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Автор: Грушевой А.Г.
Теги: история первобытная религия ранние формы религии религия древнего мира религия иудаизм римская империя
ISBN: 978-5-8465-0728-9
Год: 2008
Текст
ST PETERSBURG BRANCH
OF THE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES
OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Aleksandr G. Grushevoy
THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
IN THE HISTORY
OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE
St. Petersburg State University
Faculty of Philology and Arts
2008
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Grushevoy A. G.
The Jews and Judaism in the History of the Roman Republic and
the Roman Empire. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University
Faculty of Philology and Arts, 2008. - 484 p. - (Historical library)
ISBN 978-5-8465-0728-9
This book contains a comprehensive analysis of the survived original sources
important for the study of mutual relations between the Jews and the Roman state and
progress of these relations during the period ITom the first contacts of Roman Republic
and the state of Maccabees in the first half of 2nd century B.C. till the second quarter
of7th century A.D. when the Eastern Roman Empire has lost its territories in the Near
East as the result of Arabian conquer. The author makes a special emphasis on the
impropriety of using the tenn "anti-Semitism" applied to pagan antiquity. Any anti.
Judaic utterances found in the books written by pagan historians should be rated as no
more than aristocratic xenophobia, an arrogant contempt in relation to the persons of
different nationality.,
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4 Sartre M. L'Orient Romain. Provinces er societes provincia1es en Mediterranee orientale
d'Auguste aux Severes. (31 avantJ.-c. -235 apres I.-C.). Paris, 1991. P.67-68.
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12
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HaKOHeu HeCKOJIbKO CJ10B 0 np"HUHnaX I1Cn0J1b30BaHHj{ HCT0'lHHKOB,
KOTOpbIX npH.n.ep)l(HBaeTCj{ aBTOp. fpe'leCKI1e 11 J1aTHHCKHe aBTopbI j{3bI-
'lecKoro BpeMeHH, paHHeXpHCTl1aHCKaj{ J1HTeparypa H BH3aHTI1ikKHe
aBTopbl IV-VI BB. HCn0J1b3YIOTCj{ 'lallle Bcero B Tpa.n.HUHOHHbIX, aKa.n.e-
MH'leCKHX no yxy HeMeUKHX 11 cppaHUY3CKI1X (pe)l(e - aHrnHHcKHx)
H3.n.aHHj{X. TIoCJIe.n.Hee, o.n.HaKO, He I1CKJIIO'laeT 06pallleHHj{ K H3BeCTHOH,
CYllleCTBYlOllleH HbIHe Ha aHrnHHCKOM H PYCCKOM j{3bIKax xpeCTOMaTHH
M. lllTepHa «rpe'leCKHe H JIaTHHCKHe aBTopbI a eBpej{X H uy aH3Me».
PYCCKHH BapHaHT 3Toro H3.n.aHHj{, HeCMOTpj{ Ha BCTpe'lalOlllHeCj{ 01lm6-
KH B nepeBo ax H Hap0'lHTO apxaH3HpYlOlllHH CTHJ1b MHorHX nepeBo.n.OB,
CJIe YeT CqHTaTb n0J10)l(HTeJ1bHbIM j{BJ1eHHeM B HayqHOH )l(H3HHJO.113 a-
HHe ueHHO KaqeCTBeHHbIMH BocnpOH3Be.n.eHI1j{MH OpHrHHaJIbHbIX TeKCTOB,
KOMMeHTapHj{MH caMara M. lllTepHa, npeKpaCHO 3HaBlllero MaTepHaJI,
HaKOHeu 06HJ1HeM CCbIJ10K Ha HaY'lHYIO J1I1TeparyPY H TeM, 'ITa .n.aeT
3aHHTepeCOBaHHOMY qHTaTeJIIO B03MO)l(HOCTb copHeHTHpOBaTbCj{ H pa-
306paTbCj{ B MaTepHaJIe. OTMeTHM TaIOKe, 'ITa HCn0J1b30BaHl1e aHrnHH-
CKOro H3 aHHj{ M. lllTepHa j{BJ1j{eTCj{ HOpMOH.D.JIj{ COBpeMeHHbIX 3ana.n.-
HbIX pa60T no np06J1eMaM HCTOpHH uy.n.eeB pHMcKoro nepHo.n.a.
3a pe.n.KHMH HCKJIlOqeHHj{MH, OTMe'leHHbIMH CneUHaJIbHO, Bce nepe-
BO.n.bI H3 rpeqeCKHX H J1aTHHCKHX I1CT0'lHHKOB c.n.eJIaHbI aBTopoM. I1Hoe
OTHOCHTCj{ K UHTaTaM H3 CTHXOTBOPHbIX npOH3Be eHHH. B Tex cnyqaj{x,
Kor.n.a aBTop pa60TbI Haxo.n.HJ1 nepeBo.n., C 3CTeTHqeCKOH TOqKH 3peHHj{
HpaBj{lllHHcj{ eMY 60J1bIlle, qeM c06cTBeHHbIH BapHaHT, BbI60p .n.eJ1aJIcj{
B n0J1b3Y Taro nepeBo.n.a, KOTOpbIH npe.n.CTaBJ1j{J1Cj{ nyqlllHM.
2
PaCCMOTpeHHe OCHOBHbIX np06JIeM HCTOpHH uy.n.eeB B paMKaX PHMCKOH
pecny6J1HKH, HMnepHH H paHHeH BH3aHTHH cJ1e.n.yeT Ha'laTb C HeCKOJIbKHX
3aMeqaHHH HCTOpHKO-3THorpacpHqeCKoro xapaKTepa, BBH.D.Y Taro 'ITa B
nOlUlTHe «eBpeH» (<<uy.n. eH » I I) BKJIa.n.bIBaeTCj{ OqeHb pa.3HOe CO ep)l(aHHe.
10 TaK HanpHMep, 11H6aHHH B PYCCKOM nepeBOJ1e M. WTepHa no BOJJe nepeBOJ1'iHKOB
HHOrJ1a roBopHT Jl3blKOM Py6eJKa XVlI1-XIX BB.: «J],a H KTO 6b1 He 3axpY'iHHHJJCJI, 'iTO TaKO-
Boil HapOJ1 TaKOBO J10Jlro crpaJK.lleT?» (fpe'ieCKHe H pHMCKHe aBTOpbI 0 eBpeJlX H UYllaH3Me.
BBelleHHe H KOMMeHTapHH M. WrepHa. PYCCKoe H3J1aHHe nOJ1 HaY'iHOH H JJHTeparypHoH pe-
J1aKUHeH H. B. DparHHCKOH. T. II. qaCTb BTOpa!!. OT J],HoreHa JIaJpTCKOro J10 CHMnJJHKHJI. M.,
2002. C. 248.) B HaY'iHblX CO'iHHeHHJlX, He nOCBllweHHbIX PyccKoil JJHreparype COOTBeTCTBY-
IOIl.IHX BeKOB, n0J106Hble CTHJIHCTH'ieCKHe H3b1CKH npe.aCTaBJI!lIOTC!I H3JJHWHHMH.
II B cOBpeMeHHoM PYCCKOM !l3b1Ke TepMHH «uy.aeH» HMeeT cKopee 3THOKOH4JeccHoHaJJbHbIH
OTTeHOK, 0603Ha'ia!! nOCJJellOBareJ]Jl HYJ1aH3Ma, a repMHH «eBpeH» !lBJ1J1eTC!I cKopee 'iHCTbIM
3THOHHMOM. OJ1HaKO JKe crpororo paJrpaHH'ieHH!I MeJK.llY 3THMH TepMHHaMH HeT.
13
A, f. fpyweBoH. l1yoell U uyoau3.\/ e ucmopuu PU.WCKOU pecny611uKu II Pll,MCKOU u. tnepuu
COBpeMeHHblM aHTpOnOJIOraM 11 3THorpacpaM .n.aBHo H3BeCTHa reTe-
poreHHocTb eBpeeB. I1HblMI1 CJIOBaMH, Ha aHTpOn0J10mqeCKOM ypOBHe
TaKoro nOH$lTI1$1, KaK «eBpei1», He cymecTByeT. COBpeMeHHble a.n.enTbl
l1y.n.aH3Ma npe.n.CTaBJIeHbl Pa3JIHqHblMI1 rpynnaMI1, 3aMe-rHO pa3J1HqalO-
I.l{I1MHC$I Me)(():{y C060H no CBOHM cpH3HqeCKHM npI13HaKaM 12 .
B KOHeqHOM cqe-re 3TO 03Haqae-r, 'ITa 3THI1'IeCKOe e.n.I1HCTBO eBpeeB,
6eccnopHO CYl.l{eCTBOBaBllIee BO BpeMeHa E.n.I1HOro QapCTBa )],aBH.n.a H
C0J10MOHa, OKa3aJI0Cb 6e3B03BpaTHO yrpa'IeHHblM, npl1'IeM O'IeHb .n.aBHO.
E6peu coxpaHWlU Jl3blK U CGM06blmHYlO K}lllbmypy lfeHOU ympambl 'JmHU-
IIeCK020 eOUHcm6a, limo 060JlCHJlemCJl oco6eHHOCmJlMU ux ucmopuu.
)],eHCTBHTeJIbHO, paCCellHHe He Morna He conpOBO)J()J,aTbC$I CMelllaHHblMH
6paKaMH'3, TaK)I(e KaK 11 np03eJ1HTH3M, MaCllITa6bl KOTOpOro Mbl He HMe-
eM B03MO)l(HOCTH OQemfTb, He Mar He conpOBO)J()J,aTbC$I npHBJleqeHHeM B
06mHlry HOBblX qJ1eHOB, He Jl6llJl6UlUXCJl 'JmHUlleCKUMU e6peJlMU.
B KaKOH-TO CTeneHH Mbl MO)l(eM npe.n.CTaBHTb ce6e, KaK 3TO npOHCXO-
.n.HJ10. COBna.n.eHHe B eBpeHcKoH KYJ1b1)'pe 3THHqeCKoro H KOHcpeccHo-
HaJlbHOro BeJ10 3aKOHOMepHO K TOM)', 'ITa np03emfT, np"lli1BllIHH H)'.n.aH3M
H BOllle.n.llIHH B 06mHlry, HaqHHaJI CIIUmambCJl e6peeM. O.n.HaKO)l(e TaKOH
qeJ10BeK npOOOll:JICGJl, ecmecm6eHHO, U OGJlee ocma6ambCJl npe.n.CTaBHTe-
J1eM onpe.n.eJ1eHHoro 3THoca, npHH$lBlllI1M H)'.n.aH3M. 3TH npOQeCCbl, llIe.n.-
lllHe Me)J,JIeHHO, H60 06pal.l{eHHe $I3blqHI1KOB B H)'.n.aH3M He 6bUlO OqeHb
'IaCTblM lIBJ1eHHeM, H npHBo.n.HJlH K nOCTeneHHOM)' pa3MblBaHl11O 3THHqe-
CKoro e.n.HHcTBa .n.peBHHx eBpeeB. 3TOMY )l(e cnoc06CTBOBaJlH no nOllilT-
HblM npHqHHaM H CMelllaHHble 6paKH. OOHaKO He MeHee 6a:JICHO OmMe-
mumb, limo U np03e.'lUmU3M, U CMeUlaHHble 6paKU Ha KYllbmype e6pee6 He
CKG3b16GJlUCb. pellO 6 mOM, limo npUHUMa6UlUU uyoaU3.iW npUHUMGJl UMeH-
HO 06blllau, 6epy U Jl3blK, Komopble U maK nOOOep:JICU6GJlUCb 6eKGMU.
JIorHqHO npe.n.n0J10)l(I1Tb, 'ITa npoQecc yrpaTbl 3THI1'IeCKoro e.n.HHCT-
Ba, npHcymero eBpe$lM Ha .n.peBHeM bJ1H)I(HeM BOCTOKe, HaqHHae-rClI C
BaBHJIOHCKoro nJ1eHa, pa3BHBaeTC$I B 3noxy 3J1J1HHI13Ma H, BepOllTHee
Bcero, .n.OXO.n.HT .n.o JIOm'IeCKoro KOHQa K HaqaJIY Cpe.n.HHX BeKOB, Kor.n.a
12 CM., HanpHMep: Comas J. Les mythes raciaux. Paris, 1951. B PYCCKOM nepeBOL\e: Ko-
Mac X, PacoBble MH<I>bI. B KH.: PaCOBa!I np06J1eMa H 06mecTBo. M., 1957. C. 228-237. a
COBn3.lleHHH aHTpOnOJJOrH'ieCKHX THnOB eBpeeB C MeCTHblM HaCeJJeHHeM rex CTpaH, rJ\e eBpeH
npOJKHBaIOT, nHcan TaKJKe 51. POrHHCKHH, aBTOp 3aMeTKH B nepBOM H3.llaHHH I>C3. EBpeH. 1.
AHTpOnOJJOm'ieCKHH O'iepK. (lJ,HT. no KH.: EBpeH. HCTOpH!I no I>pOKraY3Y H I>yxapHHY. M.;
Cfl6., 2003. C. 136-138).
IJ PeryJl!lpHOCTb 3anpeTOB B 3aKOHOJ\aTeJJbCTBe xpHCTHaHCKHX HMneparopoB PHMCKOH
HMnepHH (IV-VI BB.) 6paKOB MeJK.llY eBpe!lMH H XpHCTHaHaMH YJKe CaMO no ce6e nOKa3blBa-
eT 06b1'iHOCTb TaKHX 6paKOB. He CTOJJb YJK pe.llKH 6bUIH H 6paKH MeJK.llY eBpe!lMH H !l3b1'iHH-
KaMH B J\oxpHCTHaHCKHe BpeMeHa (CM. nOJ\po6Ho: Juster 1. Les Juifs dans l'Empire Romain.
Leur conditionjuridique, economque et sociale. Tome second. Paris, 1914. P.42-48).
14
BeeoeHlIe
I1CTOpIDI eBpeeB OKOH'IaTeJIbHO CTaHOBHTCj( I1CTOpHeH a.n.enTOB HY.n.aH3Ma,
npO:IKI1BalOlll.HX B TOH HJII1 HHOH CTpaHe (perHOHe) H 06'be.n.HHeHHbIX
j(3bIKOM, KYJIb1)'pOH 11 06b1'-Iaj(MH. O.n.HaKO, BI1.n.HMO, Y:lKe H B OTHOllleHHI1
TOH 3nOXH YMeCTHO roBOpHTb a e6peUCKOU 1jU6WlIl3a1jUU - OC060M THne
KYJIb1)'pbl, ome.n.I1HJ1lOl.I..leM npe.n.CTaBHTeJIeH Pa3JI}1tIHbIX COUHaJIbHblX H
3THH'IeCKHX rpynnHpOBOK. OmMe'leHHble np01jeCCbl ympambl 3mHU'leC-
K020 edUHcm6a e6pee6 COCma6JlJllOm OCH06Y ucmopuu adenm06 uydaU3-
Ma 6 paJWKax ucmopuu PWWCKOU wwnepuu.
3T0 jiBJIeHHe 6b1JIO OTMe'leHO Y:lKe aHTH'IHbIMH aBTopaMH. ITepBble
.n.OCTaTO'lHO jiCHO BblpIDKeHHble Mbl JII1 a TOM, 'ITa npHBep:IKeHeu HY.n.a-
H3Ma - COBepllleHHO He 06ji3aTeJIbHO 3THH'IeCKHH Hy.n.eH, BCTpe'lalOTCji
y 3HaMeHHToro pHMCKOro n03Ta fopaUl1ji (65-8 rr..n.o H. 3.) H OTpIDKalOT
CH1)'aUHIO, C KOTOpOH caM n03T CTaJIKHBaJICji B PHMe B ro.n.bl rpIDK.D.aHC-
KHX BOHH nOCJIe CMepTH Ue3apji (44 r. .n.o H. 3.)14. l1y.n.eHcKaJI TeMaTHKa
caMa no ce6e fOpaUHji He O'leHb 3aHI1MaJIa, o.n.HaKO HCnOJIb3yeMble HM
cpaBHeHHji roBOpjiT a MHO roM. 4eTBepTaJI caTHpa nepBOH KHl1rH 3aBep-
lllaeTCji (Hor. Senn., I, 4, 139-143) CJIOBaMH a TOM, 'ITa eCJIH .n.pyr n03-
Ta He OTHeCeTCji CHHcxo.n.I1TeJIbHO K era CTHxaM, TO nOjiBHTCji TOJIna
n03TOB, KOTOpble BC1)'nHCji 3a fOpaUHji H, no.n.06HO HY.n.ejiM, npHH)'.n.H
Taro, KOMY a.n.peCOBaHa caTHpa, BC1)'nI1Tb B HX C0061.1..leCTBO (ac veluti te
Iudaei cogemus in hanc concedere turbam). Y:lKe .n.aBHO CTaJIO 06lll.HM
MeCTOM BI1.n.eTb B 3TOM cpaBHeHHH fOpaUHji YKa3aHHe Ha ycnelllHYIO
MHccHoHepcKYIO .n.ejiTeJIbHOCTb HY.n.eeB B PHMe I5 .
B .n.eBHoH caTHpe TOH :lKe nepBoH KHHrH fopaUHH onHCblBaeT (Hor.
Serm., I, 9, 60-78) BCTpe'lY co CBOHM 3HaKOMbIM, pHMCKHM n03TOM
ApHcTHeM <1>YCKOM. 06a pl1MCKHX JII1TepaTOpa 06MeHHBalOTCji lllyrJIH-
BblMH pellilHKaMH, cpe.n.H KOTOpblX HeJIb3ji He 3aMeTHTb CJIOB H a npa3.n.-
HHKe cy66OTbl, H 06 06pe3aHHH HY.n.eeB KaK a Bel.l..laX, XOpOlllO 3HaKOMblX
060HM n03TaM. 3T0 CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYeT a TOM, '1TO B cpe e 06pa30BaHHbIX
pI1MJIjiH, K KOTOpOH npHHa)J,JIe:IKaJIl1 06a n03Ta, 6blJI0 He TaK Y:IK MaJIO
<<Hy.n.eHCTBYIOI.I..lHX». Ho npe.n.nOJIO:IKeHHe a TOM, 'ITa ApHCTHH <1>YCK m1M
fopaUHH MomH HMeTb H)'.n.eHCKHe KOpHH, aHTHHCTOpH'IHO I6 .
1 4 CarHpbl HanHcaHbl MeJK.llY 41 H 33 rr, 1\0 H. 3. CM.: Horaz. Satiren und Episteln. Aufder
Grundlage der Oberstzung yon 1. K. Schonberger, Lateinsich und Deutsch yon O. Schon-
berger. Berlin, 1976, S. 14 (Schriften und Quellen der Alten Weltm Band. 33).
IS flo1\p. CM.: Feldman L. H. Jews and Gentile in the Ancient World. Attitudes and Interactions
fTom Alexander to Justinian. Princeton, 1993. P. 299.
1 6 KaK CnpaBellJlHBO 3aMe'iaeT M, WrepH (WTepH, 1997. C. 323-324), JJ106b1e paccYJK.lle-
HHJ1 06 HY1\eHCKOM npoHCXOJK.lleHHH CaMoro fopaUH!I cOBepweHHo 6e30cHOBareJJbHbl. OTMe-
THM TaKJKe, 'iTO HY1\eH HHKOr1\a He 6bUlH H He MomH 6b1Tb 3aMeTHOH nOJJHTH'ieCKOH CHJJOH B
CTOJJHUe. CM.: Leon H. 1. The Jews of Ancient Rome, Philadelphia, I960. P. 8.
15
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. l1yoeu u uyoaU3.w e ucmopuu PU.\/CKOli pecny6,wKu II PU.\/CKOU UMnepuu
CJIe.n.YlOll{ee 6eccnopHoe CBI1.n.eTeJIbCTBO CYll.{eCTBOBaHH.II npl1Bep-
)f(eHlJ,eB Hy.n.aH3Ma cpe.n.H Hel1}'.n.eeB BCTpeqaeTC.II Y CBeTOHI1.11. PaCCKa3bl-
Ba.ll a ,Z:.(oMI1Ql1aHe (81-96 rr.) H a TOM, KaK BO BpeM.II era npaBJ1eHH.II
B3HMaJJC.II l1}' eHCKHH HaJJar, 6110rpacp nl1llleT (Domitianus, 12, 2), qTO
HaJJar B3HMaJJC.II KaK C Tex, KTO He C03HaBaJJC.II B )f(I13HH no l1}'.n.eHCKI1M
HopMaM, TaK 11 C Tex, KTO CKpblBaJI CBoe npOHCXO)f(.n.eHHe (qui velut
inprofessi Iudaicam viverent vitam, vel dissimulata origine...). KOMMeH-
TaTopbl e.n.I1Ho.n.YWHbl B TOM, 'ITa 3.n.eCb I1MelOTC.II B BH.n.y KaK l1y eH, TaK
H )f(HBYll{He no l1}'.n.eHCKHM HopMaM npe.n.CTaBHTeJII1 .n.pyrl1x Hapo.n.OB17.
Onpe.n.eJIeHHee .n.pymx BbICKa3bIBaJJC.II no 3TOMY Bonpocy ,Z:.(HOH Kac-
CHH (1Il B.). PaCCKa3bIBa.ll B 37-H KHHre a C06b1TH.IIX, npoHcxo.n.HBllll1X B
naJJeCTHHe BIB. .n.o H. 3., HCTOpHK npl1Bo.n.I1T He60J1bWOe oTcrynJ1eHl1e
3THorpacpl1qeCKOrO xapaKTepa 06 l1y.n.e.llx 11 oc06eHHocT.IIX I1X IKH3HH
(XXXVll, 17, 1):
" Ot E1tlxAT\m.e; amT\ EKEivOte; v aUK oto oeEv ilpl;a'to YEvEcr&xt,
<PEpEt OE Ka\. E1t\. 'to\>e; CiAAO'l>e; <xv8pomo'U<; 0001 'tCx v6 t a amrov,
Ka\.1tEp <XAA0E8vEte; OV'tEe;, T\AOi.X:n, Ka\. Ecr'tt Ka\. 1tapCx 'tOte; Pro a\.01e;
'to YEVO<; 'tomo, KOAO'OO8EV < V> 1tOAA<I1C1.e;, a T\8Ev Ot E1t\. 1tA.Etcr'tOV,
Wcr'tE Ka\. Ee; 1UXppT\mav 'tile; Vo \.crEO><; EKVt!d1cr(Xt «(JI He 3HalO, OTKY.n.a
B3.11J10Cb 3TO HX np03BaHl1e l8 , pacnpOCTpaH.IIeTC.II )f(e aHa H Ha .n.pymx
JIlO.n.eH, KOTopble, .n.IDKe 6y.n.yql1 .n.pyroro Hapo.n.a, C06J11O.n.alOT I1X 06b1qaH.
11 y pHMJ1.11H I9 eCTb 3TOT po.n. J1lO.n.eH. OH qaCTO 6b1J1 YrHeTaeM, o.n.HaKO)f(e
cYll{eCTBeHHo YBeJ1l1qHJ1C.II, TaK '-ITa OTBoeBaJJ B03MO)f(HOCTb )f(HTb no
CBOHM 06blqaJIM 20 ».)
o J1lO.n..IIX, npH.n.ep)f(HBalOll.{HXC.II Hy.n.eHCKoro 06pa3a )f(H3HH, HO He
.IIBJ1.11lOll{HXC.II Hy.n.e.llMH, ,Z:.(HOH KaCCHH ynoMHHaeT ell.{e .n.B(l)f()J,bl. OnHCbl-
Ba.ll npeCJ1e.n.OBaHH.II BblcweH 3HaTH npH ,Z:.(OMHQHaHe, HCTOpHK YTBep)f(-
aeT, 'ITa OCY)J()J,eHHlO no.n.Beprnl1Cb cpe.n.H npoql1X MHome .n.pyme, ne-
peH.IIBlllHe l1}'.n.eHCKHe 06blqaH (LXVII, 14,2). Y.YTb HIDKe, npH onHcaHHH
npaBJ1eHH.II HepBbl (96-98 rr.), ,Z:.(HOH KaccHH ynoMHHaeT 06 Ocpl1QHaJJb-
HaM 3anpeTe Ha 06BHHeHHe B l1}'.n.eHCKOM 06pa3e )f(H3HH (LXVlIl, 1,2).
3To MO)f(HO paCQeHHBaTb KaK cpaKTHqeCKOe npH3HaHHe 3aKOHHOCTH npo-
3eJ1HTH3Ma.
17 fpe'ieCKHe H pHMCKHe aaropbl 0 eBpeJIX H HY.llaH3Me. BBe.lleHHe H KOMMeHTapHH M. Wrep-
Ha. PYCCKoe H3.llaHHe nOJ1 Hay'iHOH H JJHTeparypHoH peJ1aKUHeH H. B. EparHHcKOH. T. II. 4. 1.
aT TauHTa J10 ApreMH.llOpa. M., 2000. C. 127.
18 Pe'ib H.lleT 06 3THOHHMe «HYlleH».
19 B J1aHHOM CJJY'iae :no CJJeJ1yeT nOHHMaTb - «cpe.llH JKHreJJeH ropO.lla PHMa».
20 nOCJJeJ1HHe CJJOBa !l8J]!lIOTCJI BaJKHblM CBH.lleTeJlbCTBOM WHpoKOro pacnpOCTpaHeHH!I
np03eJlHTH3Ma npH JKH3HH J],HOHa KaccH!I (nepBaJI TpeTb 1Il B. H. 3.).
16
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pl1MCKHH nepHO.n. r.n.e-TO Me))()J,Y 3TI1MI1 BeJ1l1lfI1HaMH. MaKClL'WaflbHO e03-
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fUIOllla.n.b 06pa6aTbiBaeMOH 3eMJ1H B f1aJIeCTI1He pHMCKOro H BI13aHTHH-
CKOro BpeMeHH Mama COCTaBI1Tb 700-750 TbIC. ra 22 . COOTHollleHHe )!{e
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3aHTHHCKHH nepHO.n., BH.n.HMO, 6bIJ10 o.n.HHaKOBbIM 1 : 3 (TpeTb ropo.n.CKO-
ro HaCeJ1eHH - .n.Be TpeTH CeJIbCKOrO )23. 31'0 n03B0J1 eT C H3BeCTHOH
.n.OJ1eH npaB.n.ono.n.06HjI rOBopHTb a CJIe.D.)'lOllleM. LIHCJ10 ropO.n.CKI1X )!{H-
TeJ1eH naJIeCHlHbl I-II BB. Momo KOJIe6aTbC OT 600 TbIC. .n.o 1 MJIH qe-
J10BeK. CeJIbCKOe )!{e HaCeJ1eHHe COCTaBJ1 J10 aT 1,5 .n.o 2 MJIH lfeJIOBeK.
MO)!{HO JII1 lfTO-TO CKa3aTb a .n.I1HaMHKe lfHCJ1eHHOCTH HaCeJ1eHH.II naJIe-
CTHHbl B QeJ10M? MHorHe KOCBeHHble .n.aHHble n03BOJI 1OT cql1TaTb, 'ITa
lfHCJ1eHHOCTb HaCeJIeHH.II naJIeCTI1Hbl nOCJ1e BOCCTaHH.II I>ap Kox6bl YMeHb-
lllHJIaCb. Mbl He 3HaeM TOlfHO, B KaKI1X I1MeHHO Ql1cppax :no BblpIDKaJIOCb.
OTMeTHM JII1111b, 'ITa O. f. I>OJIblllaKOB C OCTOPO)!{HOCTblO OQeHI1BaeT
B03MO)!{HYIO qI1CJ1eHHOCTb HaCeJIeHI1 f1aJIeCTPfHbl B V-VII BB. B 1,2-
1,3 MJIH qeJ10BeK 24 .
2\ MaKcHMaJlbHO B03MOJKHa!I UH«j!pa nOilY'iaeTCJI B TOM CJlY'iae, eCilH npHHIITb Ha Bepy -
B npHHUHne 3TO B03MOJKHO - YTBepJK.lleHHe HOCH«j!a <1>JJaBH!I (Bel. Jud. VI, 425), 'iTO KO-
JJH'ieCTBO npaJllHYIOWHX flacxy nepe.ll HYJ1eHCKOH BOHHOH COCTaBJJ!lJJO 2 MJJH 700 TbIC.
'ieJJOBeK. a np06i1eMe B ueJJOM CM., HanpHMep: Broshi M The Population of Western Palestine
in the Roman-Byzantine Period II BASOR. N. 236. 1979. P. 1-10; Broshi M. The Role of
the Temple in the Herodian Economy II JJS. 1987. Vol. 38. N. 1. P. 37. CM. TaKJKe: Tche-
rikover V. Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews. Philadelphia, 1959. P. 292-293. Byatt A,
Josephus and population numbers in first century Palestine II PEQ. 105. January-june. 1973.
P.51-59.
22CM. nO.llpo6Ho: Broshi M. The Role of Temple in the Herodian Economy II JJS. 1987.
Vo1.38. N. 1. P. 32, 37.
2J Broshi M. The Population of West em Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period II BASOR.
1979. N. 236. P. 5.
24 DOJIbUWKOe O. r. Cpe.llHeBeKOBblH ropOll E.1HJKHero BOCTOKa VII - CepeJ1HHa XII BB.
M., 1984. C. 136.
17
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKu u PUMCKOU UMnepUII
I1HcpopMaUHH a qHCJIeHHOCTH eBpeeB 3a npe.n.eJIaMH naJIeCTHHbI
(B Hacnope) B pHMCKoe BpeM ell.le MeHbllle, 11 .n.aBaTb 0.n.H03HaqHbIe
oueHKH 3.n.eCb Bp .n. JIH B03MO)!(HbI. npe.n.nOJImKHTeJIbHO HX qHCJIeHHOCTb
.n.OCTHraJIa 1,5-2 MJIH. EOJIblllaJI HX qaCTb npmKHBaJIa B EmnTe, MaJIOH
A3HH H CHpHH. ,lJ;aHHbIx, n03BOJUIIOll.lHX Ha3bIBaTb KaKHe-JIH6o KOHKPeT-
HbIe Ul1cppbI qHCJIeHHOCTH HY.n.eeB 3a npe.n.eJIaMH naJIeCTHHbI, KpaHHe
MaJIO. MaKCHMaJIbHoe HX KOJIHqeCTBO - eCJIH 6paTb OT.n.eJIbHbIH KOH-
KpeTHbIH pemoH - npO)J(HBaJIO B Erl1nTe. HaCeJIeHl1e .n.OJIHHbI HHJIa B
pHMCKoe BpeM COCTaBJI JIO opHeHTl1pOBOQHO 7 MJIH QeJIOBeK 25 . 06bIqHO
CqHTaeTC , qTO qHCJIeHHOCTb eBpeeB B aHTHqHOM ErHnTe COCTaBJI JIa
npHMepHo 1 MJIH QeJIOBeK, XOT Ul1cppa 3Ta, Bepo THee Bcero, BeCbMa
npeYBeJIHqeHa 26 . B AJIeKaH.n.pHH Mama npO)!{HBaTb OKOJIO 200 TbIC. HY-
.n.eeB 27 . MbI MO)!{eM TaIOKe yrBep)J()J,aTb, 'ITa 3a npe.n.eJIaMH AJIeKcaH.n.pHH
KOJIHqeCTBO Hy.n.eeB B KIDK)J,OM OT.n.eJIbHO B3HTOM HaCeJIeHHOM nYHKTe
6bIJIO BeCbMa He3HaqHTeJIbHbIM.
Cy.n. no BceMY, OKOJIO 20 TbIC. eBpeeB npO)!{HBaJIO B KpynHeHllleM
ropo.n.e bJIIDKHero BocToKa - B AHTHOXHH 28 . OrHocHTeJIbHO .n.ocToBep-
HaJI HHcpopMaUH eCTb TaIOKe 06 HX KOJIHqeCTBe B PHMe. )1(. )l(lOcTep
nHCaJI 29 a TOM, qTO B maBHOM ropo.n.e HMnepl111 KOJIHqeCTBO eBpeeB Mor-
2' CBe.lleHH!I 0 KOJJH'ieCTBe HaCeJJeHH!I B aHTH'iHOM EmnTe co06walOT .llBa aBTOpa. Y
J],HO.llopa (I, 31, 8) - 3TO 7 MJJH. B .llpyroM MeCTe (XVII, 52) J],HO.llOp onpe.lleJ]JleT 'iHCileHHOCTb
HaCeJJeHHJI AneKCaH.llpHH B 300 TbiC. 'ieJJOBeK. Y HocH«j!a <1>JJaBHJl (Bel. Jud. II, 385) HaCeJJe-
HHe EmnTa onpeJ\eJJeHO B 7,5 MJlH, He C'iHTa!I HaCeJJeHHJI AneKcaHllpHH. Y HOCH(j!a <1>JJaBHlI
HeT HH(j!opMaUHH HH 0 'iHCJJeHHOCTH HaCeJJeHH!I AneKC3HllpHH B ueJJOM, HH 0 'iHCJJeHHOCTH
eBpeHcKoro HaCeJJeHHJl B Hell B 'iaCTHOCTH.
26 E.llHHCTBeHHblM OCHOBaHHeM .llJ]Jl 3TOro !lBJlJleTC!I KOHeu fJJ. 6 CO'iHHeHHJl <1>HJlOHa
AJJeKCaHJ\pHHcKoro «flPOTHB <1>JJaKKa», r.lle aBTOp YTBepJKllaeT, 'iTO B AneKcaHllpHH H Emn-
Te B ueJJOM JKHBeT He MeHee 1 MJJH 'ieJJOBeK. L(anee B03HHKaeT Bonpoc, HaCKOJJbKO MOJKHO
J\OBepJlTb 3THM .llaHHblM, oc06eHHO eCJJH Y'ieCTb, 'iTO <1>HJlOH J\aneKO He 6eCnpHCTpaCTeH?
ECJJH Y'ieCTb anOJJOreTH'ieCKHH xapaKTep Bcero TBOp'ieCTBa <1>HJlOHa, TO BpJlll JJH MOJKHO
6Y.lleT npHHHMaTb 3TO CBHJ\eTeJJbCTBO Ha Bepy. CM. TaKJKe: Tcherikover V. Prolegomena II
Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum. Vol. I. Edited by V. Tcherikover in collaboration withA. Fuks.
Cambridge, 1957. P. 4.
27 TO'iHa!I 'iHCJJeHHOCTb HaCeJJeHH!I aHTH'iHOH AneKCaH.llpHH HaM HeH3BeCTHa, KaK HeH3-
BeCTHa H TO'iHa!I 'iHCJleHHOCTb HaCeJ]JlBWHX AneKC3H.llPHIO HYJ\eeB. C YDepeHHOCTbIO MOJKHO
roBOpHTb JJHWb 0 TOM, 'iTO AneKcaHllpHJl BXOJ\HJla B 'ieTBepKY KpynHeJ:iwHx ropOJ\OB aHTH'!-
HOro CpellH3eMHOMOpbJl, HaC'iHTblBaBWHX 60JJee 100 TblC. HaCeJJeHHJl (pHM, KOHCTaHTHHOnOJJb,
AHTHOXHJI, AneKcaHllpHJI). Bce HMelOlUHeCJI HCTO'iHHKH n03BOJJJ1lOT TaKJKe YTBepJKllarb, 'iTO
HMeHHO B AneKCaH.llpHH npOJKHBaJJO MaKCHManbHOe.llJ1J1 OllHOro ropoJ\a .llpeBHero CpellH3eM-
HOMOpbJl KOJJH'ieCTBO HYlleeB. (HaH60JJee 3J\paBblM nOlIXO.llOM K Bonpocy 0 'iHCJleHHOCTH eB-
peeB B aHTH'lHOM EmnTe H AneKCaH.llPHH !lBilJIIOTC!I B3rJlJlJlbl B. qepHKOBepa - Tcherikover V.
Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews. Philadelphia, 1959. P. 286-287, 293-295.)
2' JIe6uHCKaR If, A. YKa3. CO'i. C. 239.
29 Juster. Op. cit. P. 209. Note 12.
18
BeedeHlIe
JIO COCTaBJIRTb 50-60 TbIC. 30 O.n.HaKo HCT04HI1KH, Ha KOTopble OH CCblJIa-
eTC1I, .n.onycKalOT pa3Hble BapHaHTbII1CTOJIKOBaHI111 31 , a n03HQI111 caMora
)I{. )I{}OcTepa I1MeeT cJIa60e JIOfH4eCKoe 060cHoBaHl1e. npaB.n.a, OTMe-
4eHHble HCT04HI1KI1 n03BOJl111OT - BHe 3aBHCHMOCTI1 aT He 1ICHbiX .n.o
KOHQa .n.eTaneH - rOBOpl1Tb a TOM, 4TO KOJIH4eCTBO eBpeeB B aHTH4HOM
ropo.n.e PI1Me .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO Momo HC411CJI1ITbC1I .n.eC1ITKaMI1 TblC1I4
(B03MO)f(HO, OKOJIO 20 TbIC.).
LITO KaCaeTC1I Hy.n.eHCTBYlOIl.{I1X - rpeKOB H pHMJI1IH, no TeM HJII1
HHblM npl14HHaM 4aCTH4HO npHHHMaBllll1X HOpMbI H)'.n.aH3Ma, HO B OC-
HOBHOM B Hy.n.a113M He 06pal.I..laBllll1XC1I, - TO I1X 411CJIa Mbl TO)f(e He
3HaeM. O.n.HaKO HMeHHO nOTOMY, 4TO H)'.n.eHCTBYlOl.I..ll1e npe.n.CTaBJI1IJIH -
KaK 6y.n.eT nOKa3aHO HH)f(e - cepbe3HYlO np06JIeMY )J,JI1I pHMcKora 06-
ll.{eCTBa, MO)f(HO, BI1.n.I1MO, C4HTaTb, 4TO TaKOBblX 6blJIO B 061l.{eH CJIO)f(-
HOCTI1 HeCKOJIbKO MHJIJIHOHOB 4eJIOBeK.
3aBeplllaJI 3THorpaqm4eCKYlO 4aCTb BBe.n.eHI111, OTMeTHM, '-iTO npHMe-
HHTeJIbHO K aHTH4HOCTH MO)f(HO ynOTpe6JI1ITb, 3apaHee 06rOBOpl1B CMblC-
JIOBYlO HarpY3KY, KaK TepMHH «eBpeH», TaK H <<Hy eH». nOCJIe.n.HHH,
npaB.n.a, npe.n.n04l1TeJIbHee HMeHHO nOTOMY, 4TO n03BOJI1IeT YHTI1 OT
onacHoro C06JIa3Ha npHpaBH1ITb eBpeeB .n.peBHHX K eBpe1lM cOBpeMeHHbIM,
1160 pa3HHQa Me)!():{y O.n.HHMH 11 .n.PYfHMH - KaK B aHTpOnOJIOfH4eCKoM
H 3THorpacpH4ecKoM CMbICJIe, TaK H B TOM, 4TO KaCaeTC1I KYJIbrypbl, - or-
pOMHa. I1MeHHo n03TOMY aBTOp BClO.n.y HI1)f(e npH.n.ep)JillBaeTC1I TepMHHa
«H)'.n.ei1», C4HTa1l TaKOH no.n.xo.n. 60JIee HaY4HbIM.
4
B CB1I3H C TeM 4ro HH)f(e paCCMOTpeHbl OCHOBHble .n.aHHble HCT04HHKOB
no 3KOHOMHKe naneCTHHbl pHMCKora H BH3aHTHikKora BpeMeHH, 3.n.eCb
npe.n.CTaBJI1IeTC1I Heo6xo.n.HMblM OTMeTHTb H3MeHeHH1I rpaHHQ naneCTH-
Hbl C I .n.o VII B. H. 3., a TaIOKe CYll.{eCTBYlOll.{He Ha ee TeppHTopHH reo-
rpacpH4eCKHe, HCTOpHKO-KYJIbrypHble H 3KOHOMH4eCKHe 30HbI.
JOCBOH YM03aKJ1IO'ieHH!I)I{. )l{lQCTep OCHOBbIBaeT Ha C006ll.\eHH!lX HCTO'iHHKOB no nOBO-
.llY BbiCbUlKH HY.lleeB H3 PHMa npH TH6epHH JJH60 3a npe.lleJJbl HTaJlHH, JJH60 Ha npHHYAHTeJJb-
HyIO BoeHHYIO CJJYJK6y. )I{. )l{lQcTep HCXOJ\HJJ npH nOM H3 HlleH - B npHHUHne J\onYCTHMOH,
HO HHKaK B TeKCTe He 060CHOBaHHOH, 'iTO ornpaBJleHHbIe Ha BoeHHYIO cJlYJK6y 4000 'ieJJOBeK
(UH«j!pa eCTb y TauHTa - Ann. 11, 85) COCTaBJ1!1i1H BCIO HY.lleHCKYIO MOJJO.lleJKb PHMa. OTclOlla
.lleJJaeTCIi BbIBOJ\, 'iTO 06ll.\ee KOJJH'ieCTBO HYJ\eeB B PHMe J\OJlJKHO 6blJl0 COCTaBHTb 50-60 TbIC.
BH.llHMO, )I{. )l{lQCTeP nOJJaran, 'iTO MOJJOJ\eJKb, ro.llHa!I JlJ]1I CJlYJK6b1 B apMHH, .llOJJJKHa 6blJJa
COCTaBJJ!lTb no 'iHCJJeHHOCTH npHMepHO OJ\HY nJlTH311uarylO OT 06ll.\ero 'iHCJJa HY.lleeB B
PHMe.
Jl Suet., Tib., 36; Tac. Ann. 11, 85; FI. Jos, XVIII, 81-84.
19
A. f. rpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKu u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
Bonpoc 06 HCTOpH'-IeCKHX H reorpa(lmqeCKHX rpaHHllax naneCTHHbl
H npOCT, 11 CJIO)l(eH o.n.HOBpeMeHHO. npOCT OH B TOM CMbICJIe, 'ITa CPH3H-
qeCKa reorpacpl1 CB TOH 3eMJIH H3yqeHa y)l(e .n.aBHO 11 onHcaHa MHO-
roKpaTHO. CJIO)l(HOCTb )l(e Bonpoca 6y.n.eT 3aKJUOqaTbC B TOM, 'ITa no.n.
naneCTHHOH pa3HbIMH HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJI MH nOHHMaeTC He Bcer.n.a o.n.Ha H
Ta )l(e TeppHTOpH 32. nOCJIe.n.Hee )l(e 06'b CH eTC TeM, qTO rpaHHllbl
naneCTHHbl KaK a)J,MHHHCTpaTHBHO-TeppI1TOpl1anbHOH e.n.HHHllbl B CO-
CTaBe PHMCKOH HMnepl1H H BH3aHTHI1 COBna.n.aIOT He nOJIHOCTblO.
B COBpeMeHHOH HCTOpHqeCKOH reorpacpHH npH onpe.n.eJIeHHH rpaHHll
naneCTHHbl KaK HCTopHKo-reorpacpHqeCKOH 06JIaCTH npHH TO HCXO.n.HTb
H3 peanHH DH6JIHH. HHblMI1 CJIOBaMH, no.n. naneCTHHOH nOHHMaeTC
TeppHTopH , OrpaHHqeHHa C 3ana.n.a Cpe.n.H3eMHbIM MopeM; C ceBe-
pa - Haxp an-KaCHMHHe, T. e. Bo.n.opa3.n.eJIOM Me)K)J,)' XOJIMaMH fanHlIeH
H XepMOHOM; C BOCTOKa - Hop.n.aHOM H MepTBblM MopeM. He3HaqH-
TeJIbHa qaCTb 06JIaCTeH 3aHop.n.aHb , pacnOJIO)l(eHHblX ceBepHee MepT-
BOro MOp , TaIOKe BXO.n.I1JIH B COCTaB reorpacpHqeCKOH naJIeCTHHbl B
CB 3H C TeM, 'ITa 3.n.eCb npO)l(l1Bana BOCTOqHa rpynna .n.peBHeH3paHlIb-
CKI1X nJIeMeH - PeYBeH, f a)J, H MeHacce 33 . n03)1(e, C 3JIJII1HHCTHqeCKOrO
BpeMeHH, 3Ta 06JIaCTb Ha3blBanaCb nepe . HeCKOJIbKO MeHee onpe.n.e-
JIeHHOH BJI eTC lO)l(HaJI rpaHHlla reorpacpWleCKOH naneCTHHbI. C O.n.HOH
CTOpOHbI, py6e)l(aMH 3.n.eCb BJI IOTC lO)l(Ha OKOHeqHOCTb MepTBOrO
MOp H Ba)J,H 'Apa6a, T. e. pa3rpaHHqeHHe Me)K)J,)' naneCTHHOH, MoaBOM
H 3.n.OMOM. C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbI, eCJIH CJIe.n.OBaTb B.n.OJIb npHMopCKOH
nOJIOCbl Ha lOr, TaKO" rpaHHlleH 6y.n.eT Ba.n.H an-ApHlll, eCTeCTBeHHa
BOCTOqHaJI rpaHHlla CHHa .
B 3TOH pa60Te HMeHHO TaKHe rpaHHllbl HMeIOTC B BH.LJ.Y npH pac-
CMOTpeHHH MaTepHaJIa, OTHOC ll.leroc K nanecTHHe I B. H. 3. 34
J2 TaK, He MOJKeT He Bbl3BaTb Y.llHBJJeHHJl O.llHa H3 KapT B cepbe3HOM HCCJJe.llOBaHHH 0
6e.llHOCTH H 6J1arOTBOpHTeJJbHOCTH B pHMCKOi! flane<::THHe (Hamel G. Poverty and Charity in
Roman Palestine, First Three Centuries C. E. Los Angeles; Oxford, 1989. P. 150. University
of California Press. Near Eastern Studies. Volume 23), r.lle B COCTaB flaneCTHHbl OKa3blBaIOT-
CJI BKJJIO'ieHHblMH <1>HHHKHJI, 3Ha'iHTeJJbHa!I 'iaCTb CHpHH H BCJI TeppHTOpHJl npOBHHUHH
APaBHH.
JJ CM. nO.llP06HO: Abel F.-M. Geographie de la Palestine. Tome II. Geographie politique.
Les villes. Paris, 1938. P. 69-72.
34 Cp., HanpHMep, KapTy naneCTHHbl y bHTeHXap.lla (Bietenhard H. Die syrische Decapolis
von Pompeius bis Traian II ANRW. 2, 8. Berlin; New York, 1977. P. 224, BKJJ.). H3 KapTbl
BHllHO, 'iTO HeMeUKHH HCCJJe.llOBaTeJJb npH.llepJKHBanC!I TeX JKe B3rJ]JlllOB B Bonpoce onpe.lleJJe-
HHJI rpaHHU flaJIeCTHHbi. 3l\eCb npel\CTaBJJJ1eTCJl He06xo.llHMblM OTMeTHTb TaKJKe CJJe.llYlOlI.IHe
.llBa MOMeHTa. Bbl60p B Ka'ieCTBe opHeHTHpa reorpa«j!H'ieCKHX rpaHHU B 'ieM-TO JlBJJJleTCJI
.llOrMaTH3MOM, H60 TeM CaMblM OTCeKaIOTCJI TePpHTOpHH, «j!opManbHo OTHOCJlUUieC!I K COCe.l1HllM
npOBHHUH!lM, HO om,e.llHHeHHble C ITaneCTHHoH KYJJbTYpHO-HCTOpH'ieCKHMH CB!l3!1MH. O.llHaKO
20
BeeoeHue
A.n.MHHHCTpaTHBHO-TeppI1TOpHaJlbHble 113MeHeHH.Il rpaHHQ TIaJleCTH-
Hbl B pl1MCKOe H BI13aHTHHCKOe BpeMjI 6blJIH CJ10:IKHbIMH. )],OCTaTO'-IHO
.n.OJIro nOJ1IITHKO-npaBOBa5I opraHH3aQIDI npOCTpaHCTBa B TIaJleCTHHe npH
pHMJ1j1HaX 6blJ1a HeCKOJIbKO Heonpe.n.eJ1eHHOH 113-3a cOCYll.{eCTBOBaHHjI B
TIaJleCTHHe HaQHOHaJlbHOH QapCKOH BJIaCTH (l1po.n. H ero npeeMHHKH) H
pHMCKOH npOBHHQHaJlbHOH a)J,MHHHCTpaQHH C 6 r. H. 3. )],0 B3HH.Il l1epy-
CaJlHMa THTOM B 70 r. H. 3. Ha TeppHTopHH reorpaqmlJeCKOH TIaJleCTHHbl
OT.n.eJ1bHOH a)J,MHHHCTpaTHBHOH e.n.HHHQbl pHMCKOro rocy.n.apCTBa B nOJ1-
HaM CMbICJ1e CJ10Ba He 6b1J10: TIaJleCTI1Ha <pOpMaJlbHO COCTaBJIjlJ1a 'IaCTb
npOBHHQHH Cl1pHH, HaxO)UlCb C 6 r. H. 3. no.n. «Ha)J,30POM» npOKYpaTopa,
KOTOpbIH, B CBOIO OlJepe.n.b no.n.lJHIDIJICjI J1erary CHpHH. ECJ1H :lKe roBOpHTb
no cy eCTBY, TO B 3TO BpeMjI, .n.o l1y.n.eHcKoH BOHHbl, pHMJ1j1He B TIaJle-
CTHHe npe.n.nOlJIITaJlH .n.eHcTBOBaTb onocpe.n.oBaHHo - lJepe3l1po a H ero
npeeMHHKoB, a TaIOKe lJepe3 MHorolJI1CJ1eHHbIX 3THapxoB H TeTpapXOB,
COXpaHjlBlllHXCjI Ha BOCTOKe TIaJleCTI1Hbl H B 06JIaCTjlX 3aHop.n.aHbjl H
BblTeCHjlBIllHXCjI C nOJ1HTHlJeCKOH CQeHbl .n.OCTaTOlJHO Me)J,J1eHHO.
JIHlllb nOCJ1e B3j1THe l1epycaJlHMa B 70 r. H. 3. Ha TeppHTopHH TIaJle-
CTHHbl 6blJ1a 06pa30BaHa OT.n.eJ1bHaji npOBHHQHjI l1y.n.ejl, OTHeCeHHaji K
lJHCJ1Y HMnepaTOpCKHX H ynpaBJIjlBlllHXCjI ceHaTopOM npeTOpHaHcKoro
paHra. TIOJ1HTHlJeCKOe YCTPOHCTBO 06JIaCTeH 3aHop.n.aHMI 06peJ10 onpe-
.n.eJ1eHHOCTb H cTa6HJ1bHOCTb nOCJ1e 106 r., Kor.n.a B pe3YJIbTaTe aHHeKCHH
Ha6aTeH H CHHajl, 06J1aCTH 3aHop.n.aHbjl H IO:lKHall CHpHlI COCTaBHJ1H
npoBHHQHIO ApaBHIO.
)],0 117-120 rr. Ha TeppHTopHH l1y.n.el1 pa3Mell.{aJlClI O HH J1erHOH,
3aTeM Bce nocJ1e.D.)'lOll.{ee BpeMlI - .n.Ba. TIocJ1e no.n.aBJIeHHlI BOCCTaHHjI
nap Kox6bl npOBHHQHjI nOJIYlJHJ1a HOBoe Ha3BaHHe - TIaJleCTHHa CH-
pHHCKajl. TIpOBHHQHjI no-npe:IKHeMY OTHOCHJ1aCb K HMnepaTopcKHM, HO
ynpaBJ1l1J1aCb J1eraTOM B 3BaHHH KOHcYJIa (c 120 r.).
A.n.MHHHcTpaTHBHble rpaHHQbl TIaJleCTHHbl B pHMcKoe BpeMlI MOryT
6blTb onHcaHbl cJ1e.n.YIOll.{I1M 06pa30M 35 :
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pa3p!l.ll naneCTHHCKHX ropOJ\OB OTHOCIIT MHOro TaKHX, KOTopble C HeH, no CYTH, HHKaK He
CB!l3aHbi. 4TO JKe KaCaeTC!I J\aHHOH pa6OTbl, TO B HeH reorpa«j!H'ieCKHH .llOrMarH3M IIBJJJleTCIi
He BcerJ\a J\OCTHJKHMbIM H.lleanOM. TaK, OCHOBHbIe nanHpYCHble HaxOllKH, paCCMaTpHBaeMble
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TOpa!l BOWJJa B COCTaB naneCTHHbl TpeTbeH, HO JJHWb B paHHeBH3aHTl1HCKOe BpeMIi.
3S OnHCaHHe rpaHHIl MeJl(Jly npOBHHIlHIIMH .lleJJaeTC!I Ha OCHOBe nHCbMeHHblX HCTOqHHKOB
(qawe Bcero - 3TO H3.llnHCH), n03BOJJllIOmHX onpeJ\eJlHTb 3.llMHHHCTparHBHO-TeppHTOpHanb-
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.lleneHHII JJHHHH rpaHHIl H HeH36eJKHYID HX npH6i1H3HTeJJbHOCTb, COnOCTaBJJeHHe KapT, npH-
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- lO)KHWI rpaHl-H,\a, rpaHl-fua C npOBHHUHeH ApaBl1eH, lllJ1a OT 3ana)J,HO-
ro 6epera MepTBoro MOpH, npl1MepHO OT MaCa)J,bI, l1.n.aJIee nOllTI1 no npHMOH
JlHHHH, HeCKOJ1bKO ceBepHee EeepllleBbI, B HanpaBJIeHHH PHHOKO.rrypbI;
- BOCTOllHaH rpaHHua, onHTb )f(e C npOBHHUHei1 ApaBHeH, lllJ1a OT
BOCTOllHOro 6epera MepTBoro MOpH, npHMepHO aT YCTbH ApHOHa (Ba.n.H
MY)J)K116), Ha ceBepO-BOCTOK nOLI He3HallHTeJ1bHbIM ymoM K Hop.n.aHY.
npH 3TOM K na.rIeCTHHe OTHOCHJ1HCb CJ1e.n.)'IOI.UHe ropo.n.a 06J1aCTH ,[(eCH-
mrpa.n.bH (,[(eKanOJlI1Ca) - ,[(HOH, neJla, fa.n.apa. B III B. J1HHHH pa3rpa-
HHlIeHl-UI Me)l()J,)' npOBHHUHHMH ApaBHH H na.rIeCTI1Ha 6bIJ1a CJ1erKa C.n.BH-
H)'Ta K 3ana.n.y. B pe3YJIbTaTe aHa lllJIa nOllTH napaJIJIeJlbHO Hop.n.aHY;
- TOllHoe HanpaBJIeHHe ceBepHoH rpaHHUbI npoBHHUHH, rpaHHUbI C
<1>HHHKHeH H CHpHeH, HaM HeH3BeCTHO. j{CHO JIHlllb, liTO aHa 6J1H3KO K
reorpaq,HlIeCKOMY, T. e. lllJ10 C 3ana.n.a Ha BOCTOK HeCKOJ1bKO ceBepHee
THBepHa.n.CKoro 03epa, HallHHWlCb HeMHoro lO)KHee q,HHHKHilcKOro nop-
Ta nTOJ1eMaHLla.
HMeHHO TaKHe rpaHHUbI HMeIOTCH B BH.LJ.Y B :HOH pa60Te npH paCCMOT-
peHHH MaTepHa.rIa, OTHOCHI..IJ.erocH K na.rIeCTHHe pHMCKOro BpeMeHH, K
pacn0J10)f(eHHbIM Ha ee TeppHTOpHH npOBHHUIDIM Hy.n.eH H Syria Palestina
H coce.n.cTBYlOI..IJ.eH C na.rIeCTHHOH npoBHHUHH ApaBHeH.
nOCJ1eLlYlOI..IJ.He cepbe3HbIe H3MeHeHHH B a)J,MHHHcTpaTHBHo-TeppH-
TOpHaJIbHOM YCTpOHCTBe npOBHHUHH OTHOCHTCH }?Ke K paHHeBH3aHTHH-
CKOMY BpeMeHH 36 . B pe3YJ1bTaTe ueJIOH cepHH a.n.MHHHcTpaTHBHo-TeppH-
BO.llHMblX paJJJH'iHbIMH HCCJJe.llOBaTeJJJlMH, nOKaJblBaeT, 'iTO norpeWHOCTb B «Bbl'iHCJleHHH»
rpaHHU MeJKJlY npOBHHumlMH HeBeJJHKa. a paJrpaHH'ieHHH MeJl(Jly npOBHHUHJIMH flaneCTHHa
H ApaBHII CM., HanpHMep: Bowersock G. W Roman Arabia. Harvard; Cambridge; London,
1983. P. 90-109. 4TO KaCaeTC!I KaPT pemOHa H paJrpaHH'ieHHII MeJKJlY npOBHHUHJIMH, CM.:
Sarlre M. Trois etudes sur I' Arabie romaine et byzantine. Bruxelles, ] 982. Cartes 2-4; Abel F-
M. Geographie de la Palestine, Tome II. Geographie politique. Les villes. Paris, 1938. Carte X;
Sperber D. Roman Palestine. 200-400. The Land. Crisis and change in agrarian society as
reflected in rabbinic sources. Ramat-Gan, 1978, P. 12. J-Ja npeKpaCHblX KapTax, COnpOBOJKJla-
IOmHX pa60Ty <1>. MHnnapa (Millar F The Roman Near East 3] BC - AD 337. Cambridge
Mass" London, ]993), rpaHHUbl npoBHHUHH He 0603Ha'ieHbl.
36 nOJJHTH'ieCKaJI HCTOpHIi pHMCKOH naneCTHHbl HJY'ieHa llaBHo H onHcaHa BO MHOJKeCT-
Be pa6OT. n03TOMY npHBe.lleM JJHWb HeCKonbKO CCblJJOK -Sarlre M L'Orient Romain. Provinces
et societes en Mediterranee Orientale d' Auguste aux Severes (3] avant J-Chr. - 235 apres
J-Chr.), Paris, 1991. P. 358-391; Millar F The Roman Near East 3] BC -AD 337. Cambridge
Mass., London, ]993. P. 337-386, CM. TaKJKe Goodman M. The ruling class of Judaea. The
origins of the jewish revolt against Rome A. D. 66-70. Cambridge, 1987, me npoaHa. HJHpO-
BaHbl Bce CTOpOHbl BJaHMOOTHOWeHHH PHMa H HYlleeB BIB. H. 3. MHOro nOJleJHOH HH$Op-
MaUHH no 3TOMY Bonpocy COllepJKHT TaKJKe 06H0BJ1eHHOe HJllaHHe nepBoro TOMa pa60Tbi
3. lliIOpepa. - Schurer E. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175
B. C. -A. D. 135). A new Englsh version revied and edited by G. Vermes and F. Millar. Vol.
I. Edinbourgh. 1973.
BeedeHue
TOpHaJIbHblX pecpopM BIll-IV BB., He HMeBlllHX, nOXO)f(e, no.n. C060H
oc060ro JIOrH'leCKOro CMbICJla, KpoMe a.n.MHHHCTpaTI1BHOrO ycep.n.ml,
TeppHTopHH llaJIeCTHHbl 6blJIa pa3.n.eJIeHa Ha TPH npoBHHQHH, a TeppH-
TOpHH npoBHHQHH ApaBHH - 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO COKpaI. eHa37.
BCH 1O)f(H!UI'IaCTb npoBHHLlHH ApaBHH, T. e. TeppHTOpHH 3aHop.n.aHbH,
IO)f(Hee Ba,L(H MY)J,)f(H6, a TaIOKe BCH TeppHTopHH IO)f(Hee JIHHHH Maca-
.n.a-EeepllleBa-PHHOKOJIypa H CHHaHcKHH nOJlyocTPOB COCTaBHJlH npo-
BHHQHIO llaJIeCTHH)' TpeTblO C a,L(MHHHCTpaTHBHbIM QeHTpoM B lleTpe.
faJIHJIeH, CaM!UI ceBepHaH 06J1aCTb reorpacpH'IeCKOH llaJIeCTHHbl, a TaK-
)f(e 3ana.n.HblH ceKTop ,[(eKanOJlHCa COCTaBJlHJIH B paHHeBH3aHTHHCKoe
BpeMH npOBHHQHIO llaJIeCTHH)' BTOPYIO C a,L(MHHHcTpaTHBHbIM QeHTpoM
B EeTllle'aHe (CKHcponOJlHce). eHTpaJIbHblH paHOH reorpacpH'IeCKOH
llaJIeCTHHbl-T. e. TeppHTOpIDI ceBepHee JII1HHH Maca.n.a-EeepllleBa-PH-
HOKOJIypa, BrmOTb .n.o faJIHJIeH, a TaIOKe paHoH 3aHop.n.aHbH, COOTBeTCT-
BOBaBlllHH TeppHTOpHH paCCeJIeHIDI .n.peBHeH3paHJIbCKHX rmeMeH PeYBeH,
,[(aH H MeHacce, COCTaBJIHJlH npoBHHQHIO llaJIeCTHH)' llepBYIO C a.n.MH-
HHcTpaTHBHblM QeHTpOM B KecapHH. Bce TpH naJIeCTHHCKHe npOBHHl1.HH
paHHeBH3aHTHHcKoro BpeMeHH BXO.n.HJIH B TaK Ha3blBaeMblH .n.HOl1.e3
BocToK 38 .
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cMoTpeHHH MaTepHaJIa, OTHOCHlll.erocH K llaJIeCTHHe BH3aHTHHcKoro
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npHHl1.HnOB no.n.xo.n.a K HCTOpH'IeCKOH reorpacpHH llaJIeCTHHbl, onpe.n.e-
JIHBlllHXCH BO cppaHl1.Y3cKOH HCTOpH'IeCKOH HaYKe, KOrL\a TeppHTopHH
CBHTOH 3eMJlH .n.eJIHTCH JlH60 Ha cpH3HKo-reorpacpH'IeCKHe, JIH60 Ha HC-
TOpH'IeCKHe 30Hbl. AHfJlO-aMepHKaHcKHH H OTl.faCTH HeMeQKHH npHHLlHn
no.n.xo.n.a, Kama llaJIeCTHHa no Te'leHHIO HOpL\aHa .n.eJIHTCH Ha 3ana,L(HyIO
H BOCTO'lH)'IO, npe.n.CTaBJ1HeTCH HCK)'CCTBeHHbIM 39 .
37 06 )THX pe$opMax CM. nOllp06HO: Tpyweeou A, r. HCTOpHJl «j!OpMHpOBaHHJl BH3aHTHH-
CKOH npOBHHUHH naneCTHHa TpeTbJlII BB. T. 51. 1990 (M., 1991). C. 124-131.
3'0 paJ.lleJJeHHH HMnepHH Ha lIHOue3bl CM., HanpHMep, Jones A. H. M. The Later Roman
Empire. 284-602. A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Vol. I. Baltimore, 1986. P.
47-48.
39 T aK, B 'iaCTHOCTH, nOCTpoeHo H3JJOJKeHHe y f, A. CMHTa BO MHOrO'iHCJJeHHbIX TOMax
cepHH A Survey of Western Palestine; A Survey of Eastern Palestine (Smith G. A. The Historical
Geography of the Holy Land especially in relation to the history of Israel and of the early
church. London, 1898; Conder C. R.o Kitchener H. H. The survey of Western Palestine. Memoirs
of the topography, orography, hydrography and archaeology. Vol. I. Sheets I-VI. Edited with
additions by E. H. Palmer and W. Besant, London, 1881). B JJHTeparype BCTpe'ialOTCJI H HHbie
npHHUHnbl nOllXOlla K HCTOpH'ieCKOH reorpa$HH nanecTHHbl, JleJKaWHe Bce JKe 3a npe.lleJlaMH
23
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eT, H60 B I.1eJ10M OHH COBna.n.aIOT C y)f(e ynoMxHYTbIMH eCTeCTBeHHO-
reorpa<l>H4eCKHMH 30HaMH Ha ee TeppHTopHH. 3TO:
- npUMopcKW/. - npe.n.cTaBJ1eHHWI I.1eJ1bIM PX.n.OM nOpTOBbIx ropo.n.oB,
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THHbl Ha HCTopHKo-reorpa4>H'ieCKlfe 30Hbl - BCTpe'iaeTC!I If CJJellYlOwee YTBepJKlleHHe
(Schiirer E. The History... Vol. I. P. 56). ABTOp B OTMe'ieHHOM MeCTe lIaeT nOHJlTb, 'iTO, CO-
maCHO ero TO'iKe 3peHHJI, c06CTBeHHO flaneCTHHO!! !lBJ1!1IOTC!I BHYTpeHHHe 06,1aCTH C npe06-
JJallaHHeM eBpe!!CKoro HaCeJJeHH!I, TOrJta KaK rpe'ieCKl'e ropOlla (T. e. npHMOpCKaJI 30Ha H
J],eCJlTHrpallbe) 06pa30BbIB<L1H «OKpeCTHOCTH, BHeWHlO1O cpellY» na.aeCTlfHbl. TaKa!! nOllXOll
B03MOJKeH, HO npellCTaBJ1J1eTC!I Henpoll)'KTHBHblM, H60 flanecTHHa - 3TO npeJK.lle Bcero no-
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CJJOBaMIf, HCTOpHJI H KYJlbTYpa JII060H MHoroHaUHoHanbHoH CTpaHbl HHKOr.lla HC CBOllHTCJI K
HCTOpHH H KYJJbTYpe TO.%KO O;lHOro H3 HaCeilJlIOWHX ee HapOllOB,
4oCM. nO.llP06HO: Abel F-M La Geographie... Vol. I. P. 2-5; 94-98.
41 CM. nOJIp06HO: TaM JKe. P. 5-8.
42CM. nO.llp06HO: TaM JKe. P. 8-11; 79-88; 93-94.
43CM. nO.llP06HO: TaM JKe. P. 11-16.
..a fanHJ1ee CM. nOJIp06HO: TaM JKe. P. 59--{)2, 69-70, 75-76.
4SO CaMapHH CM. nOllpo6HO: TaM JKe. P. 62-63, 70--71, 76-78.
"06 HYllee CM. nOllpo6HO: TaM JKe. P. 65-66, 71-72, 78-89.
47 0 Here Be CM. nOllpo6HO: TaM JKe. P. 65-66, 71-72.
24
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CKHe H pHMCKHe aBTOpbl 0 HYllelix H HYllaH3Me. BBe.lleHlfe H KOMMeHTapHH MeHaxeMa WTepHa,
PyCCKOe H311aHHe nOlI Hay'iHOH H ilHTeparypHOH pe.llaKUHeH ll. H. H. H. B. EparHHCKOH. T. I. OT
fepo.llOTallO flnyTapxa. M., 1997. C. ]31-133. B npolIlJJOM B HaYKe BblCKaJblBaJlHCbTaKJKe npell-
nOJJOJKeHHJI 0 3HaKOMCTBe Ara4>apXH.lla KHH.llCKOro C CenryarHHTOH. 0 HYlleJ:icKoM npoHCXOJK-
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weHHO 6e3.ll0KaJareJJbHbIe. (CM. nOllpo6Ho -llimepH. M. YKa3. CO'i. C. 104-105,323-324).
J BJlH!lHHe xpHCTHaHCKHX HlleH Ha 'ieTBepTYlO 3KJJOry BepnL1HII HCKHIO'IacrC!I YJKe nOTO-
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)tbIBaeTCJl B Tp311lfl\HOHHble pHMCKHe npellCTaBneHHII 0 30JJOTOM BeKe.
26
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OTHOllleHHe K KOTOPOMY Y 06p3.30BaHHbIX 1I3bI4HHKOB .n.o BpeMeHH KOH-
CTaHTHHa 6bmo pe3KO OTpHuareJIbHbIM 4 .
npaB.n.a, He06xo.n.HMO yrO'iHHTb, 'iTa aHTH'iHa1l1l3bI'ieCKa1l JlHTepary-
pa 6bIJ1a, eCTeCTBeHHO, 1IBJ1eHHeM CJIO)I(HbIM 11 HMeJ1a MHOro cBoero pOL\a
«ypOBHeH». Y:>Ke B 3JIJIHHHCTH4eCKoe BpeM1I Ha nepHcpepHI1 aHTH'iHoro
MHpa (<1>HHHKH1I, naJIeCTHHa, MeconOTaMH1I, EmneT) Ha4HHaeTC1I pac-
UBeT HaUHOHaJIbHbIX HCTopHorpacpHH Ha rpe4ecKoM 1I3bIKe. HaCKOJIbKO
B03MO:>KHO Cy.n.HTb no coxpaHHBlllHMCj{ OTpbIBKaM, 3TH aBTopbI nHCaJIH
BeCbMa nOL\p06HO 06 HCTOpHH 11 K)'JIbrype HapOL\OB EmDKHero BocToKa,
B TOM 4HCJ1e H H)'.n.eeB. KpOMe Taro, H B, c06CTBeHHO, aHTH'iHOH HCTO-
pHorpacpHH 6bIJ1H aBTOpbI, no TeM HJIH HHbIM npH4HHaM HHTepeCOBaB-
lllHeC1I HCTopHeH H K)'JIbrypOH 3K3OTH4eCKI1X ,lJ,J111 rpeKOB H pI1MJ111H Ha-
po.n.OB. TaKOB, HanpHMep, O.n.HH H3 OCHOBHbIX HCT04HHKOB EBceBHj{
AJ1eKcaH.n.p nOJ1HrHCTOpS, COCTaBI1BlllHH nOL\p06HeHlllHH KOHcnelCT H3
60J1blllOro K0J1H4eCTBa pa60T HYL\eHCKHX HCTOpHKOB, nHcaBlllHX no-rpe-
4eCKI1. TaKOB :>Ke, cy.lUI no BceMY, MaBplITaHCKHH uapb I06a, HanHcaBlllHH
BeCbMa Y4eHoe C04HHeHHe no HCTOpHH ApaBHI1, CTaBlllee O.n.HHM H3
BIDKHeHlllHX HCT04HHKOB HHcpopMaUHH no ApaBHH ,lJ,J1j{ l1J1HHH1I CTap-
lllero - aBTopa 3HaMeHHTOH «ECTeCTBeHHOH HCTOpHH». HMeHHO 6J1a-
roL\ap1l TaKara THna aBTopaM OTL\eJ1bHbIe CTpaHHUbI I1CTOpHH HapOL\OB
BOCTOKa, B TOM 4HCJ1e H H)'L\eeB, nona.n.aJIH Ha CTpaHHUbI C04HHeHHH
aHTH4HbIX HCTOpHKOB H paHHexpHCTHaHCKHX aBTopOB 6e3 OC06bIX HC-
KIDKeHHH.
3T0, O.n.HaKO, He MeHj{eT OCHOBHOro. KaK H3BeCTHO, C04HHeHH1I Taro
THna, 'iTa nHCaJIH AJIeKCaH.D.p nOJIHmCTOp H I06a MaBpHTaHCKHH, npaK-
TH'ieCKH He COXpaHHJ1HCb, 'iTa nOK3.3bIBaeT OTCYTCTBHe K HHM 60J1blllOro
HHTepeca Y nocJle.n.YIOlll.HX nOKOJleHHH rpeKOB H pHMJ1j{H C KOHua aHTH-
4HOCTH.
4 CneUHa.1bHble HCCJJe.llOBaHH!I n03BOJJJlIOT YTBepJK.llaTb, 'iTO HeKOTOpble Jl3bI'ieCKHe aBTO-
pbl I-II BB. H. 3., eCJJH H He 6bIJJH 3HaKOMbi C HOBblM 3aBeTOM, TO HMeJJH H3BeCTHoe npellCTaB-
JleHHe 0 xpHCTHaHCKHX HlleJlX. 3TO, B 'iaCTHOCTH, OTHOCHTC!I K 11YKHaHY. B TBOp'ieCTBe KOTO-
poro MOJKHO npOCJleallTb OTlleJJbHble HOB03aBeTHble MOTIIBbL CM. nOllp06HO: Betz H. D,
Lukian yon Samosata und das Neue Testament. Religionsgeschichtliche und Pariinetische
Parallellen. Berlin, ] 96 I.
506 AneKCaHape nO.1HrHCTOpe II HCnOJlb30BaHHbiX HM HCTO'iHHKax, coxpaHIIBWHXCJI B
nepe.'1a'ie EBceBII!I, CM.: Denis A.-M Introduction aux pseudepigraphes grecs d' Ancien
Testament. Leiden, 1970. P. 24]-269; B oc06eHHoCTH, p. 244-245: Schurer E. Geschichte des
jUdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi. Dritter Band. Hildesheim, ]970. S. 470-471.
27
A. r. rpyweBoH, l1ydeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU lLwnepuu
BOT nO'-leMY 60JIblllOe KOJIl1'-1eCTBO ynOMI1HaHI1H 06 uy.n.eHX B aHTH'-IHOH
J1HTepa1)'pe He CTOJIbKO 06'bHCHHeTCH BHYTpeHHHM HHTepeCOM K HHM,
CKOJ1bKO HBJ1HeTCH OTpIDKeHHeM CJ1e.n.YJOlll.HX .n.BYX <patcrOPOB.
npe)f{)J,e Bcero 3.n.eCb cJle.n.yeT H3.3BaTb CO'-leTaHl1e .n.BYX HCTOpH'-IeCKHX
CJlY'-laHHOCTeH: J1J0603HaTeJlbHOCTb Hocl1<pa <1>J1aBHH, c06paBlllero B
CO'-lHHeHHH «npOTHB AnHOHa»6 orpOMHoe KOJ1I1'-1eCTBO BbInHCOK H3 CO-
'-IHHeHHH, KOTopble 6b1JIH 6b1 HHa'-le HaM COBepllleHHO HeH3BeCTHbI H
He.n.OC1)'nHbI, H JlJ0603HaTeJlbHOCTb Y'-IeHbIX .n.eHTeJ1eH paHHexpHCTHaH-
CKOH QepKBH (oc06eHHO IVII1MeHTa AJIeKCaHL\pHHcKOro H EBceBHH),
BeCbMa HHTepeCOBaBUIHXCH HCTopHeH B03HHKHOBeHHH xpHCTHaHCTBa H
BceM TeM, '-ITa TaK HJ1H HHa'-le CBH3aHO C BeTXHM 3aBeTOM. Y nceB.n.o-
IOcTHHa (Cohortatio ad Gentiles; De Monarchia), K11HMeHTa AJ1eKCaH-
.n.pHikKOro (Stromata, V)7 H EBCeBI1H (Praeparatio Evangelica, IX, XI-
XIII) BCTpe'-laeTCH MHO)f(eCTBO QHTaT H3 npe.n.lllecTBeHHHKoB, C nOMOlll.bJO
KOTOpblX OHH cTpeMHTcH .n.OK3.3aTb BTOpH'-IHOCTb aHTH'-IHOH KYJ1b1)'pbl no
OTHOllleHHJO K BeTX03aBeTHoH. Bce Tpoe L\eJlaJOT 3TO C nOMOIl{bJO QHTaT
H3 DH6J1HH, a TaIOKe 60JlblllOrO KOJ1H'-IeCTBa QHTaT 113 CO'-lHHeHHH H)'.n.eH-
CKHX aBTOpOB, KOTopble nl1CaJlH no-rpe'-leCKH, coxpaHHBlllHXCH .n.o Hallle-
ro BpeMeHH J1l1lllb B QHTaTax y OrQOB QepKBH.
COBna.n.eHHe 3THX QHTaT y p3.3HblX aBTopOB .n.OK3.3bIBaeT 06Il{HOCTb
HCTO'-lHI1Ka QHTHpOBaHHH H .n.OCTOBepHOCTb QHTHpyeMoro TeKCTa. ):(eHC-
TBHTeJ1bHO, B Tex CJlY'-laHX, Koma .n.Ba He 3aBHCI1MbIX .n.pyr aT .n.pyra aB-
Tapa QHTI1PYJOT TpeTbero 11 QHTl1pyeMblH TeKCT OKa3bIBaeTCH 6J1113KHM
HJlH TO)f{)J,eCTBeHHbIM, MO)f(HO 6bITb YBepeHHblM no MeHbllleH Mepe B TOM,
'-ITa QHTaTa He Bbl.n.yMaHa.
K CO)f(aJ1emno, He I1MeeT 0.D.H03Ha'-lHOro OTBe-ra Bonpoc, '-ITO npe.n.CTaBJUl-
JlH H3 ce6H HCTO'-lHHKH nceB.n.o-lOcTHHa, K11HMeHTa H EBceBIDI: OHH He
COXpaHHJII1Cb. TeKCTOJIOm'-leCKI1H aHaJII13 n03BOllileT Bce )((e npe.n.nOJIO)((I1Tb,
'-ITO OHH HMeJ1H L\eJIO '-Ialll.e Bcero C p3.3HbIMH aapHaHTaMH cBoero po.n.a Te-
MafH'-IeCKHX C60PHHKOB LlHTaf H JlHlllb B HeKOTOpblX C.rry'-lIDIX - HenOCpeL\-
CTBeHHO C npOH3Be.n.eHHHMH uy.n.eHCKHX aBTOpOB, nHcaBlllHX no-rpe'-leCKH.
ABTOpOM HeKOTOpblX H3 TeMafJ11-leCKMX no.n.60pOK, c.n.eJ1aHHbIX Ha OCHOBe
H)'.n.eHCKOH mITepa1)'pbl H .n.OC1)'nHbIX paHHeXpl1CTHaHCKHM aBTOpaM, 6blJ1
y)((e ynoMI1HaBllll1HCH Bblllle flyul1H KOpHeJII1i1 AJJeKCaH.D.p, 60JIee H3BeCTHblH
KaK AJIeKCaH.D.p nOJIHfHCTOp. Ero Tpy.n.bl He COXpaHI1JIHCb.
· ECTb PYCCKHH nepeBOll: <1>HJJOH AneKCaHllpHHCKHH. npOTHB <1>JJaKKa. a nOCOJJbCTBe K
falO, HOCH!I> <1>,1aBHH. a llpeBHOCTH HYlleHcKoro HapOlla. npOTHB AnHOHa. M., 1994.
7 CTpOMarbl KnHMeHTa AneKcaHllpHHCKOro nepeBe.lleHbl Ha PYCCKHH !l3blK (oco60 OTMeTHM,
'iTO H311aHHe COllepJKHT TaKJKe H rpe'leCKHH TeKCT). - KnHMeHT A..1eKCaHllpHHCKHH. CTpOMa-
Tbi. KH. 4-5, nO.ilrOTOBKa TeKCTa K H311aHHIO, nepeBOll C llpeBHerpe'iecKOro H KOMMeHTapHH
E. B. AlI>oHacHHa. Cn6., 2003.
28
TJlaea /, I1cmo'iHuKU U ucmopuozpacjJUR (o6Ujue 3aMe'laHuR)
HHblMH CJlOBaMH, I1MeJOlll.HeCH Y OTI..I,OB QepKBH MHoroqHCJleHHble
QHTaTbl H3 rpeKOH3blqHblX H)'.n.eHCKHX aBTopOB HBJIHJOTCH MaTepmlJIOM
H3 TpeTbHX PYK. ):(Ollle.n.lllHM .n.o HaC QHTaTaM npe.n.llleCTBYJOT He coxpa-
HHBlllHeCH TeMaTJ11'leCKHe no.n.60pKH, qaCTHLlHO COCTaBJ1eHHble AJleKCaH-
.n.pOM ITOJlHrHCTOpOM, a He coxpaHHBlllHMCH TeMaTHLleCKHM no.n.60pKaM
npe.n.llleCTBYJOT onHTb )f(e He coxpaHHBlllHeCH npOH3Be.n.eHlliI H)'.n.ei1cKHx
aBTopOB 8 . CJle.n.OBaTeJIbHO, eCJlH 6b1 He mo603HaTeJIbHOCTb HOCHq,a
<1>JlaBI1H H HeKOTopblX OTQOB QepKBI1, HalllH CBe.n.eHHH no .n.peBHeH HC-
TOpHH H)'.n.eeB B 3J1J1HHHCTHqeCKHH H pHMCKHH nepHo.n.bl 6b1J1H 6b1 BeCb-
Ma OrpaHHqeHbl. ITpoBepl1Tb .n.06pOCOBeCTHOCTb HOCHq,a <1>JIaBHH H
paHHexpHCTHaHCKHX aBTopOB Mbl He MO)f(eM, o.n.HaKO I1CXO.n.H H3 06lll.HX
co06pIDKeHHH 9 , npe.n.CTaBJlHeTCH B03MO)f(HbIM BocnpHHHMaTb .n.aHHble
QHTaTbI KaK nO)].JIHHHble.
ITO.n.BO.n.H HTorH, OTMeTHM, 'ITa H306HJIHe HHq,opMaQHH 06 H)'.n.eHX,
coxpaHHBllleecH .n.o HalllHX .n.HeH Y .n.peBHHx aBTopoB, nHcaBlllHX Ha rpe-
'ieCKOM H JIaTHHCKOM H3blKax, B KOHe'iHOM C'ieTe 06'bHCHHeTcH TeM, 'ITa
Ha 6a3e H)')].aH3Ma B03HHKJ10 xpHCTHaHCTBO. HMeHHO 3TOT q,aKT cnoc06c-
TBOBaJI COXpaHeHI1JO .n.o HalllHX .n.HeH npOH3Be.n.eHHH HOCHq,a <1>JlaBHH lO ,
a TaIOKe - aKTYaJIbHOCTH )J,JIH OqeHb MHorHX paHHeXpl1CTHaHCKHX aBTO-
pOB HCTOpHH H)'.n.aH3Ma H H)'.n.eeB 11 .
OrMeTHM )].aJIee HeCKOJIbKO He YCTapeBlllHX .n.o CHX nap HCTOqHHKO-
Be.n.qeCKHX 0630POB, KacaJOlll.HXCH HHTepeCYJOlll.ero Hac nepHo.n.a:
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TeJIbHOe BBe.n.eHHe K KHHre )K. )KJOcTepa. - Juster J Les Juifs dans
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paweHbi.
10 Mbl JJHWeHbl B03MOJKHOCTH cpaBHHTb CO'iHHeHH!I HOCH«j!a <1>JJaBHJl C TpYJtaMH KaKHX-
ilH60 .llpyrHX aBTOpoB, nHcaBWHX no-rpe'ieCKH 06 HYJteJlx. H3 TpYllOB HocH$a H3BeCTHO JJHllIb,
'iTO TaKHe cywecTBOBaJJH H H3 HHX, CY.ll!I no BceMY, HaH60JJee 3Ha'iHMbIMH 6blJJH CO'iHHeHH!I
lOCTa THBepH3.llCKoro H HHKOJJa!I J],aMaCcKoro. flO3TOMY B Ka'ieCTBe npellTIOnOJKeHHJI XOTeJJOCb
6bl OTMeTHTb cneJtYlOllIee. He HCKJlIO'ieHO, 'iTO TPY.llbl HocH«j!a <1>JJaBH!I coxpaHHnHCb He
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HHblX aBTOpOB 6bL1H npoCTO XYJKe.
II B KaKOH-TO Mepe 3TH np06JJeMbl paCCMOTpeHbl B CJJeltYlOllieH pa60Te: TUpWMGH M,
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3TOT )I(e CfO)I(eT COCTaBJI1IeT OCHOBHoe co.n.ep)l(aHHe CJIe.n.YfOll.{eM,
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cnpaBKH-XapaKTepHCTI1KH HCnOJlb30BaHHbIX aBTopoB. PyccKoe H3.n.aHHe
M. WTepHa BnOJ1He .n.ocT)'nHo, B3rJJ1I.n.bI caMoro M. WTepHa B OCHOBHOM
HapeKaHHM BbI3BaTb He MOryr H B HaCT01llll.HM MOMeHT e.n.Ba JIH KTo-J1H60
J1Y4llJe ero HanHllJeT, KaK H B KaKOM CBH3H nHcan a nanecTHHe H H)'.n.e1lx,
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no BnOJ1He nOHjfTHbIM npH4HHaM M. WTepH B CBoeM XpeCTOMaTHH
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TH4eCKoe oTcyrcTBHe KOMMeHTapHeB H YCTapeBlllWi pa36HBKa TeKCTa Ha
maBbI H naparpa<}>bI .n.eJIae-r 3TH H3.n.aHH1I, B JIY4llleM CJ1)'4ae, ro.n.HbIMH
,lJ,J111 nepBH4Horo 03HaKOMJ1eHI111 C co.n.ep)l(aHHeM Tpy.n.OB I1CTOpHKa, HO
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Seiyal Collection II). By H. M. Cotton and A. Yardeni. Oxford, 1997
(Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXVII).
113 3THX C60pHHKOB nanHpYCOB, BTOpOH H TpeTHH 1IBJl1IIOTC1I ny6JIH-
KaUHeH apXI1B08 )f(HTeJleH O.n.HOH )].epeBHH, pacnOJIO)f(eHHOH Ha IO)f(HOH
31
A. r. fpyweBOH. Ifydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUAfCKOU peclIy6.7uKU u PIL 'CKOU UMnepuu
KOHeqHOCTH MepTBoro MOpS! MaX03bl (rpeq. <popMa - Ma03a)13. ):(01<)'-
MeHTbl, npe.n.CTaBneHHble B nepBOM C60pHI1Ke, e.n.I1Horo apXHBa He 06pa-
3YIOT, 6y.n.)"-IH CB1I3aHbl nHlllb MeCTOM Haxo.n.KI1.
061l1.HH, .n.OCTaTOqHO HOBblH 0630p nanHpYCHblX Haxo.n.OK no Bce-
MY DJlH)(<HeMY BOCTOKY eCTb B CJle.n.YlOllI.eH CTaTbe: Cotton H. M.,
Cockle W E. H., Millar F. M The Papyrology ofthe Roman Near East:
a Survey II JRS. 85. 1995. P. 214-235.
0630p .n.0KYMeHToB, OTHOC1Illl.HXC1I KO BpeMeHH BOCCTaHHJl Dap Kox6bl,
eCTb B cJleL\YlOllI.eH pa6crre: Millar F. The Roman Near East. 31 BC -AD
337. London, 1993, Appendix B. Documents from the Bar Kochba War.
P. 545-552.
Oc060 npHxo.n.I1TCM OTMeTHTb, '-ITa, K cmKaneHHIO, K naneCTHHe He
HMeer HHKaKoro OTHOllleHHS! 113BeCTHoe TpeXTOMHoe H3.n.aHHe Corpus
Papyrorum Judaicarum:
- Vol. I. Edited by V. A. Tcherikover and A. Fuks. Cambridge Mass.,
1957;
- Vol. II. Edited by V. A. Tcherikover and A. Fuks. Cambridge, Mass.,
1960;
- Vol. III. Edited by V. A. Tcherikover, A. Fuks, M. Stem. With an
epigraphical contribution by D. M. Lewis. Cambridge Mass., 1964.
Bce TpH TOMa CPJ nOCB1Illl.eHbl HCKnIO'-IHTeJIbHO Emnry H emnerCKHM
nanHpycaM.
11 HaKOHeQ HeCKOJIbKO 061l1.HX 3aMeqaHHH no nOBO.n.y HH<popMaQHH,
KaCalOlll.eHC1I Hy.n.eeB H H)'.n.aH3Ma B paHHeXpl1CTHaHCKoH nHTeparype, a
TalOKe - B IOPH.n.HqeCKHX HCTOqHHKaX IV-VI BB. 3Ta HH<popMaQH1I He
CHCTeMaTH3HpOBanaCb B TOH Mepe, B KaKOH 3TO OTHOCHTC1I K aBTopaM
1I3b1qHHKaM, XOT1I KOJ1HqeCTBO ynoMHHaHHH Ha Hy.n.eHCKHe CIO)f(eTbI y
OTQOB QepKBH H an0J10reTOB BeCbMa BeJ1HKO. nOCJ1e.n.Hee, BnpOqeM,
J1erKO 06"bMCHHMO, H60 BBH.n.y TeCHOH B HCTOpHqeCKOM nJ1aHe CB1I3H
xpHCTHaHCTBa H Hy.n.aH3Ma Bonpoc 06 Hy.n.eHcKOH Bepe H ee a.n.enTax
npH06peJI B KaKOM-TO CMbICJ1e 06ll1.erocy.n.apCTBeHHoe 3HaqeHHe B nepH-
o.n. IV-VI BB. He 6b1no npaKTHqeCKH HH O.n.HOro HMnepaTopa, KOTOpblH
He H3L\aBan 6b1 3aKOHOB, TaK HJ1H HHaqe KaCalOIlI.HXC1I H)'.n.aH3Ma H Pa3-
J1HqHbIX aCneKTOB npaBOBoro n0J10)f(eHHM Hy.n.eeB.
B CBS!3H C TeM, 'ITa HH)f(e HCn0J1b3yeTc1I MHO)f(eCTBO HCTOqHHKOB
npaBoro xapaKTepa (3aKOHbl, coxpaHHBllll1eC1I B TeKCTe COqHHeHHH
HOCH<pa <I>naBHM, CTaTbH Codex Theodosianus, Codex Iustinianus),
npe.n.CTaBmleTC1I He06xo.n.HMb1M CKa3aTb HeCKOJlbKO CJ10B a CneQH<pHKe
"B eBpeikKHX H apaMeHCKHX nanHpycax - Max03a. HHJKe BCIOJIy ynoTpe6JJJleTCJI rpe-
'ieCKaJI ctJoPMa TOnOHHMa - Ma03a.
32
Tllaea I. I1cmo'lHIIKu III1CmOpllOi'parpllR (06l1ll1e la.\le'laHIIR)
fOpl1.n.HLJeCKI1X HCTOLJHHKOB B ueJlOM H TOH HH<popMaUHI1, KOTOpyfO OHH
.n.afOT.
JIf060e I1CTOpHLJeCKOe COLJI1HeHl1e (aBTopCKoe nOBeCTBOBaHHe, XpO-
HHKa, JIeTOnHCb) HJIH .n.OKYMeHT OTpIDKafOT - eCTeCTBeHHO, C pa3HOH
CTeneHbfO cy6'beKTHBH3Ma - HMeBllll1H MeCTO <paKT. B TO )f(e BpeMH
fOpl1.n.HLJeCKI1H I1CTOLJHI1K (JIf060H CBO.n. 3aKOHOB) OTpIDKaer HeLJTO I1Hoe.
To, LJTO 3anHcaHO B 3aKOHe, CJIe.n.yeT H3.3BaTb peaKUHeH 3aKOHo.n.aTemI Ha
<paKT, HMeBllJHH MeCTO B peaJIbHOH )f(113HH. <1>HKCHPYjJ B 3aKOHe HeK)'fO
HOPMY, 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIb npOHBJlHeT 3aHHTepecoBaHHocTb B 3aKpenneHHH B
06lll.eCTBeHHoH )f(H3HH I1JIH HCKJIfOLJeHHH 113 Hee Taro HJlH I1HOro o6lll.e-
CTBeHHoro HBJIeHHH, paCCMaTpl1BaeMOro COOTBeTCTBeHHO JlI160 KaK no-
JIe3HOe, JIH60 KaK Bpe.n.Hoe. HMeHHO n03TOMY 3.n.eCb TaIOKe CJIe.n.yeT
CKa3aTb HeCKOJlbKO CJIOB a COOTHOllleHHH 3aKOHa H peaJIbHOH )f(H3HH.
