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3a ero TeJIbQe, peryJIl1pYIOT 6ecrropR,lI;OqHble ,lI;Bll)Ke-
HUH MaJIeHbKllX HO)KeK H B006pa)KaIOT, qTO pe6eHOK
XO.n;l1T. rI03,ZJ;Hee, Kor.n;a pe6eHOK .n;eMCTBl1TeJIbHO
Haql1HaeT MaJIO-noMany CTaBl1Tb HO)KKl1 11, HaKOHeQ,
rrepe.n;Bl1raTbCR, MaTepl1 rrpl1nllCbIBaIOT STOT ycnex
3aTpaqeHHbIM l1MH YCl1JIliRM.
KaKl1e OTBeTbI ,lI;aeT HaYKa, Kor,ll;a nepe,ll; HeM BCTa-
eT Borrpoc 0 6JIare pe6eHKa? Y)K, BO BCRKOM cnyqae,
OHa He cHa6)KaeT Hac COBepmeHHbIMli peQenTaMl1
,ZJ;JIR BbIlIpRMJIeHl1R HOCHKOB, YJIyqmeHl1R cpOpMbI
ymeM, He BHYmaeT MaTepRM, KaK Y'Il1Tb ,lI;eTeM XO.n;l1Tb
qyTb JIH He C MOMeHTa po)K.ZJ;eHl1R. HeT. HaYKa npe)K-
.n;e Bcero rrbITaeTCH .n;OKa3aTb, qTO caMa npHpO,ll;a
n03a60Tl1TCR 0 cpopMe rOJIOBbI, Hoca, ymeM, qTO
qeJIOBeK HaqHHaeT rOBopllTb 6e3 OC06bIX npl1cnOCO-
6JIeHl1M ,ZJ;JlR pa3Bl1Tl1R peql1, qTO HOrl1 eCTeCTBeHHO
pacryT npRMO ll, 60JIbme Toro, qTO cnoc06HOCTb
XO.n;l1Tb B03HHKaeT caMa C060M 11 HeT Ha.ZJ;06HOCTH
BMemHBaTbCR B eCTeCTBeHHble npOQeCCbI.
OTCIO,ZJ;a RCHO: Ha,D;O rrpe.n;OCTaBllTb rrpHpo.n;e ,ZJ;eMCTBO-
BaTb BnOJIHe CB060,ll;H0. M qeM cB060,ll;Hee pa3BllBacrC51
pe6eHOK, TeM 6bICTpee 11 COBepmeHHee .n;OCTllraIOT nOJI-
HOro pa3Bl1TllR ero TeJIO II BbIcmlle OTnpaBJIeHllH. YHllq-
TO)KbTe CBllBaJIbHl1Kll II rrpe.n;OCTaBbTe pe6eHK)' Ha1l60-
JIee nOKOMHoe nOJIO)KeHl1e, Kor,ZJ;a OH OT,lI;bIXaeT. Pe6eHoK
co CB060,ll;HbIMll HOraMll OCTaHcrCR JIe)KaTb BbITRHYB-
mllCb, a He HaqHeT KaTaTbC51, KaK M51q, KaK Ka)KeTCH HeKO-
TOpbIM. He Bbrny)K,ll;aMTe pe6eHKaxo.n;IlTb paHbme BpeMe-
Hll. Kor,ZJ;a HacTY'IliT ero qac, OH BCTaHeT 11 noii.n;eT.
B HaCTORmee BpeMR Bce 60JIee llJlll MeHee y6e)K.ZJ;eHbI
n TOM, 11 Terrepb rrO'!Tll l1cqe3Jl11113 rrpo,ll;a)Kll CBHBaJIb-
II HIm, XO,ZJ;yHKll, KaqaJIKll. A,lI;eTl1 XO,ll;51T nyqme H Xo.n;l1Tb
II<lqllHaIOT paHbme. 3'1'0 y)Ke YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM cpaKT, 11
1\)<lKT OqeHb yTeml1TeJIbHbIM. Ha caMOM .n;eJIe, KaKoe 6bI
'J'}UKeJIOe 6peM51 JIerJIO Ha Hac, eCJIl1 6bI 6billO TaK, qTO
I\JOpMa Hoca, ymeM, rOJIOBbI, npRMOTa Hor pe6eHKa
n BJIAAl1Cb .n;eJIOM HaIlIliX PYK! KaKa5l OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
JI,JIH TOro, KTO He qyHCTByeT ce6R Ha BbICOTe rrOJIO)Ke-
IIllR! Ho 3aTO KaK ycnOKOl1TeJIbHa MbICJIb, qTO npl1po,ZJ;a
000 BCeM rr03a6OTliTCR! OCTaBHM pe6eHKa cB060,ll;HblM,
lie 6y.n;eM BbI,ZJ;yMbIBaTb, KaK 6bI BblpaCTl1Tb ero KpacaB-
l\eM, 11 TeM caMbIM rrOMO)KeM «qy,ZJ;y» ero pa3Bl1TllH.
HeqTO rro.n;06Hoe rrpol1CxO.n;l1T 11 C BHyTpeHHeM
)[(1l3HbIO pe6eHKa. MbI rrOJIHbI 3a60T: HO cpOpMl1-
pOBaTb xapaKTep pe6eHKa, pa3Bl1BaTb ero YM, 6y.n;l1Tb
U HeM qyBcTBa. Cnpaml1BaeTCR: KaK STO c.n;eJIaTb? MbI
.n;OTparHBaeMCR .n;o .n;yIlIl1 pe6eHKa TO TaM, TO 3.n;eCb,
3aTl1CKllBaeM ee B cneQl1aJIbHbIe npl1crrOC06JIeHl1R,
COBceM TaK )Ke, KaK HeKOTopble MaTepH CTapaIOTCR
lIepe,ll;eJIaTb HOC l1JIl1 yml1 HOBOpO)K.n;eHHoro.
OrrpaB.n;aHl1e Haml1M 3a60TaM MbI HaxO.n;l1M B HeKO-
TOpOM K eMCR ycrrexe, rrOCKOJIbK)' Bo06me JIIO.n;l1
I3blpaCTaIOT C xapaKTepOM, YMOM, qyBcTBaMl1. Kor.n;a
)[{e, O,ll;HaKO, Bcero SToro y Hamero BOCnl1TaHHHKa
ne.n;OCTaeT 0'1' npllpO,ll;bI, MbI rr06e)K,lI;eHbI. qTO
,lI;eJIaTb? KTO II qTO .n;aCT xapaKTep ,lI;ereHepaTY,
YMCTBeHHble crroc06HOCTl1 - H.n;110T qYBCTBa -
JIl1meHHOMY HpaBCTBeHHoro qyTbR?
ECJIl1 BepHO, q'('Q, OKa3bIBM113BeCTHoe ,lI;aBJIeHl1e Ha
,ZJ;yIDY qeJIOBeKa, MO)KHO CHa6,l1;l1Tb ero H3BeCTHbIMH
nOJIO)Kl1TeJIbHbIMl1 KaqeCTBaMll, Tor,ll;a .n;OCTaTOqHO
TOJIbKO Ha)KHMaTb C 60JIbmOM CllJIOM Ha TeX, y Koro
ElTliX KaqeCTB He,ZJ;OCTaeT. Ho .n;eJIO 06CTOl1T He TaK.
:1 \
II
34
CAMOBOCI1I1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
B3fJI5I.lI: HA )l{I13Hb PEEEHKA
35
II,
MbI TaK )Ke MaJIO CnOC06HbI C03.n;aBaTb BHYTpeHHl1e
KaqeCTBa qeJIOBeKa, KaK H BHemHlle cpOpMbI ero TeJIa.
npllpo.n;a, TBOpqeCKlie Cl1JIbI rrpllpO,ll;bI ynpaBJIR-
lOT BceM. ECJIl1 STO TaK, TO npe)K.ZJ;e Bcero He06xo.n;1l-
MO He CTaBHTb rrperpa.n; eCTeCTBeHHOMY pa3Bl1Tl1IO. M
BMecTO CTOJIbKl1X OT,lI;eJIbHbIX np06JIeM - KaK rrOMOqb
pa3Bl1Tl1IO xapaKTepa, HHTeJIJIl1reHTHOCTl1, qyBCTB -
BbIcTynaeT, KaK OCHOBa Bcero BOCrrl1TaHl1R, o.n;Ha
3a.n;aqa: KaK OCTaBllTb pe6eHKa cB060,ll;HbIM.
3Ta cB060.n;a orrpe.n;eJIReTCR TeMH )Ke rrpl1HQl1na-
MH, KOTOpbIe YCTaHOBJIeHbI HaYKOM ,ZJ;JlR cB060,ll;HOrO
pa3Bl1TllR cpOpM II OTrrpaBJIeHHM pacTYI.Qero opraH1l3-
Ma. )I11qHOCTb cOBepmeHcTByeTCR, KaK COBepmeH-
cTByeTcR rOJIOBa, HOC, ymll, pa3Bl1BMCb B COOTBeT-
CTBlili C BHYTpeHHllMl1 Cl1JIaMl1.
MTaK, cB060.n;a - e,ll;llHCTBeHHoe cpe.n;cTBo, KOTO-
poe Bcer.n;a Be.n;eT K Ha1l60JIee rrOJIHoMY pa3BllTHIO
xapaKTepa, yMa, qyBCTB II ,lI;aeT BOCrrl1TaTeJIIO B03MO)K-
HOCTb cnoKoMHo Ha6JIIO,lI;aTb «qy,ll;o» POCTa.
CB060.n;a CHl1MeT C Hac TRrory cpl1KTl1BHOM OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTli 11 orraCHbIX l1JIJII0311M. fope HaM, Kor.n;a
MbI CqHTaeM ce6R OTBcrcTBeHHbIMli 3a cpaKTbI, KOTO-
pble Hac He KacaIOTCR, l1JIli Bo06pa)KaeM, qTO MO)KeM
C03,l1;aBaTb TO, qTO C03,l1;aeTCR He3aBliCHMO 0'1' Hac.
nepe.n; HaMl1 OqeHb Ba)KHbIM Bonpoc: B qeM )Ke
Hama l1CTl1HHaR Ml1CCl1R, 3a qTO MbI .n;eMCTBl1TeJIbHO
OTBeTCTBeHHbI? M eCJIli MbI .n;o CHX rrop 3a6ny)K.n;a-
JIl1Cb, - r,ll;e )Ke llCTl1Ha, KaKlie Om116Kll, KaKlie TR)K-
Klle rpeXli JIe)KaT Ha Hac?
MCTOpMR «cpH311qeCKOrO B03pO)K.ZJ;eHl1R» pe6eHKa
B BbICmeM CTeneHll noyqllTeJIbHa. fl1rlleHa He orpa-
Hl1qHBaeTCR npOCTO 3a.n;aqaMH «aHTpOnOJIOrllqeCKOM
l1JIJIIOCTpaQl1l1», pacrrpOCTpaHeHl1eM CBe,ll;eHl1M 0
TOM, qTO TeJIO pa3BllBaeTCR caMO C060M. ,L(eTcKliM
Borrpoc - He Bonpoc TOJIbKO 0 60JIee l1JIli MeHee
cOBepmeHHblx opMax cp1l311qeCKOrO pa3BllTHR.
HacTORmeM ,lI;eTCKOM np06JIeMOM RBliJIaCb y)KaCaIO-
lT aR .n;eTCKM cMepTHocTb.
Tenepb HaM Ka)KeTCR npOCTO HeBepORTHbIM, qTO B
:-moxy, Kor.n;a .n;eTCKl1e 60JIe3Hl1 HCTpe6JIRJIl1 .n;eTeM
MaCCaMl1, MHorllX 3aHHMaJIl1 cpOpMbI Hoca llJIH Hor, a
cepbe3HeMmliM Borrpoc 0 ,lI;crCKOM CMepTHOCTli OCTa-
nJIRJICR 6e3 BHllMaHliR. Ka)K,ll;OMY rrpl1xo.n;l1JIOCb CJIbI-
maTb 3MBJIeHl1R Bpo.n;e CJIe,ZJ;yIOmllX: «.fl YMeIO OTJIl1q-
1-10 XO.n;llTb 3a .n;eTbMH - y MeHR llX 6bIJIO ,lI;eBRTb qeJIO-
neK». A Ha Borrpoc: «CKOJIbKO B )KllBbIX?» CJIe.n;OBaJI
OTBeT: «,lJ;Boe». M Bce )Ke TaKaR MaTb Cql1TaJIa ce6R
u;eHHoM COBeTHl1QeM B .n;eJIe BOCnllTaHHR.
CTaTllCTl1Ka .n;eTcKoM cMepTHOCTl1 .n;aeT QllcppbI,
HanOMl1HaIOml1e «113611eHHe MJIa.n;eHQeB». 3HaMeHll-
TM rpacpa, H306pa)KaIOmM cpe,ll;HIOIO .n;eTcKoM CMepT-
nOCTH, 6e3 0603HaqeHHR no OT.n;eJIbHbIM CTpaHaM,
nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO BbICOKM .n;eTCKaH CMepTHOCTb -
51BJIeHl1e 06mee. fJIaBHbIX rrpllqllH .n;Be: CJIa60CTb ,lI;eT-
CKoro opraHH3Ma II He.n;OCTaTOqHM oxpaHa ,lI;eTCKoro
n03paCTa. lloCJIe,ll;Hee CBOMCTBeHHO BceM C'I'paHaM.
fYT ,lI;eJIO He B He.n;OCTaTKe .n;06POM BOJIl1l1JIli JII06Bll K
l eTRM; JIIO.n;1l rrpocTo rrpoxo.n;RT MHMO y)KaCHOM onac-
HOCTH, KaK 6bI He C03HaIOT ee. Terrepb 113BeCTHO, qTO
HHcpeKQllOHHble 60JIe3HH H oc06eHHO )Keny.n;OqHo-Kll-
meqHble 3a60JIeBaHllR YHOCRT rpOMa.n;Hoe KOJIHqe-
CTBO MOJIO,ll;bIX )K113HeM.
Heql1CTOrrJIOTHOCTb 11 OTCyTCTBlie npaBllJIbHOCTl1
n nliTaHlll1 ,lI;eTeM BbI3bIBaJIl1 3a60JIeBaHliR. ,L(eTeM
3aBepTbIBaJIli B rpR3Hble rreJIeHKH; MaJIO KTO 3a60Tl1JI-
C51 0 TOM, qT06bI MbITb COCKli II BbITHpaTb pOTliK
pe6eHKa rrOCJIe KOpMJIeHllR. KOpMJIeHl1e rpy.n;bIO npo-
HCXO,ll;l1JIO 6e3 BCRKoro rropR.n;Ka: e,ll;IlHCTBeHHO rrJIaq
36
CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
B3fJI5I.lI: HA )K113Hb PEEEHKA
37
II
pe6eHKa peryJIl1pOBaJI ero KOpMJIeHlle, 11 qeM qame
I1JIaKaJI pe6eHOK 0'1' 60JIli npl1 paCCTpOMCTBe rrHmeBa-
peHllR, TeM qame ero KOpMllJIl111, KOHeqHO, yxy.n;ma-
JIH ero COCTORHl1e.
HayKa YCTaHOBliJIa npOCTble rrpaBllJIa yxo.n;a 3a
pe6eHKOM: npe)K.ZJ;e Bcero peKOMeH,ZJ;yeTCR caMM YCll-
JIeHHM ql1CTOrrJIOTHOCTb H peryJIRpHOCTb nllTaHHR.
HOByIO nOPQHIO IIllmH pe6eHOK .n;OJI)KeH nonyql1Tb
JIl1mb nOCJIe Toro, KaK OH rrepeBapliJI npe)KHIOIO rrop-
QHIO; CJIe,ll;OBaTeJIbHO, pe6eHKa rrOJIaraeTCR KOpMllTb
qepe3 TaKHe npOMe)KYTKH BpeMeHl1 (CMOTpR rro B03-
pacry), B KOTopble npOHcxo.n;RT Bce He06xo.n;HMble
CP113110JIOrllqeCKl1e 113MeHeHl1R B ero opraHH3Me.
MaTepli rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M 6ecrrOKORTCR 0 TOM,
qTO HM ,lI;eJIaTb, Kor.n;a pe6eHOK rrJIaqeT. M MHorlie
y.n;l1BJIHIOTCR, qTO ,lI;eTll, rrHTaIOml1eCR peryJIRpHO
qepe3 K<OK.n;ble .n;Ba qaca, crrOKOMHbI, MOJIqaJIl1BbI, He
aIOT 0 ce6e 3HaTb, COBepmeHHO He rrJIaqyT l1JIl1 rrJIa-
OqeHb MaJIO. B CaMOM .n;eJIe, nOqeMY MaJIbImH ,lI;OJI-
)KHbI nOCTORHHO rrJIaKaTb? Be,ll;b rrJIaq - Bcer.n;a rrp1l3-
HaK CTpa.n;aHHR.
,n:nR eTeM-CTpa.n;aJIbQeB Hl1qerO He .n;eJIaJIOCb. Mx
Tyro 3aBR3bIBaJIl1 CBllBaJIbHl1KaMl1l1 Hepe.n;KO nopyqa-
JIll 3a60TaM 6paTbeB H ceCTep, erne He Bblme,ll;mHX H3
,lI;eTCKOro B03paCTa. Y MaJIIOTOK He 6bIJIO Hll oc060ro
nOMemeHl1R, HH c06cTBeHHoM rrOCTeJIl1. HayKa BCry-
nliJIaCb 3a pe6eHKa: c03.n;aJIa .n;eTcKlle, HRHIO, KOJIbI-
6eJIb, crreQl1aJIbHYIO o,ll;e)K,ZJ;y .n;JIR ,lI;eTeM, nl1TaTeJIbHbIe
BemeCTBa .n;JIR KOpMJIeHHR rrOCJIe OTHRTl1R 0'1' rpy.n;l1,
CneQHaJIbHYIO .n;eTcKYIO Me.n;HQl1HY. QeJIbIM HOBbIM
Ml1p - K)'JIbTYPHbIM, ql1CTbIM. Pe6eHoK CTaJI «HOBbIM
qeJIOBeKoM», 3aBoeBaBml1M rrpaBo Ha )K113Hb, H ,lI;OJI-
)KeH 6bIJI c03,l1;aTb CBOM c06cTBeHHbIM Ml1p. B npRMOM
cnK 1l C pacrrpocTpaHeHl1eM npaBliJI rl1rlleHbI .n;eTcKo-
1'0 B03pacTa 3aMeqaeTCR YMeHbmeHl1e eTCKOM
cMepTHocTli.
TaK)Ke H B ,ZJ;yXOBHOM oTHomeHHl1 pe6eHK)' .n;OJI)KHa
ObITb npe.n;OCTaBJIeHa cB060.n;a, rroToMY qTO He MbI, a
IIpl1po.n;a-TBOpeQ cpopMl1pyeT ero .n;ymy. Ho STO BOBce
He 3Haql1T, qTO Ha.n;O OCTaBHTb pe6eHKa 3a6pomeH-
HbIM H 6e3 BCRKoro yxo.n;a. ECJIl1 HeT B03MO)KHOCTl1
nenocpe.n;CTBeHHO BJIHRTb Ha llH.n;l1Bl1,ZJ;yaJIbHble OCo-
6eHHOCTl1 xapaKTepa, YMa, qyBCTB, TO cymeCTByeT Bce
}Ke pR.ZJ; 06R3aHHOCTeM 11 3a60T no OTHomeHllIO K
,lI;eTRM, KOTOpbIMli MbI He HMeeM npaBa npeHe6pe-
raTb, noTOMY qTO 0'1' HliX 3aBl1CllT )K113Hb l1JIl1 CMepTb
.n;YXOBHbIX Cl1JI pe6eHKa.
CB060.n;a pe6eHKa He 3Haql1T 3a6pomeHHOCTb. KaK
pa3 Ha060pOT: npaBl1JIbHOe nOHl1MaHl1e CB060 bI
CTaBl1T Ha MeCTO Haml1X cpaHTa311M peaJIbHble HY)K,lI;bI
.n;eTeM 11 Be.n;eT K HaCTORml1M II ,lI;eMCTBHTeJIbHbIM
3a60TaM 0 ,lI;eTRX. B Harne BpeMR pe6eHOK rrOJIb3yeTCR
1'0JIbKO cpH311qeCKOM CB060,ll;OM.
npaBa pe6e'H'Ka B XX cmoJtemuu. Pa3pa60TKa npaBl1JI
rllrHeHbI BHeCJIa oCB060)K.ZJ;eHl1e B cp11311qecK)'IO
}KIl3Hb pe6eHKa. TaKl1e BHemHlle cpaKTbI, KaK YHllqTO-
)KeHHe rreJIeHaHl1R, 06HJIl1e CBe)KerO B03.n;yxa B
}KH3Hl1 .n;eTeM, CBoeBpeMeHHbIM H .n;OCTaTOqHbIM
OT.n;bIX 11 T.n, nonyql1JIll 60JIee 3aMeTHoe II ml1pOKOe
pacnpOCTpaHeHHe. Ho Bce STO - JIl1mb cpe.n;CTBa ,ZJ;JlR
/\OCTl1)KeHllR CB060.n;bI. Ba)KHO, qT06bI Ha nopore
}J(113Hl1 pe6eHOK 6bIJI1136aBJIeH 0'1' orraCHOCTH 3a60JIe-
naHl1R 11 CMepTl1. Kor.n;a YCTpaHeHbI OCHOBHble He.n;o-
CTaTKll B yxo,ll;e 3a .n;eTbMl1, TO He TOJIbKO ropa3,l1;0
OOJIbmee ql1CJIO .n;eTeM BbI)Kl1BaeT, HO OHli TaK)Ke
nblpaCTaIOT 3.n;opOBee. llpH rl1rl1eHllqeCKOM yxo,ll;e
/ eTl1 YBeJIHql1BaIOTCR B Bece, pacryT, xopomeIOT. qTO
)Ke BbI3bIBacr ynyqmeHl1e B xo.n;e pa3BllTl1R? fl1rHeHa
\
II
I
I
38
CAMOBOCflI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
B3fJI5I.lI: HA )K113Hb PEEEHKA
39
He .n;eJIaeT Bcero STorO. fHrl1eHa TOJIbKO oCB060)K,lI;a-
eT TeJIO pe6eHKa 0'1' Tex rryT, KOTopble aTpY,ll;HRIOT
ero pOCT. CymeCTBOBaJIH BHemHHe nperpa.n;bI,
MemaBmHe eCTeCTBeHHOM SBOJIIOQl1l1 )K113Hl1: rl1rl1-
eHa pa3pymllJIa STl1 rrperpa.n;bI. ll0qyBCTBOBaJIOCb,
qTO oCB060)K,ll;eHl1e HacryUl1JIO.
no.n; BJIHRHl1eM COBepmllBmerOCR Bce UOBTOPRIOT,
'1'1'0 ,lI;eTl1 OJI)KHbl 6bITb CB060,ll;HbI. 1II11pOKO OC03-
HaHHM CBR3b Me)K,ZJ;y .n;OCTl1rHYTOM cB060,ll;OM H yCJIo-
BHRMH pa3Bl1Tl151 cpH311qeCKOM )K113Hl1. 3a pe6eHKOM
qaCTO XO.n;RT, KaK 3a paCTeHHeM, XOTR, KOHeqHO,
KaKOM-H116y.n;b ca.n; l1JIl1 napK rrOJIb3yeTCR «npaBaMl1»,
B KOropbIX .n;o Cl1X nop OTKa3bIBaIOT .n;eTRM. Ha caMOM
.n;eJIe, HaM Ha.n;O OCB060.n;l1TbCR 0'1' CpaBHeHl1R .n;eTeM C
paCTeHHRMl1. Pe6eHOK - STO qeJIOBeK. To, qTO .n;OCTa-
TOqHO ,ZJ;JlR paCTeHl1R, He ro.n;l1TCR ,ZJ;JlR qeJIOBeKa.
ll0,ll;YMaTbTOJIbKO, KaK y)KaCHO rrOJIO)KeHHe qeJIOBeKa
B napaJIl1qe, 0 KOTOpOM rOBOpRT, qro Y Hero OCTaJIaCb
TOJIbKO paCTl1TeJIbHM )K113Hb!
Pe6eHOK - qeJIOBeK. BOT KaKOM 06pa3 ,lI;OJI)KeH
6bITb Bcer.n;a nepe.n; HaMIl. KaKOBbI npaBa pe6eHKa?
llorrp06yeM paCCMaTpl1BaTb .n;eTeM KaK «COQl1aJIbHbIM
KJIacc», KaK KJIaCC pa60qHX. Ha CaMOM .n;eJIe, OHH
pa60 TaIOT , OHl1 YTOMJIRIOTCR 0'1' cp1l311qeCKOrO H
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JIaTb BCe B Ml1pe, KOropbIM, rro rrpH3HaHl1IO caMl1X
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40
CAMOBOCI1I1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
xpynKl1Ml1 11 Henpl1cnoc06JIeHHbIMll, qeM .n;eTeHblml1
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n KaMblmax Hl1JIa: OH OJIl1QeTBopReT 6y ymee
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poro l1MeHM.
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,ZJ;JlR KaKoro Ml1pa MbI ero rOTOBl1M.
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6bIX, TaK 6bI 11 B C03HaHMl1 ,lI;eTeM MOJIqaJIO qyBCTBO
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42
CAMOBOCI1I1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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JIeH OTBeTaMl1 .n;eTeM, 06pamaeTCR K yql1TeJIIO 11 rOBO-
pllT: «EpaBO, yql1TeJIb!», rroToMY qTO, HecoMHeHHo,
Bce TYT - .n;eJIo pyK yqllTeJIR; Haql1HM C .n;llcQl1rrJIl1HbI
.n;JIR 06yqeHl1R, - Bce c.n;eJIaJI yqllTeJIb.
,L(eJIaeTCR MHoro rrorrbITOK ,ZJ;JlR 06JIerqeHl1R CJIO)K-
HOM pa60TbI yqllTeJIR.
llpOl1CXO.n;llT 113BeCTHOro po.n;a pa3.n;eJIeHl1e Tpy.n;a:
I-IallOOJIee cBe.n;ymlle B .n;eJIe BOCrrl1TaHl1R rrpl1rOTOBJIR-
lOT KOHcrreKTbI llJIli cxeMbI ypoKOB, pa3pa6OTaHHbIX Ha
OCHOBe rrCHXOJIOrllqeCKllX l1CCJIe.n;OBaHl1M 11 rrpl1HQl1-
IIOB BeJIllKllX rre.ll:arorOB, Harrpl1Mep, fep6apTa I . KpoMe
roro, HayKll, KaK, HanpliMep, rl1rneHa, 3KCrrepl1MeH-
1<1JlbHaR rrCllXOJIOrllR, rrOMoraIOT pa3611paTbCR BO MHO-
l'llX rrpaKTl1qeCKl1X 3aTpy.n;HeHl1RX, yKa3blBaIOT, KaK
YCTpal1BaTb KJIaCCbI, KaK nyqme pacrrpe.n;eJIRTb 3aHRTMR,
KaK COCTaBJIRTb rrporpaMMbI, paCrrl1CaHl1R 11 T..n;. <...>
nO)KanyM, l1HTepeCHO rr03HaKOMl1TbCR C O.n;Hl1M
ypOKOM, rrpl1MeHReMbIM Ha rrpaKTl1Ke 11 CqllTaIOml1M-
CH 06pa3QOBbIM. BOT OTqeT 06 STOM ypOKe, KOTOpOMY
6bIJIa rrpl1C .n;eHa npeMl1R Ha rre.n;arOrl1qeCKOM KOH-
K)'pce B MTaJIl1l1. ComaCHO 3MaHl1IO, B ypOKe .n;OJI-
)KHbI 6bIJIli .n;aTb JJ;eTRM rrepBllqHbIM rrCl1Xl1qeCKl1M
4>aKT: ceHcopHoe BOCrrpl1RTlie.
06pa3QOBbIe ypOKl1, rrpe.n;CTaBJIeHHbIe Ha KOHKYPC,
cHa6)KaJIliCb BMeCTO rro.n;rrl1CeM .lI:eB113aMl1. (,n:eB113:
«llpe.n;MeTbI - rrepBble 11 nyqml1e HaCTaBHl1Kll».)
Yp01C
qT06bI YCBOllTb nOHRTlie «XOJIo.n;Horo», KaK rrpo-
TliBOrrOJIO)KHOCTb nOHRTl1IO «TerrJIOro» (.n;OBOJIbHO,
.n;OBOJIbHO!!! ll0HRTl1H - He KOH4>eTbI, KOTopbIe
MO)KHO np060BaTb o.n;Ha 3a .n;pyroM; rrOHRTl1R -
BbICIIIl1e rrCl1XllqeCKlie cpaKTbI 60JIbIIIOM CJIO)KHOCTl1),
HMO JIll coe.n;l1Hl1Tb C rrOHRTl1eM «XOJIo.n;Horo», KOTO-
poe C0611paIOTCR rrORCHl1Tb .lI:eTRM, BOCrrl1TaHl1e qYB-
CTBa cOCTpMaHl1R 11 )KaJIOCTl1 K HeCqaCTHbIM, CTpa-
.n;aIOm l1M 0'1' 3MMHl1X XOJIO.n;OB. Y)Ke paHbme rrbITaJIl1Cb
6y.n;l1Tb B .n;eTRX TaKl1e qysCTBa. (3Tll rrepBbIe 3aMeqa-
Hl1R,ZJ;JlR MeHR, yqamerO, .n;aJIbHeMIIIee,ZJ;JlR .n;eTeii.)
- ,L(eTl1! KaK HaM xopomo 3.n;ecb! Bce ql1CTO, Bce
Ha CBoeM MeCTe. .H xoqy, qT06bI BaM 6bIJIO xopomo, a
BbI XOTl1Te .n;06pa MHe. He rrpaB.n;a JIll, .n;eTll?
, rep6apT MoranH <1>pH,D;pllX (1776-1841) - HeM. «pllJIOCO«p II neAaror,
CQllTalOIlRIHCH OAHllM ll3 OCHOBaTeJIeH COBpeMeHHOH neAarorllKll. - Cocm
54
CAMOBOCI1I1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEYQEHI1E...
B3rJI5I.lI: HA COBPEMEHHOE BOCIII1TAHI1E
55
II
,L(eTl1: ,L(a, .n;a, R TO)Ke!
- CKa)Kll MHe, ,n:)KllHO, Te6e XOJIO.n;HO? TbI rOBO-
pllmb: HeT, xopomo. HaM xopomo 3.n;ecb. TaM, B TOM
yrny (rrOKa3blBaeT pyKOM), Bemb, KOTOpM ,lI;aeT HaM
CTOJIbKO...
,L(eTll: TerrJIa. 3'1'0 rreqKa.
- Ho Ha YJIl1Qe, r.n;e HeT rreqKl1, r.n;e TRHeTCR ropl1-
30HT (.n;eTl1 Y)Ke 3HaKOMbI C 3Tl1M CJIOBOM), TaM He
TerrJIO?
,L(eTll: TaM XOJIO.n;HO. (OTBeT, rrO.n;TBep)K.l.J; aIO m l1M
RCHOCTb 3aKOHa KOHTpaCTOB.)
- HOqbIO, Kor.n;a MbI crraJIl1, Kor.n;a, MO)KeT 6bITb,
Barna MaMa ql1Hl1JIa BaIIIl1 rrJIaTbR (Ml1JIM MaMa, KaKM
OHa .n;06pM!), - B sry HOqb Tl1XO-Tl1XO rrMaJIl1 cBepxy
6eJIbIe XJlorrbR... «<CHer, cHerI» - Kpl1qaT MaJIbIml1.)
,L(eTl1! STO rrMaJIli XJlOrrbR CHera. KaK KpaCl1B cHerI
BbIM.n;eM, rrOCMOTpl1M Ha CHer?
,L(eTll: ,l],a, .n;a, .n;a...
- OH TaK KpaCl1B, qTO XOqeTCR BaRTb HeMHoro,
HO, MO)KeT, ero He rr03BOJIRIOT 6paTb? OTK)'.n;a CHer?
(OTBeTa He rronyqaIO.)
- KTO ero K)'rrllJI? KTO ero c.n;eJIaJI? BbI? HeT. .H?
HeT. MaMa? HeT. Hy, 3Haql1T, ero KyITI1JI rrana? (CMO-
TpRT Ha MeHR C y.n;l1BJIeHl1eM, Borrpoc Ka)KeTCR .n;eTRM
CTpaHHbIM.) HeT orrRTb? 3Haql1T, CHer rrpl1HMJIe)Kl1T
BceM. Mbl MO)KeM B3RTb HeMHoro. (,L(eTl1 .n;OBOJIbHbl.)
Pa3.n;aM BaM CeMqaC Kop060qKll, KOTopbIe MbI Bqepa
C.lI:eJIaJIli. (3'1'0 rrOMoraeT rrOHRTb rroJIb3Y Tp}'.ll:a.) B
Hl1X OqeHb xopomo Ha611paTb CHer. (Pa3.n;aIO KOpO-
60qKl1 11 rrpo.n;OJI)KaIO rOBOpl1Tb, qT06bI BHl1MaHl1e
.n;eTeM He OCJIa6eBaJIO.) B03bMY CBOIO Kop060qK)', OHa
60JIbIIIe BamllX, B Hee y6epeTcR 60JIbme cHery. ll0M-
.n;eMTe, .lI:eTl1, II rrpl1I-IeCeM cHery. (BbIXO.ll:H.) KaK XOPO-
mo 3.n;ecb! .n;OTpOHbTecb pyKOM .n;o JIl1Qa. JIl1QO TerrJIOe
H PYKa TeITJIM. nOCMOTpl1M, 6y.n;eT JIl1 pyKa TerrJIM,
Kor.n;a .n;OTpOHeMCR .n;o CHera.
,n:eTl1: Ey.n;eT XOJIO.n;HOM.
- I1paBllJIbHO. (BbIIIIJIl1.) KaK KpaCl1BO! He60
110.n;apl1Jl0 3eMJIe rrJIaTbe COBceM...
,L(eTl1: EeJIoe.
TYT MOl1 .n;eTl1, rrpliBbIKml1e K cB060.n;HOM .n;llCQll-
I1JIl1He, .n;OTparl1BaIOTCR .n;o cHera, 6epyT ero B pyKl1,
plleyIOT Ha ero rrOBepXHOCTl1. llpe.n;OCTaBJIRIO llM CBO-
60.n;y, IIOTOM B.n;pyr rrpl1BJIeKaIO llX BHl1MaHl1e:
- ,L(eTl1! .H TO)Ke xoqy B3RTb HeMHoro CHera .n;JIR
Bcex Bac. Hy, Bce CMOTpl1Te Ha MeHR xopOIIIeHbKO!
B03bMeM KpaemeK rpoMMHoro rrJIaTbR, rrOJIO)Kl1M B
Kop060qKY. C.n;eJIaHO. (B03BpamaeMCR.) Ax, KaK
XOJIO.n;HO! ,L(eTl1 rrJIOXO O,ll;eTbIe 3aMep3JIl1 60JIbme
Bcex! Ee.n;HR)KKll, KaK XOJIO.n;HO! CKopee, cKopee Bce
no MecTaM! llocTaBbTe Kop060'lK)' Ha CKaMeMK)'. qYB-
cTByeTe, KaKl1Ml1 XOJIO.n;HbIMl1 CTaJIli Bamll PYKl1, a
6bIJIl1 TerrJIble?
,n:eTl1: MOR - XOJIO.n;HM. 11 MOR TO)Ke!
- ,L(eTl1! Kor.n;a XOJIo.n; 6bIBaeT Cl1JIbHbIM, Cl1JIbHbIM,
KaK 0'1' cHera, MbI Ha3bIBaeM ero MOp03. CKa)Kl1,
fBl1.n;O, KaK Ha3blBaeTCR STO? 11 TbI, ,L()Kl1aHl1Ha?
- MbI BepHYJIl1Cb 06paTHO rroToMY, qTO Ha .n;Bope
MOp03, a 3.l1:ecb...
,L(eTl1: TerrJIo.
- Ho MbI rrpl1HeCJIl1 3aMOpO)KeHHYIO Bemb, KOTo-
pM Ha3blBaeTCR...
,L(eTl1: CHer.
- qTO .n;aeT HaM rreqKa? BbI rrOMHl1Te?
,L(eTll: TerrJIo.
- CKa)Kl1 MHe STO, Mapl1R, rrOTOM llerrrrl1HO. 3Ha-
eTe? Erne pOT .n;aeT TerrJIO. OTKpOMTe pOT. HeMHoro.
I10.n;ep)Kl1Te rrepe.n; pTOM PYKY. llpaB.n;a? ,n:blml1Te, KaK
II
56
CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEYQEHI1E...
B3fJI5I.lI: HA COBPEMEHHOE BOCITI1TAHI1E
57
'--
R. Erne pa3, BbI.n;bIxaMTe, KaK R. Erne pa3, erne, erne...
erne. Terrepb xopomo. CJIbIml1Te. TaK)Ke pOT .n;aeT
HeMHoro...
,L(eTl1: TerrJIa.
_ npOilepl1M STO, nOJIO)Kl1M B pOT HeMHoro CHera.
0, TerrJIO YXO.n;l1T 0'1' rrpl1KOCHOBeHl1R CHera, TerrJIO
YXO.n;l1T!
,L(eTl1: POT XOJIO,ll;HbIM!
_ ,L(a, rrpaB.n;a, pOT XOJIO.n;HbIM. C'be.n;l1M erne HeM-
HO)KKO CHera. Bo pry CHer rrpeBpamaeTCR B BO,ll;Y,
rrOTOMY qTO CHer COCTOl1T TOJIbKO 113 BO.n;bI. Xne6
TO)Ke c.n;eJIaH 113 BO.n;bI, HO He TOJIbKO 113 BO.n;bI. KaK
.n;eJIaTb Tf'rTO .n;JIR XJle6a?
,L(eTl1: HY)KHa MYKa.
- M erne qTO?
,L(eTll: COJIb.
- M rrOTOM?
,L(eTli : 3aKBaCKa.
_ CMOTpl1Te, JIYll,ll;)Kl1 eCT CHer, 11 .AJIb4>OHC, 11
lll1epl1HO TO)Ke. BaM HpaBl1TCR?
,L(eTl1: ,L(a, CllHbopa.
- BaM BceM HpaBl1TCR?
,L(eTll: .D:a, CllHbOpa. MHe TO)Ke. MHeTO)Ke... (BMeCTe.)
_ noeIIIbTe erne, HO HeMHoro, a TO MO)KHO 3a60-
JIeTb. OH TaKOM XOJIO.n;HbIM (rrOBTopRIO qaCTO STO
CJIOBO, rrOTOMY qTO OHO Bblpa)KaeT IIOHRTl1e, C KOTO-
pbIM 3HaKOMJIIO .n;eTeM).
_ Kor.n;a 0'1' CHera TaK MHoro XOJIo.n;a, - rro.n;YMaM-
Te, qTO CTOJIbKO .n;eTeM, CTOJIbKO JIIO.n;eM rrJIOXO
o.n;eTbI, y HllX HeT rreqeK, OHl1 6e.n;HbI. OH OqeHb CTpa-
.lI:aIOT II .n;a)Ke HeKOTopble YMl1paIOT. Ee.n;Hble JIIO.n;l1!
3aTO KaK MbI CqaCTJIl1BbI! Y Hac CTOJIbKO o.n;e)K.n;bI, Y
Hac eCTb rreqKa .n;OMa, eCTb rreqKa B mKOJIe, HaM
TerrJIO. KaKoe CqaCTbe!
O.n;l1H pe6eHOK: Y Hac HeT rreqKl1.
_ Jl3HaIO, qTO Y 3MllJIH HeT rreqKll. MHe Bac OqeHb
)KaJIb. nO)KeJIaeM, .n;eTl1, MHoro xopomero 3MllJIIO 11
,lI;)KY3errrrl1He, llM 60JIbme, qeM BceM OCTaJIbHbIM,
rrOTOMY qTO OHll...
,n:eTll: Ee.n;HbI.
- BbI BeCb CHer C'beJIl1?
,lI;eTl1: HeT, Cl1Hbopa.
_ lloM.n;eMTe Ha .n;BOp 11 BbI6pOCl1M OCTaTKl1 CHera.
ll0TOM rrOCTaBl1M Kop060qKl1 eyIIIllTb Ha 3'1'0'1' CTOJI.
Hy, )KllBO, l1,lI;l1Te M rrpl1HeCl1Te rrycTbIe Kop060qKll
Ty.n;a, K)'.n;a R BaM CKa3aJIa.
JI ,ZJ;yMaIO, MO)KHO rrOBTopRTb rrO,ll;06HbIM ypOK 11
KOM611Hl1pOBaTb ero C .n;pyrl1Ml1 rrOHRTl1RMl1, qT06bI
3HaKOMl1Tb C Hl1Ml1 .n;eTeM TaKl1M )Ke rryTeM.
