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10

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IITCHHC, cYMeTb aprYMellTHposaTb cBoA Bbl(50P .. paccKa3aTb B KJlac-
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IIU ItX MlleliHIO, 011 T81( lJHTseT.
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II uoo(Spa>KeHH5t.
:11

OKOHQaTe.nbHoe cym,neHHe 06 OBJIa,lteHHH H8BbIKOM tlTeHMH
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pax no J<a>K){OMY H3 KOMnOHeHTOB, COCTaBJIHlOlUHX HaBbIK tlTeHHH.
B MeTO){HtIeCKOH pa3paooTKe ypOKOB TeHHH YQH-
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npe,lt'bHMHeT KO BceMY KYpCY qTeHHH BIll KJlaCce.
2. 06JtYMbJBaHHe CO){ep>KaHHH H IJ.eJIeBOrO Ha3Ha1JeHHSI KOHKpeT-
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u
JIOB, pe,nHa3HaqeHHbIX ,nJIH pacKpbITHH ,naHHOH TeMbI B KHHfe M5I
KJIaCCHOro qTeHHH; pacnpe){eJIeHHe 3THX MaTepHaJlOB no .qaCTHM B co-
. u
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3. npoeKTHpoBaHHe B paMKax YCTaHOBJleHHOH CIfCTeMbI ypOKOB no
TeMe Ka>KJ{oro OT,l{eJlbHOrO ypOKa H npo.nYMbInaHHe cnoc060B ero Half-
JIYllwero npOBe){eHHH.
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qeCTBO nOAfOTOBKH H npOBe,neHHH ypOKon tITeHHH. O.D.HaKO Ha BTOpOH
CTyneHH - nJlaHHpOBaHHe CHCTeMbl ypOKOB no OT){eJIbHOH nporpa{-
MHOH TeMe - HY>KHO OCTaHOBHTbCH no,npo6Hee.
By.neT He' COBceM BepHO, eCJIH BCIO paOOTY Ha 3TOH cTyrreHH CBe-
CTH JIHWb K- 03HaKOMJIeHHIO C pacnpe){eJleHHeM ypOKOB no TervIe, KOTO-
poe, HanpHMep, npeJ{JIaraeTCH B MeTOJl.HqeCKHX YKa3aHHHX K KHHre
,ltJlSl qTeHHH. nO,Z{OOHbIe peKOMeH){aI.{HH MO>KHO, KOHetIHO, B3RTh 3a OC-
HOBY, OTJlO}l{HB BbI60p OKOHqaTeJIbHOrO BapHaHTa Ha TO BpCl\fH, KOf)J.a)
Bo-nepBbIX, Oy,nYT TLUaTeJlhHO rrpOCIOTpeHbI MaTepHaJIbI B KHHre .nTJH
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qa'fMbHblH BapHaHT C HaH60JIbllIeH nOJIHOTOH OTBetI8J1 ocooeHHOCTSlM
){aHHOrO KJIaCCa H n03BORHJI TBOpqeCKH HCrrOJlb30BaTb pa3JIHqHMe Me-
TO){HqeCKHe npHeMbl )J.JISI ycnewHoro perneHHH 06pa3pBaTeJIbHO-BOCHH-
T8TeJIbHblX 38){8tI, CTOSlInHX nepe,l{ CHCTeMOH ypOKOB no Tef\1e If nepe;:l
Ka>K,nbIM OTJ{eJlbHbIM YPOKOM.
TaK, HanpHMep, nepBaH nporpaMMHaH TeMa «nHOHepbI - IOHbIe
JleHHHlJ,bl» no CBoeMY u.e.neBOMY Ha3HaqeH'HIO, .nOJI}KHa, KaK" 06 3TOM
CKa3aHO B «MeTO){HQeCKHX YKa3aHHHx K KHHre ,n.nH qTeHHH «Hallia PO)J.H-
Ha», «BbI3bIBaTb y ,neTeH "HTepeC K }KH3I1H " ,lteHTeJIbHOCTH TIHOHepCKoH
opraHH3alJ,HH, BocnHTbIBaTb yna}KeHHe k CTapmel\iY nOKOJIeHHIO KO-
MYHHCTOB, 38BoeBaBllIeMY ){JIH HHX CqaCTJIHBOe ,neTCTBO, B030Y>KJ(aTb
}KeJIaHHe CTaTb nHoHepaMH»l.
TOT <paKT, liTO 9TOH TeMoH Ha1JHHal0TCH YPOKH" qTeHHH B I I I KJIaCce,
BbI.ltBHraeT nepe.lt HeM H ,nonOJIHHTeJIbHble IJ.eJIeBbIe YCTaHOBKH: Bo-nep"
/
1 c'4TeHHe BIll KJIaCce. MeTOJJ.HQeCKHe YKa3aHHB K KHHre J{JIH qTeHIUl «Hawa
PO,luiH(1». M., CnpocBexneHHe», 1971, CTp. 7.
12

BIJIX, «nO)ll1ep>KaTb XOpOlnee, paJl-OCTHOe HaCTpOeHHe YQallU1XCH npH
BCTpetle co WKOJIOH, YllHTeJ1eM, TOBapHmaMH; o606rnHTb BneQ8TJIeHHH,
JlOJJYtJeHHbIe eTbfH BO BpeMH JIeTHerO OT,nbIXa»l; BO-BTOpbIX, cpa3Y >He
BI<JlIOtJHTb eTeH B YQe6HYIO paOOTY, KOTopaH He TOJIbKO BOOpY>KHT HX
:UIClIHiHMH, no O){HOBpeMeHHO oy,neT cnOCOOCTBOBaTb (jJOpMHpOBaHHIO
II coneprneHCTBOB8HHIO psr,na HaBbII<OB H ocooeHHO HaBbIK8 QTeHH'H.
B KHHre )tI1H tITeHHH «HaIIJa Po,nHHa» .nnH peaJIH3aUHH Bcex 9THX
ur.nc" B pa3eJIe «nHOHep rOTOB K 6qpboe 38 JIeHHHCKoe ,lleJIO» nOMe-
IHPHO 14 TeKCTOB, 9 H3 KOTOpblX CTHXOTBopHbIe, 8 OCT8JIbHbIe OTHO-
(TCH K 6eJIJIeTpHCTHtJeCKHM npOH3BeeHH51M H ,lleJIOBbIf\i CTaTbHf:
Ha H3YQeHHe BceH TeMbI nporpaMfOH OTBO,nHTCH 6 tJ8COB 2 . npH
9TOM JIOrHKa pacnpe,neHH51 MaTepHaJIOB no ypOK8M OJlH3Ka K JIOrHKe
pncnOJIO}KeHHH TeKCTOB B KHHre )J.JIH lITeHHH. B IIMOM BCH CHCTeI\fa
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qanbHono qTeHUSI TeKCTa
Y lJ" T{,.JI b
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1 «lJTeHHe B III Knacce. MeTO,lJ.HtleCKHe YKa3aHHSI K KIIHre .Il-JISI 'freHHB cHama
POJU.fU8». M., «TIpocseweHHe», 1971, CTp. 8.
2 ABTOpbl KHRJ'H ,lJ.JlSI q:reHHSl H MeTO,lJ.H1IeCKHX paapaOOTOK K HeB YBeJlHqBSSIO'l
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13

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TbIBalOTCSI He TonbKO rnaBHbIe n03HaBaTeJIbHbIe 3aJ(a1JH, cToHw.He nepe,n;
BeH TeMOH, HO H ononHHTenbHe oopa30BaTenbHO-BocnHTaTenbHwe
UeJlH, 0 KOTOpbIX Y>Ke llIJla petIb BbllIIe. TaK, ecnH Ha ypoke llJIalIH-
pyeTcH 3yqeHHe .l1BYX npoH3Be,neHHH, MeTOAHqeCKH UeJIeC006pa3Ho
nepBbll\f II3yqaTb np03aHQeCKHH TeKCT, oco6eHHo KorJ].a OH ,ne.nOBoro
co,nep>KaHHH. Ee K. ,a. YlllHHCKHH OT&letIaJI, liTO npH TaKOR noc-neJ].o-
naTeJIbHOCTH H3YtIeHHH MaTepHanOB nepBblH TeKCT CBOHM COAepiKaHHeM
II CJlOBapeM H8HJiYtlllIHM 06p830M no,nrOTOBHT BocnpHHTHe Broporo, no-
rHQeCKaH MbIcnb OTbIeT ce6e n03THtleCKOe BbIpaiKeHHe, a OHO 3aKpe-
nHT caIY MbICJIb l . KpOMe TOro, cneyeT B3BecHTb, Bcerj\a nH J1OJ1!KeH
YQHTeJIb npH nepBOf 3HaKOMCTBe Y1JarnHXCH C npOH3Be,lleHHel\1 6paTb
ero tlTeHHe H8 ce6fl.
TaKHf 06pa30:VI, CHCTeMa ypOKOB no nepnOH TeMe MO}KT 6bITb
CnJIaHHpOBalla TaK:
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1 CM.: 1<. ,a. Y W H H C K H H. Coop. COq., T. 5. M., 113.;1.-80 AnH PC<1>CP,
1949, CTp. 32.
14

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pa60TY no COBeprneHCTBOBaHHlOlHaBbIKa tITCHH5I H ,OT,lJ.eJlbHbIX ero CTOpOH.
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TCKCTOD, OTHOCII1QHXCJI K TOMY HJlH HHOMY H<?TopHtIeCKOMY oTpeaky
npc.MeIiH.
B ,D.8HHOM MeTo,lJ.HQecKOM noco6HH B CneUHaJIbHOM pa3eJIe nOMe-
IIlellbl cnpaBOtJHble MaTepHanbl 06IUeCTBeHHO-HCTopHlleCKoro xapaKTe-
Jill, I<OTopble nOMorYT YtJHTeJIIO B-nO,Z(fOTOBKe BBo,nHoro CJIOBa, a TaK)he
JICI(CHlICCKoro H TepMHHOJIOfHtJeCKoro KOMMeHTapHH.
15

nJIaHHpOBaHHe CHCTeMbl ypOKOB no TeMe OtIeHb Ba>KHO .AJISI 9cpcpeK"
THBHoro npOBeeHMH rrOBTOpHTeJIbHo-o606ll\alOIQ.HX ypOKOB. 11M" HY1K-
80 3aBepmaTb npOXO)K)leHHe Ka>K,ltOH nporpaMMHOH TefbI. CeHqaC 9TH
ypOKH Hepe,ltKO CTpOHTCH no npHHUHny nepeqHCJIeHHH na3B3HHH npo.
QHTaHHblX npOH3Be,lteHHH, OTBeTOB Ha BonpOCbl no HX co,nep>K3HHI0 H
BblOOpOqHOrO lITeHHH OT)J.eJIbHbIX KYCKOB TeKCTa. nJIaHHpOBaHHe no-
3BonSieT npeJ{OTBpaTHTb nO)J.OOHbIH KOJIHtlecTBeHHbIH nO,l1xoJ{ K nocTpoe-
HHIO nOBTOpHTeJ1bHO-o606InaIOIIJJIX 3aHSITHH; OHO nOMoraeT sapaHee
.. u
npe,ltYCMOTpeTb, qTO .lI.OJl}KeH np HBHeCTH Ka>K)lbIH OT)leJIbHbIH ypOK
B i10BTOpHTeJlbHO-o6oornaIOInYIO paOOTY no TeMe H KaK HY>KHO C)J.eJI3Tb,
qroObI YlIaUUieCH nO-HOBOMY B3rJIHHYJIH H3 Y>Ke npOHeHHbIH MaTe-
pliaJ1, 3 3TO, Oe3ycnoBHo, npHBe,neT K H30eCTHblM KaqeC]BeHHbI:\f CJ{BH'"
raM B OCMbICJ1eHHH IllKOJ1bHHKaMH Be,nYlllJIX BonpOCOB TeMbI.
M  OT Toro, KaK MeTo,nHqecKH OCHeH ypOK, Ha-
8To.qHllecKH8 YKa- 
3aHN. K opraHM3aqHH CKOJIbKO ne.neCOOupa3Ha ero CTpYKTypa, 3.aBHCHT
" np08e.qeHHIO oe. ero pesYJIbTaTHBHOCTb - K3qeCTBO npHoopeTaeMbIX
HoaHIIIX .Tano. ypOKS yq3ll1.HHCH 3HaHHH, CHJ1a B03,lteHCTBHH yqeOHOrO
111eHH. M3TepHana H3 IlIKOJ1bHHKOB, XO,lt <pOpMHpOBaHHH
pa3..TIHlIHbIX YMeHHH H HaBbIKOB, oc06eHHO H3BbIKa tITeHHR.
CTPYKTypa ypOKa qreHHH MO)KeT CtIHTaTbCH ue.necoo6pa3HOH, eCJIH
OHa, COOTBeTCTBYH cnenH<pHKe H3yqaeMOrO TeKCTa, oY)J.eT peaJIbHO
oOecnellHBaTb MaKCHMaJJbHYIO sarpY3KY ypOqHOrO BpeMeHH qTeHHeM
caMHX Y1JarnHXC5I. npH .9rof tITeHHe ,l10JI}KHO ObITb He TOJlbKO C03Ha-
Te.1IbHbIM, npaBHJlbHbIM, 6erJIbIM H Bblpa3HTeJIbHbIM, HO H BbI3bIBalO-
u u
InHM y eTeH >KHBOH HHTepec.
K CO>KaJIeHHIO, ,lt0 CHX nop Henocpe,nCTBeHHO Ha ypOKax qTeHHH \.
caMH YlIeHHKH 1JHTalOT MaJlO. -npOHCXO,ltHT .9TO nOTOMY, tITO CJIHIllKOM
MHoro qHTaeT YIIHTeJIb H CJlHlIJKOM BeJlHK YJ{eJlbHbIH BeC BCRKOi'O po,na
6ece,n H pa3rOBopOB B CH3H C qHTaeMbIM. nopoH Ha Bce 9TO YXO,nHT
OT 30 ,no 45 MHHYT ypOIlHoro BpeMeHH (10-15 MHHYT - BBOHbIe 3a-
HSITHH, 5-10 MHHYT - OTBerbl Ha Bonpocbl,- 10-15 MHHYT - COCT3B-
neHHe ITJIaHa H nepecKa3bl, OKOJIO 5 MHHYT - OOOOrnalOll\a51 6ecea),
npH1JeM Hepe)J.Ko oece,na CTpOHTCH Ha OCHOBe Toro BnetIaTJIeHHH 0 cOJ{ep-
)l(aHMH TeKCTa, KOTopoe CJIO>KHJ10Cb y ,neTeH B XOJI.e ero nepBOHaQ3.Hb-
Horo lJTeHHH.
BH,lIJIMO, 3aMeTHoe YMeHblIIeHHe t:lTeHHH yqHTeJ1H Ha ypoKe, cOKpa-
meHHe BpeMeHH H3 pa3HbIe 6eCe,ltbI H pasroBopbl npe,ltCTaBJUleT 060H
TOT peaJIbHbIH pe3epB BpeMeHH, KoropblH HY>KHO licnO.n-b30BaTb ,nJ1H 3a-
rpY3KH qTeHHeM yqaI.I.I-HXCH.
B caMOM ,neJIe, eCJIH ,nonYCTHTb, liTO Bce 40 MHHYT ypollnoro Bp"
MeHH (5 MHHYT COpOCHM Ha BCHKHe «oprMoMeHTbI») TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKH
- u
CTaHYT qHTaTb co cpe,nHeH ,ltJlH HHX CKOpOCTblO, TO npH IITeHHH BCJIYX
OHH cnocoOHbI npOlJHTaTb 10 - 12 cTpaHHl, a npH tITeHHH npo
ce6H - 14-15 CTp3HHn. PasYMeeTCH, liTO TaKoe YCJIOSHO J{orrym. eH -
Hoe CllJlOlliHOe tJTeHHe (3a pe)J.lIaHLllHM HCKJII01JeHHeM) HepeaJIbHO H
1 B olIoii CTpaHHI1-C np03anqeCKOrO TeKCTa CO,Aep>KHTCH OT 300 o 330 cnOB.
16

He9cjJcpeKTHBHO. OJ{HaKO ono nOKa3blBaeT, KaK BenHKH B03MO>KHOCTM
3arpY3KH TpeTbeKJI3CCHHKOB 1JTeHHeM HenocpeJ{CTBeHHO Ha caMHX
ypOK3X.
HTaK, nOCMOTpHM, KaK MorYT tSblTb opraHH30naHbI OCHOBIIbIe
9TarrbI ypOKOB B nJI3He HaH60JIbWeH 3arpY3KH TpeTbeKJI3CCHHKOB
llTeHHeM.
B B 0 ,n H bI e 3 a H 51 T H 51, K3K H3BeCTHO, ,nOJI}KHbI nOJ{rOTOBHTb
)J.eTeH K npe,nCTOHIneM]' CJlY1ll3HHlO HJJH qTeHHIO OToopaHHoro ,lJJIH ypo-
K3 npOH3Be.neHHH. 06blqHO OHM CKJ1a)J.bIBaIOTCH H3 OO'b5lCHeHHH CJIOB;
oece,nbI no Kpyry BonpOCOB, OJIH31{HX Tel\f, KOTopbIe nOJIYllHJIH oro-
Op31KeHHe B npOH3Be.lleHHH; CJIOBa yqHTeJIH, opraHH3YlOIII.erO BHH-
,-
M3HHe Y1JeHHKOB H BbI3bIBalOInero HHTepec K npeACTOSlIll.eMY 1JTeHHlO,
H T. n.
)l(enaTeJlbHO BBO){Hble 3aHHTHH CBO.llHTb K MMHHl\1YMY, KpOMe Tex
CJIYllaeB, Kor.n.a OHM )J.OJILKHbI nO)lrOTOBHTb YllaInHxcsr K tlTeHHIO H pa3"
ooPY TeKCTOB, paCCqHTaHHbIX Ha BoopY}KeHHe TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKOB OOIne-
CTBeHHO-HCTOpHlIeCKHlYfH npe,nCTaBJIeHHHMH. ECJlH HMeeTCH B03MO>K-
HOCTb B xo.ne BBOHbIX 3aHHTHH opraHH30B3Tb IITeHHe yqalI.{HXCR,
TO 3THM HymHo BOCnOJIb30B3TbCH. HanpHMep, OO'bHCHeHHe CJ10B npo-
BeCTH nYTeM tlTeMHSI 33paHee 3arOTOBJIeHHbIX KaprolIeK, nJlaKaTOB
HJIH 3anHceH H3 )J.OCKe; npe){J10}KHTb )J.eTHM npOIlHTaTb THTPbi K
AHa(j>HJIbMY, npOCMOTp KOToporo nO.nrOTaBJIHBaer K qTeHHIO TeKCTa,
H T.,n. of
n e p B a II a 11 a JI b Hoe q T e H H e TeKCT3 06eCneqHB3eT «He-
nocpe)J.CTBeHHoe BocnpHHTHe JIHTepaTypHoro npOH3Be)J.eHHH»1 yqaI.II-H-
MHCR. npH 1.JTeIlHH xY,AO>KeCTBeHHblX TeKCTOB B3>KH3 UeJIOCTHOCTb STOro
HenocpeJtCTDeHHoro BocnpHHTHH, npH qTeHHH HaY1JHO-rronYJ1HpHOrO
TeKCTI - npSBHJlbliOCTb olltero npeACT8BJleHHH 00 onHCblBae1vfOM
npe,lJ.Mere, npou-ecce HnH HBJleHHH.
B WKOJlbHOA npaKTHKe qame Bcero nepBoe tlTeHHe X Y)J.O>KeCTBeH-
lIoro npOH3BeJ{eHHH YQHTeJIb oepeT H3 ceoH. He CTOJIb YLK peAI{O
nO,Ao6Hb1M o6pa30M OH nocTyrraeT H C HaYIlHo..nonYJIRpHbUvIH TeK-
CTaMH,
OHaKo B YCJlOBHfIX p300Tbl no HOBbIM nporpaMMaM, Kor)J.3, nOBTO-
pHeM, (50JlbW8H qaCTb ypotiHoro BpeMeHH )I.OJI>KHa 6bITb OT){an3 tJTe..
IIHIO yqaHxcsr, tJTeHHe ytlHTeJIeM HOBblX TeKCTOB CJ1e.llyeT CBeCTH .no
pasYMHoro MHHHM}'Ma. 3Aech AeJlO He TOJlbKO B Tpe60BaHHRX nporpaM-
Mbl. V1lHTeJlbCKOe tlTeHHe - STO OqeHb CHJlhHOe cpe)J.CTBO B03)J.eMCT-
IHI al )'q8HXCSl - epReT CBOIO CHJlY, eCJIH, Bo-nepBbIX, HM
nOJlUO.I".CI CJlHWKOM qaCTO H. BO.BTOpblX npOBO)J.HTb Oe3 TmaTeJIb-
lIoA npUllpHTMhHOA norOTOBKH (a tl3CTOe 06pameHHe !{ HeMY cy-
UecTBeHHO OCJIO>KHJleT BOSMO>KHOCTb TaKOH nOArOTOBKH). ITO.9TO!'ifY CBO-
JIM tlTeHHeM B I{Jl8CCe YIlHTeJllO He CTOHT YBJIeKaTbCH H npH6eraTb I(
lIeMY H3.ll0 TOJIbKO Tor.ll8, KOr,Aa 6ea 9Toro OOOHTHCb TPY){HO, H3npH"
1 O. H. H H K H CP'O P 0 8 a. BocnpHHTHe xYJlOmeCTBeHHOH JIHTepaTypbl WKOJIb-
IIHKaMH. M., YQne.n.rH3. 1959, CTp. 12.
17

Mep, npH H3yqeHHH MHOfUX CTHXOTBOpelU1H H 6aCeH. nYCTb YtlHTeJlb-
CKoe 1ITeHHe B KJIaCCe nepeCTaHeT 6blTb 6Y)J.HHtlHO nOBce,D.HeBubIM H
flBHTCSI 06pa3UOM nO)I.JIHIIIIO BbIpa3HTeJIbHOrO tlTeHHH.
npn paOOTe Ha xy,nO)KeCTBeHHbIMM. npOH3BeJl.eHHJIMH npOtlHX >KaH-
, u
pOB - paCCKa3aMH, CKa3KaMH, onHcaHHHMH neH3ama H np. - HY}K-
HO IlIHpe npaKTHKOBaTb nepBoe qTeHHe, npOBo,nHl\fOe CHJlaMH ca-
MHX TpeTbeKJIaCCHMKOB HJIH B l{ 0 M 6 H H a U H M C q T e H HeM y 11 M-
T e JI n.
nepBoe lITeHHe xYJl.O)KeCTBelIIloro npOH3Be,neHHH, opraHH30BaH-
\ Hoe OO,nOOHbIM oopa30M, ,nOJI>KHO 6blTb 06H3aTeJ1bHO 3apaHee no,n-
rOTOBJIeHO. A B llHCJIe yqaInHXCH, KOTOpblM OHO 6YJl.eT nopYlleHO, Ha-
p 5],ny C XOpOIliO 1IHTalOInHMH AOJI)KHbI OKa3aTbCH tIHTalQIUHe cpe,nne H
cJIa60. nonYTHO 3afeTHM, 1.11'0 YCTaHOBKa TO..rlbKO Ha CH..'IbIlbIX YlleHH-
){OB (a 1'IM-TO qaw.e Beero yqHTeJIb ,nOBcpHeT nepnOllal.faJIbHOe '-'lITe-
HHe) ,naneKO He BCef){a onpaB.LlblBaCT ce05I MeTO)1.H4eCKH II nc,narorH-
qeCKH.
I1TaK, B O,nHH H3 ,nHeH, npeJl.llleCTBYIOInHX ypOKY, Ha KOTOpOM 33-
nlaHHpOBaHO tITeHHe paCCKa3a CarvlHl\IH yqallI.HMHCH, MO,mHO, onYCTHIvI,
Ha nepeMeHe HJIH nOCJIe ypOKOB nO,ll03BaTb 3-4 YtleHHKOB, HafeqeHHbIX
3apanee no tlHCJIY qaCTeH, BbI.LleJ1eHHbIX B paCCI{a3e, Ii npe.LlJlo.mHTb 11M
xoporneHbKO norOTOBHTb ,nOf\.fa tlTeHHe YKa3aHHOH 1IaCTH. npH aTOM B
KHHrax ,nJIH tJTeHHH Y CJIa6bIX yqeHHKOB "ymHo c,neJIBTb KapaH,nalliOM
n01\1eTbI: BepTHKaJIbHbI1\1H tlepTaMH OTMeTHTb naY3bl (OJl.lIa tlepTa-
KopOTKaH naY3a, ABe - OOJIee nIJOOJI}KHTeJ1bHaSi H T. n.); nOCTaBHTb
yapeHHH B CJIOBaX, KOTopbIe MorYT ObITb npOtlHTaHbl OIlIH60tlJlO;
no,ntIepKHYTb CJIOBa, KOTopble HeCYT B npe,nJIO>KeHHHX OCHOBHYIO CMbIC-
JIOBYIO HarpY3KY, H T. n. .
Kora Ha ypOKe eTH OAHH 3a pyrHM, Qen01lKOW, npOtlTYT BeCb
paCCKa3, HM lvIO)KHO 6y.n-eT BbICTaBHTb OneHKH 3a lITeHHe.
B03MO)KHbl CJIytJaH, KorJ(a nepBOHa1laJIbHOe IITeHHe KaKOrO-JIHOO
npOH3Be.n-eHHH npOBoAHTCH TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKaMH caMOCTOHTeJIbHO ,nOMa.
npH 3TOM .n-eTH BblnOJIHHIOT HeCJIO)KHble 3a,naHHH: OTMellalOT Heno-
H.HTHble CJIOBa M Bblpa}KeHHH, pa30HBaIDT TeKCT Ha \ qaCTH, npH)l.Y-
MblBalOT K Ka)KJl.OH H3 HHX 1-2 Bonpoca. Tor,na Ha ypoKe nOCJIe npo-
BepKH BbIIIOJIHeHHH 3a.n-aHHH 6Y.D-eT opraHH30BaHa AaJIbHeHlllaH paoo..
Ta Ha TeKCTOM - lITeHHe. H pa360p no qaCTHM, OCTaBJIeHHe nJlaHa
H T. . ....
B03fO)KHbI H 1\1HOrHe APyrHe cpOpMbI npoBe)leHHSI nepBOHallaJIbHOrO
tITeHHH TeKCTOB, HO na)KHO, lITOObl yqeHHtrecKoe tlTeHHe 3aMeTHO
nOTeCHHJIO yqHTeJIbCI{Oe, BTIJlOTb o tlTeHHH OTJ,leJIbHbIX CTHXOT)JO-
P€HHI1.
4reHHe (nepBOHallaJIbHoe) HaY1lHo-nonYJIRpHbIX npoH3Be,neHHH ue-
JIeC006pa3Ho, KaK npaBHJIO, npoBoHTb CMJIaMH TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKoB
6e3. npeJl.BapHTeJIbHOH no,nrOTOBKH.
II T e H II e H p a 3 6 ° P nOli aCT 51 M n e p B 0 H a tl a JI b-
H 0 n p 0 q M T a II H 0 rOT e K C T a. nepBOHatlJIbHIM qTeHHeM
TCKCTa ,D.OCTIIraeTCH, KaK Y>Ke OTMeqaJIOCb, CHenocpe)J.CTBeHIloe BOC.
1"8

npHHTHe JIHTepaTypHOrO npOH3Be,nenMH». YT06bl )I.OOHTbCH yrJIYOJleH-
Horo npOHHKHOBeHHH B CMblCJI xy ,nO>KeCTBeHHoro npOH3DeeHH H, Bce-
CTopOIIHe (XOTH H B npeJ{eJIax ,nocTynHoro JlH MJla,QIlIHX IlIKO.lIbHHKOB)
oueHHTb npOqHTaHHOe, HYLKHO MeTo,nHqeCKH npaBHJlbIIO opraHli30naTb
o 6 J( Y M bI B a 10 m e e B 0 C n p H 51 T Ii e. TaK nCHXOJIOrH HMe-
HYIOT nTopyIO H oOJlee CJlO>KHYIO CTa,nHIO BocnpHSITHH xy,nO)l{eCTSeHHoro
TeKCTa. CTaJ{HH 06,nYMbIBalOIlI.erO BocnpHHTHH lIpe3BblqaHHO Ba>Ka H
lleOoxo,nHlvla ,lVI5I cpOpMHpOBaHHH cepbe3Horo, B3bICKaTeJ1bHOrO II 9CTe-
THQecKH pa3BHToro 'HTaTenH.
Ha 3TOH CTaJ(HH y ,neTeH HYLKHO BbI3BaTb eHTeJlbHYIO H HanpH>KeH-
HYIO pa60TY l\ibICJlH H Boo6pa>KeHHH, TBOptIeCKHH no,nxo,n K 06pa3HOl\-IY
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IIblX BH,nOB 1JTeHHH (OT BbI6opOllHOrO ,no Bblpa3HTeJlbHOrO qTeHH5I Bcero
TCKCTa) C pa3Hoo6pa3HbIMH 3a,naHiiHl'tfH (HalJHllaH OT nOCTaHOB!<H Yt.IH-
TeJIeM H caMHMH YlJeHHKaUf BonpOCOB, COCTaBJIeHHH n.naHa Ii KOllllaH
IIpHBJIeqellHeM TaK Ha3bIBaeMbTX TDoplfeCKHX npHeMOB).
I1MeHHo Ha 3TOM CTaJ{HH 06J{YMbIBalOIII.erO BocnpHHTHH J(eTH oO.TIee
Bcero TpeHHpYIOTCH B qTeHHH. I1MeHHO 3eCb yqHTCJIIO npe,nCTaBJIHIOTCH
peaJIbHbIe B03MO>KHOCTH no,nKOHTpOJlbHQ... oTpa6aTbiBaTb H COBeplIIeH-
CTBOBaTb KOMnoHe"i-ITbl, H3 KOTOpblX C1JaraeTCH lIaBbIK qTellHH - C03Ha-
TeJ1bIlOCTb Ii Bblpa3HTeJIbHOCTb, npaBHJIblIOCTb H 6er.nOCTb.
,QJIH Toro qTo6bl 3Ta pa60Ta He BbIna,naJla H3 0611(ei'l TCMaTHlJeCKOH:
Ii II-eJIeBOH HanpaBJIeHIIOCTH ypOKa, "ymHo npHJ(aTb eM np06JIeMHblH
xapaKTep. t1Halle rOBopH, OtIeHb Ba>KHO nepeJ( lITeHHeM H pa36opot
TeKCTa_ no qaCTHM BblBHHYTb nepe,n KJIaCCO1 onpe,neJIeHHYIO npo6J1e-
MY, KoropaH He TOJlbKO 6y,neT CTHMYJIHpOBaTb pa360p ,neTbMH xy,nO)Ke-
CToellllblX CPSI<TOB, HO Ii cOOomHT aH&nH3Y nepcneKTHBY, 06Ha>KHT era
IlcJlesylO HanpaBJIeHHOCTb.
np06.neMHOCTb nOJlO>KHTeJlb)fo CK8>KeTCH 'TaKme H'a CTPYKTYPHOH:
IlCJlOCTHOCTH ypOKa H CeJIaeT nOHStTHOfI ,nJIH Y1l3IlI.HXCH JlOfH}<Y nepe-
XO)J.Cl OT o,nnoro 3Tana ypOKa K J(pyrOMY.
CCHtiac OqeHb qaCTO MO}J{HO HaOJIIO,naTb ypOKlI, KOTopbIe npOXO)J.HT
'rEliC YlfUTeJIb coo6aeT ,neTHM Ha3BaHHe npoH3Be,a.elII1H, KOTOpoe
I1pC)J.CTOHT npOtlHT8Tb H pa300paTb Ha ypoKe. 3aTel'vI, C]<a3aB: «ilpHro-
TODbTeCb CJIYW8Tbf» - HaqHHaeT caM qHTaTb TeKCT. OKOHqHB qTeHHe,
I'OUOpHT: «A Tenepb 6y,neM qHT8Tb H pa36HpaTb no qaCTSlM». Kor,na
IIpon.enSH8 9Ta pa6oTa, CJIeAyeT 3aJ{aHHe: «A Tenepb COCTaBHM
nn014J, ,aanee: «A Tenepb nepeCK8>KeM np0'lHT8HHoe». nOTOM: «A Te-
nel'lI nppHT8eM 8 JJHuaX, H OnJlTh: «A renepb.. .».
TIKHM "paloM, AnR AlTeR OCTseTCH a6COJIIOTHO neHcHbIM, nOqeMY
II MR qero M npeAJIarSJIH CHSqaJIa .lleJIaTb OJ].HO, a nOTOM ,npyroe.
IloJ06J18J1 KSpTHH8, nOBTOpHIOInaHCH 1-13 ypOKa B ypOK, npHYtJaer
Itc'reA OTHOCHTbCR K paOOTe paBHo,nYllIIIO. B pe3YJIbTaTe Bce,
'ITO npeJ{.naraeT YQHTeJIb, BblnOJIHHeTC5I ,neT'b{H He JJ...1St ce6H, a Jt)IH
11('('0.
llIaH KapTHHa, KOr}!a ypOl<Y C00611.1aeTCH npo6.lIe;"IHbIH xapaK-
Tep.
19

H8npHMep nocJle Toro KaK TpeTbeKJl8CCHHKH npOtlTYT B nepBblH
pa3 nereH,ny A. raitnapa «rOpHtlHH K8MeHb» H 061\feH5JIOTCH Henocpe)t-
CTBeHHblMH BneqaTJleHHHMH OT npOqHTaHHOro, 8M MO}l{HO npe,n.nO>KHTb
npOtIHT8Tb TeKCl' no 1IaCTHM, C Ter.1 qTOObI HaRTH OTBeTbl H8 BonpOCbI:
«lIbe iRe C1IaCTbe caMoe HacTOHlnee - I1B3IlIKIf, CT3pHKa HJIH paCCK33-
I1HIra?», «KaKOH qe.nOBeK CMor ObI pa30MTb K3Menb?», «CTaJI 6bI OH OT
3Toro CqaCTJlMBbIM?» YqaInHMCH CTaHOBMTCH Tenepb nOHHTHblM CMblCJI
npeCTOHIlI.eH pa60TbI. Ka>K,nbJH a03an 6YJ{eT nepetlHTbIBaTbCR no He-
CKOJIbKY p33, H Bcer,n;8 3TO 6y J(eT HHTepeCHO Jl.JIH ,n;eTeH, HOO n03BOJlHT
H3XOJ{HTb Bce HOBbIe cJ>aKTbl, OKa3aTeJIbCTB8, KOTOpbJe y6eJK,A3IOT,
1ITO cqaCTbe - 9TO, KorJ{a }KH3Hb y qeJIOBeKa H,neT «HCHO H qecTHO»,
Kor,na OH BMeCTe co BceMH CTapaeTCH, qTo6bl «ero pOHaSI.CTpaH8 CTaJI3
f..{OryqeH H BeJIHKOH».
J:laJIee ,neTH1 ,MOLKHO npe,QJIO>KHTb nOJ{rOTOBHTb nepeCI<33 «[OpR-
tIero KaMHH», C TeM qTo6bI OHH CMOrJIH paCCKa3aTb ero CBOHM )lOM31II-
HHM UJIH TOBapHIII.al. A lITOObl paCCK83 nonyqHJlCH CTpOHHblM H nOJl-
HbIM, HY*HO CHaqaJIa COCT3BMTb nJlaH nepeCKa3a. !leTH caMH pewalOT,
KaKH1\f J{OJI}KeH 6bITb nJIaH, eCJIH nepeCKa3blBaTb co,nep>K3HMe npOqHTaH-
Horo OHn 6y,nYT nopo6HO, Ii K3KHf - eCJIH KpaTKO.
ITaK ,n;J1R ,neTeH, CTaHOBHTCH nOHHTHOH paooTa Ha Bcex nOCJIe-
.llYIOInHX 9Tanax ypoKa.
06yqeHHe MJIa,nIIlHX llIKOJIbHHKOB 1ITeHHIO Hepa3-
Pa60T8 no p83BHTHIO pbIBHO CBH38HO C p36oTOH no pa3BHTHIO peQH. 3TO
;::ax y:::c. B I npOHCXOMT nOTOMY, qTO caM npou ecc qTeIlMH
Kneece OTHOCHTCH K SlBJleHHHM peqeBOrO nOpHJl.Ka. He
CJIyqaHHO )leTH, qHTalOrnHe MHoro, BJla,nelOT oora-
ThIM aKTHBHbll\1 CJIOB8peM, OHH He HcnbITbIBalOT OC06blX 3aTpy,nHeHHH
B H3bIKOBOM <>qJopMJIeHHH CBOHX MbICJlen, OT..l1HtlaJOTCR CI{t1'13,nHOCTblO
peQH. 1.IHTaH, yqeHHK BocnpOH3Bo,nHf no 6YKBeHHbIM (rpacpHqeCKHM)
3H3KaM 3YKOBbIe $OpMbI CJI0B, OC03HaeT HX 3H811eHHH H CBH3H MeX{,ny
u u
CJJOBarvIH, YHCHHeT CMblCJI npe,nJlO)KeHHH, OTj{e.nbHbIX 1IaCTeH H Bcero
TeKCTa B [(eJ10ft T. e. THBHO onepHpyeT OCHOBHbIMH peQeBbIl'\1IH eJ(HHH-
U.8MH - CJIOB8MH, npe,l(JlO>KeHHHl\fH, KOHTeKCTOM.
BHYTpeHHHe Mex8HH3Mbl CBH3H H B03,l(eHCTBHH' npouecca 1ITeHHH
lIa peqeBOe pa3BHTHe ,neTeH rJIYOOKO CKpblTbI 11 Qpe3Bh]QaHHO CJlO>KHbI.
TaKoro pOj{8 B03,neHCTBHe OCYIneCTBJIHeTCH He npHl\iO Ii He cpa3Y, 8
HeaafeTHO M nocreneHHO. O,QHaKO OHO HBHO B03paCT8eT, eCJIH B xo,ne
o6yqeHHH qTeHHIO 9qxpCKTHBHO HCnOJlb30BaTb TaKHe BH,nI H npHeMbJ
paOOTbl, KOTopbIe P8CCQHTaHbI Ha opraHIi3..aUHIO aKTHBHOM peqeBOH
npaKTHKH Y1lalll.HXCH Ha OCHOBe npOllHTaHllblX H YCBoeHHblX HH TeK-;
-crOB. CIO,na OTHOCHTCH p83J1Ht.JHbIe cpOpMbJ CJlOB8pHO-J1eKCHqeCKHX
ynpa>KHeHHif 1 t npOBeJ{ellHe npOCTeHUlHX CTHJlHCTH1IeCKHX H3"OJIIOj{e-
IHiH, aHaJlH3 HCnOJlb30BaHHH nHC8TeJIeM H306pa3HTeJlbHO-BbJpa3UTeJJb-
HbIX cpe,nCTB Sl3bIKa, HaKOHeu, pa3J1H1IHhIe nepeCK83bl.
1 CM. 06 9TOM B noco6HH «06Y'leHHe 80 BTOpOM Kn3cce. KUHra .D.JIH Y'IHTenH».
!\\., «n pocaew.eHHe», 1970.
20

11oCJIe,ltIlHe KaK cpOpMbI aKTHBHOH pa60TbI no pa3BHTHEO peqn YtJa-
IlHXCH H8 ypOKax IlreHH.H HaXO,ltHT lJ1HpOKOe npHMeHeHHe B I Ii I I
J{Jlaccax l . B I I I KJlaCCe HX pOJIb ee OOJlblIJe B03pacTaeT, npaBa, neHT-
paJIbHOe MeCTO OTBO,nHTCH KpaTKoMY, TBOplleCKoMY Ii BbI6opOqHOIY
lJepecKa3aM.
Oepec"a3 nooY>KJtaeT YllarnHxcfI K MHoroKpaTHoMY npollTeHHIO OA-
lIoro H Toro }l{e TeKCTa, 38CTaBJlHeT HX BYMbIBaTbCH B co,nep}KaHHe
IJpOIJHTaHHOro, pa3MbIIllJlHTb Ha,n HHM, ,neJIaTb BC.HKOrO po,na conOCTaB-
JICHHH H cpaBHeHHH.
nO,ltrOTOBKa K nepeCI<a3Y H caM nepeCKa3 npOIJHTaHHOro co,neHCTBYlOT
nY4111eIY 3anOIHHaHHIO lllKOJIbHHKaIH cO,ltep>KaHHSJ npOH3BeJ{eHHH, ero
oGpa30B, CIQ)l{eTa H KOMn03HllHH, T. e. cnoco6CTBYIOT YCBoeHHIO
:slIaHuii.
nepeCKa3bl aKTHBH3HPYlOT He TOJIbKO JIOrHtIecKoe, HO H xy,nO>Ke-
('TneHHoe, oopa3Hoe MbIllIJIeHHe. OHH CTaB.HT YlleHHI<:a B cHTyaQHIO,
I<or,na eMY HY}l{HO HpKO H >KHBO npeJ{CTaBHTb ceoe KaLK,lI.bIH xy,nO}KeCT-
nCIIHbIH o5pa3 B OT,lteJIbHOCTIi Ii BCID HapHcoBaHHYID nHCaTeJIeM Kap-
'I'll BY B IJ.eJIOf.
4TeHHe C YCTaHOBKoA Ha nepeCKa3 Tpe6yeT OT YllaInHXCH BHHMa..
T('JIbHOrO OTHOmeHH.H K .H3bIKY npOH3Be,neHH.H, K ero H306pa3HTeJIbHO-
nhfpa3HTeJlbHbIM cpeJ{CTBaM, K JleKCHKe H <ppa3eoJIOrHH. Bce 9TO n03BO"
JISICT. UlKOJIbHHKY oc-'03HaHHO oTo6paTb H3 eKCTa H BBecTH B CBOH ne-
peCKa3 TaKHe CJIOBeCHble cpeJ{CTBa, KOTopbre C HaHOOJIIlleH no.nHOTOH
II TOtJHOCTblO nepefaJtYT co,nep)KaHHe npOH3Be,neHHH H OJ{HOBpeMeHHO
1I0MorYT BbIpa3HTb K Hel\fY CBoe OTHomeHHe. nepeCKa3bl 1Jpe3BbI t IaHHO
1l(llIibl ,nJlH o60rarneHHH H3blKa MJIaJ{IIIHX WKOJIbHHKOB, JIg BbIpaOOT-
I(H DbJpaSHTeJlbHOCTH pettI-{ H HaBblKOB CBH3HOH pellH, npHQeM He Tonb"
1(0 YCTHoA t 110 H nHCbMeHHoA.
nepeCI<:a3bl Y l l8T WKonbHHK8 paCCKa3b1BaHHIO, cpOpMHPYIDT B HeM
I(U'ICC1'J1t) HHTepeCHoro co6eceAHHKa, YMeJlOrO paCCK8311HKa, 1JeJIOBe-
IUI, clloco6uoI'O 6bICTpO H npaBHJIbHO C<f>oPMYJIHpOBaTb Ii BbICKa3aTb
('nOlO Mblcnb g nyGJI HIlHOM BbIcTynJIeHHH.
¥tlHTeJIb c nOMOblO nepeCKa3a MO}l{eT KOHTpOJlHpOBaTb IlTeHlie Ii
pn(jOTY YllCIIH !(OD HaA TeKCTOM, MO>KeT C ,nOCTaroIlHoH OO'beKTHBHOCTblO
CYJUfTb 0 TOM. K8K ,AeTH nOHRJIH H YCBOHnH cOJ{ep}KaHHe npOIJHTaHHOro
IlpOI13DeeHHSI.
KaqeCTBO nepeCK8sa 6anee Bcero saBHCHT OT Mepw nOHHMaHHH H
C,JC0311allllOCTH yttaw.HMHCs1 cO;tep>l(8HH1I npOIlHTaHHoro. n03TOMY ne-
pOCK.. 'IIUL\e Dcero H8XOAHT 'Mecto B, nponecce aHaJIH3a TeKCTa "JlIi
nOCJl. pI.eoPI .cera npOH8BueHHJI.
O"IIHO n.pecKI' CJIYeT s pa60ToA HaJ{ nJIaHOM; ecnH AaHHbIH
111-14 patSoTbi npeYCM,ITpHB8eTcSI B 06w.eM pa300pe TeKCTa, liO MO>KeT
"pVJUUCCTB008Tb nna..y ,Hnk npoBoAHTbCH oJ{HoBpeMeHHo C ero COCTaB-
JIIIIICM. B Tex CJIyqaSlx, KOr,Aa nnaB K np01JHTaHHOMY He COCTaBJIHeTCH,
1 CM. 06 9TOM B noco()HH «06YQeHHe BO BTOpOM KJJaCce. KHHra ,lJ.JISI YlfRTe..fJHt.
J\'.. .npOCOeill-eHHe», 1970.
21

nepeCKB3 Bee paBHO no,nrOTaBJlHSaeTCH 3Ha.nH30M COJt:ep>K311HH npOH3-
BeeHHH, HO TOJIbl{O 9TO MomeT npe.llOTBpaTHTb MeX31lHQeCKOe nepe-
CK33bIBaH He TCKCTa.
rOBOpSI 0 nepeCKa3e Ii nJIaHe1.. HY>KHO OTJlHlJaTb nJi aI-l , BblcTynalOI.IJ.HH
B pOJlH ollHoro H3 BH.llOD paOOTbJ Hall. npOH3Bell.elIlfeM, OT nJJaHa, cne-
UHaJ1bHO COCTaBJIHCMOrO llJ1S1 nepeCI{a3a.
OJ1aH Kal{ BH.ll pa60Tbl Ha,n npOH3Be,LleHHeM COCTaBJIHeTCH I{O BceMY
TCI<CTY H, pa3YMceTCH, MO>KeT 6bITb HCn0J1b30BalI ,LlJlH nepeCKa3a npo-
H.3Be)teHHH B u.eJIO1: OH HaMeTHT 06UlYIO KaHDY, a KaJK,ZlbIM nYUI{TOM -
onop Hble CMbICJI OBbIe BeXI1.
O.llHaKO MOlKeT CTaTbC5I, qTO nepeCK33 neJIoro TeKCTa HYil{HO 6y,neT
OJ u
nOCTpOHTb B HHOH C[O)l{eTHO-KOIn03HII.HOIlHOH rrOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHOCTH,
HemCJIH olla npe,ACTaBJleHa B npOH3BeeHHH. B noo6IILIX CJIyqaHX
6 · v
Heo XOHMbIM o}{a)l{eTC5I nJIaH, CneII.HaJIbHO paCCqHTaHHbIH llJI5I nepc-
CKa3a. Ero npHlleTCH COCTaBJI5ITb HHaqe, qeM TOT, KOTOpbIH ObIJI pa3-
paOOTaH DO BpeMH aHanH3a Bcero npOH3Be,LleHH5I.
OJlaH, cneu.HaJIbHO npe,llH33HalleHHhIfl ,nJI.H nepeCKa3a, lleJIeco06-
pa3HO TaK>Ke COCTaBJIHTb npH nepeCKa3e OTeJIbHbIX .9nH30)J.OB, onMca-
IIHH H ,npyrHx qaCTeH npOH3ne.lleHHH.
CI<a3aHHoe BbIllle HHKaK He HCKJlIOqaeT nepeCKa30B, npOBO,LlHMbIX
Bo06rne 6e3 nJIaa. OHH nepCJ{KH Ha caMOH nepnOR cTyneHH HaqaJIb"
Horo ooyqeHHH, npaKTHKY.lOTCH H BIll KJIaCce. O,nHaKo OTCYTcTBHe
nJIaHa He 03HaqaeT OTKa3a OT JIOrHKM B H3JIO}KeHHH: OHa 6Y.lleT nO)J.CKa-
sana yqeUHKY CIO)KeTHbIMM HJlM KOln03HaHOHHbI{H oco6ellHOCTHMH
nepeCKa3hIBaeMoro TeKCTa.
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npoH3BeeHHH, oT60p Toro H.nH HHoro BHa nepeCKa3a H npHeMOB,
KOTopble n03BOJIHIOT ero ocymecTBHTb, 3aDHCHT OT }KallpOBoH cneII.l-!-
q,HKH npOtlHTaHHOro TeKCTa.
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CIO}KeTIIbIe rrp03aHQeCKHe TeKCTbI, a TaK>Ke oacHH ,nonycKalOT rrepe-
CKa3bI Bcex BH,nOB, OHaKO IIpeycMaTpHBalOT Yf\1eHHe ,neTcH npaBHJIbllO
I'
BBOHTb B CBOn: nepeCKa3bI npHMYIO peqh H nepeBOHTh ee B KOCDeHHYIO.
JIHPO-3I1HQeCI{He npoH3,eJleHHH (H. HeKpacoB. «,[LeJJ.YlllKa Ma3aH H
3aHII.bl» Ii .n-p.) Tpe6YIOT OCTOpOi'l{HOrO noxo,Zla B HCnOJlb30BaHHH no,n':
P06UhIX nepeCK330B, TaK KaK KalleCTBO HX BO fHOr0l\11 3aBHCHT OT
yrvlellliH YQeUHKOB OpraHHlJeCKH BKJIlOQaTb B nepecKa3 lI.HTaTbI, rrpeJ{-
BapHTeJIbHO oToopaHHble B npOqHTaHHOM TeKCTe. Opn nepeCKa3e CKa-
30K HYi!{IlO coxpaHHTb HX Tpa,LlHIl.HOHHbIH 3a4HH (<<)KHJ1H-6bIJIH.. .»),
x3paKTepHble nOBTopbl Ii KOHll.OBI{Y. JIHpHlleCI{He CTHXOTBopeHHH BO-
Oome He JlOnYCKalOT nepecK330B, H60 9TO, KaI{ npaBHJIO, npHBO,ZlHT K
pa3pyweHHlO 06pa3Horo cOJJ.ep)l{aHHSI CTHXOTBOpeHH5I, npHTynJl51er
3CTeTHqeCKOe qYBCTBO ,l\eTeH.
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nOJIHble (nO,Llp06HbIe) H KpaTI{He (cmaTble). n 0 ,l( p 0 6 H bI e npe.n--
nOJlaralOT D03MO>KHO nOJlHYIO nepe)\aqy co,nep:>KaHH5I npOQHT3HHOro
22

TCKCTa IIYTe1 MaKCHMa"lbIlOH era n.eTaJlH33UHH. lJ.e.neBaSl YCTaHOBI{3
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TanH, caMoe cyrn.eCTBeHHoe H rJI3BHOe B cOJ!ep>KaHHH IIpOQHTaHHOro
TCI{CTa.
ECJlH IIpe.ll.MeTOM nepeCK33a CT3nOBHTCSI He Bce npOH3BeeHH MJIM
l\aKaH-TO qaCTb ero, 3 HeCKOJIbKO MeCT (3nH30,aOB, onHcaHHii, l1Ha1l0.
rOB H T. n.). CB5I3aHHbIX Mem.1I.Y co6oii, TOr,lla lIepeCKa3 Ha3bIBaIOT B bI-
e> 0 p 0 q H bl t. Or6op 3THX lvlaTepnaJlOB MOII<eT ObITb C,lleJIaH B BH,l\e
ocnemellHH «HCroPHH» HJIH «iKH3HH» KaKOrO-JIH6o nepCOHaiKa (<<l1cropuH
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rpYlIIInpOBaTbCSI Ha TelaTMqCCKOI1 HJIH CIO/KerllOll OCHOBe nyreM cono-
CTaBJIeHHH no CXO)(CTBY IiJlH KOHTaCTY.
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(lianpHIep, nepeCKa33Tb OT nepnoro JIHaa HJlH OT HMeHH aBTopa. BO-
oopail<aeMoro OqeBHJI-u,a, yqaCTHHKa OIIHCbIBaeNfhIX C06hITHH Ii T. n.).
IIcpccKa3bI nO,l(05Horo BH,l(a yc.nOBHO HMeHYIOTCH T BOp 11 e C K H M H.
KaK BLI60pOqHbIe, TaK If TBoplIeCKHe lIepeCKa3bl 6bIBaIOT nOJlHblMH H
CiKaTbIMH. _ 0
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CKCl3a MO;'KeT C pa31I0H: creneIIblO np110JIHJI<aTbCSI K H3bIKY IIpOqHTaH-
1101"0 TeI<CTa. CTpeMJleHHe YlleHHKa BocnpOH3BeCTH npOqHTaHHOe C HaH-
GOJIblllHM UCIIOJIb30BaHHeM JIeKCHKo-cppa3COJlOrliQeCKHX cpe.llCTB H
CllllraKCHlJeCKHX KOllCTPY Kil.HM rrpOH3Be.ll.eHHH llopOIK/{aeT nepeCKa3,
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ocymeCTBJlHeT, nOHHTHo, He OJIbKO C nOMOI..nblO CJIOB H KOHCTpYKU.HH,
1I011epn1lYTbIX B npOH3Be.l1eHHH, HO TaKme rrpH H3BeCTHOM yqaCTHH CBO-
HX CJlOB l . ECJlH IIOCJIe,nHHe npeOOJla,l(aIOT, Mbl HMeeM JI-eJIO c nOJl-poo-
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tlaJlbHOrO 06YlIeHUH MJIa,nLlII1C lllKOJIbHHKH THrorelOT K .llOCJIOBHOMY ne-
pCCKa3Y, npH6JIH)KalOw.eMYCH K tITeHHIO HaH3YCTb. 11M TPYHO aeTCH
UKJllOlIeHHe B lIepecKa3 CBOHX CJI0B. 3TOIY I1pHXO,llHTCH CHCTeMaTIlq-ec-
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T H B H bl e H C a M 0 C T 0 H T e .n b H bI e.
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HJtH npOCMOTpel-lHblX KHHotl>HJlbMOB CBOHM cBepcTHHKaM, epo pac-
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u
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lIoii, TOll Hee, KJIaCCHOH o(5cTaHoBKe B,l(pyr KaK-TO HHKHeT. CTaHOBHTCH
I nO.ll «CBOHMH CJIOBaMH» pa3YMelOTCSI Te CJIOB3pHo-cppa3eOJIOrlltIeCI{HeH CHHTaK-
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II petleuoM OOlll-eHHH AJUI nepeAaqH CBOHX MblCJJeH, uoaMIO.D.eHHH H np.
23

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HbIe Cpe.llCTBa peqeBOH OKpacKH. )KHBOM, HHTepeCHblH paCCKa3t1HK
npeBparnaeTCSI B CKyqHO OTBeqalOrnerO ypOK YtIeHHKa.
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Ii nOMoralOT YCTaHOBHTb, KaKHe YCJlOBH5I 6JI8rOnpHHTCTBYIOT no,npo6-
HOMY H llpyrHM I3H,n8M nepeCKa30B. Bo-rrepBbIX, pa3'bHCHHIOT nCHXOJlO-
flit, B KJIaCCe leII5IeTC5I 06'beKT nepeCKa3a - HymHo nepeCKa38Tb He
TO, lITO XOIleTCH B .naHHbIH MOMeHT yqeHHKY, 8 HerrpeMeHHO ytle6Hblii
,...laTepHaJI, KOTOphIH onpe,neJleH Y4HTeJIeft H, He3aBHCHMO OT roro,
YBJIeKaTeJIeH OH HJ1H HeT, ero HymHo 3HaTb H Yl\1eTb BocnpoH3BecTH.
BO-BTOpbIX, HHbIMH CT8HOBHTCH MOTHBbI rrcpeCKa38 2 . BMeCTO BHYTpeH-
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Tpe60BaHHe co CTOpOHbI YIlHTeJIH. B pe3YJlbTaTe OCTaeTCH O,lJ.Ha norJlo.
malOrnaH YQeHHK8 3860Ta - C Han60JIblIIeH TOtlHOCTblO BocnpOH3BeCTH
npOlJHTaHHbIH TeKCT. B.TpeTbHX, nepe,n paCCI<a3I1HK01\1 pa3Hble 8y,nHTO"
pHH H MaJIO B qeM Cxo,nHbIe eJIeBhIe YCT3HOBKH nepeCK83a. B O.llHOM
CJIyqae - He60JlblliaH rpynna 6JIH3KHX J{pY3eM, K KOTOpbIt\.1 np5lMO
OOpallJ.eH paCCKa3, ornyrneHue nenOcpe,lJ.CTBeHHOfO KOHTaKTa co CJ1Yllla-
TeJIHMH, CTpeMJIeHHe CJ{eJI8Tb nOHHTlIhHvl H ,nOXO,lJ.qHBhIM co,nep}KaUHe
paccK83bIaeMoro, )KeJl8HHe CKJIOHHTb HX K CBoeMY B033peHHIO Ha TOt
o qel\f paCCKa3bIBaeTCH, a npH HeCOrJIaCHH - rOTOBHOCTb nocnopHTb,
OTCTOHTb CBOH B3fJI5I,lI.. B ,npyroM CJIyqae - «O<jJHHaJIbHaH OOCTanOB-
. u
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lIe HMeeT pernalOllI.erO 3HatleHHH B oeHKe nepeCKa38, TaI{ KaK rvlelK,lly
HelO H paCCKa3QHKOM CTOHT YIIHTeJJb: ero CY}K.l{eHHH H oeHKa nOIlTH
eAHHOJ1HQHbI. HaKOHen, B-qeTBepTbIX, «BOJIbHbIH» p8CCKa3 t lHK onepH-
pyeT no npeHMyrnecTBY CBOIiMH CJlOBaMH, H, XOTH HX 3an8C He CTOJIb
BeJIHK, 3a Ka}KbIM CTOHT KOHKpeTHoe npe,nCTaBJIeHHe.
Cna6ble CTOpOHhI «cBo6o,nHoro» nepeCKa3a TaKOBbI: 1) CnoBa Ii Bbl-
pa}KCHHH H3 npOQHT8HIIOro TeKCTa, .n.a}Ke H3 qIiCJI8 HaH60JIee BbIpa3u-
TeJlbHblX 11 lleHHblX B xy,nO>KeCTBeHHoM OTIIOI.lleHHIi, pe,lJ.KO BBO.llHTCH B
nepecKa3, ,na H Booom.e B p.eqeBofl o6nxo,A paCCKa311HI{8. TaK KaK no-
CJle,nHHH ,He Bcer.n.a 6bIB8eT B CHJ1ax ca10CTOHTeJIbHO pa300paTbCH B IiX
lI.OCTOHHCTnax. 2) «CBo6o.llHbII)} nepecKa3aM npHcya HeoohIKHoBeH-
HaH necTpoT8 Ii CJIyqaHHOCTb TeMaTliKH. OHH YCTynaloT KJIaCCHblM 8
KOtn03HlI.HOHHOH CTpoflll0CTn: «BOJIbHbIII» paCCKa3I1HK OOb]4HO CKJIO-
Hell nepeCKaKHBaTb B CBoeM nOBeCTDOBallHII C O,AHOrO MeCTa H8 Jl.pyroe,
OH JIerKO napyrnaeT JIOrHKY CIQ}I{eTa H Korvlno3HlU11O TeKCTa, TaK KaK
He 3aJI.yrv1bIBaeTCH Ha,n HX CMbICJIOBOH U e JIecooopa3HOCTbIO.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npH OOY4eHHH OCHOBHbIM BH.lla1 nepeCKa30B B03-
HHKarOT UeJICrKl:le MeTo,nHtleCKlIe 3a)lallH: ,nOOUTbCH, qTo6bl 3a Ka>K,nbl]'.i
CJ10B01\f TeKCTa CTOHJ10 KOHKpeTHoe 1I nOHHTHoe MSI IlIKOJlblllll{OB npe,ll-
1 CM.: A. H. JI n n K 11 II a. Pa3BHTHe MLIllJJleHHR yqalHXCSl Ha ypOKax 06'bHC-
HHTeJ1bHOrO QTCHHR. M., 113D.-BO AnH PC<t>CP, 1961, crp. 14-17.
2 CM.: .T!. C. B bI rOT C K H it MbIUJ..'JeHHe H peQb. 1136paHHble DCHXOJ!orH'IeC-
KHe HCCJIe.u.OBaHIHI. 1\t, 113A-BO AnH PCC1)CP, 1956, CTp. 264.
24

CraBJIeHHe HJlH nOHHTHe 0 npoM,eCce, HBJleHHH H.nli rrpe,lI.Mere; OCJ180HTb
«TOpM03Hr.u.ee» ,l(eHCTDHe KJlaCCHOH OOCTaHOBKH na YlIeHHKa, 11 To6bI OH
u
B CBOH nepeCKa3 CMor npHBHeCTH MHoroe H3 Toro, liTO npHcyme ero
«BJleay,nHTopHbIM» nepecKa3aM; ,ll06HTbCH, llTOObI yqeHHK CBOH paCCKa3
OopalllaJI I1pe>K,l(e Bcero K cJlymaTeJI5IM - CBOHM TOB8pHll\aM; npHJIO"
il(HTb YCHJIHH K TOMY, tIT06bI yqeHHK C03HaTeJlbHO rrpH,l{aBaJI CBoeMY
paCCKa3Y JIOrHQeCKYlO II KOMrr03HlI.HOHHYlO CTpOHHOCTb, o60rall\aJl era
il{IiBbIMH H ecTecTBeHHbIMH HHTOHal.\HHMH, CJIOBafH H BbIpa>KeHHSlrvuf,
xYO)KeCTBeHHaSl CH.na KoropbIx paCKpbIJlaCb nepe,Q HHM H 6blJla npo-
'IYBCTBOBaHa BO BpeMH pa360pa TeKCTa.
3TH 3a.lla4H B 3HallHTeJlblIOJJ f\1epe pa3pernalOTCH npn CJleJ{YIOIlJJIX
( )()CTOHTeJ1bCTBax:
1. Ma KCHMaJIbHO Mo6nJIH3YlOTC5I )KH3HeHHbIe BrrellaTJIeHHH Ii npeJJ.
fT;JB.TIeHIIH ,lI.eTeH, CBH3aHHbIe C co,nep:tKallMeM lIHTaeMoro TeKcT8, OHH
y rOlIHHIOTCH H 060rall\a1OTCH TaK}Ke 3a ClIeT rrpHBJIelleHHSI H8rJIH)1-
II OCTH .
2. npH pa360pe npOllHTaHHOro TeKCTa 06pamaeTc5I BHHMaHHe Ba
IIJo6pa3HTeJIbHO-BbIpa3HTeJIbHbIe Cpe,llcTBa Sl3bIKa. nepecKa3Y npeJl.Ba-
pHIOTC5I pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie YCTHbIe Ii nHCbMeHHwe CTHJlHCTHlleCKHe ynpajl{-
IlrHHH, HarrpHMep rrpe)J.JIaraeTCH H8HTH B TeKCTe c.nona, 0603HaqalOlIJJle
)lpiicTBHe, Ha3BaHHe HJlH npH3HaKH KaKOrO-JIH60 rrpeJ{MeTa H T. n., H
HocnpoH3BecTH HX (cKameM, li3 paccKa3a JI. TOJICTOrO «ilpbDKOK» -
Ata./2b t lUK nOcpo3uA, KPUKHYA) CKUHYA KypmKY U 6POCU/lCfl, 8306paJlCR
1l0AE3 6bltUe, He onlcma8aA} a06paACfl) cmynuA Ha nepeIUlMUHY. ..).
3. YqeHHKH opHeHTHpYIOTCH Ha TO, lIT06bI B HX nepeCK83ax 6blJIH
BCCMepHO HCrrOJIb30BaHbI npHoopeTeHHbIe HMM HaBbIKH BbIpa3HTeJlhHO"
1'0 llTeIlHH (,lI.eJIaJlHCb JIOrnqeCKHe y,napeHIi5I, npaDHJIbHO rro,n6HpaJIHCb
IIY}!{HbJe HHTOHaJ;1HH, Hcno.nb30BaJlHC6 naY3bl pa3HblX THrrOB H T. A.).
4. !teTe" HY>KHO 3aHHTepeCOBaTb npe,lI.CTOHIII.HM nepeCKa30M Ii
c,lte.naTb ero l.{eJIeHanpaBJIeHHbIM. D.JlH .9TOrO, HanpHMep. nepe,l\ yqe..
III1KOM CTaBHTCH KOHKpeTHaH 3a,nalla: «nepeCKa3bIBaH TaK, KaK 6Y.ZJ.TO
'fbl paCCKa3bIBaellib M8Me (HJlH rrarre, 6a6YlIlKe HJIH ,ne.lI.YII1Ke, cecrpe
IfJlH opaTY, .llpyry HJIH rrO,l\pyre): ee HY)l{HO 3aHHTepeCOEaTb paCCKa-
30M, OHa ,l(OJI>I{Ha nOH5ITb Bce, 0 lIeM Tbl paCCKa3bIBaeWb». TaKYIO YCTa.
1I0BKY MO>KHO ,AaB8Tb C KpaTKHM HHCTpYKTa)l{eM. BOT npHMepHo KaK
rOBopHT YIlIl1'eJIb: «nOlleMY re6e nOHpa}HJlCSI 3TOT paCCKa3? KaK Tbi
JtYMaeWb, HHTepeCHO Jlli ObIJIO ObI YCJ1blWaTb ero TBoeH MaMe (UJIli
lIane..,)? C lIero Obi Tbl H811aJI? 0 lIeM ObI CKa3aJ1 nOTOM? KaK 6bI pac-
CK8S8JJ 0 C8MOM HHTepeCHOM? 4eM 6b1 OKOHIIHJI?»
C ITeR )ICe UMblO BblSS8HHOMY JVlH nepeCKa3a yqeHliKY, 8 TaK}Ke
lU'CM OCT8J1bHbIM npeAJlaraeTCB HapHCOBaTb B CBOel\i Bo06pa>KeHHH Ka..
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'renpb YlIeHHKY npe,nCTOHT, CqHTaHCb C ocooeHHOCTSIUi .llaHHOH cu-
...yal.\HH. BeCTH paCCKa3 TaK, KaK 0YJlTO 3TO 6bIJlO nepe>KHTO HM CaMJlM
IIJIM: TOJIbl<O eMY H3BecTHO BO Bcex no-np06HOCTHX. YllHTeJIb, Hanpu..
MCP, rOBopHT: «Boo6p83H, lITO TbI ObIJ1 eJJ.HHCTBeHHbIM 01leBH,nnet (HJIK
Y'laCTHHKOM) TOro, liTO onHCbIBaeTC5I B 3TOM 9n1i30,lle (HJIH np01f3BeJle-
25

IIHH). nepe.ll.aH Hai\ 3TO TaK, lIT06bl MbJ Bce >KHBO H nOJl 1I0 IIpe)\CTaBH-
J1H npOI1CWeUlee». I1J1U: «Teo51 IIpl1fJIaCHJII1 na TeJIe-, paJ{HO CTYHf()
H nOnpOCHJIH no.apOOHO rrepeCI<a3aTb COep}KaHHe 3TOfO 9nH3o,aa. Ho
paCCKa3bJBaTb Ha,lJ.O T3K, QTo6bl BceM peOSlTaM, KOTopble CMOTpHT Te-
JIeBH30p (C:JIYlllaIOT pa){HO), 3aXOTeJIOCb npOllHTaTb BeCb paCCKa3».
I1J1H: «flepeCI{a>KH COJ{ep>KaHHe 9Toro Tel{CTa TaK, lIT06bl Y\1:bI nOqYB"
CTBOBaJIH H nOTOM CMOfJIH CKa3aTb, KTO H3 J(eHCTBYlOIII.MX JII1lJ. Te6e
OOJIbille Bcex nOHpaBHJICSI, a KOfO TbI ocym,naellIb» Ii T. II. ECJIH BbI3BaII..
HbIH yqCHHK He MO}l{eT cnpaBHTbCSI C TaKOfO pOAa TBOptIeCKHIH 3a,na-
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l{eJIbHble CJIOBa, TO Y1JHTeJIb, He npepbIBaSl efO, JI.eJIaeT nonYTHhle
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npaBJIHIOTCSI IIPH oocymeHHH nepeCKa3a Cal\IHMI1 YlIaIlJJIMI1C5I. B npo..
necce nepecKa30B, ocooeHHO KpaTKHX H BbIOOPOqHbIX, yqeHHKH ,lJ.eJIa..
lOT HepeKO npO,l(OJImHTeJIbIlble naY3bl. OTHOllIeHHe I{ HHM .lI-0.IT>KHO
6bITb pa3Hoe: OAHH H3 HHX 3anOJIHeHbl paOOTOH MbICJIH, TOr,l(a IIYLKHO
DbDKJ{aTb H He rrO){rOH5ITb yqeHHKa; .npyrHe CBH,lJ.eTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 He3na..
HHH H TpeOYIOT COOTBerCTBYIOlllJIX HanpaBJISlIOHX BonpocOB yqHTeJIH.
6. YCHJIHST Ka}K,lJ.oro lllKO..TIbHHKa, ero y,lJ.atIH II npOMaXH B nepCCKa-
3e nOJIyqalOT OUeHKY npeJKe Bcero co CTOPOHbI caMHX :tKe yqaUl.HXCH,
If TOJlbKO nOToM BbICKa3blBaeTCSI ytlHTeJIb. Dpn 3TOf era OueHOtlHble
CY>K,neHI15J 3aTparl1BaIOT T3KHe MOMeHTbI: He 6blJIO JIH nponYCKa BaiK-
HbJX B CMbICJIOBO:\t1 OTIIOIIIeHHI1 MeCT, nOCJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIeH JIB nepeCKa3,
K3KHe ,lJ.onyrneHbI oTcTynuTIeHHH OT nJI3IIa, npaBHJIbHO JIM CTpOI1JII1Cb
npe.l{O)KeHHH, Y,lJ.aQHO JIM 6bIJIH BBe,neHbI CBOH CJ10Ba H BbIpail<eUHH,
BCTpeqaJIHCb JIH rrOBTopeHHSI H HeHYX{IIbIe, JIHlllHHe CJIOlla, BbJpa3HTe-
neH JIM nepecKa3, nepeJ{aHbI JIH B HeM qYBCTDa H OTHOlllellHe paCCK33-
qHK8 K TOMY, ° qeM OH paCCKa3b1BaJ1.
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6naronpHRTCTBYlOuU-Je napa,.TIJIeJIbHOMY OOYl!ellHIO ,neTeH T BOp q e c..
K H M n e p e C K a 3 a f\1. nOCJIe,nHHe COnpH)KeIlbl C nepepa60TI{oH
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BO»); 2) OT HMeHH KaKOrO-JIH6o ,lJ.eHcTBYlOlllero JII1l{a (H. I-IocoD. «BHTH
MaJIeeB B IIJI{OJIe H ,l(ofa»); 3) B TpeTbe1\.f JIHl{e (lI. TOJICTOit «IlpbIiKOK»);
4) B cLVlcwaHHoif <popfe, I{Ora, HanpHl\1:ep, nOBecTBoBal(nc B TpeTbeM
JlHu.e neperr.neTaeTcH C IIOBeCTBOBaHHeM OT HMeHH nepCOHaJKa (A. tIe..
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nepccr<a3 B TpeTbC1\f JII1u.e aeTCH JICrKO, OT nepBoro JIIiI(a-
'TpY,lUlee. YqHTeJlb Ha nepBbIX nopax JI.OJI}KeH nOl'rfOraTb )(eTHl\f, HCnOJlb-
SYH J{JISI 3Toro pa3Hble IIpueMbI: naqaTb nepeCKa3 caMOMY, a 3aTeM
npeA1l0mHTb npO,lJ.OJI>KHTb ero eTHM; yqeHHI{ lIaleqaeT «CMbICJ10..
Bhle BeXH» paCCKa3a, a nOTOM. npH.l1eplKHBa5lCb HX, nepeCKa3bIBaCT
It T. II.
26

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BHHMaTeJlbHO Ha6JIIOJ{a.1 3a Bce1 npOHCXOSIHM H oo6eHHO 3a
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nopax, 6bIBaeT Tpy,nHO OTBJIelIbCH OT lvlarepHaJIOB, KOTopble He OTHO"
CHTCH I{ npe,lJ.JIO}KeHHorvIY OCHoaaHHlO.
npeo,nOJIeTb 9TH Tpy,nHOCTH nOI'tfOraeT nJIaH, I{OTOPbIH XOpOillO cono..
CTaBHTb C 3anHcaHHbIM Ha .naCKe no,npo6I1bI1 nJIaHOM.
OBJla,l{eHHe BbIOOpOIIl-IbIM nepeCKa30M CYll\eCTBeHHO 06TJerqaeT TaK"
me YCTaHOBJIeHHe CMWCJIOBWX Bex, npHBJIeqeHHe HarJIHAHOCTH, Hn-
'"
nIOCTpaI{HH, OTHOCHInHXCH K co.nepLKaHH-lO npOqHTaHHOro TeKCTa.
tIaHOOJIbIIlHH Ylle6HO-BOCnHTaTeJIbHbIH 9cp£jJeKT OT npHMeHeHHH
nepeCKa30B npOqHTaHHOro ,nOCTHraeTCH ToraJ KOl1{a Ha ypOKax qTe-
28
.

-
III
IV
.I'onlloo ('.nOMOI
cHama POAHIIS»
cPO,D.Hoe cnOBO»
fnpo rpSMMa»
«KOllb:O
«BCTaeT 3apH BO MrJle «rOIlHMbI Belli-
Xo.nOl\HOH...» HHMH JlyqaMH...»
«BOT ceBep TYtlH HaroHSlSI...) «Y HblJlaH no-
, pa. . .»
«3HMI1HH Beqep»
«3HMHHH ,Aopora»
CCKB3KB 0 uape CaJlTaHe...»
«Y nYKOMopbH...»
cCKa3Ka 0 MepT-
Bon apeBlle...»
"(8KaH 6b1B3eT
)()\I lia Tp3Be)
ill PbUKOK»
«KaBKaSCKHH
nJleHHHK»
«CnoeCTb» «JIaJIbHHe cpaHb1»
«CKa3Ka 0 BoeH- «rOpHqHH KaMeUh)
lIoii T aAHe...) «CKa3Ka 0 BOeJllIOH
«BaCHJlHA KpJO- TaAue...»
Kon» , ,
«tHMYP Hero
KOMaH,Aa»
'/
IIHH HCnOJIb3YIOTC5I nepeCKa3bI Bcex OCHOBHbIX BH){OB H KorJJ.a paOOTa
no rrO){rOTOBKe K nepeCKa3Y CTpOHTCSI Ha OCHOBe npo,nYKTHBHoro MHO-
rOlJreHH5I nepeCKa3bIBaeMoro TeKCTa.
l{JISI OOJlbWeH CHCTeM3THsanHH, nOBTopeHHSI H
nO.TOp",enltHO- S8KperrneHHst npH06peTeHHblX yq8II\HMHCSI' SH3HHH
o606lqalOlqN8 38H'- '
TN_ . III Kn8cce 8 TalOKe ,l(JISI nepcneKTHBHoA no,nrOTOBKH K o6Y1Je-
HMIO B IV KJIacce neneco06pa3Ho perynBpHo npo-
BO,nHTb nOBTOpHTeJIbHO-OOoomalOmHe 38HSlTHSI. OHM MorYT CTpOHThCSI
Ha OCHOBe >KaHpOBOro HJIH Te.M8THtJeCKoro CXO,l(CTB8 orrpeJJ-eJIeHHbI
npOH3BeJJ.eHHH (HarrpHMep, no CKaSK8M, n0CJ10BH1I.aM, 6aCHSIM H T. n.),
JiX l\fO}KHO rrpOBo,nHTb «no nHCaTeJl5IM», a MO>KHO SaBepWaTb HMH npo-
v u .
xom,neHHe K8OH npOrpa1\tMHOH TeMbJ, OTBOJJ.SI )tJlSl 9Toro nOCJle)tHHH
no TeMe ypOK HJIH tJaCTb ero. ,/
OC06HHO Ba>KHO CBoeBpeMeHHO npeJtYCMOTpeTb, KaKHe M-aTepHaJlbl
nymHbI 6y,nYT )lJISI nOBTOpHTeJIbHO-o606w.aIOIIlHX saHHTHH. B 9TOM
OTHoweHHH nOMOb MomeT OKa38Tb TaK8S1 TaMHna (CM. BbIUJe). '
KOHKpeTH8S1 MeTO,l(HK3 npOBeAeHHSI nOBTOpHTeJIbF!o-o606w.alOHX
3aH5ITHA xopomo H .nOJJ.po6HO OCBerueH8 B pa"OOTax E. A. AJJ.aMOBHq.
n03TOMY B A8HHOM nocot5HH MbI He OCTaHaBJIHB8eMCSI Ha MeTO){H-
Ke nOBTOpeHHB H oOO6eHHSI H 8)1.pecyeM QHTaTeJlSI K TeM MeTO-
,lUiIIeCKHM peKOMeHltaUHSlM, Koropble CO)lep>K8TCSI B KHHre E. A. A)l.a-
MOBHT.I H B. H. .sIKoanenoH «qreHHe B Hat.laJIbHblX KJI3CCaX». M., «npo-
CBeIUeHHe», 1967, rJI8Ba «B38HMOCBSl3b p83JIHqHb]X S3HSlTHH H8 0600-
InDlOInHX ypOKaX», 8 TaK>Ke B CT8Tbe E. A. AAaMOBHtI «3HaqeHHe 0606-
29

I..IJ.8IOWJIX ypOKOB qTeHIiH H OCIIOBHbIe Tpe60BaHHH K HHM», cG. «Bon-
pOCbl MeTOHKH qTeHHH». M., «npOcBeeHHe», 1964.
B 3aK.ITlotJeJ:lHe OTMeTHI, qTO nOBTOpHTeJIbHO-Ooo6IlI.alOlIJJ-te 3aHH-
THH HrpalOT cyecTBeHHYIO pOJIb B nO)lrOTOBKe MJIa,AIlIHX WKOJIbHHl\OB
K npOXO)l{jtelIHlO Kypca JIHTepaTypbI B IV KJI3Cce. OpH 3TOM cpeH pa3-
JIHqHblX CPOpM opraHH3aUHH 3THX 3aHHTHH HaHoonblIIee 3Ha1.IeHHe HMelOT
I10BTOpeIIHe H ooo6eHHe «no nHCaTeJIHI» M, KOHeqHO, B nepBYlO Oile-
pe,l(b TeM H3 HHX, KOTopbIe cpHrYPHpYIOT B npOrpal\fle IV Knacca.
C npaBOLfHblH MaTepHan 06IQ.eCTBeHHO-
HCTOpHqeCKOrO XapaKTepa
OnbIT npenoasaHHH .nOKa3hIBaeT, qTO Ha ypOKax qTeHH5I B HaqaJJb-
HblX Knaccax YQHTen51 HcnbITbIBalOT TPYJUIOCTH, CBH3aHHbIC C Heo6xo-
.lI-HMOCTblO pa3'bHCHHTb KOHKpeTHble <paKTbI HCTopHtJeCKoro II HCTOPH-
KO-<t>HJIOJIOrHtJeCKoro X3paKTepa, Henocpe)I.CTseHHO OTHoCHHeC5I J{
H3YQaCMbIM TeKCTaT\f. npe,Harael\lbIe HH/Ke l\'laTepnanbI npH3BallbI no-
MOIIb yqHTeJ110 npeO)l.O,,'1eTb 3TH TPYHOCTH. 1\1aTepHaJibI He cO)1.ep}KaT
MeroHqeCKHX p eKOMeH,l(al(H H., nOCKO.ITbKY OHH )J.alOTCH B cooTBeTcTBYIO-
Il.lHX pa3){eJ1aX aHHoH KHHrH, a TaK}Ke B CneHaJIbHbIX MeTOHlleCKHX
YKa3auHHx K KHMraM «Hawa Po,nHHa» H «Po,nHoe cnOBO».
c:I>aKTHqeCKHe CBe,neHHH, KOTopble MbI npe)J.JIaraeM, )1.aHbl B XpOHO-
nOfHtleCI<OH noc..TIeOBaTeJIbHOCTH, He3aBHCHMO OT TeMaTHlIeCKOrO pac-
nonomeHHH TeKCTOB B KHHrax nH qTeHHH, npH 3TOM TOQHO YK33-
BaeTCH, K KaKOH TeMe 3TH CBC,AeHHH OTHOC5ITC5I.
<l>aKTHQeCKHH MaTepHaJI aeTCH no OpeBOJIlOHOHHOMY nepHO-
AY HCTOpHH HallleH CTpaHbl, TaK KaK HCTOpHqeCKHe CBeeHHH, OTHO-
CSlI1(HecH K coseTCKOH 9noxe, 3HatlHTeJlbHO JIytlllIe H3BeCTHbI YllH-
Te1ISlM.
nOCKOJIbKY MaTepHaJI apecyeTcH YQHTeJIlO, eCTeCTBeHHO, qTO Ha
ypOKe OH Hcnonb3yeTcH JIHUIb B TOM OO"beMe, KOTOpblH Heo6xoHM JIlIH
OOhHCHeHHH YQaHMCH.
KP A TKHE CBEAEHHSI 0 HA "lAnE MOCKBbl
H. I(OH1I8JIOBCKaH. «I-Iawa JtpeBHsul CTOJIHlla» (OTpb1BOK) - «Hawa POJtHna» ,
CTp. 55, «POJJ.Hoe CJIOBO», corp. 58; M. l(oBaneblcKHH. «HaqaJlo MOCKBbl» - «PO.!l.HOe
CJIOBO», CTp. 60.
Ha TOM MecTe, re B03HHK ropo,n MOCKBa, JIlO){H >KHJIH H3aBHa.
Ho BnepBbIe MocKBa ynoMHHaeTCH B nCTonHCH no 1147 f. B XII B.
MocKBa 6bIJIa lorO-3ana){HOH oKpaHHoH POCTOBo-CY3){anbCKOro KHH-
JKecTBa, KOTopoe n03}1{e CTaJIO Ha3bIB3TbCH BeJIHKHM BJIaHMHpcKHM
KIUI>KecTBOM. KHH3b IOpHH BnaHMHpOBHQ .aOJIroPYKHH (CbIH BJIaH-
MHpa MOHqMaxa) npHKa3aJ1 nOCTpOHTb HeOOJIbllIYIO .a.epeBHHHYIO I<pe-
noCTb npH Bna)1.eHHH p. HerJIHHHOH B MocKBy-peKY. 9Ta KpenocTb
au

UU3hIB3J1aCb «MOCKBa-rp:a,n», (T. e. 20pOO MockIJa. FopoiJ, no CTapHH-
lIoii PYCCKOH TepMHHO.'10rHH, - nOCeJIeHHe, 06HeceHHoe KpenOCTHOH
l'TCIiOll, orpaAOH). .
B Te BpeMeHa MOCKBY OKpY}KaJlH ,npeMyqHe Jleca H OOJIOTa, nOKpbl-
TI,rc MXOM, Me}KY XOJIMah1ij TeKJIH PYlILH H peqKH. BocnoMHHaHHH 06
') H)M cOXpaHHJlHCb B cTapblx Ha3B3HHSlX: BOpoBHUKHe BopoTa - KpeMJISI
(or CJIOBa 60p - rycToH xaoHHblH Jlec) , MoxoBaH ynHa, BOJIOTH3H
IIJIOaAb, YJI. HerJIHHHaH, KaneJIblIbIH nep. (p. KanJISI)", npecHH
(p. npecHH), CHau.ea BpaiKeK (p. CHBKa) HAp.
Cal\fOCTOHTeJlbHbIM (y.neJIbHbIM) KHH}KeCTBOM MOCKB3 CTaJIa B KOH-
ne X I I I B. npH MJIaJl-IIIeM CblHe AJIeKCaHApa HeBcKoro - l1aHMHJle
!\JleKcaH,npoBH1Je. BCKope MOCKoBcKoe KHH}I{eCTBO CTaJIO OAHHM H3
l'HMbIX cHnbHbIx B CeBepo-BoCTOtlHOH PYCH. 3ro 6bIJIO npH CblHe JJ.a-
IUIHJla A.neKCaH){pOBlflIa - I1BaHe JJ.aHHnO_BHqe KaJIHTe. npH l1aa-
uc KaJIHTe OblJI nOCTpoeH AfOCKOBCKHH KpeIJIb. CTeHbl- ero 6blJlH
l'JIOlKeHbI H3 BeKOBbIX Ay6oB. TorAa me nOHBHJIHCb B MocRBe H
lIepBbIe KaMeHHbIe cOOpY)KeJIHH - epKBH, nocTpoeHHbIe H3 6eJ1oro
I(UMHH. 3a KpenKHMM Ay60BbIl\tIH CTeHaMH KpeMJIH H B KaMeHHbIX
IlCPI{BHX YKpbIBaJIOCb Hace.neHHe MOCKBbI OT CTpe.n H KaMHeH BparOB,
J<OTopbIe aCTO HanaAaJIH na ropo,n.
npHlIHHbl B03BbIweHHH MOCKBbI SaKJIlOqaJIHCb a TOM, qro ,ona sa-
IIHMaJIa OtleHb y,n06Hoe nOJIO}KeHHe cpeAH ApyrHx ceBepO-BOCTOtlHblX
PYCCKHX KHSI>KeCTB. ropOJ{ ne)KaJI Ha nepeCeqeHHH Ba}KHbIX ToprOBblX
u u u
nYTeH: H3 KpynHeHwero ueHTpa Me>KAYHapO){HOH TOprOaJIH Toro Bpe-
MCHH - HOBropo,na - MO}KHO 6bIJIO Ha cYJl-ax npOHTH B MocKBy-peKY,
n OTTYAa Ha OKY.M BOJI; C OKM Ha ,L:lOH H JlaJIee - B, A30BCKoe H
lIepHoo MOpH. TaM, r){e KH 6JIM3KO nOAxoAHnH .npyr K ,npyry, cY.lla
I1cpeTacKHBanH BOJIOKOM.'BocnoMHHaHHH 06 3TOM cOXpaHHJIHCb B HaSBa-
IIHHX ropo,nOB BbIlIIHHH BOnOqeK, BOJIOKOJIaMCK HAp. MOCKBa OblJIa
XOp0Il10 3alll.Hlll.ena OT Harra,neHHH Bparoa: OHa ObIJIa B u.eHTpe pyc-
CKJlX 3el\tleJIb, p3CrrOJlO}KeHa Ha BbICOKOM, 06pbIBHCTOM oeper:y MOCKBbI-
pe}{H, oKpymeHa rycTblMH JIeCaMH. Bce STO rrpHBJIeKaJIO B _ MOCKBY
Mlloro Hapo,ny.
ilpH BHYKe l1aaHa KaJ1HTbI ,QMHTpHH HaaHOBMqe J].OHCKOM l\10cKBa
("tile oonee YCHJIHJIaCb. BbIJI nOCTpoeH 6eJIoKaMeHHbIH KpeMJlb. Oco-
()eHHo B03pOCJIO 3HaqeHe MOCKBbI nOCJIe noqeJ{bl Halt nOJlqHlUaMli
MaMaSi B 3HaMeHHTOH KynHKoBcKOH oHTBe (1380). :
CnycTH 100 JIeT (npH npaBHYKe ,l{MH'fpHSI ,aOHCKot'O I1BaHe III)
UblJIO OKOHqaTeJ'IbHO cBeprHYTO MOHrOJIO-TaTapcKoe Hro H MocKBa
OO'beAHHHn'a 'PyccKHe SeMJlH. Tor,lJ.a me Ha1JanOCb cTpOHTeJIbCTBO 'HO-
Boro KpeMJIB, KOrophIA ij no cea ,lJ.eHb YKpawaeT HaillY cTOJIHny.
B CepeAHHe .XVI B. npH. HB3He IV (rp03HOM) MOCKBa CTaJIa ueH:r-
pOM orpQMHOA ,nep>KaBhI - PYCCKoro (HH. POCCHHCKoro) l.lapCTa..
B HaqaJIe XVIII B. CTOJIH.ua POCCHH oblJIa nepeHeceHa B TO,JJKO
'ITO . C03,naHHblH HOBblM ropo,lt - nerepoypr. Ho MOCKBa He YTpaTHa
II TorAa CBoero -3HaqeHH.SI. Ee no np3BY CQHT3JIH BTOpOH C1;OJIHueU
I)OCCHH. He CJlY1J:aHHO HanOJleOH B 1812 r. ,nBHHYJI CBOH rrOJIqHa: H
31

na neTepoypr, a Ha MOCKBY. OH YTBepJK,llaJl. tITO, B3HB neTepoypr,
nopa3HT POCCHIO B rOJIOBY, HO, OBJI8,neB MOCKBOH HaHeceT Y.llap B ca-
t.toe cep,nue.
B 1apTe 1918 r. HatIaJIaCb HosaSi MCTOpHSI CJIaBHOrO ropoa. (11
BeTCKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO rrepeexaJIo H3 neTporpMa B MocKBY. MocKBa -
.llpeBHeHIllIiH H 3aMeqaTeJIbHeHllIHH ropo){ HarneH POHHbI - CTaJl
u
CTOJIHueH nepBoro B MHpe COUHaJIHCTMtIeCOro rocy,napcTBa.
KOMMeHTapt04
MocKoa. rrpOHCXOil{eHHe CJ10Ba MOC1C8a OKOHtlaTeJIbHO He BbIHCHeHO.
He BbI3blBaeT COMHeHHH, tlro CBoe Ha3BaHHe ropo,a nOJIYA'lHJl (t"
ua3Bat{HH peKH. CYlI.\eCTByeT HecKOJlbKO BepcHH, OODSICHHlOII.(HX npOHC-
X01K,neHHe 3Toro CJlOBa. OHH CtlHT3IOT. tlTO CJIOBO MOCK8a yrpo-<pHHcKoro
npOHCXOJK,aCHHH H 03HaQaeT «rHHJlaH» HJIH «l!epHaH BOa». ,apyrne-
qro MocK8a - CJIOBO capMaTCKoro npOHCXO:>K){eHHH M 03HatlaeT «H3BH..
n HCTa H p eKa».
CTOJlHa - npOHCXO,l{HT OT CJIOBa cmoA. (11pecmo/2), T. e. BeJIHKO"
I{HH>KeCKHH (UapCI{HH) TpOH, MeCTO, Ha KOTOpOM CH,llHT npaBHTeJIb
(l.lapb). OTclOa H Ha3BaHHe rJIaBHOrO ropoa - cmOA.ul{a, T. e. ropo,lt,
B KOTOpO:vl CTOHT npeCTOJI npaBHTeJIH (UapH). J Ha3BaHH5I cmo.ll (npe"
cmoA), cmObHblU (npeCmO/lbflblu) 20pOO, cmOAutfa BOIliJIH B 06HXO,l{ co
BpeMeH KHeBcKoH PYCH. B «nOBecTH BpeM:eHHbIX JIeT» (uatlaJIbHOH
PYCCKOH JIeTOnHcH) no,n 1015 r. rOBopHTCSI 0 TOM, KaK PY>KHHa yro-
BapHBaJIa KHSl3H EopHca 3aHHTb KHeBCKHH npeCTOJI nOCJIe Cl\lepTH ero
OTua BJIaHMHpa: «Ce ,nPY>KHHa Y reOH OTHH H BOH, nOH){H CHb B KHe-
Be Ha CTOJI OTHHH», T. e. «Y Te6H OTl.{OBCKa51 ,npymHHa H BOHHbI, nOHH
H saHMH OTOBCKHH npeCTOJI B KHeBe».
KpeMJlb - TaK B ,llpeBHeH PYCH Ha3bIBaJIH KperrOCTHYlO CTeHY  KOTO..
pOH OKpYIKaJIH ropo,n JIH 3aInHTbI OT Bpa>KeCKOrO Hana,neHHH. n03>Ke
l<pel\fJIeM CTaJIH Ha3bIBaTb KpenOCTb BHYTPH ropoa. CJIOBO KpeAUlb npo-
H30IllJlO, nO-BH){ID.iOMY, OT ,l{peBHepYCCKoro KpeM.b - KpenKHH CTpoeBOH
nec. KpeMJIeBOe J{epeBo - 3TO AepeBo, BblpoclIIee Ha npocTope, Ha
KP8IO JIeca. B ropo,nax ,npeBHeii PYCH KpeMJIb, KaK npaBHJlO, 6bIJI ,ne-
peBHHHbIW, py6TIeHHbIH H3 KpeMJIeBOrO epeBa (){y6a). B03MOLKHO, tlTO
c.nOBO KpeM.Ab npOH3011IJIO OT l('pOMa - Kpaii, rpaHHa, OFopomeHHoe
MecTO.
noca,lJ. - ToprOBo.peMeCJIeHHbIH. paHOH B ApeBHepYCCKHX ropo-
,nax, p aCnOJIOlKeHHblH 3a npe,l{e.TIaMH KpefJIeBCKOH CTeHbI. Bo Bpel\tSl
Hana,neHHH BparOB HJlH oca,l{bl ropo,na >KHTeJIH nOC3,l{a 06bIlIHO YKpbIBa-
JlHCb B KpeMJIe. 0POHCXO}l{):teHHe CJIOBa nOHHTHO: KopeHb -cao (ca-
:JItamb J CaaUlnb " np.). B peBHepyccKOl'vf H3bIKe CJIOBO cecmb HMerJO
C?vlbICJI ocecmb - npOqHO, Ha,nOJIrO YCTPOHTbCH >KHTb B ,naHHOM Mec-
Te. OcpHIJ.HaJIbHO rrOHHTHe «nocaJicKoe Hace.neHHe» (TOp rOBIJ.bI H peMec..
neHHHKH) B npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOCTb KpeCTbHHBM, BopHHaM, OOSIpaM, Ay..
XOBeHCTBY cyecTBOBaJIO lJ.O rreTpOBCKHX npeo6pa30BaHHH (Haqa..TIO-
XVIII B.).
32


Cpy6 - OCHOna J\epeBHHHOrO ota. OT CJlOB3 py6UJllb. 11 cefiqac
n CeJlbCKHX MeCTHOCTHX CTaBHT Cpy6bI - ,nepeBHHHWe ,l\01\la. B peB-.
.. \lit PYCH BCe >KHJIbie ,ltOMa (3a peJl-lIaHIIIHl\f HCK.TIlOlIeHHeM) 6blnH Aepe-
13S1HllbIMH. Hx «PYOHJIH», T. e. CTaBHJlH OpeBeHlIaTbIH cpyO. BblJIO BeCb-
M3 paCnpOCTpaHeHHbIl\f Bblpa}KeHHe cpy6umb aO.lU, cpy6umb 20poiJ
(T. c. nOCTpOHTb Ol\f, ropo,n).
Coxa - CTapHHHoe 3eMne,l\eJIbt.leQKoe opy,nHe. ,QepeBHHHag coxa
tSbins OJUUIM 113 caMblX Ba}KHbIX OPY)J.HH B X03HflCTBe -D-peBHHX CJIaBHH.
nepaOHSqaJIbHO OHa rrpe,nCTaBn5IJl3 COOOR KpenKHH CTI!oJl ,nepeBa c
OCTpblM CYKOM, KOTOpblM B3pblXJlHnH 3eM..'1IO. nOTOM coxy CTanH cne-
 I . ., ..
'!UMbHO lteJIaTb H3 .nepeBa, Ha)l.eBa51 Ha Hee me.JIe3HbIH lIaKOHetJHHK
'(COlllHHK). B coxy BnpHranH nOma-D-b H TaR rraXaJIH. Coxa, .J{3K O,nHO
u u
H3 rJ1aBHbiX opy,nHH CeJlbCKOrO X03HHCTBa, COXpaHMJIaCb BO nIorHX
,nepeBHHX POCCMH BflJIOTb ,no QKTSlOpbCKOH peBOJIK)[!HI1.
nOWJlHHa - naJIor, ,neHe>KHbIH c60p c rrpO,lJ.aBaeMblX TOBapOB. -
B ApenHeH PYCH nOlliJlHHa na3bIBa.'1aCb Mblm. OTCI9a Ha3BaHHe no..
MOCKOBHoro ropO,l\a MbunUU} T. e. Metro, r,lte 6paJ1H MbIT, rrOU1JIHHY
3a BB03IiMble: B MOCKBY TOBapbl. -- 
JIeTpnHcb- 3anHCb COOblTHH no rOJ{aM (Aemo - 3,lJ.eCb: rOA). nepBaH
PyccKaSI JIeTOnHCb Ha3bIBaeTCH «nOBecTb BeMeHHbIX Jle». ABTOpCTBO ee
npHilHcbIBaeTcH MonaxY-JIeTOnHcuy KHeBO-neqepCKOro MOHaCTbIpSl Hec-
TOpy. J1eTonHcH Haqaw'lH c03aBaTbcH Ha 'PYCH He paHee KOHua XI B.
6oHpe. ,QPYiKMHa KHeBCKHX, a saTeM H pyrHx PYCCKHX KHg3eA
)1eJ1HJlaCb Ha «cTapwylO» (6oHpe, HJIH cTapnbI) H «OJlOJI-W.yIO» (J\eTH
60gpCkHe, rpH)l.HH, OTpOKH). <l>aKTHqeCKH Ha BOHHY-- illJIa MJla,l(WaSi
.u.pY>KHHa, a 60Slpe 6bIJIH JIH60 BOeaatlaJIhHHKaMH, JIHOO COCTOSlJlH
npH ,l\BOpe BeJ1HKOrO KHg3H(B COBere H np. HeCKOJIbKO n03}Ke 60Slpe 
9TO npe1KAe Bcero KpynHbre 3eMJIeBJlaAeJlbUbl-BOTIIHHHHKH. OHH 6bIJIH
nOJIHblMH coocTBeHHHKal\1H 60JlbIIIOrO aelvIeJIbHOrO BJIaAeHHSI (BOTtlH-
lIbI), ,HaCeJ1eHHOrO KpeCTb5IHaMH.
ilPOHCXO}l{,neHHe CJlOBa, BepoHTHo, or «60JIHPHH» - 60JlblllOH t
Ba>KHbIH (raK >Ke KaK CJIOBO Ma2Ham OT narHHckoro «1arHYC»-
60JlbIIIOH, Kp.ynHhIA)....... . 
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BHKHH KHSl3b Bna.lJ.HMHpcKHH -o3HaMeHHThIH nOJIKOBO;l\en peB"
HeH PYCH, paarpoMH:BUlHH WBe,l\OB B 1240 r. °Ha p. HeBe (OTclO,na Hera
n0 1 1eTHoe npo3BHw.e). H' HaHeClliHH cOKpymHTeJIbHOe nOpa)KeI-lMe He.
Meu.KHM .pbn.(apSiM Ha'.JlbAY 4y,ncKoro_ o3epa 5 anpeJISI 1242 r. (JIeJtoBoe
noooHme). Y>Ke - coapeMeHHHKH nOHHMaJIH HKJUOqHTeJIbHble 3aCJIyrH
A.neKcaHpa HeBCI<Oro. ne'peJt POJ(HHOH. «MHoro Tpy,ltHJICH OIl 3a HOB.
ropoJJ.. H 3a IlcKOB, H sa BCID 3eMJlIO PYCCKYIO, >KH3Hb 3a Hee nOJlo.
>KH..1», - rOBopHT J1eTOnHCel(. .
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l.fSl BeJlHKOH OTeqeCTBHHOA BOHHbi 6b1Jl Yllpe>KJ1eH ooeBOH op,nelt
AneKcaH,lJ.pa HeBCKoro. 11M Harpa>K,naJIHCb KOMaH)l.HpbI COBeTCKOH
ApMHH 3a J1Ht{oe MYiKeCTBO H BoeIlHoe HCKYCCTBO.
2 3aKaJ 694
33

"Ban KaJlHTa (t 325 -134 t). HBaHa ,UaHHJIOBHt)a np03BaJlH KaJIHTOM
3a ero 60raTcTBo. HaKOnJIeHHble J{eHbfH OH OqeHb paCQeT,,1HBo TpaTHJI Ha
npHoopeTeHHe HOBbIX BJla,AeHHH. Ha YCIfJleHHe CBoero BJlH5IHH.H H BJla-
CTH. KO,.tuma - cotScTBeHHo, KOWeJIb HJIM c)'MKa C Jl.eHbraMH (CJ10BO
u
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KOllieJIel{).
,-
KPEnOCTHOE i"IPABO
B. H. «B 60SJpCKOH yca,ltb6e», «B H36e y MHKHl'KH»-=-«HaW3 POAHHa», cTp.56 f 58;
«KpenocTlloo npaBo», C. A.neKceeB. «npOJtaJIH», «M3 Hapo,l\HoH neCHU», OTpblBOK H3
n09MbI H. A. HeKpacoBa «KOMY Ha PYCH >KHTb XOPOWO», \. Ca.nTbJKOB-I..l\e,u.p.HH.
«B rOCTRX Y TeTeHbKU» - «POAHoe CJIOBO», CTp. 61, 62, 66.
HHTeHcHBHoe 3aKpenoIneHHe KpecTbSiH HaqaJlOCb B XV B., Kor,lla
oopa30BanOCb PYCCKoe ueHTpaJlH30BaHHoe rocy.n-apCTBO. npH BMH-
KOM KH5I3e HB8He III B '1497 r. 6bIJl H3;J.aH «CYAe(5HHK» - KpaTKHA
CBO;:\ saKOHOB. 110 9Toro BpeMeHH KpecTbRHHH Mor nOKHHYTb cBoero
BJIa,neJIblla H nepeHTH K ,llpyroMY. «Cy e6HHK» J1BaHa I I I YCTanOBHJI
)l.JISi KpeCTbllH npaBO nepexo.na TOJlbKO O,IIJIH pa3 B ro.ny, B lOpbeB JleHb
(26 1I090P$J). KpecTbHHHH Mor yffTH OT 3ef\1JleBJI8AeJ1bQa JIHlllb 3a ne,ne...
JHO AO IOpbeBa }.tHH H He,neJUO cnYCTH nOCJIe Hero. KpecTbHHHH ,nOJI>KeH
ObIJI nOJIHOCTblO paCC1JUTaTbCH C 6apHHOM, 3anJIaTHTb 38 «rrO){{HJlOe».
n03;:\HeH oceHblO HeMHorHe KpecTbSlHe pMCKOBaJlH YXOJ{HTb C HaCH1KeH-
HbIX Y\ieCT.
B KOHue napCTBOB8HHSI J.tB8Ha rp03Horo, B 1581 f.t 6bL'1 H3AaH
YKa3 0 TaK Ha3h1B3eMblX «3anOBe)J.HbIX J1eT8X». Bnpe.lJ.b .no ocoooro
paCnOpH>KeHHH IOpbeB ,nellb OTMeHHJlCH. 1-1 KpecThHHaM Boo6rne 3anpe..
In3J10Cb nOKH,naTb CBoero 3eMJIeBJla,lteJIbua. Tor,na-To 0 nOHBHII'IaCb no-
rOBopKa «BoT TetSe, oa6YlIIKa, H IOpheo ,neHb». HHKaKoro - YKa3a 0 BO-
306HOBtTIeHHH IOpbeBa ,nHH TaK H He nOCJle;:\OBaJIO. Hao6opOT, aaKpeno-
ll1.eHHe KpeCTbSlH Bee YCHJIHBaJIOCb.
KpeCTb5lHe Oe}K8JIH OT CBOliX rocno,n. Tor,na ObIJI H3,naH YKa3 (npM
l1ape <l>e;:\ope HBaHOBH1Je B 1597 r.), KOTOpblH paSpellIaJI nOMeI.JJ.HKa1
B TelleHHe nHTH JIeT PCJ.3bIcKHBaTb H B03BpamaTb 6erJIbJX KpecTbHH.
"Ka3 1607 r. npoJ{JIHJf' CpOK p03bIcKa ,ZlO n5lTHauaTH TIeT.
B 1649 r. npH uape AJleKCee MHXaWJIOBHQe 6blJIO npHHHTO «Co-
t5opHoe YJlO>KeHHe» - nepBbIH nO;J.po6HblH CBOA 3aKOHOB POCcHHcKoro
rOCY,AapCTBa. «CooopHoe YJIOmeHHe» OTMeH.HJlO Boo6e BCSlKMA CpOK
p03bIcKa KpecTbSiH. KpecTbHHe nOJIHOCTblO 3aKpenOaJlHcb.
nOcTeneHHo nOMeIUHKH YOeJIMqHBaJIO 6apWJIHY H 06pOK. npH EKa-
TepHHe II (1762-1796) KpeCTb5lHe npeBpaTHJlHCb B nOJIHYIO cotS-
CTBeJlHOCTb CBOHX rocnoJ{. KpenOCTJlbIX MOrJIH npo.naBaTb He TOJlbKO
ceMbSlfHJ HO H B O,lJ.HHOllKY, pa3.TJY'I8S1 po,nHTe.neH C ,lleTbMH. JIIOJleH
Bbn..teHHBa.TJH Ha ,noporHe BeIll,H, nopo.nHCTblX cooaK, ox npOHrpblBaJIH
B KapTbI, AapHJlH. 3a MaJleHWYIO npOBHHHOCTb KpeCTbHH >KecTOKO
H8K83bIB8J1H, HHOrJla 3anapblBaSi JlO CMepTH. )l(aJI0BaTbCH KpeCTbHH8M
H3 nOMeHKOB 6blJlO CTporo 3anpem.eHO SaKOH01\1, H3,naHHbIM EK3Te-
pHHOH II.
34

Oopaw.eHHe c KpenOCTHbIIU OT./IHQaJlOCb 3BepCKOA }KeCTOKOCTblO.
B yca.nb6ax nOMelllHKoB HMeJlHCb UMble apCeHaJibI BceB03MO;>KHLIX
OPY,lJ.HH .fIbITKH: nlIeTH, KHYTbI, na..'1KH, KOJlOJ{KM, uenH. TaK, Y O,ZlHorO
nOMelll.HKa Ha JI-BOpe CTOSlJI8 OOIlTIblllaH JJ-cpeBHHHaH KOJIo,.Y].a, K HeA npH-
KOBblB3JIH u.eFIblO rrpOBHHHBlIlMXCH KpeCTbHH 33 melo. n01\fer.nHII.bI He
YCTyn8J1H B }l{eCTOKOCTH CBOHM !\.tY>KbHf. HanpHMep, OJI-Ha nOMelllHu.a
uaxo.nHJIa y.nOBOJIbCTBHe B CeqeHHH J1.eTef( H cala nOpOJl3 HX no 111060-
MY nOBOllY. .no Tex nop, nOKa peoeHOK He Tep SlJI C03H3HHH. Bce 3TO npo.
XOHJlO COBepl1leHHO 6e3H.aKa3aHHo ,llJlH nOMelllHKOB l .
nOJIO>KeHHe KpenOCTHblX KpeCTbSlH B XVI I I - nepBoA nOJlOBHHe
X I X B. «Ha npaKTHKe OtleHb cJlaGo -6TJlHtJa.rrOCb OT nOJIO:>KeHHH pa60B
B pa60BJIa.neJlbllecKoM rOCYllapCTBe»2, - rOBOpHJI B. 11. JIeHHH.
KOMMeHTap""
nOMeID-HK (ABOpSlHHH), 6apHH. ,QBopHHe (noMeIUHKH) B XV-
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BJla,neJ1bueB. 91'0 JllO,llH, KOTopble CJIY>KHJlH npH ,l{BOpe BeJlHKOrO KHH3R
(ltapSl) HJIH B ero BOHcKe. OrclOlla H Ha3BaHHe 080pRHe. 3a CBOIO
CJIY>K6y BpSlHe rro.nYllaJIH SeMeJ1bHble yro.nbH C KpecTbSlHaMH - no-
MecmbR (napb nOMeInaJI, «HcnOlelllan», KaK Torlla rOBOpHJIH, BOpHH
Ha 3eMJIlO). OTCIO.n3 H Ha3BaHHe nOMeUU1(.
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pHH8MH-rrOl\eIIIJiK3MH H 6oSlpaMH-BoTIIHHHHKaMH) IlIJia 60pb6a sa 3eM-
JIIO H KpenOCTHbIX. Oc05eHHo O>KecTOqeHHOH 9Ta 60pb6a 6bIJla BO Tp-
pOR nOJlOBHHe XVI B. npH nape I1BaHe IV.. B pe3YJIbTaTe 9TOH 6Opb6bI
K HaqaJlY XVIII B. (npH neTpe I) oGe rpynnbl <j)eoJJ-aJIOB CJIHJlHCb B
O,ltHY: Bee 4>eOJ{aJIbl-3eMJIeBJlaeJIbI1b1 CT8J1H Ha3b1BaTbCH a80pH.HaMU,
a HX 3eMeJlbHble BJla,lJ.eHHJI - nOMeCmbJlMU.
CJlOBO 6apUH npOHCXO,llHT OT 601lpUH.\ KorAa HCQe3J10 pa3J1HQHe
Me>KJ{Y 60HpaMH (.{ J(BopHHaMH, CBOHX rocno,ll KpeCTbRHe CTaJiH Ha..
3bIBaTb 6apaMu.
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CJlY>K6bl, yrO,ltbSl (OOSlpCKaH ycaJ(b6a, nOMeIUHQbH yca,llb6a). npOHC-
xO>K)teHHe CJlOBa OT Toro >Ke KOpHR cao. EapHH KaK Obi npOllHO OCM
(nOCeJlHJICH) B aHHOM MeCTe.
TblH - 3a6op, qaCTOKOJl, BepOSlTHO, OT rJIarona InblKlllnb,
8mblKamb. B03MOiKHO H Pyroe rrpOHcxo»<,neHHe CJlOBa, OT mUH, 3a-
tnUHbe - neperopO,D.Ka, CTeHa. ThlHOM OrOpa>KHBaJIHCb YC, a;llb6bI
noceneHHSI, B npOTHBOnOJI01KHOCTb ropOllCKHM CTeHaM, PYOJleHHbIM
H3 6peBeH.
1 HaKa3aHHe, KOTOPOMY nOJ1Beprana CaJJTbIqHXa (JJ.apbH C3JITblKOBa),
HC npaBHJJO, a H CKJIEOtteH He. QHa 33MyttHJJ3 .no cMepTH 139 CBOHX KpenOCTHhJX J
Cpe,lJ.H KOTOpblX 6bT'IH H .neTH. 3a 3TO ee JJHWHJlH )tOOpSlHCTB8 H noca)tHJJH 8 MOHa-
CTblPCKYIO KeJIbJO 113 nenb. CaJIThJ'IHXa 6bJJIa H3Ka33Ha. BHAHMO. nOTOMY. 'ITO Y>K
CJlHlllKOM lllHpOKYIO or",1aCKY npHIIHJ10 .neJJo.
I B. 11. J1 e H H H. nonH. c06p. COq., T. 39, CTp. 76.
2*
35

XOpOt1b1 - ,nepeBHHHbJH OM C 6oJIbmH1 KOJlHlIeCTBOM BHYTpeHHMX
nOMellleHHH. TaK B CTapHHY Ha3bIB8J1H U8pCKHA HJlM 60ratbdi rOCnoA-
CKMH ,llOM (.zr.Bopeu). CnOBO XpaM TOro me npOHCXO>K.ZleHRH. B 60raTbIX
.nOMax (xo.pOtax) B XV-XVII BB. Kpblmy AMaJIn 113 TecaHbIX )1.0-
COK, B OKHa BCTaBJIHlIH CBRHUOBbIe paMbI H nepenJIeTbI co cnl9oit
CTeKJIHHbJX .OKOII ,no XVI I I B. Ha PYCH He ObIJlO. KpeCTbSlHCKHe H36b1
KpbJJIH COJIOMOH, a OKH8 3aTrHBaJIH 6bIIJbHM nY3bJpeM HJIH rrpOMac-
neHHOH xonCTHHOH. ·
.l{bHK, nO,lJ.bR'IHH - OQ?HcneHHe ,nano B nOCTpOqHOA
npH1vtelJ.aHHH (<<Halla POJl-HHa'», CTp. 60 ). O){HaKO OHO HYJI<,naeTcSI B
YT01JHeHHH. J1bJlK - qHHOBHHK B ,npeBHei% PYCH, HCnOJIHHBllIJH1 0051-
saHHOCTH ceKpeTapSl yqpeJKeHHSI (npHKa3a). Bo BpeteHa HBaHa rp03-
Horo (3TOT nepHo,a KaK pa3 onHCblBaeTCH B nOBeCTH B. 51 Ha) 11 B nocne-
)l.YlOInee CTOJleTHe 3HaqeHHe ,llbHKOB (npaBHTeJ1eH KaHIleJIHpHH, npH-
Ka3a), a ocooeHHo «.AYMHbIX ,ltbSlKOB» (Be;XYIlUlx BCIO KaHl{eJIHpHIO
60pCKOH ,llYMbI) nOCTOHHUO BoSpaCTaJIo. DIOBO abJl1C rpe1JeCKOrO npo-
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HHe abJl1\. Ii nOObfi.C/,uu AJl5I rocY)l.apCTBeHlIblx qUHOBHHKOB OCTaBaJIOCb
)1.0 pe<j)OPMbI neTpa I (HallanO XVI II B.). Ho B pa3roBopHorvl, 06HXO,n-
HOM Sl3bIKe 9TO Ha3BaHHe rocy,napcTBeHHbIx CJIY>KaI.UHX (c OTTeHKOM
.H3BeCTHOro npeHe6pe}KeHHH H HeoA06peHH) coxpaHSlnOCb ,no peBOJlIO-
UHH.
lJacTo nYTaIOT CJIOBO ab!ll( co cnOBaMH abJlKOH Ii abRtlOK. 3To co-
BepllleHHO pa3HbIe. nOHSlTIfSl: abflKOH (rpe\I. «,lJ.HaKoHoc») - HH311Jee
uepKoBHoe 3BaHHe, nOMOIUHHK CBHIneHHHKa npH oorOCJlY}KeHHH. ElIl.e
60Jlee HII3Illee 3B8HHe - abRtlOK (nCaJIOfIUMK, nOHoMapb), T. e. CJlY>K-
Ka npH uepKBH.
S)pbuKKa (Rpblra) - HH3lllHH nOJlHueHCKI1H cJIY>Kam.MH B .npeBHe
PYCH. 5Ipbi)KKH 06bIqHO OTJIHlIanHCb HCKJlIO'IHTeJlbHOH rpy6ocTblO,
6ecu.epeMoHHocTbIO, B3BTOQHH1IeCTBOM 11 np. Hapo,lJ. CTp8,llaJI OT npH-
TeCHeHHH SlpbJ>KeK. B Te ,naBHMe BpeMeHa nOHBMJlaCb nOCJlOBHu.a: «KTO
c. Slpw}KKofI nOBO,llHTCH, 6e3 py6axH Haxo,nHTCH». n09TOl\llY CJlOBO
llpbiKa npHoOpeJIO CMblCJI npe3pHTeJlbHblH. 51 pbDKK8MI1 Ha3blBaJl H
TaK>Ke H3 PYCH nbSlHHU, JIoJl-blpeH, MOllleHHI1KOB, JIIOOHTeJ1eH nO}KH-:
BHTbCH sa 1JY}KOH CqeT.
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lIpOCmHblU). B )laHHOM CJlYllae (B nOBeCTH B. 5IHa) nOHHTHe llpbl3lCKa
no OTHOIIJeHHIO K CI1MnaTHIIHOMY KpeCTbHHCKOM)' M8JlbIlHKY ynoTpe6-
neHO HBIIO HeY,lJ.atIHO.
KPECTlaS1HCKHE BOCCTAHHR B PYCCKOM rOCYAAPCTBE
H. KOHqaOBcKaH. cnOcnaeT napb BOHcKa npoTRB CTeHbKH-Ka3aKa»(orpYBOK
DB n09MbI 4<Ha1l1a ,lJ.peBHSlB CTOJIHU8») - «Hawa POHlla), CTp. 64; C. AneKceeB.
«Ka3aK nyra1Jen EMeol1hHH I1BanoBHtI), «Cy,lJ.». «CHJlbI t5b1.;'1H c.nHWKOM JJepaBHhlMH»,
«3aKaTHJJOCb CO.'1HlJ,e KpacHoe» (.H3 Hapo)J.lloH nec"") - PoAHoe CJlOBO», CTp. 68, 70,71.
36

3aKpenornCHHe KpeCl'bHH, 6ecQHHCTBa 60Hp H ,nBOpSlH BbI3bIBaJIH B03-
MymeHHe HapO,na, BCITLlXHBaJlH KpeCTbflHCI{He BOCCTaHHSI, KOTOpbJe
IIHOfJla nepepaCTaJIH B HaCTOSlWJle KpecTbHHCKHe BOHHhI. nepBaSl TaK(;!H
BOHHa B PyCCKOl\f rOCY3pCTBe OhIna B 1606-1607 rr. Bo rJIaBe KpeCTb-
HHCKHX OTpSl.l10B BCTaJI MBaH l1caeBHQ EOJIOTHHKOB.
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(,peCTb5JHe pa30HBaJIH I.(3pCKHX BoeBO.n. Ho B KOHne KOHUOB OTpH)tbI Eo..
J10THHICOBa-. 6b1J1H pa3rpoelIbi. a OH caM B3HT B nJIeH. IJ.apb H nOMetnHKH
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BHJlH D ,naJIeKMfI ceBepHbIH ropo,n, TaM BbIKO.TJOJlH fJla3a H TaHHO YTonHJIH.
npOWJIO HeCKOJlbKO .lleCHTH.1IeTHM, H BCDbIXHYJIa HOBaSl, erne 60JIee
(OHafl KpecTbHHcKaH BOMHa. BoccTaBlIlHx B03rJlaBHJI .llOHCKOH Ka3aK
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l}aCnpOCTpaHHJICH no ropo,naM H CeJIaM. K Pa3HHY ULlIIi KpenOCTHbIe
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npOUIJIO 100 JleT nOCJIe BOCCTaHHSI KpecTbSlH no.D- npe,nBo,ZJ.uTeJlbCTBOM
<:TenaHa Pa3HHa, H B POCCHH BCnblxHyna HOBaR KpecTbSlHcKaH BOHHa,
raMaH 3Ha1JIiT'bHaH no cBoeMY pa3Maxy H CH.."Ie. Bo rJIaBe BOCCTaHHJI
nfTaJI AOHCKOH Ka3aK EMeJIbHH I1BaHoBHQ nyraqca. nyraqeB Ha3BaJI
31.

ceOH u.apeM neTpoM I I I. L{en:o B TOM, liTO Y TeT\iHbIX, 3a6HTbIX, yrlleTeH-
HWX nOMemHKaMH KpeCTbHH BeKaMH COXpaHHnaCb R Kpenna Bepa B
«CnpaBe,lJ.JIHBOrO», «o6poro» u.apSl. Ha pOCCI-IiiCKOM npeCTOJIe B TO Bpe-
MH 6blcH3 uapl1IJ.a EI{aTepHHa I I, npH KOTOPO", Kal{ yme rOBOpHJIOCb,
nOJIO)l(eHHe !{penOCTHbIX CTano cOBepmeHHO HeBhIHOCHMhIM. 1\YJK EKa-
TepHHbI I I DeTp I I I npaBHn OqeHb HeOJIrO (MeHbUle rOJ{a), 6br.1I cBepr-
nYT c npeCTOJIa cBoeM )KeHOH H BCI{Ope y6HT. CaM no ce6e 11cTp I I I
ObI.,l "lHqllOCTblO )KaJ1KOii H HlI1.ITO/I{HOil, HO HapoJ( 0 HeM HHqerO lIe 3HM,
l{pO1e Toro 1JTO OH CBeprnYT H y6HT )KeHI.JJ.HHO:H, npH KOTOpOH )KHTb
CTa,7!O eme xY)J{e. B HapO){e pacnpOCTpaHHnC5I CJlYX, tJTO CBeprHYTbIH
aapb XOTeJI OCB06oj{HTb KpeCTbHH H 3a 9TO JtBOpJIHe, crOBopHBlinicb C
EKaTepHHOM, nblTanHCb ero y6HTb. Ho OR He Yl\iep, a CYlvleJl 6e}I{3Tb Ii
r,lle-To CI<pblBaeTCH. CKOpO 011 «06'bHBHTCID) H nOHHMeT BeCb HapO)t
npOTliB j{BOpHH. PacnpOCTpaHeHlilO 3THX CJIYXOB CI10C06CTBOBaHH TaHHCT-
BeHHbIe 06CTOTeJ]bCTBa ClvlepTH neTpa I I I, Bce YCHJ1HBaIOIII.aHCH B Ha-
poJte }Ka*.lI.a OCBOOO)Kj{eHHH II pacTyaH HeHaBHCTb K yrHeTaTeJISllvl-
ABOp5lHaM. I1MH Derpa I I I CT3JIO TaKHM 06pa30M KaK 6bI 3Ha{eHeM
BOCCT3HHH, a «nOHBJIeHHe 1JYAecHo cnaCllIerOCH uap5I» - CnrH3JIOM K
HeMY.
nyralleB C3M 6bIJI H3 Hapoj{a, n06hIBaJl BO MHorHX MeCTax, BHeJI,
KaK CTpa,nalOT JIIO){H, caM HcnblTan rOHeIlH5I M npecneoBaHHH. OH no-
HHMaJI, I.ITO HMH neTpa I I I npUBnelleT I{ HeMY I\-faCCbl JIlo)l.eH. Tal{ H npo-
H30111JIO. KOHetJno, Hapo nOllleJI 3a nyraHeBbl1\f He CTOJIbKO rrOTOlfY,
QTO OH Ha3BaJl ceOff Hf\ieHeM nOKOHHoro l.(apH, CKOJIbKO nOTOMY, 'ITO OH
npH3blBaJI K YHHqTOJKeHHlO }).BOpHH, OTMeH5JJI Bce JJOBMHHOCTM, OO'bHB-
JI}lll KpecTbHII CBo66.lU-IbIMM. nyraqeB paCCbIJlan CBOH YKa3bT, T8I{ Ha-
3bIBaeJbIe f\.laHHcpeCTbI, B l{OTOPbIX, 06pa3SlCb )( caMbIM: yrHeTeHHbIM H
3 a,lI,aBJI eH HbIfi-1 HenOMepHOH HY)K)I.OH JIlO){SJM, 06elll.a.a 11M «BOJIbIIOCTb Ii
CBo60,llY», «Bnaj{eHlIe 3eMnflMH, JIeCHbIMH II ceHOKOCHbIMH yrO)J..bHMH,
pbI6HblfU JIOBJIHMH 11 COJIHlIblf\.IH 03epaMH oe3 nOKynKH Ii 6e3 06pOKY»,
oCBo6om)I.aJI HapO)I. OT «no,naTeii H OTHrorneUHH», «nOBeJIeBaJI 3JIo,neen-
,nBOpHH ..TIOBHTb, Ka3HHTb Ii BernaTb», qTo6bJ nOCJIe 9Toro 6bIJla «(TI1IllMlIa
H cnoKoiinaH }Kli3I1b».
DJIaMSI BOCCTalIli5I OXBaTHno orpOMHLIH palioll YpaJIa H OOBOJI}I{b51.
I<pecTbSlHCKaSl BOMHa npO)l.OJI}!{aJIaCb OKOJIO JI.BYX JleT (1773-1775).
CocTaB BOHcKa nyralleBa nOCTOHHHO nOIlOJIHSlJICH l{penOCTHIflI I<pe-
CTbHal\11i, ypaJ1bCKHMI1 (51HUI{HMH) Ka3aKaMH, MaccaMH Tpy,noBoro Ha-
ceneHHH yrHereuHbIx lI,apH3l'vl0M Hapo.l{oB YpaLl1a H nOnOJlLKb5I (6aIlIKlI-
patfJI, TaTapan1, Ka.nfbIKaMM, Ka3axaMH, QYBaulaMH', 1'vlap(.u1II.aMH).
EOJIbllIYIO nonb3Y nyralleBY OKa3bIBaJIH KpenocTHbIe pa601lue ypaTIh"
.
CKHX 33BO,n9B: OHIi cHa6*aJIH era nYlllKaMH, PY>KbHl\U1, H)l.paIH.
Hecl\'loTpH Ha orpoMHblH pa3Max, BOCCTaHue 3TO 6bIJIO no):{aBJIellO
TaK :>Ke, KaK If Bce ,llpyrHe KpecTbSJHcKHe BOCCTaHM5I. rJlaBHble CMJIbl
nyralleBa 6bIJIIi pa36HTbI apMHeii EKaTepH{bI I I. nyratleB C Hc6oJIblllHl\{
OTpHAOf\i yrneJI Ha lOr Ii nepenpaBHJIC5I llepe3 BOcJ'1ry. OH paCC1JHTbIBaJl
rrO,QHSlTb HOBbIe CHJlbT, HO 60raThle Ka3aKH BbJ)taJIH KpeCTbHHCKoro BomJ{H.
B )K71e3Hoj% K"TIeTKe npHBe3.TIH OyratJeBa B MOCKBY H Ka3HHJlH Ha BOJIOT-
38

lIoii IlJIOll1.a,lUf B 5IHBape 1775 r. ITpaBHTeJlbCTBO co 3BepcKoH }KCCTOKOCTblO
p:lclipaBH.nocb C BOCCT3HHeM. BHH3 no BOJIr'e nJIbIJIH nJIOTbI, Ha KOTOpbIX
(,I'OSIJlH BHCeJlHIJ.bI C Ka3HeHHblMH KpeCTbHHal\'IH. Tal{ SaKOHtIHJIaCb ca-
MUH MOLu,HaH KpecTbHHcKaH BOHHa B POCCHH. HMH nyratleBa, KaK If HMH
P13I1Ha, Bcer.ll.3 nOf\fHHJI Hapo. 3TH HMeHa BAOXHOBJIHJlH OOpU.OB 33
t'uo(jO){Y.
KOMMeHTap"H
PaTh - TaR B ,lJ,peBHeH PYCH na3btBa.TIOCb BOHCKO. PamHUK, (pam-
""Ili Lle/lOOeK) - BOHH. OT rJI3rOJIa parn08amb - OHTbCH, Cpa}K3TbCH
:,:t tITO-HI16YJlb, KorO-HH6Yb UJiH npOTHB Koro-HH6y,nb. ,apyroe 3Ha-
11'lIl1e CJIOBa pamb - BOHHa, oHTBa, Cpa>Kelll1e. «,Qpyr n03HaeTCSI Ha
paTH Jla npH 6e,ne» (nOCJIOBHU.3). «Tbl CTOHWb;iIoHHK H He paTyellib C Ani-
MO.1IeTHOI0 TYQeH-6ypelO» (A. K 0 JI b U 0 B). Toro me npOHCXOJKJ{eHHH
\/10110 pamo6opel{ - BOHH, yq,aCTHHK Cpa>KeHHSI.
BOeBo,Aa - B ,npeBHeH PYCH BOeHatlaJIbHHK, nOJIKOBO,lI.elI.. npouc-
XO>I\AeflHe cnOBa OqeBH,lI.HO: eoeeoaa - TOT, I{TO BO,nHT (B nOXO,lI.) BoeB
(IJOHHOB). Boeao,o.8MH 1183blsanH BoeHaqaJlbHHKOB B PYCCKOlvl rocy-
JlnpCTBe AO Haqana XVIII B. (pe<J>0PM neTpa I).
XOJlon.. (xOJlOnCKHe BoAcKa). XOJIOnaMH B)I.peBHeH PYCH Ha3bIBaJIH
II()JHeBonbHbIX CJlyr. ,ao OKOHtIaTeJ1bHOrO 3aKpenom.eHHH KpeCTbHH B
I ()49 I". pa3"JIHtl8JlHCb OT,lI.eJlbHble BHAbI XOJIOnCTBa (OT nOJIHOrO pa6CTBa
JlO BpeMeHijorO ycnY)KeHHSI 3a nHInY H OAe>K,ny). BbIJIO TaK>n:e OT-!IHlIHe
u nOJIO>KeIlHH KpeCTbHH H xononOB. B cepe,lI.HHe XVIII B. 3TO pa3JIHQHe
flJ3KTHtiecKH HCtlea.n0 t 8 K HatJaJIY XVIII B. OHO HCtle3J10 H IOpHHqeCKH.
XononlMH.. CT8Jla Ha3b1aTb scex nO,llHeBOJIbHblX KpeI!0cTHbIX JIIOefr.
)BOpJlHe npHABanH 9TOMY CJlOBY npespHTenbHblH oTeHoK. Ha3BaTb
'ICJlOBeK8 XOJIOnOM SH8t1HJlO YHHSHTb, OCKOpOHTb ero. 31-0 OTpa3HJIOCb,
IIIHlpHMep, B noroBopKe: «CTapblA XOJIon - cTaphIH nec: co ,ZtBopa ,l{O'IOH,
JIH()O no,Zt JIaBKY»t a TalOKe B onpe,neJIeHHOM CMbICJle rJlaro.na XOAon-
flfl008amb - paOOJIenCTBOBaTb, yrO>K,naTb, nO,ZtJlHtIaTb.
B AaHHOM TeKCTe (<<Hawa POAHHa», cTp.64) XOAoncKue 80t1CKa-
BOCCTaBWHe, 836YHToBaBwHecH XOJlOIIbl, JlIO,nH, rOTOBble cpaKaTbcH Ii
IIOI'HOHYTb sa cBo60y.
KasaKH (KasaKHe BoAcKa). CJIOBO TlOpKcKoro npOHCXO}K)(eHI1H.
I )YI{BaJlbHO 03HaQaeT - BOJlbHbIH QeJIOBeK, Y,lI.aJIen. I(peCTbSIUe Oe}KaJlH
err l<penocTHoH. HeBOJIH "Ha OI{paHHbI PycKoro rocy,ZtapCTBa. OcooeHHo
Mlloro HX nOCeJIHJIOCb Ha lI.OHY. OHM cTanH Ha3bIBaTb ce6H Ka3aKaMH,
T. e. CDOOO)(HbIMH, He KpenOCTHbIMH. 113 ,nOHCKHX Ka3al<OB 6blJIO 06pa-
'ODaHO BOHCKO, "KOTOPbIM KOMaH,1J.OBaJIH Bbl6paHI1ble aTaM3Hbl. I-Ia YK..
ptuiHe 6bIJIH Ka3aKH sanOpO>KCKHe. nOTOM nOSlBHJIHCb Ka3aI{H YP3JIb-
l'I{l1 (HI1UKHe, no CTapOMY na3BaHHIO p. Yp3JI), TepCKHe (Ha p. TepeK),
l<yuaHcKHe, YCCypHHCKHe, aMypCKHe H ,Ztp.
Be,nHoe Ka3atleCTBO Bcer,na COCTaBJI5IJIO H,npO apMHH BOCCTaBlllHX
I(PCCTbHH, Aa H caMH rrpe,nBO,lJ.HTeJIH BOCCTaHHH 6bIJIH, KaK npaBHJIO, 113
HlJ33J<on (Pa3HH, BYJIaBHH, I1yraQeB). 3TO nOHSlTHO, nOTOty qTO Ka-
39

saKH H{e.7JH OpraHU3au.JUO, BOCHHblH OnbJT, 0pYJK-He. Y Kp.enOCTHbIX
K.pCTbS1H K Ha1.JaJIY BOCCTaHH5J HHtJerO 3TOfO He 6hJJIO. ,.
BoMHa c npyccueH. B X VI I I B. He 6b1J10 €,llHlloro rcp.Maf:ICKOrO ro-
cy,napCTBa. BCH repMaHHfI 6bIJIa paJl.po6J1ena Ha MllomeCTBO MeJlKHX H
KpynHblx rocyp-apcTB, caMblMH BJIHHTeJ1bHbJMH H MorYU\eCTBeHHbIMH 113
KOTOpbIX 6bIJIJ1 npYCCH5I Ii ABCTpH5I.
np.YCCH5I - O,llHO H3 Catblx CHJlbllbJX H arpeCCHBHbIX rocy,napCTD
repMaHHH H. BceH EBpOnbI. Oco6eHHO arpeCCHBHOH 6bIJla npYCCM5I npH
Kopo.ne <I>pH.llpHXe I I , KOTOpblll HCnOJIb30Ba.n Bce cpe]lCTBa ,nJl 51 3aXBaTa
CoceJlHHX cTpaH H nOJ(OpeHHSI ,llpyrHx HapO,lJ.OB.
POCCHH BOeBaLila C DpyccHei1 BO BpeM5I CeHIJleTlIeH BoiiBbl (] 756-1763)
H HarOJIOny pa3rpOMHJ13 npyccKYIO apMHIO, CqWTaBlllYlOcSI Heno-
6e,llHtOM. B 1760 r. pyccKHe BOHC1<a 3aH5ITIH BepJ1HH. nyratleB yqaCT-
BOBaJ1 B CeMH.neTHeH Boih-Ie COBceM eme MOJlO)\bHvl. (rO,ll pO/K,lleHHH_
E. H. llyraqeBa TOqHO Ha YCTaIJOBJlell, npe.llnOJIO)KMTe.nblIO 1142.
3HaIlHT, BO BpeM5I CeMHJ1eTHeH BOHHbl eMY 6blJ10 17-18 JleT.)
reHepaJlbCKaH JleHTa '1epe3 nJle'lo. B POCCHH co BpefcH neTpa I
6bIJ1H Yllpe)f{,lleHbl 0pJl.ena )J.J1H ocouo OTJIlItIHBIlIHXCSI. (nepobIH B nCTO-
pHH POCCHH op,lI.eH AHJlpeH nepB03BaHlloro 6blJ1 yqpeiK,lJ,elI B 1698 r.,
nOCJIe B03BpaeHH5I llcTpa I H3 3arpaHHQHOH noe3,llI{H.) Harpa»<,neHHhle
op,neHoM, KpoMe caMoro Op,lleHCKOro 3ual<a (l<peCT, 3Be3,lla), HOCH.TJH IllH-
POKYIO IDeJIKOBYJO JIeHTY qepe3 nJle1JO (OObllIHO rOJIyGoro IJ.neTa). POC-
CHHCKHe BMnepaTopbI, pa3YMeeTCH, HMeJlH BbICllJHe 0pJleHa. nyratJeB
HOCHJI opJJ.eHCKYIO JleHTY qepe3 nJleqo, tJT06bI npJI.IJepKHYTb CBO «HMne-
paTopCKoe» nOJIOJKeHHe.
H3 rEPOMLIECKOrO BOEHHOrO npownoro PYCCHOrO
HAPOAA
B. fpall)J.ona. «CnaBa PYCCKoro COJJ}J.aTa», C. A.neKceeB. «Paccla3bl 0 BHI{O"1
nOJ]I{OBOJ1.l1.e A. B. CYBopOBe H IJYJJ.0-60raTblpSiX - pOCCI-JHCKHX COJJaTax», M. Bpa-
fHH. «Pa3rpOM H8 pflte Bepe3Hlle» - ({Hawa POJlHua» , CTp. 259, 263; c. AneKceeB.
«nO-CYBOPOBCKH», «113MSHJJ», «H.neT KYTY30B 6HTb (j>paHu.Y30B», M. JIepMoHToB.
d30pO.nHHO», +:Ope." H81lJ KYTY30B» - «POJlH8H pelJb», CTp. 295, 296, 297, 299, 300.
A. B. CYBOpoa " PYCCHGe BoeHHoe HCKYCCTBO
KOHL\8 XVIII B. "
AneKCaHJl.p BaCUJIbeBHll \. CYBOPOD (1730-1800) npOR<Mll .nOJ1 rylO
66eBYlO :>KH3Hb. OH H3tJaJI BoeHHYIO CJlY}I<6y ] 7-JIeTHMM JO.JiOllJeH, npo.
CTbIl\i CO.TI,llaTOM, a 3aKOHtlHJI ee 70-JleTHHM CTapHKOM: ,B 3B8HH.H reHepa-
JlHCcHMyca - BblcweM BOHHCKOM 3BaHHH. CYBOPOB 6blJl O,nHHM,H3 Ca1\fbTX
BeJlHKHX nOJIKOBo,nu.eB Bcex BpeMeH H napoJ:loB. Ou BblCOKO no,nHHJI CJIa-
BY pYCCKoro OPYJKHSI, ApMHH, KOropbJMJI KOMaHAbB CYBOPOB, 6blJlH
ueno6e.llHMbIMH. CYBOPOB He nOTepneJI HH O,lJ.HOro nOpa)l{eHHSI, BCer)l..a
BbJHrpbIBa,,"I 611TBbI, B KOTOpblX Y'IaCTBOBaJI.
40

nO)l{aJlyif, CaMblMH OTJlHIIHTeJlbHbIMH qepraMH X3paKTepa BMOKO-
fO nOJlKOBO;J.na 6bIJlH HCKnlOqHTeJlbllaSl neJIeYCrpeMJIeHHOCTb H CHna
BWlH. CBOIO BOJIIOCYBOPOB Haqan BOCnHThIB8Tb C,l\eTCTB3, S8KaJIHH ceo,
npeoAOJIeBaH $H3HtJecKYIO CJla60cTb M 60JleaHeHHTb. BcIO )J{H3Hb 11(J
rJly6oKoH CTapOCTH, B J100blX YCJlOBHSlX CYBOPOB CTpeMHJlCSI C06JIIO,n8Tb
YCTaHOBJIeHHblH 11M Caf\tH1 pe)KHM. OH cna.1J Ha nOKpbITOH npOCTbIHeH
oxanKe ceHa, BCTaBaJI B 4 qaca YTp8, nR.."1 'laH, OKMO nonYtJaca ynpa)l{-
H.HJlCH B oere Ii rHMHaCTHKe, a 3aTeM npHHHMaJlCSI 3a eJla. 06eJt3J1
AJIeKCaHp BacHJIbeBHq OObl1JHO B 8-9 1l3COB YTpa. CYBOPOB 6b1J1 otJeHb
YMepeH B nl-IIne, He 3JIoynoTpe6LTIRJI HanHTKa"H, lIe KypHJI. OH rOBOpHJI,
liTO H3HeJKeHHOCTb. pa3'heaeT BO.7HO 11 3opOBbe, nO)l.OOHO p}l{aBllHHe.
Bc.,lI1KHM nOJlKOBO)l.en 3H&TI ueHY BpeMeHH. npOBe,llSl BCIO >KH3Hb B
noxo,nax, OH OtfeHb MHoroe ycneJI. OH 3Ha..'I 8 .SI3bIKOB, HCTOpIUO, MaTe-
MaTHKY, He rOBOpSl' y}Ke .0 BoeHHOM )l.eJIe.
,QJISI CYBopOBa fJI3BHblM B BOeHHOI'v1 ,ne.,'Ie C)blJl8 >RHOaSi CliJIa apMHH
Ii YMeHHe elO ynpaBJI.SITb. B Te BpeMeHa, KorAa J\fHOfHe BOeHaqa.,'IbHHKH
CIIHTaJIH, 'ITO fJIBHoe - 3TO OCa)l.8 KpenOCTeH, 38HflTHe reppHTopHH
npOTHBlIHKa, CynopoB YTBep)K)la,,'1, tJTO nooe)).a - 3TO npeJK,ne Bcero
pa3rpO:V1 HenpHHTeJ1bCKOH apMKH. OTCIO)l.a TaKoe BHHMaTeJIbHOe OT-
HOllieHne no..TJKOBO)IJla K COJl,naTaM, 3aOOTa 0 BOHHax, 3alll.HTHHKax Po-
):lHHbI. B KpenOCTHlilleCKOH POCCHH, r,ne B aptHH uapHJIa naJI01JHaH HC-
II.HnJlHHa, rAe COJ1,naTa CIIHTaJlH J1HIUb «MeXaHH3J\IOM, YCTaaOM npeJlYCMOT-
peHHbIM» (CJIOBa HMnepaTopa naB..TJa I), CYBOPOB u.eHHJI Ii YBa>K.a.TJ pyc-
CKoro BOHHa. OH Ha3bIBaJI CBOliX COLTI.21aT qYAo-6oraTb)pJlIH, OpJ1aMH,
CnaCHTeJ1S1MIf H 33III.HTHHKaMH OTellecTB8. COJI;J.8Tbl BepHJIH CBoeMY nOJ1-
u
KOBony, nOTOMY liTO OR caM BIiAeJJ B HIIX J1IO)\eH, CYMeJI BHYUIHTb 11M
IIYBCTBO AOCTOHHCTBa, ropOCTH 38 nopyqeHHoe ):leno, YBepCHHOCTb B
no6eJte. CaM nOJlKOBO,lten 6bIJI B BblcweA CTeneHH ..aa)\eJIeH 3THM tIYB-
CTBOM, He CreCHHJICH If He 60SlJICSI rOBopHTb npaB,ny B rJl833 MorYl1I.ecT-
BeHHbIM BeJ1bMO)KaM, a HHOr){a Ii caMHf rocy,n.apSl.M. 3a 3TO ero He JIIO-
6HJlH EKarepHHa II H naBeJI I.
CYBOPOB Tpe60BaJI, IIT06b1 ero BOHHbI nOCTO.SIHHO yqHJlHCb, COBep-
llJeHCTBOBaJIH BoeHHoe MacrepcTBo. «BOlO" He tIlICJlOM, a YMeHbeM)},
«KajKJ1bIH BOHH ,lJ.OJl}KeH nOHHMaTb CBOH M811eBp», 9TH Ii MHorHe ,npyrHe
np8BHJl8 BoeHHoro HCKYCCTBa CYBOPOB 38nHCaJi B YCT8se, KOropblH ,Ha-
'3BaJI «HaYKa n06e>K,l1aTb». 113JIIOMeHHbIH M8HeBp CYSOpOBa SaKJlIOtI8JICSl
B 6bICTpOTe nepe)].BH)KeHHSI, BHe3anHOM y,nape. TaKHM,oopa30M eMY He
O)l.H3>KJ{bI yttaB8J10Cb pa3fpOMMTb H YHHtITO}KHTb 60JIee LMHOrOqHCJleH-
HorO.H CHJIbHOrO Bpar8 (HanpHMep, B 3HaMeHHTOH 6HTBe npH p. PblMHHK,
sa KOTOpylO CYBOPOB nOJ1YQRJI THTYJl rpacp8 PbIMHHKCKOro). .
rJIaBHble no6e.zJpy CYBOPOB3 CB.SI3aHbI C TaK Ha3b1BaeMOH STOpOH PYC-
fKo-rypeUKoH BOHHOA (1787-1791) Ii J1ereHAapHbIM AJlbnHHCKHM
nOX0)10M (1799). nepB8S1_ PYCCKG-TypenKaSI BOHHa (1768-1774) KOH-
tlHJlaCb BblrO,ZJ.HbJM ;J.nH POCCHH MHpOM, HO 3Ha'lHreJlbHaSi 1I3CTb no-
6epebB lJepHoro MOpg OCTaBaJl8Cb B pYKax TypnHH. POCCHH He06-
.nHMO OblJIO OTBoeBaTb KpbIM II Bee ceBepRoe npHqepHOMopbe. 'BoHHa
B0300HOBHJlacb. PyccKaH 8PiHg no.n KOM3HAOBaHHeM CysopoBa Haro-
41

"TIOBY pa3rpOMHiIa TypenKHe BOHCKa npH <I>oKlIIaHaX H PbIMHHKe (1789),
IllTypMOf\1 OBJla):{eJI3 CHJIbHeHIIleH TYPC[(KOH KpenOCTblO I13MaHJI (17!JO).
B 9TO me BpeMH TOJIbKO ttTO c03,llaHHbIH PYCCKHH BoelIHblH 1JepHOMOp-
CKHH <pJIOT no)! KOMaH)lOBaHHeM aMHpaJIa cI>. <1>. YIllaKona OAep}l{aJI
pH):{ no6e,n naA Typell.KII1 qmOTOM. TYPll.HH npH3HaJIa ce6H no6em)1.eH-
HOM Ii B 1791 r. BbIHY}I{):{eHa 6blJIa npocHTb MHpa. no 9TOMY {HPHOrvlY
oroBopy Bce ceBepHoe nOOepe}Kbe I.JepHoro f\fOpSI Il.O YCTbH p. LLHecTp,
a TaK}Ke KpbII\.f BOlIlJIH B COCTaB POCCHH.
BeJlHKHH nOJlKOBo):{eI.{ HMeJI MHoro 3BaHI1i%, THTYJlOB, narpa,n, op-
}J.eHOB - PYCCKHX 11 HHOCTpaHHbIX, HO OB CtJHTaJI, ttTO ero HMSI CTOHT
60JIbllle Dcex THTYLTIOB H 3BaHHH. Ha ero 1'.fOrHJIe (B AJIeKCaH)lpO- HeB-
CKOH ..TIaBpe B JIeHHHrpa):{e) JIeJKHT npocTaH KaleHHaR nJIHTa. Ha HeM
HatIepTaHbI TOJIbKO TPH CJIOBa: «3,neCb JlemHT CYBOpOB». TaK nO}KeJIaJI
nepe.n cM:epTblo Caf\f no.,"1 KOBoeu.
B ro,nbI BeJIHKOH OTeqeCTBeHHoH BOHHbl COBeTcKoe npaBHTe.,1bCTBO
yqpe):{HJIO 0pll.eH CYBopOBa. 11M HarpaiK):{alOTCH reHepaJIbl COBeTcKoM
ApMHH 3a BbICOKoe BoeHHoe HCKYCCTBO - Ii JIHtJ:Hoe MYJKeCTBO.
OTe'leCTB8HH8S1 BOHH8 1Stl r. M. H. KYTY30B
OreqecTBeHHag BOHHa 1812 r. ObIJia nocJIe.nHeii 3aBOeBaTeJIbHOH BofI..
liaR Hano..TIeOHa. OHa >Ke CTaJIa HaqaLJIOM KOHua erO.BJla)lbltJ:eCTBa.
B 1799 r. TpH.n[(aTHJIeTHHH reHepaJI <1>paHU.Y3CKOH pecny6J1HKH
HanOJIeOH BOBanapT cOBepIIlH.n rocy,napcTDeHHbIfl nepenopoT 11 3 a..
XBaTRJI e):{lIHOJIMtJ:HYIO 'BJIaCTb. LJepea neCKOJIbI<O JleT OH 05nHBHJI ceOH
HMneparopOM cI>paHUHH HanOJIeOHOM I.
K 1812 r. HanOJleOI-IOBCKan <l>paHIUi51 no.ntJ:I1HHJIa ceoe nOqTH BCIO
3anaJ\HYlO H eHTpaJlbHYIO EBpony. TOJIbKO AHfJIHH He no.nqHHHJIaCb
eii, Aa B HcnaHHli pa3rOpaJIOCb rr..rIaMH napTH3aHCKOH BOHHbI. [pa-
HIiQbl HanOJIeOHOBCKHX BJIa,l(eHI1H nO)lXO):{H,,1H K POCCIiH. POCCH.H ObI-
JIa caMbHvl Cpbe3llbIM npenHTCTBReM na nYTH OCYIl(eCTBJIeIIHH Hano-
J1eOHOBCKoro nJIaHa MIipOBoro rocrrOJ{CTBa. BecHoH 1811 r. (3a rOA
}\O OTeqeCTBeHHoH BOHHbI) HarrOJleOH rOBOpHJI: «4epe3 TPH rO)la 51 6Y)lY
rOCrrO,lJ.HHOM cero CBeTa. OCTaeTcH POCCliSI, HO H pa3,lJ.aBJlfo ee». POBHO
Qepe3 TPH rO,L\a «Be..TIHKaH HMnepHH» I-IanoneoHa 6bIJIa cOKpYIIIeHa H
pa3BeHHa B npax. PYCCKHH COJl):{aT Ii PYCCKHH KpecTbHHHH HaHeCJlH
CMepTeJlbHYIO p aHY rvforyrnecTBeHHoMY saBOeB-aTeJIIO, I\leQTaBIllervty 0
BRaCTH HaA BceM MHpOM.
B HOqb Ha 12 (24) IUOHH 1812 r. BOHCKa HanoJIeona BTOprJII1Cb B
POCCHIO. aTO 6bIJIa HeBH,l(aHHaH no TeM BpeMeHaM CH.na. «BeJIHI<aH ap-
MAR» (KaK H33bIBa.,1J ee caM HanoneOH) HaCqMTblBaJla OKOJIO 600 TbIC.
qe.nOBeK, npHqeM JIHllIb OKOJIO nOJlOBHHbI ee COCTaBJlHJIH cppaUU.Y3bI,
OCraJIbHble CO.TI,lJ.aTbl Bep60BaJIHcb H3 nOKopei-IHbIX eBponeHCKHX cTpaH.
He 3PH BTOp}i{eIIHe HanOJIeOHa cOBpeleHHHKH Ha3bIBaJIH «HallIeCTBHeM
.lI.BYH3,necHTIi 513bIKOB» (T. e. BeHa,nuaTH HapOll.OB). BeJIH 9TY apMHIO
npOCJIaBlleHHbIe reHepaJIbI Ii MaplllaJIbl.
42

B HatJaJIe BOMHbI PYCCKSH apMH5I HaClIHTbIBaJIa 240 ThIC. tieJIOBeK,
OIJIJla pa3J1MeHa HS TPH qaCTH H paCcpe)I-OTOlIeHa Ha cppoHTe B 600 KAI.
I-IanoJIeoH cTpeMMJicSI pa3rpoMHTb PyccKHe apMHH nOO)l.HHOqKe. Ho 9TO
eMY He Y)J.aJIOCb. cI>paHII.Y3CKHe BOHCKa npOBHraJIHCb B rJIy6b CTpaHbI,
PYCCKHe OTXO.l\HJIH C 60SlMH. B aBrycTe 1812 r. .nBe PyccKHe apr\'1HH co..
(')UIHHJIHCb y CMOJIeHCKa, r)I-e npOH301I1JlS O}KeCTOlleHHa5I 6HTBa. Hano,,1e-
011 MeqTaJI 0 reHepaJIbHOM Cpa)KeHHH, B KOTOpOM Oll paCCqHTbIBaJI pa3-
rpOMHTb PYCCKYlO apMHIO. Ho PYCCKue, CHJIbI KOTOpbIX 6bIJIM 3Ha I IHTeJlb-
110 t\feHbIlIe, lie npHHHJlH reHepa..TJbHOH 6HTBbI H oTcTynUJIH J1.aJIbllIe na
HOCTOK.
C caMoro Haqana BOHHa 1812 r. CTaJIa BOHHOH OTelIeCTBeIIHoH, Ha.
PO)HOH. BCH POCCHH nO)I-HHJIaCb npoTHB 3aBOeBaTeJIeH. iloCJIe coe)I-HHe..
IIH5I PYCCKHX apMMH Y CfOJIeHCKa rJlaBHOKOlaHJI.YIOllI.H1 6b!JI Ha3Haqell
J\\nxaHJ1 I1nJIapHOHOBMtI KYTY30B (1745-1813).
KYTY30Ba XOpOlIIO 3HanH M JI100MJlH B apT\1HH. 011 6blJI Bepllblrvf Ylle..
IIHKO1 CYBopoBa, Y1JaCTBOBaJI B lllTypMe H3MaHJIa. CYBOPOD 01leHb BbI-
COI<O ou.eHH.TJ ,neHcTBHH KYTY30Ba B .9TOM Cpa}KeHHH: «OH KOMaH)l.OB3.11
MOH1 JIeBbIM cjmaHrOl'vf, HO ObIJI Moeu npsBoH PYKOH». B 1805 1". KYTY30B
I<OMaHJI.OBaJI PYCCKOH apMHeH BO BpeMSI BOHHbI C cI>paHUHei1.. Hoe CJIY"
'-JarlfIO B iOMeHT rpo3HoH onaCHOCTH, HaBHclIIeM Ha PoccMeH, Bbl6up
113J1 Ha KYTY30Ba. KYTY30B npeKpacHo nOHHMaJI, qTO ,naTb reHepaJIb-
Hoe cpIDKeHHe HeOOXOJJJIMO. HanOJIeOH ObICTpO npHOJ1H:>I{aJICH K MocKBe.
PYCCKHH rJIaBHOKOMaH,nYIOll(HH BbI6paJI JIH reHepaJlbHOH 6HTBbl 06111HP-
noe BOpO,ltHHCKoe nOJIe, nOJIyqHBlllee CBoe na3BaHHe or ,AepeBHH Bo..
pOAHHO. KYTyaoB paCnOJIO:>KHJI CBOM BOHCI<a TaK, lITO OllM 3aropOAHJ1H
nenpHJlTeJllO nYTb K MOCJ(Be.
ct»paHUYSCKHe BoAcKa pacnOJIaraJIHCb npOTHB PYCCKHX. nJIalI Ha-
IJOJIeOH8 SaKJIIOqanCB B TOM, IJTOt)bl CHJIbHblM y.napotvl pa3rpOMHTb JIeBbYH
(l>JIaHr PYCCKMX, npopnaTb <l>POHT Ii BbIHTH B TblJI PYCCKOH apJtvfHII,
a 3aTeM C Tblna Y,l{apHTb no UeHTPY Ii YUHqTO}KHTb BCIO PYCCKY(O
apMHIO.
DOpO)I.HHCKa5I OHTBa HaqaJIaCb Ha paccBeTe 26 sBrycTa (7 ceHTSI6p5I)
II npooJ1}KaJ1aCb AO Beqepa. HeC!{OJIbl{O pa3 no,n;pH)I- cppaHUY3bI O:>KeCTO"
'ICUHO aTaKOBaJIH JIeBblJi cpJISHf t HO TaK M He MOrJIH npOpI3aTb ero. Tor,na
l-IarroJIeOH npHKS3a.n nepeHeCTH rJIaBHblH Y)I-ap Ha UeHTp PYCCKHX no-
HII.I.Hi.ft HO H 9TO 0 He npHBe"TIO K ycnexy. PYCCKHe cpa}K-aJIHCb C OTtISHH-
110H xpaopOCTbIO, a)Ke paHeHble He nOKH)J.aJIH nOJISI 0051. Ooe CTOpOHbl
lIeCJIH OrpO!\IHble nOTepH.
nOCTeneHIIO Cl\fOJIKJIM 0pYHH. BHTBa KOnqHJ1aCb. OrpoIHoe Eo..
pOJ1.H HCI{Oe nOJle OblJIO 3aBaJIeHO YOHTbIMH co.naTaMH, HCKoBepKaHHbIl\.JI1
II pa36HTbIi\H Opy,nHSIl\fH. PyccKaH pMHH nOTpHna OKOJIO 45 TbIC.
11C'J10BeK, $paHY3bI - OKOJIO 60 TbIC. 47 cppaHI.I.Y3cKHX reHegaJIOB Bbl-
OhlJIII H3 CTpOH. nO,l{ BOpOHHOM «CPpaHUY3cl<aH aptHfI pS36H1acb 0
PYCCKYIO», - tvleTKO CKa3aJJ OHH H3 repoeB OTeqeCTBeHHoH BOHHhl .
IHI2 r. reHepaJI A. n. EpMOJIOB. Caf HanOJIeOH BnOCJIe,l{CTBHH rOBOpHTJ,
'ITO 50pOHHCKoe Cpa/l{eHHe ObIJlO Ca1\fbIr-.-1 Y}J(aCHbItvI 113 Bcex ero cpa-
)J{CIIHI1.
43

nOCJlC EOpOJl-HHCKOH OHTBbJ 'PYCCKHe BbIHY>K,l(eHbl 6bIJIH oTCTynHTb,
nOTOMY lITO Ha,nO 6bIJIO COXpaHHTb >KHBYlO CHJIY apMHH. Ha BOeHHOl\1
COBeTe B Cl>HJ1HX (nO){ MOCKBOH) pellleHO OblJIO OCTaBHTb MaCKBY H CO-
XpaHHTb apf\fHIO. «C nOTepefO MOCKBbl He nOTepHHa ellI,e POCCH$I,-
rOBopH.'1 KYTY30B. - nepBOIO 06S13aHHOCTblO .CTaBJlIO ce6e coxpaHHTb
aprvlHlO, C6J1H3I1TbC5I C TeMlf BOHCKal\fH, KOTopbIe H)tYT Ha nOAl<penJleHHe,
H car\'IH1 YCTynJleHHe1 MOCKBbI IIO].lrOTOBHTb HeH36e)KHYID fHOeJIb He-
nplfHT1H». nJlaH KYTy30Ba 3al{JOqaJ1CH B TOM, Qro6bI, OCTaHOBHBIlIHCh
HeaJIeKO OT MOCKBbl, YKpenMTb aprHK>, nOnOJlHHTb ee HOBbIf\1H CHJIal\1H,
a nOTO1 nOBeCTM peUH1TeJIbHOe KOHTp HC:!CTynJleHHe. OH 6bIJl YBepeH,
tIro CHJIbI HenpI1SITeJIH nO,l(OpBaHbI B BOpO.l(HHCKOH 6HTne, liTO Bpe..
MH pa60TaeT npOTHB 3aXBaTQMKOB.
Ha paCCBeTe" 2(14) ceHTH6pH PYC CK C1H apIHH nOKHl-IYJla MOCKBY.
BlecTe c apl\tHei1 YXO.ll.H..TIH H >KHTeJIH. OHM He XOTeJIK OCTaBaTbCSI B
"' ropo,Ae, 3aHSlTOM BparOM. B TOT }Ke ].leHb cppaunY3CKaH apIHSI aCTynHJIa
B MocKay. 3aXBaTQlIKM npHHSlJIHCb rpa6HTb onYCTeBlllHH ropo].l. 4epe3
TPM JUIH HaQa,,1MCb nO}l{apbI. MocKBa 3anbIJIaJla.
Hano.neoH nOJI a l'aJI , qTO, 3aHHB MOCKSY - cep.nu.e POCCHI1, OH Bbl-
J-lrpae1' BORHY. Ho HapOHa5T BOHH3 pa3rOp3J1aCh. ct>paIlllY3cKaH apiHs1
TaHJIa, ,n.a}Ke lie BCTynaH B Cpa)KeHHSI C perYJlSlpHbIMH PYCCKHrvuI BOHCKa-
MH. flapTH33'Hbi YHHQTO>KaJlH OTpH,l(bI, nOCJIaHHble Hano.'1eOH01\f 3a npo-
OBOJ]bCTBHervl. PyccKoe BOHCKO CTOSIJlO HeJ(a.tleKO OT i\'\CKBbI, np"_Kpbr-
BaH .fi-opory Ha lOr. HanOJleoHY npe,l{cT05lJIa 3Hl\1la Bt onycTeBij.leM CO}f{-
)KeHHOJ\t ropoe. OH OT,lJ.aJI npHKa3 oTcTynaTb. Hel'rIHOrHM OOJIbllIe MeCHua
OblJ1a cppaHnY3cKa$l apl\'IHH B i\'\ocKBe. HanOJIeOH XOT,eJI npopBaTbCH H-a
lOr, HO PYCCKHe B ,l(BYX Cpa}I<eHlIS1X oT6poCHJIH CPpaHUY3CI<YIO apIMIO.
Ca1\t HanOJleOH e.lI-oa He norraol1 B n.neH. KYTY30B 3aCTaBMJI 3aXBaTQHKOB
oTcTynaTb no pa30pellHOH CMOJIeHCKOH ,nopore. PYCCKa51 ap1\fH5I npe-
CJIej(oB8JIa 110 nHTarvl oTcTynalOllero npoTHBHHKa, l{a3al{H H napTH3aHbl
YHH1.ITO)KaJlH OTCTaBIllHe OTpHbI, oT6HBaJII-f 0003bI, OBepllla51 pa3rpot
Henp Ii 5lTeJ1 H.
I-Ian"OJIeoH BblBeJI 'H3 MOCKBLI oOJlee 100 TbIC. qeJIOBeK. OpOlliJIO l\-leHb-
tile !\'leCHI.{a, H Y Harro.JleoHa OCTa..TtOCb TO.rIbKO 36 TbIC. COJ1,naT. BCKope
u
B OHOI H"3 O:>KeCTOqeHHbIX Cpa1KeHHH PYCCKHe YHHQTO}KH..'1H Ii B3HJIIi
B nJIeH 110JIOBHUY 9Toro DOHCI<a. Pa3rpoM HanOJteOHa 6blJl 3aBeprneH npH
nepenpaBe cppaHUY30B Qepe3 p. 5ep.e3HHY B BeJIOPYCCHH. B ,n.cKaope
J;812 r. OTeqeCTBeHHaSl BOlu-ra I<OHQHJIaCb non Hoff I1oOeJloii. PYCCKHX.
4epe3 nOrpaHHtlHYK> p. HeMaH rrepenpaBH..rIIfCb TO.,'IbKO 9 Tbrc. £ppaHl.lY3-
CKHX COJI,1J.aT. Eme OKbJIO 20 TbIC. BoopY)KeHHblx <ppaHUY30B .(H3 Tex,
KTO He yqaCTBOBaJI B noxo)l.e Ha h\OCKBY, a OCTaSaJICH. B 3anaI1bIX 'paM-
OHax Hallie" CTpaHbI) CYMeJlH BbIopaTbCH H3 POCCHH. 3TO OblJIO Beet
1.ITQ OCTaJIOCb OT «BeJIHKo:t'I apM1IU».
4ecTb 1106e,nbl B OTeqeCTBeHHOH BOHHe npHHa,n)IeJKa..TIa PYCCKOMY
napoJ\Y, PYCCKHM COJI].laTaM Ii KpeCTbHHaM. TaK CQUTaJi H KYTY30B. B
,l(el<a6pc 1812 r. KYTY30B npHKa3an CKJIOHI1Tb 3aXBaqeHHhIe paHI.{Y3"
CKHe 3Hal'ileHa nepe.n COJI,naTaIH. «Ypa cnaCHTeJI10 POCCHM!;> - KPH-
qaJIH COJIaTbI. «He MHe 9ra tleCTb, - OTBeTHJ1 KYTY30B, - a CJ1aBHOMY
4'1

PYCCI\OMY COJI,naTY». H nOTOM, nO.nOpOCHB cpypa)I{KY, 3aKpHII3J1: «Ypa,
ypa, ypa, PYCCKOfY CO.TJ,n8ry!»
KYTY30B OCTanaJICSI rJIanHOKOT\iaH)l.Y]Oll.unf H nOCJIe OTet.IecTBeHHoM
nOi1llbI. Bo rJIaBe n06eJl-OHOCHbiX nOHCI{ BCTynl,v1 OH B 3anaJl-HYIO EBpony.
110 nOJIK.()Bo.neu. He ,lJ.O}KHJI 11..0 OKOI-ItI3Te..TJbHOrO KpyweHH5I HanOJleOHOB-
<'I{OH HMnepHH. OH YMep B,anpeJIe 1813 f.B r. BYHu..lIay (renepb 3TO no.nb-
(,)\HH ropo,I\ I30.neCJ1aBeu.). TaM CTOHT naMHTIIHK (06e.TJHCI<), B03,nBlfrHY"
Tbllt B -qeCTh PyccKoro nOJIJ{OBOJ11.1a. npax (penbJJ.Maprn8JIa KYTY30na
1I0J{OHTCH B Ka3aHCI{OM co6ope B .]1eHHHrp8e, a na n,.T1011laH nepeJI- Co-
()()po:vt B03,lI.BHrHYT eMY naIHTHHI{. Bo BpeM.SI BeJIJIKOM OTeqeCTBeHHoH
uoii UbI 6bIJI yqpe)KeH 0pJI-eH KYTY30Ba, }{OrOpbIM HarpaJKaJ1HCb Boe-
1I}1la.rILIIHKlI COBeTCKOH Ap1I1H.
Iloc.ne cr\'tepTH KYTY30Ba pYCCKHe DoficKa B1t.ieCTe C apMH.SIMH ,lJ.pyrnx
I ( CY).lapCTB COBeprnHJIH noxo,l{ npOTHB paHIl.HH, B35J..TIH napHLK H HH3-
I <'pr.rIJI Hano..TJeOHa. PYCCKHii HapoJJ. cnac CBOJO PO,l!JIHY It !JOMor APY-
I II \1 CTpallaM C6POCHTb Hano,neOHOBCI{Oe BoIla,IlbIlIeCTBO. Ho cai Hapo)}.
()l'T;lBaJlC5J 3aKpenOllleHHbIM Ii yrHereHHbII. Kora KOHqH,naCb BOHHa, y
HapS! }1.JlH lIapoa UaWJlaCb TOJlbJ<O oJla cppa3a: «KpeCTbflHe, BepHbIH 11aw
1I:1I){)Jl, JUI rrOJlY'J8T M3JI.Y caolo OT (Sora».
KOMMeHTspHH
I(pal/llcue C8eaeHllR. 0 eepOJlX OnZe C leCI11eeH1iOU OOUHbl 1812 2.t U,;\;tefla
1,'()IIIi'!JbIX OCltlpetlQIOmCJl 6 me1\cmax.
n....TOI MITlel H8IHODH'I (1751-1818) - KaBa,nepHflcKHH reHe..
PUJI. COplTHHK CYIOPOBI H KYTysona. YtJ8cTBOBaJI B lllTyp1\1e M3f\iaH-
Jill. no DpMn OTe\leCTBeHHoft BoA Ubi 1812 r. KOMaHJI-OBaJi Ka3atJbH1 KOp-
IIY(,'OM, B BOpO.ltHHCKOM Cpa>KeHHH Hanan liB <ppaHl1YSCKHe 0603bI D
1'I.fJIY Hsna.ne01l0BCKHX BOHCK. 9TO 0CJ1a6HJ10 CHJlY yapa HacTynalO-
IIUI x (I)POIIUY30B. nJlBTOB J<OManOBaJI nepeOBbIMH OTpSJJI-aMH pyc-
fJ(ut\ 11)tv!WI4 80 opeMSI KOHTpHacTynJICHH5I KYTY30Ba.
Aa.W.aq1 AeHHC BaCHJlbeoHtJ (1784-1839) - opraHH3aTop H KO-
M'UtAMP I1IP'oro Kpynuoro apMcHcKoro napTH3aHcKoro oTpSlAa. ,[laBbI-
Jton .- loeUHblA nHcare.nb H H3DeCTHblH n03T, pyr A. c. nYUlKHHa.
CeCJl8DHH AJleKcaHAP HHKHTHIJ (1780-1858) - oqn-Il.\ep PYCCKOH
"f'MIt11, Y l l8CTJlHK DOpOllHlIcKoro Cpa}KeHHH, 0)1.1111 113 opraHH38TOpOB
11I11''I'1311I1CKM x OTpHOB.
cl-Itrllcp AJleKcaHJtP CaMOHJlOBHtJ (1787-1813) - PYCCI{HH cxpMuep-
f1)1tltJ1JICpHCT, PYKOBOAHTeJlb OHoro H3 KpynHbJX napTIf3aHCJ(HX orpH-
)'C L <1>11 ruep OT.1IHtJanCH HCKJIlOtIliTeJIbHOH C:MeJIOCTbIO, naXO,l1tIHBOCTblO,
'UO)lIlOJ{paTHO npOHHK8JI B pacnOJIO>KeHHe npara, JJ,06bJSaH l1.eUHbIe CBe-
J,.'''IUI. IlorH6 BO BpeMH 3arpaiUl t lHbiX nOXOOB.
EI)MOJJOO AJleKCeH neTpoBHtJ (1772-186]) - PYCCKHfi reHepa.'1,
OJ1I11111:J aKTHBHbJX yqaCTHHKOB BOHHbI 1812 f., KpynHbIH DOeHaqa.ibHHK.
lie .l'.'IC OTe l leCTBel-lI-10M BOHHPI K01\iaHJl-YlOlUHH BOJ'CKaMH Ha KaBK83f.
45