CaM )f(e no ce6e 3aKOH HBJIHerCH CBoero po.n.a H.n.eaJIbHOH HOpMOH,
06H3aTeJIbHOH, C TOLJKH 3peHHH 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIH, .D.JJjJ HCnOJIHeHHH. O.n.HaKo
Bonpoc a nperBopeHHH 3aKOHa B peaJIbHOCTb He TaK npOCT, KaK MO)f(er
nOKa3aTbCH, I1MeHHO H3-3a H3HaLJaJIbHOH (<H.n.eaJIbHOCTH» 3aKOHa. 06 3TOM
Bcer.n.a He06xo.n.HMO nOMHHTb, HMeH .n.eJlo C HCTOLJHHKaMH fOpH.n.HLJeCKoro
xapaKTepa. TaK, caMoe Tlll.areJIbHOe 113YLJeHHe Ko.n.eKca 3aKOHOB a Tpy.n.e
JIl060H CTpaHbI H JIlo60ro BpeMeHH He .n.aCT nOJIHOH KapTHHbI a peaJIbHbIX
Tpy.n.OBbIX OTHOllleHHjJX B 06lll.eCTBe. TOLJHO TaK )f(e 3HaKOMCTBO C 3aKO-
HaMH a H)'.n.eHX BpeMeHH 060HX <1>eo.n.OCHeB, ApKa.D.IDI H IOcTHHHaHa, He
L\aer nOJIHOH H peaJIbHOH KapTHHbl )f(H3HH Hy.n.eeB B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe
BpeMjJ, H60 nepe.n. HaMH npe.n.cTaer Jll1lllb H.n.eaJIbHIDI Mo.n.eJIb Taro, KaKOH
:ITa )f(l13Hb .n.OJDKHa 6bIJIa 6bITb C TOLJKI1 3peHIDI 3aKOHo.n.areJlH.
HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, HCTOpHLJeCKHe BbIBO.n.bl Ha 63.3e I1CTOLJHHKOB fOpH-
.n.HLJeCKOrO xapaKTepa He06xo.n.HMO .n.eJIaTb C H3BeCTHOH omH.n.KoH. TOT
<paKT, LJTO B TOM m;m HHOM 3aKOHe nponHcaHa Ta HJIH HHWI HopMa, CO-
BepllleHHO He 03HaLJaer aBTOMaTI1LJeCKOH 11 nOBceMeCTHOH peaJIH3aUHH
3TOH HOpMbI Ha MeCTax. CYlll.eCTBYfOlll.ee .n.IDKe B YCJlOBHjJX HalllHX L\HeH
paCXmK.!J.eHHe Me)f()J,)' HOpMOH npaBa H ee peaJIH3aUHeH He Mama He 6bITb
B .n.peBHOCTH elll.e 60JIblllHM KaK 113-3a 60JIblllero HeCOBepllleHCTBa caMOH
CTPYKIYpbI 06lll.eCTBa, TaK H H3-3a HeCOBepllleHCTBa Cpe.n.CTB CBH3H npo-
BHHUHH H ueHTpa 14.
3T0 HMeer caMoe Henocpe.n.cTBeHHoe OTHOllleHHe K paccMaTpHBae-
MOMY CfO)f(eT)', H60 H3.n.aHHe KaK 6JIaroCKJIOHHbIX, TaK H .n.HCKpHMHHaUH-
OHHbIX no OTHOllleHHfO K Hy.n.eHM 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbHbIX aKTOB H B :moxy
14 XopOWO H3BeCTeH TOT tlIaKT, 'iTO H3BeCTIle 0 C epTlIIIMnepaTopa IOJJHaHa, norH6we-
ro B nepCHH BO BpeM!I BoeHHoro noxolla, CTaJIO H3BeCTHO B HMnepllH C 60JJbWIIM on0311a-
HHeM.
A. r. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU U PUMCKOU UMnepuu
npHHUl1naTa, H B IV-VI BB., COBepmeHHO He 03HaQaJlO HeMe.D.JIeHHoro
H BceCTopoHHero BOnJIOlll.eHHR Ha MeCTax Bcero npe.n.nHcaHHoro 3aKO-
Ho.n.aTeJIeM. MaTepmm, oc06eHHO OTHOCRlll.HikR K VB. H. 3., nOKa3bIBa-
eT, 4TO KOHKpeTHO-HCTOpW-IeCKHe CHT)'aUHH B perHOHaX MomH CKJIa.n.bI-
BaTbCR nO-pa3HOMY: HaCT)'nJIeHl1e xpHCTHaHCTBa Ha Hy.n.aH3M H ero
a.n.enTOB He 6bUIO 11 He Mama 6bITb nOCJle.n.OBaTeJlbHbIM.
06 Hy.n.eRX nHCaJIH 04eHb MHOrHe paHHeXpl1CTHaHCKHe aBTOpbI. B
ueJIOM HanpaBJleHHOCTb 3THX C04HHeHHH Bcer.n.a BpIDK.D.e6Ha, o.n.HaKO )f(e
B 3TOH BpIDK.D.e6HOCTH MO)f(HO pa3JIH4HTb .n.OBOJIbHO MHoro OTfeHKOB,
06"bRCHRlOllI.HXCR I1JIH B3mR.n.aMH aBTopa, HJIH 3a.n.a4aMH, pa.n.H KOTOpbIX
TO HJIH HHoe C04HHeHHe nHCaJIOCb.
HeKOTOpoe npe.n.CTaBJIeHl1e a TOM, KaKl1e HMeHHO paHHexpHCTHaHCKHe
aBTopbI KaCaJIHCb Hy.n.eHCKOH np06J1eMaTHKH, MO)f(eT .n.aTb YKa3aTeJIb
HCT04HHKOB, nOMelll.eHHbIH B TpeTbeM TOMe Heo.n.HOKpaTHO ynoMHHaB-
llleHCR XpeCTOMaTHH M. lllTepHa l5 . 1-13 YKa3aTeJIR K ero pa60Te BHLJ.HO,
4TO caM M. lllTepH npeKpaCHO 3HaeT paHHexpHCTHaHCK)'1O JIHTepaT)'py
no HHTepeCYlOllI.HM era CIO)f(eTaM, HO C03HaTeJIbHO He BKJII0 1 -IaeT ee B
CBOLJ. paCCMaTpHBaeMbIX HM HCT01.J:HHKOB. nOCJIe.n.Hee 06"bRCHReTCR, CKO-
pee Bcero, H.n.eOJIOrH4eCKHMH MOTHBaMH: ropa3.n.o 60JIee RpKO BbIpIDKeH-
HOH aHTHHy.n.eHCKOH HanpaBJIeHHOCTbfO paHHexpHCTHaHCKOH JlHTepaT)'-
pbI IV-VI BB. no cpaBHeHHIO C R3bI4eCKOH.
fopa3.n.o 60JIee nOLJ.p06HOe onHcaHHe npoH3Be.n.eHHH paHHexpHcTH-
aHcKoH JIHTepaT)'pbI, KaCalOllI.ei1cR Hy.n.eeB, eCTb B }?Ke ynoMHHaBllleHcR
BbIllle pa60Te )1<' )l{lOcTepa 16 . npHBOLJ.HMaR )f(e HH)f(e npHMepHaR KJIac-
cHqmKaUHR paHHexpHcTHaHcKoH JIHTepaT)'pbI, nOCBRllI.eHHOH Hy.n.eRM H
HyLJ.eHCKOH np06J1eMaTHKe, OCHOBaHa OT4aCTH Ha Ha6JIfO.n.eHHRx aBTopa
LJ.aHHoH pa6OTbI, OT4aCTH - Ha BbIBO.n.ax )I{. )I{rocTepa.
no )f(aHpy 3TH C04HHeHHR .n.eJIRTCR Ha HeCKOJIbKO rpynn:
a) TeOJIOrH1.J:eCKl1e TpaKTaTbI - C04HHeHHR, TaK HJlH HHa4e 060CHO-
BbIBalOlll.He H.n.elO a TOM, 4TO HMeHHO HHCYC RBJlReTCR BeTX03aBeTHbiM
MeccHeH;
6) cBoero po.n.a HaY4HbIe HCCJIe.n.OBaHHR no HCTOpHH xpHCTHaHCTBa,
aBTopbI KOTOpbIX .n.OKa3bIBaJIH BTOpH4HOCTb aHTH4HOH K)'JIbT)'pbI no
OTHoweHHIO K BeTX03aBeTHOH M)'.n.pOCTH. npl1HUHnHaJIbHO BIDKHO OTMe-
THTb CJIeLJ.YIOlll.HH <l>aKT: aBTopbI TaKHX c04HHeHHH, npeB03HOCR BeTXO-
3aBeTH)'1O My.n.pOCTb, <l>aKTH4eCKH BbICT)'naJIH anOJIOreTaMH Hy.n.aH3Ma.
CIO.n.a OTHOCRTCR - H3 4HCJIa coxpaHHBlllHXCR - C01.J:HHeHHR EBceBHR,
KrIHMeHTa ArreKcaH.n.pHHcKoro, nceB.n.o-lOcTI1Ha;
IS lllmepH. 2002. C. 402-434.
16JuslerJ. Lesjuifs dans I'Empire Romain... Vol. I. Paris, 19]4. P,40-1I9.
34
TJlaea /. I1cmo'iHuKU 1I11cmopuozpaqJUJ/ (06l1ll1e 3a.Me'laHlIJ/)
B) J1ereH)J,b1 - cpaHTaCTH1.JeCKl1e nepeOCMblCJ1eHI1H Y1.JeHblX .n.HcnyroB
Xpl1CTl1aH 11 Hy.n.eeB, npoxo.n.HBllll1X BnJ10Tb .n.o KOHua IV B. .n.OCTaT01.JHO
MHpHO;
r) MHoro'-lHCJIeHHble an0J10reTH'-IeCKHe CO'-lHHeHHH paHHexpHcTHaH-
CKHX aBTOpOB - nOJleMH'-IeCKHe C01.JHHeHHH, a.n.pecoBaHHble H3bl1.JHHKaM
Bo06lll.e H H)'.n.eHM B 1.JaCTHOCTH 11 HanpaBJIeHHble Ha npOCJlaBJleHHe XpHC-
THaH H xpHcTHaHcTBa C 01.JeBH.n.HbIM HaMepeHl1eM nOnOJIHHTb pH.n.b1 CBO-
HX CTOpOHHHKOB (OpHreH, TepTYJIJ1HaH).
OrMeTHM, HaKOHeu, '-ITa MHOr01.JHCJleHHble ynoMHHaHHH 06 HYL\eHX
co.n.ep)f(aTCH B C01.JHHeHHJlX, B ueJ10M He CBH3aHHbiX C l1y.n.eilcKOH np06J1e-
MaTHKOH. Mx COL\ep)f(aT MHoro'-lHCJIeHHble HCTOpH'-IeCKHe C01.JHHeHHH
06lll.ero xapaKTepa, UepKOBHble HCTOpHH, XpOHHKH, CBO.n.bl 3aKOHOB,
nHCbMa (C01.JHHeHHH npOKonHH, C030MeHa, MoaHHa MaJIaJIbl, Ko.n.eKC
<1>eo.n.OCHH, Ko.n.eKC IOcTHHHaHa). liTO KacaeTCH nOCJIe.n.HHX, TO 3.n.eCb
npe)f()J,e Bcero CJIe.n.YeT ynoMHHYTb 3nI1CT0J1HpHOe HaCJle.n.He MepOHHMa.
OH MHoro J1eT )f(HJI B naJIeCTHHe, H n03TOMY Hy.n.eH H H)'.n.eHCKaH npo-
6J1eMaTHKa nOHBJ1HJOTCH BO MHomx era nl1CbMax.
nO.n.BO)J,H HTom, OTMeTHM, '-ITa 06lll.ero CBo.n.a cBe.n.eHHH paHHexpHc-
THaHCKHX aBTOpoB 06 H)'.n.eHX H Hy.n.aH3Me, no.n.06Horo XpecToMaTHH
M. lllTepHa, B HaCTOHlll.HM MOMeHT, K CO)f(aJIeHHfO, He CYlll.eCTBYeT.
2. 3apy6e HaH HCTopHorpacpHH
AnH Ha1.JaJIa XOTeJ10Cb 6b1 OTMeTHTb, '-ITa HIDKe paCCMaTpHBaJOTCH JlHlllb
OT.n.eJlbHbIe 3nH30.n.bl H3 HCTOpHH Hy.n.aHKH KaK HaYKH, npe.n.CTaBJ1HfOlll.He-
CH aBTOpy HaH60J1ee BroKHblMH. no 60JlblllOM)' C'-IeT)', 31)' HCTOpHfO cJle-
.n.YeT nHcaTb OT.n.eJIbHO H no.n.P06HO .n.JIH Ka)f()J,OM CTpaHbI, '-ITa B paMKax
.n.aHHOM pa60TbI HeB03MO)f(HO. ABTOp He CTaHeT TaIOKe OTpHUaTb H3BeCT-
HaM cy6'beKTHBHOCTH B BbI60pe HCCJIe.n.OBaHHH, KOTopbIe npe.n.cTaBJleHbI
B nOM p3.3.n.eJ1e, He OTJIH'-IafOlll.eMCH HC1.JepnblBafOlll.eM nOJ1HOToi1.
BroKHeHlllaH oc06eHHOCTb HCTOpl111 H3Y'-leHHH naJIeCTHHbI onpe.n.e-
JlHeTCH TeM, '-ITO 3TOT pemOH CTaJI pO.n.HHOM .n.BYX MOHOTeI1CTH'-IeCKHX
peJ1HrHM. 3TOT cpaKT npHBeJI K TOMY, 'ITa BOJlbHO HJ1H HeBOJlbHO nOCJ1e-
.n.OBaTeJIH 3THX HL\eOJIOrH'-IeCKHX CHCTeM Bcer.n.a OTHOCHJ1HCb K HCTOpHH
naJIeCTHHbI KaK K '-Ie MY-TO YHHKaJIbHOMY, npHCYlll.eMY TOJ1bKO ero .n.y-
XOBHOM HCTOpHH. 3T0 CTaBI1T HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJlH nepe.n. HenpocTbIM BbI60-
paM - KaK)'fO HMeHHO HCTopHorpacpHfO HCCJIe.n.OBaTb? OrMeTHM, '-ITa B
nOH maBe He paCCMaTpHBaJOTCH pa60TbI no HCTOpHI1 paHHero XPHCTH-
aHCTBa H pa60TbI HpKO BbIproKeHHoro KOHcpeCCHOHaJIbHOrO xapaKTepa.
35
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U uydau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU peCny6JlUKlI U PW.fCKOU UMnepUlI
T04HO TaK )f(e HIDKe He 3aTparHBalOTC1I Te pa6OTbI, B KOTOpbIX HCTO-
pH1I Hy.n.eeB 1IBJI1IeTC1I cBoero po.n.a 1111J1IOCTpaQHeH H.n.eH aBTopa, HO He
CneQHaJIbHbIM npe.n.MeTOM HCCJIe)].OBaHH1I. TaKOBbl, HanpHMep, Tpy.n.bI
A. ,[()f(. TOHH6H, B KOTOpbIX aBTOp Heo.n.HOKpaTHO 06pal1.\aeTC1I K HCTOpHH
Hy.n.eeB, HO He HCCJIe.n.YeT ee cneQHaJIbHO, XOT1I H BbICK3.3bIBaeT OT.n.eJIb-
HhIe HHTepeCHbIe MbICJ1H 17.
HCTOpH1I HaY4Horo H3Y4eHH1I naJIeCTHHbI, T. e. oq,opMJ1eHHe Hy.n.al1-
KH KaK HaYKH, Ha4HHaeTC1I B cepe.n.HHe XIX B., a BO BTopoH n0J10BHHe
CTOJ1eTH1I HHTepec K HeH YCHJ1I1BaeTC1I. Oc060e BHHMaHHe K EJlIDKHeMY
BOCTOK)' B 3TO BpeM1I KaK B 3anaJWOH EBpone, TaK H B POCCHH 6bIJ10
CB1I3aHO C BOCT04HbIM BonpocoM: oCJ1a6JIeHHeM OCMaHcKoH HMnepHH,
H COOTBeTCTBeHHO, C nOBbIweHHeM He6ecKopbIcTHoro HHTepeca Bcex
KpynHbIx eBponeHcKHx .n.ep)f(aB K cy.n.b6aM Tex cTpaH, KOTopbIe BXO.n.I111H
Bee COCTaB 18 . B 3TH ro)].bI pe3KO YBeJIH411110Cb 4HCJ10 HaY4HbIX 3Kcne.n.l1-
QHH H naJIOMHHKOB H3 EBponbI, npe)f()J,e Bcero B ErHneT H naJIeCTI1H}'.
ECJ1H conOCTaBlITb HCTOpHKO-apXeOJIOrH4eCKoe H3Y4eHHe 3THX CTpaH
BO BTOpOH n0J10BHHe XIX B., TO HeJ1b311 He 3aMeTlITb, 4TO HTOrH H3Y4eHill!
)].peBHeH naJIeCTHHbI OK3.3aJlHCb rop3.3.n.o 60J1ee CKpOMHbIMH. Cpe.n.11
06llll1pHOH J1HTeparypbI XIX - Ha4aJIa XX BB., Tpa.n.HQHOHHO OTHOCH-
MOH K KaTeropHH HaY4HoH a naJIeCTHHe, npe06J1a.n.alOT onHCaTeJ1bHbIe
paCCK3.3bI a nyreweCTBH1IX no CB1IT0H 3eMJ1e H .n.HeBHHKOBbIe 3anHCH.
):(ocTaT04Ho nOJ1HWI 6H6JIHOrpaq,H1I TaKHX pa60T eCTb y P. BeJ111 19 .
YpoBeHb 3THX pa60T BeCbMa p3.3JIH4HbIi1. Cpe.n.H HHX BCTpe4alOTC1I
oTKpoBeHHbIe 3a1lBJIeHH1I a TOM, 'ITa HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIb BbICIDKHBaeTCJI Ha
CB1ITOH 3eMJle, 'IT06bI B004HIO YBH)].eTb MeCTa, r.n.e npoHcxo.n.HJ1H C06bI-
Till!, onHcaHHbIe B HOBOM 3aBeTe, H .D..I111 Taro, 'IT06bI CBOHMH H3bICKa-
HHJlMH no.n.TBep.n.HTb npaBOT)' nHcaHHH 20 . BCTpe4alOTC1I cpe)].H HHX H
pa60TbI HCCJIe)].OBaTeJ1bCKOro xapaKTepa. 3)].eCb XOTeJ10Cb 6bI OTMeTHTb,
HanpHMep, MHoro4HCJ1eHHbIe TOMa cepHH A Survey of Western Palestine,
A Survey of Eastern Palestine, H3.n.aHHbIe B AHrJJHH Ha py6e)f(e XIX-
XX BB., H y)f(e ynoMHHaBWYlOC1I Bblwe (npHM. 3) pa60T)' P. BeJlJl.
fJ1aBbI, nOCB1IUJ,eHHhIe HCTOpHH naJIeCTHHbI, Bcer.n.a 6bIJ1H H eCTb B
06UJ,HX 0630pHbIX pa60Tax no HCTOpHH PHMa, CTOJIb nonyJ111pHbIX B eB-
17 CM., HanpHMep: TouH6u A. JJ:JIC, LlHBHJlH3auHJl nepeD. CY.llOM HcropHH. M., 2003. C. 149-
198.
"063TOM KOMnneKce npo6JJeM CM. nO.llp06HO: BOcro'iHblH BOnpoc BO BHewHeH nOJJHTH-
Ke POCCHH. KOHeu XVIII - Ha'iaJJO xx BB. M., 1978.
,. Weill R. La presqu'ile de SinaL Etude geographique et historique. Paris, 1908. P.254-
318.
20 Tristram H. B. The Land of Israel: A Journal of Travels in Palestine, undertaken with
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36
TJlaea I. I1cmo'iHuKu u ucmopuozpacjJUR (06u/ue 3a. 'e'laHUR)
poneHCKOH HCTOpHorpa<}>HH C KOHl.\a XIX B. npHBe.n.eM J1Hlllb HeCKOJ1bKO
npHMepoB. Or.n.eJlbHa1l rnaBa nOCB1Illl.eHa nanecTHHe B Heo.n.HoKpaTHO
nepeH3.n.aBaBlUeMC1I n1lTOM TOMe PI1MCKOH HCTOpHH T. MOMM3eHa. Yno-
MHHaHH1I a naneCTHHe eCTb B H3BeCTHOM H H3.n.aBaBllleMCjI Ha MHorHX
1I3blKax COqHHeHI1H M. 11. POCTOBueBa 0 COUHanbHOH H 3KOHOMHqeCKOH
I1CTOpHH PHMCKOH HMnepHH 21 . HeMano BHHMaHHjI y.n.eJ1eHO naneCTHHe
B pa60Te A. X. M. OHca a rapo.n.ax BOCTOQHblX npOBHHUHH PHMCKOH
HMnepHH H B 06IUeH pa60Te a n03.n.HeH HMnepHH B ueJ10M 22 . 0 nanec-
THHe nHllleT B CBoeM 0630pe 3KOHOMI1QeCKOH )f(H3HH PHMCKOH HMnepHH
<1>. XaHxeJlbxaHM 23 .
06lll.eH HanpaBJ1eHHOCTbfO OTMeQeHHblX Bblllle pa60T - H JIf06b1X
.n.pyrHx, no.n.06HblX HM, - 1IBJI1IeTC1I opHeHTaUH1I npeHMYIUeCTBeHHO Ha
CBe)].eHH1I aHTHQHblX aBTOpOB H apxe0J10mQeCKUH MaTepHan.
I1H<UI CH"ryaUH1I Ha6J1fO.n.aeTCJI B pa60Tax no HCTOpHH naneCTHHbl,
HanHcaHHbIX cOBpeMeHHblMI1 HCCJ1e.n.oBaTeJ1J1MH B 113pal1Jle, re6paHCTa-
MH EBponbl H ClllA, a TaIOKe HX MHOraQHCJ1eHHbIMH npe.n.lllecTBeHHH-
KaMH py6e)f(a XIX-XX BB. ):LnjI nepeQHCJljIeMblX HIDKe pa60T xapaKTep-
Ha npeHMYIUecTBeHHa1l opHeHTaUHJI Ha TanM}'.n. H paBBHHHCTHQecK)'fO
JlHTeparypy. U,eHHocTb 3THX KHHr pa3JIHQHa. l.{eM .n.anblUe OTCTOHT aT
Hac BpeM1I HX ny6J1HKaUHH, TeM 60JIbllle OHH, KaK npaBHJ10, onHCaTeJIb-
Hb1 24 .
TaK, Me)f()J,y 1910 H 1912 rr. B JIeHnUHre 6b1J1H H3.n.aHbl TPH TOMa
COQHHeHH1I C. Kpaycca (S. Krauss) TalmudischeArchaologie 2s . K CO)f(a-
JIeHHfO, MaTepHan B HHX He CHCTeMaTI13HpOBaH. B era H3J10)f(eHHH CMe-
21 RostovtsefJ M. J. Histoire economique et sociale de I'Empire Romain. Paris, 1988. P. 83,
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22 Jones A. H. M. The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces. Oxford, 1971. P.228-229,
230,233,247,251,258, 269-278; Jones A, H. M. The Later Roman Empire 284-602. A Social,
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24 KpaTKHH 0630p BceJ:i HaY'iHOH JJHTeparypbl no H3Y'ieHHIO T3J1MY.lla COllepJKaT 6H6JJHO-
rpa«j!H'ieCKHe cnpaBKH, npeD.Bap!lIOIl\He KaJK.llYIO maBY KHHrH Stemberger G. Introduction to
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2' Bce TpH TOMa 3TOro CO'iHHeHHII 6blJJH CpaBHHTeJJbHO He aBHO nepeH3i\aHbI - Hildesheim,
1966.
37
A. r. rpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU U PW\1CKOU UMnepuu
ruaHbl 6H6J1eHCKHe CIO)({eTbl H peanHH COBpeMeHHOH C. KpaYCCY)({H3HH
B naJ1eCTHHe. 3Ta pa60Ta B HaYI.{HOM OTHOllleHHH cJIa6ee H3.n.aHHOH
HeCKOJlbKO n03.n.Hee MHOroTOMHOH pa60Tbl f. ,lJ;anbMaHaArbeit und Sitte
in Palastina 26 , J1BJUIIOlll.eHCJI BceCTOpOHHI1M onHcaHHeM nOBce.n.HeBHoH
)({113HH naneCTHHbl Hal.{ana XX B.
B H3BeCTHOH CTeneHI1 )].0 CHX nap He yrpanlJ1a cBoero 3Hal.{eHHJI pa-
60Ta <ppaHQy3cKOro HCCJ1e.n.OBafemI )K. )l{JQcTepa (1. Juster). Les juifs dans
l'Empire Romain. Leur condition economqiue et sociale 27 . OHa j1BJ1J1eTCJI
COJlH)].HbIM no HCTOI.{HHKOBe.n.l.{eCKOH 6a3e HCCJ1e.n.OBaHHeM Bcex CTOpOH
)({H3HI1 - B TOM I.{HCJIe H 3KOHOMHKH - H)'.n.ei1cKoro HaCeJIeHHjI PHMCKOH
HMnepHH, HO 3a npe.n.eJ1aMH naneCTHHbl. B pa60Te )K. )KlOcTepa yl.{TeHbl
He TOJlbKO Bce I1CTOI.{HHKH Ha rpel.{eCKOM H J1afHHCKOM j13bIKaX, HO H paB-
BHHHCTHl.{eCKmI JIHTepa1)'pa, XOTjI nOCJ1e.n.HJIJI H npHBJIeKaeTCjI B MeHbllleM
06'beMe. HeKOTopblM He.n.OCTafKOM pa60Tbl )K. )l{JQcTepa MO)({HO CI.{HTaTb
TOT <paKf, 'ITa aHa j1BJ1j1eTCJI CKopee KOMMeHTHpOBaHHOH xpeCTOMaTl1eH,
l.{eM, c06CTBeHHO, HCCJ1e.n.OBaHHeM no Bbl6paHHOH TeMe. )K. )KlOcTep,
YKa3aB Bce HCTOI.{HHKH no paCCMa-rpHBaeMOMY CIO)({eT)', 'lame Bcero orpa-
HHI.{HBaeTCjI KpaTKHMH KOMMeHTapHjlMI1 no nOBO.n.y HCTOI.{HHKOB H He
npe)J,J1araer cBoero BapHaHTa OCMblCJIeHHjI co06meHHH HCTOI.{HHKOB.
B QeJlOM )({e KaK MHHI1MYM .n.o cepe.n.HHbl XX B. KOH<peCCHOHanbHbIH
no)].xo.n. K HCTOpHH Hy.n.eeB B paMKax aHTHI.{HOCTH npOJlBJ1j1J1CjI Ol.{eHb
CHJlbHO, npHBO.lUl K aHTHHCTOpHI.{HOCTH MHorHX B npHHQl1ne .n.06POTHbIX
pa60T.
B 3TOM oTHorueHHH, HanpHMep, COBepllleHHO o.n.HHaKOBbl 3. PeHaH,
E. A. TypaeB 11 H3BeCTHblH HCTOpHK 11 apxeoJIor cepe.n.HHbl XX B. M. ABH-
HOHa. nepBble .n.Boe nHcanH 0 TOM, 'ITa H)'.n.aH3M C nOJlBJIeHHeM XPHCTH-
aHCTBa BbmOJ1HHJ1 CBOIO HCTOpHl.{ecK)'1O p0J1b 28 , M. ABH-HoHa Hal.{HHaeT
CBOIO pa60T)' a nOJlHTH'-leCKOH HCTOpHH H)'.n.eeB aT BOCCTaHHJI Eap Kox6bl
.n.o apa6cKoro 3aBOeBaHHjI C 3aJlBJ1eHHJI a TOM, 'ITa OCHOBHoe co.n.ep)fGlHHe
HCTOpHH H)'.n.eeB B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe HM BpeMjI COCTaBJIJleT 60Pb6a HY-
.n.eeB C aHTHI.{HOH QHBHJIH3aIJ,HeH 29 . BbICKa3blBaHHjI 3. PeHaHa H E. A. Ty-
paeBa B KOMMeHTapHJlX He H)')!()J,aIOTCJI, I.{TO)({e KaCaeTCJI M. ABH-HOHbl,
TO CJle.n.yeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITa .n.aneKO He Bce H)'.n.eH 60pOJlHCb C aHTHI.{HOH
QHBHJ1H3aQHeH, a nOCJIe nopIDKeHHJI BOCCTaHHJI Eap Kox6bl B nanecTH-
"H311aHO: GUtersloh, ] 928-] 935.
2'H311aHo: t. 1-2. Paris, ]9]4.
2'CM.: Renan E. Histoire du peuple d'Israel. Tome cinquii:me. Paris, 1893. P. 414-4]5:
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JI.. 1936. C. 276-282.
29 Avi-Yonah M. The Jews of Palestine. A Political History from the Bar Kokhba War to the
Arab Conquest. New York, 1976. P. 1.
38
rJlaea I, I1cmo'iHuKu U ucmopuoi'pacjJuJ/ (06ulue 3a.we'laHUJ/)
He npaKTHLfeCKH He OCTaJlOCb cnoc06HblX COnpOTI1BJI TbC . I1HblMH
CJIOBaMH, nOCT)'J1aT M. ABH-HoHbl, HMefOll.\I1H HeKOTopoe OTHOllleHHe K
.n.eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH, B KOHeLfHOM CLfeTe OTpIDKaeT CTpeMJleHHe aBTopa
YBH.n.eTb B HCTOLfHHKax TO, LfTO eMY XOLfeTc 30.
K cepe.n.HHe XX B. OTHOCHTC TaIOKe npeKpaCHoe BO BceM TOM, LfTO
KaCaeTCM H3J10)((eHIDI cpaKTOB, HCCJIe.n.OBaHHe f. AJlOHa: Alon G. The Jews
in their Land in the Talmudic Age (70-640 C. E.). Translated and edited
by Gershon Levy. London, 1989 31 . XopOlllee 3HaHHe HCTOLfHHKOB COLfe-
TaeTCM Y aBTopa pa60Tbl C BeCbMa H3611paTeJlbHblM no.n.xo.n.oM K MaTe-
pHaJIY. He MeHee Tpex LfeTBepTeH 06'beMa pa60Tbl 3alUlTO H3J10)((eHHeM
C06bITHH .n.o BOCCTaHH Eap Kox6b! BKJlfOLfHTeJIbHO (no aHrJIHHCKOMY
H3.n.aHHfO :no c. 3-637). Bce nOCJIe.n.YfOI.I.I.ee HHTepecyeT aBTopa y)((e
ropa3.n.o MeHbllle, H nepHO.n. aT nopIDKeHHM BOCCTaHHM Eap Kox6bl .n.o
apa6cKoro 3aBoeBaHHM 3aHHMaeT c. 641-757. 3T0 MO)((HO 6blJ10 6b! nbl-
TaTbC 06'bMCHHTb TeM, LfTO pa60Ta r. AJ10Ha npe.n.cTaBJ1MeT C060H BO
MHorOM CJ10)((H)'fO peKoHcTpYKUHfO TeKCTa, npe.n.npHHMT)'fO YLfeHHKaMH
f. AnoHa Ha OCHOBe c06cTBeHHblx 3anHceH J1eKWIH f. AnoHa H LfepHoBblX
MaTepHaJIOB caMara J1eKTopa 32 . Bce)((e KpacHopeLfHBblH 3aroJ10BOK LfeT-
BepToH LfaCTH pa60Tbl (Decline - yna.n.oK), nOCBMll.\eHHOH C06b!THMM
nOCJIe BOCCTaHH Eap Kox6b!, CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBYeT cKopee 06 HHOM. TOT
nepl1o.n., B xOL\e KOTOpOro If)'.n.eH npaKTI1LfeCIill He conpOTHBJ1 J1HCb HHO-
3eMHOMY rocno.n.CTBY, HHTepecyeT aBTopa ropa3.n.o MeHbllle Taro nepHO-
L\a, Kor.n.a If)'L\eH OKa3bIBaJIH COnpOTHBJ1eHHe. nO.n.06HbIH n0J1HTH3HpO-
BaHHblH no.n.xo.n., eCTeCTBeHHO, CHIDKaeT HaYLfH)'fO ueHHOCTb pa60TbI.
K nMTH.n.eCMTbIM )((e ro.n.aM npOlllJlOrO BeKa OTHOCHTC MHorOTOMHblH
KOMneH.n.lf)'M C. B. EapOHa (S. W. Baron) a COUHaJIbHOH H peJ1HrH03HOH
HCTOpHH If)'L\eeB C .n.peBHeHlllHx BpeMeH .n.o HalllHX .n.HeH. HCTOpH If)'-
.n.eeB B ::moxy aHTHLfHOCTH, TaK)((e KaK H 06I.I.I.W1 xapaKTepHCTHKa TaJIMY-
.n.a, B TOH MJlH MHOH Mepe paccMoTpeHa B nepBoM H BTOpOM TOMax M3.n.a-
HMM 33 . MaTepHaJI B KHHre pacnOJIO)((eH He CTOJlbKO XpOHOJlOrHLfeCKM,
30 CaM M. ABH-HoHa B O.llHOM H3 npellHCJJOBHH K cBoeH KHHre (Avi-Yonah M. Op. cit.
P. XVII) nHweT 0 JKeJlaHHH nHcarb 0 npOWJJOM «6e3 rHeBa H npHCTpaCTHJI» (sine ira et studio:
CJJOBa npHHa.zlJ1eJKar TaumY. - Ann. I, 1,3). <1>aKTbI nOKaJblBaIOT, 'iTO 3TOro He CMOrJJH 1l0CTH'ib
B nOJlHOH Mepe HH TaUHT, HH M. ABH-HoHa.
Jl ECTb PYCCKHH nepeBO.ll: AllJlOH r HcropH!I eBpeeB 3peu-Hcpa3J1b B TaJIMYllH'iecxylO
3noxy. T. ]-2. HepYCaJIHM, 1994.
32 06 HCTOpHH TeKCTa pa60Tbi CM.: AllJlOH r HCTOpH!I eBpeeB 3peu-HcpaJJlb B TaJIMY)]H-
'iecxylO 3noxy. T. \. HepYCaJIHM, ]994. C. 9-12.
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39
A. r. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uyoaU3M e ucmopuu PUAfCKOU pecny6J//IKU u PUAICKOU UMnepuu
CKOJlbKO TeMaTHqeCKH, H B paMKax O.n.HOro CIO)I(eTa Moryr HMeTb MeCTO
cpaKTbl, OTHOCHIlI.HeCR K pa3HblM nepHo.n.aM. TaK, B rJI. VIII nepBoro TOMa
Social Turmoil paccMOTpeHbl OCHOBHble cpaKTbl 3KOHOMHKH H TOprOBJ1H,
60raTcTBa H 6e.n.HocTH, COQHaJIbHOH CTpaTHcpHKaQHH H)'.n.eHcKoro 061l1.e-
CTBa, a TaIOKe Bonpoc a npaBoBoM cTaT)'ce H)'.n.eeB B paMKax pl1MCKOro
06w.ecTBa. B KIDK)),OM 113 ClO)I(eTOB c06paH BeCb .n.OCT)'nHbIH aBTOpy Ma-
TepHaJI, OTHOCHIlI.HHCH KO II-I BB. .n.o H. 3. C COBpeMeHHblX n03HQHH
pa60Ta 3Haql1TellbHO YCTapeJIa, H60 aHa Hanl1CaHa H ony6J1HKOBaHa .n.o
Taro, KaK CTaJIH .n.OCT)'nHbl K)'MpaHCKHe .n.OK)'MeHTbI. KpOMe Taro, pac-
npe.n.elleHHe H paccMoTpeHHe MaTepHaJIa B pa60Te Ha OCHOBe .n.OBOllbHO
cy6"beKTHBHbIX KpHTepHeB 34 (0 MHOroM roBOpRT Ha3BaHHR rJIaB BToporo
TOMa - New Horizons, The Great Schism, Breakdown and reconstitution,
Closing the ranks, Inicipent Medievalism, World of the Talmud, Talmudic
Law and Religion) 3aTpy.n.HHIOT I1CnOJlb30BaHHe pa60TbI.
B paMKax .n.aHHoro BBe.n.eHHR XOTellOCb 6b1 TaIOKe OTMeTHTb, 'ITa C
py6e)l(a XIX-XX BB. B H)'.n.aHKe KaK HaYKe .n.OCTaTOqHO qeTKO OcpOpMJlH-
IOTCR .n.Be TeH.n.eHQHH B no.n.xo.n.e K HCTOpHH, B TOqHOCTH COOTBeTCTBYIO-
IlI.He .n.BYM HanpaBJleHHHM H.n.eHHoH )l(H3HH B Hy.n.aH3Me, 3aCBH.n.eTellbC-
TBOBaHHblM C aHTH1.JHblX BpeMeH 35 . O.n.HO H3 HHX MO)l(HO - eCTeCTBeHHO,
YCJIOBHO - Ha3BaTb oxpaHHTellbHo-KoHcepBaTHBHbIM, LJ.pyroe - llH6e-
paJIbHblM 36 . 0 nepBoM H3 HHX, npe.n.cTaBHTeJlH KOToporo npe)l()J,e Bcero
06paw.aJIH BHHMaHHe Ha B3aHMOOTHOllleHHH Hy.n.eeB C OKp}')KalOW.HM
MHpOM B QellHX caMocoxpaHeHHR, peqb y)l(e qaCTHqHO lllJIa BblllJe 37 .
He MeHbllJerO BHHMaHHR, o.n.HaKO, 3aCJIY)l(HBaeT H .n.pyroe HanpaBlle-
HHe. O.n.HHM H3 nepBblx cHcTeMaTH3HpoBaHHblx BblpIDKeHHH nOH TOqKH
3peHHH clle.n.yeT Ha3BaTb cJIe.n.ylOw.ylO pa6oT)': Askowith D. The Toleration
ofthe Jews Under Julius Caesar and Augustus 38 .
OHa OTJIl11.JaeTCH xopOllleH npo.n.YMaHHOCTblO, apryMeHTHpOBaHHOCTblO
H qeTKHM nOCTpoeHHeM. C TOqKH 3peHHH aBTopa, B TOllepaHTHOCTH
(TepnHMOCTH) CJle.n.yeT Pa3JIHqaTb HeCKOJIbKO aCneKTOB - peJlHrH03Hb1H,
COQHaJIbHbIH, HJIH 3TH1.JeCKHH, H nOJlHTH1.JeCKHH. OH Cql1TaeT, 'ITa Bce 3TH
34 ABrop HMeeT B BH.ilY npe06JJallaHHe B pa60Te 6apOHa TeMaTH'iecKOro npHHUHna opra-
HH3aUHH MaTepHarra Hall xpOHOnOrH'ieCKl1M.
"Cp. I Macc., I:]]; 1:62.
36 HlleJl HcnOHb30BaHHJI 3THX TepMHHOB npHMeHHTenbHO K HlleJ:iHOll JKH3HH HYlleeB npH-
H3.llJ1eJKHT aBropy .ilaHHOll pa60Tbl.
J7 CM. TaKJKe HHJKe. C. llaHHOH fJJaBbl, no nOBo.llY pa60Tbi C. R. JlYPbe.
J8 Ony6. HKOBaHO - New York, ] 915. 3ar,laBHe KHllrH CO.llepJKHT TaKJKe CJJellYIOII\HH
3JJeMeHT, nOKaJbIBaIOIlIHH, 'iro pa60Ta JJ.Opbl ACKOBHU no MeHbllleH Mepe 3311YMb1Ba1aCb KaK
nepBblH BblnyCK ueJJOH cepHH HCCJJellOBaHHll: The Toleration and Persecution of the Jews in
the Roman Empire, Part 1.
40
rJlaea /. I1cmollHuKu u ucmopuo<,paqJUH (06Ujue 3a.uellaHuH)
npORBJIemfR TOJIepaHTHOCTH HMelOT MeCTO B pHMCKOH nOJIHTI1Ke no
OTHOllleHHIO K Hy.n.eRM. B CBoeM HCCJIe.n.OBaHHH OH .n.OKa3bIBaeT :no Ha
npHMepe H3BeCTHbIX 3aKOHOB BpeMeH U,e3apR 11 ABrycTa, coxpaHHBlllHX-
CR B TeKCTe HOCHcpa <1>JlaBHR. C COBpeMeHHblX n03HI.J.HH pa60Ta,ll Ac-
KOBHQa npe.n.CTaBJIReT HHTepec CBOHMI1 npHHQHnaMH no.n.xo.n.a K MaTe-
pmmy, qeTKOCTblO H RCHOCTblO H3JIO)f{eHHR. <1>aKTHqeCKaR )f{e ee CTopOHa
YCTapeJla.
Cxo.n.Hble H.n.el1 oc06eHHO aKTHBHO cnU1H pa3pa6aTbIBaTbCR B KOHQe
XX B. OrMeTHM 3.n.eCb pa6crry JI. illHcpMaHa (Lawrence Schiffman) «Or
TeKCTa K Tpa.n.HQHH: HCTOpHR H)'.n.aH3Ma B 3noxy BTOpOro XpaMa H ne-
pHO.n. MHlllHbl H TaJIMy.n.a»39. B QeJIOM np06JIeMa TaK Ha3blBaeMoro aH-
THCeMHTI13Ma aBTopa HHTepecYeT MaJIO: eH y.n.eJleHa Bcero o.n.Ha cTpaHH-
Qa (no PYCCKOMY H3.n.aHHIO 2000 r. 3TO c. 92).
n03HI.J.HR aBTopa B OTHOllleHHH aHT Horo aHTHCeMHTH3Ma OTJIHqaeT-
CR HeKOTopoH HenOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHOCTblO. C O.n.HOH CTOpOHbl, OH OTMeqaeT,
'ITO Ha 3JIJIHHHCTHqeCKHH nepHo.n. npHxo.n.HTCR 3apO)f{)J,eHHe MHomx 3JIe-
MeHTOB KJIaCCHqecKOro aHTHCeMHTH3Ma. O.n.Ha 3Ta cpOPMYJIHpoBKa n03BO-
JIReT CqHTaTb, no MHeHHIO JI. illHcpMaHa, qTO B .n.peBHOCTH B03HHKalOT
TOJIbKO 3JIeMeHTbI aHTHCeMHTH3Ma. ABTop cqHTaeT, qTO 3TH «MHorHe 3J1e-
MeHTbI» CJIe.n.YeT pa3.n.eJIHTb Ha .n.Be rpynnbl: COQHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHqeCKHe
nORBJIRIOTCR C 3J1JIHHHCTHqeCKoro BpeMeHH, 06pa3 Hy.n.eR KaK y6HHQbI
XpHCTa B03HHKaeT B npOQeCce CTaHOBJIeHHR xpHCTHaHCTBa. C .n.pyroH
CTOpOHbl, KaK RBCTBYeT H3 TeKCTa Ha TOi1 )f{e c. 92, JI. illHcpMaH C HeKOTO-
pblMH orOBopKaMH rOTOB CqHTaTb aHTHceMHTH3M RBJIeHHeM, KOTopoe
«BbIXO.n.HT 3a XpOHOJlOmqeCKHe paMKI1 onpe.n.eJleHHblX HCTOpHqeCKHX
nepHo.n.oB». HHa'ie roBOpR, aHTHCeMHTH3M, no MHemllO yqeHoro, RBJUleTCR
cBoero po)].a BHeHCTOp eCKHM, Be'iHbIM CII)'THHKOM HCTOpHH H)'.n.eeB. ,Z:(mI
.n.yMalOlllero qHTaTeJIR OCTaeTCR, o.n.HaKO, HeRCHbIM, KaK MOryr CO'ieTaTbCR
«3JIeMeHTbI» aHTHceMHTH3Ma C ero Be'iHOCTblO H BHeHCTOpHqHOCTblO.
H)].eH, BbIpIDKeHHble B pa60Te JI. illHcpMaHa HeCKOJIbKO paCnJlbIBqa-
TO, ropa3)].0 60JIee qeTKO CcpOPMYJIHpOBaHbl B QeJIOH cepHH HCCJIe.n.OBa-
HHH .n.pyrHx aBTopOB. OTMeTHM npe)f{)J,e Bcero HeCKOJlbKO COql1HeHHH
ill. . ,ZJ;. K03Ha (Shaye J. D. Cohen). HaH60JIbillee 3HaqeHHe cpe.n.H
HHX B 3TOM OTHOllleHHH I1MeeT MOHorpacpHR «From Maccabees to the
Mishnah»40. B HeH aBTOp npRMO nHllleT 06 OTCyrCTBHI1 aHTHCeMI1TH3Ma
"HCnOJlb30BaHo pYCCKoe H311aHHe. - M., 2000. AHmHHcKOe H3.'lalJlle - From Text to
Tradition. A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. New Jersey, 200 I.
40 Ony6nHKOBaHo: Philadelphia, 1989; 06pawalOT Ha ce611 BHHMaHHe TaKJKe HeCKO.lbKO
ero CTareH - «Respect for Judaism by Gentiles in the Writings of Josephus» II HTR. 80 (1987).
P. 409-430: «Crossing boundary and becoming a Jew» II HTR. 82 (1989). P. 13-33,
41
A. f, fpyweBoJ:i. l1yoeu u uydalU\f e ucmopuu PU.IUCKOU pecny6.7uKIi u PU.MCKOU u. mepllu
B aHTH'-IHOCTH, 1160 B .n.peBHOCTH He CYl.l.(eCTBOBaJIO nOH.I1Tl1.11 «paca», a
CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, He 6bIJIO 6a3bI .n.JI.I1 H.n.eH a paCOBOM npeBocxo.n.CTBe
O.n.HHX mo.n.eH Ha.n. .n.PyrHMH 41 . ,[(.n.l1 aHTHH)'.n.eHCKHX Bbma.n.OB, BCTpe'Ia-
IOI.l.(HXC.I1 B rpe'IeCKOH H pHMCKOH JIHTeparype, KWH npe.D.JIaraeT ynoT-
pe6JI.I1Tb TepMI1H «aHTHH)'.n.aI13M».
3TH )Ke MbICJIH B HeCKOJIbKO 60JIee pa3pa60TaHHOH <popMe npHCYTC-
TBYIOT B BeCbMa co.n.ep)KaTeJIbHOH CTaTbe E. POllleTTa (B. Rochette),
03afJIaBJIeHHOH (duifs et romains. Y a-t-il eu un antijuda'isme romain?»42
ABTop nHllleT a TOM, 'ITa aHTHH)'.n.eHCKHe HaCTpOeHH.I1 B pl1MCKOM 06ll.{e-
CTBe 6bIJIH OrpaHl1'IeHbI JIHlllb peJIHfH03HOH c<pepoH - peaKI.\HeH Ha
C06JIIO.n.eHHe cy660TbI, Ha 06pe3aHHe H Ha nHll.{eBbie 3anpeTbi. Bce 3TO
He BbI3bIBaJIO 061.l.(eCTBeHHO 3Ha'IHMbIX, MaCCOBbiX npO.l1BJIeHHH Hemo6-
BH K Hy.n.e.l1M. E. POllleTT, KaK H ill. . ,ll K03H, nHllleT a HeB03MO)I(HOC-
TH npHMeWlTb K aHfH'IHOCTH TepMHH «afITI1CeMHTH3M» BBH.LJ.Y OTCYTCTBIDI
nOH.I1TH.I1 «paca» H l1)J,eH paCOBoro npeBocxo.n.CTBa B rpe'IeCKOM H pHMC-
KOM MeHTaJII1TeTe. E. POllleTT OTMe'IaeT TalOKe, 'ITa B PHMe He 6bIJIO
«3KOHOMH'IeCKoro» afITHCeMHTH3Ma. 113-3a OTCyrCTBIDI B peaJIbHOH )10'13-
HH 60raTbiX Hy.n.eeB-pOCTOBll.{HKOB B aHTH'IHOH JIHTeparype B OTJIH'Il1e
aT Cpe.n.HHX BeKOB He 6bIJIO H COOTBeTCTBYlOl.l.(ero 06pa3a, CTaBwero B
3ana.n.HOH EBpone B 3noxy Cpe.n.HeBeKOBb.l1 KapHKarypHblM.
Oc060ro ynoMHHaHH.I1 3aCJI}')KHBalOT pa60Tbi aMepHKaHCKoro HCCJIe-
.n.OBaTeJI.I1 JIYHca <l>eJIb.n.MaHa (L. H. Feldman), H B oc06eHHocTH era
KHHra (dew and Gentile in the Ancient World. Attitudes and interactions
from Alexander to Justinian»43. Pa60Ta npe.n.cTaBJI.I1eT c060i1 nOnbITKY
BcecTopoHHero 06061.l.(eHH.I1 HCTOpHH B3aHMoOTHollleHHH 3J1JIHHHCTH'IeC-
KHX roCy.n.apcTB, PHMa, paHHeH BH3aHTHH H H)'.n.eeB. OCHOBHOH a efIT -
H 3TO xapaKTepHO - B KHHre JI. <l>eJIb.n.MaHa c.n.eJIaH Ha Bce TO, 'ITa
C6JIH)KaJIO Hy.n.eeB H aHTl1'IHYIO KYJIbrypy H .n.eJIaJIo B03MO)I(HbIMH MHpHbIe
B3aHMOOTHOWeHH.I1 Me)K)J,y .n.BYM.I1 KYJIbrypaMH.
B 3TOM OTHoweHHH a MHorOM roBOp.l1T .n.IDKe Ha3BaHH.I1 fJIaB pa6OTbI:
fJI. 6 (p. 177-200) «npI1BJIeKaTeJIbHOCTb H)'.n.eeB: HX .n.peBHOCTb»; fJI. 7
(p. 201-232) «npHBJIeKaTeJIbHOCTb Hy.n.eeB: OCHOBonOJIaralOl.l.(He .n.06-
po.n.eTeJIH» (The Cardinal Virtues); fJI. 8 (p. 233-287) «npHBJIeKaTeJIb-
HOCTb H)'.n.eeB: H.n.eaJIbHblH JIH.n.ep, MOHceH».
He MeHee nOJIOBHHbl 06'beMa CO'IHHeHl1.11 JI. <l>eJIb.n.MaHa COCTaBJI.I1eT
aHaJIH3 npO.l1BJIeHHH H np"'IHH ycnexa H)'.n.eHCKOro np03eJIHTH3Ma. 3.n.ecb
On.l1Tb)Ke a MHOroM rOBOp.l1T Ha3BaHH.I1 COOTBeTCTBYIOll.{HX maB - fJI. 9
.. Cohen Sh. 1. D. From Maccabees to the Mishnah, Philadelphia, 1989. P. 46-49.
.20 ny 6mIKOBaHo: REJ. CLX (1-2). 2001. P. 1-31.
"Ony6;IIIKoBaHO - Princeton, 1993.
42
rwea J, J!cmO'IHUKU U ucmopuozparjJUR (06l1ll1e 3aWe'laHlIR)
(p. 288-341) «Ycnex Hy.n.eHcKoro np03eJIHTH3Ma B :3JIJIHHHCTH'IeCKI1H
nepHo.n. 11 Ha'IaJJO pHMcKoro nepHo.n.a»; m. 10 (p. 242-282) «YcnexH
H)'.n.eeB B 3aBoeBaHHH «CHMnaTH3HpYIOI.l.(HX»; m. 11 (p. 383-415) «npo-
3eJII1TH3M H)'.n.eeB B TpeTbeM, 'IeTBepToM 11 mlTOM BeKax».
C06JIIO.n.CUI 06'beKTHBHOCTb, 11. <I>eJIb.n.MaH 3aTparHBaeT B CBoeH pa60-
Te H HeraTHB»ble CTOpOHbl B3al1MOOTHOllleHHH aHTH'IHoro MHpa 11 Hy.n.e-
eB. npH 3TOM npHHQHnHaJIbHOH YCTaHOBKOH caMara 11. <I>eJIb.n.MaHa
jlBJljleTCjI yrBep)K)J,eHHe a TOM, 'ITa B aHTH'IHOCTH «eBpeHcKoro Bonpoca»
He CYl.l.(eCTBOBaJJO B OTJIH'IHe OT nOCJIe.n.YlOl.l.(l1x 3nox (p. 123). I1MeHHo
C 3TI1X n03HQHH H CJIe.n.yeT OQeHHBaTb TPH He60JIbllll1e maBbl, B KOTOpblX
11. <I>eJIb.n.MaH paccMaTpHBaeT KOH<PJIHKTHble CHl)'aQHH, B03HI1KaBllIHe
Me)K)J,}' H)'.n.ejlMH H pHMCKOH BJIaCTblO.
TaK, m. 3 pa60Tbi 03amaBJIe»a «O<PHQHaJJbHbIH aHTHH)'.n.eHcKHH <pa-
HaTH3M. OTBeTbl npaBHTeJIbCTB Hy.n.ejlM» (p. 84-106). 60JIblllaji 'IaCTb
nOH maBbl (c. 86-106) nOCBjlll.(e»a I1MeHHO o<pHQHaJlbHbIM pI1MCKO-
Hy.n.eHcKHM OTHOllleHHjlM. ABTOp OTMe'IaeT, 'ITO.n.O BOCCTaHHjI 66-74 rr.
BO B3aHMOOTHOllleHHjlX H)'.n.eeB H PHMa KOHcpJIHKTbl 6b1BaJJH, HO npH :3TOM
OHH Bcer.n.a 6blJIH Henpo.n.omKHTeJIbHblMH (p. 94).
CJIe.n.ylOl.l.(ajl, 'IeTBepTaH maBa KHHrH 03amaBJIeHa «Hapo.n.Hble npe.n.-
paccy.n.KH npOTI1B H)'.n.eeB» (p. 107-122). B HeH Hal160JIee OpHrHHaJJbHOH,
HO o.n.HoBpeMeHHo H He O'IeHb y.n.a'IHOH, CJle.n.yeT Ha3BaTb nonblTKY .n.o-
Ka3aTb 60raTCTBO H)'.n.eeB B aHTH'IHOCTH 44 . C TO'IKH 3peHIDI 11. <I>eJIb.n.MaHa,
3TO 60raTCTBO H .n.eJIaJJo H)'.n.eeB no.n.03pHTeJIbHbIMH B ma3ax rpeKOB H
pHMJIHH. npHBO.n.HMble 11. <I>eJIb.n.MaHOM npHMepbl caMH no ce6e 6ec-
cnopHbl, HO CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT OHH He a 60raTCTBe Hy.n.eeB KaK Hapo.n.a,
a 0 TOM, 'ITa 3KOHOMH'IeCKajl )K113Hb naJIeCTHHbl .n.aBaJIa HeKOTOpylO
B03MO)KHOCTb.D.JIjl HaKOrmeHHjI 60raTCTB OT.n.eJIbHbIMH JlH'IHOCTjlMJt5. no
MHeHHIO aBTopa, npHBo.n.HMble HM CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBa I1CTO'IHHKOB n03BOJIH-
lOT TalOKe C'IHTaTb, 'ITa H)'.n.eH CJIblJIH 60raTblMH B ma3ax rpeKOB H PHM-
JIjlH. npHMblX .n.OKa3aTeJIbCTB 3TOMY - KaK C y.n.I1BJIeHl1eM OTMe'IaeT 11
caM 11. <I>eJIb.n.MaH - HeT. KOCBeHHble )Ke, KOTOpblM npH3bIBaeT .n.OBe-
pHTbCH I1CCJIe.n.OBaTeJIb, .n.aJJeKO »e CTOJIb onpe.n.eJIeHHbI.
njiTaH maBa KHHrH (p. 123-176) nOCBHl.l.(eHa npe.n.paccy.n.KaM npoTHB
H)'.n.eeB cpe.n.H .n.peBHHx I1HTeJIJIeKl)'aJJOB. OHa npe.n.CTaBJIHeT C060H KpaT-
KHH 0630p aHTI1H)'.n.eHcKHx Bbma.n.OB, C KOTOpblMI1 nOJIeMH3HpYeT 110cI1cp
<I>JIaBHH B CO'IHHeHHH «npOTI1B AnHoHa», a TalOKe - CHCTeMaTH3Hpo-
.... B 3TOH JKe maBe paCCMOTpeHbI JJOKa.1bHble KOH<lmIlKTbI IIYlleeB 11 pl1MCKOH 1L1aCTIi B
MaJlOH A31i1i, a TaKJKe MaCCOBble 113611eHliJl I1YlleeB B ropollax E.1I1JKHero BocroKa B Ha'ia.1e
HYlleHcKOJ:i BOHHbI.
45 np 1iBO lll1Mble 11. <1>e.1bllMaHOM npliMepbl pa306paHbl HIiJKe. Ha C. llaHHOH pa60Tbl.
43
A, f. fpyweBoH. Hydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU peCny6JlUKU U PU.WCKOU u.\1nepuu
BaHHoe 0603peHHe aHTHHy.1J.eHCKI1X 3MOQHH, H3BeCTHbIX B COqHHeHHjJX
HHbIX, no cpaBHeHl110 C 110CH<pOM <I>JIaBHeM, aBTopoB. 3aCJI}')KHBaIOT
BHHMaHl1jJ TPH BbIBo.n.a, KOTopbIe .n.eJIaeT 11. <l>eJIb.n.MaH B KOHQe 3TOH
maBbI: 1) .n.aJ1eKO He Bce aHTHlfHbIe HHTeJIJIetcryaJ1bI pa3.n.eJIjJJIH aHTHHy-
.n.eHCKHe npe.n.paccy.n.KH; 2) HI1KaKOe 06BHHeHI1e npOTHB Hy.n.eeB He BeJIO
B jJ3bIlfeCKHe BpeMeHa K opraHH3aQI1H norpOMOB. E.n.HHCTBeHHoe HCKlIIO-
lfeHHe - BOJIHeHHjJ B AneKcaH.n.pHH B 38 r.; 3) JIHTepa1)'pHbIe Bbma)J,bI
HeKOTopbIX nHCaTeJIeH npOTI1B Hy.n.eeB HI1KaK He CKa3bIBaJ1HCb Ha 06ll.(eM
OTHorneHHH rocy.n.apcTBa K Hy.n.ejJM.
ECJIH )J{e nOnbITaTbCjJ npe.n.cTaBHTb, KaKOBO 6bIDO B QeJIOM OTHOllleHHe
pl1MCKOro Ml1pa K Hy.n.ejJM, comaCHO 11. <l>eJIb.n.MaHY, TO nOJIYlfHTCjJ CJIe-
.n.YlOmajJ KapTHHa. Ope06JIa.n.alOll.(ee OTHorneHHe K Hy.n.ejJM CJIe.n.YeT on-
pe.n.eJIHTb KaK HeihpaJ1bHOe, nepexo.n.jJmee .n.OCTaTOlfHO lfaCTO B HHTepec
K OT.n.eJIbHbIM CTOpOH1lM HX K}'JIb1)'pbJ. ITonbITKH 11. <l>eJIb.n.MaHa .n.OKa3aTb,
lfTO Hapo.n.HbIe MaCCbI B QeJIOM Hy.n.eeB HeHaBH.n.eJIH, He BbImjJ,WIT y6e.n.H-
TeJIbHbIMH 46 y)l(e XOU 6bI nOTOMY, lfTO H caM aBTOp nHrneT: B PHMe
(<I1y.n.eHCKoro Bonpoca» He cymecTBOBaJ10, a aHTHHy.n.eHCKHe HaCTpoeHHjJ
OT.n.eJIbHbIX npe.n.CTaBHTeJIeH 3JIHTbI He MomH CTaTb npHlfHHOH norpOMOB.
O.n.HaKO Ha.n.o TalOKe OTMeTHTb, lfTO, C TOlfKH 3peHHjJ aBTopa .n.aHHOH
pa6OTbI, 11. <l>eJIb.1J.MaH HeCKOJIbKO nOTepjJJI lfYBCTBO MepbI B CTpeMJIeHHH
H306pa3HTb OTHorneHHe pHMCKOro 06meCTBa H rocy.n.apCTBa K Hy.1J.ejJM
KaK HeHTpaJ1bHOe H nOJIO)J{HTeJIbHoe. B 3noxy 003.n.HeH HMnepHH B CBjJ-
3H C npHHjJTHeM xpHCTHaHCTBa CH1)'aQHjJ 6bIJIa, KaK CBH.1J.eTeJIbCTBYIOT
<!>aKTbI, Bce )J{e HHOM.
HeCKOJIbKO paHee pa60ThI 11. <l>eJIb.n.MaHa BbIlllJIO B CBeT BTOpoe H3.n.aHHe
pa60TbI M. CMOJIBY.n., npe.n.CTaB./IjJlOll.(eH C060H BeCbMa .1J.06pOTHblH 0630p
Bcex nepHneTHH nOJIHTHlfeCKOH HCTOpl1H Hy.1J.eeB B paMKaX HCropHH PHMa
C HalfaJ1a I B. .n.o H. 3. .n.o KOHl.(a III B. (Smallwood M The Jews under Roman
Rule from Pompey to Oiocletian. A Study in Political relations 47 ). KaKHX-
TO OC06bIX TeopHH M. CMOJIBY.n. He BbI.n.BHraeT H He npH.1J.ep)J{HBaeTCjJ,
npe.n.nOlfHT1UI orpaHHlfHBaTbCjJ paCCMOTpeHHeM KOHKpeTHbIX <!>aKTOB.
.. COOTBeTCTBYIOWl-le rJJaBbl pa60Tbl BocnpHHHMaIOTCJI CKopee KaK llaHb Tpa.aHUHOHHblM
npellCTaBJIeHH!lM 1-1, B03MO)l(HO, HlleO.10rH'ieCKHM WTaMna:o.l, 'ieM KaK BblpaJKeHHe HCTlIHHblX
B3rJJ!lllOB aBTOpa. C TO'iKH 3peHHJl aBTOpa llaHHoil pa60Tbl, He COBceM npaB n. B. Parrepc,
aBTOp peueH3HH Ha KHHry n. <1>eJJb.llMaHa, KOflla nHWeT, 'iTO B3rJJ!lllbl «t>eJlb.llMaHa MOJKHO
onpe;!e.1HTb CJ!ellYIOWHM 06pa30M: Hapo.llHb1e MaCCbl HeHaBHlleJJH HYlleeB H HY;!aH3M, TOflla
KaK HHTe.ueKryaJJbl npOJlB.l!1JJH K HeMY I-IHTepeC (Rutgers L. V Attitudes to Judaism in the
Greco-Roman Period: Reflections on Feldman's Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World II JQR.
] 995. Vol. 85. P. 363). 11. <1>eJJb.llMaH rOTOB cKOpee BO Bcex acneKTax B3aHMOOTHOWeHHH
I-IYlleeB II aHTH'IHOro Ml-lpa BHlleTb TOJJbKO nOJJOJKHTeJlbHoe,
47 Ony6.TJHKOBaHo - Leiden, 198].
44
TJlaea I, f!cmO'IHUKU 11 ucmopuozparjJUR (06ulue 3aMe'laHUR)
C cepe.n.HHbI XX B. 11 .n.aJIee KOJIH'-leCTBO pa60T no I1CTOpl1H H)'.n.eeB B
paMKax aHTI11.fHOCTI1, HanHcaHHbIX 60JIee HJIH MeHee 06'beKTHBHO, 3Ha-
1.fI1TeJIbHO B03pOCJIO KaK B EBpone, TaK 11 B AMepHKe. 003TOMY HH)Ke
Ha3BaHO H B KaKOH-TO Mepe oxapaKTepl130BaHO JIHlllb He3Ha1.fHTeJIbHOe
HX KOJIH1.feCTBO.
TaK, MO)KHO OTMeTHTb, 1.fTO H)'.n.e1lM H Hy.n.aH3MY B paMKax pHMCKOH
HCTOpHH y.n.eJIeHo <!>aKTH1.feCKH 1.feTbIpe TOMa B paMKax H3BecTHoro COB-
peMeHHoro 3ana.n.HorepMaHCKoro MHOroTOMHOro H3.n.aHIDI «Aufstieg und
Niedergang der romischen Welt.(ANRW)>>. ,[(eB1ITHa.n.uaTbIH TOM BTOpOH
cepHH (Principat) nOCB1Ill.\eH H)'.n.aH3MY B ueJIOM H naJIeCTHHCKOMY H)'.n.a-
H3MY B 1.faCTHOCTlf 8 . ,[(Ba.n.uaTbIH TOM TOH )Ke cepHH nOCB1Ill.\eH H)'.n.aH3MY
B pHMCKoe BpeM1I 49 . CTaTbl1 )],.1111 .n.aHHbIX TOMOB HanHcaHbI XOpOlllHMH
CneUHaJIHCTaMH H caMH no ce6e HHTepeCHbI, o.n.HaKO )],.1111 113.n.aH1111 ANRW
xapaKTepeH He.n.OCTaTOK mo60ro C60pHHKa: CTaTbH HanHcaHbI no TeM
np06JIeMaM, KOTOpbIe I1HTepecylOT aBTopoB, H 06lUeH KapTl1HbI He CO-
3.n.alOT, 1IBJI1I1ICb, B JIY1.fllleM cJI)'1.fae, npI16JIH)KeHHeM K HeH, 1160 KIDK)J,bIH
aBTop nHIlleT a 1.feM-TO 1.faCTHOM.
BeCbMa HHTepeCHbIM H ueHHbIM I1CCJIe.n.OBaHl1eM 1IBJI1IeTC1I Ony6JIHKO-
BaHHaJI B 1994 r. MOHorpa<!>IDI n. Tpe6I1JlKO 06 H)'.n.eHcKHX 06lUHHax Ma-
JIOH A3HH so . Pa60Ta HanHcaHa Ha OCHOBe mrrepmypHbIX I1CT01.fHHKOB H
HMelOll.\HXC1I Ha.n.nHceH, 1.fHCJIO KOTOpbIX B nOCJIe.n.Hee BpeM1I nOCT01IHHO
B03paCTaeT BCJIe.n.CTBHe peryJI1IpHO npoBo.n.I1MbIX apxeoJIOrH1.feCKHX pac-
KOnOK. ABTOp paccMarpHBaeT B CBoeH KHHre KaK HCTOpmo 06lUHH OT.n.eJIb-
HbIX ropo.n.OB, TaK H 06I.J.J,He np06JIeMbI - peJIl1rH03H)'1O )K].f3Hb H)'.n.eHcKHX
06ll.\HH perHOHa, HX B3aHMOOTHOllleHH1I C pl1MCKHMH BJIaCT1IMH. Pa60Ta
He co.n.ep)K].fT nocneIllHbIX BbIBO.n.OB H 1IBJI1IeTC1I O.n.HHM H3 BroKHeHIllHX
HCCJIe.n.OBaHHH no HCTOpHH H)'.n.eHCKOH .n.l1acnopbI 3r10XH OpHHUHnara.
Oc060ro BHHMaHH1I 3aCJI}')KHBaeT rpynna pa6OT, <!>aKTH1.feCKH nepe-
CMarpHBaJOlUHX Bce 06ll.\enpHH1ITbIe npe.n.cTaBJIeHIDI 06 I1CTOpHH H)'.n.eeB
B TaJIMy.n.H1.feCKHH nepHo.n. S1 . HaH60JIee CHCTeMaTH1.feCKH no.n.06HbIe B3rJI1I-
48 HaJBaHHe TOMa - Religion. Judentum: Allgemeines, Palastinisches Judentwn. TOM
BblWeJJ .llBYM!I nOJJYTOMaMH. Ony6JJ1IKOBaHo - Berlin; New York, 1979.
.. H33BaHHe TOMa - Religion. Hellenistisches Judentum in romischer Zeit, ausgenommen
Phi]on und Josephus. TOM BblWeJJ llBYM!I nOJJyroMaMH. Ony6JJHKOBaHO - Berlin; New York,
]987.
50 Trebilco P Jewish Communities in Asia Minor. Cambridge, 1994 (Society for New
Testament Studies. Monograph Series, 69).
51 CM., HanpHMep: Schwartz 1. Lod (Lydda) Israel: From its Origins through the Byzantine
Period, 5600 B. C. E. - 600 C E. Oxford] 99]; Goodbalu D, The Monarchic Principle: Stud-
ies in Jewish Self-Government in Antiquity, TUbingen, 1994; Jacobs M. Die Institution des
jiidischen Patriarchen Eine quellen- und traditionskritische Studie zur Geschichte der Juden in
der Spatantike. Tiibingen, 1995.
45
A. 1 rpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PU\lCKOU pecny6.wKlIli PlWCKOIi U\lneplill
.n.bI 113JIO)J{eHbI B pa60Te AJIeKCeH CHBepueBa «A. Sivertsev). Private
Househoulds and Public Politics in 3 rd - 5 th Century Jewish Palestine.
(Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism, Edited by M. Hengel and P. Schafer.
90)52, HeHTpaJIbHOe Ha3BaHHe KOTOpOH He .n.OJI)J(HO BBO.n.I1Tb B 3a6JI)')J()J,e-
HHe.
Pa60Ta, Hanl1CaHa peaJIHCTl1lfHO, 6e3 npHBJIelfeHIDI TeOJIOrHH B KaKOH
6bI TO HH 6bIJIO cpopMe. O.n.HaKO HCCJIe.n.OBaHHe A. CI1BepueBa BbI3bIBaeT
H HeCKOJIbKO HaCTopo)J(eHHoe K ce6e OTHOllleHHe, 1160, CY.D.H no TeM BbIBO-
.n.aM, KOTopbIe H3 Hero cpaKTHlfeCKH BbITeKafOT'D, aBTOp HBJIHeTCH HHcnpo-
BeprareJIeM OCHOB, npl13bIBalOlll.I1M K nOJIHOM)' nepeCMOTpY Tpa.n.I1UHOHHbIX
npe.n.CTaBJIeHHH 06 HCTOpHH eBpeeB TaJIM)'.n.HlfecKoro nepHo.n.a.
OC06bIH HHTepec B :nOH CBH311 BbI3bIBaIOT 06lll.He npHHUHnbI no.n.xo-
.n.a A CHBepueBa K HCCJIe.n.yeMoMY MaTepHaJIY. OH nHllleT a TOM, lfTO
6HorpacpHqeCKHe CBe.n.eHIDI H BCH I1HCPOpMaUHH a xapaJ<Tepax KOHKpeTHbIX
JIIO.n.eH, co.n.ep)J(alll.aHCH B paBBHHHCTl1lfeCKOH JIHTepa1)'pe, BepOHTHee
Bcero, )J,J1H COBpeMeHHoro qHTaTeJIH HHKor.n.a He 6y.n.yr HCHbIMH H 6ec-
cnopHbIMH. TI03TOMY npH HCnOJIb30BaHI1H 6HorpacpHlfecKoro MaTepHaJIa
paBBHHHCTHqeCKOH JIHTepmypbI MO)J{HO .n.OCTH'Ib ropa3.n.o JIYlfWHX pe-
3YJlbTaTOB, eCJIH I1CKaTb B HeM HHCPOpMaUHIO He a )J(H3HH KOHKpeTHOrO
qeJIOBeKa, a 06 06meCTBeHHbIx HHCTH1)'Tax Taro BpeMeHH, Kor.n.a TOT
HJIH I1HOH lfeJIOBeK )J{HJI.
TI03TOMY, C TOqKH 3peHHH A. CHBepueBa, y Hac HenJIOXHe lllaHCbI
nOHHTb, KaKOBbI 6bIJIH nOJIHOMOqHH «HaCm) (naTpHapxa) H lfTO Bo06ll1.e
npe.n.CTaBJIHJI C060H 3TOT HHCTH1)'T, oc06eHHo npH 113YlfeHHH 60JIblllOrO
KOJIHqeCTBa KOHTeKCTOB.
ABTOp nOHHMaeT, 'ITa B pe3YJIbTaTe y Hero nOJIyqaeTCH BeCbMa 06e3-
JIHlfeHHaH I1CTOpHH, B KOTOpOH OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe OKa3bIBaeTCH y.n.eJIe-
HO HHCTH1)'TaM, a He JIHlfHOCTHM HJIH paBBHHaM. O.n.HaKO, no CJIOBaM
A. CHBepueBa, 3TO, BepOHTHO, HaH60JIee pa3YMHbIH BbIXO.n., eCJIH HMeTb
B BI1.n.y cneUHcpHlfeCKl1e np06JIeMbI MeTo.n.OJIOrHlfeCKOro xapaKTepa, CBH-
3aHHbIe C HHTepnpeTaUHeH paBBI1HHCTl1lfeCKOH JII1Tepa1)'pbI.
HeCKOJIbKO HH)J(e A. CHBepueB no.n.qepKHBaeT, lfTO OH He ClfHTaeT Bce
HanHcaHHoe B BaBHJIOHCKOM TaJIMy.n.e HJII1 naJIeCTHHCKHX MH.n.pawax
cpaHTa3HeH aBTopOB, o.n.HaKO, no era MHeHHIO, B HaCTOHllI.HH MOMeHT
OTCyrCTBYfOT 06ll1.enpl1HHTbIe KpHTepHH, KOTopbIe n03BOJIHJIH 6bI pa3.n.e-
JIHTb B paBBHHHCTl1qeCKOH JIHTepa1)'pe HHCPOpMaUI1IO, 3aCJ1)')J(HBalOw.y1O
.n.OBepHH, H HBHbIe JlereH.n.bI.
52 Ony6;IHKOBaHO - Tiibingen, 2002.
5J A. CHBepueB O'ieHb ocropOJKeH B no.1160pe CJJOB H He CTOllbKO <jJOP Y.TJHpyeT re HJJl1
HHbie BbiBOllbl, CKOJJbKO nOllBOllHT 'iHTareJJ!I K TeM HJ1H HHblM $opMymlpoBKaM.
46
rwea /, I1CmO HUKIIII ucmopuozparpuR (o6Ullle 3a\1e aHuR)
B KOHl..\e BBe.n.eHHJl 54 aBTOp B OCTOPO:)I(HOH <popMe nl1llleT a TOM, lfTO
113YlfeHI1e I1HCTH1)'TOB eBpeHCKOH )l(113HH paCCMaTpHBaeMoro BpeMeHI1
HeB03MO)l(HO 6e3 conOCTaBHTeJIbHOm aH<UlH3a. BBH.n.y Taro, lfTO B pac-
CMarpHBaeMblH nepHO.n. naJJeCTHHa Bxo.n.HJ1a B COCTaB PI1MCKOH HMnepl1H,
npe.n.CTaBllJleTCJI BeCbMa BepOJlTHbIM, lfTO 06weCTBeHHaJI )l(H3Hb eBpeeB
I1Mella MHom 06l1..{ero C 06l1..{eCTBeHHoi1 )l(113HblO coce.n.HHX Hapo.n.OB.
I1HblMI1 CJIOBaMH, CBe.n.eHI1J1 H3 paBBHHHCTl1lfeCKHX COlfHHeHI1H CJIe.n.yeT
CBepJlTb C .n.aHHbIMH HCTOlfHHKOB pHMCKoro H BH3aHTI1HCKOm BpeMeHH
(I1MeIOTCJI B BH.n.y KaK Ha.n.nHCI1, TaK 11 COlfHHemUI KOHKpeTHblX aBTOpOB).
no CllOBaM A. CHBepueBa, COnOCTaBJIeHHe I1H<popMaUHH 113 06eHX rpynn
HCTOlfHHKOB nOMO)l(eT B YCTaHoBlleHHl1l1cTHHbl H onpe.n.eJIeHHH nO.D.JIHH-
HOH ueHHOCTH paBBHHHcTHlfecKHx HCTOlfHI1KOB cpe.n.11 HCTOlfHHKOB no
HCTOpHH DllH)I(Hem BocTOKa pHMcKoro H paHHeBH3aHTI1HCKOrO BpeMe-
HH.
OCTOpO)l(HOCTb A. CHBepueBa He OTMeHJleT, o.n.HaKO, no CyrH, o.n.Hom
BeCbMa .n.aJJeKO H.n.Yll..{em BbIBo.n.a MeTo.n.HlfeCKoro xapaKTepa, KOTOPOMY
OH CJIe.n.yeT Ha .n.eJIe. C TOlfKH 3peHHJI YlfeHom, BO BHYTpeHHeH )l(H3HH
eBpeeB B npOBHHUHI1 l1y.n.ee Clle.n.YeT npe)l()J,e Bcero BH.n.eTb He KaKHe-TO
cneUH<pHlfeCKl1e HaUHOHaJJbHbIe lfepTbI H <pOpMbI, a Te )l(e 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTH, KOTopbIe xapaKTepH3YIOT )l(H3Hb H opraHH3aUl11O )l(H3HH JII060H
.n.pymH npOBHHUI1H HMnepHH.
):LnJl A. CHBepueBa caMO C060H pa3YMelOlI..{HMCJI JlBJlJleTCJI BblCOKHH
ypOBeHb 3JIllHHH3aUHH l1y.n.eH 55 11 nOllHaJl mTOBHOCTb eBpeeB npHHJlTb
3TO, BO BCJlKOM CllYlfae, B paMKax Tom nepHo.n.a, KOTOpblH OH H3YlfaeT.
BbIBO.n. 3TOT TeM 60JIee npHMelfaTeJIeH, lfTO .n.OCTaTOlfHO lfaCTO HCTOpl11O
eBpeeB TaJJMy.n.HlfeCKom nepHo.n.a B HCTOpHOrpa<pHH XX B. H306pa)KaJJH
HMeHHO KaK 60Pb6y C aHTHlfHOH Ul1BHJIH3aUHeH 3a coxpaHeHHe CBoeH
HaUHOHaJJbHOH caM06b1THOCTH.
A. CHBepueB He OTpHUaeT CYWecTBoBaHHJI (<HaCI1» (naTpHapXOB) B
06l1..{enpHHJlTOM CMbIClle CllOBa, HO, comaCHO em KOHuenUI1H, OHH nOJlB-
llJlIOTCJI llHlllb B IV B., BO BpeMJI n03.n.HeH HMnepHH. no Mepe oClla6J1eHHJI
nOJIHCHbIX HHCTH1)'TOB H CKJIa.n.bIBaHIDI paHHeBH3aHTHHCKOH 61OpOKpaTI1H
B eBpeHCKOH cpe.n.e CllO)l(l1JICJI HHCTH1)'T naTpHapxaTa, T. e. nOJlBHllCJI
06weHaUHOHaJJbHbIH llH.n.ep. OCHOBHOH apryMeHT A. CHBepueBa B nOllb-
3Y HMeHHO TaKara no.n.xo.n.a 3aKJIIOlfaeTCJI B Clle.n.YlOlI..{eM: llHIllb.D.JIJl IV B.
Mbl HMeeM Ha.n.e)I(Hble HCTOlfHHKH a caMHX naTpHapxax. no em MHeHHIO,
OTHOCHTellbHO npe.n.bl.n.Yll..{em nepHo.n.a (.D.JIJI paHHeH I1Mnepl1l1) MO)l(HO
"c. 17 KHHrH.
55 HMeJl B BHllY npOHHKHOBeHHe B npOBHHUHIO <jJOpM H HOpM JKH3HH rpeKo-pllMCKOro
Mllpa,
47
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaU3.w e IIcmopuu PU.WCKDU pecnyo.711Ku u PU.WCI<:OU lL\/nepUII
rOBopHTb JIHlllb a TOM, '-11'0 naTpHapXH - Te, KOro MbI no Tpa.n.HQHI1 TaK
Ha3bIBaeM, - 6b1JIH He 60JIee '-IeM ceMeHCTBOM COCTOHTeJIbHblX MeCTHbIX
MarHaTOB. Pa3BHTl1e )J{e nOJIHOMO'-ll1H COCTOHTeJIbHOrO ceMeHCTBa .n.o
ceMeHCTBa HaQHOHaJIbHbIX JIH.n.ep03 lllJIO O'-leHb Me)J,.J1eHHO H .n.OCTl1raJIO
CBoero JIOrH'-IeCKoro KOHQa JII1111b B IV B.
B COOTBeTCTBHH co CBOHMH B3rJIH.n.aMH, A. CHBepQeB C'-IHTaeT, '-ITa H
CPOpMHpOBaHHe a.n.MHHHCTpaTHBHOro annapaTa naTpl1apXaTa (caHxe.n.pHH-
CHHe.n.pHOH56, anOCTOJIbI H T. .n..) - HBJIeHHe n03.n.Hee, onHTb)J{e - paH-
HeBH3aHTHHCKoe no BpeMeHH. lITO KacaeTCH ynoMI1HaHI1H a CHHe.n.pI10He
60JIee paHHero nepHo.n.a, TO A. CHBepQeB HHTepnpeTHpyeT I1X CJIe.n.ylO-
I.l.(HM 06pa30M.
OnHTb )J{e BeCbMa y6e.n.HTeJIbHO apryMeHTHpYH CBOI1 B3rJIH.n.b1, A. CH-
BepQeB nHllleT a TOM, '-ITa Bce H3BeCTHbIe no I1CTO'-lHHKaM npl1MepbI
.n.eHTeJlbHOCTI1 CHHe.n.pHOHa B I-III BB. H. 3. CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT npOTJ.-IB
Taro, '-ITa 3TO 6bIJlH OCPHQHaJIbHbIe cy.n.e6Hble HHCTaHQHH. no CJlOBaM
aB1'Opa I1CCJIe.n.OBaHHH, 31'0 HecpopMaJIbHbIe Cy.n.bI, cBoero po.n.a c06paHHH
.n.pY3eH, COBeTHHKOB, BbICKa3bIBaIOI.l.(I1X CBoe MHeHHe no 1'OMY HJIH HHOMY
nOBO.n.y, HO HMeHHO KaK HecpopMaJIbHbIe 06'be.n.HHeHHH, COBeTbI npH Ha-
MeCTHHKe, TOM HJIH HHOM MarHaTe.
TaKOBbI BKpaTQe OCHOBHble nOJIO)J{eHIDI peQeH311pyeMoH KHHrH. 3.n.eCb
B03HHKaeT HenpOC1'OH Bonpoc - KaK CJIe.n.yeT BOCnpHHI1MaTb Bce BbIBO-
.1J.bI A. CHBepQeBa? no cpopMe y Hero Bce CCPOPMYJIHpOBaHO O'-leHb OCTO-
pO)J{HO, HO no CYfH - :no I1MeHHO HI1CnpOBep)J{eHHe Tpa.n.HQHOHHbIX
OCHOB BOCnpmlTHH HCTOpHH TaJIMy.n.H'-IecKoro nepHo.n.a.
TaK, BeCbMa pa.n.I1KaJIbHO 3BY'-laT npe.n.CTaBJIHIOll.(HeCH A. CHBepQeBY
CaMOO'-leBI1.n.HbIMH yrBep)J{.lJ.eHHH a 3Ha'-lHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH HHTerpaQHH
Hy.n.eeB B )J{H3Hb PI1MCKOH I1Mnepl1H H a TOM, '-ITO eBpeHCKHe MarHaTbI
n03.n.HeaHTI1'-1Horo BpeMeHI1 - 3TO COCTaBHaH '-IaCTb BH3aHTHHCKOH 610-
pOKpaTHH. 06pall.(aeT TaIOKe Ha ce6H BHI1MaHHe yrBep)J{.lJ.eHHe A. CI1Bep-
QeBa a nOBceMeCTHOM pacnpocTpaHeHHH B naJIeCTHHe nOJIHCHOH CHC-
TeMbI )J{H3HH.
CTOJIb )J{e pa.n.HKaJIbHbI BbIBO.n.bI A. CHBepQeBa 06 uy.n.eHcKHx naTpH-
apxax «(HaCH») 3nOXI1 paHHeH HMnepHH, KOTOpbIX OH cpaKTH'-IeCKI1 npe.n.-
JIaraeT BocnpHHHMaTb KaK 60raTbIx ropO)J{aH, HJIH 60raTbIx 6YJIeBTOB,
3aHHMalOll.(HXCH npOCBeTHTeJIbCKOH .1J.eHTeJIbHOCTblO cpe.n.H cBoero Hapo-
.n.a, TaK CKa3aTb, B cB060.n.Hoe aT .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH B paMKax nOJIHCHbIX
CTPYKl'YP BpeMH. HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, camaCHO JIOrHKe A. CHBepQeBa,
CPl1rypbI rnna Hexy.n.bI xa-Hacl1 CJIe.n.yeT conOCTaBJUITb C He6e3bI3BeCTHblM
so CHHe.llPHOH - TpallHUHOHHoe llJI!I PYCCKOro !l3blKa HaHMeHOBaHHe HHCTHryTa, KOTOpblH
B TanMYlle HaJblBaeTC!I caHxellpHH. HHJKe BCIO.llY yn01pe6JIJleTcJI PYCCKoe HaHMeHOBaHHe.
48
TJlaea 1. I1cmo'lHIIKu U ucmopUOi'parpUR (06I1/ue lalfe'laHUR)
fepo.n.oM A1THKOM H3 Aq,HH II B. I1JII1 C COBpeMeHHHKOM ABryCTa, H3Bec-
THblM faeM MeueHaTOM 57 .
KaK OTHeCTHCb K BbICKa3aHHbIM nOJIO)KeHI1S1M A. CHBepueBa? O.n.HO-
3HalfHO OTBeTI1Tb Ha 3TOT Bonpoc HeJIb3S1, H60 npl1 BceH apryMeHTl1pO-
BaHHOCTI1 em nOCTpoeHHSI He6e3ynpelfHbI.
Y Hac HeT OCHOBaHHH 06'bSlBI1Tb era BblBO.n.bl 6ecnOlfBeHHb1MH. B
HallleM paCnOpSl)KeHHH .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO MaJIO .n.OCTOBepHOH I1H<popMaUHH
no TeM BonpocaM, KOTopble A. CI1BepueB HCCJIe.n.yeT, He ClfHTaSi TaJIMY-
.n.a. Bonpoc )Ke a .n.oBepl1H I1JIH He.n.oBepHH K .n.aHHbIM TaJIMy.n.HlfecKl1x
TpaKnrroB lfall.\e Bcero 3aBI1CI1T aT CI1CTeMbl ueHHOCTeH, KOTOpblX npH-
.n.ep)KHBaeTCSI aBTOp.
O.n.HaKO C 3TOH pa60TOH CBSl3aHa 11 o.n.Ha cepbe3HaSI np06JIeMa MeTO-
.n.HlfeCKom nJIaHa - KaK .n.aJIeKO MO)KeT 3axo.n.I1Tb HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIb B CBO-
I1X BblBo.n.ax H nOCTpoeHHSlX, Kor.n.a B em paCnOpSl)KeHHH HMeeTCSI JIHWb
HenOJIHblH MaTepHaJI.
TaK, caMH no ce6e BbIBO.n.bl A. CHBepueBa 06 113BeCTHOH .n.BYCMbIC-
JIeHHOCTI1 Ha DJII1)KHeM BocToKe TepMI1HOJIOrHH pHMcKom BpeMeHH,
0603HalfaJOllI.eH Oq,I1UHaJIbHble nfryJIbl, a6COJIIOTHO npaBHJJbHbI. O.n.HaKo
)Ke Bce Ha)J,nHCH, KOTopble OH aHaJIl13l1pyeT, OTHOCSlTCSI JIHlllb K Xaypa-
HY - O.n.HOH 06JIaCTH Ha rpaHHue npoBHHUHH CHpHSI H ApaBI1S1. B03HH-
KaeT Bonpoc: HaCKOJIbKO MaTepHaJI 3Toro perHoHa HMeeT (HJJI1 MO)KeT
HMeTb) OTHOllleHl1e K naJIeCTHHe?
npHMepbl A. CHBepueBa no nOBo.n.y .n.BYCMbICJIeHHOCTH, Heo.n.H03Half-
HOCTH TepMHHOJlOrHH, 0603HalfalOIl.\eH JIH.n.epOB pa3HOm ypOBHSI B eB-
peHcKoH cpe.n.e, TalOKe y6e.n.HTeJIbHbI. O.n.HaKo onSlTb )Ke B03HHKaeT Bon-
pac: HaCKOJlbKO MO)I(HO 6b1Tb YBepeHHbIM, HanpHMep, B TOM, lfTO TepMHH
«napHac» ynOTpe6JISleTcSI TOJIbKO TaK, KaK YKa3aHO y A. CI1BepueBa Ha
c. 36, H HHKaK I1Halfe? YlfeJI JIH A. CI1BepueB Bce ynoMHHaHHSI 06 3TOM
B TaJIMy.n.e, pa36HpaSi oc06eHHocTH ynoTpe6JIeHHSI TepMHHa «HaCI--I»? Ha
3TOT Bonpoc HanpawHBaeTcSI CKopee OTpHuaTeJIbHblH aT BeT, lfeM nOJIO-
:>KHTeJIbHbIH. B 3TOH cmyaUHH Bcer.n.a, K CO)KaJIeHHIO, npHxo.n.HTCSI HMeTb
B BH.n.y B03MO)KHOCTb H KaKOH-TO I1HOH HHTepnpeTaUHH 3Toro TepMHHa,
He YlfTeHHYIO A. CHBepueBblM.
K CO)KaJIeHHIO, 3TO YTBep)f()J,eHHe cnpaBe)J,JII1BO npaKTHlfeCKH .D.JUI Bcex
TepMHHOB, paCCMOTpeHHblX B pa60Te. Y lfHTaTeJISI COBepweHHO HeT
YBepeHHOCTH B TOM, lfTO A. CHBepueB paCCMOTpeJI BeCb MaTepl1aJIl1lfTO,
CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, HeT KOHTeKCTOB, KOTopble CJIe.1J.YeT HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb
COBceM HHalfe, lfeM aBTOp. Me)f()J,y TeM pa.n.HKaJIbHOCTb I1TomBblX BbIBO-
.n.OB, KOTOpaSl OlfeBH.n.Ha )J,JISI JII060m 3HaKOMom C Tpa.n.HUI10HHbIM Bapl1-
"CaM A. CHBepueB TaK He nHweT, HO nOllBOllHT 'iHTareJJ!I HMeHHO K TaKaH MbICJJH.
49
A. r. rpyweBOH. l1yoeu U uydaU3A/ e ucmopuu PU\fCKOU peCny6JlUKU U PU\lCKDU u.MnepUli
aHTOM HCTOpHH TaJlMy.n.l1l.JecKoro nepHo.n.a, Bo06ll1.e-TO npe.n.nOJIaraeT
HMeHHO HC'IepnbIBalOllI.HH aHaJlH3 Bcex KOHTeKCTOB BceH TepMHHOJIO-
rHH.
nOJIHbIH OTKa3 A. CHBepueBa aT paCCMOTpeHI1 6Horpa<j>H'IeCKoro
MaTepHaJla paBBHHHCTl1'1eCKOH JIHTeparypbI BJI eTC B paMKax .n.aHHOH
pa60TbI CKopee He.n.OCTaTKOM, 'IeM .n.OCTOHHCTBOM. <1>aKTHl.JeCKa 3a BKa
Ha BeCbMa pa.n.HKaJlbHbIe BbIBO.n.bI a naTpHapxaTe .n.eJlaeT KaK pa3 Ol.JeHb
aKTYaJlbHbIM paCCMOTpeHHe Bcero Tpa.n.HUI10HHOro 6Horpa<j>H'IeCKoro
MaTepHaJla, KaCalOlUeroc naTpHapXOB, XOTH 6bI )J,JIH TOro, 'IT06bI ero
onpOBeprH}'Tb.
ABTOp 3aBeplllaeT paCCMOTpeHHe MaTepl1aJIa py6e)J{oM V-VI BB., H
3TO JIHlllaeT HCCJIe.n.OBaHHe HCTOpl1'1eCKOH nepCneKTHBbI. KaK H3BeCTHO,
B 426-429 rr. HacrynaeT KOHeu naTpHapxaTa 58 , 11 OKOH'IaTeJIbHO Xp"-
CTHaHH3HpOBaBllleeCH roCy.n.apCTBO H36paJIO cOBepllleHHo HH}'IO, 60JIee
arpeccHBH}'1O TaKTHKY nOBe.n.eHHJI no OTHOllleHHIO K H}'.n.eHM.