B rrpl1po.n;e Bce e.n;l1HO, CBR3aHO, He.n;eJIllMO, orrpe-
.n;eJIeHHO; pa3Bl1Tl1IO qeJIOBeKa MemaIOT 4>aKTbI BOC-
rrl1TaHl1R HeCBR3Horo 11 1130JIl1pOBaHHoro, rrOTOMY
qTO HeB03MO)KHO pa3JIO)KllTb TO, qTO CBR3aHO Hepy-
IIIl1MbIM BeqHbIM 3aKOHOM rrpl1p O .ll:bI.
3'1'0'1' «06pa3QOBbIM» ypOK .n;OJI)KeH 6bIJI BbIRCHl1Tb
TOJIbKO .n;Ba rrOHRTl1R - XOJIO.n; II TerrJIO - II rrpe.n;ocTa-
Bl1Tb B OCTaJIbHOM rrOJIHYIO cB060.n;y pe6eHK)'. Ho
OqeHb Tpy.n;HO cocpe.n;oTOql1Tb BHl1MaHl1e TOJIbKO Ha
.n;BYX rrOHRTl1RX, Kor.n;a BCR oKpY)KaIOmM 06cTaHoBKa
60raTa CTl1MYJIaMl1 11 BHyTpeHHl1M Ml1p 06yqaeMbIX
3arpOMO)K.n;aeTcR XaOTl1qeCKOM MaccoM 06pa30B.
,L(JIR SToro HMO rrorrbITaTbCR, rro B03MO)KHOCTl1,
YCTpaHl1Tb Bce .n;pyrl1e BOCrrpl1RTl1R, CKOHQeHTpl1pO-
BaTb BHl1MaHl1e TOJIbKO Ha .n;BYX, qT06bI Bce rrpoql1e
06pa3bI OCTaJIl1Cb B C03HaHl1l1 Ha 3MHeM ITJIaHe, 3aTe-
HeHHbIMl1. TaKOB HayqHbIM rrpl1eM 1130JIl1pOBaHl1R
BOCrrpl1RTl1M, KaK pa3 TaKllMl1 rrpl1eMaMl1 MbI 11 rrOJIb-
58
CAMOBOCIII1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEYQEHI1E...
B3rJI5I.lI: HA--COBPEMEHHOE BOCIII1TAHI1E
59
3yeMcR rrpl1 rrpl1MeHeHl111 HarnerO MeTO.n;a .n;JIR CeH-
COpHbIX «ypOKOB».
B .n;aHHOM rrpl1Mepe ,ZJ;JlR BbIRCHeHl1R, qTO TaKoe
«XOJIO.n;HbIM» 11 «rOpRql1M», MbI «rrO.n;rOTOBJIReM» pe-
6eHKa, 1130JIl1pyeM ero TepMl1qeCKOe qysCTBO, 3aBR-
3blBaeM pe6eHK)' rJIa3a, YCa)Kl1B eM ero B CrrOKOMHbIM
yrOJIOK, qT06bI.n;0 HerO .n;OXo.n;l1JIl1 TOJIbKO CTl1MYJIbI,
BJIl1RIOm l1e Ha TepMl1qeCKOe qysCTBO.
Pe6eHK)' .n;aIOTCR .lI:Ba rrpe.n;MeTa, COBepmeHHO 0.n;11-
HaKOBbIX rro rrp113HaKaM, .n;OcryrrHbIM TaKTllJIbHO-MY-
CK)'JIbHOMY qysCTBY, o.n;l1HaKOBbIX rro cpopMe, o6'heMY,
rJIMKOCTl1, COrrpOTl1BJIReMOCTl1, .n;aBJIeHl1IO 11 T.rr.,
Hanpl1Mep: .n;Ba o.n;l1HaKOBbIX ryTTarrepqeBbIX rry3bIPR,
HarrOJIHeHHbIX o.n;l1HaKOBbIM KOJIl1qeCTBOM BO.n;bI H
COBepmeHHO CYXHX CHap ll. llY3bIpl1 OTJIl1qaIOTCR
O.n;l1H 0'1' .n;pyroro TOJIbKO TeMrreparypoM BO.n;bl; B
O.n;HOM rOpRqM Bo.n;a (Harrp., 60°), B .n;PyroM XOJIO.n;HM
(10°). Pe6eHK)', 3allHTepecOBaBmeMYcR rry3bIpRMl1,
3aBR3blBaIOT rJIa3a 11 rrpoBo.n;RT ero PYKOM CHaqaJIa rro
rry3blpIO C rOpRqeM BO.n;OM, rrOTOM rro rry3bIpIO C XOJIO.n;-
HOM. Kor.n;a pyKa pe6eHKa KacaeTCR rOpRqerO rry3bIpR,
yql1TeJIbHl1Qa rOBOpl1T: «3'1'0 rOpRql1M»; npoBo.n;R
PYKOM pe6eHKa rro XOJIO.n;HOMY rry3bIpIO, yql1TeJIbHl1Qa
rOBOpl1T: «3'1'0 XOJIO.n;HbIM»! M ypOK KOHqeH.
TyT TOJIbKO .lI:Ba CJIOBa, II rrpe.n;Bapl1TeJIbHM rro.n;ro-
TOBKa HanpaBJIeHa K TOMY, qT06bI STl1 .n;Ba CJIOBa rrepe-
.n;aJIl1 eMY llCKJIIOql1TeJIbHO .n;Ba omymeHl1R, KOTOpbIM
OHM COOTBeTCTBYIOT. Ha caMOM .n;eJIe .n;pyrl1e BHemHl1e
qysCTBa (cnyx, 3peHl1e) CB060.n;HbI 0'1' .n;eMCTBl1R CTllMY-
JIOB, H pyKa pe6eHKa He OIQymaeT Me)K,ZJ;y .n;sYMR rry3bI-
pRMli Hl1KaKliX .n;Pyrl1X Pa3Jll1ql1M, KpOMe TeMrrepary-
pbI. JIl1mb rrpll TaKllX YCJIOBl1RX .n;OCTl1racrcR 113BeCT-
Horo po.n;a YBepeHHOCTb, qTO TOJIbKO .n;sa KOHTpaCTl1-
PYIOm llX OIQym eHl1R 6y,ZJ;yT BOCrrpl1HRTbI pe6eHKOM.
Ho Crrpaml1BaeTCR: r.n;e )Ke cB060.n;a? ,L(JIH Hac RCHO,
qTO Ka)K.n;bIM ypOK OrpaHl1ql1BaeT cB060.n;y pe6eHKa,
nOToMY-TO MbI 11 cTapaeMcR COKpaTl1Tb BpeMR ypoKa
.n;o HeCKOJIbKllX ceK)'H.n;: ypOK 3aHl1MaeT pOBHO CTOJIb-
KO BpeMeHl1, CKOJIbKO HY)KHO, qT06bI rrp0113HeCTl1 .n;Ba
CJIOBa: «XOJIO.n;HbIM» II «ropRql1M». Ho STOT KOpOTKl1M
rrpOMe)KYToK BpeMeHl1 HaxO.n;l1TCR rro.n; BJIl1RHl1eM
rrpe.n;BapllTeJIbHOM no.n;roTOBKl1, Kor.n;a H30JIl1pyeTcR
orrpe.n;eJIeHHOe qyBCTBO 11 B C03HaHl1l1 pe6eHKa c03.n;a-
eTCR KaK 6bI 4>OH .n;JIR rrpOeKQl1l1 TOJIbKO .n;BYX HOBbIX
06pa30B.
Pe6eHOK rronyqaeT 113BeCTHbIM rrCllXllqeCKliM MaTe-
Pl1aJI, HO B BbI60pe 11 rrOBTOpeHlll1 yrrpa)KHeHl1R, KaK 11
BO BceM rrOCJIe,ZJ;ylOmeM crrOHTaHHOM aKTl1BHOCTll, acco-
QllaQll5lX 11 BOCrrp0113Be.n;eHl1l1, pe6eHOK OCTaeTCR «CBo-
60.n;HbIM». Pe6eHK)' He CTOJIbKO .n;aeTCR ypOK, CKOJIbKO
eMY rrOMoraIOT BOMTll B orrpe.n;eJIeHHbIM KOHTaKT C BHem-
Hl1M MHpOM; HayqHaR orrpe.n;eJIeHHOCTb rrpl1,ll;aeTTaKOMY
KOHTaKry crreQl1aJIbHbIM xapaKTep, OTJIl1qaeT ero OT cny-
qaHHbIX COrrpl1KOCHOBeHl1H C BHemHllM Ml1pOM, KOTo-
pbIe rrpOl1CXO,ZJ;5lT y pe6eHKa HerrpepbIBHO. 06WIlie STllX
Heorrpe.n;eJIeHHbIX, CJIyqaMHbIX COrrpl1KOCHOBeHl1H C03-
,lI;aeT B .n;yrne pe6eHKa rrOJIHbIM xaoc. Ha060pOT, KOHTaK-
TbI orrpe.n;eJIeHHOrO xapaKTepa KJIa.n;yT HaqaJIO rropR,ll;K)';
C rrOMOmbIO TeXHl1Kll1130JIlipOBaHllR qysCTB .n;eTll Haql1-
HaIOT «pa3Jll1qaTb 0/1.HY Be 0'1' .n;pyrOM».
llpl1HQl1rrbl 3KCrrepl1MeHTaJIbHOM rrCl1XOJIorl1l1
orrpe.n;eJIRIOT TeXHllK)' HamliX ypOKOB. 3'1'0 HarrpaBJIe-
Hl1e Haxo.n;l1TCR B rrpRMoM rrpOTl1BOrrOJIO)KHOCTl1 C
TeH.ZJ;eHQl1RMl1 cTapoM crreK)'JIRTl1BHOM rrCl1XOJIOrlll1,
Ha KOTOpOM Bce erne 6a311pyIOTcR BocrrllTaTeJIbHbIe 11
06pa30BaTeJIbHble MeTo.n;bI cOBpeMeHHoM mKOJIbI.
BOCrrl1TaTeJIb .n;OJI)KeH B Ka)K.n;OM rrpe.n;MeTe 06yqe-
Hl1R pa3Bl1BaTb YM pe6eHKa Ha STliX OCHOBax, OCBO-
60
CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E I1 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
B3rJl5l.ll: HA COBPEMEHHOE BOCITI1TAHI1E
--
II
I
II
1\
61
60)K.n;aTb yqeHl1Ka 0'1' ce6R, yql1Tb ero MbICJIl1Tb CaMO-
CTORTeJIbHO, rrpORBJIRTb HacToRmyIO aKTl1BHOCTb.
TaK, HanpliMep, .n;JIR pa3Bl1Tl1R accOQl1aQl1M He CJIe.n;y-
eT rOBopllTb yqeHl1K)': «nOCMOTpl1 Ha TOT l1JIl1 ,lI;PY-
rOM rrpe.n;MeT, 3aMeTb, KaK OfI rrOXO)K...» 11 T..n;. YqeHl1-
Ka HMO crrpaml1BaTb, qTO OH Bl1.n;l1T? He rrOXO)Ke JIl1
3'1'0 Ha... If T..n;. TOqHO TaK)Ke HeT CMbICJIa .n;aBaTb yqe-
Hl1K)' TOqHbIe orrpe.n;eJIeHl1R; ropa3.n;0 Ba)KHee HaBo.n;R-
ml1Ml1 BorrpOCaMl1, rrorrpaBKaMl1, cpaBHeHl1RMl1 rr06y-
.n;l1Tb pe6eHKa caMoro HaMTll TOqHOe orrpe.n;eJIeHl1e.
He06xo.n;l1MO B036y.n;l1Tb )KllBOM l1HTepeC K rrpe.n;MeTY,
llHTepec, rrpl1BJIeKaIOml1M K 113BeCTHOM l1,lI;ee, llJIl1,
KaK rOBopliT Ham rre,ll;aror, l1HTepeC, TOJIKaIOml1M YM
«yrny611TbCR» B l1.n;eIO, .n;aTb eM 113BecTHYIO Cl1CTeMaTl1-
3aQl1IO, 3axBaTbIBaIOmyIO pa3Ho06pa3Hble l1.n;el1.
He06xo.n;l1MO rrp06Y)K.n;aTb 11 rro.n; ep)Kl1BaTb l1HTepeC
BO BceM 06yqeHl1l1.
M3BecTHo, qTO O.n;llH 113 yqeHl1KOB fep6apTa rrpl1-
6aBliJI K rrOJIo}[(eHl1RM fep6apTa erne O.n;HO HOBoe
rrOJIO)KeHl1e - l1HTepeC; rro ero MHeHl1IO, Bce HOBoe
.n;OJI)KHO BbIBO.n;l1TbCR 113 CTaporo 3HaHl1R, HMO l1.n;Tl1
0'1' «113BeCTHoro K He1l3BeCTHOMY»' rrOTOMY qTO a6co-
JIIOTHO HOBoe He MO)KeT BbI3BaTb l1HTepeca. «McK)'C-
CTBeHHO C03.l1:aTb l1HTepeC K ce6e», T.e. BbI3BaTb l1HTe-
pec K ce6e CO CTOpOHbI Tex, y Koro TaKoro l1HTepeCa
HeT, - 3Maqa oqeHb Tpy.n;HM! Ho rro.n; ep)KllBaTb
l1HTepeC K ce6e qac 3a qaCOM, ro.n; 3a ro.n;OM CO CTOPO-
HbI .lI:a)Ke He o.n;Horo l1H,lI;l1Bll,ZJ;yyMa, a QeJIOM MaCCbI
cym eCTB , y KOTOpbIX HeT C HaMl1 Hl1qerO 06m ero ,
OTJIl1qaIOm llXCR 0'1' Hac .n;a)Ke rro B03pacry, - STO
3MaHl1e CBepx qeJIOBeqeCKllX Cl1JI. TaKOBO 3MaHl1e
yql1TeJIR llJIM, KaK OH caM rOBOpl1T, ero «l1CK)'CCTBO»,
eCJIl1 OH XoqeT, qT06bI C06paHl1e .n;eTeM, 06peqeHHbIX
11M Ha Herro.n;Bl1)KHOCTb (.n;l1CQl1rrJIl1Ha), CJIe.n;l1JIO 3a
Hl1M yMCTBeHHO, rrOHl1MaJIO ero CJIOBa II yql1JIOCb.
ll0.n;06HYIO l1HTl1MHYIO pa60ry HeJIb3R HaBR3aTb
.n;eTRM, KaK rrOJIO)KeHl1e TeJIa; ee MO)KHO c.n;eJIaTb rrpo-
,lI;YKTl1BHOM, JIl1mb rrp06Y)K.l.J;aR 11 rro.n; ep)Kl1BM l1HTe-
pec yqeHl1KOB. <...>
MCKYCCTBO erne 60JIee CJIO)KHOe - STO TaK pyKOBO-
.n;l1Tb caMoCTORTeJIbHOM yMcTBeHHoM pa60ToM .n;eTeM,
qT06bI OHl1 Haxo.n;l1JIl1 He TOJIbKO TO, qTO eCTeCTBeH-
HO BCTpeqaeTCR Ha rryTl1, HO l1MeHHO TO, qero 6bI
XOTeJI ,ZJ;JlR Hl1X yql1TeJIb. Yql1TeJIb He rOBOpl1T, qero
OH XoqeT, OH HaTaJIKl1BaeT .n;eTeM, 11 OHl1 «crrOHTaH-
HO» accOQl1l1PYIOT HOBbIe l1.n;el1, KaK 11 caM yql1TeJIb;
HaKOHeQ, .n;eTl1 .n;OXO.n;RT .n;o orrpe.n;eJIeHl1M 11 BbIpa)Ka-
lOT llX TaKl1Ml1 )Ke CJIOBaMl1, KaKl1e 6bIJIl1 HarOTOBe y
yql1TeJIR, XOTR OH llX 11 He BbICKa3aJI. Bce STO .n;OJI)KHO
6bI rrOKa3aTbCR KaKOM-TO Ka6aJIl1CTl1KOM, 113.n;eBaTeJIb-
CTBOM HM 3.n;paBbIM CMbICJIOM, a Me)K,ZJ;y TeM STO rrpo-
BO.n;l1JlOCb 11 rrpoBo.n;l1TCR B )K113Hb 11 B 113BeCTHbIX cny-
'-1a5lX COCTaBJIReT Bce «l1CKYCCTBO» yql1TeJIH. <...>
Om1Cp'btmUfl Jlteou1,!,uu'bt: oeifjopJlta1,!,Ufl U 6oJte3uu. cI>aK-
Tl1qeCKl1 rrepBM HayKa, rrp0611BmM ce6e .n;opory B
mKony, 6bIJIa Me.n;l1Ql1Ha. Me.n;l1Ql1Ha C03.n;aJIa crre-
Ql1aJIbHYID, mKOJIbHYIO rl1rl1eHY, CBoero po.n;a Kpac-
HbIM KpecT B mKOJIe. CaMM l1HTepeCHM CTopoHa
lliKOJIbHOM rl1rl1eHbI - OTKpbITl1e 11 Orrl1CaHl1e «60JIe3-
HeM mKOJIbHl1Ka», T.e. 60JIe3HeM, B03Hl1KaIOm llX 6JIa-
ro.n;apR caMOMY 4>aKry 3aHRTl1M B mKOJIe. Ha1160JIee
pacrrpOCTpaHeHHbIMl1 113 STl1X 60JIe3HeM Cql1TaIOTCR
HCKpl1BJIeHl1R rr03BOHOqHl1Ka 11 6JI1130PYKOCTb.
HCKpl1BJIeHl1R II03BOHOqHl1Ka RBJIRIOTCH CJIe.n;CTBl1eM
CJIl1lliKOM rrpo.n;OJI)Kl1TeJIbHOrO Cl1.n;eHl1R B KJIacce II
nerrpaBl1JIbHOrO rrOJIO)KeHl1R TeJIa rrpl1 rrllCaHl1l1. EJIl1-
30PYKOCTb BbI3bIBaeTCR He.n;OCTaTKOM mKOJIbHOrO
OCBemeHl1R l1JIl1 TeM, qTO pe6eHOK Cl1.n;l1T CJIl1mKOM
I
il
ill
I
III
III
III
62 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEYQEHI1E...
B3rJI5I.lI: HA COBPEMEHHOE BOCITI1TAHI1E 63
I
I
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: 1
.,
.n;a..lleKO 0'1' .n;OCKll, 0'1' KHllrll; rrOCTORHHOe HanpH)Ke-
Hlle 3peHllR .n;eJIaeT .n;eTeM 6JI1l30PYKllMli. I-I3BecTHbI
Ta]()Ke II .n;pyrlle MeHee 3HaqllTeJIbHbIe mKOJIbHble
60JIe3Hll. Bo06me, OCJIa6JIeHlle opraH1l3Ma mKOJIbHll-
Ka - HaCTOJIbKO 06mee RBJIeHlle, qTO llIKOJIbHaR rllrll-
eHa C'IliTaeT l1.n;eaJIOM 6eCITJIaTHOe cHa6)KeHlle Bcex
.n;eTeM pbI6bllM )KllpOM ,ZJ;JlR YKpeITJIeHl1R CliJI. AHeMllR,
30JIOTYXa, HeBpaCTeHllR TO)Ke MOryT 6bITb BKJIIOqeHbl
B ql1CJIO mKOJIbHbIX 60JIe3HeM.
,n:JIH rllrlleHbI OTKpbIJIaCb HOBaR 06JIaCTb rrpocpec-
C110HaJIbHbIX 60JIe3HeM. MeTo.n;bI 06yqeHllH qTeHllIO
II rrllCbMY .n;OJI)KHbI 6bITb no.n;Bep bI TmaTeJIbHOMY
II .n;eTaJIbHOMY 113yqeHllIO B CBR311 C Ha6JIIO.n;aeMbIMli Y
.n;eTeM llCKpllBJIeHllRMli n03BOHOqHllKa II .n;ecpeKTaMli
3peHllH. ,n:JIR 3amliTbI pe6eHKa - )KepTBbI Heno.n;xO,ll;R-
meM II HenOCllJIbHOM pa60TbI - .n;OJI)KHa B03HllKHYTb
Me.n;llQllHa npaBOBaR.
CymeCTBYIOmaR Me.n;llQllHa YCTaHaBJIliBaeT CJIyqall
3a60JIeBaHliM II CMepTHOCTli B rrpliIOTax ,ZJ;JlR rro.n;Kll-
.n;bImeM, cpe.n;ll )KepTB llCK)'CCTBeHHoro BCKapMJIllBa-
HllR, cpe.n;ll .n;eTeM, OTJJ;aBaeMbIX KOpMllJIllQaM no
.n;epeBHRM. Me.n;llQllHa KOHcTaTlipyeT Bce STli OT.n;eJIb-
HbIe cpaKTbI, pllCYIOmlie IOpll.n;llqeCKlie OTHome-
Hl1R, - OTcyTCTBlie rpa)K.n;aHCKliX rrpaB Y pe6eHKa.
Terrepb Me.n;llQllHa npOHllKJIa B mKony, r.n;e .n;eJIO ll.n;eT
He 06 OT.n;eJIbHbIX CJIyqaMHbIX )KepTBaX, a 0 Bcex
.n;eTRX Bo06me, II ryT Y)K 3aKOH HaJIaraeT 06R3aHHo-
CTli Ha .n;eTeM II no.n;qllHReT llX rrpllHy.n;llTe}IbHOM II
MyqllTeJIbHOM pa60Te B TeqeHlle MHorllX JIeT. He
rrpll.n;eTcR JIll OC060M npaBoBoM Me.n;llQllHe BcrynllTb-
CH 3a HeBllHHbIX, KaK ey.n;e6HaR Me.n;llQllHa BcrynaeTcR
3a npecrynHllKoB?
HayKa He BbIIIOJIHReT CBoero Ha3HaqeHllR. Me.n;ll-
QllHa OrpaHllqllBaeTCR JIeqeHlleM 60JIe3HeM. OHa
[(OHCTaTlipyeT npllqllHbl 3a60JIeBaHllM, HO He 60peT-
CH C Hl1Mll, a 3a60TliTCR }Illmb 0 nOMOmli )KepTBaM
OOJIe3Hll. Me.n;llQllHa He 6epeT Ha ce6R BeJIl1KOM pOJIli
«3amll THll QbI» )K1l3Hll; OHa, KaK KpaCHbIM KpeCT Ha
nOMHe, 3aHliMaeTCR JIlimb JIeqeHlleM paHeHblx II
06JIerqeHlleM cTpMaHliM. A, Me)K,ZJ;y TeM, eCJIIi 6bI
Me.n;llQllHa B mKOJIe 60pOJIaCb C OCHOBHbIMli He.n;o-
CTaTKaMli CliCTeMbI, nO.n;pbIBaIOml1Mll CliJIbI MOJIO.n;O-
('0 nOKOJIeHl1R, OHa MOrJIa 6bI CTaTb «OXpaHllTeJIbHll-
(\eM» 6y.n;ymero qeJIOBeqeCTBa.
.lI:-p )l(aH.n;p Ha3bIBaeT Hallill mKOJIbI cpa6pllKOM
OJI1l30PYKllX II rop6aTbIX. H .n;eMCTBl1TeJIbHO, Herrpa-
Bll}IbHOe nOJIO)KeHlle yqeHllKoB 3a pa60TOM, He.n;OCTa-
TOqHOe OCBemeHlle, Me}IKaR neqaTb B mKOJIbHbIX
noc0611HX, qTeHlle C .n;OCKli cny)KaT rrOCTORHHOM rrpll-
qllHOM llCKpllBJIeHl1R n03BOHOqHllKOB II 6JI1l30PYKo-
CTll, TaK qTO STli 60JIe3Hll MO)KHO BnOJIHe Ha3BaTb
npocpeCCliOHaJIbHbIMli 60JIe3HRMli mKOJIbHllKa.
Ka3aJIOCb 6bI, TaK eCTeCTBeHHO .n;aTb B03MO)KHOCTb
[(a)K.n;oMY pe6eHK)' HaMTll ce6e nO.n;XO,ll;Rmee MeCTO B
KJIaCce: eCJIli .n;6CKa .n;aJIeKO, - np1l6JI1l311TbCR K HeM;
eCJIli oCBemeHlle ITJIoxoe, - pa60TaTb Me,ZJ;JleHHee;
HY)KHO JIlimb n03BOJIllTb .n;eTRM MeHHTb MecTa, .n;Bll-
l'aTbCR no KJIacey, TpaTllTb Ha pa60ry HeMHO)KKO
60JIbme BpeMeHll...
KTO)Ke pemaeTCR 3anpemaTbTaKMe HeBllHHbIe Bemll
H 06peKaTb .n;eTeM Ha CJIenory II .n;pyrlle 3a60JIeBaHllR?
OKa3bIBaeTcR, STO .n;eJIaeT yqllTeJIb, KOTOpbIM erne
IIbITaeTCR 3acny)KllTb npllBR3aHHocTb CBOliX )KepTB.
Y"TO MO)KeT 6bITb npome, qT06bI .n;eTli BCTaBaJIll,
Kor.n;a OHli YCTaJIli Cl1.n;eTb, rrepeCTaBaJIli rrllcaTb,
[(or.n;a yTOMliJIliCb 0'1' rrllCaHbR, II He llCKpllBJIHJIli 6bI
ce6e rr03BOHOqHllKOB. Ka)K.n;oro .n;OJI)KeH BOJIHOBaTb
nll.n; pe6RT 3a pa60TOM B rr03ax, KOTopbIe He1l36e)KH0
64
CAMOBOCI1MTAHME M CAMOOEyqEHME...
B3fJI5I.lI: HA COBPEMEHHOE BOCI1MTAHME
65
Be,ll;yT K llCKpllBJIeHl1RM n03BOHOqHllKa. ,n:JIR qerO
HY)KHbI TaKlie MyqeHllR? ,n:JIR TOrO, qT06bI KTO-TO MOr
6bI ynO.n;0611TbCR TBOpQy II TBOpllTb YM pe6eHKa no
06pa3Y II rro.n;0611IO CBoeMY. ,l];JIR STOro He06xo.n;llMO
no.n;BeprHYTb MYKaM cB060.n;Hoe eymeCTBO. ,l];pyrllX
OCHOBaHliM HeT.
CymecTB}'lOT 11 oc06bIe nplieMbI, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIe TaK
Ha3bIBaeMOM HaYKOM ,ZJ;JlR llCrrpaBJIeHMR n03BOHOqHllKOB
Y IIIKOJIbHllKOB. TOqHO orrpe.n;eJIReTCR nOJIO)KeHlle, KOTo-
poe .n;OJI)KeH 3aHliMaTb pe6eHOK BO BpeMR pa60TbI.
«Horli pe6eHKa .n;OJI)KHbI ynllpaTbCR B no.n;no)KKy, PYKll
CrryCKaTbCR napaJIJIeJIbHO Teny II T.n.» ,n:nR C06JIIO.n;eHllR
Bcex rrpaBliJI He06xo.n;llMO, 'lT05bI napTa 6bIJIa TOqHO
nplicnoc06JIeHa K pe6eHKy. Bee '-IaCTli rrapTbI .n;OJI)KHbI
COOTBeTCTBOBaTb crpoeHllIO TeJIa yqeHl1Ka; .n;aIOTCR TOq-
HbIe pa3MepbI, BbICOTa, ml1pl1Ha II T.rr.
TaK nbITaIOTCR 1136aBllTb .n;eTeM 0'1' llCKpllBJIeHllR
rr03BOHOqHllKa. O.n;HO TOJIbKO Tpy.n;HO: y.n;ep)KaTb
40-50 .n;eTeM B TeqeHlle qaca B nOJIHOM Heno.n;Bll)KHO-
CTll, B n03ax, y.n;OBJIeTBOpRIOmllX BceM npaBliJIaM
rllrlleHbI, II erne Tpy.n;Hee HaMTll mipTbI, KOTopbIe
Bcer.n;a TOqHO rro.n;xo.n;llJIIi 6bI K 113MeHeHllRM pacry-
mero opraH1l3Ma. Bce STli peQenTbI Ha .n;eJIe OKa3bIBa-
IOTCR He oc06eHHO npaKTl1qHbIMl1; qllCJIO .n;eTeM C
l1CKpllBJIeHllRMli He YMeHbmaeTCR. Bonpoc OCTaeTCR
Hepa3pemeHHbIM.
C aTOM)Ke QeJIbIO B HeKoTOpbIX 06pa3QOBbIX IIIKOJIaX
B PliMe YCTpoeHbI opTone.n; ecKlie Ka611HeTbI, 06cTa-
BJIeHHbIe OqeHb nOJIHO II 60raTO. 3.n;ecb .n;eTli no.n;sepra-
IOTCR oc060MY nO,ZJ;Beml1BaHllIO, npl1MeHReMoMY npll
JIeqeHllllllcKpllBJIeHMM, rrpll TY6epK)'}Ie3e n03BOHOqHll-
Ka, rrpll paxliTe. 3.n;opoBbIe .n;eTli HapaBHe C 6Q}IbHbIMli
.n;OJI)KHbI TeprreTb o.n;IlHaKOBbIe llcnbITaHl1R, - 3aTO
MO)KHO c06paTb 60raTbIM cTaTl1CTl1qeCKliM MaTepl1aJI.
ECJIli no.n;BemliBaHlie rrpllMeHHeTcR peryJIRpHO C
meCTllJIeTHerO B03pacTa, YHllqTO)KaIOTCR Bpe.n;HbIe
1I0CJIe.n;CTBliR rrpo.n;OJI)KllTeJIbHOrO mKOJIbHOrO Cll.n;e-
IlbH - pe6eHoK crracaeTCR 0'1' l1CKpllBJIeHllR.
Om'Kp'blmUf/. 9'KCnepuMe1-lma.rt'b1WU ncuxoJl,ozuu: 'H.ep61We
ucmO'l.lj,e'H.ue. fllrlleHa B mKOJIe 06paTliJIa BHllMaHlie Ha
HCKpllBJIeHl1e II 6JI1l30pYKOCTb, a sKcrrepllMeHTaJIb-
HaR rrCllXOJIOrliH HaTOJIKHYJIaCb Ha cpaKT HepBHoro
HCTOmeHllR mKOJIbHllKOB, 3aHRJIaCb BonpocoM 0
IllKQ}IbHOM rrepeyTOM}IeHllll. 3KcrrepllMeHTaJIbHaR
nCllXOJIOrliR nomJIa rro CTonaM Me.n;llQllHbI, nbITaRCb,
rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M, HaHTli cpe.n;cTBo .n;JIR 06JIerqeHl1R
c'I'pMaHliM. OHa nOJIO)Kl1JIa HaqaJIO HaYKe, He llMeIO-
meM erne ToqHOrO Ha3BaHMR. O.n;Hll ee Ha3bIBaIOT SKC-
nepllMeHTaJIbHOM nCllXOJIOrlieM B npliMeHeHllll K
IllKOJIe, .n;Pyrlle - HayqHoM ne.n;arorliKoM. <...>
HecMo'I'pR Ha rpoMMHbIe npoTliBOpeqllR Me)K,ZJ;y
TOqHOCTbIO llHcTpYMeHToB II KOJIe6aHliRMli B pe3YJIb-
TaTax 113MepeHllM, HBJIRIOmliMliCR C TOqKll 3peHllR
MaTeMaTllKli a6eyp.n;oM, SKCnepl1MeHTaJIbHaR nCllXO-
JIOrliR Bce )Ke pa3Bl1JIaCb B HayqHYIO .n;llcQllrrJIllHy,
MHRmyID .n;a)Ke cBoeM OCHOBOM MaTeMaTl1K)'.
3Ta HaYKa npOHllKJIa B mKony II nOCTaBliJIa ce6e
QeJIbIO nOMOqb mKOJIbHllK)' II O)KllBl1Tb ne.n;arorllK)'.
MeTo.n;bI HaYKll, KOHeqHO, He OCTaJIliCb CTapbIMli
MeTo.n;aMli rrCllxocpll311Kll II nCllxocp1l3110JIOrlili. 3KC-
nepl1MeHTaJIbHaR nCllXOJIOrliR SMaHCllnllpOBaJIaCb 0'1'
cBoero rrpomJIoro II CTaJIa pa3BllBaTbCR COBepmeHHO
He3aBllCliMO. Tenepb OHa nOJIb3yeTcH ,ZJ;JlR llCCJIe.n;OBa-
HliM qllCTO rrCllXOJIOrllqeCKliMli Ha6JIIO.n;eHllRMIi.
nCllXOJIOrllqeCKlie Ha6}IIO.n;eHllR nOJIyqllJIli caMoe
mlipOKoe npliMeHeHlle B mKOJIaX, XOTR, KOHeqHO, He
llCKJIIOqaIOTCR II Ka611HeTHble rrCllXOJIOrllqeCKlie
onbITbI C rrOMOmbIO TOqHbIX llHCTpYMeHTOB.
II
j
II
I
I
66
CAMOBOCI1I1TAHME M CAMOOEyqEHME...
B3fJI5I.lI: HA COBPEMEHHOE BOCITI1TAHI1E
67
HarrpliMep, yqeHllK ql1TaeT CTpaHllQy II 3aqepKllBa-
eT Bce «a», - STO 06blqHbIM crroc0611crrbITaHliR BHllMa-
HliH rrpll YCJIOBllll113MepeHllR 3a'I'paqeHHoro BpeMeHll.
CqeT BCJIYX 0'1' o.n;Horo .n;o CTa C O,ll;HOBpeMeHHbIM
3arrllCbIBaHlieM apllcpMeTllqeCKliX .n;eMCTBliM Cny)KllT
113MepeHllIO pacnpe.n;eJIeHllR BHl1MaHl1H, ,ZJ;JlR qero
O OTMeqaTb no xpOHOMeTpy BpeMR, rrOTpaqeHHOe
Ha ynpa)KHeHlle, II rro.n;cql1TaTb Bce c.n;eJIaHHbIe om1l6Kll.
Kor.n;a rro.n;06Hoe ynpa)KHeHlle BbIIIOJIHReTC51 Cpa3Y Hec-
KOJIbKllMli yqeHl1KaMll, nOJIyqaeTcR MaTepllaJI ,ZJ;JlH cpaB-
HllTeJIbHOrO 113yqeHllR llH.ZJ;HBl1,lI;yaJIbHbIX aKTHBHOCTeM.
3Tll sKcrrepllMeHTbl (liX peKoMeH.ZJ;ylOT Bce rrCllXO-
JIOrll) He .n;mI)KHbI HapyrnaTb 06bIqHOrO xo.n;a mKOJIb-
HOM )K1l3Hll; SKcrrepllMeHT, KaK HayqHOe llCCJIe,ll;OBa-
Hlle, npocTO rro.n;BO.n;llT llTorli pe3YJIbTaTaM 06bIqHbIX
3aHRTliM. ll0.n;06Hble SKcnepllMeHTbI YKa3bIBaIOT,
rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M, Ha KmIllqeCTBO COBepmaeMbIX
om1l60K II TPy.n;HOCTli B cpllKClipOBaHlili BHllMaHllR,
T.e. paCKpbIBaIOT rrepe.n; HaMli RBJIeHllR YCTaJIOCTli II
COCTOHHlle rrepeyTOMJIeHllR y .n;eTeii.
Terrepb HaqaJIli 611TbTpeBory: Be.n;b CTapaR ne.n;aro-
rliKa 3aHl1MaTlaCb JIlimb TeM, qTO .n;eTli .n;OJI)KHbI
.n;eJIaTb. MbICJIb 06 onaCHOCT5lX, KOTopbIe rp03RT Hep-
BHOM opraH1l3aQllll .n;eTeM, 3apo.n;llJIaCb JIlimb C
MOMeHTa corrpliKoCHOBeHl1R mKOJIbI C HaYKoM.
Bonpoc 0 nepeyToMJIeHllll npllBJIeK K ce6e YCl1JIeH-
Hoe BHllMaHl1e. 3MYMaJIliCb 0 60pb6e C STl1M RBJIeHl1-
eM. DbIJIli llayqeHbI Bce cpaKTopbI rrepeyTOMJIeHllR:
pOJIb B03paCTa, rrOJIa, oc06eHHOCTeM llH.n;llBl1,lI;YaJIb-
HbIX TlirrOB, CTerreHb llHTeJIJIllreHTHOCTll, BJIllRHlle
BpeMeH ro.n;a, pa3JIllqHbIX rrepllo.n;OB .n;HR, rrllTaHl1R,
llHTepeca, nepeMeHbI pa60TbI, nOJIO)KeHllR TeJIa.
HaY'Ka cma.rt'KUeaemCR c 'H.epa3pemUJI1:btM.U npo6J/,e.MaM.u.
Ha6JIIO.n;eHllR 11 06CJIe.n;OBaHliR BbI.n;BllraIOT rpOMM-
lIoe qllCJIO Hepa3pemliMbIX BorrpOCOB. HeB03MO)KH0
YCTaHOBllTb, nepeyTOMJIRIOTCR JIll MY)KqllHbI CKopee
>l<eHmll H llJIli 06paTHO, YCTaIOT JIll 6mlee pa3BllTbIe
1I1O.n;11 CKopee, qeM MeHee pa3BllTbIe. <...>
YTOMJIReMOCTb no BpeMeHaM ro.n;a CKa3bIBaeTCR
Jlllmb B TOM CMblCJle, qTO YTOMJIeHlle mKOJIbHllKa
paCTeT C rrepBoro IllKOJIbHOrO .n;HR .n;o nOCJIe.n;Hero, HO
UJIliReT JIll TyT CMeHa BpeMeH ro.n;a llJIli rrpOCTO pe6e-
nOK nepeYTOMJIReTCR 6JIaro.n;apR He.n;OCTaTKaM mKOJIb-
110M CliCTeMbI, - TOqHO He 113BeCTHO. OTHOCllTeJIbHO
pa3HblX rrepllo.n;OB .n;HR OqeHb TPY,ll;HO YCTaHOBllTb
MOMeHTbI Ha1l60JIbmero yToMJIeHllR. llo ,lI;HRM He.n;eJIl1
/ eTli yTOMJIRIOTCR MeHbme Bcero no nOHe.n;eJIbHl1KaM
II nRTHllQaM, HO STO TO)Ke He OKOHqaTeJlbHO YCTaHO-
I\JIeHO. llPl1BblqKa, rraY3bI, llHTepec l1Cnmlb3yIOTCR
,lI;JIR 60pb6bI C rrepeyTOMJIeHlleM, HO YMeHbIllaIOT STl1
cpaKTOpbI YCTaJIOCTb llJIli TOJIbKO OTBJIeKaIOT 0'1' Hee -
Borrpoc HepemeHHbIM. 0 nepeMeHe pa60TbI MmKHO
CKa3aTb TO )Ke caMoe. PR.n; llHTepeCHbIX llCCJIe.n;OBaHliM
II Ha6JIIO.n;eHllM rrOKa3aJI, qTO qaCTaR CMeHa 3aHRTliM
yTOMJIReT 60JIbme, qeM o.n;na II Ta )Ke ,lI;JIllTeJIbHaR
pa60Ta, II qaCTbIe rrepepblBbI B pa60Te yToMllTeJIb-
Hee, qeM yrny6JleHlle B pa60ry. <...>
He oc06eHHo YTemllTeJlbHO nOCJIe CTOJIbKllX
HCCJIe.n;oBaHliM II orrbITOB rrpllMTll K 3aKJIIOqeHllIO,
qTO Ha Ka)K,lI;OM maryTe6R oKpY)KaIOT Hepa3pemliMbIe
3Maql1. DOJIbme Toro, Ha.n; BceM STliM BblCTynaeT
CaMM TPy.n;HM 3Maqa: c.n;eJIaTb npliRTHbIM II PMOCT-
HbIM MecTO, r.n;e TeJIO pe6eHKa rro.n;BepraeTcR Myqe-
Hl1RM II cK)'Ka OTpaBJIReT ero opraH1l3M. HeB03MO)K-
HO 06yql1Tb .n;eTeM 6e3 Bpe,ll;a,ZJ;JlH HllX, HO HY)KHO JIll
npe.n;llTb llM, .n;OCTaBJIRR llM npliRTHoe? <...>
lliKOJIbHaR rllrl1eHa II IICllXOJIOrHH cTapaIOTcR
YCTpaHllTb MHorlie He.n;ocTaTKll, «YMeHbmllTb Myqe-
,II
I
68
CAMOBOCI1J1TAHME 11 CAMOOEyqEHME...
B3fJI5I.lI: HA COBPEMEHHOE BOCI1I1TAHME
69
Hlle» .n;eTeM: ynyqmaIOTCR nporpaMMbI, COKpamaIOTCR
pacrrllcaHllR, YCTpaHRIOTCR nl1CbMeHHbIe pa60TbI.
Ho ryT BbI,ll;BllraeTCR Y)Ke HOBM onaCHOCTb: HeBe-
)KeCTBO mKmlbHl1KOB, npe.n;OCTaBJIeHlle llX caMliM
ce6e II BJIllRHlle YJ'lllQbI B TeqeHlle 60JIbmeM qaCTli
.n;HR. A Harne BpeMR KaK pa3 Tpe6yeT 60J'lee llHTeHCllB-
HbIX 3a60T 0 nO.n;pacTaIOmeM nOKOJIeHllll, 0 pa3Bll-
Tlill K)'JIbrypbI.