BOefiH..ble tnepJrfUHbl, 8Cmpel{al0UeCR 6 meKCfnax.
eJ1b)J.MapWaJI (reHepaJ1-eJlbAMapWall'l) - BblCllIlIH reHCpaJIbCKHfl
qHH B PycCKofI OpeBOJIIOUHOHHOH Ii neKOTOpbIX HHOCTpaHllbIX apIH5IX.
BBe.l{eH B POCCI1H np'" nerpe I. BbIllie cpeJIb){MaprnaJIa 6bIJIO TOJIbKO
O)(HO 3BaHue - reHepaJlHCCHMYC. Ho 9TO 3BaHMe J{aBa.nOCb 1Jpe3BbIQaH-
HO peKO - 3a HCKJllOtIHTeJIbHble 3aCJIyrH B PYKODO.l{CTBe apMHeii.
<PeAbaA-tapUlaA - CJIOBO HeI\'leUKOro npOHCXO)K.l1eHHH, eeHepG.J1UCCU-
.Atyc - JIaTHHCKoro.
.nHBH3HSI - KpynHoe BOHHCKoe CO e,ll H HeHHe. KOMaH.lI-yeT ,l{HBH:3HeH
05bI1JHO reHepaJI.
KanpaJl - BOHHCKoe 3BaHHe rvt.naJ{llIero KOMaH.lU1pa (YHTep-ocpHuep).
OOblt.II-lO KanpaJlatH OblJIH JIIO.l{H, BbICJlYil{HBUIHeCH H3 COJI,!(aT. B pyc-
CKOH apr\'IHH 9TO 3BaHHe cyrnecTBOBa.no C KOHa XVI I .l{O cepe,QHHbI
XIX B. C.'OBO cppaHUY3cKoro npOHCXOiK.l{eHliH.
rpeHaJJ.epbl- oToopnaH 1.JaCTb neXOTbI B HeKOTopblX apr\'IH5IX (B TOM
GHCJIe H B PYCCKOH OpeBOJIIOl(HOHHOH). 05bI1JHO B rpeHa)lepbI oT611paJlH
.i:iO,l{eii BblCOKoro paCTa H 60JlbllIOH cpH31f1.JeCKOii CHJlbI. C,,'10BO epeHaaepbt
<IJpaHu.Y3cKoro npOIfCXO)K,l(eHHH, 6YKBaJlbll0 03UaQaeT «MeraTeJIb rpa-
HaT».
WTaH.lI.apT - nOIlTJKOBOe 3HaMSI. CJIOBO Hel\fenKOro npOHCXO>K-
.n.eHH H.
CTaBKa - MeCTO pacnOJlOJKeHHH BOeHaqaJIbHHKa BO BpeM5f cpame-
HHH. B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeMH CJlODO HMeeT neCKOJIbKO OOJIee paCIIIHpH:TeJlb-
u
Hoe TOJIKQsaHHe: CmaBKa - BbICIIIHH opraH no PYKOBOCTBY BoopY>KeH-
HbIMH CHLlIaMH CTpaHbI BO BpeMH BOHHW (CTaBKa BepXOBIIoro rJIaBHOKO-
tvlaH.l{YlOero) .
6HBaqHble KOCTpbl. BUBaK (6u6yaK> - pacno.nO}KeHHe BOHCK ,ltJlH
oTbIxa HJIH H01.JJlera 3a npeJ{eJIaMH Hace.neHHoro nYHKTa. CJIOBO cppaH-
UY3CKoro npOHCXOJKeHHH, 6YKnaJIbHO - JIarepb.
PeJJ.YT - nOJleBOe 3ervlJlHHOe YKpenJ1eHfle KBaJ{paTHOH HJlH KpyrJIOH
rpopl\1bI C BaJI01\f H pBOM. Pe.l{YTbI BnepBblc 6bIJlM OJleCTSIle HCnOJIb30na..
HbI neTpoM I B nO.TIT3BCKOH 6uTBe (1709). CJIOBO cppaIIuycKoro npo-
UCXOJK,lI.eHHH.
SlJJ.pa. .Kapreqb. B XVIII - Ha1JaJIe XIX B. Opy,n.HH ObIJlH rJIa.l(KO"
CTBOJIbHbIMH. OHU 3apHJi{aJlHCb C YJIa CnJIOIlIHbIMH JIHTbUvlH qyrYHHbI-
MH HJI.paMH HJIH KapTelIbIO.
Kapmellb - H,Z{pO, nOJIoe H3HYTPII II 3anOJIHeUHOe nYJIHMH HJIH
KYCKaMH leTaJIJIa. npM YJ{ape HpO pa3pbIBaJIOCb H nOpalKaTIO HeiIpH..
HTeJI5I. KapmeLlb-CJlOBO HTaJIbHHCKOro npOHCXO.lK.l{eHH5f, '6YKBaJlbHo-
KYJIeK, CBepTOK.
¥JlaHbI, JJ.parYHbI, rycapbl - pa3JIH1.JHbre Ha3BalIH5I KanaJlepHHCKHX
qaCTeH. B PYCCKOH apMHH nOHBHJIHCb co BpeMeH ITeTpa I. B X I X B.
4>aKTHQeCKH OTJIHQaJIHCb TOJlbKO <pOpMOH o.ne>KAbI.
45

Y /laHbl - TaK B XVI-XVI I BB. B nOJIbCKOCI apl\'Hui Ha3bIBa.TIH JIer.
KYfO KaBanepHIO, BoopY>KeHHYlO nHKal\U-i. CJIOBO nOTIbCKOrO npOHCXOLK-
)CHH 51.
J!.Pa2YH,bl- TaK paHbllIe Ha3bIBaJlH tlaCTH <ppaHUY3cKOfl apMHM, RO-
Topble CneIIIliBaJlHCb )1.JI Be){eHH5I 6051 (e3SlInaH nexoTa). CJIOBO cppan-
UY3CKoro npOllCXO}eHHH.
fycapbl - nepBOHaqaJIbHO ..'IerKaH KaBaJIepH. CJlOBO BeHrepcKoro
npoHcxoAeHHH.
<PopcHpoBaTb peKY - C 6oe1 COBcprnaTb nepexo.ll. lIcpe3 peKY. CJlOBO
(!}OpCUp08amb $paHu.Y3cKoro npOHCKOJKAeHHfl, 6YKBaJlbHO - YCI{O-
P 51Tb, HanpHraTb. "
Ilpycue CA08a u 6blpa,!UR,
BH3Hpb - BbICWHH caHOBHHK B HeKoTopbIX cTpaHax BJlMIKHerO
13OCTOK8. BenHKHA BH3HPb B TypeU.KOA HMnepHH - BbICWBH npaBH-
TeJJbcTseHHblA QHlf, HHOr,ll8 HCnOJIIIHJI o(5S1saHHocTH rJIaBHOKO]\.iaH,lJ.YIO-
Ilcro. 01080 apa6cKoro npOHCXO.>KJleHHH.
KopaH - CBHIUeHH8H KHHra f\fYCYJlb1\iaH. no npe,1J.aHIIIO, KopaH
("OCT80Hn B VII B. MyxaMMeJl, KOToporo BepYIOlI.\He MYYJIbMaHe .'tT5IT
1<111< npopoK8. KopaH npe)(CTaBJlHeT COOOH C60PHHK peJlHfH03HblX no-
Y\JCllliA, cK8saHHA, 06bltlaeB If npaBHJI. KopaH npe)(nnCbIBaeT MYCYJlb-
MQJl8M npmKAe Bcero 'ITHTb 60ra (aJlJIaxa) Ho BoeBaTb C «HeBepHbIMJi»
(1IIMYCY",...I.IMH), «HT 6ora, KpOMe aJIJIaxa, H MyxaMr-.re,n. npopOK
era» ... nip... H rJlI.IH8R S8nOBe,D.b MycYJlbMaH. OIOBO KopaH apa6-
CKoro npoHexoeHHR, 6YKB8J1bHO - qTeHlie.
nap'loowA X8JJaT. naptla OtleHb ,lJ.OporaH TK3Hb, H3rOTOB.neHH351
u:. IUCJt'K8, 90JlcYrbiX HJ1k cepe6psII-iblx HHTeH. napllOBbJH XaLTIaT '10rJIH
IIOCIlTh TOJIbKO 01leHb 60raTbie JIIOAH. CJIOBo nap'la nepCH,lJ.CI{OrO npOMC-
XOH<AeUHR.
yproH"t 'KHna)KH - pa3JIHtlHOrO po)(a nOB03I{H, 3anp5J/KeHHble
J1 UIU8,D.bMH. .
C/JypeoH - 60JIbIll aOSl. KpbITa5I nOB03Ka, rJIaBHbl1\1 oopa30M ,1I}IH no..
ICJIH>KH. DIOBO cppaHI.(Y3cKoro npOHCXO>K.lteHH.
aXli.na - o6IUee Ha3BaIlHe naCCa)KHpCKHX nOB030K C peccop3MH,
('MSlrQ8BlllHMH TOJIlIKH H npe;:toxpaHSlBllIHMH naCC3JKHpOB OT ,lI.OpOJi<HOH
'J'IHICKU. CalIOBO cppaHI.(Y3cKoro npOMCXO>K,2J.eUHH.
Ta60p - pacnOJlO.>KeHHhJH CT8HO!'tf 0603 K01JeBHHKOB, nepeCeJIeH-
Ilt'U. rpynna ceMe1ioTB, KOqYIOlII.HX DfeCl'e (UbIraHcKBH Taoop), B nepeHoc-
Ire ).\1 3U3qeHHH - 60JlbWoe, oeCnOpSI,llOtlHOe CKOnJleHHe TeJler, nOB030K.
(:.1I0DO TypeUKoro npOHCXQ)K.lJ.eHI-IH.
6YJIaT - cTapHHHaH Y30pqaTa CTaJlb ,lVISI KJlHHKOB (Mc1.Ieli, KHH-
)1\:1JIOB, ca6e,,1b). B nepeHocHoM 3HalleHHH - CTaJIbHOe XO..1JOAHOe opy..
47

>KHe (B 9TOM 3HaqeHHII oynaT J{aeTCSI B CTHXOTBOpeHHH J1epMOElTOBa).
CnOBO nepCH,ltCKOrO npOHCXO.iK.1I-eHHH.
Bawe CHHTeJlbCTBO - OcpHUHa..'IbHOe nOqTHTeJlbHOe oOpameHHe K
rpa<l>Y. (Baule 8eJ1Uf.leCm80 - OOpa1ll.eHHe - K u.aplO (KOpOIl'IIO). 8au1.e
OlC()t{£Cm80- K Be.lIHKHt KHH3bHf\{ (p0J1CTBeHHHI(a1 U.apH), BaUla csem-
/lOCmb - K KHH3bH1 Ii rcpuora1 Ii T. ,n.) CYBOPOB liMeJI THTYJI rpacpa
PbIMHHKCI{OrO (3a_ no6e.ay npH PblfijHKe) H KHSI3H I1TaJIHHcKoro (3a
A.lIbnHHCKHH noxo.n). KyrY30B TOiKe I1leJI THTYJI KHH3H CMOJIeHCKOrO
(3a 130pOJ{HHCKYIO OUTBY).
,n06pblH COJ1,AaT - B ClbICII'Ie «XOPOlIIIfU» (Xpa6pblH, {Y}KeCTBeHHbIH,
.lIOBKHH H np.). B ,CrapHHY B PYCCKOM H3blKe C.l0BO a06pblU HMe.,10 rJ1aB-
([bIM 06pa30M 3TO 3HaqeHUe (UanpH1\lep,. a06pblU MOAOae B rrpOH3I!e.ne..
HHHX PYCCKOrO napO,AHOrO TBOpqeCTBa - nOCTOHHHLIH 3nHTeT).
,
I
)l(M3Hb P.t&O"lHX M KPECTbSlH "PM HAnNTA.nH3ME
A. Cepa<tJHfOB"tr. cLlae 60>KbnX MaTepH, A. 4exoB. «BaHbKa» - «Halla Po-
.zUfHa», CTp. 67. 68; «HapoJl; OCBOOO/KlleH, HO CqaCT.,lH8 JlIi napo.n.?», H. HeKpacon. «He...
C>KaT8S1 nOJloca, «B nOll1nOM pa3rapc cTpaJ{a ,lJ.epeBeHcKast», A. 4exoB. «BaubKa»,
JI. )l(.apHKoB. «lla 3aBO,!J.e - «Poltlloe CJJOBO», CTp. 73, 74, 92, 96.
naAeHNe KpenOCTHOrO np.88; Aepe8HSI noene
PecI'OPMW 1861 F.
B cepeNiHe XIX B. CTa..'10 COBeprneHffO OtleBH){HO, tlTO coxp-aHRTb
,nOJlbrne KpenOCTHoe npaBO HeB03MOJKHO. POCCHSI, Bee 60.'1bllIe OTCTaBaJIa
or nepeJ{oBblx KanHTaJlHCTH'I.eCKHX cTpaH, nOToMY tlTO KpenOCTH1tQeCT-
ao MelIIaJIO pa3BHTHIO cTpaHbI. MeJlJIeHHO pa3BHBaJlaCb npOl\fblllJJIeH-
HOCTb: MaJIO CTpOHJIOCb cJ>a6pHK, 3aBoAoB, }l{eJIe3HbIX .ltopor. He XBaTaJ'IO
CBOOOJtllblX pat50tlHX, TaK KaK OOJlblIIHHCTBO Hace.1eHHH POCCHH COCTaB-
JlHJIH KpenOCTHble KpeCTbHHe. KperrOCTHoe npaBO MernaJ10 pa3BUBaTbCR
H Ce.'IbCKOMY X03RHCTBY: 3eMJlS1 oopa6aTbIB3J13Cb nnoxo, ypO>KaH ,C
Ka*,nbIM rOAOM CTaHOBHJIHCb xY>Ke. OOpa/KeHHe POCCHH B KpbIICKOi'
BOHHe (1853-1856), HeCl\lOTpH Ha repoHtlecKY1O OOOPOHY PYCCKHMH
COJI,naTaMH CeBaCTOnOJIH, co BCe" OlleBHAHOCTblO rrOKa3aJ10, 1ITO tr.a>Ke
B BoeHHOM OTHomeHHH POCCUH UaqHHaeT OTCTaBaTb. a 3TO He r-,fOrJIO He
6ecnOKOHTb uapSi H ITOMemHKOB. Ho, KOHetlH(>, OO.TIbl1Ie Bcero OOHJlOCb
npaBHTeJlbCTBO H ABOpHHCTBO He BoeHHoro rrOpa>KeHIfH B 6opb6e c
BHeUIHHMH Bparanl, a Bce06Inero KpecTbHHcKoro BOCCTaHHH. A TaKoe
B9CCTaHHe BOT-BOT Morno BcnbIXHYTb. KpeCTbHHe ue KorenH 60JlbWe ne
peHOCHTb KperrOCTHHqeCKHA rHeT H BCIO.ny 'no,nHIfMaJIHCb H3 60pb6y c
nOMeIII.HKaMH. BOT nOtfcl'1IY Uapb AJIeKCa H,ltp I I BCKope nOCJIe BCTY n.lIe-
HHH Ha npeCTOJI 3aHBHJI B MOCKOBCKOM Maropo.nHOM ,aBOpHHCKOM .COO'"
paHIrIU: «J1Y'Iw"e OT'eHHTb KpenocTHoe npaBO caepxy, He>KeJlH .lI.0?KH'"
.n.aTbCH TOro BpeleHH, KaK OHO caMO C060H HaqHeT OTMeHHTbCH CHfi3Y».
48

BOT nOqCMY npaBliJIbHeii rOBopUTb.O na,lleHllH l<penOCTlIoro npaBa. a
He ero OTMene.. .
nO.arOTOBKa KpecThSlHCKOH pecpOpMbI lllJIa HeCKO.,1bKO neT.. COTHH
napCKHX qHHOBHHKOB H Bw60PHNX npeACTaBHTleH BOpHHCTBa TPY.
.n;HJIHCb Ha,a COCT3BJIeHHeM npoeKTa pecpOpMbl. HaKoHeu,' 19 eBpaJI H
1861 r. AJIeKcaH,np I I no.n;rrHcan «MauM<jJecT» 06 «OcBoOo)K)].eHHH» KpeCTb-
RH. O;UloBpeMeuHo C «MaHH<PecTOM» ObL1IH H3,naHbl «nqnO)KeUHH 0
KpeCTbH Hax t BblllIelUllHX H3 KpenocTHoH 3aBIfCHfOCTH}}. B 9TH X «nOJIOLKe..
HHHX» nopo6HO rOBOpHJlOCb 0 HOBbIX B3aHMOOTHowellHRX KpecTbHH H
nOMeIllJIKoB. 
o CYTH «OCBOOO}KeHHH» cOBepllleHHo onpe.D.eJIeHHO H oTKpoBeHHo
CKa3aJI cal\1 AJIeKCall.D.p I I, TOJlbKO He HapO.ltY, a rocy apcTBeHHOMY
'" cOBeTY, T. e. BblCUII1M qHHOBHHKa[ H KpynHbIM ABopHHaM: «Bee, qTO
tO>KHO 6b1J1o C.lllaTb lI,J1H orpa}K,lJ.eHHH Bblro.n nOMeIII.HKOB, cJ1-e-
JIaHO» .
npaBHTeJIbCTBO nOOOSlJlOCb cpa3Y fJyo.nHKoBaTb «MaHHcfJecT» If «no..
JIOH<eHHH», nOHUMaSl. qTO 06'bHBJIeHHaSl B ijHX «BOJIS!» BbI30BeT He pa,llOCTb,
a rHeB HapOJ{a. Bo Bce KOlllbI cTpaHbI 6bIJIH pa30CJIaHbI BOHHCKHe Ko-
taHJ{hl BO fJIaBe c rCHepaJlaMH - JIHqHbIl\IH npe,lI,cTaBHTeJISIMH uapS!.
TOJIbKO rrocJle TaKoH no,nrOTOBKH (Y}I{e B MapTe) «MaHH<jJecT» H «noJlo-
meHHH» 6bIJIH oO'bHBJleUbI Hapo.ny. fIpaBHTeJIbcTBO He OllIHOJlOCh.
KpeCTbHue C HeroLloBaHHe1 BCTpeTHJlH UapCKYIO «BOJIIO», nOHHMaH, tlTO
I1X 06faHYJ1H n orpaOH.nn. no BeeR cTpaHe npOKaTHJIaCb BOJiHa KpecTb-
HHCKHX BoccTaHHH, KOTopble UblJIU cBHpeno nOa&'1ellbI.
KpecTbHHcKaH pecpopla 1861 f. «obIJia KpenOCTHH1JecKoH pe<jJOpMOH
11 He forna OblTb HHOII, 1160 ee npOBo.ll.HJlH KpenoCTHHKH»l,- nHcan
B. H. JleHHH. «npeCJIOBYToe «ocBo60)K)teHHe» (jbIJIO 6eccoBecTHeHwHM
rpaOe}l{OM KpecTbHH, 6bl.'10 pSlJlOM HaCHJlHH H cnnOWHbIM Ha,llpyraTeJlb-
CTBOM Ha,Lt HHMH»2.
B qeM }Ke 3aKJIIOQaJlCH 3TOT rpa6HTeJlbCKHH xapaKTep pe<j>OPMbI?
KpecTLHHe nO.'1YQH111 JlHqHYIO cBo6oJ1Y. nOMeHK -He Mor npoJ{aTb HJlH
KynHTb KpeCTbHHHH8, He HMen' npaBa B:-VfeWHBaTbCH -B ero JlHqHYIO
>-KH3Hb If T. . 1-10 cpaKTPlecKH KpeCTbHHI1H He CT8JI COBepweHHO CBOOO,A.
IfblM OT nOMeIIUiKa. B TeqeUHC Heonpe,neJIeHHOrO cpol<a 'Bce ObIBWHe (
1l0Mew.HtIbH KpecTbHHe CtIHTaJIHCb «BpeMeHHoo6H3aHHbHvIH», T. e. ,lJ.OJI>KHbI
ObIJIH no-npe}I(HeMY nJIaTHTb o6P9K H HeCTH 6aplI1.HHY. Taxoe nOJIO>Ke-
IIHe COXpaHHJIOCb ,ao 1881 r., T. e. erne 20 JleT nocJle pe<J>oPMbI. KpecTb.
Hlle nOJIYQHJIH MH3epHoe KOJIHlIeCTBO 3eMJIH. nOJleBOH Ha,lJ.en KpecTbSlH-
CKoro ,lI.BOpa 6bl,,'1" B cpe,nHer\'f no cTpaHe 3HaQHTeJIbHO MeHbIIle Toro, Ka-
I<HM KpecTbSlHHH nOJI'630BaJlCH LlO pecpoPMbI. nOMeHKH «OTpe3JIH»
o CBOlO nOv'lb3Y;OCoOeHHo B QepH03eMHhlx paHoHax cTpaHbl, AO 40% (ShIB..
uleA KpecTbHHcKOH 3eMJIH. Heo6xo,nHfO TaK>Ke OTMeTHTb, qro KpecTb-
SlHe nOJ1YtlHJII:I Ha.ne.nbI. rJ{e 3eMJIH 6b1J1a xY>Ke, a nOfeI1l-HKaM OTOWJIa
I B. H. n e H H u. nO,,'IEI. coop. COli., T. 20. CTp. 113.
:a TaM H( e.
49

nytlmaH, HaHOOJlee n.nOltOpO,nH8$1 3eMJlH. B COOCTBeHHOCTb nOMemHKOB
u
nepelIIJIH JleCa, 3HaQHTe.,'1bHaSl tlaCTh JlyroB Ii ,lJ.pyrHx yrO)]:HH.
ndcJle pe<j>oPMbI nOMeInHtlbe 3eMJIeBJlalte-HHe B POCCH" He YMeHb-
WHJlOCb, a YBeJlHqHJIOCb. 10,5 MJIH. KpecTbS1HcKHX .l1J3OpOB (OKOJlO
50 l\IJIH. Hace.n:eHuH) BJIa)J.eJlH TaKHM me KOJlHqeCTBOM 3efJ]l1. 1{3K H 30 ThIC.
nOMelI{lillbHX ceMeHCTB (He t50Jlee 150 TbIC. Hace.neHHn). Yt BbIxo,nHno
B Cpe.l(HeM, qTO o)tHa nOMeIIIJllIbH ceMbH HMeJIa CTO.7IbKO }l{e 3eMJIH,
CKOJIbKO 350 KpeCTbS1HCKHX X03HHCTB. Ho H 9TH CBOH l\fe.nKHe lIa.2\eJIbI
l{pecTbHHe .n.O.n}J{HbI 6bIJIH Bb1KynaTb B TetleHHe pH,na JIeT y rOCY,AapCTBa,
nOTOMY qro 0110 cpa3Y 3anJIaTHJIO nOMeInHKaM 900 MJlH. PyoJleii 30JIo-
TOM. Ha caO1 ,neJJe BCSI KpeCThHHCKaH 3eMJIH CTOHJla no u.eHaM TOro
apeMCHH He 60TIee 600 M.nH. py6J1eH, a 300 MJIH. py6.nefi pa3ltHnbi rocy-
.napcTBo nOJ!apHJIO nOMeIll.HKaM B KallecTBe BhIKyna JlHtIHOCTH KpeCTbSl-
HHHa. Ho 3a 9TOT no,napoK )to.n>KHhl OhlJIH paCnJla1lHBaTbCSl KpeCTbHlIe.
rOCYAapcTBo 6paJIo C KpeCTbHH HeYKOCHHreJIhHO He TOJIbKO CYMMY Bbl-
.. v
Kyna, HO 11 OtIeHb BbICOKHH rO,llOBOH npOneHT.
npH Bcex ee OTpHlI.aTeJJbH'bIX CTopOHax, KpeCTbSlHCKaS1. pecpopMa
OblJIa 60JlbWJfllllarOM BnepeA. POCCHH KpenOCTHH1JeCKBSI npeBpaIII.aJIaCb
B POCCHIO KanHTJIHCTH1JecKYIO. B OTJIHlJHe OT KpenOCTHHtJecKOH CHC-
TeMM, re X03HHCTBO OCHOBaHO Ha nOHeBonbHoM Tpye KpenOCTHX
u v
KpeCTbRH, OCHOBOH Kannra..TJHCTHqeCKOrO X03HHCTBa HBJISleTCH lIaCTHaH
cOOcTBeHHOCTb Ha cpe,lJ.CTBa npOH3BO)J.CTBa H 9KcnnyaTau.HH. HaeMHoro
TpYJJ.a. Pa3BHTHe KanHTaJlHCTH1JeCKOrO X03HHCTBa HeB03MO>KHO 6ea
KpynHbJX KanHTaJlOB, CBo6o,nHbIX paOOIlHX PYK Ii WHpOKoro pbIHKa C6bI-
Ta. 3m B03MO>KHOCTH nOSlBHJIHCb B pe3YJIbTaTe naAeHHSI KpenocTHoro
npaBa. O,l(HaKo B POCCHH H nocJle Pe<POPMbI COXpaHHJIHCb nepe)KHTKH
KpenoCTHHttecTBa. Cl>aKTHtIeCKH co MHorHT\'IH H3 HHX nOKOn1JHJJa TOJlbKO
BeJIHKaH OKTH6pbcKaH COIJ.nanHCTHqeCKaH peBOv11OIJ.Hn.
EOJIbWHHCTBO KpeCTbHH nOCJIe pe<j>oPMbl CTa..TJH erqe oe,lJ.nee, lleM
paHbIpe. JIHIllb Ue60JIbillaSl ,1JaCTb KpeCTbSlH, caMble aa)KHTOtlHbIe, cy-
MeJlH 6bICTpO S8llJl8THTb BbIKYIJ H npHKyrrJfTb 3el\IJ1H y nOMeIIlHKOB. TaK
nOSlBHJlHCb CeJJbCKHe 60ratlH - KYJIaKH. KYJIaKH HaHHMaJlH 3a nJIaTY
cBonx me pa30pHBWHXCH O,nHOCeJIbtlaH. B pe3YJIbTaTC KpeCTb5IJ1e OKa-
· 3aJiHCb no,Zl. rneTOM He TOJIb}{O nOMeIII.HKOB, HO H KYJIaKOB - CeJIbCKOH
6YP)f{ya3HH. ,QOJlfH nOMeIllJiKY, KYJlaKY, HaJIOrH rocy'apCTBY pa30plIJIH
MHorne KpeCTbHHCKHe X03S1HCTBa. Pa30pHBWHecSI KpeCTbHHe OpOCaJIH
.nepeBHIO n YXO,lJ.HJIH Ha 3apa6oTKU B ropo,ll. OHM _CTaHOBHTJMCb pa60-
1IH1\'IH - npo..1JeTapHSl1\fH.
.
KanHTanMCTlt1 M pa60'lNe
. nOCJle na)teHHH KpenOCTHoro ,npaea 3Ha1lHTCJlbHO 6b1CTpee CTaJIO
pa3BMBarbcH X03HHCTBO 'CTpaHbl, H OCOOeHHO npOMbJWJIeHHOCTb. nOH-
Bli.TJOCb 1vfHOfO HOBblX cj)a6pHK, 3aBo,noB, waxT, >KeJIe3Hb1X JJ.opor, KO-
TOpbJe rrpHHa,llJle)KaJJH 60rallaM-KanHTaJIHCTaM. Pa30peHHbIe KpeCTbH-
He OT):taBa.nM 33 JJ.OJIfH nJlH npO)1.aBaJlH 3a 6ecneHOK KYJIaRaM CBOH He6oJlb-
50

rune yqaCTKH 3eMJIH If YXO){HJIH B ropo Ha 3apa6oTKH. OHM HaHHMaJIHCb
Ha patJory K KanHTaJIHCTaM H CTaHODHJIHCb «HaeMHblMH patJOqHMH»,
T. e. >KHJlH TOJlbKO 3a CqeT CBoero TpYJJ.a, Ha CBOIO HHrneHCKYIO aapatJOT-
HYIO nJIary - >KaJIOB8Hbe. B POCCRH nOSIBHJlOCb l\-fHOrO JlIOAeH, rOTO-
BblX D3HTbCH 3a JIIOOYIO pa60ry Ha JlI06bIX YCJIOBHS1X. KpOMe pa30pHO-
IllHXCfl KpeCTbHH, HaeIHbI{H paoOtJHMH CTaHOBH.'1HCb R pa30pHBWHeCH
peMeCJIeHHHKH - OblBllIHe BJlaJ{eJIbUbI MaJleHbKHX MaCTepCKHX, rJ{e
OHH caMH pa60TaJlH C IIOMOlIblO OAHoro-)tBYX nOAMaCTepbeB. TaKHM
oopa30M, nocJle naeHHH KpeI10CTHOro npaBa rocno,nCTBYIOInHM B POC"
CRH CTaJI KanHTaJIHCTHlIeCKHH CTpoA. Ha CMeHY KpenOCTH"HqeCKOH (<j)eo-
aJIbHofi) 3KCIIJIynTau.HH npHUIJIa 9KCIIJIyaTaUHSI KanHTaJIHCTH1IecK3H,
u
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(cpa6pHKH, waXTbI, >K1e3HbIe ,lJ.oporH, PYAHHKH, 6aHKH H np.) HaXO!tHT-
CH B qaCTHOH co6CTDeHHOCTH KanHT3JIHCTOB, a patJOtJHe, JIHIlJeHHbIe coo.
CTBeHHOCTH, BbIH;Y}I{J{ellbI npoaBaTb CBOH TPY,Zl. KanHTaJIHCTbI onJla..
llHBaJIH JIHllIb lIaCTh Tpy.na paOOQHX; 3Ha1JHTeJlbHYIO tIaCTb BpeMeHH
paCO'-IHe Tpy.nH..rIHCb 6eCnJlaTHO, C03AaBaH npHObIJlb KanUTa.
JIHCTaM.
Ha 3aBO){aX lIOqTH nOJIHOCThlO OTCYTCTBOBaJIa oxpaHa Tpy,na. KanHTa..
tTIHCT, no cyrnecTBY, He Hec tIHKaKOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 38 3,ZlOpOBbe H
iKH3Hb pa601lHX. BOT onHcaHHe pa60TbI B JIHTeHHOH MacrepCKOH Oay-
XOBCKoro 3aBoJ{a (B neTep6ypre): «OTKpblTbIe ropHbI H3BepraJIH naJlSl-
ll\HH >Rap H .AbIl. Or CJIYIIaHHO npOJlHTOH CTaJIH KJIytJ8fH nO,ZlHHl.faJICH
rOpHqIIH, y,nYIlIJIHBbIH nap. OT MaJIeHlIlerO TOJItIKa CTaJIb BbII1J1eCKH-
BaJlaCh H, rrona,naSl Ha PYKY HJlH Hory, K8JIeqHJI8 lIeJ10BeKa». TaKHe
YCJIOBH5I TpYJta npHBo,nHJIH K TSI}KeJlbIM YBetIbS1M. a HHorJta H K rI1t1eJ1H
pa6oQero.
qTo6 YI3eJIHtJHTb npH6bIJIb, Ha HeKOTophIe paOOTbl KafiHTaJIHCTbl
npe.AnOQHTaJIH HaHHMaTb }KeHIII.HH H AeTeH, KOropblM nnaTHTb MO>KHO
6bIJ1o 3HallHTeJIhHO MeHbIne, 1.Ie1 patJolleMY MY>K'tJHHe. OcooeHHo T5I>Kf\.J1
6bIJI TPY.n .nereH. no BocnOMHHaHHHM nepBhIX pa60tIHX-peBOJIlOnHO"
HepOB, KOTopbIe C ,lleTCTBa HaqaJlH pa60TaTb Ha cpa6pHKe (8. repacH-
Moaa, n. AJIeKCeeBa, H. BaoYlllKHHa)t no,ltpOCTKOB 9KCIIJIyaTHpOBaJlH
Hew.a,ltHO. TpYOBOH J{eHb J{JIH 12-14.JIeTHHx pe6HT HaqHHaJlCH B
4 qaca YTpa H 3aKaHlIIIB3J1CH B 8 Beqepa. l{eTeM tSHJIH nJIeTKOH 3a He-
3HaqHTeJIbHble npoBHHHOCTH. BbIBaJIH C.TIyqaH, Kor,na OHH )'MHpanH
or hoooeB.
HapS1.ny C KpynHbIMH npe,ZlnpHHTHH1\fH B POCCHH cyecTBOBaJIO
MIIO)KeCTBO KycTapHbIx, He60JlblIlHX peMecJleHHbIX MacTepcKHx, KY.lJ.3
paJOpHBlIIHecSI KpecTbHue H pa60tIHe BbIHY1K,lJ.eHbl ObIJIH OTJlaBaTb
CUOHX JleTeH B yqeHHKH. )l(H3Hb TaKoro yqeHHKa H nOKa3aHa B paccKa-
:4e A. n. l.!exona «BaHbKa». BeJlHKOnenHbIe no xy,nO>KeCTBeHHoH CHJIe
H npaB):{HBocTH KapTHHbI )KH3HH nOApocTKa t OT,lJ.aHHOrO «B yqeHbe»,
,naCT M. rOpbKHH (<<B JIIOJlHX»).
Ito 80-90-x rOOB XIX B. B POCCHH BootSe He cyrnecTBOBaJIO HIi-
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p liJl nOJIHbIH npOH3BOJI cpa6pHKaHTa H ero nopytIHbIX. PaOOtlHX no-
/
51

CTonHHO WTpa<pOBaJlH,. BbIBaJlO, 'ITO lllTpacpLJ Ii BbJqeTbI nOKpLIBaJlH
.I1otJrn BeCh Sapa60TOK pa60tJero, a HHorj\a H npeBbllllaJ1H rero, TaK \lTO
pa60"tJHH 6hIJI B nOCTOHHIIOM ,llOJIry y X03HHHa. )l(I1J1H pat>O\IMe B KC:t-
3ap!\lax-o(jw.eHTH.SJX, KOTophle npHHa;J.,,'1e>l<8J1H KanHTaJIl1cry. Ka)K-
,naSJ celbR CHntaJla He KOMHaTY, a yrOJI 38 3aHaBeCKOH. npO,llY.KTbI
paootlue nOKynaJlH B <pa6pHtlHOH JIaBKe. Hx IO)J«IO 6b1JIO 6paTb B
)J:OJIr, B CtleT 6y,nymeH nOJlYtlKIi. TaK pa6one nOn3,llaJlli B nOJIHYlO
Ka6aJlY.
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H30rnJlO. KaTIHT3J1HCTHtlecKHe npe.anpH5ITHH 06'be,nHH5IJIH MaCCbI pa6o-
1.JHX, CnJ1aQHBaJIH HX. Pa601lHe HallHHa.lIH OC03HaBaTb oow.nOCTb CBOHX
HHTepeCOB, nOHHMaTb, qTO e,ltHIICTBenHbIH BbIXO.ll H3 HeBblHOCHMoro
nOJIO.>KeHHSI - COBMeCTHaH 6opb6a. K KOHUY X I X B. nOJlOBHHa Bcex
npOMblWJleHHblX pa60tlHX POCCMM 6blJIa cocpe,n,OTOlleHa Ha KpynHblx
npe)I.npHHTI1HX. 3TO npH,naBaJIO pa60tJeMY KJIaccy POCCHH oco6ylO cu-
JlY, CnJIOqeHIlOCTb, CTOHKOCTh B Gopb6e.

KOMMeHTapH"
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Ubl cpeCTn npOH3BO)lCTBa, DJI3)1.e..TIbUbJ KanHTa.na.
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t{,UKa"UJ T. e. B.l1a.lleJJbU8MH cpaGpHKt 3aBO,l{OB.
11Haqe KanHTaJIHCTOB Ha3BaIOT 6YPJlcyasueu. CJlOBO 3To CPpaHU.Y3-
CKoro npOHCXOiKJl.eHH5I. nOcppaHu.Y3CKH, 6ypJIC - ropo)).. B 9noxy
<f,>eOJl.£L,1H3Ma 3aIKHT01IHblX ropomaH Ha3bIBa.'1H 6YP'JICya. 113 HHX n03}Ke
H pa3BHJlCH KJlacc 6YP.>Kya3HH.
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CTBe Ha3bJBalOT JIIO)J.eA, JJHmeHHbJX co6CTBeHRbIX cpe,nCTB It Opy,nHH
npOM3BO.llCTBa Ii BbJHYiK,neHHbIX npo.n.aBaTb CBOIO pa6oQYtO CHJlY. npli
KanHTaJ1H3fe \ pa60QMe JIBJIHIOTCSI OCHOBHhlMH npOH3BO}.l.HTeJISllvlH MaTe..
pH8J1hHbJX LleJIHocTeH. Pa60llHH Kllacc - O)l.M" H3 OCHOBlIbIX KJl8CCOB
6YP>l{ya3Horo 06mecTBa. YrHereHHhJH H 9KCnJIyaTHpyeMblH KanHTaJlH-
CTaMH pa60QHH KTJaCC SlBJlReTCSI caMhlM CnJIOqeHHbIM, opr8HH30BaH-
HbIM H peBOTJIOUHOHHbIM KJIaCCOM. OH SlBJJSJerCH MOrHJIblll.MKOM KanHTa-
nH3M8, oCB06o,D.HTeJIeM Bcex Tpy.nSlInHXCSI Macc OT KanHTaJIHCTHQeC-
Koro rHeTa, rJ1BBHOH CMJlOH B C03,naHHH COUMaJIHCTHtJeCKoro 06II{eCTB3.
I1HatJe pa60qHH KJ1aCC H83b1BaIOT npO/lemapuainoAf, a pa60tJHX-
npo,,'1emapURMU. CnOBO npOAemapuu J1aTHHC){OrO npOHCXO}K,lleHRH.
TaK B .llpeBHeM PHMe H33bIBa.'1H oe)I.HeHWee H8ce.neHHe (or CJIOB3 npo-
Aec-nOTOMCTBO. npOJIeTapHSIIH H33blBaJlH B PHf\fe Tex JIIO)I.ei% KOTO-
pbIe HHtJefO He liMeJlM, KpOMe J(ereA, nOTOMCTsa).
KJIaCCHtleCKHH aHa,lJH3 B3aHt.-tOOTHOllleHHH (jyp>Kya3HIi II npo.neTa-
pH8Ta ,naH B «\aHI.I(J>eCTe KOMMYHHCTH1IeCKOH napTHH» K. MapKca Ii
4>. 3HfeJ1bCa (CM. fJl. 1 «.5yp»cya H npOJIeTapHH»). 
52

3aBOA, cI1aopHKa. 3asoo -KpynHoe npOMbllIIJIeHHoe npe.ll.npUHTHe
C MallIHHHOH TeXHHKOH. OT rnarOJIa sasoiJumb - YCTpaHBaTb. 110 3no-
XH KanHTa.,TIH3Ma B POCCHH 3aBo.nal\-fH H33blB3nH BOOOw.e Bce KpynHhle
npOMbllIIJleHHble npeJ{npHHTHH (6e3 f\falllHHHOH TeXHHKH, C HCnOJIb30-
-BaHHef PYIIHhIX Opyt{HH Tpya Ii 3KCnJIyaTaUHeH KpenOCTHblX paOOtIHX.
HanpHMept 3aBOJI.bl npH neTpe I).
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TbIBaee Cblpbe MalliHHHb[M CT10COOO1\.I. WOBO .naTHHCKoro npOHCXO>Kt{e-
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,l1.0M, IlOMa.nYH, B TOM, lITO 3aBO B 60JIbWHHCTBe cJlyqaeB H3fOTOB-.
.TJ steT npOJI.YKI{HIO Tfl)l{eJIOH npOlbIlIIJleHHOCTH (napoB03OCTpOHTeJIb-
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npOMhIlIIJIeHHOCTH (TKallKaSl, KOHHTepCKaH Ii np.). BnpOtIeM, 3TO .ne.
neHHe BeCb!vla YCJlOBHO (eCTb }{(e JIeconHJIbHble, caxapHbIe, MbIJlOBa-
peHHble 3aBO.l(bI H, HanpoTHB, rn03,l(HJIbHble, HanpHMep, cjJa6pHKH).
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pHKaMH 30BYT T3KHe 3aBO,l(bI, re orOHh (HaKaJIKa, nJlaBKa, -BapKa) He
3aHHMaCT nepBoro MeCTa» (TOJ1KOBhIH CJIOBapb >KHB6ro BeJlHKOpYCCKO-
ro H3bIKa, T. IV, CTp. 531). 06'bHCHeHHe BeCbfa JII060nbITHOe, XOTSI
H, pa3YMeercH, apXaHqHoe. B POCCHH <l>a6pHK3MH Ha3b1B8JIH TOJlbKO
npe)(rrplfSlTHn C l\iaIlIHHHOH TeXHHKOH. .ao X I X ,B. t CJle,nOBaTeJIbHO,
B POCCHH cpa6pHK He ObI1I10.
Jl,BOpHA - TaK npH Kp.enOCTHOM npaBe Ha3bIBaJIH KpenOCTHbIX.
cnyr B J5apCKOM ,llOMe (.,1aKeH t rOpHHtlHble, nOBapa. npatIKH t KOHIOXH
H np.). HuatIe - JtBopOBble J1IOJtJi. OTClO.lI.a H Ha3BaHHe Il,ooCKaJl.
KYXHfl, KOTopan ynofHHaeTCH B paCCKa3e «BaHbKa», T. e. KYXHH, _r.ne
rOTOBH.I1H J1H JU30POBblX .nIO.lI.eH, CJIyr t B npOTHBOnOJIO>KHOCTb 6apc-
KOU KYXH.e, re rOTOBHJ1H J{JI5I rocno,l(. KOHetlHO, B 6apCKoA KYXHe fO-
TOBHJlH COBceM JtPyrHe' 6JlIOJ(3', He}l{eJlH B JIIO.lI.CKOH. XOTH paCCKa3
llexoBa OTHOCHTCH KO BpeleHH, Kor,l(a KpenOCTHoro npaBa B POCCHH
Y>Ke He 6b1J10 (80-90-e rObI X I X B.), TeM He MeHee YKJI8P- nOMeInHtlb-
pro .lI.OMa co BpeMeH KpenOCTHHlIecTBa H3MeHHJICH MaJlO. TOJlbKO Bo-
pOBblMH ,,11O,l(bMH OblJlH Tenepb H KpenOCTHbIC, a naeMHbIe cnyrH.
CHeJlbU.bI or r,,TlarOJla cudemb - TaK H33bIB3nH B CTapHHY npH-
Ka3 l IHKOB, Koropble :roprOBa,,1'I" cafOCTOSlTeJIbHO B naBKe no J{oaepeH-
IIOCTH Kyna. 5blnH CHeJlbl.(bl «Ha >KalIOBaHbH», OHM no.,'1YtlaJIH
npOCTO 3apaOOTHYlO nJIaTY or KynII-a, H CHJ,J.eJIbl.(bI «Ha OTtIeTe», 9TH
IIOJ1yqaJ1H tIaCTb npHObI.,1H. Bo BpeMeHa lJexosa nOHHTHe CUae/le14
II 'YI<33aHHOM 3HalleHHH Y>Ke BbIXO,AHJlO li3 ynoTpeoneHHSI. .
HOlfb non po>K)J.ecTBO. POJICaecm80 Xpucm080 - O)\HH H3 xpHCTHanc-
KH x np33.l1.HHKOB. B npaB0CJI3BHOH n.epKBH OH' OTMeqaJlCH e>KerOJ{HO 25
J\lKa6pSl no cTapoMY CTHJlIO (7 RHBapSl - no HOBortIY). np33JtHHK P0>K..
ACCTBa COBna.l(an no_ BpeMeHH C HOBOrOHHl\-IH npa3)J.HHK3MH. BblJI OObI-
53

liar! B HOqb no.n PO/l{.1J.eCTBO XOJ{MTb co 3Be3J{OH H CJIaBHTb X pHCT3.
JIyqrne Bcero 3TOT npa3AHHK onHC3H y fOrOJlH (<<HOqb nepc)). PO}l{,nec-
TBOIvI») .
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qnx B u.epKBH. Cneu.HaJIbHOe "B03BbJIlIeHUe cnp3a H CJIeB3 OT ueUT-
pa.TIbHOH qaCTH U.ePKijH (TaK H33bIBael\1bIX «U.apCKHX BpaT»). ¥IHorlla
Ha KJlHpOCe BO BReMH 60rOCJIY)KeHMH neJI Xop MaJIb\IHKOB (n Tex Uepl{-
BHX, fJ{e He ObIJIO rrpcxpeccHOllaJIbHbIX neBtIHX - 06blllno n .n.epeBH5IX
HJIH He60JlbIllHX ropO)J.Kax).
3aYTpeHH - paHHSIH U.epKOBHaH cJlym6a B npaBOCJIaBHOH Uepl{BH.
B HOqb no,lJ. pOiK,neCTBO 3aYTpeHH npOBO,l\HJ1aCb ocooeHHO Tp)KeCTBeHHO.
TeMHblH o6pa3 - HKOHa. Y CanO)KHHKa AJISIXHH3 (X03HHH3
B3HbKH) HKOHa 6Mna TeMHOH, nOTOMY qTO KpaCKH, KOTOpMMH OHa
6bIJIa HanHcaHa, nOTeMHeJIM OT BpeMeHH, KpOMe Toro, MKOHa BUCeJ1a
B M3CTepCKOH H nOI{pbIII1J3Cb nbIJIblO M I{OnOTblO.
OTe "oaHU - CB5u.u.eHHHK. CB5IrneHHHKOB BCpYlOllJJle Ha3bIB3,,11}.i
omet{ (omtle). 3To nOTOM CTaJIO HX KaK ObI CXPHIl.H3JIbHbIM Ha3BaHHeM.
CB5ImeHHHKH ,lJ.JIH OOJlhllIefl TOpJKeCTBeHHOCTH l1MeHa eaOH npOH3110CH-
JIM no-uepKOBHOMY (CTapHHHOMY) - He I1BaH, 3 1103HH, He CeMeH, a
CH1\leOH H T. n.
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aBrycT3 1914 no HOH6pb 1918 r.). LLapcl<3$l Pocclla npHHHt3J1a Ytla-
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IOlI.\He rocY,lJ.apcTBa - CTpaHbI AHTaHTbl (AHrJIHH, paHUI5I, POCCHSI)
npoTHD repMaHHH, ABcTpo-BenrpHH, TYPU.HH H J{pyrHx ICTp3H. aTO
ObIJ1a BOMBa 3a nepeJJ.eJI 1\IUpa, orpa6J1eHHe IJY)J{HX CTpaH II Hap0)10B.
nOCTeneHHO B BOHHY BTHHYJIHCb eCHTKH CTpaH, B TOM qHCJlC 5InoHM5J,
I1T3JIHH, CIIIA. 3ra SOMHa ObIJIa CTpallIHbll\f 6e,l(cTDHef\i )1JIH Hapo,l10B,
oco6eHHo POCCHH, noroMY qTO U3pcKoe npaBliTeJIbCTBO KpODLIO COTeH
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l{Y 0PY/KH5I, 33 np0,ll.a>J<IIOCTb IJHHOBHHI{OB. BO.;FJbllleBHKH BO r..TI3Be c
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cnpaBeJIHBOH BOHHbI. He CJIyqaHHO nepBbI1\'1 ,l.(eKpeTOM, npHIHITbIM Co-
BerCKoii B.TlaCTbIO Ha CLTIeAYlOlI.\HH )l{e ,lJ.eUb nOCJIe nooe,nbI OKT5IOpbCKO-
fO BoopY)KelIHOro BOCCTalIHH B neTporpaJ{e, OblJI ,L\eKpeT 0 MMpe. Co-
BerCI<35I POCCHH BblllIJIa 113 BOHHbI B <PeBpa.7Je - rvlapTe 1918 f.' .--
HA1JAJ10 PEBOJJIOl1.J.tOHHOA 60Pb6bl PA60lJHX
npOTHB KAnHTAJJHCTOB
M. KOPlllYHOB. «<I>JIar 3a6acToBI\H» - «I lama POAHHa», CTp. 72.
PaOOqHH KJIaCC JIBJlHeTCSI caMblM OpraHH30BaHHbll\f, caMbI1 C03Ha
TeJJbHbIM H peBOJI1OUHOHHIM KJIaCCOf\{ Cpe,nH Bcex TPYJ{HIUHXCH Macc.
Pa60QHe, B OTJIHqHe OT KpeCTh£H) He HMeJIH HH ceto X03HHCTB3, Hli
54

l<aI{OH-JIHOO COOCTBeHHOCTH H8 Cpe,nCTBa npOH3BOACTBa. 11M, KaK
CI<a3aHO B «KOMMYHHCTHtJeCKOM MaHH<PeCTe», «HellerO repSITb, KpOMe
CBOHX u.erreii». B OTJlHQHe OT KpeCTbSIH, TPY,AHBlllHXCH B OHH01.JKY Ha
CBOe{ KJIOlIKe 3eMJIH, paOOlIHe COool[{a paOOTaJIH H8 3aBo,nax H cpa6pH-
I<ax. KOJIHtJeCTBO pa60QHX Bce BpeMSI p0CJ10 33 ctJeT pa30peHHbIX
({peCTb5lH Ii peMeCJIeHHHKOB.
PaOOtlHH KJIaCC TO.'1bKO eIll.e <pOpMHpOBaJlCSI, a pa601.JHe Y>Ke BCTY-
llHJIH B 60pb6y npOTHB KanHTaJIHCTOB. Ha1.JaJlH ee C8Mbie CMeJIbIe, co-
3HaTeJ1bHble, My*eCTBeHHbIe. I1MH ObIJIH nepBble pa601lHe-peBOJIlOnHO-
llepbI: neTp ATJeKCeeBHtJ AJIeKCeeB (1849-1891), BaCHJIHH: repacHMo-
BHQ repacHM:oB (1852-1892), BHKTOp naBJIOBHtJ 06HOpCKHH (1852-
1919), CrenaH HHKOJIaeBHtI XaJITYPHH (1856-1882), neTp AHHCHl\,to-
UHtI MOHceeHKo (1852-1923) Ii ){p.1 31'0 6bIJIH 3afetlaTe.TIb Hble LTJIO-
IUI, BbI6HBillHecSI H3 caMhIX H1f30B, CTaBWHC HaCT05llUHl\IH PYKoBoJ{HTe-
TIHl\Uf paOOIlHX B liX 6opb6.e C KarrHTaJlH3MOM Ii 3pH3MOM. 80 MHororvT
OHH cO):leflcTBOBaJIH peBOJIIOu.HOHHOMY BocnHTaHHIO pa60tlHx. OHH
ClOSlJIH Y caMbIX HcrOKOB pa6otlero ,lJ.BHn<eHHSI B POCCHH. B. 11. lIe..
HHII bICOKO ou.eHHBaJI liX ){eHTeJ}bHOCTb, HX repOHtIecKYIO C8MOOT-
BepLKeHHYIO 60pb6y.
B SlHBape 1885 r. B POCCHH npOH:30WJIa He6bIBaJIaSl eIl(e lJ.O Tex nop
CTaqKa pa60tlHX Ha TKalJ,KOH cpa6pHKe KarrHTaJIHCTa MOp030B8 B Opexo-
Bo..3yeBe (no,nMoCI{BOH), KOTopaH BOIliJIa B HCTOpHIO noon H83BaHueM Mo-
p030BCKOH CTatlKH. CTaQKH paootJHx ObIJIH H paubllle. OHH npoxo,nHJIH
B 70-80-e rObI X I X B. B pa3Hblx MeCTax oTpaHbl. Ho MOpo30BcKaH
CT3tIKa OTJlHqaJIaCb 60JILlliHM pa3MaXOM Ii opraHH30naHHocTblO. B Heft
npHHHMaJIH YtJ8CTHe TbICgllH paOOqHX. Cy,n Ha.n p)'KOBOlJ.HTeJlHt.1H: CTaq..
KH npHBJ1eK BHHMaHHe BceK POCCHH. OO)t )J.aBJleHHe£\i1 paootJero ,nBH>Ke-
HHH napCKoe npaBHTMbCTBO. BbIHYiK,neHO 6blJlO nOHTH Ha YCTynKH pa-
601IHM: ObIJIH OrpaHHQeHbl WTpacpbl, HeCKOJIbKO ynopHOqeH TPY >KeH-
HH Ii )teTeH. Ho rJI8BHOe 3HaqeHHe MOp030BCKOH CTatIKH B TOt, lITO
caMH pa601IHe nOqYBCTBOBaJIH CBOIO CHJIY. «3Taft'pOMa,nuaH CT811K8,-nH"
caJI B. H. JIeHHH, - rrpOH3Be.na OqeHb CHJIbHOe BnetlaTJleHMe Ha np8BH-
TeJ1bCTBO, Koropoe YBHaJIO, lITO paOOIIwe, KOf.l(a OHH t\eHCTBYIOT BMe-
cre, npe){CTaB..'1HIOT on8CHYlO CHJIY, ocooeHHO, Kor,lJ.8 MaCC8 COBMeCTHO
AeHCTBYlOHX pa60tIHX BbICTaBJISleT rrpHMO CBOH Tpe6oBaIlHH»2
nOCJIe MOp030BCKOH CTalIKH 386aCTOBOlIHOe ,lJ.BI'1}KCHHe pa60 t IHX, HX
60pboa 33 CBOH npaBa nO){HHJIaCb Ha HOByl6 cTyneHb. BaCTOaaJIH.
pa601.JHe BO MHornx ropo,nax H paHOHax CTpaHbl.
3Ta Qopb6a nepepOCJIa B peBOJIlOnHOHHble BblcrynJIeHHH rrpOTHB
C8l'ttO,Aep>K8BHOrO, nOMernHtlbe-KanHTaJ1HCTHQeCKOrO CTpOH POCCliH H
npHBeJIa B peaYJIbTaTe K nooe,ne BeJIHKOH OKTSl6pbCKOH COl.(HaJIHCTHqeC-
KOH peBOJIIOI.(HH, K nooee COIJ.HaJlH3r\'fa B HaweH crpaHe.
1 nO,ltp06HbIC CBe,neIlH5I 0 >KH3JUf H ,neHTeJlbHOCTH nepBblX paootlI1X-peBOJIIOl{{{()"
lIepOB MOHO HaRTH B Jell.: n. 0 C T P 0 B e p. EypesecTIlIfKH. l\.J npo<tni3.n aT .
1948.
a B. 1:1. JI e H H n. nOJIH. coop. COq., T. 2, CTp. 23.
55

KOMMeHTapMH
.
CraliKa (3a6aCrOBKa) - KO.i1JIeKTI1BHOe npeKpallI.eHHe pa60TbI C
l1eJJhlO npHHY J\HTb KanHTaJIHCTOB BblnOJlHHTb TpeUOBaHM'H pa60'lHX
(3KOHOMHtleCI<aH CTaQKa) HJIH 3aCTaBHTb npaBHTeJIbCTBO BblnOJ1HHTb
nOJlHTHqeCKHe Tpe6oBaHHH. C.'10DO Cmal{,1(a npOMCXO,lJ.HT OT fJlarOJIa
cmaKHymbcfl, T. e. .lI.Or0130pHTbCH 0 COBMeCTHbIX (KOJIJleKTHBHblX) ,neit-
CTBliHX. HHatle CTatlKa Ha3b1I3aeTCH aa6acm08/Wu. 3TH CJlOBa paSHO-
3HaqHbI no Cl\ibICJlY. 3a6aCTOBKa npOHCXOJJ.HT or CJIOBa 6acma - ,no.
BOJlbHO, xBaTHT, ,ltOcTaTOqHO, T. e. pa60 t lHe He )KeJl3JOT 60JIbllJe TPY-
l(HTbCH Ha npeiKHHx YCJlOBHHX.
PaHbille B PYCCKOM Sl3bIKe CJI0BO CmaLl1\Ll HfeJIO UeCKOJIbKO .npyroii
CMbIC.1J - TaHHbIH B3aHMHblH croBop MH ,lI.ocTH}KenHH KaKoH-HH6y,nb
oOLUeii l.{eJlH (BoHTH B CTatlKY). C pa3BIiTHe1\f pa601lero ,nBH>KeHHSI cno-
BO cmattKa npll06peJIo e,zU1HcTBeHHblH ClbICJl, paBH03HatlHbJH CJIOBY
sa6acm081ta.
HHor,na riYTalOr CTatlKY C BOCCTaHHeM. 3TO pa3J1HQHbIe nOIUITHSI.
Boccnzaflue - MaccoBoe BoopY>KeuHoe BblcTynJleHHe npoTHB npaBH-
'jeJIbCTBa BoccTaHHe - 60JIee BblCOKIiH yponeHb 60pb6b1, He)KeJIH
CTatlKa. Bce06llI.aH CTatlKa MO)l{eT nepepacTH B BoopY}KeHuoe Boccra.
HHe. TaK 6b1JIO, HanpIiMep, oceHbIO-3HMOH 1905 f., TaK 6blJIO B <PeB-
paJIe 1917 f. CJIOBO 8OCCmaH.Ue npOHCo.llHT OT rJIarOJIa 8cmaeamb -
nOAHIifaTbCH, paCnpSlMJlHTbCSI. CnOBO ecmaoamb B onpe,neJleHHOM
SHatleHHH 01leUb 6J1H3KO CJlOBY Boccmasamb, HanpHMep «BoccTaHbTe,
na.llllJHe pa6bI» (A. n Y ill K H H).
CTalleQHbdi KOMHTeT - BbI60pHaSi KOJIJIeKTHBHaSi opraHH3anHSI
H3 paOOtlHX AnD PYKOBOAcTBa CTaKOH. 06WtlHO pa60tlHe B6HpanH
B CratletlHblH KOMHTeT caMblX pelllHTeJIbHblX, CMeJIbIX, YBa>KaeMblX
paOO1JHX, npeJJ.aHHbIX 06w.eMY JJ.eJlY.
PeBOJ1IOHH (COl\HaJIbHaH) - KopeHHOM nepeBopOT, JIOMalOlUHH
CTapblH, OT>KHBWHH OOw.ecTneHHbIH CTpOH H YTBep>K,ZJ.aIOIII.HH HOBblM,
nporpeccHBHblH CTpOH. PeBOJII01J.HSI - BbIcwaSi <lJopMa I(JlaCCOBOfl
oopb6bl, BeJlHKHH YCKopHTeJIb OOInecTBeHHoro nporpecca.
npOJleTapCKaH COUHaJlHCTHtlecKaSi peBOJIIOl1.HH OTJI'HtlaeTCH OT Bcex .apy-
fHX TeM, 'ITO OHa YHHqTO>KaeT He TOJIbKO OT)KH Bum ii, CTapbIH nOpSI,l10J<,
HO JIIiKBHAHpyeT BCSIKYIO 3KcnJlyaTaIJ,HIO QeJlOBeK.3 qeJ]OBeKOM H npHBo,nHT
K C03,naHHIO COIJ.HaJlllCTHqeCKOrO (B KOHeqHOl\t HTore - KOMMYUHCTHtJeCKD-
ro) oOlUeCTBeHHoro CTp05I, OCHOBaHHOrO Ha COTpY.l1HHQecTBe CB060,lJ.HblX
OT 3KCnJlyarauHH JlIOJleH. BceMHpHO-HCTOpHtlecKoe 3HaqeHHe BeJlHKOH
OKTSJ6pbCKOH C01J.HaJlHCTHlleCKOH peBOJIIOIJ.HH 3aKJIlOtlaeTCH B TOM, '1TO OHa
JIBMJIaCb he p B 0 H co U H a JI H C T H 11 e C K 0 H peBOJUOIUieH, OTKpblBllIeii
Aopory 1IeJloBetlecTBY K n06e,ll.e KO"iMYHH3ia so BCel.fHpHOM MacillTa6.
CnOBo pe8o/lIotl,UJl cJ>paH1J.Y3cKoe, 6YKBaJIbHO - nepeBopoT (or Jla-
THHCKoro peeo/lIol{uo - ot5paw.aTb, npeBpaw.aTb).
Ha3BaHHe HaweR napTHH. KaK H3BeCTHO, H3wa napTIiSl 6b1JI3
C03,lJ.aHa H8 I I C'be3,ne pCJlPn JIeTOM 1903 r. (Ha nepBoM C'be3)1e, KO-
TOp WHo ObJJI B MHHcKe B 1898 r., napTHIO c03AaTb He YA8J10Cb. K,
56

H36paHH,hlH ua 3TOM C'be3)1.e, GLln BCKOpe apecTOBaH.) napmSJ HS3h1Ba-
Jl8Cb TOr)l.3 - POCCHDCI<8SJ C01I.H8J1-,neMOKpaTH'lCCKall p.a60tJaS{ RapmH
(PCJ{PI1). -Hass3HMe COlfuaA-OeMOKpalnWUJCKaJil ptl6owm. fIOJJ.QepKHBa-
JIO 'ITO D.eJlbIO napTHH JmJIHeTCg c03;taHMe tou.uaJlHCT-I-JA.lecKOt"O CTpOSl,
'ITO ORa SlBJIHeTCH "IlepeJlOBbIM OTpSlJ{OM. pa6Q1IeJ'O KJl4ICCa ", BbIp:aJKaeT
J.-IHTepeCbl HapO;J.HbIX Mace (iJeMoKpamUJl - rpeqecKoe CJI0BO, 6YK-
BaJlbHO - BJlaCTb HapOJ{a; fje,,f,OC - Hapo,n, Kpamoc - BJ13CTb). Y>Ke
Ha I I C'be3.n.e, KaK H3BecTHO, npOH30eJ1 paCKOJI napTHH H.a Be rpyn-
nbl - peBOJllOl.lHOHHYIO (60JlbUleBHKH"JleHHHl\bI) Ii OImOpTYHHCTH1Ie-
CKYIQ, corJIarnareJIbcKYIO (1\.feHblIIeBHKH). Ha3BaHHe .60A.btue8UKU H
MeHbU/£8UKU B03HHKJIO nOTOl\1IY, tJTO H8 C'be3)J.e npH rOJJ.OCOBaHHH no
Borrpocy 0 Bbloope u.eHTpaJIbllblX opraHoB napTHH 60JlbllIMHCTBO npo.
rOJlOCOBaJIO 3a npe;liIO>KeHHe JIeHHHa. Ha3B8HHe 60./lbUl£8UKU YTBep-
,nHJlOCb 3a JIeHHHCKOH napTHen. 11 XOTH ,no 1912 r. 60JIbWeBHKH H
l\ifeHbllIeBHKH (j>opMaJIbHO BXO,lUIJIH" B O,Z{HY rrapTHIO, cp8KTH1JeCKH 6oJIb-
llIeBHKH npe,ncTaBJIHJIH CroOM caMocToSlTebHYIO peBOJIIOlI.HOHHYIO npo-
JleTapcKYlO napTHIO. «Eo.TJbllIeBH3M, - "MCaJi B. 11:' JIeHHH, - cy-
l.l.leCTByer, K8K TeqeHMe nOJIHTH'IeCKOA MblCJIH Ii KaK nOJlHTHqeCKaJl
napTHH, C 1903 ro,na)l. '-
B 1912 r. Ha VI (npa}KCKoH) KoH<f>epeUII.HH pCJ1pn 60JIbllIeBHKH
OKOHQaTeJIbHO OT,AeJIMJlHCb OT MeHbmeBHKOB. B ,llaJIbHeiirneM Hallia
napTHSI CTa.na Ha3bIBaTbC5I POCCHMCKOH COIJ.HaJI-.n.eMoKpaTHtleCKoi% pa-
00llCH napTHeH 60JIbllleBHKOB - PCJ1pn(6). .
B rO)lbl nepBoH MMpOBOH BOHHbI COUMaJlHCTllqeCKMe rrapTHH sa-
l1a,nlloeBponeHKHx . '1-1 pSI,Aa .n.pyrMx CTpaH H3eHHJIH lJ.eJlY npOJleTap-
CKoro HHrepHalI.HOHaJIH3Ma, rrpeBpaTHJlHCb B 3allJ.HTHHKOB 6YP}Kya3-
Horo CTpOJf. Ha3BaHHe «CollHaJI-.n.eMOKp8THlJeCK8H napTHSI» t5b1JIO ,nHC-
KpeAHTHpoS8HO. CpS3Y me no. B03Bp8eHHH Ha PO,nHHY B npeJIe
1917 f. B. H. J]eHHH npeAJIOJKHJI H3MeHHTb Ha3BHHe napTHH. «BMe-
rTO «COllH8J1-,lteMOKpaTH"», OCPHU'H8J1bHb1e BO>KAH KOTOpoA BO BceM
tv1l1 pc npe)J.aJIH COl\MaJIH3f\f, nepeH,ltfI K 6ypmya3MH... HanO H8SB8TbCH
KOMM!JH.UC"lutteCK,OU napmueu»2. aTO npe.zvyO)KeHHe JIeHHHa 6b1JIo
IIpHIITO H3 VII C'bea,ne napTHH B MapTe 1918 r. I-J81ua napTHH CTaJla
It83hlB8TbCR PoccH",KaH KOfMYHHCTHqeCKaJl napTHH OOJlbWeBHKOB-
I>KI"I(O). «HaQHHBH COUH8JIHCTHlIeCKHe npco6pa30B8HHH, - rOBOpRJI
IJ. H. JlcHHH B ,ltOKJla,lte H3 VII C'bC3,lJ.e napTHH, - Mbl )tOJI>KHbI JlCHO
1I0l'T(1UIITb nepe,A C060H II.eJIb, K KOTOpOH 3TH npeo6pa30BaHHH, B KOH-
Hl" KOllilOB, lIanpaB.neHbT, HMeHHO II.eJlb C03J{8HHR' KOMMYHHCTHlIecKoro
OnIU('rTBB.. .»8 (<<COI030!vl KOtMYHHCTOB» Ha3bIBaJla(:b nep13aH B NHpe
Mt'H<AY tlMPO)\1I8S1 peBOJIlOllHOHHaH npO.,'1eTapCKaSl opraHM3aUHSI, cm-
Jt""lIaH MapKCOM H 3HrlbCOM eUI,e B Cepe.lJ.HHe XIX B.).
I J()cn O()'beAHHeHHSI COBeTCKHX pecny6nHK H C03,ll8HHR CCCP
(Jl('I<nt)ph 1922 r.) BCTaJi Bonpoc 0 HOBOM H3MeHeHHH HB3B8HH}1 nap.
I B. II. JI e H H H. nOJJH. co6p. CO'I., T. 41, CTp. 6.
U A, 1. Jl e H II H. nOJIII. co6p. COq., T. 3,1 t CTp. 116.
ft U. 11. J1 e If H H. nOJlH. co6p. COq., T. 36, CTp. 44.
57.

THH. PeuleHHe 06 9TOM 6bIJ1o npllHHTO B 1925 r. Ha XIV C'be3,ne nap-
THH. Harna rrapTHSI CTaJIa Ha3bIBTbCH BcecoI03HaH KOMM.yuHCTHtIec..
KaSl napTIIH OOJIbIlleBHKoB - B-KO(6). 3TO Ha3B3l1He cOXpaHSIJIOCb
O 1952 r. B 1952 r. Ha XIX C'be3)te napTHH 6bIJIO perneHo 1i3Me-HHTb
Ha3BaHHe napTHH. OHa CTaJIa Ha3hIBaTbCH KOMMYHHCTHttecKaH napTHfJ
COBeTCKoro COID3a (KI1CC). 10-....
COL\HaJlH3M, KOMMYHH3M. He paCKpbIBaSi rJIy6oKoro CMblCJIa
9THX aaLKHeHIllHx nOHHTHH, CJIe,1J.yeT ,naTb JlHUlb caMoe KpaTKoe 06'bHC-
HeHHe H YKa3aTb Ha npOHCXO}K,lleHHe caMHX CJIOB. COl.{UaAU3.M - npo..
HCXO,nHT OT J13TIiHCKoro CJlOBa COlUaJlUC - 06III.eeTBeHIIbIH, TOBapl1"
IllaeCKHH. C0l1HaJIH3M - o6eCTBeHHJH If rocYJlapCTBeHHbJH CTpOH-
nepBa51 c.pa3a KorvrMYHH3Ma, OCHOBaHHbIH n3 npHHIJ.Hne: «OT KaLK)(OrO-
no cnoco6HOCTHM, KaLK,l(OMY - no TPY,ZI,Y». IlpH COlI.HaJIH3Me
BJIaCTb npHHaJle)KHT TpYSllaHMCSI, YHHIlTomeHa llaCTHa51 co6CTBeH-
HOCTb Ha cpeCTBa rrpOH3Bo,nCTBa H 9KcnJlyaTaUHH lIeJIOBeKa lleJIO-
BeKOf. KOMMYflU31f1, - OT JIaTlfHCKOfO CJI0Ba KOM.A!YflUC - 06Il1.HH,
DceooraHH. I(01\iMYHH3M - BblCIllaH <PoPMa tteJIOBeqeCKOfO 06rn.eCTBa.
npH KO[IYHll3l\ie He oy,neT HHKaKHX KJIaCCOBbIX pa3,.'1HtIHH, YCTa-
HOBHTCH nOJIHOe COlI.HaJlbHOe paBeHCTBO t t3y,neT OCYI1I-eCTBJIeH npHH"
D-Hn: «OT l{a}K)J.oro -- no cnOCOOHOCTHM, Ka>K,ZI,OMY - no nOTpe6HOC"
THM». no PYKOBOCTBOM KOMMYHHCTHqeCKOH napTHH COBeTCKoro
COlO3a Halll napo,ll CTpOHT KONtMYHH3M.
«HHTepHau.HOHaJ1». TaK Ha3bIBaeTCH Me}K,1J.YHapO.LlHbIH npOJIeTap-
CKHH rH1H. ABTOp TeKCTa cppaHUY3CKHH n03T 3JKeH D9Tbe (1816-
1887), aKTHBHhIH YlIaCTHHK DapH}I{CKOH KOMMYHbl 1871 r. OOThe Ha..
nHCaJI «HHTepHaUHOHaJI}> B HlOHe 1871 r., lJepe3 l\1eCHIJ. nocJle KpOBaBO-
fO no,ltaBJIeHHH l(oMMYHbI. ABTOp f\1Y3bIKH «vh-ITepIl3lJ,HOHaJla» - <ppaH"
II.Y3CKHfi KOMno3HTop. pa60ttHH nbCp ,UereHTep  (1848-1932). B nep-
Bbre «I1HTepHaLlHOHaJI» 6bIJI HCnOJIHeH BO <1>paHHH B 1888 r. PYCCKHH
TeKCT «v!EITepHaIJ.HOHaJIa» (aBTop A. 51. Ko) ony6JIMKOBaH BnepBble
B 1902 r.
C 1917 no 1944 r. «HHT-epHaUHOUaJI}> ObIJI rocy,napcTBeHHWl\1 rHM..
Hot COBeTcKoH CTpaHbl. nOCJIe BBe)J.eHHH HOBoro rOCY,1J.apCTBeHHoro
rHMHa COBeTcKoro C0103a (1944) «J1HTepHaIJ.HOH3lI» BJIHeTC.H fHMHOl\i
Knec.
UIOBO uHmepHal1uOHaA JIaTHIICKoro npOHCXO)K,l(eHHH, 6YKBaJlbHO
Me}l{,nYHapoAHbIH (uHmep - Me>K,1J.Y, Hal{UO - Hapo,n).
MOHapxHH (caMO,1J.ep)KaBHaH l'ttOHapxHH) - rocYAapcTBeHHblH
CTpOH. npH KOTOp9M BepxoBHaH BJIaCTb npHHa)J.JIe>KHT O,nHOMY lle.HO-
BeKY (uapIO. KOpOJllO, HMnepaTopy) H nepe,1J.aeTC5I no Il3CJ1e,ZI,CTBY.
Monapxufl, - rpetteCKoe CJIOBO t 6YKBanbHo BJIaCTb O,1J.Horo (MOH,OC-
O.l{HH, apX3 - AepJKaBHaH BJIaCTb). CaMOep/l{aBHaH f\iOHapXH5I (B
POCCHH OHa CYIII.eCTBOBaJIa AO cpeBpaJIbCKOH peBOJllOUHH 1917 f.Y 03Ha..
qaeT, tITO BJIaCTb uapH (KOpOJIH t H.MnepaTopa) HeOrpalIHlIeHa, B npcr
THBOnOJIO>KHOCTb napJIaMeHTCKoH MOHapxHH, f)J.e BJl3CTb MOHapxa
orpaHHtteHa BbIClllHM BbI60pHbIM (npeAcTaBHTeilbHbll\i) Y t lpeiK)leHl1eM.
(HanpuMep, B AUfJlHH).
-58

Pecny6JulI{a - <pop{a rOCY,IJ.apCTDeIIHOrO YCTpoicTBa, npI1 KO-
TOpOH BepXODHa51 BJIaCTb npHHa,Z(JIemHT BbI6paHHbIM na OnpeeJ1eHHbIH
CpOK OpraHaM BJIaCTH. npOH30111JIO OT JIaTI1HCKHX CJlOB pee ny6AuKa -
()6IleCTBeHHoe .zr.eJIO (pee - .AeJIO, ny6AuKa - oomeCTBeHHoe).
He06xo,QH1\10 OTMeTHTb, tITO MOHapXHH H pecny6JIHKa JIMlllb «POp}\'1bl
rocy,Z(apCTBeIlHOH BJIaCTH. OHM MorYT 6blTb npH pa3JIMQHOM o6rnecT-
BrllIlOf CTpoe. DblJIH B HCTOpHH pa60BJIa.neJlbQeCKHe MOHapXHH (PHtf-
C](35I HMrrepHll) M pa60BJIa,l{eJIbIIeCKHe pecny6J1MKH (B ,npeBHeH rpe-
HIIH, .npeBHel\i PMMe), q>eO,ZlaJIbHbIe MOH8pXHH (AHrJIH51, <l>paHlI.H5I, POC-
rlIH) H cpeOJ.\aJIbHbIe pecny6lIHKH (BeHeUHH, ,npeBHMH HOBropo).
B HaCT05lee npeMSI cymeCTBYIOT 6yp>Kya3HbIe J\fOHapXMH (AUrJIHll,
I USeu.HH) Ii 6YPfKya3Hble pecny6JIHKH (CIlIA, <1>paHII.H51). BbIcrn8H
(I)Opfa pecrry6JIHKH - COI.1HaJIHCTHQecKaH, rAe BJIaCTb npHHa,ll.J1emllT
Tpy,aOBOMY HapOAY (CCCP H .npyrHe COUliaJIMCTHtIeCKHe cTpaHbl).
BHeKnaCCHoe qTeHHe
BHeI{JlaCCHOe qTeHMe BIll KJIaCCe - 9TO 3aBeplll31OIUee 3BeHO B
CHCTeMe HaqaLJIbHOH nO,ZlrOTOBKH ytJamHXCSI K caMOCT05.ITe.'1bIlOMY lITe-
IIHIO. no cJ3oeI'iIY xapaKTepy OHO HBJlHeTCH ecreCTBeHHbIM npo.noJl}Ke..
IIHef 3aHHTHH BHeKJlaCCHbIM qTeHHef.f BO I I KJlaCce.
Bce BHbl paooTbI no BHeKJIaCCHOMY lITeHMIO no-npe}J{HeMY HanpaB-
JIeHbl H8 TO, tJroC)bl paclllHpMTb QHTaTeJ1bCKMA Kpyro30p ,neTeH, pa3BHT
IIX HHTepecbl, a TaK}Ke 38J10)KHTb OCHOBbI HaBbIKOB, n03B0J1 HlOllI.HX
lI.eTSlM caMOCTOHTeJlbHO opHeHTHpoBaTbcH B MHpe KHHr c n01\.fOInblO JJ.o-
eTynHblx HX B03pacTY oH(5JIMOTe1JHO-oH(5J1HorpacpHQeCKHX noco()HH.
3a }J.Ba HCTCKIIIHX ro,na oOYtJeHH5I Y1.JaHecH Y>Ke OBJIa,neJIH: n.eJ1bIM
p HJJ,Ol\i cnerU18J1bHbIX 3HaHHH, YMeHHH H HaBhIKOB no BHeKJI aCCHOMY
'lTelIliIo 1 . LJHTaTeJ1bCI{UH Kpyro30p Kam,AOrO pe(5eHI<a H31ep51eTcR
Tcneph B Cpe,lI.HeM 3HaHHeM KHHr 20-24 nHC3TeJIeii, cpe,AH KOTOpbIX
113 nepBOM 1\.eCTe A. C. DYlllKHII, C. MapwaK, A. raH)J.ap, B. BHaIlKH,
E. 4aPYllIHH, fit II<HTKOB, A. BapTO, A. KOHOHOB, 3. BocKpeCeHCJ<aH,
JI.. POJLpH, 3.CeToH- TOMncoH H ,np.
B 31IaqHTTfbHOrf CTeneHM H3MeHHJIaCb H KatJeCrBeUHaH HanpaBJleH-
1l0CTb 3HaHHH; yqar.u.HXCH. ECJ1H D.pBOkJlaCCHHKH Ha Bonpoc, KaKue
1\ IIHflf Hl\{ 3aI)OMHH"TIHCb, nepeqHCJIHIOT, KaK npaBHJIO, 3BTOpOB, c
IIpOM3BeeHHHMH KOTOpbIX OHH n03HaKOMHJIHCb H8 ypOK8X BHeKJlac..
CHoro llTelIHfl, TO BTOpOKJlaCCHHKH, OTBeIIaSl Ha 9TOT me Bonpoc, yme
B Haqa,ne BToporo nOJIyro,nHH HenpCMellHO BbI,neJl5JT H3 Kpyra cBoero
'rreHHSI HHTepeCHble TeMbl H CI35J)KYT HX C TBOp1JeCTBOM 'OT-
;eJ]bHbIX nHCaTeJIeH. Hanpllep, MapHHa M. JIJ06HT 1JMTaTb 0
1 HU)I{e npHBO,LlJITCH )J.aHHb1e cnelHaJlbIlhlX KOHTpO..1blIbIX pa60T no Bl1eKJI3C-
('UOMY 1.JTenHIO, Koropb1e CHCTeMBTH'IeCKJf npOBOJI.HTCn B KJIaCCaX t f)J.e oe>Y'IeHUe CTp011T-
fi B nO,,'lHOY COOTBeTCTBHH C TpeooB31HIHMH HOBblX nporpaMM.
59

>KHBOTHbIX H rrOTOMY B qHCJIe KHHr, I<OTOpble OHa XOpOlliO nO/IHHT,
'rrpe>K,ne Bcero Ha3blBaeT paCCKa3bI E. 4apYllIHHa, KHHry «I<TO B JIecy
>KHBeT H qro B .rrecy paCTeT» 10. LlMHTpHeBa, «nMTOMUbI 300napKa»
B. LIanJIHHOH, «JIecHYIO ra3eTY» B. BHaHKH, «PaCCKa3bI 0 iKHBOTHbIX»
9. CerOHa- Tor\'HlcoHa, «PaCCKa3hI 0 X(HBOTHbIX» B. )KHTKoBa, «Pe6H-
Ta Ii 3BepHTa» o. f1epoBcKoii; a yme nOTO1-nOHpaBHBUlHeCH en KHHfH
pyro:H: TervlaTHKH. IlpaB,na, qTaTCJIbCKHe npHB5I3alllIOCTH ,nereH He
HBJIHfOTCH na BTOpOM ro,ny 06YtleHHH ycrOWtJHBbll'ilH: OHH MeHHIOTCH
HJIH l.(HcfxPepeHI.I.HPYfOTCH B TeqeHHe rO,Aa HeCKOJlbKO pa3, "PH 9TOM
q Ii T 3 T e. JI b C K H H K P Y r 0 3 0 P Y q a I.U. -11 X C 51 pac III H"
P Sf e T C 51 if 3 a n a C 3 H a H H H 0 II P 0 tJ H T a H II hI.X K II H-
r a x COX P a H 51 e T C 51.
BTopOK"laCCHHKH 3HalOT OCHOBIIbIe 9..1eMeHTbI KHHrH H ycnelliHo
cnp3B.THUOTCH C 3a,aaHHeM B TetteHHC 3-5 MHHYT onpe,aeJIHTb npHMep-
Hoe CO){ep*aHHe He3HaKol\tofl KHHf.'H, onllpa51Cb He TO.nbKO lIa Ha3B3-
lIne If H.,TI,.'IfOCTpau.HH, HO H lIa J1.annble THTY"lbIIoro JIHCTa, OrJIaBJIeHHe,
BBe,neHHC (aHHOTau.J-IIO) H T. n. TaK, paCCfOTpeB KHHry E. I1011bHHofI
«IllY1 II lllYl\10K»t, nepBOKJI8CCHBKH OOblttHO '10rYT Cl<a3aTb JIHllIb,
lITO 3Ta KIlHra 0 ,neTHX, a BTOpOKTJaCCHHKIi [lenpeteHtIO Yl<a3bIBaIOT,
lITO B KHHre HHTepeCHbJe H CfeIlIf-lbIe CKa3KH 0 lllKOoJ1C H lliKOJIbHHKax.
npaBH..TJbHOCTb CBoero npe,nnO,,10>KeHH5I yttarnHCC51 I I K..'IaCCa MOTHBH-
PYIOT CCbUIKOH Ha nO.l(3arOJIOBOI{, KOTOpbIH Hl\feeTCH ua THTYJIbHOM JIH-
CTe, 113 or"1an,,leHMe, r.l(e IIepetJHCJIeHO 5 GKa30I{ C HeOOblqHbIMH Ha-
3BaHHHJ\.tH 2 , Ha 3aoaBHbIe HJlJIIOCTpaI1.HH XYAO)KHHKa D. 4ynpblrHHa
H, KOHetIHO, H3 o6paeHRe K qHT3TeJIHM, KOTopoe OHM 3a 3-5 MMHYT,
OTBe,lJ.eHHble Ha npOCMOTp HOBOH KHHrH, ycneBaloT npOqeCTb.
YqaUI.HecH I I K..rJacca OBJIa.l(1H YMeHHeM 3arrHcaTb KHHry no 00'"
menpHHHTbIl\f npaBHJIaM 3 H, n0J1b3YHCb TaKOH 3aHCblO, ObICTpO OTbIC-
l<aTb HY}KHYIO KHHry CpC,lJ.H ,npyrHx KHHr.
HaKoHeu, y yqamHXCH K KOHUY BToporo roa ooytleHHH ..Bce llac
u
B03HHKaeT H3CTOHtlHBOe }I{eJI3-HMe caMOCTOSITe"lbHO C rrOMOblO KHHrH
\
pa3pernaTb BorrpOCbI caMoro pa3.rIHQHOrO xapaKTepa, IIaI1pMMep:
«KTO rrepBbui rronaH Ha CCBepHbIfl nOtl1Ioc?», «tlTO TaKoe opOHTa?»,
__}<KaKHe 6bIBalOT TpaKTopa?», «0 ,[(peBHux )KHBOTHbIX», «KaK }KHBYT
)LeTH .npyrHx cTpaH?», «CI{OJIbKO 3,Be3,[( Ha He6e?», <PacCT05lHHe OT 3eM-
J1H o Co.J1Hl{a H JIYHbI», «0 3MeHX» H T. n. D..l!51 OTBeTa lIa caOH BorrpocbI
Y1.l3IUHecH HCnOJIb3YlOT ,AocTynHbIe HM 'cnpaBOqHHKH (<<.qTO TaKoc?
KTO Tal\oi1:? CnYTHHK JII0603HaTeJIbllbIx>>, T. 1 H 2, pe>Ke L(eTCKYlO 3H-
1 CM.: E. 11 JI b H H a. llIY1 H WYMOI{. CKa3KH. \., «,[leTcKast JlHTepaTypa»,
1968>.
 CM.: «naJ10ttKa-noroHH.101lKa». «l{HK-tIHK HOiKHHuaMH», «CKa3Ka npo Bttepalll-
HR" ,AeHb» H Ap. .__
a u.r. CT. «BHeKJIaCcHoe qreHHe» B KHHre J:{JIn YtlHTeJIH: cOt5ytteHHe BO BTOpOf
KJ1aCCC». M., «ITpOCBeLUeHHe», 1970, .CTp. 27.
.. npHMepbl B3nTbI H3 aHKeT yqaw.HxcH I I A KJlaCCa WKOJIhI N 444 MOCK-8bI
(YQH1'eJIbHHLla r. <1>. BOJIKOBa). LLeTH OTBe t laol1" Ha BonpoCbI, K KaKOH KHHre H no
KaKOMY nOBOAY a6paaJlI1Cb OHI-I no co6CTBeHHoH HIIHUHaTHBe, 4.TOObi nOJlY([HTb HH-
TepecYIOHe HX cae,n,eHKH.
60

ll..HKJlOne,nHIO) II I{HHfH HaY'l1HO-n03.1-13BaTeJlbHOrO XapaKTepa (Harrp,H-
Mep, «1\\Hp 1JHCeJI», 11. LlenMaHa, «J1eCHYIO ra3ery» B. En3HKH, KHHry
H. Hane)lJlHHOfl «K3)K)1.0H ObIJIHHKe 6p3T» M T. n.).
CnOBOM, B pe3YJl'bTaTe eHCTeM3THQeCKOrO rxeJIellan,paBJIeHHOrO qTe-
BMR H paCC1vlaTpHBaHHH KHHr y yqa1ll.HXCSI K HaQaJ1Y TpeTbro rOJ\a
o6YQeUHH HaKan..l1HBaeTCH 60JIblllOe KOJ1MtJeCTBO CBe.nCHHH H Ha6JIlO,ne-
HHH, KOTopble OHM ,nOJIJKHbl OCMbIC..rIHTb H OOOOInHTb. OpH 9TOM YCHJIH5I
YQHTe.1IH no-npe-)I<HeIY H3np3BJIeHbl Ha 3HaKOMCTBO JJ.eTeH CO BCel\-IH
BHJI.aMH ,nocTynHoM JIHTepaTypbI H HOBbIMH nMCaTeJ1HMH, HB BocnHTa-
HHe Y HHX yrvreHHSi Ii npHBb]ql{H paccr.faTpHBaTb, BblonpaTb H qHTBTb
KHHrn, PYKOBO,nCTBYHCb TeMH Tpe6oBaHHHIH, KOTopble npe,n'bHBu1HIOTCH
K KYJIbType qTeHHH.
B K a K 0 M H a n p a B JI e H H If H 3 a C q e Tile r 0 p a C-
m H p JI e T C H H a q H T 3 H HOC T b T peT b e K JI a C C H .H-
K 0 B? B I I I KJIacce YllallUleCH npo,nO.,'J)KalOT caMOCTOHTeJIbHO 1JHTaTb
npe)K,ne Bcero JIHTepaTYPY XYJlO)I<eeTBeHHYIO: CKa3KM, 3araJlKH, n
CJ10BHUbI, noroEopKH, paccKa3bI If nOBeCTH, 51 PI{O oTpa}J{aloIIJ.li }KH3Hb
Harnero napo,na Ii HapoJI.oB JI.pyrHx cTpaH npe)l{,nc H Tenepb. B npo-
l{eCce qTeHHH YQ3IUMeCH I I I KJIaCC3 H3pHJI.Y c JI.eTCKO KJIaCCMKOH
(K. 4YKOBCKHH, A. EapTo, B. BHaHKH M )J.p.) nOCTeneHHO npHoorna-
IOTCH K PYCCKOI'i II 3apy6e>KHOH KJIaCCHI{e (\. rOpbKHH,
A. KynpHH, n. H. Mal\lIHH-CHOHpHK, A. C. OYllIKHH, M. J1epMoHTOB,
.lJ,. JIOH,lI.OH, f. CeHKeBMQ, B. flOro, i\apK TBell H Jlp.). B Kpyr IITeHHH
TpE:TbeKJIaCCHHKoB BKJII01JaIOTCH HOBbIe JIHTepa'fypIlble }KaHpbI.: npH-
KJI1QQeHlleCKHe KHHrH (HanpHMep, «LlbThf B JIecy», «CYJlb6a oapaoaH-_
III.HK3» A. faH.Ilapa; «nOJIeCCKHe P06HH30HbI», «TBT» 51 HI{H MaBpa;
«,POOHH30H KpY30» ,a. ,Lle<po «npHKJIlOlIeHHH TOMa COHepa», «npHHlt
H HHw.uih> MapKa TBeHa; «):leTn KanHTaHa fpaHTa» )1(. BepHa; «npH-
KJII01JeHHH ,nOHcTOpMlJeCKOrO MaJIbqHKa» LI.' 9pBHJIbH 3. H T. II.),
KHHrH 0 nHCaTeJIHX HanpMMep, «PaCCKa3bl 0 nYIllKHHe», «BcTpellH
c raM.napoM» K. naycToBcItoro, «PaCCK33bl 0 raHJJ-ape» ErvleJ1b5IHOBa
H )J.p.).
'lIHTaH npOH3Be,neHHH H. K. KpyncKoH (<<MoH >KH3I1b», «Moe H
Ham€», «HaYt.IHMCSI 'pa6OTaTb nO-HaCTOHI.U.eMY, nO....JICHHrHCKH!», «BYAb-
,
rr-e OOtnecT-BeHHH"K3MH», «OHoHep, B OHOJ1HOTeKY!», «3HaHHJI HY)!{Hbl B
}KH3HH, KaK BHHTOBKa B 0010» M T. n.) HJIH A. raH.napa .(<<OObIKHoBeH-
HaH 6Hor.paQ>HH B HeOObIKHOBeHHoe BpeMH» 'H T. n.), TpeTbeKJfaCClIHKH
,
'BnepBble n03naKOMfiTCH C ,nneBHHKaMH, nHCbMaMH, aBToOHOra(lnJHnf,
nanHCaHHblMH a8I\1e'4aTe..1IbHbIMH lIIO)J.bMH H aApecoBaHHwMH IIHTaTeJISIM-
.lleTHM.
He feHbllJMH HHTepec BbI3bIBaeT Y I1HX H JloKYMeHTa.7JbH3R rrpo33
(HanpHwJep, B. KaMoB. «napTH3aHcKoH TponoM faaJ!apa», 51. .Q.'1yro-
..T1eIICKHH H f. neTpoB. «IlOHCKH .n.JIHHOIO B ro,n» M T. n.).
B TeqeHHe TpeTbero ro;:ta o6YQeHHH o6061ll.alOTc, paclIIHpHIOTCH
npe,ncT3BJIeHHH ,neTeM 0 CnpaBOqHOH JIMTepaType. TaK, TpeTbeKJ{ac-
CIIHKa!et1 BfiOJJHe .nocTynHbl l\IlaJleHbKHe TeiaTH1ieCKHe 3HUHKJlOne.l1HIf,
BbJnycI{ KOTOphJX H3,naTeJIbCTBO «l{eTCK3S1 J1MTepaypa» OCYInecTBJISIeT
61

c 1965 r. l t H .ltBYXTOMHHK «4TO TaKoe? KTO TaKoft? CnYTHHK nJ0603Ha-
TMbHbIX»2.
HaKoHeU t ytlalllHecSl I I I KJIaCCa CHCTeMaTHqecKH qHTalOT nepHo,nH-
KY, KpoMe jl{ypHa..'J3 «MYP3HJlK3», OHH MorYT H ,l10JI>KHbl n03HaKOMHTb-
CR, HanpHMep, C >KypHaJIaMH «KocTep», «IOHblH HaTypaJIHCT», npH-
yqHTbCSI lIHTaTb nHOHepCKHe ra3eTbi (<<nHoHepcKYIO npaB,ny», «JleHHH-
CKHe HCKpbI>}3 " T. n.).
TaKHM o5pa30M, Kpyr qTeHHH TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKa, TaK >Ke KaK H
DTOpOKJIaCCHHK3 t COCTaBHer xYAoiKeCTBeHHaH, HayqHO-rr03HaB8renb-
HaH JIHTepaTypa H ,l\eTCKaH nepHO,l1HKa, HO Ka}KJ{blH H3 9THX BH,nOB
JIHTepaTypbT npe,l\CTaBJlCH 3HaqKTeJIbHO nOJIHee H WHpe, qeM BO I I
KJIacce 4 , 3 H3 CnpaBOtIHYIO JIHTepaTYPY otSpaw.eflO oc06oe BHHMaHHe.
Ha TpeTbeM rOAY Ot)yqeHHH 3aKperr..'UUOTCSI, YTOtJHHlO!CH H 0600-
Iu.aIOTCH HaBb!KH KYJIbTypbI QTeHHSI, KOTopble CrJO>KHJIHCb B pe3YJIbTa-
Te l(Byx.tIeTHero lIHT3TeJlbCKOrO OnblTa Ytl3III.HXCSI. npHqeM" Ha 9TOM
9Tane fJIaBH3H 3a,llaqa YllHTeJlH 3aKJUotJaeTCSI He TOJIbKO B TOM, lIT06bl
HaYlIHTb eTeH npHeMaM pa60TW C KHuroA, nOKa3aTb HM, KaK nOJIb-
v
30BaTbCS1 peKoMeH,ll3TeJJbHbIMH cnHcKaMH, KpTOTeKoH, CnpaBOtlHblMH
H3,naHHHMH, HO H B TOM, tlToObl nOCTOHHHO no6Y}KaTb ,neTeH HCnOJIb-
30BaTb npHOOpeTeHHbIe HaBbIKlf B Cal\IOCTOflTlbIlOH lIHTaTeJIbCKOH
npaKTHKe.
Cor.naCHO TpeOoBaHHHM nporpaMfbl, BIll KJIaCCe yqaInHeCH OBJIa-
)IesalOT HaBblKOM onpe,neJleHHH npHMepHoro co,ltep>KaHHH He3HaKoMoA
KHHrH no ee 3.,'IeMeHTaM H BHeUlHHM npHMeTaM. Cpe,l\R HHX B flepnylO
Oqepe):l-b yqaHeCSI o6paw.alOT BHHMaHHe Ha H a 3 B a H H e K H H r H,
T H T Y .n b H bl it  H C T - 9TY, no onpe,neJIeHHIO B. <I>aBopcKoro,
.D.Bepb, «aBIlIYIO B03MO>KHOCTb 3arJISlHYTb B HYTPO KHH-
rR», n p e .lI- Ii C J) 0 B H e H n 0 C JI e C JI 0 B He, 0 r JI 8 B JI e -
H H e "JIH C 0 ,ll e p )I{ a H H e, M JI JI 10 C T P 3 U H H. LlJlH TpeTbe-
KJIaCCHHKOB 3THX npHMeT (H TepMHHOB) BnOcl1He ,nOCT8TOQIlO. Yl\1eHHe
nOJJb30BaTbCH HMH n03BOJIHeT peoeHKY c,ne.1JaTb BbI60p KHHrR Jt,'Ui 1J:Te-
HHH MOTHDHpOB8HHbIM H IJ.eJJeH3npaBJIeHHbIM.
HanpHMep, nepe,A Y1l31..U1il\fHCH KHHra ,nJUI qTeHHH 3. BocKpeceHcKoH
CKOCTPbl». no na3BaHHIO KHHrH TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKaM Tpy,ltHO OnpeJleJIHTb 
cOllep>KaHHe. OUH MorYT BcnOIHHTb, lITO 30 HBaHOBHa BOCKpeceH-
CKaH IIHWeT KHHrH 0 }KH3HH peOHT, HanpHMep «JIeHHBoe COJIH1\e». 1\\0-
>KeT, M KHHr3 «KOCTPbl» 0 pe6HTax?.. Ho Ha nepenJleTe H306pa>KeH
B. H. JIeHHH; OTCIO)\a npe,nnOJIO>KeHHe: ,llOJDKHO 6mb, 9Ta KHHra 0
B. 11. JIeHHHe. C,lteJIaHHOe npe,nfiOJIO>KeHHe nOJlKpenJIHeTCH H CCbIJI-
KOH Ha 3HaKOMYlO .neTS1M no I-II KJIaccy KHHry 3. BocKpeceHcKoH
.
1 I1MeloTcH B BHAY KHHrH-cnpaBo'tHRKH THna «Cnymy CoBeTCKOMY CoI03Y» HJlH
«11po Terpa.ltb 11 KapTY, KapaH,lJ.aw H napTY» r. IOPMHH8, cOpo re6B CaMOrO) A. ,Qo.
POXOB8, cB Bo,ae H Y BO.l1bI» H. OCHnoBa, «Mope JJ.bSlBOJlD B. MaJlbT H no,aOOHble.
8 M., «npoCBeIneHHe), 1967 II CJleJ{. . -
:8 HHTepeCHbIA onbIT pa60TbI c "ra3eToH «nHOHepCK8B npaB.n.a» onaC8H YQHTeJ1b-
HHu.eft 10. <P. JI.auH9JUIH. CM.: «Ha'lanbHaSi WKOJIa», 1970, lfg 5. .
4 CM. CT. H. M. ,l1PY>KHHHHOH. «HaqaJlbHaS WKOJIa., 1971, .N'! 1.
62

«CeKpeT», re paCCK83bIBaeTCH 0 CeMbe Y..TIbHHOBbIX, . CJIe.l(OBaTeJIbHO,
30R HBaHOBHa BOCKpCCeHCK8H nHWeT KHHrH He TOJIbKO a )l.eTHX; y
Hee ecTb npOH3Be,Z(eHHH, nOCBSlIlI.eHHbIe BO.>K,lllO peBOJHOII.HH B.. H. JIe-
HHHY.
THTYJIbHbIH ..'1HCT H HJlJIIOCTpaUHH nOJtTBep}K8IOT nepBOHaQ8JIb-
HYIO ,Z(oraKY: Ha THTYJIe eCTb nO;\38rOJIOBOK «PaccKa3bI 0 BJla)l.HMHp
l1J1bHtle JIeHHHe»; lIa PHCYHK8X B0J10JtH Y JIbHHOB - WKOJIbHHK (rH\'l-
H83HCT), nOTOf.,1 IOHOllia. A B KOHne KHHrH - BJlaHl'iIHp HJlbH'I T3-
KOft, KaKHM MLI ero npHBbIKJlH BH,neTb Ha KapTHHax, <f>oTorpa<f>HHX..
OTCIO,Z(a C&l1e,lJ.yer BbIBO: HaBepHoe, 'a KHHre paCCKa3bIBaeTCfI 0 pa3Hbl x
nep"oax }KH3HH BO>KD;I. 9TOT BbIBO HaXOHT nO,Z(TBepm)J.eHHe B ripc-
HCJlOBHH K KHHre. 113 Hero )'llaInHeCH Y3H81OT TalOKe H 0 TOM, qTO
KHHf, nOCBHllleHHblX BJIa,lI.HMHPY H.nbHIIY, ero ceMbe, B TBopllecTDe
3. 11. BocKpeceHcKoH Hel\18J10: 9TO H paCCK83bI, o6-beJtHIIeHHbIe 06-
lll.Hf Ha3B8HHeM «CKB03b .ne,ll.HHYIO MrJlY», H nOBeCTH «BcTpetla»,
«Cepue M8TepH».
B C6opHHKe, KOTOpblH aHaJIH3HpyIOT yqaInHecH, ,10 paccK330B 0
B. H. JIeHHHe (KOJlHqecTBO paccKasoB JIerKO onpe,neJ1HTb no orr}aBJIe-
HHIO B KOHue KHHrH). H83B8HHe C60PHHKY ,naHo' 110 O,lJ.HOMY H3 BKJ11O-
qeHHbIX B Hero p8CCKa30B (BepOHTHO, aTO 01JeHb B8)KHb1H paCCKa31
KCT8TH, OH  H caMbIA 60JIbllIOH, qTO MomHO TO}Ke onpe,ne..TJHTb no or-
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PHCYHKH CeJl3HbI XYJtO}KHHKOM 11. [pHHWTeUHOM, II, 'CY,Z(H no HHM,
B KHHre HeMo 3axBaTwBaroHx 3nH30oB.
Jl.eTH HenpeMellHo 06parnslOT BHHMaHHe H na TO, )I.u'UI Koro npeJ{-
Ha3HaqeHa KHHra; 06'bSlCHH1OT, K8K OHH 3TO OI:IpeJteJIH&'''IH. TaKOR ho/i.-
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TpeTbeM roy °OOY1JeHHSI. Beb B 3TO BpeMSI, K8K Y>Ke rOBOpHJlOCL,
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pyoe1KHOH JIJ-ITepaTypbI, H. )J.o.'Ir YQHTeJ1H - HaY1JHTb TpeTbeKlIaCCHH-
1<08 tIHTaTb TOJIbKO OCTynHble HX B03.p8C1'Y npOH3BeeHHH (B H3,Z1,aHH-
HX ,nJIH JJ.eTeH HJIH B COOTBerCTBHH C peKOMeH..naTe.'1bHbIMH CfiHCK8MH).
, ¥Qa1l{HecH K TpeTbeMY rOJlY o6YQeHHfI HaKOfiHJIli AOCT3TOtJHO
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nOHflTHe 0 cepHHX KHHr. Ha nepcn.TJeTaX, THTY.TJbHbIX 7IliCTaX, 06-
JIO>KKaX KHHf, peKOieH,nOBaHHbIX ,lJ..'1H tlTeHHH.. yqaIltHecH nOCTO.H HHO
BCTpeqa.HHCb C HaJ\nHCfliH: «30T)OTaH 6H6JIHOTeKa», «j\10H nepBble
}{HHjKKH», «Bu6J1HOTeQK8 )l.eTCKOrO C3a», «CKa3KII ,nPY>KllOH ceMbH»,
«t..IHTaeM CafH», «KHHra 3a KHHfOH», «3HaH H YMeH», «B03bMH C co60il
B .TJarepb» H T. n. Tenepb npliWJ10 Bpel\tfJ1 Y3HaTb, 'ITO 3TO - H83BaHBH
pa3J}HqHbIX cepHH KHHr, BbInYCKael\fblX HallIHMH H3A3TeJIbCTB8MIf.
C e p II 51 - 3TO noc.neOBaTeJIbHbIH pHA Qero-Hu6YJ\b (B HaLUeM
CJIYQae p H Jt K H H r), 1JTO oOJI8,naeT 061UHM npH3HaKOM, 0 6 'b e A H-
H e H 0 0 6 m. If 1.1 H 8 3 B a H Ii e M, COCTaBJlHeT OHY rpynny (eM.
CJIOBapb pYCCKoro H3blKa C. 11. OJKerOBa). CymecTByeT llel-tfaJIO cepaii
KHl1r. Ka8H CCpHfI paCC1JHTaHa H8 onpe.neJ1eHHblfI B03paCT, nOAfO-
TOBJleHHOCTb H HHTepeCbl QlJTareJIfl. 0 TOM, Kaoe E,,'lHHHUe Ila CHcrc.
63..

.
MaTH3aUHIO, tlTeHHH MO>KeT OKa3aTb BHHMaHHe K KHHfaM onpe,neJIen-
HoA CepHH, nOK83hLBaer aHa."H3 cepHU «4HTaf CaMH».
3Ta cepltH H3qaJla H3;l1aBaTbCH B 1965 r. OTKpbIBa.TJa ee KHHra
paCCKa30B B. )l(HTKoBa «nOMOIUb H.lI-eT» (M., «lleTcKaH JIHTepaTypa»,
1965, 31 CTp. C HJlJIlOCTpanHHMH, THpa>K 600 000 9K3., u.ella 6 Kon.).
3a HCTeKWHe 5, neT B 910ft' cepitH BbIlllJIO 60JIee 40 KHIi}KeK. ALlpecoBa-
Hbl OHM HaqHHalOIneMY qliTaTeJIIO. B KHHrax cepHH «4HTaeM CaMH»
npe,ACTaBJIeHbI xy JtO>KecTBellllbIe npOH3Be,AeHHH caMblX pa3HblX BH,AOB
H >KaHpOB, Ha carvlbIe pa3Hble TeMbl, II HanHcaHbI 9TH npOH3Be,11.eHHH
OqeHb XOpOIlIHMH nHCaTeJIHMH. TOT, KTO npOqTeT Bce KHHiKKH 3TOH ce-
pHH, n03HaKOMHTCH co CTlixaMH A. BJ10Ka, H. 6YHHHa, C. l1po}K}KU-
Ha, C. EceHHHa, JI. l\\efl, C. MapmaKa, A. K. TO.TJCTOrO, A. nYIlI.KH-
Ha, A. OJI eIneeB a , A. cI>eTa, E. BJIafHHHHoi1:, H. CaKoHcKoH, npH06..
llurrcH K np03e C. AKcaKoBa, B. BepecaeBa, H. -FOrO.1IH, .a. MaMHHa-
CH6npHKa, JI. TOJICTOrO, M. npHWBliHa, B. )l(HTKoBa, A. raH.llapa,
A. KOHoHoBa H JI.p. 3ra <;epHH 3HaKOMIIT HaqHHalOIII.HX QHTaTe.ileu c
MHpOM KHHr Boo6IIJ.e.
06 HcropHH pOJtHOH CTpaHbI TpeTbeK,HaCCHHKH Y3HalOT H3 CepHH
CMaJIeHbKaH HCTOpHtlecKaH 6HonHOTeKa»; 0 repOHX paccKIDKYT HM KHH-
rH cepHH «repOHtlecKHe 6Horpa<l>HH», 0 nOBHrax cOJI.AaT3aw.HTHHKOB
POJXHHbl peoHTa Y3Ham 83 cepHH «CJl8Ba COJIAaTCKaH» "u T. n.
Cne,!tOBaTeJIbHO, I1pHHaJIe>KHOCTb KHHrH K" onpe,u.eJ1eHHOH ce-
pHH - 9TO H JtonOJIHHTeJIbHhlH npH3Hax, nOK33bIBaIOInHH, KOMY KHH-
fa apeCOBaHa, KaKOBO ee Ha3H.aQeHHe, H H3secTH&S rapaHTHS CHCTe-
MbI B Cal'ttOCTOHTeJlbHOM IITeHHH no HHTepecyeMY IOHoro tlHTaTeJIR
BOnpocy. KaK nOKa3blBaeT OfiblT, 3a,naQa coopaTb B KJIaCCe KHHrH XOTH
6y JtHOH KaKOH-TO cepHH QtleHb YBJ1eKaT pe6HT H npHHOCHT HeMao
nOJIb3bI.
nOJJ-6HpaH KHHfH )lJIH llTeHHH Ha HY>KHYIO TeMY, ytlaInHecH I I f'
\
KJlacca )llKe He MOf'YT paBHOYllltlO OTKJIMblBaTb B CTOPOHY Te KHHrH,
, u u
KOTOpble X01'R. H He Ha TeMY, HO no CBoeH n03HaBaTe.,1bHOH Ii 3MOnHO-
u
HaJJbHO-9CTeTHtleCKOH HanpaBJIeHHOCTH COOTBeTCTBYIOT JH-IIIHblM BKY-
e3M caMoro pe6eHKa H.TJH KorO-oI'H60 H'3 ero TOBa.pUllI.eii. Yq1UHeCH
OOSl3aTeJIbHO 3aIIHCblBaKYr Ha3BaHHH 9THX KHHI' Ha KapTOqKY H HHcJ>Op-
NH,pyIbT 0 HHX BeCb KJlaCC, a H3 KapTOqeK COCTaB.11HlOT KJIaCCHYIO Kap-
roreKY (no TeM3M). B npou.ecce pa60Thl YleHHe qHTaTb KaTaJlO}KHYIO
KapTOqI<Y Ii npaBHJIbHO 3anHcaTb KHH-ry, KOTopoe CctJOptHpOBa.HOCb
80 I I KJI3CCe, Ha TpeTbeM ro..ny 06yqeHHH nepeXOJI.liT 8 HaBbIK.
06p.a3eI.1 sanHCH KHlif-H H3 KapTOqKY B I I I KJIaCCe OCTaeTCH nOQTH
npe>K H U1'iI:
KynpHH A. 11.
4YIlecHblH AOKTOp. PaCCK33b1. !tJ1i1 MJIa)t-
mero WKOJIbHOrO B03pacTa. PUC. B,. llIaxo-
B8. hi., «Ller. JIHT.», 1969, C. 30 (cepHH
«KHHfa 3a KHHrOH»).
64

KaK BH,ZtHO H3 npHBe,l1eHHOrO npHMepa, B 3anHCH ,A06aBJlHIOTCH
Ii HHUHaJIbI nHCaTeJIH (HerrpeMeHHO nOCJIe <pat.tHJIHH!), YKa3aHHe, )J.JIH
KOrO H3,l1aHa KHHra, H CepHH, ecJIH KHHra BXQAHT B KaKYIO-TO ce..
pHIO, a TaIOKe o6oeM npOQHTaHHOH KHHrH (KOJIHlIecTBO CTpaHHn). KaK
H BO I I KJIaCCe, KapTOllKa M01KeT 6h1Tb HJIJIIOCTpHpoBaHa l . K KOH-
uy rOJla Ka>KAbIH TpeTbeKJIaCCHHK ,AOJI>KeH CYMeTb cocraBHTb H 3a-
nHcaTb KpaTKHH OT3bIB 0 KHHre, KOTOpylO OH ClIHTaeT Ba>KHOH H HH-
TepecHoH.
nHCbMeHHblH OT3blB - 9TO Tome JIHWb 0606w.eHHe tex SHaHHM
H YMeHHH, KOTopbIe HaKOnHJIH YlIarnHecH 3a ,nBa ro,na pa6arbl C KHHrOH.
BeAb, onpe,lI-eJIHH cO,Ztep>KaHHe He3HaKOMblX KHHrt YllamHeCH nOCTOHH-
HO OTBeqaJlH Ha Bonpoc: «0 lIeM 3Ta KHHra?» B I KJlaCCe Jl.eTH COOTHO-
CHJlH KHHry C onpe,ZtMeHHoH TeMo1% IITeHHH, BO II-npHyqaJIHcb ,ZtaBaTb
pa3BepHYTblH YCTHblH OTBeT B 1-2 npJIO>KeHHH. npH 9TOl\f YlIHTeJ1b
BHHMaTeJIbHO CJIeJl.H.1J 3a TeM, tlTOObI B OTBeTax .lI.eTH lIe OrpaHHIIHBaJIHCb
nOBTopeHHeM Ha3BaHHH, a CTapaJIHCb KpaTKo nepe,ZtaTb cO,Aep>KaHne
KHHrH. TaK, YiKe BTOpOKJIaCCHHKH 3HalOT, 'lTO CKa3aTb (HJIH HanHcaTb):
«KHHra AH,AepceHa «l!IOHl\IOBOqKa» 0 LlIOHMOBOtlKe», 3Ha1lHT HHtlerO He
CKa3aTb. Ha,no, tIT06b1 H3 OTBeTa 6bIJIO HCHO, 0 lIeM 9Ta KHHra H HHTe-
peCHaH J1H OHa. HanpHMep: «AH,ZtepceH. «):bOHMOBOtlKa». 3To KHHra
o npHKJII01JeHHHX Ma.'1eHbKOH CKa30tlHOH ,AeBOIlKH. npHKJIlOlIeHHSl
B CKa3Ke pa3HbIe: H rpYCTHble, H BeceJlble». I1J1H: «8 KHHre paccKa3bI-
BaeTCH 0 MaJleHbKOH ,A06pOH ,AeBOqKe, 0 oe,ZtHoH JlaCTOllKe, 0 cepoH
MbIllIH H 0 npoTHBHOM KpoTe» H T. n.
OnHpaHcb Ha YCTIIYIO norOToBKY H 3HaHHH yqal..UHXCH D 06JIaCTH
PyccKoro Sl3bIKa, YllHTeJlb 06YtlaeT TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKoB TO¥Y, KaK Ha,AO
nHcaTb KpaTKHH OT3bIB 0 KHHre.
Or3bIB .lI.OJliKeH OTBellaTb CJle,AYlOrnHM Tpe6oBaHHHM:
1) 6bITb npeJl.eJIbHO KpaTKHM (2- 3 npeMO>KeHHH);
2) cO.llep*aTb TOJ1bKO cal'lloe BaiKHoe, panH tlero HanHcaHa KHHra
(lIe.TJb35J .ll.onycKaTb nopot5Horo nepecKa3a cO.ll.ep>KaHHH KHHrH H
paccKa3a 0 TOl\I, qeM oila KOH1.J:ae'fCH);
3) BKJIlOqaTb BbIBO,lt 0 TOl\f, 1Je1 rioHpaBIIJIaCb KHHra (9TO Tpe60BaHHe
lie 06H3aTeJIbHo, HO meJ1aTeJlbHo).
HanpHMep, COCTaBJIHeTCH OT3bIB Ha KHHry JI. )l(apHKoBa «no-
CJle.ll.HHH HOtlb».
Ope>K)le Bcero CTaBHTCH Bonpoc, a tleM 9Ta KHHra, H YllaIUHeCH npo-
C>YIOT KpaTKO OTBeTHTb Ha Hero CHaqaJIa KOJlJIeKTHBHO B YCTHOH 4>opMe:
«:7ra KHHra 0 rpa>KjlaHCKOH BOHHe, 0 KpacHbIX Ii 6eJIblX, 0 MaJlbtlH-
Kax, KOTopbIe nOMOraJIH KpacHbIM 60pOTbCH 3a COBeTCKYIO BJlaCTb,
Y t IHJ1HCb B 9Ton OOpbOe MYiKecTBY H craHOBHJIHCb repoSlMH HJlH npOCTo
BblpaCTaJIH XOpOlllHMH ...'1IO,l{bMH».
(OT3bIB 3anHCblBaeTCH YIIHTeJleM Ha JtOCKe.)
1 ....IJIJI(OCTpall,HS1 pa3MeaeTCH no;t aanHCblO, H pa3Mep KapTOQKH COOTseTCTBeHHO
yneJ1l1 t IHSaeTCH. ' .
3 3aKaa 694
65

3aTe1 CY)K,lleHHe 0 KHHre yqanUieCSI COnOCTaBJIHIOT C npe,ZUiCJ.tQ-
BHeM K HeM, 11 T06bl cOKpaTHTb H.TJH YTOtlHMTb 3anHCb.
«nOCJIeJlHf.UI HOtlb»_- 3T0 paccKa3 0 C06b1THHX rpa>KJlaHCKOH BO-
HhI B ,noH6acce. B HeM nHCaTeJ1b JIeoHH,ll MHXaHJIOBHtI )l(apHKoB pac'"
CKa3blBaeT 0 nO,llBHre ,llBYX MaJIbtJHKOB, 06 HX Kpa6pocTH, 6ecnpe.neJIb-
HOM npe.llaHHoCTH H JHo6BH K CBoeR POJlHHe, KpacHoH APMHH, 06 HX
nOMOInH KpacHoapMeHuaM B oopb6e C 6enorBapAeAuaMH (CM. npeH-
CJIOBHe K KHHre - M., LlerrH3, 1957).
HCnOJIb30BaB npeJlHCJIOBHe, YtlarnHecSi MorYT BHeeTH B 3anHCb
C B 0 e 0 THO III e H H e K n pOll H T a H H 0 MY, H3feHeHHH Ii
COKpameHHH: .
«91'0 zpycmHblu H eepOUfteCKUU paCCKa3 0 C06bITHSIX rpaiKaHC.KoH
BORHbY, 0 nOMOInH ,nBYX MaJIbQHKOB KpaCHoapMeHU8M B 6opboe C 6e.no-
rBapAeiiuaMH, 0 nOO8U2e oOH02O. U3 HUX». (3Ty paOOTY K8>K,llbIH yqeHHK
BbInOJIHHeT HH)J.HBHAyaJIbHO.)
HaKOHeu, IIHTaTeJIb MO}KeT BKJIlOtlHTb B OT3bIB K8KOH-TO He6oJIb-
woA, nopa3HBWHH ero OTpbIBOK H3 KHHrH, a saTeM Bblpa3HTb CBoe OT-
HoweHHe K C06bITHSlM:
«TbI HHtlerO He OOHCH. B Te6H crpeJIHIOT, a TbI H,ltH! Te6e 60JlbHO,
a TbI He nJIallb!..»
, TaKHM 6b1JI -BaCbK8, repoA 3TOM KHHrH. 3TOMY OH ytlliJl CBoero
J1pyra. 3TOMY nOCTapalOCb HaYllHTbCB H JI» (AH.ztpeif J1.).
A BOT 0 TOM, 'ITO BaCbKa nOfH6, B OT3bIBe nHcaTb He CJIe,llYeT.
Or3blB Ha KHHry )VIB KJIaCCHOH KapTOTeKH nHweTCSI H8 060pOTe
KapT01JKH. nQ,lt HHM YKa3bIBaeTCH, KeM H3 ytleHHKoB OH COCTaBJJeH.
Ho npe... qeM O<jJOpIJUITb KapTOtlKY, ytleHHK 3aOHCblBaeT CBoe CY>K-
AeHHe 0 KHHre Ha OT)leJIbUbIH JIHCT ()YMarH, nOK83blB8eT ero" TOBapH-
InaM, ,naeT Ha npOBepKY ytlHTeJIlO HJIH BO>KaTOMY H, TOJIbKO BHecSi Heo6-
XO,llHMwe HCnpaBJIeHHB, nepenHCbISaeT Ha KapTOllKY. ToponHTbCSI,
r HaT b C SI 3 a K 0 JI H tJ e C T B 0 M OT3b1BOB, ,nonYCKaTb Heopem-
HOCTb B cxJ>opfJIeHHH (OCOOeHHO opcporpacJ>HlIeCKHe oWH6KH!) Hli - B
KoeM CJIYtlae HeJlb3H.
ToqHO Tal<: me, HCnOJIb3YH 3an8C Y)Ke HMelOInHXCB Y AeTeH CBe.ne-
HHH H npeCTaBJIeHHH, YQHTeRb nOBOJlHT TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKoB K nep-
BUtlHblM o606m.eHHHM, KaC8101Il.HPvtCH CnpaBOtlHOH JIHTepaTypbl. CorJIac-
HO Tpe6oB8HH,SfM nporpaMMbl, ytlaIl(HecH III KJIaCCa K KOHny rO,lla
,nOJI>KHbl 3HaTb B8>KHeHWHe OTJIHlIHTeJlhHbIe npH3HaKH CnpaBOtlHOfi
JIHTepaTypbl H YMeTb nOJIb30BaTbCB ,nocTynHbIMH cnpaBotJHblMIi KHH-
raMH. Ytl8111HeCH J10JI}KHbI ycnoHTb, 1.JTO CnpaBOQUaH JlHTepaTypa-
9TO KHHrH, npeAH83HatleHHble ,It JI Sf 6 Et C T P 0 r 0 nOJIYtleHHSI - Ka-
KHX-JIH60 cBelteHHH. CnpaBollHYIO RHTepaTYPY (CJIOB8pH, SHUHKRone-
JlHH) He tlHTalOT OT KOpKH AO KOpKH (XOTH H B 9TOM HeT HHlIerO npe.llo'"
CY,llHTeJlbHoror), a OTKpbIBalOT 1Ia HY}KHOH crpaHHue H no.nyqalOT
Heo6xo,ltHMYIO HaYtJHYIO HJIH npHKJlaJlHYIO HH<I>oPManHIO.
lJTOObi H8 nOHCKH HY>KHhIX cBeAeHHA 3aTpallHBaJICSI MHHHMYf Bpe-
MeHH, CnpaB01JH8B JIHTep8Typa HMeeT OTJJHlIHYIO OT Bcex npOqHX KHHr
CTPYKTYPY: B cnpaBOtJHOH ,KHHre 06R3aTeJIblJO eCTb Y K a saT e JI b,
66

KOTOpbIH nOMOraeT OTbicKaTb HY>KHoe CJlOBO; TeKCT KHHrH COCTOHT
H3 He60JIbWHX no 06'beMY CTaTeH Ka>K,lJ.aH 83 KOTOpblX nOCBHIlleHa
KaKOMY-JIH60 HUY, HBJIeHHIO, COObITHIO, npe.AMeTY1. A TaK KaK Bce
HBneHHH, JIHna H npMeTbl Ha3bIBalOTCH CJIOBaMH, TO ,nJlH 6h1CTpOTbI
nonb30BaHHH CnpaBOQHOA KHHrOH enOBa B HeA pacnonaraIDTCH no an-
cpaBHTY. B YKa3aTeJIe CJlOBa TaK>Ke pacnOJIaraIOTCH no an<paBHTY t
KpOMe Toro, TaM ,nalOTCH CCblJIKH Ha CTpaHHUY (HnH CTpaHHUY H TOM,
ecJIH CnpaBOtiHaH KHHra B HeCKOJIbKHX TOMax) , r,ne HanetlaTaHO HY>K-
Hoe CJIOBO. CTOHT TOJlbKO nonpaKTHKOBaTbCH, H HaxoJ1HTb TO HJIH HHoe
CJIOBO B YKa3aTeJle a 38TeM COOTBeTCTBYIOII1YIO CTaTblO B HHre 6y,ne-r
OqeHb HHTepecHo H JIerKO.
KOHeIlHO, JIIOOaH KHHr8 .llaeT 3H3HHH. OcotSeHHO neHHoii B 9TOM OT-
HomeHHH HBJJHeTCH HaYQHO-n03HaBaTeJlbHaH JIHTepaTypa. ECJIH YMeJIO
nOJIh30BaTbCH OrJIaBJIeHHeM H JJ.pyrHMH cnpaBQtlHbIMH 9neMeHT8MH Ha-
YQHO-n03HanaTeJlbHOH KHHTH, TO K Hen YtlaIUHeCH MorYT 06parnaThcH
3a OTBeTaMH na HHTepecYlOmHe HX BonpOCbl. O,nHaKO ,nOCTaTOtiHO cpaB-
HHTb, HaCKOJIbKO y,nOOHee HCKaTb OTBeT, CKa>KeM 0 }l{H3HH 3aH-
qaT, B MaJleHbKo:A: 9HUHKJlOne,nHH.JO. ,nMHTpHeBa «KTO B Jlecy >KHBeT
H 'QTO B JICCY paCTeT», qeM B KHHre Toro >Ke aBTopa «PaCCK33bI MoeH
nOJIH HI\H»2, tlT06bI He06XOHl\fOCTb BblJ1eJ1eHHH H3 Kpyra .lleTCKHX
KHHr cneUHa.'lbllOH CnpaBOtiHOH JlHTep3Typbl CTaJ1a OtleBH.llHOH.
C 3To:li UeJIblO B KJIaCCe Ha,no opraHH30BaTb nOCTOSIHHYIO BblCTaBKY
CnpaBOqHOH JlHTepaTypbI, 1JTOObl yqaI.I(HecH npHYtlaJIHCb nOJIb30BaTb"
CH CIO no Mcpe Ho6HOCTH.
ITo >KeJlaHHIO yqHTeJlH BblCT3BKa MO>KeT OblTb OnOJIHeHa CJI0B8-
pSlMM, H3npHMep BeCbMa yMecreH H3 9TOH BblCT3BKe Optporpa<pHtieCKHH
CJ10Bapb Lt. H. YmaKOBa H C. E. KpIOIIKOBa, reorpa<}>HtJecKHH CJIOBapb
C. B. AranOBa, C. H. CoKOJIOBa H .a. H. THXOMHpOBa, CnoBapb PYC-
CKoro H3blKa C. H. O>KerOB3 H T. n.
13 KaqecTBe ocoooro pa3,neJIa Ha BbICT3BKe MorYT 6bITb npe,nCTaBJIC-
IIbl HaYQHO-rr03HaBaTeJIbHbIe KHHrH, He HBJ1S1IOIlI.HeCH cnpanOtlHbIMH
no CTpYKType, HO COCTOHIIJ.He 1-13 He60JIhllIHX paCCKa30B, B KOTOpbIX
MO>KHO, nOJIb3YHCb OrJlaBJIeHHeM, 6blCTpO HaHTH OTBe Ha HHTepecylO-
InHA Bonpoc.
K TaKHl\1 KHHfaM OTHOCHTCH:
B apT a H b H H 3. 113 >KH3HH CJIOBa. M., «eTCKaR JIHTepaTY-
pa»,- 1960.
A K H M Y III K H H H. I1nJtpHK - 3Bepb, pHC. r. HHKOJIbCKoro.
M. , «13J1 bUll», 1968.
1 )leTcKan cnpanOIJHaR nHTepaTypa OTJlHqaeTCSI OT cnpaBOtlHblX H3,!laHHH .l1JUI
83pOCJIblX B OCHOBHOM xapaKTepOM CTaTeA-cnpaBOK: 3TO, KaK npaBHdo, x y .n 0 >K e-
C T B e H H 0- n 0 3 H 8 BaT e n b H hi e paCCK83bI, HO KpaTKHe H ue.neHanpaBJIeH-
Hye.
2 CM. TaK>Ke KHHfH 0 CoBeTCKoA ApMHH: C. B a p y 3 JJ. H H. llIeJl no ynHu.e
COM8T; r. 10 p M H H. Cnymy Coae-rCKOMY CoIOSY. KOHeQHO. o6e KHHrH MO>KHO qH-
T8Tb OT Ha1faJIa )10 KOHu.a, HO MSI nOJlyqenHR cee.l1ellHA no OT,D.eJIbHLlM BOnpOC8N 60-
JIee yo6Ha BTopaH KHHra.
3*
67

,Ll M H T P H e B 10. ,llecllble 3araAKH, pRC. A. KCJIeHHHKOBa. M.,
«J].erCK8H "JIHTepaTyp8», 1967. .
P >K e B C K H H B. OWH6K8 KOpOJUI aoonapKOB, pHC. r. HH-
KOJIbCKoro. M., «MaJIbIw», 1966. H T. n.
Pa60Ta co CnpaBOQHOB HTepaTYPoH 06lltero H qaCTHOfO xapaKTe-
pa ,lI,M8er He06xo,lJ.HMbIM H cBoeBpeMeHHblM 3HaKOMCTBO TpeTbeKJIaC-
CHHKOB C netJaTHblMH peKOMeH,lI,aTeJIbHbIMH YK83aTeJISlMH NUl MJIa,lJ.WHX
WKOJIbHHKOB - C KHHraMH 0 KHHfax. TaKHx }:Ka3aTeJIeH cymecTByeT
HeM8JIO, H8npHMep:
«KHHfH 0 TBOHX APY3hHX-pOBecHHK8X», COCT. JI. Mei1epOB8. JI.,
.llerfH3, 1961.. . -
«no pO,lJ.HOH CTp8He», COCT. H. BOHneXOBCK8H, J1. JlonaTHHa. JI.,
,LleTrH3, 1959.
«KHHfH 0, npHpO)(e», COCT. O. XY3e H .lI. MeiiepoBa'. JI., .LlerfH3,
1957.
«0 HBmeA POAHHe, 0 .Hac. PaCCK83bI 0 KHHfax», COCT. K. lUHeH-
Aep. .11., «.!leTcKaH JIHTepaTypa», 1966.
«lITO" 'lHT8Tb», COCT. B. fpeBCKaB, r. naTbIHCKaH. M. , «JleTcKaSl
JIHTep8Typa», 1969. H T. n. l .
B KIDKAOH H3 3THX 6powIOp nocJle He6oJJhWOrO npe)(HCJIOBHH npH-
BO)UlTCH cnHCOK KHHr no oAnoB HJIH HecKOJIbKHM TeMaM. llpH 9TOM co-
Aep>KaHHe Ka>KAOH KHHrH (HJIH pHAa KHHr) pacKpblBaercff KpaTKo, HO
YBJIeKaTMhHo. np01JHTaB onHcaHHe peKoMeH)toB8HHbIX KHHr, lIHT8-
TeJIb OCMbICJ1eHHO BbioepeT Te KHHfH, KoropbIe era aaHHTepe..
cYIOT.
KpOMe TOfO, yqaInHecH nOCTOSlHHO BCTpeqalOTCH C pa3JIH'lHOfO pOAa
peKOMeH,lJ.aTeJJbHblMH cnHCKaMH B KHHfax (Ha 06JIo}KKax, Ha cne-
I1.H8JIhHbIX.. CTpaHHIJKaX, 3aBepW81OHX KHHfY H npe,nWecTBYIOIIUIX
nepenJIeTY), B >KypHaJIaX -«nHOHep», «Kocrep», «IOUblH HaTypaJIHCT»t
B r83ere «nHOHepCKB npaB,na». Ooparn8Tb BHHM3HHe AeTeH Ha 3TH
CnHCKH, 8n8JIH3HpOBaTb HK HanO npH Ka>K.nOM YA06HOM cJlyqae. BRH.;
MaHHe K peKOleH,ltaTeJ]hHOH 6H6JIHOrpa<pHH - 38JIOf TOfO, tITO HaIlH-
H810JnHH tJHTaTeJIb BCefn8 6y.ner B Kypce KHH>KHhIX HOBHHOK, 1IT0 Y
Hero Ha npHMeTe nOCTOHHHO 6YYT KHHfH, KOTope HHTepecHO npo-
tJHTaTb, 8 3HaQHT, HHKOf,lI,a He oyj(eT nepepbIBa B tJTeHHH H3-3a TOfO,
qTO «Bce npOtJHTaJl» (HBJIeHHe, K OO>KaJIeHHIO, elI.{e OQeHb 1I8CToe B Ha-
qaJlbHOH WKOJIe).
PerYJIBpHO 'lHTaH ,lJ.eTCKYIO. nepHOJ{HKY, ytlaInHecSi OObItJHO cnpa-
lliHBalOT Y1JHTeJIB, K8K npaBHJlbHO 3anHC8Th nOHpaBHBWHHCH 8 }KYP-
H8J1e paCCKa3 HJIH fa3erHYlO CTaTblO, H oe3 oco6oro Tpy,na OBJIaneBalOT
CJ v
HaBbIKaMH rrpOCTeHweH 38nHCH:
..
1 B tJlyqae, ecJIH. nOAo6Hhle YKa3arenH B uiKOJJbHOB: 6HMHOTeKe OTCYTCTBYIOT,
MOEHO BOCnOJIb30BaTbCSI ny6nBKaIUlSlMH >KypRaJla «Hatl8JIbHag WKOJIa»: «KHHrH 0
B. M. JIeHHHe Hero copaTHHKan (1969, Hi 8), cOKTJl6pb waraeT no CTpaH8 (1969,
N2 11), «)I(HTb - PO.ARRe CJIY>KHTb» (1970, Nv 5), npeBpaTHB HX B KHH>KKH-caMO-
Jl,e.. 'J KH.
68

PaeBCKHH B.
Cal\10e CTpalllHOe. PaCCKa3. PHC. B. BecKa-
paBaiiHoro (>KYPHaJI «Kocrep», 1968, N!? 8,
c. 24-30}.
11J1 H :
4YPHJlHH B.
KaK OhlJl BhlBe;teH Ha OPOHTY £0103-9» (ra-
3eT3 «nHoHepcKaR np3BJla», 1970, 5 HIOHH,
C. 2).
OpraHH3aUHOHHO-MeTOAHQeCKaH CHCTeMa
P Y K 0 B 0  C T 8 a C a M 0 C T 0 H T e JI h H bI M JJ. e T c oK H MilT e-
H HeM B I I I K JI a C C e B OCHOBHOM coxpaHHeTcH B TOM >Ke BHtl-e,
liTO H Ha npeJlweCTBYIOll\HX 9Tanax 06yqeHHH I .
B TelleHHe YQe6Horo rOJla CHCTeMaTHQecKH npOBOJJ.HTC ypOKH
BHeK.'1aCCHOro tITeHHR. Ha ypOK3X no,nBOHTCH HTorH paOOTbl C KHHfOJ;
3a npowe,nIllHH nepHO,n, <P<>pMHPYIOTCH HOBbIe 3HaHHH H YMeHHH H
,naeTCH 3a,naHHe Ha CJIe,nYIOll\He ;tBe He,neJIH.
B npOMe>KYTKe fe}K,ny ypOKal\.IH BHeK..'IaCCHOro tITeHHH Yllaw.HecSi
caMOCTOTCJIbHO -BbI6HpalOT H tIHTalOT KHHrH, ra3eTbI, >KypHaJIbi Ha
onpe,lle.neHHYIO TeMY; YQaCTSYIOT B KHH>KHbIX BbICT3BKax, YTpeHHHKax,
9KCKypCHRX, TeMaTHQecKH CBR3aHHbIX C qHTaeMblMH KHHraMH.
3HaHHH H YMeHHH, npHoopereHHbte )J.eThMH Ha ypOKax BHeKJIaC-
CHoro \ITeHHH H nYTet car.IOCTOHTeJIbHOrO tJTeHHH, npHBJIeK3IOTCS1
yqHTHMH Ha ypOKax no JJ.pyrHM npeAMeTaM (no QTeHH, npHpOJlO-
Be.n.eHHlo, TPY.llY H T. n.).
HeocJla6HO BeJJ.eTCH nporraraH,na KHHr B ceMbHX yqaInHXCH.
Ho 8 OTJIHqHe or nepBoro H BToporo roa o6yqeHHR B opraHH3a-
UHH caMOCTOS1TeJIbHOrO tIreHHH TperbeKnaccHHKoB B03HHKaeT HeKOTO-
poe 3aTpy;tHeHHe, BbI3BaHHoe TeM, tfrO 8 I I I KJuicce ypOKH BHeKJlaC-
CHOfO IITeHHH npoBoHTCH He K3>K;tylO HeJleJIlO, K3K BO II KJIaCCe, a
lIepe3 He;teJIIO (T. e. O.llHH qac B Jl-Be He.n.eJIH, UJIB 18 qaCOB B ro,lt). 3ro
3aTpYJ1HeHHe MO>KIIO npeo.noJleTb TOJlbKO npH YCJIOBHH HMHBH;tyaJlb-
Horo PYKoBo.ACTBa ,AeTCKHM 1ffeHHeM H Tll\3TeJIhHO npO;tYM8HHOH CHCTe-
MOH JlotawHHX 3a,lt8HHH no BHeKJI8CCHOMY 'ITeHHIO. OqeHb B8>KHO,
tlT06bI 9TH 3a;taHHH COOTBeTCTBOBaJIH n03HaBaTeJIhHblM HHTepecaM
TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKOB: Be,nb «K8K H BCHKaS1 nOTpe6HOCTb, n03HaBaTeJlb-
IIwii HHTepcc HMeeT orpOMHYIO nOOYJJ.HTeJlbHYIO CHJlY: OH 3acr3BJlH"
1 <:M.: c06Y'leHHe BO II KJiacce. KHHra AJUI Y1lH1-eJUI». M., CnpOCBem.eHHe)
1970, pa3A. «BHeKJIaCCHoe ,QTeHHe».
69

eT tIeJIOBeK8 aKTHBHO CTpeMMTbCH K n03HaHHlO, aKTHDIIO HCKaTb cno-
COOLI H cpe)J.CTBa Y,llOB.'1eTBOpeHHJI B03HHKweH y Hero «>Ka)K)U:1 3Ha-
HliS!» 1 .
He Menee Ba>KHO, llTOObl B KJlaCCe 6bIJ1 C03,naH nOCTOHHHO ,lleHcT-
BYlOrnHH «YronoK qreHHH». ,llnH Hero OTBO,llHTCH onpe,neneltHoe MeCTO
()J.OCKa H CTOJI "JIM nOJlKa), r,ne Ha OTJleJIbHOM nHCTe OYMarH BbIBeWH-
BaeTCH nporpaMMa pa(5oTbi Ha TeKYInHe )tBe He,AeJIH, a TaK1Ke e1Ke,l1-
HeBHO BbiCTaBJISUOTCH Bce MarepHaJIbI,. OTpa}KalOm.He pesYJlbTaTbI Bbl-
nOJlHeHHH 9TOA nporpaMMbI: KHHrH, KOTopbIe tJHTalOT yqaInHecH no
33)J.aHHoA reMe, HJIJIIOCTpaU-HH, no,neJIKH B CB5I3H C qTeHHeM, HJlJlIOCTpH-
pOBaHHbIe KapTOtIKH H OT3blBbI Ha npOtJMTaHHble KHHrH H T. fi. YtImnHe-
<;H C 60JIbWOH OXOTOH ytlaCTBYIOT B T3KHX cBoe06pa3HbIX e>KeJ{HeBHbIX
BbICT3BKax. npH 9TO OHH .o(5MeHHB3IOTCH tlHTaTeJIbCKOH HH<I>0pMal{H-
eM, KHHraMH, KOTopble Y}Ke npOtlnH, H oroHpalOT C3fble HHTepecHble
M3TepH8JlbI H8 OqepeJlHoH ypOK.
B CTpYKType ypoKa HeKJIaCClIOro IITeHHH B I I I KJlaCCe, KaK npa-
BHJlO, npeJI.ycMaTpHB31OTCH 3 OCHOBHbIX 3J1eMellTa:
1) OTLJeT ytiarnHxcH 0 pe3YJlbTaTaX caMOCTOHTMbHoro qTeHHH
(B pa3J1HLJHblX <J>oPM3X: oece,na, Hrpa-copeBHoB3HHe, aHKTa, KJlaCcH<pH-
Kall.HH npolIHTaHHoro no pa3HbIM npH3HaKaM, peweHHe KaKHX-TO no-
3HaBaTenbHblX 3a,Aaq H np.). npH OTBeT3X yqalll.HecR HenpeMeHHo HC-
nOJIb3YlOT teKcTbl np01.lHT3HHblX npoH3Be,lleHHH.
2) 4TeHHe BcnyX HJlH paccKa3'YQHTeJIH, B nponecce KOToporo OH
coo6ll1.3eT Y'lalll.HMCSI HOBbIe 3Ha'HHH, 3H3KOMHT ,l1eTeH C HOBbIMH npoHa-
BeAeH!fBMH, nHCaTeJI5IH, TeMaMH llTeHHJI, cJx>PMHpyeT HX qHTaTeJlb-
CKHe HHrepecbl. .
3) npaKTHqeCKHe ynp3>KHeHHJI, 3aKpenJlSllOlllHe Y TpeTbeI<JlaCCHH-
KOB H3SbIKH H YMeHHH n 0 JI b 3 0 BaT b C SI K H H r 3 M H HOp H-
e H T H P 0 BaT h C H B HHX.
B KaqeCTBe npHMepa npHBeJleM ypOK Ha TeMY «raHAap - 60en H
rpa>K,ltaHHH». IJ.eJlb ypOKa: npeJlCTaBHTh ytJaIUHMCH raA,napa - tIe-
JlOBeKa H I OMMYHHCTa  «OObIKHOBeHHOM OHorpa<p HeH B Heo6bIKHOBeH-
Hoe BpeMH»; n03HaKOMHTb C KHHraMH 0 nHcaTeJie, C ero aBToGHorpa-
4>HeA, ,nHeBHHKOM, nHCbMaMH; 3aHHTepeCOBaTb tlTe.HHeM npOH3Be,Ae..
HHH r3H,Aapa H 0 raHJlape.
B npeAWecTBYIOInee ypOKY BpeMH TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKH tlHTalOT pe-
KOMeHJlOBaHHble HM KHHrH 0 raHJlape H npOHSBe,AeHHH nHCaTeJ1H
(no COOCTBeHHOMY BbIOOPY). KHHrH, ra3eTbI, >KypHanbI H HJlJlIOCTpaTHB-
HblM M3TepHaJI no TeMe «raHAap - ooen H rpa>KAaHHH», K8K -o6bltlHO,
e}Ke,l!HeBHO BhlcTaBJlHIOTCB B «¥ronKe qTeHHH», QTo6bl Bce Y1.Ialll.HeCSI
CMornH C HHMH-- nOSHaKOMHTbCH. KpOMe Toro, Ha HaH6o.'1ee MHTepeCHble
KHHrH, CTaTbH ytlmnHecH (no >Ke.naHHIO) orpOpMJIHlOT KapTOtlKH, ,KOTO-
pbie TO>Ke )teMOHCTpHPYIOTCH no XOAY nO)J.rOTOBH!JJIbHoti pa60TbI 8
«YrOJlKe qreHHH».
1 cn03H8B8TeJlbHhle HHTepeCbI H yc.nOBHR HX <jJOpMHpOB8HHH B l1eTcKoM Bospac-
Tel. «MsBecTHJI AnH PCc1>CPt. shin. 73. M.. 1955, CYp. 12.
70

3a AeHh-ABa AO ypOKa BHeKJlaCCHOrO tlTeHHH yqHTeJlh 06'bHBJlReT
yqaWJIMCSI nporpaMMYt T. e. OCHOBHbIe BonpoCbI npe,ltCTOHllI.eA 6ece-
Abl t BhlCTaBJISleT B «¥rOJIKe tITeHHSI» qeTblpe TOMa c06paHHH COqHHeHHH
A. n. raiiAapa 1 H nopY1JaeT OHMHOTeKapJlM 3Be3A0tleK (HnH 3BeHbeB)
npHrOTOBHTb K ypOKY HeCKOJlbKO TaKHX me KOMnJleKTOB.
YpOK HaqHHaeTCH c OeceAbl npHMepHO TaKoro cOJlep>KaHHJI:
- CKonhKO neT npO>KHJI 3TOT y,ltHBHTeJlhHblA qeJIOBeK, OCTaBHB-
WH" nOCJIe COOH TaK MHoro ,ltooporo, xopomero?
- 4TO BbI YSHaJiH 0 ero AeTCTBe? OTKYAa?
- CKOJIhKO JleT OH BoeBaJl 3a COBeTCKYIO BJIaCTb?
4 TO oc06eHHO neHHJI B JlIOJlJlX?
4TO JlI06HJI oonhwe Bcero Ha CBeTe?
- A qero OqeHh He JIIOOHn? lJero He npow.an?
- I(aK H nOqeMY CTaJI nHcaren:eM?
- JIerKo J1H OblTh nHCaTeJIeM? qTO Oll .nYMan H rOBOpHJI 06 3TOM?
- KHHrH KaKHX DHCaTeJIeH OH OC06eHHO ueHHJI?
- A MHoro JIH caM HanHCaJI KHHr?
- KaKHe KHHrH A. n. raH,ltapa BbI qHTaJlH?
OTBeTHTb Ha 3TH BOrrpOc.b1 yqarnHMCH nOMor8er BCSI npOqHT8HHaH
. K ypOKY JlHTepaTypa.
6ece){a 0 A. n. raHJ{8pe OJlmHa cOnpOBO>KaTbCSI Bblpa3HTeJIh-
HblM QTeHHeM, ,lteKJI, al\fau.HeH nepeCKa30M, MH3KHM K TeKCTY, OTpbIB-
KOB H3 nocnOMHHaHHH COBpeMeHHHOB, paCCMaTpHBaHHeM HJlJlWCTpa-
1.I.H8, Q>oTorpacpHH. '- Ka>K,ltoe BbICKa3bIB3Hue, K8>K,nbIH BblBO,lt ,ltOJI1KHbI
CBH3blsaTbCH yqall(HMHCH C COOTBeTCTBYIOW.HMH xy.nOiKeCTBeHHblMH
onHCaHHJlMH, KapTHHaMH, 06pa3aMH. LlH<Pp H AaT ,llOJl>KHO OblTh He-
IHOro. .
ECJlH 6ece,lta 6y.neT nOCTpoeHa T3KHM 06p.a30M, TO TpeTbeKJIaCCHH-
KH HaBcer,na 3anOMHHT HeOObIKHoBeHHoe BpeMH (peBMIOIJ.HIO, 60pbGy
3a COBeTCKYIO BJIaCTb) H nOJIIOOHT 06blKHOBeHHoro COBeTCKoro QeJIOBe-
Ka C neoobIKHOBenllOH ouorpacpHeH nHCaTeJlH-6opl(a ApKa,ltHSI neTpo-
BHqa raAapa. .
TpH Bonpoca, KOTOpbIMH 38KaHIIHBaeTCJI.. 6ecea, ooecnetJHBalOT
v
CCTeCTBeHHbIH nepexott K npaKTHlIeCKOMY 3HaKOMCTBY TpeTbeKJI8CCHH-
KOB c coopaHHeM COlIHHeHHH A. n. raH,ltapa.
KHHfH H3 c06paHHH COtlHHeHHH Ha)J.O paCCMOTpeTh Ha ypOKe no BceM
npaBHJIaM: BHH18TeJlbHO npOaH3J1H3HpOBaTb Ka>K,nblH HX 3JIeMeHT
(.Aa*e THCHeHHe Ha nepenJleTax.; Be,ltb 01.leHb HHTepecHo H COBceM He-
npOCTO OnpeeJIHTb, CIO)KeTbl KaKHX npOH3BeJleHHH raH,ltapa TaM OTpa..
>KeHbl) .
Oco60 CJle,nyeT BbI,lteJIHTb KOl\iMeHTapHH K npoH3Be.n-eHHSlM rattu.apa
(T. e. cnpaBKH, H3 KOTOpblX MO}KHO Y3HaTh, KorAa, Ha KaKOM MarepHa-
ne HanHcaHO npOH3Be,l{eHHe, QTO .n-YMaJI 0 HeM caM aBTOp, KOf)ta
OliO BnepBbIe ony6JJHKoBaHO H T. A.), npe,ltHCJlOBHe K T. I JI. A. Kac-
1 HanpHMep: A. r a A .l1 a p. Co6p. COq., B 4-x T. M" «..QeTCK3H nHrepaTypa.,
1964-1965 (HJlH JIlOOOe pyroe H3JtaHHe).
71

CHJ1B, aBT06HOrpa<t>IIH raflJlapa (T. I H IV), ero nJ.ICbMa H paccKa3bl
BoeHHbIX J1eT (T. IV).
YqHTeJlb nOKa3b1BaeT eTSlM, KaK HHrepecno IJHT3Tb Bee 9TH lvt3-
repHaJlbJ, KaK OHH nOMoralOT rJlY0)J{e nOHHTb TBop4eCTBO nHCaTeJISI H
nOJI106uTb ero. -
J1. 0 twl a III II e e 3 a ,l( a H H eKe JI e ,l( Y 10 Ill. e M Y Y P 0 K Y:
npO.llo..'1>KHTb lJreHHe KIIHr 06 A. n. raH.llape, ero aBTo6HorpacpHH,
nHceM (BCJlYX, no 3 Be3)J.OQKaM), npOH3Be){eHHH raHJJ.apa (no COOCTBeH"
HOMY BbI60py); nOCTap3TbCH OTBeTHTb Ha BonpOCbl H BblnOJlHHTb 3a'Jla..
IIHSI BHKTOpHllbl, nOCBHIneHHOH A. n. raH,l(apy (nonpOCbJ H 3a,l(aHHH
BHKTOpHHbI cpa3Y )l{e DblBeIllHBalOTCH B «YrO.,'1Ke 1ITellHH»); Opl\11HTb
nepBble CTpaHHI.I.bI KJlaCCIIOro aJIb60Ma 06 A. n. raH,!(ape.
J!olallIHee 3aj\aHHe, HanHcaHHoe YlIHTeJ1el\f OT .PYKH Ha OT,lleJlbIlOM
JlHCTe 6YMarH, BblBCIllHBaeTCSI cpa3Y >Ke nOCJIC ypoKa B «YrO.ITKe qTe-
HHH». TaM me nOMernalOTcH BonpocbI BHKTOpHllbI, nocBHlUeHHofi
A. n. faHJlapy. HanpHMep:
nOJJ.Y1\faHI Y3Haii! OrBeTbl
1. 4ro 3a 3H3K HapHcoB3H B BepxHef
yrJlY JIHCTa?
2. Kor,na H KaK y ApKaJJ.H}I rO'lHKOBa
nOSIBHJ1CSI nceB,nOHHM raH,l(ap? liTO 3l1a-
lIHT «nceB,l(OHHf»? .
3. KaKHC"3 CBOHX npOH3Be,LteHHH Ap..
Ka,l(HH nerpOBHtI C'IHTaJl JIYllIllHMH?
4. KaKHe BblCKa3bIBaHHSI cOBpeMeHHlI"
KOB 0 raH,l(ape HJ1H CJlOBa Cal\t10rO raHJJ.a.
pa TbI CIJHTaellib caMbIMH Ba)KHbIMH, neH-
HbIMH? 3anHllIH HX H3 KapTolJ)<Y .ZJ.JIfl
KJ1 aCCHoro aJIb60Ma.
npOHJlJIIOCTp.Hpyii KapTOtlKY.
A cr]ej\YIOll(HH ypOK MomeT 6bfTb llOCBSlJ..qeH cnpaBotIHOH JIHTepaTY.
pe, B tlaCTHOCTH 3HaKOMCTBY yqaJ..qHxcH co CTaTbeH «raH;tap» B KHHre
«4TO TaRoe? KTO TaKOH?». -'
, .: TaKoB, B 06meM, x3paKTep pa60TbI no BHeKJIaCCHoMY qTeHHIO D
rn KJI3Cce. .
TeMaTHKa ypOKOB BHeKnaCCHoro qTeHHSI
BIll KJ1aCCe, KaK H npe.>Ke, onpe,ne.nSleTcH YlIHTeJICrvl caMOCTOHTeJlbllO
H cpa3Y He MeHee lIeM Ha 'IeTBepTh, a JlY1.Jme Ha nOJIyro,nHe. tIpH nJla-
HHpOBaHHH ,nOJl1KHbl YIlHTblBaTbCSI Tpe60BaHHSI nporpaMMhI no BHeKJlac..
CHOMY tlTeHHIO B I I I KJIaCce, YCTaHoBKa Ha CBB3b C KnaCCHbIM qreHHel\{
H nnaHOM yqeOHo"BocllHTaTenbHoH paGoTw AaHHoro Knacca B nenOM.
KpoMe Toro, YIlHTblBaeTcSI <t>aKTH.tleCKHA cpOH,l( JlHTepaTypbl )VISI liTe..
HHSI, KOTOpbIM pacnOJlaraeT AaHHbIH KJlaCC, ,lt3HHaH IlIKOJl3, IHTaTeIlTIb"
Cl<He 1I1ITepeCbI YtlaHXCH H Y1JHTeJIH.
72

II. rPAMMATHKA, nPABODMCAHME
M PA8BMTME PElf"
TpeTHH KJIaCC JlBJlReTCH 3aBeplllalOIJJ.J.lM B CHCTeMe
Hatl8JJbHOrO 06YQeHHSI. 3THM onpe)teJIHIOTCH oeo-
6eHHOCTH nocTpoeHHJI HOBOH nporpSMMbI )tnH 9To-
ro KJlaCCa H MeTOJ1HKa pa60TbI no HeA.
nporpaMMa no PYCCKOMY Sl3b1KY' nOCTpoeHa
TaKHM 06pa30M, tlTO OHa npe)tYCMaTpHBaeT .naJIbHeHWee pa3BHTHe
u u
nOJIYlIeHHblX )teTbMH B npeJ1b1)1YHX KJlaCCaX 3HaHHH, YMeHHH H
HaBblKOB, a TaK>Ke nOJ1b1TO>KHBaeT H CHCTefaTH3HpyeT CBe)teHHH, MMe-
IOLnHeCH Y HHX no HatlanbHOH III Ko.lle.
npH nepBOl\.1 3HaKOMCTBe C HOBOH nporpaMMOH MO}KHO nOJl.YMaTb,
1.110 B Heft ;J;aIOTCSI CBe,neHHH B TOM »<e 06'beMe, B KaKOM OHH ,naBaJlHCb
B npeIKHHX npOrpa1\'IMaX )J)ISI I I I H IV KJlaCCOB. OHaKO 310 He TaK.
npH DHIDY1aTeJIbHOM paCC:MOTpeHHH CO)1ep>KaHHH Kypca rpaMM3THKH
H npaBOITHCaHHH, KaK OHO HaMetieHO HOBOH nporpaMMOH )tJlH III KJ]ac-
ca, oOHapY>KHBaeTCSI, liTO H CTeneHb nOrOTOBJIeHHOCTH HOBOro Kypca
npe,nbl.l1YInHM 06yifeHHeM, H KOHKpeTHble oonpocbl, Bxoj:t5lIUHe B Teta-
THKY Kypca, H xapKTep pa60Tbl 1Ia;t 9TOH Te?\.faTHKoif, HecMo1pH Ha
CX, O,ACTBO 3HaQHTeJIbHO OTJIH1.IaIOTCSI.
Mnor"e CBeeHHSI 0 qaCTHX pellH )teTH Y/Ke nOJlYIlHJlH BO II
KJI3Cce. OH" 3HalOT TaKHe TepMHHbl, KaK «HMB CYll1.eCTBHTeJIbHoe»,
«npHJIaraTeJIbHoe», «rnarOJl», «npe,nJlor», HMelOT npeCTaBJleHHe 0
TOM, tleM xapaKTepH3YIOTCH 9TH tlaCTH petiH KaK co CTOpOHbl Co){ep}Ka.
HHH, TaK B H3BeCTHoA creDeHH H co CTOpOHbl $<>pMbl (HanpliMep, HMH
cymec1BHTeJlbHoe 0003HatiaeT npe,AMeT, OTBetiaeT ua BonpOCbI K T o?
11 T o?, Bcer)1a "feeT onpeJ1eJIeHHbIH pOA, H3MeHeTCH no qHCnaM, B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT ,npyrHx CJlOB npeMO>KeHHSI H3MeHHeT CBOH OKOHtlaHHH),
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73

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H 9TO npOHCXOHT He TOnbKO B nepHO nOBTopeHHH npOHeHHoro B
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Ke 1Ke 03H8KOMJIeHHH npeAJlaraIOTCSI H HeKorophle CHHTaKCHllecKHe
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74

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75

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76

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TeJIbHblX H npHJlaraTeJIbHbIX, 8 T3K1Ke CnpH>KeIlHH rJlarO..TIOB (xapaK-
TcpHble ,lI,JlH 9THX qaCTeH peqH CycM>HKCbI H OKOH1JaHHH).
2. OHR OJDKHbI HOCHTb cHcTeM3TH3HPYIOIII.HH H o606malOIII-HH xa-
paKTep. nOBTOpHTb He 3HalJHT 3YOPHTb O)tHO Ii TO me npaBHJlO, BbI-
n?..rIHHTb O,nHU H Te }l(e ynp3>KHeHHH. YqeHHK, BcnOfHH3H TO HJIlI
HHoe rrp3BHJlO, TO HJIH HHoe onpeJleJleHHe, AOJl>KeH YfeTb npOH3BecTH
8H3JIH3 3Toro rrpaBHJla HJIH onpeAeneHHn, YKa3aB OT)J.eJIbHWe tJaCTH
H npH3H8KH HBJlCHHH, a -3aTeM CHOBa «COOp3Tb» ero, conOCTaBHTb C
.npyrHMH po,nCTBeHHbIMH HBJIeHHHMII, HaHTH B HHX CXO)tCTBO H pa3!1H-
tIHe, c,neJlaTb O{jo6IOHH BblBO)J., BblnOJlHHTb ynpa)l{HeHHH HHoro
71

DH,na, tIeM BblnOJIHHJIHCb npem){e, nopa60TaTb C pa3HbIMH BapHaHTaMH
AHltaKTHlIecKoro MaTepHaJIa. HanpMMep, npaBH..rJO npaBOnHCaHHH 6e3-
YA8PHblX OKOHtl8HHA HMeH CytnecTBHTeJIbHblX HJIH npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX
nOne'3HO cpaBHHTb c npaBHJIaMH npaBonHcaHHH 6e3y.n.apHblX rJIac-
HbIX B KopHe CJIOBa HJlH B npHCTaBKax. Pa36pocaHHbIe no pa3HbllYi Te-
MaM npaBHJIa ynOTpeOJIeHHH b nOJIe3HO CO llOCTaBHTb, tlTOObl HCHee
06HapY>KHJIOCb CXO.nCTBO H pa3JIHlIHe 9THX npaBHJI ltJIH pa3HbIX tlac-
TeA petiH H qaCTeH CJI0Ba.
06ytleHHe PO,nHOMY H3bIKY HMeeT 6oJIblllOe pa3BHB8IOLUee 3HaqeHHe,
eCJIH OHO 8KTHBH3HpyeT n03HaBaTeJlbHYIO eHTeJIbHOCTb YtlaujJixcH H
u u
ecnH B npouecce YCBoeHHH 3HaHHH H YMeHHH ytlaHecH HCnOJIb3YKIT
T8KHe npHeMbl JlOrHtleCKOrO l\fbIIlJJIeHHH, KaK aHaJlH3 B COtleTaHHH C
cHHTe30M, COnOCTaBJIeHHe H npOTHBonOCTaBJleHHe no CXO){CTBY H pa3-
JIH1.JHIO, rpynnHpoBKa H cHcTelVlaTH3aUHH, HH)tYKI!H H Jle.nYKII.HH,
o6'bHclIeHHH H tlOKa33TeJIbCTB8. AKTHBHaH YMcTBeHHaH paOOTa YlIa-
HXCH HY»CHa Ha Bcex 3Tanax 06YtleHHH: H npH o6oHCHeHHH HOBoro
MaTepHaJla, H npH nOBTopeHHH, H npH BbInOJIHeHHH C8MOCTOHTeJIbHOH
paOOTbI, H npH saHHTHHX no rpaMMaTuKe H npaBonHcaHHIO, H B npo-
l{ecce noroToDKH H BblnOJIHeHHH nHCbMeHHblX .pa6OT THna H3JIOJKeHHH
H COQHHeHHH. n03HaB8TeJlLHaH aKTHBHOCTb - B03MO>KHa B TOM CJlYlIae,
ecJIH: ytlHTeJlb CT8BHT nepe)J. yqamHMHCH nOCHJIbHbIe 3a,aatiH H opraHH-
syeT HX YMCTBeHHYIO .neHTeJIbHOCTb TaK, tlTo6bI OHH YBepeHHO nepexo-
AHJIH OT 0,l1110H cTyneHbKH n03HaHHH  J\pyroA. 4eM aKTHBHce H caMO-
CTOHTeJIbHee ,n06b1B8IOT yqaII.(HeCH 3H8HHH, TeM OCMblCJIeHHee H npoq-
Hee 6YJ1.YT 9TH 3H8HHH, a rJIaBHOe, TeM 60..'1bllIe OyttYT pa3"
BHBaTbCH Mb1CJ1HTeJlbllbIe ell JC06HOCTH lteTeH, tITO, KOHetlHO, OQeHb BIDK..
HO H B npOl1.ecce 06ytleHHH, H B nOCJleJ\YlOrneH HX ,neHTeJIbHocTH.
MO)KHO saYlIHTb npaBHJla npaBonHcaHHH 6e3YJ\apHbIX na,lJ.e>KHbIX
OKoullaHHI% cymecTBHTeJIbHblX, HH1.JerO B HHX He nOHHB, HO TaKHe 3Ha-
HHH He MorYT ()bITb C03HaTeJIbHbIMH, npOtlHbIMH, pa3BHBalOllI.HIH.
npOtlHbThfH H pa3BHB81OHMH 9TH SHaHHH cTaHOBHTCH TOfJ\a, Kor,na
YtleHHK nOHl\feT, tlTO: 1) 6e3YJ\apHbIe OKOHlIaHHH nHUIYTcH TaK }Ke,
KaK H y,napHble; 2) MH OnOCTaBJIeHHH 6e3y.napHbIx OKOHtlaHHH C
y,napHblMH HymHo pa3JIHtlaTb na-ne)KH M THnbI CK.tIOHeHHH CYIIlecTBH-
TeJIbHbIX; 3) ltJIH pa3JIHtleHHH na,nemeH HY/KHO YMeTb CTaBHTb Bonpocbl,
3IlaTb npeJlOrH, nOHHM8Tb, nOlleMY. PJlSI o,aHoro ne}Ka xapaKTcpHo,
uanpHMep, OKOHQaHHe -U, a .n.JIH .n.pyroro -e. 1.ITOObi pa300paTbcH BO
BceM 3T01, YtleHHKY npHAeTCH aHaJIH3HpOBaTb ltaHHbIe CJIOBa' B pa3-
HblX na,ne>KHbIX pl\f8X, CTpOHTb C HHMH CJIOBOCOqeTaHHH H npeMo-
>KeHHH (CHHTe3), Haxo,nHTb CXO,nCTBO H p83JIHIIHe Me>KJ\Y aJ\e>KaMH H
CKnOHeHHHMH (conOCTaBJICHHe), rpynnHpoBaTb CYlUecTBHTeJIbHbIC no
CKJIOHe.IIHHM, JI-eJIaTb o606rneHHH no nOBo,ny l(eJ1b1X rpynn cYlllecT-
BHTeJIbHblX (HanpHMep, B npe.n..nO>KHOM nalte1Ke cymecTBHTellbHbIX
I-ro H 2-ro CKJIOHeHHH nHllleTeSI e, a B TOM 1Ke npe,nJ10>l{HOM na,L(eme
C Yl1l.eCTBHTeJ1bHbTX 3-ro CKJIOHeHHH OKOHtlaHHH -8 6bITb He M01KeT) ,
06'bstCHHTb H JlOKa3bIBaTb, nOtieMY, HanpHMep,c.nOBO (Ha) IlOw.aiJKe nHIlJeT..
Cst C e, a CJIOBO (ua) AOUlaaU-C U. YqeHHK, KorAa pa36epeTCSI BO BceM
78

.
3TOM, lie npOCTO 3aYJlHT npaBHJlO, 8 YCBOHT ero; K TOIY JKe BCH 3Ta
paOOTa HOCHT pa3BHBalOIl(HH X8paKTep: no,ll. PYKOBOJ{CTBOM Y"4HTeJ1S1
.yqeHHK Y"4HTCH caMOCTOSlTeJIbHO Ao6bIBaTb 3HaIIHH H YMeIlHH, nepeHO-
u
CHTb HX C O)J.HHX HBJIeHHH H3blKa Ha ,npyrHe H HCnOJIb30BaTb B npaKTH-
Ke YCTIIOH H nHCbMeHHOH peqH.
naBTopeHHe no rpaMM8THK8
H opfIJorpafIJHH
3aJ{alla . BoopymHTb YQ3I.U.HXCH fJ1yt30KHMH H npOqHbIMH 3HaHHHMH
po,nHoro H3bIK({, C<}>oPMlI pOBaTb Y HHX onpe,lJ.eJIeHHYID CHCTeMY op<Jx>-
rpa<pHqecKHX HaBblKOB MO)KeT OblTb ycnelllHo perneHa TOJIbKO B TOM
CJIY'Iae, ecJlH YlIHTeJlb perYJIHpHO H YMMO opraHH3ye-r nOBTOpeHJfe
npO,lJ.eHHoro M3TepHaJIa. ,
nOBTopeHHe npoiieHHoro l\t8TepHa.na AO,,1}KHO npOBo.nHTbCH H3
ypOKa B ypOK, npOHH3blB8Tb BCID pa60Ty no rpaMM8THKe, op<porpa-
HH H p83BHTJflO pellH. B CBoe BpeMS! K. 11. YWHHCKHH OTMeqa.f], 'lTO
XOPOWHH YlIHTeJ1b KaK 6YJ{TO TOJlbKO TeM H 3aHHM8e-rcSI, qTO pOBTOpjleT
n pOH.neH Hoe, a Me)K,l1Y TeM 6bICTpO ABH}KeTCH Bnepe.ll.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT u.e.neH: H cOAepmaHHH nOBTopeHHe B I I I KJI3C-
ce, K8K H BO Bcex )!pyrHx K,,'Jaccax, MomeT ObITb:
1) nOBTopeHHervl B lIall8JIe YQe6Horo rO,lJ.a;
2) TeKYllI.HM (noBTopeHHe B CBH3H C H3YQeHHef HOBoro MaTepHaJIa);
3) Tel\faTHqecKHt (noBTopeHHe npoHJ{eHHoM TeMbI H1H p83.neJ1a);
4) HTorOBbIM (noBTopeHHe MaTepHaJI8, npoH.neHHoro B TelleHHe
YQe6Horo ro,na).
K8)KAWH H3 9THX BHJ{OB nOBTopeHHB HMeeT CBOIO MeTO,nHKY, Ka>K-
.llOl\IY OTBO.nHTCH onpe.neJIeHHOe feCTO H8 ypoKe HJIM B CHCTCMe ypOKOB. .
n nOBTopeHHe B HaqaJIe yqroHoro rO,ll.a HMeeT IleJIblO
OBTopeHNe 8 Halia-
ne Y'le6Horo rOAa BOCCTaHOBHTb B. naMHTH yqam.HXCH n,,e npo-
J{O1mHTe..f]bHbIX JIeTHHX' KaHHKY JI BamHeHlllHe CBe-
,neHHH no npoitneHHOMY B npe)J.rneCTnYlOmeM K..'I8CCe MaTepHaJlY.
nOBTopeHHe B H8Qa"le yqe6HOrO rO,lJ.a K8iK,lJ.bIH: yqHTeJlb rr.TJaHHpYeT
npHMeHHTeJIbHO K CBoeMY K.Haccy, HCXOjlB H3 COCTOHHHH 31I3HHH, YMe-
HHH H H8BbIKOB yqallI,HXCfI. OqeHb BamHO npH opraHH3aIlHH nOBTope-
HHH nOMHHTb c.'Ie,nYIOI.lJge: 1) He1]b3H npoBoJ{HTb nOBTopeHHe-Ha T01\'1
JKe c..'10BapHOM H TeKCTOB01\.-1 MaTepHaJle, Ha KaKOM Coo6rn8J1HCh ,lleTHl\1
cooTBeTcTBYlOrnHe 3HaHHH; rroBTopeHHe neo6xoJ{l1MO BeCTH Ha MaTe-
pHaJIe HOBOM H YCJIO/KHeHHOM; 2) npHeMbl H <}>OpMbI paoOTbI, .nH.naKTH-
qeCKI:iH M8TepHaJI H HarJlH)l.lIble nOCOOHH He ,nOJl>KHbl OWTb TeMH )Ke.
KOTopble npHMeHHJiHCh npH cooom.eHHH HOBbIX 3H8HHH; 3) caMOCTOH-
TeJ1bHbIM H TBOpQecKHM p800TaM yq8m.HXCH npH rroBTopeHHH' ,nOJl>KHO
6b1Tb y,ne.neno 3HaqHTeJIbHO 60JIbWe BHHMaHHH, qeM "PH cooom.eHHH
HOBbIX 3H8HHH.
TeoperHQecKHH MBTepHaJI (rpaMM8TH'IeCKHe cBeAeHHH, npaBHJla
rrpasonHC8HHH) yqaW.HecH MorYT BcnOMHHaTb, saKpenJUITb H yrJ1y6-
79

nHTb B npouecce BblnOJlHeHHJI pa3HOOOpa3HblX )W1pa>KHeHHH. HanpH.
Mep:
1. OCHoBHble CBe.l1eHHH 0 npe.lJ.J10}KeHHH ytlaInHecH MorYT BcnOM-
HHTb, COCTaBJIHH KOJIJIeKTHBHO no,lt PYKOBO,ltC'tBOM ytlHTeJIH HeOOJIb-
mon paccKa3 no KapTHHe HJIH no BneqaTJIeHHflM Ha TeMY JIeTHHX Ka-
HHKYJI (<<Ha peKe», «B JIecy» , «3a rpH6aMH», «B noxo,lte» H T. ,It.). .
B TaKOM paCCKa3 HenpeMeHHO C>y,ltYT npe,nJIO>KeHHB H nOBecTBoBaTeJIb-
HbIe, H BonpOCHTeJlbHbIe, H BOCKJlHIJ.aTe..'1bHbIe. OAHO H3 npe,nJIO}KeHHH
pa30HpaeTCH no qJIeHaM npe,ltJIO>KeHHH, liTO )taCT B03MO>KHOCTb BcnOI-
HHTb npOHAeHHoe 0 rJIaBHbIX H BTopoCTeneHHbIX QJIeHaX npe)J.JIO>KeHHH,
o CBB3H CJIOB B npe.ll)IO>KeHHH. ,aJlH 3TOH >Ke eJIH MO>KHO HCnOJIb30-
BaTb H3JIO>KeHHe. npHtleM H3BeCTHbie ,lteTHM CBe)J.eHHH 0 npe.ll.JIO>KeHHH
IJ.eJIeCooc>pa3HO nOBTopHTb B nponecce aHaJIH3a TeKCTa, Bblc>paHHoro
JV11! H3JIO>KeHHH.
.. nOBTopeHHe rpaMMaTH1JeCKHX cBeAeHHA no TeMe «COCTaB C.TJO-
Ba» MomHO rrpoBecTH c.TJe,.aYfOInHM OOpa301\f:
a) npe,llJIO>KHTb yqalUHMCH nepeHeCTH"'K ceoe B TCTpa,.ab ro.nOBKY
TaOJIHLl.bI no COCTaBY C.rIOBa:
4aCTII C,,1038
CJrOBO
.
u
3aTeM CllpOCHTb HX, Ha CKOJIbKO qaCTeH OHH no)tJlT npaBYIO KOu10H-
KY, H, nOJIytlHB OTBeT, BbIHCHHTb, nO'leMY Ha qeTbIpe lIaCTH (nOTOMY liTO
H3YQaJlH 1JeTblpe '1aCTH CJIOBa: KopeHb, npHCTaBKY, CY<PCPHKC, OKOHqa-
HHe);' /
6) B oopa30BaBlllHxcH KJleTKaX npaB.9H KOJ10HKH npe)tJIaraeTCJI 3a-
nHcaTb ,1.IaCTH ciloBa B TOM nopR,nKe, B KaKOM OHH CJleAYlOT B CJIOBaX
(pa60Ta BbInOJIHReTCH caMOCToHTe.TJbHO):
4aCTH CJlona
CJtOBO I I I
npHCTaSK3 KOpeHb CY<PHKC OK OH"a II J.fe
B) YIIHTeJ1b )taeT pH.ll CJIOB .llJIH pa360pa no COCTaBY t yqaIIHecH 3a-
u
nHCbIBalOT HX B JIeBOH KOJIOHKe, 3aTe caMOCTOHTeJIbHO aHaJIH3HpYlOT
Ii 3anOJIHHIOT npaBYIO KO..TJOHKY; ,
r) B pe3YJIbTaTe npOBepKH yqHTe.TJb OTMeqaer ,lJJIH ceOH, KTO H3
yqall{HXCH '3aTpYJ{HHJICH H KTO HenpaBHJIbHO pa300paJI CJIOBa no CO-
CTaBY;
...
A) OqeHb nOJIe3HO 3a)taHHe: caMOCTOJlTeJIbHO 3anHcaTb onpeAe.ne-
HHH '1aCTeH c..'1oaa (Ha OAHOM ypoKe - OKOHQaHHH H KOpHH, Ha ,ltPY-
rOM - cY<M>HKca H npHCTaBKH). B npoaecce 3anHCH YIlHTeJIb BbIJIB.
80

