ALL ABOUT
THE VERBALS
НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ
ГЛАГОЛА
Практикум по грамматике
английского языка
ДЛ Москва
Издательство «Менеджер»
ББК 81.2 Англ
Н49
Н49 Неличные формы глагола: Практикум по грамма-
тике английского языка. Составители: Г. И. Туголу-
кова, Л. К. Голубева, Н. М. Приторовская, И.Ф. Бе-
ляева. — М.: Издательство «Менеджер», 2004. —
160 с.
ISBN 5-8346-0096-4
Пособие представляет собой сборник упражнений по
одному из наиболее трудных разделов грамматики анг-
лийского языка — неличным формам глагола.
Весь материал сборника построен на примерах из про-
изведений современных английских и американских ав-
торов.
Пособие содержит небольшое теоретическое введение,
в пособие включены разнообразные упражнения, даю-
щие возможность прочно усвоить данное грамматическое
явление. В конце пособия дается раздел на повторение
всех неличных форм глагола. К наиболее трудным упраж-
нениям даются ключи.
Может быть использовано как для работы в аудито-
рии с преподавателем, так и для самостоятельной рабо-
ты студентов.
ББК 81.2 Англ
ISBN 5-8346-0096—4	© Издательство «Менеджер», 2004,
Предисловие
Цель пособия. Свою основную задачу авторы видели в
том, чтобы предоставить всём изучающим английский
язык полный и разнообразный материал для развития
умений и навыков владения речью на базе тщательно ото-
бранных и систематизированных сведений по граммати-
ческой теме «Неличные формы глагола». Этой цели слу-
жат и содержание, и структура, и характер упражнений,
и их лексическая наполненность.
Как известно, в настоящее время акцент в учебном
процессе делается на самостоятельную проработку сту-
дентами большинства дисциплин учебного плана, в том
числе иностранных языков. В то же время подавляющая
часть учебной литературы по иностранным языкам пред-
полагает работу над ними в аудитории под руководством
преподавателя. В какой-то мере настоящим практикумом
авторы пытались заполнить этот пробел.
Пособие предназначается для студентов гуманитар-
ных факультетов университетов, педагогических вузов,
учащихся старших классов школ с углубленным изуче-
нием языка. Вместе с тем, установка на самостоятельное
творческое изучение английского языка позволяет зна-
чительно расширить сферу применения практикума.
Фактически им могут успешно пользоваться все лица,
предварительно овладевшие основами языка на соответ-
ствующем уровне и желающие совершенствовать свои
знания по английскому языку.
Работая над пособием, авторы имели в виду и препо-
давателей высших, средних специальных учебных заве-
дений, школ с углубленным изучением английского язы-
ка. Практикум поможет им индивидуализировать обуче-
ние языку, повысить эффективность контроля за само-
стоятельной работой обучаемых, особенно заочников.
Выбор темы пособия. Тема пособия — неличные фор-
мы английского глагола — далеко не случайна; и соответ-
ственно состоит из трех разделов: инфинитив, герундий
и причастие.
Понимание, усвоение, приобретение навыков владе-
ния грамматическими категориями глагола, особенно не-
3
личными формами глагола, вызывает наибольшие труд-
ности у изучающих английский язык. Авторы стремились
охватить эту тему с наибольшей полнотой. Пособие вклю-
чает в себя не только морфологические характеристики
неличных форм глагола, но и их синтаксические харак-
теристики, что позволяет представить эту грамматичес-
кую категорию в системе и способствует формированию
навыка употребления неличных форм глагола в речи.
Содержание пособия. Тема «Неличные формы глаго-
ла» рассматривается в двух аспектах: теоретическом и
практическом. Изложение грамматического материала
дается предельно просто в рамках существующих тра-
диционных грамматик. Практический аспект —- упраж-
нения. Материалом для упражнений послужили произ-
ведения английских и американских писателей, преиму-
щественно XX века. Авторы стремились к тому, чтобы
тексты упражнений представляли широкий спектр об-
разцов современной английской речи, были информатив-
ны, содержательны и, по возможности, не слишком слож-
ны по своему лексическому составу.
Структура пособия. Пособие состоит из трех частей:
«Инфинитив» (The Infinitive), «Герундий» (The Gerund),
«Причастие» (Participle I, Participle II). Каждый раздел
включает в себя краткое изложение грамматического ма-
териала и упражнения. Последовательность упражнений
соответствует последовательности изложения граммати-
ки. Кроме того, каждый раздел содержит итоговые и ре-
чевые упражнения (Summing Up and Speech Exercises).
Эти упражнения носят обобщающий характер и имеют
свою внутреннюю логику. В начале даются упражнения
аналитического характера (выбрать нужную форму гла-
гола, употребить глагол в нужной форме и т.д). В конце
даются творческие упражнения, направленные на выра-
ботку навыков употребления неличных форм в речи (раз-
вернуть данное предложение в ситуацию и т.д.). Заверша-
ется пособие разделом сводных упражнений (Mixed Вад),
где предлагаются упражнения на повторение всей темы в
целом и тест (Multiple Choice). Короткие рассказы и диа-
логи (Read and Enjoy) могут быть использованы как полез-
ный материал для чтения и грамматического анализа.
4 -
Методические рекомендации для работы над
пособием самостоятельно
Рекомендуем вам начать работу с темы «Инфинитив».
Но выбор вашей темы зависит от вашей подготовки, от того,
знания какой темы вы хотите активизировать. Весь грам-
матический материал разбит на параграфы с тем, чтобы
вам было легче ориентироваться в выборе упражнений.
Изучение неличных форм глагола необязательно начи-
нать с теории; можно сразу приступить к выполнению уп-
ражнений, которые вы сочтете для себя полезными. Обра-
тите внимание на то, что в упражнениях даны ссылки на
соответствующие параграфы теоретического подраздела,
к которым вы можете обратиться, если у вас будут какие-
либо затруднения при выполнении задания. Кроме того, для
облегчения вашей работы авторы в некоторых случаях не-
посредственно в текст задания вводят пояснения (подсказ-
ку) типа remembering that..., paying attention и т.д. На каж-
дое грамматическое явление авторы предусмотрели не-
сколько предложений (ситуаций). Поэтому пусть вас не сму-
щает, что вам не удается выполнить какое-либо одно пред-
ложение в упражнении. Не задерживайте на нем внима-
ние, идите дальше. Наиболее сложны упражнения, завер-
шающие разделы и части (Summing Up and Speech Exercises
и Mixed Bag). Их задача — проверить, усвоили ли вы весь
предшествующий материал в целом. Именно поэтому они
не содержат отсылок к теории. В этом случае самопроверка
реализуется только с опорой на ключи.
Естественно, что практикум содержит упражнения не
только для самостоятельной работы. Ряд упражнений типа
«Разверните данное предложение в ситуацию» и пр. це-
лесообразнее выполнять под контролем преподавателя.
Рассказы и диалоги пособия служат иллюстрацией ¥
определенным грамматическим правилам употребления
неличных форм английского глагола, и поэтому к работе
над ними следует приступить, когда соответствующее
грамматическое правило выучено и повторено и все тре-
нировочные и творческие упражнения для закрепления
этого правила проделаны.
5
Методические рекомендации для работы над
пособием под руководством преподавателя
Работу под руководством преподавателя желательно
сочетать с самостоятельной работой учащихся. Каждый
раздел рекомендуем начинать с упражнений аналитичес-
кого характера типа: Analyse the form of..., State the
function of... и т.п. с предварительным изучением соответ-
ствующего теоретического материала по теме. Упражне-
ния тренировочного характера Choose the proper form...,
Use the appropriate form..,, Transform the sentences и т.п.
могут быть выполнены на занятиях или даны для само-
стоятельной работы. В этом случае они могут быть выпол-
нены письменно и проверены самостоятельно по ключу или
в процессе занятия с преподавателем.
После выполнения упражнений основного раздела (под-
раздела) рекомендуем перейти к упражнениям Summing
Up and Speech Exercises. Часть этих упражнений можно
дать учащимся для самостоятельной работы с последую-
щей проверкой по ключу. Упражнения творческого харак-
тера, направленные на развитие навыков употребления
изучаемого материала в речи (Make up sentences..., What
would you say if you took part in the following short
dialogues... и т.п.), желательно выполнять на занятиях в
процессе непосредственного общения между учащимися.
Предлагаемая методика работы может варьироваться.
При этом последовательность выполнения упражнений,
выделение упражнений для самостоятельной работы оп-
ределяются преподавателем в зависимости от конкретных
условий работы. В пределах предлагаемых упражнений
возможна дополнительная работа после выполнения уп-
ражнения: выделение типичных конструкций, смена лек-
сического состава, перевод на русский язык.
Материалы данного пособия апробированы в практи-
ке работы лингвистического факультета Московского пе-
дагогического университета.
Авторы будут благодарны за любые пожелания по со-
вершенствованию пособия.
Авторы
6
THE VERBALS
There are three non-finite forms of the verb in
English: the infinitive, the gerund, the participle*
The non-finite forms of the verb combine the char-
acteristics of the verb with the characteristics of oth-
er parts of speech. The infinitive and the gerund are
the forms of the verb, which have the syntactical
characteristics of the noun, the participle is the form
of the verb, which has the syntactical characteris-
tics of the adjective or the adverb. They lack some of
the grammatical categories of the verb. The non-fi-
nite forms of the verb have no categories of person,
number, tense and mood. They have the category of
voice, aspect and tense correlation.
1.	THE INFINITIVE
1.1.	The morphological characteristics. As a verb the
infinitive has the grammatical categories of voice,
aspect and tense correlation.
1.1.1.	The category of voice
Active	Passive
*
to teach	to be taught
to translate	to be translated
She comes here to teach English.
Она приходит сюда обучать английскому языку.
She comes here to be taught.
Она приходит сюда обучаться английскому языку.
7
1.1.2.	The category of aspect
Non-continuous Continuous
to teach	to be teaching
to translate	to be translating
She is expected to translate this article.
Ожидается, что она переведет эту статью.
She is said to be translating this article now.
Говорят, что она переводит эту статью сейчас.
1.1.3.	The category of tense correlation
Non-perfect	Perfect
to teach	to have taught
to translate	to have translated
to be taught	to have been taught
to be translating	to have been translating
The perfect form of the infinitive expresses priority.
I am glad to have spoken to him.
Я рада, что поговорила с ним.
After the modal verbs ought, should, could and
the verbs expressing hope or intention the perfect
form denotes an action that was not fulfilled.
You could have helped them (but you didn't).
Вы могли бы помочь им.
I intended to have helped them (but I didn't).
Я намеревался (было) помочь им.
With the modal verbs must, may (might) the per-
fect form of the infinitive expresses probability with
regard to a prior action.
She must have forgotten to ring them up.
Она должно быть забыла позвонить им.
8
She may have forgotten to ring them up.
Возможно, она забыла позвонить им.
Note: As we see from the above examples, the infinitive
is used without the particle to after the modal verbs must,
may, could. Other modal verbs are also followed by the in-
finitive without the particle to (with the exception of ought,
to have and to be).
1.2.	The syntactical characteristics.
The infinitive has the following functions in the
sentence:
1.2.1.	The subject
To speak with her was a real pleasure.
Разговаривать с ней было одно удовольствие.
It was a real pleasure to speak to her.
Было большим удовольствием разговаривать с ней.
1.2.2.	A part of the compound predicate
a.	the predicative
The important thing is to repeat all the rules.
Важно повторить все правила.
b.	the part of a compound verbal predicate
I must do it at once.
Я должен сделать это сейчас.
Не began to study English at school.
Он начал изучать английский язык а школе.
1.2.3.	An object
a.	after the verbs to allow, to mean, to want, to
order, to promise
He promised to come in time.
Он обещал придти вовремя.
9
b.	after some adjectives and statives
I am ready to help him.
Я готов помочь ему.
I am eager to help him.
Я очень хочу помочь ему.
I am able to help him.
Я могу помочь ему.
1.2.4.	An attribute
Here is the article to be translated at once.
Вот статья, которую нужно перевести сразу же.
In this case the infinitive has a modal meaning.
1.2.5.	An adverbial modifier
a.	of purpose
He stopped to read a notice.
Он остановился, чтобы прочитать объявление.
b.	of comparison
I am too excited to be quiet.
Я слишком возбужден, чтобы успокоиться.
с.	of condition
То hear him talk one might think that he knows everything.
Послушать, как он говорит, можно подумать, что он
знает все.
1.2.6.	A parenthesis in the word combinations to tell
the truth, so to speak, to be more exact, to start with,
to begin with
To tell the truth, I was disappointed by that letter.
По правде говоря, я был разочарован тем письмом.
10
1,2.7.	A part of the complex object, the complex sub-
ject and for-complexes with the infinitive
a. the complex object
The complex object consists of a noun in the com-
mon case or a pronoun in the objective case and an
infinitive. The complex object is used after:
(1)	the verbs of physical perception (to hear, to see, to
feel, to watch, etc.)
I saw him cross the street.
Я видел, что он переходил улицу.
After these verbs the infinitive is used without the
particle to.
(2)	the verbs of mental perception (to think, to con-
sider, to remember, to know, to find, etc.)
I know him to have said that.
Я знаю, что он сказал это.
(3)	the verbs expressing permission, request or order
He ordered the children to stop talking.
Он приказал, чтобы дети перестали разговаривать.
(4)	the verbs of liking and disliking (to love, to like,
to hate)
I hate you to talk like that.
Мне не нравится, что вы так говорите.
(5)	the verbs of intention (to want, to wish, to mean,
etc.)
I want you to help me.
Я хочу, чтобы вы помогли мне.
11
fe complex subject
/ complex subject consists of a noun in the com-
1,- y'ase or a pronoun in the nominative case and an
infinitive- The complex subject is used with:
(1)	the verbs of speech (to say, to inform, etc.)
He is said to be a famous actor.
Говорят, что он известный актер.
(2)	the verbs of physical perception (to see, to hear, to
observe, etc.)
He was seen to cross the street.
Видели, как он переходил улицу.
(3)	the verbs of mental perception (to know, to con-
sider, to think, etc.)
He is known to be a talented singer.
Известно, что он талантливый певец.
(4)	the verbs of order, request, permission
He was made to repeat the rule.
Его заставили повторить правило.
(5)	the verbs to appear, to seem, to happen, to prove,
to turn out and the combination “to be + adjective”
The child seems to be asleep.
Кажется, что ребенок спит.
Не is likely to succeed.
Вполне вероятно, что он будет иметь успех.
In the complex subject the infinitive is always used
with the particle to.
They were seen to dance in the hall.
Видели, что они танцевали в зале.
12
c. “for’’-complexes with the infinitive. In “for”-
complexes with the infinitive the preposition for in-
troduces a construction in which a noun in the com-
mon case or a pronoun in the objective case has an
infinitive attached to it.
He opened the door for me to come in.
Он открыл дверь, чтобы я мог войти.
The “for’’-complexes with the infinitive have the
following functions in the sentence:
(I)	the subject
I nr him to help his friend is quite natural.
f 1омогать другу для него вполне естественно.
It's natural for him to help his friends.
Для него естественно помогать друзьям.
(2)	the predicative
The question is for you to decide.
Этот вопрос решать вам.
(3)	an object
I am anxious for you to come.
Я хочу, чтобы вы пришли.
I waited for him to speak.
Я ждал, что он заговорит.
(4)	an attribute
This is the book for you to read.
Эта книга для вас.	*
(5)	an adverbial modifier
He made a remark in a voice too low for me to catch.
Он произнес замечание так тихо, что я не смог рас-
слышать.
13
EXERCISES
If necessary, consult 1.1. while doing exercis-
es 1-7 and 1.2. — exercises 8-24.
1.	Read the following sentences and analyse
the form of the infinitive. If necessary, consult
1.1.1, for A, 1.1.2. for В and 1.1.3. for C.
A.	1. “When you’ve got time to listen,” he said
crossly, “you might be interested in discussing the
poorhouse question with me” (F.F.) 2. There was also
the question of tolerance of injure to be considered.
(I.Shaw) 3. Professor Bernsdorff was not a man to be
mistaken in his beliefs. (Cron.) 4. There is only one
more incident to be related here, and it happens sev-
en years farther on. (FT.) 5. But these people are il-
logical, they want to be reassured by your telling
them what they want to believe. (A.Chr.) 6. In fact,
he has to be seen to be believed- (P.W.) 7.1 say to you —
I believe them to be burnt. (A. Chr.) 8. Something fes-
tive ought to be done tonight. (F.F.) 9. There was not
a moment to be lost. (Cron.) 10. There is a lot to be
seen here. (A.Chr.)
В.	1. To be able to sift evidence impartially, to take
the facts and look at them as facts that seems to me
the only logical method of arriving at the truth.
(A.Chr.) 2. At that hour people were less likely to be
coming in or going out. (Un.Is.) 3. Young Tom Driscoll
appeared and joined the party. He pretended to be
seeing the distinguished strangers for the first time
when they rose to shake hands ... (M.Tw.) 4. Every-
thing seems to be moving very nicely nowadays.
14
(Chryney) Г). Draw water, serve food, lay pillows on
I he front porch, bind wounds, hold the dirty heads of
I ho dying- No, this could not be happening to her.
(Milch.) 6. Neighbours met on the streets and stared
ill one another uncertain, uneasy as to what might
be impending. (Mitch.) 7. “You may be kidding, but
111 о I h i ngs that turn the big shots against a man make
I list about as much sense ...” (O’Hara) 8. The girl no-
ticed that particularly, because it struck her as odd
I hat a lady so well dressed should be carrying a case
about. (A.Chr.) 9. How silly of Melanie to be bother-
ing about modesty at a time like this, Scarlett thought
irritably. (Mitch.)
C.	1. The twist of her imagination which, two
months before, had disclosed to her unguessed de-
i a re to see him again, seemed now to have been lead-
ing up to this dance. (F.F.) 2. “I am sorry to have up-
set you, Miss Mary Brodil,” he had said gravely, but
Hmiling at her the while out of his hazel eyes... (Cron.)
3. Now he discussed what he ought to have said in-
stead of what he said. (S.M.) 4. “Damn,” said Lord
Caterham, springing up from an armchair in which
he appeared to have been taking forty winks. (A.Chr.)
b. "Dear me,” said Virginia, “I seem to have been
frightfully indiscreet.” (A. Chr.) 6.1 was not going to
have come all this way for nothing... (M.D.) 7. “The
sound was very slight,” said Virginia. “It might have
been just my imagination.” (A.Chr.) 8. Though his
father is known to have been either English or Irish,
he himself has worked chiefly in Paris. (A.Chr.) 9. It
is possible that you in England may not even hear of
our famous and fantastic King Victor. (A.Chr.)
10. Yes, he seems to have been taken suddenly ill at
the office... (A.Chr.)
15
2.* Choose the proper form of the infinitive
in brackets.
1. I’ve tried (to plan, to have planned) yon a house
here with some self-respect of its own. 2. “Well,” he
said, “there’s nothing more (to see, to be seen) here.”
3. Did he ever ask you (to engage, to be engaged) or
talk about marrying? 4. What happened is a very long
time ago. I’m going (to ask, to have asked) her to let
bygones. 5. Henet was one of those people whose fate
is (to devote, to be devoted) to others and to have no
one devoted to them. 6. It had been the Christmas Eve
custom of the Carters’ (to hang, to have hanged) up
their children’s stockings and (to fill, to have filled)
them with inexpensive toys. 7. He promised (to come,
to have come) and (to see, to have seen) them before
he left. 8. She watched him with lips ready (to speak,
to have spoken) at any minute. 9. I had no cases of
special interest (to attend, to have attended). 10. He
had to say: “I am sorry (to cause, to have caused) you
such distress.”
3. Use the infinitive in brackets in the appro-
priate form.
1. It was foolish not(to call) a doc-
tor, but I did not, well, out of respect for her feeling.
2. She was prepared  (to think)
wrong-headed, but not naive. 3. Come, I have finished
 (to dig) and am going 
(to plant). 4. I’m deeply sorry 
(to involve) you in this. 5. At home Mrs Goff
would have kept my supper. You had to be on the dot
if you wanted(to feed), so I usually
went with one or the other(to have)
16
rheese rolls and beer. 6. Don’t expect comfort. You’ve
11 igt got(to be) thankful if we get a
I и 41 (to sleep) on and a roof over our
hriids. 7. “Perhaps,” suggested Rollock, “the man
dнIn' t want(to see) turning into the
huii'K' from the road.” 8. At last Mor allowed himself
(to persuade). 9. “Do you want
(to come) in and(to
wd.'jh) up?” he asked suddenly. “No, thanks,” said
John. “I ought to go home — my wife’ll be worried.”
111,1 began(to walk) very slowly.
4. Translate into Russian paying attention to
the form of the infinitive after the modal verbs.
If necessary, consult 1.1.3.
1. You were told to be careful — and you oughtn’t
t rally to have left England for at least another month.
(King) 2. You ought to have learnt by now that I know
my own mind. (A.Chr.) 3. “My lord Milton,” cried
Kvelyn, “couldn’t you have done something?” (F.F.)
I J could have crumpled them (the papers) up and
1 hr own them at him, only they would not have hurt
I M 11) 5. Now I see I needn’t have worried. (O’Hara)
Il 1 )addy wrote so well. He ought to have been a writ-
i'b (King) 7. I learned something from him that I
-liould have known myself. (O’Hara) 8. How could it
have been otherwise7 (Cron.) 9.1 feel I ought to have
gone with him. One of us ought to have done so.
(A.Chr.) 10. She must have come early to have got a
position like that. (Cus.) 11. Yet the gentleman might
have said, “I should like a portrait of my wife,” and
the lady might have said, “I should like a portrait of
my husband.” (St.L.)
17
In* Нее the infinitive in brackets in the ap-
propriate form after the modal verbs. Remem-
ber that modal verbs are followed by the infini-
tive without the particle “to” with the exception
of “ought”, “have”, “be”.
1. Old Jolyon said simply, “I suppose I oughtn’t
(to come) here, Jo.” 2. “All right,” I
said to Andy. “You can(to come) and
he can(to turn) in ahead of us if he
likes.” 3. To the north we could _(to
look) across a valley and see a forest of chestnut trees.
4.1 fancy he must(to belong) to high
society... 5. “I wish you could(to put)
some sense into Uncle Simon,” he said. 6. “You
shouldn’t(to leave) your lift door
unbolted, miss. You really shouldn’t.” “I shan’t
again,” said Pat, with a shiver. 7. Christine knew, that
this was not what she ought(to say).
8. If you don’t mind — I should much
(to oblige) if you would stay. 9. She knew that
she ought(to jump) out of bed, put
her arms round her mother, and attempt to comfort
her. 10. You are supposed to take notes. You can
(to write) this one up if you like.
11. He wished Chilla was still there, and he could
(to point) her out to him. 12. He must
(to get) tired of going up and down
in lifts. 13. They’re all grown up, as old as the hills,
and Mama thinks you might(to
bore). Should you mind staying here? 14. On this she
left the room, and, glancing at my watch, I hurried
out to pay some visits that ought(to
make) earlier in the day.15. “Why, you’ve been cry-
18
I ng,” he said, “You oughtn’t(to cry)
at your age.”
6. Insert the particle “to” where required. See
1.1.3.
1. Her anxiety was all the more pitiful see
I и та use she took such pains hide it. 2.1 refused
, allow anything of the sort be attempted.
3 At the same time she glanced at him assure
herself that he must be joking. 4, She watched
’Theodora’s hands move as if they were about
(roach out and touch something. 5. Paul tried
_ break away come to me. 6. Then nobody
need be disturbed. 7.1 looked up, quick
notice the change of tone. 8.1 was pleased at the idea
of no more of that chilly room, where the light hung
in the one place where you could neither see
iind read in bed nor do your face, but soon
1 began be worried. 9.1 wasn’t worrying about
that, I happen be going to London. That’s all.
10. He did not think the cheeses ought be kept
much longer. 11. He told himself that she should
have foreseen this ghastly thing. 12.1 was in and out
of the house for three days, and I’m telling you, mate,
the going-on there had be heard be be-
lieved. 13. She was relieved feel she need not
investigate, and probably would never hear the
reason for this quarrel 14. Heater was really frightened
now and even Mrs Ogilvie was beginning look as
if she would rather be somewhere else. 151 felt
she must suffer and I did not want see a
pain w hich I could not h elp. 16.1 would give
a great deal to know what is behind that affair. 17.1
questioned Valerie. She would tell me nothing.
19
7. Translate into Russian paying attention to
the particle “to” which implies the verb already
mentioned.
1. Charles Quigly’s reactions to this romance were,
at best, mixed. He liked Alan. It was impossible not
to. (Slyke) 2. And you want to go to a sanatorium? I
think you ought to. (P.W.) 3. "Why not come down
there for a bit?” said Bill hospitably. “Well, I’d love
to. Bill, old man.” (P.W.) 4. Bill gasped. “I beg your
pardon.” “I’m glad you have the grace to.” (P.W.) 5.1
noticed for the first time how short he was; but he
looked more distinguished than he used to. (S.M.)
6. When Liza caught Mrs Blakeston’s eye she ...
stepped forward a little to go and speak with the
woman, but Mrs. Blakeston, standing still, looked so
angrily at her that she was afraid to. (S.M.) 7. “Good-
bye.” He shook hands. “I expect Evensford will be
here if ever we want to come back.” "If ever we want
to.” (Bates) 8. “I think it’s turned much warmer,” he
said. “I think we shall probably sing outdoors this
evening. In that case you needn’t come inside if you
didn’t want to.” (Bates) 9.1 would like to help George
to sing — the way I always wanted to myself and
never could. (P.W.) 10. “Don’t tell me anything you
don’t want to,” I said by way of encouraging him.
(A.Chr.) 11. He has taken her hand because she ex-
pects him to. (White) 12. You know, I shouldn’t do
that. You don’t know what it may lead to. (A.Chr.)
8. Complete the following sentences using the
infinitive in the function of the subject (A), a
part of the compound predicate (B), an object
(C)t an attribute (D), an adverbial modifier (E),
20
a parenthesis (F). Consult 1.2.1 -1,2.6. respec-
tively.