B03MO)KHO, qTO Ha caMOM .n;eJIe ,ZJ;JlR 60pb6bI C
rrepeyToMJIeHlleM Ha.n;o l1CKaTb BbIXO.n; B OTKpbITl111
aHTl1TOKCliHOB. «llo.n;YMaMTe! - 3aMeqaeT .n;-p Knarre-
pe.n;, - CblBopoTKa npoTliB nepeyToMJIeHllR! KaKoe
6bI STO 6bIJIO QeHHoe np1106peTeHlle!» C STOM TOqKll
3peHllR KOscpcpllQl1eHTbI yTOMJIeHllR onpe.n;eJIRJIli 6bI
.n;03Y aHTliTOKCl1Ha, He06xo.n;l1MYIO .n;J'lR Ka)K.n;oro
ypOKa.
llpll pa3BllTlili STliX BcrrOMOraTeJIbHbIX HaYK
CKOpO npll.n;eTCR YCTpaliBaTb B mKOJIaX HapR,ZJ;y C
opTone.n;llqeCKliMli Ka611HeTaMIi erne CP1l311KO-XliMll-
qeCKl1e; nOL'le ceaHca B opTOrre.n;llqeCKOM Ka611HeTe
mKOJIbHllKli 6y,lI;yT RBJIRTbCR B cp1l311KO-XllMllqeCKliM C
peQenTaMll, COCTaBJIeHHbIMIi Ha OCHOBaHlili 113yqae-
MbIX npe.n;MeTOB, ,ZJ;JlR BrrpbIcKliBaHliR CblBOpOTKl1,
KOTopaR .n;oJ'l)KHa OCB060.n;llTb opraH1l3M 0'1' R.n;a cK)'q-
HOM pa60TbI.
Bce STO nOXO)Ke Ha HeKpacllByIO llpOHllIO, HO STO
BOBce He llpOHliR. TaM, r.n;e Y)Ke cpaKTllqeCKl1 eym e -
cTByeT opTorre.n;llqeCKliM Ka611HeT, qepe3 HeKOTopoe
BpeMR MO)KeT rrORBl1TbCR II Xl1MllqeCKliM. ECJIli rrpo-
6JIeMa cB060.n;bl llmeT CBoero pa3pemeHllR B rrpllMe-
HeHllll MamliH II cnpaBe,ZJ;JlllBOCTb 6y.n;eT paccMaTpll-
BaTbCR C TOqKll 3peHllR XllMllll, - TaKlie nOCJIe.n;cTBliR
RBRTCR JIlimb JIOrllqeCKliM BbIBO.n;OM 113 HaYK, pa3BllB-
mllXCR 113 om1l60qHbIX nOJIO)KeHllM.
HCTllHHM SKcrrepllMeHTaJIbHaR HaYKa, KOTOpM
.n;OJl)KHa JIeqb B OCHOBY BOCrrllTaHllR, oCB06mK,lI;aIOm erO
pe6eHKa, OqeBl1,lI;HO, erne He Hapo.n;WIacb. EM erne rrpe.n;-
CTOliT npllMTll Ha CMeHY «HayKaM», BbI3BaHHbIM K
)KM3Hll cTpMaHllRMl1 .n;eTeM-MyqeHllKOB, KaK XliMliR
nplillIJIa Ha CMeHY aJIXllMl1l1, COBpeMeHHaR Me.n;llQllHa
Ha CMeHY Me.n;llQllHe npOllIJIbIX BeKOB. <...>
70
CAMOBOCI1I1TAHI1E M CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
B3fJI5I.lI: HA COBPEMEHHOE BOCI1MTAHME
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HbIM; .n;0 CliX rrop MHe He rrpllxo.n;WIOCb Ha6JIIO.n;aTb B
.n;eT5lX TaKOM cocpe.n;OTOqeHHOCTll, II R .n;a)Ke 6bIJIa
YBepeHa, qTO BHllMaHl1e .n;eTeM xapaKTep1l3yeTcH
60JIbmOM HeyCTOMqllBOCTbIO, nOCTORHHbIM nepenpbI-
rliBaHlieM C o.n;Horo npe.n;MeTa Ha .n;pyrOM; rrOTOMY-TO
STa .n;eBOqKa BbI3BaJIa Y MeHR OC06bIM llHTepec.
.H Ha6JIIO.n;aJIa .n;eBOqKy, CTapaRCb eM He MemaTb, II
CqllTaJIa, CKOJIbKO pa3 OHa rrOBTopliT ynpa)KHeHlle; HO,
3aMeTl1B, qTO OHa II He ,ZJ;YMaeT KOHqaTb, 51 rrOCTaBliJIa
KpeCJIllQe BMeCTe C pe6eHKOM Ha CTQ}I, .n;eBOqKa
rrocrremHO rrO.ZJ;XBaTl1Jla QWlllH.ZJ;pbI II 6pYCOK, rrOJIO)Kll-
JIa 6pYCOK rrorrepeK pyqeK KpeCJIllQa, a QWIllH.ZJ;pbI K
ce6e Ha KQ}IeHllll rrpo.n;OJI)KaJIa pa60TaTb, KaK Hll B qeM
He 6bIBaJIO. Tor.n;a R n03BaJIa Bcex pe6RT rreTb; .n;eTli
rreJIll, a MaJIbIlliKa Ha CTOJIe npo.n;OJI)KaJIa pa60TaTb C
QWIllH.ZJ;paMll, rrOKa rreCeHKa He KOHqWIaCb. .H HaCqliTa-
}la, qTO ynpa)KHeHlle 6billO rroBTopeHo 44 paaa; HaKo-
HeQ, .n;eBOqKa KOHqWIa rro c06cTBeHHoMY n06y)K,l1;eHllIO,
cOBepmeHHo He3aBllCliMO 0'1' OKp aIOmHX CTllMYJIOB,
11 BbmIR,lI;eJIa crroKoMHoM II CqaCTJIliBOM, KaK 6}')1;TO 6bl
OHa rrp06Y,ll;WIaCb 0'1' ycrroKOllTeJIbHOrO CHao .H HllKor.n;a
He aa6y.n;y 3Toro ,lI;HH, R rrepe)KllJIa TOr.n;a TO, qTO }J,OJI)KeH
nepe)KllBaTb qeJIOBeK, C}J,eJIaBmllM OTKpbITI1e.
llocTerreHHO rro.n;06HYIO KOHQeHTpaQllIO BHllMaHliR
R CTaJIa Ha6}IIO.n;aTb y BCex .n;eTeM. Ee MO)KHO orrpe.n;e-
JIllTb, KaK rrOCTORHHYIO peaKQllIO B OTHomeHllll BHem-
HllX, TOqHO YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX YCJIOBliM. BCRKliM pa3,
Kor.n;a rrpOllcxo.n;l1T TaKaR nOJIRp1l3aQl1R BHllMaHl1R,
pe6eHOK COBepmeHHO MeHReTCR, .n;eJIaeTCR 6Q}Iee
rrOKOMHbIM, nOqTll 6Q}Iee llHTeJIJIllreHTHbIM II Bocrrpll-
llMqllBbIM: B pe6eHKe rrpORBJIReTCR BbIcmaR CTa,lI;llR
.n;yxOBHOM )KI13Hll, HaCTORmeM C03HaTeJIbHOCTl1.
3'1'0 rrOXO)Ke Ha TO, KaK B HaCblmeHHOM paCTBope
B03HllKaeT l eHTp KpllCT3Jill1l3aQllll: BOKpyr Hero coe-
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MaJIeHbKllMli .n;eTbMll 0'1' 3-x .n;o 6-'1'11 }IeT RBJIReTCR
rrpaKTllqeCKliM BKJIMOM B l1CCJIe.n;OBaHlie rrp06JIeMbI
yxo.n;a 3a ,ZJ;yllIOIO pe6eHKa, yxo.n;a, rro.n;06Horo yxo,ZJ;y,
YCTaHaBJIliBaeMoMY npaBWIaMli rllrlleHbI ,ZJ;JlR TeJIa
pe6eHKa.
ll0JIaraIO, qTO CJIe,ZJ;yeT YKa3aTb Ha TOT OCHOBHOM
cpaKT, KOTOpbIM HaTQ}IKHY,'l MeHR Ha rro.n;xo.n; K MoeMY
MeTO,ZJ;y. lloCJIe MHOrOJIeTHero orrbITa C .n;ecpeKTllBHbI-
Mll .n;eTbMll R BrrepBbIe HaqaJIa rrpliMeHRTb MOM MeTo.n;
II qaCTb .n;l1.n;aKTllqeCKoro MaTepl1aJIa C HOpMaJIbHbIMli
.n;eTbMI1 B S. Lorenzo - TYT MHe O.n;Ha)K.n;bI rrplillIJIOCb
Ha6JIIO.n;aTb O.n;HY MaJIeHbKYIO .n;eBOqK)' ,'leT Tpex.
.lI:eBOqKa 6bIJIa COBepmeHHO nOrJIOmeHa .n;epeBRH-
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Ql1JIllH.ZJ;pbI B COOTBeTCTBYIOmlie rHe3.n;a. Bblpa)KeHl1e
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Hlle, qTO MHe OHO rrOKa3aJIOCb COBepmeHHO He06bIq-
72
CAMOBOCI1I1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
MOM BKJIA,LJ; B HAYKY
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.n;llHReTCR BCR TeK)'qa5l11 6eCrrOpR.n;OqHaR MaCCa Beme-
CTBa II rrpeBpamaeTCR B KpliCTaJIJI .n;llBHOM cpOpMbI.
Kor.n;a Y pe6eHKa HacrynaeT MOMeHT TaKOM rrOJIRp1l3a-
Qllll BHllMaHliR - Bce TeKyqee, 6ecnopR,ll;OqHOe B ero
C03HaHlili KaK 6bI OpraH1l3yeTcR B CTPOMHYIO CliCTeMY
.n;yxOBHOM )K1l3Hll. TaK)Ke II )K1l3Hb Ka)K,lI;OrO B3pOCJIO-
ro qe}IOBeKa nmIHa MeJIKllX II rrOBce.n;HeBHbIX 3a60T,
rrOKa, HaKOHeQ, qTo-H1l6y.n;b oc06eHHoe He 3aCTaBJIR-
eT ero OCMOTpeTbCR, cocpe.n;OTOqllTbCR, n03HaTb
caMoro ce6H II C SToro MOMeHTa KaK 6bI HaqaTb )KllTb.
3'1'0 113BeCTHoro po.n;a «BHYTpeHHee cpOpMllpoBaHlle»
mml1.
TaKOM )Ke npoQecc npollcxo.n;l1T npll 3aqaTKaX BHY-
TpeHHeM )K1l3Hll pe6eHKa II cOnpOBO)K.n;aeT ero
pa3BllTlle, nOKa, HaKOHeQ, CTaHOBliTCR .n;OCTynHbIM
llCOle.n;OBaHliIO KaK qaCTb sKcrrepllMeHTaJIbHOrO
MaTepl1aJIa. TaK rrpORBl1JIaCb mrna Ha6}IIO.n;aeMoro
MHOIO pe6eHKa, II rro.n; BJIl1RHl1eM rro.n;06HbIX npORBJIe-
HliM 6bIJI YCTaHOBJIeH MeTO.n; BOCrrl1TaHliR .n;YXOBHOM
cB060.n;bI.
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CKOpO pacnpOCTpaHl1JIaCb rro BceMY Ml1py II CHaqaJIa
paccMaTpliBaJIaCb, KaK KaKOe-TO qy.n;o. Ho rrOCTeneH-
HO, rryTeM .n;aJIbHeMmlix orrbITOB, CTaJIli onpe.n;e}IRTb-
CR rrpocTbIe II OqeBl1,lI;HbIe rrpllHQl1nbI «yxo.n;a» 3a
.n;yxOBHOM )K1l3HbIO pe6eHKa, KaK paHbme YCTaHaBJIll-
BaJIliCb npllHQllrrbI yxo.n;a 3a TeJIOM.
llCllXllqeCKOe pa3BllTlie OpraH113yeTcR C nOMO-
mbIO BHemHllX CTl1MYJIOB, KOTopbIe .n;OJI)KHbI 6bITb
onpe.n;e}IeHbI sKcnepllMeHTaJIbHbIM rryTeM. MOM
BKJIM B BOCrrllTaHlie MaJIeHbKllX .n;eTeM cTpeMliTcR
orrpe.n;eJIllTb rro .n;aHHbIM npo1l3Bo.n;llMbIX sKcrrepll-
MeHTOB cpOPMY cB060.n;bI BHYTpeHHero pa3BllTl1R.
HeB03MO)KH0 6bL'I0 6bI rrpe.n;cTaBllTb cB060,ZJ;y pa3Bl1-
TllR, eCJIl1 6bI rro cBoeM npllpo.n;e pe6eHOK He 6bIJI
crroc06eH K caMoCTORTeJIbHoMY OpraHllqeCKoMY
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sHeprllIO, pacKpbIBaTb CKpbITbIe Cl1JIbI, rrpll06peTaTb
cpe.n;cTBa, He06xo.n;llMble .n;}IR rapMOHllqeCKOrO
pa3BllTllR, He cymecTBOBaJIli B pe6eHKe.
,L(JIR TaKoro paCKpbITl1R ClUI pe6eHOK, OCTaBJIeH-
HbIM CB060.n;HbIM B CBoeM aKTllBHOCTll, .n;OJI)KeH
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COOTBeTCTBYIOm liX rrpliMllTllBHbIM llMrrYJIbCaM
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.n;bIO .n;eJIaeTCR B03MO)KHbIM nOTOMY, qTO rpy.n;b MaTe-
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BJIeTBOpeHllR CBOliX rrpliMllTllBHbIX llHCTllHKTOB,
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K)' «rrl1my», KOTOpaR eMY He06xo.n;llMa.
C rrOMOmbIO STOM «rrllmll», rrOCKOJIbK)' OHa OTBe'la-
eT BHYTpeHHeM rroTpe6HOCTll, pe6eHOK pa3BllBaeT
CJIO)KHYIO opraH1l3aQllOHHyID aKTllBHOCTb, ynpa)KHR-
74
CAMOBOCI1MTAHME M CAMOOEyqEHME...
MOM BKJIA,Z:{ B HAYKY
75
eT YM II pa3BllBaeT KaqeCTBa, KOTOpbIe .n;a)Ke CqllTa-
JIliCb paHbme He.n;ocrynHbIMli HaType MaJIeHbKOro
pe6eHKa, KaK, Hanpl1Mep, TepneHlle, nOCTORHCTBO B
pa60Te, nocnymaHlle, KpOTOCTb, rrpllBR3aHHOCTb,
llCKpeHHOCTb, npllBeTJIliBOCTb, - STl1 KaqeCTBa MbI
06bIqHO pa3.n;eJIReM no pa3HbIM KaTeropliRM II ,ZJ;yMa-
eM, qTO l1X HMO pa3BllBaTb Herrocpe.n;CTBeHHO B Ka)K-
.n;OM qe}IOBeKe, XOTR Ha caMOM .n;eJIe He llMeeM nOHR-
TllR, KaK)Ke STO .n;eJIaTb. .lI:JIR SToro KaK pa3 He06xo.n;1l-
MO npe.n;OCTaBllTb rrOJIHYIO CB060,ZJ;y caMOCTORTeJIbHO-
MY pa3BllTliIO pe6eHKa; Ba)KHO, qT06bI HliKaKoe Hey-
MeCTHoe BMemaTe}IbCTBO He HapymwIO 6bI cnOKOM-
Horo MlipHoro paCKpbIBaHliH nCllXllKll: Be.n;b MbI OCTa-
BJIReM B rrOKoe Te}IO HDBOpO)K,ll;eHHOrO, qT06bI OHO
MonIO cnOKOMHO YCBaliBaTb rrOJIyqaeMYIO rrllmy II
xopomo paCTli.
OTHOCRCb TaKliM 06pa30M, MbI MO)KeM )K.l.J;aTb qy.n;a
BO BHYTpeHHeM )K113Hll pe6eHKa: paCKpbITliR HeO)Kll-
.n;aHHbIX, qy.n;eCHbIX II BHe3anHbIX STarrOB, «B3PbIBOB»
pa3BllTl1R, - COBepmeHHO TaK )Ke, KaI( B .n;e}Ie cp1l311qe-
CKoro pa3BllTliR TOJIKOBaR MaTb, cHa6)KM pe6eHKa
HY)KHOM rrllmeM II rrOKoeM, Ha6}IIO.n;aeT, KaK OH paCTeT
II KaK rrpOllcxo.n;llT eCTeCTBeHHoe pa3BepTblBaHlie
ero cp1l311qeCKOM rrpllpo.n;bI, KaK nORBJIReTCR rrepBbIM
3y6, rrepBoe CJIOBO ll, HaKOHeQ, .n;eMCTBlle, 6}Iaro.n;apR
KOTOpOMY pe6eHOK B.n;pyr rro.n;HllMaeTCR II HaqllHaeT
XO.n;llTb.
Ho qT06bI 06eCrreqllTb nCllXl1qeCKlie cpeHOMeHbI
pOCTa, L'le.n;yeT rro.n;rOTOBllTb 06CTaHOBK)', cpe.n;y
onpe.n;eJIeHHOrO xapaKTepa, .n;aTb .n;eTRM BHemHlle
CTllMYJIbI, He06xo.n;l1Mble ,lI;JIR pa3BllTliR. B STOM-TO II
3aKJIIOqaeTCR rrOJIO)KllTeJIbHaR CTopOHa Moero SKcrre-
pllMeHTa; 6J'laro.n;apR eMY MHorlie TeOpeTllqeCKlie
nOJ'lO)KeHllR c.n;eJIaJIliCb KOHKpeTHbIMli cpaKTaMli.
.lI:o Cl1X nop roBOpWIOCb 0 cB060.n;e pe6eHKa caMbIM
Heorrpe.n;eJ'leHHbIM, paCrrJIbIBqaTbIM 06pa30M: He 6blJIO
YCTaHOBJIeHO rpaHllQbl Me)K,ZJ;y cB060.n;OM II npocTo
«3a6pomeHHocTbIO». fOBOpliJIll: «Y cB060.n;bI eCTb
OrpaHllqeHl1R», «CB060.n;a .n;oJI)KHa 6bITb npaBWIbHo
nOHRTa». Ho He 6bIJIO cneQllaJIbHoro MeTO.n;a, KOTo-
pbIM yKa3bIBaJI 6bI, KaK HMO nOHliMaTb CB060,ZJ;y II B qeM
.n;OJ'l)KHO COCTORTb TO llHTYHTllBHoe «HeqTO», KOTOpoe
.n;OJI)KHO OrpaHllql1BaTb cB060.n;y. YCTaHOBJIeHlle TaKoro
MeTO.n;a OTKpbIBaeT HOBbIM rryTb B BOCrrllTaHlll1.
He06xo.n;llMO nosToMY, qT06bI cpe.n;a, 06cTaHoBKa
)KM3Hll pe6eHKa 3aKJIIOqaJIa B ce6e cpe.n;cTBa (CTllMY-
JIbI) .n;JIR caMOBocnllTaHliR. 3Tll CTl1MYJ'lbI HeJIb3R BBO-
,lI;llTb CJIyqaMHO. OHli .n;OJI)KHbI rrpe.n;cTaBJIRTb pe3YJIb-
TaTbI sKcrrepllMeHTaJIbHOrO 113yqeHllR, KOTopoe He
MO)KeT 6bITb npe.n;rrpllHRTO rrepBbIM BCTpeqHbIM, TaK
KaK .n;JIH TaKOM CJIO)KHOM pa60TbI Tpe6yeTcR HayqHaR
rro.n;rOTOBKa. KpoMe TOro, ryT He06xo.n;llMbI, KaK BO
BCRKOM SKcnepllMeHTaJIbHOM pa60Te, npo.n;OJI)KllTeJIb-
HOCTb, 60JIbmOe KOJ'lllqeCTBO YCl1JIliM II TOqHOCTb.
HY)KHbI ro.n;bI llCCJIe.n;OBaHliR Bonpoca, rrpe)K.l.J;e qeM
MO)KHO YCTaHOBllTb cpe.n;CTBa - CTl1MYJ'lbI, .n;eMCTBll-
TeJIbHO He06xo.n;llMbIe ,ZJ;JlH rrCllXllqeCKOrO pa3BllTliR.
TeopcrllKll rre.n;arornKll, rrpe.n;OCTaBJIRIOmlie Borrpoc 0
cB06o.n;e yqeHllKa 3.n;paB0MY CMblcny yqllTeJIjI llJlll KaKoMY-
H1l6y.n;b llayqeHllIO B yqHTeJIbCKl1X ceMliHapax, erne OqeHb
.n;aJIeKli 0'1' paapemeHllR rrp06JIeMbI CB060.n;bI. YqeHbIe 11
HaH60JIee BbI,ll;aIOmHeCR ne.n;arorli He MOrJIM 6bI CaMM
HeMe)J;JleHHO pa3pemllTb sry rrp06JIeMy, rroTOMY qTO .ZJ;JIR
pemeHl1R BOrrpOca, KpoMe JIMqHOM rro.n;rOTOBJIeHHOCTl111
rrpI1p())K,ll;eHHbIX crroc06HocTeM, eH erne HOBbIM $u<-
TOp - BpeMR, T.e. ,ZJ;JlllHHbIM nepllO.n; rrOJJ;rOTOBllTeJIbHOrO
SKcrrepllMeHTa, .n;OIDKHa cymeCTBOBaTb HayKa, YCTaHaBJIll-
BaIOmM cpe.n;CTBa,ZJ;JlR CaMOBOCnllTaHliR.
II
76
MOM BKJIA,Z:{ B HAYKY
77
CAMOBOCI1I1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
KTO rOBOpliT Terrepb 0 cB060.n;e B mKOJIe, TOT .n;OJI-
)KeH o.n;HOBpeMeHHO .n;eMOHCTplipOBaTb rroc0611H,
np1l6}Ill)KaIOmlieCR K HayqHbIM rrp1l60paM, KOTopble
.n;eJIaIOT TaK)'IO CB060,ZJ;y B03MO)KH0H. A HayqHbIM rrpll-
60p .n;Q}I)KeH 113rOTOBJIRTbCR Ha npllHQl1ne TOqHOCTll;
KaK KaKlie-H1l6y.n;b rrp1l3MbI ,lI;JIR cp1l311qeCKliX orrbITOB
113rOTOBJIRIOTCR no 3aKOHaM pecppaKQllll CBeTa, TaK II
ne.n;arorllqeCKlie rrp1l60pbI .n;OJI)KHbI 6a311poBaTbcR Ha
nCllXllqeCKliX MaHllcpecTaQllRx pe6eHKa. TaKoM npll-
60p (llHcTpYMeHT) MbI MO)KeM cpaBHllBaTb C CliCTeMa-
T1l311poBaHHbIM 113MepeHl1eM cnoc06HocTeM (mental
tests). OH, o.n;HaKO, He Cny)KllT ,ZJ;JlR 113MepeHllR Ka)K-
.n;OM BbI3blBaeMOM llM nCllXl1qeCKOM peaKQllll, HO,
Ha060pOT, RBJIReTCR CTllMYJIOM, KOTOpbIM CaM .n;OJI-
)KeH 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeH no rrcllXllqeCKliM peaKQllRM,
rrOCKOJIbKY OH cnoc06eH llX BbI3BaTb II rrO,ll;.n;ep)Kll-
BaTb 113BeCTHoe KOJIllqeCTBO BpeMeHll, T.e. B .n;aHHOM
cnyqae rrcllXllqeCKM peaKQllR orrpe.n;e}IReT 11 CPllKCll-
pyeT CliCTeMaTl1qeCKlie mental tests.
I1cllXllqeCKaR peaKQllR, KOTOpM COCTaBJIReT
6a311c ,ZJ;JlH CpaBHeHllR rrpll onpe.n;e}IeHllll tests, eCTb
He qTO llHoe, KaK nOJIRp1l3aQllR BHllMaHliR II rrOBTO-
peHlle CBR3aHHbIX C STliM .n;eMCTBliM. Kor.n;a CTllMYJI
COOTBeTcTByeT paCKpbIBaIOmeMCR JIllqHOCTll, OH cny-
)KllT He ,ZJ;JlR 113MepeHllR, a ,ZJ;JlR rro.n;.n;ep)KaHliR II yKpe-
rrJIeHllR peaKQllll, T.e. STO CTllMYJ'l ,ZJ;JlR rrpOQecca «BHY-
TpeHHero cpOpMllpOBaHllR» 51BJleHllM rrCllXllqeCKOM
)Klf3Hll. B .n;eMCTBllTeJ'lbHOCTli Ha OCHOBe TaKOM rrpo-
6y.n;llBmeMCR II ,ZJ;Jll1TeJ'lbHOM aKTllBHOCTli B opraH1l3Me
B03HllKaIOT CJIO)KHble BHYTpeHHlle rrpOQeCCbI B OTBeT
Ha .n;eMCTBliR BHemHllX CTllMYJIOB.
MbI BBO.n;llM B CTapbIM Kpyr ne.n;arOrllqeCKliX yqe-
HliM He «1l3MepllTeJIbHYIO» HayK)', He 1f3MepeHlle JIllq-
HOCTli (3Maqa, KOTOPYIO ce6e qaCTO CTaBliT rrpoHll-
I<HYBmaR B mKony sKcnepllMeHTaJIbHM rrCllXOJIOrllR),
HO rrbITaeMCR C03.n;aTb HayK)' «rrpe06pa30BaTeJ'lbHYIO»,
npe06pa3yIOmyID JIllqHOCTb, HaN, crroc06HYIO rrOs-
TOMY CTaTb ne.n;arorliKoM B HaCTORmeM II l1CTl1HHOM
3HaqeHllll SToro CJIOBa.
B TO BpeMR KaK CTapM rre.n;arorliKa B pa3JIllqHbIX
BapllaQllRX llCXo.n;l1JIa 113 JIl1qHOCTl1 «BOCrrpl1HllMaIO-
l.QeM», KOTopaR .n;OJI)KHa BOCrrpllHl1MaTb 3HaHl1e II rro.n;
STliM BJIl1RHl1eM naCCllBHO cpOpMllpOBaTbCR, - HOBoe
yqeHlle, llMeIOmee HayqHbIM 6a311C, CMOTpliT Ha yqe-
HllKa, KaK Ha pa3BllBaIOmyIOCR «aKTllBHYIO JIllqHOCTb»
(pecpJ'leKTllpyIOmyIO II aCCOQllllpyIOmyID), peampyIO-
myIO Ha CTllMYJ'lbI, Cl1CTeMaTllqeCKli rro.n;06paHHbIe II
orrpe.n;eJ'leHHbIe SKcrrepllMeHTaJIbHbIM rryreM.
TaKliM 06Pa30M, STa HOBM ne.n;arorliKa rrpl1Ha,ZJ;JIe-
)KllT K rpyrrrre HOBbIX HaYK, a He K CTapbIM crreK)'JIR-
TllBHbIM rrOCTpOeHl1RM, XOTR OHa He 6a311pyeTcR
Herrocpe.n;CTBeHHO Ha TOqHbIX 113MepeHl1RX «SKcne-
pllMeHTaJIbHOM rrCllXOJIOrllW>. MeTO.n;, rrpl1 rrOMOmli
KOToporo HOBM rre.n;arorliKa C0611paeT CBOM MaTepll-
aJI (SKcrrepllMeHT, Ha6JIIO.n;eHllR, rrOBepKa, YCTaHO BJIe -
Hlfe HOBbIX RBJIeHl1M, Bocrrp01l3Be,ll;eHlle II YTllJI1l3a-
QllR), HeCOMHeHHO, BBO,ll;RT ee B qllCJIO SKcrrepliMeH-
TaJIbHbIX HayK.
BHemHl1e CTllMYJIbI MorYT orrpe.n;eJ'lRTbCR Kaqe-
CTBeHHO II KOJ'lllqeCTBeHHO. HeT HllqerO 60J'lee l1HTe-
pecHoro, qeM rro.n;06HbIe sKcrrepllMeHTbI. OHli .n;aIOT
B03MO)KHOCTb orrpe.n;eJ'll1Tb C 60J'lbmOM TOqHOCTbIO
BHemHlle CTllMYJIbI KaK B KOJIllqeCTBeHHOM, TaK II
KaqeCTBeHHOM OTHomeHllll. Harrpl1Mep, OqeHb
MaJIeHbKlle BKJIMKll pa3J'lllqHbIX reoMeTpllqeCKliX
cpOpM BbI3blBaIOT y pe6eHKa J'leT Tpex OqeHb MaJIO
BHllMaHl1R, HO, YBeJIllqllBM pa3MepbI BKJIMOK, MbI
.n;OXO.n;llM .n;o TaKoM llX BeJIllqllHbI, Kor.n;a OHli orrpe.n;e-
78
CAMOBOCITI1TAHME 11 CAMOOEyqEHME...
MOM BKJIA,2]; B HAYKY
79
JIeHHO cpllKCllpyIOT BHllMaHlie II TOr.n;a y)Ke BbI3bIBaIOT
aKTllBHOCTb, TOJIKaIOT Ha onpe.n;eJIeHHOe ynpa)KHe-
Hlle, KOTOpoe CTaHOBliTCR cpaKTOpOM Pa3BllTMR.
ll0.n;06HbIM SKCrrepllMeHT rrOBTOpReTCR HM MHO-
rliMli .n;eTbMll, II TaKliM rryTeM MbI npllXO.n;llM K YCTaHO-
BJIeHllIO pa3MepOB Ceplill npe.n;MeTOB, cny)KamliX CTll-
MYJIaMli ,lI;JIR BHY'I'peHHllX rrpOQeCCOB B .n;eTCKOM ,ZJ;yme.
TaKliM )Ke rryreM MO)KHO l1,lI;Tll B rro.n;60pe ceplill QBe-
TOB II Bo06me «KaqeCTB» npe.n;MeTOB. KaqeCTBO qys-
cTByeTcH B TaKOM CTeneHll, qT06bI cpllKClipOBaTb BHll-
MaHlie JIlimb npll 113BeCTHOM CTerreHll llHTeHCllBHo-
CTli CTllMYJ'la, KOTOpYIO MO)KHO onpe.n;eJIllTb JIlimb CTe-
rreHbIO rrCllXllqeCKOM peaKQllll, npORBJIReMOM pe6eH-
KOM (HanpliMep, Ha 113BeCTHM llHTeHCllBHOCTb
KpaCKll, qT06bI npllBJIeqb BHllMaHlie pe6eHKa K
rrOBepXHOCTl1 QBeTHOM Ta6JIllqKll II T.rr.). KaqeCTBO
CTllMYJIa .n;OJ'l)KHO orrpe.n;eJIRTbCR nCllXllqeCKliM SKcrre-
pllMeHTOM, nOKa3blBaIOmliM aKTl1BHOCTb, KOTOpyIO
CTllMYJI BbI3blBaeT B pe6eHKe, 3aHRTOM 113BeCTHbIM
ynpa)KHeHlleM B TeqeHlle 60JIee llJIli MeHee npo.n;oJ'l-
)Kl1TeJIbHOrO BpeMeHll, B pe3YJIbTaTe qero npOllCXO-
.n;llT BHYTpeHHee pa3BllTlle, caMocpopMllpOBaHlie.
Cpe.n;l1 xapaKTepHblX qepT rrpe.n;MeTO CTllMYJIOB
CJIe,ZJ;yeT 06paTl1Tb BHl1MaHlie Ha O.n;HY CTOPOHY, BbI3bI-
BaIOmyIO yMCTBeHHYIO .n;eRTeJIbHOCTb BblCmero rropR,ll;-
Ka: rrpe.n;MeTbI-CTllMYJ'lbI .n;aIOT B03MO)KHOCTb KOHTpO-
J'llipOBaTb om1l6Kll. qT06bI BbI3BaTb rrpoQecc
CaMOcpOpMllpOBaHl1R, He.n;OCTaTOqHO CTl1MYny JIlimb
B036y)K,l1;aTb aKTl1BHOCTb, - O TaK)Ke, qT06bI CTl1-
MYJ'l ynpaBJIRJI aKTllBHOCTbIO. Pe6eHOK .n;OJI)KeH He
TOJ'lbKO rrpOCTO rrOBTOpllTb ynpa)KHeHlle, HO .n;OMTll .n;o
TaKOM CTerreHll COBepmeHCTBa, Kor.n;a OH B ynpa)KHe-
Hlill He .n;eJIaeT 60JIbme Om1160K. Bce cp1l311qeCKlie II
BHY'I'peHHlle CBoMcTBa npe.n;MeTOB, .n;aBaeMbIX .n;eTRM B
KaqeCTBe CTllMYJ'lOB, .n;OJI)KHbI onpe.n;eJIRTbCR He TOJIb-
KO Herrocpe.n;CTBeHHOM peaKQlleM BHllMaHliR pe6eH-
Ka, HO II B03MO)KHOCTbIO KOHTpOJIR Ha.n; om1l6KaMll,
T.e. BbI3bIBaTb aKTllBHOe yqaCTlie Ha1l60JIee BbICOKliX
yMCTBeHHbIX cnoc06HOCTeM (cpaBHeHlle, CY)K,ll;eHlle).
HarrpliMep, O.n;llH 113 rrepBbIX rrpe.n;MeTOB, npllBJIe-
KaIOmliX BHllMaHlie TpeXJIeTOK, - 6pYCOK C Ql1JIllH-
.n;paMli (cepliR Ql1JIllH.n;pOB pa3JIllqHbIX pa3MepoB ,ZJ;JlR
BblHllMaHll51 II BCTaBJIliBaHliR B rHe3.n;a 6pYCKa) 06JIa-
.n;aeT qllCTO MexaHllqeCKliM CBOMCTBOM KOHTpOJIR,
rroToMY qTO eCJIli pe6eHOK c.n;eJIaeT TOJIbKO O.n;HY
OIIIll6K)' rrpl1 pacrrpe.n;eJIeHl111 QllJIllH.n;pOB no rHe3-
.n;aM, - ,ZJ;JlR o.n;Horo 113 Ql1JIllH.ZJ;pOB He XBaTliT rHe3.n;a II
OH OKa)KeTCR J'lllmHllM. TaKliM 06pa30M, om1l6Ka -
STO rrperrRTCTBlle, ero MO)KHO rr06e.n;llTb JIllIIIb
rrorrpaBKOM, l1Haqe ynpa)KHeHlle HeJ'lb3R BbIrrOJIHllTb.
KpoMe Toro, rrOrrpaBl1Tb om1l6K)' B ynpa)KHeHllll C
QWIllH.ZJ;PaMli TaK npOCTO, qTO pe6eHOK npllxo.n;llT K
STOMY CaM: MaJIeHbKaH 3arMKa BblCTynaeT nepe.n;
pe6eHKOM, KaK KaKaR-TO HeO)Kl1,ll;aHHaR «rrp06JIeMa»,
II 3allHTepeCOBbIBaeT ero B pa60Te.
CJIe,ZJ;yeT, o.n;HaKO, OTMeTllTb, qTO CaMa rro ce6e
«3arMKa», «rrp06JIeMa» He eCTb rJIaBHbIM CTllMYJ'l
llHTepeca, II He OHa TOJIKaeT K rrOBTopeHllIO ynpa)K-
HeHllH, K .n;OCTll)KeHllIO ycrrexa. Pe6eHKa llHTepecyeT
He TOJIbKO omymeHlle MaHllrryJIRQllll C rrpe.n;MeTaMll,
HO rrpll06peTeHlle HOBOM crroc06HOCTll, HOBoro
«Bll.n;eHllR», nOMoraIOmerO eMY pacn03HaBaTb pa3Hll-
Qy B pa3Mepax Ql1JIllH.n;pOB, - pa3HllQy, rrpe)K,ll;e He
C03HaBaeMYIO. «llp06JIeMa», «3ara.n;Ka», KOTopaR
BCTaeT TOJIbKO B CM311 C Om116KOM, He conpOBO)K,ll;aeT
HOpMaJIbHOrO rrpOQecca pa3BllTliR. HHTepec, B03-
6y)K,l1;aeMbIM JIlimb J'lI060nbITCTBOM «<3arMKa»), He
RBJ'lReTCR C0311.n;aIOmliM llHTepeCOM, TeM )KllBbIM
I
80
CAMOBOCI1I1TAHME 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
MOM BKJIA,Z], B HAYKY
81
llCTOqHllKOM, KOTOpbIM 6beT 113 nOTpe6HOCTl1 CaMOM
)K1l3Hll II rrOSTOMY BJIliReT Ha cpOpMllpOBaHl1e .n;yxOB-
Horo 06JIliKa pe6eHKa. ECJIli 6bI ,lI;YXOBHM )K1l3Hb llIJIa
TmlbKO 3a «rrp06JIeMaMll», 3arMKaMll, COrrpOBO)K-
.n;aIOm llMl1 HeKOTopbIe Hamll .n;eMCTBllR, OHa Monm 6bI
nOMaBaTbCR BJIllRHllIO Ka)K,lI;OM BHemHeM npllqllHbI,
c611BaTbCR Ha }IO)KHbIM rryTb.
.H no.n;qepKllBaIO STOT rryHKT, MO)KeT 6bITb, .n;a)Ke
npeyBe}IllqeHHO C QeJIbIO OTBeTa Ha OqeHb Ba)KHbIe
B03pa)KeHllR II 3aMeqaHl1R, KOTopbIe MHe .n;e}IaJIliCb.
cI>aKTllqeCKli Y)Ke BO BTOpOM Ceplll1 npe.n;MeTOB-rroco-
611M, rrpe.n;Ha3HaqaIOmllXCR ,lI;JIR BocrrllTaHl1R rJIa3a,
KOHTpmlb HM om1l6KaMli OCHOBbIBaeTCR He Ha Mexa-
HllqeCKOM, a Ha rrCllXOJIOrllqeCKOM MOMeHTe. CaM
pe6eHOK, Kor.n;a ero 3peHlle crroc06HO BOCrrpl1Hll-
MaTb pa3JIllqlle B pa3MepaX, YBl1,lI;llT om1l6K)', eCJIli
rrpe.n;MeTbI, C KOTOpbIMli OH orreplipyeT, liMe lOT orrpe-
.n;eJIeHHbIe pa3MepbJ II orrpe.n;eJIeHHYIO OKpacK)'.
MO)KHO CKa3aTb, qTO B STOM ceplill ynpa)KHeHllM
caMli rrpe.n;MeTbI CBOl1Mll pa3MepaMl1 II RpKOM OKpa-
CKOM BBO.n;RT MOMeHT KOHTpOJIR HM Om116KaMli.
KOHTpOJIb cOBepmeHHO .n;pyroro rropR.n;Ka II 60JIee
BbICOKoro KaqeCTBa 3aKJIIOqaeTCR, HarrpliMep, B MaTe-
pllaJIe .n;}IR apllcpMeTllqeCKliX yrrpa)KHeHllM; 3.n;ecb
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BliR ,ZJ;JlR caMOBOCnl1TaHll51.
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qT06bI yTBep.n;llTbcR Ha OCHOBe BHYTpeHHeM pa3Bll-
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KOTopoe pe6eHOK y.n;eJ'lReT ynpa)KHeHllIO II rrOBTope-
HliIO ynpa)KHeHllR.
C .n;pyrOM CTOpOHbI, ,ZJ;JlR orrpe.n;eJIeHllR KOJ'lllqe-
CTBeHHOM CTOpOHbI npe.n;MeTOB-CTl1MYJ'lOB SKcrrepll-
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me e C cpaKTaMli BHYTpeHHero pa3Bl1Tl1R BTaKOM Mepe,
qTO Ha 113BeCTHOM CTyITeHll B 06meM pa3BHTllM pe6eH-
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TllM», BbI3bIBaIOmliX B .n;eT5lX sHry311a3M II PMOCTb.
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.n;OBliTa B cBoeM nOCJIe.n;HeM CTa.n;lll1.
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JIll Ha MaTepllaJI, Kor.n;a,ZJ;JlH Hero HacrynaIOT MOMeH-
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mli MCR B STO BpeMR HaTOJIKHYTb yqeHllKa Ha npo.n;oJ'l-
)KeHlle ero aKTllBHOCTli C rrpe.n;MeTaMll-rrOc0611RMll,
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IIIllTb B pe6eHKe ero CTpeMJIeHlle K rrepe)KllBaHliIO
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3aKpbITb eMY rryTb K rrporpecey.
MOM BKJIA,Z], B HAYKY
83
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pacceMBaeT BHMMaHMe, MexaHM3MpyeT yrrpa)KHeHMe
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60JIee BbICOKyro CTa.n;MIO pa3BllTMR, He 3aMeTMB
SToro, He 06HRB YMOM. TaKOR MaTepmUI 6eCrrOJIe3eH,
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MO)KeT TOJIKHYTb pe6eHKa Ha3M. HY)KHO TOqHO orrpe-
eJIMTb, qTO RBJIReTCR «He06xo MMbIM», OCTaTOq-
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pmUIOM, rrpORBJIRBmMe rrp1l3HaKM rny60Koro BHMMa-
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rrOHRTb JIMmb rro MX BHYTpeHHeM pMOCTM H Y OBJIe-
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84
CAMOBOCI111TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
1
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rrorraJI B Kpyr rryCTbIX BrreqaTJIeHMM II He qyBcTByeT
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TOJIKHYBmMM pe6eHKa Tpex JIeT rrOBTopMTb yrrpa)KHe-
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MO)KeT 6bITb, ecRTb rroBTopeHMM.
