHH:
«I1MeIOlU,MH rJla3a, IIT06bI BM)1eTh, HMeIOI.U,MH YlllH, qTo6bI CJIbIIl1aTb, MO)KeT y6e,ZI.HThCH,
QTO HM O HH CMepTHbIH He cnoc06eH CKpbITb ceKpeTa. ECJIM ry6bI ero MOJIqaT, TO nporOBapH-
BaIOTCH naJIbI1bI ero PYK» r32, 491.
6 BbITeCHeHHe <l>peHJ( nOHHMaJI KaK JJ.HCCO HaI1MIO onpeJ(eJIeHHbIX npe,nMeTHbIX npeJ(CTaB-
JleHHH (3H3JIOfGBa5I naMHTb) C COOTBeTCTBYIOlI1.HMH CJIOBeCHbIMH npe,LlCTaBJIeHH5IMH (Bep6aJIb-
HaSi naMHTb). COOTBeTCTBeHHO OC03H3HHe K3KOrO-JIM60 nepeLKHB3HHH OH paCCM3TpHBaJI KaK
BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe (YCT3HOBJIeHMe) 9TMX CBH3eH [19], [22].
270
HoA peqeBoA cHTyaUHH KaK TpaHCHH HBH,ayaJIbHOA peaJIbHOCTH cy6 eKTar
ero npHelVIbI CYTb npneMbI HCTOpHqeCKOI1 HaYKH...» r37, 117]. KaK 3 / aMe-
TH.n TI. PHKep, «...,lI.aJIeKO He Bce B qeJIOBeKe - peqb, lIO B nCHXOanaJIH3e
Bce - peqb H 5I3bIK» r 45, 308]. pCTaeTC5I TOJIbKO Y,lI.HBJ15ITbC5I paBHo y-
lliHIO, KOTopoe nOCJIe OBaTeJIH <I>peA,LLa np05lBHJIH K nOHHMaHHIO CYTH
«aHaJIHTHqeCKOA cHTyauHH»., «CPYHKII.HH II MeCTY peqH H 513bIKa B nCHXO-
aHaJIH3e»1. Ho ,l(eJIO TYT, nO-BH HMOMY, He TOJIbKO B HX 6JIH30PYKOCTH.
7. J1HHrBHCTHqeCKa51 II Cel\lHOTHQeCK3.H opHeHTaUHH <PpeH a IIOJIYQHJIH
HaH6oJIee' 51pKoe Bblpa)KeHHe B ero paHHHx pa6oTax. Ho a)Ke B HHX paBHo-
np2BHbIM? rOJIOCaMH 3 yqaT 11 rJIy60KHe ceMHOTHQeCKHe aH3JIOrHH, H npH-
MHTnBHhle «MexaHHqeCKHe» l\leT ' acpopbI, 11 MOHOTOHHble BapHaUHH Ha TeMY ce-
KcyaJIhHOA rHnep6oJIbI 8 . A BO ,(HorHX nOCJIe YlOrn:Hx ero Tpy,n:ax nepBbIH li3
.9THX rOJIOCOB 6Y,LI.eT Y)Ke e)I.Ba ,pa3JIHQIUvI. TIpIIqHHOH: TOMY nOCJIY)KHT 6.naroe
CTpeMJIeHHe cI>pefI,l(a ,L(aTb eCTeCTBeHHoHaYQHOe 060CHOBaH'He TeopHH nCHXO-
aHaJIH3a. Ho ero nonbITKH B 3TOl\1 HanpaBJIeHHH npHBe YT JIHllib K TOMY, qTO
"4eJIOBeK B ero yqeHHH rrpe,IJ.CTaHeT, no IfpOHH1:JHOMY 3aMeqaHHIO KH6epHeTH-
Ka 3. YaHJI,lI.eHa, B BHJI.e «HeB pOTlrqeCKOH napoBoH MaIIIHHbI... yrrpaBJIHel\fOH
KOI-HpJIHKTYIOIII.Hl\1H kyberne tai, 3pOCOM Ii T aHaTOCOM, KOTophIe Be)I.¥T Me-
)K,n:y co6oI1 HenpeKpaIll,aloII(HeC5I cnopbI H3-3a paCXO)I.a yrJI5D> / [49, 126}.
KpoMe Toro, HeCl\10Tp5I Ha ei1CTBHTeJIbHO MHOrOqIfCJIeHHble CCbI.TIKH Ha JIHH-
rBECTHKY (HanpHM:ep, TeopIHO A6eJI5I 06 apXaHqeCKHX CJIOBaX C aM6HBaJIeH-
THbIMH 3HaQeHH5IMH), c06CTBeHHO J1IIHfBIfCTHqeCKHe npe CTaBJIeHH5I CPpeii-
)J.a 6bIJIH OBOJIbHO HaHBHbI 9 . A era 3HaKOMCTBO C yqeHHeM: CoccIOpa, KOTO-
poe, no CJIOBaM X. IlIeH 3a [46], 1vIOrJIO 6bI KopeHHbIM: o6pa30M H31\1eHHl b
cY,lI.b6y nCHXOaHaJIH3a, TaR If He COCTO ,7IOCb.
KaK HIf napaAOKC3JIbHO, HO eC H CTpeMJIeHHe K H3yqHOCTH 38CTaBH-
.n:o <PpeH)la H3MeHllTb cBoeil nepBOHaqaJIbHOA JIHHrBHCTHG:eCKOH opHeHTa-
lJ,HII, TO CXO,l1,HbIM MOTHB no6Y,lLHJI p5l,lL cOBpeMeHHblx nCHxoaHa.TIHTHKOB
o6paTHTbC5I HMeHHO K JIHHfBHCTHKe KaK ,l1,HCIAHnJIHHe, cnoco6HoA BOOpy-
)KHTb rrcHXOaHaJIM3, no HX MHeHHIO, Hall60JIee a,lLeKBaTHbIM ero npeAMe-
TY - 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOMY - HaYQHbIM MeTO)1.0M aHaJIH3a 10.
I10CKOJIbKY yqeHHe Cal\10rO BH,lI,HOrO npe,LLCT3BHTeJIH 3Toro HanpaBJIe-
HHH )KaKa J1aKaHa YlKe nOJIYG:HJIO ,lLOCTaTOQHO rJIy60KYIO O:QeHKY C MapK-
CHCTCKHX n01HIl,HH r 131, r 29 ], OCT3HOBHMCH TOJIbKO Ha HeKOTopbIX Ba)K-
HeHllIHX MOMeHTax ero CTpYKTypaJIHCTCKOro npOqTeHHH cI>peAJLa. HaH6o-
nee 06lUHH BbIBO ,KOTOpbIH JlaKaH ,l(eJIaeT H3 ero pa6oT, COCTOMT B TOM,
7 "Fonction et champ de 1a parole et du lzngage en psychanalyse" (1953)-Ha3BqHHe
nporpaMMHoI1 pa60ThI J}aKaHa, cTaBIllef'I cBoeo6pa3HbIM MaHHcpec10M HOBoro cppaHuyacKoro
nCHXOaHaJIH33.
8 MHO)KeCTBeHHOCTb H He('.JIIUIHHOCTb caMOCTOHTe.HbHhIX rOJIOCOB-n,n:eH 1 rOBopH 5I3bIKOM
M. M. EaXTHHa [1], B HCCJIe)J.OB3HHHX <ppeH,lI.3 npH,lI.aeT HM CKopee nOJIHcpOHIPiECKHH qeM MO-
HOJIHTHO-MOHOJIOrHqeCKHH xapaKTep. B .3TPM, nO:IKaJIYH, n CH.na H CJIa60CTb <I>peH,lI.a K3K yqe-
Horo. KOHll,enTyaJIbHaH nOJIHcpOHHqHOCTb, a T3KlKe 06p 3HOCTb CTHJ1H ero HaYQHbIX" pa60T'M
06YCJIOBHJIH pa3HOpeQHBOCTb HX nOCJIe)IYIOII-I-HX HHTepnpeTall,HH: OT naHceKcyaJIbHbIX (JI.)KOYH3,
<I>epeHQH H )J.p.), Heo-6HxeBHopHCTCKHX (LI:OJIJI, ap)J. MHJIJIep), ,n:o npOlITeHHll. B ,n;yxe COBpe..
MPHHbIX KH6epHeTUqeCKHX (YaiiJ1,n;eH, cl1HTO HU.) H Hef'IponCHXOJIOrnqeCKHX (DpH6paM) npe.u;-
, CTaBJIeHHiL
9 CM. 06 9TOM: 3. EeHBeHHCT [21, B. B. HBaHoB [11], TI. PHKep [45].
10 3TOT napa,lI.OhC JIerKO 06'b5iCH5IeTC.H TeMH nCTOpHqeCKHMH H3MeHeHH.HMH, KOTopble npOH-
SOlliJIH B 5l3bIK03HaHHH nOCJIe BbIxo,n;a B CBeT «Kypca 06ll1.eH JIHHrBHCTHKH» <1>. )J.e COCCIOpa.
3TOT TPY)J. 03HaMeHOBaJI C060H pO:IK)J.eHHe HOBoro HayqHOrO nO,lJ.xo,lJ.a - CHCTeMHO-CTPYKTYP-
HbIX HCCJIe,lJOBaHHH B ryMaHHTapHbIX HaYKax.
271
QTO 6eCC03HaTenbHOe 9TO He BMeCTHnH e xaOTHtJeCKHX HHCTHHKTHBHWX
u u
BneqeHHH, a «...Ta qaCTb KOHKpeTHOH petJH B ee TpaHCHH,nHBH,nyanbHoM
KaqeCTBe, KOTOpOH He XBaTaeT CYO'beKTY, qTOObI BOCCTaHOBHTb ueJIOCT-
HOCTb (KOHTHHyaJIbHOCTb) ero C03HaTeJIbHOH (T. e. ,nHCKpeTHOH - B. U.)
petJH» f37, 49]. I10HHTHe oecc03HaTenbHoro B TeopHH J1aKaHa COBrra,aaeT,
no cy ecTBY, C «CHMBonHtJeCKOH <PYHK HeH» K. JIeBH-CTpocca [39], KO-
TOpbIH onpe,aeJlHeT 3TY KaTeropHIO KaK YHHBepcanbHbIH Ha60p npaBHJI, op-
raIlH3YIOIIl.HX HH,aHBH,ayaJIbHbIH )J:eKCHKOH H rro3BonHIO HH cYO'beKTY npe-
BpaTHTb ero B petJb. TaKHM o6pa30M, 6ecco3HaTenbHoe, COrJIaCHO JIaKaHY,
CTPYKTypHpoBaHo KaK H3bIK, a Ba)KHeHlIIHMII ero npaBHJIaMH HBJI5IIOTCH
KOH,aeHca H5I H CMeIIl.eHHe. nO,aTBep)K,neHHe .9TOMY nOJIO)KeHHIO JIaKaH Ha-
XO,aHT B 3HaMeHHTOH pa60Te nHHrBHCTa P. 5IKo6coHa, nocBH eHHoH npo-
6neMaM acpa3HH f35]. B 3TOM HCCJIe,aOBaHHH YCTaHaBJIHBaeTC5I COOTBeT-
CTBHe Me)K,ay napa,aHrMaTHtJecKoH H cHHTarMaTHtJecKoH OC5IMH 513bIKa,
T. e. BbI60pOM e,l1JIHH (H3 Ko,n:a) H HX KOM6HHa HeH (B KOHKpeTHoM co-
o6 eHIIII), C O,aHOH CTOpOHbI, H onno3H HeH MeTacpopbI H MeTOHHMHH B PH-
TopHKe H CTHJIHCTHKe - C ,nPyroH. JIaKaH onpe,neJI5IeT, tJTO KOH,neHCaI1.H5I
Ii CMeIIl.eHHe 3KBHBaJIeHTHbI MeTa<popHtJecKHM H MeTOHHMHtJeCKHM onepa-
IJ;HSIM, neJKaru;HM, COr"TIaCHO P. 5IKOOCOHY, B OCHOBe JII06oro KOMMYHHKa-
THBHoro npo ecca.
MaplIIaJI 3,aeJICOH, O,nHH H3 HaHOOJIee 51pKHX npe,ncTaBHTeJIeH
«JIIIHrBHCTMtJeCKoro» nCHXOaHaJIH3a B Coe,nHHeHHbIx llITaTax 'f30], B CBO-
HX pa60Tax npoBo,aHT napaJIJIeJIb Me)K,ny JIHHrBHcTHtJecKoH TpaHccpopMa-
UIIOHHOH MO,lI.eJIbIO, pa3pa60TaHHoH H3BeCTHbIM aMepHKaHcKHM JIHHrBHCTOM
H03MOM XOMCKHM, H ,aeHTeJIbHOCTbIO 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO B TOM BH e, KaK
ee onHCbIBaeT <I>peH,lI, B CBOHX paHHHX Tpy,aax. COrJIaCHO TeopHII XOM-
CKoro, B petJeBOH ,ae5lTeJIbHOCTH B COOTBeTCTBHII C onpe,lI,eJIeHHbIMH TpaHC-
<popMaI1.HOHHbIMH npaBHJlaMH npOHcxo,aHT npeo6pa30BaHHe rJIy6HHHbIX ce-
MaHTHtJeCKHX CTPYKTYP (a6CTp aKTHbIX «51,lI,epHbIX» npe JIO)KeHHH) B no-
BepXHOCTHble (cpOHeTHtJeCKHe) CTPYKTYPbI. nO,lI,06HbIM 06pa30M B e5lTeJIb-
HOCTH CHOBH,lI,eHHH «CKpbITbIe MbICJIH» - rJly6HHHbIe ceMaHTHtJeCKHe CTPYK-
TypbI - TpaHC<POpMHPYIOTCH B nHKTorpacpHqeCKHe TeKCTbI CHOBH,lI,eHH5I -
nOBepXHOCTHble CTPYKTypbI. B pe3YJIbTaTe TpaHc<popMa HOHHbIX onepa HH
JII060e npe,aJIO?KeHHe, 06pa3 CHOBH,lI,eHH5I IIJIII CHMnTOM, HMeIOIIl.He O,aHY
nOBepXHOCTHYIO CTPYKTYPY, MorYT penpe3eHTHpOBaTb HeCKOJlbKO CMbICJIOB,
HeCKOJIbKO rJly6HHHbIX ceMaHTHqeCKHX CTPYKTYp. 9TO - 3'cp<peKT ceMaH-
THqeCKOH KOH,aeHcaI1.HH. (BcnOMHHM II3BeCTHbIH npHMep, npHBo,aHMbIH
JI. C. BblrOTCKHM: «qacbI ynaJIH» f7]). B TO )Ke "BpeM5I, HeCKOJIbKO pa3-
JIHqHbIX nOBepXHOCTHbIX CTPYKTYP cnoco6HbI BbIpa)KaTb O,aHH H TOT )Ke
CMbICJI. 3TO - CHHTaKCHtJeCKoe CM eIIl.eH He. TaKHM 06pa30M, 3a,aatJa nCHXO-
aHaJlHTHKa, COrJIaCHO M. 3,neJICOHY, H,aeHTHqHa no CYTH 3a,lI,aqe JIHHr-
BHcta: BOCCTaHOBHTb «BbIqepKHYTbIe» CBH3H MeJK,ay nOBepXHOCTHbIMH H
rJIy6HHJIbIMH CTPYKTypaMH ll , HJIH, rOBOp51 ,aPyrHMH CJIOBaMH, ,aeKOH,aeHCH-
pOBaTb H peKOHTeKcTyaJlH3HpOBaTb nOBepXHOCTHbIe CTPYKTypbI.
rnaBHbIH He OCTaTOK «JIHHrBHCTHtJeCKOH» peBH3HH nCHXOaHaJIH3a -
OTCYTCTBHe lIIHpOKOH KOMMYHHKaTHBHo-ceMHOTHtJeCKOH nepcneKTHBbI. Ha-
npHMep, CTpYKTypaJlHCTCKHH «nHHrBo eHTpH3M» JIaKaHa npHBo,nHT ero
K HJInI03HH CHMMeTpHqHOCTH CHCTeMbI H CTPYKTypbI eCTeCTBeHHoro 513bIKa
,aPyrHM 3HaKOBbIM CHCTeMaM, CJlY)KHT npHtJHHOH HX ,aeceMaHTH3aUHH (<<03-
HatJaeMbIe» npaKTHqeCKH COBceM «BbICKaJlb3bIBaIOT» H3 TeopHH JIaKaHa).
JIHHrBHCTHtJeCKaH Mo,aenb ,aOCTaTOtJHO CHJlbHa B onHcaHH'H nHlIIb o,aHoro
acneKTa aKTHBHOC H 6eCC03HaTenbHoro' - TpaHccpopMaI1.HH H penpe3eH-
l u
Ta IIH BbITeCHeHHbIX co,nep)KaHHH.
8. HaH60nblIIHH HHTepec ,n:nH nocTpOeHH5I ceMHOTHtJeCKOH Mo,aenH
11 HesaBHcHMO OT M. 3,lJ.eJICOH8 K CXO,lJ.HbIM BbIBo,nal\l npHxo,nHT 11- 8MepHKaHCKHH <pHJIOJIOr
H. Bpacc [26]; [27].
272
B33HMO,l(eHCTBH5I C03H3HHH II 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO npe,aCTaBJI5IeT KOHI1.enI1.H5I
<IJpeH,l(a 0 ,l(BYX npHHUHrrHaJIbHO pa3JIHqHbIX «513bIKaX» H cpOpMaX MbICJIH-
TetTIbHOH ,l(eHTeJIbHOCTtI «rrepBHqHOrO» H «BTOpWqHOrO» npOI1.eCCOB. <I>peH,a
OTO)K)J.eCTBJI5IeT 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe C nepBHqHbIM npOII.eCCOM, XapaKTepH3Y-
IOIl1.HMCH CB060,l(HOH UHPKYJI5II1.HeH 3HeprHH, a CHCTeMY rrpe,l(C03HaTeJIbHO-
rO-C03HaTeJIbHOrO C BTOPHqHbIM npOI1.eCCOM, r,ae npOHCXO)J.HT 3a,l(ep)KKa,
«CBH3bIBaHHe» 3HeprHH. 5I3bIK H MbIIllJIeHHe nepBHqHOrO npouecca xapaK-
'1epH3YIOTC5I CJIe,l(YIOlli.HMH oco6eHHocTHMH: 1) onepHpoBaHIIe npe)J.MeTHbI-
.
MH np'e)J.cT3BJIeHHHMH, T. e. MHeMHqeCKHMH CJIe,aaMH BH3yaJIbHbIX, TaK-
1'HJIbHbIX, CJIYXOBbIX H ,l(PyrHx BOCrrpH5ITHH, OTJIHQaIOI.I1,HXC5I CJIa60H ,l(IIcp-
<pepeH[(IIpOBaHHocTbIO, ceMaHTHqeCKOH paerrJIbIBqaTOCTbIO, CMeIIl.eHHOCTbIO
11 KOH,l(eHCIIpoBaHHocTbIO; 2) KOHTHHyaJIbHbIH xapaKTep MbIIllJIeHH5I, npe-
Hc6pe)KeHHe K JIOrHqeCKIIM npoTHBOpeqIIHM; 3) BHeBpeMeHHocTb HJIH OPH-
€HTaU)1H TOJIbKO B HaCT05ImeM BpeMeHH; 4) 06paIl1.eHHe co CJIOBaMH KaK C
npe,aMeTHbIMH npe,l(CTaBtneHHHMII (T. e. o6pa6oTKa TOJIbKO HKOHHqeCKHX
acneKTOB CJIOBeCHbIx 3HaKOB) 12. Oco eHHOCTH BTOpIIqHOrO npOI1.eCca TaKO-
EbI: onepHpOBaHIIe npeHMyrnecTBeHHO CJIOBeCHbIMH npe,l(CTaBJIeHH5IMH;
)I.HCKpeTHOCTb OnepalI,IIH; a6CTpaKTHO-JIOrHqeCKOe MbIIllJIeHIIe T 19], [40].
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SEMIOTIC APPROACH TO TI-IE PROBLEM OF THE UNCONSCIOUS.
V. N. TSAPKIN
Central Institute for Advanced ME'di al Training, Department of
Psychothera py, Moscov.'
SUMMARY
Emphasizing that Freud's psychoanalytic theory rests upon two dif-
ferent methodological approaches, i. e. the bioenergetic and the semiotic
models of the unconscious, the author refutes the positivistic approach and
focuses his attention on Freud's contribution to modern ps'ychosemiotics...
The unconscious is viewed as a domain of psychic activity that gene-
rates meanings and transforms repressed signifiers and analog meanings into
manifest semiotic structures (and vice versa) in accordance \vith the trans-
formati naI- rules of condensation and displacement. This thesis is supporteCl:
by the analysis of the semiotic nature of structurally isomorphic manifes-
tations of the unconscious (neurotic symptoms, dreams, etc.) and their se-
mantic structure (implied by Freud's rebus model) as well as the reinter-
pretation of the primary and secondary processes as two comp.lementary (an-
alog and 'digital') cognitive-semiotic systems mediated by the analogJ'digi-
tal' inner speech.
J1I1TEPATYPA
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276
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MaTCpHaJIaX Melli,l1.YHapO,l1.HOrO cHMrr03HYMa B r. T6HJIHCli cpaBHHTe"TJbHO
niI1pOKOe OCBemeHHe. HeKOTopble H3 HHX 6bIJIH cneII.HaJIbHO rrOCB5IIlI,eHb1
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JIeH BeCbMa pa3Ho06pa3HbIH Ha60p rrO,l1.XO,lJ,OB, ITJIOCKOCTeH aHaJlH3a, TOIJeK
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MCTa IfCCJIe,l1.0BaHH5I. B CIfJIY 3Toro Bce BHenCllXOJIOrliIJeCKHe KaTerOpHaJIb-
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OKa3bIBaIOTC5I C Heo6xo,aHMOCTblO «npHB5I3aHHbIMH» (B ceMaHTHqeCKOM II
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277
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6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHqeCKoro. OTCIO,aa CJIe,lI,yeT, qTO, ITO KpaHHeH Me-
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:npe,rr,CT3BJI5IeTC5I HaM HeKoppeKTHbIM, H60 B TaKOM YTBeplli,l1,eHHli KaK pa3
'M Ha6JIIO,LLaeTCH ,l1,HCPCPY3H5I cpHJIOco<pCKoro H nCHXOJIOfHqeCKOro KaTeropu-
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pbIX COBepllIaeTCH HHTYHTHBHbIH aKT» ,[III, 91-92].
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OT QYBCTBeHHbIX 06pa30B K nOH5ITHHM, H HaooopoT [III, 93]. B 9TOM
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HOM oTo6pa:tKeHHII ,lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, no nOBOJI,Y KOToporo HeYMecTHo fO-
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paCCM8TpHBaTb «KaK 06JIaCTb If CPOPMY np05IBJIeHH5I HeOC03HaBaeMbIX
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ObIJI BHeceH B nOCJIe.n;HHe ro.n;bI' <P. B. EaCCHHbIM [1]; CM TaKlKe pe,l{aKlI.HOHHble CTaTbH B
TPeXTOMHHKe «EeCC03HaTeJIbHoe», HanHcaHHble C yqaCTHeM <p. B. EaCCHHa.
218
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HbIe rrpHHI1.H11bI li TeOpeTHqeCKHe B03M02KHOCTH 110AP06HO OCBeIIl.aIOTCH B
pH,lI,e o606maIOIIl.HX CTaTeM [III, 140; 1, 4; 1, 2; 1, 61 HAp.
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110HHTHH YCTaHOBKH B aHaJIHTHtIeCKOH l1CHXOJIOrHH K. IOHra. 3TO Heo6-
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6JIeMHOH cHTyaI1.HeH (HJIH, .rryqIIle CKa3aTb, C npe,LLrrp06JIeMHOH cHTyaI1.H-
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HHe 0 He3HaHHH. HaqaJIbHble cpa3bI cpOpMHpOBaHHH npo6.rreMHofi cHTya-
II.HH, npe,aCTaBJIeHHOH Ha ypoBHe KOHKpeTHoro HHAHBH,LlyaJIbHOrO C00Ha-
HHH, CBH3aHbI C pH,lJ,OM cJIa60 pecpJIeKcHpyeMbIx nCHXH1JeCKliX COCTOHHHH,.
He nOJIYQHBllIHX nOKa eIl1,e qeTKOrO HayqHOrO onHcaHHH.
3TH cJIa60 pecpJIeKcHpyeMbIe nCIIXHqeCKHe COCTOHHH5I 0602HaqaIOTCH
06blqHO KaK CMYTHbIe 06pa3hI, npe,LLQYBCTBH5I, He no,a,LLaIOIIl.HeCH Bep6aJIH-
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lOT HCTOK B03HHKaIOIIl.HX 3aTeM 60JIee onpe):{eJIeHHbIX IIpe,lI,BOCXHlI(aIOIlIJIX
HHTeHIl,HH, nepeLKHBaHHH, MeTacpopHqeCKHX aCCOI1.HaI1.HH, KOTopble 06peTa
lOT, TaK CKa3aTb, np06Hoe Bep6aJIbHOe ocpopMJIeHHe, HO Bce eIIl.e coxpa-
HHIOT BbICOKYJO CTeneHb HeOnpeAeJIeHHOCTH, aBToHoMHOCTH, He3aBHCHMr:CTH
OT ,aOMHHHPYIOIIl.HX B C03HaHHH KaTerOpHaJIbHbIX cxeM li HaJIHqHbIX KOH-
Il.enTyaJIbHbIX nOJIeH, BocrrpHHHMaIOTC5I JIHQHOCTbIO KaK «qY)KepO HbIe Te-
JIa '» B IIOTOKe C03HaTeJIbHOro onbITa, c03,aaIOT BHYTpeHHIOIO HanpH)KeH-
HOCTb H CBoero po,aa aM6HBaJIeHTHOCTb, TeH,aeHI1.HIO ,ae3HHTerpaI1.liH, KOTO-
paH BbIcTynaeT npeJIIO,lI,HeH K 06pa30aaHHIO HOBOH I1.eJIOCTHOCTH.
TIoA06HbIe nCHXHqeCKHe cpeHOMeHbI, oT06pa)KeHHble ,lI,OBOJIbHO IIlHpO-
KO, rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M, B XYAOJKeCTBeHHOH JIHTepaType, 3HaMeHYIOT Ha--
llaJIbHYIO CTa,l(HIO TBOpqeCKOrO rrpOIl,ecca. OHH MorYT paCIl,eHHBaTbCH B Ka-
qeCTBe CHMnTOMOB, 6JIH2KaHIIlHX l1pOHBJleHHH Tex 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIX rrpo-
l1.eCCOB, KOTopbIe Jle2KaT B OCHOBe BCHKoro no,nJlHHHO TBOpqeCKOrO HOBO-
06pa30BaHH5I. nOHHTHe YCTaHOBKH BpH JIM CIIoc06HO OXBaTHTb H TeM 60-
JIee 06'hHCHHTb BeCb ,aIIarra30H nO,lI.06HbIX cpeHoMeHoB, B3HThIX B HX ,aH-
HaMHKe. Tor,lI,a 6bI l1pHIIlJIOCb rrocTYJlHpoBaTb CJIHlllKOM 60JIbIIlOe qHCJIC>
KOHKypHPYlOIll.HX YCTaHOBOK, He nOA,aaIOllI.HXCH K TOMY 2Ke qeTKOMY OIIH-
caHHIO. O,l1HaKO 6e3 yqeTa Bcero MHoro06pa3HH YKa3aHHbIX <t>eHOMeHOBl
280
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HHIO K HHM KaK ,l1,OnOJIHHTeJIbHble H KOppeJIHTHBHble.
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YKaMH. Ba:tKHOe 3HaqeHHe ,aJIH nOHHMaHHH pOJIH 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO B rrpo-
l(eCcax rHOJHCa HMeIOT MaTepHaJIbI JlHHrBHCTHKH H rrCHXOJIHHrBHCTHKH,
'ITO XOpOlliO nOKa3aHO B \ CTaTbe P. O. 5IK06coHa, B KOTOpOM paCKpbIBa-
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HbIX [III, 165]. TeM caMbIM cpHKcHpyeTcH nepBocTerreHHaH pOLTIb He-
OCO:HaBaeMblX KaTerOpHaJIbHbIX CTPYKTYP Halliero MbIllIJIeHHH, 3a,l1,aBae-
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pa)KaTeJIbHbIM aKTaM.
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B nOCJIe,aHee BpeM5I ,[L)K. I3pYHepOM r3], BCHKHH qYBCTBeHHbIH 06pa3 OKa-
3bIBaeTCH, no ero Bblpa:tKeHHIO, KaTeropH30BaHHbIM, T. e. OTHeceHHbIM K
onpe,l1,eJIeHHOH KaTeropHH 06'beKTOB, npHqeM, caM MexaHII3M KaTeropH3a-
l(HH He OC03HaeTCH. B TO :tKe BpeMH li BbICllIHe ypOBHH a6CTpaKTHoro'
MbIIllJIeHH5I, HHTeJIJleKTyaJIbHOH ,ae5ITeJIbHOCTH 06YCJIOBJIeHbI HepecpJIeKCH-
pyeMbIMH KaTerOpHaJIbHbIMH CTPYKTypaMH H n.eHHOCTHbIMH YCTaHOBKaMH
( M., B qaCTHOCTH, ,[16; II, 123]). K HHM OTHOCHTCH H TOT HeOC03HaBae-
MbIH «3TaJlOH BepOHTHoro», 0 KOTOpOM rOBopHT A. A. 5py,aHbIJ1, paCCMaT-
PUB35I CKpb}Tble MexaHH3MbI nOHHMaHH5I TeCTa [III, 100].
TaKora pO,l1,a HaH60JIee 06III.He JIorHqeCKHe H n.eHHOCTHwe HHBapHaH-
TbI KaK pa3 H CBH: aRb! co CKpbITbIMH CTpYKTypaMH 5I3bIKa, orrpe,l1,eJIHIOIII.H-
MH Ha60p cpYH,l1,aMeHTaJIbHbIX cpOpM ,aHCKpeTHOCTH H n.eJIOCTHOCTH, KOTO-
pble npHCYIII.H MbIllIJIeHHIO. Pa3YMeeTC5I, TBOpQeCKa5I ,ae5ITeJIbHOCTb -- KaK
TeOpeTHqeCKaH, TaK H n03THqeCKa5I --B TOH HJIH HHOM CTel1eHH ,l1,06HBaeT-
C5I pe JIeKCHH 3THX CKPWTWX CTPYKTYP H l1pOH3BO,l1,HT B HHX H3MeHeHH5I,
HOBoo6pa20BaHHH. 3Ta CJIO:tKHaH TeMa Tpe6yeT crreIl.HaJIbHOrO HCCJIe,l1,OBa-
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HO CYIII.eCTBeHHOH COn.HOKYJIbTypHOH ,aeTepMHHaHTbI TICHXHKH, a TeM ca-
MbIM H rH03Hca, H60 BC5IKHH n03H3BaTeJIbHbIH npon.ecc HeMbICJIHM BHe
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pbI cpaBHHTeJIbHO ,l1,OcTyrrHbI ,lJ,JIH pecpJIeKCHpYIOIII.erO aHaJIH3a, KOTopbIfr
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CKoro HCCJIe,aOBaHHH, CTaBH ero Il,eJIbIO HMeHHO BbI5IBJIeHHe CKpbITbIX fJIY-
6HHHbIX OCHOBaHHH HayqHOrO MbIIlIJIeHHH (B COBpeMeHHOH 3arra.rr.HOM CPR-
281
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[11]. B cOBeTcKoH JIHTepaType OCHOBaTeJIbHa5I pa3pa6oTKa Ha3BaH-
HOH np06JIeMfiTHKH rrpOBe,lI,eHa M. f. 51poIIIeBcKHM rIll, 181; 16; 17] H
J(PyrHMH aBTopaMH [8]). ,ILo6aBHM, qTO TaKoro pO,lI.a pecpJIeKCHpYIOIll.HH:
aHaJIH3 5IBJI5IeTC5I HerrpeMeHHbIM YCJIOBHeM KpyrrHblx KOHu;errTyaJIbHbIX
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CJIHIllKOM :tKeCTKOe peIlleHHe 3Toro Bonpoca: «OC03HaHHe HeMbICJIHMO 6e3
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6aJIH3aIJ;HH» [III, 40]. HaM ,lI.YMaeTC5I, qTO HY:tKHO YLIHTbIBaTb pa3-
JIHtIHble CTerreHH OC03HaBaeMOCTH H caMY ,nHHaMHKY OC03HaHH5I. B pH,ne
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ocpopMJIeHH5I HOBOH MbICJIH. Kor,na rrpoIJ;eCC o<popMJIeHHH ,nOCTHraeT H3-
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ro TBOpqeCTBa, MaTepHaJIbI rraTOJIOrHH, ocooeHHO B CJIyqae a<pa3HH (CM.