A.	1.... is not my custom. 2.... is quite unusual for
her. 3.... was the last thing any man wanted. 4.... is a
hardship. 5.... is a real pleasure. 6.... is useful.
В.	a) 1. All they do is.... 2. To get straight to the best
r< 3. The only safe and sane thing to do was ... .
I What my father should do is.... 5. My original idea
was... . 6. His only regret was ... . 7. His only joy
was .... 8. Her first impulse was .... 9. The last thing in
11 io world she wanted was ....
b) 1. He got up and started .... 2. He looked curious-
ly at the child and began .... 3. She gave a short acid
laugh and began ... . 4. He had a fancy that he had
aeon the man somewhere before and started ... .
b. Though it was late he had ... . 6. It was arranged
I hat we were ....
C.	a) 1. There is a couple of things I want.... 2.1 or-
der .... 3.1 didn’t mean.... 4. Has your mother persuad-
ed you ... ? 5. It occurred to me.... 6. Don’t bother .
b) 1. I’m afraid he is not ready .... 2. They are anx-
ious .... 3. One day people will be able.... 4. In her state
she is liable .... 5. He’s quite willing .... 6. She seemed
reluctant....
D.	1. He resisted the temptation.... 2. He regretted
his inability .... 3. There is nothing .... 4. His wife was
the first.... 5. Again he was the last....	*
E.	a) 1. The family had gathered ... . 2. She might
have dropped in ... . 3. She bowed graciously and
turned.... 4. We climbed up the mountain.... 5. He rose
from his chair.... 6.1 got up and stood up at the door....
21
b)	1. The novel was easy enough .... 2. She was too
sad.... 3. He couldn’t do enough.... 4. He knew enough
of the country not.... 5. We are too aware of the fact
not.... 6. He was too astonished ....
c)	1...., you might imagine him to be the Almighty.
2. ...f you would never suspect him of having nerves.
3.one might think that he graduated from Oxford.
4....you might think he is a bom orator. 5. ..., you
wouldn’t believe she was a famous singer. 6.... you
would notice that they are skilled workmen.
F.	1. ... she is no match for him. 2. ... there isn’t
enough space to work in. 3. ... violence is a sign of
weakness or fear, not a sign of strength. 4.... I am un-
able to accept your kind invitation. 5. She was a wom-
an past middle age,.... She was over seventy.
9. Read and translate the following sentenc-
es. Pay attention to the function of the infini-
tive. If necessary, consult
1. They were so charming with one another, so gay
and happy, that really to stay with them was, well, a
spiritual refreshment. (S.M.) 2. “I suppose you haven’t
any books with you,” he said. “I haven’t got a thing
to read.” (S.M.) 3. His duty then was to go to the red
pillar boxes into which the letters were put, empty
them, and take the contents to the main post-office
of the district. (S.M.) 4. She never wanted to see that
room again. (Mitch.) 5. To be ignorant that he is a For-
syte was in the nature of a Forsyte. (Galsw.) 6. We
have forgotten to inform Mr Poirot of that. (A.Chr.)
7. Once Scarlett saw him and cried sharply: “Go play
in the back yard, Wade Hampton!” but he was too
terrified, too fascinated by the mad scene before him
22
to obey. (Mitch.) 8.1 think I’m very lucky to have come
here, they are so kind and thoughtful; and the gar-
dens are so beautiful. (A.Chr.) 9. To face the worst
mid have it over was better. (Galsw.) 10. Ever since
Im* said that to me I have tried to live up to that fine
imputation I had made for myself. (A.Chr.) 11. The
Могу I am about to tell is a perfectly simple and
J r;lightforward one. (A.Chr.) 12. He was a medical
missionary and he was liable to be called at any time.
(KM.) 13. George was waiting to be called up. (M.D.)
1.4.1 was anxious to learn what Japp had come about.
(AChr.) 15. To have approved his son’s conduct in that
• liiiih was of course impossible. (Galsw.) 16. She stood
up to learn the rules of the game that she must play.
( White) 17. To paint was his passion, the very reason
nt his existence ... (Cron.) 18. She engaged an Italian
woman to teach her the language ... (S.M.) 19. I’ve
nirne down here for an indefinite time in order to play
in the sand. (F.F.) 20. Mona opened her mouth to
'.peak, and then shut it again. (N.Sh.) 21.1 began to
think that in the last twenty-four hours he said all he
hud to say. (S.M.) 22. “If you have any love for him
I he least you can do is to try and make him a little
less unhappy.” (S.M.) 23.1 gave her five shillings yes-
terday to pay her room rent. (Cron.) 24. ”... So you see
he knew me pretty well before he knew me at all, so
Io speak.” (O’Hara)
10. Read the following sentences and analyse
complex objects. While doing exercises 10-13
consult 1.2.7.a.t if necessary.
1. Nick’s father ordered some water to be put on
the stove. (E.H.) 2. He never wants anyone to carry
anything. (E.H.) 3.1 never saw a man pick up this work
23
so fast. (F.F.) 4.1 don’t even think they heard vs come
in. (Sal.) 5.1 have watched you paint a picture. (White)
6. “Well, what’s the matter?” She broke out finally.
“Do you expect me to jump up and sing?” (F.F.) 7. He
had married Judy Jones and seen her fade away be-
fore his eyes. (F.F.) 8. Paul suppressed a shiver, and
forced himself to ask the question uppermost in his
mind. (Cron.) 9. ... everyone knew him to be feeling
fine. (Sil.) 10. He dressed well and he liked his clothes
to be properly looked after. (S.M.)
11. Read and translate the following sentenc-
es. Speak on the verbs after which complex ob-
jects are used.
1. After a ten-minute wait I watched the train pull
out. (J.Ch.) 2. Jennie was intensely sorry. She had nev-
er heard Lester complain before. (Dr.) 3. How can you
expect anyone to think well of us when such things
are written about us? (B.Sh.) 4. Her smile was friendly
and she made you feel, that she was really pleased to
see you. (Cus.) 5. Next day, though I pressed him to
remain, Stroeve left me. (S.M.) 6.1 am not at all sure
that in her own interests I shan’t require her to re-
turn to me. (Galsw.) 7.1 didn’t mean you to hear, or
that old person. (Galsw) 8. Short of actually beating
his wife, he perceived nothing to be done. (Galsw.)
9. So I think I’d like you to know that it’s just well to
be prepared, so that if she did go suddenly it wouldn’t
be any shock to you. (A.Chr.) 10. I wanted us to be
married at once, but she was quite firm that she
wouldn’t. (S.M.)
12*. Remembering that after the verbs of
physical perception and after the verbs “to make”
24
and "to let” the infinitive is used without the
particle “to”, fill in the blanks with one of the
verbs from the list below. In some sentences,
mare than one verb is correct.
I The question him feel embarrassed.
' They ___me to run. 3. When I him go
-1<nvu'ilairs I went down after him. 4. She could not
herself to tell him about it. 5. Paul
11, heart melt. 6. Suddenly he her rise and
I urn away. 7. At first he them to be married.
П The colonel everyone to wear a gas mask.
9 My fe£lings as a father me to ask you yet
again whether you will not reconsider your decision.
I ().. I _him to eat, and after lunch I
him to lie down, but he couldn’t sleep. 11.1
him take me to a restaurant of his choice.
Hi want, to make, to force, to hear, to see, to bring, to ob-
'.(•rve, to feel, to let, to order, to tell, to compell
13. Transform the following sentences into
sentences with complex object.
Model: I still consider they are right —> I still con-
sider them to be right.
A.	1. He saw that the woman turned the corner.
2. They required that should arrive at 8 a.m. 3. The
judge ordered that the prisoner should be remand-
ed. 4.1 believe they are very good at physics and oth-
er pure sciences. 5. He did what he could, though con-
sidered he got little thanks for it from his wife and
five kids.
25
Model: She reddened on hearing these words, (to see)
He saw her redden on hearing these words.
В.	1. He went downstairs, (to hear) 2. They mar-
ried a year ago. (to believe) 3. He ate much and slept
after lunch, (to force, to induce) 4. His clothes looked
smart, (to like) 5.1 feel quite at home here, (to make)
14. Read the following sentences and analyse
complex subjects. While doing exercises 14-17
consult lt2,7J>t if necessary.
1. “I’m not going to stand it,” he is declared to have
said. (S.M.) 2. He seemed to be turning it over in his
mind. (P.W.) 3. He thinks she’s a stenographer but she
turns out to be a writer. (F.F.) 4. The two have been
observed to meet daily during the past week in Rich-
mond Park. (Galsw.) 5. Kilimanjaro is a snow-covered
mountain and is said to be the high mountain in Af-
rica. (E.H.) 6. They’ve been known to chap holes in
the roof. (Cain) 7. He was known to have refused of-
fice in the interests of his profession. (S.M.) 8. But
perhaps her father could be induced to remain silent
(Dr.) 9. Recent attack of typhoid, from which he was
thought to be recovering proves fatal. (Dr.) 10. Some
members of the action committee are believed to have
spoken yesterday. (S.M.)
15. Read and translate the following sentenc-
es. Speak on the verbs with which complex sub-
jects are used.
1.1 have often thought, Lester, if mamma had not
been compelled to worry so much she might be alive
today. (Dr.) 2. They were seen to just touch each oth-
26
er’s hands.(Galsw.) 3. After that Tommy was forced
to admit the prospect looked dreary. (A.Chr.) 4. But
he was expected to go down to keep up his father’s
prestige. (Lind.) 5. He could be made to fight easily
enough. (Dr.) 6. Children appear to go through defi-
nite stages as they develop. (S.M.) 7. Before Krebs
went away to the war he had never been allowed to
drive the family motor car. (H.R.) 8. So he was found
to be unfit for active service.... (R.Ald.) 9. He seemed
to be wondering whether much anxiety of mind had
affected his eyesight. (P.W.)
16* Fill in the blanks with one of the verbs
from the list below, using “to appear”, “to seem”,
“to happen” in the active form and the rest of
the verbs in the passive form. In some sentences
more than one verb is possible.
1. But I don’t to know anything.
2. The picture to be of a well-known
artist. 3. We have not been to under-
take any work. 4.1 don't to see any
difference between them. 5. That to
be a rose. 6. He to give up this work
last December because of chronic arthritis. 7. I
tb have so much influence over her.
8. He, as you know,to be a star.
9. She to have been moved by her
uncle’s last words and looked at him doubtfully.
10. That evening he was very excited, and h&
to take no thought to disguise his ex-
citement.
to appear, to seem, to expect, to be sure, to force, to sup-
pose, to think, to happen
27
17 * Turn the following sentences into sen-
tences with complex subject.
Model: It seems that he is not in the habit of coming
in time. —> He seems not to be in the habit of
coming in time.
A.	1. It seemed to him that his father was inclined
to be patient with him. 2. It was felt that she was per-
fectly capable of taking care of herself. 3. It is believed
that his advice was ignored. 4. They say that he is
honest. 5. A group of people at the gangway saw that
the boat came into harbour.
Model: He was taken aback, (to seem) —> He seemed
to be taken aback.
В.	1. She is busy today, (to seem) 2. The situation
has changed a lot. (to appear) 3. The Crimea was vis-
ited by numerous hikers last summer, (to know) 4. He
didn’t have any money with him. (to happen) 5. Amy
Driffield would never speak to me again, (unlikely)
18. Read the following sentences and state the
function of the “ for”-complexes with the infin-
itive. While doing exercises 18-20 consult
1.2.7.С., if necessary.
1. They feel that what they tell you will excite your
interest in an impersonal way that will make it easi-
er for them to discharge their souls. (S.M.) 2. The lady
was speaking too fast for me to catch what sh.e said.
(A.Chr.) 3. “This question of company,” he said, “is
something for me to decide.” (White) 4. So now she
waited for Frank to speak. (White) 5.... they thought
28
it was better for me to live in a place like this. (A.Chr.)
6. It would not be possible for a human and intelli-
gent person to invent a rational excuse for slavery.
(M.Tw.) 7.1 told them that the plan was for them to
come and have a bit of breakfast at my house and
then drive home. (S.M.) 8. Look here, there’s no need
for you to wait about; you have your housework to
do, which is more important than seeing me off. (The
Parkers) 9. He was anxious for her to get settled so
that she could begin work. (Slyke) 10. Ned suggested
books for him to read and he took them out of the
library.... (S.M.)
19. Read and translate the following sentenc-
es. Pay attention to the function of the “for”-
complexes with the infinitive.
1. It is possible for any man to disregard others
entirely. (S.M.) 2. In a minute it would be fitting for
me to take my leave. (S.M.) 3. They were grouped
about the mother, waiting for something to happen.
(White) 4. You all used to be sweet and loving to each
other, it was a joy for me to see you. (Sal.) 5. You know,
Harry, you do make it hard for me to keep the place
looking nice when you leave your things about ev-
erywhere. (The Parkers) 6. She waited for Violet to
say something. (White) 7. My friend motioned for him
to come in. (E.H.) 8. “When will you marry me?” “Are
you ready for me to marry you?” (F.F.) 9. She was
very nice to me, kind and thoughtful; I knew she was
glad to see me and sorry when it was time for me to
go. (S.M.) 10. “It is not for me to disagree there,” said
Jolyon, “but that’s quite beside the mark.” (Galsw.)
29
20* Transform the following sentences so as
to use u for”-complexes with the infinitive.
Model: He came in the nick of time. It was usual of
him. —> It was usual for him to come in the
nick of time.
А.1. She told them the truth. It was easy for her.
2. Your child must spend more time outdoors. It will
be better for him. 3. He speaks too fast, I cannot fol-
low him. 4. We are going to the country on the com-
ing weekend. It will be good for us. 5. Old people do
not usually change their habits. It is hard for them.
Model: He watched his father repair their TV set. It
was a good experience for him. —> It was a
good experience for him to watch his father
repair their TV set.
В. 1. He always took part in the discussions. It was
a natural thing for him. 2. She translated the whole
article without a dictionary. It was not an easy thing
for her. 3.1 received a letter from him. It was a real
joy for me. 4. Our little daughter can’t join us on this
trip. It will be too long a journey.
SUMMING UP AND
SPEECH EXERCISES
1. Read the following sentences and state the
function of the infinitive.
1. They heard him go down and they heard Miss
Thompson’s defiant “Come in” when he knocked at
the door. (S.M.) 2. Merle started to cry again, walking
30
towards the streets with Dougal. (Spark) 3. To take
money from him was like robbing a child, and you
despised him because he was so foolish. (S.M.) 4.... he
and she seemed to possess that vast building by them-
selves. (S.M.) 5.1 do not think it is necessary to insult
Miss Elsa Hard’s intelligence by telling her. (A.Chr.)
6. He made a supreme effort to break it. (Galsw.) 7. To
say that I had not resented this foul deed which
seemed to me deserving the title of the crime of the
century, would be pal telling the truth. (P.W.) 8. He
wished to give her every chance. (Galsw.) 9. To tell it
is to live through it all again. (O.W.) 10. Hers was not
a face to command instant attention or recognition.
(A.Chr.) 11. I’ve just had a cable from Tim to say he’s
postponed his sailing. (S.M.) 12. To have taken the field
openly against his rival, would have been madness.
(WJ.) 13. I’m not running a cafeteria here, you know,
whatever some people seem to think. (M.D.) 14. You’re
supposed to play without ceasing. (Sal.) 15. She had
seen two men start toward her from opposite sides.
(F.F.) 16. But though danger had been there for some
time it was never likely to get acute. (A.Chr.) 17. You’re
all supposed to be intelligent. (Sal.) 18. The big prob-
lems of life seemed to solve themselves. (F.F.) 19. He
hadn’t expected Strickland to take him up on the spot
and make his preparations to go there and then. (S.M.)
2. Use the infinitive in brackets in the appro-
priate form.
*
1.1 suppose you’re not going(to
be) down here very long? 2. “Now I must
(to go),” said the man, “and you
young ladies walk off home.” 3. He ought perhaps
(to put) a spoke in the wheel of their
31
marriage. 4. I don’t suppose Mrs Strickland wants
_____ (to bother) with me just now. 5. He
was like a novel that is careful, honest and efficient,
yet a little ordinary, so that you seem
(to read) it all before. 6. Steve hadn’t been able (to get)
hold of Adele(to tell) her he proba-
bly wouldn’t be back in time(to have)
lunch with her, but there was nothing
(to do) about now. 7. In four months’
time he was(to put) her across his
saddle and (to ride) off with her.
That’s what she wanted, though she’d never put it in
so many words — (to rescue). 8.1 haven’t been home
for five years. I think I’d forgotten it all; I seemed
(to go) away so far from my father’s
house that I was shy at the idea of revisiting it. 9. You’re
a wise young man, very wise(to
come) to me in time. 10. Again Lord Timingham was
the last(to leave). 11. She liked him.
She was glad(to go) out with him
again; it was something(to look) for-
ward to. 12. '‘What on earth can(to
happen) to Tony?” "My dear, he is not likely
(to run) over by a motorbus. 13. The
only thing(to do) was keep one’s
head. 14. Ever since then I had been playing a part
which seemed(to take) in everybody
and most of all myself. 15. As he walked back with Nick
to the Lodge, after Michael’s abrupt departure, he had
felt extreme confusion, but had managed all the same
 (to speak) calmly to Nick and
(to answer) with cheerfulness his
questions about their journey.
32
3. Complete the following sentences, using the
infinitive and complexes with the infinitive.
A- 1.1 think I should warn you that it is not very
prudent.... 2. He may be back soon, and we must....
3. If she just wanted.... 4. At last I have finished dig-
ging and now I am going .... 5. They had the gift....
6. You don’t want me .... 7.1 say that certain things
are to be done, but I don’t order anybody .... 8. An-
drew Manson considered his work.... 9. They had no
money, no experience, nothing but a desire to make
a dream.... 10. He watched and suddenly he saw her....
11. The train was seen .... 12. He said somebody was
supposed .... 13. None will accompany me, and I am
forced .... 14. The weather appears .... 15. Presently
he gave a little sigh, very slight, but unmistakable
and he seemed .... 16. She has arranged everything
for.... 17. It is unusual for a person.... 18. It is time for
him ... . 19. The best thing for you ... . 20. I am very
anxious for....
В. 1. When we came back I made her .... 2. He ap-
peared .... 3. He would not permit me.... 4.1 shall nev-
er forget the tactful patience with which he persuad-
ed her ... . 5. Many highly trained workers are
expected ... . 6. He sat down quietly and allowed ....
7. When she went out with me was supposed ... .
8. There was a dinner later and she was compelled ....
9. No one must be allowed .... 10. I’m sure you don’t
want him .... 11. Do you expect me ...? 12. But a fe\y
moments later there was something for her.... 13. Has
the teacher brought you anything for me ...? 14. The
translation proved too difficult for.... 15. “I absolute-
ly agree,” he was heard ....
33
2—1996
4. Develop the following sentences into situa-
tions. Read the suggested sentences containing
the infinitive. Then construct at least one sen-
tence to specify, prove or refute the given one.
Follow the models.
Model: Her duty in the family is to wash up. —> Her
duty in the family is to wash up. So when
the dinner is over she cleans the table and
washes dirty dishes, spoons, forks, knives and
tea things.
A.	1. Tea was at four and the bread was new and
had to be cut. 2. She said she would never hear the
reason of this quarrel. 3. You might have changed your
mind about them. 4. Nothing is going to happen. 5. She
knew how to cook, to clean, to shop, and to do all of
them pretty well. 6.1 decided to approach the case from
a new angle. 7.1 fail to realize what you have said. 8. It
was impossible to believe that he spent most of his life
in the open air. 9. She was trying to remember her own
past. 10. To be a gentleman was his only dream.
Model: I heard her sing. —> I heard her sing. She was
in a fine voice. I enjoyed her singing very
much.
B.	1. She watched him go. She was beet-red. 2.1 want
that young man to continue reading this passage. 3. She
watched the man and boy eat their sandwiches. 4. He
didn’t hear the door open behind him. 5. He wanted
everything to be nice and new and clean and comfort-
able. 6. George liked everyone to like him. 7.1 saw him
turn to Ann and say something. 8. Why don’t you al-
low the child to go with you? 9.1 heard the birds sing
in the trees. 10. They watched the sun rise.
34
Model: They turned to each other and seemed to be
talking. —> They turned to each other and
seemed to be talking. The next moment I
heard one of them laugh.
C.	1. Something seemed to be amusing him im-
mensely. 2. Nobody seemed to have anything further
to offer. 3. She appeared to have a natural generosity
of soul. 4. There always seems to be something that
keeps us at home on Sundays. 5. But Wilson still hesi-
tated, and did not seem quite to know what to do. 6. She
seemed quite ready to help us. 7.1 don’t know where
Amy is. She seems to have disappeared completely
from view. 8. He seemed to wait to pass by. 9. The mere
sound of his voice seemed to irritate his companions.
Model: What was there for me to say? —> What was
there for me to say? I said nothing. I consid-
ered the topic exhausted.
D.	1. None of them could wait for the meal to be
over. 2. It was easy enough for him to let it happen.
3. He was now waiting for her to go. 4. It was difficult
for me to say what I wanted to. 5. The plan was for
them to come and take part in our experiments. 6.1
waited for Nick to speak. 7.1 have arranged for our
group to go to the Museum of Fine Arts. 8. Our teach-
er always suggests books for us to read. 9. They
watched the crows waiting for something to happen.
10.1 decided that I would wait for them to come.
5. Think of situations with the sentences giv-
en below.
1.1 feel that the time has come for me to interfere.
2.	It was the first time I have ever seen her cry.
3.	This child seems to have taken a fancy to you.
35
4.	To do it is to spoil everything.
5.1 came here to consult you.
6.	Please put down the address not to forget it.
7.	She began to cry hysterically.
8.	It was a real torture to see that girl.
9.1 don’t like — I really don’t like to hear this kind
of ill-natured gossip being repeated.
10.1 think we have already said what there is to
be said.
11. He made me repeat these sentences.
12. There is only one thing for her to do, and that’s
to divorce him.
13	.1 was so broken that I let her take me by the
arm and lead me into the doctor’s room.
14.	But it was imperative for me to know the truth.
15.	He seemed to have no objections.
16.	She still appeared to expect me to recognize her
17. There was embarrassment in her manner and
she seemed to be trembling inside her loose raincoat.
18.1 never saw a man pick up this work so fast.
19. She dressed well and liked her clothes to be
properly looked after.
6. Make up sentences, using the expressions
given below. Note the diversity of the functions
of the infinitive in the sentence.
A.	1. to read is; to help her was; it is impossible to; it is
advisable to; it is unbearable to. 2. is to help; is to ring;
was to laugh; must go; must have gone; dared not speak.
3. didn’t mean to; don’t bother to; I am going to; was
anxious to; is afraid to; is careful not to. 4. he was the
first to; she is the last to; there is nothing to. 5. came here
to; rose to; went there to; was too astonished to; was too
glad to; to have seen him dance; to have heard them
speak English. 6. to begin with; to crown it all; to put it
36
mildly; to be quite frank; to be more precise. 7. a) you to
listen; him to remain; her turn; anyone enter; the work
to be done; the report to be typed; him to be feeling fine;
you to be unreasonable and unjust, b) he... to be proud;
the child ... to be naughty; you ... to read; she ... not to
understand; they... to be sent; c) it... necessary for... to;
it... better for ... to; for ... to ... will be; will arrange for...
to; 8. where to go; whom to address; when to come back;
what to say; whether to begin or not.
B.	to help him is; the speech ... to be translated; for
him to read; is to be discussed; to tell the truth; for
me to go.
7. Complete the following dialogues,
1.
A: What on earth made you do it?
B....
2.
A:...
B: It is impossible to believe it.
3
A:	I hate to see you looking so sad.
B:	...
A: It’s a natural thing for him to do.
B....
4.
A:...
B.	It’s easy for you to say.	„
A : ...
B:	You seem to have been able to notice a great deal.
5.
A:	I was too tired to go with them.
B:	...
37
A:	It turned out to be a pleasant day after all.
B:	...
6.
A:	...
В:	I thought it would be easier for you to do it that way.
7.
A:...
В.	I never before heard her speak so rudely.
8. Translate into English.
1.	Я чувствовал в себе желание выбросить все это
из головы. 2. Что он собирается делать, по-прежне-
му неясно. 3. Уилсон, которого мы подвезли, чтобы
избавить от прогулки по жаркой пыльной дороге,
стоял рядом, в то время как мы давали указания
кэбмену. 4. Прежде всего, я умолял ее не делать ни-
чего поспешно. Оставить дом и мужа было очень
серьезным шагом. 5. Он уже собирался отвернуть-
ся, когда увидел, что она смотрела на него взглядом,
полным ироничной жалости. 6. Ты не должен даже
думать об этом. Говорить о смерти — к несчастью.
7. Может быть, его безмолвный пристальный взгляд
заставил ее нарушить молчание. 8. Он хотел, чтобы
они все трое прогулялись по улице. 9. Очень скоро
стало известно, что она превосходная горничная.
10. Тебе нет необходимости волноваться, я буду, ко-
нечно же, осторожен. 11. Аттерсон испытал вели-
кое искушение вскрыть конверт. 12. «Тебе легко это
говорить», — начал Гордон, его глаза сузились.
13. Смешаться с толпой хорошо одетых людей на ка-
кой-нибудь приятной лужайке, приветствовать их
и быть приветствуемой ими — все это доставляло
ей трепетное удовольствие.
38
2.	THE GERUND
2.1.	The morphological characteristics. As a verb the
gerund has the grammatical categories of voice and
tense correlation.
2.1.1.	The category of voice
Active
Passive
asking
reading
being asked
being read
She is fond of reading.
Ей нравится чтение (читать).
She is fond of being read to.
Она любит, когда ей читают.
2.1.2.	The category of tense correlation
Non-Perfect	Perfect
asking	having asked
being asked	having been asked
The perfect form of the gerund expresses priority.
He told me of her having gone to the South for her holiday.
Он сказал мне, что она уехала на юг в отпуск.