JlHeT, KTO' H3 JleTeH He 3HaeT onpe,neneHHH. H B .naJlbHeHflJeM .lJ.06H"
B8eTCH OT ytlaII(HXCH YCBoeHHH 3THX nOHHTHH;
e) nOCJIe sanHCH onpe.!l.eJleHHH y"aU(HMCH npeJtJIar8erCH npOBepHT&
HX no yqeOHHKY.
3. npH BblnOJlHeHHH ynpa>KHeHHH H8 npaaonHcaHHe, oOYCJIOB-
eHHoe COCTaBOM cnOB8 (npaBonHcaHHe 6e3YAapHwx rJIaCHX, 3BOH-
KHX H rJlyxHx COrJlaCHbIX, HenpoHSHOCHIb1X H y,ltBoeHHblX COrJlaCHblx)t
nOBTopHIOTCH He TonbKO npaBHJIa npaBonHcaHHH, HO H BaiKHeHWHe
CBe.ll.eHUH H3 06J1CTH (jx>HeTHKH: y,napeHHe", yJtapHble H oe3y,ltapHbIe
rJl8CHble, 3BOHKHe H rJIYXHe COrJIaCHbIe, TBep.lJ.ble H MHrKHe COrJIaCHbIe.
4. B npouecce BbInOJlHeHHH ynpa>KHeHHH Ha pa3.HHlIeHHe" cyw.ecT-
BHTe.TIbHbIX, npHJIaraTeJIbHblX, r.'1arOJlOB y"aHecSI nOBTopHIOT H
onpe,neJIeHHH nepeqHCJleHHbIx lIacTeH pellH. npH 3TOM B nepBYIO Oqe-
u .
pe,nb OHH BcnOMHuaIOT, tlTO npH onpe.lleJIeHHH Ka>KJtOH H3 9THX qacreH
petlH y!<a3bIBaeTCH ,nB8 cyrneCTBeHHbIX npH3HaKa: 3HatleHHe (npeMeT,
npH3HaK npe.llMeTa, eHCTBHe npe.llMeTa) H BonpOCbI (K T o? q T o?
K a K 0 H? 11 T 0 .It e JI a e T?). YMecTHO HMeHHO CeHlIaC oopaTHTbCSI
K nOBTopeHHIO npaBHJla npaBonHcaHHSI He c rJIarOJlaMH, TaK KaK YMe-
u
HHe OT.,1HtlaTb r JIarOJl OT ,ltpyrHx tlaCTeH peqH HBJlHeTCH .llJIH TPeTbe..
KJ1aCCHHKa ,nOCTaTOlIHblM OCHOBaHHeM ,nJIH npHMeHeHHH 9Toro oP4><>rpa-
q>HlIecKoro npaBH.lla Ha npaKTHKe.
.. nOBTopeHHe op<porpa4JHtleCKHX npaBHJI, CBSl3aHHblX C rpaMtaTH"
lIeCKHMU npH3HaKarvlH qaCTeH petlIl (6 nOCJIe WHnHllI.HX Y cyme-
CTBHTeJlbHbIX >KeHCKOro po,na Ii OTCYTCTBHe ero Y cyrnecxBHTeJIbHblX
MY>KCKOrO po.n.a; npaBonHcaHHe pO,nOBbIX OKOHlIaHHH npH.J1araTeJlbHW;(
B H. n.), HaO:CTapaTbCSI COlleTaTb C BblnOJIHeHHeM pa3JIH1IHbIX JIeKCH4e-
CKHX ynpa>KHeHHH H TBOptlecKHX pa6oT, HanpHMep TaKHX, KaK:
a) 3aMeHa JtaHHoro CJIOBa HJIH COqeraHHH cnOB 6JIH3KHM HJIH TeM
>Ke no 3Ha1leHHIO CJJOB.oM, HO OKaHtlHBalOlltHMCH Ha WHnHHH COrJl3C-
HbIH (aOKJ1l0p - 8pa'l.., PoOHUK  1CAl00, mUUlUHa - mUUlb, dfJtl,lC(], -
iJO'l..b, Henpasaa - AOJICb, pe6eHOK - MaAbltU; KOMaHda IWpa6AJI, (caMO-
/lema, maHKa) - S1\unaJIC, 2AYXoe Mecmo - 2AYUlb, cmpoumeAbHW
MamepuaA - KupnUtt H T. .n.);
0) nO)J.bICKHBaHHe HaHOOJree nOJtXO.ll.Hero )J.JlSI )J.aHHoro KOHTeKCTa
npH.l1araTeJIbHOrO (npH nOBTopeHHH npaBonHcaHHH pO,nOBbIX OKOH-
lIaHH" npHJlaraTe.,'1bHbIX). HanpHlep: HacmynuAa oceHb. lloiJY/l ee..
I1lep. Bee "lae npRtl.emCR sa mytlu CO/1He;
B) COCTaBJIeHHe OT.lleJIbHbIX npe.llnO}KeHHH HnH paCCKa3a no onop-
HbIM CJIOBa (1!-Ollb, OOttb, 8pa'l.., noMOb);
r) BbUiBJIeHHe npH3HaKOB KOHKeTHbIX npe,ltMeTOB (ap6ya, MOp-
KOOb, R6J20KO) H 3anHCb COtlCTaHHH npHJlar8TeJIbHbIX c cyrnecrBHTeJIb-
({bIMH (ap6ya - cneAbliJ., CAaaKUa, KpY2Abla, 60AbUl0t1) H .llp.
nOBTopeHHe e>Ke.llHeBHoe, «oecnpecTaHHoe», KaK
reKyaqee nO.TopeHlfe Ha3b1BaJI ero K. L1. YWHHCKHH, HMeer UeJIblO,
Bo-nepBbIX, 3aKpenHTb, yrJIy6HTb H paCWHpHTb
3H3HHH no TOMY MaTepHaJIY t Ha KOTOpblA CJIe,llyer onHpaTbCH npH
co06eHHH HOBbIX 3HaHHH; BO-BTOPblX, TpeHHpOBaTb, pa3BHBaTb H
81

3aKpenJIHTb YMeHHH II HaBblKH rpaMOTHOH YCTHOH H nHCbMeHHOH pe-
'1M, B qaCTIIOCTH YMeHHH H HaBbJKH npaBOnHCaHHH.
CoAep:m:aHHeM TeKyw.erO nOBTOpeHHSI HB.,'IHeTCH Ifpee BCerO
u u u
npOH}J.eHHbIH MaTepHaJI no H3YQaeMOH TeMe, a TaKiKe MaTepHaJl no Te-
Mal, B KaKOM-TO OTHOllleHHH CXO.llHbIM C H3ytJaeMOH. TaKon MaTepHaJl
JlaeT B03MO}KHOCTb COnOCTaBJIHTb HOBbIe 3uaHHH C HB.lIeHHSlMH H3BeCT-
HbIMH, YCTaHaB.'1HBaTb Mem,ny HHMH CXO}J.CTBO H pa3JIHQHe, BbIHBJIHTb
CDH3H Me)K.n.y SlBJIeHHSlMH rpaMMaTHKH HJIH op<PorpacpHH, GTO cO,lteHCT-
Byer 60Jlee rJIy60KoMY nOHHMaHHIO H .neHCTBeHHoMY YCBoeHHIO 3THX
u
H BJIeHH.
CpaBHeHHe H co'nOCTaBJIeHHe pa3J1H1.JHbIX rpaMMaTHlJeCKHX HJlH
op<j>orpa<t>HqeCKHX SlBJIeHH" OqeHb nJIO.llOTBOpHO CKa3bIoaeTCH Ha npoq-
HOCTH YCBoeHHH 3HaHHH, YMeHHH H HaBbIKOB npH H3YQeHHH KaJK.noH
TeMbJ; Ba>KHO npH 9TOM TO, llTO cpaBHeHHe H conOCT8B.neHHe HeB03MO)K-
HO 6e3 npH&neqeHHH H nOBTopeHHH paHee npOH.AeIlHoro MaTepHa.na.
BOCnOJJb3yeMcH XOTH Obi TaKHMH npHMepaMH.
1. npH H3Y'leHHH rpaMMaTHQeCKHX npH3HaKOB H npaBonHcaHHH
naJle)KHbIX OKOHtlaHHH npH.naraTeJIhHbIX HeJJb3SJ 060HTHcb oe3 cpaBHC-
HHS1 HX C rpaMMaTHtlecKHMH npH3HaKaMH H npaBonHcaHHeM naJte.>KHbIX
OKOHQaHHH cymecTBHTeJIbHbIX. - Cne,noBaTeJlbHO, B )1.aHHOM CJIYllae
CKJIOHeHHe cymecTDHTe..TJbHblX H na,ne>KHbIe OKOHllalIHH HX - Ma-
TepHa.n nOBTopeHHH. npHIJeM nOBTopeHHe JlOJDKIIO OCYW.CCTB1JHTbCH.
B npouecce Ha6.nIO,neHHSI H cpaBHeHHH npH.lIaraTe.T1bHbJX C cymecTBH-
1'e.nbHbMH, PPH BbUIBJIeHHH CXO,llCTBa H pa3J1HqHSI Me)K.ny HHP,fH. OpH-
BeeM HeCKORbKO npHMepOB: .
a) npHcTynaSi K H3YlIeHHIO CKJIOHeHHH npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX MY)K-
CKoro H Cpe){HerO pOJla, B pe3YJlbTaTe Ha6JIIO,neHHH Ha,n H3MeHeHHeM
9TH X npHRaraTeJ1bHblX no n8)J.e>KaM H cpaBHeHHH) HX. c cym.ecTBHTeJIb-
HblMlf t yqaIIJ.HecH npHxo,nHT K BbIBO,ny, 'ITO npHJlaraTeJIbHble cpeJlHero
pO)l.a BO Bcex naAe)Kax, KpoMe HMeHHTeJIbHOrO, HMelOT Te )Ke OKOHlIa-
HHSJ, QTO H npHJIaraTeJ1bHble MY/KCKOrO pOJta, n09ToMY npHJJaraTeJlb-
l-Ible M)'*cKoro H cpe,AHero po,na CKJIOHSIIOTCH O){HHaKOBO. To LKe caMoe
Hawno,naeTcH H npH CKJIOHeHHH cymecTBHTe.fJbHblX (KpOl\fe Tex He-
MHorHX, KOTopble OKaHlIHBalOTCH Ha -a, -R: a!l.a!l., oe8YUlKa): CYInecT-
BHTeJlbHbIe MY>KCKOrO H cpe.,AHero po.na Tome OTHOCHTCH K O,nHOMY
THny CKJIOHeHHH - KO 2-MY.
6) PaccMaTpHBaH naJle>KHble OKOH1I8HHSI np,HJI8raTe..,1bHbIX, yqa-
IlU1eCH cpaDHHBalOT HX C na.n.e>KHbIMH OKOHlIaHHHMH cym.ecTBHTeJIbHblx.
TaKoe cpaBHeHHe l1eJIeCOOOpa3Ho MH Tex naJte}KeH, KOTopbIe yqaInHecSJ
nYTaIOT, He YMelOT pa3.nHtlaTb.
KaK np8BHJIO, .AeTH J10BO,,'1bHO ,nOJIro He YMelOT pa3J1HQaTb TBOPH-
u u
Te,,1bHb1H H npe.ztJIO)l{HblH na,ne>KH npHJIaraTbHblX MY>KCKOrO H cpe)l.-
n. n. r. n.
Hero pO.lla (Ha CUHeM He6e, 3Q. OUHUM MOpeM) H BHHHTeJ1bHbIH H
T. II.,
TBOpHTeJ1bHbIH na,ne>KH npHJlaraTeJIbHbIX }KeHCKOro pOA8 (sa Oa./lbHeIO
6. n.
OICOAueal 6 allAbHIOIO OOP02Y).
82

ConOCTaBJIeHHe OKOHtlaHHH npHJIaraTeJlbHbIX C OKOHqaHHHMH cy-
neCTBHTenbHblX nOMOraeT q>opMHpOBaHHIO H8BblK8 HanHCaHHH na,ne>K-
HbiX OKOHqaHHH.
T. n. " n. n. MY>KCKOrO H cpe,ztHero pO,ll.a:
K a K H M? q e M?
T. C 20Ay6blM, CUHUM tuapOM.
o K 8 K 0 M? 0 q e M?
TI. 0 20/ly60M, CUHeM Ulape.
npHJIaraTeJIbHble MY>KCKOrO CYllleCTBHTeJlbHble MY}KCKOrO
H CpeHerO poa H CpeHerO pO,lJ.a
T. -bIM, -UAI
n. -OM, -eM
-OM, -eM
-8
ConOCTaWHIS1 OKOHQaHHH, ytlal.I(HecR eJI81OT BbIBO,lt, tffO B npe,lJ.JIO}K-
HOM na,ne>Ke OKOHQaHHIO CyecTBHTeJIbHbIX -e COOTBeTCTBYIOT f.nac-
Hble e, 0 B OKOH1.IaHHH npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX. TaKOrO COOTBeTCTBHSI. B TBO-
pHTeJlbHOM na.ne*e HeT.
nO,n06HOe Ha6.nIO){eHHe npOBO,ltHTCH H HaJJ: OKOHQaHHSlMH npHJIara-
TeJIbllbIX H cymecTBHTeJIbHblX >KeHCKOro pO.lla.
BblBO.llbI, KOTopbIe eJIaIOTC" npH conOCTaBJIeHHH OKOHQaHHH: npH-
JIaraTeJIbHbIX H cymecTBHTeJIbHblX, KOHeQHO, lIe CJIeJ1.yeT 3ayqHBaTb
HaH3YCTb, HO Ha,ltO HayqHTb yqaIII.HXCH nOJIyqaTb HX, HCnOJIb3YR CJIO-
B3 C YJ{apHb1MH OKOHqaHHHMH (Ha 60/lbUlOM CfrlOAe, 8ll 60/lbWU.M cmo-
/lOM) H 06pmnaTbcH K 9TH1 BblBO){aM npH BCTpeqe C 6e3YJ1apHbIMH
OKOHqaHHSlMH. YKa3aHHble eHCTBHH Ha.n CJIOBaMH He TOJIbKO nOMora-
lOT B YCBoeHHH op<p<>rpacpHH. na){e1KHbIX OKOHqaHHH, HO H npHyqalOT .lle-
Tefl BHI1MaTeJIbHO OTHOCHTbCH K CJIOBY J aHaJIH3HpOBa:rb ero c pa3HblX
CTOpOH.
2. a) npH H3Y1.IeIIHH npaBonHcaHHH OKOHqaHHH r JIarOJIOB 2-ro
JIHua e,nHHCTBellHoro lIHCJIa (HacToHee H 6yyrnee BpeMH) ecTb npH-
:MOH CMblCJI o6paTHTbcH K cpaBHeuHIO 9TH X nanHcaHHH C HanHcaHHeM
CYI.IJ.eCTBHTeJIbHbIX, OKaHlIHBalOI.IJ.HXCH Ha IlIHnHInHe (MblUlb, KaMblW).
Ha OCHOBe cpaBHeHHH ,l.leJIaeTCH 0600111eHHe (B npe.lleJIax H3BecTlloro
yqalllJIMcH I I I KJIaCca): b nHweTCH nOCJIe IllHnHInHX 8 rJIarOJIax
Bee I' J\ a, a B KOHue cymecTBHTeJlbHbIX TO.nbKO B TOM CJIYtlae,
ecnH 9TO cym.eCTBHTeJIbHble JK e, H C K 0 r 0 p 0 J1 a.
6) 113YQaH npaBonHcaHHe fJIarOJIOB npome,Zunero BpeMenH, YMecT-
HO npHBJIeqb rrpaBonHcaHHe pOOBbIX OKOHqaHHH cYW.ecrBTeJlbnblx
B HMeHHTCJlb HOJ\f na,zte>Ke:
COAHl{.e 830UlAO.
BO/lomo BblCOXAO.
PeKJJ o6.MeIle/la.
3eM-AII nompeClW/ltICb.
llpyiJ aapoc.
83

I COJlepm8HHeM TeKyrn ero nOBTOpeHHSI ,llOJlmeH 6blTb H M8TepH8n
AaBHO npojteHHbIHJ HO YCSoeHHblA TBepAo .n8J1eKO He BceMH yqa-
lUHMHCSI HJlH nOBTopSieMblH MH Taro, qTOObl ,neTH He sa6wH
paHee H3YlIeHHoe.
TaK, BIll K.'1aCCe lie OTBOHTCSI cneUH8.nbHoro BpeMeHH H8 yrJly6-
JleHHe H paCillHpeHHe 3HaHHM no cpoUeTHKC. O)l.HaKO ynpa>KHeIlHH,
C13H3aHHble C MaTepHaJlOM no' OHeTHKe, )J.O.,'UKHbl npoBoJ{HTbCH B03-
Mom no qaxne.
HanpHMep, H8 O)lHOM ypOKe npe.D.J1araeTCH B CBH3H C BbtnOJIHeHHeM
ynpa>KHeHHH no TeKyrneH TeMe Ha3BaTb Bce rJIaCHble 6YKBbl H YKa3arb
B CJIOBe Y8PHYlO H 6eaYAapHble rJIaCHble; Ha .npyroM - 3BOHKHe H
t JIYXHe cor JlaCHble; Ha TpeTbeM - IllHnHlll.He H T. ,n.
BYKB8J1bHO H8 KamJ(oM ypoKe Ha.no YlIHTb ,neTeH pa36HpaTbcSI B
cTpoeHHH CJ10B, npeJ1J18raTb ynpa>KHeHHH Ha cJIoBo06pa30BaHHe,
SHaKoniTb C MHoro06pa3HblMH B03l\fOHOCTHMH 06pa30BaHHH CJlOB
C nOMoblO .CY<M>HKCOB H npHcTaBoK.
Ynpa}KHeHHH, CBH3aHHbIe C ceMaHTHKO-l\fopcpo..'10rH'IeCKHf.,{ aHaJlH-
30M CJlOB, CJIY>KaT ue..rIHM pa3BHTHH pellH H YCBoeHHSI opcl>orpacpHH.
YnpamHeHHS1 no COCT8BY C.'10Ba H B CBH3U C 3THM no BblHBJIeHHIO
CMhlCJIOBOH B3aHMocBH3H Me}KJ{y O,lJ.HOKopeHHhlMH CJlOBaMH J{OJl>KHbl
Opr8HHlIecKH BnJleTaTbCH B KaHBY Ka}K)J.oro ypOKa. npHae.neM Hec-
KOJlbKO npHMepOB: _
a) C UeJIblO COnOCTaBJ1eHOH naJlHblX OKOHqaHHH cymecTBHTeJ1b-
HblX 3-ro CKJlOHeHHH C na,ne1KHbIMH OKOHQaHHS1MH cyrnecTBHTeJlbHblX
.
I-ro CKJlOHeHHSI npeJ{JlO>KHTb yqaHfCH OT CYW.ecTBHTeJ1bHblX 3-ra
CKJIOHeHHH (nAOll{aab, /lOtuaiJb, HO'lb, neLlb, MblUlb, eAb) 06pa30BaTb
C nOMOInblO cyqxpHKca -,,- OAHOKopeHHbIe CYlll.ecTBHTeJlbHble, onpe,ne-
J1HTb THn CKJlOHeHHS1, nOIl86J1IOaTb, l<aK H3leHHTCH ox OKOHqallHH
B cpaDueHHH C OKOHlIaHHHMH JJ.aHHblX CYlllecTBHTeJlbHbIX:
3-e CKJI.
nllOb
y nAOwp,aa
" nAOU
Ha nAOaaU
l-e CKJI. .
nJtO
y nAOU4aaKU
1C nAOW,aaKe
I Ha n/lowpOKe
.P
,
6) Or aHHbIX CYlll.ecTBHTeJlbHblX 06pa30BaTb npHJlaraTeJlbHble H
raron, npHnaraTenbHe pa306paTb no COCTaBY:
SU.Ma - SUMHUtl - 8UMOBamb - nepeaUM.Oeamb ...
MOp03 - M.Op03Hbltl - MOpoaumb - SQMOpOSUmb ... .
ClfteX - CMeUlHOU - CMetuUmb - pacCMeUlUmb ...
3/Cap - apKUa - "capeHblU - ",apumb - 8ll3ICapumb ...
HO'lb - . . .
eeceAbe - . . .
3eAeHb - . . .
84

B) Or AaHHblX fJlafOJIOB C nOMOInblO npHCTaBOK H Cy<fxpHKCOB 00-
pa30BaTb HOBbIe r JlarOJlbl, nOCTaBHTb K HHM BonpOCbl:
nucamb - Hanucanlb -=- nepenucamb - nepenUCb/IJamb
tlUlnamb - npOtlUmanlb - nepetlUmamb - nepeflUtnb/8amb
6eJICafllb - y6eJICamb - 6eeamb - c6ezamb
3. E>I<eAHeBHo na,no npOBOAHTb pa60TY no aHaJIH3Y COCTaaa npe,lt-
u
JIO>KeHHH H nocTpoeHHIO HX.
Ynpa>KHeHHH no aHa.1JH3Y COCTaBa npeJtJIO>KeHHA, no BbIHBJleHHIO
CBH3eH Me>K)J.Y C.TJOBaIH r-,forYT npoBo,l1HTbCH B <p<>pMe qaCTHqHOrO CHH-
TaKCHqeCKOrO pa300pa, 8 HMeHHO: Ha Ka>K.llOM ypOKe ,naeTCH OJtHO H3
U G
3a,naHHH: Bbl){f.,'1HTb r JIaBHbIe tl.r£eHbI npeJtJIO>KeHHH; HaHTH BTOpOCTe-
neHHble tlJleHbI npeJl..HO>KeHHH, OTHOCH£nHeCH K nO)lJIe>KameMY, CK83ye-
{OMY; BbInHcaTb napbl B3aHrvlocBH3aHHbiX CJIoa H3 ){aHHOrO npe,ltJIO>Ke-
HHH; YKa3aTb, K KaKH1 C..'10Barvl OTHOCHTCH nO,l\tlepKHYTbIe B TeKCTe
CJlOBa H Ha KaKHe nonpocw OTBeqaWT; COCTaBHTb cxeMY YKa3aHHoro
npC)VIO>KeHHH; COCTaBHTb npe,n.nO>KeHHe no 3a)laHHOH cxeMe H T. ,l\.
C nOCTpOeHHel\f npeJl..nO>KeHHH ytlar.u.HecH HMelOT Jl.eJIO npH BbInOJI-
ueIlHH ynpa>KHeHHH TBOpqecKoro xapaKTepa (COCTaBJIeHHe npeJtJlo-
}J{eHHH H CBH3HbiX feKCTOB no KapTHHKaf II HenocpeJl.CTBeHHbIM Bne-
qaT.lleHHHI, OTBeTbI lIa BonpOCbI, COCTaB.JleHHe npe,nJIO>KeHHH H He...
OOJIblliHX TeKCTOB no 3a){aHHb1M CJ10Barvl, CBOOOJl.HbIH .lI.HKTaHT H T. JI..).
ConeprneHHO HefbICJ1HMO, lIaKOHeu, OOOHTHCb 6e3 nOBTopeHHH,
I<OTopoe Ht/1H npeJl.ynpC>K.llaer B03fO>KHble OWH6KH, HJIH CO.lleHcTByeT
HCKopeHCHHlO OlliHOOK, ,l{onYCKaeMbIX yqamHMHCH.
Taoe nOBTopeHHe ocymecTBJIHeTCH Ha ypOKax nYTeM 3anHCH
CJlOB, npeJtJIO>KeHHH H CBSl3HblX TeKcTOB, nYTeM npHnOMHHaHHSI OP<pO-
rpac»H-tleCKHX npaBHJI H cJ>8KTOB rpaMM8THKH, C KOTOpbIMH. CBH3aHbI
9TH np8BHJIa. Oc06eHHO cepbe3Hoe BHHMaHHe npe.nynpe>KJl.eHHIO OWH-
60K CJle.llyeT y.ne.TIHTb npH caMOCTOHTeJIbHOM BblnOJIHeHHH yq8ll{HMHCSI
pa3J1UtlHOrO pOJl.a TBOpqeCKHX 3aJtaIlHH.
nOBTopeHHe, HrVlelOllI.ee ueJ1blO HCKopeHeHHe OlIlH60K, MO>KeT npo-
EOJ,lHTbCH He TOJlbKO B nopH,l{Ke <ppOHTaJIbHOH pa60Tbi Ha ypOKe, HO H B
nopH,l{Ke HH,nHBH,nyaJlbHoH pa60TbI C .OT.lleJIbHbIMH yqamHMHCSI, a
TaK}Ke H8 cneUHa..'1bHbIX ypoxax, KOTopbIe nOCBSlmeHbI paOOTe Ha,lt
OIIIH6KaMH (B )l.HKTaHTax, H3JIO}l{eHHHX, COQHHeHHHX H B nOBce,llHeB-
HbIX K.llaCCHbIX H )l.OMaWHHX ynpa>KHeHHHX yqaIUHXCH).
TaK Ha3blBaercSi nOBTopeHHe, npOBOJtHMoe B KOH-
ne H3YQeHHH OOJIblIIOH TCMbI. ,L{.rUI TCM8THtleCKO-
1"0 nOBTopeHHSl 8 I I I KJIaCCe neJIecoo6pa3Ho
83HTb TaKOH faTepHa.T'(:
1) HMH cymecTBHTeJ1bHOe,
2) HMSI npHJIaraTfJIbHOe,
3) rJlarOJI,
4) npe,uJIO>KeHHe.
OCHOBH8S1 1.I.eJIb TeMaTHtleCKOrO nOBTopeHHH-cHcTeMaTH3HpoBaTb
3HaHHH, nOJ1ytleHHbIe ,neTbMH npH H3)'lleHHH onpe.l(eJleHHOH TeMbl (OTBo-
TeM8'MileCKOe
n08TopeHMe
85

AHTCH H3 uero, KaK npaBH.no, 1-2 qaca). n03TOMY BaJKHO B npou.ec-
ce 0600IneHHH 3HaHHH no Tele H36paTb II TaKYIO cpopMY H8rJIHJ(HocTH,
KOTOp8H .naJI8 ObI B03MO>KHOCTb ytIalUHMCH npeJ{CTaBHTb nOJtyqeluible
no TeMe CBe.neHHH B onpe,lJ.eJIeHHOH CHCTel\.te, B HX B3aHMocBH3H 4 .
3TOH U.e.'1H, KaK H3BeCTHO, OTBetIalOT cxeMbI H Ta6JIHI.I.bl.
npHBeAe1 npHMep. CHcTeMaTH3HPYJOTCH CBe.l1eHHSI no TeMe «HMH
npHJlaraTe.TJbHoe». TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKH .nO.TJJKHbI 3HaTb c.ne.l1YlOmee:
1. npHJIar8TeJIbHOe 38BHCHT OT cyecTBHTe.nbHoro, 3aBHCHMOCTb
9T8 npOHBJIHeTCjI npeJKJJ.e Bcero B TOM, liTO npHJIar8Te.TIbHOe ynOTpe6-
JIHeTCH B npe,n...TJO)KeHHH TOJIbKO B COtIeT8HHH C cyrnecTBHTe..'1bHbIM;
npHJIar8TeJlbHOe H3MeHHeTCH B 38BHCHMOCTH OT cyecTBHTe.nblloro,
C KOTOpblM CBH33HO, T. e. CTOHT B TOM )Ke PO.l1e, lIHCJIe H naJI.e>Ke, lITO
H cyrnecTBHTeJlbHoe.
2. Be3YJlapHble OKOnqaHHH npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX nHlliYTcSI TaK >Ke,
KaK OKOHtIaHHH, H8 Koropble na)l8eT y,n8peHHe. Ee3Y.l1apHbIe OKOHQaHHSI
M01KHO npoBepHTb BonpocaMH, )J)1H Toro Ha,ZlO YMeTb npaBHJIbHO CTa-
BHTb BonpocbI OT cYlUecTBHTeJIbHOrO K np H.'1 a raTeJIb HOMY .
Har JIH.l1HO Bce 9TH CBe.l1eHHS1 MorYT ObITb npeJI.CTaB.TJeHbI B BH}le T8-
KoA Tao.') HUbl:
HMH OpHJJaraTeJlbHOe
(H3MeJUleMaS qaCTb peQH; H3MeHJlIOTCJI npHJlaraTeJ]bHe B saBHCHMOCTH OT
cyw.eCTBHbHhlX, C KOTOpblMH CBJl3aHbI)
npaBOOHcaHHe OKOHQaHMH
EAHHcTBeHHoe HcnO MHO>KeCTocHHoe HCJlO
POol' -
J1a,u.e)K >KeHCKHA NY>KCKOD H CpeAHHft Bonpoc OKOH-qaHHe
Bonpoc f OKoUQSHHe Bonpoc , OKOH1IaliHe
, K8KOH? -oil, -61.4,
H. K8KaH? -all, -RR K a K 0 e} -u/i. KaKHe? -ble, -ue
-oe,-ee
-
P. K3KOA? -ad, -efi KaKoro? -QZQ,-elO KaKHx? -blX, -ux
-
,a. KaKoii? -oft, -e4 K8KOMY? -OMY, KaKHM? -blM, -UM
-eM,
-
B. KaKYIO? -Y'O, -1010 KaK H. KaK H. KaK H. KaK H.
MinH P. HJJH P. "J1I-1 P. HJJH P.
-oft, -ell -WMU,
T. KaKoJi(-olO)? (-010), K3KHM? -blM, -11M KaKHMH?
(-elO) -lUlU
-
n. 0 K 3 K 0 if? -ad, -ed 0 KaKoM? -OM,- eM o KaKHX? -btX, -ux
86

PaaYMeeTCSI, TaMHl1a He J{OJI>KHa )).aBaTbCfI B rOTOBOM BHAe, ee coc-
T8MHIOT caMH yqalI\HecSi no)). PYKOBOJtcrBOM YllHTeJlR B npouecce 0606-
eHHH 38HHTHH no TeMe.
nOBTOpeHHe B KOHue YQe6HOrO rO.l(a npHHHTO Ha3b1-
MroroB08 n08'0- BaTh HTorOBbIM. nO>KaJlyA, 3TO OHH H3 HaH60Jlee
peNMe
TPY,ltHblX BH,AOB nOBTopeHHH: Bo-rrepBblX, 38 KOPOT-
Koe BpeMH Heo6XO,AHMO BOCCTaHOBHTb B n8MHTH 01leHb 6oJlbWOH H pa:J-
Hoo6pa3HbIH MaTepHaJI; BO-BTOPbIX, nOBTopeHHe HaAo opraHH30BaTID
TaK, qTOObl MHoroo6pa3Hble CBe.neHHH, nonyqeHHbIe yqalI.{HMHCH B re-
qeHHe yqeOHOrO rO,l{8, npHBeCTH B C Ii C T e MY, TO ecTb Ha 06Il1Hp"
HOM H pa3HOCTopOHHeM MarepnaJle nOK33aTb yqalllHMCH, tITO Bee flBJle-
HHH rpaMMaTHKH H op<porpac}>HH B3aHMOCB-H3aHbI; B-TpeTbHX, 9TO nOBTO-
peHHe HeCHHMaeT 3a..nallH 3aKperrJIeHHH 3HaHHH H TpeHHpOBKH YIeHHii
H H8BbIKOB.
HTorOBoe nOBTopeHlie IJ.e.necoo6pa3HO HaqaTb 06001UeHHeM 3Ha-
HHH 0 npeJ{JlO>KeHHH no CJIe.l(YIOHM C006pa>KeHHHM. TeMa «npe)J.J10>Ke-
HHe» HBJlHeTCH 3aKJIIOtlHTeJlbHOH B Kypce rpaMMaTHKH III KJI8CCa, no-
9TOMY nOBTopflTb ee nOCJIe nOBTOpeHHH ,ltpyrHx rpaMM8THlIecKHx TeM
HeT CMblcna t TaK KaK TeM8 «np.e,ltnO>KeHHe» H 6e3 Toro H3YllaeTCH B KOB-
1.l e rO,Aa.
TaK"4 o6pa301, nOBTopeHHe 9TOH TeMbI ,ltOJl}KHO CTaTb 3aKJlIO-
qHTeJIbHbIM 9TanOM pa60TbI Ha,A HeA (T. e. TeMaTHtJeCKHM nOBTopeHHeM)
11 HallaJIOM HTorOBoro nOBTOpeHHH ( T. e. nOBTopeHHH MaTepHaJla, H3Y-
qeHHOrO B TeqeHHe rO,Aa). .
ECTecTBeHHblM .npo.llOJl}KeHHeM TeMbI «npe.n.nO}KeHHe» HBHTCH corro-
cTaBneHH,e .llBYX nOHSlTHH: «tjJIeHbI npeJVIO}KeHH» H «tlaCTH petIH>?
B pe3YJIbTaTe nOBTopeHHH (B nopHJ{Ke cOnOCTaBJIeHHH) HanO BbIHBHTb
C x 0 JI. C T B 0 (H lIJIeHbI npe)J.JIO>KeHHSl t H tlaCTH petlH - CJIOBa) H
p a 3 JI H tI "e (qJleH npe,nJIOJKeHHH - 9TO CJlOBO t KOTOpoe BCerAa
H3XOAHTCH 8 npe,lJ)lO)KeHHH, CJ1eAOBaTeJlbHO, cBH3aHO C llpyrHMH cno-
BaltlH, OTBettaer Ha KaKOH-JlH60 Bonpoc; CJIOBa, He OTBeqalOInHe HH H8
KaKOU Borrpoc, lIJIenaMH npe,ZVIOJKeHHSI 6blTb HC MorYT (C0103b1, npe,lt-
norH, qaCTHUbI); qaCTb pellH - Jllo6oe CJlOBO, He3aBHCHMO OT Toro,
HXO.l!.HTCH OHO B npe,n.,10mellHH HJlH HeT, OTBeqaeT na Bonpoc HnH
neT, HanpHMep: c - npe.l(JIor t U - C0103, CHeZ - cymecTBHTenbHoe
H T. .).
CneJJ.YIOlll.aH cTyneHb HTorOBoro nOBTopeHHH - 06oo1UeHHe sHaHBu
.0 lIaCTHX peqH.
B 33KJIlO1.feHl1e nOBTopeHHSI TeMbI «l.{acTH peqH» nOJle3HO 06paTHTb
BHHMaHHe 'yqaHXCH Ha TO, qTO qaCTH petlH ,lI.eJIHTCH Ha .D.oe rpynnbl:
1) cyecTBHTeJIbHoe
npHJIaraTeJIbHOe
rJlarOJI
MeCTOHMeHHe
HapellHe
2) npe,ltJlOrH
COlO3bl
QaCTHl.lbl
87

Pa3JIHtUe Me}KJ1Y 3THMH J].BYMSI rpynnaMH tJaCTeH petJH S8KJl101I8-
eTCH B TOM, liTO CJlOBa nepBOH rpynnbJ OTBeqalOT Ha BonpOCbI II B
u
npe)l)10>KeHHH JlBJIHIOTCSI IIJleHaMH npe,nJ10>KeHHSI, CJ10Ba BTOpOH rpynnbl
1-IH Ha KaKHe BonpOCbI He OTBellalOT H qJIeHaMH npe,nJlOmeHHSI He SIB-
JlBIOTCH; Ka>KAoe CJI0BO nepBOH rpynnbl MO)KeT 6b1Tb paso6paHO no
COCTaBY. 3ro nOCJIe,nHee OOCTOHTeJlbCTBO MO>KeT CJIY>KHTb HCXO,nHOH TOIl-
KOH ,lJ.JISI nepexo,na K nOBTopeHHlO TeMbl «COCTaB cnoBa». nOCJ1e)tHeM re-
MOM HTorOBoro nOBTopeHHSI SlBHTCSI TeMa «3BYKH H 6YKBbI».
HayqeHHe paSRena .aCTH peQHt
MM. cyaqecT8"'- T eMa «H3felIeHHe Hl\1eH cymecTBHTeJ1bHbIX» - 0,lJ.-
TenbHoe Ha H3 l1eHTpaJlbHbIX TeM B Kypce pYCCKoro Jl3blKa
III KJlacca. B npouecce H3ytJeHHSI 9TOH TeMbI TpeTbe-
KJIaCCHHKlI YtJaTCH H3MeHSlTb HMeHa cyecTBHTeJIbHbIe no na,lJ.e>KaM If
CJ
tlHCJlaM; pa3JIHlIaTb na,ne)KH H onpe,nenSlTb THnbI CKJIOHeHHH HMeH CY-
meCTBHTeJ1bHbIX; Y ,neTe" cpopMHPYIOTCH YleHHSI H H3BbIKH npaBHJlbHo-
ro lIanucaHHSJ rra){e}KHbIX OKOHlIaHHH liMeH cyecTBHTeJlbHblX B eHH-
CTBeHHOM H MHO)KeCTBeHHOM tJHCJIe. TeMa «HMSI cymecTBHTeJlbHoe»
OTKpbIBaeT nepe)t YIlHTeJIeJ\f 60nbwHe B03MO}KHOCTH MSI npOBe,neHHSI
rpaMl\iaTHtJecKoro pa36opa, pa3BHTHH HaBbIKOB npaBHJlbHOrO ynOTpe6-
JleHHSI HMeR CYIneCTBHTeJIbHblX B pellH. 113YtJeHHe HMeHH CY1ll.ecTBHTeJIb-
Horo nOMoraeT yqallI.HMCH OC03H3Tb cHHTaKCHqecKYIO pOJIb 9TOH tJaCTH
pelln. -
OCHoBHoe BO BceH .3TOfl pa60Te - OCMblCJIeHHOe H np01.lHOe YCBoeHHe
H3YllaeJ\foro MarepHana.
YqaLUHecSl I I I KJIaCCa npaKTHlIeCKH n03HaKOMHJlHCb C HMeHeM ey-
meCTBHTeJ1bHbIM B npe.u.bIAYHX KJIaccax. TaK, BO I I KJIaCCe WKOJIbHH-
KH Y3HanH, qTO CJIOBa, o603HatJalOIII.He npe)tMeTbI H Bew.H (1CHU2a, cmoA),
nlO,neH H >KHBOTHbIX (dHBJl J metnJl, SOAK, AUCUija), c06bITHH (c6op,
ympeHHUICJ iJeMoHCmpaUJl,), HBneHHSI npHpOJlbI (eemep, iJoiJb, MO,1-
HUll,. 2p03a, 6ypOJi), COCTOSlHHe (COH, neHue, iJ8UHue), npH3HaK (cu-
lleoa, ttepHoma), B rpaMMaTHKe - npeAMeTbI, OHH OTBeqalOT Ha BO-
npOCbI K T o? II T o? K 0 M y? II e M y? K e M? q e M? H T. JJ.. SlBJlHIOT-
CH HteHaMH CyzneCTBHTeJIbHbIMH.
Bo I I KJIacce AeTH Y3HaJIH, tJTO HMH cyecTBHTeJIbHoe HMeeT onpe-
lleJIeHHblH po,lt (MY)KCKOH, >KeHCKHU, epe,nHHH), H3MeHHeTCSI no qHCJlaM
(e,ltHI-ICTBeHHoe H MHO)KeCTBeHHoe), H3MeHSleT ceOH OKOHlIaHHSI npH
CBH3H c .u.pyrHMH CJIOBaMH (Ha npHMepe y,napHbIx na,ne>KHbIX OKOHqa-
IHIH).
nporpaMMa III KJIaCCa OTBO)tHT 45 qaCOB H8 H3YQeHUe HMeHH cy-
aneCTBHTeJIbHoro. no 'KpaHHeH Mepe nepBbIe 3 qaC8 >KeJ1aTeJIbHO YJJ.e-
JlHTb nOBTopeHHIO H3YQeHHOrO BO II KJlacce: ynpamHeHHHM Ha onpe,ne-
.'leHHe poa HMeH cyrnecTBHTeJIbHbIX, Ha H3MeHeHHe cym.ecTBHTeJ1bHblX
no qHCnaM. Ulenecoo6pa3Ho TaKme npH nOBTopeHHH nopa6oTaTb Ha
88

YCT3HOBJIeHHeM CBH3H MeJK.Zty... CJIOBa{H, BhInHCbJBaB napbl CBSl38HHYX
Me)K.ny COCOH CJlOB (9TO OlleHb npHro;J.HTcH npH H3YQeHHH na,ne1KeA H
na,ne>KHbIX OKOHlJaIlHH).
HY:>KHO eI.IJ.C pa3 - oopaTHTb BfIHM3HHe TpeTbeKJI3CCHHKOB H3 TOt
liTO onpeMHTb po,tt HteH cYll.I.ecTBHTeJIbHbIX MomHO JlHWb B TOM CJlY-
1I3e, eCJIH OHM CTO.HT B e,nHHCTBeHHOf \IHCJIe.
BnpOqeM, yme Ha nepBbIX ypOKax yqall(HeCH nOBTopSlIOT H CHCre-
MaTH3HpYIOT CBOH 3HaHHSI 0 po,ne H!\-leH CYI.IJ.eCTBHTeJlbHbIX, no.nb3YJlCb
He TOJlbKO nOJl-CTaHOBKOH leCToHMelIHH Oil, OHa., OHO J Moll j MOll, Moe.
HO coeHHHSJ CYIIJ.eCTBHTeJ1bHbIe C npHJIaraTeJIbHbIMH, rJIarOJIaMH. Yqa-
ll\HeCH YCTaHaBJIHB31OT' CBH3b MeJK)(Y CJIOBaMH B T3KHX, HanpHMep,
COtteTaHHHX H npe;vIO}KeHHHX: CmpOUHbl.U monOAb pacl¥1eAj, KynUJ1U Hi)-
80e nO/lomeHl{e, II eM 8KYCHoe JWAOKO, CUHee Mope, pyccKOe nOlle, ape-
HblU Kapmrxpe/lb, 8KljCHaJ1, KapaMeJlb J nO,1e n06eAeAo, Kapmot/JeAb coapUA-
CJl, 20CnUmaAb omKpblACJI, H T. ,no
B pe3YJIbT3Te 3TMX aaHHTHH ,neTH ,nOJI)KHbI CYMeTb npaBHJIbHO OT-
HecTH cymecTBHTeJIblIOe K O)(HOMY H3 Tpex PO)\OB, a B caoeM pelleBOa
npal{THKe COrJIaCOBblBaTb C ,naHHbIM CYIneCTBHTMbHbIM rrpHJlaraTeJlb-
Hoe, MeCTOHMeBHe " fJlarO"T}.
OCHODHbIM )I{e cO)l.ep*aHHeM 3aHHTHH B I I I KJlaCCe
CKnOHeHHe NMeH cy- npH M3ytteHllH HMeHH CYll\ecTBHTeJIbHOrO SlBJ1HeTCH
11.I eCTBIfTenbHblX .W
pa60Ta Ha CKTIOHeHlieM. Pa3JIUlJeHHe na,neiKeu,
TMnOB CKJIOneHHH, YCBoeHHe npaBonHCaHH5I na,ne)KHbIX OKOH1JaHHA-
.. u u
caMblH Ba>KllbIH J.{ B TO >Ke BpeMSJ CJIO}I<HbIH pa3,lteJI npH H3ytteHHli
Hl\leHH CYlAeCTBHTeJ1bHoro.
113 BeCTHo, 'ITO n a ,n e >K HMeH" CYInecTBHTeJlbH....oro - 3TO (OpMa
CJIOBOH3MeHeHHH, npHtleM He TOJIbKO Mop(jx>JIOrHtteCKaSl, HO H CHHT81{-
CHtteCKaH, nOKa3hIBalOrnaSl OTHomeHHSI CYll(ecTBHTeJIbHOrO c ,npyrHMH
CJIOB3MH B npe)(JIO>Kel-1HH II CJIOBOCOqeTaHHH. CpaBHHTe: nUCb.M.O 6pama t
nUCbMO 6pamy H nUCb.MO om 6pama. B 3aBMCH1\{OCTH OT H3MeHe-
HHH CJlOBa 6parn MCHHeTCH CMblCJI Bcero BbICKa3blBaHHH. ,neTJlM
H3)l.0 nOKa3aTb, liTO ,nJIH CBH3H 'C ,npyrHMH CJI0BaMH, T. e. )l.Jl5I BbIpame-
HHH pa3JIHIIHblX OTHOllleHHH, HMSI CYll(eCTBHTeJ1bHOe CKLTIOHHeTCH, 113-
MeHHeTCH no na,neJKaf; tITOObI onpe)leJIHTb naJI.e>K, He06xoll.HMO nOCTa-
BMTb Bonpoc K ,naHHOMY CJIOBY OT ,npyroro CJIOBa, C KOTOpblM OHO CBSI-
3aHO no CMbICJIY H rpaMfaTHlIeCKH: uU{Y (1J TO?) OO/t1,; 3a60ttycb (0 K 0 M?)
o cecmpe; nuUlY (q eM?) pyttKOU; ZOp:HCyCb (K eM?) apY20M; 8emKa
(tt e r Of) Jl6AOHU; Hopa (K 0 r Of) IlUCbl H T. )\.
3HaKoMHTb yqam.HXCH C pa3Rooopa3HbIMH OTHOllleHHHMH Me>K,Zty CJIO-
. '..
BaMH MO)KHO npH nOMOInH pa3JIHttHbIX ynpaLKHeHHH, HanpHMep: PUCV10
(11 TO?) KapmUHY, PUCYIO (\I eM?) I(pacKaMU; MOIO (\I TO?) nocyiJy,
MOIO (1J eM?) 8000{/,; 8Uy (K 0 r o?) opyza J CMomplO (H a K 0 r Of)
Ha apyza. npH pa360pe no,nooHblX CJIOBOCO'leTaHHH H npe)1JlO>KeHHH
,neTH y6e>K)J.aIOTCSI, ttTO na,neLK HeOQXo,nHM ,lJ)ISI Bhlpa1KeHHH. onpeAeJIeH-
HbIX 3HaQeHHH, liTO ;tJlH rOBOpSItnHX A8J1eKO He 6espa3J1H'IHO, npaBHJ1b-
HO HJlM HenpaBHJlbHO ynoTpe6JIeH na.Ae>K. HanpHMep, mo6uml? poiJUHY,
HO oopO:J/Cumb poiJUHOU J a He «AOpO}KHTb pOj:lHHY». .ll.nB nOHHMaHHH OT-
89

..
HoweHHH Me>KJ1Y CJIOB3MH MO>KHO nOK333Tb, qTO CJIOBO B O,llHOM H TOM
>Ke nane}Ke t HanpHMep B TBOpHTeJlbHOM, MO>KeT 0603HaQaTb MeCTO
(r .A e?): exaJI, AeCOM, nOAeM- H 0pYAHe TpYlla (q e M?): KOnllll
Aonamo(i,.
nOCTpOeHHe yqeOHHKa, X3paKTep H paCnOJlOJKeHHe ynpa}KHeHHH B
HeM OnpeAeJlHIOT CHCTeMY H MeTOJ(bl p360Tbi no H3YQeHHIO HMeHH cy-
m.eCTBHTeJlbHoro. ,[{JIH 3U3KOMCTB3 C na-ne>KaMH (H33B3HHe na,ne>KeH,
naAe)f{HbIe BonpOCbl, nOCTaHOBKa Bonpoca K A3HHblM CJlOBaM) B YQe6..
HHKe HMeeTCSI OOnbllIoe KOJIHtJeCTBO ynpa>KHeHHit TaK, BHallaJIe Y1JH-
.w
TeJlb n03HaKOMHT Yll3InHXCH C Ha3BaHHeM na,ne)KeH H naJ(e}KHbIMH
BOllpocaMH, BHe 33BHCHMOCTH OT THn3 CKJIOHeHHH H naAe)KHblX OKOH"
qaHHA; OJ(HOBpeMeHHO H3Yll3IOTCH npe,nJIOrH, ynoTpeMHIOInHeCH C
,naHHbIMH naAe>K3MH, 3 TaK)Ke Hena,ne>KHble, TaK na3bIBaeMbIe CMblC"
nOBble BonpOCbI (r,n e? K Y J( a? 0 T K Y A a?).
B npouecce Bblno.nHeHHSI ynpa}KHeHHH Ytle6HHKa AeTH J(OJI}KHbI no-
USlTb, 'ITO HMeHa cYIUecTBHTeJlbHble H3MeHHlOTCS1 no naJ(e}KaM (CKJlO"
HSlIOTCH); tlTO CYIneCTBHTeJlbHbIe. OTBellalOmHe Ha O,nHH H TOT me DO"
npoc, OTHOCS1TC5I K O,AHOMY .ft'3)].e}KY, XOTSI HMelOT pa3Hble OKOnQaHIiH:
(11 e t?) pyttKoii, o8epblO, l1£po.M, (n 0 II e MY)? no aOp02i!, no no-
/l1O, no crnenu.
B AaHHblH nepMoA 6o.nbwoe l\'lecTO ,nOJI}KHbI 3aHHMaTb ynpa}KHeHHH
B pacn03HaBaHHH na,z\e>KeH nYTeM YCTaHOBJIeHMH CB5I3H Me>KJl.Y CJIOBa.
MH H nOCT3HOBKH BonpOCOB: aamb (K 0 r o?) cecmpy, (II TO?) noeoo;
AUCmbR. (11 e r o?) 6epe3bl K/leHa J monOAR; 20P3ICYCb (II eM?) empaHo{J,J
ceAOM. ,.
B CBSl3H C 9TMM >KeJIaTeJIbHO neCKOJIbKO paClllHpHTb 3aaHHH YQe6..
HHKa 3a ClleT Bbl){eJIeHMH nap CBH33HHbiX fe)K,ny C060H CJIOB (CJIOBOCO.
IJeTaHHH) H3 TeKCTa ynpa)f{HeHHH H YCTaHOBJIeHHH CBH3H Me)K,AY CJIO"
8aM" no BonpocaM.
BOJIblIIHe TPYJJ.HOCTH ,8 9TO BpeMH npe.nCTaBJIHeT MH MHorHX yqa-
llUIXCH pa3J1liqeHHe na,rte}f{eH. DHH CMeIUHBalOT HMeHMTeJtbHblH H BM-
HHTeJ1bHblH; pOAHTeJIbHblH H BHHHTeJIbHbIH; po,nHTeJIbHbIH, ,naTeJIbHbIH,
npeAJIO}KHbIH nae)J{H. 4TOObi Hs6eiKaTb 9Toro, Heo6xo,nHMO npHBJ1e-
KaTb BHIilaHHe ,AeTeR K npaBHJIaM, ,AaHHbIM B yqe6HHKe nOA PYOPHKOH
«3aMeTbTe!», «3anOMHHTer».
.l{eTH J].OJl>KHbI YQHTbCSI pa3JIUQaTb na,ne>K no OCHOBHbJM npeMoraM,
HanpHMep: Udmu "aOMY, "ce/lY (K tI e M y? K Y ,n a?); uamu no
noAJO, no AeeYJ no cmenu (n 0 II e M y? r,n e?). ,LleTH 3anOMHHalOT
npeAJIOrH, C KOTOpbIMH ynoTpe6JIHeTC5I ,naHHbIR naJ{e>K, YQaTCH CT3BHTb
CMblCJIOBble BonpOCbI K CJIOBaM H pa3JIHtlaTb naJ].e>KH Ha OCHOBe 9THX
BonpOCOB. Cne.u-OBaTeJIbHO, ynpa}KHeHHH THna: 6bl/l 8 eopoOe (r)]. e?),
lIO noexQ./l, 820pOO (K Y J( a?); noOHUMaJOCb Ha 20PY (K Y ,z\ a?), HoemolO
Ha 20pe (r .n e?) - 6YJJ.YT npe,z\ynpe}K)\aTb B03M01KHbIe OlliHOKH B CMeIlle-
v
HHIi na,ne>KeH.
JI;IH Bblpa60TK.H YMeHHH npaBHJlbHO Onpe,AeJIHTb na,nem HMeH CY-
mecTBHTe-&l'IbHbIX, nOMHMO ynpa)KHeHHA YQe6HHKa, MO)KHO peKOMeU,l\O-
BaTb CJle,nYIOHI.He:
90

,
CnoBa t ,naIlllbIe B CKOOKaX, nOCT3BbTe B HY}KHOI na.n.eJKe, npaBHJIb" I
HO ynoTpe6HTe rrpe,nJIorlf.
B }l{apKYIO JIeTHIOID HOllb .TIollla,neii BblrOH5HOT ... (nO/2e).
M3JIb1lHK DbIBeJl napTH3all ... (pettKa).
OTpR,l1 Me,l1JIeHHO ,nBHraJICH . . . (mpOnUHKa).
5o.,1blllOe 3HaqellHe MMeeT no,n6op 3aBHCHMbIX CJIOB:
a) K rJIarOJIaM-CHHOHHMaf: 8Uaelnb (q TO?) Mope, a CMompemb (H a
11 TO?) Ha ..«ope; CKll3amb (K 0 MY?) cecmpe (0 q eM?) 0 KHU2e, a U3-
BecmunZb (K 0 r o?) cecmpy (0 II eM?) 0 nUCbMe; U.Memb (II TO?) 8e.M/1/0;,
a (J/zaaem b (11 e M?) 3eMAeU;
6) K MHor03HaIIHblM CJlOBaM: u2pamb (q T o? 11 e M? C K e M? B 0
q TO?), HaDAlOaamb (11 T o? 3 a q e M? 3 a K e M? H a,n q eM?),
HanOMHumb (K 0 M y? 0 q eM?), 6pocumb (11 T o? q" e M? B K 0 r o?);
B) K O)lIlOKOpeHHbIM CJIOBaM: CAYU.lamb (q TO?) n ecH. 10, HO npUC/lY-
LUU8wnbCfl (K q e l\tl y?) " necHe; nOAb30BambCJl (11 eM?) KapmuHot1} HO
ucnoAb308amb (q TO?) KapmUHY.
OC06eHHO 3aTpy,nHSIeT ,neTeH pa3JIHtJeHHe OMOHHMHqllblX <pOpM
MMeHHTeJIbHOrO H BHHHTeJlbHOrO na,ne>KeH B npe,llJlO}KeHHHX THna:
ropum Kocmep H mKOAbHUKU pa30/lU Kocmep; Ha Ma'lme 638UJlCJl
cpAa2 H Mill nOOHJL/l.U l/JAa2. , .
B TaKOM CJIyttae Ha nOfOb AOJI)KeH npMHTH CHHTaKCH'IecKHH pas.
60p, rrOK33 CBH3eH 3Toro CYW.eCTBHTeJIbHOrO C JlpyrHMH CJlOB3MH
B npe,lJ;IO}l{eHHH.
BOT neCKOJlbKO npe)J)IO}KeHHH Ha pa3JIHQeHHe HMeHHTeJlbHOrO H
BHHHT1bHoro naeeH:
Born. U cOAHqe Bcmaem.
BecHou 8CR cmenb nepeMeHullacb.
Kocmep npKO zopum.
fI BU3ICY CO/lHqe.
OceHblO AroOU nOICudarom cmenb.
Pe6Jlma pa30:J/CMU "ocmep.
AHaJlH3 npe'O}KeHHH JIeBoH KOJIOHKH nOMOJKeT Y1laHMcH c,lte.
naTb BbIBO){, IITO cYIIJ.ecTBHTeJIbHhIe COAHl.{e, cmenb, Kocmep CTOHT B
HMeHMTeJlbHOM nane}Ke. OHH HB.TJHIOTCSI B npe)J)lO)KeHHH nOJlJIeiKaH-
MH. npH pa300pe no 1IJleH3M npe)lJIO}KeHHR npaBoH KOJlOHKH, Y1laInHe.
CH onpe,neJIHIOT, QTO cYIneCTBHTeJIbHble cOAHl.{e, cmenb, Kocmep HBJISIlOT-
CH B npeJ10>KeHHH BTopocreneHHbIMH 'lJIeHaMH, OTBeqalOT H8 Bonpoc
q T o? H CTORT B DHHHTeJIbHOM naAe>Ke. .ll.JIR pa3J1H1IeHHH HMeHHTeJlb-
Horo II BMHHTeJlbHOrO rra,lle>KeH JJ.eJIeCOOOpa3Ho T3K>Ke rrOJIb30BaTb,CH
npHeMOl'll nO;J.CTaHOBKH: cYIll.ecTBHTeJIbHOe MY>KCKOrO HJIH cpe;J.Hero po-
Jl-3 MO)KHO 3aMeHHTb cYllI.eCTBHTeJlbHbJM >KCHCKOro pOJla. HanpHMep, eCJIH
B npe)lJIO}l{eHHH f/ nOMHIO Mope CJIOBO Mope 33MeHHTb CYInecTBHTeJIb"
HblM JKeHCKOro po.n.a oopoea: f/ nOMHIO aOp02Y, TO OKOHQ3HMe -y HCIIO
YKa}KeT Ha BHHHTeJIbHblH na,ne}l{. B npoII-ecce pa60Tbi no pa3JIMQeHHJO
HMeHHTeJlbHOrO - BHHHTeJlbHOrO na)le1KeH JJ.eJIeC006pa3l1o HHOf,na HC-
I1OJ1b30BaTb 06a na)te>KllbIX Bonpoca: HMeHHTeJ1bHblii K T o? II T o?
M BHHHTeJlbHbJH K 0 r o? II T o?
9l_-

3arpy)tHHer yqarnHXCH pa3JIHQeHHe BHHHTeJlbHOrO H pOHTeJlbHOrO
naemeH O,ll.yrneB.TleHHblX CYllleCTBHTeJlbHblX MY>KCKOrO pOAa: He 6bLAO
(K 0 r o?) 6OAICll, eJICa (p. n.), HO (JuneAu (K 0 r o?) 60/IKQ, e3ICa (B. n.)
HJlH C/leiJ (K 0 r o?) MeoseoR (p. n.), HO 6blC/ledUAU (K 0 r o?) MeOeeaR (B. n.).
B nO,ltoOHbIX CJIYllaHX ,lI.JlSI pacn03HaBaHHH na)tema Ta K>Ke MO}KHO pe-
KOMeH,ltOBaTb npHeM 3aMeHW cymecTBHTenbRoro MymcKoro poa cy-
LUeCTBHTe.'1bHbIf meHCKoro po;ta: He 6bl.ll0 (K 0 r o?) 60AKa, /lUCU4bl, HO
nOUAfUJ1U (K a r o?) 80AKa, AUCU14Y; CAea (K 0 r o?) MeafJeafl, 6e/lKu, HO
6blC/leaUAU (K 0 r o?) .Mea8ea.R, 6eAY. npH BblnOJlHeHHH ynpa>KHCHItM
no pa3J1qeHHIO na.l).e>i<eH Hea6xo,ZlHMO nOCTOHHHO Tpe6oBaTb, IIT06hl
yqaWJteCH ,lI.OKa3aJIH, nOqeMY OHM )tYfaIOT, qTO BbI)teJIeHHOe cymecTBH-
TeJlbHOe CTOHT B BHHHTeJIbHOM HJIM pOJ(HTenbHOM na.ne>Ke.
B npouecce H3YQeHH SI IiMeH CYW.eCTBHTeJIbHbIX ftfO>KHO peKOMeH.no-
naTb CJle,lI,YIOI.lI.He .nonOJlHHTeJIbHble ynpa>KlleHHH:
1) Y nOTpe6.neuHe O){HarO npe,lVIora C pa311bIMH na.u.e)KaMH (noexaJl
Ha YKpauHY, 6blA Ha YKpaUHe; 6epHg/lCR C YKpauHbl, 6blA C m06a-
puU{e,,t; noexa;1 8 AcmpaxaHb, OmablXaA 8 AcmpaxaHu);
2) ynoTpe6..'1eHHe npeJ(norOB-aHTOllHfOB 8, Ha - U3, C: (JICUA 8 KPbl-
MY, HO Ita J1p1e; npuexa;1 U3 Kpbl.Jfa, 11,0 C YpaAa);
3) no,n60p cYLLlecTBHTe.,lbHbIX, ynoTpeMRIOLLlHxCR B pa3HbIx na-
,ne}l{ax, HO IJ!\-1elOll.U1X OHHaKOBoe UKOHQaHHe (6 mempaBu!. U3 mempa-
au, no mempaau; 8 aepe8He, no iJepe8He).
,QeTH !lOJI)KHbI 3HaTb npe,ll.JIOrH, ynoTpe6JISleMbIe C TCl\{ HJIH HHbIM
na.n}KOM: C J(aTeJlbHblM - 1(, no,' C pO.nHTe.TIbHbIM - y, om) ao, c, us,-
01\.0/1.0; C BHHHTenbHblM - 8, Ha; C npeMomHblM - 0, 8, Ha H T. .l)..
C.ne,ltonaTe.'1bHO, B npou.ecce ynpa>KHeHHH no pacn03HaBaHHIO na-
Jte>KeH }KeJIaTeJIblIO HaYIIMTb yqamnXCH nO.nb30BaTbCH He OJJ;HHM, a
pa3HbIMH npHel'ttaMH. 113BecTHo, HanpHMep, liTO llJKOJIbHHKH qaCTO CMe..
llJHBalOT BHHHTeJlbHbIH H npeJI.J10>KHbIH na,lle>K: 80lU£A 6 aOM, [JICUA 8 00-
.Me; 8306pa./1aCb Ha ellb, cuoe/la Ha eAU. B caMOM eJle, C)'rneCTBHTeJIb-
Hble B npl1Be,ll.eHHbIX npHMepax, 0603Ha1laH MeCTO, MfeIOT OJ(HHaKOBbIe
npe.nJIOrH 8, Ha. ECJlH YlleHHK 6Y!leT nOJlb30BaTbCH TOJIbKO OJJ;HHM
npHeMOM pa3JIHlleHHH na,lle>KeH - pacn03HaBaHHeM MX no npe!lJIOraM,
TO OH JIerKO MO>KeT 01lIH6HTbCR. B aHHOM CJIYlIae HY>KHO 06paTHTb BHH-
MaHHe J\eTeH He TOJIbKO Ha 06Il\HH npe,l{JIor, HO H Ha na.n.emHoe OKOHlIa-
HHe, naJl-e>KHbIH Bonpoc, HCXO,ll.HID.HH OT rJIaBHOrO CJIOBa.
TaKHM 06pa30f, ecJIH YQeHHK YMeeT Onpe,lteJIHTb naJ(em no na.ne>K-
HOMY Bonpocy Ha OCHOBe YCTaHOBJIeHHH CBH3H Me>KAY CJIOBaMH, no CHH-
TaKcHyecKoH ponM Jl-aHHOrO CJIOBa B npe,llO>KeHHHt a KpOMe Toro, no
npe,ltJIory H CMblcnOBOMY Bonpocy, TO pa3JIHlleHHe naJl-e>KeH ,l{JlH Hero
He COCTaBHT TpYJJ;a.
Q,lI.HaKO B npaKTHKe pa60Tbi llIKO.,TIbl Jl-O CHX nap, K CO>KaneHHIO,
H3ytleHHe CK.il0HeHHH HMeH CYW.€CTBHTeJIbHbIX HOCHT OJl-HOCTOpOHHHH
xapaKTep: .l).eTH MeXaHHqeCKH Ha3bIBalOT na,neHble BonpOCbI, CTOJIb
me MeXaHHQecKH H3MeHHIOT CJIOBO no na.l).e>Ka1. B pe3YJIbTaTe TaKoro
-H3YlleHHH na.lle>KeA .neJIaeTCH BbIBO,ll., tlTO naAe/K MO>KHO onpe'HTb
TOJIbKO no na.l).e/KHOMY Bonpocy.
92

notne TOfO KaK ytJaIII.MeCH YCBOHT ,lIa3B3HUH na.ne1KeH, Hayt.13TCH
pa3J1H1I3Tb HX no BonpOC3M H npeMoraM, no CHHT3KCHtJeCKOH pOJIIi
u
CJI0Ba B npeJ],JlO>KeHHH, MOiKHO nepeHTH K H3Y1IeHHIO T H n 0 B C K JI 0-
H e H "H HMeH CYInecTBHTeJIbHbIX. OT Toro, _ HaCKOJIbKO 6bICTpO H
npaBHJI110 yqaw.HeCH, H3yqaTCH pa3JIH'IaTb TMnbl CKJ10HeHHH, 3aBHCHT
YMeHHe 6e30mHOO1lHO nHcaTb naJle>KHble OKOH1I3HHH. CpaBHHBaH OKOH-
1I3HHH HMeH CYIIleCTBHTeJIbHblX B p33HblX na,lle>K3X e,nHHCTBeHHoro IIMC-
u
Jla H YCT3HaBJIHBaH po,n 3THX cymectBHTeJlbHblX, Y1l3mHecH nOHMYT,
qTO CYIll.eCTBHTeJIbHbIe B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pO,ll3 onpe,neJ1eHHbIM OOp330M
pacnpe,neJIlOTCH no THnaM CKJlOneHHSI. 3ry 3aBHCHMOCTb HarJlH){HO
MO>KIIO npe.nCTaBHTb H3 TaKOH Ta(i,1Hue:
POA liMeu cyw.e-
tTBIiTe.n bHblX
I-e CI<JI.
2-c CKJI.
3-e CR.,.
>1<. p.
M. p.
aeMJI JI, BOJI H a
BaHH, nana
CHpeHb, KpOBaTb
c. p.
nO.I1, )J.eHb,
I1BaH. capa"
OKHO, none
JIJlH 33KpenneHHH YMeHHH onpeeJUlrb THn CKJIOHeHHH Hl\tleH CY-
w.ecTBHTeJIbHbIX II.eneco06pa3Ho npeMO}KHTb Y1l3IllHMC5I ,llJIH 3HaJlH3a
TaKHe CJlOBa, K3K /lOWaOb - /lowaOKO" nellb - n£flKa J MOpK08b - MOp-
1WBKll, Kp08amb - Kp08amICa, e.llb- eAKa, n/lOUlradb-nAow,aOKa, 8etn8b-
semK,a. Bce npHBe,neHHble cyw.ecTBHTeJ1bHbIe >KeHCKOro pO,LI.a, lIO O,nHH
H3 HHX OTHOCHTCH K I-MY CKJIOHeHHIO, a ,npyrHe - K 3-MY. npH 9TOM"
Ba>KHO YTOllHHTb, nOqeMY 9TH CYIIleCTBHTeJIbHbIe OTIIOCSITCH K pa3HblM
CKJIOHeHHHlvl, H y6e,nHTbCH, qro HMeHa cyw.eCTBHTeJIbHble }l{eHCKOfO pO-
.na MorYT OTHOCHTbCSI HJlH TOJl,bKO K I-MY, HJIM TOJIbKO K 3-l\I1Y CKJlOHe-
HHIO.
HaMIO,lleHHH 3a cYIll.ecTBHTeJlbRbIMH THna BaH.Jl- H8QH, A Aetua -
A/leKCeU, 50pH. - Eopuc TaK>Ke n03BOJlHT Y1IeHHK3M c,neJl3Tb Bbl, BO,n
1ITO .l13HHble cym.ecTBHTeJIbHble MY>KCKOfQ po,na MOfYT OTHOCHTbcn, B
38BHCHMOCTH OT OI{OH1.IaHHSI, HJlH K I-MY, HJlH KO 2-IY CKJlOneHHIO.
B npouecce J(onOJlHHTeJIbHbIX ynpa>KHeHHH yqaw.HeCH npHxOJtHT
K BbIBO)lY, 1.ITO cyru.eCTBMTeJlbHbIe THna aeHb, meHb, neHb, AeHb, cupeHb,
iropmol/JeAb, anpe/lb, Kflpyce/lb, KapaMeAb My*cKoro H >KeHCKOro po,na
B HMeHHTeJIbHOM n3,ne>Ke He HMelOT OKOH'IaHHH, OHH OK31f1IHB3lOTCH Ha
MHfKHe COrJI3CHble, _n09TOMY, 1IT06bI onpe,neJIHTb, K K8KOMY CKnOHC-
HRIO OTHOCHTCH .n3HHble HMeHa cymecTBHTeJIbHbIe, H3,l10 3H3Tb HX po.
<I>opMHpoBaHHe Yl\feHHH np8BHJIbHO nHcaTb na,l1eJKHble OKOH1J3HHH-
u 0
neHTp3J1bHblH Bonpoc paCCM3TpHBaeMOH H3MH TeMbI.
Ynpa>KHeHHH Y1Ie6HHKa .nO,lt06paHbI T3KHM 06pa30 1ITO ,llalOT B03-
MO>KHOCTb H3YQHTb n3J{e>KHble OKOHqaHH CHaqana CYInecTBHTenbHblX
l-ro CKJlOHeHHH, saTeM 2-ro H, H3KoHeu., 3-ro. TaKoe p3cnpe.neJleHHe MaTe-
pHaJIa HaHJIyqwHM oopaSOM cnoco6cTBYeT YCBoeHHlO OKOHlIaHHH K8>K-
,lloro n3AeIK3, a 3aTe1 cpaBHeHHIO 3THX na,l\e1KHbIX OKOHtJaHHH.
,
93

COnOCTaBJIeHHe nane)KHblX OKOHQaHHH peKOMeH;tyeTcH npOBO)tHTb
CH8t1aJIa BHYTPH OAHoro CKJIOHeHHH, saTeM cpaBH'HB3H ABa THn3 CKJlO-
HeHnA, saTeM Bce TPH CKJlOHeHHH cpa3Y H, HaKOHeI.t paCCMaTpHBaSl na-
J,te>KHble OKOHlIaHHSI cym.eCTBHTeJIbHbIX eJ{HHCTBeHHoro H MHO>KecTBeH-
Horo IIHCJla. TaK, npH H3yqeHHH naJle>KHbIX OKoHllaHHH I-ro CKJlO-
HeHHSI COnOCTaBJISlIOTCSI OKOHQaHHSI pOJl-HTeJ1bHOrO If AaTeJlbHOrO nSAe-
meA (/lodICU, I( //'oiJK/J), ,l1aTenbHOrO" npeJI.JIO>KHOrO (" .Ilodlre, 6 /loa-
tee) H, HaKOHen, pOJl-HTeJ1bHOrO (-.Q, -bl), .llaTeJlbHOrO (-e) H npe,D.JIo)l{..
Horo (-e) ( "HU2U, 1CHU2e, 8 1CH,Uze). .
nOCJIe TOro KaK 6YJl-eT H3ytteHO 2-e CKJIOHeHHe, HY>KHO conOCTaSHTb
na,ne}KHbIe OKOHqaHHH CYInecTBHTeJIbHbIX I-ro H 2-ro CKJIOHeHHSI (e B
npeJVIO)KHOM naJle>Ke - 8 KOMHame, 6 aOMe, 8 nOlle).
na.ne>KHble OKOHttaHHH MO>KHO cpaBHHBaTb no CXOCTBY, no pa3"
JlHqHlO H O)tHOBpeMeHHO no CXO,lJ.CTSY H pa3nHlIHIO. HanpHMep, conOCT3B..
neHHe no pa3nHIIHIO: OKOHttaHHH TBopHTenbHoro na)tea Bcex Tpex
CKJJOHeHHH (iJopo2ofi, nOAeM, cmenblO) , cOnOCTaBJIeHHe no CXOACTBY
H pa3J1HttHlO: OKOHqaHHH B JlaTeJIbHOM H npe,lJ.JlO>KHOM na,lJ.e}l{ax I-ro H
2-ro CKJlOHeHHR H OKOHqaHHH B 9THX >Ke naJle>Kax cyu.\eCTBHTeJlbHbIX
3-ro CKJIOHeHHH (me/l no oopoze, 110 no cmenu; 6blA 8 iJoP02e, 8 nOlle,
HO 6 cmenu).
TaKoro po,aa paOOTa cnocoocTByeT (j>ppMHpOBaHHIO YMeHHH npaSHJtb-
lIoro HanHcaHHH na,ne>KHblX OKOHqaHHii. npOTHBOnOCTaBJIHH, HanpH-
Mep, -8, -U B OKOHQaHHSlX HMeH cyw.eCTSHTeJlbHbIX eAHHCTBeHHoro
IIHCJI8, Y1JaIIlHecH npHXO)lHT K BbIBOy, !lTO CYInecTBHTeJIbHbIe I-ro CKJlO-
HeHHH B pOHTeJIbHOM naAe>Ke HHKor,l1.a He HMelOT OKOHqaUHH -e, 3
TOJIbKO -IJ (-bl) (32MAU, mempaOu); ttTO cytnecTBHTeJIbHbIe 3-ro CKJIO-
HeHHjJ B pO;tHTeJIbHOM, aTeJlbHOM H npe.l(JtOJKHOM naj(e1Kax HMelOT TOJIb-
I{O OKOHQaHHe -u (y npucmaHU" K npucmaHU, Ha. npucmaHU); liTO
OKOHQaHHe -e B ){aTeJIbHOM na.ne>Ke 6blBaeT TOJIbKO Y cytnecTBHTeJIb-
HblX I-ro' CKJlOHeHHH (Ie seMAe, I( BeCHe), Tor.ll.a KaK OKOHttaHHe -e
B npe,lJ.JI01KHOM naAe>Ke xapaKTepHO )J.JlH I-ro H 2.:ro CKJlOHeHHH (8 K8ap-
mupe, 6 nOM, Ha cnlOAe). .
!lJIH HarJlHJlHocTH yqalll.HMcH MO}KeT 6blTb npeJ{JlO)J{eHa TaKa51
Ta6JIHua:
I-e C.(JJ.
2-e CKJI.
3e CM.
BOJIHa, KHHra
TeHb, .'IODlab
(OHb. none,
GeJtbe" capaA
n. n.
-e
-u
.4. n., n. fl.
p. n.
p., 11., n.
B npoll.ecce H3YQeHHH CKJIOHeHHfI HMeH cywecTBHTeJ1blIbIX yqalUHe-
CH YCTaHBBJlHBalOT naJ{eR<Hble OKOHlIaHHH Ha OCHoBaHHH onpe-ne.neHHR
THna cK.iloHeHHH, na..Ae>Ka cymecTBHTeJlbHOrO (CJleAOBa'FeJIbHO, TalOKe'
npeJlJIOra, CMblCJIOBOrO Bonpoca).
9i
I
j
1

K8K YlKe OblJlO CKa38I10, AJISI onpe,lJ.e,,1eHHH na,ne)KHOrO OKOH1JaHU"
yqaIIJ.lfeCH He AO.TJ>KHbl nO.'1b30BaTbCH TOJIbKO O,lJ.HMl\f npHeMOt, Hanpn-
l\iep nOCT8HOBKOH CMbICJIOBOrO Bonpoca, TaK KaK 3TO MO)Ker npHBeCTH K
oWH6Ke B HanHC8HHH OKOH1JaHHH cyraecTBHTeJIbHOrO, HanpHMep: XoiJU.ll
no aopoze, 8cmo'//'.yaop02U, cnlOfl/l Ha aopoze. Bce npHBC)(eHlIbIC CJIOBOCO-
lIeTaHHH OTBe1.lalOT Ha Bonpoc r Jl e? , HO HMCIOT pa3HbIe OKOHlIaIUH1,
nOCKo..TIbKY OTHOCHTCH K pa3Hb]f\f na,lJ.e)J{aM.
B npouecce pa60TbI Y1.lHTe.J11O HymHo MMeTb B BHJlY, lITO 3HallHTenL-
Hoe KOJIHqeCTBO OWH6K B npaBonMcaHHH naAe)KHblX OKOHtJaHHH Bo..q-
HHKaCT B TOM CJ1Y1Jae, eCJIH Me}J{,ny npe)J.JIOrOf H CYIll.eCTBHTeJ1bHbIM.Cro-
liT -npyroe CJIOBO, npHJ1araTeJIbHOe HJlM CYllleCTBHTeJIbHOe (UAU Ha
OKpaUHe aepeOHU, OICUJlU B Clnapou. aepeBHe), a TaK)J{e eCJIH ,llBa paenOJlo-
>KeHHbIX p,AOM CYW.eCTBMTeJIbHbIX OTHOCTCH K pa3HbIM CJlOBaM. Ha-
npHMep, B npe,llJIO)KCHHIf nUOH£pbl ocmaH08U/IUCb Ha 6epe2Y pe'lKU
C.n080 petiKU CBH3aHO no CMblCJIY O CJIOBOM Ha 6epezy (Ha 6epe2Y pe'lKU),
a CJIOBO Ha 6epezy C r.1JarOJIOl\f ocmaH08u/2ucb (ocmaH08U/lUCb Ha 6epe2Y).
ECJBf yqeHHK He CYMeeT BbIJ{eJIHTb npaBHJlbHO napbI CJIOB, TO OH YO-
meT HanHC8Tb «Ha OKpaHHe ,nepeBHe», «H8 oepery peQKe», TaK KaK npe,n-
Jlor Ha OH COOTHOCHT C OKOllqaHHeM -e.
.8 npouecce H3ytJeHHH MHO)J{ e C T B e H H 0 r 0 11 H C JI a HMe...
CyecTBHTe.nbHbIX Ba)KHO, qro6w yqaw.uecH nOIlHJ1H, QTO CKJ10HeHe
HMeH cymecTBHTe.'1bllbiX MHO)l{eCTBeHHoro QHCJIa He aaBHCHT OT THnOB
CKJlOHeHHH HMeH cyw.eCTBHTeJ1bHbIX e.D.HHCTBeHHoro 1JHCJla.
npH H3YQeHHIi na,lJ.e}l{HblX OKOH1JaHM" HMeH cym.eCTBHTeJ1bHblX BO
MHO)KeCTBeHIlOM 1JHCJlC YQaHeCH 3anOMHHalOT OKOHtJaHHH -bl, -U,
-a', -R (20pbl, U/,Ot!JePbl, cmenu, yttutne/l!l.)' B HMeHHTeJIbHO1 naAe)Ke,
-Olty- -es, -eii (cmOA08, Aec08, nOlleu, cmenefi) B pO,nMTeJIbHOM na.ne}Ke,
KpOMe TorO t OHM 06paalOT BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 1ITO pSl,D. cymecTBHTeJIb-
HblX B pOAI1TeJIbHOM na,ne)Ke Boo6we He HMeeT OKOHqaHH" (cmpaH.,
eop, cell, 6epes).
B npou.ecce BblnOJIHeJlHH yn!'a}l{HeHHH YtJe6HHKa YQalllHeCH 6Y-D.YT
38nOMHHaTb OKOH1JaHHH cyrnecTBHTeJIbHbJX B AaTeJIbHOM (cea.M, ae-
pe8HRM, 2opooaM, cmenRM), TBopHTe.TlbHOl'v1 (ceAQ.MU,. aepe8HRMII,
eopooaMu, CmenR.Mu) H npe)l.JIO)l{HOM na,ne}J{ax (8 ceAa,,x, 8 depeBHRX,
20pooax, cmenJl.x).
¥ITaK, B pe3YJlbT8Te H3YlleHHSI TeMbl «H3MeHeHHe HMeH CYllleCTBHTeJlb"
IIbIX» YQaIII.UeCH ,D.OJI)KHbI Yl\feTb npaBHJlbHO onpe,lJ.eJITb pO,D. H
tIHCJIO CYllleCTBHTeJIbHbJX, THn CKJIOHeHHH, pa3.,1JHlIaTb naAe>KH cym. e -
CTBHTCJIbHbIX H, Onlipa.HCb Ha 3TH 3HaHHH If YMeHH npaBHJlbHO fJHCaTb
I
naAeIlbIe OKOHqaHlfH; KpOMe Toro,""' CTaBH BonpOCbI YllalIJ,HeCH ,nOJl)K-
lib! YJ\feTb onpe,lJ.eJlSlTb CHHTaKCH:tIeCKYIO pOJ1b cymecTBHTeJIbHoro.
TeMa «H3MeHeHHe HfeH CYllleCTBHTeJIbHblX»
P.SOT. no pa31HTMIO npe,D.CTaBJ1S1eT 60JIhWHe B03MO)KHOCTH ,llJIH pa60-
peliM
TbI no pa3BHTHIO peIJH.
C 9TOA l..lblO B Y1JeOHHKe npe,D.YCMOTpeHbl ynpa>KHeHHSI CJle,nylO-
w.ero xapaKTepa: 1) ynp8}KHeHlfH MH pa60TbI C MHOr03HallHblMH eJIO-
BaMH; 2) ynpaJKHeHHB, HanpaBJIeHHbIe Ha npaBHJ1bHoe. ynoTpe6JIeHHe
95

"-
npe.D.JIoros\ B petiH (npe.ztnOJKHOe ynpaBJleHHe); 3) ynpa>KHeHHH Ha
COCTaBneHHe npe,lJ)IO>KeHHH C aHHblM" CJIOBaMH H CJlOBOCOlleTaHHHMH;
4) ynpa>KHeHHH no HcnpaBneHHK> }.te$opMHpoBaHlIoro TeKCTa; 5) yn...
pa>KHeHHR 8 no,lt60pe OTBeTOB Ha Bonpocbl; 6) ynpa>KHeHHH )VISI pa..
60Tbi Ha.zt 'H3nO>KeHHSlMH; 7) ynpa>KHeHHH ,AJ1 pa60Tbl Het,a COqHHe-
HHHMH.
,aononHHTeJ1bHO K 3THM MorYT 6bITb peKoMeH.D.oJJaHbI H ynpa>KHeHHH
B CJIoBoo6pa30BaHHH, HanpHMep: npH nOMOInH CyctxPHKCOB -meAb,
"II." o6pa3YHTe HMeHa cymecTBHTeJIbHble OT CJle,AYlOmlix CJlOB: /le-
mamb, 800umb, Yf.lUmb, apysumb, nYIleMem; HanHWHTe 5 CYlUecTDHTeJIb-
HbiX C CyctxPHKCOf -It; onpe.zteJIHTe, KaKHe 3HaqeHHH BHOCHT 3TOT cY<P-
cjJHKC. npH BblnOJlHeHHH 3Toro ynpa>KHeHHSI yqamHeCH YBH,ASlT, liTO
CY<IxI>HKC -,,- npH,ttaeT 3HatIeHHe >KeHCKOro pOJ{a (nuoHep - nuoHepKa),
a TaK>Ke 3HaqeHHe YfeHbIllHTeJ1bHOCTH (Kpo8anlb - Kp08amKll H T. }.t.).
Pa36epHTe IIO COCTaBY CJlOBa: tlaUHUK, nucameAb j t(,umameJ1b, nUAb-.
W,UK; Ha30BHTe CJlOBa, OT KOTOpbIX ,lJ.aHHbIe CYI.UeCTBHTeJ1bHble 06pa30-
BaHbI.
Kpo:Yle Toro, H3yqeHHe na,lte>KlIbIX OKOHqaHHH MO>KeT 6bITb CBH3a-
110 C onpe,lteJ1eHHeM na,lte>KHbIX OKOHQaHHH CJIOB-CHHOHHMOB: MemeAb,
8b1Oza, 6ypaH; poauHa, OfrltlU3Ha; C.nOB-aHTOHHMOB: ::lUMa - Aemo} Bee-
Ha - oceHb. npe>K)te qeM CKJIOHHTb ,lI.aHHbIe cnOBa, CJleJ{yeT' 05paTHTb
BIIHMaHHe yqaIlI.HXCH Ha TO, qTO OHH MH3KH no 3HaQel1HIO HJIH, Ha06o-
pOT, npOTHBononOiKHbI no 3HaqeHHIO H T. .zt.
Cne)lOBaTeJ1bHO, TeMa «113MeHeHHe HMeH CYI.UeCTBHTeJlbHbIX» npe,lJ.o-
.
CTaBJISleT yqHTeJIlO 60JIbllIHe B03MO>KUOCTH He TonbKO JVISI npOBeJ{eHHH
paOOTbl no rpaMMaTHKe H opcl>orpa<t>HH, HO H no pa3BHTHEO peQH, no
HaonEO,lteHHlO Ha,A COCTaBOM cnoBa, ero 3HaQeHHeM.
B I KJIaCCe ;{eTH yqHJIHCb pa3JIHlIaTb CJIOBa, OTBe-
MM. npHnaraTenbHoe qalOllI.He na BonpOCbI K a K 0 H? K a K 0 e? K a-
K a SI? K a K H e? Bo I I KJIacce OHH Y3HaJIH, QTO
CJlOBa, OTBeqalOInHe Ha 9TH BonpoCbl,.... 0603HaqalOT npH3HaKH npe,lJ.Me-
TOB. Y3HaJIH )teTH H TepMHH «HMH npHnaraTeJIbpe» l! HeKOTopbIe
cjJOpMaJlbHble npH3HaKH 9TOH qaCTH petIH, B qaCTHOCTH, qTO npHJIara-
TeJlbHble Bcer,lJ.a OTHOCHTC5I B npeMO>KeHHH K cymecTBHTeJIbHblM H
H3leHHIOTCH no po.aa1 H qHCJIaM B 3aBHCHf\.IOCTH OT CYW.eCTBHTeJIbHblX.
B I I I Knacce B u.eHTpe BHHMaHHH yqaHXCH nae>KHble OKOHtlaHHH
npHJ1araTeJlbHbIX MY>KCKOrO, >KeHCKOro H cpeHero poJt a TaK>Ke H3"
MeneHHe npHJ1araTeJlbHblX BO MHO}KeCTBeHHOM IIHCJIe./
nporpaMMa 3Toro KJlaCCa OTBO,lJ.HT Ha H3yqeHHe npHJIaraTeJIbHblX
30 qaCOB.
npH nOBTopeHHH Y>Ke H3BeCTHbIX yqamHMCH npH3HaKoB npHJlara-
TeJlbHbIX UeJIeC006pa3Ho cpaBHHBaTb 9TY qaCTb peqH C HMeHaMH CYW.ecT-
BHTeJIbHbIMH. L{eTH )J.OJl>KHbl nOHHTb, B qeM CXOACTBO H B qeM pa3nHtlHe
9THX tlacTea peqH. YqamHeCH HatlaJIbHblX KJIaCCOB OtleHb qaCTO CqH-
TaIOT, liTO HMeHa cyw.eCTBHTeJlbHble H3MeHRIOTCH no pO,ttaM. CpaBHeHHe
npHnarareJIbHblX C cyrneCTBHTeJIbHblMH nOMO>KeT YCT8:HOBHTb, tlTO npH-
naraTeJIbHble B eAHHCTBeHHOM qnCJle H3ft,feHSIIOTCH no pO)J.aM, a cyecTBH-
96

TeJIbHble no poJtaM He U3MeHSlIOTCH: Ka}l{JlOe cyrnecTBHTeJlbHoe HMeeT
onpeJteJIeHHblH pO)l (MY}I{CKOH, cpeJtHHH HnH >KeHCKHH). POJ( H tlHCJIO
npHJIaraTeJ1bHOfO 3aBHCHT OT poa H tlHCJIa cyecTBHTeJlbHOrO, C KOTO-
pblM npHnaraTeJlbHoe CBH3aHO B npeAJIO>KeHHH HnH cnOBOCOqeTaUMH
(KpacHaJl nAow,ai)b, KpacHoe 3Ha.MJl, KpacHblU 2mYK, KpaCHble 30pU).
TOIlHO TaK *e naJl.e./K HMeHH npHJIaraTeJIbHOfO BcerJla COOTBeTcTByeT
na,lte}KY CYllleCTBHTenblloro, c KOTOpbIM CBH3aHO npHJlaraTeJ1bHoe
B petfil (H acmynuAo Mat1cKOe ympo. 11.0A20 3ICOaJlU pe6nma Ma!lcKozo
ympa. XOpOUlO 8 6epea080M Aecy paHHUM MaUCKUM ympoM H T. n.).
Heo6xo,nHMO HaYQHTb yqarnHXCH npHBo,nHTb HpHMepbI liMen npHJ1a-
raTeJlbHblX, 0003HatlaIOIUHX p a 3 JI H q H bl e npH3HaKH npeJlMeTOB.
3roro ytlHTeJlb CMO}KeT JlOCTHfHYTb, ec.nH nOCTOHHHO 6YJl.eT CJle){HTb
38 reM, 1JTOObI npHJIaraTeJIbHble, KOTopble npHBOJ{HT yqaIIJ.HeCH, onpe-
AeJlHJlH npeMeTbl C pa3HbIX CTOpOH: no UBeTY (IOOPUi/,He8b1il, 6eAblU, CU-
HUt1), no BKYCY (20pbKUU, CAaOKUU, COAeHblU, K,UCAblU); no pa3Mepy
(60AbLUOU, MQ,J1£HbK,UU j 02pOMHblU); no MaTepHaJIY (KaMeHHblU, iJepe-
8RHHblU, CmeK,.llJlHHblil); no BpeMeHH (8"lepautHUU , 8eceHHUU, 3U.M.HUU):
no 3anaxy (AUMOHHblU, MUHOaAbHblU); no BocnpHHTHIO Ha ornynb
(MJl2Kutl, e/ltWKuu, urePWaBblU),. no cJ>oPMe fICPY2/lblU, nAocKuu); no
MecTY (eopoocKOu, ooeUlHuu),. C TOqKH 3peHHH pa3J1HtlHbIX KaqecTB
(0m3bl81lU8blU,. m08apuU{eC1(Uu, caMoOmeep[)ICeHHblu) H T.:.n.
npll nOBTOpeHHH TeMbI «}13MeHeHHe HMeH npHJlaraTeJlbHbIX no po-
.naM H tlHCnaM» (2 qaca) BIll KJIaCCe yqarnHecH JlOn>KHhl BbInonHHTb Ta-
KHe ynpa}KHeHHH, KOTopbIe 6YJJ.YT cnoco6cTBoBaTb BblpaOOTKe y HHX
HaBblKOB cOe,lJ.HHHTb HMeHa npHnaraTeJIbHble C HMeHaMH cyrnecTBHTeJIb-
HhIMH p CTaBSI npH 3TOM Bonpocbl OT cYIIJ.ecTBHTeJIbHbIX K npHnaraTeJIb-
HbIM. 3aAaqa YIlHTeJlH COCTOHT 8 TOM, llTOObI HaytlHTh JteTe" npaBHJIbHO
CTaBHTb 3TH BonpOCbI. Ha6JnOJ{eHHH nOKa3b1BalOT, qTO B npaKTHKe
WKOJlbHOrO ooyqeHHH OiliHOOK B OKOHtlaHHSlX npHnaraTeJIbHbIX BCTpe-
qerCH 6oJlbllIe, qeM B OKOHqaHHHX cyrnecTBHTeJlbHblX. 06'bHCHHeTCH
9TO fJlaBHbIM oopa30M TeM, tlTO J{eTH He YfeIOT npaBHnbHO BbIJleJ1HTb
H3 npe)l.JIO}KeHHH napbl cnOB - npHJIaraTeJIbHOe H cYIUeCTBHTeJIb-
Hoe - Ii CTaBHTb BonpOCbI OT cytnecTBHTeJlbHOrO K npHJIaraTeJ1bHOMY,
YCTanaBnHBaH reM caMblM OKOHqaHMSI npHJIaraTeJlbHblX. HanpHfep:
80UleA 8 aemcKutl nap/(; 8 napK (K a K 0 ii?) aemcuu; yexaJl, U3 eopHo2o
caHamOpU!l; U3 caHamOpUR, (K a K 0 r o?) 20pH020,. nepeeXaA 8 H08glO
1C8apmupy; K8apmupy (K a K y IO?) H08Y'0 H T. n.
npaBHnbHO nOCTaBneHHbIH Bonpoc nOMoraeT YCTaHOBHTb OKOHqa-
BHe npHJlaraTeJIbHor.o H npeJtynpeaeT OlliH6KH npH nHCbMe.
EOJlblliaH tlaCTb YtleOHOrO BpeMeHH, OTBeJteHHoro
CKnoHeHMe MMeN Ha H3yqeHHe TeMbI «113MeHeHH HMeH npHnara-
npMnaraTenbNwx TeJIbHbIX no nae>KaM», nOCBHrnaeTCSI paOOTe Ha,Zt
OTAeJIbHbIMH na.n;e}l{HblMH q>opMaMH (CKJlOHeHHe HMeH npHJIaraTeJlb-
HblX Mym:CKoro H cpe.n;Hero pOJla -8 tlaCOB; CKJlOHeHHe HMeH npHJIa-
raTeJIbHbIX }KeHCKOro poa - 6 qaCoB).
Heo6xoJ{HMO TaK BeCTH 06YQeHHe, qT06bI J{eTH nOHHnH, liTO YAap-
Hble nane>KHble OKOHQaHHH npHJIaraTeJlbHbIX (TaK me KaK H cyecTBH-
4 3aK83 694
97

TeJlbHbIX) He HY>KAaIOTCSI B npOBepKe; npOBepHTb HeooxoAHMO TOJIbKO
oe3Y.llapHble naAeLKHble OKOHqaHHH.
l{enecooopa3HO BQOpY>KHTb yqarnHXCH pa3J1HQHbIMH cnocooaMH on-
peAeJIeHHH npaBonHCaHHJI 6e3YJ{apHbIX OKOHQaHHH npHJIaraTeJlbHblx:
1) nocpeJtcTBoM BonpocoB OT CYInecTBHTeJIhHbIX K npHJIaraTeJIbHblM
(coAHl{a (K a K 0 r o?) ICpacHOZO; acmpa (K a K a H?) KpacHQR; Hottb
(K a K Y IO?) meMHYIO; 38eaMU (K a K H M H?) .npKUMU H T. JJ..);
2) nYTeM conOCTaaneHHH 6e3YJJ.apHwx OKOHqaHHH npHJIaraTeJIbHMX C
YJtapHblMH OKOHqaHHSIMH (noiJ cllHUM He60M - nod 2oAy6bLM. He60M,.
8 C8emAYlO KlJMHamy - 8 60/1bwjlO KOAtHamy). Hano HMeTb B BH,ny,
lITO He Bce 6e3y,napHble OKOHQaHHSI npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX nO)Ul8IOTCH no,noo-
HaMY COI1OCTaBJIeHHIO. OKOHQaHHH Hl\ieHHTeJIbHOrO- BHHHTeJIbHOrO na-
J\e>Ka MY>KCKOrO pOJ{a eJtHHCTBeHHoro 1.JHCJIa (-bIU, -uii) H MHoiKeCTBeH-
Horo qHCJIa (-ble, -ue), pOJtHTeJ1bHOrO na,lle*a e,lll1HCTBeHHoro qHCJla
MY*CKoro H cpe,nHero po,na (-OlO, -elO) He nOMalOTCH npOBepKe nYTeM
conOCTaBJIeHHH, TaK KaK -btU, -uii, -ble, -ue Bcer,na. ObIBalOT 6e3Y-
.napHbIe, a -OlO, -ezo npOH3HOCHTCH KaK «-OBa», «-eBa».
!lJIH Toro qTOObl Y1.Ja{UHeCH YCBOHJIH YKa3aHHble na)le}KHbIe OKOHqa-
HHH, UY}KHbl MHorOKp8THbie ynpa}l{HeHHH, B KOTOpbIX TpeoyeTcSI He TOJIh-
KO HanHC8Tb HMeHa npHJIaraTeJlbHbIC, HO H pa306paTb HX.
na"neJKH npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX H3Y1.JaIOTCSI npeHMYIlleCTBeHHO B cono-
CTaBJIeHHH: HMeHHTeJlbHblH H BHHHTeJIbHblM ITa)te>KH MY>KCKOrO H cpe)J.-
Hero pO)l.a, pO,nHTeJIbHblH H BHHHTeJIhHblH na,ne>KH MYJKCKOrO pO)la (Hem
iJo6pozo 'leAOBeICa - 8U3ICY iJ06po2o tleAOBeKa) H T. ,n. ConOCTaBJIHH HMe-
G U
HHTeJIbHbIH H BHHHTeJIbHbIH na)le>KH, yqalllHeCH IIHT810T ,naHHble YtJH-
TeneM HJII1 B yqeOHHKe npeo*eHHH napaMH, HaXOHT B HHX nOA-
JIe>Kamee, onpe,neJIS1IOT HMeHUTeJIbHbIH H DHHHTeJIbllbIH na,nemH cy-
mecTBHTeJIbHblX H no cYIllecTBI1TeJIbHbIM - na.lle}KH npHJlaraTe.ITbHbJX.
HanpHMep: Ha KpalO Ileca cmOR/l MaMHb"uit OOM (H. n.). Meme..1.b
3a.MeAa Ma/WHb"uii dOM (B. n.). flUOHepbl pa30ICZAU 60Jl,blUOfi,
I(,ocmep (B. n.). 60AbUlOli "ocmep (11. n.) nbl/laJl Ha nOIlRHe. npH
3TOM 06palllaeTCH BHHMaHHe He CTOJIbKO H8 OKOHlIaHHH npHJIaraTe"TJb-
UbIX t CKOJIbKO Ha na)lem cymecTBliTCJIbHbIX: KaKOB na,lle}K CYIIlCCTBH-
TeJIbHOrO, TaKOB na,ne>K H I1pHJIaraTeJIbHoro.
npH H3yqeHHH OKOHQaHHH npHJIraTeJIbHbIX Tome ueJIeC006p83HO
HCnOJIb30BaTb COnOCT8BJIeHHH. ConOCTaBJlHIOTCS1 OKOHqaHHSI HMeH npH-
JIaraTeJIbHbIX -blii, -uii (B MY>KCKOM pOAe) H -ou, -eii (B meHCKOM pO.lle).
npaKTHKa lliKOJIbHOH paooTbl nOCKa3b1BaeTt 'ITO ,neTH qaCTO nYTaIOT
3TH OKOHliaHIJSI. YqaIUHMCSI HeOOXO,llHMO 001>HCHHTb, qTO B MY>KCKOM
poe Ha Bonpoc K a K 0 Ii? OKOHQ8HHH -blii, -au Bcer,l).a 6eaYJ{apHble
(lCpticHblii, ctJ,Huii, HOObtU, 6 eA bIU), a OKOHqaHHe -ou y.nap Hoe (60Ab-
wou, eO/ly6oii, MOAoiJOU),o B *eHCKOM pOAe Ha Bonpoc K a K 0 Ii?
OKOHqaHHH npHJIaraTeJlbHblX BcerJta -OU, -eii, K8K YAapHbIe (60Jlb-
wou, 20Ily60ii), TaK H oe3YAapHbIe (KpacHOU, cUHeii).
B AaHHOM CJIyqae nOMoraeT H APyroH npHeM - nOHHMaHHe Y lla xn H -
MHC pa3HHD.bI B na)J.e}K8X: MymcKoH pOA - K a K 0 i%? (ICpacHbltl, cu-
HUU) - HMeHHTeJJbHbIH HJlH BHHHTeJlbHbJA na,n.e)K; :meHcKHH pO,lJ.-
98

K a K 0 H? - pO.AHTeJlbHbIA, ,naTeJ1bHblH, TBOpHTeJlbHhdi, npe,lVlO>KHblH
nae}KH. 3,necb 'UeJIecoo6pa3HbI ynpa}l{HeHHH B COCTaBJIeHHH CJlOBO-
COqeTallHH HJIH HeOOJlbWHX npe,l(JlO}KeHHH c YKa3aHHblMH npHJIaraTeJIb-
HblfltlH, OTBeqalOIl\HMH Ha Bonpoc K a K 0 if? HanpHMep: 8bLCOKUU
aOM, IWmaAUCb C 6blCOK,oii eopbl; B'tepa 6blA CHe3ICHb/,ii 6ypaH, Jl He BU-
ae/l maKOU CHe3ICHOU 6ypu H T. n. Uenecoo6pa3Ho H conOCTaBJleHHe BH-
HHTeJ1bHOrO (K a K Y IO?) H TBOpHTeJ1bHOrO (K a  0 it?) nae}KeH
npHJIaraTeJlbHbJX B >KeHCKOM pOAe. YqarnHeCSI qaCTO CMellIHBalOT YKa3aH-
lIbIe OKOHtlaHHH. H3BeCTHoe BcnOMOraTeJIbHOe 3HatleHHe HMeeT B Jl-aH-
HOM CJIYtlae onopa Ha BonpOCbI: B. K a K Y IO? - KpacH»IO, CUHIOIO
(AeHmy),. T. K a K 0 4-(0 fO)? - KpacHO(i, (-010), cUHeii (-elO) lleHmou.
YKa3aHHbIe npHeMbI MorYT 6blTb HCnOJlb30BaHbl H npH M3YIJeHHH
npaBonHcaHHSI CMellIHBaeMbIX OKOHtlaHHH TBOpHTeJlbHOrO (-61.."" -U.AI)
H npe,ll.JIO}KHOrO (-OM, -eM) na,ll.e*eH B MY*CKOM H cpeJl-HeM: pOAe:
1) COnOCTaBJIeHHe OKOHtlaHHH B Bonpocax 11 OKOHIJaUHH npHJlaraTeJlbHbIX:
K a K H M? - KpacHblM, CUHUM (nllamKoM, nilambeM), 0 K a K 0 M?-
o Kpacu'OM, CUHeM (n/lambe, n/lamKe); 2) conOCTaBJIeHHe nae)Ke"
H na,Ae>KHbIX BonpocoB: T. K a K H M ? - 2ycmblM, BbLCOKU.M (ay60M),
n. 0  a K 0 M? - 0 2ycmoM, 06blCOKOM (ay6e).
KpoMe pa360pa C ytIHTeJIel'.1 rOTOBblX npe,ZVIO}l{eHHH H tlTeHHSI npa-
BHJI no yqeOHHKY, II.eJIeC006pa3Ho, lIT06b1 yqarnHeCSI caMH COCTaBJlSlJIH
npe){JlO}l{eHHH HJlH CJIOBOCOtIeTaHH5I C HMeHaMH npHJlaraTeJlbHblMH B
HY»<HbIX na,nemax t a TaK>KC caMOCTOSlTeJIbHO CKJlOHHnH npHJlaraTeJIb-
Hble BMeCTe c cYIIecTBHTeJlbHbIMH. npH 3TOM nepe,n npHJlaraTeJlbHblMH
(OT liMeH cyrnecTBHTeJIbHblX) B Ka>KltOM naJl-e*e OHH ,lI.OJl}l{Hbi nOCTaBHTb
Bonpoc. HanpHMep: MC (K a K 0 it? ) 60JlbUlOU; Mca (K a K 0 r o? )
60/lbLUOZO; nO.Aecy (K 8 K 0 M Y? ) 60AbUJ,OMY H T. n. OKOHtIaHHH Bon-
pOCHTeJl6HOrO MeCTOHMeHIIH H npHJlaraTeJlbHOrO AeTH nOJl-tlepKHBaIOT;
3TO nOMoraeT YCTaHOBHTb COOTBeTCTBHe Me>KJlY BonpOCOM H OKOHtIaHH-
eM npHJlaraTeJlbHOrO (K a K 0 H? - 60AbUloii, K a K a H? -60/lbtuaR).
LlJI5I 60Jlee C03HaTeJIbHOrO YCBoeHH5I na,ll.e}l{HblX OKOHtlaHliH npH-
n8raTeJlbHbIX Ba)KHO t tlTOObI ytlalllHecSI 3HaJl" 3TH OKOHtlaHH5I. Hanpn-
Mep, B pOJtHTeJ1bllOM na,ne>Ke MY>KCKOrO H cpe,ll.Hero p0,ll.a OKOHtlaHJUI
-OZO,- ezo, B TBOpHTeJIbIIOM na,l(C}Ke Tex >Ke npHJIaraTeJlbHbIX OKOH-
qaHIIH -bIM, -UM, a B npe){JlO>KHOM - -OM, -eM H T. ,n. TaKHM 06pa30l\f,
onpe){eJlHB nae)K npHJlaraTeJlbHOrO no na,ll.e}KY HMeHH cymecTBHTeJ1b-
Horo, ytIeHHK He OUlH6eTCSI B HanHcaHHH OKOHtlaHHH.
HepeKO YtlaIll.HecH no,l( BJlHSlHlleM na)le>KHOrO OKOHtlaHHH cyuecTBH-
TeJIbHOrO HenpaBUJlbHO nHWYT OKOHtlaHHe B npHJlaraTeJIbHOM, HanpH-
Iep: «no)!. CTapOM ,l(y60M» BMeCTO noiJ cmapblM ay60M. KaK YiKe 6bIJIO
CKa3allO BbIIlle, B 9TOM cJlYtiae nOl\iOInb OKa>KeT cOnOCT8BJ1eHMe OKOHtIa-
HHH BonpOCHTCJIbHblX CJlOB H OKOHQaHHH npHJlaraTeJlbHb[X: nod
K 8 K H M? - cmapblM (Oy60M).
B npou.ecce paGoTbI Ha)t HMeHaMH npHJIar8TeJ1bHhIMH YtlalllHecR
I I I KJIaCCa HatlHH810T nOHHMaTb, tlro npHJIaraTeJIbHble MY>KCKOrO H
cpe;J.Hero po,na BO scex KOCBeHHblX naJt}I{ax HMelOT o,nHHaKOBble OKOH-
qaHHSI, a npHJIaraTeJIbHble >KeHCKOro poa CKJIOHRIOTCH HHatie.
4*
99

KpOMe ynpa}KHeHHH, KOT9pble ,lJ.eTH BbInOJIHSlIOT no ye6HHKY, 3a..
nOMHHaHHIO H C03HaTeJIbHOMY YCBoeHHIO natte>KHblX bKOHqaHHH nOMO-
raeT COCTaBJleHHe Ta6JIHn CKJlOHeHH.H npHJlaraTeJlbHblX. TaOJlHUbl YllH-
TeJlb COCTaBJlSleT H 3anHChlBaeT e yqaHMHCSI B npou.ecce ypOKa, o,lJ.ua-
KO HeKOTopble Ta6JIHltbl yqamHeCH III KJlacea MorYT COCTaBJlJlTb caMO"
CTOHTeJ1bHO. I..(e.necoo6pa3Ho pa60TaTb Ha,lJ. TaKHMH, HanpHMep, Ta{)-
JlHltaMH: 1) TaMHl(a pO)J.OBbIX OKOHlIaHHH HMeH npHJlaraTeJIbHhlX;
2) Ta{)JIHl(a na,lJ.e:H<HhlX OKOHQaHHH MY>KCKOrO H cpeJI-Hero po,lta; 3) Ta6-
JIHu.a na,lJ.e}l{HblX OKOHtlaHHH >KeHCKOro pOAa; 4) TaMHl(a na,ne>KHbIX OKOH-
qaHHH npHJlaraTeJIbHhlX MHO>KecTBeHHoro qHCJla;. 5) 0606rnalOaH 'Tao-
JlHlta «I1MSI npRJlaraTeJ1bHoe» H JI-p.
BOT, HanpHMep, KaKoH BH,lJ. fO>KeT HMeTb Ta6J1Hu,a no.ll. Ha3BaHHeM
«Pa3J1HIJaH OKOHqaHHSI npHJlaraTeJlbHblX -b'.M, -aM H -OM, -eM».
T. K a K H M? - KpacHblM , CUHU.M (nJlaTKOM, nJlaTbeM).
n. 0 K a K 0 M?' - KpaCHOM, CUHeM (nJlaTKe, nJlaTbe).
COCTaBJleHHYIO KOJlJleKTHBHO TaOJlHUY YtiarnHeCH 3anHCbIBalOT B
TeTpaJI-H. 3aTeM OHIl npHJI-YMblBalOT caMOCTOHTeJIbHO npeWIOIKeHHSI C
HMeHaMH npHJIaraTeJIbHblMI:i (H cyrnecTBHTeJ1bHbIMH) B TBOpHTeJIbHOM H
npe,lJ)lO>KHOl\f naJl-e)I{ax. OTAeJIbHbie npeMO>KeHHH pa36HpalOTCSI Ha
ypOKe. npH 3TOM YIJHTeJ1b Tpe6yeT, tlT06bl Ytlm..nHecSI aprYMeHTHpOBa-
JIH CBOH OTBeTbi. HanpHMep, pa36HpaeTCSI npeAJlO}KeHHe 3eM.Ilfl nOKpbl- .
Jlacb 6e/lOCHeHbtM KOIJpOM. ¥IJaIUHHCSI BeJI-eT pa36op: nOKpblllacb
(tl eM?) K08pOM - TBOpHTeJIbHbIH naJI-eIK, 3HatlHT, H ITpHJIaraTeJlbHOe
6e/lOCHe,;cHblM CroUT B TBOpUTeJIbllOM na,ae}Ke; MO}KHO npOBcpHTb OKOH-
qaHUe npHJIaraTeJIbHOrO BonpOCOM: K08pOM (K a K H M?) 6e/lOCH..e3ICHbtM ,
B Bonpoce OKOHtlaHHe -UM, 3HatlHT, H y npHJlaraTeJIbHOrO -blAt.
,UpyroH npHMep. Ha ypOKe, nOCBHrneHHOM npaBonHcaHHIO npHJIa-
raTeJtbHblX IKeHCKoro pO)la, YIJaIUHeCSI pa60TalOT Ha,A TaMHl(eH, no-
MoralOIUeH pa3JIUtJaTb OKOHQaHHSI 9THX npHJJaraTeJIbHbIX B p,a3HhIX
naAe>Kax. HanpHMep:
/leHmy (K a K y IO?) KpacHYIO} CUHIOIO - BHHHTeJlbHbIH naAe>K;
JleHmOU (K a K 0 H (0 10 )?) KpacHoa (-010), CUHeU (-elo) - TBOPH-
TeJlbHblH na,ne>K. 
. YtJalll.HeCH COnOCTaBJISllOT OKOHtlaHHH B Bonpocax -YIO, -OU (-010)
H OKOHtlaHHSI npHJlaraTeJlbHblX -YIO, -1010; -OU (-010), -eii (-elO).
Ha ypOKax, nOCBSlw.eHHbIX H3YQeHHIO npaBonHcaHHSI 6e3yapHbIx
OKOHlIallHH HMeH npHJlaraTeJlbHblX, YtlalllHecSl npe>K)l.e Bcero nOJI- PYKO-
BOJI-CTBOM yqHTeJISI COCTaBJlSllOT TaMHbl CKJlOHeHHSI npHJlaraT'bHblX
C 6e3yJtapHbIMH OI{OHIJaHIf5lMH (-b'", -aR, -oe; -aii, -JIll, -ee). HanpH- ..
Mep: . «5e3YJtapHble OKOHqaHHSI npHJlaraTeJ1bHbIX»:
H. q T o? - CHe:JICHbIU Y30P, CHe[}fCH,Oe nOlle}' cHi"'HaR 20pKa.
P. q e r o? - CHeHOZO y30pa, - nO/lJl; c,.,eHofi, 20pICU.
n. tI e M y? - CHe3ICHOMY ysopy, no./llO; CHf3ICHOU. 20pKe.
B. IJ T o? - CHe3ICHbIU Y30P, nOlle; CHe3ICH'1O 20P1CY.
T. q e M? - CHeHblM Y30POM, nO/leM; CHe3ICHoii 20pKOii.
n. 0 tI e M? - 0 CHe:JICHOM ysope, nolle; 0 CHe3ICHO(J, 20pKe.
100

no 9TOMY oopa3UY yqarnneCH CMorYT caMOCTOSlTeJlbHO npOCKJIOIIHTb
npHJIaraTeJIbHbIe BMeCTe C cyrnecTBHTeJ1bHbIMH (CJlOBOCOtleTaHHH); Han-
pHMep: paH.HUt1 paccoem, paHHee ympo, paHHJIJl aapR.. UeJIeCOO6pa3HO
conOCTaBHTb npaBonHcaHlle Oe3y.napHbIX OKOHqallHH npHnaraTeJIb-
HbIX C TBep,lJ.OH H MHrKOH OCHOBOH (YlJaInHMCH TCpfHli He coooruaeTCH):
 
CHeH,blU yaop' - paHHQ,U paCC8em; CHe3fCHOe nOlle - paftHee ytnpo;
CHe:NCHaR 20pa - paHHJlR 3apfl.
. YtU1TeJlb o6parnaeT BHHMaHHe yqalll.HXCH Ha TBep,llocTb H MSlfKOCTb
COr.,1acHblx, KOTopble CTOHT nepe,lJ. OKOHQaHHHMH; JtJ1H 3Toro 011 npeJJ.JIa-
raer .neTH1v1 HaqaJIa nOJJ-YMaTb, KaK npoH3HecTH OT){eJIbHO OT CJIOBa
YKa3aHHbie COrJIaCHbIe, 3aTeM npoH3HecTH HX H nocTapaTbcSI 061>Hc-
HHTb. HanpHMep: CHe'ICHblU [HIt paHHUU [u l '], cHealCHoe [H], paHHee
[H b ), CHe"'HaJl [H], paHHRfl [H b ]. YqarnHeCSI 06'bHCHHIOT pa3HHUY B
npOH3HoIlleHHH COfJlaCHblX (ecJlH OHH 3aTpYJlHHIOTCH, TO OO'bHCHeHHe
MO>KeT HJJ-TH C nOMOIl(bIO YIU'ITCJISI): B CJlOBe CHi!JlCHblU H nepeJl bl, B
cnoae paHHUU H nepeJl U H T. n.
npH H3YtlCHHH MHO}KeCTBeHHoro tlHCJIa HMeH npHJlaraTeJIbHblX yqa-
rnHecH YCTaHaBJlHBalOT t qTO: I) BO MHO>KeCTBeHHOM tlHCJle npHJlaram1b-
Hble He H3MeHHOTCH no pO){af; 2) na.ne>K npHJIaraTeJIbHblX BO l\.fHOJKeCT-
BeHHOM qUCJIC MOIKHO onpeJleJlHTb no na,lle>KY Hl\leHH cyrnecTBHTCJIbHOrOt
C KOTOpbIM npHJIaraTe.nblloe CBH3aHO B npeMO}KeHHH HnH CJIOBOCOtle-
TaHHH: 6e/lb/£ l{8embl, nAambR, JleHmbl (HMeHHTeJIbHbIH HJIH BHHHTenb-
HblH na)le*); 6e/lbLt l6efn08, n./lambe8, JleHnl (p0,llHTeJIbHbIH naJle}K)
H T. ,n.
l..IT06bI. YCTaHoBHTb, B HMeHHTbHOM HJlII BHHHTeJlbHOM na,lle}l{'e
CTOHT npHJIaraTeJlbHbIe MHO}l{ecTBeHHoro lIHcna, ytlaruHecH JlOJl>KHbI
paao6paTb npe,llnO}KeHHe no lIJIeHaM npeAJIO>KeHHSI. HanpHl\lep: JIema-
10m KpacHble Ulapbl; Ulapbl - nO,llJle>Karnee, HMeHHTeJlbHbIH na){eiK,
3HaqHT, npHJIaraTeJlbHOe KpacHble B HMeHHTeJIbHOM na)te>Ke. Ba-
CR. KynU/1 KpaCHbte Ulapbl; ulapbl- BTopocTeneHHblH tlneH npe,nJIO>KeHHSI,
BHHHTeJIbHbIH na.ae)l{, 3HatlHT, H npHJIaraTeJlbHOe KpacHble B TOM
JKC na)lCllie H T. n. .
KaK nOKa3blBaeT npaKTHKa, Y1JarnHecSl lIaCTO .aonYCKaIOT OWH6KH
B HanHcaHHH 6e3y.aapHblX OKOHtlaHHH npHJlaraTeJ1bHblX B .naTenbHOM,
TBOpHTeJIbHOM H npeMO>KHOM na,lJ.eiKaX MHO}KCCTBeUHoro tlHCJ1a. 3TO
npORCXOHT OTToro, qro YKa3allHbIe OKOHqaHHSI B npOH3HOllleHHH
nOtlTH COBnaaIOT C OKOHtJaHHHMH cyrneCTBHTeJIbHblX. HanpHMep,
KpaCHblMU tfBemaMU YtJall\HeCH npOH3HOCHT H 3atJaCTYlO nl1111YT
«KpaCHaMH UBeTafH».
B Ytle6HHKe AaHa TaMHua «PO,lJ.HTeJ1bHbIH, ,naTeJIbHbIH, TBOpHTenb-
IIbIH, npeAJIO>KHblH na,ne}KH HMeH npHnaraTenbHblX BO MHO}KecTBeHHOl\l
qHCJle». AnaJIH3 3TOH Ta6nHUbI nOMOJKeT ytJamHl'ffCH nOHSlTb cnoc06bl
npOBepKH CMeIlIHBaeMblX OKOHtlaHHH npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX H 3anOl\fHHTb
OKOHtlaHliH npHnaraTeJlbHbIX BO MHOJKecTBeHHoM tJHCJle: -bIJC,-tlX (p.n.),
-hIM, -UM (.a. n.), -bIMU, -UM'" (T. n.), -bIX, -ax (n. n.). 
B npouecce H3tJeHHH liMen npHJIaraTeJIbHblX B I I I KJlaCCe YllauU1e-
CH He TonbKO nOBTopHIOT Y>Ke H3BecTHoe Hf 06 3TOH qaCTH petlH (qro 060.
101

t.
3UaQaeT Ut.HI npIIJlaraTe..TJbHOe. e KaKOH tIaCTbIO petIH OHO BcerJ{a
CBSI3aHO B npe,lJ.JIOLKeHHH), HO H Y3HalOT HOBoe. HOBbie 3HaHHH nOMoralOT
H"f AaTb 06ocHoBaHHbIH OTBeT Ha TaKHe BonpOCbI: 1) KaK H3MeHHeTCSI
MMH nplfJIarareJIbHoe? 2) KaK MO>KHO Y3HaTb pOA, tlHCJIO H na,Ite>K HMeHH
npHJIaraTeJ1bHoro? 3) B KaKOM qHCJIe HMH npHJlaraTeJlbHOe He H3Me-
HHeTCH no poaM? 4) KaK MOHO npoBepHTb 6e3yapHoe OKOHQaHHe
MleHM npHJIaraTeJIbHoro? 5) KaKHe OKOHtlaHHSI HMeH npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX
HeJIb3S1 npoBepHTb? H T. ,It.
nOBTOpHSI H ooo6maSl Bee H3YQeHHOe 06 HMeHM npHJIaraTeJIbHOM,
yqHTeJIb Ha ypOKe pa60TaeT Ha otSotSrnalOIneH TaOJIHueii «HMH np"HJIa-
raTeJ1bHoe». Ta6JIHua MO>KeT HMeTb, HanpHMep, TaKOH BH.
H.iMCUSIJOTCJI no
nplf3HaK npeAMeT8 CSSl3h C APyrH-
BonpocLJ MH c.nOB8MH B
npe.o.nO}KeUHH JX>A8M 1JHCJJaM naJ].e>KnM
,
KpacIIblH, CHRHH C HMeHeM CY- 8KYCHbU1 xumpblii H. (jOJIbwoii
lltecTBHTCJJ b- xne6 3Bepb nee
HblM: P. OOnbworo
neea
BKYCHbJH, CJI a- K8KOH? H aCTynHJla 6ICYCHOJI xumpblf A. OOJlbWO'
KHH K8K8S1? .xo./tooHal1 n HU{8 3BepH MY necy
K 3MeIlHblA, Aepe- KaKoe? SUM a
BSlHHhlH KaKHe?
-
60J1bWOH, Ma- 3eMJ1S1 no- 61tgcHoe B. OOnbllJOH
JleUbKHA K pblJIBCb 6e- OJlIO.110 nee
AblM "08- T. 60J1bWHM
pOM JleCOM
XHTPWH, YMHblH n. 0 60n b-
Bece_1 bI H , xpa6- WOM nece
pblH -
KaK C03.J{aeTCSI no,n06HaH TaOJIHna na ypoKe? YtlHTeJ1b nHllleT na
,nOCKe llICCTb BepxHHx KOJIOHOK 6y,ItYInefi 'Ta6JIHl.lbI. 3aTeM cnpallIHBaeT
y .nereH, liTO 0603HatlalOT HMeHa npHJIaraTeJIbHbIe. YqaI.I.{HeCSI OTBeqalOT,
QTO npliJlaraTeJIbHble otSo3HaqalOT npH3HaK npe,ll.MeTa. YtlHTe.TIb npo-
CHT yqaInHXCH npHBeCTH npHMepbI npH3uaKOB npeJ{MeTOS: no UBeTY,
BKYCY, MaTepHaJIY t pa3Mepy H T. ,It. LleTH npHHOJ{SlT npHMepbl, a yqn-
TeJ1b 3anHCblBaeT HX B nepBOH KOJlOHKe. 3aTeM ytlaIII.HecH Ha3bIsalOT
BonpOCbl, Ha KO'fOpble OTBeqalOT HMeHa npHJIaraTeJIbHbIe, Y1JHTeJlb
3anHCblB8eT HX BO BTOpOH KOJIOHKe Ta6JIHUbi H T. ,It.
Yqall\.HeCSI, CCTecTBeHHo, npHBO,ItHT pa3Ho06pa3Hble npHMepbl' HMeH
npHJlaraTeJlbHbJX, HO ytlMTeJIb OT6HpaeT AJISI 3anHCH B Ta6JIHue JIHllIb He...
KOTOpb1e H3 HHX (S03MO>KHO, 9T0 6YYT Te npHMepbI, KOTopbIe ou caM
npHfOTOBHJI 38paHee).
KorA8 Ta6JIHua 3anOJlHeHa, yqHTeJIb npeJJ.JIaraer yqamHMCSI npo-
CKJIOHSlTb HMeHa npHJlaraTeJIbHe MymcKoro t >KeHCKOro H cpe,l1H.ero -
]02

pOAa: 60AbUlOU /leC, 60AbtUaJq, poUlp, 60AbUloe 03epO. no)J. PYKOBOJJ.CTBOM
YllHTeJIfI YllarnHeCfI BbIJteJ1f11OT P0J10Bble OKOHqaHHH HMeH rrpHnaraTeJlb-
HblX H CTaBflT SHaK YAapeHHH: 60/lbt.UOa /leC, 60/lbtUoeo /leca, 60/lbtUoMY
Aecy H T. ,n.; 60JlbUlaJl p, 60AbUlOtJ. po",u H T. ,A.; 60AbUlOe 03epO, 60Ab-
Uloeo o3epa H T. JI-. 3aTeM yqarnHecfl npHBO,lUIT npHMepbI npHJlaraTeJIb-
IlbIX (Br.fecTe c cyrnecTBHTeJIbHbIMH), HO c 6e3YJ1apHbIMH OKOHQaHHS1MH,
HanpHMep: KpacHbLa MaX, 1(pacHoe COJlHblUl.1CO, "pacHaJl p03ll. CKJIOHHH
9TH CJIOBOCOtteraHHS1, OHH y6e){{aIOTCSI, qTO 6e3YJJ.apHbIe OKOHtIaHHH npH-
JlaraTeJIbHbIX nHWYTCfI TaK }Ke, KaK y,napHbIe.
eJleco06pa3HO, QT06bI yqaInHecH npH CKJIOHeHHH B YCTHOH opMe
QTqeTJlHBO npOH3HOCH..TJH 6e3yapHble OKOHlIaHHfI npHJlaraTeJIbHbIX OT-
AeJIbHO OT OCHOBHOH lIaCTH CJIOBa (HanpHMCp: KpacHblU - blii,. Kpac-
H020 - OlO,. KpacHOMY - O.AtY,. KpaC1tbiM - blM,. 0 KpacHOM - OM
H T. n.), a npH CKlil0HeHHH B nHCbMeHHOH cpopMe no,nQepKHBaJIH na,ne)KHbIe
OKOHQaHHS1 HMeH npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX.
B ytte6HHKe HMeeTCH OOJIbllIOe KOJIHqeCTBO ynpIDKHeHHH, B KOTOpbIX
Tpe6YeTcfI .nonHcaTb HJIH IIOIIepKHYTb OKOHIIaHHH npHJlaraTeJIbHblX,
cocraBHTb npeMO}l{eHHSI C npliJIaraTeJIbHbIMH H T. n. OqeHb Ba>KHO npH"
ytt3Tb yqaHXCH K caMOKOHTpOJIIO, .nODHBaTbCH Toro, qTOObI OHH BbI-
nOJIHeHHYIO pa60TY npOSepHJIH no COOTBeTCTBYlOrneH TaOJIHII.e.
KpOMe YKa3aHHbIX, B KaqeCTBe caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIX pa60T YllaInHMCfI
MorYT 6bITb ,naHbI H TaKHe 3a.naHHH: 1) npOCKJIOHS1Tb npHJlaraTeJIb-
HbIe C yapHbIM OKOnqaUHeM (60AbUl6e nOlle, 2OAy66e He6o), C 6esy.nap-
HhIM OI{OHIIaHHeM (xopoUluil Ylle1tu/(" BeCellblU aeHb); 2) COCTaBHTh npe,lt-
JIO)KeHHH, B KOTOpbIX HMelOTCH HMeHa npHJlaraTeJlbHbIe; 3) COCTaBHTb
paccKa3 H3 .ne<PoPMHpoBaHHoro TeKCTa, B cocraBe KOToporo eCTb npH-
JlaraTeJIbHble, H JJ.p.
H3YQaSl HMeHa npHJIaraTeJIbHbIe, YlIaIItHeCfI Bce BpeMH nOBTopIOT
cYIneCTBHTeJlbHble, TaK KaK ynOTpe6JIeHHe npHJlaraTeJIbHblX B peqH Tec-
HO CBfl3aHO C ynoTpeOJIeHHef cymecTBHTeJIbHbIX. OqeHb nOJle3Hbl, Ha-
npH{ep, ynpa>KHeHHH, Tpe6YIOInHe OT yqamHxcH oopa30BaHHH npHJIa-
raTeJIbHblX OT cyrnecTBHTeJlbHbIX H HaooopOT. HanpHMep: "{Bern-
ij8emHOU; CKpOMHOCtnb, xumpocmb - CKpOMHbu1, xumpblU; a06poma,
aiJHocmb - a06pbtU, 3ICaOHbtU H T. II.
npH H3ytteHHH "MeHH npHJIaraTeJJbHoro nepe
Pa60Ta no pa3BMTMIO YllHTeJIeM paCKpbIBalOTCfI 60JlbiliHe B03MO>KHOCTH
peQM 
,nJIH pauOTbI Han CJIOBOM, npe.llJIO}l{eHHeM H OTqaCTH
Halt CBH3HOH pettblO. B YQe6HHKe pYCCKoro H3b1Ka MH I I I KJIaCCa Ylla-
IlI..HecH BCTpetIalOTCH C 3anaHHHMH, KOTopbIe Tpe6ylOT OT HHX YMeHHH
ncm6HpaTb K Jl-aHHblM npHJIaraTeJlbHblM 6JIH3KHe H npoTHBOnOJIO}l{Hble
no 3HaqeHHlO, HanpHMep: npoxAaaHbUl-He:JICapKUU (Jteub), 60AbUlOU-
MQ./leHbKUU H ,np. ECTb B YQe6HHKe H TaKHe 3anaHHfI: 3aMeHHTb Bbl-
AeJleHHbIe B CJIOBOCOtfer3HHS1X cym.eCTBHTeJIbHbIe OJIH3KHMH no 3Hatte-
HHID npHJIaraTeJIbHblMH, HanpHMep: aOMUK 8 Aecy - IleCHOa a@MU1C;
X80Cm AUCbl - /lUCUa X80Cm; aanac Ha 3UMY - 3UMHUU 3atl.aC; KAy6
8 ceAe - ceJlbCKUa lC/ly6.
103

B0310}KHbl H ,l(pyrHe ynpa}KHeHHH YK33aHIlOrO XapaKTCp3. npH-
BeJl-eM npHMepbl.
1. ,UaHHbIe CJI0BOCOtleTaHHH 3aMeHHTe 6J1H3KHMH no CMbICJlY cOlle-
TaHHHMH cymecTBHTeJlbHblx C npHJlaraTe.1bHbIMH: UlJcaq, U3 oy6a-
iJy608blU UlKlll/J.
CMeX pe6eHKa. Hoc nmU""bt. )/(YPHaA lUlacca. 3sYlal n06eabl.
2. K .n.aHHbIM npHJlaraTeJIbHbIM n0,l16epHTe 6J1H3KHe no CfbICJlY. Coc-
TaBbTe C OTJJ.eJ1bHbThfH H3 HHX YCTHO (HJlH nHcbMeHHo) npe.ll.nO>KeHI.fSl:
MOA'la/lUBblU, XMYPblU, OYUlUCntblU, cK'(JepHblU, p06Kuu, 9H-epZU4HblU, 1(0-
MUt(HblU, nycmou. .
3. K .llaHHbIM npHJ1araTeJ1bHblM no,n6epHTe CJIOBa c npoTHBOn0J10>K-
HbIM 3Ha'leHHeM. Y nOTpe6HTe HX BMeCTe C cYI.IJ.eCTBH TeJIbHbIl\fH: xpa6-
pblU - nlpycllU8blU tleAOseK.
TsepOblu, w.epUla6bul, JlCHblU, paxo80pttu8blU, cKyt/,HblU 1 C8e:HCUU, MO-
eyttutl. .
. 4. nO.ll6epHTe K npHJIaraTeJIbHbIM H3 .neBoH KOJlOHKH CJ10Ba npoTH-
Bono.rIO}KHOrO 3HaQCHHH H3 npaBoH KOJIOHKH:
orpOMHbIH
XOJIO)tHbrH
CBeT J1bIH:
J1)KHBbIH
1JHCTbIH
./
paBHoJ\ymHbIft
lIepCTBblH
TeMIlbIH
:MaJIeHbKHH
npaB,nHBbIH
.,
>KapKHH
CBe)KHH
rpH3HbIH
OT3bIBtlHBbn"1
nO,nOHpaH K ,l(aHHbIM npHJlaraTeJlbHblM CJIona, 6JIH3KI.fe (CHHOHHMbl)
M npoTHBOn0J10>KHbIe (aHToHHMbI) no 3HaQeHHIO, Ytlaw.HecSI nOCTeneHHO
H3t1HH31OT nOHHMaTb He TOJlbKO OTTeHKH B 3HatleHHHX OT.lI.eJlbHbIX npH-
JlaraTeJlbHblX, HO H TO, qTO CJIOBa B HameR petlH 6bIBalOT MIlOr03HatlHbI-
MH. MHOr03HallHOCTb c.nOB CBH3aHa C TeM, 1.ffO B O,l(HHX CJIytlaHx CJIOBa
HMelOT npHMoe 3Ha l leHHe, B .lI.pyrHx - nepeHocHoe.
Pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe CBoHcTBa ,OT)teJIbHbIX CJlOB, B TOM \lHCJIe H npHJla-
raTeJIbHbIX, paCKpblBalOTCH B nOJIHOH Mepe B pellH. BOT nOtleMY pa60TY
n3,l( CJlOnaMH Heo6xo,l1HMO CBSl3bIBaTb C ynpa)KHeHHHMH HaJ{ CJlOBOCOlle-
T3HHHMH, Ha,l( npe,l{JIOmeHHHMH H He60JlblllHMH CBH3HbIMH TeKCTaMH.
06paTHMcH K npHMepaM.
1. K .n.aHHbIM npHJIaraTeJlbHblM nO.ll.06paTb c.nOBa, npOTHBono.nO)K-
HbIe no 3HalleHHIO; npH 9TOM npH..'IaraTe..'IbHble aIOTCH He H30.nI.fpOBaH-
HO, a B COtleTaHI.fH: "'apKUU aeHb - npoxAaOHbul aeHb; apKaR. ne'lb -
XOAoOHaR ne'lb.
MeAICUU - 2/ly60KUU (npya); Me/H(UU - KpynHblu (afXJICab); my-
MaflHoe - nacMYPHoe (ympo); mYMaHHblU - HeJlCHbtU (pa32060p)
H T. n.
2. K 3HHbIM npHJlaraTeJlbHbIM nO,l(06pTb cymecTBHTeJlbHbIe; 060-
SlCHHTb, f,l1e npH..'IaraTeJIbHble HMelQT npHMoe 3HalleHHe, rAe nepeHOC-
Hoe.
J04

TYMaHHoe (ympo SOCnOMUHaHue),' IIeORHOil (noI(P08, 832A,w); Ae8-
. HblU (AOM, PYKa); Cm£KARHHaJl (Osepb, COCY/lbIW); 'eoPJlflUU (Ilall, xa-
paKme p ),o iJopozou ( KOBe P  tte/108eI(,).
3. CocTaBHTb npeM01KeHHH C .n.8HHbThtH CJI0BOCOtieraHHHl\.fH.
Ocmpblu HOJIC, ocmpblll Y20/I, ocmpbltJ. YM; Jre06e3ICbJl uucypa, JreO-
8fbR YCAYza, Mease:JfCbR noXodIW,' MJl21CDJl UlEpCmb MR21CUU xapaxmep,
MR.2KUU 20AOC  M.Jl2ICUU KflpaHdaw, .M.R2KUU csem.
YKa38HHbIe ynpIDKHeHHH nOMoryr yqalI(HMCH nOHHTb, KaKOBO 3Ha-
qeHHe npHJI8raTeJlbHbIX B CJ10BOCOtleTaHHHX H npe.ltJIO>KeIlHHX, a 8HaJlH3
He60JIblIIHX CBH3HblX TeKCTOB nOMO}Ke'r nOHHTb HM 3HatleHHe npHJIa-
raTe.'1bHbIX B petiH. ,QJlH 3Toro MO}KHO HCnOJlb30BaTb T8Koe ynp8>KHe-
HHe. YtlHTeJIh 3anHCblBaeT npeB8pHTe.nbHO Ha JtOCKe He6o..'1bIllOH QT-
pbIBOK 6e3 HMeH npHJIaraTeJIbHblX. YqaInHeCSI tlHT8lOT/ OTpbIBOK: «3a
!{OHOM B JIecy npH}I{aJIaCb oceHb. C UleJIecTOM naJtaJIH C TOnOJJeH .HHCTb.H.
51ro,l(bI B JlHCTBe llIHnOBHHKa nblJlaJIH, KaK orHeHHbIC H3blqKH. 3anax co-
npeBweH KOpbl 3anOJIHHJI J1ec. E>KeBHIIHHK oKYTblBa.n 3eMJllO. Ha TpaBe
]\0 nOJIY]\IIH Jle*aJla pOC8. TO"lbKO nocTYKHBaHHe Jl-HTJ1a Hapywa.no TH-
IIIlI HY».
3aTet..f 3anHCblBaeTCH H tlHTaeTCH 3TOT }l{e OTpbIBOK, B KOTOphIH BKJ1IO-
tteUbl HMeHa npH.naraTeJIbHbIe: «3a L{OHOM B J1ecy npH>KaJlaCb InUXaJl,
AacKooaR oceHb. C lIIeJIeCTOM n8.lla.nH C TOnOJIeH cyxue JlHCTbH.. KpO£HblI!
S1rop-bl B pealWu J1HCTBe lIIHnOBHHKa nblJIaJIH, KaK orHeHHbIe H3bltlKH.
fOpbKHH 3anax conpeBweH iJy6080U KOpbl aanOJIHH.n J1ec. rycmou H
X8amKUU eJKCBHIIHHK oKYTbIBa.n 3eMJIIO. Ha .Mepm60U Tp8BC,lI.O nOJlY,lJ.-
HS1 JIeiKaJla poca. TO.nbKO Oe/l08umoe nocTYKHBaHHe Jl-HTJl8 HapYIll8JIO
THlIIHHY (no M. III 0 JI 0 X 0 BY).
Y1.IaraHecH no,l( PYKOBO,lJ.CTBOM YIlHTeJIH cpaBHHBalOT ,lJ.Ba OTpbIBK8
H y6e>K.n8lOTCH, tlTO npHJlaraTeJIbHble paCllIHpHIOT H YT01.lHHIOT npe,l(CTaB-
.neHHH 0 npe,l(MeTaX, onHCbIBaeMblX B OTpblBKax. B 3TOM JIerKO y6e,l(HTb-
CH, 06paTHB BHHMaHHe Ha caMbIH nO,l(6op npH.naraTbHhlX: oceHb-
nzuxaR, /Ul.CK08aJl, Tp8Ba - MepmeaJl, J1HCTbSl - cyxue, JlHCTBa Jl-epe-
BbeB - peOICaJl, nocTYKHB8HHe .lJ.HTJl8 - aeA08umoe. -
Ynpa>KHeHHH CJlOBapHOro xapaKTepa, Kpo"ie CTH,,1HCTHllecKoro, Mo-
rYT HMeTb TaK>Ke :H rpaMfaTHKo-opcfJorpa<l>HtleCKOe HanpaBJ1eHHe,
npem,l(e Bcero HMCIOTCH B BHJty ynpa>KHeHHH no c.noBoo6pa30BaHHIO. npH-
Be]\ervl HecKOJIbKO ynpaiKHeHHH, KOTopbIe MorYT 6bJTb HCnOJ1b30BaHbi B
I I I K.nacce HaQa..'1bHOH llIKOJlbl:
1. Or ,l(aHHbIX CJ10B 06p830B8Tb npHJlaraT'bHble c Cyctxl>HKCOl\f -H-.
nOJt06paTb K HHM cYW.ecTBHTeJIbHbIe: npe/leCnZb - npeAeCmHblU MaAb-
fl,UI(. HeHaCfllbe, mYMa, /lUMOH, COH, oceHb, 8eCHa, d/lUHa.
2. B ,naHHbIX OJl-HoKopeHHbIx npHJIaraTeJlbHblX HaUTH Cyctxl>HKCbl.
nO,l(06paTb I{ npHJlaraTeJIbHbIM CYW.eCTBHTeJIbHble. 3anHc8Tb CJIOBOCo-
tleTaHHH: cepe6pJlH,btU HO, cepe6puctrl.blU P!f'l£ii..
3eMARHoii :- 3eMAUCtnblU, eAUHRHbltl - Z/lUHUCmWl, MQCARHaR-
Mac/lflHUCmaJl, 8Oi)JlHafl - 8Oi)JlH,UCmafl.
:3. OT .n.aHHbIX npHJIaraTMbHblX 06pa30BaTb npHJIaraTeJ1bHble c
JIaCK aTeJlbllblM 3HatteHHeM. nOJJ.06paTb K npH.naraTeJJbHblM CYInecr-
105

BHTe.'1bHbIe.
tuaPUK..
KpacHbltl, cyxoa, ICpacHafl, pbl3lCue, 3/CUOI«lJl.
4. CnllcaTb npe,l{JIC?>KeHHSI. OT cyecTBHTeJIbHbIX, CTOSlInHX B CKOO-
Kax, 06pa30BaTb npHJIaraTeJIbHble p H3MeHHTb CJIOBa no CMbICJIY. .
1) ( Moc.K8a) MeTpO - nO)J.3eMHaSl (sAeKmpUtteClnoo) ,nopora.
2) (ruzaHm) JIecTHHUbl cnycKaIOT Ha CTaHUHH nOTOKH JIIOJleH. 3) Cao-
,l{bI 3aJIOB 06JIH110BaHbl (MpaMop) nJIaCTHHKaMH. 4) (l{ yao) 3aJIbI OCBe-
meHbI H p KHM CBeTOl\{.
TaKHM oopa30M, H3YQeHHe lIMeHH npHJIaraTeJIbHOrO OTKpbIBaCT
60JIbWHe B03MO}KHOCTH ,nJISI pa3HocTopoHHero rro,nxoa K SlBJIeHHHM
Sl3bIKa p )J.JISI pa3BHTHSI petlH YllarnHXCH B npouecce H3ytleHHH rpaM-
MaTHKH H rrpaBonHcaHHH.
BIll KJIaCCe, npe>K.ne qeM nepeHTH K H3ytleHHIO
r JIarOJIa, ytlaw.HecH JlOJI}KHbl n03HaKOMHTbCH ellI.e
C O,nHOH lIaCTblO peqH - MecroHMeHHeM. OporpaMMa Tpe6yer TOJIbKO
3HaHHSI JIHtlHblX MecToHMeHHH, npaBHJIbHOrO ynoTpeOJIeHHSI MeCTOHMC-
HHH B pa3JIHQHbIX rrane}Kax " YMeHHSI nHcaTb npeJlJIOfH C MeCTOHMeIIHH-
MH. Ha 3TO OTBO,lJ.HTCH 7 qaCOB. npH H3ytleHHH rJlafOJIa yqamHecH Bep-
HYTCH K MeCTOHMeHHIO, 3aKperrSlT nOJIYlleHHble 3H8HHH 0 J1HqHbIX MecTO-
HMeHHSI x.
nOHHTHe 0 MeCTOHMeHHH MO>KHO AaTb Ha MaTepHaJIe AHa10ra, KaK
9TO peKoMeHJtoBaJIH H. n. KaHoHblKHH H H. A. ep6aKOBa1. BOT npH-
Mep TaKoro ,nHaJIOra-mYTKH:
- Tbl lITO JleJIaewb?
- f/ HHtIerO He )J.eJIalO.
- A OH liTO ,lJ.eJlaeT?
- On MHe nOMoraeT.
YllalUHecSl tIHTalOT HanHcaHHbIH Ha AOCKe ,nHaJlOr-WYTKY, nOTOM
ttHTaIDT nOBTopHO nepBoe, 3aTeM BTopoe npe,l{JIO:>KeHHe H YCTaHaBJlHBaIOT,
liTO Tpy,nHO onpe.zteJIHTb, 0 KOM B HHX rOBopHTCH. no,n CJIOBaMR R, mbl
MO>KHO nO)J.pa3YMeBaTb Koro yroAHO. nOTOM yqalII.HecH IIHTalOT ,nBa noc-
ne,l1HHX npe,nJIO>KeHHSI, YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT, tlTO CJlOBO OH MO:>KHO 3aMeHHTb
CJI0BaMH MuUllJ, MaAb'lUIC, ytleHUIC. CnoBa MUtUa, .Ma/1,btlUK, ytteHUIC
HBJlHIOTCH HMeHaMH cYlllecTBHTeJlbHblMH. 3HatIHT, CJlOBa R, mbl, OH
ynOTpeOJISlIOTCSI BMecTO HleH cYlI{ecTBHTeJlbHblX. ,QaJIee YQHTeJlb cootS-
lII.aeT, liTO 3TH CJIOBa Ha3blBalOTcSl MeCTOHMHHHMH, nOTOIY tlTO OHH
ynoTpe6JIHIOTCH B{ecTO HMeH (B ,l{aHHOM CJIYllae BMecTO HMeH CyecT-
BHTeJ1bHbIX). YqalII.HeCSI COCTaBJIHIOT CBOH rrpHMepbl C MeCTOHMeHHSlMH,
HaXOJlHT MecToHMeHHH B TeKCTe ynpa>KHeHHA.
nOCJIe 9Toro YtIalUHMCH coo6aeTcSI p liTO MecroHMeHHSI il, tnbl, OH,
OHa, OHO, Mbl, 8bl, onu Ha3b1BaIOTCH JlHqHbIMH MecToHMeHHHMH t nOTOMY
ttTO OHH TOJIbKO YKa3b1BaIOT H8 JIHUO, HO He H83bIB81OT ero. MecTOHM
HHe R ynOTpOOJISleTCH, Kor;ta rOBOpSllII.HH YKa3b1Baer Ha cet5S1; MecTOH-
3anHC8Tb
CJIOBOCOQeraHHH:
CUHUa - CUHeHbKUU
MeCTOMMeHHe
1 CM.: H. n. K a H 0 H'bI K H H H H. A.lUe p 6 a K 0 B a. MeToAHKa PyccKoro
S3b1Ka B HaqaJlbHOH WKOJIe. M., YQneJ1rH3, 1947, CTp. 303-304.
106

MeHHe mbl-KOrA8 OH YK83blB8eT Ha JlHUO, K KOTOPOMY ooparneHa peQb;
MecroHMeHHH OH, OHa, OHO-Kor,na 08 YKa3bIBaeT H8 TO HJlH BHoe JlHO.
Pa36HpaH npHMepbl, ,naHHbIe yqHTeJIeM, YlIaw.HecH ycraH8BJlHBaIOT,
QTO f\feCTOHfeHHH Jl, mbl, OH, OHa, OHO 38MeHHIOT e)1HHCTDeHHoe tlHCJlO
HMeH CYInCCTBHTeJIbHbIX, 8 MecTOHMeHHSI Mbl, 8bl, OHU - fHO>KeCTBeH-
Hoe, npH1.JeM MeCTOHMeHHe 8bl ynoTpe6JIHeTCH KaK opMa Be>KJIHBOCTH,
KOfJla MhI 06paIll.ael\1CH K O,l.lHOl\fY J1HlI.Y; MecTOHMeHHe OH 38l'rleHHeT cy-
meCTBHTeJlbHOe MY)KCKOrO pO,l.la, OHa - >KeHCKOro, OHO - cpeJlHero.
):leJIaerCH 0606m.eHHe: JIHIIHble MeCTOHMeHHH 38l\ieHHIOT HMeHa cy-
llI.eCTBHTeJIbHble, OHH YK83bIBalOT Ha npeJ{MeTbI, HO He H83bIB31OT ox.
MecToHMeHHH 6blB81OT I, 2, 3-ro JlH1I.8, ynOTpeOJIHIOTCH B eJ{HHCTBeHHOM
H MHO>KeCTBeHHOM qHCJIe; MecTOHMeHHH 3-ro JIH1I.8 eAHHCTBeHHoro IIHC-
Jla H3MeHHIOTCH no pOJl8M. J1HqHhIe MeCTOHMeHHH HY>KHO 3anOMHHTb.
eaOH 3HaHHH 0 MeCTOHMeHHH YtlalII.HecH 3aKpenJlHIOT H3 nocJleAYIO-
InHX ypoKax Ha Cnell.HaJlbHO nOJl06paHHMx YIIHTeJIeM TeKCTax HJlH H8
MaTepH8J1e Ytle6HHKa. YllallUiecH HaXOJ{HT MecToHMeHHH' B TeKCTe, o'n-
peJ1eJlHIOT HX JIHII.O H tlHCJIO, a Y MecToHMeHHH 3-ro J1HlI.a eJlHHCTBeHHoro
QHCJl8 em.e H p0,l.l.
XOpOIIIO, eCJIH yqHTeJIb p830eper C YQ8rnHMHCH pH.l1 npeJ{JIO>KeHHA
H nOK3>KeT, liTO JlHtlHble MecToHMeHHH, 3aMeHHH c060H HMeHa cymecT-
BHTeJIbHbIe, MorYT 6bITb B npe)J...'IOLKeHHH fJI8BHbIM tlJIeHOM - nOJ{Jle>K8-
ll.{HM. ,U.nH 9Toro MO>KHO HcnO.'Ib30BaTb T8KHe npe,D.c,TJO)l{eHHH: C map""
/108UA pbl6y. OH nouMall 3OAomyro pbl6l(,Y. /l.e8oq,1(,a noUl/la 6 /leC. OHa
c06upaJlll Jl2OiJbl. COAHqe 830lUIlO. 0110 OSfJ,{JUIlO 8C1O 0l(,peCmHocmb.
Pa30HpaH npCJJ.JlO}KeHHH, Jl.a H Hble B YIle6HHKe, ytlaInIfecSi Y3HalOT,
lITO no,nJle}J{aI.I.lHM Mor)'T 6hITb H ,l.lpyrHe JIHllHbIe MecTolIMeHHH.
CKJIOHeHHe MecTOHl\1eHH H B I I I KJI8CCe He H3YQ8eTCJI. OJI.Ha KO H8
u
pHJI.e ynpaLKHeHHH ytlaInHeCH 3HaKOMHTCH C TeIvI, !lTO JIHtlHbIe MecTOHMe-
HHH H3MeHHlOTCH no nane)KaM. X o pOlliO , ecJIH B KJI8CCe 6Y,lJ.eT BHceTb
Ta6J1HQKa,/KoropaSi nOMO>KeT YllaIII.HMCSI B p8cn03HaB8UHH MeCTOHMe-
IIIfH. OHa MO)KeT HMeTb TaKOr. BHJ{: '
JlH'IHhle MecToHMeHHR
E,D.HRCToeHsoe qHcno
MflO>KeCT8eUHoe 1IHCJIO
11 Tbi OR OHa OUO MbI 8h1 OHH
MeHH ,.roH ero ee ero Hac Bac HX
MHe re6e eMY eA eMY HaM 83M HM
K HeMY K HeA K HeMY 1< HaM K 88M K HHM
MHOA(-OIO) TOOoA HM elO 11M HaMH BaMH JiMH
( -010)
(000) MJJe (0) Te6e (0) HeM (0) HeR (0) HeM (0) Hac (0) Bac (0) IIHX
He HY>KHO AooHBaTbcH Toro, lIT06bI YQ8InHeCH HaYllHJlHCb P830J.f-
paTh 3TH cpoPMbI, OHH J10Jl}KHbl JIHWb I10HHMaTb, liTO CJlOBa MIte, eMg,
HQMU H T. )1. HBJUnOTCH JlHIIHblMH MeCTOHMeHHHMH, HO B JtpyrHx n8,lte-
max.
107

J{anHafi BbtUIe TaOJlHII-a nO'O>KeT TaK>Ke HaYQHTb yqaUlHXCH pa3-
,l1eJlbHO nHCaTb npe..'1QrH H MeCTOHMeHHH. D.eTH qacro nHlIIYT CJlHTHO:
Y flee - «YHee», C flea - «CHeH», If, HeMY - «KHCL\fY» Ii ,np.
D-&l'IH Toro QTo6b1 ytlarn.HecH Jlyqwe YCBOHJIH pa3,neJlbIIOe HanHcaHHe
npeJ{JIOrOB C Mec:rOHMeHHHMH, MO}J{HO conOCTaBHTb MeCTOHMeHHH C cy-
mecTBHTeJIbHbIMH: Mbt npUUl/lU 6 zocmu Ie nUOHepaM. K HUM npUtuAU pe-
6RJ11a U3 cocedHeu aepe8HU.
, 1\\OJKHO npoBecTH H Cne[(HaJlbHbte ynpa>KHeHHH, B KOTOpblX Tpe-:
6yercH 3aMeHHTb B C.TIOBOCOqeTaHHHX HMeHa cyrnecTBHTeJIbHble C npe-
JIOraMH MeCTOHMeHHHMH C npe.z1JIoraMH:
n Ot.uell If, In08aputqy (nOUleA Ie HeMY), 6bl/l Y mOfJapullJIl, 8udeAC R
c m08apU£l,{eM, 8cnoMUfl(lJ() 0 m08apu£l,{e.
Omabl.XQlla c noapyzotl, XOaUAlJ,1f, noiJpY2e, 6blAa y noopyzu, U2paAa C
noi}pyzaMU.
C nOJ[ytleHHblIH CJIOBOCOtleT3HHflMH MO>KHO COCT3BHTb H 3anHcaTb
ne.nblH pfl,n npeJlO}KeHHH. 3T0 Tome 6y)].eT xoporneH TpeHHpOBKOH.
HHKaKHX 06"bHCHeHHi% Toro, nOqeMY B <lJopMax If, HeMY, 0 HeM, If,
Heil H .npyrHx nOflB.TUleTCfI H, Y1JaIUHMCSI ,naBaTb He CJ1e.n.yeT. HYHO
u
TOJIbKO CHCTeMaTHtleCKH TpeHHpoBaTb HX B nHCbfe leCTOHleHHH C npe,n-
JIOraMH.
Ta6J1Hlla JIHqHblX MecToHMeHHH, eCllH npHytlHTb yqaHXCfI o6pa-
m.aTbcfI K HeM, nOCTOHHHbIe ynpa>KHeHHfI nOMorYT H36aBHTbcH OT J1H-
aJIeKTHblX, HeJlHTepaTypHblx <PoPM peqH, TaKHx, HanpHMep, KaK
«C HM», «y HX», «K eH», «MeHe» H J1p. t ocooeHHo eCJIH yqHTeJlb 6y er c.nc-
JITb - 3a npaBHJlbHbIM ynOTpeOJleHHeM yqaInHMHCH MecToHMeHHH B
KOCBeHHblX na.neJKax He TOJlbKO Ha ypOKax rpaMMaTHKH, npH H3Y-
u
qeHHH ,naHHOH TeMbI, HO nOBceHeBHO Ha ypOKax no DceM .n.HCI.I.HfI-
JlHHaM.
H3ytleHHe MeCTOHMeHHH HY>KHO CBfl3bIBaTb C pa60TOH no pa3BHTHlO
. petlH Y1.IaHXCfI. KaiK.nblH YQHTeJlb 3HaeT, 1ITO yqaUlHecfl B nHCbMeHHblX
patSoTax TBOpqeCKOrO xapaKTepa HcnbIThIBaIOT aaTpYJlHeHHH np" 3aMeHe
HMeH cymecTBHTeJIbHbIX MecTOHMeHHHMH, B pe3YJlbTaTe B Kam,nOM npe-
JIO>KeHHH nOBTopfleTCfI O)\HO H TO >Ke HMH cyecTBHTeJIbHoe. B yqe6-
HHKe HfeIOTCH CnenHaJlbHbIe ynpa>KHeHHH, n KOTOpblX TpeOYeTCfI
3aMeHHTb HMeHa CYllI.ecTBHTeJIbHbIe MeCTOHMeHHflMH. OHaKO TaM 3a,n:a-
HHe 06.nerQeno Te{, qTO BMecTO HMeH cymecTBHTe.nbHbIx CTOHT TOqKH.
MomHo ,naBaTb H TaKHe npeJ1J10>KeHHfI, npH qTeHHH KOTOpblX yqarnHecH
caMH 3aMCTSlT, KaKoe CJlOBO nOBTOpHeTCH H B KaKHX CJlYtlaHX ero HY>K-
IIO aMeHHTb MecToHMeHHeM, HanpHMep: Y MeHJl ecmb cecmpa. f/ XOJICY
c cecmpou zYARmb, 'lumaJO cecmpe K.HU2U. Y cecmpbl 6bl8QlOnl noapyzu.
OflU Alo6nm cecmpy u xopotu.O c cecmpou U2palOm.
Oc06eHHo TrnaTeJlbHO 3a 3THM HY>KHO CJle,nHTb npH nHCbMe H3J10>Ke-
lIHH H COlJ.HHeHHH. B TeKCTe H3JIO>KeHHH cJIe)].yer 3apaHee OTMeTHTb HIe-
Ha cymecTBHTeJlbHble, KOTopble yqaInHeCH Moryr nOBTopHTb, H no)].o6-
paTb no,nXO)tHllI.He MeCTOHMeHHfI. TeKCTa MH H3JIO>KeHHH «4epHoe Ylll-
KO», J(aHHoro B yqe6HHKe, ,naJleKO He AOCT8TOqHO. TaKYIO pa60ry
"ymHo npOBO,llHTb )].0 KOH1l3 rOJ(a.
108

11 ee OARH BH)t pa60Tbi CJlet\yer BCnOMHHTb npH H3YQeHHII MecTOH-
MellHH. H3 ypOKaX qTeHHH npOBO,ltSiTCH nepecK33bl C H3MeHeHHeM JIH-
ua paCCKa3QHKa. YqalIJ)lecH 33MeHHIOT MecToHMeHHe !l MeCTOHMeHH-
eM OH, MeCTOHMeHHe OH - MeCTOHMeHHeM Jl H T. )t. Tenepb y*e yqH-
TeJIb MO}KeT He TOJIbKO BBeCTH TepMHHbI «paCCK3>KH OT nepBoro
JlHU3», «paCCKa>KH OT TpeTberO JlHU.3», HO H npOBo,nHTb nHCbMeHHbIe
H3J10>KeHHH C TaKHM 3anaHHeM. B npouecce 9TOH paoOTbI yqaIUHeCH
6Y.llYT pa3BHB3Tb CBOIO nHcbMeHHYIO peqb H B 1:0 me peMH 33Kpen-
JIHTb 3HaHHH 0 MecToHMeHHH.
fJlaroJI, KaK H3BecTHO, ,nOBOJIbHO CJIO}KHaH e,nH-
HHua H3bIK3, n09TOMY HC Y.AHBHTeJIbHO, qTO H3yqe-
HHe rJlarOJIa, ero <pOpM H npaBonHcaHHH B HaqaJIbHOH IIIKOJIe )t3eTCH
B 9J1eMeHTapHoM BM,ne"H K TOMY }Ke pacnpeeneHo no KJIaCcaM. ,
ECJlH He ClIHTaTb cjJOpMHpOB3HHH 06mero npeCTaBJleHHH 0 CBH3HX
f\le*,ny CJIOBaMH B npe)lJIO}KeHHSlX H CJlOBOCOqeTaHHHX (cor JIaCOnaHHe H
ynpaBJIeHHe) H 3HaK01\fCTB3 C H3MeHeHHeM r JIarOJIOB no BpeMeHaM, B
nporpafMax I H II JIaCCOB no PYCCKOiY H3bIKY He COep}l{HTCH YKa-
u "
3aHHH H3 CnpH}KeHHe rJI3rO,J13 H Ha npaBonHC3HHe JIHqHbIX OKOHq3HHH
9TOH qaCTH peqH. Bo II KJIaCCe ,lteTH 3HaKOMHTCSI C H3MeHeHHeM rJIaro-
JIa no BpeMeHaM, C cOOTBeTcTBYIOlI.\HMH TepMHH3l'iIH (<<HacTOHI.l(Ce BpeMH»,
«npollicAlllee BpeMH», «oY.Aymee BpeMH»). KOHeqHO, OHH BCTpeq310TCH
C P33J1HQHbIMH cpopMaMH rJlarOJIa H3'bHBHTeJIbHOrO HaKJIOHeHHH, C Heon-
peeJIeHHOH clJOpMOH r JIarOJIa, HO )\0 I I I KJ1aCCa 3TH <PopMbI He CJIY-
>KaT npe,ltMeTOM CneUHaJlbHOrO H3yqeHHH.
npC>K,ne qeM nepeHTH K H3yqeHHIO HOBoro M3TepHaJI3 no TeMe «r JIa-
 rOJI», HeooxOAHMO nOBTopHTb npOH,lteHHoe no 9TOH TeMe BO I I KJIaCCe,
npHlJe1\f nOBTopeHHe ,nOJI}KHO ObITb yrJIy6JIeHHbu\'1 H cHcTeMaTH3HpylO-
InHM.
B03bMCM, HanpHMep, 3HaqeHHe rJIarOJIa. fJla, rOJIbI 0603H3Qa-
IOllI.He )\DH}I{eHHe (xooumb, 6ezamb, aeu2wnb, AemEnlb, 803umb,
Hocumb), KOHKpeTHbIe <PH3HQecKHe .lleHCTBHH (pe3amb, py6unZb,8fl3llf11.b,
nUAumb), YlIamHeCH, 6e3 COMHeHHH, MorYT Y3HaB3Tb H OTJIHqaTb OT
HMeHH cyxnecTBHTeJIbHOrO H npHJIaraTeJIbHoro. - Ho MorYT JIH OHR on-
pe)\eJIHTb TaKHe OTBJIeqeHHbIe r JlarOJlbl, KaK :JfCe/lnzemb, 'l£pHemb, aYM.amb,
peUlamb, X8aAUmb, MOA'lamb, cmpaiJamb, .Ile"'amb, cnamb, 6oAemb,
BOAHo8ambcfl? OlJeBH.llHo, Y}Ke npH nOBTopeHHH, 3 3aTeM B xo,ne ,n3J1b-
HeHllIeH pa60TbI CJle,nyeT 06paTHTb H3 HHX BHHMaHHe. OqeHb nOJIe3Ha
B 3TOM OTHOllIeHMH pa60Ta no CJIOBOOOpa30B3HHIO: OT HMeHH CYlll.eCTBH-
TeJIbHOrO "JIH npHJlaraTeJIbHOrO 06p330B3Tb r JIarOJIbI, nanpHMep:
teem - C6emAemb, iJpO'JlCb - opwcamb, KpUIC - KpU'lamb, 60Ab -
60A.emb, 3eAeHblU - 3e/leHemb, mJl3lCeAblU - f1lJlJICeAemb, xyiJou - noxy-
iJemb, 2py6blU - Ha2py6umb.
Ha6. T HOJI.eHHH nOKa3blBalOT, lITO H BonpOCbl K r JlarOJIaM .lleTH He
BcerJ(3 YMelOT CTaBHTb, XOTH OHH YQHJIHCb 9TOMY H B I H BO I I KJ1aCcax.
KaK H3BeCTHO, rJIarOJlbl B PYCCKOM H3blKe 6b1BalOT ,nBYX BH,nOB: cOBep-
UJeHHoro H HecoBepmeHHoro. I1MelOTcH onpe,neJlellHble npH311aKH, no
KOTOpblM MO)KHO pa3JIHllnTb BH)lOBbIe <pOpMbl rJIa rOJl a: pa3JIWlHbI 3H3qe-
rnaron
109