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TIHaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe ,lI,JI5I rrOHHMaHH5I BC5IKOH rr03HaBaTeJIbHOH ,lI,e5ITeJIbHO-
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HO CneIJ;HcpHqH ; HX aHaJIH3 -- Heo6xo,lI,HMOe YCJIOBHe nOHHMaHH5I BC5IKO-
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282
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HHH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO KaK HecpOpMaJIH3yeMoro (CM. JIll, 1431 H p.).
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npaBO!\1epHbIM pa3rpaHHQeHHervI OC03HaBaeMoro H HeOC03HaBaeMoro KaK
cpopMaJIH3yeMoro H HecpopMaJIH3yeMoro. BepHO, qTO MHorHe cpeHOMeHbI,
OTHOCHMble K K8TeropHH 6eCC03HaTeJIhHOrO H BbIrrOJIH5IBIIIHe BaLKHYIO
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,lJ.01J1iKeH 6bITb Bce LKe onHcaH B OrrepaII,HOHaJIbHbIX TepMHHax, H60 HHaqe
ero conOCTaBJIeHHe C H3BeCTHbIMH JIOrHqeCKHMH orrepaIl.HSlMII TepHeT
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JIaCb rrJIo)J.oTBOpHOCTb KOH[(err[(HH «paCrrJIbIBqaTbIX MHO:tKeCTB» JI. 3a,lJ,9 B
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TypbI ero npeo6pa30saHHH, n.eHHOCTHble YCTaHOBKII; ,aHcn03HII.HOHaJlbHble
<paKTOpbi BOJIeH3DHBJIeIfHH, II.eJIe06pa30BaHIIH H Bo06III.e BHYTpeHHeH, B
TOM lInCJIe TBOplleCKH-OpHeHTHpOBaHHOM aKTHBHOCTH). JIHIlIb npH YCJIOBIIH
TaKoro ,l(HcpcpepeHII.HpOB3HHoro HCCJIe,l(OBaHHH C IICrrOJIb30BaHIIeM pe3YJIb-
TaTOB II cpe,l(CTB MapKl'kICTCKOH rHOCeOJIOrHII MOLKHO paCCQHTbIBaTb Ha
cepbe3Hoe npOABHLKeHHe B pa3pa6oTKe HHTerpaJIbHOH Mo,neJIH 6eCC03Ha-
TeJIbHOro II ero pOJIH B III )oII.eCcax n03HaHHH.
,
THE UNCONSCIOUS AND GNOSIS (METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS)
D. 1. DUB R 0 V SKI
Moscow State University, Faculty oi Philosophy, Moscow
SUMMARY
Fundamental methodological analysis of the problem of the unconsci-
ous is an important condition of its investigation at the modern stage. The
broad and complex character of the problem calls for a critique and speci..
19. Becc03HaTeol'lbHoe. IV 289
fication of various analytical planes of investigation and, above all, of the-
ways of thei'r conceptual unification. Being psychological in its basic con--
tent, the problem of the unconscious implies the use-for conceptual purposes-
-of cognitive means of scientific disciplines related to psychology as well
as of a general-scientific and philosophical conceptual apparatus. In this.
connection, the significance is stressed of general-scientific cognitive means.
for the construction of an integral model of the unconscious and its role
in acts of gnosis.
The correlation between the unconscious and nonverbalized (consci-
ous and verbalized) in thinking processes is discussed, as well as p'roblems.
of formalization of the unconscious level and operations of intellectual ac-
tivity. The feasibility of using the "informational approach" in explain-
ing the unconscious mind and its role in cogni ti ve and creative acti vi ty is.
s.ubstantiated.
JIl1TEPATYPA
1. BACCl1H cI>. B., np06JIeMa 6ecC03HaTeJIbHOrO, M., Me)I.H IUIH a , 1968.
2. BI1PIOKOB B. B., fYT411H 11. B., MawHHa H TBOpqeCTBO, M., HaYKa, 1982.
3. EPYHEP ,l])I(., nCHXOJIOrH5I n03HaHHH, M., nporpecc, 1977.
4. BEI1I EHBAYM ,l])I(., B03MO)KHOCTH BbIqHCJIJrreJIbHbIX MaIIIHH H qeJIOBeqeCKHH pa3YM,.
M., MHP, 1982.
5. )::{YBPOBCKI1¥1 JI.. 11., rlcHXHqeCKHe 5IBJIeHHH H M03r, M., HaYKa, 1971-
6. )::{YBPOBCKl1¥1 ,Q. 11., HH<PoPMaU.HH, C03HaHHe, M03r. M., BblclIlaH lIlKOJIa, 1980.
7. )::{YBPOBCKI1¥1 .l1.. 11., np06JIeMa H,neaJIbHOrO, M., MbICJIb, 1983.
8. H)::{EAJIbI HOPMbI HAY4HOrO l1CCJIE,il.OBAHI15I, MHHcK, H3)I.-BO Bry, 198!.
9. JIEI1BI1H B. M., TIcHxOaHaJIH3 H <pHJIOCO<pHH Heocppeii)I.H3Ma, M., nOJIHTH3)I.aT, 1977.
10. JIEOHTbEB A. H., ,II,eHTeJIbHOCTb, C03HaHHe, JIHqHOCTb M., nOJI, HTH3)I.aT 1977.
.
11. MOTOPI1HA .n. E., B3aHMocBH3b JIHqHOCTHOro H Ha)I.JIHqHOCTHOro 3HaHH5I. cI>HJIOcocpcKHe
HaYKH, NQ 2, 1982.
12. HEI1MAH ,lJ)I(., cpOH, 06ru.aH H JIOrHQeCKa5I TeopHH aBTOMaTCB. B KH.: A. TblOpHHr, Mo-
MeT JIH MaIIIHHa l\1bICJIHTb? M., 1960.
13. PYCAJIOB B. M., DHOJIOrH 1 1eCKHe OCHOBbI HH)I.HBH)I.yaJIbHO-nCHXOJIOrHqeCKHX pa3JIHqHH,
M., 1980.
14. TI1XOMI1POB O. K., TeOpeTHqeCKHe np06JIeMbI HCCJIe)I.OBaHH5I 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoro. Bo-
npocbI nCHXOJIOrHH, .NQ 2, 1981-
15. YI1HCTOH n., I1cKyccTBeHHbIH HHTeJIJIeKT, M., MHP, 1980.
16. 5IPOIIlEBCKI1I1 M. r., KaTerOpHaJIbHa5I p rYJI5Iu.HH HayqHOH .rteHTeJIbHOCTH. BonpocbI1
cpHJIOCOcpHH, 11, 1973.
17. 5IPOIIlEBCKI1I1 M. r., CeqeHOB H MHpOBa5I nCHXOJIOrH1IeCKaH MbICJIb, M., HaYKa, 1981.
18. POLANYI M., Personal Knowledge. London, 1959.
290
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297
MEM.OR Y AND THE UNCONSCIOUS
D. She PARJANADZE
TbiHsi State University, Faculty of Philosophy and Psychology
SUMMARY
The article deals wi th the problem of the role of the unconscious in mem-
ory. The unconscious_ can be manifested in: I) the reflection of stimuli,
2) preservation of information 3) dynamic organization of retained materi-
al, and 4) the productive satisfaction of the needs of the organism.
It is shown that on the basis of memory (in a broad sense of the word),
considered as an active and dynamic system, every kind of cognitive activi-
ty is possible. An analysi of different psychological views on the uncon-
scious aspects of memory has led the author to the conclusion that D. Uzna-
dze's theory of set has the most productive explanatory value. Set is not
given as a phenomenological process. According to Uznadze past experience
is retained in set and regulates the subject's action.
The role of language in memory is also discussed, with consideration
of language as an instance of unconscious fixation of social experience (D.
Ramishvili). Although a large number of past relations remains unconsci-
ous, they play an important role in cognitive and creative processes.
JII1TEPATYPA
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3. JIAHfE H. H., TIcHXOJIOrH5I, M., 1920.
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fO. Y3HA,Q3E ,IL. H., 06ll1.a5I nCHXOJIOfH5I, T6HJIHCH, 1940.
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298
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ll1.HX IIcc.ne,l(OBaHHH.
THE UNCONSCIOUS, SET AND MUSIC
G. N. KECHKHUASHVILI
ibilisi State {]niversity, Department of Philosophy and Psychology, Tbilisi
R. 5h. ESEBlJA
Tbi1isi State Conservatory, Tbilisi
SUMMARY
The paper is devoted to an analysis of eight articles that deal with psy-
ehological peculiarities of different kinds of musical activity (perception,
.creation). Six of these (by M. G. Aranovski, G. V. Voronin, L. I. Dolidze,
,G. N. Kechkhuashvili, A. I. Kli movi tski, and A. p. Milka) are published in
vol ume I I of "The Unconscious: nature, functions and methods of study",
.and two manuscripts (M. G. Aranovski, A. I. Klimovitski and A. P. MiI-
ka, A. V. Nazaikinski) were received by the editorial board later. The idea
on the fundamental role of the unconscious in terms of the psychological con-
'cept of set of D. N. Uznadze's school is common to all the authors cited.
However, the treatment of the concrete contents of the unconscious in man's
20. Becc03HaTeJIbHOe, 1\7
305
musical acti vi ty and the reference in thi s connection to the concept and the_
ory of Uznadze's school differ from author to author, sometimes being
e'ven completely inadequate to the theory of set (e. g.- M. G. Aranovski, G.
V. Voronin). Barring the articl wri tten by G. N. Kechkhuashvili, a represen-
tative of this school, of al) the other authors, A. V. Nazaikinski is closest
to the concept and theory of set. In this article, Nazaikinski tries to sub-
stantiate the idea on the" universality" of the action of set in musica Un-
fortunately, in compari'son with the opportunities provided by the theory
of set for exploring the nature of musical activity, too little has hithert()
been done towards the study of simple and more complex musical phenome-
na, and, more so of more complex systems formations.
JII1TEPATYPA
1. AP AHOBCKI1I1 M. f., 0 ,l(BYX <PYHKIJ.H5IX 6ecC03HaTeJIbHOrO B TBOpqeCKOM npoIJ,ecce KOM-
n03HTopa. B c6.: Becc03HaTeJIbHOe, T. II, 583-590. '
2. APAHOBCKI1I1 M. f., KJII1MOBI1 Kl1ti A. 11., MI1JIKA A. n., 0 HeKOTopbIX acneK-
Tax B3aHMo,neHCTBHH C03HaTeJIbHorO H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO B MY3bIKaJIbHOM TBOpqeCTBe-
..;; (pYKonHCb).
. B YCYP AIllBI1JII1 ,[{., POJIb YCTaHOBKH B BocnpHHTHH xapaKTepa MY3bIKaJIbHOrO npOH3-
Be;teHH5I. Te3HcbI IV HaYtIHOH KOHcpepeHIJ,HH no BonpocaM pa3BHTH5I MY3bIKaJIbHOrO
cJIyxa, neBqeCKOrO rOJIoca H BOCnpU5ITHH MY3bIKH ,l(eTeH H IOHomeCTBa, M., ] 972.
4. BOPOHI1H f. B., COBpeMeHHa5I MY3blhaJIbHaH CHCTeMa KaK caMOOTpa)KeHHe opraHH3aIJ.Hlt
oecc03HaTeJIbHoro. B c6.: Becc03HaTeJIbHOe, T. I I, 607-622.
5. ,lLOJII1,LL3E JI. 11., 0 CneIJ.H<pHKe npOHBJIeHHH Hau.HoHaJIbHOrO B MY3bIKaJIbHOM TBOpqeCTBe-
CTpaBHHcKofO B CBeTe 06III.eH TeopHH C03HaTeJIbHOrO H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHlleCKoro.
B c6.: Becc03HaTeJIbHOe, II, 597-606.
6. KE4XY AIllBI1JII1 f. H., MY3bIKa H <pHKcHpOBaHHa5I YCTaHOBKa. B c6.: Eecc03HaTeJIbHOe,
II, c. 571-57 "
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npoIJ.ecce EeTxoBeHa C TOqKH 3peHH5I 06rn.eH TeopHH C03HaHH5I H 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO nCH-
XHtIeCKoro. B c6.: Eecc03HaTeJIbHOe, II, 59!-S96.
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Eecc03HaTeJIhHOe, I I, 575-585.
10. HA3AI1KI1HCK]1I1 E. B., Mo)J.Yc KaK MY3bIKaJIbHa5I YHHBepCaJIH5I (pYKonHcb).
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oecc03HaTeJIbHOrO H TBOpqeCTBa. B c6.: EeccC3HaTeJIbHOe, I I, 477-492.
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KaH)J.. .lI.HcCepTaIJ.HH, T6., 1978 r.
15. 3CEBYA P. III., BJIHHHHe MY3bIKH Ha HanpaBJIeHHOCTb BH3yaJIbHOrO BOCrrpH5ITH5I. Pa3-
BHTHe MY3bIKaJIbHOrO CJIyxa, neB1J.eCKOrO rOJIoca H MY3bIKaJIbHO-TBOpqeCKHX cnoco6HOC-
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306
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6.rreMbI ,aaIOT B03MO)KHOCTh npe,lI.JIOJKeHHa51 A. E. llIep03HH TeopHH co-
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nepe)KHBaHHH» <P. B. 5aCCIIHa r2; 3]. '
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COB, pa3pa6oTaHHhIX <Ppell,lI.OM, ,aaTb nCHXOJIOrHqeCKHH aHaJIH3 HeKOTO-
-PbIX Y3JIOBhIX MOMeHTOB CIO)KeTa «BOHHhI H MHpa» JI. H. TOJICTOrO H
nOKa3aTb YIJaCTHe 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHqeCKOrO B 3aMbICJIe H CTaHOB-
.JleHHH xY,lI.O:tKeCTBeHHhIX 06pa30B pOMaHa.
B HaCTOHlUeH CTaTbe MhI OCTaHOBHMC5I Ha Bonpoce 0 HeKOTophIX
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TIpHHHMalO HX yqaCTHe B TBOpIJeCKOM npOIl.ecce.
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3aKOHaM, He HMeIOlII.HM HHQerO o6III.ero C 3aKOHaMH Hamero C03HaTeJIb-
Horo MbIIlIJIeHH5I. 3Ta 3aKOHOMepHOCTb' pacnpOCTpaH5IeTC5I Ha Bce BH,ltbl
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'C5I He pa3JIUIJHbIMH nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKHMH «MexaHH3MaMH», a Te A, COXpaH5I-
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QTO ,lI.aeT B03MO)KHOCTb OCYIII.eCTBJI5ITbC5I aKTaM 06'beKTHBaUHH H Il.eJIeHa-
rrpaBJIeHHOMY nOBe,lI.eHHIO. To :tKe npOHCXO,lI,HT H B aKTe TBOpqeCTBa, HO
'cnell,HcpHKa TBOpIJeCKOrO npOIl.eCca 3aKJIlOqaeTC5I B HHTeHcl\<pHKaUHH HOp-
MaJIbHOH rrCHXHIJeCKOH ,aeHTeJIhHOCTH Ir5], IJTO cnocoocTByeT aKTHBH3aI1.HH
TI03HaBaTeJIbHbIX rrpOll,eCCOB. B aKTe xY,lI.O)KeCTBeHHoro TBOpIJeCTBa orropa
Ha oecc03HaTeJIbHOe, 3MOI1.HOHaJIhHYIO c<pepy, npIIBO,lI.HT K 3MOTHBHOMY,
IJYBCTBeHHOMY, «HepaCqJleHHlOIII.eMY» rr03HaHMlO, xapaKTePiHoMY HMeHHO
):LJl5I xY,lI,O:tKeCTBeHHoH ,lI.e5lTeJIhHOCTH I[ 4, 482]. B naTOJIOrHH HapyrneHHe
paBHOBeCHH Me:tK,lI.y C03HaHHeM II 6ecc03HaTeJIhHbIM BbI3bIBaeTC5I IJpe3-
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6JIarO,lI.apH qeMY qaCTb 3HeprHH TpaTHTC5I Ha «rrcHXOJIOrHQecKYlO 3aru:HTY»
-C03HaHH5I OT HaTHCKa HMnYJIbCHBHbIX CHJI. 3TO npOHCxO,lI.HT - B pa3HoH
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n03HaBaTeJIbHbIM npOIl,eCCaM COXpaH5IeTC5I, a npH rrCHX03ax OHa B OCHOB-
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n03TOMY 06'beKTHBal(H5I He COBeprnaeTC5I. TaKHM 06pa30M, nCHXOJIOrHQe-
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3HaBaTeJIbHbIM npOI(eCC M. <I>pell,lI, H3yqaJI oeCC03HaTeJIbHOe Ha CHOBH,lI.e-
HH5IX H T. H. HeBp03ax nepeHeCeHH5I (HCTepH5I, HeBp03 HaB5I3QHBOCTH) H
YMeJI paCKpbITb TaHHble MexaHH3MbI ero paOOThI. 3TO ,aaeT HaM B03MOlK-
1I0CTb CYJ.lHTb 0 nepBHIJHbIX nCHXHIJeCKHX npOlleccax II B aKTe TBOpqeCT-
311
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ro B TBOpqeCKHH npoII.ecc H B CTPYKTYPY XY,lLOlKeCTBeHHoro 06pa3a.
B XY OlKeCTBeHHOM TBOpqeCTBe peaJlH3yeTcH CYII(HOCTHaH nOTpe6-
HOCTb qenOBeKa B caMOBblpa)KeHHH. <PpeH,lL YKa3bIBaJt, qTO B nCHxonorH-
qeCKOM pOMaHe nHCaTeJlb pa3 p06nHeT CBoe «51» Ha qaCTH H Bcne CTBH
3Toro nepCOHHcpHIJ,HpyeT B HeCKonbKHX repOHX CBOH ,lLyrneBHble KOHcpnHK-
TbI {II, 187]. B KalK,lLOM xy,aOlKeCTBeHHOM 06pa3e BblpalKaIOTCH Te HJIIf
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anbHOCTb. O,aHH nepCOHalKH MorYT BblpalKaTb no npeHMYII(eCTBY TeH,lLeH-
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6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO; qaCTO B pa3HbIX cHTyaTHBHbIX nonOlKeHHHX B O,aHOM
II TOM Me 06pa3e BblcTynaIOT Ha nepe,lLHHH nnaH TO OC03HaBaeMble, TO,
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1JeCKOro npOIJ,eCca, KaK H BCHKoro ,lLpyroro HopManbHoro 3aKOHqeHHorO'
nCHXHqeCKOrO aKTa, H MorYT 6bITb BblpalKeHbI He HHaqe, KaK qepe3
JI H1JHOCTb.
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<PpeM)J., KOTOpbIM BBen 3TO nOHHTne B nCHxonorHIO, nOHHMan no,a npoeK-
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TOM, qTO cy6'beKT OTBepraeT qYBCTBa H n06YlK,aeHHH, HCxo,aHII(He H3 B,ne-
qeHIIH, nepeHOCHT HX H3 BHYTpeHHero BOCrrpH5ITHH BO BHernHHII MEp If
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TenbHoro. H,aeH «nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH 3aII(HTbI» pa3pa6aTbIBaeTCH B COBeT-
CKOM nCHXOJIOrHH B Tpy,aax <P. B. EaCCHHa C n03HIJ,HM TeopHH YCTaHOBKW
LL. H. Y 3Ha,a3e Hero rnKonbI t f I; 4, 200-202].
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rrepCOHalKY. TaKHM 06pa30M, aBTOp B C03,aaHHbIX HM repOHX CHOBa Ha-
XO,aHT CBOH BHYTpeHHHe ,ayrneBHble npOIJ,eCCbI, HO nepeMHBaeT H 06'beK-
THBHpyeT HX Y)Ke He KaK CBOH c06CTBeHHble, a KaK npHCYII(He «,apyro-
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3arJIHHYTb B caMble 3aTaeHHble rJIy6HHbI ,ayrnH nHcaTenH, a ero TBOpqe-
CKaH cpaHTa3HH MOlKeT paCCKa3aTb HaM 0 HeM 60nbllIe, qeM caMbIM ycep,a-
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nCHXHqeCKOH KOHCTHTYIJ,HH.
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xaHH3MbI H,lLeHTHcpHKalI,HH H nepeHeceHHH. TIoHHTHe H,lLeHTHcpHKaIJ,Hlf
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npHnHCbIBaJl 3TOT MexaHH3M Ii HopM nbHOMY 60,apCTBeHHOMY MblrnneHHIO.
312
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xy,aOlKeCTBeHHoro 06pa3a.
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IIOHaJIbHOH npHBH3aHHOCTII cy6'beKTa K ,lLpyrOMY qeJIOBeKY [9, 47, 49,
51] II nepBbIM aM6HBaJleHTHbIM B CBoeM BblpalKeHHH cnoc060M, KOTOpbIM
«51» BbI,aeJIHeT KaKoH-HII6y,ab 06'beKT [7, 181]. BCHKaH .9MOIJ,HOHaJIbHaH
npHBH3aHHocTb K qeJIOBeKY peaJIH3yeTcH TOJIbKO qepe3 H,lLeHTH<pHKaILIiIO.
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H Bpa)K e6HbIX, II yqaCTByeT B cpOpMlIpOBaH1i1i lI,lLeaJIOB JIlIqHOCTIi. TOJIb-
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HHKHOBeHlIe BO BHYTpeHHHH MHp ,lLpyroro qeJIOBeKa, HaIlIe rrOHIiMaHlie
qYlKoro «51» 1[9, 54, 51]. OT H,lLeHTH<pIIKaILHH OH BeJI nYTb K BqYBCTBO-
BaHHIO.
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Ta H 06'beKTa, npH KOTOpOM coe,aHHHIOTCH B O,aHO ueJIoe IIX OT,lLeJIbHble
CBoHcTBa, KaqeCTBa, npH3HaKII; npli 3TOM H,aeHTlIcpIiKaIJ,HH HBJIHeTCH TOJIb-
KO qaCTlIqHOH, B BbICIlIeH CTerreHH OrpalIHqeHHoH: OHa 3aHMcTByeT JIHllIb,
O,aHY qepTY [9, 50] HJIH OrpaHHqeHHOe qHCJIO qepT 06'beKTHOro JIIIIJ,a.
fIpli 06'be,aHHeHIIH B03HHKaeT HOBa51 e,lLHHHIJ,a, B KOTOpOM Ka)K,lLOe 1I3
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cHTyaIJ,HeM, xapaKTepHoM ,lLJI5I Hero If 10, 265-266]. <l>peM,lL BbI,lLeJIHeT TpiI
THna H,aeHTHcpIiKaIJ,HH, OTJIHqaIOII(lIeCH ,npyr OT ,aPyra MOTHBOM BbI60pa
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qeT 6bITb, KaKHMH KaqeCTBaMH OH LKeJIaeT 06JIa,aaTb; no,a06Ha51 H,lLeHTH..
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TOM 1I3 lKeJIaHHH 6bITb Ha ero MeCTe, Haxo,aHTbCH B ero cIiTyaIJ,HH; 3,lLeCb.
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eKT IIcnbITbIBaeT 06'beKTHYIO npHB5I3aHHocTb.
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pa 5e3yxoBa ,apyr nHCaTeJIH ,I:L. A. ,I:LbHKOB, ,nJIH oopa3a AH,apeH 50JIKOH-
CKO:-O - opaT nHCaTeJIH C. H. TOJICTOH. no BTOPOMY THrry H,neHTH<pHKa..
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ro C C. H. TOJICTbIM B 06pa3e AH,lLpeH DOJIKOHCKOro HOCIiT He TOJIbKO
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JIHqHbIX 06pa30B B O,aHOM npOlI3Be,lLeHIIIi B 3aBliCliMOCTH OT rrpoeUlipye-
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313,
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315
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THBlI3auJIlI ITOTeHII.HaJIhHbIX TBOpqeCKHX B03MOlKHOCTeii JIHQHOCTII.
THE UNCONSCIOUS MENTAL AND THE CREATIVE PROCESS
L. I. SLITINSKA Y A
V. I. Lenin Poly technical Institute, Tbilisi
SUMMARY
The paper deals wi th the problem of the acti vi ty of the unconscious in
the act of Ii terary-artistic creati vi ty. Artistic creation occurs wi th the un-
deniable participation of the unconscious-indeed, resting on it. Hence,
to gain an insight into the entire complexity of creative processes it is nec-
essary to consider the work of the deep layers of the psychics that function
by their own laws differing from those of l gical thinking. The psychologi-
cal regularities of the operation of the unconscious are the same for all kinds
oJ mental activity: dreams, neuroses, psychopathological states, waking be-
haviour of mentally normal persons, and creative process. This calls for the
introduction into the creative process of the concept of such' mechanisms' of
the unconscious as projection, identification, transfer - developed by
Freud for dreams and neuroses.
The role of projection, identification, and transfer in the creative pro-
cess and in the structure of a literary image i's studied in the paper. This ap-
proach facilitates a deeper penetration into the creative fantasy of the \vri-
ter, the unravelling of the structure of the literary image, and introduction
of the analysis of the unconscious in the structure of a Ii terary text into the
practice of liter.ary criticism. This is the immediate task of the psychology
of literary creativity.
316
JII1TEPATYPA
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317
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iKeH 6bIJI rrpOHBHTbCH H B OTHOlIIeHHH 3Toro rrCHXOJIOrHtIeCKOrO cpeHOMeHa
B HeCKOJIbKHX acrreKTax.
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TeH,lI,eHl1,HH B OTHOllIeHHH K ,npyrHM HH,lI,HBH,lI,aM. OHH rrpOHBJIHIOTCH B,
CTpeMJIeHHH, C O,aHOH CTOpOHbI, K 3MOl1,HOHaJIbHOMY conpu acTuro C py-
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3Ta norpe6HOCTb 8 or8ellbHOCTU MqJKeT BKJIlOtIaTb B ce6H B KalleCTBe
KOMnOHeHTOB 3MOl.(HH 060pOHHTeJIbHOrO H JI.a)Ke arpeCCHBHoro xapaKTe-
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w.eHHhIM o6pa30M «l(pyroro», CPOpMHPYIOllI.HMCH B HHTparrCHXHqeCKOH peaJIhHOCTH cy6'heK-
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322
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3Ta HepapxHH nOMepJK.fIBaeTCH HHHl1,HaTHBOH He TOJIbKO ocooeR BblC-,
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npe,nIIOJIaraeM, JIeJKaT B OCHOBe cnOHTaHHOH HepapXH3al1,HH qeJIOBeqeCKHX,
TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX, «MaJIhIX rpynn:..
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TOB MOrJIa OWTb O,nHOR H3 npe,nnOC JIOK cnOHTaHHoM HepapXHqeCKOH ca-
MoopraHH3anHH npaqeJIOBeqeCKHX H qeJIOBeqeCKHX KOJIJIeKTHBOB Ha paH-
HHX cTa,nHHx COl.(HOreHe3a H npHHHTHH cOl1,HaJIbHO CTpaTHcpHnHpOB8HHOii
CHCTeMbI oOrneCTB Ha 6oJ1ee n03,nHHx HCTopHtJeCKHX 3Tallax.
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IIpe,acTaBJIHeT COOOR «coBoKynHocTb oOIIlecTBeHH x OTHomeHHH:'. npH
STOM CJIe,ayeT HMeTb B BH,ny, tJTO Y tJeJlOBeKa HMeeTCSI cy6'beKTHBHoe OT-
HOllIeHHe K 3TOMY co,nepJKaHHIO CBoeH nCHXHKH. M. KocpTa :[241 nHweT,
qTO «IIpHHHMaH perneHH5I, cYO'beKT YlIHTbIBaeT (MbI ObI CKa3aJIH, liTO oecco-
3HaTeJIbHO Ol1,eHHBaeT - B. CP.) JIHqHOCTHble CTaH,aapTbI COOCTBeHHoro
nOBe.neHHH, COI HaJIbHbIe TpeOOBaHHH H O)KH,aaHHH, HepapXHIO l1,eHHOCTeH
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<pYH.naMeHTaJIbHbIX OTHOlIleHHH JIHqnOCTH», 0 KOTOpOM IIHlIleT A. E. Ille-
p03HH [24], OOYCJIOBJIeHbI TeM, qTO HMelOlUaHCSI Y KaJK,noro qeJIOBeK8 co-
BOKyrrHocTb HH HBH yaJIbHWX cYO'beKTHBHo 3HaqHMWX ll,eHHOCTeH opraHH-
30BaHa B HepapXHqecKYIO cHcTeMY no CTeneHH HX cy6'beKTHBHoH 3HaqH-
MOCTH OTHOCHTeJIbHO HeKoH BblclIleH neHHOCTH KaK rJI8BHOrO opHeHTHpa
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HOBeHHe 3Toro opHeHTHpa ( H3HqeCKOe, JIHOO BCJIe,nCTBHe ooecneHHBaHHH
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M M (HJIH paBHOHe3HaqHMbIM) CTaHOBHTCH Bce. B03HHKalOlll.HH npH 3TOM
xaoc B ccpepe HHTpancHxHtJecKoM peaJIbHOCTH cYO'beKTHBHo OIltyI1I. a eTCH
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npe,lI,CTaBJI5IIOIII.ee C060H COCTOHHHe, CXO,l(HOe C HeBpOTHqeCKHM 4 . <1>. B.
I3accHH C coaBT. T 4] pacneHHBaIOT TaKHe cHTyall,HH KaK nCHxHtJecKYIO
TpaBMY,' cnpaBe JIHBO 3aMeqaH, liTO «Ha1I6oJIee TpaBMHpYIOIll.HM HBJISleT-
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OC03HaHHH cy6'beKTOM rrpOHCllie,alIlHX H3MeHeHHH B 06'beKTHBHOH CHTY-
aUHH, HrHopHpOBaHHH ee HeCOOTBeTCTBH5I yMe HMeIOlQeticH HHTpanCHXMtJe-
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323
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IUHTHble MexaHH3MbI He ,aonYCKaJlH 3Toro H .HeaJleKBaTHOCTb rrpHTSI3aHHH
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CTeMbI. K. l(ocpTa [r 24 ], onHCbIBaSi rro,ao6HbIH THI1 I1CHXOJIOrHlIeCKOH 3aInH-
TbI, p3cneUHB3eT ero KaK «CHMJKeHMe ypOBHSI C03H3HMSI».
HHTparrCHXHlIeCKa51 peaJIbHOCTb, ,aeHCTBMTeJIbHO, B onpeJleJIeHHbIX
-npe.neJlax MO}KeT 6bITb cy6'beKTHBHO 60JIee 3HallHMOH, tIeM peaJlbHOCTb
-06'beKTHBHaH, QTO, B03MO}KHO, SlBJI5IeTCSI O)lHOH M3 CYllI.eCTBeHHbIX rrpHlIHH,
-06YCJIOBJIHBaIOI!JJ1X H3BeCTHbIH KOHcepBaTH3M tIeJIOBelleCKHX MHeHHH Ii
y6e)K,neHHH. O,aHaKO 3Ta BbICOKa51 3HatIHMOCTb HHTpaI1CHXHQeCKOH CHCTe-
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meHHeM ypOBHH C03HaHH5I. OHa MO:tKeT COtIeTaTbCSI Ii C a,aeKBaTHbIM KPM-
THqeCKHM BocnpHHTHeM ,aeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH H B 3THX CJIYlIa5lX, no MbICJIH
. B. BaccHHa \[24], CJIY}KHT HCTOtIHHKOM aKTHBHOCTM JIHlIHOCTH. B cym-
P0CTH, I10.1l. TepMHHoM «JIHqHOCTb» B 06HXO,aHOM ero ynoTpe6JIeHHH nOHM-
}l,raeTCH HMeHHO npOtIHOCTb cy6'beKTHBHoH CHCTeMbI ueHHOCTHbIX opHeHTH-
pOB, HOO HMeHHO 3Ta npOtIHOCTb HBJISleTCSI OCHOBOH cTa6HJIbHOH eJleYCT-
u
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'CHH c coaBT. [4], «rrepecTpoHKa B cy6'beKTHBHoH HepapxHH 3HatJHMoro»,
6narOJlapH KOTOpOH npoHcxo,n:HT YCTaHOBJIeHHe COOTBeTCTBHH Me}K.1I.Y HH-
. TparrCHXntIeCKOH cHcTeMoH n:eHHOCTHbIX opHeHTHpoB H 06'beKTHBHoH pe-
aJIbHOCTbIO rrpH HeB03MO)KHOCTH H3MeHHTb nOCJle,nHIOIO. 3TOT THII IICHXO-
nOrHQeCKOH 3allJJITbI o6eCnetIHBaeT. JIHqHOCTH nJlaCTHqHOCTb II a,narrTa-
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MexaHH3MOB Y HHX HMeeTC>I o,aHa o6rna5l, rJlaBHaH qepTa. OHa 3aKJlIOqa-
eTCH B HarrpaBJIeHHOCTH 3aIII.HTbI Ha coxpaHeHHe HJIH ,aOCTHJKeHHe «no-
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CTPYKTYPHpOBaHHOH CHCTeMbI BHYTpeHHHX (HHTpanCHXHqeCKHX) opHeHTHpOB
(u.eHHOCTeff).. H OC03HaBaeMa5I 3allIJITa OT HapyrneHH5I 3Toro CJlO}KMBrne-
rOCH IIOp5I,aKa, OT J1.yweBHoro xaoca H CM5ITeHHSI COCTaBJIHeT, Ha Halli
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30M, Ba>KHOCTb 11 Heo6xoJ.{HMOCTb eJIH, OIII.YIII.aeMOH B KatIeCTBe cy6'beK-
THBHo..aKTyaJIbHOH, onpe,neJl5IeTC5I He TOJIbKO H He CTOJIbKO TeMH MaTepH-
aJIbHbIMH H COI1JlaJIbHbIMH 6JIara IH, KOTopbIe 06peTaeT cy6'beKT npH ee
,nOCTHlKeHHH, CKOJIbKO TeM, qTO OHa 51BJI5IeTC5I cpaKTopOM, opraHH3YIOIII.HM
JI.yweBHbIM rrOp5l,lLOK, rrpeJ-LOxpaH5IIOllI.HM HH,aI1BH,aa OT T5IrOCTHOro oIII.YIII.e..