Note: The поп-perfect form of the gerund expresses pri-
ority:
a)	after the prepositions on, after
After reading the book he returned it to the library.
Прочитав книгу, он вернул ее в библиотеку.
39
b)	after verbs of recollection, gratitude, blame, reproach,
punishment and reward:
I regret telling him about it.
Я сожалею, что сказал ему об этом.
2.2.	The syntactical characteristics. The gerund has
the following functions in the sentence:
2.2.1.	The subject
Reading is useful.
Чтение полезно.
There is no stopping him.
Невозможно остановить его.
2.2.2.	A part of the compound predicate
a.	the predicative
Seeing is believing.
Увидеть — значит поверить.
b.	the part of the compound verbal predicate
She went on reading.
Она продолжала читать.
She stopped smoking.
Она остановилась продолжая курить.
Note: The infinitive after the verb to stop has the func-
tion of the adverbial modifier of purpose:
He stopped to smoke.
Он остановился, чтобы покурить.
2.2.3.	An object
a.	a direct object after the verbs to deny, to mind,
to avoid, to delay, etc.
40
Please, avoid making such mistakes.
Пожалуйста, постарайтесь не делать таких ошибок.
b.	a prepositional object after the verbs to think
of, to insist on, to thank for, to prevent from, etc.,
some adjectives and statives
He insisted on doing the work himself.
Он настоял на том, чтобы самому делать эту работу.
I am fond of reading.
Я люблю читать.
Не was ashamed of having been rude to his sister.
Ему было стыдно за то, что он был груб со своей се-
строй.
2.2.4.	An attribute
Everybody liked the idea of going to the country.
Всем понравилась мысль отправиться за город.
2.2.5.	An adverbial modifier
a.	of time
On entering the room he came up to me.
Войдя в комнату, он подошел ко мне.
b.	of manner and attending circumstances
You spoiled everything by telling a lie.
Вы все испортили, сказав неправду.
Не left the room without saying a word.
Он вышел из комнаты, не говоря ни слова.
с.	of concession
In spite of being tired they decided to go on with their work.
Несмотря на то, что они устали, они все же решили
продолжать работу.
41
He didn't say a word for fear of interfering into their con-
versation.
Он не сказал ни слова, так как боялся помешать их
разговору.
2.2.6.	A part of the complex subject, the complex ob-
ject. Complexes with the gerund consist of a noun
(in the common or in the possessive case) or a pro-
noun (in the objective case), a possessive pronoun
and the gerund.
a.	the complex subject
It's useless your staying there.
Бесполезно, чтобы вы оставались там.
b.	the complex objects with the gerund may be:
(1)	direct
Do you mind my joining you?
Вы не возражаете, если я присоединюсь к вам?
(2)	prepositional
She objected to my joining them.
Она была против, чтобы я присоединился к ним.
John's coming so late surprised everyone.
To, что Джон пришел так поздно, удивило всех.
с.	an attribute
Everyone liked the idea of his joining us.
Всем понравилась мысль, что он присоединится к нам.
d.	an adverbial modifier
I had a lot of letters from my friends since their leaving
the town.
С тех пор, как мои друзья уехали из города, я полу-
чил от них много писем.
42
EXERCISES
If necessary, consult 2.1 while doing exercis-
es 1-2 and 2.2. — exercises 4-9
1. Read the following sentences and analyse
the form of the gerund. If necessary, consult
2.1.1. for A, 2.1.2. for B.
A. 1. ... without being obliged he prepared more
than two dinners in the week. (P.W.) 2. She was not
asked to being kept waiting.... (S.M.) 3.1 had no difti-
culty in remembering which track to take. (Hartley)
4. The strain of entertaining and being entertained
was over, there was no obligation to talk or listen.
(Hartley) 5. Lancelot stood paralysed. The feeling of
being bound hand and foot, of being caught in a snare
from which there was no escape, had become more
poignant than ever. (P.W.) 6.1 have only just discov-
ered that I cannot bear being watched doing anything
so badly. (How.) 7. Victoria displayed a distinct plea-
sure at being allowed to tell her story. (A.Chr.)
8. When I had asked him what first gave him the idea
of being a painter, he was unable or unwilling to tell
me. (S.M.) 9. We happened then to cross the street and
the traffic prevented us from speaking. (S.M.) 10. I
know you dislike being aroused early, but it is nine
o’clock. Pagget insists on regarding 9 a.m. as practi-
cally the middle of the day. (A.Chr.) 11. “I don’t very
much like being touched,” she said. (S.M.)	,
В. 1.1 do apologise for not having changed, but I
was terrified of being late. (Bates) 2. It was not until
the crowd had cleared away a bit that we got a chance
of having a word together. (P.W.) 3. The cook left,
having heard that she could earn three times her
43
present wages in London. (P.W.) 4. She gave me the
impression of having been through much and of be-
ing sure of herself. (P.W.) 5. You denied having asked
Langton to get cyanide, or rather you expressed sur-
prise at his having done so. (A.Chr.) 6.1 felt proud of
having been of use to her, but I couldn’t think of any-
thing to say to her except: “Does it only come down
by accident?” (Hartley)
2. Use the gerund in the appropriate form in-
stead of the infinitive in brackets.
1. “Of course,” I said, disappointed at
(to give) such a trifling commission. 2. Here,
they felt, was someone worth(to
take) a little trouble over. 3. He was so young, so gay,
he laughed so merrily at other people’s jokes that no
one could help(to like) him. 4.1 re-
member (to go) to the British Mu-
seum one day to read up the treatment for some slight
ailment. 5.1 was disappointed at(to
deprive) of my catch. 6. So I got out my Norfolk suit,
which already had the appearance of
(to put) away for a long time. 7. That charming lady
is capable of(to tell) any lie to her
advantage. 8. Women told one another that______.
 (to photograph) by Mulliner was like
(to undergo) some wonderful spiri-
tual experience. 9. I can’t help(to
feel) sorry for her. 10. He could not recollect ever
(to see) the man before in his life.
11.1 don’t think I was unduly sensitive; in my expe-
rience most people mind(to laugh)
at more than anything else. 12. Mother jumped to the
conclusion that the girl had gone out for the evening
44
without(to tell) anybody. 13.1 won-
dered if I should apologise for never
(to call) her back.
3. Translate into Russian. Consult 2.1.2. (Note).
1. After starting at myself critically in the mir-
ror, I had to admit that I didn’t look too bad. (Susann)
2. You remember saying to me once that there wasn’t
anything in the world you wouldn’t do for me. (P.W.)
3. This morning, the old servant Francoise, on de-
scending to start her work, found the front door ajar.
(A.Chr.) 4. On hearing the tragic news, she fell at once
into an alarming state of agitation. (A.Chr.) 5. You
remember my speaking of my friend Poirot? He has
been a most famous detective. (A.Chr.) 6.1 remember
reading about it in one of the historical novels. (P.W.)
7. But to my intense surprise, on getting down early
the next morning, and eagerly opening the newspa-
pers, there was not a word about the arrest. (A.Chr.)
8.1 don’t remember leaving the club, but I remem-
ber being in a taxi and saying: “Tobby, I’ll pay for
this,” and him saying: “This is my party ...” (P.W.)
9. After carefully examining the room several times
I returned my attention to the mountain. (Susann)
4. Complete the following sentences using the
gerund in the function of the subject (A)t a part
of the compound predicate (B), an object (C), an
attribute (D), an adverbial modifier (E). Consult
2.2.1-2.2.5 respectively.	*
A.	1. ... is useful. 2. ... is pleasant. 3. ... is out of the
question. 4.... is like a dream come true. 5.... is more
difficult than swimming. 6.... was painful. 7. ... was
her constant passion.
45
В.	a) 1. Her aim is .... 2. His ambition was .... 3. It
was useless.... 4. Her hobby is .... 5. Do you feel like... ?
6. She said that her only regular duty was .... 7. My
dream is .... 8. Her intention was ....
b) 1. He kept.... 2. She started .... 3.1 went on ....
4. Suddenly she began.... 5. She immediately stopped._.
6. She cannot help ... . 7. I just continued ... . 8. He
couldn’t stop .... 9. Now I shall go on.... 10. At last he
finished .... 11. In spite of herself she continued....
С.	a) 1. You remember ... . 2. My friend saw it and
couldn’t help.... 3.1 have practically given up.... 4.1 was
aware that he disliked.... 5. She suddenly remembered....
6. He mentioned .... 7.1 shall.... 8. Would you mind ... ?
9. She badly needs _.. 10.1 don’t mind ... 11. Presently
she suggested.... 12. In spite of myself I mentioned....
b) 1. He succeeded in ... . 2. What prevented you
from ... ? 3.1 am fond of .... 4. She is talking of .... 5.1
offered to fetch his things, but he insisted on.... 6. They
haven’t thought of.... 7. Do you hate me for...? 8. They
discussed a new method of .... 9. He was quick at....
10. Nothing in the world could keep me from ... .
11. They got accustomed to.... 12. He put out his arm
to prevent me from .... 13. My sister was never tired
of .... 14.1 am looking forward to ....
D.	1. She possessed to a remarkable degree- the
power of.... 2. He is sure to have an opportunity of....
3. He spoke in the hope of.... 4.1 have no means of ....
5. He had a better chance of .... 6. He described the
methods of.... 7.1 have the idea of.... 8. This gave me a
sense of.... 9.1 have really no intention of.... 10.1 have
already planned a way of.... 11. She has a scheme of....
12.1 am not much in the habit of.... 13. He has a rep-
utation of.... 14. She has an opportunity of ....
E.	1. She went there immediately on .... 2. He lit a
cigarette before .... 3. He proved it by .... 4. She fin-
46
ished it by ... . 5.1 shocked them by .... 6. She didn’t
make a mistake because of .... 7. We are in dreadful
danger and you share it by .... 8. They looked at each
other without.... 9. They worked without.... 10. You
are trying to persuade me inspite of... .11.1 hope we’ll
come to our mutual understanding without.... 12. It
can easily be made by ... . 13. He went on reading a
book instead of.... 14. He made his report after....
5. Read the following sentences and state the
type of the adverbial modifier expressed by the
gerund. If necessary, consult 2.2.5.
1.Without giving myself time to reflect, I walked
straight to the house. (A.Chr.) 2. When a little while
ago, my publisher expressed a wish to reissue it (a
novel), I felt that, before consenting to this, I really
should read it again. (S.M.) 3. Sometimes Liza fell into
light doze and Jim would keep very still for fear of
waking her. (S.M.) 4. The rain poured down without
ceasing. (S.M.) 5. That night, before going to bed, Jean
sat at the small table before her open bedroom win-
dow and reread the letter from George.... (Can.) 6. On
the second floor he paused, knocked on the door, then
without waiting for an answer, turned the handle and
led Stephen in. (Cron.) 7. Then he said, “If you’ll ex-
cuse me for a moment...” and glanced up again, be-
fore continuing to leaf through the papers. (Less.)
8. You never realize that by lying back in an arm-
chair, with the eyes closed, one can come nearer tp
the solution of any problem. (A.Chr.) 9. Without much
searching, I found an apartment on the fifth floor.
(S.M.) 10. Well, doubtless we’ll come across that in
looking through Captain Trevelyan’s papers. (A.Chr.)
11.1 consoled myself by thinking that it was sporting....
47
(Hartley) 12. Of course he’s been feeling ill for months
without seeing anybody. (How.) 13. She sailed back
through the typists’ room without deigning to give
anyone a word or a glance. (A.Chr.) 14. After leaving
the factory on the eve of the holidays, Dubbo went
straight to the house where he lodged. (White) 15. For
fear of being delayed by Paul she had not gone up to
bed. (I.Murd.) 16.1 tried to put her at her ease by say-
ing conventional things. (S.M.)
6. Read and translate the following sentenc-
es. Pay attention to the function of the gerund.
If necessary, consult 2.2.1-2.2.5.
1. It was, she supposed, Henet’s way of amusing
herself. (A.Chr.) 2. Let us admit that reading with us
is just a drug that we cannot do without... (S.M.) 3. Why
have you come to me before going to her? (A.Chr.)
4. What d’you mean by saying that you’re my neph-
ew? (A.Chr.) 5. The children woke soon and began
chattering and playing in the bed. (S.M.) 6. Reading
is to the mind what exercise is to the body. (Proverb)
7. In spite of myself I could not help smiling. (A.Chr.)
8. In the silence he began humming once again. (A.H.)
9.1 always enjoy exercising my ingenuity. (A.Chr.)
10. Old Jolyon came out of Lord’s cricket ground that
same afternoon with the intention of going home.
(Galsw.) 11. He summed up her thought by saying:
“It’s all right.” (Less) 12. His talking as he did was a
result of his having led a long interesting life. (How.)
13. Although she knew he took these attentions so
lightly she could not help feeling angry and jealous.
(S.M.) 14. Are you satisfied to go on playing those sort
of parts for ever? (S.M.) 15. He loved acting, but his
physique prevented him from playing any but a few
48
parts, which was fortunate, for he was a bad actor.
(S.M.) 16. He was carefully engaged in brushing his
coat before putting it on, and seemed wholly en-
grossed in the task. (A.Chr.) 17. She remembered run-
ning over the breakwater at Sheerness and finding
the boat. (Law.)
7.* Insert prepositions where necessary.
1. “You haven’t thanked me yet saving your
life,” I said with false sweetness. (A.Chr.) 2. She gave
the impression being frail, innocent and very
young. (I.Shaw) 3. Certain people, you see, have a gift
____. seeing things in a crystal. (S.M.) 4. You can’t
tell how a man is feeling just looking at him.
(P.W.) 5.1 am not in the habit letting my judge-
ment be influenced(A.Chr.) 6. You see a defi-
nite reason going down to Handborough? (A.Chr.)
7. That would have been much the easiest way
doing it, he agreed. (A.Chr.) 8. What was the use .
keeping a dozen servants eating their heads off?
(Galsw.) 9 don’t talk nonsense asking my
permission for anything you ever decided to do.
(Slyke) 10. You’re not the first to criticize me
allowing it. (Slyke) 11. After a light meal, Poirot sug-
gested our stepping round to pay an after din-
ner call on my so-called cousin. (A.Chr.) 12. She went
up to her bedroom  looking back. (I.Shaw)
13. She’d mastered the fine art of discipline
making her children feel unloved. (Slyke) 14._•
lost things stand a better chance being found
again than stolen ones. (M.Tw.) 15.you don’t
mind waiting for a half hour or so(I.Shaw)
16. But you can take my word for it you won’t be kept
waiting three days. (M.Tw.) 17. Tom dropped
49
into a chair saying anything. (M.Tw.) 18. He in-
sisted _ _ coming downstairs with her and putting
her into a cab. (S.M.) 19. He was tempted by the idea
having a flat of his own, but it was out of the
question. (S.M.)
8* Transform the following compound sen-
tences into sentences with the gerund. Insert
prepositions where necessary.
Model: Before we started we sent a telegram to our
friends. —> Before starting we sent a tele-
gram to our friends.
1. I remember that I saw him only once. 2. When I
reached Kiev I found waiting for me an urgent re-
quest that I should go to my mother’s place. 3.1 called
on my friends before I left. 4. When I left Moscow I
corresponded with him. 5. And when you start a thing
like that you don’t know what you’re letting your-
self in for. 6. When she had turned the last page she
decided that she would read the book again. 7. She
was a trifle out of breath when she came to the third
landing. 8. When Eva reached the restaurant she
found that she was the last to arrive. 9. When Clare
had had a cup of coffee and her bath she began to
feel more herself. 10. When she had taken off her the-
atrical make-up she looked old and tired. 11.1 never
have been able to stand an idea that I shall grow old.
9.* Transform the following sentences so as
to use compound sentences.
Model: After calling to enquire after the girl he re-
turned home with a feeling of having been
betrayed. —> After calling to enquire after the
50
girl he returned home with a feeling that he
had been betrayed.
1. In giving his friend a wrong address I knew he
was perhaps playing a trick on him. 2. She looked
t hrough the photographs again before putting them
back. 3. On hearing the tragic news, she fell at once
into an alarming state of agitation. 4. On receiving her
letter, I changed my mind. 5. He lit a cigarette before
answering my question. 6. Why do you insist on go-
ing to the cinema? 7.1 didn’t at all like the prospect
of having to break the bad news to him.
10, Read the following sentences and state the
function of complexes with the gerund. While
doing exercises 10-18 consult 2.2.6 (a-d).
1. You don’t mind my saying all this to you, Flem-
i ng. (S.M.) 2. Do you mean you object to my bringing
Mr Hopkins here? (F.F.) 3. What can be the possible
use of Larry’s learning dead languages? (S.M.) 4. Jane
bit her lip till the blood came, and walked back to her
seat without another word, but she couldn’t help the
tears of rage rolling down her face. (Galsw.) 5. “Well,”
he said, “I couldn’t help Irene’s having no money.”
(Galsw.) 6. He had called there three times now with-
out her being able to see him. (Galsw.) 7. We were
talking about professions. If you don’t mind my ask-
ing, what is yours? (I.Shaw) 8. I’m afraid just at first
he’ll be rather lonely and I shall feel more comfort-
able if I can count on your keeping an eye on him.
(S.M.) 9.1 was used to people being angry with me
and made it a point of honour not to mind. (Hartley)
10. She was being observed, and by someone who re-
sented her being there. (Less.) 11.1 hate the idea of
51
Larry making such a mess of his life. (S.M.) 12. Later,
in the night, I was awakened by the sound of some-
one moving softly about the room. (A.Chr.) 13. Do you
think there is much chance of one seeing him again?
(A.Chr.) 14. Well, it was the same fellow. And do you
remember me saying that I was sure I had seen him
somewhere before? (P.W.) 15. “Will you pay any at-
tention if I forbid you to go?” “No, darling." I said,
‘/none.’’ Then she said, “That’s what I imagined. In
that case there doesn’t seem to be much point in my
forbidding it." (S.M.)
11 * Use the proper form of the gerund as the
second part of complexes with the gerund in-
stead of the infinitive in brackets.
1.	I’m partly to blame for your(to
miss) the train. 2.1 had reached this point in my med-
itations, when I was aroused by the sound of the door
(to open). 3. Ann did not mind her
(to come) to see the baby, but she
would not let her help with it. 4. They told me all about
his(to be) there, and the questions
he had asked. 5.1 must beg, that in the case of my
(to be) able to contribute something
to the solution of the mystery, my name may not be
mentioned. 6. I’m tired of people(to
have) to be kind to me. 7. I’m eight years older than you
are. — Oh! I don’t mind M. Poirot
(to know) that! 8. She could hear the sound of water
 (to suck) into dry fepil. 9. There was
still a chance of Bart(to come).
10. He declared that his stepfather would not hear of
his (to marry) a penniless girl.
11. “My friend," Doctor Sheppard said something of
52
t he butler(to suspect). 12. Fancy her
(to want) to know what was trou-
bling him.
12 * Transform the following sentences with
complexes with the gerund so as to use compound
sentences.
Models: 1.1 don’t like you going out so late. —> I don’t
like that you go out so late.
2.	She suggested our going there at once. —>
She suggested that we should go there at
once.
3.	There is no chance of our coming there in
time. —» There is no chance that we shall
come there in time.
1. Mr Barker consoled himself with the thought
that there’s no chance of Diana and Geralds getting
married for years. 2. Dorothy had to agree, although
she did not approve of Laura going to the cinema so
often. 3.1 don’t like your going off so soon. 4.1 don’t
like to think of you going there alone. 5. Who sug-
gested their going to the country with us? 6. “You
must forgive my acting without consulting you, Phil-
ip,” she said. 7.1 insist on your apologizing to them,
you are very rude. 8. It was hard to keep your mind
off illness with Doris and Edith talking about it all
the time. 9. “What’s the use of Caroline and me fill-
ing ourselves with streptomycin day and night?”
thought Jan. 10. The thought of Helen being alone and
waiting for him made Dan run the block. 11. He nev-
er thought of Jean having met his people before.
53
13. Transform the following sentences so as
to use complexes with the gerund. Use preposi-
tions where necessary.
Models: 1» Everyone was surprised that she was
there. —> Everyone was surprised at her
being there.
2. The thought she would leave so soon was
unbearable. —> The thought of her leaving
so soon was unbearable.
3. She insisted that I should apologize to her.
—> She insisted on my apologizing to her.
1.1 boasted that my father was different; he would
understand that I was an artist. 2. She took a peculiar
delight in the fact that he was Peter’s son. 3. He felt
proud of the fact that he had been able to win a wom-
an whom everybody admired. 4. She gave no sign that
she heard that he had slammed the door. 5. She insist-
ed that he should drop his voice. 6. He was clever, no
one had ever denied that he was clever. 7. Presently I
became aware that someone was moving softly about
this room. 8.1 was about to suggest that you should
lunch with me. 9. For my part I have never before sus-
pected that Kate had a deep vein of superstition in her
nature. 10.1 cut short his lamentations by suggesting
that we should start for the camp at once. 11.1 like you
so much because you are such a good cook.
14 * Complete the following sentences using
the elements in brackets to form complexes with
the gerund.
1. I hated to think of(she, to
be) alone there. 2. The sound I heard was the sound
of(a child, to cry). 3. I couldn’t
54
’«lop(she, to come) here. 4.1 hope
you don’t object to(I, to accom-
pany) you as far as the door. 5. She knew that she
hud done the sensible thing, but that did not prevent
(she, to feel) that her heart was
being tom in small pieces. 6. No one would dream of
(he, to be) so near at hand. 7. Slip-
ping into the room like a ghost, she crept into her
/grandmother’s bed, and finished
(rihe, to cry) until she fell asleep. 8. “You must not
mind(we, to be surprised),” she
mid. 9. She had been looking forward so intensely to
(Tim’s, to come), it seemed strange
I hat she should wait all by herself while the rest of
us were having a jolly breakfast. 10. They might, she
ulways felt, disapprove of(wom-
en, to smoke) in public halls. 11.1 did ask her why she
could not sleep and what kept
(she, to think) so much as she listened to the nightin-
gale. 12. “It’s not much good(I, to
Hpend) half an hour writing to your uncle if he chang-
es his mind the next letter he gets from you,” said
I he headmaster irritably.
15. Complete the following so as to use com-
plexes with the gerund.
1.1 sat there listening to Arthur .... 2.1 don’t like
her .... 3. He was right in his .... 4. There is no point in
my .... 5. Bobby gave no sign of his.... 6. There was an
absolute proof of his .... 7. Forgive my.... 8. It was the *
only excuse for her.... 9. Louise didn’t like to run the
risk of her.... 10. He liked the idea of their.... 11. They
saved time by Tom’s .... 12. There was no excuse for
Isabel’s.... 13. There was no possibility of David’s ....
14.1 was awakened by the sound of someone....
55
SUMMING UP AND
SPEECH EXERCISES
1. Read the following sentences and state the
function of the gerund.
1.	Perhaps Enid was right in saying that he didn't
understand young. (N.Sh.) 2. When she went on look-
ing blank, I made my point a little clearer adding;
“You won’t be able to cast it.” (Banks) 3. I’m getting
on, you know, Dolly, it’s no good denying it. (S.M.)
4. All I’m interested in is getting you better, see? (Cus.)
5. It’s no good your flying in a temper. You’ve just
got to listen. (S.M.) 6. And certainly drawing is sooth-,
ing for the nerves. (Cron.) 7. Moira was asleep. Sleep-
ing was her latest discovery. (Mansf.) 8. Madame
Daubreuil was in the habit of visiting him here in the
evenings. (A.Chr.) 9. That evening I went to a film
and got to bed early and read for a while before go-
ing to sleep. (Banks) 10. She couldn’t go out of the
room without saying something to him. (Mansf.)
11. Mildly I said, “I’m sorry you object to my bring-
ing in a few of my own things ...”. (Banks) 12. Do you
mind following me into the drawing-room, Constan-
da? I’ve something of great importance to discuss
with you. (Mansf.) 13.1 said I’d get in touch with him
when I saw a chance of being free. (How.) 14. That
evening, as he sat in his attic, he heard a loud knock-
ing at the front door, followed by heavy ascending
footsteps, then without warning Monsieur Cruchot
burst in. (Cron.) 15. Reginald took a deep breath of
his cigarette. “It’s ghastly, this idea of going back,”
he said. (Mansf.)
56
2.	Transform the following sentences so as to
use clauses instead of complexes with the gerund.
1. Do you doubt her being really a Russian? 2. Mrs
.Joice insisted on her husband having a bath every
clay, though he was not used to it. 3. As she had fore-
seen, I even regretted having prevented her telling
ine the whole truth. 4. She did not approve of Louise
going there. 5. Again Michael was conscious of some-
I hing deep and private stirring within himself. 6. She
disapproved of her mother being so excited in pub-
lic. 7. When they’d had tea he’d probably suggest their
going to the pictures. 8. It’s my fault I ought to have
insisted on your taking a holiday. 9.1 don’t remem-
ber my mother ever trying to contradict me. 10. He
didn’t believe in people living beyond seventy. 11.1
insist on your paying what is due to him. 12. The doc-
tor didn’t mind my being sent to the Crimea.
3.	Transform the following sentences so as to
use complexes with the gerund.
1. She suggested that Philip should pass himself
off as her brother. 2. My friend insisted that I should
stay at his place. 3. Michael suggested that she should
go to the Crimea to be near her mother. 4. Harold in-
sisted that we wait for you. 5. He suggested that she
should sit down. 6. She remembered that Charles had
once said to her that the origin of poetry was emo-
tion. 7. Julia suggested that they should go down to
the drawing room. 8. Do you mind if I take your die-*
tionary? 9. Do you think father would mind if we go
to the park now? 10. She insisted we should put off
our conference. 11. She had no idea that he was good
at mathematics. 12. I was annoyed because they
shouted so loud. 13. I’d no idea you knew him. 14. As
57
we drove away he suggested that we should returii
by train. 15. Laura remembered she had left that uml
brella standing in the corner.	I
4.	Develop the following sentences into situai
tions. Read the suggested sentences containing
the gerund. Then construct at least one sentencA
to specify, prove or refute the given one. Folloul
the models.	I
Model: She insisted on sending for the doctor at oncea
-> She insisted on sending for the doctor at]
once. The child was running a high temper-1
ature. He had a terrible headache and com-]
plained of a sore throat	1
A.	1. She smiled in greeting as I came up to herd
2. He’s tired of worrying about what is good and whatl
is bad for her. 3, Without being told she knew that]
the disease was incurable. 4. I couldn’t remember]
ever having felt so badly. 5. We are looking forward!
to meeting you there. 6. She avoided looking at himJ
7. Without raising his head, he muttered something
inaudible. 8.1 couldn’t help thinking his voice did not]
sound quite natural. 9. She looked at him for a mo-1
ment or two without speaking. 10. He looked back]
over his shoulder with some interest before closing*
the door behind him. 11. At breakfast, he announced j
his intention of calling upon his granny early in the day.