HHH H cnoco6bI 06pa30BaHHH nocpeJ{Cl'BOM npHCTaBOK H CY<I>ct>HKCOB,
H, KOHeqHO, pa3nHq Bonpoc.
YqeHHKH II HIlI KJIaCCOB He MorYT ew.e pasoopaTbCSI B CMbICJlOBblX
H cpOpM8JlbHbIX OC06eHHOCTHX BHJ{OB rJIarOJIa, XOTjI npaKTHtIeCKH OHH
nOtJTH npaBHJIbHO B..1J3J:(eIOT BHJ{OBblMH 3Ha1leHHHMH H q,opMaMH r naroJlOB.
YMeHHe pa3JIHQaTb rJIarOJIbI no HX BH,ltaM HMeeT OOJIbllIOe 3HaqeHHe
MH npaBOIIHcaHHH JIHIIHhlX OKOHqaHHH: ec.nH ytIeHHKH npaBI1J1bHO eTa-
BHT Bonpoc K rnaroJlY, TO onH eYlelOT YCTaHOBHTb npaBonHcaHHe JlHq-
HblX OKOHQaHHH (11 T 0 J1 e JI a e T? - peUlaem, 11 T 0 cAe JI a e T? -
peUltlm). KpoMe Toro, YMeHHe nOCTaBHTb Bonpoc He TOJlbKO IIpHMO
K CJIOBY, HO OT CJIOBa K CJlOBY B npeJI)IOLKeHHH nOMOJKeT 81';1 JIerKO
paSnHlIaTb Ha nHCbMe TaKHe <PoPMbI, KaK peUlumCR (q Toe ,n e JI a-
e T?) H peUlumbCR (q T 0 C J( e JI a T b?).
C..11e.L\OBaTeJIbHO, npH H3YQeHHH rJlarOJIa HeOOXO.llHMO 06paTHTh
BHHMaHHe Ha COOTBeTCTBYIOWJie ynpa>KHeHHH.
Pa3J1HqeHHe BpeMeHHbIX <PoPM rJlaroJla TOme tlOJlmHO OblTb Ha-
CTOJlbKO OTpaOOTaHO, Qro6bI )teTH He eMeWHBaJlH HX I:1PH H3Y t leHHH
cnpHmeHHH rJlarOJIa. ):{JIH 3Toro eJlY}J{MT rpaMMaTHlIecKHH pa36op, a
T8KJKe COCTaBJIeHHe npe.AJlO}KeHHH H CBH3HblX TeKCTOB C ynoTpeOJIe-
HHeM Tex UJIH HHbIX Bpel\feHHbIx cpopf HJIH C 3aMeHoH O,AHHX cpopM ,npy-
rHMH.
Terrepb nepeH,nel\l K paecMoTpeHHIO rpaMMaTHqeCKHX TeM, CBH3aH..
HhlX C rJIarOJlOM, Koropble BXO,nHT B cOJlep1KaHHe nporpaMMbl KJIaCca.
nepBoH RBJlHeTCH TeMa «113MeHeHHe rJIarOJla no
CnpSlHC8HH8 rn.ron08 JIHuaM B HaCTOHInCM BpeMeHH». C nOHHTHeM H
TepMHHoM «RH1I.O» YllaInHecH n03HaKOMHJlHCh npH
U3yqeHHH MecTOHMeHHH. OHH 3 HaIOT, lITO MeCTOHMellHH 6bIBalOT 1, 2,
:J.ro JlH1.1a t 1110 OHH H3MeHHIOTCH no qHCJlaM.
3TH cBeJ(eHHH 0 .,'lHqHbIX MeCTOHMeHHHX H CJleJlyeT HCnOJlb30BaTb np"
nepBOM 3HaKOMCTBe YQalI.{HXCH C H3MeHeHHeM rJIarOJIa no JIHu.aM; tla..
IOTCH rJlarOJlbl (THna nolO .M.OAtty) BMeCT C MeCTOHl\tleHHHMH: R nolO, nlbl
" noeUlb ON, OHa noem Mbl noeM J 8bl noeme, OHU nOlOm,. 11, MO/ZCf,Y, mbl MOA"
-UlUlb, OH, OHa MO/lCf,Um, Mbl .MOA'lUAt, 8bl MO/l"tume, OHU AtOA'W.m. ,QeTH
npHXO.llHT K BblBOY, qTO B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT JlHu.a MeCTOHMeHHH rJlarOR
H3MeHHeT CBOH OKOHQaHHH H liTO 3TH H3MeHeHHH - H3MeHeHHH no J1H-  ,"
118M H lIHCJ1aM. Y.>Ke Ha OJlHOM H3 OJlH>KaHIIIHX ypOKOB nHtlHhle MecrolI..
MeHHH He CTaBHTCjI pH,ltOM C rJIarOJlOM H JIHlJ.O rJIarOJla Y3HaeTCH no OKOH-
tJ8HHHM II no «nOJ(pa3YMeBaeMOMY» JIHlIHOMY MecToHMeHHIO. J1HQHble
OKOHtlaHHH rJlaroJla -Y(-IO),-eUlb (UUlb), -em(-um) yqalI.\HeCH 3aIIOMH-
H810T B ,ltBYX BapHaHTax: C OKOHqaHHeM -e, -ym(-lOm) H C OKOHqaHHeM
-II, -am( -Jlm). ,QJlH nepBblX ypOKOB CJIeJ{yeT 6paTb OKOHqaHHH
no)t ytlapeHHeM, 11 TO 6bI He B03HHKaJl Bonpoc 0 npaBHJlaX npBO-
nHCBHHH.
KOfJla J{eTH YCBORT H3MeneHHe rJIarOJlOB C y,napHbIMH OKOHqaHHHMH
no JlMu.al, CJletlyeT nepeXO,I(HTb K CnpH>KeHHIO rJlarOJlOB C 0e3Y,lI.apHbI-
MH OKOHQaHHHMH.
110

B npOrpaMMe ,llJl51 I I I KJIacca HeT YK33aHHH H8 pa3RHtleHHe THIIOB
CnpH}KeHHH, HeT repMHHoB «I CIIpSl.>KeHHe», «I I Cnp5l)KeHHe», 110 B TO
*e BpeMH CKa3aHO, 1JTO YlIaw.HeCSI ,llOJl>KHbl YieTb nHcaTb Oe3Y J{apHble
OKOH1JaHHH HaH60nee paCnpOCTpaHeHHX rnaronOB. TaKHM 06pa30M,
He nOJlYlIaH nOHSITHH 0 .nayx CIIpH>KeHH5IX, yqaUU1eCSI ,non LK Hbl Hay-
qHTbCSI pa3JlHqaTb HanHcaHHH rJIarOJlOB, IIpHHaA1Ie>KaHX K TOMY 11
)l.pyrOMY CnpH>KeHHIO. ECJlH He rOBopHTb 0 I H I I Cnpa>KeHHSIX, He YIIOT-
pe6..TIHTb 3THX TepMHHOB H B TO >Ke BpeMSI HayqHTb yqalUHXCSI npaBHJlb-
HO nHcaTb J1HtlHbIe OKOHlIaHH5I rnarOJIOB, TO, 3HaqHT, Ha,no ,naTb H'M Ta-
KHe KpHrepHH )l.J1H paCII03HaBaHHH OKOHqaHHH, 1JT06bl OHR He ollJH6a-
nHCb npH nHCbMe. KaK }I{e 9TO c,neJlaTb?
¥>Ke npH 03HaKOMJIeHHU C YAapHblMu nHlIHblMH OKOHlIaHHHMH cJle-
u
lJ.YeT YCTaHoBHTb nOCTOSIHHO AeHcTBYIOW.YIO 3aKoHoMepHocTb: eCJlH B
O)l.H01\1 H3 OKOHqaHHH AaHHoro rJlarona eCTb e, TO 9TO e coxpaHSIeTCH B
)l.pyrHx OKOHqaHHHX, B 3-M }Ke nHu.e MHomeCTBeHHoro IIHCJIa 3THX rJIa-
ronOB GYAeT OKOH1JaHHe -ym(-lOm) (6epym-6epem, nOlOm-noem) , H,
Ha060por, ecnu MbI 3HaeM, lITO B 3-M nHue MHO)KeCTBeHHoro IIHCJIa nH-
llleTC5I -ym(-lOm), TO B OKOHllaHHSIX OCTaJIbHblX JIUlI. coxpaHSIeTCH e
(n%m - noeUlb)  ecnH )Ke B O,ltHOM H3 OKOHti8HHH HMeeTCH U, TO 910
U CQXpaH5IeTCR B OCTaJlbHbIX OKOHlIaHHSlX, a B 3-M nHue MHO)l{eCTBeH-
Horo IIHCJla 6y,neT OKOHqaHHe -am-(Jlm) (MOIlt/,um - MOl/,tlam cudum -
cuiJRm), H, HaooopOT, "PH OKOHlIaIlHSIX -am( -Rm) B 3-M JIlIue MHO>KeCT-
BeHHoro QHCJIa B OCTaJlbHblX OKOHqaHHHX Bcer):\a ObIBaeT U (MO/Z'lam-
MOAttUm, CUaRfn - cuiJum).
Tc )KC 3aKOHOMepllOCTH, KOTopwe Mbl YCTaHOBHJIH ,ltJIn nHCb1.fa yJtap-
HbIX OKOHqaHHH rJIarOJIa, ,neHCTBYIOT H B OTHomeHHH 6e3y,napHbIX OKOH-
'laHHit 3TO 3Ha9HT, liTO eCJIH MbI 3HaeM, KaK nHllleTCH TO HnH HHoe
u u
OKOHqaHHe H3 BceH napa,ltHrMbI rJIarOJlbHblX OKOHlIaHHH, TO MbI TeM
CaMbThI MO>KeM YCTaHOBHTb, KaK nHIllYTCH OCTaJlbHble JIHtlHbIe OKOHlIaHH5I.
HanpHMep, eCJIH Mbl 3HaeM, 1JTO rnarOJIbI coxHymb, BJlHymb, 2u6Hymb,
cYflRmb pucooamb B 3-lvl J1Hu.e MHOJKeCTBeHHoro lIHCJla'HMeIOT -,m(-lOm)
(B 3TO1 HMKaKHX COMHeHUH 6bITb He MO.>KeT), TO OCTaJlbHbIe lIHqHbIe cpop-
Mbl (KpOMe I-ro JI. e,n. 11.) B OKOHqaHHH IIMelOT e: coxHeUlb, coxHem, COX-
HeM, COXHeme; BRHetUb, 8RH.em, 8JlHeM, BJlHeme H T. .n. HJIU, H806opOT,
ecJIH Mbl YBepeHbI B TOM, lITO B O,llHOM H3 OKOHlIaHHA HMeeTCSI U (Han-
pHMep, cmpoum, X8aJlUm, /l106um cllblUlum 8Udum).. TO MO>KHO He COM-
HeBaTbCSI, lITO 9Ta >Ke r'1aCHa5( 6y)\eT nHcaTbCH H B OCTaJlbHblX JlHIIHbIX
qx>pMax, a B OKOHQaHHSIX 3-ro nHlI.a MHO)KecTBeHHoro IIHCJ18 - -am HnH
-Rm (cmpOJlm, XBallRm, 1l106Rm, CAbltUam, BUOJlm).
. rpa<pHlIecKH 9TY 3aKOHOMepHOCTb MomHO npe)\CTaBHTb B BHAe Ta-
u
KOH cxeMbl:
e
-,m, -10m,. II
COOTHoweHHe MO>KeT 6b1Tb H 06paTHbIM:
-ym, -10m
e; -am, -Rm
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III

Ho SHatlHT nH 9TO, qTO, n03HaKOMHB ,lteTeH C YKa3aHHOH CXeMOH,
Mbl MOiKeM peKOMeH){OBaTb ee B KatJeCTBe npaBHJIa, KOTOpbIM yqaw.HecH
fOrYT nOJIb30BaTbCH KaK PYKOBO)tCTBOM K ,lJ.eHCTBHIO?
ECJlH Ha nepBOM 9Tane 03HaKOMJIeHHH C fJIarOJIaMH I H II CnpH}Ke-
HHH YllHTeJlb )taeT npHMepbl rnaronoB C YJlapHblMH OKOHlIaHHHMH, TO
Ha BTOpOl\1 9Tane npHMepbl MorYT OblTb CMewaHHblMH, nOTOMY tIro H B TOM
H B Jl.pyroM c.flYtIae JteJIO HAeT He 06 YtIe6HOM npaBHJre, nocpeJtCTBOM KO-
Toporo CJIeJl.yeT npoBepHTb npaBonHcaHHe 6eayJtapHbIx OKOHtIaHHH, a
o() HMeIOll{RXCH B caMOM npaBonHcaHHH COOTHoweHHHX BHYTPH napa'zU1r-
MbI H TY cxeMY t KOropylO MbI TOJIbKO qTO paCCfOTpeJIH, He CJIeJtyeT BbI)t-
BHraTb KaK cxeMY npaBI1J1a.
YIIall{HeCH B rOTOBblX npeMO>KeHHHX HJIH TeKCTax OTblCKHBalOT
fJ1arOJlbI I H I I cnpsDKeHHH (oe3 9Tl1X TepMHHoB) Ii no )\aHHoMY OKOll-
qaHHK> YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT, K3KHe OKOHQaHHH' CJIe)tyeT nHcaTb B OCTaJIb-
HblX JIHllaX 9TOro rJlarOJIa. MorYT 6blTb TaK}Ke )laHbl OT)teJIbHble rJIarOJIb]
B TOM HJIH HHOR <fx>pMe HacTOHrnero BpeMeHH. no 3TOH cpopMe ,neTH BOC-
CTaHaB..TJHBaIOT OCTaJIbHbIe JlHna. HanpHMep, )laIOTCH rJIarOJIbl ttumaJOm,
pewQJOm; X8aAum, AlO6um; eYAJl£J1t pa6omaeM. H T. ,no !leTH OnpeJl.eJlHIOT
)tpyrHe OKOHlIaHHH: ttumalOm - ttUmaetUb t{,umaem t{,umaeM, ttumaeme;
XBaJlUm - XBa.IlUUlb, XBaAUM, XBaJlUme II T. )t. TaK 3aKpenJISIeTCH BbI-
HBJIeHHOe yqaIUHMHCH COOTHOllleHHe MeLK){Y OKOHllaHHHMH.
O,nHaKO 6bIJIO Obi OIIlHOKOH, ecJ1H 6bI MhI npHBeJteHHYIO Bblllle cxeMY
npe,nCTaBI1JIH B BHJl.e npaBHJIa, KoropblM CJIe,nyeT nOJIb30BaTbCH np"
npOBepKe Oe3yJtapHbIX rJIaCHblX B JIHlIHblX OKOHlIaHHHX. ,aeJIO B TOM, lITO
Ha npOH3HoweHHe oe3YJl.apHhIX rJIaCHblX MbI HH B KoeM CJlytlae He MO-
>KeM IIOJIO>KHTbCH, nOTOMY lITO, KaK H3BeCTHO, B 6e3y,napHOM nOJIO>KeHHH
rJIaCHbIe B PYCCKOl\f H3blKe peJtYUHpYIOTCH, T. e. OCJIaMHIOTCSI. 11 eCJIH
6b1 Mbl npeJIO}KHJIH yqarnHMCH npOBepHTb npaBOIIHcaHHe oe3Y)tapHbIX
OKOHlIaHHH TOJIbKO OKOHlIaHHSlMH 3-ro JIHl.\3 MHO>KecTBeHHoro lIHCJIa,
TO TOJIKHYJIII ObI HX Ha MHOrOllHCJleHIIbIe OIllH6KH. B caIOM )teJIe, rJIarOclIbt
CmpOJlnl, XBa/lJlm npOH3HOCHTCH CKopee K3K «CTpOIOT», «XBaJIIOT», n03TO-
MY nO.TIO)KHTbCH Ha npOH3HOllleHHe B TaKHX CJlYllaHX HHKaK
Henb3H.
HY}KHO npaBHJIO, KOTopoe, HBJIHHCb 0606I1I-eHHeM, B TO LKe BpeMH CJIY-
>KHJIO ObI PYKOBOJtCTBOM K .lleiiCTBHIO, nO10raJIO 6bI Y3HanaTb H npOBep 51Tb
HanHcaHHe JIHQHblX OKOHlIaHHH rJIarOJIa. K COiKaJIeHHlO, BnOJIHe nC\AC}K-
Horo npaBMJIa B' paCnOpH>KeUHH ytJHTeJlH HeT. npHXO){HTCH PYKOBO-
CTBOBaThCSI npaBHJIOM, KOropoe nOMOraJIO 6b1 B 60JIbWHHCTBe CJIYllaeB.
TaKHM npaBHJIOM )tJIH WKOJlbl HBJljleTCH npaBHJIO pacn03HaBaHl1H
rJIaro.nOB I H I I CnpH>KeHHH no HeonpeJteneHHoR <popMe: «EC4I'IH
B HeonpeJl.eJIeHHOH cjJopMe Ha KOHl.\e -umb, TO B JIHtIHbIX OKOH1I3HHHX CO-
xpaHHeTCH U, T. e. rJIarOJl OTHOCHTCH KO I I CnpH}KeHHK>)). OCTaJIbHbie
rJlarOJlbI - I cnpHiKeHHH. ECJIH He CQHTaTbJiCKJllOlIeHHH (AJIH HatJaJIbHOH
llIKOJIbl OObIqHO 6 rJIarOJIOB), TO 9TO npaBHno B 60J1bWHHCTBe CJlYtIaeB
nOMoraeT Onpe)\eJIHTb CnpH}KeHHe rJIarOJlOB H, CJIeJtOBaTeJIbHO, npano-
nHcaHHe JIHlIHblX oKoHtJaHHii. B caMOM ,nene, T3KHe rJIaronbI, KaK /1I0-
6umb X8aAumb J Hocumbl. 803umb, HMelOw.He 1-18 KOHue HeonpeJteJIeHHOH
112

<PoPMbI no,l{ y,napeHHel\{ -Umb, HBJlHIOTCH rJIarOJlaMH II CnpH>KeHHH, a
rJIarOJIbi nucamb, tlUmamb, 3eAeHemb, Amemb, HMelOlI.(He no,lt y.nape-
HHeM Cy<l$HKChI -amb, -emb,- I CnpH>KeHHH. 3rHM npaBHJIOM H cne-
AyeT no.nb30BaTbCH B I I I KJIaCCe, B3HB ero ynpOll.(eHHYIO cJ>OPMY, He nOJlb-
3YSlCb repMHHaMH «I H II CnpH>KeHHe». Ytlall.(HMCH ,naIOTCH rJI3rOnhl B He..
onpeJJ-eJIellHOH cJ>opMe, H OHH 06pa3YIOT OT HHX nHtlHbIe cpOpMbI: Hocumb -
HOCJUn, HOCUUlb, Hocum, HOCUM,Hocume; nucamb - nUUlym, nUtuetub,.
nUUlem H T. ,n., crtHcbIBalOT OT,ne.nhHble CJIOBa, npe)I,JIO>KeHHH HJlH CBH3-
Hble TeKCThI C nponyeHHbIMH 6YKBaMH, BCTaBJIHH HX H 060HCHJ151, nOlle..
MY OHH nHIIlYT fJlarOnbHble OKOHIIaHHH TaK, a He HHatle. CaMH COCTaBJIH-
lOT "npeJ1J10}KeHHSI, OTBeIIalOT Ha BonpOCbI, nHllIYT H3JIO>KeHHH.
Y llHTe..'1b nOKa3bIBaeT npHeMbI, KOTopbIe CJIe,nyeT HCnOJIb30BaTh np"
pa60Te c. rnarOJlaIH B JIHllHOH <popl\1e: 1) npe>K,ne Bcero Ha.no oIIpe,ne-
JIHTb, HBJIHeTCH JIH CJIOBO r.lIarOnOM H B KaKoA cpopMe OH CTOUT;
2) YCTaHoBHTb, y,napHoe H.lID 6e3y;tapHoe Y Hero OKOHtIaHHe; 3) eCJlH oe3..
YJJ-apHoe, TO oopa30BaTb lIeonpe;teJ1eHHyK> cpOPMY; 4) ecJIH Ha KOHue
Heonpe)I.e.neHHoH Q:>oPMbl -umb, TO B nHlIHblX OKOHtlaHHHX HY}I{HO IIHcaTb
U, a B 3-M JIHue MHO}l{eCTBeHHoro tIHCJIa - -am, -Rm. Ytlall.(HecH TpeHH-
PYIOTCH B npHMeHeHHH .9THX npHeMOB.
BCHKHH JIH rnarOJI YIIeHHK I I I KJlacca MO>KeT HanHcaTb (Hl'tfeIOTCH
B BH,ny .lIHlIHhIe OKOHIIaHHSI)? nporpaMMa rOBopHT 0 HaHOO.lIee pacnpo-
cTpaHeHHbIx rJIarO.lIax, a OHH H ){aHbl B YIIe6HHKe. 3HatIWT, no KpaHHeH Me..
pe 3TH rJIarOJlbI ;tOJI)I{HbI 6bITb YCBoeHbI. O){HaKO MO)l{HO npe)I.nOJIO>KHTb,
liTO yqeHHKH III KJIacca npH npaBHJIbHOH pa60Te no TeMe «fJlaroJl»
6y,nYT HMeTb B03MO)l{HOCTb nepeHocHTb npaBHno H Ha ,npyrHe rnarOJ1hI,
KpOMe Tex, KOTOphre OHH nHcanH B retIeHHe ro,na.
YtlHTeJIb MO>KeT H He AaBaTb ytleHHKaM npaBH.lIa npaBonHcaHHH
rnaronOB-HCKJllOqeHHH Ha -emb, -amb, HO HaHOoJIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHble
H3 HHX, T3KHe,.. KaK 8Uaemb, CAbltuatnb, CMOmpemb, ablUlQ/11,b, OHH
Jlon>KHbl YMeTb nHcaTb.
HeonpeJ(eJIeHHaH cpopMa MO}l{eT CJIY>KHTb onopOH A1IS1 npOBepKH
npanonHcaHHH TonbKO TorJ(a, KOf;ta ;teTH YMelOT IIHcaTb .9TY cJx>PMY,
B npOTHBHOM CJIytlae OHH nOCTOHHHO 6YJ(YT 01IIH6aTbCH.
CneJlYeT TaK>Ke HlwfeTb B BH,ny, qTO YKa3aHHoe BblllIe IIpaBHJIO pacnpo..
CTpaHHeTCH TO.1IhKO Ha oe3y,napHble OKOHIIaHHH rJIarO.lIOB. ECJlH nO){06HOe
npaBHJIO pacnpOCTpaHHTb Ha y,napHble OKOHIIaHHH, 9TO MOiKeT aanYTaTb
YtIalllHXCH no KpaHHeH Mepe npH rpaMMaTHtlecKoM pa36ope: Be,nb 6umb
;tacT 6bem, 6blOm, T. e., HeCMOTpH Ha TO liTO B Heonpe.neneHHoA cpopMe
Ha KOHue -Umb,rJlarOJl Bee )l{e OTHOCHTCSI K I CnpH>KeHHIO.
KpoMe Bcero CKa3aHHoro, CJIe;tyeT ytlHTblBaTh, qro ytlalI{HMcH one--
panHH nepeBo;J:a JlHlIHOH <p<>pMbI B Heonpe;J:eJIeHHYIO ){aeTCH HeJIerKO,
nO-BHJ(HMOMY, nOTOMY, qro HeOnpe){e.neHHaH $<>pMa B C03HaHHH ,neTeH He
COOTHOCHTCH C JlHtlHbIMH $<>pMaMH. JIHIllb C TeIIeHHeM BpeMeHH, Kor,a.a
,neTH IIPHBblKHYT .pa6oTaTb C 3TOH <jJopMoA, HM HeTpy,nHO 6y,neT ne..
peBo;tHTh O;tHY r JIarOJIbHYIO $<>pMY B ;J:pyrylO.
B KatIeCTBe no;tco6Horo B Ylle6HHKe ,ltJIH I I I KJI8CCa ){aeTCH npHeM:
onopa H3 rnacHYIO, CTOHIII.YIO nepeJt JIHlIHbIM OKOHqaHHeM. B PYCCKOM
113

Sl3bIKe MHOrO TaKX rJ1arOJlOB. npHB,lI.eM JlHWb HeKOTOpbIe H3 HHX:
'l,Umaem, pewaem, OeAaem, pa6omaem, U2paem, OmabLJCaem, 06eoaem;
co tlUH Jlem, om npCl8/l Rem, 8blZOHRem, 068UHJ!m, 061JRCHRem, nonpaB"
AHem; ttepHeem, 6eJ1£em, 8eAeHeem, xyiJeem, upeem; pucyem, maH..
l4yem, oU1Cmyem, 80AHyem, cAeayem, 8010 em; 8oem, Hoem, Moem,
poem (HO cmpoum, 6ecnOKoum).
Bonpoc 0 pa3J1HQeHHH 6e3y,napHbIX rJIaCHbIX B JIHIIHbIX OKOHQaHH-
SIX rJIarOnOB e p83 ,BCTaHeT nepeA YllallIJIMHCSI I I I KJIaCca, KOr){a
OHH 6y,nYT H3YtlaTb cnpHLKeHHe rJIafOJla B 6Y,lI.ymeM BpeMeHH.
BYJlyw.ee BpeMH rJIarOJl8 npe,ltCTaeT nepe,lJ. yqaInHMHcH B ,nBYX BHJJ.ax:
TO K3K 6y,nYIUce CJIO}KHOe, COCTOjlInee H3 BcnOMOraTeJ1bHOfO rJI3rOJla 6y-
iJy " rJIarOJla HecoBeprneHHoro BH,na B Heonpe,lI.eJ1eHHOH <popMe (6yay nu-
CaJnb, 6yaewb nucamb H T. J(.), TO KaK 0YJlym.ee npocroe, COCTOHInee H3
o,nHoro rJIarOJIa COBepmeHHoro BH,lI.8 (HanuUlY, Hanuurewb, npOttumaJOm,.
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It umaem , HO «npOllHTaHT»).
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Moro MITepNana Ha -0, a TaK.>Ke HeKOTopble 06CTOHTenbCTBeHHble
HapellHH (6e3 AeJIeHHSI HapetlHH Ha rpynnbI: onpe-
JJ.eJ1HTeJIbHbIe H OOcTOHTeJlbCTBeHHbIe).
Hape\lHe KaK lIaCTb petIH xapaKTepH3yeTcH onpeJ1eJ1eHHbllvlH MOp-
JlOrHqeCKHMH npH3I:taKaMH, a HMeHHO:
1) OTCYTcTBHeM cpOpM H3MeHeHHSI (HeH3MeHHeMOCTbIO);
2) onpe,ne-1eHHoH cHcTeMoH CJIOBOOOpa30BaTeJIbHbiX Cy<JxPHKCOB
(-0, -e, -OMY, -eMY, -11,"", -C"It, -YIO H ,np.);
3) COOTHOCHTeJlbHOCTblO C J{pyrHMH qaCTHM pellH (BeCeAo - eece-
Ilblt1, AemO.M - J2emO J BiJSoeM - a80e H T. J1.).
B I I I KJIacce OTMetIaeTCH TOJIbKO O,l(HH MOP4>OJIorHQeCKHi'i npH3HaK
HapellHH - HeH3MeHSleMOCTb.
B Ilpe,lJ.JlO>KeHHll HapellHSI OTHOCSlTCSI npeHMYII1.ecTBeHHo K fJIarOJIY t
a TaKJKe K npHJIaraTeJlbHOMY, pe)Ke K cyrnecTBHTeJ1bHOMY H Hapetlluo:
"I t
KOHqHJI .n-e.no - rY JlSlH CM-eAD.
 I
TIpoH3011I.rla 'lp e38bl'laU flo HenpHHTH3SI HCTOpHSI.
I t
nO){aH 6hIJI cy,naK no-nOAbCKU.
t I
PaCCKa3b1Ba'1 011 you8umeAbHo HHTepecHo.
BHHMaHHe yqaWJIXCH HaqaJIbHbIX KJIaCCOB, oco6eHHO np" nepBoM
3H8KOMCTBe C HapeIJHeM, OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI H8 rex HapellUSlX, Koropble
B npe)J)lO)KeHMH CBH3aHhI C fJIarOJlOM.
) J8

laK, B I I I KJIaCCe yqaI.U.HeCH nOJlyqalOT o6ee nOHSITHe 0 HapeLJHH
H YCBaHBaT npaBonHcaHHe OqeHh OrpaHHqeHHOrO Kpyra HapeqHH:
I) orrpeJ{eJII{TeJlbHbIX H8 -0: KpacusO, nJlOXO muxo iJPY"'HO, eece/lO
JlpIW, 3ICapKO H T. )t. (.3TO HapeqHH t oopa30BaHHbIe OT KaqeCTBeH-
HblX npJiJlaraTeJIbHbIx);
2) HeCKOJlbKHX 06CTOSlTeJIbCTBeHHbIx. HapetIHH: U30aA£Kll, 8aaJlu"
3a8mpa, fJtIepa, npeJICae H HeKoTopbIX J{pyrHx.
OnpeJl-eJIHTeJIbHbIe HapetIHH Ha -0 (xopotuO, Kpacu-
HeKoTopw8 BOnpOCIa. 80, 6blCmpO) gBJIHTCSl CaMOH MHOrOqHCJIeHHOH H
HIYIleHMJI TeMW v u v
pacnpOCTpaHeHHOH rpynnoH HapetrHH B COBpe-
MeHHOM PYCCKOM H3WKe, rr03TOMY ytraIl\HMCH npHxOAHTCSI BCTpeqaTb.
CSI C HHMH 3a,nOJIrO flO H3YQeHHH 3THX HapeqHH B IV tIeTBepTH I I I KJlaC-
ca. Hanp HMep:
1. B npoT{ecce BhIno.nHeHHH ynpa>KHeHHH: Ha BbIB..'eHHe CBSl3H CJlOB
B npeMO}KeHHH, npH BbInnCbIBaHHH nap B3aHMOCBH3aHHbIX CJlOB no-
JIe3HO OCTaHOBHTb CH Ha CJIOBaX, OTBeq aK?lI.l HX Ha Bonpoc K a K?
I .\. I( a K? I .\. K B K?
(omObtXaAU BeCeAO, pa60maJlu OPY:JICHO),
H Ha npaBonHcaHHH HX. nOCTeneHHO ):leT" YCBaHBaIOT, qTO B CJIOBaX,
OTBeqaIOmHX Ha Bonpoc K a K?, Ha KOHl(e (H no.ll YJlapeHHeM, H B 6e3YAap-
HOM nOJIO}l{eHHH) nHweTCH -0 (menAO, meMHO, e eceAO, ilpKO iJpY"'HO).
2. npH H3YQeHHH HleHH npHJIaraTeJ1bHOrO BO I I " I I I KJlaCCaX lle-
JIeCOOOpa3Ho JlaBaTb ynpa>KHeHHH Ha conOCTaBJIeHHe npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX
c OAHoKopeHHblfH HapeQHHMH:
K a K 0 It? - I CYl1.\.
XOpOtUutl B03J{YX YKpenJIHeT 3?:topOBbe.
K a K? --r rnaro.n
XOpOLUO OTOXHy.nH MbI B Jlecy.
K a K a S1?  I cyzn.
Bb:COKll il Oepe3K8 pacreT Ha oepery.
K a K? t I rnBrOJJ
BblCOIW B HeDO CMOTpHT 6epe3Ka.
K nOJlODHbIM npeMO}l{ellHHM MO>KHO ,Z1aBaTb TaKHe 3aJl-aHHSI:
a) BbInHcaTb O.llHoKopeHHble CJIOBa BMecTe C TeMH CJIOBaMH, K KOTo-
pbIl\'1 OHH OTHOCSITCH (XOpoUluiJ. eoaiJyx, XopOWO omaOXHYIlU, BblCOKaJI.
6epe3Ka l 8blCOIW cMompum); .
6) YKa3aTb cpeJlH O.llHOKopeHHbIx CJlOB npHJlaraTeJIbHbIe (xopowuu J
eoKuu); ,
. B) 06'bSlCHHTb, nOqeMY OJ{HOKopeHHbIe c HHMH CJIOBa (XOpOUlO,
8blCOIW) He HBJIHIOTCH npHJIaraTeJIbHbIMH (OHH OTBetIalOT Ha Bonpoc K a K?
H OTHOCSITCH K rJIarOJIY, npHJlaraTeJIbHble}Ke OTBetIalOT Ha BonpOCbI K a-
K 0 ii ? K a K a Sf? H OTHOCSITCH K CYIl\eCTBHTeJIbHOMY).
HaAo OTl'vleTHTb, qTO yrrpa>KHeHHH Ha cOnOCTaBJIeHHe rpaMMaTHqec-
KHX H oprpaHqeCKHX HBneHHH B paMKax npOH,Z1eHHOrO MaTepHana
"MeIOT MeCTO B pauore MlIorHX yqHTeJleH, rorAa KaK" B nnaHe npone,tteB-
-
119

THKH TaKHe ynpa>KHeHHH t KaK npaBHJlO, He npOBO,ASlTCH. Mf)K)J.Y
TeM ynp8)KHeHHH H8 COnOCT8BJIeHHe He TOJIbKO COJleiiCTBYIOT npoq-
HOMY YCBoeHHIO H3YQeHHOrO H pa3BHB3lOT YMeHHe OTJlHQaTb TO HJlH
HHoe JlBJIeHHe OT ex O)l.HbTX, HO H nOCTeneHHO rOTOBHT K C03HaTeJlb-
HOMY YCBoeHHIO MarepHaJla, nOJVIe}Kaero H3YQeHH1O (B HallieM npH-
Iepe K H3YQeHHlO HapeQHH).
Ha H3YtJeHHe TeMbI «HapeqHe» nporpaM"fOH OTBe-
,IleHo 5--6 tlaCOB. ,Ll..'1H OOInero 03HaKOMJIeHHH C Ha-
petlHeM KaK qaCTbIO petlH H 3HaKOMCTBa C npaBa-
nHcallHef HeCKO..'1bKHX QaCTO BCTpetlalOlI.lMXCH Ha-
petlHH 9Toro BpeMeHH ,qocTaTollHo. Me>KJlY TeM HCHO,
1.fI'O 3a .3TO BpeMH HeB031\fO}KHO ,Zl06HTbCH rofO, tlTo6bI TpeTbeKJlaCCHHKH
u
Mor JIM B )l.a.nbHeHweM Y3HaBaTb HapetlHH t YMeTb OT..TIHtJaTb HX OT, )l.py-
rHX tlacreii petJH H np,aBHJIbHO nHcaTb.
n03TOMY Ba>KHO H nOCJIe H3ytleHHH TeMbi «HapetJHe» B UeJIHX 3a-
KpCnJIeHHH H yrJIy6JIeHHH 3HaHHH BpeMSI OT BpeMeHH BKJIlOtlaTb Hape-
tIHSI B caMbIe pa311000pa3HbIe ynpa>KHCHHH. DoraTYIO B03MO>KHOCTb ):{J1H
9Toro npe,l(CTaB.nHIOT J1eKcHlIecKHe ynpa>KHeHHH. HanpliMep:
1. npH pa60Te c CHHOHH1\faMH XOp0ll10 HcnO..T1b30BaTb CHHOHHl\Htlec-
KHe rpynnbI HapeqHH:
DeceJIO - 3a6aBHo
rpoMKo - 3BOHKO - or JlYlllHTe.7IbHO
HHTepecHo - 3aoaBHo - 3aHHMaTeJlbHO
HeBHHTHO - HeOTqeTJIHBO - Hepa360pQHBo
He,qaJIeKO - OJIH3KO
He6pe>KHO - HeaKKypaTHo - HepSllllJIHBO
O)l{HBJIeHIlO - >KHBO - 60HKO - Bece.rJO
nOHTHO - TOJIKOBO - ,l(OXO,lltlHBO - )J.ocTynHo
P06KO - HeCMeJ10 - TPYC.TJHBO
CMeJlO - xpa6po - 6eccTpalliHo ·
YHbIJIO - rpycTHo - TOCKJIHBO - nCtla.nbHO
nOCTOSlHHO - 6ecnpepbIBHo - BcerJI-a
THXO - 6C3M0J1BHO - 6eclll)'Mllo
CKOpO - Topon.,'1HBO - CTpeMHTeJ1bHO H T. ,no
2. MO}KHO H nOJIe3HO npHBJletlb ijapetJHH H np" pa60re HaA c.nOBaMH
npOTHBOnOJIO>KHOrO 3HatJeHHH (aHToHHMaMH):
){aJIeKO - 6JIH3KO MeJlJIeHHO - 6blCTpO
BbICOKO - lIH3KO pe)J.Ko - tlaCTO
TH>Ke.no - .nerKO ropbKo - CJIa,llKO
tJHCTO - rpSl3Ho n03,LUIO - paHO
XOPOWO- n.,10XO Y>KaCHO - npeKpaCHO
Bece.,'10 - rpYCTHO onaCHO - 6e30nacHO H T. .n.
neKCMQeCKa. cnoao-
06p.30Ba,.n. pa-
&OT8 npH H3YQeHNH
H8peliNA
J]eKCHtlecKHe ynpa>KHeHHH Itenecoo6pa3HO CBH3b1B8Tb HapSl,ay c
nOBTOpeHHet.f HapeQHH C TpeHHpOBKOH B HanHCaHHH pa3JIHtlHblX Op-
cJ>orpaMM: 6e3y,aapllbiX r.naCHblX (mJle,,10 - /le21W, daAelCO - 6AU3IW) I
120

HenpOH3HOCHMbIX COrJlaCHbIX (paHO - n03aHO, eeCCAO - 2pycmHO),
3BOHKHX H rJlYXHX COrJl3CHbIX (8blCOK.O - HU31CO J aaAeKO - 6AU31W)
II HeKOTOpblX ,npyrHX.
B npouecce BbInOJlHeHHH ynpa}KHeHHH (BO BpeMH H nocJle H3YQe-
HHH TeMbI «Ha.peq]ie») nOJle3HO )1J1H 60JIee r.nYOOKoro nOHHMaHHH Hapc-
lJHH 06paIII.aTb BHHfaHHe ytrarnHXC He TOJlbKO Ha TaKoif Mop<t>o.norn-
qecKHfI npH3H3K, KaK HeH3MeHSI, eMOCTb HO H H3 COOTHOCHTeJIbHOCTb
HapCtIHH (6e3 Ha3bIBaHHH repMHHa) c .npyrHMH tlaCTHfH peqH, Ha CJIOBo-
06p330BaHHe HapeQHH, B qaCTHOCTH H3 Cy<txl>HKcbl, C nOMOIll.blO KOTOpb1X
napeqHSI o6pa3YlOTcSI OT .l1pyrHx tIaCTeH peqH. HanpHMep:
1. npH BCTpetre c OnpeJI.eJIHTeJIbHbIMH HapellHHMH (xopOtuO, Kpa-
CU80, 2poMIW) Y}KHO npe)J.JIO>KHTb ,neTH1v1 nOJlo6p3Tb K H3petrHIO O.l1HO-
KopeHHoe npHJl3raTeJlbHOe, conOCTaBHTb npHJIaraTeJIbHOe C H3petlHef
H YKa33Tb pa3J1HtlHe (npH.naraTeJIbHoe H3MeHHeTCH Ii OTHOCHTCH B npe.l1"
..TJOmeHHH K cyrnecTBHTeJIbHOMY, a H3petlHe He H3MeHHeTCH H OTHOCHTCH
B npe,l1JIO}KeHHH K r JIarOJlY; npH..'1araTe.nbl;Ioe H HapelfHe OTBellaIOT Ha
pa3Hble BOnpOCbI). 33TeM nOJIe3HO npeMO>KHTb no,nYM3Tb H CKa33Tb,
KaK 06pa30BaJIOCb H3peqHe OT npHJlaraTeJIbHOrO (c nOMOUJ.blO Cy<M>HK-
ca -0).
2. npH anaJIH3e HapeqHH no COCTaBY He HY>KHO OrpaHHtlHBaTbCH BbI-
JI.eJIeHHeM KOpHH, CJIe.lI.YeT )'K33bIBaTb TaK)f{e CyqxpHKCbI H npHCTaBKH
(oecmYMHo, 2pycmHo, 6AU3K.O).
Oopa30B3HHe HapellHH B natlaJIbHbJX KJJaCCaX OOhItlHO He paCCM3T-
pnBaeTCH. O.lUI3I<O Te yqaIllJfeCH, KOTopbre rnep,no ycnOHe/TlH cocraB CJIO-
Ba, 6e3 0c06bIX 3aTpYJlHeHHH YKa3b1B31OT .cnoco6bl 06p330BaHHH H3-
peqHO, C KOTOpbIMH OHH BCTpeqalOTCH npH BblTIO.TIHeHHH ynpa>KHeHHH
(H3npHMep: HapetlHe seceAO 06pa30Ba.,'IOCb OT npHJlaraTeJIbHOrO secellblil
c nOMOrnblO cy<M>HKca -0).
3aAOJJro ,no H3ytreHHSI H3petlHH tlpe3BbIQaHHO BamRO ,naBaTb ynpa>K-
HeHHH, OnHpalO1ll.HeCH na 3HaHHH COCT3Ba C-!lOBa H TpeHHpYIOInHe Ytla-
llI.HXCSI B YMeUHH CTaBHTb rpaMM3THlleCKHH (cpopMaJIbHbIH) Bonpoc K
.nOOOMY C.nOBY BHe KOHTeKCTa. H3npHMep: 'c KopHeM 8eceA- BbInHC3Tb
H3 op<p or pa4>HtleCKOrO CJIOB3pHK3 PH)). CJIOB (fJeceAO, 8ece1lblU, eece/lbe,
6eceAumbCR) , nOCTaBHTb K Ka>K.llOMY CJlOBY Bonpoc, Ha3a3Tb H3BecTHbie
lJaCTH petIH, COCT3BHTb 2-3 npc,ZI)IO)f{CHHH C 9TliMH C..TIOBaMH.
H3Y1.IeHHe npaBonHcauHH HapellHH JIyqllIe scera
H3Y'leNHe npaBonH- H3t1aTb C OnpeJI.eJIHTeJIbHbIX HapetlHH Ha -0.
caNH_ NapeliMA n
pH 03HaKOMeHHH ytl3InHXCH C npaBonHC8HHeM
9THX H3peqHH ue.necooopa3HO ,naTb 3a.naHHe: 06p330BaTb OT ,zt8HHblX
npHJI3r3TeJIbHblX HapetrHH, OTBe t I31OWHe Ha Bonpoc K 3 K? (nepsoo
napetrHe BToporo CTOJl6HK8 33nHCblB3erCH BMecre C ytrHTeJIeM):
K a K 0 ii? K a K? K 3 K 0 ii? K 3 K?
caeT J] bIM Bece.nbIH
TCMHbIH HPKHH
nerKHfi TpynHH
THmeJlblii - 1tPYHblil -
121

HaOJIlo,neHHe:
1. 4TO 06ero B H8petIHHX nepBoro H BToporo CToJI5HKa? (Bee OHH
06pa30B8HbI OT npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX c nOMOInblO cyqxpHKca -0.)
2. lIeM OTJIHtJaerCH npoH3HoweHHe HapeQHH nepBoro H BToporo CTOJI-
6HKa? (B nepBOM cToJI6HKe CyqxpHKC -0 y,napHbIA, 8 BO BTOpOM-
6e3Y.lla p HbIM.)
BblBO)1.: MHOfHe HapetJHH, OTBe'laIOIlI.He Ha Bonpoc K a K?, oopa3Y-
IOTCH OT npHJ1ar,!TeJIbIlbIX C nOMOIll.blO cyqxpHKca -0; CyqxpHKC"O Mo-
meT 6bITb KaK YJlapHbIM, TaK H 6e3y,napHbIM: C8emAO, HO itpKfJ.
npaBorrncaHHe HapetJHH \ Bpel\1eHH C oe3yJtapHbIMH rJIaCHbIMH YCBa-
HBaeTCH B 4IOBapHOM nopH,nKe. 4T06bl .lI.eTH JIertJe 3anOMHHJIH 9TH Ha-
pe'lHH, MO}l{HO paCnOJlO>KHTb HX B onpeJleJIeHHOH nOCJIeJlOBaTeJIbHOCTH,
HanpHMep TaK: ceu'lac, Ce20aHJl H ece2da, npe3ICae, aaompa, UHozoa,
paHbUle, nOC/le H onRmb HaJlQ nOMHHTb, KaK nHcaTb. Tenepb, 8f/i!pa 3a-
"¥'
nOMHH TO>Ke, c e nHcaTh HX TOJlbKO MO>KHO.
B ynpa>KHeHH5IX yqe6HHKa ,naHbI HeKOTopble 06crOHTeJIbCTBeHllbIe
Hape'lHH, Ha CJI HT HOtvl HanHcaHHH KOTOpbIX Heot3xOl{HfO OCTaHOBHTb
BHHMaHHe YtIaIII.HXCH (C./1e8a, 8nepeaU, Hanpaoo, 88epxy, OOflleMHa).
HaJlo CKa3aTb, liTO CJIHTHOe HanHcaHHe HapetlHH YCBaHBaerCH YtJa-
lllHMHCH 3HatlHTeJIbHO Mel{JICHHee, qeM HanHcaHHe onpeJleJIHTeJIbHbIX Ha-
petlHH C _CyqxpHCOM -0 (n/lOXO, secello). 11 9T0 He CJIyqaHHO: Bo-nepBbIX,
nOTOMY tJTO 3TH HapetJHH pacn03HalOTCH Tpy,nHee, tJeM Bce
.l1pyrHe, H, Bo-BTOpbIX, MHorHe HapetJHSI HMelOT pa3,neJIbHOe HanHcaHHe
(8 oaUHOttKy, no nOpJlaKY).
npaBJla, B I I I KJIaCCe He paCCMaTpHBalOTCH CJIOlKHbIe CJIyqaH CJIHT-
Horo H pa3JleJ1bHOrO HanHcaHHH HapetJHH. YqOOHHK opHeHTHpyer Ha
TO, IITO()bI YllaIII.HeCH nOMHHJlH, tJTO HapetlHH nHWYTCH B OJlHO CJlOBO,
nepe)J. HHl\1H He 6blBaeT npeJlJIOrOB.
C u.eJIblO 06J1er t IHTb YtJaIIJ.HMCH nOCTeneHHoe YCBoeHHe CJIHTHOrO
HanHcaHHH HaH6o..nee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX HapetJHH, nOJIe3HO npe,nJIO-
>KHTb HM HeKOTopbIe H3 3THX HapetJHH 3aY1JHTb HaH3YCTb. 3HaHHe
HecKOJIbKHX HapeQHH nOMO)KeT Y3HaBaTb Hape'lHH OJlHOTHnHble. Ha-
npHMep, ecJIH ytIeHHK 3HaeT HapCtJHe aomeMHa, TO npH BCTpetJe co CJIO-
B8MH a06eAa, iJ6cyxa, a6cblma OH no aHa.norHH onpe)leJIHT, 1ff0 9TO
HapetJlfH, H npaBHJlbHO HX HanHllleT.
J1.JISI 3aYtJHBaHHH MO>KHO B3HTb CJIe.nYIOInHe HapeQHn:
c3a,nH, BJIeBO, o6ena,
,
Bnepe,n, HanpaBo, .lI.OTeMHa,
BBepxy, Ha3a, H3JlaJIeKa,
CHOBa, 3aCBerJIO, .cerKa.
CUJIbHblM YllaIII.HMCH MOiKeT OblTb ,naHO TaKoe 3a)laHHe: BHHMaTeJ1b-
110 BCMOTpeTbCH B ,ltaHHbIe BbIllie HapetlHH t HMelOIlI.He Ha KOHue -a H -0,
npOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb HX COCTaB H C.lI.e.naTb BblBO)! 0 np8BonHcaHHH
(8 HapetJHHX C npHCTaBKaMH C-, "3-, 00- Ha KOHne nHllIeTCS1 -a; B Hap
qHHX C npHCTaBKaMH 8-, Ha-, 3a- Ha KOHne nHwerCH -0).
C006rneHHe aHHoro npaBHJIa BOBce He npeJtnOJlaraeT 3aYtlHBaHHH
era Jl.a*e CHJIbHhIMH yqalI{HMHCH H npHMeHeHHft BO Bcex CJlyqaHX Ha-.
122

nHcaHHH HapetlHH C YKa3aHHblMH npHCTaBKaMH, HO J(aeT B03MO>KHOCTb
npH BCTpeqe C nO,A06HbIMH HapetlHHMH OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCH Ha HX npaBO.
nHcaHHH B CBH3H C aHaJIH30M no cocraBY. BKJIIOqaTb HapeqHH c npHC-
TaBKaMH 8-, Ha-, 3a-, C-, 1/,3-, 00- B TeKCTbI KOHTpOJIbHblX JJ.IfKTaHTOB He
CJIe,nYeT. ,
I1TaK, ynpa}KHeHHff, rOTOBHmHe YllaInHXCH K nOHHMaHHIO MOP<l>O-
nOrHqeCKHX npH3HaKOB HapetlHH KaK tIaCTH petIH, K YCBoeHHID rrpaBO-
nHcaHHSI HaH60JIee ynoTpeOHTeJIbHbIX HapetlHH, MorYT HMeTb MeCTO 3a-
]l.OJIro AO H3YlleHHH TeMbI «HapeqHe».
H ynpamHeHHH BocnHTbIBalOT BHHMaTeJIbHOe OTHOnIeHHe K MOBY,
C03aIOT 6..'IarOnpHHTHble YCJlOBHH ,nJIH C03HaTeJIbHOrO YCBoeHHH Ma-
TepH8JIa no TeMe «HapetlHe» .na>Ke B TeqeHHe Toro KopOTKoro BpeMeHIf,
KOTopoe OTBe,neHO Ha Hee nporpal'rIMoit nOCJle H3YQeHHH 9TOH TeMbI 06-
paw.eHHe K HapetlHSlM C lleJIblO pa3BHBaTb YMeHHe OTJ1HQaTb HapetlHSI
OT .npyrHx qaCTeH pellH, 33KpenJIHTb nOJIYtIeHHbIe 3HaHHH 0 rpa{-
u v
1aTHtleCKHX CBOHCTBax H npaBonHcaHHH _Hape1lHH )tOJI>KHO npaKTHKQ-
BaTbCH KaK MO)l{HO lIaIne.
neKCHQeCKHe ynpamH8HHA Ha JPOKal
rpaMMaTHKH H opllJorpallJHH
ConpeMeHlIbIH ypOK PyccKoro H3WKa ,nOJIjI{eH BKJIlOllaTb pa60Ty Halt
BceMH CTOpOHaMH peQH: 3BYKOBOH, opcporpaHtIeCKOH, rpaMMaTHlIecKoH
H JIeKCHtlecKOH. CTaBH Ha nepBoe MeCTO 06YQeHHe op<porpa<pHIi H H3Y-
qeHHe rpaMMaTHKH, HOBbIe nporpaMMbI TpeOYIOT OT 'yqHTeJUI npOBe,llC-
HHH llIHpOKOH CJ10BapHOH (J1eI{CHqecKOH) paOOTbI, HanpaBJIeHHOH lIa
YTOtlHeHHe H paClliHpeHHe ytIeHHqeCKOrO cnoBapH, Ha npaKTHlIecKoe
03HaKOMJIeHHe ,lI.eTeH C OCHODHbIMH JIeKCHlIecKHMH nOHHTHHMH. B I I I
K.Hacce npe,nycMaTpHBacTcH npoBe,nellHe JIeKCHlIeCKH x ynpa>KUeHU 1"1
B xo.ne H3YQeHUH Bcen nporp3MMbI. He06xo.lJ.HMOCTb npoBeeHHH paooThI
lIa)l. 3JIeMCHTaMH JIeKCHKH .nHKTyeTcH TaK>Ke TeM 06CTQHTeJIbCTBO:t
GTO B HOBbIe nporpaMMbl JlJlH IV H nOCJIe)l.YIOIlI.HX K.tlaCCOB BKJIlOtJeu
onpe,ne.neHHbIH 06'beM cBe,neHHH H3 JleKCHKH H yqHTeJIb .nOJImeH nO)1ro-
TOBHTb YtleHHKOB K HX YCBoeHHID.
Pa60Ta HaA J1eKCHKOH npoBoJl.HTCH CHCTeMaTHtlecKH H CBH3MBaeTCH
C H3yqaeMbIM rpaMMaTHKo-opcporpa<pHqeCKHM MaTepHaJIOf. Ee He CJIe-
yeT, KaK 91'0 Hepe.nKO 6bTBaeT B npaKTHKe WKOJ1bl, OTO)J.BHraTb H3 BTQ4
pOM nJlaH, HOO pa60Ta HaJJ. C!'tfbIC.FJOM CJIOB B 3HaqHTeJlbHOH Mepe co.neH.
CTBYeT 06eMY pa3BHTHIO yqeHHKOB, 60JIee rJIy60KoMY YCBoeHHIO rpaM"
MaTHQecKHX nOHHTHH H <PoPMHpOB3HHIO OCMbICJ1eHHbIX HaBblKOB npa..
BonHcaHHH. TaK, yqeHHKH qaCTO ,nonycKalOT oUJH6KH B HanHcaHHH
CJJOB nOTOf\iY, tITO He 3HalOT HX CMblCJIa, JIeKCHtIecKoro 3HaqeHHH, He
pacnOJIaralOT .nOCTaTOqHbIM 3anaCOM CJlOB .D.JIH nOJl60pa po,nCTBeHlIblX.
B I II I I KJIaCCaX (cOrJI8CHO nporpaMMHbIM Tpe60BaHHHM) YllaIItHeCR
nOJlytlHJIH nOHHTHe 0 TOM, qTO Ka>K.noe CJ10BO pYCCKoro B3blKa HMcel'
123


3HaqeHHe; OHM J1p3KTHQeCKH nOOHaKOMHJlHCb C MHOr03H3t1HbIMH C.nO-
BaMH, CHHOHHfaMH H HTOHHMaMH, Oe3 BBelleHHH TepMHHOB H He 3ay-
11MBaH HHK3KHX onpeJteJIeHHH. BIll KJl3CCe B HatlaJIe Y1.JeOHoro ro).ta
YtlHTeJIb O}KHBJIHeT nOJlYtleHHbIe paHee JleKCHQeeKHe npe,ncT3BJ1eHHH.
B ypOKH PYCCKoro H3bIKa B 3Taf nepHo,l( XOpOIIIO BKJIIOIlHTb Henpo-
,nO.n>KHTC\.rIbHble (Ha 5-7 MHHYT) OeceAbI 0 BbIpa3HTeJIbHOCTH H MeTKOC-
TH PyccKoro c.'10Ba, HcnOJlb3YH MSI 3TOro nOCJIOBHII.bI: [Jpasausoe
CJl080 - CUJla. C/108O ZOpbl caBuzaem. Xya020 CIl0811 U MeOoM He 3llnbeUlb.
flycl1l.bte cAo8a,1 ttmo opexu 6e3 RBpa.
C ueJlbIO yr.ny6HTb npe,ltCTaBJIeHHe YllaHxcH 0 MHOr03HaQHbiX C.'lD-
Bax npoBo,nHTCH pa3Hooopa3HbIe na6JnoJteHHH Ha,l{ HX 3H3tJeHHSlMH.
LlJISI \paoOTbI npHB.,1JeK3IOTCH CJlOBa, BXOMInHe B op$>rpacpHtlecKHH
MHllHl\1YM 11 BCTpetlalOrnHeCH B ynpa>KHeHHHX YQe6HHKa. npHBe-
,neM npHtepHbIH cnHCOK CJIOB, KOTopbIe MO}KHO HCnOJlb30B3Tb B
pa6OTe.
C y rn. e C T B H T e JI b H bI e: " Il ace - CBemAbIU (noMemeHHe),
OpgJICHblU (ytleHHKH), mpemuu (ro)); o6YQeHHH), 8b1.CIUUU (crenellb tlero-
JIHeo); a 0 p 02 a - npOCeJlOllflafl (nOJIoca 3eM,HH) , aa/lbHJlfl (nYTb);
I\, 0 A 0 K 0 Jl b II U K. - AeCH,OU (u.BeToK), 380H.KUU (npe,nMeT); p a -
6 0 m a - Kunum (npoI1-ecc), OnlJlUtlH.aR (pe3YJIbTaT); n 0 A 0 C a (CBe-
Ta, JlCCHaH); C At 0 P 0 a U H, a - tlepH.aJl (HrOJI-a), zycmafl (KYCTap-
HHK); " A 10 t(, - oeepnou (crep}KeH&), 6ac08blU (HOTHbIH 3HaK), me-
JleZpacpHblU (npHcnOCOMeHHe ,ltJIH nepe,nallH), 1(, tleMY-AU60 (TO, qTO CJIY-
>KHT ));JUI pa3ra.nKH); Il U H e a 1( a - npJl.M,QJl, (lIepra B TerpaH), ae-
pe8JlHHaJl (Ylle6HaH BeIII.b), /la2epHaJl (nOCTpoe"HHe).
r JI a r 0 JI hl: 6eJICum (fa.7JbQHK, pyqeH, BpeMSI); AenlUm (nTHu.a,
BpeMH, necHH); 20pJlm (poDa, JIaMnOllKH p rneKH, 3Be3,nbI); U2paen1
(8 npSlTKH, Ha 6aHHe, B KanJISIX pOCbI); peeem (Me,nBe));b, 6ypSl); cnunz
(peoeHoK, peKa); paa6U811mb (nocyJJ.Y, l1BeTHHK); seaem (,neBotJKY, Ma-
llIHIIY, YPOK).
n p H JI 3 r 3 T e JI b H bl e: 3OAomotl (.'lyq, ,nerCTBO, PYKH); 1Cpac-
HblU (cp.nar, eJlb KaJIen,n3pSf, BecH3); CBe"CUU (XJleo, ra3eT3, Boa, ory
peu); llezKUU (nopTcpeJIb, npHMep, BeTepOK); peaK.UU (JIee, c.nyqaii);
peSICu{l (,ABHLKeHHe, OTBeT).
, 3Ha t IeHHe C..'lOBa Ha,no peaJIH30BaTb JB KOHTCKCTe: CJIOBOCOqeTaHHH
HJ1H npe,AJIO}KeHHH. npHBe,l{e1 HecKOJIbKO KOlITeKCTOB H nOKa>KeM xa..
paKTep BonpOCOB K HUM.
]. 1\\op e, SI K Tcoe 6ery,
51 YLKe H3 6eperyl
51 6ezy K TBoeH BOJlHe,
A BOJlHa 6e:JICum KO Mlle.
(3 . \ 0 III K 0 B C K a SI.)
2. Mbl pa36U811eM oropo,n,
Y Hac HeMano C HHM XJIOnOT.
(C. M H X a n K 0 B.)
124
,
Bonpoc: npo Koro CKa3aHO
6ezy? (I1po Ma.lthqHKa HJIH ,l{eBOq-
KY.) A npo t1TO ew.e CKa3aHO
6eum? (npo BonHY.) 3aMeHHTe
));pyrHf" CJlOBOM. (BblCTpO KaTHTcSI.)
Bonpocbl: KaK no-,npyrOMY
Ha3BaTb TO, 'lTO ,neJI31OT pOOHTa?
(YcTpaHBaeM.) IITO MO>KIIO pa3-
6HBaTb?' (nocy.a.y, ne.a..)

3. BblllIJIH KHH}I{KH H3 60JIbijHnbI.
nOllHHHJIH HM crpaHHnbIt
nepenJIeTbl, 1WpeUlK.U,
HaJ1enHJIH H p.nbIKH.
(C. Map III a K.)
4. i\\bI >KHBCM H8 J\alle,
.D.eHb CTOHT 20pJlttUU.
npHCJIaJIa MHe TerH
nelIeHbH, KOH<PeT, B8pe>KKH,
III a pcp
VI 20pR'lUtl npHBeT.
YqaHeCH qHTaIOT H.nH cnHCbIBalOT TeKCTbI H Cp8BHHBalOT 3Ha'le-
HHH BbIe.l1eHHbIX CJIOB. B pa60Te XOpOlllO HCnOJIb30BaTb 3araJ{KH t B
KOTOpX cnpHTaHO HeCKOJIbKO 3HalleHHH OHoro cnona, HanpHMep 0
JIHHCHKe, 0 KJIlOlIe:
B l'eTpaH H Obl8alO
KocaH H npHMaH.
H_pyroM CBoeM 3H8qeHHH
51 - nJI8HKa .lI.JI5I qepqeHHH.
VI, n8KOHeu, nopoIO
B llIepeHry Bac nOCTpolO.
BonpocbI: KaK8S1 qaCTb KHH..
rH Ha3bIBaeTCH KbpetuOK? (rJI.e
CKJIeHBalOTCH J1HCTbI.) liTO em.e
Ha3b1B8eTCH KOpeUlOK" y qero OI-l
ObJBaeT? (Y paCTeHHH.)
Bonpoc: KaKoe H3 CJlOB nOAxoAHT
K nepBOMY npeJ1JIO>KeHHIO H K8Koe
KO BTOPOMY: {JICapKUU, nOAHblU
'lY8C/1l.8a?
51 B ,llBepH, H B 3aMKe.
51 H B HOTHOH CTpOKe.
51 Mory, eC",1H XOlIY,
Te.nerpaMMY nepearb
11 3araAKY p83ra,l{aTb.
Pa3raJ1aB 3ara,nKH, yqaHeCH ycraHoBHT, liTO CJlOBa AUflel11Cil H
1C.IUOtt HMelOT He OHO, 8 HeCKo.nbKO 3HaQeHHH.' YlIHTeJIb BbIHCHHeT; 'ITO
o6III.ero y Bcex npeJ1MerOB, Ha3bIBalOLnHXCH AUHeUKa (npHMH3Ha) H
K.IlI()tI. (TO, C nOMOlllblO qero OTKpbIBaIOT, pa3raAbIBalOT lITO-JIH6o).
B pa60Te C rJI8rOJIaIH H °npHJI8raTeJlbHbIMH HaHoo.lIee ueJIeCOoo-
pa3HO HCnOJIb30BaTb npHeM no60p8 COB CXOHoro H npOTHBOnOJIO-
!l0ro 3HalIeHHH. Ha OCKe H B TeTpa,nHX 38nHCbIBaeTCH HCCKOJIbKO npeJl-
JIO}l{eHHH C O,nHHf H TeM :>Ke CJIOBOM, COCTaBJIeHHbIX YllaHMHCH nOA py-
KOBOCTBOM YQHTeJlH: MaAb'lUK U2paem 8 ZOpoOKU. KOI1ZeHOK uepaJ!m
K.Ay6KJJM. D.e80tlKa U2paem 8aJlbC. COAfll{e U2paenl 8 KanAJlX aOaJl.
B cK06Kax ,Z{8IOTCH CJIOB8 CBepxaem, UCnOAHRem, sa6Cl8ARefnCJl. yqa..
rnHecH 3aMeHHIOT CJJOBO U2paem nOJlXO,Z{HHMH no Cl\1bICJIY CJIOBaMH H
u
TeM caMbIf nO,!\BO)JJITCH K pa3J1HlIeHHIO era 3HaqeHHU B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
KOHTeKCTa.
npH H3YQeHHH npHJIaraTe.'1bHbIX YlIHTeJ1b nOK83bIB8eT yqeHHKaM
MHOr03HallHOCTb 3TOH lIaCTH pellH: YtleHUK, peUlUA Ae2K,UU npu.Mep. Jle-
8O"lKa Hecem Ae21WU nopmcpeAb. l1.yem 1le2KUU oemep. B CKOOKax: nvz..
:JICeAblU mpYOHblU, CUllbHblU. Yqaw.HecH Ca1\{OCTOHTeJIbHO no.aOHpaIOT
UX K Ka}KO"'{Y npe,lJ.JIO>KeHHIO. AHaJIOrHlIHa51 pa6OT8 npOBOJlHTCJI C
npHJI8raTeJIbHbIfH CBeJICutl - epR3Hbl(J, (BOpOTHH1.IOK) , C8e3ICUa -
COAeHbll1 (orypeu),' c8eutl- ttepCmBblU (x.ne6), C8eJICafl - 8'l.epaulHllJl
(ra3eTa); C/laOKUU - 20pbKUU. (aneJ1bCHH), CAaOKUU - mpe803ICHbUi
(COH) H T. A.
125

YnpamHeHHH Ha MHOr03HaQHOCTb CJJOB MOrYT 6bITb TaKHIH:
1. CocTaBHTb CJJOBocotJeTaHHH CYll.\ecTBHTeJ1bHbIX C rrpHJlaraTlb"
HbIMH, rJIarOJlaMH Ii CYllI.ecTBHTeJIbHblfH. KOJIOKO&llb t IHK (K a K 0 if)?-
BeCeJIbIH, cepe6pHHbIH, CHHHM. PY1JKa (K a K a H?) - MaJJeHbKaH t
nJIaCTMaCCOBaH, nJIeTeHaH. H.ner (qCJIOBeK, nOe3.n, tJacbI). BbIfJIHHYJI
(MaJIbIlHK, UBerOK, COJIHUe). Kpafl (tJ e r o?) - cKaTepTH, ,l{epeBHH.
2. CocTaBHTb H pacnpOCTpaHHTb npe,l1JJOmeHHH.
Y nOpTHbJX HrJlbI (K a K He?)...
Y el.. Hr.l1bI (K a K He?) ...
Ha ]tepeD.. llIaTIKa (K a K a H?)...
Ha JJ,eBOqK.. luanl<a (K a K a H?)...
KOJIIOtfHe, se.neHwe
CTaJIbHLle, OCTpbIe
Ten.n a H , OeJ1aH
CHe)l{HaH, ,nYXOBaH
O,l1HOBpel\leHHO 3al{pen.fJ5IeTCH HaBbIK npaBOllHcaHHH naJ{e1KHbIX
u
OKOHtJa HH H CY1ll.eCTBIITeJlb HblX.
(K TO?) ... pHcyeT {tf TO?)... (H a tl eM?) ... .
(q TO?) ... PHCY (q TO?)... (H aIle f\1?) ... .
0603Ila l IHTb na)l.e>KH cymecTBHTeJIbHbIX.
3. 113{eH"Tb CJlOBa (yrJ1y6J1HeTCH nOIIHTHe 06 OHoKopeHHbIx CJIO-
Bax; 9TY paoOTY MO>KHO CBH3aTb C npOXO>K.neHHeM rJlar0J10B H npHJ1a-
raTeJlbHblX) .
BOH BblorH. BblOra (q T 0 A e J1 a e T?) .... PeB Motopa. Mo-
TOp (q TO ,l( e JI a e T?) .... CBHCT BeTpa. Berep.... CTOH OKeaHa.
OKeaH ... . BonpOCbI: KaKOBbI OObItJHbIe 3HaqeHHH rJlarOJJOB soem, cmo-
Hem, pe8em, CBucmum? lIeM CXOAHbI .nefICTBHH >KHBbIX H He>KHBbIX
CYInecTB?
BeTep KOJIeTCH. Berep (K a K OM?) ... . 5I6J10KO HaJlHBaerCH. 51oJIOKO
(K a K 0 e?) ... . HanHToK HrpaeT. HanHToK (K a K 0 H?) ... .
4. CatOCToHTe.,'1bHO ynOTpeOHTb CJlOBa B pa3Hblx 3HatJeHHHX.
YqeHHKaf npeJtJIaraerCH COCTaBHTb 6 npeJ1JIO}KeHHM C cYll.\eCTBH-
TeJIbHbIM ICAQCC, ynOTpe6HB ero BO Bcex nae)l{ax, npHtJeM OJ1Ha rpynna
COCTBJIHeT npe,l1JIOmeHHH 0 KJIaCCHOH KOMHaTe, pyraH - 0 rpynne Jl..
Ten. B pe3YJIbTaTe y yqeHHKOB .llOJl>KHbI nOJ1ytJlITbCH HeOO..rJbllIlIe CBH-
Hble paCCKa3b1 Ha onpe,lleJIeHHYIO Tel\fY. 3TOT BH.ll 3a.naHHH OqeHb no-
JIe3eH: OH CHHTe3HpyeT 3HaHHH H YMeHHSI ,lleTeH no rpaMMaTHKe, op
rpa$HH H JleKCHKe, pa3BHBaeT HX pellb.
IJ.eHTpaJIbHaH TeMa no rpaMMaTHKe BIll KJIaCCe - npaBonHcaHHe
HMeH cymecTBHTeJIbHblX. npH ee H3YQeHHH nOJIe3HO BKJ1IOQaTb B ypOKH
Ha6JIIO,lteHHH Ha)t ClbICJIOM H rpaMMaTHtJecKoH <t>OpMOH CJIOBa. YqaInHe-
CSI .llOJ1}KHbI y6e.llHTbCH, \lTO cpopMa CJ10Ba Hepe,llKO 3aBHCHT OT ero 3Ha-
1.JeHIIH. TaK, HarrpHMep, cymecTBHTeJ1bHble cnymHUI(, CIIOH, CBUHKll,
080pHU1( KAaCC, 8bIOH, exuK, epw, 3BeaiJa MorYT 0603HaQaTb o,AYIlleBJleH-
Hble H Heo.llyweBJIeHHble npe.z1MeTbI. Y tlHTeJlb nHllleT 3TH CJ10Ba Ha .llOCKe
H .n.aeT SanaHHe: 3arrHcaTb B 3aBHCHfOCTH OT 3HaQeHHH B OJ1HH CTOJI6HK
O.l1yweBJIellHble CYInecTBHTeJIbHble (K TO?), B .npyroH - HeoAYllleB-
JleHHble (q TO?). ¥qaInHeCH sanHWYT 3TH CYlI{ecTBHTeJIbHbIe B 06a
126

CTOJI6HKa, TaK KaK cnymHuK (lIeJ10neK) - OllymeBJIeHHOe, a cnymHulc
(3eMJIH) - HeO;!yweBJIeHHoe. ,
npH H3Y1leHHH lIHCJIa HMeH cym.ecTBHTeJIbHbIX nOJIe3HO oopaTHTb
BHHMaHHe Yllam.HXCH H8 TOT <lJaKT, lITO pH.D- CYIUeCTBHTeJIbHbIX MO>KeT
HMeTb IIJlH TOJIbKO e;!HHCTBeHHoe, HJIH TOJIbKO MHO>KeCTBeHHoe tlHCJIO,
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, 8 KaKOM 3HaqeHHH OHH ynoTpe6JIHIOTCH. 31'0
MO>KHO npOH36J1101laTb. Ha CJIe.nYlOIIJ:HX npHMepax: MeCJU{ (8 He6e-
TOJIbKO e;!. 'I.), MeCRl{ (K3JIeH,LtapHbIH - e,l\. H MH. 11.); neCOK (CbInyqaH
nO'llBa - e.n. H MH. 'I.), neeo/(, (C3xap - TO.nbKO ell. 11.); MOpe (80,AOeM-
e. H MH. 11.), Mope (MHoro JIlO,neH - TOJIbKO e.l1. 11.); nOlle (3eMeJIbHOe-
e,n. H MH. 11.), no/lJl. (KpaH IllJIHnbl H B TeTpallH - TOJIbKO MH. 'I.);
CMopoiJuHa (TOJIbKO e,n. 11. 8 OOOHX 3HatleHHHX); pfl6uHa (,l\epeno-
e,n.H {H. 11.), pR6UHa (nJIoJJ. - TOJIbKO e,n. 'I.); 3eMAR (nJiaHeTa - TOJlbKO
e,l\. q;), 3eM.Ml (nOIlBa - e,n. H MH. tI.); xAe6 (3JIaK - e.l1. 11. H MH. 11.),
XIle6 (3epHO H nHIIJ:3 - TOJIbKO e,l\. q.).
Y tlHTeJIb nHllIeT Ha OCKe HeCKOJIb}(O npe,nJIO>KeHHH H ,naeT 33,LtaHHe:
nOCTaBHTb, rlle 31'0 B03MO>KHO, BbIeJleHHbIe CYll1.ecTBHTeJlbHbIe 80 MHO-
1KeCTBeHHOM QHCJIe.
I) Haqa.naCb YOOPK3 xJZe6a KOM63HHaMH. B Mara3HH npHBe3.FIH MHcr
ro xAe6a. 2) MecJll{ 033pHJI OKpecTHoCTb. DhlCTpO npOllleJI .MeCfllf. 3) B
MOpe BOllHTCR MHoro pbl6bl. Ha KpacHoH n.nOIlI.3JlH MOpe .n1OJJ.eu.
4) B C3.ny pacTeT Ky.npHBaH pR6uHa. JIOJIOKO c.naJlKoe, 3 pJl6UHa ropbK3H.
3TH 33JJ.aHHH BbI3b1BaIOT JKHBOM HHTepee YlleHHKOB H yrJIYOJIHIOT HX
3H3HHH 0 cyw-ecTBHTe.'1bHOM.
Pa60TY H3,l\ pa3HblMH 3Ha t leHHHMH CJIOB nOJIe3HO npOBOHTb npH
c}JOpMHpOBaHHH H3BbIKa npaBonHcaHHH 6e3YJJ.3pHbIX rJIaCHbIX 8 KOpHSlX
C.nOB. YqaInHecH Hepe.nKO 33TPYJJ.HHlOTCH B nooope npOBepOIlHbIX CJ10B,
eCJlH npOBepHeMoe CJIOBO BblCTynaer 8 nepeHOCHOM 3HalleHHH. TaK,
rJI3rOJI 8O/lHyemCll (qeJIOBeK) HM TPYJlHO COOTHeCTH co CJlOBOM 801lH.b1,
TaK KaK B 3TOM CMbICJIe rJIarOJl HenocpellCTBeHHO He CBH33H e BOJIHaMH,
B c.nOBe KopeWOK (KHHrH) He MorYT npOBepHTb e H 0, TaK K3K He YJIaB-
JlHBalOT CMbICJIOBOH 6J1H3OCTH Me>K,l\Y npOBepHeMblM IWpetUoK H npOBe-
p01JHbIMH KOpeHb H KOpeHbR. Y1JHTeJlb npH BCTpe1le C nOJ\06HbIMH CJIY-
Q3S1MH 06p3mae-r BHHMaHHe J\eTeH H3 TO, liTO 9TO p33HbIe 3Ha1leHHH O.l1-
Hora CJIODa " liTO npOBepHeTCH 6e3Y,l\apH3H r.naCHaH y HHX O;J.HHaK080.
]\O)l\Ha peKOMeHAOBaT TaKYlO 33nHCb CJIOBOCoqeTaUHH:
BOJIHyercH (Mope)
BOJIHyeTcH (qeJIOBeK»BOJI,HbI
aaJIHB3eT (K8TOK)
3aJlHBaer (JlyqaMH) > JlHTb
YIIHTb npaBonHcaHHIO CJIOB, ynOTpeOJIeHHblX B nepeHOCHOM 3H81Je-
HUH, HeoOXOJlHMO: 3TH CJIOBa nOHaJJ.06HTcH YlleHHKaM, KOrJla OHH 6YAy-r
nHcaTh COqHHeHHH; B npOTHBHoM CJ1Yll3e t 3aTpYJlHHHCb 8 HX HanHcaHHH,
ytleHHKH H36er31OT nOJIb30B3TbCH 9THMH CJIOBaMH, OTtlero nHCbMeHHble
pa60TbI nOJJYllaIOTC 6eAHbIMH no H3bIKY.
127

B nporpaMMe III KJIaCCa ocoooe MeCTO OTDO.l!HTCH pa50Te co CJIOBa-
MH, 6JIH3KHMH no 3HaQeHHlO (CHHoHHMa1H), 860 MJIa)tUlHe II1KOJIbllHKH
,nonycK8lOT 'HeTOtIHOCTH B ynOTpe6JIeHHH CJIOB. Yllpa}KHeHHH B BbI60pe
TOqHOro CJIOBa, YCTpaHeHHH OJtHooopa3Horo I10BTOpeHHH c.nOB CBH3bI-
B810TCH C H3yqaeMbIMH TeMaMH.
npHBO,AHf\f npHMepbI CHHOHHMHtIeCKHX pHOB, KOTopble MO>KHO HC-
.
nORb30BaTb Ha ypoKax rpaMMaTHKH H npaBonHc8HHH.
C Y I..U e C T B H T e JI b H bI e: pO.l!HHa, OTeqeCTBO, OT1IH3Ha; TpYA,
pa60Ta; 60eu, BOHH, COJI,naT; ,nopora, nYTb, TponHHKa, cTemKa, )l.0P0}K-
Ka; 1IaInB, r.'1ymb; MereJIb, 6ypaH, BlOra; npOXJIBJ{a, CBe>KeCTb, xo-
JIO)l.OK; 3a6aBa, norexa; mapa, 3HOH, neKJIO; ,neT, pe6HTa, ,nerBopa.
r JI a r 0 JI bI: 6pocaTb, KHJtaTb, llIBbIpHTb; 6alOKaTb, KallaTb; XJlo-
naTb, 6HTb B JIallOllIH; 6JIeCTeTb, CBepKaTb, HCKpHTbCH, CBeTHTbCH; BbI-
3AOpOBeTb, nonpaBHTbCH; KpaCHeTb, aJIeTb, P)l.eTb, PYMHHHTbCH; Mep3-
HYTb, 3H6HYTb, porHYTb; nooe,nHTb, O,nOJIeTb, pa36HTb, OCHJIHTb; npR-
fJIamaTb, I1pOCHTb, 3BaTb; CMeHThCH, XOXOTaTb, XHXHKaTb; WaJIHTb,
6anoBaTbcH, 030pHHQaTb, npOKa3HHQaTb; rOBopHTb, oece,AOBaTb, TOJl-
KOBaTb, 60nTaTb, MOADHTb, pa3fOBapHBaTb.
n p H JI a raT e JI b H bI e: pOOKHH, HecMeJlbIH, Tpyc.nHBbIH, 60H3-
JlHBLIH; CMelllHOH, nOTCIIIHbIH, 3aoaBHblH; YMHbIH, TOJlKOBbIH, CMeTAH-
BhlH; naCl\ofYPHbIH,' MOKpbIH, BJIa>KHblH, CbIpOH; a.'1bIH, Kp8CHblH:, PY-
MSlHblH; 60JIbmO", rpOMaJtHbIH, orpOMHbIH; ,npeMYIIHA, qaCTbIH, rycToii,
rJlYXOH; 6JIH3KHA, 6JIH}I{HHH, coce,AHHH.
Hap e q H H: 6JIH3KO, pHllOM, ne,AaJIeKO; BeeMO, PaJlOCTHO; TH-
XO, cnoKoHHo; OblCTpO, CKOpO, npOBopHO; rOpHqO, >KapKO, 3HOHHO.
C 9THMH. pH,AaMH .CJIOB MO)KHO npOBO.ll.HTb 'taKHe ynpa>KHeHHH.
1. OTbIcKIIBaTb nBpbI CJIOB, 6JIH3KHX no 3HaqelfHIO. Ha ,nOCKe Bnepe-
MKY 3anHCblBalOTCH CJIOBa, YtIalltHeCH BblnHCbIBalOT HX napaMH: 3a-
6asa, nonrexa,' aAcpa8um, a36y/W. H T.)t. B YCTHOH 6ece,Ae Y1IaInHecH
YCTaHaBJJHBaIOT o6mee H OTJIHtIHTeJIbHOe B 3HaQeHHHX CJIOB.
2. CocTaB..'IHTb npe.ll-JIOJKeHHH co CJlOBaMH CHHOHHMHtlecKoro pHAa.
Ha JlOCKe 3anHChlBaeTCH O,AHH H3 TaKHX pH,AOB, YCTaHaBl\HB8eTCH 3Ha-
qeHHe Ka>KAoro CJIOBa, rrpHJtYMbIBalOTCSI H 3anHCbIBalOTCH hpeAJIO>KeIlHH
C Kam.ll-bIf\i H3 CJJOB: AOUlaaICa n/lememcJl; 'leAOBeK, udenz; KOHb 6e3ICum;
CaHU Aetnflm cmpeAOit. noesa M,"lUmCfl.
nonYTHO MO}KIlO ):taBaTb rpaMMaTH1IeCKHe 3a,AaHHH. HanpHlVlep,
0003Ha1lHTb CKAOHeHHe cyecTBHTeJIbHbIX: meMHoma, MPJ meMeHb;
'I.aU¥l, ZAYUlb; ZPY3, nOK,./zaJICa, K/ladb. I1JIH: CKa3aTb B eJ{HllCTBeHHOM tlHC-
ne: aemu, pe6Rma, 8en11Jopa, MaAblUlU.
3. CoeJtHHHTb c.TJOBa Ka>K)toro pH,Aa C pyrHMH CJIOBaMH (cocTaBne-
HHe COtleTaHHii). 3TH ynpamHeHHH n03BOJlHIOT yqeUHKaM YCTaHOBHTb
OTTeHKH B 3HatIeHHHX CJlOB H YtIaT npaBHJIbHO rrOJIb30BaTbCH CJIOBOM:
(ympeHHuil, npUJlmHblU) - npOXJlaa, CBe>KecTb; (l(pacHbIil, PYMR-
HblU) - mJJIOKO, nHpO>KOK; (npOttHbltl, msepablll, ICpenICut1) - CJIOBO,
MHP, ,nPY>K6a.
4. COCTaBJISITb CHHOHHMHtleCKHe pHJtbl (no,n60p 3-4 CJI0B CXQlJ.HO"
ro 3HaQeHHH). 3TOT BH,lJ. ynpa>KHeHHH npoBo,lJ.HTCH KOJlJIeKTHBHO. Y4.U-
128

TeJ1b AaeT OCHOBHoe CJIOBO, a ytiaInHecH Ha3b1BaIOT H 3anH-CblB31OT CJIOBa-
CHHOHHMbl c pa3.,'1HlIHbIMH OTTeHKaMH 3HaqeHHH: MOp03 (K a K 0 if?)
CUJlbHblU (IIJOtnblU, mpecICytlUU, ICpenKutl); nozoija (K a K a H?) HeHaCmHaJl
(dOOlCaAU8OJl, naCMypHaJl, 06AatlHaJl); 88e:iJbl (q T 0 .n e JI a 10 T?) 6Aec-
nlmn (C8epKalOm, cumom, zopRm, c£JemRm); 6yw.yem (q TO?) 8blO2a
(Mef11eAb, nypza).
B pa60Te C CHHOHHl\iaMH M01KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb laTepHaJl H3 KHHr
AnH TeHHH H COnOCTaBnHTb ynoTpeORcHHMe B HHX cnOB3, 6nH3KHe
no 3HalJeUHIO.
I) CoBeTCKaH Om'l,U3Ha, po,nHa51 Halla MaTb. KaKHM BblCOKHM CJIO-
BOM"MHe rroABHf TBOH Ha3BaTb? no JleHHHCKHM rrJIaH8M OTLlbI c03aBa..'1H
Ometf£CnZ80 Hallie ,ltR5I Hac. H AJIH Te6H, H NUl MeH5I OH (CClJl,ltaT) CeJIaJl
Bce, qTO Mor. COOH B 6010 He nO}l{aJIeR, 8 PoiJUHY c6eper. 2) 3eMJJlO CO.'1H-
ue KpacHT, a qe.nOBeKa mpya. He crreUlH 513bIKOM - TOponHcb {JeAoM.
Pa60nza ropbKa, ,na xJle6 CJla,nOK.
nOJIe3HbI yrrpa>KHeHHH B BbI60pe HaHooRee TOqHOrO CJJOBa. L!JI5I 9To-
ra yqHTe.Hb 3anHCbIB8eT Ha )(OCKe npe){JIO)KeHH5I C nponYI..U.eHHbIMH CJ10-
BaMH, a yqeHHKH nOJ{6Hpa1OT HY)KHOe CJlOBO H 060CHoBbIBalOT CBOH BbI-
Gap. nonYTHo MO}KHO aBaTb rpaMMaTHqeCKOe HJIH oprpacpHqeCKOe
3a,naHHe: no,nqepKHYTb npHcraBKH, 0603HaqHTb rraJ{e>K cyw.ecTB HTeJIb-
HbIX, no,nllepKHYTb OKOHqaHHH rrpHnaraTeJIbHbIx.
1) COBeTCKHH Hapo)t oopercH 3a ... fHp. ,l1eTH Bcex crpall C513allbl
... )tPY/K6oH (npO'lHblU, nzsepablu, KpenKuu). 2) YqellHK pewaR ...
3a)taqy. CTa pYl1JKa lIeCJ1a ... CYMKY (f1lJl:JICeAYIO, mpyaHglO )'. 3) YTpeH"7
IIHM noe3)t ... Ha CTaHUHIO B njlTb qaCOB. C HHM ... HaUIa oa6YllIKa
(npuxoiJum, npue3:JICaem, npu6Au",aemcJl). 4) B JIecy ... THXHH lllOpOX.
B KopH)tope '.' 3BOHOK (npo38Y'lall, paaiJaJlCJl, nOCAblUlaACR). 5) OT xo-
JIo,nHoro Berpa MaRbqHK BeCb .... Hall npYA ... (npoapoe, 03R6, 3l/,-
Mep3). 6) CHer ... rycTblMH x.nonbHMH. JIerKHH CHe>KOK ... B B03,Z{yxe
(8UACR, weA, 8a/lUA, naiJaIl).
HcnpaBReHHe npeMO)KeHHH - TaK>Ke nOJ1e3HbIH BH.zt ynpa>KHeHHH
B Bbl60pe T01JHOrO CROBa. YqHTeJ1b BbI6HpaeT H3 rrHCbMeHIIbIX pa60T
(H3RomeHHH H C01JHHeHHH) CBOHX yqeHHKOB 0lllH6oQHble cRyqaH yno..
TpeOReHHfl CROBa, nHlleT 9TH npe)I.JIO>KeHH5I Ha )tOCKe, 'rro,nqepKHBaeT
OlllH6KY H AaeT 3a.ztaHHe: sarwleHHTb CJIOBO 6o.nee nO,l{xo,nHInHM rro
CMbICJIY.
1) CepeHbKa51 6e.nKa C08eptuUIlll JIerKHH rrpbDKOK. 2) BerKa opern-
HHKa omnpbl2HYAll B CTOPOHY. 3) Mama 3a6peJ1a B apeMytlglO q8InY.
4) 3aHlJ. YCKOAb3HYA OT JIHChI. 5) ,QeTH nOAOU/lU nTHtJKY B KJIeTKY.
6) 113 BO)tbl TOptI8JIH BepUlUHbl KYCTOB. 7) ,l1eBO'IKa eJ1a arreJIbCHHOBble
AO.M.nl UKU.
DpOl'paMMOH npe)tycfOTpeHhI ynpa}KHeHHH, HanpaBReHHhIe Ha
ycrpaHeHHe qaCTOH peQeBOH OllH6KH - nOBTOpeHHH O)tHoro H Toro me
CJlOBa B CBH3HOH petJH. 3TH OlIIH6KH H3JKHBalOTCH MeMeHHo, n09TOMY
yqHTeRb ,nOR>KeH nOCTOHHHO pa60TaTb Ha)t HUMM. IIaIne Bcero no-
BTOp5llOI.1UIMHCSI CJIOBaMH ObtBaIOT r JIarOJIbl rOBopeHHH H J{BH>KeHHSI (CKlJ,-
8ll.Il, 2080pum; nOtu.e/l" noexa/l.) J MecToHMeHHH (OH J OHa, Mbl), rrpHJJa-
5 3aKa3 694.
129

f8TeJIbHble (60AbUlOU, XOpOtUUu, .MaAeHbKUU). nOJIe3HO npe;JJ1 araTb
YQeHHK3M 38)laHHSI H8 np3BKY TeKCT3. YqaIllHecH 1JHT3IOT COOCTBeH-
HblH TeKCT (H3JIO>KeHHe, COllHHeHHe) HJIH CJIywalOT YCTHbIH paCCKa3
TOB3pHIn3, OTbICKHBaSi H nOJtMe1l3H HeOnp3BA3HHoe nOBTOpeHHe O,l1HOrO
H TOrO 1Ke CJIOBa, H npOH3BOJtSlT CHHOHHMHtleCKYIO 33MeHY.
npOrpaf\fM3 OpHeHTHpyer YlIHTeJIH Ha paOOTY co CJlOBaMH npOTH-
BOnOJIO)KHOrO 3H311eHHSI (3HTOHHMaMH). C 9TOA UeJIblO MOJKHO peKOMeH"
J].OBaTb npOBOJtHTb ynpaJKHeHHH H3 noJtoop, 33MeHY CJIOB 3TOrO THna.
Y3HaBaHHe npe){MeTOB no npOTHBonO.'lO)KHbIM npH3HaKaM.
. .. MeJlKHii, a ... r JlYOOKaSl; ... MHrKHH, a ... TBepAbIH; ... UlH-
pOKaH, a... Y3K3S1 (aopoa, mponUHKa, peKa, pytteu J XIle6, cyxapb).
TIOJtOOp aHTOHHMOB C npHCT3BKaMH (TeM3 «Cocr3n CJlOBa»).
npHKJIeHTb - OTKJleHTb; BoilTH - BbIHTH; BJIeTeTb - BbIJleTeTb.
BCTaBKa 3HTOHHMOB B npe)(JIO)l{eHHjI (TeMa «3 HaKOMCTBO C napellHeM»).
H3 C3HKax KaT310TCSI (K 0 r ,l1 3?). .. , 3 H3 K311eJIHX KallalOTCSI ... .
Tp3MBaH 06XO)(H (r A e?) ..., a TpOJIJIeH6yc ... . OpeJI JIeT3eT (K a K?)
. . ., 3 BOp 06eH ... .
OrbIcKHBaHHe CJIOB C npoTHBOnOJIO}KHbIM 3HaqeHHeM B no-
CJIOBHQax.
PO,l1HaSi CTOpOH3 - MaTb, qY>KaSi - Ma t leX3. CMeJlblH TaM HaHJ{eT,
r,ne pOOKHH nOTepHeT. B rJIa33 He XBaJIH, 3 3a fJIa33 He KOPI-L Cbl-
TblH rOJlOJtHoro He pa3YMeeT. 3a M3JIbIM norOHHlllbCSI, OOJIbIIlOe no-
TepSlelllb.
H3pSlJtY C p30OTOH HaJt 3HaqeHHeM cnOBa Heo6xoJtHMO npaKTHKcr
BaTb yrrpa}l{HeHHSI Ha CJIOBoynOTpeOJIeHlfe, -HanpaBJIeHHbJe Ha npeJty-
npe>K)teHHe H HCrrp3BJIeHHe peqeBblX HeOqeTOB. T3K, npH H3YlleHHH MHO-
)KeCTBeHHoro lIHCJI3 CYll{ecTBHTeJIbHbIX HymHo OOp3THTb BHHM3HHe
°'rpeTbeKJIaCCHHKOB H3 pOHTeJIbHblii naJteJK CJIOB: HOC1W8, nAamK08 (HO
'lYAOK), ZpaMMfJ8, nOMUaOp08 - H npe,ltJlO>KHTb HM noynpa}KHHTbCH (YCT-
HO) B ynoTpe6JIeHHH 9TOH rpaMftf3THlIeCKoA <J>oPMbl. CnOB3 BCT3BJISIIOT-
CH B npe,ltJIOeHHe HJIH KopOTeHbKHH CBjl3HbIH paCCKa3 (<<B M3ra3HHe»,
«Ha o333pe»).
npH H3YQeHHH na)(e>KHbIX CPOp1 eJtHHCTBeHHoro lIHCJI3 cyrnecTBH-
TeJ1bHbIX MOLKHO npe,ltJlO)KHTb yqall{HMCSI 33aHHe Ha npaBHJIbHOe ynOT-
pOOJIeHHC npeJtJlOrOB U3 H c: f/ uiJy (U3, c) lUKOAbl. MaMa npUUlAa
( U3, c) fjJa6puICu.
PaooT3H C fJIarOJI3MH, HY>KHO JtaBaTb ,AeTHM ynp3}1{HCHHH 113 ynoT-
peo..TJeHHe CJIOB xommn - xottem H 6ezy - 6e3ICum - 6e'ICUJ,f KaK B
YCTHOH, TaK H B nHCbMeHHOH peqH.
HTaK, TeM3 «CnOBO» , HaQaT3S1 B I Knacce, npoJ{oJI:>KaeT H3YllaTbCSI
BIll. H3yqeHHe CJIOB3 He06xoJtHMO npoBoJtHTb B eAHHcTBe ero rp3M-
MaTHtJeCKoro H JIeKcHlIecKoro 3HalleHHit HMeHHo rro3TOMY Ha,no BKJIIO-
lIaTb B ypOKH pa3Hooop33Hble JIeKcHllecKHe ynpamHeHHjI. 3T0 AaeT
YQeHHK3M GOJIee nOJIHoe rrpeJtcTaBJleHHe 0 Sl3b1Ke.
130

M8yeHH8 paSAena
, «npeanO)K8HM8»
BIll KJlaCCe, K3K H B ,ApyrHx KJIaCCaX, O,AHHM H3 Ba>KUeHUIHX pa3-
AMOB nporpaMMbl HBJUlerCH pa3AM «npe,nJ101KeHHe». OporpaMMoH on-
pe)J.eJIeH TOT Kpyr 3H3HHH, KOTOpblA JlOJIJKHbI YCBOHTb yqarnHecSi I I I
Knacca.
rIa H3ytleHHe pa3,AeJla «npe.nJIO>KeHHe» nporpaMMoH OTBO.ll.HTCSI 20
qaCOB. 31'0 BpeMH nOH,neT Ha npoXO}l<-neHHe HOBoro MaTepH3Jla, KOTo-
pblH B OCHOBHOM ,AaeTCSI B IV lIeTBepTH. Ho npe}K,lI-e qeM nepeHTH K H3Y-
tIeHHIO CJIO>KHOrO npe,ltJ10>KeHHH t yqarnHecH OJDKHbl XopOWO YCBOHTb
CTPYKTYPY npocToro npe,nJlO>KeHHH. A H3yqeHHIO TeMbl, XOTH H OTHOCSI-
meMcS1 K npOCTOMY npe,nnO}KeHHIO, HO COBceM HOBOH - «I1peMOJKeHHC
C O,nHOpO,nHblMH qJIeHaMH» - onHTb-TaKH ,nOJI>KH3 npe.nwecTBoBaTb OOJlb-
waH paoOT3 no nOBTopeHHIO H 3aKpenJleHHIO npoH,neHHoro M3TepHaJla
o nocTpoeHHH npOCToro npe.zJ.JIO)KeHHH, 0 fJlaBHblX H BTopOCTeneHHblX
IIJ1eHax.
TaKHM OtSp330M, KaK B I H II KJIaCCaX, T3K H BIll KJlaCCe OCHOB-
Hoe BHHMaHHe B TeqeHHe ro,lta y,neJIHeTCH YCBoeHHIO CHHTaKCHC3 npoc-
Toro npe,nJIO}KeHHS1. B caMOM HaqaJIe I qeTBepTH Ha nOBTopeHHe npoti-
lleHHoro 0 npe,ltJIO}KeHHH cJle)1.YeT OTBeCTH 2 qaC3, a nOTOM npoBoJJ.HTb
9TY pa60TY no B03MO>KHOCTH Ha Ka>K)1.0M ypoKe n TeqeIlHC Bcero ro,na.
TOJlbKO npH TaKOM YCJIOBHH yqarnHecH Haqa.'IbHbIX KJI3CCOB cMorYT
YCBOHTb cTpoeHHe npocToro npe,nJlO)l{eHHH, qTO, HeCOMHeHHO, CK3}KCTCH
113 YCBoeHHH CHHTaKCHca CJJO}l{HOrO npc,ltJIOJKCHHSI B I I I H IV KJlaCcax.
OcraBwHecH 18 qaCOB MO>KHO paCnpe,AeJlHTb CJIe,lJ.YIOID.HM 06pa30M:
H8 HsyqeHHe O,ltHOpO,nHbIX IJJleHOB npe)J.JIOJKeHHH -6 qaCon; H3 H3yqeHHe
CJIO>KHOrO npe,n.nO>KeHHH - 6 qaCOB; H3 H3YlIeHHe npHMoH pellH H 06-
pameHHH - 6 lIaCOB. KpoMe Toro, npH nOBTopeHHH npoH,ncHHoro Ma-
TepHaJl3 B KOHII-e roa HY>KHO Y,l{eJIHTb BHHMaHHe H npe,nJIO)KeHHIO.
YQe6HHK PYCCKoro H3b1Ka J{JIH I I I KJlaCCa HaqH-
nO.TopeHHe npoA- HaeTCH C nOBTopeHHSI cBe,AeHHH 0 npeJ{JIO)KeHHH.
AeHHorc:.ce:HHnpe.qno- nepBble ynpaJKHeIlHH ,nalOT B03MO>KHOCTb npOBe-
pHTb 3H3HHSI YllaInHXCH 0 BH,ltaX npe.llJlO}KeHHSI
no HIIToHau.HH, HanOMHHTb JleTHl'i1 0 3HaK3X npenHHaHHSI B KOHue npeJl-..
JIO)KCHHM H noynpaJKHHTbCSI B npaBHJIbHOM qTeHHH npe,nJlO}KCHHH pa3-
J1HlIHOrO THna. YlIaInHeCH ,nOJDKHbl ynpaJKHHTbCH B npaBH.HbHOM lITe-
HHH He TOJIbKO BonpOCHTe.nbHbIX H BOCKJIHuaTeJIbHblX npe)J.JIO)KeHHH,
HO H nOBecTBOBaTeJIbHblX, H3 lITO 3aQaCTYIO yqHTeJIS1 06paIUalOT 01leHb
MaJIO BHHMaHHH.
Bo I I KJI3CCe B HeKoTopblX ynpIDKHeHHSlx rOBOpHJIOCb 0 TOM, liTO
B BOCKJlHu.aTeJIbHbIX npeAJIO}l{eHHHX Bblpa)KaeTCH qYBCTBO pa.ll.OCTH,
t BOCXHrneHHH, rop,l{OCTH, B HHX TaK>Ke MO)KeT 3ByqaTb npHBeTCTBHe,
)]pH3bIB.BblJIO ObI nOJIe3HO )J.JISI JIYllmero nOHHMHHHH 3HallCHHH BOCKJlH-
u u
1.13TeJIbHblX npe,lVIOJKeHHH, HHTOHanHH, C KOTOpOH HymHo HX qHTaTb t
HanOMHHTb YllaInHMCH 00 3TOM. HanpHMep, B npe,ll.JlO)KeHHH Bom K,QKilR,
OHa} HaUUl MocKBal BOllbwanl Kpacll8aJlI BbIpa)l{aeTCH qYBCTBO r 0 p-
5-
131

A 0 C T H 3a HalllY CTOJIHUY; B npe,ltJIOiKeHHH J/J06ume U 6epeeume npu-
poiJy! 3BYQHT n p H 3 bI B; B npe,lJ.JIO}KeHHH Kale C8e:JIC U np03pa'li!H 803-
iJyx! - B 0 C X H W. e H H e; B npe,lVIOJKeHHH Kax 8ee aaCeep1«lAO
6OKpye! - Y A H B JI e H H e.
B AOnOJIHeHHe K .naHHbIM B Ytle6HHKe ynpa>KHeHHHM MO}KHO npe-
JlO>KliTb CJleAYIOIUHe.
YlIHTeJlb ):(HKTYeT TPH npe,ltJIO>KeHHH, pa3JIHlIHblX no HHTOHanH",
HO COCTOHIII.HX H3 OHHX H Tex >Ke CJIOB: 380HOK np038eHeA. 380HOIC npo-
3BeHeA? 380HOK, np038eHeA!, a YllalUHecH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HHToHanHH,
C KOTOpOH YtlHTeJlb npOH3Hec 9TH npeJ10>KeHHH, J!.OJ!}I{Hbl nOCTaBHTb
TOllKY, BonpOCHTeJIbHblH Ii BOCKJIHU8TeJIbHblH 3HaKH.
MO>KHO H3MeHHTb 3H8KH B HanHC8HHOM Ha ,ltocKe npe,ltJlO>KeHHH H
1JHT3Tb ero C HY}KHOH HHTOHaUHeH: rpattU npuAemeAu. rpa"lU npUAeme-
AU? rpal.lu npUAemeAU!
TaKHe ynpa>KHeHHH HY>KHO npOBO,ll.HTb B TeqeUHe Bcero ro,lta H npH
nODTopeHHH npOH,neHHoro 3a ro,lt.
npH lITeHHH npe,llJlO)KeHHH, oc06eHHo BonpOCHTeJIbHblX, HY>KHO 06...
paTHTb BHHM8HHe yqaLUHXCH Ha TO, liTO MbI BbI,neJIHeM rOJIOCOM H8H6oJIee
Ba}f{HLle no CMbICJlY CJlOBa, If nOKa3aTb HM, KaK MeHHeTCH CMbICJ1 npe,n-
JIOiKeHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MecTa JlOrHlIecKoro YJt8peHHH. TaK, YtJ3-
1.I\HMCH MO>KHO npe)J.JIO>KHTb T8Koe 33,naHHe: npOIlHTaTb BonpOCHTeJlbHOe
npe,ll.J10>KeHHe llJlCO/lbHUICU caa/lU y UIXOAbl q,PY1CmOBble iJepe8bR?,
CTaBH JlOrHtlecKoe YAapeHHe TaKH1 oopa30M, QTOObl nOJIyqHBWHHCH
Bonpoc COOTBeTCTBOBaJl ,naHHOMY B cKotSKax OTBeTY. HanpHMep:
mKO.Jl,bHUK" ca"'a/lU y tU1«JAbl l/JPYI(11108b1£ _aepe8bR? (Ha, WKOJlb-
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138

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139

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140

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TeKCT8, BocnpHHSlToro 3pHTMbHO If Ha CJIYx, npHqeM nepBbIH BHA
(3pHTeJlbHoe BOCnplfHTIfe) AOn>KeH npe.nwecTBoBaTb BTOPOMY (BocnpHSI-
THIO H8 CJIyx). MeTo.ltIiKa rrpoBe,lJ.eHHSI YK83aHHblx BH,llOB 38HHTHH Mano
qeM OTJIHtlae'tcSl. COCT8BJIeHHe nn8H8 - 3TO pa60Ta BcnOMOr8TeJ1bHO-
ro xap8KTepa. OHa nOCTO.HHHO OblBaeT CBH38H8 C ApyrHMH pa6oT8MIf:
C nepeKa30M npOqHT8HHOro, C H3JIO}KeHHeM, C BbIpa>KeHHeM CBOHX
MblCJ1eH. npH CHCTeMaTHlIecKoH, npaBHJlbHO nOCTaBJleHHOH: pa60Te Ha,A
nJI8HOM nOCJIe,llHHH CT8HOBHTCH B rJIa38X ytlaIIJ.HXCH He06xo,AHMblM
cpe)J.CTBOM, 06J1erqalOHM yMeHHe nOCJIeJ{OB8TeJ1bHO If CBH3HO HMa-
r8Tb CBOH Mblc.nH B YCTHOH H nHCbMeHHOH <PoPMe. .
npH 06YQeHHH H 3 JI 0 }K e H H 10 Ba>KHbIM SlB-
O&yqeHHe N3noHCe- JIHeTCH Bon p oc 0 TOM KaKHM AOJI>KeH 6bITb TeKCT
HHIO '
)J.JISI H3JI01KeHHSI. OTBeT MO>KeT 6b1Tb npHMepHO
TaKHM >Ke, KaK H Ha nOCTaBJIeHHbIH BbIllIe Bonpoc 0 Bb160pe
TeKCT8 AJIH ynpa}KHeHHH B COCTaBJleHHH IlJlaH8. llIKOJlbH8H npaKTHKa
141

nO,ltCKa3bIBaer, qro B Ua1laJIbHbIX Knaccax HaH60JIee Y.llatiHO npOXO,lU1T
H3JIO}KeHHe ClO}I{eTHOrO paCCKa3a (nOBeCTBOBaHHR). PaCCKa3 He MO>KeT
6b1Tb CJIO)KHbIM H 3anYTaHHbIM no CIO)KeTY H OJl>KeH 6blTb cpaBHliTeJlb-
HO HeOOJIblllHM no 06'beMY. BIll KJIacce ,lJ.JISi H3JIO)KeHHSI, KaK Y>Ke
6b1J1o CK83aHO, BbloHpaeTcSI He60JIbllIOH no CBoeMY OO'beMY paccKa3
(B 70-90 CJIOB). ¥1JHTeJIb o6pamaeT BHHMaHHe yqalll.HXCSI H8 ocooeHHo"
CTH TeKCTa, npe,lJ.Ha3HaQeHHOrO ,llJlSl H3J10>KeHHSI, C TOtiKH 3peHHSI ero
nocTpoeHHH (KoMn03HD-HH): CKOJIbKO B paccKa3e qaCTeH, B KaKOH nOCJIe-
J{OBaTeJIbHOCTH OHH HJ1YT, KaK pa3BepTbIBaeTcH ClO}I{eT paccKa3a, KaK
'laCTH TeKCTa CBH3aHbi Me)K)J.Y C060H H T. n.
npH norOTOBKe K H3JIOLKeUHIO nepe,lt YtlHTeJleM CTOHT B OCHOBHOM
TPH 3a,natIH: I) npOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb cO,l\ep}KaHHe npOtlHTaHHOro T8K,
tITo6bl He ObIJIO HHtlerO HenOHSlTHoro; 2) nO!\'IOtib Y1JalllHMCH pa30-
6paTbcSI B nocTpoeHHH TeKCTa H 3) nOMOtib TOJIKOBO H rpaMoTHo
nepe,naTb ero cO)l.ep)KaHHe B nHCbMeHHOH <p<>pMe.
B Ka}KAOM H3J10}f{eHHH, KaK npaBHJIO, pa3J1Htla1OTCSI TPH OCHOBHble
u u
CTOpOHbI: cOJ1ep>KaHHe, JlOrHqeCKHH nopHoK B pa3BepTbiBallHH JJ.el1-
CTBHH, BblOOp CJlOB H nocTpoeHHe npe)tJIO)l{eHHH, nocpe)tCTBOM KOTOpbIX
YlleHHK nepe,naeT cO){ep>KaHHe npOtlHTaHHOro paCCKa3a.
KTO H KaK ,lJ.OJI>KeH qHTaTb TeKCT, npe,ltHa3HaQeHHblA YllHTeJIeM JJ.JISI
113J10}l{eHHH? KaK nOKa3bIBalOT Ha6JIloeHHHt HaH60JlbllIHe 3aTpYHe-
HHSI Bb13b1BaeT H3J10>KeHHe TeKCTa, BocnpHHSlTOro YllalllHMHcH Ha CJIYx.
'BoT nOqeMY H8qHHaTb pa60TY Ha H3JlOeHHeM D-eJIeCOOOpa3HO, eCJIH
YlleHHK caM qHTaeT TeKCT H3JIO>KeHHH. TaKHe TeKCTbl YIIHTeJlb HaH,lleT B
yqeC)HHKe PYCCKoro H3b1Ka, a TaK}Ke B KHHre ,llJlH IITeHHH.
Kora p8CCKa3 npOqHTaH, npOBo)tHTCH KpaTKHH pa300p ero co,nep-
>KaHHH. OpH 3TO1 )tOCTaTOllHO nOCTaBHTb 2-3 onpoca, QT06b1 onpe...
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npH paooTe Ha,n H3JIO)KeUHeM ,lteTaJIbHble pa3'bHCHeHHH yqHTeJIeM
xYO>KeCTBeHHbIx oc06eHHocTeH npoH3Be,neHHSI H3J1HIllHH. 3ro YMecTHO
lIa ypoKax lITeHHSI, B npouecce aHaJlH3a co.nep>KaHHH H nocTpoeHHH
QHTaeMOro npoH3BeeHHH.
PaccKa3 lIHTaercH BCJlYX YlIHTeJleM HJIH yqalItHMHCH npo ceoH H
OTlIaCTH BCJIYX (eCJlH TeKCT paccKa3'a 6epeTcH H3 YQe6HHKa H HM€'eTCH
nepe,lI. rJIa3aMH Ka}K){OrO H3 YlIarnHxcH). nOcJIe lITeHHH pa30HpalOTcH
HeH3BeCTHbie Hnll M8J10H3BeCTHble YllaHMcH CJlOBa H 060POTbl peQIf.
3aTe1 H)l.eT pa60Ta HaJJ. nJiaHOM. B I I I KJlaCCe OHa ,nOol'1){{Ha BTIICb
TaK, IIT06bl C Ka}K,llbIM HOBbIf H3J10>KeHHeM 38MeTlIO n03paCTaJl3 cao-
CTOHTeJIbHOCTb YQ8lItHXCH. ECJIH B HallaJle Y1Je6HOrO ro.na ,neTH COCTaB..
JlSlIOT nJIaH no PYKOBOCTBOM YIIHTeJIH, TO K KOHUY I lIeTBepTH OHH
.nOJI}KHbl OBt.'Ia,neTb HaBblKOM COCTaBJIHTb IIJI3H JIHlllb npH HeKoTOpoH
KOHcy..'1hTau.HH ytJHTeJ1H, a K KOHU.Y YQe6HOrO ro)ta (npHMepHo B H311aJle
IV 1JeTBepTH) yqaInHeCR I I I KJlaCCa COCTaBJIHIOT nJIaH H3J10j£{eHHSI
C8MOCTOHTenbHO. Bor nOqeMY B KOHu.e YlIe6HOrO rOJ1a HeT Heo6xoH-
MOCTH 3anHCbJBaTb n.'1aH H3JIOiKeHHH Ha ,lJ.OCKe, KaK 3TO .lJ.eJIaeTCH B HaqaJIe
YQe6HOro rO)J.a B III KJIaCce.
142

TOqHO TaK me nOCTeneHHO Y'lall\HeCjf OBJIa,lJ.eSaIOT YMeHHeM IIHcaTb
H3J10>KeHHe 6e3 npe):lBapHTeJlbHOrO YCTHoro nepecKa3a TeKCTa. nOCJIe
COCTaBneHHH nnaHa ):leTH caMOCTOHTenbHO IIpO ce6 COOTHOCHT qaCTH
paCCKa3a C IIYHKTaMH nJIaHa H nHlIIYT H3JlO>KeHHe.
H3JIOmeHHSI yqaInHXCH III KJlacca ,lJ.OJI>KHbI OTBellaTb cne,ztYIOInHM oc-
HOBHblM TpeooBaHHSlM.
I) npaBHJlbHaR, 6e3 HCKa>KeHHH <j>aKToB nepe)1aqa cO,llepLKaHHH
npOqHTBHHOro TeKCTa. 2) COOTBeTCTBHe cOJ{ep>KaHHSI onpe,lJ.eJIeHHOMY
nnaHY. npH 9TOM c.neJtyeT 3aMeTHTb, qro nJlaH MO>KeT 6b1Tb He 3a..
nHcaH yqaIIJ.HMCH B TeTpa,AH; samHO, 1JTo6bl nJlaH yraJtblBaJICS1 B CBMOM
CO,llep)KaHHH U3JlO}KeHHH. 3) OT,lI.eJlbHhle qaCTH (a63altbI) H3J10>KeHHSI
.lI.0JI}KHbl 6blTb CSSl3aHbi Jtpyr c .npyroM no cO):lepmaHHlO. 4) B OTJ(eJIb-
HblX qaCTSlX H3nOLKeHHH rrpe,lJ.noLKeHHH JJ.OJI>KHbI 6wTb onpeJ(eJleHHblM
o6pa30M cBH3aHbi Me>K.ny co6oH. 5) I13JIO>KeHHe .l10J1}KHO 6blTb rpaMOTHbIM
C TOqKH 3peHHH rpaMMaTHKH H opcjJorpa<l>HH.
B I I I KJlacce qallle Bcero npaKTHKYIOTCSI H3J10>KeHHSI, Tpe6YIOIIl.He
OT )leTeH IIpaBHJlbHOH H T01JHOH nepe,lJ.aqH rrpO'lHTaHHOro paCCKa3a 6e3
nepepa60TKH ero co,nep>KaHHH H cYlUecTBeHHoro H3MeHeHHH <}JOPMbl.
OJ{HaKo )J.JIH TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKoB nocunbHO H U3nOiKeHHe C H3MeHeHHe"l
<p<>pMbl IIpOllHTaHHOro paccKa3a. OT HHX Tpe6yeTcH IIpHBHecTH
B paccKa3 HellTO HOBoe: H3MeHHTb J1Hl(O, OT HMeHH KOToporo se,neTCH
IIOBeCTBOBaHHe, COKpatHTb HJlH pacnpoCTpaHHTb peqb paCCKa3'IHKa H T. )1.
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paccKa3 «BcTpella HOBoro rO,lla» H3 npoH3Be,neHHH «4YK H feK» A. faH"
,Aapa, COCTaBHJlM nnaH 3TOro paccKa3a, a 3aTeM nepe,llanH ero co,nep-
>KaHHe OT J1Hna lJYKa UJIH ero 6paTa reKa. TaKoro pOJ{a H3nO>Ke1lHe
Tpe6yer aKTHBHOH nepepa60TKH TeKCTa, HOBOH cpopMbl ero H3nO)l{eHHH.
)1pyroA npHMep. YqalI.\HeCSI lIHTaJlH B KHHre JtJ1S1 lITeHHH «H8rn3
POJJ.HHa» OTpblBOK H3 nepBoH lIaCTH paCCK838 1I. MaMHHa"CH6HpHK3
"npHeMbIlII». TeKcT 3Toro oTpwBKa CJIe,nYIOw.HH:
KorAa B nOAXo.ltHJI Y>Ke COBceM 6JIH3KO, H3 H3t5YWKH Ky6apeM BbI..'1eTeJJa H3
MeHH necrpaH C06a1JOHK8 H 33JIlfJIaCb OTtl3S1IIIIblM JlaeM.
- Co6oJJbKO. nepecTBHb!.. He Y3H8JI?
CoOOJJbKO OCTaHOBHJlCn B pa3.ltYMbe, OH, BH.ltHtO. ew.e lie BepHJI B cTapoe 3ua.
KOMCTBO. OH OCTOp01KHO nooweJ], 06HIOXaJI MOH OXOTHHIJbH canorn H TOJJbKO norre
Toro BHHOB3TO 38BHnHJI XBOCTOM.
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03epO. 51 pacnOJIO>KHo/1CSI K8K y ce6H J].oMa: CHBJI KYPTKY. pa3BeCHJI CBOH OXOTHHtlbH
AocnexH, pa3BeJJ orOHb H CT8JI pa30rpeBaTb nOXOH MeHH q8HHHK. C060JlbKO
BepTeJICH OKono MeHSI, BIiJlSlJI nynmcTblM XBOCTOM. 06nH3BaHcb, 0)KH.lt3H nOJKHBbI.
)leTH ncpC,lI.alOT co,nepiK8IIHe npOQHTaHHOro OTpblBKa OT TpeTberO
J1Hua BMeCTO nepBoro. f1pH 9TOl\.1 YllHTeJIb 06palllaeT BHHMaHHe yqam.uX-
CH H3 TO, tITO B OTpbIBKe ecTb npHMaH petIb, KOTOPYIO Ha)lQ nepe.naTb
TaK, qr06bl OHa CT8JI8, KaK H seCb OCTanbHOH TeKCT, CJIOBaMH aBTopa.
XOTSI B I I I KJlacce He H3yqaeTCH «TeopHH» npSlMOH pCIIH, HO npaKTH-
v v
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1l1ef H Ha 38HHTHHX no rpaMMaTHKe H npaBonHcaHHlO, n63TOMY noo6..
Hhle ynp8>KHeHHH He npe,lJ.CTaBJISIIOT PJlSJ HUX rpYAHOCTeA.
143

TaKMM 06pa30M, H3J10)f{eHHe B I I I l{JIacce MOiKeT 6b1Tb pa3HbIX BH"
,ltOB: 1) noJtpooHoe H3JlO>KeHHe npOtlHTaHHOro TeKCTa; 2) C>KaToe H3-
JlO>KeHHe; 3) H3JIO)KeHHe 6ea H3MeHeHHH <j>aKTM1JecKoH CropOHbl TeKCTa;
4) C H3MeHeHHeM Ha1laJIa, KOllua; 5) H3JIO>KeHHe C H3MeHeHHeM nHIJ,a
paCCKa3qHKa, BpeMeHH )J;eAcTBHSI H T. n.
npOrpaf\fMa no PYCCKOMY Sl3bIKY, KaK Y>Ke CKa3aHO, TpeoyeT OT
yqamHXCSI III KJlaCCa YMeHHH nHcaTb paCCK83 no KapTHHe, no OT,lJ.eJIb-
HblM 3nH30,lJ.aM KHH<Xf>HJlbMa, cueHaM ,lJ.eTCKoro cneKTaKJlSI, a TaK>Ke co-
'lHHeHHSI B CBSl3H C npOqHTaHHbIM.
OCTaHoBHMcSI Ha COtIHHeHHH B e B SI 3 Hen p 0-
'a6on HeA COliNHe- q 11 T a H H bl 1\f. HaqaJlOl\f paOOTbI Ha,lJ. COqHHeHHeM
HHeM
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o60oalOIl(ero OTBeTa Ha Bonpoc 0 np01.IHTaHHoM. COCT3BJIeHHe TaKora
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9nH30.!l.bI 113 npOtlHTaHlIOro npOH3Be)\eHHSI, pacnOJlaraTb HX B onpeJ{p.
neHHOM nopSl,lJ.Ke H, tlTO ocooeHHO Ba*HO, YMeHHSI BbIpa)KaTb CBoe OT-
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rnYT COIIHHeHH5I-OTBeThl no npOllHTaIlHOMY: «KaK nSlrYWK3 CHOBa nona-
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UX f\ibIc.neH 0 npHlIHHaX Toro HJlM HHoro e06bITHSI, npOHcmeCTBHSI, ,lJ.eH-
CTBHH. .aeTH JtOJl>KHbl eal\{OCTOHTe.TIbHO YCTaHOBHTb HailaJIbHbIH l\fOMeHT
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HaqaTb, KaK nOCJleJ{OBaTeJIbHO paCCKa3aTb, qeM 3aKOH'IHTb.
nO,n06I1ble nHCbfeHHbIe ynpa1KHeHHSI SlBJlSlIOTCH, no cyeCTBY, fa-
.neHbKHl\Ui COqI1HeHHSIfH Ha JIHTepaTypHYIO TeMY. ..
YeDOHB, KaK nHcaTb no,no6Horo pOJla C01.lHUeHHSI, yqaIll.HecH I I I
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q H T a H H hI M H, a 3aTeM 11 CaMOCT05ITeJIbHbIC paCCKa3bl 0 TOl\1, 1ITO
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pa36HpaJIH Ha ypOKax lITeHHSI paCCKa3 E. nepMHKa «1.JYiKaSl KaJlHTKa».
3aTeM caMH nHCaJlH paCCKa3 0 TOM, KaK OHH HenpaBHJIH KaJlUTKY MJlH
3a6op B IlIKOJIe, B KOJlX03e, JlOMa HJIH Y coce,lJ.efl.
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T H H e. Co.n.epmaHHe KapTHHbl B TaKOM CJIY1.lae CJIY>KIIT OTnpaBHblM
MOMeHTOI\t1 JlJIH CO'lHHeHHJI yqaInHXCSI. ,aaHHbIH Ha KapTHHe 3nH30,lt MO-
>KeT 6bITb Bcero JIHllIb OJtHHM H3 MOMeHTOB CBH3Horo nOBeCTBoBaHHH,
KaK'Hl\i SlBJIHeTCH COtlHHeHHe yqaIllHXCSI. TaK, HanpHMep, no KapTHHe
«Be3 npOK33 HM Ha qac» yqarnHeCSI nHIlIYT COllHHeHHe «IIIaJlYHbl», no
KapTHHe «BeCHa» - COqHHeHHe «BeceHHHe 3a6aBbl» H T. n.
B npaKTHKe pa60Tbl llIKOJIbl MbI )\OBOJlbHO qaCTO BCTpeQae1.fCH C
YK33aHHbIM BHJ(OM nHCbMeHHoH paOOTbI no KapTHHe. 9ro, BepOHTHO,
OO'bHCHHeTCH reM, 1ITO yqaInHeCn HaQaJIbHbIX KnaCCOB 60JIbWe THrOTelOT
144

K nOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHOH $OpMe, tIeM K onHcaHHIO. COtlHHeHHSI 3Toro THna.
KaK npaBHJIO, nHIlIYTCH B cjJopPvfe nOBecTBoBaHHSI.
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no)t PYKOBOACTBOM ytlHTeJI H paCCMaTpHBalOT KapTHHY, HaxoAHT H Ha3b1-
BalOT u.eHTpaJIbHble H BTOpOCTeneHHble <PHrYPbI H npeAMerbI, BHHK8lOT
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lleCJlO>KHbIM H MaHepa H306p3>KeHHSI peaJlHCTH1JecKOH.
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npOJ1.0.niKeHHe H pa3BHTHe: naBbIKH AO'}KHbI 6blTb aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHbl
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230

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Dblpa>KeHHfl, KaK 1JHCJ10BbIX, TaK H 6YKBeHHbIx, B COCTaB.HeHHH BblpaJKe-
HHH no YCJIOBHIO 3aaQ, B HaXO>K,neHHH 3HaqeHHSI 6YKBeHlIblx H 1JHCJIo-
BblX Bblpa>KeHHH npH COCTaBJIeHHH ypaBHeHH:A H 3anHCH 4>OPMYJI.
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IIHH.
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23l

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x · 12 -r- 36 = 84; 100 - 72 : x =-= 96,
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AeHcTBHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH KOMnOHeHTOB.
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232

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233

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pOB, T. e. B OJlH TaKHX IIHCeJI, KOTopbIe nOKa3b1Ba1OT, 4TO Ii KaK HYiK- "-
HO ClleJIaTb C pyrH1 lIHCJIOM, aHHbIM B 3a,Aa4e.
B npone,l:\eBTHKe reOMeTpHH OCHOBHbIf )J.JIH I II
reOMeTpN'IeCKNA KJIaCCa HBJIHeTCH Bonpoc 0 Bbl4HCJIeHHH nJIOl.UaH
M8TepHan reoMerpHt.lecKoH <PHrYPbI. nporpaMMa 'I'pe6yeT
3HaKOMHTb ,lJ.ereH C BblIJaCJICHHeM nJlow.a,!lH He TOJIbKO np5IMoyrOJIbHOH.
no H JIlOOOH nJlOCKOH <PHrYPbI, ,C HCnOJIb30BaHHet na.71eTKH, KOTopaSi
AeJlaeT H3lepeHHe nJIOIlla)l.H .711060H nJlOCKOH cf>HrYPbI He TOJlbKO ,no-
cTynHblM ltJIH ,l{eTeH, HO H n01\fOraeT IfM npaBHJlbHO nOHHTb H,l:\elO If3-
MepCHHH. nJIOlll.a.llH, KOTOpa51 COCTOHT B nocqere KBa.npaTOB, YKJ1a-
.ltb(BalOllI.HXCH Ha n.71OCKOCTM ,naHHOH <f>HrYPbI.
reOMerpHlIeCKHH l\tfaTepHalI paccpe,l(OT04eH no Bce:vt TCM3\i1 H M 3}'4a-
eTCH Ha npOTHlKeHHH Bcero ro,na.
"
234
-

H3fepeHHe nJlow.aJ].?fl llaQHII3eTCH C ynpa)f{HeHHH B DbIQHCJ1eHHH
I1JIOwa,l1H npHMoyroJlbHoH ct>HrYPbI B KBa,!lpaTHbIX caHTHMeTpax, a Qepe3
J1el<OTopbIH npOMe)f{YTOK BpeMeHH YlIeHHKH 3HaKOMHTCH C BbILJliCJIeHHeM
I1JIOU1,a.nH B KBaJl.paTHbIX ,neUHMeTpax Ii KBa.llp3THLIX MCTpax.
B npouecce H3YIJeHHSl 3Toro pa3)leJ13 nporpaMIb1 npOBo,nHTCSl
na6JlIOJ].eHHH no Ta6JIHnaM 33 TeM, KaK H3MeHHeTC5I nJlOll1.a,Zl.b
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH O,nHOH H3 CTOpOH npSlMoyro.nbHI1I<a.
J!eTH yqaTCH BbIp3>KaTb nJIOma)1b npSlMoyroJlbHHKa Qepe3 ero CTOpO-
HbI, a TaK}Ke pern3Tb npSlMble H 06paTHble  3a"aqH H3 BblqHCJIellHe
nJl Om3]lJi .
B I I I KJlaCCe yt.leHHKH 3HaKOMHTCH C JIHHeHHblMM H cToJI6lJaTblMH
!lHarpaMMal\fli, ynpa>KHHIOTCSI B I1X IITeHHH H nocTpocHUH.
B 9TOM KJ1aCCe paclllHpHIOTCH 3H3HHH yqallI.HXCH H cOBepweHcTDY-
IOTCH HX HaBblKH B 06JIaCTIi H3MepeHHSI Ii qepqeHHH. OHH yqaTCSl Bbl- -
qepqHSaTb npHMble yrJIbI, npHMoyroJlbHHKH (KBa,lJ.paTbl) Ha HeJlHHo-
BaHHOH 6YMare, nOJIb3YHCb JlHHeHKOH H qepTemHbIM TpeyrOJIbHHKOM;
BblllepIJMBaTb OKPY}Kt{OCTH. rnecTHyroJlbHuKH H TpeyrOJlbHHKH, n<ATIb-
3Y HCb IJ.HPKYJlCM.
BMeCTe C H3yqeHHeM HOBoro l\1aTepH3JIa npoBo,lJ.HTCH H 3aKpenJIe-
Hue Toro, liTO H3YQaJlOCb B MJIaIIJHX KJIaCcax.
npeYCIOTpeHHbIH nporpaMMOH 06'beM reoMeTpHlIecKHx npe]lCT3B-
JIeHHH H nOHHTHH ,nocTaTOqeH ,l1JIH Toro, lITOObl c.nY}l{HTb OCHOBOH yc-
nCWHoro H3yqelIHH reOMeTpHtJecKoro M3Tepl1aJIa B IV H V KJlaccax.
B npou.ecce pa60TbI Bce paccMorpeHHblc OC,HoBIILle pa3,neJIbI npo-
rpaMMbI TecHeHllIHM o6pa30M CB5I3bIBaIOTCH IvleJK.n.y C060H; OHIf BbICTY-
nalOT BO B3aHMo,l1eHcTBHH KaK qaCTH e)lH Horo 'ueJIoro. 3JIel\ieHTbl aJl-
re6pbI HBJlSlIOTCH t.IOmHbIM Cpe){CTBOM a6crparHpoBaHHH Ii 0006I.U.eIlH5I
apH<pMeTHlIeCKHX 3HaHRH; reOMeTpHeCKHH MaTepH3J1, Hl\ieH B H3BeCT-
U ..
HOU CBoeH qaCTH caMOCTOHTenbHoe 3HaQeHHe, Hepe,l1KO HCnOJIb3yeTCH
,llJIH HJIJUOCTpaUHH apHcpMeTHqeCKHX 3aKoHOMepHoCTeH.
TaKoB B OCHOBHbIX tIepTaX 06'heM 3HaHHH, YMeHHH Ii HaBbIKoB,
IOTOpbIM 33BepwaeTCH TpeXJIeTHee na1Ia,TIbHOe 06yqeHHe. npn ,nocTa-
TOtIHO BblCOKOM ypoBHe npenO)laBaHH5I OHO ){OJI}J{HO ooeCneqUTb xopo-
1l1YlO no,nroToBKY YtlamnxcSI K H3YQCHHlO MaTCMaTHKH na CJleJ1.YIOrn. e J'i
cryrreHH 06YIJeHHH.
HYM_paqMA MHOr03a'lHbll 'IHCeli
3aJl.aQa H3YQeHH5I Jl.aHHOH TeMbI COCTOHT B TOM, lIT06bl paClllHpHTb
y AeTeH 3HaHHH eC5lTHQHO[1 CHCTeMbI CqHColTI(HHH, CTPYKTypbI MHoro-
3HaqHOrO tlHcna, HaTypabHOH' rrOCJleOBaTenbHOCTH lIMcen H Ha 3TOU
OCHone CcpopMHponaTb y .n-eTefI Yl\feHHe npaBHnbliO lIHTaTb H 3anHCbIB3Tb
rvHIOr03HatlHbIe qHCJIa B npeAeJIax KJlaCCa MHJIJlHOHOB.
OCHOBHbIM cOJ{ep>KaHlieM 9TOH TeMbl HBJIHIOTCH cJleYIOllI.He Bonpocbl:
1. 03HaKOMJIeHHe YIJaIUHXCH C HOBbIMH ,D.JI H IlHX CQeTHbl'-fH (pa3-
p H)l.lIbIMU) e,nHHHuaMH H BBeeHHe nOIIHTHH "/lace; YCBoeHHe pasp HJ1-
235

Horo H KJIaCCHOro COCTana qHCJIa nyreM ynpaJKHeHRH B 06pa30BaHMH
QRCe.n H3 pa3pH)lHblX JI KJIaCCHbiX e)tHHHU H pa3J10>KeHHH QHCeJI Ha pa3-
p H,llHble CJIaraeMbIe!.JJ CJlO)KeHHH H BbIqHTaHHR B CJIYtIaHX, OCHQBaHHblX
ua 3HaHHH ,lleCHTHtIHOrO COCTaBa qHCJIa.
2. 03HaKOMJIeHHe C KJIaCCHblMH CqeTaMH KaK CqeTHbl1 npR6opoM;
(j3opMHpoBaHHe YMeHH OTKJI3,lJ#BaTb qHCJla Ha ClleTax H qHTaTb qHC-
JIB, OTJIO)KeHHble Ha HHX.
3". H3YlJeHHe HaTypaJIbHOH nOCJIe,nOBaTMbHOCTR qHCeJI 3a npeJ,te-
JIaMU TbICS11.1H, OC06eHHO B MeCTax rtepexoJ,ta M3 o)J.lloro pa3pJl.lla HJIM H3
, u
OJ,tHoro KJIaCCa B JlpyroH.
4. 4reHHe H 3anHCb fHor03HatlHbIx QHCeJI.
5. YCBoeHHe TepMHHOJIOrHH, CBH3aHHOH C <PoPMRpyeMblMH nOHJI-
THHMH.
113 nepe1.IHH OCHOBHbIX BonpOCOB, COCTaBJIHIOInHX cO)J.ep}KaHHe .Jl.aH-
HOH TeMbI, BHJ,tHO, liTO H3yqeHHe ee CBH3aHO C YCBoeHHeM pH,na OTBJle-
lIeHHblX nOH5ITHH, HY}l{.lI-alOmHXCH B KOHKpeTH3al.l.HH. - TaK, JlPJI>KHbI
OblTb KOHKpeTH3HpOBaHbI .lI-ecHTHqHaH OCHOBa Harne" CHCTeMbl CtIHCJIe-
HHH, nOMeCTHoe 3HaQeUHe l.(Hpbl, MeCTa pa3pH,l10B H KJIaCCOB H ,llp.
3TOH eJlH c..1Y}I{aT CJIeJ,tYIOIII.He HarJIH)J.Hble noco6H5I:
a) K JI ace H bI e C q e T bl JtBYX B}IOB - C ropH30HTaJlbHbIMH H
BepTHKaJIbHbIMII npOBOJIOKaMH.
K.1accHble CtlCTbl HaxoJ,tSlT npHMeneHHe Ha npOTH}KeHHH Bcero ne-
pHoAa H3YQeHHH HYMepaUHH;
6) H Y I e- p a U H 0 H H a H T a 6 n H 11 a, HJlH TaooHua pa3pH-
.nOB H KJIaCCOB, C «KapMaHaMH» )tJIH BCTaBKH IJ.HCPP, KOTOp8S1 o6nerqaeT
YlleHHKY ero nepBbIe marn B OBJIa)teHIIH YMeHHM qHTaTb H 3anHCbIBaTb
MHOr03Ha1.IHble qnc.TIa;
B) a 6 a K oco6elllIO nOJIe3eH Ha nepBbIX ypOKax, npH H3yqeHHH
BonpOCOB YCTIIOH HYMepau.HH NISI nOKa3a oopa30BaHHH qHCn3 Hero
pa3JIO>KeHHH Ha pa3pHJ,tHbIe qHCJIa.'
YIIeHHKU .lI-0JI}I{HbI HleTh y e6H yqeHHllecKHe CqeTbl H aoaKH TaKO-
.u
ro me Tuna, qTO H )J.eMOHCTpanHOHHblH, TOJIbKO MeHblIIero pa3Mepa.
113yqeHHe. .n.aHHOH TeMbI ,nOJle3HO CBH3aTb C >KH3HblO, C KOHKpeT-
llbiM MaTepH8JIOM - qHCJlOBblMH ,naHHbIMH, xapaKrepH3YIOIII.HMH pa3-
BHTHe npot.f.m..TJeHHOCTHt CMbCKoro X03S1MCTBa H KYJIbTypLI B CBoeM
Kpae, ropo,ne.
1. K H3YQeHHIO ,l{aHHoH TeMbr ytteHHKH npHcTynalOT C XOPOWMM
311allHeM HYMepal1HH Tpex3HallHbIx 'IHCM, T. e. qHCeJI nepBoro KJJacca.
3TO 3HaHne H HY>KIIO nOJlO>KHTb B OCHOBY H3YQeHHH HYlepaIlHH qHCeJI
K.nacca TbICSlq.
OOJIb3]' SICb OTKJIMblBallHeM qUCM 1Ia KJIaCCHblX ClJeTaX t YQeHHKH
nOJlyqalOT TPH HOBble ,llJISI HHX CtteTHhle (pa3pHAHble) eJ{HHHUbI - ThlCR-
QH, AeCHTKH TblC}1I1, COTHH TblCHq. H 3,ltecb >Ke YIIHTeJ1b COO6III.aeT,
qro paHee H3BecTHbIe TPH pa3pH,A8 (eAHHHUbI, .necHTKH H COTIIH) co-
CTaBJISIIOT 1C/lacc edUIlUij, a BHOBb nOJlYlleHHble TP" pa3pHa (e,l{H-
H"U.bI TbICHq, AeCHTKH TblCHq H COTHU TblCHq) COCTaBJIHIOT ICAacc
mbtCRtt.
236
-'

D.aJIee 1I0.l\POt)HO DhIHCHHeTCH, QTO o6mero Ii tITO pa3J1HqHOrO 
:JTHX KJIaCCaX. ·
o 6 In e e: B Ka>KJ{OM KJIace no TPH pa3pH)!a; H33BaHHe pa3pH-
)tOB (eJJ.HHHII.bl, )].ecSlTKH, COTHH B KJIacce .e,lUiHHn; e,lI.HHHUbI TblCBtI,
)lecHTKH TblCSltI, COTHH TbICSlq B KJIaCCe TbiCHtJ). .OTHoweHHe coceAHHX
pa3pHHblX e)!HHHIJ. (10); B Ka>K,lJ.OM KJlaCCe 10 e,nHHHI.{ HH3111ero pa3-
PH)13 06pa3YIOT O,nHY eHHHUY CJIeJJ.YlOmero, Bblcwero pa3pHa.
liTO pa3JIHtlHOrO B 3THX KJlaCcax: B KJlaCCe e,nHHHU CtIeT Be.neTCSI
eJl.HlIHUaMH, B KJIaCCe TbICHq - TblCSllIaMH. CtJeTHaH e;tHHHua nepBoro
I<Jlacca - npocTaH eAHH}na; CtleTHaB e)].HHHua BToporo KJIacca-
TbICHqa. E,lUiHHu.aMH CqHTalOT OT 1 )].0 999, TbICHqaMH - OT 1 TblCHtlH
,llO 999 TbICSlq.
3Tn CBe)1eHHH 'nplioopeTalOT 60Jlee KOIIKpeTHblH xapaKTep, Kor)J.a
OHM 33nHcaHLI B IlYiepaIlHOHHofi Ta6w'lHu.e:
RJlacc TblC Slq I KJlacc eJ],HJJIUl
COTHH I ,AeCHTKH e.AH H HU.bJ
TblCHIJ TblCSlll ThICS t ( COTHH ,!J.eCHTKH e.ZJ,HHHUbI
I IJI pa3pHA II pa3pB,lJ, I pa3pSIA 'III pa 3pSlA II pa3pSlA I pa 3 pnA .,
I

,lI.aHH3S1 Ta6JIHua IlOtlepKHBaeT e)1I1HOOOpa3ue B nOCTpoeHHII
KJIaCCOB; BMecTe C TeM B HCM BH,lJ.HO H TO, qTO pa3J1HtlaeT 3TH KJIacbl.
4T06b1 Y ,lI.eTeH CJlO)KHJ1OCb npaBHJIbHOe npe,llCTaaneHHe 0 uaTY-
. .,
paJlbHOH nOCJIeAOBaTeJlbHOCTH tlHCeJ1 3a npe,lleJIaMH TblCSItlH, HY>KHO
lIa nepBOM HJIH Ha BTOpOM ypOKe npOBeCTH ynpa}l{HeHHe B ClIeTe - B
npHCqHTblBallHH H OTCqliTblBalIHH no eAHHHu.e H rpynnaMH eJ{HHHU -
no 5  10, 50, 100 H T. ,n.
noc.TIe 3Toro cLTIeJJ.yeT OCTaHOBHTbCR Ha HYMepaII.HH qHCM KJIaCCa
TbJCHq, T. e. KpyrJIbIX TbICHl.I, HaJlpldMep: 268 TbICHq, 306 TblCHQ, 500
TbJCHq, 420 TblCBtJ, H npoBecTH ynpaiKHeHHH: .
a) B o6pa30BaHHIi TaKHX qHCM H3 .lJ.allHblX pa3pHHblX qHCeJI;
6) B tITeHHH qHCeJI KJIaCCa TbICHq, CHatlaJIa 3nHcaHHblx B uYMepa-
lI.HOHUOH Ta6JIHIJ.e, a nOTOM - 6e3 TaM HUbI;
n) B 3anMCH lIHCeJI, COCTOSlInHX H3 KpyrJIblX 1'bICSltI (noJi. .nHKTOBKY
ytlHTeJl H);
r) B BhIllOJlHeHHJI ,lI.eHCTBHH H3.ll tlHCJIaMH BToporo KJIaCCa, npH\IeM
3TH qHCJla AalOTCSI cnaqaJla B TaKOM BHAe:
320 TbIC. + 200 TbiC.; 600 TblC. - 400 TbIC., 18 TbIC..4, a nOTOM
B 06WQHOfi HX 3anHCH:
7 000 -1- 9 000
40 000 - 25 000
.
4000 · 8
36 000 : 9
..
nocne 9Toro 1i3yqaeTCB ..HYMep,auHSI AI06blX tleTb1peX-, nBTH-, me-
CTH3II31JHbIX 1JHCCJI, B KOTOpbJ Bce- HJlH TOJIbKO HeKoTopble paSpHJlbl
237
...
"

OUOHX KJ1aCCOB (B TOM tIHCJIe H KJlaCCa e,nHHHU) 3anUJIHeHbi pa3p51.llHLr-
nl tJHCJIaMH, HanpHl\fep 516 824; 40 068 If ,np.
nepexo.n K T3KHM IfHCJlaM MO}KeT 6bITb c,neJIaH nYTef\{ nOCTeneu-
1I0ro «3anOJIHeHHH» pa3pSI.nHb1MH tIHCnaMH !Ulacca e.ll.MHHU, npe;tcTaB-
JIeHHoro. HYJIRMH.
- CKonbKo nonyqHTC, - cnpaIlIHBaeT yqHTeJIb, - eCJlH K 325
TLICHQaM (325 000) npH6aBHTb 8 e,nHHHu? 48 e.nHHHl\? 648 e;tHHHI..{?
OTBeTbI YQa1I1-HXCH 3anHCbIBa1OTCH H8' )lOCKe, H n pe3YJIbTaTe nOJIY-
qaeTC rneCTH3HaQHOe QHCJlO, D KOTOpOM 06a Knacca npe,l1CTaBJlellbI_
3HaqaIl.1aIH UHcppaMu:
325 TbIC. - 325 000
325 TbIC. 8 e){. - 325 008
325 TLIC. 48 e){. - 325 048
325 ThIC. 648 e,l.l. - 325 648
nOJIyqel1HOe 1JHCJIO (325 648) fJo,nBepraeTCH nO,l1poOHOMY aHaJ1I13Y:
B HeM ,l1Ba KJlaCCa; n Ka}K)J.OM KJIaCCe no TPH pa3pH,l(a; B KJ1aCCe TblCH4
325 eJU1 II HlI., 3HatlHT, B lIHC4I1C 325 TbIC5I1J; B KJIacce eJl-HHHU 648. Bee
qH10 tlUTaeTCH TaK: 325 TbIC5IQ 648.
BCJIe.n 3a .3THM H,l.lYT ynpalKHcHHH B q T e H H Ii H 3 a n H C H
aHaJ10rHqHX 1JHCen.
LlaJIbIleHllla pa60Ta Ha.n tJHCJlaMH B npe,neJ1ax Knacca TbICHtI pa3-
BepTblBaeTC npuMepHO B TOl\.l }Ke nJlaHe, B KaKONf OHa npoxo,nHJla C
lfHcnaMH BToporo .KJ1aCca, T. e. C KpyrJIbIMH TbICQaIH. 3.necb TaK>Ke
rrpoBo,nHTCH ynpa>KHeUHH B COCTaB..TJeHHH H pa3JIO>KeHHH tll1cna, npM1Jervl
B KaqeCTBe .naHHbIX cpHrypHPYJOT He TOJlbKO pa3pH,l.lHbIe, 110 H KJlaCCHble
e)J.HHHltbI: «COCTaBbTe, HanpHMep, tlHCnO, KOTopoe COCTOHT: a) H3 32
e)lHHIiI1 II KJIaCCa H 517 e)l.HHHII. I KJlaCCa; 6) 113 600 e.nHHHU II KJIaCCa
H 75 eHnHl\ I KJlaCca. Ha CKOJIbKO 5 eJtHHHU I I KJIacca 60JlbllIe 5
CJI.HHHII. I KJlaCca?»
Y HClIeHHIO CTPYKTypbl MHOr03HaQHOrO tlH('JIa, ero pa3p5l.llHOrO H
nOKJlaCCHOro COCTaBa BO MHO rOM cnoco6CTBYfOT: - -
a) npHMepbI Ha CJlOJKeHHe H BbIQHTaHHe, pewaeMble Ha OCHOBe
3HaHHH .lI.eCHTHtlHOrO COCTaBa qHCJIa. HanpHMep:
25 000 + 4 000 18 420 - 420 5 460 - 400
30 000 + 500 76 200 - 6 000 16 903 - 16 000
I 6) pa3J10}l{eHHe .naHHoro qHCJIa Ha ero pa3p5l,l.lHble CJlaraeMble H
06paTHaH onepal\uSI - 3anHCb Bblpa}l{eHH (CYMMbI) B BH,Ae o.nnoro
tlHCJla. HanpHMep:
65 040 = 60 000 1- 5 000 + 40
4 000 -1- 700 + 30 + 8 = 4 738
Ha 9TOM 9Tane H3YQeHHH HYMepallHH npo;toJl>Kae-rcSI paooTa I-J
no _ 33KpenJleHHIO 3HaHH5I HarypanbHOH nOCJIe.llOBaTeJIbHOCTH qHCM.
C 9TOH l\eJIblO npoBo.l(51TCJ ynpalliHeHH5I B BblnOJlHeHHH pa3J1HQHblX 33-

aHHH, HanpHMep:
238

a) npHCIIHTb]BaHTeno I H 3anHCbIDaHTe lIHCJIa: OT 9 997 Jl.0 10 004;
OT 99 998 ,no 100 005.
6) OrCtIl1TblBaHTe no 1 " 3anHCbIBaHTe tIHCJla: OT 1 003 Jl.O 998;
OT 10 002 Jl.O 9 996; OT 10 000 ,no 99 996.
B) 3anHIIIHTe 1.JHCJlO, MeHbwee 100 000, H3 5; 60JlbllIee 19 998 H3 3.
r) 3anHlllHTe «coCeJl-eH» I{HCeJI: 20 000; 90 000; 100 000.
Jl.) CpaBHHTe 1.JHClla: 600 " 6 000; 7 009 H 7 090; 36 214 H 36 241.
e} BCT3BhTe BMecTO T01.JCK Heo6xo,QHMbIe lIHCJIa:
r 72&-< 17 ... t 10'0 060 > 100 0...
3HaHHe HaTYPaJIbHOH rrOCJIe,QOBaTeJIbHOCTH 1.JHCeJI HaXOJ].HT CBoe
npHMeHeHHe H np" pemeHHH npHlepOB THna:
99 999 + I 10 000 - 1
]99999+ 1 100000-1
70 000 + 30 000
90 000 -1- 1 000
Pema1l nepBhIH npHMep, Y1IeHHK paccYJK.naeT TaK: «ECJIH npH6a-
DHTb K IIliCJ1Y e,nHHHUY, TO nOJlYlIHTCH 1.JHCJIO, cJle,nYlOmee 3a Jl.3HHbIM.
A 1IHCJlO, KOTopoe CJIe,nyeT 3a 1JHCJ101 99 999, eCTb 100 TbICH'I. nO.9TOMY
nHlllY: 99 999 + 1 = 100 000».
ECJIH YlleHHK 3aTpy)tHHeTcH lIa3BaTb 9TO IIHCJ10, liTO BnOJlHe ec-
TeCTBeHHO, TorJ(a 1IHCJ10 99 999 HYJKHO npe)I.cT3BHTb B BH,ne CYMMbl:
99 TbIC. -1- 999t n npHoaBHTb eHHuIlY I{ 999. 999 )I.a 1, 6Y)I.eT 1 000,
99 ThIC. ,na 1 TbIC. " 6y.n.eT 100 000.
PemaH npHMep 10 000 - 1, yqeHHK paccY)I{Jl.aeT: «EclI" BbI1IeCTh
H3 1IHCJ1a e,nHHHu.y, TO nOJIY1IHTCH 1IHCJ10, npellleCTBYIOIIJ.ee .lI.aIlHOMY.
LIHCJlY 10 TblCHq rrpe,nlllecTByeT lIHCJIO 9 999. 3HaqHT t 10 000 - 1 
= 9 999. ECJIH >Ke YlleHHK He CYMeeT H83BaTb 9TO npe)I.IlleCTBYIOlll.ee
1JHCJIO, TO o6DHC1feHHe MO>KeT ()blTb ,naHO B T3KOM BH)I.e: npe)I.CTaBHf
IIHCJIO 10 TblC. B BH,ne CYMMbI )I.BYX CJI8raeMbiX 9 TblC. + 1 TbIC. Tenepb
BbltlTeM I H3 1 TbICH1JH, nOJlytUIM 999, a Bcero OCT3HeTCH 9 999».
K nOJ{ooHhlM ynpa)KHeHHHM TeCHO npHMbIKalOT yn"p3JKHeHHH B pa3-
"TIUtleHHH Hau60JIbIllerO 11 HaHMeHblllero 1JHCJIa cpe)I.H 1.JeTbIpex-, nSlTH-
Ii UleCTH3HaQHhIX 1IllCeJI. YqaHeCH 3HaIOT H3H00J1blllee H HaHMeHb-
wee 1.JHCJl3 CpCAH O)I.H03H, allHbIX .lI.BY3Ha1lHbIx H TpeX3Ua1lHbIX QHCeJI.
OH11 nO)I.MeTHJ1H, liTO HaHMeHbllIHe lIHCJla 3anHCblBalOTCH C nOMOll\bIO
UJicpp 1 H Ot a H3H6oJIbIllHe - C nOMOlll.blO IJ.H<PPb[ 9.
Tenepb HYiKHO np0)I.OJI}KHTb 9TY pa60TY H YCTaHoBHTb, \Iro Han-
...teHbll.lHMH H HaH6o.1JbllIHMH tIHCJl8MH HBJlHIOTCH:
cpeJ{H tIeTblpeX3HaqHbIX 'IlICeJI: 'I 000 H 9 999;
cpeJ{H rrHTH3Ha1JHbIX lfHCeJI: 10 000 H 99 999;
cpeJlH IlleCT"3Ha1JHblX 1IHCM: 100 000 H. 999 999.
OqeHb BaJKHO, J{eJIaH TaKYIO 3anHCb, 06'bHCHHTb, rr01leMY 1 000
HaHMeHblllee, 3 9 999 HaHOOJIbllIee B p5J,Il.Y tJeTbIpeX3Ha1lHbIX qUCM.
OTBeT Ha 3TOT Bonpoc .naeT 3HaHHe HarypaJIbHOH nOCJIe)I.OB3TeJlbHOCTlf
QHCeJI: 1 000 H3HMeHbllIee lIHCJIO B pH,ay QeTbJpeX3HaIlHbIX, nOToMY
'ITO tlUCJIO, MeHbIlJee ero H8 eJ{HHHUY (999), HBJIHeTCH Y>Ke Tpex3HallHb1M
LJUCJIOM t a 9 999 - B PH)I.Y 1IeTbIpeX3Ha1lHblX QHCeJ1 HaH()OJlblll€C,
239

nOTOMY qro 1JHCJIO, 6o.nblllee ero Ha e.lUiHHI.lY (10 000), HBJIHerCH Y)Ke
ATHTH3HaqllblM lIHCJIOM.
nOCJIe OO'bflCHeHHSI 9Toro CJIytlaH C nOMOU{blO ytJHTeJISI YlleHHRH
Yil\e cMorYT caIOCTOHTeJIbHO .naTb 06'bHCHeHHe, I10tIeMY B PHJI.Y nHTH-
llleCTH3Ha 1 lHbIX tlHCeJJ 10 000 H 100 000 HBJIHIOTCS1 lIaHMeHblllHMH, a
99 999 n 999 999 - HaHt)OJIbWHMH.
2. CyecTBeHHoH oco6eHHocTblO CHCTeMbI H3ytteHHH HYMepall.HH,
npHHHToH B HODOM YlleOHHKe, HBJIHeTCH 11"TO, liTO B HeH HYholepa[\HH
OTBJlelleHHbIX IIHCeJI H3yqaeTCH B TeCHOH CBH3H C HYMepai.I.HeH HMeHD-
uaHHblX IIHCeJI; pa3pHJlHble ej\lIHUll.bl cpaBHHBalOTCH C eJ{HHHLlaMH H3-
MepeHHSI; 06pa30BaHHe OTOJIeqeHIIblX tlHCeJI COI1OCTaBJIHeTCH C oopa-
30saHHeM HMeHonaHHbIX tlHCeJI.
OOCJ1e Toro KaK YlIeIIHKH I103HaKOMHCH c npaBHnorvl IITeHHH rne-
CTH3HaqllbIX llnce.H H HayqaTCH Y3H3BaTb, CKO.HbKO Bcero e,nHHHLt
I I I{JIacca coep}J{HTcH B ,ltaHHOM qHCJIe, IH\'I .n.aeTCH 3a.n.aHHe BbIpa3HTb
n MeTpax: 803 000 MAt; 430 000 .MM; 920 000 MM.
BblnOJIHHH 3TH 3a;:laHHH, ytteHHK paccym.D.aeT: TblCH4a MHJI.TIHMeT-
pOD COCTaD.rlHeT I At, a 803 TbIC. .MM COCTaBJ1HIOT 803 M.
lla.nee c.neAYloT ynpa>KUeHHH 06paTlloro xapaKTepa: «BbIpa3HTc
13 MIIJ1.nH{eTpax: 1 M; 80 CM; 3 J1( 20 CM; 4 M 05 CM».
YllelIHK paccYJK,ltacT TaK: B 1 M TbICHQa MM.n.J1HMeTpOB, a B 2 At-
2 TblCHQU MM.TJcl1HleTpo_Il_ (2 000 MM).
13 1 'CM -- 10 MAt, a B 80 CM - 80 )J.ecHTKOB MM, HJIH 800 MM.
B 3 At - 3 000 MAt JI.a ee B 20 CM - 200 MM, a Bcero 83M 20 C..t
3200 MM.
nocne paCCMOTpeHHH pa3,.'IHIIHbIX CJlYlJaeB npe06pa30BaHuJl OTBJIe-
lJeHHbIX llHCeJI, T. e. Bblpa)l{c.UHH HX B 6o,nee MeJIKHX HJIH B GOJIee
KpynHbIx pa3pHj\HbIX e,AHHHI.I.aX, napa.TJJ1eJJbHO paCCMaTpHBalOTCH Ta-
KHe BonpocbI:
1) CKOJIbKO Bcero COTeH B 1JHCJIe 3200?
2) CKO.TJbKO MeTpOB B 3 200 CM?
CKOwTJbKO MeTpOB H caHTHMeTpOB B qHCJIe 5 846 CM?
Bblpa3HTe B oO.TIee MeJIKHX e)lHHHu.ax;
8 COT. 9 ,nec. - B ,lleCHTKax,
8 M 9 aM - B )J.eUHMeTpax.
B pe3Y.TIbTaTe COBl'tleCTHOro paCCMOTpeHHH OTBJIeqeHHblX H HMCHo-
oaHHblX lJHCe&l1 Y4eHHK llaqHH3eT nOHHaTb, qTO qHCJIeHHaH - xapaKTc-
pHCTHKa l\.IHO)I\eCTDa 3aBHCHT OT Bbloopa e,lJ.HHHl1b1 Ctler8, nOHHMaTb
paseHCTBO qHCM, xapaKTepH3YIOw.HX OHO H TO >Ke 3HaqeHHe BeJIHqHllbI.
3. 4Toob) 3aKpenHTb Y,lJ.eTeH 3HaHHe nOMecTHoro 3HaqeHHH UHtj>Pbl t
B co.a.ep>KaHHe pa60Th' no H3yqe,HHlO HYMepaUHH BKJlIOqeH Bonpoc:
«YBeJIHlIeHHe HMeHbIlleHHe tlHCJIa B 10, 100, 1000 pa3». YMeHHe yne-
J[HIIHTb H YMeHbIllHTb. IIHCJIO nYTeM npHnHcblBaHHR H OTopacblB3HHH
uYJIeH cnpaBa n03BOJlHeT pew3Tb npHMepbl H 3a.ll.atlH, 8 KOTOpbDC
Tpe6YeTCH YMHOIKHTb HJlH JI.eJ1HTb qHCJlO, OKaHQHBalOll{eecH HYJIHMH.
31'0 YMeHHe Tpe6yercH TaK>Ke npH npe06pa30BaHHH lI.aHHb(X tlHCeJI
(npH Bblpa>KeHHH HX B oonee MeJlKHX H Kpynllblx CAHHHu.ax).
240

B OClIOBe MeTO].(HKH 3TOrO BOnpOCa JIeiKaT lIa6..rJlO;J.CHHC H CpaBHeHUe:
YlJaInHec}1 Ha6.nlOalOT 3a TeM. KaK H3MeHHIOTCH QHC.13, KOr,na K HHM
npnnHCblBalOT HJlH OTOpaCblBaIOT HYJlH, CpaBHHBalOr HCXO,nHble H 110-
o ..TIyqeHHble qHCJIa 8 BbIBO,lJ.HT COOTBeTCTBYIOIllee npaBH.rIO. nOCJ1e 9Toro
DBOJ).HTCH 3HaKH YMHO}KeHHH Ii l{eJIeHHSI, pernalOTCH npHMepbl II 3an.a.
[IIi: 54 000 : 1 000; 3 800 · 100 H T. n.
4. B cOAepmaHHe «HYMepaUHH», KaK Y>Ke CKa3aHO Bblwe, BXOJUIT
Bonpoc 0 npe06pa308aHUU IIHCJla, KOTopoe CBO,l{HTCH K ,nBY1 onepa-
Ll.HHM - K pa3p00J1elnUO eJI.HHHIJ. KaKOrO-JlH60 pa3pSl].(a B e].(HHH[{bI
HH3rnero pa3pH].(a H K BbIjleJ1eBHlO H3 .nanlIoro IIHCJla BCex e.nHHHlI.
KaKoro-JIH60 pa3pH.lla.-,
. B MeTO.lI.H 4ecKOM OTIIoweHHH 3TO CJIOJKHblH Bonpoc, H pernaeTCS1
OH no-pa3HoMY. npHBe.lleM 3eCb O.lI.HII 83 crroco60B OO'bHCllenHH. Ha
KOHKpeTHbiX npHMepax BbIHCHfieTCH, liTO B tlHCJle, COCTOHrn.eM H3
Kpyrnblx .n.eCHTKOB, eJI.HHHU B 10 pa3 6o..1Jbrne, qeM JJ;eC5ITKOB; B tlHc.ne,
COCTOSJU.I.eM 1f3 KpyrJ1bIX COTell, eJI.HIIHIl. B 100 pa3 OOJIbllIe, iteM COTCH t
Ii T. ,n. n03TOMY, CCJ1H Tpe6ye-rCH, HanpHMep, 36 .n.eCHTKOB Bblpa3HTb
B ej\HHHuax, }l.OCTaTOtIHO 36 YBC.1HlIHTb B 10 pa3; 9TO 10J{{HO ,c,nelIaTb
nyreM npHnl1CbIBaHHH K lIHc.ny O}l.Horo Hy.HH cnpaBa. A ecJIH Tpe6yeTcH
Y3HaTb, CKOJIbKO C,lI.HHHU B 36 COTHHX, AOCTaTOlIIIO 36 YBeJIHqUTb B
100 pa3, qTO IOJKHO c.n.e.TlaTb, npHnHcaB K tIliCJlY cnpaBa .lI-Ba UYJIH,
H T. .
OrclO,na npaBH.Tfo: tlTo6hl Y3HaTb, CKO..abKO e.n.HHHlJ. B qHCJle, COCTOH-
ll(eM H3 .neCHTKOB, Hao npHnncaTb K qHCJIY cnpaB8 OHH HYJ1b; ttTo6bl
Y3HaTb, CKOJIbKO eHHHlI. B j\aHHO1 ,qHCJle COTeH, HanO npHnHcaTb l{
4HCJ1Y cnpaBa ABa HYJlH, H T. . .
TOqHO TaK ,me Ha OT.lleJIbHblX npHMepax MOJKHO nOKa3aTb yqarn. HM -
CSI, qro, ecJIH Tpe(5YeTCSI, HanpHMep, Y3HaTb, CKOJIbKO .n.eCHTKOB B
tlHCJle 480, AOCT8TOqHO oT6pOCHTb B HeM HYJlb. nOJlYtlHM: 480=48 ].(CC.
A ecJIH "ymHo Y3HaTb, CKOJIbKO COTeH B QHCJIe 1 200, p-OCTaTOqIlO
OTOpOCHTb B HeM .n.Ba ilYlIH. J:lO..TJYQH!vI: 1 200 = 12 COT.
CKOJlbKO ecHTKOB B 4HCJle 4 735? PaccYJK.!1-ael: ,necHTKOB He
6YJ!CT TOJlbKO B pa3pH,lI.e C,lI.HHHH, n03TOfY OT6paCblBaeM eHHHlI.bI;
OCTaBIllHeeH UH<PPbI 0003HallaIOT IIHClIO, KOTopoe nOKaIKeT, CKOJIbKO
ncero ,AecSlTKOB B .naHHOM lIHCJIe (4 73 ecHrKa). l{eHcTBHTeJIbHO, B 4
TbiCHtlaX 40 COTeH, a B 40 CHHX 400 .n.ecHTKOB. B 7 COTHHX 70 eCHT-
KOB, a Bcero 6y.n.eT: 400 ,lI.ec. -t- 70 ,nec. + 3 ec. = 473 ,nee.
TOQHO TaK 1Ke OODHcHHeTcH, CKOJIbKO COTeH, HanpHMep, BO BceM
qaCJle 34 815. COTeH HeT TOJlbKO B pa3pH,nax .aeCHTKOB H e.D.HHliU;
oropacblBaeM HX. OCT8BIIIeeCH IIHCJIO (348) _ nOKCllKeT, CKO.1bl{0 Bcero
COTeH B IIHCJle (348 COT.). OrclO.n.a BbITeKaeT npaBHcllo: QTo6bl Y3H8Tb,
CKMbKO Bcero coreH B .naHHOl\-1 tlHC.1Je, HaAo OTOpOCHTb B HeM AecSlTKH
H e,nHHRl(bI H npOtlHTaTb OCTaBweeCH lIHCJlO KaK qHCJIO COTeH.
5. nOCJIe H3Y1leHHH HYMepal.I.HH meCTH3HatlHb£X QHCeJI BBOHTCH
KJ1aCC MHJIJlHOHOB H .aeBHTH3HaQHle tIRC.Ha. nOpHJl-OK pa60TbI npHMep-
HO TOT >Ke, qTO H Ha KJ1aCCOM TbICHlI H mecTH3HallHbIMH tlHCJIaMH: 06-
pa30BaHHe Tpex HOBblX pa3pfJJ{lIblX e.n.HIIHll - l\lHJlJ1HOHa, .necHTKa
241

1nJIw'HOHOB, COTHH MHJI..rIHOHOB, 06'bJ].HlIeHHe HX 8 1UIllCC MUAAUOH08,
B KOTOpOM ClIeTHOH' eJlHHHueii HBJIHeTCH MU,2IlUOH (HOBaH KJIaCCH8H
eJUfHliua), nepeHOC Ha 3TOT K.H3CC Bcero Toro, 1Jro JteTHM H3BecTHO 0
KJl3CCe eJJ-HHHLI. H Kw1acce TbICHq; paCCMOTpeHHe HYMepaUHOHHOH Tat)JlH-
UhI, B KOTOpOH npe,nCTaBJIeHbl TPH KJI3CC3, HcnO.J1b30BaaHe 3TOH Tao-
JJIH.tbl ):l.'UI nepBOHaqaJJbHOrO 03HaKOMJleHHH yqaIII.HXCH CHaqaJla co
CTPYKTypOH Hcna TpCTbero KJl3CC3 oe3 HyeH H C HYJlHMH B npe-
.'Iax 9Toro KJIaCCa (632 MJlH., 370 MJlH., 800 MJlH.), 3 nOTOM CO 'CTPYK-
TYpO" JleBHTH3HaqHbIX HCe.nt C UK ttTeHHeM " 3anHCblO B T86JIHlle.
npH H3YQellHH HYfcpaUHH JteBHTH3Ha t lHbIX qHce..fJ npOBo,nHTCSI ynpa>K-
HCIIHH: B 06pa30BaHHH 1IHCeJI (npeHMYI.l.tecTBeHHo H3 KJlaCCHblX e)Uf-
HHn, HanpHMep: «HanllWHTe 1IHCO, KOTopoe cOJ{ep>KHT 156 eA. II I
KJlaCca, 840 e,n. I I K..TIaCCa H 256 e,ll.. I KJIaCc3»), B pa3.TIO)KeHHH lIHCe.'1
H8 pa3pHJlHbIe CJIaraeMbIe, B 1JTeHHR H 33nHCH .neBS{TH3HallHbIX 'IHCe.."I
6e3 HYJleH H C HYJIHMH H3 MeCTe OTCYTCTYIOHX e,nHHHll- KaK OT.lleJIb-
IlbIX pa3pBJ{oB, TaK H ue.noro KlIacca, B 3anHCH Bcex B03MO}KHbIX 1IHCeJJ
C nOMOInblO JtaHHblX UHCPP (HanpHMept c nOMolUbID I.{H(PP 3, 8, 5 33nH-
IIJHTe Bce B03MO}KHbIe TpeX3HallHbie IIRc.na TaK, 1.IT06bI Q).1.Ha H Ta}KC
, llucppa B IIHCJIe He nOBTOpHJI3Cb), B cpaBHCHHH qUCM, B YCBoeHHH lIa..
TYP3J1bHOH nOCJleO[]aTe.HbHOCTIf qHCell 3a npe-ne..TI3MH MHJlJIHOHa, B
npeo6pa30naHHlI QHCew1 K3K OTB..TJelleHHbIX, TaK Ii HMeHOBaHHbIX.
I1cnO.'1b30BaIlHe feTO.l{HKH, H3JIo.meHHOH 3,AeCb B C3MbIX 06l1J.HX
lIepTax, ,lI.OJlX{HO He TOJIbKO HaYIlHTb .lleTeH npaBHv1bllO 'IHTaTb H sanH-
tI
CblBaTb 11 HC.H a , HO R ,AaTb HM 3HaHHe OCHOB .neCHTlIQHOH CHCTeMbI CqHC-
JleHHH, H3Typ3JIbHOrO pHA3 IIHce.JI, -8 T3K>Ke pa3BHTb HX M3TeMaTHtteC-
KOC MbIIII.neHHe.
6. O,nHopeMeHHo C H3YlleHHel\f HYlepaI.J.HH IHOr03I1aQHbIX 1Ince.TJ
npoDo.nHTCH pa60Ta H3)1. panee H3YQeHHbIM M3TepHaJIOM (ero nOBTope-
line, 3aKpenJIeHHe H HeKoTopoe paclliHpeHHe) no Bce1 OCHOBHbIM JIH-
HH5Il\1: no COBeprneHCTBOBaHHIO BbIlIHCJIHTCJIbHbIX HaDLIKOB H YMCHHIO
pewaTb 3ajlaqU, no pacUlHpeHHIO cBeeHIfH H3 a.lIre6paH1JecKoH H reo-
feTpHqeCKOH npOne){eBTHKH.
Ha IHorHX ypoKax n,OCJle npoBepKII AOM31IIHero 3an.aHHH npoBo-
.nHTCH cneu.HaJlbHbIe KpaTKoBpeleH}]ble ynpaJKHeHHH B YCTHblX BbllIHC-
JleHHHX. MaTepHaJi AJIH TaKHX ynpa}KHeHHH (rrpuMepbI H 3anaqH) ,QaH
B rJIaBe Y1Je6n,HK3 «rtonOJIHHTeJIbHbIC ynpa>KHeHHH». HeKoTopble H3
HHX Y\10rYT BKJII01l3TbCH H B )J.OMaWHee 3aJl3HHe.
OOIlTH CJKeJ\HeDIlO H3 ypOI<3X, a tlall(e B nOp5I)tKe BblIIOJIHeHHH ,no-
v
MaWIlHX 33J].aHHH yqaIII.HecH pern310T nHCbMeIlHO rrpHMepbl Ha Bce
,neHcTBHH B npe,neJIax 1 000. CTOJI6HKII npHMepoB HepeJJ.Ko cOnpOBO}f{-
A310TCH 3a,naHlIel: «Eo.nee TpYJI,HbIe DbltIHC.neHH5I BbInOJIHHTe 3anHCblO
CTOJI6HKOl\f, oOJlee JIerKHe - 33nHCblO D CTpOtIKY». T3KHe 33JJ.a1lHH
no6Y1KJI.3IOT YQeHliKOB nepe.n perneHHel\i ollepe.nnoro npHMepa noJJ.Y-
u u v
J.f3Tb, KaKOH npHel\i HCnOJlb30naTb - YCTHbIH HJIH nHCbMeHHbIH, H
T3KII1\f 06p330M npeJJ.ynpe:>K)laeTcn He)Ke.naTeJIbHOe HBJIeHHe, Kor.n.a
yqawneCH, n03H3KOMHBWHCb C nHCbfeHHbIMH Dblt.IHCJICHHHMH, nepe-
CTalor nO.fJb30BaTbCSI YCTHbIMH npHeMaMH BblqHClleHHlI.
242

Mep AnHH H MepW Beea
Bill KJIaCCe paoOT8 no <pOpMHpoBaHHIO peaJIbHblX npeJJ-cTaDJleHHH
o eJl-HHHuax H3MepeHHH .nJIHHbI 11 Beca npo,ltOJlJKaeTCH. nOBTOpHIOTCH
II npHBo,ltRTCSI B CHc.TeMY 3HallHH Mep ,nJlHHbl; COCTaBJIHeTCH If YCBaH-
BaeTCSI TaMHU8 9THX Mep. YlIallI.MeCSI 3HaKOMHTCH C HOBblMH JlSI. HHX
ej\HHH!1aMH. H3MepeHHH BeC8 - C eHTHepOM H TOHHOH; H3yqeHHbie
Mepbl npHBOHTCSI B CHCTe:VIY) COCTaBJIHeTCH H YCBaHBaeTCH Ta6JIHIJ.3
{ep BeC8.
BOJIblllOe 1\.feCTO H8 ypOKax no H3yqeHHIO 3TOH TeMbI 3allHM8IOT
YIlpa>KHeHHSI D 3aleHe KpynHblx Mep feTIKHMH H H306opOT.
"QpyraH BalKHaH 3a.n.aQa 9TOH Tel\.ibI - YCOBepmeHCTBOBaTb H3Me-
pHTeJIbHbIe HaBbIKH - H3MepeHHe OTpe3KOB C n01\fOlll.bIO He TOJIbKO
lIHHeHKH, pa3J{e.lIeHHOH H8 MHJlJIHMeTpbl, HO If HPKY1JH-n3lepHTeJlSI,
a TaK>Ke 60JIhlllMX paCCTOHHHH C nOl\10III.blO pYJIeTKU; HaYIlHTb B3BeIlIH-
BaTb, IIOJIb3YHCb QaWellHbIMH H UH4>ep6JI8THbIM;"BecaIH.
OcHOBHbIl'vlH {CTo.naMn H3Y4eIlH.H lep, KaK 8 I H I I KJlaCC8X, gB-
JlfllOTCH H.alnH.n.I10CTb) HcnOCpe,l(CTBeHHbIe BocnpHHTHH, Ha6JIIOJl-eHHH,
MOJJ-eJIHpOBaHHe.
Y yqeHHKa nOCTOHHHO )I.OJIiKHbl OblTb MacUlTaollaH JIHHeHKa H lI.HP-
KYJIb-H3MepHTeJIb. B K.H8CCC ,l(OJIJKHO 6bITb HecKO1bKO pYJIeTOK H
CaHTHMeTpOBbIX JIeHT. npH H3YQeHHH lep Bcca nOTpe6YlOTcSI Qa-
llIC1JHble BeCbI, pa3HOBeCbI C rHpSIMH, UHcpep6JIaTHbie neCbl. nOJIe3HO
HMeTb B KJIacce HaCTeHHble neqaTHble Ta6JIHUbl «i\'\epbI .rIHHbI»
If «lv\epbI ,aeca».
Ha YPoKax H3YQeHHSl Mep lIaCTO HCnOJIb3yercH npHeM cpaBHeHHH;
cpasHHBalOTcSI e.z1HHHUbI H3MepeHHH: K8KaH "3 HHX 60JIbIIle, K8KaH -
MeHbwe, BO CKOJIbKO pa3 H H8 CKOJIbKO 60JIbllIe (Me HbIlIe) ; cpaBHHB8IOT-
CSI HMeHOBaHHble QHCJla (H8npHMep, 4 m 8 'I H 480. K2; 7 M 9 aM H
7 M 91 CM), cpaDHHBaIOTCSl KOJIHqecTBeHHble OTHorneHHR e,nHHHU 1'13-
MepeHHH (TOHHbI H ueHTHepa, TOHHbI H KHJIOrpa!'.IMa).
113ytlaeMble MepbI BKJIlOqalOTCH B npaKTHKY H3MepeHHH, OJIaro.n.a-
pH KOTOpOH 3HaHHSl 3aKpenJIHIOTCH, a npe.n.CTaB..TJeHH5J YTOqHHIOTCH.
HY>KHO ,nOOHTbCSI Toro, lIT06bI JJ.eTU XOpOIliO BJIa)J.eJIH ripH H3Mepe-
HIiH UHpKYJIeM " JIHHeiiKOH, a nOJIb3YHCb JIHHeHKOH C MHJIJIHl\ieTpo-
BblMH JJ.eJIeHHHMH, npaBHw'lbHO BeJIH mctler ,lleJIeHHH, npaBHJIbHO
COBMeUU1JUf HYJIeBYIO OTMeTKY JIHHeHKH C KOHUOM H3MepSf(MOrO OTpe-3-
Ka, npaBHJIbHO pacnOJIaraJIH fJIa3 "PH OTCqeTe ,ne.'1eHHH, C HeOOXO){H-
MOH TOIlHOCTblO oueHHBaJIH OTHOCHTeJIbHYIO SeJIHQHHY OCTaTKa, MeUb-
wero 1 CM HJIH 1 MM, H oKpyrJUIJIH 3TOT OCTaTOK.
HY>KHO T8KiKe COBepllIeHCTBOBaTb H YMeHHe B3BeWHBaTb Ha Be-
cax - QarnellHblX H LlH<pep6JIaTHbIX, npeJJ.OCTaBJIHH B03MO)f{HOCTb KaIK-
lJ.OMY ytlameMYCH noynpamHHTbCH 80 B3BellIHBaHHH H OTBeUlHnallHU.
nOJle3HO nOKa3aTb J1eTSlM nJ:!HeMbl B3BellIHBaHHSI >KH,ltKOCTeH H cblny-
tlHX TeJI: nepe,lt B3BellIHBaHHeM nOpO>KHHH Tapa ypaBHoBellIHBaCTCR
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BOPOHKY H onYCTHTe B CTaK8H. Dp.onycTHTe Qepe3 cpHJIbTpbl paCTBopbl
conu U catapa. HccJIyi:fre >K,H)1KOCTH nOCJIe <pHJIbTpa Ha BKYC. To )1(8
I npoAeJlaiire co CMecblO necKa H KpaXMaJIa C BOAOH. npOH8()JIIOAaAT
'lTO npOH30AAeT.
3. nocTaBbTe Ha nJl8MSI rOpeJIKH KOJl6y C BO)l.08. B Kon6y BCT8BbTe
npooKY C ra30aJ'so,D.HOH Tpy6KOii. H8A Tpy6KOA YCT8HOBHTe XOJIOJtHOO
CTeKJlO ...UJIH T8peJIKY co CHerOM. IJ&lXO,ZUIInHH H3 TpYOKH nap H8 xo-
I JlOAHOH n,perpaAe 6YJJ.eT CHOBp npeBpamaTbcSI B >KHJJ.KYIO BOAY.
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-- -
PIIC. 1.
ne;eM npHMep perneHHH 3a-natIH: «nOe3 \OCKBa-JIeHHHrpa.1t BblllleJl
113 J\t\OCKBbl B 22 't H npH6bIJI B JIeHHHrpa.n. H3 CJ1eJlYlo1.l.lHe CYTKH 8 7 fl.
CKOJIbKO qaCOB nOe3J). 6bI.'1 B nYTH?»
BhIqCpqHBae1 npH1\fYIO H Ha HeH 0603HaQaCM TOllKaMH qaCbI OT-
npaB..'1eHHH H npH6bITHH nOe3,tJ.a, tlaCbI npc6bIBaHHSI ro B nYTH, OT.ne-
JH1Si >KHpllOrl TOtlKOH O}J.HH CYTKH OT pyrHx (CM. pHC. 1). BbJQnCJIHeM:
c 22 It J\O 24 ti, T. e. ,no KOHl{3 nepBbIx CYTOK, B KOTopble Bblrn1 nDe3)l,
npOlllJIO 2 'l (24-22 = 2); Ha CJIe;tYIOlJ.{He CYTKH npHXOAHTCH 7 'l,
a Bcero noe.3 6bIJI B nYTH 2 "t n.nIOC' 7 tt, lITO Cocr3BJISIeT 9 "t.
ECJ1H peweHHe TaKeR 3aJ\atIH 3anHC3Tb, TO, YCT3HOBHB, 1ITO BpeMH
u
HaXO>K.lleHHH nOe3;ta B nYTH COCTOHT 1-13 J\BYX 1IaCTeH - O)\Ha tIaCTb
JJpHXO,AHTCSI H3 nepBble CYTKH, 3 .llpyraH - H3 BTopble CYTKH, Heo6xo-
J\HMO HCnOJIb30B3Tb J1,Ba .lleHcTBH: ·
1) 24 - 22 == 2 ({i)
2) 2 + 7 = 9 (tl)
o T BeT. noe3,tJ. 6bI0I1 B nVTH Bccro 9 'i.
Ha TaKOM )Ke 1IepTe)Ke YJ\06HO nOK33arb pewellHe o6paTHoH 3a.lla-
llH: «nOe3,l1 MocKBa-JIeHHHrpaJl., BbIH.lUI H3 MOCKBbl BeqepOM, npH6blJI
8 JleHHHrpa.ll B '1 at. KorJ\a BbHlle..'I noe3.ll H3 MOCKBbl, ec"YJH OH 6bIJI B
nYTH Bcero 9 ?» BHHMaTenbHO npOqHTaB ycnoBHe 3aJl.aQH, HeTpYJl.HO
YCT.HOBHTb, qTO BpeMR ABH>KeHHR D0e3Aa (9 ) pacnpeJ\eJISIeTCSI. H3
ABOe CYTOK: 7 at npHxo.llHTCH Ha OAHH CYTKH, 3 OCT3JIbHOe BpeMR npH-
XO,lJ.HTCH H3 .llpyrHe - npbI;{YInHe CYTKH. CKOJ1bKO >Ke q3COB npHXO-
J\HTCH H3 npe,lJ.bI,lI.YI.l\He CYTKH? 3TOT Bonpoc pe1ll3eTCH BbIlIHT3HHeM
9--7 = 2 ('l). nOKIDKeM 9TO 1I3 lIepTeLKe. LIepTHM npHMYIO, H3 HeH
KpynHoH T01lkoM OTJI.f.J1HeM O.llHH CYTKH OT ApyrHX: KOHeu nepBbIX cy-
TOK (24' 'l) OT HatJa.,TJ3 BTOpblX (0 tt). BnpaBo OT Halla.n3 BTOpWX CYTOK
0603Ha1laeM ceMbIO T01lK3MH 7 it; BJIeBO OT Ha l laJI3. BTOpbIX CYTOK (24 'I)
)lBYMH TOllKaMH 0003HaQaeM 2 It, KOTopble COBna.llaIOT C 22 't. I1raK, no-
C3)1. BLlwe..TI H'J l\\OCKBbI B 22 "t.
3anncb peIJleHHH 9TOil 3aaqH 6YJ\eT BhIr40TI5I,!J.eTb T3K:
1) 9 - 7 = 2 (tl)
2) 24 - 2 = 22 (fl) .
DO.llo6HO 9TO!\.fY ){aCTCH 06'bSICHeHHe TpeTbeii (oopaTHoli) 3a.llaQH:
«nOe3.ll MocKBa-JIeHHHrpaJ\ oTnpaBH.'1CSI H3 l\\OCKBbI B 22 tt H, npH6b1J1
B JleHHHrpaA Ha CJJeAYIOlll.He CYTKH, npo6blB B nYTH 9 tt. Bo/ CKOJIbKO
lJaCOB noe3 npH6bIJI B JleHHHrpa.ll?»,
npH p3360pe 33;I.311H YCT3HaBJIHBaeTCSI, QTO H3 9 tl 1I3CTb SpeMeHH
npHxo.llHTCH Ita OJI.IlH CYTKH, .llpyraSl lIaCTb - lla JJ.PY fHe CYTKH. CKOJJb-
249
........