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nonaraHHe npe,l1.CTaBJI5IeTC5I cne H<pHtIeCKH qeJIOBetIeCKOH rroTpe6HOCTbIO,
BbITeKaIOIl1.eH H3 HeOC03HaBaeMoro CTpeMJIeHH5I K opHeHTHpOBaHHOCTH B
ccpepe 06'beKTOB CBoeR HHTparrCHXMqeCKOH peaJIbHOCTH 110 IIpH3HaKY HX
cyt5'beKTHBHoff neHHOCTH, a opraHH3anH5I II nO)(,l(ep2KaHHe «nOp5l,aKa», TO
eCTb opHeHTHpOBaHHOCTII B 3TOM peaJlbHOCTM, HBJISleTCH <PYH,aaMeHTaJIb-
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nO,lJ.qHHSIeTCH ,aYIlleBHaH )KH3Hb qeJlOBeKa.
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Hble CHCTeMbI, CJIY}Ka opraHH3MY CBoeH CPYHKUHeii, o,nHOBpeMeHHO Tpe6y-
lOT peaJIH3a HH 3TOH CBoeH co6CTBeHHOH CPYHK HH H TaKHM 06pa30M MO-
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324
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BJlHSlHHe Ha nOBeAeHHe 4JH3HoJlOrHQeCKHX cHcTeM,
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HHe. Y CTaHOBJleHO, B lIaCTHOCTH, liTO Y pa3JIHQHbIX Bll,lI,OB MHBOTHbIX Bpe-
M5I OT BpeMeHH crrOHTaHHO B03HHKaeT IIOBbIIIIeHHa51 arpeCCllBHOCTb, KOTO-
paH pa3pernaeTCH B CTbIQKaX no TaKHM nOBO)J.aM H B OTHOlIleHHH TaKHX
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neTYX, JIHIIleHHbIH 06'beKTa HanaJ(eHHH, BpeM5I OT BpeMeHH Ha4:HHaeT cpu.-
)KaTbCSI CO CBOHM XBOCTOM [23]. K. J1opeHIl., HCnOJIb3YSl npe,nCTaBJleHH5I
TllH6epreHa ,[35; 36], 06'bSICHSIeT cnOHTaHHble BCIIbIlllKH arpeccHBHoro
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[31] .
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JIaCTH CTPYKTYP JIHM6HIIeCKOH CHCTeMbI M03ra 06HapYJKeH p5l,a nYHKToB,
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pOHHTeJlbHOe nOBe,aeHHe, a Y JIIO,aeH, no HX CaMOOTQeTaM, - 3MOUHH HenpH-
Sl3HH, Bpa)K,ae6HocTH, 3J106bI [20; 27; 28; 30]. npe,anOJlaraeTCH, qTO 3TH
nYHKTbI 51BJIHIOTC5I 3JIeMeHTaMH CnelI.HaJIH3HpOBaHHOH aHaTOMO-CPYHK HO-
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BIOLOGICALLY DETERMINED UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATIOf\JS IN
II-IE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
V. A. FAIVISHEVSKI
11th Psycl10neurological Prophylactic Centre, Moscow
SUMMltRY
A hypothesis is advanced on the necessary occurrence of unconscious in-
fluences on man's emotions, consciousness and behaviour on the part of in-
stincts and functional systems in the evolution as regulators of behaviour for-
med at the preconscious and even psychic (mental) stages of phylogenesis. l
The activity of physiological systems forming defensive and aggressive
emotions and general mati vation systems consti tutes one such unconscious
influence. Ranked with these are latent neuro-dynamic brai.n systems, postu-
lated as a hypothesIs, in which some congeni tal typological psychclogical
traits are engrammed.
Another type of unconscious influences on consciousness is due to the prop-
erty -- i mmanentl y inherent in consciousness - of arranging the cOI1tent
of the ll1ind into hierarchically structured' systems. It is supposed that this
characteristic originates from the primordial instinctual need of every living
being to be oriented in its environment.
This property of consciousness constitutes the essence of the "lawlof
meaning" - formulated by F. V. Bassin - which integrates man's entire
men tal acti vi ty.
Various collisions of the interrelations of consciousness and unconscious.
relations are considered in the light of the above ideas.
338
JII1TEPATYPA
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340
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346
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eHHH MOAeJleH.
THE UNCONSCIOUS AND FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS
E. B. FINKELSTEIN
Moscow.Regional Pedagogical Institute
SUMMAR Y
Some problems of the theory of the unconscious, which are intimately re-
lated to the fundamentel principles of physics, are analysed. The topics un-
der discussion are: the relationshi p between the observer and the observed ob-
ject, the boundary shift theorem, the similarity of the relationship between
the 'conscious and the unconscious to the relationship between classical and
quantum physics, holographic principles of information processing, nonclas-
sicallogi of the unconscious, fuzzy sets and physical continuity, pre-verbal
form of thinking, wholeness, the art and intuition. It is suggested that the
quantum principles provide a unifying approach to the understanding of the
whole body of these problems of the theory of the unconscious and permit to
establish new links and can serve as a heuristic basis for experi mentation
and modelling.
JII1TEPATYPA
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.. -
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OHOJIOfHH, M., 1970.
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THBHoro n03HaHHH, M.. 1972.
.352
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HHe BpeMeHH t nocpe,nCTBOM HeKOToporo orrepaTopa Ii, COCT05lHHe CHCTeMhI
1 + II $( q, 1) rrepefI){eT B COCT05lHHe $l=e- A:t. $ (q, 1). C n03Hl(HH Ha6JIIO){a-
TeJI5I III 06 H3MepeHHH HMeeT CMbICJI rOBopHTb TOJIbKO B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH rrpH-
MeHeHHe pe,nYKnHH Ha6JIIOAaTeJIeM ,nJIH orrpe,neJleHHSI BeJIHlIHH R H M rrpHBe,neT
23. Eecco3HaTenbHoe, IV 353
K TOMY, qTO napbI 3HaqeHHH r n , mk IIPH n*k 6y,nYT IIOHBJIHThCH C BepOHTHOC-
TblO 0, a napbI C n=k C HeKOTopbIMH onpe,neJIeHHbIMH BepOHTHOCTHMH W n =
=/(rp,CPn)/2. cI>OH HeHMaHoM [2] nOKa3aHO, qTO MOLKHO nocTpoHTbTaKoH YHHTap-
H H onepaTop =e-if}t, lITO H3 YCJIOBHSI cI>1= . cI>, CJIe,nyeT npe,l{CTaBJIeHHe
co
<1>' (q, 1) B BH.n;e pSl.n;a C n q>n (q) q> (I), rrpHt.IeM (C n )2=/(q>, q>n)f2.
n=l
KaJ{ CJIe,nyeT 113 caMOH cpOpMbI onepaTopa , ,l{OJILKeH CYW.eCTBOBaTh TaKon
MOMeHT BpeMeHH t*, IIPH KOTOpOM BbIIIOJlH5IeTC.H Tpe60BaHHe cpOH HeHMaHa.
I1MeHHo B 3TOT MOMeHT Ha6JIIO,naTeJIb III «OC03HaeT» pe3YJIbTaT H3MepeHH5I, co-
.
BepmaH orrepanHIO JIOrHqeCKOrO BbIBo):{a. MO)KHO nOKa3aTb, qTO CHHXpOHHO C
TaKIiM OC03HaHHeM rrpoHcxo,nHT H3MeHeHHe COCT05lHHH Ha6JIIO,naeMoro OO'beK-
Ta. 31'0 ueJIOCTHbIH aKT, npoHc 'O,n5lrnHH B MOMeHT BpeMeHH t * H OpraHHqeCKH
COqeTalOII(H:H B ce6e «rrCHXHqeCKHe» H «cpH3HqeCKHe» 3J1eMe TbI. nO,nqepKHeM,
lITO B pe3YJIhTaTe «rrpo ecca» OC03HaHHH, Ha6JIIO):{aTeJIb IIpH06peTaeT 3HaHH,H
He 0 TOM, B KaKOM H3 ,l{BYX aJIbTepHaTHBHbIX COCTOHHHH HaXO,l{HJICH 06'beKT ,no
MOMeHTa BpeMeHH t *, B KOTOpbIH HaOJIIO,naTeJIb ,neJIaeT O,l{HH H3 ,l{BYX B03MO}K-
H bIX BbIBO,nOB, a 0 'f,OM, B KaKOM H3 ,l{BYX anbTepHaTMBHbIX COCTOHHHH oy,neT
Haxo,nHThCH OO'beKT nOCJIe 3Toro MOMeHTa.
BOJIee Toro, eCJIH C KJIaCCHtIeCKOH TOqKH 3peHH5I «rrpouecc» OC03HaHHH
eCTh TOJIbKO IIpo ecc IIpHoopeTeHHH 3HaHHH 00 001>eKTe (TaK KaK Bcer,na HaH-
,neTC5I TaKOH MOMeHT t<t*, B KOTOphIH CHCTeMa Haxo,nHTC5I B O,l{HOM H3 ,l{BYX
aJIbTep,HaTHBHbIX COCT05lHHH, HO HeH3BeCTH.o B KaKOM), TO C KBaHTOBOH TOtJKH
3peHMH - 3TO npouecc rrpH06peTeHH5I 3HaHHH H o,nHOBpeMeHlIO «rrpouecc» rre-
pexo,na OO'beKTa H3 COCT05lHHH cyneprr03HIJ.HM, B KOTOpOM OH HaXO,l{HJICH ,lI.0 113-
MepeHHH, B O,nHO H3 ,nBYX aJIbTepHaTHBHbIX COCT05lHHH, npHIIeM, 3TOT IIepeXO,l(
npOHcxo,nHT B MOMeHT t...
Pa3BHBaeMaH B ,aaHHOH paOOTe TOqKa 3peHHH corJlacyeTcH COBpe-
MeHHbIM paCIlIHpeHHbIM cpHJlOCO<pCKHM TOJIKOBaHHeM rrpHH Hrra ,l{OrrOJIHH-
TeJlbHOCTli H. Eopa, COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY, B JII060M CJIytIae aKT rr03HaHHH
HarrpaBJIeH Ha HeKOTopbIH cpe3 eHCTBIITeJIbHOCTH, C03,l{aBaeMbIH qeJIOBe-
1JeCKOa ,aeHTeJIbHOCTblO, H HeB03M02KeH 6e3 orrpe,l{eJIeHHOrO B03MYIIl.eHHH
CTPYKTypbI OO'heKTa. B pe3YJIbTaTe CYO'beKT He3pHMO npHCYTCTByeT B CO-
v u
3,aaBaeMOH HM KapTHHe ,l{eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH H rrepe,l{ tIeJIOBeKOM rrpe,l{CTa-
er He «tIHCTbIH 06'heKT», a CHCTeMa «00'beKT-cy6'beKT»... KOHetIHO, tIe-
JIOBeK II03HaeT nplI 3TOM rrpe2K,ne Bcero BHeIIlHHH MHp, HO BMeCTe C TeM
OH rr03HaeT H ce6H, H CBOIO aHTpOrrOIJ.eHTpHqeCKYIO «TeHb», KOTOpyIO OH
oT6paCbIBaeT Ha H3YQaeMble 06'beKTbI If3].
THE ACT OF CONSCIOUS APPREHENSION AND THE MODERN MEA-
SUREMENT THEORY
I. L. VUNTSEVICH AND E. B. FINKELSTEIN
Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute
SUMMARY
Unconscious mental activity and the act of consciops apprehension are
analysed in terms of von Neumann's quantum-mechanical measurement the-
354
ory. The act of conscious apprehension is considered as a process which can-
not be described by any dynamic law. It is demonstrated that the knowledge
the observer acquires as a result of this "process" refers not to one of the two
alternative states the object has been in before the moment the observer
dr'8ws one of the two possible conclusions but rather concerns one of the two
alternative states it will come to after that moment.
JIHTEPATYPA
I. fEfI3EHBEPf B., <!>H3HtJeCKHe npHHIJ,HnbI KBaHToBoH TeopHH, rOcTexH3.Z1aT, 1932.
2. HEAMAH, HOr AHH CPOH, MaTeMaTUIJeCKHe OCHOBbI KBaHToBoH MexaHHKH, 1964.
3. KAPMHH A. C., MAIiI3EJIb 11. A., K 8HaJIH3Y cy6'beKTHBHO-06'beKTHBHoro OTHoweHHB .
HaYtJHoM n03HaHHH. B KH.: BonpocbI TeopHH n03HaHHH H MeTO)J.OJlOrHSI HaYIJHOrO HccJie-
AOBaHHH, 1969.
355
o KOMnOHEHTAX ECTECTBEHHOrO It MAUJHHHOrO
HHTEJlJ1EKTYAJlbHOrO 3HAHHSI
B. B. QABIJAHH,lI.3E
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HHSI, panHOHaJIbHbIe. uenOqKH aKTOB nOBe,neHHH H ,ne5ITeJIbHOCTH JIHllIb B
npeAeJIax C03HaTeJIbHOH, OtIHee, nOJIHOCTblO OC03HaBaeMOH HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIb-
HOM II nCHXHqeCKOH KorHHTHBHOH ccpepbI ,aeHTeJlbHOCTH (CM., Hanp., [1]).
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HayqHble HCCJIe,Z:lOBaHH5I, CBH,Z:leTeJlbCTBa nOqTH Bcex JIIO,Z:leH TBOpqeCKOrO
Tpy,na, HaYKH, Me,llHnHHCKOH npaKTHKH, JIIO,l(eH caMbIX pa3JIHtIHbIX npo-
<peCCHH, HeCMOTp5I Ha HX MHOrOqHCJIeHHOCTb, cpaKTHqeCKH HrHopMpYIOTCH
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MOII(bIO ,aeCHTKa paHee HaH.lleHHbIX 3JIeraHTHbIX cpopMaJIbHO-JIOrHtIeCKHX
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BH,ay aBTopbI, H He 60JIee Toro. 11M B rOJIOBY He rrpHXO,Z:lHT, lITO 3BM ,n:OJI-
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3bIBaHHSIX, npeJ(JI02KeHHSIX, HJ(eHX, TeopHSIX H T. n. H3J1araJIH 6bI' CBOH
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npe,Z:lJIOLKeHHH? Pa3Be OT HeCOBrra)1.eHHH 9THX HeH3MepHeMbIX H HeBocnpo-
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356
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KO TIOCJIe 9TOrO JlHllIb npH3HaTh «3aKOHHOCTb» HX lICT01JHHKOB H npM-
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nOKOMIIOHeHTHO 1I3MepeHO, TOJIbKO TO HCTHHHO, a Bce OCTaJIhHOe - JIHIllb
6J1e,aHaH TeHb IICTHHbI?
B caMOM ,lI.eJIe, qTO-TO, BH,nHMO, He B nOpH.lI.Ke C HaIllHM 3,l(paBbIM If
HecpopMaJIbHO-JIOrMqeCKHM MbIllIJleHHeM, eCJlH HaMil 2Ke B03,lI.BHrHYTble 3a
nOCJIe HHe ,aeCHTHJIeTHH qaCTOKOJlbI H3 «HCTHHbI», «JI)I{H», H «npe,aHKaTOB
MbI npHHHMaeM 3a onHcaHHe <t>eHOMeHa peaJIbHOrO MbIllIJIeHHH, a TO II nopoH
3a TeopHlo cpeHoMeHoB nCHXHqeCKOrO MbIIllJleHHSI, C03HaHliH Ii T. n. (CM.
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Jlee npocTble BonpOCbI: He nopa JIH, KaK 3TO 6bIJIO xapaKTepHO B CBoe
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HbIe rHnOTe3b1, Mo,neJlH, cxeMbI, nporpaMMbI, TeopHH Tpe6YIOT npOBepKH,
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H3yqeHHbIe, He HCCJIe,aOBaHHbIe saKOHOMepHOCTH, MO,l.I.eJIH H pa3JI.eJIbI H3-
YKH 0 MbIIlIJIeHHH, B OOSI3aTeJlbHOM nOpH,lI.Ke ObIJlH 6bI nOJlHO, HCHO Ii Ma-
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B ,ll,yxe X. ,LLpei1cpyca HJlH ,[LLK. BeHII,eHoaYMa f 5, 6]. CJle,ayeT rrpH3HaTb
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357
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neHb eaMOMY C,lLeJlaTb». E,aHHCTBeHHbIM BbIXO,nOM H3 9Toro oorn:ero TY-
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pHH, HeOreIliTaJIbTHCTOB, TeopHH YCTaHOBK II Jlp.) HBHJlOCb ObI BHRMa-
TMbHeHIl1ee, cepbe3Hoe, HayqHOe, T. e. MaIllHHHaH 06pa60TK'a OIIbITHbIX,
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nH3 HaKOnJIeHHbIX B 9THX OOJlaCT5IX HOBbIX 3HaHHH, HO 6e3 npe,aBapHIO-
mUX BbIBO,aOB II YM03aKJlIOQeHIIH 0 TOM, T.JTO MbIIIIJIeHHe BcerO-HaBcero
JIHillb cpeHOMeH, nOXOLKHH Ha 3cpcpeKT paGoThI KOMllblOTepOB B npo[(eCce
UpOXOJK,aeHHH nporpaMM 1Jepe3 HIIX. ECJIII ObI 9TH MbICJIH TaK )Ke rpyGo,
B TOM lKe cpopMe, B KaKoH OHH BbIllie npHBe,aeHbI B 1JYTb-lJYTb npeYBeJIHqeHHOH
<popMe, 6bIJIH 8bI Bblpa2KeHbI H nOBTOp5IJIHCb 6bI COTHHMH «HCKyccTBeHHHKOB»,
)teJIO 60pb6bI C HX HayqHbIMH KOHIl,enu.HHMH H ,lJ.eHTeJIbHOCTbIO 6bIJIO Obi
BeCbMa npocTo. Ho TOHKOCTb, O,lI.HOCTOpoHHee rJly60KOMbICJIHe, OCTpOYMHe
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,
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rpaMMbI» {O, I} MO,ILeJlHpOBaHMH, KaK MbIIllJleHIIH, TaK II Bcex nCHXHtIe-
CKHX cpeHoMeHoB. «I1cKyccTBeHHMKIi» Bce erne He COOHpaIOTC5I npHBJle-
KaTb B CBOIO HaYKY HHKaKHe 60p-OBCKHe «cBepx6e3YMHble H,lLeH» , TaK
K8K CT.JHTaIOT, 1JTO HX «KOMilbIOTepHaSl 9HQ>OPHH» no6e:>K)J.aeT. BC5I 3Ta
KpyroBepTb «HHLKeHepHO-KOMnbIOTepHOH: aTaKM» Ha MbIIlIJleHHe, H3 RH-
358
TeJIJIeKT H Bo06IlI.e Ha nCHXOcpeHOMeHbI 3aCTaBJIHeT B OTBeT TaK :>Ke rpy-
60, T. e. pe6poM nOCTaBHTb IIepe HHMH cTapble BonpoCbI B HOBOH cpop-
Me. PaCCMOTpMM, HaIIpHMep, TaKOH Borrpoc:
He 5IBJI5IeTC5I JlH aKTOM 5IBHOrO caMo06MaHa, HayqHOH HJlJlI03HeH.
TOT <paKT, qTO MHorHe yqeHble C03HaTeJIbHO IIJIII 6eCC03HaTeJIbHO CXBa-
qeHW B THCKII HeOII03HTlIBMCTCKHX B3rJI5I OB Ha npe MeT HX c06CTBeHHOH
HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHOH e5lTeJlbHOCTH? B ccpepe <pMJlOCO<pHH B 9TOM OHM MO-
rYT 6bITb BOJIbHbl, HO B c<pepe KOMnbIOTepHbIX HaYK OHM 5IBHO C ep2KHBa-
lOT TeMII pa3BIITH5I M HaYKH II TeXHHKH.
Ho CTOIIT JIll COMHeBaTbC5I B TOM, liTO 9TH «KOMlibIOTepHble Heono-
31ITHBHCTbI», H3YtIaIOlltHe MbIlllJIeHHe MaTeMaTRKOB, HanpHMep, rrpll O-
Ka3aTeJIbCTBe TeopeM, BnpaB,ay orrHpaIOTCH Ha JIOrIIKY, H TOJIbKO Ha JIO-
rHKY? A MOLKeT OHII He np1l3HaIOT HJIII He qlITaJIll pa60TY A. TIyaHKape
o TOM, IJTO 6e3 nO C03HaHIfH, CKpbITOH 3MOII.lioHaJIbHO-MOTHBall)10HHoll1
.neHTeJIbHOCTll MaTeMaTHKa-YtIeHOrO He M02KeT 6bITb OCYIlJ,eCTBJIeH HIIKa-
KOlf HaYIIHbIH IIOHCK, II nOHCK ,aOKa3aTCJIbCTBa TeopeM B TOM qnc.ne? no -
C03HaTeJlbHOe YCMOTpeHIIe nYTeH BbIBo,aa eCTb BbI,aYMKa A. ITyaH-
Kape? OnpOBep2KeHMe 3TOH «CTapOH MbICJIH» (GoJIee 70 JIeT Ha3a,a Bbl-
cKa3aHHoH) HeB03M02KHO HHKaKHMil «cTporo JIOrHlIeCKHMH opraHH30BaH-
HhIMH l.lepe3 3BM BbIBO}1.aMH».
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BO)I.HTb (Jl.OKa3bIBaTb) HOBbIe TeopeMbI, ,lI.eJIaTb YM03aKJIIOQeHH5I, npHHH-
MaTb perneHHH, nJlaHlIpOBaTb, CTpeMHTbCH K II.eJlH, He 06XO)I.IITbC5I 6e3
JIIO eH, YLKe YlVleIOIlJ,HX 3TO ,lLeJIaTb, TaK:tKe 6eCC03HaTeJIbHa. MbI XOTHM
3HaTb l\1eXaHM3MbI, a He ,lI.eJIaTb BbIBO,LI.bI rrOCJIe «rrponYCKa nporpaMM tIC-
pe3 M3IllIIHY-M5ICOpy6KY». ECJIH ,lLallie «qllCTO JIOrlIqeCKHH BbIBO,a» He06'b-
SICHHM B rrpe,lLeJIax nCHXOJIorHH C03HaTeJlbHbIX cpOpM MbIIllJIeHH5I qeJIOBe-
Ka, TO qTO CJIe,lLyeT ,AYMaTb 0 npeTeH3H5IX Tex, KTO TeOpeTHqeCKll llJIII I1plI
nOMOIIJ,ll 3BM eme HH pa3Y He CMor IIpe,lI.CTaBIITb ,lLOKa3aTeJIbCTBO Toro,
tITO OHM CHMHTHpOB3JIH aBTOMaTHqeCKHH MexaHH3M Bblpa60TKH HOBoro
3HaHH5I1, MexaHH3M C03HaT"eJIbHOrO y\l1paBJIeHH5I 1 <pOpM MH aBTOHoMHOH
De3 rrporpaMMHCTOB) llHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHOM e5lTeJIbHOcTH?
He rrOnaJIll JIll npe,acTaBllTeJIH «KJIaCClIqeCKOH TeopHlI I1I1» II «KJIaC-
CI1QeCKOH IICHXOJIOrlIH MbIllIJleHH5I H HHTeJIJIeKTyaJlbHoH .rr.e5lTeJIbHOCTH» B
rrJIeH (Gecco3HaTeJIbHOrO, KOHeqHo) Oqepe,aHoH TeoplIH «IICHXHqeCKOrO
'<pJlOfHCToHa», HO YLKe 6e3 cOBeprneHH5I OTKpbITH5I n03HTllBHoro HaYQHOrO
3<p<peKTa, no 06HapYLKeHHM HOBoro HHTerpaJIbHOrO xapaKTepa 3aKOHa,
CB5I3aHHOro C .9HTpOnHeH? To, QTO MHorlle npOII.eCcbI TeXHHqeCKO-3KOHO-
MHqeCKOrO rrOp5I,AKa oT06pa)KaIDTC5I Ha «5I3bIKe» {O, I}, (<<nporpaMMHpo-
BaHRe Ha 3BM»), He 03HaQaeT elll.e, qTO C03HaHHe II nO,lI.C03HaHHe KaK
-<PYHKII.HOHaJIbHbIe nO,l1.CHCTeMbI MbIllIJleHH5I He cymeCTBYIOT. 3TO Bce eme
He 03HallaeT, qTO lI,ae51 0 BceBblpa3IIMOCTlI 5IBJleHHH Ha 5I3bIKe TeopHH rrpe-
)(HKaTOB nepBoro nOp5l,l{Ka eCTb IICTHHa nOCJIe).LHeH llHCTaHIl,IIll H qTO HC-
KYCCTBeHHbni IIHTeJIJIeKT YLKe C03,lLaH. TaKHe MO,lI.eJIH IIHTeJIJleKTa II era
'CPYHKIl.HOHIIpOBaHll51 3aCTaBJI5IIOT ,lLYMaTb, qTO MbI IIMeeM ,lI.eJIO C ,lI.eTCKIIM
nepHO,lI.OM pa3BHTII5I «KC», C C03HaTeJIbHOH HJIJII03HeH YBJIeqeHHbIX Hr-
pOM eTeH. I1x caMoy6e:tK,lLeHHe, qTO MbICJlH «BblCOKoro ypOBH5I IIpdrpaM"
MHCTOB» paBHO nplIMeHIIMbI H ,aJI5I paCqeTa paKeTHO-H)I.epHOH BOHHbI H
)lJIH MblplJI, eHH5I tITO HMeHHO HM npHIlIJIH B rOJlOBY caMbIe reHHaJlbHble
IIJIaHbI H Mo,aeJIH (KOHeqHO, C rrOMOmbIO 3BM H, KOHeqHO, B 5IBHO npe,lI.eJIb-
HO 3aKOHQeHHOH <popMe), eCTb He TOJIbKO BeJIHqaHIllHH «caMo06MaH KOM-
llbIOTepHoro npOHCXO)KJ(eHH5I». OHH Y2Ke nOTepneJlH IIOpa2KeHlle B KOH-
eIIIl.H5IX «KorHIITHBHOH nCHXOJIOrHH», HO OHH He 605lTC5I HOBbIX OIlIII60K.
C ApyroH CTOpOHbl, orraceH caMo06MaH H Bcex Tex «qIICTbIX nCHXOJIOrOB»
u
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«He TaK Y)Ke rpy60 MbICJI5IT)'>, KaK «KoMIIbIOTepllI.HKH» MJlH npe,ncTaBHTe-
.l}H 1111. BOT TYT H «3apbITa co6aKa» nCHXOJlOrHqeCKOro caMo06MaHa, KO-
359
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rrOJIHHTeJlbHbIH n03HTHBHbIH HaY1JHbIH BbIXO,a, HO II IIYTeM YTBep .aeHHH
y6e1K,aeHIISI B TOM, 1JTO JII06bIe nporpaMMHCTCKHe, BIIOJlHe OC03HaBaeMble,
npOu.e,aypHO npOCJle:>KHBaeMble rrJIaHbI «CHCTeMHoro», HarrpHMep, nOJ(XO,l{a
K nJIaHHpOBaHRIO JII06bIX peaJlbHbIX Orrepal(HH, HMeIOII.{HX ,aeJIO co CJIO:IK-
HbIMH qeJIOBeKO-MaIllHHHbIMH CHCTeMaMH, Be,l(eT K OIllH6KaM, T. K. He CY-
II1.eCTByeT rapaHTHH Toro, 1JTO TaKOR rro,axo,l{ JIOrHqeCKH nOJlOH, 1JTO 06blq-
HbIM,. 3,apaBOMbICJI5II.I!HH qeJlOBeK 6e3 «pHCOBaHHSI 6JIOK-CXe1\1» He npe-
B30H.neT HX, He nepe1JepKHeT HX B ,aeTaJl5lX paCCQHTaHHbIH «KpaCHBbIH
nJlaH» O,aHHM TBOpqeCKHM peIlleHHeM, qTO, HaKOHel(, Te, KOTopble no He-
BelKeCTBY HJlH no «3BM 3H<pOPHH» CJIHIlIKOM nOBepSlT «CBOHM HHTeJIJIeK-
TyaJIaM», MorYT COBepIllHTb POKOBYIO ,aJlH ce6S1, ,l{JISI CBOHX corpa2KJ(aH
H ,aJISI Bcero MHpa OIIlIlOKY, npHH5IB «JIOrHqeCKH SlCHoe», 3a e,nHHCTBeHHO
B03MO:>KHOe pellIeHHe. A pa3Be I1CHXOJlOrlI5I npecTynHHKoB He TaKOBa?
OHH LKe B ce6e HHKor,aa He COMHeBaIOTCH. 3,aeCb Y2Ke HenOH5ITHO, KTO
Koro «rHnHOTH3HpveT» - «qeJIOBeK-nporpaMMIICT «rlInHOTH3HpyeT» 3BM»
HJIH H8000pOT. «B3aHMHbIH qeJIOBeKO-MallIHHHbIH rHnH03» cyrnecTByeT
[6], H nopa cnpocHTb, a eCTb JIH Y TaKoH HOBOH HayqHOH: CHCTeMbI B03-
MO:>KHOCTb pa3pYllIHTb KOJIbl(O cy6'beKT-06'beKTHOH naTOJIOrHqeC H 06-
paTHoH CBSl3H? X. peHcpyc H ,I{:>K. BeHlI.eH6aYM, r5, 61 3TOT aKT COBep-
lllHJlH, HO OHH TeM caMbIM BbIIliJIH H3 «Kpyra npocpeccHOH3J10B 1111», OHIt
YKa3aJIH H3 onaCHOCTb, H HX HeB3J1IOOHJlII. TaKIIM 06pa30M, I1p06JIeMa co-
3HaTeJlbHorO H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO KOMnOHeHTOB KacaeTCSI He TOJlbKO TIe-
JIOBettecKoro HHTeJIJIeKTa, HO H «qeJIOBeKO-MaIlIHHHbIX CHCTeM», B KOTO-
pbIX nporpaMMHCTOB, «,aaBHO nOKHHYBIIlHe MHpCKHe 3aHSlTHSI», caMH ceOR
Bce y6e)l{,aaIOT (a TOtJHee, rHnHOTH3HpYIOT), 1JTO tJeJIOBeKY ero MbIllIJle-
HHe, ero nCHXHKY, ero HHTeJlJIeKT, IIX KOMnOHeHTbI He Ha)I.O H3YTIaTb, a
Ha,ao KaK MO:IKHO 6bICTpee 3aceCTb 3a ,aIICnJIeH 3BM CIICTeM II «COCTaB-
JI5ITb nporpaMMbI, nporpaMMbI, nporpaMMbI...».