Model: He suggested our calling a porter. —> He sug-
gested our calling a porter. She was sure that
our luggage was too heavy for us.
В.	1.1 remember my friend telling me that. 2.1 am
annoyed at their being late. 3. They blamed me for
their having missed the train. 4. You may count on
58
I
her keeping her promise. 5. She is used to people
praising her. 6. It’s queer their sounding so mysteri-
iHis. 7. It’s no good your insisting on it. 8. There is no
пне your worrying about it. 9. Will you object to his
t urning here? 10. She hates children being naughty.
5. Complete the following sentences, using the
gerund or complexes with the gerund.
A1. He stopped.... 2. They looked forward to.... 3. The
boy was afraid of.... 4. He remembered -. 5. He did not
I hink there was any opportunity of.... 6. He insisted on....
7 They followed him without.... 8. At last he saw the
rhance of.... 9. You must get rid of the habit of.... 10. It’s
no good.... 11. They thanked her for.... 12. He continued
Io read without.... 13. He was used to.... 14. He started
off by.... 15.1 was sure he was wrong in.... 16. He didn’t
want to run the risk of.... 17. It’s no good.... 18. He never
>t tired of.... 19. He has no experience in....
В. 1. He didn’t mind his friend .... 2. He liked the
idea of our.... 3. They didn’t pay any attention to her....
I: Will you object to my... ? 5.1 don’t seem to remem-
ber her.... 6.1 wonder what prevents them.... 7. Why
ihould you insist on her ... ? 8. She hated to think of
h is.... 9.1 doubt her.... 10.1 am sorry that I have pre-
vented her .... 11. Every one approved of our.... 12. You
ought to have insisted on her ... . 13. Do you mind
my ... ? 14. He was annoyed at their .... 15.1 watched
him without his ... . 16. They all appreciated my ... .
17.1 can’t bear you .... You should not blame her ....
18. They were surprised at her ....
6. Think of situations where you can use the
sentences given below.
1. She realized it was no use asking questions.
59
2. He was not in the habit of sitting alone and;
brooding.	!
3.1 look forward to seeing him again.	i
4. What prevents you from realizing the truth? J
5. He looked at her for some time without seeing her!
6. He smiled without answering and the nextJ
minute he was gone.	<
7. She was not used to being kept waiting. 1
8.	1 am not preventing you from doing whatever^
you wish to do.
9.	No one could blame her for wanting to get rid о fl
him.	•
10.	He terminated the interview without giving me!
an opportunity to answer.	!
11.	On hearing that he was away, she uttered somej
exclamation and rang off.
12.	He liked watching the birds.	j
13.	On seeing the doctor the child edged back.
14.	There is no point in arguing about it.	I
15.1 was convinced that she resented my being there, j
16. He didn’t like being made fun of.	I
17. He seems intent on speaking in riddles. j
18. There is no use in worrying about her. i
7. Make up sentences, using the expressions,
given below. Pay attention to the diversity of the
functions of the gerund and complexes with the
gerund in the sentence.
1. reading is; interrupting people was; looking at
her is; seeing you will be; his going there was;
talking to him was; asking my permission
2. a) is getting there; is soothing for the nerves; was
becoming a painter; is pulling his leg
b) stopped reading; kept on smiling; will stop quar-
relling; began pacing up and down; continued
60
feat
reading; couldn’t help smiling; began looking;
went on arguing
«I	kept him waiting; couldn’t bear thinking; dislike
being made fun of; don’t remember seeing; mind
sitting here
4. prevented from coming; will insist on doing; sur-
prised at his being; glad of you being; used to being
invited; apologized for having changed; objected
to going; felt proud of being; tired of worrying
1). on the point of bursting into tears; the habit of
interfering; the intention of going; the impres-
sion of having been; the idea of being
(La) without meaning it; without looking back; with-
out saying a word; without moving; without
warning us; without showing any improvement
b) on looking back; after pausing a few minutes;
before answering; on arriving; before going to
bed; before parting; on hearing that
c)	for fear of losing; for not being; for fear of being
reprimanded
d)	in spite of being tired; in spite of our coming late;
in spite of wearing spectacles; in spite of enjoying
8.	Complete the following dialogues:
1.
A : Don’t blame her for being so late.
B: ...
2.
A:...
B: If he is capable of thinking.
3.
В: I have just got used to trying out different hairstyles.
61
4.
В: She is so disappointed at not being able to go, poor
thing.
5.
B: You should avoid saying that.
9.	Translate from Russian into English.
1. Хоули всплеснула руками: «О, да! Я просто
обожаю кататься верхом». 2. Миссис Скудамор по-
медлила перед тем, как поцеловать дочь. 3. Ее муж
ответил, не поднимая глаз от газеты. 4. Ему не нра-
вилось руководить этим отделом. 5. Она продолжа-
ла твердить себе: «Это неправда. Это неправда.»
6. У него была привычка больще слушать, чем го-
ворить. 7. Здесь никто, даже моя дочь, не способен
принять это серьезно. 8. Он извинился за беспокой-
ство и сказал, что я единственный, кого он знал в
Англии. 9. Нет смысла держать его здесь. 10. Не
было смысла закрывать боковую дверь, так как
миссис Блэклок вышла именно через нее. 11. Я при-
вык к тому, что у меня всегда есть наличные день-
ги. 12. Ею овладела идея сделать книгу. 13. «Изви-
ните», — сказала миссис Оливер снова. — «Вы не
возражаете, чтобы я прошла здесь»? 14. «Послу-
шайте! Почему вы так меня не любите»? «Ну, на-
верное, потому, что именно вы заставляете меня
чувствовать, что не стоит жить». 15. Эркюль Пуа-
ро стоял там, не двигаясь. 16. Она не хотела беспо-
коить своего хозяина, звоня в парадную дверь.
17. Ее продолжали спрашивать, почему она не по-
шла в полицию, а она продолжала твердить: «По-
тому что я не знала, что это было убийство».
62
3.	PARTICIPLE I
3.1.	The morphological characteristics. Participle I
has the grammatical categories of voice and tense
correlation.
3.1.1.	The category of voice
Active	Passive
asking	being asked
writing	being written
Asking that question he did not want to offend me.
Задавая мне этот вопрос, он не хотел обидеть меня.
The letter being written, he went to post it.
Когда письмо было написано, он отправился на поч-
ту опустить его.
Perfect
having asked
having been asked
having written
having been written
3.1.2.	The category of tense correlation
Non-perfect
asking
being asked
writing
being written
The perfect form of participle I expresses priority.
Having written the letter he went to post it.
Написав письмо, он пошел опустить его.
Note: The non-perfect form of participle I of such verbs
as to enter, to arrive, to look, to turn, etc. used as an adver-
bial modifier expresses priority.
Turning to his sister, he grasped her hand.
Повернувшись к сестре, он схватил ее за руку.
63

3.2.	The syntactical characteristics.
Participle I has the following functions in the sen-
tence:
3.2.1.	An attribute
Here is the telegram announcing his arrival.
Вот телеграмма, извещающая о его приезде.
Не came up to the crying child.
Он подошел к плачущему ребенку.
Note: The perfect form of participle I is not used in the
function of the attribute. In such cases an attributive clause is
used. Ср.: Я не знаю человека, принесшего эту записку вче-
ра. — I don't know the man who brought the note yesterday.
3.2.2.	An adverbial modifier
a.	of time
As an adverbial modifier of time participle I may
be preceded by the conjunctions when, while:
When listening to her I understood that she was upset.
Слушая ее, я понял, что она расстроена.
b.	of cause
Not knowing his new telephone number I could not get
in touch with him.
Так как я не знал его нового телефона, я не мог свя-
заться с ним.
с.	of manner and attending circumstances
For a moment they stood silently looking at one another.
Какое-то мгновение они молча стояли, глядя друг на
друга.
Не ran up to her, smiling happily.
Он подбежал к ней, счастливо улыбаясь.
64
d.	of comparison
As an adverbial modifier of comparison the parti-
ciple is always preceded by the conjunctions as if, as
(hough.
He peered at me, as if not recognizing.
Он уставился на меня, как будто не узнал меня.
е.	of concession
Не could not catch up with them though working very hard.
Он никак не мог догнать их, хотя и занимался очень
напряженно.
f.	of condition
Driving at this speed, we’ll be there in no time.
Если мы поедем с такой скоростью, мы будем там
очень скоро.
3.2.3.	A parenthesis
Frankly speaking, you are wrong.
Откровенно говоря, вы не правы.
Putting it mildly, she was rather rude.
Мягко говоря, она была довольно груба.
Taking everything into consideration, she had a right to
do it.
Принимая во внимание все, она имела право сделать
это.
3.2.4.	A part of the complex subject, the complex ob-
ject, the nominative absolute participial construction
a.	the complex object
The complex object consists of a noun in the com-
mon case or a pronoun in the objective case and par-
ticiple I. The complex object is used after:
65
3-19S6
(1)	the verbs of physical sense perception (to see, to
hear, to feel, to watch, to notice, etc.)
She watched the children playing m the garden.
Она наблюдала, как дети играют в саду.
(2)	the verbs of causative meaning (to get, to set, to
leave, to have, etc.)
Don't keep her waiting.
He заставляйте ее ждать.
(3)	the verbs of liking or disliking (to like, to want, to
hate, etc.)
I hate you talking like that.
Мне не нравится, как вы это говорите.
b.	the complex subject
The complex subject consists of a noun in the com-
mon case or a pronoun in the nominative case and
participle I. It is used with the verbs of sense percep-
tion in the passive voice.
Two people were heard quarrelling.
Слышали, как два человека ссорились.
с.	the nominative absolute participial construction
*
It consists of a noun in the common case or a pro-
noun in the nominative case and participle I. The
nominal element and participle I are in a predicative
relation, nominative absolute participial construction
has the function of an adverbial modifier:
(1) of attending circumstances
He ran into the room, his eyes shining.
Он вбежал в комнату с сияющими от счастья глазами.
66
!Л) of cause
И being a hot day, they went to the river.
Гак как день был жаркий, они отправились к реке.
(3) of time (occasionally)
This having been settled, Bart left them.
Когда все было улажено, Барт их оставил.
EXERCISES
If necessary, consult 3.1. while doing exercis-
es 1-5 and 3.2. — exercises 6—12.
1. Read the following sentences and analyse
the form of participle I. If necessary, consult
3.1.1. for A, 3.1.2. for B.
A.	1. I kept silence for a little while, thinking of
what Stroeve had told me. (S.M.) 2. He looked... like a
man, who has fallen into the water with all his clothes
on, and, being rescued from death, frightened still,
feels that he only looks a fool. (S.M.) 3. She was lying
in the dark, listening to a piano being played several
rooms away. (Less.) 4. Liza walked back, wishing to
get home in time to cook the dinner. (S.M.) 5. Sally
saw the advertisement of a play being acted at the
neighbouring town. (S.M.) 6. Through the open door
came a low, groaning sound, being issued out of the
dark mist which covered shore and sea alike. (F.F.)»
7. She is working in a laundry on the East Side, try-
ing to keep her child’s body and soul together. (F.F.)
В.	1.... having tried various topics of conversation... I
asked her to tell me who all the people at table were.
(S.M.) 2. She walked down the aisle, not changing her
67
expression, and went to the tail of the plane and sat down
there. (LJShaw) 3. He started the motor and drove off,
waving gaily, to go towards his parents’ house ... .
(I.Shaw) 4. He found the studio without difficulty, hav-
ing equipped himself, from the hotel letter-rack, with
a folding map of Paris. (Cron.) 5. ...having inquired the
way from one of the group of youths lounging outside
the Valley Ice Cream Saloon, he (Andrew) set out for
the dentist’s house. (Cron.) 6. He went out quickly, shut-
ting the door behind him. (A.Chr.) 7. She didn’t return
with us, having been asked to a supper party.... (A.Chr.)
8. In the provinces, you not only know everybody, but
you know all their life histories, and can give advice at
the drop of a hat on anyone’s love problem, having lis-
tened to all the telephone conversations and read most
of the correspondence relating to the affair. (M.D.)
9. Then she got out and the man seeing her gave an as-
tonished shout. (A.Chr.) 10. There was another silence;
Liza sat thinking, and Tom stood at the window, look-
ing at her. (S.M.) 11. When Ashendon, having warmly
shaken their hands, closed the door behind the pair he
heaved a great sigh of relief. (S.M.)
2. State whether the action expressed by parti-
ciple I is prior to or simultaneous with the action
of the verb-predicate. If necessary, consult 3.1.2.
1. Three nights later, Theresa having announced that
she would be out for the evening, Quigly arranged to
have dinner with his mother. (Slyke) 2. But I wasn’t lis-
tening, absorbing the atmosphere of canvases I now
knew so well.... (Cron.) 3. “Twenty-five minutes past
five,” said Mr Rycrolf glancing at the clock. (A.Chr.)
4. “Tea,” I said, setting the big white cup ... in front of
him. (Banks) 5. Buttoning her raincoat up to her throat
68
and knotting a scarf round her hair she went to Victo-
ria Street. (Cus.) 6. Getting up, I ran impulsively across
the room and flung my arms round her neck. (A.Chr.)
7. Waking as the sun crept over his pillow, he yawned,
sat up and perceived that another day had arrived.
(P.W.) 8. Stella stood openly waiting with the look of one
for whom the ordinary rules did not apply. (Less.) 9. Lis-
tening with sympathy, watching the play of light upon
those clean-cut features, Stephen was conscious of a
deep surge of affection for his brother. (Cron.) 10. One
evening in the following spring Apothecary Hay, hav-
ing shut up his shop, took his customary stroll towards
the road. (Cron.) 11. Gripping his bag, Manson leaped
from the train and walked quickly down the platform,
searching eagerly for some sign of welcome. (Cron.) 12.1
was sitting in the cafe, reading a newspaper. (S.M.) 13.1
wandered about looking at the pictures I knew so well
and let my fancy play idly at the emotions they sug-
gested. (S.M) 14. Turning back to the first page he wrote
at the top: “Ballet Shoes”. (F.F.) 15. “Why did you invite
Barry?” Gil Tulloch asked, reddening. (White) 16. A
moment later the other sailor climbed beside him, then
both stood idly smoking and talking. (D.Rob.)
3* Choose the proper form of participle I in
brackets.
1. “Nonsense,” said Caroline in reply... “You’ll see.
Ten to one she’s left a letter (confessing, being con-
fessed) everything.” 2. (Turning, having turned) slow-»
ly, holding on to the wall, he dragged his way back
into his room. 3. The following evening, (refusing,
having refused) Elliot’s telephoned order to fetch me,
I arrived quite safely at Mrs Bradley’s house. 4. (Push-
ing, having pushed) the people aside, he made his way
69
through the crowd. 5. And for a moment they all three
stood silently (looking, being looked) at one another.
6. Quickly (taking, having taken) her handkerchief,
she hid her face in it and began to sob broken-heart-
edly. 7. (Entering, having entered) his own room, he
returned speedily with a heavy bound volume. 8. And
(seeing, being seen) Collings now through Tony’s eyes
she realized .... 9. He paused, (looking, being looked)
from one to the other. 10. Nick looked at the moon,
(coming, having come) up over the hills. 11.1 got a
telegram from Bill’s uncle (asking, being asked) me
to come. 12. (Getting, having got) his son back like this,
he felt he must know what was his financial position.
4* Use participle I in the appropriate form
instead of the infinitive in brackets.
1.1 saw Blanche little by little(to .
try) all her tricks. 2. He turned(to
inspect) me from beneath his enormous eyebrows. 3.1
came down here,(to hope) that I
would get over it. 4. She drank deeply, and,
(to do) so, sighed with satisfaction. 5. Again
the hands rose eloquently,(to ex-
press) better than words could do Mr Hercule Poirot’s
sense of utter outrage. 6. Sam, feeling that the inter-
view, . ______(to reach) this point might be
considered over, got up. 7. “This is your grandmoth-
er,” Dora was saying(to smooth) the
boy’s hair gently. 8. His father,(to
retire), lived in an unpretentious, but not mean,
house. 9. (to revolve) these and... oth-
er matters in my mind, I went mechanically on my
round. 10. It was about ten o’clock at night; I had been
dining by myself at a restaurant, and
70
(Io return) to my small apartment, was sitting in my
parlour, reading. 11. He decided to speak to her in the
train (to come) home. 12. The next
minute the front door was flung open and he was in
the lighted hall(to welcome) by a
short, plump, smiling woman of about forty.
13(to invite) down to this place for
a visit, he found himself requested by his host to go
and tell his uncle bedtime stories. 14.1 stood for a mo-
ment at the window,__________;_ (to look) at the
gaiety of the day. 15(to finish) his
toilet, he wrapped himself in a thick overcoat and
wound a muffler round his neck. 16. And
(to reach) the conclusion, he gave no further
thought to the matter.
5.* Translate what is given in brackets using
participle I in the appropriate form.
Ij
1. (Закрыв) the door with only the lightest slam,
they went out together. 2. Julia sat eating rolls and
drinking coffee in her room next morning, (думая)
what she should do. 3. “Come along, quickly,” said Nick
(держа) the door of the driving cabin, “you’re coming
too.” 4. He got up from his chair and (подойдя) to a
shelf brought me a large album. 5.1 kept silence for a
while, (думая) of what Stroeve had told me. 6. When
she had finished she sat (уставившись) in front of her
for some minutes. 7.1 went out on to the landing, and
cautiously down the stairs, (надеясь) that one of the*
doors would be open. 8. Snow was falling now in soft,
large flakes, (покрывая) the red roofs. 9. Men wan-
dered about, (глядя) at the women (сидящих) at their
windows reading or sewing. 10. (Выбив) the pipe he
inspected it as though it demanded all this attention.
71
6. Complete the following sentences using par-
ticiple I in the function of an attribute (A), an
adverbial modifier (B), a parenthesis (C). Con-
sult 3.2.1-3.2.3.
A.	1. He saw a man.... 2. He came up to the child....
3. He went along the street.... 4. The room was crowd-
ed with students ... . 5. There were people ... . 6. He
caught sight of a girl.... 7. He received a telegram ....
8. Don’t be very noisy, you’ll wake up the child ....
B.	a) of time
1. He wrote the letter .... 2. When ... I visited all the
museums there. 3. While ... you must be very atten-
tive. 4.... I realize that it was wrong. 5.... I met a friend
of mine.
b)	of cause
1.	He kept silence.... 2. He found the hotel without
difficulty ... . 3. She didn’t return with us ... . 4. He
wasn’t listening .... 5.... they rang again.
c)	of manner or attending circumstances
1.	She walked down the hill ... . 2. He went out
quickly .... 3. He laughed embarrassed .... 4. He stood
there .... 5. He leant on the window-sill....
d)	of comparison
1.	He flung himself his arms round his granny’s
neck as if .... 2. He looked round as if .... 3. He raised
his head as if .... 4. He looked at her with entreaty as
though....
e)	of concession and condition
1.	Though ... I could not help smiling. 2. Though ...
will be there in time. 3. Though ... she tried to look
calm. 4..;. you’ll catch up with the group.
C. 1.... you are the last person I expected to see here.
2.... we have only his word for it. 3...., it is not at all
unusual. 4...., it was a horrifying thing to happen.
72
7.	Read and translate the following sentenc-
es. Pay attention to the function of participle I.
Consult 3.2.1.-3.2.3.
1. At last she left smiling and blowing a kiss from
the door. (Less.) 2. Desmonde came with me to all the
matches returning jubilant, to our customary Sat-
urday luncheon. (Cron.) 3. He drove very fast with
one hand as though not carrying whether he lived or
died. (I. Shaw) 4. Her aunts sat side by side on the
sofa glancing at each other. (F.F.) 5. She stood for a
moment fumbling in her bag for her key; then the
door opened and vanished inside. (N.Sh.) 6. Chambers
sat watching her till she was out of sight. (N.Sh.) 7.1
walked down to the beach to bathe, and my uncle,
having something to do in the town, walked part of
the way with me. (S.M.) 8. Driffield worked at night,
and Rosie, having nothing to do, was glad to go out
with one or other of her friends. (S.M.) 9.1 sank down
on the sofa, suddenly realizing what had happened.
(S.M.) 10. A tenant had made inquiries concerning the
house, wishing to rent it. (A.Chr.) 11. He showed en-
thusiasm when talking about his books. (S.M.) 12. And
now, suddenly realizing that his work as Doctor
Page’s assistant must terminate at the end of the
month, he began immediately to look for another
position. (Cron.) 13. Coming to the Botanical Gardens
one morning in the middle of October, Young Jolyon
found his favourite bench occupied. (Galsw.) 14. I
stood on the highest hill looking into the sky as if
searching for some answer. (Susann) 15. Keeping
close together the four of them made their way out-
doors and down the porch steps, where they hesitat-
ed for a moment, peering into ... the darkness upon
their eyes. (F.F.)
73
8.	Define the type of adverbial modifiers ex-
pressed by participle L If necessary, consult 3.2.2.
1.... she felt as if she could sit there all through the
night looking out into the cool, dark street.... (S.M.)
2. Having arrived in front of it (the house), she put
her hands to her mouth in trumpet form and shout-
ed: “I! I! I! Sally!” (S.M.) 3. Charles, as if sensing that
even then I might back of f and drive away, came pur-
posefully out of his front door and strode across the
gravel. (D.Franc.) 4. He peered at her, blinking. (P.W.)
5. He got out of his seat and walked over and stood in
front of Janet and Mary, looking down at them.
(D.Rob.) 6.... he writes a long letter to his critic, tell-
ing him he is very sorry he thought his book was bad.
(S.M.) 7. Knowing Terry would raise hell, Quigly
nonetheless stayed for most of the party. (Slyke)
8.... Bosinney was looking round as if pointing out the
peculiarities of the guests. (Galsw.) 9. When listening
to her I had the impression that she actually had done
what she claimed to do — worked a kind of gigantic
miracle. (A.Chr.) 10. Soames, already regretting his
impulse, raised his own hat in response. (Galsw.)
9.	Complete the following sentences using the
expressions in brackets.
1. On the window-sills of the houses stood wooden
boxes (to contain, rose plants, and terra-cotta pots).
2. The train (to do, one hundred miles), puffed gently
and drew into the station. 3. He drove very fast, (to
hum, “Downtown”). 4. Poirot (to rise, politely), sat
down again and stared up at the ceiling with a puzzled
frown. 5. Adele was standing there, (to confront,
Steve), her face set. 6. After dinner Fifi and Mr Hop-
74
kins went out to the porch, while her aunt sat on the
sofa (to turn over, the pages of magazines). 7. He sat
back, (to enjoy, the sun^ and the yellow hills). 8. Sever-
al tunes Fifi raised her head as if (to listen), and once
she got up and went to the door and stared out for a
long time into the night. 9. Like many other newshun-
gry Americans in Paris this spring, I opened the Fran-
co-American Star one morning, and (while to skim,
the hackneyed headlines) I came upon something of
geniune interest. 10. The host courted their unimpor-
tant guest, (to invite him, to give his point of view).
11. The door opened and a woman came out, bare-head-
ed, (to wear, a mackintosh; and, to carry, a string bag).
12. Merle stood (to tap, her pencil on her notebook).
10* Transform the following sentences so as
to use attributive clauses.
Model: At ten o’clock he found himself in the train
speeding towards London. At ten o’clock
he found himself in the train which was
speeding towards London.
1. He went to the parlour, where the doctor, stand-
ing on the hearthrug with his back to the fire, greet-
ed him. 2. The place was crowded with doctors and
their wives, talking and laughing. 3. I’ve just had a
letter from my aunt asking me to go down to her place
and stay. 4. It was quite dark and she didn’t recog-
nize the man standing in front of her. 5. We passed
into a large sunny apartment looking out towards thd1
sea. 6. Most people living in out-of-the-way places
when the mail comes tear open impatiently their pa-
pers. 7. A little way off he saw his wife talking with
the Davidsons and he strolled over to her. 8. He picked
up a chattering acquaintance with several persons
75
living in his hotel and he was not lonely. 9. There were
people passing to and fro and he joined one of the
groups. 10. It appears he caught sight of a man be-
having suspiciously. 11. Nick looked on at the moon,
coming up over the hills.
11* Transform the following sentences so as
to use participle I where possible. If necessary,
consult 3.2.1. (Note).
Model: He came up to the table which stood in the
middle of the room. —> He came up to the ta-
ble standing in the middle of the room.
1. The ship, which had arrived at the dock that
afternoon, had taken fourteen days to cross the At-
lantic. 2.1 caught sight of a lean man, who was mov-
ing in the opposite direction. 3. And then, quite un-
expectedly, he received a message from Mr Ander-
son, who asked him to call at the company offices.
4. Over the fence which divided the garden from the
one next door a familiar face was peering. 5. The pho-
tograph which had so excited the young man the day
before was nowhere to be seen now. 6.1 said all that I
had to say on the subject that worried me much. 7. He
was never at a loss for a remark; he could discourse
on the topics of the day with an ease that prevented
his hearer from experiencing any sense of strain. 8. To
hide the tears which were coming from her eyes she
turned away and walked homewards. 9. Going up-
stairs she woke the woman who lived on the floor
above her. 10. She went with her long stride to the
step that led down from Oxford Street. 11. They got
into the car which smelt of hot leather and petrol.
