AxN
ICELANDIC PRIMER
WITH
GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY
BY
HENRY SWEET, M.A.
SECOND EDI'IION
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1895

©yforb
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
PD
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(/¦к
I
PREFACE.
The want of a short and easy introduction to the study
of Icelandic has been felt for a long time—in fact, from
the very beginning of that study in England. The Icelandic
Reader, edited by Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell, in the
Clarendon Press Series, is a most valuable book, which
*\ ought to be in the hands of every student; but it still leaves
A~ room for an elementary primer. As the engagements of
n the editors of the Reader would have made it impossible
for them to undertake such a work for some years to come,
they raised no objections to my proposal to undertake it
. ^ myself. Meanwhile, I found the task was a more formid-
Л4 able one than I had anticipated, and accordingly, before
^ definitely committing myself to it, I made one final attempt
to induce Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell to take it off my
hands; but they very kindly encouraged me to proceed
. with it; and as I myself thought that an Icelandic primer,
on the lines of my Anglo-Saxon one, might perhaps be the
means of inducing some students of Old English to take
up Icelandic as well, I determined to go on.
In the spelling I have not thought it necessary to
adhere strictly to that adopted in the Reader, for the editors
have themselves deviated from it in their Corpus Poeticum
Boreale, in the way of separating g from b, etc. My own

IV PREFACE.
principle has been to deviate as little as possible from the
traditional spelling followed in normalized texts. There is,
indeed, no practical gain for the beginner in writing time
for timi, discarding 3, etc., although these changes certainly
bring us nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed
with in scientific works. The essential thing for the beginner
is to have regular forms presented to him, to the exclusion,
as far as possible, of isolated archaisms, and to have the
defective distinctions of the MSS. supplemented by diacritics.
I have not hesitated to substitute (') for (') as the mark of
length; the latter ought in my opinion to be used exclu-
exclusively—in Icelandic as well as in Old English and Old
Irish—to represent the actual accents of the MSS.
In the grammar I have to acknowledge my great obliga-
obligations to Noreen's Altislandische Grammatik, which is by
far the best Icelandic grammar that has yet appeared—at
least from that narrow point of view which ignores syntax,
and concentrates itself on phonology and inflections.
The texts are intended to be as easy, interesting, and
representative as possible. With such a language, and such
a master of it as Snorri to choose from, this combination is
not difficult to realise. The beginner is indeed to be envied
,who makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mytho-
mythological tales of the North, told in an absolutely perfect style.
As the death of Olaf Tryggvason is given in the Reader
only from the longer recension of the Heimskringla, I have
been able to give the shorter text, which is admirably suited
for the purposes of this book. The story of Au5un is not
only a beautiful one in itself, but, together with the preceding
piece, gives a vivid idea of the Norse ideal of the kingly
r

PREFACE. V
character, which was the foundation of their whole political
system. As the Reader does not include poetry (except
incidentally), I have added one of the finest of the Eddaic
poems, which is at the same time freest from obscurity and
corruption—the song of Thor's quest of his hammer.
In the glossary I have ventured to deviate from the very
inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts/, ев, се
right at the end of the alphabet.
I have to acknowledge the great help I have had in pre-
preparing the texts and the glossary from Wimmer's Oldnordisk
LcBsebog, which I consider to be, on the whole, the best
reading-book that exists in any language. So excellent is
Wimmer's selection of texts, that it was impossible for me
to do otherwise than follow him in nearly every case.
In conclusion, it is almost superfluous to say that this
book makes no pretension to originality of any kind. If
it contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious
heritage—the old language and literature of Iceland—which
our miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto
defrauded them of, it will have fulfilled its purpose.
HENRY SWEET.
London,
February, 1886.

я

CONTENTS.
PAGE
Grammar ......... i
Texts :
I. Thor 43
II. Thor and UtgarSaloki ....... 44
III. Balder 53
IV. Death of Balder 54
V. HeSinn and Hggni . 58
VI. Death of Olaf Tryggvason ...... 60
VII. AuSun 70
VIII. J>rymskviSa ..... • • 77
Notes 83
Glossary 87
Proper Names ...... . . 109

GRAMMAR.
1. This book deals with Old Icelandic in its,classical period,
between 1200 and 1350.
PRONUNCIATION.
2. The Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with
the addition of/ and ft, and of the modified letters /, g, 0,
which last is in this book written 0, g.
VOWELS.
3. The vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in
Old English. Long vowels were often marked by ('). In
this book long vowels are regularly marked by (")'. The
following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with
examples, and key-words from English, French (F.), and
German (G".):—
a as in mann (G) halda (hold)
a „ father raft {advice)
e „ еЧё (F.) gekk (went)
e2 ... let (let pret.)
$ „ men me.nn (men)
1 Note that the longs of g, 0 are written m, ce respectively.
* Where no keyword is given for a long vowel, its sound is that of the
corresponding short vowel lengthened.
v '~t n

зе
i
I
0
5
Я
б
ое
9
и
п
У
У
аи
ei
еу
as in
и
>»
и
)»
•
)>
=
—
GRAMMAR.
there
fini (F.)
. . .
beau (F.)
. . .
not
peu (F.)
. . .
peur (F.)
sou (F.)
. . .
tu (F.)
• . .
haus (G.)
?.+ i
§ + У
sser (sea)
mikill (great)
litill (little)
огб (word)
tok (took)
hond (hand)
komr (comes)
fcera (bring)
gg'ra (make)
upp (up)
hus (house)
systir (sister)
lysa (shine)
lauss (/<w.sr)
bein (&?#г)
leysa (loosen)
4. The unaccented г in systir, etc. (which is generally
written e in the MSS.) probably had the sound of у in pity,
which is really between i and e. The unacc. м vnforu (they
went), etc. (which is generally written о in the MSS.) probably
had the sound of oo in good.
Note that several of the vowels go in pairs of close and
open, thus:
close: e ё о 5 б се.
0/гя : § зе Q - <? -,
CONSONANTS.
б. Double consonants followed by a vowel must be pro-
pronounced really double, as in Italian. Thus the kk in drekka
(to drink) must be pronounced like the kc in bookcase, while
the k in drgki (dragon) is single, as in booking. When final
(or followed by another cons.) double conss. are pronounced

PRONUNCIA TION. 3
long, as in munn (mouth ace), hamarr (hammer пот), steinn
(stone пот.), distinguished from тип (will vb.), and the ac-
accusatives hamar, stein.
6. k and g had a.more front (palatal) sound before the
front vowels e, §, i, о, g,y and their longs, as also before /, as
in kgnna (known), keyra (drive), ggra (make), Uggja (lie).
7. kkj, ggj were probably pronounced simply as double
front kk, gg, they not being pronounced separately.
8. f had initially the sound of oury^ medially and finally
that of v, as in gefa (give), gaf (gave), except of course in
such combinations as ft, where it had the sound of f.
9. g was a stopped (back or front—-guttural or palatal)
cons, initially and in the combination ng, the two ^'s in
ganga (go) being pronounced as in go. It had the open
sound of G. g in sagen medially before the back vowels a, 0,
q, u, and all conss. except/, and finally:—saga (tale), dggum
(with days); sagdi (he said); lag (he lay). Before the front
vowels and/ it had the sound of G. g in liegen, or nearly that
of/ (oury), as in sggir (says), sggja (to say).
10. Before voiceless conss. (/, s) g seems to have been
pronounced k, as in sagt (said), dags (day's).
11. The g was always sounded in the combination ng,
as in single, not as in singer.
12. h was sounded before/ in such words as hjarta (heart)
much as in E. hue (= hju). hi, hn, hr, hv probably repre-
represented voiceless I, n, r, w respectively, hv being identical
with E. wh: hlaupa (leap), hniga (bend), hringr (ring), hvat
(what).
13. j is not distinguished from г in the MSS. It had the
sound of E._y myoung: jgrd (earth), s§tja (to set).
14. p in// probably had the sound of/: lopt (air).
15. r was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch.
16. s was always sharp.
в 2

4 GRAMMAR.
17. v (which was sometimes written и and w) had the sound
of E. w: vel (well), hgggva (hew).
18. z had the sound of ts : bgztr (best).
19. J> and S were used promiscuously in the older MS., the
very oldest using p almost exclusively. In Modern Icelandic
p is written initially to express the sound of E. hard th,
3 medially and finally to express that of soft th; as there
can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old
pronunciation, it is retained in this book: ping (parliament),
fddir (father), vid (against)? In such combinations as pd the
3 must of course be pronounced p.
STRESS.
20. The stress (accent) is always on the first syllable.
\ . о
PH0NOLOGY.
VOWELS.
/
21. The vowels are related to one another in different ways,
the most important of which are mutation (umlaut), fracture
(brechung), and gradation (ablaut).
Mutation.
22. The following changes are i-mutations (caused by an
older i or j following, which has generally been dropped)г:
a (9) . . ? :—mann (man ace), mgnn (men); hgnd (hand),
hgndr (hands).
a . . se :—mal (speech), mala (speak).
1 Many of the «'s which appear in derivative and inflectional syllables
are late weakenings of a and other vowels, as in bani (death) = Old-
English bana; these do not cause mutation.

PHONOLOGY. 5
e (ja, J9) . . i:—verdr (worth), virda (estimate),
u(o)..у: —fullr (full),_/y//a (to fill); lopt (air), lypta (lift).
п . . у :—Ъгпп (eyebrow), pi. brynn.
о . . б :—кота (to come), kb'mr (comes).
6 . . oe :—fdr (went), foera (bring).
au . . ey :—lauss (loose), leysa (loosen).
ju (jo).. у :—sjukr (sick), syki (sickness); Ijosta (strike),
lysir (strikes).
23. The change of a into / is sometimes the result of a
following k, g, or ng, as in dggi dat. sg. of dagr (day), tgkinn
(taken), ggnginn (gone), inf. taka, ganga. i appears instead
of e, and и instead of о before a nasal followed by another
cons.: cp. binda (to bind), bundinn (bound) with bresta (burst)
ptc. prt. brostinn.
24. There is also a u-mutation, caused by a following u,
which has often been dropped:
a . . 9:—dagr (day) dat. pi. dggum ; land (land) pi. Ignd.
26. Unaccented д becomes u, as in sumur pi. of sumar
(summer), kglliidu (they called), infin. kalla.
4
26. The only vowel that is affected by fracture is e: when
followed by original a it becomes ja, when followed by original
и it becomes jg, as in jardar gen. of jgrft (earthI. When
followed by original i, the e is, of course, mutated to t, as in
skildir plur. nom. of skjgldr (shieldl-gen. skjaldar.
\x г~л*->-*-^~~ //*~>-»Qjl^ Jj~^^<XjS^%
Gradation.
27. By gradation the vowels are related as follows:— >^-ь- °
a . . 6 :—fara (go) pret. _/or, whence by mut. fcera ?ЙЬ>^
(bring). IS"
1 Cp. German erde.

6 ¦ GRAMMAR.
e (i, ja) . . a . . u (o) :—bresta (burst), prt. brast, prt. pi.
brustu, ptc. prt. brostinn; finna (find), fundinn (found ptc),
fundr (meeting).
e . . a . . a . . о :—stela (steal), prt. stal, prt. pi. stalu,
ptc. prt. stolinn.
e . . a . . a . . e :—gefa (give), gaf(he gave), gafu (they
gave), gefinn (given), g/?/(gift), «-fracture ofgef, gcefa (luck)
mut. ofgdf-.
I . . ei . . i:—sklna (shine), skein (he shone), skinu (they
shone), sol-skin (sunshine).
ju (jo) . . au . . u . . о:—ljuga (tell a lie), prt. laug, prt.
" pi. lugu, ptc. prt. loginn. lygi (lie sbst.) mut. of lug-, skjdta
(shoot), skjdtr (swift), skotinn (shot ptc), skot (shot subst).
Other changes.
28. All final vowels are long in accented syllables : pa (then),
пп (now).
29. Inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after
long accented vowels: cp. ganga (to go) withys (to get), the
dat. plurals knjam (knees) with husum (houses).
30. Vowels are often lengthened before /+cons.: halfr
(half adj.), folk (people); cp. folginn (hidden) with brostinn
(burst ptc).
CONSONANTS.
31. v is dropped before о and и : vaxa (to grow), prt. ox,
vinna (to win), unninn (won ptc), svelta (to starve), sollinn
(starved, hungry).
Final r is often assimilated to a preceding cons.
32. *-lr, *-nr, *-sr always become -//, -nn, -ss after a long
vowel or diphthong, as in stoll (chair nom), ace. stol, steinn
(stone nom), ace. stein, vlss (wise masc. nom. sg), гш-fem.nom-

NOUNS. 7
sg., and in unacc. syllables, as in the masc. sg. nominatives
mikill (great), fem. mikil, borinn (carried), fem. borm, ymiss
(various) km.jmis.
33. Words in which /, n, r, s are preceded by a cons, drop
the r entirely, as in the masc. nominatives jarl (earl), hrafn
(raven), vitr (wise), J>urs (giant), lax (salmon).
34. If / and n are preceded by a short accented vowel, the r
is generally kept, as in stelr (steals), vinr- (friend), sr becoming
ss, as elsewhere.
35. r is kept after //, and generally after nn, as in the masc.
nom. allr (all), and in brgnnr (burns).
36. z often stands for 3s as well as ts, as in per pykkizk (ye
ьеет)=.*руШд-sk, Vest-firzkr (belonging to the West Firths)
= -*fir9skr {fgrdr, firth).
37. Inflectional / is generally doubled after a long accented
vowel: far (few) nexxt.fatt (cp. allr ' all,' neut. alii), sd (I saw),
salt' thou sawest.'
INFLECTIONS.
NOUNS.
38. Gender. There are three genders in Icelandic—mas-
Icelandic—masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender is partly natural,
partly grammatical, generally agreeing with the gender in Old
English. Compound words follow the gender of their last
element.
39. Strong and Weak. All weak nouns end in a vowel in
the nom. sg. and in most of the other cases as well. Most
strong nouns end in a cons, in the nom. sg.
40. Cases. There are four cases—nominative, accusative,
dative, genitive. All nouns (except a few contractions) have
the gen. pi. in -a (fiska, of fishes), and the dat. pi. in -um
(fiskum). All strong masculines (fiskr) and some strong

8 , GRAMMAR.
feminities (lru$r, bride) take r1 in the nom. sg. Most strong
feminines show the bare root in the nom. sg. with и-mutation,
if possible (dst, favour, fgr, journey). The nom. pi. of all
strong masc. and fem. nouns ends in r (fiskar, astir). The
ace. pi. of fem. nouns is the same as the nom. pi. (astir).
The ace. pi. of masc. strong nouns always ends in a vowel
(fiska). The plur. nom. and ace. of neuters is the same as
the sing. nom. and ace, except that in the plur. nom. and
ace. they take и-mutation, if possible (hus, houses, Ignd,
lands).
41. The declensions are most conveniently distinguished
by the ace. plur.
Strong Masculines.
SINGULAR.
Nom.
Acc.
Dat.
Gen.
fisk-r
risk
fisk-i
fisk-s
@
{fish)
a-plurals.
t
PLURAL.
fisk-ar
fisk-a
fisk-um
fisk-a
42. So also heimr (home, world); konungr (king); porr
(Thor), acc. por, gen. pors; steinn (stone), acc. stein, gen.
steins, pi. nom. steinar; hrafn (raven), acc. hrafn, pi. nom.
hrafnar; purs (giant), acc. gen. purs, pi. nom. pursar.
43. Dissyllables in -r, -I, -n generally throw out the pre-
preceding vowel before a vowel-inflection : hamarr (hammer),
dat. hamri; jgtunn (giant), pi. nom. jgtnar. kf till (kettle) and
lykill (key) show unmutated vowels in the contracted forms,
as in the acc. plur. katla, lukla.
44. Some nouns of this decl. take -ar in the gen. sing.,
especially proper names, such as Hakon, gen. Hakonar.
1 Subject, of course, to the assimilations described above.

NOUNS. 9
46. Some nouns add v before vowels : seer (sea), gen.
scwar.
46. The dat. sometimes drops the i: scb (sea), por. dagr
(day) mutates its vowel in the dat. dggi.
47. Nouns in -ir keep the г in the sing., and drop it in
the plur.:
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom. hejli-r {cave) he.ll-ar
Ace. belli hejl-a
Dal. hflli hell-um
Gen. h§lli-s he.ll-a
48. So also a number of proper names, such as Skrymir,
porir.
B) i-plurals.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom. sta5-r {place) sta5-ir
Ace. sta6 Sta6-i
Dat. sta5 stg6-um
Gen. sta6-ar sta6-a
49. So also gripr (precious thing), salr (hall).
50. ggstr (guest) takes -i in the dat. sg., and -s in the
61. Those ending in g or k (together with some others)
insert j before a and и : bgkkr (bench), bgkk, bgkk, bgkkjar;
bgkkir, bgkki, bgkkjum, bgkkja. So also mgrgr (marrow),
strgngr (string).
C) u-plurals.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom. skjgld-r {shield) skild-ir
Ace. skjgld skjgld-u
Dat. skild-i skjold-um
Gen. skjald-ar skjald-a

IO GRAMMAR.
62. So also vgndr (twig), vgllr (plain), viSr (wood), ass j
(god) has plur. nom. asir, ace. asu. sonr (son) has dat. sg. j
syni, plur. nom. synir. It regularly drops its r of the nom. ¦*
in such compounds as Tryggva-son (son of Tryggvi). ;
D) r-plurals.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom. fot-r {foot) fcet-r :
Ace. fot fcet-r k
Dat. fcet-i fot-um \
Gen. fot-ar fot-a !
53. So also fingr (finger), gen. fingrar, pi. fingr; veir \
(winter), pi. vetr. madr (man) is irregular: mdSr, mann,
manm, manns; menn, m§nn, mgnnum, manna. \
SINGULAR. PLURAL. ,)
Nom. fadir {father) fe.5r >
Ace. fg6ur ' f§6r
Dat. fg6ur f§6rum
Gen. fgdur f§5ra |
54. So also brodir (brother), pi. brceSr. \
66. Pres. participles used as nouns follow this decl. in the
pi., following the weak class in the sg.:
Nom
Ace.
Dal.
Gen.
SINGULAR.
. bondi {yeoman)
b5nda
bonda
bonda
PLURAL.
bcendr
bcendr
bondum
bonda
56. So also frcendi (kinsman), pl.frcendr.

NOUNS. II
Strong Neuters.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
skip (^г^>) skip
Ace. skip skip
ZW. skip-i skip-um
GWz. skip-s skip-a
67. So also orff (word), /and (land) pi. ^«</, sumar (summer)
pi. sumur (§ 25). -^j-oj^j^ j^*~-V-^ • W^ . .
68. »//« (necklace), ^y« (race), grey (dog) insert у before Д
a and и : greyjum. hggg (stroke) inserts v before a vowel:
hpggvi. kne~ (knee), kne, kne, knis ; кпё. hie, kjam, knja. So
also ire (tree).
69. fe (money) is contracted : g&n./jdr, dat.y?.
SINGULAR.
Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
kvae6i (poem)
kvae6i
kvse6i
kvae5i-s
PLURAL.
kvae6i
kvaedi
kvaeSum
kvaeda
60. So also klcedi (cloth). Those in k insert / before ajo^-4. \
and и: тр-кг (mark), mgrkjum, mgrkja. So also rih'L» rr~-
(sovereignty).
Strong Feminines.
(i) ar-plurals.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
gjgf (gift)
gJ9f
gjpf
gjaf-ar
gjaf-ar
gjaf-ar
gjgf-um
gjaf-a
61. So also mgn (mane), gjgro* (girdle), ar (oar).
62. a (river) contracts : a, a, a, ar; ar, dr, am, a.

Ii GRAMMAR.
63. Many take -u in the dat. sg.: kgrling (old woman),
kgrling, kgrlingu, kgrtingar; kgrlingar, kgrlingar, kgrlingum,
kgrlinga. So also laug (bath).
64. Those with a mutated root-vowel (or г) insert j in
inflection : ey (island), ey, eyju, eyjar ; eyjar, eyjar, eyjum, eyja.
So also Frigg, Hgl. mcer (maid), mey, meyju, meyjar; meyjar,
meyjar, meyjum, meyja.
65. SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom. hei5-r {heath) hei5-ar
Ace. hei5-i hei5-ar
Dat. hei5-i hei6-um
Gen. hei5-ar hei5-a
B) ir-plurals.
SINGULAR.
Nom. tl5
Ace. «5
Dat. tl5
Gen. t'16-ar
PLURAL
tl5-ir
ti6-ir
tl5-um
tf5-a
66. So also sorg (sorrow), skipun (arrangement), hgfn
(harbour) pi. ha/nir, and the majority of strong feminines.
67. Many have -u in the dat. sg.: sol (sun), sol, solu, solar •
soltr, solir, solum, sola. So a\sojprff (earth), stund (period of
time).
68. One noun has r in the nom. sg., following heidr in
the sg.: Ъгйдг (bride), ЪгпШ, brudi, Ъгйбаг; Ьгйдгг, Ъгйдгг,
Ъгйдит, Ьгпда.
(з) r-plurals.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom. bok {book) boek-r
Ace. bok boek-r
Dat. b5k bok-um
Gen. Ьбк-ar bok-a

NOUNS. 13
69. So also natt (night) pi. ncBtr, bot (compensation) pi.
boetr, tgnn (tooth) gen. tannar pi. tgnnr.
70. hgnd (hand) pi. fyndr has dat. sg. hpidi.
71. kyr (cow) has ace. ku, pi. kyr.
72. bricn (eyebrow) assimilates the r of the pi.: brynn.
SINGULAR.
Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
mo5ir (mother)
тббиг
mo5ur
тббиг
73. So also dottir (daughter) pi.
systr.
PLURAL.
тоебг
тоебг
тоебгит
тсебга
dceir; systir (sister) pi
Weak Masculines.
SINGULAR.
Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
bog-i (bow)
bog-a
bog-a
bog-a
PLURAL.
bog-ar
bog-a
bog-um
bog-a
74. So also mani (moon)./Uagi (companion).
76. hgfSingi (chief) and some others insert/ in inflection
hgfdingja, hgfdingjar, hgfdingjuvi.
76. U (scythe) is contracted ; its gen. sg. is Ijd.
77. oxi (ox) has pi. oxn.
78. herra (lord) is indeclinable in the sg.
Weak Neuters.
SINGULAR.
Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
79. So also
hjart-a (heart)
hjart-a
hjart-a
hjart-a
auga (eye).
PLURAL.
hjort-u
hjgrt-u
hjgrt-um
hjart-na

14 GRAMMAR.
Weak Feminines.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom. tung-a {tongue) tung-ur
Ace. tung-u tung-ur
Dat. tung-u tung-um
Gen. tung-u ¦ tung-na
80. So also sljarna (star) pi. stJQrnur, Mrkja (church), gen.
plurals sljarna, kirhna.
Sg. Nom. ejli {old age)
Ace. ejli
Dai. ejli
Gen. еШ
81. So also glgdi (joy) and many abstract nouns.
82. lygi (falsehood) has pi. lygar ; so also ggrsimi (precious
thing).
ADJECTIVES.
83. Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as
nouns, though with partly different endings, together with
strong and weak forms.
Strong Adjectives.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. ung-r (young) ung-t ung
Ace. ung-an ung-t ung-a
Dat. ung-um ung-u ung-ri
Gen. ung-s ung-s ung-rar
PL Nom. ung-ir ung ung-ar
Ace. ung-a ung ung-ar
Dat. ung-um
Gen. ung-ra

ADJECTIVES. 15
84. So akofagr (fair), km.fpgr, neut. fagrt.
85. Some insert/before a and и: nyr (new), nyjum, nyjan.
86. Some insert v before a vowtl: har (high), hdvan, db'kkr
(dark), dokkvir, kykr (alive), kykvir.
87. The / of the neut. is doubled after a long vowel: nytt,
hait. Monosyllables in $, dd, tt form their neut. in -//: breidr
(broad), breitt; leiddr (led), leitt. go3r (good) has neut. gott.
sannr (true) has neut. salt. In unaccented syllables or if a
cons, precedes, // is shortened to /: kalladr (called), kallaf,
blindr (blind), blint, harSr (hard), hart, fastr (firm), fast.
88. / and n assimilate a following r: gamall (old), fern.
ggmul, fern. ace. gamla, dat. gamalli. vann (beautiful), gen.
pi. vcenna.
Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
PL Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
MASC.
mikill {great)
mikinn
miklum
mikils
miklir
mikla
NEUT.
mikit
mikit
miklu
mikils
mikil
mikil
miklum
mikilla
FEM.
mikil
mikla
mikilli
mikillar
miklar
miklar
89. So also Utill (little).
90. Dissyllables in -inn have -it in the neut., and -inn in the
masc. sg. ace.: figinn (distinguished), tigit, tiginn, pi. tignir.
So also kominn (come).
91.
Sg-
Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
MASC.
annarr {other)
annan
96mm
annars
NEUT.
annat
annat
Qoru
annars
FEM.
onnur
абга
annarri
annarrar

Ii.
GRAMMAR.
MASC.
PI. Nom. a5rir
Асе. абга
NEUT.
onnur
ОШШГ
yngri
FEM.
абгаг
абгаг
Dat.
Gen.
Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
PI. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
дбгшп
annarra
Weak Adjectives.
MASC.
ung-i
ung-a
ung-a
ung-a
92. So also fagri, havi, mikli,
Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
yngri (jounger)
yngra
yngra
yngra
NEUT.
ung-a
ung-a
ung-a
ung-a
ung-u
ung-u
ung-u
ung-u
etc.
yngra
yngra
yngra
yngra
FEM.
ung-a
ung-u
ung-u
ung-u
yngri
yngri
yngri
yngri
PI. Nom.
Ace.
Dat. yngrum
Gen. yngri
93. So also all comparatives, such as meiri (greater), and
pres. partic. when used as adjectives, such as gefandi (giving),
dat. pi. gefpndum.
Comparison.
94. (i) with -art, -astr: rikr (powerful), rikari, rikastr;
gSfugr (distinguished), ggfgari, ggfgaslr.