COrJIaCHTeCb, 1JTO «XOJIO,l1.HbIH ,nYllI peaJIbHOCTH» TYT ObI He nOMe-
llIaJI, HO KaK II KOMY 3TO c,n;eJIaTb? HH O,lJ.Ha nporpaMMa 110 11M He no-
3BOJISleT yqeCTb 9BOJlIOUHIO OT He3HaHHSI K 3HaHHIO, nOSlBJleHHH rHnOTe3
no,a BJIH5IHHeM CJIyqaHHbIX, He5ICHbIX, He COBceM nOJIHbIX ,aaHHbIX, cpaK-
TOB, MHeHHH, OU,eHOK H T. n. npe.ncTaBHTeJIH 11M ynycKalOT H1 BMJJ.Y, tJTO
Halli .«ecTecTBeHHbIH HHTeJlJleKT» Bcer,aa pa3BHBaJICSI H npH2KII3HeHHo aK-
THBHO pa3BHBaeTC5I HMeHHO B OKpYlKeHHH TaKOH Cpe.lI.bI, r,ae erne He Bce
,aaHO, He Bce OLKH,aaeMO, He Bce .lI.aHO ,nOCTOBepHO, He Bce o.nHHaKOBO, He
Bce HCHO II 23KOHOMepHO II T. .n. II T. ,a. BOT TaKoH «O.lI.HHOKHH M03r»
CTaJI HY)K)I,aTbCH B 6ecc03HaTeJIbHhIX MexaHH3Max nOCTeneHHoro «BCnJIbI-
BaHM5I» HOBbIX BbIBO.nOB, eCJlH .nOJIfO Ha6JIIO,aaTb, ,aYMaTb, np060BaTb,
npoBepHTb H .rr.eJIaTb. BOT nOqeMY Qpe3BbIQallHO Ba2KHO 110CTaBHTb HOBbIe-
BonpOCbI, llbITa5lCb 3aHOBO OCMbICJIIITb H pa3rpaHHqHTb KOMnOHeHTbI nep-
COHaJIbHOrO B MhIllIJIeHHH, B nCHXHKe, B HHTeJIJIeKTyaJlbHoH ,n;eSlTeJIbHOCTIT'
JIIO,lI,eM. <f>YH.lI.aMeHTaJIbHOH 3HaQHMOCTH ,LlJI5I HaYKH <j)aKT H3,naHHH 4-x TO-
MOB, nOCB5Iru:eHHbIX np06JIeMe 6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO nCHXHQeCKOrO r 14], J(e-
JIaeT He06xo,n;HMbIM OCBeTHTb Bonpoc H 0 TOM, KaK CJIe.nyeT CMOTpeTh Ha
6eC 03HaTeJlbHYID c<l>epy C TOqKH 3peHHH eCTeCTBeHHHKOB, 06HapYlKMBa-
IOInMX HOBbIe MallIHHHhle cpe,aCTBa If MeX3HH3MbI npOBepKH ,nora,lI.OK,.
Mo,aeJleH, rHnOTe3, H,aeH?
3BM MOLKeT H ,lI.OJl2KHa CTaTb TeM, qeM ,rtJl51 )1<. nHa}Ke B TetJeHHe
,aeC5ITHJIeTHH 6bIJlH ,lleTH, H3 KOTOpbIX OH C 6eCKOHe1lHOH JII060BbIO H OCT-
pOYMHeM npH nOMoIUH CBoero KJIHHHtJeCKoro MeTo,aa npOBep5lJl 3nOXaJIb-
HYIO .lI.JI5I HCTOpHH nCHXOJIOrHH rHnOTe3Y 0 TOM, KaKHe HMeHHO CTa,llHH re-
HeTIIQeCKli -CPYHKlI.HOHaJIbHOrO pa3BHTHSI' ;npOXO,llHT HHTeJIJIeKT eJIOBeKae-
I1TaK, 3BM - cpe,nCTBO ,aJIH yqeHOrO, KOHKpeTHbIH <j)HKcaTOp II HMHTa-
TOp ero MO,AeJIeH, HaaO,l(qHK Ha HOBbIe H,aeH 0 TOM, KaK eme MO:>KHO 6bIJI()
360
6bI «npHMbICJIHTb ceoe npeJ{MeT MhlCJIH», a He CMaIIJHHa 3HHrepa», KO-
TOpa5I «KaK IllbeT, TaK II IIIbeT», H tlTO Bce MamHHbI ,l(JISI llIHTbSl ,l(OJl)K-
HbI 6bITb HMeHHO TaKHMIi Ii ,l(pyrHx 6bITb He MOlKeT, J{a)Ke eCJIH 9TO «6M-
OJIOrHtJeCKHe MaIlIHHbI» (KaK naYKII, meJlKOnp5I,l(bI H ,npyrHe tJJIeHHCTOHO-
rHe H 2KeCTKOKpbIJIbIe), KOTopbIe B TKatJeCTBe 11 «TKaHecoe,rUiHeHHH» KaK
6YATO 6bI HenJIOXO pa36HpaIOTCSI. 060>KeCTBJIeHHe «MaIllIIHhI 3HHrepa-
3BM» - 60Jle3Hb BeKa, H OHa npOH,aeT, II 60JlbHOH HMM MHp, «nJlaHH-
PYIOmHM CII.eHapHH 6y,aym er o ,ao 2025 rO,l(a», BbI3,aopoBeeT, eCJIH ,l1,0 TO-
ro He CJIYtIHTCH tJTO-TO CTpallIHoe, «He TaK paCCtJlITaHHoe nporpaMMHCTa-
MH BbICOKoro ypOBHH» HJIH npe,aCTaBHTeJI5IMH 60Jlee «rYMaHHCTHQeCKOrO'
KpbIJIa KOMnbIOTepmHKOB», T. e. npe,aCTaBMTeJlSlMH MCKYCCTBeHHoro HH-
TeJIJIeKTa (<<1111»).
nopa nOCTaBHTb 06emaHHbIe BonpocbI:
1. CaMbIH rJlaBHbIH Bonpoc: He CJIe,l1,yeT JIM npH3HaTb Heo6xo,aH 10CTb.
nOCTaBHTb no e,lJ.HHOH nporpaMMe MallIHHHbIe 9KcnepllMeHTbI, opraHH30-
BaTh TeopeTHtJeCKHe H nOJIY9MnHpHtJeCKMe npOBepKH, rHnOTe3bI 0 pa3-
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C03HaTeJIbHoro) ,
BYX BH OB rrC XHQeCKOH ,ae5ITeJlbHOCTM,
,aBYX BHAOB HHTeJlJIeKTyaJlbHOH ,l(e5ITeJIbHOCTM,
,aBYX BHJ{OB BOCnpH5ITH5I,
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HeHHH peqeBOH II SI3bIKOBOH ,neSITeJlbHOCTH II T. n.?
ECJIH TaKaSI nOCTaHOBKa Bonpoca (a' He OTBeTOB) BbITeKaeT H3 aHa-
JIH3a, HaKOnJIeHHOro HaYKOH, tJTO B npe,aeJIbHO OTtJeTJIHBOH cpopMe 6bI 1JO'
BblpalKeHO B MaTepHaJlaX MelKJ(YHapOJ(Horo CHMn03HYMa no np06JIeMe
6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHqeCKOrO, II B ocooeHHOCTIi B qeTK X neJIeHanpaB-
JIeHHbIX nO,lJ.xo,aax H 6ecnpeu.eH,l(eHTHbIX YCHJIHSIX ee opraHH3aTopOB -
3Ka,l(. AH rccp A. C. llpaHrHIIIBIiJIH, npo<l>. <1>. B. BaCCHHa II npoQ>.
A .E. llIep03HH .r 14], TO He CJIe,l(yeT JIM nORTH ,naJIbllIe H nOCTaBHTb pSl)J.
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2. He nopa JIM HeHpo<pH3HOJlOraM KJIaCCHqeCKOrO HanpaBJIeHHH C,lI.aTb
CBOH n03Hl(HH H OKOHtIaTeJIbHO npH3H3Tb, tITO Bee HX nonblTKH «ObICT-
pOH pa3ra,nKH TaHH MbILUJleHHH:' 6b1JIH B lIeM-TO OqeHb CHJIbHO nOXOJKH-
MH H3 CKOMnblOTepHoe Mo,neJIHpOBaHHe MbIWJleHH5I:), T. e. T3K >Ke rpy-
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CONCERNING THE C01\1,PONENTS OF NATURAL AND .MACHINE-
INTELLIGENCE KNOWLEDGE
V. V. CHAVCHANIDZE
Tbilisi State University, Departmen t of Cybernetics
S lJ M MAR Y
I t is shown in the paper that the long-standing controversy over the exist-
ence or non-existence of the sphere of the unconscious mind has totally ob-
scured the need for organizing a planned, comprehensive theoretical-experi-
mental-observational investigation of the phenomena of the unconscious
mind in all its manifestation forms (perception, speech, writing, movement,
etc. )
Questions of developing a special programme based on the techniques
and potentialities of modern cybernetics are discussed..
The publication of the four volumes devoted to the unconscious mind
should serve as the basis for the development of research on an interna-.
tional scale, dra.wing on all the devices and potentialities of modern sciences
connected with t(he analysis, recording, and processing of observational and
experimental data.
JII1TEPATYPA
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2. <1>J1EfIlliMAH B. C., OCHOBbI CHCTeMOJIOrHH, Pa,ZtHo H CBH3b, M., 1982.
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HHepe6a, T6., 1978.
i5. BACCI1H <1>. B., np06JIeMa 6ecC03HaTeJIbHOrO, MM., 1968.
16. n p 06 JI e M bI Y rr P a B JI e H H H H H T e JI JI e K T Y a JI b H 0 H .n e Sf T e JI b HOC T b 10. nCHXO-
3BpHCTHqeCKOe rrporpaMMHpOBaHHe. nO,Zl pe,n. B. B. QaBqaHHJJ.3e, 113Jl-BO MeI.{HHepe6a,
T6., 1974.
17. CHMOHOB n. B., 3MOnHOHaJIbHbIH M03f, M., 1981.
.365
o METO,nAX HCCJlE,nOBAHHSI CTPYKTYPbI YCTAHOBKH
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B. r. HOPAKHA3E
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CTaBJleHHbIM B CTaTbHX, ,LlaHa HX KJIaCCH<pHKan:HH. OHR pa3,lI.eJIeHbI Ha
5 rpyrrn; oxapaKTep'H30BaHbI c,ymecTBeHHble CTOpOHbI Ka.lKJIloH rpynnbI,
onpe,aeJleHa HX II.eHHOCTb ,lI.JlSI HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHSI ccpepbI 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO'
rrCHXHQeCKoro. ABTOpbI pe,aaKII.HOHHOH CTaTbH rrpaBHJIbHO OTMeqaIOT, 4TO
TaKoe pa3Ho06pa3He MeTO,lI.OB HCCJIeAOBaHHH YKa3bIBaeT Ha CJIO./KHOCTb.
cHTyaII.HH B 3TOM OOJIaCTH H B TO .lKe BpeMSI OTMeqaroT OAHOCTOpOHHOCTb
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YCTaHOBJIeHHe B3aHMOCBH3eH Me)K,ay 3THMH MeTo,aaMH II HX OO'be,lI.HHeHHe
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PYIOT BO B3aHMO,lI.ellCTBHH.
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366
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«KopperHpyeTC5I H8 OCHOBe TOM HHcpOpMaU.HH, KOTopaSl rrocTynaeT B no-
pSl,aKe 06paTHOH CB5I3H B pe3YJIbTaTe c03HaTeJIbHOM aKTHBHoCTH, pa3Bep-
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TaJlbHorO HCCJle,l(OBaHH5I.
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MM HCCJle,aOBaHII5I OT,l(eJlbHbIX KOMIIOHeHTOB CTPYKTypbI oecc03HaTeJlbHO-
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367
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npocy KpaTKO H3JIO:tKeHbI B HallieH CTaTbe B III TOMe MOHorpaq,HH «Bec-
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'CTaTbe )I.OBO,abI H 60JIee yoe,l(HTeJIbHO 06ocHoBaTb HX.
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OHa cpopMHpyeTC5I COrJIaCHO 3aKOHaM rrOCJle,L(HeH ee cymecTBeHHbIMH npH-
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neJIOCTHOCTH, MHO:>KeCTBeHHOCTb nepe}KHBaHHH npe,aCTaBJI5IeT C060H npo-
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CTH Ha rrOqBe YCTaHOBKH.
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MOTHBHpOBaHa.
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<pJlerMaTlIK, XOJIepHK HJIH MeJIaHXOJlHK);
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YCTaHoBKH B KJIHHllqeCKOH npaKTllKe, OCMbICJIeHHH Ha OCHOBe TeopHH yc-
TaHOBKH Bcex acneKTOB T. H. «3aIUHTHbIX MexaHH3MOB», 06ocHoBaHHbIx
rrCHxoaH aJI H30 M.
374
CONCERNING THE METHODS OF STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF A
PERSON'S SET AS THE UNCONSCIOUS MENTAL
V. G. NORAKIDZE
The D. N. Uznadze Institute of Psychology, Georgian Academy of Sciences, Tbilisi
SUMMARY
The paper discusses the controversial problems of the study of the struc-
tureof set as the unconscious mental. Itis shown that the study of the struc-
ture of set (implying the unity of a number of meaningJul and formal compo-
nents) is feasible by a complex method (the method of fixed set, projection
technique , clinical interview questionaire, Eisenck inventory) in which the
method of fixed set is central and basic. The study of the set structure by a
complex method is based on the following principle: analysis of the interre-
lationship of the dispositional nature of set as the structure of the unconsci-
ous mind and the conscious mental life, the two being integrally uni ted; deter-
mination of the extent to which the adequacy of the experiences of personal-
ity, the difficulty or facility of adjustment, purposeful actions (plasticity
or rigidi ty in the search of ways of self-realization), inner conflicts, and so on
are linked with the structure of sets that have become essential traits of
lhe personality. The indicated complex method, formed on the basis of the
principle just cited, was found to have psychodiagnostic value.
.J} H T E PAT Y P A
1. Eecc03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpO,lla, <PYHKII.HH, MeTO,lJ.bI HCCJIe.llOBaH, HSI T. III, T6HJIHCH, 1978, 513-
536.
2. BYPJIA4YK JI. <1>., npOOJ1eMa HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHH 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO rrCHXHqeCKOrO npoeKTHB-
HbIMH MeTo).(aMH. B KH.: Becc03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo,Z{a, CPYHK HH, MeTO,llbI HCCJIe.zr.OBaHHH,
T. I II, T6MJIHCH, 1978, 638-643.
3. ,LDKAfiAPH,lL3E 3. C., I1ccJIe,lloBaHHe CTPYKTYPHbIX acneKTOB YCTaHoBKH JIHqHOCTH npH
CJIa60cTPYKTYPHOH 3pHTeJIbHOH CTHMYJIH HH, ABTope<pepaT, T6HJlHCH. 1979.
4. KAI(AEAJ(3E B. 0., fipot5JIeMa 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoro. B KH.: Becc03HaTeJIbHoe: npMpo a,
CPYHKl.(HH, MeTO,lJ.bI HCCJIe OBaHHH, T. I, TOHJIHCH, 1978.
5. HOP AKI1:,[{3E B. f., MeTO.llbl HCCJle,lI.OBaHHH xapaKTepa JIHqHOCTH, TOHJUICH, 1975.
6. HOPAKHJL3E B. f., THnbl xapaKTepa H cpHKcHpoBaHHaH YCTaHOBKa, TOHJIHCH, 1966.
7. HOP AKI1[(3E B. f., MeTO.llbI HCCJIe,llOBaRHH YCTaHoBKH KaK 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXHqeC-
Koro. B KH.: Becc03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpO,lla, <PYHK HH, MeTO,llbI HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHSI, T. III, T6H-
JIHCH, 1978, 611--621.
8. np AHrI1IIIBI1JII1 A. C., K npOOJIeMe 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO B CBeTe TeopHH YCTaHoBKH. B
KH.: BecC03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo a, <PYHK HH, MeTO b] HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHH, T. I, T6HJIHCH, 1978.
9. CABEHKO JO. C., fipoeKTHBHbIe MeTO bI B HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHH 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoro. B KH.: Eec-
C03H8TeJIbHoe: npHpO,l{a, <t>YHK HH, MeTO,lI.bI, HCCJIe)I.OB3HH5I, T. I II, T6HJIHCH, 1978,
632-637.
iO. COKOJIOBA E. T., K TeOpeTHqeCKoMY 06ocHoBaHHIO npoeKTHBHoro MeTO.lla HCCJIej!,OBaHHH
375
JUrIJHOCTH. B KH.: BeCC03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpOJ(a, <PYHKIJ,HH MeTO bI HCCJIeJ(OBaHHH, T.
I II, T6HJIHCH, 1978, 632-63I.
11. Y3HA,lJ,3E )].. H., 8KcnepHMeHTaJIbHble OCHOBbI nCHXOJIOfHH YCTaHoBKH, T6HJIHCH, 1961.
12. Y3HA,lJ,3E .lI.. H., 06w.aH nCHXOJIOrHH, T6HJIHCH, 1964.
13. Y3HA,lJ,3E ,lJ,. H., K np06JIeMe nOCTHJKeHHH 3HaQeHHH. llCHXOJIOfHqeCKHe HCcJIe,nOBaHHH,
T6HJIHCH, 1966.
14. MURRAY H. Thematic Apperception Test, Manual. Cambrige, 1946.
15. BECK A. S. Rorschach Test, I-II, 1946, H. Rorschach Psychodiagnostik, Bern.
1946.
376
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IOInHX TPY.L(HOCTeH H onacHocTeH f6; 11; 14; 16]. Kor.L(a )Ke no TeM H.lIH
HHbIM npIItIHHaM (II3-3a He,lI.OCTaTKa 3HaHHH, onbITa, CaMOHa]I.eHHHOCTH
HJIH JI.pyrHx 06CT05ITeJIbCTB) QeJIOBeK C01JTeT cHTyaII.HIO MeHee 3HaQHMOH-
TpeBO:tKHOfI, qeM OHa 5IBJIHeTCH H3 caMOM ,lI.eJIe, TO M06llJIH33UJ1H ero op-
raHH3Ma MO}KeT He ,lI.OCTllqb Tpe6yeMoro ypOBH.H 11 OR He cnpaBllTCH c:
3a aQeH, KOTOPYIO npH 60JIbIlleH: Mo6llJIIl3an:HH OH ycrrelliHo pelliHJI 6bI.
H B AaHHOM CJIyqae BalKHO OTMeTHTb, qTO Tpe6yeMaH Io6HJIH3alI.HH op-
raHH3Ma ,aJI5I pa3pellIeHH5I 3HallHMbIX TpeBO)KHbIX 3a,l.I.aq B03HHKaeT Henpo-
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,u.aHHOH: 3a,lI.aQH HY}KHO oc060e BHHMaHHe H CTapaHHe, 3 ,l.I.OCTaTOQHO O-
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HHKaIOlIl.He B pe3YJIbTaTe 3Toro 3HaQHMble-TpeBO)Kble nepelKllBaH5I caMH
C060H nOpO,lI.HT TaKYIO 3HepreTHQeCKYlO M06HJIH3aUHIO opraHH3Ma (B TOM
tIHCJIe H aKTHBan:llIO HepBHOH CllCTeMbI), KOTopaH 6y.rr.eT crroco6CTBOBaTb
ycneiliHOMY pa3perneHHIO 3TOH 33,lI.aQH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, MbI npHXO,lI.HM K CJIe.L(YIOIII,eMY 3aKJIlOQeHHIO: )1.JIH
nOBbIllIeHHH Ha,lJ,e}KHOCTH pa60TbI onepaTopOB HMeeTCH rrpaKTHQeCKaH He-
06XO.L(HMOCTb B B HBJIeHHH nCHXOJIOrHQeCKHX MexaHH3MOB OpMHpOBaHHH
nepe)I{HBaHHH 3HaqHMOCTH-TpeBOlKHOCTH, B pa3pa60TKe MeTO,lJ,OB OIl,eHKH,
a MO)KeT 6bITb, H MeTo,aOB BbIqHCJIeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOI.l{IIX nOKa3aTeJIeH.
380
3. B CBoeM ,aOKJIa)1.e Ha T6HJIHCCKOM CHMrr03HYMe C. 51. Py6HHIllTeMH
{151 rrOKa3aJI, qTO OTHOllleHHe K pacrrOJIaraeMOMY BpeMeHH MO)KeT
HBHTbCH rrOKa3aTeJIeM OC03HaHHbIX H HeOC03HaHHbIX npOHBJleHHH qeJIO-
BeKa. KaK MO)KHO 6bIJIO npe,anOJlO)KHTb, BpeMH H, B qaCTHOCTH, BpeMeH-
HbIe OrpaHHqeHHH, HaJIaraeMbIe Ha orrepaTopa pernaeMoH 3a)1.a1JeM, MorYT
HBHTbCH aprYMeHTOM, onpe.L(eJIHIOmHM ero nepe)KHBaHHH 3HatIHMOCTH-Tpe-
BOJKHOCTH. LLJIH YCTaHOBJIeHHH CBH3H Me2K,l(Y 3THMH ,l(BYMH nOKa3aTeJI.SIMH
MbI npOBeJIH CIIe HaJIbHOe 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOe HCCJIe.L(OBaHHe Ha nHJlO-
Tax, B )I.eHTeJIbHOCTH KOTOpbIX oc06eHHO HpKO rrpOHBJlHeTCH BJIHHHHe or-
paHHqeHHH BO BpeMeHH.
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npH60pHOll ,aOCKH nHJIOTa C .L(eMCTBYIOmIIMH nIIJlOTa:tKHbIMH rrpH60paMH.
I1ccJle,l(oBaHHe npOBO.L(HJIOCb MeTO.L(OM .9KCnepTHbIX OIJ,eHOK. B pOJIH .9KC-
nepTOB BblcTyrraJIH onbITHbIe I1HJIOTbI. OHO BblrrOJIHSIJIOCb B CJle,llYIOI.UeM
nOCJIe,aOBaTeJIbHOCTH. nHJIOT pacnOJIaraJiCSI Ha paCCTOSIHHH OKOJIO 1 MM
OT npH60pHoM ,aOCKH, 3aKpbIToll CneIJ,HaJIbHOH lllTOpKOH. EMY co06 aJICH
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QTO IlOCJIe C6POCOB lllTOpKII Ha npH60pHOH .L(OCKe eMY 6y,aYT npe.L('bHB-
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.aoe HapyrneHHe C TOqKH 3peHHSI ero onaCHOCTH B peaJlbHbIX YCJIOBHHX
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60JIblllHX H MaJIbIX HapYllleHHHx pe)KHMa rrOJIeTa OTHOCHTeJIbHO Tpex rrpo-
cTpaHcTBeHHblx oceH CaMOJIeTa. TaKHM 06pa30M, .L(JIH Ka:tK,aoro Hapyrne-
HHH pe)l(HMa IIOJIeTa 6bIJIH nOJIyqeHbI cooTBeTcTBYIO He 6aJIJIbHble OneHKH
3KcnepToB no CTerreHH ero 3HattHMocTH-TpeBO:tKHOCTH ,aJIH nHJIOTa.
C Pyroft: CTOPOHbI, no Ka)K oft: ({KapTHHe» HapyrneHHH, npe 'bHBJIHeMOH
3KcnepTaM JIH OneHKH, TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH «pe3epB BpeMeHH» (t res ), KOTOpbIM
B Cpe,l(HeM pacrrOJIaraJIH IIHJIOTbI JIH JIHKBH anHH B03HHKllIero HapYIlleHHH
II coxpaHeHHH oe30IIacHocTH IIOJIeTa, paCCqRTbIBaJiCH IIO cJIe YIOlI(eH cpopMYJIe:
ires =T - i m1n ,
(1)
'r,n:e T - BpeMS!, KOTOpbIM pacrrOJIaraJIH IIHJIOTbI C MOMeHTa OOHapY}I{eHHH
HapymeHHH o MOMeHTa OTKJIOHeHHH JIIOOOrO IIapaMeTpa pe)KHMa nOJIeTa
3a onYCTHMbIe OrpaHHqeHHH,
}J tmin -- Cpe Hee MHHHMaJIbHOe BpeMH, HeOOXO HMOe rrHJIOTaM JIH npe-
u
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OIIYCTHMble npe eJIbI.
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'KOTOpbIM B Cpe HeM paCIIOJIaraJIH IIHJIOTbI B KalKJ(oH rrpe 'b5IBJI5IeMOH HM cHTya-
I.\HH, C TOH Cpe,n;HeH On:eHKOH 3HaqHMOCTH-TpeBOlKHOCTH, KOTOpyro OHM ,n:aBaJIH
3TOH cHTyanHH. YCpeJ(HeHHbIe pe3YJIbTaTbI 9KCIIepHMeHTa npeJ(CTaBJIeHbI Ha
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TyauJfH (C) OT pacrrOJIaraeMOro pe3epBa BpeMeHH J(JIH HapYIlleHHH CaMOJIeTa no
KpeHY (C* z (ires» H TaHra)KY (C* x (ires»' KaK BHJ(HO H3 .9THX KplIBbIX, YMeHb'Ine-
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nOKa pe3epBHoe BpeM5I OTHOCHTeJIbHO BeJIHKO, ero oKparneHMe MaJIO CKa3bIBa-
eTCH Ha 3HaQHMOCTH, npH MaJIhIX )Ke pe3epBax BpeMeHH HX COKpa eHHe y:me
-cyrnecTBeHHO YBeJIHQHBaeT 3HaQHMOCTb cHTyalI.HH.
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381
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MOCTH-TpeBO}KHOCTH JI5I Hero 3TOM cMTyaII.HH MOMeT anpOKCHMHpOBaTbCH 3KC-
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res - ,
(2}
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1
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tres
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B COOTBeTCTBHH C cpOPMYJIOH 2 Ha pHC. 1 nocTpoeHa MHpHOH JIHHHeH pac--
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npe;:(CTaBJIeHbI 3KCIIepHMeHTaJIbHble KpHBble, IIOCTpoeHHbIe OT,[(eJIbHO ,l{JIH IIH-
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Ta CPOpMHpYIOTCH y IIHJIOTOB B COOTBeTCTBHH C paCIIOJIaraeMbIMH cpe,lI.HH-
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.n.eJIaIOT, HCXO,nH H3 paCIIOJIaraeMOro pe3epBa BpeMeHH. JIO/lYtteflflaR cPop-
MYAa (2) n03BO/lReT no fla/lUttfloMY pe3epBfloMy BpeMeflu anpuopflO npo-
2flo3upoBaTb cpe8fluu ypoBefl'b 3flattUMOcTU-TpeBO:JICflOcT\U 8/lR nU/lOTOB
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nO/leTa. n pHtleM CJIe,ayeT 3aMeTHTb, qTO pe3epB BpeMeHH OCTaeTCH no-
Ka3aTeJIeM 3HatIHMOCTH C06bITHH He3aBHCHMO OT npHpo,nbI B03HHKalOIUHx
382
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TaKHe ycpe,nHeHHble nOKa3aTeJIII 3HaqHMOCTH, nOJIyqeHHble 6e30THOCH-
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oeHHOCTHM? TaKMe cpe,nHHe O:QeHKH HYLKHbI XOTH 6bI nOTOl\fY, qTO B cpaB-
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eJIbHbIX nHJIOTOB. Be,nb, Kor,na MbI rOBopHM: «3TO XOpOllIHH nHJIOT» HJIH
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C*III - 3HatIHMOCTb ,nJI5I fIHJIOTOB III KJIaCca.
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KaKOH Mepe OH 3TO ,lI.eJI aeT.
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.TOqHOCTH ,l1.eHCTBHll, KOTopbIe HaJIaraIOTC5I Ha nHJIOTa. HCXO,l1.H H3 3THX CO-
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ores=D- Omin,
(3)
383
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..Eo m1n _- Cpe,l(HHH MHHHMaJIbHaH nOrpelliHOCTb, C KOTOpOH OnepaTOpbI cno-
COOHbI B paCCMaTpHBaeMbIX YCJIOBHHX ynpaBJIHTb ,l(aHHbIM napaMeT-
pOM.
MCXO,l(H H3 BbICKa3aHHOH rlInOTe3bI H pacnOJIaraH nOKa3aTeJIeM pe3epBa
TOqHOCTH, MbI npOBeJIH HCCJIe,l(OBaHHe, nO,l(OOHoe onHcaHHOMY Bblille. fIHJIOTaM,
KOTopbIe BbIcTynaJIH B pOJIH 3KcnepTOB, npe,l(JIaraJIHCb XOpOIllO H3BeCTHbie HM
nHJlOTa}KHO-HaBHral.{HOHHbIe 3a,l(atJH, KOTopbIe Tpe6oBaJIOCb peIIIaTb npH pa3-
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nOHeHTaM.
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HOCTH 3a).'(aQH H ee 3HaIIHMOCTblO ,l(JIH IIHJIOTOB cYII(eCTByeT CBH3b, KOTopaH MO-
eT anpoKcHMHpoBaTbcH CJIe)(YIO eH <}>OPMYJIOH:
C (ores) = e-Y]res ,
(4)
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HOCTH,
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3aJlHCb 6JIH3KH K 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIM.
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3a,aaQH, BbIBO,aHTb 3aKJIIOQeHHe 00 a,aeKBaTHOCTH no,ao6HbIX o eHOK pe-
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CONCERNING THE FACTOR OF SIGNIFICANCE AND THE TECH-
NIQUES OF ITS QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION
M. A. KOTIK
Tartu IJniversity
VMMARY
The papers presented at the Symposium and dealing with the determina-
tion and evaluation of significance as a psychological index are analysed. An
attempt is made to refute the pessimistic assertions of some authors on the im-
possibili ty of a rigorous defini tion of the indicated concept. A variant defini-
tion is proposed. A number of methods of quantitative estimation of the sig-
nificance index are described, as well as the resul ts of a practical use of such
estimation in studying the acti.vity of a human operator and in computer-
ized analysis of errors of control.
JIMTEPATYPA
1. BACCHH <1>. B., K pa3BHTHIO np06JIeMbI 3HaqeHHSI H CMbICJIa. BonpocbI nCHXOJIOrBB, 1973,
NQ 6, 13-24.
2. BbIrOTCKHYI JI. C., H36paHHbIe nCBXOJIOrBQeC {Be BCCJIe OBaHHH, M., 1956.
3. EMEJIb5IHOB A. M., MeTo aHaJIH3a ynpaBJI5IIOllI.eH e5ITeJIbHOCTH tIeJIOBeKa nocpe,l\cT-
BOM <ppeHMoB H CneII.HaJIbHOM MO aJIbHOH JIOrHKH, H3B. AH CCCP, TeXHHqeCKaH KH--
6epHeTHKa, 1980, NQ 4.
4. EMEJ1b5IHOB A. M., AJIrOpHTM H nporpaMMa ynpaBJISnC eM ,l(eSITeJIbHOCTH HCneTqepa
. aBToMaTH3HpoBaHHoH HH<p0pMaII.HOHHO-noHcKoBOH CHCTeMbI AHilC - roc<I>AIl CCCP
n004328. HH<popMaII.HOHHbIH 6IOJIJIeTeHb «AJIrOpHTMbI H nporpaMMbI», BHMT eHTp,
1980a, 3/35/.
5. 3A,QE JI. A., OCHOBbI HOBoro no xo a K aHaJIH3Y CJIO)KHbIX CHCTeM H npou.eccoB npHHHS>
THH perneHHH. B RH.: MaTeMaTHKa CerO,l(H5I, M., 1974, NQ 7, 5-48.
6. KOTHK M. A., CaMoperYJI5IlI.H5I H Ha e}KHOCTb qeJIOBeKa-onepaTopa, TaJIJIHH, 1974.
7. KOTHK M. A., ilCHXOJIOrHSI H 6e30rracHocTb, TaJI.,TJHH, «BaJIryc», 1981.
8. KOTI1K M. A., CHPTC T. K., BJIH5IHHe OTHorneHHH K orraCHOCTH Ha aBapHHHocTb, C6.
BocrrpHHTHe H cou.HaJIbHaH e5ITeJIbHOCTb. YQeHble 3anHCh.H TapTycKGrO rocy.n.apCTBeH-
Horo YHHBepcHTeTa, Bbln. 638, TpYJI.bI no nCHx0:'10rHH, TapTY, 1983, 121-133.
9. KOTMK M. A., BJIH5IHHe IJ,eHbI OIIIH6KH Ha npe,l(CTaBJIeHHe 0 Heonpe,l(eJIeHHOCTu 3a atIH.
Te3HcbI I X BcecoI03Horo cHMno3HYMa no KHoepHeTHKe, T. I I I, M., HaytIHbI:H COBeT no.
rrp06JIeMe «KH6epHeTHKa» AH CCCP, 1981, 80-82.
10. KOTHK M. A., EMEJ1b5IHOB A. M., OIIIH6KH ynpaBJIeHH5I, TaJIJIHH, «BaJIryc», 1985.
II. JIA3APYC P., TeopHSI cTpecca H nCHx0<pH3HOJIOrHtIeCKHe HCCJIe,l(OBaHHSI. B c6.: 3MOU.HO--
HaJIbHbIH cTpecc, JI., 1970, 178-208.
12. JIAPI1LJEB O. H., HaYKa H HCKYCCTBO npHHSITH5I peIIIeHH5I, M., 1979.
13. J1EOHTbEB A. H., ,Qe5ITeJIbHOCTb, C03HaHHe, JIl-ItIHOCTb, M., 1975.
392
14. nPHBPAM K., 5I3bIKH M03ra, M., 1975.