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MOM BKJIA,lI, B HAYKY
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6eH cpMKClipOBaTb CBoe BHMMaHMe OJIbme TpeXJleT-
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CTBYeT rroTpe6HOCTRM ero BHYTpeHHeM aKTMBHOCTM.
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86
CAMOBOCI111TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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rrp1l3HaKli YCTaJIOCTli (6eCrrOKOMCTBa) llJIli OTBJIeKaeT
ero BHl1MaHl1e. <...>
Pe6eHOK Be,ll;eT BCIO pa60ry rrOqTl1 O,ll;l1HaKOBO;
e,ll;l1HCTBeHHoe pa3JIllql1e Me)K,ZJ;y HaqaJIbHbIM rrO,ll;rOTO-
BllTeJIbHbIM yrrpa)KHeHl1eM II BTOpOM cepbe3HOM pa60-
TOM B llX pa3HOM rrpO,ll;OJI)Kl1TeJIbHOCTl1. llepllO,ll; pa3-
MbImJIeHMR HBJIReTCR, Bl1,l1;l1MO, «rrep110,ll;OM BHYTpeH-
HeM pa60TbI», rrep110,ll;OM «ycBoeHllR», KaK 6bI BHY-
TpellHero c03peBaHMR. Ha6JIIO,lI;eHlle 3a pa60TOM TOBa-
plim eM ,lI;eJIaeTCR Bce qame, KaK eCJIl1 6bI HeBOJIbHO
pe6eHOK npllmeJI K MbICJIIi 0 CpaBHl1TeJIbHOM 113yqe-
Hl1ll caMoro ce6R 11 CBOliX TOBapl1meM; Bll,ll;llMO, pa3Bl1-
BaeTCR aKTllBHbIM llHTepec K pa3MbImJIeHMIO HM OKPY-
)KaIOIIJ;I1M BHemHl1M Ml1pOM: rrepllO,ll; OTKpbITMM.
MO)KHO CKa3aTb, qTO pe6eHOK 113yqaeT caMoro
ce6R B coocTBellllbIx ,lI;OCTM)KeHllRX 11 YCTaHaBJIliBaeT
CBR3b co CBOl1Mll TOBapl1I1J;aMl1 11 OKpY)KaIOmeM ero
BHemHeM cpe,ll;OM.
Ha STOM CTMl1l1 ocymeCTBJIeHlle Bcero Ql1KJla
(pa60Ta, pa3MbIIIIJIeHl1e 11 OT,lI;bIX) OKa3bIBaeT Bce
60JIbmee 11 60JIbmee BJIllRHlle Ha l1H,lI;l1Bl1,lI;YaJIbHOCTb
pe6eHKa. OH BceQeJIO KOHQeH'I'pl1pyeTcH Ha pa60Te
He TOJIbKO Kor,ll;a 11M C,lI;eJIaHO Ha1l60JIbmee YCllJIl1e,
HO 11 B ,lI;aJIbHeMmeM cocpe,ll;OTOqeH 11 coxpaHReT ,lI;JIl1-
TeJIbHbIM l1HTepeC K OKpY)KaIOmeMY Ml1PY. OH CTaHO-
Bl1TCR JIl1qHOCTbIO, ,lI;OCTl1rmeM 60JIee BbICOKOM CTa-
,lI;l1M B cBoeM rrocTerreHHoM SBOJIIOQl1l1.
3'1'0 - I1epl1o,ll; pa3Bl1TllR, Kor,ll;a pe6eHoK HaqllHaeT
BJIMeTb C060M 11 rrpORBJIReT xapaKTepHoe KaqeCTBO,
Ha3bIBaeMoe MHOIO «cpeHoMeH rrocnymaHl1R». OH
MO)KeT cnymaTbcR (rrOBl1HOBaTbCR), T.e. MO)KeT yrrpa-
BJIRTb CBOl1Ml1 ,lI;eMCTBllRMl1 11, CJIe,ll;OBaTeJIbHO, rrO,ll;ql1-
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BaTb pa60ry, eCJIli eMY rrOMemaIOT, He rrpORBJl5lR rrp113-
lIaKOB YCTaJIOCTli llJIll «6ecrrOpR,lI;Ka». EOJIbme Toro,
pa60Ta cTaHOBl1TCR ero rrpllBblqHbIM COCTORHl1eM, 11
OH 60JIbme He BbIHOCl1T rrpa3,l1;HOCTl1; Harrpl1Mep,
Kor,ll;a ,lI;eTeM B STOM cTa,ZJ;l1l1 MbI 6epeM Ha ypOKll ,ZJ;JlR
yql1TeJIeM, r,ll;e ,lI;eTl1 51BJIRIOTCR «rrpe,ll;MeTaMl1 113yqe-
Il11R», OHli OXOTHO BblrrOJIHRIOT Bce, qTO MbI llX rrpo-
Cl1M: ,lI;aIOT ce6R M3MepRTb, BbIIIOJIHRIOT rrpe,ZJ;JlaraeMbIe
yrrpa)KHeHllR, ,lI;eJIaIOT Bce C MHTepeCOM, a He rrpOCTO
«)Kep'I'BYH C060M», KaK 6Y)J;TO 6bI OHl1 c03HaIOT, qTO
pa60TaIOT C HaMli 3aO,ll;HO. Ho KOr,ll;a 11M rrpllXO,ll;l1TCR
,lI;O)Kl1.n;aTbCR - rrpOCTO Cll.n;eTb, rrOKa l1X rr030ByT, OHl1
6epyTCR aa KaK)'IO-H116Y,ll;b pa60ry. llaccllBHOCTb ,ZJ;JlR
HliX HeBbIHOCl1Ma. qacTo BO BpeMR MoeM 6ece.n;bI C yql1-
TeJIRMl1 ,lI;eTl1 3aBR3bIBaIOT llJIl1 mHYPyIOT paMKll, llJIl1
rrOKpbIBaIOT BeCb rrOJI CJIOBaMl1 113 rrO,ll;Bll)KHOrO aJIcpa-
BllTa, MJIl1, eCJIli B03MO)KHO, B MOMeHTbI O)Kll.n;aHMR
pl1CyroT KapaH,lI;amOM llJIl1 KpaCKaMl1.
Bce STO RBJIReTCR Terrepb BbIpa)KeHl1eM OCMbI-
CJIeHHOM aKTllBHOCTl1, COCTaBJIRIOIIJ;eM qaCTb rrCllXM-
qeCKOrO opraH113Ma pe6eHKa. Ho qT06bI TaKoe
COCTORHl1e yKperrllJIOCb 11 rrpO,ll;OJI)KaJIOCb pa3Bl1Tl1e
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HaCTORIIJ;ee ,lI;eJIO ,lI;JIR Ka)K.n;oro ,lI;HR; rrOTOMY qTO JIl1mb
rrpl1 rrOJIHOM Ql1KJle aKTllBHOCTM, MeTO,ll;l1qeCKOM KOH-
QeHTpaQl1l1 pe6eHOK rrp1106peTaeT paBHOBeCl1e,
rro.n;Bl1)KHOCTb, rrpl1crrOC06JIReMOCTb 11 crroc06HOCTb
BbIrrOJIHRTb 60JIee CJIO)KHbIe 3MaHl1R, KaK, Harrpl1-
Mep, aKTbI «rrocnymaHl1R». 3'1'0 HeBOJIbHO HarrOMl1Ha-
eT 0 MeTO,ll;ax, rrpe,ll;rrl1CbIBaeMbIx KaTOJIl1qeCKOM
peJIl1rl1eM ,ZJ;JlR coxpaHeHl1R Cl1Jl ,ZJ;yXOBHOM )Kl13Hl1, T.e.
o «rrepl1o,ll;ax ,ZJ;yXOBHOM KOHQeH'I'paQl1l1», oTKpbIBaIO-
m l1X B03MO)KHOCTb rrp1106peTaTb «MOpaJIbHbIe
CliJIbI». HpaBCTBeHHaR JIl1qllOCTb YKperrJIReT ce6R
«pa3MbImJIeHMRMl1» .
104 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
MOM BKJIN], B HAYKY 105
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QeHTpaQlll1 II Cepbe3HOM pa60TbI, OTCIO,lI;a OHl1 qep-
naIOT CTl1MYJIbI ,lI;aJIbHeMmero pa3Bl1TllR. <...>
Terrepb YCTaHOBJIeHO, qTO B03MO)KHO orrpe.n;eJIHTb
CTerreHl1 pa3BllTliR llJIIi Cpe,ll;Hl1e BHYTpeHHero pa3Bl1-
TllR, 6JIaro.n;apR qeMY ,lI;OCTYIIHO 11 113yqeHl1e l1H.n;l1Bl1-
JJ;yaJIbHbIX OTKJIOHeHl1M. ,n:JIR rrpl1MMTllBHoro Tllrra
xapaKTepHbI 6ecrrOpR,ll;OqHOCTb rrOBe,ll;eHMR 11 Hecrro-
C06HOCTb KOHQeHTplipOBaTb BHllMaHlle; B STOM cny-
qae HeT I-IaCTORmeM pa60TbI. ,lJ,JIR Tex, Y Koro Y)Ke rrpo-
RBJIReTCR cnoc06HOCTb KOHQeHTpl1pOBaTb BHllMaHl1e
Ha orrpe.n;eJIeHHOM yrrpa)KHeHllll, 3a rrpe,ll;Bapl1TeJIb-
HOM (npOCTOM rrO,ll;rOTOBl1TeJIbHOM) pa60TOM CJIe yeT
rrepllO,ll; 6ecrrOKOMCTBa 11 rrOTOM TPY,ll;HM, HarrpR)KeH-
HM Cepbe3HM pa60Ta 11 COCTORHlle OT,lI;bIxa.
IlOTOM MbI pa3JIl1qaeM «BTOpyIO CTerreHb» pa60-
TbI, KOTOpM B Cpe,ll;HeM xapaKTep1l3yeTcR l1Cqe3HOBe-
HlieM rrepllO,ll;a 6ecrrOKOMCTBa liTeM, qTO HarrpR)KeH-
HaR cepbe3HM pa60Ta 3aKaHql1BaeTCR pa3MbImJIeHll-
eM; STO - CTMMR OTKpbITllM, 0606Il1;eHllM, rrocnyma-
HMR; pa60Ta CTaJIa rrpliBbIqKOM. 3aTeM CJIe,ZJ;yeT 60JIee
BbICOKaR CTMMR 06mero pa3Bl1Tl1R, rrpORBJIRIOmMCR
B BbI60pe 60JIee CJIO)KHOM rrO,ll;rOTOBl1TeJIbI-IOM (rrep-
BOHaqaJIbHOM) pa60Tbl; llCQl1rrJIliHa CTaHOBl1TCR
rrpl1BbIqKOM. <...>
Kor,ll;a TPY,ll; CTaHOBl1TCR rrpliBbIqKOM, yMCTBeHHbIM
ypOBeHb 6bICTpO rrO,ll;HllMaeTCR, 11 opraH1l3Y IO m l1M
rrOpR,lI;OK ,lI;eJIaeT xopomee rrOBe,ll;eHl1e rrpl1BblqKOM.
,n:eTl1 TOr,ll;a pa60TaIOT yrropR,lI;OqeHHO, C yrropcTBOM,
,lI;l1CQllrrJIl1Hl1pOBaHHO, eCTeCTBeHHO II HerrpepbIBHo.
A rrOCTORHHaR, crroKoMHM II O)KllBJIRIOmM pa60Ta
cp11311qeCKOrO opraH1l3Ma rro.n;06Ha pl1TMY Hamero
,lI;bIXaHl1R. fJIaBHOM OCbIO TaKoro cpOpMl1pOBaHl1R
JIl1qHOCTl1 CTaHOBl1TCR pa60Ta Ha cB060,ll;e B COOTBeT-
CTBlll1 C eCTeCTBeHHbIMli rroTpe6HocTRMli BHYTpeH-
HeM )K1l3Hl1; TaK cBo60,ll;a B l1HTeJIJIeKryaJIbHOM pa60-
Te RBliJIaCb OCHOBOM BHYTpeHHeM ,lI;l1CQl1rrJIl1HbI.
BeJIliKOe .n;ocTM)KeHl1e ,n:OMOB pe6eHKa - ,lI;l1CQll-
rrJIl1Hl1pOBaHHbIe ,lI;eTl1. BHYTpeHHRR caMoopraH1l3a-
QMR rrpl1,l1;aeT 11M OC06bIM xapaKTep, ,lI;eJIaeT 113 HllX
OC06bIM Tl1rr, KOTOpOMY rrpe,ll;OCTaBJIReTCR B03MO)K-
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aKTl1BHOCTli ,lI;JIR 3aBoeBaHliR K)'JIbrypbl B 113BeCTHOM
rrOCJIe,ll;OBaTeJIbHOCTli.
HaqaJIbHaR mKOJIa - rrpO,ll;OJI)KeHl1e ,n:OMOB pe6eH-
Ka. B mKOJIe ,lI;llCQl1rrJIl1Hl1pOBaHHoe rrOBe,ll;eHl1e RBJIR-
eTCH rrpl1BblqKOM, OCHOBbIBaIOmeMCR II CJIl1BaIOmeM-
CR C 60JIee paHHeM rrpl1BblqKOM K TPy y. OTcIO,lI;a -
,lI;OCTaTOqHO ,lI;aTb pe6eHK)' MaTepl1aJI 60JIee BbICOKOM
CTa,ZJ;l1l1 K)'JIbrypbI, II pe6eHoK, rrOCTerreHHO yrrpa)KHR-
RCb Ha STOM MaTepl1aJIe, 6y,ll;cr rrepeXO,ll;l1Tb 113 O,ll;HOM
CTa,ZJ;l1l1 K)'JIbrypbI B CJIe.n;yIOmyIO.
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TeJIbHbIX B03paCTOB, B03HllKaeT Ha rrOqBe l1HTeJIJIeK-
TYaJIbHOrO l1HTepeCa, KOTOpbIM rrepeCTaeT 6bITb
TOJIbKO l1MrryJIbCOM,ZJ;JlR caMoyrrpa)KHeHl1R B rrOBTope-
Hl111 pa3JIllqHbIX MaHl1rryJIRQllM, HO CTaHOBl1TCR y)Ke
l1HTepeCOM K caMOM pa6oTe, CTpeMJIeHl1eM BbIlIOJI-
Hl1Tb pa60ry ,lI;0 KOHQa l1Jl11 03HaKOMl1TbCR C 113BeCT-
HOM 06JIaCTbIO 3HaHMR, KaK C QeJIbIM. TaK, O,ll;l1HTBO-
pl1T Ha OCHOBe OCBoeHHbIX 11M MaTepllaJIOB, Harrpll-
Mep, eMY XOqeTCR C03,l1;aTb Y30P 113 coe,ll;l1HeHMR reo-
MeTpMqeCKl1X cpllryp C OqepTaHl1RMl1 MeTaJIJIl1qe-
CKllX BKJIMOK; pe6eHOK OT,lI;aeTCR STOM pa60Te rrOJI-
HOCTbIO, rrOKa He KOHql1T. ,lJ,pyrOM pe6eHOK 3aHRT
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3allHTepeCOBbIBaeTcR B03MO)KHOCTRMl1, CKpbITbIMl1 B
ql1CJIax llJIl1 apl1cpMeTl1qeCKliX rroco6MRx, 11 yrrop-
106 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
MOM BKJIA,lI, B HAYKY 107
cTByeT B STOM pa60Te ,lI;eHb 3a ,lI;HeM, rrOKa ero 3HaHMR
He ,lI;a,ll;yT eMY rrOJIHOrO y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHMR.
Ha OCHOBe BHyTpeHHero rrOpR,lI;Ka, C03,l1;aBaeMoro
BHy'I'peHHeM caMOOpraH113aQl1eM, llHTeJIJIeKT CTpOl1T
CBOM «3aMOK» IiJ paCTeT - He crrema, crrOKOMHO, KaK C
MOMeI-ITa pO)K.n;eHllH caMorrp01l3BOJIbHO paCTeT Ka)K-
,lI;bIM )KllBOM OpraH113M.
Terrepb R MOry 06pl1COBaTb TOJIbKO 3aqaTOqHYIO
ll.n;eIO rrpaKTllqeCKllX B03MO)KHOCTeM ,lI;JIR orrpe,ll;eJIe-
HllR cpe.n;HllX ypOBHeM BHYTpeHHero pa3BllTliR rro
B03pacraM. HaM erne rroHM0611TCR MHoro cOBepmeH-
HbIX SI<CrrepllMeHToB, r.n;e rrpll 0.n;Ho06pa3HOM
COCTaBe eTeM, BrrOJIHe no.n;roTOBJIeHHOM 06cTaHoB-
Ke II YMeJIbIX yql1TeJIRX rrpe,ll;CTaBliTcR rrO.n;XO.n;Rml1M
MaTepl1aJI ,lI;JIH Ha6JIIO,lI;eHllR. Tor,ll;a 113yqaIOml1e
Bonpoc CMOryT BeCTl1 HayqHyro pa60ry - pa60ry,
KOTopan 6y.n;eT OTJIllqaTbCR ,lI;a)Ke 60JIbmeM TOqHO-
CTbIO, qeM TO, qero .n;OCTllraIOT rrpll TerrepemHllX
113MepeHl1RX TeJIa II orrpe,ll;eJIeHl111 MaTeMaTl1qeCKllX
cpe.n;HllX POCTa.
Ho MbI He ,lI;OJI)KHbI 3a6blBaTb, qTO y)Ke rronyqeH-
HbIe HaMl1 ,lI;aHHble RBJIRIOTCR pe3YJIbTaTOM .n;OJIrOM,
Cl1CTeMaTl1qeCKOM pa60TbI 11 OCHOBbIBaIOTCR Ha
60JIee TPY,ll;HOM pa60Te YCTaHOBJIeHl1R BHemHl1X
MaTepllaJIbHbIX cpe.n;cTB (CTllMYJIOB) .n;JIR eCTeCTBeI-I-
Horo pa3Bl1TMR.
Bce STO .n;OJI)KHO ,lI;aTb HeKoTopble rrpe,ll;CTaBJIeHllR
o Tpy.n;HOCTRX HayqHoro l1CCJIe.n;OBaHl1R 11 pa30qapO-
BaTb Tex, KTO Cql1TaeT B03MO)KHbIM ,lI;0611TbCR pe3YJIb-
TaTOB rrYTeM cnyqaMHblx II rroBepxHocTHbIX 113Mepe-
HliM B pO,ll;e tests Binet-Simon! M3yqeHlle pe6eHKa He
MO)KeT 6bITb np0113Be,ll;eHO «MrHOBeHHO». Ero xapaK-
TepHble qepTbI MorYT 6bITb 11306pa)KeHbI TOJIbKO
KllHeMaTorpacpl1qeCKl1.
BHemHl1e Cpe,ll;CTBa, «CTMMYJIbI», OpraH1130BaH-
IIbIe B COOTBeTCTBMll C HY)K.n;aMl1 rrCMXl1qeCKOM
)KM3Hl1, - cpaKTopbI rpoMa.n;HoM Ba)KHOCTl1. KaK
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'-IllRX B rrpoQecce YCTaHOBJIeHl1R BHYTpeHHero rrOpH,lI;-
Ka, rrepexo,ll;a K a6cTpaKTHoMY MbImJIeHl1IO, rrOCJIe.n;o-
BaTeJIbHbIX CTMllM YMcTBeHHoro pa3BllTl1R, B ,lI;OCTM-
)KeHl1l1 ,lI;llCQl1ITJIl1HbI, eCJIli 6bI He cymeCTBOBaJIl1
orrpe,ll;eJIeHHble M He113MeHHbIe BHemHlle Cpe,ll;CTBa-
CTl1MYJIbI, orropHbIe rryHKTbI, TOJIKaIOmlie pe6eHKa B
COCTORHl111 cpOpMl1pOBaHMR K ero QeJIll?
,n:nR Toro qT06bI MO)KHO 6bIJIO JIOrllqeCKli orrpe.n;e-
JIRTb llH.ZJ;llBl1,ZJ;yaJIbHbIe pa3JIl1ql151, ,lI;OJI)KHa cymeCTBO-
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ce6R. ECJIli BHemHHR orropa (CTl1MYJI) - BeJIl1ql1Ha
rrOCTORHHM 11 COOTBeTCTByeT B 06Il1;eM rrCllXllqeCKllM
aM l13BeCTHOrO B03paCTa, TO pa3JIl1qlle BO BHY-
TpeHHeM KOHCTpyKQlll1 3aBllCl1T 0'1' CaMOM JIl1qHOCTli.
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JIl1qHbI, pa3Hl1Qa B peaKQl111 MO)KeT 6bITb OTHeceHa 3a
CqeT pa3JIl1ql1M B cpe.n;CTBax-CTl1MYJIax.
HaKOHeQ, OqeBll,ll;HO, qTO BO BCRKOM HayqHOM
HCCJIe.n;OBaHl111 ,lI;OJI)KHbI 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHbI rrp116o-
pbI ,lI;JIR 113MepeHMR. Ho Ka)K.n;oe RBJIeHl1e ,lI;JIR 113Mepe-
Hl1R Tpe6yeT crreQl1aJIbHOrO l1HCTpYMeHTa, rrp1l60pa;
TaKl1M rrOCTORHHbIM rrp1160pOM B rrCllXMqeCKllX 113Me-
peHMRx .n;OJI)KeH 6bITb «MeTO,ll; BOCrrl1TaHHR».
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mon, HllqerO He 113MepRIOT] 11 He ,lI;aIOT Hl1KaKOM ,lI;a)Ke
J AJIbq>pe):\ bllHe II Teo«p= CllMOH pa3pa60TaJlll cnoc06 BbIHBJleHml ):\eTeH,
KOTopble H)'JK,l\aJlllCb B Cnel\llaJlbHOM 06YQeHllll. l1x MeTO):\ OCHOBaH Ha
TeCTOBblX 3a,l\aQax. - Cocm
108 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
MOti BKJIN], B HAYKY 109
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rrp1l6JI11311TeJIbHOM KapTl1HbI ypOBHR llHTeJIJIl1reHT-
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pe3YJIbTaT BHYTpeHHeM aKTllBHOCTll llJIl1 ,lI;eMCTBliR
OKpY)KaIOIl eM cpe.n;bI? M eCJIl1 Bce TO, qTO OTHOCliTCR
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MO)KeT orrpe,ll;eJIl1Tb, KaKOM )Ke rrCllXllqeCKOM QeHHO-
CTbIO 06JIMaIOT peaKQl1l1 .n;eTeM?
B Ka)K.ZJ;OM JIl1qHOCTl1 MbI ,lI;OJI)KHbl pa3JIllqaTb .n;Be
'-IaCTl1: O,ll;Ha - eCTeCTBeHHM, JIllqHM, caMorrp01l3-
BOJIbHM aKTllBHOCTb, rrpll rrOCpe,ll;CTBe KOTOpOM BOC-
npllHl1MaIOTCR SJIeMeHTbI OKpY)KaIOmerO Ml1pa, cny-
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HMR II pOCTa JIllqHOCTl1 H ee xapaKTepllCTl1K, II .n;py-
rM qaCTb - BHemHllM llHCTpYMeHT, rrp1160p, rrp01l3-
BO.n;RmMM Bce YKa3aHHbIe ,lI;eMCTBliR C JIllqHOCTbIO.
HarrpliMep, pe6eHOK, KOTOpbIM B qeTblpeXJleTHeM
B03paCTe MO)KeT pacrr03HaTb meCTb,ll;eCHT qeTbIpe
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MIl 11 BeCOM. B 6e,ll;HOCTl1 II 3a6pOlIIeHHOCTli OH 3am l1 -
maJI CBOIO )K113Hb: HOpMaJIbHOe COCTORHl1e ero TeJIa
6blJIO pe3YJIbTaTOM ero repOllqeCKl1X YCliJIliM.
A.: Pe6eHoK Bcer,ll;a 6bIJI crrOKoeH 11 TllX, OH OqeHb
CKOpO .n;OCTl1r cpa3bI aKTMBHoM, ynopR.n;OqeHHOM 11
oCHOBaTeJIbHOM pa60TbI. OH OT,lI;aBaJICR eM C rny60KoM
cepbe3HocTbIO II rrOCTORHCTBOM. 3'1'0 - Tllrr TOJIKOBo-
ro, xopomero pe6eHKa 06blqHOM mKOJIbi. qacTo OH
rrpl1XO,ll;llJI B mKony rOJIo.n;HbIM. Ero «xopomecTb»
6bIJIa rraCCllBHoro xapaKTepa - rrpe,ll;CTaBJIRJIa cMep-
TeJIbHY IO orraCHOCTb ,lI;JIR Hero caMoro; OH rrpllHllMaJI
He.n;oe.n;aHl1e 6e3 rrpOTeCTa; rronyqaJI OqeHb MHoro 0'1'
rrpe,ll;OCTaBJIReMbIX eMY CTl1MYJIOB rrCllXllqeCKOM
)K1l3Hll, HO HllKor,ll;a 6bI eMY He 3aBoeBaTb l1X ,ZJ;JlR ce6R.
Ero «xopomee» OCTaBaJIOCb Toro )Ke Tl1rra 11 rrOCJIe
HacrynJIeHMH rrepMo.n;a «rropR.n;Ka», KaK M ,lI;0 sToro; OH
He rrpORBJIRJI I-Ill B036Y)K,ll;eHl1R, Hl1 SKcrraHCl1BHOCTli.
Ero aHTpOrrOJIOrl1qeCKl1e 113MepeHl1H (Hll)Ke HOP-
MaJIbHoro) YKa3bIBaJIl1, qTO OH BCTYIIllJI Ha )I{1l3HeI-I-
HbIM rryTb, KaK «)KepTBa». OH rrpl1Ha.n;JIe)Kl1T K TOMY
Tllrry cymeCTB, KOTOpbIX «,lI;OJI)KHbI crracaTb .n;pyrne».
XapaKTepHOM HpaBCTBeHHOM oc06eHHOCTbIO
SToro pe6eHKa 6bIJIO «mrrllOHCTBO». Yql1TeJIbHl1Qa
3aMeTl1Jla, qTO pe6eHOK He pa60TaJI, KaK ,lI;pyrlle, OH
qaCTO rro.n;XO,ll;llJI K HeM II CrrpaBJIRJICR, xopomo JIll OH
pa60TaeT MJIl1 ITJIOXO. 11 STO rrpOMCXO,ll;llJIO He TOJIb-
KO BO BpeMR pa60TbI HM MaTepllaJIOM, a rrOBTopR-
JIOCb rrpl1 Ka)K.ZJ;OM ero ,lI;eMCTBl1l1, l1MeIOmliM KaKoe-
H116Y,ll;b MOpaJIbHOe 3HaqeHlle. Ero rnaBHM 3a60Ta
6bIJIa - xopomo llJIM rrJIOXO OH nocryrraeT. ll0TOM OH
CTapaJICR C B03MO)KHOM TOqHOCTbIO rrocryrraTb xopo-
mo. qTO KacaeTCR ero «mrr110HCKllX» HaKJIOHHOCTeM,
TO ryT HllKOr,ll;a He rrpORBJIRJIOCb HllqerO Bp3.)K e6HO-
ro K TOBapl1maM: pe6eHOK BHllMaTeJIbHO CJIe.n;llJI 3a
Hl1Ml1, II KaK OH pa3 YMbIBaJI 0 CBOl1X rrocryrrKax, TaK
)Ke OH CTaBliJI Borrpoc II 0 .n;pyrllX: TaKOM-TO c.n;eJIaJI
TO-TO - xopomo STO llJIl1 ITJIOXO? ll0TOM pe6eHOK
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116 CAMOBOCIII1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
MOM BKJIN], B HAYKY 117
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CTapaJICH 1136eraTb BCerO TOrO, qTO y ,lI;pyrllx 6bIJIO
rrp1l3HaHO «rrJIOXllM».
K meeCR «mrr110HCTBO», B cymHOCTM, 6bIJIO He
qeM llHbIM, KaK CTpeMJIeHlleM pa3pemllTb rrp06JIeMY
,lI;06pa 11 3Jla, 3axBaTl1BrnyIO ero ,lI;eTcK)'IO COBeCTb.
OrpaHl1qeHHbIM orrbIT c06cTBeHHoM )K113Hl1 ero He
y.n;OBJIeTBOpRJl: eMY XOTeJIOCb rrOqeprrHYTb 113 orrbITa
,lI;pyrllX 3HaHlie Toro, qTO xopomo, qTO ,ZJ;ypHO; KaK
eCJIl1 6bI OH BeCb 6bIJI 3axBaqeH )KeJIaHl1eM ,lI;eJIaTb TO,
qTO xopomo, 11 1136eraTb ,ZJ;ypHoro, KaK eCJIl1 6bI STO
6bIJIa ero CYI.QHOCTb. 3'1'0'1' pe6eHoK HeBOJIbHO HaBO-
,lI;WI Ha cyeBepHYIo MbICJIb, qTO OH «CJIllmKOM xopom,
qT06bI )KMTb», A. KaK 6Y,ll;TO rro.n;TBep)K.n;aeT STOT pac-
rrpocTpaI-IeHHbIM npe.n;pacc}'lI.oK. lloTpe6HocTli ero
TeJIa 3aHliMaJIl1 pe6eHKa MaJIO, TaK )Ke OH 6bIJI paBHo-
,ZJ;ymeH 11 K CBOl1M YMcTBeHHbIM HY)K,lI;aM: «xopomecTb»
6bIJIa OCHOBHOM rrpY)KllHOM ero cyI.QecTBoBaHliR. ECJIli
06meCTBO He o6pamaeT BHl1MaHliR Ha TaKlle xapaKTe-
pbI 11 He 6epcr Ha ce6R llX 3aml1ry, ,lI;eTli SToro Tllrra
06peqeHbI Ha rrpe)K.ZJ;eBpeMeHHYIO rM6eJIb.
3Tll .n;Be 3arrMCl1, rro Ha6JIIO.n;eHl1RM Cl1HbOpbI
MaKepOHl1, BHOCRT KoppeKTllB B Te rroBepxHocTHble
orrpe,ll;eJIeHl1R, KOTopbIe .n;aJIa 6bI 06bIKHoBeHHM
mKOJIa TaKl1M ,lI;eTRM; O,ll;l1H 6bIJI 6bI 3aKJIeMMeH KaK
HaCllJIbHllK, ,lI;pyrOM - KaK mrr110H. ECJIl1 MbI Ha30BeM
HaYKOM TO, qTO rrpl1BeJIO K rrepeBO,ZJ;y STliX CJIOB B
«repOM» 11 «aHreJI», KOr,ll;a xapaKTepbI Ha6JIIO,lI;aeMbIX
.n;eTeM 6bIJIli orrpe.n;eJIeHbI llX y,ll;llBl1TeJIbHOM BocrrllTa-
TeJIbHl1QeM, Mbl MO)KeM CKa3aTb, qTO «JII060Bb -
llCTl1HHbIM llCTOqHl1K 3HaHllR».
«llcllXl1qeCKOe ,lI;eMCTBl1e» B03HllKaeT rrpl1 rrOJIO)Ke-
Hllll, KOTopoe MO)KHO orrpe.n;eJIMTb CJIOBaMl1: «Pe6eHOK
)KllBeT». Bce OCTaJIbHOe rrpl1JlO)Kl1TCR. 3'1'0 «,lI;eMCTBl1e»
BnyTpeHHeM )K1l3Hll rrpORBJIReTCR KaK nOJIRpl13aQllR
BnyTpeHHeM l1H.n;llBll,ZJ;yaJIbHOCTl1: STO KaK 6bI QeHTp
KpliCTaJIJIM3aQl1l1, BOKpyr KOToporo, eCJIl1 MMeeTCR
O,ll;HOpO,ll;HbIM MaTepMaJI M HeT rrOMeXH B OKpY)KaIOm eM
06CTaHoBKe, C03,l1;aeTCR orrpe,ll;eJIeHHaH cpopMa - KaK
Kpl1CTaJIJI B HaCblmeHHOM paCTBope.
HamM rre,ll;arorl1 rrOJIbayIOTCR OC060M TepMl1HOJIO-
rlleM, rrOMoraIOmeM llM rrOHl1MaTb ,lI;pyr ,lI;pyra: llM HeT
HM06HOCTl1 rrp116eraTb K 06blqHbIM BbIpa)KeHMRM,
He .n;aIOml1M TOqHOrO rrpe.n;CTaBJIeHllR 0 .n;eMCTBllll,
KOTopoe Ha6JIIO,lI;aeTCR B npOQecce pa3Bl1TllH. TaK, B
llamllX mKOJIaX Hl1KOr,ll;a He rOBopRT: pe6eHOK pa3BM-
BaeTCR, ycrreBaeT, XOpOml1M pe6eHOK, rrJIOXOM pe6e-
HOK. E.n;llHCTBeHHM cppa3a, yrroTpe6JIReMaR B HamllX
mKOJIax: «Pe6eHOK CTaHOBl1TCR ,lI;l1cQl1rrJIl1Hl1pOBaH-
HbIM», llJIl1: «Pe6eHOK He CTaHOBl1TCR .n;llCQllITJIl1Hl1-
pOBaHHbIM». BOCrrl1TaTeJIbHl1Qa )K.ZJ;eT BHYTpeHHero
rropR,ll;Ka, M 0'1' HacryITJIeHl1R l1JIl1 He HacryITJIeHl1R
«rropR,lI;Ka» B rrCllXllKe pe6eHKa Bce 3aBllCliT.
3'1'0 rOBopliT 0 erne 60JIee rJIy60KOM KOHQerrQl1l1
pa3Bl1Tl1R, qeM rrOHRTlie «pocTa». CKa3aTb, qTO
)KMBOe cymecTBO pacTcr, - STO YCTaHOBl1Tb OqeHb
rroBepxHocTHbIM cpaKT; pe6eHoK ,lI;eMCTBMTeJIbHO
pacTeT, HO B Cllny Toro, qTO BHYTpli Y Hero rrpOMCXO-
,lI;l1T rropR,lI;JIliBOe II Cl1CTeMaTllqeCKOe cpOpMl1pOBa-
Hlle BemeCTBa. TaK, Harrpl1Mep, Kor,ll;a rrORBJIReTCR
3apO,ll;bIm KaKOrO-H116y.n;b )KllBOTHOro, TO OH paCTeT;
HO TOT, KOMY rrpllmJIOCb Ha6JIIO,lI;aTb STOT POCT,
MO)KeT KOHCTaTl1pOBaTb ropa3.n;0 60JIee y,ll;l1BllTeJIb-
HbIM cpaKT, qeM RBJIeHl1e Bll.n;l1MorO BHemHero
«pOCTa». llpOl1CXO,ll;l1T y,ll;l1Bl1TeJIbHa51 BHYTpeHHRR
rpynrrl1pOBKa KJIeTOqeK; O,ll;Hl1 06pa3yIOT TKaHb ,ZJ;JlR
KMmeqHl1Ka, .n;pyrl1e KJIeTKM OT,lI;eJIRIOTCR ,lI;JIR cpOpMll-
pOBaHMR HepBHOM Cl1CTeMbI, He60JIbma51 rpyrrrra
06pa3yeT neqeHb 11 TaK rrpOllCXO,ll;l1T Bce 60JIee orrpe-
118 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
MOM BKJIA,lJ: B HAYKY 119
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PY'KoeoiJcmeo 'K nCUXO/lOZU'I.{,eC'KUM 1ia6/lwiJe1iUJUt
KaK Y pe6eHKa rrpORBJl5leTCR )KeJIaHlie l1,lI;Tll Brrepe,ll;.
B KaKOM rrOCJIe,ll;OBaTeJIbHOCTl1 OH BbI611paeT
yrrpa)KHeHl1R .n;JIR Cepbe3HOM pa60TbI.
EepeTCR JIll pe6eHoK CHOBa 3a pa60ry, eCJIli BHemHlle
rrpllql1HbI nOMellIaJIl1 eMY 11 OTBJIeKJIli ero BHMMaHlie.
EepeTCR JIl1 OH CHOBa 3a ry )Ke pa60ry, eCJIli OH Ha
BpeMR HaCl1JlbCTBeHHO OTopBaH 0'1' Hee.
IIoeeiJe1iue. OTMeqaMTe COCTORHl1e rrOpR,lI;Ka HJIM
6eCrrOpR,lI;Ka B ,lI;eMCTBllRX pe6eHKa.
Ero 6eCrrpllqllHHbIe rrocryrrKli.
OTMeqaMTe, MeHReTCR JIll rrOBe.n;eHlle pe6eHKa,
Kor.n;a YCJIO)KHReTCH pa60Ta.
OTMeqaMTe, 6bIBaIOT JIll B rrepllO.n; YCTaHOBJIeHMR
rropR,lI;JIliBbIX ,lI;eMCTBllM: B3pbIBbI PMOCTll; rrep110,ll;bI
rrOKOR; rrpORBJIeHlle qyBCTB.
KaKoe yqaCTl1e rrpl1HllMaeT pe6eHOK B pa3Bl1Tl111
TOBaplim eM .
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rrp1l3bIBY, Kor.n;a ero 30BYT.
OTMeqaMTe, HaqllHaeT JIll pe6eHOK (ll KOr,ll;a) rrpll-
HliMaTb C03HaTeJIbHOe yqaCTl1e B pa60Te ,lI;PyrllX.
OTMeqaMTe, KOr,ll;a rrO,ll;ql1HeHl1e rrp1l3bIBY CTaHO-
Bl1TCR rrOCTORHHbIM.
OTMeqaMTe, KOr,ll;a rrOBl1HOBeHl1e paCrrOpR)Ke-
HliRM CTaHOBliTCR YCTaHOBl1BmllMCR cpaKTOM.
OTMeqaMTe, KOr,ll;a pe6eHOK rrOBl1HYeTCR PMOCT-
HO 11 C rOTOBHOCTbIO.
OTMeqaMTe OTHOmeHl1e pa3JIMqHbIX RBJIeHl1M
rrocnymaHMR, rrOBliHOBeHMR rro llX CTerreHM:
a) K pa3BllTl1IO pa60TbI;
6) K rrepeMeHe rrOBe.n;eHllR.
I,ll
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HM3Ma C TOHqaMmeM ,lI;llcpcpepeHQl1aQl1eM Ka)K.ZJ;OM
OC060M rpynrrbI KJIeTOK. Ey.n;ynJ;lle CPYHKQllll TeJIa Bce-
QeJIO 3aBl1CRT 0'1' crroc06HoCTli KJIeTOK rpyrrrrllpo-
BaTbCR TaKliM l1Jlll llHbIM 06pa30M.
Ba)KHee Bcero He TO, qTO SM6pllOH paCTeT, a TO,
qTO B HeM rrpOllCXO,ll;llT HeqTO KOOp,ll;l1Hl1pYIOl ee.
«POCT» HacrynaeT B pe3YJIbTaTe rropR.n;Ka, .n;eJIaIOmerO
)K113Hb B03MO)KI-IOM. ECJIli SM6pllOH paCTeT 6e3 KOOp-
,lI;l1HllpOBaHI1R CBOl1X BHYTpeHHllX opraHOB, OH He
)K1l3HeCrroc06eH. TYT rrepe.n; HaMli He TOJIbKO llMrryJIb-
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nopR.n;Ka RBJIReTCR cymeCTBeHHbIM YCJIOBlieM ,lI;JIR pea-
JI113aQI111 HaCTORIIJ;ero cyI.QeCTBOBaHliR Bcero )KllBOrO,
06JIa.n;aIOmero l1MrrYJIbCOM cymeCTBOBaHliR.
CYMMa RBJIeHl1M, YKa3aHHbIX B «PyKOBo.n;CTBe K
nCl1XOJIOrl1qeCKliM Ha6JIIO,lI;eHllRM», <paKTl1qeCKli
OTpa)KaeT SBOJIIOQllIO .n;yxOBHoro nOpR,ll;Ka B pe6eI-IKe.
Pa6oma. OTMeqaMTe, Kor,ll;a pe6eHOK HaqllHaeT
3aHliMaTbCR KaKllM-H1l6Y,ll;b ynpa)KHeHl1eM 60JIee llJIli
MeHee rrpO,ll;OJI)KllTeJIbHbIM rrpOMe OK BpeMeHM.
KaKoe yrrpa)KHeHlle 11 KaK ,lI;OJIro pe6eHOK pa6o-
TaeT HM HliM (TeMrr B llCrrOJIHeHl1l1 yrrpa)KHeHl1R,
rrOBTopeHlle) .
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CR B pa60Te HM orrpe,ll;eJIeHHbIMli ynpa)KHeHl1RMli.
3a KaKlie ynpa)KHeHl1R pe6eHOK 6epeTCR B Teqe-
Hlle o.n;Horo 11 Toro )Ke ,lI;HR 11 HaCKOJIbKO ynOPI-IO
pa60TaeT.
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.n;eRTeJIbHOCTll, CKOJIbKO .n;I-IeM STH rrep110.n;bI TRHyTCR.