NUMERALS.
95. B) with -гг, -str and mutation : langr (long),
Igngstr; stdrr (big), stcerrt, stcerstr; ungr (young), yngri,
yngslr.
96. The following are irregular :
97.
gamall (old)
go5r (good)
illr {bad)
litill {liiile)
margr {many)
mikill {great)
ejlri
bftri
vgrri
minni
fleiri
meiri
ejztr
be.ztr
v§rstr
minstr
flestr
mestr
NUMERALS.
CARDINAL.
1. einn [one)
2. tveir
3. brir
4. fjorir
5. fimm
6. sex
7. sjau
8. atta
9. nlu
10. tiu
11. ellifu
12. tolf
13. brettan
14. fjortan
15. fimmtan
16. sextan
17. sjautan
18. atjan
ORDINAL.
fyrstr {first)
annarr
bri5i
fjor6i
fimmti
sftti
sjaundi
atti
niundi
tiundi
ellifti
tolfti
brettandi

98.
19-
го.
21.
ЗО.
IOO.
no.
I2O.
I2OO.
GRAMMAR.
CARDINAL.
nitjan
tuttugu
einn ok tuttugu,
brir tigir, etc.
tiu tigir
ellifu tigir
hundra5
busund.
n is declined like other adjectives
Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
MASC.
einn
einn
einum
eins
NEUT.
eitt
eitt
einu
eins
etc.
:—
FEM.
ein
eina
einni
einnar
It also has a pi. einir, einar,ein; gen. einna, etc. in the
sense of' some.'
The next three show various irregularities.
Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
Similarly
IOO.
Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen,
MASC.
tveir
tva
•
badir
MASC.
ba5ir
Ьаба
NEUT.
tvau
tvau
tveim
tv?ggja
(both):
NEUT.
bse6i
Ьэеб!
Ьабит
b?ggja
FEM.
tvser
tvaer
FEM.
Ьабаг
Ьабаг

101.
Nom.
Асе.
Dat.
Gen.
102.
Nom.
Ace.
MASC.
prir
prja
MASC.
fjorir
fjora
PRONOUNS.
NEUT.
prju
prju
prim
priggja
NEUT.
fjogur
fjogur
FEM.
prjar
prjar
FEM.
fjorar
fjorar
Dat. fjorum
Gen. fjogurra
103. The others are indeclinable up to prir tigir, etc.; the
tigir being declined regularly as a plural strong и-masculine :
ligir, tigu, tigum, tiga.
104. hundrad is a strong neut.: tvan hundrud B40), iveim
hundrudum, etc. It governs the gen. (as also does pusund):
fimm hundrud' golf a, ' five (six) hundred chambers.'
105. pusundis a strong «'/--feminine : ivozr pusundir B400).
106. hundrad and pusund are rarely=ioo and 1000.
107. Of the ordinals fyrstr and annarr (§91) are strong,
the others weak adjectives, pridiinserts a/: pridja, etc.
108.
Sg. Nam.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
Dual Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
ek(/)
mik
mer
min
vit
okkr
okkr
okkar
PRONOUNS.
Personal.
рп (thou)
pik
per
pin
it
ykkr
ykkr
ykkar
С 2
—
sik {oneself)
ser
sin
—
sik
ser
sin

2O
PL Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen
PL Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
GRAMMAR.
ver (we)
OSS
OSS
var
MASC.
hann (he)
hann
honum
hans
beir (they)
ba
ber (ye)
убг
убг
убаг
NEUT.
bat (it)
bat
bvi
bess
bau
bau
beim
beira
—
sik (oneselves)
ser
sin
FEM.
hon (she)
hana
he.nni
he,nnar
Ьзег
Ьзег
109. ek was often suffixed to its verb, especially in poetry,
being sometimes added twice over: mcetta-k (I might),
sa-k-a-k (I saw not; tf='not'). So also fiu: er-tu (art
thou), skalt-u (shalt thou) = *skalt-tu.
Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
PL Nom.
Ace.
Possessive.
MASC.
minn (my)
minn
minum
mlns
mlnir
mina
NEUT.
mitt
mitt
mlnu
mlns
min
mm
FEM.
min
mina
minni
minnar
minar
rmnar
Dat. minum
Gen. minna
110. So ahojjinn (thy), sinn (his, etc., reflexive).
111. varr, vart, var (our) is regular : ace. masc. varn,
masc. plur. varir, vdra, varum, varra, etc.

Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
PI. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
PRONOUNS.
MASC.
убагг (your)
убагп
убгит
y5ars
y6rir .
убга
NEUT.
y6art
y6art
убга
y5ars
убиг
убиг
убгит
убагга
FEM.
убиг
убга
y6arri
убаггаг
убгаг
убгаг
112. So also okkarr (our two) ш&уккагг (your two).
113. hans (his), pess (its), hgnnar (her), and peira (their)
are indeclinable.
114.
Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
PL Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
Demonstrative.
MASC.
sa (that)
pann
peim
pess
peir
pa
NEUT.
pat
pat
pvi
pess
pau
pau
peim
beira
FEM.
sii
pa
peiri
peirar
рзег
рэег
115. hinn, hut, hin (that) is inflected like minn (except that
its vowel is short throughout): ace. masc. hinn, plur. masc.
hinir, hina, hinum, hinna.
116. MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg.Nom. pessi (this) petta pessi
Ace. penna petta pessa
Dat. pessum pessu pessi
Gen. pessa pessa pessar

22,
PI. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
MASC.
pessir
pessa
GRAMMAR.
NEUT.
pessi
pessi
pessum
pessa
Definite.
The prefixed definite article is declined
117.
Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
PL Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
MASC
inn
inn
inum
ins
inir
ina
NEUT.
it
it
inu
ins
in
in
inum
inna
FEM.
pessar
pessar
thus:
FEM.
in
ina
inni
innar
inar
inar
118. When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various
changes. In its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after
a short (un-accented) vowel, as in auga-t (the eye), but keeps
it after a long vowel, as in a-in (the river), ire-it (the tree).
The dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost every-
everywhere ; not, however, after the -ar, -r, of the gen. sg., nor in
mgnninir (men, nom.), m§nn-ina (men, ace.). The -m of the
dat. pi. is dropped before the suffixed -num.
Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
MASC.
fiskr-inn
fisk-inn
fiski-num
fisks-ins
NEUT.
skip-it
skip-it
skipi-nu
skips-ins
FEM.
gjof-in
gJQf-ina
gjof-inni
gjafar-innar

PI. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
PI. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
PRONOUNS.
MASC.
fiskar-nir
fiska-na
fisku-num
fiska-nna
bogi-nn
boga-nn
boga-num
boga-ns
bogar-nir
boga-na
bogu-num
boga-nna
NEUT.
skip-in
skip-in
skipu-num
skipa-nna
auga-t
auga-t
auga-nu
auga-ns
augu-n
augu-n
augu-num
augna-nna
Relative.
FEM.
gjafar-nar
gjafar-nar
gjofu-num
gjafa-nna
tunga-n
tungu-na
tungu-nni
tungu-nnar
tungur-nar
tungur-nar
tungnu-num
tungna-nna
119. The ordinary relative pron. is the indeclinable er,
often preceded by sa :, sa er=he who, who, su er who fem.
Interrogative.
120. The neut. hvat has gen. hvess, dat. hvi, which last
is chiefly used as an adverb='why .'
121. masc. neut.
Sg. Nom. hvarr {which of two) hvart
A cc. hvarn hvart
Dat. hvarum hvaru
Gen. hvars hvars
PL Nom. hvarir
Ace. hvara
hvar
hvar
FEM.
hvar
hvara
hvarri
hvarrar
hvarar
hvarar
Dai.
Gen.
hvarum
hvarra

24
122.
Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
PI. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
, Gen.
MASC.
GRAMMAR.
NEUT.
hvgrr {which, who) hvgrt
hvgrn
hvgrjum
hvgrs
hv^rir
hvgrja
1
hv^rt
hve.rju
hv§rs
hvgr
hv§r
hvgrjum
hvejra
Indefinite.
123. einn-hv§rr, eitlhvgrt, einhvgr (some
FEM.
hv§r
hvgrja
hvgrri
hv^rrar
hv^rjar I
hverjar !
|
!
one) keeps an in-
inflected as above.
124. sumr (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective.
125.
Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
PL Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
126.
Sg. Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
MASC.
nakkvarr (some)
nakkvarn
nokkurum
nakkvars
nakkvarir
nakkvara
MASC.
engi (none, no)
engan
engum
engis
NEUT.
nakkvat
nakkvat
nokkuru
nakkvars
nokkur
ngkkur
nokkurum
nakkvarra
NEUT.
ekki
ekki
engu
engis
FEM.
nokkur
nakkvara
nakkvarri
nakkvarrar
nakkvarar
nakkvarar
FEM,
engi
enga
engri
engrar

PL Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.
MASC.
engir
enga
VERBS.
NEUT.
engi
engi
engum
ensra
FEM.
engar
engar
25
127. In hvdr-tvgggja (each of the two, both) the first ele-
element is declined as above, the second is left unchanged.
VERBS.
128. There are two classes of verbs, strong and weak.
Strong verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation,
weak verbs by adding $ (d, t).
129. The (S of the 2 pi. is dropt before pit (ye two) and
per (ye) : gefi per, ga/u pit.
130. There is a middle voice, which ends in -mk in the
1 pers. sg. and pi, the rest of the verb being formed by
adding sk to the active endings, r being dropt, the resulting
ts, 3s being written z (§ 36): kvezk (active kvedr ' says'), pu
fekkzk {fekkt' gottest').
131. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb
gefa (give), which will show those endings which are common
to all verbs:
ACTIVE.
INDICATIVE.
Present sg. 1. gef
2. gef-r
3- gef-r
pi. 1. gef-um
2. gef-i5
3. gef-a
SUBJUNCTIVE
gef-a
gef-ir
gef-i
gef-im
gef-i5
gef-i

26
GRAMMAR.
Preterite sg. i.
2.
3-
pi. i.
2.
3-
INDICATIVE.
gaf
gaf-t
gaf
gaf-um
gaf-u5
gaf-u
SUBJUNCTIVE.
gsef-a
gsef-ir
gsef-i
gsef-im
gsef-i5
gaef-i
Imperative sg. 2 gef; //. 1 gef-um, 2 gef-i5.
Participle pres. gef-andi; prel. gef-inn.
Infin. gefa.
MIDDLE.
INDICATIVE.
Pres. Sg. 1. gef-umk
2. gef-sk
3. gef-sk
//. 1. gef-umk
2. gef-izk
3. gef-ask
Pret. sg. 1. gaf-umk
2. gaf-zk
3. gaf-sk
//. 1. gaf-umk
2. gaf-uzk
3. gaf-usk
Impers. sg. 2 gef-sk; //.
Partic. pres. gef-andisk;
Infin. gef-ask.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
gef-umk
gef-isk
gef-isk
gef-imk
gef-izk
gef-isk
gaef-umk
gsef-isk
gaef-isk
gaef-imk
gaef-izk
gaef-isk
1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk.
pret. gef-izk neut.
Strong Verbs.
132. In the strong verbs the plur. of the pret. indie, gene-
generally has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1 sg.
pret. of the middle voice always has the vowel of the pi. pret.:

VERBS.
27
gafumk. The pret. subj. has the vowel of the pret. indie,
plur. mutated: skaut (he shot), skutu (they shot), skyti (he
might shoot). But there is no mutation in verbs of the first
conj.: hljdpi, inf. hlaupa (leap).
133. The pres. indie, sing, mutates the root-vowel in all
three persons: ekskyt,pu skytr, hann skytr, infin. skjota (shoot).
e however is not mutated : ek gef, рп gefr. The inflectional
r is liable to the same modifications as the r of nouns
(§ 32): skinn, vgx, infin. skina (shine), vaxa (grow).
134. Verbs in Id change the d into / in the 1, 3 sg. pret.
indie, and in the imper. sg.: helt (held), halt (hold!), infin.
halda. nd becomes //, and ng becomes kk under the same
conditions : binda (bind), ganga (go), pret. bait, gekk, imper.
but, gakk.
135. The / of the 2 sg. pret. indie, is doubled after a long
accented vowel: рп satt (thou sawest). If the 1 sg. pret.
indie, ends in / or 3, the 2 sg. ends in zt: lit (I let), рп lizt,
baud (I offered) рп bauzl.
136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distin-
distinguished mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites.
137.
I. ' Fall '-conjugation.
INFIN. THIRD PRES.
falla {fait)
lata (let)
габа {advise)
heita [call)
halda {hold)
ganga {go)
fa {get)
auka {increase)
bua {dwell)
fejlr
laetr
гэебг
heitr
hejdr
g?ngr
faer
eykr
byr
PRT. SING.
fell
let
гёб
het
helt
gekk
fekk
jok
bjo
PRT. PL.
fellu
letu
гёби
hetu
heldu
gengu
fengu
joku
bjoggu
PTC. PRT
fallinn
latinn
ra6inn
heitinn
haldinn
ge.nginn
fe.nginn
aukinn
buinn

2b
GRAMMAR.
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC PRT.
hpggva (hew) hgggr hjo hjoggu hgggvinn
hlaupa (leap) hleypr hljop hljopu hlaupinn
138. The following have weak preterites in r:
groa (grow) grcer grori groru groin n
roa (row) rcer rori roru roinn
snua (twist) snyr snori snoru snuinn
139. heita in the passive sense of' to be named, called'
has a weak present: ek heili, pit heitir.
140.
II. * Shake '-conjugation.
fara (go)
grafa (dig)
Ыаба (load)
vaxa (grow)
standa (stand)
aka (drive)
taka (take)
draga (draw)
fla (flay)
sla (strike)
f?rr
gr§fr
Ыебг
vex
st§ndr
?kr
t?kr
dr?gr
flser
slser
141. The following have
he.fja (lift)
deyja (die)
hlaeja (laugh)
142. Ill
bresta (burst)
hverfa (/urn)
h?fr
deyr
Ыэег
. 'Bind
brestr
hverfr
for
grof
Ыбб
ox
sto6
ok
tok
dro
flo
slo
foru
grofu
Ыбби
oxu
sto6u
oku
toku
drogu
flogu
slogu
weak presents:
hof
do
hlo
hofu
do
hlogu
'-conjugation.
brast
hvarf
brustu
hurfu
farinn
grafinn
hla6inn
vaxinn
sta6inn
§kinn
t§kinn
dr§ginn
fl^ginn
sl^ginn
hafinn
dainn
hl§ginn
brostinn
horfinn

VERBS.
INFIN. THIRD PRES.
svelga {swallow)
ver5a {become)
skjalfa {shake)
drekka {drink)
finna {find)
vinna {win)
binda {bind)
springa {spring)
stinga {pierce)
breg5a {pull)
sokkva {sink)
stokkva {spring)
svelgr
ver6r
skelfr
drekkr
finnr
vinnr
bindr
springr
stingr
breg5r
sokkr
stokkr
PRT. SING.
svalg
var5
skalf
drakk
fann
vann
batt
sprakk
stakk
bra
sokk
stgkk
PRT. PL.
sulgu
ur5u
skulfu
drukku
fundu
unnu
bundu
sprungu
stungu
brug6u
sukku
stukku
2!
PTC. PRT.
solginn
or6inn
skolfinn
drukkinn
fundinn
unninn
bundinn
sprunginn
stunginn
brug5inn
sokkinn
stokkinn
143. The following have weak presents (which makes
however no difference in their conjugation):
bre.nna {burn) bre,nnr brann brunnu brunninn
re.nna \run)
144.
bera {carry)
nema (take)
fela {hide)
koma {come)
sofa {sleep)
145.
drepa {kill)
gefa {give)
kve5a {say)
meta {estimate)
reka {drive)
rgnnr
IV. 'Bear
berr
nemr
felr
komr
sofr
V. ' Give
drepr
gefr
kve5r
metr
rekr
rann
runnu
'-conjugation. ,
bar
nam
fal
kom
svaf
baru
namu
falu
kvamu
svafu
'-conjugation.
drap
gaf
kva5
mat
rak
drapu
gafu
kvaSu
matu
raku
ninnmn
borinn
numinn
folginn
kominn
sofinn
drepinn
gefinn
kve6inn
metinn
rekinn

, GRAMMAR.
THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL.
etr at atu
ser1
sa sa2
. INFIN.
eta (eat)
sja (see)
146. The following have weak presents :—
bi5ja (ask) Ы5г Ьаб Ьаби
sitja (sit) sitr sat satu
liggja (lie) liggr la lagum
biggja (receive) biggr ba bagu
147. VI. * Shine '-conjugation,
bita (bite) bitr beit bitu
drifa (drive) drlfr dreif drifu
gripa (grasp) gripr greip gripu
H5a (go) Нбг Iei5 Нби
lita (look) lltr leit litu
пба (ride) пбг rei5 ri6u
siga (sink) slgr seig sigu
sllta (tear) slltr sleit slitu
stlga (advance) stigr steig stigu
Ыба (wait) Ы5г bei5 bi6u
148. The following has a weak present:
vikja (move) vikr veik viku
149.
VII. ' Choose '-conjugation.
bjo5a
brjota (break)
fljota (float)
hljota (receive)
kjosa (choose)
njota (enjoy)
skjota (shoot)
Ьубг
brytr
flytr
hlytr
kyss
nytr
skytr
Ьаиб
braut
flaut
hlaut
kaus
naut
skaut
Ьиби
brutu
flutu
hlutu
kusum
nutu
skutu
PTC. PRET.
etinn
senn
be6inn
setinn
leginn
peginn
bitinn
drifinn
gripinn
HSinn
litinn
ri5inn
siginn
slitinn
stiginn
bei5nn
vikinn
bo5inn
brotinn
flotinn
hlotinn
kosinn
notinn
skotinn
1 se, ser, ser ; sjam, se5, sja. Snbj. se, ser, se ; sem, se5, se.
2 sam, sai5, sa.

VERBS.
З1
INFIN.
THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRET.
drjiipa (drop)
ljuga (Jell lies)
luka (close)
luta (bend)
fljuga {fly)
drypr
lygr
lykr
lytr
flygr
Weak
draup
laug
lauk
laut
fl5
Verbs.
drupu
lugu
luku
lutu
flugu
dropinn
loginn
lokinn
lotinn
floginn
150. There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All
those of the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the
pres., and form their pret. with д (d, t) : heyra (hear), heyrda.
Those of the second form their pret. in the same way, but
have unmutated vowels in the pres.: ha/a (have) hafda.
Those of the third form their pret. in -ада: kalla (call),
kallada.
I. ' Hear '-conjugation.
ACTIVE.
151. INDICATIVE.
Pres. sg. i. heyr-i
2. heyr-ir
3. heyr-ir
//. 1. heyr-um
2. heyr-i5
3. heyr-a
Pret. sg. 1. heyr-5a
2. heyr-5ir
3. heyr-5i
pi. 1. heyr-5um
2. heyr-5u5
3. heyr-5u
Imper. sg. 1. heyr ; pi.
Partic. pres. heyr-andi
Infin. heyr-a.
SUBJUNCTIVE
heyr-a
heyr-ir
heyr-i
heyr-im
heyr-i5
heyr-i
heyr-6a
heyr-5ir
heyr-5i
heyr-5im
heyr-5i5
heyr-5i
1. heyr-um, 2. heyr-i5.
; pret. heyr-5r.

3^ GRAMMAR.
MIDDLE.
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. sg. i. heyr-umk heyr-umk
2. heyr-isk heyr-isk
3. heyr-isk heyr-isk
//. 1. heyr-umk heyr-imk
2. heyr-izk heyr-izk
3. heyr-ask heyr-isk
Pret. sg. 1. heyr-5umk heyr-5umk
2. heyr-5isk heyr-5isk
3. heyr-6isk heyr-6isk
pi. 1. heyr-6umk heyr-5imk
2. heyr-6uzk heyr-6izk
3. heyr-5usk heyr-6isk
Imper. sg. 2. heyr-sk; pi. 1. heyr-umk, 2. heyr-izk.
Partic. pres. heyr-andisk; prei. heyr-zk neut.
Infin. heyr-ask.
A. Without vowel-change.
152. The inflectional 3 becomes d after long syllables end-
ending in /or n: sigla (sail), siglda; ng/na (name), ngfnda, ngfndr.
153. ~ffi becomes dd: lev!a (lead), leidda.
154. 3 after s and / becomes /: reisa (raise), reista ; mceta
(meet), mcetta. Also in a few verbs in I, n : mala (speak),
mczlia; sp^nna (buckle), spgnta.
155. After nd and pt it is dropped: s^nda (send), sgnda,
sgndr ; lypta (lift), lypta.
156. It is preserved in such verbs as the following: dcema
(judge), dcemlfa; fcera (lead), fcerda ; hgrda (harden), hgrda ;
hleypa (gallop), kleypSa.
B. With vowel-change.
157. All these verbs have / preceded by a short syllable
(tflja), or a long vowel without any cons, after it (dyja), or

VERBS. 33
gg (l§ggja); the j being kept before a and u, as in the pres.
ind. of spyrja (ask): spyr, spyrr, spyrr; spyrjum, spyr id,
spyrja, pres. subj. i sg. ek spyrja; they unmutate their vowel
in the pret. and ptc. pret. (spur5a, spur5r), the mutation
being restored in the pret. subj. spyrcfa, spyrSir, etc. The
ptc. pret. often has an г before the ff.
bgrja (strike)
leggja (lay)
t§lja (tell)
v§kja (wake)
flytja (remove)
dyja (shake)
Ьагба
Iag5a
talSa
vak6a
flutta
du6a
Ьагбг
lag(iNr
tal(iNr
vak6r
fluttr
dQ5r
158. The following keep the mutated vowel throughout:
selja (sell) sejda sejdr
s§tja (set) se.tta sgttr
С
169. The following are irregular:
scekja (seek) sotta sottr
pykkja (seem) potta pottr
Subj. pret. scetta, pcetta.
160. The following has an adj. for its partic. pret.:
ggra (make) g9rSa.
II. ' Have '-conjugation.
161. The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those
of conj. I, except that some of them have imperatives in -г':
vaki, />fgi, uni. Ufa, s§gja have imper. It/, sgg. They
mutate the vowel of the pret. subj. (упба). Their partic.
pret. generally occurs only in the neut.; sometimes the a is
dropped.

34
Ufa (live)
una (be contented)
skorta (be wanting)
pola (endure)
pora (dare)
na (attain)
162. The following
s?gja (say)
pe.gja (&e silent)
hafa (have)
kaupa (buy)
GRAMMAR.
lifi
uni
skorti
poli
pori
nai
Hf6a
un5a
skorta
pol6a
рогба
паба
show mutation :
s?gi
h§fi
kaupi
163. The present indie, of the J
Sing. i. hgfi
2, 3. hefir
s?gi
s§gir
sag6a
pag6a
haf6a
keypta
first three
b
P
lifat
unat
skort
polat
porat
пабг, nait
sag6r
pagat
haf6r
keyptr
is as follows :
?gi
iggir
Plur. 1. hofum
2. hafi б sfgi6
q. hafa
164. The rest of hafa is regular. Pres. subj. hafa, hafir,
hafi; hafim, hafid, hafi. Pret. indie, hafffa, hafdir, hafdi;
hgfdum, hgfdud, hgfdu. Pret. subj. h§fda, hgfdir, hgfffi;
h$fdim, h§fdid, hgfdi. Imper. haf hgfum, hafid. Ptc.
hafandi, haf dr.
III. ' Call '-conjugation.
ACTIVE.
INDICATIVE.
Pres. sg. 1. kall-a
2. kall-ar
3. kall-ar
pi. 1. koll-um
2. kall-i5
3. kall-a
SUBJUNCTIVE
kall-a
kall-ir
kall-i
kall-im
kall-i6
kall-i

VERBS.
35
Pret. sg.
pi
INDICATIVE.
i. kail-аба
2. kall-a6ir
3. kall-a 6i
1. kgll-u5um
2. kgll-u5u5
q. koll-u6u
SUBJUNCTIVE
kall-аба
kall-a6ir
kall-a6i
kall-a6im
kall-a6i6
kall-a6i
Imper. sing. 2. kall-a; plur. 1. kgll-um, 2. kall-i5.
Partic. pres. kall-andi; pret. каПабг (neut. kallat).
Infin. kalla.
MIDDLE.
INDICATIVE.
Pres. sg. 1. kgll-umk
2. kail-ask
3. kail-ask
pi 1. kgll-umk
2. kall-izk
3. kail-ask
Pret. sg. 1. kgll-u6umk
2. kall-a5isk
3. kall-a5isk
pi 1. koll-u5umk
2. kgll-u6uzk
3. kgll-u5usk
Imper. sing. 2. kail-ask ; pi. 1.
Partic. pres. kall-andisk ; pret.
Infin. kail-ask.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
kgll-umk
kall-isk
kall-isk
kall-imk
kall-izk
kall-isk
kgll-u6umk
kall-a5isk
kall-a6isk
kall-a6imk
kall-a5izk
kall-a6isk
kgll-umk, 2. kall-izk.
kall-azk neut.
165. So also byrja (begin), h§rja (make war), vakna
(awake).
D 2

Зб GRAMMAR.
Strong-Weak Verbs.
166. These have old strong preterites for their presents,
from which new weak preterites are formed.
1NFIN.
eiga (possess)
kunna (can)
mega (can)
muna (remember)
munu (will)
skulu (shall)
buifa (need)
unna (love)
vita (know)
PRES. SG.
a
kann
ma
man
mun
skal
barf
ann
veit
PRES. PL.
eigu
kunnu
megu
munu
munu
skulu
burfu
unnu
vitu
PRT.
atta
kunna
matta
типба
типба
skylda
burfta
unna
vissa
PTC.
attr
kunnat n.
matt n.
munat n.
skyldr
burft n.
unnt n.
vita5r.
167. Of these verbs munu and skulu have preterite infini-
infinitives : mundu, skyldu.
Anomalous Verbs.
168. Vilja (will):
Present.
Sing.
i. vil
2. vill
3- vil1
Subj. pres. vili. Pret.
169. Vera (be):
INDICATIVE.
Pres. sg. i. em
2. ert
3- er
pi. i. erum
2. егиб
3. era
Plur.
viljum
vili5
vilja
ind. vilda. Р/с. prt. viljat.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
se
ser
se
sem
se5
se

DER1VA TION. 37
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pret. sg. i. var vsera
2. vart vgerir
3. var vseri
pi. 1. varum . vaerim
2. varu5 vgeri5
3. va.ru vaeri
Imper. sg. ver ; pi. veri5. Р/с. prt. verit n.
COMPOSITION.
170. Composition with the genitive is very frequent in
Icelandic. Thus by the side of skip-stjorn (ship-steering)
we find skips-brot (ship's breaking, shipwreck), skipa-hgrr
(army of ships, fleet). Genitival composition often ex-
expresses possession, as in konungs-skip (king's ship).
DERIVATION.
PREFIXES.
171. Prefixes are much less used in Icelandic than in Old
English.
al- 'quite,' 'very': al-buinn 'quite ready,' al-snolr 'very
clever.'
all- 'all/ 'very': all-valdr 'all-ruler, monarch,' all-hardr
' very hard,' all-storum ' very greatly.'
and- ' against': and-lit ' countenance' (Л/я, look), and-
svar ' answer.'
Q9I- ' many ': fjgl-m§nni ' multitude' (maffr, man).
mis- ' mis-' : mis-hka ' displease.'
u- 'un-': п-fridr 'war' (fridr, peace), п-happ 'mis-
'misfortune ' (happ luck).