15. PYBHHIlITEI1H C. 51., I1CITOJIb30BaHHe BpeMeHH KaK nOKa3aTeJIH OC03H8BaeMbIX H Heo-
C03HaBaeMbIX MOTHBOB JIHqHOCTH. B KH.: Eecc03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo)J.a, <}>YHKIJ,HH, MeTO-
)J.bI HCCJIej.(OBaHH5I, T. I I I, TOHJIIfCH, !\1eII.HHepeOa, 1978, 644-650.
16. CI1MOHOB TI. B., 3MOII.MOHaJIbHbIH M03r., M., 1981.
17. Eecc03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo,1J.a, <PYHKII.HH, MeTo,n,bI HCCJIe,n,OBaHHH, VI I r, T6HJIHCH, \1.eu.HHe-
pe6a, 1978.
18. KOTIK N. A., On the influence of dangerousness on the conception of task uncertainty.
BcD.: npOOJIeMbI KorHMTHBHOH nCHXOJIOrHH. YqeHhle 3anHCKH TapTycKoro rocY,lJ.apcT .
BeHHoro YHHBepcHTeTa, BbIIT. 522. TPY,lI-bI ITO ITCHXOJIOrHH, T. VI, TapTY, 1980, 3-2I.
393'
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HOCHTCH K H3MeHeHH5IM B o6MeHe KaTeXOJlaMHHOB (cHH)KeHHe HHTeHCHB-
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407
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peHHbIX BbIII1e MOTOpHbIX )1.eBHaIl,HH.
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MOTOpHOrO pery.hHpoBaHHH. npH 3TOM, XOT5I XapaKTep H3MeHeHHH OT)J,eJlb-
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COMaTH3a HH TpeBOrH XapaKTep 06MeHa KaTeXOJIaMHHOB B 3HalJHTeJIbHOK
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rrpOTHBOrrOJIOLKHOM HarrpaBJIeHHH.
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HHTpanCHXHlJeCKOH a,aanTaUHH, nO,aTBepLK,lI,aeT npaBOMepHOCTb BbI.rr.eJIeHH5r
paCCMOTpeHHbIX THITOB 3THX MeXaHH3MOB H B TO LKe BpeMH rrOKa3bIBaeT,.
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OC03HaBaeMOH H HeOC03HaBaeMOH nCHXHqeCKOH )1.eHTeJIbHOCTH), HO H Hapy-
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THITOM YKa3aHHbIX MexaHH3MOB, HCCJIe.rr.OBaHHe nCHxocpH3HOJIOfHQeCKHX CO-
OTHOllIeHHH MO)KeT paCCMaTpHBaTbC5I KaK O,IJ,HH H3 nYTeH H3YQeHHH 3THX
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MorYT 6bITb CBH3aHbI C HCXO,lI,HbIMH nCHxocpH3HOJIOrHQeCKHMH oc06eHHO-
CTHMH cy6'beKTa.
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6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO 6a3HpyeTc5I Ha .rr.BYX CPYH.rr.aMeHTaJIbHbIX nOCbIJIKax: Ha
nOCTYJIHpOBaHHH nOCT05IHHOrO B3aHMO)1.eHCTBH5I M xaHH3MOB OC03HaBae-
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XHQeCKOH HHTerpa HH H Ha IIpe,acTaBJIeHHHX 06 OTHOCHTeJIbHOH cTa6lIJlb-
HOCTH rrcHxo<pH3HOJIOrH eCKHx CooTHolIleHHH. HCnOJIb30BaHHe KOMITJIeKCa
nCHXO,lI,HarHOCTHqeCKHX MeTo,aHK, ,aonycKalOIIl.Hx KOJIHQeCTBeHHyIO Ol1. eHK Y'
II cTaTHCTHQecKYlO o6pa60TKY ){aHHbIX, napaJIJIeJIbHOe HCCJIe){OBaHlIe nCHXC-
,aHarHOCTlIqeCKHX xapaKTepHcTHK H IIIHpoKoro Kpyra CPH3HOJIOrHQeCKH*"
napaMeTpoB 06eCneqHBaeT npH 3TOM' B03MOlliHOCTb HaYlJHOrO aHaJIH3a
06'beKTHB oCTb H BocnpoH3Bo,aHMOCTb pe3YJIbTaToB.
npHBe.rr.eHHble ,IJ,aHHble nO)I.TBepLK,aaIOT npO)1.YKTHBHOCTb YKa3aHHoro
nO,IJ,xo.rr.a IIPH 1I3YQeHHH IICHXOJIOrHqeCKOrO' H IICHXOCPlI31I0JIOrHqeCKOrO 3Ha-
qeHHH TaKHX cyr.u.ecTBeHHblx xapaKTepHcTHK, KaK OC03HaBaeMble H Heoco-
3HaBaeMble KOMrrOHeHTbI MOTHBaII.HH, 3cpcpeKTlIBHoCTb B3aHMo.rr.eHcTBH5I Me-
xaHH3MOB oc03HaBaeMoH H Heoco3HaBaeMoH nCHXHQeCKOH )1.e5ITeJIbHO(,TH
TpeBora Ii MexaHH3MbI lIHTparrCHXHQeCKOH a.rr.anTaII.HH.
408
PSYCHIC AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL INTEGRATION
F. B. BEREZIN
1st Moscow Med icaI Institute, Moscow
S{JMMARY
The p05sibili ty of ;tudying the unconscious as a combination of processes.
of unconscious psychic activity is based on the following two fundamen-
tals: (a) postulation of a constant interaction of the conscious and the uncon--
scious at all levels of psychic integration, and (b) notions of the relative sta-
bili ty of psychophysiological correlations, determining the two possible di-
rections of research. The'effectiveness of a combined use of these two direc-
tions simul taneously in the author's work is illustrated by a study of the essen-
tial psychodi agnostic chara'cteristics, incl uding: (a) the conscious and uncon-
scious componen ts (tension of unsatisfied needs), those connected by the inter-
action of the conscious and the unconscious (integration of behaviour; (c)
those which are unconscious by virtue of their nature (psychological defences).
Note may be made of (a) the difference of psy hophysiological correlations-
of the conscious and unconscious components of frustration tension and
(b) a closer connection - at disturbed mental adjustment-of the unconsci-
ous component with activational and vegetative changes and loads addressed
to the right cerebral hemisphere becoming unconscious wi th the expansion of
the scope of the psychodiagnostic characteristics involved.
i ...The role of an effective behavioural integration grows with an increase
of frustration tension: the ratio of frustration is behaviour integration cor-
reIa tes wi th the level of anxiety and change of a number of physiological pa-
rameters. Anxiety paroxisms are characterize,d by a disturbance of intrapsy-
chic and psychophysiological integration. Activation of psychological defences.
restores integration, with the type of psychophysiological correlations de-
pending on the defence mechanism typ . Parallel research of a wide range of
psychodiagnostic characteristics and physiological parameters ensures objec-
tivity and replicable results, indispensable for scientific analysis.
JIHTEPATYPA
1. BEPE3J1H <1>. B., POJIb rHnOT3JIaMyca B MexaHH3Me ,ZI,eHCTBH5I nCHxoTponHblx Cpe,ZI,CTB B.
CHCTeMe H3yqeHH5I nCHXOnaTOJIOrHH rHIlOTaJIaMHqeCKOrO CHH,ZI,pOMa. B KH.: COBpeMeH-
HbIe IlCHXOTpoIIHbIe Cpe,ZI,CTBa, M., 1961, BbIIl. 2, 61-70.
2. BE PE3HH <1>. B., nCHXOIlaTOJIOrH5I rHI10TaJIaMHQeCKHX I10pa)KeHHii. KJIHHHKa, Heiipo-
rYMopaJIbHOe perYJIHpOBaHHe, 3aKoHoMepHocTH ,ZI,eHCTBH5I IICHXOTPOIIHbIX Cpe,ZI,CTB. AB-
\ Tope<pepaT ,ZI,OKT. ,ZI,HC., MocKBa, MHH3,ZI,paB CCP, I MMI1 HM. H. M. CeQeHOBa, 1971.
3. BEPE3HH <1>. E., MJ1POlIJHI1KOB M. n., PO)l(AHEU P. B., MeTO,ZI,HKa MHorOCTopOH--
Hero HCCJIe,ZI,OBaHH5I JIHQHOCTH, M., Me,lI.HQHHa, 1976.
4. BEPE3HH <1>. B., HeKoTopble MexaHH3MbI HHTepI1CHXHQeCKOH a,lI.aIlTaQHH H I1CHXOCOMaTH-
QeCKHe COOTHOllleHH5I. B KH.: Becc03HaTeJIbHoe: I1pHpO,lI.a, <PYHKQHH, MeTO,ZI,bI HCCJIe,lI.OBa-
HH5I, T. II, T6HJIHCH, MeQHHepe6a, 1978, 281-291.
5. BE PE3HH <1>. E., HeKoTopbIe aCIleKTbI I1CHXHQeCKOH H I1CHX0<pH3HOJIOrHQeCKOH a,lI.aIITa--
409
IlHH qe.nOBeKa. B KH.: nCHXHQeCKa5I a.11.anTau.H5I tIe.nOBeKa B YCJIOBH5IX CeBepa, BJIaAH-
BOCTOK, 1980, 4--43.
'6. BOJIbIIIAKOBA T. ., HeKoTopbIe rrOKa3aTeJIH OOMeHa KaTeXOJIaMHHOB rrpM <pM3HOJIOrH-
qeCKHX H rraTOJIOrHqeCKHX COCT05lHH5IX Y JIIO)J.eii. ABTOpe<p. ,lJ.OKT. )I.HC., M., MHH3 paB
CCCP, I MMI1 HM. H. M. CeqeHOBa, 1973.
7. BYPJIA4YI( JI. <p., npOOJIeMa HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHH oecC03HaTeJIbHOrO nCHXH1IeCKOrO npo KTHB-
HbIMH MeTO}1.aMH. B KH.: BeCC03HaTeJIbHoe: rrp, Hpo)J.a <PYHKU.HH, MeTO}1.bI' HCCJIe}1.0BaHHH,
T. III, TOHJIHCH, Meu.HHepeoa, 1978, 638--643.
8. BblrOTCKl1fI JI. C., TIcHXOJIOrHH HCKYCCTBa, M., 1965.
9. fYEA 4EB IO. M., CT A5POBCKHYI E. M." KJIHHHKO-<pH3HoJlOrHQeCKHe OCHOBhI nCHXOCO-
MaTHQeCKHX CooTHoUleHHH, JI., Me)J.HlI.HHa, 1981, 216.
10. KOCTAH,lLOB 3. A., 0 <pH3HOJIOrHQecKHX MaxaHH3Max «rrcHxOJlOrHQecKOii 3a HTbI) H
6e30TQeTHbIX 3MOU.HH. B KH.: BecC03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpO,lJ.a, <PYHKU.HH, MerO}1.bI HCCJleAOBa-
BaHH5I, T. I, T6HJIHCH, Meu.HHepeoa, 1978, 633-651.
rl1. MATJII1HA 3. III., BAPY A. M.. BACI1JIbEB B. H., 3MOU.HH: 3HaqeHHe HeKOTopbIX Me-
}1.HaTOpOB H ropMOHOB B MexaHH3Max BKJII01IeHH5I H nO}1.}1.ep)KaHH5I 9MOlI.HOHaJIbHbIX coc-
T05IHHH. B KH.: <PH3HOJIOrH5I qeJIOBeKa H :>KHBOTHbIX, T. 15, M., 1975, 30-93.
12. MHPOlIlHI1KOB M. n., O,lJ.Ha H3 KOHlI.errQMH rrcHXHQeCKOrO cTpecca no AaHHbIM 3apy6e-
:>KHbIX HCCJIe}1.oBaHHii. B KH.: npOOJIeMbI nCHXOJIOrHH crropTa, M., 1971, Bblrr. I, 137-
165.
13. PI1BI1H B. M., PI1BI1HA H. B., 06 3HJJ;OKPHHHOM MexaHH3Me OC03HaBaeMbIX H HeOC03-
HaBaeMbIX cTa)J.HH pa3BHTHH MOTHBau.HH. B KH.: EecC03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpO}1.a, <PYHKU.HH,
MeTO}1.bI HCCJIe)J;OBaHH5I, T. I, TOHJIHCH, Meu.HHepe6a, 1978, 751-759.
'14. CABEHKO 10. C., npoeKTHBHbIe MeTO)I.bI B HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHH 6ecc03HaTeJIbHoro. B KH.:
BecC03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo}1.a, <PYHKU.HH, MeTO,lJ.bI HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHH5I, T. I II, T6HJlHCH, Meu.-
HHepe6a, 1978, 632--637.
.I5. \ CO KOJIOBA E. T., K TeOpeTHqeCKoMY OOOCtlOBaHHIO npoeKTHBHoro MeTO}1.a HCCJIe}1.0Ba-
HHH JIHqHOCTH. B IQI.: Eecc03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpO,lJ.a, <PYHKlI.HH, MeTOAbI HCCJIeAOBaHIUI
T. III, T6HJIHCH, MPQHHepe6a, 1978, 622-631.
16. CI1MOHOB n. B., 3MOQHOHaJIbHbu'f M03f. <PH3HOJIOrHH, HeiipoaHaTOMH5I, nCHXOJIOrHSI
9MOlI.HH, M., HaYKa, 1981.
17. lIlEP03115I A. E., TIcHxOaHaJIH3 H TeOpH5I HeOC03HaBaeMOH nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH YCTaHoB-
KH: HTorH H nepcrreKTHBbI. B KH.: Becc03HaTeJIbHoe: npHpo)J.a, <PYHKIlHH, MeTO}1.bI HCCJIe-
)I.OBaHHH, T. I, T6HJIHCH, MeQHHepeOa, 1978, 37 -66.
18. CATTELL R. B., The Scientific Analysis of Personality, 1967 (Penguin Books).
19. CHERTOK L., P'sychosomatique experimentale. La vesication. B KH.: BecC03HaTeJIbHoe
rrpHpo)J.a, <PYHKQHH, MeTO,lI,bI HCCJIe)J.OBaHHH, T. III, T6HJIHCH, MeQHHepe6a, 1978,
598-610.
20. KOPT A M., Some Interrelations Between Consciousness, Behaviot Integration and Defense
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T. III, TOHJIHCH, Meu.HHepe6a, 1978, 402-413.
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e HHepe6a, 1978, 676--691.
.410
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B3rJI5I)].OB, p83BHTbIX <PpeH,lI,OM. aTO YTBepJKAeHHe HHr,lI,e He AOKa3bIBaeTCH,
H B leCTe C TeM OHO JIeLKHT B OCHOBe BceH ero TeopHH: «AHaJIHTHK OTJIH-
QaeTC5I oco60 CTporOM YBepeHHOCTblO B ,neTepMHHall.HH )].yrneBHOH: LKH3HH.
,LLJIH Hero B I1CHXHQeCKOH :/KH3HH HeT HHqerO MeJIKOrO, I1pOH3BOJIbHOrO H
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r,l(e 06bIKHOBeHHO TaKHX TpeOOBaHHH He npe,a'bHBJISIeTC5I» [I, 171].
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no MeHbllIeH: Mepe, CTpeMJIeHHe coxpaHHTb HayqHbIH: no,lI,XO,lI,. O,lI,HaKO, KaK
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H. Epeca, )1(. HaCCHcpa, r. IloJIJIoKa, K.-5. KJIeMaH, E. PY,LlHHeCKO. OCO-
oeHHO OCTpO ee o6CY2K,l(eHHe I1pOXO,lI,HJIO 3a «KpyrJIbIM CTOJIOM» B BblcTyn-
JIeHH5IX M. MaM a p.rr. a rnBHJl H, T. MeHH8, C. JIeKJIepa, A. lllepo3HH, E. IlIo-
POXOBOH:.
H TaK, C O)].HOH: CTOpOHbI, YTBep:/K,l(eHHe B COOTBeTCTBHH C npHHll,HI10M
H8yqHOrO HCCJIe,LlOBaHH5I CTpOrOH: ,lI.eTepMHHHpOB8HHOCTH I1CHXHtIeCKHX
npOI-LeCCOB, a C ,apyrOH: CTOpOHbI - nOCTOHHHbIe COMHeHH5I B HayqHOM CTa-
Tyce nCHXOaHaJIH3a, - BOT I1p06JIeMa, KOTOpylO M.bI 110I1bITaeMC5I HCCJIe-
)I.OBaTb.
I1cCJIe)].OBaHHe np06JIeMbI 6Y,lI.eT COCTOHTb H3 ,[LBYX tIaCTeH:. B rrepBOH
qaCTH MbI 06paTHMC5I K BOl1pOCY rrpOHCXOlK,lI.eHHH H)].eH: <PpeH:)].a 0 ,lI,eTep-
MHHanHH nCHXHtIeCKHX HBJIeHHH. Bo BTOpOH qaCTH 110l1bITaeMCH YCTaHO-
BHTb pe8JIbHOCTb CYIII,eCTBOBaHH5I rrpe,lI.MeTa rrCHXOaH8JIH3a H HayqHOCTb
ero MeTO,lI.8.
MOlKHO rrpe,lJ.rrOJIO:tKHTb, qTO rrOCTYJIaT 0 ,aeTepMHHHpOB8HHOCTH rrCH-
XHqeCKHX nponeCCOB HBJI5IeTC5I y6elK,aeHHeM <I>pe¥i,aa, BbITeK81Olll.HM 113
npe,lIJlIeCTBYIOlll.eH: cpH3HOJIOrHqeCKOH:, T. e. TeM caMbIM eCTeCTBeHHo-H8YQ-
HOM opHeHT811.HH cI>peM)J.8. O HaKO 1I3BeCTHO, QTO 3Ta QPlIeHTall.HH 6bIJIa
411
OCTaBJIeHa <Ppeii,aOM, I H B ,aaJIbHeiirneM OH OTKa3aJIC5I OT CBOHX nJIaHOB
aHaTOMo-cpH3HOJIOrHqeCKOrO 06'b5lCHeHHH nCHXHqeCKHX 5IBJIeHHii, H2JIO)l{eH-
HbIX B «n poeKTe», OTHOC5IIlI,eMYC5I K 1895 ro,ay. fIo 3TOMY npe,anoJIo)Ke-
HHlO y6eJK,n;eHHe <PpeiiAa HOCHT peJIHKTOBblii xa paKTep.
MO)KHO TaK)Ke CqHTaTb nocTYJIaT <Ppeii,lI.a npocToii . ,n;eKJIapaUHeii,
cJIY)KaIlI,eii npHKpbITHeM OT Hana,aOK H C03,lI.aIOIlI,eii BII,n;HMOCTb HayqHOro.
HCCJIe,aOBaHH5I.
MO)KHO, HaKOHeIJ., CqHTaTb, qTO ,aeTepMHHH3M ,n;eiicTBHTeJIbHO npHcYT-
cTByeT B 06'b5lCHeHH5Ix <Ppeii,lI.a, HO 3TO ,lI.eTepMHHH3M OC06blii, HeH3BeCT-
Hblii HaYKe HJIH HenpneMJIeMblii eIO. CJIe,aoBaTeJIbHO, eCJIH <Ppeii,n; II I co-
xpaHH.TI Bepy B ,n;eTepMHHH3M, TO HalIleJI ero COBeprneHHO HHYIO cpOPMY.
KaK 6bI TaM HH 6bIJIO, HaqHHa51 C 1900 ro,n;a - ro,n;a BbIXO,lI.a B CBeT
KHHrH «TOJIKOBaHHe cHoBH,n;eHHii» (BO cppaHUY3cKOM nepeBo,n;e 60JIee qeT-
KO - «HaYKa CHOB»), Ha6JIIO,n;aeTC5I pe3Koe H3MeHeHHe B3rJI5I,n;OB <ppeii,n;a
Ha np06JIeMY ,n;eTepMHHaIJ.HH qeJIOBeqeCKOrO C03HaHHH H MbIrnJIeHHH.
HecoMHeHHo, qTO, no,aooHo oHxeBHopHcTaM H reWTaJIbTHCTaM, <PpeiiA
no,n;HHJI «6YHT» npoTHB Tpa,n;HUHoHHOii nCHXOJIOfHH C ee HHTpocneKTHB-
HbIM aHaJIH30M C03HaHH5I. Ho nOqeMY <ppeii,lI. BbI6paJI HMeHHO 3TOT nYTb
perneHHH, nOqeMY OH pelIlaJI 06IlI,He. np06JIeMbI nCHXOJIOrHH HMeHHO Ta-
KHM 06pa30M?
06pameHHe K JIOrHKe pa3BHTH5I nCHXOJIOrHH II COUHa.TIbHO-nCHXOJIOrH-
1-IeCKHM cpaKTopaM OKa3bIBaeTC5I He,aOCTaTOqHbIM, Be,ab If oHxe HopH-
CTbI, H rernTaJIbTHCTbI, II reHeTHqeCKHe nCHXOJlorH - cOBpeMeHHHKH
<Ppeii,aa, H C03,aaTeJIH nCHXOJIOrHqeCKHX TeopHii Haxo,n;HJIHCb B Tex )Ke
YCJIOBH5IX H 3aHHMaJIHCb TOll me HaYKoii, a Me)K,ay TeM OHB npe,aJIO)KHJIH
HHbIe perneHH5I.
BbIBO,n;HTb me pemeHHe <ppeii,aOM npOOJIeM nCHXOJIOrHH H3 cBoeo6-
pa3HH ero JIHqHOCTH, CKa)KeM, 113 ero c06CTBeHHbIX HeBpOTHqeCKHX Ha-
KJIOHHOCTeI1 MO)KHO H HHTepeCHO, HO TO)Ke 5IBHO HeJI.OCTaTOqHO - Bce
3TO YCJIOBH5I cpOpMHpOBaHH5I H pa3BHTH5I B3rJIH,aOB, a He OObHCHeHHe no-
. . .
5IBJIeHH5I caMHX B3rJI5I,aOB.
I1Haqe rOBopH, MbI YTBep)K,aaeM, qTO H,n;eH <Ppeii,lI.a, ero npe,n;cTaBJIe-
HH5I 0 ,aeTepMHHaUHH nCHXHqeCKHX npoueCCOB He 6bIJIH pO)l{)J.eHbI B era
rOJIOBe, HO 6bIJIH 3aHMCTBOBaHbI H3BHe H TpaHccpopMHpOBaHbI B COOTBeT-
CTBHH C YCJIOBH5IMH H 3a,aaqaMH HCCJIe,n;OBaHH5I.
fIo,aTBep)K,aeHHeM Harnero YTBep)K,aeHH5I H TeM caMbIM 06'b5lCHeHHeM
nOHBJIeHH5I <ppeii,aOBCKHX H,aeii, B qaCTHOCTH, ero nOHHMaHHH ,LLeTepMHHH3-
Ma,MOrJIO 6bI CTaTb HaXO)K,aeHHe CXO,n;HbIX H,n;eii B ,n;pyrHx TeopHHX H Ha-
YKax. B 3TOM CJIyqae CTaJIO 6bI 5ICHO, qTO <ppeii,n; He H306peJI CBOH H,n;eH
caM, a peaJIH30BaJI H pa3BHJI B ccpepe nCHXOJIOrHH H,n;eH H npe,lI.CTaBJIeHHH,
CcpOpMHpOBaHHble B ,aPyroii 06JIaCTH 3HaHHH. I1MeHHo TaKHe Cxo,aHbIe
npe,lI.CTaBJIeHH5I MbI 06HapY)KHBaeM B pa60Te ,Q. <Ppeii3epa «30JI9TaH
BeTBb» .
Cpa3Y )Ke 3aMeTHM, qTO peqb noii,aeT He 0 3aHMCTBOBaHHH 3THorpa-
<pHqeCKOrO MaTepHaJIa, a 0 Cxo,acTBe H,aeii B nOHHMaHHH <Ppeii3epOM nepBO-
6bITHoro MblrnJIeHH5I II nOHHMaHHH <Ppeii,n;OM 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO MbIlIlJIe-
HH5I. ,I:!JI5I Hac HeBaJKHO, 6bIJIO' JIH 3TO 3aHMCTBOBa'HHe C03HaTeJIbHbIM HJIH
HeOC03HaHHbIM. KpoMe Toro, MbI He HaCTaHBaeM Ha cpaKTe np5lMOrO 3a-
HMCTBOBaHHH, KOTopoe YCTaHaBJIHBaeTC5I HaXO)K,n;eHHeM UHTaTbI HJIH yno-
MHHaHHeM 0 npe,arneCTBeHHHKe. B CJIyqae C <Ppeii,aOM 3TO c,n;eJ13Tb oco6eH-
HO TPY,lI.HO H BOT nOqeMY.
<Ppeii,a, nO-BH,aHMOMY, 6bIJI He JIHrneH qeCTOJII06H5I H CTpeMHJIC5I YT-
Bep,aHTb CBoii npHopHTeT B perneHHH HayqHbIX BonpOCOB BCIO,ay, r,ae 3TO
6bIJIO B03MO)KHO. 06 3TOM cBH,aeTeJIbCTByeT HCTOpH5I C OTKpbITHeM aHe-
cTe3HpYIOIlI,HX cBoiicTB KOKaHHa B HaqaJIe HayqHOii KapbepbI ct>peH,lI.a B
cepe,aHHe 80-x rO,lI.OB. no CJIOBaM <ppeii,aa, K. KeJIJIep YKpaJI Y Hero npa..
412
BO OTKpbITH5I H JIHlIlb nOTOMY OH «He CTaJI 3HaMeHHT Y)Ke B 3T.H IOHble ro-
bI» [2, 38].
3Ta «nC.HXHlJeCKa51 TpaBMa» B .naJIbHeHrneM c,lXeJlaJla cppeH,n;a oOJIee
OCTOp02KHbIM. TaK, B OTBeT Ha 3aMelJaHH5I 0 CXO CTBe YlJeHH5I 0 oecco-
3HaTeJIbHOM C H,ae5lMH <pHJIOCO OB cppeH,a n.HcaJI B cBoeH HayqHOH aBTO-
oHorpacpHH: «5I lJ.HTaJI 1Il0neHraY3pa OlJeHb n03,n;HO. HHIJ.llle - ,n;pyroH
HJIOCO , qb51 HHTYHIJ.H5I H B3rJI5I,abI COrJIaCYIOTC5I lJaCTO y,n;HBHTeJIbHbIM
oopa20M C pe3YJIbTaTaMH, C TPY,lXOM ,nOObITbIMH nCHXOaHaJIH30M» T2, 74].
TaKHM 00pa20M, COrJIallla5lCb C 3aMelJ HH5IMH 0 Cxo,aCTBe, CPpeH,a ,aaeT
nOH5ITb, l}TO CBOH H,n;eH OH pa3BHBaJI cOBepllleHHo caMOCT05lTeJIbHO.
3,n;ecb CTpeMJIeHHe K He3aBHCHMOCTH HaBo.nHT Ha MbICJIb 0 HeBe)Ke-
CTBe, B KOTopoe Tpy,n;HO nOBepHTb. H eCJIH ,aalKe B OTHOl1leHHH CTOJIb no-
nYJI5IpHOH B TO BpeM5I H,n;eH oeCC03HaTeJIbHOrO cppeif,n; CTpeMHJIC5I OTCTO-
lITb CBOIO He3aBHCHMOCTb, TO B OTHOllleHHH ,apyrHx ero H,aeH MO:tKHO npe,n;-
nOJIaraTb TO lKe caMoe. BOT nOlJeMY MbI He 6epeMC5I ,aOKa3aTb aKT np5l-
Moro 3aHMCTBOBaHH5I H nonbITaeMC5I YCTaHOBHTb JI.Hlllb aHaJIOrHIO H,n;eH
B 3THorpacpHH H nCHXOaHaJIH3e.
BMeCTe C TeM, peqb nOH,n;eT He npocTo 06 aHaJIOrHH, a 00 H3BeCTHoro
po,n;a 3aBHCHMOCTH, T. e. np5lMOe 3aHMCTBOBaHHe He HCKJIIOlJaeT Henp5lM:oe
3aHMCTBOBaHHe, OOJIee Toro, MbI ero npe,lI.nOJlaraeM. B rrOJIb3Y Henp5lMO-
ro 3aHMCTBOBaHH5I CBH,aeTeJIbCTByeT TOT cpaKT, lJTO KHHra CPpeH3epa Bnep'-
Bble BbIlllJIa B 1890 ro,ny, 6bICTpO npHOOpeJIa IIlHPOKYIO nonYJI5IpHOCTb,
Bw,neplKaJIa no,np5l,a HeCKOJIbKO H3,naHHH .H Bp5l,n; JIH MOrJIa npoHTH MHMO
BHHMaHH5I CPpeH,n;a, Haxo,aHBlllerOC5I HMeHHO B TO BpeM5I B COCT05lHHH MY-
HTeJIbHOrO HaYlJHQro nOHCKa.
I1TaK, MbI nOJIaraeM, lJTO Henp5lMOe 3aHMCTBOBaHHe ObIJIO onpe,lI.eJIe-
HO H,nei1HOH aTMoccpepOH Toro BpeMeHH, 51pKHM BbIpa:tKeHHeM KOTOpOH 51BH-
.JlaCb KHHra CPpeH3epa. YCBoeHHe 3THX H,neH H npeJ:LCTaBJIeHHH BbI3BaJIO
nepeJIOM B HaYlJHOH cy,nboe CPpeH,na, KOTOpbIH ObLTI OTMelJeH BbIXO,lI.OM B
CBeT KHHrH «TOJIKOBaHHe CHOBH,neHHM», nOJIOlKHBlileH HaqaJIO pa3B.HTHIO
nCHXO aH aJI H3 a.
ECJIH nonbITaTbC5I OOOOIll,HTb OCHOBHbIe nOJIO}KeHH5I paOOTbI CPpeH3e-
pa B HHTepeCYIOIll,eM Hac acneKTe, TO OHH MorYT 6bITb CcpOPMYJIHpOBaHbI
CJIe,nYIOIllJIM 00pa30M.
1. YTBeplK,aeHHe HaJIHlJH5I HeH3MeHHoro nJIaCTa B MbIIUJIeHHH H nOBe-
,lIeHHH JIlOJJ,eM Bcex BpeMeH H' Hapo,nOB, OCHOBaHHoro Ha Bepe B B03MOlK-
HOCTb MarHlJeCKOrO B03,neHcTBH5I Ha MHP: «B TO BpeM5I KaK peJIHrH03Hble
CHCTeMbI pa3JIHqHbI He TOJIbKO B pa3HbIX CTpaHax, HO H B OJJ,HOH CTpaHe
B pa3HbIe 3nOXH, CHMnaTHlJeCKa51 MarH5I Bcer,n;a H Be3,ae B CBoeM TeopHH
11 npaKTHKe OCTaeTC5I no CYIll,eCTBY o,nHHaKOBOM. Y HeBe)KeCTBeHHbIX H
cyeBepHbIX npOCJIOeK COBpeMeHHOM EBponbI CHCTeMa MarHH BO MHorOM
Ta lKe, lJTO CYIll,eCTBOBaJIa TbIC5IlJeJIeTH5I Ha3a,a B I1HJJ,H.H H ErHnTe H npo-
)10JIlKaeT CYIll,eCTBOBaTb y caMbIX ,ILHKHX nJIeMeH, coxpaHHBlllHXC5I ,no Ha-
CT05lllI.ero BpeMeHH B OT,lI.aJIeHHbIX yrOJIKaX MHpa» :r3, 69].
2. 3TOT nJIaCT He OCTaeTC5I naCCHBHbIM, OTlKHBIllHM npH,naTKOM CO-
BpeMeHHOH lKH3HH, erp CYIll,eCTBOBaHHe 51BJI5IeTC5I nOCT05lHHOH yrp030H
)I.JI5I IJ.HBHJIH30BaHHbIX <pOpM nOBe,neHH5I: «TIPOHHKHYB B rJIYOHHbI MarHH,
6ecnpHCTpaCTHbIH HaOJIIO,naTeJIb YBH,lI.eJI ObI B HeH He lJTO lIHoe, KaK no-
CT05lHHYIO yrp03Y lJ,HBHJIH3aIJ.HH. MbI, KaK BH,n;HO, ,nBHlKeMC5I no TOHKOH
KopKe, KOTOpa51 MOfKeT B JIIOOOH MOMeHT TpeCHYTb no,n B03,neHCTB.HeM
peMJIIOIll,HX no,n3eMHbIX CHJI» (TaM 2Ke).
3. MarHlJeCKOe H HaYlJHOe MbIlllJIeHHe HMeIOT OOIll,HH npHHIJ.HII -
npHHIl,I1n ,lI.eTepMHHHpoBaHHocTH HCCJIe,lI.yeMblx 51BJIeHHH: «CPYH,naMeHTaJIb.