12. It was very dark with a gusty wind and a fine spat-
76
г
Ler of rain, which blew into their face at street cor-
ners. 13.1 don’t suppose he ever lived in a house that
had a bathroom till he was fifty. 14.1 noticed as we
walked along the street that sometimes the men who
passed us stared at my girlfriend. 15. It was a long,
wide, straight street that ran parallel with the Vaux-
hall Bridge. 16. He followed her across the lawn to
the table which stood in the shade of a fine tree. 17. He
saw in the garden a solemn young man in a brown
suit who had been introduced to him in London.
12 * Transform the following sentences so as
to use adverbial clauses.
Model: Being a great admirer of music, he attended
all the concerts. —> As he was a great admir-
er of music he attended all the concerts.
1. When going somewhere by train, I usually try
to get out at every station to take a breath of air.
2. Accompanying him down the road, Annie told him
as best as she could about Dick. 3. Dr Bramwell meet-
ing Andrew in the street, remarked airily: "I have
never had a better case.” 4. Suddenly she roused her-
self with a start, fancying she had heard something.
5. Leaving the house of the Morgans Andrew contin-
ued on his round with a queer warmth round his
heart. 6. Andrew, hurrying home full of the triumph
of the scientific method, kept everything he had to
say to Christine. 7. Liza did not answer, and Mrs Web-
ster, having nothing more to say, continued her sup-
per in silence. 8. Having made up my mind I told her
about my plan. 9. Speaking to her I always try to make
my meaning clear. 10. Having seen nothing like that
before I was eager to see the performance. 11. He
77
could exercise tact when dealing with the affairs of
the others but none when dealing with his own. 12. He
raised his head as if listening to something. 13. He
generally used that language when talking to children.
13. Transform the following sentences so as
to use participle I.
Models: 1. When I go somewhere by plane I save a lot
of time. —> (When) going somewhere by
plane I save a lot of time.
2. When I arrived, a little late, I found the
party already complete. —> Having arrived
a little late, I found the party already com-
plete.
3. As I am often sent on business trips I have
seen a lot of the country. —> Being often
sent on business trips I have seen a lot of
the country.
1. When he got to Euston he paid off the taxi and
inquired for the next train to Dover. 2. When I went
upstairs, I found him asleep, with all his clothes on.
3. “I knew Tom well,” he said, as he leaned back in his
chair and lit the cigar I had offered him. 4. When his
first picture was exhibited they came to Amsterdam
to see it, his father and his sister and his motherr and
his mother cried, when she looked at it. 5. And while
she waited for him to come, her pride began revolt-
ing. 6. As Andrew pulled on his coat he reflected mis-
erably that he had not exchanged a word with Chris-
tine. 7. After the uncle had once concented to the boy’s
going out with the Browns, he made no further objec-
tion to his association with them. 8- She gave me no
answer and looked at me as if she were dreaming about
78
г
something. 9. As I felt that I was not right I confessed
my fault. 10. After he had waited some minutes for an
answer he turned round and left the room. 11. Though
Alee had many loyal friends, he also had enemies.
14. Read the following sentences and analyse
complex objects with participle I. See 3.2.4.a.
While doing exercises 14-18 consult 3.2.4.a., if
necessary.
1. I overheard Dale saying something about it.
(N.Sh.) 2. Then she heard the stranger laughing qui-
etly, and his footsteps came across the room. (Wells)
3. He found her watering some plants, her face ex-
pressed her surprise at his unusual presence. (Dr.)
4. At his home, he let himself in, and to his surprise,
found his wife coming towards him in the hall. (Cron.)
5. They could hear the Invisible Man breathing. (Wells)
6. Mike saw him standing in the doorway. (Lind.)
7. Then her charming lace grew eager, and glancing
round Young Jolyon saw Bosinney striding across the
grass. (Galsw.) 8. She found herself waking from sleep
and crying, but what she was weeping for she had
no idea at all. (Less.) 9. I saw him walking briskly
through the crowd ... (F.F.) 10. She could hear Bart
moving about outside, whistling as he worked. (Cus.)
15. Read and translate the following sentenc-
es. Speak on the verbs after which complex ob-
jects with participle I are used.
1. He noticed a girl standing listlessly by a pillar and
he slowed his pace. (Less.) 2.1 thought I saw something
moving along the track. (Vickers) 3. But he found his
traps waiting for him in the porter’s lodge. (S.M.) 4.1
79
opened the door with extreme reluctance and found
Morton standing outside. (R.Ald.) 5. The four soldiers
noticed Christian watching them. (I.Shaw) 6. She ran
up the drive ... and I heard her fumbling for the key.
(J.Ch.) 7. From where she stood she could hear every-
thing going on at once. (A.Chr.) 8.1 heard the guards
moving behind us. (Gr.Gr.) 9.... their ears spread wide
to hear the first noise that would send them rushing
into the bush. (ЕЛ.) 10. It set him thinking. (Dr.) 11. We
may suppose him representing the England of Napo-
leon’s wars, and general unrest. (Galsw.) 12. Well, I
don't want you coming here and telling me I’m unti-
dy .... (Vickers) 13. In her ears there rang of a sudden
the outrageous and unaccountable laughter that had
sent Miss Warren flying from the room. (S.M.)
16 * Fill in the blanks with one of the verbs
from the list below. In some of the sentences more
than one verb is correct.
1.1 her going off in that direction
about a quarter of an hour ago. 2. Pat turned and
the door softly closing. 3. It seemed
to Young Jolyon, that he could her
saying: ‘‘But, darling, it would ruin you!” 4. Yet he
still himself struggling towards
some solution of the problem. 5. He
her trying to draw herself away, and smiled. 6. I
Nurse Howes coming into the ward
at one end of the theatre trolley. 7. They
him going carefully down the long flight of
rickety wooden stairs, and then the street door banged
shut. 8. Why on earth did you Strick-
land packing? 9. He perceived a struggle going with-
in her. 10. He watched the gardeners watering beds
80
of young lettuce. 11. I him saying:
“What are you looking for, Frank?” 12. She thought
she him groaning. 13. Jolly was anx-
ious that they should him growing,
so they set forth to the river. 14. At that very moment
they somebody moving in the room.
15. That my heart thumping.
to see, to hear, to feel, to set, to perceive, to watch, to find,
to notice, to send, to remember
17. Transform the following sentences into sen-
tences with complex objects with participle I.
Model: I could see that Dave was still standing in
the doorway. —> I could see Dave standing in
the doorway.
A. 1. As Nick came up to Toby he turned and saw1 2 * * 5 * * В.
that Michael was watching them from the other side.
2. He found that the old man was still sitting grim in
the darkness. 3. He could see that a man was stand-
ing on the pavement. 4. When he opened the window
he heard how the birds were singing in the garden.
5. In a minute or two I noticed that her eyes were
stealthily peeping at me over the top of the book. 6.1
could feel that the room was rocking under my feet.
7.1 noticed that now his eyes were resting on me with
a faint smile of amusement.
Model: A small book was lying open on the bed. (to
see) —> She saw a small book lying open on
the bed.
В. 1. He was watching her so intently, (to see)
2. Martha was protesting that of course they must all
81
come to her flat, (to find) 3. My sister was signalling
to me from another table, (to see) 4. The comer of a
three-penny detective novel was protruding from
Albert’s pocket, (to note) 5. The rain drops were pat-
tering against the leaves, (to hear) 6. His father was
moving around in the living room, (to hear) 7. He was
hurrying through the hot June forenoon, up the hill
and on to the open downland, (to imagine) 8. He was
standing there, his face expectant, (to see)
18.	Complete the following sentences so as to
use complex objects with participle I.
1. He noticed a man.... 2.1 discovered a good-look-
ing young man.... 3.1 could even hear a bird .... 4. She
watched the car „. 5. She heard the footsteps.... 6.1 saw
the door.... 7. She heard the children.... 8. He felt her....
9. Did you overhear them... ? 10. We imagine them....
11. They watched the children.... 12. He didn’t see her....
13.1 didn’t notice you .... 14. He liked to watched his
father.... 15. He found himself.... 16. I’ve never heard
you.... 17.1 didn’t see anybody.... 18. The girl saw some-
one .... 19. The blow sent the boy.... 20. He watched the
theatre crowd.... 21. The wind sent the leaves....
19.	Read the following sentences and analyse
complex subjects with participle I. If necessary,
consult 3.2.4.b.
1. They were heard talking together. (Collins)
2. The horse was seen descending the hill. (Hardy)
3. The boots of Albert could be heard racing upstairs.
(A.Chr.) 4. You’re found hanging around the grounds
of a big house after dark.... (Cron.) 5.... in a few mo-
ments during the launching of the boats, Danvers was
82
seen speaking to a young American girl. (A.Chr.)
6. Jennie was seen wearing the gold watch. (Dr.) 7. He
could often be seen walking with his eyes fixed anx-
iously on little Pablins Dartie’s sailing-boat. (Galsw.)
8. Here the nurse’s voice was heard calling from the
top landing. (Cron.) 9. Many students with blood
streaming down their faces were seen running down
the side streets to avoid arrest. (S.M.)
20.	Read and translate the following sentenc-
es. Speak on the verbs with which complex sub-
ject is used.
1. He suffered from dyspepsia, and he might often
be seen sucking a tablet of pepsin.... (S.M.) 2. At times
he was seen driving with her by people who knew
him in a social and commercial way. (Dr.) 3. The old
Judge was found sitting grin and straight in his chair,
waiting. (M.Tw.) 4. Martha was seen staring at the
tree. (Less.) 5. The visitor was heard walking restless-
ly backwards and forwards. He was also heard talk-
ing to himself. (H.W.)
21*. Transform the following sentences into
sentences with complex subjects.
Model: They overheard two people talking about her.
—> Two people were overheard talking about
her.
A.	1. They saw her sitting poring over her book?
2. We heard the baby crying in her pram. 3. We saw
him exchanging glances with that man. 4. They could
see a white house gleaming through the reddening
autumn leaves. 5. From the distance they could see
the host waiting for them on the doorsteps.
83
Model: He stole curious glances at Mary, (to see) —>
He was seen stealing curious glances at Mary.
В.	1, Paul consulted his silver watch, (to see) 2. He
asked if I was in. (to hear) 3. He telephoned the doctor,
stressing the gravity and urgency of the case, (to hear)
4. He paced up and down in his room long after the rest
of the family had gone to bed. (to hear) 5. She went in
that direction about a quarter of an hour ago. (to see)
22* Read the following sentences and state the
function of the nominative absolute participial
constructions.While doing exercises 22-27 con-
sult 3.2.4. c., if necessary.
1. That police business having been accomplished,
he had come to call upon M. Poirot. (A.Chr.) 2. Fleur
having declared that it was “simply too wonderful to
stay indoors,” they all went out. (Galsw.) 3. It being a
hot day. and all of us thirsty, she suggested that we
should have a glass of beer. (S.M.) 4. She never was a
great talker. Often when, the night being fine, we de-
cided to walk back from the music-hall at which we
had been spending the evening, she never opened her
mouth. (S.M.) 5. “You know any of them?” I whispered.
“Yes,” he said simply, his voice trembling a little. (H.R.)
6. It was quite light. A few miners were already in the
street: the first of the night shift moving out. As An-
drew walked with them, spent and slow, his footsteps
echoing with the others under the morning sky, he
kept thinking blindly: “I’ve done something....” (Cron.)
7. All being settled, he went to bed and slept soundly.
(S.M.) 8. She turned, losing her restraint, her eyes spar-
kling with honest indignation. (Cron.)
84
23. Read and translate the following sentenc-
es. Pay attention to the functions of the nomi-
native absolute participial constructions.
1. He found that Anne had advanced into the hall,
her hands folded upon her apron, her eyes contem-
plating him .... (Cron.) 2. She counted out the money
from her bulging purse, her fingers trembling, her
eyes snapping at him. (Cron.) 3. As she approached
the end of the bundle (of notes) she went slower and
slower, her sly black eyes twinkling .... (Cron.) 4. Mrs
Bramwell’s evening began at nine o’clock, the late
hour being chosen out of consideration for the medi-
cal gentlemen who might be detained at their sur-
geries. (Cron.) 5. They walked silently through the
street, Tom very grave, Liza weeping bitterly. (S.M.)
6. The Strand, it being the hour when the theatres
began to empty themselves, was a roaring torrent of
humanity and vehicles. (P.W.) 7. Very soon they lost,
sight of the other machines, each having taken its
own course. (N.Sh.) 8. He glared at Tom with outrage,
his eyes glittering ... with excitement. (Bates) 9. The
waltz in the back room being finished, three couples...
heading for the bar, caught Daylight’s eyes.
24. Transform the following sentences using
appropriate adverbial clauses.
Models: 1. The door to the room being open, Lily heard
what they said. —> As the door to the room*
was open, Lily heard what they said.
2. He ran into the room, his eyes shining. —>
He ran into the room and his eyes were
shining.
85
3. Dinner being over, he led them into the
parlour. —> When dinner was over, he led
them into the parlour.
1. She blushed, the hot, red colour running up her
neck and across her face. 2. Then she saw the stained
point, and she drew back, her eyes widening with
horror. 3, Preliminary remarks being over, he pro-
ceeded to the main point. 4. It was cool and fragrant
on the porch; little breezes playing among the roses
overhead. 5. Scarcely nodding to us, he went down
the walk, his dog running after him. 6. Andrew re-
mained at the gate, his pulse racing suddenly as
Christine came down the steps and walked toward
him, alone. 7. It was Anny herself who opened the
door for Andrew, her face welcoming him with a
smile. 8. The hour being early, the bar into which they
made their way was free from the crowds which fre-
quented it. 9. He left the office at half past two yes-
terday afternoon, the manager having no further
need for him. 10. She paused, her gaze still question-
ing him, her tone striving to be off-hand.
25. Transform the following sentences so as
to use the nominative absolute participial con-
struction.
Model'. When the door bell rang Ann rose and left
the room. —> The door bell ringing Ann rose
and left the room.
1. Denny lit a cigarette and his fingers shook so
violently he could barely hold the match. 2. She lis-
tened to me, tears rolling down her cheeks. 3. As the
complications had ensued, recovery was impossible.
86
4. She put some order into the drawing room as her
housewifely instincts had got the better of her sor-
row. 5. She said it in a low voice and a spasm of pain
crossed her face. 6. When the massage was finished
Evie brought Julia a cup of tea. 7. When a fortnight
of his notice to Mrs Page had expired Andrew really
began to worry. 8. The rain showed no sign of stop-
ping, with umbrellas and waterproofs they set out.
9. After she had gone, he got to thinking the matter
□ver. 10. As the river had risen in the night, the cross-
ing was impossible. 11. It was dark, as the sun had set
an hour before.
26 * Complete the following sentences with the
nominative absolute participial constructions.
Use the expressions given in brackets.
1. She looked around, (her eye, to dwell, upon, the
litter in the room). 2. (at last, the preparations, to be
completed) his eyes surveyed the scene with satis-
faction. 3. (the examinations, to be, close, at hand), a
queer calmness settled upon him. 4. (his brain, to be
inactive, almost dull), he felt that he knew nothing.
5. (the moment, to come), he felt it difficult to speak.
6. (they, to go) he sat thinking the matter over. 7. He
woke during the still hot nights (his hand, to reach,
automatically, for a cigarette).
4.	PARTICIPLE II
4.1.	The morphological characteristics.
4.1,1.	Participle II has one form: asked, written, sent,
which may denote the action simultaneous with the
action of the verb-predicate or prior to it.
This is the letter written by you yesterday, (письмо на-
писанное — a prior action)
Put down some words written with a final "y" in English,
(которые пишутся — simultaneousness)
4.1.2.	Participle II of objective verbs is always pas-
sive in meaning: the broken cup, the closed door, etc.
4.2.	The syntactical characteristics.
Participle II has the following functions in the sen-
tence:
4.2.1.	An attribute
Look at that broken cup.
Посмотрите на разбитую чашку.
Look at the cup broken by you.
Посмотрите на чашку, разбитую Вами.
4.2.2.	The predicative
Не felt disappointed.
Он чувствовал себя разочарованным.
88
4.2.3.	An adverbial modifier
a.	of time
When asked he always helped me.
Он всегда помогал мне, когда я его просил.
b.	of cause
Occupied by his thoughts he didn't hear my question.
Занятый своими мыслями, он не слышал моего во-
проса.
с.	of condition (usually with the conjunction if or
unless)
If asked he always helped me.
Если я просил его, он всегда помогал мне.
d.	of concession (usually with the conjunction
though)
Though occupied by his thoughts, he willingly answered
my question.
Несмотря на то, что он был занят своими мыслями,
он ответил на мой вопрос.
е.	of comparison
Не looked at me, as if bewildered by my question.
Он посмотрел на меня так, как будто был очень удив-
лен моим вопросом.
4.2.4.	A part of the complex object
The complex object consists of a noun in the com-
mon case or a pronoun in the objective case and par-
ticiple IL The complex object with participle II is used
after:
89
(1)	verbs with a causative meaning (to have, to get, to
make) denoting that something is done or made for
the benefit of the person expressed by the subject
I had my hair cut.
Я постриглась, (Меня постригли)
Negative and interrogative sentences are formed
with the help of the auxiliary verb do.
When did you have your hair cut?
Когда вы постриглись?
(2)	the verb of sense perception (to see, to hear, to feel,
to find)
When I returned I found her gone.
Когда я вернулся, я обнаружил, что она ушла.
(3)	the verbs denoting wish (to wish, to like, to want,
to prefer)
I want the letter posted at once.
Я хочу, чтобы письмо отослали почтой немедленно.
EXERCISES
1. Complete the following sentences using par-
ticiple II in the function of an attribute (A), a
predicative (B), an adverbial modifier (C). Con-
sult 4.2.1.—4.2.3.
A.	1. Here is the letter.... 2. Where is the article... ?
3. Everyone approved of the report.... 4. This is the
house .... 5. They reached the village ....
90
В.	1. “I felt utterly ....” 2. He looked very .... 3. He
was angry because his plan was not.... 4. Why should
you look...?
C.	a) of time
1. He was always angry when .... 2. The children
won’t stop quarrelling until.... 3. He will go on read-
ing the book until.... 4. He was always polite when....
b)of cause
1. He took leave of them .... 2.... he couldn’t say a
word. 3.... he opened his eyes wide. 4...., she dropped
her eyes.
c)	of condition
1.	He will tell you everything if.... 2. He will read late
into night if .... 3. He will speak for hours on end if....
d)	of concession
1.	Though ...» he tried to answer the question ... .
2.	They went on running, though ....
e)	of comparison
1.	He looked up as if .... 2. He stood without mov-
ing as if.... 3. He kept silent as if.... 4. She stared at me
as if....
2.	Read and translate the following sentenc-
es. Pay attention to the function of participle II.
Consult 4.2.1-4.2.3.
1. This speech was received with great applause,
mixed with the cries of: “That’s the talk!” (Cron.).
2. Mr Wrenn, startled, dropped, his hat. (P.W.) 3. Ros-
ie looked round with delight at the great dark smoky
house, crowded to the ceiling with the inhabitants of
South London. (S.M.) 4. Carried away by the melody,
Marie went so far as to dance a step or two herself.
91
(P.W.) 5. “Let’s skate again/’ she said, “shall we? With
crossed hands.” (Bates) 6. He seemed calmed and at
peace. (P.W.) 7.1 took her hands in mine: she held my
sprained wrist gently. (Bates) 8. These two people
seem extraordinary interested in Mon Repos. (A.Chr.)
9. She seemed pleased at Jane’s graciousness and
complimentary sayings. (A.Chr.) 10. Surrounded by
difficulties and uncertainty, he longed for Christine.
(Cron.) 11. Sam looked up relieved. Dear Old Bates
was standing in the lighted doorway. (P.W.) 12.1 had
been seated at the desk a long time, lost in thought.
(H.R.) 13. They had gazed sadly on the pitted surface
of the once smooth lawn. (A.Chr.)
3.	Transform the following sentences so as to
use subordinate clauses. If necessary, consult
4.2.1. for A, 4.2.3. for B.
Model: I’ve just bought two books written by Hailey.
—> I’ve just bought two books which are
written by Hailey.
A. 1. Again there was silence in the wooden shed,
broken only by the drumming of the rain upon the
tin roof. 2. There were several letters in the pile laid
on the table. 3. The Driffields lived in a house painted
a dull red. 4. It was a fairly large Victorian mansion
kept in good state of repair. 5. Jerry found his way to
a table situated in the darkest and most obscure cor-
ner. 6. Her eyes, raised mournfully to his, were large
and dark with fear. 7. The breakfast was exception-
al, even in a house, noted for its table. 8. With a smile
he looked across at Christine, seated opposite.
92
Model: Absorbed in her book, she did not hear my
question. —> As she was absorbed in her book,
she did not hear my question.
В. 1. I laughed, embarrassed, but not wholly dis-
pleased with the role thrust upon me. 2. Occupied by
other thoughts I stopped thinking about Strickland
and his affairs. 3. She said nothing as if deeply im-
pressed by my words. 4. Satisfied with what he had
achieved, Poirot took leave of his friend. 5. Embar-
rassed he didn’t know what to say. 6. “Who knows,”
Steve said, taken aback by the way Crane’s conversa-
tion jumped from one enormous question to another.
4.	Read and translate the following sentenc-
es. Analyse complex objects with participle IL
If necessary, consult 4.2.4.
1. Martha pulled herself free again, and said, “I
don’t want to have my hair cut.” (Less.) 2. I’ll have
your things brought up and unpacked at once. (S.M.)
3. She found herself so much disturbed by this visit
that she could hardly find tongue to answer his ques-
tions. (Dr.) 4. He saw the question written in her won-
dering ashamed face. (Dr.) 5. And then I heard a box
kicked across the floor, and the next moment Rob
came into the bedroom. (Vickers) 6. Harold put his
hand to her face and felt it flushed. (R.Ald.) 7. When
Stella comes out I shall tell her I won’t have my hair*
cut. (Less.) 8. Never, never had I heard it sung so beau-
tifully. (Cron.) 9. Almost the entire school saw the box
delivered and all awaited the outcome with ill-re-
pressed anticipation. (Cron.)
93
5.	Read and translate the following sentenc-
es. Speak on the verbs after which complex ob-
jects are used.
1.1 found the room furnished with a Spartan sim-
plicity. (N.Sh.) 2.... I even heard it suggested that he
might get the Foreign Office. (S.M.) 3. But a week lat-
er, feeling himself betrayed, hysterical and in ter-
ror, Herbert betrayed his wife. (Maltz) 4. As he ate
the cottage pie that was his portion he felt Blodwen’s
eye fastened on him .... (Cron.) 5. We’ll have supper
sent up to the suite. (A.Chr.) 6. About ten minutes later
he heard the front door shut. (A.Chr.) 7. Perhaps she
refused to have him sent for because she knew ne
would refuse to come. (SJVL.) 8.... then I want to have
my fortune told. (A.Chr.) 9. I’ll take you to have your
hair cut now. (Less.) 10.... he looked up and saw the
stars sprinkled above the plane-trees of the square.
(Lind.) 11.1 should very much like it made clear to
me. (A.Chr.)
6. Change the following sentences into nega-
tive and interrogative. Remember that you must
use the auxiliary verb “do”.
1.1 have your taxi kept at the door. 2. She had her
hair cut very short, Eton cropped. 3. She had the slips
printed. 4. He had his eyes fixed on the picture. 5. He
had it all planned before. 6. We had the letter sent
there immediately. 7. We had all the films developed
yesterday. 8. He had his bag brought downstairs an
hour ago.
94
7.* Transform the following sentences so as
to use subordinate clauses instead of complexes
with participle II.
Model: He liked to hear his children praised. —> He
liked to hear when his children were praised.
1.1 heard these topics argued between the scien-
tists for years. 2. Although Harold knew the facts so
well he felt himself carried away by the rising cur-
rent of excitement in the air. 3. With satisfaction Si-
mon saw his friend’s face relaxed. 4. He felt himself
compelled to bring this action. 5. She has found me
unaltered; but I have found her changed. 6. About an
hour had passed when he heard the key softly turned,
and the door opened. 7. Arrived at the edge of the
pond he stood, noting another water-lily opened since
yesterday. 8. Hester, suppose you were to find your-
self discharged from the faculty? 9. Hope felt the bag
drawn away from her.
8* Transform the following sentences so as
to use complex objects with participle II.
Model: When I called on her in the morning I found
that she had gone. —> When I called on her
in the morning I found her gone.
1. When he went back he found that his wife was
already dressed. 2. On entering his room I found that
he was absorbed in a detective novel. 3. He felt that*
his cheeks were flushed by the fever. 4. He found that
Leila was calmed and delighted. 5.1 want someone to
type this letter. 6. His thoughts wandered and he
found that his mind was filled with memories of the
past 7.1 heard that his name had been mentioned sev-
95
eral times during the conversation. 8.1 saw that Mrs
Brown’s advertisement was printed in the local news-
paper. 9. When Mary returned home she found that
a telephone had been installed in their flat. 10.1 tried
the handle, and found that the door was unlocked.
9*. Complete the following sentences translat-
ing what is given in brackets.
1. He felt a curious relief at the fact whether (от-
правленное или нет, все же письмо было написа-
но). 2. Не took up the diary (и начал перелистывать
густо исписанные страницы). 3. The dog was found
(привязанной к дереву). 4. She sat down (на упав-
шее дерево и начала ждать). 5. Ferry found (ском-
канную записку с каким-то номером телефона).
6. Не lay there (с закрытыми глазами). 7. Medita-
tively he took from his pocket (аккуратно сложен-
ную телеграмму, открыл ее и перечитал). 8. Only
last year (они покрасили весь дом). 9. Bill seemed
(погруженным в свои мысли). 10. She kept her eyes
(устремленными на какой-то предмет вдали).
SUMMING UP AND
SPEECH EXERCISES
1.	Read the following sentences and state the
function of the participle.
1.	“What’s the matter with you?” she asked, smil-
ing, but irritated. (Less.) 2. She looked up, smiling. She
was beginning to feel happy about his being there.