3^ GRAMMAR.
ENDINGS.
(a) Nouns.
Personal.
172. -ingr, -ingi, -ing: vlkingr ' pirate,' hgfdingi 'chief,'
kgrling ' old woman.'
Abstract.
173. -S, fem. with mutation : f§gr~S ' beauty ' {fagr, fair),
fircf ' journey' (fara, go), Igngd ' length ' (langr, long).
-ing, fem.: svipting ' pulling,' viking ' piracy/ virding
' honour.'
-leikr, masc.: kcer-leikr ' affection' (kcsrr, dear), skjot-
Mkr ' speed ' (skjdtr, swift).
-an, -un, fem. : sMpan ' arrangement,' skgmtun ' amuse-
amusement.'
E) Adjectives.
174. -tigr: radugr ' sagacious,' prudugr ' strong.'
-ottr : kollottr ' bald,' gndottr ' fierce/
-lauss '-less': fe-lauss 'moneyless,' otta-lauss 'without
fear/
-ligr ' -ly ': undr-ligr ' wonderful/ sann-ligr ' probable '
(sannr, true).
-samr: likn-samr ' gracious/ skyn-samr ' intelligent/
-ver5r '-ward' ; ofan-verdr ' upper/
(c) Verbs.
175. -na: brotna 'be broken' (brotinn, broken), hvitna
' become white/ vakna ' awake/ Used to form intransitive
and inchoative verbs of the third conj.
i

SYNTAX. 39
(d) Adverbs.
176. -liga ' -ly': undar-liga ' wonderfully/ stgrk-liga
' strongly' {sigrkr, strong).
•um, dat. pi.: storum ' greatly ' (siorr, great).
SYNTAX.
177. Icelandic syntax greatly resembles Old English, but"
has several peculiarities of its own.
Concord.
178. Concord is carried out very strictly in Icelandic: allir
mgnn vdru bunir ' all the men were ready,' allir varu drepnir
' all were killed.'
179. A plural adj. or pronoun referring to two nouns of
different (natural or grammatical) gender is always put in
the neuter : pa gekk hann upp, ok meff honum Loki (masc),
ok pjalji (masc), ok Rgskva (fem.). />a erpau (neut.) hgfdu
litla hrid ggngit . . ' he landed, and with him L., and p., and
R. When they had walked for some time . . .'
Cases.
180. The extensive use of the instrumental dative is very
characteristic of Icelandic: whenever the direct object of
a verb can be considered as the instrument of the action
expressed by the verb, it is put in the dative, as in kasta
spjoti ' throw a spear' (lit. ' throw with a spear'), hann hell
hamarskaptinu ' he grasped the handle of the hammer,' heita
pvi 'promise that/ Jalapvl' agree to that/

4© GRAMMAR.
ADJECTIVES.
181. The weak form of adjectives is used as in О. Е. after
the definite article, pessi and other demonstratives, annarr
(other) is always strong.
182. An adj. is often set in apposition to a following noun
to denote part of it: eiga halft dyrit ' to have half of the
animal,' gnnurpau 'the rest of them/ ofmidja natt 'in the
middle of the night.'
PRONOUNS.
183. sa is often put pleonastically before the definite article
inn, both before and after the subst.: sa inn ungi maSr ' that
young man/ hafit pat it djupa ' the deep sea.'
184. The definite article is generally not expressed at all,
or else einn, einnhvgrr is used.
185. A noun (often a proper name) is often put in apposi-
apposition to a dual pron. of the first and second persons, or a plur.
of the third person : pit felagar, ' thou and thy companions/
medpeim Aka ' with him and Aid/ Similarly stgndr Porr upp
ok peir felagar ' Thor and his companions get up.'
186. The plurals ver,per are sometimes used instead of the
singulars ek, рп, especially when a king is speaking or being
spoken to.
187. sik and sir are used in a strictly reflexive sense, refer-
referring back to the subject of the sentence, like se in Latin :
Porr baud honum til malar med sir ' Thor asked him to
supper with him.'
VERBS.
188. The tenses for which there is no inflection in the
active, and all those of the passive, are formed by the
auxiliaries skal (shall), ha/a (have), vera (be) with the infin.
and ptc. pret., much as in modem English.

SYNTAX. 41
189. The historical present is much used, often alternating
abruptly with the preterite.
190. The middle voice is used: A) in a purely reflexive
sense: spar a 'spare,' spar ask 'spare oneself, reserve one's
strength.' B) intransitively: Ъпа 'prepare/ buask 'become
ready, be ready '; sgtja ' set/ sgtjask ' sit down '; syna ' show/
synask 'appear, seem.' C) reciprocally: bgrja 'strike/ bgr-
jask ' fight'; hitta, ' find/ hitlask ' meet.' In other cases it
specializes the meaning of the verb, often emphasizing the
idea of energy or effort: koma ' come/ komask ' make one's
way.'
191. The impersonal form of expression is widely used in
Icelandic : rak a storm (ace.)fyrir peim ' a storm was driven
in their face.'
192. The indef. ' one' is expressed in the same way by
the third pers. sg., and this form of expression is often used
when the subject is perfectly definite: ok freista skalpessar
Iprottar ' and this feat shall be tried (by you).'
193. The abrupt change from the indirect to the direct
narration is very common : Haraldi konungi var sag/ at par
var komit bjarndyrt, ' ok a Islgnzkr maffr,' ' King Harold was
told that a bear had arrived, and that an Icelander owned it/
The direct narration is also used after at (that): hann svarar
at' ek skal rida til Hgljar' ' he answers that he will ride to
Hel.'

TEXTS.
I.
THOR.
-^ torr er asanna framastr, sa er kalla6r er Asa-porr еба
Qku-porr; hann er ste.rkastr allra gu6anna ok manna.
Hann a par riki er I>ru5-vangar heita, en holl hans heitir
Bilskirnir; I peim sal eru fimm hundru6 golfa ok fjorir tigir;
pat er hus mest, sva at mgnn^hafa gQ'rt. ^ ^^ -5 "*"
l>6rr a hafra tva, er sva heita, Tann-gnjostr ok Tann-
grisnir, ok rei6 pa er hann e.kr, en hafrarnir draga rei6ina;
pvl er hann kalla6r Qkuporr. Hann a ok prja kost-gripi.
Einn peira er hamarrinn Mjollnir, er hrim-pursar ok berg-
risar kgnna, ba er hann komr a lopt, ok er pat eigi undarligt: IO
hann hffir lam it margan haus a f§6rum еба frsendum peira.
Annan grip a hann bgztan, m§gin-gjar6ar; ok er hann
spgnnir peim um sik, pa v§x honum as-m§gin halfu. En
pri6ja hlut a hann pann er mikill gripr er I, pat eru jarn-
glofar; peira ma hann eigi missa vi6 hamarskaptit. En 15
engi er sva fro5r at tflja kunni oil stor-virki hans.

II.
THOR AND UTGARDALORI.
t>at er upp-haf bessa mals at Qkuborr for теб hafra sma
ok rei5, ok теб honum sa ass er Loki er каНабг; кота
beir at kveldi til eins bonda ok fa bar natt-sta6. En um
kveldit tok Pen hafra sina, ok skar Ьаба; fptir bat varu
5 beir fle.gnir ok bomir til kgtils; en er so6it var, pa. settisk
f>6rr til natt-ver6ar ok beir lags-me.nn. Рбп Ьаиб til matar
теб ser bondanum, ok konu hans, ok bornum beira ; sonr
bonda het fjalfi, en Roskva dottir. l>a Iag6i l>6rr hafr-
stpkurnar utar fra, eldinum, ok mselti at bondi ok heima-menn
iо hans skyldu kasta a. hafrstgkurnar beinunum. t'jalfi, sonr
bonda, helt a. leer-lggg hafrsins, ok spr§tti a. knlfi slnum, ok
braut til m§rgjar. 1>бгг dval6isk bar of nattina; en I ottu
fyrir dag sto6 hann upp, ok klseddi sik, tok hamarinn
Mjollni ok bra. upp, ok vig6i hafrstgkurnar; sto6u ba upp
15 hafrarnir, ok var pa. annarr haltr gptra foeti. {'at fann l?6rr,
ok taldi at bondinn еба hans hjon mundi eigi skynsamliga
hafa farit теб beinum hafrsins: ke.nnir hann at brotinn var
leerl^ggrinn. Eigi barf langt fra, bvl at sggja : vita me.gu bat
allir hv§rsu hreeddr bondinn mundi vera, er hann sa. at Pott
20 let siga brynnar ofan fyrir augun; en bat er sa augnanna,
ba hug6isk hann falla mundu fyrir sjoninni einni samt; hann
h§r6i hgndrnar at hamar-skaptinu sva at hv!tnu6u knuarnir.
En bondinn g?r6i sem van var, ok oil hjonin: kollu6u aka-
fliga, Ьаби ser fri6ar, Ьиби at fyrir kvsemi alt bat er bau
25 attu. En er hann sa hrsezlu beira, ba gekk af honum

//. THOR AND UTGARBALOKI. 45
тббгтп, ok sefadisk hann; ok tok af peim I ssett bgrn
peira, fjalfa ok Rosku, ok g<?r5usk pau pa. skyldir pjonustu-
me.nn f'ors, ok fylgja pau honum jafnan sl6an.
Let hann par e,ptir hafra, ok byrja6i fe,r5ina austr I
Jgtun-heima, ok alt til hafsins; ok pa. for hann ut yfir 30
hafit pat it djupa; en er hann кот til lands, pa gekk hann
upp, ok теб honum Loki, ok I'ja.lfi, ok Rgskva. I'a er pau
hof6u Htla hrl5 g§ngit, var6 fyrir peim mork stor; gengu
pau pann dag allan til myrkrs. f'jaffi var allra manna
fot-hvatastr; hann bar kyl I'ors, en til vista var eigi gott. 35
I'a er myrkt var or6it, Ieitu5u peir ser til nattsta5ar, ok
fundu fyrir ser skala nakkvarn mjok mikinn, va.ru dyrr a
§nda, ok jafn-brei5ar skalanum; par leituSu peir ser natt-
bols. En of mi6ja natt var6 land-skjalfti mikill, gekk jordin
undir peim skykkjum, ok skalf husit. I'a. sto6 I'orr upp, ok 4°
het a. lagsmgnn sma; ok Ieitu5usk fyrir, ok fundu af-hus til
hoagri handar I mi6jum skalanum, ok gengu pannig; sgttisk
^orr 1 dyrrin, en gnnur pau varu innar fra. honum, ok varu
pau hrsedd, en &бгг helt hamarskaptinu, ok hug5i at vgrja
sik; pa heyr6u pau ym mikinn ok gny. En er кот at 45
dagan, pa. gekk ^orr ut, ok sir hvar la. табг skamt fra
honum I skoginum, ok var sa eigi Htill; hann svaf, ok hraut
stfrkliga. I'a pottisk forr skilja hvat latum verit haf5i of
nattina; hann spetmir sik mfgingjgreum, ok ox honum
asmggin; en I pvl vaknar табг sa, ok sto6 skjott upp; en 50
pa. er sagt at ^or var6 bilt einu sinni at sla hann теб ham-
rinum; ok spur6i hann at nafni, en sa ngfndisk Skrymir :
' en eigi parf ek/ sag6i hann, ' at spyija pik at nafni: k§nni
ek at рп ert Asaporr ; en hvart h§flr рп dr§git a braut hanzka
minn ?' Seildisk pa. Skrymir til, ok tok upp hanzka sinn; 55
ser forr pa. at pat hafSi hann haft of nattinaTyrir skala, en
afhusit pat var pumlungrinn hanzkans. Skrymir spurdi ef
I'orr vildi hafa foru-neyti hans, en forr jatti pvl. I'a tok

4-t //. THOR AND UTGARBALOKI.
Skrymir ok leysti nestbagga sinn, ok bjosk til at eta dogur5,
60 en Porr 1 o5rum sta6 ok hans feiagar. Skrymir bau5 pa at
peir I§g6i motu-neyti sitt, en porr jatti pvl; pa batt Skrymir
nest peira alt 1 einn bagga, ok Iag5i a. bak sir; hann gekk
fyrir of daginn, ok steig hejdr storum, en sl6an at kyeldi
Ieita6i Skrymir peim nattsta5ar undir eik nakkvarri mikilli.
65 Pa. .meelti Skrymir til Pors at hann vill lgggjask ni6r at
sofna; ' en per taki6 nest-baggann, ok bui6 til natt-verdar
убг.' pvi nsest sofnar Skrymir, ok hraut fast; en Porr tok
nest-baggann ok skal leysa; en sva er at se.gja, sem u-truligt
mun pykkja, at engi knut fekk hann leyst, ok engi alar-
70 ?ndann hreyft, sva. at pa vseri lausari en абг. Ok er hann
ser at petta verk ma eigi nytask, pa. var6 hann rei5r, greip
pa hamarinn Mjollni tveim hondum, ok steig fram o5rum
foeti at par er Skrymir la, ok lystr I hgfu5 honum; en
Skrymir vaknar, ok spyrr hvart laufs-Ыаб nakkvat felli 1
75 hofud honum, еба hvart peir h^f6i pa matazk, ok se bunir
til rgkkna. Porr s^gir at peir munu pa sofa ganga. Ganga
pau pa. undir абга eik. Er pat per satt at se.gja, at ekki var
pa. ottalaust at sofa. En at mi5ri natt pa. heyrir Porr at
Skrymir hrytr, ok sofr fast, sva at dunar 1 skoginum. Pa,
80 st§ndr hann upp, ok g§ngr til hans, rei6ir hamarinn titt ok
hart, ok lystr ofan I mi5jan hvirfil honum; hann kgnnir at
hamars-mu6rinn sokkr djupt I hofu5it. En I pvl bili vaknar
Skrymir, ok mselti: ' hvat er nu ? fell akarn nakkvat I hgfud
mer ? еба hvat er titt um pik, porr ?' En porr gekk aptr
85 skyndiliga, ok svarar at hann var pa. nyvakna5r, sag6i at pa
var mid natt, ok enn veeri ma.1 at sofa. Pa. hugsaSi Porr pat,
ef hann kveemi sva I fceri at sla hann it pri5ja hogg, at aldri
skyldi hann sja. sik sl6an; liggr nu ok geetir ef Skrymir
sofha5i fast. En Htlu fyrir dagan pa, heyrir hann at Skrymir
90 mun sofnat hafa; st§ndr pa upp, ok hleypr at honum, rei5ir
pa hamarinn af gllu afli ok lystr a punn-vangann pann er

II. THOR AND UTGARBALOKT. 47
upp vissi; sokkr pa, hamarrinn upp at skaptinu. En Skry-
mir sfttisk upp, ok strauk of vangarm, ok mselti: ' hvart
munu fuglar nakkvarir sitja I trenu yfir me"r ? mik gruna5i,
er ek vakna5a, at tros nakkvat af kvistunum felli I hofu5 95
mer; hvart vakir рп, l>6rr? Mai mun vera upp at standa
ok Ыгебавк, en ekki eigu per nu langa Iei6 fram til borgar-
innar er kollu5 er Ut-gar6r. Heyrt he.fi ek at per hafi5
kvisat I milli y6var at ek vsera ekki litill табг vgxti, en sja
skulu per par stcerri me.nn, er per komi6 I Utgar6. Nu mun 100
ek габа убг heil-rse6i: lati per eigi storliga yfir убг, ekki
munu hir6m§nn Utgar6a-loka vel pola pvilikum kggur-
sveinum kgpur-yr5i; en at g5rum kosti hverfi5 aptr, ok
pann eetla ek убг bgtra af at taka. En ef per vili5 fram
fara, pa. ste.fni per 1 austr, en ek а. пп погбг Iei6 til fjalla 105
pessa er nu munu per sja mega.' Tfkr Skrymir nest-bag-
gann, ok kastar a. bak sir, ok snyr pv§rs a braut 1 skoginn
fra. peim, ok er pess eigi getit at eesirnir bee6i pa heila
hittask.
&6rr for fram a Iei6 ok peir felagar, ok gekk fram til mi5s no
dags; pa sa peir borg standa a. vgllum ngkkurum, ok s§ttu
hnakkann a. bak ser aptr, абг peir fengu set yfir upp; ganga
til borgarinnar, ok var grind fyri borg-hli5inu, ok lokin aptr.
&6rr gekk a, grindina, ok fekk eigi upp lokit; en er peir
preyttu at komask 1 borgina, pa. smugu peir milli spalanna 115
ok komu sva. inn; sa pa holl mikla, ok gengu pannig; var
hur6in opin; pa. gengu peir inn, ok sa par marga m§nn
a, tva bfkki, ok flesta oerit stora. Pvi neest кота peir fyrir
konunginn, Utgar6aloka, ok kvgddu hann, en hann leit seint
til peira, ok glotti um tonn, ok mgelti: 'seint er um langan 120
veg at spyrja tl6inda, еба er annan veg en ek hygg, at pessi
svein-stauli se Qkuporr? en meiri muntu vera en mer Hzk
рп ; еба hvat Iprotta er pat er per felagar pykkizk vera vi6
bunir ? Engi skal her vera теб oss sa er eigi kunni nakkvars

4> //• THOR AND UTGARDALOKI.
i25 konar list еба kunnandi um fram fiesta mgnn/ Pa se.gir sa
er si5ast gekk, er Loki heitir: ' kann ek ba Ibrott, er ek em
al-buinn at reyna, at engi er her sa inni er skjotara skal eta
mat sinn en ek/ pa. svarar Utgar5aloki: ' ibrott er bat, ef
bu e/nir, ok freista skal ba bessar Ibrottar;' kalla6i utar a
130 be.kkinn at sa, er Logi heitir skal ganga a. golf fram, ok freista
sin 1 moti Loka. Pa var tejdt trog eitt, ok borit inn a. hallar-
golfit, ok fylt af slatri; se.ttisk Loki at o5rum §nda, en Logi
at gdrum, ok at hvarr-tve.ggja sem tl5ast, ok moettusk I mi6ju
troginu; haf6i ba. Loki etit sla.tr alt af beinum, en Logi hafSi
135 ok etit slatr alt ok beinin me5, ok sva. trogit; ok syndisk nfl
gllum sem Loki he.f5i latit leikinn. Pa. spyrr Utgar5aloki
hvat sa inn ungi табг kunni leika. En pjalfi se.gir at hann
mun freista at r§nna skei6 ngkkur vi5 einn-hv§rn bann er
Utgar5aloki feer til. Hann s§gir, Utgar5aloki, at betta er
140 go5 Ibrott, ok kallar bess meiri van at hann se vel at ser
buinn of skjotleikinn, ef hann skal bessa Ibrott inna; en bo
lsetr hann skjott bessa skulu freista. Ste.ndr ba, upp Utgar6a-
loki, ok g§ngr Ot, ok var bar gott skei5 at r^nna §ptir slettum
vglli. Pa kallar Utgar5aloki til sin sveinstaula nakkvarn, er
145 n^fndr er Hugi, ok Ьаб hann r^nna 1 kgpp vi6 pjalfa. Pa.
taka beir it fyrsta skei6, ok er Hugi bvl framar at hann
snysk aptr 1 moti honum at skei5s fnda. Pa, mgelti Utgar6a-
loki: ' burfa muntu, pjalfi, at l?ggja bik meir fram, ef bu
skalt vinna leikinn; en bo er bat satt, at ekki hafa her komit
150 beir me.nn er mer bykkja fothvatari en sva/ Pa, taka beir
aptr annat skei5, ok ba. er Hugi er kominn til skei5s fnda,
ok hann snysk aptr, ba, var langt kolf-skot til Pjalfa. Pa,
maelti Utgar6aloki: 'vel bykkir mer Pjalfi r§nna; en eigi
trui ek honum nu at hann vinni leikinn, en nu mun reyna,
155 er beir re.nna it bri5ja skei6it/ Pa, taka beir §nn skeiS ; en
er Hugi er kominn til skei5s e.nda ok snysk aptr, ok er
Pjalfi eigi ba kominn a mitt skeidit; ba sggja allir at reynt

II. THOR AND UTGARDALOKI. 49
er um penna leik. Pa. spyrr Utgar6aloki for, hvat peira
Iprotta mun vera er hann muni vilja birta fyrir peim, sva.
miklar sogur sem me.nn hafa gijrt um storvirki hans. Pa 160
mgelti I'orr at he.lzt vill hann bat taka til, at preyta drykkju
vi6 einnhvgrn mann. Utgar6aloki se.gir at pat ma vel vera;
ok ge.ngr inn I hollina, ok kallar skutil-svein sinn, bi6r at
hann taki vltis-horn pat, er hir6m§nn eru vanir at drekka af.
^vi nsest komr fram skutilsveinn теб horninu, ok fser for I 165
. hond. Pa mselti Utgar6aloki: ' af horni pessu pykkir pa
vel drukkit, ef I einum drykk g§ngr af, en sumir телп
drekka af I tveim drykkjum, en engi er sva lltill drykkju-
табг, at eigi gangi af I primr/ forr lltr a hornit, ok synisk
ekki mikit, ok er po heldr langt, en hann er mjok pyrstr; 170
tgkr at drekka, ok svelgr allstorum, ok hyggr at eigi skal
purfa at luta optar at sinni I hornit. En er hann praut
orindit, ok hann laut or horninu, ok ser hvat Iei5 drykkinum,
ok llzk honum sva, sem all-lltill munr mun vera at nu se
leegra T horninu en абг. М mselti Utgar6aloki: 'vel er 175
drukkit, ok eigi til mikit; eigi munda-k trua, ef mer veeri
sagt fra, at Asaporr mundi eigi meira drykk drekka; en
po veit ek at рп munt vilja drekka af I o5rum drykk.'
forr svarar engu, se.tr hornit a munn ser, ok hyggr nu at
hann skal drekka meira drykk, ok preytir a drykkjuna, sem 180
honum vannsk til orindi, ok ser §nn at stikillinn hornsins
vill ekki upp sva. mjgk sem honum llkar; ok er hann tok
hornit af munni ser ok ser, llzk honum nu sva, sem minna
hafi porrit en I inu fyrra sinni; er nu gott beranda Ьогб
a horninu. f»a mselti Utgar6aloki: ' hvat er nu, I'orr ? 185
muntu nu eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira en per mun
hagr a vera ? Sva llzk mer, ef рп skalt nu drekka af horninu
inn pri5ja drykkinn, sem pessi mun mestr eetla6r; en ekki
muntu mega her med oss heita sva mikill табг sem gesir
kalla pik, ef рп ggrir eigi meira af per um абга leika en mer 190
E

5 //• THOR AND UTGARBALOKI.
Kzk sem um J>enna mun vera.' ]?a var6 f'orr rei5r, s§tr
hornit a. munn ser, ok drekkr sem akafligast ma hann, ok
preytir sem l§ngst a drykkinn; en er hann sa. I hornit, pa
haf6i nu he.lzt nakkvat munr a. fe.ngizk, ok рп Ьубг hann upp
*95 hornit, ok vill eigi drekka meira. f'a. mselti Utgar5aloki:
' au5-sgt er nu at mattr pinn er ekki sva mikill sem ver
hug6um; en vill-tu freista um fleiri leika ? Sja ma nu, at
ekki nytir рп her af.' f'orr svarar: ' freista ma ek §nn of
nakkvara leika, en undarliga mundi mer pykkja, pa er ek var
200 heima me5 asum, ef pvillkir drykkir vseri sva. lltlir kalla6ir. En
hvat leik vili per nu bjo5a mer ?' f'a mselti Utgar5aloki: 'pat
gijra her ungir sveinar er lltit mark mun at pykkja, at hejfja
upp af jgrcSu kgtt minn ; en eigi munda-k kunna at msela
pvlllkt vi5 Asabor, ef ek he/ба eigi set fyrr at рп ert miklu
2O5 mirmi fyrir per en ek hug6a.' Pvi nsest hljop fram kgttr
einn grar a hallargolfit, ok hfldr mikill; en forr gekk til, ok
tok 'hetidi sinni ni5r undir mi6jan kvi6inn, ok lypti upp, en
kgttrinn beyg6i k^nginn, sva sem Pott retti upp hondina; en
er Pott seildisk sva. langt upp sem hann matti l§ngst, pa. letti
210 kottrinn einum foeti, ok faer Pott eigi framit penna leik. ta
meelti Utgar6aloki: ' sva. for pessi leikr sem mik var6i;
kgttrinn er heidr mikill, en Рогт er la.gr ok lltill hja stor-
mgnni pvi sem her er me5 oss.' f'a mselti f'orr: ' sva Htinn
sem per kalli6 mik, pa. gangi nu til einnhvgrr, ok faisk vi6
215 mik; nu em ek rei5r.' f'a svarar Utgar5aloki, ok litask um
a, b^kkina, ok mselti: ' eigi se ek pann mann her inni, er *
eigi mun Iitil-rae6i I pykkja at fask vi6 pik;' ok §nn mselti
hann: ' sjam fyrst, kalli mer hingat k^rlinguna, fostru mlna
!glli, ok faisk f'orr vi5 hana, ef hann vill; fflt hffir hon pa.
220 mgnn er mer hafa litizk eigi п-stgrkligri en f'orr er.' f"vl
nsest gekk 1 hollina kfrling ein gomul. f'a mselti IJtgar-
6aloki, at hon skal taka fang vi5 Asapor. Ekki er langt um
at gg'ra: sva. for fang pat at pvi Ьагбага er f'orr knu5isk at

//. THOR AND UTGARDJLOKI. 51
fanginu, bvl fastara sto5 hon; ba tok kejling at leita til
brag6a, ok var6 porr ba lauss a fotum, ok varu Ьгег svip- 225
tingar all-har6ar, ok eigi l§ngi абг en Рбгг fell a. kne o5rum
foeti. Pa gekk til Utgar5aloki, Ьаб bau hsetta fanginu, ok
sag6i sva, at Porr mundi eigi burfa at bjo6a fleirum monnum
fang 1 hans holl; var ba, ok Ii6it a. natt, vlsa6i Utgar5aloki
por ok beim felogum til ssetis, ok dvejjask bar natt-langt 1 230
go6um fagna6i.
¦ En at morgni, begar daga6i, ste.ndr porr upp ok beir
felagar, Ыгеба sik, ok eru bunir braut at ganga. Pa. kom
bar UtgarSaloki, ok let s§tja beim Ьогб; skorti ba. eigi
go6an fagna6, mat ok drykk. En er beir hafa matazk, pa 235
snuask beir til f§r6ar. Utgar6aloki fylgir beim Ot, g?ngr
теб beim braut or borginni; en at skilna6i pa. mselti Utgar-
6aloki til Pors, ok spyrr hv§rnig honum bykkir f§r6 sin
or5in, еба hvart hann heiir hitt rikara mann nakkvarn en
sik. Porr svarar at eigi mun hann bat b§gja, at eigi hafi 240
hann mikla 0-scem6 farit I beira vi5-skiptum; ' en bo veit
ek at ber munu5 kalla mik lltinn mann fyrir mer, ok uni ek
bvl ilia.' Pa mseiti Utgar6aloki: ' nfl skal s§gja ber it sanna,
er bu ert Qt kominn or borginni—ok ef ek lift ok mega-k
габа, ba skaltu aldrioptar 1 hana кота; ok bat veit trua 245
mm, at aldri he/6ir bfl 1 hana komit, ef ek hef6a vitat абг at
bu h§f6ir sva. mikinn krapt теб per, ok рп haf6ir sva пгег
haft oss mikilli Q-foaru. En sjon-hvgrfingar Ьф ek g^rt per,
sva at fyrsta sinn, er ek fann pik a skoginum, kom ek til
fundar vi5 убг; ok pa. er bu skyldir leysa nestbaggann, ba 250
haf5a-k bundit теб gres-jarni, en bu fannt eigi hvar upp
skyldi Шка. En bvi nsest laust bu mik теб hamrinum prju
hggg, ok var it fyrsta minst, ok var bo sva mikit, at mer
mundi e.ndask til bana, ef a he,f6i komit; en bar er bu satt
hja hgll minni set-berg, ok bar satt-u ofan I brja. dala fer- 255
skeytta ok einn djQpastan, pat varu hamarspor pin; setber-
E 2

" L II. THOR AND UTGARBALOKI.
ginu bra ek fyrir hoggin en eigi satt рп bat. Sva. var ok of
leikana, er J>er preyttu5 vi6 hir5me.nn mina. {'a var bat it
fyrsta, er Loki ggr5i; hann var mjok soltinn, ok at titt; en
260 sa er Logi het, bat var villi-eldr, ok bre.ndi hann eigi seinna
slatrit en trogit. En er l>jalfi breytti rasina vi6 bann er
Hugi het, bat var hugi minn, ok var fjalfa eigi vsent at
preyta skjot-foeri vi6 hann. En er bu drakkt af horninu, ok
botti per seint K5a,—en bat veit trua mm, at pa var5 bat
265 undr, er ek munda eigi trua at vera msetti; annarr e.ndir
hornsins var ut I hafi, en bat sattu eigi; en nu, er bu komr
til ssevarins, ba mun-tu sja mega, hve.rn Ьигб bu hgfir drukkit
a. ssenum.' fat eru nu fjorur kalla6ar. Ok §nn meelti hann:
' eigi botti mer hitt minna vera vert, er bu lyptir upp k§t-
270 tinum, ok per satt at se.gja, pa hrseddusk allir peir er sa,
er bu lyptir af jor5u einum foetinum; en sa kgttr var eigi
sem per syndisk; pat var Mi5gar5s-ormr, er liggr um lgnd
9II, ok vannsk honum varliga I§ng6in til, at jgr5ina toeki
spor6r ok hofu6; ok sva langt seildisk рп upp at skamt var
275 pa til himins. En hitt var ok mikit undr um fangit, er bu
fekkzk vi5 Elli; fyrir bvl at engi he.fir sa or6it, ok engi
mun ver5a, ef sva. gamall er at ejli Ыбг, at eigi komi fllin
gllum til falls. Ok er nu bat satt" at sggja, at ver munum
skiljask, ok mun ba b§tr hvarratvfggju handar at ber komi6
280 eigi op tar mik at hitta; ek mun e.nn annat sinn v§rja borg
mina теб pvllikum velum еба дбшт, sva at ekki vald munu
per a mer fa.' En er &6rr heyr6i pessa tolu, greip hann til
hamarsins, ok breg5r a lopt; en er hann skal fram rei6a, pa.
ser hann par hv^rgi Utgar6aloka, ok pa snysk hann aptr til
285 borgarinnar, ok eetlask pa fyrir at brjota borgina; ba ser
hann par vollu vl6a ok fagra, en enga^borg. Snysk hann
ba aptr, ok fgrr Iei6 slna, til pess er hann кот aptr I f'rud-
vanga.