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6bIBmlle CTapml1e cny)Kl1TeJIM rrpll JIa60paTopMRX,
rrpeBpaTllBmlleCR B crreQl1aJIliCTOB-MaCTepOB.
Terrepb )Ke rrpl1 HayqHbIX pa60Tax «rrperrapaTO-
pbI» - rrOqTl1 BCer,ll;a CaMl1 HayqHble pa60THl1Kl1 l1Jlll
JIIO,lI;l1 C BbICml1M 06pa30BaHl1eM. Ha caMOM ,lI;eJIe llX
pa60Ta qpe3BblqaMHO OTBeTCTBeHHaR: OHli ,lI;OJI)KHbI
06JIa.n;aTb I103HaHl1RMl1 rro 6110JIOrl111, cp1l311Ke,
XllMlll1, II qeM nyqme OHli rrO,ll;rOTOBJIeHbI, qeM 60JIb-
me llX rrO,ll;rOTOBKa rrp116JIll)KaeTCR K rrO,ll;rOToBKe yqe-
HbIX, TeM BepHee 11 6bIcTpee 113 pa60TbI HM llX MaTe-
pllaJIOM MorYT 6bITb c.n;eJIaHbI HayqHbIe BbIBO.n;bI.
11 cTpaHHo, qTO cpe,ll;l1 HayqHbIX HarypaJIllCTl1qe-
CKliX JIa60paTOpl1M TOJIbKO JIa60paTopliR «sKcrrepl1-
MeHTaJIbHOM rrCllXOJIOrl1l1» Cql1TaeT B03MO)KHbIM
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rrCllXOJIOrOM 06 OpraH113aQl1M pa60TbI «rrperrapaTo-
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orrbITOB B TOM )Ke .n;yxe, KaK STO rrpOl1CXO,ll;l1T B CP11311-
qeCKOM JIa60paTOpl1l1.
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Ha KOTOpOM MO)KHO 6bIJIO 6bI Ha6JIIO,lI;aTb orrpe,ll;eJIeH-
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ey6neKToB .n;JIR CBOl1X Ha6JIIO,lI;eHllM, npllBJIeKM MX
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JIbI SKCrrepl1MeHTOB, rrpeBpamaeT caMYIO mKony B
.n;eMCTBl111 B pO,ll; HayqHoM JIa60paTOpl1l1 ,lI;JIR rrCllXore-
HeTllqeCKOrO 113yqeHllR qeJIOBeKa. IIIKOJIa, 6bITb
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,lI;JIR Ha6JIIO.n;eHllM. qT06bI Ha6JIIO,lI;aTb ,lI;Bl1)KeHlle npo-
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pacTBop, r,ll;e 6bI )KllBbIe IweTKll npo.n;oJI)KaJIl1 )KllTb,
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BeK, cnyqaMHbIM nOCeTllTeJIb JIa60paTOpllll, rro.n;xo-
.n;llT .n;JIR ;:mCrrepllMeHTa. Kopoqe, COBpeMeHHbIM
rrCllXOJIOr .n;eMcTByeT, KaK pe6eHOK, KOTOpbIM JIOBliT
6a60qKY, paCCMaTpliBaeT ee O.n;llH Mllr II oTrrycKaeT;
OH HllqeM He HarrOMliHaeT 6110JIOra, eCTeCTBOllcrrbI-
TaTeJIR, 3a60TRmerOCR rrpe)K.l.J;e Bcero 0 TOM, qT06bI
.n;JIR Ha6JIIO.n;eHllH Bce 6bIJIO TmaTeJIbHO no.n;roTOBJIe-
HO B JIa60paToplili.
B HallIliX sKcrrepllMeHTaX KapTliHa nCllXOJIOrllqe-
CKoro pa3BllTllR, eCJIli II He OTJIl1qaeTCR Bcer.n;a rrOJI-
HOTOM, rrOKa3bIBaeT ry KOCTb, OCTOpO)KHOCTb, C
KOTOpOM He06xo.n;llMO rrpe.n;OCTaBJIRTb pe6eHKY cpe.n;-
CTBa pa3BllTliR ll, qTO erne Ba)KHee, YBa)KaTb ero CBO-
60.n;y. TaKlie YCJIOBllR B BbICmeM CTerreHll cymecTBeH-
HbI, qT06bI rrCllXllqeCKlie RBJIeHllR .n;eMcTBllTeJIbHO
llMeJIli MeCTO II MOrJIli COCTaBllTb HaCTORmliM «MaTe-
pllaJI .n;JIR Ha6JIIO.n;eHllR». Bce STO Tpe6yeT crreQllaJIb-
HOM 06cTaHoBKll II no.n;roTOBJIeHHOrO nepCOHaJIa,
COCTaBJIRIOmllX BMeCTe HeqTO QeJIoe, ropa3.n;0 60JIee
CJIO)KHOe H opraH1l30BaHHOe, qeM 06blqHM JIa60pa-
TOpl1R HarypaJIliCTa. TaKoM «JIa60paToplleM» MO)KeT
6bITb TOJIbKO Ha1l60JIee cOBepllIeHHM, opraH1l30BaH-
HM Ha HayqHbIX OCHOBax llIKOJIa, r.n;e yqllTeJIb - «rrpe-
rrapaTop» HOBoro Tl1rra, T.e. HayqHbIM pa60THliK.
KOHeqHO, He BceM mKOJIaM y.n;aeTCR .n;OCTllqb TaKO-
ro HayqHOrO l1,lI;eaJIa. Ho Bce )Ke, HeCOMHeHHO, 3Maqa
mKOJIbI II 3Maqa yqllTeJIR - ll.n;Tll rro rrpll SKcrrepll-
MeHTaJIbHOM HaYKll. OxpaHRTb rrCllXllqecK)'IO )K1l3Hb
.n;eTeM - STO 3HaqllT .n;aTb llM cpe.n;CTBa pa3BllTliR II
CB060.n;y )KllTb; STO .n;OJI)KHO CTaTb «eCTeCTBeHHbIM
rrpaBOM» .n;eTeM HOBoro rrOKOJIeHHR. KaK cpl1JIOCO-
cpCKMll COQllaJIbHMKOHQerrQllR, STO rrpaBO .n;OJI)KHO
113MeHllTb TerrepellIHee rrOJIO)KeHlle, KOTopoe 3HaeT
TOJIbKO «06R3aTeJIbCTBO .n;OCTaBJIRTb 06yqeHl1e», -
06R3aTeJIbCTBO, JIO)KameeCR TR)KeJIbIM 6peMeHeM He
TOJIbKO Ha rocy.n;apCTBeHHbIM 6IO.n;)KeT, HO II Ha Cl1JIbI
II 3.n;opOBbe rrO.n;paCTaIOmerO rrOI<OJIeHllR. ECJIli rrCll-
XllqeCKlie rrpORBJIeHllR .n;eTeM B Hapo.n;HOM llIKOJIe He
.n;aIOT MaTepllaJIa .n;JIR 0606meHllR rrCllXOJIOrlili KaK
HaYI<ll, OHli CTaHOBRTCR caMOQeJIbIO, KaK, HarrpliMep,
caMOQeJIb - KpacoTa rrpl1po.n;bI.
HOBbIe llIKOJIbI, BO BCRKOM cnyqae, He .n;OJI)KHbI
C03.n;aBaTbCR .n;JIR HY)K,lI; HaYKll, llX QeJIb - 06 1l-
BaTb qeJIOBeqeCTBO. llYCTb yqllTeJIb C pa.n;OCTbIO
Ha6JIIO.n;aeT pacrrycKaIOmyIOcR )K1l3Hb II HaCJIa)K.n;aeTCR
corrpllI<OCHOBeHlleM C ,lI;yrnoM pe6eHKa, XOTR 6bI OH
caM H He Mor HllqerO BHeCTli B HaYKY. HeCOMHeHHO,
qTO I1pll MoeM MeTo.n;e BocrrllTaHliR JIllqHOCTb II
COQllaJIbHOe rrOJIO)KeHlle BocrrllTaTeJIbHllQbI rrOJIyqHT
HOBoe pa3BllTlie.
Y)Ke rrOCJIe HamllX rrepBbIX, erne He BrrOJIHe opra-
H1l30BaHHbIX, SKcrrepllMeHTOB BbIRBl1JICR HOBbIM Tllrr
yqllTeJIbHllQbI: y Hac .n;l1peKTplicca (yqllTeJIbHllQa)
MOJIqaJIllBa, He C006maeT 3HaHHM, a Ha6JIIO.n;aeT; OHa
rrepeCTaJIa 6bITb HerrorpellIliMOM; CMllpeHlle, CKPOM-
HOCTb - ee .n;06po.n;eTeJIli.
3'1'0'1' rrepeBopoT HarrOMliHaeT TO, K qeMY .n;OJI)KeH
6bIJI rrpllMTll YHllBepCllTeTCKliM rrpocpeccop, Kor.n;a
rr0311TllBHbIe HaYKll CTaJIli llrpaTb POJIb. KaK .n;aJIeK
rrOqTeHHbIM npocpeccop CTaporo BpeMeHll B CBoeM
Tore, BOCCe.n;aIOmliM Ha B03BbImeHllll, KaK Ha TpOHe,
II BemaIOmliM llCTllHbI C TaKOM HerrpeJIO)KHOCTbIO,
qTO cnymaTeJIli .n;OJI)KHbI 6bIJIli He TOJIbKO BepllTb
BceM}'; qTO OH rOBOpl1JI, HO II KJIRCTbCR «in verrba
magistri», 0'1' cOBpeMeHHoro rrpocpeccopa C ero rrpo-
CTOTOM B o.n;e)K.l.J;e II B MaHepe rrperro.n;aBaHllR!
YqamlieCR 3HaIOT, qTO llX Ha1l60JIbllIee .n;Bll)KeHlle
Brrepe.n; HaqllHaeTCR C Toro MOMeHTa, KOr,ll;a OHli crro-
124 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
ITO.ll:fOTOBKA YQI1TEJIbHI1IJ;bI 125
11"1
III
II
: 1 1
I I
III
I
II
I j,a
C06HbI «rrpOBepllTb» llCTllHHOCTb nOJIO)KeHllM,
BbI,ll;BllraeMbIX rrpocpeCCOpOM, llJIl1 CBOeM pa60TOM
.n;aBaTb .n;aJIbHeMllIee .n;Bll)KeHlle HaYKe, I1pll06maTbCR
K qllCny Tex, KTO BHec CBOIO JIerrry B RaYK)' llJIli
OTKpbIJI HOBbIe llCTllHbI.
ll0qeT H llepapXllR, apllBllIlie I<or.n;a-TO B STliX
mKOJIax, ycryrrllJIli CBoe MeCTO llHTepeey K O)Kl1,lI;ae-
MbIM XllMllqeCKHM II cp1l311qeCKliM llJIli .n;pyrllM eCTe-
CTBeHHbIM RBJIeHl1RM, KOTopbIe MOryT 6bITb YCTaHO-
BJIeHbI B rrpoQecce 113yqeHllR, II rrepe.n; STliM Bce
OCTaJIbI-IOe crymeBbIBaeTCR. BCR opraH1l3aQllR ay.n;llTO-
plill Cny)KllT <ITOM HOBOM QeJIll; eCJIll1l3yqeHlle 113BeCT-
Horo RBJIeHHR Tpe6yeT CBeTa, Bce CTeHbI CTeKJIRHHbIe;
eCJIli He06xo.n;llMa TeMHOTa, ay.n;llTOpl1R YCTpaI1BaeTCR
TaK, qTO ee MO)KHO 06paTl1Tb B camera obscura. Ba)K-
HbIM RBJIHeTCR TOJIbKO O.n;HO - 113yqaeMOe RBJIeHlle
.n;OJI)KHO llMeTb MeCTO, 6y.n;b TO ,ZJ;ypHOM 3arrax, apOMaT,
SJIeI<TpllqeCKM llCKpa, COI<pameHlle MYcKYJIa JIRrym-
Kll, 3ByqaHlie pe30HaTopOB feJIbMrOJIbQa II T.rr.
Bce paBHO rrepe,n JIllQOM HaYKH, II BCe BXO.n;llT Bee
OrrbITbI. O.n;HO CTpaCTHoe BCerrOrJIOmaIOmee CTpeMJIe-
Hlle - STO CTpeMJIeHlle YCTaHOBllTb HCTliHY. M HOBoe
rrOKOJIeHlle Tpe6yeT 0'1' HayKll HMeHHO SToro, a He pa3-
HbIX opaTopCKliX rrplieMOB, KpaCliBbIX )KeCTOB II T.rr.
aKceccyapoB rrperro.n;aBaTeJIeM, CTpeMllBllIllXCR OBJIa-
.n;eTb BHllMaHlieM.
Hama MOJIo.n;e)Kb rrpORBJIRcr Terrepb ropa3.n;0 60JIb-
me CTpacTliK 3HaHllIO, qeM rrpocTo BHllMaHl1R K BHellI-
HOCTll, II Hepe.n;Ko YXO.n;llT 113 ay.n;llTopllll, He coxpa-
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yqllTeJIIO. TOJIbKO YBa)KeHlle COBpeMeHHoro cry.n;eHTa
K BeJIliKOMY yqeHOMY II 6JIaro.n;eTeJIIO qeJIOBeqeCTBa,
CKpOMHO, B XOJImeBOM 6ny3e CTORmeMY cpe,nll HllX,
CllJIbHO pa3HllTCR 0'1' rrpe)KHerO cTpaxa, CMellIaHHoro
C HaCMemKOM, rrepe.n; rrpocpeccopOM B rrapl1I<e 11 OCO-
60M Tore.
PecpopMa mKOJIbI II yqllTeJIbHllQbI .n;OJI)KHa rrOMTll
rro STOMY )Ke rrYTll.
Kor.n;a B mKOJIe Bce cocpe.n;OTOql1BaeTCR BOI<pyr
OCHOBHbIX cpaKTOB II TaKOBblMH RBJIRIOTCR eCTeCTBeH-
HbIe rrpORBJIeHl1R .n;eTeM, llIKOJIa BXO.n;llT B Op611ry
HayKll. Tor.n;a-To B yql1TeJIbHl1Qe .n;OJI)KHbI npORBllTbCR Te
qepTbI, KOTopbIe Heo6xo.n;llMbI ,ZJ;JlR HayqHOM pa60TbI.
Y MenTOB HaYKH MbI HaxO.n;llM 06mlle qepTbI,
He3aBllCliMO 0'1' co.n;ep)KaHllR llX HayqHOM pa60TbI.
300JIOrll, CPH311Kll, XllMllKll, aCTpOHOMbI, 60TaHllKll,
XOTR rro co.n;ep)KaHliIO HX 3HaHl1R COBepllIeHHO pa3-
JIllqHbI, - Bce RBJIRIOTCR rrpe.n;CTaBllTeJIRMl1 rr0311TllB-
HOM HaYKll II OTJIllqaIOTCR 06mllMli xapaKTepHbIMli
rrp113HaKaMl1 0'1' MeTacp11311KOB rrpomJIoro. 3Tll
06mlle qepTbI CBR3aHbI He C co.n;ep)KaHHeM HayqHOM
pa60TbI, a C MeTo.n;OM. ECJIli rre.n;arorliKa CTpeMliTCR
3aHRTb MeCTO cpe.n;l1 rr0311THBHbIX HaYK, OHa .n;OJl)KHa
rrpllHRTb llX MeTO.n;. M yqllTeJIbHllQa .n;OJI)KHa rro.n;ro-
TOBJIRTb ce6R He rrocpe.n;CTBOM co.n;ep)KaHllR, a
rrocpe.n;CTBOM MeTo.n;a.
OTJIllql1TeJIbHOM qepTOM rre,narora .n;OJI)KHO 6bITb
CKopee KaqeCTBO, qeM 113BeCTHM CTerreHb K)'JIbrypbI.
OCHOBHoe «KaqeCTBO» - cnoc06HOCTb «Ha6JIIO.n;e-
HllR». 3'1'0 KaqeCTBO CTOJIb Ba)KHOe, qTO rr0311TllBHbIe
HaYKll Ha3bIBaJIliCb Ta]()Ke «HaYKaMli Ha6JIIO.n;aTeJIbHbI-
Mll» - TepMllH, 3aMeHeHHbIM Terrepb TepMllHoM «SKC-
rrepllMeHTaJIbHbIe HayKll» .n;JIR Tex 06JIaCTeM 3HaHllM,
r.n;e Ha6JIIO.n;eHHe coe.n;llHReTCR C sKcrrepllMeHToM.
Terrepb RCHO, qTO 06JIMaHlie 3HaHl1RMli II BHellI-
HliMli qyBcTBaMli erne He.n;OCTaTOqHO, qT06bI c.n;eJIaTb
qeJIOBeKa crroc06HbIM Ha6JIIO.n;aTb; STO - CBoero po.n;a
,I
126 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
ITO.ll:fOTOBKA yqI1TEJIbHI1IJ;bI 127
HaBblK, rrpliBbIqKa, KOTOpaH pa3BllBaeTCR rrpaKTll-
KOM. Kor.n;a HeOrrbITHOMY qeJIOBeKY rrOKa3bIBaIOT B
TeJIeCKOrr KaKoe-H1l6y.n;b RBJIeHHe 3Be3.n;HOrO He6a llJIli
,neTaJIli KJIeTKll B MllKpOCKOrr, TO CKOJIbKO 6bI eMY Hll
CTapaJIliCb 06'bRCHllTb, qTO OH .n;OJI)KeH YBl1,lI;eTb, OH
He yBl1,lI;llT.
XOpOllIO 113BeCTHO, qTO Kor.n;a KaKoe-H1l6y.n;b
HOBoe OTKpbITlie Ha.n;O c.n;eJIaTb rrOHRTHbIM llIlipOKliM
KpyraM, rrpllxo.n;llTCR OTMeqaTb ero 60JIee rpy6ble
CTOpOHbI. HerrOCBRmeHHbIe He MOryT nOHRTb TOH-
qaMllIlie .n;eTaJIl1, COCTaBJIRIOmlie KaK pa3 caMYIO cym-
HOCTb OTKpbITliR. M ;jTO rrOTOMY, qTO OHli Hecrroc06-
HbI Ha6JIIO.n;aTb.
qT06bI Ha6JIIO.n;aTb, He06xo.n;llMO 6bITb K STOMY
«no.n;rOTOBJIeHHbIM», - BOT llCTllHHbIM rryTb K HaYKe,
nOTOMY qTO, eCJIli He 3aMeqaIOT RBJIeHllR, STO Bce
paBHO KaK 6bI caMoro RBJIeHllR II He cymeCTBOBaJIO;
.n;yma yqeHOrO BceQeJIO 3axBaqeHa CTpaCTHbIM llHTe-
peCOM K TOM}'; qTO OH Bl1,lI;llT. TOT, KTO <<lIo.n;roTOBJIeH»
K «Bll.n;eHllIO», HaqllHaeT qYBcTBoBaTb llHTepec K
RBJIeHl1IO, STOT llHTepec II CTaHOBliTCR .n;BllraTeJIbHOM
CllJIOM HayqHoro llCCJIe.n;OBaHllR, C03.n;aeT HayqHOrO
pa60THliKa. KaK B MaJIeHbKOM pe6eHKe BHYTpeHHRR
Koop.n;llHaQllR, OpraH1l3YIOmeeCR «R» 06pa3yeT KaK
6bI QeHTp KpliCTaJIJI1l3aQllll, BOKpyr KOToporo cpop-
MlipyeTcR Bce ero BHYTpeHHee rrCllXl1qeCKOe co.n;ep-
)KaHlle, Tat{ B yqllTeJIbHllQe llHTepec K Ha6JIIO.n;aeMO-
MY RBJIeHllIO CJIpKllT CBoero po.n;a QeHTpOM .n;JIR caM-
orrp01l3BOJIbHOM opraH1l3aQHll JIllqHOCTli.
Cnoc06HOCTb «Ha6JIIO.n;eHl1R» rro.n;pa3YMeBaeT B
qeJIOBeKe II pR,ll; .n;pyrllX, XOTR II MeHee 3Haql1TeJIbHbIX
KaqeCTB: HanpliMep, TepneHlle. ITo cpaBHeHllIO C yqe-
HbIM Herro.n;rOTOBJIeHHbIM qeJIOBeK He TOJIbKO CJIerr II He
Bll.ZJ;llT Hll rrpOCTbIM, Hll Boop eHHbIM rJIa30M, - OH
TaK)Ke «HeTeprreJIllB». ECJIH acrpoHoM He HameJI erne
cpoK)'ca B TeJIeCKOrre, HeCBe,ZJ;ymllM Ha6JIIO.n;aTeJIb He
MO)KeT .n;O)K.l.J;aTbCR, rrOKa Bce 6y.n;cr HaJIa)KeHO. HayqHbIM
pa60THliK rrp01l3Bo.n;llT Bce rro.n;rOTOBllTeJIbHbIe pa60-
TbI, .n;a)Ke He 3aMeqaH, qTO STO - MllHHbIM 11 KpOrrOTJIll-
BbIM rrpoQecc, a rrOCTopOHHllM .n;eny qeJIOBeK B03MYTHT-
CR, COqTeT, qTO OH 3.n;eCb HarrpaCHO TepReT BpeMR.
Ha caMOM .n;eJIe Borrpoc JJ;JIR Hero He B He.n;OCTaTKe
BpeMeHll, a B TOM, qTO Y Hero HeT TeprreHllR. TOT, y
Koro HeT TeprreHllR, He MO)KeT rrO-HaCTORmeMY oQe-
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CTBeHHbIe llMrryJIbCbl Hero caMoy.n;OBJIeTBOpeHlle. OH
paCCqllTbIBaeT BpeMR TOJIbKO rro c06CTBeHHOM aKTllB-
HOCTli. To, qTO .n;aeT eMY y.n;oBJIeTBOpeHl1e, MO)KeT
COBepmeHHO He llMeTb HllKat<OM 06'beKTllBHOM QeH-
HOCTll, H STO He llrpaeT pOJIH; .n;JIR Hero QeHHO TO,
qTO rrpliHOCliT eMY y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHlle. M eCJIli OH caM
y.n;OBJIeTBOpeH, TO HeT Borrpoca 0 rrOTepe BpeMeHll. H
Ha060pOT, OH He MO)KeT BbIHeCTli H CqllTaeT rrOTepeM
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MOMeHT c.n;ep)KllBaHllR, O)Kll.n;aHl1e, eCJIIi O)Kl1,lI;aeMbIe
llM pe3YJIbTaTbI He HaCTYIIllJIli HeMe,ZJ;JleHHO. He.n;apOM
cymeCTByeT Hapo.n;HaR llTaJIbRHCKaR rrOCJIOBllQa:
aspettare e non venire e una cossa da morire ()K.l.J;aTb
Toro, qTO He rrpOllcxo.n;llT, - CMepTeJIbHM Bem b ).
3Tll HeTeprreJIliBbIe JIIO.n;ll OqeHb rrOXO)Kll Ha cyeTJIll-
BbIX KpllKYHOB, KOTopbIe 06bIqHO llCqe3aIOT, KaK
TOJIbKO HaqllHaeTCR HaCTORmee .n;eJIo.
HY)KHO OCHOBaTeJIbHOe BocrrllTaHlle, qT06bI rr060-
pOTb TaKoe OTHOllIeHlle. HaM He06xo.n;llMO OBJIMeTb
HallIeM BOJIeM, KOHTpOJIlipOBaTb caMllX ce6R, eCJIli
HaM XOqeTCR .n;eMCTBllTeJIbHO CBR3aTbCR C BHemHHM
MlipOM II BocrrpllHRTb ero QeHHOCTb. Ee3 TaKOM rro.n;-
rOTOBKll HeB03MO)KHO ,noCTaTOqHO BHllMaTeJIbHO
128 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
ITO.ll:fOTOBKA YQI1TEJIbHI1lJ;bI 129
OTHOCllTbCR KO BCeM TeM MeJIOqaM II .n;eTaJIRM, 113
KOTOpbIX HaYKa .n;eJIaeT CBOli BbIBO,nbI.
CrrOC06HOCTb .n;JIllTeJIbHO II TOqHO 113yqaTb
BOrrpOC, llMeIOmllM, Bl1,lI;HMO, BTopOCTerreHHoe 3Ha-
qeHlle, - OqeHb QeHHoe KaqeCTBO ,ZJ;JlR Toro, KTO
XOqeT .n;BllraTb Brrepe.n; HaYKY. Ka)K.n;bIM CP1l311K,
XllMllK, 6110JIOr rrp01l3Bo.n;llT C BeJIHqaMmliM Teprre-
HlieM eJIbIM pR,ll; MeJIbqaMmllX II CKyqHbIX rrpe.n;Bapll-
TeJIbHbIX orrepaQllM, He06xo.n;llMbIX MR ero pa60TbI.
3Tll HaBblKH «CMl1peHllR», rrOKopHOCTll- Ba)KHbIM
SJIeMeHT TeprreHllR. HaCTORmliM yqeHbIM 06JIMaeT
CMllpeHlleM. ,ZJ;JIR Hero HeT HllqerO CJIllIIIKOM He3Ha-
qllTeJIbHOrO, Ha qTO OH OTKa3aJICR 6bI OT.n;aBaTb CBOli
CHJIbI, Bce CBoe BpeMR. OH llmeT llCTllHY, BMeCTe co
CBOliMli yqeHllKaMli .n;0611BaeTCR pa3peIIIeHllR Borrpo-
ca, TOJIKaeT llX Ha aKTllBHOCTb, a He Ha rrpOCToe YCBO-
eHlle BbI.n;BllHYTOM .n;OI<TpHHbI.
Ho BbICIIIM cpopMa CMllpeHllR B JIIO.n;RX HaYKM rrpo-
RBJIReTCR B llX crroc06HOCTliK caMOOTpeqeHllIO, II He
TOJIbKO rro OTHomeHllIO K BHeIIIHllM BemaM, HO II rro
OTHOIIIeHllIO K .n;yxOBHbIM 6JIaraM, TaKllM, KaK 3apO)K-
.n;aIOmeeCR y6e)K.l.J;eHlle, JII0611MM l1.n;eR H T.rr. I1epe.n;
JIllQOM llCTHHbI Y qeJIOBeKa HayKll HeT rrpe,nB3R-
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l1,lI;eM, qT06bI .n;BllHYTbCR Brrepe.n;. TaK rrOCTerreHHO OH
OqllmaeTCR 0'1' om1l60I< II coxpaHReT CBOM YM Bcer.n;a
CBe)KllM, RCHbIM, rrpOCTbIM, KaK caMa llCTllHa, C KOTo-
pOM OH CTpeMliTCR coe,nllHllTbCR. He rroToMY JIll
Terrepb BCRKliM crreQllaJIliCT rro .n;eTCKliM 60JIe3HRM
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130 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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CTeHaMll, JIllmeHHbIMl1 BCRKliX YKparneHllM, .n;OJI)KHbI
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.n;aBrnliMCR, JIllmeHHbIM BrreqaTJIeHllM .n;yx pe6eHKa
6y.n;eT JIyqme BocrrpllHllMaTb MaJIoc'be.n;06HYIO llHTeJI-
JIeKryaJIbHYIO rrllmy, .n;OCTaBJIReMyIO eMY yqllTeJIeM.
,n:pyrllMli CJIOBaMll, Bce paCCellBaIOmlie SJIeMeHTbI
.n;OJI)KHbI 6bITb y.n;aJIeHbI 113 06CTaHOBKll, OI{p aIO-
meM yqeHllKa, .n;JIR Toro, qT06bI yqllTeJIb C rrOMOmbIO
CBOliX opaTopCKllX crroc06HOCTeM II pa3HbIX crre-
QllaJIbHbIX rrplieMOB Mor 6bI cpllKClipOBaTb Ha ce6e
HerrOKopHoe BHllMaHlie pe6eHKa.
HarrpOTllB, HaCTORmaH mKOJIa MblCJIli He 6y.n;eT
MernaTb KpaCOTe B 06CTaHOBKe pa60TbI. HliKaKoe
YKpameHlle He MO)KeT pa3BJIeqb pe6eHKa, .n;eMCTBll-
TeJIbHO rrOrJIOmeHHOrO CBoeM pa60TOM. KpaCOTa YCll-
JIliBaeT KOHQeHTpaQllIO MblCJIli H OCBe)KaeT B MllHYTbI
.n;YXOBHOM YCTaJIOCTli.
XOTR STO 3ByqllT .lI:JIR MHorllX CTpaHHO, HO eCJIli
CJIe.n;OBaTb rrpllHQllrraM HayKll, TO qeJIOBeK .n;OJI)KeH
)KllTb B xy.n;O)KeCTBeHHOM 06CTaHOBKe, II rrOSTOMY,
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.n;eHllR qeJIOBeqeCKOM )K1l3Hll», B ee cTeHax He06xo-
.lI:llMO c06paTb Bce KpaCliBoe, KaK .n;JIR 6aKTepllOJIOrll-
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JIerKlle; Tor.n;a .n;eTli MOryT C HHMll JIerKO CrrpaBJIRTb-
CR, llX JIerKO rrepe.n;BllraTb, ll, KpOMe Toro, qTO erne
Ba)KHee, TaKlie Bemll rro caMOM CBoeM XpynKOCTli CTa-
HOBRTCR «BocrrllTaTeJIbHbIM MaTepllaJIOM». M3 STllX
)Ke C006pa)KeHllM .n;eTRM .n;aIOTCR cpaHHCOBbIe TapeJI-
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Borrpoc 0 caMoynpaBJIeHllH, OH caM CTapaeTCR rrpHy-
qllTb ce6R He 3MeBaTb Bemll, He orrpOKll.n;bIBaTb, He
JIOMaTb; OH rrOCTerreHHO CMRrqaeT CBOH .n;Bll)KeHllR II
HayqaeTCR llMli CB060.n;HO ynpaBJIRTb, .n;eJIaeTCR roc-
rro.n;l1HOM caMoro ce6R! TaKliM )Ke rryTeM pe6eHOK
rrpHBbmaeT He rraqKaTb KpaCliBbIe H rrpliRTHbIe
Bemll, YKparnaIOmlie ero )K1l3Hb. TaK pe6eHOK rrpo-
.n;BllraeTCR rro rryTll caMOCOBeprneHCTBOBaHliR l1JIll,
.n;pyrllMli CJIOBaMll, rrpl1yqaeTCR KOOp.n;llHllpOBaTb
CBOli .n;Bll)KeHllR rro c06CTBeHHOM BOJIe. TOT )Ke rrpo-
Qecc rrpollcxo.n;llT B ,ZJ;yrne pe6eHKa, Kor.n;a, rrpliBbI-
KHYB K TlimliHe II xopomeM MY3bIKe, OH CTapaeTCR
1136eraTb rnyMa II pe3Kllx 3BYKOB, rroToMY qTO STO
Herrpl1RTHO ,ZJ;JlR ero c06cTBeHHoro, BocrrllTaHHoro Ha
rapMoHllll, cnyxa.
Ha060poT, I<or.n;a pe6eHoK COTHIO pa3 HaTbIKaeTCR
Ha TR)KenyIO )KeJIe3HYIO rrapry, e.n;Ba c.n;BllraIOmyIOcR
.n;a)Ke 0'1' YCl1JIl1R B3pOCJIOro pa60qero; Kor.n;a OH .n;eJIa-
eT TbICRqH qepHl1JIbHbIX rrRTeH, He3aMeTHbIX Ha qep-
HOM rrapTe, l1JIli 6e3 KOHQa pOHReT MeTaJIJIllqecK)'IO
rrocy.n;y, He pa3611BM ee, OH II He 3aMeqaeT CBOliX 6ec-
nopR.n;OqHbIX, HeYMeJIbIX .n;Bll)KeHllM, rroToMY qTO
BHemHRR 06cTaHoBKa )K1l3Hll KaK 6bI JIllQeMepHo
«cKpbIBaeT» II YKpeITJIReT ero He.n;OCTaTKll.
,n:eTli HY)K.l.J;aIOTCR B .n;Bll)KeHllll. CB060.ll:HOe .lI:Bll)Ke-
Hlle - STO CTaJIO Terrepb 06merrp1l3HaHHbIM rllrlleHll-
qeCKl1M rrpllHQllrroM. Kor.n;a rOBopRT 0 «cB060,ll;HbIX
.lI:eTRX», TO rrO.ll:pa3YMeBaeTCR, qTO .lI:eTRM rrpe.n;OCTa-
138 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
CPE.LJ:A 139
III
1111
BJIeHa cB060.n;a .n;Bl1raTbCR, T.e. 6eraTb, rrpbIraTb II T.rr.
B Harne BpeMR Ka)K.n;M MaTb rrOHliMaeT, qTO ee pe6eH-
K)' CJIe,ZJ;yeT 6bIBaTb B rrapKe, Ha nyry, CB060.n;HO 6eraTb
Ha B03.n;yxe. M Kor.n;a MbI rOBopliM 0 cB060.n;e B mKOJIe,
TO 06blqHO npe.n;CTaBJIHeM ce6e cp1l3HqecK)'IO cB060.n;y,
cB060.n;y .n;Bll)KeHllR, II TYT rrepe.n; HaMli BCTaeT 06pa3
cB060.n;Horo pe6eHKa, npbIraIOmerO C rrapTbI Ha
rrapry, 6eraIOmerO, KaK cYMacme.n;mllM, B TeCHOM KJIac-
ce, HaTbIKaIOmerOCR Ha CTeHbI... .HCHO, qTO «cB060.n;a
Bl1)KeHl1R» OJI)KHa BbI3bIBaTb H .n;pyryIO MbICJIb - 0
«60JIbmOM rrpocTpaHcTBe»; II eCJIH pe6eHoK BbIHY)K-
eH rrpoBo llTb CBoe BpeMR B TeCHOM KOMHaTe, -
He1l36e)KeH KOHcpJIliKT Me)K,ZJ;y «cB060.n;OM .n;Bll)KeHllR»
II rrperrRTCTBllRMll, a, CJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO, He1l36e)KeH II
6ecrropR.n;oK, HeCOBMeCTliMbIM C .n;llcQllrrJIliHOM II
pa60ToM.
Ho B 06JIaCTli «rHrlleHbI rrCHXllKH» cB060.n;a rrepe-
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MOTOpHbIX .n;Bll)KeHllM. MO)KHO 6bI CKa3aTb 0 meHKe
llJIIi KOTeHKe TO, qTO rOBopliTCR 0 .n;eTRX, - OHli .n;OJI-
)KHbI 6bITb CB060.n;HbIMll, 6eraTb, rrpbIraTb II YMeTb
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raIOT II 6eraIOT B rrapKe II Ha nyry, KaK .n;eTll, l1JIli BMe-
CTe C .n;eTbMll. Ho eCJIli 6bI ry )Ke l1,lI;eIO cB060.n;bI MbI
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c.n;eJIaTb Koe-KaKlie crreQllanbHbIe rrpl1rOTOBJIeHllR:
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OHli He npllcrroc06JIeHbI K 3eMJIe, a nyqme Bcero .n;ep-
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ll0qeMY )Ke HaM He rrpllXo.n;llT B rOJIOBY, qTO eCJIl1
He06xo.n;llMO rro.n;rOTOBllTb oc06yIO 06CTaHOBKY,
qT06bI 06eCrreqllTb CB060.n;y .n;Bll)KeHllR rrTllQe II perr-
Tl1JIllll, TO, rrO)KaJIYM, C HameM CTOpOHbI orrycKaeTcR
KaKM-TO om1l6Ka, Kor.n;a .n;eTRM MbI rrpe.n;OCTaBJIReM
TaK)'IO )Ke CPOPMY CB060 bI, KaK c06aKaM II KOTRTaM?
M .n;eMCTBllTeJIbHO, .n;eTll, Kor.n;a MbI rrpOCTO OCTaBJIR-
eM llX Ha cB060.n;e, qaCTO rrpORBJIRIOT HeTeprreHlle,
CCOpRTCR, ITJIa . ,L(eTli rrocTapme cTapaIOTcR qTO-
H1l6Y,lI;b 11306peCTll, qT06bI CKpbITb 0'1' caMliX ce6R
CKYKY H YHll)KeHlle XO)K.n;eHllR pa,n:ll XO)K eHHR,
6eraHbR pMll 6eraHbR. OHH ll T ,ZJ;JlR Bcero :'noro
QeJIll, MaJIbImli rrpocTo Karrp1l3HHqaIOT. M pe.n;Ko
aKTHBHOCTb .n;eTeM, OCTaBJIeHHbIX cOBepmeHHo 6e3
BHllMaHllR, HaxO.n;llT ce6e pa3YMHoe rrpliMeHeHlle.
OHa He crroc06cTByeT pa3BllTllIO; opraHH3M pa3BllBa-
eTCR TOJIbKO cp1l311qeCKll, ll,lI;yT qllCTO paCTllTeJIbHbIe
npOQeCCbI. ,n:Bll)KeHllR .n;eTeM .n;eJIaIOTCR HeyKJIIO)Kl1-
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XO.n;RT, paCKaqllBMCb, JIerKO rrMaIOT, 6bIOT II JIOMaIOT
Bemll. .HCHO, qTO pe6eHOK He rrOXO)K Ha CB060.n;HO
npbIraIOmerO KOTeHKa, Bce .n;Bll)KeHllR KOToporo
rrOJIHbI rpaQllll, OqapOBaHHR II COBepmeHCTByIOTCR B
rrpoQecce rrpbIraHbR, 6eraHbR - ero eCTeCTBeHHOM
CTllXllll.
B MOTOpHOM llHCTllHKTe .n;eTeM He 3aJIO)KeHO, oqe-
Bll.n;HO, rpaQllllll eCTeCTBeHHOM CKJIOHHOCTliK COBep-
meHCTBOBaHliIO. OTCIO.n;a BbIBO,ll; - .n;Bll)KeHlle, .n;OCTa-
TOqHOe .n;JIR pa3BllTliR KOTeHKa, He BrrOJIHe rro.n;xo.n;llT
pe6eHK)'. M rrOCKOJIbKY rrpllpo.n;a pe6eHI<a OTJIllqaeTCR
0'1' rrpllpo.n;bI KOTeHKa, .n;OJI)KeH 6bITb II .n;pyroM rryTb K
cB060.n;e pe6eHKa.
Kor.n;a pe6eHOK .n;BllraeTCR 6e3 OCMbICJIeHHOM
QeJIll, 6e3 BHy'I'peHHero PYKOBO.n;RmerO HaqaJIa, Tor.n;a
.n;Bll)KeHlle ero yTOMJIReT. Be.n;b II B3pOCJIbIX OXBaTbIBa-
eT Y)Kac rrpl1 MbICJIli 0 TOM, qT06bI .n;BHraTbCR 6e3
140 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEYQEHI1E...
CPEJJ;A 141
QeJIl1. O.n;HO 113 )KeCTOKliX HaKa3aHliM .lI:JIR pa60B
COCTORJIO KOr.n;a-TO B TOM, qT06bI pbITb rny60Klie RMbI
H CHOBa llX 3aCbIlIaTb, T.e. .n;eJIaTb 6eCQeJIbHYIO pa60ry.
3KcrrepllMeHTaJIbHbIe HCCJIe.n;OBaHllR np06JIeMbI YCTa-
JIOCTli rrOKa3bIBaeT, qTO OCMbICJIeHHaH pa60Ta YTOMJIR-
eT MeHbme, qeM TO )Ke caMoe KOJIllqeCTBO 6ecQeJIb-
HOM pa60TbI. M Terrepb rrCllXl1aTpbI rrpll JIeqeHllll
HeBpacTeHllll COBeTYIOT He rrpOCTO rrpe6bIBaHlie Ha
CBe)KeM B03.n;yxe, a «pa60TY Ha CBe)KeM B03.n;yxe».
«BOCCTaHaBJIllBaIOmaR» pa60Ta - He rrpo.n;YKT
YMCTBeHHoro YCHJIllR, a Kat{ 6bI rr06y.n;llTeJIb KOOp.n;ll-
HlipOBaHl1H rrCliXOMYCKYJIbHOrO OpraH113Ma. TaKOBbI
aKTllBHOCTll, HarrpaBJIeHHble He Ha C0311.n;aHlie rrpe.n;-
MeTOB, a Ha llX coxpaHeHlle, KaK BbITlipaHlie II MbITbe
CTOJIOB, MeTeHlle rrOJIa, HaKpbIBaHlie Ha CTOJI, y60pKa
rrocy.n;bI, qllCTKa 60TllHOK II T.rr.
3'1'0 .n;eJIa, BblrrOJIHReMbIe rrpllcnyroM, qT06bI cox-
paHllTb Bemll X03RllHa, - pa60Ta, OqeHb OTJIllqHaH
0'1' pa60TbI pa60qero, rrp01l3BO.n;RmerO caMbIe Bemll.