KO tIaCOB rrpHXOHTCSI Ha Te H .llpyrHe CYTKH, GY.lleT' BHHO H3 lIepTe>Ka.
lJepTHM npHMYIO, OTLleJISleM Ha He" OJ\HH CYTKII OT pyrHx, 0003Ha tIaervl
.Ha He" BpeMH BbIXO,lla nOe3.I1-a - 22 ti, KOHell O.Il-HHX CYTOK H HatIaJIO
.ZI.pyrHx 24 - (0 tt).
OocTaBHB nOCJIe 22 IIHCJIO 23, 3aMeTHM, liTO B 3THX CYTKax noe3,Lt
Mor UblTb B nYTH TOJIbKO 2 ti, OCTaJIbHOe BpeMH (9-2 = 7) npHxo.nHTCH
Ha C.tIe.n:YIOIrlHe CYTKH. I1TaK, noe3.ll npH6blJI B JleHHHrpA B 7 il.
3anHcb pelueIlHH 9TOH 3a,ltallH:"
1) 24 - 22 = 2 (tt)
2) 9 - 2 = 7 (tt)
Pa306paHHbIfi BH,tt 3a,l:tall OTIIOCHTCH 1\ lIHCJIY HaH60JIce TPYLlHbIX.
PemeHHe 3a.Il-all, B KOTOpbIX rOBopHTCH 0 COObITHHX, rrpoHcxo.aSlHX
B OJ\HH CYTKH, He npe.n.CTaBJIHeT JI.JIH ,AeTeH TPYJ\lIOCTH, oc06eHIlO eC1n
npH 06nHCHeHHH HX HCnOJIb3yeTcH rpaHtIeCKaH HarnHAHOCTb.
Pa3Yl\feCTCH, tlTO B rrpou.ecce ynpa}KHeHHH TaKHe 3a.,natlH ,LtO.I1}{{HbI
peUJaTbCH H 6e3 nOMOInH tlepTe.iKa.
Bblille OblJIO CKa3aHO, qTO 3a.natlH Ha BhlqHCleHHe BpeMeIIH B I1pe-
,lJ.e.nax leCHl.la H rO)(a .pernalOTCH no TaOeJIb-KaJIeH,l1aplO nYTef\{ npo-
CToro no.nCtleTa. ECJIH, HanpHMep, KaKoe-HHOY,l1b coobiTHe Hatla10Cb
8 HfOHH, a 3aKOHtlHJIOCb 5 aBrycTa, TO no Ta6eJIb-Ka1eIIJ\aplO YlIeHHKH
YCTaHOBHT, liTO npo.Il-O.TILKHTf.,'1bHOCTb 9Toro C06bJTHH COCTaBHlIa 58
.D.HCH, KOTopbIe CJlO}KHJIHCb TaK: 22 J{HSI HlOHH, 31 .Il-eHb HIOJISI, 4 llHH
aBrycra H 1 .a.eHb (,tteHb, KOf.lla HallHHaeTCH- CooblTHe (B/VI), H JI.ellb,
KOf,Lta CoobITHe 3aKaHtIHBaeTCH (5/VIII), npHHHTo CQHTaTb 3a OHH
,nCHb) .
npH H3yqeHRH ,naHHoH TeMbI, KaK H ,llpyrHx, HapH.Il-Y C H3YlleHHe1
HOBoro l\farepHaJia IlpOOJI}KaeTCH pa60Ta no 3aKpenJIeHHlO 3IIaHHH H
u
lIaBbIKOB H3 paHee rrpOH.Il-eHHoro: no cOBeprneHcTBoBaHHIO HaBblKOB
YCTHblX " nHCbMeHHbIX BbIlIHCJIeHHH C OTBJIelleHHbIMH H HMeHOB3HHbI!'tIH
QHCJlaMH, no pS3BHTHIO YMeHHH pewaTb 3a.Il-allH, no pa3BHTHIO l'eOMeT-
plttteCKHX npe,l1CTaBJIeHHA H 3aKpenJIeHHIO HeKOTopbIX cBe,!1eHHH H3
are6paHttecKoH nporreeBTHKH.
Ha- H3YlIeHHe JtaHHoH TeMbI BbI.lleJIHeTCH npHMepHo 12 ypOKOD.
.o.eACTBHA Hal' MHOr08Ha"lHblMH
'IHCnaMH
CnOHC8HHe H .......H'aHHe MHor03Ha...HlaIX LlHcen
Hatl8JIo 9TOH pa60Tbi nOJIO>KeHQ Y}Ke 80 I I KJlacce, r.lle YllaW.HMCSl
6b1J1 06'hS1cHeH BbItIHc.nHTeJIbHbIH npHeM rrHCbMeHHoro CJlO>KeHHR Ii Bh[-
'UiTaHHH Tpex3HallHblx -qHCM na OCHOBe npaBHJIa npH63BJIeHHH cyrvt-
Mhi K cYMMe 11 npaBHJla BbllIHTaHHH CYMMbI H3 CYMMbJ; TaM >Ke npOBe.ne-
IIbi H ynpa>KHeHHH, HarrpaaneHHbIe Ha Qx>pMHpOBaHHe rrpOllHplX Ha-
BblKOB, BbltlHCJIeHHH C TpeX3HallHblMH tlHCJIaMH.
250

_....
Tenepb 3TH HaBblKH HymHO pacnpOCrpaUHTb H3 60Jlce illHPOKYIO
06JJaCTb MHOr03HallHbiX tJHCeJI, paCCMOTpeTb pa3HOo6p33Hble CJlyqaH
l'..10meIlHH Ii BbI4HT3HIIH, npHMeHHTb IIX B pa3HbIX YCJIOBHSlX npH pe-
lllCHHH 33,Aall, npH HaXOIK.lleHHH qHCJIOBOrO 3HaQeUHSI BbJpa>KeHMR'..
If JJ.06IITbCH Toro, IITOObi YllaWJfecH npOH3Bo,nHJIH BbIIIUCJIeHHH npa-
BH.nbHO, C03HaTeJIbHO, YBcpeHHO H Oe3 H3JIHWHefl MCJI/I HTe.nb HOCTH.
B TeCHoii CBSI3H C <p<>pMHpOBaHHeM BblllUCJIHTeJlbHblX HaBhll{OB
.nO1}KHa BeCTHCb paOOTa no paCIIIHpeHHIO y yqarn.HXCSI 3HaHHH AeHCT-
... u ,U"
BHH CJIOil{eHHSI H BblqHTaHHH: CBOHCTB 9THX eHCTBHH KaK !eOpeTHtJec-
u
Kon OCHOBbl HX BbI4HCJIHTeJlbHblX npHeMOB, B3aH{OCBH3H CJIO.>KeHHSI "
DbIlJHTaHIIH, B3aHMOCBH3H KOMllOHCHTOB H pe3YJIbTaTOB Ka>K.noro H3
u v
3THX .lleIICTBHH, H3{eHeHHH CYf!\tlbl B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3teHeHHH CJJa-
raeMb H H3MeHeHHSI pa3HOCTH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3leHeHHSI YMeHb
IIJaeMOrO 11 BbIlIHTaeMoro. .
B CHCTeMe H MeTo,nax H3Y1leHHSI CJIOLKeHHH H BWQHTaHU5I MHoro-
3lJa1lHbiX IIHCeJI MMelOTCH CJIeJ1YIOIUue oco6eHHOCTH.
CnOJKeHI1C H Bb1411T3HI1C KaK ,nei1cTBHH B3aHMoo6paTHbIC paCCM3T-
pnBalOTCSI COBMeCTHO. H3 O,ll.HOM H TO1 )Ke YP9Ke 'cnocoo nHCbMeUHoro
C\TIO>KeHHSI H BbIIIHTaHH5I TpeX3HallHbiX IIHCeJl nepeHOCHTCH Ha MHoro-
3uatJHbie QHCJla. npHHlJ.HTI COBMCCTlIOCTH ocyrneCTBJISleTC5I Ha "POT"-
)KellHU BceH TeMbl; CJIOiKeHUe npOBep5leTCH CJIO)l{eHHCM H BbI 1 [HTaHMCM,
Dbl4HTaHHe .npOBep5ICTCSI BblQHTaHHCM H CJlO}KeHHCM; HaXO}KJ!.eHHe lIe-
1I3BCCTHoro CJI araeMoro qepeYCTC51 C llaXOIK)(CHHeM lIeH3BeCTHbiX YMeHb-
waeMoro H BhIllHTaeMoro; B COCTaBHh1e 3a,llallH BI{..TJlOlIalOTC5I KaK CJ1Q-
meIlHe, T3K U BbIIIHTaHHe.
C7IOlKeHHe 11 BbIlIHTaHHe COCTaBlIblX HMeHOBaHHbIX qncet.TJ paCCMaT-
pnBalOTCSI napaJIJIeJIbHO co CJIO)l{eH.HeM H BbIIIMTaHHeM OTBJIeqeHHblx
lHiCM, qTO no,nqepKHBaeT 06rnHOCTb npHIIlJ.HnOB, JIC}KallJ,HX B OCHOBe
HX anropHTMOB. H3BeCTHO, liTO ,neHCTBHSI C COCTaBHblMH HMeHOBaHHbIMH
tlHCJlaMII MO>KHO BblnOJIHSITb J1J10SIKHM cnOCOOOM: 6e3 3aMeHbI II C 3a-
MeHOH COCTaBHbIX HMeHOBaHHblX 4HCf.,'1 npOCTblMH HleHOBaHHbIMH tJHC-
..T]anI. B YLIeOHHKe nOKa3aHbI 06a cnoco6a. nepBbu1 cnoco6 (6e3 33Me-
Hbl) 60Jlee 9KOHOMHbIH; npH I1CnOJlb30BaHHH ero pe3YJlbTaT nOJIYllaeTCSI
cpa3Y, B TO BpeMH K3K "PH nOtl'lb30B3HHH BTOpbIM cnoc060M npHXO,AHTCH
BLlIlOJIHHTb .lI.Be )(OOaBOllHbIe onepau.HH: CHallaJI3 3aMeH5ITb COCTaBHbJe
nMCHOBaIllIble tlUCLTla -npOC'tbIMH, 3 nOTOM, no..'1YIlHB B pe3YJIbTaTe rrpo-
CToe HMeHOBaHHoe t{HCJIO, 3aleHHTb ero COCTaBHbIM.
OJ(Ha,KO 9T3 )(BOHHaH OnepaII.HH OKa3blBaeTCH HeH36e>KHOH, KOf1la
npHXO)\IiTCH pernaTb 3aJ.3tIl1 C COCTaBHbIMH HMeHOBaHHbIMH lIHCJl3MIt
cnoc060M COCTaBJlCHH5I YP3BHeHHH. .
npH 06'bHCHeHHH BbIQnC..1HTeJlbHbIX npHeMOB H B nepBOH3QaJIbHblX
ynpa>KHeHHHX npe..aYCMaTpliBalOTCH pa3J1HlIBble BapnaHTbl npl1MepOB:
JlpHMepbl 6e3 nepeXO.ll.3 If C nepeXO,ll.OM lIepe3 pa3p5l,!lbl. C O,lUiHaKOBbJM
Ii pa3nbl1 KO.FIHtJeCTBOM u.HCPP B ,naHlIbIX lIHCJlaX, C uy..TJHMH H 6e3 HY-
JIeH HAp. npHMeHHH B pa3HbiX c.,'1YlIanx O)\IIH H TOT}Ke cnoco6 perneHHH,
yqeHHK nYtIrne OC03HaeT OCHOBHOH npHHII.Hn nMCbMelllloro CJ10}KeHHSI
II BbI1.JHT8HHg - ero nOpa3pH,lI.HOCTb.
251

.aaBaS! MaTepllaJI ,lJ)ISI ynpa>KHeHHH, I-IYiI{IIO yqHTbIBaTb, tlTO CJIO-
meUHe a8YX tJHCeJI ,llJIH yqeHHKOB lie npeACTaBJIHeT KaKHx-nHC)O TPY.n-
HOCTeH. OlllH6KH B CJIO>KeHHH 3HaIIHTeJIbHO B03paCTalOT, Kor;ta npH"
XOHTCSI CKJIa,nbIBaTb 60Jlee ,Z:(BYX CJIaraeMblX; ,nJIJ1 ,nOCTHiKeHHH Xopo..
UlHX pe3y.nbTaTOB B TaKHX CJlyqaHX Tpe6yeTCH OOJlblIIan TpeHHpOBKa.
n03TOMY CJIe.n.yeT OOJlblllC ynpajl{HHTb YlIalI\HXCH 8 CJIOiKeHHH Tpex H
QCTblpeX CJIaraeMblX. TaKHe ynpa>KHeHHSI nOJIe3HbI H TeM, liTO Ha HHX
yeHHI{ TpeHHpyeTcH Ii B 6bICTpbIX' ycmHbtX BbIQHCJleHHHX.
ElI\e B 60JlblIIeil Mepe HeO.lUIHaKOBbI no CTeneHH TPY,Z:(HOCTH npHMepbI
Ha 8WtUmaHue MHOr03I1aQHbIX tHICeJI. 3,Z:(eCb BepOHTHOCTb OlIIH6oK B03..
paCTaeT B C.'1yqaHX, KOf,Z:(a B yleHblllaeMOM BCTpeqalOTCH HYJIH, H OCO.
6ellHO no,!\pH,Zt neCKOJlbI{O HYJIeH, Kor,Z:(a, 3aHHB O,LlHY e;UiHHUY BbIcrne-
fO pa3p5l,l1.a, npHXO}l.l1TCH ,ne.naTb pH nOCJ1eJlOBaTeJlbHbIX pa3Jlpo6-
JIeHHit TaKOBbJ c.nYlIaH: 700 200 - 96 358; 100 000 - 46 807;
300 100 - 206 175.
!lJIH npc;lynpejl{)J,eHH5I OHInOOK B TaKlfx CJJYl.laHX Tpe6YfOTCH nO,ltfO-
TOBHTeJlblIble ynpa)KHellHH (OHH YKa3aHbI B yqeOHHKe), tleTKHe OO'bHC"
HCHHH 1-1 .!I.OCTaTOtIHOe 4HCJIO TpeHHpOBOlll1WX ynpa}KHellHH. A ,Z:(JlSI
ueKOTopblX YlIelIHKOB f\'IOlKeT nOT6oBaTbcn 06'bHCHCHHe C norvlOIl(bIO
HarJIfI,Z:(HbIX noco6liH (Ha nY'-IKaX naJIOlleK HJlH Ha KJIaCCHbIX C1.IeTaX
nOI{a.3aTb, IIanpHMep, I{a'K BbIlIHCJIHTb BbIpa}KeHHe 1 000 - 478, pa3"
JIO/KHB TblCHI.lY Ha pa3pH.!{Hble lIlfC.na: 9 COTen 9 JleCHTKOB 10 e,lI.HHHll).
9qxjJeKTHBHoCTb ynpa}KHeI1HH, ,naHHbIX B yqe6UHKe, ,Z:(OCTHraeTCH H
3a CqeT BBeeHHSI TaKoro poa ynpa}KHeHHH, KOTopbIe, cnoco6cTBYH
cOBeprneHcTBoBaHHIO BhIlI}ic.HHTeJIbHbIX HaBbIKOB, B TO }I{e Bpef5I He-
cy ,Z:(onO.,'1HHTeJlbHYlO CMbICJIOBYIO HarpY3KY. CIO,na OTHOCHTCH CpaBJIC-
HHe BblpamCHHH B lle.n HX 60Jlee f J1y6oKoro OC03HaHHH J(eTbMH CfblCJIa
ap HMeTHqecKHX ){eHCTBHH, CBOllCTB H CBH3eii, CYllI,eCTBYIOIIlJIX MeJK)(Y
IHi1\IH, a TaK}Ke pelIIeHHe paBeHCTB, HepaBeHCTB 11 ,lI.p.
IlepetecTliTeJlbHoe H coqerare.nbHoe CBoHcTBa CYMlbl J(OJIiKlIbI
6bITb lUHpOKO HCnOJIb30BaHbI ,lJ)IH pa3BHTMJl y ,D.eTeH HaBhIKOB YCTHbIX
BbI'-IHCJIeHHH. B YQe6HHKe TaKHM ynpa>KHeHHH1 06bIqHO npewecT"
nyeT 3aJ\aHHe: BbInOJIHHTe .l{eHcTBHH HaH60JIee "T}erl{H1 cnoco6o.f. 11a-
npHMep, HaH,ltHTe 3HaqeHHe BbIpuKeHHH: 30 -1- 336 + 234 + 270.
PernaH 3TOT npHMep, yqeHHK ,Z:(o.JI>KeH HCnOJlb30BaTb nepeMecTHT'bHoe
H COqeTaTe"T1bHoe CBoHcTBa CYMMbI, 3aMeHSlH rpynnbI cJlarpC{bIX HX
CYMMaMH: (30 + 270) + (336 + 234).
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nOKa npOBepKa He BbIfIo"TIIIeHa, BbIQHc.neHHe HeJ1b3H CQHTaTb 3aKOH"
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HHH 06 9TO; npH npOBepKe ,naJIeKO He Bcer,lta UY>KHO tlHCJIa nepenHCbl-
BaTb M npHtoe ,lteHCTBHe npOBepHTb 06paTHbIM; 80 MHorHx c.nYQanx
- v
AOCTaTOQHO npOCToro nOBTopHoro BwnoHeHHH AeHCTBHH no cenaH-
HOU 3anHCH TeM me cnoco6ot HJlll HHbIM: np" CJIO>KeHHH CT0J16HKOM
CJlaraeMbie MOLKHO CJIO>KHTb eIne pa3 B HHOM nopH.l{Ke, ,lJ.BHraHCb He
CBCPXY BHU3, a CHH3Y BBepx; nO,,'Ie3HO nHCbMeHHble BblllHCJleHIiH npo-
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ncp 51Tb HHOr,na H Ha C1JCTaX. Ho KOr,na B Ylle6HHKe YKa33HO «CJI.eJIaTb
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CMbIM IlOKa33Tb, 1JTO OH 3H3eT B33HfOCB5I3b KOMIlOHeHTOB H pe3YJ1bTa-
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3a11080 c.n.e.n3Tb BbIlJHC.JIeHHe, aKKyp3THO 3311epKHYB HeBepHoe, JIH60
B H3nHC3HHoe BHeCTH HCnp3BJIeHHe: HeBepHYlP UH<PPY 3a1JepKHYTb H
cDepxy H3nHcaTb BCpHyIb. Ho HHKor)J.a He c.ne.n.yeT nHcaTb HOBYIO lI.ncppy
no I1anHC3HIIOH.
Bce CKa3aHHoe 3AeCb 0 Tpc6oBaHH5JX' K nHCbMeHHbl1 Bbl1JHCJIeIlHIt
OTHOCliTCSI, pa3YMeeTCSI, He TOJIbKO K CJIOJKeHHIO Ii BbIIIHT3HHIO, HO M
I{ YMHOJKeHHIO H ,neJIelIHIO MIlOr0311aQJIblX lJHCeJI.
B TeCHOH CBSl3H C cJ>OpMHpOBaHHef nOHS1THH H HaBblKOB npOBO)lHTCH
pa60T3 no peweHHIO 3a)J.alJ, Ha KOTOpbIX 3TH nOHSlTHSI paCKpblB3IOTCSl,
a n3BblKH npHMellSllOTcH. 3.neCb 3aKpenJiSleTCSI YMeHHe pernaTb npOCTbH
3aJl8qH: 33,n3QH B npHMO-H Ii KOCBeHHOH q>opMe, H3 HaXO}J{.llCHHe neH3-
BCCTHoro KOMnOHCHTa ,neHCTBHH, 3aJ{3QH C 6YKBeHHbIMH )J.aHHbIMH.
113 COCT3BHbIX 33,ll3lJ BH,nHoe MeCTO 3aHHM31OT 3a,n3QH H3 H3MeHeHI1C
pe3YJlbT3TOB )J.eHCTBuif B 33BUClfMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH HX KOMnOHeHTOU;
YCJIO>KHCHHble 3a,nalln Ha YBeJIHlICHHe If YMeHbrnCHHe 1JHCJI8 Ha HeCKOJlb-
KO e,nHIIHIl.. CTpYKTypa IlOCJIe.n.HliX 3a,lla 1 I n03BOJI5JeT Kp3TKO 3anMCbIBaTb
HX YCJIOBMH C nOfOlUblO MaTeMaTIflJeCKHX BbIpa)KeHHH, KOTopbIe 3aTeM
BXO)J.SlT B <PoPMYJlY pellleHHH.
Ha peweHHH pH)1.a 3a)l.8lJ 33KpenJI5JeTCSI y{eHUe npHMeHHTb "3Be-
CTHble yqalll.HMCH CBOHCTB3 CYMMbl H p33110CTH (npH63BJIeHHe QHCJ1a
K CYMMC H CYMMbI K lIMCJIY, BblllHT3HHe 1JHCJIa H3 CYMl\1bI H CYMMbI H3
l)HCJla).
B CBS13H C pelllellHeM rOTOBblX 3a,naQ npo,llO.'1)f(aIOTCH YIlpaiKHeHHH
D COCTaB.neHHH 3a)J.aQ ytlauUIMHC5J. 3.ne BCTpeTSITCH 33,n3HHH COCTa-
BHTb 33.n.31Jn no Bblp3fKellHSlM:
I) a 1- b; a - b (npOCTble 3a,natIH Ha CJIOJKellHe H BbI1JHTaHHe;
HY)KHQ ,no6UBaTbCH, QT06bl yqallU1eCH COCTaBT}51.TJH Bce OCHOBHbIe BH.l1bl
npOCTbIX 3a,naQ Ha 3TH )J.eHCTBHH).
2) a -t- (a- + b); a + (a - b) (COC-r3DHble 3a,nallH 8 JlBa J{eHCTBHSI:
Ha YBeJIHlIeHHe H YMeHbllleHne 1JHCJla Ha HeCKOJIbKO e)J.HHHU C HaXO}K-
}1.ellHeM CYM{bI ,nnyx c'araeMbIX).
.,.
Y MHOHCeHMe " Ae.aeHMe MHOr03HBilHialX ,,"cen
H3YQeHHe nHCbMeHHOro YMHO)KeHHH Ii ,l\eJIeHHSI MHOr03HalllIbiX 1Jn-
CM npellCTaBJISleT C060H 60..'IbIlIOH 11 CJlO}KHbIH pa3J{eJI MeTo.n.HKH Ha-
lJ3J1bHOrO Kypca M3TeMaTHKH. Ka*JI.oe H3 9THX Jl-eHCTBHH, ocotSeHHO
,lI.eJleHHe, HMeeT CJIO)KllbIH a.nropHTM, npH1JeM 3TH anropHTMbl Cym.ecT-
BeHHO OTJlHQalOTCfl OJ{HH OT .llpyroro, XOTSI ,neHCTBH5I H HBJIS1JOTCSI 833-
HMoo6paTHbIMH. Ycnex H3YQeHHH 3THX ,neHCTBHH BO MHorOM 33BHCHT
OT Toro, B KaKOM nopSl.lJ.Ke HX H3YQ3Tb. CnO>KeHUe If BblQHTaHHe US}'-
qaeTCSI COBMeCTHO. Ho np" H3YlIeHHH YMHO)l{CHHlI H JJ.eJIeHHSI TaKon
253

nopH)].OK UenpllrO,AeH 113-3a pa3J1HlHiH Ii CJ10)KHOCTIi aJIrOpI1TMOB. I<3iK"
,llOrO ,neHCTBHH. C pyroH CTOpOHbI, lie onpaBAbIBaeT ceU51 H Tor nopH-
u u u
.l(OK H3YlJeHH5J 9THX J1,enCTBHH, KoropblH CYIIl.eCTBOB3J1 B l\.teTO)J,HKe "
npaKTHKe ,1.10 nOCJIe,nHero BpeleHH, Kora 3TH .neHCTBHSI H3ytlaJlHCL B
nopHJ].Ke HX np51MOH nOCJIe){OnaTeJlbIlOCTH, ue3 ,nOJIX<HOH CBH31i Me>KJI.Y
C060H: CHaqaJIa D TeqeHHe }].JII1TlbHOro CPOI(3 u3YQa.ttOCb TOJ1bKO YMHO..
>KeHHe, a nOTOM B TetIeHUe eme 60JIee ){JIHTeJlbHOrO Bper..ieHH H3YQaJ10Cb
){eJIeHHe. H TOJIhKO rroc.TJe pa3)J.eJ1bHOrO H3Y4eHH5I 9THX JleHCTBHH CTa-
BHnaCb 3aAft9a KaK-TO CBH3aTb HX Me/KY C060H.
B HOBon MeTO)lHKe npHH5JT HHOM, oonee pal.lHOHMbI-lbIll nopH.llOK
H3YQeHHH 9THX ,lleHCTBHH, npe.ayrtaTpUBalOrnHH 4eTbIpe cTyneHIi B
CPOpMHpOB3HHH 3HaHHH H HaObIKOB, CBH3aHHbIX C 9THMH .n.e"CTDnHIH:
1) YMHO)KeHHe H eJIeHHe Ha Q.lUI03HaQHOe qHCJIO
2) YMHO)KeHHe H ){eJICHHe lla 10, 100, 1000;
3) YMHO"LKeHHe If ,neJIeHHe Ha KpyrJIbIe tJHCJla;
4) YMHO)KeHHe H ,l{eJIeHHe Ha .nBY3HaQHoe H TpeX3HaQHOe '-IHCJIO.
I-Ia Ka}J{)loH H3 9THX cTyneHeH CBaqaJIa HeCKOJlhKO ypOKOB. nOCBH-
maeTCH YMHO)KeHHIO, nOTOM neCKOJIbKO ypOKOB - eJIeHIUO EO B3aH-
l\iOCBH3H ,neJIeHHH C YMHO)KeHueM.
TaKOH lIOpHOK rr03BOJlHeT yqecTb CnelJ.HcpUKY Ka)K){OrO .neHCTBH5I
H CBoeBpeMeHHO HCnOJIb30BaTb Te CB3H H OTHOllleHHH, KOTopble
BhlTeKalOT M3 B3aHMoo6paTHOCTH 3THX eHCTBHH.
TeOpeTHtleCKOH OCHOB,OH BbIIIHCJIHTeJIbHOrO npH-
VMHOHCeHHe He GA- eM3, HCrrOJlb3yeMoro npH nHCbMeHHOM YMHOOlCeHu.u
H03HallHOe IIHcno '
H3 O){H03HatIHOe tIHCJIO, HBJISIeTCH paCnpe){eJIHTeJIb-
Hoe CBOHCTBO YMHomeHHH, T. e. YMHO}l(eUl1e CYMMbI Ha 1JHCJIO. TaK
KaK 9TO CBOHCTBO yqaI..IJ.HMC5I Y}I{e 113BCCTHO, TO HMeeTCH IIOJIHaH B03...
MOX{HOCTb B caMOM Ha\Ia.,TJe H3YQeHHH TeMbl (nocJle orrpe,neJIeHHSI YI-
H01KeHH5I H DocnpOH3Be.aeHHH B rraMHTH YQarnHXCH CBH3H YMHOJKeHHH
co CJIOJKeHHeM O)(IfHaKOBbIX C'1ar3eMbIX) 06DHCHHTb yqaw.HMCH BbIQHC-
nHTeJIbllbIH npl1eM nHCbMeHHoro YfHO)KeHHH H rrpHcTynHTb K cpopl\1U"
posaHHIO COOTBeTCTBYlOlllero HaBbiKa. cI>Opl\fHpOBaHHe HaBbIKa npOHC-
XOAHT Ha Tex }J{e npHlJ.HnHaJlbHbIX OCHOBax, KaKHe npHHHTbl B HOBOH
MeTo,nHKe no <jJOpMHpOBaHHlO Ka}l{)T.oro BbIQHC.'1HTeJIbHOrO  HaBLIKa:
I10CJle 06'bHCHeHHH BbI1JI1CJlHTeJIbHOrO npHeMa CJIe,nYIOT ynpCUKHeHH5I
B era YCBoeHHH, nOCJIe YCBoeHHH BbIqHCJlHTeJIbHOrO npHeMa H){YT yn-
pa>KHeHHH, HanpaBJIeHHbIe Ha cpOMHpOB3HHe HaBbIKa H3 rrOCTeneHHo
paCUJHpHIOI..IJ.eHCH o6JIacTH QHCen t BBO){HMbIX B eHCTBHe (B ,naHHO:v{
CJlyqae - YMHOiKeHHe Tpex-, qeTbIpex-, nHTH- H rneCTH3HatlHbIX '-IHCeJ1),
nyreM paCC10TpeHHH Bce HOBblX H HOBbIX CJIyqaeB YtHO}KeHHSI: YMHO-
1KeUHe I H 0 H3 QHCJIO, YMHomeHMe qHCJIa Ha 1 H 0, YMHO}KeHHe IIHce.H,
B sanHcH KOropbIX eCTb HYJUI B cepe,nHHe HJIH KOHu.e MHO>KHMOrO,
YMHOJKeHHe 6e3 rrepecTaHoBKH H C rrepecT3HoBKOii COMHO>KHTeJ1eH,
YMHO>KeHHe COCTaBHbIX HMeHOBalIHbIX 1JHCM KaK OTBJIeqeHHblX (c
npe,ABapHTeJIbHOH S3MeHOH COCTaBHoro HMeHOBaliHoro QHCJIa ripOCTblI);
C08epweHCTBOBaHHe HaBhIK3 rrYTeM rrpHMeHeHHH ero rrpH peweHHli
33J(aQ, npH peweHHH }'paBHeHHH. TaKHMI1 nYTHMH H cpecTBa1H AO-
254

, u
CTHraeTCH OOpa30BaHHe HaBbIKa, C O,l\HOH CTOpOllbl, XOpOlllO OC03HaH-
u u v
IJOrO B CBOeH OCHOBe, a C JlpyroH - B lIeKOTopOH 1\fepe aBTOMaTH3H-
(lOB3HHoro. .
B CBH3H C cpOpMHpOBaHHe!\f BblqHCJIHTeJIbHblX HaBbIKOB H3YQaeTCSI
Bonpoc 06 H3MeHeHHH npOH3BeeHHSI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3,.feHeHHH
OJI.HOrO H3 COMHO)KHTeJ1eH. 3ecb npoHcxoHT o606rneHHe TCX <paKTOB,
J{OTOpbIe Ha6JIl0J11HCb YtIaIllHIHcH HaQHHaSi co I I KJIacca. B CBfl3H
t: H3YQeHHeM 3Toro Bonpoca npoBoJ(HTCSI ynpa}KHeHHSI, B KOTOpbJX
:--JTO 3HaHHe HaXOJ(HT CBoe npHMeHeHHe. K TaKHM ynpamHeHHSlM OTHO-
c ijTCSI CJIeYlOrnHe: I) HaHHTe TpeMSI cnocooafH 3HatleHHe BbIpa>Ke-
IHISI; HanpHMep, npoH3BeJ).eHHe qHCen 50 H 4 YBCJIUIIHTb B 2 pa3a;
2) BbJ1JHCJIHTe caMbIM YJ).06HbIM cnoc06oM BbIpameHHe (75 · 5) · 2 HAp.
npH 06'bHCHeHH!I H YCBoeHHH. BbIlIHCJIHTeJIbHOrO npHela YMHO}KC-
I1HH Ha oH03HaIlHOe IIHCJIO YIlHTeJIb, a BCJ1e.n 3a HHI H ytIeHHKH ,llalOT
I10,l1pOOHOe 06'bHCHelJHe, lIa3blBaH pa3pgbI MHO}KHMOrO H npoH3Be,lleuHB.
110 B npou.ecce ynpa}l{HeHHH H TpeHHpoBKH YQI1Tlb nOl{a3blBaeT .ne-
THM cOKpameHHbIe iJpHCMbI nOSlcHeHHH, KorJ).a pa3pH,1I.bI MHO}KHMOrO H
npOIl3Be,lleHHH He lIa3bIBalOTCH, 3 Ta6..TIHueH YM"HOmeHHSI nO.JIb3YIOTCH 8
l\paTKOM (CPOPMYJlHpOBKe.
B 3TOH me TeMe ,1I.eTII 3HaKOMHTCSI co cnoc06oM YMHoiKeHHSI COCTaB-
HbIX HleHODaHHbJX IIHCeJI. npH 9TOM COCT3BHoe H1\leHOBaHHoe 1JHCJlO
3a\tlelUIeTCH npocThlf H YMHO>KeHHe HMeHOBaHHblX tIHCeJI BblnOJIHHeTCSI
}\(}I{ Y{HO)l{eHHe 01BJIeqeHHbIX tlHCeJL I1CKJIIOqeUHe u. eJIe coo6pa3Ho
C,Qe.JIaTb TOollbKO .lI-JIH He60JIbIllHX COCTaBHblX I1MeHOBaHHbIX tlHCeJI,
D!.,]pameHHLIX" B PYUJISIX H KoneHKax. B TaKHX CJIyqaHX J PYOJlH H KO-
liel! KII YMHolKaIOTC5I OT)\eJIbHO oe3 pa3po6JIeHHSI 1.IHCJIa B KoneHKH.
nYCTb, HanpHJ\.lep, Tpe6yeTcSI peWHTb 3a.ll-a1.JY: «Ha KOCTlOM KynHJlH
3..w MaTepHH no 6 py6. 25 Kon. 3a MeTp H 2 M nOAKJIa,l\KH no
1 pyo. 30 Kon. CKOJIbKO CTOHJla BCH .TloKynKa?» 3ecb YIHOJKeHHe BbI-
nOJIHHeTCSI TaK: 6 py6. 25 KOII. · 3 -== 6 py6. · 3 + 25 Kon. · 3 
18 pyo. 75 KOH.
I py6. 30 I{on. · 2 = 2 pya. 60 Kon.
18 py6. 75 Kon. -t- 2 py6, 60 Korr.  21 py6. 35 KOTI.
B )KH3UeHHOH npaKTHKe TaRHe cJlYQal1 BCTpeqaIOTC5I HepeJ).Ko, H
IU'O:Ia .n.O..1i1{1I3 1103Hal<OMIfTb eTeH C palll101-13"TJbHbI:\Hf npnCMaMII Bbl-
1I1ICJ1eHHH B no,no6HbIX c.,'1yqaSlx.
113BecTHO t \lTO aJIrOpHTM".3TOrO ,lleHcTBH5I OTJlHlIaeT-
AeneHHe Ha OAHO- cn Hau60JIbllleH CJIO/KHOCTblO a n03ToMY H HeKOTO-
3Ha'tHoe 'iMCnO u # ,
pOH TPYHOCTbJO ero BoCnpHHTPISI H YCBoeHHH.
B MeTOHqeCKOH lIaYKe 3TOT anropHTf TaTeJIbHO pa3pa60T3H. Ho H
IJlKOJlbHOH npaKTHKe OH He paCKphlBaJiCH nepe.n .neTbMH KaK CHCTeMa
4CTKO Ctjx>pl\fYJlHpOBaHHbJX npaBf1.,1, KOTopble OJI)I{HbI HanpaBJI.SITb
KalKJ{bIll lllar C03HaTe.1JbHOH .lI-eSlTeJIbHOCTH yqeHHKa.
B HOBOM YQe61IHKe YLKe np" 06'bSlCHeHHI1 nepnoro CJIYllaH IIHCb-
f\.ICHHQR) e.,leHH5I aJI rOp.HTM 3Toro ,l1.eHCTBl1 H paCKphlBaCTCH qeTKO,
'fUqUO, SlCHO, nOC.TIC.lI-OBaTeJIbHO B BHe npHMepHo 10 npaBHJI, H3110-
)1\eHl1bIX KpaTKo. BOT 3TH npaBH..qa:
255

npOQHTaHTe H 3anHllIHTe npHMep.
BblJteJIJlTe nepBOe lIenOJlHOe .lI.eJIHIOe.
YCTaHOBHTe BblCUIHH pa3p5l,n H lIHCJIO l.UUPP B lIaCTHOM.
HaH,lUfTe UJICPPY BblClllerO pa3pH;ta qaCTHOrO. Y3HaitTe t CKOJIbKO
elUffIHu. 3TOrO pa3pH,zta pa3.l1.eJIRJlH.
Y3HaHTe, CKOJlbKO eAHHHU 9TOrO pa3pH,l{a OCraJIOCb pa3)leJIHTb.
npOnepbTe, npaBHnbHO JIH nOJ.{OOpaHa I.1H<ppa lIaCTHOrO.
ECJlH nO.TJyqHJICSI OCTaTOK, pa3,apOOHTe era B e,zU1HHlI.bl CJ1e;1YIOllI.e..
fO 33 HHM IIH31llerO pa3pH3 H npH6aBbTe K BUM e.ll.HHHUbI TaKoro me
pa3pSla ,l{enHMoro. .
npO,aO.HmaHTe ,zteJleHHe TaK /Ke, nOKa He. peIllHTe npHMep AO KOHll.a.
npoBepbTe BblllHCJIeHHe.
3,aecb npeAycMoTpeH Ka>KblH IlIar yqeHHKa, KaJK,ztaH OT,lleJIbHaH
BhlqHCJlHTeJIbHaSl onepaUHSI, BXO,aHmaH B npouecc ):{eJIeHHSI, H Ka>K,l{aH
H3 HHX no.nYQHJIa HC1IepnhlB31Ornee OO'bHCHeHHe, o6eCnetIHBaJOlliee co..
3HaTe.,TJbHOe BocnpliSlTHe II YCBoeHHe cnocooa J{fJIeHHH.
B 1l0BOM Ylle6HHKe IIHcbMellH;blH npHeM ,aeJleHH pacKpblBaeTcSI Ha
TaKHX npHMepax, Ha I<OTOpbIX npeHMYllI.eCTBa ero nepc.l1 YCTHblM npH-
eMOM OtIeBH}\Hbl, T. e. Ila npHMcpax, B KOTOpblX pa3pHHbI c.naraeMble
,ne.nHMoro (Bce HnH HeI\OTOpLle) He .l1eJlHTCSI Ha eJIHTeJIb HaUeJlO,
HanpHMep 376: 4. ECJJH )f{C B ){eJIHtOlwl Ka>KAoe pa3pH,nHoe tlncJlo
JleJIHTCH Ha J{eJlHTeJJb, nanpHMcp 84248 :- 2, TO TaKHe npHMepbl pe-
walOTCSI C HCnOJIb30BaHHif YCTHbIX npHe1fIOB BbIQHCJleHHSl 11 C
sanHCblO B CTPOllKY (84248: 2 = 42124).
TeOpeTHQeCI(OH OCHOBOH BbIqnCnHTeJlhHoro npHeM8 .ne.JIeIlHH lIa
O.llH0311allHoe QHCJlO c.nY/KHT pacnpe.lleJ1HTeJlbHOe CBOHCTBO ,neJIeHliH
(AeJleHHe CYMMbI' na IIHCJIO). OHO OCo6eHHO HpKO npOHBJlHeTCH 8 YCT-
HbIX npHe:\13X BbltIHCJ1eHHH; HanpHl\iep: 963 : 3 = (900 + 60 + 3) : 3
UJIH 786: 6 = (600 + 180 + 6) : 6 = 100 + 30 -r- 1 = 131.
. Do.HbwHHcTBo 3 a..na II , nOMemeHHblX B 3TOH Tel\-Ie, HanpaBJleHO H3
DbIpa60TKY Y J.{eTefI YleHHH npHMeHSlTb YMHO>KeHHe II JI.eJleHHe B pa3-
J1HlIHbIX cJlyqaHX: npH uaXOiK,neHHH CYMMbI O,nIlH3KOBbIX CJIaraeMblX,
npH YBew1HlIeHHH tlHCJIa B HeCKOJ1bKO pa3, npn YMHO}KeHHH, 3'a,n3H-
HOM B KOCBeHHOM Bblpa>KeHHH. B HeKOTopblX 3aal{aX Tpe6yeTCH Y?rte..
v
HHe Hcno..11b30BaTb pacrrpe;teJlHTCJlbHOe CBOHCTBO YMHomeIlHH.
<1>opMHpoBaHHe HaBbIKOB YCTHoro H nHCbMeHHOfO l{eJIeHHSI TaKme
Bce BpeMH cOnpOBO)K,Z(aercSI pellIeHHef 3a,ztaQ, B KoropbIX rrpHMeHHIOTCSI
pa3JIH-QHble CJIYQaH e..TIeHHH: ,l{eJIeHHe ..Ha paBHbIe qaCTM H no COAep>Ka-
HHlO, ;te.neHHe npH YMeHbllleHHH tIHC..TIa B HeCKOJIbKO pa3 H npH HaXO>K.ll.e..
IIKH qaCTIi tIHc.Ha, npH KpaTHOM cpaBneHHH tlHCeJI H B HeKOTopblX .npy'"
rHX CJIY4aSlX.
B perneHnH HeKOTopbIX 3a,l{aq Haxo,aHT npHMeHeHHe 3HaHHe, K3K
H3MeUHCTCSI npOH3Be,zteHlie 8 3anHCHMOCTH OT H3MeneHHH COMHO}Klf..
u
TeJIeu 11 QaCTHOe B 3aBHCHMoCTH OT H3MeHeHHH lleJIHMOro H !tenH-
TeJI Sf .
B 91'OH TeMe npOAOJI}f(aeTCSI npaKTHKa peweHHH 3a.natJ. Ha JlDH>Ke
HHe - 80 BCTpeqHOl\t H 8 npOTHBOnOJlO)KHbIX lIanpaBJIeUuSlX.
256

4aCTb TaKHX 3a,lI.aq peUIaeTCST C COCTaBJIeIlHet QHCJlOnOH cpopMynbl,
u
IICKOTOpWe - no OT,neJIbHbI1 BonpocaM H ,neHCTBHHM.
R MaTepHaJle 9TOH TeMbl HMelOTCH 3a,naHHH no COCTaBJIeHHIO 3BJtaq
yqaHMHCSI no Bblpa}l{eHHS1M 6YKBellllbIl\i H lIHCJIOBblM: a. b;
(120 : 6) . 4; a: b; 27: (12 : 4).
Heo6xo.llHfO .no6HBaTbcH, QTo6bl no BbIpa}l{eHHIO a. b ,neTH co-
CTaBHJlH Bce BHJJ.bl npocTblX 3a,l.ta4, pelliaeMblx YMHO>KeHHel\f, a ITO
Dblpa}l\:eHH:lO a : b - Bce BHJJ.bl npocTblX 3a,nall, pelliaeMblx ,neJIeHHel\1.
3TOT cJIyqaii yme paccMaTpHBaJICH npn H3YQeHHH
YMHOJHeHHe H ene. IIYMepaUHH {HOr03HaqHbIX qHCen. Ero HY>KHO
"Me H8 10, 100, 1 000 TOJIbKO nOBTopHTb; BCnOl\'JHlITb npaBHJIa YMHO>Ke-
HH:H H ){TIeHHS1 Ha pa3p5l,nHble e,lI.HHUll.bl. DOJIb3Y-
HCb 9THMH IIp3BHJlaIH, yqCHH!<H AO.TI>KHbl BbInO..1IHHTb pH,A ynpa>KHe-
HHH, qTo6bl J]:06HTbCH npaBlfJlbHOCTH, HeKOTopOH 6WCTpOTbi If ynepeH-
HOCTII B BbIQHC..TJeHH5IX. Ocoooro BHHMaHHH 3aCJIY>KHBaeT ,ne.neIlHe C
OCmamKOM. OpHClvl .l(CJIeHH5I B 3TOM CJIYlIae CBO,l].HTCH K TO{Y, qTO H3
):{aHHoro qnCJIa Bbl.l(eJIHeTCH HaH6oC/TfbllIee qHCJIO, KOropoe ,nCJlHTCH Ha
10 (100, 1000) 6e3 OCT3TKa. TaKHl\1 qHCJlOM 6YJlYT KpyrJlble .l(CCHTKM
npH ,ne.neHHH Ha 10, KpyrJlbIe COTHH npH ,neJIeHHH Ha 100, KpyrJlble
ThlCHqH npH Jl-eJleHHH Ha 1000. OcraBllleecH MeHblllee QHCJIO COCTaBHT
OCTarOK. nOCJl-e 3anlfCH pellIeHHH HecKOJlbKHX npHMepoB
368 : 10 == 36 (OCT. 8)
4 715 : 100 == 47 (OCT. I 5)
86 534 : I 000  86 (OCT. 534)
..
,nOCTaT04HO B Ka>KAOM Jl.e"TfHMOt no,ntIepKHYTb O,nHOH qeproii Te
lI.McpPbl, KOropbIMH 3anHcaHO tIaCTHOe, H BYfH qepTaMH Te UHcppbl,
KOTOpbIMH sanHcaH OCTaTOK 368, 4715, 86534, H 3aTeM conOCTaOHTb
- --
tlHCJlO UH<J>p B OCTaTKe C tIHCJI OM Hyne1i B ,neJIH TeJIe, qT06bI ytIalI.(HecSl
no,nMeTHJlH CJIe,lI.YIOIlI.YIO 3aI(OHOMepUOCTb: B eJlHTeJIe 10 O,nHH HYJlb
H B OCTaTKC o,nHa llHcJ:>pa, B ,neJIHTeJIe 100 ,nBa HYJlH H B OCTaTKe Jl-Be
llHCPPb[, B .l(eJIHTeJIe 1000 TPH llYJIH H B OCTaTKe TPH UHCPPbl.
nOJIb3YHCb BbIHBJIeHHOH 3aKOHoMepHocTblO, ytJaInHecH pem810T
p5I){ npHMepoB; B pe3YJIbTaTe o6pa3yeTcH HaBblK np3BHJlbHOrO H JJ.O-
CTarOlIHO 6blcTporo Jl.eJIeHHH C OCTaTKOM. 3aMeTHM, liTO HaBbIK ]leJIeHHH
C OCTaTKOf B aJIbHeHllieM 6y,neT HrpaTb 60JIbllIYIO pOJIb, n03TOMY 011
,nOJl>KeH 6bITb oTpa6oTaH TInaTeJlbHO.
TeOpeTHqeCKoit OCHOBOH BblllHCJlHTenbHOrO npH-
YMHoHCeHHe 'fNCna Ha eM3 HcnoJlb3yeMoro n p H YMHO>KeHHH H8 K py rJIble
npOM38eAeHMe M Ha ' .
Kp,rnwe "Mcna tIHCJl3, SlBJIBeTCH np8BHJlO YMHomeHHH QHCJl8 H3
npOH3Be,neHHe. BCSlKoe KpyrJIoe qHCJlO MO>KHO
npe,ncT8BHTb B BH,lI.e npOH3Be;teHHH KaKorO-TO IIHCJI8 JlHOO Ha 10, nHoo
H3 100, JIHOO Ha 1000 H T. JI-. HanpHMep:
90 = 9 · 10
600 = 6 · 100
80008.1000
9 3aK8J 694
251

\
.
n03TO:-dY eCJIH yqeHHK YMeeT YMHO)KaTb na O,AH03HalfHoe tlHCJIO "
Ha pa3pH,llHble e;UiHMllbI, TO eMY OCTaeTCH TOJIbKO Y3H3Tb npaBHTJO
YMHO>KeHHH tlHCJIa Ha npOH3BeeHHe, H Toro 6Y.lleT .nOCT3TOllHO llJISI
<jJOpMHpOB3HHfI HaBblKa YMHOiI<eHHH Ha KpyrJ10e 1.IHCJlO.
4T06bI BblBeCTH npaBHJ10 YlHO)KCHHH llUCJIa Ha npOH3Be,neIlHe,
yqeHHKaM npeJIaraeTCH paCCMOTpeTb Bblpa}KeHH5I, cpaBHMTb cnoco6bl
HX BbItJHCJIeHHH H pe3YJIbTaTbI. H3npllep:
18 · (2 · 5) = 18 · 10 = 180
PaCCtOTpeB eme O.AHo-,nBa TaKHX BbIpaiKenHH, yqaHeCH c,ne.naIOT
BbIBO,n: «4T06bl ynlofKHTb llUCJIO Ha npoH3Be.lI.eHHe, MO>KHO BbltJHCJIHTb
npoH3Be,neHMe H Yf\1HOiKHTb qHCJIO Ha nOJIYtJeHHbU{ pe3YJIbTaT».
,UaJIee paccf3TpHBalOTcfl JlpyrHe cnoco6bI BbIQHCJIeHHH TaKHX BbIpa-
>KeHHH:
18 . (2 · 5) = (18 · 2) · 5 = 36 · 5 = 180
18 · (2 · 5) = (1'8 · 5) · 2 = 90 · 2 = 180
OrCIo.n:a J{e"laeTC5I DbIBO){: «4 ro6bI YMHOiKHTb IIHCJIO Ha n poH3Be.ne-
HHe, OCTaTOqHO yMlIOiKHTb tIHCJIO Ha O.lI.HH H3 cOnI9}KHTeJIeii H nOJIY-
lJeHHbIH pe3y.J1bTaT YMHO>KHTb Ha J1pyroM COrvIHOiKHTMb».
Ha OCHOBe 3Toro npaBHJla yqeHHKH peruaIOT npHfvlepbl TpeMJI cno-
cooaMH. HanpHMep: 8. (5 · 3)
I cnoeo6: 5 · 3 = 15; 8 · 15 = 8 · (10 + 5) = 80 + 40 = 120
II cnocoo: 8 · 5 = 40; 40 · 3 = 120
III cnoco6: 8 · 3 = 24; 24 · 5 = 120
CpeJ(H 9THX cnoco6oB eCTb 60JIee Y,Ao(h-lble II MeHee y,l106HbIe;
BTOpoii cnoco6 npHBO,llHT K caMoMY JIerKoMY BbIqHCJIeHHlO. nO.3TOMY
YlleHHKa HY>KHO rOTOBHTb K BbIOOPY HaH60JIee y,noC)Horo cnoc06a.
JI.nH 3TOH UeJIH npe,l{JIaraeTCH ynpaIKHeHHe c 3a,naHHeM: «HaU,llHTe
pe3YJIbT3T caMbIM y.n06HbIf cnocoooM». BbltlHCJlHH, HanpHMep,
BbIpa>KeHHe 25 · (9 · 4), yqeHMK 3a4eqaeT, qTO pe3YJIbTaT nOJlytlaeTCH
nerKO H 6bICTpO, ecJIH YMHO)KeHHe BbInOJIHHTb B TaKOM nopHAKe:
(25 · 4) · 9.
,QaJIee YtIHTeJlb cOo6rnaeT, qTO npaBHJIO YMHO)KeHHH tlHCJIa Ha npo-
H3Be,neHue I1CnOJIb3yeTcH B BbItlHCJIeHHHX B Tex CJIYllaHX, Kor,na OAHH
83 COiHO>KHTe.TIeiI MO}KHO npeCTaBHTb B BHe npOH3Be,neHHH. HanpH-
Mep: 12. 30 = 12 · (3 · 10) = 12 · 3 · 10 = 36 · 10 = 360.
no 3TOMY 06pa311Y Ytlall1.HeCH peW310T pHA npHMepOB THna:
54 · 20; 25 · 12 - H TaKHM 06pa301'vf YCB3HsalOT BbIlIHCJ1HTeJlbHbIH npH-
eM, KOTOpbIH aJIbIIIe 6y):{eT HCnOJIb30BaH npH YMH01KeHHH lIa KpyrJIbIe
(1I1CJI3.
Tenepb, KOfJ{a YlleHHKaM H3DeCTeH npHeM YHOiKeHHH qHCJla H3
npOH3Be.lleHHe H npHet YMOiKeHHSI qHCJla Ha CYMMY, B03HHKaeT HeoG-
XOAHlvlOCTb cpaBHHTb H conOCTaBHTb 9TH npHeMbl, c reM qTOObJ ,llHtP-
258

<PepeHUJlpOBaTb HX H npeAynpe,nHTb CMeUlHBaHHe. SToff ueJlH CJIY"
>KaT: a) 38,ltallHe 3aKOH4HTb H cpaBHHTb cnoc06bI perneHHSI npHMepOB
THna:
15 · 40 = 15 · (4 . 10) ==
15. 14 = 15 · (10 +4) =
6) YCTHble ynpa>KHeUHH DHJta: 15 YMHOJKHJlH Ha 4 Ii nOJlY1.IellHbIH
pe3YJlbT8T YMHOiKHJlII Ha 2. Ha KaKoe tIHCJlO B pe3YJlbTaTe YMHO-
>KMJIH 15?
15 YMHOmHJIH CHaqa1a Ha 4, nOTO1 15 YMHO>KHJIH Ha 2 H nOJIyqeH..
HbJe npoH3Be,neHHH CJlO>KH..rIH. Ha KaKoe 4HCJlO D pe3YJlbTaTe YfHO>Ke-
no 15?
BJl8ro,napSl TaKoro po,lta ynpaLKHeHHSI1 yqalIIJ1ecH OKOll1.IaTeJlbHO
YCBaHBaJOT BblQHCJ1HTeJ1bllbIH npHeM YMHO>KeHH5I 1.IHCJIa Ha npoH3Be,ne-
"He, I10CJle 4ero MO/KHO nepeHTH K <PoPfHpoBaHHIO Ha8blKa YMHO)KeHHH
MHOr03HaQHOrO tlHCJIa Ha Kpyr..'1ble qHCJla (H3 70, 400, 6000 H .ap.).
Pa60Ta HaQHHaeTCH C ynpa>KHeHHH B pa3J10}J{CHHU. KpyrJlblx 1.IH-
CM Ha rrpOH3BelI.CHIIe !I.RYX COtHO)l{HTeJleH, 113 KOTOpbIX nepBblH-
OJ{Ho3HaqHOe qnCJIO, BTOpOH - pa3pH,nHbIe eJ{HHHbI (10, 100, 1000).
HanpHMep: 500  5 . 100; 9000 :=-: 9 · 1000 H T. .
nOCJIe 3TOro YllaWHrvlcH npe.n.J1araeTCH J1aTb o6DHcHeHHe perneHlf5I
,l\BYX npHMepoB:
24 · 300 -== 24 . (3 · 100) = 24 · 3 · 100 = 7200
38 . 20 == 38 . (2 . 10) == 38 · 2 · 1 0  760
npe)J.bI,ltyaH pa60Ta nO.ll.rOTOBHJla )(eTeH K TO!'vIY, qTO OHM MorYT
CaMocmoR.meAbftO 06'bHCHHTb perneHHC 9TliX npHf"tepOB.
LlaJlee YQH1'eJ1b nOKa3bIBaCT It 06'bHCHHeT yqaHMCH cnoco6 nHCb..
MeHHoro YMHO}KeHHH na KpyrJloe qHCJJO, Kor,na MHO>KHTeJIb nOnI1Cbl"
BaeTCSI no)t MHO}KHMbIM H IIYJIb npHnHCbIBaeTCH K npOH3Be,l\eHHIO.
OpH 3TOM HY>KHO ;:(00I13aTbCH, qTOObl Kam,l\hIH yqeHHK nOllHf\1aJI npH-
nHChIBaHHe HYJlH KaK YMIIO}KeHUe qHCJIa H8 ,neCSlTb.
BCJIe)t 3a 9THM H.n.YT ynpalI{HeHHH B 06pa30BaHHH HaBbIKa: pewa-
IOTCH npHMepbI, pelllalOTCH 3a,na4H, B KOTOpbIX HcnoJlb3yeTcSI 9TOT
HaBbIK.
Tenepb B03HHKaeT He06xo.ll.HfOCTb conOCTaBHTb YMHO>KeHMe Ha
KpyrJlOe qHC.TIO C YMHomCHHeM KpyrJIOro 1.IHCJIa Ha OJlH03HatlHOe qHCJIO:
X 3700 X 468
6 600
B OOoHX npHlepax eCTb CXO)J.Hoe H eCTb p8SJIHQnoe. CXo,l\Hoe:
YMHO>KeHHe BblnOJIHHeTCH, He o6pamaSl BHHMaHHH H8 HYJIH; HYJIH B
060HX npHMepax npHnHcblBalOTcSI K pe3YJIbTaTY. Pa3J1H1.JHoe: npHnH"
CblBaHHe ,l\BYX HYJIeH B nepBoM npHMepe 03H8qaeT pa3,l\pOOJleHHe co-
TeH B e,ltHHHUbI, BO BTOpOM npHMepe - YMHO>KeHHe Ha 100.
nOCJle,ltHHH 3Tan pa60TbI Ha,n HaBbIKaMH YMHO>KeHHSI Ha KpyrJIble
qHCJla - paccMorpeHHe cJIYllaSl YMHO>KeHHSI, Kor,na 06a COMHO>KH1H
OKaHQHBalOTCH HYJlHMH (800 · 60).
 2

npH 06'bHCHeIIHH 9TOrO CJIyqaSl Ha npHMepe 800 · 60 l.\eJIeCoo()pa3-
HO K3iK,lI-b1H H3 COMHO>KHTeJIeH npe,l{CTaBHTb B BIi,lte npOH3Be)J.eHH5J:
nepBbIH COMIlO/KHTCJIb - 8 . 100; BTOpOH COMHO)KHTeJ1b-6 · 10. Tor-
)la nOJlyqHTCH CJIejJ.YlOaSl 3anHCb, pacKpblBalOlUaSl npouecc YMHO-
)KeHH5I:
BOO · 60 = 8 · 1 00 · 6 · 10 = 8 · 6. 1 00 · 10 = 48 · 1 000 = 48 000
nOCJIe 3Toro yqall\HecH MorYT caMOCTOHTeJlbHO 06'bHCHHTb pellleHMe
npHMepOB
X 8400
/ 70
588000
X 1370
/ 500
685000
X 8200
700
5740000
H nO)J.MeTHTb 33KOHOl\fep HOTb: B KOHue KalK.noro npoH3BejJ.eHHH no-
JIyqaeTCSI CTOJIbKO HYJleft, CKOJIbKO HX B 060HX COMHO>KHTeJISIX BMec-
Te. Ha 9THX npllMepax YCBaHBaeTCH BblqliCJlHTeJ1bHbIH npHeM, nocJle
lJero n.nYT ynpa/KUeHHH B perneHHH alla.norHqHblX npHMepoB ,lJ.JIH 06-
pa30B3HHH 3BTOMaTH3HpoBaHHoro HaBblKa.
06blllHO TaKlie npHMepbI pew3(OTcH nHCbMeHHO (c nOJlHO" 3anHCblO
Db1\IHC.rleHHS1 CTOJI6HKOM). O.ll.HaKO MHOfHe H3 HHX BnOJlHe .llOCTynHbI
u u
jJ.JIH YCTHblX BblllHCJIeHHH C nOCJIe.nYIOIneH 13anHCblO TOJIbKO pe3YJIb-
TaTOB.
HanpHMep, npot.HITaB Bblpa/KeHHe 300 · 50, yqeHHK HaXO)J.HT npo-
H3Be.neHHe qHCeJI 3 H 5 (15)t nO)J.CqHTbIBaeT HYJlH B COMHO)KHTeJlSlX (Tpn
HYJIH) H 3anHCblBaeT pe3YJlbTaT: 15 000.
YCTHoe pellleHHe TaKHX npHMepOB 3aKpenJlHeT 3HaHHe BblllUCJlH-
Te..TIbHOrO npHeMa.
3aKpenJleHHIO H3BblKa YfHO}KeHHH Ha Kpyrnble tJHCJ1a H ,lU-IQxI>e-
peHu.HponaHHlo HaBbIKOB YMHolKeHHSI Ha npoH3Be,l\eHHe H YMHO)KeHHH
H3 CYMMY cnoco6cTByeT ynpIDKHeHHe B cpaBHeHHH Bblpa}l{eHHH c no-
cTaHoBKoH Me/KJty HUMH 3HaKOB >, < HJIH - . HanpHMep, cpaBHHTb:
246 · 3. 100 H 246 . 300
568 . 70 II 568. 10 1- 568 . 7
B 3aK.TJlOtleHHe nOJIe3HO B u.eJI5IX OOo6lll.eHHH 3anHcaTb npaBHJIO
YMHO)KeHHH t.IHCJla lIa npoH3Be.neHHe 6YKBa)fH: a · (b · c) = a. b. c,
II npopern3Tb 3a;!a4H, B KOTOpbIX C<pOp!',fHpOBHHbIH lIaBbIK HaXOJ1HT
CBoe npaKTHtJecKoe npHMeHeHHe.
, TeOpeTHqeCKOH OCHOBOH BbItlHCJlHTeJIbHOrO npH-
Aell8HMe IINcna H8 efa HCnOJIb3yeMoro npH .neJ1eHHH na Kpyrnble tIMC-
npOM3BelteHMe "Ha '
Hpyrnwe IIMcna JIa, SlBJIHeTCH npaBHJlO AeJleHHH qHCJla Ha npoH3-
Be)teHHe. n09TOMY «P<>pMHpoBaHHIO HaBblKa .lleJIe-
HHH na KpyrJIble qHCJIa npeNlleCTByeT 03HaKOMJIeHHe yqamHXCH C
npaBHnoM eneHHH qHCJIa Ha npoH3BeJ1eHHe.
MeToJ1HKa H3YQeHHH 9Toro npaBHJIa aHaJlOrHIJHa pacKpbIToH BbJWe
MeTO)JJIKC H3YQeHHSI npaBHna YMHO}KeHHSI tJHCJ1a Ha npoH3BeeHHe.
260

3)].ecb TaK>Ke yqall(HeCH CIIatfaJIa paCCMarpHBalOT H cpaBHHBaOT
pa3JIHQHbIe cnoco6bI BbIqHCJIeHHH 3H34eHHH Bblpa/KeHMH, B KOTOpblX
1IHCJlO AeJIHTCSI H3 npOH3Be)J.eHHe pa3HblMH cnoco6aMlI, HO npH /9TOM
nOJIyqalOrCH O,llHHaKOBble peaYJIbTaTbI. OTCIO,na BbIBO.L(MTCH nfraHJIO:
Qro6b1 pa3)1.e.JIHTb tlHCJIO na flpOH3Be.L(eHHe, MO}KHO BbllIHCJlHTb I1pOH3-
BC,L{eHHe H pa3,lle.JIHTb tlHCJIO Ha nOJlyqeHHblH pe3YJlbTaT. Ho rYfO}KHO
IlOCTYI1HTb HHaqe: pa3.l1eJIHTb 1IHC.110 H3 O,!\HH H3 COMHO}KHTeJleH H no-
JIyqeHHblH pe3YJIbTaT p33.l1.eJIHTb Ha ,lJ.pyroH COMHOiKHTeJIb.
npaBHJlO 3anHCbIB3CTCH C nOfOllbId 6YKB: a : (b · c) = a : b : c -==
= a : c ; b.
BbInO.TJHHeTCH ynpa}KHeHHe D lleJIeHHH lIHC.na Ha npOH3Be,lI.ellHe
HaH60JIcc Y,!\06HblM cnoco6orvl.
YqHTeJIb nOK33blBaCT HCnOJIh30BaHHe 9Toro npaBHJIa B BblqHC.rICHH-
HX, Kor,lla JJ;eJIHT1b f..fOiKHO npC,!\CTaBHTb B BH)1.e npOH3BC,lJ.eHHH.
HanpHrvlep: 70 : 30 == 570 : (3. 10) = 570 : 10 : 3 = 57 : 3 = 19
420 : 14 = 420 : (7 · 2) = 420 : 7 : 2 = 60 : 2 = 30
Ha 9TOH OCHOBe yqeHHKH pClliaK>T rpynny npHMepoB H YCBaHBaIOT
BblqHCJUITeJlbHbIH npHeM JJ;eJIeHHH tlHCJla Ha npoH3Be,!\eHHe.
BCJIe,ll 3a 3THM <PoPMHPYeTCH HaBblK J{eJIeHHH IJHCJIa Ha KpyrJIble
\lHCJIa. CHoBa paccMaTpHBalOTcH npHfepbI ,!\eJleHHB Ha Kpyr.T'fble ,!\eCHT04
KH, Ha KpyrJIbIe COTIIH. YqeHHa1 npe.ll.JIaraeTCH o6'bHCHHTb, KaK pe-
IllCHbi npHMepbI:
360 : 40 ==- 360 : (4 · 10) = 360 : 10 : 4 = 36 : 4 = 9
7 200 : 900 = 7 200 : (9 · 100) = 7 200 : 100 : 9 = 72 : 9 = 8
LlaJIee ,llJIH oopa30BaHHH HaBblKa BbInOJIHHIOTCH ynpa/KUeHHH B pe-
rnellHH npHMepoB BHJJ;a: 4800 : 600; 27000: 3000.
06'bHCHHH pellleHHe nepBoro npHMepa, YtleHHKH pacCY>K,AaIOT TaK:
npeJJ;CTaBHM ,lleJIHTeJlb 600 B BHJ{e npoH3Be.neHHH QHCeJI 6 H 100. l{e.nHM
4 800 lIa lOOt nOJIYtl3cM 48; J{eJIHM 48 Ha 6, nOJIyqaeM 8. 4T06b1 3aKpe-
nHTb 9TOT HaBbIK, nOvTJe3HO (KaK H npH YIHO}KeHuH) rpynny npHMepoB
peIIlHTb ITO yqe6HHKY C 3anHCblO TOJIhKO OTBeTOB. HanpHMep, npOqH-
TaB no YQe6HHKY BbIpa}KeHHe 45 000 : 9 000, YtleHHK YCTHO )(eJlHT
45 Ha 9 H 3anHCbIBaeT pesYJIbTaT: 5.
3aTeM CJJ eJty lOT y.npa>KHeHHH, Tpe6YIOInHe oc06oro BHHMaHUH:
,neJIeHHC H3 KpyrJlbIe tlHCJla C OCTaTKOM. 06hBcHeHHe )1aerCH CHaQaJI3
H3 He60vTJblliHX QHCJlaX C 3anHCblO peweHHH CT0JI6HKOM. HanpHMep:
152 30
150 -
_ 5
2
o () 'b H C H e H H e. .lI.eJlHTeJIb - npoH3BeAeHHe tlHCeJI 3 HID.
,neJIHM 152 Ha 10, nOJIyqaeM 15 H 2 B OCTaTKe. l{e.nHM 15 H8 3, nOJlyqa-
eM 5. YMHO>KaeM 5 Ha 30, qTo6bI Y3HaTb, KaKoe QHCJlO pa3)].eJIHJIH (150).
Bbl\lHTaeM o IIHCJIO H3 AeJIHMOrO H nOJIY\laeM ocraToK 2.
261

llaJlee pelliaeTCfI pH.ll npHlepOB Ha ,ZI.eJIeHHe C OCTaTKOM npH O)t-
H03HaqHOM ttaCTlIOM.
BCH npeJlblJ1yruaH pa60Ta nO,l\fOTOBHJIa yqarnHXCH K C03HaTeJlbHOMY
BOCnpHHTHIO aJIrOpHTMa nHCbMeHHOrO ,l\e.neHHH fHOr03HattHOrO 1JHCJ1a
.Ha KpyrJIble qHCJla npH MHOr03HaQHOM qaCTHOM. CHaqaJIa paCCM8TpMBa-
eTCH C nOJlPoGHblM OO'bHCHeHHeM (06pa3e o6DHcHeHHSI JlaH B yqe6HHKe)
npHMep )1eJIeHHH Ha Kpyr JIbIe ,neCHTKH (27 680 : 80). nOT OM , noco/'1e
peWCHHH rpynnbI npHl\fepOB J1e.neHHH H8 KpyrJIbIe ,l\eCHTKH, yqeHHKaf\f
npe)1JIaraerCH paCCMOTperb H 06'bHCHHTb pellleHHe npHMepOB ,AeJIeHllH
Ha KpyrJIbIe COTHH, Ha KpyrJIbIe TbICHqH.
.ne.neHHe, K8K npaBHJIO, HymHo 38K8H1IHBaTb npOBepKOH. 3JleCb
me HaJlO nOKa3aTb cnoco6 npOBepKH B CJIYlIae Jle.neHHH C OCTaT-
KOM: YMHO>KHB qaCTHOe Ha ,AeJIHTeJIb, K nOJIYlJeHHOMY npOH3BeJ(eHHlO
HY*HO npH08BHTb OCTaTOK; ecJIH npH 9TOM nOJIYIIHTCH ,neJIHMOe, TO
)l.e.neHHe BbInOJlHeHO BepHO.
TeOpeTHlJeCKOH OCHOBOH BblqHCJIHTe.1JbHbIX npHeMOB,
YMHoHCeHMe Ha ABY- Hcno,,'1b3yeMblx npH <pOpMHpOBaHHH 9THX HaBbiKOB
3HaQHOe " TpeI3Ha- u'
Hoe ,,"cno HBJIHeTCH pacnpeJ{eJlHTeJIbHOe CBOHCTBO YMHO}KeHHH,
T. e. YMHO)KeHHe lJHCJJ8 Ha CYM1\IY. 31'0 CBOHCTBO
SHaKOMO YtIaI.l\HMCH CO II KJI8CCa, H ero npHxoHTCH TOJIbKO nOBTopHTb
B qHCJlOBOM H 6YKBeHHoM BbIpa>KeHHH nepeJl OO'bSlCHeHHeM npHeMa YM-
HO>KCHHH H8 JlBY3H8 l IHoe H TpeX3HalJUOe !lHCJIO. BCH npe,!\bI,nYInaH pa-
6ma Ha)t YMHO)KeHHeM - YMHomeHHe H8 0)tH03H84Hoe 1.J:HCJIO, Ha P83-
pHt{Hble e,nHHHbl (10, 100, 1000), Ha" pa3pHJlHble qHCJIa (30, 400, 6 (00)-
BnonHe no,nrOTOBHJla yqarnHXCSI K C03HaTeJIbHoMY BocnpHHTHIO aJlrOpHT-
Ma nHCbfeHHoro YMHomeHHH Ha l\-IHOr03HalJHOe qHCJIO, H B YCBoeHHH
ero YllaInHeCH He HcnbIThIBalOT KaKHx-nH60 TpYAHocTei%.
OOpa3l1-bI OO'bHCHeHHH BbI4HCJIHTeJ1bHbIX npHeMOB YMHO}KeHHH npJ{
BeJleHbI B YlIeOHHKe. OHH nOMor81OT yqeHHKaM XOpOlliO nOHSlTb, a 3a-
TeM H YCBOHTb COOTBeTCTBYIOI.l\HH npHeM.
YMHO>KeHHe H8 TpeX3HaQHOe qHCJIO He OJlep)KHT HHQerO npHHUH-
nH8JIbHO HOBoro no cpaBHeHHIO C YMHO}KeUHeM Ha .ltBY3H8t1HOe qHCJ10:
3J:{ecb JlOoaBJIHeTCSI TOJlbKO TpeTbe HenOJIHOe npOH3BeJ1eHHe, a 3HaIlHT,
TpeTbe CJIaraeMOe H BCJIe,nCTBHe 9Toro HecKOJIbKO YCJIO>KHHeTCH npouecc
CJIO>KeHH. OnblT nOK33bIBaeT, lITO Tpe6YeTCSI 3HaqlireJ1bHOe KOJlHqecT-
BO ynpa>KHeHHH H XOpOlll8H TpeHHpOBKa, IIT06b1.Z1.06HTbCH B JJ.8HHOM cny-
qae 6e3011IHOOtIHbIX BbIqHCJIeHHrl.
nOMHMO scero npoqero, ycnex ,AeJIa peIlI8er 6e3ynpeQHOe 3HaHHe
T80JlH.UbI YIHO>KeIIHH H naBbIK npaBHJIbHO H 6blCTpO CKJI3JJ-bIBaTb YCTHO
TPH-qeTblpe tlHCJIa B npeAeJlax ABYX-Tpex JlecHTKOB.
HOBblM "PH YMH01KeHHH H8 TpeX3HaqHOe ttHCJIO S1BJIHeTCSI CJlytlaii,
Kor,na B cepeJlH He MHO>KHTeJIH BCTpeqalOTCH HY JIH (308, 4 006 H T. ]J..).
STar cJJYlJafi UOTpe6YeT oc06oro o6'bHcHeHHSI. BblqHCJlHTeJlbHblH
npHeM D .naHHOM CJIYtIae HMeeT TY me OCHOBY - npaBHJIO YMHO>Ke-
HHH tlHCJ1a H8 CYMMY, TOJlbKO B cYMMe 3)lecb 6YJ1YT OTCYTCTBOB3Tb e,llH-
HHnbl KaKOro-JlH60 pa3pSlAa: JIH60 pa3pHA8 COTeH, JlH60 pa3pHJ1a
Tb1CHQ.
262

HanpHMep:
746 · 303 = 746 · (300 1- 8) = 746 . 300 + 746 . 8
3.necb OTCYTCTBYIOT .neCHTKH, H n03ToMY npHXO,ltHTCH nepeXO)lHTb O'l'
YMHO)KeHHH Ha CAHHHllbl cpa3Y K Yl\-IHO}KeHHIO Ha COTHH.
aro HecKO.tIbKO yc.nO>KHHeT npouecc nO.llnKCblBaHHSI BToporo HenOJI-
Horo npoH3Be,neHHH: ero HatlHHalOT no,nnHCblBaTb no,n COTHHMH. npH
npaBHJlbHOH teTo,nHKe 9TO lie ,nOJI>KHO BeCTH K CHH>KeHHIO BbIqHCJlHTeJIb-
HOR TeXHHKH. Or YllcHHKa Tpe6yeTcH TOJIbKO rJIy60Koe BHHM8HHe If
Cocpe,l1OTOlleHHoCTb.
113BecTHo, tlTO YMHomeHHe Ha IIHCJIa, BblXO.llHInHe 3a npe.lleJIbI Tpex-
3HaQHblX (Ha lIeTbIpeX3HallHble,. Ha nHTH3HaqHbIe qHc.na H T. ,n.), no cy-
lltecTBY He OTJIHlIaCTCSI OT YMHO}KeHHH H8 TpeX3Ha1lHOe QHCJIO.
n09TOMY, OBJIa.lleB lIaBblKOM ,ne.neHHH Ha TpeX3Ha1lHOe IIHCJIO, Y1le-
HHK III KJIaCCa J\OJl>KeH 6bITb y6e>K.n e H B TOM, liTO Tenepb OH YMeeT YM-
HO>KHTb Ha A1060e tlUCAO. 4T06bl C03,naTb TaKoe y6e>K,neHHe, nOJIe3HO
AaTb HeCKOJIbKO npHMepOB YMHomeHHH Ha QeTWpeX3HaQHoe qHCJIO H
CTaBHTb Bonpoc, CKOJIbKO nOJIyqHTCH Heno.nHbIX npOH3Be,neHHH npH
YMHO>KeHHI:I, HanpHMep, Ha nHTH3HaQHOe 1.IHCJIO.
OCo6eHHO nOJIe311bl qeTbIpeX3HaQHbIe MHO>KHTeJIH C HYJIHMH B ce-
pe,nHHe (7 003). TIpH YMHO}KeHHH Ha TaKHe IIHCJla nO.llqepKHBaerCH 3a-
KOHoMepHocTb B nO.llnHCaHHH HenOJIHbIX npoH3B e .lleHHH: lIeM BbIwe
pa3pH,n MHOiKHTeJIH, TeM J\3JIbIIJe npHXOJ\HTCH OTcTyn3Tb BJIeBO npH no.ll-
nHCbIBaHHH nepnoH UHCPPbl Oqepe.llHoro HenOJIHOrO npOH3Be.neHHH.
A..rrropHTM nHCbMeHHoro ,lle.neHHH, paccMOTpeHlIbIH
AeneHM8 Ha AS'- DbillIC, KOr){a JleJIHTeeM 6bIJlH o,nH03Ha1lHoe QHCJlO,
3HI'IHOe .. 'pel3Hali. pa3pHJlHbIe eJlHHHUbI, pa3pHJJ.HbIe IIHCJIa, B OCHOB-
Hoe lI..cno HOM COXpaHHeTCH H npH ,ne.neHHH Ha .nBY3HaQHoe H
TpeX3Ha1lHoe 1.IHCJlO. Ho B nOCJIe.llHHX CJIY1I3HX cno-
COO nHCbMeHHOrO ,lleJIeHHH HMeeT JlBe cymeCTBeHHbIe oco6eHHOCTH.
nepBaSI R3 HHX 3aKJH01laeTCH B TOM, \ITO npH eJIeHHH Ha .llBY3HaIlHoe H
TpeX3Ha1lHOe IIHCJIO, IIT06bI HaHTH UHcJ>py lIaCTHOro, Mbl ,naHHbIH .lleJIH-
TeJIb H3MeHHeM, 3aMeHHH ero 6JJH>KaHllIHM (06bIQHO MeHbWHM) KpyrJlblM
HCJIOM, H TaKHf 06pa30M CBO,nHM .lleJIeHHe H3 .llBY3HatlHblH J(eJIHTeJIb
(HanpHMep, Ha 54. 82) K .n-eJIeHHIO Ha KpyrJIbIe ,necHTKH (Ha 50, Ha 80),
,neneHHe Ha TpeX3HatIHbIH ,neJIHTeJIb (HanpHMep, Ha 456, Ha 728) K ){eJIe-
HHIO Ha KpyrJlble COTHH (Ha 400, Ha 700). TaKaR BpeMeHHaH 3aMeHa
.naHHoro J(eJIHTeJIH KpyrJIblM QHCJIOf .llJIH Hac Bblro,nHa: OHa o6JIer1laer
nponecc HaXO:>K,lleHHH D-H4>pbI tlaCTHOro, TaK K3K J(eJIeHHe Ha Kpyr-
JIble qHCJla, KaK MbI BH){eJIH, COBepmaeTCH no onpeJleJICHHOMY
npaBHJIY.
Ho H3MeHeHHe ,lleJIHTeJIH (3aMeHa ero ,nPyrHM qHCJIOM, 6JIH>KaHWHM
Kpyr JlbIM qHCJIOM) Be,lteT K TOMY, qTO nOJlYlIeHHaH npH ,lJ.eJIeHHH Ha Kpyr-
J10e qHCJlO D-H<ppa QaCTHOro He 6y,neT OKOHtlaTeJlbHOA; H3MeHeHHe .lI.eJlH-
TeJUI MO>KeT' H3MeHHTb H qaCTHOe; 9Ta D-H<j>pa HY>KnaercSI B npOBepKe,
B HcnblT8HHH. 3a HeR B IeToJJ..HKe 3aKpenH.nocb n33BaHHe np06Hoii.
D-H<j>pbl. B 3TO 3aKJIIOQaeTCH BTopaH cyecTBeHHaH oc06eHHocTb Jl.e-
...
263

'nCHHH Ha BY3HaHOe H TpeX3HaHOe qHCnO. Bo BCeX p8Hee paCCMOT-
peHHbIX CJJY1J8HX ,lI.eJleHHH MbI eJlHTeJIb He H3MeHSlJIH, a n03TOMY cpa3Y
nOJIytlaJIaCb Bep Hafl lI.H<ppa aCTHoro.
npH JleJIeHHH Ha BY3HatlH H TpeX3HatlHOe 1JHCJIO Mbl H3MeHHeM
-neJIHTeJ1b, 3aMeHHH ero Kpyr.'1bIM HCJIOM, H BCJIe,lI.CTBHe 9Toro nOJJyqaCM
np06HYIO l\HCPPY qaCTHOro, H}'>K.A8 I0 11.1YlOCSI B npOBepKe. 3TH oc06eH-
UOCTH aHHoro cJIyqaSl ,l{eJIeHHH OJI>KHhI 6bITb Jloae.neHbI ,LtO C03HaHHR
Y1JeHHKa, H 9TO ,lteJIaercSi B npol.lecce oO'bSlCHeHHH nepBoro npHMepa;
T8KHM. npHMepoM MO>KeT 6bITb ,lI.eJIenHe 488 Ha 61. npH 060HCHCHHH 9To-
fO npHMepa CHaaJIa BMHCHHeTCH, KaK o6pa30BaTb nepB HenOJIHOe
,lleJIHMoe. 3,ltecb Bce tlHCtI'IO (488) npHxO,l{HTCH JleJIHTh Ha 61. .l1aJIee yqH-
TeJJb Coo6UlaeT: «4T06bl nO.ll.06paTb lI.HCPPY tlaCTHOro, 3aMeHHM JteJIH-
TeJlb 6JIH>KaHIIIHM Kpyr JIblM tlHCJlOM (60) H 6YJle}..f ,AeJIHTb TaK >Ke, KaK
JteJIHJlH Ha KpyrJIbIeCflTKH: pa3){e.,TJHM 488 Ha 10, nOJIY1JHM 48; Te-
nepb p83,lteJIHM 48 Ha 6, nOJIYtlHM 8». VI TYT )Ke npH6aB.'1HeT: «H<ppa 8
He OKoHttaTeJIbHaSl, a rrp06HaH, nOTOl\iY '1TO Tpe60BaJlocb pa3,LteJJHTb
QHCJ10 Ha 61, a He Ha 60. 9Ty UH<PPY HanO npOBepHTb: y,.fHOiKHTb 61 Ita
8, nOJlYtlHTCH 488. 3HatlHT, IJ.H<ppa 8 Beplla».
B 3TOM npHMepe 3aMeHa Jl-eJIHTeJIH KpyrJlblM ttHCJIO1 AJIH ,neTcfr
y6e,l1.HTe.fJbHa (60 OqelIb 6J1H3KO K 61); npo6HblH /Ke xapaKTcp II.H<PPLI
He OtleHb y6eJl-HTeJIeH, TaK KaK nepnaH >Ke II.H<ppa OKa38J1aCb BepHOH.
Ho YLKe tlepe3 Ba-TpH ypOKa yttaHeCH BCTpeTflTCH C TaKHMH CJlYtlaH-
MH ,Ae.neHHH, KOr,lI.a npo6HYlO l\H<Ppy tlaCTHOro npH){eTCH npOBepHTb t H
He O,AHH pa3.
Dpo6HaH l.lH<fJpa npOBCpHeTCH YCTHO - B 3TOM OCHOBH8H Tpy,ltHOCTb
Ae.neHHH. Ytl8UlHMCH HY/KHO nOKa3aTb, '1TO npH JleJIeHHH Ha JlBY3HaQ-
Hoe ttHC..TJO HeT Hao6HOCTH YMHO>KaTb JlBY3HatlHoe 1JHCJIO Ha ,neJIHTeJIb,
a npH ,lteJIeHHH Ha TpeX3HattHOe qHCJIO - YMHO}l{aTb Ha ,LteJlHTeJIb TpeX-
3l1a1JIIOe HC.'10. L{ocTaTOtlHO YMHO>K3Tb KpyrJIbIe ,lteCflTKH H KpyrJIble
COTHH. Ha,lI.o 3TO 06DHCHHTb, a nOCJIe 06DHCHeHHH JlaTh OCTaT01JHOe
}{OJJHtleCTBO ynpa}KHeHHlf, ttT06bI C<pOpMHpOBaTb H8BbiK TaKOH npo-
Bep KH .
KaK H B npe.>KHHX TeMax, cpOpMHpOBaHHe DbltlHlITeJ1bHhJX H3BbT-
KOB conpOBO>KA8eTCfl 06YQeHHeM ,n.eTeH peweHHIO 3a,ltaQ, B KOTOpbIX
3TH HaBblKH HaxO,ltHT CBoe npaKTHtlecKoe npHMeHeHHe. nO-npe1KHeMY
y,lteJlfleTCH BHHMaHHe BbIpa60TKe Y ,lI.eTeH YMeHHSI npaBHJlbHO HCnOJ1b-
30BaTb YMHO.>KeHHe H ,lteJIe'HHe B pa3J1HQHblX CJlY1JaHX - B 3a,nallaX c
pa3JIHtlHbIM faTeM8THqeCKHM co,nepiKaHHeM. B 9TOT nepHO,lt npoo.rl-
1KaeTCH paOOTa no H3yqeHHIO nponOpnHOHaJlbHOH saBHCHMOCTH Me.>KY
BeJJHqHHaMH: HMeHHO B 9TO BpeMH npOCJIe>KHBaeTCSI 3aBHCHMOCTb Me>K-
AY CKOpOCTblO t BpeMeHeM ,LtBH>KeHHH H paCCTOHHHeM, npOCJIe1KHBaeTCSI
H3MeHeHHe o,nnOH BeJIHtIHHbI B 38BHCHMOCTH or ,npyroH H pewalOTCfl
.OOTBeTCTBYIOHe 3aAaqH.

.
H3MeHeHH8 peSYBbT8TOB AelcTIHA
8 S8BHCHMOCTH OT HSMeHeHHA OAHoro..
M3 KOMnOHeHTOB
..B H3YQelIHH H3felIellHH peay.nbTaToB apH£lJMeTHlIeCKHX .AeHcTBHH B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH o,nHoro H3 KOMnOHeHTOB npe,nycMaTpHBaIOT-
CH ,nBa 3Tana.
Ha nepBoM H3 HHX (I H I I 1accbI) B pe3YJIbTaTe BblnO.I1HeHHSI cne-
I1HaJIbllblX ynpa>KHeHH" Yllau.{HecH OJIiKHhl YCBOHTb xapaxmep H3MC..
neHHH pe3Y.TIbTaTO ,neHCTBHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH o,nHoro
H3 KOMnOHeHTon 3THX ,neHcTBHH (HanpHMep, eCJ1H O,nHO H3 C.,1araeMbiX
YBeJIHqHTb, a pyroe OCTaBHTb 6e3 H3MeHeHHH, TO CYMfa YBC.fJHIIHTCH'.
Ha BTOpOM 3Tane (III K.,'1acc) ,l{eTH YCBaHBalOT KO/lU'leCfrl8eHftble 83-
v u
MeHeHHH pe3YJIbTaTa ,neHCTBHH B 3aBHCHMQCTH OT H3MelleHHH o,nHorO"3
KOMnOHeHTOB, T. e., BbInOJIHHH HatJJlIO.zteIlHH, OHH YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT, "3
CKOJlbKO e,ll.HHHlt HJIH BO CKO.,'bKO pa3 YBe..TJHIIHBaeTCH HJ1H YMeHbUlaeTCH
pe3YJIbTaT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YBeJIHlIeHHH H.TIH YMeHbllIellHH COOTBeTCT-
BYIDHM 06pa30M O,llHoro H3 KOMnOHeHTOB.
B MeTO,ll.HKe pa60TbI HaA YCBoeHHeM YllaInHMHCH Ko.rIHqeCTBeHHblX
H3MeHeHHH pe3YJlbTaTa AJISI Ka}K){Oro H3 3pH£lJMeTH 1 1ecKHX eHCTBH H
BbJ.zteJIHIOTCH ,nBe CTyneliH. Ha nepBOH cTyneHH YQ3Il(JieCH Ha6/1lOaalom
qaCTHble <l>aKTbI H3MeHeHHH pe3YJlbTaTOB eHCTBHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
H3MeHeHlIH O.l1Horo H3 KOMnOHeHTOB, npHXO.l1HT K COOTBeTCTBYIOInHM
0606eHHHl\.1 H cpOPMY.TlliPYlOT BbIBO,nbI. Ha BTOpOH cTyneHH npOHCXO,l1HT
08/laOeHue 3H3HHHMH 06 H3MeHeHHH pe3YJlbTaTa Toro HJIH HlIoro apH<I>-
J..feTH1.IeCKOrO ,neHcTBHH B 3aBHCHIOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH OJ{Horo fl3 ero KOM-
nOHeHTOB B npou.ecce npUMeHeHUJl 3THX 3H3HHH.
PaccMOTpHM no..npo6Hee MeTOJI.HKY H3Y1leHHH 3TO:H: TeMbI B I I I KJI3Cce.
nepeXO,lJ.H K paCKpbITHIO KOJIHtleCTBeHHhIX H3MeHeHHH pe3YJlbTaTOB
apHMeTHecKHx ,neHcTBHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHlIH OHoro H3
KOMnOlIeHTOB, CJ1e.nYeT nOBTOpHl'b BbIBO,nbI 0 xapaKTepe H3teHeHHH pe- ...
3YJIbTaTOB apH<pMcTHlIecKHx ..neHcTBHH. C 3TOli ueJIblO npe,n.naraIDTcH
TaKHe }l{e ynpalKHeHHH, KaK H BO I I K.JIaCce.
1) He BblllHC.7JHH, nOCTaBbTe BMeCTO 3De3)1.0QKH gHaK > H,,TIll <;
760 -t- 80 * 750 - 80
2) 3aKOHQHTe 3anHCb:
140 + 290 > 140 1-
3) nO,ntSepHTe lIcTbIpe 3Ha l leHHSI OYKBbI C TaK, tlTOObl CYMMa 32 + c
YBeJlHQHBaJlacb.
H me ynpaLKHeHHH CJIeJlyeT Hcno.nb30BaTb B KalleCTBe 1.IaCTHblX
aKToB ,lJ.JUI npOCJIe>KHBaHHH KOJIHtlecTBeHHblX H3MeHeHHH pe3YJIbTaTOB
apHcpMeTH'IeCKHX AeHcTBHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HSMeHeHHH OAHoro H3
KOMnOHeHTOB.
265

HanpHMep. yqalll.HeCH CpaBHHJlH Bblpa>KeHHSI H nOCTaBHJlH COOTBe'f-
CTBYIOInHH 3HaK:

760 + 80 > 750 + 80
- nOtleIY nOCTaBHtI'IH 3H3K «60JlbUle»? (3eCb BTOpble C,,1araeMbIe
O,lUIHaKOBble, a nepBoe CJIaraeMOe B nepBOM BbIpa}KHHH 60.Hbllle, lIeM
BO BTOpOM, 3HaQHT, H CYMMa 6y.neT 6oJIbUJe.)
- Y 3HaHTe. Ha CKO..'IbKO eJ).HHHIl nepBaH CYMMa 60lIbllJe, qeM BTO-
paSl. (Ha 10.)
- Ha CKOJIbKO eJ{HHHlJ. nepBoe CJIaraeMOe nepBoH CYMl\lbI 60JIbllle
nepBoro CJIaraetoro BTOpOH CYMMbl? (Ha 10.)
- !la, nepBoe CJlaraeMOe nepBoH CYMMbI Ha 10 OOJl, bIlle qeM nep-
Boe CJIaraeMOe BTOpOH CYMMbI, 1'1 caMa cYMMa Ha 10 eJlHHIfD- 60Jlbllle.
nocne pH.Aa nO,llo6HbIX Ha6J1IO.lI.eHHH cJIeJ{YeT nO,llBCCTH .!teTeH I{ oooome-
HHIO 3HaHH" 06 H3MeHeHHH pe3YJlbTaToB apH<pMeTHtleCKHX ,lteHcTBHH B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH OJ{Horo 1'13 KOMnOHeHTOB. C 3TOH IJ.eJibIO
oprallH3YeTCSI Ha6J11O){eH1-Ie erne pSI):{a qaCTHbIX <t>aKTOB, B pe3Y JIbTaTe
qero J(eTH cpOPMYJlHPYIOT BbIBObl.
HanpHMep, Y1Ialll.HMCH npeJ{JlaraeTCH HaHTH 3HalleHHH Bblpa>KeIlHH.
Ha J{OKe II B TeTpa,lIJIX nOJIyqaeTCH 3anHCb:
56 + 20 = 76 30 + 27 = 57 148 + 10 = 58 40 + 23 = 63
60 + 20 = 80 30 + 37 = 67 42 + 10 = 52 40 --r 18  58
68 + 20 = 88 30 + 42 = 72 34 + 10 = 44 40 + 11 = 51
- CpaBHHTe npH{epbl nepBoro cToJI6HKa 1'1 CKa>KHTe, KaK H3MC-
,.
HHJlH nepBoe C,,'1araeMoe. (YBeJIH1JRD8JIH.)
- LITO MO/KHO CKa3aTb 0 BTOpOM c.naraeMOM? (OHO He M3MeHHeTCH.)
- KaK H3MeHHeTCSI CYMMa? (YBeJIHtlHBaeTCSI.)
- CpaBHHTe, Ha CKOJIbI<O eJ{HHHII. 60.nbllIe nepnoe CJIaraeMOe BTOpOH
CYMMbl, qeM nepBOH. (Ha 4 e,llHHHlJ.bI.)
- CpaBHHTe BTOpylO CYMMY C nepBoH. (OHa 6o.nbllIeTO)Ke Ha 4 e,zUI-
HHUbl.) ..
- CpaBHHTe TaK >Ke TpeTHH npHMep co BTOpbIM. (IlepBoe CJIarae-
"Ioe YBeJIHtlHJlH Ha 8 e,ltHHHIJ., BTopoe - He H3MeHHJIH, CYMMa YBeJIHllH-
naCb Ha 8 e,llHHHlI..)
I
TSK me cpaBHHBaeTC5I TpeTHH npHMep c nepBbIM.
- KaKoH BbIBOJ{ MO>KHO c,lleJIaTb? (ECJIH nepBoe CJIaraeMOe YBeJIH-
qHTb Ha HeCKOJlbKO e):(HIIHIJ., a BTopoe OCTaBHTh t>e3 H3f\ieHeHHH, TO
CYMM8 y.aeJIHQHTCSI Ha CTOJlbKO >K e,ltHHHU).
AHaJIOrHtIHbIM oopa30M BeeTCSI Ha6JIIO,lteHHe 3a H3MeHeHHeM CY1-
MbI B a8BHCHMOCTH OT YB'HQeHHSI BToporo CJlaraeMOro (BTOpOH CTOJI
6HK npHMepOB). nOCJIe 3Toro cl>OPMYJlHpyeTcSI OOOOlI\eHHbIH BbIBOJ{:
eCAU oiJHO U3 CAa2lleMblX yseAU"lUmb Ha HeCKOAbKlJ eaUHUt{, a apyzoe
ocmasumb 6e3 U3MeHeHUJl, mo cgA-tMa Y6e/lU'lUlnCfl Ha CtnO/lb1(,() OICe eaUHUl{.
HaonlO.naH 3a H3MeHeHHeM CYMMbI B TpeTbeM It tleTBepTOM CTOJIOH-
K8X npHMepOB, ,l{eTH YCTaHaBJIHB81OT, lITO ecJIH OHO H3 CJIaraeMbIX
YMeHbWHTb H8 HeCKOJIbKO eJ{HHHlJ., a Apyroe OCTaBHTb 6e3 H3MeHeHHH,
TO CYMMa YMeHbWHTCH Ha CTOJIbKO me e,lI.HHHI.{. ·
266

Ha)I.o HMeTb B BH.llY, liTO He Bce AeTH O,l{HOBpeMeHHO npUXO)l.HT K
0600IUeHH,IO. n09TOMY OlleHb Ba}KHO TaK opraHli30BaTb 06YQeHHe,
1IT06b1 Te yqeHHKH, KOTopbIe OOOOIUHJ1H c1JopMHpyeMble 3HaHHSI, CMOrJIH
npHl\ieHHTb UK, a Te ,neTH, KOTopbIe He npHWJIH K 0606meHHIO, HMeJlH
6hI B03MO>KHOCTb rrpoHa6JIIO)l.aTb ee pfI)I. qaCTHbIX cpaKTOB H rrOCTeneH-
HO rro.noHTH K o606rneHHIO. C 3TOH. UeJIblO CJIe..nyeT npe,Zl,JIaraTb TaKHe
3a.llaHHH, KOTopbIe MorYT 6bITb BbInOJIHeHbI BceMH JJ.eTbMH, HO Ha OCllo-
Be pa3HbIX 3HaHHH: Te H3 ,neTeH, KOTopbIe Y:>Ke 0606H.TJH 3HaHHH 06
H3leHeHHH pe3YJIbTaTOB ,neHcTBHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH OJ{HD-
fO H3 KOMnOHeHTOB, 6y..nYT rrOJIb30BaTbCH 9THfH 3HaHHHIH, OCTaJIbHble
me ,neTH BOrrOJlb3YlOTCH .npyrHMH 3HaHHHnl. TIpH 9TOf O)[.HH yqeHHKn,
BbInOJIHH 06'bHCHeHHe BCJIYX, 6Y)l.YT nOMoraTb ,npyrHM obIcTpee npHH-
TH K oOoOIII.eHHHl\.f.
n9Kame:\-1 9TO H'a npHMepe.
YqHTeJib npe.n..naraeT cpaBHHTb DbIpa}KeHHSI H Y3HaTb, Ha CKOJIbKO
enHHu. rrepBaH cYMMa 60JIbIlle HJIH MeHbllIe, qeM BTopaH: 450 + 87 "
430 + 87. O,l(HII yqellHKH, erne He YCBOHBlliHe, KaK H3l\feHfIeTCH CYMMa
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHSI O.llHoro H3 enaraeMbIX, BbllIHCJUIT pe3YJIb-
TaTbI H cpaBHHT HX: 537 - 517 = 20. Te H3 ,neTeii, KOTopble YCBOUJIH
cooTBeTcTBYlOrnee npaBHJIO, BbInOJIHHT 3a,l{aHHe, nOJIb3YHCb HM: BTopbIe
C.HaraeMble 3THX CYMM o,nHHaKOBbIe, a npBoe CJIaraeMoe nepBoH CYMMbI
Ha 20 e.nHHHII. 60JIbllIC t qeM nepBoe CJlaraeMOe BTOpoii CYMl\fbI, 3HaqHT,
ncpBaH cYMl\fa Ha 20 e.llHHHU 00",1 b llie, lIel\f BTopaH.
npH TaKOH cHTyallHH yqeHHKH, KOTopbIe erne He 0606w.HJIH 3HaHHH
06 H3!'.ICHeHHH pe3YJIbTaTOB, HMelOT B0310JKHOCTb npOHaOJHOJ1aTb tJaCT-
Hble <l>aKTbl (B AaHHOM c.nyqae - CJIaraeMOe 60JIbitIc Ha 20 eJJ.HHHU II
CYMMa OO.'1bI1Ie Ha 20 eJJ.HHUIt npH o.nHHaKOBO?d JJ.pyroM CJIaraeMOf\i),
a paccY>K.neHHe, BbInOJIHHeMOe BCJIYX ;teTbMH, YCBOHBllIHMH «popMHpye-
Moe 3HaHHe, n01\OlKeT BceM yqeHHKaM npunTH K o606rneHulO.
Ha 3TOH npOMe>KYToIIHOH cryneuH MO}l{HO npe){JlaraTb H APyrHe
ynpa>KHeHHSI :
1) pewHTe rrpHMepbI CaMbIl'rf Y,lI.06HbIM cnoco601:
456 + 298 500 + 197
456 + 300 496 + 197
2) CocTaBbTe 'IeTbIpe npHMepa Ha CJIO}KeHHe TaK, tIT06bI cYMMa
B03pacraJIa Ha 25.
3) rIoJJ.6epHTe 3HaqeHHH 6YKB a H b TaK, 1ffOObl cYMfvla YBeJIHQHBa-
JIaCb Ha 8.
a
b
a+ b
267

XapaKTepH3H OCo6cHHOCTb ynpa>KHeHHH, npe,l{JlaraeMblX B 3TOT
nepHO))., COCTOHT B TOM, tlTO npH HX BbInOJIHeUHH yqaWHCCH MOryT
HCnOnb30BaTb 3HaHHH 06 H3MeHeHHH pe3ynbT8ToB eHCTBHH B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT H3MeHeUHSI O)).HOrO H3 KOMnOHeHTOB H.nH MOrYT BblnOJlHHTb
UX, OCHOBWBaSlCb Ha BqHCeHHHX.
llanee, Ha CJIe)).YIOIIleH cTyneHH, KaK TOJIbKO BCe YtiaInHeCSI npH.AYT
K 0606IIleHHIO, npe,lJ.JlaralOTCH ynpaLKHeHHH, BbInOJlHeHHe KOTOpblX Tpe-
6yeT npHMeHeHHH 3HaHHH 06 H3MeHeHHH pe3ynbTarOB neHcTBHH.
PacCMOTpHl\f HaH60Jlee THnHtlHbJe H3 HHX.
1. KaK H3MeHHTCH cYMMa,-eCJIH nepBoe' CJlaraeMOe OCTaBHTb OC3
H3MeHeHHH, a BTopoe YMeHbIIIHTb Ha 29 e.ltHHHU? .
YqarnHeCH CCblJIalOTCH Ha H3BeCTHoe HM npaBHJlo: cYMMa YMeHbIIIHT-
CH Ha 29 e)J.HHHl.{, nOToMY qTO eCJIH O)).HO CJIaraeMOe YMeHbllIHTb Ha
HeCKO.nbKO e.llHHHl.{, 3 JlPyroe OCT8BHTb 6e3 H3MeHCHI1H, TO CYl\IM8
YMeHblllHTCH Ha CTOJIbKO me eAHHHU.
2. CYMMa YBeJIHQH.nacb na 45 eAHHHI.{, TaK KaK H3MeHHJIH O)).HO H3
CJIaraeMbIX. KaK ero H3MeHHnH?
OO'bHCHeilHe aHa.TfOrHqHO npe)).bI){Yll(eMY.
3. PelllHTe 3a)).aQH naHOO.7lee y.lt06Hbll\t cnocooo1.
a) B O,llHOM lllKacpy CTOHJIO 225 KIIHr, B JtpyroM 275 KHHr. CKOJlhKO
KHHr 6bl.TJO B .ltBYx lllKacpax?
6) B nepBblH IIIKacp .lto6aBHJIH 18 KHHr. CKOJlbKO KHHr CTaTJO B ABYX
wKa<l>ax?
- PelllHTe nepBYIO 3a.ltaQY. (225 + 275 = 500.)
- KaKoe BblpameHHe BbI nOJlyqHnH? (CYMMa qHCe.n 225 R 275.)
- npOqHTaHTe BTOpylO. 3a.llalJY H no,nYMaHTe, KaK 1t10iKHO peIIIHTb
ee, nOJIb3YSlCb perneHHeM nepBoH 3a.ltaqH. (MomHo K 500 npH6aBHTb 18,
no.rryqHTCSI 518, nOTOiY qTO 3)).eCb nepBoe CJlaraeMOe YBe.I1HqHJIH Ha
18, 3HaQHT, CYLVIMa YBe,,TIHqHTCSI Tome Ha 18.)
4. CYIMa ABYX QHCeJI paBHa 870. tIeMY 6Y.AeT panHa HOBaH cYMMa,
ecH nepBoe C.7IaraMOe YBeJIHtlHTb Ha 30 e)).HIUII1, 8 BTopoe OCTaBHTb
6e3 H3MeneHHH? . .
o 6 'b SI C H e H H e. 0603 HatlHl\f cnaraeMbIe 6YK8a'IH, HanpHMep
6YKBaMH a H b. TorA8 MO>KHO 3anHcaTb:
a + b = 870
(a + 30) + b =
nepBoe CJIaraeMOe YBeJIRqH.7IH Ha 30 e,llHHHlI., 3HatlHT t H CYMfa
YBeJIHqHTCH Ha 30 eHHHI.{: (a + 30) + b = 870 + 30 = 900.
5. J1cnoJlb3YH B Ka>K.ltoH nape paBeHcTBo, BblqHCJIHTe 3HaIJeHHe
sanHcaHHoro no)). HHM Bblp81KeHHSI:
576 + 89 = 665
(576 + 20) + 89
c + d = 100
c + (d - 8)
YqarnHeCH .ltOJl>KHbl cpaBHHTb Bblpa>KeHHSI H 3aMeTHTb, qTO B nep-
BOM cnytlae O,l1HO cnaraeMoe YBeJIHqHJIH Ha 20, a BTopoe OCTaBHH oe3
H3MeHeHHH, 3HaQHT. cYMMa YBeJlHtlHTCH Ha 20. lIT06b1 BbltlHCnHTb CYM-
268

MY, Ha,nO K 665 npuoaBHTb 20. Bo BTOpOM cJlyqae nepBoe CJIaraeMoe
OCT8BH.tlH ()e3 H3MeHeHHSI, a BTopoe YMeHbIIIHJIIi Ha 8, 3HatlHT, CYMMa
YMeHbIIIHTcSI Ha 8. 1.ITOObI ee HaHTu, Ha,no H3 700 BbIqecTb 8.
6. CYMMY lIUCM 340 H 80 YBeJIHlIHTb Ha 60.
PemeUHe MO)KHO BbInOJ1HHTb TpeMSI cnoc06aMH:
a) (340 + 80) + 60 = 420 + 60 = 480.
CYMMY YBeJIH'lHJIH Ha 60.
6) (340 + 80) + 60 = (340 + 60) + 80 -== 400 + 80  480.
YBeJlHlIHJIH Ha 60 nepBoe CJ1araeMoe.
B) (340  80) + 60 = 340 + (80 + 60) = 340 + 140 == 480.
YBeJ1HlIHJ1H Ha 60 BTOpoe CJIaraeMoe.
OqeHb Ba)KHO YCTaHoBHTb, qTO 9TH TPH cnoco()a Y>Ke H3BeCTHbl Jl.e-
TflM, T. e. qTO 3TO H eCTb npaBHJla npHOaBJIeHHH qHC.na K CYMle.
AHa.,1JOrHlIlIO paCCMaTpHBaeTCSI YMeHbUJeHHe CYl'tIMbl Ha lIHCJ10.
7. 3aKOHQHTe 3anHCb: 130 + 27 == 130 + 50 ...
o 6 D Sf C H e H H e. CYMla B npaBoH llaCTli paBeHcTBa Ha 23 6o.nb-
me, qeM B JIeBoii, nOTOMY liTO nepBbIe CJIaraeMbIe O,l{HHaKOBbIe, 3 BTopoe
CJlaraeMOe BTOpOH CYMMbI Ha 23 OOJIbllIe. l.IT06bI cnpaBa no.nYlIHJ1OCb
CTOJJbKO me, CKO.'1bKO CJ1eBa, HaAo crrpaBa DbIqecTb lIHc..'10 23. nOJIYQHM:
130 + 27 = 130 + 50 - 23.
8. nO)loepHTe H 33nUllIHTe B TaOJIHue 4 3HaqeHHSI 6YKBbi k TaK, tITo-
()bI cYMMa 35 -r k YBC.rJH t IHBaol1aCb Ha 15.
I k
35 + k
CHaqaJIa na,LlG YCTanoBHTb, KaJ(Ue 3HaqeHHH MO>KeT npHHHM3Tb
6YKB3 (k = 0 HJIll k > 0). B .naHHOf c.TJytlae nepBbI fO}KHO B3HTb
JIlo60C qHC.nO, HanpHfcp 40, a Kam)lOe coI1e.nYIOw.ee opaTb Ha 15 e,LlHHHL{
(jOT}bWe (55, 70, 85). .
nO,ltOouble ynpaJKHeHHH IOJKHO 3a.naBaTb H oe3 Ta6JIllI.I.bI: «TIO.lt-
oepHTe 3 3HaqeHHH 6YKBbI C TaK, tJTOObl cyn\"a c -- 28 yrvleHblllaJIaCb
Ha 9».
9. 31IaHHe H3MenellHSI pe3y..TIbTaTOB .neHcTBHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3-
MeHeHHH O,LlHoro H3 KOfnOHeHTOB HCnOJIb3yeTcSI JV1H oOOCHOBaHHSI HO-
BbIX BbIqHCJIHTe.J1bHbIX rrpHel\10B. TaK, onHpaSlCb Ha 3TH 3HaHHSI, 880-
.llHTCH npHeM oKpyrJIeHHSI npH c.'10LKeHHH H Bbl 1 1HTaHHH H npHeM YMHomc-
HHSI Ha 5, 25, 50 H Kpyr..'1ble qHCJIa. HanpHMep, Ha)lO BhIqHCJIHTb CYM-
MY qHCM 85 H 68. KaK H3BeCTHO, JlefKO npH()aBJ1HTb KpyrJIble tlHCJIa,
n09TOfY 3aMeHHM tJHCJIO 68 KpyrJlbIM tJHCJIOM - 70, T. e. YBeJIHqHM
QUCJIO 68 lIa 2 e.llHHHI.I.bl H npH6aBHM 70 K qHCJIY 85, rrO.,'1YtJHTCSI 155.
TaK KaK CJIaraeMoe YBeJlHqHJlH Ha 2 e.llHHHUbJ,TO' H cY1.IMa YBeJIHqHJ18Cb
H3 2 e,llHHHUbI. 4T06bI nOJIyqHTb CYMMY qucen 85 H 68, H3AOH3 155 Bbl-
qeCTb 2 eAHHHUhI, nOJ1ytJHTCH 153.
.9

B TaKOM }Ke n.naHe BeeTCSl pacct>K,neHHe H npH oKpyrJIeHHH nep-
Boro CJlaraeMOro, YMeHbWae1.fOrO HJIH BbltlHTaeMoro.
lLnH paCKpbITHSJ npHeMOB YMHO}KeHHH H JleJIeHHH Ha 5, 25, 50 H Ha
KpyrJIWe tlHCa Hcnonb3YKITCH 3HaHHH 06 H3MeHeHHH npoH3BeeHHH H
qaCTHOro H 3aBHCHMOCTH OT'H3MeHeHHH OHoro H3 KOMnOHeHTOB. Iia-
npHMep: Hao 84 YMHO>KHTb Ha 5. YBeJIHtlHM MHO}l{HTeJlb B 2 pa3a,
rof.lla llaJto 6Y.llCT YMHO>KaTb Ha 10, tlTO JlerKO CAeJl8Tb: 84 · 10 = 840.
raK KaK MHOJKHTe.'1b YBeJlHtJHJIH B 2 pa3a, TO H npOH3Be.lleHHe nOJIYQH-
JlOCb B 2 pa3a 60.rlbIlle, qeM npoH3Be.neuHe qHCM 84 H 5. 3HatJHT, 'ITO-
6b1 nOJIYtJHTb HCKOMoe npOH3Be.lleHHe, Ha,ltO 840 YMeHbllIHTb B 2 pa3a,
no.nYtJHTcH 420. OrclO.na BblTeKaeT npHeM YMHO>KeHHH Ha 5: qTOObl
YMHO>KHTb tJHcno Ha .5, MomHO Yl\1HO}KHTb ero H 10 H nonytJeHHbIH
pe3)'JIbTaT pa3.l1.eJlHTb H8 2. -TaK me 060CHoBbIBalOTcH H JJ.pyrHe npHeMbl
YMHO>KeHHSI H J1eJ1eHHSI.
. 10. 3HaHHe H3MeHeHHH pe3YJlbTaTOB apH<I>MeTHtJecKHx ,neHcTBHH B
38BHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH OHoro H3 KOMnOHeHTOB MO}KHO HCnOJIb30"
B3Th AJIH OoocHoBaHHSI BbIBO,nOB 0 npHMo Ii o6paTHo nponopnHoHanb-
HOM 3aBHCHMOCTH BlHtJHH. HanpHMep, 3HaSl, tJTO CTOHMOCTb eCTb npo-
H3BeeHHe ueHW TOBapa Hero KOJIHtJecrBa, yqll{HeCSI JIerKO cenaWT
OOoGw.eHHe: eCJIH KOJIHtJecTBO KynJIeHHOrO TOBapa (COMHO}l{HTeJlb) YBe-
nHtIUTb H,rIH YMeHblllHTb B HeCKOJIbKO pa3, TO CTOHMOCTb (npOH3Be,AeHHe)
YBe,,1HtlHTCH HJIH YMeHbllIHTCH BO CTOJIbKO >Ke pa3 npH OHHaKOBOH ne-
He ( COM HO>KHTeJI b ) 1.
3,ltecb nO.llp06HO pacKpbITa MeTO,AHK8 pa60TbI no $opMHpoBaHHIO
Y TpeTbeKJIaCCHHKoB SHaHH" 06 H3MeHeHHH CYMMbI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
H3MeHeHHSI O.llHoro M3 cnaraeMWX. HsyqeHHe HSMeHeHHH peYJIbTaTOB
JlpyrHx apH<pMeTlltJecKHx ,lJ.eHcTBHA CTpOHTCSl COBepweHHO aHaJIOrHtJHO.
CHCrMa H MIJOAY H.''I8HHA
811eMeHTOB anre6pw
B I " 11\ KJIaCCaX BeJIaCb paooTa no cpOplIipOBaHHIO y yqaIIHXCSI
npeJ(cTaBJIeHHH 0 paBeHCTBe, HepaBeHCTBe, <PYHKUHOHaJIbHOH 3aBHCH-
MOCTII, a Tal{>Ke <pOpMHpoBanHcb YMeHHH onepHpOBaTb 6YKBeHIIoH
CJiMBOJlHKOiL B I I I KJlaCCe Bce 9TH BonpOCbI nOJIytJalOT aJIbHeHlllee
pJ3BHTHe, H, KpOfe TOfO, S,l{eCb paCClaTpHBaIOTCH HOBbIe: pemeHHe
C nOMOInblO ypaBHeHHH COCT8BHblX 3a){atJ H paCKpblTHe Ha KOHKPCT-
HblX npHMepax npSlMO II ot5paTHo nponopUHOH8J1bHOH 3aBHCIIMOCTM
DenHtIHH.
PacKpoeM CHCTeMY H MeTO,l{bl" H3yqeHIIH Ka1KJ}.oro 113 Ha3BaH-
HbIX BonpOCOB.
1 CM. nOAP06Hee B naparpa4Je o() HsyqeHHH npSlMO H 06paTHO nponopLlKOH8J1blIoA:
saBHCHMOCTH BeJJHqHII.
210

PaieHCTsa.. Hep.. B pa60Te H3,A paBeHCTBafH H H"epaBeHCTBaMH npe-
seHCT.. ,AYCMaTpHB3eTCSI nO)ij3eCTH YtlaIUHXCH K o606eHHlo
u
3THX nOH..SJTHH, npOJtOJI>K3Tb npaKTMllecKoe onepH-
pOBaHHe paBeHCTBaMH H HepaBeHCTBaMH, npeJ{JIara5I CneIU'JaJlbHbIe YD-,
p3.>KHeHHH, B TOM IIHCJIe pellleHHe HepaBeHCTB BH){a 24-a < 10.
npH H3ytIeHHH HYMepaUHH MHOr03HatIHblX IIHCeJI cJle,nyeT OTBecTH
CnCUHaJlbllblH YPOK Ha o606w,eHue 3HaHUU yqalUHXCH 0 paBeHcTBax' If
HepaBencTBax. C 9ToH UeJIblO {O>KHO npe,nJIO}KHTb ,neTHM cpaBHHTb qHC-
JIa HJIH BbJpa}J{eHH5I H nOCTaBHTb Bh-feCTO 3Be3J.lOQeK 3uaK «panHo».
«60JIbIIIe» HJIM «Me HbWe». HanpHMep:
702 * 702
254 * 250.+ 4
68.4*4.68
540 * 538
870 * 870 - 90
840 : 2 * 840 : 3
Yllalll.HeCH 3aMeQaIOT, liTO B nepBOl\i1 CToJI6HKe coe.llHHH.'1H 3HaKOM
«paBHO» ,lJ.Ba IIHCJIa, lIHCJIO H Bblpa}KeHHe H..'1M ){Ba Bblp3*eHHH. YtlHTeJIb
CO 06I.lJ.a eT, liTO 910 pa8eHCmeO; tIHCJIO HJIH BbIpaJKeHMe, KOTopoe Haxo-
,lJ.HTCS1 CJIeBa OT 3HaKa paBeHCTBa, Ha3blBaeTCSI /leeou 'laCmblO paBeHCTB3,
8 cnpaBa - ero npasou tlacmblO. PaCCMOTpeB BTOpOH CTOJl6HK, J1eTH BII-
.AS1T, lITO s.n.eCb ABa qHCJIa HJIH ABa BbIpa1KeHHH HJIH 1JHCJIO H BbIpa1KeHlfe
COe){HHeHbI 3HaKaMH «60J1bUIe» HJIH «MeHbIIIe». YIIHTeJlb rOBopHT, qTO
3TO H£paBeH£m8a. YqaHeCSI cardH H33bIB31OT npaBYIO H J1eBYIO tlaCTU
llepaBeHCTB. B ,AanbHeiillIel\f npH BbITIOJIHeHHH pa3J1HIIHbIX ynpa>KHeHHii
C paBeHCTBaMH H nepaBelICTBaMH Ha){O nOCTOHHHO IIOJIb30BaTbCSI HO-
SbIM" Tepl\fHHaMH.
Ha npOTH}KeHHH Bcero nepHO,Aa H3YQeHHSI HYl\fepanHH naJ{o BbInon-
H5ITb ynpIDKHeHHH Ha npaKTHlleCKoe onepHpOBaHHe paBeHCTBaMH H
HepaBeHCTBaMH C neJIblO 3aKpenJIeHHH 3HaHHH 06 OTHOllleHHSlX, S8BH-
CHMOCTHX, CBoHcTBax H T. n. 3TH ynpa)KHeHHS1 HMelOT MeCTO TaM t
rJ{e npHXOAHTCSI cpaBHHBaTb 1JHCJIa HJIH BblpaJKeHHH. npH H3YQeHHH
HYMepau.HH, eCTeCTBeHHO, 60JIbIllee MecTO Jt0JI}KHbl 3aHHMaTb ynp8>KHe-
HHH Ha cpaBHeUHe qHCeJI OTBJIelleHHblX H HMeHonallHblX (CM. B Ylle6HHKe l
N2 108, 174, 228, 201 H .ltp). nOJIe3HO BKJIlOtlHTb H TaKHe ynpaJKHeHHH:
I) nO.AOepHTe nO,l{XOAHw.ee tlHCJIO:
72 099 < CJ 804 560 > CJ H T. n.
2) nO.!l-OepHTe BMeCTO 3Be3,nOtIeK TIO,AXo,nSlllJ.He Il.H<PPbl:
20 000 > * 9 999
54 907 < 5 * '" 07 il T. n.
3) npoBepbTe, npaBHJIbHO JIM nOCTaBJIeHbI 3H3I{H >, ,< HJlll =:
50 001 = 49 999 + 2
800 000 < 799 999 H T. n.
1 3,lIeCb H B )),aJIbHeHlIIeM 6y.ztYT YKa3aJlhl HOMepa yn pam HeHHA H9 YQe6HHK.a no
M3TCMaTHKe Ji.;uJ. III KJ1aCCa, 1971 (aBTopbI A. C. ntJe.'1KO , 1\\. A. BaHToaa, M. Hi Mo-
po, A. M. nblwKano).
211

AHanotHtlHble 3aABHHH MOJKHO BKJllOtlaTb H C HMeHOBaHHbIIH tlHC-
naMH.
npH cpaBHeHHH OTBJIeqeHHLIX qHCM yqalUHeCS1 ,ltOJDKHbl nOJlb30-
BaTbCS! )J.BYMH cnocooaMH: YCTaHaBJIHBaH MecTO Cp8SHHBaeMblX qHCeJI
B HaTypaJIbHOM pRJ{Y (7 328 6JIHme K H8t1any pSl,Aa, tJeM 7 428, 3HatlHT,
7 328 MeHbwe, IteM 7 428) HJIH >Ke paccMaTpHBaH HX .necHTHlIHbIH COC
TaB (B tJHCJIaX 7 328 H 7 428 O,ltHHaKOBoe ttHCJIO e,AHHHLl TbICSItt, a ttHC-
JIO COTeH B nepBoM qHCJle MeHbwe, 3HatIHT, nepBoe qHCJIO MeHblIIe Bro-
poro).
npH cpaBHeHMH HfeHOBaHHbIX tlHCeJI 06a tlHCJIa BbIpa}KalOT B O,ltH'"
lj"KOBbIX C,[1HHHuaX H3fepeHHH, 8 aaTeM cpaBHHBalOT nonyqeUHble qHC...
ita TaK LKe, KaK OTBneqeHHbIe. HanpHMep, npH cpaBHeHHH tlHCeJI 5 m 6l{
l-f 57 l{ MOiKHO nepBoe qHCJIO BbIpa3HTb B u.eHTHepax H cpaBHHTb
ero co BTOpbJM (56 II < 57 4) HJIH }Ke BTopoe tlnc.no BbIpa3HTb B TOIIHax
II ueHTHepax, nOCJIe qero cpaBHHTb ero c nepBbIl\f I.IHCJIOM (5 m 6 It <
<5 m 7 ). .
KpoMe cpaBHeHHH 1Jnce.'1, BKJIlOtIaroTCH ynpCUKlleHHH Ha cpaBHeHHc
,IJ.BYX Bblpa>KeHHi\ HJIM qHCna H BbIpa>KeHHH (CM. N2 96, 120, 137 II
p.). BbinonHHH 3TH H nO){06HbIe JIM ynpa>KHeHHH, yqaHeCH--:3aKpeII-
JIHIOT Cct>OpMHpOBaHHble paHee 3HaHHH 0 CBOHCTBax apH<pMeTHtIeCKHX
.neHcTBHH (720 + 90 * 90 + 720 - BMeCTO aBe3,ltotJKH CT8BHM 3HaK
paBeHcTBa t TaK KaK OT nepecTaHoBKH CJIaraeMbIX CYMMa He H3feHHeT"
CH)t 06 H3MeHeHHH peaYJIbTaroB apH<j>MeTHtieCKHX J{eHcTBHH B 3aBHCH-
l\10CTH OT H3MeHellHH o)tHoro H3 KOMnOHeHTOB (540: 6 * 540 : 9 -
nepBoe ttaCTHoe (SOJIbWe, tleM BTopoe, TaK KaK ,lteJIHMble o):tHHaKOBbIe,
a eJII1Te.wTIb B nepBOf ,BblpameHHH feHbllIe, tJeM BO BTOpOM)t 0 COOTHO'"
meHHH le}K.ny I{OlnOHeHTaMH H pe3YJIbTaTaMH apH<pMeTHtteCKHX J{eu-
CTBHH (600-375 * 600 - CTaBHM BMeCTO 3Be3J{OQKH 3HaK «leHbIlle»t
TaK KaK pa3HocTb rrrCHbllIe y{eHbllIaeMoro). TaKMM oopa30M, BblnOJI-
HHH YKa3aHHbie ynpa)KHeHHH, yqaW.HecH .nOJl>KHbI npHMeHHTb COOTBeT-
CTBYlOlIJJie 3HaHHH, H TOJIbKO B OT)teJIbHbIX CJIYQaS1X MO>KHO )tonycKaTb
npe,ltBapHTeJIbHOe HaXO>K;teHHe pe3YJlbTaT8. OAHaKo nOCJIe nOCT8HOBKH
3HaKa OTHomeHHH none3HO speMH OT BpeMeHH BnonHS1Tb npOBepKY,
BbIQHCJ1HTb pe3YJlbT8TbI H cpaBHHBaTb HX. B KaqeCTBe nO,ltrOTOBKH K
pacKpblTIUO KOJIUtteCTBeHHblX H3MeHeHHH pe3YJlbTaToB CJIO>KeHIiH H Bbl-
qHTaHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH OJ{Horo H3 KOMnOHeHTOB 9THX
.D.eHCTBHH nOJIe3HO nOCJIe cpaBHeHHS1 Bblpa>KeHHH npocne)tHTb, Ha CKOJIb-
{O e.D.HHHU YBeJIHQHJICSI HJIH YMeHblliHJICS1 peaYJlbTaT H Ha CKOJIbKO eAH-
HHII. 60JIbille UJIH A-feHbllIe O,ltHH H3 KOMnOHeHTOB.
HanpHMep, YtJauU1ecH nOCTaBHJIH Me>K,ny BbIpaiKeHHRMH aHaK «6o.nb-
me»: 790 + 80 > 790 - + 70. Y1JHTeJlb npe.ll.JlaraeT BblnOJIHHTh npoBep-
KY, BblQHCnHB pe3YJlbTaTbi. l{eTH BbfnOJlHSlIOT: 870 > 860.
- Ha CKOJIbKO ej:lHHHU nepBaS1 cYMMa 6oJIbwe, qeM BTopaH? (Ha
10 eJ{HHHU.)
- CpaBHHTe CJJaraeMble. (nepBble CJlaraeMble O.ltHHaKOBble, 8 Bro-
¥oe CJIaraeMOe B nepBOM Bblpa>KeHHH 60JIbwe U8 10 eAHHHL\, qeM 80
BTOpOM.)
272

- CnaraeMoe OOJIbWe Ha 10 eJlHHHI.( H CYMMa 60JIblIle Ha 10 eAHHHIt,
eCJIM .ztpyroe CJIaraeMOe TaKoe me.
np"lepHO B TaKOM >Ke nJIaHe neJ(eTCH pa60Ta no cpaBHeHHIO ABYX
pa3HocTeH, a n03,nHee npoM3Be,lteHHH H qaCTHbIX. .
HepaBeHcTBa C HeH3BeCTHbIM tlHCJIOM peuHllOTcH nH60 nYTeM 3aMeHbI
HepaBeHcTBa paBeHcTBoM, JlH60 cnocoooM no,n60pa, KaK DO II KJIaCCe
(CM. N2 197 H ,np.). npH 9TOM HepaBeHcTBa 3aJ{aIOTCH no-pa3HoMY:
B OHHX CJIyqa.Slx Ha,no H3 .naHHoro pHJ(a qHCeJI BbIOpa'Fb Te 3HatteHHSI
6YKBbI, npH KoropbIX HepaBeHcTBo 6YJleT BepHblM, a B JlpyrHx CJlyqaHX
yttarnllecH caMH no,n6HpalOT TaKue 3HatIeHHH 6YKB. B TOM H .ApyroM CJIY"
qae pemeHHe OJI)KHO BblnOJIHHTbCH B o6w.eM BH)te.
PaCCMOTpHM KOHKpeTHbIe npHMepbI:
I. 113 pHJla tIHCeJI 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 BbI6paTb Te 3HatteHHSI 6YKBhI
a, npH KOTOpbIX 6y;teT BepHO HepaBeHcTBo a - 25 > 10.
P e ill e H H e. nO,l{CTaBMM QHCJ10BbIe 3HaQCHHH 6YKBbI a, BbIlIHCJIHM
pa3HocTb H cpaBHHM pe3YJ1bTaT C lIHCJIOM 10.
34 - 25 = 9
35 - 25 = 10
36 - 25 = 11
37 - 25 = 12
38 - 25 = 13
9 < 10
10 = 10
11 > 10
12 > 10
13 > 10
o T BeT: 36, 37, 38.
Tenepb BbIHCHHeTCH, QTO 6YKBe a MomHO npH,l{aTb JIIOObie 3HaQeHHSI,
KOTOpble 60JIbllJe, QeM 35. 3anHcb peweHHH BbinOJIHHeTCH B o6rneM BH,Ae:
a > 35.
2. HaRTH 3HaqeHHH 6YKBbI c, npH KOTOpbIX Bepno HepaBeHcTBO:
60  c > 20.
Pew e H H e. CHaqaJla HaH.neM 3HatIeHHe 6YKBbI c, npH KOTOpOM
60 - c = 20. 3ro qHCJIO 40. 4TOObI pa3HocTb 6bIJla 60JIbWe, qeM 20,
Ha,no, tIro6bI BbIttHTaeMoe c 6bIJlO MeHbwe, qeM 40.
o T BeT: C < 40 (0, 1 f 2, ..., 39).
_ .l{JlB npoBepKH .neTH nOJ{CTaBJIHIOT HeKOTopble H3 3UaQeHHH 6YKBhI
C H y6eiK.l1alOTCH, qTO perneHHfI npaBHJlbHbI:
c = 0 60 - 0 = 60 60 > 20
c = 8 60 - 8 = 52 52 > 20
c = 39 60 - 39 = 21 21 > 20
PeUJeHHe HepaBeHCTIJ CHa 1 Ia.Fla ObInOJIIIHeTCH nOJ{ PYKOBOJtCTBOF\f
yqHTeJIH t a n03,lIHee caMOCTOHTeJlbHO.
Yp88HeHN. B II I KJlacce o606I1{alOTCB 3HaHHH )teTe" 06 ypaB-
HeHUSlX, BBO;{HTCH 6o.nce CJIOJKllbIe yp8BHeHHH C
u
n.eHCTBHHMH YfHO>KeHHH H lteJIeHMH, a TaK}Ke pemeHHe npOCTblX H coc-
u
TaBHblX 3a.ll.aQ c nOMOIIJ.b1O COCTaOJIeHHH ypaBHeHHH.
0606U1,llJl. 3H8UHSI llereH 06 ypaBlJeHH SIX, yqHTeJIb BBO}J.HT oIIpeJtene-
HHe ypaBHeHliSl KaK paBelicTBa, cOAeplKaw.cro HCH3IJeCTuoe (CM. N2 170,
273

--
171). K onpeAeJIeHHIO MO)KIlO no)tBeCTH llepe3 cpaBHeHHe nap paBcHcTB
BH,n'a: 35 + 27 == 62 H 35 + x == 62. Yqall(HeCH no,nMeTHT t qro 3TH
paBeHCTBa OTJlHlIalOTCH TeM, lITO D nepBOf H3 HHX Bce qHCJIa H3BeCTHbl,
a BO BropOM OHO H3 tJHCeJI Hen3BeCTHO Hero Tpe6ye-rCfl Y3HaTb. YlIlI"
Te.Hb rOBopHT, llTO pafJeHCf1Z80, coiJepJ/caw.ee HeU36ecmHoe, 0603Ha t leHHoe
6YKOOU, flQSbt6atOfll ypaBHeHueM. PelllHTb ypaBHeHHe - 3Ha1lHT HaHTU
neU3BeCTHoe tIH:CJIO. lla.nce yqarnHecH caMH Ha3blBaIOT npaBYK> H JIenyro
tIaCTH ypaoHeHHH. YtlHr1b n05ICHHeT, llTO BO BCHKOI ypaBHeHHH 3aK-
JIlOqeH Bonpoc, HanpH1\fep: «Kal{oe 4HCJIO HaAO npH6aBHTb K 35, tIT06bl
nOJIytlllTb 62?» B ,naJIbHeHIUeH pa60Te ytlHTeJIb H ,neTH ,ltOJI}KHbI noc..
TOHlIHO nOJIb30BaTbCH HOBblMH TepMHHaI\.tH: «ypaBHeHHe», «pewalO
ypaBHeuHe», «B rrpaBoH lJaCTH ypaBIleHHH» H T. n.
B I I I KJlaCCe, KaI< 11 ao II, peweHHe ypaBHeHMH BblnOJlH5IeTCH Ha
OCHOBe B3aHMOCB5I3H 1\feLKJty KOMnOHeHTaMH H peaYJlbTaTaMH: apHMeTH-
u u "
qeCKHX ,neUCTBHH, npHtle"f CTpYKTypa ypaBHeHHH HeCKOJIbKO YCJIO./KHH"
eTC51 - nKJIlOqalOTCH ypaBHeHHH BH,na: 42 - 5 · x = 27. KpoMe Toro,
B nopSIJI.Ke nOI3TOpeHHH BKJllOtlalOTCH " ypaBHeHHH Y)Ke H3BecTHOH ll.e-
TJlM CTPYKTYPbl: 45 - (x + 9) == 22, 72 : x == 33 - 9 II T. 11.
06'bHCHeHUe peweHHH ypaBHeHHH BbInOJlH5IeTCH npHMepHo TaK ./Ke,
Kal{ H: DO I I KJIaCce. Hal1pHMep, pewaH ypaBHeHHe 42 - 5 · x = 27,
ytleHHKM paccY}K)laIOT: B 3TOM ypaBHeHHH H3BeCTHbl yleHbllIaeMoe (42)
H pa3HOCTb (27), HeH3BeCTJloe HaXO,lUfTCn B BbIQHTaeMOM; tlTo6b1 HaUTH
BbIQHTaeMOe, H8)10 H3 YMeHbwaeMoro BbllIeCTb pa3HocTb: 5. x =
= 42 - 27, BbInOJIHlO BbIqHTaHHe: 5 · x = 15 H T. ,n.
OJJ.HoBpeMeHHo BeeTCH oGyqeHHe peweHHIO 3a,zr.all cnOCOOOM COCTaB-
neHHH ypaBHeHHH. npH 9TOM npe,nYCMaTpHBaIOTCH TaKHe 3TanbI pa60Tbl:
CH311ana BBO)tHTCH peIIJeHHe HeCKOJlbKHl\lH cnocooaMH npOCTblX 38Aa1l,
u
3aTeM perneHHe COCTaBHbIX 3a,naQt KOTopble aIOTCH 8 «np03paQHOH»
<jJOPMYJIHpOBKe, ,nOCKa3bIBalOlUeH COCTaBJleHHe ypaBHeHHH, fI, H8KOHeu;,
pewalOTCH aa,nallM C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM COOTHOWeHH5I paBeHCTBa, 33,A8H-
HhIM YCJ10BHeM sa;tatJH.
POJlb peweH!lH pa3HblMH cnocooaMH npOCTblX 3a,natl qpesBbltJaii-
HO BeJIHK3, nOCKOJlbKY B 3TOM CJIytJae paCKpbIBaeTCH rJlaBHaH H,zr.eSl co-
CT8BJIeHHSI ypaBHeHHH - 9TO COCTaaJIeHHe no YCJIOBHIO 38,naQH pa..
BeHCTBa.
nO,npOOHee 0 MeTOHKe peIlIeHHH 33,natJ cnOCOOO1\1 COCT3BJIeHHH yp8B-
HeHHfI CKa3aHO B «OOYtIeHHH perneHHIO 3a,naQ B I I I KJlacce» (CTp; 284).
B I I I K,TIaCCe C>YKBeHHaH CMMBOJlHKa HcnOJlb3yercSi
rJlaBHblM oc>pa30M KaK cpe,nCTBO oooomeHHH 3HaHHH
YtlaInHXCH.
npn H3YQeHHH HYMepanHH MHOr03HatlHbIX lIHCeJ! nOBTopHIOTCB Te
BonpocbI, Koropble ObIJIH: pacKpblThI BO II KJl3cce: paooTa C MaTeMaTH"
1ICCKMMH Bblp3JKeHHSIMH (CM. N 104, 118 H .np.) H perneHHe saAaq C 6YK-
neHHbJMH ,naHHbIMIi (Ci. N295, 117, 222 H ,np.). npH BblnOJlHeHHH ynpa}K-
HeHHH C M8TeM3TI1qeCKflMH Bblpa>KeHHHMM Ii npH pelIIeHHH sanaQ c 6YK-
BeHHblMH ,naHHbIMH OQeHb Ba>KHO Ka:mAbJi% pa3 B TOM HJlM HHOA cpopMe
OOpaInaTb BHHMaHHe ;teTe" H3 CMblcn 6YKBbI KaK CH'MBO..18 ,lJ)IH b603Ha-
6YKBeMMa,.
CHMBonHHa
'274

leHHH HeKOTOpOrO qHCJIOBOrO iHOJKeCTBa. C 3TOH 1l.e.,1blO npH HaXO}K,lJ.C"
IIRH tlHCJlOBOrO 3HaqeHHH- BblpaiKeHHH Ha,nO npHJtaBaTb GYJ{Be lie O,AHO
3HaQeHHe, a HeCKOJIbKO. ECJlH qHCJIOBbIe 3HaqeHHH 6yJtYT Y>Ke sa)taHbI ,
TO cneyeT cnpOCHTb eTeH: MOJKeT JIM 6YKBa npHHHlaTb llpyrHe 3H8-
qeHHH? KaKHe? Ha30BHTe erne 2 (3, 4) 3Ha1JeHHfI.
OqeHb B3>KIIO npOCJIeiKHBaTb, KaK H3MeHSleTCH 3H3qeHHe BbJpa}f{e..
HHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH 3HaqeHHH 6YKB. C 3TOM l1eJ1blO npe..
Jlar810TCH CnellHaJIbHbIe 3a)t3HHH, HanpHMep npH)t3Tb 6YKBe d nHTb
3H3qeHHH T8K, 1JTOUbJ pa3HocTb 60-d y6b1BaJIa (Bo3paCTaJla). B 3TJrlX
>Ke neJISiX B3>KIIO HaYLlHTb )teTeH YCTaHaBJIHBaTb HaHfeHbwee Ii HaH..
60JlbUJee 3Ha1JeHHH, KOTopble MO>KeT npHHHMaTb 6YI{Ba Ii Bblpa>KeHHe,
a TaK)Ke HaXO;UiTb oo.nacTb 3Ha t leHHH 6YKBbI It Bblpa>KeHHS1.
1) Ha30BH HaHr.,feHblIJee H HaH60JIbUJee 3HaQeHH5I, KOTopble MOJKeT
npHHHMaTb 6YKBa.
2) Ha30BH 3HatIeHHH, Koropble MO>KeT npHHHM3Tb 6YI{Ba.
3) H330BH HaH60JlbIllee H H3MleHbwee 3HaQeUH5I 13blpa}KeHHH
4) Ha30BH 3HatICHMH, KOTopbIe MO}KeT npHHMMaTb Bblpa>Keluie.
HCCJle.noBaHHe BbIpaLKeHMH ,L{eTH ,l{OJI>KHbI BblnOJlHHTb B COOTBeTCTBHH
C 3THMH 3aHHHMH. _
PaccMoTpHM npHMep. Yq3mMMCH npe.l{Jlarae1'CH 3anHcaTb pa3HOCTL
QHCeJl k M 26 (CM. N2 1-18) H noo6paTb TPH 3HaqeHHH 6YKBbl. npe>K;:te
qe1 no6HpaTb 3HaQeHMH, Ha,n:o BbIHCHMTb, KaKoe HaHMeHbillee 3HaqeHHe
ft,10jKHO npM,n:3Tb 6YKBe k (H3HfeHblIJee 3HaqeHHe 26), l<aKoe Hal100J1bWee
3HaqeHHe MO}KHO npH,n:aTb 6YKBe k (HaHOOJIblllerO 3HaqeHHH HeT). Yqa..
lUHeCH 3aKJII01JaIOT, liTO 6YKBe k MOLKHO npHaBaTb 3HaQeHHH, paBHbIe
HJIH 60JIbLllHe, 1JeM 26: 3anHchIBaeTcH 9TO TaK: k = 26 "JIM k > 26.
Tenepb yqaw.HecH JIerKO BbInOJIHHT 3a,ll,aHMe, npH,ll,aB 6YKBe JII06bIe TP"
3HaqeHMR, KOTopbIe He MeHbwe, tleM 26. 3aTeM MO}KHO BbIHCHHTb, KaKoe
>Ke HaHMeHbLllee 3HaqeHHe f\10>KeT npHHSlTb Bblpa>KeHHe M npH KaKOM
3HaqeHHH 6YKBbl k. .neTH YKa3bIBaIOT, 1JTO HaHMCHbIlIce 3HaqeHHe BbI-
pa}KeHHH paBHO HYJIIO npH k26, a HaH60JIblIJerO 3HaqeHHH HeT. DIe,n:o-
naTeJlbHO, BbIpa}KeHMe 6y,n:eT npHHHMaTb 3HaQeHHH, paBHble HYJIIO liJiK 
60nbWHe HYJIH (He feHbwe HYJlSI). 3anHCb: k - 26 = 0 HJIM k - 26 >
>0.
CHaqaJIa HCCJIe,ll,oBaHMe BbInOJIHeTCH no,lt PYKOBO)tCTBOM Y1JHTeJIg,
a 33TeM .AeTH BblnO.'IHSlIOT ero caMOCTOHTeJIbHO.
npH pemeHHH 3aaq C 6YKBeHHbIMH )taHHblMM, no,n6Hpan 1.IHCJlOBble
3HaqeHHSI, H3O 06paraaTb BHHMaHHe Ha HX }KH3HeHHYIO cHTyau.H10,
Ha peaJIbHOCTb qHCJlOBbIX aHHhIx (HeJlb3S1, HanpHMep, B3Tb qHCJlO yqa-
IUHXCH B KJIaCCe 150 Lle.noBeK).
B CBH3H C M3yqeHHeM apHMeTHqeCKHX .AeHcTBHH Han MHOr03HaQ-
HbIMH tJHCJIaMH CJIeyeT npem,ne Bcero o506tnHTb 3HaHHH )teTe" 0 B3aR...
u v
MOCBH3H Me-iKy pe3YJIbTaTaMM Ii KOMnOHeHTaMH ,ll,eHCTBHH, a TaK}f{e
Me}K){Y caMHMH ,lteHCTBHHMH.
C I KJIaCCa ,neTH 3HaIOT, qro ecJIH H3 CYMMbI BblqeCTb O)tHO 83 CJI8-
raeMblX, TO nonyqHTCH )tpyroe CJlaraeMoe. Ha OCHOBe 3TO" B33HMOCBSI-
3H n I I I KJlaCCe )teTH nO,l{BO,ltHTCSI K o606rneHHIO. C 9TOA D.eJIblO nocne
275

paCCMOTpeHHfI COOTSeTCTBYIOW.HX qHC.nOBbIX COOTHOmeHHA (eCJIH 12+ 7 =:2
= 19, TO - 19 - 12 = 7 H 19 - 7 = 12) BKJIlOtlafOTCH ynpamHe-
.
HHH BH,na:
1) ECJIH k + m == n, ,t lIeMY paSHO n - k? n - m? npOBepbTe
113 tlnCJlax.
2) npOBepbTe, liTO (a + b) - a = b " (a + b) - b = a. 06bC-.
HHTe, nOqet.IY TaK nOJIYllaeTcH.
C nOIOIIJ.b1O 6YKBeHHOH CHMBOJIHKH oooomalOTCSI 3HaHHH AeTeH
06 H3MeHeHHH pe3YJlbTaToB apH4>MeTHIlecKHx JteHcTBliH B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT H3MeHeHHH O.llHoro H3 KOMUOHeHTOB (CM. cooTBeTcTBYIOInHfJ naparpa
9TOH KHHrH). BYKBeHHa'H CHl\.fBOJ1HKa Hcnonb3yeTcfl, KaK BO II KJlaC-
ce, ,lJ.JIH 3aUHCH CBoiicTB apH<pfeTHqeCKHX )J.eHcTBHH.
B I I I KJIaCCe B nepHo,lt H3Y1leHHH YMHO}Ke.HHB H
npJlMO "06paTHo ,nCJIeHHH pacKpblBaeTcH Ha KOHKpeTHbIx npHMepax
",onopL\HOHanIaHaR OAHU H3 BH){OB <PYHKlJ.HOlIaJIbHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH-
..MCMMOCTIt
.en"""H npHMO H 06paTHO nponopUHOHaJIbHaSl 3aBHCH-.
tOCTb eJ1UqHH.
B MeTO-AHKe pa60TbI Ha)t npHMO UJ1" 06paTHO nponopUHOHaJ1bHOH
33BHCHMOCTblO BeJUllIHH npe,nYC,faTpHBalOTCH TPH OCHOBHbiX 3Tana.
I-Ia nepBOM 3rane yqaLI..lHeCH 3HaKOMHTCH C BeJIHqHHaMH (HanpHMep:
ueHa, 1{<1I1UqecTBO, CTOHMOCTb; BpeUI, CKOpOCTb, paCCTOHHHe H )J.p.)
H B3aHMOCBH3blO le}K.llY HHr-.IH. TaK, ao II KJlaCCe npH H3ytJeHHH YMHO-
>KeHHH H .lleJIeHHH JteTH YCBOHJIH: eCJIH H3BeCTHbI ueHa KynJIeHHOrO TO-
u u
Bapa Hero KOJIHtleCTBO, TO MOiKHO HaHTH CTOHMOCTb )J.eHCTBHeM YMHO-
}KeHH; eCJIH H3BecTHbI CTOHMOCTb H KOJIHqeCTBO t TO MomBO HaUTH IleHY
,neHCTBlieM ,l(eJIeHHH; eCJIH IKe H3BeCTHbI CTOHl\{OCTb H u.eH8, TO MO:>KHO
Y3HaTb KOJlHtJeCTBO )teHCTBHeM ){e.'1eHHH (TO )Ke MO}KHO CKa3aTb H 0 APY.
rHX BeJIHtJHHax). B I I I KJIaCCe OHH nocreneHIIO 3HaKOl\t5lTCH C HOBblMH
rpynnal\fH BeJlHtJHH H B3aHMOCBH3bIO le)K,Ay HHMH: CKOpOCTb, BpeMB,
paccToHHHe (Ng 358-374); ,AJIHHa npHMoyro.'1bHHKa, ero lliHpHHa H
nJ10ma)l,b (N2 927, 928, 936-938, 950-952).
Ha BTOpOM 9Tane YllaInHecH 3HaKOMHTCH C npHMo H o6paTHo npoI1op-
UHOHaJIbHOii 3aBHCHMOCTblO OT,neJIbHbIX rpynn BeJIH1.IHH. OnblT nOKa3an,
1JTO YllalI(HeCH npHXo,AHT K o606w.eHIHo (nepeHocHT 3l1aHHH 0 npHMo H
o6paTHo nponoPIlHoHbHOH 3aBHcn1<?cTH BeJIHqHH Ha Jllo6ylO rpynny
BeJIlltJHH) B pe3YJIbTaTe nO,ApOOHOro paccMoTpeHHH TO.J1bKO Tpex rpynn
BeJIHtJHH:
I rpynna: ueHa, KOJIHlIeCTBO, CTOH{OCTb;
I I rpynna: CKOpOCTb, BpeMH, paccToHHHe;
I I I rpynna: )tJIHHa, IllHpHHa, ilJIom.a,Ab npHl\foyro.nbHHKa.
eTo.llHKa pacKpwTHH npHMoH H o6paTHoH nponOplJ.HOHanbHoH3a-
BHCHMOCTH MeLK.llY BeJIHqHHal\iH KaiK,AoH H3 rrpHBe-AeHHblx rpynn CTpOHT-
CH aHaJlOrHIIHO. OTHOCHTeJIbHO KaiK,noH rpynnbl BMUIIHH paccMaTpH"
B310TCH TPH TaMunbI, B KOropbIX JtaHbI 3HaqeHHH 9THX BeJIHqHH. npH-
tJeM TaOJIHIlbI OT.nHqaIOTCH O)J.Ha OT -Apyroii TeM, 1JTO B HHX AalOTCH pa3-
Hhle nOCTOHHHble B'1HqHHbl (HanpHMep, B O)J.HOH Ta6.nHue He H3MeHSIeTCH
ueHa, B .npyroH - KOJlH'lJeCTBO, B TpeTbeH - CTOHMOCTb; CM. Ng 505,
276

525, 537). PaccMoTpeHHe TaMHl{ nOMoraeT YCBOellHIO Toro $aKTa, liTO
nocTORHHOH BeJlHIIHHOii MO>KeT 6bITb npH onpC,lI.e.neHHbIX. YCJlOBHRX
nlO6aH H3 Tpex ,AaHHbIX BeJIHqHH. KpoMe Toro, yqaInHeCH 3HaKOMHTCR
c pa3J1HqHbIMH aaBHCHMOCTSlMH Me>KJ(Y BeJIHqHlIal\iIH O,nHOH H TOR me
rpynnbI: np" O){HHX YCJ10BHRX 3aBHCHMOCTb npHMo npOnOpu.HOHanbuaH,
8 rrpH -ApyrHx - 06paTHO nponopnHOHaJIbHaSl (3TH TepMHHbI ,neTfIM
HC C006InaIOTCH).
HatJJlIO)leHHe 3a 1I3MeHeHHeM BeJlHlJHH no Ka*)lOH TaMHLle 110-
foraeT yqaInH1\fCH BHJ(eTb, KaK C YBeJIHlJeHHeM HJlH .YMeHbllIeHHeM
u
O,nHOH BeJIHqHHbI B HeCKOJIbKO pa3 ,lI.pyraR BeJIHqHHa YBeJIHqHBaeT-
CH HJlH YMeHbwaeTCH BO CTOJlbKO Me pa3. PaCCl\tl0TpeHHe B3aM03aBH-
CH{OCTeH leLK.llY IIepeMeHHblMH nOMoraeT ,neTSIM YCBOHTb B3aHMOO()-
paTHOCTb KaK npSIMOH, TaK H 06paTHOH nponopHOHaJlbHOH 3aBHCHMOC-
TJi (ecJlH, HanpHMep, npH o.nHHaKOBOH eHe C YBe..TIHtleHHCM KQ.,1H1IeCTBa
B HeCKOJlbKO pa3 CTOHMOCTb YBeJIMtIMBaeTCH BO CTOJIbKO >Ke pa3, TO H
oupaTIIO - C YBeJIHtleHHeM n HeCKOJlbKO pa3 CTOHfOCTH KOJIH1IeCTBO
YBTIHqHBaeTCH BO CTOJlbKO LKe pa3).
<l>OpIHpOBaHHIO Y J{eTeH YMeHHH YCTaHaBJIHBaTb 3aBHCHMOCTb Me/K-
JJ.Y BeJlHqHHaMH nOMoraeT pemeHHe 3a.naq: 3a,naq-BOrrpOCOB, npOCTblX
3a.naq nOBbIllleHHOH TPY,lI.HOCTH H 3a)latl, pewaeMbIX cnocoOOM OTHO-
rneHHH.
B LleJIHX OpMHpOBaHHH npaBH"TJbHbIX o606IneHHH 0 npSIMOH H 00-
paTHOH rrponopUHOHa..TIbHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH BeJIHqHH HaJ{O nOKa3aTb lJ.e-
THM, 1ITO He BCer){a C YBeJlHqeHHeM O)lHOH H3 BeJIHtlHH B HeCKOJlbKO pa3
.l{pyraH YBeJlH1IHBaeTCH HJIM YMeHblIIaeTCH BO CTOJIbKO >Ke pa3, T. e.
OHa MO)KeT IIpOCTO YBeJIH1IHBaTbCH HJlM YMeHbwaTbCH, HO He BO CTOJlbKO
>Ke pa3. __
Ha TpeTbe1 9Tane Y1laInHeCSI nepeHOCSIT Cq,opMHpOBaHHbIe y HHX
YMeHHH YCTaHaBJIHBaTb npHMO H 06paTHO nponopnHOHanbHYro 3aBH-
CHMOCTb Me}K,l\Y Be.,1H1IHHa1.fH Ha J(pyrHe rpynnbI, KOTopble ellle He pac-
CfaTpHBaJlHCb, HanpHMep: Bec oJ(Horo npe)lTa, 1IHCJlO npe.l{MeTOB.
06mHH Bec H ,np. .
I1HbIMH CJIOB8MH, Ha 3TOM 3Tane Y1IaInHeCH caMOCTOHTeJIbHO YCTa..
HaBJIHBalOT COOTBeTCTDYIOHe 3aBHCHMOCTH Me}K,ny BeJIHqMlIaMH Oe3
CneUHaJIbHOrO paCCMOTpeHHH C yqHTeJIeM.
PaCK poeM nop06Hee MeTO)lHKY pa60TbI no YCTaHOBJ1eHH npSIMoH
H 06paTHoH nponopHOHaJIbHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH Mey BeJIHqHHaMH:
u.eHa, KOJIHqeCTBO, CTOHMOCTb.
B3aHMOCBH3b Me}K.lJ.y BeJIHqHHaMH 3TOH rpynnbI (I 9Tan) 6blna pacK-
pblTa BO I I KJl8Cce.
PacK;>bITHe 3aBHCHMOCTH (II 9Tan) Ha1lHH8eTCR c nOJ{roTOBHTeJlbHOH
patJoTbl, KOTopaH "'npoBOAHTCH BO BpeMR H3Y1leHHH H3MeHeHHSI pe3ynb-
TaTOB J.,teHcTBHH YMHO>KeHHR H J{e.n:eHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH
o)tHoro H3 KOMnOHeHTOB 9THX ,ZJ.eAcTBHH (CM. Ng 408).
YqaInHMCSI npe)l.JIaraerCH 3a,naqa: «CKOJIbKO CTOHT 6 M TKaHH ue-
nolO no 4- py6. 3a MeTp?» nOCJIe KpaTKoH 3anHCH 3TOM 3a,l1aQH 8 TaMHlle
yqalllJIMCH npe;vIaraeTCH peWHTb ee H CKa3aTb t KaKHM J(eHCTBHeM Ha.
277

XO,llHT CTOHMOCTb, eCJIH H3BeCTHbl UeHa H KOJIH1JeCTBO. nOJlyqaeTCH CJle.
AYJOmaH 3anHCb:
UeH3
KOJlHQeCTDO
CTOHMOCTb
4 py6.
6 M
x py6.
!laJIee npe,lJ.JIaralOTCH BOnpOCbl: .
- CKOJIbKO SanJ1aTHT, eCJ1H KynHT TaKoH >Ke TKaHH B 2 pasa 60Jlb-
we? B 3 pa3a feHbllJe? .
- CKOJIbko 3anol'laTHT sa Ta]{Oe }Ke KOJIHtIeCTBO TKaHH, eCJIH l1.elIa
(5y,lleT B 3 pa3a 60JIbllIe? B 2 pa3a feIlbllIe?
Pa30HpalOTcH anaJlOrHtIHbIe ynpa}KHeHHH H C BMHqHHaMH JtpyrHx
rpynn (CM. N2 415, 426). TaKHe ynpa/KHeHHH nOMorYT B ,llaJIbHeAweM
caMHM AeTHM «OTKpbITb» npHMO H o6paTHo nponopUHoHanbHYIO saBH-
CHMOCTb BeJIHqHH, onHpaHcb Ha 3HaHHH 06 H3MeHeHHH pe3YJIbTaTOB AeH-
u
CTBHH YMHO>KeHHH H ,neJIeHHH B 3aBHCHl'rIOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH O.ll.Horo li3
KOlvlnOHeHTOB.
Cnel..{HaJIbHble ypOKH nOCBHmalOTCH paccMoTpeHHlO npHMo H 06paT-
u u
HO nponopl..{HoHaJIbHOM 3aBHCHMOCTH Mey BenHHHaM no Ka*AoH
83 Tpex Ta6JIHn. 3TH ypOKH CTpOHTcn npHMepHO no O,nHOMY nJiaHY (Cl\f. .
Nv 505-508,.525-528, 537-540).
- YqaIII.HecfI 3anHCblBalOT Ta6JIHUY (CM. Nt 505) B TeTpa,Ab H caMOCTOH-
TeJIbHO 3anOJIHSlIOT ee. TaOJlHna npHo6peTaeT BHA:
Ue..a KOJJH'IeCTBO CTOHMOCTb
2 Kon. 2 T. 4 Kon.
2 Kon. 8 T. 16 Kon.
2 KOB. 12 T. 24 Kon.
2 Kon. 16 T. 32 Kon.
2 Kon. 24 T. 48" Kon.
Ha3B8B 3HaQeHHSI KaJK.AoA BeJ1H1JHHbI, yqaU\I,leCH 3 a MellalOT, 'ITO '
u.eHa He H3MeHHeTCH, KOJIHqeCTBO YBeJIHqHBaJIH H CTOHMOCTb YBeJlJf1JH-
JIaCb.
- PaCCMOTpHM, KaK H3MeHHeTCH CTOHMOCTb 8 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YBe- .
JIHQeHHSI B HeCKOJlbKO pa3 KOJIHtleCTBa npH HeH3MeHHoH ueHe. CpaBlIHTe, .
BO CKOJIbKO pa3 OOJIbllle/"TeTpa,lleii KynHJI BTOpOH nOKynaTeJlb, tJeM
nepBblH. (B 4 pa3a.) .
- CpaBHHTe CTOHMOCTH: 80 CKOJlbKO pa3 60JIbIlle AeHer ynJlaTHJI
STOpOH nOKynaTeJlb, qeM nepBblH? (To>Ke B 4 pa3a.)
- LITO MO}KHO CKa3aTb 0 neHe? (O,llHHaKoBaSl.)
- lI.a. STOPO" nOKynare.nb KYIIHJI TeTpa.A ell no TaKO" me u.eHe. K3K 'm
nepBblA, B 4 pa3a OO.,'1bWe H 3anJIaTHJI 3a HHX B 4 pa3a 60JIbwe. 't
- 'CpaBHHTe Tenepb caMH nOKynKY BToporo ITOKynaTeJlH H nSlToro. :,
(nSlTbllf nOKynaTenb KynlfJl TeTpaeii B 3 pa3a 60JIbWe, qeM BTOPO", 
278
. t
"
'f
.


!
.