III.
BALDER.
Annarr sonr O6ins er Baldr, ok er fra honum gott at
s§gja: hann er b§ztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er sva fagr
a-litura ok bjartr sva. at lysir af honum ; ok eitt gras er sva
hvltt at jafnat er til Baldrs brar, bat er allra grasa hvitast;
ok bar §ptir mattu marka hans fe.gr5, bseSi a har ok a llki; 5
hann er vitrastr asanna, ok fe.grstr tali6r ok Hknsamastr. En
sQ nattura fylgir honum at engi ma haldask domr hans.
Hann byr bar sem heitir BreiSa-blik, bat er a himni; I beim
sta6 ma ekki vera п-hreint, sva sem her sggir:
Brei6ablik heita, bar er Baldr Ъфг ю
ser of g<?rva sali;
1 bvl landi er ek liggja veit
fsesta feikn-stafi.

IV.
THE DEATH OF BALDER.
fat er upphaf bessar sggu, at Baldr inn go5a dreym6i
drauma stora ok hsettliga um lif sitt. En er hann sag5i
asunum draumana, pa, baru peir saman ra.6 sin, ok var pat
ggrt at bei6a gri5a Baldri fyrir alls konar haska; ok Frigg
5 tok svardaga til pess, at eira skyldu Baldri eldr ok vatn, jam
ok alls konar malmr, steinar, jor5m, vi6irnir, sottirnar, dyrin,
fuglarnir, eitr, ormar. En er petta var ggrt ok vitat, pa var
pat ske.mtun Baldrs ok asanna at hann skyldi standa upp a,
pingum, en allir a6rir skyldu sumir skjota a, hann, sumir
io hgggva til, sumir berja grjoti. En hvat sem at var ggrt,
saka5i hann ekki, ok botti petta gllum mikill frami. En er
petta sa Loki Laufeyjar-son, pa Iika5i honum ilia er Baldr
saka5i ekki. Hann gekk til Fe.n-salar til Friggjar, ok bra
ser I konu llki; ba spyrr Frigg ef su kona vissi hvat sesir
15 hgf5usk at a. pinginu. Hon sag6i at allir skutu at Baldri,
ok pat,"at hann saka5i ekki. Pa mselti Frigg: 'eigi munu
vapn еба v;5ir granda Baldri; ei6a he.fi ek p?git af gllum
peim/ Pa, spyrr konan : ' hafa allir hlutir ei6a unnit at .eira
Baldri ?' Pa. svarar Frigg : ' ve.x vi5ar-teimmgr einn fyrir
20 vestan Val-hgll; sa er Mistilteinn kalladr; sa, potti mer ungr
at kr^fja ei5sins.' P\i nsest hvarf konan a, braut; en Loki
tok Mistiltein ok sleit upp, ok gekk til pings. En Ндбг sto5
utarliga I mannhringinum, pvl at hann var blindr. Pa mselti
Loki vi6 hann: ' hvl skytr bu ekki at Baldri ?' Hann svarar :
25 'pvl at ek se eigi, hvar Baldr er, ok bat annat, at ek em

IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER. 55
vapnlauss/ f»a mselti Loki: ' ggr-6u po I liking annarra
manna, ok veit Baldri soem5 sem a5rir me.nn; ek mun visa
per til, hvar hann stgndr; skjot at honum v§ndi pessum.'
Ндбг tok Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri at tilvlsun Loka;
flaug skotit I g?gnum hann, ok fell hann dau5r til jar5ar; ok 3°
h§fir pat mest п-happ verit unnit теб go5um ok monnum.
I>a er Baldr var fallinn, pa. fellusk gllum asum огб-tgk, ok
sva, hendr at taka til hans; ok sa hverr til annars, ok va.ru
allir теб einum hug til pess er unnit haf5i verkit; en engi
matti hefna: par var sva. mikill gri5a-sta6r. En pa. er 35
sesirnir freistu6u at msela, pa. var hitt po fyrr, at gratrinn
кот upp, sva at engi matti обгит s§gja теб огбипит fra,
slnum harmi. En 06inn bar peim тип ve/st penna ska6a,
sem hann kunni mesta skyn, hversu mikil af-taka ok missa
asunum var I fra-falli Baldrs. En er go6in vitku6usk, pa. 40
mselti Frigg ok spurdi, hv^rr sa. vseri теб asum, er eignask
vildi allar astir hennar ok hylli, ok vili hann пба a. h?l-veg
ok freista ef hann fai fundit Baldr, ok bjo6a Hglju Qt-lausn,
ef hon vill lata fara Baldr heim I As-gar6. En sa, er n^fndr
H§rmo6r inn hvati, sonr O6ins, er til peirar farar var6. ta. 45
var tgkinn Sleipnir, hestr O6ins, ok leiddr fram, ok steig
H§rmo6r a. pann hest, ok Ыеурбь braut.
En sesirnir toku Hk Baldrs ok fluttu til ssevar. Hring-
horni het skip Baldrs, hann var allra skipa mestr; hann
vildu go6in fram se.tja, ok gg'ra par a, bal-fgr Baldrs; en 50
skipit gekk hv§rgi fram. Pa. var s^nt I Jgtunheima ?ptir
gygi peiri er Hyrrokin het; en er hon кот, ok rei6 vargi,
ok haf6i hggg-orm at taumum, pa hljop hon af hestinum,
en 05inn kalla6i til ber-s?rki fjora at gseta hestsins, ok fengu
peir eigi haldit, nema peir f§ldi hann. Pa. gekk Hyrrokin a, 55
fram-stafn ngkkvans, ok hratt fram I fyrsta vi6-brag6i, sva.
at eldr hraut or hlunnunum, ok lgnd gll skulfu. t>a var6
torr rei5r, ok greip hamarinn, ok mundi pa brjota hgfu6

I . IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER.
hgnnar, абг en go6in gll Ьаби h§nni fri6ar. fa var borit
60 Qt a skipit Ilk Baldrs; ok er pat sa kona bans, Nanna, Neps
dottir, ba sprakk hon af harmi, ok do; var hon borin a,
balit, ok slfgit I eldi. t>a sto5 torr at, ok vig5i balit теб
Mjollni; en fyrir fotum bans rann dvergr nakkvarr, sa, er
Litr ne/ndr; en forr spyrndi foeli smum a. hann, ok hratt
65 honum I eldinn, ok brann hann. En at pessi bre.nnu sotti
margs konar bjo5: fyrst at s§gja fra. O5ni, at теб honum
for Frigg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar hans; en Freyr ok I k§rru
теб gejti beim er Gullin-burbti heitir еба Sll6rug-tanni; en
Heimdallr rei6 hesti beim er Gull-toppr heitir; en Freyja
70 kgttum slnum. far komr ok mikit folk hrlmpursa, ok berg-
risar. Oeinn lagdi a, balit gullhring bann er Draupnir
heitir; honum fylg6i sl6an su nattura, at hina mundu hv^rja
natt drupu af honum atta gullhringar jafn-hgfgir. Hestr
Baldrs var leiddr a. balit теб gllu reidi.
75 En bat er at se.gja fra H§rmo6i, at hann rei6 nlu nsetr
dokkva dala ok djupa, sva at hann sa, ekki, fyrr en hann
кот til arinnar Gjallar, ok rei6 a Gjallar-bruna; hon er
рдкб lysi-gulli. Mo6gu6r er n^fnd maer su er g^tir bruar-
innar; hon spur6i hann at nafni еба sett, ok sag6i at hinn
80 fyrra dag ri6u um bruna fimm fylki dau6ra manna; ' en eigi
dynr bruin minnr undir einum ber, ok eigi he,fir bu lit dau6ra
. manna; hvl пбг рп her a h^lveg ?' Hann svarar at (ek
skal rl5a til h§ljar at leita Baldrs, еба hvart Ъфг Ьп nakkvat
set Baldr a, hglvegi ?' En hon sag6i at Baldr haf5i bar
85 ridit um Gjallarbru; ' en ni5r ok погбг liggr hejvegr/ f»a
rei6 Н^гтобг bar til er hann кот at hel-grindum; ba steig
hann af hestinum, ok gyr5i hann fast, steig upp, ok keyr5i
hann sporum, en hestrinn hljop sva hart, ok yfir grindina, at
hann кот hvgrgi пзег. l»a rei5 H§rmo6r heim til hallar-
90 innar, ok steig af hesti, gekk inn I hollina, sa par sitja 1
gndvegi Baldr, Ьгббиг sinn; ok dval6isk H§rmo5r bar um

IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER. 57
nattina. En at morgni pa beiddisk Hejm65r af Hejju at
Baldr skyldi пба heim me5 honum, ok sag6i hve.rsu mikill
gratr var теб asum. En HeJ sag6i at pat skyldi sva reyna,
hvart Baldr var sva ast-saell sem sagt er; 'ok ef allir hlutir I 95
heiminum, kykvir ok dau5ir, grata hann, pa skal hann fara
til asa aptr, en haldask теб Hejju, ef nakkvarr mselir vi6,
еба vill eigi grata/ Pa. sto6 Негтббг upp, en Baldr leiSir
hann ut or hgllinni, ok tok hringinn Draupni, ok sejidi O6ni
til minja, en Nanna se.ndi Frigg ripti ok enn fleiri gjafar, 100
Fullu fingr-gull. Pa rei5 Негтббг aptr Iei6 sina, ok kom I
Asgar6, ok sag6i gll tldindi pau er hann hafdi set ok. heyrt.
Pvi n^st s§ndu sesir um allan heim orind-rek'a, at bi6ja
at Baldr vseri gratinn or hejju; en allir g'grbn pat, me.nninir,
ok kykvendin, ok jor5in, ok steinarnir, ok tre, ok allr malmr; 105
sva sem bu munt set hafa, at pessir hlutir grata, pa er peir
кота or frosti ok I hita. ?а er se,ndi-me.nn foru heim, ok
hofdu vel rekit sin orindi, finna peir I hejli ngkkurum hvar
gygr sat; hon ngfndisk fokk. teir bi6ja hana. grata Baldr
or h^lju. Honsvarar: no
mun grata purrum tarum
Baldrs balfarar;
kyks ne dauSs naut-k-a-k karls sonar;
haldi Hg 1 pvi es hgfir!'
En pess geta mgnn, at par hafi verit Loki Laufeyjar-son, 115
er flest hgfir ilt gprt теб asum.

V.
HEDINN AND HQGNI.
Konungr sa er Hggni er ne/ndr atti dottur, er Hildr hft.
Hana tok at hej-fangi konungr sa er He6inn het, Hjarranda-
son. f>a var Hggni konungr farinn I konunga-ste/nu ; en er
hann spur5i at he.rjat var I riki hans, ok dottir hans var I
5 braut te.kin, ba for hann теб sinu H5i at leita Hedins, ok
spur6i til hans at Hedinn haf6i siglt погбг теб landi. i>a
er Hggni konungr кот I Noreg, spur5i hann at He5inn
haf6i siglt vestr um haf. Pa. siglir Hggni e.ptir honum allt
til Orkn-eyja; ok er hann кот par sem heitir Ha-ey, ba,
10 var bar fyrir Нёбтп теб Нб sitt. i>a for Hildr a fund fo6ur
sins, ok Ьаиб honum me.n at ssett af he.ndi He6ins, en ! дбги
or6i sag6i hon at Нёбтп vseri buinn at be.rjask, ok setti
Hggni af honum engrar vseg6ar van. Hggni svarar stirt
dottur sinni; en er hon hitti Нёбт, sag6i hon honum, at
15 Hggni vildi enga ssett, ok Ьаб hann buask til orrostu, ok
sva ggra beir hvarir-tv^ggju, ganga upp a. eyna, ok fylkja
H6inu. ta kallar He6inn a Hggna, mag sinn, ok Ьаиб
honum ssett ok mikit gull at botum. Pa, svarar Hggni:
' of sl6 bauzt-u petta, ef bu vill saettask, pvl at пп Ъф ек
20 dr^git Dains-leif, er dvergarnir ggr6u, er manns bani skal
ver6a, hv§rt sinn er bejt er, ok aldri bilar I hgggvi, ok ekki
sar groer, ef bar skeinisk af/ f>a svarar He6inn : ' sver6i
hoelir рп par, en eigi sigri; pat kalla ek gott hve.rt er drottin-
holt er.' Pa. hofu peir orrostu pa. er Hja6ninga-v!g er kallat,
25 ok Ьдгбшк pann dag allan, ok at kveldi foru konungar til

v. hEbinn and hqgni. 59
skipa. En Hildr gekk of nattina til valsins, ok vakSi upp
теб fjglkyngi alia pa, er dau6ir varu; ok arman dag gengu
konungarnir a, vlg-vollinn ok bor6usk, ok sva allir peir er
fellu hinn fyrra daginn. F5r sva. su orrosta hvejn dag e_ptir
annan, at allir peir er fellu, ok oil vapn pau er lagu a vlgvglli, 30
ok sva hlifar, игби at grjoti. En er daga6i, sto6u upp allir
dau6ir m§nn, ok bgreusk, ok oil vapn varu pa ny. Sva er
sagt I кузебит, at Hja6ningar skulu sva blda ragna-rokrs.

VI.
THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.
Sveinn konungr tjugu-ske.gg atti Sigri5i hina stor-габи.
Sigrl6r var hinn mesti п-vinr Olafs konungs Tryggva-sonar;
ok fann J>at til saka at Olafr konungr haf5i slitit einka-malum
vi5 hana, ok lostit hana ! and-lit. Hon gggja5i rnjgk Svein
5 konung til at halda orrostu vi5 Olaf konung Tryggvason, ok
kom hon sva sinum for-tglum at Sveinn konungr var full-
kominn at ggra J>etta ra.5. Ok snimma um varit se.ndi
Sveinn konungr mgnn austr til Svl-pjo6ar a fund Olafs
konungs Svla-konungs, mags sins, ok Eirlks jarls; ok let se.gja
io peim at Olafr, Noregs konungr, haf5i Iei6angr uti, ok setla5i
at fara um sumarit til Vind-lands. Fylg5i J>at or5-se.nding
Dana-konungs, at peir Sviakonungr ok Eirikr jarl skyldi
h§r Qti hafa, ok fara til mots vi5 Svein konung, skyldu
J>eir pa. allir samt le.ggja til orrostu vi6 0Щ konung Tryggva-
15 son. En Olafr Sviakonungr ok Eirikr jarl va.ru pessar
fe.r5ar al-bunir, ok drogu J>a saman skipa-hgr mikinn af Svla-
veidi, foru J>vi H6i su6r til Dan-markar, ok kvamu par sva,
at Olafr konungr Tryggvason hafSi a,5r austr siglt. teir
Sviakonungr ok Eirikr jarl heldu til fundar vi5 Danakonung,
20 ok hgf5u J>a allir saman п-grynni h§rs.
Sveinn konungr, pa er hann hafSi s?nt ?ptir hgrinum,
pa s?ndi hann Sigvalda jarl til Vindlands at njosna um ferS
Olafs konungs Tryggvasonar, ok gildra sva. til, at fundr
peira Sveins konungs msetti ver5a. Fgrr pa. Sigvaldi jarl

VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVAb /. 61
Iei6 sina, ok kom fram a Vindlandi, for til J5msborgar, ok 25
sl5an a, fund Olafs konungs Tryggvasonar. Varu bar mikil
vinattu-mal peira a. me6al, kom jarl ser I hinn mesta kserleik
vi5 Olaf konung. Astrl6r kona jarls, dottir Burizleifs konungs,
var vinr mikill Olafs konungs, ok var bat mjgk af hinum
fyrrum t?ng6um, er Olair konungr hafdi att Geiru, systur 30
he.nnar. Sigvaldi jarl var табг vitr ok ra,5ugr; en er hann
kom ser I ra.6a-ge.r5 vi6 Olaf konung, ba dval5i hann mjgk
fgrdina hans austan at sigla, ok fann til bess mjok ymsa hluti.
En Ii5 Olafs konungs let geysi ilia, ok va.ru m?nn mjgk
heim-fOsir, er beir lagu albunir, en ve6r byr-vsen. Sigvaldi 35
jarl fekk njosn leyniliga af Danmgrk, at ba. var austan kominn
herr Svlakonungs, ok Eirikr jar! haf5i ba. ok buinn sinn he.r,
ok beir hof6ingjarnir mundu ba koma austr undir Vindland,
ok beir hgf5u a kve6it, at beir mundu bl5a Olafs konungs
viS ey ba er Svgldr heitir, sva. bat, at jarl skyldi sva til stilla 4°
at beir msetti bar finna Olaf konung.
fa. kom pati nakkvarr til Vindlands, at Sveinn Dana-
konungr hgf6i hgr uti, ok ggr6isk bratt sa. kurr, at Sveinn
Danakonungr fnundi vilja finna Olaf konung. En Sigvaldi
jarl sggir konungi: ' ekki er bat ra.5 Sveins konungs at 45
le.ggja til bardaga vi5 bik теб Dana-h§r einn saman, sva
mikinn he/ sem ber hafi6. En ef убг er nakkvarr grunr a.
bvl, at u-fri6r muni fyrir, ba skal ek fylgja убг теб mlnu
H6i, ok botti bat styrkr vera fyrr, hvar sem Joms-vlkingar
fylg6u hgf6ingjum; mun ek fa ber ellifu skip vel skipu6.' s°
Konungr jatti pessu. Var pa litit ve6r ok hag-stoett; let
konungr pa leysa flotann, ok blasa til brott-lggu. Drogu
mgnn ba segl sin, ok gengu meira sma-skipin gll, ok sigldu
pau undan a. haf Ot. En jarl sigldi naer konungs-skipinu,
ok kalla6i til peira, Ьаб konung sigla ?ptir ser: ' mer er 55
kunnast,' s§gir hann, ' hvar djupast er um eyja-sundin, en
per munu5 pess purfa теб pau in storu skipin/ Sigldi

VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.
pa jarl fyrir теб sinum skipum. Hann haf6i ellifu skip,
en konungr sigldi ?ptir honum теб sinum stor-skipum,
60 haf6i hann par ok ellifu skip, en allr annarr herrinn sigldi
ut a hafit. En er Sigvaldi jarl sigldi utan at Svgl6r, pa.
rori a moti peim skuta ein. feir s?gja jarli at he,rr Dana-
konungs la. par ! hgfninni fyrir peim. Pa. let jarl Ыаба
seglunum, ok roa peir inn undir eyna.
65 Sveinn Danakonungr ok Olafr Sviakonungr ok Eirikr
jarl varu par pa теб allan he,r sinn; pa var fagrt ve6r
ok bjart sol-skin. Gengu' peir nu upp a holminn allir
hgf6ingjar теб miklar sveitir manna, ok sa er skipin sigldu
ut a, hafit mjok mgrg saman. Ok nu sja peir hvar siglir
70 eitt mikit skip ok glsesiligt; pa, maeltu ba.6ir konungarnir:
' petta er mikit skip ok akafliga fagrt, petta mun vera Ormrinn
langi/ Eirikr jarl svarar ok sggir : ' ekki er petta Ormr hinn
langi.' Ok sva. var sem hann sag6i; petta skip atti Eindri6i
af Gimsum. Litlu sl6ar sa. peir hvar annat skip sigldi miklu
jg meira en hit fyrra. Pa, mselti Sveinn konungr: ' hrseddr er
Ola.fr Tryggvason nu, eigi porir hann at sigla теб hpfu6in
a, skipi slnu/ t»a sggir Eirikr jarl: ' ekki er% petta konungs
skip, kermi ek petta skip ok seglit, pvl at stafat er seglit, pat
a. Erlingr Skjalgsson; latum sigla pa, bgtra er oss skar6 ok
80 missa I fiota Olafs konungs en betta skip bar sva buit.' En
stundu sl6ar sa beir ok k§ndu skip Sigvalda jarls, ok viku
pau pannig at holmanum. Pa. sa peir hvar sigldu prju skip,
ok var eitt mikit skip. Mselti pa. Sveinn konungr, Ыбг pa.
ganga til skipa sinna, se,gir at par f§rr Ormrinn langi. Eirikr
85 jarl mselti: ' mgrg hafa peir gnnur stor skip ok gtesilig en
Orm hinn langa, Ыбит e,nn/ РЪ. mseltu mjgk margir me,nn:
' eigi vill Eirikr jarl nu bejjask, ok he/na fg6ur sins; betta
er skgmm mikil, sva at spyrjask mun um gll lgnd, ef ver
liggjum her теб jafn-miklu H6i, en Ola.fr konungr sigli a
90 hafit ut her hja. oss sjalfum.' En er peir hgf6u petta talat

VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASk,... 63
um hrl5, pa sa peir hvar sigldu fjogur skip, ok eitt af
peim var dr§ki all-mikill ok mjok gull-buinn. Pa sto6 upp
Sveinn konungr, ok maelti: ' hatt mun Ormrinn bera mik I
kveld, honum skal ek styra.' fa mseltu margir, at Ormrinn
var fur6u mikit skip ok fritt, ok rausn mikil at lata gpra 95
slikt skip. Pa maelti Eirikr jarl, sva at nakkvarir me.nn
heyr6u : ' pott Olafr konungr hef6i ekki meira skip en petta,
pa mundi Sveinn konungr pat aldri fa af honum теб einn
saman Danaher.' Dreif pa folkit til skipanna, ok raku af
tjgldin, ok aetlu6u at buask skjotliga. En er hpf6ingjar rceddu 100
betta milli sin, sem nu er sagt, pa sa beir, hvar sigldu prju
skip all-mikil, ok fjorda sl6ast, ok var pat Ormrinn langi.
En pau hin storu skip, er абг hgfbu siglt, ok peir hug6u
at Ormrinn vaeri, pat var hit fyrra Traninn, en hit sl5ara
Ormrinn skammi. En pa er peir sa Orminn langa, k?ndu 105
allir, ok maelti pa engi I mot, at par mundi sigla Olafr
Tryggvason; gengu pa til skipanna, ok skipu6u til at-
logunnar. Varu pat einkamal peira hpfdingja, Sveins konungs,
Olafs konungs, Eiriks jarls, at sinn pridjung Noregs skyldi
eignask hverr peira, ef peir fgldi Olaf konung Tryggvason; "o
en sa peira hof6ingja er fyrst gengi a Orminn, skyldi eignask
alt pat hlut-skipti er par fengisk, ok hvgrr peira pau skip
er sjalfr hry6i. Eirikr jarl haf5i Ьагба einn geysi mikinn,
er hann var vanr at hafa 1 viking; par var skggg a, ofan-
ver6u bar6inu hvarutvgggja, en ni6r fra jarn-spgng pykk ok 115
sva brei5 sem bar6it, ok tok alt I sae ofan.
fa er beir Sigvaldi jarl roru inn undir holminn, ba sa
bat beir forke.ll dy6rill af Trananum ok a5rir skip-stjom-
ar-mgnn, peir er теб honum foru, at jarl snori skipum
undir holmann; pa Ыбби peir ok seglum, ok roru gptir 120
honum, ok kgllu6u til peira, spur6u, hvi peir foru sva. Jarl
se,gir, at hann vill Ыба Olafs konungs: ' ok er meiri van at
Qfri6r se fyrir oss.' Letu beir pa fljota skipin, par til er

VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.
ne,fja кот теб Orminn skamma, ok pau prju skip
125 er honum fylg6u. Ok varu peim sgg6 hin somu tl6indi;
Ыбби peir pa ok sinum seglum, ok letu fljota, ok bi6u
Olafs konungs. En pa er konungrinn sigldi innan at hol-
manum, pa rori allr herrinn ut a. sundit fyrir pa. En er
peir sa pat, pa. Ьаби peir kommginn sigla Iei6 slna, en
i3olfggja eigi til orrostu viS sva mikinn he,r. Konungr svarar
hatt, ok sto6 upp I lyptingunni: ' lati ofan seglit, ekki skulu
minir mgnn hyggja a flotta, ek he.fi aldri flyit I orrostu, ra6i
Gu6 fyrir Hfi mmu, en aldri тип ek a flotta le_ggja/ Var sva
ggrt sem konungr mselti.
135 Ola.fr konungr let blasa til sam-logu gllum skipum sinum.
Var konungs skip 1 mi5ju Ii6i, en par a annat Ьогб Ormrinn
skammi, en a annat Ьогб Traninn. En pa er peir toku
at t^ngja stafna a Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma,
ok er konungr sa pat, kalla5i hann hatt, Ьаб pa l?ggja
140 fram bgtr hit mikla skipit, ok lata pat eigi aptast vera allra
skipa 1 h^rinum. ta. svarar Ulfr hinn rau5i: ' ef Orminn
skal pvl lgngra fram l?ggja, sem hann er l§ngri en gnnur
skip, pa тип a-vint ver6a um sgxin I dag.' Konungr sggir:
'eigi vissa ek at ek setta stafnbuann bse6i гаибап ok ragan.'
145.Ulfr mselti: ' vgr рп eigi meir baki lyptingina en ek тип
stafninn.' Konungr helt a boga, ok lagSi gr a slrgng, ok
snori at Ulfi. Ulfr mselti: ' skjot annan veg, konungr ! pannig
sem meiri er pgrfin; per vinn ek pat er ek vinn.'
Olafr konungr sto5 I lyptingu a Orminum, bar hann hatt
J5omjgk; hann haf5i gyltan skjgld ok gull-ro6inn hjalm; var
hann au6-k§ndr fra дбгит тдппшп : hann haf5i гаибап
kyrtil stuttan utan yfir brynju. En er Olafr konungr sa at
ri61u6usk flotarnir, ok upp varu se,tt m§rki fyrir hgfdingjum,
pa spyrr hann: ' hvgrr er hgfSingi fyrir lidi pv! er g?gnt
155 oss er ?' Honum var sagt at par var Sveinn konungr
tjQgibkggg теб Danahe.r. Konungr svarar : ' ekki Ьгэгбитк

VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASC 65
ver bleySur bser, engi er hugr I Dgnum. En hvejr hgf5ingi
fylgir beim mejkjum er bar era ut Ifra a, hoegra veg ?' Honum
var sagt at bar var Ola.fr konungr теб Svla-he.r. Olafr
konungr se.gir : ' bgtra vseri Svlum heima at sleikja um blot- 160
bolla sina en ganga a, Orminn undir vapn ySur. En hv§rir
eigu bau hin storu skip, er bar liggja ut a bak-Ьогба Dgnum?'
' far er/ sggja beir ' Eirlkr jarl Hakonar-son/ I>a svara6i
Olafr konungr: ' hann mun pykkjask eiga vi6 oss skapligan
fund, ok oss er van snarpligrar orrostu af pvl H5i; peir era 165
Nor5-m§nn, sem ver erum/
Si5an greida konungar at-ro5r. Lag5i Sveinn konungr
sitt skip moti Orminum langa, en Olafr konungr Soenski
Iag6i Qt fra, ok stakk stofnum at yzta skipi Olafs konungs
Tryggvasonar, en дбгит megin Eirlkr jarl. Toksk par pa 170
hor5 orrosta. Sigvaldi jarl let skotta vi5 sin skip, ok Iag5i
ekki til orrostu.
fessi orrosta var hin snarpasta ok all-mann-skoe5. Fram-
byggjar a Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma ok Trananum
foer5u akkeri ok stafn-lja I skip Sveins konungs, en attu 175
vapnin at bera ni6r undir fcetr ser; hru5u beir gll pau skip
er peir fengu haldit. En konungrinn Sveinn ok pat lid er
undan komsk fly5i a. onnur skip, ok par nsest Iog5u peir
fra. or skot-mali. Ok for bessi h§rr sva sem gat Olafr
konungr Tryggvason. Ы Iag5i bar at I sta5inn Ola.fr 180
Svlakonungr; ok pegar er peir кота пзег storskipum, pa.
for peim sem hinum, at peir letu lid mikit ok sum skip sin,
ok Iog5u fra vi5 sva buit. En Eirlkr jarl sl-byr6i Вагбапит
vi6 hit yzta skip Olafs konungs, ok hrau5 hann pat, ok hjo
begar bat or tgngslum, en Iag6i ba. at bvl, er bar var naest, 185
ok bar6isk til pess er pat var hro6iL Ток pa. Ii6it at hlaupa
af hinum smserum skipunum, ok upp a storskipin. En Eirlkr
jarl hjo hvgrt or t^ngslunum, sva sem hro5it var. En Danir
ok Svlar Iog5u pa, I skotma.1 ok pllum megin at skipum Olafs
F

5 VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.
190 konungs, en Eirikr jarl la avalt slbyrt vi5 skipin, ok atti
hggg-orrostu. En sva sem me.nn fellu a skipum hans, pa.
gengu a5rir upp I sta6inn, Svlar ok Danir. t"a var orrosta
hin snarpasta, ok fell pa mjok H5it, ok kom sva at Iyk5um,
at gll va.ru hro5in skip Olafs konungs Tryggvasonar nema
195 Ormrinn langi; var par pa alt lib a komit, pat er vlgt var
hans manna. t>a lagSi Eirikr jarl Вагбапит at Orminum
langa slbyrt, ok var par hoggorrosta.
Eirikr jarl var I fyrir-rumi a, skipi sinu, ok var par fylkt
теб skjald-borg. Var pa. bae6i hgggorrosta, ok spjotum lagit,
200 ok kastat ollu pvl er til vapna var, en sumir skutu boga-skoti
еба hand-skoti. Var pa. sva. mikill vapnabur6r a. Orminn, at
varla matti hllfum vi6 кота, er sva pykt flugu spjot ok grvar;
pvi at gllum megin Ipg5u hejskip at Orminum. En rngnn
Olafs konungs va.ru pa sva o6ir, at peir hljopu upp a. bor6in,
205 til pess at па теб sver6s-hgggum at drepa folkit. En margir
Igg5u eigi sva. undir Orminn, at peir vildi I hgggorrostu vera.
En Olafs meim gengu flestir ut af Ьогбипит, ok ga5u eigi
annars en peir be.r5isk a, slettum vflli, ok sukku ni5r теб
vapnum slnum.
210 Einarr pambar-skejfir var a, Orminum aptr I krappa-rumi;
hann skaut af boga, ok var allra manna har6-skeytastr.
Einarr skaut at Eirlki jarli, ok laust I styris-hnakkann fyrir
ofan hpfu5 jarli, ok gekk alt upp a reyr-bgndin. Jarl kit til,
ok spur5i ef peir vissi, hvejr skaut. En jafn-skjott kom
215 onnur gr sva nser jarli, at flaug milli sl5unna ok handarinnar,
ok sva aptr I hgf5a-fjglina, at langt stoS ut broddrinn. Pa
mselti jarl vi6 mann pann er sumir nefna Finn, en sumir
se.gja at hann vseri Finskr, sa var hinn mesti bog-ma5r :
' skjot-tu mann pann hinn mikla I krapparuminu!' Finnr
220 skaut, ok kom grin a, boga Einars midjan, I pvl bili er Einarr
dro it pri5ja sinn bogann. Brast pa boginn 1 tva hluti. i>a
mselti Olafr konungr : ' hvat brast par sva hatt ?' Einarr

VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVA^ J. 6j
svarar: ' Noregr or hendi per, konungr!' ' Eigi mun sva
mikill brestr at or5inn/ se,gir konungr, ' tak boga minn, ok
skjot af,' ok kasta5i boganum til hans. Einarr tok bogann, 225
ok dro pegar fyrir odd grvarinnar, ok maelti: ' ofveikr,
ofveikr allvalds boginn !' ok kasta5i aptr boganum; tok pa
skjgld sinn ok sver6, ok bar5isk.
Olafr konungr Tryggvason sto5 1 lypting a Orminum, ok
skaut optast um daginn, stundum bogaskoti, en stundum 230
gaflgkum, ok jafnan tveim se.nn. Hann sa fram a skipit, ok
sa sina mgnn rei6a sver6in ok hgggva titt, ok sa at ilia bitu ;
mselti pa hatt: ' hvart rei6i per sva slaeliga sver5in, er ek se
at ekki blta убг ?' Мабг svarar : ' sver6 var era slae ok
brotin mjgk.' Pa. gekk konungr ofan I fyrirrumit ok lauk 235
upp hassetis-kistuna, tok par or mgrg sver5 hvgss, ok fekk
mgnnum. En er hann tok ni5r hinni hoegri hendi, pa sa
m§nn at Ыбб rann ofan undan bryn-stukunni; en engi vissi
hvar hann var sarr.
Mest var vgrnin a Orminum ok mannskoe5ust af fyrirrums- 240
mgnnum ok stafnbuum; par var hva.rttve.ggja, valit mest
mann-folkit ok hsest bor5in. En Ii5 fell fyrst um mitt skipit.
Ok pa er fatt sto5 manna upp um siglu-skei6, pa гёб Eirlkr
jarl til upp-ggngunnar, ok kom upp a Orminn vi5 fimtanda
mann. Pa. kom I mot honum Hymingr, magr Olafs konungs, 245
meS sveit manna, ok var6 par inn hardasti bardagi, ok lauk
sva, at jarl hrgkk ofan aptr а. Вагбапп ; en peir me.nn er
honum hgf6u fylgt fellu sumir, en sumir vara sser6ir. tar
var6 §nn in snarpasta orrosta, ok fellu pa margir m§nn a
Orminum. En er pyntisk skipan a Orminum til varnarinnar, 250
pa гёб Eirlkr jarl annat sinn til uppggngu a Orminn. Var6
pa ?nn hgr6 vi6-taka. En er petta sa stafnbuar a Orminum,
pa gengu peir aptr a skipit, ok snuask til varnar moti jarli, ok
veita har5a vi5tgku. En fyrir pvl at pa var sva mjgk fallit
Ii6 a Orminum, at vl5a varu аиб bor6in, toku pa jarls mgnn 255
f 2

w VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.
vl5a tipp at ganga. En alt pat Мб er pa sto5 upp til varnar
a Orminum sotti aptr a skipit, par sem konungr var.
Kolbjgrn stallari gekk upp I lypting til konungs ; peir
hof5u mjgk Икап Ызеба-ЬОпаб ok vapna, Kolbjgrn var ok
260 allra manna mestr ok frl6astr. Var5 nu e.nn I fyrirruminu
in snarpasta orrosta. En fyrir pa sgk at pa var sva mikit
folk komit upp a Orminn af Ii5i jarls sem vera matti a skipinu,
en skip hans Igg6u at gllum megin utan at Orminum, en
litit fjgl-m^nni til varnar moti sva miklum hgr, nu pott peir
265 me,nn vseri bae6i stejkir ok froeknir, pa fellu nu flestir a lltilli
stundu. En Olafr konungr sjalfr ok peir Kolbjgrn ba5ir
hljopu pa fyrir Ьогб, ok a sitt Ьогб hvarr. En jarls me.nn
hgf6u lagt utan at sma-skutur, ok drapu pa er a kaf hljopu.
Ok pa er konungr sjalfr haf6i a kaf hlaupit, vildu peir taka
270 hann hgndum, ok foera Eiriki jarli. En Olafr konungr bra
yfir sik skildinum, ok steyp5isk I kaf; en Kolbjgrn stallari
skaut undir sik skildinum, ok hllf5i ser sva vi6 vapnum er
lagt var af skipum peim er undir lagu, ok fell hann sva
a sseinn at skjgldrinn var6 undir honum, ok komsk hann pvl
275 eigi I kaf sva skjott, ok var5 hann hand-te.kinn ok drgginn
upp I skutuna, ok hug5u peir at par vseri konungrinn. Var
hann pa leiddr fyrir jarl. En er pess var5 jarl varr at par
var Kolbjgrn, en eigi Olafr konungr, ba varu Kolbirni gri6
germ. En I bessi svipan hljopu allir fyrir Ьогб af Orminum,
280 peir er pa varu a lifi, Olafs konungs me.nn; ok s?gir Hall-
fredr vandrse6a-skald, at tork^ll ngfja, konungs bro5ir, hljop
sldast allra manna fyrir Ьогб.
Sva var fyrr ritat, at Sigvaldi jarl kom til fgruneytis vi5
Olaf konung I Vindlandi, ok haf6i tlu skip, en pat hit ellifta,
285 er a varu m§nn Astrl6ar konungs-dottur, konu jarls. En
pa er Olafr konungr haf5i fyrir Ьогб hlaupit, pa oep5i
h§rrinn allr sigr-op, ok pa lustu peir arum 1 sse Sigvaldi
jarl ok hans m§nn, ok roru til bardaga. En su Vinda-

VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASG- . 69
sngkkjan, er Astrl5ar mgnn vara a, rori brott ok aptr undir
Vindland; ok var pat margra manna ma.1 pegar, at Olafr 290
konungr mundi hafa steypt af ser brynjunni I kafi, ok kafat
sva ut undan langskipunum, lagizk sl5an til Vindasngkkj-
unnar, ok hgf5i m§nn Astri6ar flutt hann til lands. Ok
era par margar fra-sagnir um f§r6ir Olafs konungs g^rvar
sldan af sumum monnum. En hv§rn veg sem pat h§fir 295
verit, pa kom Olafr konungr Tryggvason aldri sl5an til rikis
I Noregi.

VII.
AUDUN.
Мабг het Audun, Vest-firzkr at kyni ok fe-lltill; hann for
utan vestr par I fjorSum теб um-ra.6i torsteins bonda go6s,
ok toris styri-manns, er par hafSi pegit vist of vetrinn me5
torsteini. Аибип var ok par, ok starfa5i fyrir honum f>ori,
5 ok pa pessi laun af honum—utan-f?r5ina ok hans um-sja.
Hann Аибип Iag6i mestan hluta fjar pess er var fyrir тббиг
slna, абг hann stigi a, skip, ok var kve6it a priggja vetra
Tajorg. Ok пп fara peir utan he5an, ok fe.rsk peim vel, ok
var Аибип of vetrinn ?ptir теб tori styrimanni; hann atti
io bu a, Moeri. Ok um sumarit gptir fara peir ut til Groen-lands,
ok era par of vetrinn. i>ess er vi6 getit at Аибип kaupir
par bjarn-dyri eitt, ggrsimi mikla, ok gaf par fyrir alia
• eigu slna. Ok пп of sumarit e.ptir pa fara peir aptr til
Noregs, ok ver6a vel rei6-fara; hffir Аибип dyr sitt теб
i5 ser, ok setlar пп at fara su6r til Danmejkr a fund Sveins
konungs, ok gefa honum dyrit. Ok er hann кот su6r I
landit, par sem konungr var fyrir, pa. g§ngr hann upp af
skipi, ok Iei6ir fptir ser dyrit, ok leigir ser he.r-be.rgi. Haraldi
konungi var sagt bratt at par var komit bjarndyri, g^rsimi
20 mikil, ' ok a Is-l^nzkr табг.' Konungr sgndir begar m§nn
§ptir honum, ok er Аибип кот fyrir konung, kv§6r hann
konung vel; konungr tok vel kve.6ju hans, ok spur6i sl6an:
' attu g^rsimi mikla ! bjarndyri ?' Hann svarar, ok kvezk
eiga dyrit eitthvert. Konungr maelti: ' villtu s^lja oss dyrit

VII. A UB UN. 71
vi5 sliku verSi sem рп keyptir?' Hann svarar : ' eigi vil ek 25
pat, herra !' ' Villtu pa/ sggir konungr, ' at ek gefa per tvau
ver6 silk, ok mun pat rettara, ef рп he.fir par vi6 gefit alia
plna eigu.' ' Eigi vil ek pat, herra !' se.gir hann. Konungr
mselti: ' villtu gefa mer pa ?' Hann svarar: ' eigi, herra !'
Konungr maelti: ' hvat villtu pa af g§ra ?' Hann svarar: 30
' fara/ s§gir hann, ' til Danmejkr, ok gefa Sveini konungi.'
Haraldr konungr se.gir : ' hvart er, at рп ert табг sva uvitr
at рп hgfir eigi heyrt Qfri5 pann er I milli er landa pessa,
еба setlar рп giptu plna sva mikla, at рп munir par komask
теб gprsimar, er aSrir fa eigi komizk klakk-laust, po at 35
nau5-syn eigi til ?' AuSun svarar : ' herra ! pat er а убги
valdi, en engu jatum ver обш en pessu er ver hofum абг
aetlat/ fa maelti konungr: ' hv! тип eigi pat til, at рп farir
leiS plna, sem рп vill, ok кот pa til min, er рп fe.rr aptr,
ok sfg mer, hve.rsu S.veinn konungr launar per dyrit, ok 40
kann pat vera, at рп ser g«fu-ma6r.' ' Pvl heit ek per,'
sag6i AuSun.
Hann f§rr nu sldan su6r теб landi, ok I Vik austr, ok pa
til Danmejkr; oker pa uppi hvgrr petmingr fjarins, ok ver6r
hann pa bi6ja matar bsedi fyrir sik ok fyrir dyrit. Hann 45
komr a fund ar-manns Sveins konungs, pess er Aki het,
ok Ьаб hann vista nakkvarra bae6i fyrir sik ok fyrir dyrit:
' ek aetla,' s§gir hann, ' at gefa Sveini konungi dyrit.' Aki
lezk seija mundu honum vistir, ef hann vildi. Аибип kvezk
ekki til hafa fyrir at gefa; ' en ek vilda po/ sggir hann, ' at 50
petta kvaemisk til leidar at ek msetta dyrit foera konungi.'
' Ek тип fa per vistir, sem it purfid til konungs fundar;
en par 1 moti vil ek eiga halft dyrit, ok mattu a pat lita,
at dyrit тип deyja fyrir per, pars it ригтб vistir miklar, en
fe se farit, ok er buit vi6 at рп hafir pa ekki dyrsins.' Ok 55
er hann lltr a petta, synisk honum nakkvat e.ptir sem
arma6rinn maelti fyrir honum, ok saettask peir a petta, at

7- VII. AUBUN.
hann se.lr Aka halft dyrit, ok skal konungr sl5an meta alt
saman. Skulu peir fara ba6ir nu a fund konungs; ok sva
60 ggra peir: fara nu ba5ir a fund konungs, ok sto5u fyrir
bor6inu. Konungr IhugaSi, hverr bessi табг myndi vera,
er hann ke.ndi eigi, ok mselti sl6an til Au5unar : ' hvgrr
er-tu ?' sggir hann. Hann svarar : ' ek em Isle.nzkr ma5r,
herra,' se.gir hann, ' ok kominn nu utan af Groenlandi, ок-пп
65 af Noregi, ok setla5a-k at foera убг bjarndyri petta ; keypta-k
pat me5 allri eigu minni, ok nu er po a. or6it mikit fyrir
, mer; ek a nu halft eitt dyrit,' ok s§gir konungi sl5an, hvejsu
farit haf6i теб peim Aka armanni hans. Konungr mselti:
' er pat satt, Aki, er hann s§gir ?' ' Satt er pat,' щgir hann.
70 Konungr maelti: ' ok potti per pat til Hggja, par sem ek
s?tta-k pik mikinn mann, at hgpta pat eSa talma er табг
g$r5isk til at foera mer ggrsimi, ok gaf fyrir alia eign, ok
sa pat Haraldr konungr at ra6i at lata hann fara I friSi, ok er
hann varr Qvinr ? Hygg рп at pa, hve sannligt pat var binnar
75 handar, ok pat vseri makligt, at рп vserir drepinn; en ek
mun nu eigi pat gQra, en braut skaltu fara pegar or landinu,
ok кота aldri aptr sl5an mer I aug-syn! En per, Au6un!
kann ek slika pgkk, sem рп gefir mer alt dyrit, ok ver her
теб mer/ fat pe.kkisk hann, ok er теб Sveini konungi
80 um hri6.
Ok er U6u nakkvarir stundir, pa mselti Аибип vi6 konung:
' braut fysir mik nu, herra !' Konungr svarar hejdr seint:
' hvat villtu pa.,' s§gir hann, ' ef рп vill eigi теб oss vera ?'
Hann s?gir: ' su6r vil ek ganga.' ' Ef рп vildir eigi sva gott
85 габ taka/ s^gir konungr, ' pa myndi mer fyrir pykkja I, er рп
fysisk I braut'; ok nu gaf konungr honum silfr mjgk mikit,
ok for hann su6r sl6an теб Rum-fgrlum, ok skipa6i konungr
til um fe.r6 hans, Ьаб hann кота til sin, er kvsemi aptr.
Nu for hann fgr6ar sinnar, unz hann komr su6r 1 Roma-borg.
90 Ok er hann hgfir bar dvalizk, sem hann tl6ir, ba fgrr hann

VII. A UB UN. 73
aptr; te,kr pa, sott mikla, g§rir hann pa, akafliga magran;
g§ngr pa. upp alt feit pat, er konungr hafSi gefit honum ,
til fe.r6arinnar; tgkr sl6an upp staf-karls stig, ok bi5r ser
matar. Hann er pa kollottr ok he.ldr п-sselligr; hann komr
aptr ! Danmork at paskum, pangat sem konungr er pa 95
staddr; en ei por5i hann at lata sja sik; ok var ! kirkju-
skoti, ok sella6i pa. til fundar vi6 konung, er hann gengi
til kirkju um kveldit; ok nu er hann sa, konunginn ok
hir5ina fagrliga buna, pa por6i hann eigi at lata sja sik.
Ok er konungr gekk til drykkju I hgllina, pa mata6isk Аибип 100
uti, sem si6r er til Rumfejla, тебап peir hafa eigi kastat staf
ok skreppu. Ok nu of aptaninn, er konungr gekk til kveld-
songs, setla5i Au5un at hitta hann, ok sva mikit sem honum
potti fyrr fyrir, jok nu miklu a, er peir varu druknir
Ыгбтешнтг; ok er peir gengu inn aptr, pa pe_k6i konungr 105
mann, ok pottisk finna at eigi haf6i frama til at ganga fram
at hitta hann. Ok nu er hir5in gekk inn, pa veik konungr
ut, ok maelti: ' gangi sa nu fram, er mik vill finna; mik
grunar at sa muni vera ma6rinn.' Pa. gekk Аибип fram,
ok fell til fota konungi, ok varla ke,ndi konungr hann ; ok no
pegar er konungr veit, hverr hann er, tok konungr 1 hpnd
honum Au5uni, ok Ьаб hann vel kominn, ' ok hgfir pu mikit
skipazk,' segir hann, ' slSan vit samk'; leiSir hann §ptir ser
inn, ok er hirdin sa hann, hlogu peir at honum ; en konungr
sag5i: 'eigi purfu per at honum at hlaeja, pvl at bgtr he_fir 115
hann set fyr sinni sal he_ldr en er/ Pa. let konungr g'gra.
honum laug, ok gaf honum sl6an hlae5i, ok er hann пп теб
honum. tat er nu sagt einhverju sinni of varit at konungr
Ьубг Au6uni at vera теб ser a-l§ng6ar, ok kvezk myndu
g'Qra. hann skutil-svein sinn, ok le,ggja til hans go6a vir6ing. 120
Аибип sfgir: ' Gu6 pakki убг, herra! soma pann allan er
per vili6 til mm le,ggja; en hitt er mer 1 skapi at fara Ot
til Islands/ Konungr se.gir: ' petta synisk mer undarliga

"у.. VII. AUBUN.
kosit/ Аибип maelti: ' eigi ma ek pat vita, herra!' s§gir
125 hann, 'at ek hafa her mikinn soma теб убг, en mo6ir mm
tro6i stafkarls stig Qt a Islandi; pvi at nu er lokit bjorg peiri
er ek Iag6a til, абг ek fcera af Islandi/ Konungr svarar:
' vel er maelt/ s§gir hann, ' ok mannliga, ok muntu ver6a
giptu-табг; pessi einn var sva hlutrinn, at mer myndi eigi
130 mis-lika at рп fcerir I braut he6an ; ok ver пп теб тёг par til
er skip buask.' Hann gyrir sva.
Einn dag, er a Iei6 varit, gekk Sveinn konungr ofan a
bryggjur, ok varu mgnn pa at, at bua skip til ymissa landa,
1 austr-veg еба Sax-land, til Svlbjo6ar еба Noregs. ]?a кота
135 peir Аибип at einu skipi fogru, ok varu me.nn at, at bua
skipit. M spur6i konungr : ' hve.rsu Hzk per, Аибип ! а
petta skip ?' Hann svarar : ' vel, herra !' Konungr maelti:
'petta skip vil ek per gefa, ok launa bjarndyrit/ Hann
bakka6i gjofina e.ptir sinni kunnustu; ok er Iei6 stund, ok
140 skipit var albuit, pa mselti Sveinn konungr vi6 Аибип: 'po
viUtu пп a braut, pa тип ek пп ekki lgtja pik, en pat hejfi ek
spurt, at ilt er til hafna fyrir landi убги, ok eru vl6a oraefi ok
haett skipum ; пп brytr рп, ok tynir skipinu ok fenu ; lltt ser
pat pa a, at рп haflr fundit Svein konung, ok gefit honum
145 ggrsimi.' Sl6an sgldi konungr honum Ie6r-hosu fulla af
silfri, ' ok ertu pa §nn eigi fe-lauss теб ollu, p5tt рп brjotir
skipit, ef bu faer haldit bessu. Ver6a ma sva §nn/ sggir
konungr, ' at bu tynir pessu fe; lltt nytr рп pa pess, er рп
fannt Svein konung, ok gaft honum ggrsimi.' Si6an dro
150 konungr hring af h§ndi ser, ok gaf Au6uni, ok mselti: 'po
at sva ilia ver6i, at рп brjdtir skipit ok tynir fenu, eigi
ertu felauss, ef рп komsk a land, pvi at margir m§nn hafa
gull a ser 1 skips-brotum, ok ser pa at рп hgfir fundit Svein
konung, ef рп h^ldr hringinum; en pat vil ek габа per/
155 s^gir hann, ' at рп gefir eigi hringinn, пета рп pykkisk eiga
sva mikit gott at launa nokkurum ggfgum manni, pa gef

VII. AU?> UN. 75
peim hringinn, pvi at tignum monnum s5mir at piggja, ok
far nu heill!'
Sl5an lsetr hann I haf, ok komr I Noreg, ok Isetr flytja
upp vama5 sinn, ok purfti nu meira vi6 pat en fyrr, er 160
hann var I Noregi. Hann fe.rr nu sl6an a fund Haralds
konungs, ok vill e/na pat er hann het honum, абг hann
for til Danmerkr, ok kve.6r konung vel. Haraldr konungr
t5k vel kv§6ju hans, ok ' se.zk ni6r/ se.gir hann, ' ok drekk
her me5 oss '; ok sva ggrir hann. Pa spur6i Haraldr kon- 165
ungr: ' hve.rju Iauna6i Sveinn konungr per dyrit ?' Аибип
svarar: ' pvi, herra! at hann pa at mer/ Konungr sag6i :
' launat mynda ek per pvi hafa; hve.rju Iauna6i hann §nn ?'
Аибип svarar: ' gaf hann mer silfr til su6r-gongu/ ]?a sggir
Haraldr konungr: 'mgrgum mgnnum gefr Sveinn konungr 170
silfr til su6rggngu еба annarra hluta, pott ekki foeri honum
gprsimar; hvat er e.nn fleira ?' ' Hann baud mer,' se_gir
Аибип, ' at gorask skutilsveinn hans, ok mikinn s5ma til
mln at lgggja.' ' Vel var pat mselt/ se.gir konungr, • ok
launa myndi hann §nn fleira/ Аибип sag6i: 'gaf hann mer 175
knorr теб farmi peim er hingat er b§zt varit I Noreg/ ' ]?at
var stor-mannligt/ se.gir konungr, ' en launat mynda ek per
pvi hafa. Launa6i hann pvi fleira ?' Аибип svara6i: ' gaf
hann mer Ie6rhosu fulla af silfri, ok kva6 mik pa eigi felausan,
ef ek helda pvi, p5 at skip mitt bryti vi6 Island.' Konungr 180
sag6i: ' pat var a-gaetliga ggrt, ok pat mynda ek ekki gQrt
hafa; lauss mynda ek pykkjask, ef ek gaefa per skipit; hvart
Iauna6i hann fleira ?' ' Sva var vlst, herra !' s§gir Аибип,
' at hann Iauna6i: hann gaf mer hring penna er ek Ъф
a hgndi, ok kva6 sva mega at berask, at ek tynda fenu 185
qIIu, ok sagdi mik pa eigi felausan, ef ek aetta hringinn,
ok Ьаб mik eigi loga, nema ek aetta ngkkurum tignum manni
sva gott at launa, at ek vilda gefa; en nu he.fi ek pann
fundit, pvi at рп attir kost at taka hvarttve.ggja fra mer,

7v VII. AUBUN.
190 dyrit ok sva llf mitt, en ]эп lezt mik fara {>angat 1 fri§i,
sem a6rir паби eigi.' Konungr t5k vi6 gjgfinni теб ЬКби,
ok gaf Au6uni I m5ti go6ar . gjafir, абг en J>eir skil6isk.
Аибип var6i fenu til Islands-f§r6ar ok f5r Qt J>egar um
sumarit til Islands, ok potti vera inn mesti gaefuma6r.