,n:Ba po.n;a pa60TbI rny60I<O pa3JIllqHbI. O.n;Ha pa60Ta
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aKTllBHOCTb nOqTll TaKoro )Ke rrOpR,ll;Ka, KaK 6eraHbe,
rrpbIraHbe, rrpocTo JIlillib .n;aeT QeJIb STliM npocTbIM
.n;Bll)KeHllRM. Ha060poT, pa60Ta rrpo1l3Bo.n;llTeJIR
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aJIbHOM pa60Tbl II COCTOliT 113 ceplill OqeHb CJIO)KHbIX
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rrepeCTaBJIRTb, H1l3eHbKlle IlIKacpqllKll, .n;ocryrrHbIe
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HOK MO)KeT JIerKO oTrrepeTb H 3arrepeTb, H113Klle
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rrOMemaIOmeeCR B ero JIMOHH, qamKll .lI:JIR YMbIBaHllR
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l1MrrYJIbC, HeqTO BpOJJ;e HeocpopMJIeHI-IOrO qYBCTBa
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HHIO SToro «rOJIo.n;a», OqeBl1.n;HO, HanpaBJIReT C03Ha-
Hl1e pe6eHKa Ha orrpe.n;eJIeHHbIM rrpe.n;MeT II Be.n;eT ero
MaJIO-noMany K rrepBOHaqaJIbHOMY, HO .n;OCTaTOqHO
CJIO)KHOMY H rrOBTopRIOmeMYCR ynpa)KHeHHIO
YMCTBeHHbIx cnoc06HOCTeM; pe6eHOK .cpaBHHBaeT,
,I
144 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E I-I CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BHI1MAHI1E 145
BbICKa3blBaeT CY)l(.n;eHl1e, pemaeTCR Ha KaKoe-HH6y.n;b
.n;eMCTBHe, rrorrpaBAAeT om1l6Kll. Kor.n;a MaJIbIm, 3aHR-
TbIM 6PYCKOM C I l1JIllH.n;paMll, BblHHMaeT H BCTaBJIReT
.n;eCRTb I l1JIHI-I.n;pHKOB B pa3JIHqHbIe rHe3.n;a TpH.n;I aTb,
COpOK pa3 no.n;pR.n; 11, c.n;eJIaBmH omH6K)', CTaBHT
nepe.n; C060M H3BeCTHYIO 3aJJ;aqy, ee pa3pemaeT, - OH
3allI-ITepeCOBblBaeTCR eIQe 60JIbme H nOBTopReT CBOM
onbIT CHOBa H CHOBa. TaKHM 06pa30M pe6eHOK y.n;JIH-
I-rneT CJIO)KHOe yrrpa)KHeHHe rrCllXHqeCKOM aKTl1BHO-
CTH, KOTopoe Be.n;eT K BHYTpeHI-IeMY pa3BHTl1IO. M,
BepORTHO, BHYTpeHHee omymeHHe SToro pa3BHTHR
.n;eJIaeT yrrpa)KHeHl1e npHRTHbIM, n06Y)K,ll;aeT npo.n;oJI-
)KaTb H nOBTopRTb ry )Ke caMYIO pa60ry.
qT06bI y.n;OBJIeTBOpHTb )Ka)K.n;y, MaJIO TOJIbKO
Bll.n;eTb BO.n;y l1JIH ee JIHmb nonp060BaTb, a HMo
HanHTbCR .n;OCbITa, T.e. BBeCTH B opraH1l3M TO KOJIHqe-
CTBO BO.n;bI, B KOTOpOM OH HY)K.n;aeTCR; TaK)Ke, qT06bI
y.n;OBJIeTBOpHTb SToro po.n;a nCHXHqecKYIO )Ka)K.n;y II
rOJIo.n;, He.n;OCTaTOqHO «nOBepXHOCTHO nOCMOTpeTb
Ha BeIQH» l1JIl1 JIHmb «CJIbImaTb llX onHcaHHe» -
He06xo.n;HMO 06JIMaTb l1MH, nOJIb30BaTbCR MH
CTOJIbKO, CKOJIbKO STO H HO .n;JIR HameM BHYTpeHI-IeM
)K1l3HH.
3'1'0'1' cpaKT BblRBJIReTCR KaK OCHOBa .n;JIR Bcex
nocTpoeHHM, xapaKTepH3YIOIQHX )K1l3Hb rrCHXllKll, 11
KaK e.n;l1HCTBeHHbIM ceKpeT BOCnHTaHl1R. BHemHHM
npe.n;MeT - STO nOnpHIQe, apeHa .n;JIR ynpa)KHeHHM
.n;yxa. TaKHe yrrpa)KHeHl1R BHYTpeHI-IerO nopR.n;Ka -
«caMH no ce6e» I eJIb II Ha3HaqeHHe .n;eMcTBHR. TaK,
yrrpa)KHeHHR C 6pycKaMH H Ql1JIllI-I.n;paMH l1JIH BKJIM-
KaMH He npe.n;Ha3HaqaIOTCR .n;JIR 03HaKOMJIeHHR
pe6eHKa C pa3MepaMH l1JIli cpopMaMH - HeT, CMbICJl
STHX yrrpa)KHeHHM, KaK H Bcex .n;pyrHx, - ynpa)KHe-
HHe aKTHBHOCTH pe6eHKa. KOHeqHO, npH STOM pe6e-
HOK nOrryTHO npH06peTacr onpe.n;eJIeHI-IbIe 3HaHHR,
OCTaIOIQHeCR B naMRTH nOCTOJIbK)', nOCKOJIbK)' 6bIJIO
cpHKCHpOBaHO ero BHHMaHHe, - STO JIHmb He06xo.n;H-
Moe CJle.n;CTBHe pa60TbI, HO KaK pa3 STH-TO ceHCOp-
HbIe 3HaHl1R pa3MepOB, cpOpMbI, OKpaCKli II T..n;. H
.n;eJIaIOT B03MO)KHbIM npo.n;OJI)KeHHe no.n;06HbIX BHY-
TpeHI-Il1X yrrpa)KHeHHM B 06JIaCTH Bce pacmHpRIOIQeM-
CR H YCJIO)KHRIOmeMCR.
.lI:o HaCTORIQerO BpeMeHH CqHTaJIOCb, qTO Hey-
CTOMql1BOCTb BHHMaHHR xapaKTepHa .n;JIR .n;eTeM B B03-
paCTe 0'1' 3-4-x JIeT. Mx rrpHBJIeKacr Ka)K.n;M Bemb,
OHH 6pocaIOTCR 0'1' npe.n;MeTa K npe.n;Mery, He OCTaHa-
BJIHBMCb HH Ha qeM; B 06IQeM, Tpy.n;HOCTb npHBJIeqb
BHHMaHHe .n;eTeM CqHTaeTCR rJIaBHbIM nperrRTcTBHeM
BO Bcex BocnHTaTeJIbCKHX Haql1HaHl1RX.
«Y Bcex .n;eTeM MbI Ha6JIIO.n;aeM TaKoe KOJIe6aHHe
BHHMaHHR, qTO He06bIqaMHO Tpy.n;HO HaqaTb l1X nep-
BbIe ypOKH», - rOBopliT B. ,n:)KeMd B cBoeH KHHre
«llpHHI HnbI nCHXOJIOrl111». llaccHBHoCTb 11 pac-
nJIblBqllBOCTb BHHMaHl1R, 6JIaro.n;apR KOTOpbIM pe6e-
HOK, Ka)KeTCR, 60JIbme rrpHHMJIe)KHT BeIQaM, cnyqaM-
HO npHBJIeKmHM ero BHHMaHHe, qeM caMoMY ce6e, -
BOT rJIaBHOe, qTO He06xo.n;l1MO rr06e.n;HTb BocrrllTaTe-
JIIO npH 3aHHTl1RX C .n;eTbMH... Cnoc06HOCTb nOCTORH-
HO BbI3blBaTb CHOBa 6ny)K.n;aIOIQee BHHMaHHe RBJIReT-
CR OCHOBOM CY)K.n;eHHR, xapaKTepa, BOJIH».
TaK qeJIOBeK, .n;eMCTBYR O.n;HH, qaCTO He B Cl1JIax
OCTaHOBHTb M cpHKCHpOBaTb HIQymee BHHMaI-IHe,
nepeXO.D.Rmee C npe.n;MeTa Ha npe.n;MeT.
B HameM )Ke SKcnepHMeHTe BHHMaHHe MaJIbIma He
no.n;,lI;ep)KllBaeTCR yqHTeJIbHHI eM HCK)'CCTBeHHo. TaM
.n;eMCTBOBaJIa «BeIQb» - OHa npHBJIeKaJIa 11 cpHKCHpO-
11
I
I
:1
I
l,[\meMC BllJIbJIM (1842-1910) - aMepllKaHCKllll «pllJIoc0«P II nCllXOJIOr,
C03mneJIb nepBoH aMepllKaHCKOll nCllXOJIOrnqeCKOll JIa60paTopllll - Pea.
146 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E I1 CAMOOEYQEHI1E...
BHI1MAHI1E 147
BaJIa BHHMaHl1e pe6eI-IKa, nOTOMY qTO COOTBeTCTBO-
BaJIa ero BHYTpeI-IHeMY HMrrYJIbCY - HMrryJIbey, RBHO
06p a m aIO IQeMYCR JIHmb K npe.n;MeTaM, «He06xo.n;H-
MbIM» .n;JIR BHYTpeI-IHerO pa3BHTHR pe6eHKa. Be.n;b TaK
)Ke COBepmeHCTBO H Koop.n;l1HaQHR .n;BH)KeHHR Y HOBO-
pO)K.n;eHI-IOrO, Kor.n;a OH 6epeT rpy.n;b, OrpaHHqHBaeT-
CR JIHmb STOM eCTeCTBeHHoM, XOTR H He OC03HaHHOM
nOTpe6HOCTbIO nHTaHHR: TYT, KOHeqHO, HeT HHKaKO-
ro C03HaTeJIbHOrO HaBbIKa, HanpaBJIeI-UIOrO K orrpe-
eJIeHl.IOM QeJIH, KaK HeT ero Ha rrepBbIX rropax B rrpo-
RBJIeHllRX )KH3HH nCl1XHKll pe6eI-IKa.
TaKHM 6bIJI OJIroe BpeMR MaTepHaJIHCTHqeCKHM
npHHQHrr, I apRmHM B nCllXOJIOrHH. llo CrreHcepy,
BHaqaJIe YM - STO 6e3pa3JIl1qHM aMopcpHM Macca, K
KOTOpOM «rrpHTeKaIOT» BHemHHe BneqaTJIeHllR, OCTa-
BJIRIOml1e 60JIee l1JIM MeHee rny60Kl1e CJIe.n;bI. llepe-
)Kl1BaHllR, orrbITbI, rro CneHcepy 11 no TeopHRM .n;PY-
rHX aHrJIliMCKliX SMrrl1pHCTOB, KOHCTPYHPYIOT
YMCTBeHHYIO )KH3Hb .n;a)Ke B ee caMbIX CJIO)KHbIX
aKTHBHOCTRX. qeJIOBeK - STO TO, qeM ero c.n;eJIaJI
onbIT; OTCIO.n;a BocnHTaHHe, .n;aIOmee nO XO RIQl1M
KOMrrJIeKC nepe)KHBaHHM, orrbITOB, MO)KeT C03.n;aBaTb
qeJIOBeKa. llOCTpOeHl1e He MeHee MaTepHaJIHCTHqe-
CKoe, qeM TO, qTO rocno.n;CTBOBaJIO He3MOJIro .n;o
HOBbIX OTKpbITHM B oprar-mqeCKOM Xl1MHH. Tor.n;a
nOJIaraJIH, qTO KaKOM-I-m6y.n;b BH.n; 6eJIKOB MO)KeT
6bITb rronyqeH CHI-ITeTHqeCKH, a 6eJIKll - OCHOBa
KJIeTKll; qeJIOBeqeCKHM 3apo.n;bIm - He qTO HHoe, KaK
KJIeTKa, CJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO, MO)KHO HCK)'CCTBeHHO C03.n;a-
BaTb qeJIOBeKa B XHMHqeCKOM JIa60paTopHH.
3Ta ll.n;eR C03.n;aHl1R qeJIOBeKa qeJIOBeKOM 6bIJIa
6WCTpO .n;l1CKpe.n;HTl1pOBaHa B 06JIaCTH MaTepHaJI
HOM. Ho nCl1XOJIOrHqeCKHM «homunculus» Bce erne
CqHTaeTCR rrpaKTHqeCKOM 3aJJ;aqeM ne.n;arorHKH.
Hl1KaKOM XHMllqeCKl1M npoQecc He cnoc06eH BBe-
CTH B KJIeTKY - STOT KOMOqeK npOTOrrJIa3MbI C
R.n;pOM - ry aKTHBHOCTb 6e3 MaTepHH, ry nOTeH-
I HaJIbHYIO Cllny )KH3HH, TOT TaHHCTBeHHbIM cpaKTOp,
qTO rrpeBpaIQaeT KJIeTK)' B qeJIOBeqeCKliM OpraH113M.
HeYCTOMqHBOCTb BHHMaHHR pe6eHKa KaK 6bI rOBO-
pHT HaM, qTO nCHXllKa qeJIOBeKa no.n;ql1HReTCR TeM
)Ke 3aKOHaM CaMOTBOpqeCTBa.
HOBeMmM mKOJIa rrCHXOJIOrOB-Cnl1pHryaJIHCTOB,
Me)K.l.J;Y HllMH B. ,n:)KeMC, npH3I-IaeT B RBJIeHHH, COrryT-
CTBYIOIQeM BHHMaHHIO, cpaKTOp, CBR3aHl-IbIM C rrpHpo-
.n;OM npe.n;MeTa, - «.n;yxOBHYIO Cllny», O.n;HH H3 «TaHH-
CTBeHHbIX 4>aKTOB )K113HH».
B qeJIOBeKe eCTb crreQHaJIbHbIM rro xo.n; K BHem-
HHM BemaM, OH COCTaBJIReT qaCTb ero HarypbI H orrpe-
.n;eJIReT xapaKTep qeJIOBeKa. BHYTpeHHHe aKTHBHO-
CTH .n;eMCTBYIOT, KaK rrpHqHHa, a He RBJIRIOTCR CJIe -
CTBl1eM BHemHHX cpaKTopoB. Harne BHHMaHHe He
OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCR Ha Bcex BeIQaX 6e3 pa3JIHqHR, HO
JIHmb Ha HeKOTopbIX, rapMOHl1pYIOmHX C HamHMH
BK)'caMH. ,n:JIR HameM BHYTpeHHeM )KH3Hl1 nOJIe3HbI
npe.n;MeTbI, B036Y)K.ZJ;aIOIQHe B Hac HHTepec. Ham BHY-
TpeHHHM MHp C03.n;aeTCR Ha BbI60pe BneqaTJIeHl1M H3
MHpa BHemHero, .n;JIR H B COOTBeTCTBHH C HameM BHY-
TpeHHeM aKTHBHOCTbIO. Xy.n;O)KHHK Bl1.n;l1T MHp no
npeHMYII ecTBY B KpacKax, MY3bIKaHTa npHBJIeKaeT
3BYK. MbI caMH npORBJIReMCR B xapaKTepe Hamero
BHHMaHl1R H B Haml1X CKJIOHHOCTRX rro OTHomeHHIO K
BHemHeMY MHPY, a BOBce He BHHMaHHe C03.n;aeT Hac.
MH.n;HBl1.n;YaJIbHbIM xapaKTep, BHYTpeHHRR cpopMa,
pa3JIl1ql1e o.n;Horo qeJIOBeKa 0'1' .n;pyroro 3aMeTHbI
cpe.n;H JIIO.n;eM, )KllBymHX B O HOM II TOM )Ke cpe.n;e H
06CTaHoBKe, nOToMY qTO Ka)K,lI;bIM 6epeT H3 Hee He TO
)Ke caMoe, a JIHmb TO, qTO eMY JIl1qHO He06xo.n;l1MO, B
I
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,
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148 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEYQEHI1E...
BHI1MAHI1E 149
II II II
II I II
II
qeM Y HerO eCTb rroTpe6HOCTb. «llepe)KHBaHHR» -
MaTepHaJI, rrpll rrOMOIQH KOToporo Ka)K.n;bIM CTpOHT
CBoe «R» B OTHOmeHl1H BHemHero MHpa, He npe.n;CTa-
BJIRIOT C060M xaoca, a onpe.n;eJIRIOTCR llHTl1MHbIMH,
l1H.ZJ;HBH.n;yaJIbHbIMH CBoMcTBaMH qeJIOBeKa. .
M eCJIH Y Koro-HH6y.n;b eCTb COMHeHl1R OTHOCl1-
TeJIbHO eCTeCTBeHHbIX BHYTpeHHl1X Cl1JI, cpOpMHPYIO-
mHX Harny nCHXl1K)', l1X JIerKO pacceRTb Ha6JIIO.n;eHHR-
Mll Ha.n: MaJIeHbKHMl1 .n;eTbMll. Hl1 O.n;l1H yqHTeJIb
Hl1KaKHMH HCK)'ccTBeHHbIMH cpe.n;CTBaMl1 He Mor 6bI
C03.n;aTb no.n;06I-IOrO RBJIeHllR BHl1MaHHR - OqeBH.n;Ho,
OHH BHYTpeHHero rrpollcxom.n;eHHR. Cnoc06HoCTb
cocpe.n;oTOqeHHR, Ha6JIIO.n;aeMM B .n;eTRX TpeX-qeTbI-
pex JIeT, He HMeeT ce6e paBHbIx HH Y Koro, KpoMe KaK
Y reHHaJIbHbIX Haryp. 3TH MaJIblmH KaK 6y.n;TO .n;eMoH-
CTPHPYIOT .n;eTcTBo BeJIHKllX JIIO.n;eM B HX crroc06Ho-
CTH cocpe.n;OTOqeHHOrO BHl1MaHl1R. OHli no.n;06HbI
ApXHMe.n;y, rrorH6meMY Ha.n; CBOl1MH qepTe)KaMH, 0'1'
KOTOpbIX ero He MOrJIO OTopBaTb 113BeCTl1e 0 B3RTl1H
Cl1paK)'3, l1JIH HbIOTOHY, 3a6bIBaIOIQeMY B CBOl1X 3aI-IR-
Tl1RX 0 rrHme.
TaKoro po.n;a BHHMaHlie reHl1R He cnoc06eH B036y-
.n;HTb HH O.n;HH «HHTepecHbIM» ne.n;aror HHKaKHMH
caMbIMH cOBepmeHHbIMH cpe.n;cTBaMH; TaK)Ke HHKa-
Koe CKOrrJIeHl1e naCCHBHbIX nepe)KHBaHHM He MO)KeT
rrpeBpaTHTbCR B TaKYIO Macey rrCHXHqeCKOM SHeprl1H.
M eCJIH TOJIbKO qepe3 sry BHYTpeHl-IIOIO .n;yxOBHYIO
Cllny, .n;eMCTBYIOIQyIO B pe6eHKe. OH MO)KeT OTKpbITb
.n;Bepb BHl1MaHHR, TO rrp06JIeMa, KOTOpyIO HaM HMO
pa3pemHTb, STO CKopee np06JIeMa CB060.n;bI, qeM
ne.n;arOrl1qeCKOrO HCK)'CCTBa, KOHCTPYllpYIOIQero YM
pe6eHKa. ,n:aBaTb B BH.n;e BHemHl1X rrpe.n;MeTOB rrl1IQy,
COOTBeTCTBYIOmyIO BHYTpeHHHM nOTpe6HOCTRM
pe6eHKa, H Ha1l60JIee nOJIHO YBa)KaTb CB060.n;y pa3BH-
THR - BOT JIOrHqeCKHe OCHOBbI, Ha KOTOpbIX CJIe.n;yeT
CTpOl1Tb HOBYIO ne.n;arorHK)'.
Tenepb HHKTO He ,ZJ;yMaeT 0 TOM, qT06bI COTBOpHTb
qeJIOBeqeCKOe cymeCTBO, KaK nbITaJIHCb XHMHKH
XIX BeKa, a CKopee rrp06YIOT B3RTb cpOHapb ,n:HoreHa
II HanpaBHTbCR Ha nOHCKH qeJIOBeKa. HayKa .n;OJI)KHa
YCTaHOBHTb rryreM orrbITOB, qTO He06xo.n;HMO ,ZJ;JlR
nepBOHaqaJIbHOM rrCHXHqeCKOM )KH3Hl1 pe6eHKa, H
Tor.n;a MbI 6y.n;eM Ha6JIIO.n;aTb pa3BHTHe HaH60JIee )KH3-
HeHHbIX H nOJIHbIX cpeHOMeHOB, r.n;e YM, BOJIR H xapaK-
Tep pa3BHBaIOTCR BMeCTe, TaK )Ke KaK rrpH paI HO-
HaJIbHOM nHTaI-Il1l1 o.n;HOBpeMeHHO pa3Bl1BaIOTCR
M03r, )Keny.n;OK H MYCK)'JIbI pe6eHKa.
B TO )Ke caMoe BpeM51 C rrepBbIMH BHYTPeHHHMH
yrrpa)KHeHl1RMl1 CBR3blBaIOTCR B YMe pe6eHKa HeKOTO-
pble nepBOHaqaJIbHbIe CBR3HbIe 3HaHl151, H H3BeCTHoe
HaqHHaeT cymeCTBOBaTb .ZJ;JIR Hero, BbI3blBM HaqaTKll
YMCTBeHHbIX l1HTepeCOB, .n;OnOJIHRIOmliX ero HHCTHHK-
Tl1BHbIe HHTepeCbI. M Kor.n;a STO npOHcxo.n;HT, HaqHHa-
eT C03.n;aBaTbCR TaKoe COCTORHHe, KOTopoe HanOMHHa-
eT MexaHH3M BHl1MaHl1R, npl1HHMaeMbIM ne.n;arOraMH
3a HCXO.n;HbIM rryHKT B HCK)'CCTBe 06yqeHHR. llepexo.n;
0'1' H3BeCTHoro K He113BeCTHOMY, 0'1' npOCToro K 60JIee
CJIO)KHoMY, 0'1' JIerKOrO K Tpy.z:r;HOMY onpe.n;eJIeHHbIM
06pa30M ocymecTBJIReTCR, HO e C OC06bIMl1 cneQl1-
cpHqeCKHMH oc06eHHOCTRMH.
llepexo.n; 0'1' 3HaKQMOro K He3HaKOMOMY He RBJIReT-
CR nepexo.n;OM 0'1' BemH K BeIQH, KaK 06bIqHO rrOHHMa-
eTCR ne.n;aroraMll, He pa3BHBaIOIQHMH QeHTpaJIbHOM
l1,lI;el1, a npOCTO HaHH3blBaIOmllMli MbICJIH Hano.n;0611e
QeITll' 6e3 orrpe.n;eJIeHHOM I eJIH, KaK npocToe H cnyqaM-
Hoe 6JIY)K,l1;aHlle YMa. M3BeCTHoe KOHCTpYllPyeTcR B
pe6eHKe, KaK CJIO)KHM CHCTeMa l1,lI;eM, - CHCTeMa,
aKTHBHO nOCTpoeHHM caMHM pe6eHKOM H3 CepHl1 rrCl1-
I
I
150
BHI1MAHI1E
151
CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E I1 CAMOOEYQEHI1E...
ill
XHqeCKliX npOl eCCOB, npe.n;CTaBJIRIOmllX BHYTpeI-IHee
cpOpMl1pOBaHHe, H3BeCTHoro po.n;a .n;yxOBI-IbIM pOCT.
qT06bI TaKOM npoQecc HaqaJICR, MbI OJI)KHbI rrpe-
.n;OCTaBHTb pe6eHKy Cl1CTeMaTllqeCKl1M, HCqepnbI-
BaIOIQl1M MaTepHaJI, COOTBeTCTBYIOIQl1M ero eCTe-
CTBeHHbIM HHTepecaM. TaK, Harrpl1Mep, Ham .n;l1.n;aK-
Tl1qeCKHM MaTepHaJI .n;aeT pe6eHK)' Ha60p rrpe.n;Me-
TOB, crroc06HbIX npHBJIeqb ero HHCTl1HKTHBHoe BHH-
MaHHe K I BeTaM, cpopMe, 3BYKaM, TaKTllJIbHbIM M
6apllqeCKliM KaqeCTBaM II T..n;. Pe6eHoK B rrpoQecce
.n;JIHTeJIbHbIX rrOBTopeHHM yrrpa)KHeHHM Ha.n; Ka)K,lI;bIM
rroc06HeM HaqHHaeT OpraH1130BbIBaTb CBOIO nCHXH-
qecK)'IO JIl1qHOCTb H B TO )Ke BpeMR np1106peTaeT
RCHoe H ynopR.n;OqeHI-IOe 3HaHHe caMHX BeIQeM.
M y)Ke Bce BHemHl1e npe.n;MeTbI, 6JIaro.n;apR TOMY
cpaKry, qTO y Hl1X eCTb cpopMa, pa3Mep, oKpacKa,
CBoMcTBa rJIMKOCTH, mepoxoBaTocTH, Bec, TBep-
.n;OCTb 11 T..n;., rrepeCTaIOT 6bITb QY)KllMl1 YMY. B C03Ha-
HHH pe6eHKa e eCTb qTO-TO, rrpHrOTOBJIRIOmee ero
K O)Kl1.n;aHliIO STHX BeIQeM H rr06Y)K.ZJ;aIOmee ero BOC-
rrpl1HHMaTb llX C HHTepecoM.
Korz a pe6eHOK K rrpl1MHTl1BHOMY HMrrYJIbCY,
HaTaJIKl1BaIOIQeMY ero BHl1MaHHe Ha BHemHl1e npe.n;-
MeTbI, rrpHcoe.n;HHReT HeKoTopoe 3HaHHe, OH Y)Ke
BcrynaeT B .n;pyroe OTHOmeHl1e C BHemHHM Ml1pOM, y
Hero nORBJlRIOTCR .n;pyrlle cpOpMbI l1HTepeCOB; STO
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pe6eHKa K HOBOMY B036Y)K.ZJ;aeTCR, Kor a OHO CBR3bI-
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BHI1MAHI1E 153
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3.n;eCb cB060.n;Hoe pa3BHTHe JIHqHOCTl1, KOTOpM
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158 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E I1 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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160 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHHE...
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rropbIBOB He Haxo.n;RT BbIxo.n;a II MyqaT .n;yrny, CTpeMR-
myIOCR K llCKYCCTBY, K pa60Te, MbICJIeHHO CKJIa.n;bIBa-
eTCR KpaCHOpeql1BeMmM peqb K Bpaqy C npocb60M 0
nOMOmll, K 6JI1l3KOM .n;yme 3a YTemeHlleM, HO ry6bI
OCTaIOTCR MOJIqaJIliBbIMli. qeJIOBeK )KllBeT KaK 6bI
3a)KllBO norpe6eHHbIM.
M Hepe.n;KO BrrOJIHe HOpMaJIbHbIe JIIO.n;ll CTpa.n;aIOT
0'1' TaKOM )Ke npl1qllHbI. OHl1 .n;OJI)KHbI 6bI 6bIJIl1 B rro.n;-
XO.n;RmliM MOMeHT nOKa3aTb, qero OHli CTORT, HO He
MOryT. TbICRqy pa3 qyBCTByroT, qTO OTKpbITbIM nopbIB
,ZJ;ylli1i 06JIerql1JI 6bI llM Tpy.n;Hoe nOJIO)KeHlle, HO cep.n;-
Qe llX 3aKpbITO, II YCTa OCTaIOTCR HeMbIMl1. CTpaCTHO
)KeJIaIOT rrorOBopllTb C KeM-H1l6y.n;b, 0'1' Koro )K,ZJ;yT
nOHl1MaHllR, YTemeHllR, HO, oqyTllBmllcb BMeCTe C
TaKl1M qeJIOBeKOM, He MOryT rrp0113HeCTli Hll o.n;Horo
CJIOBa. )KeJIaHHbIM c06ece.n;Hl1K llX BOO,ZJ;yllieBJIReT,
paccnpamliBaeT, rr06Y)K.l.J;acr BbICKa3aTbCR, HO JIlimb
llX BHYTpeHHRR arOHl1R Cny)KllT OTBeTOM. «fOBOPl1,
rOBopll!» - TOJIKaeT BHYTpeHHllM llMrrYJIbC, HO c.n;ep-
)KMBaIOmliM MOMeHT OKa3bIBacrcR HeYMOJIliMbIM, KaK
KaKM-TO Herr06e.n;llMM MaTepl1aJIbHM Cl1Jla.
B BocnllTaHlili BOJIli rrocpe.n;CTBOM CB060.n;HbIX
yrrpa)KHeHllM, r.n;e l1MrryJIbCbI II C.n;ep)KllBaIOmlie Haqa-
JIa B3allMHO ypaBHOBemllBaIOTCR, JIe)KllT e,lJ;llHCTBeH-
HM B03MO)KHOCTb 113JIeqeHllR no.n;06HbIX He.n;OCTaT-
KOB, II TO JIlimb B nepllO.n;, Kor.n;a BOJIR Haxo.n;llTCR B
rrpoQecce <POpMllpOBaHliR.
TaKoro po.n;a YCTOMqllBOCTb, paBHOBeClle, KaK Mexa-
H1l3M nepl1<peplill C03HaHllR, .n;eJIaIOmM CBeTCKoro
qeJIOBeKa KOppeKTHbIM B ero nOBe.n;eHllll, KOHeqHO, He
COCTaBJIReT Toro, qTO MbI Ha3bIBaeM TBep,lJ;OM BOJIeM.
MbI yKa3blBaJIli BbIme, qTO C03HaHlle OCTaeTCR cB060.n;-
HbIM II .n;JIR .n;pyrllX BOJIeBbIX aKTOB. KaKaR-H1l6y.n;b Xopo-
mo BOCllHTaHHaR apliCTOKpaTKa C YTOHqeHHbIMli MaHe-
paMli MO)KeT 6bITb qeJIOBeKOM, COBepmeHHO JIllmeHHbIM
BOJIM II xapaKTepa, rrOCKOJIbKY Bce ee nOBe.n;eHlle orrpe-
.n;eJIReTCR MeXaHllqeCKliMli HaBblKaMli MeXaHllqeCKOM
BOJIll, HarrpaBJIeHHbIMli JIlimb Ha BHemHlle npe.n;MeTbI.
CymecTByeT OCHOBHoe KaqeCTBO BOJIll, Ha KOTO-
pOM 6a311pYIOTCR He npOCTO nOBepXHOCTHbIe OTHo-
meHllR Me)K.l.J;y JIIO,IJ;bMll, HO CTpOliTCR caMoe 06me-
CTBO; STO KaqeCTBO - rrOCTORHCTBO.
COQllaJIbHM CTpYKrypa 06meCTBa 6a311pyeTcR Ha
<p aKTe , qTO JIIO.n;ll MOryT rrOCTORHHO pa60TaTb II rrpo-
Ii
I
I
,
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II
166 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOJI5I 167
113BO.n;llTb B 113BeCTHbIX rpaHllQaX CTOJIbKO, CKOJIbKO
He06xo.n;llMO .n;JIR SKOHOMllqeCKOrO paBHOBeCliR
HapO.n;a. COQllaJIbHbIe OTHomeHllR, JIe)Kamlie B OCHO-
Be Bocrrp01l3Be.n;eHl1R Bl1,lI;a, CTpORTCR Ha rrOCTORH-
HOM coe.n;llHeHllll B 6paKe po.n;llTeJIeM. CeMbR II rrpo-
113Bo.n;l1TeJIbHbIH: TPY.n; - BOT .n;Ba KliTa 06meCTBa: llX
6a311COM CJI llT Ba)KHeMmee BOJIeBOe KaqeCTBO -
rrOCTORHCTBO II HaCTOMqllBOCTb.
3'1'0 KaqeCTBO - llCTllHHoe rrpORBJIeHlle e.n;llHCTBa II
rrpeeMcTBeHHocTli BHYTpeHHeM )K1l3Hll JIllqHOCTli. Ee3
rrOCTORI-ICTBa )K1l3Hb rrpe.n;cTaBJIRJIa 6bI cepliIO OT.n;eJIb-
HbIX srrH30.n;OB, xaoc. 3'1'0 OCHOBHoe KaqeCTBO, Kor.n;a
OHO OXBaTbIBaeT '-I)'BCTBa llH.ZJ;l1Bl1,ZJ;yYMa II HarrpaBJIe-
Hlle ll.ZJ;eM, BCIO ero JIllqHOCTb, MbI 06blqHO Ha3bIBaeM
xapaKTepOM. qeJIOBeK C xapaKTepOM - STO qeJIOBeK
rrOCTORHHbIM, HaCTOMqllBbIM, qeJIOBeK, BepHbIM CBoe-
MY CJIOBY, CBOliM .n;eMCTBllRM, CBOliM '-I)'BCTBaM.
B CYMMe pa3JIllqHbIX rrpORBJIeHllM SToro rrOCTORH-
CTBa KpoeTCR SJIeMeHT qpe3BbIqaMHOM QeHHOCTli B
COQllaJIbHOM OTHOmeHl111 - IIOCTORHCTBO, HaCTOMqll-
BOCTb B pa60Te.
,n:ereHepaT, rrpe)K.n;e qeM OH rrpORBliT KpliMliHaJIb-
HbIe l1HCTllHKTbI, HerrOCTORHCTBO B '-I)'BCTBax, 113Me-
HliT CBoeMY CJIOBY II T.rr., 3aMeTeH rro O.n;HOMY rrp1l3Ha-
K)', cpa3Y pllCYIOmeMY ero cymeCTBOM He 06lQeCTBeH-
HbIM, rrOTepRHHbIM: STO ero rrpa3}J;HOCTb, Hecrroco6-
HOCTb K HaCTOMqllBOCTli B Tpy.n;e. Ta]()Ke.ZJ;JIR 06bIKHO-
BeHHoro TPy.n;OJII0611BOro qeJIOBeKa, CTaBmerO )Kep-
TBOM ,ZJ;ymeBHOM 60JIe3Hll, rrpe)K.l.J;e qeM OH rrpORBliT
KaKlie-H1l6y.n;b rrp1l3HaKli YMCTBeHHoro paCCTpOM-
CTBa, .n;e30praH1l3aQllll, xapaKTepeH O.n;llH CllMrrTOM -
OH He MO)KeT 60JIbme pa60TaTb. M rrpaBl1JIbHO Hapo.n;
CqllTaeT rrO.n;XO.n;RmeM .n;JIR 6paKa .n;eBYllIK)', OTJIllqaIO-
myIOCR TPy.n;OJII0611eM, H MY)Kql1HY Ha.n;e)KHbIM II xoPO-
mllM, eCJIli OH xopomliM pa60THliK. 3Tll CBoMcTBa
xopomero pa60THliKa 3aKJIIOqaIOTCR He B oc06eHHOM
YMeHllll, crroc06HOCTll, a rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M B
rrOCTORHCTBe, B HaCTOMqllBOCTli. CaMbIM CKpOMHbIM
peMeCJIeHHllK, KOTOpbIM pa60TaeT, TaliT B ce6e Bce
SJIeMeHTbI, rapaHTlipylOmlie CqaCTbe II 06eCrreqeH-
HOCTb )K1l3Hll.
MaJIeHbKllM pe6eHOK, rrpORBJIRIOll{llM, KaK rrep-
BbIM KOHCTPYKTllBHbIM aKT CBoeM nCHXllqeCKOM
)KM3Hll, rrOCTORHCTBO B pa60Te II rro}J; BJIHRHlleM
SToro BbI3bIBaIOmliM J\HYTpeHHllM nOpR,ll;OK, rapMO-
Hl1IO M pOCT CBoeM llH.n;llBll.n;YaJIbHOCTll, YKa3bIBaeT
HaM, KaK OTKpOBeHlle, KaKOM Tllrr qeJIOBeKa RBliTCR
rrOJIe3HbIM qJIeHOM 06meCTBa. MaJIbIm, KOTOpbIM
ynopcTByeT B KaKllx-H1l6y.n;b yrrpa)KHeHllRX, pa60TaeT
co BHllMaHlieM II cocpe}J;OTOqeHHOCTbIO, BbIpa6aTbI-
BaeTCR B qeJIOBeKa nOCTORHHoro, C xapaKTepOM,
qeJIOBeKa, KOTOpbIM 06JIa.n;aeT BceMli QeHHbIMli qeJIO-
BeqeCKl1Ml1 CBOMCTBaMll, BeHqaIOmliMli caMoe OCHOB-
Hoe II e.n;llHCTBeHHoe - rrOCTORHCTBO B pa60Te.
KaKyIO 6bI pa60ry Hll BbI6paJI pe6eHoK, pe3YJIbTaT
6y.n;eT O.n;llH II TOT )Ke, rrOCKOJIbKY OH rrpORBJIReT
rrOCTORHCTBO. ll0TOMY qTO QeHHa He caMa rro ce6e
pa60Ta, HO pa60Ta KaK cpe.n;CTBO ,ZJ;JlR C03}J;aHliH BHY-
TpeHHeM )K1l3Hll qeJIOBeKa.
TOT, KTO rrpepbIBaeT pe6eHKa B ero 3aHRTllRx,
qT06bI HayqllTb ero qeMY-H1l6y.n;b orrpe.n;eJIeHHoMY,
HanpliMep, 3aCTaBJIReT ero 6pOCllTb apllcpMeTllK)',
qT06bI rrepeMTll K reorpacplili II T.rr., 11 ,ZJ;yMaeT, qTO
TaKliM 06pa30M crroc06cTByeT KYJIbrypHOMY pa3Bll-
TliIO pe6eHKa, Ha caMOM }J;eJIe rrpocTo CMemliBaeT
cpe.n;cTBo C QeJIbIO II ry611T qeJIOBeKa no-rrycToMY.
He06xo.n;llMO HarrpaBllTb BOBce He KYJIbrypy qeJIOBe-
Ka, a caMoro qeJIOBeKa.
1 1 '1
II
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168 CAMOBOCIII1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOJI5I 169
ECJIli HaCTORmee OCHOBaHlie BOJIli - rrOCTORH-
CTBO, TO Bce )Ke MbI np1l3HaeM BOJIeBbIM aKTOM peme-
Hlle. ,n:JIR Toro, qT06bI BbIIlOJIHllTb KaKoe-H1l6y.n;b C03-
HaTeJIbHOe .n;eMCTBlle, He06xo.n;llMO, qT06bI MbI pemll-
JIliCb. PemeHlle Bcer.n;a pe3YJIbTaT BbI60pa. ECJIli y HaC
eCTb HeCKOJIbKO mJIRrr, rrpll BbIXO,lJ;e 113 ,lJ;OMa MbI .n;0JI-
)KHbI pemllTb, KaKYIO Ha.n;eTb. MO)KHO 6bITb cOBep-
meHHO paBHo.n;ymHbIM II K KOpllqHeBOM, II K cepOM, II
Bce )Ke MbI .n;OJI)KHbI BbI6paTb o.n;HY 113 HliX. ,n:JIR TaKO-
ro BbI60pa .n;OJI)KHbI y Hac 6bITb KaKlie-H1l6Y,lJ;b MOTll-
BbI, qTO-H1l6y.n;b 3a cepyro' qTO-H1l6y.n;b 3a KOpllqHe-
BYIO. KaKOM-H1l6Y,lJ;b MOTliB .n;OJI)KeH rrepeBeCllTb, II
TOr,lJ;a COBepmaeTCR BbI60p. OqeBll,lJ;HO, rrpllBblqKa
rrepe.n; YXO.n;OM Ha.n;eBaTb mJIRrry 06JIerqaeT BbI60p: MbI
rrOqTll He C03HaeM, qTO pa3JIllqHble MOTliBbI 60pIOT-
CR B Hac. 3'1'0 - Borrpoc MllHYTbI, II Y Hac He OCTaeTCR
HliKaKoro BrreqaTJIeHllR YCl1JIliR C HameM CTOpOHbI.
C03HaHlie Toro, KaKM llIJlRrra HY)KHa YTPOM, rrOCJIe
06e.n;a, .n;JIH TeaTpa, .n;JIH crropTa OCB060)K.l.J;aeT Hac 0'1'
BHYTpeHHeM 60pb6bI.
He TaK 06CTOliT .n;eJIO, eCJIll, HarrpliMep, MbI .n;0JI-
)KHbI rrOTpaTl1Tb 113BecTHYIO CYMMY .n;eHer Ha rro.n;apoK.
M3 KaKliX npe.n;MeToB BbI611paTb? ECJIli y Hac HeT
COBepmeHHO RCHoro rrpe,lJ;CTaBJIeHllR 06 STliX BemaX,
Hama pa60Ta 6y.n;eT OqeHb MyqllTeJIbHoM. XOTllM,
HanpliMep, BbI6paTb KaKYIO-H1l6y.n;b xy.n;O)KeCTBeHHYIO
Bemb, HO, MaJIO 3HM llCK)'CCTBO, 6011MCR rrOKa3aTbCR
OqeHb HeCBe.n;ymllM, 6blTb 06MaHYTbIM, CTaTb CMem-
HbIM; He 3HaeM, qTO 60JIee rro.n;xo.n;llT .ZJ;JIR .n;aHHoro
CJIyqM - KYCOK KpY)KeBa llJIli cepe6pRHM Ba3a. HaM
HY)KHO, qT06bI KTO-H1l6y.n;b OCBeTliJI Bce STli CTOpo-
HbI, KOTOpbIX MbI He 3HaeM, II MbI l1,lI;eM 3a COBeTOM.