H ynnaTHJI 3a HHX ){eHer B 3 paaa 60JlbWe, tJeM BTOpOH. TeipCUtH OblJlH
no oAHHaKoBoH l.(eHe.) YtlHTeJlb npe)tnaraeT npHBecTH ,npyrHe npH-
Mephl, n0J1b3YHCb Ta6J1HIleH.
- KaKoM me BbIBO MOJKHO C<jx>pMYJlHpOBaTb? (ECJIH KOJIHlIecTBO
YBeJlHtJHTb B HeCKOJIbKO pa3, TO npH OAHHaKOBOH ueHe CTOHMOCTb YBe-
JlHIJHTCH 80 CTOJlbKO :me pa3.)
TaK >Ke nOBOHTCH Y4alUHeCH K ,npyrHM BbIBo,naM:
eCJIH CTOHl\-IOCTb YBeJlHqHTb B HecKOJIbKO pas, a l.leHY OCTaBHTb 6e3
H3MeHeHHH, TQ KOJlHlIeCTBO YBeJlHlIHTCH BO CTOJIbKO me pa3;
ecJIH KOJIHqeCTBO YMeHbWHTb B HeCKOJIbKO pa3, TO npH HeHSMeHHOH
ueHe CTOHMOCTb YMeHbWHTCH BO CTOJIbKO >Ke pa3;
ecJIH CTOHMOCTb YMeHbIllHTb B HeCKOJIbKO pa3, TO npH o,nHHaKOBoA
lleHe KOnHqeCTBO YMeHbIllHTCH BO CTonbKO me pa3.
npHMeHHIOTCH nO.lIyqeHHbIe 3HaHHH 0 nponopUHOHaJIbHOH 3aBHCM-
MOCTH BeJIHqHH npe>KJle Bcero npH peIlleHHH 3a.naq-BOnpOCOB.
HanpHMep: «B Mara3JfH npHBe3JIH no OHHaKOBOH lleHe HMOKH H
rpYillH. HOJlOK npH:Be3JIH B 3 pa3a OOJIbIlle, qeM rpYlll. qTO MO}KHO CKa-
3aTb 0 CTOHMOCTH H6JIOK H rpyrn?»
YqeHHK pacCY>K;:\aeT: u.eHa HMOK H rpYlll O;:\HHaKOBa, HO HMOK
6blJlO 8 3 pa3a 60Jlbllle, qeM rpyw, 3HatJHT, H CTOHTb OHH Oy.nYT B 3 pa3a
60JIbllle, qeM rpYWH.
anee BKJIlOqalOTCH npocTble 3a,naQH nOBblweHHoii Tpy,nHOCTH, T. e.
TaKHe, npH perneHHH I{OTOPbIX Ha,lJ.O HCnOJIb30BaTb BbIBO){bl 0 nponop-
l.lHOHaJlbHOM 3aBHCHMOCTH BenH4HH.
HanpHMep: «1!JIH YtIarnHXCH I KJlaCCa KynHJIH no o;:\HHaKoBoH ueue
TeTpa)tH B KJleTKY If J1HHeHKY. 3a TeTpa;:\H B KJIeTKY ynJIaTHJIH B 2 pa3a
OoJIbme )teHer, qeM 3a TeTpa,nH B J1HHeAKY. CKOJlbKO reTpaeH B KJleT-
KY KYOHJIH )tJIH nepBOKJIaCCHHKoB, eCJIH B JIHHeHKY KynHJlH 36 TeT-
p a){eH?»
YqeHHKH TaK 06'bHCHHIOT perneHHe: eCJIH TeTpaJ{H B KJIeTKY CTOHJlH
B 2 pa3a oOJlI.Ile, qef B JIHHeHI<Y, a Te H ,npyrHe TeTpa;\H ObIJI" no OAR-
lIaKOBOH l.leHe, 3HaqHT, TeTpa,nCH B KJleTKY KynHJlH B 2 pa33 60Jlbllle,
qef B JIHlleHKY; Ha,no 36 YMHO)l{HTb H3 2, nOJlYQHTCH 72; KynHJIH 72
TeTpa,ltH B KJIeTKY.
HaKOHel(, BKJIlOqalOTCH 3a.nalln, peiliaeMbIe cnoco60M npHBe,neHHH K
e)J.HIIHu.e, KOTopbIe Tenepb. MorYT 6blTb pellIeHbI H cnoco6oM dTHollIeHHit
HanpHMep: «3a 5 oM rOJIyooH I.IleJIKOBOH MaTepHH ynnaTHJIH 35 pyo.
CKOJIbKO 6y.nYT CTOHTb 10 At 3eJIeHOrO WeJlKa no TaKO" }Ke ueHe?»
YqarnHeCH caMOC'rOHTeJIbHO 3anHCbIBalOT 3ajtallY KpaTKo B TaMHu.e:
I.J;CH3 , Ko..1"'IIC'CTBO I CTOHMOCTb
O,l1HllaI{OBa S1 5M 35 pyt5.
10 At x P yt5.
I
YqHTMh npeJVIaraer peWHTb 3TY 3a;:\aQy pa3HblMH cnoc06aMH.
Yqall.lHMCH YJKe 3HaKOM crioc06 npHBe;leHHH K e,ltHHHue (x =35 : 5.10),
2J9

110, nO.7Jb3YHCb paHee C,AeJlaHlIblMH BbIBOJ{aMH, MHOrHe M3 HHX CaMO-
CTOHTenbHO HaHJ{YT J{PYOH cnoc06. PemeHHe 9THMH cnoc06aMH Hao
3anHcaTb C nOHCHeHHHMH:
10 : 5 - BO CTOJIbKO pa3 60J1bWe KynHJIH 3eJ1eHOrO meJIKa, qeM rOJIY-
6oro,
35 · (10 : 5) (pyo.) - CTOHMOCTb 3eJIeHOrO WeJIKa,
x  .35 · ( 1 0 : 5);
x == 70.
o T Ble T: 70 pyoJleH.
BbloHpaH BTopoe J(eMcTBHe, YlIal.IJ.HeCSI CCblJIaJOTCH H3 BbIBo;t: BO
CKOJlbKO pa3 OOJIblile KO..'IHlIeCTBO 3eJIeHOrO llleJIK3, 80 CTOJIbKO pas
60JIbllle 6y JteT ero CTOHMOCTb, eCJIH u.ena OJ{HHaKOBaH.
PeweHHe J(pyrJM cnoc060M 6y,neT CqHTaTbCH npOBepKoH pemellHH
ncpBbIM cnoco(SoM.
Ha nOCJIe..nYfOII.{HX ypoKax BKJ1I01IalOTCH aHaJIOrHIIHbIe ynp3>KlleHHSI,
"PH BblnO.nHeHHH KOTOpbIX 6y,nYT npHMeHSITbCSI BbIBOJ(bI 0 nponoplU10-
H3J1bIIOH 3aBHCHMOCTH Me>KJty KOJIHlIeCTBOM H crOHMOCTblO npH nOCTOHH-
110M u.eHe.
npnMepHo B TaKOM >Ke nJlalle paccMaTpHBaeTcSI npHMo npOnOpl.lHO-
HaJlbH3H 3aBHCHMOCTb Me}K,ny I.(elloii H CTOHMOCTblO npH nOCTOHHHOM
Ko..rUlqeCTBe (cf. N2 525-528) H 06p3THO nponopUHOHaJlbH3H 3aBHCH-
MOCTb Me}KJl.Y LleHoH H KOJIHqeCTBOM npH nocToHHHOH CTOHMOCTH (eM.
N 537-540). H3 9THX ypoKax ,nOJI}KHa 6blTb npe){OCTaBJleH3 yqamJiM-
CH 60w'1bWaH C3MOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb: nycTb OHH cOBepmeHHo caMOCTOHTeJlb-
no CcpopMYJlHPYIOT BbIBObI, a 3aTeM «J{oKa}KYT» HX cnpaBe,nJlMBOCTb,
npHBo,nH no T30nHl.le npHMep.
KaJK,nylO HOBYIO Ta6J1Hl.lY Ha,no cpaBHHBaTb C npebI,nyrnHMH. TaK,
epaBHHBaSl, HanpHMep, TpeTblO Ta6J1Hu.y C nepBoH H cooTBeTcTBYlOll1He
BbIBO,ZI.bI, yqeHHKH OTMeqaIOT, liTO 3eCb BeJlHIIHHbI 0,lJ.HH3KOBbIe, 110 B
nepBOH Ta6JIHu.e He H3MellHeTCH ueH3, a B TpeTbeH - CTOHMOCTb; BbI-
BO,nbl Tome pa3HbIe: B nepBOM cJlyqae np YBeJIH1IeHHH HJlM YMeHbWeHJ1H
B HeCKO.TIbKO pa3 O,nHOH Be.TIHIIHHbl ,npyraH TO>Ke YBeJIHqBaJI3Cb HJIM
YMeHbWaJI3Cb BO CTOJlbKO >Ke .p33, BO BTOpOM cJlyqae npH YBeJIH1JeIH1H
HJlH YMeHbIlleHHH O,nHOH H3 BeJlHqHH B HeCKOJIbKO pa3 pyraH, Ha060-
pOT, YMeHbWaJl3Cb HJlH YBeJlH1IHBaJl3Cb BO CTOJIbKO me pa3. _
B ,lJ.3J1bHeAmeM no Mepe BKJIfOqeHHH ,npyrHx rpynn BeJlHqHH Ha,no
cpaDHHBaTb K3JK,nylO HOBYIO Ta6J1Hu.y H BbIBO,nbI C paHee p3CCMOTpen-
HbIMH TaOJlHl.laMH H BbIBO):\-aMH, CcJ>OPMYJIHpOB3HHbIMH no 3THM T36J1HU3M.
06Y'l8HH8 peweHHtO a8A8'1 Bill KnaCCe
CYII1-eCTBeHHYIO qaCTb co,nep>K3HHH nporpaMMbI no MaTeMaTHKe I I I
l{J1aCCa, K3K H .ltPyrHx KJl3CCOB, COCTaBJIHeT peIlleHHe 38J{atl.
BOJ1bWaH pa60Ta no Q>opMHpoBaHHIO YMeHHH pemaTb S3J{allH npo-
Be,neHa B I H II JUl3Ccax. TaM H3yqeHbl Bce BH,lJ.bl npocTbIX 3a,n3q,
CB513aHHbIe C Ka*JJ.blM H3 qeTbIpeX apH<pMeTHqeCKHX AeHCTBHA, TaM
80

*e nOJlO}KeHO HatIaJIO OpMHpOBaHHIO YMeHHH pemaTb H COCT8BHLJe
3a,llatIH.
B I II K.1JaCCe 9Ta pa6oTa, non ytIaH CBoe .lI.aJIbHeHllIee pa3BHTHc,
npoBb,nHTCH Ha 60JIce CJIOLKHOM MaTepHaJIe B CBH3H C <P<>ph-IHpOBaHHeM
HOBblX H 60JIee CJIOJKHblX )J)ISI ytIeHHKOB nOHSlTlui.
KaKHe }Ke 3aaqH pClllalOTCH BIll KJIaCCe H K3KOBhI OCHOBHhle TpC-
oOBaHHH K MeTo,nHKe nx pemeHHH?
I. DOJIbWYlO rpynny 3a,A3t1, pewaeMblX B I II Knacce, COCTaBJISllOT
TaK Ha3blBaeMble 06bIKHoBeHHbIe apH<fJMeTHtIeCKHe, HeTHnOBble 3aAatIH,
TecHO CBH3aHHbie C H3YlleHHeM qeTblpeX apH<fJMeTHtIeCKHX ,AeHcTBHH.
Ha TaKHX 3a,natIaX paCKphIBaeTCH KOHKpeTHblH CMblCJI Ka/K,l{orO .neH-
.,
CTBHH, SaKpenJiHeTClI YMeHHe npaBHlIbHO HCnOJlb30BaTb Ka>K)J.oe eH-
CTBHe, Kor,lJ.a ero npHxo,nHTCSI npHMeHHTb B cocTaBHoH 3a,AaQe C 60JIee
CJlO}KHOH MaTeMaTHqeCKOH CTPYKTYPOH, C 60JIblUHMH lJHCJIOBbIMH .n.au-
HhIMH, C oOJIee CJIO)KHbIM nJIaHOM peweHHH, KOTOpblH <fJHKCHPYeTC}) B
60JIee CJIOJKHOH q.,opMYJIe. Hepe.l{KO 3J{ecb CTpellaIOTCH TaKHe 3a,lJ.atlH,
B pellleHHH KOTOpblX O){HO H TO }Ke ){eHCTBHe npHMeHHeTCH HeCKOJIbKO
pa3, 110 Ka}K)J.bIH pa3 B HHOM ClbICJIe. 3ro KacaeTCH ocooeHHO Bblt)H-
TaHHH H ,lte..1eHllH, KOTopble HMelOT MHoro pa3JIHtIHblX CMbIC.TIOBblX 3Ha-
tIeHHH.
Ha peweUHH 3a){aq TaKoro po,na COBeplllencTByeTcH y,l{eTeH YMeHHe
KpaTKO 3anHcaTb YCJ10Bue 3a.l{atIlf, BbltL1IeHHB H3 ee TeKCTa caMoe rJlaB-
Hoe - BeJIHtIHHbl, HX lIHCJIOBbie 3HaQeHHH, HX B3aHMOCBH3H H 3aBHCII-
MOCTH, OTHOUlCHHH.
B KpaTKOH 3anHCH 3a,lJ.allH B I I I KJIaCCe lllHpOKO HCnOJIb3yeTcH coe-
TaBJleHHe no 33J{alle AfaTeMaTHqeCKHX BbIpameHHH CYMMbl, pa3HocTH,
npoH3Be)J.eHHH, qaCTHoro. nOHCHHf 3TO Ha npHMepe pellleHHH KOHKper-
HOM: 3a,AallH. nYCTb pemaeTCH 3a,naQa N2255 1 . «Ha 9JIeBaTOp )J.OCTaBHJ1H
B nepBblH ,AeHb 8 976 Ii nllIeHH, l.{bI BO BTOpOH )J.eHb Ha 1 350 I{ 60JIbllJe,
qeM B nepBbIH, a B TpeTHM: ,l{eHb Ha J68 l{ MeHbme, tIe1 BO BTOpOH. CKonb-
KO u.eHTHepOB nlIJeHHl.{bI J{OCTaBHJIH 113 9JIeBarOp 3a TPH )1HH?»
3anHCblBaH KpaTKO coepmaHHe 3TOH 3a)J.aQH, YQeHHK nepeBO)J.HT
CJIOBeCHbIe BbIpa}KeHHH «Ha CTOJIbKO-TO 60J1blIJe», «Ha CTOJlbKO-TO
u
MeHbme» Ha 3b1K IJHCJ10BLIX BblpameHHH H nHUleT:
{ I - 8 976 Ii
XL4 II - 8 976 + 1 350 (Ii)
I I I - (8 976 --1- 1 350) - 768 (I{)
. no TaKOH 3anHCH, no HCnOJIb30BaHHbIM B HeH lIHCJIOBbIM Bblpa>Ke-
HHHM MOiKHO JlerKO onpe)J.eJIHTb BH 3a,AallH, ee MaTeMaTHtlecKoe CQ-
,nepLKaHHe, ee CTPYKTYPY. 1139TOH 3anHCH BHJ(HO, liTO HCKOMO" B AaH-
HOH 3a.ll.aQe HBJlHeTCSI CYMMa Tpex cnaraeMbIX.
3anHCbIBaH YCJIOBHe 3a,lJ.atlH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM tJHCJlOBbiX Bhlpa-
1KeHHH, yqeHHK "y*e npoAeJlaJI 3HatlHTeJlbHYlO pa60TY no .8H8JIH3Y ee
1 3,neCb H B ,llaJJbHeHWeM Ha3saHLI HOMepa sa.naq no }'IIe6HMKY MaTeMaTHKH lUUI
III Knacca, B3A. 197] r.
28l

co.nep>KaHllfl. YtlHTeJlIO OCTaeTCH TOJ1bKO 3aBepWHTb 3TOT aHaJlH3 KpaT"
KOH 6ece)tOH:
Bon p 0 c. LJeM HB..1JHeTCH 3,ltecb X no OTHoweHHIO K ;taHHbIM tJHCJlaM
H Bblpa>KeHHHf?
o T BeT. CYMMOH.
Bon p 0 C. CKOJlbKO cnaraeMblX BXOJtHT B 3TY CYMMY? 1-I330BH 3TH
CJI ar3eMble.
o T BeT. TpH CJIaraeMbIX: O,nHO - IIHCJlO 8 976, .npyroe - Bhlpa-
>KeHO CYMMOH 8 976 + 1 350, TpeTbe - npe)lCTaBJlHeT c060" pa3IIOCTb
(8 976 + ] 350) - 786.
Bon p 0 C. LITO >Ke B 9TOH: 3aaqe HY>KHO Ha8TH H no KaKHM .n.aH..
HblM?
o T BeT. HY>KHO naHTH CYMMY Tpex sanHcaHHblX HaM" CJla.rae1-fbIX.
Oco6oe B TaKO" c}JopMe aH3..1JH3a 33KJlIOtlaeTCH B TOM, liTO 3,neCb pa3-
60p 3a,ltaQH nOCTpoeH Ha BbIHCHeHHH pOJIH K3>KJlOro .naHHoro qHCJla )to
4>aKTHQecKoro BbInOJIHeHHH -neHcTBHH.
HaCKOJlbKO Ba>KHa ,llJIH aHaJIH3a 3a,ltaqH KpaTKaSl 3anHCb ee YCJlOBHH
c nOMOInblO MaTeMaTHlJeCKHX BbIpa>KeHHU, BM.nHO H3 c.ne,nYIOInerO cpaK"
Ta, Kor,lta yqeHHKY I I I KJl3CCa npeJtJIaralOT, HanpHMep, TaKYIO 3anHCb:
{ I - 128 
956 K2 II - 128 · 3 (<<2)
III - x 
YqeHHK 6e3 Tpya Y3HaeT B Heft 3aJ{atlY, B ROTOpOH no CYMMe Tpex
CJlaraeMbIX H J].BYM "3 HHX Tpe6yeTcH HaHTH TpeTbe CJlaraeMOe, a 9TO
B CBOIO OqepeJ{b onpe)leJISIeT BH)l 3aaqH, pOJIb K3>K)lOrO J{8HHoro tlHCJla
B ee peIlleHHH H II.TJaH peweHHH.
npHBeJ{eM eme 38aqy N2 307, npH pa300pe KoropOH MO>KHO onpe-
.nCJIHTb pOJIb MCKOMoro n perneHIIH 3a,ltatIH. _
3aaqa. «Y nopTHHxH 6blJl KYCOK cHTu.a ,ltJIHHOH 24 M. Kor,na OHa
CIlIHJIa HeCKOJlbKO nJlaTheB, pacxo,ltySi Ha Koe no 3.M, Y Hee oc-
TanOCb 9 At CHma. CKOJIbKO nJiaTbeB CllJHJla nopTHHxa?»
3anHweM KpaTKo ee YCJlOBHH: .
BblJlO - 24 M.
H3pacXOOBaJIH - 3 . X (AI).
OCTaJIOCb - 9 M..
113 TaKOH: 3a nHCH BH;I.HO, GTO 24 M - 9TO YMeHbllIaeMoe, pacxo.zt
I\1aTepHH Ha nJIaTbe - 3TO BbIqHTaeMOe, 9 At - OCTaTOK. HeH3BeCT-
Hoe HaXOJ].HTCH B BbIqHTaeMOM. YqeHHKH 3HaroT: K3K HaHTH BbIqHTaeMoe
(24-9), a Y3HaB, CKOJIbKO MaTepHH H3paCxO)loBaHo Ha Bce nJlaTbH, H,
3H3H, tlTO H3 O,ltHO nJIaTbe H)leT 3 M, ytleHHKH JIerKO HaXOJ(HT HCKOMoe
tIJlcno nnaTbeB.
npH pellIeHHH pH.na 3a,naq BIll KJlaCCe no,lt06HaH KpaTKaH 3anHCb
n03BOJlHeT npHaTb aHaJIH3Y, pa360py 3a)J.aqH TaKoe HanpaBJleHHe, npH
. v
KOTOpOM yqeHHKH c caMora HatlaJIa CTpeMSlTCH BblHCHHTb, KaKHM ,neHCT-
BHeM 6YAeT nOJIYlJeH OTBeT Ha OCHOBHOH Bonpoc 3a,llaQH, qeM Bblpa/KCHbi
282

KOMI10HeHTbl 3TOrO ;J.eHCTBIIH, KaKHe H3 HHX H3BecrHbI H KaKHe HeM3-
BeCTHbI B .naHHOM CJIyqae H )J.p.
TaKon npHeM pa360pa CTaJl B03MO}KHblM B HaCTOHrnee BpeMS1 nOTOMY,
tlTO, pa60TaH no HOBOH nporpaMMe, ,lJ.eTH Y>Ke B I KJIaCCe 3HaKOMHTCH
u v
C Ha3B8HHHMH KOlnOlleHTOB H pe3YJlbTaToB AeHCTBHH, K KOHny BToporo
rO,lla o6YQeIIHH OHH YCB8HBaIOT 3aBHCH1YfOCTb Me>KJIY KOMnOHeHTaMH H
pe3YJIbTaTaMH ,lJ.eMcTBHH H YMelOT HaXO,llHTb HeH3BeCTHoe YMeHblllaef\fOe,
Bbl1JHTaeMOe H T. ,lJ.. B I I I KJIaCCe Y1JarnHecH YMelOT 1JHTaTb BbIpa}KeHHH,
COCTaBJUITb H 38nHCbIBaTb HX. Bce 3TO HBJIHeTCH Heo6xoJtHMblMH npe)l.-
nOCbIJIKal\1H ,nJlH aHaJIH3a 3a.na4U B DbIrneYK83aHHoH <popMe.
3aBepmaeTcH pa360p 3aAatlH B pH,ne CJIYQ8eB 38nHCblO ee perneHHH
cl>OPMY JlOM 1.,
COCT3BJIeHHe c}x>PMYJIbl-BaJKHbIH MOMeHT B paOOTe Ha,ll3a,naqeH H NUl
c}x>pMHpOB8HHH YMeHHS1 ,pewaTb 3a)la t lH H A.TJH MaTeMaTHlIecKoro pa3-
BHTHH yqaInHXcH.
3anHcb <poptYJIOH - 3TO cpHKcallHH pe3YJIbTaTOB MbICJlHTeJlbHOH
,neHTeJIbHOCTH YQeHHKa BO BpeMH pa360pa 3a,naQH II COCTaBJ1eHHH nJlall8
ee pelueHHH. B KOMnaKTHoii CTpYKType «P<>pMYJIbI B cBepHYToM BH){e
(OObItlHO B O,1I.HOH Heno&1]HOH CTp01JKe) npeCTaBJIHeTCH BeCb XO,lJ. pellJeHHSI
u
38,naQH - lIHCJIa, ,neHcTBHH Ha.l1 HHfH H nopHAoK BblnOJIHelIHS1 9THX
u u
AeHcTBuH.
BJl8r0.l18pH T8KOMY 60&TJblllOMY 3HaQeHHIO <PoPMY.J1bI 3Ha1JHTeJ1bHaSi
tlaCTb 38.l181J peWaeTCH B I I I K&llacce C COCTaBJIeHHeM <t>oPMYJIbI. 3Ha1.JHTeJIb-
. HaH tlaCTb, HO He Bce. ECTb T8KHe 3a,lJ.atlH, KOTopble pernalOTCH caMH no
ce6e JIerKO, cocraBHTb /Ke cpOPMYJ1Y K HHM TPY.l1HO; cpopMYJIa nOJlyqaeT-
CD JIH60 rpoM03.l1KaH, .nHoo CJIO}l(HaH no CTpYKType, Tpe6YIOaSl BBe)].e-
HHH KBaApaTHblX HJIH ,lI.8>Ke q>arypHbIX CKOOOK. COCTanJleHHe «P<>pMYJI
K TaKHM 3aaqaM He oOH38TenbHO. B TaKHX CJIyqaHX (a 9TH CJIY1l8H
onpe.ne.nHeT yqHTeJIb, rOTOBHCb K ypOKY) yqeHHKaM npe)].JlaraerCHI pe-
maTb 3a,llaQY 6e3 COCTaBJleHHH CPOPMYJIbI, C 38nHCblO TOJIbKO .l1eHCTBHH
H BbIQHCJleHHH.
PaHbrne pemeHHe 38,lJ.aQn corrpOBO)KAaJlOCb nHCbMeHHOH <t>oPMY&ilHpOBKOH
u
BonpOCOB K K8m,lJ.OMY )].eHCTBHIO.
B nOCJIe,llHee BpeMH CHO 06H8pY)KHJIaCb TeHAeHnHH ecJIH He HC"
KJllOtlHTb COBceM, TO BO BCHK01\f CJIyq8e pe3KO OrpaHH1JHTb npaKTH-
1 <1>opMYJla, lllHpOKO HCnOJIb3yeMaSi n npaKTHKe pemellHH 3a,ltaQ B I -I I KJIaCCaX,
npe):\cTaBJIHeT C060H He qTO Hlloe. K3K pa3HOBH.llHOCTb ypaBHeHHH. KaK ypaBHeHJlC,
paapeweHHoe OTlIOCHTeJtbHO X, r)le x 3aHHMaeT RClO JleBYIO H,,1H npaBYIO qaCTb ypaBHe-
HHSI; HanpHMep: X = 16 · 5 - 28; 5 + 7 = x.
B I H II KJlaccax, rJJ,e nOHHTij.e 06 ypaBHenHH ew.e He JJ,aeTCH, TaKYIO M3TeMaTH4e-
CKYIO 38nHCb Ha3b1BaIOT l/JOPMY/lOU. Ho B I I I K..'1aCCe, nocne Toro KliK 6YAeT pa3'bHC-
HeHO nOHSITHe «ypa8HeHHe» H BBeAeH 9TOT TepMHH, pa3JIH4He Mem.lty (j>opMYJlOH H
ypaBueHHeM CTHpaeTcSI. Tenepb MOJKIIO 6bJJlO 6bl JlH4$epel-lI.I.HpOB3Tb H83BaHHSI NaTe-
MaTHlIeCKHX 33nHceH H HaY1lHTb JteTeA pa3JJHt.aTb TepMIiHbI: CBbJpa}f(eHHe», «paBeHCTDO),
«ypaBHeHHe).«cIJopMya. nOCJle)J;HHH TepMHH u.eJleCOO6pa3uo 6bJJJO 6bI OCTaBHTb TOJIbKO
S3 sanHCHMH npaBHJf BbIIIHc.neHHB nJlOll.\aJJJf, BbIIIHc.neHHH nepHMeTpa, ,ltJJH o(503H84e-
HHSI B3aHMOCBSl3H APyrHx BeJlHtJHH. A 3a.z:la1lH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cnoco()a IIX peweHHB
COnpOBO)K,ltaTb sa,nSHHHMH )J.BOBKoro po)J;a: «CocraBHTb no YCJIOBHIO 38)).311H ypaBllc-
HHe) UJIH «CoCT8BHTb no YCJ10BHIO sa,natJH Bblpa>KeHHe».
283

KY pellleHHH 38,naQ C nHCbMHHbIMH BOnpOCaMH. TaKOe OrpaHHQellHe
Ot5'bHCHeTCH TeM, QTO 3anHCb BOnpOCOB (H npHTOM K Ka}KJ(OH 3a,l{a-
tIe) TpOOOBaJIa 60JIbUlOH 3aTpaTbI BpeMeHH, a rJlaBHOe - He J{aBaJIa
Toro 9<fxPeKTa, na KOTOpblH MO>KHO 6bIJ1o paCCtlHTblBaTb J Cy,ZtH no 3aTpa-
qeHHOMY BpeMeHH: nHCbMeHHbie BonpOCbl caMH no ce6e CJIaGo COJ{eHCT-
BOBaJIH rpOpMHpOBaHHIO YMeHHH pelllaTb 3a,ZtallH H MaTeMaTHqecKOMY
pa3BHTHID ytJamHXCH. 3To 06cTOHTeJlbCTBO H nOCJIymHJIO npHqHHOH no-
IiCKOB .npyrHx, tJoJlee COBepllleJ:[HbIX nYTeH H cpeACTB ooyqeHHH perneHHIO
saJ{atJ, Cpe,ZlH KOTOpbIX nHCbMeHHbIe BonpOCbI .nOJI}I{HbI 3aHHTb ropa3O
oo.nee CKpOMHoe MeCTO, qeM 9TO 6btJIO paHbl.lIe.
B npaKTHKe ooyqeUHH perneHHIO 33J{all nHCbMeHHbie BonpOCbI MorYT
BaHTH nO.Jle3HOe npHMeHeHHe TOJIbKO npH CJleJtYIOInHX YCJIOBHHX: Bo-
nepBbIX, C nHCbMeHHbIMH "BonpocaMH MorYT 6bITb pllIeHbl ,ABe-TpH 3a..
,nallH B Ha1JaJIe pa60Tbl Ha,lt Tef HJIH HHblM BH,ZtOM 3a..na1JH, Kor)ta ,nerHM
06'bHCHeTCg cnoco6 pellleHHH TaKHX 3a,ZtaQ C nOIOmblO pa3JIHqHbIX
cpeCTB HarnHHOCTH; nHCbMeHHaH pMynHpoBKa nonpOCOB B TaKOM
cJlyq8e 3aCTaBHT yqeHHKa cocpeJ{OTOqHTbCH Ha KIDK.l{OM l.lIare pellleHHH
H rny6iKe OCMblCJ1HTb Becb XO.l{ 9Toro peweHHH; BO-BTOPbIX, nHbMeH"
Hble BonpOCbl MorYT nOTpe6oBaTbCH B aJIbHeHrneM .lI-.I1H paOOTbI TOJIbKO
C OT.lleJIbHbIMH ytJeHHKaMH, KOTopble HcnblThIBalOT 3aTpYJ{HeIlHH B COC-
T3BJ1eHHH Ii nOHHMaHHH cpopMYJIbI; B-TPeTbHX, nHCbMeUHbIe BonpOCbI,
cxt>opMJIeHHble B BR.l{e nJlaHa pellIeHHH, MorYT naHTU' CBoe npHMeHeHHe
npH pel.lIeHHH TaKHX 3a,naq, K KOTOpbIM cpopMYJIa He COCTaBJlHeTCH.
OrpaHHtJHBaH B lllKOJIbHOH npaKTHKe HCnOJIb30BaHHe nHCbleH.
HbiX BonpOCOB, HY>KHO B TO}Ke BpeMH CJIe.l{HTb 3a TeM, qTOOhl.neTH Bcera
OT..naBa.n1l ceoe OTtJeT B TOM, 'lI1Z0 OHH H3XO.l{HT, BbInOJIHHH Ka>K)l.oe .neH-!I
CTBHe, H nOHCHHJIH, KaKoe 3Ha1JeHHe HMeeT no.nyqeHHblH pe3y.nbTaT.
DOHcneHHH .l{eHCTBHH B OOJIbIllHHCTBe c.nytJaeB )\aIOTCH YCTHO. 3anH-
CbIBaTb }I{e TaKHe nOHCHeHHH HY>KHO Bbl60poqHO: npH BBeJ{eHHH 3aJ{aq
HOBblX BHJlOB, npH caMOCTOHTeJIbHOM pemeHHH 3a.l{aq. H J{p.
,aefICTBHH l\lorYT npOH3BO.l{HTbCH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM KaK nHCbMen-
HbIX, TaK H YCTHbIX npHel\-IOB BbIQHc.neHHH. ECJIH B <t>oPMYJIY BXO)l.HT
1.JHCJIa ne60.nbiliHe HJIH 6oJlbwHe, HO Y J{06HbIe }J.JUI YCTHblX BbIQHCJ1eHHH,
TO B T8KHX CJIyqaHX BblllHCJIeHHH 3anHCblBalOTCH B crpO'lKY H npOH3BO-
JJ.HTC5I YCTHO. B Tex >Ke CLlIyqaHX, Kor,na B 3aJ{aqy, a CJIeJ{OBaTeJlbHO H
B QJoPl\IYJIY pellleHHH, BXOJlHT 60JIbllIUe tIHCJIa, J{eHCTBHH BblnOJIHHIOTCH
nHCbMeHHO, C 3anHCblO CTOJIOHKOf.
nOCJIe.ll-HHMH 91'ilfIaMH pellleHH 3ai{aQH, KaK H3BecTHO, HBJISIIOTCR
- 3anHCb OTBeTa II npOBepKa pellleHHH. llTOObI H36eiKaTb TaKHX CJIyqaeB,
Kor.l{a saOHcaHHoe B OTBeTe qHC.HO BCJIeCTBHe OWH6o'lHOrO pellleHHSI
ne COOTBeTcTByer Bonpocy, HymHo npHytJaTb J(eTeH K TOMY, QT06b1 no
OKOHqallHH peIIIeHHR nocne 3anHcH OTBeTa ytJeUHK npOqHTan Bonpoc
.,. -
Sa,L\aQH H CBOH OTBeT Ha Hero, conOCTaBHJI HX, YCT8HOBHJI COOTBeTCTBHe.
06HapY>KeHHoe HeCOOTBeTCTBHe nOKa}f{eT yqeHHKY, lITO pemeHHe 3a.ztatlH
nnoo He 3aKOHtJeHO, JIHOO OHO OIllHOOllHoe.
K l1aBHO H3BeCTHbIM cpeJ(CTBaM npOBepKH 3a,ZlaQH HOBaR MeTO.l1HKa
JJ.o6aBJ1HeT ew.e Ba: COCTaBJIeHHe H perneHHe 06paTlIOH 3aj\allH H pewe-
24

HHe .naHHOH 3a)].a t IIi eme .lI.pyr»M cnoco60M. 3ro - 3C}xI>eKTHBHble R
y6e.nHTeJIbHble Cpe,nCTB8 npOBepKH. 11MB B CYIlI.HOCTH ,nOCTHraIOTCSI ,llBe
1I.eJlH: C nOl\fOIl.{blO o6paTHoH 3a,naqH" HJIM HCnOJlb30B3HHH )(Pyroro cno-
co6a ocyrneCTBJUleTCH nponepKa, KOTopaSi B CBOIO Oqepe,nb pacIDHpHCT
y .nereH Kpyr npeCTaBJIeHHH 0 cnoc06ax peIlIeHHH H YQHT HX pew3Tb
3a,Q311H. CaMO C060H pa3YMeeTCH t qTO .na.'1eKO He Bee 33Jl8qH HY*HO npo-
BepHTb TaKHM Tpy.n.oeMKHM cnoco6oM.
TaR conepweHcTBYIOTCSI OOIl.{He no.n.XO,.!l.bI K pellleHHIO 3a,QaqH'Ii YMe-
HHe nOJIb30B8TbCH 1-11\IH.
II. HOBaH nporpaMMa Y,QeJ!HeT cneu,na.TJbHOC BHHM3HHe H3YQeHHIO
B3anMOCBH3M ne.'1HQHH H 3aBHCHMOCTH Me}K.n.y HHMH. B nporp3MMe II I
K.nacca 06 9TOM CKa38HO TaK: «npHMepbJ 3aBHCHMOCTH Me:m.n.y pa3J1HII-
llbl:\1li BeJIHqHHaMH»: (ueHa t KO.FJHtJeCTBO, CTOHMOCTb t CKOpOCTb, BpeMH,
p3CcToHHHe H J1p.). B 3TY KpaTKYIO cppa3Y B.'10)KeUO 60JlbIIIoe co.n.ep1Ka-
HHe. 3.necb peQb H)(eT 06 03HaKOMJIeHHH JleTeH Ha KOHKpeTHwx 3K-
Tax C CPYHKUHOHaJIbHOH 3aBHCHMOCTblO Me>I{.ny BeJIHqHUaMH, C .lI-BYMH
ee BHaMH - npHMOH H 06paTHOH nponopnHOHaJIbHOH 3aBHCIIMOCTblO.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C nporpaMMOH B y t le6HIIKe BBe)1eH CneUHaJIbHblH
pa3.lleJI «CKOpOCTb.. BpeMH. PaCCTOHHHe», B KOTOpO1 Ha 3a,llatJax paCKpbl-
BaeTCSI B3aH10CBH3b YKa3aUHblX BeJHitJHH: YtJeHHKH YCB3HBalOT, K3K
u
HaHTH paCCTOHHHe no aHHbIM CKOpOCTH H npeMeHH ,l1BH>KeHHH; K3K
HaHTH CKOpOCTb no ){aHHbIM paCCTOHIlHIO H BpeleHH ,lJ.BHJKeHHH H T. ]J..
J!a.FJce B CBS1311 C ,npyrHMH BonpocaMH YtJaI.I.I.HeCH npOCJle>KHBalOT Ha
3a.n.a4ax H no Ta6J1HQal, KaK H31\.,tCHHCTCH, o,Alla 8e.HHqHHa B 3aBHCH-
MOCTJI OT H3MeHeHHH .n.pyroH np." nOCTOHIIHOH TpeTbeii; HanpHMep, KaK
H3MeHHeTCH paCCTOHHHe B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH CKOpOCTH HJIH (11'
H3leHeHHH BpeMeHH; KaK H3MeHHeTCH BpeMH .n.BH>KeHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT H3MeHeHHH CKOpOCTH npH nOCTOHHHOM paCCTOHHHH.
CHaqaJla pernalOTC5I npOCTbIC 3a.n.allH-BonpOCbI 6e3 QHC.'10BbIX )1aH-
HbIX, a 3I1aqHT 6e3 BbIqHCTIeHnH, nOTOM npOCTble 3aJI.aqH nOBbIIlleHHOH
Tpy.nHOCTH H .n.a,,1bllle COCTaBHbIe 3a,lJ.a t IH. DpHBeJlcl\1 npHMep T8KJ-fX
3a.n.aQ-BOnpOCOB.
llonYCTHM, QTO Ha OHOM H3 ypOKOB YQeHHKH npOCJIe)(HlIH no TaOJlH-
ne, KaK H3MeHHCTCH CTOHl\.IOCTb B 3aBHCHrYIOCTH OT KOJIHQeCTBa npH noc-
u
TonHHOH nCHe H B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT neHbI npH nOCTOHHHOf KOJIHIJecTBC,
H CCJlaJIH COOTBerCTBYIOIIIJ-ie BbIBO,ll.bI: eCJIH YBe.TIHqHTb KOJIHtletTBO B
HecKO1]bKO pa3, TO H CTOHMOCTb YBeJIHqHTCSI BO CTOJIbKO }Ke pa3 "PH
nOCTOHHHOH nCHC " .np.
BCJIe.n. 3a 9TIf1 npe.n..'1araIOTCSI 3a,n3IJH t HanpHMep: 1) «Mara3HH npo-
)1aJI Ba KycKa me..1Ka no oHHaKoBoH nelle, HO B nepBoM KycKe 6b1J1o B
2 pa3a MeHbllIe T\.faTepHH, tJeM BO BTOpOM. 3a Kal{OH KYCOK BbIpytlHJIIf
l\eHbUle n BO CKOJIbKO pa3?»
51cHO, liTO JtJISI OTBera H3 Bonpoc 3aaQH Tpe6yeTcH TOJIbKO HCnOJ1b-
30BaTb 3HaHHe 33BHCHMOCTH Me>K,l1Y KOJIHQeCTBOM H CTOHfOCTblO npH
v
O,lUlHaKOBOH eHe.
2) «,[lJIH IllKOJIbI-HHTepnaT8 KynHJIH OHHaKoBoe KOJlHlIecTBO MeTpOB
cHTu.a Ii nO.'10Tlla. l(eHa nOJlOTH3 ObIJIa B 4 pa3a OOJIbWe l\eHbI CHTua.
285

4ro MOlKlIO CKa3aTb 0 CTOHMOCTH nOJIOTHa H CHTua?» 5ICHO, liTO ,llJ1H
OTBeTa H3 BOnpOC 3a,ll.aQH JlOCTaTOqHO 311aTb TOJ1bKO 3aBHCHMOCTb Me}K-
AY u.eHOH M CTOHMOCTblO npH O,llHHaKOBOM KOJIHlIeCTBe.
3aBepruaeTC5I o6DHcHeHHe TaKHX 3a,llaQ ynpa>KHeHHeM B peWeHHH
COCTaBHblX 3a,naQ H npHTOM pa3HblMH cnOC06-aMH. B03bMCM, HanpHMep,
3aAaqy NQ 540: «8 At ,lI.pana CTOHT CTOJ1bKO. >Ke, CKOJ1bKO 24 M rneJIKa. .
lJ.eHa rneJIKa 7 py6. MeTp. HaHTH u.eny Jlpana». ' ':,
npH pa360pe 3a,ll.aQH BbIHCHHeTCH, liTO B Hee BXO,nHT BeJIHqHHbl - 1
u.eH3, KdJlHqecTBO, CTOHMOCTb, BbIHCHHeTCH, 3Ha1leHHH KaKHX_BeJ1U- 
qHH H3BecTHbI, 1JTO Tpe6yeTcSI Y3HaTb. nOBTOpSIETCSI 3HaHHe 3aBHCHMOC- ;;
TO Me>K.nY l.{eHOH, KOJlHlIeCTBOM H CTOHMOCTblO H Ha OCHOBe TaKoro pa3- 'l
60pa YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCSI cnOCOObl perneHHSI. HanpHMep: J
I. X =- (7 . 24) : 8. I I. x = 7 . (24 : 8). Ill. 7 . 24 :.= x · 8. I
Ka>K.llOMY cnoco6y cooTBercTBye-r oco6oe paccYiKeHHe, DbITCK3Kr
lIlee: a) H3 311aHHSI B3aHMOCBSl3H .lI.aHHblX BeJIH1JHH (nepBblH cnocoo); :
6) 83 3HaHHH, KaK H3MeHHIOTCH lI.eHa H KOJIHqecTBO npH nOCTOHHHOH ,
CTOHMOCTH u(BTOpOH cnoco6); B) H3 3HaHHH Toro, \ITO pa3HbIe BbIpaJKeHHH I .,
O)UlHaKOBOH CTOHMOCTH MO}l{HO npHp3BHHTb O.l1HO I{ .npyrOMY Ii COCTa-
BIITb ypaBHeHHe (TpeTHH cnoco6). _
311aHHe )leTbMH 3aBHCHMOCTH MeJK,lI.Y BCJIHlfHHaMH .naeT B03MO>KHOCTb '
, ,
npH aHaJlH3e 38,l1.aQH C nOJIHbIM OCHOB3HHeM CTaB:b /onpOCbl HMellHO TaK: . J '
KaKHe BeJIHtlHHbI BXO,ll.HT B 3TY 3aJlaqy, B Kal{OH CBH3H OHH HaXOJ(HTCH,
K8KHe 83 9THX BeJlHtlHH 1i3BecTHbI H -KaKYIO Tpe6yeTcH HaHTH, KaK HaH- te'
TH Y BeJlHqHHY no ,llBYM ,naHHbIM. BOT 9TO H ecTb nOJlJ1HHHbIH aHaJIIl3 .}
COAep>KaHHH 3aJ\aQH, oCHoBaHHblH Ha npHo6peTeHHbIX YtlaI.l{HMHcH 
3H8I1HSlX. :
113 3a,llaQ C nponop",Hona,,'1bHbIMH B1HtlHHaMH B HOBbIH Y'leOHHK . 
,lI.JlH III KJIaCCa BOlliJlH 3a,ll.aQH, pernaeMble cnOC060f\1 npHfiloro H o6paT- f
lIoro npHBe,ll.CHHH K eJ\HHHue, cnocoooM oTHollIeuHH. 3a,llatlH Ha npo- ..
;..
nopUHOHaJlbHOe ,lI.eJ1eHHe, H3 HaXO>K,lleHHe HeH3BecTHoro no J(BYM pa3- ..
HOCTSlM, pa3JIH1JHhle 3a.ll.aqH Ha .lI.BIUKeHHe (BcTpeqHOe, B npOTHBOrIOJIOJK- ',
HYX HanpaBJIeHHHx), reOMeTpHQeCKHe 3anaQH Ha BbIqHC.neHHe nJIOrnaJl-H. t
 OHH pewalOTc 6 H Ha OCHOBe 3H3HHH 3aBHCHMOCTH MelK,ay BeJ1HlIHHa 6 Mu. .\
\.JU'bHCHHH cnoco bI HX peweHHH, paHblIIe OnHpaJlHCb r JIaBHbIM 0 pa- ,
:
30M Ha HarJlHJ(1I0CTb, Ha pa3JIHQHOrO pOJ(a H4I'IJIIOCTpaI.{HH co.nep>KaHHH 
3aJJ.aQ. Tenepb npH oG'bHCHeHHH eCTb B03MO>KHOCTb onHpaTbCSI He TO.flb- :
KO ua pa3JIH1IHbIe cpe,llCTBa HarJIHJ(HOCTH (cxeMbI, qepTeiKH, PHCYHKH),
HO H Ha 3HaHHe YQarnHf\fHCH 3aBHCHMOCTH MeiK.ny Be.ilIPIHllaMH. OCHOBa-
II
IHleM )lJISI 9Toro CJ1YJKHT npe,llYCMOTpeHHoe nporpaMMOH CneUHaJlbHOe
O.1HaKOMJIeHHe YtleHHKOB c npHMepaMH TaKOH 3aBHCHIOCTH.
B KatleCTBe .neHCTBeHHoro cpe,nCTBa HarJIH.l1HOCTH "PH peweHHH TaKHX
3aq HCnOJIb3yercH H KpaTKaH 3anHCb 3?.natlH B ma6AUI{e. 3anHcb
3JJLaq B Ta6J1Hl.{e ",eIIHa TeM, liTO OHa nOMOraeT yqeHHKY QTQeTJlHBO H
sicno npe,nCTaBHTb ce6e Te BeJlHtlHHbl, KOTopbIe BXO,llHT B 3aJ1-aQY, B TOM
\(nene H Te, KOTopbIe B YCJlOBHH 3a.l{aQH npe.lJ.craBJleHbl neHBIIO, YHCHHTb
EaHMOCBH3b Me>K,ny BeJInqHHaMH H OT,lJ.aTb ceGe HCHbIH QTqeT B TOM, Ka-
286
""

KaH BeJ1H1JHH8 npHHHMaCT B ,lI.aHHOH 3a.llaQe OHHaKOBbIe 3HaqeHlfH H
Ka KaH pa3JJHtlHbIe lIHCJ10Bble 311a qeHHH.
nYCTb, HanpHMep, Tpe6YeTCH peIllHTb 3a,ll.at.Jy Ha npOnOplJ.Ho-
H3JIbHOe .neJIeHHe: «B OHOM KYCKe 5 M TKaHH, B .npyroM no TaKOH
)Ke ueHe 7 M. 06a KYCKa CTOBT 36 py6. CKo.nbKo CTOHT Kam,l1blH KYCOK?»
(N'2 624).
npH 03HaKOMJJeHHH C cOAepmaHHeM 38AaqH BbUICHHeTCJI, t.JTO B 33-
,nalle rOBopHTCH 0 J{BYX KYCKax TKaHH no O,LtHHaKOBOH ueHe, 0 TOM, qTO
06a 9TH KYCKa BMecTe CTOHT 36 pyG., 0 KO..'1HtJecTBe MeTpoB B Ka>KAOM
KycKe, no,ntJepKHBaeTCH Donpoc 3a.naQH - CKOJJbKO crOHT KalKJUit
KYCOK TKallH.
qToGbI,ltaTb yqeHHKaf\ npeJI.eJIbHO HCHoe npeJI.CTaBJIeHHe 0 TOM, KaKHe
BeJ1HqHHbl BXO,l1HT B 9TY 3a.naqy, KaKHe H3 HHX H3BecTHbI H KaKHe He-
H3BecTHbI, a r.TIaBHoe - KaKaH Be.nH1JH1I8 npMHHl\iaeT 3,l1eCb O,LtHHaKO-
BbIe 3Ha 1 IeHHH, COCTaD,,r)fleTCH Ta6J1Hu.a:
UCHa
Ko..1H'Iel:TIIO
CTOHMOCTb
OJUJHaI<OB3$J
5..u
7 M
X 1 } 36 pyo.
X2 ::0
Ha OCHOBe co,nep)KaHlfH 3a,l1aQH, KpaTKO 3anHcaHHO D TaOJIHue,
,l{aJIee npoHcxoAHT npHMepHO CJleJJ-YlOaH 6ece,ll.a B BonpOCO-OTBeT-
HOM opMe. .
Bon p 0 c. KaKHe BeJJHqHHbI BXO,nHT B STy 3aallY?
o T BeT. eHa, KOJIHqecTBO, CTOHMoCTb.
Bon p 0 c. KaKHe H3 9THX BeJIHtJHH H3BeCTHbI, KaKaH HBJUleTCR
HCKO:VI0H?
o T BeT. H3BeCTHO KO.,'IHQeCTBO MaTepHH B K8>K,l\01v1 KYCKe (5 AI
If 7 M), ux OOInaH CTOHMOCTb (36 pyG.). HY1KHO Y3HaTb CTOHMOCTb Ka)K-
,noro KYCKa B OT,l1eJIbHOCTli. .
Bon p 0 C. 4TO HaJlO 3HaTb, QTOObI HaMTH CTOHMOCTb nepBoro KYC-
Ka? BToporo KycKa?
o T BeT. KOJJHqeCTBO MaTepHH 8 Ka>KAOM KYCKe (OHO H3BecTHO)
H n.eHY (OHa HeH3BecTHa).
Bon p 0 c. KaK HaHTH ueHY MaTepHH?
o T BeT. HymHo_ OOW.YlO CTOHMOCTb (36 py6.) pa3)1eJ1HTb Ha o6m.ee
KOJIHQeCTBO MaTepHH (5 + 7) M.
Bon p 0 c. PaccKaiKHTe nJIaH pemeHHB Haweii 3aJI.aQH.
o T BeT. CHa1laJIa Y3HaeM, CKOJIbKO MeTpOB B ,l(BYX KYCKaX t nOTOM
u.eHY MaTepHH, ,naJlbllle Haitnel\f, CKOJIbKO CTOHT nepB1>IH KYCOK H CKOJlb-
1,0 CTOHT BTOPO" KYCOK 1 .
1 3ror nJ1aH MomeT 6b1'Tb 3anHcaH TaK:
1) CKOJIbKO MeTpOB TK3HH B ,ltBYX KycKax?
2) CKOJIbKO CTOHT O,ltHH MeTp TK8HH?
3) CKOJIbKO CTOHT TKaHb B nepBoM KycKe?
4) CKonbKo CTOHT TKaHh BO BTOpOM KycKe?
287

ne 9TOro CJle.aYIOT 3anHCb J1eHCTBHH H BblQHCneHHR:
1) 5 + 7 = 12 (oM) 3) 3 · 5 = 15 (pyG.)
2) 36 : 12 = 3 (py6.) 4) 3 · 7 = 21 (py6.)
o T BeT. O){HH KYCOK CTOHT 15 pyo.; APyroH - 21 py6.
n p 0 n e p K a. 15 + 21 = 36 (Pyo.). . ,
BblllIe 6bIJIO CKa3aHO, qTO B I I I KJIaCCe pemeHHe pSJ){a sa,naq 3anH-
CblBaeTCH qHCJIOBOH <PoPMYJlOH (ypaBHeHHeM). Ho TaM >Ke 6bIJIa CJ,l.e.nana
orOBopKa: ecJIH cI>oPMY.'1a CJIOJKHa HJIH rpOM03){Ka t TO ee MOH<HO He CQC-
TaBJUITb H peIllaTb sat\aqy C 3anHCblO TOJIbKO ,nefiCTBHH. 3To 3aMeQaHHC
UY>KHO OTHecTI;f H K.3a;{aQaM Ha nponopLlHOHaJIbHOe .lI.eJIeHHe. <l>opMYJIa
v
peweHHH HarneR 3aj{allIi TaKOBa:
Xi = 36 : (5 + 7) · 5
X 2 = 36 : (5 + 7) · 7
CJIO}KHOCTb SaKJIIOqaeTCSI B TOM, llTO HCKOMaH BeJlUqlfHa 3)J.eCb HMeeT
ABa QHCJIOBblX 3HaqeHHR H n09TOMY npHxo,nHTCH BBO,!(HTb ,nBa HeH3BeCT-
HblX - Xi Ii x 2 , npnqe1 Kam){Oe H3 HHX HMeeT CBoe MaTeMaTHlreCKOC
BbIpameHHe. Ha6JHOJ{eHHH nOKa3bIBalOT, llTO y HeKOTopbIX YQHTeJ1eH
.lI.CTH npeO,llOJIeBalOT 9TY TPY,lUIOCTb, Y ApyrHx - HeT. n03TOMY perneHHe
Bonpoca, COCTaBJIHTb HJIH He COCTaBJIHTb q>OPMYJIY J{JIH 9THX 3a.llaQ, u.e-
Recoo6pa3HO npeJ{OCTaBHTb Ha YCMorpeHHe yqHTeJIH.
. MHoroe H3 Toro, tffO CKa3aHO 0 sa,l\aqax Ha nponopnHOHaJlbHOe
AeJIeHHe, OTHOCHTCH H K MeTo,nHKe pemeHHR 3a){aq na HaXO}K,.neHHe He-
u
H3BecTHoro no JtBYM pa3HOCTHM, H K 3a.natla1 Ha ,ltBHmeHHe C TOll To.nb-
HO pa3HHl{eA. liTO B noc.nej{HHX .l1BYX BH,l\ax 3aj{all oco6eHHO 6oJIblIIOe
3HaqeHHe HMeeT HarJIH,nHOCTb. Cnoco6 perneHHH 3a,naQ Ha HaXO>K,AeHHe
HeH3BecTHoro no ,l\BYl'v1 pa3HOCTHM cpa3Y CTaHOBHTcn HCHbIM, Korl(a
,naeTCH qepTe>K HJ1H PHCYHOK, Ha KOTOpOt H.nJIIOCrpHpyeTcH HHBHO 3a-
AaHHaH pa3HOCTb. OYCTb, HanpHMCp, pelllaeTCH 3a.lI.atIa: «B O.lJ.1I0M
KycKe 4 M TK8HH, B APyroM 7 oM TaKoH me TKaHH. BTOpOH KYCOK CTOHT
AOpo}Ke nepBoro Ha 18 pyo. CKOJIbKO CTOHT KablH KYCOK TKaHH?»
Cnoco6 peweHHH 9TOH 3a){aqH XOpOlliO pacKpbIBaeTcH I<paTKOii 3a-
nHCblO 3aJlatlH D TaOJIHue H npOCTbIM qepTemOM (pHC. 2):
,
I . _ - - ___
 I 1-"
IIQ 18 pytJ. OO/lblll.e -
PHC. 2.
f ltCH8 I KOJIliqeCTnO f <.noatMOCTb
,
I KYC 01lHilaKODaSI 4 M- x pyt'i.
II KYC. 7M XI JlbWe x
. ria 18 py6.
288

nOcJle pa300pa 3a,l1aQH cocrawuleTCH. nJlaH ee perneHHH. ECJIH AaH-
HaH 3aJ\aqa O,l1Ha H3 nepBblX, TO IlLrtaH COCTaBJUleTCH KOJlJleKTHBHO H
fO}l{eT OblTb 3anHcan:
1) Ha CKOJlbKO MeTpOB TKaHH 60JlbUIe 80 BTOPOM KYCKe, qeM B nepaoM?
2) CKOJIbKO CTOHT O)J.HH PwfeTp TKaHH? . .
3) CKOJIbKO CTOHT ncpBbIH KY-COK TKaHlI?
4) CK04/TIbKO CTOHT BTOpOH KYCOK TRaHH?
P e ill e H H e:
1) 7 - 4 = 3 (At)
2) 18: 3 = 6 (py6.)
3) 6 · 4 = 24 (py6.)
4) 6 · 7 = 42 (pyo.)
o T BeT. nepBbIH KYCOK CTOHT 24 pyo. t BT0t10i{ - 42 pya.
n p 0 B e p K a. 42 - 24 = 18 (pyo.)
B I I I K.,1acce pernaercH Mlloro pa3Hoo6pa3Hblx 3B)J.atl Ha ,ltBH>KeHHe:
Ha ABH}KeHHe O)1HOro TeJIa, Ha JlBH/KeHHe JlBYX TC.TJ H npHToM B pa3Hbix
HanpaBJIeHHHX - HaBCTpeqy, B npOTHBOnOJIO>KHblX HanpaBJIeHHHx.
C pa3HbIl\.IH nanpaBJIeHHHMH ABH>KeH'HH H C xapaKTepHbIMH ,l{JUI 3Toro
BIf)J.a 3aJ{aq TepMHHaMH (OHOBpCMeHHoe H HeO)J.HOBpeMeHHoe HatlaJIO
ABH}KeIlHH, CKOpOCTb ,llBHmeHHSI, paCCTOHHHe H ,l1p.) nOJIe3HO n03HaKO-
MHTb yqaHXCSI na KOHKpeTHI.JIX npHMepax ,l1BHiKeHHSI B KJIaCCe "JIH
ell(e Jlytlrne na OTKpbITOH MecTHOCTH.
TpH BHAa 3aJtaq Ha BCTpetlHOe ,l1BH>KeHHe, a nOTOM TPH BIIAa aa,llaq
Ha JlBH>KeHHe B npOTHBOIlOJIO}KHbIX HanpaBJIeHHHX u.ecnecooopa3HO nOKa-
3blBaTb KaK 3a,llaQH B3aHMoo6paTHble. HCnOJIb3YH r.pa<pHtleCKHe H.T'(JIIO-
CTpal.lHH H COCTaBJIHH qHCJIOBble OPMY JIbl pemeHHH HJIH BbIpa>KeHHH.
nOKa>Kef\f npHMepbl penleHHH TaKHX 3a,lla1.l.
nYCTb, HanpHl\fep, HY>KIIO pellIHTb 3aJtaQy Ng 520: «,LLBa newexo,lta
DbIlII.nH o.aHoBpervleHHo HaBCTpeqy ,llpyr ,npyry H3 JlBYX CM H BCTpeTH-
JIHCb tlepe3 3 1.Iaca. OJ{HII nemeXO,llIlleJ1 co ..CKOPOCTblO 4 KM B 1.Iac, ,l1py-
rOM - 5 KAt B 'lac. HaHTH paCCTOHHHe Me>K,l(Y CeJIaMH».
rpacpUtlecKaH HJIJIIOCTpalJ.HH 3a,ll81.1H (pHC. 3).
1 npH aHaJIH3e rpaq>HlfecKoH HJIJIIOCTpalI.HlI YCTaHaB..rIHSaeTCH, qTO
paCCTOHHHe Me>KJlY CeJlaMH COCTOHT H3 ABYX OTpe3KOB. OJl-HH OTpe30K
u u U
)10 MeCTa BCTpe1.lH npOHAeH O,llHHM nemexoAo:\l, ,l(pyroH - nHOHJleH APY-
rHM nellleXOJl,Of\1.
4KM 8 ..ac
1 .
r ,r
,r
r-
V
XHM
PHC. 3.
5KM 8 ac
..
,r
'-r 
"-
..I
10 3aKa3 694
289

l.J:r06b1 HaHrH see paCCTOHHHe Mem.ny ce.,1aH,. HY>KHO HaHTH paCCTOR-
v
HIiH, npOHJJ.eHHble KaJK.llbIM ncmeXOJ\OM, H CJIO)KHTb HX.
PerneHHe 3aJla1JH MO>KHO 3arrHcaTb TaR:
x KM - paCCTOHHHe MY CeJIaMH
4 · 3 (KAf) - pacCToHHHe, npOMJleIlHOe rrepBblM rreIlIeXOJ{OM ·
5 · 3 (leM) - paccToHHHe npOHJleHHOe BTOpbIl\f rremeXO,lJ.OM
x=4.3+5.3
x = 27
o T BeT. PaCCTOSlIHHe Mem.ny CeJIaMH 27 ICM.
.BTOpoA cnocoo peweHHH. 1)_ Y3HaeM, Ha CKOJIbKO KHJIOMeTpOB
c()JIH>KaIOTCSI 06a newexoJla B O,nHH \lac.
2) KaKoe paCCTOHHHe npoH.nYT 06a nernexo,na 3a 3 qaca?
Tor.na nOJIyqHM:
x = (4 + 5) · 3 '
x=9.3
x = 27
o T BeT. PaCCT05IHHe M€>K,llY ce.'1aMH paBHo 27 «..tl.
Jla..'1ee COCTaB."IHeTCH H pelllaeTCH oopaTHaH 3a.naQa: «llBa newexo,na
BblWJIH oJI.HoBpeMeHHo HaBcTpe\lY ,npyr ,npyry H3 .lI.BYX ce.n, HaXO,lUIInHX-
CH Ha paCCTOHHHH 27 leM. OJlHH H3 HHX WeJ1 co CKOpOCTblO 4 KM 'B \lac,
ApyroA - 5 "Ai B qac. 4epe3 CKOJIbKO qaCOB nellleXOJlbI BCTpeTH.TJHCb?»
rpaq>lIqecKaH HJlJlIOCrpaUHH 3TOH 3aAatlH (pHC. 4).
YSHaeM, CKOJlbKO KHJIOMeTpOB IIpOHJlYT 06a neIlleXO,lla B O)lHH 'lac,
IiJJ.H H8BcTpellY ,llpyr JJ.pyry (4 + 5) K.M. ,
J!aJIbWe paccY>K,ltaeM TaK: rremexoJlbl6YJl.YT B nYT(-f .IlO BCTpetIH CTOJIb-
KO lIaCOB, CKOJlbKO pa3 paCCT05JHHe (4 + 5) KM COAep)KHTCH B 27 KM.
OrclOJla IIo..'I)'qaeTCH paBeHCTBO: x = 27 : (4 -1- 5).
x = 27 : 9
x==3
o T BeT. neweXoAbt BCTpeTHJIHCb lIepe3 3 qaca.
,Qalnee COCTaB..'IHeTCH H peWaeTCH BTopaSI o6paTllaH saJtaqa: «j!Ba
newexo,lla BblWJIH oJl-HoBpeMeHHo HaBCTpeqy ,npyr ,npyry H3 .llBYX cellI,
HaX(),lUlmHXCH Ha paccToSIHHH 27 KAt, H ncrpeTHJIHCb tlepe3 3 qaca. OJlHl-I
H3 HIIX men co CKOpOCTblO 4 K.M B tlac. C KaKoH CI<OpOCTblO lllCJI JJ.pyrofi
newcxo,l{?»
4 KM B "IBC
..
X4
A
5KM B ac
'l
IIC
,
a
x...
A
"

r
"-
v
-"
7KM
PHC. 4.
290

rpacj>HqeCKaH HJlJIIOCTpaUHH 33JI-aqH (pRC. 5).
4TOObl Y311aTb CKOpOCTb BToporo newexo.na, "ymHo Y3HaTb, KaKoe
paCCTOHHHe OH npOUIeJI 3a 3 qaca. ,QJlH 9Toro "ymHo H3 o6ero paccToH-
I-IHSI - 27 K..4t BhItieCTb pacCToHlIHe, rrpOHJleHHOe nepBblM neUIeXoJlO.
Do..'1yqHM BbIpameHHe: 27 - 4 · 3. 3aTeM, pa3.neJIHB 910 Bblpa>KeHHe
Ha 3, nOJIYQUM 3HalfeHHe CKOpOCTH BToporo nernexo,ll.a. nOJlyqaeTCH cpop-
MYJIa: x = (27 - 4 · 3) : 3:
PelHHB 3TO ypaBHeHHe, HaH.!teI, qTO x = 5.
o T BeT. CKOpOCTb nernexoa 5 KJot B qac.
III. B Y1Je6HHKe no l'vlaTeMaTHKe )J.JHI I I I KJIaCCa eCTb cpaBHHTeJIbHO
OOJlbmaH rpynna 3a,l{aq (cBblwe 60 ), K KOTOpbIM ,llaeTCH 3a;J.aHHe: «Pe-
IllHTe sa.zr.aqy, COCTaBHB ypasHeHHe». TaKHe 3aaHHH rOBopSiT 0 TOM,
liTO CJIeJtYlOlIlHe 3a HHMH 3a,naQH HymHo pernaTb MeTO.llO1 cocraBJIeHHH
ypaBHeHHH. DpH OJlH}I{aH1l1eM paCCMOTpeHHH 9THX 3a,naQ OKa3b1BaCTCH t
liTO OHH pa3.,'(H1JHbI no CBoeMY MaTeMaTHtiecKOMY COep>KaHHlO, a pewe-
HHe HX npHBO)J.HT K ypaBHeHHHl\f pa3HOH CTPYKTypbl. n03TOMY. lleJ1eco-
06p83HO pa36HTb HX lIa OT)teJ1bHble rpynnbI H nOKa3aTb noxo K COC-
TaBJIeHHIO ypaBHeHHH B K8>K)lOH rpynne 1 .
nepB)'fO rpynny 3a,ltaQ, pelllaeMblX BIll KJIaCCe c
nO!Ylow.blO ypaBHeHHH, COCTaSJlHIOT 3MatlH Ha HaXO:>K.l1euHe HeH3BecT-
HblX KO....\fOOHeHTOB .!teHCTBHH.
npOCTble 3MallH TaKora pO,lJ.a pernaJIHCb B I II I I KJIaCcax. B I I I
K.nacce TaKHe 3a)\aqH pewalOTcH n nopHKe nOBTopeHHH II 33KpenJIelIHH
rrpOH)\eHHoro. -"
KpoMe TOfO, 3)1.eCb yqaWJlecH BIlepsble 3HaKOMHTCH C peweHHeM
npocTbIx 3aJJ.aQ HeCI{Oel1bKHMH cnocooaMH, COCTaBJIS1H no YCJIOBHIO 3a,lta-
t.JH HeCKOJIL1\O ypaBHeHHH. ):{JIH 3TOH l.le.'1H OqeHb YJ{06HbI npocTbIC 3a-
,na1JH na pa3ocTHoe H.1H KpaTHoe cpaBHeHHe. HanpHMep: «HeH3BecTHoe
QHCJlO "MeHbWe, tleM IB, H3 3. HaHTII HeH3BecTHoe UHCJlO».
.no YCJIOBHIO 3TOH 3aJ{atlH yqamHeCH COCTaa.HS1IOT TPH ypaBueHHS1:
18 - x == 3 - no YCJIOBHIO 3aaqH pa3HocTb I B H X pasHa 3.
x + 3 ==:I 18 - ecJIH HeH3BeCTHoe (MeHbme) QHCJIO YB1H1JHTb Ha 3, TO
nOJIyqHTCSI 18.
1 nOp06HO 0 MeTOJJ;HKe pemenHSI 3a)l,aQ cnoco60M COCTaBJleHHSI ypaBHeHHH
CKa38UO 8 CTaTLe M. A. BaHTOBOA H f. B. 5eJJbTIOKOBOH «¥paBueHHR B HaqaJlbHOM
Kypce MareM8THKHt, ony6nHKoBaHHOH 8 >KypHaJle «I-IaqaJlbllaR rnItOJIa:t, N9 5 3a
1969 r. B iTOA CTaTbe aBTopbl BnepBblc HaMe1'HJlH npHMepHYIO KJl8CcHq.HKaLtHIO SBASq,
peUlaeMblX cnocol5oM ypaBHeHHR B HaqaJIbJ1blX KnacC8X. C HX It03HlUiA pacCM8TpHBaeT-
CSI Donpoc 0 peweHHH 38Aaq cnocoooM COCT8BJ1eHHH ypasHeHHA II B AaHHoA rnase.
10*
291

]8 - 3 = x - ecJIH OOJ1bIllee 1.IHCJlO (18) YMeHblllHTb Ha 3, TO no.'1Y-
1JHTCSI MeHblllee II HCJIO, T. e. x.
Ha 9TOM 9Tane paCCl\taTpHBaIOTCSl H COCTaBHble 3a)J.allH, no KOropb1M
cocraBct1HIOTCH ypaBlleHHS1 B npHMoM COOTBCTCTBHH C YCJIOBHeM 3a.n-a1.JH.
HanpHMep, 3aa1.Ja NQ 308: «OK0J10 lliKOJ1b1 pOCwTJH .nepeBbH. OceublO
noca.nHJIH eme 2 pH.Lla .n.epeBbeB no 14 B Ka>l\nOM, H TOfJ{a CTaJIO Bcero
55 )].epeBbeB. CKOJIbKO ,nepcBbeB poc..TlO )].0 oceHHeH nocaKH?»
<l>oPMYJ1HpOBKa 9TOH 3aa1.JH nOCKa3bIBaeT npolI.ecc cocTaB.neHHH..
yp3BHeHH. «nYCTb .n.o oceHHeH noca.n.KH pOCJIO x ,nepeBbeB». CocTaB-
JlHeM Bblpa*eHHH:
14 · 2 (,lJ.epeBbeB) nocaH.'1H oceHblO;
x + 14 · 2 (.nepeBbeB)' CTaJIO nOCJIe nOCa,l1KH.
113 YCJIOBHH 3aJ{allH H3BeCTHO, tITO HX CTaJIO 55. COCraBJ1HeM ypaB-
- HeHHe: x + 14 · 2 = 55.
npH COCT3BJIeHHH TaKHX ypaBHellHH paccYJK,l1eHHH - BeYTcH YCTHO,
a nOJI)"lJaeMble BbIpameHHH H ypaBHeHH 3anHCbIBalOTCH no XO,lJ.y pac-
CY>K,l1eH nfl.
B TOp Y 10 f P Y n n y 3 a ,n a tI, pernaeMbIX C nOtOIII.blO ypaB-
HeHHM, COCTaBJIHIOT 3a,l1allH, <PoPMYJIHpOBK8 KOTOpLIX nOMoraeT ytleHHKY
COCTaBHTb ypaBHeHHe, TaK KaK B TeKCTe 3a)1atIH npHMO YKa3blBaerCH
HeH3BecTHoe lIHC..7JO, YKa3bIBaIOTC H ,neHCTBHH, KOTopble Ha,lJ.O BbInOJl-
H8Tb Ha.n HeH3BecTHbIM, ,lJ.aeTCH H pe3YJlbTaT. TIpHMepoM Ta!<DH sa;J.a1lH
MO}KeT CJIy.mHTb 3aJJ.alla N2 289: «Ec.,Tf" HeH3BeCTHoe tIHCJlO YMHO)KHTb
Jfa 7 H K no.rlytleHHoMY npoH3Be,Z{cHHIO npHoaBHTb 16, rro.rIYIIHTcH 58.
lleMY paBHO HeH3BeCTHoe 4HCJIO?»
0603HallHI\f HCH3BeCTHoe lIHC.fJO 6YKBOH x H BblnO.J1HHM Te ,lI.eHCTBHH,
KOTopble YKa3aHbI B 3a.n.a 1.Je. Y MHO)l{HM x Ha 7, no.TlY4HM npoH3Be.nelIHe
QHCeJl x II 7 (x · 7). Ilpl16aBHM K HeIY 16; no.nY4HM CyrvIMY: x · 7 + 16,
B KOTOpOH nepBoe c.naraCl\10e x · 7, BTopoe c..'13raefoe 16. H3 YCJIOBHH
3a;la4H M3BeCTHO, tITO OHa paBHa 58. npHp3BHHBael\1 Harne Bblpa)KelIHe
K 58 H no..'1ytlaeM ypaBHelIHe: x · 7 -l- 16 = 58.
3a,natlH, OTHeceHHbIe 3,Zl,eCb I{ nepBoH H BTOpOH rpynne, npoxo,l1SlT
lIepe3 BeCb YQe6HHK Ii pemalOTcH n3 npOTH>KeHHH Bcero Ytle6Horo ro.n.a.
B pe3YJIbTaTe Y4eHHKH HaYlJaTCH pernaTb ux BnO.TIHe caMOCTOHTe.TJbHO
C He06xo,lJ.HMbIIH 3anHCH1H H conYTcTBYlOW.HMH HM YCTHblMH paccY>KJ].c-
HHSlMH.
T peT b 10 r p y n n y 3 a ,l1 a 1J, pernaeMbIX C nOMOInblO ypan-
JleHHH, COCTaBJIHlOT 3a,natIH, Q>OPMYJIHpOBKa KOTOpbIX He no,nca3bIBaeT'
npHMO OTHOlllelIHe paBeHCTBa, HO B YCJIOBHH KOTOpbX np" BHHMaTeJ1b-
HOM 1.1TeHHH HeTpy.n.HO 3aMeTHTb H BbI4.TJeHHTb TY BeJ1H1.JHHY, KOTopaH B
3aAatle <PHrypHPyeT JlB3iKabi  npH 9T01v1 HMeeT o,nHHaKOBble tJHCJ10Bble
3IJa1JeHH. TaKYIO BeJIH1JHHY H MOJKHO nO.nO>KHTb B OCHOBY COCTaBJIeHHH
paBeHCTBa (ypaBHeHHS1). K tlHCJlY TaKHX 3a,na1.J OTHOCHTCH 3a,ll.31JH no,1J.
N! 404,405,414,451 H ,np.; 3TH 33)1alJH BO II KJ1aCCe pemaJIHCb cnoc06oM
npHMoro H o6paTHoro npHBeeHHH K e)1HHHQe.
292

npHBe,lleM ,llJISI npHMepa TeKCTbI HeKOTopLIX H30 YKa33HHblK
3a,ll3Q.
3a,l1aQa N2 404. «EaoywKa KynHJIa 3 MOTKa 6eJIOH IllepcTH 3a 15 py6.
H no TaKOH >Ke u.eHe 6 MOTKOB CHHeH wepcTH. CKOJIbKO CTOHJta CHHHH
wepcTb?»
31I.ecb !.lena OeJIOR H CHHeH IllepCTH OAHHaKOBaSl.
3a.naQa N2 414. «TnJIoxo.l{, .l{BHraJ!.cb no TeqeHHlO peKH co CKOpOCTblO
30 K.,U B qac, npOilleJI rrYTb Me)l{-ny ABYI'vUI npHCTallHMH 3a 4 qaca. Ha
06paTHoM nYTH TO >Ke paCCTOHHHC OB npOWeJI 3a 5 1JaCOB. C KaKOU CKO-
pOCTbIO WM TenJlOXOA Ha 06paTHO1 nYTH?» 3){eCb nYTb TY Aa H oopaT-
IIO O,!lHHaKOB. TaKoe YCJIOBHe BCTpellaeTCSI B 3aAaQax HepeAKO. HanpH-
Mep: «3a 6 CTOJIOBblX JIO}l{eK ynJlaTH.HH CTO.'1bKO, CKOJIbKO 3a 10 tlaHHblx.
4aHHaH JlO)KKa CTOHJIa 30 Kon. CKOJIbKO CTOHJla O){Ha CTO..TJOBaH J10JKKa?»
3,lJ.ecb HMeercSI npHMoe YKa3aHHe Ha TO, liTO CTOHMOCTb LTIO}l{eK CT0J10BbIX
H qaHHblX OAHHaKOBaH.
KaK >Ke HcnO.Hb30BaTb 9TY 0HHaK6BYIO BeJIHtIHIIY ,It.TJH COCTaB.neHHH
ypaBHeHHH? nOKa.>KeM Ha npHMepe peIllHHH 3a,lJ.atlH N2 710: «rpyi1na
TypHCTOB oTnpaBHJIaCb B noxo,l(. TYAa OHH lliJJH 18 qac. co CKOpOCTblO
4 Kl1 B lIac, a Ha 06paTHoM nYTH TO >Ke paCCTOHHHe OIlH npoexa.nH ,Ha
aBTo6yce 3a 2 qaca. HaHTH CKOpOCTb aBT06yca».
AHaJIH3HpyeM co,ltep>KaHHe 3a,natlH: BbIHCHHeM, 0 tleM rOBopHTCSI BI"
3aaqe, KaKue BeJIHQHHbI BXO,l(HT B Hee, KaKHe H3 HHX H3BeCTHbI H KaKaH
HBJlHeTCH HCKOMOH, Kal\ 1\fOmHO ee HaHTu, KaKaSl BeJIH4HHa cpHrYPHpyeT
ABa>Kjlbl, lIO npHHHMaeT OJ{HHaKOBble tlHCJlOBbIe 3HatleHHSI.
0603HatIHM HCKOMYIO Be.lIH4HHY 6Yl{BOH x: «IlycTb aBTo6yc WM co
CKOpOCTblO X KM B qac».
CoCT3BJ1HeM Bblpa>KeHH:H:
4 · 18 (KM) - TypHCTbl npOWJIlI nelliKOM.
x · 2 (KM) - TypHCTbI npOeXaJIH Ha 8BTo6yce.
TaK KaK no YCJ10BHID 3aaqH paCCTOSlHHH TyAa H 06paTHo HMeT
O)l.HHaKOBbIe 3UaQeHHH, TO nOJ1YQeHHble HaMH BbIpa}KeHHH MO>KHO np-
paBHHTb O,!lHO K ,ltpyroIY. OOJIYQHTCH ypaBHeHHe: 4. 18 = x o. 2.
HeKoropble 3aaqH 3TOH rpynnbI MorYT pewaTbcH cnoco6oM COCTaBJ1e..
IIH5I ypaBHcHHH II Ha OCIlOBe paseHcTBa OTHOllleHHH. ClOjla oOTHOCHTCH
sa,nallH nOJ{ NQ 508, 516, 528, 540. 658, 668, 68.3, 710 H JJ.p. 06bI'IHO
9TH 3a.LtaQH pelllalOTCH HecKP.,'1bKHl\IH cnoco6aMH.
- nOKameM 3TO Ha npHl\lepe pewenHn 3ajlallH Ng 508: «3a 15 At TKaHH
ynJlaTHJIH 45 py6. CKOJ1bKO MeTpoB Tal{OH TKallH MomHO KynHTb Ha
9 py6.?
- .
llcHa I
O.nHH3KOoa \I {I
Ko..lltQeCTRO
CTOHMOCTb
15 M
x tC
45 py6.
9 py6.
nOCJIe aHaJIH38 co;tep>KaHHH 3a.llallH H KpaTKOH 3anHCH ee B Ta6JIHne
YCTaHaBJIHBaeM nYTeM COOTBerCTYIOw.HX paCCY>K,lleHHU H sanHCH OfJ{eJIb-
.,,-
293

HbJX nbipa)KeHH"J t{TO aa,naqa MO>Ker Ob1Tb pemeHa necKO.'1bKIiMH cnoco-
(jaMH. HanpHfep; ,
I. 9 : (45: 15) - enocoo OopSTHoro npHBe,AeHHg K e,l(HHHlte: ueHa MeT-
pa 45: 15 (pyo.); H3 9 py6. l\iO>KHO KynltTb CTO'1bKO
, MeTpOB, CKOJIbKO pas (45 : 15) co,n.ep}J.{HTCH B 9.
II. 45: 9= 15 : x-ypaBHeHHe t BblTeKalOI.qee "3 nponopllHOHaJIbHOH
saBHCUMOCTH MeJKJty CTOHIOCTblO H KOJIHlIeCTBOM npH
O.ll.HHaKOBOH neHe. Bblpa>KeHHS1 3TOH 3aBHCHMOCTH:
45 : 9 - BbIpa>KeHHe, nOKa3bIBalOw.ee, BO CKO..J)bKO pa3 9 py6.
MeHbwe 45 py6.
15 : x - Bblpa, >I<elIHe nOKa3bIBalOIII.ee BO CKOJIbKO pa3 I<OJIH-
lIecTBO x At MeHbllIe 15 .M.
A T3K KaK H3BeCTHO, tI-ro npH oJtuHaKoBoH ueHe BO CKOJlbKO pa3
MeHbme CTOHMOCTb, BO CTOJIbKO pa3 MeHbwe U KOJUI, lIeCTBO TO nOJIyqeH-
Hble OTHomeHIlH MO>KHO npHp3BHHTb. B Pe3Y.,1JbT8TC nOJIYtIHl\f ypaBue-
HHe, 3anHcaHHoe Bblille.
4 e T B e p T Y 10 r p y n n y COCTaB.nHIOT 3aa4H, perneHHe KOTOpbIX
npHBo,lJ.HT J{ ypaBHeHHHM BH,Aa x + a · b = C (HanpHMep: «YqeHIIK
KYIIHJI KHHry H 4 }<apaH,l.\allIa no 3 Kon. 3a KapaHJtalli H 3a BCIO nOKynKY
ynJIaTHJI 32 Kon. CKOJIbKO CTOHJIa KHHra?») H&llH BHJta: a · x + b ,. C =
=d (HanpHfep: «noe3Jt wen 4 qaea co CKOpOCTblO 60 lOt B \lac H He-
CKOJIbKO qaCOB co CKOpOCTblO 65 ICM B qac. 3a Bee 9T0 BpeMSI OH
npOllleJI 70 ICM. CKOJlbKO 'laCOB n0e3,A WeJI co CKOpocrblO 65 KM n
lIac?» ).
H, 'aKoHeu, no YCoJ10BHIO' HeKoropbIX 3a,naQ l\iO>KeT 6bITb COCT3BJICHO
lIeCKO1bKO ypaBHeHHif, eCJIH JIlo6oe 3HaQenUe Be,,1HQHHbT, ,naHHOH B 3a-
1{3Qe, BbIpa3HTb lIepe3 J\pyrne, a 3aTCM nOJJYlleHHOe BbIpa>KeHHe npnpan-
HHTb K cooTneTcTBYlOrneMY tJHCJIY. nYCTb, HanpHMep, .peIll3e-rcH 33,na-
tJa: «B Mara3HH npHBC3J1H H3 l'ilalliHHe 180 1(,2 ane..TJbCHHOB. KOfJI.a BLlf-
PY3HJIH HeCKOJlbKO Hll\HKOB aneJIbCHHOB, no 6 1(,2 B K3>K,ZtOM, TO Ha Ma-
WHRe erne ocra.nOCb 60 1C2. CKOJIbKO HI.qHKOB BblrpY3H.'1U?»
nOCJle TOfO KaK J.(eTH YCBOHT cO;:lep>KaHHe 3a){atIU, CJ1'IaIOT KpaTKYIO
3anHCb YCJIOBHH, 06'bSICHHT, liTO nOKa3hlDaeT Ka}l{,noe 'IHCJlO, H 0603Ha-
qaT HeH3BecTHoe IIHCJIO 6YKBOH (<<nYCTb BblfPY3HJIH x HInHl{OB»), Moryr
6WTb COCTanJIeHW TPH paBHeHHH:
I. 6 · x + 60 = 180
II. 180-6.x=l30
I I I. (180 - 60) : x = 6
IV. B YlleoHHKe I I I KJlaCCa npeACT8BJIeH pSlA saAaq c 6YKBeHHblMu
oaflHbl.Jwu, HX cpaBHHTeJ1bIlO HeMHOfO - OKono Tpex .lI.eCHTKOB. rCM
OOJIbWerO BHHM3UHH Tpe6YeT K ceoe KaN(){3H U3 HHX. npOcTeulllHe H3 Ta-
KHX' 3aJl,alJ YiKe peW8JIHCb BO I I KJ1aCce. I I I KJIHCC npO.ll.OJIiKaer 9TY JIH-
HHIO, It yme Ha nepBblx CTpaHHijaX yqeOHHKa lIMeeTCSI pH,lI. T8KHX 3a-
294

,naq (CM. HOMepa: 95, 117, 136, 187, 222, 294, 348 H Jtp.). )J.aJlbWe, no-
CTeneHHO YCJIOiKHHHCb,. OHH npoxo.llHT lIepe3 BeCb yqeOHHK. npHBe.u.eM
TeKCT. HeKOTopbIX H3 HHX. HanpHMep, 3aAaqa N2294: «nepBoe qHCJIO
a, BTopoe tlHCJIO b, a TpeTbe H8 k MeHbwe CYMMbI nepBblx JJ.BYX. 4eMY
paBHa CYMMa nepBblX ,nBYX?»
3a.naqa N2 337: «3a 6 M CYKHa ynJIaTHJIH b py6. CKOJIbKO MeTpOB
TaKoro CYKHa f\{OiKHO ynHTb H3 a pyo.? 3anHIlIHTe Bblpa>KeHHH, nOJJ.6e-
paTe qHCJlOBbIe 3HaqeHHH H peIlIHTe 3a.IJ.aqy».
Y>Ke H3 co,nep>KaHHH npHBeJleHHbIX 3a){aq BH){HO, liTO C HX nOl\fOl.I.\blO
o6oorualOTcH 3HaHHH Yt.JaI.UHXCH 00 apHcpMeTHtICCKHX ,AeiiCTBHflX, 00
HX cBofiCTBax, oooom.alOTCH H cnOCOObl peweHHH 3a,natl. KpOMe Toro,
perneHHe 3a.n.aq C OYKBeHHblMH JJ.aHHblMH 3aKpenJIHeT H COBeprneHcTByer
3HaHHfI yqaHXCH 0 MareMaTHqeCKHX BwpaiKeHHHX, ){aBaH MarepHaJl
)J..llH pa3BHTHSI y ,neTeH YMeHHfI COCTaBJIflTb Bblpa>KeHHH, qHTaTb HK, Ha-
XO):(HTb HX tlHCJIOBOe 3HaQeHHe. n03TOMY, npe){JIaraH ,neTHM pelllHTb
TaKYIO 3a)taqy, u.e.necooopa3HO )l.aBaTb 3aJlaHHe: «COCTaBbTe no YC..TJOBHIO
9rOH 3a.naqH Bblpa}KeHHe». TaKHMH BbIpa>KeHHHMH 6YJJ.YT: a - C K 3a-
,Aa4e ]\"2 95; a · k K 3aAaqe NQ 117; a - b K 3a}].aQe Nt 136; a : (b : 6)
K 3a}].a qe N2 337 H T. )I..
HaKoHell, pellleHHe 3a.natJ C 6YKBeHHblMH ,A8HHbIMH cnoco6crByeT
<j>OpMHpoBaHHIO Y ):(eTeH nepBOHaQaJlbHblX npeJtcTaBJleHHH 0 <PYHKllHO"
HaJIbHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH Me>K}.(Y BCJIHlIHH8MH. Ha HHX JIerKO nOKa3aTb,
qro 1.J:HC.TJOBOe 3HaQeUHe Bblpa}f{eHHfI 3aBHCHT OT 3HaqeHHH OYKBbI; rrp"
H3MeHeHHH 3UaQCHHH 6YKBbI H3MeHHeTCfI H 3HaqeHHe BbIpaJKeIlHH: Ka}K-
,AOMY 3I1atJCHHIO 6YKBbl cOOTBeTcTByeT orrpeJJ.eJIeHHOe 3HalleHHe Bblpa-
>KeHUSI, a B 9TOM H COCTOHT CYTb 4>YHKltHOHaJIbHOH 3aBHCHfOCTH. .aJUI
JJ.OCTH>KeHHH 9TOH ueJIH OC06eHHO nOJIe3HbI BblpIDKeHHH C oYKBellHblMH
j\aHllblMH, KOTOpblM npe){WecTBYIOT 38,naHHH, I1anpHMep, TaKoro pO.Aa:
«npHJlaHre 6YKBe b qeTblpe TaKHX 3UaqeHHH, lITOObl cYMMa b + 150
YBeJ1Ht.JHJJaCb ,Ha _ ?O». I1.11H: «nO){OepHTe lJeTbIpe 3HaqeHHH OYKBbI k,
Ta"Klie, qTOObl l{aJK,ltOe CJIe,1J,YIOee 3HaQeHHe lJaCTHOro 320 : k 6b1J1o B,LtBoe
6o.n b we n pe}].bl,nymero».
Y npa>KHeHHSI no,n06Horo pOJJ.a npoxo,u,HT lJepe3 BeCb YQeOHHK.
I1TaK, cnoc06b1 peweHIIH 3a,AaQ B III KJIaCCe pa3HOO6pa3I1bl: B 3aBH-
CHMOCTH OT CTPYKTYPbI 3a,1J,aQH H HX M3TeMaTHQeCKOrO cO,Aep>KaHHSI, OT
CneL(HaJIbHbIX 3a,l{aHH H K HHM pH)]. 3aJJ.aQ pemaeTCH cnoco6oM COCTaBJIe..
HHH ypaBHeHHH, no YCJIOBHIO HeKOTopblX 3a,nall (npeHMYllleCTBeHHO C
6YKBeHHblMH ):(aHHbIfl1) COCTaBJIHIOTCH Bbfpa>KeHH; peweHHe 3HalJHTeJIb"
HOH lIaCTH 33,ltaQ 3aI1HCblBaeTCH lJHCJlOBOH PMYJlOH; pH,A 3a,naQ pewaeTCH
nocJle aIiaJIH3a H COCTaBJIeHHH nJlaHa C 3anHCblO TOJIbKO JteHcTBHH H
BbI I IHCJ1eHHH. I
Bce TaKHe 3a,AaQH pellialOTCH C TeMH HJIH HHblMH 3anHCHMH. Ho ,ltJlH
BbIpa60TKH Yl\'leHHSI pewaTb 3a.naQH OOJIbWOe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT H ycmHoe
pemeHHe 3aJlaq C He60JIbwHMH lIHCJlaMH H C HeOOJIbWHM KOJIHqecTBOAt
,neHcTBHH, Kor):la I1HKaKHX 3nHceH He npOH3BO){HTCH (3a' HCKJIIOt.JeHHe1
3anHCH na KJ18CCHOH ll.OCKe HeKOTopblX qHCJIOBbIX .llaHHbIX) Ii Bce BHH-
MaHHC yqellHKa COCpe){OTOqUBaerCH Ha MaTeMaTHQeCKOH CYHocrH 3a-
295.

)1a1.l, H8 HCnO..'1b30BaHHH JlOfHqeCKHX npHeMOB lbIlll..leHHR, 3HaHHH
CBOHCTB .nefICTBHH II 3aBHCHMOlTeH MeJKY BeJIHtJHllaMH. B npaKTHKe
YIlHTe.neH YCTIIOe perneHHe 3a,naQ OJ1>KHO 3aHHTb BH)1.HOe MeCTO, H npHTOM
He TOJIbKO npOCTblX, HO II COCT8BHblX 3a.natl, pernaeMblX ,llBYMH-TpeMH
J1eHCTBHHMH. (
B KaKOM COOTHOllIeHHH )1.0JI->KHbI BblcTynaTb nepellHC.TJeHHble BbIwe
cnOCOObl -peweHHH 3a,na1.l - 3TO onpe.lle..lIHCTCfI Y1.Ie6HHKOM H B 1i3Be-
CTHOH Mepe TBOplJeCKH1 onbITOM yqHTeJIH, ero. MeTO,ltHtIeCKHM MaCTCp"
CTBOM.
v. Pa3Ilooopa3lIe _ cnOCOOOB pellIeHHH 3a.natI, npHMeHHeMblX B I II
KJIaCCe, TpeOYeT HcnO.llb30BaHHH pa31HqHblX MeTO)1.HtlecKHX npHeMoB K3K
npH o()'bHCHeHHH cnoco()oB HX peweHHH, TaK H npH 3aKpen.neHHH YMe-
,
HHH pernaTb 3a.llatiH. ",.
CpeAH 3THX npHeMOB ocooeHHo 60..T'fbWOe 3HatIelIHe HMelOT npHeMbI
cpaBHeHHH 3a.lta4, npHeMbI HX npe06pa3QBaHHH (r..'1aBHbIM o6pa30
COCTaB..rIeHHe 06paTHblx 3a.n.aq) H COCT3BJIellHe 3a.llaQ caMHMH yqaInHMHcH
no pa3JIHtIIIbiM 3a.naHHHM YQHTeJIH.
HOBblf1 Ylle6HHK C03aeT 6JIarOnpHHTHbTe YCJlOBHH AJIH peaJIH3au.uH
npHeMa cpa8fieHUJl; B HeM c6.'1H)KeHO DO BpeMeHH paCCMorpeHHe CXOA- ·
HblX 3aJ(alJ - 3a,aaQ n3 BCTpetJHoe JI.BIDI<eHHe II 3aA8 1 1 H3 ,nBHJKeHHe D
npoTHOnOLTIO)({BbIX HanpaBlIeHHHx, 3a,lJ,aq 113 npOnOplI.HOHa..TIbHOe
A1eHHe If 33j\aq Ha HaXO>K){eHHe neH3BeCTHoro no )1.BY1 pa3HOCTSlM.
TaKoe COJlH}{{eHHe nOMoraeT npoBeJ(eHHIO cpaBHeHIIH, BbI){eJIeHHIO c'
nOMOInblO a1la...1H3a cyrnecTBeHHblx npH3HaKoB 3a,l(aQH, IIX aOCTparHpo-
BaHlflO If 0006meHHIO.
BOJlbWOe MeCTO oTBe.neHo B YQe6HHKe COCTaB.rreHIIIO H perneHHIO.
.o6paTHbIX 3aJl.alJ. 3HaKofCTBO co cnoco6aMH pellleHHH 3a.naQ Ha BCTpeQ-
Hoe ,lJ,BH}I{eHHe, 3a,AaQ H3 BbIqH'1ellHe BpeMeHH, 33,naQ Ha Bb!\lHCJIeHHe
n.rl0rua.1J.H, pellIeHHe 3a,aall K3>K,noro H3 3THX BHAOB 06'bHCHHeTCH cpa3Y
H3 Tpex B3aHOCBH3aHHbIX 3aJI.allax, H3 KOTOpblX O)l.Ha HBJlHeTCH HC-
XO,llHOH, a .npyrlIe Be - 06paTHbIMH K Hefl, a Bce TPH COCT3BJISIIOT
rpynny B3aHfoo6paTHblX 3a)1.all. TaKOH TIpHeM 06'bHCHeIIHH cnoco6-
crByeT YCBoeHHK> H 3aKpenJIeHHIO 3HaHHH B3aHMOBH3J{ BeL1JMQHH, BXOJ1.H-
W.HX B 3TH 33.natlH.
<J>OpMHpOB8HnIO YleHIIH pewaTb 3a,!latiH cnoc06CTBYlOT ynpa>KHeHHH
He TO.'1bKO B pcrneHHH rQTOBbIX 3a)1.aQ, JlaHHbIX B YlIeOHHKe, HO H B COC-
T3BJleHlIH YlJaMMHCH CBOHX 3aAatJ no pa3JIliQHbI1\.1 3aAaHIISlM: COCTa-
BMTb 3a)1.aQy no .l1aHHOMY lJepTe}KY, no cxeMe, no KpaTKOH 3anHCH ee
YCJIOBHH, no ,l(al!HOH <PopMYLTIe (ypaBHeHIIIO), faTeMaTHqeCKOMY BhIpa-
>KeHHIO II )J.p. '
Oco6eHHO nOJIe3HbI YIIpaiKHeHHH B COCTaBJleHHH 3a.llaQ no ,llaHHOA
<Jx>PMYJIe, KorJ\a DMecTe C TeM Yl<a3bIBaeTCH, C KaI{HMH B1]HQHHaMH ]10.'1-
>KHa ObITb COCT3R.'1eHa 3aJ(atJa. HanpHMep: «l1cnOJIb3YH B1HQHllbI--
u.eHY, KOJlHlIeCTBO, CTOHMOCTb»t COCT8BbTe 3a,lJ,aQH no ct>oPMYJIaf\1:
1) x = (36 : 12) · 4
x = 36 : (12 : 4)
2) x = 80 : (15 : 3)
x = 21 · (80 : B)
296

HJJH: «COCTaBbTe 3a)1aqH no IIX pellleHHIO, HCnOlIb3YH BeJIHtJHUbI
CKOPOCTb. BpeMH, paCCTOHHHe» (no YIle6HHKY N2 672):
I) x = (180 : 3) · 6 2) 120: (60 : 2)
TaKHe ynp3iKHelIHH, K8K HHKaKMe J1.pyrHe, cnocoocTBYIOT YCBoeHHtO
B3aHMOCBH3H MemJlY YK33aHHblMH BeJIHqHHafH. ,
HOB3H MeTOAHKa OTpa>KaeT nepe){OBble B3r JIH,nbl Haillero BpeMeHH
Ha npOIJ.ecc peweHHH 3a){aIlH, YTBep}K)l.aH, liTO 3TOT npOIJ.ecc OT Hatla-
Jla .no KOHU.3 JlOJI>KeH 6blTb TBOplleCKH, - nOHCKOBbIM, onHpalOll(HMCH
Ha caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb YQeHHK3, Ha ero TBOptIeCKOe Bo06pa:H<eHHe H
3J{THBHoe HCnOJIb30BaHHe p3.11H411blX MblCJIHTeJIbHbIX onepal.(Hii.
.o.POfiH
nepBOnaqa..TIblIble cne.l\ellHH 0 )(OJIHX e){HHHI.J.bl nO.TIyqeHbI ytIa1I.(HMR-
CH BO I I K.nacce. TaM OHH n03n3KOlvIHJIHCb co cnOC0601\f nO.;'IYlleHuH
,no.nH BeJ1HIIHHbl H ,nOJIH IIHC.na (e.ll.HIIHIJ.bl), cpaBHRBa.J1H pa3.,1HlIHble )10-
JIM, npH06peTaJlH YMeHHe IIHTaTb H 3anHCbIBaTb HX, H3XOHTb ,nOt/THO
QHC.n3 H QHCJ10 no ero )l.OJIe npH peIlleHHH npOCTbIX 3a.Z{aq.
B I I I K.nacce CBeAeHHH 0 ,nO.lIHX e,nHHHIl.bI 3HaIlHT'IbHO pacIllHpH-
IOTCH. 3Jt.ecb Y1l3InHecH, nOBTopHH TOT }Ke, liTO H BO I I KJIaCCe, cnoc06
nO.lIYQeHHH OT,lleJIbIlblX .nOJIeH, BleCTe C TeM 3H3KO'fHTCH C npoueccoM
06pa30BaHHH )l.P06H, COcTOHlll.eH H3 HeCKO..TlbKHX ,noL'1efl C,ZlHHHIJ.bl; Ha
3TOM OCllone y HHX nOJIJlIHTCH npeJlcTaBJIellHe 0 )],pOOH KaK cOBoKyn-
HOCTH HeCKOJIbKHX JloeH e.Z{HHUnbl. npH 3anHCH .l\p06efi BBOHTCH Tep-
MHHbl «tlHCJlHTeJlb» H «31IaMeHaTeJIb» JlP06H.
B co,nep>KaHHe pa60TbI Ha)J.,npo()HMH B I I I KTJacce BXO)JJIT cpaBHeHHe
Jlp06eii C O)J.HHaKOBbIMH H pa3HbItH 3HaMeHaTe.nHfH (KaKaH H3 BHX
60fJblIJe, KaI<aH - MeHbllle), 3 TaK)l{e HX npeo6pa30BaHHe, T. e. cpop-
MHpOBaHUC YMeHHS1 KpynHbIe .nOTIH Bblpa3HTb B 60v1ee MC.TIKHX H, Haooo-
pOT, leJIKHe )l.O.;'1H Bblpa3HTb B 60.nee KpynuLlx ,nOJIHX.
CYll.J,ecTBeHHYIO CropOHY pa60TbI Ha.ll.,ll3HHOH Te10H COCTaBJIHeT OOY4e-
Hue ,lleTeH YMeHHIO H3XO)l.HTb )1p06b llHCJIa (HHalle rOBopH, YMeHJ;UO
Haxo,!1HTb OAHY HJIH HeCKO..'1bKO paBHbIx tIaCTeH OT IIHCJ1a); 9TO YMeHHe
TOT\laC }J.{e no.nYllaeT 3,necb CBoe npaKTHlIeCKOe npHl\leHeHHe npH pe-
llJellHH 3aJI.311 He TOJIbKO npOCTbIX, K3K 3TO OblTIO BO I I K.TJaCCe, 1I0 H
COCT3BHbIX.
OTJIHtIHTeJIbHOH oco()eHHocTblO leTO){HKH H3YlleHHH )l.8HHOH TeMbI
HBJ1Hel'H ee IWHKpenlHocrrlb J HQZA..WHOCtnb. Har.TIH.lI.HOCTb JlO"l>KHa OblTb
HCnOJlb30B3Ha 3}{eCb B C8MbIX lIlHpOKHX pa3Mepax If conYTCTBOB3Tb <p<>p-
MHpOBaHHIO Bcex npe,ncTaBJIeHHH, BXO,lU1IlJ,HX B CO)l.ep>K3HHe 9TOA TeMbl.
Ka>KJJ.aH onepaUMH-6y,nb TO 06pa30BaHHe .llP06H, H.,TIH cpaBHeHHe ,llpO-
t5eii"HLTIH HX npeoop830BaHHe, HJlM HaXO}K,neHHe.){p06u qHc.na)l.OJI}Kna
onH paTbCH Ha qYBCTBeHHYIO OCHOBY, Ha pa60TY C npe)l.MeT3IH, PHCYH
KaMH, 1.IepTemaMH. ll.JeIlHKaMH ,nOJl>KHO 6blTb npOAe.naHO 3Ha\IHTeJJb-
291

.
Hoe I{O..'IHtJCCTBO npaKTHtleCKHX ynpa>KHeHHH B ,AeJIeHHH Ha paBHble qac-
TH pa3Hooopa3,HbIX PraJIbHbIX npeJJ.MeToB (6YMa}l{HbIX nOJlOCOK, BbIpe-
3aHHblX 113 : KapTOHa HJIH nJtOTHOH 6Y1\larJ.f, KpyroB, np5lMoyroJlbHHK
KBa.np8TOB), yrrpIDKHeIlHH B neperH6aHHH JIHCTa 6Yft,larIf, a TaK>Ke B
AeJleHHH HrYJ>' KOTopbe BbIqeptlHBalOTCH yqaIUHMHCSI B CB,OHX TeT..
pa.L1HX (OTpe3KOB, npHMoyrOJIbHHKOB, KsaJ{paTOB); AOJl1KHO 6bITb npo.
BeAeHO J\OCT8TOtlnO MHoro Ha6JIIOHHH paBHblX AOJIeH Ha QepTe1KaX,
aHHbIX n YQe6HHKe. 
npOBOJUI yqeHHKOB no Bce TyneHHM KOHKpeTHOrO ooyqeHHH, HY>K-
HO lleJIaTb o606rueHIfH H .lI.o6HBaTbCSI Toro. qTOt)bl ,l{eTH Mor JIH paOOTaTb
c .nPO()HMH H B OTBJIeqeHHOM n.J1aHe, no npe.!XCTBJleHHIO. Y qeHHK I I I KJI8C-
u 3
ca On}l{eH H TO.TJbKO YMeTb HaHTH 8' AaHHoro OTpe3Ka Merpa, ,ne-
- 3
lUI MeT P a) , lIO H 3H8Tb, KaK Boo6me HaHTH - BlHqHllbI HJlH tlHC.TIa.
- 8
41.
OH .llOJIiKeH YI'ileTb cpaBHHTb - H -, nOJlb3YHCb He TO.lIbKO Te1 H.lIH HHbIM
82'
HarJUI,ItHblM nocooHeM, HO H f5e3 onopbl Ha HarolTJH)].Hoe noco6He Ha oc-
HOBamm YMeHHSI BblpamaTb KpynHble ,lJ,o.m: (+) B 6o.'1ee Me.n:KHX ,lJ,o
JHIX (8 Jl8HHOM CJIytlae B BOCbfbIX JtOJIHX). YqeHilK OJI>KCH YMeTb npa-
I 1 I 1 1 .
BH.TJbHO paCnOJlO>KHTb AO.7JH -, -, -, -, - B nopH,nKC HX nOCTe-
, 4 7 238
neHHoro y6b1BaHHJ1 H8 OCHose 3HaHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHbI pa3MepOB AOJIeH,
a 9TO B CBOIO Otlepeb OCHOBbIB8e-rCfl Ha 3H8HHH Toro, lITO qeM 60JIbIIle
u
tIHCJIO paDlIbIX qaCTeH, Ha KOTopbIe e..'IHTCH e.nHHHlI.a, TeM MeHblIIaH ):{o-
JlR lloJIYQaeTCH. TaKHe o606rneHHbIe 3HaHHS1 nOJlyqalOTCH B pe3YJIbTaTe
06'bfIcHeHH'H, onHpalOmHXCH Ha'TY H.nH HHYIO HarJIH,nHYIO OCHOBY, H
OCTaTOqHOrO KOJIHqecTB8 ynp8iKHelUt,, COnpOBOjl{.lI.aelbIX: o606me-
HHHMH.
PeweHHe 3aJlaQ, CBH3aHHbIX C HaX01KJ{e"HHeM Apo6H qHCJI, B I I J
KJIaCC HMeeT CBOIO O06eHHOCTb; OHa 3aKoi11OtlaeTCSI B TOM. qro ,np06b
3
tJlIc.aa (HanpHMep,  qHCJIa 60) Haxo,ltHTCH 3,neCb He YMHOJKeIlHe1 'IHC-
4
lIa Ha p06b, K8K 3TO 6yeT B CJle,nYIOI.UHX Kllaccax, 8 ,ABYMH eHCTBHH-
1\U1 - ,neJleHHeM H YMHO>KeHHeM.
n 6 0 3 u
YCTb, HanpHMep, Tpc ye-rCH HaHTH 4 nOJlOCKR, HleIDlI.\eH ,nJIHHy
1 . 3
24 CM. CHaqa.na HaXO,llHT - or 24 CM, nOTOM - H 3anHCblsalOT
4, 4
BbltlHCJleHHe CJIeYIOInHM oopa3oM;
24 : 4 = 6 (CM)
6 . ,3 = 18 (CM)
O 3 24
T BeT: - OT CM paBHbl 18 CM.
4
298

CHaqa.na TaKaS! 3a,lJ.a'la pewaeTCH rpaHqeCKH, a 3ateM J{eTH HaXQ-
,lUIT OTBeT BblqHC1JeHMeM. npH 3aUHCH pelIleHHSI B BHAe ,lJ.BYX AeHCTBHI1
Y'lHTenb A06HBaeTCH qeTKOro pa3rpaHHQHBaHHH yqeHHKaMH BYX 3Ta-
v
.nOB: HaXO)KJleHHH CHaqaJla OHOH ,ltOJIH tlHCJIa, nOTOM UeCKOJ1bKHX
.noJle .
OAHaKO Ha TaKOH 3anHCH peweHHSI Ao.nro aa,Aep>KHBaTb yqeHHKOB
He cJleAyeT; nOJIaHO nOKa33Tb yqeHHKaM aanHCb ABYX ,AeHCTBHH-
YMHOJKeHHH H )teJIeHHH - 8 OHY CTpOtIKY B BHe O.ll.HOfO BbIpa}KellHH.
3 J
HanpHf\'lep, perneHHe 3aJlalIH Ha HaXO}l{)teHHe - nOJ1OCKH, paBHOH.24 CM,
4
MomBO 3anHcaTb TaK: 24: 4 · 3.
n r u
-,",JIH npHMepa pellIHM 3a.u.aQy C 3anaCblO BbIQHC1eHHH.
.3a,naQa. «KHOCK npo,na.n 3a ,neHb 1 200 Terpa,neii; H3 HHX : 6b1JIH
2 · u 6 u
B K..1JeTKY, 5 B O)J.HY 1JJiHeHKY, a OCTaJIbHbIe bV1H B Be ..TJHIteUKH.
CKOJIbKO npoaHO TeTpaeH B ABe HHeHKH?»
KpaTKaH 3anHCb 3aa4H:
{ I 200 : 8 · 3 (TeTp.) - 8 KJleTKY
1290 TeTp. 1 200 : 5 · 2 (TeTp.) - B JIHHeHKY
. x (TeTp.) - B ,l(Be 7]HHeHKH
3aa'-la pernaeTCH C 3aIIHCblO AeHcTBHH:
1) 1200 : 8 = 150 (TeTp.); 150 · 3 = 450 (TeTp.) B KoJ1eTKY;
2) 1200: 5 = 240 (TeTp.); 240 · 2 = 480 (TeTp.) B .TJHHeHKY;
3) 450 + 480 = 930 (TeTp.) B K,,1eTKY H JIHHeHKY;
4) 1200 - 930 = 270 (TeTp.) B Be JIH1HeHKH.
o T BeT. B ;tBe JIHHeHKH 270 TeTpa,Aei%.
n P 0 B e P-K a: 450 +_480 + 270 = 1'200 (TeTp.).
B Bbl1JHCcJ1eHHHX YM HOiKeH He' M Ae.J1eHHe JlaHb! nOJ{ OJlHHM HOMepOM,
TaK K3K nOcpeJlCTBOM 3THX )tBYX ,lJ.eHCTBHH pernaeTCSI O,ll,HH Bonpoc:
«CI{OJIbKO npO,AaHO TeTpaJleH B KJleTKY?» HII1H «CKOJIbKO TerpaJleii npo-
.lI.3HO B O,nHY .nHHCHKY?»
Bnoc.ne.nCTBHH, KOf,na nO,LJ.06Horo po.na 3aaqH 6YJlYT pernaTbCH np"
H3YtICHHJr CHCTefaTH'leCKOrO Kypca ,llp06efl, BbJtlHCJIeHHe  OT 1 200
8
TaKiKe 6y eT COCTaBJlHTb O,LJ.HO ,l{eHcTBH-e.
B xo,ne H3YQellHH 9TOH TeMbl nOTIe3HO npeJlaraTb .n-eTHM 3aaHHe:
«CocTaBHTb 3a,Qatly no BblpaiKeHHIO: x = 60 : 4 · 3». l{o CHX nop no
T3KOMY Bb!pa:>KeHMIO yqeHHKH COCTaBJIJIH 3aJlatlH, pellI3eMbIe °11 pHBe-
,neFlHeM K e,AHllHue. Tenepb no 9TOMY BbIpa.>KeHHlO aHK MorYT COCTaBHTb
3'
3a,naqy H Ha HaXO)KAeHHe - OT QHCII'Ia 60.
4
HanpHMep: «nOe3Jl 3a OAHH qac npoxo,llHT 60 ICM. KaKoe paccToHHHe
e u 3?
npoHeT noeaA npH TaKOH CKOpOCTH 3a - qaca.»
4
KpaTKa.H 3-anHCb 3aAaqH: 60: 4 · 3.
299

Ha H3YQeHHe 9TOH TeMbl B YQe6HHKe npeYCOTpeHO CeMb ypOKOB.
nOCJIe Ce.MH Y-P0KOB ne.TIecootSpa3HO Bble.,'IHTb OAHH ypOK ,ltJUI 3aKpen-
JIeHHH BCerO npOHeHHOrO, HCnORb30BaB npH 3TOM M8TepHan H3 «Llo-
nOJIHHTeJfbHblX ynpa)KHeHH H», H OHH ypOK ,lJ.JIH npOBepOllHOH pa60TbI
C aHaJIH30M pe3y.nbTaTOB npOBepKH Ha c.,'Ie}!YIOlI!eM ypOKe.
B npou.ecce H3YQeH HH 3TOH TeMbI npo;J;OJI>KaerCSI pa60Ta HaJ( co-
BepIlleHCTBOBaIlHe1 BblqHc.nHTeJIbHbIX HaBblKOB M YMel_IHH pemaTb 3a-
.naqH, Ha,A pa3BHTHe1 y )teTefi reOMeTpHlIecKHX npeACTaBJIeHHfI H 33-
KpenneHHeM CBe)teHHH H3 anre6paHQeCKOH rrpOrreeBTHKH"/
B COOTBeTCTBHH C OCHOBHblM COep)KaHHeM TeMbI 60JIblliHHCTBO 3a-
,naq, npe,ltCTaBJIeHHblX 3eCb, OTHOCHTCH K BHY 3aJ{atl na HaXOiKeHHe.
,npOOH OT qHCJIB. nOC..TIe aHaJIH3a COep/KaHHH 3aAaqH H COCTaBJ1e-
HHH YCTHOrO nJI8Ha perneHHSI TaKne 3aAallH pellialOTCSI no OT,l\eJIbHbI1
eHCTBHHM.
HsyqeHHe reOMeTpHQeCKOrO
M8TepHana Bill KnaCCe
B I I I KJIaCCe (B OTJIHqne OT I Ii I I KJIaCcoB) HeKOTopble ypOKH nene-
coo6pa3Ho nO..'1I10CrblO nOGBSlll(aTb H3YQeHHIO reOMeTpHtIeCKOrO MaTe..
pHana, HanpHlep ypOKH no Tef1e «nJIom.aj\b <!>Hrypbl».
HymHo CTapaTbCSI H3YtIaTb reOMeTpHqeCKHe <PHrYPbl (CBOHCTsa cl>H-
ryp, OTHOllleHH5I) B xoe Ha6JIIOeIlHH OKpY)KalOHX npe}!MeTOB, H3Y-
qeHHSI HX <PopMbl H pa3MepOB; npH KOHcTpynpoBaHHH IOeJICH reOMeT-
pHQeCKHX <pHryp Ii liX BbI1JeptIHBaHHH, (nOCTpoeHMH).
HOBbIM B Kypce MaTeMaTHKH 9Toro KJI3CCa tSy,neT cpopfHpOBaHlIe oc-
1I0BHbiX npe.l1.craB.neHHii yqallI.HXCH 0 n.,TIOmaj\11 cpHrYPbI KaK 0 reOMeT-
pii1.JeCKOH BeJIHIIUHe; 06 eAHHHax H3MepeHHH nJlOrnaH; 03HaKOM-
neHlle C Henocpe,ncTBeIlllbIM H3MepeHJieM nnOrnaH cpHryp (c nOMOmbJO
"naJIeTKH HJIH K.neTOK JIHCTa TeTpa,l{H) H BblllHC.,TIeHHe1 nnOllI.a}!H npSl"
MoyrOJIbHH.KOB no cj10pMy.ne.
B pa3}!eJIaX «nOBTopeHHe», «HYM'epaUH5I», <MepbI ,l{.T1HHljl, Beca»
npoo.,'I}KaCTCH nOBTOpeHHe If HeKoTopoe paclliHpeHMe reoMe'rpHtIeCKlIX
cne.n.eHHM, HaKOnJIeHHblX eTbMH B npe.l1.bJ,nYll(HX K.naccax. 3aJJ.aQH reo-
MeTpHQeCI{Oro COep)KaIIHSI pacclaTpHBaIOTcH, KaK npaBHJIO, Qepe3
ypOK. .
ECJIH 3Toro l\iarepnana OKa3blBaeTCJI ne,nOCTaTOqHO, TO YtIHTeJlb
MO/KeT COCTaBHTb H npe){JIO}f{HTb YIIaI..UHMC5I BHaJIOrn1JHbIe 3a,l{aHHH
rJlaBHblM otSpa301 ){JIH Cal\10CTOSlTeJlbHOrO BbInO.'1HeHHH Ha ypOKe HnH:
B OMaUIHeM 3a,l{aHHH.
rJIaBHaH l.leJIb pa60Tbi C reOMeTpHtIeCKHf l\.faTepHaJIOM-
"o006ll(eHHe npe}!CTaDJIeHHH 0 nepHMeTpe fHoroyrOJIbHHKOB. B xo,lte
9TO" pa60Tbl He TOJIbKO COBepUJeHCTBYlorCH qepTe>KHbIe H BbItlHc.,'1HTeJIb-
u
Hble HaBbIKH. lIaBblKH COCTaBneHHSI H perneHHH ypaBHeHHH, 110 H npH"
u -
MeHSlIOTCSI CBOHCTBa pa3JIHQHbI.X uwroyrOJIbHHKOB: npSlMoyroJlbHlIKOB.
300 -

paBHocropOHHQX TpeyrOJIbHHKOB H ,npyrHx cpHryp. Yqnrenb ,llO.71>KeH
06paTHTb BHHMaHMe Ha nOCreneHFOe YCJIO)f{HeHHe 3aaq. HanpHMep,
npe)l{e qeM npHQrynaTb K peWeHHIO 3anatJH N2 249, HeOOXO.llHMO
,no 3TOro paccfoTpeTb 3aAaqy N2 226. Ee peweHHe MO}Ker 6bITb BblnOJl-
HellO c nOMOInblO ypaBlIeIlHH: 2 . (x + 4) =.;. 12; x = 2.
PerneHHe 3anaqH N 249 MomHO CBeCTH K HaXO}KAeHHIO B03MO}KllbIX
3HaqeHHH 6YKB a H b, ecJlH a + b = 6, r,ne a H b - HCKOMbIe ,nJlHH8 H
wHpHHa npHMoyronbHHKa. -
we,nyeT 06paTH'lb BHHMaHne Ha 33,natJY N 189. 3Ta H aHaJIOrHtJHbIe
3a;J.allH n03BOJIHIOT CBH3blBarb reOMeTpHtleCKHe qnfrypbI (TOtlKH, OT-
pe3KH) C qHCJlaMH H HanpaBJIeHHeJ\.1 OTCqeTa (no.n.roroBKa K 3HaKoMcTBY
c KoopHHaTHbIM MeTo,noM). OCHoBHaH >Ke -. ueJIb 3a.naQU - HanTH
'IHCJIO KBapaTOB (KJIerOK IIHCTa 6Yl\'larH), Ha KOTopble pa3eJ1eH npH-
Moyro..'1bHHK. no cYW.ecTBY 3,neCb YtJaw.lj.ecH rOTOBHTCH K HaXO)K,lteHHIO
n..TJOll.{a.llH MlloroyrOJIbHHKa.
113YQeHHe Mep .lI..71I1HbI CB5I3bIBaerCH C npaKrH4eCKI11 HMepeHHeM
Orpe3KOB _Ii C nOC'fpOeHUeM OTpe3KOB 3a.llaHHoH ,nJIHHbl. npH 9TOM HC-
nOJlb3YlOTCH 6YKBeHHble 0003HaQeHHH, n03BOJlHIOInHe KOpOTKO 3anli-
CBaTb pe3YJIbTaTW H3MepeHHH HJIM cpaBHeHHB oTpe3KoB.HanpHMep:
oTpe30K AB = 3 CM HJlH AB > OK H T. n. He06xo.llHMo 06paTliTh
BHHMallHe Ha oTpaoorKY HaBbIKOB npHMeHeHHH l1HpI<YJIH .lI.,TIH cpaBHe-
. u
HHH OTpe3KOB H nHpKYlIH H ,TIHHeHKH JIH lIX H3MepeHHH.
npH peweUHH reOMeTpHtJeCKHX 3a.llaQ MO}KHO npllMeHHTb OT,neJ1bHble
Ka.npLI .lI.HB<pHJ1bMOB «K ypOKaM MaTeMaTHKH BO II JIacce» (reOMerpH-
'leCKHH MaTepHaJI), «npHMoyro..TJbHHK, ero nepHMeTp II n.710mab». 3a-
.naQH Ng 47,-48 (AonOJIHHTeJlbHWe ynpa>KHeHHH) nOCBHeHbl norOTOBKe
reOMeTpHlIecKoH HnJIIOCTpau.HH OCHOBHbIX npe,ncTanneHHH, Jlc*aIl.{HX
B OCHOBe nOHHTHH p06H.
reoMeTpHIIecKHH faTepl1an, paccMaTpHsaeMblH B CBH3H C H3yqeHHeM
CJ10/l{eHHH Ii BbItIHTaHHH MHOr03HaQHblX qnceJl, COep>KHT 3a,Z{aQH,
peweHHe !{OTOPbIX rpeoyeT 6o.71ee qaCTOf,O npHMeHeHHH UHPKYJIH H .71H-
HeHKH. 3.necb YtJaw.HecH 3HaKOMHTCSI C ,lteJIeHHeM OKPY>KHOCTH (H KPy-
ra) Ha paBHbIe qaCTH C nO:'vIOmblO nHpKYJlH. ,aeJ1eHHe oKpymHocTH H8
6 paBHbIx qacTeil (cnoBo «,Z{yra» npHMeHHTb He 06H3a'fe.J1bHO) CBH3b1-
naerCH C nocTpoeHHeM npaBHJIbHOrO (paBHOCTopOHHero) lllecTuyrOJIb..
HHKa, a Ha 3 QaCTH - C nocrpoeHHef paBHocTopoHHero TpeyrOJIbHMK3.
Ba>KHO, I.:J.rOObI YCBoeHHbIH npHeM JI.eJIeJUIH OKPY>KHOCTH Ha paBHble
QaCTH CHCTeMaTHqeCKU npHMeU5iJICH YQal$itHCH npH peweHHH .n.pyrnx
reOMerpHqeCKHX 3aaQ, CBH3aHHbIX, HanpHMep, C AeJIeHHerwf Kpyra Ha
paBBble qaCTH, c nocTpOeHHel\.f KBa.llpaToB, paBHocropoHHHX TpeyroJlb-
HHKOB If T. n.
C l.\e.HblO yrOQHeHHH CBOHCTB oKpymHocTH paccMarpHBalOTcH sana-
tJH N9 311, 339 H T. n. B HHX 9J1el\feHTbI, onpe.ne..'1HlOmHe nOHHTHe 01\,-
PY'JICHOCmb, paccMaTplfBalOTcH B CBH3H C orpe3KOM, CBOHCTBa KOToporo
B 3HaqHTP...,1JbHOH Mepe Y>Ke H3BeCTHbI YIlaII.J.HMCH. TaK, npH peweHHH
3a)J.atJH -N9 311 AeTH yGe>K,naIOTcH, 'ITO B 3TOM CJ1yqae paAHYc OI<PY)KHOCTH
301

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,AOJliKeH (SbITb MeHbIIle OTpe3K3 MN (OTBeT K 3aaqe MO/KeT ObITb JI.H
D T8KOH 33nHCH: R < MN). "
,llpyrHM 06I1.1HM nOHHTHeM, paCCM8TpHBaeMbIM npH perneHHH 3aatI
N2 258, 266, 311, 339, JlBJlHeTCJI nOHHTHe p3CCTOSlHHH Ie}l{.ny ,nBYMH
TOtJKaMH (OTpe3Ka, COe,aHHHIOIlI.erO 3TH TOllKH). npH 3TOM CJle.AYeT
06paTHTb oeoooe BHHMaHue H3 pe3YJIbTaTbi 3a3t1H N 266 - JlHH3
oTpesl('a, coe,nHHSUOrnero HatfaJlO JIOMaHOH c ee KOHUOM, Bcer,qa MeHbllle
,nJIHHbJ JIOMaHOH. npn pemeHHH 3aallH N2 339 YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH, tITO
B npHfoyro.'1bHHKe paCCTOJlHHH Me>K.1I.Y npoTHBOnOJlO>KHbIIH BepUlHHa-
MH (CJIOBO «JtHarOHa.FIH» MO>KHO He ynoTpe6JIJlTb) Bcer,n3 paBHbI.
nOJIe3HO cpa3Y me nOJIytteHHblH K 3a.1I.alle N2 339 BbIBO npoBepHTb
Ha JtpyrIix npHMoyro.TJbHHKaX (B TOM lJHCJle H KBaJtp3Tax). npOll1.e
Bcero 3TO c.l1eJI3Tb C nOfoblO UHpKynJl, He 06paU(aHCb K H3fepeHHIO
OTpe3KOB. .
OOCTpoeHHe npHMoyroRbHHK3 C nOMOmbID yroJlbHHKa H nHHeHKH
H8 rJI3,.'I.KOH t'5YMare (.no 3Toro np" nOCTpoeHHH HCllOJIb30BanaCb KJIeT-
tlaTaH 6YMara) Tpe6yeT TIl.I.aTeJlb1l0rO Ii .nRHTeJIbHOrO paCC10TpeHHfL
B 9TOM cJlyqae pe3YJIbTaT 3aBHCHT aT TOllHOCTH H aKKypaTHocTH B HC-
nOJIb30BaHHH tIepTe>KHblX HHCTpYMeHTO. 3a.1I.3tta yqHTeJlH - nOMOtIb
yqalllHMCH pa300paTbcn B qepTe>Ke yqeOHHKa, Ha KOTOpOM nOKa3alla
nOCJle;10BaTeJ1bHOCTb nOCTp oeHHSI np JlMoyrOJIbHHK3:
BbIQeptIHB8eTCH OTpeaOK AD = 6CM. 113 TOqKH A c nOMObIO yrOJIb-
HHKa npoBo;tHTcB oTpe30K AB = 4 CM (oTpe3KH AD H AB. oopa3YloT
npHMoH yroJl. 3,necb IIY>KHO (jhlTb oco6o TOllHbIM), H3 TOttKH B npOBO-
ltHTCJI (no np5IMbl yrJIol'\'1 K OTpe3KY AB) ew.e OJll1H OTpe30K. AHaJlo-
rHttHo CTpOHTCH (no,n npHMblM yrJIOM K Orpe3KY AD) oTpe30K H3 TOllKH D.
3TH ,nBa OTpe3Ka rrepeceKYTCB .-B TOlIKe C. lJeThIpexyroJlbHHK ABCD
(I:1PH TOqHOf BhIlIepllHBaHHH H'" npaBHJIbHOM HCnOJIb30BaHHH npH 9TOM
qepTeJKHOrO TpeyroJlbHHKa) ,noJImeu OblTb npHMoyrOJIhHHKOM. LlJIH npo-
BepKH npaBHJlbHOCTH nocTpoeHHB HY>KHO C nOMOblO qepre>KHOrO Tpe-
yroJlbHHKa YCT3HOBHTb, liTO yroJI BCD - np5Ifoi%, a c nOMOIlI.blO II.HP-
 KYJIB, tlro paccTOHHHH Me>KY npoTHBOIIOJIO>KHbIMH BepllIHHatH (aT...
pe3KH AC H BD) paBHbl. 3arvleTHM, lITO nepBbIe npo6bI pemeHHH 3a,nallH
Ng .354 oKamYTcfl MH MHorux YllaW.HXCH lIeYJ(aQHbIMIL n03TOMY
l.leJIeCOOOpa3Ho lIae (u He TOJlbKO Ha ypOKax MaTeMaTHKH) npaK-
THKOBaTbCH B peweHHH TaKHX 3a,l(aQ. 3aMeTHM, QTO OCHOBHblM
KpHTepHef YCBoeHH5I nOCTpoeHHH npHMoyrOJIbHHKa SlBJlHeTCH
npaKTUlleCKOe BblnO..'1HeHHe qepTe}Ka, a He YMeHHe paCCK83aTb, !<aK
9TO ,neJI aeTCH.
B ae.'l5IX nOArOTOBKH K H3YQeHHID TervlbI «nJIow.ab MHoroyrOJIbHHKa»
neJleCOO6pa3HO n03HaKOMHTb AeTeH c 3a,nallaMH, 8HBJIOrHlIHblMH 38,!1,a-
tIe NQ 391. B pe3YJlbTaTe perneHHH TaI{HX 3a,natI cJleyeT HaKonHTb .no...
CT3TOllHblH °3anac o6pa30B, HJlJlIOCTPHPYIOHX OTHomeHHH B3aHfHoro
pacno.flO)l(eHHH ct>Hryp, Bblpa)KeHHblX CJlOBaMH «JIe>KaTb BHYTpH». ,[leTH
OJI)I{Hbl HaYtlHTbCH HaKJ13,qbIBaTb O,aHY 6YM3iKHYlO cpHryPY (ecJIU 9TO
MO>KIIO) Ha JI.pyrylO TaK, qTO{)bl o,nHa 1-13 HHX BCSI nOMeCTHJIaCb 6bI BHYTPH
.ltpyrOH. Ha OCHOBe cpaBHeHHB «I>Hryp HaJIO>KeHHeM BBO,lU1TCH B .n3JIb..
302

HcflweM TepMMH «nJlOID-a,lJ.b Q>Hrypbl». rOBOpHT, qro nJIOIna,1\b (j>HrypbJ,
KOTOpaSl BCSI nOMeCTHJI8Cb BHYTPH JlpyroH, MeHbWe, 1JeM nJIOID-a,lJ.b
BTOpOH cpHrYPbJ.
B ,ltOnOJlHHTe-TIbHbIX ynpa)l{HeHHSlX K r.TlaBe YlleOHHKa COJIep>KarCJI
3aaIlH. NQ 29-34, npH peweHHH KOTOpblX ytlaIIJ.Hec5J onHpalOTcSI Ha
qeTKHe npe,lJ.cT3BJIellHH 0 MHoroyrOJIbHHKaX, MX CBoMcTBax, 0 nepHMeT-
pe MHoroyrOJIbHHKa (B qaCTHOCTH, npSlMoyrOJlbHHKa); AOJIJKHbI BJIa)letb
Heo6xo){HMb1MH HaBblKaMH H3MepeHHH oTpe3KoB H BbIlIeptlHBaHHSI npH-
MoyrOJIbHHKOB (B TOI qHCJIe Ha HeJIHHOBaHHoli 6YMare H C nOMOblO
qepTe)KHOrO TpeyrOJJbHHKa). 
npH BblnOJlHeHHH qepTe>KHbIX pa60T yttHTeJlb ,1\OJI>KeH CJ1e)lHTb sa
TeM, lIroObl yqeHMKH cOAep}KaJIH qepre>KHble npHHa,lJ)1eJKHOCTH (KapaH
..lI.alll,. yrOJIbHHK, J1HHeHKY, nHpKYJIb) B' nopSIAKe: JIHIIeHKH M yroJlb-
HHKH ,nOJI}J{HbI OblTb qllCTbIMH H HMeTb HCHO BH,nH{bIe ..lI.eJleHIIH, KapalI-
AaIllH .!J-OJJIKHbl OblTb OCTpO OTTOlleHHbIMH. YqaHeCSl A0JI-LKHbl OblTh 03-
lIaKO:YIJIeHbI c npaBH.;'IaMH nOJIb30BaHHSI lIep TeJKH bUvHI HHCTpYMeHTaMH:
pe6po JIHHeHKH, OKOJIO KOToporo HaHeceHbI eJIeHHRt CJIY>KHT TOJlb-
KO ){lISI H3MepeHHit npH BbIQepqMBaHHH OTpe3KOB no.Hb3YIOTCH npo.
THBOnOJIOIKHbIM peopOM. l:IepTe>K BbInOJIHHeTCSI TOJIbKO B Ka-
paH,lJ.arne. Ha 6YMare J1HHeHKa JlOJl>KHa pacnOJIaraTbCSI T8KHM o6pa-
30M, IIT06bl BbIlIepllHBaeMbIH HJlH H3MepSle1\fblH OTpeaOK HaXO){HJICH co
CTOpOHbl OCBCmeHHOrO peopa.
B np3KTMKe o6yqeHHH no CTapOH nporpaMMe CJlO-
u u-
>KHJlCSI TaKOH MeTO)lHlleCKHH noxo,LJ., npH ){OTOPOM
CTpCMHJIHCb npHBHTb cpa3Y (3a OqeHb KOPOTKHH
CpOK) npaKTHtJeCKIIH HaBblK BbIQHC.TIeHHH nJI01ll.a)lH
'npHMoyrOJIbHHKa (TOJIbKO npSlMoyrQJIbHHK8).
no HOBOH nporpaMfe 03H8KOMJIeHMe. c npe,n-
CTaB..neHMSlMH 0 n'oaH cpHrYPbl ,lJ.OJI}KHO BbIpa6aTbIBaTbcH nOCTe-
neHHO, He B pe3YJIbTaTe KpaTKOBpeMeHHoro H3yqeHHH, a B pe3YJJbTaTe
HeCKO'IbKHX JIeT 06YlJeHI1S1. npH 9TOM (Kp01'vle BbIpa60TKH HaBbTKOB BbI-
QHCJIeHHH n.TJOma)lH) ueJiblO _ pa60Tbl ,nOJI>KHO HB.TJSlTbCH <t>oPfHpoBaHMe
06lll.HX npe,ncTaB.TJeHHH 0 nJIOma)J.H cpHrypbl KaK 0 reOMeTpHlIecKOH Be-
JIHqHHe. Tenepb H3YQeHHe TeMbl pa3JleJIeHO I Ha C,T]eYIOm.He 9TanbI:
1. 3HaKoMcTBO C MHoroyrOJlhHHKaMH, KpyroT\'I, npHMoyro/lbHHKOM
(ocYllJ,eCTBJ1HeTcH HenpepblBHo c I KJIaCca).
2. 3H3KOMCTBO C ,neJIeHHeM cpHrypbl Ha tJ8CTH Ii COCTaBJIeHUeM H3 lIac-
Teii ,1\pyrHx <pHryp, nOJlCtJeT QaCTCH, <PoPMMpoBaHHe nepBOnaQ3J1bHbJX
npeJl,CTaBJleHHH 0 paBHOBeJlMKOCTH H paBHoCOCT3BJleHHOCTH (nallUHaeTCH
EO I I KJI3Cce).
3. <1>opMHpoBaHHe OOm.HX npe,ncTaB.neuHH 0 nJlOrna,nH cpHrYPbl H3
OCHOBe cpaBHeHHSI, BbIHCHeHHSI, KOTopaSl 113 HHX nOJIHOCTblO nOMecTMT-
CH BHYTPH JlpyroH (ocymecTBJIHeTCH BIll KJIaCce).
KpaTK8S1 xapa NTe-
pHCTHNa (HCreMW
H3y"eHMSI reMbi
ccnnOlL\a,qb npSlMO-
yronbHHKa D
1 TepMHH «pa3,neJJl.fTb) nOHHMaerCH He B 6YKBanbHO' CMLIc..Tle, TaK 1<3K 3TanbT He
eJleJ1YIOT CTporo O,l1.HH 33 JlpyrHM s a HHor,ll.3 npOTeK31OT O;J.HOBpeMeHHO li. 1 HI n04TH OA-
HOBpeMeHHO. .
303

4. cl>opMHpOB3IIHe npe,LlCTaBJleHHR 06 e.IlHHH'-IHOM KBaJ1paTe, c
nOMOIII.blO KOToporo IO}KHO Bcer,l{a o6HapY)KHTb, KaKaH H3 cf>Hryp
HMeeT 66JIbIIIYlO nJlOrna,llb. 3HaKoMcTBO C KBaApaTHblM callTIfMer-
pOM.
5. HaXO}K,llelllie nJIorn.a,llH pa3"TJlfllHbIX ,q>Hryp D KBa,apaTHbIX caHTH-
MeTpax. na71CTKa (B I I I . KJIaCce).
6. BbltUiCJleHHe n.'10ma.n.H npH10yrOJlbHHKa B KBa.n.paTHbIX caUTH-
IvteTpaX (B I I I KJIaCce) .
7. BbltlHCJIeHHe nJIOmaH B KBapaTHbIx AeHMeTpax (B III KJIaCce).
8. BbIQHCJIeHHe n.nOrnaH B KBa,npaTHbIX l\feTpaX (B I I I I{JIacce).
9. BblllHCJIeHlle nJlOIUaH 3Cfe.'lbHbIX yqaCTKOB (B apax H reKTapax
B IV KJIaCce) .
OCTaHOBH1\fCH
u
Ha KpaTKoH xapaKTepHCTHKe KaiK,noro H3 9TanOB.
CpaBHeHHe arpe31{OB aeT B03MO}l{HOCTb Y311aTb,
CDOpMMpolaHH8 KaKOH H3 OTpe3KOB .60.TIbllJe HJIH MeHbllIe t\pyroro.
06114NX npe.qCTal. Cf\fblqI 3THX OTHOIlleHHH ,llJIH OTpe3KOD onpee.lIHeT-
ft8HWM 0 nnoaqaAN CH ,llOBOJIbHO tleTKO OH03HaqHO M H3f.'1HJ(HO.
ClJNrypw nepe npOBe.n.eHHeM 6CCe)bI, r.l\e BnepBble 6y-
,neT MCn0J1b30naH TepMHII nAoU{aab £f>lIrypbI, Bail{IlO o60611JJiTb lIaKOnHB-
llIHecH CBe,neHHH 0 cpaBHeHHII OTpe3KOB, OTIlOIllCHHHX «60JIbllIe», «MCHb-
we», «paBHbI» ,llJ]H OTpe3KOB.
YqHTeJIb HanOIHHaeT (npHB.neKaH OTBeTbl yqall.lHxcfI), KaK HX cpaB-
HHTb. B pe3YJIbTaTe cpaBHeHHSI JII06bIX t\BYX OTpe3KOB Y3na1OT, KaKOH
H3 HHX t5obllle (MeHbwe) H.,'IIi, MO)l{eT 6blTb, OHn paBHbI. 31'0 BbInOJl-
HHeTCSI nYTeM Ha"T}O>KeHHSI O){HOrO OTpe31<a H3 ,npyroH (nOKa3). 3aTeM
yqeHHKH HaYllaTCH H3MepHTb OTpe3KH. B pe3YJIbTaTC H3MepeHHH (c
nOMOrnblO et\HHHqHOrO OTpe3Ka - e,aHHHUbI H3MepeHlIH) JIH Ka}KOrO
OTpe3Ka OHH no.nYlIaT onpeeJleHHOe lIHC.no (npIlBo,aHTCH npHMepbI ,,'lH
HeCKOlIbKHX orpe3KOB, H306paiKeHHblx Ha ,nocKe). 31'0 lIUClIO Ha3blBaeTCH
aAUHOU OTpe3Ka.
npH cpaBHeHHH, nanpHMep, ,LlBYX MHoroyrOJIbHHKOB M..'IH KpyroB
yqarn.HMcH HCHO, tITO CJIOBa «60JIbllIe», «I\feHbllle» B 3TOM cnyqae HlelOT
,npyroH CMbIC"TJ, tleM B npHleHeIIHH K OTpe3J<al'ti1.
,[leHcTBHTeJlbHO, lITO l\fO,lliHO CKa3aTb, HanpHMep, 0 npHfoyroollb-
IIHKax, H306pa)l{eHHblX Ha pUCYHKe 6? KOTOpbIH H3 HHX OOJIbllIe? OHn
6YYT YTBep)K.n.aTb, lITO ncpBbIH npHfoyrOJIbHHK 60..'IbIlle BToporo,
TaR KaK OH ,1I.,,1HHHee. PyrHe npH,LlYT K npOTHBOnOllOJKHOMY BbIBOAY.
OHH CKaJKYT, 4TO BTOpofl npH1'vtoyrO.JlbIIHK 601l'lblIIe - OH Bblille (H,lIB
lllHpe). B o60nx CJlyqaHX ,lleTH T]H cpaBHeHHH npHMoyro..TIbHHKOB (MHO-
. royroJlbHHKOB) npHMeHHJI,H OTHorne-
HHH, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIe ,aJIH OTpe3KOB.
B03t1MKaer He06xoHMOCTb cf>OPMU"
pOBaTb npeCTaB.neHH 0 cncTcrvle HO-
BbIX OTHOIlIeHHH l\teIKJJ.Y Mlloroyroollb-
HHKaMH, BblpaiKeHHbIX 'ymc H3BeCTHbI..
fH TepMHHaMH - 60JIbllle, feHbwe II
paBHbl.
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Ha6.rIIOa5I <l>Hrypbl, MO}l{HO 33MeTHTb, QTO O,nHa H3 JlHX, HanpHMep
Kpyr A (pRC. 7), 3aHHMaeT 60JIbme MeCTa Ha n,,10CI{OCTH, qe{ qe!b1pex-
yrOJ1bHHK B. ECJIH Mbl BblpemeM TaKO" qeTblpexyrOJIbHHK H3 6y-
MarH, TO OH BeCb nOl\feCTHTCH BHYTPH Kpyra. ,
, B TaKOM CJIyqae rOB?pHT, 1JTO n.nOIl{ab Kpyra 60lbllIe n.'1oa.
,AH QeTbIpexyrO.,1bHHKa HJIH llJIOIl(a,llb qeTblpexyrOJIbHHKa 1\IeIlLWe
llJIOrna.LlH Kpyra. PaCCMaTpHBaeTCH HeCKOJIbKO aHaJIOrHlIHblX npH.
MepOB.
3aTeM paCCT\.faTpHBalOT C.TJyqaH, KOr,na CpaBHHTb n.TIOIna,nb (pHryp
Ha rJ1a3 TPYHO HJlH npOCTO HeB03MO/KIIO. HanpHMep, nOIlbITKH no-
leCTHTb O)lHY H3 Hryp BHYTPH (pHC. 8) JJ;pyroH (3TO MOiKHO npo)leMoH-
CTpHpoBaTb Ha 6YMa}KHbIX l\{O,LleJISlX) He JI.aIOT OTBeTa Ha nOCTaBJIeHHbIH
Bonpoc. <PHrypa I He nOMel1l.aeTCH nOJIHOCTbk) BHYTPH BTOpOH, a rpnrypa
II HC nOMemaeTcSI DlIYTPH I.
KaK >Ke 6blTb? KaK BbIHCHHTb, n.TJOma)l.b KaKoro n.pHl\foyrOJ1bHHl<a
(cf. pHC. 9) 6oJIbwe? BOT 3,ZteCb H npHrOHTCH H3BbiKH (n'pHo6peTeH-
HblC erne BO II KJlaCce) .neJIeHH5I cpHryp Ha paBHble <t>HrypbI (HanpHMep,
Ha paBUb1e KSaJ1paTbI). Pa3e.,'HM Ka>K.lI.bIH H3 np5lMoyrOJIbHHKOB na paB-
Hble <l>HrYPbl. ECJ1H MbI 3TH np5lMoyrollbHHKH p3CnOJIO)KH1 na KJICTqa.
TOM 6YMare, TO TaKHfH paBlIbIMH cpHrypa!\.IH 6Y,LlYT KBa,npaTbI-KJIeTKH. Ta
113 4>Hryp 6y.neT HleTb 66,,1bIllYlO nJIOa,llb, KOTopaH COJ{ep>KHT 60JIblIIee,
tIe:'vt Y JI.pyroH cpHrypbI, qHCJIO I{Ba.npaTOB-KJIeTOK. I-fl npHfoyrOJIb-
HHK COACp>KHT (yqaw.HeCH YIKe lIaYQHJIHCb HCnOJIb30BaTb Ta6JIuu.y YM-
HO}KeHI1H .n151 HaXOiK,neHHH QHCJIa K.fJ'eToK) 27 KBalI.paTOR, a 2-ii - 40
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J1HCTe 6YMarH, GeM I-H. (Be){b KmK,naH K.TJeTKa 3aHlfM3eT OHO H TO >Ke
"'feCTO, K&I'IeTKH HMelOT paBHbIe n.rloaH). n09TOMY nJIOa,nb I-ro np-
MoyrOJIbHHKa MeHbIIJe ,nJIow.a,nH 2-ro, 8 nJIOIn8n 2-ro npHMoyrOJIb-
HHKa 60..T1bIlIe nJIOaH I-ro.
B ,naJIhlleiirneM ,llJIH cpaBHeHHH n.noa)l.eH <pHryp HCn0J1b3yercH
K..1JeTlfaTaH 6YMar3.
LleTH JJ.<?..TJJKHbI no..'IyqHTb npeJl-CT3DJ1eHHH H 0 TOM, tlTO JtJlH cpaBHe-
IIHH nJ10rnaJJ.eH MomHO HCnOJIb30aaTb He TO.TJbKO paBHhle KBapaTbi (KJIeT-
Kif), H8 KOTopbIe eJIHTCH HrYPbJ, HO H JJ.pyrHe Q>HrypbI, HanpHMep
f'peyrO.'IbHHI{H. ,Q"'UI BbIHCHeHHJI, K3KaH H3 <pHryp (pHC. 10) HMeeT 66JIb-
wYIO nJIOrna,nb, MO>KHO- HCnO.11b30B3Tb Tpeyro.rIbHlfKH (HanpHMep, nO.TJ-
KJleTKH). OKa3b1B8erCH, liTO 60JIbllIaH nJIOab y <PHrYPLI A (oHa co-
,nepiKHT 18 TpeyrOJIbHHKOB, a Hrypa B - i 7 TaKHX }Ke TpeyrOCl'1bHH-
I{OB) .
Tal{HM o6pa30M. HaBbIK pa3pe3aHHH cpnryp Ha tJaCTH II COCTaBJ1eHHH
cpHryp 113 ){pyrHx <pHryp HlceT pemalOmee 3HaqeHHe B npouecce q,oPMH-
pOBaHIIH OOIUHX npe.l(CTaBJIeHHH 0 n..'10r.na,AH HrypbI. Ba}KllbIM HBJIH-
eTCH nOHH1\,laHHe yqaIUHMHCH Toro, 'ITO pa3.HH1JHbIe 4>HrypbI HMelOT o..nHY
H TY me n..1JOm3Ab, eCJ1H Ka>K,naH H3 HHX COCTaBJIeHa H3 OAHH3KOBoro
Ko.TJH4eCTDa OHHX H Tex >Ke GacTeiL
HanpHMep, Bce cpHrYPbl Ha pHcYHKe 11 lIMelOT O,nHY H TY )Ke n..TJO-
ma)l.b, nOToMY lITO Ka/K,naH H3 HHX COCTaB.rIeHa H3 6 O)JJiHaKOBbIX qac-
TeA (KeToK). I
To m.e caMoe MOJKHO CKa3,aTb 0 Hrypax, H306pIDKeHHhlx H3 PUCYH-
Ke 12. KaJl{)J.3H 1I3 liHX COCTaBJleHa H3 .nBYX COOTBeTCTBeHIlO paB-
HblX TpeyroCl1bHHKOB.
npH 03HaKOMJIeHHH C nponeccO"'f JI3MepeHHH nJIO-
nllOlq8AIa cpNrypw Ina)l.H MO>KHO HCllOJIb30BaTb aH3..norHlO C H3BeCTHOH
8 ua.qpalHWX u u
caHTHMeTp.x BeJIHGHHOH - AJllIHOH OTpe3Ka, C H3MepellHeM OT-
pe3KOB. ,[leTH BcnOfHHaJOT, qro H3MepeHIIC OTpe3KOB
CBOHJIOCb K BbIHCHeHHIO TorO, CKOJIbKO pa3 npHHHTbIA 3a e.nHHHltY OT-
pe30K YKJIa)1bIBalOT B H3MepgeMOM OTpe3Ke. B KBtleCTBe C,llHHHqH.,bIX OT-
pe3KOB npHMeHHIOTCH MeTp, JJ-eQlflYfeTp, C3HTHMeTp, fHJ)JInMeTp, KUJIO-
lvJeTp.
306
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pOHoA B 1 M. 3TOT KBa.ApaT
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KBaOpamHblM MempOM.
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HanpHMep OHa KerKa KeTqaTOll 6YMarH.
Y tIalll.HeCH BbIqepllHBalOT KB3JJ;paTHblH CaHTHMeTp H .AJIH cpaBHeHHH
PSl){OM - CaHTHMeTp. 11M cooow.aeTC!!! 1JTO 3anHCb «3 K8. CM» IIHTaeT'"
CH: TPH KBa,npaTHbIX CaHTHMeTpa. IlpeJlJIaraeTcH HaqepTHTb 3 CM M
3 1\8. CM. OHM 3TO BblnOtlTIHHIOT no-pa3HOMY. TaK Cna1J3JIa HCKJnOqaeTCH
B03{O>KHOCTb CMellIHBaTb 3TH pa3.nH1JHbIe nOHHTHH, MOO OHH YCBaHBalOT.
CH He cpopMaJIbHO, a CBH3bIBalOTCH C peaJlbIlb[MH 06pa33MH.
, Bblno.JlHHCTC7I pH.A ynpa>KHeHHH, r){e cpHrypbI pa36HBalOTCH Ha KaaA.
pSTHble caHTHMeTpbI HJIH COCTaBJIHIOTCSI H3 KBa.ztpaTHbIX CaHTHMeTpOB.
J1.JIH 9Toro Ka>K.lI.blH YlIeHH K ,ZJ.OJIiKeH H3fOTOBHTb Haoop H3
15-20 K8. CM.
YqaHeCH Y3HaIOT, liTO eCJIH nJIOma)I-b O)I-Horo KBaJtpaTHoro caH-
THMeTpa npHHRTb 3a e.ztHHHUY n.;rlorn.a){H, TO MO>KHO HaHTH n..T10ll(a.D.b .ZI.an-
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TaTb, CKOJIbKO KB3.u-paTHbIX caHTHMeTpOB COJl.eplKHT 3Ta <pHrypa. Ta-
KHM 06pa30M, nJlorn.ablO Hrypbl (B KB3)J.paTHbIX caHTHMeTpax) Ha-
3blBaeTcH "lUCAO K9aapamHblX caHlnUMempOfJ, Ha KOTopoe 9Ta cpHrypa
MO>KeT 6blTb pa3AeJIeHa (pa3pe3aHa). BbIHCHHeTCH, liTO H3MepHTb nJIO-
lllMb cpHrYPbI - 3HaqHT HaHTH qHCJIO KBaJI.paTHbIX caHTHMeTpOB, na
KOTOpbIe MO}KeT 6b1Tb pa3t1-e.neHa <j>Hrypa. Henocpe,l1CTBeHHbIM nO,Acqe-
TOM IIHCJla KBaApaTHbIX CaHTHMeTpOB (pHC. 13) HaxO,l1HT, tlTO nJIOa;J.b
I-H <pHrYPbl - 10-K8. CM, 2-11 - 12 1\.8. CM, 3-H - 15 K8. CM,
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HaXOHC.qeHHe nno- nOJIb30BaTbCH aHaJIOrHeH C MaCllITa6HOH JIHHeHKOH.
aq8A" «I*rYDbI c no- M
MOlqltlO naneTKJf «J. LI BbIHCHHJlH, qTO nJI011la.Ab cparypbI MO>KHO "3-
MepHTb. D.JIH 9Toro Y Hac ecTb eAHHHua H3MepeHHH
(KBa,apaTHb[H caHTHMeTp). .LlJlH H3rviepeHHH JI..'1HHbI OTpe3Kon HMeeTCH
Cneu.l1a.'lbHulH HHCTpYMeHT. l\\bI C HHM XOpOlllO 3HaKOMbI. 31'0 MacwTa6-
Pue. 13.
307

BaH .nHHelIKa. C nOMOblO KaKOrO
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ecTb JIH T3KOH HHCTPYMeHT? }!a, eCTb.
OH Ha3blBaeTCH naAelJuroU».
npHMepHO TaK MO>KeT H311aTb
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Ka3bIBaCTCH naJIeTKa, 06'bHCHHeTCH
,. cnoco6 ee npHMeHeHHH ,nJ1H H3Me-
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paToB 14. Y HeKOTopbIX H3 HHX <pHrype
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KBa.ApaTHbIX caHTHMeTpax). nOCJIe CMcTeMaTHlIeCKOH norOTOBKH <POPMY-
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Ton H OCHOBaHHef\{ (HJIH JIHHOH H lllHpHHOii). ll.eTH B 3TOM CJIytIae
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8 O)(Hof1 nO..T10ce Ha llHC.JIO no.'1Oc.
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a qHC.TJO nOJIOC paBHO rnnpHHe 3Toro npHMoyrOJIbHHKa (TaK>Ke B caH-
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(B CaHTHl\feTpax)>>. HJIII «LtTIH BbllIHc.neHHH n.nOIAa,nH npHrvloyroJlbHHKa
(B KBa,npaTHbIX caHTHfeTpax) IlYJKHO H3MepHTh (B CaHTHMeTpax) ero
JlJIHHY H IIIHPHHY H nOJIyqeHHbIe qHCJIa nepeMHO}KHTb».
B npou.ecce cpopMHpOBaHHH 06rnHX npe,nCTaBJleHHH 0 nJ10ma,l\H <p H -
rypbl, npH BblBo,ne npBH.na .l{J1H Bbl4UCJIeHHH nJlOllI.aH npHMoyrOJIb"
HHKa (npHMepHO B TeqeHHe nepBoro nOJlyroHH) yqaInHeCH HaXOJl.RT
nJIoa,n1{ <t>uryp B KBa,!\paTHblX caHTHMeTpax. 3Ta pa60Ta TecHO CBH-
3blBaeTCH c nOBTOpeIlHel\.1 H 3aI<pen.neHHeM SHaHHH Ta6.fJHl.(bI yr\'IHOil<eHHfI,
c COCraBJIeHHCiYl BbIpan<eIlHii H BbIqHCJIeHHel\1 HX 3HaqeHHH. C 9TOfi L\e..1blO
309

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paTHbIH AeHMeTp: n'10III.aJJ;b KBaApaTa co CTOpOHOH B 1 aM.
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pHBaJIHCb B CBH3H C BblqHCJIeHHeM rr.TIOI.II.aJ].H B KBa,apaTHhIX CalITHMeT-
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paTHblX .neu.HMeTR,ax. ilpH 9TOM ,l{aIOTCH npHMoyro.nbIlHKH, nepHleTpbl
KOTOpbIX BbIpa.>l<aIOTCH lleJIblM qHC.nOl\f eu.HMeTpOB. B qaCTHOCTH, pac..
CMaTpHBaeTCH 3aJJ;aqa: «HauTH nJIOaJ\b KBaJJ;paTHoro ,neI.IJIfeTp B
KBaJtpaTHbIX CaHTHMeTpax».
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= 100 1(8. CAf.
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nepeCeqeHHH, npSlMoyrOJIbHblM lIJIU TynoyrOJlbHbIM, eCJIH 9TY TOlJKY
B3HTb nOO.'1H>Ke (Cl\'I. pHC. 28). npM peweHHH 3aaqR Ng 909 )J.eTH C no-
MOlllblO YIlHTeJIH nO,llMeqaIOT, qTO Y Ka>K,l{oro npHMoyro.J1bHOrO TpeyrOJIb-
v
HHK3 cYMfa nJIOma,neH KBaJlpaToB, nOCTpoeHHbIx Ha lvteHbllIRX CTopOHax,
paBHa nJIOIn8AH KBa)J.paT8, IIocTpoeHHoro H8 60JIbllleii cTopone. MOiKHO
npoBepHTb, qTO y oCTpoyrOJIbHOrO HJIH TynoyroJlbHoro TpeyrOJIbHHKa
9Toii 3aBHCHIOCTH He- HaWIIOAaeTCH.
316

npHMepHoe nnaHHp008HMe Y86HOrO MITepHana
no M8T8MaTHK8 8 III KII8cce
I TwcS1lfa (12 qaCoB)
\1'2
YPOKa
COAf'P >K3HHe ypOK3
nEPBAji 4ET8EPTb
1.
PemeUHe npHMepOB na C..'I0>KeIlHe H BbltJUTaJUte B npe.ne-
Jl3X 100 c ItCnOJlb30BaHHeM npaBH.rla npU6aBJH:\HHR ttucJla
K cyt1e H BbllJHTaUHH tIHC..T1a "3 CYMMbI. HaXO>KAeIlHe HeH3-
BeCTHbJX KOMnOHeHTOB .n-eACTBHH C.,10}f{eUIUI n DhllIHTaHHR.
0603HaQeIlHe 6YKBaMH Ii '1TeHHe TOlJeK t OTpC3KOB H JI.pyrHx
reoteTpHlJeCKHX cJ>Hryp ...... ........
PelUeHHe IIpHMepOB H 3a.n-311 B npe)].{,l(aX 100 C HcnO,,1b30-
B3HIICM npaBHJI npH6aB..'1eHHS1 CYIMbl K lIHC,,1Y II BLJlHITaHHS1
CY11bJ 113 lIHC.rIa. YJlpa>KIIeHIHI B CpaBHeHHH ltMeHQB3HllblX
lIHCe..'I. BLllIUC,,'1eHHe neplfMPTpa TpeyrO..T1bHHKa. PeWeHHe
ypaBHeHHH RHJJ.a: x + 7 = 18 H X - 16 = 35 . . . . . .
PerneHHe npHMepOB C HCnOJlb30BaHueM npHE:'\1a nopa3pH):l-
Horo 710>KeHHH H BblqHTalJHH Jl.BY3HalJllbIX tIHCeJl. Ynpa>KHe-
HHH B 3annCH H tlTeHHH 6YKBeHHblX Bblpa}f(elll1i\ H BbltJHCJIe-
HUH HX 3Ha(leHHH. npH .n-8HHblX tHJCoIl08blX 3HaqeHIHIX 6YKB.
} la6Juo,41.eHHR 3a U3MeHCHUeM pe3YJlbTaTOB .lJ.eHCTBHSI CJlo}l(e-
HIHI H Hb(qlfTallHSI B 3aBHClfMOCTIi OT H3MeHCHHH KOMI10HeU-
TOR. COCTao.,1eHHe 06paTIIOH 3a,!J.atJH . .. .. ....
IloBToprHHe Ta6..ruPHlblX c..'IyqaeB YMlIO}f{eUlf H lIHCeJl 2,
3, 4 I 5 Ii COOTBeTCTBYlOlIUi x '1yqaeB )J.eJleIlHS!. PCluellHe ypaB-
HeHHH BlJ.!I.a: x. 3 = 18; 18: x = 3. nepeMeCTHTeJIbHoe
CBoiicTBO YMHO>KeHHSI. COCTaBJIeHHe H pewelIHe 06paTllbIX
3a.a.aq. BbIlIeptJHBaHHe OTpe3KOB 3a.n-aHHOH ,a,,1UHbl . .. . .
PemeHHe npHMepOB C IICnOJlb30BaHHeM npaBHJIa YMHO>Ke-
UHB eYMbI na tlHc..'10 fI qHC..'1a Ha CYMMY. T aO,,1HtHlble c..'1yqaH
YMHO>KeHHH qUCM 6, 7 , .8, 9 H COOTneTCTBYIOw.He CJIyttan .n-eJIe-
HHH. PellleUHe npHMepOB H3 Bce ,aeHCTBHH B npe.n-c.nax 100.
PellleUHe ypa HHellUM BH,aa: x · 3 =---: 12 + 6. PeweHHe 3a.n-a(j
C npOnOpu,HOHa..'1bIlblMH He.lIH1JHHaMH H COCTaB.nCHHe K HHM
06paTHblx 3a.D.all ..... . '. .. .......
PerneUHe npHMepOB C HCOOJlb300alIHeM npanuoI,a JI-e,,"1eUHSI
CYMl\fbJ na tlHCJlO, npHeMbI 8HeTa6..1HtJHoro YMHomeHUH H .n-e-
..TlenHS! B npe.n-e.,1 ax 100. PelIIeuHe 3a,!J.a II C npOnOpll.HOnanbHbI-
MH Be,,1H t IHH3MII. BbIqeptlHOallHe OTpe3KOB H ynpa>KHeHHH
n HaXO>K.n-eHHH tlBCTH no ueJIO1Y H u,e.,10ro no ero tlaCTH.
nORTopeHHe YCTUOH II nHC"b\1eHIIOH HYMepaUHH B npe):\e-
Jlax 1 000. CnyqaH CJIOmeHHH H BLflIHTaHHH KpyrJIblX tlHCe.n
8 npe,lJ.e.1ax 1 000 H CJJyaH C..'IO}l(eHHSI H BbltlHTaHHH, OCROBaH-
Hble H3 SHaHHH HYMepaUHH. Ynpa>KllenHSI 8 YMeHbweHHH
H YB1"qeHHH QHCJJa Ha neCKOJIbKO e):\HRHU H n HE:'CKOnbKO
pa3, B pa3HOCTHOM H KpaTHOM cpaBlleHHH qnceJl. BbltfepllH-
BaHMe TPf}TOJlbHHKOB pa3HblX aH.n-OB (no yrJlaM). .. . . . .
Y CTHblC IIpHeMLI BbJ1Ufc..'IeIlHA KpyrJlblx qHeen (ace lJeTbJ-
pe ,ZJ.eHCTBHH B npe;e..lax 1 000). PeUleJIHe. 3a.n-a'l 118 YMeUb-
weHHe (yneollH'IelBte) tJnc..'Ia Ila. HeCKOTlbKO e)J.HIIUIJ. H B He-
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
CTp.
yQe6HHKa
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
9-11
11-12
317

..
I n pOOOA3ICeItUe
Nt Co CTp.
ypoKI AepaaHHe YPOKa y'le6HRK8
CKOJJbKO pa3.. Ha<5..'IIO,AeHHe 33 H3MeneHHeM CYMMb( B CBH3H
C H3MeHeHHeM O)J.HOrO '03 C.naraeMblX. KnaCCl-l(I>HKau.HH Tpe-
yrOJIbHUKOB no yr.naM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12-13
9. npHeMbl nOpa3pH.D.1I0rO c..10>KeHHSI H BblqHTaHHSI Tpex-
SH8'1HhIX IIHCeJl.' HaOJ1IO.l1eHHSI 3a H3eHeHHeM pa3HOCTH B
S8BHCHMOCTH OT lJ3MeHeHHH YMellbwaeMoro HnH BbJlIHTaeMO-
roo PeweHHe sa,aaq lIa npHBe;!.l.eHOe K e.ZU1HMue. BblIIHCJ1eUHe
,l1JIHllbi CropOHbI KBaJlpaTa no ero nepHMeTpy. PeweHHe ypaB-
HeHHR BH,AS: x: 6 = 43-37 . . . . . . . . . . . . -: . 13-14
10. nHCbMeHHoe CJ10>KeHHe H Bbl4HTaHHe B npe.l1eJ1ax 1 000.
PeweHHe H cocraBneHHe 3a.n.aq Ha ,l1BH>KeHHe. PerneuHe ypaB-
ueHHH EUJJJ.a: x. 12 = 72 ............... 14-15
11. CJlYllaH nHCbMeHuoro CJlO>KeHHSI H BhI'IHTaHHSI C ABOARblM
nepexoAoM Qepe3 pa3psuJ.. Cnocoobl npQaepKH CJJO>KeHHSI I{
Bbl4HT8HHH. PeweHHe aa,u.aq na 118XO.>KAeHHe TpeTbero c.na-
raCMoro no CYMMe H ,ltBYM U3BeCTHblM CJIaraeMbiM. Bb1Qep4H-
BaHIIe KBa,lJ.paTa no ,l1allHblM TOttl<8M .......... 15-16
12. CnYllaH nHCbMeHHoro Bb(l[HTaHHB TpeX3Ha'lHbIX LJHce.1
- npH HanH1JHH B YMellbwaeMoM 1-2 Hy..'1eA H CJIO)KeHHe B
cnY'IaJlx BHM: 254 + 146. PeweuHe Sa;;tatl C HcnO..rrb30naHH-
eM npa8HJl8 ,lJ.eJIeHMB CYMMbI nB 'IHCJlO ........., 44-50
13. KQHTponbH8S1 pa6OTa, BKJlI01J8.IOw.aB npHMepbl Ha CJIO>Ke-
UHe H Bblt{HT8HHe B npeAenax 1 000. C"nyqaH Ta6fIHtlHOrO H
BHeTaMUqHOrO YMHOJKeHHSI H .o.e.neHWI. PeweHHe 38,Aa t 1H,
BKnlO"I81OUJ.eA . nponopUHOHaJIbHWe _ BeJlHttHHI;i. PeweUHC
ypaBHeHHH BH,l1a: x - 120 = 160
"'
318
1.
HYMepaltHR MHorosHa'lHhlX '1UCeJI
I ,
3HaKoMcTBO c nOH.sITHeM CMaCC). BBeJJ.ellHe nOHBT-HSi
«Mace TLlCR'I) H ynpaJKHeHHR 8 YCTaHoaneHHH BSaHMOCBSl3H
Me>K)J.Y KJI.aCCaMH H paSpH.AaMH 'IHCJla. 3H8KOMCTSO C Mac-
CHblMH ClIeT8MH H ynpa.>KHenHR C HX nOMobIO B no.nYlJeHHH
H '1reHJIH 'tIempeX3H811HbJX, nRTH3Ha'lHblX H rneCTH3HaQHblX
qHee.n. HaXO>KAeHHe IIHCJJO.BbJX 3Ha t (eHHH oYKBellllblX Bblpa-
,)KeHd. BW'IHCJIeHUe nepHMeTpa npSlMoyroJlbHHKa . . . . .
Ynpa)KBeHHSI 8 06pS30B8HHH, qreHHH, 3anHCH qucen
JUlaeta Tb1CJlQ. npneMbi YCTHoro YMHO>KeHHB KpyrJJOro QHCJla
lIa OJl.H03HatfHOe QHCJ10. CnO>KeHHe H BbltfHTaHHe TpeX3HatfHhlX
QHCeJl. COCT3BJ1eHHe 3a,l1aQ no AaHHblM $opMYJ1aM. 3anacb
6YKBeHHblx Bpa)({eHHH H HaxoJK,AeHKe ex \(liCJ10BblX 3UaQe-
HHH .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3HOMCTBO "C o6p830aaHHeM H qTeHHeM weCTH3Ha'IHblX
qHCM, B KOropblx o(5a KJIaCCa COep)KaT e,D.HHHUbi Rcex HJUt
ueKOTOpblx pa3pHl1oB. Y CTHoe peweHHe npaMepOB ua ace
AeHcT8HfI C 'lMCB.8MH KJlacca TbiCgtl.. PeweHHe 8a.a,aQ c 6YK-
BeHHblMH ,lJ.auHblMH, n0..:J.6op I.J.HCJJOBblX 3HBt)eHHH K UHM.
nOA60p QHCJI08YX 3HaqeHHH H HB.XO>K)J.eHHe aHaqeHHH Bblpa-
>KeHHA c 't5YK8eIIJIblMH J1aHHhlMH ..................
YnpaH<HeHMH B QTeHHH H saUHCR MHOr03U8tU1WX tfHCeJI H
B OTKJJaAhlBaHHH HX ua ctleTax, B pa3JJO>KeHHH HX Ha pa3pHA-
2.
3.
4.
17 -19
19-21
21-22

n pOaOA",eHUe
HI
ypoKa
Co,Aep>K8HHe ypOKa 
5.
HbJe CJlaraeMbJe. BneAeHHe nOH5tTHSI cpaaeHCTBa) H «HepaBeH-
CTBB». PeWeHHe npHMepOB H8 CJI0>KenHe H Bb(qHTaHHe B npe-
JleJIa I 000 c npOBepKOA. BhItJHCJreHJfe nepHMeTpa paBHO-
CTopOHHero TpeyronbHHKa . . . . . . . , . . . .  . .
Ynpa:>KHeHHH B sanHCH.H tJTeHHH MHOr03HaQHblX qHCen,
B H83b103HHH 'IHCeJI, npe.z:tbIAym.HX ,naHHoMY H CJle,ltYJOw,HX
38 HHM. YCTHhIe BhlqHCJleHHH e MJIOr03Ha t lHblMH 1JHCJlBMH,
OCHOB8HHble Ra SHaRHH .nec5tT8t1HOrO COCTaB3 tJHCeJl U HY-
MepaUHH. PemeUHe sa)1a'l C QHCJ10BbIMH H "6ykBeHHblMH )J.8H-
HblMH. Ynpa>KHeHHft B pa3JIH'leHHH paseHcTB H HepaBeHCTB.
HaXO>K,neHHe nepHMeTpa npBMoyrOJlbHHKa .....1..
3HaKOCTBO c npaeMOM YBenHqeHHB H yeHbweHHH qHC-
Jla B 10, 100 H 1 000 pa3. PeweHHe npHMepoB H 3aaq C HC-
no.nb30BaHHeM 9Toro npHeMa. PellIeHHe ypaBHeuHH. Pewe-
Hue aa,n.atl cnOCOOoM npHse.neHHSI K eJUUIHue. Ynpa>KHeHUSJ
B 3aKpen.neHHH 3HaHHJI pa3pAAHoro COCTaBa MIIOr03IJaQUblX
tIHCe.'l H nOHSlTHB CKJIaCO ..............
06'bBClJeHHe cnoc06a BbJpa>KeHHH OTBJIeqetlHhIX H HMeHO-
oaHHblX qHeeJI B 60J1ee MeJIKHX HnH 60J1ee KpynHhIx e)1HHH-
uax. PeweHHe IIpHMepOB Ha YMHO>KeHHe H ,lleJIeHHe TpeX3Haq-
HblX qHCeJJ C npHMeHeHHeM cnoc06a yaeJIH'IeHHSI H YMeHb-
llJeHH5t qHCtI,a. B 100, 10 pa3. PeweUHe ypaBHeHHA BH)J.a:
42 : 3 - b = 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.
. 7.
8. 3HaKOMcTBO co cnoco60M BbJ,AeJleHHH H3 sa,lJ.2HHoro 'IHC-
..1]a Bcex eHHHU YKssBHHoro pa3pSl){a. HCDOJIb30BaHHe Toro
cnoc06a npH pa3ttp06.lJeHHH H npeBpaw.eHHH HMeHOBaHHbIX
ttHCeJJ. COCT8BJ1eHHe no 'IepTey 3a){aqg H8 BCTpeqHoe ABH-
)f{eH He. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. npn nOMow,H K.naCClIbiX C'IeTOB 3HaKOMCTBO e KJ1aCCOM.
MIIJIJJHOHOB u ero paapH,A3MH. I.ITeHHe- \!HC'1 KJlaCCa MHJIoi1HO:-
HOB. BbPIHCJIeUHe nepHMeTpa npSlMoyroJlbHHKcl ABYI\UI cno(;o-
6a 11{ ,.......................
10." Ynp3>KHE.1UISJ B ttTeHHH, 3anlfCH H onpe,AeJJeHHH paspn-
Horo COCTana ,ll,eBlITH3HaQHbJX qHCen pa3110fl CTpYKTYPb1.
3naKoMcTBO C onpeAeJleHHeM ypaBHeHU5t H TepMHHoM epe-
WHT& ypaBHeHHe). PeuleHHe sa,naq Ha npHBe,aeHHe K e){HHHI.J.e
C Hcnonb30RaHHe1 YCTHbIX npHeMOB Bb[qHCJJCHHA n npe)J.eJI8X
1 000. PeweHHe ypaBHeH"" BHna: x · 3 + 12 = 27 ...
11.. Ynpa>KHeHUH B sanHCH H qTeHHH ){eBSlTH3Ha t IHhlX tlHCeJ1
B YCBoeHHH nOMeCTHoro 3UaQeH.HSI nH€j>pbl t B pa3J10>KeHHH
MlIOr03Ha\IHb1X 'tHCeJ1 H3 pa3psUJ.Hlile CJlaraep..uJle. COCT8&'Je-
HHe H peweHHe 3aJlaq. COCTaBJJeUHe 06paTHhlx saJ¥1q. Pewe-
HHe HepaBeHcTB enoc06oM nOA6ppa.. . . . . . . . . . .
12. KOHTpo.'1bHaSi pa6oTa. npoBepKa 3H8HR5t HYMepanHH
MHor03HatJHbJX qMeeJJ, YMeHHR YBeJlHqHBaTb H YMeHbwaTb
tJHCJJO B 10. 100. 1 000 pa3
13. PeweHHe 3a.n.aQ cnoc06oM COCraRJIeHH.SI ypa8HeHHA e npH-
MeHeHHeM npHeMa ypaBHHBaIlHSI. YnpamHeH!HB B YCBOeHHH
HYMc:::paUHH .l1eBATli3Ha'Ulh1X qucen H nOMeCTHoro 3HaQeHHSI
JJ.Hcppbf B 4Hc.ne. PeweHHe npHMepOB C' HCOOJIb30B8HHeM
· ",pHeMOD YCTHbiX If UKCbMeHHblX BbltfHCJleHHA B npeAeJlax
I CTp.
)"IeC5RBK8
22-25
25-26
26-27
27-29
29-30
30-32
32-33
44-50
319