VIII.
&RYMS-KVIDA.
1. Vrei5r var pa Ving-porr, er hann vakna6i,
ok sins hamars of sakna5i:
sk§gg nam at hrista, skor nam at dyja,
гёб Jar6ar burr um at preifask.
2. Ok hann pat огба alls fyrst of kva5: 5
' heyr-5u nii, Loki! hvat ek nu maeli,
er engi veit jar6ar hvexgi
ne upp-himins: ass er stolinn hamri!'
3. Gengu peir fagra Freyju tuna,
ok hann pat огба alls fyrst of kva5 : ю
' muntu mer, Freyja ! fja6r-hams lja,
ef ek minn hamar msetta-k hitta ?'
Freyja kva5:
4. ' 1>6 munda-k gefa per, pott or gulli vaeri,
ok po s§lja at vaeri 5r silfri.' 15
5. Flo pa Loki, fja5rhamr dun6i,
unz fyr utan kom asa garda,
ok fyr innan kom jotna heima.
6. Prymr sat a haugi, pursa drottinn,
greyjum slnum gull-bond snori 2O
ok mgrum slnum mon jafnadi.

VIII. PRYMSKVIBA.
f rymr kva6:
7. ' Hvat er теб asum? hvat er теб alfum?
hvl er-tu einn kominn I Jgtunheima ?'
Loki kva6: 25
' lit er теб asum, ilt er теб alfum ;
he.fir pu Hlo-ri6a hamar of fdlginn ?'
]?rymr kva6:
8. ' Ek Ъф. Hlori6a hamar of fdlginn
atta rostum fyr jor5 пебап; зо
hann engi табг aptr of heimtir,
nema foeri mer Freyju at kvan.'
9. Flo \>a Loki, fja6rhamr dunoi,
unz fyr utan кот jgtna heima
ok fyr innan кот asa gar6a; 35
mcetti hann i»6r mi6ra gar6a,
ok hann pat огба alls fyrst of kva6:
10. ' Нфт ]эп orindi sem §rfi6i ?
s§g-5u a lopti lyng tl6indi:
opt sitjanda SQgur of fallask, ^0
ok liggjandi lygi of bejlir.'
Loki kva6:
11. ' H§fi-k §rfi6i ok orindi:
1*гутг h§fir pinn hamar, pursa drottinn;
hann engi табг aptr of heimtir, 45
nema honum fceri Freyju at kvan.'
12. Ganga peir fagra Freyju at hitta,
ok hann pat огба alls- fyrst of kva6:
'bitt-u pik, Freyja, Ьгпбаг llni!
vit skulum aka tvau 1 Jotunheima.' g0

VIII. PRYMSKVIBA. 79
13. Vrei6 var6 pa Freyja ok masa6i,
allr asa salr undir bif6isk,
stokk pat it mikla me.n Brlsinga:
' mik veizt-u ver6a ver-gjarnasta,
ef ek ф. теб per 1 Jotunheima/ 55
14. S§nn varu aesir allir a pingi
ok asynjur allar a mali,
ok of pat гёби rlkir tlvar,
hve peir Hlori6a hamar of scetti.
15. i>a kva6 J>at Heimdallr, hvltastr asa 6o
(vissi hann vel fram, sem vanir adrir):
'bindum ver tor ba Ьгпбаг llni,
hafi hann it mikla mgn Brisinga!
16. Latum und honum hrynja lukla
ok kvenn-va6ir of kne falla, 65
en a brjosti breida steina,
ok hagliga of hofu5 typpum !'
17. i»a kva6 pat Pon, pru6ugr ass:
' mik munu sesir argan kalla,
ef ek bindask last Ьгпбаг llni.' 70
18. i»a kva6 pat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr:
' ^Sgi t>u [n4> ^°rr' peira огба;
pegar munu jgtnar Asgar6 bua,
пета рп pinn hamar per of heimtir.'
19. Bundu peir &or pa Ьгпбаг llni 75
ok inu mikla m§ni Brisinga.
20. Letu und honum hrynja lukla
ok kvenn-va6ir of kne falla,
en a brjosti brei6a steina,
ok hagliga of hofu5 typ6u. 80

VIII. PRYMSKVIBA.
21. Ъа. kvao ]pat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr:
' mun ek ok me5 J>er ambatt vera,
vit skulum aka tvaer I Jotunheima.'
22. Serin varu hafrar heim of reknir,
skyndir at skoklum, skyldu vel re.nna: 85
bjgrg brotnu6u, brann jor5 loga,
ok Odins sonr 1 Jgtunheima.
23. ta kva6 bat irymr, pursa drottinn:
' standid upp, jgtnar ! ok straid bejtki!
nu foera mer Freyju at kvan, 90
Njar6ar dottur, or N5a-tunum.
24. Ganga her at gar5i gull-hyrndar kyr,
oxn al-svartir jgtni at gamni;
fjgl5 a ek mei6ma, fjgld a ek m§nja,,
einnar mer Freyju avant pykkir.' 95
25. Var par at kveldi of komit snimma,
ok fyr jgtna gl fram borit;
einn at oxa, atta laxa,
krasir allar, paer er konur skyldu,
drakk Sifjar verr said prju mja6ar. юо
гб. i»a kva6 pat irymr, pursa drdttinn:
' hvar sattu bru6ir blta hvassara ?
sak-a-k bru6ir blta brei6ara,
ne inn meira mjg6 mey of drekka.'
27. Sat in al-snotra ambatt fyrir, Ю5
er огб of fann vi6 jgtuns mali:
'at vaetr Freyja atta nattum,
sva var hon бб-fus I Jgtunheima.'
28, Laut und llnu, lysti at kyssa,
en hann utan stokk ?nd-langan sal: IIO
'hvi eru gndott augu Freyju?
pykkir mer or augum eldr of br§nna.'

VIII. PRYMSKVWA. 81
29. Sat in alsnotra ambatt fyrir,
er огб of fann vi6 jotuns mali:
' svaf vaetr Freyja atta nattum, 115
sva var hon 66fus I Jotunheima.'
30. Inn kom in arma JQtna systir,
hin er Ьгпб-fjar of bidja bor6i:
' lattu ber af hondum hringa гаиба,
ef bu 961ask vill astir mlnar, 120
astir minar, alia hylli!'
31. &a kva6 bat Irymr, bursa drottinn :
' beri6 inn hamar brudi at vlgja,
I§ggi6 MJQllni I meyjar kne,
vlgi6 okkr saman Varar h§ndi!' 125
32. Hlo H15ri6a hugr I brjosti,
er har6-huga6r hamar of b§k6i;
f>rym drap hann fyrstan, bursa drottin,
ok sett jotuns alia Iam6i.
33. Drap hann ina oldnu jotna systur, 130
hin er bru6fjar of bedit haf6i;
hon skell of hlaut fyr skillinga,
en hggg hamars fyr hringa fjol5.
Sva kom O6ins sonr §ndr at hamri.

NOTES.
The references marked Gr. are to the paragraphs of the Grammar.
I. THOR.
Line 3. Напп a J>ar riki er f>rud-vangar heita, ' he reigns (there)
where it is called ]>.,' i. e. in the place which is called J>. The plur.
heita agrees with priffivangar, as in 1. 14 below : pat eru jamglofar
' that is (his) iron gloves.'
1. 5. l>at er hus mest, sva at m§rm hafa gprt, ' that is the largest
house, so that men have made (it),' i.e. the largest house that has been
built. Notethe plur. hiis of a single house; each chamber was originally
regarded as a house, being often a detached building.
1. 13. spgnnir J>eim, Gr. § 154; cp. 2. 49.
II. THOR AND UTGARDALOKI.
1. 1. for med bafra slna . . ok теб honum sa ass er .. We see
here that теб generally takes an ace. to denote passive, and a dat. to
denote voluntary accompaniment.
1. 5. so6it refers to some such subst. as slatr (meat) understood.
1. 11. spr§tti a . . a is here an adv.
1. 12. til m§rgjar. til here implies intention—to get at the marrow.
1. 20. J>at er sa augnanna, ' the little he saw of the eyes.'—
Thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered his eyes, and the
man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight of
them.
1. 21. The second harm refers, of course, to Thor.
1. 34. til myrkrs, till it was dark.
1. 36. feir, the masc. instead of theneut. pi., as in 1. 32 foil., showing
that leitudu is meant to refer only to the men of the party, and not to
include Roskva. (Gr. § 179.)
1. 46. ser hvar la табг, ' saw where a man lay,' i. e. saw a man
lying.
G 2

i NOTES.
1. 51. emu einni, for once in his life.
1. 52. n§fndisk Skrymir, said his name was Skr.
1. 66. buid til (/^.) natt-ver6ar y3r, prepare supper for yourselves.
1. 77. Er J>at J)er satt at sggja. satt is in apposition to ]>at—' that
is to be told you as the truth, (namely) that . . '
1. 88. sja sik, see himself alive.
1. 104. Ъапп=/дии veg, that way, course.
I. 108. at eesirnir bse6i pa heila hittask. The full sense is, ' that
Thor and Loki expressed a wish that they and Skrymir might meet
again safe and sound.'
II. in, П2. sfttu hnakkann a bak ser aptr, threw back the backs
of their heads till they touched their backs, i. e. threw back their heads.
1. 118. cerit stora, ' rather big,' i. e. very big.
1. r 20. glotti um tonn, 'grinned round a tooth/ i.e. showed his teeth
in a malicious grin. Two MSS. read vif5 instead of um.
1. 121. er annan veg en ek hygg, at .. ? is it otherwise than as
I think, namely that. . ? i. e. am I not right in thinking that . . ?
1. 127. engi er her sa inni er .. = engi er her-inni sa-er. . .
1. 129. freista skal, Gr. § 192.
1..I4O. kallar pess meiri van at hann se . . ' says that there is more
probability of that, namely that he is . . than of the contrary,' i. e. says
that he will have to be. . .
1. 150. fothvatari en sva, 'more-swift-footed than so—under these
circumstances,' i. e. than you.
1. 156. ok er f>jalfl eigi pa kominn . . = fa er |>jalfi eigi kominn.. .
1. 172. at sinni, this time.
1. 172. hann. ace.
1. 173. laut or horninu, bent back from the horn.
1. t88. mestr refers to drykkr understood.
1. 218. kalli, Gr. § 192.
1. 241. Ъ6 refers to uni.
III. BALDER.
1. 7. engi agrees with domr.
IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER.
1. 11. hann, ace.
1. 20. tmgr, too young.
1. 31. п-happ is in apposition Xopat; cp. 3. 7-
И- 33» 34- varumedeinumhug til . . had the same feelings towards.
1. 36. var . . fyrr, was beforehand, prevented.
1. 42. vili, subj. ' whether he will';—change of construction.
1. 55. nema, 'unless,' here = 'until.'

NOTES. 85
1. 89. heim. This use of heim in the sense of' someone else's home.'
is frequent. Cp. our ' drive a nail home.'
1. 94. sva refers to ok efallir hlutir . . , the ok being pleonastic.
1. 108. hvar, cp. 2. 46.
1. 113. karl, ' old man,' here = Odin.
V. HEBINN AND HEGNI.
1. 6. Hedinn = hann ; this use of a proper name instead of a prononn
is frequent.
1. 9. J>ar. Cp. 1. 3.
VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.
1. 17. sva at, so that, i. e. just when.
1. 30. er, namely that.
1. 33. austan at sigla is in a kind of apposition tofgrdina.
1. 40. sva, also.
1. 48. muni fyrir, awaits you, is impending.
1. 53. meira, adv., better, faster.
1. 149. bar harm hatt, impers. w. аса ; he was in a conspicuous
place.
1. 244. vid fimtanda maim, one of fifteen, with fourteen men.
1. 259. vapna is governed by the second half of the genitival compound
ЫсеЬа-ЬппаЪ', which is here considered as two independent words.
VII. AUDUN.
1. 17. var fyrir, was to be found.
1. 26. tvau verd slik, double the price you gave.
1. 55. fe is probably dat. here, but may be nom.
1. 56. gptir sem . . , according as, in accordance with what.
1. 64. nu . . rm, lately . . just now.
1. 116. h§ldr is here used pleonastically in a kind of apposition to
the preceding bgtr.
1. 125. en, and = while.
1. 129. J)essi einn var sva hlutrinn, at .. . , this single thing is the
case, namely that . .. i. e. the only thing is that . . .
VIII. {.RYMSKVIDA.
1. 7. jar6ar is governed by hvgrgi.
1. 9. tuna. Poetical construction of gen. to denote goal of motion.
1.15. J>6 goes with the following at=ok sglja, Jioat (}>otf) vari or
silfri.
1. 32. fceri may be either sg. or pi. 3 pers.

GLOSSARY.
ее follows aS, S follows d, g follows e, cefollozas oS, g follows о, о follows
o, \ follows t.
The declensions of nouns are only occasionally given.
(-rs) etc. means that the r of the nom. is kept in inflection.
-a adv. not.
a sf river.
a see eiga.
aprp. w. ace. and dat. on, in.
абг adv., cj. before.
a5rir see annar.
sesir see ass.
setla wv. 3, consider, deem : ' aetlask
fyrir,' intend.
sett sf. 2, race, descent, family.
setta see eiga.
af prp. w. dat. from ; of; with ;
adv. ' drekka af,' drink off.
af-hus sn. out-house, side room,
afl sn. strength, might.
af-taka wf. damage, injury.
agsetliga adv. splendidly.
aka sv. г, drive (a chariot, etc.).
akafliga adv. vehemently, hard—
'kalla a.' call loudly.
akarn sn. acorn.
akkeri sn. anchor.
alar-f ndir sm. thong-end, end of a
strap.
al-buinn adj. w. gen. quite ready.
aldinn adj. old.
aldri adv. never.
a-lgngdar adv. for some time.
alfr sm. elf.
a-lit snpl. appearance, counten-
countenance [lita].
all-har5r adj. very hard, very vio-
violent.
all-litill adj. very little.
all-mami-skce5r adj .(very injuri-
injurious to men), very murderous (of
a battle) [skaSi, ' injury '].
all-mikill adj. very great.
allr adj. all, whole ; ' me3 ollu,'
entirely; ' alls fyrst,' first of all.
all-storum adv. very greatly.
all-valdr sm. monarch, king.
al-snotr adj. very clever.
al-svartr adj. very black, coal-
black.
alt adv. quite.
ambatt sf. 2, female slave, maid.
and-lit sn. face [Hta].
annarr prn. second ; following,
next; other ; one of the two—
' annar . . . annarr,' one . . . the
other.
aptann sm. evening.
aptastr adj. most behind.
aptr adv. back, backwards, behind.
ar sf. oar.
ar sn. year.
ar see a.

GLOSSARY.
argr adj. cowardly, base.
ar-madr sm. steward.
armr adj. wretched.
as-m§gin. sn. divine strength,
ass sm. 3, (Scandinavian) god.
ast sf. 2, affection, love, often in pi.
ast-ssell adj. beloved, popular.
[ssell, 'happy'].
asynja wf. (Scandinavian) goddess
[ass],
at, see eta.
at prp. w. dat.at, by; to, towards,
up to; for; in accordance with,
after.
at adv. to.
-at adv. not.
at-laga wf. attack [Ifggja].
at-гббг (-rar) sm. 2, rowing
against, attack,
atta num. eight.
atta see eiga.
au5-k§ndr adj. easy to be recog-
recognized, easily distinguishable.
audr adj. desert, deserted, without
men.
aud-senn adj. evident.
auga wn. eye.
aug-syn sf. sight.
auka sv. 1, increase; impers., w.
dat. of what is added 'jok nu
miklu a,' much was added to it
(his hesitation increased),
austan adv. from the east.
aust-madr sm. Easterner, Norwe-
Norwegian.
austr sn. the east—'I au.,' east-
eastwards.
austr adv. eastwards.
austr-vegr sm. the East, especially
Russia.
avalt adv. continually, all the time.
a-vanr adj. wanting ; impers.
neut. in ' einnar mer Freyju
avant Jjykkir,' Freyja alone I
seem to want.
a-vinnr adj. toilsome, only in the
impers. neut. ' mun a-vint ver6a
um s§xin, it will be a hard fight
at the prow.
B.
bad see bi6ja.
ba6ir prn. both, neut. as adv. in
' baedi . . ok,' both . . and.
badu see bidja.
Ьюда see bidja.
bSdi see badir.
baggi wm. bag; bundle.
bak sn. back, ' vgrja eitt baki,' de-
defend a thing with the back, i. e.
turns one's back to it = be a
coward.
bak-bordi wm. larboard.
bal sn. flame; funeral pile.
bal-fgr sf. funeral.
bani wm. death.
bar, see bera.
bardagi wm. battle.
bard sn. edge, rim ; projection in
the prow of a ship formed by
the continuation of the keel.
barda see b§rja.
bardi wm. war-ship with a sharp
prow, ram.
barn sn. child.
batt see binda.
baud see bjoda.
beida wv. 1, w. gen. of thing and
dat. of pers. benefited, ask, de-
demand.
bein sn. bone.
b§kkr sm. 2, bench.
b§lla wv. 1, occupy oneself with,
deal in, generally in a bad sense.
bera sv. 4, carry, take; bear, en-
endure, berask at, happen, b.
fram, bring forward, out. b. vapn
nidr, shoot down. b. ra.5 sin
saman, hold council, deliberate.
berg-risi wm. hill-giant.
b§rja wv. 1 b, strike—' b. grj5ti,'
stone, bgrjask, fight.
b§rr adj. bare, unsheathed (of a
sword).
ber-s§rkr sm. 2, wild fighter,
champion. [Literally ' bear-
shirt,' i. e. one clothed in a
bear's skin.]

GLOSSARY.
89
bgtr see vel.
bgtri see go6r.
b§zt see vel.
bgztr see go5r.
beygja wv. 1, bend, arch.
bida sv. 6, w. gen. wait for; w.
ace. abide, undergo.
bi6ja sv. 5, ask, beg, pray, w. gen.
of tiling, ace. of the pers. asked,
and dat. of the person benefited ;
express a wish, bid—' ba5 hann
vel kominn' (vera understood^),
bad him welcome; call on,
challenge, command, tell.
bifask wv. 1, tremble, shake.
bil sn. moment of time, ir^-^^
bila wv. 2, fail.
bilt neut. adj. only in the impers.
' einum vei'5r bilt,' one hesitates,
is taken aback, is afraid.
binda sv. 3, bind, tie up ; dress.
birta wv. i, show [bjartr].
bita sv. 6, bite; cut.
bittu see binda.
bitu see bita.
bjarn-dyri sn. bear.
bjartr adj. bright, clear.
bjo see bua.
bj66a sv. 7, w. ace. and dat. offer,
propose—' b. einnm fang,' chal-
challenge to wrestling ; invite, b.
UPP, give up.
bjorg sf. help; means of subsist-
subsistence, store of food.
blasa sv. 1, blow; blow trumpet
as signal.
bleyda wf coward.
ЬИда wf gentleness, friendliness.
blindr adj. blind.
blod sn. blood.
blot-bolli wm. sacrificial bowl.
bcetr see bot.
boga-skot sn. bowshot.
bogi wm. bow.
bog-ma5r sm. bowman, archer.
bondi sm. 4, yeoman,householder,
(free) man [bua].
bord sn. side of a ship, board;
rim, the margin between the rim
of a vessel and the liquid in it—
' nu er gott beranda b. a horninu,'
now there is a good margin for
carrying the horn, i. e. its con-
contents are so diminished that it
can be lifted without spilling.
borg sf. fortress, castle.
borg-hlid sn. castle gate.
bot sf. 3, mending, improvement;
plur. bostr, compensation.
born see barn.
bra sf. eyelid.
bra see bregda.
brag5 sn. trick, stratagem
[breg5a].
brann, see brgnna.
brast see bresta.
bratt adv. quickly.
braut sf way—a braut, adv.
away.
braut see brjota.
braut, brott, adv. away.
breg6a sv. 3, w. dat. jerk, pull,
push; b. upp, lift, raise (to
strike), change, transform.
breiSr adj. broad.
br§nna wf. burning; incremation.
brgnna sv. 3, burn intr.
brfnna wv. 1, burn trans.
bresta sv. 3, break, crack, burst.
brestr sm. crack ; loss.
brjost sn. breast.
brjota sv. 7, break—'b. (skip)'
suffer shipwreck, also impers.
' skip (ace.) brytr,' the ship is
wrecked.
broddr sm. point.
brodir sm. 4, brother.
brotinn see brjota.
brotna wv. 3, break intr.
brott see braut.
brott-laga sf. retreat.
bru sf. bridge.
Ьгпб-fe sn. bridal gift.
brudr sf. 2, bride.
brun sf. 3, eyebrow.
bryggja wf. pier.
brynja wf. corslet.
brynn see brun.

GLOSSARY.
bryn-stu&a wf. corslet-sleeve.
bryti see brjota.
brytr see brjdta.
bu sn. dwelling, home.
bua sv. i,dwell; inhabit, possess,
prepare, buask, get ready,
prepare intr.' er buit vid at..'
it is likely to be that. . , there
is danger of...
budu see bjoda.
buinn adj. ready; in a certain
condition—' (viS) sva buit' adv.
under such circumstances ; capa-
capable, fit for—' vel at ser buinn,'
very capable, very good (at).
bundu see binda.
burr sm. son.
bydr see bjo6a.
byr see bua.
byrja wv. 3, begin.
byr-vserm adj. promising a fair
wind.
D.
daga wv. 3, dawn.
dagan sf. dawn.
dagr sm. day.
dalr sm. valley.
daudr adj. dead.
d§gi see dagr.
deyja sv. 2, die.
djupr, adj. deep.
do see deyja.
domr sm. decision.
dottir sf. 3, daughter.
dggur5r sm. breakfast [-ur6 =
-verdr, cp. nattverSr].
d5kkr (-vir), adj. dark.
draga sv. 2, draw, drag. d. saman,
collect.
drakk see drekka.
drap see drepa.
drautur sm. dream.
drggirm see draga.
dreif see drifa.
drfki wm, dragon ; dragon-ship,
ship with a dragon's head as a
beak.
drekka sv. 3, drink.
drepa sv. 5, strike; kill.
dreyma wv. i, impers. w. ace. of
pers. and ace. of the thing dream
[draumr].
drifa sv. 6, drive ; hasten.
drjupa sv. 7, drop.
dro see draga.
drogu see draga.
drottinn sm. lord.
drottin-hollr adj. faithful to its
master.
drukkinn adj. (pte.) drunk.
drupu see drjupa.
drykkja wf. drinking [drekka].
drykkju-madr sm. drinker,
drykkr sm. 2, draught.
duna wv. 3, resound.
dundi see dynja.
dvalda see dv§lja.
dvflja wv. ib, delay, dvgljask,
dwell, stop.
dvergr sm. dwarf.
dydrill sm. (?).
dyja wv. ib, shake,
dynja wv. ib, resound.
dyr sn. animal, beast,
dyrr sfnpl. door.
E.
еба cj. or.
ef cj. if.
§fna, wv. 1, perform, carry out.
§ggja то 3, incite.
eidr sm. oath.
eiga wf. property.
eiga swv. possess, have: have as
wife, be married to; have in the
sense ofmv&t.
eigi adv. not; no.
eign sf. property.
eignask wv. 3, appropriate, gain.
eik sf. 3, oak.
emka-mal snpl. personal agree-
agreement, special treaty.
eirm num., prn. one ; the same;
a certain, a; alone, only—' einn
saman,' alone, mere.
einn-hvexr,/r#. a certain, some, a.