Hoe ,nonymeHHe MarHH TO:lK,neCTBeHHO... B033peHHIO COBpeMeHHOH HaYKH:
B OCHOBe KaK MarHH, TaK H HaYKH JIe2KHT, TBep,na51 Bepa B nOp5l,aOK H e,nH-
Hooopa3He npHpo,aHbIX 51BJIeHHH. Y Mara HeT .cOMHeHHSI B TOM, lJTO O,aHH
H Te :lKe npHlJHHbI Bcer,aa Oy.nYT nopOlK.naTb O,lI.HH H Te lKe CJIe,ncTBH5I...
413
B OOOHX cnyqaHX OnYCKaeTCH, QTO rrOCneAOBaTenbHOCTb C06MTHH COBep.
weHHO onpe,l{eJIeHHaH, nOBTopHeMaH II nO,lJ.QHHHeTC5I AeHCTBHlO HeIl3MeH-
HbIX 3aKOHOB, npOHBJIeHHe KOTOpbIX MO:lKHO TOIIHO BblqnCJIHTb II npeJLBH-
,neTh. 113 xOl(a npHpO HbIX npOneCCOB H3rOHHIOTCH H3MeHQHBOCTb, Herro-
CTOHHCTBO II CJIyqaHHOCTb. KaK MarH.H, TaK II HaYKa OTKpbIBaIOT rrepe,li
TeM, KTO 3HaeT npnQHHbI Be eH II MO:lKeT npHKOCHYTbC5I K TaHHbIM npy-
LKHHaM, npHBO,lI,Hll1,HM B ,lJ.BH:JKeHHe orpOMHbIH H CJIO)KHbIll MexaH1I3M npH-
pOJ,lbI, nepcrreKTHBbI, Ka)KyrnHecSI 6e3rpaHHIIHbIMH» !r3, 61].
4. B aCHOBe MarH1JeCKOrO MbIIlIJIeHH5I JIe2KaT ,lI,Ba CPYHAaMeHTaJIbHbIX
npHHnHna: aCCOnHa HH H ell no CXO CTBY H aCCOnHanHH H eH no CMe*-
HOCTH. «CaMH no ce6e 3TH npHHnHnbI aCCOI.(HaI.(HH 6e3ynpeqHbI H a6co-
JIIOTHO Heo6xo,lI,HMbI ,lI,JI5I CPYHKII.IIOHHpOBaHHH qeJIOBeqeCKOro HHTeJIJIeKTa.
Hx npaBHJIbHOe rrpHMeHeHHe ,aaeT HaYKY; ilX HenpaBHJIbHOe npHMeHeHHe
, ,lJ.aeT He3aKOHHOpO:lK,aeHHYIO cecTpy HaYKH - MarHIO» 1[3, 62]. «TIepBbIH
H3 HHX r JIaCHT: nO,lJ.OOHOe npOII3BO,lJ.HTCH nO,lJ.OOHbIM, HJIH CJIe,lJ.CTBHe noxo-
)Ke Ha CBOIO rrpHQHHY. COrJIaCHO BTOPOMY rrpHHI.(Hrry, BemH, KOTopble pa3
rrpHIlIJIH B conpllKocHoBeHHe ,Z:(pyr C ,rr,pyroM, rrpO,lI.OJI)KaIOT B3aHMo.n.ei1cT-
BOBaTb Ha paccToHHHH rrOCJIe rrpeKpameHllH npHMoro KOHTaKTa» 1[3, 20].
«(OIllH6Ka rOMeOrraTHqeCKOH MarHll 3aKJIIOqaeTCH B TOM, qTO nO,lI.06He Be-
Ill.eH BocnpHHHMaeTCH KaK HX H eHTHqHOCTb. KOHTarH03Ha5I MarHH COBep-
llIaeT JLpyrylO 0IlIH6KY: OHa HCXO,Z:(HT H3 Toro, qTO BelI(H, KOTopble O,lLHa)K-
,lJ.W HaXO,lJ.HJIHCb B conpHKOCHOBeHHll, npe6MBaIOT B KOHTaKTe nOCT05IHHO»
[3, 21].
ECJIH Tenepb o6paTHTbcH K CPpeH y, TO MOLKHO YTBepLK,rr,aTb CJIe,lJ.y-
IOIll.ee.
1. CPpellA, TaK )Ke KaK H cppeM3ep, YCTaHOBHJI HaJIHqHe ,lLBYX rrJIa-
CTOB MbIIlIJIeHHH - C03HaTeJIbHOrO (paII.HOHaJIbHOrO, 3peJIOro) H 6ecco3Ha-
TeJIbHOrO (HppanHOHaJIbHOrO, HHcpaHTIIJIbHoro). Becc03HaTeJIbHOe MbIIIIJle-
HlIe coxpaHHeTC5I Hell3MeHeHHbIM Ha rrpOTH)KeHHe TbICHqeJIeTHM.
2. 06a nJIaCTa HaXOA5ITCH B COCTOHHHH KOHcpJIHKTa, nOCKOJIbKY cY-
meCTBOBaHHe HHcpaHTHJIbHOrO MbIIlIJIeHHH npe,LLCTaBJIHeT yrpo3Y )I.JIH pa-
nHOHaJIbHOrO MbIIlIJIeHHH, BBHJI.Y qero C03HaHHe BbIHYiK,LLeHO npHHHMaTb
penpeccHBHble MepbI, oCYIll.ecTBJIHH BbITeCHeHHe HerrplleMJIeMbIX o6pa30B H
npe,lJ,cTaBJI eHHM.
3. CPpeM,a, KaK II CPpeH3ep, y6e)K,lJ.eH, QTO 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe MbIIIIJIe.
HHe, KaK H MarHqeCKOe MbIIlIJIeHHe, o6JIa,lI.aeT BHYTpeHHHMII 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTHMH. OH yoe:iK,lI.eH, qTO no BH,lJ.HMOCTH XaOTllqHble, oeCCMbICJIeHHble,
He enwe 06pa3M CHOBH,LLeHIIH no cy ecTBY nO,lI.qHHeHW onpe,lJ.eJIeHHOH JIO-
rHKe, nO,lJ.06HO TOMY, KaK HeJlerrble Ha BH,lI, MarHqeCKHe ,lI.eHCTBH5I. HJIH PH-
TyaJIbHble 06PH,lJ.bI, OCTaTKH KOTOpbIX, KaK nOKa3aJI <I>peM3ep, MbI Ha6JIIO-
,lLaeM 11 no cell ,lI,eHh B nOBe,lI.eHllll COBpeMeHHoro qeJIOBeKa, npHo6peTa-
lOT H3BeCTHbIH CMbICJI, ecnH MbI CTaHOBHMC5I Ha TOqKY 3peHHH rrepBo6bIT-
Horo qeJIOBeKa II Hcrronb3yeM era rrpHHI.(HTIbI 110HHMaHH5I ,Z:(eiICTBHTeJIbHO-
CTH, era npllHI.(HnbI MbIIlIJIeHH5I.
4. ACCOIl,Ha[(H5I HAeM B 6ecC03HaTeJIbHOM MbIIlIJIeHHH ocy eCTBJI5IeT-
CH no npHHIl.HrraM, CXO,LlHbIM c npHH[(HIIaMH nO,lI.06HH 11 3apa)KeHH5I.
<PpeM,LL Ha3BaJI HX crYIII.eHHeM II nepe,lI.BHraHHeM. npaB,Lla, B KHHre «OCTpO-
YMHe Hero OTHOI)leHHe K 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOMY» OH rOBopHT e e 06 O,lI.HOM
npHHlJ,Hrre -- rrpHHIl,Hrre HerrpHMoro H306pa}KeHll5l. O,lLHaKO, cOBpeMeHHbIM
rroCJIe o.BaTeJIb CPpeH,lJ.a /K. JIaKaH BHOBb B03BpamaeTcH K )I.BYM OCHOB-
HbIM npHHII.HrraM, KOTopble OH CB5I3bIBaeT C .JIIIHrBHCTHqeCKHMH rrpHHp.Hrra-
Mil TpaHC OpMaII.HH 3HaqeHHM -- MeTacpopOH (CBH3b 3HaqeHHH ITO CXO,lI.-
CTBY) II MeTOHHMHeM (CBH3b 3HaqeHHH 110 CMe:iKHOCTII).
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THE PROBLEM OF THE SCIENTIFIC ST A IUS OF
PSYCHOANAL YSIS
G. L. lLYN
I stitute of the History of Natural Science and Engineering, USSR
Academy of Sciences, Mosco\1/
SUMMARY
Three questions are considered in the1paper:I(a) theJgenesis of Freud's
ideas on the unconscious determination of the psychical;'. (b) ,the existenceIof
infantile thinking as the subject of psychoanalysis; (c) the scientific charac-
ter of the method of psychoanalysis. A similarity has been found between
Freud's understanding of unconscious thinking and Frazer's concept of magic
thinking. The existence of infantile thinking as a variety of a special atti tude
to the world, emerging under specific conditions of communication between
human beings, is confirmed. The incongrui ty of the l method of psycho-
analysis wi th modern conceptions of scientific method is argued. The possibil-
ity of using psychoanalysis as a way of development of adult personality is-
assumed.
JII1TEPATYPA
1. <1>PE11,1J 3., 0 nCHXOaHaJIH3 . TI5ITb JIeKl{HH. B KH.: XpecTOMaTH5I} o '-HCTopHH=ncHXOJIO-
rHH, !vL. Mry, 1980.
2. FREUD S. Ma vie et Ia psychanalyse. Paris, 1950.
3. <1>PEn3EP JJ.., 30JIOTaH BeTBb, M., MTIJI, 1980.
418
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TeJIbHOH Mepe COI1.HaJIbHbIM neCCHMH3MOM <PpeH,aa, ero HeBepHeM B VTI-
paBJI5IeMOe 06 eCTBO, B B03MOlKHOCTb cpOpMHpOBaHH5I nOBe,aeHHH JIIO-
AeH, nepeBocnHTaHH5I qeJl0BeKa B COOTBeTCTBYIOI.I.I.HX C0I1.HaJIbHbIX YCJIOBH-
.SIX. 3Ta n03HI1.HH lllJIa Bpa3pe3 C nOTpe6HOCTHMH COBpeMeHHoro MH,pa,
Kor,aa perneHHe 3a,aaqH ynpaBJIeHHH 06 eCTBOM H JIIO,abMH HBJI5IeTC5I He
TOJIbKO :tKeJIaTeJIbHbIM, HO H :tKH3HeHHO Heo6xOAHMbIM. HeH3MeHHeMOCTb
6eCC03HaTeJlbHbIX BJIeqeHHH Ha npOT5I:tKeHHe BceH qeJIOBeqeCKOH HCTOp HH,
HX nOCT05lHHOe H HenpHMHpHMoe npOTHBo,aeHCTBHe COI1.HaJIbHOMY ,aaBJIe-
HHIO, - 3TH nOJIO}KeHH5I nCHXOaHaJIH3a 3HaqHTeJIbHO orp3HHllHBaJIH ero
pacnpOCTpaHeHHe KaK B ClllA, r,ae 06eIIJ.aHHe YOTcoHa CCPOpMHpoBaTb
qeJIOBeKa C 3ana,lI.HbIMH CBOHCTBaMH o6eCneqHJIO eMY 6ypHbIH H npo,aOJI-
)KHTeJIbHbIH ycnex, TaK H B CCCP, rAe C03,lI.aHHe HOBoro 06IIJ.eCTBa npe,a-
nOJIaraJIO <pOpl\l}ilpOBaHHe HOBoro. qeJIOBeKa, C HOBOW nCHXOJIOrHeH, JlM-
IlleHHOH nepelKHTKOB npornJIoro.
Y CTaHaBJIHBaH 06I.I.I.ee B H,lI.eOJIOrHqeCKHX 3aTpy,aHeHHHX, BCTpeqeHHbIX
nCHXOaHaJIH30M, KaK B COI1.HaJIHCTHqeCKHX, TaK 11 B KanHTaJIHCTHlieCKHX
cTpaHax, HeJIb3H He OTMeTHTb pa3JIHqHH B OTHorneHHII K nCHXOaHaJIH3Y
pa3HbIX H,aeOJIOrHH. O,aHO H3 TaKHX pa3JIHq11H, HanpHMep, COCTOHT B TOM,
lITO CO HaJIHCTHqeCKa51 H,aeOJIOrHH pa3,aeJIHeT neCCHMH3M <PpeH,aa B OTHO-
rneHHII 6yp:>Kya3Horo 06IIJ.eCTBa H OTpHI1.aeT ero B OTHorneHHH COI1.HaJIH-
CTHqeCKOrO 06IIJ.eCTBa H qeJIOBeKa 3Toro 06IIJ.eCTBa.
O,aHaKO neCCHMH3M: ct>peH)J.a HeJIb3H cqHTaTb rJIaBHOH npHqHHOH CO-
npOTHBJleHH5I nCHXOaHaJIH3Y. 3TOT neCCHMH3M npHo6peJI Bblpa:tKeHHYIO
<POPMY B KOHeqHOH CTa,aHIi pa3BHTH5I nCHXOaHaJIH3a, Tor,aa KaK conpOTHB-
JIeHHe nCHXOaHaJIH3Y OKa3bIBaJIOCb C MOMenTa ero 3apO:tK,aeHH5I.
MeTo,aOJIOrHqeCKHe 3aTpy,aHeHHH, BCTpeqaeMble nCHXOaHaJIH30M, Qpe3-
BbIQaHHO pa3Hoo6pa3HbI. OCTaHOBHMCH Ha HHX no,apo6Hee.
1. HaH60JIee qaCTO 06'beKTOM KPHTHKH BbIcTynaeT xapaKTepHbIH ,aJlJl
nCHXOaHaJIlI3a nOHCK npHq11H aKTyaJIbHOrO nOBe,aeHHH He B aKTyaJIbHbIX
C06bITH5IX, a B C06bITHHX ,aaJIeKOrO rrpOllIJIOrO, nOHCK HaqaJIa, HCTOKa,
KopHeH, nepBOnpHqHH. 3Ta oco6eHHOCTb nCHxoaHa H3a He CJIyqaHHa.
<I>peH.lI.OBCKa51 TeopHH C03,aaBaJIaCb B nepHO,a TOp}KeCTBa 3Bo.rllOI1.HOHHbIX
H eA, B nepHO,a C03,aaHHH I1.eJIoro pH,aa «reHeTHqeCKHX nCHxonorHH» (XOJI-
JIa, DOJI)J.YHHa, 4eM6epJIeHa H )J.p.), pH,a H3 KOTOpbIX cox paHHJIC5I 11 )J.O
HarnHX ,aHeH. (IlHa}Ke). Y ct>peH,lI.a peqb H,aeT 0 reHe3Hce MOTHBaI1.HH no-
Be,aeHHS1.
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HHH 3Ta CTopOHa cppeH,fLOBCKOH TeopHH, eCTeCTBeHHO, 6bIJl3 nO,fLBeprHYTa
KpHTHKe. TaK, OJIJITIOpT OnHCaJI I1.eJIbIH pH,a cpeHOMeHOB, no,aTBep:tK)J.aIO-
!nHX, B npOTHBOBec cppeH)J.OBCKHM 06'bHCHeHHHM, CPYHKQHOHaJIbHYIO aBTO-
HOMHIO MOTHBOB. 11 XOTH KOHI1.enI1.HH O..1JInOpra, B CBOIO Oqepe,ab, 6bIJla
nO.lI.BeprHYTa KpHTHKe, CTaJIO HCHO, qTO apI YMeHTHpYIOIIJ.He B03M01KHOCTH
<ppeH,aOBCKOH KOHI1.enI1.HH MOTHBaI1.HH CJI€)J.yeT 3HaqHTeJIbHO OrpaHHQHTb.
TeM }Ke reHeTHqeCKH I 06pa30 1 MblUlJIeHHH 11 YBJIeqeHHeM 3BOJIlOI1.H-
OHHOH 6HOJIOrHeH CJleY)J.eT 06'b51CHHTb 6HOJIOrH3aI1.HIO qeJIOBeqeCKOrO no-
Be,aeHH5I II TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH peJ1YKQHOHH3M <ppeH)J.OBCKoro yqeHH5I. YT-
Bep)KJ1.ae IaJl B HeM rH6KOCTb CB5I3H MOTHBa nOBe,aeHHH C BHeIllHHM pa3-
.npaJKHTe 1eM (YCTaHOBJIeHHaH II B HCCJIe,aOBaHHHX 11. 11. IlaBJIoBa) no..
422
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TO nOBe,aeHHH K O,aHOH e,aHHCTBeHHOH ,aeTepMHHaHTe. 3aMeTHM, qTO Ta }Ke
rH6KOCTb CB5I3H MOTHBa C BHelliHeH npIIqHHOH nOBe,aeHH5I n03BOJlHJla 3a-
TeM A,aJlepy YCTaHOBHTb COBeprneHHO HHOH HCTOqHHK ,aeTepMHHaI1.HH, KOTO-
pbIH Ka3aJIC5I He MeHee 3cp<peKTHBHbIM B 06'bHCHeHHH nOBe,aeHH5I.
TaKHM 06pa30M, HH 06paIIJ.eHHe K HCTOKaM, HH pe,lI.YK.I1.HOHH3M, HII
-6HOJIOfH3aI1.HH He 6bIJIH HCKJIIOqHTeJIbHOH oco6eHHOCTblO cppeH,lI.OBCKOH Te-
OpHH. OHH 6bIJIli npHCYIIJ.1I MHOfHM HayqHbIM HanpaBJIeHH5IM Toro BpeMe-
HH H OTpaJKaIOT ero H,aeHHYIO aTMoc<t>epy. CJIe,aOBaTeJIbHO, OHH He 06'b5lC-
HHIOT conpOTHBJIeHHH, OKa3bIBaeMoro rrcHXOaHaJIH3Y.
2. 'uPYfHM pacnpocTpaHeHHbIM B03pa}KeHHeM ct>peH,ay 6bI TJ ynpeK B
HcnOJIb30BaHHH KJIHHHqeCKHX, nCHXOnaTOJIOfHqeCKHX cpaKToB )I..TI5I 06'bHC-
HeHHH nOBe,lI.eHH5I 3,aOpOBOfO qeJIOBeKa, a, TaK:tKe B YTBepiK,lI.eHHH, qTO
HMeHHO 3TH <t>aKTbI H ,aOJIJKHbI COCTaBHTb OCHOBY HOBOH nCHXOJIOrHH. B03-
palKaH npoTHB TaKOfO rro,axo,aa, MacJIoy OTMeqaJI, qTO TeOpH5I MOTHBa-
HH AOJI:tKHa orrHpaTbCH He TOJlbKO Ha HCCJIe,aOBaHHH 3aIIJ.HTHbIX MexaHH3-
MOB y 60JlbHbIX, HO H Ha BbIClliHe cnoc06HOCTII 3,aOpOBbIX JIIO,aeH.
O,nHaKO HCI10JIb30BaHHe I1CHXOI1aTOJIOrHQeCKHX cpaKTOB ,nJIH nOCTpoeHHH
nCHXOJIOrHQeCKOH TeopHH HOpMaJIbHOrO HH HBH a TaKlKe He 6bIJIO HCKJIIOqH-
TeJIbHOH oc06eHHOCTblO cppeH,nH3Ma. np06J1eMa COOTHOIIIeHH5I HOpMbI H naT0-
JIOrHH 6bIJIa Qpe3BblQaHHO rrorrYJI5IpHa BO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe rrpOllIJIOrO - Ha-
qaJIe IIHbIHellIHero BeKa, KOf a OHa MYCCHpOBaJlaCb H B nCliXOJIOrHH, H B cy,ne6-
HOM npaKTHKe, RIB JIHTepaType, H B <t>HJIOCOcpHH. STOT Bce06lIJ.HH HHTepec ,aaJI
OCHOBaHHe M. CPYKO YlKe B Hallie BpeM5I npOB03rJIaCHTb, lITO "homo psycho-
!ogicus npOHcxo,aHT OT homo mente captus" [8, 634}.
I1Haqe rOBOp5l, Tpa,aH HH paccMaTpHBaTb 60JIbHOrO, KaK Mo,aeJIb 3)1.0-
pOBoro qeJIOBeKa HJIH YCTaHaBJIHBaTb 3aKOHOMepHOCTH HOpMaJIbHOH nCH..
XHKH B cpaBHeHH C nCHXHKOH 60JIbHOrO, 5IBJIHeTCH ,aOCTaTOqHO ,aaBHeH,
IlIHpOKO HCrrOJlb3yeTcH H B Hallie BpeMH H He MOlKeT nOTOMY CqHTaTbC5I
npHqHHOH conpOTHBJIeHH5I nCHXOaHaJIH3Y.
3. CJIe,aYIOIII.HM pacnpocTpaHeHHbIM ynpeKoM nCHXOaHaJIH3Y 51BJIHeT-
-CH nOJIO:tKeHUe 0 ,aOMHHHpoBaHHH 6ecc03HaTeJIbHofo. 3TO nOJIOlKeHHe
CCPOPMYJIHpOBaHo ct>peH,aoM B H3BeCTHOM BbICKa3bIBaHHH 0 C03HaHHH, KO-
Topoe «He X0351HH B CBoeM ,aOMe».
IloTepIO C03HaHHeM I1.eHtpaJIbHOfO nOJIO:tKeHH5I H pelliaIOIIJ.eH pOJIH B
{)pfaHH3a HH nCHXHqeCKOH }KH3HH HeJIb351 paccMaTpHBaTb KaK oc06eH-
HOCTb <ppeH,aoBcKOH TeopHH. CHH:tKeHHe pOJIH C03HaHHH xapaKTepHo Ii
J1JIH p5l,lI.a ,lI.PYfHX rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKHX TeopHH, cOBpeMeHHblx <ppeH,lI.OBCKOH.
3TO H 6HxeBHopH3M, C ero OTKa30M OT H3YQeHH5I C03HaHH5I, H rellITaJIb-
TH3M, C 06pameHHeM K CTpYKTypaM, He 3aBHC5IIII.HM OT BOJIH H MbIIllJIeHH5I
II onpe,rr.eJI5IlOIIJ.HM MbIllIJIeHHe H C03HaHHe HH)I.HBH,aa. I-IanoMHHM BblCKa-
3bIBaHHe YOTcoHa: «He06xo,lI.HMO.... HaqaTb pa3pa6aTbIBaTb nCHXOJIOfHIO,
eJIaIOIIJ.YIO nOBe,aeHHe, a He C03HaHHe 06'beKTHBHbIM npe)I.MeTOM HCCJIe-
.nOBaHHH» r3, 32]. TaKHM o6pa30M, H 3,lI.eCb MbI He Haxo,aHM CrreQH<pHqe-
CKOM npHqHHW conpOTHBJIeHHH nCIIXOaHaJIH3Y.
4. EABa JIH He fJIaBHbIM 06'beKTOM KPHTHKH HBJIHeTC5I HCnOJIb3yeMaJl
nCHxoaHa.HH30M aHaJIOfHH HCTOpHH HH)I.HBH,aa H HCTOpHH 06IIJ.eCTBa. OCT-
peHIllYlO KPHTHKY 3Toro nO ol 10lKeHH5I nCHXOaHaJIH3a MO:tKHO HaHTH Y JI. C3-
Ea. I-IaH60JIee pa3pa60TaHHoH ct>peH,lI.OM 51BJIHeTC5I H,ae51 cpaBHH foCTH pe-
JIHfHH C ,fLeTCKHM HeBpo30M, peJIHfH03HbIX aKTOB C HeBpOTIP-IeCKHM nOBe-
JleHHeM, llAeJl Bocnp0H3Be,lI.eHHH B peJIHrHo.3HoM MbIlllJIeHHI1 (3 p (aIFleCKHx
Opl\-1 H MbIlli"TJeHHH, CBOHCTBeHHbIX «,aeTcTBY qeJIOBeqeCTBa». Oo,aTBepiK,lI.e-
HH5I 3TOH aHaJIOfHH ct>peft,a HCKaJI B aHTpOnOJIOfHqeCKHX TeopHHx H 3THO-
.rpa<pHqeCKHX HCCJIe,aOBaHH5IX.
I-lanoMHHM, QTO, COfJIaCHO 3TOH aHaJIOfHH, «pe6eHoK B xo,ae CBoero
423
nCHXHIIeCKOrO pa3BHTH5I nOBTOpSIeT B COKpameHHOH cpOpMe 3BOJIIO HIO
BH a TaK )Ke, KaK 9TO aBHO YCTaHOBJIeHO 3M6pHOJlOfHeH B OTHOllleHHH
TeJIa» [U;IIT. no 3, 23]. MbI npHBeJIH 9TY aH3JIOrIIIO B CPOPMYJIHpOBKe
<1>peH,L(a, llT06bI conOCTaBHTb ee C APyroH cpOPMYJIHpOBKOfI, aHHofI
)1(. TII1a)Ke: «3M6pHOJIOrHH pa3YMa MO:tKeT nfp3Tb no OTHOIIIeHHIO K re-
HeTHIIecKoH 3nHCTeMOJlOrHH TY lKe pOJlb, KaKYlO HrpaeT 3M6pHo.JIorH.H op-
raHH3Ma no OTHOllIeHHIO K cpaBHHTeJIbHOH aHaTOMHH HJIII TeopHH 3BOJIlO-
HH» [10, 5]. KaK II <PpeH,L(, IlHaJKe CTpOHT CBOIO reHeTHqeCKYIO 3ITHCTe:-
MOJIOrHIO Ha aHaJIOfHH HH,aHBH)J.a H 06III.ecTBa, TO.HbKO petJb H,LleT He 0
MOTHBaI..LHH, a 0 l\lbIIIIJIeHHH H II03HaHHH. KaK H <Ppei1.n., fIna2Ke CIIHTaeT
B03MO)KHbIM HCnOJIb30BaTb nCHXOJIOrHIO ,L(JI)! 06'bHCHeHHH HCTOpHll KYJ1b-
TypbI - «nepBaH ll.eJIb, KOTOpyro rrpeCJIe,u.yeT reHeTyPieCKaH 3IIHCTeMOJIO-"
fM.H, 3TO, eCJIH MOlKHO TaK Bblpa3HTbCH, npHHHTb nCHXOJIOfHIO Bcepbe3 H
HCnOJlb30BaTb ,L(JISI nOJIyqeHHH )J.OKa3aTeJIbCTB BO Bcex Bonpocax, KOTop e
rrO)J.HHMaeT... 9rrHCTeMOJIOrHH» [10, 5]. I1TaK, MOlKHO CGTITaTb, tITO HC-
110JIb3bBaHHe aHaJIOfHH HCTOpHH HH,LlHBH)J.a H HCTOpHH 06ll1.eCTBa He.,Tlb3H
c q liT a Tb H C KJI IO q HTeJI bHO if oco 6eB H OCTbIO n CHXO a H aJI H3 a.
5. MO}KHO TaK:>Ke Ha3BaTh B KaqeCTBe npHqHHbI conpOTHBJIeHHH nCH-
XOaHaJIH3Y nOHHMaHHe cI>peH,LLOM OTHOIlleHHH C03HaHHH H 6ecc03HaTeJIb-
a'oro, 06lll.eCTBeHHblx Tpe60BaHHH H HHJI.HBH,liya.,1JbHbIX BJIeqeHHi1 KaK HC-
KJIIOQUTe.llbHO KOHcpJIHKTHbIX. ilpOTHB TaKoro nOHHMaHH5I, KaK e,lJ,HHCTBeH-
Horo, BbIcTynaIOT, B qaCTHOCTH, pe,LlaKTopbI C60pHHKa, npe,l1.JIaraIDlUHe
paCCMaTpHBaTb He TOJIbKO KOH<PJIHKTHble, HO H CHHeprHQeCKHe OTHOIIleHH5I
C03HaHHH H 6eCC03HaTeJIbHoro. PaHee npOTHB OI1HCaHliH OTHOllIeHHU HH-
;1.HBHJ1.a C 06IlI.eCTBOM, KaK HCKJIIOqHTeJIbHO KOH<pJIHKTHhIX, BblcTynaJIa
PYT 5eHe)LHKT.
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OR YTBep,LlHJI ero B KaqeCTBe ueHTpaRbH ro nOHHTHH H Ha 3TOM nOHHTHH
CTpOHJI BCID CBOIO HCTOpHIO. I103TOMY npH3H3HHe CHHeprHH Tpe6yeT IIe-
peCMOTpa BceH cppeHAOBCKOH TeopHH, qTO 03HaQaeT, no cymeCTBY, no-
CTpoeHHe HOBOH: TeopHH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO, KOTOpOH, no MHeHHIO pe,aaK-
TOpOB C60pHHKa H MHorHX ero aBTopOB, )I.OJllKHa CTaTb TeopHH YCTaHOB-
KH ,I:L. H. Y 3Ha,L(3e.
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COCTaBJI5HOT ero H,L(pO, H, nO-BH,L(HMOMY, 3THM 06YCROBJleHO conpOTHBRe-
HHe, BCTpetJaeMoe nCHXOaHaJIH30M, eCJIH BepHa npHHHTaH HaMil aHaJIO-
rHH Melli,LlY «o6bI,LleHHbIM» H «HayqHhIM» CO'3HaHHeM. YTeepiK,LleHHe KOB-
<pRHKTHOCTH KaK OCHOBHOI1 npHIIHHbI conROTHBJleHHH nCHXOaHaJIH3Y MO)K-
HO HaHTH B CTaTbe JI. AJIbTIOCCepa [1, T. I, 239-253]. IlpaB,lLa, era TOq-
Ka 3peHHH ocrrapHBaeTcH pe,aaKTopaMH C60pHHKa, HO HX B03pa:iKeHHH
KacalOTCH cO,L(ep:iKaHHH KOHcpJIHKTHOCTH nCHXOaHaJIH3a KaK ee nOHHMaeT
AJIbTIOCCep, H 3,l(eCb C HHMH _ MOLKHO TOJIbKO COrJIaCHTbCH r 1, T. I, 215] 0
HTaK, npO,LlOJI:>KHM paccMoTpeHHe nCHXOaHaJIH3a ,lLJIH YTOQHeI-IH5I co.n.ep-
:>KaHHH KOH<pJIHKTHOCTH nCHXOaHaJIH3a.
6. 06paTHMcH K TaKoH oc06eHHocTH nCHXOaHaJIH33, KaE YX0, , OT Me-
TO,Lla 3KcnepHMeHTa, MeTO)J.a, CTaBllIero CTOJIb rronYJIHpE ')H.I ?J rrc:r ':oc1JO-
rilM KOHI..La npOlllJIOrO - HalJaJIa HbIHelliHero BeRa H aCTa BWe;-,( CH no ceI1
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paKTepHoe ,lI.JIH nCHXOaHaJIH3a H3ytfeHHe! Ka3 COB, lOT,lI.eJIbHbIX CJlYtlaeB
,aaBHO HCnOJIb3yeTcH H B Me,LlHI..LHHe H B IDpHcrrpY,LleHLU1H. B caMOH npH.
Bep:iKeHHOCTH <I>peH,lI.a K KJIHHHqeCKOMY MeTOJI.Y HeT HHtlero YJ(HBHTe.:lbHO-
fO - Be)Lb H OH HaqHHaJI C IICHXOnaTOJlOrHH.
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Ja OT 3KcnepHMeHTa B03HHK JIHIllh nOTOMY, IITO BbIBO)J.hI, C,l],eJIaHHbI2 nCH-
XOaHaJIH3QlvI, Tpe60BaJIH npOBepKH, a 3Ta npOBepKa OKa3aJIaCb 3aTpy,lI.-
HHTeJIhHOH. B l\.1:eJ(HIJ,HHe npOBepKOH TeopHH CJIY*HJIO BbI3,l(OpOBJIeHHe
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424
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3TH <paKTbI He YXBaTbIBaJIHCb, KaK H HHKaKHM ,apyrHM MeTOAOM. TaK B03-
HHKRa'H30JIH HH nCHXOaHaJlH3a.
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OTKa3 OT onophI Ha pea.J1bHble C06bITH5I, onpeAeJI5IIOIII.He nCHXHQeCKlie pa3-
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rneJI c nepexo)J.oM OT «TeopHH COBpalIl.eHH5I» 'K «TeopHH <paHTa3MoB», KOf-
.u.a <PpeHA YCTaHOBHJI, qTO B paccKa3ax ero nalIJleHTOB peqb H,.QeT He 0
peaJIbHbIX C06bITH5IX, a 0 C06bITHHX Bo06pa)KaeMbIX, CB5I3aHHbIX C HX
3,allnOBbIM KOMIIJIeKCOM. 06'beKTOM aHaJIH3a CTaJIli BocnOMHHaHH5I, KOTO-
pble OTpa)KaJIH He peaJIbHble C06bITH5I, a HeKlle nepe)KHBaHll51 naQHeHTa.