113 nOCJIe.n.HHX pa60T 3ana.n.HoeBponeHCKOH HCTopHorpa<j>HH 06lUero
xapaKTepa, 3aTparHBalOllI.HX HCTOpHIO naJIeCTHHbI B paMKax HCTOpHH
DJIIDKHerO BocToKa pHMCKOro H BH3aHTHHcKoro BpeMeHH, OTMeTHM npe-
)J{)J,e Bcero HCCJle.n.OBaHHJI M. CapTpa 59 , <1>. MWIJIapa 60 H D. I1caaKa 61 . Pa-
60Ta <1>. MHJ1J1apa no OXBary MaTepHaJIa H OpHrHHaJIbHOCTH BbIBO.n.OB-
npaB.n.a, He Bcer.n.a 6eccnopHbIX - npeBocxo.n.HT nepBbIH H3 Ha3BaHHbIX B
npHM. 55 TIJy.n.OB M. CapTpa. B TO)J{e BpeMH HeJIb3H He OTMeTHTb, 'ITa OH
nbITaeTCH CTpOHTb 0606ll1.eHHH 60JIee lllHpOKOro nJIaHa. BTOpaJI )J{e H3
Ha3BaHHbIX pa60T M. CapTpa HBJUJeTCH BbI.n.aJOlUI1MCH .n.OCTIDKeHHeM <j>paH-
UY3CKOH H eBponeHCKOH HaYKH 06 aHTH'IHOCTH, H60 nepe.1J. HaMH - nep-
BaJI nOnbITKa 0606ll1.eHHJI HCTOpHH aHTHI.JHOH CHpHH.
Oc060ro ynoMHHaHHH 3aCJI}')KHBaeT TalOKe nepeH3.n.aHHe H3BeCTHOH
pa60TbI 3. llllOpepa «Geschichte des jildischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu
58 narpHapxaT - TpallHUHOHHOe AJIJl PYCCKOro Sl3blKa HaHM('HOBaHHe HHCTHTyTa, KOTOpblH
B TanMY.lle HaJblBaeTCJl HeCHYT. HHJKe BClOllY ynwpe6JUleTc!I PYCCKoe HaHMeHOBaHHe.
59 Sartre M. L'Orient Romain. Provinces et societes en Mediterranee orientale d' Auguste
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fJJaBa pa60Tbl (p. 357-407), 03arJJaBJJeHHa!I «EBpeH B BOCTO'iHOM CpeAH3eMHOMOpbe». Oco-
6oro BHHMaHHSl3aCiiyJKHBaeT nOCJJellHJlj( pa60Ta M. CapTpa - D' Alexandre a Zenobie. Histoire
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oco60e BHHMaHHe HCTOpHH naneCTHHbl H HY.lleeB - p. 303-370, 529-{i07, 927-948.
60 Millar F The Roman Near East 31 BC - AD 337. London; Cambridge Mass., ] 993.
naneCTHHe nOCBSllIleHa .lleC!lTa!I rmlBa pa60TbI (p. 337-386), He C'iHTa!I MHoro'iHCileHHblx
ynoMHHaHHH B TeKCTe Boo6we- p. 44-48, 59-{i1, 68-89, 70-79, 107-108.
.'Isaac B. The Limits of the Empire. The Roman Anny in the East. Oxford, 1990. B ero
pa60Te paccMoTpeHbl BonpOCbl, KaCaIOWHeC!I pHMCKOro BoeHHoro npHcYTcTBHJl Ha DJJHJKHeM
BOCTOKe B ueJJOM. 3Ha'iHTeJJbHa!I 'iaCTb pa60Tbl nOCBSIweHa HMeHHO naneCTHHe.
50
TJlaea /, I1cmo HIIKu IIIiCmOpuOZparpUR (06ulue 3a.\le aHUR)
Christi». 06HOBJIeHHblH BapHaHT pa60Tbl Bbllllell Ha aHrllHHCKOM H3blKe
<j>aKTH'IeCKH B 'IeTbIpex TOMax, H60 TpeTHH TOM H3.n.aHHH COCTOHT HX
.n.BYX OT.n.eJIbHbIX nOll)'TOMOB 62 . Pa60Ta 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO paclimpeHa 3a C'IeT
.n.06aBJleHHH MHoro'IHClleHHbIX rllaB, B OCHOBHOM BO BTOpOM H B TpeTbeM
TOMax, nOCBHII.{eHHbIX KYMpaH)' 11 KYMpaHcKOH llHTeparype. Ba)KHocTb
pa60TbI 3.lllIOpepa 3aKJIIO'IaJIaCb 113aKllIO'IaeTCH B y.n.a'IHOM H3110)KeHHH
Bcex CTOpOH )KH3HH Hy.n.eeB naJIeCTI1HbI paccMaTpHBaeMoro nepHo.n.a.
O.n.HaKO 3KOHOMI1'IeCKaJI np0611eMaTHKa He paCCMaTpHBaJIaCb B nepBbIX
H3.n.aHHHX pa60TbI py6e)Ka XIX-XX BB., BnpO'IeM, KaK H B 06HOBlleHHOH
BepCHH.
XOTellOCb 6bI TaIOKe OTMeTHTb HeCKOllbKO pa60T H3BeCTHoro aMepl1-
KaHcKoro HCCJle.n.OBaTeJlH A. T. Kpo6ellH (Kraabel), BHeClllero HeMaJIbIH
BKlla.n. B npeBpaII.{eHHe H)'.n.aHKH B CBeTcKYIO, peaJIHCTH'IecKYIO HayKY,
CB060.n.H)'IO aT npe.n.B3HTOCTH H TeOJIOrH30BaHHoro no.n.xo.n.a:
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B HOBeHIlleH HaY'IHOH llHTeparype no H)'.n.aHKe HHor.n.a BCTpe'IaeTCH
H HHoe: BeCbMa 3K30TH'IeCKHe l1)J,eH, npeno.n.HeceHHble B HaYKQ06pa3HOH
<j>opMe. TaK, B 2003 r. 3. 110no (E. Laupot) Ony611HKOBaJI CTaTbIO, B KO-
TOpOH .n.OKa3bIBaJI, 'ITa OCHOBHOH np"'IHHOH l1y.n.eHcKoH BOHHbI CTaJIa
.n.eHTellbHOCTb CeKTbI Ha30peeB H 'ITa I1MeHHO OHH 6bIJIH ee OCHOBHbIMH
H.n.eHHbIMH B.n.OXHOBHTellHMI1. KpOMe Taro, C TO'IKH 3peHHH 3. lIana, TOT
<j>aKT, 'ITa O<j>HU,l1aJIbHbIe BllaCTH PI1MCKOH HMnepHH .n.o 270 r. He npeClle-
.n.OBaJIH xpHCTHaH, .n.OJI)KeH 06'bHCHHTbCH CJIe.n.YIOII.{I1M 06pa30M. XpHC-
TI1aHe paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb BllaCTHMH KaK y.n.06Hb1H npOTHBOBec .n.eHTellb-
HOCTH Ha30peeB no npHBJIe'IeHHIO np03ellHTOB cpe.n.H pa60B H HH3IllHX
COCllOBHH 63 .
K CO)KaJIeHHIO, He3Ha'IHTeJlbHO KOJIl1'IeCTBO pa60T - H 3TO OTHOCHT-
CH KO BceM CTpaHaM, - nOCBHII.{eHHbIX H3Y'IeHHIO BllHHHIDI aHTH'IHoro
MHpa Ha H)'.n.eHCKHH 64 . npe)K)].e Bcero 3.n.eCb He06xo.n.I1MO Ha3BaTb YHH-
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64 06paTHoe - BJJHJlHHe HYllaH3Ma Ha aHTH'iHbIH :.mp - paCCMarpHBaJJOCb II paCCMarpll-
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51
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaU3.\1 e ucmopuu PU.\1CKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU u.\1nepull
KaJIbHbIH (B TOM CMbICJIe, lfTO .n.pyroro aHaJIOrJ.ilfHOro He CYll.{eCTByeT)
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Bcero pa60Ta A. fYJIaKa, conOCTaBmIlOlUaSI .n.aHHbIe TaJIMy.n.a c erl1neT-
CKHMH nanHpycaMI1 H pl1MCKHM npaBoM: Gu/ak A. Das Urkundenwesen
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30M CXO.n.HbIX SIBJIeHI1H B 06JIaCTH npaBa.
,D;aJIee cJIe.n.yeT Ha3BaTb MOHOrpa(jJHIO P. I1apoHa a .n.apeHHH co6CTBeH-
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teplation of death in Jewish and Roman Law. Oxford, 1960. ABTop
paccMaTpHBaeT COOTBeTCTBYIOll.{He BH,lJ.bI .n.apeHHH B o6eHx npaBoBbIx
CHCTeMax, HO 06XO.n.I1T CTOpOHOH Bonpoc a TOM, B03HHKJIH nH TaKl1e
BH.n.bI .n.apeHHH B HY.n.eHCKOM npaBe no.n. BJIH.lIHHeM pHMCKOro npaBa HnH
)l(e pelfb H.n.eT npOCTO 0 THnonorHlfeCKH 6nl13KI1X .lIBneHH.lIX.
HHTepeCHOe HCCJIe.n.OBaHHe H. 11. CeMeHOBa no.n.P06HO paCCMOTpeHO
B CJIe.n.YIOll.{eM naparpa<pe .n.aHHOH rJIaBbI.
HaKOHeQ HeCKonbKO CJIOB a COBpeMeHHOH H3paHJIbCKOH HCTopHorpa-
<PHH. HaCTO.IIll.{a.sJ pa3pa6OTKa :noro ClO)I(eTa Tpe6YeT OT.n.enbHOH KHHrH
y)l(e XOT.II 6bI nOTOMY, lfTO aHa pa3BI1BaeTC.II Ha HBpl1Te H Ha aHrJIHHCKOM
BO MHOrJ.iX HaYlfHbIX QeHTpax CTpaHbI.
B nocne.n.Hee BpeM.II HaH60JIee HHTepeCHbIe Hccne.n.OBaHH.II (HHor.n.a,
npaB.n.a, CKopee ClfHTaJOlUHeC.II TaKOBbIMI1) no HY.n.aHKe H3.n.aIOTC.II B 113-
paHJIe H Ha PYCCKOM .lI3blKe, anaToMY .n.ocrynHbI B POCCHH (B OCHOBHOM
«6H6nHOTeKa AnH.II»).
nOMHMO y)l(e OTMelfeHHOH BbIllle pa60TbI f. AnnoHa, :no:
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HepYCaJIHM, 1977. B .n.aHHOM TOMe:/(uIlYP E.-1+ EBpeHcKa.sJ HCTOpH.II. Ee
OC06eHHOCTb 11 HenpepbIBHOCTb. C. 9-31; Bep6Jl06CKUU 1+ MeccHaHcTBo
B eBpeHcKoH HCTOpHH. C. 32-56; E3p H. CPo COIU1aJIbHbIe H,lJ.eaJIbI eBpeH-
CKoro 06lUecTBa nepHo.n.a BToporo XpaMa. C. 92-125; Illmepll M Boc-
52
Tllaea J, I1cmo HuKu U ucmopUOi'parjJUR (06U4ue 3a.'tIe aHUR)
CTaHl1e XaCMOHeeB Hero MeCTO B HCTOpHH eBpeHCKoro 06meCTBa H
eBpeHCKOH peJIHrl1l1. C. 126-147; Yp6ax 3.3. My.n.peUbI 3nOXI1 TaJIMY-
.n.a, I1X JIHI.JHOCTb H aBTopHTeT. C. 162-208; Cappau Ill. HaIfaJIbHOe
06pa:30BaHHe, era peJII1rH03HOe H COUl1aJIbHOe 3HaIfeHI1e B nepl1o.n. TaJI-
My.n.a. C. 209-239.
nOMI1MO cepHH «DH6JIHOTeKa AnHJI», 3.n.eCb He06xo.n.HMO TaIOKe yno-
MJlH)'Tb H3.n.aTeJIbCTBO «felllapHM», cymecTB}'JOw.ee B MOCKBe H l1epy-
CaJIHMe H CneUHaJIH3HpYIOw.eeCJI Ha H3.n.aHI1J1X B POCCHH Ha PYCCKOM
Jl3bIKe cepbe3HbIx HaYIfHbIX HCCJIe.n.oBaHHH no HY.n.aHKe.
3. POCCHHCKaJI H COBeTCKaJI HCTopHorpaqJHH
B POCCHH HaYIfHoe H3YI.JeHHe HY.n.aHI<H Hal.JHHaeTCJI C .n.eJITeJIbHOCTH
A. C. fl)HpKOBH'Ia (1786-1874), 3aJIO)l(HBlllerO OCHOBbI KOJIJIeKUHH eB-
peHcKHx PYKOnHceH fIffi-Plffi. O.n.HaKo no.n.po6HblH pa360p era .n.eJlTeJIb-
HOCTH H cnopoB BOKpyr era HaCJIe.n.HJI BbIXO.n.HT 3a paMKI1 HHTepeCOB
aBTopa. OrMeTHM, 'ITa Ha PYCCKOM Jl3bIKe cymecTByeT XOpOlllaJl 6Horpa-
<t>HJI A. <I>HpKOBl1l.Ja, co.n.ep)l(aw.aJl aHaJII13 era HaCJIe.n.l1J1 H paCCKa3 a
.n.HCKYCCHJlX, KOTopoe OHO BbI3bIBaJI0 65 . 113YIfeHHe )l(e naJIeCTHHbI B POC-
CI1I1, KaK H B 3ana.n.HOH EBpone, HaIfI1HaeTCJI C nyTelllecTBHH naJIOMHHKOB,
.n.HnJIOMaTOB H BoeHHbIx 66 .
B POCCHH HY.n.aHKa KaK HaYKa O<t>opMHJIaCb B cepe.n.HHe XIX B. B
CBJl3H C 06pa30BaHHeM B neTep6yprcKoM YHHBepcHTeTe Ka<t>e.n.pbI eB-
peHcKora Jl3bIKa, 'ITa BbIBO.n.HJIO 3a 60raCJIOBCKHe paMKH I1CCJle.n.OBaHHJI
no re6paHCTHKe 11 CeMHTOJIOrHH 67 . OCHOBHbIMH npe.n.CTaBHTeJIJlMH pOC-
CHHCKOH CeMHTOJIOrHH 6bIJIH,l(. A. XBOJIbCOH (1819-1911); A. >I. fap-
KaBH (1835-1919) H n. K. KOKOBUOB (1861-1942). I1HTepecbI Bcex
Tpex 6bIJIH BeCbMa lllHpOKH, o.n.HaKO HCTOpHJI Hy.n.eeB B aHTHI.JHOCTH
os BUXH06U B, Jl. KapaHM ABpaaM <1>HpKOBH'i. EBpeHcKHe PYKOnHCH, HCTOpHJI, nYTewec-
TBHJI. Cn6" 1997.
.. 06paJUbl TaKOH JJHTeparypbl He.llaBHO H3.llaHbI B c,le.llYlOlllHX c60pHHKaJc CHpHJI, JIHBaH,
naJJeCTHHa B OnHCaHH!lX poCCHHCKHX nyTeWeCTBeHHHKOB, KOHcyJJbCKHX H BoeHHblX 0630pax
nepBoH nOJJOBHHbl XIX BeKa. M., ] 991; CB!lTble MeCTa B6JJH3H H H311aJJH. nYTeBble 3aMeTKil
PYCCKHX nHCareJJeH I nOJJOBHHbl XIX B. M., ] 995; HepycaJJHM B PYCCKOH XYJJbrype. M., ] 994.
CM. TaKJKe - I1cTOpHJI OTe'ieCTBeHHoro BOCTOKOBe.lleHHJl C Cepe.llHHbl XIX BeKa l].O 1917 r.
M., 1997. C. 85-]56. MOJKHO OTMeTHTb TaKJKe O.llHy H3 MOHorpa$HH 113BeCTHoro BH3aHTH-
HIlCTa H. n. KOHllaKOBa - ApxeoJJOrH'ieCKOe nYTeWeCTBlle no Cllpllllil naJJeCTllHe. Cfl6"
]904.
67 HCTOpHJl OTe'ieCTBeHHoro BOCTOKOBelleHIIJI... C. 467.
53
A. f. rpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydau.1M e ucmopuu PU.IUCKOU peCny6.7I1KU U PU.\lCKOU u.\lnepull
(TaJIMy.n.HlfeCKHH nepl1o.n.) lfaCTHlfHO 3aTpOHYTa JIHlllb B .n.BYX pa60Tax
. A. XBOJJbCOHa:
- 0 HeKOTOpblX cpe.n.HeBeKOBbIX 06BI1HemUIX npoTl1B eBpeeB. OepBoe
113.n.aHl1e - C06., 1861; BTOpoe, nepepa6OTaHHoe H3.n.aHHe - C06., 1880.
HeMeQKHH aapHaHT, paclllHpeHHbIH H .n.onOJIHeHHbIH no OTHOllleHHIO KO
BTOpoM PYCCKOM)' 113.n.aHHIO: Die Blutanklage und sonstige mittelalterische
Beschuldigungen der Juden. Frankfurt a. Main, 1901. HecMOTJlSI Ha xao-
THlfHOCTb H3110)J(eHH.SI 11 nonyJI.SIpl13aTOpCKI1H .n.yx, pa60Ta ,[1,. A. XBOJIbCO-
Ha .SIBJI.SIeTC.SI .D.JI.SI CBoem BpeMeHH .n.OCTaTOlfHO cepbe3HbIM HCClle.n.oaaHHeM
npHlfHH npeCJIe.n.oBaHHH H)'.n.eeB H <pOpMl1pOBaHIDI aHTHCeMHTCKHX npe.n.-
CTaBJIeHHH;
- Ooclle.n.H.SI.SI naCXaJIbHa.SI Belfep.SI I1Hcyca Xpl1CTa H .n.eHb em cMep-
TH. OepBbIH BapHaHT pa60TbI - C06., 1875; BTOpOH, nepepa60TaHHbIH
Bapl1aHT - C06., 1878. HeMeQKHH BapHaHT pa60TbI - Das letzte Pass-
nahl Christi und der Tag seines Todes. St. Petersburg, 1892. OepeH3.n.aHl1e
B repMaHHH - Leipzig, 1908.
B 3TH )J(e ro.n.bI 6b111a 113.1J.aHa nepBa.SI Ha PYCCKOM .SI3bIKe CBoem po.n.a
XpeCTOMaTH.SI OCHOBHbIX OTpbIBKOB H3 TaJIM)'.n.a:
MHpOB033peHHe TaJlMY.1J.HCTOB. CBO.n. pelll1rH03HO-HpaBCTBeHHbIX
nOYlfeHHH B BbI.n.eP)J(KaX rnaBHeHlllHX KHHr paBBHHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH.
COCTaBlleH no no.n.llI1HHHKaM T. <l>HHHOM H X. JI. KaQelleH60reHOM 11
nepeBe.n.eH no.n. pe.1J.. JI. O. JleBaH.n.bI C BBe.n.eHHeM, 6H611Horpa<pHlfeCKHMH
YKa3aTell.SIMH H npHMelfaHI1.SIMI1, COCTaBJIeHHbIMH JI. O. fOp.n.OHOM.
1. 0 lfellOBeKe 11 ero 06.SI3aHHOCT.SIX no OTHOllleHHIO K DOry. C06.,
1874.
2. 06.SI3aHHOCTH lfeJIOBeKa K CBoeMY 611H)J(HeMY. C06., 1876.
3. 06.SI3aHHOCTl1lfeJIOBeKa B 06lll.eCTBeHHoH H rpIDK,lJ.aHCKOH )J(H3HH.
C06., 1876.
3TOT C60PHHK nepeH3.1J.aH (M., 1994) penpHHTHblM o6pa30M C 06'be-
.n.I1HeHHeM Bcex TOMOB no.n. O.n.HHM nepermeTOM. XpeCTOMaTH.SI He co.n.ep-
)J(HT HI1KaKHX CTaTeH 06ll1.ero nllaHa 0 TaJIM)'.n.e. liTO )J(e KaCaeTC.SI QelleH
113.n.aHI1.SI, TO COCTaBHTeJIH onpe.n.ell.SI1OT HX TaK (C. 10): 1) «.n.aTb eBpe.SIM B
PYKH 06lll.enOJIe3HOe pellHrH03Hoe lfTeHHe»; 2) «.n.aTb HM 3TO JIl0611MOe
I1Ml1lfTeHHe Ha PYCCKOM .SI3bIKe». C60pHHK MO)J(eT npe.n.cTaBll.SITb HeKOTO-
pbIH I1HTepec B CJIe.n.YIOlll.eM OTHOllleHHH: nepBblH 11 TpeTHH TOMa .n.aHHO-
ro H3.n.aHH.SI co.n.ep)J(aT npocTpaHHbIe YKa3aTellH C xapaKTepl1CTI1KOH Bcex
ynOM.SIH}'TbIX JIl1lfHOCTeH 11 K.HHr paBBHHHcTHlfecKOH JIlrreparypbI. B QellOM
)J(e, C cOBpeMeHHoH TOlfKH 3peHIDI, .n.aHHoe H3.n.aHHe BeCbMa YCTapello KaK
B TOM, lfTO KaCaeTC.SI nepeBo.n.OB, TaK 11 B rmaHe o<popMlleHI1.SI CCbIllOK.
B 3TOM 0630pe He06xo.n.HMO oco60 ynOM.SIH)Tb YlfeHHKa,[l,. A. XBOllb-
COHa H. r. TpOHQKOro (1858 - nOCJJe 1917 f.: fO.1J. CMepTH HeH3Bec-
54
TJlaea 1. I1cmo'iHuKu U ucmopUOi'parjJUR (0611/ue 3a le'laHIIR)
TeH). 11. f. TPOHUKI1H, npo<t>eccop CaHKT-OeTep6yprcKoH .n.YXOBHOH
aKa)J,eMHH, 60JIee 113BeCTeH KaK 6H6JIeHcT. Hal160JIee ueHH1UI era pa60Ta
B 3TOM OTHOllleHHH - «PeJlHrH03Hoe, 06l1.\eCTBeHHOe 11 racy.n.apCTBeHHoe
COCTO.sIHHe eBpeeB BO BpeMeHa Cy.n.eH»68. O.n.HaKO HMeHHO 11. f. TpOHlU<HH
.sIBmleTCH aBTOpOM e.n.I1HCTBeHHoro (.n.o CI1X nap!) I1CCJIe.n.OBaHI1H Ha PYC-
CKOM H3blKe TaJlMy.n.a no cYl1.\ecTBY:
- TaJlMy.n.H'-IeCKOe YlfeHHe a nOCMepTHOM COCTO.slHHH H KOHelfHOH
YlfaCTH JIlo.n.eH, era npOHCXO)f()J,eHl1e H pOJIb B I1CTOpl111 3CxaTOJIOrHlfeCKHX
npe.n.CTaBJIeHI1H. C06., 1904.
11. f. TpOI1UKHH Hanl1CaJI TalOKe HeCKOJlbKO pa60T HaYlfHo-nonyJI.sIp-
Hora xapaKTepa (B xopoweM CMblCJIe CJIOBa!) 0 TaJlMy.n.e H MHpoB033pe-
HHI1 era aBTopoB:
- TaJlMY.n.: ero npOHCXO)f()J,eHl1e, COCTaB H ynOTpe6JIeHI1e y cOBpe-
MeHHbIX H)'.n.eeB; xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka TaJlM)'.n.a co CTOpOHbI era co.n.ep)KaHIDI.
Cn6.,1901;
- K Bonpocy 06 OTHoweHHH TaJlMy.n.a K xpHcTHaHaM II XpHCTl1aH-
CKoe llTeHHe. 1917..N!! 2. C. 17-34.
B .n.BYX pa60Tax HCTOpHKO-<t>HJ10JIOrHlfeCKOro xapaKTepa TaJlMY.n. H
paBBHHHCTl1lfeCKa.sl JIHTeparypa 3aTparHBaJlHCb ll. K. KOKOBQOBbIM:
- TOJIKOBaHHe TaHXYMa H311epycaJlHMa Ha KHHry npopoKa 110HbI II
C6. CT. YlfeHI1KOB npo<t>. B. P. P03eHa. Cn6., 1897. c. 97-168;
- El1.\e O.n.HH pYKonHcHblH <t>parMeHT l1epycaJlHMcKoro TaJlMy.n.a II
3BOPAO. 1898. T. 11. C. 195-205.
nOJIO)KeHHe Hy.n.aHKH r.n.e-TO Ha rpaHH BOCTOKOBe.n.eHIDI H aHTHKOBe-
.n.eHH.sI npl1BeJIO K TOMY, lfTO K np06JIeMaM HCTOpHI1 H)'.n.eeB y)Ke B KOHl..\e
XIX B. 06pal1.\aJIl1Cb HHor.n.a H CneUHaJlHCTbl no pHMCKOH HCTOpHH. O.n.HHM
H3 nepBbIx npl1MepOB TaKoro po.n.a 06pal1.\eHHH, HaCKOJIbKO y.n.aJIOCb yc-
TaHOBHTb aBTopy, 6blJla pa60Ta r. 3. 3eHrepa, MJla.LI.werO COBpeMeHHHKa
,l(. A. XBOJIbCoHa. f. 3. 3eHrep 6bIJI npo<t>eccopoM pHMCKOH HCTOpHH
I1MnepaTopcKoro BapwaBcKoro YHHBepcI1TeTa. Cpe.n.H era pa60T eCTb 11
CJIe.n.YIOl1.\ee COlfHHeHHe - EBpeHcKHH Bonpoc B ,l(peBHeM PHMe. Pelfb,
npoH3HeceHHaH 30 aBr. 1889 r. Ha aKTe HMnepaTopcKoro BaplllaBcKora
YHI1BepCI1TeTa. BaplllaBa, 1889. B HeM aBTOp paCCMaTpHBaeT B3aHMOOT-
HOllleHI1H PI1Ma 11 l1y.n.eeB C MOMeHTa nepBbIX KOHTaKTOB npH MaKKaBeHX
.n.o nOp(i)KeHIDI BOCCTaBwHX B Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHe. no pa60Te npeKpacHo
BI1.n.HO, lfTO ee aBTOp BOCTOlfHblX H3blKOB He 3HaJI, HO B rpelfeCKHX H JIa-
THHCKHX I1CTOlfHHKax no BbI6paHHOH TeMe opHeHTHpOBaJlC.sI XOpOlllO.
KOHcepBaTH3M 11 MOHapXI13M aBTopa OlfeBH.n.Hbl, TaK )Ke KaK OlfeBH.n.-
Ha H era HBHaH HeJII060Bb K H)'.n.eHM. npaB.n.a, pelfb He l1.n.eT 0 HeJII06BH
.. nepBoe 1i311aHHe - cn6.. ] 885; BTOpoe - cn6., ] 886.
A, f. fpyweBoH, l1yoeu U uydaU3.w e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PU.\/CKOU u.wnepull
K Hy.n.e.l1M «Bo06ll.{e». OH npOTHB HY.n.eeB 6YH1)'lOlUHX, He npH3HaIOlUHX
BeJll1lfH.I1 PHMa H aHTl1lfHOH KYJIb1)'pbI. ECJIH 06paTI1Tb BHHMaHHe Ha ro.n.
ny6JIHKa1U1H (1889 r.), n0J1I1TI13HpOBaHHbIH no.n.TeKCT :nOH KHHrH CTaHeT
OlfeBH.n.HblM. f. 3. 3eHrep 06pall.{aeTc.I1 co cBoero po.n.a npH3bIBoM K npa-
BHTeJIbCTBY TBep.n.oH PYKOH no.n.aBJI.I1Tb JII06yIO KpaMOJIY, no.n.06Ho TOMY
KaK PHM nOC1)'nHJ1 C Hy.n.e.l1MI1.
B :nOM onpaB.n.aHHH .n.eHCTBI1H PI1Ma no OTHOllleHHIO K Hy.n.e.l1M
f. 3. 3eHrep .n.OXO.n.HT HHor.n.a .n.o y.n.HBHTeJlbHbIx YTBep)KJ:leHHH. TaK,
06lUeH3BecTHo, lfTO pHMCKHe npOK)'paTopbl B l1y.n.ee 6bIJ1H, KaK npaBH-
J10, BeCbMa 6e3.n.apHbIMI1 a.n.MHHHCTpaTopaMH. f. 3. 3eHrep (c. 194-195)
)J.(e ClfHTaJI, lfTO OHH 6bIJ1H XOpOlllHMH a.n.MHHHCTpaTopaMH, npeKpaCHO
nOHHMaJ1H Cneu,HcpI1KY l1y.n.eH H .n.OBeJ1H CTpaHY .n.o nOJIHOrO KpH3Hca
no npHlfHHe H3JIHlllHeH M.I1rKOCTH 11 rOTOBHOCTH Bcer.n.a H BO BceM YC-
1)'naTb Hy.n.e.l1M, BMeCTO Toro lfT06bI ynoTpe6HTb BJIaCTb H CHJ1Y Tor.n.a,
Kor.n.a Ha.n.o, H B TOH Mepe, B KaKOH HMO.
K lfHCJ1Y y.n.alfHbIX Haxo.n.OK f. 3. 3eHrepa CJ1e.n.yeT OTHeCTH To'moe
onpe.n.eJ1eHHe HHTepeca K Hy.n.e.l1M co CTOpOHbI pa3J1HlfHblX CJ10eB aHTHlf-
Horo 06lUecTBa. Ha c. 12 f. 3. 3eHrep nl1llleT: «C 06pa30BaHHbIM rpeKOM
eBpeH pa3.n.eJl.l1J1 Bepy B e.n.HHCTBO 11 .n.YXOBHYIO CYlUHOCTb 60)J.(eCTBa, C
HeYlfeHbIM - CKJIOHHOCTb K TOprOBJle, npaKTHlfecK)'1O H306peTaTeJ1b-
HOCTb, BocnpHHMlfHBOCTb K peaJIbHblM HHTepecaM».
MJ1a.n.lllHM cOBpeMeHHHKoM ,[(. A. XBOJ1bCOHa, 3aHHMaBlllHMC.I1 HY-
.n.aI1KOH Cneu,HaJIbHO, 6bIJI H. A. IIepe epKoBHq. Cpe.n.H era HaYlfHblx
3aCJIyr CJIe.n.yeT Ha3BaTb npe)KJ:le Bcero no.n.roToBKY nepBoro H nOKa
e.n.HHCTBeHHoro nepeBo.n.a Ha PYCCKI1H .I13bIK MHlllHbI H TocecpTbI. C co-
BpeMeHHoH TOlfKI1 3peHH.I1, nepeBo.n.bI H. A. nepecpepKoBHlfa HanHcaHbl
T.I1)J.(eJ10BeCHbIM .I13bIKOM, a eCJIH nocMoTpeTb B u,eJIOM, 3aMeTHO TalOKe,
lfTO .n.aHHOMY H3.n.aHHIO He XBaTaeT KOMMeHTapHeB.
,[(n.l1 CBoero BpeMeHH BnOJ1He .n.06POTHbI H B OCHOBe CBoeH He YCTa-
peJ1H .n.o CHX nap CJIe.n.YIOll.{l1e .n.Be pa60TbI H. A. nepecpepKOBHlfa:
- TaJIMY.n., era HCTOpl1.11 H co.n.ep)J.(aHHe. Cn6., 1897;
- Ylfe6HI1K eBpeHcKoH peJIl1rHl1 .n.J1.11 Cpe.n.HHx Ylfe6HbIx 3aBe.n.eHHH.
lJ:aCTb BTOpa.l1 69 . I1CTopH.I1 nO-6H6J1eHCKa.l1. Cn6., 1912. Ha c. 1-110 3.n.eCb
KpaTKo 113JIO)J.(eHa HCTOpH.I1 l1y.n.eeB H OCHOB Hy.n.aH3Ma aT BaBHJ10HcKOro
nJ1eHa .n.o apa6cKoro 3aBOeBaHH.I1. JIl1l11b 6H6J1110rpacpl1lfeCKa.l1 pe.n.KOCTb
.n.aHHoro H3.n.aHH.I1 He n03B0J1.11eT peKOMeH.n.OBaTb era B KalfeCTBe Ylfe6HO-
ro noc06H.I1 B HaUIH .n.HH. KHHra HanHcaHa C)J.(aTblM, .I1CHbIM H npocTblM
.I13blKOM. Bce H3JIO)J.(eHHoe B HeH MO)J.(eT CJIY)J.(I1Tb OCHOBOH BnOJ1He .n.06-
pOTHbIX n03HaHI1H no Hy.n.aHKe .D.JI.I1 HalfI1HalOlU,Hx.
o. B 1912 r. BbIW.1H B CBeT Bce Tpli 'iaCTH :noro Y'ie6HIiKa: 'iaCTb nepBa!I - IiCTOpliJl
6H6JJeHcKWI. 'iaCTb TpeTb!l - IiCTOPIi!l.
56
Tnaea I. I1cmo'lHuKu U ucmopuozparpUR (06l1lue 3aUe'laHIIR)
HeCKOJIbKO paHee pa60TbI H. A. llepe<j>epKOBH'Ia 6b1JIa ony6JIHKO-
BaHa .n.o CHX nap e.n.HHCTBeHHa B CBoeM po.n.e pa60Ta H. H. CeMeHO-
Ba «l1y.n.eH H rpeKo-pHMCKI1H MHp BO BTOpOM BeKe Xpl1CTHaHCKOH 3Pbl.
(O'lepK no I1CTOpHH KYJIbl)'pHoro B3aHMo.n.eHCTBI1 Hapo.n.OB PHM-
CKOH HMnepHH)>>70. no TeM .n.aHHbIM 06ll.{ero nJlaHa 06 aBTope, KOTO-
pbIe HMeIOTC B TeKCTe pa6oTbI, BI1.n.HO, 'ITa 11. 11. CeMeHOB pa60nUI
B 1905 r. B MOCKOBCKOM YHHBepcHTeTe Ha HCTOpI1KO-<j>HJIOJlOrH'IeCKOM
<j>aKYJIbTeTe 71 . OH, cy.n. no BceMY, 6b1JI aHTH'IHI1KOM H BOCTOKOBe-
.n.OM. llpHBe.n.eHHbIe B pa60Te nepeBo.n.bl I1CTO'lHI1KOB nOKa3bIBaIOT, 'ITO
aBTOp npeKpaCHO 3HaJI JIaTHHCKI1H, rpe1.JeCKHH H .n.peBHeeBpeHCKHH
3bIKH. 11. 11. CeMeHOB npo<j>eCCHOHaJlbHO 3aHI1MaJIC np06JIeMaMH
60pb6bl l1.n.eH 11 CHHKpeTI13Ma KYJIbTYP Hapo.n.OB HMnepaTopCKoro
PHMa 7Z .
Ero pa60Ta COCTOHT H3 Tpex rnaB, MaJlO CB 3aHHbIX Me)f()J,Y C060H,
HO 06'be.n.HHeHHbIX 06ll.{eH TeMaTl1KOH - B3aHMOBJII1 HHeM aHTH'IHoro
H H)'.n.eHcKoro MHpOB. llepBa rnaBa nOCB ll.{eHa 06ll.{eMY o'lepK)' OTHO-
llleHH rpeKO-pI1MCKOrO MHpa K Hy.n.eHCKOH KYJIbl)'pe BO II B. BTopa
rnaBa pa60Tbl nOCB ll.{eHa conOCTaBJIeHHIO B3rJI .n.OB pHMCKI1X IOpHCTOB
H raJIaXl1'1eCKHX TeKCTOB Ha HeKOTopble np06JIeMbI ceMeHHoro npaBa. B
TpeTbeH rnaBe 11.11. CeMeHOB 06pamaeTC K BonpocaM a Cxo.n.CTBe B03-
3peHHH Tex HJIH I1HbIX npe.n.CTaBHTeJIeH aHTH'IHOH <j>I1JIOCO<j>HH H aBTOpOB
TaJlMy.n.H'IeCKHX TpaKTaTOB.
C HCTOpH'IeCKOH T01.JKH 3peHH HaH60JIblllHH HHTepec npe.n.CTaBJI eT
BTopa rnaBa pa60TbI, nOCB ll.{eHHa conOCTaBJleHHIO HeKOTopblX B3rn -
.n.OB, KaCalOll.{HXC np06JIeM ceMeHHOH )KH3HI1 B pHMCKOM H H)'.n.eHCKOM
(TaJlMy.n.H'IeCKOM) npaBe, a TaIOKe COBna.n.eHH M 3THX npe.n.CTaBJIeHHH.
06bI1.JHO HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIH YXO,WIT OT nonblTOK HaHTI1 HCTOKH 3THX COBna-
.n.eHHH (CM. B npe.n.bl.n.Yll.{eM naparpa<j>e .n.aHHOH rnaBbI 3aMeTK)' no nOBO-
.D.Y P. MapOHa). liTo )Ke KaCaeTC 11. 11. CeMeHOBa, TO Y Hero, pa60TaB-
lllero 3a nOJIBeKa .n.o P. MapOHa, 6blJIa CBO oc06aJ1 KOHl.(enl.(H no 3TOMY
Bonpocy. OH nHllleT (C. 70-7 I) a TOM, 'ITa np03eJIHTbI, npHMKH)'BlllHe K
H)'.n.eHCKOMY 3aKOH)', .n.OJDKHbl 6blJIH npH.n.ep)KI1BaTbC npaBOBbIX HOpM,
BbIpa6aTbIBaeMbIX B paBBHHHCTH'IeCKI1X lllKOJIax, HO KaK pl1MCKHe rpa-
70 Ony61lllKOBaHO - M., 1905.
71 3T0 Bl1.ilHO no YKa3aHHIO Ha TO, 'iTO pa60Ta ne'iaTaHa no OnpelleJJeHll1O HCTOpHKO-$l1-
JJOJJOrH'iecKOro <jJaK)'lIbTeTa MOCKoBcKoro YHl1BepcHTeTa, a TaKJKe no YKa3aHHIO' 'iTO pa60Ta
H. H. CeMeHoBa 113BlIe'ieHa H3 34 TOMa 3anl1coK HMneparopcKOro MOCK08CKOro YHl1BepCH-
TeTa. au. HCTOpHKO-$lIlIOIIOrH'ieCKHH.
72 80 BBelleHHH K pa60Te H. 11. CeMeHoB nHweT 0 TOM. 'iTO OH CMor ony6JJHKOBaTb 3TY
pa60ry no npoweCTBHH HeMaJJoro K011II'leCTBa lIeT C MOMeHTa COCTalllleHl111 pa6OTbi. K COJKa-
lIeHl1lO, OH He nOIlCHJleT, B '1e 1 3aKJ1IO'Ia."lHCb 3111 TpYllHOCTII.
57
A. f. fpyweBoH, l vdeu u uydauJ.\/ e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6.7uKu u PIHfCKOU lLunepuu
)l()J,aHe 73 IOpl1.n.H'.JeCKI1 no.n.na.n.a.rU1 no.n. .n.eHCTBl1e pl1MCKI1X 3aKOHOB. no-
JTOMY, C TOlfKI1 3peHI1H 11. H. CeMeHoBa, JTI1 np03enl1TbI CTaBR1U1lfI1HOB-
HI1KOB 11 IOpHCTOB nepe.n. He06xo.n.I1MOCTblO Clfl1TaTbCH <j>aKTHlfeCKI1 11
HpaBcTBeHHo C TeMI1 npaBOBblMI1 HOpMaMI1, no KOTOpbIM OHI1, np03enl1-
TbI, )J(HnH. B KalfeCTBe .n.OKa3aTenbCTBa H. H. CeMeHoB npl1Bo.n.I1T cne-
.n.YIOI.l{HH apryMeHT: HeKOTopbIe H3 HOpM pl1MCKOrO npaBa, KacalOI.l{I1XCH
B3al1MOOTHOllleHI1H cynpyroB, B TOlfHO TaKOH )J(e pe.n.aKl{HI1 CYlUeCTBYIOT
B H)'.n.eHCKOM npaBe. CJIe.n.oBaTenbHO, B pl1MCKOe npaBO OHH MOrnl1 no-
naCTb TOJIbKO 113 H)'.n.eHcKoro.
He 6Y.n.Y'I11 CneUHaJIl1CTOM no I1CTOpl111 pl1MCKOro npaBa, aBTOp He
6epeTCH OueHI1BaTb HaYlfHocTb 11 cepbe3HocTb npe)],.l1o)J(eHHoro 11. 11. Ce-
MeHOBblM 06'bHCHemUl 74 . B3aHMOBJII1HHI1e npaBoBbIx HOpM Ha reppl1TOpl111
PHMCKOH I1Mnepl1H, 6eccnopHO, cYI.l{eCTBOBaJIO. ,[I,ocTaTO'lHO BCnOMHI1Tb
a nOHBJ1eHHI1 B HalfaJIe V B. TaK Ha3bIBaeMoro «Cl1pI1HCKOro cy.n.e6HI1Ka».
O.n.HaKO npaBOBOH CI1HKpeTH3M B OTnl1lfl1e aT penl1rH03HOro 113YlfeH
He.n.OCTaTOlfHO 11 MeXaHI13MbI JTOrO B3al1MOBnl1HHI1H .n.o KOHua He HCHbI.
K CO)J(aJIeHI1IO, npI1Xo.n.HTCH KOHCTaTl1pOBaTb, 'ITa pa60Ta H. H. Ce-
MeHOBa OCTaJIaCb e.n.I1HcTBeHHoH B CBoeM po.n.e 11 <j>aKTH'IeCKI1 3a6b1ToH.
nO.n.MelfeHHbIe 11M HBJIeHI1H H BblCKa3aHHbIe BbIBO.n.bI OCTaJIHCb, K cO)J(a-
neHI1IO, He3aMelfeHHbIMI1. LQK. YonnaK (1. Wallach), 3aTparHBalOI.l{I1H B
CBoeH cTaTbe 75 Te )J(e np06JIeMbI, a KOTOpbIX nl1CaJI H. H. CeMeHoB B
TpeTbeH rnaBe CBoeH pa60TbI, cBoero npe.n.llleCTBeHHI1Ka He 3HaeT.
B KOHue XIX 11 B HalfaJIe XX B. B POCCI1I1 HeCKOJIbKO pa3 113.n.aeTCH B
nepeBo.n.e Ha PYCCKHH «HCTOpHJI eBpeeB aT .n.peBHeHllll1X BpeMeH .n.o Ha-
CTOHI.l{ero», HanI1CaHH<UI reHpHXOM rpeneM. TaJIMy.n.HlfeCKOM)' nepl1o.n.y
B HeH nOCBHlUeHbI .n.Ba TOMa -lfeTBepTbIH I1lli1TbIH. CO'lI1HeHl1e feHpl1-
xa fpeua Hanl1CaHO XOpOllll1M H3bIKOM H lfl1TaeTCH C I1HTepeCOM. no xa-
paKTepy JTO .n.06pOTHaH KOMnI1J1HUHJI. B OTnl1lfl1e aT aHaJIOrH'IHOro no
pa3Maxy 11 xapaKTepy MHOroTOMHOro KOMneH.n.H)'Ma C. M. LJ,y6HoBa «Hc-
TOpI1H» feHpl1Xa fpeua co.n.ep)J(I1T .n.OCTaTOlfHO MHoro CCbInOK Ha HCTOlf-
HHKH 11 HaYlfHYIO mrreparypy. B HaCTOHlUee BpeMH CO'lI1HeHl1e f. fpeua
YCTapeno BO MHOrl1X OTHOllleHHJIX, XOTH 11 MO)J(eT 6b1Tb peKOMeH.n.OBaHO
B KalfeCTBe I1CTOlfHI1Ka )],.I1H nepBI1'1HOrO 03HaKOMJIeHI1H C MaTepl1aJIOM.
BbI.n.alOlUI1MCH C06bITI1eM B HaYlfHOH )J(113HI1 POCCHI1 HalfaJIa XX B.
CTaJIO 113.n.aHl1e .n.BeHa.n.uaTI1TOMHOH eBpeHCKOH JHUI1KJ10ne.n.l1l1, He YTpa-
73 TepMHH «pHMCKHe rpaJKJlaHe» npHHa.aneJKHT B llaHHOM crrY'iae H. H. CeMeHOBY. OH He
COBceM npaB B TOM OTHoweHHH, 'iTO np03errHTbi COBepweHHO He 06Jl3aTeJJbHO 6bIJJH PHMCKI-l-
MH rpaJKJlaHaMH.
74 BI-l.11HMO, HeJJb3!1 Bce JKe HCKJJlO'iaTh H B03MOJKHOCTH c-1Y'iaHHOro COBn311eHH!I !lBJleHHH.
7S Wallach J The Colloquy of Marcus Aurelius with the patriarch lehuda 1/1QR. 1940-] 94].
Vol. 31. P.259-286.
58
rwea /, I1cmo'iHuKU U ucmopuozparjJUR (o6ulue laJole'laHIIR)
THBllleH cBoero HaY4Horo 3Ha4eHHH .n.o Hallll1X .n.HeH. B HeH, eCTeCTBeH-
HO, HMelOTCH CTaTbl1 no BceM nepl10.n.aM HCTOpHI1 l1y.n.eeB, B TOM 411C-
JIe - H no pI1MCKOMY.
HeCKonbKO MeHblllee 3Ha4eHI1e C COBpeMeHHOH T04KH 3peHIDI I1MeeT
.n.eHTenbHOCTb C. M. )J:y6HOBa, aBTopa MHorOTOMHOH HCTOpHH eBpeHCKO-
ro Hapo.n.a C .n.peBHeHllH1X BpeMeH, ony6nHKoBaHHOH cnepBa Ha PYCCKOM
H3bIKe, 3aTeM, nocne 3MHrpaUHH C. M. .LO'6HoBa, - Ha HeMeUKOM 76 . Pa60-
Ta HanHcaHa XOpOlllHM H3bIKOM, HO HBJIHeTCH He Hccne.n.OBaHHeM, a .n.06-
pO'THOH KOMnHJIHUHeH .n.oc1)'nHbIx aBTOpy pa60T. C0411HeHI1e C. M. .LO'6-
HOBa He co.n.ep/KMT HHKaKHX CCbIJIOK. C COBpeMeHHOH T04KH 3peHIDI aHa
BO MHOroM YCTapeJlO, XOTII H MO)J(eT 6bITb peKOMeH)J,OBaHO J].JUI nepBH4HO-
ro 03HaK0MJ1eHHH C TeM HJIH HHbIM nepHo.n.OM.
OrMeTI1M TalOKe, 4TO KOMneH.n.H)'MbI f. fpeua H C. M. .LO'6HoBa 3a-
CJIY/KMBalOT BHHMaHIDI H KaK naMHTHHK HCTopH4eCKOH MbIcnH.
B COBeTCKOe BpeMH cepbe3HbIe Hccne.n.OBaHHJI no penHrHOBe.n.eHHIO
(pa306na4HTeJIbHbIe pa60TbI aTeHCTH4eCKoro xapaKTepa 3.n.eCb He B C4eT)
CKopee He nOOlll.pJlJIHCb, 4eM 3anpelll.aJIHCb. n03TOMY KonH4eCTBO pa60T,
H3.n.aHHbIx B 1922-1991 rr. H 3aTpamBaBllH1X B pa3HOH Mepe np06JIeMbI
HCTOpHH Hy.n.eeB H H)'.n.aH3Ma HHTepeCYlOllI.ero Hac nepl1o.n.a, OKa3bIBaeT-
CH 3Ha4I1TeJIbHbIM. ,l(ocTaT04HO 4aCTO, npaB.n.a, 3TO He 60nee 4eM CTaTbH,
3aTpamBalOlll.He nHlllb OT.n.enbHbIe CTOpOHbI HHTepeCYIOlll.ero Hac nepHO-
.n.a H C COBpeMeHHOH T04KH 3peHHH B OCHOBHOM YCTapeBlllHe. BCTpe4alO-
llI.HeCJI )J(e B HeKOTopbIX pa60Tax nonbITKH o606ll1.eHHJI B HaCTOJllll.ee
BpeMJI pe.n.KO npe.n.CTaBnHIOTCJI y6e.n.HTeJIbHbIMH.
CnHCOK pa60T COBeTCKoro BpeMeHI1 OTKpbIBaeTCJI TpeMJI MOHorpa-
<pHHMI1, ony6nHKoBaHHbIMH B O.n.HH H TOT )J(e ro.n., .n.Be 113 KOTOpbIX He
nOTepJlnH cBoero 3Ha4eHHJI .n.o CI1X nop77:
TIOMeHeB A. H. EBpeH B .n.peBHOCTH B Cpe.n.HHe BeKa. nr., 1922.
CTpaHHUbI 177-223 3aHHMaeT pa3.n.eJI «EBpel1 B pHMCK)'1O 3noxy». ):LnH
76 PyCCKOe Ha3BaHHe - «Bce06IUaJI HCTOpHJI eBpeeB OT llpeBHeHwHx BpeMeH 110 HaCTOJlme-
roo Ha OCHOBaHHH HOBeJ:iwHX I1cCJJellOBaHHih>. HHTepecylOmHH Hac TpemJ:i TOM ony6JJ1iKOBaH
B neTep6ypre B 1905 r. HeMeUKHH BapHaHT - Die Geschichte des judischen Volkes in Orient.
Yon Untergange Judiias bis rom Verfall der autonomen Zentren im Morgenlande. Berlin, 1926,
77 npI1BO;UI:'dbIH HH)I(e 0630p pa60T OXBaTbIBaeT JJliWb ry 'iaCTb Hcc,le;lOBaHHH no ceMHTO-
JJOrHl1, KOTOpaJI KaCaeTCJI HenocpellCTBeHHo CIO)I(eTOB, paCC:'daTpHBaeMblx B ;laHHOii pa6<JTe,
06Wl1e 06JOpbl no paJBHTHIO CeMHTOJJOrHH B CCCP npellCTaBJJeHbl B c.lell)'JOWI1X CTaTbJlX:
CmapKo60 K. E. CeMHTOJJOrHJl B CCCP 3a COpOK JJeT II Y'ieH. Jan. HHCTHryTa BOCTOKOBelleHHJI.
T. xxv. M" 1960. C. 263-277; Ee.flJ/e6 B, J/,. BUHHuKoe J/. H. Apa611CTHKa H CeMHTOJJOrHJl Ha
BOCTO'IHOM tjJaKY,lbTeTe (Y'ieH. Jan, JlfY. Cep. BOCTOKoBellH. HaYK, (296). 19606. BbIn. 13
C. 98-] 10; Ee.7Re6 B, J1., BUHHuKoe 11, H. Apa6HCTI1Ka H CeMHTOJJOrHJl B neTep6yprcKOM-lle-
HliHrp311CKOM YHI1BepCHrere (HanpaBJJeHHJI H JJHHHII paJBHTHJI) II BeCTH.llrY. HcropHJI. 5IJbIK.
llHreparypa. ]969. BbIn. L C. 137-142; CmapKoea K. 5, re6paHCTHKa II AJl1arCKHH :'dpeH-
11eHllHrp311CKOe OT;leJJeHHe HHCTHryTa BOCTOKOBe.aeHIUI AH CCCP. M" 1972. C. 544-559.
59
A. r. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydau1M 6 ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6J//IKU u PU\fCKOU UMnepulI
CBoero BpeMeHH pa60Ta OlfeHb Xopowaji. B OCHOBHOM He YCTapella aHa
H .n.o CHX nap. B OTllHlfHe OT C. R. JIypbe, lfbji pa60Ta 6bIlla H3.n.aHa B TOM
)Ke ro.n.y, A. H. TIOMeHeB npe.n.nOlfl1TaeT H3J1araTb TOllbKO <paKTbl H He
3aHHMaTbCji TeOpeTI13HpOBaHl1eM.
JIYPbe C. .H. AIITHCeMI1TH3M B ,lJ,peBHeM Ml1pe, nonbITKH 06'bjiCHeHHji
era B HaYKe H ero npHlfHHbJ. ITr., 1922. IIepeH:J aHo C oT.n.ellbHoH nam-
HaUHeH B KalfeCTBe np"110)KeHHji K clle.n.ylOlUeH KHl1re - <l>HllOH AneK-
caH.n.pHHcKHH. ITpOTHB <l>llaKKa. 0 nOCOllbCTBe K falO. HOCH<P <l>llaBHH.
o .n.peBHocTH eBpeHcKoro Hapo.n.a. ITpOTHB AnHoHa. M., 1994. (EH611H-
OTeKa <l>llaBHaHa. BbIn. 3). IIepeH:J aHo B H3paHJIe Ha PYCCKOM ji3bl-
Ke - TeJlb-ABHB, 1976.
Pa60Ta Hanl1CaHa B BeCbMa npl1cTpacTHOH MaHepe 11 neCTpHT <PPa3aMI1,
KOTopble B HaYlfHoH JIl1reparype HeYMeCTHbl HH no <popMe, HI1 no CYTH. O.n.HH
npl1Mep78: «ITpaB.n.a, I..{l1uepoH B pelfl1 "B 3alUl1l)' <l>JIaKKa" (m. 28) Bblcl)'na-
eT KaK 6y.n.TO 6bl C cOBepllleHHo HOBblM B JlI.rreparype 06BHHeHHeM - C
BnOCJIe.n.CTBI1H CTOJIb CI1JIbHO -rpenaBllleHCji B JIHTeparype reOpl1eH 0 BceMO-
rylUecTBe eBpeHcKoro KaraJIa, 11 BCji pe% ero HanOJIHeHa 3<l><l>eKTl1poBaHHbIM
CTpaxOM nepe.n. MeCTblO BCeCI1JIbHoro eBpeHCTBa». ITepe.n. HaMl1 jiPKHH npl1Mep
60JIe3HeHHO-npI1CTpacTHoro OTHOllleHl1ji K I1CTOlfHI1KaM, Kor.n.a He060CHOBaH-
HbIe no cym (XOTIl <POpMaJIbHO B03MO)f(Hble!) BbIBO.n.bl .n.eJIaJOTCji H3 <PPa3bI,
jiBJUllOlUeHCji 06pa3uOM 3<p<peKTHOH, HO He HeCYlUeH CMbICJIOBOH HarpY3KI1
pl1TOpl1KI1. B O.n.HOM MeCTe pelfl1 I..{I1UepOH .n.eHCTBI1TeJIbHO 3a51BJU1eT a TOM,
lfTO c0611paeTcji roBOpl1Tb BnOJIroJIOca, .n.a6bI ero YCJIbIlllaJIl1 TOJIbKO Cy.n.bl1,
a co.n.eHCTBOBaTh I1HblM JIIO.n.jiM OH He 6y.n.eT. (Pro Fiacco, 28:66). Y Hac HeT
HHKaKI1X OCHOBaHHH I1CXO.LJ.jj 113 3TOH KOKeTJII1BOH penJII1KI1 .n.eJIaTb BbIBO.n.bl a
BceMorylUeCTBe «eBpcHCKoro KaraJIa» B PI1Me 11 XOTb 0 KaKOM-TO BJIl1jiHl111
)f(HBlllHX B PI1Me l1y.n.eeB Ha nOJII1Tl1lfecKYIO )f(113Hb PI1Ma. .JlIo60MY cneUHa-
JII1Cl)' no .n.peBHeH I1CTOpHI1 XOpOlllO 113BeCTHbl .n.Ba <paKTa:
- HeCJlYlfaHHO Y)Ke MHome BeKa pelfH I..{HuepoHa jiBlljilOTCji npH-
3HaHHblMH 06pa3uaMI1 opaTopCKoro PHTOpHqeCKoro MaCTepCTBa 79 ;
- pelfH I..{HuepoHa, HanHcaHHble Ha 3aKa3, JlHWb B MHHHMaJlbHOH
CTeneHH OTpa)KalOT ero c06CTBeHHble B3r1lji.n.bl.
OCHOBHOi1 BbIBO.n. C. R. JIYPbe 0 npHlfHHax aHTl1lfHoro aHTHceMHTH3-
Ma TaIOKe jiBJIjieTCji xapaKTepHblM npHMepOM HlITepeCHOH HaYlfHOH l1.n.eH,
OCMblCJIeHHOH 6011ee lfeM cnopHblM 06pa30M. «ITOCTOjiHHOH npHlfHHOH,
BbI3blBaBllleH aHTI1CeMHTH3M, no HallleMY MHeHI1IO, 6bIlla Ta oc06eHHOCTb
78 Jlypbe C. fI. AHTHCeMHTI13M... C. 65-{j6.
79TaK, pe'iH llMuepoHa AaIOT BeCbMa npeBpaTHOe npellCTaBJIeHHe 0 JaroBOpe KaTHJ1HHbl,
He JlBJlJlBWHMC!I CTOJJb 3Ha'iHMbIM H llpaMaTH'iHblM C06bITl-leM, KaK JaXOTeJJOCb npellCTaBHTh
JHaMeHHTOMY oparopy.
60
[;wea J. I1cmo'iHuKu U ucmopuozparjJull (06ulue JaUe'laHUll)
eBpeHcKoro Hapo.n.a, BCJIe.n.CTBl1e KOTOpOH OH, He HMe HH c06CTBeHHOH
TeppHTOpI1H, HH cBoero 3bIKa H 6Y.D.Y411 pa36pocaHHbIM no BceMY MHPY,
TeM He MeHee (npHHHMa )l(HBeHlllee Y4aCTHe B )l(H3HI1 HOBOH pO.n.HHbI
H OTHIO.n.b HI1 OT KOro He 060co6JI Cb) OCTaBaJIC Hal.(110HaJIbHO-rocy-
.n.apCTBeHHbIM opraHH3MOM»80.
np06JIeMa OCMbICJleHH caMHX ce6 H oco6eHHOCTeH CBoeH K)'Jlbl)'-
pbI B xo.n.e I1CTOpl14eCKOro pa3BHTI1 BeCbMa BroKHbI .n.JI nOHHMaHH
HCTopH4eCKOH nCHXOJlOrHH 11 caMOC03HaHH JII060ro Hapo.n.a. O.n.HaKO
BbI CH Tb 3TO Ha)J,O, BnOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHO, I1CXO,WI H3 KpHTepHeB pac-
CMaTpHBaeMOH 3nOXH, a He BpeMeHH )J(H3HI1 I1CCJIe.n.OBaTeJl . CaM no
ce6e <paKT OC03HaHH H)'.n.e MH CBoero e.n.I1HCTBa B l.(eJIOM COMHeHHH He
BbI3bIBaeT, HO H3 3Toro e.n.HHCTBa BOBce He BbITeKaeT caMOC03HaHI1e
caMHX ce6 Hal.(HOHaJIbHo-rocy.n.apCTBeHHbIM opraHH3MOM. TaK BH./I:HT-
Cft C. .H. JlYPbe H HeKOTOpbIM HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJI M Py6e)J(a XIX-XX BB.
.D:oKa3aTeJlbCTB cYll.(eCTBOBaHH 3Toro «Hal.(HOHaJIbHo-rocy.n.apCTBeHHO-
ro opraHH3Ma» XOT 6bI B nJIaHe H.n.el1, xapaKTepH3YIOll.(eH oc06eHHocTH
MeHTaJIHTeTa H)'.n.eeB B .n.peBHOCTH, He npHBo.n.I1TC . 81 B pe3YJIbTaTe I1CCJIe-
.n.OBaHHe cepbe3HOH np06JIeMbI HcropH4ecKOH nCHXOJlOrHH H caMOC03-
HaHH 3THoca OKa3bIBaeTC no.n.MeHeHHbIM MHeHIDIMH rpynnbI HCCJIe.1J.O-
BaTeJIeH py6e)J(a XIX-XX BBY J13JIHUlHe roBOpHTb, 4TO C cOBpeMeHHoH
T04KH 3peHH KOHl.(em.{H C. .H. Jlypbe He npOCTO YCTapeJIa, a HeBepHa
no CBoeH HCXO.n.HOH nOCbIJIKe 83 . ABTOpy .n.aHHOH pa60TbI npe.n.CTaBJ1 eT-
C 60JIee npO.1J.YKTHBHbIM cnepBa .n.orOBopHTbC a co.n.ep)J(aHHH caMoro
TepMHHa «aHTHceMHTH3M», a 3aTeM HCKaTb peaJIbHbIe HCTOKH BJ1eHH
Bce )J(e B HHOH HCTopH4eCKOH 3noxe, HO He B KceHo<po6l1H apHCTOKparOB
80 JlYPbe C. fl. AHTHCeMHTH3M... C. 8. npHMeHHTeJJbHO K aHTH'iHOCTH 3Ta JKe MblCJJb
cneUHaJJbHO paccMaTpHBaeTC!I B KHHre C. 5I. JIypbe HeCKOJJbKO HHJKe - c. ]45-151.
81 CM. c. 149-150 KHHrH C. 51. 11ypbe. B .llpyroM MeCTe (c. 9-]0 KHHrH) C. 51. JIypbe
o6bJlCH!leT CBOIO TO'iKY 3peHH!I, O.llHaKO B Hay'iHOM HCCJJellOBaHHH TaKOe o6bJlCHeHHe BpJlll JJH
MOJKHO C'iHTarb y6e.llHTeJJbHblM. TaK, paCCyJKlleHH!I 0 HI'UHOHaJJbHo-roCY.llapCTBeHHOM opra-
HH3Me y HYlleeB B .llpeBHOCTH 3aBepWaIOTC!I CJJe.llYlOlI.IHM 06PIl3OM: «ECTeCTBeHHO, 'iTO HeeB-
peH He MOrJJH HH nOHJITb, HH npH3Harb )TOro cjJaKTa. ECJJH !l3b1K H TeppHTOpHJI - condicio
sine qua non BC!lKOro HaUHOHaJJbHOro 'iYBCTBa, TO CBoe HaUHOHaJJbHo-roCY.llapCTBeHHoe
'iYBCTBO y JKHBWHX BHYTpH 3JJJJHHCKOro 06weCTBa eBpeeB .llHaCnOpbl .llOJJJKHO 6b1JJO npellCTaB-
JJ!lTbC!I HM KaK npecrynHOCTb, KaK HpaBCTBeHHOe Bblp0JK.lleHHe».
82 C. 51. JIypbe 6blJJ He O.llHHOK co CBoeH TO'iKOH 3peHH!I. EJJH3KHe B3rJJ!I.llbl p33.lleJJ!lJla B
p33HOH CTeneHH ueJJa!I rpynna HeMeUKHX HCCJJellOBaTeJJeH (IinY.llay, 3oM6apT, <1>pei1JleHTaJJb,
WTereJJHH, 3. MeHep).
8} BnOJlHe B03MOJKHO, npaBlla, 'iTO npo6JJeMaTHKa H npHHUHnbl nOllXOlla, O'ieBHllHble Ha
py6eJKe XX-XXI BB., 6blJIH llaJJeKO He TaK O'ieBHllHbI B Ha'iaJJe XX B. (cp. HCTOpHJl BOCTOKa.
I. BOCTOK B .llpeBHOCTH. M., 1997. fJl. XXXlII «KopeHHble nepeMeHbl B MHpoB033peHHH
(<<oceBoe BpeM!I»»). C. 578-587. 3TH crpaHHUbI, nOCB!lweHHble MHpOB033peHHlO H MHPO-
owyweHHIO 'ieJlOBeKa B .llpeBHOCTH, a TaKJKe HX H3MeHeHHJlM, HanHcaHbl B. A. 51K06coHoM.
61
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uydaU3.w I> ucmopull PUMCKOU pecny6.7lIKU U PII.WCKOU UJunepuu
aHTH'IHoro MHpa, HMelOLIJ.eH OLfeHb OT.n.aJIeHHOe OTHOllJeHHe K TOMY, LfeM
jiBJUleTCji aHTHceMHTH3M B COBpeMeHHOM MHpe.
LJ:TO KaCaeTCji nepeH3.n.aHHH pa60TbI C. 51. JIypbe, TO OHH 06'bjiCtUllOT-
Cji, CKopee Bcero, TeM, LfTO .n.o nOCJ1e.n.Hero BpeMeHH 3TO 6bIJ1a e.n.HHCTBeH-
HID! pa60Ta Ha PYCCKOM ji3bIKe, B KOTOpOH 3Ta np06J1eMa paCCMaTpHBarraCb
npHMeHHTeJIbHO K aHTHLfHOCTH. JIHlllb B 1997 r. 6bIJI ony6JIHKOBaH nepBbIH
TOM COLfHHeHHji JIbBa nOJ1jiKOBa no.n. Ha3BaHHeM «l1cTOpHji aHTI1CeMHTH3-
Ma. 3noxa BepbD> Ha PYCCKOM ji3bIKe. XapaKfepHO, LfTO nepHO.n.y aHTHLf-
HOCTH B HeH nOCBjiLIJ.eHO 28 cTpaHHI..{ (c. 6-34). 3TO)')Ke 11 caMO no ce6e
nOKa3bIBaeT, LITO, C TOLfKH 3peHIDI aBTopa, aHTHceMHTH3M - 3TO jiBJ1eHHe
ropa3.n.o 60J1ee n03.n.Hero BpeMeHH.
B03BpaLIJ.ID!Cb eLIJ.e pa3 K pa60Te C. 51. JIypbe, OTMeTHM eLIJ.e pa3, LfTO
.n.OCTOHHCTBOM KHHrH jiBJIjieTCji XOpOllJID! npopa6oTKa HCTOLfHHKOB, KO-
TOpaji B 3HaLfHTeJ1bHOH Mepe «ypaBHOBellJHBaeTCji» BeCbMa npOH3B0J1b-
HbIMH H CHJ1bHO nOJII1TH3HpOBaHHbIMH KOHl..{enI..{HjiMH. XOTeJIOCb 6bI OT-
MeTI1Tb TaIOKe, LfTO OCHOBHbIe HaYLfHbIe I1HTepeCbI C. 51. JIYPbe J1e)l(aJIH
B COBepllJeHHO HHOH 06JIaCTH. OH 6bIJI Cnel..{HaJIHCTOM no HCTOpHH ,[(peB-
HeH rpel..{HH H jiBJIjieTCji aBTopoM HeCKOJIbKHX OLfeHb l..{eHHbIX pa60T no
HCTOpHH aHTHLfHOH HaYKH, 06LIJ.eCTBeHHoH MbICJ1H H <pHJ10CO<pHH84. LJ:TO
)l(e KaCaeTCji n0J10)l(eHHji H)'.n.eeB B aHTHLfHOM MHpe H HCTOKOB aHTHceMH-
TH3Ma, TO 3Ta TeMa npe.n.CTaBJIjiJ1a )J,J1ji Hero HeKOTopbIH HHTepec, HO He
CTaHOBHJ1aCb )J,J1ji ero HaYLfHoro TBopLfeCTBa OCHOBHOH 85 .
B TOM )l(e 1922 r. 6bIJ1a ony6J1HKOBaHa pa60Ta H. M. HHKOJlbCKOrO
«)J;peBHHH lhpaHJIb», npe.n.CTaBJIjilOLIJ.aji C060H .n.06POTHbIH HaYLfHO-
nonYJIjipHbIH oLfepK no HCTOpHH H)'.n.eeB B paMKax HCTOpHH )J;peBHero
BocToKa H aHTHLfHoCTH 86 . Pa60Ta H. M. HHKOJIbCKOrO, He npeTeH.n.ylO-
84 a c. 51. 11YPbe H ero pa60Tax CM. nOllp06HO - (/JPOJlOI> 3. JJ. PYCCKaJI HaYKa 06 aHTH-
'iHOCTH: HCTOpHorpa<j>H'ieCKHe O'iepKH. Cfl6., 2006. C. 491-516.
85 CO ('JJOB ll. H. H. H. A. 11eBHHcKOH, pa60TalOweH B CaHKT-fleTep6yprcKOM HHcTHryTe
HCropHH PAH, 3HaID 0 cyweCTBOBaHHH HHKOflla He ny6JJHKOBaBlIIerOC!I Broporo BapHaHTa
pa60Tbl C. 51. 11ypbe no HCropHH aHTHMceMHTH3Ma B aHTH'iHOCTH. OH 6bIJJ nOllrOTOBJJeH K
ne'iaTH 11. A. 11eBHHCKOH, O.llHaKO B MOMeHT OKOH'iaTeJIbHOH pe.llaKUHH TeKCTa llaHHOH pa60-
Tbl (BecHa-JJero 2007 r.) Bropoe H311aHHe KHHm C. .H. 11YPbe no HCropHH aHTHceMHTH3Ma B
aHTH'iHOCTH ewe He 6blJIO Ony6JIHKOBaHO.
80 H311aHHe pa60Tbl B 1922 r. JlBJJJleTC!I Ha caMOM lleJIe He 60JJee 'ieM nepeH311aHHeM C
ocoBpeMeHHBaHHeM op$orpa$HH. nepBoe H311aHHe pa60Tbl H. M. HHKO,lbCKOro He HMeeT
YKaJaHHJI rOlia ny6JIHKaIIHH. B H306HJ1HH BblXOlla KHHr no HYlleJ:icKoH TeMarHKe B 1922 r. He
CJIe.llyeT, CY.ll!l no BceMY, HCKaTb KaKOH-TO OC06blH my6HHHblH CMblCJJ. nOCJJe OKOH'iaHHJI
fpaJK.llaHCKOH BOHHbl JKH3Hb H311aTeJJbCTB BOWJJa B HOpMaJJbHoe PYCJIO H Ha'iaJJCJI 06bl'iHb1H
.llJ1J1 cneUHaJJH3HpOBaHHblX H311areJlbCTB BbmYCK HaY'iHOH JJIoITeparypbl. B 20-e rr. 6blJl0 H3-
.llaHO MHOro ueHHOH Hay'iHOH JIHTeparypbl KaK OTe'ieCTBeHHblX, TaK H 3apy6eJKHblX HCCJIellO-
BareJJeH B nepeBollax Ha PYCCKHH Jl3blK.
62
F:w6a I, I1cmo'iHuKu II ucmopllozpaqJUR (06u(lIe 3G.\le'laHlIR)
llla.ll Ha 60JIblllYlO my6HH)', Ba)I(Ha TeM He MeHee CBOHMH npHHQl1naMH
no.n.xo.n.a K MaTepl1aJIY: aBTOp nHllleT (c. IV) a CBoeM )KeJIaHHH nonYJ1.11-
pH30BaTb HCTOpHIO lhpaHJI.II BHe KaKI1X-J1H60 KOH<peCCHOHaJIbHbIX TeH-
.n.eHQHH.
fopa3.n.o 60J1ee cepbe3HbiM HCCJIe.n.OBaHHeM no BceM np06J1eMaM aH-
TI1CeMI1TH3Ma no cpaBHeHHIO C pa6OToi1 C. 51. J1ypbe .IIBJI.IIeTC.II ony6J1H-
KOBaHHa.ll B 1929 r. pa60Ta H3BecTHoro Me.n.l1eBHCTa C. r. Jlo3HHCKOro
«COQHaJIbHbIe KOpHH aHTHCeMIITH3Ma B Cpe.n.Hl1e BeKa H B HOBoe BpeM.II».
B .n.BYX nepBbIX maBax pa60TbI «3KoHOMJ1LleCKaJl pOJ1b eBpeeB B paHHeM
Cpe.n.HeBeKOBbe» (c. 5-15) H «OTHollleHHe cpe.n.HeBeKoBoH QepKBH K
eBpeJlM» (c. 15-29) aBTop KaCaeTCJI nOJ1O)KeHHJI Hy.n.eeB B aHTJ1LIHOCTH,
npeHMYlllecTBeHHo B n03.n.HeH. B XpOH0J10rl1'-IeCKOM OTHOllleHHH pa60Ta
C. r. J103HHcKoro JlBJ1J1eTCJI, TaKHM 06pa30M, .n.onOJ1HeHHeM K pa60Te
C. 51. J1ypbe, o.n.HaKO - eCJ1H rOBopHTb no CYTH - pa3JIJ1LlHe Me)K.n.y
HHMH OqeHb 60J1bllloe. OCHoBHbIe BbIBO.n.bI C. f. J103I1HCKOro, KacalO-
lllHeCJI nepHo.n.a paHHero Cpe.n.HeBeKOBbJl, MO)KHO C<POPMYJIHpOBaTb
CJ1e.n.YlOlllHM 06pa30M. ,[(0 XII B. EBpona He 3HaJIa 3KOHOMHqeCKOrO,
COQHaJIbHOrO aHTHceMHTH3Ma. OCHOBHoe ee HaCeJ1eHHe COCTaBJIJlJ1H
KpeCTbJlHe, KOTopbIe Hy.n.eeB HHKor.n.a He BI1.n.eJ1H H He MomH HMeTb no
OTHOllleHHIO K HHM KaKHX-JIH60 3MOQHH. AHTHHy.n.eHCKaJl arHTaQHJI
lllJ1a co CTOpOHbI QepKBH, HO MaKCHMYM 3TOH arHTaQHH CBO.n.HJ1CJI K
06'bJlBJIeHHIO Hy.n.eeB BparaMH XpHCTl1aHCTBa. nponOBe.n.H )Ke COQHaJIb-
Horo aHTHceMHTH3Ma He 6bIJIO H co CTOpOHbI QepKOBHbIX KpyrOB. 3TOT
BbIBO.n. npe.n.CTaBJ1J1eTCJI BeCbMa Ba)I(HbIM .n.J1J1 npaBHJIbHOrO nOHHMaHI1J1
HCTOpHH B03HHKHOBeHH.II H pa3BHTHJI aHTHl1y.n.eHCKHX CTepeOTHnOB
MbIlllJ1eHHJI.
HeKOTopbIM He.n.OCTaTKOM pa60TbI C. f. J103HHcKoro JlBJIJleTCJI OTCyr-
CTBHe HaCTOJllllerO aHaJIH3a caMOH TepMHH0J10rHH. TaK, OH HHqerO He
nHllleT a TOM, KaKoe co.n.ep)KaHHe OH BKJ1a.n.bIBaeT B nOH.IITHe aHTHceMH-
TH3Ma, OrpaHHqHBaJlCb JIHlllb 3a.llBJIeHHeM (C. 14-15) a TOM, qTO HeT
HHKaKHX OCHOBaHHH 06'bJlBJIJlTb aHTI1CeMHTH3M H3HaqaJIbHbIM H 113Beq-
HbIM. He Bcer.n.a nOJ1O)KeHHJI C. f. J103HHcKoro apryMeHTHpoBaHbI .n.OC-
TaTOqHO nOJIHO. 11 Bce )Ke 3HaqeHHe 3TOH KHHrH BeJIHKO - 3TO nOKa
e.n.HHCTBeHHoe cepbe3Hoe HayqHOe HCCJ1e.n.OBaHHe Ha PYCCKOM .113bIKe
3a.llBJ1eHHoro npe.n.MeTa 6e3 .n.eMOHH3aQI1I1 H C 060cHoBaHHeM BeCbMa
Ba)I(HOrO Te3Hca a TOM, qTO aHTHH)'.n.eHCKHe HaCTpOeHH.II, KaK H JII060e
JlBJ1eHHe B HCTOpI1H, npoxo.n.JlT .D.JIHTeJIbHbIH nYTb pa3BHTHJI, MeH.IIJlCb OT
3nOXH K 3noxe.
B 1923 r. 6bIJIa ony6J1HKOBaHa CTaTbJl H. B. llHryJIeBCKOii «113 HC-
TOpHH COQHaJIbHbIX H peJ1HrH03HbIX .n.BH)KeHI1H B naJIeCTHHe B pHMCK)'1O
3noxy». 3TO 6bIJIO e.n.HHCTBeHHoe 06pallleHHe H3BeCTHoro COBeTCKOrO
63
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. l1yoeu u uyoaulM e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6. IIKu II PW<ICKOU u,wnepllll
BOCTOKOBe.n.a K TaJIMy.n.HLJeCKOMY MaTepHaJIy 87 . nOCBRLIJ.eHa :>Ke CTaTbR
TepMHH)' «Hapo.n. 3eMJIH» H oc06eHHOCTRM era ynoTpe6JIeHHR.
,[(0 BeJIHKOH OreLJeCTBeHHOH BOHHbI H HeCKOJIbKO JIeT nOCJIe ee 3a-
BepllleHHR BaBHJIOHCKHM TaJIMy.n.OM KaK HCTOpHLJeCKHM HCTOLJHI1KOM
3aHI1MaJICR 10. A. COJloJJ.Yxo. Ba:>KHeHlllHe H3 era CTaTeH:
- ,[(BH:>KeHHe M3.3.n.aKa H BOCCTaHHe eBpeHCKoro HaCeJIeHHR I1paKa
B nepBOH nOJIOBHHe VI B. H. 3. II B,[(11. 1940. N!! 3-4. C. 130-145.
- 3HaLJeHHe eBpeHcKHx I1CTOLJHHKOB paHHero Cpe.n.HeBeKoBbR )J,JIR
HCTOpHH DJIIDKHero BocToKa II COBeTcKoe BOCTOKOBe.n.eHl1e. 1941. T. 2.
C. 37-52.
- KOHueHTpaUHR 3eMJIH H 06e33eMeJII1BaHHe MeJIKHX 3eMeJIbHbIX
c06cTBeHHHKoB B I1paKe BO ll-V BB. H. 3. (no TaJIMy.n.I1LJeCKHM .n.aHHbIM) II
B,lU1. 1947. N!! 2. C. 40-51.
- nO.n.aTH H nOBHHHOCTH B I1paKe B lII-V BB. H. 3. II COBeTCKoe
BOCTOKOBe.n.eHHe. 1948. T. 5. C. 55-72.
K CO:>KaJIeHHIO, OCTaJIaCb Heony6JII1KOBaHHoH CJIe.n.yIOLIJ.a.sI MOHorpa<pI1R
10. A. COJIo.n.yxo, 3aTparHBaIOLIJ.a.sI Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO BonpocbI, paccMaT-
pHBaeMbIe B .n.aHHoH pa60Te, - «3eMJIeBJIa,n,eHHe H 3eMJIenOJIb30BaHHe
B I1paKe H CHpHH BO II-V BB. HallleH 3pbI». Pa60Ta HIDW.n.I1TCR B APXH-
Be BOCTOKOBe.n.OB Cn6 cI>I1B PAH88. Cy.n.R no BceMY, 3TO e.n.I1HCTBeHHa.sI
Bf1lIOTb .n.o HaCTORLIJ.erO BpeMeHH pa60Ta Ha PYCCKOM R3bIKe, B KOTOpOH
TaJIMY.n. HCnOJIb3YeTCR KaK HCTOLJHHK no 3KOHOMHKe .n.peBHero DJIIDKHe-
ro BocToKa.
BnOCJIe.n.cTBHH HeCKOJIbKO cTaTeH 10. A. COJIO.n.yxo 6bIJII1 113.n.aHbI B
aHrJIl1HCKOM nepeBo.n.e C HpOHI1LJHO-CHI1Cxo.n.HTeJIbHbIMH KOMMeHTapHR-
MH H3BeCTHoro aMepHKaHcKoro CneUl1aJIHCTa no TaJIMY.n.y ,L(:>K. HbIOC-
Hepa 89 .
B 30-e rr. HaLJaJIaCb HaYLJHa.sI .n.eRTeJIbHOCTb H3BeCTHoro COBeTcKoro
aHTHKOBe.n.a A. E. PaHOBHqa, Heo.n.HoKpaTHO 06paLIJ.aBlllerocR K HCTOpHH
Hy.n.eeB B paMKax HCTOpHH aHTHLJHOCTH. nepBa.sI TaKa.sI pa60Ta - «OLJep-
KH HCTOpHH .n.peBHeeBpeHcKOH peJIHrHH». BBo.n.HaR CTaTbR aKa.n.eMHKa
H. HHKOJIbCKoro. M., 1937. Pa60Ta ony6JIHKOBaHa.n.0 Haxo.n.OK K)'MpaH-
CKHX TeKCTOB. Y:>Ke n03TOM)' aHa 6e3Ha.n.e)J(H0 YCTapeJIa. HeJIb3R TaIOKe
87 B llaHHoJ:i pa60re HCnOJJb3YeTC!I H3.llaHHe CTarbH B C60pHHKe, ony6JIHKOBaHHOM YJKe
nOCJJe CMepTH H. B. flHryJJeBCKOH: flUZYJ/eBCKaJI H. B. DJJHJKHHH BOCTOK. BH3aHTHJI. CJJaBJI-
He. 11., 1976. C. 94-107.
88 P. 1. on. 8., N2 124. CY.ll!l no .illITe B KOHue npellHCJJOBHJI (JJ. 8), pa60Ta 3aBeprneHa B
llexa6pe 1937 r.
89 Soviet views of Talmudic Judaism. Five papers by Yu. A. Solodukho in English translation
edited with a commentary by J. Neusner. Leiden, 1973. (Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity
from the first to the seventh century edited by J. Neusner. Vol. two.)
rJlaea ], HCmO'IHUKU U ucmopUO?paifJuH (06l1ll1e 3a\le'laHlIH)
He OTMeTHTb, H3BeCTHbIe aBTOpy cpaKfbI TpaKI)'IOTCH B HeH Bpo.n.e 6bI H
.n.06POTHO, HO C O"leHb 60JIblllOH .n.OJ1eH CXeMaTH"IHOCTI1 H npHMHTHBI1-
3aQHH. OOCJ1e.n.mIH maBa KHl1rH - «l1y.n.eH nOCJ1e BoccTaHHH I-II BB.
TaJIMY.n.» (c. 352-374) co.n.ep)KHT KpaTKOe H3J10)f(eHHe HCTOpHH OaJIec-
TI1HbI H Hy.n.eeB OT nopIDKeHHH BOCCTaHHH bap Kox6bI .n.o nepHo.n.a 003-
.n.HeH HMnepHI1 11 KpaTKYIO, .n.OCTaTO"lHO nOBepXHOCTH)'IO, xapaKfepHC-
THKY TaJIMy.n.a. B )TOM OTHOllleHI1H pa60Ta A. b. PaHOBl1"1a HBHbIH lllar
HaJa.n. no cpaBHeHl110 C I1CCJ1e.n.OBaHI1HMI1 11. f. TpOI1QKOro.
OocJ1e BeJIHKOH OTe"leCTBeHHoH BOHHbl A. E. PaHOBHqeM 6blJ1a
HanHcaHa e.n.I1HCTBeHHaH (.n.o CHX nap!) pa60Ta 06111ero nJ1aHa a BOCTO"l-
HblX npOBHHQH}}X - «BOCTO"lHble npOBHHQI1H PI1MCKOH HMnepHH B 1-
III BB.» (M.; J1., 1949). B )TOH pa60Te A. b. PaHOBH"I cneQHaJIbHO a
OaJIeCTHHe, Hy.n.e}}X H Hy.n.aH3Me He nl1llleT, HO B maBe «CHPH}}» (c. 127-
165 .n.aHHoH KHHfi1) .n.aHHbIe TaJIMy.n.a aBTopOM HCn0J1b3YIOTC}} Heo.n.-
HOKpaTHO. HeJIb3}} He OTMeTI1Tb Taro cpaKfa, "ITa B KHHre A. b. PaHoBH-
"Ia naJIeCTHHa KaK npe.n.MeT HCCJ1e.n.OBaHI1H OTCYTcTByeT, Tor.n.a KaK BceM
OCTaJIbHbIM npOBI1HQH.SIM B pa60Te nOCB}}llleHa OT.n.eJ1bH<UI maBa. CKopee
Bcero, 06'bHCHeHl1e )TOMY cJIe.n.yeT HCKaTb B ro.n.e Bblxo.n.a KHl1rH, B oco-
6eHHOCT}}X MeHTaJIl1TeTa cOBeTcKoH )nOXH H B 060cTpeHHH n0J10)KeHI1H
Ha bJ1H)f(HeM BocToKe B CB}}3H C 06paJoBaHHeM rocy.n.apcTBa 113paHJ1b.
He HCKJ1IO"IeHO, npaB.n.a, "ITa TaKa}} maBa 6bIJ1a HanHcaHa, HO He BOlllJ1a
B KHHry, H60 o.n.Ha H3 nOCJ1e.n.HHX ny6JII1KaQHH A. b. PaHOBH"Ia (CM. CJ1e-
.n.ylOlllYlO CTpaHHQY) no KOMn03HQI1H, npHHQHnaM HanHCaHH}} MaTepl1-
aJIa H no H.n.e}}M nOBTOpHeT maBbI MOHorpacpl1H a BOCTO"lHbIX npoBHH-
QHHX.
3Ta pa60Ta BO MHorOM YCTapeJ1a, H60 3a npollle.n.lllHe 55 JIeT C MO-
MeHTa ee ny6J1HKaQHH apxe0J10rl1"1eCKOe H3Y"leHHe bJIH)f(HerO BOCTOKa
BbI}}BHJ10 CTOJIb 60J1blllOe KOJ1H"IeCTBO HOBbIX Ha.n.nI1CeH H nanHpYCOB,
"ITa O"leHb MHOfi1e nOJIO)f(eHHH A. b. PaHOBH"Ia H)')KJI.aIOTCH B nepecMo-
Tpe H YTo"lHeHHI1.
4epe3 BoceMb JIeT 6blJIa ony6JIHKOBaHa pa60Ta 6J1H3KOro co.n.ep)f(a-
HH.SI - JIHBWHQ r. M. K.nacCOB<UI 60Pb6a B l1y.n.ee H BOCCTaHHH npoTHB
PHMa. K np06JIeMe COQHaJIbHO-)KOHOMH"IeCKOrO CTPO}} pHMCKHX npo-
BHHQHH. MHHCK, 1957. Ee OTJIH"IaeT xopolllee 3HaHHe KaK rpe"leCKHX 11
JIaTHHCKHX HCTO"lHHKOB, TaK H paBBHHI1CTH"IeCKOH JIHTeparypbl. Pa60Ta
ony6J1HKOBaHa .n.o BbIxo.n.a B CBeT nepBblX H3.n.aHHH nanl1pYCOB l1y.n.eHcKoH
nyCTbIHH, HMelOlllHX B QeJ10M pH.n.e CJIY"laeB np}}Moe OTHorneHHe K CIO-
)f(eTaM, paccMoTpeHHbIM aBTopoM B .n.aHHoH KHl1re. I1MeHHo nO)ToMY
pa60Ta f. M. J1HBlllHQa B 3Ha"lHTeJIbHOH Mepe YCTapeJ1a.
TpeM}} ro.n.aMI1 paHee 6blJIa ony6JIHKOBaHa pa60Ta H3BecTHoro aHTH-
KOBe.n.a COBeTCKoro nepHo.n.a A. r. EOIClltaHHHa: «COQl1aJIbHbIH KpH3HC
65
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. l1ydeu u uydau:w e ucmopuu PWUCKOU pecny6. uKu u PUJUCKOU lL'Unepuu
PI1MCKOH HMnepHI1 BIB. H. 3.» (M., 1954). KaK 11 f. M. ]]HBlllHLI"
A. f. nOKlLI,aHHH y.n.el1l1l1 B CBoeH pa60Te HeMaJIO MeCTa Hy.n.eHcKoMY
BOCCTaHHIO. O.n.HaKo B OTl1H'lI1e aT f. M. )]l1Bllll1L1,a A. f. nOKlLI,aHHH
paCCMaTpHBaeT C06bITHR B Hy.n.ee B TeCHOH CBR311 C HCTopHeH .n.PYrHX
npOBHHLI,HH H Bcero rocy.n.apCTBa B Ll,eJIOM. 3Ta, BeCbMa nepcneKfHBHaR
nonbITKa TeOpeTI1LJeCKOrO OCMbICl1eHHR H3BeCTHbIX I1CTOpHLJeCKHX
C06bITHH OCTaJIaCb B COBeTCKOH 11 pOCCHHCKOH I1CTopHorpacpHH e.n.HH-
CTBeHHbIM npHMepOM TaKoro po.n.a.
B 3TI1 )f(e ro.n.bI TaJIMy.n.OM (TOLJHee roBOpR, l1eKCHKOH HepYCaJIHM-
CKOro TaJIMy.n.a) 3aHHMaJICR H3BeCTHbIH CeMHT0110r COBeTCKoro nepHo.n.a
H. H. BHHHHKOB. K CO)f(aJIeHI1IO, 6b1l1a ony611HKOBaHa JIHlllb o.n.Ha pa-
60Ta H. H. BHHHHKOBa B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHHH: OnbIT C110BapR H KOHKOp-
.n.aHLI,HH naJIeCTHHCKOH Tpa,n,HLI,I10HHOH JIHTeparypbI (6YKBa ') II naJIe-
CTHHCKHH C60pHHK. 1960. BbIn. 5 (68). C. 151-228. CYlLl,eCTBeHHbIM
OTl1l1LJHeM pa60TbI H. H. BHHHHKOBa aT Bcex C110BapeH TaJIMy.n.HLJeCKOH
l1eKCHKH RBl1ReTCR YKa3aHHe Bcex KOHTeKCTOB H 06'bRCHeHHe Bcex npo-
H3BO.n.HbIX OT OCHOBHoro KOpHR C110B. C COBpeMeHHbIX n03HLI,HH npe.n.-
CTaBJIReTCR H311HlllHHM nepeBO.n. Ka)f()J,Oro paCCMaTpHBaeMoro C110Ba Ha
aHrl1HHCKHH. E.n.HHCTBeHHbIM He.n.OCTaTKOM ny611HKaLl,HH H. H. BHHHH-
KOBa CJIe.n.yeT Ha3BaTb OTcyrcTBHe Orl1aCOBOK C110B.
Bo BBe.n.eHHH (c. 153-154) aBTop OTMeLJaeT, LJTO l1eKCHKa TaJIMy.n.a
pa3HeCeHa HM Ha 12 TbIC. KapTOLJeK H LJTO OH Ha,n,eeTCR 3a 611H)f(aHlllHe
.n.Ba-TpH ro.n.a no.n.I'OTOBHTb K neLJaTI1 aHaJIOrHLJHbIH MaTepHaJI no nepBoH,
BTOpOH H LJeTBepToH 6YKBaM aJIcpaBHTa. no npHLJI1HaM, KOTopbIe CeHLJaC
He BnOl1He RCHbI, 3Toro He CJIYLJI1JIOCb. KapTOTeKa H. H. BHHHHKOBa
COXpaHHJIaCb, HO HCn0l1b30BaHHe ee no Ha3HaLJeHI1IO B HaCTORlLI,l1H MOMeHT
no Ll,eJIOMY PR.n.y npHLJI1H He npe.n.CTaBl1ReTCR B03MO)f(HbIM.
B TOH)f(e CTaTbe (C. 153, npHM. 1) Ii. H. BHHHHKOB nHllleT, LJTO B HaLJaJIe
30-x rr. 11M 6bIJIa no.n.I'OTOBJIeHa KOHKop.n.aHLI,IDI no .n.peBHeH MH.n.palllI1CTCKOH
JIlITepmype. HHKaKHX Cl1e.n.OB 3TOH pa60TbI 06Hap)'1KHTh He y.n.aJIOCb.
B 1962 r. BbIlllel1 C60PHHK «KpuTHKa HYJJ.eHcKoH peJlHrHH» (M.,
1962). 3.n.ecb 06palLl,aeT Ha ce6R BHI1MaHl1e 6011blllaR CTaTbR A. I). PaHo-
BU'Ia «06pa30BaJme cHHarorH H B03HHKHOBeHHe T aJIMy.n.a» (c. 108-209).