GLOSSARY.
eira wv. 1, w. dat. spare.
eitr sn. poison.
«k prn. I.
§k see aka.
ekki/ги. «гиг1, nothing; adv. not.
eldr sm. fire.
§lli kj/I old age.
ellifti adj. eleventh.
ellifu num. eleven.
em see vera.
en cj. but; and.
en adv. than, after compar.
§ndask wv. 1, end, suffice for.
§ndi, §ndir sm. end.
§nd-langr adj. the whole length—
'gndlangan sal,'the whole length
of the hall.
§ndr adv. again.
&n.%\ prn. none, no.
enn adv. yet, still; besides ; after
all.
§ptir prp. w. ace. after (of time).
w. dat. along, over ; in quest of,
after; according to, by. adv.
afterwards; behind [aptr].
§ptri adj. compar. hind,
er prn. rel. who, which, rel. adv.
where; when ; because, that,
er see vera.
er see J>u.
§rfidi sn. work ; trouble,
ert see vera.
eru see vera.
eta sv. 5, eat.
ey sf. island.
fa sv. i, grasp ; receive, get; give ;
be able, fask, wrestle, fask a,
be obtained, be.
fadir sm. 4, father.
feer see fa.
faestr see far.
fagnadr sm. 2, joy ; entertainment,
hospitality.
fagr adj. beautiful, fair, fine.
fagrliga adv. finely.
fall sn. fall.
falla sv. 1, fall, fallask, be for-
forgotten, fail.
fang sn. embrace, grasp; wrestling.
fann see flnna.
far adj. few—neut. fatt w. gen.:
'fatt manna,' few men.
fara go, travel—w. gen. in such
constr. as ' f. ffrSar sinnar,' go
his way; fare (well, ill); happen,
turn out; experience ; ' f. me5
einu,'deal with, treat; destroy,
use up iv. dat. farask impers.
in ' fersk J>eim vel,' they have a
good passage.
farmr sm. lading, cargo.
fastr adj. firm, fast, strong.
fe sn. property, money.
f§5rum, see fadir.
fekk see fa.
fggrd sf. beauty [fagr].
ff grstr see fagr.
feikn-staflr smpl. 2, wickedness.
fela sv. 3, hide.
felagi wm. companion.
fe-lauss, adj. penniless.
fe-litill adj. withlittle money, poor.
fell see falla.
f§lla wv. 1, fell, throw down ; kill
[falla].
fengu, ffnginn see fa.
f§r see fara.
f§rd sf. 2, journey [fara].
fer-skeyttr adj. four-comered.
flmm num. five.
flmtandi adj. fifteenth.
flnna sv. 3, find; meet, go to see ;
notice, see.
fjadr-hamr sm. feathered (winged)
coat.
fjall sn. mountain.
fjar see fe.
fjara sf. ebb-tide ; beach.
fjogur see fjorir.
fjordi adj. fourth.
fjorir num. four.
fjolff wf. quantity.
fjgl-kyngi sn. magic.
fjol-mgnni sn. multitude; troop
[madr].

GLOSSARY.
fjgrdr sm. 3, firth.
fjgrur see fjara.
па, sv. 2, flay, skin.
flaug see fljuga.
flfginn see fla.
flestr see margr.
fljota sv. 7, float, drift.
fljuga sv. 7, fly.
flo see fljuga.
floti wm. fleet [fljota].
flotti wm. flight [flyja].
flugu see fljuga.
fluttu see flytja.
flyja wv. 1, flee.
flytja wv. ib. remove, bring.
fnasa wv. 3, snort.
fcera wv. 1, bring,' take ; fasten
[fara].
fcerir see fara.
foeti see fot.
folginn see fela.
folk sn. multitude, troop ; people.
for see fara.
for-tglur wpl. representations, ar-
arguments [tala].
fostra wf. nurse.
fot-hvatr adj. swift-footed.
fotr sm. foot; leg.
fo<5ur see fa6ir.
for sf. journey [fara].
foru-neyti sn. company [njota].
fra frf. from, away from; about,
concerning. ' 1 fra' adv. away.
frsendi sm. 4, relation.
fra-fall sn. death.
fram adv. forward, forth, compar.
framar, ahead.
framastr adj. superl. chief, most
distinguished.
frami wm. advantage, courage.
framidr see frgmja.
fram-stafn sm. prow.
fra-sggn sf. narrative, relation.
freista wv. 3, w. gen. try, test.
frfinja wv. ib, perform [fram].
fridr sm. 2, peace.
frldr adj. beautiful, fine.
frodr adj. learned, wise.
frcekn adj. bold, daring.
frost sn. frost.
fugl sm. bird.
full-kominn adj. (J>tc.) complete ;
ready (for).
fullr adj. full.
fundr sm. 2, meeting [finna].
fundu see finna.
furdu adv. awfully, very.
fuss adj. eager.
fylgja wv. 1, w. dat. follow ; ac-
accompany.
fylki sn. troop [folk].
fylkja wv. 1, w. dat. draw up
(troops) [folk].
fylla wv. 1, fill [fullr].
fyr, fyrir prp. w. ace. and dat.
before ; beyond, over—' f. bord,'
overboard ; instead of—' koma
Vadv. be given as compensation ;
for; because of. ' f. j>vi at,' be-
because, 'litill f. ser,' insignifi-
insignificant.
fyrir-rum sn. fore-hold, chief-
cabin.
fyrirrums-maSr sm. man in the
fore-hold.
fyrr adv. compar. before, formerly.
superl. fyrst, first.
fyrri adj. compar. former, superl.
fyrstr, first.
fysa wv. 1, hasten trans.—impers.
' braut fysir mik,' 1 feel a desire
to go away [fuss].
G.
ga wv. 1, w. gen. heed, care for.
gsefa wf. luck [gefa].
gseta wv. 1, watch, take care of
[geta].
gaf see gefa.
geefu-maSr sm. lucky man.
gafiak sn. javelin.
gamall adj. old.
gaman sn. amusement, joy.
gangs ro. 1, go, with gen. of goal
in poetry ; attack—' g. a skip,'
board a ship. g. af, be finished.
g. til, come up. g. upp, land ;

GLOSSARY.
93
board a ship; be used up, ex-
expended (of money).
gardr sm. enclosure, court; dwell-
dwelling.
gat see geta.
gefa sv. 5, give.
gggnum, I g§gnum prp. w. gen.
through.
gekk see ganga.
g§lti see ggltr.
g§nginn, g§ngr, gengu, see
ganga.
geta sv. 5, w. gen. mention, speak
of; guess, suppose.
geysi adv. excessively.
gipta wf. luck [gefa].
giptu-табг sm. lucky man.
gjafar see gjof.
gjof sf. gift.
glotta wv. 2, smile maliciously,
grin.
glsesiligr adj. magnificent.
gnyr sm. din, noise.
g65r adj. good—' gott er til eins,'
it is easy to get at, obtain.
golf sn. floor ; apartment, room.
gott see godr.
gofugr adj. distinguished [gefa].
ggltr sm. з, boar.
gomul see gamall.
ggra wv. ic, do, make, ggrask,
set about doing ; be made into,
become, ggra at, accomplish,
carry out.
ggrsimi wf. article of value, trea-
treasure.
granda wv. 3, w. dat. injure.
grar adj. gray.
gras sn. grass ; plant, flower.
grata sv. 1, weep, mourn for.
gratr sm. weeping.
greida ivv. 1, put in order, arrange.
greip see. grlpa.
gres-jarn sn. iron wire (?).
grey sn. dog.
grid snpl. peace, security.
grida-stadr sm. sanctuary.
grind sf. 3, lattice door, wicket.
grlpa sv. 6, seize.
gripr sm. 2, article of value,
treasure.
grjot sn. stone (collectively).
groa sv. 1, grow; heal,
grcer see groa.
gruna wv. 3, impers.—' mik gru-
nar,' I suspect, think. #
grunr sm. 2, suspicion.
gull sn. gold.
gull-band sn. gold band,
gull-buinn adj. adorned with gold,
gull-hringr sm. gold ring.
gull-hyrndr adj. (ptc.) with gilt
horns.
gull-ro5inn adj. {pic.) gilt,
gygr sf. giantess.
gyltr adj. (pti.) gilt.
gyrda wv. 1, gird.
H.
hsestr see har.
hsetta wv. 1, w. dat. desist from,
stop.
hsettligr adj. dangerous, threaten-
threatening.
hsettr adj. dangerous.
haf sn. sea.
hafa wv. 1, have; *h. einn nser
einu,' bring near to, expose to;
use, utilize, at haiask, under-
undertake, til hafa, have at hand.
hafna see hgfn.
hafr sm. goat.
hafr-staka wf. goatskin.
hagliga adv. neatly.
hagr sm. condition ; advantage—
' ber mun h. a vera,' will avail
thee, be profitable to yon.
hag-stcedr adj. favourable.
halda sv. 1, w. dat. hold (also with
prp. a); keep. w. ace. observe,
keep (laws, etc.). intr. take a
certain direction, go.
halfr adj. half.
halfu adv. by half, half as much
again.
hallar see hgll.
hallar-golf sn. hall floor.

GLOSSARY.
baltr adj. lame.
hamarr sm. hammer,
hamars-mudr sin. thin end of
hammer.
hamar-skapt sn. handle of a ham-
hammer,
hamar-spor sn. mark made by a
hammer.
hana see harm,
handar see hond.
hand-skot sn. throwing with the
hand.
hand-t§kinn р/с. pret. taken by
hand, taken alive,
hann prn. he.
har sn. hair,
har adj. high.
Ьагб-hugaor adj. stern of mood.
harur adj. hard; strong.
har6-skeytr adj. strong-shooting
[skj5ta].
harmrJOT. grief.
haski wm. danger.
ha-seeti sn. high seat, dais
[sitja].
hassetis-kista sf. chest under the
dais.
hatt adv. high ; loudly,
haugr sm. monnd.
hauss sm. skull.
hedan adv. hence,
hgfi see hafa.
hgfja sv. 2, raise, lift; begin,
hgfna wv. i, w. gen. revenge,
avenge.
heill adj. sound, safe, prosperous.
heil-ri»5i sn. sound advice, good
advice [ra.5].
heim adv. to one's home, home
(domum).
heima adv. at home (domi).
heima-madr sm. man ofthe house-
household.
heim-fuss adj. longing to go
home, homesick.
heimr sm. home,dwelling; world,
heimta wv. i, fetch, obtain, get
back,
heita sv. I, call; w. dot. of pers.
and dot. of thing promise; intr.
(pres. heiti) be named, called,
hgldr see halda.
h§ldr adv. compar. more willingly,
rather, sooner, more; rather,
very.
hg 1-grindr sf. the doors of hell.
h§llir sm. cave,
helt see halda.
hfl-vegr sm. road to hell.
hflzt adv. superl. most willingly,
soonest, especially, most [hgldr].
hfndi, h§ndr see hond.
hfnnar, hgrmi see harm.
h§pta wv. i, bind ; hinder, stop.
her adv. here—' h. af/etc. here-of.
hgr-bergi, sn. quarters, lodgings.
hfrda wv. harden, clench.
h§r-fang sn. booty.
hgrja wv. 3, make war, ravage
[hgrr].
h§rr sm. army, fleet.
herra sm. lord.
h§r-skip sn. war-ship,
hestr sm. horse,
het see heita.
heyra wv. i, hear.
himinn sm. heaven,
hingat adv. hither.
hinn prn. that.
Ыгб sf. court.
hir6-madr sm. courtier,
hiti wm. heat.
hitta wv. come upon, find, meet;
trans, go to. hittask, meet,
intr.
bja prp. w. dat. by, at; in com-
comparison with,
bjalmr sm. helmet.
hjon snpl. household.
hlada sv. 2, load, heap up ; 'h.
seglum,' take in sails.
Mffija sv. 2, laugh.
hlaupa sv. 1, jump, leap ; run.
hlaut see hljota.
hleyp see hlaupa.
hleypa wv. 1, make to run (i. e.
the horse), gallop,
hlif sf. shield.

GLOSSARY.
95
hlifa wv. i, w. dat. shelter, cover,
protect. e
hljop see hlaupa.
hljota sv. 7, get, receive.
Ыбби see Ыаба.
hlogu see hleeja.
hlunnr sm, roller (for launching
ships).
hluti wm. portion [hljota].
hlutr sm. 2, share ; portion, part,
piece; thing [hljota].
hlut-skipti sn. booty,
hnakki e. back of head.
hof see h§fja.
hollr adj. gracious, faithful.
holmr sm. small island.
hon see hann.
honum see hann.
horn sn. horn.
hoegri adj. compar. right (hand).
hoela wv. I, w. dat. praise, boast of.
hpfdingi wm. chief [hgfuS].
Iipf6a-fjol sf. head-board (espe-
(especially of a bedstead).
hpfSu see hafa.
hpfn sf. harbour.
Iiofu5 sn. head.
hggg sn. stroke.
hogg-ormr sm, viper.
hogg-orrosta wf. ' cutting-fight;'
hand-to-hand fight.
hpggva sv. I, hew, cut, strike.
hpll sf. hall.
hond sf. з, hand ; side—' hvarra-
tvgggju bandar,' on both sides,
for both parties.
hrseddr adj. frightened, afraid \jitc.
of hrteSask].
hrsedask wv. I, be frightened, fear,
hrsezla wf. fear [hraedask].
hrafn sm. raven,
bratt see hrinda.
hrau6 see hrj66a.
hraut see hrjota.
hreyfa wv. i, move.
hriS sf. period of time.
hrlm-Jiurs sm. frost giant.
hrinda sv. 3, push, launch (ship).
hrista wv. 1, shake.
hrjo5a sv. 7, strip, clear, disable.
hrjota sv. 7, start, burst out.
hrpkk see hrdkkva.
hrokkva sv. 3, start back.
hrySi see hrj65a.
hrynja wv. ib. fall down.
hrytr see hrjota.
hugda see hyggja.
hugi wm. thought.
hugr sm. mind, heart; courage,
spirit.-
hugsa wv. 3, consider, think.
hundrad sn. hundred.
hur5 sf. 2, door,
hus sn. room ; house,
hvar adv. where ; that.
hvarr prn. which of two; each
of the two, both.
hvarr-tvgggja prn. each of the
two, both.
hvart adv. whether, both in direct
and indirect questions.
hvart-tv§ggja adv. ' hv. . . ok,'
both . . and.
hvass adj. sharp.
b.vB,t prn. neut. what.
hvart adj. brisk, bold.
hve adv. how.
hverfa sv. 3, turn, go.
hv§r-gi adv. nowhere—' hv. jar-
Эаг,' nowhere on earth ; in no
respect, by no means.
hv^rnig adv. how. [ = hvgrn veg.]
hv^TT prn. who.
hvgrsu adv. how.
hvl adv. why.
hvirfill sm. crown of head.
hvltna wv. 2, whiten.
hvltr adj. white.
hyggja wv. ib..think, mean, de-
determine [hugr].
hylli wf favour [hollr].
I.
i prp. in.
i-huga wv. 3, try to remember,
consider [hugr].
ilia adv. ill, badly.

GLOSSARY.
Шх adj. ill, bad.
inn art- the.
inn adv. in compar. innar, further
in.
inna wv. i, accomplish.
innan adv. within, inside, fyrir
innan prp. w. gen. within, in.
inni adv. in.
it see Jm.
it see inn.
I-J>rdtt sf. feat.
J.
jafn-breiur adj. equally broad.
jafn-liofugr adj. equally heavy
[hefjal.
jafn-mikill adj. equally great,
jafh-skjott adv. equally quick,
jafna wv. 3, smooth ; compare w.
dat. of thing compared.
jafhan adv. always,
jarl sm. earl,
jarn sn. iron.
jarn-glofi sm. iron gauntlet,
jarn-spong sf. iron plate.
jata wv. i, w. dat. agree to.
jok see auka.
jor6 sf. earth,
jotun-heimar smpl. home, world
of the giants.
jptunn sm. giant.
K.
"keer-leikr sm. love, affection [kaerr,
'dear'].
kaf sn. diving; deep water, water
under the surface.
kafa wv. 3, dive,
kalla wv. 3, cry out, call; assert,
maintain; name, call,
kann see kunna.
kapp sn. competition.
karl sm. man ; old man.
kasta wv. 3, cast, throw.
kaupa wv. 2, buy.
kfngr sm. bend.
§ ¦wv. 1, know ; perceive.
kfrling sf. old woman [karl].
kgrra wf chariot. ,
kf till sm. kettle.
keypta, see kaupa.
keyra iw. 1, drive.
kirkja wf. church.
kirkju-skot sn. wing of a church.
kjosa, sv. 7, choose.
klakk-laust adv. uninjured.
к1юба wv. 1, clothe.
Ыюба-Ьппабг sm. apparel.
kl»5i snpl. clothes.
kne sn. knee.
knifr sm. knife.
knorr sm. merchant-ship.
knu6i see knyja.
knui wm. knuckle.
knutr sm. knot.
knyja wv. ib, press with knuckles
or knees; exert oneself [knui].
kolf-skot sn. (distance of a) bolt-
shot.
kollottr adj. bald.
koma j». 4. come ; happen, turn
out; w. dat. bring into a certain
condition, k. fyrir, be paid in
atonement, komask, make one's
way (by dint of exertion).
kona wf. woman ; wife.
konr sm. kind—' alls konar,' all
kinds ;' nakkvars konar,' of some
kind.
konun ga-stgfna wf. congress of
kings.
konungr sm. king.
konungs-dottir sf. king's daugh-
daughter.
konungs-skip sn. king's ship.
kosinn see kjosa.
kost-gripr sm. precious thing,
treasure.
kostr sm. 2, choice—'at 98га
kosti,' otherwise; power [kj5sa].
kogur-sveinn sm. little boy, ur-
urchin.
kppp see kapp.
kopur-yrdi sn. boasting [ord].
kottr sm. 3, cat.

GLOSSARY.
97
кбт see кота.
krappa-rum sn. back cabin.
krappr adj. narrow.
kraptr sm. strength.
kras sf. 2, delicacy.
krgfja wv. ib, w. ace. of pers.
and gen. of thing, demand.
ktmna swv. know ; feel; venture;
like to.
kunnandi wf. knowledge, accom-
accomplishments.
kunnusta wf. knowledge, power.
kunnr adj. known.
kurr sm. murmur, riimour.
kvsedi sn. poem.
kveema see кота.
kvan sf. wife.
kve6a sv. 5, say. kv. a settle,
agree on.
kvg6ja wf. salutation [kve5a].
kvgdja wv. ib, greet.
kveld s?i. evening—' I kv.,' this
evening.
kveld-songr sm. vespers.
kvenn-va5ir ^/.woman's clothes.
kviSr sm. з, stomach, belly.
kvisa wv. 3, whisper.
kvistr sm. 3, branch, twig.
kvpddu see kvgSja.
kykr (-vir) adj. living.
kykvendi sn. living creature,
animal.
kyll sm. bag.
kyn sn. race, lineage.
kyr sf. 3, cow.
kyssa wv. 1, kiss.
L.
la see liggja.
leegri see lagr.
lser-lf ggr sm. thigh-bone,
lset see lata.
lagda see lgggja.
lagr adj. low; short of stature
[%gja]
lags-табг sm. companion,
lagu see liggja.
lamda, lamit, see l§mja.
laud sn. land, country.
land-skjalfti wm. earthquake.
langr adj. long, far.
lat snpl. noise.
lata sv. 1, let go; leave; lose;
allow ; cause, let; behave, act;
say.
lauf sn. foliage.
laufs-blad sn. (blade of foliage),
leaf.
laug sf. bath.
latin snpl. reward.
lattna wv. 3, reward, requite w.
dai. of the thing given and of the
pers., and ace. of the thing re-
requited.
lauss adj. loose ; shaky, unsteady ;
free from obligation,
laust see ljosta.
laut see luta.
lax sm. salmon.
Ie5r-hosa wf. leather bag.
l§ggja wv. 1 b, lay, put; ' 1. eitt
fyrir einn,' give, settle on ; '1.
sik fram,1 exert oneself; intr. %u.
skip understood ss.\\, row—1. at,
land; attack; 1. fra, retreat,
draw off ; pierce, make a thrust.
l?ggjask, set out, proceed;
swim [liggja].
Iei5 sf. way—' кота einu tillei5ar,'
carry out [lida].
leid see H5a.
Iei5a wv. 1, lead, conduct [ИЭа].
leidangr (-rs) sm. levy [leiS].
leiga wv. 1, borrow.
leikr sm. game ; athletic sports,
contest,
leita wv. 3, w. gen. and dat. seek ;
take to, have recourseto. leitask,
feel one's way [lita].
Ifmja wv. ib, break.
I§ng5 sf. length [langr].
lfngi adv. long (of time) [langr].
lgngstr see langr.
let see lata.
lftja wv. Tb, iv. ace. of pers. and
gen. of thing, hinder, dissuade.
letta wv. 1, w. dat. lift.
leyniliga adv. secretly.
H

GLOSSARY.
leysa wv. i, loosen, Tintie, open
[lauss].
Ii6 sn. troop.
Пба sv. 6, go; pass (of time) ; im-
pers. H6r, w. dat. fare, get on.
impers. ' 115r a (nattina),' (the
night) is drawing to a close.
lif sn. life—'a Hfi,' alive.
Ufa wv. 2, live.
liggja sv. 5, lie. 1. til, be fitting.
lik sn. body ; corpse.
lika wv. 3, w. dat. please.
liki sn. form [lik].
liking sf. likeness, similarity [llkr].
llknsamr adj. gracious.
llkr adj. like.
Hn sn. linen ; linen headdress.
list sf. art.
Hta sv. 6, look at; regard, consider
—' 1. til eins.' turn to, acknow-
acknowledge greeting, litask impers.
w. dat. seem.
litask wv. 3, look round one [lita1.
lltill adj. little, small—' litit veSr,'
not very windy weather, lltlu
adv. by a little, a little.
litil-rsedi sm. degradation [ra&].
litr sm. з, colour, complexion ; ap-
appearance [lita].
lizk see lita.
lja wv. i, w. gen. and dat. lend.
ljosta sv. 7, strike, w. dat. of instr.
and ace. of the thing struck—' 1.
arum i see,' dip the oars into the
sea, begin to row.
lofa wv. 3, praise.
loga wv. 3, w. dat. part with.
logi wm. flame.
lokinn see Шка.
lopt sn. air—' a 1.,' up.
luka- sv. 7, lock, close; impers.
' lykr einu,' it is finished, ex-
exhausted. ' 1. upp,' unlock, open.
lukla see lykill.
lustu see ljosta.*
luta sv. 7, bend, bow.
lygi wf lie, falsehood.
1укб sf. endiug—' at Iyk5um,'
finally.
lykill sm. key [Шка].
lypta wv. i, w. dat. lift [lopt].
lypting sf. raised place (castle) on
the poop of a warship [lypta].
lysa wv. i, shine.
lysi-gull sn. bright gold,
lyst see ljosta.
lysta wv. i, impers. w. ace. desire.
M.
ma see mega.
ina6r sm. 4, man.
msela (maelta) wv. 1, speak—'m.
viS einu,' refuse ; suggest.
mser sf. virgin, maid.
msetta see mega.
magr (-ran) adj. thin.
magr sm. kinsman, relation, con-
connection.
makligr adj. fitting.
mal sn. narrative ; in plur. poem ;
proper time, time.
malmr sm. metal.
mann see табг.
mann-folk sn. troops, crew.
mann-hringr sm. ring of men.
mannliga adv. manlily.
margr adj. many, much.
mark sn. mark ; importance.
marka wv. 3, infer.
marr sm. horse.
mart see margr.
matask wv. 3, eat a meal.
matr sm. 2, food.
matta see mega.
mattr sm. 2, might, strength.
теб prp. w. ace. and dat. with.
me6al s. middle—a m. %v. gen. be-
between.
тебап adv. whilst.
mega swv. can, may.
megin—' gSrum m.,' on the other
side; ' gllum m.,' on all sides
{corruption <j/"vegum].
m§gin-gjardar sfpl. girdle of
strength [mega].
mei5mar sfpl. treasures.
meiri see mikill.

GLOSSARY.
99
m§ n sn. necklace, piece of jewelry.
m§nn see табг.
тёг see ek.
m§rgr sm. 2. marrow.
mgrki sn. mark ; banner [mark].
mest see mikill.
meta sv. 5, measure ; estimate.
mey see mser.
mid-gar6r««. (middle enclosure),
world.
mi6gar6s-ormr sm. world-ser-
world-serpent.
midr adj. middle.
mik see ek.
mikill adj. big, tall, great, mikit
adv. much, very.
miklu adv. (instr.) much.
milli, a milli, prp. between,
among.
minjar sfpl. remembrance, memo-
memorial.
minn see ek.
minni see lltill.
minnr adv. less.
mis-lika wv. 3, w. dal. displease,
not please.
missa wf. loss, want.
missa wv. 1, w. gen. lose; do
without.
mistil-teinn sm. mistletoe [teinn,
'twig'].
mitt see ek.
mjo5r sm. 3, mead.
mjpk adv. very.
m65ir sf. 3, mother.
тббг sm. anger.
mcetask wv. 1, meet intr. [mot].
mgn sf. mane.
morginn sm. morning.
mprk sf. 3, forest.
тргшп see marr.
mot sn. meeting. 1 moti prp. w.
dat. against.
mptu-neyti sn. community of
food—' lgggja m. sitt,' make
their provision into a common
store [matr; njota].
mundu see munu.
munnr sm. mouth.
i, difference—' beim mun,'
to that extent,
muuu sum. will, may (of futurity
and probability),
myndi see munu.
myrkr sn. darkness.
myrkr adj. dark.
N.
na wv. 1, reach, obtain; succeed
in.
пюг adv. w. dat. near; nearly.
super/.nmst—'j>vl n.,' thereupon.
nStr see natt.
nafn sn. name.
nakkvarr prn. some, a certain,
nakkvat adv. somewhat; per-
perhaps.
natt sf. 3, night.
natt-bol sn. night-quarters.
natt-langt adv. the whole night
long.
natt-sta6r sm. night-quarters.
nattura wf. nature, peculiarity.
natt-verdr sm. 2, supper.
nau5-syn sf. necessity.
naut see njota.
nedan adv. below, fyrir n. prp.
w. dat. below.
ngfja adj. long-nosed (?).
ngfna wv. 1, name, call, ngfnask,
name oneself, give one's name
as [nafn].
nema sv. 4, take; begin.
nema adv. except, unless.
nest sn. provisions.
nest-baggi sm. provision-bag.
nidr adv. down, downwards.
nlundi adj. ninth.
njosn sf. spying ; news.
njosna wv. 3, spy; get intelli-
intelligence.
njota sv. 7, enjoy, profit.
norSr adv. northwards.
nokkvi wm. vessel, small ship.
nu adv. now; therefore, so.
ny-vakna6r adj. (ptc.) newly
awoke.
H 2

GLOSSARY.
пут adj. new.
ny ta wv. i, profit [njota].
O.
oddr sm. point.
od-fuss adj. madly eager.
68r adj. mad, furious.
бэра wv. i, shout [op, ' shout'].
oerit adv. enough; very.
of prp. w. dat. over ; during; with
respect to, about, adv. too (of
excess).
of adv., often used in poetry as a
- mere expletive.
of-veikr adj. too weak.
ofan adv. above ; down.
ofan-ver5r adj. upper, on the top.
ok see aka.
ok conj. and ; also—' ok . . ok,'
both . . and ; but.
okkr see Jm.
opt adv. often, compar. optar,
oftener, again.
or prp. w. dat. out of.
огб sn. word—' i g5ru or5i,' other-
otherwise.
or5irm see ver5a.
огб-sfnding sf. verbal mes-
message.
огб-tak sn. expression, word.
ormr sm. serpent, dragon; ship
with a dragon's head.
orrosta wf. battle.
oss see ek.
otta wf. the end of night, just be-
before dawn.
ottalaust adj. without fear.
ox see vaxa.
oxi wm. ox.
g5lask wv. 3, obtain.
p5ru see annarr.
pi sn. ale.
oldnu see aldinn.
ondottr adj. fierce.
pnd-vegi sn. high seat, dais.
onnur see annar.
pr sf. arrow.
6r-8efi sn. harbourless coast.
6rendi sn. errand.
6rendi sn. holding the breath,
breath.
6rind-reki sm. messenger [reka].
oxn see oxi.
P.
pati sm. rumour.
p§nningr sm. penny.
B.
г&б sn. advice; what is advisable
—' sja eitt at raSi,' consider
advisable ; plan, policy, resolu-
resolution.
rada sv. I, advise, w. ace. of thing
and dat. of pers. ; consider, de-
deliberate ; undertake, begin w.
prp. til or infin. ; dispose of,
have control over w. prp. fyrir.
ra5a-gp'r5 sf. deliberation, deci-
decision.
ra5ugr adj. sagacious.
ragna-гбкг sn. twilight of the
gods, end of the world, [ragna
gen. o/"r§gin neut.plur.' gods.']
ragr adj. cowardly.
raku see reka.
rann see r§nna.
ras sf. race.
rau5r adj. red.
rausn sf. magnificence, anything
magnificent.
гёб see габа.
rei6 sf. chariot.
rei6 see rl6a.
rei6a wv. i, swing, wield, brandish.
rei6-fara adj.—' vera vel r.,' have
a good passage.
rei3i sn. trappings, harness.
rei6r adj. angry.
reka sv. 7, drive ; carry out; per-
perform. ' r. af tjgld,' take down
awning.
r§kkja wf. bed.
rgnna sv. з, ran.