(How.) 3. Seeing her again in New York had remind-
96
ed her how lonely she was without Laurel’s bright,
cheerful companionship, her sure understanding and
sympathy. (Slyke) 4. Gracie loved her parents and
couldn’t bear to see them so disappointed. (S.M.)
5. He was worried about Edith, living in that cottage
of hers all alone. (Bates) 6. It was ages since I had been
out anywhere, and I had to spend all my day off duty
on the day of the concert trying to make up for the
neglect of my nails and hair. (M.D.) 7. The sun had
set, and it was twilight, the sky was growing dark,
bringing to view the twinkling stars. (S.M.)
2.	Complete the following sentences, using the
participle or complexes with the participle.
1. She was convinced that she heard ... . 2. And
wasn’t he surprised whenhe turned round and saw... ?
3. She came at last, .... 4. Suddenly she rose and peered
at me, as if ... . 5. I am glad you could come so soon
because as a matter of fact I have already ... . 6. I
couldn’t help laughing though .... 7. He kept his eyes
averted as if.... 8. Thev have been overheard.... 9. The
V1
car stopped at the gate and we saw.... 10. She imag-
ined herself .... 11. She raised her head as if .... 12. It
was a pleasant room ... . 13. He shook my hand ... .
14. Suddenly she rose and went to the front door as if....
15. He laughed, then was silent, as if.... 16. We caught
sight of a man.... 17. She stood on the pavement and
watched.... 18. The examination was only four weeks
away, and she was feverishly stuffing her head with »
facts until it felt as if .... 19. When he came back he
found .... 20. “I don’t see why they should disagree,”
she said .... 21. She was seen .... 22. The photograph
showed a young girl....
97
4-1996
3.	Develop the following sentences into situa-
tions. Read the suggested sentences containing
the participle. Then make up at least one sen-
tence to specify, prove от refute the given one.
Follow the models.
Model: The boy ran out of the room, slamming the
door behind him. —> The boy ran out of the
room, slamming the door behind him. He
was angry with his sister and did not want
to play with her.
А.1. She sat, leaning her head on her hands. 2. He
smiled, noting the astonished expression on the faces
of the others. 3. While working in the reading-room I
take no notice of the time. 4. A puzzled look crossed
his face. 5. Going home from school Mary ran ahead
of her mother, swinging her bag and touching every
lamp-post. 6. The girl sat over an algebra problem,
sucking her pencil gloomily.
Model: I heard the telephone ringing and went to
answer the call. —> I heard the telephone
ringing and went to answer the call. It hap-
pened to be a friend speaking. I heard her
voice trembling and understood that some-
thing was wrong.
В. 1. They heard the door bell ringing. 2. She seemed
slightly put out by my question, then she smiled. 3.1
felt him looking at me now and then. 4. Mary thought
she was grown up. Her chief theme at home was:
“Mummy, when can I have my hair cut?” 5. She sat
with her eyes fixed on the ground. 6. She could be
heard chattering with her friend hour after hour.
98
Model: She was walking slowly, a faint smile twitch-
ing the comers of her mouth. —> She was
walking slowly, a faint smile twitching the
corners of her mouth. Evidently she was re-
membering something very pleasant.
C. 1. The child began to cry and sat dabbing blind-
ly at the egg with her spoon, big tears rolling down
her face on the plate. 2. She paused, her gaze ques-
tioning him. 3. The examination being close at hand,
he began to worry. 4. His curiosity having got the
better of fear, the child came up to the dog.
4. Think of the situations where you can use
the sentences given below.
1.	He could feel his heart beating.
2.	She came at last, hurrying across the road with
her suitcase in hand.
3.	He kept his eyes fixed on mine till I had finished,
and then he turned away.
4.	It set my heart leaping.
5.	1 heard him pacing up and down in his room long
after the rest of the family had gone to bed.
6,	At this instant my attention wandered to the four
people sitting at the next table.
7.	“Don’t thank me,” she said, folding her arms and
frowning at him.
8.	“It’s marvellous, it’s terrific,” he said, announc-
ing the news to his sister.
9.	They went happily dowm the road, boasting,
chattering, tired and relaxed and utterly happy.
10.	He liked the way she had her hair arranged.
11.	He laughed, then was silent. The conductor had
appeared, greeted by mild hand clapping.
99
12.	Nick looked on at the moon, coming up over
the forest.
13.	For some minutes they stood at the door shak-
ing hands with their host.
14.	Casting a look at her husband and his newspa-
per, she sniffed, and withdrew.
15.	She sat dumbly through lessons, her head
splitting.
16.	He seemed making some signs to me.
17.	The girl suddenly went crimson, blushing to
the roots of her hair.
18.	Frankly speaking, I was wrong.
19.	Putting it mildly, she is rather silly.
5. Make up sentences, using the expressions
given below. Note the diversity of the functions
of participle I in the sentence.
A. 1. living on the floor above; running parallel to;
standing in the shade, leading to; rolling down her
cheeks, sitting quietly in the corner
2.	a) while watching TV; while skating; having ar-
rived; having ordered; glancing up at the clock; when
talking about his books
b)	having quarrelled; wishing to get home in time;
having nothing to do; realizing; working regularly
c)	smiling and waving her hand; glancing at each
other; peering through his spectacles; frowning at
her; rising politely; leaping from the taxi
d)	as if not seeing; as if trying; as if hiding; as if
listening; as though admiring
e)	though approving; though looking pale; though
regretting; though embarrassed; though moving
slowly
100
3.	generally speaking; taking everything into con-
sideration; putting it mildly, judging from experi-
ence; strictly speaking
В. 1. him running; her saying; the clock ticking;
the children laughing; somebody talking; you sitting;
myself blushing
2. they... talking; he... walking, he... driving; they...
exchanging glances; she ... walking
3. the hour being early,...; the clock striking eight
it being a rainy day ...; important point settled ...; his
eyes snapping at him ....
6. Make up sentences using the expressions
given below. Pay attention to the diversity of the
functions of participle II in the sentence.
A. 1. a puzzled look; greeted by everyone; sur-
rounded by his friends; written in block letters; re-
ceived by yesterday’s post
2. seemed surprised; looked bewildered; sounded
annoyed; felt disappointed; looked relieved
3. a) each lost in her thoughts; startled and an-
noyed; carried away by his memories
b) when asked; until punished; when surrounded
by difficulties; when embarrassed; when recorded
c) as if startled; as if annoyed; as if deeply im-
pressed; as though finished
В. 1. his name mentioned; photo taken; her hair
done; it fixed; it suggested; eyes fastened on; the door
shut; the report typed
2. the luggage packed; my attention distracted; his
face flushed; everything done
101
7.	Make up questions to the following sentenc-
es and ask your fellow-students to answer them.
Model: When listening to her I had an impression


that something worried her.
A: Why did you have that impression? Did she
look worried or was her voice trembling?
B: Surely she looked worried though I didn’t
notice her voice trembling.
1. In half an hour my friend, looking at his watch,
announced that he must go. 2. Taking her handker-
chief she hid her face in it. 3. Jim went out slamming
the door. 4. “Why did you invite Bill?” Ann asked, red-
dening. 5. The boy clenched his hands, trying to pull
himself together. 6. He looked at me smiling nervous-
ly. 7. He stood quite still for a moment peering around.
8. The boy rushed to his mother crying bitterly. 9. Feel-
ing that the interview was over the correspondent got
up. 10. They walked slowly enjoying the quiet of the
evening. 11. For a moment they stood smiling at each
other. 12. Being asked for her opinion she blushed.
13. Having been told to v^ait, she waited. 14. Having
written the last word she looked at me questioningly.
15. Suddenly she heard someone shouting loudly. 16.1
heard Frieda talking on the telephone. 17. She found
them sitting together and talking peacefully.
8.	Make up all possible questions to the fol-
lowing sentences and ask your fellow-students
to answer them.
Model: I had my hair bobbed yesterday. Why did you
have your hair bobbed? Does your family
like the way you have it done? Where do you
usually have your hair done? etc.
102
1.1 think I must have my room papered. 2.1 had
my tape-recorder mended last week. 3. I’ve had a new
dress made. 4. Tell the secretary to have the report
typed at once. 5. I want to have my winter coat
cleaned. 6. It’s time to have our linen washed. 7. I
should like to have the fence of my garden painted.
8.1 had text 10 tape-recorded yesterday. 9. We’ve had
a telephone installed in our flat. 10. You must have
your bad tooth pulled out.
9.	Complete the follwing dialogues:
1..
A:	What on earth have you done with yourself?
B:...
2.
A:...
B:	You shall have it fixed in a couple of weeks.
3.
A: Taking things seriously, aren’t you too obstinate?
B:...
4.
В: I think you are right- It is not a nice joke.
5.
A: I think we must have our TV set repaired imme-
diately.
B...
6.
A:...
B: On the whole I should say you did very well.
7.
A:...
B: Ah’ But since you were keeping your taxi waiting
what else could I do?
103
8.
A: I’ve heard the door bell ringing.
B:...
9.
A: I saw you glancing at your watch.
B:...
10.
A: Somebody always objects to something, or has a
good idea — the good idea usually being a perfectly
impossible one.
B:...
11.
B: Frankly speaking he was right.
12.
A:...
B: Still I hate to hear boasting.
13.
A: The fog seems thickening.
B:...
14.
A:...
В: I know most of the people living here.
15.
A: Why are you upset?
B:...
A: But I like the way you have it done.
B:...
16.
A: We spent the evening chatting pleasantly.
B:...
17.
A: Why should you sit sulking?
B:...
A: Oh! Did you really hear her saying that?
B:...
104
10* Translate into English.
1. Она прошла мимо него, делая вид, что смотрит
перед собой. 2. Джим надел шляпу и вышел, хлоп-
нув дверью. 3. Обернувшись, он уставился на меня,
но я понял, что он меня не видел. 4. Обычно, прово-
див пациента до двери, он сразу шел обратно к сво-
ему столу. 5. Мисс Вотерфорд была хорошей хозяй-
кой и, видя мое замешательство, подошла ко мне.
6. Сдерживая слезы, так как она знала, что он их
терпеть не может, она просила его быть благоразум-
ным. 7. Какую ты ведешь роскошную жизнь, валя-
ешься в постели до одиннадцати. 8. Дверь случайно
оказалась полуотворенной, и я слышала, как она
разговаривала с кем-то в коридоре. 9. Она могла чув-
ствовать, как у нее сильно дрожат колени. 10. Я за-
метил, что на стене висят несколько картин, кото-
рых я никогда не видел раньше. 11. Через секунду
Льюис выскочил из машины, его глаза горели от воз-
буждения. 12. Я увидел, как у него на лбу выступил
пот. 13. Она уселась в кресло и сидела, наблюдая за
ним. 14. Проходя мимо Театра Комедии, я случайно
взглянул вверх и увидел облака, освещенные захо-
дящим солнцем. 15. Я быстро взглянул украдкой на
Марта и Джерри, сидящих в первом ряду, и уви-
дел, что они улыбаются. 16. Он ехал медленно, на-
слаждаясь тишиной вечера. 17. Я услышал, как его
голос дрожал от гнева. 18. Я видела, как она убежа-
ла в том направлении примерно четверть часа тому
назад. 19. Издалека он увидел, как аптекарь ждет
его на пороге с удивленным выражением на лице.
20. Освальд мог чувствовать, как бьется его сердце.
21. Я должен ее вылечить. 22. И вечером после чая...
они сидели в гостиной, дамы вязали, а доктор Мэк-
файл курил свою трубку.
105
MIXED BAG
1.	Read the following sentences and comment
on the functions of the infinitive.
1.1 fail to understand you. (P.W.) 2. It was impossi-
ble to think that the only dear woman-friend she had
in the world never wanted to see her again. (Slyke)
3. To be a gentleman... — was his only religion, and to
it he was always faithful. (M.Tw.) 4. One young man
stepped back, looked at him unpleasantly and said,
“You seem to be in an awful hurry. Just who are
you?” (F.F.) 5. We must have sat there, with scarcely
a word, for well over an hour. (F.F.) 6. Poirot turned
to find Mrs Oliver and a girl of fourteen dressed in
Guide uniform. (A.Chr.) 7. “Sit down, Jeff,” said Vi-
enna wearily. “I want you to witness the collapse of a
man into a schoolboy. Dolly’s changed her mind,” she
said. “He prefers football to me.” (P.W.) 8.... I am a
man to be obeyed: no invitations to be accepted here
without my permission. (Cron.) 9. He only longed in-
tensely for his daughter to go out of the room... (Law.)
2.	Read the following sentences and comment
on the functions of the gerund.
1. We are very much obliged to you for taking us
in. (S.M.) 2. Adele saw him as he got out of the car and
started coming over to him. (I.Shaw) 3.1 feared you
might feel angered at me for having thrust this text
upon you without warning. (Cron.) 4. Smoking is not
allowed in this carriage. (Eckersley) 5. They were so
easy and cordial. Everybody admitted that and I’m
106
bound to say that people enjoyed going there. They
often asked people over. They had the gift of making
you feel at home. (S.M.) 6. Murray lowered his eyes
for fear of giving himself away. (Cron.) 7. Deciding is
acting. (P.W.) 8. He insisted on my helping them. (S.M.)
3.	Read the following sentences and comment
on the functions of participle I and participle II.
1. Clumsily, feeling more awkward than she had
felt since she was a young girl, Lucy picked up her
bag and her gloves and leaving Tony standing in the
middle of the room, looking tired and coldly amused,
she followed Dora into the hallway. (I.Shaw) 2. He
stopped, when he saw Lucy, and looked, puzzled, po-
litely, not recognizing her for a moment, from her to
Dora. (I.Shaw) 3. An hour later he emerged with a cig-
arette drooping from his floodless lips, and stood on
the sidewalk as if hesitating before making a decision.
(F.F.) 4. For a moment, he stood in silence, seeming to
be studying his son, puzzled, intense, loving as though
searching for some minute, hidden secret in the soft
pleased welcoming child’s face. (I.Shaw) 5. She sat
there for almost an hour, her eyes fixed upon the points
of light on the other shore. (F.F.) 6. There was a silence,
for a minute — then she turned to him with shining
eyes. (F.F.) 7. Running into the hall she opened the door
to her father’s room. (F.F.) 8. He gave her a look that
made her heart beat nineteen to the dozen and she felt
herself blushing all over. (S.M.)
I
4.	Use the proper form of the non-finite verb
instead of the infinitive in brackets.
1. (to recollect) the invitation of the schoolmaster,
he inquired the way to Curran Street, where, closely
107
(to regard) by the neighbours, he knocked several
times on the door of No. 29. 2. There was some digni-
ty which Aunt Cal and Aunt Josephine had acquired,
(to live) here beside the proud sea, that would not let
them (to show) surprise. 3. (to surround) by difficul-
ties and uncertainty, he longed for Christine. Letters
were no use; he had no talent for (to express) himself
on paper ... Yet she was not returning to Blaenelly
until the first week in September. He turned a fret-
ful, hungry eyes upon the calendar, (to count) the
days that intervened. There were still twelve of them
to run. He felt, with (to grow) despondency, that they
might as well be past, for all the prospect which they
held for him. 4. Far from (to annoy) Claire this has
delighted her. 5.1 want (to read) and I think I am jus-
tified in doing what I can (to make) my book read-
able. 6. Grade, her hands tightly (to clench), her
breast (to heave), turned away her head. 7.1 hoped
that I should never (to send) to that war. 8. He was
silent. It was not difficult (to guess) what she had dis-
covered. 9.1 supposed she was nervous and wanted
(to delay) as long as possible (to meet) the strange
woman who had come (to take) her place. 10. A si-
lence followed, during which he continued (to regard)
Stephen with a satiric compression of his lips. Once
he seemed about (to speak) but instead he shrugged
slightly, beckoned with a finger for fresh drinks and
began (to talk) about the next day’s races. 11. The very
simplicity of the jewelry seemed (to demand) atten-
tion. 12. (to bounce) on the rough springs of the taxi
seat (to move) swiftly along the foreign streets she
didn’t know exactly what she wished (to communi-
cate) to her son.
108
5.	Complete the following sentences. Pay at-
tention to the non-finite forms of the verb.
1. Beginning to pour tea .... 2. While translating the
text.... 3. To be a pilot means to him.... 4. Having packed
all their things .... 5. After studying him for a further
moment.... 6. It is natural for small children.... 7. Look-
ing over his shoulder .... 8. All seemed .... 9. With her
eyes closed.... 10. Being an outstanding writer ....11. She
sat at the table looking ... . 12. Taking his mother’s
hand .... 13. To have a part in this play .... 14. It will be
important for his health .... 15. To have such a thing
happen.... 16. Frankly speaking.... 17. To tell the truth....
18. By introducing new educational means .... 19. He
was proud to have been working.... 20. We knew her....
21. To find out.... 22. He made as if to speak....
6. Complete the following sentences using the
non-finite forms of the verb.
1. Is it worth...? 2. Did you enjoy...? 3. They watched
him .... 4. Why did you insist on ...? 5. Isn’t it strange
that he object to ...? 6. She was surprised when she
saw him ... . 7. Obviously she seems .... 8. Why don’t
you try...? 9.1 am going.... 10. He can’t afford.... 11. He
was heard.... 12.1 remember he used.... 13. Obvious-
ly the only way is .... 14. A few days later he came ....
15. He tried to remember how.... 16. Inside, he lit the
gas and began .... 17. She did not stop .... 18. She got
up and looked quite prepared ... . 19. He knew it ... *
20. Something terrible is going .... 21. He wanted ....
22. Why do you want me ...? 23. He appeared .... 24.1
believed him .... 25. Suddenly he found her....
109
7*. Multiple choice.
1.	Paula has given up (smoke).
A)	to smoke
B)	smoking
C)	having smoked
D)	smoke
2.1 promised (come) in time.
A)	to come
B)	having come
C)	come
D)	to be coming
3.1 saw him yesterday. He seems (lose) weight.
A)	losing
B)	to have lost
C)to lose
D) to have been losing
4. Let me (carry) your bag.
A)	to carry
B)	carrying
C)	carry
D)	having carried
5.1 don’t enjoy (dance) very much.
A)to dance
B)	dance
C)	dancing
D)	having danced
6.	It was so funny. I couldn’t help (laugh).
A)	laughing
B)	laugh
C)	to laugh
D)	being laughed
110
7.	Would you mind (close) the door, please?
A)	close
B)	closing
C)	to close
D)	closed
8.	I’d prefer (get) a taxi.
A)	getting
B)	to get
C)	get
D)	having got
9.	He is very good at (learn) languages.
A)	to learn
B)	learn
C)	being learnt
D)	learning
10.	Nick is used to (live) alone.
A)	live
B)	having lived
C)	to be living
D)	living
11.	John insisted-on (pay) for the meal.
A)	to pay
B)	having paid
C)	paying
D)	being paid
12.	It’s no use (worry) about it.
A)	worrying
B)	to worry
C)	to have worried
D)	worry
111
13.1 had difficulty (get) a permission.
A)	to get
B)	having got
C)	got
D)	getting
14.	Let’s go to the pool (have) a swim.
A)	to have
B)	having
C)	had
D)	having had
15.	Tom was surprised (see) you last week.
A)	seeing
B)	to see
C)	having seen
D)	see
16.1 prevented them from (do) the same mistake.
A)	do
B)	to do
C)	having done
D)	doing
17.	Did you notice anyone (go out)?
A)	to go out
B)	go out
C)	going out
D)	to have gone out
18.	(Finish) her work, she came home.
A)	finished
B)	having finished
C)	to finish
D)	to have finished
112
19.	She denied (go) there.
A)	to go
B)	to have gone
C)	to have been going
D)	going
20.	He pretended (listen) attentively.
A)	to listen
B)	listening
C)	to be listening
D)	having listened
21.	Do you know how (get) to Nick’s house?
A)	getting
B)	get
C)	having got
D)	to get
22.	Ann was made (open) her suitcase.
A)open
B)	opening
C)	having opened
D)	to open
23.1 remember (lock) the door.
A) locking
B)to lock
C)	having locked
D)	to be locking
24.	— The car won’t start.
— Try (turn) the key.
A)	to turn
B)	turning
C)	to be turning
D)turn
113
25.	The coat is dirty. It needs (clean).
A)	to clean
B)	to have been cleaned
C)	cleaning
D)	clean
26.1 wouldn’t like (be) a dentist.
A)	be
B)	being
C)	to be
D)	to have been
27.1 bought a new car instead of (fly) to Africa.
A)	to fly
B)	fly
C)	having flown
D)	flying
28.	I’m looking forward to (see) you again.
A)	to see
B)	to have seen
C)seeing
D)	see
29.	He doesn’t approve of (drink) hot beverages.
A)	to drink
B)	to be drinking
C)	drinking
D)	having drunk
30.	She was busy (work) in the garden.
A)	working
B)	to work
C)	to be working
D)	having worked
114
8. Read and enjoy paying attention to the non-
finite forms of the verb.
Knowing One’s Neighbours
BARRISTER: (speaking to a witness): I want you to
tell me the truth and only the truth, for everything
is of importance. How far were you standing from
the place of the accident?
WITNESS: (without a moment’s hesitation): Just
four yards, two feet and six inches.
BARRISTER: (slightly taken aback): I’d like you to
tell me how you managed to be so exact.
WITNESS: Well, I expected some fool to put me this
question and I thought it fit to measure the distance.
A Stammerer, or Something Like
an Insult
A certain magistrate was known to be fair only
towards people of means. Once he had to examine a
witness who stammered a great deal when excited.
“I believe you to be a great rogue,” said the magis-
trate. “Not so great a rogue as you, my lord, — th, th,
th, think me to be,” was the bashful reply.
A Sound Sleeper
JOHN: Hello, Bob, old boy. It’s ages since I saw you
last. I want you to know that I even spoke to you in
my dream.
BOB: Sorry, but I didn’t hear you speak.
115
Modesty
“A real man of genius is above all modest,” says a
young poet, “he never brags. Modesty is a true sign
of greatness. For instance, have you ever heard me
praise myself?”
At Cross Purposes
MOTHER: It’s time to go to bed, baby.
BABY: Why, mummy! You always make me go to
bed when I don’t want to sleep, and you want me
to get up when I am quite sleepy.
A Different Feeling
A little girl saw her mother kiss and pet another
child. She sulked for a time and then said: “Mummy,
please let that child go. I don’t want you to kiss and
hug him.” “Oh, don’t you?” replied the mother a bit
irritated. “Does it make you feel jealous?” “No, mum-
my, it doesn’t make me feel jealous, but it makes me
feel uncomfortable.”
The Majority Rules
Three men were brought before the magistrate
and they all swore that they had seen the accused
steal a pig. When the magistrate had heard the last
of them speak, ten more men were produced who
swore that they had not seen the accused steal the
pig. “In this country the majority rules,” said the
magistrate and let the accused go home in peace.
116
Accepting Apologies
An angry bull tossed a man over a fence. Recover-
ing from the fall the man heard the animal bellow and
roar. He climbed on top of the fence and saw the bull
pawing and tearing the ground. “I see you are sorry!”
said the good-natured fellow. “You didn’t do it on pur-
pose and you would like me to accept your apologies
and so I will. But just a moment ago I thought you made
me jump over the fence out of spite.”
The Science of Speaking
A very talkative youth wanted Socrates to teach
him oratory. He expected the philosopher to work
wonders, for in his case the teacher would deal with
an exceptionally gifted pupil, with whom talking was
second nature. He begged Socrates to hear him speak
on some subject. Socrates let him talk as much as he
liked and then said, “I’ll have to charge you double,
for I’ll have to teach you two sciences: how to speak
and how to hold your tongue.”
Flying Horses
An angler, who was staying at an inn, discovered
that he was short of bait.
“I say, girlie,” he said to the chamber-maid, “can
I get some horse-flies round here?”
The girl blushed and said nothing.
“Have you never seen a horse-fly in these parts?”
he asked. “You look so puzzled.”
“No, sir, that I haven’t,” answered the girl, “but
once I really saw a cow jump over the gate.”
117
The Best Ways
Once two young teachers had a heated argument
on the best ways of bringing up children. They were
walking along the corridor when they saw two boys
approaching and heard one of them say: “Sometimes
my granny makes me feel like cutting her troatAt
once one of the teachers stopped the boy and looking
him sternly in the face said: “I expect my pupils to
know that the word is not ‘t’roat’ but ‘throat’.”
A Cheap Secret
YOUNG- JOHN: I saw you kissing my sister, Mr Brown.
Would you like me to keep silent on the subject?
MR BROWN: Certainly, my boy! Here is a sixpence.
And I expect you to keep it a secret.
YOUNG JOHN: A sixpence? Do you really mean I
have to keep it a secret for sixpence? I got two shil-
lings for not telling I saw Mr Jones kissing her.
Good to See
MRS B.: Why are you so particularly fond of talking to
Miss H.? She is a pretty woman, I won’t say anything
against it. But everybody knows what a fool she is.
MR N.: To tell the truth, I like to see her talk.
A Vain Threat
SMITH: Mr Brown, I want you to know that I owe
you a grudge.
BROWN: Well, I don’t mind it. I am not in the least afraid
of it for I have never heard you pay your debts.
118
A Warning
In a shady nook of the city park a young poet and
his friend are having a rest. The poet is reciting some
of his verses out loud. He seems to enjoy the very
sound of his voice. Suddenly he feels his friend’s hand
touch his shoulder. “Tut, tut, tut, not so loud, please!”
his friend says and points out a man sitting on the
next garden bench and yawning sleepily. “He hears
you speak and look how it makes him yawn.”
Tragedy M. S.
An actor of Drury Lane Theatre saw a parcel lie
on the table in the entrance hall. One side of it was
smeared with blood as it had travelled to London side
by side with some game. “There is a tragedy manu-
script in this parcel,” said he. Somebody overheard
him say so and asked how he could have guessed it.
“Well,” answered the actor, “don’t you see the fifth
act peeping out at the corner of it?”
The Danger of Excellence
When Alexander Pope, the great XVIII century
poet, first saw Garrick act, he said: “I am afraid this
man will be spoiled for he will have no competitors.