COBeT Be.n;b OTHOCliTCR K HameMY He3HaHllIO, HaM
HY)KHO HeKOTopoe OCBemeHlle HameM HeOCBe.n;o-
MJIeHHOCTll, a He TOJIqOK HameM BOJIe. BOJIR - STO
06eperaeMaR Bemb, MbI ee OCTaBJIHeM .ZJ;JIR ce6R;
BOJIR - STO HeqTO cOBepmeHHo .n;pyroe, qeM 3HaHlle,
He06xo,lJ;MMOe npll pemeHl1M. BbI60p, KOTOpbIM MbI
.n;eJIaeM rrOCJIe o.n;Horo l1JIli MHorliX cOBeToB, BCe-TaKli
HOCliT Ham OTrreqaTOK, 6y.n;eT pemeHlleM «R».
TaKoro )Ke xapaKTepa BbI60p X03RMKll .n;oMa, Kor.n;a
peqb ll.ZJ;eT 06 06e,lJ;e .ZJ;JIR rocTeM; HO TYT OHa xopomo
3HaeT TO, qTO eM Ha.n;o BbI6paTb, y Hee eCTb BK)'C, M
pemeHlle rrpllHllMaeTcR eIO JIerKO II 6e3 nOCTopOH-
HeM nOMOlQl1.
,n:JIR Toro )Ke, KTO He 3HaeT, qTO BbI6paTb, peme-
Hlle B Ka)K.n;OM cnyqae - BHYTpeHHRR pa60Ta, HaCTOR-
mee YCl1JIlie. TaK, JIIO.n;ll CJIa60M BOJIli cTapaIOTcR
OT.n;aJIllTb MOMeHT pemeHllR, KaK HeqTO MyqllTeJIbHOe
,ZJ;JlR HliX. ECJIli B03MO)KHO, x03RMKa rrpe,lJ;OCTaBliT
pemeHlle KYXapKe llJIl1, BbI611pM nJIaTbe, rro.n;,IJ;acTCR
CJIOBaM nopTHllxll: «B03bMllTe STO, OHO OqeHb Kpa-
CllBO», 60JIbme .ZJ;JIR Toro, qT06bI 1136aBllTb ce6R 0'1'
MyqeHllM BbI60pa, qeM rroToMY, qTO nJIaTbe eM .n;eM-
CTBl1TeJIbHO HpaBliTcR. BCR Hama )K1l3Hb - nOCTORH-
Hoe ynpa)KHeHlle B pemeHllRX. Kor,lJ;a BbIXO.n;llM 113
.n;OMa, rrOCJIe Toro KaK 3arrepJIli .n;Bepb Ha KJIIOq, y Hac
OCTaeTCR RCHoe C03HaHlie SToro .n;eMCTBllH, YBepeH-
HOCTb, qTO .n;OM B 6e30naCHOCTl1, II MbI pemaeM .n;Bll-
HYTbCR,qT06bIyMTM.
qeM Cl1JIbHee MbI B TaKliX yrrpa)KHeHllRX, TeM He3a-
BllCliMee MbI 0'1' .n;pyrllx JIIO.n;eM. .HCHOCTb MbICJIll,
MexaH1l3M rrpliBbIqKll pemaTb .n;aeT HaM qyBCTBO CBO-
60.n;bI. HaCTORmM Qerrb, rrpeBpalQaIOmaR )K1l3Hb B
YH11311TeJIbHOe pa6CTBO, - STO Hecrroc06HOCTb
pemaTb, a OTCIO.n;a II He06xo.n;llMOCTb np116eraTb K
rrOMOmli .n;pyrllX. CTpax om1l611TbCR, qyBCTBO nOTe-
MOK, CTpax 3a rrOCJIe,lJ;CTBliR om1l6Kl1, KOTopbIe MbI He
170 CAMOBOCIII1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOJUI 171
3HaeM, 3aCTaBJIReT qeJIOBeKa .n;ep)KaTbCR 3a ,lJ;pyroro,
KaK c06aKY, rrpllBR3aHHYIO Ha Qerrb. TaK MbI ,lJ;OXO.n;llM
.n;0 KpaMHOCTM, He pemaeMCR OrryCTMTb rrl1CbMO l1JIli
KyrrllTb HOCOBOM rrJIaTOK, He rrOCOBeTOBaBmllCb.
qeM B 60JIbmeM rro.n;qllHeHlll1 .n;ep)KllM MbI MOJIO-
.n;e)Kb, qeM MeHbme Y Hee B03MO)KHOCTeM ynpa)KHRTb
BOJIIO, TeM JIerqe .n;eJIaeTCH OHa ,lJ;06bIqeM orraCHOCTeM
II llcKymeHllM, KOTOpbIMli nOJIOH Mllp.
Crroc06HOCTb rrpOTliBOCTORTb orraCHOCTRM 11
llcKymeHllRM .n;aeTCR He rrpllHQMrraMli MOpaJIll, a
BbIpa6aTblBaeTCR B rrpoQecce yrrpa)KHeHl1R BOJIM: II
STO ynpa)KHeHl1e ,lJ;aeT caMa rrpaKTllqeCKM )K1l3Hb.
MaTb ceMeMCTBa, rrOCTORHHO 3aHRTM rro X03RMCTBY
11 rrpllBWKmaR rrpllHllMaTb pemeHllR rro TbICRqe
BorrpOCOB B .n;eHb, CKopee BbI:H.n;eT rr06e,lJ;llTeJIbHllQeM
113 KaKoM-H1l6y.n;b HpaBCTBeHHOM 60pb6bI, qeM )KeH-
lQl1Ha, )KllBymaR B HepBHOM aTMoc<pepe nOJIHOM
rrpa3.n;HOCTli II CqllTaIOlQaR CBoeM BOJIeM BOJIIO CBoero
MY)Ka. Me)K.n;y TeM 06e STli )KeHmllHbI MOryT 06JIa.n;aTb
o.n;l1HaKOBbIMM MOpaJIbHbIMli rrpllHQllrraMli. Ho rrep-
BM, OCTaBmllCb, HarrpliMep, B,IJ;OBOM, MO)KeT JIerKO
OCBOllTbCR C .n;eJIOM CBoero MY)Ka II rrpo.n;OJI)KaTb ero,
,ZJ;JlR ,lJ;pyroM B rro.n;06HbIX )Ke 06CTORTeJIbCTBaX, MO)KeT
6bITb, rrpll,lJ;eTCR rrpOMTll cypOByro mKOJIY II rrO,lJ;Bep-
raTbCR MHorliM orraCHOCTRM. ,n:JIR MOpaJIbHbIX rr06e,lJ;
rrpe)K.n;e Bcero He06xo.n;llMO 6bITb He3aBllCliMbIM,
rrOTOMY qTO B Ml1HYTbI orraCHOCTl1 qeJIOBeK 06bIqHO
O.n;l1H. <...>
Hamll MaJIbImli <POpMllpyroT CBOIO c06CTBeHHYIO
BOJIIO, Kor.n;a B rrpOQeCce caMOBocrrllTaHliR yrrpa)KHR-
lOT CJIO)KHbIe BHYTpeHHlle aKTllBHOCTli cpaBHeHllR 11
CY)K.n;eHllR II TaKliMIi rrYTeM rrOrrOJIHRIOT CBOM
YMCTBeHHbIM 6ara)K RCHbIMli H opraH1l30BaHHbIMli
06pa3aMll: TaK rronyqaeTCR 3HaHlle, crroc06Hoe rro.n;-
rOTOBllTb .n;eTeM K llX c06CTBeHHbIM pemeHllRM; .n;eTli
CTaHOBRTCR He3aBllCliMbIMl1 0'1' qy)Koro BHYlIIeHllR.
,n:eTli pemaIOT B Ka)K.ZJ;OM .n;eMCTBlili rrOBce.n;HeBHOM
)K1l3Hll: pemaIOT, B3RTb JIM qTo-H116y.n;b WIM OCTaBllTb;
CJIe.n;OBaTb JIll CBOliMli .n;Bll)KeHllRMli pllTMY rreCeHKl1;
3a.n;ep)KaTb JIll Ka)K.ZJ;bIM llMrryJIbC .n;Bll)KeHllR, Kor.n;a
OHli XOTRT MOJIqaHliR. 3Ta rrOCTORHHaR pa60Ta, C03-
.n;aIOm M llH.n;llBll,ZJ;yaJIbHOCTb pe6eHKa, BbI3blBaeTCR
pemeHl1RMl1: OHli BbITeCHRIOT rrepBOHaqaJIbHbIM
xaoc, Kor.n;a .n;eMCTBliR BbI3bIBaJIliCb JIlllIIb llMrryJIbCa-
Mll. B .n;eTRX rrOCTerreHHO pa3BllBaeTCR BOJIeBaR
)K1l3Hb; COMHeHllR II 3aCTeHqllBOCTb llCqe3aIOT HapR-
.n;y C rrpORCHeHlleM rrepBOHaqaJIbHOM YMCTBeHHOM
rryTaHllQbI.
TaKoe pa3BMTlle BOJIl1 6bIJIO 6bI HeMblCJIliMbIM,
eCJIli 6bI MbI BMeCTO Toro, qT06bI .n;aTb B03MO)KHOCTb
C03peBaTb B YMe pe6eHKa rropR.n;KY II RCHOCTl1, CTapa-
JIliCb HarrOJIHRTb ero YM XaOTl1qeCKllMl1 MbICJIRMll,
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182 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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200 CAMOBOCI1I1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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)KeCTBeHHOe Bo06pa)KeHlle B llCK)'CCTBe 6a311pYeTCR Ha
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.n;aeT 113BeCTHOM .n;OJIeM xy.n;O)KeCTBeHHOrO B006pa)Ke-
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C rrOMOmbIO c06CTBeHHoro pa3YMa. M3 pa3BllTliR
SToro MHTeJIJIeKryaJIbHOrO TBOpqeCTBa B03HllKJIli
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HaMTll MeCTHbIe xy.n;O)KeCTBeHHbIe TllrrbI pa60T, YTBa-
pll, neceH, HapO,ll;HOM MY3bIKll.
KpOMe Ha6JIIO.n;eHllM HM .n;eMcTBllTeJIbHOCTbIO,
eCTb erne pa60Ta TBOpqeCKaR, rrO.n;bIMaIOmaR qeJIOBe-
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TbIM B 113BeCTHbIX rpaHllQax Ka)K.n;0MY.
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BeK TBOpliT xy.n;O)KeCTBeHHbIe rrp01l3Be.n;eHllR 113
Hllqero. To, qTO Ha3bIBaeTCR TBOpqeCTBOM, B .n;eM-
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ro 113 nepBllqHOrO HHTeJIJIeKryaJIbHOrO MaTepllaJIa,
c06paHHoro, KOHeqHO, rrpe)K.n;e Bcero 113 oKpY)KaIo-
meM cpe.n;bI qepe3 rrocpe.n;cTBo opraHoB BHemHllX
qYBCTB. ...MbI He YMeeM «Bo06pa)KaTb» Bemll, KOTO-
pbIe He 6bIJIli BocrrpllHRTbI HamliMli BHemHllMli qyB-
CTBaMli. .lI:a)Ke B caMOM R3bIKe HeT BbIpa)KeHllM ,ZJ;JlR
rrepe.n;aqll <PaKTOB, OTome.n;IlIllX 0'1' 06bIqHbIX rpaHllQ
BocrrpllRTliR. CJIerrble II rnyxlle 0'1' pO)K.n;eHllR He
MOryT rronyqllTb HliKaKoro rrpe.n;cTaBJIeHl1R 06 omy-
meHllRX, KOTopbIe OHli He BocrrpllHllMaIOT. I13BecT-
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rrOXO)KllMli Ha 3BYKll: HarrpliMep, HeKOTopbIM Kpac-
HbIM QBeT rrpe.n;CTaBJIReTCR KaK 3BYK 6apa6aHa, rOJIY-
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caHlili BOcXllTllTeJIbHOM MY3bIKH Bo06pa)KaIOT KapTll-
HbI B KpacKax.
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ceHcopHbI. Bce BHemHlle qYBCTBa He 6bIBaIOT pa3Bll-
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tIlle Tex, y Koro rrpe06JIMaIOT MYCKYJIbHbIe II OCR3a-
TeJIbHble BOCrrpl1RTliR.
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copHbIe omymeHllR; llX YMCTBeHHaR )K1l3Hb OqeHb
llHTeHCllBHa. OHli )KllByT BHYTpeHHllMli BneqaTJIe-
I
III
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214 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOOEPA)I(EHI1E 215
II
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CR 3allMCTBOBaTb R3bIK BHemHllX qyBCTB. <...>
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BliTaHlieM cpaHTa31111 B CBeTOBbIX, 3BYKOBbIX, QBeTO-
BbIX llllHbIX O meHllRX; TBOpqeCKOe Bo06pa)KeHlle -
STO BHY'I'peHHee KOHCTpYlipoBaHlle, TBep.n;o CBR3aH-
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.n;OCTOllHCTBO C03.n;aHliM BHYTpeHHero TBOpqeCTBa.
.lI:a)Ke Bo06pa)KaR Mllp HepeaJIbHbIM, CBepX'beCTe-
CTBeHHbIM, Bo06pa)KeHlle .n;OJI)KHO Bcer.n;a OCTaBaTbCR
B rpaHllQax, HanOMllHaIOml1X 0 peaJIbHOCTl1.
B BeJIllKMX JIliTepa'I'ypHbIX rrp01l3Be.n;eHllRX - TaKllx,
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rrOCTORHHOMY conpliKOCHOBeHllIO YMa BeJIliKOrO nOSTa
C BemaMli MaTepllaJIbHbIMlili ceHcopHbIMll, l1JlJlIOC'I'pll-
pyIOmliMli B cpaBHeHl1RX 06pa3bI Bo06pa)KeHllR.
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BeJIllKliM rrllCaTeJIb, Ka)K.l.J;bIM 3HaMeHllTbIM opaTOp
rrOCTORHHO coe.n;l1HReT rrJIO.ZJ;bI Bo06pa)KeHllR C Ha6JIIO-
.n;eHllRMli .n;eMCTBl1TeJIbHOCTll; II Tor.n;a MbI rOBopllM, qTO
STO reHllaJIbHOe TBOpqeCTBO, qTO ryT coe.n;llHHIOTCR
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)KllBa. 06pa3bI B006pa)KeHll51 OrpaHllqeHbI cpaKTaMli
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Ha6JIIO.n;eHllR TOqHee II cOBepmeHHee, TeM cOBepllIeH-
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)](e MbI He /1.YMaeM, qTO Y Hl1X Cl1JlbHO pa3BllTO B006pa-
)KeHlle: Me)K.l.J;y JIliXOPMOqHOM rryTaHllQeM MbICJIeM
HeHOpMaJIbHOrO II KpaCHOpeqllBbIMli 06pa3aMH Bo06-
Pa)KeHllR - QeJIaR nporraCTb. Y 60JlbHOrO KaK pa3 HeJJ;O-
CTaeT crroc06HOCTM rrpaBl1JIbHO BocrrpHHllMaTb .n;eM-
CTBllTeJIbHOCTb II C03HaTeJIbHO C'I'pOllTb H3 Hee HOBoe -
B TBOpqeCKOM B006pa)KeHllllll TO II .n;pyroc cyrqeCTByeT
BMeCTe, CBR3aHO .n;pyr C .n;pyroM.
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llCKYCCTBy.n;eMCTBl1TeJIbHYIO II rapMOHllqeCKYIO CBR3b.
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qT06bI Ka)K.l.J;bIM rrpe)K.n;e Bcero YMeJI «qHTaTb KHllry
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pa60TbI, llMeIOmeM CBOli KOpHli B Ha6JIIO.n;eHllRx HM
peaJIbHbIM MlipOM. Xy.n;O)KHllK II cKYJIbrrTOp 06JIMaIOT
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<popMaM 11 KpaCKaM OKpY)KaIOmerO Mllpa, OHli crro-
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xy.n;O)KHllK COBepmeHcTByeTcR II .n;0611BaeTcR c03.n;a-
HliR 06pa3QOBorO rrp0113Be.n;eHl1R, rne.n;eBpa.
I II
I I
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I
I
1111
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216 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOOEPA)KEHI1E 217
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BaJIOCb Ha Ha6JIIO.n;eHllll. fpeqeCKllM CK)'JIbrrTOp 6JIa-
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rrOCTORHHO C03epQaTb qeJIOBeqeCKOe TeJIO, ero rJIa3
rrpliBbIKaJI OTJIllqaTb rrpeKpaCHoe TeJIO 0'1' HeYKJIIO)Ke-
ro, H OH TBOpliJI no BHyTpeHHeMY rr06 .n;eHllIO
reHllR l1.n;eaJIbHbIe cpOpMbI, nOJIb3YRCb ,ZJ;JlR CBoero
TBOpqeCTBa .n;eTaJIRMli Ha6JIIO.n;eHllM, xpaHRmliMliCR B
ceHcopHOM 3anace ero yMa. Xy.n;O)KHllK TBOpllT, a He
rrpOCTO KOMrrOHYeT, CKJIMbIBaR 113BeCTHbIe qaCTll,
KaK M03allKY. B rrOJIeTe B.n;OXHOBeHllR xy.n;O)KHllK
Bl1.n;llT QeJIliKOM HOBbIM 06pa3, pO)K.n;eHHbIM ero reHll-
eM, HO c06paHHble llM qaCTllQbI Ha6JIIO.n;eHllR rrllTaIOT
STOT 06pa3, KaK KpOBb - HOBoe cymeCTBO B YTp06e
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CR na Ha6JIIO.n;eHll5lX .n;eMCTBllTeJIbHOCTli II COBepmeH-
crByeTcR B CBH311 C TOqHOcrbIO Ha6JIIO.n;eHllM HM BHem-
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MY na6JIlO.n;eHllIO oKp merO MHpa, 'lT06bI 06ecrre-
qllTb llM MaTepllaJI .ZJ;JIR TBOpqeCKOrO Bo06pa)KeHllR.
TaK)Ke ynpa)KHeHl1R yMa B orrpe.n;eJIeHHbIX rpaHllQax II
pa3Jl11qeHlle o.n;Horo rrpe,ll;MeTa 0'1' .n;pyroro KaK 6bI rro,ll;-
rOTOBJIRIOT QeMeHT .ZJ;JIR 6y.n;y:uwx TBOpqeCKllX rrocrpo-
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Hee, qeM 60JIee OHl1 CM3aHbI C orrpe.n;eJIeHHbIMli cpopMa-
Mll II qeM TeCHee OHli accOQllllpyIOTCR C oT,ll;eJIbHbIMli
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npeyBeJIllqllBaeT II rpy60 BbI,ZJ;yMbIBaeT, Be.n;eT pe6eHKa
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llHTeJIJIeKryaJIbHOrO TBOpqeCTBa nOTeKYT rreHllcTo,
CBepKaIOm e , BeJIll'leCTBeHHO, He rrepexo.n;R B HaBo.n;He-
Hlle, He pa3pymaR KpaCQTbI BHYTpeHHero rropR,ll;Ka.
MbI 6eCCl1JIbHbI BbI3BaTb STOT rrOTOK BHyTpeHHero
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caMOCTORTeJIbHOM aKTllBHOCTll, rrpOCaqllBaIOmeMCR,
KaK CBe)KaH CTPYR BO.n;bI, 113 KaKllX-TO .n;a)Ke HeBl1,lI;ll-
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TOJIbKO Ha6JIIO.n;aTb II )K.n;aTb.
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OIIIll6KOM. PaCQBeT YMCTBeHHbIX CliJI B03MO)KeH TOJIk
KO Ha TBep,n:OM rrOqBe .n;eMCTBllTeJIbHOCTli.
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'lT0 nOSTOMY He06xo.n;llMbI CrreQllaJIbHbIe. 3a60TbI .ZJ;JIR
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113 HalIIHX JIOrllqeCKllX OrpaHllqeHllM II pa.n;OCTHO Hanpa-
BJIReTCR B OqapoBaTeJIbHbIM Mllp HepeaJIbHOrO; HeqTO
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«OHToreHe311C rroBTopReT <pl1JIOreHe311c», T.e. )K113Hb
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CTeCTBeHHoe, HepeaJIbHoe.
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II
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218 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOOEPA)I(EHI1E 219
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KTO .n;YMaeT, qTO YMCTBeHHaR )](1l3Hb pe6eHKa -
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OTCYTCTBlie BHaqaJIe qJIeHOpa3.n;eJIbHOM peqll. Ho
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Toro, qeM caMli pacrrOJIaraeM.
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rro.n;llBl1JIliCb 6bI OHli II .n;eTRM, .n;OBOJIbCTBYIOII llMCR
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220 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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IIIII
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HlimliM pacrrOJIO)Kl1JICR 6bI C KYCKOM qepCTBOro XJle6a
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llM JIlimb XJle6 II 3arraX:ll pa3HbIX 6JIIO.n;.
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qT06bI TaKliM 06pa30M pa3BllTb B HeM crroc06HOCTb
Bo06pa)KeHllR.
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pe6eHKY, rrOCTORHHO HallrpbIBaIOlQeMY rraJIbQaMli rro
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qeT. llOcTpoMKa 6ameH II QepKBeM H3 «JIOma.n;OK»
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.n;OJI)KeH Bl1,lI;eTb B Ka)K.n;bIM MOMeHT TO, qTO rOBopliT
yqllTeJIbHllQa. M Bo06me HeJIb3R rrpOBepllTb, .n;eM-
CTBllTeJIbHO JIll pe6eHOK Bo06pa)KaeT, qTO KOHIOmHR
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nOTOMY qTO HeBepHbIe rrpe.n;CTaBJIeHllR B <popMe
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rllX .n;eTll, 06peqeHHbIe Ha Herro.n;Bll)KHOCTb BocrrllTa-
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mliHoM (Befana); OHa Bll.n;llT CKB03b CTeHbI, crrYCKaeT-
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222 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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qTO RBJIReTCR IIJIO.n;OM HalIIero Bo06pa)KeHl1R. 3'1'0
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Bo06pa)KaIOT. JIerKOBepl1e CBOMCTBeHHO He3peJIOMY
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KOTOpOMY erne He.n;OCTaeT pa3Bl1Tl1R crrOC06HOCTl1
pa3JIl1qaTb l1CTl1HHOe 0'1' JIO)KHOrO, KpaCliBoe 0'1' rpy-
60ro, B03MO)KHOe 0'1' HeB03MO)KHOro.
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JIerKOBepl1e JIl1mb rrOTOMY, qTO OHli rrpORBJIRIOT ce6R
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HeBe)KeCTBeHeH. KOHeqHO, JIerKOBepl1e CBOMCTBeH-
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pa3Bl1Tl1eM MbICJIllTeJIbHbIX crroc06HocTeM. 06pa30-
BaHl1e rrOMoraeT STOMY npoQeccy. KaK y QeJIbIX Hapo-
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3aQl1l1l1 .n;yxOBHbIX crroc06HocTeM YMeHbmaeTcR CJIe-
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nJIbIBaeTCR, rrOCKOJIbK)' eM He XBaTaeT onopbI, qT06bI
rro.n;HRTbCR BBbICb.
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224 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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228 CAMOBOCI1I1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEYQEHI1E...
BOOEPA.)l{EHI1E 229
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III
230 CAMOBOCITHTAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOOEPA)l{EHI1E 231
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242 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEYQEHI1E...
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Ha6JIlO.n;aJI, OTMeqaeT, qTO y .n;eTeM rrORBJIRlOTCR orrpe-
.n;eJIeHHbIe TeH.ZJ;eHQl1l1. MM XOqeTC51 no.n;pa)KaTb TOMY,
qTO .n;eJIaeT MaTb, eCJIl1 OHa X03RMKa .n;OMa. OHl1 OXOT-
HO 6eryT 3a MaTepblO B KYXHlO: 11M XOqeTCR rrpllHRTb
yqaCTl1e B ee pa60Te, TporaTb ee BemIl, OHl1 rrp06YlOT
MeCl1Tb TeCTO, Bapl1Tb, MbITb KaCTplOJIl1, MeCTl1 rrOJI.
MaTb Bl1,lI;l1T B STOM rrOMexy, He rrepeCTaeT rrOBTopRTb:
«OCTaBb, He HMoe.n;aM, YXO.n;Il». Tor.n;a pe6eHOK paa-
.n;pa)KaeTCR, 6pocaeTcR Ha 3eMJIlO, CTyql1T HOraMll. Ho
rrOTOM rroTllxoHbK)' CHOBa Haql1HaeT .n;eJIaTb Bce, qTO
MO)KeT, CTapaeTCR, 'lT06bI ero He Bl1,lI;eJIl1, crrellIllT 11
rrOpTl1T pa60ry; BMeCTO Toro, qT06bI BbIMbITb rrocy.n;y,
caM 06JIl1BaeTCR, cTapaeTcR c.n;eJIaTb KOHTpa6an.n;oM
coyc 11 rraqKaeT rrOJI. OTqMHl1e MaTepl1, Kpl1Kllll yrrpe-
Kll YCllJIl1BalOTCR; pe6eHoK OTBeqaeT Ha STO Kanp113a-
Ml1, ITJIaqeT, HO HerrpeMeHHo Haql1HaeT Bce CHOBa.
ECJIl1 MaTb He BbIIIOJIHReT .n;OMamHeM pa60TbI,
rrOHRTJIl1BbIM, l1HTeJIJIl1reHTHbIM pe6eHOK erne Hec-
qaCTHee. OH l1meT qerO-TO, qTO He MO)KeT HaHTl1, Il
ITJIaqeT 6e3 BCRKoro pa3YMHoro rrOBo.n;a, rrpe.n;aeTCR
rrpl1CTyrraM rHeBa, rrpl1ql1HY KOToporo Hl1KTO He
MO)KeT pa3rMaTb. MHor.n;a KaKOM-H116y.n;b oTeQ )Kany-
eTCR C OTqMHl1eM: «MOM pe6eHoK TaKOM Pa3Bl1TOM,
HO TaKoM l1CrrOpqeHHbIM, Hl1qeM ero HeJIb3R y.n;oBJIe-
TBOpl1Tb. MrpymeK eMY rrOK)'rraTb He CTOl1T, y Hero l1X
CJIl1mKOM MHoro. Hl1qero eMY He H)')KHO».
MaTb qaCTO CrrpaIIIl1BaeT C 6ecrrOKOMCTBOM: «qTO
.n;eJIaTb C pe6eHKOM, Kor.n;a OH Karrp113Hl1qaeT, Kor.n;a y
Hero rrpl1rrMKll rHeBa? OH y MeHR TaKOM Hexopo-
II
IIII
II
H
246 CAMOBOCTII1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOTIPOCbI HPABCTBEHHOfO BOCTII1TAHI151 247
I
I III
ml1M, Hl1Kor.n;a He rrOCl1.n;l1T CMl1pHO: R COBceM He MOry
C HliM CrrpaBl1TbCR». M3pe.n;Ka YCJIbIml1mb 0'1' MaTepl1:
«MOM pe6eHoK TaKoM XOpOml1M, OH Bcer.n;a Crrl1T».
KTO He CJIbIXaJI, KaK MaTb yrp0)KaIOme Kpl1ql1T Ha rrJIa-
qymero pe6eHKa: «3aMOJIql1, 3aMOJIql1». M B pe3YJIb-
TaTe l1crryraHHbIM pe6eHOK }'.ZI;BaHBaeT KPl1Kll.
3'1'0 - rrepBM 60pb6a cymecTBa, TOJIbKO qTO BCry-
rrl1BmerO B Ml1p. OH .n;OJI)KeH 60pOTbCR C CBOl1Mll
po.n;l1TeJIRMl1, C TeMl1, KTO .n;aJI eMY )K1l3Hb. 3'1'0 rrpol1c-
XO.n;l1T rroToMY, qTO )K1l3Hb pe6eHKa OTJIl1qHa 0'1'
)K1l3HM ero po.n;l1TeJIeM: pe6eHoK .n;OJI)KeH «CKJIMbI-
BaTbCR», B TO BpeMR KaK ero po.n;l1TeJIl1 - e CJIO)Kl1B-
ml1eCR JIlO.n;l1.
Pe6eHOK .n;OJI)KeH MHoro .n;Bl1raTbCR, qT06bI Hay-
ql1TbCR KOOp.n;l1Hl1pOBaTb CBOl1 erne He yrropH.n;Oql1B-
ml1eCR .n;Bll)KeHllR. Y po.n;IlTeJIeM, Ha060pOT, BOJIeBbIe
.n;Bl1)KeHl1R OpraH1130BaHbI II OHl1 MOryT yrrpaBJIHTb
CBOl1Ml1 .n;Bl1)KeHl1RMl1; qaCTO OHl1, 6bITb MO)KeT, YTO-
MJIeHbI 0'1' pa60TbI. Y pe6eHKa opraHbI BHemHl1X
qYBCTB erne He BrrOJIHe pa3Bl1TbI. Crroc06HOCTb
pe6eHKa rrpl1crrOC06JIRTbCR K OKpY)KalOmeM cpe.n;e
erne cJJa6a, 11 OH .n;OJI)KeH rrOMoraTb ce6e OCR3aHl1eM,
rrpl1KOCHOBeHl1eM, qT06bI OCBOl1TbCR C rrpe.n;MeTaMl1
11 rrpocTpaHcTBoM: PYKl1 CJIY)KaT eMY KOppeKTl1BOM
,ZJ;JlR ero rJIa3.
Y po.n;l1TeJIeM BHemHl1e qyBcTBa .n;OCTl1rJIl1 rrOJIHO-
ro pa3Bl1Tl1R, Koop.n;l1HaQl1R .n;Bl1)KeHl1M rrOJIHM, M03-
rOBM .n;eRTeJIbHOCTb HanpaBJIReT BHemHl1e qyscTBa
,ZJ;JlR rronyqeHl1R rrpaBl1JIbHbIX rrpe.n;cTaBJIeHl1M 0 BHe-
mHeM Ml1pe, 11M HeT HM06HOCTl1 omyrrbIBaTb rrpe.n;-
MeTbI. .lI:eTRM CTpaCTHO XOqeTCR rr03HaKOMl1TbCR C
BHemHl1M Ml1pOM; po.n;l1TeJIl1 Y)Ke ero .n;OCTaTOqHO
3HaIOT. I10STOMY po.n;l1TeJIl1 11 .n;eTl1 He rrOHl1MaIOT
.n;pyr .n;pyra.
Po.n;l1TeJIli XOTeJIl1 6bI, qT06bI .n;eTl1 6bIJIl1 TaKl1e
)Ke, KaK OHl1, II Bce TO, qeM OHl1 OTJIllqaIOTCR 0'1' po.n;l1-
TeJIeM, Ha3bIBaeTCR l1CrrOpqeHHOCTblO. BCrrOMHl1M,
KaK qaCTO MaTb Taml1T 3a C060M pe6eHKa, KOTOpOMY
rrpl1Xo.n;l1TCR 6e)KaTb, Kor.n;a OHa l1,lI;eT, rrOTOMY qTO y
pe6eHKa KOpOTKl1e 11 CJIa6bIe HOrl1, a y MaTepl1 ,ZJ;Jll1H-
Hble; OH .n;OJI)KeH HeCTl1 TR)KeCTb CBoero TeJIa 11
TR)KeCTb rOJIOBbI, HerrporrOPQ110HaJIbHO 60JIbmOM,
Tor.n;a KaK TeJIO 11 rOJIOBa MaTepl1 rrporrOPQ110HaJIbHO
JIerqe. Pe6eHOK YCTaeT 11 rrJIaqeT, a MaTb cep.n;l1TO
rrOKpl1Kl1BaeT Ha Hero: «M.n;l1, Hero.n;RM, He CMeM
Karrp113Hl1qaTb! A, TbI XOqemb, qT06bI R B3RJIaTe6R
Ha PYKl1? HeT, HeT, R Te6e He YCTYITJIlO». TOqHO TaK
)Ke, Kor.n;a MaTb Bl1,lI;l1T, qTO pe6eHOK paCTRHYJICR Ha
3eMJIe 11 60JITaeT B B03.n;yxe HOraMl1, OHa Haql1HaeT
cep.n;l1TbCR: «TbI BeCb l1CrraqKaembCR, CKBepHbIM
MaJIbql1mKa, 3aqeM TbI BaJIRembCR?»
Bce STO IlMeeT O.n;HO 06'bRCHeHIle: pe6eHoK OTJIl1-
qaeTCR 0'1' B3pOCJIOro. CTpOeHl1e ero TeJIa TaKOBO,
qTO ero rOJIOBa 11 ryJIOBl1me HerrporroPQ110HaJIbHO
BeJIl1Kl1 rro cpaBHeHl1lO C ero TOHKl1MI1 HO)KKaMl1 -
qaCTblO TeJIa, KOTOpM .n;OJI)KHa 60JIbme Bcero paCTl1.
I10STOMY pe6eHoK HeOXOTHO XO.n;l1T 11 .n;OJI)KeH rrpe.n;-
rrOql1TaTb BCRKoe rrOJIO)KeHl1e, r.n;e OH MO)KeT pacTR-
RYTbCR, - STO ,ZJ;JlR Hero caMoe 3.n;opOBoe rrOJIO)KeHl1e.
OH rrpOCTO y.n;l1Bl1TeJIeH B CBoeM CTpeMJIeHl1l1 K
pa3Bl1Tl1lO: OH BOCrrpl1Hl1MaeT rrepBble BrreqaTJIeHl1R
BHemHero Ml1pa 11 rrOMoraeT CBoeMY 3peHl1lO 11 cnyxy
OCR3aHl1eM, qT06bI rr03HaTb CPOPMY rrpe.n;MeTOB 11 IlX
rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHoe B3al1MOOTHOmeHl1e. Pe6eHOK
rrOCTORHHO .n;Bl1)KeTCR, rrOTOMY qTO OH .n;OJI)KeH rrpMY-
ql1TbCR K Koop.n;l1HaQl1l1 11 rrpl1crrOC06JIeHl1lO CBOllX
.n;Bl1)KeHl1M. I10STOMY .n;eTl1 MHoro .n;Bl1ralOTCR, MaJIO
XO.n;RT, 6pocalOTCH Ha 3eMJIlO, Bce TporaIOT - STO Bce
I
I
I
.
I
I
II
I
248 CAMOBOCTII1:TAHI1E I1 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOITPOCbI HPABCTBEHHOfO BOCTII1TAHI151 249
II
fll
H
rrpIl3HaKli Toro, qTO OHl1 )KllBbI, qTO OHl1 pacTyT. A
Bce STO Cql1TaeTCR l1CrrOpqeHHOcTblO.
.HCHO, qTO STO - He Borrpoc MOpaJIl1. MbI He 6}')J;eM
l1CKaTb rryTeM ,ZJ;JlR l1CrrpaBJIeHl1R rro.n;06HbIX ,ZJ;ypHbIX
TeH.ZJ;eHQl1M TOJIbKO qTO rrORBIlBmerOCR Ha CBeT cyme-
CTBa. 3'1'0 - He Borrpoc MOpaJIl1. Ho STO - Borrpoc
)K113HIl.
Pe6eHoK CTpeMl1TCR )KllTb, a MbI eMY MemaeM. B
STOM CMbICJIe ,ZJ;JlR Hac STO - Borrpoc MOpaJIIl, rrOTOMY
qTO MbI Haql1HaeM aHaJI11311pOBaTb Te HaIIIl1 Om116Kll,
KOTopbIe rrpl1HOCRT Bpe.n; pe6eHK)' 11 HapymalOT ero
rrpaBa. KpOMe TOro, B HamliX Om116Kax rro OTHome-
Hl1lO K .n;eTRM CKa3bIBaeTCR Ham Sr0113M: KaKOM-H116}')J;b
rrocryrroK pe6eHKa rrpl1ql1HReT HaM 6ecrrOKOMCTBO,
MbI 60peMCR C .n;eTbMl1, qT06bI orpa.n;l1Tb c06CTBeH-
HbIM rrOKOM, c06CTBeHHYlO CB060.n;y. KaK qaCTO B rny-
611He cep.n;Qa qysCTByeM CBOIO HerrpaBory, HO CTapaeM-
CR rro.n;aBl1Tb STO C03HaHl1e: Be.n;b MaJIeHbKllM MRTe)K-
Hl1K He 06Bl1HReT Hac 11 He TaRT B ce6e yrrpeKoB HaM.
HarrpOTl1B, TaK )Ke, KaK OH yrropcTByeT B CBoeM
«l1CrrOpqeHHOCTl1», KOTOpM, rro cymeCTBY, - cpopMa
ero )K1l3Hl1, pe6eHOK yrropcTByeT B CBoeM JIlO6Bl1 K
HaM, B rrpOmeHl1l1, OH He rrOMHl1T OCKop6JIeHl1M,
rrorrpocry )KeJIaeT 06Hl1MaTb Hac, B306paTbCR K HaM
Ha KOJIeHl1, 3aCHYTb y Hac Ha PYKax. 3'1'0 TaK)Ke cpopMa
)K1l3Hl1. A MbI, eCJIl1 YCTaJIl1 llJIIi cep.n;l1TbI, OTTaJIKl1Ba-
eM pe6eHKa, rrpllKpbIBaeM CBOM srOIl3M 6y.n;TO 6bI
3a60TaMl1 0 CaMOM pe6eHKe, OCTaHaBJIl1BaeM ero rpy-
60CTblO: «He rpl1MaCHl1qaM» Il T..n;. OCKop6JIeHllR,
KJIeBeTa He CXO,ZJ;5lT C Haml1X YCT, KaK rrOCTORHHbIM
rrplirreB: «TbI CKBepHbIM, TbI CKBepHbIM».
EcJIl1 60pb6a pe6eHKa 11 B3pOCJIOro OKaHql1BaeTCR
«MllPOM», 11 B3pOCJIbIM, rrOHRB oc06eHHOCTl1 .n;eTCKO-
ro OpraH113Ma, cTapaeTcR rrOMOqb pe6eHK)', OH MO)KeT
rr03HaTb BeJIl1qaMml1e PMOCTl1, KOTopbIe TOJIbKO
.n;apliT rrpl1po.n;a, - B3pOCJIbIM MO)KeT CJIe.n;IlTb 3a eCTe-
CTBeHHbIM pa3Bl1Tl1eM pe6eHKa, Ha6JIlO.n;aTb, KaK
pe6eHoK rrpeBpamaeTCR BO B3pOCJIOro. EcJIIi pacrry-
CKaHl1e 6YToHa p03bI TaK ycep.n;Ho BocrreBaeTCR B rroEl-
31111, TO HaCKOJIbKO rrpeKpaCHee paCQBeTaHl1e .n;e
CKOM .n;yml1? BMeCTO Toro, qT06bI pa.n;OBaTbCR STOMY
qy.n;y, HaxO.n;l1Tb B HeM YTemeHl1e, MbI C rHeBOM rrorrl1-
paeM ero HOraMl1, rrpOKJIIiHaeM, KaK 6e3YMHbIe.
Kor.n;a pe6eHoK qTo-H116y.n;b TporaeT llJIl1 .n;eJIaeT,
HecMo'I'pR Ha BCRqeCKl1e HaKa3aHl1R, OH KaK 6bI yrrop-
cTByeT B yrrpa)KHeHl1RX, He06xo.n;l1MbIX .n;JIR ero
pa3Bl1TllR, 11 06HapY)Kl1BaeT TaK)'lO Cllny BOJIl1, C KOTO-
pOM MbI qaCTO CrrpaBl1TbCR He MO)KeM; OH rrpORBJIReT
TaKOe )Ke ynOpCTBO, KaK Kor.n;a OH .n;blml1T, rrJIaqeT,
Kor.n;a OH rOJIo.n;eH, Kor.n;a XOqeT XO.n;l1Tb. TaK)Ke pe6e-
HOK TRHeTCR K BHemHl1M npe.n;MeTaM, rrOCKOJIbK)' OHl1
COOTBeTCTBYlOT ero BHYTpeHHl1M HY)K.ZJ;aM. Kor.n;a OH
l1X OTbICKl1BaeT, TO rrp06y)K.l.J;alOTCR ero BHYTpeHHl1e
CliJIbI B MYCK)'JIbHbIX II ceHcopHbIX yrrpa)KHeHl1RX, 11
Tor.n;a OH pMOCTeH, BeCeJI.
MJIl1, Ha060pOT, pe6eHOK He HaxO.n;l1T 06'beKTOB,
HY)KHbIX eMY ,lI;JIR caMOrrpORBJIeHllR, 11 Tor.n;a OH 6ecrro-
KoeH, rroToMY qTO OH He }')J;OBJIeTBopeH. I1rpymKM He
.n;alOT y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHl1R ero pYKaM. PYKl1 XOTRT YCIl-
JIl1M B rro.n;Hl1MaHl1l1 11 rrepe.n;Bll)KeHl1l1 rrpe.n;MeTOB:
l1rpymKll CJIl1mKOM CJIO)KHbI, qT06bI .n;aTb y.n;OBJIeTBO-
peHl1e opraHaM BHemHl1X qysCTB, CTpeMRml1MCR aHa-
JIIl311pOBaTb 1130JIl1pOBaHHbIe omymeHl1R. MrpymKll
rrYCTbI, OHlf rrpe.n;CTaBJIRlOT JIl1mb rrapo.n;l1lO Ha
HaCTORmylO )K113Hb. O.n;HaKO STO - 06bIqHbIM Ml1p
Haml1X .n;eTeM: OHl1 BbIHY)K.l.J;eHbI «YHl1qTO)KaTb» CBOl1
BHYTpeHHl1e Cl1JIbI, qTO BbI3bIBaeT B Hl1X rrOCTORHHbIM
.1
250 CAMOBOCTII1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOTIPOCbI HPABCTBEHHOfO BOCTIHTAHI151 251
II
rHeB, KOTOpbIM TOJIKaeT l1X K pa3pymeHl1lO CaMliX
l1rpymeK.