CTaTbR npe.n.cTaBl1ReT C060H HeCKOl1bKO XaOTHLJHbIH no KOMn03HLI,HI1
0630p HCTOpHH naJIeCTHHbI aT 3aBoeBaHHH ArIeKcaH.n.pa MaKe.n.OHCKoro
.n.o nopIDKeHHR BOCCTaHHR nap Kox6bI. He HCKJIIOLJeHO, LJTO CTaTbR 6bIJIa
HanHcaHa .lI.l1R MOHorpacpHH «BOCTOLJHbIe npOBHHLI,HH PHMCKOH HMne-
pHH... », 1160 CTaTbR B OCHOBe CBoeH He pel1HrHOBe.n.LJeCKOrO, a HCTOPH-
LJecKOro xapaKfepa H BO MHOrHX OTHOllleHIDIX 6JIH3Ka K xapaKfepHCTHKaM
OT.n.el1bHbIX npOBHHLI,HH B KHHre «BOCTOLJHbIe npOBHHLI,HH... .». CKOl1bKO
HH6y.n.b 3HaLJHMbIX BbIBO.n.OB CTaTbR He co.n.ep)f(HT.
rJlaea ], I1cmOIlHUKli1I ucmopUO?paqJUR (o611(lIe 3aMellaHIIR)
K np06JIeMaTI1Ke I1HTepeCYlOl..QerO HaC nepl1o.n.a HeCKOJIbKO pa3 06pa-
I..Qa.nCJI 113BeCTHbIH BOCTOKOBe.n. cepe.n.I1HbI XX B. H. ,1],. AMYCHH. OCHOB-
HbIe era pa60TbI CBJl3aHbI C aHa.nH30M He.n.aBHO 06HapY:>KeHHbIX na.nec-
THHCKHX nanHpycoB:
- AMYCllH H. If ,[{OK}'MeHTbl H3 Ba.n.11 Mypa66a'aT II B,[{H. 1958.
N!! 1. C. 104-124;
- ,[{OK}'MeHTbI H3 Ba.n.11 Mypa66a' aT. II II B.lU1. 1961. N!! 4. C. 136-
147.
- ApaMeHcKHH KOHTpaKT 134 r. H. 3. 113 OKpeCTHOCTeH MepTBoro
MOpJl II ,[{peBHHH MHp. C60pHI1K CTaTeH aKa.n.eMHK}' BaCHJIHIO BaCHJIb-
eBHqy CTpYBe. M., 1962. C. 202-213.
EMY )Ke npHHa;:vIe:>KHT no.n.P06HbIH I1CTOpHKO-cpI1JIOJIOrH'-IeCKHH aHa-
JIH3 TepMHHa «Hapo.n. 3eMJIH», BeCbMa '-IaCTO BCTpeqalOl..QerocJI B Ta.nMY-
.n.e. OpaB.n.a, H. ,[{. AMYCI1H HCCJIe.n.YeT B 3TOH CBJl3H He CTOJIbKO Ta.nMY-
.n.H'-IeCKHe TpaKTaTbI, CKOJIbKO .n.aHHbIe 06 ynoTpe6JIeHHH 3TOro TepMHHa
B npe.n.lllecTBYIOI..QHH HCTOpHqeCKI1H nepl1o.n. - «Hapo.n. 3eMJIH» (K Bon-
pocy a cB060.n.HbIX 3eMJIe.n.eJIbu,ax .n.peBHeH Oepe.n.HeH A3HI1) II B,[{H.
1955. N!! 2. C. 14-35 9 °.
11. ,[{. AM}'CHH 3aHHMa.nCJI B OCHOBHOM H3Y'-IeHl1eM .n.oK}'MeHTOB KYM-
paHcKoH 06I..QHHbJ. B era pa6OTax, o.n.HaKO, BCTpeqalOTCJI BeCbMa BIDKHbIe
OqepKH o6I..Qero xapaKTepa, 3aTparHBalOI..QHe TaK HJIH HHa'-le np06JIeMbI
HCTOpl1H na.necTHHbI I B. .n.o H. 3. TaKOBbI, B '-IaCTHOCTH, u,eHTpa.nbHbIe
maBbI (<<KYMpaHCKIDI 06I..QHHa», «K OTO:>K,D,eCTBJleHHIO K}'MpaHCKOH 06I..QH-
Hbl. KYMpaHCKIDI 06I..QHHa H eCceH» - c. 91-201) MOHorpacpHH H. ,[{. AMY-
CHHa «KYMpaHcKaJI 06I..QHHa». (M., 1983). MO:>KHO OTMeTHTb TaJOKe CJIe-
.n.yIOI..QYIO CTaTblO H. ,[{. AMycHHa - «OrpIDKeHHe HCTOpH'leCKHX C06bITHH
I B. .n.o H. 3. B KYMpaHCKHX KOMMeHTapHJlx»91.
,[{a.nbHeHlllee pa3BHTHe K}'MpaHHCTHKH B CBJl3H C 06I..QHMH np06JIeMa-
MH H)'.n.eHCKOH HCTOpHH npe.n.CTaBJIeHO pa60TaMH H. P. TaHTJleBcKoro,
H npe:>K,D,e Bcero MOHorpacpHeH «HCTOPHJI 11 H.n.eOJIOrHJI KYMpaHcKoi1
06I..QHHbJ»92.
B Te :>Ke ro.n.bI 6bIJIa Hanl1CaHa H H3.n.aHa pa60Ta M. C. EeJleHbKoro
«qTO TaKOe Ta.nMY.n.. O'-lepK HCTOpHH 11 MHpOB033peHHJI Ta.nMy.n.a H COB-
peMeHHbIH H)'.n.aI13M» (M., 1970). 0 3Ha'-leHHH 3TOH pa60TbI MO:>KHO ro-
BOpHTb JIHlllb B TOM OTHOllleHHH, '-ITa 3TO - e.n.HHCTBeHHaJI (I1MeJl B BH.n.y
90 flepeH3i1aHO B COCTaBe CJJe.llYlOwero C60pHHKa: A.WYCUH if. It: «Hapoi1 3eM lH» (K BO-
npocy 0 CB06011HbIX 3eMJJellenblIax llpeBHeJ:i nepei1HeH A3HH) II AMYCHH H. Jl flp06JJeMbI
COUHaJ1bHOH CTpYKTYpbl 06weCTB JIpeBHero DJIHJKHerO BOCTOKa (nepBoe TbICII'ie.leTHe 110
H. 3.) no 6H6JJeikKHM MarepHaJ1aM. M.. 1993. C. 48-76,
91 Ony6J1HKOBaHO B CJJeJIYK>weM H3JIaHHH - Oikumene. 3, 1982. Budapest. P. 231-253.
92 Ony6JJHKOBaHo - Cn6., 1994.
67
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uyoarnM e ucmopuu PUMCKOU peCny6.7UKU U P,tMCKOU UMnepuu
06LIJ.e.n.ocrynHbIe 113.n.aHI1J1 93 ) KHHra COBeTCKoro nepHo.n.a, r.n.e Bo06LIJ.e
3aTparHBaJIaCb TeMa TaJIMy.n.a KaK HCT04HI1Ka no HCTOpHH H)'.n.eeB H HY-
.n.aH3Ma.
Ko BTOpOH nonOBHHe XX B. OTHOCI1TCJI QenaJI CepHJI pa60T H3BeCT-
HOro COBeTCKOrO BOCTOKO- H aHTHKOBe.n.a H. III. IIIucj)MaHa. I1cTopl1eH
Hy.n.eeB pHMCKoro BpeMeHI1I1. Ill. IllH<pMaH npaKfl14eCKH He 3aHHMaJICJI,
XOTJI MaTepHaJI 3HaJI. TeMbI, KaCalOLIJ.HeCJI naJIeCTI1HbI, H)'.n.eeB H l1y.n.a-
H3Ma pHMCKOro BpeMeHI1, 3aTparHBalOTCJI HM B cne.n.YIOLIJ.HX pa60Tax:
- Ha6aTeHcKoe rocy.n.apCTBO Hero K)'nbrypa.113 HCTOpHH K)'nbrypbI
.n.OHcnaMCKOH ApaBHH. M., 1976;
- CHpHHcKoe 06LIJ.eCTBO 3nOXH npHHQHnaTa (I-Ill BB.). M., 1977;
- B paMKax KOJIneKfHBHOH MOHorpaqlHH «Pa6cTBo B BOCT04HbIX
npOBHHQHJlX PHMCKOH I1MnepHI1 B I-Ill BB.» (aBTopbI -)1 n. MapHHo-
B114, E. C. fony6QOBa, 11. Ill. IllH<pMaH, A. 11. naBJ10BCKaJI (M., 1977»
11. Ill. IllH<pMaHoM HanHcaHa He60JIbllIaJl rnaBa «Pa6cTBo B CHpHH 11
naJIeCTHHe» (c. 108-128), BTOpaJI 4aCTb KOTOpOH «Pa6cTBo B naJIeCTH-
He» (C. 118-128) OCHOBaHa Ha MaTepHCLle T aJIMy.n.a.
npHXO.n.HTCJI C orop4eHHeM OTMeTHTb, 4TO B HaY4HoM TBop4ecTBe
11. Ill. IllH<pMaHa 3TH TeMbI OK3.3aJIHCb BTOpOCTeneHHbIMH.
Cepbe3HbIe 113MeHemUI B 06LIJ.eCTBeHHOH )KH3HH POCCHH nocne 1991 r.
npHBenH K KopeHHbIM c.n.Bl1raM H B HCTopHorpa<pHH H3Y4aeMoro nepHO-
.n.a. 3a nocne.n.HHe ro.n.bI nOJlBHJ10Cb HeCKOJIbKO HCCJIe.n.oBaHHH, co.n.ep:>Ka-
LIJ.HX KpaTKHe, HO BeCbMa QeHHbIe 04epKH no paccMaTpHBaeMoH np06ne-
MaTHKe. B xpOHonorH4eCKOM nopJl.n.Ke npe)K)].e Bcero cne.n.yeT H3.3BaTb
KOJIneKfHBH)'1O MOHorpa<pHIO «HCTOpHH BocToKa. I. BOCTOK B .r.peB-
HOCTH» (M., 1997).I1HTepecyK>LIJ.HH Hac MaTepHaJI HanHcaH B OCHOBHOM
H. ll. BeiiH6eproM 11 H. C. CBeHQHQKoii.
4TO KaCaeTCJI pa60TbI «HCTOpHH BocToKa. I. BOCTOK B .r.peBHOCTH»,
TO B HeH XOTenOCb 6bI OTMeTHTb rnaBY XXXII «BOCT04HbIe npOBHHQHH
PHMCKOH HMnepHH». P3.3.n.en 1 «naJIeCTHHa B 3JUIHHI1CTH4eCKo-pHMCKHH
nepHo.n.» (c. 562-565) H p3.3.n.en 2 «na.n.eHHe He3aBHCHMbIX rocy.n.apCTB
B nanecTHHe» (c. 565-566) HanHcaHbI 11. n. BeHH6eproM; PaJ.n.en 3
«BOcT04Hoe Cpe.n.H3eMHoMopbe B COCTaBe PHMCKOH HMnepHH» (c. 566-
577) HanHcaH 11. C. CBeHQHQKOH; rnaBY XXXIIl «KopeHHbIe nepeMeHbI
B MHpoB033peHHI1» (<<OceBoe BpeMJI»): p3.3.n.en 5 .n.aHHoH rnaBbI (c. 590-
596) «HoBbIe JlBJ1eHHJI B JlXBH3Me-Hy.n.aH3Me B I TbICJl4eneTHH .n.o H. 3.»
93 K 3TOMY BpeMeHH pa60Ta A. D. PaHOBH'ia 1937 r. llaBHO CTaJ1a 6H6JJHorpacpH'ieCKOH
pe.llKOCTblO, a c60pHHK «KpHTHKa HY.lleHCKOH peJJHmH», CO'ieTaIOlI.IHH HaY'iHYIO HanpaBJJeH-
HOCTb C paJ06J1a'iHTeJIbHOH, 6b1JI npe.llHaJHa'ieH CKopee 11m! npOnaraH.llHCTOB, 'ieM .llJ1Jl WH-
pOKOro 'iHTaTeJJ!I.
68
rJlaea I, I1cmo'iHuKu U IIcmopuozparPUR (06ulue 3a\le'laHUR)
HanHcaH H. n. BeHH6eprOM C HCnOJIb30BaHI1eM MaTepl1aJIOB H. ,ll AMY-
CHHa.
4HTaTemo OCTaeTCH J1HllIb nmKaJIeTb a KpaTKOCTH OTMeqeHHbIX Pa3-
.n.eJIOB B maBax XXXII H XXXIII, Hanl1CaHHbIX XOpOlllHMH CneUl1aJIHC-
TaMH.
HaKOHeu XOTeJ10Cb 6bI OTMeTHTb MOHorpa<pHlO 10. I). U,upKHua
«HCTOpI1H 6H6J1eHCKHX CTpaH» (M., 2003). B Tpex nOCJ1e.n.HI1X maBax
(X: «,1J.ep/KaBa CeJIeBKH.n.oB H BTopoe Hy.n.eHcKoe UapCTBO»; XI: «no.n.
BJ1aCTblO PHMa»; XII: «CHpHH 11 naJIeCTHHa B n03.n.HepHMCKHH H paHHe-
BH3aHTHHcKHH nepHo.n.bI»), I1CTOpH.II EJIIDKHerO BocTOKa HHTepecYIOIl.{e-
ro Hac nepHo.n.a paCCMOTpeHa .n.OCTaTO'lHO no.n.P06HO. no cBoeMY xapaK-
Tepy pa60Ta npe.n.CTaBJ1HeT C060H nOCJ1e.n.oBaTeJ1bHOe H3JIO/KeHHe <paKTOB
6e3 nonbITOK TeOpeTH3HpOBaHHH. Pa60Ta 10. E. pKHHa MO/KeT C'IH-
TaTbCH JIY'lllIHM KpaTKHM 113J10/KeHHeM Ha PYCCKOM H3bIKe 06Il.{ero xa-
paKTepa HCTOpl111 EJIIDKHero BOCTOKa, B TOM 'IHCJ1e H H)'.n.eeB B naJIec-
TI1He - B paMKax HCTOpHH ,1J.peBHero BOCTOKa H aHTHqHOCTH.
MO/KHO OTMeTHTb TaIOKe H3.n.aHHbIH B 2004 r. C60PHHK «HCTOpH.II
J.hpaHJ1H H Hy.n.eH. 06Il.{eCTBeHHaH H nOJ1HTI1'1eCKaH :>KH3Hb»94. CocTaBH-
TeJ1H C60pHI1Ka C. A. lllYMoB H A. P. AH.n.peeB 06'be.n.HHHJ1H no.n. O.n.HOH
06JIO:>KKOH ueJ1YIO cepHIO HaY'lHo-nonyJIHpHbIX H3.n.aHHH, ony6J1HKOBaH-
HbIX B POCCI1H MelK.D.)' 1869 H 1922 rr. B .n.aHHOM clI)'qae npe.n.CTaBJ1HeT
HHTepeC OqepK M. Ea3HJ1eBcKoro «Eap Kox6a», BnepBbIe ony6J1HKOBaH-
HbIH B O.n.ecce B 1897 r. (c. 416-436), a TaIOKe 06CTOHTeJ1bHOe HCCJ1e.n.o-
BaHHe cI>. Ap<paKca.n.oBa «HepYCaJIHMCKHH CHHe.n.pHOH» (c. 194-398r.
.. C60pHHK H3.llaH MOCKOBCKHM H3.lare.1bCTBOM KPA<1>T +.
9S nepBaJI ny6JJHKauHJI pa60Tbl - KaJaHb, 1903.
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U uydaU3.\f e ucmopull PUJlICKOU pecny6.wKu U PUHCKOU U\tnepUII
fA a B a 2
06Q!AH XAPAKTEPHCTHKA
nEPBOrO nEPHOtlA
v
PHMCKO.HYJlEHCKHX
v
OTHOIIIEHHH
1. OT BOCCTaHHH MaKKaBeeB AO AHHaCTHH
XaCMOHeeB
nepBbIH nepHO.n. pHMCKO-H)'.n.eHCKHX OTHOllleHI1H OXBaTbIBaeT nepHO.n.
aT MaKKaBeHCKHX BOHH .n.o nepHo.n.a nOJIHoro 11 OKOHI.JaTeJIbHoro BKJUO-
I.JeHHH naJIeCTHHbI B COCTaB PHMCKOH HMnepHI1 nOCJIe no.n.aBJIeHHH BOC-
CTaHHH I>ap Kox6bI B 135 r. H. 3.
HaI.JaJIo KOHTaKTOB pHMcKoro rocy.n.apcTBa C H)'.n.eHCKHM MHpOM BOC-
XO)J,jlT, KaK H3BeCTHO, K MaKKaBeHCKI1M BOHHaM. Ha"laJIo pI1MCKO-H)'.n.eH-
CKHX oTHollleHHH 6bIJIO BeCbMa .n.p)'1KeCTBeHHbIM: PI1M I1CXO.n.5I H3 c06c-
TBeHHbIX nOJIHTHI.JeCKHX HHTepecoB nO.ll.)J.ep)KaJI TOJIbKO "ITa B03HHKIllee
Hy.n.eHCKoe rocy.n.apCTBO, "IeM BO MHOroM cnoc06CTBOBaJI era coxpaHeHHIO
Ha nOJIHTH"IeCKOH cueHe KaK B 161 r. .n.o H. 3., Kama .n.OroBOp 6blI1 no.n.-
nl1CaH, TaK H n03:IKe. KaK H3BecTHo, PHM OTKJII1KaJIC5I Ha Bce npH3bIBbI
H)'.LI.eHCKOH CTOpOHbI 06 06HOBJIeHHI1 cOmallleHI1H 1 . KaK MO)/(HO npe.n.no-
JIO)J(HTb, npHMepHo B 3TH )/(e ro.n.bI nepBbIe l1y.n.eH n05lBJI5IIOTCH B PHMe H
B Ka"leCTBe )/(HTeJIeH.
O.n.HaKO, npe)KJI.e "IeM paCCMaTpHBaTb Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO np06JIeMbI
pHMCKO-H)'.n.eHCKHX OTHOllleHHH, He06xo.n.I1MO c.n.eJIaTb O.n.HO oTcrynJIeHHe,
KacaIOllleeCH npe.n.blCTOpl1H MaKKaBeHCKHX BOHH.
13aKJIIO'ieHHe PHMcKO-Hy.aeHcKoro cOlO3a B 161 r..ao H. 3.: 1 Macc.. 8, 23-30; FI. J05. Ant.
Jud., XII, 417-418; 06HoB,leHHe pHMCKO-If)'lleiicKoro cOlO3a npH 110HaTaHe MaKKaBee: I
Macc., 12. I, 3; npH CHMOHe MaKKaBee: 1 Macc., 14, 17-18; FI. J05., Ant. Jud., XIII. 227,
70
rJlaea 2, 06ulaR xapaKmepucmuKa nepeozo nepuoda PUA/cKo-uyoeucKux omHOUleHUU
Ha py6e:>Ke III-II BB. .n.o H. 3., nOCJIe CTOJIeTHerO npe6bIBaHHH no.n.
BJIaCTblO erHneTCKOH .n.HHaCTHH (nTOJIeMeeB), naJIeCTI1Ha OKa3aJIaCb
H6JIOKOM pa3.n.opa Me)l()J,y nTOJIeMeHMH H CeJIeBKH.n.aMH. B 200 r. .n.o H. 3.
60pb6a 3a rereMOHHIO Ha DJIH:>KHeM BocTOKe 3aBeplllHJIaCb B nOJIb3Y
CeJIeBKH.n.oB. B 6HTBe npH naHHoHe BOHCKa AHTHoxa III pa36HJIH erHn-
THH, H 06JIaCTH BOCTOI.JHOro Cpe.n.113eMHOMopbH aT Ma.nOH A311H .n.o
ErHnTa OKa3a.nHCb no.n. BJIaCTblO CeJIeBKH.D.OB.
nepBbIe ro.n.bl CeJIeBKH.n.CKoro BJIa.n.bII.JeCTBa B naJIeCTHHe 6bIJIH OT-
HOCHTeJIbHO cnOKOHHbIMH. AHTHOX III (223-187) YKpenHJI Hal.l,I10Ha.nb-
HbIH YKJ1a)J, 11 aBTOHOMHbIH cTa1)'c My.n.eH OC06bIM YKa30M, TeKCT KOTO-
poro npHBO.D.HT MOCH<p cI>muiHH 2 . OK)'MeHf npHIDlTO CI.JHTarb nOMHHHbIM 3 .
CamacHo paCnOpH:>KeHHIO AHTHOXa III, BHYTpeHHHe .n.eJIa, KaK H paHbllle,
OCTaBaJIHCb B PYKaX nepBOCBHIl.{eHHHKa 11 COBeTa cTapeHlllHH. CTeneHb
:>Ke BH)'TpeHHeH aBTOHOMHH 6bIJIa .n.OCTaTOI.JHO BbICOKOH. TaK, CBHTHJIH-
Il.{e B MepYCaJIHMe 6bIJIO OCB060)l()J,eHO aT Y[IJIaTbI no.n.areH. XapaKTepHOH
I.Jep-roH 3Toro nepHo.n.a CTaHOBHJIaCb B03paCTalOIl.{aH npHBep:>KeHHOCTb
H)'.n.eHcKoro :>KpeI.JeCTBa 3JIJ1HHCKOH KYJIb1)'pe. Cpe.n.H nepBOCBHIl.{eHHHKOB
H)'.n.eHCKoro KYJIbTa BO II B. J].O H. 3. 6bIJIO HeMaJIO JIIO.n.eH H C I.JHCTO rpe-
I.JeCKHMH HMeHaMH, H <paKTHI.JeCKH pa<pHHHpOBaHHbIX rpeKoB no 06pa3Y
MbICJIeH H .n.eHCTBI1H.
nOJII1THI.JeCKaH :>Ke cH1)'al.l,HH BOKpyr naJIeCTHHbI )':>Ke C HaI.JaJIa II B.
.n.o H. 3. cTa6HJIbHOCTblO He OTJIHI.JaJIaCb. HanpH:>KeHHbIe OTHOllleHIDI C
nTOJIeMeeBCKHM ErHnTOM H nepBoe nOHBJIeHHe pHMJIHH Ha DJIH:>KHeM
BOCTOKe 3aCTaBHJIH CeJIeBKH.n.CKHX MOHapXOB npOHBI1Tb oc060e BHHMa-
HHe K nOJIO:>KeHHIO B 3ana)J,HbIX 06JIaCTHX rocy.n.apCTBa 4 . B nOJIHOH Mepe
3TO npOHBHJIOCb npH AHTHoxe IV (175-163)5, KOTOpbIH 6bIJI BeCbMa
3al1HTepeCoBaH B YHH<pHKal.l,HH BeCbMa pa3Hopo.n.HbIX I.JaCTeH CBoero
rocy.n.apcTBa H B YKpenJIeHHH nOrpaHHI.JHbIX paHoHoB cBoeH HMnepHH.
B nOJIHOH Mepe 3TO npOHBHJIOCb 11 B aKTHBHOH nOJII1THKe AHTHoxa IV B
H)'.n.eHcKHx .n.eJIax.
2 FI. Jos., Ant. Jud., XII, 138-144. HCCJJe.llOBaHHe llOKYMeHTa - Bickerman E. La charte
seleucide de Jerusalem II Studies in Jewish and Christian History by E. Bickennan. Part II.
Leiden, 1980. P.44-85.
] np06JJeMa 3aKJIIO'iaeTC!I B TOM, 'iTO Mbl He pacnOJJaraeM HHKaKHMH HHbIMH, nOM HMO
TeKCTa HocH$a <1>J1aBHJI, nO.llTBepJK.lleHHJlMH cyweCTBOBaHH!I 3TOro JIOKYMeHTa.
4 J]"l!l CeJ1eBKHllOB OKaJaJJOCb HeY.lla'iHbIM nepBoe JKe CTOJIKHOBeHHe c pHMmlHaMH. AH-
THOX 111 nOTepneJ1 nOpaJKeHHe B 6HTBe npH MarHe3HH B 190 r. H 6bW BbIHYJK.lleH nJIaTHTb
pHMJlJlHaM KOHTpH6yUHIO.
506 AHTHoxe IV, ero JlH'iHOCTH H nOJJHTHKe cYlI.IeCTByeT OrpOMHaJI JJHTeparypa. CM,
nOllpo6HO -Tcherikover V Hellenistic civilization and the Jews. Philadelphia, 1959. P. 176-
178.
71
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. l1yoeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKU u PUMCKOU uMnepuu
B 180 r. .n.o H. 3. nepBOCBHll.{eH-
HI1KOM CTaJI HaCOH, nOJIY411BWHH
OT AHTHoxa IV <t>aKTH4eCKOe 6JIa-
roCJIOBeHl1e Ha BeCbMa .n.aJIeKO Be-
.n.YIl.{He pe<t>opMbI, KOTopbIe CTaJIH
aKTHBHO BHe.n.pHTbCH B )l(H3Hb 6 . TaK
l1epYCaJIHM npeBpawaJICH B rpe4e-
CKI1H nOJIHC KJIaCCH4eCKoro Tl1na.
B HeM Y4pe)l()J,aJIHCb .n.Be a.n.MHHH-
CTpal..{HI1 - Hal..{HOHaJIbHaJI H Tpa-
.n.HI..{HOHHaJI Be.n.aJIa peJIHrH03HbIMH
,lJ.eJIaMl1, a)J,MHHHCTpaI..{IDI )l(e 3JIJII1H-
CKoro THna Be.n.aJIa BceMH rpIDK,lJ.aH-
MOHeTa C H306paJKeHHeM AHTHoxa IV CKHMH .n.eJIaMH. l1epycaJIHM 6b1JI,
3nH«j!aHa KpOMe TOro, nepeHMeHOBaH B «AH-
THOXHIO B l1y.n.ee», 11 B ropo.n.e CTaJIH aKTHBHO BHe.n.pHTbCH TaKHe Tpa.n.H-
I..{HOHHbIe .n.JIH rpe4ecKoro MHpa HHcTHryTbI, KaK rHMHaCHH H TeaTp.
I1HblMH CJIOBaMH, HaCOH CMor HaHTH B l1epYCaJIHMe .n.ocTaT04Hoe KOJII1-
4eCTBO 3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHbIx H)'.n.eeB, rOTOBbIX pa60TaTb B HOBOH a.n.MH-
HHCTpaI..{HI1, nOCell.{aTb rHMHacHH H TeaTp. cI>aKTbI Bce )Ke nOKa3bIBalOT,
4TO eCJII1 O.n.HH H)'.n.eH BOCnpHHI1MaJIH 3TH pe<t>opMbI BnOJIHe cnOKOHHO,
TO y .n.pyrHx OHH BbI3BaJIH lllOK 11 )l(eJIaHHe JII06b1MH cnoc06aMH OTCTaH-
BaTb )l(H3Hb no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB H3-3a aKTHBHOrO HenpHHTI1H HaCaJK)J,e-
HHH 3JIJIHHH3al..{HH cBepxy.
Oco60 TaIOKe OTMeTHM, 4TO, CKopee Bcero, HMeHHO B 3TOT KOpOTKHH
nepl1o.n. rocno.n.CTBa B naJIeCTHHe 7 rpe4eCKOH KYJIbrypbI nOHBHJIOCb
MHO)l(eCTBO npOH3Be.n.eHHH H)'.n.eo-rpe4eCKOH JIHTeparypbI, 3aTeM aKTHB-
HO HCnOJIb30BaHHOH paHHexpHcTHaHcKHMH aBTopaMH )],JIH «.n.OKa3aTeJIb-
CTBa» BTOpH4HOCTH aHTH4HOH K)'JIbrypbI no OTHOllleHl11O K BeTX03aBeT-
HOH My.n.POCTH 8 . 06 3THX npOIl3Be.n.eHHHX pe4b no.n.p06Hee nOH.n.eT HIDKe,
B rJI. 4.
B ye3YJIbTaTe nOCJIe.n.OBaBlllI1X 3aTeM 6ypHbIX nOJIHTH4eCKHX C06bl-
THH l1acoH JIHllll1JICH nOCTa nepBOCBHll.{eHHHKa, a B 170 r. .n.o H. 3. AH-
THOX IV co CBoeH apMHeH OKa3aJICH no.n. CTeHaMI1 HepYCaJIHMa. ropo.n.
°CneUHaJJbHoe HCC,leliOBaHHe 06 3JJJJHHHCTIl'lecmjj pe$opMe: Bringmann K. Hellenistische
Refonn und Religionsverfolgung in Judaa: Eine Untersuchung zur jiidisch-hellenistischen
Geschichte (175-163 V. Chr.). Gottingen, 1983.
1 MeCTOM HanilCaHHJI TalUlX npOH3Be.leHHjj Moma 6bITb KaK naneCTHlla, TaK II AneKcaH-
;tPHJI.
S K COJKaJJeHIIl-O, Mbl He pacnonaraeM HHKaKHMH TOMY npJlMbIMH 1l0KaJare,lbCTBaMII. 1160
HYlleHcKa!I JJHTeparypa Ha rpe'ieCKOM COXpaHlIJJaCb IL10XO.
72
rJlaea 2, 06u/aR xapaKmepucmUKa nepeo?o nepuoiJa PIUlcKo-lIyoelicKux omHOUleHUU
6bIJI B3 T H pa3rpa6JIeH, a XpaM oCKBepHeH. OpaB.n.a, a 60JIee 'IeM CKaH-
.n.aJIbHOM nOBe.n.eHI1H AHTHoxa IV B XpaMe cYlllecTBYIOT pa3HbIe JIereH-
.n.bI H MbI He MO:>KeM CKa3aTb TO'lHO, KaK HMeHHO OH ce6 BeJI 9 . 5ICHO,
npaB.n.a, .n.pyroe. AHTHOX 6bIJI HaCTpoeH BeCbMa pelllHTeJIbHO. OH 3a-
npeTHJI Hy.n.e M OCYllleCTBJI Tb 06pe3aHHe H npa3.n.HOBaTb cy660ry,
npHKa3aB B3aMeH npHHOCI1Tb :>KepTBbI 3bI'IeCKHM 60raM 1o . B 167 r.
AHTHOX OcpHUHaJIbHO npOB03maCHJI, 'ITa OTHbIHe l1epycaJIHMCKHH xpaM
.lIBJIHeTC xpaMOM 3eBca. Bo .n.Bope XpaMa 6bIJIa nOMellleHa cTaryH
3eBca, H HeCKOJIbKO JIeT B l1epycaJIHMe 11 B xpaMax .n.pyrHx ropo.n.OB
naJIeCTHHbI npHHOCHJIHCb :>KepTBbI rpeqeCKHM 60raM. cI>aKTbI CBH.n.e-
TeJIbCTBYIOT, 'ITa 3TH :>KepTBOnpHHOllleHHH COBeplllaJIH HY.n.eH H3 'IHCJIa
3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHbIx.
nOHHTHO, 'ITa TaK He Mama npo.n.OJI:>KaTbC .n.o 6eCKOHe'lHOCTH, OCO-
6eHHO BBH.LJ.Y Taro, 'ITa JIHllIb BepXYlliKa H)'.n.eHCKoro 06111eCTBa BocnpH-
HHJIa aHTH'IHyK> KYJIbrypy H cOOTBeTcTBYlOlllHe HOpMbI :>KH3HI1. B 167 r.
.n.o H. 3. :>Kpeu MaTIa<pHH OTKa3aJICH COBeplllHTb H3bI'IeCKOe :>KepTBonpH-
HOllleHHe B CBoeM pO.n.HOM nOCeJIeHHH MO.n.HHH 11 y6HJI 3aTeM Taro HY.n.eH,
KOTOpbIH COmaCHJICH 3TO c.n.eJIaTb. nOCJIe 3Toro MaTIa<pHH BMeCTe C
nHThIO CBOHMI1 CblHOBbHMH CKpbIJICHI13 ropo.n.a B XOJIMaX, COCTaBJIHBllIHX
fOcpHCKYIO B03BbIllleHHOCTb, B paHOHe ropo.n.a JIHMa. TaK HaqaJICH .D.JI11-
TeJIbHbIH nepHO.n. MaKKaBeHCKI1X BOHH, C06blTHH KOToporo XOpOlllO 113-
BeCTHbI 11 HCCJIe):tOBaHbI. n03TOMY OTMeTHM CeH'IaC JII111Ib HeCKOJIbKO
Ba:>KHeHlllHX opHeHTHpOB.
EpaTbHM MaKKaBeHM H HX CTOpOHHHKaM y.n.aJIOCb OTBoeBaTb cpaKTI1-
qeCKYIO He3aBHCHMOCTb. no.n.06H)'1O orOBOpKY npI1Xo.n.HTCH .n.emrrb no-
TOMY, 'ITa l1y.n.a H 110HaTaH MaKKaBel1 C cpOpMaJIbHO-lOpH.n.HqeCKOH TOq-
KH 3peHI1H COCTOHJIH B naJIeCTHHe Ha rocy.n.apCTBeHHoH (ceJIeBKH.n.cKOH)
cJI)':>K6e. MJIa.n.llIHH H3 6paTbeB, CHMOH, CTaJI po.n.oHaqaJIbHHKOM XacMo-
9 CM. nOllp06HO - Fl. 105., Contr. Ap, II, 79-96 - HCTOpH!I 0 HeCOCTO!lBWeMC!I pHTy-
aJJbHOM y6HHCTBe rpeKa 80 CiiaBY Haxoe (HCTO'iHI1K H leHHO 3TOH oepCHH C06bITHH YCTaHOOHTb
'fPYJIHO, TaK KaK HOCH$ <1>JJaBHH He O'ieHb !lCHO rOBopHT, OT KOro OH 3aHMCTBYeT coo6weHHe.
::no MOryT 6blTb: AnHOH, AnOJJJlOHHH MOJJOH HJlH nOCH.llOHHH). BTOpa!! oepcml nOBeJIeHHJl
AHTHOXa IV 0 xpaMe - Diod., XXXIV-XXXV, I, 1-5=Photius Cod., 244. (ComacHo :nOH
BepCHH, AHTHOX 3aKOJJOJJ BO lloope Ha aJJTape nepell XpaMoM 60,1bWYIO CBHHblO' 3a6pb13raO
ee KPOBblO H M!lCOM Bee KYJJbTOBbIe npe.llMeTbl H CB!lmeHHble KHHrH. HCTO'iHHK ,L:\H0.'10pa
HeH3BeCTeH.) CM. nO.llp06Hee: WTepH, 1997. C. 141-147; 148-149; 152-154; 181-185,
10 Cl0JKHOH np06JJeMOH B npeJIblCTOpHH BOCCTaHHJl MaKKaoeeo !lB.l!1eTC!I nocnellooarenb-
HOCTb C06blTHH II B OC06eHHOCTH Bonpoc 0 KOHKpeTHblX npH'iHHax. n06YllHoWHX AHTHoxa
IV Ha'iaTb npee,le.llOOaHl1e HY.'1al\3Ma. KaK 6JlecT!lwe nOKaJaHO B, 4epHKoBepoM, HCKaTb
npH'iHHbl npeCJJeJIOBaHHH B HHllHBHllY<LlbHblX OC06eHHOCT!lX AHTHOXa 6ecnoJle3Ho. npec.le-
1l0BaHH!I CT<Lll1 CJJellCTBHeM BOCCTaHH!I B HepycaJJHMe. cnpooouHpoOaHHoro YJKe ynOMHHao-
WHMC!I nOBelleHHeM AHTlIoxa B HepycaJJHMe, (Tcherikover. op. cit. P. 175-203).
A. f. fpyweBoH, Jfyoeu U uydaU3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecn.VOJlIlKU u PU.\fCKOU u.\fnepuu
HeHCKOH .n.HHaCTHH, H JIl1lllb npH
HeM Hy.n.eHCKoe rocy.n.apCTBO .n.OC-
THrJIO H IOpl1.n.J1lleCKOH He3aBI1CHMO-
CTH OT CeJIeBKH.n.OB. rIpl1 CHMOHe
aKKaBee Hy.n.eH nepeCTaJIH nJIa-
THTb HaJIOrH CeJIeBKI1.n.aM 11113 cTpa-
Hbl 6b1JIH BblBe.n.eHbl Bce CeJIeBKI1.n.-
CKHe rapHH30Hbi (CM. 1 acc. II:
39-41).
BOHHbl C CeJIeBKH.D.aMH 3a He3a-
BHCHMOCTb 6bIJIH BeCbMa )f(eCTOKI1,
a y.n.aLJa, conyTcTBoBaBlllM B KOHeLJ-
HaM CLJeTe MaKKaBeHM H I1X CTOPOH-
MOHeTa C H306paJKeHHeM AHTHoxa VII HHKaM, 06'bHCIDIeTCH .n.BYMH npHLJH-
HaMH. C O.n.HOH CTOpOHbl, JIHLJHblM
MY)f(eCTBOM H repOH3MOM CaMHX aKKaBeeB H HX CTOpOHHHKOB B COLJe-
TaHHH C H.n.eei1 60pb6bl 3a He3aBHCHMOCTb, C .n.pyroH - BCe 60JIee B03-
paCTaBllleH CJIa60CTbIO MOHapXHH CeJleBKH.n.OB.
3.n.eCb HeJIb3H He BcnOMHHTb paCCKa3 .n;Ho.n.opa 06 oca.n.e HepYCaJIHMa
AHTHOXOM CH.n.eToM 11 B 134 r..n.o H. 3. .n;I1O.n.Op nHllleT a TOM, LJTO 60JIb-
lllHHCTBO .n.pY3eH uapH COBeTOBaJIH eMY B3HTb l1epycaJJHM lll'rypMOM H
YHHLJTO)f(HTb nJIeMH HY.n.eeB. KaK H3BecTHo, AHTHOX OrpaHHLJI1JICH B3H-
THeM 3aJIO)J(HHKOB, B3bICKaHHeM .n.aHH H pa3pYllleHHeM CTeH BOKpyr He-
pYCaJJHMa. .n;HO.n.Op 06'bHCHHeT nOBe.n.eHHe UapH era ryMaHHOCTblO. TaKoe
06'bHCHeHHe LJaCTHLJHO CnpaBe)J,JIHBO, O.l1.HaKO He06xo.n.HMO HMeTb B BI1.n.y,
LJTO OTHOCHTeJIbH<UI MHrKOCTb AHTHoxa 6b1JIa He LJeM HHbIM, KaK OTCyrC-
TBHeM y UapH YBepeHHOCTH B CBOHX CHJIaX B nO)J,)J,ep)f(Ke CHJIOBOH aKUHH,
K TOMY )f(e y Hero He 6bIJIO .n.OCTaTOLJHO CHJIbHOH apMHH. I1HblMH CJlOBa-
MH, AHTHOX He Mar nocrynHTb TaK, KaK eMY CO BeTa BaJJ 11 12.
Dopb6a lllJla C nepeMeHHbIM ycnexoM, 11 HaCHJIbCTBeHHOH CMepTblO
nOm6JIH Bce 6paTbH aKKaBeH - l1y.n.a, 110aHaTaH H CI1MOH. O.n.HaKO
B KOHeLJHOM CLJeTe )f(epTBbl He 6bIJIH HanpaCHblMH. CblH CI1MOHa aK-
KaBeH 110aHH fHpKaH, npHllle.n.lllHi1 K BJIaCTI1 B nepBbIH pa3 B 134 H
BTOpH'-IHO B 129 r. (y)f(e OKOHLJaTeJlbHo), CTaJl nepBblM H3 XacMoHe-
eB - .n.HHaCTHH, npo.n.ep)f(aBllleHCH nOJlHOCTblO He3aBI1CHMOH .n.o 63 r.
.n.o H.3., a no.n. pl1MCKHM npOTeKTOpaTOM -.n.o 3aXBaTa BJIaCTI1 I1po.n.oM
B 37 r..n.o H. 3.
II Diod, XXXIV-XXXV, I, \-S=Photius. Cod., 244 (ed, Henry. Vol. VI. P. 132-134).
12 CM, nOllp06HO 06 3TOM 3mnOlle - Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire des Seleucides (323-364
avant J.-c.). Paris. 1913. P.370-376.
74
rJlaea 2, 06u/aR xapaKmepucmUKa nepeozo nepuoda pu.\lCKo-uYdeucKux omHoweHUli
2. HYAeH B AeAbqJHHCKHX MaHyMHCCHHX
K nepl1o.n.y MaKKaBeHCKHX BOHH OTHOCHTCH TalOKe nepBoe .n.oCTOBep-
Hoe CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBO B HCTOllHHKax a CTOJ1KHOBeHHH Hy.n.eeB C HHOH CTO-
pOHOH aHmllHoro MHpa. TpH Ha)J,nHCH II B. .n.o H. 3. (CU., I, 709-711),
lIBJU1IO HeClI 06blllHbIMI1 06pa3QaMH xpaMoBblx MaHYMHccHH, co06 alOT
06 OTnYCKe Ha BOJIIO pa60B nyTeM CHMBOJ1HlIeCKOH npo.n.IDKH I1X AnoJI-
J10HY B 3HaMeHHTOM CBHTHJ1I1 e An0J1J10Ha B .n;eJ1b<paxJ3. YnOMHHaHI1H
06 I1H03eMQax B .n.eJ1b<p"HCKHX MaHYMI1CClliIX pe.n.KH. Cy.ll.1l no BceMY, B
a6C0J1IOTHOM 60J1blllHHCTBe CJIYlIaeB cB060.n.y B .n.eJ1b<pHHcKOM xpaMe
An0J1J10Ha nOJ1YllaJIH 3THHlIeCKHe rpeKH 14 . B .n.aHHOM :>Ke CJ1Yllae pellb
H)J,eT 06 Hy.n.eHX, npHlIeM .n.Be Ha)J,nHCH, BepOHTHee Bcero, CB1I3aHbI Me)I()J.y
C060H: Hy.n.eH, OTny eHHbIH Ha BOJ11O B xpaMe AnOJUIOHa B 162 r. .n.o H. 3.,
lIepe3 MHoro J1eT caM OTnycKaeT Ha BOJ11O CBoero pa6a B TOM :>Ke xpaMe.
Y.l1.06Hee Bcero pacCMOTpeHl1e .n.aHHoro CIO:>KeTa HallaTb C nOCJIe.n.HeH
H HaH60J1ee n03.n.HeH Ha)J,nI1CI1 FD., 3, 2, 247 = CU. I, 711. .n;aTHpyeTcH
Ha)J,nHCb 119 r. .n.o H. 3.
B 06bIlIHOH )J,.JlH TaKOro THna .n.oK)'MeHTOB <popMe co06 aeTCH, liTO
«Hy.n.eH, CbIH nHH.n.apa, C COmaCI1H CBoero CbIHa nHH.n.apa» (lo[uO)a[io);
ntVo<xpu (j'\)VEuOOKEOvt 'tau UtOU ntVOOpoU) OT.n.aJI AnoJ1J1oHY 3a nllTb
MHH cepe6pa pa6a no HMeHH AMHHTa. rapaHTOM ( EI3aW)'ti1P) C.l1.eJIKH
Ha3BaH KrIeoH, CbIH KrIeB.n.aMa (KA£WV KA.euO<X/lou). DOJ1bllla.sl lIaCTb
Ha)J,nHCH - H 3TO 06bIlIHO )J,.Jl1l TaKara po.n.a .n.OK)'MeHTOB - co.n.ep:>KHT
MHO:>KeCTBO YTOllHeHHH IOpH.n.HlIeCKoro nJ1aHa no nOBO.n.y 06113aTeJ1bCTB
AMHHTbI K Hy.n.elO.
B HCTOpl1l1eCKOM IlJ1aHe C 3TOH Ha)J,nHCblO, BeCbMa BepoHTHO, .n.OJ1:>KHa
6bITb CB1I3aHa .n.pyra.sl: SGDl2029 = CU., 710, .n.ampyeMa.sI 162 r. .n.o H. 3.
B .n.OKYMeHTe co06 aeTClI a TOM, liTO KrIeoH, CbIH KrIeB.n.aMa (KA£WV
KA.EUO<X/lOU), C COmaCHlI KceHO<paHI1H, MaTepH KrreB.n.aMa, npo.n.aJIl5
\) JIHTeparypa 0 .lleilb$HHcKHX MaHyMHCCHJlX BeilHKa. OCHoBHble HCCJJellOBaHHJI Ha PYCCKOM
!l3bIKe: 3e. buH K. K. J],eJJb$HHcKHe MaHYMHccHH KaK HCTO'iHHK no HCTOpHH pa6cTBa B J],peB-
HeH fpeUHH II 3eJJbHH K. K., Tpo$HMoBa M. K. <1>OpMbl 3aBHCHMOCTH B BOCTO'iHOM Cpe,:m-
3eMHOMopbe B 3)JJJHHHCTH'ieCKHH nepHOll. M., 1969. C 119-187; MapuH06u'IH. n. Pa6CTBo
B npoBHH1II1H AxaiIe II MapHHOBH'i JI. n., rony61I0Ba E. C. illH$MaH H. ill., flaBJIOBCKWI A. H.
Pa6cTBo B BOCTO'iHblX npOBHHUHJlX PHMCKOH H meplfH B I-III BB. M.. 1977. C. 22-39.
14 311ecb He06xo.llHMO Clle,1aTb CJ1ell)"IOWYIO oroBopK)": 3THH'ieCKOe npOHCXOJKJleHHe pa6a,
OTnYCKae lOro Ha BOJ1IO, OrOBapHBaeTC!I B lle.lb$HHCKHX MaH)"MIlCCIl!lX ll<LleKO He BCer,'la.
HMeHa JKe OTnYCKaeMblX Ha BOJllO CTaHllapTHO rpe'ieCKHe H caMH no ce6e HH 0 'ieM He ro-
BOpJIT.
IS HHblMH CJ10BaMH, npOJlaeT He X03!1HH pa6a, a 3HaKOMblH X03!1HHa pa6a no cor.laCOBaHHIO
C ero MaTepblO,
75
A. f. fpyweBoH, I vdeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UMnepllU
AnOJ1JIOHY llH<lmHCKOMY 3a "IeTblpe MI1HbI cepe6pa pa6a-Hy.n.eH no I1Me-
HH Hy.n.eH (crroJl<X <iVOpElOV <in OVOJl<X 1000al 'to YEV 1000alov).
LJ:aJIee CJ1e.D.)'1OT 06bI"IHble 3aBepeHI1H B 3aKOHHOCTH H He06paTHMOCTH
nepexo.n.a Hy.n.eH B cB060.n.Hoe COCTOHHHe.
llOBTopeHHe B :nl1x Ha.n.nHCHX .n.BYX HMeH - HY.D.eH H KneoHa, CblHa
KneB.n.aMa, - .n.aeT OCHOBaHHH C"IHTaTb, "ITa 3TO .n.eHCTBHTeJ1bHO O.n.HH H
Te :>Ke JIIO.n.H. ECJ1H 3TO TaK, TO nOJ1Y"IaeTCH, "ITa MbI MO:>KeM npOCJ1e.n.HTb,
XOTH 6bI npHMepHO, )J(H3Hb o.n.Horo H)'.n.eH, nonaBlllero B pa6CTBO B ro.n.bI
MaKKaBeHcKHX BOHH, OCB060:>K,D,eHHoro B LJ:eJ1bqmHcKoM xpaMe, npHHj[B-
lllero rpe"leCKHH 06pa3 MbICJ1eH H CTHJ1b :>KH3HH H cTaBlllero B KOHI..{e
KOHUOB 06eCne"leHHblM 3JIJ1I1HOM no .n.yxy 11 B3mj[.n.aM. B 3TOM - HeMa-
J10e HCTOpH"IeCKOe 3Ha"leHHe .n.aHHbIX Ha.n.nHceH.
LJ:0KYMeHTbI, o.n.HaKO, nOKa3bIBalOT, "ITa Hy.n.eH 6bUl He O.n.HHOK. TpeTbj[
H3 .n.eJ1b<IIHHCKHX MaH)'MHCCHH, HMelOlllaH OTHOllleHHe K H)'.n.eHM (SGDI,
1722 = CIJ., I 709 - 170-157 rr..n.o H. 3.), C006111aeT 06 oCB060:>K,D,eHI1H
H3 pa6cTBa H)'TeM npo.n.IDKH AnoJ1J1oH)' llmlmHcKoMY Tpex H)'.n.eeK: Ma-
Tepl1 11 .n.BYX .n.O"lepeH. B TeKCTe C006111aeTcj[ a TOM, "ITa ATHCH.n., CblH
OpTaH ('A'tlcrtooC; 'Op8<x1.0U), npo.n.aeT 3a ceMb MHH cepe6pa AHTHrOH)'
H .n.BYX ee .n.O"lepeH, cI>eo.n.opy H LJ:opoTelO. B BeCbMa "IeTKHX H HCHbIX
BblpIDKeHHj[X .n.aJIee B .n.OK)'MeHTe co06111aeTCH a TOM, "ITa npo.n.IDKa Tpex
pa6bIHb OCYllleCTBJIeHa HMeHHO AJlH HX OCB060:>K,D,eHHH H3 HeBOJ1H, KO-
Topoe j[BJIHeTCj[ OKOH"IaTeJ1bHbIM 11 6ecnOBopOTHbIM.
B Ha.n.nHCH 06palllalOT Ha ce6H BHI1MaHHe "IHCTO rpe"leCKHe HMeHa
Tpex :>KeHlllHH. B OTJ1H"IHe aT nepBbIX Ha.n.nHceH, KOTopbIe CBH.n.eTeJ1bC-
TBYIOT, KaK KIDKeTCH, a C03HaTeJ1bHOM BbI60pe rpe"leCKOH K)'J1bTYpbl Hy-
.n.eeM I6 , 3.n.eCb Mbl 3Toro CKa3aTb He MO:>KeM. HeJ1b3H, HanpHMep, HCKJIIO"IaTb
B03MO:>KHOCTH Taro, "ITa rpe"leCKHe HMeHa MomH 6bITb .n.aHbl X03j[HHOM
.D.J1H «6J1ar03BY"lHH». llpHMep no.n.06HOH nepeMeHbl HMeH XOpOlllO BH.n.eH
H Ha npHMepe nepBblx .n.BYX Ha.n.nHceH. 4eJ10BeK, Ha3BaHHbIH Hy.n.eeM,
CblHOM llHH.n.apa, He Mar HOCHTb no.n.06Horo HMeHH aT pO:>K,D,eHHH. XOTH,
KOHe"lHO, eCTb HeKOTopaH .n.OJ1H BepOj[THj[ Taro, "ITa J1Y.D.eH B .n.aHHOM
CJ1Y"lae j[BJIj[eTCH nepe.n.a"leH HMeHI1 Hexy.n.a, Bce :>Ke 60J1ee Bepoj[THo
.n.pyroe. X03HHH pa6a pelllHJ1 HCn0J1b30BaTb 3THOHHM B Ka"leCTBe HMeHH
HOBOro HeBOJ1bHHKa, "ITa B KOHue KOHUOB - npI1MeHHTeJ1bHO K .n.aHHOMY
"IeJ10BeK)' - H 3aKpenHJ10Cb.
16 a MHOroM rOBopHT HCnOJlb30BaHHe HMeHH H3BeCTHoro rpe'ieCKoro n03Ta flHHllapa B
Ka'ieCTBe HMeHH CblHa H HMeHH OTua. (HeCMOTpJl Ha OTCYTcTBHe np!lMblX nOllTBepJKJleHHH.
npellCTaB.1JleTCJl BepOJlTHblM CJlellYlOwee npe.llnOJJOJKeHHe: OTKa3blBaJICb OT cBoero HYJIeHC-
KOro npowJloro, HY.lleH npeJIIlo'ieJJ 3aperHCTpHpoBaTb ce6Jl B $HJle no.ll nOJlHOCTbIO rpe'ieCKHM
HMeHeM, H3MeHHB HCTHHHoe HMJl cBoero OTua Ha nOHpaBHBweecII eMY 'iHCTO rpe'ieCKoe.).
76
F:wea 2. 06ulaR xapaKmepucmuKa nepeozo nepuoOa pU.WCKo-uyoeucKux omHolueHuu
npaB.n.a, TOT cpaKT, 'ITa l1y.n.eH nocne CBoero OCB060)K)J,eHHJI, BepmlT-
Hee Bcero, CTaJI cpaKTHLJeCKH 3JIJIHHOM, n03Bon eT npe.n.nonmKHTb, LJTO
cy.n.b6a AHTHroHbl, cI>eo.n.opbl H ,lJ;opoTeH Morna 6b1Tb TaKOH )f(e. K CO)f(a-
JIeHHIO, npOBepHTb 3TO Mbl e He MO)f(eM BBI1.n.y OTCYTCTBI1 .n.ononHH-
TenbHblX Ha.n.nl1CeH C ynoMHHaHHeM 3THX nlO)].eH.
3. nepBblH KOHqUHKT PHMa H MenTOB HYAaH3Ma
nepBblH 3aCBI1.n.eTenbCTBoBaHHbIH B HCTOLJHHKaX KOHcpnHKT PHMa H
a.n.enTOB Hy.n.aH3Ma OTHOCHTC KO BpeMeHI1 MaKKaBeHcKHx BOi1H. nO B-
neHHe B CTOJIHu,e CTOpOHHI1KOB Bepbl B 51XBe - BO BC KOM cJIYLJae, nlO.n.eH,
CLJHTaBlllHX ce6J1 TaKOBbIMH, - He OCTaJIOCb He 3aMeLJeHHbiM u,eHTpaJIb-
HOH BJIaCTblO, peaKu,H KOTOpOH Ha nO BJleHHe B cTonHu,e npHBep)f(eHu,eB
OLJepe.n.Horo «cyeBepHJI» OKa3aJIaCb OTpl1u,aTenbHOH. COCTO HHe HCTOLJ-
HHKOB TaKOBO, 'ITa B .n.aHHOM cnYLJae MbI MO)f(eM Ha HX OCHOBe C paBHblM
ycnexoM .n.enaTb npaKTHLJeCKH B3al1MOHCKJIIOLJalOlllHe BbIBO.n.bI. npaB.n.a,
mnepKpHTHLJeCKl1e BbIBO.n.bl no OTHOllleHHIO K TeM C06b1TlliIM, a KOTOpblX
noi1.n.eT peLJb, BCTpeLJaIOTC pe.n.Ko.
113 nepenO)f(eHHH 51H)'apHJI HenOTl1aHa H IOnH napH.n.a He coxpa-
HI1BllleHC LJaCTH nepBOH KHHrH H3BeCTHoro COLJHHeHI1 BaJIepHJI MaK-
CHMa «Facta et dicta memorabilia» H3BeCTHO a nepBOM H3rHaHHH H)'.n.eeB
H3 PHMa B 139 r. .n.o H. 3. 17 ConOCTaBJIeHHe 060HX KpaTl<HX nepenO)f(eHHH
n03Bon eT rOBopHTb, 'ITa npeTopOM no .n.enaM HH03eMu,eB (praetor
peregrinus) H3 PHMa 6bInH H3rHaHbi XaJI.n.eH, nOLJHTaTenl1 60ra Ca6a3H
H H)'.n.eH. I1cKIDKeHl1e HCXO.n.HOro TeKCTa BaJIepH MaKCI1Ma B pe3ynbTa-
Te COKpallleHHH He n03BOn eTTOLJHO CKa3aTb, no KaKOH npHLJHHe H)'.n.eH
6b1nH H3rHaHbi H3 PHMa camacHo BaJIepHIO MaKCHMY. O.n.HH H3 .n.BYX
3nHTOMaTopOB, HenOTHaH, 06'bJlCH eT I1X H3rHaHHe .n.BYM npHLJHHaMH:
1) TeM, 'ITa H)'.n.eH nblTaJIHCb npl106111HTb pI1MJI H K CBOHM CB llleHHbIM
06p .n.aM (tradere sacra sua conati erant);
2) nO BneHHeM B 06111ecTBeHHblx MeCTax PI1Ma H)'.n.eHcKHx )f(epTBeH-
HHKOB, KOTopble npeTop Bbl6poCHJI (arasque privatas e publicis locis
abiecit).
y .n.pyroro 3nHTOMaTopa peLJb H.n.eT 06 H3rHaHHI1 H3 PHMa H)'.n.eeB H
nOLJHTaTeJIeH K)'nbTa Ca6a3lli1. IOnHH napH.n. 06'bJlCH eT H3rHaHHe H)'.n.e-
17 TeKCTbl- WTepH, 1997. e. 358-361 (N2 147a, B); HOBeHWHH aHaJIH3 Bcex CBHlle-
TeJJbCTB - JIeeuHcKWI lI. A. J],eIlHHII anOCTOJIOB Ha $oHe eBpeHcKoH llHaCnOpbl. Cn6., 2000.
e. 63-66.
77
A. f. f pyweBoit l1ydeu u uydaU1M {J ucmopuu PU.wCKOU pecny6 uKu u P/LWCKOU u.wnepuu
eB TeM, lJTO OHH nbITaJIHCb CKJlOHHTb pHMJHlH K nOKJIOHeHHlO K)'J1bTY
Ca63.3HH.
nepe.n. HaMH OlJeBH.n.Hoe HaJIO:>KeHHe .n.pyr Ha .n.pyra HeCKOJ1bKHX Tpa-
.n.HUHH, CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBYlOLIJ.HX, cy.n.H no BceMY, 06 o.n.HOBpeMeHHOM H3-
rHaHHI1 H3 PHMa XaJI.n.eeB 18 , nOlJHTaTeJ1eH Ca63.3I1H H H)'.n.eeB\9. )J;Be H3
npHlJHH 113rHaHHH Ha3BaHbI lJeTKO - nOnbITKa npH06LIJ.HTb pHMJ1HH K
CBOHM 06pH.n.aM H 06bIlJaHM. qTO KaCaeTCH TpeTbeH npl1lJHHbI - nOHB-
J1eHHe B 06LIJ.eCTBeHHbIx MeCTax PHMa H)'.n.ei1cKHX :>KepTBeHHHKOB, - TO,
KaK nHllleT 11. A. JIeBHHcKaH, 3TH CJIOBa HeB03MO:>KHO BOCnpl1HHMaTb
6YKBaJIbH0 20 . l1y.n.eH He CTaBHJ111 B PI1Me CBOHX :>KepTBeHHHKOB, HO 3TO
BnOJ1He MornH .n.eJ1aTb pHMJHlHe, YBJIeKllll1eCH HOBbIM npHlue.n.lllHM C
BOCTOKa K)'J1bTOM. nOCJIe.n.Hee XOpOllIO 06'bHCHHeT CJ10Ba HCTOlJHI1Ka a
«3apIDKeHHH» pHMCKHX HpaBOB.
3TO C006LIJ.eHHe CTaBHT nepe.n. HCCJ1e.n.OBaTeJ1eM MHO:>KeCTBO np06JIeM.
HeCMOTpH Ha H3BeCTHbIe HeHCHOCTH C TeKCTaMH C006LIJ.eHHH, KaK npa-
BHJ10, HHKTO He COMHeBaeTCH B no.n.JIHHHOCTH Onl1CbIBaeMbIX C06bITHH 2 \ .
MaTepHaJIbI, OTHOCHLIJ.HeCH K nepBOH n0J10BHHe II B. .n.o H. 3. 22 , nOKa3bI-
BaIOT npeBpaLIJ.eHHe PHMa B KpynHbIH Me)I()J.YHapo.n.HbIH ueHTp B npHMOM
CMbICJ1e CJ10Ba, H60 B HeM pellIaJIaCb cy.n.b6a MHorHX Hapo.n.OB H rocy-
.n.apCTB, KaK 3ana)J,Horo, TaK H BOCTOlJHOrO Cpe.n.H3eMHOMopbH. B PH Me
B 3TO :>Ke BpeMH no nOHHTHbIM npHlJHHaM 23 nOHBJ1HlOTCH B 60J1blllOM KO-
J1HlJeCTBe H nepBbIe BbIXO.n.UbI H3 fpeUHH H C BOCTOKa, npHB0311BlllHe C
\8 HHblMH CJJOBaMH - aCTpOJJoroB-3Be3.ll0'ieTOB. CM., HanpHMep: Aulus Gellius, NA.,
XIV, 1.
19 B ilHreparype TaKJKe BCTpe'iaeTCJI MHeHHe, 'iTO C06blTHJl He 6blJJO BOBce, H60 (<HYlleH»
MorYT OKaJarbC!I JJHlIIb n03.llHeH BCTaBKOH nepenHC'iHKa. K COJKaJIeHHIO, COCTOJlHHe HCTO'iHH-
KOB TaKOBo, 'iTO 1l0KaJaTb HH'iero Henb3J1 BBH.llY OTCYTCTBH!I KaKHX-JJH60 HHblX 1l0nonHHTenb-
HblX HCTO'iHHKOB.
20 JIeeuHcKCUI 11. A, YK. CO'i. C. 65-66.
21 CM., HanpHMep: Hengel M. Judentum und Hellenismus, Studien zu ihrer Begegnung
unter besonderer Beliicksichtigung Palastinas bis zur Mitte des 2. Jh. V. Chr. Tiibingen, 1973,
S. 478-480. C HeKoTOpblM COMHeHHeM nHweT JJHWb 11. B. PaTrepc: Attitudes to Judaism in
the Graeco-Roman Period. Reflections on Feldman's Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World II
JQR. 1995. Vol. 85. P. 367-368. H. A. JIeBHHCKaJI, 3aTparHBa!I 3TH BonpOCbl, $aKTH'ieCKH
B03.llepJKHBaeTC!I OT OKOH'iaTeJJbHoro CYJK.lleHHJI, HaCKOJJbKO MOJKHO .llOBepJlTb co06weHHIO
HCTO'iHHKOB, XOT!l B TO JKe caMoe BpeMJI He OTKaJbIBaeTC!I paCCMaTpHBaTb HX KaK nOllJ1HHHble
H npellJJaraeT CBOIO HHTepnpeTaUHIO 3TOro MeCTa (JIeeuHcKCUI JJ. A. YKaJ. CO'i. C. 63-66,
278-279).
22 H3 COXPaHHBWHXCJI aBTOpOB - 3TO npeJK.lle Bcero T HT JillBHH.
2) B .llaHHOH CHTyauHH OT'iaCTH pe'ib HlleT 0 'iJJeHax rex I1.JlH HHblX nOCOJJbCTB, npH6blBaB-
WHX B PHM .llJJJI peweHHit BHeWHenOJJHTH'ieCKHX np06neM, a TaKJKe 0 BOeHHOnJleHHblX,
npHB03HMbiX B cTOnHUY B Ka'ieCTBe pa60B.
78
rJlaea 2, 06ulaR xapaKmepucmUKa nepeozo nepuoOa pUMcKo-uyoelicKux onlHoweHlIU
C060H B PHM 11 CBOHX 60rOB, BOCnpl1HHMaBlllHecSi nO-pa3HoMy24. B JIlO-
60M cJ1YLJae, o.n.HaKo, C rocy.n.apCTBeHHOH TOLJKH 3peHHSI, KYJ1bTbl HOBblX
60roB 6b1JIH KpaHHe no.n.03pI1TeJ1bHbl, a I1X a.n.enTbl 3aCJ1y*HBaJlH H3rHa-
HHSI H3 PHMa 25 . KOHKpeTHOH HH<popMaQHH, Kama HMeHHO MomH noSl-
BHTbCSI BO II B. .n.o H. 3. H)'.n.el1 B PHMe, y Hac HeT, HMeSi B BH.n.y nOCeJ1eHHe
HX B PHMe 26 . .LJ.ocToBepHaJI B 3TOM OTHOllleHHH HH<popMaQHSI 06 Hy.n.eSlX
B PHMe OTHOCHTCSI J1Hlllb K I B. .n.o H. 3.27
O.n.HaKO HCTOLJHHKH n03B0J1S11OT Bce )f(e C YBepeHHOCTblO rOBopHTb a
TOM, 'ITa H)'.n.eH B PHMe II B. .n.o H. 3. no MeHbllleH Mepe nOSlBJ1S1J1HCb B
COCTaBe nOCOJ1bCTB xaCMOHeHCKHX .n.HHaCTOB. (CCbIJ1KH Ha I1CTOLJHHKH
npHBe.n.eHbIBblllle, CM. npHM. 1) llOSlBJ1eHHe B PHMe nOCOJ1bCTBa OT CH-
MOHa MaKKaBeSi B QeJ10M COBna.n.aeT co BpeMeHeM nepBoro H3rHaHHSI
Hy.n.eeB H3 PHMa. llOCJIe.n.Hee He 03HaLJaeT, eCTeCTBeHHO, 'ITa H3 PHMa
6b1J10 H3rHaHO nOCOJ1bCTBO, H60 B HCTOLJHI1Ke c006I1.{aeTC}1 a BnOJ1He
6J1arOCKJ10HHOM npHeMe nOCOJ1bCTBa. llepeJ10)f(eHHSI, BOCXO)J)lIl.{He K Ba-
J1epHIO MaKcHM)', CBH)J,eTeJ1bCTBYIOT J1Hlllb a TOM, 'ITa .n.aHHbIH HHQH.n.eHT
Mar 6blTb CBSl3aH C nOSlBJIeHHeM B PI1Me HMeHHO 3Toro nOCOJ1bCTBa.
.1J.,rISi nOSlBJ1eHHSI B CTOJ1Hue KaKorO-TO KOJ1H'-IeCTBa n0KJ10HHHKOB HO-
Bora, 3K30TH'-IeCKOrO tcyJ1bTa COBepllleHHO He Tpe60BaJ10Cb KaKorO-TO
oc060ro CTpeMJ1eHI1S1 H)'.n.eeB pacnpOCTpaHSlTb CBOIO Bepy. ConOCTaBJ1e-
HHe C H3BeCTHOH HCTopHeH a BaKXaHaJ1HSlX, paCCKa3blBaeMOH THTOM
JII1BHeM (CM. npHM. 25), n03B0J1S1eT npe.n.cTaBI1Tb, KaK MomH pa3BHBaTb-
CSI C06bITHSI.
O.n.HH-.n.Ba y6e.n.HTeJ1bHO rOBOpSlIl.{I1X nponoBe.n.HHKa MomH c.n.eJ1aTb
HeMaJlO, KaK 3TO H BH.n.HO Ha npHMepe paCCKa3a THTa JIHBHSI a BaKXaHa-
J1HSlX. ll03TOMY, HeCMOTpSl Ha oTcyrcTBl1e npSlMblX .n.OKa3aTeJ1bCTB, MO)f(-
HO npe.n.n0J10)f(HTb cJIe.n.yIOII.{ee. KaKoe-To 06I1.{eHHe J11060nbITcTBYIOII.{eH
CTOJ1HLJHOH ny6J1HKH C Bblxo.n.QaMH C BocToKa no nOBO.n.y HX, BOCTOLJHOH,
2. OTHoweHHe B PHMe K rpe'ieCKHM MHCrepHJIM H BOCTQ'iHbIM KYJJbTaM C caMoro Ha'iana
He 6blJJO O.llH03Ha'iHbIM: HOBOMO.llHble BeJlHHJI O.llHHMH BOCTOpJKeHHO npHHHManHCb, a i1pyrH-
MH !lpOCTHO OTBepranHCb BBH.llY HeCOBMeCTHMOCTH C pHMCKHMH L\eHHOCTJlMH.
25 B 3TOM nJIaHe xapaKTepHO nOllp06Hoe onHcaHHe Y THTa 11HBHJl HCTOpHH 0 nepBOM
npOHHKHOBeHHH B PHM rpe'ieCKHX MHCTepHJ:i, 3aKOH'iHBweJ:iC!I, KaK H3BeCTHO, npHHJlTHeM
cneUHanbHoro Senatusconsulturn de Bacchanalibus (187 r. 110 H. 3.). Y THTa 11HBHJl CM. XXXIX,
8, 3-20, B OC06eHHOCTH - XXXIX, 16, 8, me THT 11HBHJ:i BKJIa.llblBaeT B YCTa pHMCKoro
KOHcyJJa nOCTYMHJl CJJOBa 0 He06xo.llHMOCTH H3roHJlTb 6pO.ll!l'iHX JKPeL\OB H npopHL\areJJeH,
CJKHraTb npOpO'ieCKHe KHHrH, 3anpeTHTb Bce 'iYJKe3eMHble 06PJlllbl H JKepTBOnpHHOWeHHJI,
KOTOpble He COOTBeTCTByIOT pHMCKHM 06P!lllaM.
2.3MMaHYHJI CBeTJJOB nHweT 0 nOJlBJJeHHH HYlleeB B HTanHH H PHMe C III B.110 H, 3. 3TO
YTBepJK.lleHHe a6COJJlOTHO 6e3.ll0KaJaTeJJbHO (C6eml106 3. Ha nopore HOBOro 3aBeTa. DplOcceilb,
1983. C. 481-482).
27 Jle6uHCKQR 11. A. YKaJ. CO'i. C. 278-279.
79
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydau1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PWI1C1WU /.L'I1nepull
Bepbl BnOJIHe Mama npHBeCTJi K nO IBJ1eHHIO cpe.n.11 :>KHTeJ1eH CTOJII1L1,bl
Tex, lITO 6b1cTpo OK3.3bIBaJlCH nCHXOJIOrH4eCKH roTOBblM - COBepllleHHO
He BHI1KaH B cyrb BepOY'IeHI1H - nOKJIOHHTbCH HOBOMY 60:>KeCTBY. 00-
HBJIeHHe :>Ke Ha YJ1I1L1,ax PI1Ma aJITapeH, nOCBHllJ,eHHblX KaKOMY-TO Heno-
HHTHOMY 60:>KeCTBY, He Mama He npHBJ1e'Ib BHI1MaHHH BJ1aCTeH.
3.n.ecb B03HHKaeT OJ].HH BeCbMa BIDKHblH Bonpoc, 0.n.H03Ha4Ho OTBeTHTb
Ha KOTOpbIH)':>Ke HeB03MO)J(H0. qeM Mar npl1BJIe'-lb H)'.n.aH3M pI1MJ1HHHHa?
Bonpoc 3TOT TeM 60JIee HHTepeceH, 'ITa, 3a I1CKJII04eHHeM He60J1blllOrO
KOJ1H'IeCTBa Tex, lITO no HaCTOHllJ,eMY npHHHMaJI l1y.n.aH3M, a6C0J1IOTHOe
60J1blllHHCTBO <<HCnOBe.n.yIOIlJ,HX Hy.n.aH3M» no.'1ynp03eJ1I1TOB He HMeJ10 a
BepOY4eHHH HHKaKOro npe.n.CTaBJIeHHjj. 3TH J11O.n.H BnOJ1He y.n.OBJ1eTBOPH-
JII1Cb JlHlllb <pOpMOH - C06JIIO.n.eHHeM Tex I1JlH I1HblX He06peMeHHTeJIbHblX
)],JIH ce6H 06PH.n.OB.
(}rCYTCTBHe :>Ke .n.OCTaTO'IHoro KOJ1H'IeCTBa HCT04HHKOB H MHorOBe-
KOBble Tpa.n.HLI,HH MOHOTeHCTH'IeCKOH K)'J1b1)'pbl .n.eJ1aKYT KpaHHe 3aTpy.n.-
HHTeJ1bHbIM OCMblCJIeHHe n0J1I1TeHCTH4eCKoro B3mH.n.a Ha MHp. I1HblMH
CJIOBaMI1, MO:>KHO roBOpHTb J1Hlllb a 60J1ee I1JIH MeHee BepOHTHblX OTBeTaX
Ha 3TOT Bonpoc. 3. CBeTJ10B (CM. npl1M. 26) nl1llIeT a TOM, 'ITO pHMJ1HH
npHBJ1eKaJI O.n.HH H3 aCnelITOB pHropH3Ma - KOHCTaTaLl,Hjj rpeXOBHOCTH
OKpY:>KalOllJ,ero MHpa 11 o.n.HOBpeMeHHO HpaBCTBeHHOH 4HCTOTbl Tex, lITO
npH.n.ep:>KHBaeTCjj OTe'IeCKHX 3aKOHOB 28 . B npHHLI,l1ne, 3TO 3BY4HT npaB-
.n.ono.n.06HO: B YCJ10BHHX II B. .n.o H. 3. npH3blB K BepHOCTH 3aBeTaM npe.n.-
KOB Mar CTaTb (HJIH nOK3.3aTbCH) npI1BJ1eKaTeJ1bHbIM, nOCKOJ1bK)' Tpa.n.H-
Ll,HOHHajj pl1MCKajj CHCTeMa Ll,eHHOCTeH Ha'IaJIa p3.3MbIBaTbCH.
BeCbMa BepOjjTHO, 'ITO Ha Tex HJ1H HHblX :>KHTeJ1eH CTOJ1HLI,bl Mama
npoH3BeCTH Bne'IaTJIeHHe HenOK0J1e6I1MaH YBepeHHOCTb HY.D.eeB B TOM, 'ITa
HX 60r - BblCllIHH H e.n.HHCTBeHHO HCTI1HHbli1 60r. B npHHLI,Hne B03MO:>K-
HO, 'ITO B YCJIOBlliIX II B. .n.o H. 3. nOHBJIeHHe B PHMe J11O.n.eH, HcnOBe.n.yIOIlJ,HX
TaKoro po.n.a l1)J,eH, M02ll0 3aCTaBHTb 3a.n.yMaTbCH HeKOTopblX pHMJUlH, KOMY
:>Ke, c06CTBeHHO, OHH nOKJIOIDIIOTCjj: MOHOTeHCTH'leCKHe l1)J,eH B H3BeCTHOH
Mepe He 6b1J1I1'-I)':>K.D.bl H H3bl'IeCKOH aHTH'IHOCTH 29 . OOHaKO:>ICe Haoo CI.{U-
mambCJl C meM, I.{mo y Hac Hem OJlJl paCCMampUeaeM020 6peMeHU HUKaKUX
oaHHblX, n0360JlJl1OUJUX onpeoe.numb, I.{mo UMeHHO :..W2JlU puwume nooy-
28 HeCKOJJbKHMH lleCJlTHJJeTHJlMH paHee 0 TOM JKe nHCaJJ 3. PeHaH - PeHaH 3. MapK
ABpeJJHH H KOHeu aHTH'iHoro MHpa. PenpHHTHoe BOcnpOH3BelleHHe H311aHHJl H. fnaroJJeBa.
D. M., 1991. C. 304-305. a B3rJJ!lllax T. MOMM3eHa B 3TOH CBJl3H CM.: MOMM3eH T. HCTOpH!I
PHMa. V. flPOBHHUHH OT Lle3ap!l.110 J],HOKJIeTHaHa. M.; Cfl6., 1995. C. 361-362.
293.lleCb MOJKHO BcnOMHHTb pa3Hble nepcoHHcjlHKaUHH cYl1b6b1 (60fHHJl CYllb6b1, MOHpbl),
CTOJllIleH HaJJ 3eBCOM, a TaKJKe cBoe06pa3HblH «MOHOTeH3M» reCHO.lla (n03Ma «TeoroHHJI») H
OBHllHJI (Ha'iaJJo nepBoH KHHm «MeTaMop$03»), y KOTOpblX cOTBopeHHe MHpa ocyweCTBJJ!I-
eTCJI HeKHM a6crpaKTHblM 6oJKecTBoM.
80
rJlaea 2, 061l/aJl xapaKmepllcmUKa nepeozo neplloOa plL\lCKo-uYdelicKILY: omHOUieUlIU
Mamb 06 uyoeucKou 6epe 6006uje U uyoeucKOM ,WOHOmeU3..We 6 '1aCmHO-
cmzi3°. TaKHe HCTOLJHHKH eCTb TOJ1bKO )lJUI 60J1ee n03.n.Hero BpeMeHH.
MHbIMI1 CJ10BaMI1, npl1 paCCMOTpeHI1H 3TOm Bonpoca Y HaC HeT B03MO)l{-
HOCTH BbllIm 3a npe.n.eJIbI npe.n.noJIo)l{eHHlI. llpaB.n.a, O.n.HO KOCBeHHoe co06-
pmKeHHe nOKa3bIBaeT, LJTO BO II B. .n.o H. 3. pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTb HOBbIX
BepOBaHHH He Mama 6bITb 3HaLJHTeJ1bHOH 11, CJIe.n.OBaTeJ1bHO, cepbe3HOH
yrp03bI .n.JIH mcy.n.apCTBa OHH He npe.n.CTaBJIHJII1. .LJ.eJ10 B TOM, LJTO CTOPOH-
HI1KH BOCTOLJHbIX H MI1CTI1LJeCKI1X KYJIbTOB 113mHHJII1Cb 113 PI1Ma He CHCTe-
MaTI1LJeCKH 11 He peryJl.llpHO, a JIl1lllb B CBH3H C KaKHMH-TO HHbIMH C06bITI1H-
MI1I1 06l.lUiM 060CTpeHI1eM nOJII1TI1LJeCKOm nOJIO)l{eHI1H B mcy.n.apcTBe. CYM
no BceMY, B cnoKoHHbIe nepHo.n.bI I1CTOpHLJeCKOm pa3BHTI1H no.n.03pHTeJIb-
HOCTb BOCTOLJHbIX KYJ1bTOB H HeCOOTBeTCTBHe I1X 06bILJaJlM npe.n.KoB I1JIH
3a6blBaJlaCb, HJIH - He OLJeHb 6pOCaJlaCb B ma3a. TaK, 60Pb6a C MI1CTI1LJe-
CKHMH KYJIbTaMl1 (BaJoamaJII1HMI1) BO MHomM 06'bHCHHeTcH 06ll.(ell HanpH-
)l{eHHOCTblO 06cTaHoBKH B PI1Me B CBH3H C npOl\eCCaMH Cl\HnHoHoB. M3-
maHl1e )l{e l1y.n.eeB 113 PHMa B 139 r. L\O H. 3. np0l130lllJIO JIl1lllb 3a 6 JIeT .n.o
Ha'laJIa cepbe3Hom, .n.aJleKO He CJIYLJaHHOm nOJIHTI1'1eCKOm Kpl1311Ca B PI1Me,
C KOTopom Ha'lI1HaeTCH nepl1o.n. rpa)l{)J,aHCKHX BOHH (133-31 rr..n.o H. 3.).
MHOH no.n.xo.n., T. e. CHCTeMaTH'IeCKOe npeCJ1e.n.OBaHHe HHOBepl\eB no
BbIClllHM H.n.eHHbIM C006pmKeHH.I1M B I1HTepecax rocy.n.apCTBa, npOHBHT-
CH J1Hlllb B xpHCTHaHCKoe BpeMH. 80 BpeMeHa H3bl'leCTBa BBH.n.y 06Il.{eH
BepOTepnHMocTH 06Il.{eCTBa H rocy.n.apCTBa CHCTeMaTHLJeCKOrO npecJ1e-
.n.OBaHHH 3a Bepy KaK npOHBJIeHHH mcy.n.apcTBeHHoH H.n.eOJIOrHH npOCTO
He Mama 6bITb. Or.n.eJ1bHbIe )l{e cpaKfbI TaKHX npeCJ1e.n.OBaHHH Tpe6YlOT
oc060ro 06'bHCHeHHH B KIDK,lJ.OM KOHKpeTHOM CJ1YLJae.
4. OT HaqaAa npaBAeHHH AHHaCTHH XaCMOHeeB
AO B03BblweHHH H pOAa BeAHKoro
MCTOpHH llaJIeCTHHbI BpeMeH .n.I1HaCTHH XaCMOHeeB LJeTKO .n.eJ1HTCH
Ha .n.Ba nepHo.n.a: nepHO.n. He3aBHCHMOCTH - 129-63 rr. .n.o H. 3.; cpop-
MaJ1bHOe COXpaHeHl1e He3aBHCHMOCTH no.n. pHMCKHM npoTeKfopaToM
(63-37 rr..n.o H. 3.).
llepBblH npe.n.CTaBHTeJ1b .n.HHaCTHI1 - CbIH CHMOHa MaKKaBeH MoaHH
fHpKaH - OKa3aJICH 3HaLJHTeJ1bHOH nOJ1HTH'IeCKOH cpHf"ypOH. OH B0306-
HOBHJ1 .n.orOBOp C PHMOM, 06eCne'lHB TaKHM 06pa30M 6e30naCHOCTb
30)J,JJJI 60JJee n0311Hero BpeMeHH MbI pacnOJJaraeM H3BeCTHblM KO.1H'ieCTBOM OTpHlIaTe,lb-
HblX CYJKlleHHH 06 "ylleJlX B ueJJOM; KO 11 Bexy H. 3. OTHOCHTC!I TaKJKe oueHKa YCTaMH Jl3bl'i-
HHKa HY.llaH3Ma B COnOCTaBneHHH C xpHCTHaHCTBOM. (MHHYL\HH <1>eJJHKC, «OKTaBHH»).
81
A, f. fpyweBoH. J/yoeu II lIydaU3.\1 6 ucmopuu PU.\ICKOU peCny6JlIIKU U PlL\ICKOU wwnepuu
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cBoero rocy.n.apCTBa. HoaHH CMor Ha6paTb ce6e 3cpcpeKTJ.1BHyJO HaeMH)'IO
apMHJO, C nOMombJO KOTOpOH nOJIHOCTbJO nOA411HI1JI ce6e TeppJ.1TOpJ.1JO
CaMapJ.1J.1, farrJ.1JIeJ.1 J.1 H.n.YMeJ.1. B nOCJle.n.HeH J.13 3TJ.1X 06J1aCTeH HoaHH
06pamarr MeCTHbIX )f(JITeJIeH B H)'.n.aJ.13M HaCJ.1JlbHO. B CaMapJ.1J.1 )f(e HoaHH
pa3pYlllJ.1J1 OCHOBHbIe CB TJ.1JIHll.{a CaMapJ.1T H31.
AKTJ.1BHOCTb BHelllHeH nOJIJ.1TJ.1KJ.1 XaCMOHeeB CTOJ.1J1a .n.oporo. HocJ.1cp
<1>JIaBJ.1H co06maeT (Fl. Jos., XIV, 249), 4TO HoaHH rJ.1pKaH, HyJK.ll.a Cb B
.n.eHbrax, BCKpbIJI rp06HJ.1UY uap ):{aBH.n.a H B3 JI ony.n.a 3000 TarraHTOB
cepe6pa .D.JI OnJlaTbI HaeMHJ.1KOB. CaM no ce6e cpaKT BCKpbITJ.1 rp06HH-
UbI npe.n.CTaBJI eTC BnOJIHe npaB.n.ono.n.o6HbIM, o.n.HaKO pa3MepbI HaH-
.n.eHHbIX TaM COKpOBHm MOrJIJ.1 6bITb 3Ha4HTeJIbHO 3aBbIllleHbI J.1 MbI He
MO)f(eM 6bITb YBepeHbI B TOM, 4TO pacxo.n.bI HoaHHa rJ.1pKaHa Ha Co.n.ep-
)f(aHHe apMJ.1H AeHCTBJ.1TeJIbHO MOrJIH COCTaBJI Tb TaK}'JO CYMMY. KpOMe
Taro COMHI1TeJIbHO, 4TO B rp06HJ.1ue ):{aBJ.1.n.a MOrJIJ.1 Haxo.n.J.1TbC TaKHe
ueHHOCTJ.1, oc06eHHo eCJIJ.1 BcnoMHHTb, CKOJIb OCHOBaTeJIbHbIM 6bIJlO
pa3rpa6J1eHJ.1e HepycarrJ.1Ma HaByxo.n.OHOCOpOM B 587 r. .n.o H. 3. TIpaB.n.a,
nOTpe6HOCTb HoaHHa fJ.1pKaHa B 3Ha4J.1TeJIbHbIX .n.eHe)f(H!>IX cpeACTBax
AJI OCYll.{eCTBJIeHJ.1 BHelllHeH nOJIJ.1TJ.1KJ.1 OC06bIX COMHeHHH He BbI3bI-
BaeT no npH4J.1He J.1CnOJIb30BaHJ.1 apMJ.1J.1 HaeMHJ.1KOB 32 . TIarreCTJ.1Ha )f(e
HJ.1KOrAa He 6bma 60raTOH CTpaHOH 33 .
31 CM. nO,'lp06HO Tcherikover V. Op, cit. P. 245-246.
32 06 apMHH XanlOHeeB H H3MeHeHHH ee 3THII'ieCKoro COCTaBa 11 BHYTpeHHeJ:i crpYKTyPbI
CM.: Kasher A. The Changes in Manpower and Ethnic Composition of the Hasmonean Army
(167-63BCE) II JQR. 1991. Vol. 81. P. 325-352.
JJ H3BecTHbIe CJlOBa 0 CKaJO'iHOM nJlOllOpO,'lHH naneCTllHbl (Bel. Jud" lll, 42-44) 11 0 TOM,
'iTO CaMbli! neHHBbIH H TOT HCnbITbIBaeT C06JJaJH 33HJlTbCJl TaM cenbCKHM X03!1HCTBOM, OTHO-
CRTCJl TOJJbKO K fanHJJee. a nnO,'lopollHe r<L1HJJel1 nonHOCTbIO «ypaBHOBeWHBaeTCJl)) 06WHP-
HbIMH KaMeHHCTbIMII nyCTbIHJlMH HereBa.
82
rJlaea 2, 06u/aJl xapaKmepllcmUKa nep60i'0 neplloda PIl,;\/CKo-uYdeucKIL'C omHOUieHlIU
3.n.eCb B03HHKaeT, o.n.HaKO, cephe3HaH HCTOpH'-IeCKaH np06JIeMa: KaK
06'hjlCHUTb )f(eJlaHl1e 110aHHa fHpKaHa C03.n.aTb npocpeCCHOHaJIbHYIO
apMHIO, TOr;J,a KOr;J,a C nepl1o)),a MaKKaBeikKHx BOHH B pacnopsDKeHHH
H)'.n.eHCKHX .n.HHacTOB HeCOMHeHHO 6bIJIO BnOJIHe 60ecnoc06Hoe onOJI-
'IeHHe, cnoc06Hoe K Be.n.eHHIO HaCTOHIl\eH BOHHbI? B Hy.n.eHcKOM 06Il\e-
CTBe C YCTaHOBJleHHeM BJlaCTH XacMoHeeB npOH30WJIO O)),HO cepbe3Hoe
H3MeHeHHe. naTpHOTH'IeCKHH no.n.'heM H 06Il\eCTBeHHoe e.n.HHeHHe Bpe-
MeH MaKKaBeHcKl1x BOHH Ha KaKoe-TO BpeMH MOfJIH OTO)),BHH)'Tb pewe-
HHe BHYTpeHHI1X npOTHBOpe'lHH. O)),HaKO HacryfUleHl1e .n.IDKe OTHOCH-
TeJIbHOH nOJlHTH'IeCKOH cTa611JIbHOCTH npHBeJlO K 3aKOHOMepHoMY )J,JlH
KJ1aCCoBoro 06Il\eCTBa pe3YJIbTary. K KOHQ)' II B. )),0 H. 3. MaKKaBeH H HX
nOTOMKU nocreneHHO npeBpaTHJ1HCb H3 JlH.n.epOB Hapo.n.a BO BJlaCHrreJleH.
BepOHTHee Bcero, 3TOMY MOfJIH cnoc06CTBOBaTb KaK HX c06CTBeHHbIe
YCTpeMJIeHHH, TaK H peaJIHI1 nOJII1TI1'1eCKOH )f(H3HH - He06xo.n.HMOCTb
OTCTaHBaTb 06peTeHHYIO He3aBHCHMOCTb. HaJIH'IHe )f(e npocpeCCHOHaJIb-
HOH apMHH 6bIJIO O.n.HHM H3 BIDKHbIX COCTaBJIHIOIl\HX QapCKOH BJlaCTH,
TaK KaK HaJIH'IHe npe.n.aHHOH apMl111 CJIYJKHJlO O.n.HOH H3 CYIl\eCTBeHHbIX
rapaHTHH coxpaHeHHjI JlH'IHOH BJlaCTH, a TalOKe CYIl\eCTBeHHOH rapaH-
THeH nOJIHTH'IeCKOH He3aBHCHMOCTH rocy.n.apCTBa34.
B CBH3H C aKTI1BHOH nOJIHTHKOH XaCMOHeHCKHX .n.HHaCTOB npe.n.CTaB-
JIHeTCjI He06xo.n.HMb1M no.n.'IepKHYTb CJIe.n.yIOIl\HH cpaKT. EeCQepeMOHHOCTh
H )f(eCTOKOCTh npH 3aBoeBaHHH rpe'lecKUX (3JIJ1HHH3HpOBaHHhIX) ropo.n.OB
npHMopCKOH 30HbI 35 6bIJIH 'IHCTO nOJIHTH'IeCKHM HBJIeHHeM - )f(eJIaHH-
eM nO)),'IHHHTb ce6e onpe.n.eJIeHHbIe paHoHbI naJIeCTHHbI 36 . TaKas! nOJIH-
THKa He 03Ha'laJIa BOHHbI C 3JIJlHHHCTH'IeCKOH K}'JIhrypOH H QHBHJlI13a-
QHeH KaK TaKOBOH, H60 caMH XacMoHeH 'IeM .n.aJIhWe, TeM 60Jlbllle BeJIH
ce6j1 KaK 3JIJIHHHCTH'IeCKHe npaBHTeJIH. TaK, ApHCT06YJI, CbIH 110aHHa
fHpKaHa (npaBHJI .n.Ba ro.n.a: 104-103 rr..n.o H. 3.), .n.IDKe npe.n.nO'lHTaJI,
'IT06bI ero Ha3bIBaJIH <I>HJ13JIJIHHOM - «JlI06HIl\HH rpe'leCKoe».
I1CTO'lHHKH CBH.n.eTeJIhCTBYIOT, 'ITO HaCeJIeHHe rpe'leCKHX (3JIJlHHH-
3HpOBaHHhIX) ropO.n.OB npHMopCKOH 30HbI OTHOCHJlOCb K 3aBOeBaTeJIHM-
H)'.n.ejlM BeCbMa Bp(l)f()l;e6H0 37 , HO pe'lb H.n.eT B OCHOBHOM He 0 rpeKax.
3451BJleHHe nOllMe'ieHO B. qepHKOBepoM, XOT!I 06'b!1CHeHO He nOJ1HOCTblO, - Op. cit.
P. 251.
35 CM. onHcaHHe OC311bl fa3bl AneKcaHllpoM HaHHaeM - Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud" XIII, 359-
365.
30 MHorHe COBpeMeHHble HCCJle.1l0BaTeJ1H C orop'ieHHeM nHWYT 0 JKeCTOKOH nOJJHTHKe
XaCMOHeeB no OTHoweHHIO K rpe'ieCKHM ropO.1laM naneCTHHbl. CM. no .1IaHHOMY Bonpocy
nO.1lP06HO: Tcherikover V. Op. cit. P. 247-249,489-491.
37 OnHcaHHe OC311bl H wrypMa ra3bl BOHCKa 1H AneKcaH,Jpa HaHHaJI (Fl. Jos., XIll, 356-
365) nOKa3bIBaeT, 'iTO 06e CTOpOHbl BocnpHHHM lH Jlpyr llpyra KaK ]JleHWHX BparOB. npH
83
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaulM e ucmopuu PWICKOU peCny6 UKU U PUMCKOU zmnepuu
bOJIbWYlO lJaCTb HaCeJIeHI1S1 ropo.n.OB npHMopcKoi1 30HbI COCTaBJISlJIH
3JIJII1HH3HpOBaHHbIe apaMeH, HJIH, KaK HX Ha3bIBaeT HOCH4> <1>JIaBHH,
CHpHHl..\bI. Bp e6HOCTb CHpHHUeB K H)'.n.eSlM OKaJaIIaCb rny6oKoH H
np04HO YKopeHHBweHCSI co BpeMeH MaKKaBeHCKHX BOHH H CBSl3aHa OHa
C np06JIeMOH 60pb6bI 3a 3eMJllO. BOHHa, Ha4aT<UI XaCMOHeSlMH 3a 3aBO-
eBaHHe llaIIeCTHHbI, 6bIJIa 6eCKOMnpOMHCCHOH: o6e CTOpOHbI He CTec-
IDIJlHCb B Cpe.n.CTBax no I1cTpe6JIeHHlO Bpara H 3aXB<ny ero BJIa.n.eHHH,
o.n.HaKO, KaK CBH.n.eTeJlbCTBYeT O.n.HH OTpbIBOK H3 llepBOH KHHrH MaKKa-
BeeB, H)'.n.eH BeJIH BOHH)' C omyIl\eHHeM HCTOpH4eCKOH CnpaBe.D.JIHBOCTH38.