For his own good I’d like him to fail at least once.”
The Difference
A great admirer of Mrs Siddons’ theatrical art
asked her once: “Do you know, dear madam, what
difference there is between your watch and your-
119
self?” “I have no idea whatever,” said the actress
smiling. “Your watch, madam, makes us remember
the hours and you make us forget them.”
Politeness of a Critic
A young author was reading his new tragedy for
the first time in public. He saw one of his auditors take
off his hat at the end of almost every line. The young
man was eager to learn what particular aspect of his
work made the man act in this most flattering way.
“Why!” exclaimed the auditor, “I took off my hat
every time I heard you say something already famil-
iar to me. I couldn’t but welcome my very old ac-
quaintances.”
Following a Good Example
An English writer, when travelling in France, was
invited to be present at a meeting of a literary soci-
ety. Though his French was rather poor, he thought
it fit to accept the invitation. At the meeting, to con-
ceal his ignorance, he would applaud every time
when he saw a lady of his acquaintance do it. When
the meeting was over a youth who had been present
at it came up to him and said, “I should like you to
tell me why you applauded the loudest when you
heard them praise you.”
A Wonderful Way of Earning Money
A painter once saw an old man in a kilt and tam-o’-
shanter walking along the street. It occurred to him that
he would like the man to sit for his picture. He sent his
120
servant to settle the matter. The servant did his best to
make the man accept his master’s offer. “What does
your master want me to do?” asked the man, “My mas-
ter wants you to sit while he paints you. You will have
but little trouble and get a square pound for it. Just for
nothing!” The old man kept silent as if be didn’t bear
the servant speaking. “Can’t you make up your mind?”
exclaimed the latter out of patience with the old man.
“As to me I consider it to be a wonderful way of earn-
ing money.” “So do I!” said the old man. “But will your
master expect me to go painted for a long time or will
he let me get the paint off at once?”
The Shorter the Better
A celebrated English physician hated to hear his
patients enlarge on their troubles. He requested them
to speak concisely and to the point. A woman who had
burnt her hand came to consult him. As she knew him
to be very particular in this respect she did her best to
be laconic. Showing the doctor her hand she said, “A
bum” “A compress,” was the learned doctor’s advice.
The next day the woman returned and said, “Better.”
“The same,” said the doctor. In a week the woman paid
her last visit to the doctor’s. This time he heard her ut-
ter more than one word. “Your fee?” she asked. “None!”
exclaimed the delighted phyisician. “I would like all my
patients to be as sensible as you are, madam.”
A Poor Consolation
Two inexperienced hunters were out hunting on
the first of September. Their bags remained empty
as the young men failed to bring down a single bird.
121
At last they observed a large flight of wild ducks come
down quite close to them. “Now fire at them, fire at
them,” the elder hunter heard his friend whisper.
They both fired and both failed to hit their aim. To
their great vexation they saw the birds fly off, safe
and sound. “Nothing doing!” said one of them and
added by way of consolation, “After all, haven’t we
made them shift their quarters?”
A Ready Reply
Grass-plots in college courts are, as a rule, not to
be trespassed by undergraduates. A college master
would often observe one of the students cross the
grass-plot when in a hurry to the dining-hall. The
college master was very much against the practice
of breaking college rules. He made up his mind to put
an end to it. So one day when he saw the student step-
ping on the grass-plot, he threw up the sash and
called out, “Hey, sir, I never look out of my window
but I see you walking'across the grass-plot.” “Sir, I
never walk across the garden-plot but I see you look-
ing out of the window,” replied the youth and Walked
on unabashed.
Bad Luck
On a bright summer morning people could see a
young man whitewashing his garden gate. Though
the man didn’t seem to enjoy his job, he did his best
to finish it up soon, for his wife expected it done by
dinner time. He turned round when he heard his
neighbour shout: “Hello, boy! How does the world
122
treat you?” and had the satisfaction to see the old man
painting the door of his house. '‘Aren’t you lucky?”
the old neighbour said. “You have only a fortnight’s
leave. As to poor me, I’ll be free for two months and I
am afraid my wife will make me paint the house from
top to bottom.”
A Philosophical Reply
A nobleman saw Descartes enjoying a luxurious
supper. “I don’t believe my eyes!” he cried. “Do phi-
losophers indulge in luxury?” “Why not?” answered
Descartes calmly. “Would you like nature to produce
all her good things for fools?”
No False Modesty
CRITIC: Which are the two best novels of the year,
Mr X.? What is your opinion?
MR X.: (the novelist): I am sorry I can’t tell, for I have
succeeded in publishing only one novel this year.
It Doesn’t Pay
FATHER: What a naughty boy you are today, Tom-
my! Didn’t I give you a shilling yesterday for be-
ing good? Why can’t you always be good like your
cousin Jack?
TOMMY: Well, daddy, it doesn’t pay. If I were good
every day, who would think of giving me a shil-
ling for it?
123
Slang
The teacher rebuked one of her youngest pupils
for having used a slang expression. The girl excused
herself by replying “My brother is very fond of say-
ing it!” “Your brother ought to be more careful when
speaking in the presence of the younger children,”
said the teacher. “Well, miss,” said the child, “one
can’t stop boys from bringing slang into the house.”
Macbeth
YOUNG MOTHER: What name would you like to
give our baby, Tom?
YOUNG FATHER: I fully rely on your choosing him
the right name.
YOUNG MOTHER: Don’t be silly, you should be in-
terested in giving your son a suitable name.
YOUNG FATHER: A suitable name? Then I’d call
him Macbeth.
YOUNG MOTHER (much surprised): What’s your
reason for picking up such an uncommon name?
YOUNG FATHER: Isn’t it a suitable one? Hasn’t he
“murdered sleep”?
A High Price
MIDDLE-AGED MAN: One can’t help saying that
old age is the least pleasant time of our life.
PERT YOUNG WOMAN: What would you give for
being now as young as I am?
MIDDLE-AGED MAN: Oh, a great deal, I should put
up with being as foolish as you are.
124
Simple Means
YOUNG GIRL: Could you tell me, dear aunt, how you
have succeeded in preserving my uncle’s love and
respect through all these long years of your mar-
ried life?
OLD AUNT: Well, my child, by very simple means,
by doing ail that pleased him and by enduring si-
lently all that displeased me.
An Incurable Disease
A wealthy man who is very fond of joking asks his
family physician to give him some medicine that will
cure him of sleeping with his mouth open.
“Your disease is incurable,” says the doctor, quick
to see a joke. “Your skin is too short; so that when you
shut your eyes, you can’t help opening your mouth.”
Late Dinner
The inmates of a boarding-house complain that the
dinner hour is getting later and later.
“I am afraid,” says one of them, “it will soon end'
in our not dining till tomorrow.”
Fighting One’s Absentmindedness
PROFESSOR X. (to his wife): This time you won’t*
scold me for having left my umbrella in the club,
for here it is.
HIS WIFE: Poor boy, I shall scold you again, for this
time you left home without taking one.
125
Trial of Patience
The greatest trial of patience is hearing a stam-
mering barrister examining a stuttering witness in
the presence of a judge hard of hearing.
Tiger Hunting
A man who had travelled in Bengal was asked if
he liked tiger hunting. “Well!” said the man, “I cer-
tainly enjoyed hunting tigers, but I must confess I
hated being hunted by a tiger.”
No Use Trying
UNCLE JAMES: Well, Bobby, have you gained any
prizes at school?
BOBBY: No, sir, the other fellows have got them all.
UNCLE JAMES: But you’ll keep on trying, my boy,
won’t you?
BOBBY: What’s the use of trying when the other fel-
lows keep on doing the same!
A Sense of Duty
A tourist dining at an hotel is annoyed at the wait-
er continually hovering around his table.
“I have no patience with you, young man,” he says
at last. “I’d like to know what you want with me.”
“Excuse me, sir, for being about!” says the waiter
blushing, “but lam responsible for the silver.”
126
Friendly Advice
GRANDFATHER: Excuse my interfering, dear
daughter, but something must be done with that
favourite son of yours. Such a foolish and arrogant
young man!
MOTHER: Don’t be so strict, dear father. Boys will
be boys. But certainly something must be done. I
insist on his going abroad to see the world.
GRANDFATHER: In your place I wouldn’t do it.
MOTHER: Why so. I wonder?
GRANDFATHER: I would be afraid of the world see-
ing him.
An Experienced Patient
A doctor insists on his patient taking an emetic as
the man has eaten something which disagrees with
him.
“It’s of no use your giving me an emetic, dear doc-
tor,” says the patient. “I tried it twice in my life and
both the times it refused staying in my stomach.”
A Deserving Patient
If Doctor Brown is fond of administering a great
number of remedies, Smith, his patient, is no less fond
of taking them. One day, seeing a long row of bottles *
and pill-boxes standing empty and in order on the
table of his patient, Doctor Brown exclaims: “My dear
friend, it is a privilege to treat you. I can’t help ad-
miring the way you follow your doctor’s advice. You
certainly deserve to be ill.”
127
It Speaks for Itself
An art critic is shown two pictures in a private pic-
ture-gallery, one of them is by an old master, the oth-
er is a modern creation. The art critic takes a long
look at the former and without uttering a single word
turns to the latter. He at once starts praising it.
“Why did you pass the other picture without say-
ing a word of praise?” somebody asks him. “It re-
quires nothing being said about it,” answers the art
critic. “It speaks for itself, while the other certainly
stands in need of boosting.”
Making Sure of Success
Two playwrights are discussing the vexed prob-
lem of creating a really good comedy. One of them
who deals chiefly in translating foreign plays into his
native idiom and adapting them to modern tastes
says, “There is no gainsaying that my plays are more
of a success than yours.” “It’s but natural,” says the
other, “for you never write a play unless you are sure
of its having been a success somewhere else.”
A Litter
A boy has been displaying to his friend his gift of
shaping toy animals out of orange peel; he succeeds
in making out of it a surprisingly lifelike pig. His
friend tries to do the same but fails. After destroying
some oranges and strewing the table with orange peel
he exclaims. “Hang the pig! I can’t make him.”
“Why!” says the skilled one glancing at the mess on
the table, “you have done more; instead of making
one pig you have created a regular litter.”
128
Short Stories
A school master keeps his young pupil waiting for
him in the library. When at last he comes in he finds
the child busy reading. The book which he is reading
happens to be a dictionary.
“How do you like your book, my boy?” the teach-
er asks him smiling. “I find the stories very fine in-
deed,” says the boy ready to please his master, “in
spite of their being so uncommonly short.”
A Brother Actor
Two young actors taking a walk in the park are
accosted by a pale and shabby man. He asks them for
help. One of the young men gives him several shil-
lings. The other, displeased at his friend’s being too
liberal, rebukes him.
“Aren’t you yourself short of money?” he says. “I
never doubt this man being an impostor.” “Well, and
what if I am not afraid of his being an impostor?” says
the other laughing good-humouredly. “For he is ei-
ther a man in distress or the best actor in the world.
What can you say in either case against his having a
right to my assistance?”
Vulgarity
Walter Scott once happened to hear his daughter»
speak with contempt of something she considered
vulgar.
“My love,” he said, “I blame you for using a word
you don’t understand. Vulgar means common and
nothing worth having or caring for is uncommon.”
129
5—1996
Relative Virtue
A certain shopkeeper was nicknamed “little ras-
cal” both for being of short stature and for being not
overscrupulous in his dealings. A stranger asked him
whether he could tell him how he had come by such
nickname.
“Most willingly,” said “little rascal”; “I have been
given the name to single me out from the rest of my
trade, for who ever doubts their being all great rascals.”
No Grounds for Offence
Doctor A. was very fond of speaking and was al-
ways greatly annoyed at anybody being inattentive
while he spoke. Once when he was delivering a lec-
ture on insomnia, Doctor A. caught one of his students
nodding. After the lecture he started upbraiding the
guilty one for going to sleep while his professor was
speaking. “Why should you be so angry, dear doc-
tor?” said the good-natured young man. “You should
be pleased at your speech having such a strong heal-
ing effect.”
Collaboration
An old lady lived not far from Abbotsford, the res-
idence of Walter Scott. At that time the great novel-
ist was known only as a poet, for his first novel had
not yet been written. Walter Scott would often come
to see the old woman for he found her conversation
both pleasant and edifying. She had quite a store of
popular sayings and ancient tales. He meant to avail
himself of all this wealth of folklore in his novels.
130
“Waverley”, the first of his novels, was published
anonymously. Walter Scott succeeded in concealing
his authorship from the public at large. But he failed
in deceiving his old neighbour. When he paid her his
usual visit, she welcomed him as the author of “Wa-
verley” and added: “There is nothing wonderful in
my recognizing your authorship, sir, for I couldn’t help
seeing my own groats of wit in that bagful of gold.”
A Walking-stick
A short-tempered old gentleman lost his stick and
in a fit of temper accused his servant of having sto-
len it. His friend, who knew the old man’s absent-
mindedness, tried to prove his servant’s innocence.
“Why, you know that the stick couldn’t have walked
off by itself,” retorted the owner of the stick. “Most
certainly it couldn’t,” said the friend with a smile,
“unless it was a walking-stick!”
In the Treatment Room
Five-year-old Billy is very fond of playing with
medicine-bottles and pill-boxes. You can imagine how
glad he is when he finds plenty of these nice toys in
the doctor’s treatment room. His young mother, who
has come to consult her doctor, lets the child enjoy him-
self. He clatters the bottles, opens the boxes and gen-
erally puts everything out of order. The doctor frowns .
and looks askance at the unruly child. At last hearing
some extra loud noise the mother says, “I hope, dear
doctor, you don’t mind Billy playing with the nice
shiny bottles there!” “No,” says the doctor, “I don’t, if
you don’t mind your Billy getting poisoned.”
131
Risky Business
HARRY: Smith cudgels his brains how to win Miss
Brown’s favour.
BOB: I shouldn’t do it in his place.
HARRY: Why so? What do you mean?
BOB: It’s risky business! He has hardly any brains to
speak about.
A Home-made Jam Tart
YOUNG HOUSEWIFE: What do you think of that
home-made jam tart? Please tell me frankly
whether you like it or not.
OLD NEIGHBOUR: I am always frank when things
to eat or to drink are the matter in question.
YOUNG HOUSEWIFE: That’s nice of you! So what
can you say about that little jam tart I have made?
OLD NEIGHBOUR: Well! I am sure it’s good stuff to
catch flies with.
A Hard Task
MARRIED MAN: You are a bachelor with no family
to take care of. You have only yourself to please.
BACHELOR: So far you are right, but don’t imagine
it’s an easy task to perform.
MARRIED MAN: I don’t see what you mean.
BACHELOR: I mean I am a person hard to please.
132
Good Critic
ARTIST (to his friend): I am afraid, old boy, I can’t
keep you company today. I have a lot of work to
do and absolutely no time to spare.
FRIEND: The same thing again. Why do you spend
so much time on your pictures? Do you think to
please the public that way? None of them can tell
true art from false. The thing with the public is to
be in fashion.
ARTIST: You are right! The public is often easily
pleased but I have another critic hard to please.
FRIEND: Whom do you mean?
ARTIST: I mean myself.
Opinions Differ
On a fine day in June two students are sitting in a
cosy nook of a vast city park. They have come to read
for their examination and to have some rest. At the
moment they are just gazing at the scenery about
them. “What a beautiful place to study in,” says one
of them. “Come, come,” says the other, “it’s rather a
place to forget that there is any necessity to study.”
Our Poor Relations
Charles Lamb used to say that he hated looking at*
monkeys. He was asked the reason for it and an-
swered, “One’s poor relations are not always a pleas-
ant sight to look at.”
133
A Boarder Hard to Please
BOARDER: Waiter, give me a clean towel to wipe
my hands with.
WAITER: Won’t this towel do?
BOARDER: Certainly not, it could do as a rag to clean
my shoes with.
WAITER: Well, you are too particular, sir, if you find
it dirty. All our boarders have been using it for no
end of time and you are the first man to find fault
with it. I have never seen a boarder so hard to
please,
A Short Letter
During vacation time a schoolboy made up his
mind to write a letter to his friend. He sat down at his
writing table and wrote: “Dear Bill!” He thought a
bit and continued: “I am writing to you because I have
nothing to do.” After that he thought a great deal and
added at last: “I am afraid I must stop writing be-
cause I have nothing to say. Yours truly, Tom Brown.”
A Sinecure
A reputed idler was offered a situation where
there was absolutely no work to do. His friends came
to congratulate him on this piece of good luck. They
were very much astonished to see his face lengthen
at the news. “I know what kind of situation it is,” he
said. “It is a place where there is nothing to do and
where you are paid by the piece.”
134
The Moon Without a Bright Side
An old woman refused to see the bright side of
things. Whenever she had anybody to speak to, she
would talk in a most depressing way. “Hang it!” ex-
claimed one of her victims after a particularly long
and depressing interview. “What an unpleasant crea-
ture to keep company with! She refuses to admit that
there are at least a few things to admire in this world
of ours. No bright sides to see! No bright side to the
very moon itself.”
Small Talk
Mark Twain hated the so-called small talk, gab-
bing about the servants, the weather, new dishes to
cook and summer resorts to go to. Once he found him-
self in company with people who indulged in just that
sort of conversation. In the very middle of it he sud-
denly exclaimed, “We had pork for dinner today.”
“Dear me! What an odd remark to make,” said the
hostess not a little put out of countenance. “Why,”
replied Mark Twain with an innocent smile, “as good
a remark to make as any you have been making for
the last two hours.”
Convinced
“I am afraid you think me a humbug!” says a,
quack-doctor, while feeling the pulse of his patient.
“Sir,” replies the sick man, “hearing you say so, I get
convinced that holding your patient’s hand you can
discover his thoughts.”
135
Unromantic
At her friend’s house a young girl meets a sailor who
has escaped a shipwreck. Being eager to hear a thrill-
ing story of a storm at sea she asks him: “How did you
feel when tossed by the sea waves?” “Wet, miss, very
wet!” he answers, unwilling to go into particulars.
A Polite Letter
Dear Sir.
f
In reply to your letter of the 20th July, I beg to
inform you that my secretary, being a lady, can’t
stand what I think of you. I, being a gentleman, can’t
either say or write it. You, being what you are, can
imagine what I do think of you.
Yours truly, Benjamin Tailor.
A Pun on Donne
In his youth John Donne (the famous English XVI
century poet) married the daughter of a rich family
without waiting for her father’s consent. Having learnt
of his daughter’s elopement, the father flew into a vio-
lent rage. He not only denied his daughter any allow-
ance but threatened to cut her off with a shilling. Hav-
ing been told that the father refused to see them and
that they were now penniless, the young couple re-
turned home in very low spirits. The young husband in
despair sat down at the table and wrote the following
note: “John Donne, Anne Donne, undone.” The note,
being given to the angry father, had the desired effect
and the young people were restored to his favour.
136
Profitable Juggling
A juggler entertained an audience of colliers in a
village. Having astonished the “natives” with his
tricks, he asked them to lend him a halfpenny. One
of the men, with some hesitation, handed him out a
coin. The juggler made a few gestures and exhibited
a shilling, which according to him was the halfpenny
miraculously turned into a shilling.
“Is that my halfpenny?” exclaimed the collier. “No
doubt whatever, it is,” answered the juggler. “Let me
see it,” begged the collier. And having turned it round
and round with delight and admiration he put it into
his pocket. “Thank you for your kindness,” he said,
“but I won’t give it back, for I don’t want you to turn
it into a halfpenny again.”
A Long Bill
Having done a great deal of sightseeing, two young
tourists felt very hungry. One of them, being better off
than his friend, decided to treat his friend to something
good to eat. He invited him to a restaurant where he
ordered lunch for two and some good wine so that they
both got slightly tipsy after their meal. Seeing them so
merry the host thought that if he made the bill a little
longer, they would not notice it or, anyway, would not
mind it and would pay the bill without discussing it.
When the -first tourist saw the exhorbitant bill, his eye-
brows rose, and he said to the host, “I’d like to know
your name, my good man.” “My name is Partridge, sir!”
answered the host with some hesitation. “Partridge?”
exclaimed the tourist. “Are you sure of it? Judging by
the length of your bill, it should have been Woodcock!”
137
Oysters for a Horse
On a rainy day a traveller, drenched to the skin and
benumbed with cold, arrived ata country inn. The liv-
ing-room was already full of people. Realizing that
there was hardly any hope to get near the fireplace
our traveller took a seat at a table by the entrance door.
From his place he cried in a loud voice addressing the
landlord in the opposite corner of the room, “Pray, take
two dozen oysters to my horse, and be quick about it;
my horse is as hungry as death!” “Well, I never!” ex-
claimed the landlord. “Oysters to a horse!” “Do as you
are told,” said the traveller, “I know better!” Hearing
the strange order given and seeing the waiter about
to execute it, all the people in the room rushed out to
the stable to see a horse eat oysters. Having got the
whole room at his disposal the traveller sat down by
the fire and warmed himself at his ease.
In a short time all the company returned into the
room. “I had no doubt that your horse, though hun-
gry, would refuse to eat oysters,” said the landlord.
“In that case you had better give him some hay,” said
the traveller smiling. “As to the oysters I shall try and
eat them myself as soon as I am thoroughly dry.”
The Latin for Cold
The outside temperature being ten degrees below
zero, it was unusually cold in the school room.
“What is the Latin for cold?” asked the school-
master addressing one of his boys, who seemed to be
suffering from cold more than the others. “Oh, sir,”
answered the lad, his hands thrust in his trousers’
pockets, “I can’t tell you for the moment, although I
have it at my fingers’ ends.”
138
A Bit of Backbiting
Dr Crisp was invited to a party in a country place.
The dinner being late and the company not quite to
his taste, the doctor strolled out into the garden and
then to the nearby churchyard. When the dinner was
served at last and the doctor had not yet returned,
one of the guests wondered where he could have gone.
The master of the house, annoyed by Dr Crisp’s ab-
sence, explained that the churchyard being not far
from there, the doctor had gone to visit his former
patients.
A Terrible Threat
An Englishman, driving in a hackney-coach
through France, was annoyed at the slowness of the
pace. He tried to make the coachman drive faster but
all in vain, the man couldn’t understand either his
English or his broken French. Then it occurred to the
Englishman, both his English and his French being
Greek to the coachman, to use high-sounding words
that might frighten the fellow. So he roared into his
ear: “Westmorland, Cumberland, Northumberland,
Durham! ” which had the desired effect, the coach-
man taking these words for some terrible threat.
A Prize Fairly Won
>
This is the only practical joke in which my grand-
father is said to have been personally engaged when
a boy at school. He entered a Quakers’ meeting-house,
only one of his schoolfellows keeping him company.
At first nobody paid any attention to them, a very
139
grave assembly being held there at the moment. The
boys entered the room, looked round at the solemn
faces and then one of them held up a penny bun and
cried out loud, “He who speaks first, shall have this
pie!” “Go thy way, boy,” said an angry gentleman ris-
ing slowly and menacingly from his seat. “The pie is
yours, sir!” exclaimed the boy, put the bun before the
stupefied speaker and rushed out of the room, the
audience being in too great a confusion to pursue the
naughty rogues.
Man-traps
Setting man-traps and spring-gups being unlaw-
ful, a farmer had to think out a different device to
keep the young poachers away from his fruit-trees.
He had noticed that long words, especially those of
foreign origin, impressed people as having some mys-
terious sense, the greater the length of a word, the
deeper the mystery. So he put in his orchard a no-
tice-board, with the following sentence painted on it
in very large letters:
“Beware! Tondapamubomenos are set all over the
orchard!” After that he could sleep peacefully, the
tondapannibomenos keeping watch over his property.
No Seats to Be Got
Doctor Johnson having a great contempt for all
members of the theatrical profession, actors would
never expect any kindness on his part. Nevertheless
he is said to have complimented Mrs Siddons, the
great English actress, in his own particular way.
Some very important matters urging her to do it, Mrs
140
Siddons called on her famous contemporary one day.
But, as a guest was a rare thing at his place, Doctor
Johnson could not immediately provide her with a
chair.
“You see, madam, wherever you go there are no
seats to be got!” said the master of the house, the cel-
ebrated actress blushing with pleasure at the unex-
pected homage to her talent.
Not Insured against Fire
An ex-armyman with a wooden leg came to spend
his winter holidays in the country, his friend having
built there a house large enough to accommodate
more than one guest. But he did not find the place to
his taste. For though the frost was hard, the fires were
but very low in the fireplace and the man suffered a
great deal from cold. So one day he told his host he
was going to leave. His stay in the house being prof-
itable, the master of the house pressed him to post-
pone his departure.
“That’s out of the question. I can’t remain here any
longer,” said the man with the wooden leg. “You are
so short of wood that I am afraid lest you should one
day light fire with my leg,” and with a laugh he went
out of the room, his host put out of countenance and
at a loss for words.
Mackintosh
You certainly know that a waterproof coat is of-
ten called a mackintosh. But perhaps you don’t know
that the word is a surname.
141
In the year 1823 in Scotland, there lived a man
whose name was Charles Mackintosh. The climate of
his country being rainy, he would often get drenched
to the skin and heartily disliked it. One day, having
some rubber at his disposal, he decided to rubberize
his coat. Now he could walk outdoors in any weath-
er, his rubberized coat protecting him from the rain.
Most of his friends and the friends of his friends ad-
mired the waterproof coat and wanted to have their
own coats rubberized likewise. Soon tradesmen took
up his invention. Waterproof coats became all the
fashion and a staple product of the town, the name of
the inventor, though not the inventor himself, get-
ting a worldwide popularity.