Nt
ypoK 8
2.
3.
4.
6.
6.
7.
320
n pOaO1:JIC£-HU
COAepmallHC ypoK8
100 H 1 000. OU06w.euHe 3HaHHSI 06 H3MeneHHH CYMfbl H
pa3HocTH B 3aBHCMMOCTH oT,H3MeHeHHSI O,lJ.HOrO H3 KOMnOHell-
TOB' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.
Mepbl AJlHHbI H Beea
nOHTopeHHe H3YQellHblX MCp' .lI.JlHllbl H COCT3BJ1enHe Tau-
J1HLl.b1 Mep. 3HaKoMcTBO C npHeMo H3MepeHMSI AJlHHbI CTOpO-
Hbi npSlMoyro.1JbHHI<:a c nOMOlD.blO U.HPKYJlSI H C npHeMoM epaB-
lIeHHH ,lJ.JIHH oTpe3KoB c nOM'Ow.bJO UHPKYJUJ. COCTaBJleUHe
3a,l181J H8 Bb1I1HT8HHe IIHMa H3 CYMMbI H CYM1bl H3 qUCJ1a no
,l13UHb1M <lK>PMYJIaM. PerneHHe npHMepoB Ha Bee ,l1eACTBHH B
npe,l1eJIax 1 000. PewenHe HepaBeHCTB cnocoooM no,a60pa.
Y npa>KHeHH SI 8 Bb1pa>KeUHH OTBJlelleHHb1X H HMeHOS8HHblX
'IHCeJl B ooJlee MeJlKHX H S 60JIee KpynHblx e.n.HIIHu.ax H3Mepe-
IUIH. PellJeHhe 3aJJ,aQ cnoco6ot COCTaBJIeHHH ypaoHeHHH.
Ha6JIJO){eHHH 3a H3MeHeHHeM CYMMbI 9 3aBHCHMOCTH or H3:-'1e-
HeHHSI OAHoro li3 CJJaraeMblX. BbtlJHCJleliHe lllHpHHbJ npSlMO"
yronbHHKa no ero nepHeTpy "HHe . . . . .. ..
- nOJlyqeHHe B pe3YJIb.raTe npaKTHlJeCKHX H3MepeHHA lJH-
cen C OJ!,HHM H ABYMSI HH:\teHOsaHHSlMH. 3H3KOMCTBO C Tep-
MHHaMH cnpocroe HMeHOBaH.Hoe qHCJlO), «COCTaBHoe HMeHO-
B8HHoe IIHCJlOt. Ynp8>KHeJlHH B pa3.z(p06neHHH H npespam.e-
HHM HMeHOBaIlHb1X IIHCM. Ynpa>KHeHHSI s cpaBHeHHR Bblpa-
>KeHHA (pB3110creA) lIa OCHoRe, 3HaHHSI 3asHCHMOCTH Me>Kl(Y
KOMnoneHTaMH H pe3}'JlbTaTaMH J1eACTBHSI BbIQHTaHltSi. Pe.
rneHHe 3aJla'l cnOCOOOM COCTanJleHHH ypaBHeHUSI . . . . . .
3H8KOMCTOO C HOBblMH eAHHHU3MH H3MepeHHH Beea:
ueHTHepOM H TOHHOH, COCTaBJIeHHe Ta6.'HUb1 Mep Beea. Yn-
pa>KHeHHSI B BbIpa>KeHHU COCT313HbtX HMeUOBaHHb1X qUcen B
60nee MeJlIf1.lx Mepax ,C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM B sanHCH HyneA.
3naKOMCTBO c ypaBHeHHeM BJJAa: x · 3 + 12 = 27. Pewe-
HHe saJJ,aq Ha c.nO)l(eHHe, Bb1pa)f{eUIIblX B I<OCBeBHOA ctx>pte.
npeSpaw.eHHe H pa3Apo6,.neHHe HMeHoaBHHbIX 'IHCM,
0603HqaIOUJ,HX MephJ Beca. npaKTHtieCKHe_ ynpa>KHeHHH DO
B3BeWHS8HHH pa3J1HlJHblX npeJlMeTOR " 3anHCb pe3YJlbTaTOB
B3SeWHBaHIHI. PellleHHe 3aaq cnoco60M npHBe,!l,enHSI K eAH-
HHne. PeweUHe npHMepOB Ha YBeJlHlJeUHe H YMeHbllJeHHe 'IHC-
na S 10, 100, 1 000 pa3 . . . . . ". . . . . . . . . . .
npeBpaw.euHe H pa3Ap06..'IeHlie UMeHQBaHHblX 'tHCe.",
0603HallalQLU.Hx Mf?pbI Beca. PeUJeHHe 3a.n.aQ Ha HaXO>KAeHHe
CJlaraeMOro no CYM1 H )1BYM c.naraetbJM, O)1HO H3 KOTOpblX
H3BeCTHO, 3 BTOpOC HeT. Ynpa>KHeHHH B pa3J1HQeHHH BHAOB
TpeyrOJlbHHKOB no yrJI8M H no CToponaM, BblqHc.neHlte nepu-
MeTpa. nOBTopeHue cnoc060R BblqHTaHHH QHc.na H3 CYMMbl "H
CYMMb1 H3 lJHCJla ua 6YKoeHHbJX BhJpa>KeHHHX . . 6 . . . .
npe8paw.eHHC U pa3Ap06J1eUHe HMeHOBaHBblX qHCJI, 060-
3HaQalOtU.HX Mepbl CTOHMOCTH. COCraBJIeHHe H peweUHe aa.!la- -
qH nQ Ta6J1HLl.e C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM Be.'lUIIHU: ueHa, KO..'tUqeCT'
80, CTOHMOCTb. COCT3BJJeHHe sa;J.aq, o6paTubix eA. nocTpoe-
Hlte npHMoyroJlbHHKa no 3a,l1aHH.OMY nepHMcTpy . . . . .
CTp.
YQe6SHK8
. ,
44-50
33-35
36-37
37-38
38-40
40-42
2-43
43-44

YpoK8
8.
9, 10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
IV.
COA e IM{8UHe YP<?K3
/'
nOBTOpeuHe Mep .l1J1HHbI. 8eca, CTOHMOCTU, ynpa>KUeHHSI
B npeBpaIUeHHu H pa3Ap06JJCHHH H1eHOBaHHblX qHCeJ1, B ux
cpaBHeHHH. 3aKpenJleHHe 3HaHHH HYMepaUHH MHOr03UaQ.
IIblX qucen H pa3pR,n,Horo COCTaaa 9TH X QHCeJI. PeweHHe 3a.
.lI.aq, H3YQeHHblX BHAoa Cl1oco6oM COCTaBJ1eHHSI ypaBueHHH.
PeweHHe npHMepOB na Bce .neHCTBHSI B npe.l1eJlax 1 000 . .
KOHTpOJlbllaR pa6OTa.. npoaepK3 IIOJIYllellllbiX 3H8HHH
no TeMe «Mepbl J1JIH HbI, Beca, CTOHMOCTH).
CnoMeHHe H BbI'IHTaHHe MHOr03HaQHhlX ItHCeJI
3HaKoMcTBO c nHCbMeHHblM CJIO>KeHHeM H BblqHTaHHeM
MHOr03HaQHblX qucen. COCTaBJIeHHe pa3JIH t lHblX BIt,ZJ.OB npo-
CTblX sa.ztaq no Bblpa>KeHHIO x = a + b. PeweHHe ypaBHeHHH
BUM: C - 3486 = 52 872 . . . . . . . . .. ....
B3aHMOCBR3b .lI.eACTBHH CJIO>KeHHH H BbltUlTaUHR.
BbJlIHCJIeHHe 3HaqeHHH 6YKBeHHblX Bblpa>KeJlHH Ha
OCHOBe SHaHUH B3aHMOCBH3H Me>KJ1Y CJ10>KeHHeM H BblttHTa-
IIHeM. CocraMeHHe IIpOCTbl" saAaq no Bblpa>KeHHIO: x=a-b.
PeweHHe COCTaUHblX 3aA8 1 1 Ha YBeJlHqeHHe (YMeHbweHHe)
ff3 HecKOJIbKO eAHHHU H H3 H8XO>KAeHHe CYMMbI. BblQHCJ1eHHe
.lI..I1"HbI .nOM8HOA nHHHH ...............
3H8KOMCTBO co cnocoOoM BblqHTHHSI MIIOr03HaQHblX qH-
ceJl B CJIyqaSIX 8H.!J.a: 6 000 - I 375. PellleHHe HepaBeHcTB
BH;J.a: a > 14. PeJJ(eHHe 3a;J.alJH C Be.'1H'IHHaMH: ueHoH, KOJIH.
qeCTBOM, CTOHIOCTbIO, cnoc060M COCTaBJIeHHSI ypaBueHHH.
npeBpalI1eHHe ". p83J1p06..,eHHe HMeHOBaUllblX qHCeJl ...
YnpaJKHenHH B CJI01KeHHH MHOr03HaQHblX quceJl nplt Ha-
nHtlHH 60JJee ,ZJ.BYX CJlaraeMblX, B BbltlHTaHHH C nynHMH B
YMeHbwaeMoM. D.Ba cnoco6a npoaepKH CJIO>KeHHR H BbltlHT8-
HHH. PeweHHe 3a,AaQ Ha HaXO>K,lJ,eHHe HeH3BeCTHoro YMeHb-
lllaeMoro. HaXO>KJ1<:'HHe HaHMeHbWHX QHCJ10BblX 3HaqeHHH
6YKBellHbiX BDlpa>KeUHa BH4a: 9 + k, 15 - k. BblqHCJleHHe
nepHMeTpa LJeTblpexyrOJ1bHHKa . . . . . . . . '0 · '.' ·
3HaKoMcTBO C J1.ByMSI CI10C06aMH IIHCbMeHHoro CJlO/KeHHH
COCTaBHblX HMeHOBaHHblX qHCM. CpasHeuHe ,AeAcTBHu Ha,A
HMeH08aHHblMH 'IHC..'1afH. PeweHHe aa,Aaq C HCnOJlb30B8HHeM
HMeHOBaHlibIX qHCeJl. Ynpa>KHeHHH B pa3JIO>KeHHH MHoro.
3Ha'IHblX qHCeJI Ha pa3pSIJJ.Hble CJlaraeMbie. 1J0BTopeuHe HY-
Mepa1J.HH MIIOr03HaQnWX t(RCeJI . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3H3KOMCTBO C ABYMSI cnoco6aMH 8bl4HTaUHH COCTaBHblX
KMeHOnaHHbUt 'IHCeJI. PeweHHe 3a,ZJ.aQ Ha BblqHTaHHe HMeno-
BaHHblX qHCeJJ. Ynpa>KHeUHSI 8 COCTaBJIeHHH H peWCHHH
ypaBHeHHA. BblQepQHBaHHe OKPY)KKOCTH no 3a)J.8HHOMY pa-
J1HYCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . .
nepeMeCTHTe.'JbHoe CBOKCTBO CYMMbI B CJlyqae CJlO>KeHHH
60J1ee .lI.BYX c.'1araeMblX. ,neJIeHlfe OKPY>KHOCTH Ha 3 H 6 pas-
HbiX qacreii C nOMOInblO lI.HpKynR. PeweHHe" 3a,AaQ H8 CJlO-
)KeHHe H BbItlnTaWfe. PeweHHe 3a,lJ,aQ c 6YKBeHHblMH .lI.aHHbI-
MH ........................
COqeTare..'1bHoe C80HCTBO CYMMbI np" CJIO>KenIHI HecKOJlb-
KHX CJJaraeMblX. npHeMhI C.T10>KeHHR H BblttUTaHHH MHoro-
11 3aK43 694.
n pOaOjtJICeHll8
Corp.
y\(e6KHK8
44-50
50-51
51-52
53
64
54-56
56-57
57-58
321

Nt
ypoKI
10, 11.
12.
----
J 3, J 4 .
IS.
16.
17.
1 8, 19.
I.
322
CoAe pJK8HHe YPOI(8
9.
SH3lJHhli qHCe.n Ha C'leTax (JlerKHe cJlyqan). CnO>KeHHe H BbI-
1JHT8HHe HMeHonaHHblX ttHCeJI. PeweHHe sa.naq H8 ,nOHJKeHHe
PeweHHe sa,naq cnoco6oM COCTBBJJeflHH HecKOJILKUX ypaa-
lIelluA. CnOH<eHHe H BbltlRT8HHe MHOr0311SQHbJX tlHcen. Ynpa)f(-
,BeHHe Ha OnpeAeJleUHe B3aHMOnOnO}l(eHHSI OTpe3Kct H OKPY>K-
HCJCTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ha6nJOAeHHH 3a H3MeHeHI1eM CYMbI B 38BHCIJMOCTH OT
H3MeHeHHH O.llHoro H3 CJlarae1b1X. opMynHponKa npaBMJlC1
H HcnO..'1b300aUHe ero npH peweHHH npHMepoB U 3a.n.aQ. [lpl-l-
Mepbl na CJlO>KenHe U BbltJHTaune MHor03H3tJHblX QHCeJl.
PeweHHe HepaBeHCTB H yp8SHeUHA OHM: (410 - b) · 3 =
= 60 ........................
Ha6.7Ilo,neHH Sf S3 H3MeHeHHeM pa3HQCTH npH H3MeHtHHH
YMellbwaeMoro_ C1>OPMYJUJpOBK3 npalUIJJ8 H3MeHeH}t pa3HO-
CTH H UCnOJIh30nailHe era npH peweHHH 3A)J.a'l. PeweHHe
HepaaeHCTB cnocoOOM nOJJ.t5opa. BY'Iep'lHBaHHe npJlMoyro.'1b-
HHKa no S8A1tHHblM cropoHaM. npHMepbl Ha Bee AeAcTBHSI C
MJJOrO&H8'1HhlMH QHCJl8MH ...............
Ha6nJoJteHHR sa H3MeHeHHeM PS3.UOCTH B .satJKCHMOCTH
OT HSMeHeBHJJ BLLqHTaeMoro H 4k>PMYJ1HpoBKa 9TOH 38811C8-
NOCTH, npHMeHeHHe nOJlyqeHHOrO BblBOA3 npH peweHMH npH-
Mepoa H 98A&1I. PeweHHe saA8q. Ha odp8THoe npHBe,D.e!IHe K
e)UlHIlQe. CJIO)f(eHHe H BblqHTaHHe COCTaBHblX HMeUOBaHHblX
qlU:e.llr- Pemeaile aepaBeIJCTB. PeweHHe 31A-a'l cnoco(5oM
cOcTaaneHHR ypaBHeHHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3HaKOMCT80 C npHeMOM oxpyrJleHHH '1HCen H HCnOJlb30..
B8HHe ero JUI paUHOH8J1H3au.MH npHeMOB YCTHYX BblQHCJ1e-
HH:A. PeweHHe sa.na'l Ha CJIO>KenHe H BbI'lHTaHHe C 6YKBeJlHhI
MH J(aHHhlMH. nOCTpoeHHe npBMoro yr na Ha He.JIHHOBaHHOH
t5yM are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3H8KOMCTBo- co cnocOOoM CJlOJKeHHR B BhlqUTaHHB H3
CIJeT8X B CJJyqae JIepeXOJJ.3 Qepe3 pa3pHA. CnO}J(eHHe H BbI'1H-
T8HHe OTBJleqeHJlblX H COCTaBIWX HMeHOBaHJlblX IfHCeJI. Co-
CTaBJJellHe 3U8Q no A8KHbIM 4>oPMYJIaM H ypaBHeHHH no )l.aH-
HblM SaJI,aqaM. YnpU<HeHHSI no pa3BHTHIO npe.aCT8BJ1eHHH 0
B38HMHOM nOJlO1KeHHH reOMeTpHLJecKHX 4>Hryp (KBaApaT H
Kpyr) ........................
nOCTpoenHe npH!\toyrOJJbHMKa (KBaJtpaTa) fa HeJlHHOBaHHoft
6Y:Mare. PeweUHe 3aJ.laQ pa3HblMii cnocoOaMH. nOBTOpeHHe
l-I3MeHeHHJI pa3Hocm 8 380HCUMOCTH OT M3MeHeHHB BbI'lHTaeMOro
KOJITpOJlbHaJi pat50Ta "
BTOPAJI lIETBEPTb
CKOpOCTb, BPeMB, paCCTORHHe
PaCKpblTHe 83aHMOCBSl3H Me>KY aenHtJHHaMH: CKOpOCTb,
BpeMB, pacCTOSlHHe. COCTanneHHe, peweHHe H ssnHCb B Ta(S.
Jume sa.aaq C 3TUMH BeJJUqUHaMH. PeweHHe YPSBlleHH:A.
CpaBHeHHe CYMMU H pasHocTH H8 OCHOBe 3J1aUMR H3MeHenHn
pesynbTaToB 3THX AeHcTBHA. B 3aBliCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeJJHH
KOM nOllellTOD . .. .. .. -. . . . . . . . . . . .
n pOOOAxenue
I CTP ·
yq(hJJ'Ka
58,59
59,60
61-63
63-64
64-66
66-67
67
68-69
75

Nt .
YPOK8
Co,ltep Ht8t:I He .ypoKa
n pOiJoA:J1CeHUe
CTp.
YlJe6UHK8
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6"
11.
3H8KOMCTBO ,CO CnOCooOM tlaO)J(AeHHft paCCTOHHHft ne
H3BeCTHbiM tKOpOCTH H npeMeHH. PeWeHHe COCT8BHblX 3a,A81J
lIa H8XO)KAeHHe paCCTORHHfI. PeWeHHe S8AaQH H8 HaXO)l(-
,!J.ellHe CKOpOCTH no paCCTORHHIO H BpeMeHH. Ynpa>KHeHHe B
H3MelleHHH 3UaQeHHfI 8pa>KeHHR B CBH3H C H3MeHeHHeM
3HaqeHHR OYKBhI. Ynpa}KHeHHe 8 1(eJ1eHHU 4>HrYPbI 113
qaCTH ................,.......
3H8KOMCTBO co cnoc06oM HaXO>K,AeHIISI npe\1eHH ABHJKeHHfI
no H3BecTHblM CKOpOCTH H paCCTOSlI1H10. 0606I.D-eHHe B3aHMO-
CBR3H . Mf>Kl1.Y CKOpOCTblO, speMeHeM H paCCTOHHHeM. Pe-
weHHe npliMep08 Ha CJ10JKeHHe H BbltlHTaHHe MHOr03fIa1.lUb(X
qHcen. rnpa>KUe(fHe, nOArOT3BJ1HBaJOUJ,ee K paCCMOTpeUHIO
nJIOllI.a.lI.H " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.
YMH01KeHJ.te HI O,l(H03I1a4Hoe 'IHCJlO
Onpe,Ae.neflHe .lteHCTBHH YMHO>KeHHH Ira aCROBe 3HaHHn
B3aHMOOBR3H Me>K.L\Y CJIO>KeHHeM H YMHO>KeHHeM. COCTaBJle.
Hsfe npOCTblX 33,Lt8t1 Ha .YMHO>KeHHe no Bblpa>KeHHIO a · b.
nOBTOpeHHe oc06b1X CJlyq8eB YMHO>KeHusr C HYJleM H e.ltUHR-
LleH. CocTaa.nenHe H pemeHHe S8,lJ.aQ 1Ia .l18H>KeHHe C BeJIHt(H-
lIafH: . CKOpOCTb', BpeMH, paccToHHHe ..........
nHcbMeHHoe YIHO}{{eHHe MRor03HatjHoro ttRCJIa Ha O)l,Ho-
3UaQHoe. PeUJeHHe npHMepoo H 3aAaq. nOBTOpeHHe np3SI'Ina
YMH01KeHHSI CYMMbI H8 tfHCJlO. CJlrttaH .l].e.'1eHIIH c HYJlM H
e,AHHHneA. Ynpa>KHeHHH H3 onpe,neJJeHHe B3aHMOnOJlO>Ke-
nHSI reOMeTpHQeCKHX Hryp npSlMO}TOJlbHHK8 H TpeyrOJIb-
HHKa ........................
nHCbMeHHoe YMHOJKeHHe MHor03HaHHblX qucen aa O,nHO-
3KatfKoe. OcOr;b(e CJlyqaH - HYJJH B cepe,D.HHe MHO>KHMoro.
COCT8BJIeHHe H peweHHe 3a,naQ C BeJIHqHHaMH: Bblpa60TKa
B qac, apeMH pa<5OTbl H 8CH Bblpa6oTKa. nOC1'pOelIHe npHMo-
yrOJIbHHKa no 3a,D.aHHhlM cTOpOna'-{ Ha HeJIHHOBtHHOH 6YMare.
. Hawuo.aeUHR 33 H3MeHeHHeM npOH3BeAeHHSI B 3aBHCIIMO-,
CTH err H3MeHeImSi O)J.Horo H3 COMHO>KHTeJlelf. cJ>opMynHpoBKa
COOTBeTCTBYlOlUero Bbl:BO,na. PeweHHe npHMepOB C HCnOJIb30-
B3HHeM npHeMOB nHCbMeHHoro CnO>KeHHH, Bb[qHTaHHSI H
YMHOJKeIIHSI. PcweHHe COCTaBllblX 3a,AaQ. BK.'1I0 l lalOIUHX npo-
CTble 38.l].atlH, Ha }'MHO)KeHHe, BbIpa>KeHHble B !{OCBeHHOA
opMe .
Ynpa>KHeHHH. nOlJ.rOTaBJII1B31Ow.He K BbltlHCJIeHHIO nJlo-
w.a.ltH npaitoyro,,1bHHKa ................
3H3KOMCTBO co cnOCOOoM COCT38JJeHHH ypanneuHSI npH,
peweHHH 3a.n;aq. Ha6J1IO.l1eHHSI 33 H3MeHCHHCM npOH3BeAellHSI
B 3aOHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHH H o,lUtoro H3 COM HO>KHTeneH . Pe-
weHHe npHMepOB C Hcnonb30BaHHeM npHeMOB nHcbHHOro
CJlO>KenHH, BhlqHTaH}JSI H YMHO>KeHHH . . . . . . . . . .
3H8KOMCTBO c nOHHTHeM cn.rroU(a,D.bl. CpaSReUHe nJIOIlla-
AeH npRMoyronbHb(X cj>Hryp cnoco(5oM nO,D.CqeTa KJIeTOK, H3
KOTOpblX OHH COCTaBJIeHbI. PeweliHe 3a,!J.a1J Ha nponopURO-
HaJlbUYJO 3aBRCHMOCTb. Me>KY BeJlHqHHaMB cnoco60M co-
76-77
77-78
78-79
79-80
81
82-83
83-84 '
323

Nt
y poK.:1
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
324
n poOo/l3lteHUe

COAep>K3HHe YPOK3'
CTp.
YQe6HHK8
7.
CTaBJIeHHB ypaBHeHHJI. nHCbMeHIIOe CJlO)KeHHe, B-blqUTaHHe
H YM HO)f(ell Ke MHOr03H81JHblX qHCM . . . . . . i. 85-86
Y M HO>KeHHe HS OAH09Ha'iHOe '!MCJlO B CJJyqaHX, KOr.na
-MHO>KHMOe OKaHtfHBaeTCB HYJlSlMH. Ynpa}KHeHHSI, nOllrOT8s-
nHBalOlUKe K BbltlHCJleHHIO nJIOlijaJ1H. PellJeHHe 38)1.8 1 1 H8 Ha-
XO>KAeHHe TpeTbero cnaraeMoro. COCTan..1JeUHe H pemeHIJe
38AalJ. 06paTHbIX HM . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 86-B7
nOBTopeHHe H saKpen.neHHe npOH.AeHHoro. COCTaBneHHe
ct>OPMYJIbI npH peweHHH 3a.n.all. PellleHHe 3BAall H8 B38HMO.
CBfl3b MeiK.llY CKOpOCTblO, BpeMeHeM H paCCTOHHHeM. I1cno.1Jb-
30B8HHe nepeMeCTHTeJlbHOrO CBOHCTB8 npOH3BeAeHHH npH
YMHO)KeHHH. PeweHHe ypaBHeHHH. CpaBHeHHe nJ10w.a.n.eJ..
q.Hryp nYTeM nO,ACqeTa I<BalI.pTODt HS KOTOpblC paa6HTa ct>H.
rypa . '" ......... .... i .. 88-89
3HaKoMcTBO C KBBn.paTHbIM caHTHMeTpOM KaK e,.l:lHHHuen
H3MepeHHH nJlow.aJI.H. H3MepeHHe nJlow.a.lUf cpHryp npHMO.
yro.1JbHOH Opbl cnoc060M nOlI.C4eTa KBaApaTHbIx C3HTHMeT-
pOB. CpaBHeHHe IJJlOUJ,a.lI.H H nepHMeTpa O.lllloR reOMeTpHlfe.
CKoA c»HrYPbJ. Ynp(j)KHH"H B nHCbMeHIlOM YMHO>K.eHHK H3
OllH03H84Hoe lJnc..1JO (Bee H3Y4eHHbJe CJlY48H). Ynpa>KHeHHH
B npeBpaw.eHHH H pa3lI.p06JIellHH HMeHOBaRHb1X qHCen. 89-90
3H8KOMCTBO C npHeMOM YMHO>KeHHSI COCTaBHoro HMe..
HOBaHHoro qHCJla Ha OJl.H03HalJHOe tlHC.'10. Ynpa>KHeHHH B
H3XO>K.lI.eHHH 3HaqeHHA: 6YKBeHHblx Bblpa>KeHHH C Hcnonb30'
BaHHeM 3H3HHH H3MeHeHHSI npOH3BeJIeHHS1 B 3aBI1CHMOCTH OT
H3MeneUIIH O.llHOro H3 COMHO)f(HTe..1efl. Bbl4HCJleHHe nn0lI13-
AH reO1eTpHqeCKlfx ct>Hryp nYTeM no.n.C 1 leT8 I<Oa.lI.paTHbIX
c3HTHMeTpoB . .... .. .. 91-92
PemeHHe npHMepOB H 38lI.aQ Ha YMHO)l(eHHe COCTaBHoro
HMenOBaHlloro 4HC.TJa Ha O.llH03Ha t lHoe tJHC.ll0. BblqHc.neHHe"
cpaBHeHHe nJlolll.altU K nepHMeTpa O.llHHX H Tex me npKMo-
yrOJ1bHHKOB. Bbl'lHCJleHHe lJHC..'JOBblX 3HaqeHlfH 6YKBeHHbix
Bblpa>KeHH" npH ".naHHblX 3Ha i lCHHSlX BXO,lUHll.HX B HHX 6YKO. 92-94
BblBe.lI.eHHe «t>9PMYJlbI BbI4HcJleHHH nJIOma,lJ.H npSlMo-
yrOJIbIlHKa: S = a · b, BbJ11 HC.TfCHHe nJlOl11.3JUI Ha OCHonc
Cct>OPMYJlHpoBaHHoro npaDHna. PemeHHe 3a.n.aQ cnoco6ot
COCTaB..TJeHHfl ypaBlIeHHH. Ynpa)KHeUHH D ytIlO>KeHHH co-
CTaBHoro HMCHosaHHorQ tlHCna H3 0.D.H03H8 t IHoe 11 HCJlO, B
CJlO>KeIlHH H BbllIHTBHHH MHor03H8 1 )HbIX 'Hlce.TJ. . . 94-95
3H3KOMCTBO co cnocoooM npH6J1H>KeHHOrO H8XO)KAeHHSI
nJIom.a.nH Hryp pa3J1HIIHOf; ctJOpMLI c nOMOllJ,blO na.neTKH. I
Ynpa:>KHellHSI B flHChMeHHOM YMHO>KenHH l1a OltIl03HaQnOe
IJHCJIO, B CJlO>KeHHH H BbJLJHTaHHH MHOr03HaQHblX ttHCeJl 95-96
YnpaiKHellHS1 D DL1'IHCneHHH nJlO1ll3ltH npJlMoyro.nbHHK(1
no <lJopMYJIe: S = a · b. CpaBHeHHe n.TJOlI1a,lJ,H npH)foyrO.Tlb.
HHKB C ero nepHMeTpOM. PerneHlIe 3B.lla4 C nOMolllblO cor.
TaBJJeHKSI ypaBHeHHH. PeUJeHHe npHMepon Ha YMlJO>KeUne.
,l\e.neHHe, cnomenHe " DLl4UT3HHe MJlOr03UaQllbJX qHCM 115-123
BhllJHCJleHHe n.nowaJUi npSlMoyro.'1bHHK3 no c»opMY.'1e
S = a · b H BbltIHC.YJeHHe nJtoaH .npyrH"5 reOMeTpHlIeCKHX
8.
9.
,

n pOdOAJlCeHUa
Nv
YPOK3
COAep >K3HHe ypoKa
CTp.
y'.((6HHKa
16, 17.
2.
3.
4.
5.'
6.
7.
8.
<t»Hryp C nOMOll1blO naJleTKp. COCTaBJHHHe 3a,ltaq no cl><>PMYJle.
BbJ'IHCJIeHHe QHCJl08bJX 311aqenHA 6YKBeHHblx Bblpa>KeHHH
npH A8HHblX 3HaqeHHSlX BXO,ltHUJ.HX B HUX tsYKB. PeweHHe
npHMepoB H8 see AeAcTBHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l(oHTponbHaH pa6oTa.. npoBepKa YMeHHH yqalltHXCH
pewaTb 3a,l1aqH H npHMepbl Ha YMHO}({enHe MHOr03Ha'iHOra
tJHCJla Ha OJlH03HaQHOe, YMeHHSI BbI'IHCJlHTb nJI01l18,ltb H nepH-
MeTP npSlMoyronbllHKa, 3HaHHSI 3aBHCHMOC-TH npoH3aeenHR
OT H3MeHeHHSI oAHoro H3 COMHO>KHTeJleA. PaooTa Ha,lt OWH6-
KaMlt
I.
AeneHHe Ha OAH03HaHoe qHCO
B3auMocBSl3b ,l1eJ1eHHH H YMHO>KeHHH. COCT3BJ1eHHe npo-
CTbJX 3aaq Ha ,l1eJ1eHHe no Bblpa1KeHHIO a: b. Ynpa>K-
HellHSI JJ.JIH aaKpenJIeHHSI 3H8HHSI B3aHMOCBSl3H Me>KAY
KOMnOHeHTaMH H pe3YJlbT8TOM AeiiCTBHH AeJleHHH. Pewe-
HHe 3aAaq C BeJlH'IHHaMH: CKOpOCTb, BpeMH, paccToRHHe
npHeMbi YCTHoro ,AeJIeHHH MHOr03Ha\IHblX tJuceJJ lIa O.aHO-
3HaQHoe. PeweHHe 38,ltaq H8 YMHO}({eHHe H ,lteJJeHHe. Ha6JJIO-
AellHH 93 H3MeHeHHeM 3UaQeHHA CYMMbI flpH H3MeHeHHH qnc-
nOBOro 3HaqeHHR O,ltHoro H3 CJJaraeMblX H 3a H3MeHeHHeM
3HaQeHHH pa3HOCTH npH H3MeHe((JUI BblQRTaeMOro, 3a.a8HHoro
Bblpa>KenHeM BHAa (52 + a) ..............
3H8KOMCTBO c nHCbMeHHblM AeJIeHHeM MHor03Ua t lIJOrO
tlHCJIa Ha 0,lt1l03HaIJHoe. PeweHHe 33,AaQ Ha eJ1eHHe. BblqHC-
JleHHe M0ll18,lU1 npHMoyrOJIbHHK8 no 4»oPMyne S = a · b.
nHcbMeHHoe ,lteJIeHHe MHOr03HaQHblX QHCeJJ H3 0,l1n03HaQ-
Hoe (CJJYQall AeJIeHHB C HyneM B cepe,ltHHe HJlII 8 KOHne qaCT-
Horo). BhlQHc.neHHe nJIOl1{a,AH H nepHMeTpa npSlMoyrOJlhHH"
Ka. PeweHHe 3,AaQ Ha BCTpeQHoe ,l1BH>KeIIHe; 3HaQeHHe
repMHHa «O,AHOBpeMeHHO) ...............
Ha6.nlO,lteHHJI 3a H3MeHeHHeM qaCTHOro B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
H3MeHeHHSI ,lte.1JHMoro. nHCbMeHHoe ,lte.neHHe MHOr03na\fHblX
qHCM H3 O,ltH03HatJuoe. PeweH1ie S3AaQ cnOCOOOM COCTaBJIe-
HHH yp8BHeHHSI. BblllHCJJeUHe nnOw.8JlH H nepHMeTpa npSl-
Moyr()JJbHHKa ....................
0606ll1eHHe Ha6J1lO.,AeHHH 3a H3MeHeHHeM 1.JaCTIIOro 8 sa-
BHCHMOCTR OT H3MeHeHHR .lteJIHTeJ1H. $>pMYJlHpOBKa BblBOJ:t,a.
KpaTK3H 3anHCb nHChMeHHoro AeJIeHHH. Ha6Juo,Ae1IHSI 33
H3MeHeHHeM pa3HOCTH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H9MeHeHHR BhlqHTae.
Moro. J:{eACTBHR C MHoro3HaQlIblMH QHCJIaM H ......
PaCKphlTHe nponopllHOH3JIbHOH SaBHCHMOCTH (6e3 Bse-
,lteHHJI repMHHa) Mey neHoA, KOJIHQecTBOM, CTOHMOCTblO.
CnO>KeHHe. BbJ1IHTaHH, YMHO>KeHHe H ,AeJleHHe MHOr03HaQ-
(fblX qHCeJI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3H3KOMCTBO C ,AeJleHHeM cocTaBHoro HMeHoa8HHoro "IHC-
na Ha OAH03Ha q}{oe. PemeHHe npHMepOB H sa,ztaq HB AeJleHHe
cOCTaBHoro HMeHOBaHHoro QHCJJ8 H8 0JJ.H03HaqHoe ClHCJlO.
CocraBJIeHHe 3aJ(aq no KpaTKoA sanHCR Ha 38BHCHMOCTb
115-123
96-98
98-100
100-101
101-102
103-104
104-105
105-107
325

n pO OO/lJICe HUe
Hi
ypOK8
COAep HlaHHC ypoH.8
1 CTp.
yqe(SIfBKa
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17,18.
326
9.
Me>K).\Y nellO" , KOJJHtJeCTBOM, CTOHMOCTbJO. PeweHHe ypaRHe-
IIHH 8H,aa: a + 16 · 10 = 320 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3HaKOMCTBO co enoe06oM peUJeHHSI Tpex BII.lI.OR 3o.u.aQ HB
BCTpeQHoe )J.BH)I{eHHe B HX B3aHMOcnH3H. BbJBe,lJ.eHHe 4>oPMY-
JJhI peWH"H 3a;J.aQ KB>K)).oro BH,lJ.a. Haxo>KJJ.euue 3UaQelHiH
Bblpa}KellHA t B KOTOpble BXO.u.SlT OIIepaUUH C lJaCTHb1M
(YBeJUI4eHMe H YMeHbUJeHHe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PeWCHne H COC.TaDJIeHHe 33Aaq Ha 38RHCHMOCTb MeJl(JJ.Y
u.eHOH, KOJIHttecTBOM, CTOHMOCTbIO. Ha6JII0.l1eUIHi 3a H3Me-
neUHeM CTOHMOCTH B 3aBHCHMQCTU OT H3Mene1lHS1 uellbl npH
HeH3MeHJJOM KOJJH\feCTBe. JI.eJJeHHe COCTaBHoro J.tMe]]OnaHIIOro
'IMCJla UC1 0,nn03Ha4Hoe "'MeJlO ............
I-JaXO>KAeJlHe CTOpGH npSlMoyro.nbHHKa no .LI.311HOH n.no-
m.a.ll.H H OAliOH 83 ero CropOH (JtJlHHe HJlM mHpHHe). Co-
CTt1BJ1eIlHe Ii peweHHe 3a.naQ na nponopllHOHaJlbHYlo 38HHCH-
MOCTb Me>K,ny ueHoH. KOJI, HIJecTBOM CTOHMOCTblO. COCT3llJ1e-
HHe H pewenne 38JJ.8lJ, 06paTHbix H ..........
Ha6JIIo.neHHSI 3a H3MeHCHIHM ueabJ B 3aBHCHHOCTH OT H3'
MeHeHHH KOJJHtleCTBa H KOJIHQeCTB3 B 3aBHCHMOCTU OT H3Me-
HeHHH lleHbl npH HeH3MeHUOCTli CTOHMOCTH. nponepKa YMC-
.nHR 8bJnOJlHSlTb nHcbMruHoe ,n€'JleHHe COCTaBlloro HMenOB3H'
noro qHCJJa. YMJlO>f<eHHe H )).eJleHne MHOr03Ha\IHblX '1HeeJJ lIa
OAH03HaQHoe qHcnO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
nOBTOpeHHe npOnOpLtHOnaJJbllOA 3annCHMOCTH Me>KAY ue-
HOW, KOJlHqeCTBOM H CTOHMOCTbIO. PewellHe n38HMoo6paTHbiX
sa,naq. CBR38HHblX C BbJ1JHCJJeHHeM nJlOw.a,nH npHMoyro.b-
JlHK3. PellleHHe ypanneuHU BHAa (x + 70) · 4 = 320. Pe-
meHHe CJJOJKHblX npHMepoB H3 Bee IJeTbJpe .n.eACTBHSI. YCTlJOe
AeJJeHHe MHoro3IfaQllOrO 1JHc.na Ha 0.D,1I03na\IHoe C onopoii
Ha npaRIIJ10 J1,eJ1eIJHH eYMMbJ Ha tJHCJ10 . . . . . . . . . "
Y npa)J< IleHHe 8 pelilCH HH Tpex BH.D,OB S8.n.3tJ ua BCTpeq Hoe
)).BIt>KeHHe. PeweHHe 38Aaq . c nOMOIlJ,blO COCTaMCHliSl He.
CKOJJbKHX ypaBlJennA. PewenHe CJlOJKllblX npnMepOB Ha occ
1.JeTbIpe .lI.eHCTBIUI. BbJ\HI'1ell He n_10m3,lI.H npHoyrOJJblIbiX <pH-
10.
11.
ry p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PemeHHC npHMepOR H8 YMHO>l{eHHC H .lI.eJ1eHHe MHor0311a.Q.
HbiX QHce.'1 na OJ{H03HaQuoe IJHCJlO. YMHomeHHe H JJ.eJJeHlie
COCTaBHblX HMenOB81IJJLJX queeJJ na O,nH03113'1noe. PemeJHle
sa)J.a" H3 3aBHCHMOCTb Me>K.lJ.Y CKOpOCTbJO, BpeMeneM H pac,
CTOHHHeM. PerueHHe HepaBeHCTI3 BUJ{a x + "25 > 40 H ypaB-
HeHHfl BHA3 90 · 4 + x · 9 = 540 ...........
HaXO>K.lleHHe 3HaqeHnH BblpaJKeHHH, B l\oTopbIe BXOAHT
OnepaLtHH C npoH3BeJJ.eHHeM H II3CTnblM (yneJIH'IeHHe Ii YMeHb-
meHHe). BbittHCJleUHe nJIow.aJJ.H H nepHMeTpa npHMoyro..1b'
HHHOB C nOMOIlJ,blO q.OPMYJJbJ H nJlom.a,lJ.H )I.pyrHx «t>nryp eno-
co6o1 nO}J.CtJCTa KJleTOK. Ynpa)f(HeHHSI B Bbl l Jep1.JHBaUliH
OKPY>KHOCTH. COCTanJlCHne 3a;'J.()I' no opMYJlaM . . . . . .
KOHTponbllaH pa6oTa. IlpoBepKa YMeHHH pellJaTb S8)I.a-
LJH, YMelfHe lIaXO,l1HTb J1JJHny (WHPHUY) npHMoyrOJJbHHK3 no
ero nJlOU\8.l1H 11 llllipHHe (AnHHe). YMeHHe AeJlHTb MIIOro3Hlt1
"hie '1HCJla HB oAH03HaIJHble, BhI'IHCJlBTb SHaqeHHH Bblpa}K.
107-108
108-110
110-111
"111-112
1]2-113
113-114
114-115
1] 5-123
115-123
I

M I
ypoKa
19.
20, 21.
3, 4.
5, 6.
7.
8, 9.
2.
CoAp)Kalnie ypoK8
HHH, Koropble BKJIIOqalOT OnepaItHH c qaCTKb[M (YBeJUltteHH-
eM, YMeHbweHHeM)
PaOOT8 Ha.n OWROKaMH
YpOKH OTBO,D.SlTCH NUl pa60Tbl no M3TepHanaM ,AnSI 11.0-
Uo..'lHHTeJ1r.HblX Yf1pa)K[[eHJfH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.
TPETb.A LfETBEPTb
Ap06H
3HaKoMCT80 C oopa30naHHeM .npotSeA. TepMHHbI «t{HCJlU-
Tew1b» (f «3uaMeH a Te,,1 b». 4TellHe H 3anHCb )1po6eiL PeweHHe
3a)J.aQU Ha «npHBe.neHHe K e,lUfHluJ,e» pa3HblMH crroco6a).Hf.
PelllHHe Hep aaeHCTB .................
rrpaKT{tlecKoe nOJIyqeHHe .npotSeif co 3H8:\1eHareJHIMIi 2,
4, 8. YrrpaJKHeHHH B cp3BIIeHHH .npo6eA. PemeHHe YP3BHeHH
nUlJ.a: 642: x + 57 = 63 H 3aal.J H3 COOTllorneHHe Me1K.ll.Y
"'
CKOpOCTblO, BpeMeHeM It paccToSlHHeM . . . . . . . . . .
npaKTHlJecKoe nOJJYlleHue .l1po6eH co 3HaMeHaTe.nSlMH
3, 5, 9, 10. Ynpa>KHeHHH B Bblpa>KeHHH MeJ1KHX J{OJIeA B
6oJ1ee KPYrIHblX H KpynHblx B 60nee MeJ1KHX. PeUJeHHe 33,L\aQ
lIa HaXO>K,tJ.eHHe qHc.na no ero )1OJIe. BblqHCJleHHe qHc.nOBhlX
311alfeHHK t5YKBeHHblX Bblpa>KeHHR npH ,!J.aHHblX 3UaQeHHSlX
BXO.ASlUU{ 8 HHX 6YKB. PelUeHHe 3a"aqH Ha npOTHBOnOJlO>K-
Hoe 3HaQeUHe H COCTaBJIenUe 06paTublx eH .......
PeweHHe 33,aaQ Ha HaXO>K.neHHe AO.1JH IIHCJla H tfHCJla no
ero .none. Ynpa>KHeHHSI B CpaBHeJU{H ):\Oneii. npOBepKa Bep-
HOCTH paBeHCTB H aepaaeHCTB. l1.eAcTBH R C MHor03ua QHblMH
4HCJlaMH ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ynpa>KUeHHSI B nOJlyqeUHH, tlTeHRH R 3anHCH AP06eA.
PeweHHe 3a,lJ.aq ua HaXO}f(,U.eHHe .nOJUI I.JHCJla H ttHc.na no erO
,lJ.'1e. CnO>KeHHe, Bblt{HTaHHe, YMHO>KeHHe H ,lJ,eJleHHe Muora-
3HattnwX IIHCeJ1. PeweUHe HepaBeHCTB. YMHO>KeHHe U3 10,
1 00 , I 000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KOHT(10.rlbH3S1 pa60T. nponepKa Yl\feHRSI pernaTb 3a.ll.aQU
([a HaXO>KAeHHe .nOonH (!HCJla, )'MeHHe cpaBHHBaTb ,lJ,OJlH.
Pa60Ta HaA olllHtSKaMH
2.
/'
1.
)'MH01K.eHHe " JJ,e,,'1eHHe Ha MHOr03HaQHOe IfHCJlO
Ynpa>KHeHHSI B YMHO}f(eHHH nJ060ro 'IHc.'1a H3 10, 100,
I 000. YMHO>KeHlfe 10, 100, 1 000 HS nlOOOe LfHcno c HCnOJlb-
30BaHHeM nepeMecTHTeJlbHOra CBocTBa npOH3Be,lJ,eHHH. ,Qe-
JlelfHe Ha 10, 100, 1 000 ttRCen, OKaHQHB31OHXCSl Hy.nSlMH..
PeUJeHHe 3aM II Ha ,ZJ.BH>KeHHe B npOTRBOnOJlO>KROM HB npaBJIe-
HHH. PewHH npHMepoB'Ha .neneHHe MHOr03HaQHblX ttRCen
lIa 0)1H03HBIIHoe C OCT3TKOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3H3KOMCT80 c npHeMo).{ Jl.eJIeUHSI nlOtSoro '1HCJIa Ha 10,
100, 1 000 C OCT8TKOM. Ynpa>KHeHHH B YMHO>KeHHH H ,lJ,ene-
HHH JJoooro QHCJIa H8 10, 100, I 000. PeweHHe ypaBHe.
UBA DHAa: 18. x = 15 · 6. COCT8BJ1eHHe Sa,AaQH no ypaB-
n pOaOA3ICeHue
-cTp
ycaeCSaRKa
115-123
124-125
125-127
127-130
.130-133
133-134
134-136
321

oM
ypoKa
n pOaOA3IlCHUe
COAep)II:SHlfe YPOK3
CTp.
Y'leC5HBK
10.
11.
12.
328
3.
HeHHIO. PeUJClIHe SaJlaQH H3 HaXO>K,l:t€'IIHe IJIiCJIa no ero ,l:tO-
Jle. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .- . . . . . . . .
3HaKOMCTBO co cnoco6oM pemeHHH sa.aB'I H8 nponopUHO-
HBJlbHOe .aeJ1eUHe. Ynpa>KHeUHSI B YMHO>KeHHH H JleneHHH
JlloOoro HCJIa ua JOt 100. I 000 6e3 OCT8TKa H C OCTaTKOM.
3anHCb H HaXOiK,l:teHHe QHCoIl0BblX 3HaqeHH.. 6YKBeJlIIblX Bwpa-
'>KeHHft npH ,l:tBHHbIX 3naQeHIUIX 6YKB. .........
3HaKOMCTBO C npaBHJlOM YMHO>KeHHH 'IHc.na Ha npOU3Be-
JleHHeH ncnO.'1b30BaHHe 3Toro npaBHJla npn peweHRH np"MepOB
H SB,l:ta4. PerneUHe 3aJ1,aQ Ha nponopu,HOHanblloe .ae..'1eHHe c
BeJ1R1.IHHaMH: CKOpOCTb, apeMH. paCCTOHHHe. D.eAcTBHS{ C
MHor03nattHblMH t{HcnaMH ..............
3H3KOMCTBO c peUJeHHeM YCJIO>KHeHHL1X aaJ1,3 1 ) Ha nponop"
UHOH3JlbHOe .l1eneHHe no 4>OPMYJl8M: Xl = a : (a + b) : c;
X2 = b : (a -f- b) : c. Ynpa>KlleUHSI 8. YMHOiKenHII QHCJ1a
Ha npOH3BeJ1,eHHe. YuIO)KeHHe R .l1eJleHHe Juo60ro qHCJIa H8
1 0 . 1 00, I 000 ....................
PeweHHe 3a,Aa4 ua HaXO>Kl1.eHHe J1,p06H QRCJI8. YnpB>J<ue-
HHSI B Bblpa>KeHUH MeJlKHX ool']el\ B 6o.nee KpynHblx H Kpyn-
HbiX B oo.'1ee MeJlKtI"X. PelueHRe HepaneHCTB BHa: 40 : a > 3.
YnpB>KHeHHH, CB$)3aHllbJe c pa3BHTHeM reOMeTpHQecK}IX
npeJlCTaBJIeHHH r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3HaKoMcTBO co cnoc06oM "HCbMeHHoro YMHO>KeHIHI liB
KpyrJlbIe QHc.na. PemeHHe ypaBHeHHA BRAS: 900 - x : 5 =
 800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3HaKOMCTBO c nOIISlTHeM «nponOpLI.HOnBJlbHaH aaBJiClt-
MOCTb» Me)K,lty BeJlH4HHafR: CKOpOCTb, BpeMSI, paccToflHRe.
Ynpa>KHeHHSI B YMHO>KeHRH MHor03HattHbrX qucen na Kpyr-
Jlble '1HMa. Ynpa>KHeHHSI, CBH3anllble C pa3BnTHe:\f reO\1CT-
pnqeCKRX npe.l1.CTa1elutH ...............
npReM flHCbMeHHoro YMHO>KeHHSI qHCe." OJ<.aHlIHBaIOWHX-
CSI HYJJHMH. Pel.UeHHe S8,AaQ C neJJR'IHH8MH: CKOpOCTb, BpCMSJ
H paCCTOHI1Re-pa3HbrMH cnoc06aMH. Ynpa>KHeHHR 8 cpaB-
HeHHH 1JHCJIOBLlX Bblpa>KeHHR Ha qCHoBe pa3JIHtleHRB npaBH.'}
YMHO>KeHHB "'-t{Hc.'1a H8 C)'MMY R IJHCJJa H3 npOH3BeeHHe
YMHO>KeHHe \JHceJl, OKanqHBal01ll.HXCSI nyng:\1H. PerneHRe
S8,ZtaQ HB nponOpUl10Ha",1blloe .l1eJ1eHHe C BeJlHttHlIaMH: ueHB,
KO..'1HIJecTBO, CTORMOCTb H CKOpOCTb, BpeMH, paCCTOSlHHe.
HaO..'IIO.L\eHRSI 3a. H3MeHeHHeM CYMMbI, pa3110CTH, npOH3BeJ1,e-
HHSI H 4aCTHoro B COg3" C }t3MeHeHHeM KOMnoneHTOB AeAcT-
BUn. HaXO>KJJ.fHHe lIHcnOBblX 3HalleHHH 6YKBeHIlblX Bblpa>Ke-
Ii II H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3HaKOMCTBO C npaBHJlOM .aeJ1ell IUI QIlCJIa Ha npOH3Bce-
HHe, HCI1OJ1b30naUHe ero liP" pcrneHHH npHMepOB. PerneHHe
3a.l1aT..lR H3 H8XOil<,neuue AP06H IJ}tcJla. Ha6J1IO,a,eHHH sa H3'
MeHenueM pa3HOCTU n cnn3H C yne.'IHlleHHeM BbltlHTaeMOro B
HeCKO",lbKO pa3 . .- . . . . . ./. - . . . . . . . . . .
Ha6Juo.n.eHHH no TaOJ1Hu,e sa H3\teHeHHe:\t paCCTOSlIJUH B
3aBHCH10CTIt OT H3MeHeHHH CKOpOCTH (opeMH 110CTOHHlIoe)
H 3a 1:f3McHfHHeM CKOpOCTU B 3aAHCliMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHSI
paCCTOHJIRH (BpeMH IJOCTOJIHIJOe). Ynpa)t{HeHHH B pernCHHH
9.
136-137
137
138
. 139
140
141
142
143-144
1'45
146
1 ".

Ny
ypoKa
13.
14.
15.
16.
17, 18.
1 9 t 20.
21.
22.
23
Co.ltep)K8HHe YPOK8
.npHMepOB c npH:\1eneHHeM npaBRJ]8 .n.e.neHHH qlfCJJ8 Ha npo-
H3Be.ll.elnte. Y n paiKHeuHB, HanpaBJIeHHble H3 pa3RHTI;le reo-
MerpH qeCKHX nOH SlrHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
3HaKoMcTBO C npHeo1 lle..1eHUB MHOr03HaQUblX qHCen
Ha KpyrJlble QHCJ13 003 OCTaTKa H C ocraTKOM npH O.l1l103HalJ-
HOM qaCTHOM. COCTaMeHHe n pe1JJeHHe pa3IIbIMH cnoc06aMu
33A8q 118 38BnCHMOCTb paccronuHSI OT CKOpOCTlI npH nOCTOHH-
HOM apeMen". BbitIepQHBaHHe OKPY>KHOCTH no ;J.aHHOMY pa-
llHYCY . . . . . . .. ...... .......
3H3KOMCTBO co cnoc060M nHCbMellHoro .1J.e..'leHUB MHoro.
3HattHOro qHCJIa H3 Kpyr.rrble .n.eCBTKH npH MHOr03UaQnOM
Q8CTlIOM. PellleHHe ypaBHeHHil BH)J.a (x · 9) : 24 = 3. Pewe-
HHe S8.naQ 118 38BHCHMOCTb Me>KllY CKOpOCTblO, BpeMeHeM H
paCCTOHHHe:-.t . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......
,[leJleHHe MUOr03HatIHblX IJHCeJ1 lIa Kpyrol1b1e IIHc..la, BK.THO'
qaH ,lI.eJ1eHHe lIa KpyrJ1b1e COTHH U TblCBlln. npOBepKa ;J.eJIe-
HMSI. COCraBJIeHHe sa.n.aq Ha BCTpe4Hoe U npOTHBonOJ]O)({IlOe
;1.BHmeUHe no qepTe>KaM. nOBTopeHHe npaBHJ] YMHO>KeHHSI
Ha CYMMY H YMHO>KeHUe qHCna Ha npOH3Be;1.eHue. H3YlleHHe
B3aHMOn0J10)({eUHB HB nJ]OCKOCTH OTpe3Ka H OKpY>KHOCTH
Ha6J]IO;J.eHHSI no 'l"atSJluue sa H3feHeHHeM BpeMeHH B 3a.
liHCI1MOCTH OT H3MenelHtH CKOpOCTH H H3MelIenueM CKOpOCTH
A 38BHCHMOCTH OT H3MeneHHSI BpeMenH (paCCTOHHHe nocTO-
Sill Hoe). HCnOJIb30BaUue 3TOA saBHCHMOCl'H npH peWCHHH
3aJl,a q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ynpa>KHeHHH B nHCbMeHHOM YMHO.>KeHHH H ;1.eJleHHH MHO'
r03H8tJHblX qHCe' lIa KpyrJJh1e QUCJl8. PeweHHe 3a.nall
lIa 3aSHCHMOCTb Me1KA}' BpeMeHeM H CKOpOCTbJO (paCCTOHHHe
nOCTOSlHHoe). PeweHHe sa,ZJ.aQH H8 nponopUHOHa..FJbHOe ;J.eJleHHe
Ha6JIIOAeHHSI 3a H3MeHeHHeM CYML1 npH "3MeHelHH 0;1.'
Horo 1I3 c.JIaraeMbIX H 3a H3MeHenHeM qaCTHOro B 3aBHCH1\10CTH
OT H3MeHeUHH ;1.eJlIiTeJJSI ...............
KOHTp0J1bIl3R paOOT3. npOBepKa YMeHHH peUl8Tb 33;1.8lJU
Ha nponoplIOlla.mHoe lleJ]eHue, Ha 3aBHCHMOCTb Me}l(Jl.Y
CKOpOCTbJO H BpeMeneM (paCCTORHe nOCTOHHHoe). npOBepKa
YMeHHJJ YMHO}KaTb H lleJ1HTb l1a KpyrJ1b1e IIHc.na. PaOOTa HaA
OWH6K8MH
YpOK MO>KeT 6b1Tb HCnOJIb30B3H AJ1S1 pa60TbI C M3TepHa-
nOM llJlR ,lI.onOJlHHTeJlbHblX ynpaiKHeHuA . . . . . . . . .
3H3KOMCTBO c nHCbMeHHblM npHeMOM YMHO>KeHHSI ,ZJ.BY-
3HailHoro tlHCJIa H8 ;1.BY3Ha4Hoe. I1cnoJIb30B8HHe 3TOfO npHe-
Ma npH pewellHH npHMepOB H sa;1.atJ. nOBTopeHHe HYMepa-
UUH MHor03HatJHWX 'IHcen. Pa3JJo*eUHe MHOr03naQHbiX qU-
CM Ha pa3pSlllHble CJ]araeMbie . . . . . . . .. . .
Ynpa)({HeHHSI B nHCbMeHHOM YMHO}f{eHHH MHOr03HatlHOrO
QHCJIB Ha llBY3Hal(HO. PeUJeHH sa;1.a'l c npH'eHeHHeM npHe-
Ma YMHO)f{eHHSl tHOr03HaqHOrO qHC'1a H8 )lBYSHatlHoe. Pewee
HHe ypaBHeHuii BHAa: 96: c + 72 : 12 = 10. PellleHHe 33-
AatlH c (5YKBeHHLIMlf Jl8HHblMH. BbInOJlHeIlUe rOMeTpHl{eC--
KHX ynpam})eHllii ..... ... . .
1
npOaOAJICeHUe
CTp.
}''1e6HHKa
147
148-149
150
151-152
152.153
153-154
154-159
159-161
161-162
329

M
ypoKa
24.
25.
26.
2.
28.
29.
30.

31.
82.
33G
Co,ltep)l(aHHC ypoKa
, ,
3HaKOMCTBO c nHCbME'HHhIM npUeMOM YMHOJKeHHH H3
TpeX3Ha'lHOe QHCJIO nYTeM Cp3BHeUJ1S1 C YMHO>KeHHt Ha ;l.BY-
3UaQUQe 'lHCJlO. 'COCTaMeHHe 33A3q no «PoPMYJI.aM: x =
=a. b+c. PeilIeHH.e HepaneHCTB BHAa: 300:c = 20 H ypaBHe.
lIHH BHA3: 3872 - (1698 -l- x) = 87 . . . . . . . . . . .
3H3KOMCT80 C AHarpaMMofi Kal< co cnoc06oM rpa<!tH1Jec-
}{oro H306pa>KeHHSI aeJlHlIHH, nOAJJe>Kaw,HX HarJlSl,AHoMY
cpaBHeHRIO. MacwTa6 It ero npHMenenue npH tlTeHHll H no-
CTpOeHHH )1.HarpaMM. Ynpa>KHeHHSI B nHCbMeHHOM YMHO>Ke-
ItHH H3 ,A0Y3Ha t uloe M Tpex3H3'IHoe tJHCJ10. PerneHHe -3a,ZJ.aQ
(I a npOTHBOnOJlO>KHOe H BCTpeqHOe ABH}I{eHHe . . . . . . .
Bse.n.eHHe 0t506U\eHHOrO cnoco6a YMHO>KeHHH lIa MHoro.
3ua'tHoe \UICJlO nYTeM conOCT8BJJelIHSI YMHO>KeHHH na OAHO.
3EI3'1HOe, ABY3HaQUoe. TpeX3HattHoe H QeTb1pex3H8tJHoe qH-
no. PeweHHe 3aJ\aqH lIa 3aBHCHMOCTb Me>K,AY l(eHOH, KOJIH-
'leCTBOM . H CTOHMOCTbJO cnoc060M COCTaBJIeHHSI neCKOJ1bKHX
ypaBHenHR. Ynpa>KHeHUH B qTeHHIi ,llHarpaMM . . . . . .
npHeMbI YMHO>KeHHst Ha MHor03HallHble 4HCJ1a, n Cepe,AH-
lie KOTOpbIX HMelOTCSI HYJ1H. PeweUHe 3a!J-aq C npOnOpIJ.Ho'
lIaJlbHblMH BeJ1HlIHH8MH cnoc060M COCT3B,,1eHHH ypaBHeuHH
H ,lJ.pyrHMH cnoc06aMH. nOCTpoeHHe «erHneTCKoro:t TpeyrOJJb-
IUIKa. (CTOpOHbI 3 CM. 4 CM, 5 CM.) . . . . . . . . . .
3H8KOMCTBO co cnoco60M )'MHO>KeHHH COCTaBHoro HMeHO-
BaHHoro QHcna Ha ABy3HaQHOe H Tpex3HaQHoe. nOBTopeHHe
Mep ,lJ.nHHbI 1-1 Mep Beca. Pe1lleHHC 33,lJ.aQH lIa npSlMo nponop-
HOnaJJbIlYIO aaBHCHMOCTb . . . . . . . . . .  . . . .
Ynp>KHeHHSI B TIHCbMeHHOM YHfO>KeHHH na TpeX3HaQHOe
tjHCJlO OTMelleHlIblX H COCTBBHblX HMeHOB8HRblX t{HCeJl. YM-
HO>KeHHe CYMMbI ua qHCJIO ,AB}'MSI cnoc06aMH. Haxo>K,lJ.enHe
LlHCJJOBOrO 3HatfeHHH BblpS>KeHHR npn A8UHblX 3HaQeHHHX
DXO,lJ.SlInHX B Hero (5YKB. PeweHHe ypaBHeHHH BMAa:
(c - 8) : 60.. 30  50. lJTeHHe AHarpaMMbI . . . . . .
Ynpa}KUellHSI B BblqHCJleHHH nJlom.aAH npHMoyrOJlbHHK3.
3H8KOMCTBO C KBaApaTHblM AeHMeTpoM Hero OTH01lleHHeM
C KBaApaTHbiM C8HTHMeTpOM. PS3,lJ.po6JIeHHe -KBaApaTHbiX
.l1eI{HMeTpOB B K88ApaTHbIe C8HTHMeTpbl H 06paTHaH onepsLlHH.
PeweHHe 3a.na1.J H8 RbltlHCJlenHe nJIOaAH C 6YKBeHllblMH
A8HHblMR H C 1JHCJlOBblMH. YMHO>KeHRe COCTaBHblX HMeHOBaH-
HbiX 'IHCM H8 TpeX3HaqH QHCJlO . . . . . . . . . . .
BhllUtCJIeHHe nJJOlU8AH H nepHMeTpa KB8ApaTa. PerneHHe
aa.l18QH H8 BblQHCneHHe nJJoID-aAH npRMoyrOJJbllHK3, COCTaB-
neHHe H perneHHe sa,lJ.aq. ()p8Tnblx eA. YCTHoe peweHHe
npHMepoB C HcnonbOBaHHeM nepeMecTHTenbHOro H COQeTa-
TeJlbHOrO CaoACTB YMHO)l(eHHH. ¥npa>KUeHHH 8 pa3,Apo6JIe-
HHH KBaApaTHLIX AeUHMeTpOB B KB8;q>aTHwe CaHTRMeTpbl H
06paTH8R. nponopUHB . . . . . . . . . . · · · . . . .
PeweHHe 3a.AaQ H3 nponopUIiOHaJ1bHOe .l1eJIeHHe H HI Bbl-
qHCJlIHHe nnoa.AH (8 KB8,lJ.paTHblX C8HTHMeTpax). 11 npa>K:
HeHHH B YMHO>KeHHH MHOr03HaQHhlX qHCen H8 ABY3HaQHble
H TpeX3HaQHble. lITeHHe ,AHsrpSMMbI . . . . · . . . . .
" pOaO.AeHue'
CTp,
YIIHHK8
162-163
163-165
165-166
166-167
167-168
169-170
170-171
171-173
173-174 /

.
)' POKa
33, 34.
35.
36.
37.
38, 39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46, 47.
48.
,
Co,Aep»caHHe ypottlt
-.
KOHTpOJlbH8H paOOTa. npOBepK8 YMeHHSI peW3Tb 3aAa-
'1H sa naXO)J(AeHile CYMMbI ABYX npOH3BeAeHKR. npOBepKa
YMeHHJI YUIIO>KaTb OTBJJeqeHHble If COCT80HbIe HMeHOBaHHble
IJHCJl8 Ha ,lJ.SY3I1aQHOO H TpeX3HaQHOe QHCJlO. npOBepK3 YMe-
IIUH BhJlJJ1C'JJI1Tb nJlOw.a)l.b H nepHMeTp npB:\foyrOJlbHHKa.
PaOOT3 H8J1 OlUH6K3MU
YpOK MO>KeT 6hITb HCnOJJb30B8H Jl.JJSI pa60Tbl C AO-
1I000HHTeJlbHblM Ma-repHa..'10M ..............
npHeM nHCbMeHHoro AeJleHHSI MHor03HallHbJX IJHCe.n H8
nY3Ha'lHoe. PeweUHe 3a,lJ.att cnocooo.\f OTHoweHHH. Ha6JJIO-
,l!eJJHSJ 3a H3MeHeHHeM npOR3BeAeHHft B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3-
MeneUUH COMHO>KHTe.l1eA H 38 H3eHeH"eM qaCTHOro npH H3-
MeHeHHH ,l!eJJHMOrO ..................
nUCbMeHHoe ,ae.neHHe MHOr03Ua1JHhlX QHCeJI Ha ABY3H3 t l-
lIoe qHC..'10 (TPY,l!llble ClIYllaH). PeweUHe 3aAaIJ H3 Ae.neHHe.
Ynpa>KlleHHH B IJTeHHH AHarpaMMbI H B HaXO)K,l!eIlHH ee Mac-
wTa6a .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Y CTHoe H nHcbMeHlloe AeJIeHHe H8 AQySHa'iHOe .'1HCJlO.
Ynpa>KHeHHH B COCTaBJIeHHH ypaBHeHHH Ha OCHoae 3HaHHH
B3aHMOCBSl3H MeJf<,lJ.Y ,l!eJJHMhlM, .lteJJHTeJleM H '1aCTIIbIM. flpo-
BepK3 ,l!eJJeHHH }MHO.>KeHHeM. nO;U-OTOBKa K peweHHJO S3,l!aQ
H8 HBXOAeHHe HeH3BeCTHoro no BYM pa3HOCTHM
3H8KCMCTBO c pemeHHeM 3a.aaQ Ha HaXO)f()1eHHe HeJt38eCT-
norD no ,ABY" pa3JlOCTBM. YMHO}Ke({})e H AeJleHHe MHor03Ha l l-
HblX IJHCeJJ. 1..JreHHe ,nHarpaH.1. Hat5.TlIo,neHHB S3 H3MeHellHeM
npOHSBeAelUUJ B S3BHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH MHO:>KH'I'eJUI.
PeWeHHe 3BAaq H8 HaXO)K,l1eHHe HeH3BeCTHoro no )l.BYM
pa3HOCTHM. COCTBBJlelJRe H peweUHe saAaq 9TOro Tuna no
KpSTKOH 3anHCH B TaMHue. PerneHRe 3aAaq na naXO>K,ZJ.eHHe
HeCKOJlbKHX qaCTCH OT tlHCna. YMHOJf<eHHe MHOr03lfaQHblX
IjJtCe.JI ......... & . . . . . . . , . . . . . .
CnY'laH ,ne.neUHB MHOr03HaQHLIX qHCen H8 ,ARY3Ha l JHoe.
P,lIJellHe S8j\aQ Ha 3aBHCHMOCTb Me>KAY KOpOCTblO, BpeMe-
HeM " paCCTOSlHHeM: PeweHHe HepaBeHCTB . . . . . . . .
npHeM nHCbMeHHoro ,l!e.neHHSI Ha ABY3HallHOe qHCJlO C
OCT8TKOM. PemeHHe 3a,J.att ua H8XO>KAeHHe HeH3BeCTHOrO
no ABYM pa3HOCTHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3HaKOMCTBO co cnocot50! AeJleflHSI npOCToro H COCTaBHoro
HMenonaHlloro tJHCna lIa ,l(BY3HatfHoe. HCnOJJb30B8HHe 9Toro
cnoco(5a npH peUJeHliH 3allaQ. ):leHcTBHSI C MIIOr03HatlHbJMH
qHCJJ3MH. PeweHHe sa,l!atl. BWqeptJHBaHHe AHarpa:\1MbI
YnpaJKHeHHH B AeJleHHH npOCTbIX H COCTaBHblX HMeHOB3n-
HblX 'IUCM, BKJlIOQaH CJIy t l3H ,lteJleHHH HMeHOB3HHoro llHClIa
lIa HMeHOB8HHoe. nOBTOpeHHe nopa3pSlAHoro COCTBBa MHO-
3H a QHblX qHCeJI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
nOBTOpenHe H saKpen,,1eHHe npOHJ1.eHHOrO MarepHaJl8
KOHTpOJlbHaH pa60Ta. npOBepKa YMeHHH pewaTb 3aAallH
Ha HaXO»<J1.eHHe Hen3BeCTHOrO no ABYM p3HOCTHM, YMeHHSl
,ZJ.eJlHTb MHOr09HaQllble qflcna Ha ,l(BY3UaQUble, YMeHHH HaATH
1fHCJlOBOe 3Ua t JeHHe 6YKBeHHoro Bblpa>KenHSl np" AaHHYX
SHaqeHHHX BXOJ\Hlll.HX B nero 6YKB. Pa60Ta BaA oWH(5xaMH.
n pOaOA3ICeHue
I CTP.
y-.eCSJlIIH8
174-1
181-18
182-183
183-1
185-186
186, 181
187. 188
189-1
190-191
'.,.
\ .j'
,.,./
" ,I'
. "",,"

M
YpoKa
49.
50.
51.
332
n po aOIl3ICeHlI.e
Co,1.ep>KaHHC ypoK8
CTp.
yqe(jUKKa
3uaKOMCTtiO C KDa.l1paTHLI MeTpOM. COOTHOllleHHe KaB,A-
paTHOrO MeTpa C KBa1l.paTHblM .lI.eUHMerpOM H KBa,ApaTHbiM
C8HTHMeTp0),f. BldqHC.,1eHHe lInow.aA" C "OMOblO KBaApaT-
Horo 1eTpa. YMHO}f(eItHe H Ae.T(eHHe MHOr03HaQnblX QHCeJI.
PenleHHe ypaBHeHHH RH,na: 87 · x - 78 · 18 = 78 . . . .
'Cuoc06 3aMeHbI KpynHLlx KBa.zr.paTHbix tep (jOJlee MeJlKH-
MH H MenKHX oo.nee KpynHblMH. PeweHHe npoCTbI;J H CJI0>K-
HblX 3a,l1,att na BLlqHCJleHHe n..10w.aAH. Ynpa>KHeHHst B YMHO-
>KenHH H' ,a,e.'1eHHH MHOr03HaQHblX qHCen. BblqHCJJeHHe nepH-
MeTP8 npHMoyronbHHKa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PeweHue 3a.n.3lJ H8 BbPIHcneHHe n..'10w.aAH. HMelOw.eA:
tPoPMY K Ba .l1paTa. PeweuHe sa.ll.atfH H8 HaXO>K,neHHe HeH3BCCT'
Horo no ..l10YM pa3HocTHM.. PeweHHe ypaBHeHU" BHn.a:
5 · x - 215 = 678 + 267 .. ...... . . · ·
qETBEPTA QETBEPTb
192-193
193-194
194-195
,AeJleHHe Ha TpeX3Ha'lHoe IIHCJJO
1.
3HaKOMCTBO C "pHeMOM .zr.eJleHHH TpeXSHaQHOrO qHcna
Ha TpeX3Ha'lHoe. PeweHHe sa.ll.atlH H8 HaXO>K)J.eHHe AOJlH 'Inc-
na. J!e.1JeUHe MHOr03HatlHblX qucen H8 KpyrJlble C OCTaTKOM. 195-196
nHcbMeHHoe AeJJeHHe MHOr03HaQHblX I.JHCeJI Ha TpeX3HaQ-
Hoe "p" O,JlH03HaQHOM H ABY3Ha'lHOM '18CTHOM. CpaBHeHHe
HMeHOBaHHblX qucen, Bhlpa>KeHHhlX APo6HblMH H lleJIblMH
'IHCJJaMH. nOBTopeHHe S8BHCHMOCTH Me>KAY KOMnOHeHTaMH
AeAcTBUH Jl.eJJeHHfl. Ynpa>KHeHHe, CBflsaHHoe c pa3BHTlfeM
reoMeTpH'IeCKHX npeAcTasneHHA . . . . . . . . . . . .. 196--197
npHeM I1HCbMeHHoro .n.enellHH Ha TpeX3HaqHO QHCJlO
(CJJYtlaM. Kor)J.a B qaCTHOM fiOJlyqaeTCfl Tpex- HJlH 'IeTbipeX-
3HaQHOe 'IHCJlO). npoBepKa .lI.eneHHH YMHO)l{eHHeM " }J.eJle-
HHeM. PeweHue cnO)l(HbiX 3a)J.a'l Ha COBMecTHYIO paooTY.
BbI'IHCJleHHe JIJlOll\aJl.H " nepHMeTpa npHMoyronbHHKa. .BbI-
QepQHB8HHe ero no AallHblM pa3MepaM cropop. PeweHue
ypaBHeHHA BH;J.a: 8 · x-I 0 = 22 . . . .. . . . . . .. 198-199
CnyqaH Jl.eJleHHSI H3 TpeX3Ha4Hoe 4HCJlO. KorAa B AeJJHTe-
ne qHCnO COTeH paBHO eAHHHD. H uu4»pa qaCTHoro HaXO..l1HTci
nYTeM HeCKOJIbKHX npo(5. PeweUHe 3a.n.aq na COBMeCTHYIO pa-
6ory. nOCTpoeHHe npHMoyroJlbHoro TpeyrOJlbHHKa. BbI'IHC.
neHHe nJlOma.ll.H KBaApaTOB. nOC1"poeHHblX Ha CTopOHax Tpe-
yrOJlbHHKa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 199-200
YnpaHeHHn B peweHHH ypaBHeHHA H aa)J.a'l cnoc66oM
COCTaBJIeHUfl ypaBHeHHSI. CocTasneHHe 3a.ll.a'lH. no A3HHOMY
ypaBHeHH. PeweHHe npHMepoB'Ha ;J.eneHHe MHOr03HaQHYX
"Hcen H8 TpeX3HaQUOe 'IHCJlO. OpOBepKa pe3YJlbTaTOB YMHO-
)KeHHH AeJIeHHeM. PeweHHe SaAaQH H8 BbI'IHCJleHHe nnow.SAH
npHMoyroJlbflHKa .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. .. 200-201
Ynpa>KHeHHB B nHCbMeHHOM lteJIeHHH lIa Tpex3HatJHoo
QHCno. Hcno..Tfb30aaHHe AeAcTBHfI AeneHHst npH peweHHH
saA8'1, "PH HaXO)l\.!teHHH 'IHC.1IOBblX' 3HaqeHHH: npH )J.8HHblX
3H8'1eHHftX OYKB. 41eUHe J;tHarpaMMbI ........ __. 201-202
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

3aAaqH " npHMepW H3 Bce AeHCTBHR
1. PeweHHe npHMepOB H3 nopH.nOK AeHCTBHK. PeweHHe sa.n.aq
c nOMObl0 COCTaaneHHH OPMYJ]b1. HaOJllo.neHHSI 3a 83Me-
nellHeM CYMMbI 8 SBBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHA O;J.HOro 83 CJla-
raeMbiX ....................... 210-211
2. nOBTopeHHe 3aBHCHMOCTJI MeiKJlY .D.J]UUOH, WHpHHOH H
nJlou\a,lJ.b1O npHMoyroJlbHHK8. PeWeH}Je 38Aatt, CBH33HHblX
C 9TOH 3aBHCHMQCTbJO. PelueHHe npHMepoB C MHoro3HaQHblMH
qHCJlaMH Ha Bce AeHcTBIiH . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 211-212
3. Peweu8e npHMepoB co cKooKaMH Ha Bce QeTb1pe .neHcTBIlH.
CocTaa.,1eHHe H peweHHe 3a;J.aQH na 3aSHCHMOCTb Me}l<AY
.n.. 1 HHOH, WHpHHOH H nJlOllJ,a,i1.b1O npHMoyrOJIbHHKa. COCT8BJle-
HHe H peuIeHHe 3aj),8'1, 06paTHblx eli. .......... 212-213
4. nootopeHHe 33BHCHMOCTH Me>KAY AJlHHOH, WHpHHOH 8
nJlOw.a)l.blO npSlMoyrOJIbHHKa. PeweHHe npHMepOB Ha Bee
AeHCTBHSI. PeweHHe npHMepOB co cK06KaMH. Ynpa>KUeHHH,
HanpSBJJeHHble H8 pa3BHTHe reOMeTplllJeCKHX np e .D.CT8BJleHHit 213-214
5. Ynp-a}f(HeHHH B peweHHH npHMepoB H 38Aa'l HS ace AeH-
CTBMA. nOCTpoeHHe npHMoyronbHHK8 no AaHHblM cropoHaM
H KBapaTa no aHHOMY nepHMeTpy . . . . . . . . . .. 214-115
6. nOBTOpe}ute 38BHCHMOCTH Me>K.l1Y ,lJ...'1HHOH. WHpHHoA 8
11J1011aJ1.blO npSll\toyrOol'JbHHK8. PeweHHe 3a,A3 t l pa311bIMU cno-
co6aMH . . . .. . ..... _ . . . . . . . . .. 202-210
7. 8. 9. KOIITpO..'JbH2S1 pa60Ta. nponepKa YMeHHSI pewaTb 3B.naQH
na HaXO>KJJ.eUHe nnOw.a,lJ.H ,npSlMoyrOJIbllHKa 8 3a;r.aQ H8 3a8H-
CHMOCTb Me>KJ.lY BeJlHtt8HaMH: K0JI8'1eCTBOM npOAYKUHH,
H3rOTOBJleHHOH B OJlHH lI.eHb, KOJIH'IeCTBOM AHeH II 06UHM
qHJIOM npo,nYK1.1HH. npOBepK8 YMeHHH }J;eJJHTb MHOr03Haq-
Uhle '{HCJIa lIa .llBY3HaQHoe H TpeX3HattHOe QHCJIO, pew3Tb
ypaBHeHHH H HepaBeHCTB3.
Mepw apeMeHH
COCT3BJJeHHe Ta6..1Ul{bI Mep apeMeHH. PellIeHHe 3a,Il.3tJ
Ha BbJ'IHCJIeUHe BpeMellU. COCTaBJIellne 33.n.aQ na 33BHCH-
MOCTb Me)K,lJ.Y Jl,JlHUOH, WHpHHOH H nJIo1.U.8AblO npHMoyroJlb'
HUKa. PellleHHe npHlepOB Ha Bee )l.eHCTBJHJ C MHOr03HaQHblMH
LlHC,,18\!H . . . .. ................. 215-217
3naKOMCTBO C Ta6eol'1b-KaneHlI.apeM. BblQUCJleliHe BpeMe-
HH no Ta6e.flb-Ka."1eU,lJ.aplO. ,QencTBHSI C HMenOnaHHbJMH 4Hcna-
MH. Ynpa>KUeHHSI B nHCbMeIlHOt .D.e..'1eHHH HB TpeX3Ha t lHoe
IIHCJlO ....... ................. 217-218
Ynpa>KHeHHH B Bblpa>KeHHM KpynHblx Mep BpeMeHH B
oonee MeJlK8X H MeJIKHX B 60Jlee KpynHb1x. COCTaBJIeHHe H
pellIeHHe 3a,llaq ua 3aOHCUt.{OCTb Mem.ny AJlHHOA, WHpMHOH
H nJlOllJ,aAblO npSlMoyro.."1bHHKa. PelIIeulfe npHMepoB Ha Bee
.n.eHCTBHH C MHor03Ha l lHbJMH YHCJ18MH. Pel1leHHe 38,naQ H3
BbllIHCJlCHUe speMeHM. Ynpa>KHeHHH B cpaBHeHHH 8MeHOBaH-
HblX QHCeJI. CB513aIlJlldX C nOHHTHeM CMepa BpeMeHH». . -.. 218-220
Nt
}'P<>K8
I.
2.
3, 4.
,
,P
np080A:NCtHue
CoAep>JCBJJHe ypOK8
CTp.
YQe(SHBH8
)
333

..V!
y pOK8
5, 6.
7, 8, 9.
10. .
11, 12.
13, 14.
1-15
16-17
C..oJ1.p>KaHHe Y pOKa
CO>KeIIHe H BLlt[liTaHHe HMeHosaHllbiX LJHCen C MepaMH
Bpe:\teHH. PeweHRe 3a,lJ.a'l H3 Bb[t{RCne}lHe BpeMenH. Ynpa>K-
HeHHSJ, CBSl38f1I1b1e c pa3BHTHeM feoMeTpHqeCKHX npe,lJ.cT8B-
.neHHft. PeweHHe npHMepOB lIB YMHOiKeHue R ;:t.eJleHHe MHoro.
3Ha t(Hb[X qHCen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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352

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yqeHHKH JleJIalOT npOCTbIe OTI{pbITble Kopo6KH JlJIH pa3Jl.aTOtIHbIX MaTe-
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S08I1HH, YCBoeHHbIe np" H3YQeHHH OCHoa HaYK. n03TOMY BeCbMa u.e.ne-
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12 SalCas 694.
353

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354

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12 111
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364

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KpaXM8JI 3aMallMBalOT B He6oJIblllOM KOJIHtleCTBe XOJIOJl.HOH BO,nbI H
nOJIYlleHHoe «MOJIOllKO» BJIHB8KIT npM 9HeprHlIHOM nOMeWHB8HHH 8
ropHlIYIO BO,ny, ltarpeTYro tJYTb BbIIIIe' TeMnepaTypbI KJIeHCTepH3aUHH,
T. e. JJ.JIH K8pTocpe.nbHoro KpaXp.faJIa.no 75-80° t AJIH MaHCOBoro-
,no 80-90°. KJIeHcrep HeJIb3H KHnHTHTb, TaK KaK npH KHnHtleHHH
CHH>KaeTCH ero KJIeHrnaH CHJIa. KpoMe Toro, neperpeB BC)l.eT K H3J1HW-
Hey 3arycTeHHlO paCTBopa H OT,lI.eJIelIHIO' BOJJ.bl npH OCTbIBaHHH.
1 npH OTCYTCTBHH TaKOH ,ZtOCKH MO>KJlO B3HTb rJIaJtKYIO cpaHepy HJlH' KYCOK
TMCToro KapTona.
2 113 COO6pa>KeHHH 6e30naClIOCTH Ha.no K cpaJIbUJIHHeHKe npHKpenHTb PY'lKY Ta-
Koro }Ke BH.D.a, KaK Y Ot)bIt{HOH KJl8CCHOH J1HlIeiII{H.
365

rora KpaXMabHOrO KeH SaBHCHT or KOHqecrBa -H KaqecTBa
KpaXMaJJa. 06hIQHO XOpOlllHH KJleHCTep nOJlytlaerCH, eCJIH B3BTb Ha
t A BO,llbI OT 50 )to 70 2 KpaXMaJla. npH JJ)IHTeJIbHOM xpaHeHHH KJIeH-
CTep CKHcaeT. npH6aBKa He60JIblliOrO KOJIl-flleCTBa 6YPbl, 60pHOH KHC-
u
JIOTbl HJIH KBaCUOB B BO.ny ,llJIH 3aBapHBaHHH KJleHCTepa HeMHoro nOBbI-
IllaeT coxpaHHOCTb rOTOBOfO KneH.
Ll e K C T P H HOB bl Ii K JI e H npHrOTOBJIHIOT H3 oopaOOTaHHoro
OC06blM cnocouot KpaxrvlaJIa. ,QeKCTpHH 6bIBaeT 6eJIblH, naJleBbIH II
>Ke.TITbIH. flOCJ1e)).HHH BCTpetlaerCH pe}Ke. )l(eJITbIH paCTBopHeTCH B
BO,Lle KOMHaTHOM TefI1epaTyphI, a OeJIbIH - B rOpHqeH. BblCOXillHH
CJ10A )).eKCTpHHOBoro KJIeH I1PH YBa}KHeHHH BHOBb CTaHOBHTCH KJIeH-
KHM. 3THf CBOHCTBOI MO)KHO BOCnOJlb30BaTbCH JIH npHroroBJIeHHH
rYM1\1HpOBaHHOH BeTHOH 6YMarH.
LleKCTpHHOBbIH KJIeH npHMeHHeTCH B BH){e 40 - 50-rrponeHTHoro
pacTBopa B Bo)).e. -ao6aBeHHe B K.TJeH 6YPbl YBeJIH1JHBaeT ero rrpoq-
HOCTb. HanpHMep, l\fO}l{HO B3HTb 60-80 1.IaCTeH .neKcTpHHa, 6-8 qac-
TeH 6YPbI, 1 llaCTb rJIHuepHHa H 60-80 qacreH BO)).b1. rJIHuepHH CJIY--
mHT JIH CMHrqeHHH nJIeHKH cyxoro Kneft.
C T 0 JI H P H bl H ( iK H BOT H bI H) K JI e H np HrOTaBJI HB a lOT
113 KOCTeH, KonbIT, CYXO}{{HJIHH >KIIBOTHbIX, H3 ,OTXO)).OB He,Lly6J1eHOH
KO>KH-fe3)l.pbI. CTOJIHpHblH KJIeH ,nJIH pa60TbI c )).peBeCHHOH, H KapTO-
HOM npHrarOBJIHerCH rYCTbIM. )l(H,LlKHH iKHBOTHblH KJlell 06J1a)).aeT
MaJIOH JIHnKOCTblO, npOHHKaeT tlepe3 6YMary H KapTOH, OCTaBJIHeT
TeMllbIe nHTHa.
CTOJlHpHblH KJIeH HeJIb3H BapHTb Ha OTKpbITOM orHe, TaK KaK OH
nO)1.ropaeT. n03TOMY efO npHfOTOBJIHIOT B ,llBOHHOM cocy,ne: B HapY>K-
HbIM HaJlHBalOT rOpHqylO BO,ny, a BO BHYTpeHHHH - paCTBOp KJIeH.
TaKYIO BOHHYIO KJleHIIKY MO>l{HO JlerKO C,LleJIaTb H3 ,lJ.BYX KOHcepBHblX
6aHOK-pa3Horo pa3Mepa.
llJIH npHfOTOBJIeHHH KJleeBOfO paCTBopa nJIHTKH cyxoro KJleH
pa36HBalOT Ha KYCKH, KJlanYT BO BHYTpeHHHH cocy,n H 3aJIHBaIOT paB-
HbIM no Becy KOJIHqeCTBOM XOJIO,llHOH BO)).bl. 4epe3 10-12 qaCOB KJIeH
HaoyxaeT. Torn:a KJleHHKY rrOMem.aK>T B HapY>KHbIH cocYJt c ropHqeii
BO,nOH H tIO,AOrpeBalOT )).0 rrOJIH9ro paCTBopeHHH KJIeH. H1]b3H CTO1]Hp-
HbIH KJIell HarpeBaTb Bblme 70 0 , TaK KaK rreperpeB Be,neT K 3HaqHTeJIb-
u
IIOMY CHHmeHHIO KJIeHll(eH CHJIbI.
CTOJIHpHblH KJIeH yrrOTpe6JIHeTCH TOJIbKO B rOpSl'leM COCTOHHHH.
npH6aBKOf( B XOpOlllHH Me3)).pOBbIH KJIeH YCHOH KHCJIOTbI MO>KHO
nO.lIYQHTb TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH XOJIO.nHbIH KJIeH. KIICJIOTY ,nooaBftlOT Ia-
.'1eHbKHMH rropUHHMH B rOpHtlHH CTOJlHpHbIH KJIeH. j{JIH npoBepKH ro-
TOBHOCTH KanalOT KJIeeM Ha CTeKJlO. ECJIH KanJIH 3aCTb1BaeT, ,no6aBJISI-
lOT erne rropUHIO KHCJlOTbl.
4ro6bI nJIeHKa sacoxrnero CTOJIHpHOrO KJIeH He KpOillHJIaCb, B
paCTBOp J100aBJIHIOT rJlHnepHH. rJlHuepHH CMHrqaeT KJIeeBYIO rrJIeHKY,
H OHa He JIOMaerCH npH crHoaHHH CKJleeHHOro npe,nMeTa, HarrpHMep
KopelliKa nepeneTaeMOH KHHfH. PeuenT KJIeH C rJIHuepHHOM: KOCT-
Horo HJIH le3)).pOBoro KJIeH - 40 BeCQBblX qaCTeH; fJ1HI.I.epHHa - 5
366

qaCTeH, BO,ltbI - 55 qaCTeH. Jl..rul AJIHTeJIbHOrO xpaHeHHH .lt003B.TJHIOT-
CH T3KHe }l{e aHTHcenTHKH, KaK H B KJleHCTep.
K 0 M  H H H P 0 B a H H hi H K JI e H. Xopowero KaqeCTBa IIO-
u u
JlyqaeTCH KJlell, rrpHfOTOBJIeHHbIH no CJIe.n.YIOIIJ.eMY peuenTY: )leKCTpH-
Ha 600 2, KOCTHoro KJIeH 450 2, BO,ltbl 1 A.
B npo,lta*e B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeMSI HMeeTCH MHOiKeCTBO KJIeeBbIX co-
CTaBOB Cal\10rO pa3JIH1JHOrO Ha3Ua1.IeHHSI:
K J1 e H 6<1>-2 - YHHBepCaJIbHbIH KJleft .lJ)IH CKJIeHBaHHH ,QpeBe-
CHHbI, MeTaJIJIOB, CTeKJIa, -<I>aSlHca, rpapcpopa, HeKOTopblX n.naCTfacc
(nltmeBYIO nocy,lty HM KJ1eHTb lleJIb3H).
K JI e ft 5$-6 - MSI CK..TJeHBaHHH TKaHeH (HanpHMep, npH HaJIO-
>KeHHH SanJIaT 6e3 IDBa). ./
C H H T e T H 11 e C K H it K JI e H -,lJ)ISJ KOLKH, CTel{,a3 H .llpy rHX
'\
MaTepHaoB. .
K JI e H 88 H - J1JIH npHKJIeHB3HHH pe3HHbI K leTaJIJlY, CTeKJIY,
.AepeBY.
P e 3 H HOB bI it K JI e H H ,ltpyrHe.
3TH KJIeeBble COCTaBW cHa6}1{alOTCH HHCTPYKUHeH c npaBHJIanl ...
06paIll,eHHH C KJIeeM H YKa3aHHeM cnOCOOOB ero npHleHeHlfH.
n pU20nl08/leHue wnalUle8KU U lle8KaCa aAJl nanbe-.MaUl8
WnaKAeBKa (8llMCl3Ka) aM sooeAKU H2p08HOCmeil Ha uooellUR.X
U3 nanbe-MQUle. I-H peuenT: MeJIa - B 1JaCTeH, CTOJlHpHOrO KJleSl-
3 1JaCTH, J1bHSJHOH OJIH<pbl - 1 qaCTb. 2-H peIlenT: MeJIa - 20 1JaCTei%,
KJIeH CTOJISJpHoro - 5 1JaCTeH, CHKKaTHBa - 1 1JaCTb.
nepe,lt oKpacKoH H3,l{eJIHH H3 nanbe-Mallie HX peKoMeH,llyercS1 rpYH-
TOBaTb. Pel{enln epYHlna: MeJIa MOJIOTOrO - 150 2, KJleSi CTOJlSJpHoro -
15 z, JIbHSJHoro MaCJIa BapeHoro (OJIH<pbl) - 5 e, BOAhl - 300 2.
n apGl/JuHupoBaHue .1J.fOaeARU n.lZOO08 U 080ueu U3 nanbe-MQute. B co-
CY,ll, COOTBCTCTBYIOIlJ.Hii no pa3Mepaf o6pa6aTbIBaeMOMY H3J1eJ1HlO,
KJI3.nYT KYC01.IKH napacpHHa H nOl\feIlJ.alOT era D BOJ(HHYlO 6aHlO. B pac-
nJIaBJIeHHH napaHH JIH nOJlyqeHHH »{'aeMOH paCUBeTKH H3enHH
,l106aBJlHIOT MaCJIHHYlO KpaCKY. npOBepKY OKp3CKH np01l3BOHT no
UBeTY saCTbIBllIeH KanJIij..JIapac}JHHa. B paCnJIaBJIeHHYlO OKparneHHYIO
Maccy oKyn31OT napaqH1HHpyefoc H3,lleJIne, npe,Zl.BapHTeJIbHO HarpeB
ero .llJlH nOJIY1.IeHHSJ TOHKoro, pOBHoro CJIOH napa$ulIa. BanBY Bce
Bpel\fH nO,D.orpeBalOT. BbIHYB H3,lleJIHe, 06H38TeJIbHO ,QalOT CTeLJb 113-
JIHWI<aM napaHHOBOH l\1aCCbI. npH neOOXO.lI.HMOCTH OCTbIBwec H3.lle-
JIBe {O)I{HO OTnOJlHpOBaTb CYKOHKOH.
l\'\Horo npaKTHLJeCKHX COBeTOB II pcnerrTOB YHTeJ1b MomeT uallTH
B )KypHaJIe «Ha1Jaf)bllaH IIJI{OJI3»,' a TaKllie B TaKHX I{HHraX, KaK «1-13-
rOTOBJIeHHe Ylle6HbIX nOCOUHH B IIJKOJle» (H. E.. ll.eHTJIHH, 1\\., «npo-
CBerneHHe», 1969), «BHeKJIaCCHbIe 3aHHTHH no TPYJ:lY» (H., ,ll. BeJ1s-
KOD H H. E. LLeHTJlHH, \.t «npOcBeeHHe», 1969), «PaooTa C TK3HblO
HB ypoKax Tpy,na B HaLJaJIbHbIX KJJaccax» (A. 1\1. rY.KacoBa, M., «flpoc-
BerneHHe», 1970).

M30&PA3MTEnbHOE
MCKYCCTBO
H300pa3HTeJlbHOe HCKYCCTBO KaK O.l(HH H3 yqeOHblX npeJ1MeTOB
HrpaeT Ba>KHYIO pOJJb B rapJ\fOHHtteCKOM pa3BHTHH JlHiJHOCTH YQall1JIX-
CH. OCYllI.eCTDJUIH 9CTeTHllecKoe BOCnHTaHHe, BOOPY>K3H yttarnHXCH
OCHOBa1H xYJJ-OmeCTBeHHOH rpaMOTbI, 3aHHTHH H300pa3HTeJIbHblM HC-
KYCCTnO1 CnOC06CTB)'IOT YMCTBeHHOMY pa3BHTHIO .neTeH, <PoPMHpOBa"
HHIO UX MHpOB033peHHH H H300pa3HTeJIbHbIX CnOCOOHOCTeH. B npo-
ll.ecce pHCOBaHHH J1eTH 3HaKOMHTCH C pa3JIHIIHbIMH npeMeTaMH H HBJle-
HHHIH JI.eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH, H3yqalOT OC06eHHOCTH cpOpMbI, npOCTpaHCT-
BeHHOrO n0J10>KeHHH, I..I.BeTa H300pa>KaeMbIX 001>eKTOB H TaKHM OOpa30f
nOHaIOT oKpymalOI.U.HH MHp. I1x naMHTb nOCTOHHHO HaCbII.UaerCH 3PH-
TeJlbHblMH OOpa3aMH.
1130opa3HTeJ1bHoe HCKYCCTBO CJIY)I{HT J1.eHCTBeHHbI1 CpeJI.CTBOT\.1
HJleHHO-nOJIHTH1.JecKoro BOCnHTaHHH WKOJlbHHKOB. Ha ypOKaX H306pa-
SHTeJIbHOrO. HCKyccrBa CTaBHTCH aaJlatta BOCnHTblBaTb yqalllHXCH B
JJ.yxe KOMf\1YHHCrnttecKoH MopaJ1M, JII06BH. K COI..I.HaJIHCTHtteCKOH POJlH-
He, KOMl\fYHHCTHtleCKOH napTHH, COBeTCKOMY npaBHTeJ1bCTBY H Hapoy.
B, npouecce 3aHHTHH u306pa3HTeJIbHbIM HCKYCCTBOI y yqar.nHXCH
4JOpJ\IHpyeTcH Yl\.leHHe npHMeHHTb PHCYHOK npH H3yqeHHH Jlpyrux
yqeOIJbIX npeMeTOB, B TeXHHqeCKOM TBOpqeCTBe H B npaKTHttecKOH
J1,eHTeJIbHOCTH.
nOJIyttaH Ha ypOKax H300pa3HTenbHoro HCKYCCTBa 3HaHHH 3JIeMeH-
TapHbIX OCHOB peaJIHCTHttecKoro pHCYHKa, YllarnHeCH OJ1HOBpeMeHHO
saKpenJlHIOT YMeHHe H HaBbIKH pHCOBaHHH C ilaTypbI, no naMHTH H no
npe,nCTaBJ1eHHIO, 3HaKOMHTCH C OC06eHijOCTflMH JleKopaTHBHo-npHKJIa;J.-
Horo HCKYCCTBa. .
BO.TJblllOe 3HalleHHe Hf\.1elOT YPOKH H306pa3HTeJIbHOrO - HCKYCCTBa
JJJIH pa3'BHTHH y ,neTeii 9CTeTHtteCKHX ttYBCTB H nOHHMaHHH npeKpaCHO-
ro, pa3BHTHH Y HHX npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIX npellCTaBJIeHHH H TBOpqeCKo-
It) Bo06pa>KeHHH, BocnHTaHHe JIIOOBH H HHTepeca K H306paSHTeJlbHO-
MY HCKYCCTBY. \
B I I I KJ1acce OCHOBHbIMH sa,na'laMH Ha ypoKax H300pa3Jf1'eJIbHOrO
HCKyccTBa HBJlHIOTCH COBepmeHCTBOBaHHe HaBblKOB peaJ1HCTHqeCKOrO
H3o(5pa>KeHHH, pa3BHTHe YMeHHH BbJpaSHTeJIbHO H300pa}K3Tb npe.a-
MeTbI, AaBaTb B pHcYHKe oopa3HYIO xapaKTepHcTHKY Hso6pamaeMoro
H BblJleJ1HTb B KOMn03HUHH rJIaBHOe, xapaKTepHoe.
B68

TaK>Ke naiKHO COBeprneHCTBOBaHHe YMeHHH nepe,naBaTb B PHCYH-
KaX 06'beM H300pa>KaefblX npe.nMeTOB, .naTb YllaHMCH nOHHTHe 0
TOQKaX CXO.lla, yrJIYOJlHTb H CHCTeMaTH3HpOBaTb HX 311aHHH 0 3aKOHO-
lepHOCTHX nepCneKTHBbI - 0 JIHHHH H ypOBHe rOpH30HTa, T04Ke 3pe-
HHH, O,nHOH H JlBYX TOqKaX cxoa, 0 <ppOIlTaJIbHOH H yr.nOBOH nepc-
rreKTHBe.
,[leTH BIll KJIaCCe .nOJDKHbI lIaYQHTbCH nepe.llaBaTb B pHcYHKax CBe-
TOTeHeBble OTHOlIIeHHH (CBeT, TeHb, nOJIYTeHb, 6.nHK, peJleKc), c013ep-
rneHCTBoaaTb TeXHHQecKHe npHeMbl pa60TbI KapaH,nallIoM, aKBapeJIb-
u
HblMH l{paCKaMH, ryallibIO, HaYQHTbCH nOJIb30B8TbCH pa3JUI1JHOH IlITpH-
XOBKOH (KocoH, no cpopMe) ,lI.JIH BbIHBJleHHH 06'beMa, HanpaBJleUHH
<p<>pMbl H306pa>KaeMblX npe.llMeToB, HayqHTbCH nepe.naBaTb 06'beM npe.n-
MeTa u.BeTOM, npHMeHHTb pa3IIbie npHeMbl (paOOTbJ no CYXOH H CblpOH
6YMare, «BJIHBaHHe» o,nHoro nBeTa B JJ.pyrou).
Ha ypOKax H306pa3HTeJIbHOrO HCKYCCTBa npeno.aaBaTe.Tfb YIIHT
JleTeA KaK MOiKHO TOqHee nepe.llaBaTb UBeT npe,lJ.r.feTOB H, nOJIb3YHCb
CMerneHHCM KpaCOK, J{OOHBaTbCH nOJlyqeHHH pa3JIHQHblX OTTeHKOB
llBeTa, HanpHl\lep ro.ny6oBaTO-3eJ1eHOrO, >KeJITQBaTQ-3eJ1eHOrO, Kpac-
HOBaTO->KeJITOro. H T. Jl. .
3HaQHTeJIbHOe BHHM8HHe YeJIHeT YlIHTeJIb pa3BHTHIO y CTeH
YMeHHH H HaBbIKa nOJIb30BaHHH xYAO>KeCTBeHHbIMH MaTepH8JIaMH B
npouecce pHCOBaHHH, 8 TaK)I{e pa3BHTHIO y yqaIIlHXCH YMeHHH H306pa-
>KaTb C HaTypbl 06'beMHbIe npe,nMeTbl, 06'be,lJ.HHeHHble no CMbICJIY (He-
CJIO>KHbIH HaTlOpMopT), nepe,naBaH npOCTpanCTBeHHbie OTHOllIeHHH Me>K-
1J.y npe.aMeTaMH.
B npouecce pHCOBaHHH llIKOJIbHHKH COBeprneHCTBYIOT YMeHHe
Hs06p8>KaTb C HaTypbl <pHrypy qe.nOBeKa, >KHBOTHbIX, lITHU B .lI.BH>KC-
HHH, yqaTCH KaK MO>KHO T041Iee nepe,llaBaTb nponopUHH, CTpoeHHe
ct>HrYPbl H306pa>KaeMOrO QeJIOBeKa, >KHBOTHbIX, nTHu" pa3BHBalOT
YMeHHe pHCOBaTb C HaTypbl npe,llMeTbI KOM6HHHpOBaHHOH OpMbI
(tSH.nOH, Ba3a, qaHHHK H T. n.).
B I I I KJIaCCe Y ,lJ.eTeH JJ.OJl>KHO cOBepweHcTBoB8TbCH YMeHHe aHaJIH-
3HpOBaTb H306pa>KaeMbIe npe.nMeTbl, Bbl){eJIHTb npH 3TOM rJIaBHOe-
ocooeHHocTH crpoeHHH, cpoPMbl, npOCTpaHCTBeHHoro nOJIO}KCHH5I, U.Be-
Ta, pacnpeJteJIeHHH CBeTOTeHH Ha nOBepXHOCTH npe,lJ.MeT8; .llo.n>KeH
pa3BIIBaTbCH HaBbIK nQCTOHHHO cpaBHHBaTb CBOH PHCYHOK C H306pa-
>KaeMbIM npe,lJ.MeTO1.
CymecTBeHHbTMH 3a,llaqaMH HBJIHIOTCH TaK>Ke cl>opMHpoBaHHe y
lliKOJlbHHKOB HaBWKOB 6wcTporo pHCOBaHHH (HaopocKH H 3apHcoBKH
KapaH,ZtamoM, BKBapeJIblO, IJepHOH TYWblO) , cOBepllleHcTBoBaHHe )'Me-
HHH pHCOBaTb no naMHTH H no npe.ncraBJIeHHIO, yqHTb JI-eTeH BbIpa3H-
TeJlbHO H306pa>KaTb B pHCYHKax Ha TeMbI OCHOBHoe cO,lJ.ep>KaHHe CIO>Ke-
Ta, npHMeHHH npH 9TOM pa3JIHQHbIe KOMn03HUHOHHbie npHeMbI, cBo6oJl.-
HO nOJIb30BaTbCH 3aKoHoMepHocTHMH nHHeHHOH H B03,lJ.YWHOH nep-
cneKTHBbl, 3aKOHOMepHOCTHMH CBeTOTeHH, UBeTOBe,lJ.eHHH.
Ba}KHoe 3UaQeHHe npH06peT8lOT B I I I KJIaCCe paclliHpeHHe H yr JIy6-
u
JIeHHe 3HaHHH YQalll.HXC5I 0 HapoJtHOM .neKopaTHBHo-npHKJI8JJ.HOM HC-
13 3aK83 694
369

}<YCCTBC, COBepmenCTBon8HHe YMCHHH yqamHXCH CTHJlH30B8Tb cpOpMbI
patTHTeJIbHOrO H >KHBOTHOro MHpa, yrJIy6.neHHe nOHHMaHHH cn..rrY9T8,
cIJoHa, qepeOBaHHe AeKop8THBHbIX 9JIel\feHTOB, CHft.iMeTplitIHOCTH, <pPI1-
3a, KOln03Hl.(HOHHOro UeHTP8, CIOJKeTa B AeKopaTHBHOM HCKYCCTBe,
COBepllIeHCTBOBaHHe YMeHHH C8MOCT05ITeJIbIlOrO COCTaBJ1eHHH )J,eKO-
paTHBHO-CIOLKeTHOH KOMn03HUHH H8 TeMbI ca30K, 6aceH, CTHXOTBOpe-
HHH, paCKpbITHe ytlamHMCH e,nHHCTDa npaKTHtlCCKOCO Ha3HaqeHHH H
 9CTeTHtleCKOrO expopMJIeHHH npC,ZU\fCTOB, H3rOTaBJlHBaeMbIX pYKaMH tie-
JlOneKa (nocy,na, MeOeJ1b H T. n.).
B HTore 3aHHTHH H306pa3HTeJlbHbII HCKYCCTBOl\f B I I I KJl8CCe y
JI.eTeH )J.OJl:>KHO yrJlyoHTbCH nOHHMaHHe 3CTCTHlIeCKOrO cocpiKaHHH
u
npe.llMeTOB H HB.HeHHH oKpY)KalOCrO f\1Hpa, pa3BHTbcSI TBOpqecl\oe OT-
HoweHHe K CBoelvlY PHCYHKY H HHTepec K H306pa3HTe.TJbHOH )J.eHTeJJb-
HOCTH. .
1l..11S1 HaH6o.nee ycnemHoro BbInO.TJHeHHH YK83aHHblx yqeOHO-BocnH-
T8TeJIbllblX 3a.llatl B I I I KJIaCCe (TaK :me K8K Ii BO Bcex .npyrHx) npe.D-Y-
v
cMoTpeHbI lIeTblpe OCHOBHblX BH){a 3aHHTHH - pHcoBaHHe c HaTypbI,
pHCOBaHHC Ha TeMbl, )leKopaTHBHaH pa6oTa, 6ecCJJ.bI o H306pa3HTeJIb-
HOM HCKYCCTBe (03HaKOMJleHHe C npon3BeellHHMH H306pa3HTeJ1bHOrO
IfcKyccTna) ..
B npollecce ooyqeBHH eTe" -H306pa3HTeJlbHofY HCKYCCTBY 9TH
DH)J.bl 3aHHTHH ,nOJl>KHbl ObITb TecHO B3aHMOCBH3aHbI II AOnOJlHHTb
,npyr ){pyra B pellIeHHH nOCTaBJ1eHHbIX nporpa1MOH 38q, pacnoJla-
f8HCb B onpeAeJIeHHOH nOCJle,nOBaTeJ1b, IIOCTH 06ycJloDJIeHHoA nOCTOHH-
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no 3THM BH8M pa60T B lle.,'IOM COCT8B.TJHlOT nO1HbIii KYpC 06YlleHHH
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H B ,npyrHx K.TJaCCax, C 1 no 6).
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opa3HTe.,TIbHb1M HCKYCCTBOfvl no KaIK)J.OMY BHAY paCOTbI.
PHCOBaHHe C HaTypbl SlB.nHeTCH OAHHM a3 OCHOBllbiX
PHCOB8HJte C Harypbl BH)J,OB 3aHHTHH no H30opa3HTeJlbHOl\fY nCKYCCTBY
BIll K.lIacce. PHcoBaHHe C HaTy.pbl CJIY}KI1T B8>K-
HeHwHM cpe)J,cTBoM n03HaHHH AeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, npe>KAe Bcero Ta-
KHX ee cropoH H HB..'1eHHH, KaI{ ct>opMa, nponopUHH, 06'beM, UBeT, Ma-
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COKp8meHHe cpOPM.
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BaTh, Cp8BHHB8Tb, OOOOIll.aTb H306p8maeMbIe OO'beKTbl, HBJIeIlHH, YlIaT-
Cft Ha6J1IO,llBTb H nepeJI-aBaTb HaH60JIee THnHllULle llCpTbl HBJJeHHH U
npe,lUYferoB.
370

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10-20 l',fHHYT). KaK npaBHJIO, Ha6pocKH H 3apHcoBKH BbInOJIHHIOTCH
B HaqaJIe, B ccpe,nHHe HJIM B KOHe ypoKa (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHKper-
HblX 38){aq na6pocKon H 3apHcoBoK), HO H;Hor)I.a Ha6poCKatwf H 3apHCOB-
KaM OTBO,nHTCSI BeCb ypOK, ecJIH lIe06xo;tHMO 6bICTpO H3yqHTb xapaK-
TepHblc OC06eHHOCTM cpOpMbl, nponOpl{HH, TOHaJIbHbIe OTHoweHHH,
UBeT, npocrpaHcTBeHHoe pacn0J10}KeHHe H T. n. 1f30opamaeMbIx o6'beK-
TOB. .anH HHTeHCHBHoro pa3DHTHH 3pHTeJlbHOH naMSlTH, npOCTpaHCT-
v
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ypOKax pIlCOBaHHSI C HaTypbI ,naB3Tb HM 3a){aHHH pHcoBaTb no naMSlTH
II no npe.n.cTaB..'1eHHIO (B Tellelllle 10-15 MHHYT) H306pa>KaCMbIe C Ha-
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3a He6o.tlbllH1M HCK,,'110qeHHM (qyqe.na nTHIl) paCnOJlaralOT HeckOJIbKO
HH>Ke ypOBHS1 3peHHH ytlaII(HXCH, B KOJIHqecTBe He MeHee Tpex H3
KJ1acc. Bce HaTypHbIC nOCT3HOBKH pacnOJ1aralOT Ha CBeTJIOM cpoHe,
JJ;IH }I{HBOnHCH peKoMeH.nyeTcH TaK>Ke OJIe.llHo-IlBeTHOH <PoH: CBeTJlO-
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napT. -
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MI1 KpacKaMH.
npnqeM. 6y,nytlH cpe)),cTBoM n03HaHHSI cpoPMbI, KOHCTPYKl{HH,
npocTpauCTBeHHoro nOJIO>KeHHSI, U)3er3 otTheKToB ,I\eHcTBHTeJIbIIOCTH.
PHCYHKH C HaTypbI, KaK npaBHJIO, npe.lllllecTBYIOT BbInOJ1HeHHIO PII-
CYHKOB Ha TeMbI H AeKopaTHBHblx pa6oT.
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8 I<oeM c.TJyqae He HMeeT 06H3aTeJIbHOrO xapaKTepa; OH T04lTJbKO no)),-
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lIecKH npOBepHTb HaJIH1.JHe Bcex pHCOBaJIbHbIX HHCTpY:MeHTOB If
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nOCTaHOBOK. HeKoTopble HaTypHble nOCTaHOBKH (KpynHbIe, a TaK)Ke
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tJeJIa nTHu. HAp.) MO}KHO, a HHor,na H neO{)XOJ{HMO YCTaHaBJIHBaTb AO
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llH8JIbHble no.nCTaBKH HJIH 06blIlHblH Ta6yper c npH6HTblMH K HeMY
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KaK npaBHJlO, no fHoro BpeMeHH PHCYIOT .nOMa. Ilo3TOMY, YQHTbIBaH,
IJTO H3 3aHHTH H306pa3HTeJIbHbIM HCKYCCTBOM B He.neJlIO OTDO)lIiTCH
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8J1a BXOHT coo6eHHe ,neTHM TeMbI ypoKa, BMJla MaTepHaJ1a, B KOTO-
pOM CJIe.nyer BblnOJIHHTb sa,naHHe, BpeMeH, OTBo,nHforo Ha 3a,naHHe,
no.npOOHoe paCKpbITHe lI.eJIH H saaq, CTOHIIJ.HX nepeA ,lJ.eTbMH lIa ypo-
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372

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HYlO H HH,nHBH,nyaJIbHYIO pa60TY C HHMH: npe,nynpe}({,neHHe H HcnpaB-
JICHHe OlIIH60K, pa3'bHCHeHHe THnHQHbIX ,nJIH MHorHX ,neTeH 01IIH60K H
npHeMoB npe,llynpeiK,lteHHH HX H T. ,n.
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Ha ypOKax pHcoBaHH3aKpcneHHe HOB oro MaTepHaJIa npOBo,nHTCH
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HCKyccTBe ocyecTBHeTcH nocpe,ncTBoM nOCTaHOBKH BonpocoB nepe,n 
,neTbMH H HX OTBeTaMH Ha 9TH BonpOCbI. 3aTe1 yqHTe.TJb BbICKa3bIBaer
CBoe o6rnee ft,fHeHHe 06 ypoKe, OTMe1JaH ocoaoe CTapaHHe, ,nHCJJ.HnJlH-
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Ka>K,noe 3aJ(aHHe KOHKpeTHO paCKpbIBaeTCH - CKOJIbKO HY>KHO
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KaMH).
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6blCTpblX Ha6poCKOB) C HaTypbl, PHCYHKOB Ha TeMbI, BblnOJlHeHHe
3CKH30B Y30POB, coop OTKpbITOK C H30apa>KeHHe BpeMenH rO,lt8
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qeTKOrO YCBoeHHH pe6eHKOM nopBKa era BblnOJlHeHHH. OOll\aH exe-
Ma nOCTpoeHHH pHCYHKa c HaTypLi TaKOBa - OT o6mero K qaCTHOCTHM
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u
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1.JHBaeTCH HJlH npopaOOTKOH CBeTOTeHblO (eCJlH aa,naHHe BblnOJlHHe'f-
CH npOCTblM KapaHAaIlIOM). HJlH I..{BeTOM (eCJIH KOHKpeTHoe yqe6Hoe 3a,na-
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373

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,D.,CTaJIH H306pa>KaeMOrO npe,nMeTa, KaK nOCTeneHHO HaCbI1.naTb llBeT H
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l\fOrYT 6blTb CJIeJJ-YIOHe:
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xonaTb OT PYKH nepBbIli H3 HHX cnnOIllHblMH lllTpHxaMH C nOCTeneH-
HbIM ycn.;rIeI)He1 'fOlIa cBepxy t a BTOpoil - C nOCTeneHHbl1 YCHJleHHeM
TOHa CHH3Y. CBoeoopa311bIM DUJ{Ol\f ynpa>KHeH.HH, 3aKpennHIOmHM
rpaqnltlccl{He HaBbIKH, pa3BHBaIolUHM TOtlHOCTb t 6bICTPOTY pHcoBaHHSJ,
Kal< tbI YLKe YKa3bIBaJIH, CJIY)l{3T 6bIcTpbIe PHCYUKH C HaTypbI-
na6pocKH. .
BHaqaJle na l{a>K,l\bIH naGpocoK OTBOHTCH 15 fHHYT, B .na..nbHeHLUe!\f
no Mepe npHo6peTeHHH H 3aKpenJIelIUH HaBbIKOB 3TO BpeMH MOJKHO
nOCTeneIlJIO COKp3I.l(aTb ]1.0 5 MHHYT.
C caMoro naqana DbII1OJ1HCHHH Ha6poCKOB Heo6xOAHMO qeTKO
06'bHCHnTb aa,naQH, KOTopbIe TpeOYlOTC5J OT .neTeH np" BbInOJIHeHUn
Ha6pOCKOB. Oco6oe 3HalleHHe npH 3TO1 CJIe,nyeT YJ1e.TJHTb cnoco-
6a1\' nOCTpoeHHSI naopOCKa. HaH6oee 1I3CTO npHMeHSlIOTCR JJ.eTbMlI
374

" .na1OT XOpOWlfe pe3ynbT3rn TaKHC npnCfbI nocTpoeHHH Ha-
6pOCKOB:
1) OJUIHMH JIHHHSIMH;
2) nHHHHMH C o;l.HOBpeMeHHoH npopatSoTKoH cpOpMbl TOHOM;
3) C npHMeHeHHeM 9J1eMeHTOB cxeMbI;
4) cxeMoH nocTpoeuHH;
5) TOHOM (nSITHoM).
B I I I KJlaCCe Ha ypOKax pnCOB8HHH C naTypbI CT8BHTCH 3aJ].aQa -
pHcoBaHHe c naTypbI OT,neJ1bHbIX npe,nMeTOB (H B rpynne 2 - 3 npeJ].-
MeTa - HaTlOpMopT) npH3MaTHQeCKOH, nupaMH,na.1bHoH, UHJlHHJ].PH-
qeCKOU, KOHycoo6pa3HoH, rnapoBoH, a TaK}Ke KOM6HHHpoBaHHoH
pMW c nepeAaqeH nepcneKTHBHoro cOKpaeHHH 06neMHoH OpM
(npeMeTM CT8BHTCH KaK BO pOHTanbHoH, TaK H B yrnoBoH nepcneK-
THBe - H306pan<eHHe C OJ].HOH H C ,ZlBYMH TOtIKaMH cxo.ll.a).
06'beKTaMH MH H306p8>KeHHH B I I I KJlacce peKoMeHJJ.YlOTcH wapbl,
SIInHKH, rJI06ycbl, OH,ZlOHbI, rHnCOBble Ba3bI (npocToH q>oPMbI), qaH-
HHKH, KOHcepBHble 6aHKH, onlo,nu.a, KaCTplOnH, HaCTOJIbHbIe JI8Mnbl,
TeXIIHtleCKHe .n-eTaJlH H3 Ha60pa no tleptleHHIO, J10naTbl, Mo.nOTKH, py-
oaHKH, paKeTKH JJ)lH TeHHHca, OBOlI.{H II <l>PYKTbI (K8pTO<jJeJIb, J1YK,
MOpKODb, nOMH)topbl, pena, orypeu, pe)tHc, CBeKna, ap6Y3bl, ,nblIlU,
TblKBa, OalOIa}KaHbI, H6JIOKH, rpywH, CJIHBbI, aneJ1bCHHbl, nHtOHblt
BHlIIHH), 6YKeTbi UBeTOB B BOJ].e, JlnCTbH H BeTKH )tepeBbeB H KycTap-
HHKOB (KJleII, JJ.y6, oepeaa, p(jHHa, SI6noHSI, cHpeHb), 6aOOtlKH, CTpe.
K03bI, >KYKH (H3 KOJl.neKUHH), <jJHrypa qeJIOBeKa, qyqeJla nTHU >KHBOT-
HbJX '(qYlJeJla CeJle3HH, YTKH KYPHl.lbl, neTyxa, 1.18nJllf, ro.ny6H, capo-
KH, .lUITna, JIHCHl.lbI, Kpo1HKa, KOlIIKH II T. ,n.). 
B I I I Knaccc eTH BnepBbIe HaQHllalOT H300pa)KaTb HaTlOpMopTbi
II3 2-3 npeJ!MeToB - KPY>KKH H H6J10Ka, 6H)toHa H rpywH, QaHHHK3,
JIHP,fOHa II SJMOK8, fHncoBoH Ba3b1 H aneJIbCHHa, KacTplOnli, TbIKBbll1
nOMH,nopa, qytleJla neTyxa H OJlIO,nua, He6oJIbWOH ,nOCKH H py6aHKa,
,nepeBHHHoro flmHKa H MonOTKa H T. ,n.
KpoMe Toro, lllKOJIbHHKH ,lJ.OJI>KHbI BblnOJlHSlTb H86poCKH H 3apH-
COBKH C Harypbl nrpyrneK - TpaMDaH, TpoJlJleH6yca t aBToMawHHbI,
TpaKTopa, KOM6aHHa, TenJIOXOJ].a.
BaiKHoe 3HaQeUHe MH ycnelllHoro YCBoeHHH yqalllHMIfCH I I I Knac-
ca nporpaMMHoro MaTepHaJIa no H306pa3HTCJIbHorvry UCKYCCTBY llMeeT
npHMeHeHHe cHcTeMbi HafJIH)tHbIX nocoGHH. Heo6xo,ltHMOCTb ,neMOH-
CTpanHH HarnH,ltHblX noco6Hii Ha ypOKax PHCOB8UHH C HaTypbl,ZlHKTyeTCH
cneUH<pHQeCKHMH ocooeHlIocTHMH H306pa>KeHHH C HaTypbI.
HeOoxo,lJ.HMO oTfeTnTb, liTO B OTnHQHe OT ,ZlpyrHx YQeOHbIX npe,l{-
MeTOD lliKOJIbHOrO o6yqeHHSI HarJlH)tHOCTb B npenO,ZlaBaHHH H306pa3H-
TeJIbHOrO HCKycCTBa Hrpae-r He BcnOMoraTMbHYIO pOJIb (HarJI SI,lJ.Hble
nOCOOHSI COnpOBO>KJ].8IOT HJlM. nOSICHHIOT CJlOBO, MblCJIb npeno,naBare-
JISJ), a BeJlymylO - paCKpblB8eT CYll(HOCTb caMoro npeJ].MeTa. n03TO-
IY ypOKH pHCOBaHHH C HaTypbl HeB03MO>KHbl oe3 HarJIfI,nHblX nOCOOHH
II TpeOYIOT OT ytlHTeJISI npOJJ.YMaHHO nOAOHpaTb Ha Ka}K)J.blH ypOK PH-
COBaHHR narJIH,nHbIe OC06HH.
375

,
nOC06HH ORJKHW cnOCOOCTbOB3Tb KOHKpeTHOCTH 06oHcHeHHH,
A3BaTb B03MO)K}lOCTb npenOA3BaTeJIIO aKTHBHee BKRIOqaTb yqaIUHXCH
B 6ece.llY II Cpa3Y }Ke, AO BbInOJIHeHHH HMH pHCYHKa, npOBepHTb cre-
neHb nOHHMaHHH Hawuo,naeMbIX SlMeHH" H npaBHJI pHCOBaHHH.
4acro CJIOBeCHOe OOoHCHeHHe YllHTeReM npaBHR pHCOBaHHH oe3
nOKa3a HarJlSI,nHbIX noc06HA He OCl\.JbICJlHBaeTCH yqaIUHMHCSI, npHBO-
AMT K nOBepXHOCTHOfY BbInOJIHeHHIO 3a,naHHH, nOHHiKaeT HHTepec K
ypOKY pHCOBaHHH C lIaTypbI.
npH 3TOM Ha,no nO.llllepKHYTb, tITO HarJIH.llHOCTb HeJIb3H npeBpa-
maTb B cafOueJlb, T. e. HarRH,nHoe ooyqeHHe He .L\OJI)KIIO npOTHBonoc-
TaBJlSlTbCH YCTHO-CJIOBeCIIOMY 06YlleHHEO. Ha ypOKe, BO Bpel\fH )e6-
Horo npOllecca, CJlOBO yqHTeJISI. (paCCKa3, 6ece.lla) ,nOJI}KHO BbIcTynaTb
B COqeTaHHH C Tel\fH HJIH HHbIMH HarJISIJ1HWMH OODeKTaIH, T. e. npe.L\Me-
TaMH H npOIJ.eCCafH B lIaType, MO,neJIHMH, K3pTHHaMH, cxervlaMH
H T. A.
H OT TOro, HaCKOJIbKO npaBHJIbHO ocyeCTBJIHeTCH 9TO COlleTa-
HHe, B 3H3qHTeJIbHOH Mepe 3aBHCHT ycnex 06YlleHHSI, H60 CBOHMH
OO'bSlCHeHHHMH H aaMeqaHHSIMH YIIHTeJfb rOTOBHT YllarnHXCH K Boe-
npHHTHIO H3YllaelblX 06oeKTOB, PYKOBO,nHT HX H36JIlO,lJ.eHHHfH.
Bce H3rnH.llHbIe noco6HH, npHMeHHeMwe Ha ypOKax pHCOBaHHSI C
H3Typbl, HCXO,nH H3 Tpe60BaIIHH .llH)J.aKTHKH, MO)l{HO BbIAeJIHTb B CJlC-
.nYIOIUHe rpynnbl.
1. npe,nMeTbI H3 oKpY}l{alOIUefi eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH, npe,ncTaB..'lfHO-
IUHe HenocpeAcTBeHHo o6DeKTbI pHCOB3HHH Ha ypoKax pHcoBaHHH C
Harypbl.
Ha ypOKaX HCnOJIb3YIOTCH npe)lMeTbl: a) Ky6UlIecKoH cpOpMbI;
6) npII3?vlaTHQeCKOii; B) nHpaMH.naJIbHOH; r) l1HJIHH){pHlleCKoil; ,ll) KOHY-
coo6pa3HOH; e) mapo06pa3HOH; >1<) KOMOHHHpODaHHoii. .
B KaqeCTBe npHMepOB MO}KHO Ha3BaTb HIIJJIK, Ta6ypeT, rJlo6yc,
HaCTOJlbHble JIaMnbI, Ba3bl, pyoalloK, qY t le.'l3 nTHU, }KHBOTHbIX H MHO-
roe JJ.pyroe. .
2. MOeJlH, OOoSICHHIOInHe KOHCTPYKTHBHble 3aKOHOMepHOCTIi no-
cTpoeHHSI npeMeTOB, 33KOllbI nepcneKTHBbl, CBeTOTeHH.
3ro MorYT OblTb npOBOJIOQHbIe Mo,neJIH reoMeTpHtlecKHx TeJ1, npe)t..
MeTOB oblTa, <PHrYPbl qeJIOBeKa, MO.L\eJIlf reOMeTpH1..IeCKHX Ten H3 opra-
HHqeCKOrO CTeKJIa. l{JIH OO'bHCHeIlHSI nepcneKTHBHblX COKpalIlCHHH
nOJIb3YlOTCH MO.lleJISlMI1 BpaLU.aIOInHXCH KpyroB Ha no,nCTaBKax, KBa,lt-
paTHbIMH .nOCKa1H Ha nOJtCTaBKe, HInHKaMH C neperOpOJ1KaMII Ii J1PY-
rHMH MO,neJIHMH It noco6HHMH H3 npOBO,,10KH, OpraHHqecKoro CTeKJIa,
4>anepbJ, ,nepeBa H KapTOHa.
3. CXeMaTHQeCKlie PHCYHKH H Ta6.lIHUbI. Ha raOJlHuaX MOiKeT
6bJTb nOKa3aHO n09TanHoe BbInOJlHeHHe pHcYHKa K3Koro"'J1H60 npe-
MeTa, CXeMaTHQHOe H306pa}l{eHHe KOHCTPYKI(HH OO'beKTOB H .np. npH
06'bSlCHeHHH 3aKOHOB nepcneKTHBbI MorYT OblTb HCnOJlb30BaHbl Ta6-
JlHUbJ H PHCYHKH co CXeMaTHQHbIM H300pa}KelIHeM >KeJIe3 HO .llOpO>KHOrO
nOJIOTH3, MeTpo, YJIHUbl ropo.n.a. n0J100HbJe PHCYHKH (TaOnHUbl) MO-
rYT 3aMeHHTb pHcynoK yqHTeJIH Ha I<JlaCcHoi'1 .nOCKe, cnOCOOCTBY.
376

lOT 9KOHOMJIH BpeMeHH II OTBe1.l810T Tpe6oBaHHlO npHHI1Hna H8rJIHl1-
HOCTII.
4. Penpo,nYKIlHH C KapTHH. C HX nOMOInblO npenoJlaBaTeJIb 06'bHC-
IHleT yqaIIJ.HMCH KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe OCo6eHHOCTH nocTpoeHHH npeAMe-
TOB, saKOHbI nepcneKTMBbI, CBeTOTeHH, UDeTOBeJleHMH, npaBHJIa KOM-
nOHOBKH H306paLKeHI1 Ha J1HCTC oYMarl1, nopHJlOK - WTpHXOBKH, 3C-
TeTHqecKoe _coAeplKaHne OO'beKTa H306pa>KeHHH H T. n.
.5. neJlarOrHQeCKHM pI1CYIlOK. Ha KJ1aCCHOH ,llOCKe yqHTeJIb 06bItI-
HO AeMoHcTpMpyeT 3TanbI nOCTpoeHHH pHCYHKa npeAMeTa, KOMn0311-
UHOHUYIO CBH3b rpynnbI npC}J.l\feTOn, cnoco6bI BbInD.J1HCHHH ObIcTporo
pHcYHKa-Ha6pocKa Ii }\'IHoroe ,npyroe. To eCTb BO BpeMH OO'bHCHeHHSI
HJIH Ha pyrHx 3Tanax YQe6HOrO npouecca Y1.IHTeITb Bcera Mo*eT Ii
OJ1}KeH nOJ\KpenHTb JI1060e. HayqHOe n0.J10JKelIl1e HarJIH}J.HbIM H306pa-
LKeHHel\f Ha AOCKe. TaKofl PHCYHOK I\fO)l{I10 BblnOJ1HHTb H Ha JIHCTe oe-
JlOH (cepoii) 6YMarH, KapToHa, Ha 6eJIOlf I{.neeHKe, 3aKparneHHoH oe-
JlH.na!,;Ui ,nOCKe - Bce 06YCJlOBJJHBaeTC5I 3a,lla1.IaMH H lI.eJ1HMH ,l{aHHOro
ypoKa. nOHHTHO, 'ITO npH pa60Tc Ha TaKOlvl MaTepHaJIe, KpOf..fe Mla,
Tpe6yeTcH l\1HrKHH KapaHalIJ, perywb, yro.Hb. -
YqHTeJIb ,llOJI>KeH nOMHHTb, IlTO B I I I K.Jlacce lIJKOJlhHMKaf CJle){ycT
OBOJIbHO nOJ\p06HO C006Il1.HTb CBe)J.eHHH 0 3aKoHoMepHocTHX CBeTO-
TeHH.
TaK, nepe}J.aqa B pHcYHKe 06eMa H xapaKTepa,opMw 3aBHCHT
OT npaBHJIbHOrO pacnpe.neJIeHHH rpaAaUHH CBeTOTeHH H npaKTHqeC-
Koro npHMeHcHHH JJ.pyrHx 3aKOHOB CBeTOTeHH, 3HaHHe KOTOpLIX co-
BeplllcHHo Heo6xo,2JJIl\10 ,lI,JIH KaLK}J.oro WKOJIbHHKa. OHH AOJI)I{Hhl 3HaTb.
1.ITO npe,nMeT 3pHTCJlbHO BocnpHHHMaeTcH TOJlbKO B TOf CJ1yqae, eCJIH
011 OCBemeH H Ha HeM HMeeTCH CBeTOTeHb.
lITO K8caeTCH qeTKOCTH H HpKOCTH OCBeIll.eBHH 3pHTeJIbHO BocnpH"
HHMaeMOH cpOpMhl npe.nMeTa, TO OHM MorYT 3aBHceTb n OT CHJlbI CBeTa,
H OT paCCTOHHI1H OT ero HCTOqHHK8 ):to ):{aHHoro 06eKTa.
lllKOJIbHMKH J\O.TfIKHbI 3HaTb, qTO nonepXHOCTb npeAfeTa HaH60JIee
HpKO oCBeru.eHa B TOM Mecre, KYJla JIY1.lH na}J.alOT nepneH):{HKYJlHpHO.
ECJlH me OHM naAalOT no,ll ):{pyrH?Y1 yrJIOM, TO HaH60JIee HpKO TO MeCTO
npe)J.MeT8, r,ne JlyqH KaK 6bJ CKOJIb3HT no ero nODepXHOCTH, OOP83YH
nepexoJJ. MeLKJ\Y OCBeIII.eHHOH qaCTblO H TeHblO.
TeHH, B CBOIO Oqepe):{b, 6hIBaIOT co6CTBeHHbIe H na}J.alOll1.He. C06cT-
BeHHaH TeHb npe){CTaBnHeT C060H Te yqaCTKH nOBepXHOCTH OCBeeH-
Horo Te.na, KOTopbIe CKpblTbI OT JlY1.leH CBeTa. rpaHMLleH t.fe)l{Y COOCT-
neIlHOH TeHhlO H CBeTOM 6YAeT CJlY>KHTb JIHHMH KacaHHH AaHHoro TeJ1a
JI YlIaMH CBeTa. na,nalOw.eH TeHblO Ha3bIBaeTCSI TeHb, OTopaCbIBaCMaH
OCBeIUeHHblM TeJIOM HJlM 06pa3yefaH Ha Telle OT ,npyroro TeJ1a, CTOH-
mero Ha nYTH JlYlleH .CBeTa (T. e. .nY1.IH CBeTa, K8caHCb OCBeIIJ.aeMOrO
Te.na, 06pa3YlOT rpaHHlI.Y c06cTBeHHoH TeHIf, 8 npH npO)J.OJl}KHHH ,lla-
JIee ,no BCTpC1.IH C ,llpyrMM TeJIOM HJlH ropH30HTaJ1bHOM I1J1OCKOCTbIO
onpe,neJIHIOT rpaI-lHUY na-n81011\eH TeHH).
Heo6xoJ\HMO npH 3TOM OTMeTHTb, liTO OqepTaHHSI naAaIOI1l.eH TCHH
HaXOJlHTCH B npHMOH 3aBHCHl\fOCTH OT oco6eHHOCTeH KOlICTpYKTHBHOH
377

.
tj>OpMbI OCBell1eHHOrO npe,nMeTa, OT Koroporo oT6paCblBaeTCH TeHb, a
TaK>Ke OT peJIbe<j>a nOBepXHOCTH, Ha KOTOpylO rraJ{aeT TeHb.
OC06eHHO HCHO l,fOmHO 06'bHCHHTb 3aKOHbI pacnpe.AeJIeHHSI CBe-
TOTeHH na npe.llMeTax UHnHH.APHtteCKoA, KOHycooopa3HOH unH llIapo-
05pa3HOH cpoPMbl. Ha HCKpHBJIeHHOH nOBepXHOCTH OCBellleHHe pac-
npe.nenHeTCH HepaBHO{epHO BCJIe)1CTDHe Toro, 1Iro OHa B pa3HblX Toq.
Kax CBoero npOTH}KeHHH HaXO.AHTCH nOJ{ pa3HblMH yrnaMH no OTHO"
llIeHHIO K naJ(.3lOllJ.lfM Ha nee JIyttaM CBeTa. TaK, Ha I..1HJlHH.llpHlIecKOii
KOHcepBHOH 6aHKe JIerKO H36J110.ll3Tb nOCTeneHHbIH nepeXO.A OT CBeT-
noro K TeMIIOfY. H3 TeHeBYIO 1IaCTb rra.l{alOT OTpaJKeHHbIe JIY1IH CBe-
Ta, oopa3YH pecpneKCbl. Ha npe.llMeTaX c rJIa)tKoA 6neCTHlIJ.eH nOBepx-
IIOCTblO B MeCTax u3rH6oB' 06pa3YlOTCH CneTJlble nHTHa OTpa>KeHHOrO
CBeTa (MHKH).
He05xo)tHfO T3K>Ke Y1lHTblB8Tb TO, liTO BOJ{HHOH nap ({ nbIJlb, Ha.
xo)tHlIJ.HeCH B B03J{yxe, 06pa3YIOT onpe.lleJIeHHblH CJlOH Me>KJl.Y 3pHTe-
JleM H Ha6J1lOl1aervlblM npe)tMeTOM, KOTOpblH KaK 6bl 33T)'MaHHBaeT 9TOT
npe,AMeT TeM B 60..TJbllleii CTeneHH, lIeM ,l\3J1bU1e pacnOJlO>KeH npe.llMeT.
ECJIH npC,l\MeT H3XOHTCH MHiKe K HaMlO)taTeJIlO, CBeTOTeHb KOHTp3CT-
Bee (OCBew.eHHbIe nOBepXHOCTH Ka>KYTCH CneTJ1ee, 3aTelleHHble - TCM..
Hee) , eCJIH ,naJibWe OCBerneHHble nOBepXHOCTH TeMHeIOT, a 3areHeHHbie
6J1e.llHeIOT, npeBpanaHCb B OJle.llHo..cepbIH, rOJly50BaTbIH CHJlY9T (3TO
H8JIeHHe Jlerl{O Ha6J11O)t3Tb BO BpeMH TYMaHa).
CKa3aHHoe MomHO npOCJIe.llHTb Ha rHnCOBOH MO)teJIH Ky6a. PaBIIO-
p.fepHO OCBemeHHaH rpaHb Ky63, nOBepHYTaH K 3pHTeJlIO nOJ( yrJIOM,
3pHTeJ1bHO BocnpHHHMaeTCH OCBeIneHHOH HeO.llHHaKOBO. HaH60J1ee
Jlpl{O oCBew.eHO OJIH>KaHWee K 3pnTeJlIO pe6po. CMe>KHaSl rpaHb Toro
}f{e pe6pa, HaXOHm.3HCH B TeHH, 6YJ{eT K333TbCSI TeMIIee OTHOCHTeJIb"
HO ee >Ke nOBepXIIOCTH B TOtJKax, oonee Y,l\aneHHblX OT 3pHTeJISI. Ta.
I{HM 06p3aOM H8 CTbIKe rpaHeH Y OJIH>KlIerO K 3pHTeJIlO pe6pa nOJlyttaeT-
CSI HaH50nbllIHA KOHTp3CT Me>K){Y CBerOM H TeliblO.
O.llIlH1 H3 cnoc050B, KOTOpblA cnoc06cTByer Bblpa60TKe Y llIKOJIb-
IIHKOB HHTepeca K ypOK3M pHCOBallHH c HaTypbI, BOCfiHTaHHIO OTBeT-
cTBeHHoro H cepbe3Horo OTHorneHHfl K HHM, HBJIfleTCH npOBepKa Teo..
peTH1IeCKHX 3HaHHH. Ee cne)tyeT ocyecTBJlHTb He OT CJIyttaH K CJlY-
qalO, 3 perynHpno Ha Ka>K,nOM ypOKe. Y YllaHXCH MO}KHO, Hanpn-
Mep, cnpaWHBaTb: «qTO Ha3blBaeTCH J1HHHeii ropH30HTa?», «KaKHe
3aKOHW nepcneKTHDbl BbI 3HaeTe?», «flolleMY BO BpeMH TYMaHa .ll3J1b"
lIHe npe;tMeTbi Ka>KYTCH ().ne,nlIblfH CHJIY3TaMH?», «KaKHe I..1BeTa HB..
JlHIOTCSJ UBeT3Mn nepBoro nopH.llKa?», «4TO TaKoe OJIHK, pecpneKc?»
" T. ,no nO.l106HbIe BOnpOCbJ fO>KHO CTaBHTb K3K B K3tIeCTBe nOBTope-
HHH CTaporo MaTepHana B Hallane ypOKa HJIH Ha pyrHx 3Tanax pa..
60Tbl, TaK H B KatteCTBe 33KpenneHHSI HOBoro YtJe6noro MaTepHa..TIa B
KOHue ypOKa. OqCHb Ba>KHO CTaBHTb 3a OTBeTbl OTfeTKH. XopOlllaH
opraHH3aI..1HH rrpOBepKII 3HaHHH yqaHXCH cnoc06cTByeT TOMY, qTO
OUR lIaQHnalOT C03HaBaTb 3HalleHHe pHCOBaHliH KaK Tpy.noeMKoro npo-
u.ecca.. BO Bpel'vfS! KOToporo n03HaK>TCH 3aKOHbI nepcneKTHBbI, CBeTO"
TCHR, lJ.BeTOBe){eHHH.
378

CneJI.yeT OTMeTHTb, \lTO ycnelliHoC BblnOJlHCHHe 3a,l1a'l, nOCTaB.rleH-
HblX nepe}.1 TaKHM BH,l10M pa60TbI co WKO.T)bHHKafH, qaCTO SaBHCHT OT
npaBHJIbllOrO nO)l.60pa BOnpOCOB H npaBHJ1bHOH HX nOCTaHOBKH. $Op-
MYJIHpOBaTb BOnpOCbl HY>KIlO TaK, tlTOObl OHH 6bIJIH nOHHTHbI yqalll.HM-
CH, T.. e. BCe BpeMH CJIe,ll.yeT yqHTbIBaTb B03paCTHbIe OC06eHHOCTH YM..
CTBeHlIOrO pa3BHTHH WKOJlbHHKOB. HeMaJIOBa}l{HOe 3HatleHHC HMceT
H qeTKOCTb, KOHKpeTHOCTb 3a,ll.aBaeMbIX BOilpOCOB.
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neHb KalIeCTBa 3HaHHH, YMeHHH, HaDblKOB B 06JIaCTH H300pa3HTeJ1b-
Horo HCKYCCTBa.
OueHHBaH PHCYHKH yqam.HXCH, npe)l{)I.e Bcero ytlHTbIBaIOT:
1) perneHHe YlleoHblx sa)l.atl, nOCTaBJIeHHblX Ha ,lI.aHHOM ypoKe;
2) 06HH ypoBeHb YMeHHH H HaBbIKOB, KoropblMH OBJIaAeJI yqa..
III.HHCSI;
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B pa60Te Ha PHCYHKOM.
PHCOBaHue Ha TeMbI B I I I KJIaCCe npeJI-cTaBJIHeT
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pa3HTeJ1bHOe HCKYCCTBO». PHCOBaHue Ha TeMbl BKJllOqaeT B ce6S1 H306-
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ClO)I{eTOB OKPY}KalOeH >KH3HH Ha OCHOBe opraHH30BaHHbIX HaOJllOe-
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pHCYHKarvl MorYT OTHOCHTbCSI PHCYHKH ua TeMbI H3 nOBceJllleBHoif
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KH-HJlJllOCTpaUH K JIHrepaTypHblM npOH3Be,l{eHHHM (CKa3KH, 6aCHH,
paCCKa3bI, nOBeCTH, CTHXOTBopeHHH). Tel\fbl .llJlH CIO}KeTHbIX PHCYHKOB
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Bbl6paTb HHtepecylOl.UYIO HX TeMY. 3TOT BH,lI. pHCOBaHHH ,lI.aeT yqaI.l.IJIM-
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lOT Te 31IaHHH H YMeHHH, KOTopbIe npH06pT}H Ha 3aH5ITHHX no pHCO-
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no HCKYCCTBY. B TaKHX pHCYHKax HaXO,L!HT BblXO.ll eCTeCTBeHHaH TDOp-
lleCKaH <paHTa3HH pe6eHKa. PHCOB3HHe Ha TeMbl 5I&1nerCH BaLKHblM
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)J.eIllIoe no IIal\fHTH H BOOOpa}KeHHIO. Bce MlIOrOllHCJIeHHbIe II pa3Hoo6-
pa3HbIe CIO/KeTbl, KOTopble llIKOJlbHHKH 6epYT ,lI.JlSI BOnJlOmeHHSI B re-
MaTHlIecKoH KOMn03HI.I.HH, UY)I{HO H306pa3HTb npHMeHHH TaKHe KOM-
n03HUHOlIHwe npHeMbI, KaK. BbIJ1eJIelIHe rJlaBHOrO B pHcYHKe, nepe,ll.aqa
CMbICJIOBOH CBH3H Bcex 3JICMeHTOB H306pa1KeHH5I H ){p. O,AHOBpe-
leHHO )teTH BblnOJIHHIOT 3a.llaHHH Ha npOnOpI.I.HOHaJlbHO-KOHCTPYKTHB-
Hoe H nepcneKTHBHoe nOCTpoeUHH oG'beKTOB.
YqIfTe-TJIO CJIe,nyeT DceMcpHO nOMep>KHaTb TBOp1lecKoe HaqaJIO
B pa60re Y1.JamnXCSIJ nOOIl.lpSIH caIOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb B BbIoope Tel, CIO-
,379

meTOB H B HX p3CKpbITHH, 3MOUHOH3JIbHOCTb, BbIpa3HTeJ1bHOCTb,
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BepWeHCTBOBaTb YMeHHH H HaBbIKH nOJIb30BaHHH MarepHanaMH B
npoD-ecce pHCOBaHI1H, KOTOpbIe J{eTH nOJlYtIHJIH B nepBOM H BTOpOM
KJIaccax. He06xoJUfMO, tIT06bI .neTH, BO-rrepBbIX, nOBTOpHJlH H 33Kperr-
JIHJlH YMeHHH H HaBbIKH, nOJlytIeHHbIe paHee, H, BO-BropbIX, nOJIYllaJIH
H 3aKpenJlHJIH HOBbIe. 3Toro Tpe6yeT nOCTOHHHoe pa3BHTHe H306pa3H-
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THH Y lllKOJIbHHKOB HBJIHerCH O,nHOH H3 Ba}KHbIX 3a,llaq, CTOHHX ne-
pe.n pHCOBaHHeM Ha TeMbI H rrpe;{MeTOM «I1306pa3HTeJIbHOe HCKYCCTBO»
D neJIOM. LlJlH pa3BHTHH 3pHTeJ1bHOrO BocnpHHTHH YtIallI-HXCH B nep-
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lvtHp. He YMeH BH,lI.eTb, MHorHe nlO,nH He 06parnalOT BHHf\faHHe H3 xa-
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J{aTb npaBHJlbHO.
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H HBJIeHHH, n03BDnHeT 3arrOMHHTb HX B TaKO" CTeneHH, B KaKOH 3TO
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MHp. n03TOMY, tlTo6bI C03,l1.aTb peaJIHCTHlIecKoe, npaB,ltHBOe H306pa-
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pacnycKalOTcH nOIlKH )I.epeBbeB HJlH npHJIeTalOT rpaQH, npoHa6JIIOJlaTb
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lOT KOMn03HII.HOHHOMY nOCTpOeHHIO PHCYHKOB. 91'0 ytlHTeJIIO HeOO-
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KaK H Ha JlpyrHx ypOKax H306pa3HTeJIbHOrO HCKYCCTBa).
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TOft HJI H H 1I0H r aMMe.
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381

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nOJlHeHHSI paOOT C TOllKH 3peHHH nepeneKTHBbJ, 1I.BeTOBoro peIlleHHH;
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382

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YIIuTe.,1b MO}KeT 3aIlHrepecoBBTb .neTeH paccKa30M 0 TOf, KaKoe 6oJ!b...
uIge 3HaqeHHe HMeer 0110 (CTpOHTeJIbCTBo) Jl.JlH JHO){eH, a TaKLKe Kpaco-
TOH TpY.l!a CTpOHTe.neH. nJI-arory CJIe){yeT npHyqaTb J\eTeH pa60TaTb
TBOpQeCI{(1, aKTlIBH3UPYH 8oo6pameHue II 06pa3Hoe MbIlIIJleHne, 0606-
lI{aH PC3YJ1bTaTbJ CBOHX Hao.i'lIO,UeHHH.
npH paooTe JleTeH HaJJ. 6acneii, paccKa30M, cKa3KoH YtlHTl¥lb J{OJl-
me nenpeMeHllo ot5paTHTb HX BHHMaHHe Ha H)J.eHHbIH CMbICJI npoH3-
nC,lJ.eHHSI. Y4eHHKH J{OJI>KHbl nOHHTb, tlTO HBJ1HeTCH rJIaBHbIM, H8npJf-
Mep, B CK83Ke, KaKHe 0 Hell OCHOllHble repOR, onpe,lteJIHTb HX KaqeCTB3
II qepTbI xapaKTepa. ne){arory nYIKHo nO):{BeCTH pe6HT K TOY, QTO
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HblX qepT repoen Ii lix OKpY}KeHHH. nOCJIe OO'bHCHeHHSI TCMbl YIlH-
TeJIb KOIlKpeTH3HpyeT ee, npOBe,lJ.H oece,lty 0 CIO>KeTax. O.n.ny TeMY
fvlOiKHO npe.n.CTaBHTb B l{eCHTKax pa3JIHtlHbIX CIO)KeTOB, cBoeo6p83HO
KOlnoHyg Ka>KllblH H3 HlIX. llJ1S1 npHMepa MomBO B3S1Th TeMY «Ha
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HHH H300pa3HTb JIIOJIeA, BblnOJIHSHOruJfX pa3HYlO pa60TY, COBpeMCH-
HbIe ,nOMa pa3J1HQHOH KOHCTPYKl.lliH, pa3Hoo6pa3Hble MallJHHbI. CTpOH-
u
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OTeJIbHOrO <j)parMeHTa CTpOHTe.TIbHOA nJ10rna.QKH. npH 3TOM B03MO}l{-
Hb pa3Hbie TOtIKH 3peHHH, pa3Hoe IeCTOnOIl'lO)l{eIlHe JlHHHH ropH30HTa,
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liTO, tleM rro):{po6nee YIIHTeJIb pa3'bHCllHeT TeMbl H CIO}KeTbI, TeM nYtJrne
6YllYT PHCYHKH IlIKOJ1bHHKOB. -.'
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,nf..-1bHbIe npaBHJIa UBeTOBe.n.eHHSI, KOMn03HlI.HH. B 6ece,ne/ OH .lI.O.1l>KeH
HanOMHHTb YIIeHMKaM, liTO Jlf060H CIO}KeTHbIH PHCYHOK HaqHHaeTCH C
3CKH3B, KOTOpbIH B CBOIO Oqerellb CTpOHTCH C oamero Ha(5pocKa p83Me-
IneHHH Bcero H306pa>KaeMoro. TaKOH ot5HH CXeltlaTHlIHhlH HaopOCOK
383

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r J1 aB HbUvl.
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npe,ltCTaBHTb roIII{Y 3peHHH, C KOTOpOH OHH 6Y,ll.YT pHCOBaTb Bce o(TheK-
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BeTOBoe perneHHe pHCYUKa OJI1KHO 6blTb npOYMaHO c yqeTO1
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rOTOBHTb O ypOKa cneHanbHbIe JIHCTbI 6YMarH C pHCYHKaMH, Ta6JIH-
naMH no nepcneKTHBe H ltBeTY, a TaK>Ke penpo,lJ.YKUIlH.
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3aTpy,nHHlOTCH B 'KOHKpeTH3aIl.HH c»oPM, 3aTpYHSlIOTCSI H306pa3HTb
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MO>KeT HapYWHTb UeJ1bHOCTb pHcYHKa, nOSlRHTCSI necTpoTa, TOHaJlbHaH"
AHcrapMoHHH. B 9TOi CJlyqae yqHTeJIlO He CJleyeT 6pa'Pb B PYKH KHCTb
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qTo6bl OH 9TO C){eJIaJI B COOTBeTCTBHH co CBOHM nepBOHaqaJlbHbI1 3albIC-
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Konu.e ypOKa, HJIll na CJIeYIOw.eM ypOKe, ,no HatIaJla OO'bHCHeHHH HOBOH
TeMbI. 06CYIK,neHHe PHCYHKOB C YtIaCTHeM Bcero KJIaCC& HymHo ,neJIaTh
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11 Te me 01llH6KH.
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384

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5) pa3JIHllHaH nocY.lla. '
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paTHBlioro HCKyccTBa HJIH Hapo,llHoro TBopecTBa; Ha60pbl OTKpbITOK
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,AeKopaTHBHoMY pHcoBaHHIO, OMerqaeT pa60ry YtlHTeJlSl, paCllIHpHeT
B03MO>KIIOCTH TBOpqecKoH TpaKToBKH co,nep>KaHHH ypoKa.
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385

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paTHDHOH pocnHcH nTHn (YKpaHHCKHe pocnHcH, H306pameHHe nTHIJ.
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386

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nepncH,ltHKYJlHpHO 6YMare.
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381

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KaKHMH H306pa3HTeJIbHblMH cpe,ll.CTB8MIi nOJlb30BaJlCH XYJJ.O}KHHK, nOKa-
saTb H o6oHCHMTb npHMepbI y6e,nHTeJ1bHOrO H306pa>KeHHH npOCTp8H€TBa,
B03JJ.yxa, CBeTa, 06'beM8, )l.BHlKeHHSI. 06paTb BHJiMaHHe Y1JaMXCSI
388

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ytlHTbIB3H BpeleHa roa, npa3.lI.HHKH, TeMbl 06'b5lCHHTe.JIbHOrO tlTeHHH
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.JJOCnpHHHfaTb He TOJIbKO Bllell1HlOlO CTOPOHY, HO H 06pa3HO-XYJlO>KeCT-
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c nOKa30M penpoJ\YKIJ.HH, nO,lI.OUpaHHbIX B npHMepHoM reMaTHtJeCKOM
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penpoYKIJ.HH KpynHoro pa3Mepa. ,LlJISI TOro qTOObI cocpe,l{oTOqHTb BHH" .
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389

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390

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CypOBoe HanpH}f{eHHe AHeM nocne 3aXBaTa peBOJIIOUHOHHblMH CQJI-
;:taTaMH, MaTpocaMH, pat501lHMH 3HMHero ,nBOpna nOKa3blBaeT KapTHHa
r. CaBHlI.KOrO «nepne J{HH OKT$J6pSl». B KapTHHe H306pa>KaeTCSI peBcr
JHOnHOHHhIH naTpYJlb - BOOPY>KCHHbIe paOOtIUH If MaTpoc Ha KOHe Ha
u
nepeKpeCTKe YJIHllbl, - BHHMaTCJIbHO CJIe,llH1.I.JJiH 3a TeM, lITO npOHcxO)tHT
BOKpyr. A BOKpyr - nYCTbIHHaH YJIHlla, 3aTaHBUIHeCR )lOMa C TeMHbll"
OKHaMH, BaJIHlOlll.HeCH oGpblBKH ra3eT, rHJIb3bI. no BceMY qYBCTByeTCSI.
liTO 3)J.eCb COBceM He)J.aBHO npOWeJI roplIHH 60H. H XOTH YJlHLla
nYCTbIHHa, a TeMHbIe OKHa Bbl3bIBaIOT QYBCTBO TpeBOfH, SpHTeJ1b YBe-
peH B TOM, tlTO YJKe HHKOfJ{a He BepHeTCH npOIllJIoe, - 05 'TOM y6el{H'
TeJIbHO CDH,neTeJIbCTByeT cnOKOHHbIH, YBepeHUblH B3rJISI,Zt pa60Qero "
MaTpoca, CTOHmHX Ha CTpa>KC 3anoenaIlHii peBOJIIOUHH. ·
O)).HI'nf H3 caMLIX npOCJlaB.neUHbIX xy AO>KHHKOB, H306paR<aBWHX
rpa>K,AaHCK}'1O BOHUY, l<paCHYIO KOHHHllY. OLIJI COBeTCKHH xy jtO}I\HHK
391

M. B. rpeKoB (1882-1934). OJJ.HO Bpe"fH M. rpeKOB yqHJICSI B AK3.n.e-
MHH XY,!\O}KecTD Y 11. E. 'PeIlHHa. Bo BpeMH rpa}KAaHCKOH BOHHbl XYJJ.OlK-
IIHK CJIY>KHJI B pHJlax KpacHoH ApMHH H BHAeJI nOABHfH KpacBoapMefl..
LteB. 3'00 n03BOJIHJ10 eMY C 60JIbllleH .nOCToaepHOCTblO Ii TOqHOCTbEO OTOO-
pa3HTb HCTOpHqeCKHe C06blTHH TOfO BpeMeHH. KJlyqWHM npOH3Be)leHHHM
M. B. rpeKoBa OTHOCHTCH «B OTpH)l K BYAeHHoMY», «TaqaHKa», «B3H-
THe POCTOBa», «Tpy6atIH OepBOH KOHHOH». B 9THX KapTHHax XYJlO}K-
HHK nOKa3bIBaeT 6eccTpawHe, fepOH3M paOOqHX H KpecTbHH, nOJ1.HHB-
WHXCH Ha 3all.I-HTY COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH npOTHB 6CJIOrBapJleHuen.
B KapTHHe «TaqaHKa» Mbl BH,nHl\f CTp eMHTeJIb Hoe, yparaBHoe Ha-
cTynJIeHHe KpaCHOH KOHHHUbI, rp03HbIX TaqaHOK, KOTOpblC Bee COKPY-
lllalOT Ha CBoeM nYTH. 30JIOTHCTO-)KeJITbIH, KpaCHOBaTblH llBeT nbl.'1bHOH,
3110HHOH CTenH nOAtIepKHBaeT HanpHmeHHe npOHCXO,!\Slmero. B KapTH-
He XOpOlllO nepe,naeTCH YBepeHHOCTb B n06e,lle. B KapTHHe B. IllaTa,THflIa
«no ,lI,OnHHaM H no B3popbHM» B OTJlHQHe OT npe,lI,bIJJ.ymeu '1bI BH)l.HM Kpac-
HbIX KOHHHKOB B nOXOAe, nOIOI..I.I.HX peBOJlIOUHOHHbIC neeH". Bnepe.llH-
orpOMHble, 6ecKpaHHHe npOCTopbI, f,!\e KpaCHoapMeHeB >K,llYT /KeCTO-
KHe 60H C BparaMH COBeTCKOH BnaCTH. Ho CeHllaC Bee CnOI{OHHO, 60"-
Ubi B 9TH MHHYTbI nepeJlblWkH nOIOT neCHH 0 CBOHX no6e,nax, 0 ClIaCT.HH-
BOM 6YJlyeM. KapTHH3 Bblpa}KaeT CHJ1Y, MOULb KpaCHQH APMHH, YBe-
pellIlOCTb D ee no6e,!\e.
ClIaCTJIHBbIH MHpHblH TPY COBeTCKHX J11O)l.eH Ha nOJ1HX H cTpof!Kax
Haweii POJJ.IfHbJ nOKa3blBalOT KapTHHbI T. 51onOIlCKofi «XJ1e6», A. llef!-
HeKa «Ha npOCTopax nOMOCKOBHbIX CTpOeK», r. CaTeJIH «KOiCOMOJIb-
11b1-CTpOHTeJIH MOC\Bbl. JIenll\HKH», Y. TaHCblK6aeBa «YTpO KaiipaK-
KYMCKOH roc», A. MblJlbHHKOBa «Ha MHpHbIX nOJIHX».
KHHfH 'SI J{eTeH 06blllHO 60raTbI SlpKHMH HnJlIOCTpaUHHMM, C HX
nOMOlll,blO Y1l3ll\HeCSI J1Yll111C nOHHM31OT TeKCT. I1J1JIIOCTpaUHH, TeCHO
CBH3aHHaSl C cO)lep)l{aHHeM, BbI3bIBaeT 060CTpeHHblH HHTepec pe6eHKa,
qTO BbJpa6aTbJBaeT npMBblllKY K BHHMaTeJIbHOMY paCCM3TpHBaHHlO, KO-
TopaH nepeHOCHTCSI na pcnpo,!\YKllHH KapTHH.
nonYTHO yqHTeJ1b JlOJIJKeH paCCKa3aTb 0 pa60Te XYJlO}KHHKa H8A
<xjx>p1\'1JIeHMeM KHHfH. HanpHMep, XY,!\O>KHHK .a. A. lly6HHcKHH HapH-
COBan HJIJ1IOCTpaUHH K paCCKa3Y ApKaAHH raH,lI,apa «4YK H reK». CBOU
H30paCCKa3 Xy,nO>KHHK HaqHHaeT Y)I{e C 06J10mKH KHHfH, KOTOpYIO CAe-
JIM pa3H0l1BeTHOH, a HJlJlIOCTpaHH, KOTOpbIX B KHMre OtleUb MIIO-
ro, BblnOJIHHwT{ TOJIbKO O)lHHM qepHbIM UBeTOM.
YllaI.l.(HMCSI MO>KHO npe)lJ10>KHTb COCTaBHTb p3CCK83 no Ka>K,nofl HJI-
nIOCTpaUHU.
B npou.ecce 6eceJt no npoH3Be,!\eHH5IM XYO}KHHKOB H H8 ypOKax
pHcoBaHHSI yqaInHeCH 3HaKOMHTCSI C HOBblMH TepMHlIaMM, npHMeHSle-
MbIMH B H306pa3HTeJIbHOM HCKyccTBe. YtIHTeJIb, BBO)\SI B ynoTpe6J1eHHe
HOBbIe TepMHHbl, )lOJI>KeH -naTb KpaTKoe 06'bHCHeHHe HX CMbICJIa. Hal{-
oonee. qaCTO yrroTpe()JlSleMblMH " 06H3aTeJlbHbIMH TepMHHaMH HB.'1S1IOT-
CH CJIeJlYlOUI.He.
ASTonoprpeT - H306pa}KeHHe xy.nOJKHHKa, BhlllOJlHeHHOe HM
C8MIfM. AKBapeJib - BO,lI,SlHbIe np03patIHhle KpaCKH, pasBO,lI,HMble
392

BOAOil. 5aTaJlbHblH >KaHp - OOJlaCTb H306pa3HTeJIbHOrO HCKYCCTBa,
nOCB5IllI.eIlHaH BoeHHOH TeMaTHKe. faMMa BeTOBaH :- B H306pa3HTeJIb-
110M HCKYCCTBe HaHMeHOBaHHe BHeWHHX lJ,BeTOBbIX OCo6eHHocTei% KOJIO-
pHTa, OnTHqecKaH 3aKOHOMepHOCTb, 06'beJ{HHHlOmaSl OCHOBHble UBeTO-
Bble OTTeHKH npOH3Be)J.eHHH. KOJlOPHT - XapaKTep B3aHl'tfOCB5I3H BCeX
UBeTOBbIX 3J1eMeHTOB npOH3Be;J.eHHH. Fpa$HKa - O,llHH H3 BH,llOB H306-
pa3HTeJIbHOrO HCKYCCTBa, OJIH3KHH }KHBOI1HCH CO CTOpOHbl COAep}KaHHSI
H cpOpMbI, HO HMelOIllHH CBOM C06CTBeHHbIe KOHKpeTHble 3a;J.aqH, xY)J.O)Kecr..
BeHllble B03MO>KHOCTIf. K rpacpHKe OTHOC5lTC5I pnCYHOK, rpaBlOpa, JlHTO-
rpa(JnISI. no Ha3HaQCHHlO H coepaIlHIO rpa$HKa ObIBaeT KHH>KHaH,
ra3CTHO-/KypnaJIblla}J, I1JlaKaTHan, npHK.lIa)J.Ha51 (3THKeTKH, rpaMOTbI,
nOt:lTOBble MapKH Ii )J.p.). fyaLUb - BO,Z{HHa5I KpaCKa. I1l\1eeT npHMeCb
6eJ1HJI. n03TOMY elO MOIKHO pa6waTb Ii KaK aKBapeJIbIO (np03pallHO),
Ii KaK laCJIHHbIMH KpaCKaIH, .LJ.OCTaT01JHO TOJlCTblM CJIOef, nepeKpbIBaH
O)(HH UBeT ,npyrHM. AeKopaTHBHo-npHKJlaAHOe HCKyCCTBO - HCKYCCTBO
H3fOTOBJIeHHH OblTOBblX npe,n.MeTOB, OOJIa)J.alOI.I..lHX xYO}l{eCTBeHHbIMH,
3CTeTHQeCKHMH KaQeCTBaMH Ii npejlH33HaQeHHblX He TOJIbKO .lVIH ynoT-
pe6JIeHHH B 6blTY, 110 H ,lJ.JIH YKparneHHH >KHJIHllI., apXHTeKTypHblX COopY-
:>KeUHH, napKOB H T. ,l{. )l(aHp - TeMaTHlJeCKHH BH)J. H306pa3HTeJIbHOrO '
HCKYCCTBa (HCTOpHqeCKHH, 6TOBOH, 6aTaJlbHWH, nopTpeT, neH3a>K,
HaTlOpMopr). )l(HBonHcb - O,llHH H3 OCHOBHbIX BHAOB H306pa3HTeJ1b-
Horo HCKYCCTBa. 3apHcoBKa - PHCYHOK C HaTypbl, BblnOTIHeHHbIii npe-
HMyrnecTBeHHO BHe MaCTepCKOH C lI.eJIblO c06HpaHH5I MaTCpHaJia AI/TIH
oOJIee 3HatlHTeJlbHOH pa60TbI, pa,llH ynpa>KHeHHH, IIHor,na C KaKOH-JlH6o_
CneUHaJlbHOH 1.1eJ1blO. H,D.eAHa.H HanpaBJIeHHOCTb xy jlO}KeCTBeHHoro npo-
113BeAeHHSI; H,D.eH - rJlaBHaH MblCJlb xy JlO}I{eCTBeHHoro npoH3Be)J.eHHH.
MHTepbep - BHYTpeHHHH BRA; B H306pa3HTeJIbHOM HCKYCCTBe eCTb
OC06b1H )RaHp, nOCBsnneHHblH H306pa>KeHHIO BHYTpeHHero BHAa nOMe-
lll.eIlHA. KOMn03HHH (cOqHHeHHe, COCTaBw'leHHe, pacnOJIO>KeHHe):
1) CTpYKTYpa, B3aHMOCBfl3b BaLKHeHUlHx 9J1eMeHTOB xy,n.O>KeCTBeUHoro
npoH3BejleuHSI, OT KOTOpOH 33BHCHT BeCb ero CMbICJt H CTpOH; 2) HaH-
MeHOBanHe OTJ{eJ1bHOrO xy.nolKecTBeHHoro npoH3Be,neHHH, 3HaqHTeJIb-
lIoro no cO,ltCp)KaHHIO, oo.nYMaHHO nOCTpoellHoro H 33KOHQeHHoro. Ha-
6POCOK - PHCYHOK, iKHBonHCb HJlH CKYJIbIITypa HeOOJIbIllHX p33MepOB,
6erJIo H 6blCTpO HCnOJIHeHHble XYJIO>KHHKOM. HaTlOpMopT (<<MepTBaB
HaTypa») - O.LJ.IIH H3 >KaHpOB H300pa3HTeJIbHOrO HCKYCCTBa, nOCBSIIl(eH-
HbIA H300pa}KeHHIO npe.nMeTOB 06HXOJ{a, cneAH (OBOInH, MHCO, 6HTaSl
AHQb, PYKTbl), UBeTOB H np. OpHaMeHT - Y30P, nOCTpOeHHbJj% Ha
pHTMHtJeCKOM Qepe)J.OB3HHH H COQeTaHHH reOMeTpHtJecKHX HJlH H306pa-
3HTeJlbHblX 9J1eMeHToB. naMRTHHK - npOH3BeAeHHe MOHYMeHTaw1b.
HOH CKYJIbnrypbI. naHHO - }KHBOnMCHce npOH3Be,lleHHe AeKopaTHB-
Horo na3HaQeHHH, BJ{eJlaHHoe B CTeHY apXHTeKTypHoro HHTepbepa. Hc-
nOJIHHeTCSI 06blQHO Ha XOJICTe. naHopaMa - BM,lt H30(5pa3HTeJ1bHOrO
HCKYCCTBa (COtIeTaHHe >KHBOnHCH C OObItJHblMH H306pa>KeHHSIMH B He-
CKOJIbKHX npOCTpaHCTBeHHblX nJlaHax). PenpOAYKHSI - MaCCOBoe
BOCnpOH3Be;leHHe xy.nO>KeCTBeHHoro OpHrHHaJla nOJIlirpa<pHQecKHMH
cpe,l{CTBaMH. CIO)t(eT - B H300pa3HTeJIbHOl\f HCKYCCTBe onpe)1eJIeHHoe,
393

KOHKpeTHoe xy.nOLKeCTBeHHOe BOnJlOureHHe HBJIeHHSI. COrsblTHH. CK>iKeT
- nOHHTHe 6oJle Y3Koe no cpaBHeHHIO C TeMoit B O,lJ.HOH H TOR )Ke Te-
PYle fO>KHO naUTH MHoro CIO>KeTOB )tJISi C03,naltHH rrpOH3Be,lteHHH. TeMa-
u
nOHHTHe, KOTopoe YKa3bIBaeT, .KaKOMY Kpyry SlBneHHH rrOCB5Iw.aeT xy-
,nO.>KHHK CBoe npOH3Be,lJ.eHHe. Te."nepa- KpaCKH, HMeIOmHe CBOHCTBa
KaK aKBapeJ1H, TaK H ryalliH. B OTJIHtIHe OT nOCJle){HeH He MeHHIDT ll.BeT
npH BbICbIxaHHM. SCTaMn - JlHTOrpa<PcKHH HJlH rpaSlOpHblH OTTIlCK.
CTaHKOBoe npOH3Be){eHHe xY,lJ.O>KeCTBeHHOH rpa<pHKU. 3TIO)I. - 8 "30-
6pa3HTeJ1bHOM HCKYCCTBe npOH3BeAeHHe BcnOMOraTeJ1bHOrO xapaKTepa
H OrpaHHQHOrO pa3Mepa, BbInOJIHeHHoe UMHKOM C HaTypLI paH Ta-
fJ'eJIbHOrO ee H3YlIeHIiH.
npMMepHwA rOADBOH TeMaTMeCKHA
, nnaH ypOKDO H806paSHTenbHOrO
MCHICOTSI Bill' KnaCOe
MypoKa

ColI.epiKanH e ypoKa
1 1.fETBEPTb
1 3apHcoBKR C HaTyphl nHCTbCB OCHHhI, KaJ1Hnbl, 6oHpblW-
2 HHKa, .Z1y6a (KapaHA8m, aKBapenb).
3 BblnOol"lHeHHe 9CKHsa Y30pa B nOJloce, npHMoyroJlbHHKe
Ha OCROBe AeKop8THBIIoA nepepa60TKH JlHCTbeB OCHHbI, Ka.
,'1H Hbi , 6oHpbIWHHK8, Ay6s (KapaH,l\am, 8KBapeJIb, ryallJb).
.lI.eMoHcTpaUHH 06pa3IJ.oB AeKopamBHO-npHKJla,l\Horo HCKYC-
CTB3: Y30p'J8TaH nJJ HTK'3 , BbllllHBK8, TKaHH.
4 BeceJta 0(5 H306pa3HTeJlbHoM HCKYCCTBe «BHAb! H >KaHpbl
H30opa3HTenbHoro HCKYCCTB8) (B. nOJleHOB c3OJIOT8S1 oceHb»;
K. 100H «PYCCKan 3HMa»; A. napXOMeHKO «neHHH B B03pac-
Te 4 JJen; B. MyxHHa «Pa6otlHA H KOJIX03HHu.a», JlBOpeU.
IIHonepon B MOCK Be , H. XpYIJ.KuA «I..I.BeThi H 4>PYKTbI»).
5 PHcoB8HHe C HaTypbl (Ha6pocKH) C fj).HrYPbl qeJIOBeKa H .
!J.eTCKHX HrpyweK. BblnOJlHeHHe HaopocKoB H sapHcot;'oK
C HaTypbl qenOBeKa, nrpyrneK-TpaKrop3, BBTOMalUHHbI,
KOMoaAHa (KapaH.lI.8llJ, aKBapenb, qepHaSi ryawb).
6 PHccB8HHe H8 TeMY «Pa6oTa Ha TpaKTope»
Bblno.'1HCHHe CKH3a TeMbl 8 KapaHJlarue.
7 BbInOJIUeHHe 3CKIJ38 TeMLJI n UBCTe (aKBapeJlb).
8 BcceA8 06 H306pa3HTeJIbHOM nCKyccTBe - «BeJ1HI<8R
OKTSl6pbcKaH COUH8JIHCTHt[eCKaH peBOJIlOII.HSI H rpa>K.nancKaR
Boih-Ia B npoH3BeAeHHHx COBeTCKHX XY)J.O>KHHKOR» (n. COKO-
JlOB-CKa,rxH - «llITYP:\1 3Hfllero»; 11. rpaoapb - «B. H. J1e-
HIIH y npJIMOrO npoBo)J.a»; r. CaBHKHH - «nepnwe )J.HH
OKTSl6pSl); M. rpeKoD - «TallaKKa»; B. llIaTatl1HH-tnO /.1.0-
JlHHaM H no B3fOPbflM).
2 I.JETBEPTb
9 COCTaBJIeUHe Y30pa B Kpyre nocne npe)J.BapHTenLHoro
10 03naKOMJlCHHJI C o6pa3uaMH aapoAIIoro ,lteKopaTH5Ho-npH-
Kn 8,ltUOro HCKYCCTB8.
394

n pOaOAeHUe
Nt YPOK8
COAeP*aHHe ypoKa
11
12
BLInOJIHeHHe AeKOpaTHBHLIx 3.1IeMeHTOB H3 <lJop paCTH-
TeJJbHOrO H >KHBOTHOro MHpa ,no/1st Y30pa D Kpyre (KapaH,D.8m,
8KBapeJIb, llepnaH TYWb). Jle10HcTpaUHSI 06pa3UOB Hapo;J.-
Horo TBOpqeCTBa - XOXJJOMCKOH pocnHCH, KepaMHqeCKHX
6.1IJO,n, KpY>KeB H BbIIIIHBOK.
COCT3DJIeHHe Y30pa B Kpyre 1f3 .neKopaTHBHo-nepepa60-
TaJlHhJX cpopM paCTHTeJIblIOrO H >KHBOTHOro Mupa (KapaHJJ-aw,
aKBape.nb).
. PHconaHHe C lIaTypbl reOleTpHqeCKHX Te.."1 (Ky6a, napa.,"]-
Jle.nenHne,!{a, I1H",1HH,D,pa, wapa, Konyca - no BhJOOPY yqH-
TeJI Sf). J1HHeHHoe. BblnOJlHeHHe pHCYHKa reoMeTpnt[eCKOrO
Tena (KapaHAaUI). BblnOJlHenHe HaGpocKoB H aapHCOBOK C
HaT}'pbl H no naMSITH reo!eTpHtteCKHx TeJ1.
3aBepweHHe PHCYHK3 CBCTOTeHbJO (KapaH,ltaw). BbInOJl-
HeHne HaopOCKOB H 3apHCOBOK C naTYpbI H no n3MHTH reOMeT-
pHqeCKHX TCJI.
PHCOB8HHe C 1I3Typbl Q>HrYPbI qeJlOBeKa. BblnOJ1HeHUe
Ha6poCKOB C lleJIOBeKa (KapaH,nalll, aKBapeJ1b).
11.nJ1IOCTpHpOBaHHe CK33KH 0 uape CaJ1TaHe. BblnOol1HcHHe -
9CKH3a HJ1J1IOCTpaUHH B Kap8H.aawe H UBCTe (aKBapeJ1b.
ryalllb). .D.eMoncTpaUHSI HJL1IIOCTpaUltH A. DUJ1H6HHa H
E. PaQeB8 K PYCCKHM CKa3KaM.
Bece,D,a 06 H306pa3HTeJlbHOM HCKYCCTBe - «Ha nOJ1HX H
cTpoHKax HaweH POAHllbI) (r. 51GnoHcKaSl - cXJle6»;
A. LleAHeKa - «Ha npocTopax no.ltMOCKOnnblX CTpOeK);
r. CSTeJlb - CKOMCOMOJIbl..lbl-KaMeJIUJ.HKH»; Y. TaHcbIK6a.
eB - cYTpO KaHpaK-KYMCKoR roc»; A. Me.nbHHKOB - cHa
MHpJJhtX nOJlHX»). .
PHCOBaHHC Ha TeMY «J1enSiT CHerOnJlKa» (aKBape",1b, ry-
8IIJb).
13
14
15
16
3 tJETBEPTb
17
18
PHCOBaHHe C H8TypbI H no naM$lTH nJlo,nOB H oBOm.eH -
ap6Y3a, .llbIHH, TbIKBbl, SlMOK, rpyrn, orypu. oB , nonIlopon
11 T. n. (KapaH,naw, aKBapeJIb). .D.eMoHcTpaUH$I penpo.nYKunH
c npoH3BeJl.eHHH 11. XpYKoro - d..(BeTbl H 4>PYKTb1»,
H. MawKoBa - «<I>PYKTbI» (H8TJOpMOpTbI).
, EecetJ,a 06 H306pa3HTeJIbH0M HCKyccTBe - «06pa3
B. 11. JIeHHa B npOJl3Be,a.eHHSlx COBeTCKHX XY,!{O>KHHKOD!
(5. bInJ1aKOB - «JIeHMH B OKTSl6pe»: A. J1onyxoB - «B
neTporpa)J»; lB. CepoB - «X0l10KIi y B. 11. JIeHlua»;
A. BapJ1aMOB - «J1eHHH cpe.lUl ,lteTeH».
PHcoBaHue C HaTypbl HaTlOpMopTa (KpY>KKa H Sl6..'IOKO).
JIHHeHHoe BhJnOJlHeHHe PllcyuKa naTIOpMopT8 B KapaH-
,D,aUle.
3aaepweluJe PHCYHK3 HaTlOpMopTa B UBere (aKBape",1b).
PHcoBaHHe C lIaTypLI HrpyweK.
BblnOJ1HeHHe JIa6pOCKoB C HrpyweK «C.'IOH H qyqe.na co6a-
KH) (KapaH,A8w, 81<Bapenb).
19
20
21
22
395

. 11 pOaOA1ICeHUe
Ni ypoKQ
Coep)l(aBHe ypoK8
23
24 ..
25
26
27
28
29
.
I
30
31
32
11J1.mocTpHpoBauHe tSacHH 11. KpbIJIOna «CnOH H MocbKa».
BblnOJlHCHHe 9CKH3a JIJlIOCTpaUHH B un ere (aKBape.7Ib).
3naKoMcTBO c npocTeHwRM tSpYCKOBblM WPHcpTOM. BbI-
flOJJHeHUe npa3HHttHOH OTKpblTKR C Ha.ltnRCblO K .aRIO CO.
BerCKOH ApMHH (KapaHA8m, 8KBape,,1b).
PucoBaHHe C HaTypbl naTlOpMopTa.
Bblno'HeHRe pHcYHKa HaTIOpMopT8 B Kapall.ltallie. BbI-
nOJIHeHHe PHCYHK3 naTlOpMopTa B UBeTe (aKBapeJlb). 3sBep-
weHHe pa60TbJ.
PHcoBaHHe C HaTypLI (no KOJlJleKLl.HSlM R rep6apHHM)
OaOOqeK,. cTpeK03. >KYKOB, JIHCTbeB H BeTOK pacTeHRR (Ka-
paH.naw t aKBapeJIb).
COCTaBJIeHHe Y30pa ){J1St TapeJIKIL
BblnOJlHeHHe 9CKH33 yaopa TapeJlKH B KapaHAame (J1H-
HeAHoe nocTpoeHRe).
3aBepweHHe 9CKH38 Y30pa TapeJlKH B [J.Bere (aKBape.nb).
4 tJETBEPTb
PHCORaHHe C HaTypbl qyqeJJ nTHn H >KHBOTHblX.
BblnOJlHeHRe pHcYHKa qyl{eJla DTH[J.hI B KapaH.nawe.
Bblno,,1HeHHe PHCYHK8 qyqeJIa B naere (aKBapeJIb).
3aBepmeHHe pa6oT.
Bece.lta 06 H306pa311TeJ1bHoM HCKYCCTBe - «,[leKopaTHB-
HO-npHKJla,ltHoe HCKYCCTBO». ,lleMoIICTpau.HR npe)J.MeTOB H8-
pOAHoro .lteKOpaTHBHo.npuKnaAHoro HCKyccTBa. 8nonHeH-
HhlX D pa3JIRQHblX MarepHaJlax.
.