CHMOH MaKKaBeH B OTBeT Ha Tpe60BaHHe CeJIeBKH.n.CKoro MOH xa AH-
THoxa CH.n.eTa BepHyTb no)), CHpHHCKoe BJIa.n.bI4eCTBO ropo)),a Ha4>4>y H
fe3ep, OTBeTHJ1, 4TO Hy.n.eH He 6epyr 4}')KOH 3eMJII1, a JIHlllb ry, 4TO npH-
Ha)J,Jle)KaIIa HX npe.n.KaM H 6bIJIa nOTOM HeCnpaBe.D.JIHBO OT06paHa. llo-
HSITHO, 4TO TaKaSl apryMeHTaUIDI He Morna 6bITb BocnpHHSlTa .n.pyroH
CTOpOHOH. To, 4TO .D.JISI H)'.n.eeB 6bIJIO cBoero po.n.a TOp)KeCTBOM HCTOpH-
4ecKoH CnpaBe.D.JIHBOCTH, .D.JISI npoTHBOnOJIO)KHOH CTOpOHbI KOH4>JIHKTa
cOBepllleHHo eCTeCTBeHHO H 3aKoHoMepHo 6bUIO paJ60eM H rpa6e)KOM.
O.n.HaKo - H no npHHI..\HnHaIIbHO - B .n.aHHOM cJl)'4ae pe4b H.n.eT
HMeHHO a Bp e6HocTH CHpHHl..\eB K H)'.n.eSlM, a He 0 Bp e6HocTH
rpeKoB K H)'.n.eSlM. 3TO BIDKHO no.n.4epKHyrb nOToMY, 4TO y rpeKoB no
OTHoweHHlO K H)'.n.eSlM HHKor.n.a He 6bIJIO Taro If)'BCTBa Bp e6HOCTH,
KOTopoe 6bIJIO y 3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHbIX apaMeeB. Me)l()J,)' rpeKaMH H Hy.n.e-
SlMH np06JIeMa 3eMJlH He CTOSlJIa. H, KpOMe Taro, BocnpHSlTHe H)'.n.eSlMH
OKp}')KalOI.l\ero MHpa 3aMeTHO OTJlH4aIIOCb OT Taro, 4TO npOHcxo.n.HJ10 B
naIIeCTHHe.
BepHeMCSI K C06bITHSlM Ha4aIIa I B. .n.o H. 3. npeeMHHKOM ApHCT06y-
JIa CTaII era 6paT AJIeKcaH.n.p HaHHaH (l03-76 rr. .n.o H. 3.). OH 6bIJI
nepBbIM H3 XaCMOHeeB, KTO CTaII HMeHOBaTb ce6S1 uapeM. npo npe.n.lllec-
TBYlOI.l\HX .n.HHaCTOB Bce )Ke C006I.l\aeTCSI, 4TO OHH HMeHOBaIIH caMHX
ce6S1 3THapxaMH. OCHOBH<UI 3aCJIyra ArIeKcaH.n.pa HaHH<UI KaK rocy)),apc-
TBeHHoro .n.eSlTeJlSl 3aKJI104aIIaCb B npo.n.OJDKeHHH 3aBOeBaTeJIbHOH nOJIH-
THKH CBoero OTl..\a H MaKCHMaIIbHOM paCWHpeHHH TeppHTOpHaJIbHbIX
BJIa.n.eHHH H)'.n.eHCKHX .n.HHaCTOB B naIIeCTHHe. nepHO.n. npaBJIeHIDI ArIeK-
caH.n.pa HaHHaSl 6bIJI BpeMeHeM MaKCHMaIIbHOrO paCI..\BeTa rocy)),apCTBa
XaCMOHeeB.
3TOM HCTOKH llaHHOH BpaJK.lle6HOCTH OTHOC!lTC!I He K py6eJKY II-I BB. .110 H.3., a BOCXO.llJlT K
MaKKaBeHcKHM BOHHaM, H60 HMeHHO K MaKKaBeHcKHM BOHHaM OTHOCHC" nepBble npO!lB,le-
HH!I B3aHMHOH BpaJK.llbl, ClleJlaBWHe 3TY BpaJK.llY K py6eJKY II-I BB. .110 H. 3. IIBJJeHHeM COBep-
weHHO 3aKOHOMepHbIM.
"I Macc., 15,33-34.
84
r:wea 2, OvulaR xapaKmepucmUKa nep60?O nepuoda pu.uclw-uyoeuCK1Lt onlHoU/eHuli
l
-....
, . -:' -,
' '...
W " ;
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.
..."""".;. J'
4, MOHeTa BpeMeHH npaB,leHH!I AneKcaHllpa HaHHa!I
KaK HH CTpaHHO, BpeMH ero UapCTBOBaHHH nOLJTH He npHBJIeKaJIO
BHHMaHHH HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIeH. 3a HCKJlIOLJeHHeM KpaTl<HX ynoMHHaHHH B
pa6OT<LX 06I..Uero nJIaHa, MO)f(HO OTMeTHTb JIHWb cneUHaJJbHYIO CTaTblO
y. PannonOpTa 0 B3aHMOOTHOllleHHXX Hy.n.eH H PHMa npH AJIeKcaH.n.pe
HaHHae. ABTOp Ha OCHOBaHHH .n.ocrynHbIx HCT01.JHHKOB paccMaTpHBaeT
BHelllHenOJIHTHLJecK)'1O .n.eXTeJIbHOCTb xacMOHeHcKoro .n.HHaCTa 39 . 06I..UI1H
0630p B3aHMooTHollleHHH XacMoHeeB H PHMa OT 3aXBaTa HepYCaJJHMa
OOMneeM AO BouapeHHx Hpo.n.a eCTb B pa60Te M. CMOJIBy.n. 40 .
KaK cnpaBeWlHBo nHllleT Y. PannonopT'l, O.n.HOH H3 oc06eHHocTeH
BHewHeH nOJlHTHKH ArIeKcaHApa HaHHaH CTaJJa CBX3b H)'.n.eHCKoro AH-
HaCTa C nHpaTaMH BOCTOLJHOrO Cpe.n.H3eMHOMopbX, KaKOBbIMH XBJIXIIHCb
J9 Rappoport U. La Judee et Rome pendant Ie regne d'Alexandre Jannee /I REJ, 1968.
Yol. 127. P. 329-345.
40 Smallwood AI. The Jews under Roman rule from Pompey to Oiocletian, A Study in
political relations, Leiden. 1981. P,21-43.
41 Rappoport, Op. cit. P.340-342.
85
A. f. fpyweBOH. J/ydeu u uyoaU1M e ucmopuu PIL\ICKOU pecny6.WKu u PUMCKOU ILI/nepul/
KHJlHKHHUbI. CaM no ce6e cpaKT KOHTaKTOB AJ1eKcaH.n.pa HaHH<UI, a 3aTeM
O.n.HOro H3 ero CblHOBeH C nl1paTaMH .n.OKa3aH y6e.n.HTeJ1bHO. HOCHcp <1>J1a-
BHH nl1llleT a TOM, 1.JTO Y AneKcaH.n.pa HaHHaSi 6b1J1I1 HaeMHHKH H3 ''lHCJIa
KHJ1HKHHueB (Ant. Jud., XIII, 374). Y HocHcpa <1>JlaBI1j1 MO)f(HO HaHTI1 H
cJ1e.n.YIOI1.Iee CBI1.n.eTeJlbCTBO: KOrt a CblHOBbSi AneKcaH.n.pa HaHHaji ApH-
cT06YJ1 H fHpKaH He CMOrJIH no.n.eJ1HTb BJ1aCTb, OHH OTnpaBIDIHCb BbISlC-
HSlTb CBOH OTHOllleHHjI K 3HaMeHI1TOMY pHMCKOMY nOJlKOBO.n.UY fHelO
OOMnelO. 80 BpeMSI :noro BH3HTa rHpKaH npSlMo 06BHHHJ1 ApHCT06YJ1a
B nO)].Llep)f(Ke nHpaTCTBa Ha Mope (Fl. Jos., XIV, 43).
3TOT MaTepHaJI He .n.aeT B03MO)f(HOCTH CKa3aTb, H.n.eT J1H pe'-lb, K npH-
Mepy, 0 CJ1Y'-laHHbIX 3nH30.n.ax HJlH )f(e 0 TOM, '-ITO AJ1eKcaH.n.p HaHHaH
YCTaHOBHJI C KHJlHKI1HCKHMI1 nHpaTaMH «.n.06pococe.n.CKHe OTHOllleHHSI»
C BnOJIHe onpe.n.eJ1eHHbIM MepKaHTHJ1bHbIM HHTepeCOM. ABTOp CTaTbH
CKJlOHSleTCSI KO BTOPOMY npe.n.nOJlO)f(eHHIO, YTBep)f()J.ajl, '-ITa HHa1.Je KpaH-
He CJ10)f(HO 06'bjlCHI1Tb TY nocnelllHOCTb H HaCTOH1.JHBOCTb, KOTOPYIO
npOSlBHJ1 OOMneH B CTpeMJleHHH OT06paTb y fHpKaHa II nopT Hacpcpy,
.n.aBHO Hy.n.eHCKHH no COCTaBY HaceJleHI1S1 ropo.n., jlBJ1j1BlllHHCjI, no npe.n.-
nOJIO)f(eHHIO Y. PannonopTa, O.n.HOH 113 6a3 KHJlHKHHCKHX nHpaTOB.
O.n.HaKO )f(e K 60JIee onpe.n.eJIeHHblM BblBo.n.aM no 3TOMY Bonpocy
n03B0J1S1eT np"HTH MaTepl1aJI, KOTOpblH Y. PannonopTOM OTMe'IeH, HO
paCCMOTpeH He.n.OCTaTO'-lHO. 31'0 .n.Ba BIDKHblX CBI1.n.eTeJlbCTBa CTpa60Ha
H HeO)f(H.n.aHHbIH apXe0J10rH'-IeCKHH MaTepHaJI - TaK Ha3blBaeMaji rp06-
HHua HaCOHa.
Ko BpeMeHH npaBJIeHHSI AJIeKcaH.n.pa HaHH<UI OTHOCHTCSI paCKOnaHHblH
B HepYCaJIHMe B cepe.n.I1He XX B. KpynHblH apxe0J10rl1'-1eCKHH naMSIT-
HHK - TaK Ha3blBaeMaSi MorIDIa HaCOHa: MeCTO 3ax.opOHeHHjI HeCKOJ1b-
KHX nOKOJleHHH O.n.HOH 3HaTHOH HepYCaJIHMCKOH ceMbH. OaMSlTHHK HC-
n0J1b30BaJICSI no CBoeMY npSlMOMY Ha3Ha'-leHHIO BO BpeMeHa npaBJ1eHHSI
.n.HHaCTHH XaCMOHeeB H - cY.lJ)l no BceMY, O.n.HH pa3 - npHMepHO B 30 r.
H. 3. 42 HeO)f(H.n.aHHbIH no CBoeMY xapaKTepy apxe0J10rH'-IeCKHH MaTepH-
aJI B '-IeM-TO no.n.TBep)f()J.aeT OTMe'-leHHOe Bblllle npe.n.n0J10)f(eHHe Y. Pan-
nonopTa 11, B03MO)f(HO, nOKa3blBaeT o.n.Horo H3 npe.n.CTaBHTeJleH H)'AeH-
CKOH 3HaTH xaCMOHeHCKoro nepHo.n.a B BeCbMa He06bl'-lHOM 06J1HKe.
Cpe.n.H 60J1blllOro KOJlH1.JeCTBa pa3H006pa3HbIX Haxo.n.OK, c.n.eJ1aHHbIX
B rp06HHue, 06paI1.laeT Ha ce6S1 BHHMaHHe ueJlaSi cepHSI MOHeT BpeMeHH
AneKcaH.n.pa HaHH<UI, ero CblHa HoaHHa fHpKaHa II, Hpo.n.a H nepHo.n.a
npOKYpaTOpOB 43 . HaH60J1ee )f(e He06bl'-lHbi - KaK no cpopMe, TaK H no
., nOllp06Hoe OnHCaHHe Bcex HaxOllOK MorHilbl HacoHa COCTaBJ1JleT BTOpOH HOMep «Israel
Exploration Journal» 3a 1967 r.
"Rahmani L. Y Jason's TombiIIEJ. 1967. Vol. 17. P.92-93.
86
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co.n.ep)f(aHl1lO - HeCKOJIbKO PHCYHKOB, BbmOJ1HeHHbIe .n.peBeCHbIM ymeM,
H .n.Be Ha.n.nI1CH, 06HapY)f(eHHbIe Ha CTeHax YCbInaJ1bHHQbI. 3.n.eCb He
MO)f(eT He y.n.HBHTb caM 4>aKT Taro, '-ITa B YCbInaJIbHI1Qe .n.aJIeKO He 6e.n.HbIX
J1lO.n.ei1 PHCYHKH H Ha.n.nI1CH c.n.eJ1aHbI .n.peBeCHbIM yrneM. HaH60J1ee Be-
pORTHbIM npe.n.CTaBJIReTCR CJ1e.n.ylOIl\ee 06'bRCHeHHe. ITa KaKHM-TO npH-
'-IHHaM 3aKa3'-1HK H306pIDKeHI1H H Ha.n.nHceH BbIH)?K.D.eH 6bIJ1 orpaHH'-IHTb-
CR npe.n.Bapl1TeJIbHbIMH HaMeTKaMI1 TeKCTOB H PHCYHKOB, KOTopbIe B
nepCneKTHBe .n.OJ1)f(HbI 6bIJ111 06peCTI1 HH)'lO, 60J1ee MOH)'MeHTaJIbH)'lO
4>OPMY - 4>peCKH HJlH peJ1be4>a, a TalOKe Ha)J,nHCI1 Ha MpaMopHOH .n.OCKe.
I1HTepecHo OTMeTHTb, '-ITa 113.n.aTeJ1b HaxO.n.OK )1 PaxMaHH 3TOT Bonpoc
He 3aTpOH)'J1.
OCHOBHaJI no CMbICJ1Y iKHBonHCHaR KOMn03HQJ1jJ npe.n.CTaBJIReT C060H
H306pIDKeHHe Tpex Kopa6J1eH 44 . ):{Ba H306pIDKeHHR COXpaHHJlHCb npe-
KpaCHO, TpeTbe - HeCKOJ1bKO X}')f(e. O.n.HH H3 Tpex Kopa6J1eH, cy.n.R no
H306pIDKeHHlO, 3Ha'-lHTeJ1bHO KpynHee .n.BYX .n.PYrHX, 60JIee HJ1H MeHee
o.n.HHaKOBbIX no pa3MepaM. XOpOlllO COXpaHI1BllleeCR H306pIDKeHHe 60J1b-
llIoro Kopa6J1R He OCTaBJ1ReT COMHeHHH B TOM, '-ITa 3TO - BoeHHbIH KO-
pa6J1b. 06 nOM n03B0J1RlOT Cy.n.HTb .n.Be oc06eHHOCTH KOMn03HQHI1 45 .
EOJ1blllOH Kopa6J1b nOBepH)'T HOCOM npOTHB .n.BYX .n.pyrHX. KpOMe Taro,
Ha HOCY 60J1blllOro Kopa6JIR CTORT .n.Ba BOI1Ha, npH'-IeM O.n.HH 113 HI1X Qe-
JlHTCR H3 JI)'Ka. 113 .n.BYX MaJIeHbKI1X Kopa6J1eH O.n.HO - ToprOBoe (B03-
MO)f(HO, pbI60J10BeQKoe), TO'-lHaR xapaKTepHCTHKa .n.pyroro HeB03MO)f(Ha.
CMbICJ1 KOMn03HQHH 113 Tpex Kopa6J1eH B npHHQHne RceH. EOJlblllOH
BoeHHbIH Kopa6J1b npecJ1e.n.YeT ToproBoe CY)J,HO H CY)J,HO, TO'-lHOe Ha3Ha-
'-IeHl1e KOTOpOro HeSICHO.
STOpOH PHCYHOK ymeM Ha cTeHax YCbmaJIbHHQbI npe.n.CTaBJIReT C060H
BeCbMa '-IeTKOe H RCHoe H306pa)f(eHHe OT.n.bIxalOIl\ero OJ1eHR-caMQa nR-
THJleTHero B03paCTa 46 . ITpH'-Il1HbI nOSIBJIeHHR H306pIDKeHHR OJ1eHSI B YCbI-
naJIbHHQe HenOHRTHbI.
KpOMe Taro, Ha CTeHax YCbInaJIbHHQbI HaH.n.eHO HeCKOJ1bKO 11306pa-
)f(eHHH ceMHCBe'-lHHKa, TalOKe c.n.eJ1aHHbIX ymeM.
YmeM c.n.eJ1aHa Ha apaMCHCKOM SI3bIKe Ha.n.nHCb, npH3bIBalOIl\aSI on-
J1aKHBaTb HaCOHa. Ha.n.nl1Cb c.n.eJ1aHa 6paTOM YMeplllero, He YKa3aBlllHM
HHKaKoro HHOro HMeHH nOKoHHoro, '-ITa .D.JISI BepYlOI.l\HX H)'.n.eeB, KaKO-
BbIMH 6bIJ1H HaCOH 11 ero 6paT XOHJ1jJ, He06bI'-IHO, oc06eHHO eCJ111 Y'-leCTb,
.....CM. nOllpo6Ho: Rahmani L. H. Op. cit. P.69-72.
45 HMeIOWHec" B rp06HHLle Ha.amICH HIlKaK He npO"CHJlIOT CMbIC.la KO'-ln03I1UIUI If ee
COJIepJKaHHe, HCCJ1eJIOBaHHe PHCYHKOB. C,le.aOBaTeJJbHO, B03MOJKHO TO.lbKO HCXOllJl H3 HHX
caMHX.
460.1eHb JleJKHT no.aomYB no.a ce6Jl Hom. B03pacT JKe O.leH!I .1erKO onpeJIe.1JleTC!I no
KOJ1H'ieCTBY DeTBeH Ha porax.
88
rJla6a 2, 06u/WI xapaKmepucmUKa nepeozo nepuoiJa PWIlCKo-uydeucKux omHomeHUU
"ITa I1M HaCOH - rpe"leCKOe 11, CJ1e.n.OBaTeJIbHO, 3bI"IeCKOe C Hy.n.eikKOH
TO"lKH 3peHI1 47.
C HCTOpH"IeCKOH T01.JKI1 3peHI1 npl1HQl1nl1aJIbHO BIDKeH Bonpoc 06
HHTepnperaQI1H KOMn0311QHI1 C Kopa6J1 MI1. O.n.H03Ha1.JHOrO OTBera 3)J.eCb
HeT, H60 KOMn03I1QI1 YHI1KaJIbHa, a COXpaHI1Bllll1eC B YCbInaJJbHI1Qe
Ha.n.nI1CH KpaTKI1 H HHKaK He nO CH IOT co.n.ep)f(aHH 11306pIDKeHHoro.
PHCYHOK n03B0J1 eT C YBepeHHOCTblO roBOpl1Tb J1HWb 0 TOM, "ITO pe"lb
H.n.eT a BoeHHOH aKQHI1, T. e., BepO THee Bcero, a nHpaTCKOM Hana.n.eHHI1.
Bce )f(e MO)f(HO comaCHTbC C J1. PaxMaHH, aBTOpOM 061l.{ero OnHCaHI1
Bcex Haxo.n.OK, "ITa BeCb 3TOT MaTepl1aJI n03B0J1 eT C HeKOTopOH )J.OJ1eH
BepmITHOCTH HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb KOMn0311QHIO C Kopa6JUIMI111 onpe.n.eJ1HTb
.n.IDKe, KeM Mar 6bITb 3TOT HaCOH.
HaH.n.eHHbIe apxe0J10rl1"1eCKHe Haxo.n.KH n03BOJl 1OT C"II1TaTb HaCOHa
OCHOBaTeJIeM CeMeHCTBa, 3aHI1MaBlllero npl1 AneKcaH.n.pe HaHHae BH.n.Hoe
061l.{eCTBeHHoe n0J10)f(eHl1e. CQeHa C Kopa6JI MH, BepOHHee Bcero, OT-
pa)f(aeT KaKOH-TO BIDKHbIH 3n1130.n. 113 )f(H3HI1 caMoro HaCOHa 48 . no xa-
paKTepHCTI1Ke J1. PaxMaHH, 60J1blllOH BoeHHbIH Kopa6J1b MO)f(HO Ha3BaTb
nl1paTCKI1M, 1160 TOJ1bKO .n.J1 nHpaTCKI1X Kopa6J1eH 6bIJ10 xapaKTepHO
ynoTpe6JIeHI1e napyca BO BpeM 60eBbIx .n.eHCTBI1H.
Y Hac Her .n.aHHbIx, KOTopbIe n03BOJIHJlI1 6b1 onpe.n.eJIHTb, KeM 6b1J1
HaCOH Ha Kopa6J1e 49 : KanHTaHOM, KOMaH)J,HpOM HJ111 BJ1a.n.eJ1bQeM. tho)f(e
Kacaerc J1. PaxMaHH, TO OH no.n.Bo.n.HT 1.JHTaTeJ1 K CJ1e.n.YlOll.{eH MbICJ1I1.
HaCOH - pa360raTeBWHH MOpCKOH nl1paT HJ1H )f(e 1.JeJlOBeK, HMeBlllHH
.n.OXO)J.bI OT nHpaTCTBa, - HHbIMI1 CJ10BaMI1, "IeJlOBeK He CJ1HWKOM Il.{ene-
TI1JlbHbIH, HO npHHa)J,J1e)f(aBlllHH K npaBOBepHOH ceMbe 50 H .n.OCTl1rlllHH
BbICOKOro 06w.eCTBeHHoro nOJlO)f(eHlliI 51 . 0 nOCJ1e.n.HeM COBepllleHHO CHO
CBI1.n.eTeJIbCTBYeT 60raTCTBO YCbInaJJbHHQbI H ee HHBeHTap .
4' a HallTIHCH CM. nOllp06HO - Avigad N. Aramaic Inscriptions in the Tomb of Jason II
IEJ. Vol. 17. 1967. P. 101-111.
48 11. PaxMaHH nHWeT, 'iTO, MO)l(eT 6blTb, caM HacoH H306paJKeH Ha HOCY 60JJbWOro BoeH-
HOro Kopa6JJ!I. (Op. cit. P. 97).
49 ECJlH, KOHe'iHO, C'iHTarb, 'iTO MeJK.llY HacoHoM H Kopa6J1eM Bo06we cyweCTByeT CB!l3b.
flo,'l06HOe npellno.10JKeHHe BeCbMa BepO!lTHO, HO XOTe.lOCb 6bl oc060 nO.:t'iepKHYTb, 'iTO
,'lOKaJaTeJlbCTB 3TOro He cyweCTBYeT.
50 C TO'iKH 3peHH!I aBTOpa ,'laHHOJ:i pa60TbI, 3aHJITHe nHpaTCTBOM H npaBOBepHOe c06nlO-
lleHHe HOpM HYllaH3Ma (KaK. BnpO'ieM, H JJl060H llpyroil Bepbl) MOryT CBH,'lerenbCTBOBaTb
TOJlbKO 0 6ecnpHHUHnHOCTH TaKOro 'ienOBeKa. HCTOpH!I 3HaeT, KOHe'iHO, MHOJKeCTBO npHMe-
POB CO'ieTaHHJl B lleJlTe,lbHOCTH OllHOro 'ieJlOBeKa He6JJaroBHllHblX ,'leJlHHH H <POpMaJlbHO
6e3YKopH3HeHHoro 6.1arO'ieCTHJI.
51 KOCBeHHblM llOBO,'lOM B nonb3Y TOro. 'iTO HaCOH Mor 6blTb CR!l3aH c MopeM H Mopen.la-
BaHHeM. 11. PaxMaHH C'iHTaeT (Op, cit. P. 97) TOT $aKT, 'iTO HeKOTOpble H3 HaXOllOK B YCbInaJIb-
HHue npOHCXO;vlT He H3 na. eCTHHbI.
89
A, f. fpyweBoH. l1yoeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PW./CKOU pecny611uKu u PUMCKOU u.wnepuu
,
_ ....L-
.... ' : / J
\ \: /
\ \ I / l
f/ i \ I / /
\:. \\ 1 / i,
, \ \ ,;
--; \ \ I
-5 j ' . I /"
" 7--........ //?
...-.-.......... --........_-_..._-.......__...-: ;.:./'
- - ---=-:.: ::::..---:: =::: ;;::::..-
()
11306paJKeHHe C O)J.HOH H3 CTeH rp06HHUbl HacoHa: .llBa rpaJK.llaHCKHX CY.llHa H O.llHO
BoeHHoe
K CO)KaJIeHHIO, HC'-I nbIBalOll\ero 06'bSlCHeHHSI Bcex Haxo.n.oK H H30-
6pIDKeHHH H3 MOrHJIbl l1acoHa .n.aTb HeB03MO)KHO. TaK, OTCYTcTBHe '-IeT-
KHX KpHTepl1eB )J,JlSl .n.aTHpOBKH pl1CYHKOB H KaKHX-JIH60 06'bjlCHeHHH
CMblCJIa H306pIDKeHHH n03BOJIjleT, B npHHUHne, HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb HX H
COBceM HHa'-le. HeJIb3S1 HCKJIIO'-IaTb B03MO)KHOCTH Toro, '-ITO ToproBoe
cy.n.HO npeCJIe.n.YeT He 60JIblllOH BoeHHblH Kopa6JIb, a MaJIeHbKHH, a 60JIb-
lllOH BbInOJIHjleT pOJIb CBoero po.n.a 6eperoBoH oxpaHbl, 3all\Hll\aSl TOpro-
BblH Kopa6JIb OT Hana.n.eHHSI pa360HHHKOB HJIH rpa6HTeJleH. Op06JIeMa,
o.n.HaKO, 6y.n.eT 3aKJIIO'-IaTbCjI B TOM, LJTO B HCTOLJHHKax HeT HHKaKHX yno-
MI1HaHHH a CYll\eCTBOBaHI1I1 KaKOH-JIH60 6eperoBoH oxpaHbl, TOrt a KaK
ynoMHHaHlliI a pa360e H He COBceM SlCHble ynoMHHaHHjI a npH'-IaCTHOCTH
K He MY Hy.n.eeB Bce )Ke eCTb. 003TOMY, 3a HeHMeHHeM JIYLJlllerO, npHXO-
.n.I1TCSI HCXO.n.I1Tb H3 HaH60JIee BepoSITHoro npe.n.nOJIO)f(eHHSI, XOTb KaK-TO
90
r:wea 2, 06u/aJl xapaKmepucmUKa nep60<'0 nepuoda pu,llcKo-uydeuo:w: OmHOUIeHUU
.n.OK}'MeHTHpOBaHHoro coxpaHHB-
llll1MHCjI HCTO'-lHHKaMH, a TalOKe
OTMeTHTb, '-ITa nepe.n. HaMH o'-le-
peAHoe HHTepeCHoe CBH)J,eTenbCT-
BO 3Ha'-ll1TenbHOro paCXO)l()],eHI1j1
HaWHX npe.n.CTaBJleHHH a )KH3HH H
3aHjlTHjlX Hy.n.eeB B .n.peBHOCTH 11
HCTOpH'-IeCKOH peanbHOCTH.
O.n.HaKO .n.aHHbIe apxeonorHH
Bce )Ke .n.onOnHjllOTCjI .n.aHHbIMH
nHCbMeHHblX HCTO'-lHHKOB. Ba)K-
HbIe CBH.n.eTeJlbCTBa a nHpaTCTBe
H)'.n.eeB co.n.ep)KaTCjI y CTpa60Ha.
Ii3 HHX Y. PannonoPT H. JI. Pax-
MaHH 06panu1H BHHMaHHe TonbKO
Ha nepBoe. PaCCKa3bIBaji a TIane-
CTHHe I B..n.O H. 3., CTpa60H (XVI,
2, 28 = C759) co06I..Qae-r ° nHpaT-
CTBe Hy.n.eeB, K CO)KaneHI1IO .n.njl
Hccne.n.OBaTenjl, B He O'-leHb jlCHOH
cpopMe. OnHcaHHe Hacpcpbl 3aBep-
wae-rCjI Y Hero CJle.n.YIOWHMH CJlO-
B11MH' Kat 0T1Kat EmVEtcp 'tou'tcp KEXPTJvtat Ka'taf3<Xvn:c; xpl eaAaTITJC;
Ot IOOOalOl' 'tCl O E1tt VEla 'trov A. ncr'trov A. ncr't1lpta OTJA.OvO't1. tcr'ti.&.
«KOHe'-lHO raBaHblO :nOH nonb3YIOTCH cnycKalOWHeCH .n.o MOpH l1y.n.eH.
A raBaHH pa360HHHKOB pa360HHH'-IbI1MH, KOHe'-lHO, jlBnHIOTCH».
HeKOTOp<UI HeCKJla)J,HOCTb 3THX CJIOB, CYAA no BceM)', cMYTI1J1a M. IUrep-
Ha, KOTOpblH npe.D.J1araeT .D.J1H HHX He COBceM TO'-lHYIO HHTepnpeTaUHIO,
)KenaH, BH.n.I1MO, YHTH aT «nHpaTCKOH» HHTepnpeTaUHH C006weHI1H.
«)J;eHCTBHTenbHO, 3TO MeCTO CJIY)KHT Hy.n.eHM raBaHblO, Kor.n.a OHH cnyc-
KalOTCH K MOplO; o.n.HaKO )Ke HCHO, '-ITO ''faBaHH pa360HHHKOB" HBJIHIOT-
CjI He '-IeM HHbIM, KaK pa360HHH'-IbHMH me3.n.aMH». (l.J.HTl1pyeTcH no
H3.n.aHHIO: WTepH, 1997. C. 293). Ha cne.n.YlOweH, 294-H CTpaHl1ue
KHHrH M. WTepH nHllleT a TOM, '-ITa ynoMHHaHHe a pa360HHHKax HBnjl-
eTCH, nO-BH.n.HMOMY, nOnbITKOH OCMbIcnHTb KaKoe-TO reorpacpl1'-1eCKOe
HaHMeHOBaHHe, CBH3aHHoe C cpHnHCTHMnHHaMH. )J;eJIO B TOM, '-ITa rpe-
'-IeCKOe cnOBO CO 3Ha'-leHHeM «pa360HHHK» nonano B HBPHT 11 nHlllb
MI1HHManbHO OTnH'-IaeTCH B 3TOM CBoeM Ka'-leCTBe OT y)Ke cywecTBoBaB-
lllero B HBplITe 3THOHHMa «cpHnHCTHMJIHHHH». TIO.n.06H<UI HHTepnpeTauH.SI
6bIna 6bI npaBHJIbHOH, ecnH 6bl He pa36HpaeMoe '-IYTb HH)Ke BTopoe
CBH.n.eTenbCTBO CTpa60Ha.
!
:- -'- \
, )
,
H306paJKeHHe OIleHJl H3 rpo6HHUbI HacoHa
91
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaulM e ucmopuu PU.'-1CKOU pecny6JlUKU U PUMCKOU UMnepUII
.IJ:eHcTBHTeJ1bHO, 'l)'Tb HH)f(e CTpa60H nHWeT (XVI, 2, 37 = C761) a
Tex )f(e C06blTHHX I B. .n.o H. 3. y)f(e ropa3.n.o 60JIee onpe.n.eJ1eHHO. Ha'-IaB
C Tpa.n.HQHOHHoro )J,JIH aHTH4HOH J1HTeparypbl BOCXBaJIeHHH H)'.n.eHCKHX
06b14aeB my60KoH .n.peBHOCTI1, Koma H)'.n.eH c06mo.n.aJIH YCTaHOBJ1eHHH
MOI1CeH, CTpa60H co06 aeT, 4TO co BpeMeHeM 06b14aH nepeCTaJIH c06-
mo.n.aTbCH H BJlaCTb CTaJIa nepexo.n.HTb K npaBHTeJ1HM-THpaHaM. .IJ:aJIee
reorpacp nepexo.n.HT K C06b1THHM I B..n.O H. 3.: EIC OE 'trov 't'Up<XVvl&oV 'tex
A. nO''tijpta. 01 JlEv yap Ctq>lO''taJlEVOt 'tTJv XWpav EICaIC01)V ICat 'tTJv
YE1'tVtcooav, 01 OE (J'\)Jl7tp<iTIovu:<; 'tOt<; &PX0001. ICa9iJp1tffi;ov 'tex w..A.&tpta
ICat 'tf\<; L'l.>pia<; ICa'tEO''tpEq>OV'tO ICat 'tf\<; q,OtvllC11<; 1tOA.A.ijv. «1--13 THpa-
HH4eCKHX pe)f(HMOB B03HHK Pa360H. .IJ:eJ1o B TOM, 4TO O.n.HH, BOCCTaB,
npHHeCJ1H ymep6 CBoeH CTpaHe H coce.n.HeH, a .n.pyme, COTpy.n.HH4aH C
npaBHTeJ1HMH, rpa6HJ1I1 HM}'meCTBO .n.pymx H 3aXBaTHJlH 3Ha4HTeJ1bHYlO
4aCTb CHpHH H <1>HHHKHH».
CMbICJ1 nOCJ1e)J.HHX CJ10B 04eBH.n.eH BceM KOMMeHTaTopaM 52 . CTpa60H
onHCbIBaeT TaKHM 06pa30M nOJ1HTHK}' 110aHHa fHpKaHa H ArieKcaH)J.pa
H:aHHaH, HanpaBJ1eHHYlO Ha no.n.4HHeHl1e BJlaCTH xaCMOHeHCKHX .n.HHac-
TaB TeppHTopHH TIaJIeCTHHbl, KOTopaH 6blJla HaCeJ1eHa H)')J.eHMH B HCTO-
pH4eCKOM npOlllJ10M, a 4eM y)f(e lllJ1a pe4b Bblllle.
3TOT MaTepHaJI n03BOJIHT COBepweHHO HHa4e no.n.OHTI1 K Bonpocy
a B03MO)f(HOM COTpy.n.HI14eCTBe Hy.n.eeB C nHpaTaMI1-KI1J1HKHHuaMH H
Henocpe.n.CTBeHHOM Y4aCTHH Hy.n.eeB B nHpaTCTBe Ha Cpe.n.H3eMHOM
Mope. <1>aKT HCnOJlb30BaHHH H:acpcpbl MOpCKHMH nHpaTaMH Henocpe)J.-
CTBeHHO no.n.TBep)f()J.aeTCH, KaK nOKa3aHO Bblwe, CTpa60HOM H KOCBeH-
HO - 110CHcpoM <1>J1aBHeM, co06 alOmHM a TOM, 4TO TIoMneH npH
TeppHTOpHaJIbHOH peopraHH3aQHH B TIaJIeCTHHe c.n.eJ1aJI H:acpcpy, ra3Y
H .n.pyrHe npHMopCKl1e ropo.n.a He3aBHCHMblMH OT BJ1aCTH xaCMOHeHCKHX
.n.HHaCTOB (Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud., XIV, 76 = Bel. Jud., I, 156). .IJ:eJ1o B TOM,
4TO .n.J1H nOJ1HTHKH PHMa He 6b1J10 xapaKTepHO BMeWaTeJ1bCTBO B .n.eJ1a
MecTHoro ynpaBJleHHH onpe.n.eJIeHHOH TeppHTopHeH (HJ1H ropo.n.oM).
I1Hoe - KaK B )J.aHHOM CJ1Y4ae - .n.OJ1)f(HO 6b1J10 6b1Tb Bbl3BaHO J1Hlllb
OC06blMH 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaMH. .IJ:ocTaT04Ho BcnOMHHTb, 4TO O.n.HOH H3
Ba)f(HeHWHX npH4HH npe.n.OCTaBJleHHH TIoMnelO oc06b1x n0J1HOM04HH
Ha BocToKe 6blJ1a 60Pb6a C nl1paTaMI1 H nHpaTcTBoM 53 . 3TO KaK pa3 H
06bHCHHeT CTOJ1b npHCTaJIbHblH HHTepec TIoMneH K nOpTOBblM ropo.n.aM
TIaJleCTHHbI.
"CM., HanpHMep: WrepH, 1997. C. 308; The Geography ofStrabo with an English trans-
lation by H. L. Jones in eight volumes. VlI. Cambridge Mass., Lonodon, 1983. P. 275, 285.
53 CM.: Cic. De imperio C. Pompei, XI, 32; XII, 32-33; XV, 44; XVlII, 55; XIX, 58;
XXIII. 67.
92
J:W6a 2. 0611/aR xapaKmepucmUKa nepeozo nepuoiJa pU.McKo-uydeucKIIX onlHomeHUU
MaClllTa6bI nHpaTcTBa Hy.n.eeB Ha Mope HeH3BeCTHbI. E.n.HHCTBeHHbIH
HMelOl.l{HHCjI B HaweM pacnopjl)J(emll1 HCTO'lHHK - PHCYHKH 113 rp06-
HHUbl HaCOHa - n03BOnjleT KOHCTaTHpOBaTb !f>aKT, HO He .n.aeT B03-
MO)J(HOCTH OueHI1Tb npOHcxo.n.HBlllee no CYTH. TeM He MeHee )J,Ba MO-
MeHTa Bce )J(e OTMeTHTb MO)J(HO. 1-1306pa)J(eHHbli1 BoeHHblH Kopa6nb He
OTHOCHnCjI K 'IHCJIY KpynHblx - :no MOHopeMa, Kopa6JIb C O.n.HHM
pR.n.OM rpe6UOB. KpOMe Toro, B coxpaHHBllll1XCjI HCTO'lHI1KaX npjlMblX
CBH.n.eTenbCTB 06 Hy.n.eHcKoM MOpCKOM pa360e HeT. HHblMH CnOBaMI1,
Y'laCTHe Hy.n.eeB B MOpCKOM pa360e B BOCTO'lHOM Cpe)J,H3eMHOMopbe
He Morno 6bITb 3Ha'lHTenbHb1M H, CKopee Bcero, He Bblxo.n.l1no 3a Tep-
pHTOpHaJIbHble BO.n.bl c06CTBeHHO naJIeCTHHbI. B npOTHBHOM cnY'lae B
HCTO'lHHKaX coxpaHHnOCb 6bl ropaJ.n.o 60nbllle HH!f>opMaUHH no 3TOMY
nOBO.n.y.
B npl1HUHne )J(e caM !f>aKT MOpCKOro paJ6ml H)')J,eeB BO BpeMeHa Xac-
MOHeeB y.n.HBnjlTb He .n.on)J(eH. nomlTHKa 3aXBaTa rpe'leCKHX ropO.n.OB
naJIeCTHHbl, He OTJIH'IaBWajlCjI OC060H ryMaHHocTblO 5 4, KOHTponb Ha.n.
Ha!f>!f>oH 55 H faJOH, OCHOBHblMH nOpToBblMH ropo.n.aMH naJIeCTHHbl, H
KOHTaKTbl C KHJlHKHHuaMH BnonHe MOrJIH npHBecTH, no MeHbllleH Mepe,
K )J(enaHI1IO KOHTpOnji 3a npH6peiKHblMI1 Bo.n.aMH, 'ITa B COTpy.n.HH'IeCTBe
C KHnHKHHuaMH CTaHOBHJlOCb BnonHe peaJIbHblM KaK no CYTI1, TaK H no
!f>opMe.
3aBepwajl paJroBop 06 YCbInaJIbHHue HacoHa H np06neMax HHTep-
npeTaUHH HaH)J,eHHbIX TaM Haxo.n.OK, XOTenOCb 6bl CKaJaTb HeCKonbKO
cnOB 0 BeCbMa BepOjiTHblX nCHXOnOrH'IeCKHX oc06eHHOCHX HaCOHa.
npHHa.n.ne)J(HOCTb HaCOHa H ero ceMbH K H)'.n.aH3MY COMHeHHH He BbI3bl-
BaeT. O.n.HaKO y)J(e caMO rpe'leCKOe HMjI 3Toro 'IenOBeKa nOKaJblBaeT, 'ITa
nepe)J, HaMH npe.n.aHHblH ueHHTenb 3JInHHCKOH K)'nbrypbI 56 . 0 TOM )J(e
roBOpHT COXpaHI1BlllajlCjI B YCbInaJIbHHue rpe'leCKIDI Ha.n.nHCb 57 , COCTOjl-
54 CM., HanpHMep, onHcaHHe OCa,llbl fa:>bl H paCnpaBbI, Y'iHHeHHOH B faJe BOHcKaMH
AneKcaHllpa HaHHa!I: F1. Jos. Ant. Jud., XIII, 356-365. B OTJIH'iHe OT Ha$!jJbl B HCTO'iHHKax
HeTYKaJaHHH 0 KaKHX-ilH60 H3MeHeHH!lX B 3THH'ieCKOM COCTaBe JKHTeJJeH ropO.1la. flocile.llHee,
npaB.1Ia, BnOJJHe BepOHHO, Y'iHTblBWI MacwTa6bl Y'iHHeHHblX apMHeH AneKcaHllpa HaHHWI
y6HHCTB, rpa6eJKeH H BnOJJHe B03MOJKHOro (CM. Ant. Jud., XIII, 363) 06pameHH!I JKHTeJJeH
ropO.1la B pa6CTBO.
55 Ha$$a HaXO.1lHJJaCb no.1l HY.1IeHCKHM KOHTpOHeM co BpeMeHH npaBlleHHJl CHMOHa MaK-
KaBe". 3axaar ropolla npH 3TOM conpoBOJKllaJICJl H cepbe3HblMH H3MeHeHH!lMH B 3THH'ieCKOM
COCTaBe HaCeJJeHHJI: ropO.1l CTaJI HYlleHCKHM B np!lMOM CMblC.1e CJJOBa. HOCH$ <1>JJaBHH nHweT
o TOM, 'iTO CHMOH npHKaJaJ! H3rHaTb MeCTHoe HaCeJJeHHe H3 Ha$$bl (Ant. Jud., XIII, 180;
202).
s63.11eCb .1I0CTaTO'iHO BCnOMHHTb 3HaMeHHTblX nepBOCB!I!UeHHHKOB-3JJJJHHH3aTOpoB Haco-
Ha H MeHeJla!l.
57 Benoit P. L'Inscription grecque du tombeau de Jason II IEJ. 1967. Vol. 17. P. 112-113.
93
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U uydau3.\1 e ucmopuu PU.\tCKOU pecny6.wKu u PUMCKOli lLMnepUIl
ajl H3 .n.BYX CTpO'leK: Ha nepBOH MO)KHO pa306paTb E'\xppat VEcr8E 01
&V'tE «pa.n.YHTecb )KHBymHe». Ha BTOpOH CTpO'lKe MO)KHO pa306paTb:
['t]O Of (A.ot)1tO(v..]1tEtV oJl<X q><x[YEtV]. «B OCTaIIbHOM... nHTb, TaK)Ke KaK
H eCTb». HHa'ie rOBOpjl, B YCbInaIIbHI1Qe a.n.enTOB H)'.n.aH3Ma 06Hap}')KeHa
Ha.n.nHCb, oTpIDKalO aH B3mH.n.bl, THnH'IHbIe .D.JIH rpe'leCKOrO BocnpHSlTHH
MHpa. 3TO BeCbMa .n.OcTonpHMe'laTeJlbHbIH <t>aKT BHe 3aBI1CHMOCTH aT
TOro, K KOMY HMeHHO OTHOCHTCH TeKCT, H60 .n.oKa3aTb 'ITo-J1H60 HeB03-
MO)KHO.
B npHHQHne, aHa MO)KeT OTHOCHTbCH KaK K HacoH)', TaK H K O.n.HOMY
H3 era nOTOMKOB. O.n.HaKO )Ke O.n.HO KOCBeHHoe C006pa)KeHHe n03BOJUleT,
KaK KIDKeTCH, rOBOpl1Tb a TOM, 'ITa rpe'leCKaH Ha.n.nHCb c.n.eJlaHa O.n.HO-
BpeMeHHO co BceMH EHCYHKaMH H apaMeHCKOH Ha.n.nI1CblO, B KOTOpOH
'IeTKO 'IHTaeTCH I1MH HaCOHa. KaK 11 Bce 11306pIDKeHHH B YCbInaIIbHHQe,
rpe'leCKaH Ha.n.nHCb c.n.eJIaHa .n.peBeCHbIM ymeM. BbIllle )Ke OTMe'laIIOCb,
'ITa I1CnOJIb30BaHHe ymjl HBJIHeTCH, BepOHTHee Bcero, CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOM
cJle.n.ylOmero 06CTOjlTeJIbCTBa. 3aKa3'1HK o<t>opMJIeHHH YCbInaIIbHHUbI no
KaKHM-TO npH'IHHaM He CMor 06ecne'lI1Tb .n.OCTOHHOro, MOH)'MeHTaIIb-
HOro o<t>opMJIeHlfli H BblH)')K,D.eH 6blJl orpaHH'IHTbCjI JIHlllb npe.n.BaplITeJlb-
HblMH Ha6poCKaMH H306pIDKeHHH H TeKCTOB. HHblMH CJIOBaMH, BepOjlT-
Hee Bcero, Bce PHCYHKH H Bce Ha.n.nI1CH OTHOCHTCH H K O.n.HOMY H TOMY
)Ke BpeMeHH, 11, CJIe.n.oBaTeJIbHO, K O.n.HOMY H TOMY )Ke JIHUY - HacoH)'.
HaKOHeu a B03MO)KHOM BJIHHHHH rpe'leCKOH KYJIb1)'pbl Ha npe)J,CTa-
BHTeJIei1 ceMeHCTBa HaCOHa MO)KeT cBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaTb Heme o.n.Ha
Haxo.n.Ka 58 - MOHeTbl. HaxO.n.KH MOHeT B rpe'leCKHX 3axopoHeHHHX - HB-
JleHl1e HOpMaIIbHOe, 1160, no rpe'leCKHM npe.n.CTaBJIeHI1HM, nOKOHHblH
.n.OJI)KeH 6bIJI 3anJIaTHTb XapoHY 3a nepenpaBY 'Iepe3 peKY 3a6BeHHH
CTHKC. KaK OTHOCI1TbCjI K HaXO)J,KaM MOHeT B .n.aHHOM CJIY'Iae - He
BnOJIHe HCHO: MO)KeT 6bITb, HX nOjlBJIeHHe 06'bHCHHeTCjI KaKOH-TO OCTa-
IOmeHCjI HaM HeH3BeCTHOH CJIY'IaHHOCTblO. Bo BCHKOM cJIY'Iae, MO)KHO
OTMeTHTb, 'ITa .D.JIH H)')J,eHCKHX 3axopOHeHHH MOHeTbl HexapaKTepHbI, a
npHBep)KeHHOCTb HaCOHa rpe'leCKOMY 06pa3Y )KH3HI1 H KYJIb1)'pe 60JIee
'IeM O'leBH.n.Ha.
HHblMH CJIOBaMH, Y Hac, CY,W! no BceMy59, eCTb OCHOBaHHH C'IHTaTb,
'ITa HaCOH 6blJI BO MHO roM nOXO)K Ha Hocl1<t>a TOBHa.n.a, O.n.HOro H3 nep-
BblX npe.n.cTaBI1TeJIeH H)'.n.eHcKoH 3HaTH, pelllHBlllHx eme B III B. .n.o H. 3.
)KHTb «nO-3JIJIHHCKH». B )KH3HH JIIO.n.eH, OTKa3bIBaBWHXCjI CJle.n.OBaTb
3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB, KOTopble Ka3aIIHCb HM CJIHWKOM TeCHbIMH, napa.n.OK-
CaIIbHbIM 06pa30M CO'leTaIIHCb 06e KYJIb1)'pbl, npHMepoM 'IeMY MOryr
58 CM: Rahmani. Op. cit. P. 96.
59 )],n!l HaCTo"wero cpaBHeHHJlllaHHblX, om,eKTHBHO roBOP", MaJlO.
94
J:wea 2, 06U{aR xapaKmepllcmUKa nepeozo neplloda pu.\tcKo-uydeucKux omHOUleHUli
CJI}')KHTb 06CTo»TeJIbCTBa )f(H3HI1 fHpKaHa TOBHa.n.a H HaCOHa. OrpbIB aT
OTe4eCKI1X Tpa.n.Hl,\HH B 060l1x CJIY4a»x OKa3b1BaJIC» 3Ha4HTeJIbHbIM, HO
nOJIHoro pa3pblBa H aCCHMI1JI»QHI1 C rpeKaMH B paMKax )f(H3HH O.n.HOro
4eJIOBeKa, cy.n.» no BceMY, He npOHcxo.n.HJIO, H60 cOBMel.l.\eHHe B .n.ywe
HY.n.eHCKoro H 3J1JIHHCKOro Ha4aJI OKa3bIBaJIOCb B03MO)f(HblM, HO JII1Wb B
KaKHX-TO npe.n.eJIax.
«OcB06mK.n.eHHe» OT Ka3aBWHXCSI Y3KHMH paMoK OTe4eCKHX 06bI4a-
eB HeH36e)f(HO BeJIO K «ocB06mK,lJ,eHI1IO» aT HOpM COBeCTH H MOpaJIH
CBoeH K)'JIbrypbI, Tor.n.a KaK BOCnpmlTl1e HOpM COBeCTH 11 MOpaJIH 4Y)f(OH
K)'JIbrypbl Mama OKa3aTbC» np06JIeMaTH4HblM. B pe3YJIbTaTe B nOBe.n.eHI1I1
JIIO.n.eH, OKa3bIBaBlllHXC» Me)f(,lJ,y pa3JIH4HblMH K)'JIbrypaMH, Ha4HHaJIH
npO»BJISITbC» CTpaHHOCTI1. 060pOTHOH CTOpOHOH BH)'TpeHHei1 CB060.n.bl
H paCKpenOl.l.\eHHOCTH OKa3blBaJIaCb )f(eCTOKOCTb (CM. Y HocH!pa <I>JIaBI1»
onHcaHHe y6HHcTBa no npHKa3Y AJIeKcaH.n.pa HaHHaSI BOCbMHCTa ero
npOTHBHHKOB H 4JIeHOB HX ceMeH BO BpeMSI nHpa (Ant. Jud., XIII, 379-
385)) H .n.IDKe pacCTpOHCTBa nCHxHKH 60 , KaK nOKa3bIBaeT npHMep Hpo.n.a
BeJIHKoro. ,lVI» HeKoTopblX JIIO.n.eH no.n.06Horo po.n.a «ocB060)f(,lJ,eHl1e»
OKa3aJIOCb TparH4ecKHM: HOCH/V TOBHa.n. nOKOH4HJI C C060H, a H3BeCTHbIH
paBBHH-oTcrynHHK II B. H. 3. 3JIHllla 6eH A6y» CTaJI H3roeM B CBoeM
06ll.\ecTBe (CM. no.n.p06Hee m. 6).
H Bce )f(e JIIO.n.H, C04eTaBWHe B ce6e HY.n.eHcKoe H 3JIJIHHCKOe, BCTpe-
4alOTCSI B HCT04HHKax BnJIOTb .n.o KOHQa IV B. npaB.n.a, co BpeMeHeM HX
411CJIO YMeHbwaeTc», HO B 3noxy XacMoHeeB 3JIJIHHH3HpoBaHH:uJ Bep-
XYlllKa 6bIJIa, cy.n.» no BceMY, .n.OCTaT04HO MHoro4HCJIeHHOH H BJIH»TeJIb-
HOH, 4TO n03BOJI»JIO QaplO, 06'beKTHBHO roBOpSI, .n.BHraBllleMYcSI no HYTH
3JIJ1HHH3aU,HH, coxpaH»Tb BJIaCTb B 06I.l.\eCTBe. DbiJI JIH HacoH THnH4HbIM
npe)J,cTaBHTeJIeM xaCMOHeHCKOH 3HaTH? T04HOro OTBeTa Ha 3TOT cYll.\ec-
TBeHHblH Bonpoc Y Hac HeT BBH.n.y OTCYTCTBHSI .n.aHHbIX.D.JI» cpaBHeHHSI.
Bo BC»KOM CJIY4ae, MO)f(HO CKa3aTb, 4TO YHI1KaJIbHbIM OH He 6bIJI 61 , a
»BJISIJICSI npe.n.CTaBHTeJIeM rpynnHpoBKH, OpHeHTHpOBaBllleHCSI Ha 3JIJlHH-
CKHe CTaH.n.apTbi )f(H3HH.
O.n.HaKO B HY.n.eHCKOM 061.l.\ecTBe COXpaHSIJlHCb H HHble CHJIbI. CYll.\ec-
TBeHHblM C06blTI1eM BHyrpeHHeH )f(H3HH xaCMOHeHcKoro QapcTBa npl1
ArIeKcaH.n.pe HaHHae CTaJIH BOJIHeHHSI B HepYCaJIHMe H B cTpaHe B QeJIOM
B 94-88 rr..n.o H. 3. $0 6bIJIa cBoero pO)J,a rpIDK.D.aHCK:uJ BOHHa, Ha4aB-
wa»c», B03MO)f(H0, B HepYCaJIHMe, HO 3aTeM pacnpOCTpaHHBlllaSICSI Ha
'" HHoe o61.IicHeHHe Hea,aeKBaTHoro nOBe,'leHHJI UapJl B KOHue JKH3HH npeJlJ]OJKHTh TJ>YllHO.
61 OH MO)l(eT KaJaTbC" YHHKaJlbHbIM, MOO YHHKaJJbHa KaK naMJlTHHK ero rp06HHUa. HO CaMY
J1H'iHOCTb HaCOHa, npH BceH ee KOJ10pHTHOCTH, YHHKaJlbHOH JlJ]!I HY,'leHcKoro 06weCTBa Bpe-
MeHH XaCMOHeeB HaJBaTb HHKaK HeJJb3Jl.
95
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U uydau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOli pecny6JlUKU II PUJ\1CKOii UMnepUII
Bce BJIa.n.eHH XaCMOHeeB. Bo BC KOM CJIy'me, Henb3 He 3aMeTHTb, '-11'0
HOCH<p <1>naBHH CHa'-laJIa paCCKa3bIBae-r 0 BOJIHeHH X B HepYCaJIHMe H
nHlllb 3areM ynOMI1HaeT a TOM, '-ITO BOJIHeHH OXBaTl1J1H ropa3.n.o 60JIbrnylO
TeppHTopHIO.
HepYCaJIHMCKHH 3nH30)J, B H3nO)f{eHI1I1 Hocl1<pa <1>naBI1 Bblrn .n.I1T
cne.n.YIOI.l{I1M 06pa30M. PeJlHrH03HbIe JII1.n.epbI tPapl1CeeB 6bInH BeCbMa
He.n.OBonbHbI Bce 60nee B03paCTaBllleH 3nnHHH3aUHeH .n.Bopa. KpOMe
Toro, <papHCel1 KaTerOpl1'-1eCKH B03pa)f{aJJl1 npOTHB Toro, '-IT06bI O.n.I1H
'-IenOBeK COBMeI.l{aJJ UapCKHH THryJI C nOCTOM nepBOCB I.l{eHHHKa62. Hc-
TO'-lHHKH He n03BOJI IOT B nonHOH Mepe OueHI1Tb MaCWTa6bI H xapaKTep
npOHcxo.n. IUero. JIcHa nHWb, '-11'0 pacnpaBa C Y'-laCTHHKaMH BonHeHHH
6bIna )f{eCTOKOH: no npHKa3Y uap 6bInO y6HTO 60nbllloe KOJIH'-IeCTBO
<papl1CeeB (Ant. Jud., XIII, 372-373; Bel. Jud., I, 88-89). \.IYTb HI1)f{e
HOCH<p <1>naBHH nHllleT a TOM, '-11'0 nocne Hey.n.a'-lHoro )J,JI HY.n.eeB cpa-
)f{eHH C Ha6aTeHcKHM uapeM 060.n.aToM Hapo.n. BOCCTaJJ npOTHB uap H
BonHeHH .n.nHnHCb 6 neT. no cnOBaM Hocl1<pa <1>naBI1 , AJleKcaH.n.p
HaHHaH no.n.aBHJI BOCCTaHHe, HO npH 3TOM 6bIJIO y6HTO He MeHee 50 TbIC.
Hy.n.eeB (FI. Jos., XIII, 375-376). npH'-II1HbI 3TOro BbicrynJIeHH cOBep-
rueHHO nOIDITHbI. EeCKOHe'-lHble 3aBOeBaTeJIbHble nOXO)J,bl, pacT pacxo.n.OB
Ha co.n.ep)f{aHHe HaeMHHKOB, Ha UapCKHH .n.BOp H rocy.n.apCTBeHHYIO 610-
pOKpaTHIO, a TaIOKe npHBep)f{eHHOCTb 3JIHTbI 3JIJlHHHCTI1'-1eCKHM Kynbry-
pe H cTaH.n.apTaM )f{H3HH BbI3bIBaJIH cepbe3Hoe He.n.OBonbCTBO B 06I.l{e-
CTBe KaK B COUHaJJbHOM, TaK H B KynbrypHoM OTHOllleHHI1. HecnY'-laHHO,
KOHe'-lHO, 11 B KYMpaHCKI1X .n.0KYMeHTax, 11 y Hocl1<pa <l>JIaBI1 COXpaHI1JII1Cb
CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBa oTKpoBeHHoH HeHaBHCTH K uaplO p .n.OBbIX '-IneHOB 06-
I.l{eCTBa 63 .
B KOHue JKH3HH AJleKcaH)J,p HaHHaH B '-IeM-TO H3MeHHn, a B03MO)f{HO,
BbIHY)f{)J,eH 6bIn H3MeHHTb, CBOH B3m .n.bI. no cnOBaM HocH<pa <1>naBH ,
Qapb 3aBeI.l{aJJ CBoeH cynpyre AneKcaH.n.pe CaJJoMee nOMHpHTbC C <pa-
pHce MH H He npe.n.npHHHMaTb HHKaKI1X waroB B rocy.n.apCTBeHHbIX
.n.enax 6e3 COBeTa C HI1MH (Ant. Jud., XIII, 400-408). AHaJJH3 3Toro co-
06I.l{eHH B CB 3H C 06I.l{eH nonHTHKOH AneKcaH.n.pa HaHHa n03Bon e-r
YTO'-lHHTb HeCKonbKO MOMeHTOB, cneUHaJJbHO He ynoMHHaeMbIX HOCI1<pOM
<1>naBHeM. Cy.n. no BceMY, AneKcaH.n.p HaHHaH 3aBeI.l{aJI cBoeH cynpyre
He KOH<pJIHKTOBaTb C <papHce MH HMeHHO nOTOMY, '-11'0 caM nbITanc
62 J],aHHbIH 3nH3011 nOJIp06HO npOaHaJlH3HpOBaH B. 4epHKOBepOM - Tcherikover V Hel-
lenistic Civilization and the Jews. Philadelphia, 1961. P. 255-261.
63 CM., HanpHMep: Fl. Jos., XIII, 376. qTO KaCaeTCJl K}'MpaHCKHx llOXYMeHTOB, TO 3,JeCb
XOTeJJOCb 6bl oco60 OTMeTHTb CJlellYlOwee. AneKcaH,Jp HaHHaH JlBJlJleTC!I OllHOH H3 HaH60Jlee
nOllXOllJlWHX !jmryp Ha pOJlb «He'ieCTHBoro CB!lweHHHKa). CM. nOllp06Hee: AMYCUH H. /l. YK.
CO'i. C. 183-184; TaHmJleeCKUU if, P. YK, CO'i. C. 168-176.
96
Tllaea 2, 06u/aJl xapm:mepucmuKa nepeoi'o nepuoda pWl/cKo-lIyoeuCKILT omHoweHUU
CTpOI1Tb CBOIO BHelllHlO1O H BHYTpeHHlO1O nOJIHTHKY, HanpaBJIeHHYIO Ha
C03.n.aHHe CHJIbHOrO rocy.n.apCTBa 3JIJIHHHCTH'leCKOro 06pa.3ua, 6e3 Y'IeTa
BJIHj/HHj/ Tex CHJI 06Ll1eCTBa, KOTopble 6blJIH Tpa.n.HUI10HHO opHeHTHpo-
BaHbI Ha )!(H3Hb no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB. I1HblMI1 CJIOBaMH, AJIeKcaH.n.p
HaHHaH He Y'IeJI HJIH He 3aXOTeJI Y'IHTblBaTb CHJIY BJlHj/HHj/ cpapHceeB B
06Ll1eCTBe.
06Ll1aj/ oueHKa nOJIHTHKH Bcex XaCMOHeeB B ueJIOM H AJIeKcaH.n.pa
HaHH<UI B 'IaCTHOCTH eCTb B Heo.n.HOKpaTHO ynoMHHaBllleHCj/ pa60Te B.
\.IepHKOBepa. OH COBepweHHO CnpaBe)J,JIHBO nHllleT 64 a TOM, 'ITa OCHOB-
HOH npOC'IeT XaCMOHeeB 3aKJIIO'IarrCj/ B CTpeMJIeHHH nOCTpOI1Tb 3JIJIH-
HHCTH'IeCKOe rOCYAapCTBO Ha H)'AeHCKOH HaUHOHarrbHOH OCHOBe, HMej/
B BH.n.y npe)!()],e Bcero HeCOBMeCTHMOCTb HepycarrHMcKOH TeOKpaTHH C
3JIJIHHI1CTH'IeCKHM nOJIHTI1'1eCKI1M YCTPOHCTBOM, a TaJOKe TOT cpaKT, 'ITO
nepBOCBj/Ll1eHHHK He Mar 6bITb 3JIJIHHHCTH'IeCKHM uapeM. Ha.n.o CKa.3aTb,
'ITa CnpaBe)J,JIHBOCTb 3Toro YTBep)!()],eHHj/ no.n.TBep)!()],aeTCj/ npHMepOM
Hey.n.a'lH 3JIJIHHH3aTopOB, CTpeMHBlllHXCj/ He3a.n.OJIro .n.o BOCCTaHlliI MaK-
KaBeeB C03.n.aTb B OarreCTHHe 'IHCTO 3JIJIHHHCTH'IeCKOe rocy.n.apCTBO no-
JIHCHOrO THna C HH3Be.n.eHHeM K)'JIbTa HaXBe .n.o pOJIH 3aYPj/.n.Horo 3JIJlH-
HHCTH'IecKOro 60)!(eCTBa. CnpaBe)J,JIHBOCTb YTBep)!()],eHlliI B. \.IepHKoBepa
CTaHOBHTCj/ O'leBH.n.HOH H npH COnOCTaBJIeHHH HTorOB nOJIHTHKH Xac-
MOHeeB H I1po.n.a BeJIHKoro, 3Ha'lI1TeJIbHO npo.n.BHHYBWHXCj/ no nYTH
C03AaHHj/ B OarreCTHHe 3JIJIHHHCTH'IeCKoro rocy.n.apCTBa.
B.n.OBa H HaCJIe.n.HHua AJleKcaH.n.pa HaHHaj/ uapHua AJIeKcaH.n.pa Ca-
JIOMej/ (78-fJ7 rr. .n.o H. 3.), CJIe.n.Yj/ 3aBeLl1aHHIO cynpyra, 6JIarOBOJIHJIa K
cpapHcej/M, 11 npH HeH HMeHHO OHH AOMHHHpOBarrl1 BO Bcex BJIaCTHblX
CTpYKTYpax rocy.n.apCTBa. B OTJIH'IHe aT cBoero My)!(a uapHua AJIeKCaH-
Apa He 6blJIa KpynHoH nOJlHTH'IeCKOH cpHrypOH.
K ro.n.aM npaBJIeHHj/ ArIeKcaH.n.pa HaHHaj/ H UaPHUbl CarrOMeH OTHO-
CHTCj/ H nepB<UI .n.OCTOBepHaj/ HHcpOpMaUHj/ a KOHKpeTHOM My.n.peue-3a-
KOHOY'lHTeJIe, BbICKa.3blBaHHj/ H npeACTaBJIeHHj/ KOToporo HalllJIH CBoe
OTpa)!(eHHe B TarrMy.n.e65. 3TO UJHMOH 6eH UJaTax. EMY npHnHCblBalOT
HeKOTopble YCOBepweHCTBOBaHHj/ B cy.n.onpOH3Bo.n.CTBe. 113BecTHo ero
06mee YKa.3aHHe Cy.n.bj/M: «0060JIbllle paccnpalllHBaH CBH.n.eTeJIeH H 6y.n.b
OCTOpO)!(eH B CBOHX CJIOBaX, 'ITo6b1 H3 HHX OHH He nOHj/JII1, KaK MO)!(HO
COJIraTb» (Aboth 1 :9). Ero nOCTaHOBJIeHHe, nOBeJIeBalOLl1ee MY)i(j' nHcaTb
B 6pa'iHOM CBH)J,ereJlbCTBe (Ke1)'6a), 'ITO Bce HMYLl1eCTBO CJl)')!(HT 3arrorOM,
64 Tcherikover. Op. cit. P. 264-265.
05 Ko II B. ,'10 H. 3. 1l0mKeH OTHOCHTbCJl ynoMHHaeMblH B TaJlMYlle H paBBHHHCTH'iecKOJ:i
JlHreparype 110ce 6eH 11033ep (mPeah, II, 7; Gen. Rabb.,65:22; Mid. Psalm., 11,7). Coxpa-
HHBWHeCJl 0 HeM CBelleHHJI JJereHllapHbl H 1l0BepH!I He Bbl3blBaIOT.
97
A. f. fpyweBOH. Jfyoeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PWICKOU peCny611uKU u PUMCKOU ILWnepUl/
6b1JIO npl13BaHO 3aTpy.n.HHTb pa3BO.n.bI H 06eCne'lI1Tb CHOCHoe 3KOHOMH-
'IeCKOe nOJIO)KeHHe pa3Be.n.eHHOH66.
B .n.BYX .n.pYrHX MeCTax TaJIMy.n.a a lllHMoHe 6eH lllaTaxe coo6 aeT-
CM CJIe.n.YIOll\ee. OH npHxo.n.HJI Ha nOMOll\b 6e.n.HJIKaM, .n.aBWHM Tpy.n.HbIH
06eT, H nOMOraJI HM npHHeCTI1 Heo6xo.n.I1MbIe )KepTBbI (jBerakhot 7:2,
11 b; Nazir 5 :2, 54b). Ho eMY )Ke npHnl1CbIBalOT nOTpJICalOll\HH cBoeH
)KeCTOKOCTblO nocT)'noK, HanoMHHalO I1H .n.eMHHJl npopoKoB rJIy60KOH
.n.peBHocTH. Dy.n.TO 6b1 OH BeJIeJI nOBeCHTb B ACKaJIOHe 80 )KeHll\HH, 3a-
HHMaBWHXCJI KOJI.n.OBCTBOM H 6.rry.n.OM (jSanhedrin, 6:4; jHagiga 2 : 2,
77d). npaB.n.a, nOCJIe.n.Hee coo6 eHl1e BbIrJIM.n.HT 60JIee 'IeM COMHHTeJIb-
HO. JIeT 3a 20 .n.o Onl1CblBaeMbIX C06b1THH, B caMOM KOHQe 11 B. .n.o H. 3.,
ACKaJIOH 6blJI y)Ke caMoynpaBJIJIIOll\HMCJI rpe'leCKHM ropO.n.OM, 'ITa nOJI-
HOCTblO HCKJ1IO'IaJIO B03MO)KHOCTb .D.JIJI JIIO.n.eH THna lllHMoHa 6eH llla-
Taxa TaK nOCT)'naTb 67 .
Tpa,D,HQHJl H306pIDKaeT lllHMoHa 6eH lllaTaxa KaK 'IeJIOBeKa, npH6JIH-
)KeHHoro K ArIeKcaH.n.py HaHHalO, HO BHYTPeHHe He3aBHCHMoro. CY)J)l
no coxpaHHBWHMCJI onHCaHHJIM, caM lllHMOH 06'bMCHJIJI OKp)')KalOll\He
ero nO'ieT H YBIDKeHHe HCKJ1IO'IHTeJIbHO CBOHMH 3aHJITHJIMH TOpOH. Ha
)KH3Hb )Ke OH 3apa6aTbIBaJI 06pa60TKOH JIbHa 68 .
K 3TOMY )Ke BpeMeHI1 OTHOCHTCJI nepBoe aKTHBHOe BMeWareJlbCTBO
PHMa BO BHyrpHH)'.n.eHCKHe .n.eJIa. CBJI3aHO OHO C nOMBJIeHHeM Ha DJIH)K-
HeM BOCTOKe rHeJI nOMneJI H 60pb60H 3a BJIaCTb, pa3BepHYBweHCJI
Me)K)],y .n.eTbMH ArIeKcaH.n.pa HaHHaJI. 06 3TOM MO)KHO npO'lHTaTb y 110-
cH<t>a JIaBmI69.
nocJIe cMepTH QapHQbl AJIeKcaH)J,pbI npaBHTeJIeM CTaJI ApHCT06YJI,
o.n.HaKO ero 6paT rHpKaH aT BJIaCTH OTKa3bIBaTbCJI He C06HPaJICJI. PHM-
JIMHe OKa3aJIHCb BTJIH)'TbIMH B peweHHe 3TOro .n.HHaCTH'IeCKOrO cnopa
H3-3a npJIMoro 06pall\eHHJI ApHCT06YJIa, BJIaCTH KOToporo yrpmKaJI B
66 r. .n.o H. 3. fHpKaH, .n.BHraBWHHCJI C apMHeH Ha6aTeeB H Ha6areHCKHM
QapeM, BbI3BaBWHMCJI nO)].Llep)KaTb fHpKaHa. B 3TOH CHT)'aQHI1 ApHCTO-
66bShabbath, I4b = bShabbath, 1,4 = DBT. Bd. I, S. 350; bKetubboth 82b = bKetubboth,
8,8 = DBT. Bd. 8. S. 732.
613Ta HCTOpH!I nO.llpo6HO npOaHaJIH3HpoBaHa M. XeHreJleM. Hengel M. Rabbinische
Legende und frtihpharisiiische Geschichte. Schimeon b. Schetach und die achtzig Hexen von
Askalon. Hei1delberg, 1984. Abhandlungen der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Phi10sophisch-historische Klasse. Jahrgang 1984 - 2. Abhandlung.
68 bBerakhot, 48a = bBerakhoth, 7,2 = DBT. Bd. 1. S. 172; jBaba Metsia, 2:5, 8g.
690npe.lleJJeHHaJI HH$OpM3UHJl 6blJJa TaKJKe y J],Hollopa H CTpa60Ha. O.llHaKO B .llaHHOM
cJlY'iae Mbl pacnOJJaraeM ilHlIIb nepeCKaJaMH, COXPaHHBWHMHC!l y n03.llHHX aaropOB. (Diod.,
XL, 2 = Constantinus PorphYTOgenitus. Excerpta de Sententiis, ed. Boissevain. P. 404-405;
Strabo. Historica Hypomnemata apud Josephus, Ant, Jud., XIV, 34-36.)
r.. aea 2, 061llaR xapaKmepucmuKa nepeoi'O nep"oi)a pU.\tCKo-uyoezicKlcc onlHoU/eHUU
6YJI 06panlJIcSi K KOMaH.n.YIOw.eMY pl1MCKI1MI1 BOHCKaMI1 B Cl1pl1l1 MapKY
3MI1JIHIO CKaBPY C npocb60H a nO)J,.LJ.ep)f(Ke. OKa3aBlllI1Cb nepe.n. He06-
XO.n.I1MOCTblO Bbl60pa - Koro 113 KaH.n.I1.n.aTOB nO)J,.LJ.ep)f(aTb, - CKaBp Bce
)f(e npe)J,no\jeJI Apl1cT06YJIa, 1160 TOT, no CJIOBaM Hocl1<1>a <1>JIaBHSI, npo-
CHJI MeHbwe, a nJIanrn 60JIbllle 70 , \jeM fl1pKaH, TalOKe 06paTI1BWl1HCSI 3a
nocpe.n.HI1\jeCTBOM K CKaBpy.
,lLIHI TeMbl I1CCJIe.n.OBaHI1S1 HeMaJIblH I1HTepeC npe.n.cTaB.JISIeT Ta MOTI1-
Bl1poBKa, C KOTOpOH 6paTbSl-COnepHI1K11 06paTHJII1Cb 3a nocpe.n.HI1\jecTBoM
K pl1MCKI1M npe.n.CTaBHTeJISIM. B l1y.n.eHcKI1x .n.peBHocTSIx (XIV, 30) HOCH<I>
<1>JIaBI1H nl1llleT a L1,eJII1 BI1311Ta K CKaBPY CJIe)J,YIOll.{ee: m>JlJlClXElv a t-
ouV'tOJv E1CCl'tEpot -- «npl1 3TOM 06a npOCI1JII1 0 COI03e». B «l1y.n.eHcKoH
BOHHe» (I, 128) MOTI1Bl1pOBKa BbIrJUI.n.HT COBceM I1Ha\je: E1CCl'ttpoU &oflEvou
l3<>"eElv ClVCOU - «BBI1.D.Y Taro, \jTO KIDK,lJ,blH npOCI1JI a nOMOll.{11 ce6e».
HHblMU CJ/06a"dU, o6a npemeHi)eHma Ha lfapcKYlO 6J/acmb 6 HepYCaJlUMe
:»ce.'1aJlU cmamb C0103HblMU PUMY lfapRJwu-K.'1ueHmQMu. Bbl60p )f(e P"M-
JISiH 6bIJI C)J,eJIaH B nOJIb3Y ApI1CT06YJIa.
Ha KaKoe-TO BpeMjI CKaBPY Y)J,aJIOCb YCTaHOBI1Tb Ml1p B l1y.n.ee. )];eJIo
B TOM, \jTO B 3TOT MOMeHT HepycaJII1M 6b1JI OCIDK,lJ,eH Ha6aTeHCKI1MH
BOHCKaMI1, npl1rJIallleHHblMI1 fl1pKaHOM, He )f(eJIalOll.{I1M OTKa3bIBaTbCSI
OT 60pb6b1 3a npeCTOJI. C nOMOll.{blO yrp03 CKaBpy y.n.aJIOCb .n.06I1TbCSI
CHSlTI1S1 OCa.D.bI C l1epYCaJIl1Ma 7I . B pe3YJIbTaTe Ha6aTel1 YWJII1, I1cnyraB-
WI1Cb npSlMoro pl1MCKOro BMeWaTeJIbCTBa. OocJle 3TOro MapK 3MI1JIHH
nonblTaJICSI OKOH\jaTeJIbHO pa36l1Tb fl1pKaHa 11 )J,IDKe CHapSl.n.I1JI BoeHH)'1O
3Kcne.n.I1L1,I1IO B Ha6aTelO, r.n.e TOr.n.a Haxo.n.I1JICSI He3a.n.a\jJII1BbIH npeTeH.n.eHT
Ha HepYCaJIl1MCKI1H npeCTOJI.
o npl1411Hax noxo.n.a CKaBpa B Ha6aTelO MO)f(HO cnopl1Tb, 1160 HOCH<I>
<1>JIaBHH TOJIbKO KOHCTaTl1pyeT, HO HI1KaK He KOMMeHTHpYeT 3TOT <l>aKT.
B03MO)f(HbI, BH.n.HMO, .n.Ba Bapl1aHTa 06'bSlCHeHI1S1 noxo.n.a. CKaBp .n.eHC-
TBHTeJIbHO Mar XOTeTb pa36l1Tb rHpKaHa H I1CKOpeHI1Tb CMY1)' B pemOHe.
B03MO)f(eH, o.n.HaKO, 11 HHOH Bapl1aHT. ComaCHO HOCH<I>y <1>JIaBI1IO, CKaBp
06paTHJICSI C nOCJIaHl1eM K Ha6aTei1cKOMY L1,aplO C npSlMblM HaMeKOM Ha
TO, 'ITa pHMJISIHe YH.D.)'T, Kor.n.a HM 6y.n.eT 3anJIa\jeHO. Ha6aTeHCKI1H L1,apb
npHHSlJI YCJIOBI1S1113anJIaTHJI. CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, Mbi He MO)f(eM I1CKJIIO\jaTb
Taro, \jTO BOHHa 6blJIa Ha\jaTa C L1,eJIblO BblMOraTeJlbCTBa .n.eHer y Ha6a-
70 HOCII$ <1>JlaBHH nHweT 06 3THX C06blTII!lX llBaJK.llbl. B Ant. Jud., XIV, 30 roBOpllTCJI 0
TOM, 'iTO ApHCT06YJJ ILlaTHJI 400 TaJJaHTOB. B Bel. Jud., I, 128 pe% HlleT 0 TOM, 'iTO ApIlCTO-
6YJJ nJJaTHJJ 300 TaJJaHTOB, KOTOpble nepeBeCIL1II c006paJKeHHJl CnpaBe.llJlIIBOCTH. 0-:IH03Ha'i-
HOro om.JlCHeHH!I CTOilb 3Ha'iHTeilbHoro paCXOJK;IeHHJI BepcHii (B npHHwme. :'dOJKHO 1l0nyCTIITb
OWH6K}' nepenHC'iIlKa) HeT. MOJKHO JlHWb HCXO;vr 113 06wIIX C006paJKeHIlH OT:'deTHTb, 'iTO
HocmjJ <1>JJaBHJ:i BeCbMa HeHilJleJKeH BO BceM, 'iTO KaCaeTC!I UH$p.
71 CKaBp npHrpo3H.1, 'iTO HHa'ie Ha6areH 6y.::IYT om.!llLleHbl Bpara.\lH PIIMa.
99
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6.7uKU u PU.\/CKOU UMnepuu
TeeB H JIH'IHOrO 060ral.L{eHH . B JII060M cJIY'Iae, MapK 3MHJIHH CKaBp,
nOJIY'IHB .n.eHbrH, OTKa3aJIC OT .n.OBe.n.eHH BoeHHOH onepaUHH npOTHB
Ha6aTeeB .n.o JlOrH'-IeCKoro KOHua 72.
HCTOpH C Bbl60pOM CKaBpa B nOJIb3Y ApHCT06YJIa Ha 3TOM He KOH-
'IHJIaCb. \.Iyrb n03)f{e, Kama B CHpl1H nO BHJIC JIH'IHO nOMneH, npe)J,-
CTaBHTeJIH 060l1X 6paTbeB npl16bIJIH K HeMY C 60raTblMH .n.apaMH H 06-
BHHeHH MH BO B3 TO'lHI1'1eCTBe no.n.'IHHeHHbIX nOMne , B TOM 'IHCJIe
CKaBpa (F1. Jos., Ant. Jud., XIV, 34-37). nOMneH B TOT MOMeHT HHKaKHX
opraHH3aUHOHHbiX BblBO.n.OB .n.eJIaTb He CTaJI, H HCTOpH KOH'IHJIaCb TeM,
'ITa pHMJI He nocJle .n.paMaTH'IeCKHX C06b1TI1H B naJIeCTHHe nOCa)J,H.JIH
Ha HePYCaJIHMCKHH npeCTOJI fHpKaHa. 3TO He 03Ha'laJIO He.n.OBepl1 K
CKaBpy, 1160 pa3BHTIfe nOmfTH'IeCKOH 60pb6b1, npe.n.llleCTBOBaBllleH OKOH-
'IaTeJlbHOMY BouapeHHIO fHpKaHa, 6bIJIO Henpe.n.CKa3yeMbiM. Bo BC KOM
CJIY'lae, B3 THe WT)'pMOM HepycaJIHMa H HepYCaJIHMCKOro xpaMa H
peopraHH3aUH BJIaCTH B naJIeCTHHe e.n.Ba JlH H3Ha'laJIbHO BXO.n.HJIH B
nJIaHbI fHe nOMne (F1. Jos., Ant. Jud., XIV, 58-73).
HeKOTOpble HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIH 3aBeplllalOT HCTOpHIO XacMoHeeB Ha BTOp-
)f{eHI1H nOMne B naJIeCTHH)'. TaKoH no.n.xo.n. onpaB.n.aH JIHlllb 'IaCTH'IHO,
H60 aKTHBHOe BMeWaTeJIbCTBO PHMa B HY)J,eHcKHe .n.eJIa npHBeJlO K no-
Tepe He3aBI1CHMOCTH rocy.n.apcTBa XacMoHeeB, HO He .n.HHaCTHH XaCMO-
HeeB KaK TaKOBOH. ,[(eJIO B TOM, 'ITO I1CTOpH.II Haxo.n.HBlllHXC no.n. pHMCKOH
oneKOH rHpKaHa II H AHTHnaTpa 73 , :nOH cBoero po.n.a Hepa.3Jl)''IHOH napbl,
.D.JIH.JIaCb )J,OJIro H KOH'IHJIaCb JIHlllb B 41 r..n.o H. 3., Kor.n.a DJIIDKHHH Boc-
TOK Ha KopOTKoe BpeMjI 3aXBaTH.JIH nap!f>jlHe. AHTHnaTp nom6, a HoaHH
rHpKaH 6b1JI YBe3eH B HpaH, r.n.e H YMep. HaH60JIee y.n.a'lHbIM nOJIHTH-
'IeCKHM pellleHHeM fHpKaHa H AHTHnaTpa CTaJIa BoeHHWI nO)]..lJ.ep)J(l{a
rajl IOJIH.II Qe3apjl (FI. Jos., Ant. Jud., XIV, 139). PHMCKHH )J,HKTaTOp
3Toro He 3a6b1Jl, BepHYB xaCMOHeHCKHM .n.HHaCTaM uapcKHi1 THT)'JI H
npeiKHlOlO BJIaCTb (F1. Jos., XIV, 192-193).
nOCJIe.n.HHM npe.n.CTaBI1TeJIeM xacMoHei1cKoH .n.HHaCTHH CTaJI AHTHroH,
nJIeMjlHHHK HoaHHa fHpKaHa. BJIaCTb ero .D.JIH.JIaCb He.n.OJIro. B 37 r. .n.o
H. 3., Kor.n.a BJIaCTb B HepYCaJIHMe 3axBaTHJI Hpo.n., nOCJIe.n.HHH npe.n.CTa-
BI1TeJIb XaCMOHeHCKOH .n.HHaCTHH 6blJI B3HT B nJIeH H nepe)J,aH B PYKH
pHMJUlH. no pacnopjl)f{emno He6e3bl3BecTHoro MapKa AHTOHH.II, AHTHroH
6b1JI y6HT. Y6HHCTBO)f{e ero 6bIDO OnJIa'leHO HpO.n.OM, onacaBlllHMC , 'ITO
n Fl. los., Ant. Jud., XIV, 80-81. C MHHHMaJJbHblMH pa3JIH'lHJlMH Ta JKe BepCH!! npHBo-
D.HTCJl B Bel.lud., I, 159. HOCH$ <1>JlaBHH YTBepJK.llaeT, 'iTO CKaBpy 6bLJlO nepe.llaHO 300 Ta-
JlaHTOB. LlH!jJpa MOJKeT 6b1Tb 33BbIWeHa.
13 AHTHnaTp, JlHlIep HaCHJJbCTBeHHO o6pameHHblx B HYlIaH3M ItlIYMeeB, 3aHHMaJJ paJHble
nOCTbl, HO, no CYTH, Bcerlla !lBJJJIJ]C!I maBHblM COBeTHHKOM HoaHHa fHpKaHa.
100
T.7aea 2, 0611/aJl xapaKmepucmuKa nepeozo neplloda P1LI/cKD-uydeucKux omHomeHIIU
.'
I
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_...' \ .....1...
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. ,,":"'?... " ......
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. '''. . J. '" W , " ,..."'.... . , '
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8. MOHeTa BpeMeHH npaBJJeHH!I AHTHroHa
AHTHrOH MO)f(eT CTaTb eMY KOHK)'peHToM B nOJIHTH1.JeCKOH 60pb6e 74 .
HMelOll.{HeCjI HCT01.JHHKH xapaKTepH3YIOT nOCJIe.n.Hero npe.n.cTaBHTeJIjI
xacMoHeHcKoH .n.HHaCTHH KaK xopowero nOJIHTHKa, 4eJIOBeKa aBTOpHTeT-
HOro H YBIDKaeMoro,
;.l1po BeAHKHH Hero npaBAeHHe
Hpo.n., O.n.HH H3 .n.BYX CblHOBeH AHTHnaTpa, c.n.emlJI B )f(H3HH npaBHJIb-
HblH Bb160p, nOHjlB, 4TO OH CMO)f(eT .n.06HTbCSI BJlaCTH TOJIbKO npe.n.aHHoH
CJIY)f(60H pHMJISIHaM. BclO )f(H3Hb OH CJIY)f(HJI HM BepoH H npaB.n.oH 11 B
74 F1. 10s., Ant. lud.. XIV, 489-490; XX. 245-246. 06 AHTHroHe CM. TaKJKe: WrepH, 1997.
C. 28 287.
A. r. rpyweBOH. J1ydeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PIL\fCKOU pecny611uKu u PIL\fCKOU IL\fnepuu
npHHUHne .n.OCTHr B )f(113HH Bcero, 1.Jero XOTeJI. Ero Kapbepa Ha1.JHHaeTCjJ
B ro.n.bl npaBJIeHHjJ faJIlOJIHjJ l...{e3apjJ (49-44 rr..n.o H. 3.), Kor.n.a HoaHH
fHpKaH H AHTHmrrp 6b1JII1 Ha Bepllll1He Moryll.{eCTBa.
B ro.n.bl npaBJIeHHjJ fajJ IOJIHjJ l...{e3apjJ B PHMe, a HoaHHa fl1pKaHa H
AHTHnaTpa B HepYCaJII1Me, Hpo.n. 6blJI HaMeCTHHKOM B faJIHJIee. OH
)f(eCTOKO no.n.aBHJI aHTHnpaBHTeJIbCTBeHHble BbICl)'lliIeHHjJ, 3a 'ITa 6blJI
OC}')K,neH CHHe.n.pI10HOM 75, 11 BblH)?K,D,eH 6bill nOKHHYTb naJIeCTHHY. Hpo.n.
OTnpaBHJICjJ K HaMeCTHHKY CHpHH 11 aKTI1BHO BKJII01.JI1JICjJ B nOJII1TH1.JeCKHe
HHTpl1rl1 }')Ke pHMCKoro Ml1pa. HCT01.JHI1KH COXpaHHJIH He BCIO HH<pOP-
MaUHIO, o.n.HaKO )f(e TOT <paKT, 1.JTO 6y.n.YlJ.(HH uapb He OCTaJICjJ 6e3 no.n.-
.n.ep)f(KH pI1MJIjJH, roBOpHT a MHOroM. 06ell.{aHHjJ Hpo.n.a BbICOKonOCTaB-
JIeHHblM pl1MCKHM nOJIHTHKaM 6b1JIH, cY)J,jl no BceMY, cYlJ.(eCTBeHHbIMH H
OHH, 06ell.{aHHjJ, OKa3aJIHCb 3aMe1.JeHbl. HHblMI1 CJlOBaMI1, Hpo.n.y o6ec-
ne1.JHJII1 BJIaCTb .n.Ba <paKTopa - nOHHMaHHe caMoro Hpo.n.a, 1.JTO 6e3
BepHocTH H npe.n.aHHOCTH pHMJIjJHaM BJIaCTH eMY He nOJl)'1.JHTb, H 3aHH-
TepeCOBaHHOCTb PI1Ma B nO)J,.ll.ep)f(Ke JIOjJJIbHOro .n.HHaCTa. B3aHMHajJ
3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb H 3.n.paBblH npaKTHUH3M o6eHx CTOpOH o6eCne1.JH-
JIH np01.JHOCTb 3TOro COI03a.
BblcoKonOCTaBJIeHHble pl1MCKl1e nOJIHTH1.JeCKHe .n.ejJTeJIH - cnepBa
HaMeCTHHK CHPHH, a 3m-eM KaCCHH, O.n.I1H H3 y6HHU l...{e3apjJ, 06eCne1.JH-
JIH Hpo.n.y KpynHblH a.n.MHHHCTpaTHBHbIH nOCT B CHpHH H nepe.n.aJIH B
ero pacnopjJ)f(eHHe BOHHCKHH KOHTHHreHT 76 . nap<PjJHCKoe HarneCTBHe
nOMelllaJIO lliIaHaM Hpo.n.a no 6blCTPOMY 06peTeHHIO BJIaCTH, o.n.HaKO OH
o6eCne1.JHJI ce6e 6Y.!I.Yll.{ee HeCKOJIbKO HHblM nyreM. Hpo.n. OTnpaBHJIcjJ B
PHM B 40 r. .n.o H. 3. H BCTpeTHJI TaM BeCbMa pa.n.yrnHblH npHeM .n.BYX
OCHOBHblX - nOCJIe CMepTH l...{e3apjJ H pa3rpOMa nOCJIe.n.HHX pecny6JIH-
KaHueB B 42 r. npH <1>HJIHnnax. - pHMCKHX nOJIHTHKOB: MapKa AHTOHHjJ
H OKTaBHaHa ABrYCTa. bJIaro.n.apjJ aKTHBHoMY xo.n.aTaHcTBY AHTOHHjJ
pHMCKHH ceHaT 3aKJII01.JHJI C HpO.n.OM COI03, H Ha pO.n.HHY OH BepHYJIcjJ
Y)f(e uapeM 77.
"OCHOBHOH HCTO'iHI1K 0 Ha'ia.Jle nOJ1HTI1'1eCKOH lleJlTe.lbHOCTH Hpolla: Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud.,
XIV, 161-184; Bel. Jud., I, 203-215. OCYJKlleHHe CI1HellpI10HOM: Ant. Jud., XIV, 170-184;
Bel. Jud., I, 211-215. H3.10JKeHlle C06blTHH B 06eHX BepCHIiX COBna.llaeT Y HocmjJa <1>.laBHJl
ll<LleKO He BO BceM, OC06eHHO npH H3JlOJKeHHH C06blTHH. KaCaIOll\IIXCIi npouecca B CHHellpll-
OHe.
1. Bepcl1l1 HCTO'iHHKOB HeCKOJlbKO pacxollJlTCJl. BepoJlTHee Bcero, HpOll nOJJY'II1JJ noCT
HaMeCTHHKa npOBHHUHI1. CYllJI no BceMY. Hpo;x HJlKOrlla 3T11 06113aHHOCTH H He HcnO.1HJl.Jl,
Y'iI1TblBaJI HeCTa6HJ1bHOCTb nOJJHTH'ieCKOH cHryaUl111 B roCYllapCTBe B ueJJOM. (Fl. Jos., Bel.
Jud.. I. 212-213, 225-226; Fl. Jos. Ant. Jud.. XIV, 177-180; XIV, 272-280).
11 OCHOBHble KOHTeKCTbl: FI. Jos. Bel. Jud., 1,282-285; Ant. Jud., XIV, 381-385; 386-
389.