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UHeHTa. I1cHxOaHaJIHTIPleCKoe npOCTpaHCTBO, 3aKJIIOIIaBIIIee B ce6e rrCH-
XI1QeCKHe <paHTa3MbI, <pOpMHpOBaJIOCb He3aBHCHMO OT peaJIbHOcTH. OHO
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BpeMeHHOCTbIO, HeQYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTbIO K npOTHBOpeQH5IM, crroc06HOCTbIO K
CHMBOJIHIIeCKHM npeBpalll.eHIl5lM. Bce 3TO npHBeJIO MHOfHX KpHTliKOB
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<KOH peaJIhHOCTH, «BceMorymecTBa MbICJlH», Ha KOTOpOM OCHOBaHa Tal{-
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"lHQaeTCH oc060 CTporOH YBepeHHOCTbIO B )I.eTepMHHalI.HH ,lI,YIlleBHOH lKH3-
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BTopeHHe o,n:Horo TeKCTa B ,apyroM.
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rrOJIHll,HeH nocpe,n:cTBoM JIO)KHOH aHaJlOrHH npe,n:cT3BJIeHHH 0 nOp5I,ll,Ke, B
KOTOpOM 3a pOlK,aaIOTC5I H)I.eII B HailleM YMe, a yrrop5l,n:OqeHHOCTb B ee Ha-
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6JIIO,lJ.eHHH npHp.0,n:HbIX HBJleHHH» [5, 791]. B 3TOM onpe,n:eJIeHHH MeTO,n
MafHH K3K HeJIb351 60JIee no,n:XO)J.HT K MeTo,n:y, HCnOJIh3ye foMY <I>pell-
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pa3BHTHe 06IIJ.eCTBa H rrocTpoeHHe TeopHH HeBpOTHqeCKOrO 06IIJ.eCTBa.
426
CJIe.nyeT OTMeTHTb, qTO y <DpeHJI.a, KaK II B Ma.. I1H, HCnOJIb3yeTcH He
npOCTO aHaJIOrMH, npe)J.IlOJIaraIOllI.a51 cpaBHeHHe ,nBYX BelUeH, HO aHaJIO-
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:>KaIOIII.HH MHp. 3TOT XO,a MbIIllJIeHHH 06paTeH n03HaHIHO. ECJlH n03HaHHe
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,aa npOHCXO,lIJIT npOeKIJ,H5I H)J.ei1 Ha BeIIJ.H, HaBH3bIBaHHe HAeM BelI.I.aM, CM-
cTeMaTH3a HH H 0606m:eHHe cpaKTOR B COOTBeTCTBHH C JIOrHKOH )KeJIaHHH
<cy6'beKTa, T. e. caMoro <I>peH)J.a.
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MO C CYIII.eCTBYIOIII.HMH H rocno,aCTBYIOIlI.HMH npe,lJ.CTaBJIeHHHMH 0 HaYKe H
HayqHOM 06'beKTe.
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nOHHTHoro, T. e. HBJISleTCH YXO,aOM OT peaJIbHbIX rrp06JIeM nCHXOJIOrHH.
2. TIcHxOaHaJIH3 HBJlHeTCH marOM Bnepe,l{ no nYTH n03HaUHH nCH-
XI-PleCKOH peaJlbHOCTH, npH3HaHHH ee CJlOlKHOrO H npoTHBOpetIHBOrO CTpO-
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30B 11 cpaHTa311H, MeTa<pop H aHaJIOrHH.
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JIeTBOpeHHIO.
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SIBHJIOCb H,lI,eaJlHCTH4eCKHM rrpe)J.3HaMeHOBaHHeM MaTepHaJIHCTHQeCKOrO
6HoreHeTHQeCKOrO 3aKOHa [eKKeJIH, YCTaHoBHBllIero COOTBeTCTBHe Me)K-
JJ.y OHTO- II cpHJIOreHe30M, <ppeHJI.OBCKaH TeopHH 6eCC03HaTeJlbHO HBHJIaCb
npe,aBeCTHHKO M ,aH aJl eKTH KO - M a Tep,H aJl HCTHqeCKO H nCHXOJI orHH JI HqHOCTH.
427
THE REASONS FOR THE NON-ACCEPTANCE OF PSYCHOANAL YSIS,
,G. L. lLYN
Institute of the History of Natural Science and Engineering, {]SSR
Academy of Sciences, Moscow
SlTMMARY
It is assumed that in analysing the reasons for the non-acceptance of Psy-
choanalysis Freud's texts as well as the stories of his patients stand in need
of scient\fic interpretation. The princi pal reason for the nO,n-ac.ceptance of
Psychoanalysis is seen in Freud's peculiar solution of a paradox of scientific
psychology, viz. the necessity of objectively studying the subjective world.
This solution was expressed in Freud's singular understanding of the uncon-
scious as being an animate object - a kind of another object endowed with
will and desire. The new definition of the object of psychology led to the evolve-
ment of a method of its study differing from the methods of natural scien-
ces to which scientific psychology was oriented. .The method in question pre-
supposes a course of thinking that is the reverse of cognition. Cognition is a
reflection of thirgs or their introjection, whereas wi th Freud we observe a pro-
jection of ideas into the object under study. It is assumed that a relevant in-
terpretation of Freud's ideas will permit their use in the construction of a
dialectical-materialistic psychology of personali ty.
JIHTEPATYPA
1. Becc03HaTeJIbHoe: npMpo,lI.a, <PYHKI1.MM, MeTOJI,bI HCCJIe,QOBaHH5I, T. T. I-III, T6HJIHCH;, MeIl.....
HHepe6a, 1978.\
2. CaB JI., nCHXOaHaJIH3 H HCTOpHqeCKHH MaTepHaJIH3M. B KH.: KJIeMaH K.-B., BplOHO n.,
caB JI., MapKCHCTCKaH KpHTHKa nCHXOaHaJIH3a, M., nporpecc, 1976, 207-276.
3. YOTCOH JL., TIcHXOJIOrH5I C TOY.JKM 3peHH5I oHxeBHopMcTa. B KH.: raJIbnepHH n. 51'J )K.naH
A. H. (pe,u..,) XpecTOMaTH5I no HCTOpHH nCHXOJIOrHM, M., MfY, 1980, 17-33.
4. <I>PEvtJL 3., 0 nCHXOaHaJIH3€. TI5ITb JIeKI1.HH. B KH.: faJIbnepMH TI. 5}., )K,tt8H A. He-
(pe,Q.), XpecTOMaTH5I no MCTOpHH nCHXOJIOrHH, M., MfY, 1980, 148-183.
5. <I>PEYI3EP ,n:., 30JIOTa5I BeTBb, M., I1TIJI, 1980.
6. 5IPOlIlEBCKI1t'I M. f., TIcHXOJIOfHH B XX CTOJIeTHM, MIlJI., 1974.
7. BRESS Y., La psychanalyse est elle une scienceP (113 MaTepHaJIOB, npHCJI8HHbIX nOCJIe (:HM-
n03HYMa) .
8. FOUCAULT M., Folie et deraison: Histoire de la folie aI' age classique. Paris, PIon,
1961.
9. FREUD S.. Ma Vie et Ia psychanalyse. Paris, PUF, 1950.
JO. PIAGET J., Introduction a l'epistemo!ogie genetique. Paris, PUF, 1950.
428
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JIIG HayqHOH MbICJIH, K orrpe)1.eJIeHHbIM HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHbIM Tpa,aHIJ:H5IM,
no,n BJlH5IHHeM. KOTOpbIX COOTBeTCTBYIOIll,He B033peHHH rrOCTerreHHO <pop-
MHpOBaJlHCb. 3TH n03HIJ:HH npOSlBJl5IIOTCH B HCTOJlKOBaHHH caMoro cyme-
CTBa KaTeropHH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO H B 3arnHTe B03MO)KHOCTH II u.eJIeco06-.
pa3HOCTH (HJIH, Ha060pOT, HeB03MO)KHOCTH H Hen.eJIecoo6pa3HOCTH) HC-
nOJIb30BaHH5I 3TOH KaTeropHIi B rrCHXOJIOrHH, <pHJIOCOcpHH, COlI.HOJIOrHH,
KJIHHHKe, B TeopHH BocnHTaHSI Ii BO MHO:IKeCTBe ,ApyrHx 06JIaCTeH 3HaHH5I
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KO npHqHHbI MHOrOJlHKOCTH HHTepnpeTalI.HM H,neH 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO, C03-
1 B. H. JI e H H H. nOJIHOe co6paHHe c01JHHeHHH. 113)];. 5-e, T. 25, M., 1961, c. 112.
429
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431'
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H,lleH TeopHH HeOC03HaBaeMOH nCHXHqeCKOH ,lle5lTeJIbHOCTH H ee KpaHHe
2 0 HeODXOJI.IIMOCTII IICnOJIb30BaHII5I B nCIIXOJIOfIIII .9TOH IIJI.eII ,l.tJI5I DOJIee r JIYDOKOfO nOHH-
MaHII5I 3aKOHOB nOBe,l.teHII5I qeJIOBeKa HaM npHlIIJIOCb nHcaTb ew.e B 1972 f. (CM. )KypHaJI «KOM-
MYHIICT». Ng 2, 1972, CTaTbIO <1>. B. BaccHHa, B. E. POLKHoBa II M. A. POJKHOBOH,
. c. 105, 3aTeM B TOM LKe mypH., B 1974 f., Ng 14, c. 60-70).
432
cBoe06pa3HbIX H CJIO)KHbIX 3aKOHOMepHocTei1, npHHIJJfnHaJIbHO HeB03MOJK-
HO. H cpaKTOB CXO,llHOrO pO,lla MO)KHO 6bIJIO 6bI npHBeCTH HeMaJlO.
BMeCTe C TeM HeJIb3H He BcnOMHHTb, qTO COBceM He aBHO B HarneR
HTepaType 6@JIO aBTopHTeTHO nO qepKHYTO, qTO «peaJlbHOCTb HeOC03Ha-
BaeMbIX KOMnOHeHTOB IICHXHKH HeCOMHeHHa. HCCJle,llY5I nCHXHqeCKHe HB-
JIeHH5I, MbI, KOHeqHO, He MO)KeM OrpaHHqHBaTbC5I aHaJlH30M TOJIbKO HX
OC03HaBaeMbIX KOMnOHeHTOB. IT p 0 6 JI e Mac 0 0 THO III e H H HOC 0-
3 H a B a e M 0 r 0 H H e 0 C 0 3 H a B a e M 0 r 0 H B JI H e T C H B n C H X o-
J! 0 r H H 0 ,a H 0 H H 3 BaLK H e H III H x» (nO qepKHYTO MHOH - CPo 5.).
H XOTH ,llaJlee .aBTop 3THX CTpOK OTMeqaeT, qTO, no ero MHeHHIO, «peIIIe-
HHe 3TOH np06JIeMbI He 5IBJI5IeTCH 0 6 51 3 aTe JI b H bI M Tpe6QBaHHeM K
JI IO 6 0 M Y nCHXOJIOrHqeCKoMY HCCJle,llOBaHHIO», BeCOMOCTb np06JIeMbI
oecc03HaTeJlbHOrO BblcTynaeT B CBeTe IIo,ll06HbIX BblcKa3bIBaHHH OCTa-
TOqHO OTqeTJIHBO [4].
l\11bI npHxo,aHM, TaKHM 06pa30M, K BbIBO,ay, qTO Ha6JIIO,llaeMOe B Ka-
KOH-TO CTerreHH B HarneR JIHTepaType, a TaKlKe rrpH pa3Hblx cpopMax 06-
I..U:eCTBeHHoro 06cY)K,lleHH5I HayqHbIX BorrpocoB, YKJlOHeHHe OT eTaJIbHOrO
KpHTHqeCKOrO aHaJlH3a rrp06JIeM, TaK HJIH HHaqe CBH3aHHblX C KOHJJ,en-
JJ,HeH Heoc03HaBaeMoH rrCHXHqeCK H ,aeHTeJIbHOCTH, 51BJIHeTC5I n03HlI,HeH
He BllOJIHe npaBHJIbHOH, ,llBHlKeHHeM MbICJIH, KaK MbI 3TO YLKe OTMeTHJIH,
no rrYTH HaHMeHbllJerO corrpOTHBJleHH5I H; B KOHet.JHOM Ct.JeTe, npHBOJLHT K
cepbe3HOMY 06e,llHeHHIO KaTerOpH3JIbHOrO arrrrapaTa rrCHXOJIOrHH, nperr5IT-
CTBY10meMY eH HaXO,ZI,HTb ITJIOJLOTBOpHbIH nYTb K TOM TeMaTHKe, K TeM
n p e,a MeT a M H3yqeHHH, BHHMaHHe K KOTOpbIM BCer,lla CqHTaJIOCb .rr.a..
)Ke y6e.lK,aeHHbIMH rrpOTHBHHKaMH nCHXOaHaJIH3a H pO CTBeHHbIX eMY T&
qeHHlI ero CHJIbHOH CTOpOHOi1.
XOT5I CCbJJIKH a13TOpa a era ./Ke COOCTBeHHbIe pa60TbI OTHIO b He HB-
JI5IIOTC5I H3HJlYlJIIlHM aprYMeHTOM B nOJlb3Y npaBHJIbHOCTH ero y6eLK.lI.e-
HHH, 51 rr03BOJIIO ce6e, TeM He MeHee, HanOMHHTb CTpOKH, HanHcaHHble
MHOlO 60JIee 15 JleT Ha3aJl: «JL32Ke HaH60JIee cTporHe KPHTHKH rrCHxoaHa-
JIHTHqeCKOH KOHJJ,errlI,HH HHKor)I.a He OTpHI(aJIH, tITO npHBJlet.JeHHe 3TOH
KOHlI,errJJ,Hell BHHMaHH5I K TpYJlHO Bo06pa3HMOH CJIOlKHOCTH acpcpeKTI:BHOH
)KH3HH qeJIOBeKa, K rrp06J1eMe OTqeTJIHBO nepelKHBaeMbIX H CKpbITbIX B"T}e..
'LleHHH, K KOHcpJIHKTaM, B03HHKaIOIll.HM MeJKJLY pa3J1Ht.JHbIMH MOTHBaMH, H K
TparHqeCKHM, rro,at.Jac, npOTHBOpeqHHM Me)K,ny cq,epOH CiKeJIaeMoro> H
«,lI.OJI)KHOro», HBJlHeTCH CH,,1bHOH CTOpOHOH Ii 3aCJIyrolf <ppeHJ:1113Ma. AHa-
JIOrHqHbIM 06pa30M OqeHb MHorHe OlI,eHHBaJIH paCC.MOTpeHHe 3THl\! yqe..
,HHeM «6eCC03HaTeJIbHoro», KaK Q.LtHoro 113 Ba)KHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB nCHXHtle-
.cKOH )J.eHTeJIbHOCTH H cpaKTopOB nOBe.n.eHH:5I. Ho TeOpeTHqeCK3H KOHlJ,en-
H5I... HHKOr,ZI,a He OrpaHff1IHBaeTCSI O HHM TOJIbKO «npHBJIetJeHHeM BHHMa.
HHH» K TOMY, qTO OHa H3YQaeT. OHa Bcer.lI.a... nbiTaeTCH 3TO H3yqaeMOe
-06'b5ICH5ITb. H BOT HMeHHO Ha 3TOM, caMOM rJIaBHOM ,aJI5I BC5IKOH pall.HO-
HaJIbHOH TeopHH 3Tane ee npHMeHeHH5I OTKpbITO BblcTynHJIa KOHII.enTY"
aJIbHa5I HeCOCT051TeJIbHOCTb cppeH,llH3Ma. A cYJLb6a TeopHH, KOTopaH He
MO}KeT 0 6'b 51 C H 51 T b, 3apaHee neqaJIbHO npe,lI.perneHa, KaKHI\iH 6bI CHJIb-
HbIMH cTopoHaMH OHa B ,lI.pyrnx OTHOIIleHH51X He 06JIa,lI.a TIa»3.
5I cqeJI Il,eJIeC006pa3HbIM rrpHBeCTH 3TY JLoI1HHHYIO II.HTaTY, rrOTOMY,
qTO B Hell OTt.JeTJlHBO, KaK MHe KalKeTC51, 3ByqHT rrpOTHBorrOCTaB.JleHHe
Me)K)I.y TeM, K qeMY rrCHXOaHaJIH3 «rrpHBJIeKaeT BHHMaHHe», TeM, qTO 5IB..
Jl5IeTC5I B ,llyrneBHoH )KH3HH qeJlOBeKa HeocnopHMOH peaJIHei1, H TeM, KaK
rrO,ZI,06Hble peaJlHH CJIe,ZI,yeT H H T e p rr peT H p 0 BaT b. ECoI1H B OTHOIIIe-
HUH rrepBoro cppeH,lI., 6JIaro,aapH ero OCTpOH KJlHHHqeCKOR Ha6JIIO,aaTeJIb"
HOCTH H nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH IIpoHHJJ,aTeJlbHOCTH, 6bIJI CHJIeH, TO B OTHOllIe..
HHH BToporo OH 6bIJI cJIa6.
3 <P. B. B a C C Ii H, DpOOJIeMa 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO, MocKBa, H3,l.t. «.i\'le,l.tIIIJ.IIHa», 1968,
. 385.
28. 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOe, IV
433
KaK 6bI TO HII 6bIJIO, nepe,lI. TeMH, KTO omymaeT Bce 60JIee HaCTOSl-
TeJIbHYIO nOTpe6HOCTb IIOBepHYTbCH K H3yqeHHIO Tex HJIH ,Z:LpyrHx peaJIb-
HbIX np05!BJIeHHH «,lI.yrneBHOH» (He 6y,aeM 60HTbC5I .9TOrO TepMHHa!) LKH3-
HH KOHKpeTHoro qeJrOBeKa, T. e. cymecTBa He TOJIbKO «rOBopHmero» (IT
nO.9TOMY onpe,lle.rrHeMoro J1aKaHOM' Hero IIlKOJIOH KaK «parletre) 4, HO"
TaK:tKe qYBCTBYIOIII.erO, MbICJI5Illl.ero H CTpeM5Irn.erOC5I, HeYCTp aHHMO B03-
HHKaeT 3a,lI.aqa H OTKJIOHeHHH, H peHHTepnpeTaUJIH, H ,aonOJIHeHHH BO
MHorOM CHCTeM nOHHTHH, C03,lI.aHHbIX COBpeMeHHOH Sarra,lI.HOH nCHXOJIO-
fHeH, C HeH36eLKHOH 3aMeHOH, - TaM, r,lI.e 3TO ,aonYCKaeTC5I Jl.OCTHrHYTbIM
ypOBHeM 3HaHHM, - ee HHTYHlI,HH, MeTacpop II (BblpaLKa5ICb ee.:tKe 5!3bI-
KOMI) «cpaHTa3MOB» JIOrHqeCKH 060CHOBbIBaeMbIM palI,HOHaJIbHbIM, 9Kcne-
pHMeHTaJIbHO aprYMeHTHpyeMbIM nOHHMaHHeM, C03BYQHbIM 06meMY CTH-
JIIC H8mero MHpOB033peHH5I. I1Haqe B CJIO)KHeHIIIIIX KapTHHax, KOTopble
pHcyeT nCHXOJIOrHH COBpeMeHHoro qeJIOBeKa, 6Y,lI.YT OCTaBaTbCH «6eJIbH
llHTHa», MHMO KOTOpbIX MbI 6Y,lI.eM npOXO,lI.HTb, HHKaK Ha HHX He pearH-
PYH. A ,aaBaTb OTBeTbI Ha JIaBHH006pa3Ho HapaCTalOmee KOJIHqeCTBO Borr-
pOCOB, C KOTOpbIMH 06paIII.aIOTC5I K IICHXOJIOrHH cerO,lI.HH caMbIe pa3JIHQ-
HO opHeHTHpOBaHHble 06JIaCTH 06Ill.eCTBeHHOH npaKTHKH H TeopHH Me)K-
qeJIOBeqeCKHX OTHOllIeHHH,. 6y.rr.eT CTaHOBHTbCH Bce GOJIee Tpy,aHbIM.
XOpOlIIO nOHHMaH BCIO pHCKOBaHHOCTb HHTepnpeTaU}IH qYLKHX MbIC-
JIeH, H n03BOJIliJI 6bI ce6e, TeM He MeHee, HMeHHO B .rr.yxe TOJIbKO qTO'
CKa3aHHoro HCTOJIKOBaTb KpaTKoe, HO BeCbMa y6e.rr.IITeJIbHO CcpOPMYJIHpO -
BaHHoe npe,llynpe}K,lI.eHHe, c,aeJIaHHOe npH 0606rneHHH O,lI.HOro H3 3ace,lI.a-
HHH VI BcecoI03Horo nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOro C'be 3.rr. a npocp. JI D. EyeBoii.
aHa YKa3aJIa Ha rp03Hrnee COBpeMeHHOH nCHXOJIOrHH cBoe06pa3Hoe «OT-
QY*j{eHHe OT np06J1eMbI cy6'beKTa»; H8 OTBJIeqeHHe OT nCHXOJIOrHqeCKHX
3aKOHOMepHOCTeH H npOlI,eCCOB, KOTopble orrOCpe,lI.YIOT CBH3b MeLK,lI.Y HH--
cpopMalI,HeH, BBO,lI.HMOH B C03HaHHe cy6'beKTa, Hero nOBe,Z:LeHHeM; Ha Hr-
HopHpOBaHHe Bonpoca, rrOqeMY B03HHKaeT, He taK Y)K pe,lI.KO, TPY,lI.HO'
06'bHCHHMOe conpOTHBJIeHHe cy6'beKTa npH3bIBaM, KOTopble, Ka3aJIOCb 6b1t-
,aOJI)KHbI 6bIJIH 6bI HM JIerKO H OXOTHO BocnpHHHMaThCH H YCBaHB3TbCH;
nOqeMY B nOHCKax OTBeTOB Ha BonpOCbI HBHO nCHXOJIOrHQeCKOrO, ,lI.a)Ke'
OOJIee Toro - C n e II cp H 11 e C K II nCIIXOJIOrHqeCKOrO, xapaKTepa Mbl
TaK qaCTO HcnbITbIBaeM nOTpe6HOCTb o6paniaTbcH He CTOJIbKO K «aK3,lI.e-
MHQeCKOH», «YHHBepCHTeTCKOH», «ocpII HaJIbHOH» nCHXOJIOrHH, CKOJIbKO K
BeK<?BOMY onbITY, OTp3LKeHHOMY B BeJIHKHX npOH3Be,lI.eHH5IX XY,lI.OLKeCTBeH-
HO-JIHTepaTypHOH KJIaCCHKII, HanpHMep, K <1>. M. LLOCToeBCKOMY, B. ll1eK-
cnHpy, Jl. H. TOJICTOMY, A. TI. 4eXOBY; IIOqeMY TaK MHoro BHHMaHH5I If'
YCHJIHH Y,lI.eJI5IeTCH COBpeMeHHOH rrCHXOJIOrHeii OTTaQHBaHHIO H30JIHpOB3H-
HO, CTaTHQeCKH orrpe.rr.eJIHeMbIX KaTeropHH «MOTHBa», «noTpe6HOCTH», «lI,e-
JIH», «YCTaHOBKH» II TaK MaJIO II H T e r p a I.( H H .9THX KaTeropHM B
CTpYKType JIHqHOCTH, e,aHHCTBeHHO rrpeBpamaIOIII.ei1 HX H3 rrOJIe3HbIX, HO
a6CTpaKTHbIX MO,lI.eJIeH B nCHXOJIOrHQeCKHe peaJIHI1? 11 ,lI,pyrnx norrpOCOB<
aHaJIOfHtIHOrO xapaKTepa MO)KHO 6bIJlO 6bI, KOHeqnO, 3a)I.3Tb HeMa.n:o.
,rLYM, aeTC5I qTO B TOM, 0 qeM MbI rOBOpHJIH BbIIIle, K3Ca5!Cb Jl.OBOJIbHO
OTqeTJlHBO, K COfKaJIeHIIIO, rrpOHBJIHlOIII.erOC5I HHOr)I.a CTpeMJIeHHH COBpe--
MeHHOH nCHXOJIOrHH ,lI,BHraTbCH no nYTH HaHMeHbIIlero, a He HaH6oJIbIlle-
ro conpOTHBJIeHHH, Y x 0 ,lI. H T b OT KpIITHqeCKOrO aHaJIH3a CJIO)KHbIX
K3TeropHH H rrp06JIeM BMeCTO Toro, qT06bI HX P e III 3 T b, . CO,Z:Lep)KaTCH
j
onpe)I.eJIeHHbte nO,lI.5Ka3bI K OTBeTaM Ha 3TH HeJIerKHe BOnpOCbI.
3. Terrepb MbI XOTeJIH 6bI BepHYTbcH K TOMY, 0 qeM rOBOpHJIH B Ha-
qaJIe Harnen CTaTbH, - K aHaJIH3Y oTHolIIeHHH, KOTopble 06pHCOBaJIHCh
Ha cHMrro3HYMe MefK,lI,Y TeOpeTHqeCKHMH n03HlI,HHMH ero yqaCTHHKoB, no,.].-
qepKHYB, npe)f{,lI.e Bcero, O,lI.HO OCHOBHoe npoTHBonOCTaBJIeHHe. OCHOB-
.
4 "Parletre" - HeOJIOrH3M, COCTaBJIeHHbI:H: JIaKaHoM nYTeM COqeTaHH5I BYX CJIOB: "par-
I er" (rOBopHTb") H "etre" (cyw.ecTBo).
434
Hoe - nOCKOJIbKY OHO npe,lI.Onpe,lLeJI5JJIO 11 MHOrHe ,apyrHe pa3HOrJIaCHSl.
3TO - GeCKOMrrpOMHCCHOe paCXOLK,lI.eHHe MelKJJ.Y TeMH, KTO npH3HaeT cy-
eCTBOBaHne 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO KaK II C H X 0 JI 0 r H q e C K 0 M peaJIbHO-
CTH, 11 TeMH, KTO TaKOe nOHHMaHHe OTBepraeT. 3Ta aJIbTepHaTHBa 6bIJI3.
,lI,eTaJIbHO paCCMOTpeHa B npe,lI,bI,lLYlll.HX TOMaX HaCT05lIII.eM MOHOrpacpHH,.
OC06eHHO B TOMe rrepBOM, KaK H aprYMeHTbI KaLK)J.OM H3 CrrOpHlll.HX CTO-
pOH, H I3n-: BpaIlLaTbCH K ee )J.eTaJIbHOMY 06CY)K)J.eHHIO MbI, KOHeQHO, He
CTaHeM. lV\.bT orpaHH4HMC5I TOJIbKO TCM, qTO rrpHBe,aeM ,aBa BbICKa3bIBaHHH?
xapaKTepH_ YIOIl1,He KaTerOpHqHOCTb H pe3KOCTb rrpOJ'1fBOrrOCTaBJIeHH5I 3BY-
qaIlI.HX B ,aaHHOM c.rrY1.Jae B3aHMOH/CKJIlOqaIOIll.HX cpOp'MYJIHpOBOK.
r. Popaxep (O,lJ.HH H3 llIHpOKO H3BeCTHbIX 3arra,lLHO eBponeMCKHX rrCH-
xo.J10roB): «He cyIII.ecTByeT HeOC03HaBaeMOM n'CHXHQeCKOM ,lLe5lTeJIbHOCTH.,-
KaK npoMeLKYT01.JHOrO 3BeHa Me)K,lLY M03rOBbIMH npon:eccaMH H aKTHBHO-
CTblO C03HaHHH, CyruecTBYIOT TOJIbKO I pa3Hble CTerreHH 51CHOC H C03HaHHSL
B M03re... HerrpepbIBHo pa3blrpbIBalOTC5I npon:eccbI B036YLK)1.eHH5I, KOTO-
pbIX MbI CdBepllIeH O He 3aMeqaeM: 3TO rrpoueCCbI H eo C 0 3 H a B a e M bI e
B TOLIHOM CMbICJIe 3Toro CJIOBa, HO 3TO .He HeOC03HaBaeMbIe n C II X H q e-
C K H e npon:eCCbI - HeOC03HaBaeMble MbICJIH, npe,lLCTaBJIeHH5I, CTpeMJIe-
HHH H T. ,lL., - a HeOC03HaBaeMble npOJJ,eCCbI HepBHoro B036YLK,lLeHHH', T. e..
OpraHHqeCKHe, 3JIeKTpOXHMHIJeCKve rrp05IBJIeHHH. He06xo,lLHMO HCHO no-
HHMaTb 3TO pa3JIH1.JHe, qT06bI H36eLKaTb HeJI,Opa3YMeHHH». H )J.aJIee 3TOT
aBTOp ,a06aBJI5IeT: «YqeHHe peH)J.a ,lLOCTHrJIO 60JIbIllHX ycrrexoB, HO BHec-
no H HeMaJIO nYTaHHJJ, , OHO C03,lJ.aJIO onaCHOCTb Bce HenOH5ITHOe 06DHC-
HHTb HeOC03HaBaeMbIMH nCHXHqeCKHMH npOLLeccaMH» H HMeeT B HaCTOH-
ee BpeM5I «JIHIIlb HCTOpHqeCKHM HHTepec» [6, 164-165].
11 Apyra51 n03Hn:HH. Ee B He MeHee peIIlHTeJIbHbIX BblpaLKeHMHX
CcpOPMYJIHpOBaJi (eIII.e B 30-x rr.) ell. C. BblroTcKHH:
«oeCC03HaTeJIbHOe He OT)J.eJIeHO OT C03HaHHH KaKOM-TO Henpoxo,nH-
MOM CTeHoH. npon:eCCbI, HaqHHaIOIII.HeC5I B HeM, IJaCTO HMeIOT CBoe npO,lI.OJI;-
)KeHHe B C03HaHHH, 11, Ha060pOT, MHoroe C03HaTeJIbHOe BbITeCH5IeTC5I HaMH
B nOJI,C03HaTeJIbHYIO ccpepy. Cy ecTByeT nOCTOHHHaH, HH Ha MHHYTY He
rrpeKpalll.alOlll.a5lC5I, )KHBa51 ,lLHHaMIIQeCKaH CBH3b Me)K,ay 06eHMH ccpepaMH
HallIero C03HaHH5I. 5eCC03HaTeJIbHOe BJIH5IeT Ha "HallIH IIocTynKH, 06Hapy-
)KHBaeTC5I B HallieM nOBe,lLeHHH, 11 no 3THM CJIe,aaM H np05IBJIeHH5IM MbI
HaYQaeMC5I pacrr03HaBaTb 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe H 3aKOHbI, ynpaBJI5IIOIlI.lIe HM»
[7, 94].
BpH,lL JIH MOLKHO oTpHLLaTb, QTO KaLK,lLaH H3 3TH X TpaKTOBOK, HMeIO-
aH B JIHTepaType MHOrOQHCJIeHHbIX a,lI.errTOB, paCIIOJIaraeT H CHJIbHbI-
MH CTopOHaMH. nepBa5I - npOCTa, ,lI,Oxo,a1.JHBa, JIOrHQeCKH COBepllIeHHa
He Tpe6yeT nepeCMOTpa Tpa)J.Hn:HOHHbIX npe,lI,CTaBJIeHHH, H 3TO npH,lI,aeT
eM, HeocrropHMo, HeMaJIYlO y6e,lLHTeJIbHOcTb.
BTopaH lKe nO,[lqepKHBaeT B3aHMOCB5I3aHHOCTb OC03HaBaeMoro H He-
OC03HaBaeMoro B nCHXHKe IJeJIOBeKa, )J,HHaMH3M B03HHKaIOIII.HX Ha 3TOH
OCHOBe OTHOIlleHHH, IJTO XOpOIIlO corJIacyeTcH C H,lLeeM e,lLHHCTBa nCHXHKH
rrpH O,LIJIOBpeMeHHOM npH3HaHIIH CJIO)KHOCTH ee HYTpeHHeM > CTPYKTYpbY
H ,lLHcpcpepeHI(HpOBaHHOCTH ee BJIH5IHHH Ha nOBe)J.eHHe.