MY3blKA
-
MeTOAHqeCKHe peKOMeHAaHH
K nnaHHpOBaHHm JPOKoa MY8KM
a III Knacce-
B' rapMOHHtlHOM pa3BHTHH JIHqHOCTU qeJ10BeKa OoJIbWaH pOJIb OT-
80]tHTCH 9CTeTHtleCKOMY BocnHTaHHlO,. OJlHHM H3 cpe,nCTB KOToporo JIB-
JIHeTCSI MY3bJK3JIbHOe UCKYCCTBO.
MY3bIKa Bblpa)KaeT 1JYBCTBa, nepeX<HBaHHH qeJIOBeKa, ero OTHome-
HHe K HBJIeHHHM eHCTBHTeJlbllOCTH.
BocnHTaHHe cpeCTBaMR MY3blKH cnocoocTByeT cpopMHpOBaHHIO
HpaBCTBeHHblX npHHlJ.HnOB, xYJlO)l(eCTIreHHOrO BKyca, pa3BHTH1O IY3h1-
KaJlbHO-HCllOJlHHTeJlhCKHX HaBblKOB.
lllJ{OJIa npH3BaHa HayqUTb JleTeH JlIOOHTb H nOHHMaTb MY3bIKY.
OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe Ha 'ypOKax MY3b1KH y,neJ1HeTCH XOPOBOMY
neHHlO.
XopOBoe neHH8
13 BOKa.nhHO-XOPOO" pa60Te BIll KJl8CCe HeOOXO,llHMO npO.l{OJl>KaTb
o6Y\leHHe Y1JaHXCSI HaBblKaM 3BOHKoro, HaneBHoro, JlerKOrO DeHUR,
\lro ,naeT B03MO}KHOCTb )l.eTCKHM rOJlOCaM pa3BHBaTbCH eCTeCTBeHHO.
13 BOCnUTaHI1H xY,AO}KeCTBeHHoro BKyca yqalllHXCH OOJlbllIOe SHa-
tleHUe HMeeT nOKa3 neeHH. HCnCkJ1HeHHe ee OJI>KHO 6bITb BbIpa3HTeJIb-
Ht5IM, 9Mou.HOHaJlbHblf. ECJlH Y1JHTT]b He MO)l(eT C3M XopOWO ucnan-
HHTb neCIlIO, CJIe){yeT HCnOJIb30B3Tb rpaM3annCH (<<neCHU JJ)lSI pa3YQU-
BaHHSI», KOMn.TJeKT n.TJaCTHHOK, BblnYIl\eHHblX cpHpMOH «MeJIO,llHH»).
npH COCTaDJIeHHH neBlIeCKOrO penepTyapa Heo6xotlH1-10 BbJJ!eJlHTb
OCHOBHbIe npOH3Be.neHHH, 06S13aTeJlbHble MH pa3yqHBaHHH, H neCHH
, ,lJ.JlH nOBTOpeHHH, BblY1.JeHHbIe B npOIllJlble rOJ1b1 HJIH B npe,llllleCTBYIOInHX
qeTBepTSlX.
neCHH MorYT HCnOJlHSITbCH ){eTbMH C conpOBO>KAeHHef H 6ea Hero
(a'KaneJlJla). YlJHTeJIlO oco6oe BHHMallue CJIe,nyeT y.neJIHTb Ha neHHe
6e3 COnpOBO>K.neHHSI, KOTopoe cnOCO()CTByeT pa3BHTHIO MY3b1KaJlbHoro
CJIyxa, YCTaHOBJIeHHIO KoopJtHHalJ.HH Me>K,llY CJlYXO\f H rOJlOCOM H pa3-
..
BHTHIO Bblpa3HTeJIbHOCTH, caMOCTOBTeJlbHOCTH yqaI.I.lHXCSI B HCnOJlHe-
HUH neceH.
HaH60J1ee OJlarOnpHHTHO )J.JIH neHHSI - nOJIO>KeHHe CTOH. Ho qro-
6b1 He nepeYTOMJlSlTb )teTeH H3 ypOKe, peKOMeHJlyeTcSI 1JepeJ10BaTb nellHe
397

CTOSI C neHHeM CH)I-H. CTOSI CJ1e,nyeT UCnOJIHSITb nCBqCCKHe ynpa>KHe-
HHH H nOBTOpSlTb BbIYlJeHHbIe neeHH.
B BOKaJIbHO-XOpOBOH patJOTe yqHTeJlH C KJIaCCOM ocoooe MeCTO CJIe-
JtyeT OTBeCTH neBtleCKHM ynpa}f{HeHHHM.
MaTepH811'IOM neBqeCKHX ynp3>KHCHHH forYT OblTb
npOCTbIe, KopOTKlie Hapo)J.Hwe neceHKH, npli6aYT-
KH, OTpbIBKH p8Hee BbIytleHHbIX neceH.
neBqeCKHe ynp8}f{HeHHH peKoMeHAyeTcH HCnOJlHHTb 8 Haqane ypo-
Ka (MH H8CTpOHKH CJIyxa H ronOC8, AJIH o6yqeHHSI yqa.u.J.HXCH BOKaJIb-
° HO-XOpOBbIM H8BbIKaM) no no.nYTOHa1 Bnepx H BHH3.
):lJlH TOtlHOrO BocnpOH3Be)J.eHHH feJIOHH ynpa>KHenHR yqHTe.
nlO Heooxo,nHMO H8CTpOHTb ytlaHxcSI B COOTBeTCTBYIOeH TOHaJIb-
° HOCTH.
1. Ynpa}f{HeHHe Ha OJ{HOM 3BYKe H8 CJIor AID H Ha rpynny CJIOrOB:
AR. - Ae - AIO (OT COAb, COAb-aU£3, AJl) cnocoOcTByeT P83BHTIUO MHf-
Koro He6a, YJlytlrneHHIO IIHCTOTbI HHTOHHpOBaHHH lIa OJlHOM 3BYKe, BbI-
pa60TKe npOTH>KeHHOCTH, nOJleTHOCTH 3BYKoBe)leHHH.
2. «CKOK-CKOK» - PYCCK8H H8pOJUt3H neCHH (OT CO/Ih, AJl-6eMo..1b,
AJl, cu-6eMoAb, cu) C ueJIblO pa3BHTHH nnaBHoro, ol<pyrJIeHllOrO 3I3YKa.
BbICO.KOH n03HII.HH, cpopMHpoBallHSI rJIaCHOH O.
3. «3aHqHK» - ,neTCKaSI neCHH (OT A fl., Afl.-aue3, cu). Ynpa}KHeHUe
ua pa3BHTHe MHrKoro, nJlaBHOrO 3BYKa, Ha npaBHJIbHOe <PoPMHpOBaliHe
fJlaCHbIX: fl., e, 0, a, Ha OCBOOO>K,ll.eHHe CKOBaHIIOCTH qeJIIOCTH.
4. «AH-.H, >KY-}KY» - JIaTbIIllCK3H H8po)lHaSl neCHH. ,QJlH ynp3}KlIe-
IIHSI HCnOJIb3yeTcSJ cppa3a «AR-H, >KY->KY, MeBe}f{OHOK, aM-H, my-my»
(OT pe, )U-6eMo/lb, .Mu). Ynpa>KHeHHe cnocoocTByeT pa3BHTHIO nJlaBHOrO
3BYQaHHH, llIHpoKoro ,l(blXaHHH H HCTOTbl HHToHHpoBalHiH Ma}J{Op-
Horo rpe3ByqHH.
5. neHHe 3BYKOP SI){a ao Ma",op B HMCXO,l{HueM ,nBH>KeHHH C Ha3bI-
D3HHeM 3BYKOB pa3BHBaeT nJIaBHoe 3BYKOBe,neHHC, BbIpaBHHDaeT 3DY-
laHHe Ha npOTSI}I{eHHOCTH Bcero 3ByopSlJ(a, opMHPyeT npaBMJlbHOe
npOH3HorneHue rJlaCHbIX.
6. Y npa1KlleHHe Ha pa3BHTHe lIYBcTBa Jl8)J.a: neHHe M8/KOpIlOrO H
u
MHHopHoro Tpe3BYtlHH cBepxy BHIf3 H CHH3Y BBepx OT o,nHoro H Toro }I{e
sBYKa (Afl, cu-6eAtOAb, CU, 00):
a) cBepxy BHH3 - MaJl{OpHOe Tpe3ByqHe Ha CJIOBO «COJlIlbIWKO»
Ii l\tHHOpHoe Tpe3BYQHe Ha CJIOBO «TYQa»; ,
6) cBepxy BHH:3 - Ma}f{OpHOe Tpe3BYtlHe Ha CJIor /lfl, l\1UHOpHoe Tpe-
3BYQHe H3 CJIor Ae;
B) CHH3Y BBepx H cBepxy BHH3 - Ma}KOpnOe Tpe3BY1lHe na cnor .lIJl t
MHHopHoe Tpe3BytlHe H8 CJIor Ae.
7. «rYJlH, MOH o.rYJIH» - PyccKaH Hapo;J.HaH neCHH. YnpaLKlleHHe
H8 pa3BHTHe )<aHTHJIeHbl, QHCTOTbI 3BYQaUHH TOH8 H nonYTona BHH3
Ii BBepx, CPOpMHpoBaHHe rJIaCHOH y. .
8. «He J1eTaii, COJlOBeH» - PYCCK8H H8pO;J.HaSl neCHH. Y npaJKUellHe
c UeJIblO pa3BlfTHH f\fHrKOro, neByqerO 3BYKa.
9. Ynpa>KHeHHH Ha npHo6peTeHHe HaBbIKOB ,lI.ByxrOJlOCHOrO neHHH:
neS'IeCHHe
ynpaHCHeHMA
398

a) K8HOHbI «CKOK-CKOK», «Bo none 6epe3a CTOHJ1a», 3BYKOpflJ( ao Ma.
'lCOp (CBepxy BHH3 H CHH3Y BBepx);
6) neHHe J.{ByxrOJIOCllbIX OTpbIBKOB H3 neceH: «CTOJ!, KTO If;teT?>>,
«KaK nOlliJIH HalliH nOPY/J{KH». .'
OTJIHtHiTeJIbHOH tlepToft nenqeCKOrO pcrrcpTyapa
Pa3Y'lHaaHHe I I I KJIaCCa SlBJIHeTCH BKJIIO'IeHHe necen C 9JIeMeHTa-
.qBYlronOCHbiX nee8H
MH ByxronocHH. ,
B CBH3H C TeM, qTO rOJIOC eTeH 3Toro B03pacTa ec HC H1.teeT OC06bTX
OTrIH1.1Hii B TeM6pe li Hana30HC, HeT Heo6xo)].HMOCTH pacnpe,neJ1S1Tb Y1la-
mHXCSI no napTHSIf (Jl.HcKauTbI H a.'lbTbI). KJIacc npocTo AeJ1HTCn Ha J(Be
rpyrrnbI. Ka}l{)].aH rpynna, Bce yqaHeCH MorYT neTb H nepxHlOlO II
IUf)l{HlOlO napTHH neCHH.
OBJla)leHHIO HaBblKaMH .nByxrOJIOCHOro neHH5I nOforalOT KaHOHbl.
,QJIH 9TOH UeJIH fO}KHO peKo:\feH)].oBaTb pyccKHe HapoAHbIC neCHH, BbI-
Y1.IeHHbIc B npe.nbI)].YllUIX KJIaCCaX, - «CKOK-CKOK» «Bo nOJIe 6epe3a
CTOflJIa», 3DYKOPH){ 00 .Maop H .np. npH HCnOJIHeHHH KaHOHa nepBbIH
1-1 BTOpOH rOJIOC nOlOT O)lHY MeJlO.nH10, TOJIbKO BTOpoft rOJIoe BCTynaeT
n03)lHce (O){Ha rpynna Ha1.IHHaeT neTb, a .npyra51 nOBTOpHeT HCnOJIHen-
Hoe, K8K axe).
I rpynna: CKdK, CKOK, nO-CKOK, MO - .1I0-.n0" .np03-.nOK...
I " "'-/ I - /,,"
I I » CKOK, CKOK, nO-CKOK, MOJlo-AOH...
I » Bo nO-T]e 6e-pe-3a CTO - H - Jla. Bo no - ne...
/" '" " " /" ,,/ I
I I » Bo nO-Jle 6e - pe-3a CTO - Sf - .na...
B J1Byxro..1JOCHOH neCHH - .nee MeJIo.nllH - ABe nap1'MH, HO Y1J3T
Ka}KYlo rrapTHIO Dee yqaHeCH KJIacca. Kor,na o6a rOJIoca XOPOWO 6y-
,nYT YCBOCHbI, yqHTeJIb npe,lJ.J1araeT peoHTaM HCnO,,'1HH'fb neCHIO Ha ,lI.Ba
ro.aoca, pa3,neJIHB BeCb KJlaCC Ha Be rpynnbl. neill-Ie Bcero KJlacca
TO HHlliHHM, TO BepXHHM rOJIOCOM pa3BHBaeT MY3hIKa.,1bHbIH CJIYX JlereH.
OCHOBHOH 3a)laqeH BOKaJIbllO-XOpOBOH paOOTbl
Tpe6oaaHM. H pa3Y- yqHTeJ1H HBJIHCTCH pa3BHTHe y YQ3I.IJ.HXCH C03Ha-
'1H8aHMIO " HenonHe-
HHIO neeeH TeJlbHOrO H 9MOUHOHaJIbHOrO OTHomeHHH K co,nep-
, )I{aHlilO neCHH H BbIpa3HTeJlbHOrO ee nCnOJIHeHHSI.
I(a}K)].aH neCHSI, pa3YQltBaeMaH no npOrpaM1\fe I I I KJIacc.a, cnoco6-
CTBYCT 3al{penJlellHIO nCB4eCKHX llaBLIKOB: blxaHHC, .llHKl.I.H 51 , tlHCTOTa
HIITOHalI.HH, 3BYI{OBe,lI.eUHe Ii T. JI..
necHR 0 POAHHe (MY3. A. <l>UJIHnneHKo, cn. M. n03IlanCKoii). 9Toii
neCHeH nO.,1e3HO nalIHHaTb BOKaJIbHO-xOPOBYIO paooTY B I I I KJI8Cce.
IIaneBIl8H, JIaCKOBaH MeJ10,lI.H5I neCHH cnoc06cTByeT BblpaooTKe npOTS1>K-
Horo, MHrKoro 3BYQaHHSI. !lOBOJIbHO JJ)lHHHbIe MY3bIKaJlbllbie <l>pa3bI no-
foralOT pa3BHTIHO LlIHpoKoro .IlbIxaUHSI. YQHTeJ1lO Hc06xoJl.HMO oGp amaTb
BHHMaUHe eTeH Ha neIlHe Bceit f\fY3bIKanbHoH cppa3bI Ha O,llHOM ,l(bIX8HH",
Ha fL,'IaBHOe neHHC BYX 3BYKOB (llJecTHa,n1l3Tble MHTeJlbHOCTH) H3 O)J.HH
399

CJJor. 'YqHTeJIb CneJJ.HT, tlT06bJ .neTH HCnOJlHSlJ1H neCHIO cnOKOHIlO, He
enema, HO H He saTHrHBaJlH.
Haw KpaH (MY3. A. Ka6aJIeBCKOro, CJ1. A. npHllleJ1bn8). DecHR HC-
nOJIHHeTCH B xapaKTepe BaJIbca. npH 3TOM neTb ee Ha.ll.O nJiaBHO, JIer..
KO CHHMaSi .6e3Y.lI.apHble °CJIOrH (raK, B CJIOBaX nepBoro KYIIJIera: «PH-
6HUa», «.,'Ho6HMbIH» H T. n.), TOtlHO BbI.lI.ep>KHBaH )J.JIHTeJlbHOCTH B KOH-
ne MYSbIKaJlbHbIX pa3 (no.nOBHHHaH JJ)1HTeJlbHOCTb, CJlHrOBaHHaH
C BOCbMOH).
neceHKa npo IIH6Hca (MY3. M. l1opaHcKoro, CJI. A. npHWeJIbLla).
BSBOJIHOnaHHOCTb, 3MOUHOHaJIbllOCTb fY3bIKH H COep}KaHHSI neCHH
cnoco6cTBYIOT pa3BHTHIO HHAHBHJ{yaJlbHOH BbIpa3HTeJIbHOCTH neHHS1.
n03TOMY necHH MO>Ker HCnOJIHHTbCS1 conHcraMH. B paoore Ha,zt neCHeH
neo6XOJlHMO .no6HBaTbCSI nerKOCTH, HaneBHOCTH 3BYKa, TOqHOrO BblnOJ1-
HeHHH nOrHqeCK)lX yapellHH.
nepBaH pa1a 2-u qaCTH neCHH (HanpHMep, «A CKa>KHTe, qbH Bbl?»)
HanHcaHa B BbICOKO1 perHCTpe, H CJ1e.ll.yeT HCnOJIHHTb ee rpynne HJ1U
OTlleJIbHblM pe6HTaM C BbiCOKHMH rOJIOC8MH.
nocelO ne6eAY H8 6epery (pyccKaS1 Hapo,ztHaH). TaHqeBaJlbHbIH xa-
paKTep H ObICTphIH TeMn neCHH Tpe6YlOT J1erKOrO, CBeTJ10rO 3BYKa npu
coxpaHeHHH npOTHiKH00TH, nJ1aBHOCTU 3BYKOBeeHHH, KopOTKoro, Obl-
CTporo Boxa. YqHTeJllO CJIeyeT o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha tieTKocTb npOH3-
HeceHHH KIDK)torO cornaCHoro 3BYKa, 80 H36eraTb CKaH.ltHpOBaHHH CJIO-
rOB npH neHHH.BOCblbIX JIHTeJ1bHOCTeA. 3Ta necHS1 MO>KeT pa3y t lHBaTb-
CH Ha .lI.Ba rOJloca.
3HMHHH npaSAHHK (MY3. M. PaYXBeprepa, CJI. H. CaKOHCKOH). 3a-
AOpHblA, BeCeJIbIA xapaKrep neCHH MO>KeT HHor.na npuBecTH K cpOpCH-
pOB8Hino 3BYKa (OC06eHHO B npHneBe Ha BbICOKHX HOTax) H CKan.nHpo-
BaHHIO CJ10rOB. YqHTeJ110 CJleyeT OOp8THTb H8 STO BHHMaHHe yqarnHX-
CSI H .n06HBaTbcH npOTH}KHOrO neHHS1 BOCbMhIX, KopOTKoro LlxaHHH
ue>KJty <PP83aMH. PeKOMeHJtyeTCH TaK>Ke pa3Hooopa3HTb HCnOJ1HeHHe
neeHH: npO.ll.YM8Tb llHHaMHQeCI{He OTTeHKH Ka>K,ztOH cpp8SbI, cneTb Ka}K-
JtbIH KynJleT onpe,zteJIeHHOH rpynne yqarnHXCH UJIH COJIHCT8M. .
3a peKOIO CTapblH Aor.t (MY3. 11. Baxa, pycc. TeKCT .n. TOHCKoro).
necHH cnoKoAHaH, npOTH>KHaSI, H8neBHaS1, nOXO>Ka Ha KO..TIbI6MbHYIO.
PaOOTaTb Ha HeA peKOMeU.lI.yeTcH no pa3aM: BHaqaJle - Ha CJIOrH
(Ai, All), 3aTef - eo CJIOBaMH. TaK K8K B 9TOA neCHe .lI.OBOJIbHO )].JlHHHble
MY3b1Katl1bHwe cppa3bI, TO neo6xO,ztHMO YQHTb J].eTeH 3KOHOMHO pacxoJlo-
BaTb .lI.bIX8HHe, npaBHnbHO pacnpe,zteJ1HSI ero Ha BCIO <l>pa3Y. Oc06oe
BHHM8HHe CJIe.ll.yeT ye.nHTb nelIHIO ABYX 3BYKOB Ha O.ll.HH CJ10r (JIHra
B pacncBaeMorvl CJIore). neTb x nJIaBHO, MHrKO, O)1HOH nHHHeH, He CKan-
llHpOBaTb.
CTOH, KTO HAeT? (MYS. B. COJIOBbeBa-Ce.noro, CJ1. C. nOrOpeJIOBCKoro).
aro nepBaSi neCHH, KOTOpyIO pe6HTa nOIOT H8 Ba rOJIoca. ero Y>Ke He
KOHOH, f.ne nepBble H BTopbIe rOJloca HcnonHHIOT O)1HY MeJ10.ll.HlO. 3.necb
lJ,Be pa3HbIe MeJlO.ll.HU. JlByxrOJIOCHe - Bcero qeTbipe TaKT8, HO paOOTa
H8A HHM" nOTpe6yeT BHHMaHHSI, MY3bIKaJlbHoti naMHTH H CJlyxa JleTeH.
QTo6M OOJIerqHTb pa3ytlHBaHHe 3TOro Mecra neCHH, nOJ1eJHO neTb 3TY
400

1IaCTb KaK ynpS>KHeHHe B TOHaJIbHOCTH pe Ma:JICOp. CHa1laJIa nOIOT BTO-
pble rO.TIOCa <ppa3Y «CTO" , KTO H,lI.eT?» Ha 3BYKe CDAb, 3areM - nepBbIe
ry }Ke <l>pa3Y Ha 3BYKe CU H TaK nOOqepe)J.HO HecKOJIbKO pa3. Kor-
,lla Ka>K,ltbIH rOJloc 6YJteT 3BYQaTb YCTOHqHBO, ox MO>KHO 06'be,AH-
HHTb. OBJIa)J.eHHe ,lI.ByxrOJIOCHeM B ynpa>KHeHHH ,lI.aX B03MO>KHOCTb
ytIaIUHMCH C 60JIblIIHM HHTepeCOM 9MOII.HOHaJIbHO paOOTaTb Ha,l1 Bee"
necHeH. ..
Oco6oe BHHMaHHe Heo6xo)J.HMO Y,lI.eJIHTb pHTMMtIeCKOMY PliCYHKY
neCHH. BhInOJlHeHHe nYHKTHpHoro pHTMa o Tpe6yeT pa60TbI apTHKYJlH-
llHOHHoro annapaTa, HO tJpeMepHaH aKTHBHOCTb peOHT HHor,Aa npHBO-
;ZtHT K KpHKJlHBOMY neHHIO. 3a 3THM Ha,no CJIe,ll.HTb YtIHTeJHO.
Pa3YtJHBaHHe npHneBa CJIeyeT HatIHHaTb c neHHH BceM KnaCCOM
napTHH BToporo rOJIOca, TaK KaK ero MeJ10,ll.HH nJIaBHO nepexo;tHT B o,n-
HOrOJlOCHYIO cppa3Y. B npOTHBHOM CJIytIae yqaw.HeCH nepBoro rOJIOca
nYTalOT HatIaJIO 3BYtJaHHH cppa3bI «HHKTO He npOCK01IHT». Ha nepBOM
ypOKe pa3YQHBaHHSI neCHH coe)].HHHTb ABa rOJIOca MO}KHO JlHIIIb B KJIaC-
cax, X,OpOlliO BJIaeIOmHX HaBbIKaMH .lI.ByxrOJIOCHH. JIytIIIIe KaK CJIeyeT
3aKpenHTb 3BytIaHHe Ka)l{OrO rOJIOca BceM KJlaCCOM B reqeHHe HeCKOJIb-
KHX ypOKOB H TOJlbKO nOTOM cOe.ll.HHHTb. Ha nepBOM >Ke ypOKe ytIHTeJlb
MO)l{CT nOKa3aTb ,AByxrOJIOCHOe HCnOJIHeHHe necHH OT,AeJlbHbIMH yqaCT-
HHKaMH xopa. 31'0 nOMO>KeT 3aHHTepeCOBaTb ,npyrHx ,neTeH MHOrOrOJIOC-
HblM neHHeM.
KaK-nOWJlH HaWR nOAPY}I{KH (PYCCKaH HapO)].HaH neCHH). BeCeJIaH
neCII5I nJIHCOBOro xapaKTepa, cnoco6cTByeT 3aKpenJICHHIO HaBbIKOB
J{BYXfOJIOCHOrO neHHH.
Pa3YIIHBaHHe npHneBa, TaK >Ke KaK H B neCHe «CToA t KTO H,neT?»,
CJIeJtyeT npOBOJtHTb Ba HeCKOJIbKHX ypoKax, 3aKpenJIHH Ka>KAbIH rOJIOC
OT;teJIbHO. TOJIbKO nOCJIe Toro KaK YllaIl.I-HecH BceM KJIaCCOM, rpynnaMH,
HH.lI.HBH,lI.yaJIbHO 6y,nYT tIHCTO neTb Ka}K]J.YIO napTHIO, MOiKHO nepeATH K
,lI.ByxrOJIOCHoMY neHHIO. npH MHorOKpaTHOM nOBTopeHHH CJIOB «ceID,
BelO, BelO, BblO» He CKaH.lI.HpOBaTb Ka>K.ltYIO BOCbM)'1O )J)IHTeJIbHOCTb,
3 .lI.o6HBaTbCH e)J.HHOH MeJIO,ll.MtIeCKOH JIHHHH C Bbl.ll.eJIeHHeM MY3b1K8Jlb-
HOH BeplIIHHbl $pa3bI. °
necHH 0 BeJJHKOM JleHHHe - (MY3. A. HJIHnneHKOt CJI. T. BOJIrHHOH).
nepe.ll. pa3ytlHBaHHeM neCHH Ha.no paCCKa3aTb pe6HTaM, 0 JII06BH
B. 11. JIeHHHa K MY3bIKe, 0 MY3bIKaJIbHbIX BetIepaX B CMbe Y JlbHHO"
BbIX, nOKa3aTb penpo,ll.YKUHIO C KapTHHbI A. Mopo30Ba «B. H. JIeHHH
CJlYillaeT Hrpy MaTepH .Ha pOHJIe».
lllHpoKaH, cnOKOHHaH MeJIO.lllfH «necuH a BeJ1HKOM JIeHHHe», B xa-
paKTepe HapO.ll.HoH neCHH Tpe6ycT nJIaBHOrO, npOTH1KHOrO 3BYKOBee..
HHH, B TO me BpeMS! Heo6xo.llliMa qeTKOCTb B npOH3HOlIIeHHH CJlOB.
JrY neCHIO XOpOllIO HCnOJIb30BaTb Ha nHOHepCKHX c6opax, YTpeH-
HHKax, nOCBHIII.eHHbIX )].HIO pOeHHg B. H. JIeHHHa.
Mapw IOHhlX nHOHepOB (MY3. C. L{ellIKHH3, CJI. A. )l(apOBa). 3TO
OOJtpaH, 3HeprHtIHaH neCHH -B TeMne nOXOHoro Mapwa. nepe,ll. pa3YQHBa-
HHeM Xopowo npsHaKOMHTb pe6HT C HCTopHeH C03JtaIlHH nepBOH nHOHep-
CKOH neCHH. ,a06HBaHcb tJCTKOCTH HCnOJIHeHHH nYHKTHpHoro pHTMa' B
14 3aK33 694.
401

neHHH, Y 1 1HTeJ11O HeOOXO,llHMO CJle,l1HTb 38 TeM, '1TOObl He 6b1no «f>oPCH-
pOBaHHoro neIlliSl, OC06eUHO H3 3BYKe pe" (B CJIOBe «KJlHq»). HaAO T01IHO
BblJI.ep)f{aTb qeTBepTHYIO JI.JIHTeJlbHOCTb H nJIaBHO coe,nHHHTb ee c
nOCJle,nYIOIII-HMH 3BYKaMH (co CJIOBOM «nHOHepOB»), T. e. DCIO cj>pa3Y
«KJIMtJ -nnOHepOB - «Bcer.n.a 6YJ1.b rOTOB!» CJIeJl-yeT neTb H3 OAHOM
,nbIxaHIIH.
B pa60re Ha,n neCHeH YllHTeJWO ne06x.OJlHMO 06paw.aTb BHUMaH"e"
.zteTeH Ha qeTKOe, 6b1CTpoe npOH3HomeHHe cornaCHbJX B CJlOBaX «B3Be"-
TeCb KOCTpani», «pa)lOCTHbIl\I» Ii T. ,l(.; Ha KOpOTKHM BJ1.0X Me}K)ty cppa3aMH;
H3 Bpa3HTenbHoe HcnonHeHMe KaJlOrO KynneTa neCHH.
nHOHepcKoe 3BeHO (MY3. Lt. Ka6aneBCKoro, CJI. O. BbICOTCKOW).
BeCeJlaH, >KH3Hepa)l.OCTHaH neCHH-Mapm. Me.nOMH neCHH npOCT3S1,
JlerKO 3anOIHHaeTCSI. Ee HaJlO JiCnOJIlIHTb CneTJIbIM, JIerKHM 3BYKOM npH
IJeTK01\t BbInonHeHHU pHTMa, TOqHO Bbl,ll.ep)KBaTb KOIlUbI 4>pa3, 6b1CTpO,
He3a{eTHO 6paTb ,lI.blXaHHe Me>KJlY KOpOTKHMH MY3blKanbHblMH cppa3aMH,
HCHO 11 IJeTKO npOH3HOCHTb COrJlaCHbIe B KOHue CJI0B (<<np, YJl» «MHHYT»,
«pH)I.», «OTpSlJJ.» H T. ,n.). OKOHQaHHe neCHH peKOMeH,lI.yeTcH YIIHTb H3
Ba ronoca. I
B JlOAKe (MY3. i\\. PaYXBeprepa, cn. O. BbICOTCK{)H). BeCeJlbIH, CBeT--
nbIH XapaKTep neCHH Tpe6yeT JIerKOrO, nJI3BHOrO, 3BOllKoro HCnOJlHe-
HHS1. I1HToHaMoHHo TpYJleH CKaQOK B MeJlO,ll.HH Ha CJJOBaX «neCHIO 3BOH-
KYIO CBOIO» 9TOT OTPblBOI{ Ha)lO YtJHTb OT,neJIbHO. BamHO, Qr06b1 )leTH
em)le nOqYBCTBOBaJlH BHYTpeHHHM CJIYXOM HH>KHHH 3BYK B CJIOBe
«3BOHKYIO», a. 3areM CneJIH ero.
npH pa3YtJHBaHMH neCHH ,pa3HbJMH COCTaBal\'IH yqaInHXCH (rpyn-
naMH, HH)l.HBHyaJlbHO, BceM KnaCCOM) ,ll06MB3TbCH 9MOUHOHaJlbHOrO
Bblpa3HTeJJbHoro HcnonHeHHH neCliH.
Ha ypOKe MY3blKH ,lI.eTH nOJlyqalOT Macey MY3bI-
nnaHMpO..HM8 p,!i50- KaJlbHblX BneqaTJleHHH: CJlYUlalOT H nOIOT pa3Hoo6-
TW Ha,q neCHeN
pa3Hblc npOH3BeJleHHSI. .
npH nnaHHponaHHu ypoKa, KpoMe npoH3Be)l.eHHSI ,nnH cnYUIaHHH,
Heo6xOAuMO BKJIlOlIaTb 2-3 neCHH ,l(JlSI HCnOJlHeHHSI. nepBaH necHH
J\10meT 6blTb HOBOA, yqHTeJIb HCnOJIHSleT ee (Bce KynneTbI) H pa3YIJHBa-
eT C ,neTbMH MeJlO,l(HIO BCe" neCHM HJIH HeCKO..7IbKHX cppa3. BTopaSl neCHSI
aaKpefInHeTcH (YTOIJHSlIOTCH HHToHau,HOHHO TpY)l.HbIe MecTa). TpeTbSl
nOBTopHeTCH (QaCTHllHO HJlH neJ1HKof), YQHTeJ1b paooTaeT Ha,ll. 9MOllHO-
Ha",lbHOCTblO HCnOJlHeHHH neCHH. I
3TOT MeTO,n nOf\fOraeT y'lHTenIO ,llCp)KaTb B nOJIe 3peHMSI yq3InHXCH
neCKonbKO neceH' H nOCTefIeHHO oTpaOaTbJB3Tb KalIeCTBeHHOCTb HX 3B-
lIaHHH. B TO }Ke BpeMH Ka)KJ{bIH ypOK CT3HOBHTCH co,nep}KaTeJ1bHbIM, HH-
TCpecllbIM H pa3Hoo6pa3HbIM.
PaCCMOTpnM, KaK MO>KHO CnJIaHHpOBaTb paOOTY Ha,l1 HeCKOJlbKHMH
neCHHMH Ha O,nHOM YPoKe 1 .
1. 3HMHHH npa3.D.HHK (MY3. M. PayxBeprepa, CJI. H. CaKoHcKoH).
nOCJle nOKa3a neCIIH H KOpOTKOH 6ece;\bJ no co,nep>K3HHIO H xapaKTepy
IC,..: 3-A ypoK BTOpoii qeTBepTH, CTp. 412.
402

MY3bIKH ytlHTeJlb pa3YQHBaeT C YQar.u.HMHCH 3aneB neCHH, CJIe)tHT 3a
npO'fSl>KeHHOCTblO 3BYKOBe)teHHSI (OC6eHHO. BOCbMblX An HTeJIbHocTeH),
06paw.aeT BHHMaHHe H8 KOpOTKHH B)lOX Me}f(Jty $pa3aMH, JlOOHB3eTcH
MY3KanbHocTH HcnonHeHHSI 9THX p33. I
2. nocelO Jle6eAY H& 6epery (PyccKaSi HapO.llHaH necHH). npeJtno-
JlaraeTCSI, liTO Ha npeJUlleCTBYIOInHX ,lJ.Byx ypOKax f?blnM pa3YQeHbi JtBa
KynneTa neCHH. Ha 9TOM ypOKe He06xo)tHMO nOBTopHTb HX, Jt06MTbcH
npOTSI}I{HOrO, JlerKOrO neHHH (oea CKaHJtHpOB3HHH cnorOB) , KopOTKoro
6b1CTpOrO B)loxa Me*.,u.y ct>pa3alVlH H 3aTeM nepeUTH K paaytUIBaHHIO no-
CJle)lHero, 3-ro KynJleTa neCHH. ¥tlHTb ero, KaK OObltlHO, no <ppa3aM,
3aKpennHH BOKaJlbHO-XOpOBMe YMeHHH H H3BMKH, npHo6peTeHHwe B
pa60re Ha)t ABYMSI rrepBbU\'IH KynneTaMH.
3. KaK Ha TOHeHbKHH Jle)J.OK (PyccKaSl HapO,lJ.HaH necHSI) H3 penep..
Tyapa II KJlacca. TpY)lHOCTb COCT3BJIHeT BocnpOM3BeAeHHe B naMHTH
BCex ceMH KynJ1eTOB II neHHe HX 6e3 cOnpOBO>KJJ-eHHSI. Ha ,nalIHOM ypOKC
.AOCTaTOtlHO BcnOMHHTb 2-3 KynJleTa CHatlaJIa C cOnpOBO>K)J.eHHelVl rvte-
nO,AHH, 33TeM a'KaneJ1J1a. HcnonHeHHe necHH Heo6xoJI.HMO pa3Ho06pa-,
3HTb JUluaMHQecKHMH OTTeHKaMH t H3leHellHeM TeMna H T. ,n.
PacnpeJteJIeHHe pa60TbI Ha,n necHert Ha HeCKOJIbKO ypOKOB cnoco6-
cTsyeT 60J1ee npOtIHoMY YCBoeHHIO MY3bIKaJlbHoro TeKCTa M )J.aeT B03-
MO>KHOCTb yqaInHMcH pa60TaTb HaJJ- HHM Ka1K.ltblH pa3 Bce C OO..fIbIlIHM HH-
repecoM. . ,
PaCCMOTpHM, KaK pacnpeJtenSieTCH BOKanbHo-xopOBaSi pa60Ta npH
pa3YQHBaHHH OJl.HOH necHH (<<Halli Kpaii», MY3. ,a. Ka6aJIeBCKOro,
CJI. A. npMIIIeJIbua) Ha 5-6 YPoKax l .
I-if y P 0 K. YqHTeJlb nOKa3blBaeT neCHIO (HcnonHHeT caM HJIH ,naeT
· B 3anHCH), npOBOHT KOPOTKYIO 6ece)J.y 0 co,nep>KaHHH H MY3hIKaJlbHO-
BbIpa3HTenbHbIX Cpe)lCTBax neCHH: nJIaBHblH, TaHUeBaJIbHblH xapaKrep
MeJIO,nMH - pHTM Banbca, Tpex,nOJIbHblH pa3Mep. 3aTeM yqHTeJIb pa-
aytlHBaeT c ,neTbMH nepBblH: KynJIeT necHH no <ppa3aM, CH3t1ana Ha cnor
AIO, nOTOM co CJIOBaMH, ,A06HBaHCb MHrK9CTH, nn3BHOCTH 3BYtlaHH5I; CJIe..
u u u
JtHT 33 tlHCTOTOH HHTOHHpOBaHHH BepXllHX 3BYKOB B nHTOH H rnecToH
cppa3ax (pe 2 ,oo2), o6pamaeT BHHMaHHe Ha TO, tlTOObl JI-eTH He 3aT5IrHBa-
nH 6e3YJlapHble CJlOrH B CJlOBaX (<<pH6HHa», «JIIOOHMbIH»).
2-A y P 0 K. 3aKpenHB MarepHaJi npe,Qbl,nYInerO ypOKa, YtlHTeJIb
pa3YtlHBaeT C AeTbMH BropOH KynJleT (TaK>Ke no <ppa3aM) na CJIOrH H
co CJlOBaMH, cne)J.HT 33 HHal\-IHtleCKHMH OTTeHKaMH .HCnOJIHeHHH.
3-" y P 0 K. MeJIOJJ-HH neCHH YTOtlHHeTCH Ha CJIOrH Il1D, .I1Jl.
LleTH HCnOnH5IIOT nepBble ,nBa KynneTa BceM KJIaCCOM, rpynnilMH,
HHJUiBH,lJ.yanbHo. XOpOlliO nOIOInHX ytlElmHXcH, c qHCTbIMH, SBOHKHMH
rOJIOCaMH MO>KBO Bbl3BaTb neTb no OJ{HOMY. 3TO nOMO>KeT ynytlUJHTb
sByqaHHe neCHH BceM KJIaCCOM. npH HCnOJlHeHHH nepBbIx JtBYX KynJle-
TOB H pa3Y1lHBaHHH TpeTbero ytIHTeJIb o6pa1lI.aeT BHHMaHHe JI-eTeH Ha OJ{-
HOBpeMeHHoe OKOHQaUHe CJIOB (<<WHpOT», «BnepeJI-», ({B3rnH,n», «ca,[l»),
Ha Bblpa3HTeJIbHOCTb HCnOJIHeHMH.'
1e M.: ypOKH 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10 nepaoH (leTaepTH, CTp. 410-411.
14*
403

4-H Y P 0 K. npc)K)\e qeM nepeHTH K pa3YtJHBaHHIO nOCJle,nHero,
1IeTBeprofo KYIIJ1eTa neCHH, Y'tIHTeJIb nOBTOpHeT nepBble TpH: BceM KJIac-
,COM, rpynnaMH C 3aneBaJIaMH (XOpOIIIO nOIOInHe YllallIJ-IeCJJ). 1.JeTBepTbla
KynJleT pa3YQHBaeTCH, KaK 06bItlHO, no <!>pa3aM.
5-6-8 y p a K H. YqHTeJIb HanOMHHaeT YllalllJ-IMcH 0 3HaQeHHH H
BwnonHeHHH npaBHJlbHWX nOrHQecKHx Y8peHHH B neCHe (8 3TOM ee
CJlO>KHOCTb), CJIe,nHT 3a 3MOl.UiOHaJIbHblI\.f, BbIpa3HTeJIbHbIM HCnOJIHeHHeM,
.lI.06HBaeTCH MHrKoro, HaneBHoro, JIerKOrO 3BYKa B neHRH.
CnYW8HHe MY3blKM
DOJIbIIIOe 3Ha1.JeHHe )J.JIH MY3bIKaJlbHOrO BocnHTallHH ,l(eTeH HMeeT
1ywaHHe MY3bIKH. OCHOBHaH neJIb SToro pa3eJIa nporpaMfbI-npHBHTb
AeTHM JlIOOOBb H HHTepec K MY3b1Ke, HaYQHTb fiX pa36HpaTbCH B Hen.
PaOOTY H8)1 M)'3bIKaJlbHbIMH npOH3Be.neHl-fHMH )J.J1H CJIYIIIaHHSI MO}K-
HO )'CJIOBHO pa3)1eJIHTb Ha 4 9Tana: BCTynHTeJIbHOe CJlOBO YlIHTeJlH, no-
Ka3 npOH3BeJI-eHHH, oece}J.a H pa360p nOCJ1e npOCJI)'llIHB3HI1H, nOBTOp-
Hoe npOCJIYIlIHBaHHe.
BCTynl1TeJIbHOe CJlOBO ytJHTeJIH J{OJl>KHO nOMOqb YllaIll,HMCH IIOHHTb
npOH3Be}J.eHHe, saHHTepecoBaTb HX, norOTOBHTb K CJI)'waHHIO. OHO
,llOJl}KHO 6bITb KpaTKHM, HPKHM H 3MOUHOHaJIbHblf\1. YqHTeJIb paCKphl-
BaeT cO}J.ep}KaHHe, SHaKOMHT YtlaID-HXCH C HCTopHeu C03aHHH npOH3-
BeJI-eHHSI (r}J.e 9TO B03MO}KHO), 06'bHCHHeT HeIIOHHTHble CJIOBa H Bblpa>Ke-
HHH B necHHX.
O'tleHb BaJKHblM MOfeHTOM B paOOTe YIIHTeJISI SlBJIHeTCSJ opraHHsan HH
KJI3CC8 )lJIH cnYllIaHHH MY3bIKH, ocooeHHO B rp8M3aHHCH. Ha,no HaYIIHTb
peOHT CHeTb THXO, He pa3rOBapHBaTb, He OTBJ1eK3TbCSI, BHHM8TeJIbHO
CJIe.nHTb 3a pa3BHTHeM MY3bJKH.
HCIIOJIHeHHC MY3h1KaJlbHbIX npOH3Be.neHHH YQHTeJleM ,nOJl>KHO ObITb
BbJpa3HTeJIbHblM, B COOTBeTCTBYIOIneM TeMne H xapaKTepe MY3bIKH.
Eecea nocJle npO&1lywHBaHHH - caMbIA CJIO>KHbIH 9Tan pa60Tbl.
Ba}l{HO nOMHHTb, liTO «pa360p HBJIHeTCH He UeJIblO, a.cpep-CTBOf\f )])IS! 00"
JIee fJlYOOKoro BocnpHSITHH cOJlep)KaHHH npOH3Be,neHHH»1. YlIHTeJ1b
v
nOCTOSIHHO aKTHBH3HpyeT eTeH, HanpaBnHeT HX MbICJlb Ha xapaKTepHC-
THKY MY3b1KH. qacTo npOCJIYlIIHBaHHe npOH3BeAeHHSI ,neT" CBOp-SiT JIHIIIb
K npOCTOMY nepeCKa3Y CO}J.ep}K8HHSI TeKCT8 neceH. Ba}KHO, qTOObI YII-
UJ.HeCH npOqYBCTDOBanH H Bblpa3HJlH CBoe OTHoweHHe, TOHbwe oxapaK-
TepH30BaJlH MY3bIKY. YtJHTeJ1b o6ooI1l.aeT Bce CKa3aHHoe pe6HT8MH, BbI-
)J.eJUIeT HaHOOJIee y}J.atJHble OTBeTbl, ,nonOJIHSleT HX.
3aIIOMHHTb My3bIKaJlbHOe npOH3BeAeHHe nocJIe OHoro npOCJIY-
WHBaHHH HeB03MO>KHO, n03TOMY Heo6xo}J.HMO nOBTopeHHe era Ha
nOCJIe.L\YIOll.(HX ypOKax. qe1 OOJIbWe yqeHHK cJlywaeT npOH3Be,ne-
HHe, reM nOHHTHee OHO eMY CTaHOBHTCH, TeM JIYllllle OH B HeM pa30H-
paeTCH.
1 H. JI. r p 0 11 3 e H C K a R. CJIYlllaHHe MY3b1KH D HaqaJlbHOH WKOJle. M.,
113)!- BO AflH PC<1>CP, 1962, CTp. 19.
404

B KOHne qeTBepTH (nocJle npOXO}K,l(eHHSI TeMbI); nonyrO)1HSI, ro.na
(H8 nocneJl.HHX HTorOBbIX YPOKax) peKOMeHJlyeTc npOBO)tHTb MY3bI-
KanbHYIO BHKTOPHHY (npOCJIYWHBaHHe OTpblBKOB H3 npOHJ{eHHbIX npo-
u u
H3BeJI.eHHH, onpe,lJ.eJleHHe HX H83BaHHH, aBTopOB t xapaKTepa MY3bIKM
H MY3bIK3Jlbllo-BbIpa3IITeJIbHbIX cpeJI.CTB). BHKTopHHa nOMoraeT yqH-
TeJllO BbISICHHTh npOQHOCTb 3HaHHH yqaInHXCH. ECJIH ytlaw.Hec ny-
TalOT npOH3Be.n.eHHH t aBTopOB, ,nalOT HeTOtlHYIO xapaKrepHCTHKY 1Y-
3blKe t HeJIb3H nepeXOJ{HTb K HOBO" TeMe. ilpaBHJlbHee H nOJIe3Hee ,lJ)IH
yqall.(HXCSI 6YJleT 3aKpenneHHe MaTepHaJIa.
CJIYlII3HHe MY3b1KH TPe6YCT WHpOKOro HcnO.J1b30B3HHH COBpeMeH-
HbIX TeXHHqeCKHX cpeJ{CTB: npOHrpbIBaTeJIb, MarHHTcxpOH t ,AHaHJIbMbI
H T. JI.. KOMnJIeKT nJIaCTHHOK «CnYlllaHHe MY3bIKH B IllKOJIe» ,neJIaeT 9TOT
pa3,Aen pa60TbI ,nocTynHbIM ,AJIH Bcex llIKOJI. ,
Mnoro neceH HaIIHC3no COBeTCKHMH n03T3MH H KOM-
npHMepHwe nO_CHe- n03HTopaMH 0 repOHX rpIDK.LlaHCKOH H BeJIHKOH
MM_ H npoM38eAeHM-OreQeCTBeHHOH BOHHbI. 06bltlHO 3TO neCHH-MapIIIH
_M no cnywaHHIO .
MY3WKM cypOBorO t 9HeprHlIHOrO XapaI{Tepa.
, rU6eJ1b 1.JanaeBa (MY3. 10. MHJIIOTHHa t CJI. 3. AJIeK-
aH,npoBoH). B neCHe pacKpbIBaeTCH 9nH30JI. fH6eJIH 3HaMeHHToro repOH
rp3>KAaHCKOH BOHHbI B. H. 4anaeBa. <l>opMa necHH KynJIeTHaH. l\\y-
3blKa BCTyndIeHHSI nOCTpoeHa Ha MeJIOJ{HH npHneBa. 3arreB - nepBaH
 u u
qaCTb neCHH - 3TO CypOBbIH t B3BOJIHOBaHHblH p8ccKa3 t HanHcaHHblH
B BH,lJ.e Me,nJleHHOrO Mapma. npHneB - BTopaH qaCTb neCHH - Apyroro
xapaKTepa - 9TO Y/Ke He MaplII, a neqaJIbHaH npOTH>KHaH MY3bIKa.
Ha ypOKe XOpOllJO nOKa3aTb penpOJtYKUHIO KapTHHbI C. npOKcxpbea3
«tIanaeB B 6oI». -
OpJleHOK (MY3. B. BeJIoro t CJI. 51. IlIBe.ztoBa). CJIaBHOMY JIeHHHcKO-
MY KOMCOMOJIY t ero repoli9_ecKHM J{eJIaM nOCBsnneHa necHH «OpJIeHOK».
necHH ObIJI8 HanHcaHa B 1936 rOJlY K TeaTpaJIbHOH nOCTanOBKe «XJIon-
QHK». IOHbIH repoH nbecbI, nonaB B nJIeH K OeJIorBapJ{efuI-aM, COqHHHeT
neCHIO 0 caMOM ce6e, 06 «opJIeHK('», . KOTOPOMY CY>K,AeHO YMepeTb «8 WecT-
Ha.AII-3Tb MaJIbqHwecKHX JIeT». MY3bIKa neCHH 3BytlHT KaK CypOBbIH,
o u
CTpOfHH .9HeprHQHbIH MaplIJ, MeJIOAHH KOToporo npOCTa Ii Otleijb Bblpa-
3HTeJIbHa.
CBHw.eHHaH BOHHa (MY3. A. AJIeKcaH,npOBa, CJI. B. JIeoe,neBa-KYMa-
tla). ilecHH ObIJIa C03,lJ.aHa B HH BeJIHKOA OTellecTBeHHoH BOHHbI. Bnep-
BbIe OHa npo3BYQ3JIa B MOCKBe Ha BeJlOPYCCKOM BOK3aJIe nepe.n- COJI-
,naT8MH Ii <xpHuepaMH, OTnpaBJIIOInHMHC Ha <!JPOHT. I1crrOJIHSlJI nee..
HIO KpaCH03HaMeHHblii aHCaMOJIb neCHH H nJlSlCKH COBeTCKOH ApMHIt
noJI. ynpaBJIeHHeM PYKOBOJI.HTeJIH, aBTopa fY3bIKH A. B. AneKcall-
,npOBa. .
npOCTaH H CTporH, neCH cpa3Y me npOH3BeJIa 60JIbWOe Bne-
qaTJIeHHe H8 CJIYllIaTeJIeH. no npocb6e 60HUOB rreCHH 6bIJIa HCnOJIHeH8
nHTb pas no,npH,lt. Bo BpeMH BOHHbI neCHSI e>KeJ{HeBHo 3BYQaJI8 no pMHO.
Ee B3BOJIHOBaHHbIii, 3HeprHtlHblH xapaKTep B,nOXHOBJUIJI Ha nO;WHrH
HallHX COBeTCKHX JlIOJI.eH. HHTepecHoH oc06eHHOCTblO 9TOH neeHU SIB-
JIHeTCR TO lITO npH Tpex,nOJIbHOM pa3Mepe (pHT1 Ba'1bca) OHa Hf\ieeT xa .
405

paKTep MapWa (KOTOpble OOblQHO nHIllYTCH B ABY....X- HJJH IJeTblpeX.n.OJIbHOM
pa3MepaX). 'lIeTKHfI, ynpYL'HH pHTM, 3HeprH\IHOe, peWHTeJlbHOe Jl.BH}Ke-
HHe MeJIOAHH C03.l1.aeT 3TOT MapIlle06pa3HbIH xapaKTep.
WYMeJI CYPOBO 6PRHCKHH Jlee (rvIY3. C. Kana, CJI. A. C<XjJpoHoBa).
91'0 JlHpH'IeCKaH neCHH 0 CYPOBbIX .nHHX BeJIHKOH OreqecTBelllloH BOH-
Hbl. HerOpOnJIHBblH paCCKa3 0 6opb6e napTH3an B BpHHCKHX Jlecax
9BYIJUT B HCnOJIHeUHH COJIHCT3 11 MYJKCKOrO xopa B COnpODO}K,neHHH op....
Kecrpa HapO.ll.HblX HHCTpYMeHTOB. nJlaBH3H, npOTSJ}KHag Me.YJOJ\HH Ha-
"
nHcaHa B X3paKTepe HapoAHOH neCHH.
.
Ka)K,ltblti HapO,l\ HMeeT caOH neCHH 11 nJU1CKU. HapoJ\lIble neeHH
TaHI.I.eBaJIbHOrO xapaKTepa H3BecTHbl yqall(HMcH I I I KJIaCCa (<<XoJl.HJIa
MJla-nerneHbKa», «nocelO JIe6e.n.y Ha oepery» Ii J\p.). HeKOTopble KOl\fn03H-
TOphI Hepe,n,KO nHIllYT MY3bIKY, nOXO}KYIO no CBOe{y xapaKTepy Ha Ha-
po-nHbIe T3H1I.b1 Ii nJlHCKH. 4am.e Bcero 3TO h-IY3btK'3 -nO/TISI CJlym3HHSI, 3
He ,nJIH TaHI.I.eB, XOTH no,n Hce 1\IO»<HO H YA06HO TanueBaTb.
HOpBe1KCKHH TaHel( (MY3. 3. rpHra). JII060Bb KOMn03HTopa K CBoeMY
lIapoAY, ero neCHHM, CKa3K3M, .JIereB)laM cr1oco6cTBOBa.JI3 C03,nanHIO 3TO-
ro npOH3BeJ\eHHH. rp31I.H03Ha, KpacHBa M10ijH nepBoti qaCTH «Hop-
Be}l{CKOrO TaH1I.a». OHa 60JIee cnOKOHHaSl H Me.neHllaH no cpaDHeHHIO co
BTOpOH - ObICTpOH t cTpeMHT1bIlOH, 3HeprH l lHoH. TpeTbSl qaCTb po-
BTOpHeT nepBYIO.
MeHY9T (H3 COHaTbl N2 20, MY3. J1. BeTxoBeHa). i\\ellY9T - 3TO CTa-
pHHHbIA 4>paHUY3cKHH raneu. )lBH}KeHHH TaHopoB Me,AJIeHHbIe, nJlaB-
Hble, ,Ka>KAbIH TaHu.YIOIIJ.HA B nape (MYiK1JHHa H meHllJJIHa) ,lI.BHraeTCR
HecnellIa, Ba}KHO 06MeHHB3Hcb J!.pyr C -npyroM nOKJIOllaMH. MY3blKa
MeHY9Ta - HeTOpOnnHBaSl, 1I3Hll.luaH H rpa1I.H03HaH.
«MeHY3T» J1. 6eTxoBeH3 - 3TO llaCTb cOHaTbI ,n.J1n <popTenHa-
. HO. 1{J1H Hero X3paKTepHO: Tpex.nOJIbHbIH' pa3Mep, rHOI<3H, H3HLII-HaH
. H BbIpa3HTeJIbH8H MeJlO,nHH; MHrKHH, npOCTOH H CJIOBHO gp03paIJHblH
aKKOMnaHefeHT. COCTOHT MeHY3T H3 HeCKOJIbKHX qaCTeH, O.ll.H3 H3 KOTO-
pblX nOBTopHeTCH HecKOJlbKO pa3. O-nHH qaCTH 3ByqaT CBeTJIO, paJJ-OCTHO
. H YBepeHHO, J\PyrHe - MHrKO H rpYCTHO.
M3prn - OlleHb pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIH BH-n MY3bIKH. Y pa3HLIX Map-
lieu - CBOH oco6eUHOCTH. napa.n.HbIe TOp}KeCTBeHHble f3pllJH Bcer,n3 6o-n..
, pbl 9HeprHtJ:Hble. ECTb neeHH-M3pWH, no KOTopble YAo6HO maraTb 'c
neHHM. 31'0 necHH: «OKTH6pRTa» M. PaYXBeprepa, «neceHK3 npo 3Be3-
I ,nOllKY» M. Hop,AaHCKoro U .np. MY3bIKa CKa30QHbIX MapllleH 3ByqHT
, HeCKOJIbKO HeOOblllHO.
Mapm l.JepHoMopa H3 onepbI «PYCJIaH H J11O).\MH'1a» (MY3. 1\1. r JlHH-
KH). Onepy «PYCJJaH H JIIO,AMHna» nanHCaJI neJIHKHH PYCCKHH KOMn03H-
TOp M. 11. rJIHHKa no O,AHOHMeHHoti n03Me A. C. DYWKHHa. Pe6RTaM
OObl'lHO H3BeCTHO ee cO,llep)KaHHe, H Y1JHTeJlb MomeT .7IHlllb KOpOTKO ero
lIanOMHHTb. . nepeJi. npocnYlllHB3HHeM «Mapwa 4epHOMopa», Jl)lSI Toro
llT06b1 .neT" fJIy6>Ke npOllYOCTBOBaJIH CO.Zl.epJK8HHe NY3b1HJ MO)KHO npo-
1JHTaTb OTpblBOK 83 n03Mbl A. C. nYIllKHua.
406
J

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MY3b1Ka Mapma cOnpOBO>K,naeT TOp}KeCTBeHlIoe, CKa30IlHoe wecmHe
BOJIwe6HHKa. MY3bIKa nepBOH tlaCTH Mapma 3BYQHT pe3KO, OTpbIBHCTO.
OHa KaK 6bl PHCYeT 06pa3 car-Ioro 4eplIOl.IOpa, HeYKJIIO>Ke waralOl.U.ero
3JIOrO H cTpaluHoro KapJIHKa. Me.nOJlHH BTOpOH 1IaCTH B HCIlOJlHeHHH
KOJlOKO.'1bqHKOB B BbJCOKOM perHcTpe npH,nae-r MY3bIKe BOJlwe6HbIH,.
CKa30tlHbIH xapaKTep. OHa 3BY1lHT .nerKO H 3BOHKO. TpeTbH qaCTb
3BY l IHT, KaK nepB8H. YqaHMCH II-I KJlaCCa 06bItlHO ,naeTCH cJlywaHHe
Tpex qaCTeH Maprna B HCrrOJIUeUHH CHMcpoHHqeCKOrO opKecTpa.
Mapw 03 onepbl «<I>aycT» (MY3. Ill. rYHO). Onepa «<Paycr» HanHcaHa
cppaHUY3KHM KOMno3HTopOM lllap.neM fYHO. B O,ll.HOH 03 CII-eH onepbl
no.l( 3BYKH-6Qnporo, Topn{ecTneHlloro Mapllla C rro6eJlOH B03spall(a1OTCH
COJlA3Tbi .nOMOH. OHM nOIOT naTpHOTHtlecKYIO necHIO. B 3anHCH Ha rpaM-
nJlacTHHKC Maplll ,naeTCH B Hcno..'1HeHHH .l1YXOBoro opKeCTpa, Ha 1ITO
CJIc.nyeT o6paTHTb BHHM3HHe yqaw.MXCH. HeOOXOJ{HMO TaK>Ke oopaTHTb
BHHMaliHe ,neTeH Ha xapaKTep M)'3bIKH (60APhlH, TOp>KeCTBeHHblH,
MYWfCTBeHHbIH, paJ\OCTHblH), Ha HpKOCTb, KpacOTY, BbIpa3HTeJIbHOCTb
Ii HaneBHOCTb leJlOJ].HH, KOTopaH 3BY1lHT CMeJIO, YBepeHHO, n06e.llHo.
8 l'flaprne HecKOJlbKO qaCTCH, H xapaKTep Ka/K.llOH 3 HHX yqalUHeCI
.lI.OJl>KHbI C3MM orrpCeJlHTb. . _ \
f OTpblBKH H3 OaJleTa «[QeJlKYHIIHK» (MY3. n. 4aHKoBcKoro). Ba-
neT C03,naH no CK33Ke 3. rcxpM3Ha. B HeH paccKa3blBaeTcH 0 TOM,
KaK ,neBOqKe MallIe Ha HOBbIH ro)t no)tapHJlH IlI.HnUbI AJIH opexos B BRAe
ManeHbKoro ,nepeBHHHoro 1IeJIOneQKa-IneJIKYHIIHKa. H01lblO eM npHc-
HHJlCH COH: [l{eJIKYHqHK n06e>K,lI.aeT 3J10rO Bpara-MbIUIHHoro KOpOJUl -
H npeBpau.(3eTCH B npeKpacHoro IOHorny. Ou ne,neT M3my B ropoJ( CJlac-
TeA, B 3aMOK <PeH LI.pa*e. Ha rrpa3,!(HHKe B 3aMKe TaHUYIOT rOCTH: HrpyUl-
KH (TaHen nacTyrnKoB), C.Tt3,!(OCTH (1I8H, Kocf>e, IllOKOJIM) Ii caMa cl>eH JI.pa-
}Ke. l{JUI CJla,ltOCTeH n. 4afIKoBcKHH COqHHHJI MY3bIKY, KOTopaH noxo-
IKa Ita MY3bIKY CTpaH, OTKy,na B TO BpeMH HX npHB03HJIH. TaK no..'lYtIH-
.,'JHCb T3HI.\bI: KHTaHCKHH, apatScKHH, Hcn3HCKHH. Me.nOJtHH TaHeB
HallHCaHLI KOln03HTopOM MH HHCTpYMeHTOB CHM<p<>HHtleCKOrO op-
KecTpa, 3BYQaHHe KOTOpbIX HanOMHBaeT Hap 0)1. HbIe HHCTPYMeHTbI
9THX CTpaH.
1\'\ a p Ill. no,n MY3bIKY 3Toro Maprna ,neTH BXO,nHT B KOMuaTY,- r,ne
CTOHT eJlKa. MapIIl COCTOHT H3 TpCX lIacrell (nepaaH If TpeTbH o,nHHa-
KOBble). nepB8H qaCTb 3B}'QHT OCTPO, qeTKO, JIerKO TO B BbICOKOM, TO
B HH3KO1 perHCTpax. BTopaH lIaCTb - KOpOTK3H H OTJlMtlae-rCH OT
rrepBOH crpeMHTeJIbHOCTblO, nO.;r}eTHOCTblO MeJ10,lJ.HH, OOJIee 6blCTpbIM
TeMnOM.
T a H e U. n 3 C T Y ill K 0 B - JIerKHH, H3HInHbIH, rpa[(H03HblH,
COCTOHT H3 Tpex QaCTeH. B nepBOH lIaCTH HrpyrnKH crrOKOHHO, KaK 6b1""
He cnema TaHu.yIOT nOJ( naCTYIllblO CBHpeJIb (<!meATY). B MY3bIKe BTOPO"
1IaCTH H3MeHHeTCH pHTM H Ka}KeTCH, QTO HrpYlliKH TaHUYIOT eIne ObICT-
pee, XOTH TClvlU MY3bIKH TOT /Ke. TpeTbH qaCTb nOBTOpHeT MY3b1KY
nepBOH.
II a H (KHTaHCKHH TaHeu.). B KHTaHCKOH MY3b1Ke 1Iacro BCTpeqaeT-
CH C01leTaHHe 3BY1l3HHSI BbICOI{HX, Aame npOH3HTeJIbHO 3syttaInHX HH-
407

CTpYMeHTOB C 60nee HH3KHMH. n. 11. t.laHKOBCI\HH HCnOJlb30BaJI 9T
OC06eHHOCTb KHTaHCKOH MY3b1KH H HanHCaJl TaHeu. ,llJlH TaKHX HH:
CTpYMeHTOB: <t>eATa HCOOJlHHeT napTHIO BblCOKOro rOJIOCa (MeJlO.lUiH),
<jJarar (JI.epeBHHHo-,llYXOBOH HHCTPYMeHT) - napTHIO HH3KOrO rOJIOCa
(COnpOBO}KJI.eHHe). nOJlYIIHJIaCb HHTepeCHaH CKa30tlHaH MY3bIKa WYT-
JIHBOrO XapaKTepa. Me.nO,llHH 3BY1.IHT TO n.HaBHO, TO OTpblBHCTO - CKaq-
K3MH, Ii Ka>KeTCH, liTO KHTaHKHe HrpYlIIKH BepTHTCH, nO,nnpblrHBaIOT.
B a JI b C II. BeT 0 B. He>KHaH n.naBHaH MY3bIKa naJlbCa He npe,ll-
CTaBJUleT CJ10>KHOCTH ,llJlH BocrrpHHTHH. lleTH JIerKO OnpeeJlHIOT xapaK-
1'ep Ka>KOH qaCTH H 3BYQaHHe apcpbl BO BCTYIIJIeHHH.
T a H e u <}J e H D. p a >K e. 3BY1IaHHe 9Toro TaHua C03JI.aeT Bne-
qaTJIeUHe BOJlllIe6HOH, CKa301lHOH MY3bIKH. Ee HCnOJlHneT lIe.necTa-
HHCTpYMeHT, HanOMHHalOIl.I.HH CBOHM YCTPOHCTBOM nHaHHHO, HO MOJIO-
TOqKlI y.napHIOT He no CTpYHal\f, a no MeTa.fJJlHqecKH1 nJIaCTHHKaf, Ko-
TopbIe H3,llaIOT OqeHb BblCOKHe, He}1{HO 3BeHHllJ,He 3BYKH.
neTH H BOJIK (MY3. C. npOKocpbcna). AllTOp MY3hlKH H CJlOB 3TO"
CK83KH BCeMHpHO H3BecTHblH KOMno3HTop C. npOKocpbeB. OH xOTe.FJ,
tfI'OObl ,lleTH 3HaJlH, JIIOOHJIH MY3bIKY t MOf.J1H nOHHTb cepbe3Hwe CHMO-
HHQeCKHe npOH3Be,lleHHH. Ho rrpee Ha.l(O 3HaTb 3DY4al-Hie HHCTpYMeH-
TaB CHAI<f>oHH'IeCKOrO 0pKecTpa. BOT C 3TOH U.e.nblO C. npOKocpbeB nHiller
MY3blKanbHYIO cKa3KY, B KOTOpOH paccKa3bIBaeT, KaK CMeJlblH MaJlbqHK
nHOHep neTH cnacaeT CB9H-K- .APY3eH (nTn'-lKY H KOIllKY) OT 3J10rO BOJlKa.
,UeHCTBYIOllI.He JlHna CKa3KH He npOH3HOCHT IIH OHoro cnOBa. Pac-
KpbITb xapaKTepHbIe lIepTbI otSpa30B KOMfi03HTOp nopyqaeT pa3J1HQHbIM
11 HCTpYMeIITaM. nOHCHeHHH paCCKa3QHKa nOMoralOT nOHHTb pa3BHTHe
cO,llep>KaHHH- CKa3KH.
JIerKo, np03paQHO H B TO Jl<e BpeMH Mapllleo6pa3Ho 3BY1lHT MeJIOJtHH
neTH B HCnOJllleHHH rpynnbl CTPYHHblX HHCTpYMeHTOB.
nTHqKa H306pa>KaeTcH cpJleATOH (BbiCOKHM, nO,llBH>KHblM no 3BY-
qaHHlO HHcTPYMeHToM). I
YTKa - ro6oeM, KOTOpbIH 3BYIIHT HH3I{O H rJlYxo.
KOlllKa - KJIapHeTOM, Me.TIO,llHH 3BY1IHT MHI"KO, HeTOpOnJlHBo.
}le.D.YWK8 neTH - q>arOToM, 3ByqaIll.Hl\f HH3KO H KaK 6YJtTO BOp-
IJJIHBO.
CepbIH BOJIK - TpeMH BOJITOpHaMH (MeJI.HbIH .AYXOBOH HHcTPYMeHT).
Me.nO,llHJI 3BYIIHT MpallHo H ,lla>Ke CBHpeno.
BbICTpeJlbl H306pa)l{eHbl C. npOKo<PbeBbIM c nOMOll.(blO YJI.apHbIX
HHCTpYMeHTOB-JIHTaBp H OOJlblllOrO tSapa6aHa.
B KOHu.e CKa3KH BHOBb 3BYtJHT feJIO,l!HH neTH, HO Tenepb Y}I{e nO-D-PY-
rOMY t KaK TOp)f{eCTBeHHblfl !apill (BOJIK n06em}.l.eH). KOTOpblH HCIIOJI-
HHeT Becb opKecTp.
MY3b1K8I1laHaJi rpaMoT3
Bce 3HaHHH no l\fY3bIKaJlbHOM rpaMoTe peKoMeHJI.yeTcH ,naBaTb Ha
npaKTHlIeCKOl\f MaTepHaJIe: npH neHHH neBtlecKHx yupa./KHeHHtH, none-
BOI{. pa3YQHBaHHH neceH H CJIywaHHH MY3blKav1bHblX npoH3Be,lJ.eHHH.
,,;)
408

Ha K8}KJtOM ypOKe MY3b1KH Be)(eTCSI CJlYXOBaH nO.l1rOTOBKa .n.ereA K OC-
BoeHHIO Toro UJIH HHoro MY3blKa.nbHoro nOHHTHH. npeiKAe qel\f 06'bHC-
HHTb yqaInHMCH III KJl8CCa ,n:BY-, Tpex.n.OJIbHblH pa3Mepbl, B I aJI KJlac-
v
cax Ha,no HayqHTb ,nereH omyrn8Tb MeTpHQecKYIO nYJlbCanHIO, CJlblW8Th
H qYBcTBoBaTb npHo,nHtJecKH IIOBTOpHIOInYIOCH CHJIbHYIO J{OJ1IO. TaK,
npH pa3YQHBaHHH «neeH" 0 PO)lHHe» A. <PHJIHnneHKO B03MO)KHO OO'b-
HCHeHHe ABy,n:OJIbHOrO pa3Mepa. YqaHecH nOIOT nepBYIO <ppa3Y neeHH
co CJ10B8IH Ha CJIor AID H OTMeqalOT; CHJ1b HYIO .n.OJlIO - XJIOIIKOM B JIa-
.nOWH, CJIaoylO - YJI.apOM naJIb[leB do JlaOHH; Y3HalOT, tJTO B KIDKJtOM
TaKTe 3TOH neCHH .llBe ,nOJl": o,nHa - CHJ1bHaH, ,nPyraH - CJIa6aH, T. e.
CqeT H3 ,l{Ba HJlH ,nBy,nOJlbBbIH pa3Mep. OOblqHO Bee nO.J1bKH H HeKOTophle
1apllIH nHWYTCH B ,nBy.n.OJIbHOM pa3l\lepe. 3aKpenJISleTCH 9TO nOHHTHe
npH nOBTOpeHH" neceH «XO,l{HJIa MJIa,nellIeHbKa», «Bo nOJle 6epe3a CTOH-
JIa» H CJIYlllaHHH «nOJIbKH» n. lIaHKoBcKoro.
IlpH pa3YtIHBaHHH neeHH «Ham KP3H» H nOBTopeHHH «BaJlbca»
n. qaHKoBcKoro (H3 nporpafMbI II KJIacca no CJlymaHHIO) 06DCHH-
eTCH Tpex,nOJlbHblH pa3Mep. nOJle3HO ero ,naBaTb B COnOCTaBJIeHHH C BY-
)l.OJIbHbIM. BaIKHO, tJTo6bI ytIaInHeCSl nOHHJIH, tJTO B Ka>K.l{OM T3KTe JII060-
\ ro npOH3Be,n:eHHH B J11000M pa3Mepe ecTb o,nHa CHJIbHaH ,nOJIH '- 3TO
nepBaH ,nOJIH TaKTa, ,npyrHe-cJlaOble. B ,lJ.By.n.OJ1bHOM-O.n.Ha CHJIbH8H,
o,lJ.na cJl3fSaSl; B TpeXOJIbHOM-O.llHa CHJIbHaH H ,l{Be CJIa6ble. 'I
nOHSlTHe 0 JIa,lle IO}KeT OblTb YCBoeHO yqa1II-HIHCH BO 2-M nOJlyroJ(HH
I I I KJlacca TOJlbKO B TOl\f cJIyqae, eCJIH B nepBoM nOJlyro,nHH pe6HTa Ha-
yqHJlHCb nCTb ynpa>KHeHHH, nOCTpoeHHbIe no 3BYKaM M3>KOpHOrO H
MHHopHoro TOIUltJeCKHX Tpe3BYQHH H neHTaxop,na (nOCJle.ll.OBaTeJIbHOe
qepe.lloBaHHe ItRTH 3BYKOB JI3A8, HaQHHaH HJIH KOHqaH TOHHKOA).
06DSlcHeHHe nOHSlTHH 0 JIa,lJ.e ,l1aerCH Ha MaTepHaJIe neBlIecKHx ynpa-
>KHeHHH (CM. crp. 398) H neceH (CM. noypOqHOe nJlaHHpOBaHHe, crp. 410).
¥qHTeJIb o6DHcHHeT, liTO Ma)K0p 3BYIIHT CBeTJlO, P8JJ.OCTHO, MHHOp-
MHrKO, HHOr,lJ.8 rpYCTHO. 
llpH 3aKpenJleHHtI 3Toro nOHHTHSJ nOJle3HO ,l{aTb JJ.JIH onpe,neJIeHHH
JIa.n.a necHIO; HMelOm.ylO nepeMeHHbIH. JIaJt. HanpHMep, B necHe «nocelO
JIe6eJty Ha 6epery» nepBble ,ttBe 4>pa3b1-Ma>K0p, TperbH H qeTBepTas-
tHHOp.
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paBHoBecHIO. HapSlJJ.Y C ot5YQeHHeM ABHfaTeJIbHblM
v
,u.eHCTBHHM npo.lJ.OJI>KaeTCH pa3BHTHe OCHOBHblX ,lJ.BHraTeJIbHbiX KaIJecTB,
OC06eHHO ..1JOBKOCTH H t5bICTpOTbl. C 3TOH IJ.eJIblO B nporpaMMY BKJIlOtJeHbI
Hrpbl C oeroM, npbDKKaMH, J1a3aHbeM H MeTaHHeM. BOJlblllOe BHHMaHHe
YJ1MHeTcH TaK>Ke <PoPMHpoBaHHIO npaBHJIbHOH ocaHKH H npHBHTHIO )le-
TSIM HHTepeca K CHCTeMaTHIJeCKHM 3aHHTHHM <pH3HIJeCKHMH ynpa}f(He-
HHHMH.
B I I I KJlaCCe yqaIUHMCH C006InaIOTC5I TeOpeTHlIeCKHe' CBe.l{eHHSI 0
ABHraTeJIbHOM pe>KHMe WKOJlbHHKa H YTpeHHeH rHMHaCTHKe, 3HaqeHHH
8KTHBHoro OTAbIX3 (<pH3KYJlbTYPHbIX MHHYT), npaBHJlaX 3aKaJlHBaHHH:
3TH 3a.ll.aQH pewalOTCS1 H3 ypOK3X, c}>H3IJeCKOH KYJlbTypbI, a TaK)Ke
B npou.ecce npOBe,l{eHHH M3CCOBbIX c}>H3KYJlbTYPHblX H 03JlOpOBHTeJJb-
HbiX MeponpHHTHH BO BHeYQe6HOe BpeMH.
Eer. B I I I KJlaCCe )leT" J!OJI}KbI HaYtlHTbCSI 6eraTb
MeTOAH"eCHHe 'Ka3a- "npHMOJlHHeHH.O,c napaJlJIeJIbHOH OCTallonKoii CTOn,
MH_ no O&Y'IeHHIO B Cpe,lJ.HeM TeMne H Ha CKOpOCTb. ...
OTAenltHWM n 6
ynpaHCHeHH.M pH o6YQeUHH TeXlIHKe era ue.necoo6pa3HO
HCnOJlb30BaTb CJIeJ{YIOHe ynpaiKHeHHH:
1. fier no KOpH.lJ.Opy WHpllHOH 25 - 30 CM, 0603H3t1eHHOMY ,nBYMH
nHHHHMH (peHKaMH, BepeBKaMH H T. ,n.). l{JIHHa KOpHJlOpa 8-10 .M.
.aeTH npo6eralOT no KOpH)lOpy nootJepeJ{HO, Ha paccTOHHHH 3-5 ma-
rOB O,lJ.HU OT .lJ.pyrorO. flpH oere Hep6xo)1,HMO ooparnaTb BHHMaHHe ytla-
11I.HXCH H3 napaJlJlMbHYIO nocTaHoBKY CTon Ha 3eMJlI9. _Ha nOCTaHOBKY
norM C HOCKa.
2. Ber no Y3KOMY KOpHJ{Opy Qepe3 JlHlIHH, HatJepqeHHble Ha nOJJY
Ha paccToHHHH 90-100 CM O.ll.H3 OT JlpyroH.
Ynpa}KHeHHe BblnOnHjleTCH B TaKOM >Ke nopH.D.Ke, KaK II nepBoe.
HY>KHO JJ.06HTbCH Toro, Q06b1 YtlaIl\HecH HaYQHJlHcb" t5e>KaTb JIerKO,
CT8BH Hory Ha HOCOK II cTapaHcb TOllHO nonaCTb HOCKOM HorH Me.>K.llY
JlHHHHMH.
3. Ber no KOpH.lI.Opy, HMelOllI.eMY <j>OPMY JJ.yrH. nOJle3HblM SlBJlHeTCH
Oer C YCKopeHHeM. H3 30-40 M. npe,lJ.BapHTeJIbHO peKoMeH.AyeTcSI pas-
418

MeTliTb 6eroBYIO .lI.OpO}f(KY TpeMH pa3HOUBeTHblMH ctma>KKaMH, YCT8HOB..
JleHHblMU B 10-15 M O)J.HH OT ,l{pyroro. Co cTapTa JJ.O nepBoro $1Ia>KKa
yqeHHKH 6erYT C nOCTeneHJ{bIM YCKopeHHeM, Me}K.Ay nepBbI1 H BTOpblM
<j>naIKKoM - 6b1CTpO, Mem;ty BTOpbIM H TpeTbHM - C MaKCHMaJIbHOH
CKOpOCTblO. nocne TpeTberO <l>namKa 6er 3aMe;tJlHeTCH H 66ytlaeMble
nepexo;tHT Ha xOb6y.
nocne o6YQeHHH oery C YCKopeHHeM cneeT npHcTynHTb K aery
Ha CKOpOCTb Ha )J.HcTaHUHIO .no 40 M. ¥tlamHMCH ;taeTCH 3a,naHHe npo..
6e>KaTb OTMeqeHHbIH oTpe30K KaK MO}l{HO 6b1CTpee, coxpaHHH npSlMo-
JIHReHHOcTb 6era, npaBHJIbHOCTb H JlerKOCTb ;tBH}I{eHHH.
Ba.iKHO CJIe)J.HTb 3a TeM, qTOObl )J.eTH np06eraJIH ..'lHHHIO <pHHHlua
C MaKCHl\tfaJIbHOH CKOpOCTblO Ii TOJIbKO nocJle 9Toro nOCTeneHHO 3aMeA"
J1S1J1H) 6er.
npbl1KKH C B.,bICOTbi. npH 06YtleHHH npbI.>KKaM C BblCOThI B nepBYIO
OqepeJ{b Heooxo)J.HMO 'HaYtlHTb AeTeH npaBHJlbHO npH3eMJlflTbCH 1-13 HOC-
KH C MSlfKHM crH6aHHeM Hor B KoneHSlX, coxpaHHH npH 9TOM paBHooe..
CHe. npaBHJIbHOe npH3eMJleHHe OTpaoaTbIBaeTCfl BHatlaJIe nOCJIe npbUKKa
Ha nOJIY, a 3aTeM C fHMHaCTHqeCKOH CKaMeHKU HJlH 6peBHa BblCOTOH AO
80 CM.
IlpbUKKH Ha PtISlrKoe npenHTCTBHe (BbIcorofi .no 50 CM). BHaqaJIe npbI>K"
KH BLlnOJlIlHIOTCH HB npenHTCTBHe (BbICOTOH 30-40 CM) B nOJIO}KeHHH
Bblna,na O.llOH HorOH Bnepe C nOCJIe)J.YIOmUM npHcoe)J.HHeHHeM ,npyroA
HOfH. npbDKOK C Bblna;toM cnocoocTBYeT B6IpaOOTKe HaBhlKa B BblCOKOM
BbIHoce Bnepe.ll.-BBepx 6e;tpa MaXOBOH HorH.' 3aTeM npHMeHHlOTCH..
nphl>KKH TOnqKOM OAHOA HorOH C npH3eMJleHHef\t Ha ooe HorM.
nOCTeneHHO ynpa>KHeHHe ycnO>KHHeTCH: npbl}KKH Ha npenTCTBHe
BblCOTOH 50 CM, lIa qepTY, npOBe)l.eHHYIO Ha npenHTCTBHH, H T. A.
npbl>KOK D BbiCOTY C pa36era. OCHOBHble 3a;tatlH ooyqeHHSI npbUK-
KaM B BbICOTY C pa30era 3aKJIIOtIalOTCfI B TOM, lITOObI HaytlHTb J{eTeH OblCT..
POMY pa30ery C HeOOJlbUJoro paCCTOHHHSI, 3HeprHQHOAfY OTT3J1KHB8HHIO
O.nHOH 1I0rOH, npeO,ZtOJIeHHIO npenSlTCTBHH, He OCTaHaBJIHBaHCb nepeA
HHMH, H MsrrKOMY npH3eMJleHHIO °Ha ooe HorH. BbiCOTa nnaHKH (npenSIT. /
CTBHH) YBenHtlHBaeTCH nOCTeneHHO OT 30-40 AO 50-70 CM. l!;IHHa pa3"
oera He ,nOlI.iKHa npeBbllllaTb 4-5 M. Bo BpeMH nOJIeTa HorR cfHoalOT
B KoneHHX H no,nTsrrHBBIOT K rpy,nH, a 3aTeM BbIllonT BnepeA, o,l1HOBpe-
MeHHO BMTHrHBaH Bnepe PYKH. .
npbUKOK D JJ.JlHHY C pa30era. BIll KJIacce npo;ton>KaeTCH 06ytleHHe
npbUKKY B MHllY C pa30era cnoc060M «corHYB HOrH». Ocoooe BHHMaHlie
u
B 3TOM 1{"rJacce YeJlHeTCH TOQHOCTH nonaJ{aHHH TOntlKOBOH HorH Ha Mec..
TO OTTaJlKHBaHHSI.
06YQeHHe npbl>KKaM HatJHHaeTCH C YKopotJeHHoro pa30era (c Tpex
warOB). Pa30er BbInOJIHSIeTCH lIIHpOKHMH lIIafaMH Ha HOCKax C BhlCO-
KHM BblHOCOM oeJ(pa MaXOBOH HOfH. nOCJIe)J.HHH war nepeA npbl>KKOM
AnSI OTTanKHBaHHH ,lteJIaeTCH c nSlTKH. npenoJ{8BaTeJIb Bce BpeMH AM"
meR CJIeJ{HTb, llTOObl .lI.eTH HC «ceMeUHJIH» ilia_f, 6e>KanH JlerKO, C YCKO-
peHHeM. Bo BpefSl TOJIQKa MaXOBaSi Hora, corHYTaSI B KOJIeHe, 9HefJ-
rHQHO 8b1HOCHTCH BnepeJ{-BBepx, PYKH pe3K nOCblJI81OTCH BBepx:.
419

B'DOJIeTe TOJlqKOBaH HOra nO,nTSlrHBaeTCSI K MaXOBOH H ooe HorH, corRY-
Tble B KOJIeHHX, nO,ltTSlrHBaIOTCR K'rpy,nH, a rrepe,lJ. rrpH3eMneHHeM BblTSI-
rHBalOTCH Bnepe,lt. TYJIOBHIUe K MOMen1Y rrpH3eMneHHSI HaKJIOHSleTCSI
Bnepe,l(, HorH CHJIbHO crH6aIOTCH, PYKH pe3KO BbIHOCHTCH Bnepe,n, tJTO
AaeT B03MO}KHOCTb yqeHHKY He na,ltaTb Ha3a,n npH npH3eMJIeHHH.
npH BbInOJIHeHHH npbDKKOB B ,ltnHHY C pa30era IIIHpHlIa 30Hbl (Me..
CTa) OTTaJlKHBaHHSI nocreneHlIO YMeHblIIaeTCSI ,no 40 CM. ECJIH Y1JeHHK
rrpH BblrronHeHHH ynpamHeHHSI nepecTynaeT 1Jepe3 30HY OrraJIKHBaHHH
TOJI'IKOBOH HoroH, TO HaqHHaTb 6er OH ,ltOJI}I{eH neCKOJIbKO ,ltanbIlIe
OT JIMHHH pa30era (Ha rrOJICTynHH). ECJIH TOJItlKOBaH Hora onYCKae-rCH
nepe,It 30HO" OTTanKHBaHMSI, TO pa30er CJIe,nyeT HatlHHaTb HeCKonbKO
onli>Ke K nHHHH pa36era. .
MeT8HHe. BIll KJIacce ,neTH )I-OJl>KHbI HaYQHTbC5I MeTaTb l\iaJIeHbKHA
MjJq C MeCTa no BepTHKanbHoH UeJlH II tlepe3 BblCOKO pacnOJIO}KeHHble
nperrHTcTBHH. C caMoro HatlaJIa Y'lHTeJIb ,non}l{eH ooparn.aTb BHHMaHHe
Ha TO, qr06bl ,lteTH npaBHJIbHO npHHHMaJIH Hcxo,nHoe nOJIOJKeHHe.
TeXHHKa MeTaHHSI TaKOBa: HY*HO CTaTb JIeBbJM OOKOl". K lvIHIlIeHH.
HorH HeMHoro IIIHpe rrnetl; crHoaH rrpaBYIO Hory B KO.TIeHe, HaKJIOHHTb
TYJlOBHIUe BnpaBO; JIeBaH Hora, BbInpHMJIeHHaH B KOJIeHe, ynHpaeTCS1
HOCKOM B 3eMJIID; npaBaSl PYKa C M5I1JOM OTBOHTCH BnpaBO, neBaSl
CBo(50,ltHO corHYTa nepe,n rpy,ltbID. npH 6pOCKe He06xo,ltHMO 9HeprHtlHO
paSOfHYTb npaBYIO Hory Ii nepeHeCTH Bec TeJla Ha neeylO Hory. O,nHO.
BpeMeHHO C 9THl\t TeJlO nOBOpaqHBaeTH B HanpaBneHHH MeTaHHSI, pYKa
npOHOCHTCH Ha,l( nneqOM. 3aTeM 9HeprHtlHMM pbIBKOM PYKH H KHCTH
yqeHHK 6pocae-r MHlI B UMb. npH o6yqeHHH MeTaHHIO MomHO HCnOJIb-
30BaTb CJle,ltYIOInHe ynpa»<HeHHH.
1. MeTaHHe MSI'Ia B CTeHKY C Tpex, 'IeTblpex, nSiTH lUarOB H T. ,n.
2. To >Ke. HO MeTaHlie MH'Ia B oaCKeT60JIbHblH lllHT.
3. MeTaHHe MSltla qepe3 BepeBOtlKY. HaTSlHYTYIO Ha BbICOTe Tpex MeT-
pOB, liJiH tlepes BoneH6onbHYlO ceTKY, cTapaSicb HanpaBHTb MHtI TOq..
HO K .lJ.pyroMY yqeHHKY, cTOSIIneMY Ha .lJ.pyroH cTopoHe nJlOma,nKH.
4. MeTaHHe MSlqa B neJIb C nOCTerreHHbI1 YBeJIH1JeHHeM paccToHHHSI
(,no- 8-10 oM).  .
5. MeT8HHe MSlqa B II.eJIb C nOCTeneHHbIM YMeHbllleHHeM 11MH (MR-
weHH).
Yrrpa>KHeHHSI B MeTaHHH MSI'Ia peKoMeu.nyeTcSI BblnOTIHHTb He TOJ1b-
KO rrpaBOH, HO 11 JleBOH PYKOH.
PaoHooecHe. B nporpaMMe no cpH3HQeCKOA KYJIbType ynpa>KHeHHHM
B paBHOBeCHH OTBO,ltHTCH SHatlHTenbHOe MecTO.
npH BblnOJIHeHHH 3THX ynpamHeHHH OCHOBHaH 3aJtaqa COCTOHT B
TOI, qTOObI HaYQHTb ,neTeH nepeMemaTb HJlM Y,ltep>KHBaTb TeJ10 Ha YMeHb-
UleHHOH nJIOllI.aJ(H onopbl. Ynpa}KHeHHH B paBHoBecHH ,MO}l{HO BbI-
nOJlItHTb Ha feCTe II B ABH}KeHHH BHaqaJIe Ha nOJlY, 3aTeM Ha rHM.
HaCTUqeCKOfl CKaMetiKe H TOJIbKO rroc.TIe 9Toro Ha rHMHaCTH'IeCKOM
6peBHe.
ECJIH ynpa}KHeHlfH BblnOJlHnlOTCSI H3 rrOBbIweHHOH 0I10pe (6peBHe),
TO npu npOBe,neHHH ynpa>KHeHHH He05xo,nHMO o6ecneqHBa'fb 6e30nac-
420'

HOCTb ,lteTCH (nOJIO>KHTb MaTbI) II ocyrnecTBJlHTb Heo6xOAHMYIO CTpa..
XOBKY.
Jla38Hbe H nepeJIesaHHe. 9TH ynpIDKHeHHH npOBOJ1S1TCH C neJIblO
pa3BHTHH y .neTeH CHJlbI H JlOBKOCTH, BblpaOOTKH HaBblKOB B npeo,Ao"
JIeHHH npenHTCTBHH HaH60Jlee Y.ll06HbIMH H paHOHaJIbHbIMH cno-
C06aMH. "
 III KJIacce .neTH HallHH310T H3YQaTb BHC Ha KaHaTe H 3aXBaT Ka..
HaTa cKpecTHo nO.ll'beMaMH Hor. npH otSyqeHHH BHCY Ha KaHaTe BHaQaJIe
Bb(nOJlHSlIOT ynpa>KHeHHe C 3aXBaTOM KaHaTa pYKaMH Ha ypoBHe rpy.nH
c onopoH HoraMH Ha Y3eJI. 3areM JteTHM npeJlJIaralOT BbInOJlHHTb BMC
Ha KaHaTe H3 npHMblx pYKax, corHYTb HorH B KOJIeHHX, 3aXB3TbIBaH
KanaT KOJleHHMH H cTynHHMH Hor, H no.nTHHYTb HX K rpY.llH. nocJle
v
BblnOJlHeHHH 9THX ynpa}l{HeHHH MomHO AaTb ynpa}KHeHHH B BHce Ha
npHMblX PYKax H3 KaqalOl.l.leMCH KaHaTe (aMnJlHTYAa .nBH}I{eHHH
JlO 25°).
B- I I I KJIaCCe Jla3aHbe no KaHaTY BbinonHfleTCH npOH3BOJlbHblM cno..
COOOM. BbIcoTa Jla3aHbH .nnH ,lleTeH 9Toro B03pacTa ,ltOJI>KHa 6blTb He
oOJlee Tpex MeTpOB. npH 3TOM no,ll KaHaTOM ,nOJl>KHbI 6bITb nOJIO}KeII bl
O,llHH-)tBa fHMHaCTHtleCKHX MaTa. C caMoro HatJaJIa Heo6x9.llHMO fIpM-
yqaTb .neTeH K TOMY, llTOObI OHH npH cnYCKe BHH3 He CKOnb3HJIH no Ka-
HaTY, He npbIranH C Hero. CnYCK AOJl)KeH 6blTb TaKHM >Ke Me)J)leHllblM
H B TaKOM n<e nopSlAKe, KaK H nO.ll'beM.
AKpo6aTHileCKHe ynpa1KHeHHJI. B I I I KJIaCCe npo,llOJl>KaeTCH o6y..
qeHHe KYBblpl<Y Bnepe,A. BbInOJIHSlTb 3TH ynpa>KHeHBH CJIe.nyeT H3 rHM"
H3CTHtleCKHX M3Tax HJlH H3 KOBpOBhlX ,llopO>KKaX" npH 9TOM Heo6xo,llHMO
CTporo COOJlIO.naTb caHHTapHo-rHrHeHHqecKHe Tpe6oBaHHH: nOKpbllIIKH
rHMHaCTHtleCKHX MaTOB M KOBpOBblX ,AOpO>KeK A{)JI}KHbI 6bITb Bcer.na qHC"
1'bIMH, AnSI tIero HX HY>KHO npoTMpaTb BJIa>KHOH TpHnKOH nepeJ1 K3}1{)tbIltl
saHSlTHeM. B HatJane o6yqeHHH cJle.nyeT nOBTopHTb MaTepHaJl I H II KJlac..
COB no 3Kpo6aTHKe: rpynnHpoBKY CHAH, Jle>Ka Ha enHHe, B npHCCJ{e.
nepeKaT Ha3a.ll H3 ynopa npHceB B nonomeHHe rpynnHpoBKH Jle>K3
H3 cnHHe.
nOCJIe nOBTopeHHH 3THX ynpa>KHeHH:H CJleJlyeT nepeHTH K COBeplIIeH-
CTBOBaHHIO KYBbIPKOB Bnepe,ll H3 ynopa npHceB B nOJlO>KeHHe CM.llH.
Ynpa>KHeHHe BbHIOJIHSleTCH B TaKO" nOCJleAOBaTeJIbHOCTH: npHHRTb 110..
,,1I0>KeHHe ynopa npHceB t nOCTaBHB PYKH HCCKOJIbKO Bnepe.n, H 3aTCM,
nepe.naBaH I1.eHTp TH>KeCTli lIa PYKM, O'ITOJIKHYTbCH HoraMH, nJlOTHO
crpynnHpoBaBIllHCb, H nepeBepHYTbcH llepe3 rOJlOBY .no nOnO>KeHHH rpyn..
nnpOBKH CH,AH. nOCJIe YCBoeHHH 3Toro ynpa>KHeHHSI ,neTH .nOJl}KHbI Ha..
YllHTbCSI BbIrrOJlHHTb KYBblPOK BnepeA H3 ynopa Bnepe.llH ,AO ynopa rrpH"
ceB. TeXHHKa BblnOJlHeHHH TaKaH me, KaK H npH KYBbIpKe Bnepe,n .no
nOJlO>KeHHH CH.llH, HY}l{HO JlHlllb 6bICTpee H 9IIeprMtIHee crpynnHpo"
BaTbCH.
XOAb6a Ha JlbUKax. nQ..H o6YQeHHH nepe){BM>KeHHIO Ha JIbDKaX ):tBYX-
W3>KHbIM nonepeMeHHbIM XO,ltOM ytIHTeJlb ,ltOJI>KeH 06pamaTb BHHMaHHe
.nereH Ha HaH60JIee cyw.eCTBeHHble OlI1HtSKH: He,nOCTaTO'lHOe crn6aHHe
Hor npM XO,nb6e, CJIaooe OTTaJlKHBaHHe HOrO" H T. .n.
421
f

}lJlSl YCTpa-HeHHH 9THX OWHOOK peKOMeH,nYIOTCSI CJleJtYIOInHe ynpa>K-
HeHHJI:
1. npHce,llaHHB BO BPeMSi CKOJIb}KeHHH.
2. To }Ke, HO npoex8Tb B BopoTa, COCTaBJIeHHbIe H3 ltB'YX nbUKllbiX
. DanOK.
3. nOO'lepe,llHoe CKOJlb>KeHHe Ha npaBoH H JIeBOH Hore C 60nblllHM
npHceaHHeM nepe TOnQKOM. .
Ynpa>KHeHHH B nOJ{'beMaX H cnycK3x npoBoJ{HTCH Ha nOJlOrHX CKJlO-
Hax (,no 10°), 6e3 n8JIOK. npOcTbIe nO)J,'beMbI B ropKY C nonorHM CKJlO-
. HOM ocyrnecTBJlHIOTCH «CTynaIOLUHM llIarOM», KaK H npH xOD.b6e no cHery,
HO C HecKOJIbKO OOJIbWHM naKJIOHOM TYJIOBHlUa Bnepe.
nOJ{'beM «nOJlyeJlOIlKOH» T3K>Ke BblnOnHJleTCH «cTYoaIOIIlHM warOM»,
HaHCKOCb no CKJlOHY. JIbI}KH npH 9TOM, OC06eH'HO HH}KHSlH, onHpalOTCH
Ha pe6po. npH nODeMe Ha 60nee KpYTbie CKnOHbl HCnOJIb3YlOT nO'beM
«JleCeHKoib>.
06Y1leHHe cnYCKaM co CKJlOHOB OCYIneCTBJIHeTCH O)J,HOBpeMeHHO
C o6ytleHHeM nO)J,'beMaM. npH o6YQeHHH cnYCKaM CJIe,AyeT npHep}KH-
BaTbCH TaKOH nOCJIe,AOBaTeJlbHOCTH. CTOSI H3 MeCTe t npHHHTh HecKOJIb-
KO p33 nOJlO>KeHHe, K3K npH cnYCKe. 3aTeM BbInOJIHHTb cnYCK C nOJlo-
roro CKJlOHa H nHllIb nocne 9Toro - cnYCK B OCHOBHOH CTOHKe co CKJ10-
Ha cpeHeH KPYTH3I1bI.
YnpU<HeHHH )l)lSI 4>opMHpoBaHHH ocaHKH. B HaqaJIbHbIX KJIaCcax
BaJKHOe 3HaqeHHe npH)J.3CTCH <PoPMHpBaHHIO Y JleTeH npaBHJIbHOH
ocaHKH.
Ynpa>KHeHHSI )J.nSl Q>6pMHpOBaHHH ocaHKH t pCKOMeH.llyeMbie npo-
rpaMMOH, HBJlHIOTCH JlHlllb npHMepOM CneUHaJlbHblX ynpa}KHeHHH JI,JIB
peUleHHH 9TOA Ba>KHOH 3aJ{atiH. B 9TOM pa60Te CJleYeT Hcnonb30B3Tb
T8K>Ke H )J.pyrJ1e ctJH3HtlecKHe ynpa>KHeHHSI. HenpeMeHHbIM ycnoBHeM
BOCI1HTaHHH npHBbllIKH .nep>KaTb TeJ10 npaBHnbHO HBJ1HeTCH paBHOMep-
Hoe pa3BHTHe y ereH BCe" MYCKYJl3rypbl, oco6eH'HO Mblmu. n03BOHOQ-
HHK3. n03TOMY B Ka>K){bu1: ypOK CJ1eyeT BKJlI01JaTb ynpa)KHeHHH )J.JIH
YKpenneHHfI MbllllU weH, cnHHbl, }KHBOra Ii 6e,nep.
BOCI1HThlBaTb npHBblllKY npaBHnbHO )(ep>KaTb ronOBY H TeJlO no-
MoralOT ynp3>KHeHHH B paBHOBeCHH t Bblno.nHHeMbIe Ha CKaMeHKe HJlII
6peBHe, Ha nony, C 6aJIaHCHpOB3HHeM rpY3a, nOJIO>KeHHbIM na r0J10BY,
ynpa}KHeHHH C rHMHaCTHtJecKHMH nanKaMH H KOpOTKHMH CKaKanKaMH.
4aCTO Ha OC3HKY eTeH OTpHuaTenbHO BJIHHeT nJloxoe pa3BHTHe.
CBOJ{a CTonbI, ee ynJIOIneHHe. ,l{nH YKpenneHHH CTonbl H pa3BHTHH ee
MbllllU. 01leHb noneaHbl ynpa}KHeHHH B xO,llb6e Ha HOCK3X, H3 HapY)KHOH
CTopOHe CTOI1bI, no fHMHaCTHlIecKHM nanK8M, Jle>KaInJ1M Ha I1OJ1Y, nc-
u
peJJ.BH>KeHHe no fUMHaCTH1JeCKOH CTeHKe.
<I>opMHpoBaHHe ocaHKH He OrpaHH'IHBaeTC BocnHTaHHeM npHBbl'l-
KH npaBHnbHO )J.epn<aTb TeJIO H pa3BHTHeM MbIWeQHOH CHCTe'MbI. ,lleTeH
HY>KHO ytlHTb Bce BpeMH KOHTpOJlHpOBaTb CBOIO OC8HKY, oco6eHHO npH
blllonHeHHH nHCbMeHHblX paOOT H8 06w.e06p330B8TeJlbHblX ypOK8X.
Hrpw. «llepeaa'la M1l'4eil 8 1C{)AOHHllX». HrpalOllJ.HX JleJISlT H8 2 - 4
KOM3HAbI. KOM8H,lI.bI CTpOBTCB B KonOHHbl no OJ!HOMY. Y CTOmHX BnepeJJ.H
422

B pYKaX 60JlblUOH MJlq (aoJleH6oJlbHbIU, YT60J1bHblH). no CHrHaJlY yqH-
TeJIH Bnepe,ltHCTOHtnHe nepe,L\alOT MHq Ha3aA no KOJlOHHe. KorJl.a MAl,(
AOH,L\eT .no CTOSUII.erO C3aJ(H. TOT nOJ{HHMaeT MH1J BBepx H r.OBOpHT:
«ECTbl». BbIHrpblBaeT KOMaH,lta, nepBOH SaKOH1JHBIlI8SI nepeJ1'aQY. ne-
pe,naB3Tb MHqH MO)KHO pa3J1H l IHbIMH cnoc06aMH: cnpaBa, CJleBa, HaJJ.
u
ronOBOH H T. ,It.
«FOHKa MfltleU no "PY2Y». Yqall(HecH 06pa3YlOT WHpOKHH Kpyr Ii pac-
CIIHTblBalOTCH Ha nepBblH-BTOpOH. nepBble HOMepa 06pa3YIOT O.llHY
KOMaH,lty, BTopble - JlpyrylO. B Ka>KOH KOMaHe Y1JHTeJlb Ha3HaqaeT
KanHTaHa. KanHTaHbl CTarlOBSITCH pH,lI.OM, llep>Ka B PYKax no 60J1blllOMY
MHIIY. no CHrHa.ny Y1JHTeJlH KannTaHbl6bICTpO nepe)1.alOT MHqH no Kpyry
B pa3Hble CTOpOHW HrpOKaM CBoeH KOMa, H,ltbl CTOHInHM qepe3 OAHoro.
KaK TOJIbKO MHq CHOBa Bep HeTCSI K KaIIHTaHY, TOT nO){HHMaeT ero BBep x
H rOBopHT: «ECTb!» BblHrpbIBaeT KOMaH.na, KOTopaH 6b1CTpee nepe.lla-
na MHlI.
B 3TOH urpe MJItlH MorYT nepeaBaTbCR H B OHY CTOPOHY. B 3TOM
CJlyqae KanHTaHbI Ka}KJ{OH KOMaH,ltbI CTOHT B Kpyry ,nPyr npOTHB ,Apyra.
H KaiKAaH KOMaHa CTapaeTCH CBOHM MHlIOM «.llorHaTb» MH1J «npOTHBHH-
Ka». Bo BpeMH HrpbI nepe,ltaBaTb MH1J cneyeT TO. B OJJ.HOM, TO B APyroM
HanpaBJ1eHHH.
«l1.eHb U H 01./, b» . Y tlamHecH lleJ1 HTCH Ha ABe KOMaH,llbI. KOMaHJ1bl BbI-
CTpaHBalOTCSI B wepeHry no OJ(HOMY Ila cepeJtHHe nJlOll(aAKH (3ana) cnH-
HOH J\pyr K ,ltpyry. PaCCTOSlHHe lvle>KJ{Y wepeHraMH 1,5-2 M. O,nna
KOM8H.lla «,lteHb», PyraH - «HOtlb». nepeA Ka}K}lOH KOMaH,L\of. Ha pac-
CTOHHHH 10--15 M 1JepTHTCH nHHHH.
YtlHTeJlb HeO}l{H.naHHO rOBopHT «,AeHb» HJIH «HOtlb», Ka>KJ{blH pa3
qepe,L\YSI Ha3BaHHR KOMHIJ.l HJIH nOBTopHH Ha3BaHne OJ(HOH H TOU me
KOMaH,lJ.bI. YqeHHKH Ha3BaHHOH KOMaH,lI.bl 6bICTpO 6erYT onepe,lt, CTa..
paSIcb ,nooe}KaTb AO caoeH nHHHH, sa KOTOpOH pacnOJlaraerCH HX «AOM).
¥qeHHKH ,npyroH KOMaH,lI.bl 6b1CTpO nOBopatJHBalOTcH H cTapalOTcH .no-
fHaTP y6eraK)lIHx. nOHMaHllbIe yqeHHKH nO){CQHTbIBaIOTCSI. 3aTeM Bce
HrpafOIIJ.He B03Bpaw.aIOTCH Ha caOH MeCTa, H Hrpa npo){OJl>KaeTcH. BbIHr..
pblBaeT Ta KOMaH,lta, KoropaH 60JIbllle nOMMaJla «npoTHBIIHKOB». Bo
BpeMH Hrpbl J{eTH 10rYT npHHHMaTb pa3JIHqHbJe HCXOJ{Hble nOJlO)KeHHH:
CTOSlTb CllHHOH ,npyr K Jtpyry, OOKOM, Ha KOJIeHSIX. CH.l\eTb. JIe>KaTh
H T. ,A.
«J[uHeUHQR acmacfJema c 6eeoM». I1rpalOII.I.He J(eJISITCH us 2-4 KOl\laR-
JJ.bI H BblcTpaHBalOTcSI B KOJIOHHY no O){HOl\fY OAHa B03JIe APyroH. ne-
pe.lt KOJlOHHaMH qepTHTCH )tBe JIHHHH: O,l1Ha J1HHHH HenocpeJ(cTBeHHo
nepe,lt KOJlOHHaMH, ApyraH - Ha paCCTOHHHH 10-15 M. Y onepeAH"
CTOHIltHX B Ka>K.ltoH KonOHHe (KanHTaHoB) no MaJIeHbKoMY (TeHHHc-
1I0MY) MSlqy. ITo CHfHaJlY YIIHTeJlSI KanHTaHbI 6bICTpO 6erYT J10 BTOpOH
JIHHHH, B03Bpaw.aIOTCSI o6paTHo H nepeAalOT MBq BTOpOM}' napTHepy,
a caMH CTaIIOBSlTCH B KOHen KOJIOHHbI H T. .n. Kora MSllI BHOB& 6y-
JJ.eT nepeaH KanHTauy KOMaHJ(bl, TOT nOHHMaeT ero Baepx H rOBO-
pHT: CECTh!» BbfHrpblBaeT KOMaHAa, HrpOKH KoropoA nepBb1MH saKOR-
'DIJI" 3CTaclJeTY.
4'23

npH npOBe,lleHHH Hrphl yqeHHKH MOrYT ot5eraTb Ha6HBHble MSlQa
HJlH ApyrHe npe,ZI.MeTbI, nOnO>KeHHble Ha BTOpylO JlHHHIO, HJIH ,llOTparH-
BaThCR AO HflX. 3CTa<t>eTa MOiKeT npOBo,nHThCH H 6e3 MgqeH. B 3TOM
cnyqae HrpalOHe ,nOTparMBaIOTCH AO nneqa HJIM BbITHHYTOH PYKH napT-
Hepa.
3cmaljJetnbl c npblKaMU, Aa3aHbeM u nepeAesaHUeAt. 9TH 9CTact>ern
npOBOAHTCH TaK :>Ke, KaK H .9CTacl>eTbI C 6erOM, HO H3 nYTH paCCTaBJISlIOT-
.SI pa3JIHQHbIe npenHTCTBHSI, KOTopbIe yqeHHKH npeO,lloneBalOT BO BpeMSI
rera. npenHTCTBHeM MorYT cnY}KHTb HaTSlHYTaH Ha BblCOTe 30-40 CM
BepeBOtlKa, «pOB» llIHpHHOH AO 1 At, o6pYtI, KOTOphIH HeoOxO.ll.HMO npo-
AeTb 1.Iepe3 ronony, Ha6MBHoH MHtI H ,np.
npH npoBe,lteHHH 9THX 9CTa<PeT npenHTcTBHH CJIe,ltyeT pacnOJIaraTb
TaK, qTOObl HCKJllOqaJlaCb B03l\{O)KHOCTb TpaBMHpoBaHHn HrpaloU1Hx.
I HanpHMep, npbDKKII JlOJl}l{HbI ocymeCTBJlSlThCH JlHllib Ha rHMHaCTH'IeC-
RHe MaTbl.
«Kapacu U UiYKll». Bce HrpalolI(Me (<<KapacH») H8XOJ{HTCSI Ha O.ll.HOH
cTopoHe nJlOma,l{KH (38J1a), a Ha Cepe.llHHe - BO.llSlInHH (<<InYKa»). rIo
CHfnaJlY «KapacH» 6blCTpO nepe6eralOT Ha ,npyrYlo CTOPOHY nJlow.a)J.KH,
a «mYKa» JlOBHT HX. llOHl\faHHbIe «Kap3CH» (TpH-tleTbIpe) 6ePYTCSI 3a
PYKH H CTaHOBTCSI Ha cepe,ltHHe nnOrna,llKH, 06pa3YH «HeBoA». Tenepb
uenOHM3HHbIe «KapaCH» ,Z(OJl>KHbl npo6eraTb Qepe3 «HeBO,n» (no,lt PYKaMH).
YKa» TOHT 3a «HeBOAoM», nO,llCTeperaSl HX. Kor,na nOHMaHllbIx cra-
neT BOCeMb-){eCSlTb, OHH 06pa3YlOT «KpyrH», qepe3 KOTopble np06eralOT
OCTaBIllHecSI «KapaCH». 3aTeM, eCJIH nOHM8HHbIX «KapaCeH» 6y,neT 60J1b-
me, lIeM HenOHMaHHblX, 06pa3yeTCH «Bepma» (KOpHOp), tlepe3 KOTOpblH
npo6eralOT OCTaBIIIHecSI HenOHMaHHble «Kap3CH». YKa» B .9TOM CJly-
qae Haxo.ll.HTcH Y BbIxo,na H3 KOpH.llOpa. n06eaeT TOT HrpOK, Koroporo
v
nOHMalOT nOCJIeJUIHM.
«noa8UHaJl Ab». Ha nJIOrna,llKe qepTHTCSI 60JIbWOH Kpyr, 33
JlHHHeH KOTOpOro pcnOJlaralOTCSl Bce HrpalOI.UHe. B ueHTpe Kpyra -
BO,nHInHH. Y O.ll.HOrO H3 HrpOKOB, CTOHInHX sa nHHHeA Kpyra, BOJIeiiQpnh-
HblA MSlq, KOropblM OH CTapaeTCH nonaCTb B BO,lI.snnero. Bo)tnlUHH' ynep...
TbiBaeTCH OT 6pomeHHoro MHtla. HrpOK, nonaBWHH MSlqOM B BO,llSlUJ.ero.
CT3HOBUTCH Ha ero MeCTO.
«OxomHUICU .u ymKU». Bee HrpalOInHe ,lleJIHTCSI Ha )tBe KOMaH,lJ.bI. OJ{-
Ha KOMaH,lla - «YTKH»-Haxo)J.HTcSI B Kpyry, HaqepqeHHOM Ha cepe,lUl-
He llJlOma,llKH, ApyraH - «OXOTHHKH» - pacnOJIaralOTCH no nHHHH
Kpyra. Y O,llHoro H3 «OXOTHHKOB» BOJleH60JIbHblH MH1.I. «OXOTHHH» CTa-
pafOTCSI nonaCTb MHtlOM B «YTOK». BbI6MTaSl «YTKa» BbIXO,llHT H3 Kpyra.
Hrpa npo.n.D.n>KaeTcsr ,AO Tex nop, nOKa Bee «YTKH» He 6y,nYT OCaJleHbI
lvIHtlOM. 3aTeM KOMaH,ltbl MeHHIOTCH pO"TJH\'IH. BbIHrpblBaeT Ta KOMaH,lta,
KOTopaH 3a MeHbwee BpeMH BbJOHna Bcex «YTOK». C LleJIblO nOBbIllIeHHlI
nJIOTHOCTH saHSlTMH H3 Hrpy ,llaeTCH onpe,AeJIeHHOe BpeMH. B'9TOM CJlY-
qae BbIOHThle «YTKH» He Bbl6bIBalOT H3 HrpbI, a nO,Z(CqHTbIB3eTCH KOJlH-
tleCTBO non3,naHHH «OXOTHHI{OB». )
«flonaau 8 M.R"l». HrpalOInHe ,lJ.eJIHTCH Ha ,ZlBe KOMaHJ{bl It CTanOBJ1T-
CH B llJepeHry no O,lJ.HOMY. JIHl.\OM ,npyr K Apyry. PaCCTORHHe Mem,lty we-
424

peHraMH 8-10 M. nOcepcAHHc, Ha nOJlY HJlH Ha Ta6ypeTI{e HaXO,ltHTCR
MHweHb - OOJIbIIIOii Mf11 (BOJleH60JIbHbIH, 6aCKeTOOJlbHbIH H T. .It.).
Y l{a>K){oro H3 HrpoKoB no M8JIOMY (reHHHCHOMY MHtly). Hrp.oKH Ka)K-
,l{OH KOM3H,ZtW no Otlepe,AH OpOC31OT CBOH MHqH  MHl1IeHb, cTapaHcb C6HTb
ee. 3a KamJ1.0e non3J{aHHe JJ.aeTCH O)).HO OQKO. BblHrpbIB3er KOM8H,aa,
H30p3BUl3H OOJIbWee KOJlHtleCTBO OtlKOB.
,LlnH nOBbIlIIeHHSI H3rpY3KH B Hrpe OpOCKH l\forYT BbIIlOJIHHTbCSI
He nOOllepeJ{HO, 3 rpYlln3l\fH HJIII BceM KOM3HOH O)).HOBpeMeHHO. B
3TOM CJIyqae BbIHrpblBaeT Ta KOMaHJ{a, KOTopaH aJIbllle OTOJJ.BHHeT 01'
ce6n MHrneHb - Ulq.
npaBHJIbHO opraHH30BaHHbiri pe)l{HM lllKOJIbHHK8
C8e.qeHHR 0 ABHra- npeJJ.YCl\13TpHB3eT B nepBYIO 01lepeJJ.b e}Ke){HeBHOe
TenltHOM peHCHMe M BbIllOJlHeHHe YTpeHHei1 fHMHaCTI1KH.
rHrHeHe WKonbHHKa YTpeHHHH rHfH3CTHKa npOBO):{HTCH npH OTKpbI-
TOH cpOpTOtlKe HJIH Ha CBe>KeM B03J1.yxe. OHa COCTOHf
H31-8 ynp3>KHeHHH H npo.nOJI}I{aeTCH OT 10 .no 15 MUH. 3aHHTHSI rUM-
HaCTHKOH cJleyeT HatlHH3Tb C X O):{bObl , ynpamHeHH:H THna «nOl'SlrHBa-
HHSI». 33reM BbInOJIHHIOTC5I ynpaLKHellHH C nOBOpOT3l\iH, HaKJIOHaMH,
Bp3ll.\eHHeM TYJlOBIHlla H npHceJJ.aHHeM. 3aKaHQHBaeTC.SI rUMH3CTHKa
npbl}KK8MH H xOJ{b6oH. OpH BbInonHeHHH rHMHaCTHKH ynp31KHeHHH co
o u u
3HaQMTeJIbHOH MblWellHOH H8rpY3KoH, CJ1eJJ.yeT llepeJl-oB3Tb C ynpa)KHe.
HHSlMH ,l(JIH PYI{ H Hor, 60.lIbllle BKJIIOQ3Th ynpc1KHeHHH H8 ocaHKY.
C UeJIblO saK8nHBaHH.SI opraHH3Ma nocJle BblnOJIHeHHH YTpeHHefl
rliMIIaCTHKII 01leHb nOJIe3Hbl Bo,ZtHble npoue;:typbl. H3t1HHaTb 33K3JIHB3-
HHe JIytlrne Bcero B TeIIJIOe Bpeul rOJl3 C OOTHp8HHH. BHatl3JIe BO.l1J
JJ,M)KHa ObITb TenJlOR (32-34°). 3aTeM tlepes KaiKJ{bIe 3-4 ,aHSI 'reM-
nep3Typa BOJ{bl,nM)l{H3 nOHH}l{aTbCH 11.0 16-18°. Kor,n;a ,neTH npHBhlK-
HYT K 06THp3Hl-i'io, ero MO)KHO 38t\4eHHTb J{yrneM HJIM 06JIHB3HHeM. TeM"
nep8Typa BObI BH31laJIe JlOJI)KHa 6bITb He HH}KC 30°, 8 38TeM nOCTeneHHO
nOHH>K3TbCH o 19 -20°. 3aK3J1HBalOIII-He npOll.eJl-ypbl CJIeJJ.yeT npH-
1eHHTb CHCTeM3THtleCKH, HHatle 3qxpeKT HX CHH>K3eTCH.
,lI.nH Toro tlTo6bI JJ.eTH MeHbllie YTOMJI.SInHCb, UeJIecoo6pa3Ho B TC-
qeHHe Jl-HR qepeJl-9BaTb BHAW HX ,l{eHTeJIbHOCTH.
nocJle OKOH1I3HHSI ytte6HblX 3aHSITHH, H3npMMep ,ltJIH Ytl3InHXCR
nepBoH CMeHbI, Heo6xoJJ.HMO He leHee .nBYX C nOJIOBHHOH: '1aCOB OTBO..
,AHTb Ha 3KTHBHblH OTJJ.hlX - nporYJIKH, cnOKOHHble Hrpw H nOCHJIbHbJil
cpH3HlleCKMH TPYJl H3 CBe}KeM B03Jlyxe.
nJI3HHpOB8HHe yqeOHOH paOOTbI no <pH3HttecKOH
nnsHMpo8BHM8 KYJIhTYpe If MeeT CBOH ocooeHHOCTM, COCTOHmH B
YlletSHoA p.SOT" TOM, qro COJ{epm3HHe H MeTOJ{HKa npOBeJJ,eHHH 3aHH-
THH BO MHorOM saBHCHT OT KOHKpeTHblX YCJIOBHA
(KJIlfM3T, HaJlHqHe cnopTHBHoro 3M3 H T. ){.). n03TOMY YllHTeJ1lO qaCTO
v
npHXO)J.HTCH npOBO)).HTb M3YlleHHe MarepH3JI3 He B TOR nOCJle,nOB3TeJIbHO.
CTH, KOTOp3S1 H3J10)KeHa B nporpafMe) a co06pa3YHCb C rJlaBHblMH 33,Lla..
1I8MH $U3HttecKoro BOCIIHTaHHH B Ka}l{,AOH tIeTBepTH, COCTaBJISISI nJI3H H3
l{a.IK,ltbu1 ypOK.
425

npMMepHOI nnaHHpOBaHHI npOrpaMMHOrO MaTepHana
no YPOKIM
M
ypoK8
Co,a.eP)K3IiH e YPOKa
1'.
2.
3.
4.
6.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
416
nepaR qeTaepT&
BeceJJ.3 0 npe,lJ,CTOSltIUIX ypOKax. nOCTpoeHHe B mepcHry. BbI-
nonHeHHe KOM3H,lJ, cPaBHSlAcb!», «CMHpHO!» XOAb6a. oer 113 HOCKax.
KOMnJ1eKC rHMllaCTHKH }1.0 38HJJTHH. I1rpa cKapaCH H W-YKa». Cno-
KouHaS! x0J1b6a.
nOCTpoeHHe B wepenry. nOBOpOTbI Ha MeCTe. XO}1.b6a H8 HOC-
K8X H nSlTK3X. Ber H3 HOCKax B KOJIOHHe no OJJ.HOMY. Ilo8TopeHHe
KOMnneKC8 rHMuaCTHKH }J.o 38HHTHA. MeT3HHe M HI.JeH lIa .lI.aJlbHOCTb.
Hrpa c1(apacH H mYKa». CnoKoihIaJl xO.ll.b6a.
nOCTpoeHHe B mepeHry. noaopOTLl HanpaBO. XOAb6a C H3Mene-
HHeM AJIHHbI marOB. Ber Ha HOCKax. MeT3HHe MHlleH Qepe3 npe-
nHTCTBHe (eepeBO'IKY, BOJ1eA60JIbHYIO CeTKY, 6aCKeTOOnbllbdi UJ,HT
RblCOTOH He HH>Ke 3 M). Mrpa «1IHHeAHaSi 3CTaeTa C 6erOM). Cno-
KOHH3H xO,lJ.b6a.
nOCTpoeHHC 8 KO.rzOHHY no O,lJ.nOMY. PaBl(eHHe B 38TblJlOK.
. XOAb6a Ha HOCK ax. npSlMOJUIHeHHblH fier C napaJlJleJ1blJOH nOCTa-
HOBKOA CTon. 0t5l.lJ.epa3BHBalOnJ,Hc ynpa1KHeUHSf oe3 npeJlMeTOR.
\eTaHHe MaJJOr MSlQa Qepe3 BblCOKO pacnOJIO)({eHlloe npenSlTcTBHe.
Mrpa eJIHHeHH3n 9cTa<fJeT8 C 6eroM». CnoKoJ1HaJi xO,ZJ.b6a. .
oeCe,D,B 0 }J.BHraTeJ1bHOM pe>KHMe. nOCTpoeHHe B K0J10HHY no
OAHOMY. XO,ZJ.b6a C H3MeHeUHeM )J.JIHHbI marOB. 06U{epa3BHBalOUJ.He
ynpa>KHeHHH 6e3 npe{eToB. MeTa({He M8noro Msttla Qepe3 npenHT-
CTBHe. Hrpa «KapacH H, w.YKa». YnpaJKHeHHR Ha BHHMaHHe.
nOCTpoeHHe 8 UlepeHry. n080pOThi HanpaBO, HaJleoo. XOJJ.boa
C H3MeHC'HHeM ,l\JIHHbI warOB. 06w-epa3BHBalOU.lHe ynpa>KHeHHSI 6e3
npeJlMeTOB. npblKH B ,lJ.JIHHY C pa36era. I1rpa «nOJlBH>KHBR uenb).
Cn01<oftllaSi XOAb6a.
nOCTpoeHHe B KonOHHY. XOJlb6a HS HOCKax. Ber C nCOKHM
nOJ1HHMaHHeM' KoneH. 06w.epa3BHBaJOI1I.He ynpaJKlleHHSI Oe3 npeA-
MeTOB. npbUKKH B ,lJ.JIHUY C pa36era. Hrpa «IlO,lJ.BH)KHaH UMb».
Ynpa>KHeHHSI Ha '8HHMaHHe.
nOCTpOeHHe B mepeHry. XO,lJ,b6a, oer Ha HOCKax. 06U.lepa38H-
BaJOIllHe ynpa3CHenH9 (ie3 npeJ,lMeTOB. npbI>KKH B ,lJ.JIJlHY C pa36era.
Hrpa cnepeAaqa MflqeA B KonOHHaX). CnOKOHH8J1 xO.ll.b6a.
nOCTpoeHHe B wepenry. nOBOpOTbI HanpaBO, HaJleBO. XO,lJ.b6a
na HOCK8X. npSlMonHHeHHblA 6er. OGepa3BHaa.IOll{He ynpa>KlleHHft
6e3 npeAMeTOB. npLDKKH B .ltJlHHY C pa36era. Mrpa «nepe.ll.aqa MR-
({eH B KOJIOHH8XI. Ynpa>KHeHHH Ha BHHMaHHe.
nOCTpoeHHe B KO,,10HUY no OJJ.HOMY. XO,lJp6a H8 HOCK3X H nSlT-
Kax. Ber B KOJIOHHe 110 O,lJ.HOMY. KOHlJ'eKC rHMllaCTHKH AO aaHSlTHit
PaBHOBeCHe (rHMHaCTHtfeCKaH CKaMeHKa). JIa3anbe (nOJlTHrHBaHRe
Da CKaMeiiKe). Mrpa «3cTaeTa C npbliKK3MH». CnoKoihlaH XOAb6a.
nOCTpoeHHe B wepeury. noaopOTbI lIanpaSO, HaneBO. XOAb6a
CnpOTItBOXOJJ.OM). Ber B KOJIOIIHe no O,lJ.HOMY. nOBTopeHHe KOMIlJleK-
ca rHMHaCTHKH JlO 3aHHTHH. Ynpa>KHeHHSI B paBIJOBeCHH (CKaMeAKa)
H B na38Hbe (nOATSlrHBBHHe Ha HaKJIOHHOH CK8MeAKe). Hrpa c9cTa-
<tJeT8 C np&UKKaMH). CnOKoHH8R xOJ1b6a.' .
nOCTpoeHHe B Kpyr. XOJlb6a cnpOTHBOXO,ZJ.OM». Ber H8 HOCKax.'
06mepa3BHSalOw.He ynpa)KHeUHH C MaJJblMH MHqaMH. PaBHOBeCHe

Nt
yPoK6J
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Co.ztepmaHHe ypoKa
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
.
(CKaMeHKa) H nepeJJeaaHUe Qepe3 npenSlTCTBHe BbiCOTOH AO 1 ..
Hrpa «JleHh H HOIJb». CnoKoHHaH xO,Ab6a.
nocrpoeuHe B mepeHry. nOBOpOTbI Ha MetTe HanpaBO, HaJleBO..
Xo,lJ.b6a C H3MeHeHHeM ,llJIHH wa"rOB. npHMOJIHHeHHblH 6er B KOJIOR-
lie no OAHOMY. 06Il1.epa3BHBaIODJ.He ynpa>KHeHIJH C Ma.nhlMH YJI'Ia-
MH. PaBHOBeCHe (CKaMeHKa) t nepeJ1e3aHHe Qepe3 npenHTCTBHe..
Hrpa «JI.euh H HOqb». CnOI(OHHSH XO,Ab6s.
nOCTpoeHHe B l<pyr. XOAb8 H3. HapY)KHOA "CTOpOne CTonH_
Ber Ha HOCKax. Ynpa>KHeHHR Ha OCaJIKY. npWKKH Qepe3 KOpOTKYJO
CK8KaJlKY. I1rpa «nO.nBH>KHaH 11Mb». YnpaJKHeHHH Ha BHHMaHHe.
nOCTpOeJlHe B mepeHry. XOAboa cnpOTHBOXOAOM». fier C BH-
COKHM nO,lJ,HHMaHHeM KoneH. Ynpa>KHeHHJI H8 ocaHKY. npbUKKR
'Iepe KOPOTXYIO CKKaJJKY. Mrpa «nOADHlJaJl lleJlb). CnoKoAH3H
xo6a. 
nOCTpoeIlHe B KOJIOHHY. Xo.nb6a Ha HOCKax. Ber C BbiCOKRU
nO,lJ.HHMaHHeM Konen. 06111epa3BHB81OUJ.He ynpa>KHeHHSI C 60J1bWHYB
MHIJaMH. npbJ>KKH Ha MSlrKoe npenSlTCTBHe BbiCOTOA AO 50 CM. Mrpa
. «OXOTHHKH H YTKH». CnoKeAHaR xOAb6a.
nocrpoeIlHe B lIJCpeHry. n080pOTbt HanpaBo, H8J1eBO. npHMo-
JlHHeHHblH 6er B KOJIOHlle no O,l1HOMY. 06m.epa3BHBaI0ID.He ynpa>KBe-
HHH C OOJJbillHMH MSittaMH. npbUKKH HB MHrKoe npenRTcTBHe. Hrpa
«QXOTIIHKH H YTKHJ. Ynpa}KHeHHSI Ha BHHMaHHe.
BeCe,lJ.8 06 HTorax 'IeTBepTH. 'nOCTpoeHHe B KOJlOHHY. XoAL6a,
6er Ha HOCKax. 06xnepa3DHoaJ011lHe ynpa>KHeHHH 6ea npeAMeTOB.
i-'Irpa no BbJOOpy .neTeR.
BTOp3j1l1eTBepTb
vece,l1a 0 npaBHnax 3aKaJlHBaHUH. nOCTpoeHHe B wepeHry.
PanopT. XOAb6a H 6er Ha HOCKax. KOMn..TJeKC rHMnaCTHKH AO saBR.
THll. Mrpa «.lleub H HOqb». CnoKoihlaSJ xO.IJ.b6a.
nOCTpoeHHe B mepeHry. nOBOpOTbl HanpaBo, HaneBO. XoAhfia
«npoTHBoXt),l101». oer Ha HOCK3X. nOBTopeHHe KOMMeKca rHMHaCTR-
KH Jl.0 38HSlTHiL Ynpa>KnellHSI a paBHoaecHH (6peBlIo). JIa3aHbe
(KaHaT). I1rpa «3cTa4>eTa c nphl}KKaMH:r>. CnoKoHHaSl x0,l1b6a.
nocTpoeHHe B wepeHry. PanopT. Xo.nb6a H3 HaPY>KHOH CTOpO-
He CTonbl. Ber Ha HOCK8X. Ynpa>KHe'HHSI Ha ocaHKY. Ynpa>KHeHHH
B paBJJOneCHH (6peBHe). JIa3anbe (KallaT). I1rpa «KapacH H rnYKa).
Ynpa>l(HeHHH H8 BHHMaHHe.
nOCTpOeH!Ie B mepeHry. PanopT. nOBOpOTbI KpyroM no pa3Ae-
JleHHSlM. X0,l1b6a «no .nHarOHanH). fier Ha HOCKax. 06m. e pa3BHBalO-
W.1re ynpa>KHeHHR C KOpOTKHMH CKaKBJlKaMH. Ynpa>KHeHHSI B paB-
HOBeCHU (6penno). JIa3allbe (KaHaT)-. Hrpa «.rLeub H HOtJb». Cno.
KOHHa5I xOJI.b6a.
nOCTpocHlIe B lllepeHry. PanopT. TaHlJ,eBaJlbHble ynpaJKHeHHSI.
06w.epa3BHBaI0m.He ynpa>KHeHHH 6e3 npeAMeToB. Ynpa>KUeIlHR n
paBHonecHH (6peBHo). JIaa3Hbe (KaHaT). I1rpa «9cT34JeTa C nphl)J(.
KaMa». CnoKoAH8n xO;J.b6a.
nOCTpoeHae B Kpyr. TallllenaJIbHhle ynpa)J(HeHHH. 001U- e pa3-
BH8alolIHe ynpa>KHeHHH 6e3 npe,lI.MeTOB. AKpot5aTHQeCKHe ynpax<o
HeHHSI. npbDKKH C BblCOTbI. I1rpa CrOHKa MHqeii 00 Kpyryt.. YOP8JK-
HeHHH Ha BHHM3HHe.
427

n pOaO.4eHUe
Nt
ypoK3
CoAepmSSHe YPOK8
25.
nOCTpoeHue B KOnOHHY. XOJlb6a «no ,ZJ.H arOHaJl H). Eer HS HOC-
Kax. 06w.epa3BHRalOw,He ynpa>KHeHHSI C KOpOTKoA CKaKajKoit- AK-
p06aTu'IecKue ynpa>KHeHHH. npbUKKH C BbiCOTbi. I1rpa «rOHKa MH-
qeu no Kpyry). CnoKoAHaH xo.!tb6a.
nOCTpoeHHe B mepeHry. PanopT. nOBOpOTbi KpyroM no pa3,ltene-
HHJlM. T aHueBaJlbHble ynpa>KHeHHH. Y npa}KHeHHH Ha ocaUKY. AK-
pOOaTHqeCKHe ynpa)K}leHHH. npbl>KKH Ha MHrKoe npenHTCTBue.
I1rpa «nepeAaqa MH'Ia B KOJIOHH3X). Ynpa>KUellHR Ha BHHMaHHe.
nOCTpoeHHe B llIepeHry. PanopT. nOBOpOTbI HaneOO t H8npaBO.
XOJlb6a «no ,ltHarOHaJlHt. Eer C BbiCOKHM nOAHHMaHHeM Konen.
06w.epa3BHBalOutHe ynp8>KHeHHR 6e3 npeAMeTOB. AKp06aTHtJeCKHe
ynpS>KHeHHH. npblmKH H3 MHrKoe npenHTCTBHe. I1rpa «OXOTHHKH
H YTKH:t. CnOKOHHaH xo,ltb6a.
nOCTpoeuue B KonOHHY. nOBOpOTbI KpyroM no pa3,D.eneUHSlM.
PanopT. XOAboa C H3MeHellHeM qaCTOTbi marOB. Eer Ha HOCK8X.
KOMnneKC rHMHaCTHKH }J.O 3aHHTHiL npbl>KKH B BbICOTY. na3aHbe
(KaHaT). Hrpa «fOHKa MSitleH no Kpyry». CnoKoAHaH XOJlboa.
nOCTpoeHHe B mepeHry. nOBOpOTbi H8npaBO. PanopT. XOAb6a
«no ,ltHarOHaJlH). Ber C BblCOKlM nOl1HHMBHHeM KOJICH. nOBTOpCHHe
KOMIlJleKCa rHMHaCTHKH AO 33H$lTHH. npbl>KKH B BblCOTY. JIa38Hbe
(KaHaT). I1rpa «nonal1H B MHlJ». Ynpa}KHeHHR Ha BHUM8HHe.
. nOCTpoeHHe B Kpyr. Xo.!tb6a Ha HapY>KHOH CTopOHe CTonbI.
npHMOJlHHeHHblrl 6er B K6.'10HHe no O,ltHOMY. Ynpa>KHeHHH Ha ocaH-
KY. nphl1KKH B BbiCOTY. AKp()-aTHqeCKHe ynpa1KHeHHSI. I1rpa.
COXOTHMKlf H YTKH». CnOKOHHaSi xOb6a.
nOCTpoeHHe B wepeHry. PanopT. nOBOpOTbl KpyroM no pa3.!te-
JIeHHHM. TanueBaJIbIIble ,ynpa>KHeHHJI. OOIUepa3BHBaJOI11He ynpa>K-
HeHHR C MaJlblMH MHqaMH. npbl>KKH B BblCOTY. Hrpa «3cTa<tJeTa C
JI333HbeM H nepe.ne3aHHeM). CnOKOHHaH xo,ltb6a.
nocrpoeHHe B KOJlOHHY. XOJlb6a «npOTHBOXO,ltOM». Eer C BbICO-
KllM nO}J.HHM3HHeM KaneH. OGw.epa3BHBaIOnI.Ue ynpa>KHeHHH C
OOJlblllHMH MSItlaMH. YnpIDKHeHHH B paBHOBeCHH. I1rpa «9cra<tJeT8
C npbl>KKC1MH). CnOKOHHaH xOAb6a.
nOCTpoeHHe R mepeHry. PanopT. nOBOpOTbl KpyroM no pa3,Aene-
HHHM. XOAb6a C H3MeHeHHeM qaCTOTbI marOB. fier n3 1I0CK3X. 0(5.
ll\epa3BHBalOII(He ynp3JKlJelIHSI C KOpOTKUMH CKaKanK8"tH. AKp06a-
THtieCKHe ynpa>KHeHHH. Hrpa «9cTa<J>eTa C JIa3aHbeM H nepe.nesa-
lIHeM». CnoKoAuag xO}J.b6a.
Eece,lt8 00 HTorax IIeTBepTU. nOCTpoeHHe B Kpyr. Xo.zu;oa H
6er Ha HOCKax. OOw.epa3BHB8JOl.U.ne ynpa>KHeHHS1 6e3 npe,lJ.MeTOB.
I1rpa no Bbl60PY eTeA.
T peT h R q e T B e p T b l
35. Eece}J.a 0 npe,!J.CTOHI.1.lHX 33HSlTHSIX Ha JIbl1K8 X, YXOJle 33 JlHMH,
o,lte>K;le H 06YBH. KOMnneKC rHMIIaCTHKU .!to 3aHSITHH. I1rpa «OXOT-
HHKK H YTKH». CnoKoflHaS1 xOAb6a.
26.
21.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
"'!Io
1 YpOKH C 36-ro no 47-1% TIJIanHpyroTCH Ha CBe>KeM B03Jtyxe. KaK npaBHJIO,
OHH C,lJ.B8HB8IOTCH, ,ZJ)JR Toro QT06b1 o6eCnelJi'fTb y t I8I.1.lUMCH B03MO}KHOCTb nepeo}J.eTb-
CH NUl 38HS1THH Ha JlbI>Kax H ,ltJlSl nepexoJJ.a K MecTY 3BHRTRit ECJI" HMelOTCSl yc.
nOBUSI ,Zt.'UI npOBe)\CHHSI 38HHTltH ITO nbl>KHoA nO;I.rOToBKe Ha npHWKOJIbHOH DJlG-
ma'J.Ke, TO Y pOKH CABaH8aTb lie OOH3areJlbHO.
428

, n pOaOA",eHUe
Nt
YPOK3
CoAeP>K8HUe YPOKa
36 - 37.
38 - 39.
40 - 41.
42 - 43.
44 - 45.
46-47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
nOCTpoeHHe B mepeHry C JIbI>K8MH Y HorH. npOBepKa o.n.e>K,l1.bI.
JIbJ>KJlhIX KpenJleHl:lii. naJIOK. nepexOA K MecTY 3aHSITHH. XO)l.b6a
6e3 naJIOK CKOJlb3Hll1.HM warOM. XOAb6a C naJIKaMH CKOJIb3S1llJ.HM
lliarOM. nO,lt'beM «JIeCeHKOH) no nOJlOrOMY CKJlOHY H CnyCK 8 OCHOB-
HOH CTOHKe. Hrpa na JIhl>Kax.
nOCTpoeHue B KOJlOHUY Ha JIbI.>Kax. CKOJIb>KeHHe Ha JIbI>K8X 6e3
na.,10K no YQe6HOMY Kpyry. CKOnbJKeHHe Ha J1bJ>Kax c naJlK3MH.
nO,l{'beM H cnYCK C nOJIororo CI<JIOHa. nepe.D.BH1KeHHe lIa JIbUKaX no
CJI aoo nepeceqellllOH MeCTHOCTH B Me)J)leHHOM TeMne JJ.O 1 KM.
nocTpoeHHe Ha JIbUKaX B O,l\HY H ,l\Be wepeHrH. 06YQeHHe none-
pefeHHoMY .lJ.BYXW3>KHO:MY XOAY C naJlKaMH. nOBTopHoe npoxo>KJJ.e-
UHe HeOOJlbUJHX OTpe3KoB (JJ.o 40-50 M) na CKOpOCTb. nOD.'beM H
cnycK c nOJIororo CKnOHa.
nOCTpoeHne Ha J]bDf<aX B O)1.HY" .D.Be lllepeHru. nepe.nBH>KeHHe
noncpeMeHHbIM Anyxllla:>KHbIM XOAOM no Y\leOHoMY Kpyry. Ynpa>K-
IleHHH Ha HCOOJlbWOM cKJlone (no,!J.'beMbi H cnycKH). nepe.ll.BJDKeHHe
Ha JIhDKaX no CJIaOO nepece'leJlHoA MeCTHocTH B Me.D.JIeIlIlOM TeMne.
nocTpoeHHe B KOJIOHHY Ha JIbI>K8X. nOBTopeHHe nOBopoTOB
Ha JlblJKBX. OoyqeUHe AByxWa>KHoMY nonepeMeHHoMY xOJJ.Y HB Y'loo-
HOM JIbl}f<He. nOBTopHoe npOXO>KAenHe ne60nbWHX OTpe3KOB 118
CKOpOCTb. Ynpa>KHeHIHI Ha He60J1bWOM CKnOHe (nOA'beMbI H cnYCKH).
nOCTpoeHHe B KOJIOHHY Ha JlbI>K3X. XO)l.b6a no YQe6HOH JlbDKlfe
JJ.Byxllla>KHbIM nonepeMeHHblM XOAOM. CnYCKH H nOJl'beMhI C He6oJIb-
moro CKJlOHa. nepeABH:>KeHHe H8 JIbJ>Kax no c.na60 nepeCeqe[{HOH
MeCTlIOCTH B Me.AJleHHOM TeMne.
nOCTpoeIlHe B J1lepeHry. PanopT. BhInonHeHHe KO1aHA «PaB-
HHHCb!», cCMHpnol» nOBOpOTbI Ha MeCTe. XOAb6a H er Ha HOCKax.
KOMIL7IeKC rHMH8CTHKH JJ.o 3aHBTHA. PaBHOBecHe (opeBIIO). JIa3aHbe
(KaHaT). I1rpa «3cTa4JeTa C npbDKKBMH». Y npa}f{HeHHH Ha BHHMa-
Hue.
nOCTpoeIIHe B wepeHry. PanopT. nOBOpOThI na MeCTe. Xo6a
cnpOTHBOXOAOM). Ber Ha HOCKax. nOBTOpeUHe KOMnJleKCa rHMHa-
CTHKH lJ.0 33HBTHH. P8BHoBecHe (6peBHO). JIa3aHbe (KaHaT). I1rpa
«JI.eHb H 1I0'lb). CnOKOHHaSi XO,DP()3.
nOCTpoeHHe B Kpyr. XO.M6a C H3MeHeHHeM tlacTOTbi marOB.
Ber Ha HOCI<ax. Ynpa>KHeHHg Ha ocaHKY. AKp06aTHQecKHe ynpa>K.
HenHR. npbUKKH C BhICOThI. Hrpa CnOJJ.BH>KH8H l1eJ1b». CnoKoAHaR
XO,lJ,bt)a.
nOC1'poeHHe B mepeHry. PanopT. nOBOpOTbi Ha MeCTe. XO.Ab6a
«no )l.HarOHa.;'1H). Ber C BbICOKHM nO,lUlHM8HHeM Konen. 06rnepa3DH-
BaJOmHe ynpB>KHeHHB C KOpOTKOn CKaKa.nKoA. AKp06aTHqeCKHe
ynpa>KHeHHSI. Hrpa «OXOTHHKH H YTKH). Ynpa>KHeHHH HB BHHMa-
HHe.
nOCTpoeHHe B KOJlOHHY. XOJJ.boa H8 HOCK3X H nHTKax. fier B
KMOHHe no OJlHOMY. Ynpa1KHeHHR na ocaHKY. PaBHoBecHe (6peBHO)
H Jl83Hbe (KaHaT). Hrpa «3CTa4JeTbI c npbI>KKaMH). YnpaJKHeHHSI
Ha BHHM8HHe.
nOCTpoeHHe B mepeHry. PanopT. nOBOpOTbI Ha MecTe. Xo.zu,6a
C H3MeHeHHeM 'IaCTOTbi marOB. Ber Ha HOCKax. 06ll\epa3BHBalOID.He
ynpa}I(HeHHH C KOpOTKHMH CKaKanKaMH. AKp06aTH'IecKHe ynpaJKHe-
HHB. Hrpa «nonaJJ.H B MRq». YnpaJKHeHHB Ha BHHM8HHe. '
6ece;I.a 06 HTorax tleTaepTB. Hrphl no Bbl60py JJ.ereii.
429

n pOdOA3fCenUe
Nt
ypoKa
COAep>K3HHe ypoKa
55.
56.
67.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
d)
4eTBepTaR,QeTBepTb
 _ nOCTpoeHHe B wepeHry. pT. n080pOTbI Ha MeCTe. XO)J.hoa
C H3MeHeHHeM ttaCTOTbi H J,lnHHbI warOB. KOMnJleKC rHMHaCTHKH ]J.O
3aHHTHA. npbliKKH Ha MHrKoe npenHTCTBHe. Hrpa «nO.ll.BIUKllaR
uenb». CnOKOHHaSl XO]J.boa.
nOCTpoeH He B lllepeHry. PanopT. nOBOpOTbi ua MeCTe. X o,ltb6a
«npOTHBOXO,ltOM». Eer H3 HOCK8X. nOBTOpeHHe KOMn..JleKca rHMHa-
CTHKH JJ.O 3an RTU". n pbl>KKH H3 MHrKoe npenHTCTBHe. Hrpa COXOT-
HHKH H YTKHI. CnoKoihl3R xO]J.b6a.
nOCTpoeHHe 8 Kpyr. XO.ll.b6a Ha HapY>KHOH CTopone CTonbi. Eer
C BbJCOKHM nO.!1.HHMaHHeM Koneu. ()(5w.epa3BHBalOmHe ynpaJKlleHHR
6e3 npetlMeToB. nphDKKH B BblCOTY C npHoro pa36era. Hrpa «foJ{.
K8 MH'IeH no Kpyry». Ynpa>KHeHHH Ha BHHManHe.
nOCTpoeHHe B Kpyr. Xo.nb6a «no JJ.HarOHaJlH». fier Ha HOCKax.
001I.\epa3BHBaiOU.lHe ynp3>KHeHHH C MaJlblMH MH'IaMH. npbl>KKH
B BbiCOTy. Hrpa «3CTaa C Jla3aHbeM H nepeJle3aHHeMI. CnoKoA.
HaH xOAb6a.
nOCTpoeHHe B wepeHry. XO,lJpoa C H3MeHeHHeM JJ.JlHHbI H qaCTO-
Tbi warOB. 0611.1epa3BHBalOUJ.He ynpa>KUeHHR C 60J1blUHMH MHQaMH.
fier H3 CKOpOCTb. I1rpa «3cTa<IJe-ra C na3allbeM H nepeJle3aHHeMI.
CnoKOHHaH xo.nb6a.
nOCTpoeHHe B Kpyr. XOAb6a H 6er Hi! HOCKax. 06w.epa3BHBalO"
llUie ynpa>KHeHHH 6e3 npeJtMeTOB. Ber H3 CKOPOC1b. Hrpa Cnona]J.H
B MSlq». Ynpa}KUel-lHH Ha BHHMaHHe.
nOCTpoeHHe B wepeHry. PanopT. nOBOpOTbi Ha MeCTe. XOAb6a
H 6er 1Ia HOCK3X. Y npa>KHeHHH Ha ocaHKy. Me-raHHe MaJlOrO MHqa
no BepTHKaJlbHOH u.eJlH. I1rpa «JIuHeAuaH 3CTa<t>eTa c 6erOM). Cno-
KOHHaR XOJJ.boa.
nOCTpoeHHe B lUepeHry. PanopT. nOBOpOTbi Ha MeCTe. TaHu,e-
aanbIlble ynpa>KH€'HHH. 06w.epa3BHsalOLU.He ynpa>KHeHHS1 C KOPOT-
KHMH CKaKaJIKaMH. Me-r3HHe MaJIOrO MS1Qa B eJlb. Ber B qepe.nOBa.
HHH C xO.lJ.b6oA. CnOKOHHaR XOAb()a JJ.O 150 M.
nOCTpoeHHe B Kpyr. Xd]J.b6a H 6er H3 HOCKax. Ynpa>KHeHHH
lIa ocaHKY. MeTaHHe Manoro Mlqa B eJIb. I1rpa c3cTa<peTa c npbl>K-
KaMHI. Ynpa>KHeHHH Ha BHHM3HHe.
nOCTpoeHHe B lUepeHry. PanopT. nOBOpOTbi Ha MeCTe. TaHne.
DaJlbHble ynpa>KHeHHH. KOMnJleKC rHMHaCTHKH ]J.O 33HHTHH. Me-ra-
IIHe Manoro MHqa B u.eJlb. Ber B qepe,AOBaHHH C xO]J.b60H AO 150 M.
CnOJ{OAU3H xO]J.b6a.
nOCTpoeHHe B KOJlOHHY. XO,Ab6a C H3MeueHHeM ]J.JlHHbI H qaCTO-
Tbi lllarOB. KOMnJleKC fHMHaCTHKH AO 3aHHTHH. npbl>KKH B ,AJlHHY C
pa36era. I1rpa «nepe.naqa MHlIeH B KOJIOHHaX). Ynpa>KUeHHR Ha
BHHM3J1He.
nOCTpoeHHe B rnepeHry. XO]J.b6a H 6er Ha HOCKax. OGw.epa3BH-
BaiOll(He ynpa)((HenHH C OOJTblUHfH MH'I3MH. npbl>KKH B )J.J1HHY c
pa36era. I1rpa «3cra<J>eTa C Jla3aHbeM H nepeJle3aHHeM». CnoKoHHaR
xOJJ.b(5a.
nOCTpoeHHe 8 Kpyr. X0J1b6a cno ]J.HaroHanHt. 5er C BbiCOKUM
nOJ(HHMaHHeM KOJleH. 06wepa3BHBalOUJ.He ynpaiKHeHHH 6e3 npeAMe-
\..

n pOOOA'JICeHIJe
Nt
YPOK8
CoAep>K8HHe yPoK8
./
68.
69.
70.
TOB. Ber HB CKOpOCTb. I1rpa COXOTHHKH H YTKH:t. Ynpa>KHeHHH H3
BHHMaHHe.
nOCTpOeHHe B KO.7JOHHY. XO)].b6a H 6er Ha HOCKaX. 06w.epa3BH-
/BaIOlI1He ynpa.>KHeHHH (5e3 npe,lJ,MeTOB. fier Ha CKOpOCTb. Hrpa
«fOHKa MltleH no Kpyry». CnOKOHHaH xOAb6a.
nOCTpoeHHe 8 wepeHry. n080pOTbl ua Mecre. XO)].b6a cnpOTH-
8OXO,D.OM». Ber Ha HOCK8X. 06lI1epa3BHBalOIlI.He ynpa>KlIeHHH 6e3
npe,lJ.."eTOB. MeTaHHe Ma.noro MHtla H3 AanbHoCTb. Hrpa cJIHueA-
HaH 3CTa<l1e18 C 6erOM:t. CnOKOUHaH xOAb6a.
nOAHHe HTOroB qeTBepTH H YQe6Horo roa. 6eceAa 0 JleT-
HHX KauHKynax. I1rbI no Bbl60py ,D.eTeH.
"

COAEP)I(AHHE
3
OpeJlHCJlOBHe
.... ...
P),CCKHR Jl3blK
........
J. "ITeHHe H pa3BHTHe peatH . . . .
CopaaoqHblA MaTepH3JI 06lI1eCTBeHHo-
HCTOpHqeCKOrO xapaKrepa .... 30
BBeKnaCcHoe qreHHe . . . . . . . 59
II. rpaMMaTRKa, npaBODllcaHHe H
pUBHTHe pelfH ......... 73
nOBTOpeHHe no rpaMM3THKe H op-
4M>rpa<l>uH ........... 79
H3)"1eHHe pa3,lte.na c1JacTH peQHJ . 88
ReKCHqecKue ynpaJKHeHH5t Ha ypo-
Kax rpaMM8THKH H oprpa4>HH . . 123
113YQeHHe pa3eJJa cIlpe,ltJIO>KeHHe» . 131
H3yqeHHe pa3.lteJl8 cCBSl3HaSi pe'lb) 139
npHMepHoe nJl3HHpOBaHHe ypOKOB
DO QTeUHIO, rp3MMaTHKe, npaBonH-
CIHHIO If pa3RHTUJO pettH . . . . . 148
DPHPOAOBE.l\EHHE
198
. . . . . .
Oco6eHHOCTH u cO,ltep>KaHHe HOBOH
nporpaMMbI no npHpO.ltOBe,lteUHJO B
111 KJIacce . . . . . . . . . . .
npHMepHoe reMaTHttecKoe nJI3HHp6-
BaHBe npHpo,ltone,ltqeCKOrO M3TepH-
ana .............. 212
MATEMATHKA
........
XapaKTepHCTHKa nporpaMMbI no Ma-
TCMaTHKe B I II KJI acce . . . . . . 229
l-lyr.repallHH MHoro3HaIJHblX IJHCeJI . 235
Mephl tAnHHbI U Mepbl Beca '. . . . 243
J\.'iepa BpeMeHH . . . . . . . . . . 246
JIeAcTBHH Ha,lt MHoro3naQHbIMH IIHC-
JI3tdH ............. 250
CnO:>KeHHe H BblQHTaHUe MHOr03Hatl-
4
HhlX '{Hcen . . . . . . . . . . . -
YMIIO>KeHUe H ,IleJIeHHe MHOr03HaQ-
HblX qHCen . . . . . . . . . . . 253
113MeHeHHe pe3YJlbTaTOB AeHcTBHA
B 3a BHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHH OAHO-
fO H3 KOMnoneHTOB . . . . . . . 265
CHcTeMa H MeTO;J.b1 H3}"leHHH 9JIeMeH-
TOB aJlre6pbl ........
06YQeHHe pel1leHHJO 3a,ltaQ 8 III
KJI 3 cee . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
297
270
,lIpOOH ............
113yqeHHe reOMeTpHQecKoro MaTepH-
aJIa BIll I<Jlaece ........ 300
npHMepHoe nJIaHHpOBaHHe YQe6HOrO
MaTepH8J1a no MaTeM8THKe B III
KJIaCCe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
TPYOBOE 06YQEHHE
. .
. . 335
npHMepnoe nJl8HHpOBaHHe ypOl<OB
TP y.n.a ......... ..
npOBe,lteHHe 3alUITUH no TPY.lty . . 358
npaKTH1.JeCKHe COBeTb( . . . . . . 363
H306PA3HTEJlbHOE HCKYCCTBO 368
n pHMepHblH ro,ltoBoA TeM3THtteCKHH
nJlaH ypOKOB H306pa3HTe.nbHoro HC-
KYCCTBa B I II KJIaCCe . 394
MY3blKA H OEHME
397
. . . . . .
MeTOHqeCKHe peKOMeH)l.8UHH K
nJlanHpOBaHHIO ypoKon MY3bJKH H
neHHSI BIll KJIaCce . . . . . . .
npHMepHoe noypOtlHOe nJlaUHpOna-
UHe Ha ro.n .......... 410
"3H4ECKOE BOCOHTAHHE . 418
npHMepHoe nnaHnpoBaHHe nporpaM-
Mlloro MaTepHana no ypoKaM 426
O&Y'IEHME B TPETbEM KnACCE
Pen.aKTopbl 'B. If. I1poclCYPOBCIroR
It JJ. A. CuiJopo6a
X YA0)KeCTlieHHblIl pe,qaKTOp H. A. 80 AOa UflQ
1'exlDAecKHA peAaKTOp H. B. KSDcHutJ,Kail
KoppeKTOpbl M. J1. M UPUMCICDR
If T. M. rpa<J;ooc/Can
CMHO 0 ua<50p 28/XII 1970 r. nOAnHC8no K ne
IbTH 5/V 1971 r. 60X90 1 !te' BYMara THn. N.2.
neq. n. 27. Yq.-JI3A. n. 29,94 THpa>K 250 ThlC.
91U, (llnau 1971 1'.). 3aKa3 694.
I1SA3TeJJbCT80 «npoCnen\He» KOMHTeT3 no
neqaTH npH CoaeTe MHHHCTPOB PC<l>CP. MOCK-
nal 3-A npoe3 MapblfHOa PO, 41.
CapaTOBCKHA opn.eH a Tpy.i:tOBOro KpacRoro
3HaMcHH nOJJHrpa4>HQeCKHA KOM6HHaT Poc-
rJ18HrmJlHrpa4mpoMa KOMHTeTR no np'IOTH npH
Co8eTe MH"HC7poB PC<I>CP. CapaTOB. yn. '-Iep-
HbfwenCKoro 1j9.
UeH86e3 nepenneTa 81 Kon t , nepenneT 10 KOD.

ur
n P 0 C BE:ll( E H HE. 1971