102
TJlaea 2. 06UlaJ/ xapaKmepucmUKa nepeOi?O nepuoda PUMcKo-uydeucKux omHOlUeHUU
Hocm» <I>JIaBHi1 nHllleT, 'ITa Hpo.n. 6y.n.TO 6bl .n.IDKe 11 He Ha.n.ejJJICjJ
nOJIY'IHTb UapcK)'1O BJIaCTb pellJeHHeM pHMCKoro ceHaTa, c0611pajJCb
npOCHTb npe.n.OCTaBHTb UapcK)'1O BJIaCTb 6pal)' )f(eHbl (Ant. Jud., XIV,
386-387). COnOCTaBI1Tb C006ll.{eHl1e HocH<»a <I>JIaBHjJ He C '1eM. HI1 B
KaKOM HHOM HCTO'IHHKe 06 3TOM He co06waeTcjJ, TaK '1TO npaB.n.ono.n.06He
.n.aHHoro co06ll.{eHl1jJ OueHI1Tb CJIO)f(HO. Hpo.n. BpjJ.n. JIH Mor npe.n.BH.n.eTb
pe3YJIbnrrbl cBoero nyrellleCTBHjJ B PHM. O.n.HaKO)f(e BCjJ ero nOCJIe.n.ylO-
ll.{IDI nOJIHTH'IeCKajJ .n.ejJTeJIbHOCTb H BceMepHajJ 03a60'leHHOCTb C06CT-
BeHHOH BJIaCTbIO H ee coxpaHeHHeM CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT CKOpee 0 TOM, '1TO
no.n.06Hoe 6eCKopblCTHe H He3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb 6b1JIH C03HaTeJIbHO
pacnpoCTpaHjJeMblM CJIYXOM 7S .
B npOB03fJ1allleHHH Hpo.n.a HMeHHO uapeM '1eTKO BH.n.eH pHMCKHH
nOJII1TH'IeCKHH pac'IeT. PHMJIjJHe 6billl1 3aHHTepecoBaHbl B YCTpaHeHHI1
nOCJIe.n.Hero npe.n.cTaBHTeJIjJ xacMoHeHcKOH .n.I1HaCTHH AHTHroHa, Opl1-
eHTHpoBaBlllerocjJ Ha nap<»jJH. B Hpo.n.e )f(e pHMJIjJHe BI1.n.eJIH - H C
nOJIHblM Ha TO OCHOBaHHeM - Ha,n.e)J(Horo COI03HI1Ka. OH He 06MaH}'JI
B03JIaraBllJHXCjJ Ha Hero Ha,n.e)f()].. BMeCTe C pHMCKHM nOJIKOBo.n.ueM faeM
COCHeM Hpo.n. B3jJJlHepYCaJlHM nrrypMOM B 37 r..n.o H. 3., HCTpe6HB Bcex
CBOHX nOJIHTI1'1eCKHX npOTHBHHKOB (Ant. Jud., XIV, 468-491; Bel. Jud.,
I, 345-346). llepe3 ceMb JIeT OH YKpenHJ1 CBOIO BJIaCTb Y)f(e OKOH'IaTeJIb-
HO 11 6ecnoBopoTHO, .n.06HBlllHCb 6JIaroBOJIeHI1jJ OT OKTaBHaHa ABrycTa,
OKa3aBllleroCjJ B 30 r. .n.o H. 3. Y)f(e e.n.HHOJIH'IHbIM npaBHTeJIeM pHMCKOro
roCY.lI.apCTBa 79.
C npl1Xo.n.OM Hpo.n.a K BJIaCTH Ha'lI1HaeTCjJ COBepllleHHO HOBblH nepH-
o.n. HCTOpHH naJIeCTHHbl H H)'.n.eeB B aHTH'IHOCTH. TeppHTopHjJ, Haxo.n.HB-
lllIDICjJ no.n. BJIaCTblO Hpo.ll.a, 6billa 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOH. OH ynpaBJIK11 3eMJljJMH,
BXO.n.HBllJHMH B .n.aJleKOH .lI.peBHOCTH B e.n.HHoe UapCTBO CaYJIa, ,[(aBH.n.a H
COJIOMOHa. K 3TOMY CJIe.n.YeT .n.06aBHTb H .n.peBHHe BJIa.n.eHHjJ <»HJ1HCTI1M-
JIjJH. ECJIH rOBopHTb B COBpeMeHHblX nOHjJTHjJX, Hpo.n. npaBHJI BceM
H3paHJIeM, a TalOKe 3ana,n.Hb1MH pa!10HaMH HOp.n.aHI1H H IO)f(HbIMH paH-
OHaMI1 CHpHH.
Ha KOpOTKHH nepHO.n. - Ha 33 ro.n.a, H60 B 4 r. .n.o H. 3. Hpo.n. YMep, -
naJIeCTHHa OKa3aJ1aCb B PYKax YMHOro, HO BeCbMa )f(eCToKoro 11 UHHH'I-
Horo npaBHTeJIjJ, HMeBlllero B PYKaX, o.n.HaKO, TOJIbKO CBeTCK)'1O BJIaCTb.
"' MOJKHO, KOHe'iHO, npe.llnOJJOJKHTb, 'iTO HOCH( <1>JJaBHH HCnOJJb3yeT B llaHHOM cJJY'Iae
HCTO'lHHK, H3Ha'ia..lbHO BpaJK.lle6Hb1H HpOllY. OllHaKO BBHllY OTCYTCTBHJl llOnOJJHHTeJJbHblX
HCTO'IHHKOB HH!j>opMaUHH 1l0KaJaTb '1TO-JJH60 HeB03MOJKHO.
19 OnHCaHHe BCTpe'iH OKTaBHaHa H HpOlla, CTaBWeH 6.1HCTaTeJJbHOH llHnJlOMarH'ieCKOH
no6elloH Hpo.!la, eCTb Y HOCH!j>a <1>JJaBHJI: Ant. Jud., XV, 187-193; 194-198. Bel. Jud., I,
386-397.
103
A. f. rpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PU.\fCKOU peCny6JlIIKU U PU."'CKOU UMnepuu
C MOMeHTa npl1xo.n.a Hpo.n.a K 8J1aCHi H .n.o pa3pYllleHHJI BTOpOro xpaMa
uapCKIDI 8J1aCTb 11 nOJlHOM0411J1 nepBOCBJlmeHHI1Ka OKa3aJ1HCb - BOJIelO
Hpo.n.a - pa3.n.eJIeHbl. B nOJIHTI14eCKOM nJIaHe :no pellleHl1e 6b1JIO a6co-
JIIOTHO npaBHJIbHbIM, 1160 COBMemeHHe 060HX nOCTOB Hepe.n.KO CJI)')KI1JIO
nOBo.n.OM )J,J1J1 B03MYll\eHI1J1 UeHTpaJIbHOH 8J1aCTblO co CTOpOHbI npe.n.CTa-
BI1TeJIeH H)'.n.eHcKoro 06Il\eCTBa, HaCTpoeHHblX Ha Tpa.n.HUHOHHbIe ueH-
HOCTH.
,l{eJlTeJIbHOCTb Hpo.n.a 6blJIa BeCbMa MHoro06pa3HoH, HO OpHeHTI1-
pOBaHa OHa 6b1JIa npe)f{.n.e Bcero Ha PHM 11 pHMCKHe I1HTepeCbl. OH
nOMHHJI, 4TO eMY H)')KHO HrpaTb CBOIO pOJIb B MHpe, opraHH3yeMoM
I1MnepaTopOM ABrYCTOM. Hpo.n. TaK H noc1)'naJI. OH Y4pe.n.HJI cnOpTHB-
HbIe COCTJl3aHI1J1 B 4eCTb n06e.n.bI OKTaBHaHa npH AKUHH 80 , nOCTpOHJI
B HepycaJII1Me rpe4eCKHH TeaTp H aM<pHTeaTp. no pacnOpJl)f{eHI1IO
Hpo.n.a 11 Ha uapCKHe .n.eHbrH B naJIeCTHHe 6bIJIO OCHOBaHO MHoro ro-
po.n.OB 11 nepeCTpoeHO CTapbIx. TaK, HanpHMep, Ha MeCTe He3Ha4HTeJIb-
HOH raBaHH CTpaTOHOBa DallIHJI npH Hpo.n.e 6b1JI OCHOBaH ropo.n., CTaB-
lllHH BnOCJIe.n.CTBI1H 60JIbllll1M H 3HaMeHI1TbIM, - KecapeJl 81 , a TaIOKe
6bIJI nepeCTpoeH .n.peBHHH ropo.n. CaMapHJI, Ha3BaHHbIH B 4eCTb ABrYCTa
Ce6aCTe 11 06pe-rlllHH nOCJIe nepeCTpOHKH 4epTbI TI1nl14HO 3JIJII1HI1CTI1-
4ecKoro ropo.n.a 82 .
Ha .n.eHbrH Hpo.n.a 6b1JIH nOCTpoeHbl rHMHaCHH B TpHnOJIHCe H nTO-
JIeMaH)J.e, rHMHaCHH H TeaTp B ,l{aMacKe, YKpenJIeHHJI B DH6JIe, nOpTI1KH,
xpaMbI H 3.n.aHHJI 061l\eCTBeHHoro Ha3Ha4eHI1J1 B DepHTe H THpe, TeaTp B
CH.D.OHe, aKBe.n.YK B JIao.n.HKee MOPCKOH, TepMbI H <pOHTaH B ACKaJlOHe.
HMeHHO npH Hpo.n.e Ha4HHaeTCJI aKTHBHOe CTpOHTeJIbCTBO B AHTHOXHH.
K 3TOMY CJIe.n.ye-r TaIOKe .n.06aBHTb peKOHCTpYKUHIO 3HaMeHHToro Hepy-
CaJlHMCKOro xpaMa, npOBe.n.eHHe B 27 r. .n.o H. 3. B HepYCaJlHMe C 60JIblllHM
pa3MaxOM cnOpTHBHbIX COCTJl3aHHH B THnH4HO aHTH4HOM .n.yxe: nOMHMO
COCTJl3aHHH cnopTCMeHOB TaM, KaK B rpeuHI1, BbIC1)'naJIH MY3bIKaHTbI H
aKTepbI.
80 a MeponpllJlTHJlX Hpo.lla no BHellpeHHIO B HepycaJJllMe aHTH'iHbIX HOpM JKII3HH H Tpa-
llllUHIt paJBJ1e'leHHH CM. nOllpo6HO: FI. Jos. Ant. Jud., XV, 267-276. Cpo TaKJKe Ant. Jud., XVI,
136-141 - OnllCaHHe nbIWHblX npa311HeCTB no CilY'ialO 3aBeprneHHJI peKOHcrpYKUHII Kecapell.
311ecb 06palI.\aeT Ha ce6!1 BHIIMaHlle CJJellYIOlI.\ee YKaJaHHe HocmjJa <1>JJaBHJI. HCTOpllK nHWeT
o TOM, 'iTO ABryCT II ero cynpyra BbIlleJJHJJH 113 CBOHX illI'iHblX Cpe.llCTB HeMaJJbIe CYMMbI llJIJI
npOBelleHIIJI npa311lleCTB B Kecapee,
HI n O llpo6Hoe onllCaHlle peKOHCTpYKUHII KecapeH, npellnpllHJITOH HPOllOM, eCTb y Ho-
cmjJa <1>,laBH!I: Ant. Jud., XV, 331-341.
8 CM.: Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud., XV. 292-298. Bel. Jud., 1,403. J],pyrHe npHMepbl: AHTe,JoH:
Bel. Jud., I, 416; OCHOBaHlle fa6bl- KO.l0HIIH pllMCKHX BeTepaHoB: Ant. Jud.. XVI, 142: Bel.
Jud.. I. 417; AHTHnarpllc: Ant. Jud., XVI, 142; Bel. Jud., I, 417; <1>acaJ,lHc: Ant. Jud., XVI.
143; Bel. Jud., I, 418.
104
Tllaea 2. 06l11aR xapaKmepucmuKa nepeozo neplloda pUMcKo-uydeucKux omHoweHlIU
Cy.LJ.jl no BceMY, Hpo.n. npeKpacHO nOHHMaJJ, 'ITa Bce era CTpOI1TeJIbHble
nporpaMMbI BOnJIOlUaJJl1Cb He B HHTepecax ero nOMaHHbIx 83 , a B I1HTe-
pecax ueHTpaJJbHOro npaBHTeJIbCTBa - pHMCKHX BJJaCTei1. Y Hocl1<pa
<I>JIaBmI eCTb I1HTepeCHoe CBI1.n.eTeJIbCTBO 0 TOM, '1TO HMeHHO rOBOpHJI
Hpo.n. H)'.n.ejJM, ynpeKaBlllHM ero 3a Y'laCTl1e B CTpOI1TeJIbCTBe jJ3bI'IeCKHX
ropo.n.OB. no CJIOBaM uapjJ, OH nocl)'naJJ TaK He no c06CTBeHHOMY )f(eJIa-
HHIO, a no pacnopjJ)f(eHHIO CBbIIlJe, )f(eJIajJ .n.0611TbCjJ pacnOJIO)f(eHHjJ AB-
rycTa H P"MJIjJH (Ant. Jud., XV, 330).
3.n.ecb B03HHKaeT O.n.HH cepbe3HbIH Bonpoc, MI1MO KOTOpOro npoxo.n.H-
JII1 MHorHe HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJII1. Oncy.n.a Hpo.n. Mor 6paTb CTOJIb 3Ha'lHTeJIbHbIe
.n.eHe)f(HbIe cpe.n.CTBa .n.JIjJ CTpOHTeJIbCTBa KaK B HepycaJJHMe, TaK H B
.n.pyrHx ropo.n.ax? naJJeCTHHa - CTpaHa He O'leHb 60raTaJI, 11 .n.OXO.n.bI OT
CeJIbCKoro X03jJHcTBa, 3KcnopTa I1JII1 TpaH3HTHOH TOproBJII1 - XOTjJ HX
H HeJIb3jJ c6paCbIBaTb CO C'IeTOB - He MOml1 nOKpbITb TaKHe pacxo.n.bI 84 .
CneUHaJIbHO 3TOH np06JIeMOH 3aHI1MaJJHCb HeCKOJIbKO COBpeMeHHbIX
H3paHJIbCKHX apxeOJIOrOB, npe)J,J10)f(HBllll1X HeCKOJIbKO BapHaHTOB '1ac-
TH'IHO y6e.n.HTeJIbHbIX OTBeTOB Ha Bonpoc 06 HCTO'lHI1KaX .n.eHe)f(HbIX
Cpe.n.CTB Hpo.n. a .
ill. AnlliIe6a}'M nOKa3aJJ - KaK Ha OCHOBaHHH apXeOJIOrH'IeCKHX HC-
TO'lHI1KOB, TaK H nl1CbMeHHbIX MaTepl1aJJOB, - '1TO BO BTOPYIO nOJIOBHHY
uapcTBa Hpo.n.a HepycaJJHM CTaJJ ueHTpOM '1eKaHKH lllHpOKO pacnpoCTpa-
HeHHoro Ha nmUf<HeM BOCTOKe THna 6pOH30BbIX MOHer 5 . ill. AnlliIe6aYM
He 6e3 HpOHHH nHllleT 0 TOM, '1TO 6pOH30BbIe MOHeTbl Hpo.n.a no Becy
JIeflie HOpMbl H co.n.ep)f{aT 60JIbIlJOe KOJIl1'1eCTBO OJIOBa. OH, HHblMH CJIO-
BaMH, no.n.Bo.n.HT '1HTaTeJIjJ K MbICJIH 0 TOM, '1TO Hpo.n. C03HaTeJIbHO nOpTl1JI
6pOH30BbIe MOHeTbI 86 . M. npOlllH, HCXO.LJ.jl H3 60JIee }'M03pHTeJIbHbIX npe.n.-
nOCbIJIOK, nHCaJI 0 TOM, '1TO maBHOH COCTaBJIjJlOll\eH 3KOHOMH'IeCKoi1
)f(H3HH uapCTBa Hpo.n.a 6bIJIH xpaMOBbIe 60nlTCTBa, HMejJ B BH.LJ.Y, '1TO Hpo.n.
6paJJ .n.eHbrH Ha Bce CBOH MeponpHUHjJ H3 xpaMOBOH Ka3HbI 87 .
83 B npHHUHne MOJKHO, KOHe'lHO, llYMaTb, 'iTO HpOll pa3BepHYJJ CBOIO 6ypHYIO cTpoHTeJJb-
HYIO lleJlTeJJbHOCTb .llJ1J1 TOro, 'iT06bI o6ecne'iHTb CBOHX nOllll3HHbiX pa6oTOH, HO npJlMblX
1l0KaJareJJbCTB 3TOro Y Hac HeT.
'" COBpeMeHHHKH C06blTHH 3TO npexpaCHO nOHHMaJJH: Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud., XVI, 154.
sse. Applebaum Sh. Economic Life in Palestine II The Jewish People in the First century.
Historical Geography, Political History, Social, Cultural and Religious Life and Institutions.
Vol. II. Assen, 1976. P.666--667.
.. Co cBoeil CTOpOHbl XOTeJlOCb 6bl OTMeTHTb, 'iTO BbIBO.J 0 C03Hare,lbHOH nop'ie MOHeT
HPOllOM B03MOJKeH (npHMepbl C03HaTeJJbHOH nOp'iH rocy;xapCTBoM MOHel: BbmycKaeMblx B
oopameHHe, H3BecTHbl), HO HeJJb3J1 He OTMeTHTb, 'iTO apr)'MeHTHpOBaH OH W. Annne6aYMoM
He;XOCTaTO'iHO.
81 CM.: Brosh; AI, The Role of the Temple in the Herodian Economy II JJS. 1987. Vol. 38.
P.31-37.
105
A. r. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PU.MCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU u.wnepuu
C O.n.HOH CTOpOHbl, TaKoe npe.n.nOJ1mKeHl1e HeJ1b3j( He Ha3BaTb J10rI14-
HblM. Hpo.n., KaK H3BeCTHO, MeHj(J1 nepBocBj(llleHHHKoB 6ecuepeMoHH0 88 ,
a COKpOBI1111a )f{e HepYCaJlHMCKOro xpaMa 6b1J111 Bcer.n.a, TaK CKa3aTb,
«no.n. PYKOH». C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbl, HeJ1b3j( He OTMeTHTb, 4TO Hocm»
<1>J1aBHH, Halll OCHOBHOH HCT04HHK, HHKor.n.a HI14erO no.n.06Horo npo
Hpo.n.a He roBOpHT. nOCJ1e.n.Hee)f{e 06CTOHeJ1bCTBO 3aCJ1}')KHBaeT oc060-
ro BHHMaHHj(, H60 Hocm» <1>J1aBI1H BocnpOH3Bo.n.HT KaK 6J1aronpHj(THble,
TaK 11 He6J1aronpl1j(THble CBe.n.eHHj( npo Hpo.n.a. TaK, Hocm» <1>J1aBHH
no.n.P06HO onHCblBaeT, KaK Hpo.n., HCnblTblBaj( 3aTpy.n.HeHHj( C .n.eHe:>KHbl-
MH cpe.n.CTBaMH, BCKpblJ1 rp06HHUY Uapj( )J,aBH.n.a, HO HallleJ1 TaM KpaHHe
MaJlO ueHHOCTeH (Fl. Jos, XVI, 179-187)89.
B )TOH CHryaUHH oc060 XOTeJ10Cb 6bl OTMeTHTb, 4TO Hocm» <1>J1aBHH
.n.aeT OCHOBaHIDI H .D.J1j( HHoro npe.n.n0J10)f{eHHj( 0 B03MO)f{HbIX HCT04HHKaX
.n.eHe)f{HbIX cpe.n.cTB Hpo.n.a. KaK Y)f{e OTMe4aJ10Cb, Hocm» <1>J1aBHH co06-
lllaeT 0 TOM, 'ITO .n.J1j( npOBe.n.eHHj( npa3.n.HH4HbIX TOp)f{eCTB B Kecapee
Hpo.n.y 6blJ1H oTnyll.leHbl ABryCTOM H ero cynpyroH HeMaJlble CYMMbl H3
J1H4HbIX cpe.n.CTB. KpOMe Toro, no CJ10BaM HOCH<»a <1>J1aBHj(, Hpo.n. Bcer.n.a
YBepj(J1 CBOHX OnnOHeHTOB, 4TO OH BKJ1a.n.bIBaeT 60J1blllHe cpe.n.CTBa B
CTpOHTeJ1bCTBO «j(3bI4eCKHX» ropo.n.OB He no c06CTBeHHOMY )f{eJ1aHHIO,
a no npe.n.nHcaHHIO CBbIIlJe.
3TH .n.Ba <»aKTa no MeHbllleH Mepe .lI.alOT OCHOBaHHj( no.n.YMaTb 0 TOM,
'ITa B KaKOH-TO CTeneHH rpaH.n.H03Hble CTpOHTeJ1bHble nporpaMMbI Hpo-
.n.a no 06HOBJleHHIO 06J1HKa pHMCKHX ropO.n.OB DJ1H)f{Hero BOCTOKa ocy-
llleCTBJlj(J1HCb Ha pHMCKHe )f{e .n.eHbrH. 3.n.eCb, KOHe4HO, He CJ1e.n.yeT
Bna.n.aTb B KpaHHOCTH 11 YTBep)f{)J,aTb, 4TO, HanpHMep, HepycaJ1HMCKI1H
xpaM 6bIJ1 nOCTpoeH Ha HHX )f{e. )J,OXo.n.b1 Hpo.n.a CKJ1a.n.bIBaJ1HCb H3
MHOrHX HCT04HHKOB, o.n.HaKO Henocpe.n.CTBeHHaj( pOJ1b PHMa H 06111e-
rocy.n.apCTBeHHOH nO.lI..D.ep)f{KH B X03j(HCTBeHHOH )f{H3HH uapCTBa Hpo.n.a
6bIJ1a 3aMeTHOH. npj(Maj( .n.eHe)f{Haj( no.n..n.ep)f{Ka, B03MO)f{HO, 6bIJ1a pe.n.-
88TaK, BCKope nOCJJe 06peTeHH!I BJJaCTI1 Hpo.!l HaJHa'iHJI nepBOCBJlll1eHHHKOM Apl1cro6y-
JJa, MOJJO.!lOro 'ieJJOBeKa 17 JJeT OT POllY, npellCTaBI1TenJlllHHaCTHH XacMoHeeB. 4epe3 2 rOlla
Apl1CT06yn 6bUl y6HT, H60 ero nonyJJ!lpHOCTb CT 'Ja Ka3aTbCJI uaplO nOll03pHTeJJbHOH (Fl. Jos.,
Ant. Jud., XX, 247-251; XV, 39-42, 50-56. B KOHue uapCTBOBaHH!I I1po.!la O.!lHaJKllbl CJJOJKI1-
naCb nap3110KCaJIbHaJI Cl1ryaUHJI, KOflla nepBOCBJlll1eHHI1KOB Ha KaKOH-ro MOMeHT OKa3aJIOCb
llBoe, npaBlla, OllHH H3 HHX I1CnOJlH!ln CBOH 06J13aHHOCTH ill1Wb CYTKH (Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud., XVII,
164-167). CneUHaJIbHblX I1CCJJe.llOBaHI1H 0 nepBOCBJlweHHI1Kax H HX poJJH B rocY.!lapCTBe
Hpolla HeT. Bonpoc 3TOT, npaBlla, 'iaCTH'iHO 3aTpOHYT B CTarbe P. XOpCJJI1 0 nepBOCBJlweHHI1-
Kax B HCropHI1 naJIeCTHHbI I B. H. 3.: Horsley R. High Priests and the Politics of Roman Palestine.
A Contextual Analysis of the Evidence in Josephus II JSJ. 1986. Vol. 17. P. 23-55.
,. no CnOBaM HocmjJa <1>JJaBHJI, aHaJIOrH'IHbIH nOCTynoK npl1nHCbIBaJICJI HoaHHY f HpKa-
HY. CM. Bblwe. C.llaHHOH r.'JaBbl. Fl. Jos" XVI, 179-187.
106
Tllaea 2, 06UlaJi xapaKmepucmUKa nepeozo neplloda PIUfcKo-uydeucKux omHomeHIIU
KOH 90 , o.n.HaKo Y TOrO)f(e Hocl1<pa <I>JIaBI1H eCTb HH<popMaUHH a C06b1THH
ropa3.n.o 60JIee CYll\eCTBeHHOM, lJeM npe.n.OCTaBJIeHHe .n.eHe)f(HbIX Cpe.n.CTB
Ha npa3.n.HOBaHHe B O.n.HOM KOHKpeTHOM ropo.n.e. no CJIOBaM HCTopHKa,
ABrYCT nepe.n.aJJ B paCnOpH)f(eHHe Hpo.n.a nOJIOBHHY .n.OXO.n.OB aT Me.n.HbIX
py.n.HHKOB OCTpOBa KHnp (Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud., XVI, 128).
llTO KacaeTCH HHblX HCTO':lHI1KOB .n.eHe)f(HbIX cpe.n.cTB, Haxo.n.HBlllI1XCH
B pYKax Hpo.n.a, TO 0 HHX TaIOKe MO)f(HO Y3HaTb H3 COlJHHeHHH HOCH<pa
<I>JIaBHH.
CaM HCTOpHK ClJHTaeT, lJTO Hpo.n. nOJIYlJaJJ He06xo.n.HMble eMY .n.eHe)f(-
Hble cpe.n.CTBa npe)K)J,e Bcero C nOMOll\blO HaJJorOB, KOTopble nOCTeneHHO
pOCJlH, BbI3blBaH He.n.OBOJIbCTBO MeCTHoro HaCeJIeHHH (Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud.
XVI, 154). KOHKpeTHblx CYMM HaJJOroB Mbl He 3HaeM, o.n.HaKO HOCH<p
<I>JlaBHH .n.BIDK.D.bl co06ll\ae-r a TOM, KaKOH .n.OXo.n. HMeJII1 .n.eTH Hpo.n.a C Tex
BJIa.n.eHHH, KOTopble HM Bbl.n.eJIHJI ABryCT. CblH Hpo.n.a ApXeJIaH, nOJIY-
':IHBlllHH nOJIOBHHY BJIa.n.eHHH OTua (I1.n.yMeH H Hy.n.eH), HMeJI C HHX B ro.n.
400 HJIH, no .n.pyroH BepcHH, 600 TaJJaHTOB .n.OXO.n.OB 91 . Hpo.n. AHTHna C
.n.OCTaBlllHXCH eMY nepel1 H faJJHJIeH KaK no BepCHH «Hy.n.eHcKHx .n.pen-
HocTeH», TaK H no BepCHH «Hy.n.eHcKoH BOHHbl», nOJIY':laJJ B ro.n. 200 Ta-
JIaHTOB. <I>HJIHnn, KOTOPOMY .n.OCTaJJHCb KpaHHHe BOCTOlJHble 06JIaCTH
uapcTBa Hpo.n.a (I>aTaHeH, TpaxoHeH, AypaHHTH.n.a), HMeJI C HHX 100 Ta-
JlaHTOB B ro.n., :na UH<ppa npHBe.n.eHa 11 B «Hy.n.eHcKHx .n.peBHocTHX», H B
«Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHe». HeCKOJIbKHMH CTpO':lKaMH HH)f(e HCTOpHK nHllleT a
TOM, lJTO CaJJOMeH, ceCTpa Hpo.n.a, HMeJIa BO BJIa,D.eHHH HaMHHIO, A30T
(Alll.n.O.n.) H <I>acaeJIHC, 3eMJIIO H .n.Bopeu B ACKaJJOHe, no.n.apeHHble eH
ABrYCTOM. 06ll\HH )f(e .n.OXO.n. CaJJOMeH COCTaBJIHJI 60 TaJJaHTOB B ro.n..
HOCH<p <I>JIaBHH co06ll\ae-r, KpoMe TOro, H CJIe.n.yIOll\HH 3aCJIY)f(HBalOll\HH
BHHMaHHH <paKT. ABryCT OT.n.aJJ HaCJIe.n.HHKaM Hpo.n.a Bce (HJIH 60JIbrnylO
lJacTb) no.n.apKoB, KOTopble Hpo.n. c.n.eJlaJJ pHMCKOMY HMnepaTOpy. CYMMa
3THX no.n.apKoB COCTaBl1JIa, no O.n.HOH BepcHH, 1000 TaJJaHTOB, no .n.py-
roH - 1500 TaJJaHToB 92 . nOCJIe.n.HHH UH<ppa .n.aeT OCHOBaHHe npe.n.noJIa-
90 Bo BCIIKOM C,lY'iae, MOJKHO OTMeTHTb, 'i1'O HHblX npHMepOB HHaHcoBoH nOD.!lepJKKH
MepOnpHIITHH Hpolla. nOMHMO OTMe'ieHHoro CJJY'iaJI C npaJllHeCTBaMH B Kecapee, y HocH a
<1>.laBHII HeT.
.. 400 TaHaH1'OB: Fl. J05., Bel. Jud., II, 98; 600 TaJJaHTOB: Fl. J05, Ant. Jud., XVII, 320. (B
ue.l0M 3nH3011 C pa3i1e.l0M reppH1'OpHaJJbHblX BJla.llemlH Hpolla MeJKllY CbIHOBbIlMII: Ant. Jud.,
XVII, 317-320; Bel. Jud., II, 93-100.) 51cHoro o6bJlCHeHHII paCXOJKlleHHJ:i 3THX UH p Y Hac
HeT. MOJKHO 110nYCTHTb H HaJJH'iHe paJHblX BepCHH B HC1'O'iHHKaX, H OlI1H6KH nepenHC'iHKOB.
H TOT aKT, 'i1'O paJHble UH pbl OTpiDKalOT pa3Hbie COCTaB.1JllOmHe HaJJOroBblX nocrynJleHIIH.
MbI, no npaBlle roBOpJl, He 3HaeM, !lBJI!lIOTCII ,1H co06waeMbie HOCII$OM <1>JlaBHeM UH pbl
C)"MMaMH Bcex H<Ll0rOBbIX nocryn.leHHJ:i 1L1H JKe CYMMa 1H TO.lbKO n03eMe,lbHoro H<Ll0ra.
TeKCT HOCH$a <1>.laBHII OCTaBJJ!leT B03MOJKHOCTH llJIlI 06eHX HHTepnpeTalIHH.
" 1000 T<LlaH1'OB: Fl. J05., Bel. Jud" II, 100: 1500 T<LlaHTOB: Fl. J05. XVIII, 323.
107
A. f. fpyweBoH, l1ydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PU.\ICKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU u.\mepull
raTb, l./TO JIHl./HOe COCTOjJHl1e Hpo.n.a COCTaBJIjJJIO HeCKOJIbKO TblCjJl./ Ta-
JIaHTOB. HCTOl./HI1KOM )f(e :HI1X nocrynJleHHH 6b1JIH JIH'lHble BJIa.n.eHHjJ
uapjJ93.
l.{TO KacaeTCjJ Bcex npHBe.n.eHHbiX UH<PP, TO OHI1 nOKa3bIBaIOT, l./TO
Hpo.n. nOJIYl./an - HJlH Mor nOJIYl./aTb - B BH.n.e HanoroB C TeppHTopHH
Bcero CBoero uapCTBa OKOJIO TbICjJl./H TaJIaHTOB e)f(ero.n.Horo .n.oxo.n.a.
CJIO)f(eHHe Bcex npHBe.n.eHHbiX Bblllle UH<PP .n.aCT HeCKOJIbKO MeHbrnylO
UH<PPY: COOTBeTCTBeHHO 760 HJIH 960 TanaHTOB. O.n.HaKo )f(e HTorOBIDI
BeJIHl./HHa HanoroBblx nocrynJIeHHH uapcTBa Hpo.n.a npeBocxo.n.HJIa 3TH
UH<PPbl, .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO .n.OCTHrIDI HlIH .n.roKe npeBOCXO)J,jl TbICjJl./Y TanaH-
TOB, H60 caMapHTjJHe, KaK YTOl./HjJeT HOCI1<p <1>JIaBHH, npH ABrycTe CTa-
JIH lliIaTHTb MeHbllIHH Hanor, a HeKOTopble ropo.n.a npHMopCKOH paBHHHbl
npH HeM )f(e B a.n.MHHHCTpaTHBHOM OTHOllleHHH OKa3anHCb B no.n.l./HHeHHH
CHpHJ-I, a He HaCJIe.n.HHKOB Hpo.n.a.
He HCKJIIOl./eHO, npaB.n.a, l./TO .n.OXO.n.bl Hpo.n.a MomH 6bITb H 3aMeTHO
Bblllle, H60 Y Taro )f(e Hocl1<pa <1>JIaBl1jJ BCTpel./aeTcjJ ell\e o.n.Ha HHTepec-
HajJ UI1<ppa. BHYK Hpo.n.a, ArpHnna, nOJlYl./HBllIHH npH KanHryJIe H HM-
nepaTope KrraB.n.HH BJIaCTb Ha.n. 60JIbllleH l./aCTblO BJIa.n.eHHH .n.e.n.a, HMeJI
co CBOHX TeppHTopHH MaKCHManbHO B03MO)f(HbIH .n.OXo.n. (1tpoO'roOEooa'to
0'" an 1tA£icr'ta ) .h 12 MJIH [.n.paxM 94 ] B ro.n.. ECJIH nepeBeCTI1 3ry CYMMY
B TanaHTbl, nOJIYl./HTcjJ 2000 TanaHTOB. 31'0 BblrJIjJ.n.HT y.n.HBHTeJIbHbIM H
He Ol./eHb peaJIHCTHl./HbIM, H60 Y HOCH<pa <1>JIaBHjJ .n.ocTaTOl./HO l./aCTO
roBOpHTCjj, l./TO Hanon!, c06HpaeMbie HpO.n.OM (T. e. opHeHTHpOBOl./HO
TblCjJl./a TanaHTOB), 6blJIH TjJ)f(eJIbl)J,J1jJ HaCeJIeHID1. HOCH<p <1>JIaBI1H, npaB-
.n.a, C006ll\aeT, l./TO ArpHnna )f(HJI He no cpe.n.CTBaM H TpaTHJI OrpOMHble
CYMMbl. C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbl, H3BeCTHO, l./TO .n.aneKO He BceM UH<ppaM
I1CTopHKa MO)f(HO .n.OBePjjTb. B HeKOTopblX cJIYl./ajJx OH HX 3aBbllllaeT B
HeCKOJIbKO pa3. BBH.n.y Taro l./TO Y Hac HeT B03MO)f(HOCTH npOBepHTb
C006ll\eHHjj HOCH<pa <1>JlaBHjJ no .n.PyrHM HCTOl./HHKaM, npHxo.n.HTCjj C
OCTopmKHOCTblO npe.n.nOJIO)I(HTb CJIe.n.ylOlllee: .n.OXO.n.bl Hpo.n.a aT HanorOB
MomH npeBbllllaTb TblCjJyY TanaHTOB B ro.n., HO COMHHTeJIbHO, l./TO OHH
MomH .n.OCTHraTb .n.BYX TblCjJl./ TanaHTOB B ro.n.. O.n.HaKO ycnexH MeJK.D.Y-
Hapo.n.HOH TOprOBJIH KaK C BOCTOKOM, TaK H C 3ana.n.HblMH 06JIaCTjjMH
Cpe.n.H3eMHOMopbjJ, MomH, KOHel./HO, cnoc06CTBOBaTb YBeJIHl./eHHIO Ha-
93 0 JJH'iHblX 3eMeJJbHbiX BJ1alleHHJlX uapll CM.: Stern M. The Reign of Herod and Herodian
Dynasty. B KH.: The Jewish People in the First Century. Historical Geography, Political History,
Social, Cultural and Religious Life and Institutions. Vol. I. Edited by S. Safrai and M.stern in
co-operation with D. Flusser and W. C. van Unnik. Assen, Philadelphia, 1974. P. 260-261.
94 Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud., XIX, 352. B TeKCTe HeT CJJOBa, onpelle,ll1lOwero, B KaKl1X HMeHHO
,JeHeJKHbIX el1l1HI1Uax ArpHnna nOJlY'iaJI 1l0XOll. «J],paxMa» B l1aHHOM cJlY'iae 6YlleT Hal160Jlee
eCTeCTBeHHblM BOCCTaHOBJleHHeM.
108
Haea 2, 06u/aR xapaKmepllcmUKa nepe020 nepuoi>a pu.\Ic/w-uydeucK11X onlHomeHUU
JIOroBbIX nOCl)'rrneHI1H B Ka.:3HY Hpo.n.a 11 ero HaCJIe.n.HHKOB. K CO)f(aJIeHI1IO,
MbI He pacnOJIaraeM .n.aHHbIMI1, KoropbIe n03BOJII1JII1 6bI rOBOpl1Tb 06 3TOM
C YBepeHHOCTblO.
B03Bpamajicb K Bonpocy 06 I1CT04HI1KaX .n.OXO.n.OB Hpo.n.a, oc060
OTMeTl1M CJIe.n.ylOml1H el>aKT. Y Hac HeT npjiMbIX no.n.TBepJK.D.eHI1H I1CnOJIb-
30BaHI1ji HpO.n.oM Ha CBOI1 QeJII1 COKpOBl1m HepycaJII1MCKOro xpaMa.
O.n.HaKO )f(e Y Hocl1e1>a <PJIaBl1ji eCTb YKa3aHl1e Ha 06BI1HeHI1ji Hpo.n.a B
OCKBepHeHI1I1, rpa6e)f(e H pa3pYllleHHI1 HeKOTopbIX xpaMOB (ul3P£t<; Kat
Cxp1tayCt<; Kat Ka'tamca<p<X<; 1£p&v). no CJIOBaM Hocl1<pa <PJIaBl1ji (Fl. Jos.,
Ant. Jud., XV, 357), C no.n.06HoH )f(aJI060H Ha Hpo.n.a 06paTI1JIHCb JIH4HO
K ABrycl)', Haxo.n.I1BllleMYCji B 17 r. .n.o H. 3. Ha DJIJ1)KHeM BOCTOKe, )f(11-
TeJII1 ropo.n.a fa.n.apa. HHTepeceH pe3YJIbTaT pacCMOTpeHl1ji .n.eJIa. ABrycT
onpaB.n.aJI - T04Hee, He CTaJI 06BHHHb - Hpo.n.a. HOCl1e1> <PJIaBHH He
yr04HjieT, n04eMY I1MeHHO ABrycT TaK nOCl)'nI1JI, HO B QeJIOM nOHjiTHO:
I1MnepaTOp HCXO.n.I1JI 113 C006proKeHI1H nOJII1TI14eCKOH QeJIeC006pa3HOC-
TH. TIpe.n.aHHOCTb npaBIITeJIji Hy.n.el1 6bIJIa BroKHee OT.n.eJIbHbIX «norpelll-
HOCTeH» ero nOBe.n.eHl1ji. K CO)f(aJIeHI1IO, MbI npaKTH4eCKH HI14ero He
MO)f(eM CKa3aTb no cymeCTBY 06BI1HeHI1H Hpo.n.a )f(I1TeJIjiMI1 ra.n.apbI.
B nOM 3n1130.n.e - BO BCjiKOM CJIY4ae, TaK, KaK ero 113JIaraeT Hocl1e1>
<PJIaBI1H, - .n.aJIeKO He Bce jiCHO. KaKl1e xpaMbI Mar pa30pjiTb Hpo.n.?
TIpjiMOrO OTBeTa HeT, HO Hal160JIee JIorl14HO npe.n.nOJIO)f(I1Tb, 4TO pe4b
H.n.eT a ji3bI4eCKHX xpaMax. HejicHo, n04eMY HOCHeI> <PJIaBI1H He co06-
lQaeT npaKTI14eCKI1 HI1KaKI1X .n.eTaJIeH no nOBO.n.y 3TOro .n.eJIa. MO)f(HO
npe.n.nOJIO)f(I1Tb, 4TO Hocl1<p <PJIaBI1H (I1J1H ero I1CT04HI1K) He 3HaJI no.n.-
p06HOCTeH. O.n.HaKO )f(e OH Mor He co06maTb no.n.p06HOCTI1 BBI1.n.y CKaH-
.n.aJIbHOCTI1 cl1l)'aQI1I1. He COBceM nOHjiTHO, 4TO, c06cTBeHHo, npoH30111-
JIO B fa.n.ape 11 4ero TaM He 6bIJIO. HejicHo TaIOKe, 6bIJI JII1 3TOT 3nH30.n.
e.n.I1HcTBeHHbIM B CBoeM po.n.e HJII1 )f(e nepe.n. HaMH npOjiBJIeHl1e CBoero
po.n.a «HOPMaJIbHOH» nOJIHTI1KH Hpo.n.a B Tex c.Jl)'4ajiX, Koma eMY 6bIJIH
H)')KHbI .n.eHbrl1. C T04KI1 3peHHji aBTOpa .n.aHHOH pa6OTbI, BTopoe npe.n.-
nOJIO)f(eHl1e npe.n.cTaBJIjieTCji 60JIee BepOjiTHbIM, HO npjiMbIX .n.oKa3a-
TeJIbCTB 3TOro HeT.
Oc060ro BHI1MaHIDI 3aCJIY)f(J1BaeT o.n.Ha el>pa3a 113 «Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHbI»
(Ant. Jud., I, 425). Hocl1<p <PJIaBI1H, paCCKa3bIBaJI 0 CBji3jiX Hpo.n.a C .n.py-
rHMI1 06JIaCUMI1 pl1MCKOH .n.ep)f(aBbI 3a npe.n.eJIaMI1 TIaJIeCTHHbI, MI1MO-
XO.n.OM ynoMI1HaeT 0 TOM, 4TO «Qapb .n.aBaJI 3epHO BceM )f(eJIalOmHM».
ECJII1 6bI 3TI1 CJIOBa 6bIJII1 6bI nOMemeHbI B KOHTeKCT, I1MelOml1H OTHO-
llleHl1e K BHyrpeHHeH nOJII1TI1Ke Qapji, YKa3aHl1e I1CTOpl1Ka 03Ha4aJIO 6bI
TO, 4TO Hpo.n. CI1CTeMaTI14eCKI1 3a60TI1JICji 06 06ecne4eHI111 CBOI1X no.n.-
.n.aHHbIX 3epHOM. O.n.HaKo )f(e B .n.aHHOM MeCTe Hocl1e1> <PJIaBI1H rOBOpl1T
o BHelllHI1X CBji3jiX Qapji. CJIe.n.oBaTeJIbHO, 3TO MO)f(eT 03Ha4aTb TOJIbKO
109
A. r. rpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uyoaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6mlKu u PUMCKOU lwnepuu
O.n.HO - Hpo.n. CI1CTeMaTH'IeCKI1 nepenpo.n.aBaJI 3epHO B .n.pyme 06JIaCTH
Cpe.n.H3eMHOMOpMI, 'ITa TalOKe npl1HOCI1JIO eMY .n.OXo.n..
3.n.eCb Ha.n.o oTMeTHTb, 'ITO TIaJIeCTHHa HI1Kor.n.a He 6blJIa CTpaHOH,
npOH3BOWlI..QeH 3epHOBbie C 1136b1TKOM, TaK KaK .n.aJleKO He Bce ee 06JIaCTI1
OTJII1'IaJ1HCb lliIO.n.OpO.n.HeM. B ueJIOM )f(e MO:>KHO roBOpHTb JIHlllb 0 TOM,
'ITO TIaJleCTHHa C ee n0'IBaMH H KJIHMaTOM Moma npH 6JIarOnpmITHbiX
06CTOUeJIbCTBaX nOKpblTb nOTpe6HOCTH HaCeJIeHl1ji B 3epHe, HO 6e3 H3-
JIHlllKOB. CneUHaJlbHble I1CCJIe.n.OBamUI nOKa3bIBaKYf, lJTO ueJIblH Pji.n. <paK-
TOpOB cnOC06CTBOBaJI nocreneHHOMY yxy.n.llleHHIO nOJIO)f(eHlliI B arpapHOM
ceKTOpe aHTH'IHOH TIaJleCTI1HbI 95 . TIpl1Mepbl, npl1Bo.n.HMble Ha CJIe.n.YlOmeH
CTpaHHue, nOK83blBaIOT, 'ITa B roJIo.n.Hble ro.n.bl Hpo.n. BbIHYJK.D.eH 6bIJI 3a-
KYnaTb 3epHO )J,Jlji CBOHX nO)],)J,aHHbIX B EmnTe. HOCI1<p <1>JlaBHH He rOBO-
pHT 0 TOM, 'ITO Hpo.n. 3aHHMaJlCji 3aKYnKoH 3epHa nOCTOjiHHO. O.n.HaKO )f(e
paccMaTpHBaeMoe MecTO H3 «Hy.n.eHcKoH BOHHbI» nOKa3blBaeT, 'ITa B
pacnOpji)f(eHHH uapji 6b1JIH H3JIHllIKH 3epHOBbIX, KOTOpblMI1 OH Mor pac-
nOpji)f(aTbCji no CBoeMY YCMOTpemno. HMelOmajiCji )f(e HH<popMaUHji 0
COCTOjiHHH 3KOHOMHKH TIaJleCTHHbl B ueJIOM He n03BOJIjieT C'II1TaTb, 'ITa
HCTO'IHHKH 3THX 113JIHlllKOB HaxO.n.HJII1Cb BH)'TPH CTpaHbl.
ne3YCJIOBHO, KaKOH-TO .n.OXO.n. Hpo.n.y npHHOCHJIa TpaH3HTHaJI TOproB-
Jlji H, BI1.n.HMO, TOprOBJIji CeJIbCKOX03jiHCTBeHHoH npo.n.YKUHeH. B HallleM
OCHOBHOM HCT0'IHHKe, npaB.n.a, HeT I1H<popMaUHH 0 TOM, 'ITO Hpo.n. H3-
BJIeKaJI .n.OXO.n. H3 TOproBJlH npo.n.YKTaMH CeJIbCKoro X03jiHCTBa. llTO Ka-
CaeTCji KOCBeHHblX .n.aHHbIX, TO MO:>KHO OTMeTHTb C006I..QeHHe HOCH<pa
<1>JIaBHji a TOM, 'ITO Hpo.n. HCnOJIb30BaJI .n.OXo.n. OT 3eMJIH )J,Jlji <pHHaHcHpo-
BaHHji CBOHX CTpOHTeJlbHblX npOeKTOB (Ant. Jud., XV, 303).
ECJIH HCXO.n.HTb H3 p83Maxa cTpOHTeJIbHOH .n.ejiTeJIbHOCTH, HeTpy.n.HO
nOHjiTb, 'ITO Hpo.n. nblTaJlCji COnepHl1lJaTb C COJIOMOHOM. Ho MeJK.D.)' 3TI1-
MH UaPjiMH 6b1JIH, npaB.n.a, cymecTBeHHble P83JIH'IHji. Hpo.n. npo.n.ep)f(aJI-
Cji y BJIaCTH .n.OCTaT0'IHO .n.OJIro HCKJIlO'I11TeJlbHO 6JIaro.n.apji nO)],)J,ep)KJ(e
pI1MJIjiH, KOTOpblM H C.Jl)')f(HJI. ECJIH Bce MepOnpHjiTl1ji COJIOMOHa 6blJIH
HanpaBJIeHbl Ha p83BI1THe H YKpenJIeHHe rocy.n.apCTBa, TO Hpo.n.a 3a60TI1-
JIa JIl1lllb BJIaCTb KaK TaKOBaji. 3a CBoe )J,JlHTeJIbHOe npaBJIeHHe OH peaJIH-
30BaJI JIHlllb TPH npoeKTa, KOTopble .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO OTBe'IaJ1H HaUHOHaJlb-
HblM HHTepecaM. TIpeJK.D.e Bcero 3TO peKoHcTpYKl.\Hji HepycaJlHMcKoro
xpaMa, KOTOpblH BO BpeMeHa Hpo.n.a npeBpaTHJICji B nO)J,JlHHHO HaUHO-
HaJlbHblH CHMBOJI 96 (Ant. Jud., XV, 299-316). KpoMe TOro, npH Hpo.n.e B
os CM. nOllp06HO: Sperber D. Roman Palestine 200-400. The Land. Crisis and change in
agrarian society as reflected in rabbinic sources. Bar-Ilan, 1978. P. 70.
O. nOllp06Hoe OnHCaHHe l1epYCaJIHMcKoro xpaMa BpeMeHH Hpo;xa eCTb Y l10cmlJa <1>JlaBHJI:
Ant. Jud., XV, 380-425.
110
TJlaea 2, 06ulaR :'(QpaKmepucmUKa nep60?0 nepuoi>a pU.\ICKo-uyoeucKIIX omHOUleHlIU
,.
.... y"
"
9. MaKeT l1epycaJlHMcKoro xpa.\la BpeMeHH I1pO.lla BeJJHKoro
TIaJJecnme .n.BIDK)J,bl C.rryqaJJHCb HeypO:>KaH, H Hpo.n. Ha CBOH .n.eHbrH 3a-
KYnaJJ B 24 r. .n.o H. 3. .n.JIR roJIo.n.alOIl.{HX 3epHO B coce.n.HHX pemOHax (Ft.
Jos., XV, 299-316). B .n.pyroM MeCTe HOCH<p <1>JIaBI1H c0061l.{aeT (Ant.
Jud., XV, 365), 'ITa Hpo.n. Ha TpeTb YMeHblllHJI HaJJom co CBOHX nO.D..D.aH-
HbIX, '1To6bl OHH MOrJIH onpaBHTbcR nOCJIe HeypO:>KaR (C06bITlUI 20 r. .n.o
H. 3.). HOCH<p <1>JIaBHH, npaB.n.a, C'IHTaeT, '1TO Hpo.n. TaKIiM 06pa30M nbl-
TaJJCR 3aBoeBaTb nonyJIRpHOCTb cpe.n.H He.n.OBOJIbHbIX ero 3JIJIHHH3aTop-
CKHM KYPCOM. Co cBoeH CTOpOHbl, XOTeJIOCb 6bl OTMeTI1Tb, 'ITa O.n.HO
.n.PyroM)' HI1'1yrb He MelllaeT H Hpo.n., 6y.n.y'-lH JIOBKHM nOJII1THKOM, He Mor
He BOCnOJIb30BaTbcR :nOH CH'I)'aUHeH B CBOHX HHTepecax.
tho KacaeTCjj aKTHBHOrO CTpOHTeJIbCTBa, TO OHO CKopee OTBe'laJJO
HHTepecaM pHMJIRH, '1eM H)'.n.eeB. CJle.n.yeT OTMeTHTb, '1TO CTapaHHRMH
Hpo.n.a MHome .n.peBHHe ropo.n.a DJIH:>KHerO BocToKa npHo6peJIH TOT
aHTH'IHbIH 06JIHK, KOTOpblH XOpOlllO H3BeCTeH CeH'IaC 6JIaro.n.apR apxeo-
JIOrH'IeCKHM paCKonKaM 97 .
B 4 r. .n.o H. 3. Hpo.n. YMep. B nOCJIe.n.YlOll.{eM, npaB.n.a, Y:>Ke B HOBoe
BpeMjj, Hpo.n.a Ha3BaJJH BeJIHKHM. HaCKOJIbKO 3TO onpaB.n.aHO? .l(.rIR TOro
970CHOBHbie CBHlIeTeJJbCTBa HCroQHHKOB 0 cTpOHTeJJbHOH .lleIlTe,lbHOCTH I1pO.lIa: a) B
06weH opMe, 6e311eTaJJH33UHH: F\. Jos., Ant. Jud., XV, 326-330; XVI, 146-149: 6) nOllp06-
Hoe nepe'iHCJJeHHe KOHKpeTHblX CTpOHTeJIbHbIX npoeKTOB, B KOTOpbIe I1pO.lI BKJ13llbIBaJJ lIeHbrH:
F\. Jos., Bel. Jud., I, 422 25.
111
A. r. rpyweBOH. l1yoeu U uydau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU peCnyOJlUKU U PUMCKOU U.\1nepUU
t'IT06bI OTBeTl1Tb Ha 3TOT Bonpoc, Heo6xo.n.HMO Y'lHTbIBaTb HeCKOJIbKO
aCneKTOB 3TOH np06JIeMbl:
- KaK MO)f(HO OueHI1Tb .n.ejjTeJIbHOCTb Hpo.n.a C n0311UI1i1 pjj.n.OBoro
H)'.n.ejj-3eMJIe.n.eJIbua, )f(I1BYI..UerO B CeJIbCKOH rJ1YlllH;
- KaK MO)f(HO oueHHTb .n.ejjTeJIbHOCTb Hpo.n.a C n03HUl1H npe.n.CTaBI1-
TeJIeH pa3JIH'IHbIX rpynnHpoBOK H)'.n.eHCKOH 3JIHTbl;
- HaCKOJIbKO HCKIDKalOT oueHKY nOCT)'nKOB 11 .n.ejjTeJIbHOCTH Hpo.n.a
B ueJIOM COBpeMeHHble npe.n.CTaBJIeHl1jj 0 .n.06pe H 3JIe, a HopMax 3THKH
H MOpaJIl1 nOJIHTH'IeCKOrO .n.ejjTeJIjj;
- KaKOBO B ueJIOM 3Ha'leHl1e .n.ejjTeJlbHOCTH Hpo.n.a B Hy.n.eHCKOH
HCTOpI1H.
Pa3MaX .n.ejjTeJIbHOCTH Hpo.n.a orpOMeH, o.n.HaKO .D.JIjj Pjj.n.OBOro 3eMJIe-
.n.eJIbua n03HTI1BHbIMH MOMeHTaMH UapCTBOBaHIDI Hpo.n.a MO)((HO C'IHTaTb:
CpaBHHTeJIbHO .D.JIHTeJIbHbIH nepHO.n. Ml1pa B naJIeCTHHe (OKOJIO 30 JIeT)98,
CTa6HJIbHOCTb B rocy.n.apcTBe, B KaKOH-TO Mepe - 06lllHpHble CTPOH-
TeJIbHble nporpaMMbl 99 , 06HOBJIeHHe HaUHOHaJlbHOro CHMBOJla - Hepy-
CaJlHMCKOro xpaMa 11 nOMep)f(K)' HaCeJIeHHjj B rOJIO.D.Hble ro.n.bI IOO . MHO-
ro 3TO HJII1 MaJlO? C n0311UHH XXI B. MO)f(HO C nOJIHblM OCHOBaHHeM
yrBep)f()].aTb, '!TO Hpo.n. - JIH'IHOCTb, 6e3YCJIOBHO, He3aYPjj.n.Hajj, B no-
JIHTH'IeCKOH )f{H3HI1 6bIJI He 60JIee '1eM npe.n.aHHblM KJIHeHTOM pHMCKoro
HMnepaTOpa. nOJIHTHKa yro)f()].eHHjj PI1M)' npl1HOCHJla CBOH rmo.n.bI. PI1M-
JIjjHe 6JIarOCKJIOHHO OTHOCHJIHCb K Hpo.n.y, XOpOllIO 3HaBllleMY CBoe Me-
CTO. OrMeTHM TaIOKe, '11'0 npH Hpo.n.e npaKTH'IeCKH He 6bIJIO 3aMeTHblX
BbICT)'nJIeHHH onn0311UHOHHblX eMY CHJI, opHeHTHpOBaBlllHXCjj Ha ueH-
HOCTH «OTe'leCKHX 3aKOHOB», a He aHTI1'1Hoi1 K)'JIbT)'pbI 101 .
9S 3ToT MOMeHT O'leHb RaJKeH, OC06eHHO eCJlH BcnOMHHTb, 'iTO flaneCTHHa BO II-I RB. 110
H. 3. HaXOllHJJaCb B YCJlOBHJlX XpOHH'IeCKOH nOiliITH'ieCKOH HeCTa6HJJbHOCTH.
99 B Tex CilY'iaJIX, KOflla CTpOHTeJlbCTBO ocyweCTBJJ!lJJOCb BO BJJ3.lleHH!lX !.lap!l, OHO o6ec-
!le'iHBanO pa60TOH 6oJJbwoe KOJJH'ieCTBO JIIO.1leH, '1TO B YCJlOBHJIX He Ca.\lOH 60raTOH CTpaHbl
He MOfJJO He 6b1Tb aKTyanbHblM.
'00 06 Hpolle CM. nO.llp06HO: Schlirer, 1973. P.287-329. 3;xecb, Ha c. 287, npHBelleHa
TaKJKe .llOCTaTO'IHO nOllpo6HaJI 6H6J1HOrpa!jJH!I pa60T 06 Hpo.lle. H3 cTapblx pa60T 3acJlYJKH-
BaeT ynoMHH3HH!I nO.llp06HaJI XapaKTepHCTHKa Hpolla y r, rpeua (HCTOpHJI HYlleeB OT llpeB-
HeHWHX BpeMeH.110 HaCTOJIllIero. T. 4. O.llecca, 6. r. C 140-184). H3 60JJee HOBblX pa60T OT-
MeTHM TaKJKe H3BeCTHYIO MOHorpa!jJHIO M. CMOJlBYll, B KOTOpoH Hpo.llY nOCBJlllIeHa OT.lleilbHaJI
fJJaBa C XapaKTepHblM HaJBaHHeM «H.llYMeHcKHH !.lapb-KJlHeHT»: Smallwood M. The Jews
under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian. A Study in political relations. Leiden, 1981.
P.60-104.
101 Cpo XapaKTepHCTHK}' Hpo.lla y M. WTepHa: Stern M. The Reign of Herod and the Herodian
Dynasty - The Jewish People in the First Century. Historical Geography, Political History,
Social, Cultural and Religious Life and Institutions. Vol. 1. Edited by S. Safrai and M. Stern in
co-operation with D. Flusser and W. C. van Unnik. Assen, Philadelphia, 1974. P. 270-277.
112
naea 2, 06U{aR xapaKmepucmUKa nepeo.'o nepuoda pU.\IClw-uyoelicKux omHOUleHllli
O.n.HaKO )f{e WUI a6coJUOTHoro 60JIbllll1HCTBa nO)J,)J,aHHblx, npocTblX
3eMJIe.n.eJIbl..\eB H peMeCJIeHHHKOB, Ba)f(HO 6blJIO .n.pyroe - xapmaepHblH
.n.JUI BpeMeHH npaBJ1eHI1j( Hpo.n.a ;..,up U cma6wlbHblU nOJ/umU'IeCKUU pe-
:J/CUW.
HaJ1HlfHe y HOCH<pa <1>JIaBHj( .n.BYX Tpa.n.HI..\I1H Ol..\eHKH .n.ej(TeJIbHOCTI1
:noro I..\apj( - 6JIarO)f(eJIaTeJlbHOH H HeraTl1BHOH - cBH.n.eTeJIbCTByeT a
TOM, lfTO cpe.n.H 3JIHTbl Hy.n.eHCKoro 06meCTBa He 6blJIO 0.n.H03HalfHoH
Ol..\eHKH .n.ej(TeJIbHOCTH Hpo.n.a. 31'0 BnOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHO. UapCTBOBaHl1e
Hpo.n.a CTaJIO JlOrHlfeCKI1M 3aBepllleHI1eM TeH.n.eHI..\I1H K 3JIJII1HH3al..\I111
KYJIbT)'pHOH 11 nOJIHTHlfeCKoH )f(H3HH B HY.n.eHcKOM 06111ecTBe, HalfaBllleH-
Cj( npH 3JIJIHHI13aTOpaX H 3aTeM npo.n.OJI)f(HBllleHcj( Ha npHHI..\HnHaJ1bHO
HHOM ypoBHe npl1 XacMoHej(x. OTHollleHHe K 3JIJIHHCKOH KYJlbT)'pe B
Hy.n.eHcKOM 06mecTBe HHKor.n.a He 6b1JIO 0.n.H03HalfHbIM. ECTeCTBeHHO
n03TOMY, 'ITa .n.ej(TeJIbHOCTb Hpo.n.a, .n.OBe.n.lllero .n.o KOHl..\a HalfaToe ero
npe.n.llleCTBeHHHKaMH, BCTpelfaJ1a KaK CTOpOHHHKOB, TaK H npOTHBHH-
KOB.
fOBOpj( 06'beKTHBHO, pe3YJIbTaTOM .n.ej(TeJIbHOCTH Hpo.n.a CTaJ10 3HalfH-
TeJIbHOe npH6JIH)f(eHl1e YCTaHOBJIeHHj( pl1MCKOro BJla.D.bllfeCTBa B naJ1e-
CTHHe. H B TO )f(e caMoe BpeMj( HMeHHO Hpo.n. CBOHM BepHblM C.I1)')KeHHeM
HHTepecaM PHMa Ha KaKoe-TO BpeMj( OTIj(HYJI OKOH'IaTeJIbHOe YCTaHOB-
JIeHHe pHMCKOro rocno.n.CTBa Ha DJIH)f(HeM BOCTOKe. B OTcyrCTBHe TaKOH
3HeprHlfHOH H lfeCTOJUo6HBOH JIHlfHOCTI1, KaK Hpo.n., 06pa30BaHHe npo-
BI1HLUtH Hy.n.ej( H HCTOpl1lfeCKH HeH36e:>KHIDI Hy.n.eHCKlliI BOHHa ClI)'lfHJIHCb
6bl JIeT Ha CTO paHbllle.
nOHHMaj(, cy.n.j( no BceMY, HeH36e)f(HOCTb nOBceMecTHoro YCTaHOB-
JIeHHj( BJlaCTI1 PHMa, Hpo.n. BCj('1eCKI1 CTapaJ1Cj( CMj(rlfHTb 3TOT npOl..\ecc.
npOBO.n.j( TaKYIO nOJIHTHKY, Hpo.n. BO MHorOM npeycneJI. 3J1JIHHH3aI..\Hj(
.n.Bopa, nOJII1THlfeCKOH H KYJIbT)'pHOH )f(H3HH, .n.eJlOnp0I13Bo.n.CTBa H 3aBH-
CHMOCTb OT PI1Ma TOJIbKO YCHJII1BaJ1HCb. TaKOBbl 06'beKTI1BHble <paKTbI.
liTO )f(e KaCaeTCj( I1X Ol..\eHKH, TO 3.n.eCb OlfeHb MHoroe 3aBHCHT aT TO'lKI1
3peHHj(. Y Hac eCTb .n.OCTaTOlfHO OCHOBaHI1H Ol..\eHHTb .n.ej(TeJIbHOCTb
Hpo.n.a HCKJ1lOlfHTeJIbHO OTpHl..\aTeJIbHO, H60 Bce, lfTO OH .n.eJIaJ1, TOJIbKO
npH6JIH)f(aJ10 KOHel..\ HaI..\HOHaJ1bHOH He3aBI1CI1MOCTH. B TO )f(e BpeMj(, KaK
}')Ke OTMelfaJ10Cb, .n.eUeJIbHOCTb Hpo.n.a MO)f{HO Ha3BaTb H My.n.POH, H60
OH, cy.n.j( no BceMY, C03HaTeJIbHO CTpeMHJICj( CMj(rlfHTb HeH36e)f(HOCTb
nOfJIOllleHI1j( naJ1eCTHHbl PI1MOM, BHe.n.pj(j( B CBoeM l..\apCTBe, HaCKOJIbKO
3TO 6blJIO B03MO:>KH0, nOJII1THlfeCKl1e H KYJIbT)'pHble Tpa.n.HI..\HH pHMCKOH
)f{113HH.
«3aClI)'rOH» Hpo.n.a CJIe.n.yeTTaIOKe Ha3BaTb XOpOlllO H3BeCTH)'IO Pa.D.H-
KaJIH3al..\HIO H)'.n.eHcKoro 06111eCTBa C HalfaJ1a I B. H. 3. nOj(BJ1eHHe 3eJIOTOB
H CHKapHeB - aKTI1BHblX 60Pl..\OB npOTI1B pHMCKOro rocno.n.CTBa - He
113
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uyoaU3.\f e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UMnepull
MO)KeT He 6b1Tb CBji3aHO C 06e33eMeJII1BaHHeM MeJIlillX HY.n.eHCKHX 3eMeJlb-
HblX c06CTBeHHHKOB. JIHlllaBlllHMCji 3eMJIH OCTaBaJIOCb JIHlllb .n.Ba nym -
3aIDITbCji pa360eM HJlH nbITaTbCji HaHTH pa60T)' B ropo.n.e. 06a OHH BeJIH
JIHlllb K YBeJIH'IeHHIO HanpSDKeHHOCTI1 B 06111eCTBe 11 B03paCTaHI11O '1HCJIa
Tex, KTO CTpeMI1JICji K aKTHBHOM)' ero nepeYCTpOHCTBy I02 . B HalUeM pac-
nOpji)KeHHH He.n.OCTaTO'lHO HCTO'IHHKOB, '1T06bl MO:>KHO 6blJIO .n.eTaJIbHO
npOCJIe.n.lITb 3TH COI.U1aJIbHble npOQeCCbI. O.n.HaKO B HCTOpHH naJIeCTHHbl
.n.o Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHbl JIHlllb Hpo.n. pelllaJICji npOBo.n.HTb pelllHTeJIbHble
npeo6pa30BaHIDI B CTpaHe, MaKCHMaJIbHO YBeJII1'IHBlliI HaJIOm H YCTpaJ1BlliI
nOCeJIeHHji pHMCKI1X KOJIOHHCTOB-BeTepaHOB. H TO H .n.pyroe, eCTeCTBeH-
HO, cnoc06CTBOBaJIO 06HI1111aHHIO MeJIKI1X 3eMeJIbHbiX c06CTBeHHHKOB CO
BceMH BblTeKalOllll1MI1 OTCIO.n.a nOCJIe.n.CTBHjiMH COQHaJIbHOro rmaHa.
HaH60JIee H3BeCTHblMH jiBJIjilOTCji CJIe.n.YlOlllHe .n.Ba 3nH30.n.a: Bo-nep-
BbIX, OCHOBaHHe B faJIHJlee ropo.n.a fa6a, B KOTOpOM nOCeJIHJIH CJI}')KHB-
lUHX Y Hpo.n.a KaBaJIepHCTOB (Ant. Jud., XV, 294; Bel. Jud., III, 36).
BO-BTopblx, nOBTOpHoe OCHOBaHHe, YKpenJIeHHe H nepeHMeHoBaHHe B
Ce6acTe .n.peBHero ropO.lJ.a CaMapHji (Ant. Jud., XV, 295-297; Bel. Jud.,
1,403). Henocpe.n.cTBeHHo B ropo.n.e HJIH )Ke B ero oKpyre 103 Hpo.n. pac-
nOpji.lJ.HJICji nOCeJIHTb 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOe KOJIH'IeCTBO BeTepaHOB (no BepCHH
«Hy.n.eHcKoH BOHHbI» - 6000), Ha.n.eJIHB I1X JlY'llUeH 3eMJIeH. 31'0 6blJII1
ero BepHble CTOpOHHHKH, KaK nHllleT HOCH<p <1>JIaBHH, 60JIblUOe KOJIH-
'1eCTBO MeCTHblX )KHTeJIeH. ECJIH BCnOMHI1Tb, '1TO 3eMJIji B naJIeCTHHe
OTJIH'IHOro Ka'leCTBa, a nOTOMY TaM He 6b1JIO (H He Momo 6b1Tb) nyCT)'-
IOIl\I1X y<laCTKOB, K TOMY )Ke, eCJIH Y'leCTb .n.aJIee CJIOBa HocH<pa <1>JIaBHji
a TOM, '1TO Hpo.n. CneQHaJIbHO npHnHCaJI K ropo.n.y pacnOJIO)KeHHble Pji.n.oM
rmo.n.opo.n.Hble 3eMJIH npeKpacHoro Ka'leCTBa, TO MO)KHO C .n.OCTaTO'lHOH
.n.OJIeH BepOjiTHji rOBopHTb a CJIe.n.YlOll\eM. PaCCeJIeHHe BeTepaHOB H
H}')KHbIX JIIO.n.eH B paHOHe Ce6aCTe (CaMapHH) lUJIO He nyreM 3aCeJIeHI1ji
nyCT)'I0111HX 3eMeJIb, a 3a C'IeT nepepacnpe.n.eJIeHHji yro.n.HH, crr6HpaeMblX
y O.n.HHX BJIa.n.eJIbQeB H nepe.n.aBaeMblX .n.pymM. HHblMH CJIOBaMH, no
CYfH, Hpo.n. 3a6OTHJICji JIl1lUb 0 Tex, B KOM 6b1JI JIH'IHO 3aHHTepeCOBaH.
' 02 06 3KOHOMH'ieCKHX npeDJ10CblJIKax HYlleHCKOH BOHHbl B ueJlOM CM.: Goodman M The
Ruling class of Judaea. The Origins of the Jewish revolt against Rome A. D. 66-70. Carnbrdige,
1970. P. 51-75. B OC06eHHOCTH Jl(e -po 63-65. a 3eJJOTax H CHKapH!lX CM.: Smith M. Zealots
and Sicarii, Their Origins and Relations II HTR. 1971. Vol. 64. P. 1-19; Nikiprowetzky V.
Sicaires et zelotes - une reconsideration II Semitica. 1973. P. 51-64.
103 B 3TOM Bonpoce HOCH!jJ <1>JJaBHJ:i B KaKOH-TO Mepe npOTHBope'iHT caM ce6e. B «HY.lleH-
CKHX .llpeBHOCT!lX» roBOpHTCIi 0 nOCeJleHHH BeTepaHOB B ropolle, B «HY.lleHCKOH BOHHe» - 0
nOCeJJeHHH B OTlleJJbHOM ropolle, B OKpeCTHOCT!lX CaMapHH. CYllJl no BceMY, 3TO npOTHBope-
'iHe JlerKO npeollo,1HMO, eCJ1H BCnOMHHTb 0 coxpaHIIBwHMCII H B pHMcKOe BpeM!I ellHHCTBe
nOJJHCa Hero oKpym (XOpbl).
114
r;wea 2, 0611/aR xapaKmepucmllKa nepeo<,o neplloOa pU.\lcKo-uyOeucKwi onlHOUleHllli
HCTHHHoe 3Ha"leHHe npaBJIeHH1I Hpo.n.a 3aKJ1lOlfaeTC1I, cY,LI)I no BceMY,
cOBepllleHHo B .n.pyroM. Bblllle y)Ke OTMelfaJIOCb, lfTO B HCTOpHI1 H)'.n.eeB
6b1JII1.n.Be <pOpMbl 3JUII1HI13aUI1I1. nepB<UI 6b1JIa co.n.ep)KaHl1eM BHYTpeHHeH
nOJIIITHKI1 TOH rpynnHpoBKH, KOTOpa1l npl1lllJIa K BJIaCTH H nblTaJIaCb
3JIJIHHH3HpOBaTb l1y.n.eHCKoe 06weCTBO HaCHJIbCTBeHHO.
n03)Ke, Kor.n.a HeCOCT01lTeJIbHOCTb 3TOH nOJII1THKH CTaJIa OlfeBI1.n.HOH,
Bonpoc a npl1HHl111 3JIJIHHCKOH K)'JIbrypbl H 06pa3a )KH3HH CTaJI pelllaTb-
C1I KIDK.D.bIM HY.n.eeM HH.n.HBH.n.YaJIbHO, TeM 60JIee lfTO H pHMCK<UI BJIaCTb
npHHUHnHaJIbHO He BMelllHBaJIaCb BO BHyrpeHHl1e .n.eJIa 11 BonpOCbl Bepbl
MeCTHoro HaCeJIeHIDI. B pe3YJIbTaTe y)Ke B pl1MCKOe BpeM1I MO:>KHO BH.n.eTb
MHorolfHCJIeHHble npHMepbl, C O.n.HOH CTOpOHbl, BnelfaTJI1I1Oll.{eH, eCJIH
Cy.n.HTb no BHelllHHM np01lBJIeHH1IM, 3JUII1HH3aUHH Hy.n.eeB, C .n.pyroH - He
MeHee MHOrOlfl1CJIeHHble npHMepbl COXpaHeHI111 HMH CBOHX 06b1lfaeB,
K)'JIbrypbl H 1I3blKa - HHblMI1 CJIOBaMI1, cBoeH HaUHOHaJIbHOH CYlJ.(HOCTH.
31'0 OKa3aJIOCb B03MO)KHbIM nOTOMY, lfTO 3JIJIHHH3aUH1I KaCaJIaCb B OC-
HOBHOM BHelllHI1X <pOpM 6b1TH1I, a HaUHOHaJIbHble oc06eHHOCTH coxpa-
H1IJIHCb BHYTPH COUHYMa 104 .
3HalfeHI1e )Ke 3TOH KOMnpoMI1CCHOH nOJIIITI1KH)J,JUI HCTOpHH H)'.n.eHCKo-
ro 06lJ.(ecTBa COCTOI1T B TOM, lffO OHa n03BOJII1.I1a HY.n.e1lM COXpaHIITbC1I leaK
Hapo.n.y B YCJIOBIDIX MOlJ.(HOro .n.aBJIeHIDI K)'JIbrypbl aHTHlfHoro MHpa. Y Hac
eCTb Bce OCHOBaHIDI ClflITaTb, lffO 3TOT KOMnpOMHCC B Hy.n.ee OKOHlfaTeJIb-
HO C<pOpMHpOBaJIC1I BO BpeM1I uapCTBOBaHIDI Hpo.n.a. H60 TaKOB 6bIJI caM
uapb, nOCT01lHHO JIaBHpOBaBlllHH Me)J()J,)' I1HTepecaMH c06cTBeHHoro Ha-
po.n.a 11 HHTepeCaMH PHMa. B leaKOH-TO Mepe TaKHMH 6b1JIH H npe.n.llleCT-
BeHHHKH Hpo.n.a - XacMoHeH, C O.n.HOH CTOpOHbl, BOeBaBllll1e 3a TeppHTO-
pHH C 3JIJIHHHCTHlfeCKHMH ropo.n.aMI1 npHMopcKOH 30Hbl, a C .n.pyroH - Bce
60Jlee npeBpall.{alOll.{HeC1I B 06bllfHbIX 3JUIHHHCTHlfecKHX uapei1.
no BnOJIHe o6'beKTI1BHbIM npHlfHHaM ycnex .n.eHeJIbHOCTH Hpo.n.a 6b1JI
TOJIbKO lfaCTHlfHbIM. BH)'TpeHHHe np06JIeMbl Hy.n.eHcKoro 06lJ.(eCTBa He
6b1JIH perneHbI. nOCJIe.n.YIOll.{ee pa3BHTHe C06b1THH nOKa3aJIO, "ITa nOJIH-
THlfeCKHe, 3THOKOH<peCCHOHaJIbHble 11 COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHlfeCKHe npo-
6JIeMbl H)'.n.eHCKoro 06ll.{eCTBa 6bIJIH «3afHaHbl BH)'Tpb». TaK, cBoe06-
pa3HOH paCnJIaTOH 3a .D.JIHTeJIbHbIH nepHO.n. MHpa CTaJIO 3HalfHTeJIbHOe
YBeJIHlfeHHe HaJIOroBOro 6peMeHI1 npH Hpo.n.e. 31'0, eCTeCTBeHHO, He
cnoc06CTBOBaJIO e.n.HHeHI1IO Hapo.n.a H BJIaCTH, lfTO B nOJIHOH Mepe npo-
1IBI1.I10Cb Cpa3Y )Ke nOCJIe CMepTH Hpo.n.a. HaCJIe.n.HHKH Hpo.n.a era cno-
,1>4 CaM uapb OJJHueTBOp!lJl - TO'iHee roBOpl!. cTapaJJCJl ollHueTBOpl!Tb - HMeHHO TaKYlO
nOJJHTHK)', H60 TO.lbKO TaK MOJKHO 06bJlCHHTb ollHoBpeMeHHocTb npellaHHoro c,l)'JKeHHI! 3a-
MOPCKOMY nOBe,lHTeJJIO H nblwHy/o peKOHCTpYKUIDO HaWloHaJJbHOii CBI!TblHH - Hep)'caJJHM-
CKOro xpa.\la.
115
A. r. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uyoaU3.\1 e ucmopuu PU.\ICKOU pecny6JlUKU u PU.IIICKOU u.\Inepuu
C06HOCTjJMH H CHlIOH BOJII1 He OTJII14aJ111Cb 11 He CMOrJIH npO.n.omKHTb TO,
4TO 6b1JIO Ha4aTO Hpo.n.oM, HH no O.n.HOMY 113 HanpaBJIeHI1H BHYTpeHHeH
HlIH BHelUHeH nOJIHTHKH. B pe3YJIbTaTe nOCJIe CMepTH QapjJ Bce BHYT-
peHHHe np06JIeMbI H)'.n.eHcKoro 061l\ecTBa 060CTpHJIHCb.
HTorH .n.ejJTeJIbHOCTH Hpo.n.a 11 B QeJIOM, H)J,JUI c06CTBeHHoro Hapo.n.a
OKa3aJ1I1Cb, TaKHM 06Pa30M, jJpKHMI1 H Bne4aTJIjJIOI1.1HMH )J,JIjJ nepHo.n.a
npaBJIeHIDI QapjJ, HO .n.OCTaT04HO CKpOMHbIMH Ha nepCneKI'HBY, H60 04eHb
HeMHOrHe H3 Ha4HHaHHH Hpo.n.a OCTaBHJIH CJIe.n. B HCTOpHH. U,apCTBO
Hpo.n.a <paKTH4eCKH pa3PYlllHJIOCb nOCJIe ero CMepTH, H60, cYJUI no Bce-
MY, ABryCT pellll1JI, 4TO paC4JIeHeHl1e H)'.n.eilcKoro QapCTBa B 60JlblUeH
CTeneHH OTBe4aeT pl1MCKHM I1HTepecaM, 4eM era coxpaHeHHe. HaQl1o-
HaJlbHajJ He3aBHCHMOCTb 6b1JIa nOJIHOCTbIO YTpa4eHa Ha MHorHe BeKa
4epe3 74 ro.n.a nOCJIe cMepTH Hpo.n.a, a HePYCaJlHMCKHH xpaM OKa3aJ1CjJ
pa3pYllleH )')Ke HaBcer.n.a.
B pe3YJIbTaTe B HCTOpHH OCTaJlHCb JIHlllb pe3YJIbTaTbI ero cTpOHTeJIb-
CTBa H Y)Ke ynoMI1HaBlllHHcjJ HOBbIH BI1.n. 3JIJIHHH3aQHH, O<pOpMHBllIHHCjJ
B Hy.n.ee, T04HO TaK )Ke KaK H B .n.PYrHX cTpaHax bJIH)KHero BocToKa, K
KOHQ)' I B. .n.o H. 3. He06xo.n.HMO TaIOKe OTMeTHTb, 4TO Hpo.n. npHMepHO
Ha CTO JIeT OTCp04HlI HeH36e)KHOe nOfJIOI1.1eHHe naJIeCTHHbI PHMOM H
Hy.n.eHCK)'IO BOHHY.
6. Pa3BHTHe C06blTHH OT CMepTH I1po;ta BeAHKoro
;to nOpa2KeHHH BOCCTaHHH 6ap Kox6bl
,[(aJIbHeHlllee pa3BHTHe nOJIHTI14eCKHX C06bITHH, TaK HJIH HHa4e CBjJ-
3aHHbIX C naJIeCTHHOH BIB. H. 3. H .n.HacnopOH, npe.n.bICTopHeH H XO.n.OM
Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHbI 10S , npe.n.nOCbUlKaMI1 BOCCTaHIDI bap Kox6bI 106 , XOpOlllO
105 HaH60JJee HHTepeCHble H3 'iHCJla HOBblX HCCJJellOBaHHH 0 npH'iHHax H npt'.llnOCbJJJKax
HY.lleHCKOH BOHHhI: Kreissig H. Die sozialen Zusarnrnenhiinge des judaischen Krieges. Klassen
und Klassenkampf im Pa1iistina des 1. Jahrhunderts u. Z. Berlin, 1970; Goodman M. The rul-
ing class of Judaea. The origins of the Jewish revolt against Rome A. D. 66-70. Cambridge,
1993. CM. TaKJKe HOBoe aHrJlHHCKOe nepeH3.llaHHe H3BeCTHOH pa60Tbl 3. llliopepa - The
History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B. C. - A. D. 135). Vol. I.
Edinburgh, 1973. P. 455 83, 484-513. B OC06eHHOCTH JKe p. 455 H 484, r.lle npHBelleHa
.llOnOJJHHTeJJbHaJI 6H6JJHorpa«j!HJI.
106 BaJKHeHwee HCCJJe.llOB3HHe 0 BoccraHHH Eap Kox6bl Hero npellnocbUJKax: Applebaum
Sh. Prolegomena to the Study of the Second Jewish Revolt (A. D. 132-135). BAR Supple-
mentary Series 7. London, 1976. 3aCJJYJKHBalOT BHHMaHHJl TaKJKe: Huteau-Dubois L. Les
sursauts du nationalisme juif contre l'occupation romaine. De Masada it Bar Kokhba II REJ.
1968. Vol. 127. P. 133-209; Alon G. The Jews in their land in the Talmudic age (70-640 C.
E.). London, 1989. P. 592-637.
116
TJlaea 2, 06ulaR xapaKmepucmUKa nepeozo nepuoda PUMcKo-uyoeucKux omHomeHUli
113BeCTHO. 31'0 1136aBJlHeT OT He06xo.n.I1MOCTI1 paCCMaTpl1BaTb I1X 3.n.ecb
no.n.p06HO. nO:nOMY OTMeTHM 3.n.ecb JIHlllb HeCKOJIbKO MOMeHTOB.
npe)K.n.e Bcero XOTeJIOCb 6bl OTMeTHTb, 'ITa B OaJleCTI1He 60pb6a
H)'.n.eeB 3a TO, 'ITa B HaY'IHOH JII1Teparype 'lame Bcero Ha3bIBaeTCH «npa-
BOM )KHTb no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB», I1MeJla COBepllleHHO HHbie <pOpMbl no
cpaBHeHHIO C MaJlOH A3HeH H JII06b1MH .n.pyrHMH perHOHaMH HMne-
pHH 107 .
{ho KaCaeTCH OaJIeCTHHbl, Y Hac eCTb .n.OCTaTO'lHO no.n.p06Hble CBe-
.n.eHHH 0 .n.BYX KOH<pJIHIcrax B npl1MOpCKHX ropo.n.ax naJIeCTHHbl: B Keca-
pee H B HaMHHH.
nepBblH Me)K3THH'IeCKHH KOH<pJIHIcr B Kecapee B 44 r. np0l130llleJI
cpa3Y)Ke nOCJIe cMepTH Hpo.n.a ArpHnnbl (Ant. Jud., XIX, 356-366).
Cy.D.H no BceMY, Te )Ke JIIO.n.H, 'ITO 6blJIH roTOBbl 060)KeCTBJIHTb H)'.n.eHC-
KOro QapH, nOCJIe ero CMepTH YCTpmUII1 B ropo.n.e rnyMHYIO .n.eMOHCTpa-
1..{H1O, BblKpHKI1BaH OCKop6JIeHI1H B a.n.pec nOKoHHoro H 'IJIeHOB ero ceMbH
H BbIpIDKaH 6ypHYlO pa.n.OCTb no nOBO.n.y CMepTH npaBI1TeJIH. AHaJlOrl1'1-
Hoe BbIC1)'nJIeHHe, no CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBY HOCH<pa <PJIaBHH, npoHcxo.n.HJIO B
Ce6aCTe (CaMapHH). BepOHTHO, caM <paKT 3THX C06b1TI1H B Kecapee
MO:>KHO C'IHTaTb KOCBeHHblM CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOM Toro, 'ITO I1HHQHaTopaMH
060)KeCTBJIeHHH ArpHnnbl 6blJIH HY.n.eH, H60 60JIee JIorl1'1HO npe.n.nOJIO-
)KI1Tb, 'ITO HHHQHaTopaMH H Y'laCTHHKaMH 3THX BbIC1)'nJIeHHH 6blJIH
3JIJII1HH3HpOBaHHbie )!(HreJIH ropo.n.a, TeM 60JIee 'ITa caM HOCH<p <PJIaBHH
nHllleT 06 HCKpeHHeM rope )KHTeJIeH ropo.n.a B CBH3H co CMepTblO Hpo.n.a
ArpHnnbl 108 . CTHXHHHble BbIC1)'nJleHHH B ropo.n.e )J,J1HJIHCb HeCKOJIbKO
.n.HeH, H60 0 C06b1THHX B Kecapee 6blJI0 co06meHo KnaB.n.HIO, a cnOKOH-
CTBHe ropo.n.a HaC1)'nHJIO TOJIbKO nOCJIe peaJIH3aQHH Mep, npe.n.nHcaHHblX
HMnepaTOpoM 109 . BBH.LJ.Y Taro 'ITa pa3MellleHHble B ropo.n.e BOHCKa n03-
BOJIHJIH ce6e npa3.n.HoBaTb cMepTb ArpHnnbl BMeCTe C rOpO)KaHaMH,
KnaB.n.HH pacnopH.n.HJICH nepeBecTH HX B .n.pyrylO npOBI1HQHIO, «'IT06b1
OHH CJI}')KHJIH TaM». B3aMeH HX, KnaB.n.HH pacnopH.n.HJICH pa3MeCTHTb B
Kecapee H Ce6aCTe onpe.n.eJIeHHOe KOJIH'IeCTBO BOHCK, HaxO.n.HmHXCH B
CHpHH. PaCCKa3 0 BOJIHeHHHX 44 r. B Kecapee 3aBeplllaeTCH y HocH<pa
<PJIaBHH O.n.HOH, K CO)KaJleHHIO, He COBceM nOHHTHOH <pPa30H. no ero
CJIOBaM, nepeMellleHHe BOHCK camacHo npl1Ka3Y He COCTOHJlOCb, H60 K
107 a KOH$J1HKTax HYlleeB C npellCTaBHTeJJ!lMH pllMCKHX BJlaCTeit B ManoH A3HH CM. nOll-
P06HO CJ1ellY1Oll1YIO maBY.
108 311eCb HeT HHKaKOro npoTIIBOpe'iHJl, H60 B Kecapee npOJKHBanll llBe 3THH'ieCKHe 06-
WHHbl. CJ1ellOBaTeJJbHO, OT JKHTeJ1eH ropo.lla a priori MOJKHO 6blJ]0 OJKHllaTb pa3J1H'iHblX H llaJKe
llllaMeTpanbHo npOTHBOnO_10JKHbIX peaKUIIH Ha OllHH H Te JKe C06bITHJI.
109 11I1Wb npH COBpeMeHHOM ypoBHe CpellCTB CBII3H nOll06Hoe 1l0HeceHHe maBe rOCYllapc-
TBa H nOJ1Y'!eHlle OTBeTHbIX paCnOpllJKeHHH B03MOJKHO B npelleJ1a.x OllHOro llHlI.
117
A. r, rpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PWlICKOU pecny6JlUKli u PWlICKOU u.'I1nepul/
I1MnepaTOpy OTnpaBI1JIOCb nOCOJIbCTBO, y6e.n.HBlllee ero OTMeHHTb CBoe
pellleHl1e H pa3pelllHTb 11M npo.n.omKHTb BoeHH}'1O CJIY)f{6y B Hy.n.ee. Hc-
TOLlHI1K He co06maeT, np0l130lllJIO JII1 nJIaHHpyeMoe KrraB.n.l1eM nepeMe-
meHHe BOI1HCKHX coe.n.HHeHHH H3 CHpI1H. TIpaB.n.a, onHCblBaJI BTOpOH
Me)(OTHH'leCKHH KOHqJJII1KT B Kecapee B 59 r., HOCHcp <1>JIaBHH nHllleT,
LITO MeCTHoe 3J1J1I1HH3I1pOBaHHoe HaCeJIeHl1e nOJIb30BaJIOCb nOMep)((KOH
paCKBapTHpOBaHHblX B ropo.n.e BOHCK, Ha6paHHblX B OCHOBHOM B CHpHH
(Fl. Jos., Bel. Jud., II, 268). HHblMH CJIOBaMH, IDII1 B 44 r., BO HcnOJIHeHHe
ynOMJIHYToro npHKa3a KrraB.n.HJI, HJIH n03)((e, HO .n.o 59 r., KOJIHLleCTBO
BOHCK, Haxo.n.JImHXCJI B ropo.n.e, .n.eHcTBHTeJIbHO 6blJI0 YBeJII1'-IeHO 3a CLleT
CHpl1HCKHX KOHTHHreHTOB.
HaCTOJIml1e KOHcpJIHKTbl HaLlaJIHCb B Kecapee npHMepHo Llepe3 15 JIeT.
Hx Tpa.n.I1UI10HHOe 06'bJICHeHl1e CBO.n.I1TCJI B KOHe'-lHOM C'-IeTe K Bonpocy
06 HCOnOJIHTHI1, Bbl.n.Bl1raeMOMY Hy.n.eHcKHM HaCeJIeHHeM ropo.n.a. KaK
y)((e OTMe'-laJIOCb, 3TH Tpe60BaHHJI 0 paBHblX npaBax C 3J1JII1HH3HpOBaH-
HblM HaCeJIeHHeM ropo.n.allO (I1COnOJIHTI1I1) HeJIb3JI nOHHMaTb KaK Tpe60-
BaHHJI a npe.n.OCTaBJIeHI1I1 paBHblX C rpeKaMH rpIDK.D.aHCKHX npaB )J,JIJI
KIDK.D.Oro '-IJIeHa Hy.n.eHCKOH 06mHHbI. (TIO.n.06HbIH Bonpoc eCJIH H pe-
lllaJICJI, TO TOJIbKO B I1H.n.HBH.n.YaJIbHOM nopJI.n.Ke.) PeLlb l1.n.eT a npe.n.oc-
TaBJIeHHH Hy.n.eHCKOH 061l.lHHe npaB )((I1Tb «no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB» 6e3
BMelllaTeJIbCTBa B 3TH .n.eJIa rpeKOB H 6e3 BOCnpenJITCTBOBaHI1JI 3TOMY
CO CTOpOHbl ropO.n.CKOH (= 3JIJII1HHCTH'-IeCKOH) a.n.MHHHCTpaUHH. KaK
6y.n.eT nOKa3aHO HH)f{e, y Hac eCTb .n.OCTaTO'-lHO OCHOBaHHH C'-IHTaTb, LITO
B Kecapee no.n.onJIeKa KOHcpJIHKTa 6blJIa HHOH H CTaBKH B 60Pb6e .n.BYX
06ml1H ropo.n.a 6blJIH ropa3.n.o Bblllle, He)((eJIH npocTo pellleHHe Bonpoca
a npe.n.ocTaBJIeHHH H)".n.eJIM HCOnOJIHTHH. B 3TOM y6e)(()].aeT TeKCT Ho-
cHcpa <1>JIaBHJI.
B «Hy.n.eHcKHx .n.peBHOCTJIX» HOCHcp <1>JIaBHH npJIMO nHllleT 0 TOM,
LITO Hy.n.eH, 6y.n.Y'-lH CMeJIblMH H3-3a c06CTBeHHoro 60raTCTBa H npe3H-
paJI n03TOMY CHpHHueB (TaK HOCl1cp <1>JIaBHH Ha3blBaeT MeCTHoe 3JIJlH-
HI13HpOBaHHoe HaCeJIeHHe Kecapel1), npOBOUHpOBaJIH HX Ha KOHcpJIHKT.
3.n.eCb oc060 Ba)((HO OTMeTHTb .n.Ba co06meHHJI (Bel. Jud., 11, 268; Ant.
Jud., XX, 175) 0 60JIblUeM no cpaBHeHHIO C 3J1JII1HH3I1pOBaHHbIM Ha-
CeJIeHHeM 60raTcTBe Hy.n.eHCKOH 06mHHbl KecapeH. TIpH He3Ha'-lHTeJIb-
HblX pa3JIH'-IHJIX no cpopMe CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBa HocHcpa <1>JIaBI1JI l1.n.eHTI1'-1Hbl
no MbICJIH: Hy.n.eH npeBocxo.n.JIT 3JIJII1HH311pOBaHHoe HaCeJIeHHe no 60-
110 Ant. Jud.., XX, 173-177 = Be\. Jud.,I1, 266-270, 284-292 CM. nOllpo6HO: Tcherikover
J: Hellenistic civilization and the Jews. Philadelphia, 1959. P. 310--332. B oc06eHHOCTH:
310--311,331-332. Applebaum S. The legal status of the Jewish communities in the Diaspora:
The Jewish People in the First Century... Vo\. I. Assen, 1974. P. 434-442, 451-452.