KEY TO THE EXERCISES
The Infinitive
Ex. 2. 1. to plan 2. to see 3. to be engaged 4. to ask 5. to be
devoted 6. to hang, to fill 7. to come, to see 8. to speak
9. to attend 10. to have caused
Ex. 3. 1. to have called 2. to be thought 3. to dig, to plant
4. to have involved 5. to be fed, to have 6. to be, to sleep
7. to be seen 8. to be persuaded 9. to come, to wash
10. to walk
Ex. 5.1. to have come 2. come, run 3. look 4. belong 5. put,
6. leave 7. to have said 8. be obliged 9. to jump 10. write
11. point 12. get 13. be bored 14. to have been made
15. to cry
Ex. 6.1. to, to 2. to, to 3. to, - 4. to, to 5. to, to 6. - 7. to 8. to
9. to 11. - 12. to, to 13. to, -, - 14. to, - 15. to, - 16. - 17. -
Ex. 12. 1. made 2. wanted/forced/ordered/told 3. saw/
heard/observed 4. bring/force/ 5. felt. 6. observed/
saw 7. wanted 8. ordered 9. force/compell 10. forced/
ordered 11. let
Ex. 13. A. 1. He saw the woman turn the corner. 2. They
required me to arrive at 8 a.m. 3. The judge ordered
the prisoner to be remanded. 4. I believe them to be
very good at physics. 5. ... though considered himself
to get little thanks for it from his wife and children.
В. 1. She heard him go downstairs. 2. They believe
them to have been married a year ago. 3. She forced
him to eat much and induced him to sleep after lunch.
4. He liked his clothes to look smart. 5. You made me
feel quite at home here.
Ex. 16.1. seem/appear/happen 2. seems/appears/is sup-
posed/is thought 3. expected/forced/supposed
143
z appear/happen 5. is sure/appears/seems
forced 7. appear/seem/am expected 8. is sure/
supposed/is thought 9. seemed/appeared 10. ap-
y' peared/seemed
Elx. 17. A. 1. His father seemed to be inclined to be impa-
tient with him. 2. She was felt to be perfectly capable
of taking care of herself. 3. His advice is believed to
. have been ignored. 4. He is said to be honest. 5. The
boat was seen to come into harbour.
В. 1. She seems to be busy today. 2. The situation
appears to have changed a lot. 3. The Crimea is known
to have been visited by numerous hikers last summer.
4. He didn’t happen to have any money with him.
5. Amy Driffield is unlikely to speak to me again.
Ex. 20. A. 1. It was not easy for her to tell them the truth.
2. It will be better for your child to spend more time out-
doors. 3. It is impossible for me to follow him. 4. It will be
good for us to go to the country on the coming weekend.
5. It’s hard for old people to change their habits.
В. 1. It was a natural thing for him to take part in
the discussions. 2. It was not an easy thing for her to
translate the whole article without a dictionary. 3. It
was a real joy for me to receive a letter from him. 4. It
will be too long a journey for a child to make.
Summing up and Speech Exercises
Ex. 2. 1. to be 2. be going 3. to put 4. to be bothered 5. to
have read 6. to get, to tell, to have, to be done 7. to put,
to ride, to be rescued 8. to have gone 9. to come 10. to
leave 11. to go, to look 12. happen, to run 13- to do 14. to
have taken 15. to speak, to answer
Ex. 8.1.1 felt in myself ... the desire to get the whole thing
out of my mind. (S.M.) 2. What he is going to do is still in
the doubt. (Dr.) 3. Wilson was standing by while we gave
the cabman instructions, for we had given him a lift to
144
save him the hot dusty walk. (S.M.) 4. Above all, I begged
her to do nothing rush. To leave her home and her hus-
band was a very serious step. (A.Chr.) 5. He was about
to turn away when he saw her offering him a look of
ironic pity. (Less.) 6. You mustn’t even think of it. It’s
bad luck to speak of death. (Mitch.) 7. Perhaps his word-
less gaze had caused her to break silence. (Cron.) 8. He
wanted them all three to walk down the street. (E.H.)
9. She was known very soon to be the perfect parlour-
maid. (S.M.) 10. You needn’t worry, I shall be careful all
right. (A.Chr.) 11. A great temptation came to Utterson
to open the envelope at Once. (Stev.) 12. “That’s easy for
you to say,” began Gordon, his eyes narrowing. (F.F.)
13. To mix with well-dressed people on some smooth
lawn, to greet and be greeted by them — all this gave
her a tremulous pleasure. (Hartley)
The Gerund
Ex. 2. 1. being given 2. taking 3. liking 4. going 5. being
deprived 6. having been put 7. telling 8. being photo-
graphed, undergoing 9. feeling 10. having seen
11. being laughed 12. telling 13. having called
Ex. 7.1. for 2. of 3. of 4. by 5. of 6. for 7. of 8. of 9. by 10. for
11. - 12. without 13. by 14. of 15. - 16.- 17. without 18. on
19. of
Ex. 8.1.1 remember seeing him only once. 2. On reaching
Kiev I found waiting for me an urgent request that I
should go to my mother’s place. 3.1 called on my friends
before leaving. 4. After leaving Moscow I correspond-
ed with him. 5. On starting a thing like that you don’t
know what you’re letting yourself in for. 6. After turn-
ing the last page she decided she would read the book
again. 7. On coming to the third landing she was a tri-
fle out of breath. 8. On reaching the restaurant Eva
found that she was the last to arrive. 9. After having a
cup of coffee and the bath she began to feel more her-
145
self. 10. After taking off her theatrical make-up she
looked old and tired. 11.1 never have been able to stand
an idea of growing old.
Ex. 9. 1. When he was giving his friend a wrong address I
knew he was perhaps playing a trick on him. 2. She looked
through the photographs again before she put them
back. 3. When she heard the tragic news, she fell at once
into an alarming state of agitation. 4. When I received
her letter, I changed my mind. 5. Before he answered
my question he lit a cigarette. 6. Why do you insist that
you should go to the cinema? 7.1 didn’t at all like the pros-
pect that I had to break the bad news to him.
Ex. 11.1. having missed 2. being opened 3. coming 4. having
been 5. being 6. having 7. knowing 8. being sucked
9. coming 10. marrying 11. being suspected 12. wanting
Ex. 12.1. Mr Baker consoled himself with the thought that
there’s no chance that Diana and Gerald would get
married for years. 2. Dorothy had to agree, although
she did not approve that Laura went to the cinema so
often. 3. I don’t like that you will go off so soon. 4. I
don’t like to think that you will go there alone. 5. Who
suggested that they should go to the country with us?
6. “You must forgive me that I acted without consult-
ing you, Philip,” she said. 7. I insist that you should
apologize to them, you are very rude. 8. It was hard to
keep your mind off illness when Doris and Edith talked
about it all the time. 9. “What’s the use that Caroline
and I fill ourselves with streptomycin day and night?”
thought Jan. 10. The thought that Helen would be
alone and wait for him made Dan run the block. 11. He
never thought that Jean had met his people before.
Ex. 13.1.1 boasted that my father was different, that he
could understand my being an artist. 2. She took a pe-
culiar delight in his being Peter’s son. 3. He felt proud
of having been able to win a woman whom everybody
admired. 4. She gave no sign of hearing that he had
146
slammed the door. 5. She insisted on his dropping his
voice. 6. He was clever, no one had ever denied his be-
ing clever. 7. Presently I became aware of somebody
moving softly about the room. 8. I was about to sug-
gest your lunching with me. 9. For my part I have nev-
er before suspected Kate having a deep vein of super-
stition in her nature. 10. I cut short his lamentations
by suggesting starting for the camp at once. 11.1 like
you so much because of your being such a good cook.
Ex. 14. 1. her being 2. a child crying 3. her coming 4. my
accompanying 5. her feeling 6. his being 7. her dying
8. our being surprised 9. Tim’s coming 10. women
smoking 11. her thinking 12. my spending
Summing up and Speech Exercises
Fix. 9. 1. Holly clasped her hands, “Oh, yes! I simply love
riding.” (Galsw.) 2. Mrs Soudamore hesitated before
kissing her daughter. (P.W.) 3. Her husband replied
without turning his eyes of his paper. (M.D.) 4. He dis-
liked running this department. (S.M.) 5. She kept on say-
ing to herself: “It’s not true! It’s not true!” (M.D.) 6. ... he
was in the habit of listening rather than talking. (A.Chr.)
7. There’s nobody here, not even my daughter, capable
of talking a thing seriously. (Galsw.) 8. He apologised for
troubling me, but said I was the only person he knew in
England. (A.Chr.) 9. It’s no good trying to keep him here.
(Galsw.) 10. It was no good locking the side door because
Mis Blacklock went out that way. (A.Chr.) 11. I’m used
to having some cash always with me. (Cron.) 12. She’s
got the idea of doing a book about. (P.W.) 13. “Excuse
me,” said Mrs Oliver again. “Do you mind letting me
pass?” (A.Chr.) 14. “I say! Why do you dislike me?”
“Well, then, because you make me feel life isn’t worth
living.” (Galsw.) 15. Hercule Poirot stood there without
moving. (A.Chr.) 16. She didn’t want to disturb her em-
ployer by ringing the front door bell. (P.W.) 17. They
kept asking her why she hadn’t gone to the police and
147
she kept on saying, “Because I’didn’t know then that it
was a murder. “ (A.Chr.)
Participle I
Ex. 3.1. confessing 2. turning 3. having refused 4. pushing
5. looking 6. taking 7. entering 8. seeing 9. looking
10. coming 11. asking 12. having got
Ex. 4. 1. trying 2. inspecting 3. hoping 4. having done
5. expressing 6. having reached 7. smoothing 8. having
retired 9. revolving 10. having returned 11. coming
home 12. being welcomed 13. having been invited
14. looking 15. having finished 16. having reached
Ex. 5.1. closing 2. thinking 3. holding 4. coming 5. thinking
6. staring 7. hoping 8. covering 9. looking, sitting
10. having knocked out
Ex. 10. 1. He went to the parlour, where the doctor who
was standing on the hearthrug with his back to the
fire, greeted him. 2. The place was crowded with doc-
tors and their wives who were talking and laughing.
3. I’ve just had a letter from my aunt who asks me to
go down to her place and stay. 4. It was quite dark and
she didn’t recognize the man who was standing in front
of her. 5. We passed into a large sunny apartment
which looked out towards the sea. 6. Most people who
live in out-of-the-way places when the mail comes tear
open impatiently their papers. 7. A little way off he
saw his wife who was talking with the Davidsons and
he strolled over to her. 8. He picked up a chattering
acquaintance with several persons who lived in his
hotel and he was not lonely. 9. There were people who
were passing to and fro and he joined one of the groups.
10. It appeals he caught sight of a man who was be-
having suspiciously. 11. Nick looked on at the moon
which was coming up over the hills.
Ex. 11. 1. — 2.1 caught sight of a lean man moving in the
opposite direction. 3. And then, quite unexpectedly, he
148
received a message from Mr Anderson, asking him to
call at the Company offices. 4. Over the fence diving
the garden from the one next door a familiar face was
peering. 5. — 6.1 said all that I had to say on the sub-
ject worrying me so much. 7. He was never ata loss for
a remark; he could discourse on the topics of the day
with an ease preventing his hearer from experiencing
any sense of strain. 8. To hide the tears coming from
her eyes she turned away and walked homewards.
9. Going upstairs she woke the woman living on the
floor above her. 10. She went with her long stride to
the step leading down from Oxford street. 11, They got
into the car smelling of hot leather and petrol. 12. It
was very dark with the gusty wind and a fine spatter
of lain blowing into their faces at street comers. 13.1
don’t suppose he ever lived in a house having a bath-
room till he was fifty. 14.1 noticed as we walked along
the street that sometimes the men passing us staled
at my girlfriend. 15. It was a long, wide straight street
running parallel with the Vauxhall Bridge. 16. He fol-
lowed her across the lawn to the table standing in the
shade of a fine tree. 17. —
Ex. 12. 1. When I go somewhere by train I usually try to
get out at every station to take a breath of air. 2. When
Annie was accompanying him down the road she told
him as best as she could about Dick. 3. When Dr Bram-
well met Andrew in the street he remarked airily: “I
have never had a better case.” 4. Suddenly she roused
herself with a start as she was fancing she had heard
something. 5. When he left the house of Morgans An-
drew continued on his round with a queer warmth
round his heart. 6. Andrew as he hurried home full of*
the triumph of the scientific method kept everything
he had to say to Christine. 7. Liza did not answer and as
Mrs Webster had nothing more to say continued her
supper in silence. 8. When I had made up my mind I
told her about my plan. 9. When I speak to her I always
149
try to make my meaning. 10. As I had seen nothing like
that before I was eager to see the performance. 11. He
could exercise tact when he dealt with affairs of the
others but none he dealt with his own. 12. He raised his
head as if he was listening to something. 13. He gener-
ally used that language when he talked to children.
Ex. 13. 1. (When) getting to Euston he paid off the taxi
and inquired for the next train to Dover. 2. (When)
going upstairs I found him asleep with all his clothes
on. 3. “I knew Tom well,” he said leaning back in his
chair and lit the cigar, I had offered him a cigar.
4. (When) his first picture being exhibited they came
to Amsterdam to see it, his father and his sister and
his mother, and his mother cried looking at it. 5. And
(while) waiting for him her pride began revolting.
6. Pulling on his coat, Andrew reflected miserably that
he had not exchanged a word with Christine. 7. Hav-
ing concented to the boy’s going out with the Browns
the uncle made no further objection to his association
with them. 8. She gave me no answer and looked at
me as if dreaming about something. 9. Feeling that I
was not right I confessed my fault. 10. Having waited
some minutes for an answer he turned round and left
the room. 11. (Though) having many loyal friends Alec
also had enemies.
Ex. 16. 1. saw 2. saw 3. hear 4. found 5. felt 6. saw 7. heard
8. send 9. perceived 10. watched 11. remember
12. heard 13. see 14. heard 15. set
Ex. 17. A. 1. As Nick came up to Toby he turned and saw
Michael watching them from other side. 2. He found
the old man still sitting grim in the darkness. 3. He
could see a man standing on the pavement, facing the
swing doors. 4. When he opened the window he heard
the birds singing in the garden. 5. In a minute or two I
noticed her eyes stealthily peeping at me over the top
of the book. 6.1 could feel the room rocking under my
150
feet. 7.1 noticed now his eyes resting on me with a faint
smile of amusement.
В. 1. She saw him watching her so intently. 2. They
found Martha protesting that of course they must all
come to her flat. 3.1 saw my sister signalling to me from
another table. 4. He noted the corner of a three-penny
detective novel protruding from Albert’s pocket.
5. The children heard the rain drops pattering against
the leaves. 6. He heard his father moving around the
living room. 7. They imagined him hurrying through
the hot June forenoon, up the hill and on to the open
downland. 8. We saw him standing there, his face ex-
pectant.
Ex. 21. A. 1. She was seen sitting poring over her book.
2. The baby was heard crying in her prim. 3. He was
seen exchanging glances with that man. 4. A white
house could be seen gleaming through the reddening
autumn leaves. 5. From the distance the host could be
seen waiting for them on the doorsteps.
В. 1. Paul was seen consulting his silver watch.
2. He was heard asking if I was in. 3. He was heard tele-
phoning the doctor, stressing the gravity and urgen-
cy of the case. 4. He was heard pacing up and down in
the room long after the rest of the family had gone to
bed. 5. She was seen going in that direction about a
quarter of an hour ago.
Ex. 26. 1. She looked around, her eye dwelling upon the
litter in the room. 2. At last the preparations being com-
pleted, his eyes surveyed the scene with satisfaction.
3. The examination being close at hand, a queer calm-
ness settled upon him. 4. His brain being inactive, al-*
most dull, he felt that he knew nothing. 5. The moment
coming, he felt it difficult to speak. 6. They having gone
he sat thinking the matter over. 7. He woke during the
still hot night his hand reaching automatically for a
cigarette.
151
Participle II
Ex. 3. A. 1. Again there was a silence in the wooden shed,
which was broken only by the drumming of the rain upon
the tin roof. 2. There were several letters in the pile which
laid on the table. 3. The Driffields lived in the house which
was painted a dull red. 4. It was a fairly large Victorian
mansion which was kept in good state of repair. 5. Jerry
found his way to a table which was situated in the dark-
est and most obscure comer. 6. Her eyes which were
raised mournfully to his, were large and dark with fear.
7. The break fast was exceptional, even in a house which
was noted for its table. 8. With a smile he looked across at
Christine who was seated opposite.
В. 1.1 laughed as I was embarrassed, but not whol-
ly displeased with the role thrust upon me. 2. Because
I was occupied by other thoughts I stopped thinking
about Strickland and his affairs. 3. She said nothing as
if she was deeply impressed by my words. 4. When he
was satisfied with what he had achieved Poirot took
leave of his friend. 5. As he was embarrassed he didn’t
know what to say. 6. “Who knows,” Steve said because
he was taken aback by the way Crane’s conversation
jumped from one enormous question to another.
Ex. 7.1.1 heard that these topics had been argued between
scientists for years. 2. Although Harold knew the facts
so well he felt that he was carried away by the rising
current of excitement in the air. 3. With satisfaction Si-
mon saw how his friend’s face relaxed. 4. He felt that
he was compelled to bring this action 5. She has found
that I had been unaltered; but I have found that she
had change. 6. About an hour had passed when he heard
that the key was being softly turned and the door
opened. 7. Arrived at the edge of the pond he stood, not-
ing that another water-lily had opened since yesterday.
8. Hester, suppose you were to find that you had been
discharged from the faculty? 9. Hope felt that the bag
was being drawn away from her.
152
Ex. 8. 1. When he went back he found his wife dressed
already. 2. On entering his room I found him absorbed
in a detective novel. 3. He felt his cheeks flushed by
the fever. 4. He found Leila calmed and delighted. 5.1
want this letter typed. 6. His thoughts wandered and
he found his mind filled with memories of the past. 7.1
heard his name mentioned several times during the
conversation. 8. I saw Mrs Brown’s advertisment
printed in the local newspaper. 9. When Mary returned
home she found a telephone installed in their flat. 10.1
tried the handle and found the door unlocked.
Ex. 9.1. He felt a curious relief at the delay and at the fact
that whether sent or not the letter was written. 2. He
took up the diary and turned the closely written pag-
es. 3. The dog was found tied to a tree. 4. She sat down
on a fallen tree and began waiting. 5. Perry found note
with a phone number on it. 6. He lay there with his
eyes closed. 7. Meditatively he took from his pocket a
neatly folded telegram, opened it and reread, 8. Only
last year they had the whole house painted. 9. Bill
seemed absorbed in his own thoughts. 10. She kept her
eyes fixed on some object in the distance.
Summing up and Speech Exercises
Ex; 10. 1. She passed him, pretending to look in front of
her. (S.M.) 2. Jim put on his hat and went out, slam-
ming the door. (S.M.) 3. Turning round, he stared at
me, but I perceived he did not see me. (S.M.) 4, Usual-
ly, having accompanied a patient to the door, he went
straight back to his desk. (Less.) 5. Miss Waterford was
a good hostess and seeing my embarrassment came up*
to me ... (S.M.) 6. Holding back her tears because she
knew how he hated them, she begged him to be sensi-
ble (Cron.) 7. What a dashing life you lead, lying in bed
till eleven. (Less.) 8. The door happened to be ajar, and
I heard her talking to someone in the passage. (A.Chr.)
9. She could feel her knees violently trembling. (R.Ald.)
153
10.1 noticed a couple of pictures hanging on the wall
that I’d never seen before. (Vickers) 11. In a moment
Lewis leapt from the car, his eyes blazing with excite-
ment. (Vickers) 12.1 saw the sweat coming out on his
forehead. (O.H.) 13. She settled herself in a chair and
sat watching him. (S.H.) 14. Passing the Comedy The-
atre I happened to look up and saw the clouds lit by
the setting sun. (S.M.) 15.1 stole a quick glance at Mary
and Jerry sitting in the first row. and saw them smil-
ing. (A.R.) 16. He drove slowly, enjoying the quiet of
the. evening. (Cron.) 17.1 heard his voice trembling
with rage. (K-Amis.) 18.1 saw her going off in that di-
rection about a quarter of an hour ago. (S.M.) 19. From
a distance he saw the druggist awaiting for him on the
doorstep with a surprised look on his face. (Cron.)
20. Aswald could feel his heart beating. (R.Ald.) 21. I’ve
got to get her cured. (J.Ch.) 22. And in the evening af-
ter the high tea ... they sat in the parlour, the ladies
knitting and Dr Macpail smoking his pipe. (S.M.)
Ex 7. Multiple choice.
l.B)	7.B)	13. D)	19. D)	25. C)
2. A)	8. B)	14. A)	20. C)	26. C)
3. B)	9. D)	15. B)	21. D)	27. D)
4. C)	10. D)	16. D)	22. D)	28. C)
5.C)	11. C)	17. B)	23. A)	29. C)
6. A)	12. A)	18. B)	24. B)	30. A)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Aldington
Amis K.
Arbor
Austen J.
Banks H.E.
Bates I.
Baxter A.
Beidgers B.
Bennet A.
Bradbury R.
Broderock I.
Bronte Sh.
Cain J.
Canning V.
Cecil H.
Chase J.
Cheever J.
Cheyney P.
Christie A.
Collins
Cooper F.
Cronin A.
CusackD.
Dickens Ch.
Dickens M.
Donleavy I.
Doyle C.
Dreiser Th.
Durrell G.
Eckersley Cr.E.
Engle M.L.
English Reader
Fitzgerald F.
R.Ald.
K.Amis
Arbor
Aust.
Banks
Bates
A.Baxter
E.Beidgers
Ben.
Brad.
I.Broderock
Bronte
Cain
Can.
H.Cec.
J.Ch.
Cheever
Cheyney
A.Chr.
Collins
F.C.
Cron.
Cus.
Ch.D.
M.D.
Don.I.
Con.Doyle
Dr.
Durrell
Eckersley
Engle
English Reader
F.F.
155
Fleming J.	Flem.
Forster E.M.	Forster
Francis D.	D.Franc.
Galsworthy J.	Galsw.
Gardner E.S.	Card.
Gaskell W.	Gaskell
Green Gr.	Gr.Gr.
Haggard H.K.	Hag.
Hailey A.	Hailey
Hardy Th.	Hardy
Hartley W.	Hartley
Harvey M.	Harvey
Hemingway E.	Hemingway
Howard E.	E.H.
Ho watch S.	How.
Iriving W.	W.I.
James H.	James
Jerome K. Jerom	J.K.J.
Jones J.	J.Jones
Kent R.	Kent
King Fr.	King
Lawrence D.H.	Law.
Leacock	Leacock
Leslie D.	Leslie
Lessing D.	Less.
Lindsay J.	Lind.
London J.	J T j
Maltz A.	Maltz
McCallum A.	McCallum
Mansfield K.	Mansf.
Maugham S.	S.M.
Maybury A.	Maybury
Maxwell P.	P.Maxwell
Meet the Parkers	the Parkers
Melville A.	Melville
Middleton I.L.	Middleton
156
Mitchell M.
Murdoch I.
O’Hara J.
O’Connor Flan.
Prichard K.S.
Renault M.
Phys J.
Robbing H.
Robins D.
Salinger J,
Segal E.
Sillitoe A.
Shaw B.
Shaw Irving
Short Stories
Shute N.
Slyke H.V.
Spark M.
Stevenson R.
Still life (stories)
Susann J.
The (Tnvexed Isles (stories)
Twain M.
Vallirv; G.H.
Vickers F.
Ward B,
Waugh К
Well'! (1
Wenl worth P.
Wilde 11
Wihiuti M
While I1
Whl h ley РЛ.
Wt >del и »| Г ie P,
Mitch.
Murd.
O’Hara
Flan. O’Con.
Pr.
Ren.
J.Rhys
H.R.
D.Rob.
Sal.
Seg.
Sil.
B.Sh.
I.Shaw
Sh.St.
N.Sh.
Slyke
Spark
Stev.
St.L.
Susann
Un.Is.
M.Tw.
Vai.
Vickers
Ward.
E.W.
Wells
PWent.
O.W.
Wilson	»
White
Whitney
P.W.
157
Contents
Предисловие................................................3
The Verbals................................................7
1.	The Infinitive..........................................7
1.1.	The morphological characteristics.....................7
1.1.1.	The category of voice...............................7
1.1.2.	The category of aspect..............................8
1.1.3.	The category of tense correlation.................. 8
1.2.	The syntactical characteristics.......................9
1.2.1.	The subject.......................................  9
1.2.2.	A part of the compound predicate....................9
1.2.3.	An object.........................................  9
1.2.4.	An attribute.......................................10
1.2.5.	An adverbial modifier..............................10
1.2.6.	A parenthesis......................................10
1.2.7.	a. A part of the complex object....................11
1.2.7.	b. A part of the complex subject...................12
1.2.7.	c. “For”-complexes with the infinitive.............13
Exercises...............................................  14
Summing Up and Speech Exercises...........................30
2.	The Gerund.............................................39
2.1.	The morphological characteristics....................39
2.1.1.	The category of voice..............................39
2.1.2.	The category of tense correlation..................39
2.2.	The syntactical characteristics......................40
2.2.1.	The subject......................................  40
2.2.2.	A part of the compound predicate...................40
2.2.3.	An object........................................  40
2.2.4.	An attribute.......................................41
2.2.5.	An adverbial modifier..............................41
2.2.6.	A part of the complex subject, the complex object,
the attribute, the adverbial modifier.....................42
Exercises.................................................43
158
Summing Up and Speech Exercises............................56
3.	Participle I........................................... 63
3.1.	The morphological characteristics.....................63
3.1.1.	The category of voice...............................63
3.1.2.	The category of tense correlation...................63
3.2.	The syntactical characteristics.......................64
3.2.1.	An attribute........................................64
3.2.2.	An adverbial modifier.............................. 64
3.2.3.	A parenthesis.......................................65
3.2.4,	A part of the complex subject, the complex object,
the nominative absolute participial construction...........65
Exercises..................................................67
4.	Participle II...........................................88
4.1.	The morphological characteristics.....................88
4.2.	The syntactical characteristics.......................88
4,2.1.	An attribute........................................88
4.2.2.	The predicative...................................  88
4.2.3.	An adverbial modifier...............................89
4.2.4.	A part of the complex object........................89
Exercises..................................................90
Summing Up and Speech Exercises............................96
Mixed Bag.................................................106
Key to the Exercises......................................143
List of Abbreviations.....................................155