GLOSSARY.
IOI
retta wv. i, direct; reach, stretch,
r. upp, pull up.
rettr adj. right, correct; equit-
equitable, fair.
reyna wv. i, try, test.
reyr-bpnd supl. the wire with
which the arrow-head was bound
to the shaft.
ylda sv. 6, w. dat. ride.
ridu see rida.
ridlask wv. 3, set oneself in
motion.
riki sn. power ; sovereignty, reign.
rikr adj. powerful, distinguished.
ripti sn. linen cloth.
rita wv. 3, write.
roa sv. 1, row.
rceda wv. 1, talk about, discuss.
гбга see roa.
rpst sf. league.
S.
s&prn. that; he ; such, such a one.
sa see sja.
seer sm. sea.
seera wv. 1, wound [sar].
sseti sn. seat [sitja].
ssett sf. 2, reconciliation, peace.
ssettask wv. 1, be reconciled,
agree.
saga wf. narrative, history, story.
sagda see s§gja.
saka wv. impers. w. ace.—' hann
(ace.) saka&i ekki,' he was not
injured.
sakna wv. 3, w. gen. miss.
sal sf. 2, soul.
said sn. gallon.
salr sm. 2, hall.
saman adv. together,
sami weak adj. same.
sam-laga wf. laying ships together
for battle.
samt adv. together.
sannligr adj. probable ; suitable,
right.
sannr adj. true.
sar sn. wound.
sarr adj. wounded.
sat see sitja.
satt see sannr.
se see vera.
se see sja.
sefask wv. 3, be pacified.
sggja wv. 1 b, say, relate [saga].
segl sn. sail.
seilask wv. 1, stretch intr.
seinn adj. late, slow, tedious.
seint adv. slowly.
Sflja wv: 1, give; sell.
sem adv. as; w. subj. as if; to
strengthen the superl.—' sem
mest,' the most possible, as
much as possible.
sgnda wv. 1, send.
sgndi-madr sm. messenger,
sgnn adv. at the same time, at
once; immediately, forthwith.,
senn see sja.
ser see sik.
ser see sja.
set see sja.
set-berg sn. seat-shaped rock,
crag [sitja].
sftja wv. 1, set, place, s. fram,
launch (a ship), sftjask, sit
down. sgtjask upp, sit up
[sitja].
sl-byrda wv. 1, w. dat. lay a ship
alongside another, neut. ptc.
sibyrt, close up to [bor5].
sl5 adv. late. сотр. si6ar, later,
afterwards, superl. sldast, latest,
last.
si5a wf. side.
si5an adv. afterwards, then ; since,
sidari adj. сотр. later, second (in
order).
si5r sm. 3, custom.
siga sv. 6, sink.
sigla wf. mast [segl].
sigla wv. 1, sail.
siglu-skei6 sn. middle of a ship,
sigr (-rs) sm. victory.
sigr-бр shout of victory.
sikprn. oneself.
silfr sn. silver.
sin see sik.

IOis
GLOSSARY.
siirn. sn. time (of repetition)—
'einu sinni,' once, for once. ' eigi
optar at sinni,' not oftener than
that time, i. e. only once.
sinn see sik.
sitja sv. 5, sit. s. fyrir, sit in
readiness.
sja = pessi.
sja sv. 5, see ; ' s. fyrir einu,' look
after, take care of. impers. ' lltt
ser pat a, at'. . it will hardly be
seen that. . . . sjask, see one
another, meet.
sjalfr/гя. self.
sjoda sv. 7, boil; cook.
sjon sf. sight.
sjon-hvgrflng sf. ocular delusion.
skal see skulu.
skalf see skjalfa.
skali wm. hall.
skammr adj. short.
skap sn. state, condition; state of
mind, mood, humour.
skapligr adj. suitable, fit.
skapt sn. shaft, handle.
skar see skera.
вкагб sn. notch, gap ; defect.
sbaut see skjota.
skggg sn. beard ; beak (of a ship). „
skeid sn. race-course, running-
ground ; race—' taka sk.,' start
in a race.
skeina wv. I, graze.
skellr sm. knock.
skgmtun sf. amusement, enter-
entertainment [skammr, literally
' shortening {of time) '].
skera sv. 4, cut, cut up; kill
(animal).
skiljask wv. 1, separate, part intr.
shillingr sm. shilling, coin.
skilna6r sm. separation, parting.
skip sn. skip.
skipa wv. 3, order, arrange, pre-
prepare, fit out. ' sk. til um eitt,'
make arrangements for. skip-
ask, take one's place; change,
alter intr.
skipa-bgrr sm. fleet.
skipan sf. arranging; ship's crew.
skips-brot sn. shipwreck,
skip-stjornar-maor sm. (steerer),
commander of a ship, captain.
skjald-borg sf. wall of shields,
testudo.
skjalfa sv. 3, shake intr.
skjota sv. 7, w. dat. shoot, throw,
push.
skjot-fceri sn. swiftness.
skjot-leikr sm. swiftness.
skjot-liga adv. swiftly, quick.
skjotr adj. swift, quick, skjott
adv. quickly,
skjoldr sm. 3, shield.
skogr sm. forest, wood,
skorta zw. 1, impers. w. ace. of
pers. and of thing, want, fail,
skot sn. shot; missile [skjota].
skot-mal sn. shot-measure, range.
skotta wv. 3, dangle—sk. vi5
drift (of ships).
skgkull sm. shaft (of a cart).
skpnom sf. disgrace, shame.
skor sf. hair of the head.
skreppa wf. bag, wallet,
skulfu see skjalfa.
skulu swv. shall,
skuta wf. small ship, cutter,
skutill sm. trencher, small table.
skutil-sveinn sm. page, chamber-
chamberlain.
skutu see skjota.
skykkr sm. shake — ' ganga
skykkjum,' shake.
skylda see skulu.
skyldr adj. obliged, obligatory,
bound [skulu].
skyn sn. understanding, insight—
' kunna, sk.' understand.
skynda wv. 1, hasten, bring in
haste.
skyndiliga adv. hastily, quickly.
skynsamliga adv. intelligently,
carefully,
skyt see skjota
sla sv. 2, strike. ' sla eldi I,' light
a fire.
sleeliga adv. sluggishly, weakly.

GLOSSARY.
103
sl»r adj. blunt,
slser see sla.
sla.tr sn. meat.
sleikja wv. lick,
sleit see sllta.
slettr adj. level, smooth; com-
comfortable, easy.
sllkr adj. such.
sllta sv. 6, tear—si. upp, pull up ;
iv. dat. break (agreement).
smseri see smar.
smar adj. small, insignificant.
sma-skip snpl. small ships.
sma-skuta wf. small cutter.
smjuga sv. 7, squeeze through,
slip.
smugu see smjuga.
snarpligr adj. vigorous.
snarpr adj. sharp ; vigorous.
snimma adv. early.
апбга see snua.
snua, sv. 1, w. dat. turn or (trans.)
direct; twist, plait, snuask,
turn (intr.).
sodinn see sj65a.
scekjawz/. ic, seek; go—' s. aptr,'
retreat.
зсетб sf. honour [s5ma].
soetti see soekja.
sofa sv. 4, sleep.
sofna wv. 3, go to sleep.
sogur see saga.
sok sf. cause—' fyrir J>a s. at'.., be-
because.
sdkkva sv. 3, sink.
sol sf. sun.
sol-skin sn. sunshine.
soltinn adj. hungry \_ptc. of svelta,'
starve].
soma wv. 2, w. dat., be suitable,
befitting.
somi wm. honour.
sonr sm. son.
sott sf. illness.
sotta see scekja.
sgx snpl. raised prow of a war-ship.
spala see spolr.
sparask wv. 2, spare oneself, re-
reserve one's energy.
spgnna (spenta) wv. 1, w. dat. cf
thing, gird, buckle on.
spjot sn. spear.
spor5r sm. tail.
spori sm. spur.
spolr sm. rail,
sprakk see springa.
sprgtta wv. 1, split.
springa sv. 3, burst.
spur5a see spyrja.
spyrja wv. ib, ask ; hear of, learn
¦—' sp. til eins,' have news of,
hear of his arrival, spyrjask,
be known.
spyrna wv. 1, kick,
staddr adj. placed, staying \_ptc.
' <?/"'stf6ja,' place].
stadr sm. place—' I staSinn,' in-
instead.
stafa6r adj. (pic.) striped,
staf-karl sm. (staff-man), beggar,
stafn sm. prow,
stafn-bui wm. prow-man,
stafn-le wm. grappling-hook.
stafr sm. 2 {gen. sg. stafs), staff,
stick.
stakk see stinga.
stallari sm. marshall.
standa sv. 2, stand, st. upp, stand
up, rise.
starfa wv. 3, work,
stgfna wv. 1, steer; take a course,
go.
steig see stlga.
steinn sm. stone; jewel,
stela sv. 4, w. dat. of thing and
ace. ofpers. steal, rob.
st§ndr see standa.
st§rkliga adv. vigorously,
stf rkr adj. strong.
steypa wv. 1, w. dat. of thing,
throw; pull off. steypask,
throw oneself.
stlga sv. 6, advance, walk, go. St.
upp, mount (horse).
stlgr sm. path, way
stikill sm. point.
stilla (stilta) wv. 1, arrange, st
til, arrange, dispose.

GLOSSARY.
stinga sv. g, pierce ; ' st. stgfrram
at skipi,' run the prow against
a ship's side,
stirt adv. harshly \neut. of' stirSr,'
¦ stiff].
stod see standa.
stoerri see stor.
stukkva sv. 3, spring, rebound,
start back.
stolinn. see stela.
storliga adv. bigly, arrogantly.
stor-mannligr adj. magnificent,
aristocratic.
stor-mgnni sn. great men (col-
(collective4., aristocracy.
stdrr adj. big, great, stdrum adv.
greatly.
stor-габг adj. (great of plans), am-
ambitions.
stor-skip sn. big ship.
stor-virki sn. great deed.
stra wv. 1, strew, cover with straw.
strauk see strjuka.
strgngr sm. 2, string.
strjuka sv. 7, stroke.
stund sf. period of time, time.
stutt adv. shortly, abruptly [neut.
of' stuttr' short!.
styra wv. 1, w. dat. steer.
styri sn. rudder.
styris-hnakki wm. top piece of
rudder.
styrkr sm. strength ; help.
su see sa.
яибг adv. southward.
su&r-ganga wf. journey south (to
Rome).
sukku see sdkkva.
sumar sn. summer.
stunr pm. some.
sund sn. sound, channel.
sva adv. so, as; as soon as. ' ok
sva,' also.
svaf see sofa.
svara wv. 3, w. dat. of thing,
answer.
svardagi sm. oath.
sveirm sm. boy.
sveinn-stauli wm. small boy.
sveit sf. troop,
svelga sv. 3, swallow, gulp.
sver5 sn. sword.
sver6s-hpgg sn. swordstroke.
svipan sf jerk ; moment,
svipting sf. pull, struggle.
synask wv. 1, seem [sj5n].
syni see sonr.
systir sf 3, sister.
T.
taka wv. 2, w. ace. take, seize,
take possession of; w. inf. be-
begin; w. dat, receive (well, ill,
etc.). takask, take place, begin,
t. at, choose, t. til, engage in,
try. t.upp, take to, choose.
tala wf. talk, speech.
tala wv. 3, speak, talk about, dis-
discuss.
taliSr see tflja.
talma wv. 3, hinder.
tar sn. tear.
taumar smpl. reins.
tgkinn see taka.
tflja wv. ib, count, recount;
account, consider; relate, say
[tala].
t§ng5ir sfpl relationship, con-
connection by marriage.
tgngjaow. 1, bind, fasten together.
t§ngsl snpl. cable.
t!5a wv. 1, impers. w. ace. desire.
tidindi snpl. tidings, news.
ti5r adj. usual, happening—' hvat
er titt um }>ik?' what is the mat-
matter with you ? titt adv. often,
quickly—'sem tiSast,' as quickly
as possible.
tiginn adj. of high rank.
tigr sm.—' fjorir tigir,' forty.
til prp. w. gen. to ; till; for (of
use) —' alt er t. vapna var,' every-
everything that could be used as a
missile; for (of object, intention)
—' brj5ta legg til mergjar,' break
a leg to get at the marrow; with
respect to—' til vista var eigi

GLOSSARY.
gott,' they were not well off for
provisions.
til adv. too (of excess).
til-visan sf. direction, guidance,
tltt see ti5r.
tlvi wm. god.
tjald sn. tent.
tjugu-sk§gg sn. forked beard,
tceka see taka.
tok see taka.
tonn sf. 3, tooth,
trani wm. crane,
tre sn. tree.
tro6a sv. tread.
trog sn. trough,
tros sn. droppings, rubbish,
trua wf. faith—' ]>at veit tr. min
at . . ,' by my faith.
trua wv. 2, w. dat. of pers. believe,
trust, rely on.
tun sn. enclosure, dwelling,
tveir num. two.
tyna wv. i, w. dat. lose.
typpa wv. tie in a top-knot.
J>a see sa.
J»a see ]?iggja.
]эа adv. then.
Jiser see sa.
J>ak5r see JȤkja.
J>akka wv. 3, w. ace. of thing and
dat. of pers. thank ; requite, re-
reward.
J>ambar-skflfir sm. bowstring-
shaker (?).
J>arm see sa.
J>annig adv. thither ; so [ = ]pann
veg].
J>ar adv. there ; then ; ' ]?. af,' etc.,
thereof. ' {>ar sem,' since, be-
because. ' {>ar til,' until.
Jiarf see Jiurfa.
J»at see sa.
J»au see sa.
Jiegar adv. at once. ' p. er/ as
soon as.
Jjgginn see J)iggja.
J)§gja wv. ib, be silent.
Jieim see sa.
J>eir, Jieirra «г sa.
J)§kja wv. ib, roof.
J)§kkja wv. 1, notice. J>§kkjask,
take pleasure in ; accept.
J»er see J>u.
J>ess j^i? sa.
J>ess aafe. w. сотр. the, so much
the.
J>essi/r«. this.
J)iggja sv. 5, receive.
Jiing 5«. meeting, parliament.
Jiinn see Jed.
J>it see J»u.
J»jo6 j/". nation, race.
J>6 adv. though, yet.
J>pkd see Jifkja.
J)pkk sf. thanks,gratitude [J>akka].
Jiola wv. 2, endure, put up with.
J>ora wv. 2, dare.
l>orf sf. need.
J>orrinn j^ J)verra.
J>6tt adv. though [ = \>o at].
JNtta see Jiykkja.
t>raut see J>rjota.
t>reifask wv. 3, grope, feel.
treyta wv. 1, make exertions, try.
J>ri5i adj. third.
J>ri5jungr sm. third.
J>rir num. three.
J>rjota sv. 7, impers. w. ace. of
pers. come to an end, fail.
Jirudugr adj. mighty.
Jed prn. thou.
Jrumlungr sm. thumb of glove.
Jnmn-vangi wm. temple (of head).
J>ur5r sm. diminution.
furfa swv. often itnpers. require,
need.
Jmrr adj. dry.
]mr8 sm. giant.
Jiverra sv. 3, diminish.
J>vers adv. across.
J>vl see sa.
J>vi adv. therefore; w. compar. the,
so much the more.
J>vllikr adj. such.

1С
GLOSSARY.
pykkja aw. ic, seen, be con-
considered, 'bykkir einum ¦ fyrir,'
there seems to be something in
the way, one hesitates. ' myndi
mer fyrir p. I,' I should be dis-
displeased. J>ykkjask, think.
J>ykkr adj. thick, close.
J>yiina wv. i, make thin. J>yn-
nask get thin.
t>yrstr adj. (pic.) thirsty.
U.
п-foera wf. impassable place ; fix,
difficulty.
u-fri5r sm. hostility, war.
п-grynni sn. countless number
[grunnr, ' bottom'].
п-happ sn. misfortune.
п-hreinn adj. impure.
waxprp. w. ace. around, about, over;
of time in, at; of superiority
beyond; concerning, about.
um-ra5 sn. advice, help,
um-sja sf care.
una wv. I, w. dat. be contented—
' u. ilia,' be discontented.
undan prp. w. dat., adv. away
(from).
undarliga adv. strangely.
undarligr adj. strange,
undir prp. w. ace. and dat. under.
undr sn. wonder.
ungr adj. young,
unnirm see vinna.
unz adv. until.
upp adv. up.
upp-ganga wf. boarding (ship).
upp-baf sn. beginning [hgfja].
upp-himinn sm. high heaven.
uppi adv. up ; at an end.
ur5u see ver5a.
ut adv. out. сотр. utar, outer,
outwards, farther away,
utan adv. outside; outwards,
utan-fgгб sf. journey abroad,
utar see ut.
uti adv. outside, out on the sea.
ut-lausn sf. ransom.
п-vinr sm. enemy.
V.
vseg5 sf. forbearance.
veenn adj. likely, to be expected.
vseri see vera.
vsetr neut. nothing.
vaka wv. 3, be awake, wake up.
vakna wv. 3, awake.
vald sn. power, control.
val-kyrja sf. chooser of the slain,
war-goddess [kjosa].
valr sm. corpses on the battle-field.
van sf hope, expectation, proba-
probability.
vandrse5a-skald sn. the 'awk-
'awkward ' poet, the poet who is diffi-
difficult to deal with.
vandr»5i snpl. difficulty.
vangi wm. cheek.
vanr adj. accustomed.
vapn sn. weapon.
vapna-bur5 sm. bearing weapons,
shower of missiles.
v&pn-lauss adj. without weapons.
var see vera.
var sn. spring.
var see ek.
vara wv. 2, impers. w. ace. ofpers.
—' mik varSi,' I expected.
var5 see ver5a.
var5i see vgrja.
vargr sm. wolf.
vari5r see vgrja.
varla adv. scarcely.
varna5r sm. goods, merchandise.
varu see vera.
vatn sn. water.
vaxa sv. 2, grow ; increase.
ve5r sn. weather.
vegr sm. road; way, manner;
direction, side ; in composition,
region, tract, land.
veik see vikja.
veit see vita.
veita wv. 1, give, grant; make (re-
(resistance, etc.).
vgkja wv. ib, wake [vaka].
vel sf. artifice, cunning.
v§Ija wv. 1 b, choose.

GLOSSARY.
107
vgndi see vpndr.
ver see ek.
vera sv. exist; remain, stay,
happen; be. ' hvat latum haf6i
verit,' what had caused the noise,
v. at, be occupied with.
ver5 sn. worth, value ; price.
verda sv. 3, happen; happen to
come. ' v. fyrir eirram,' come in
one's way, appear before one ;
become ; come into being, be;
' v. til eins,' be ready for, under-
undertake ; w. infin. be obliged, must.
' nu er a orSit mikit fyrir mer,'
now I have come into a great
perplexity, difficulty, v. at, hap-
happen.
ver5r adj. worth ; important.
ver-gjarrt adj. desirous of a hus-
husband, loose.
verit see vera.
vert see ver5r.
vgrja wv. ib, defend-—'v. baki,'
defend with the back, turn one's
back on.
vgrja wv. ib, dress; lay out
money, invest.
verk sn. work, job.
verr sm, man ; husband.
vgrr adv. сотр. worse, superl.
vgrst, worst.
verpld sf. world.
vestan adv. from the west. ' v.
fyrir ' w. gen. or ace, west of.
vestr adv. westwards.
vetr sm. winter; year.
vgx see vaxa.
vgxti see vpxtr.
viSprp. w. ace. by, near; towards
(of place and time) ; with (of
various relations), iv. dat. to-
towards, at (laugh at, etc.) ; in ex-
exchange for, for.
viSa adv. widely, far and wide, on
many sides.
viSar-teimmgr sm. tree-shoot,
plant.
vid-bragS sn. push.
vidr sm. 3, tree.
vi6r adj. wide, broad.
vid-skipti snpl. dealings.
vi5-taka wf. reception; resistance.
vigja wv. 1, consecrate, hallow.
vigr adj. warlike, able-bodied.
viking sf. piracy, piratical expedi-
expedition.
vlkingr sm. pirate.
vikja sv. 6, turn, move, go.
vilja swv. will.
villi-eldr sm. wildfire, conflagra-
conflagration.
vinatta wf. friendship.
vinattu-mal snpl. assurances of
friendship.
vinna sv. 3, do, perform ; win, con-
conquer, vinnask til, suffice.
vinr sm. 2, friend.
vir5ing sf. honour [ver6r].
visa wv. 2, w. dat. show, guide.
vlss adj. wise ; certain..
vissa see vita.
vist sf. 2, board and lodging ; pro-
provisions.
vit see ek.
vita swv. know ; be turned in a
certain direction, v. fram, see
into futurity.
viti sn. punishment, penalty.
vltis-hornjw. penalty-horn (whose
contents were drunk as a punish-
punishment).
vitkask wv. 3, come to one's
senses.
vitr (-ran) adj. wise.
vpllr sm. 3, plain, field.
vpndr sm. 3, twig, rod.
vprn sf. defence, resistance.
vpxtr sm. 3, growth, stature.
vrei5r = rei5r.
Y.
ydr see J>u.
yfir prp. w. ace. and dat. over
[otan].
ymiss adj. various, different.
ymr sm. rumbling noise,
ytri adj. сотр. outer, superl.
yztr, outside(st) [Qt].

PROPER NAMES.
Aki sm.
Asa-borr sm. (divine) Thor.
Astridr sf.
Audun sm.
Baldr (-rs) sm.
Bardi wm. ' the Ram ' (name of a
ship).
Bil-skimir sm.
Brlsmga-mgn sn. Freyja's neck-
necklace.
Burizleifr sm.
Dains-leif sf. relic of Damn
[' leif,' leaving, heritage].
Dana-konungr sm. king of the
Danes.
Danir smpl. the Danes.
Dan-mprk sf. 3, Denmark.
Draupnir sm.
Einarr sm.
Emdri5i wm.
Eirikr sm.
Erlingr sm.
IPgn-salr sm. 2.
IPmnr sm.
IPinskr adj. Finnish.
Freyja wf.
Freyr sm.
Frigg sf. wife of Odin.
IPulla wf. Frigg's handmaid.
Geira wf.
Gimsar fpl.
Gjallar-bru sf. the bridge over
the river Gjgll.
Gjpll sf. ' the Resounder,' the river
of Hell.
Green-land sn. Greenland.
Gullin-bursti wm. ' Golden-
bristle.'
Gull-toppr sm. ' Gold-top.'
Ha-ey sf. ' High-island.'
Hakon sm.
Hall-fredr sm.
Haraldr sm.
He5inn sm.
Heim-dallr sm.
H§ 1 sf. the goddess of the infernal
regions.
H§r-m65r sm.
Hildr sf. ['hildr,'war].
Hja6ninga-vig sn. battle of the
HjaSnings.
Hjarrandi wm.
H16ri5iww. the Thunderer, Thor.
Hogni wm.
Hring-horni wm.' Ring-prowed.'
Hyrningr sm.
Hyrrokin sf.
б sm.
Is-land sn. Iceland.
Island-f§r6 ^/".journey to Iceland.
Islf nzkr adj. Icelandic.
Joms-borg sf.
Joms-vikingar smpl. the pirates
of J5msborg.
Kol-bjgrn sm.

no
PROPER NAMES.
Laufey sf.
Litr sm.-
Iioki ivm.
M66-gu6r sf.
Mceri wf.
Nanna wf.
Nepr sm.
Njardar see UjorSr.
Njor6r sm.
XJoa-tun snpl.
Noregr sm. Norway [ = norS-vegr].
Oku-JNrr sm. Thor (the driver)
1 Caka]-
Olafr sm.
OSinn sm. Odin.
Orkn-eyjar sfpl. Orkneys.
Roma-borg sf. Rome.
Bum-fgrli ivm. pilgrim to Rome
[fara].
Hoskva wf.
Sax-land sn. Saxony, Germany.
Sif sf.
Sigriur sf.
Sig-valdi ivm.
Skjalgr sm.
Skxymir sm.
Sleipnir sm.
Sli6rug-tanni ш, [tonn].
ScEnskr adj. Swedish.
Sveinn sm.
Svia-kontmgr sm. kingof Sweden.
Sviar smpl. Swedes.
Svia-v§ldi sn. Sweden [vald].
Svi-J>joS sf. Sweden.
Svgl5r (-rar) sf island of Svolder,
•nearRiigen.
Tann-gnjostr sm. [tgnn].
Tann-grisnir sm. [tgnn].
Tryggvi ivm. ' Trusty.'
r
wm.
J>orir sm.
|>or-kfll sm.
f>6rr sm. Thor.
J>or-steinn sm
Jiru6-vangar smpl.
strength.'
f»rymr sm.
sf.
' plains of
Ulfr sm.
TTtgar6a-loki wm.
TJt-gar6r sm. TTt-gar5ar//. 'outer
enclosure/ world of the giants.
Vanir smpl. race of Gods.
Var sf goddess of betrothal and
marriage.
Vest-firzkr adj. of the west firths
(in Iceland).
Vik sf. 'the Bay,' the Skagerak
and the Christiania fjord.
Vinda-sngkkja wf. Wendish ship.
Vind-land sn. Wendland.
Vindr smpl. the Wends.
Ving-J>6rr sm. name of Thor.
THE END.