118
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119
,-\ I rrVWeBOH. l1yoeu u uydau:w e l/cmopl/u P1L\/CKOU pecny6.7liKU u PU.\/CKOU u.\Inepl/l/
I an:TSY H (pH3HyeCKOH CI1JIe (06 3TOM roBOpHTCj( TOJIbKO B «Hy.n.eHcKoH
Boi1He»), Eelll ) 4eCTh, 'ITa Kecapej( pacnOJlO)f(eHa Ha 6epery MOpj( H
6blJIa O.n.HHM In KpynHblx ToproBblx ueHTpOB, TO, eCTeCTBeHHO, B03HH-
KaeT MblCJIb a TOM, 'ITa HaCeJIj(Bllll1e ee l1y.n.eH aKTI1BHO 3aHI1MaJlHCb
ToproBJIeH 11 OTCIO.n.j( HX 60raTCTBO. OTCYTCTBHe KaKHX-JlH60 .n.onOJI-
HHTeJIbHblX nHCbMeHHblX HCT04HHKOB 11 npe.n.CTaBHTeJIbHOrO apxeOJIO-
rH'leCKOro MaTepl1aJ1a He n03BOJIj(eT yrBep)J()J,aTb 3T0 HaBepHj(Ka. B Ka-
4eCTBe npe.n.nOJIO)f(eHHj( MO)f(HO, npaB.n.a, OTMeTHTb CJIe.n.YlOlllee. KaK
H3BeCTHO, CTpaTOHOBa nalllHj( 6b1JIa nepel1MeHOBaHa B KecapelO H
KaK 6bl 3aHOBO OCHOBaHa npH Hpo.n.e BeJIHKoM. He HCKJ1IOLfeHO, XOTj(
npj(MblX no.n.TBep)f()].eHI1H B HCTOLfHHKax H HeT, LfTO Hpo.n. Mar npe.n.o-
CTaBI1Tb MeCTHOMY (Hy.n.eHCKOMY) HaCeJIeHl110 KaKHe-TO .n.onOJIHHTeJIb-
Hble JIbrOTbI.
3HaLfeHI1e C006ll.leHHj( Hocl1<pa <I>JIaBI1j( a 60raTcTBe KecapeHcKoH
06ll.lHHbl 6y.n.eT 3aKJ1IOLfaTbCj( TaIOKe H B cJIe.n.YIOll.leM. )VIj( HCTopHKa
6blJIa OLfeBH.n.Ha B3aHMOCBj(3b 60raTcTBa l1y.n.eeB KecapeH H aKTI1BHOCTb
HX BbICl)'nJIeHHj( B 60Pb6e 3a npaBa Ha ropo.n.. B npe.n.bl.n.YllleH maBe
OTMeLfaJlOCb, LfTO nOJIHTHLfeCKaj( aKTHBHOCTb l1y.n.eeB B pHMCKOM rocy-
.n.apcTBe B ueJIOM, I1X aKTHBHble BbICl)'nJleHHj( 3a HCOnOJIHTHIO I1JIH
06pall.leHHj( C KaKHMH-JIH60 )f(aJI06aMI1 xapaKTepHbl TOJIbKO .n.JIj( Tpex
paHoHoB: OaJIeCTI1Hbl, MaJlOH A31111 11 AJIeKcaH.n.pHI1 (He ErHnTa B
ueJIOM, a HMeHHO AJIeKcaH.n.pHI1!) Bo Bcex OCTaJlbHblX perHOHax PHM-
CKoro rocy.n.apCTBa nOJIHTI1LfeCKaj( aKTI1BHOCTb Hy.n.eeB 6b1JIa JIH60 KpaH-
He CJIa60H, JIH60 paBHa HYJIIO. (Bo BCj(KOM CJIY4ae, B HCT04HHKax
HeT HHKaKOH HH<PoPMaUI1H, OTHoCj(llleHcj( K HHbIM, nOMI1MO OTMe4eH-
HblX BblllJe, paHOHaM, a TOM, LfTO Hy.n.eH 06palllaJIHCb C neTHUHj(MH K
pl1MCKHM BJIaCTj(M no nOBO.n.y HCOnOJIHTHH, C KaKI1MH-JII160 )f(aJI06aMI1
HJII1 Bo06111e XOTb KaK-TO npOj(BJIj(JlI1 ce6j( B nOJIHTHLfeCKOM OTHOllle-
HHH.)
HMeHHO n03TOMY OTMe4aeMblH HOCHCpOM <1>JIaBHeM <paKT B3aHMOCBj(-
3H 60nrrcTBa H nOJII1THLfeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH Hy.n.eeB B O.n.HOM KOHKpeTHOM
ropo.n.e MO)f(eT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaH H.D.J1j( otThj(CHeHHj( np06JIeMbl B ueJIOM:
aKTHBHble BbICl)'nJIeHHj( H)'.n.eeB B 60Pb6e 3a HCOnOJIHTHIO B O.n.HI1X pe-
rl10HaX pHMCKOro rocy.n.apCTBa H OLfeBI1.n.Hoe OTCYTCTBHe TaKHX BbICl)'n-
JIeHHH (I1JIH HX KpaHHU CJIa60CTb) B .n.PYfHX, BepOHHee Bcero, 06'bj(c-
Hj(eTCj( OTHOCHTeJIbHblM 6JIarOCOCTOj(HHeM H MHoro411CJIeHHOCTblO 0611tHH
B O.n.HHX pefHOHax H OTCYTCTBHeM 3Toro 6JIarocoCTOj(HHj( H MaJl04HC-
JIeHHOCTblO - B .n.pyrHX.
HHTepeCHO H HeCKOJIbKO HeO)f(H.n.aHHO BTopoe yroLfHeHl1e HOCH<pa
<I>JIaBHj( 06 oc06eHHocTH KecapeHcKoH 0611tI1HbI. 0 HeM npHxo.n.HTCj(
rOBOpl1Tb no.n.p06HO, H60 CYll.leCTBYlOlllHH <popMaJIbHO npaBHJIbHblH
120
TJlaea 2, 06u{aJ/ .mpaKmepucmUKa nepeo?o neplloOa pU.UCKo-uytJeucKux onlHOUleHlIli
nepeBo.n.lll .n.aeT, no CYTI1, HeB03MO)f(HOe 6YKBaJlbHOe I1CTOJIKOBaHl1e O.n.HOH
<pp3.3bI I1CTOpI1Ka, I1CKroKaeT KapTl1HY C06bITI1H. HCTOpl1K nl1llleT (Bel.
Jud., II 168) 1tpoEtXOV 0" at EV 1tAO\rt<!) Kat <1ro <x'trov aA1Cf\, 'to oc
'EAAT\vtKOV 'tf1 7ta.pcX 'trov <1'tp<x'ttCO'trov a uvf1. I>YKBaJJbHbIH nepeBO.n.
:HOH <ppa3bI: «[Hy.n.el1] npeBocxo.n.I1JII1 [rpeKoB] <p113J11leCKOH MOll.{blO,
rpel.feCKOe )f(e [HaCeJIeHl1e] - MOll.{blO 3all.{I1TbI B0I1HOB I12 ». CJIOBa 0
<p113111.feCKOM npeBocxo.n.CTBe l1)'.n.eeB Ha)J, rpel.feCKI1M 11 3JIJII1HI1CTI11.feCKI1M
HaCeJIeHl1eM He MorYT He Bbl3BaTb y.n.I1BJIeHl1j!. ECJIH CI.fI1TaTb, KaK Y)f(e
OTMel.faJJOCb BblllIe, 'ITa l1)".n.eHCKaj! 06111I1Ha Kecapel1 COCTOj!JIa 113 P3.3-
60nrreBllll1X ToproBQeB, TO 3TI1 CJIOBa Hocl1<pa <PJIaBHj! (ecJII1 nOHI1MaTb
HX 6YKBaJJbHO) HaBO.n.u Ha MbICJIb 0 TOM, 'ITa JII160 Hy.n.eH Kecapel1 npo-
llIJ111 XOPOlllYIO BoeHH)'IO BbI}'I.fK)', JII160 OHI1 6bIJII1 BbIllle pOCTOM 11 <p11-
3111.feCKH CHJlbHee. 06a 3TI1 npe.n.nOJIO)f(eHl1j!, B npl1HQl1ne BbITeKalOllll1e
113 6YKBaJJbHOro npOI.fTeHHj! cl>P3.3bI, no CYTH CBoeH a6cyp.n.Hb1: HI1 B O.n.HOM
HCTOI.fHI1Ke HeT I1HcI>opMaQHI1 06 oc06oH <p11311I.feCKOH cHJle l1)".n.eeB 11 HX
HCKJIlOl.fl1TeJIbHOM pOCTe no cpaBHeHl110 C .n.pyrHMI1 Hapo.n.aMI1 Cpe.n.l1-
3eMHOMopbj!; TOI.fHO TaK)f(e HI1 B O.n.HOM I1CTOI.fHI1Ke HeT YK3.3aHI1H Ha TO,
'ITa l1)".n.el1 OTJIHl.faJJl1Cb KaKOH-TO OC060H BoeHHOH BbIYI.fKOH 11 no.n.roToB-
KOH I13 . KpoMe Toro, y caMoro )f(e Hocl1c1>a <PJIaBl1j! eCTb I1HTepecHbli1
npHMep ynoTpe6JIeHlliI CJIOBa <1ro a B ero OCHOBHOM 3Hal.feHI111 (<<TeJIo»),
nOK3.3bIBaIOIl.{I1H, 'ITa I1CTOpHK 6bIJI HeBblcoKOro MHeHl1j! 0 <p113111.feCKOH
CI1JIe, CMeJIOCTH H 60raTCTBe l1)".n.eeB - CBOHX COBpeMeHHHKOB. ArpHn-
na II, nbITaBllIHHCj! B caMble nepBble .n.HI1 BOCCTaHl1j! B 66 r. BbICl)'nI1Tb
MHPOTBOPQeM H ycnOKOI1Tb )f(I1TeJIeH HepycaJII1Ma, npoH3Hec nepe.n.
ropO)f(aHaMI1 )J,J1HHHYIO pel.fb, B KOTOpOH cpe.n.11 npOI.fHX apryMeHTOB HC-
nOJIb30BaJJ H CJIe.n.YlOlllHHI14. Bel. Jud., 11,357: 'AAA' ot EV fu.tE'tEjJOt
7tp6yOVOt Kat at /3<xmA.Et au'trov, Kat xp,, amv Kat <1ro amv Kat
\In:)xat & EtvOV u rov 1tOAAc!> OtaKElJlEVOl, 1tpO<; Otp<xV OAtYT\V 'til
Pro alrov OUV<XJlEeo<; OUK avtE<JXOV. «O.n.HaKO HalliH npe.n.KH 11 QapH I1X
11 60raTCTBOM, H TeJIaMH, 11 .n.YllIaMI1 3Hal.fl1TeJIbHO OTJIHl.falOIl.{I1eCj! OT Bac
111 CM.: Josephus in nine volumes. II. The Jewish War books I-III. With an Englsh transla-
tion by H. 51. H. Thackeray. Harvard London, 1976. p, 427; Flavius Josephe, Guerre des juifs.
Tome II. Livres II-III. Texte etabli et traduit par A. Pelletier. Paris, 1980. P. 55.
112 noc.le.lI H lle CJ10Ba HoclI!jJ <1>J1aBHH YTO'iHlleT 'iYTb HIlJKe: B Kecapee 6bL1H paCKBapTH-
pOBaHbl BOHHCKHe nO.lIpaJlle;JeHH!I, nepeMeUleHHble clOlla H3 CllpHH.
113 HYllell CJ1YJKHJJIf B apMHJ1X .l!peBHero lIfpa Ha llo6pOBO.lbHOH OCHOBe, OllHaKO npe;tno-
,10JKeHlle 0 TOM. 'iTO B Kecapee Morno npOJKHBarb 3aMeTHoe KO.lll'ieCTBO IfYlleeB-HaeMHIlKOB.
xoporno 06Y'ieHHbIX BoeHHoMY lleJJY, IfCTOpH'ieCKH HeBepHO.
114 <1>aKT BblCTYrmeHIlJl ArpHnnbl1l nepe.ll JKIfTeJ1!1MH Hepyca.HHMa COMHeHIfH He Bbl3blBa-
eT, 'iero He.lb311 CKaJarb 0 TeKCTe ero pe'lH. Cy;vr no BceMY, HOCII!jJ <1>.laBHH, 3HaJI YMepeHHoCTb
B3fJ111110B Arpllnnbl II. B,lOJKlLl B ero YCTa CBOII c06CTBeHHbie npe;tCTaB.leHII!I.
121
A. f. rpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uyoau:lw e IIcmopuu PUMCKOU peCny6.WKII II PU.WCKOU u.unepull
B JIY"UlIYIO CTOPOHY, He CMOfJIl1 npOTI1BOCTORTb He3Ha'-lHTeJIbHOMY no.n.-
pa3.n.eJIeHHIO pl1MCKHX [BOOPY)I(eHHbIX] CI1JI 115».
BOT nO'-leMY npH paCCMOTpeHHI1 paCCKa3a HocH<pa <1>JIaBHR a C06bI-
THRX B Kecapee He cJIe.n.yeT nOHHMaTb CJIOBa o(J) ci't(J)v c:XA.1Cf16YKBaJIbHO,
nOCKOJIbK}' 3.n.eCb I1MeeTCR B BI1.n.y, '-ITa l1y.n.el1 KecapeH npeBocxo.n.HJII1
3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHoe HaCeJIeHHe ropo.n.a «MOI.UblO MaCCbI», «MOI.UblO CO-
BOK}'nHOCTH 116 », T. e. BH)'TpeHHeH CnJIO'-leHHOCTblO H opraHH30BaHHOC-
TblO, HlII1 - '-ITO MeHee BepORTHO - npeBocxo.n.HJII1 3JIJIHHI13HpOBaHHoe
HaCeJleHl1e no ,-{HCJIeHHOCTH. TpaKTOBKa CJIOB o(J) ci'tO)v c:XA.1Cf1 KaK «MOI.UH
MaCCbI», KCTaTH, nOJIHOCTblO COfJIaCYeTCR C C006I.UeHHeM HOCH<pa <1>Jla-
BHR a 60raTCTBe 06lll.I1HbI B Kecapee l17 . B .n.PyroM MeCTe «Hy.n.eHCKOH
BOHHbJ)) (Fl. Jos., Bel. Jud., 11,457) HOCH<p <1>JIaBHH npHBo.n.HT npl1Mep-
HyIO '-IHCJIeHHOCTb Hy.n.eHcKOro HaCeJleHHR KecapeH. no era CJIOBaM, I1X
6bIJIO 60JIee 20 TbIC. '-{eJIOBeK. HecMOTpR Ha npI16J1113HTeJIbHOCTb Ol.leH-
KH (TO'-IHaR l.lH<ppa Bce )l(e He Ha3BaHa!), l.lH<ppa 3Ta BbIfJIR.n.HT npaB.n.o-
no.n.06HOH. O.n.HaKO )l(e a '-II1CJIeHHOCTH Cl1pl1Hl.leB (3JIJII1HH3HpOBaHHbIX
apaMeeB), np0)l(I1BaBUIHX B Kecapee, MbI He 3HaeM. C OTHOCHTeJIbHOH
YBepeHHOCTblO MO)l(HO roBOpHTb JII1UJb a TOM, '-{TO e.n.Ba JIH HX 6bIJIO
MeHbUJe.
B03Bpalll.aJlCb K OIDfcaHHIO KOH<pJIHKTa B ropo.n.e, OTMeTHM, '-{TO no-
BO.n.OM .D.1IR Hero CTaJI cnop a cBoero po.n.a «HCTopH'-{eCKHX npaBaX» Ha
ropo.n.. HOCH<p <1>JIaBI1H nHUJeT (Bel. Jud., 11,266 = Ant. Jud., XX, 173)
a TOM, '-{TO, C TO'-{KH 3peHI1R H)'.n.eeB, ropo.n. np"Ha)J.JIe)l(HT 11M (,, io\)v
OcpE'tEPOV ElvCXt 't1)v 1tOA.1V), H60 OCHOBaTeJIb ropo.n.a l.lapb Hpo.n. 6bIJI
H)'.n.eeM no npOHCXO)l()].eHHIO. 3JIJIHHH311poBaHHbIe )l(HTeJIH, no CJIOBaM
HocH<pa <1>JIaBHR, He OCnapHBaJIl1 3TOro <paKTa, o.n.HaKO (BepCHR «Hy.n.eH-
CKOH BOHHbJ))) 6bIJIH YBepeHbI, '-ITa ropo.n. npHHa)J.JIe)l(HT HM, TaK KaK, no
HX MHeHHIO, eCJIH 6bI Hpo.n. C06HpaJICR OT.n.aTb ropo.n. H)'.n.eRM, TO He CTaJI
6bI B03BO.n.HTb B HeM MHO)l(eCTBO xpaMOB H CTa1)'H. B «Hy.n.eHCKHX .n.peB-
HOCTRX» OCHOBHOH KOHTpapryMeHT 3JIJIHHI1CTH'-{eCKoro HaCeJIeHHR ne-
liS BTOpa!! 'iaCTb 3TOH «j!pa3bl Bbl3blBaeT H3BeCTHoe He,!l0YMeHlfe, H60 HenOHJlTHO, Ha 'iTO
IfMeHHO HaMeKaeT Hoclf(l> <1>JJaBlfil. BepOJITHee Bcero, IfMeeTC!I B BH.llY W1)'pM HepycaJJlfMa
nOMneeM. ECJJIf 6bl He ynoMIfHaHHe pHMJJ!lH, MOJKHO 6blJl0 6bl nO.1l)'MaTb, 'iTO peqb H.lleT 0
ltapJlX llpeBHero H3paHJJbcKOro ltapcTBa,
11.0 3Ha'ieHIf!lX CJJOBa aOOl!Q CM.: GEL. p, 1749.
117 H3 llBYX IfCCJJellOBaTeJJeil, 3aHlfMaBWlfXC!I npo6JJeMOil BOJJHeHlfii B Kecapee, H. 11.
11eBIfH nlfweT, 'iTO CJJOBa 0 ««j!1f31f'ieCKOiI MOWH» CJJellyeT nOHI1Marb KaK YKaJaHlfe Ha 'iIfC-
JJeHHOe npeBocxollCTBO (Levine /. L. The lewsh-Greek Conflict in First Century Caesarea II
JJS. 25.1975. P. 382-383); A. Kamep B03.llepJKlfBaeTC!I OT JJI060ro CYJKlleHIf!l, CKJlOHJI!lCb Bce
JKe K MblCmJ 0 CnnO'ieHHOCTIf HY.lleeB If nO.ll.llepJKKe HY.lleeB KecapeH co CTOpOHbllfX c06paTb-
eB no Bepe. (Kasher A. The Isopiteia Question in Caesarea Maritima II lQR. Vol. 68. 1977.
P. 25. Note 41.)
122
r:wea 2. 06111aR xapaKmepucmllKa nepeoi'o nepuoda pu.'I1cKo-lIydeucKux omHoU/eHlIu
pe.n.aH HeCKOJIbKO I1Ha1.Je - B CTparoHoBoH DalllHe l18 HHKor.n.a He 6blJIO
HH O.n.HOro l1y.n.eH.
BblHCHeHHe OTHOllleHHH OTHOCI1TeJlbHO «I1CTOpH1.JeCKI1X npaB» Ha
ropo.n. 01.JeHb 6blCTpO nepepocJlo B e)Ke.n.HeBHbIe CTbI1.JKI1 MOJlO.n.bIX npe.n.-
CTaBI1TeJIeH 06eHX 06lll.HH. no CJIOBaM 110cH<pa <!>JIaBHH, cTapeHllll1HbI
H}'.n.eeB 6bIJIH He B COCTOHHHH c.n.ep)KaTb pBeHl1e onpe.n.eJIeHHOH 1.JaCTH
1.JJIeHOB 06lll.I1HbI, a rpeKH C1.JHTaJIl1 n030pHbIM YC1)'naTb Hy.n.eHM. l1oCH<p
<!>JIaBI1H He co06I.Uaer, 1.JTO 6blJIO CyrblO KOH<pJIHKTa. HeJIb3H HCKJ1I01.JaTb,
1.JTO 3a BonpOCOM 06 «Hcropl11.JeCKHX npaBaX» CTOHJI Bonpoc 06 Hcono-
JIHTHH, HO caM l1ocH<p <!>JlaBI1H rOBOpl1T 06 3TOM BCKOJIb3b, Jll1lllb B
CBH311 C pa3611paTeJIbCTBOM B PI1Me npOHcxo.n.HI.Uero B Kecapee. OpH
3TOM Haw OCHOBHOH I1CT01.JHHK .n.eJIaeT aKJ..{eHT Ha np06JIeMe <(J1CroPH-
1.JeCKI1X npaB» 11, KaK 6y.n.eT nOKa3aHO HIDKe, Ha eI.Ue O.n.HOM <paKTe, I1MelO-
lll.eM .n.IDKe 60JIbWee 3Ha1.JeHHe, 1.JeM Bonpoc 06 HCOnOJII1THH.
KOH<pJIHKT 59 r. pa3BHBaJICH no HapaCTalOI.UeH, XOTH 6bIJlO 6bI HeBep-
HbIM YTBep>K.D.aTb, 1.JTO ropo.n.cKaH a)J,MI1HI1CTpaUHH He npl1HHMaJIa HI1Ka-
KHX Mep: aKTHBHbIe Y1.JaCTHI1KH Boop)')KeHHbIX CTOJIKHOBeHHH peryJIHpHO
no.n.BepraJIHCb ape cry, HO 3TO He nOMOraJIO, CTpaCTH He YTHXaJIH (FI. Jos.,
Bel. Jud., II, 269). B KOHue KOHUOB B .n.eJlo BMeWaJICH JIH1.JHO npoK)'parop
l1y.n.el1 <!>eJIHKC, pe3H.n.eHUHH KOToporo Haxo.n.I1JIaCb I1MeHHO B 3TOM ro-
po.n.e. nocJle Taro KaK O.n.H3.)K)J.bI H}'.n.eH B3HJIH Bepx (Vl1(Wvt<X O£ 1tO'tE
"toi> 'Io\>O<x\.o ), OH JIH1.JHO HBHJICH Ha aropy KecapeH H BeJleJl BceM
Pa30HTI1Cb. npOK)'paTopy y.n.aJIOCb HaBeCTH nopH.n.oK JIl1lllb BbI3BaB BOH-
CKa, KOTopbIe pa30rHaJIH roJIny, npH 3TOM He 060lllJIOCb 6e3 )KepTB. KaK
06bI1.JHO 6bIBaeT B c.1I)'1.Jae BOJIHeHHH, .n.eJIO He 060lllJIOCb 6e3 rpa6e-
)KeH I19 .
npOK)'paTOp )Ke, BH.n.H, 1.JTO KOH<pJIHKT nO-HaCTOHlll.eMY YJIa)J,HTb He
y.n.aeTCH, BbI6paJI 3HaTHbIX (yvc.op\.1l0 ) npe.n.CTaBHTeJleH 113 06el1x 06I.UHH
11 HanpaBHJI HX B Ka1.JeCTBe nOCJIOB B PI1M, 1.JT06bI OHH pewaJII1 CBOH
np06JIeMbI nepe.n. I1MnepaTOpOM. (Fl. Jos., Bel. Jud., II, 270: E1tEIl'l'EV
7tp£oj3Et E1tt NEproV<X Ot<XA.E OIlEVO\) 1tEpt "tWV Ol1«x\.rov.) B 3T0i1 <ppa-
3e 06paI.UaeT Ha ce6H BHI1MaHHe nOCJIe.n.Hee CJlOBO: "tWV OtK<XtroV (cnpa-
Be.D.JIHBOCTb, npaBO, cy.n.e6Hoe pellleHl1e), CTOHI.Uee BO MHO)KeCTBeHHOM
1.JHCJIe. I1HbIMI1 CJIOBaMH, 06e CTOpOHbI 6blJIH OTnpaBJIeHbI B PI1M pelllaTb
npaBOBble np06JIeMbI CBoeH )KH3HI1 B ropo.n.e H paCC1.JHTbIBaJIl1 c.n.eJIaTb
3TO B paMKax cYlll.eCTBYIOlll.eH B 06lll.eCTBe CI1CTeMbI npaBa. KaKHe Bon-
'" TaK Ha3bIB<L1C!I ropOllllO ero nepeH:>1eHOBaHHJI II nOBTOpHoro OCHOBaHllJI npH I1po.J.e.
119Ft J05.. Bel. Jud., II. 270. 110CH«j! <1>,'laBIlIi, K COJK3.1eHIlIO' He )'TO'iHJIeT. 'iTO lI:>1eHHO OH
IIMeeT B BIUlY. OllHaKO ynoMIiHaHlie B TOIi JKe «j!paJe 06 arope n03BO.1J1T npellno.l0JKIITb, 'iTO
B ueHTpe ropolla npoH30w,la 6onbwa!I llpaKa.
123
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uyOGlil\1 e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6J/lIKU U PU.WCKOU UMnepUlI
pOCbl C06HpaJU1Cb 06cy.n.I1Tb npe.n.CTaBI1TeJ1H, Hocl1<p <1>J1aBI1H ynoMHHa-
eT BCK0J1b3b npl1 Onl1CaHHH BTOpOro KpynHoro KOH<pJ1I1KTa B Kecapee,
I1MeBlllero MeCTO B 66 r. 3.n.ecb )Ke OTMeTHM HeCKOJlbKO npHHUHnl1aJIbHO
Ba)KHbIX MOMeHTOB. 06WHHbi ropo.n.a 6b1J111, Bblpa)KaHCb cOBpeMeHHblM
H3bIKOM, IOpH.n.H'-IeCKHMH J1HuaMH, C KOTOpblMH C'IHTaJIaCb a.n.MHHHcTpa-
UI1H npoKYpaTopa. Ha3Ha'leHHe nOCJlOB H3 'IHCJ1a YBa)KaeMbIX 'IJ1eHOB
06wHH CBH)J,eTeJ1bCTByeT HMeHHO 06 3TOM. 06CTOHTeJlbCTBa Bbl60pa 3THX
nOCJ10B OCTaIOTCH, npaB.n.a, .n.o KOHua He HCHbIMI1. HOCI1<p <1>J1aBHH nHllleT
a TOM, 'ITa npOKYpaTOp Bbl6paJI (E1ttAi Ct ) 'IJ1eHOB nOCOJ1bCTB 113 npe.n.-
CTaBHTeJ1eH 061l..{HH. He HCKJlIO'IeHO, 'ITa B .n.aHHOM c./I}''Iae CJlOBa HCTO-
pl1Ka He CJ1e.lJ.)'eT BocnpHHHMaTb 6YKBaJIbHO 11 'ITO npOKYpaTOp Ha .n.eJ1e
JlHlllb no.n.TBep)f()J,aJ1 nOJ1HOMO'lI1H Tex KaH.n.I1.n.3'ryp, KOTopble 6blJ1H npe.n.-
J10)KeHbI.
B n0J1b3Y I1MeHHO TaKara COOTHOllleHHH nOJ1HTH'IeCKHX CI1J1 B ropo.n.e
H HX nOJ1HOMO'lHH MO)KeT CBI1.n.eTeJ1bCTBOBaTb COnOCTaBJIeHHe BepCI1H
onHcaHHH 06CTOHTeJ1bCTB nOCOJlbCTBa )KHTeJleH KecapeH B 60 r. B PHMe.
06pall..{aeT Ha ce6H BHHMaHHe nepBaH )Ke <ppa3a 113J10)KeHHH C06bITHH B
«Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHe»: Ant. Jud., XX, 182: IIopKto'U ot «1>"o'to'U OtCtOOXo'U
«1>"A.tKt 1tEl-1CpeEV't U1tO NEproV 01. 1tprotE'l)()VtE 'trov rltv KCttoapetCtv
KCt'tOtKOUV'tOOV &Io'UOCttoov Ei. 'tT1v Pro llv avCt Cttvo'Umv «1>"A.tKOV
KCt'tllyopo'GV'tE (<<Tor.n.a, Kama DOPUHH <1>ecT 6blJ1 nOCJ1aH HepOHOM B
Ka'leCTBe npeeMHHKa <1>eJ1HKCa, nepBeHCTBYlOll..{He Ha.n. )KHBYIl..{HMI1 B
Kecapee H)'.n.eHMH npH6blBalOT B PHM, 06BI1HHH <1>eJ1HKCa 120 »). B 3TOH
<ppa3e O'leHb 3aMeTHa aKTHBHIUI KOHCTPYKUHH (nepBeHCTBYIOWHe npH-
6b1Ba1OT, a He npHe3)KalOT, 6y.n.Y'lH nOCJlaHHbIMH). CpaBHeHHe 3TOH <ppa-
3bl C Onl1CaHHeM Bbl60pa nOCJlOB B PI1M B TeKCTe «Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHbI»
(Bel. Jud., II, 270) KaK pa3 H HaBo.n.HT Ha MblCJ1b a TOM, 'ITO OTnpaBKa
npe.n.CTaBHTeJ1eH npOTHB060pCTBYlOWHX CTOpOH B PI1M COCTOHJ1a H3 .n.BYX
3TanOB: CHa'laJIa nOCJlbl Bbl6HpaJIHCb - 11 HMeHHO 3TOT <paKT OTpa)KaeT
H3J10)KeHHe C06bITI1H B «Hy.n.ei1cKHx .n.peBHOCTHX», - a 3aTeM nOCJlbl
YTBep)f()J,aJIHCb npoKypaTopoM, KaK CKa3aHO B TeKCTe «Hy.n.eHCKOH BOH-
HbI».
HeKoTopoe paCXO)K.n.eHHe BepCHH H3J10)KeHHH MO)KeT 06'bHCHHTbCH
TeM, 'ITa HOCH<p <1>JlaBHH 113J1araJI C06bITI1H no pa3HbiM HCTO'lHHKaM, He
O'leHb 3a6OTHCb a comaCOBaHI1H .n.o MeJ10'leH Bcex .n.eTaJIeH. B HeKOTopblX
CJ1Y'laHX, KaK H3BeCTHO, H3J10)KeHHe C06b1TI1H B nepBblX KHHrax «Hy.n.eH-
CKOH BOHHbJ) HBJ1HeTCH COKpaWeHHblM nepeJ10)KeHHeM «Hy.n.eHCKHX
120 BepO!lTHee Bcero, 311eCb IIMeeTC!I B BlillY JKaJJ06a Ha TOT IIHUHlleHT. Koma npOKYpaTOp
Pa30rHa., TO.lny Ha pbIHO'iHOil nnOlIl3llH npll nOMOWH BoopYJKeHHblX CHn. 'iTO COnpOBOJKJla.10Cb
'ie,10Be'ieCKHMII JKepTBaMlI,
124
r:wea 2. 06ulaR xapaKmepucmuKa nepeoi'o nepuoOa pU.\ICKo-uyoeucKux omHOUleHUU
.n.peBHOCTeH». B .n.aHHoM KOHKpeTHOM CJl)"lae :no He TaK, H60 113J10)l(eHl1e
C06blTHH B Kecapee B «l1y.n.eHcKoH BOHHe» no.n.p06Hee, 1.JeM B «l1y.n.eH-
CKHX .n.peBHocnlx».
)J,aJIee 06pamaeT Ha ce6R BHHMamle xapaKTepHCTHKa Tex, KTO npl16bIJ1
B PI1M. 06 3TOM npHxo.n.HTCR roBOpHTb oc060, 1160 A. Kallep .n.eJlaeT
.n.aJIeKO H.n.Ylll.He BbIBO.n.bl Ha OCHOBe TepMHHOB 110cH<pa <1>J1aBHR H C1.JH-
TaeT, 1.JTO 3.n.eCb pe1.Jb H.n.eT HMeHHO a JlI1.n.epax 06lll.HHbI 121 . Me)f()J,y TeM
TepMHH 1tpro'tEuoV'm; (<<nepBeHcTBYlOmHe») Heonpe.n.eJ1eH H no CYTH
03Ha1.JaeT JlI1111b TO, 1.JTO npl16bIBllll1e B PI1M npI1Ha)J,J1e)KaJIH K 1.JHCJ1)' Ha-
H60Jlee 3HaTHbix H aBTOpHTeTHblX JlI1U H3 1.JI1CJ1a Hy.n.eeB Kecapel1. <1>11-
J10JlOrH1.JeCKH HeB03MO)KHO .n.OKa3aTb, 1.JTO B PHM npl16blJ1H HMeHHO JlH-
.n.epbl 06lll.HHbl, XOTR HCKJ1I01.JaTb TaK)'1O B03MO)I(HOCTb 6bIJ10 6bl HeBepHO,
H60 «nepBeHCTBYlOmHe», B npHHUl1ne, MOryr nepeBo.n.HTbCR KaK «py-
KOBo.n.I1TeJ1H». O.n.HaKO npOTHB TaKOH HHTepnpeTaUl111 CBH.n.eTeJlbcTByeT
HCTOpH1.JeCKHH KOHTeKCT: cy.n.R no BepCHH, npe.n.CTaBJleHHOH B «l1y.n.eHc-
KOH BOHHe», nOCJlaHHI1KaMH B PHM 6bIJ1H OTnpaBJ1eHbl «3HaTHble» (yvropi
o ) OT 06eHx 06lll.HH, a 3TO B npe.n.eJlax .n.aHHoH COUHaJIbHOH rpynnbl
Mar 6blTb KTO yro.n.Ho122.
lho )Ke KacaeTCR Bonpoca 06 opraHH3aUI111 11 PYKOBo.n.CTBe 06eHx
rpynnHpoBOK, TO HX CymecTBoBaHHe .n.lUKe He HY)f()J,aeTCR B .n.OKa3aTeJ1b-
CTBe, H60 06 3TOM CBH.n.eTeJlbCTBYeT caM <paKT npOTI1BOCTORHHR H 60pb-
6bl .n.BYX 06lll.HH.
06CTORTeJ1bCTBa nOCOJlbCTBa )l(HTeJleH KecapeH B PI1M, K HMnepaTO-
py, CJ10)KHJ1I1Cb He06bl1.JHO: 3TO 06pameHHe Hy.n.eeB C neTHUHeH K pHMC-
KHM BJlaCTRM OTHOCHTCR K 1.JHCJ1Y pe.n.KHX CJ1Y1.JaeB, Kor.n.a OHI1 nOJ1Y1.JI1J1H
OTKa3.
110cH<p <1>J1aBHH nHllleT 06 06CTORTeJ1bCTBax 3TOro OTKa3a .n.OCTaT01.J-
HO no.n.P06HO. Y Hero .n.Be BepCHI1 H3J10)KeHI1R C06bITHH, KOTopble He
COBceM COBna.n.aIOT Me)K)J,)' c060i1, XOTR H He npOTHBOpe1.JaT o.n.Ha .n.pyroH
(Ant. Jud., XX, 182-184; Bel. Jud., II, 270).
no CJ10BaM 110cH<pa <1>J1aBHR, <1>eJ1HKC 6blJ1 6bl HaKa3aH 3a CBOH 3J10-
ynoTpe6J1eHHR, He BMelllaHCR ero 6pa-r naJIJ1aHT, 3aHHMaBlllHH BH.n.Hoe
nOJlO)KeHHe npH .n.Bope, a TalOKe CeKpeTapb I1Mnepa-ropa no nepenl1CKe
Ha rpe1.JeCKOM R3b1Ke. nOCJ1e.n.HHH .n.0611J1CR aT HMnepaTopa OTMeHbl 123
no.n.rOTOBJleHHoro peCKpHnTa 06 HCOnOJ1HTHI1 H)'.n.eeB no OTHOllleHHIO K
rpeKaM B Kecapee. npH 3TOM ynOTpe6J1eHl1e 110cH<poM <1>JlaBHeM B rpe-
12\ Kasher A. 1sopoliteia question... P. 18-19. Notes 9, 10.
122 3TII JKe CJJOBa CJJellyeT OTHeCTIl H K ynoMHHaeMblM B HYlleHcKOiI BoJ:iHe 'iYTb HIIJKe
(Ant. Jud., XX, 183) «nepBblM 113 CHpHilueB, 06HTaIOlI.IIIX B Kecapee».
'" flo CJJOBa.\I HocmjJa I1>JlaBIIJI, 311eCb He 060W.10Cb 6e3 B3!1TOK.
125
A, f. fpyweBoH. l1ydeu u uyoalilw e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PU.MCKOU UAmepuu
"-IeCKOM TeKCTe maroJIa ci1C1.>p6ro «(.n.eJIaTb He.n.eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM, OTMeHUb»)
n03BOJISIeT C"-II1TaTb, "-11'0 pe"-lb lllJIa 06 OTMeHe Y)J(e peaJIbHO CYlll.eCTBYIO-
Il.{ero .n.OK)'MeHTa, a He ero npoeKTa. C006Il.{eHl1e Hocl1cpa <l>JIaBHSI npo-
BepHTb HeB03Mo)J(HO, o.n.HaKO caM cpaKT no.n.rOTOBKI1 nOJIO)J(HTeJIbHoro
)J,J1S1 H)'.n.eeB pellleHI1S1 BbIrJISI.n.HT BnOJIHe npaB.n.ono.n.06HbIM, H60 nOJIHO-
CTblO cOOTBeTcTByeT Tpa.n.HllHH pHMCKOH nOJIHTI1KI1 no .n.aHHoMY Bonpo-
cy 124 . PaCCKa3 a nepBoM Me)J(3THI1"-1eCKOM KOHcpJII1KTe B Kecapee HOCHcp
<l>JIaBI1H 3aBeplllaeT paccY)f()J,eHHSlMI1 a TOM, "-ITa pellleHHe I1MnepaTopa
npl1HeCJIO Hy.n.eSlM Maccy 6e.n., H60 KOHcpJIHKT B ropo.n.e cpaKTH"-IeCKH npo-
.n.OJI)J(aJICSI .n.o caMoro Ha"-laJIa BOHHbI.
C COBpeMeHHOH TO"-lKH 3peHHSI, MbI CKa3aJIH 6bI HeCKOJIbKO HHa"-le:
peCKpHnT HMnepaTopa He pelllHJI np06JIeMY, a JIHlllb 3arHaJI ee Brny6b.
PaCCKa3 a BTOpOM KOHcpJIHKTe B Kecapee Hocl1cp <l>JIaBHH Ha"-lHHaeT C
cppa3bI, KOTopaSi - 6y.n.Y"-lH nOHSITHoH cpHJlOJlOrH"-IeCKI1 - He COBceM
SlCHa B HeKOTOpbIX BIDKHbIX )J,J1S1 COBpeMeHHoro HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJISI .n.eTaJISiX.
Bel. Jud., II, 284: 'Ev O£ 'to\rtQ) Ka.t at Ka.tocxpEwv "EA.A.l1VE , vtK1'1cra.vt£
m:xpa. NEpwvt 'tf\ 1t6A.E (XpxEtV, "teX 'tf\ 1CpiOE EK6 toa.v ypa a."ta.,
Ka.t 1tpooEA.6. j3a.vEv "t1)v <Xpx1)v 6 1t6A.E (<<B 3TO caMoe BpeMSI 3JIJIH-
HbI KecapeH, n06e.n.HB Y HepoHa B Bonpoce 06 ynpaBJIeHI1H ropo.n.a,
.n.OCTaBHJIH .n.OK)'MeHT C perneHHeM H HMeHHO 1'Or.n.a HMeJIO MeCTO Ha"-la-
JIO BOHHbJ)).
B HCTOpH"-IeCKOM nJIaHe 31)' cppa3Y MO)J(HO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK 6ec-
cnopHoe CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBO Taro, "-ITa B 3TOM KOHcpJII1KTe pelllaJICSI npe)f()J,e
Bcero Bonpoc 06 ynpaBJIeHI1H ropo.n.OM. HHbIMI1 CJlOBaMI1, rnJla 60pb6a
3a peaJIbH)'1O BJIaCTb B ropo.n.e - KTO, npe.n.CTaBHTeJlH KaKOH 06lll.HHbI,
6y.n.eT 3ace.n.aTb B ropO.n.CKOM COBeTe, 3aMeIl.{aTb OCHOBHbIe ropo.n.CKHe
MarHCTpa1)'pbI, npHHHMaTb OCHOBOnOJIaralOlll.He perneHI1S1, KTO 6y.n.eT
KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb O.n.HH H3 60raTeHllll1x ropo.n.OB 6mDl<Hero BOCTOKa.
npHHllHnHaJIbHO BIDKHO nOHSlTb, "-11'0 03Ha"-laJIO perneHHe HMnepa1'Opa
C npaBoBoH TO"-lKH 3peHHSI? OTBeT npOCT: YTBep)f()J,eHHe Ha BbIcrneM
ypOBHe npHHllHnOB ropo.n.CKoro YCTpoHcTBa, ropO.n.CKOH «KOHCTH1)'llI1H»
03Ha"-laJIO npHCBOeHl1e ropo.n.y o.n.Horo H3 caMbIX npHBI1JIerHpOBaHHbIX
I24CM., HanpHMep, 0630p nonliTHKH ABryCTa Ii IOnHeB-KnaBllHeB no OTHoweHHIO K 11)'-
lle!lM y I1>. MHJJJIapa - Millar F The Emperor, the Senate and the Provinces II JRS. 63. 1973.
P. 161. HHrepecHblH npliMep OTHOWeHH!I HepoHa K nOCOnbCTB3M 1i3 HYlleli eCTb y MOCIf«j!3
<1>JJaBH!I B aBT06Horpa4>lilf. OH nHweT (Vita, 13-16), 'iTO 1l06HJJc!I oCBo60JKlleHH!I rpynnbl
JKPeUOB, 3aKOBaHHblX B uenH H OmpaBJJeHHblX B PHM no npliK33Y npoxyparopa I1>e lHKca. K
COJKaneHHIO, Hoclf«j! c006lI.1aeT JJIiWb, 'iTO .llo6HJJc!I HYJKHOro .llJI!I ce6!1 peWeHlf!l C nOMomblO
AnHTHpa, 1I)'1le!l no npoIiCXOJKlleHHIO, JJI06HMOro MHMa HepoHa, Ii nonneH, cynpym npH-
Huenca, 6JJarOBO.1HBweH K IiYlle!lM. MeXaHH3M npHH!lTH!I Ii o4>opMJJeHIi!l peweHHJl OCTaeTC!I
'iIiTaTeJJIO HeH3BeCTHbIM.
126
J:wea 2. 06ulaR xapaKmepucmUKa nepeozo nepuoiJa pw>rcKo-uydeucKIL,( omHOUleHUU
cTCrrycoB - cTal)'ca KOJlOHHH I25 . J1MeHHo 3TO 11 np0l130lllJIO C KecapeeH,
'ITO no.n.TBep)K!l.aeTCH I1CTO'lHI1KaMH, HO HMelOI.UHMH OTHOllleHl1e K I.f)'Tb
60JIee n03.n.HeMY BpeMeHI1. 0 npl1CBOeH1111 ropo.n.y CTal)'ca KOJIOHI1H npl1
BeCnaCl1aHe coo6I.UaeT nJIHHHH CTapllll1H (NH., V, 13, 69), .n.eTaJJbHoe
onpe.n.eJleHHe oc06eHHocTeH CTal)'ca KOJlOHHH npl1MeHHTeJIbHO K Keca-
pee eCTb B ):{HrecTax 126.
lho )!{e KacaeTCH <ppa3bI J1ocH<pa ct>JIaBI1H, Ha no.n.TeKCT KOTOpOH
06bI'IHO He 06palll.alOT BHI1MaHHH, TO ee CJIe.n.yeT nOHHMaTb B TOM CMbIC-
JIe, 'ITO CTal)'C KOJlOHI1I1 npl1CBal1BaJICH ropo.n.y .n.Ba)!{.n.bI H B nepBbIH
pa3 - npH HepOHe. Heo6xo.n.HMOCTb nOBTOpHoro pellleHHH Bonpoca a
cTal)'ce ropo.n.a, BepoHTHee Bcero, 06'bHCHHTCH cJIe.n.YIOlll.HM. PeweHHe
HepOHa 6bIJIO o<popMJIeHO 3a HeCKOJlbKO MeCHueB .n.o Ha'laJJa l1y.n.eHcKoH
BOHHbI, B YCJIOBHHX Bce 60JIee B03paCTaBWeH HeCTa6HJIbHOCTH B perH-
OHe. EbICTpoe nepepaCTaHl1e HeCTa611JIbHOCTH B BOHHY 11 nOJIHbIH npa-
BOBOH 6ecnpe.n.eJI, xapaKTepHbIH .D.JIH JII060H BOHHbI, 3aCTaBIDI pHMcKHe
BJIaCTH npH CJIe.n.ylOlll.eH .n.HHaCTHI1, npH ct>JIaBIDIX, Ha'laTb CTpOHTb B3aH-
MOOTHOllleHIDI C perHOHaMH (npOBHHUIDIMH) HHa'le, \frO H nOTpe60BaJJO
nepeo<popMJIeHIDI ueJIOH cepHH npHIDITbIX paHee peweHHH. C006lll.eHHH
a npHcBoeHHH Kecapee cTal)'ca KOJIOHHI1 npH BecnacHaHe COnpOBO)K!l.a-
eTCH HCHbIM YKa3aHHeM 06 O.n.HHaKOBOM rpIDK.D.aHCKOM CT!rI)'ce ee )f(HTeJleH,
TOr.n.a KaK <ppa3a 110cHCpa ct>JlaBHH rOBopHT KaK pa3 a .n.pyroM - npe.n.-
CTaBHTeJIH 3JIJIHHH3HpoBaHHoH 06I.UI1HbI .n.06I1JIHCb .D.JIH ce6H npHBHJIe-
rHpoBaHHoro rpIDK.D.aHcKoro CTal)'ca B Ylll.ep6 Hy.n.eHM.
):{apoBaHHe Kecapee CTaryca KOJIOHHH npH ct>JIaBHHX 03Ha'laeT, 'ITa B
npe.n.bI.n.Ylll.He ro.n.bI ee CTal)'C 6bIJI I1HbIM. HaH60Jlee BepoHTHbIM npe.n.-
CTaBJIHeTCH npe.n.nOJIO)!{eHHe a TOM, 'ITO ropo.n. OTHOCHJICH K 'Il1cny TaK
Ha3bIBaeMbIX «cB060.n.HbIX» ropo.n.OB127. Ha Haw B3rJJH.n., Bonpoc 3TOT
pelllaeTCH MeTO.n.OM I1CKJIIO'IeHI1H. npl1CBOHTb cTaryc KOJIOHHH TOMY HJIH
125 a B3aHMOOTHOWeHH!lX ropo;:ta H roCYllapCTBeHHoif BnaCTH B PHMCKOJ:! HMnepHII flHTe-
parypbl MHOro. CM., HanpHMep: Millar F The Emperor, the Senate and the provinces II JRS.
1966. Vol. 56. P. 156-166; Millar F Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: obligations, ex-
cuses and status II JRS. ] 983. Vol. 73. P. 76-96; Langhammer W Die rechtIiche und soziale
Stellung der Magistratus municipales und der Decuriones in der Uberansphase der Stadte von
sich selbsverwaltenden Gemeinden zu Vollzugsorganen des spatantiken Zwangsstaates (2-4.
Jahrhundert der romischen Kaiserzeit).Wiesbaden, 1973. S. 1-24.
126 KecapeJi He HMeJJa nOJJHoro HTaJJHJ:!CKOro npaBa. CM. nO.llP06HO: Dig. 50,15,8,6-7.
127 TO'iHoJ:! HH$opMaUHeJ:! no 3TOMY BOnpOCY,.110 npaBJIeHH!I llHHaCTHH I1>JJaBHeB, Mbl He
pacno.laraeM. )1(. KOJJeH, CneUHaJlbHO 3aHHMaBWHJ:!C!I np06JJeMoJ:! «cB060.llHbIX» ropO.llOB B
BOCTO'iHOM CpellH3eMHOMopbe, Bbl.lleJJ!leT ropolla, OCHOBaHHble HPOllOM, B oc06ylO rpynny,
HO npH3HaeT, 'iTO HHKaKOJ:! KOHKpeTHOJ:! HH«j!opM3UHeJ:! 0 BHYTPeHHeM YCTpOHCTBe KecapeH
.llO <1>naBHeB MbJ He pacnonaraeM. (Colin 1. Les vi lies libres de 1'0rient greco-romain et I'envoi
au supplice par acclamations populaires. Bruxelles, 1965. P.32-34).
127
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uyoau:w e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU w.-tnepUIi
HHOMY roPO.n.y Hpo.n. He Mor. npe.n.aHHoe )Ke CJ1Y)KeHHe Hpo.n.a PI1MY y)Ke
caMO no ce6e rapaHTHpOBaJIO B Bonpoce a cTaryce HOBblX ropo.n.oB CJ1e-
.n.OBaHl1e HopMaM rpe1.JeCKOrO 11 pHMCKOro npaBa. KpOMe Taro, eCJ1H ro-
BOpHTb KOHKpeTHO a Kecapee, HOCH<p <1>J1aBHH oc060 no.n.1.JepKHBaeT, 1.JTO
Hpo.n. npH.n.aJI ropo..a.y Tl1nl11.JHO 3J1J1HHHCTI11.JeCKHH 06J1I1K. CJ1e.n.oBaTeJ1b-
HO, H ropO.n.CKOH cTaryc KecapeH .n.OJ1)KeH 6blJ1 J1H60 COOTBeTCTBOBaTb
O.n.HOH 113 .n.BYX Mo.n.I1<pHKaUHH «cB060.n.HbIX ropo.n.OB», J1H60 npH6J111-
)KaTbCH K 3TOMY CTarycyl28.
Bce CKa3aHHOe Bblllle n03BOJlHeT npe.n.n0J10)KHTb, 1.JTO B KOH<pJ1HI<Te B
Kecapee Bonpoc a CneQH<pH1.JeCKHX npl1BI1J1erHHX O.n.HOH rpynnbl Hace-
J1eHHH I1rpaJI no.n.1.JI1HeHHyIO pOJlb no OTHOllleHl11O K Bonpocy a BJ1aCTI1 B
ropo.n.e B 11 ynpaBJ1eHHI1 ropo.n.oM B ueJ10M. C T01.JKH 3peHHH aBTopa .n.aH-
HOH pa60Tbl, npaKTI11.JeCKH HeB03MO)KHO HHoe I1CTOJlKOBaHi-Ie CJlOB Ho-
cl1<pa <1>JlaBI1H a n06e.n.e rpeKoB B Bonpoce 06 ynpaBJ1eHI1H ropo.n.OM,
oc06eHHo eCJ1H Y1.JeCTb, 1.JTO 06e CTOpOHbl - KaK 06 3TOM npHMO nHllleT
I1CTOpHK - CnOpJ-lJ1H Me)f()J,y C060H a TOM, KTO X03HHH B ropo.n.e.
o n03HUI1J-1 rpeKoB B 3TOM KOH<pJ1HKTe H 0 TOM, 1.Jero HM y.n.aJIOCb
.n.OCTH1.Jb, 6blJ10 CKa3aHO }JKe HeMaJIO, o.n.HaKO He06xo.n.J-1MO nocMOTpeTb
Ha cHryaUl110 H C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbl - KaKOBa 6blJ1a n0311UHH l1y.n.eHCKOH
06LUHHbi KecapeH H ee 3anpOCbl? Y Hocl1<pa <1>J1aBI1H KpaHHe MaJIO Ma-
Tepl1aJIa, KOTOpblH n03B0J1HJ1 6bl CKaJaTb 1.JTO-TO onpe.n.eJ1eHHOe no .n.aH-
HOH TeMe. B pe3YJ1bTaTe B03MO)KHbl .n.Ba BapJ-laHTa OTBeTa Ha nOCTaBJ1eH-
HblM Bonpoc.
)J;J1H Ha1.JaJ1a 06paTHMCH K HCTOpHH ropo.n.a. KaK y)Ke OTMe1.JaJlOCb
Bblllle, K MOMeHry Ha1.JaJIa Hy.n.eHCKoH BOHHbl B ropo.n.e, BepoHTHee Bcero,
KOJ1I11.JeCTBO l-I}'.n.eeB 11 3J1J1HHH3I1poBaHHblx Cl1pHMueB 6blJ10 npHMepHO
paBHblM - OKOJlO 20 TbIC. PaBeHcTBo no 6blJ10, KaK MO)KHO .n.YMaTb,
.n.OCTl1rHyTO KO BpeMeHH npaBJ1eHHH KrIaB.n.J-1H: He CJlY1.JaHHO o.n.Ha 1.JaCTb
HaCeJ1eHJ-IH 6blJ1a roTOBa n01.JI1TaTb Hpo.n.a ArpHnny KaK 60ra, a .n.pyraJI
YCTpOI1J1a nbllllHoe, npOBOKaUI10HHOe no CyrH 11 )J,J1HBllleeCH HeCKOJlbKO
.n.HeH npaJ.n.HeCTBO no cJ1Y1.JalO cMepTH uapH. lho KaCaeTCH nepHo.n.a OT
npaBJleHJ-IH Hpo.n.a .n.o KrIaB.n.J-1H, TO y Hac eCTb Bce OCHOBaHHH nOJ1araTb,
1.JTO .n.o MOMeHTa 06pa30BaHHH npOKYpaTOpCTBa (6 r. H. 3.) B Kecapee
KOJlH1.JeCTBO l-I}'.n.eeB .n.eHCTBI1TeJlbHO Mama npeBbllllaTb 3J1J1HHH3HpOBaH-
I2S flo.ll cBo60;:toi! nOHIIMaJJHCb oc06ble 1l0roBopeHHOCTH C PHMOM HJJII MeCTHblMII npa-
BHTeJ]JlMH, ocj>opMJJeHHble cneUllaJJbHblM cornaweHlleM H rapaHrnpOBaBWlle ropollY B 113Bec-
THblX npe.lleilax BHYTpeHIOOIO aBTOHOMlllO, oCB060JKJleHHe OT TeX IL1II IIHblX Ha..10roB II - B3a-
IIMoornOWeHII!I C PIIMOM HJ1H MeCTHblMH D.JlHaCTaMII Ha OCHOBe COI03HII'ieCKHX OTHoweHIIH.
a Tllnax «cBo6ollHblX ropollOB» H 0 npo6JJeMe «cBo60.1lb1 ropOllOB» no;:tp. cM.:Colin 1. Villes
libres... P. 51-52; N6rr D. Imperium und Polis in der hohen Prinzipatszeit. Miinchen, 1966.
S. 85-94.
128
TJlaea 2, 06U1aR xapaKmepucmUKa nepeoi'(} nepuoda PlLllcKo-llydeucKu'C omHOUleHllU
HblX CHpHHueB 11 rpeKoB. CO'leTaHl1e Tpex <paKTOpOB - HaJIH'IHe B ro-
po.n.e 60JlblllOH Hy.n.eHcKOH 06rul1Hbi KO BpeMeHH KIlaB.n.Hjj, OTCYTcTBHe
H)'.n.eeB B ropo.n.e Tor.n.a, Kor.n.a OH Ha3bIBaJICJI CTpaTOHOBa nalllHJI, 11 ne-
peHMeHoBaHHe ropo.n.a, nOBTopHoe ero OCHOBaHl1e I1po.n.OM - n03BOJljj-
eT YTBep)f()J,aTb, 'ITa I1MeHHO npl1 I1po.n.e B Kecapee nOCeJ1jjeTCjj .n.OBOJ1b-
HO 60J1b1llOe KOJ1H'IeCTBO H)'.n.eeB. npH 3TOM BeCbMa BepOjjTHO, 'ITa Ha
MOMeHT OCHOBaHl1jj KecapeH OHH 'IHCJleHHO npeBocxo.n.HJ1H Bce HHbie
3THH'IeCKHe rpynnbl, npe.n.CTaBJ1eHHble B ropo.n.e.
)J,Ba onl1CaHl1jj KecapeH B «I1y.n.eHCKHX .n.peBHOCUX» nOKa3bIBaIOT
.n.aJIee, 'ITO 6J1aro.n.apjj I1po.n.y ropo.n. npHo6peJl 06J1HK 3J1J1HHHCTI1'1eCKoro
ropo.n.a H 60J1bIll)'IO, XOpOIllO 060py.n.OBaHHYIO raBaHb. I1OCH<p <l>J1aBHH
npjjMO nHllleT a TOM, 'ITa Kecapejj C03.n.aBaJIaCb KaK TOproBblH ueHTp
(Ant. Jud., XV, 331-341; XVI, 136-141).
I1HbIMH CJ10BaMH, I1po.n. C03.n.aJI Bce YCJlOBHjj .D.JIjj Taro, 'IT06b1 H)'.n.eH-
CKajj 06rul1Ha Kecapel1 nOJ1Y'lHJIa B CBOI1 PYKH KOHTpOJ1b Ha)J, TOproBblMH
onepaUHjjMH, a 3J1J1HHHCTH'IeCKHH 06J1HK HOBoro ToproBoro ueHTpa
6blCTpO c.n.eJ1aJI era npHBJ1eKaTeJ1bHbIM B BOCTO'lHOM Cpe.n.H3eMHOMO-
pbe l29 . B pe3YJ1bTaTe Ha HeKoTopoe BpeMjj CJ10)KHJ1aCb He06bl'lHaH, HO
OTHIO.n.b He YHHKaJIbHajj cHryaUHjj130, Kor.n.a Hy.n.el1 H KOHTpOJlHpOBaJIl1
ropO.n.CKOH COBeT, H HCnOJ1HjjJ1H OCHOBHble MarHcTparypbl B ropo.n.e.
OTCYTCTBHe y Hac .n.onOJ1HHTeJ1bHbIX HCTO'lHI1KOB 3aCTaBJ1HeT npOHBJ1HTb
H3BeCTH)'1O OCTOpO)KHOCTb. B HallleM paCnOpH)KeHHH Bce )Ke MaJIO npH-
MblX no.n.TBep)f()J,eHHH aKTHBHoro Y'laCTI1H Hy.n.eeB B 06ruecTBeHHOH )KH3-
HH Tex ropO.n.OB, B KOTOpblX OHI1 )KI1J1H 131 . B npl1HUHne B03MO)KHO, 'ITO
Hy.n.eHCKaH 06ll{HHa KecapeH He HMeJla KOHTpOJ1jj Ha)J, ropO.n.OM, HO CTpe-
". B cnellYlOweil maBe paCCMOTpeHbl HeKOTOpble CBH.lleTeJJbCTBa T aJJMy;:ta, KaCaIOWHeC!I
MOp!l, MOpCKOH TOprOBJJIi H Y'iaCTHJl HYlleeB B HIiX. He IiCKJ1IO'ieHO, 'iTO 3TH MarepliaJJbl BOC-
XO.llJlT K .lle!lre,'1bHOCTIi 06WliHbl HY.lleeB B Kecapee.
130 Bo 11-]]] BB. nOll4>aKTH'ieCKHM KOHTpOileM HYlleeB 6b1JJIi llBa xpynHblx ropolla - Cen-
«j!OpIiC H THBepH3.lla. nO.llp. CM.: Buchler A. The Political and the Social Leaders of the Jewish
Community of Sepphoris in the Second and Third Centuries. London, 1911.
13\ H3BeCTHa H3.llnHCb 1i3 MaKelloHcKOro ropo;:ta Cro6bl B 'ieCTb pHMCKOro rpaJK.llaHHHa
KnaBllH!l TIi6epH!l nOillixapMa, IicnOJ1HliBwero 06!13aHHOCTH 06meCTBeHHOH JKH3HIi comaCHO
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'iTO flOJJHXapM Mor IicnOJJH!lTb .llOJIJKHOCTH He 60JJee 'ieM B npe.lleJJax HYlleilcKOH 06WIiHbI.
Bce JKe KmO'ieBble CJIOBa 3TOil4>paJbI -1tOhtE'OOal1£ ; 1tOAl't£lav roBOpliT CKOpee 0 TOM,
'iTO TH6epliil KnaB.llIiJ:i flOJJIiXapM IiCnOJJHIIJJ 06weropO;:tCKlie MamcTparypbl. a ;:taHHoil
H3.llnHCIi H B03MOJKHblX BapliaHTaX HHTepnpeTaUHIi llaHHoil «j!pa3bl CM.: Ephrat Habas (Rubin).
The Dedication of Polycharmos from Stobi: Problems of Dating and Interperatation II JQR.
2001.Vol. 92. P. 44-47. CM. TaKJKe: Papazoglou F. Oppidum Stobi civium Romanorum et
municipium Stobensium II Chiron. 16. 1986, P. 234.
129
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u UydQ1L3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKu U PU.UCKOU UMnepuu
MHJlaCb HMeHHO K HeMY, a He K I1COnOJIHTHH, 6Y.lJ.YL{H y6eJK,I\eHa B TOM,
L{TO I1po.n. C03.n.arr ropo.n. HMeHHO )J,JIji HHX. C TOL{KH 3peHIDI aBTopa .n.aHHOH
pa60TbI, npe.n.nOJIO)l(eHl1e a )J,JII1BllleMCji HeKOTopoe BpeMji nOJIHOM KOH-
TpOJle HY.n.eeB Ha)J, ropO.n.OM npe.n.CTaBJIjieTCji 60Jlee npaBI1JIbHbIM.
06a 3TH BbIBo.n.a, 3aKOHOMepHO BblTeIGUOlUHe H3 Henpe.n.B3jiTOro npo-
L{'feHIDI l1oCH<pa <1>JlaBIDI, MOryr BbI3BaTb H3}'MJleHl1e, H60 OHI1 pa3pYUla-
lOT HeCKOJIbKO CJlO)JillBUlI1XCji cTepeOTHnoB. )J,eHcTBHTeJlbHO, caM <paKT
KOHTpOJlji HY.n.eeB Ha)J, KpynHbIM 3JIJII1HHCTHL{eCKHM ropo.n.oM (HJlH cTpeM-
JIeHHe K TaKoM}' KOHTpOJIIO) MO)J(eT nOKa3aTbCji CTpaHHbIM, 1160, camaCHO
YCTOjiBUlI1MCji npe.n.CTaBJIeHIDIM, TaKoe e.n.Ba JIH B03MO)J(H0 BBH.lJ.Y Taro,
L{TO HY.n.eHCKHH MHp H aHTHL{HbIH MHp OL{eHb nJIOXO COBMeCTHMbI MeJK,I\y
C060H. 31'0 BepHO B TOM OTHOllleHHI1, L{TO)J,JIji KJIaCCHL{ecKOro rpeL{eCKOrO
nOJUIca V-IV BB. .n.IDKe nOCTaHOBKa Bonpoca 06 YCTaHOBJIeHHH KOHTpOJlji
Ha)J, ropo.n.OM co CTOpOHbl MeTeKOB (He rpIDK.D.aH) HeB03MO)l(Ha. 31'0 BepHO
.n.arree B TOM OTHOUleHHH, L{TO npaBOBepHbIe 3aKOHOYL{HTeJIH H HX 6JIIDKaH-
Ulee OKp}JKeHHe HI1Kor.n.a He CTarrl1 6bI CTpeMHTbCH K nOJlHTHL{eCKOH .n.eji-
TeJIbHOCTH cpe.n.H ji3bIL{HHKOB, TeM 60JIee B CTOJlb aKTI1BHOH <popMe.
B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe )l(e BpeMji npeJK,I\e Bcero caM ropo.n. (nOJIHC) 6bIJI
Y)I(e He TOT H MHoroe H3 HeB03MO)l(HOro paHee CTaHOBHJ10Cb co BpeMeHeM
06bIL{HbIM. CTpeMJIeHHe HY.n.eeB K KOHTpOJlIO Ha)J, KpynHbIM npHMopCKHM
TOproBbIM ueHTpOM (HJIH .n.IDKe .n.OCTIDKeHHe TaKoro KOHTpOJIji) y.n.HBH-
TeJIbHO He 60JIee L{eM HarrHL{He B PHMe H ropo.n.ax MarroH A3HH MHO)l(eC-
TBa l1y.n.eeB - pHMCKI1X rpIDK.D.aH. 132 CI11)'aUHji B Kecapee He06bIL{Ha,
HanpHMep, He 60JIee L{eM aHTHrocy.n.apCTBeHH<UI no CBoeH CYTH .n.ejiTeJIb-
HOCTb H3BecTHoro pHMCKOro rpIDK.D.aHI1Ha anOCTOJIa naBJIa.
O.n.HaKo BepHeMCji K C06bITHjiM B Kecapee. nOJIO)l(eHHe B ropo.n.e
.n.OJI)I(HO 6bIJIO HaL{aTb MeHjiTbCji nocJle 6 r. H. 3. C YL{peJK,I\eHHeM npoKY-
paTopCTBa 11 pellleHHeM a pa3MeIUeHHH npOKYpaTOpCKOH a)J,MHHHCTpaUHH
naJIeCTI1HbI HMeHHO B Kecapee. no BnOJlHe nOHjiTHbIM npHL{HHaM B
ropo.n.e nOjiBJIjieTCji 3HaL{I1TeJIbHO 60JIbUlee, L{eM paHbUle, KOJIHL{eCTBO
rpeL{eCKoro H 3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHoro HaCeJIeHHji. no BnOJIHe nOHjiTHbIM
npHL{HHaM L{epe3 HeKoTopoe BpeMji 3TO .n.OJI)J(HO 6bIJIO npHBeCTI1 K BOC-
CTaHOBJIeHHIO 3THHL{eCKoro paBHOBeCHji B ropo.n.e, nOCJIe.n.CTBHji L{ero -
KaK 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO BbIllle - He 3aMe)J,JIHJlH CKa3aTbCji.
Pe3YJIbTaTOM BOCCTaHOBJIeHHji 3THHL{eCKOrO paBHOBeCHji CTaJIa He
TOJIbKO Me)l(3THWIeCKaH Hanpji)l(eHHOCTb, HO 11 OCJIO)J(HeHHe IOpH.D.HL{eCKOH
cmyaUHH B ropo.n.e. npHBHJ1erl1pOBaHHoe no «KOHCTH1)'UHH» I1po.n.aI33
IJ2 no BceMY 3TOMY KOMillleKcy BonpoCOB CM. nOllp06HO rn. 3.
m Kasher A. The Isopoliteia Question in Caesarea Maritima II JQR. 1977. Vol. 68. P. 24.
Note 35.
130
TJlaea ], 06ulaH xapaKmepucmUKa nepeozo lleplloOa PlL\/CKo-uyoeucKux omHollleHlIli
nOJlO)KeHl1e l1y.n.eHCKOH 06ll(I1HbI He Morna YCTpOI1Tb .n.pyrylO nOJIOBHHY
ropo.n.CKoro HaCeJIeHIDI 11 - BHe BCHKoro COMHeHI1H - a)J,MI1HI1CTpaQI11O
npOK)'paTOpa, 060CHOBaBlllYlOCH B Kecapee. HHbl.Wll CJlOeaWll, KOHrjJ.711Km
cnlaHoeU:7CR He1l36e:JICeH, 116o CJlllUlKO.W emiRme:7bHble CUJlbl 6bUIU 3allH-
mepec06aHbl e U3.weHeHUU cumyalluu e copooe. flpaeoa, U 3mo mO:JICe
He06xoouwo Y'lUmbl6amb, 06e cmopoHbl C0611pa'lUCb peUlamb C60U npo-
6.'leMbl e pa"'Kax c}'llfecmeYIOUfeu npa6060u cucme.Wbl, - omnpaeue no-
COJlbCmea e cmOJlu/fy. flepexoo :JICe K HacWlUIO 06'bRCHRemcR, CyOR no
eceMY me.'H, 'Imo cumyatfUR nOJlHOCmblO 6blUlJla U3-noO KOHmpOJlR KaK
Jluoepoe 06eux 061lfUH, maK U 6Jlacmeu 60Jlee eblCOK020 yp06HR.
C npaBoBoH TO'lKI1 3peHI1H HeKOTopbIe .n.enUIH nOCOJIbCTBa )KI1TeJIeH
KecapeI1 B PI1M He COBceM HCHbI, 11 n03TOMY npaBOMepeH Bonpoc a TOM,
KaK 06'bHCHHTb OTKa3 HepoHa no.n.nI1CaTb peCKpl1nT 06 I1COnOJII1TI1I1, XOTH,
no CJIOBaM J10cmjJa ct>JIaBHH, .n.OK)'MeHT 6bIJI no.n.rOTOBJIeH. J1OCI1<jJ ct>JIa-
BI1H 06'bHCHHeT no npOI1CKaMI1 npe.n.cTaBI1TeJleH 3JIJlHHH3HpoBaHHoH
06L1.{I1HbI, .n.06HBlllHXCH BbIro.n.HOro )J,JUI ce6H pellleHIDI C nOMOLl.{blO B3HTOK.
B03MO)KHO, I1CTOpHK '1aCTH'IHO H npaB 13 4, o.n.HaKO He MeHee BepOHTHbIM
npe.n.CTaBJIHeTCH 11 HHoe. ECJII1 cnpaBe)J,JIHBO Hallle npe.n.nOJIO)KeHHe a
TOM, 'ITa B Kecapee Hy.n.el1 HeKOTopoe BpeMH He npOCTO COCTaBJlHJIH
60JIblllHHCTBO HaCeJIeHHH, HO <jJaKTH'IeCKH KOHTpOJIHpOBaJ1H ropo.n., TO
OTKa3 I1MnepaTopa nOCJIe npe.n.CTaBJIeHI1H, c.n.eJIaHHoro maBOH ero KaH-
QeJIHpHI1 no rpe'leCKHM .n.eJlaM, no.n.nl1CaTb peCKpI1nT 06 HCOnOJlHTHH
npl106peTaeT cOBepllleHHo I1HOH CMbICJI.
o KaKOU UConOJlumuu M02Jla uOmu pe'lb, K020a y uyoeee U maK eeCb
20pOO 6blJl noO KOHmpOJleM? BI1.n.I1MO, neperoBopbI npe.n.CTaBI1TeJlei1
3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHOH 06L1.{HHbI KecapeH H ceKpeTapH I1MnepaTopa no rpe-
'1eCKI1M .n.eJlaM lllJIH UMeHHO 06 3mOM 11 Jll1lllb nOCTOJIbK)'-noCKOJIbK)' a
B3HTKe )J,JIH 06eCne'leHHH Bblro.n.HOro pellleHI1H. J10CH<jJ ct>JIaBI1H, HanOM-
HHM, nHllleT JIHlllb a nOCJIe.n.HeM.
He MeHee BroKHO nOCTapaTbCH BbIHCHHTb, KaK MO)I(HO 06'bHCHHTb, 'ITa
CTOJIb BIDKHoe )J,JIH 3JIJIHHH311pOBaHHOH '1aCTI1 HaCeJIeHI1H KecapeH pellle-
Hl1e a KopeHHoM H3MeHeHHH ropO.n.CKOH «KOHCTHryQHH» 6bIJIO npHHHTo
'1epe3 6 JleT nOCJIe OTKa3a HepoHa no.n.nHcaTb pecKpHnT 06 HCOnOJII1THH?
3.n.ecb npe.n.CTaBJIHIOTCH B03MO)i(HbIMH .n.Ba 06'bHCHeHI1H. MeHee BepOHTHoe:
HHKTO He 06paLl.{aJ1CH C COOTBeTCTBYIOLI.{I1MH 3anpOCaMI1 no I1HCTaHQIDIM;
60JIee BepoHTHoe - 6IOpOKpaTH'IeCKHe npOBOJIO'lKH. ,LLrrH cpaBHeHI1H
OTMeTI1M, 'ITa .n.eJIO a norpoMe 38 r. B AJleKcaH.n.pHH paccMaTpHBaJ10Cb
B PHMe HeCKOJIbKO JleT.
134 CaM no ce6e 4>aKT BelleHHII neperoBopoB MeJl(,])' npe.aCTaBHTe.lI1MH 3:1JJHHII3HpOBaHHOii
06lI.1HHbl H npH6mlJKeHHblMH K HMnepaTOpy 'iHHOBHHKaMH BnO.1He BepollTeH.
131
A, f. fpyweBoH, l1ydeu u uyoau3M e ucmopuu PU.MCKOll pecny6JlUKU U PUMCKOU u.Mnepuu
J1HbIMH CJIOBaMH, KOHcpJII1KT B ropo.n.e B 66 r. cnpoBOUHpOBaJIO yr-
Bep)f()J.eHHe HOBOH ropo.n.cKOH «KOHCTH1)'UI1H» Ha BbICllleM ypOBHe, H
nepBoe npl1CBOeHHe Kecapee CTa1)'ca KOJlOHHH npl1HUl1nHaJIbHO H3Me-
HHJIO cl11)'aUI1IO B ropo.n.e.
J10Cl1cp <1>JIaBHH nHllleT, '-ITa ropo.n.CKaji CI1Harora Haxo.n.HJIaCb Ha 3eM-
JIe, npI1Ha)J,J]e)Kalll.eH O.n.HOMY rpeKY, KOTOpbIH npHHUHnHaJIbHO He XOTeJI
npo.n.aBaTb CBOIO 3eMJIIO Hy.n.ejiM, HeCMOTpji Ha TO '-ITa Te npe)J,JIaraJIH
ueH)', HaMHoro npeBbIllialOlll.YIO peaJIbH)'1O C1'OI1MOCTb. EOJIee Taro, OH
pa3BepH)'JI nepe.n. BXO.n.OM B cHHarory 6ypHoe CTpOI1TeJlbCTBO, OCTaBHB
JIHlllb Y3KHH H Hey.n.06HbIH npoxo.n. K xpaMY. J1y.n.eH nbITaJIHCb Bocnpe-
njiTCTBOBaTb 3TOMY, B TOM '-IHCJIe C nOMOLUblO B3HKH - npOKYpaTOpy
<1>JIOPY 6bIJIO nepe.n.aHO BoceMb TaJIaHTOB. TOT B3jiJI .n.eHbrH 11 yeXaJI 113
ropo.n.a, nyCTHB Bce Ha caMOTeK, '-ITa n03BOJlHJIO rpeKY 3aBeplllHTb 3a.n.y-
MaHHoe. O.n.HaKO )Ke X03jil1H 3eMJIH, nOMHMO npO'-lero, coopy.n.I1JI aJITapb,
Ha KOTOpOM B cy66my CTaJI cOBeplllaTb )KepTBonpHHOllleHHji nTHU, '-IeM
O'-leHb B03MYTIDI HY.n.eeB KecapeH H cnpOBOUl1pOBaJI 060cTpeHHe 06cTa-
HOBKH B ropo.n.e (Fl. Jos., Bel. Jud., II, 285-292). )],0 BoopY)KeHHbIX
CTOJIKHOBeHHH Ha YJIHuaX Ha 3TOT pa3 .n.eJIO He .n.OlllJIO, XOTji npH3bIBbI K
3TOMY CO CTOpOHbI MOJlO.n.bIX HY.n.eeB 6bUIH. 3TOT KOHcpJIHKT KOH'-IIDICji
TeM, '-ITa Hy.n.eH nepeHeCJII1 113 cHHarorH Kecapel1 CBHTOK 3aKOHa B pac-
nOJIO)KeHHbIH no coce.n.CTBY ropo.n. Hap6a1)'. )],eJIeraUHji )Ke, OTnpaBHB-
llllUlCji C )KaJI060H K npOKYpaTOpy, Haxo.n.HBllleMYCji B coce.n.HeM ropo.n.e,
6bIJIa no ero pacnOpji)KeHHIO apeCTOBaHa H 3aKOBaHa B uenH. <1>OpMaJIb-
HbIM npe)J,JIoroM K 3TOMY nOCJI)')KHJI TOT cpaKT, '-ITa HY.n.eH BbIHeCJIH 3a
npe.n.eJIbI KecapeH CBHTOK 3aKoHa. (Bo BCjiKOM cJIY'-lae, TaKOBO 06'bjiCHe-
HHe J10CHcpa <1>JlaBUJI.) He I1CKJIIO'-IeHO, npaB.n.a, '-11'0 npoKYpaTop pa3rHe-
BaJICji Ha HY.n.eeB no COBceM HHOH npH'-IHHe. OHH HanOMHHJIH eMY, '-ITa,
nOJlY'-IHB .n.eHbrH, OH He BMelllaJICji H He npe.n.OTBpaTIDI KOHcpJIHKT.
)J,.rrHTeJIbHbIH Me)K3THH'-IeCKHH KOHcpJIHKT B Kecapee 3aKOH'-IIDICji Ha-
CTOjilll.eH Tpare.n.HeH. B nepBbIe He.n.eJIH BOJIHeHHH B J1epYCaJIHMe, nepe-
pacTaBlllHx )')Ke B BeJIHKOe BOCCTaHHe 66-73 rr., 3JIJIHHH3HpoBaHHbIe
)KHTeJIH KecapeH HCTpe6HJIH npaKTH'-IeCKH Bcex Hy.n.eeB (no CJlOBaM
¥locHcpa <1>JIaBHji - 60Jlee 20 TbIC.). KaK nHllleT HCTOpHK, B ropo.n.e HY-
.n.eeB He OCTaJIOCb: Te, KTO KaK-TO CMor CnpjiTaTbCji aT y6HHU, 6bIJIH no
pacnOpji)KeHHIO npoKYpaTopa CXBa'-leHbI 11 OTnpaBJ1eHbI B Qenjix Ha KO-
pa6eJIbHbIe BepcpH (FI. Jos., Bel. Jud., II, 457). 3TH CJIOBa ¥lOCHcpa <1>JIa-
BHji nOKa3bIBaIOT, '-ITa 3.n.eCb OH B KaKOM-TO CMbICJIe CJIOBa caM ce6e
npOTHBOpe'-lHT - HY.n.eH B Kecapee OCTaJII1Cb. 0 TOM )Ke caMOM CBH.n.e-
TeJIbCTBYeT 11 O.n.HO co06LUeHI1e J1ocl1cpa <1>JIaBHji, OTHOCjilll.eeCji K JIe1)'
67 r. OH nHllleT 0 TOM, '-ITa BecnaCHaH npH6bIJI B KecapelO, O.n.HH H3
KpynHeHlllHX ropO.n.OB J1y.n.eH, HaCeJIeHHbIH npel1MYLUeCTBeHHO ji3bI'-IHH-
132
TJlaea 2. 06ulaH xapaKmepucmUKa nepeoi'O nepuoiJa pu.wcKo-uydeuCKu.'C omHOUleHUU
KaMH (ixp' 'E;u,i)vrov OiKO\) EV11. Bel. Jud., III, 409). 3TOT nacclUK 110-
cl1cpa IDJIaBHH l.{eTKO npl1BH3aH K onpe.n.eJIeHHOMY MOMeHry - nOCelI.{eHHIO
ropo.n.a BecnacHaHoM, 11 Ha ero OCHOBaHI1H HeJIb3H .n.emrrb .n.aneKO H.!I.YlI.{HX
BbIBO.n.OB - a TOM, 'ITa B Kecapee Bcer.n.a npe06JI3..D.ano H3bll.{eCKOe Ha-
CeJIeHHe, a H)'.n.eH COCTaBJIHJIH MeHblllHHCTB0 135 .
Cy)J,jI no BceMY, o.n.HaKO, )')Ke BO II B. H. 3. H)'.n.dicKaJI 06lI.{I1Ha B Ke-
capee B03pO.n.HJ1aCb, H60 Ha py6e)J(e III-IV BB. aHa 6blJIa BeCbMa MHoro-
I.{HCJIeHHOH, a ee JlH.n.ep - pa66H A66axy - 6blJI KpynHoH cpl1rypOH B
06lI.{eCTBeHHOH )J(H3HI1 136 .
B03BpalI.{aHCb )J(e K C06blTHHM I B., oc060 no.n.l.{epKHeM TO, I.{TO CTpeM-
JIeHHe K B3aHMHOMY HCTpe6J1eHI1IO Me)J()J,y uy.n.eHMH 11 3J1JIHHH3HpOBaHHbIM
HaCeJIeHHeM Ha6JIIO.n.anOCb B nepBble MeCHL bI l1y.n.eHCKOH BOHHbl TOJlbKO
Ha DJIH:>I<HeM BOCTOKe I37 . CamaCHO 110CHCPY IDJIaBHIO, Hal.{anOM BOHHbl
Ha B3aHMHoe HCTpe6JIeHHe MeiK.D.Y 3JIJII1HH3HpOBaHHblMH Cl1pHHuaMH H
H)'.n.eHMI1 KaK pa3 H CTaJIO HCTpe6JIeHHe H)'.n.eeB B Kecapee. nOCJIe 3TOro
H)'.n.eH, opraHH30BaBlllHCb B CBoero po.n.a napTl13aHCKl1e OTpH.n.bl, CTaJIH
B OTMeCTKY nOBceMeCTHO y6HBaTb H rpa6HTb Cl1pl1HCKOe (B TepMI1HOJIO-
rHl1l1oCHcpa IDJIaBHH), HaCeJIeHHe CeJIbCKOH MeCTHOCTH BOKpyr KpynHblx
ropo.n.OB. CHPHHUbl, eCTeCTBeHHO, OTBenum TeM )J(e: MaCCOBblMH y6I1HC-
TBaMH H)'.n.eeB B ropo.n.ax.
KaK )')Ke OTMel.{anOCb, HHl.{ero no.n.o6Horo He 6bIJIO B ManoH A3HH, r.n.e
H)'.n.eH TaIOKe )J(HJIH BO MHO)J(eCTBe ropo.n.oB CO CMelllaHHblM HaCeJIeHHeM.
MeiK.D.Y cmyaUHei1 B 06el1X perHoHax 6bIJIa, o.n.HaKo, o.n.Ha cYlll.eCTBeHHaH
pa3HHua. B 6JI1.DI<HeBOCTOI.{HbIX ropo.n.ax npe06J13..D.anH He CTOJIbKO rpeKH,
CKOJIbKO 3JIJ1HHH3HpOBaHHoe MeCTHoe ceMHTOH3bll.{HOe HaCeJIeHHe, KOTO-
poe 110CHcp IDJIaBHH Ha3blBaeT CHpHHuaMH. lho KaCaeTCR ManoH A3HH,
TO H)'.n.eH )J(I1JIH maBHblM 06pa30M B KpynHblx ropo.n.ax 3ana.n.a H IOro-
3an3..D.a nOlI)'OCTpOBa, r.n.e npe06JI3..D.a1OUlHM 3THHl.{eCKl1M 3JIeMeHTOM 6bIJIH
HMeHHO rpeKH 138 . OrHollleHHH )J(e C HHMH, KaK 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO Bblllle,
6bIJII1 yperyJIHpOBaHbl B3aHMOnpHeMJIeMblM cnoc060M.
o .n.pyroM cepbe3HOM Me)J(3THHl.{eCKOM KOHcpJIHIcre - B ropo.n.e HaM-
HHH - C006UlaeT, o.n.HaKO, TOJIbKO IDHJIOH AJIeKcaH.n.pHHcKHH (Legatio
ad Gaium, 30). CYTb 3Toro KOHcpJIHKTa B CJIe.n.YIOlll.eM. Hel1y.n.eHcKoe
ns CM.: Schiirer E. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.
C. - A. D. 135). A new English version revised and edited by G. Ennes, F. Millar, M. Black.
VoL II. Edinburgh, 1979. P. 117,
n6CM., HanpHMep: Carrie J.-M., Rousselle A. L'Empire romain en mutation des Severes
a Constantin. 192-337. Paris, 1999. P.391-394,
IJ7 BeL Jud., 11, 457-480, 487-498, 559-561.
138 OTMeTHM, 'iTO B ErHnTe, 3a HCKJ1IO'ieHHeM AJJeKCaHllpHH, HaCTOIIIIlHX KOH<!>JJHKTOB
MeJKJlY HYllellMH H rpeKaMH He 6bIJlO.
133
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U lIyOaznw e IIcmopllu PU.WCKOU pecny611uKIIII PUMCKOU UMnepuu
HaCeJleHl1e ropo.n.a HaMHI1H, COCTaBJlHBlllee, cy.n.H no BceMY, MeHblllI1HC-
TBO B ropo.n.e, pelllHJIO B03BeCTI1 arlTapb, 'IT06bI COBeplllaTb He06xo.n.I1Mble
peJll1rl103Hbie 06pH.n.bl B paMKax OcjJl11.1l1aJ1bHOrO KYJIbTa I1MnepaTopa.
(C06bITI1H npOI1Cxo.n.HJII1 BO BpeMH npaBJIeHI1H KaJll1rYJlbl, 37--41 rr.)
3.n.ecb npI1Xo.n.I1TCH C CO)l(aJIeHl1eM OTMeTI1Tb, 'ITa Halll e.n.I1HCTBeHHbIH
I1CTO'-iHI1K O.n.HOCTopOHeH, OCBell.laH C06bITI1H JIl1lllb C TO'lKH 3peHI1H,
6JIaronpl1HTHOH H)'.n.eHM. ct>aKT )l(e 3aKJ1IO'-iaeTCH B TOM, '-iTa CTpOI1TeJIbC-
TBO 3JIJII1HI1311pOBaHHbIMI1 )I(J1TemlMI1 aJITapH )J,JIH CBOHX KYJIbTOBblX HY)I()J,
Bbl3BaJlO Y H)'.n.eeB TOJIbKO pa3.n.pIDKeHl1e, 1160 H)'.n.el1 YCMOTpeJII1 B 3TOM
oCKop6JIeHI1e CBOI1X peJII1rl103HbiX 1.f)'BCTB 'I)')I(aKaMI1, n03BOJIHBllll1MI1
ce6e, no MHeHl110 H)'.n.eeB, COBepllleHHO He.n.onycTHMoe 11 HeMbICJII1MOe
Ha 3eMJIe, KOTopaH 11M He npl1Ha,lI.JIe)l(aJIa. B pe3YJIbTaTe aJITapb - a 3TO
6bIJI aJITapb KYJIbTa KaJll1ryJIbl - 6bIJI pa3611T 11 YHI1'-iTO)l(eH H)'.n.eHMI1.
3TOT cjJaKT CTaJI 113BeCTeH I1MnepaTOpy, nOCJIe '-iero KaJll1ryJIa pacnopH-
.n.I1JICH, camaCHo ct>I1JIOHY, nOCTaBI1Tb c06CTBeHH)'1O CTa1)'1O B Hepyca-
JIHMCKOM xpaMe.
PaCCKa3bIBaH 31)' I1CTOpl1lO, ct>I1JIOH BnOJIHe OTKpOBeHHO nl1111eT, '-iTa
H)'.n.el1 HaMHl111 paCCMaTpl1BaJIl1 Bcex Hel1y.n.eeB KaK npl1111JlblX '-I)?KaKOB,
nOCeJII1Bllll1XCH Ha I1X 3eMJIe. ct>I1JIOHY TaIOKe COBepllleHHO HCHO, 'ITa
aJITapb KYJIbTa KaJll1ryJlbl CTpOI1JICH I1CKJ1IO'II1TeJIbHO C npOBOKal.lI10HHbl-
MI1 l.leJlHMI1: )J,JIH Taro, 'IT06bl Bbl3BaTb B03MYLl.{eHI1e l1y.n.eeB 11 C03.n.aTb
TeM caMblM nOBO.n. )J,JIH 06pall.leHI1H K I1MnepaTOpy C )l(aJI060H Ha Hy.n.eeB,
He C06JIIO.n.aI01l.lI1X HOpM nl1eTeTa, 'npl1ID1TblX no OTHOllleHl11O K HMnepa-
TOPY.
Me)J()J,)' TeM 3.n.eCb Ha,lI.O no MeHbllleH Mepe paCCMoTpeTb B03MO)I(HOCTb
I1HOH TpaKTOBKH C06bITI1H. XOpOlliO 113BeCTHo, 'ITO B TO BpeMH Y'-iaCTHe
B KYJIbTe npaBHLI.{erO I1MnepaTopa paCCMaTpl1BaJIOCb KaK BIDKHeHlllee
npOHBJIeHl1e nOJII1TH'IeCKOH JIOHJIbHOCTI1 H npe.n.aHHOCTI1. n03TOMY CTpO-
I1TeJIbCTBO aJITapH B paMKax KYJlbTa I1MnepaTopa B npl1Hl.lHne He Mama
03Ha'laTb HI1'1erO, KpOMe )l(eJIaHI1H Tex, KTO era B03BO.n.I1J1, 3aHBI1Tb a
CBoeH nOJII1TI1'1eCKOH 6JIarOHa.n.e)l(HOCTI1I1 npe.n.aHHOCTI1 npaBHTeJIIO. To
)l(e, 'ITO npe.n.CTaBJIHeTCH ct>I1JIOHY npOBOKal.ll1eH, CJleII.yeT paCl.leHI1Tb,
BepOHTHee Bcero, HHa'le. COOp)')l(aH aJITapb 139 , 3JIJII1HH311pOBaHHoe Mec-
THoe HaCeJIeHl1e npOCTO He .n.YMaJIO 06 l1y.n.eHX, I1X 3MOl.ll1HX 11 B03MO)l(HOH
peaKl.ll1l1, 1160 l1y.n.el1 B 0611.1enp11HHTbIX cjJopMax KYJIbTa I1MnepaTopa
139 311eCb, eCTeCTBeHHO, YMeCTeH Bonpoc: nO'ieMY pe'ib IIlleT Bcero JlHWb 06 iL1Tape. a He
o xpaMe? 113BecTHo, 'iTO <jJOpMbl nO'iIlTaHII!I 060JKeCTB.leHHoro HMnepaTopa MomH 6bITb
pa3HbIMH. TaK, fL111HIIH MmUllIIIH, npOBOllJl pacc,1elloBaHlle no nOBollY XpIlCTHaH, OCB060JK-
.aiL'l 'ieJlOBeKa OT Bcex 06BIIHeHIIH, eC,111 nO.ll03peBaeMblH BMeCTe c nJJHHlle 1 npHHocH.'l
JKepTB}' .1a.aaHOM H BHHOM nepe.a 11306piDKeHHeM HMnepaTOpa (Plin., Ep" X. 96),
134
T.wea 2. 06111aH xapaKmepucmllKa nepeoi'O neplloiJa pU.MCKo-uyoeucKux omHoUleHlIu
Y'-IacnUl He npI1HI1MaJIH I40 . nOcne.n.Hee 06CTOSlTenbCTBO, B npHHI..{Hne, KaK
pa3 npe.n.nonaraJIO, '-ITO coop)')KeHHe aJITapSi Bo06lll.e He 3aTparl1BaJIO H
He Mama 3aTpOHyTb HHTepeCbI H)'.n.eeB.
liTO )/(e KacaeTCSI n03111..{I1H Hy.n.eeB B .n.aHHOM KOH<pJlHlCfe, TO .D.JISI ee
nOHHMaHHSI He06xo.n.HMO npHBJ1e'-lb C0061.1..\eHI1e feKaTeSl, coxpaHHBllleecSi
y HOCH<pa ct>naBIDI B CO'-lHHeHHH «npOTI1B AnI10Ha». feKaTeH co06lll.aeT
(FI. los., Contr. Ap., I, 193) a pa3pyweHHH H)'.n.eSlMH B CBoeH cTpaHe Bcex
Sl3bI'-IeCKHX CBSlTHJII1lll.. npH 3TOM B O.n.HI1X cny'-l(Ulx H)'.n.eH B03MeCTHJIH
ca-rpanaM ypOH, B .n.pyrHx - nony'-lHJIH npOl.l..\eHHe. )J,aTa C06bITIDI OCTa-
eTCSI HeSiCHOH, XOTSI ynoMHHaHHe a cIITpanax .n.aeT OCHOBaHHe npe.n.nona-
flITb, '-ITa pe'-lb H.n.eT a nepHo.n.e nepCH.D.CKOfO BJ1a.n.bI'-IeCTBa. BepOSITHO, B
.n.aHHOM cnY'-lae HMeeTCSI B BH.lJ.Y B03Bpal.l..\eHHe H)'.n.eeB Ha po.n.HHy nocne
BaBHJIOHcKOro nneHa, XOTH B TeKCTe HanpSlMYIO 06 3TOM He roBOpIITCSI.