HCKYCClIIO Ha CHMII03HYMe xapaKTepH30BaJia rrpHBepLKeHHOCTb 60JIb-
llIHHCTB3 ee yqaCTHHKOB KO BTOPOMY 1I3 3THX rrO,lI.XO,lLOB. O,lI.HaKO, CorJIa-
CHH B rrOHH1faHHH npHpO,lLbI HeOC03HaBaeMOM nCHXHQeCKOH ,lI.e5ITeJIbHOOTH.,
3aKOHOMepHOCTeH, cpOpl\1 H cnoco60B ee npOHBJIeHH5I," ee pOJIH B aKTHBHO-
CTH; HH,lI.HBH,.q:OB It B MeLKnepCOHaJIbHbIX OTHOllIeHH5IX Ha CHMrr03HYMe, 6e3-
YCJIOBHO, He np03BY1.JaJIO. MbI n03BOJIlII\1 ce6e n03TOMY KP(}TKO IIOBTOpHTb
TOJIbKO OCHOBHYfO MbICJIb, KOTOpa5l, 6Y,lLYQH ,lLeTaJIbHO H3JIO)KeHa B pe,lLaK-
lJ,HOHHbIX CTaTb5!X I TOMa MOHorpacpHH, HeH3MeHHO 3aCTaBJIHJIa Hac pac-
CMaTpHBaTb «6eCC03HaTeJIbHpe», KaK HeOC03HaBaeMYIO HMeHHO nCHXHQe-
CKYIO Ae5ITeJIbHOCTb, KaK i «6eCC03HaTeJIbHOe rrCHXHIJeCKoe» (TepMHH, BBe-
435
.neHHblfI B JIHTepaTYPY A. E. lllep03HH), T. e. KaK KaTeropHIO rrpHHlIJII1H-
anbHO rrCHXOnOrHQeCKYro.
HCXO)I.HbIM, cpYHAaMeHTaJIbHbIM, MHorOKpaTHO B caMbIX pa3HbIX cpop-
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peaJIbHOCTb 6hIJIa MHoroKpaTHo nOKa3aHa II KJIHHHqeCKH, oco6eHHo rrpH
HCCJIe,lLOBaHHH MHeCTHqeCKHX II acp<peKTHBHbIX paccTpoHCTB, BXO)J..SIJ.I.(HX B
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445
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phIX OC03HaBaeMoe rrpHqY,lJ,JIHBO rrepenJleTaeTCH C HeOC03HaBaeMbIM, a lIC-
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446
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THBHpOBaTbC5I ,n:pyroH THn nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH 3arnHTW, HMeIDrnHH xapaKTep
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nepeLKHBaHHH ,U,PyroM CHCTeMbI 3HaQHMOrO, BblcTynaIDIII.efi KaK CTPYKTypa
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paJKeHHOH arpeCCHBHOCTH B OTHOllleHHH. Toro, KTO 3TOT CTpax BHYillaeT.
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llIJIM HX 3aMelI(eHHeM 60JIee «KOHcpOpMHbIMH» CMbICJIO bIMH CTpYKTypaMH.
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THqeCKHe CTPY1{TypbI MorYT BblnOJlHHTb B nJIaHe MeLKHH,lJ,HBH,U,yaJIbHbIX OT-
HOIlleHHH H .rr.a)Ke 60JIee IllHpOKO - B rrJIaHe COUHaJIbHOM. B03HHKa5I He
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OCHOBe HOpMaJIbHOM ,lJ.eHTeJlbHOCTH qeJIOBeKa, a KaK pe3YJIbTaT ero Heoco-
3HaBaeMoro, 06bItJHO, CTpeMJIeHHH - OCBo60,lJ,51Cb OT THrOTHlI(HX ero ne-
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KOTopaH CB5I3aHa c. KJIHHHKOH n.errbIO e.rr.Ba YJIOBHMbI'X TOHqaMIllHx' nepe-
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447
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aHaJIH3 n03BOJI5IeT eMY 06HapYlKHBaTbC5I» [14, 47].
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QT06w oTpa3HTb cnoco6HoCTb qeJIOBeKa K neJIeHanpaBJIeHHoMY perYJIHpO
448
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)I,HCCOHaHC ero rrCHXHqeCKHX YCTaHOBOK, OqeBH,lJ,Ha.
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JIIOCTpHpOBaTb, MbI rrpHBe,lI.eM ceiiqac ,lLHaJ10r, cbIMrrpoBu3HpoBaHHbIH 0,lI.-
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29. Eecc03HaTeJIbHOe, IV 449
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IIHTepnpeTaIl.HH 3aBHCHT OT Toro, KaK rr e p e )K H B a e T C H 6 0 JI b H hi M
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6ecc03HaTeJlbHOrO H qTO MbI AeJlaeM B ee pa3pa6oTKe JIHlllb caMble nep-
BbIe II BeCbMa np06HbIe IlIarH, TO CKpOMHOCTb, K KOTOpOH rrpH3bIBaeT rrplI-
Be,l1eHHaH II.IITaTa, 06plICOBbIBaeTCH KaK BaLKHefullee YCJIOBHe ycrrexa Ha
STOM He erKOM nYTH.
· r. A M M 0 H-O.rr.HH H3 Be.rr.YIIJ.HX 3ana,lI,HorepMaHcKHx nCHXHaTpOB, aBTOp ,ltByxToMHoA
MOHorpacpHH "Dynamische Psychiatrie" II MH. .u.p.
454
PSYCHOLOGICAL SET AND EMOTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
,.F. V. BASSIN
Institute of Neurology, I]SSR Academy of Medi cal Sciences, Moscow
'5 U M MAR Y
Two principal approaches to the problem of unconscious mental activity
(the unconscious, "unconscious mental"), current in present-day Ii terature
are discussed: (a) the negative point of view denying the existence of this form
of mental activity, and (b) the positive view recognizing the reality of this
problem. It is emphasized that the latter view prevailed at the Tbilisi sym-
posium (1979) at which various theoretical considerations and experimental
arguments were adduced in its favour. Further, the author overviews evidence
suggesting the active role played by the unconscious in: a) processing of
consciously and subconsciously perceived information; b) the formation of
conscious speech statements.
The second part of the paper deals wi th two questions: a) the role psycho-
logical sets play when the individual is temporarily unaware of his experi-
ences owing to the switch of his attention to a content of greater significance
to him (the phenomenon of "repression"; b) the change-under the influence
of the experience repressed from the sphere of conscious awareness - of the
(emotional) significance of elements of the outer or inner world consciously-
or unconsciously perceived by the subject (the phenomenon of "compensato-
ry" hierarchy of values or "substituting" psychological sets).
In conclusion attention is paid to the growing scepticism (even in the
West) toward the traditional psychoanalytic conception according to which
1he disappearance of disturbances is ascribed to the insight into the symbol-
ic meaning of these disturbances. Emphasis is made on the leading role play-
ed in the psychotherapeutic process by the specific relation taking shape
between the patient and the therapist (empathy). It is suggested that the feel-
ings of loneliness, abandonment, and emotional disintegration with respect
to the outer world gives rise to a chronic nervous stress in the patient, the re-
duction of which leads to an attenuation and gradual removal of all other
psychop thologicaI syndromes.
.J} H T E PAT Y P A
t. B. H. nEHI1H, nOJIHOe coop. cOq., H3Jt. 5-e, M., 1961, 112.
2. -SACCHH <1>. B., PO)KHOB B. E., PO)KHOBA M. A., KOMMYHHcT. 1972, 2.
[' 3. nCHXOJlOrHSI H Me,nHltHHa (MaTepHaJIbI K cHMno3HYMY). HH-T ncHXOJIOrHH AH CCCP, M.,
1978.
4. JIOMOB B. <1>., nCHXOJIOrHQeCKHH )l(YPHaJl, 1982, 6.
5. BACCHH <1>. B., np06J1eMa 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO, M., 1968, 385.
'(6. ROHRACHER H., Die Arbeitsweise des Gehirns und psychischen Vorgange, Miinchen,
1967, S. 164--165.
7. BbIrOTCKI1A JI. C., nCHXOJIOfTf HCKyccTBa, M., 1965, 94.
-8. B. H. nEHHH, COq., T. 14, 231.
455
9. fEOPfl1EB cI>. 11., npOTHBOnOJI01KHOCTb rereJIeBCKOro H MapKcHcTcKoro nOHHMaHHH <pH-
3HOnOrHtIeCKOrO, nCHXHtIeCKOrO H JIOrHtIeCKoro. B KH.: «To.n;op TIaBJIOB»s I06HJIeHHbIB
c6opHHK4 BOJIrapcKaSl AKa,neMH5I HaYK, C0<pHSI, 1961, 122.
10. WUNDT W., Beitrage zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung. Leipzig, 1862. :QHT. no I-Iart-
mann E. Philosophie des Unbewussten. Berlin, 1876.
11. Les attitudes (symposium). Paris, 1961-
12. P03EHBJIATT <P., npHHu.Hrrbl HeHpo,nHHaMHKH, M., 1965 (nepeB c. aHrJI. 513.).
13. BnepBbIe TepMHH «OTTeCHeHHe» 6bIJI npHMeneH, HaCKOJIbKO HaM H3BeCTHo, P. M. CaMCOHO-
BhIM (CM. c6.: Con. H,neOJIOrH5I H nCHXHKa. EpeBaH, 1970), HO 3aTeM 3TOT 8BTOp OT ero
Hcnonb30BaHH5I OTKa3aJICSI.
14. L'inconscient, VI Colloque de BonnevaI, Paris, 1966, p. 47.
15. VIEDERMAN, S. Confrontation, NQ 3, 1980, p. 24-25.
16. BACCI1H <1>. B., BCTyrr. CTaTb5I K KH.: IIIepToK «Herr03HaHHoe B rrCHXHKe qeJIOBeKa», !\\.,
1982, 163 (rrepeB. C <ppaHU.Y3. H3.)
17. UT. 110: <P. B. EaccHH. TIp06JIeMa oecc03HaTeJIbHOrO, M., 1968, 459.
18. BACCHH <1>. B., K npOOJIeMe OC03HaBeMOCTH nCHXOJIOrHtIeCKHX YCTaHOBOK. B c6.: TICH-
XOJIOrHtIeCKHe HCCJIe,nOBaHHSI, nOCBHII1,eHHbIe 85-JIeTHIO co )J.H5I po ,n. J],. H. Y3Ha,!{3e?
T6HJIHCH, 1973, 45--51.
nOCJIECJIOBI1E K qETBEPTOMY TOMY
HaCT05IIlI.HH IV TOM MOHbrpacpHI1. «EeCC03HaTeJIbHOe: npHpO,lJ,a,
CPYHKIIJIH, MeTO)1.bI HCCJ1e,l1.0BaHHH» 5IBJI5IeTC5I nOCJIe,aHHM, 3aBeplIlalOIll.HM
TOMOM .9TOrO H3,l1.aHH5I. npe,[(bI,nYlI(He TPH TOrvra 6bIJIH ony6J1HKoBaHbI M3-
aTeJ1bCTBOM «Me HHepe68» (T6HJIHCH) B 1978 r. KaK MaTepHaJI, npe,aBa-
p5IBIllHH OTKpbITHe II MeLK,aYHapo,aHoro CHMn03HYMa, nOCB5IIlleHHOro npo-
6J1eMe 6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO (T6IiJIHCH, 1979). EY,lJ.yqIi HanHcaHHbIMH ,lI.O CHM-
n03HYMa, TOMa I, II II III CO,l1.eplKaJIH pa6oTbI, no,arOTOBJIeHHble llIHpOKHM
KOJlJIeKTHBOM COBeTCKHX H 3apy6e)KHbIX YIIeHbIX Ii npe,nH83HaIIeHHble CJIY-
)KMTb OCHOBOH ,LI,Jl5I )J.MCKYCCHH no .9TOH np06JIeMe, - Bonpocy B BblcllIeH
CTeneHH CJIO:lKHOMY, MHoroacneKTHoMY, ,[(0 CHX nop pa3HOpeQHBO TOJlKye-
MOMY, HO HMelOII1.eMY, TeM He MeHee, npMH HnHaJlbHOe 3H8qeHHe ,lJ)IH Me-
TO,l1.0JIOrHH no,axo,aa KO BceH no cyrnecTBY TeopHH nCHXHKH lIeJIOBeKa. KOH-
u. enT yaJlbHa5I n03HI1,H5I HHHI1,H8TOpOB C03bIBa cHMn03MYMa - AH rpY3.
CCP, HHcTHTYTa nCHXOJlOrHIi HM. ,Q. H. Y3Ha,a3e, T6HJlHCCKOro foc. YHH-
BepCHTeTa (CcpOpMHpoBaBllIHx pe;:laKI1,HOHHYIO KOJIJIerHIO nepBbIX Tpex TO-
MOB MOHorpaqHiH B JIHIl.e a Ka,lJ.. A. C. np8HrHIllBHJIIi, npo<l>. A. E. llIepo-
3H5I Ii npo<p. <1>. B. BaccHHa) 6bIJIa H3JIOLKeHa B CTaTbHX, KOTOpbIMH OT-
KpbIBaJlC5I K8)K,abIH H3 OCHOBHbIX np06JIeMHbIX pa3,lI.eJIOB MOHorpa<p HH .
OqeBH,aHo, qTO H3JIOLKHTb TeOpeTHqeCKOe nOHHMaHHe pa3HbIX acneK-
TOB np06JIeMbI 6eCC03H8TeJIbHOrO (<<Heoco3HaBaeMoH nCHXHIIeCKOH }J.eH-
TeJlbHOCTM», «6eCC03HaTeJlbHOrO nCHXHlIeCKoro») MOLKHO 6bIJIO B paMK8x
9THX pe,l{aKIl.HOHHbIX CT8TeH TOJIbKO B C8MbIX 06IUHX qepTaX, JIHilib <ppar-
MeHT8pHO. n03TOMY np" no,nrOTOBKe IV TOMa rrepe)l. C03,naBllIHM ero 3B-
TOpCKHM KOJIJIeKTHBOM B03HHKJIa HH3H H 60JIee CJIO)KH8H 3a.naqa: H3JIO-
}KHTb rrpe,lI.CTaBJIeHH5I, npe;:lHa3HaQeHHble He TOJlbKO ,lI.JlH npO,lJ.OJImeHHH
AHCKYCCHH (KOTopble MeHee Bcero, KOHetIHO, CJle.nyeT paCCMaTpHB3Tb KaK
33BeprneHHbIe), He CTOJlbKO ,aJIH npOJl.OJl>KeHHH KpHTHtIeCKOrO aHaJIH38
H,neM 6eCC03H8TeJIbHOrO, Y}l{e npo3BytIaBlIIerO B CBSI3H C CHMI103HYMOM B
COBeTCKOH H 3apy6e>KHOH JIHTep8Type, CKOJIbKO .llJIH Toro, tITo6bI C<POPMY-
JIHpOBaTb KOHCTPYKTHBHble c006pa:>KeHHH, KOTopbIe MO}KHO 6bIJlO 6bI pac-
'"
CM8TpMBaTb K3K HTor cnopOB, npOHcxo,nHBIIIHX no nOBO)I.Y aTOM HAeM H3
npOT5I)KeHHe rrocne,aHHX o,nHorO-)l.BYX .neCHTHJIeTHH. O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO nO,lI.06-
HhIM HTor HBHJICH ObI norrbITKOH npeJI.BapHTeJlbHOrO XOT5I 6h1 o606meHHH
C HCXO HbIX ,aJlH Hac JI.HaJleKTHKO-MaTepHaJlHCTHtIeCKHX n03HnHH Toro OC-
HOBHoro, QTO oocY)f{)1aJlOCb Ha CHMn03HYMe, 8 TeM caMbIM H nonbITKOH no-
HCHRTb, C KaKOH eJlblO aTOT CHMI103HYM 6bIJI opraHH30BaH Ii tITO OH B
KOHeQHOM CqeTe B TeOpeTHlJeCKOM OTHOllIeHHH ,LI,aJl.
o rrpe,aBapHTeJlbHOM xapaKTepe nO.lI.06HbIX nonbITOK CJIe,ayeT rOBO-
pHTb TIOTOMY, lITO no.n.BeprHYTh ,neTaJlbHOMY aH8JIH3Y BeCb orpOMHbIH Ma-
TepHaJI, TaK HJIH HHalJe CB5I3aHHbIH c ClIMII03HYMOM (cO,lI.ep}KaHHe npe)l.bI-
JIYIll.HX Tpex TOMOB, npe,ZI.'b5IBJleHHbIX ,QJISI p8CCMOTpeHH5I yqaCTHHKaM CHM-
n03HYM8 3a HeCKOJIbKO MeC5I eB ,no era OTKpbITHH; ,lI.OKJIa,l(bI H npeHHSI Ha
C8MOM CHMn03HYMe H, HeOlKH,aaHHO, 60JIbillOe KOJlHtIeCTBO CTaTeii, nOCTY-
nHBlIIHX B OprKOMHTeT CHMn03HYMa y){{e TIOCJIe 3aBepllIeHHH ero pa60TbI),
6blJ10 np8KTHtIeCKH HeMbICJlHMO.
457
Pe,AaK HH npHHOCHT n09TOMY CBOII H3BIIHeHHH aBTOpaM TeX pa60T t
'KOTopble no TeXHHqeCKIIM npHqHHaM OKa3aJIOCb HeB03MOJKHbIM BKJ1IOtlHTb
B HaCTOH HH qeTBepTbIH TOM MOHorpa<pHH, BonpeKH HeMaJIOMY HHTepecy,
'KOTOpbIH nOqTH Bce OHH, HeCOMHeHHO, npe,aCTaBJIHIOT. OHa Bblpa)KaeT Ha-
,Ae)KAY, qTO B ,aaJIbHeHllIeM e e CMO)KeT BepHYTbCH K 9TOMY II,eHHOMY Ma-
TepHaJIY II, C pa3pellIeHHH aBTopOB COOTBeTCTBYIOI.l{HX CTaTeH, ony6JIHKO-
BaTb HX (B03MO)KHO, KaK «,lLonOJIHeHHe» K IV TOMY). lloKa 2Ke OHa OKa-
3aJIaCb BbIHYlK,AeHHOH npOCHTb aBTopOB CTaTeH IV TOMa KacaTbCH, KPH-
THtleCKH, - eCJIH 9TO Tpe6oBaJlOCb AJIH pa3BHTHH HX c06cTBeHHbIx npe)1.-
CTaBJIeHHH, - MaTepHa\JIOB rJIaBHbIM o6pa30M TOJIbKO npe,lI,bIAYII(HX
Tpex TOMOB. YnoMHH3HHe 2Ke 0 ,lI.OKJI3,lI.aX H ,lI.HCKYCCH5IX, COCT05IBIllHXC5I Ha
caMOM CHMllo3HYMe, KaK H 0 CTaTbHX, npHCJIaHHbIX nOCJIe CHMn03HYMa,
,naeTCH B IV TOMe JIHllIb B <popMe 06 HX BbICKa3bIBaHHH, no,aqepKHBalO-
III-HX HX HaH6oJIee, C TOtIKH 3peHHH pe,aaKl(HH, HHTepecHbIe H ueHHbIe MbIC-
JIM, - 6e3, pa3YMeeTC5I, KaKOH-JIH60 KPHTHKH .9TOrO, eme He orry6JIMKOBaH-
Horo, MaTepHa.rra. nO,lI.06HOe orpaHHlleHHe, O,l(HaKO, eCTeCTBeHHbIM 06pa-
30M CHMMaJIOCb, eCJIH ,aOKJIa,abI Ha CHMn03HYMe, OTKJlHKH Ha HHX II CTaTbH,
npHCJIaHHhle C 3an03,aaHHeM, 6bIJIH HX aBTopaMII 3a BpeM5I, HCTeKlilee noc-
JIe CMMrr03HYMa, Y:>Ke caMOCT05lTeJIbHO B KaKHX-JIH60 ,apyrHx MOHorpa<p H -
HX HJIM rrepHO,l(HqeCKHX H3,l(aHHHX ony6J1HKoB3HW. A TaKMX c.nyqaeB 6bIJIO
HeMaJIO.
B 3aKJIIOtIeHHe pe)J.KOJIJIefHH BhlpalKaeT HCKpeHHIOIO npH3HaTeJIbHOCTb
BceM IIJIeHaM aBTopcKoro KOJlJIeKTHBa IV TOM3 3a rrpHCJIaHHble HMH MaTe-
pH3JIhI. OHa y6e)K,aeHa B TOM, tITO TOJIbKO 6JIaro,aapH 9TOMY MaTepHaJlY
pa60Ta II Me)K,aYHapo,nHoro CHMn03HYMa no np06J1eMe 6ecc03HaTeJlbHO-
fO npHo6peTaeT B KaKoH-To Mepe xapaKTep 3aBeprneHHbIH Ii cIIoc06HhIA
3aHHTb co BceMH ee ,n:OCTOHHCTBaMH Ii HeAOCTaTKaMH orrpe,aeJIeHHOe Me..
CTO B 6eCKOHeQHO npOAOJI)KalOIlI.eHCH ,aaJIbHeHllleH 9BOJIIOIl.HH HallIHX 3Ha-
IHHH 0 rrpHpo.ne H nCHXHKe tleJIOBeKa.
AJ1cpABHTHbII1 YKA3ATEJIb ABTOPOB
ABTOHOMOBA H. C. (115), HHCTHTYT cpHJIOCOcpHH AH CCCP, MocKBa, CCCP.
ACMOJIOB A. r. (77), MOCKOBCKHH rocy.rr.apCTBeHHbIH YHHBepcHTeT, cpaKYJIbTeT rrCHXO-
JIOrMH, MocKBa, CCCP.
BACCI1H <P. B. (93, 429), HI111 HeBpOJIOrHH AMH CCCP, MocKBa, CCCP
BAXTA,LL3E-IIlEP03H5I H. B. (140), T6HJIHCCKHH rocy.rr.apCTBeHHbIH YHHBepcHTeT, cpa-
KY JIbTeT cpHJIOCOcpHH H nCHXOJIOfHH, TOHJIHCH, CCCP.
BEPE3I1H <P. B. (394), I MOCKOBCKHH Me,l(HIJ,HHCKHH HHCTHTYT HM. 11. M. CeIJeHOBa,
MocKBa, CCCP.
BYH EBI1q H. JI. (353), MOCKOBCKHH OOJIaCTHOH rre,l(arOrHIJeCKHH HHCTHTYT, MocKBa,
CCCP
f AMKPEJII1,LL3E T. B. (261), HHCTHTYT BOCTOKOBe.rr.eHH.H HM. f. B. UepeTeJIH AH fpy-
3HHCKOH CCP, TOHJIHCH, CCCP.
fPHrOJIABA B. B. (24), HHCTHTYT nCHXOJIOrHH HM. ,Q. H. Y3Ha,lI.3e AH rpY3HHCKOH
CCP, TOH.HHCH, CCCP.
.n.OBPOBI14 A. b. (237), TIcHxHaTpHIJeCKaH OOJIbHHlJ,a N2 13, MocKBa, CCCP
,LLporAJII1HA )I(. A. (185), MOCKOBCKHH rocy.rr.apCTBeHHbIH YHHBepcHTeT, JIaOOpaTOpH5I
, MaTeMaTHqeCKOH TeopHH 3KcnepHMeHTa, MocKBa, CCCP.
,lJ.YBPOBCKHVI ,LL. H. (277), MOCKOBCKHH rocY,ltapCTBeHHbIH YHHBepcHTeT, cpaKYJIbTeT
cpHJIOCOcpHH, MocKBa, CCCP.
3EHKOB JI. P. (224), KJIHHHKa HepBHbIx OOJIe3HeH I MOCKoBcKoro Me,lI.HlJ,HHCKoro HH-
CTHTYTa HM. H. M. CeqeHOBa, MocKBa, CCCP.
HBAHOB B. B. (254), HHCTHTYT CJIaB5IHOBe,lteHH5I H 6aJIKaHHCTHKH AH CCCP, MocKBa,
CCCP.
HJIbHH f. JI. (411, 419), HHCTHTYT HCTOpHH eCTeCTB03HaHHH H TeXHHKH AH CCCP,
MocKBa, CCCP.
HOCEBA,LL3E T. T. (36), TOHJIHCCKaH ropo.rr.CKaH nCHXHaTpH1JeCKaH OOJIbHHIJ,a, TOHJIH-
CM, CCCP.
HOCEBA,I:L3E T. III. (36), TOHJIHCCKHH rocY,lI.apCTBeHHbIH YHHBepCHTeT, <l>aKYJIbTeT CPH-
JIOCO<pHH H nCHXOJIOfHH, T6HJIHCH, CCCP.
KEt.IXY AIIlB I1JI 11 f. H. (299), TOHJIHCCKHH rocY,ltapCTBeHHbIH YHHBepcHTeT, cpaKYJIbTeT
cpH.nococpHH H nCHXOJIOrHH, TOHJIHCH, CCCP.
KOTHK M. A. (377), TapTycKHH rocYJ1.apcTBeHHbIH YHHBepcHTeT, TapTY, CCCP.
JIEOHTbEB A. A. (199), J1HCTHTYT PyccKoro 513bIKa HMeHH A. C. nYWKHHa, MocKBa,
CCCP.
HAJIHMOB B. B. (185); MOCKOBCKHH rocY,lI.apCTBeHHbIH YHHBepcHTeT, JIaOOpaTopHH Ma-
TeMaTHqeCKOH TeopHH 3KcnepHMeHTa, MocKBa, CCCP.
HOP AKI1,lJ,3E B. r. (366), 11HcTHTYT nCHXOJIOfHH HM. . H. Y3Ha,lI.3e AH rpY3HHcKoA
CCP, TOHJIHCH, CCCP.
nAP LI)I(AHA,LL3E ,LL. IIl. (291), T6HJIHCCKHH rocY,lI.apCTBeHHbIH YHHBepcHTeT, cpaKYJIbTeT
cpHJIOCOcpHH H nCHXOJIOrHH, TOHJIHCH, CCCP.
nPAHfI1111BI1JIH A. C. (16), HHCTHTYT nCHXOJIOfHH HM. ,l{. H. Y3Ha,t13e AH fPY3HH-
CKOH CCP, TOHJIHCH, CCCP.
459
P AMHIllBHJIH .l1.. H. (160), I1HcTHTYT nCHXOJIOrHH HM. Jt H. Y 3Ha,lI.3e AH f"pY3HH-
CKOH CCP, T6HJIHCH, CCCP.
PAnOXHH H. TI. (129), BHHI1 KOMn.neKCHbIX npOOJIeM AH CCCP, MocKBa, CCCP.
POTEHBEPf B. C. (93, 211), I MOCKOBCKHH Me,u,HII.HHCKHH HHCTHTYT, MocKBa, CCCP.
CAKBAPEJII1,IJ.3E M. A. (67), I1HCTHTYT nCHXOJIOrHH HM. ,Q. H. Y3HaJJ,3e, A I-I fpY3HH-
CKOH CCP, T6HJIHCH, CCCP.
CAP ,1I)I(BEJIA,II,3E H. 11. (56), I1HCTHTYT nCHXOJIOrHH HM. .l1.. I-I. Y3HaJI.3e AH rpy-
3HHCKOH CCP, T6HJIHCH, CCCP.
CI1MOHOB TI. B. (149), I1HcTHTYT BbIcllleH HepBHoH ,u,e5ITeJIbHOCTH H HeHpocpH3HOJIOrHH
AH CCCP, MocKBa, CCCP.
CJIyITHHCKA5I JI. 11. (307), rpY3HHCKHfI nOJIHTeXHHqeCKHH HHCTHTYT HM. B. H. J1e-
HHHa, Ka<pe.rr.pa PYCCKOH JIHTepaTypbI, T6HJIHCH, CCCP.
CMHPHOB 11. H. (93), ¥IHCTHTYT cpHJIOCOcpHH AH CCCP, MocKBa, CCCP.
<pAYIBI111IEBCKI1YI B. A. (318), TIcHxoHeBpOJIOrHqeCKHH .rr.HcrraHcep NQ 11, MocKBa,
CCCP.
<D I1H:I,EJIbIllTEYIH 3. B. (341, 353), MocKoBcKuH 06JIaCTHOfI ne.rr.arOrUqeCKHfr HHCTH..
TYT, MocKBa, CCCP.
ll.AnKI1H B. H. (265), Il.OJII1Y Bpaqeii, Ka<pe.rr.pa nCHXOTepanHH, MocKBa, CCCP.
"4AB4AHI1.l1.3E B. B. (356), T6HJIHCCKHH: rocy,u,apcTBeHHbIH YHHBepCHTeT, Kacpe,u,pa
KH6epHeTHKH, T6HJIHCH, CCCP.
llIEPTOK JI. (106). I1HcTHTYT JIapolII<PYKO, II.eHTp nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKOH MeJI.HII.HHbI H:\1. ,II.e-
)KepHHa, TIapH}K, cI>paHII.H5I.
llIOllII1H n. B. (170), MocKoBcKHH rocYAapcTBeHHbIH: YHHBepcHTeT, <l>aKYJIbTeT nCHXO"
.norHH, MocKBa, CCCP.
3CEBY A P. Ill. (299), T6HJIHCCKa5I rocy,u,apcTBeHHaH KOHcepBaTOpH5I, T6HJIHCH, CCCP.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
ASMOLOV A. G. (77), Moscow State University, Department of Psychology, Moscow,
USSR
AVTONOMOVA N. S. (115), Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, USSR
BAKHTADZE-SHEROZIA N. V. (140), Tbilisi State University, Department of Philos-
ophy and psychology, Tbilisi, USSR
BASSIN F. V. (93, 429), Insti tute of Neurology of the USSR Academy of Med i cal Sci..
ences, Moscow, USSR
BEREZIN F. B. (394), 1st Moscow Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR
CHAVCHANIDZE V. V. (356), Tbilisi State University, Department of Cybernetics,
Tbilisi, USSR
CHERTOK L. (106) Insti tut la Rochefoucauld. Centre de Medecine Psychosomatique Dejerine,
Paris, France
DOBROVICH A. B. (237), Psychiatric Hospi tal ;N'Q 13, Moscow, USSR
DROGALINA Zh. A. (185), Moscow State University, Laboratory of the Mathematical
Theory of Experiment, MOSCJ\V, USSR
DUBROVSKI D. I. (277), Moscow State University/Faculty of Philosopy, Moscow, USSR
ESEBUA R. Sh. (299), Tbilisi State Conservatory, Tbilisi, USSR
FAIVISHEVSKI V. A. (318), 11th psychcneurological Prophylactic Centre, Moscow,
USSR
FINKELSTEIN E. B. (341, 353), MOECOW Regional Pedagogical Institute, Moscow,
USSR
GAMKRELJDZE T. V. (261), G. V. Tsereteli I nstitute of Oriental Stud es, Academy of
Sciences of the Georgian SSR, Tbilisi, USSR
GRIGOLAVA V. V. (24), The D. N. Uznadze Institute of Psychology of the Academy
of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, Tbilisi, USSR
lLYN G. L. (411, 419), Institute of the History of Natural Science and Engineering,
USSR Academy of Sci ences, Moscow, USSR
IOSEBADZE. T. She (36), Tbilisi State University, Department of Philosophy and Psy-
chology, Tbilisi, USSR
IOSEBADZE T. T. (36), Tbilisi City Psychiatric Hospital, Tbilisi, USSR
IVANOV V. V. (254), Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies, USSR Academy of Scien-
ces, Moscow, USSR
KECHKHUASHVILI G. N. (299), Tbilisi State University, Department of Plilosophy-
and Psychology, Tbilisi, USSR
KOTIK M. A. (377), Tartu State University, Tartu, USSR
LEONTYEV A. A. (199), A. S. Pushkin Institute of the Russian Language, Moscow,
USSR
NALIMOV V. V. (185), Moscow State tTniversity, Laboratory of the Mathematical The-
ory of Experiment, Moscow, USSR
NORAKIDZE V. G. (366), The D. N. Uznadze Institute of psychology of the Academy
of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, Tbilisi, USSR
461
PARJANADZE D. She (291), Tbilisi state {Jni versity, Department of Philosophy and
Psychology, Tbilisi, USSR
PRANGISHVILI A. S. (16), The D. N. Uznadze Institute of Psychology of the Academy
of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, Tbilisi, USSR
RAMISHVILI D. I. (160), The D. N. Uznadze Institute of psychology of the Academy
of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, Tbilisi, USSR
nAPOKHIN N. P. (129), All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Complex Problems,
USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR
ROTENBERG V. S. (93,211), 1st Moscow Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR
SAKVARELIDZE M. A. (67), The D. N. Uznadze Institute of psychology of the Acad-
emy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, Tbilisi, USSR
SARJVELAQZE N. I. (56), The D. N. Uznadze Institute of Psychology of the Academy"
of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, Tbilisi, USSR
SHOSHIN P. B. (170), Moscow State lJniversity, Department of Psychology, Moscow,
lJSSR
SIMONOV P. V. (149), Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology,
USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR
SLITINSKAYA L. I. (307), V. I. Lenin Poly technical Institute, Tbilisi, USSR
SMIRNOV I. N. (93), Institute. of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Mos-
cow, USSR
TSAPKIN V. N. (265), Central Insti tute for Advanced Medical Training, Department of
Psychotherapy, Moscow, USSR
VUNTSEVICH I. L. (353), Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute, Moscow, USSR
ZENKOV L. R. (224), Clinic of Nervous Diseases, I. M. Sechenov First Medical Insti..
tute, Moscow, USSR
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