K CqaCTblO, .n;eTl1 He 3HaKOMbI C YTBep)K.n;eHIleM,
qTO OHl1 06JIa.ZJ:alOT l1HCTl1HKTOM pa3pymeHl1R. TaK)Ke
11M He 113BeCTHO II .n;pyroe 113611TOe rrOJIO)KeHl1e, rrpo-
Tl1BOpeqamee rrepBOMY, qTO B pe6eHKe pa3Bl1T
l1HCTl1HKT c06CTBeHHl1Ka, srOl1CTa. Ha CaMOM .n;eJIe y
pe6eHKa eCTb MOmHbIM l1HCTl1HKT - l1HCTl1HKT pOCTa,
CTpeMJIeHl1e rro.n;bIMaTbCR, COBepmeHCTBOBaTbCR:
pe6eHOK B Ka)K.n;bIM rrepl1o.n; CBoeM )K113Hl1 IlHCTl1HK-
Tl1BHO rrpl1rOTOBJIReT ce6R K CJIe.n;YIOmeMY rrepl1o.n;y.
M STO 06'bRCHReT rrOBe.n;eHl1e pe6eHKa ropa3.n;0
rrpome, qeM Te CTpaHHbIe llHCTl1HKTbI, KOTopbIe MbI
CTpeMl1MCR JIO)KHO rrpl1rrl1CaTb pe6eHK)'.
I103BOJIbTe pe6eHK)' .n;eMCTBOBaTb caMOCTORTeJIb-
HO, 11 YBl1,lI;l1Te, KaK OH «MeHReTCR». B .lI:oMe pe6eHKa
(Guerrieri Gonzaga) .n;OCTaTOqHO 6blJIO .n;aTb caMOM
Karrp113HOM 11 030pHOM .n;eBOqKe rpe6eHI<y, qT06bI OHa
rrpeBpaTl1JIaCb B MllJIeMmee cymeCTBO, C 60JIbml1M
HaCJIa)K.n;eHl1eM rrpl1qeCbIBalOmee CBOl1X TOBapOK.
MJIl1 .n;pyroM rrpl1Mep: HeJIOBKM, «COHHM» .n;eBOqKa
rro.n;xo.n;l1T K HaM Il rrpOTRrl1BaeT pyqOHKl1, qT06bI
paCKaTaTb eM pYKaBa. M CTOllJIO eM TOJIbKO CKa3aTb:
«C.n;eJIaM STO caMa», KaK rJIa3Kll ee 3arOpeJIl1Cb KaKl1M-
TO rrOHliMaHl1eM, Ha JIl1Qe rrORBllJIOCb BbIpa)KeHl1e
rop.n;OCTl1 11 }')J;l1BJIeHl1R, 11 OHa HaqaJIa caMa paCKaTbI-
BaTb pYKaBa rrpRMO C HaCJIa)K.n;eHl1eM.
C YMbIBaJIbHOM qamKOM 11 MbIJIOM Haml1 .n;eTli 06pa-
malOTCR CO CTpamHoM 6epe)KJll1BOCTblO: OCTOpO)KHO
BbIJIl1BalOT BO,ZJ;y, 6epe)KHO CTaBRT qaIIIK)' Ha MeCTO,
qT06bI He pa3611Tb, MbIJIO KJIa,ZJ;yT rrpRMO C He)KHOCTblO.
Ka3aJIocb, Bce rrpo.n;eJIbIBaJIOCb 3aBO.n;HbIMli q:mrypaMl1
rro,ll; MY3bIK)'. TaKllMl1 q:mrypaMl1 RBJIRJIl1Cb .n;eTl1, a
MY3bIKOM cny)Kl1Jla llX BHYTpeHHRR pa.n;OCTb. Haml1
.n;eTl1 3aHRTbI o.n;eBaHl1eM, YMbIBaHl1eM, rrpl1qeCbIBaHl1-
eM, y60pKOM 11 rrpl1Be.n;eHIleM B rrOpR,ll;OK CBOliX BemeM
11 KOMHaTbI, OHl1 CaMl1 pa60TalOT. I10STOMY OHl1 JIlO6RT
Bce STl1 HY)KHbIe llM Bemll, OHl1 6y.n;yr XpaHl1Tb ro.n;aMl1
K)'COK 6YMarl1, He HaTbIKalOTCR Ha Me6eJIb, He JIOMalOT
ee, a COBepmeHCTBYlOT CBOl1 .n;Bl1)KeHl1R.
06bIqHO B3pOCJIbIe BMeml1BaIOTCR B )K113Hb .n;eTeM,
He .n;aIOT 11M l1.n;Tl1 CBoeM .n;oporOM II CTapalOTCR rrpl1-
BR3aTb l1X K ce6e, HecMoTpR Ha TO, qTO 60pb6a Me)K.l.J;y
TeMl1 11 .n;pyrnMl1 y)Ke HaqaJIaCb, 11 .n;eTl1 y)Ke 60RTCR
B3pOCJIbIX. MbI, B3pOCJIbIe, rro.n;xo.n;l1M K .n;eTRM OCTO-
P0)KHO 11 Xl1TpO. Pe6eHoK JIOMaeT Beml1, eMY STO
Herrpl1RTHO, OH rrbITaeTCR rrOrrpaBJIRTb 11 cOBepmeH-
CTBOBaTb CBOl1 .n;Bll)KeHl1R. Ho MbI Crreml1M 1136aBl1Tb
ero 0'1' OrOpqeHl1R, «0'1' paCKMHl1R ero MYCK)'JIOB -
Bl1HOBHl1KOB rrpocrynKa» 11 cHa6)KaeM ero He6blOml1-
Ml1CR rrpe.n;MeTaMl1: MeTaJIJIl1qeCKllMl1 TapeJIKaMl1 II
qaIIIKaMl1, MaTepqaTbIMl1 llrpymKaMl1, MRrKllMl1 Me.n;-
Be,ZJ;5lMl1, ryTTarrepqeBbIMl1 K)'KJIaMli. Terrepb Bce ero
Om116Kl1 CKpbITbI. Ka)K.n;M om116Ka MYCK)'JIOB OCTaeT-
CR ,lI;JIR pe6eHKa He3aMeqeHHoM: rrosToMY OH He qYB-
cTByeT OrOpqeHl1R 0'1' Hey.n;aqHOrO .n;Bl1)KeHl1R, He
IlcrrbITbIBaeT paCKMHl1R, He rrpORBJIReT YCllJIl1H K
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252 CAMOBOCTII1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOTIPOCbI HPABCTBEHHoro BOCTII1TAHI151 253
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254 CAMOBOCTII1TAHI1E I1 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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xopomero .n;OJI)J(HO 6bITb 3.n;eCb CTporo orrpe.n;eJIeHO:
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BOTIPOChI HPABCTBEHHOfO BOCTII1TAHI151 255
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256 CAMOBOCTII1TAHI1E M CAMOOEyqEHHE...
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258 CAMOBOCTII1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOTIPOCbI HPABCTBEHHOfO BOCTII1TAHI151 259
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rrOXBaJI pe6eHOK Bo06pa)KaeT ce6R «Ha.n;e)K.l.J;OM crpa-
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ero TOBapl1mll rro KJIaccy - caMO BeCeJIbe Il 6e33a60T-
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KOTOpbIM .n;OMa rrOMoralOT perreTl1TOpbI llJIl1 06pa30-
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JIl1meHHbIe .n;OMa KaKoro 6bI TO Hl1 6bIJIO yxo.n;a, rrpe.n;o-
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KpaHHl1e rrOKa3aTeJIli rrpl1HQl1rra, Ha KOTOpOM OCHO-
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260 CAMOBOCTII1TAHI1E I1 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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262 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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266 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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268 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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270 CAMOBOCI1I1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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272 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOITPOCbI HPABCTBEHHOro BOCITI1TAHI151 273
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274 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOITPOCbI HPABCTBEHHorO BOCITI1TAHI151 275
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276 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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278 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
BOITPOCbI HPABCTBEHHorO BOCITI1TAHI151 279
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mee erne CllJIbHee, qeM KpaCliBoe, CBR3aHO C rrOJIe3-
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280 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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CTaTbCR CBOl1Mll .n;OCTollHcTBaMll, OH rOBopllT: «51
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BOITPOCbI HPABCTBEHHOrO BOCITI1TAHI151 281
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282 CAMOBOCITI1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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284 CAMOBOCI1I1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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BOITPOCbI HPABCTBEHHOrO BOCITI1TAHI151 285
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)/{aHa rre,ll;arOrllqeCKliMli MeTo.n;llKaMli II oCHarneHa
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(''1' C06JIlO,lI;eHl151 KOHKpeTHbIX rre,ll;arOrnqeCKllX TeXHO-
JlOrllM, pa3pa60TaHHbIx aBTopoM, II ToqHOrO CJIe,ll;OBa-
II11R onpe.n;eJIeHHbIM QeJIRM II rro,n:XO,ll;aM.
ApeHa )];JI.H ynpIDKHeHDH ;n;yxa
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n rpynnax M. MOHTeccopli xapaKTepHo coxpaHHTb
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nTIliMaHlie Ha pa60Te C npe,ll;MeTOM, TO CTOJIKRYJICH C
IIOJIHOM B03MYrneHllH. I10 MHeHlllO 60JIbmllHCTBa
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110. ,l];eMcTBllTeJIbHO, BHllMaHlie MaJIeHbKoro pe6eHKa
110 BpeMR 3aHHTl1R y.n;ep)KaTb ,lI;OBOJIbHO TPY,ll;HO. EOJIb-
II111HCTBO ,lI;omKOJIbHbIX rre,ll;arOroB II rrCllXOJIorOB
IIpllmJIli K BbIBO.n;y, qTO ,lI;OmKOJIbHllK MO)KeT CJIyrnaTb
(IO'bHCHeHlle yqllTeJIH He 60JIee 5 MliHYT, oc06eHHo
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CAMOBOCIII1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
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XapaKTepa ,lI;eRTeJIbHOCTli BHllMaHlie CTapmllX ,lI;om-
KOJIbHllKOB Y,lI;aeTCH Y,lI;ep)KaTb 15-20 MliHYT.
HeKoTopbIe llCCJIe,ll;OBaTeJIli TpaKrylOT BHllMaHlie
KaK npoQecc, C rrOMOrnblO KOToporo MbI oT611paeM
llHcpopMaQlllO. B STOM CMbICJIe KOHQeHTpaQl1R BHll-
MaHllR, KOTOpOM ,lI;OCTliraeT pe6eHOK B XO,ll;e pa60TbI,
HBJIReTCR KpaMHe Ba)KHbIM nOKa3aTeJIeM, llrpalOrn liM
pemalOmylO pOJIb B rrpoQecce rrOCTpoeHllR pe6eHKOM
c06CTBeHHOM rrCllXllKli. A llMeHHO rrpoQecc caMorro-
cTpoeHllH MOHTeccopli CTaBliT B QeHTp ,lI;eTCKoro
pa3BllTliH. I1pllMeqaTeJIbHO II ,lI;pyroe. ,l];o CliX rrop He
,lI;aHO BHRTHoro 06'bRCHeHllR npllpO,ll;bI ,AeTCKoro BHll-
MaHliR II MexaH1l3Ma ero ,lI;eMCTBliH. Erne TpY,lI;Hee
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B KOTOpblX MO)KeT 6bITb Y,lI;ep)KaHO BHllMaHlie ,lI;eTeH.
BnpOqeM, Y,lI;llBJIeHlle, BblCKa3aHHoe MOliMli cny-
maTeJIHMll, rrpaBoMepHo, nOToMY qTO II caMa M. MOH-
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IGIMll, II OHa, O,ll;eBmllCb B KpaCliBbIM MaCKapa.n;HbIM
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ItCrOplilO. Ha TpeTbeM MliHYTe 3aep3aJIli MaJIblmll, Ha
I UlTOM yqllTeJIb BbIHY)K.n;eH 6bIJI OTBJIeKaTbCR 0'1' pac-
n{a3a, qT06bI rrOMep)KaTb ,lI;llCQllrrJIliHY. I1pllmJIOCb
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IIpomJIO 6bI II B TPMllQllOHHOM rpyrrne.
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M.lHllR KOHCTaTlipYlOT: «npll 0,ll;Ho06pa3HOM Be,ll;e-
IIHll 3aHHTliR BHllMaHlie coxpaHllTb TPY,ll;HO. Harrpll-
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BllR, qeM B 'I'pa.n;llQ110HHOM rpyrrne.
B ,AaHHOM KHllre M. MOHTeCCOpli rro.n;po6HO paCCMa-
rpliBaeT rrpoQecc cpOpMllpOBaHliR HOBoro KaqeCTBa
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JIlWeHllR, KOTopoe aBTOp Ha3bIBaeT rrOJIRp113aQlleM BHll-
MaHliR. Cne,ZJ;yeT JIlimb OTMeTllTb, '!TO B 06bIqHbIX SKerre-
pllMeHTax C ,lI;OmKOJIbHllKaMll, KaK rrpaBMJIO, paCCMaTpll-
ImeTCR cppOHTaJIbHOe 3aHRTlle, rrp113BaHHOe pa3BllBaTb
ACTeM, HO Ha KOTopoe pe6RT C0611paIOT B orrpe,ll;eJIeHHOe
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3TOM Ka)KeTC51 BrrOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHbIM, qTO y pe6eHKa
IIHKTO He crrparnMBaeT, rOTOB JIll OH K 3aH5lTlllO, XOqeT
10
CAMOBOCIII1TAHI1E 11 CAMOOEyqEHI1E...
TAtiHA OCBOEO)K.lI:EHI151 PEEEHKA
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JIaralOT, II Bo06rne xoqeT JIll OH STliM 3aHl1MaTbCR. B3pO-
CJIbIe orrpe,ll;eJIWIll, qTO TaI( HMO, 3HaqllT, TaI( II 6Y,ll;eT. Y
pe6eHKa rrpOCTO HeT BbI60pa. Yql1TeJIb)Ke ,lI;OJI)KeH Jlll60
B3RTb BCex B «e)KOBble pyKaBl1QbI» ll, HaBe,ZJ;5l ,lI;llCQllIIJIll-
Hy, rrpOBeCTl1 3aHRTlle, JI1l60 3aHHTepeCOBaTb ,lI;eTeM
npe,ZJ;JlO)KeHHOM ,lI;eRTeJIbHOCTblO, npll STOM MaKCliMaJIb-
HO COKpaTllB BpeMR ,ZJ;JlR nO,ZJ;rOTOBKH K 3aHRTlilO. 3Tll
peQerrTbI, C06CTBeHHO, II npe,ZJ;JlaraeT HaIJIa ,lI;OmKOJIbHaR
ne.n;arorllKa, CTaB5l TeM caMbIM ycnex 3aHRTllR B 3aBllCll-
MOCTb 0'1' MaCTepcTBa 11 onbITa yqllTeJIR.
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HbIe Ha 3anMe, nOKa3aJIll, '!TO ,lI;OmKOJIbHllKll, ysJIe-
qeHHble KaKOM-JI1l60 llHTepeCHOM ,lI;eRTeJIbHOCTblO,
,lI;eMOHCTplipOBaJIli cpOKYCl1pOBaHHoe BHllMaHlle, a
,lI;eTll, KOTOpbIX ,lI;eRTeJIbHOCTb He 3allHTepeCOBaJIa, -
aKTllBI-lOe HeBHllMaHHe. fpynna 6bIJIa pa3HOB03paCT-
HOM, II Ha6JIlO,lI;eHlle nOKa3aJIO, qTO ,lI;eTli qeTbIpeX C
nOJIOBllHOM JIeT npOBO,ll;l1JIli B COCTORHllll cpOK)'Cllpo-
BaHHoro BHllMaHliR 3HaqllTeJIbHOe BpeMR, Cl1JIbHO
npeBbImalOrn ee npe6bIBaHlie B STOM COCTORHllll ,lI;BYX-
JIeTHllX ,lI;eTeM. 3TllM SKcnepllMeHTOM aBTopbI nOKa3a-
JIll, qTO BHllMaHlie ,lI;eTeM pa3BllBaeTCR CO BpeMeHeM
ll, eCJIli ,lI;eRTeJIbHOCTb )KeCTKO He perJIaMeHTlipOBaTb,
pe6eHOK npORBJIReT no OTHomeHlllO K HeM JIll60
cpOK)'CHpOBaHHoe BHl1MaHlle, JIl160 aKTllBHoe HeBHll-
MaHlie. MO)KHO JIll pa3BllBaTb cpOK)'ClipOBaHHoe BHll-
MaHlie II KaK 6bITb C aKTllBHbIM HeBHllMaHlleM?
MHTepeCHO 6bIJIO 6bI npo.n;OJI)KllTb SKcnepllMeHT
II npe,ZJ;JlO)KllTb ,lI;eTRM He O,ll;llH BbI6paH HbIM SKcnepll-
MeHTaTOpaMli Bl1.n; ,lI;eRTeJIbHOCTll, a HeCKOJIbKO Bll,ll;OB
Ha BbI60p. I10 CYTll, TaKOM SKcnepllMeHT II npOBO,ll;llT-
CR B KJIaCce MOHTeccopli. OH nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO ,lI;eTli
II B STliX YCJIOBllRX MOryT Haxo.n;llTbCR B COCTORHllll
;lKTllBHoro neBHllMaHllR, eCJIli nOHliMaTb B ,lI;aHHOM
CJlyqae no,ll; HeBHllMaHlieM paCKOHQeHTplipOBaH-
110CTb, a no,ll; aKTllBHOCTblO - COCTORHlle nOliCKa no,ll;-
XO,ll;Rrn eM ,lI;eRTeJIbHOCTli.
3'1'0 COCTORHlle ,lI;OBOJIbHO xapaKTepHO .n;JIR HOBllq-
I{OB, npl1xo,ZJ;5lmllX B rpynrry MOHTeCCOpl1. B nepBoM
l"UOeM KHllre MOHTeccopli onllCbIBaeT npllxo,ll; ,lI;eTeM
II CBOM KJIacc KaK npllxo,ll; BapBapoB, pa3pymalOrn liX
nce Ha CBoeM IIyTl1. TOJIbKO qepe3 HeCKOJIbKO MeCR-
l,eB nonaBmlle B ee KJIaCCbI Ha6JIlO,lI;aTeJIli YBll,ll;eJIli
cocpe,ll;OTOqeHHbIX Ha pa60Te ,lI;eTeM, l1bR KOHQeHTpa-
I(HR BbI3bIBaJIa y.n;llBJIeHlle.
Cero,ll;HR, KaK npaBl1JIO, MbI Ha611paeM Ka)K,ZJ;ylO
nOBYlO rpynrry nOCTeneHHO, II BHOBb npllme,ll;mlle
/,CTli 6bICTpee II JIerqe BXO,ZJ;5lT B pa3MepeHHbIM pllTM
pa60TbI rpynnbI, yqaTCR BbI611paTb II KOHQeHTpllpO-
naTbCR. XOTR caMO npliBbIKaHlie MO)KeT 6bITb ,lI;OCTa-
TOqHO .n;JIllTeJIbHbIM II 3aBllCliT 0'1' llH.n;llBll,ll;YaJIbHbIX
oc06eHHOCTeM pe6eHKa. Ho BOT pe6eHOK Haxo,ll;llT
110 XO,ll;RmylO ,lI;eRTeJIbHOCTb, KOHQeHTplipyeTcR Ha
neM, II STO MO)KHO B npe.n;JIO)KeHHbIX TepMllHax Ha3-
uaTb cpOK)'ClipOBaHHbIM BHllMaHlieM.
PeQenT MOHTeccopli B TOM, qT06bI npe,ll;OCTaBllTb
pe6eHK)' BbI60p llHTepecyrorn eM ero ,lI;eRTeJIbHOCTli. A
1I0CJIe KOpOTKoro llH,lI;l1Bl1,ZJ;yaJIbHOrO ypoKa - npaBo
Ira caMocTORTeJIbHyID pa60ry, KOTOpaR 3aXBaTbIBaeT
IIBliMaHlie MaJIblma, nOToMY 11'1'0 OHa HanpaBJIeHa Ha
y,ll;OBJIeTBOpeHlle ero BHYTpeHHeM nOTpe6HOCTll, T.e.
na CTpOllTeJIbCTBO pe6eHKOM caMoro ce6R. B STOM
crpOllTeJIbCTBe BHemHlle CTllMYJIbI, no 06pa3HOMY
Ollpe,ll;eJIeHlllO llTaJIbRHCKoro ne,ll;arora, Bcero JIlimb
«apeHa .n;JIR ynpa)KHeHllM ,ZJ;yXa». B STl1X YCJIOBl1RX
l"I10HTaHHOe, HanpaBJIeHHOe Ha caMopa3BllTlie ,lI;eT-
("I(oe BHllMaHlie llMeeT COBceM ,lI;pyroe KaqeCTBO II
12
CAMOBOCI111TAH11E 11 CAMOOEyqEH11E...
TAtiHA OCBOEO)l{)J;EH1151 PEEEHKA
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Tpe6ycr COBCeM ,lI;pyroH opraH1l3aQllll pa60TbI C ,lI;eTb-
Mll. B llHbIX YCJIOBllRX OHO BPR,lI; JIll B03MO)KHO, nOSTO-
MY BbI3bIBaeT CTOJIbKO He,ll;OBepliR.
Top:m:eCTBO BOJID
IIcpBble npORBJIeHllR caMOKOHTpOJIR MO)KHO 3aMe-
rUTb Y)Ke B MJIMeHl1eCKOM B03paCTe, a ero COBepmeH-
CT80BaHlie npOllCXO,ll;llT B ,lI;OmKOJIbHbIH nepllO,ll;. TaK
K. Konn I npe,ll;nOJIaraeT, 11'1'0 caMOKOHTpOJIb npoxo-
/1.11T B CBoeM pa3BllTlili Tpll cpa3bI:
. Y)Ke K KOHQy nepBoro rO,ll;a ,lI;eTli Y3HalOT, 11'1'0
H:JpOCJIbIe npe,ZJ;JlaralOT llM HeKOTopble orpaHlll1eHllR
H qTO He06xo,ll;llMO Ha HliX pearlipOBaTb.
. K .n;BYM ro.n;aM MaJIbIm YCBaHBacr pR.n; 3anpcrOB II cno-
c06eH KOH'I'pOJIlipOBaTb ce6R B OTcyTCTBlili pO,ll;llTeJIeH.
. B B03paCTe Tpex JIeT ,lI;eTli cnoc06HbI npl1,ZJ;yMbI-
naTb cnoc06bI peryJIRQllll CBoero nOBe,ll;eHllR.
COBpeMeHHbIe l1CCJIe,ll;OBaHliR He 060mJIli Bonpoc
o TOM, KaK B JJ;eTCKOM B03paCTe cpopMllpyeTcR CaMO-
KOHTpOJIb. OHli BbIRBliJIli ,lI;Ba MOrnHbIX cpaKTopa,
HJIliRlOrnliX Ha ero nORBJIeHlle. 3'1'0 pO,ll;llTeJIbCKOe
BJIllRHlle (l1JIll, IIIllpe, BJIllRHlle npliMepa B3pOCJIbIX)
H TeMnepaMeHT pe6eHKa. MCCJIe,ll;YR STli ,lI;Ba cpaKTo-
pa, f. KOqaHCKa 2 npeJJ;nOJIO)KWIa, qTO 60R3JIliBbIe no
TeMnepaMeHry ,lI;eTli 6y,lI;yT 06JIa.n;aTb nyqmllM caMO-
IWHTpOJIeM, eCJIli pO,ll;llTeJIli cTaHYT npliMeHRTb MRr-
Klle cpOpMbI BocnllTaHllH, a CMeJIbIe ,lI;eTli 06peryT STO
KaqeCTBO, eCJIli pO,ll;llTeJIli C,lI;eJIalOT cTaBK)' Ha npoq-
HyIO B3allMHyID npllBR3aHHocTb. B llCCJIe,ll;OBaHlili
Ha6JIlO,lI;aJIliCb ,lI;eTli C 2-2,5 JIeT ,lI;0 4-5 JIeT. Pe3YJIbTa-
TbI nO,ll;TBep,ll;l1JIli rlinoTe3Y. Y ,lI;eTeH, OTHeceHHblX
HCCJIe,ll;OBaTeJIeM K 60R3JIliBbIM, OKa3aJIaCb npOqHM
U3allMOCBR3b Me)K,ZJ;y «MRrKoH» ,lI;llcQllrrJIliHOH II caMO-
KOHTpOJIeM, a ,ZJ;JlR CMeJIbIX ,lI;eTeH KpaHHe Ba)KHbIM
("TaJIO COTPY,lI;Hlll1eCTBo co B3pOCJIbIMll, KOTopoe no,ll;-
TBep)K.l.J;aeT BbICOKliH ypoBeHb npllBR3aHHOCTli. .lI:py-
MexaH1l3M cpOpMllpoBaHliR BOJIli .n;o CliX nop He ,lI;0
KOHQa 5lCeH II B pa3HbIX nCllXOJIOrllqeCKllX mKOJIaX
onllCbIBaeTCR no-pa3HOMY. Ho eCTb rrpaKTllKa, II
CerO,ll;HR pO,ll;llTeJIRM ,lI;alOT BHemHe rrpocToH COBeT:
He ,lI;eJIaHTe 3a pe6eHKa TO, C qeM OH Y)Ke B COCTORHllll
crrpaBllTbcR CaM. Ero JIerKO llHTeprrpeTlipoBaTb B
.n;yxe MOHTeccopll, KOTopaR np1l3bIBaJIa ,lI;aBaTb
pe6eHK)' CTOJIbKO He3aBllcliMoCTll, CKOJIbKO OH
MO)KeT OCBOliTb. MMeHHo He3aBllCliMOCTb nOMoraeT
MaJIbImy pa3BllBaTbcR comaCHO 3aKOHaM npllpO,ll;bI.
TaKoe HOpMaJIbHOe (B rrOHliMaHlili MOHTeccopll)
pa3BllTlie Be,ll;eT K cpOpMllpoBaHlilO Cl1JIbHOM BOJIli II
ypaBHOBemeHHoro YMa.
I10 ee MHeHlllO, BOJIR npORBJIReTCR B onpe,ll;eJIeH-
HOM .n;eHcTBlili II RBJIReTCR OC03HaHHbIM aKTOM.
MHOr,ll;a BOJIR, BbIpa)KeHHM B nocryuKe, CTaHOBl1TCR
pe3YJIbTaTOM 60pb6bI pa3HoHanpaBJIeHHbIX llMrryJIb-
COB. Bonpoc TOJIbKO B TOM, KTO Ii KaK orrpe,ll;eJIReT
rpaHllQbI nocryuKoB, a, CJIe,ll;OBaTeJIbHO, CTpeMJIeHlle
llH.ZJ;llBll,ZJ;yyMa OrpaHllqllTb TOT l1JIli llHOH llMrryJIbC B
CBoeM nOBe.n;eHllll. qTO TaKoe orpaHllqeHlle He06xo-
.n;llMO - STO 6eccnopHo, II cnoc06HoCTb K HeMY 0603-
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TpOJIlO. CqllTaeTCR, qTO caMoKOHTpOJIb - nepBbIH
mar Ha rryTll K HpaBcTBeHHoMY nOBe,ll;eHlllO, KOTOpbIH
,lI;aeT pe6eHK)' nOHRTlie 0 TOM, 11'1'0 OH He MO)KeT
rrOCTORHHO .n;eJIaTb Bce, 11'1'0 eMY XOqeTCR, a .n;OJI)KeH
Hayql1TbCR c.n;ep)KllBaTb ce6R. Ta]()Ke CqllTaeTCR, qTO
I Konn Kai1JI Po6epT. TallHbI nCllXllKll pe6eHKa. - M.--CIT6., 2002. - Cocm
I TaM)Ke - Cocm.
14
CAMOBOCITHTAHHE H CAMOOEyqEHHE...
TAtiHA OCBOEO)l{)J;EHI151 PEE:EHKA
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rliMli CJIOBaMll, 113 ,lI;aHHoro llCCJIe,ll;OBaHliR MO)KHO
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B XO,ll;e )KeCTKOro HaB513bIBaHliR ,lI;eTRM Tex llJIli llHbIX
cpOpM nOBe,ll;eHllR, a 3a CqeT B3allMO,ll;eMCTBliR ,lI;eTeM II
B3pOCJIbIX.
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Be,ll;eHO HCCJIe,ll;OBaHlie MOJIO,ll;bIX JIlO,lI;eM 15-18 JIeT,
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yqaCTBOBaJIli B sKcrrepllMeHTax no caMoKOHTpOJIlO.
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peXJleTHeM B03pacTe, II B 15-18 JIeT MOrJIli JIyqme KOH-
TpOJIlipOBaTb ce6R, 6bIJIli 60JIee BHllMaTeJIbHbIMli II
CKJIOHHbIMli K ITJIaHlipOBaHlilO.
CJIe,ll;yeT 3aMeTllTb, qTO Bce BbIme1l3JIO)KeHHble
llCCJIe,ll;OBaHliR nO,ll;TBep)K.n;alOT II llJIJIlOCTplipylOT
MbICJIb MOHTeccopll, KOTOPYlO OHa BbICKa3bIBaeT,
3aKaHqllBM pa3,l1;eJI KHllrll, KaCaIOrnliMCR BOJIli. Onpe-
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,lI;e Bcero, «06eperaTb II HarrpaBJIRTb BHYTpeHHlle
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CBR3b l1eJIOBeKa C CllJIOM BHYTPli ero».
B Bonpoce 0 TOM, KaK npOXO,ll;llT 06yqeHlle ,lI;eTeM
caMOKOHTpOJIlO II KaK OCYI.QeCTBllTb ero pa3BllTlle,
CO,ll;ep)KllTCR rJIaBHOe ne,ll;arOrllqeCKOe pa3HOrJIaClie.
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pbIe He3bI6JIeMble npaBliJIa, pa3 Ii HaBCer,ll;a C03,l1;aH-
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QIiM BOJIlO pe6eHKa paCCMaTpllBaIOT KaK ero rOTOB-
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qllHRTbCR nOpR,lI;KaM, C03,l1;aHHbIM B3pOCJIbIMll, HO,
B03MO)KHO, COBepmeHHO He Y,lI;06HbIM eMY. 3'1'0 nOHll-
MaHlie BOJIli CBR3aHO C I10HllMaHlieM .n;llCQllrrJIl1HbI
KaK HaCliJIllR, nO,ll;aBJIeHllR PMll BHemHllX .n;JIR l1eJIO-
ueKa QeJIeM, KOTopbIe eMY HaBR3bIBalOT II KOTopble OH
:JaqacrylO HaqllHaeT rrpllHllMaTb KaK CBOli. Ha1l60JIee
IIOJIHO cxeMY nO,ll;aBJIeHllR pe6eHKa II YHIiqTO)KeHllR
cro llH,lI;llBll,ll;YaJIbHOCTIi 06I.QecTBoM OnliCaJI Ii3BeCT-
IIbIM rrCllXOJIOr 3pllX cI>pOMM 1 .
MOHTeCCOpli Kpl1TllK)'eT HaCWIlie no OTHomeHlllO K
pe6eHKy, cpaBHllBaR TaK)'IO MeTo,ll;llK)' BOCnl1TaHl1R C
1l0rrbITKOM TpeHepa,ZJ;JlR yKpeITJIeHl1R BOJIli cnopTcMeHa
lIepeJIOMaTb eMY HOrl1. cI>opMllpOBaHlie BOJIli B ee
nOHliMaHlili He MO)KeT 6bITb BblpBaHO 113 KOHTeKCTa
)K1l3Hll pe6eHKa II RBJIRcrCR JIlimb O,ll;HllM 113 CJIe,ll;CTBliM
ero HOpMaJIbHOrO pa3BllTl1R. HeCOMHeHHO, qTO BOJI51 B
nOHl1MaHlili MOHTeccopIi TeCHO CBR3aHa C caMOKOH-
TpOJIeM. Ho llMeHHO C caMOKOHTpOJIeM, KOr.n;a I1paBl1JIa
nOBe,ll;eHllR He RBJIRIOTCR MepTBbIM CBO,ll;OM 3aKOHOB,
KOTOpOMY nO,ll;qllHRlOTCR 113 cTpaxa, a CTaHOBRTCR
pe3YJIbTaTOM yqacTliR pe6eHKa B 06I.QeCTBeHHOM
)K1l3Hllll OC03HaHl1R llM Toro, qTO KpOMe co6cTBeHHbIX
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HMO CqllTaTbC51. MTaK, BOJIR, no MHeHlllO MOHTecco-
pll, cpOpMllPycrCR B xO,ll;e KOHKpeTHbIX B3allMO,ll;eM-
CTBllM, B KOTOpbIX yqaCTByeT pe6eHOK, H Bblpa)KaeTC51 B
nOCTynKax, KOTopbIe OH ce6e rr03BOJIReT.
OTK)',lI;a )Ke pe6eHOK Y3HaeT, KaK HMO nocrynaTb,
KaKOMY llMrryJIbCY MO)KHO CJIe,ll;OBaTb, a KaKOM orpaHll-
qllBaTb? B 06blqHOM )K1l3Hll STO I1pOllCXO,ll;llT ,lI;OCTa-
TOqHO CnOHTaHHO 11 3aqacrylO co06pa3HO C npe,ll;CTa-
BJIeHllRMli B3pOCJIbIX 0 TOM, KaK ,lI;OJI)KHbI pemaTbCR
Te l1JIli llHble cllryaQllll. 3Tll llHCTPYKQllll MorYT
COOTHOCllTbC51 C JIllqHbIM onbITOM pe6eHKa, a MorYT
npOTliBOpeqllTbeMY'
I <1>pOMM 3pllX - HeMel\KllH COl\llaJlbHblll nCllXOJIOr, qmJIoco«p.
I1CllXOaHaJlllTllK. - Cocm.
16
TAtiHA OCBOEOIK.lI:EHI151 PEEEHKA
17
CAMOBOCITHTAHI1E H CAMOOEyqEHHE...
o MOpaJIH Y MaJIeHbKIIX .n;eTeH
TeJIbHO, B3pOCJIOMY ,lI;OCTaTOl1HO TPY,lI;HO CMllpllTbCR C
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MOryT CrrpaBllTbCR co CBOliMli SMOQllRMli. MOHTecco-
pl1 TaK)Ke 06pamaeT Harne BHllMaHlie Ha )KMHbIM
llHTepec K n03HaHlilO Mllpa, KOTOpbIM oc06eHHO
5lBHO Bl1,l1;eH B STOM B03paCTe. Pe6eHK)' He06xo,ll;llMO
,lI;eMCTBOBaTb, rrp060BaTb CBOli Cl1JIbI B pa3JIllqHbIX
orrepaQllRX, KOTopbIe pa3BllBalOT ero MOTOpllK)', ero
npe,ll;CTaBJIeHlle 0 Ml1pe II KOTopbIe Cl1JIbHO OTBJIeKa-
lOT B3pOCJIbIX 0'1' cepbe3HbIX ,lI;eJI.
Ho MOHTeccopli npe,ll;JIaraeT HaM He TOJIbKO
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BliBaTbCR II OCBaliBaTb Mllp. OHa 06paII aeT Harne
BHllMaHlie Ha TO, qTO pe6eHOK - He YMeHbmeHHM
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WIll ,lI;a)Ke 0 TOM, qTO OH rrJIOXOM II «l1CnOpl1eHHbIM».
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HeOTBpaTliMoe HaKa3aHlie.
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OH MeHReTCR». CMbICJl SToro rrp1l3bIBa B TOM, qTO eCJIli
J\3pOCJIbIM np1l3HaeT 3a pe6eHKOM npaBO Ha caMOCTOR-
r
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cllryaQll5lX. 3Ta TeXHllKa Ha3bIBaeTCR «ypOKli Be)KJlll-
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KOHcpJIliKTHOM cllryaQllll BO B3allMO,ll;eMCTBlili C ,lI;Py-
rliMll, HO II I10BTOpRlOI.QeeCR yrrpa)KHeHlle B STOM
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6bIJIa HarrllcaHa STa KHllra, HO BrrOJIHe JIOrlll1HO YKJIa-
,lI;bIBaeTCR B ee KOHTeKCT.
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nocryrraTb He TOJIbKO B COOTBeTCTBlili C c06CTBeHHbI-
Mll llMrryJIbCaMll, HO Ii PYKOBO,ll;CTBYRCb llHTepeCaMli
c006rneCTBa.
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KaKOM-TO MOMeHT STOT BbI60p BHemHe BbIrJIR,lI;llT KaK
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mo 3ayqeHHbIM npaBWIaM, He ,lI;eMCTBlie ,lI;peCClipOBaH-
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,lI;bIBaIOTCR y6e)K.l.J;eHllR, TO, qTO llHOr,ll;a Ha3bIBalOT BHY-
TpeHHllM CTep)KHeM II qTO OTJIllqacr JIlO,lI;eM, llMelOrnliX
,lI;eMCTBllTeJIbHO Cl1JlbHYID BOJIlO.
MOHTeccopli CKJIOHHa 06BllHRTb B3pOCJIbIX B
HerrOHliMaHlili pe6eHKa. OHa npRMO 3MBJIReT:
«PO,ll;llTeJIli XOTeJIli 6bI, qT06bI ,lI;eTli 6bIJIli TaKlie )Ke
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18
CAMOBOCITHTAHHE H CAMOOEYQEHI1E...
TAtiHA OCBOEOIK.lI:EHI151 PEEEHKA
19
TeJIbHOCTb, Ha rrOCTynOK, TO pe6eHOK, CTpeMRCb K
B3allMOnOHliMaHliIO II K TOMY, qT06bI ero JII0611JIll,
lllQcr KOMrrpOMliCC CO B3pOCJIbIM. I1II eT COQllaJIbHO
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rrpllHllMaTb II yqllTbCR llM B ,lI;06pO)KeJIaTeJIbHOH
cpe,ll;e, rrp1l3HaIOrneH 3a pe6eHKOM rrpaBO Ha om1l6K)' II
ee llCnpaBJIeHlle. BTOpOH CMbICJI STOM QllTaTbI B TOM,
qTO pe6eHOK, 3aHRTbIH ,lI;eMCTBllTeJIbHO Ba)KHbIM ,ZJ;JlR
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B TeJIe B3pOCJIOro. I1epecTaeT Tpe60BaTb nOCTORHHO-
ro BHllMaHliR. OH 3aHRT, OH rrOrJIOII eH ,lI;eRTeJIbHO-
CTbIO, pa60TaIOrneM Ha ero pa3BllTlie. KOHeqHO, STOT
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qTO HaKa3aHlie 6eCCMbICJIeHHO. Pe6eHOK JI1l60 Bcryrra-
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CR II nO,ll;aBJIReT Te BHYTpeHHlle llMrryJIbCbI, KOTopbIe
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)KaIOlQllM MlipOM, rr03HaBaTb ero II pa3BllBaTbCR.
TaKliM 06pa30M, ero CTpeMJIeHlle K pa3BllTl1IO He
llMecr HliKaKOro OTHomeHllR K MOpaJIli.
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KOTOpYlO B03JIaraJIa Ha HllX M. MOHTeccopli. Cl111Ta-
eTCR, qTO eCJIli Y pe6eHKa rrpORBJIRIOTCR Bpe,ll;HbIe
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)KaIOrnliM ero MlipOM.
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pe6eHKOM no rrOBO,ll;Y ero HerrpaBllJIbHOrO nOBe,ll;e-
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neBbIHOCllMO?
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ry MO,ll;eJIb nOBe,ll;eHllR?
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qTO B ,lI;OmKOJIbHbIH nepllO,ll; ,lI;eTli CllJIbHO oplleHTll-
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['HBaTb pe6eHKa 11 OCTaHaBJIliBaTb ero aKTllBHOCTb, a
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20
CAMOBOCITHTAHHE H CAMOOEyqEHHE...
TAtiHA OCBOEOIK.lI:EHI151 PEEEHKA
21
CBeT MbICJIH
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Mep, 0'1' HaCJIe,ll;CTBeHHOCTll, STHllqeCKOH Ii COQllaJIb-
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JIRIOrnaR eMY CTaTb He3aBllCliMbIM CHal1aJIa B ,lI;eHCTBll-
5lX, a nOTOM Ii B cy)K,ll;eHll5lX.
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cB060,ll;OH He Bce,ll;03BOJIeHHOCTb. B acneKTe )Ke
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22
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