EOJlee BIDKHO, o.n.HaKO, .n.pyroe: '-IeM 06'bSiCIDIeTCSI pa3pyweHHe H3bI'-IeCKHX
CBSlTl1nHI.I..\? OrBeT Ha 3TOT Bonpoc BIDKeH KaK .D.JISI npaBHJIbHoro nOHHMa-
HHSI C006lll.eHI1S1 feKaTeSl, TaK H .D.JISI oueHKH Taro, a '-IeM nHWeT ct>HnOH.
OrBeT)/(e Haxo.n.HM B EH6nHH: EOf rp03HT )/(eCTOKHMI1 KapaMH H)'.n.eSlM 3a
nlO60H <palCf 11.lI.0nOnOKJIOHCTBa B naJIeCTHHe, .n.IDKe ecnH 3THM 3aHHMa-
KYfCSI H3bI'-IHHKH (Ex., 34: 13 fr.; Deut. 7:25 ff).
HMeHHo B 3TOM H 3aKJIIO'-IaeTCSI KJIIO'-I K nOHJ1MaHHIO nOBe.n.eHI1S1 H)'-
.n.eeB KaK B paCCKa3e feKaTeH, TaK H B C0061.1..\eHHH ct>11J10Ha a KOH<pnHlCfe
B HaMHHI1. Ha cy6'beICfI1BHOM ypoBHe l1y.n.el1, ecreCTBeHHO, He C0611paJII1Cb
HJ1KOro 0611)/(aTb. OHH nocrynHJlH TaK, KaK BeJleJlI1 3aKOHbI npe.n.KOB.
HecnY'-laHHO, KOHe'-lHO, <1>HJlOH nHweT a TOM, '-ITa CTpOHTenH anTapSi
OCKBepHHJlH CBHrylO 3eMJIIO. KOHTeKCT n03BOnSieT YTBep)f()J,aTb, '-ITa pe'-lb
3.n.eCb H.n.eT a HenpHSlTJ1J1 ct>HJIOHOM H ero e.n.I1HOBepuaMH JlI060ro CTpO-
HTenbCTBa KYJlbTOBbIX COOp)')KeHHH B naJIeCTHHe, nOMI1MO Tex, '-ITa cny-
)I(J1nH .D.JISI nOKJIOHeHHSI HaXBe.
HHbIMI1 CnOBaMH, cYTh KOHcpnHlCfa 3aKJUO'-IaJIaCb BO B3aHMHoH no.n.03pH-
renbHOCTII - Hea.n.eKBaTHOH pea.I<I..\HH O.n.HOH CTOpOHbI Ha .n.eHCTBIDI.n.pyroH.
npaB.n.a, peaKIU110 3JlJ1HHHCTJ11IeCKoro HaCeJleHIDI HaMHHH HeJlb3S1 He Ha-
3BaTb COBepweHHO eCTeCTBeHHOH. npe.n.nHcaHHH TOpbI e.n.Ba nH MomH
6bITb HM 113BecTHbI, a B 3TOH cmyal..{HI1 eCTeCTBeHHbIe .D.JISI H)'.n.eeB nocryn-
KH B ma3ax Tex, KTO )I{J1JJ pH.n.OM C HHMH, HO npH.D.ep)l(J1BaJICSI HHOi1 BepbI,
BbIfJUl.n.eJlH OTKpoBeHHOH npOBOKaIU1eH I41 H 6eCnpH'-IHHHOH arpeCCHeH.
140 06 HMnepaTOpCKOM KYJJbTe H ero «j!OpMax npHMeHHTeJIbHO K HYlle!lM CM. nOllp06-
HO - Juster J. Les juifs dans I'Empire Romain. Leur condition juridique, economique et so-
ciale. Tome premier. Paris, ] 9]4. P. 339-354.
141 HeJlb3!1 He C'iHTarbC!I C reM «j!aKTOM, 'iTO maBHblM nOCTp3.llaBWHM B 3TOM KOH$JIHKTe
6blJl aJJTapb KYJJbTa HMnepaTOpa, HMeBwero BaJKHOe nOJJHTH'IeCKOe 3Ha'ieHHe llJI!I 3JIJJHHHC-
TH'ieCKHX JKHTeJIeii ropOlla.
135
A. f, fpyweBOH. l1ydeu II uyOalil\f e IIcmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKII II PUiI1CKOU UMnepuu
fipaB.n.a, XOTeJlOCb 6bl elll,e paJ OTMeTHTb, LfTO TaKOH CTHJlb nOBe.n.eH1111
H)'.n.eeB H BblpIDKeHI111 I1MI1 CBOHX npaB B pl1MCKOM 06I.UeCTBe 6bIJI xapaK-
TepeH - C H3BeCTHblMI1 Mo.n.H<pHKaQH1IMH - TOJIbKO )J,J111 fianeCTI1HbI,
ManoH A31111 H AJIeKcaH.n.pHH. B 3THX MeCTax, KaK MO)J(HO npe.n.nOJImKHTb,
H)'.n.eHCKl1e 06I.UHHbI 6blJI113HaLfHTeJIbHO 60raLfe 11 MHOrOLfHCJIeHHee, LfeM
B .n.pyrl1x 06JIaCT1IX pl1MCKOro Ml1pa. B fianeCTI1He )l(e K 3TOMY .n.06aBJI1I-
JIOCb TalOKe I.f)'BCTBO «HCTOpl1'-1eCKOH CnpaBe)J,J1HBOCTH» - Olll,YllI,eHHe
X03jlHHa Ha CBoeH 3eMJIe, conpOBO)J()J,aBllleeC1I BOCnpH1ITHeM Bcex OC-
TanbHbIX KaK npHlllJ]blX '-IY)I(aKOB. B 3TOM 3aKJIIO'-IanOCb npHHQHnHanbHoe
paJJIH'-IHe B ypOBH1IX H.n.eOJIOrHl1 H)'.n.eeB B fianeCTHHe H .n.Hacnope.
7. PHMcKHe npoKypaTopbl B Hy ee I B. H. a.
fipH paCCMOTpeHHH C06bITI1H HCTOpHI1 fianecTHHbI I B. HeJIb311 He
06paTI1Tb BHI1MaHHe Ha nopaJHTeJIbH}'1O HeKOMneTeHTHOCTb 60JIblllHHC-
TBa npOKYpaTOpOB I1y.n.eH .n.o Ha'-lana I1y.n.eHCKOH BOHHbI. fipH '-ITeHHH
Hallero .n.aneKO He 6ecnpHCTpaCTHoro I1ocl1<pa <l>JIaBH1I CKJIa.n.bIBaeTC1I
Bne'-lameHHe, '-ITa pl1MCKl1e HaMeCTHI1KH no.n.'-Iac C03HaTeJIbHO cnoc06c-
TBOBaJII1 C03.n.aHHIO B3pblBoonacHoH CH1)'aQHH I42 . O.n.HaKo .n.IDKe eCJIH
CLfHTaTb, '-ITa B ero xapaKTepHCTI1KaX npOKYpaTopOB I1y.n.eH eCTb 3JIeMeHT
npeYBeJIHLfeHH1I, Bce paBHO OLfeBH.n.HO CJIe.n.YlOllI,ee. Bce npoKypaTopbI
Hy.n.eH C KOHQa npaBJIeHIDI HMneparopa TH6epIDI (14-37 rr.) OKa3bIBanHCb
OJIHQeTBOpeHHeM Taro xy.n.lllero, '-ITa 6blJI0 B pHMCKHX Tpa.n.I1QH1IX yn-
paBJIeHIDI npoBHHQH1IMH, CJIO)J{HBlllI1XC1I eI.Ue BO BpeMeHa pecny6JIHKH 143 .
BI1.n.HMO, He06xo.n.HMO rOBopHTb a TOM, '-ITa npOKYpaTopbI Hy.n.eH 6bIJlH
He JIY'-lllle H He XY)l(e .n.OJl)J(HOCTHblX JIHQ B .n.PYrHX npOBI1HQH1IX, oco6eH-
HO eCJIH OpHeHTI1pOBaTbC1I Ha TO, LfTO MbI 3HaeM 06 ynpaBJIeHHH npoBHH-
QI111MH KaK B 3noxy pecny6JIHKH, TaK 11 BIB. H. 3. OnHCaHH1I OTpHQa-
"2 Cpo TaKJKe - Schiirer £. Op. cit. P. 455.
'" Y Hoell$a <1>.1aBIl!l eCTb 06CTO!lTeJIbHbie xapaKTepHCTHKlllle!ITe.lbHoCTIl Bcex npory-
paroPOB, Ha'iHHa!I e nOHTH!I nHJIara. B 60JJbWl1HCTBe CBoeM 3TIl xapaKTepl1CTI1KH pe3KO OT-
pHuareJJbHble. CM.: 0 nOHTHI1 nHJlaTe - Bel. Jud., 11, 169-170; 175-177: 0 BeHTHllHH Ky-
taHe - Bel.Jud..II, 223-227: 228-231; 232-246; Ant.Jud., XX, 114. 116-117; 119. ]2]-122,
]27, ]29; 0 TH6epllH AneKcaH.Jpe - Bel. Jud" 11,220,223; Ant. Jud., XX, 100, 102-103; 0
nOpUHH <1>ecre- Bel. Jud., II. 271-272; 0 JlYKuee AJJb6HHe- Bel. Jud., 11, 272-277; 0
KyenHH I1>a.;re - Bel. Jud., 11, 220; Ant. Jud., XX, 2, 3, 5, 7-9, 97-99; 0 feccHH I1>.lope - Bel.
Jud., II, 277-279, 287-292; Ant. Jud., XX, 252, 254, 257. BeeM 3THM a.;rMHHHcTpaTOpaM,
KOHe'iHO, He XBaraeT «pa3Maxa» He6e3bl3BeCTHoro r a!I Bepeea, HO OHH BnO.1He eonOCTaBIlMbl
C MapKOM 3MIlJIIleM CKaBpoM I1JJH 11YUHeM Ba.lepHeM <1>,1aKKOM, KOTOpblX 3amHWaJI UHue-
pOH.
136
rJlaea 2, 06111aR xapaKmepucmllKa nepeozo nepuoiJa pU.WcKo-uyoeucKux omHoUleHilu
TeJIbHbIX MOMeHTOB .n.ejJTeJIbHOCTI1 npOI<ypaTopoB Hy.n.el1 COOTBeTCTBYIOT
TOMY, 1.JTO MbI 3HaeM a npJ11.JI1Hax OCY)f()J,eHl1jJ no .n.eJIaM a BbIMoraTenbC-
TBe HaMeCTHJ1KOB .n.PyrJ1x npOBJ1HQI1H I44 .
O.n.HaKO B CJIOIKHbIX YCJIOBJ1jJX Hy.n.eJ1 ] B. H. 3. 3TO «He JIY1.Jllle 11 He
X)'IKe» OK8.3bIBaJIOCb BOnnOl1(eHJ1eM xy.n.lllJ1X Ka1.JeCTB .n.OJlIKHOCTHbIX JIHQ
pl1MCKOH npOBJ1H1(J1aJIbHOH CJ1CTeMbI I45 . EblJIO 6bl OlllH6KOH )'TBep)f()J,aTb,
1.JTO B PI1Me He npe.n.npJ1HI1MaJIJ1Cb MepbI no YJIY1.JllleHHIO ynpaBJIeHHjJ
npOBI1HQHjJMI1. 3THM 6bIJI BeCbMa 03a601.JeH YIKe OlCfaBHaH ABryCT I46 .
O.n.HaKO 3a6OTa 06 yny1.JllleHI1H ynpaBJIeHJ1jJ npOBJ1H1(HjJMH H 113BeCTHbIe
peaJIbHbIe lllam B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHHI1 147 Bce IKe He 03Ha1.JaJIH elll.e - BO
BCjJKOM CJIY1.Jae, .n.o Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHbl - C03.n.aHIDI YCJIOBHH, nOJIHOCTblO
I1CKJ1I01.JaJOlll.I1X B03MOIKHOCTb npOHHKHOBeHl1jJ B npOBI1HQJ1aJIbHyIO a.n.-
MI1HI1CTpa1(HIO He.n.OCTOHHbIX JIIO.n.ei1.
ECJ1H IKe 3a)J,aTbCjJ BonpoCOM, n01.JeMY CTOJIb MHOro .n.aJIeKO He JIY1.JlllI1X
a)J,MI1HJ1CTpaTOpOB «CKOHQeHTpJ1pOBaJIOCb» HMeHHO B Hy.n.ee B ] B., TO
OTBeT Ha Hero CJIe.n.YeT HCKaTb, BI1.n.HMO, B CneQH<pH1.JeCKOM nOJIOIKeHJ1H
Hy.n.eH cpe.n.H npOBHH1(I1H PHMCKOH HMnepHI1. nOJIOIKeHl1e IKe 3TO OTJIH-
1.JaJIOCb OC060H 3bI6KOCTbIO H Heonpe.n.eJIeHHOcTblO. CocymecTBoBaHHe
Ha O.n.HOH He60JIblllOH TeppHTOpHJ1 .n.BYX BJIaCTeH: npoK)'paTopa, no.n.1.JH-
HeHHoro HaMecTHHK)' npOBHH1(J1H Cl1pl1l1, 11 HaQHOHaJIbHOH QapCKOH
BJIaCTH (noTOMKI1 Hpo.n.a) YIKe caMO no ce6e cnoc06CTBOBaJIO C03.n.aHI1IO
He1.JeTKOCTH B .n.eJIax BH)'TpeHHero ynpaBJIeHHjJ H BHYTpeHHeH HanpjJIKeH-
HOCTH. )];eJIo B TOM, 1.JTO Me.D.JIeHHOe nornomeHHe naJIeCTI1Hbl PI1MOM H
arOHHjJ HaQJ10HaJIbHOH QapCKOH BJIaCTH 6blJIH 01.JeBJ1.n.Hbl .D.JIjJ Bcex. 3TH
.n.Ba cpalCfopa, eCTecTBeHHo, no.n.orpeBaJIH KOHcpJIJ1ICf, H60 cH-ryaQHjJ B
naJIeCTI1He xapaKTepJ130BaJIaCb YHHKaJIbHblM C01.JeTaHHeM peJIHrH03HbIX,
COQHaJIbHbIX H nOJlHTJ11.JeCKHX npOTHBOpe1.JHH, pelllaTb KOTOpbIe nO-Ha-
cTojJlll.eMY HHICfO J1 He co6J1paJICjJ, 11 He Mar.
ECJII1 IKe Y1.JeCTb .n.aJIee, 1.JTO .D.JIjJ Taro BpeMeHH HOpMaJIbHbIM OTHO-
llleHHeM K npOBHHQHaJIaM 6blJIO Bce eme BbICOKOMepl1e n06e.n.I1TeJljJ,
1.JTO 1(eHTpaJIbHajJ BnaCTb He npHJIaraJIa OC06bIX YCHJIHH, .n.a6bI He .n.o-
nyCTHTb Ha a.n.MI1HHCTpaTHBHbIe .n.OJIIKHOCTH KaH.n.H.n.aTOB, COMHHTeJIbHbIX
I....CM.. Hanp., B nHCbMax nnHHH!I MJl311wero: Plin, Ep.. 11,11, ]2; III, 9; IV, 9; V. 20;
V11.6,
'" C loo Hanp.. 0 BpeMeHax pecny6JJHKH: Bloch M. La Republique romaine de 133 a 44
avant J-C. Des Gracques a Sulla. Paris, 1935. P. 104-148. (Histoire Ancienne. Troisii:me
partie. Histoire romaine. Tome 11.)
I..C I.. HanpllMep: MaUlKUH H. A, flpHHullnaT ABr)'CTa. npOHCXOJKJleHlle H COUllaJJbHaJI
CYWHOCTb, M.; 11.. 1949. C. 468-506, CM. TaKJKe c.le.aYlOwee npll le'iaHHe.
,.7 CM.: Sarlre M. L'Orient Romain. Provinces et societes en Mediterranee orientale
d'Auguste aux Sevi:res. (31 avant J-.c. - 235 apri:s J-c.). Paris, ]991. P.56--68.
137
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PW.tCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU U/l1nepuu
no CBOHM .n.eJlOBbIM H lJeJIOBelJeCKHM KalJeCTBaM, TO CTaHOBHTCH nOHHT-
HbIM, KaK 11 OTK)'.n.a B rocy.n.apCTBeHHOM annapaTe Taro nepHo.n.a nOHB-
JIHJIHCb JIHlJHOCTH, no.n.06HbIe npOK)'paTopaM l1y.n.eH.
8. BOCCTaHHe 6ap Kox6bl
BBI1.n.y Taro lJTO BOCCTaHHe Eap Kox6bI no cpaBHeHHIO C l1y.n.eHCKOH
BOHHOH .n.OK)'MeHTHpOBaHO ropa3.n.o X)')Ke, MHome <pYH.n.aMeHTaJIbHbIe
BonpOCbI, CBH3aHHbIe C 3THMH C06bITHHMH, He I1MelOT HCHoro OTBeTa.
TaK, HanpHMep, He MO)J{eT He nopIDKaTb npH cpaBHeHHH C l1y.n.eHCKOH
BOHHOH npo.n.YMaHHaJI TaKTHKa 60pb6bI C PHMOM H ypOBeHb opraHH30-
BaHHOCTH BOCCTaBUJlfx 148 . 3.n.eCb 3aKOHOMepHO B03HHKaeT Bonpoc, KaK H
3a ClJeT lJero BOCCTaHHe Eap Kox6bI 6bIJIO TaK XOpOlllO OpraHI130BaHO?
np06J1eMa, c06CTBeHHO roBOpH, 3aKJIIOlJaeTCH B CJle.n.YlOweM: KTO B na-
JleCnfHe 6bIJI cnoc06eH COnpOTHBJIHTbCH nOCJIe nopIDKeHIDI B Hy.n.eHCKOH
BOHHe? nJIOlll.a.D.b naJIeCTHHbI 6bIJIa cpaBHHTeJIbHO MaJIa, KOJIHlJeCTBO
pHMCKHX BOHCK BeJIHKO, a penpeCCHI1 nOCJIe no.n.aBJIeHHH l1y.n.eHCKOH
BOHHbI npOBo.n.HJlHCb BeCbMa nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO I49 .
llHcTO }'M03pHTeJIbHOe pellleHHe - He Bce cnoco6HbIe K conpOTHB-
JleHHIO 6bIJIH HCTpe6JIeHbI - He 06'bHCHHeT Bcex np06JIeM H HeBOJlbHO
HanpaUJlfBaeTCH MbICJIb a 60JIee lllHpOKOH CO HaJIbHOH 6a3e BOCCTaHHH
Eap Kox6bI no cpaBHeHl110 C l1y.n.eHcKoi1 BOHHOH. 3TO Haxo.n.HT CBoe
no.n.TBep)f()J,eHHe B HCTOlJHHKax. Bo-nepBbIX, y )];HOHa KaCCCHH eCTb
npHMoe no.n.TBep)f()J,eHHe YlJaCTI1H B BOCCTaHHH He TOJIbKO Hy.n.eeB, HO H
npe.n.CTaBHTeJIeH .n.pyrHx Hapo.n.oB (LXIX, 13, 2). Koe-KaKHe BbIBO.n.bI
MO:iKHO c.n.eJIaTb, H3YlJaJI .n.OK)'MeHTbI H3 KaHueJIHpHH Eap Kox6bI, TalOKe
CBI1.n.eTeJIbCTBYlOwHe 06 YlJaCTHH B BOCCTaHHH npe.n.cTaBHTeJIeH .n.pyrHx
Hapo.n.OB. TaK, 06 aKTHBHOM yqacTHH HeeBpeeB B BOCCTaHHH Eap Kox6bI
MO)J{eT CBH.n.eTeJlbCTBOBaTb HCnOJIb30BaHI1e rpelJeCKOrO H3bIKa B KaH e-
1480CHoBHbie pa60Tbl no nOBOllY BOCCTaHHJI Eap Kox6bl - Applebaum Sh. Prolegomena
to the Study of the Second Jewish Revolt (A. D. 132-135). Oxford, 1976 (BAR Supplemen-
tary Series 7). Mantel H. The cases of the Bar Kokba revolt II JQR. 1968. Vol. 58. P. 224--242,
274--296; Mor M. The Bar-Kokhba Revolt and Non-Jewish Participants II JJS. 1985. Vol. 36.
P. 200-209; Reinhartz A, Rabbinic Perceptions of Simeon bar Kosiba II JSJ. 1989. Vol. 20.
P. 171-194. Smallwood M. The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Dioc\etian. A Study
in political relations. Leiden, 1981. P. 428-466.
,,, CM., Hanp.: FI. Jos. Bel. Jud., VI, 420-434. (OmlcaHHe IlTOroB WTYpMa HepycaJIliMa.
npllBo.J.IIMble "Pll 3TOM UH«j!Pbl MOryT II He COOTBeTCTBOBarb .lleHCTBHTeJJbHOCTII, 1160 HOCH$
<1>.laBIiH KaK npaBHJ10 3aBblllIaH H106b1e UH<jJPbl).
138
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nOCJIaHI1H no-rpe'leCKH «BBH.n.y Taro, 'ITa He HalllJlOCb HI1KaKOH B03MO)J(-
HOCTI1 Hanl1CaTb no-eBpeHCKH» (EYpWpll 0[£] 'EA.llVECYtI. Ou 'to [wpop
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peCaT, no.n.06HO OTnpaBHTeJIIO, BJIa.n.eeT HeCKOJIbKHMH H3bIKaMH. 3TI1 )J(e
q,aKTbl, BHe BCHKoro COMHeHHH, CBI1.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 MHorOH3bl'lI1H H
Heo.n.Hopo.n.HOM 3THH'IeCKOM COCTaBe BOCCTaBlllHX.
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BOCCTaHHH 6bIJIa umpe, BnOJIHe B03MO:iKH0, 3Ha'lI1TeJIbHO lllHpe, no cpaB-
HeHHIO C J1y.n.eHCKOH BOHHOH 66-73 rr.
B03Mo)J(Ho, B 3TOH CBH3H CJIe.n.YeT BcnOMHHTb O.n.HO H3BeCTHoe MeCTO
113 LJ;eHHHH anOCTOJIOB, r.n.e roBOpHTCH a neCTpOTe 3THH'IeCKoro COCTaBa
)J(I1TeJIeH J1epycaJJHMa (Acta, 2, 5-11). KOHTeKcT He HaCTOJIbKO HceH,
'1T06bI Mbl MomH onpe.n.eJIeHHO CKaJaTb, l1.n.eT JIH pe'lb B .n.aHHOM CJIY'lae
a npe.n.CTaBHTeJIHX paJHblX HaUI10HaJJbHOCTeH HJIH )J(e 0 np03eJII1TaX,
npOHcxo.n.Hlll.HX H3 paJHblX 06JIaCTeH. naCCroK 06 I1HTepHaUI10HaJJbHOM
xapaKTepe HaCeJIeHHH J1epycaJJl1Ma BBO.n.HTCH q,paJOH (Acta, 2, 5) a 6JIa-
rO'leCTHBbIX HY.n.eHx, )J(HBYlUHX B J1epycaJJHMe H npoI1CXO.LJ.jllll.HX H3 PaJ-
HblX cTpaH. Bce )J(e .n.aJJee cpe.n.11 nepe'lHCJIeHIDI Hapo.n.oB nOHBJIHIOTCH
HeKOTOpble 3THOHHMbl, e.n.Ba JlH npI1MeHI1Mble K np03eJIHTaM, - napq,H-
He, MH.n.HHUbl H 3JIaMI1Tbl (Acta 2, 8), apa6bI. (Acta 2, 11).
J1cTO'IHI1KH He n03BOJIHIOT npOCJIe.n.HTb 3KOHOMH'IeCKHe H KYJIbrypHble
CBH3H J1epYCaJJHMa pHMCKOro BpeMeHH C .n.pyrHMH 06JIaCTHMH 1S2 . Bepo-
HTHee Bcero, CJIOBa H3 LJ;eHHHH anOCTOJIOB CJIe.n.yeT paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK
3acny)!(HBaJOlUee .n.OBepIDI CBH.D.eTeJIbCTBO a cTa611JlbHblX Me)J(.LJ.)'Hapo.n.HbIX
CBH3HX J1y.n.eH Bo06lll.e 11 J1epYCaJJHMa B '1aCTHOCTH BHe 3aBHCHMOCTI1 OT
ISO CM.: Lifschitz B. Papyrus grecs du desert de Juda II Aegyptus, 42, 1962. P. 240-256;
Gichon AI. New insight into the Bar Kokhba War and a Reappraisal ofDio Cassius 69.12-13 II
JQR. 1986. Vol. 77. P. 40-41; Lapin H. Palm Fronds and Citrons: Notes on Two Letters from
Bar Kosiba's Administration II HUCA. 1993. Vol. 64. P. 111-135.
151 Lapin H. Op. cit. P. 114.
1S206 3KOHOMI1Ke HepycaJJl1Ma, HaCKOJJbKO Mbl MOJKeM ee npe.acTaBHTb, CM.: Applebaum
Sh. Economic Life II The Jewish People in the First Century. Historical Geography, Political
History, Social, and Re]igious Life and Institutions. Vol. II. Assen, 1976. P. 683-685; Goodman
AI. The ruling class of Judaea. The Origins of the Jewish revolt against Rome AD. 66--70.
Cambridge, 1987. P. 52-56.
140
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141
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Me:>K.D.Y 06ll1erocy.n.apCTBeHHhlMI1 (aHTI1LJHhlMI1) CTaH.n.apTaMI1 B 06JIaCTI1
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JIeHHbie I1CTOLJHHKI1 nOKa3bIBalOT, LJTO, C pHMCKOH T01fKI1 3peHH», JIf060H
nO.D..D.aHHbIH I1MeJI nOJIHYfO B03MO:>KHOCTb :>KI1Tb TaK, KaK eMY yro.n.HO,
JIHlllb 6h1 3TO He npOTI1BOpe1fI1JIO pl1MCKI1M I1HTepecaM.
B pe3YJIbTaTe nOCTeneHHO BO Bcex 06JIaCT»X I1MnepHI1 CKJla)J,bIBaeTC»
TaKa» CI1l)'aLlIDI, Kor.n.a aHTI1LJHa» KYJIbl)'pa onpe.n.eJI»JIa BHelllHl1e cpOpMbl
nOBe.n.eHI1» JII11fHOCTH, a HaUI10HaJIbHa» KYJIbl)'pa 11 06blLJal1 - CYTb
JII1LJHOCTI1. B naJIeCTI1He nepBble wam B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHl111 6h1JIH c.n.e-
JIaHbl XaCMOHe»MI1. CBoe .n.aJIbHeHlllee pa3BI1TI1e 3Ta .n.BOHCTBeHHa»
143
A. f. fpyweBoH, l1ycJeu U uyoaU1M e ucmopllu PUMCIWU pecny6, uKu II PU.MCKOU lL tnepUII
nOJIHTHKa nOJIY4HJIa npH I1po.n.e. HeCKOJIbKO n03)Ke, nOCJIe nOp1DKeHHH
BOCCTaHHH Dap Kox6bI, OTMe4eHHaH oc06eHHOCTb pHMCKOH KYJIbTYPHOi1
nOJIHTHKH H roTOBHOCTb Hy.n.eHCKHX JIH.n.epOB HOBoro nOKOJIeHHH (naT-
pHapXH) npHIDITb ee cnoc06CTBOBaJlH B03po eHHIO H)'.n.eeB, Hy.n.eHCKOH
KYJIbTYpbI H 061l1eCTBeHHOH MbICJIH B npHHLlHnHaJlbHO HOBbIX HCTOPH-
4eCKHX YCJIOBHHX.
4TO )Ke KaCaeTCH I1po.n.a, TO era npaBJIeHHe CTaJlO HTorOM nOJIHTH-
4eCKoro pa3BHTlliI H)'.n.eHcKoro 06ll1eCTBa B paMKax aHTH4HOCTH. I1pOHHH
cy.n.b6bI 3aKJII04aJ1aCb B TOM, 4TO BOnJIOllleHHeM :noro HTora CTaJla pea-
JIH3aLlHH nOJIHTH4eCKHX H KYJIbTYpHbIX H.n.eaJIOB, npOTHB KOTOpbIX aK-
THBHO 60pOJIHCb MaKKaBeH, .n.06HBlllHeCH HaLlHOHaJlbHOH He3aBHCHMOC-
TH. 11 BCe)Ke HMeHHO TaKOH pe3YJIbTaT nOJlHTH4eCKoro pa3BHTHH H)'.n.eeB
B paMKax aHTH4HOCTH COBepllleHHO JIOrH4eH H 3aKOHOMepeH. 8He 3aBH-
CHMOCTH aT cy6'beKTHBHbIX MOTHBOB, Boo.n.YllleBJIHBlllHX 60PLlOB 3a Ha-
LlHOHaJlbHYIO He3aBHCHMOCTb, nOJIHTH4eCKoe pa3BHTHe Hy.n.eHcKoro 06-
llIeCTBa He Mama He nOHTH CHa4aJ1a no nyTH 3JIJIHHH3aLlHH, a 3aTeM - Bce
B03pacTaBlllero no.n.4HHeHHH HHTepecaM PHMa.
n03TOMY 06'beKTHBHOH 3ac.nyroH I1po.n.a CJIe.n.yeT Ha3BaTb CMHr4eHHe
HeH36e)KHoro KOHLla HaLlHOHaJlbHOH He3aBHCHMOCTH H rocy.n.apCTBeH-
HOCTH H no.n.4HHeHHH PHMY. KaKHMH 6bI HH 6bIJIH cy6'beKTHBHbIe YCT-
peMJIeHHH LlapH 15 4, BCH ero .n.eHTeJIbHOCTb 6bIJIa HanpaBJIeHa, no CYTH,
HMeHHO Ha 3TO - Ha no.n.4HHeHHe CBoeH CTpaHbI PHMY. 80 MHOroM 3Ta
06'beKTHBHaH LleJIb nOJIHTHKH I1po.n.a 6bIJIa .n.OcTHfHYTa, H60 I1po.n. .n.eHc-
TBHTeJIbHO CMor C03.n.aTb B naJIeCTHHe pe)J(HM JIH4HOH BJIaCTH 3JIJIHHHC-
TH4ecKoro THna, a 3aBHCHMOCTb pe)KHMa I1po.n.a aT BOJIH H HHTepeCOB
3aMopCKoro nOBeJIHTeJIH CTaHOBHJIaCb CO BpeMeHeM Bce 60JIblIleH.
ECJIH roBOpHTb B LleJIOM, He06xo.n.HMO npH3HaTb, lITO HTorH .n.eHTeJIb-
HOCTH LlapH HMeJIH HPKHH, HO KpaTKOBpeMeHHbIH 3cpcpeKT, H60 B HCTO-
pHH - nOMHMO naMHTH a HpKOH HeCTaH.n.apTHOH JIH4HOCTH H .n.OCTaT04HO
)J,JIHTeJIbHOM no MepKaM Taro BpeMeHH nepHo.n.e MHpa B naJIeCTHHe - OC-
TaJlHCb JIHllIb pe3YJIbTaTbI ero CTpOHTeJIbHbIX nporpaMM. 3.n.eCb XOTeJIOCb
6bI oc060 OTMeTHTb O.n.HH He06bI4HbIH pe3YJIbTaT CTpOHTeJIbHOH .n.eH-
TeJIbHOCTH I1po.n.a, a KOTOpOM caM Llapb, B03MO)KHO, H He .D.YMaJI. I1po.n.
BJIO)KHJI 60JIblllHe cpe.n.CTBa B YKpallleHHe maBHOH YJlHLlbI AHTHOXHH
MpaMopOM H MHOr04HCJIeHHbIMH nOpTHKaMH (Bel. Jud., I, 425). Y.n.a4a
apxHTeKl)'pHoro pelIleHlliI C03.n.aJla npeLle.n.eHT H cBoero po.n.a cTaH.n.apT
06JIHKa 3JIJIHHHCTH4eCKoro ropo.n.a Ha DJIH)J(HeM BocToKe. HeCKOJIbKO
n03)Ke, Y)Ke BO II B., MHorHe ropo.n.a Ha DJIH)KHeM BocToKe nepecTpaH-
\54 HOCH$ <!>JJaBHH HeOJlHoxpaTHO roBOpHT, 'iTO HpO.llOM llBHrano HenOMepHoe 'ieCTOJIIO-
6He, CTpeMJIeHHe K BJJaCTH H JKeJJaHHe npocnaBHTbCJI.
144
T.wea 2, 061qaR xapaKmepllcmUKa nepeozo nepuoi)a pU.HCKo-lIydeuc"zCt onlHOUleHlIU
BaJlHCb no 06pa3UY AHTHOXHH, 06JIHK KOTOpOH 6b1JI C03.n.aH B OCHOBHOM
Ha Cpe.n.cTBa HpO.n.a155.
B 06meHCTOpH'-IeCKOM nJIaHe 3Ha4eHHe Hpo.n.a .n.JUI H)'.n.eHcKoH HCTO-
pHH 3aKJn04aeTCH, cy.n.H no BceMY, H B CJIe.n.YlOmeM. OH CMor OTIHH)'Tb
HeH36e)!(Hoe nomOmeHHe naJIeCTHHbl PHMOM, KaK H CTOJIb :>Ke HeH36e:>K-
H)'IO Hy.n.eHCK)'1O BOHH)', npHMepHo Ha CTO neT, XOTH B nOBce.n.HeBHOH
nOJIHTH4eCKOM :>KH3HH OH .n.eJIaJI Bce )J,JlH Taro, 4T06bI 3TO nomomeHHe
naJIeCTHHbI CJIY4HJIOCb.
LITO :>Ke KaCaeTCH BOCCTaHHH Sap Kox6b1, TO 3TO 6blJIa repOH4eCKaH,
HO a6COJIIOTHO 06pe4eHHaH Ha npOBaJI nOnbITKa nOBepHYTb HCTOpHIO
BcnHTb, OTBoeBaB HaUHOHaJlbH)'1O He3aBHCHMOCTb B YCJIOBHHX, Kama
.n.OCTHrH)'Tb 3Toro 6b1JIO Y:>Ke HeB03MO:>KHO.
OrMeTHM HaKOHeu, 'ITa O.n.HHM H3 BIDKHei1lllHx HTorOB HCTopH4eCKO-
ro pa3BHTHH Hy.n.eHCKoro 06l.LJ.eCTBa aT MaKKaBeeB .n.o Sap Kox6b1 CTaJla
04eBH.n.HaH HeCOCTOHeJIbHOCTb 60JIblUHHCTBa Te4eHHH H.n.eHHoi1 :>KH3HH
06meCTBa. H.n.eOJIOrHH HCTOpH'ieCKOH CnpaBe.D.JIHBOCTH, YTellleHHe caMHX
ce6H npe.n.CTaBJIeHHHMH a c06CTBeHHOH HCKJlIO'iHTeJlbHOCTH I56 H CBoeM
OC060H pOJIH B cnaceHHH Bcex Hapo.n.OB, O:>KH.n.aHHe MeCCHH - Bce 3TO
He BbI.n.ep:>KaJlO HCnbITaHHH BpeMeHeM H rpy60H BoeHHoM CHJIbI PHM-
JIHH I57 .
CwryaUHH, npaB.n.a, He 6bIJ1a 6e3Ha.n.e:>KHOH, H60 o.n.Ha peaJIbHaR 06-
l.LJ.eCTBeHHaH CHJIa H)'LI.eHCKOro 06l.LJ.eCTBa - <papHceH - OCTaJlaCb, 'ITa
H nOCJIY:>KHJIO CBH3YIOl.LJ.HM 3BeHOM .n.BYX 3nox H)'.n.eHCKOM HCTOpHH.
ISS Sartre M. L'Orient Romain. Provinces et societes provinciales en Mediterranee orientale
d' Auguste aux Severes (31 avant J.-C. - 235 apres J.-c.). Paris, ]991. P. 345.
IS.CM. npHMepbl y C. 51. 11YPbe: AHTHceMHTH3M B peBHeM MHpe... C. 129-130, ]58.
IS7 CM., HanpHMep, Smallwood E. M. The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diode-
tian. A Study in political relations. Leiden, 1981, P.467.
fAaBa 3
HYtlEH H HYtlAH3M
B PHMCKOM nPABE
(I B. AO H. a. - 1 B. H. a.)
1. npeAnocblAKH oqJOpMAeHHH nOAHTHKo-npaBOBbIX
B3aHMOOTHoweHHH C PHMOM H HCTOqHHKH
HHqJopMa!!HH no aTOMY Bonpocy
CYlll.eCTBeHHbIM C06blTHeM B )l(H3HH H)'.n.eeB Ha py6e)l(e 3P CTaJIO OcpOpM-
J1eHHe nOJlHTHKO-npaBOBbIX B3aHMOOTHOllleHHH C PHMOM. ECJlH BO II B.
KOlITaKTbl .D.BYX Hapo.n.OB 6blJlH 3nH30.n.H'-IeCKHMH H "lame Bcero .n.o6po)l(e-
mrreJlbHblMH BBH.D.Y OTCyrCTBIDI npHLJHH .n.JUIIGUillX-J1H60 KOHcpJlHKTOB, TO
no Mepe npo.n.BIDKeHIDI pHMCKI1X 3aBoeBaHHH 3TH B3aHMOOTHOllleHIDI CTa-
HOBHJlHCb I1HbIMI1, TaK KaK pl1MCKaJI BJIaCTb OKa3aJIaCb B H3BeCTHOM OTHO-
llleHHH 60Jlee 06peMeHI1TeJIbHOH, LJeM BJIaCTb 3JIJ1HHI1CTHLJeCKHX MOHapXOB.
,[(eHCTBHTeJlbHO, 3a HCKJUOLJeHl1eM OT.n.eJlbHbIX BcnblllleK Ha rocy.n.apCT-
BeHHOM ypOBHe aIITHI1)'.n.eHCKHX HaCTpoeHHH B Emmel, nOmITHLJeCKOrO
H 3THoKoHcpeccHOHaJIbHoro KOHcpJlHKTa, npHBe.n.lllero K BOCCTaHHfO MaK-
KaBeeB B naJIeCTHHe 2 , y Hac HeT HHcpOpMaU.HH, OTHOCglll.eHCg K 3JIJ1I1HH-
CTHLJeCKOM}" nepHO.n.y, a CTOJlKHOBeHHH l1)'.n.eeB H roCYLl.apCTBa, l1)'.n.eeB H
HHblX )l(HTeJleH KaKOro-J1H60 ropo.n.a. KaK nOKa3blBafOT HCCJle.n.OBaHHg,
nOJlO)l(eHHe H)'Ll.eeB B ropo.n.ax 11 H)'.n.eeB B u.eJlOM no OTHOllleHHfO K npa-
BHTeJlfO TOro HJIH HHOro 3J1HHHCTHLJeCKoro rocy.n.aPCTBa 6blJl0 B3aHMonpH-
eMJleMbIM, XOTg, BepOgTHO, 11 He.n.OCTaTOLJHO LJeTKO 3acpHKCI1pOBaHHbiM B
fOpH.n.I1LJecKHx .n.oKYMeHTax: nonblTKa onpe.n.eJlHTb, KaKOB 6b1J1 cTal)'c
I npH 'nTOJleMee VII 3BepreTe (145-116 rr.)
2 B. 4epHKOsep y6ellHTeJlbHO nOKa3aJI, 'iTO npe.llnOCblJlKH BOCCTaHH!I MaKKaBeeB C,leilY-
eT HCKaTb npeJK.lle scem B OC06eHHOCT!lX BHYTpeHHero pa3BHTH!I CaMoro HYileHcKOro o6lI.1e-
CTsa.
146
rJlaea 3, l1ydell u uydQlu\le pu.tlCKaw npaee (/e, 00 H, ),-/6, H, J.)
nOJIHTeBM H KaTOHKHH IDIH HHblX HY.n.eHCKHX 061lU1H B ropo.n.ax C rpe4eCKHM
HaCeJIeHHeM, JIHlllb 4aCTH4HO OKa3bIBaeTC ycnellIHoH BBI1.lI.)' OTCyrCTBI-UI
.n.OCTaT04HOro KOJlH4eCTBa .n.aHHblX. J1HTepmypa a IOpH.n.H4eCKOM cTmyce
HY.n.eHCKHX 06mHH BeCbMa BeJIHKa, o.n.HaKO BbIBO.n.bl HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIeH B
ueJIOM H.n.eHTH4Hbl: onpe.n.eJIHTb CTal)'C Hy.n.eHCKHX 06mHH CTOJIb 4e-rKO,
KaK XOTeJIOCb 6bl, npaKTH4eCKH HeB03MO)KHO. OCHOBHble coxpaHHBlllHec
HCT04HHKH (HOCHcp <I>mmHH, MaKKaBeHCKHe KHHm, HeKOTOpble emne-rCKHe
nanHpYCbI) BbICKa3b1BaIOTC no 3TOMY Bonpocy He.n.OCTaT04HO onpe.n.eJIeH-
HO. Cy)J,.Sl no BceMY, IOpH.D.H4eCKHe TOHKOCTH aBTOpOB 3THX TJ>y.n.OB H .n.0KY-
MeHTOB He HHTepeCOBaJlH 3 . B ueJIOM, npaB.n.a, CHO, 4TO 3a HCKJ1104eHHeM
JIHllIb OT.n.eJIbHbIX HCTOpH'IeCKHX nepHo.n.OB B 3JIJIHHHCTH4ecKHX rocy.n.ap-
CTBax HHKTO He npellilTCTBOBaJJ HY.n.e M )KHTb no CBOHM 3aKOHaM.
nOCTeneHHoe )Ke YCTaHOBJIeHHe pHMCKOH BJlaCTH COnpOBO)K)J,aJJOCb
.D.JIHTeJIbHblM nepHo.n.OM nOJlHTH4eCKOH HeCTa6HJIbHOCTH (rpIDK.D.aHCKHe
BOHHbl), pe3KHM YBeJIH'-leHHeM 3KCnJIyaTaUHH H OTKpoBeHHoro rpa6e)Ka
npOBHHUHH, a B KOHe4HOM C4e-re - H HOBblMH HaJJoraMH. B 3TOH CHl)'a-
UHH np06JIeMa IOpH.n.H4ecKoro CTal)'ca HY.n.eeB B HOBOM, pHMCKOM, MHpe
CTaJJa BeCbMa aKTYaJJbHOH .D.JI HHX caMHX, 4TO HallIJIO CBoe OTp1DKeHHe
Ha MHOrHX CTpaHHuax C04HHeHHH HOCHcpa ct>JIaBH .
Cyrb np06JIeMbi 3aKJ1104aJJaCb B TOM, 4TO HY.n.e M npHxo.n.HJIOCb 60-
pOTbC 3a CBOH rpIDK.D.aHCKHe npaBa B 06Il.\eCTBe, KOTopoe CTaHOBHJIOCb
npHHUHnHaJJbHO HHblM no Mepe Me.D.JIeHHOrO, HO HeOTBpaTHMoro nomo-
meHHR PHMOM Bcex 06JIaCTeH MaJJOH A3HH H DJIIDKHerO BOCTOKa. 060c-
HOBaHHe H)'.n.e MH cBoero CTal)'ca lllJIO .n.BYM nynMH. B TeKCTe HocHcpa
ct>JIaBH Mbl Haxo.n.HM ueJIYIO cepHIO naCC1DKeH no nOBO.n.y Taro, 4TO B
AJIeKcaH.n.pHH EmneTCKOH paBeHCTBO rpIDK.D.aHCKHX npaB C rpeKaMH
6blJI0 .n.apOBaHO H)'.n.e M AJIeKcaH.n.pOM MaKe.n.OHCKHM\ a B AHTHOXHH
J C . nO.llp06HO: JIeeuHcKaR 11. A. J],eJlHIf!l AnOCTOJJOB Ha $oHe eBpeilcKOH iIlfaCnOpbI.
Cn6., 2000. C. 23 ]-3 ]7. CM. TaKJKe: Tcherikover V Hellenistic civilization and the Jews,
Philadelphia, 1959. P. 296-332, B OC06eHHOCTif - 320-332. Applebaum S. The Legal Status
of the Jewish Communities in the Diaspora II The Jewish People in the First Century. His-
torical Geography, Political History, Cultural and Religious Life and Institutions. Yol. I. Ed-
ited by S. Safrai and M. Stern in co-operation with D. Flusser and W. C. van Unnik. Assen;
Philadelphia, 1974. P. 420-463. 0 nonHTeBMe HYiIeeB B Emme CM. nOllpo6HO: Cowey 1. M.
s., Maresch K. Urkunden des Politeuma yon Herakleopolis (144/3-133/2 vi Chr.) (P. Polit.
Iud.). Papyri aus den Sammlungen yon Heidelberg, Koln, Miinchen und Wien. Wiesbaden,
2001. (Papyrologica Coloniensia. Yol. XX]X.)
4Fl. Jos., Bel. Jud., 11, 487-488. Hoclf$ <1>naBHH nHweT, 'iTO AneKcaHllp MaKelloHcKHii
<mpellOCTaBHJJ B03MOJKHOCTb JKHTh B ropolle Ha paBHblX OCHOBaHH!lX C rpeKaMH (EOroKEv 'to
jl£'tOlKElV Ka'tCt 't1'Jv 7tOAlV E icrOf1Olpta 1tpO<; 'to\Jc; "EAAT]va ). a rpaJK.llaHCKHX npaBax
HYiIeeB B Emme, comaCHO HOCH$y <1>naBHIO, CM. TaKJKe: Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud., XII, 8; Contr.
Ap., II, 35; 37-39; 42-64.
147
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uydaU3.\1 e ucmopuu PUMCKOU peCny6.1UKU U PIL\ICKOU lL\mepUU
CHpHHCKOH OCHOBaTeJIeM CeJIeBKI1.lI.CKOH .n.HHaCTHH CeJIeBKOM I HHKaTo-
paM (Fl. Jos., Contr. Ap., II, 39; And. Jud., XII, 119). CamacHo 110CH-
<PY CPJIaBHIO, 3TH npHBl1J1erHH 6blJIH nOJIY4eHbl l1)'.n.eHMH 3a nO.D..D.ep:>KKY
Bcex MeponpHHTHH QapeH H 3a )'4aCTHe B BoeHHblX noxo)J.ax 3THX MO-
HapXOB.
06CTOHTeJIbHblH aHaJIH3 3TI1X HCTOpHH, H oc06eHHO paCCKa3a 110CH<pa
CPJIaBmI a nO.D..D.epJKKe l1)'.n.eHMH AneKcaH.n.pa MaKe.n.OHcKoro H CeJIeBKa I,
.n.OKa3bIBaeT, 'lTO nepe.n. HaMH THnH4H anOJIOreTH4eCKaJI <paJIbcH<pHKa-
QHH 5 : y6e.n.HTeJIbHO COCTaBJIeHHaH H C03HaTeJIbHO pacnpocTpaHHeMaH
.n.e3HH<popMaQmI C QeJIblO .n.OCTIDKeHHH Bblro.n.Horo 06meCTBeHHoro MHe-
HmI - npe)J.CTaBJIeHHH a .n.peBHocTH nOJIHTH4eCKHX npaB l1)'.n.eeB B rpe-
4eCKHX ropo.n.ax H a TOM, 'lTO OHO 6blJIO HM rapaHTHpOBaHO 3JIJIHHHCTH-
4eCKHMH MOHapxaMH. Y Hac HeT .n.aHHbIX, KOTOpble n03BOJII1JIH 6bl OQeHHTb,
.n.OCTHraJIa JIH 3Ta nponaraH.n.HCTCKaH aKQHH CBoeH QeJIH. Bo BCHKOM
c.rry4ae, H3 KOHTeKCTa HBCTBYeT, 4TO I1OCH<p CPJIaBHH, npHBO.LJJImHH 3TH
HCTOpHH, B HHX BepHT.
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<peKTHBHbIM, XOTH B03HHKHOBeHHIO ero cnoc06CTBOBaJIa CJIY4aHHocTb.
C HaC1)'nJIeHHeM nOJIHTH4eCKOH HeCTa6I1J1bHOCTH, npHBHeceHHoH PHM-
JIHHaMH B xo.n.e 3aBoeBaHHH, :>KH3Hb l1)'.n.eHCKHX 061J..{HH B ropo.n.ax Pa3-
JIH4HblX 06JIaCTeH B H3BeCTHOM OTHOllleHHH yxy.n.llll1J1aCb. B YCJIOBHHX
4aCTblX BOHH H rpa6HTeJIbCKHX n060poB H co CTOpOHhI pHMCKHX nOJIKO-
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BaTb KOMY 6bl TO HH 6blJIO cnoKoHHoH :>KH3HH. PHMcKHe rpIDK,lJ,aHCKHe
BOHHbl 6blJIH TH:>KKHM 6e.n.cTBHeM )J,J1H Bcex :>KHTeJIeH npoBHHQHH.
TaK, HeCKOJIbKO paHee onHCblBaeMblX C06bITHH, B 70 r. .n.o H. 3., J1YQHH
J1HQHHHH J1YKYJIJI BblH)')I()J,eH 6blJI pa36HpaTbCH C KaTaCTpo<pH4eCKHMH
)J,J1H :>KHTeJIeH npOBHHQHH A3HH nOCJIe)J.CTBmIMH lllTpa<pa B 20 TbIC. Ta-
JIaHTOB, HaJIO:>KeHHoro .n.PYrHM pHMCKHM nOJIKOBo.n.QeM - CyJIJIOH. J1y-
KYJIJIY npHlllJIOCb npHHHMaTb 3KcTpeHHble Mepbl )J,J1H CnaCeHmI 3KOHO-
MHKH npOBHHQHH aT HaCTOHlJ..{erO KpH3Hca, H60 :>KHTeJIH 6blJIH He B
COCTOHHHH paCnJIaTHTbCH (Plut., Luc., 20; Sulla, 25). JJ:.rrH 60JIee n03.n.He-
ro BpeMeHH HeKOTopble npHMepbl eCTb B fpIDK,lJ,aHCKHX BOHHax AnnHaHa,
r.n.e HCTOpHH MaJIOH A3HH I B. .n.o H. 3. onHcaHa BeCbMa no.n.p06HO. TaK,
oc06eHHO Bbl.n.eJIHeTCH TparH4eCKaH HCTOpHH oca.n.bl MaJIOa:3HHCKOrO
s <I>aJlbCHllmK3UHJl YCTaHaBJJHBaeTC!I B .llaHHOM CilY'iae OC06eHHO JlerKO, H60 HYlleH HH-
KOr.lla HHKaKOH cneUHlpH'ieCKOH nOMOUUl AneKcaHllpy MaKe.llOHCKoMY HJlH CeJleBKY 1 He
OK33bIBa.1H. CM. n0!1p06HO: Tcherikover V Op. cit. P.320-330,
148
Tllaea 3, HyOeu u uyoaU1M e pUAtCKa\l npaee (/e, 00 H, 3,-/e, H, 3.)
ropo.n.a KcaH<pa BOHCKaMH I>pyra, B pe3YJIbTaTe KOTOpOH norl16JII1 npaK-
THLJeCKH Bce )l(HTeJIH ropo.n.a (App. Bel. Civ., IV, 76-80).
BOT nOLJeMY, Kor.n.a nOJIHTH'IeCIGUI cHl)'auml C npHxo.n.oM K BJIaCTH
Ue3ap» H 3areM ABrycTa CTaJla 60JIee cTa6HJ1bHOH H npe.n.CKa3yeMoH,
Hy.n.eH CTaJIH 06pamaTbC» C neTHUH»MH K npe.n.CTaBHTeJI»M pHMCKOH
BJIaCTH. Y Hac, K CO)l(aJleHHIO, HeT B03MO)l(HOCTH OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc,
KaK 06CTO»JIH .n.eJIa .n.o OTnpaBKH neTHUHH. Bepo»THee Bcero, Hy.n.eH
nJIaTHJIH HaJlorH H HCnOJIH»JIH ropo.n.CKHe nOBHHHOCTH. npH'mHOH )l(e
06pameHHH C neTHUH»MH K pHMCKI1M BJIaCT»M CTaJlO B03paCTaHHe Pa3-
MepOB HaJlOrOB H 06'beMa nOBHHHOCTeH.
3.n.eCb BIDKHO OTMeTHTb, '1TO, B npHHUHne, TaK )l(e nOCl)'naJIH H .n.py-
rHe Hapo.n.b!. Ha.n.nHCH n03BOJI»1OT onpe.n.eJIHTb, 'ITa MHOrHe rpe'leCKHe
ropo.n.a KaK, c06CTBeHHO, fpeUHH, TaK H MaJlOH A3HH BIB. Ll.0 H. 3. OT-
npaBJI»JIH nOCOJIbCTBa B PHM C ueJIblO 3aKJIIOLJHTb Bblro.n.HblH LJ.JI» cBoero
ropo.n.a COlO3 C pHMCKOH BJIaCTblO. CaM <paKT HaXO)l()J,eHH» no.n.06HblX
Ha.n.nHceH (a 3TO ceHarycKOHCYJIbTbl-TeKCTbl O<pHlJ.HaJlbHbIX pellleHHH
pHMCKOro ceHaTa) .n.OKa3bIBaeT, 'ITa PHM He OTKa3bIBaJI npOCHTeJI»M 6 .
LITO )l(e KacaeTC» Hy.n.eeB MaJlOa3HHCKHX ropO.n.OB - KOHKpeTHble
ropo.n.a npH 3TOM He Ha3BaHbI 7 , - TO OHH )l(aJlYIOTC» pHMCKOMY npe.n.-
CTaBHTeJIIO MapKY BHncaHHIO ArpHnne, MY)l(Y .n.O'lepH ABrYCTa, Ha
npHTeCHeHH» CO CTOpOHbl ropO.n.CKI1X BJIaCTeH 3JIJIHHHCTH'IeCKHX nOJIH-
COB. OHH BblpIDKaJlHCb B CJIeLl.YlOmeM: H}'Ll.eeB npHH)')I()J,aJlH nO»BJI»TbC»
Ha Cy.n.e6Hb1X 3ace.n.aHH»X B CB»meHHble LJ.JI» HHX .n.HH. 11M 6blJI0 3anpe-
meHO OTnpaBJI»Tb .n.eHbrH B l1epycaJlHM Ha H)')I()J,bl xpaMa. l1y.n.eH )l(aJlO-
BaJlHCb Ha npHH)')I()J,eHHe K BoeHHoH cny)l«)e H K HCnOJIHeHHIO ropO.n.CKHX
06mecTBeHHbix 06»3aHHocTeH. OHH npOCHJIH oCBo60.n.HTb HX OT TaKoro
po.n.a nOBHHHocTei1 H pa3pelllHTb HM )l(HTb no OTe'leCKHM 06bl'l M.
06pallJ.aeT Ha ce6» BHHMaHHe apryMeHTaUIDI aBTOpoB neTHU,HH - HY-
.n.eHcKHe 06bl t 'laH npeBocxo.n.Hbl H BeCbMa .n.peBHHe, a rpeKH, HCnOJIb3Y»
no cBoeMY YCMoTpeHHIO .n.eHbrH Ha H)')I()J,bl l1epycaJlHMcKoro xpaMa,
Bbl3blBa» H}'.n.eeB Ha cy.n.e6Hble pa36HpaTeJIbCTBa no cy66OTaM, HaJlara»
Ha Hy.n.eeB HOBbie HaJIOrH, nOCl)'nalOT TaK HCKJIIO'IHTeJIbHO C ueJIblO
OCKop6JIeHH» H}'.n.eHCKOH Bepb!.
no CYTH neTHUHH HYLl.eeB He npeCJIe.n.OBaJlH HHKaKOH HHOH ueJIH,
KpOMe B03BpameHIDI KOM<pOpTHbIX )J,.JI» HHX YCJIOBHH )l(H3HH npOlllJlblX
6 CM. nOllpo6HO: Sherk R. K. Roman Documents for the Greek East: Senatus Consulta
and Epistulae to the Age of Augustus. Baltimore, 1969. CM. B 'iaCTHOCTH B )Toil KHllre BBeiIe-
Hlle K 1l0KYMeHTY 18 - Senatus consu1tum de Tabensis (p. 105-111).
73ro, KCTaTH, nOKa3b1BaeT THnll'lHOCTb )Ka.l0611JIJI iIaHHOrO paHOHa. KpaTKOe I13JJOJKeHHe
3THX neTIIUHiI-Ant. Jud., XV], 27-28: 50.lee npoCTpaHHOe -Ant. Jud., XVI, 44-45.
149
A. r. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uyoaU1M e ucmopuu PU\tCKOU pecny6wKu u PU\ICKOU u\tnepull
JIeT. Ho nOCKOJIhK)' OHH anneJIHpOBaJIH K I1CTOpH'-IeCKOH CnpaBe.LU1HBOCTH
H 6blJIH npOHHKH)'Thl BepOH B OC06ylO MHCCHIO cBoero Hapo.n.a, I1X 06pa-
meHHH 06peTaJIH HHoe 3ByqaHl1e. CPaKTHqeCKH 3TO 6h1JIH Tpe60BaHHH
npHBHJIerHH .LU1H H)'.n.eeB. np06JIeMa 3aKJIlOqaJIaCb He B 3THX Tpe6oBaHH-
HX, a B TOM, K qeM}' npHBo.n.HJ1a (HJ1H Mama npHBeCTH) I1X peaJIH3aQlliI.
C}'Th )l(e np06JIeMbI 3aKJIlOqaJIaCb B TOM, qTO H)'.n.eH npOHBJIHJIH ce6H
«nJIOXHMH rpaJK.D.aHaMH»8 H B 3TOM KaqeCTBe XOTeJIH ce6H coxpaHHTb.
3.n.ecb, npaB.n.a, Tpe6YeTCH O.n.HO }'TOqHeHHe. Peqb H.n.eT a nOJIHTHqeCKH
aKTHBHhIX H)'.n.eHx, Tor.n.a KaK, BepoHTHo, OCHOBHaH qaCTh qJIeHOB H)'.n.eH-
CKHX 06mHH B .n.Hacnope He OTHOCHJIaCh K qHCJIY aKTHBHhIX 60PQOB 3a
qTO 6hl TO HH 6b1JIO no npHqHHe 6e.n.HocTI1 H TH)I(eJIblX YCJIOBHH )J(}t3HH.
4TO KaCaeTCH nOJIHTHqeCKH aKTI1BHblX H)'.n.eeB, TO OHH He )l(eJIaJIH CO-
6JIIO.n.aTh HOpMbI rpaJK.D.aHCKOH )J(}t3HH rpeqeCKOrO (HJIH 3JIJIHHH3HpOBaH-
HOro) ropo.n.a: OHH He XOTeJIH nJIaTHTb Te)l(e HaJIOrH 9 , HCnOJIHHTh Te)l(e
06meCTBeHHhIe nOBHHHOCTH, nOKJIOHHThCH TeM )l(e 6oraM, qTO H 3JIJIH-
HH3HpoBaHHoe (HJIH rpeqeCKoe) 60JIblllHHCTBO HaCeJIeHHH Taro HJIH
HHoro ropo.n.a. XapaKTepHaH <ppa:m eCTb B COqHHeHHI1 HOCH<pa CPJIaBHH
«llPOTHB AnHOHa II», 6 (65): «nOqeMY )l(e, eCJIH OHH rpaJK.D.aHe, OHH He
nOqHTalOT Tex )l(e 60roB, qTO H aJIeKcaH.n.pHHQbI?»
Hy.n.eH, cy.n.H no BceMY, Bo06me HHqerO He XOTeJIH .n.eJIaTb .LU1H Taro
ropo.n.a, B KOTOpOM )l(HJIH, OOOa.n.WI npH 3TOM MaKCHMYMOM npaB H JIhrOT IO .
3.n.eCb B03HHKaeT 3aKoHOMepHhIH Bonpoc: nOqeMY Boo6me B TaKoH CH-
ryaQHH H)'.n.eH .n.HacnophI XOTeJIH )J(}tTb B rpellecKoM nOJIHce?
,[(JIH Taro lIT06hI OTBeTI1Th Ha 3TOT Bonpoc, He06xo.n.HMO BcnOMHHTh
3BOJIlOQHlO nOJIHCHOrO rpaJK.D.aHCTBa. B KJIaCCHqeCKOM BapHaHTe nOJIH-
ca, cymecTBoBaBllleM B ,[(peBHeH fpeQHH, nOJIHOnpaBHblM rpaJK.D.aHHHOM
Mar 6b1Th TOJIhKO 3eMJIeBJIa.n.eJIeQ, yro.n.hH KOToporo pacnOJIaraJIHCh B
oKpyre (xope) nOJIHCa ll . ECTeCTBeHHO, TaKaH cHryaQHH nOJIHOCTblO
'CnOBa B. 4epllKOBepa: Tcherikover V. Hellenistic civilization and the Jews. Philadelphia,
1959. P. 374.
9 B03MOJKHO - B IICTO'iHHKax no 3TOMY Bonpocy Boo6me HIlKaKOHIIH$OpMauHH HeT-
pe'ib WJJa JJHWb 0 paJMepax HaJJOroB.
10 B )'TOH CBJl3H He MO)l(eT He Y.llIIBJJJlTb BCTpe'iaJOWa!lC!I B COBpeMeHHOH HaY'iHOH nllrepary-
pe TpaKTOBKa 3THX neruUHH lI)'ileeB KaK 60pb6b1 3a rpaJK.llaHCKHe npaBa. (CM.. Hanp,: Kasher A,
The isopoliteia question in Caesarea Maritima II JQR. Vol. 68. ] 977. P. ]6-27.) KaK MOJKHO Ha3bl-
BaTb rpaJK.llaHCKHMII npaBaMII TO, '1TO B JJI060M 06meCTBe npllHUHnllaJJbHo HellOCTHJKHMO? To,
o 'ieM roBOp!IT 3TH 1l0KYMeHTbI, C,leilOBaJJO 6bl CKOpee Ha3BaTb rpaJKJlaHCKHM caMoo6MaHOM.
\I 11l1reparypa 0 cymHOCTII nOJ1IIca BeCbMa 06WHpHa. CM., Hanp.: (/)pOJl06 3. 11, PO)l(.:!e-
Hlle rpe'ieCKoro nOJJllca II CTaHoB,leHlle II paJBHTHe paHHeKJIaCCOBblX o6wecTB. rOpOil II
rocYllapCTBo I no.:! pe.1. r. 11. Kyp6aroBa, 3. J],. <1>ponoBa, H. 51. <1>pOllHoBa. 11., 1986. C. ]-26,
95-99. KOUJelleHKO r A. rpe'ieCKHH nonllC Ha 3nJJIIHIICTII'ieCKOM BOCTOKe. M., 1979. C. 3-22;
Ym'leHKO C. JJ. nOJJIITII'ieCKlle Y'ieHIIJI)JpeBHero PIIMa. M., ]977. C. ]8-41.
150
TJlaea 3, l1yOeu U uyoau3M e PIL\/CKOM npaee (/e, 00 H. ),-/e, H, ).)
HCKJllOtHUla cy eCTBOBaHl1e B ropo.n.e KaKHX-JIH60 HHblX nOJIHOnpaBHbix
rpa)f()J,aH, KpoMe Tex, KOTopble )l(HJIH B nOJIHCe H3 nOKOJIeHHSI B nOKO-
JIeHHe.
O.n.HaKo B 3noxy 3JIJIHHH3Ma - B CBSl3H C nOBceMeCTHblM pacnpocTpa-
HeHl1eM rpeKoB Ha EmDl<HeM H Cpe.n.HeM BocToKe - B 3THX perHOHaX
B03HI1KJlO MHO)l(eCTBO ropo.n.OB, npH06peTlllHX BMeCTe C rpeKaMH Tpa.n.H-
UHOHHoe HaHMeHOBaHHe nOJIHca. OHH Y)I(e MaJIO 6blJIH nOXO)l(H Ha KJlac-
CH4eCKHe 06PaJUbi nOJIHCOB 3JIJIa.n.bI XOTSI 6bl nOToMY, 4TO Ha DmDl<HeM
BocToKe Bce ropo.n.a C rpe4ecKHM HaCeJIeHHeM cYlllecTBOBaJIH B cOBep-
weHHO HHOH HCTOpHKO-K)'JIbl)'pHOH cpe.n.e, r.n.e Tpa.n.HUHoHHble rpe'-leCKHe
HOpMbl nOJIHTH'-IeCKOH )l(H3HH H rpIDK.D.aHcKoro YCTpOHCTBa He MomH He
Ll.ecpopMHpOBaTbCSI H3-3a CYllleCTBeHHblX H3MeHeHHH B 3KOHOMH'-IeCKOH
H nOJIHTH'-IeCKOH )I(}13HH 12 .
OcpopMHBllleecSi B 3noxy 3JIJIHHH3Ma paJHo06paJHe THnOB ropO.n.OB,
Tpa.n.HUHOHHO npo.n.OJI)I(aBWHX HMeHOBaTbCSI nOJIHCaMH, a TalOKe paJHO-
06paJHe rpIDK.D.aHCKO-npaBoBoro CTal)'ca ropo.n.OB H I1X )l(lITeJIeH 6blCTpO
npHBeJIH K yrpaTe CYll(eCTBOBaBllleH H3.n.peBJIe CBSl3H Me)l()J,)' BJIa.n.eHHeM
3eMJIeH H rpIDK.D.aHCKHMH npaBaMH. ,[(eHCTBHTeJIbHO, HCT04HHKI1 n03BO-
JISIIOT Bbl.n.eJIHTb ropOLl.a, OCHOBaHHble Ha nyCTOM MeCTe; CHMBOJIH'-IeCKH
OCHOBaHHble ropo.n.a (HMeeTCSI B BH.n.y nepeHMeHOBaHHe }')Ke CYll(eCTBYIO-
lllero ropo.n.a, Hepe.n.KO conpOBO)f()J,aBWeeCSI npHCBoeHHeM ropo.n.y HOBO-
ro CTal)'Ca); CneUHaJIbHO OCHOBblBaeMble)J,JISl 06eCne'-leHIDI 3eMJIeH MHO-
ro4HCJleHHbiX BeTepaHOB ropo.n.a-KOJIOHHH; .n.peBHHe BOCTO'-lHble ropo.n.a,
no.rry'-lHBlllHe B IV-II BB. .n.o H. 3. JIHWb HeKOTopblH HaJIeT 3JIJIHHH3Ma B
cpopMax H npOSlBJIeHHSlX 06111eCTBeHHOH )l(H3HH; .n.peBHHe rpe'-leCKHe
ropo.n.a, B03HHKlllHe ell(e B 3noxy 8eJIHKOH KOJIOHH3aUHH Cpe.n.H3eMHO-
MOpbSl.
Oc060 OTMeTHM TalOKe, 4TO paJJIH'-IIDI B rpIDK.D.aHCKO-npaBOBOM CTa-
l)'ce )l(HTeJIeH ropo.n.oB B 3JIJIHHHCTH'-IeCKOe BpeMSI Hepe.n.KO 3aBHCeJIH H
OT oc06eHHOCTeH HaUHOHaJIbHOro COCTaBa )I(}1TeJIeH ropo.n.a. TaK, eCTec-
TBeHHO, '-ITa B ropOLl.ax C npe06JIa.n.aHHeM rpe4eCKoro (HJIH 3JIJ1HHH3HpO-
BaHHoro) HaCeJIeHHSI BHYTpeHHee YCTPOHCTBO )I(}13HH B MaKCHMaJIbHO
B03MO)I(HOH Mepe KOnHpOBaJIO rpe'-leCKHe CTaH.n.apTbl. B Tex ropo.n.ax, me
HapSl.n.y C rpeKaMH )l(HJIH npe.n.CTaBI1TeJIH Ll.PYrHX Hapo.n.OB, Mbl Hepe.n.KO
12 KOnH'ieCTBO pa60T 0 rpe'ieCKHX ropollax Ha )JL1HHHCTH'ieCKOM BOCTOKe Ha PYCCKOM
Jl3blKe HeBenHKO. no cYlI.IecTBY, 3TO JJHWb pa60Ta r. A. KOWeJJeHKo. rpe'ieCKHH nonHC Ha
3JL'IHHHCTH'ieCKOM BocTOKe. M., 1979. MmKHo OTMeTHTb TaK)Ke nepeBoll Ha PYCCKHH !l3blK
H3BeCTHOH pa60TbJ 3. DHKepMaHa «rOCY!1apCTBO Ce,leBKHllOB>i. M., 1985, me 3Ta np06.'1eMa-
THKa TaJOKe 3aTparHBaeTC!I, a TaK)Ke fJJaBY «nO.1HC H MOHapXHJl B 3noxy Ce.'1eBKHllOB>i B
KHHre: 3;UIHHH3M: BOCTOK H 3an3.ll. M., 1992. C. 59-84. J!aHHaJI fJJaBa HanHcaHa E. C. fo-
ny6uoBoH.
151
A. f. fpyweBoii. l1ycJellll uycJaU1.\I e ucmopuu PU.\ICKOU pecnYO-WKu u P1U1CKOU u.\lnepull
H36mo.n.aeM o.n.HOBpeMeHHO C cpOpMaJIbHblM c06mo.n.eHHeM CT3H.n.3pTOB
rpeLJeCKOH nOJUfTHLJeCKOH )l(H3HI1 p33.n.eJIeHl1e ropo.n.a Ha «nOJIHTeBMbm:
caMoynpaBmnOIl.{HeCSI 3THI1LJeCKHe 061l.{HHbI C .n.OCTaTOLJHO lllHpOKHMI1
npaB3MH BH)'TpeHHero caMoynpaBJIeHHSI. B ropO.n.3X )l(e, r.n.e rpeKH CO-
CTaBJISlJIH MeHblllHHCTBO, .n.OCTaTOLJHO .n.OJIro COXp3HS1JICSI TPa.D.I1LI.HOHHbIH
LI.orpeLJeCKHH YKJIa.n. )l(H3HH 11 nOJII1TH'IeCKOH opr3HH33LI.HH. H3UIH HC-
TOLJHHKH n03BOJISIIOT JIHlllb KOHCTaTHpOBaTb 3TH p33JIH'IIDI. Oc06eHHOCTH
BH)'TpeHHeH )l(H3HH KIDK.D.Oro KOHKpeTHoro ropo.n.3, K3K H rpIDK.D.3HCKO-
np3BoBoro cTaryca ero )J{HTeJIei1, HaM B OCHOBHOM HeH3BeCTHbI.
1.JTO K3caeTCSI HaCl)'nHBllleH .n.ecpopMaLI.HH B nOJIHTH'IeCKOH ccpepe
)l(H3HH, TO XOpOlllO H3BeCTHO, LJTO aHTH'IHbIH nOJII1C Mar 06eCne'lHBaTb
CBOHM corpIDK.D.aHaM TPa.D.HLI.HOHHbIH H360p npaB 11 CBo60.n. TOJIbKO TOr.n.3,
Kor.n.a OH 6blJI HeBeJIHK H nOJIHTHLJeCKH He33BHCHM. O.D.H3KO nOJIHTH'IeCKOe
p33BHTHe H fpeLI.HH, H roCy.n.aPCTB 3JIJIHHHCTH'IeCKoro MHpa, 3 33TeM H
PI1Ma nOlllJIO no nyTI1 C03.n.3HIDI KpynHbIx rocy.n.3pcTBeHHbIX 06p330B3HI1H.
B HHX np3KTH'IeCKH Bcer.n.a y BJIaCTH OKa3bIBaJIHCb LI.Be nOJIHTH'IeCKHe
cpHrYPbI C Henpe.n.CK33yeMbIM nOBe.n.eHHeM - H3MeCTHHK TOH HJIH HHOH
npOBHHLI.HH H MOHapx. B pe3YJIbTare TOJIbKO eCJIH H TOMY H .n.pyroMY 6bIJIO
yro.n.HO npOSlBJISlTb YMepeHHOCTb H c.n.ep)l(aHHOCTb, )J{HTeJIH ropO.n.3 Mor-
JIH '1YBCTBOB3Tb ce6S1 3all.{I1lLleHHbIMH aT npaBoBoro 6ecnpe.n.eJI3 13 . B pe-
3YJIbT3Te nOJIHTH'IeCKOH HeCTa6HJIbHOCTI1, '13CTO B03HHKaBllleH B 3JIJIH-
HHCTH'IeCKHX rocy.n.3pCTB3X, B ropo.n.ax CTaJJH nOSlBJISlTbCSI )l(HTeJIH, He
BJIa.D.elOlLlHe 3eMJIeH, He HMelOll.{He rpIDK.D.3HCKHX np3B, HO 3KTHBHO CTpe-
MSllLlHecSI nOJIY'lHTb 11 TO H .n.pyroe.
1.JeM )l(e KOHKpeTHO MOrJIH npHBJIeK3Tb rpIDK.D.3HCKHe npaB3 nOJIHC3
Taro, KTO HMH He 06JIa.D.aJJ, HO npH 3TOM )l(HJI B 3TOM ropo.n.e? I1x npH-
BJIeKaTeJIbHOCTb 06'bSlCHSlJIaCb HaJJOroBbIMH JIbroT3MH HJIH .n.IDKe nOJIHbIM
HMMYHHTeTOM aT HaJJorOB, K3KOBbIMH 06JIa.D.aJJH )l(HTeJIH rpeLJeCKHX ro-
PO.n.OB. MHO)l(eCTBO erHneTCKHX nanl1pycoB n03BOJISlIOT no.n.TBep.n.HTb
cJIe.n.YlOlLlHH cpaKT: )l(HTeJIH ropO.n.OB B .n.OJIHHe HHJ13 He nJI3THJIH no.n.Ylll-
H)'IO no.n.3Tb, KaKOBYIO lUIaTHJ1H erHnTSlHe, )l(HTeJIH CeJIbCKOH MeCTHOCTI1 14 .
HeKOTOpbIe cpaKTbI, npHBo.n.HMbIe I10CHcpOM ct>JI3Bl1eM B Ocpl1LI.HaJJbHbIX
.n.OKYMeHT3X pHMCKOro BpeMeHH, TaIOKe CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT a CXO.n.HOM
SlBJIeHHH. OrcyrcTBHe I1JIH HaJIH'IHe npHBHJ1empOBaHHoro nOJIO)l(eHHSI B
ropo.n.e YBSl3bIBaJJOCb H)'.n.eSlMH C B03paCTaHHeM, HJIH YMeHbllleHHeM H3-
JIOroBoro 6peMeHH.
I1HbIMH CJIOB3MI1, npI1BHJ1erl1pOB3HHbIH rpIDK.D.aHCKO-np3BOBOH CTaT)'C
r3paHTHpOBaJI He TOJIbKO nOJIHTH'IeCKHe npaB3 H CB060.n.bI B paMK3X
13 EUKep\1aH 3, rOCYllapCTBO CeJJeBKH.llOB. M.. 1985. C. 124-129.
14 CM. nO.llpo6HO: Tcherikover V Syntaxis and Laographia II jjP. ] 950. Vol. 4. P. 196ff.
152
TJlaea 3 l1yoeu u uyoallJM e pl/MCKO.\1 npaee (I e. 00 H, '), - 1 e, H, '))
nOJIHca. OH CYJIHJI H HeMaJIbIe MaTepHaJIbHbIe BbIro.n.bI KaK B BH.n.e HaJIO-
rOBbIX JIbrOT, TaK 11 B BH.n.e HaJIOroBbIX I1MMYHHTeTOB.
I1MeHHo n03ToMY Hy.n.eH CTpeMI1JIHCb K nOJIY4eHHIO rpIDK.D.aHCKHX
npaB B -rex 3JIJII1HHCTH4eCKHX ropo.n.ax, r.n.e npmKHBaJ1H. 3TO cTpeMJIeHHe
(OHO XOpOlllO .n.0KYMeHTHpoBaHo TOJIbKO AJUI ErHnTa l5 ) 6bIJIO HacToH-
4HBbIM, CHCTeMaTH4eCKI1M 11, BI1)J,HMO, pe3YJIbTarI1BHbIM I6 . O.n.HaKO OCO-
6eHHocTb cHl)'aQHH 3aKJ1104aJIaCb B TOM, 4TO Hy.n.eH CTpeMHIII1Cb K rpa-
)J(,QaHCKHM npaBaM B rpe'-leCKHX ropo.n.ax He pMH nOJII1TH'-IeCKHX CB060LI.
(H.n.eaJI rpeKa), a pa.n.H npHBHIIerHH H JIbroT, KOTopbIe n03BOJIHJIH 6bI HM
)l(HTb no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB17.
3.n.ecb npHHQHnHaJIbHO OTMeTHTb, '-ITa no.n.06HbIH CTHIIb nOBe.n.eHml
co CTOpOHbI Hy.n.eeB Ha cy6'beKTHBHOM ypOBHe He 6bIJI Bbl3blBalOI..L{HM.
B npHHQHne, OHH npOCTO OTCTal1BaJIH npaBO Ha CBOIO Bepy H HOpMbI
)l(H3HH, HCKpeHHe He nOHHMWI, nO'-leMY rpeKH He XOT5IT (HJIH He MOryT)
y.n.OBJIeTBOpHTb CTOJIb npOCTble H eCTeCTBeHHbIe, no MHeHHIO l1)'.n.eeB,
Tpe60BaHH5I. B peaJIbHOCTH CHl)'aQH5I 6bIJIa, KOHe'-lHO, 60JIee CJIml<HOH
H He CTOJIb 0.n.H03Ha4HOH. ECJIH y 4aCTH l1)'.n.eeB (B OCHOBHOM 3T0 Kaca-
eTC5I .n.HacnopbI) He 6bIJIO arpeCCI1BHoro HenpH5ITH5I .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH,
TO C npH6JIIDKeHHeM l1y.n.eHcKoH BOHHbI B03paCTaJIO KOJIH'-IeCTBO Tex, KTO
6bIJI roTOB 60pOTbC5I C oKpY:>KalOIl{eH pHMCKOH .n.eHCTBI1TeJlbHOcTblO.
B YCJIOBI151X I B. .n.o H. 3. - I B. H. 3. .D.JI5I TaKHX JIIO.n.eH npOTHBonOCTaB-
JIeHHe ce651 H CBoero 06pa3a )J(H3HI1 OKpY)J(alOIl{eM)' pHMCKOMY MHPy
6bIJIO BonpOCOM He TOJIbKO BepbI, HO H nOJIHTHKH, npH4eM BOHHCTBeH-
HOH.
15 DblJlO 6b1 OWH60'iHbIM Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHHH .lleJJaTb BbIBOll, 'iTO HYlleH He CTpeMHJJHCb
K rpaJKJlaHCTBY roPOllOB B .!1PYfHX pefHOHax. Pe% H.lleT He 60JJee 'ieM 0 Cnel\H$HKe coxpa-
HHBWHXCJl HCTO'IHHKOB. a EfHnTe CM. nO.llP06HO: Section YlII. «The Jewish questiofi» in
Alexandria B C60pHHKe - Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum. Yol. n. Edited by V. A. Cherikover
and A. Fuks. Cambridge Mass., 1960. P. 25-107. B oco6eHHocTH )Ke 06palIlalOT Ha ce6!1
BHHMaHHe CJle.llYIOWHe .lloXYMeHThI: CPJ. 150; '51: 153. KOMMeHTapHH K KaJK.llOMY OT.llenb-
HOMY llOXYMeHTY H BBe!leHHe KO BceMY BOCbMOMY pa3.!1eJJY B ueJJOM npHH3.llJ1eJKar B. 4epH-
KOBepy.
'6 He c:I)''iailHo. KOHe'iHO, B OTMe'leHHblX B npellblll)'meM npHMe'iaHHH nanHpYcax CPJ.
] 50; ] 5] CKB03HT CTOJJb JlBHa!I TpeBora no nOBO,:xy B03MO)KHOro npoHHKHOBeHH!I B 'iHCJJO
aJJeKCaH.llpHHCKHX rpaJK.llaH nOCTOpOHHHX 3JJeMeHTOB. HeCJJY'iaHHo. KOHe'iHO, H B paCCMar-
pHBaeMblX 'i)'Tb HIlJKe O$HUHaJJbHbIX pHMCKHX ,:xOKYMeHTax, COXPaHHBWIlXCJl B TeKCTe «Hy-
.lleHCKHX .llpeBHOCTeH» HocHll>a <1>JJaBH!I, CTOJJb 'iaCTO nOJlBJJ!lIOTC!I ynoMHHaHHJI 0 HYlle-
JlX - pHMCKIlX rpaJKJtaHax.
11 CM.: TapH B. 3.1JJHHHCTH'ieCKa!ll\HBHJJIl3auH!1. M., 1949. C. 206-207. nO:DKe, B pllMcKOe
BpeM!I. B KOHue KOHUOB H B 3TOM Bonpoce 6bLl Hai!lleH KOMnpoMllcc. B Jl3bl'leCKOe H llaJKe
XpHCTHaHCKOe BpeM!I HYlleH Y'iaCTBOB1L1H B 06mecTBeHHoH )KH3HH rpe'ieCKHX roPO,:xOB, co-
XpaHJlJl npll ,)TOM BepHOCTb «OTe'leCKHM 06bl'la!lM». COOTBeTCTBYIOWHe npllMepbJ npHBelleHbl
HHJKe.
153
A. f. fpyweBoH, l1ydell U lIyc)auJ.w e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6Jll/KlIlI PU.WCKOU u.\/nepllU
npaB.n.a, HCTOpH'IeCKI1 CJIO)l(HJIOCb TaK, '-ITa JIHlllb B naJIeCTHHe BO-
306JIa.n.aJIH CTOpOHHHKH aKTHBHOH nOJIHTH'IeCKOH 60pb6bI H arpeccHB-
Horo HenpHJ:ITHJ:I OKpY)I(alOmero MHpa. B .n.Hacnope H)'.n.eH CTpeMHJIHCb
H36eraTb KOHq)JIHKTOB. Ha060pOT, aKTbI cBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT a TOM, '-ITa
H)'.n.eH 6bIJ1H 3aHHTepeCOBaHbI B MHpHOM cocymecTBoBaHHH C rpe'leCKHM
H 3JIJIHHI13HpOBaHHbIM HaCeJIeHHeM nOJII1COB I8 .
06 3TOM, B '1aCTHOCTH, CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYeT H CJIe.n.YIOIl..{HH HHTepecHbIH
aKT. ECTb npHMepbI, .n.eMoHcTpHpYIOIl..{He HaJll1'1He Y H)'.n.eeB nOTpe6-
HOCTH YB5I3aTb c06cTBeHHoe npOlllJIOe C rpe'-leCKI1M. B HCTO'lHHKaX
ynoMHHaeTC5I HeMaJlO JIereH.n., 06'be.n.HH5IlOmHX )l(H3Hb 11 .n.e5lTeJIbHOCTb
6H6JIeHCKHX nepcoHIDKeH C nepcoHIDKaMH aHTH'IHOH MH OJIOrHH. B TO
)l(e BpeM5I MHOrHe C06bITH5I rpe'leCKHX MH OB npOHcxo.n.HJIH HMeHHO B
DaJleCTHHe 19 .
DpaB.n.a, He06xo.n.HMO I1MeTb B BH.LJ.Y, 'ITa OCHOBHbIM n06y.n.HTeJIbHbIM
MOTHBOM H)'.n.eeB, CTpeMHBIllI1XC5I K HHTerpaIJ.HI1 C aHTH'IHOH )l(H3HblO 11
aHTH'IHOH KYJIbrypOH, 5IBJI5IJIHCb, KaK Y'J(e OTMe'laJIOCb, Te 6J1ara, JIbroTbI
H npHBHJlerHH, KOTopbIe MomH 6bITb nOJIY'IeHbI B CJIY'Iae 06peTeHH5I
rpIDK.D.aHCKHX npaB.
fpeKH no.n.06HbIe neTHIJ.HI1 BocnpHHHMaJlH COBceM HHa'le. OHH C'IH-
TaJIH, 'ITa nOJIO)l(eHl1e )l(I1TeJI5I H rpa)f()J,aHHHa 20 nOJIHCa HaKJIa.n.bIBaeT
onpe.n.eJIeHHbIe 06513aHHOCTH Ha '1eJIOBeKa BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ero Ha-
IJ.HOHaJlbHOrO npOHCXO)f()J,eHH5I. I1MeHHo n03TOMY B OTMe'leHHOH JII1HHH
nOBe.n.eHHJ:1 ropO.n.CKHX COBeTOB rpe'leCKHX ropO.n.OB MaJlOH A3HH, B Ka-
KOH-TO Mepe YIl..{eMJI5IBllleH npaBa H)'.n.ei1cKHx 06mHH, He 6bIJIO HH'IerO
CneIJ.H H'IeCKH aHTHH)')].eHcKoro. B KOHKpeTHblX HCTOpH'-IeCKHX YCJIOBH-
5IX 1 B. )].0 H. 3. - 1 B. H. 3. a)].MHHHCTpaIJ.H5I rpe'leCKHX ropo.n.OB .n.eHCT-
BOBaJla e.n.HHCTBeHHO B03MOJKHbIM 06pa30M. OHa 60pOJIaCb He C H)'.n.e5lMH,
a C JIIO.n.bMI1, nOBe.n.eHHe KOTOpblX 6b1JIO, no HX MHeHI1IO, aHTHrpIDK.D.aH-
CKHM.
B Tex YCJIOBI151X, Kor.n.a a.D.MHHHCTpaIJ.H5I rpe'leCKHX ropo.n.oB MaJlOH
A3I1H, no.n.'-IHH5I5ICb CI1JIe pl1MCKOro 0pY)I(ill[ HJIH y.n.OBJIeTBOp5l51 HenoMep-
18 CM., HanpHMep: Tcherikover V. Prolegomena II CP 1. Vol. 1. Cambridge, Mass., 1957.
P. 60-74; CPJ. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Mass., 1960, KOMMeHTapll1l K llOXYMeHry CPJ, ]50.
19 1 Mac., XII, 2] - cnapTaHUbJ II "YJlel - 6parbll no KpOBII, 1160 II re H llpyme !lBJIJI-
IOTC!I nOTOMKaMH ABpaal\la; FI. Jos., Ant. Jud., I, 24] - CblHOBb!l ABpaa.\la nepece.'1HJIHCb C
repaKJIOM B 11HBHIO. MHome aBTOpbl nHmyT 0 TOM, '1TO IICTOpll!l flepceJl H AHllpoMellbl
npollcxollWla B naJIeCTHHe, a AHllpoMella - JlO'ib uap!l Ha<jJ<jJb! (Strab., XV], 28; Pausanais,
IV, 35:9; Phot. Cod. 186).
20 nOll06Hoe paJJ1I1'ille npllXOllHTCIi npOBOlllITb nOTOMY, '1TO '1eM .llaJIbWe, reM 60JlbWe B
ropOJlax Bcex npOBIIHUIIH JKWlII rp3JKllaHe II He-rp3JKllaHe, II ropollcKHe COBeTbl npOBIIHUH-
a.'1bHbIX ropOllOB K PIlMCKOMY BpeMeHII nOCTO!lHHO IIMeJJH lleJJO II C TeMII II C llpyrllMII.
154
r;wea 3, l1ydeu U uyoau3M e PUMCKOM npa6e (/ e, 00 H, 3,-/e, H, 3.)
Hble anneTl1TbI pl1MCKOro LJHHOBHI1Ka MecTHoro MaClllTa6a, 6bIJla BbIHY)I(-
.n.eHa ymeMJUITb npaBa rOpO)l(aH, no.n.06HbIe Tpe60BaHI1 l1)'.n.eeB Bblm -
.n.eJII1 HenOMepHblMI1. .LJ:eJIO B TOM, LJTO.D.JI JIl060H 3nOXI1 CJIe.n.yeT CLJl1TaTb
cnpaBe.n.JII1BblM CJIe.n.YJOmee YTBep)K)J,eHl1e: LJeJIOBeK, )l(I1BymI1H B 06me-
CTBe, He MO)l(eT 6bITb CB060.n.HbIM aT 3TOro 06meCTBa. Me)K)J,y TeM l1y.n.el1,
BbI.n.Bl1ra CBOI1 Tpe60BaHI1j1, XOTeJII1 I1MeHHO 3Toro: He.n.OCTI1)1(I1MOH
HHKor.n.a 11 HH B KaKOM 06meCTBe CB060.n.bI LJeJlOBeKa aT 06meCTBa, I1Mejl
B BI1.n.y )l(113Hb C MaKCI1MYMOM JlbroT, HO 6e3 06j13aHHOCTeH 21 . KaK y)l(e
OTMeLJaJlOCb, .D.JIjI l1)'.n.eeB no.n.06HbIH no.n.xo.n. K onpe.n.eJIeHI1JO c06CTBeH-
Horo CTa'I)'ca B 06meCTBa Ka3aJ1CjI BnOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHbIM.
flpe)K)J,e LJeM paCCMaTpl1BaTb pl1MCKYJO peaKQI1JO Ha .n.aHHbIe neTI1QHH,
XOTeJIOCb 6bI oc060 OTMeTl1Tb CJIe.n.YJOmHe .n.Ba MOMeHTa. OrMeLJeHHbIH
KOHcpJIHlIT He 6bIJI HI1 cpaTaJlbHblM, HH YHI1BepCanbHbIM. ECJII1 Tpe60BaHlliI
l1)'.n.eeB 06 OC060M K ce6e OTHOllleHl111 B CBjl3H C He06xo.n.I1MOCTbJO HM,
l1)'.n.ejlM, COXpaHI1Tb B03MO)l(HOCTb )l(HTb no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB MO)l(HO
Ha3BaTb YHHBepCaJlbHbIM j1BJIeHl1eM, xapaKTepHbIM .D.JIjI BceH I1MnepHI1,
TO CTeneHb HX BbIpIDKeHI1j1 11 OTBeTHaji peaKQI1j1 06meCTBa Ha 3TH Tpe-
60BaHHjI BCJO.n.y 6bIJIH pa3HbIMH.
3a npe.n.eJIaMI1 flaJIeCTI1Hbl 22 JIl1lllb B MaJlOH A31111 11 B EmnTe B CBjI-
311 C OTMeLJeHHbIMI1 BbIllle Tpe60BaHI1j1Ml1l1y.n.eeB Ha6JIJO.n.aJlaCb Me)l(3T-
HHLJeCKajl Hanpjl)l(eHHOCTb H B03HI1KaJla He06xo.n.I1MOCTb BMelllaTeJIbCT-
Ba BJIaCTeH .n.JIjI pa3pellleHHjI cl1'I)'aQI1I1.
1.JTO KaCaeTCjI .n.pyrl1x 06JIaCTeH, r.n.e )l(I1J1I1 l1)'.n.eH, - CeBepHIDI Acp-
pHKa, CHPI1j1, AHTHOXHjI, rpeQHjI (ct>eCCaJIOHHKa, Acpl1Hbl, KOpI1Hcp),
I1TaJIllii (npe)K)J,e Bcero PI1M), TO B HCTOLJHI1Kax HeT HI1KaKI1X ynoMI1HaHHH
a BbI.n.BI1)1(eHI1H l1y.n.ejlMI1 KaKI1X-JII160 cneQl1cpl1LJeCKI1X Tpe60BaHI1H B
3aml1'I)' CBoero npaBa :>KI1Tb no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB. COOTBeTCTBeHHO B
I1CTOLJHI1KaX HeT 11 HI1KaKOH I1HcpopMaQI1H a peaKQl111 BJIaCTeH Ha 3TI1
Tpe60BaHI1j1. 3.n.eCb B03MO)l(HbI .n.Ba OmjlCHeHI1j1: MO)l(eT 6bITb, B HeKOTO-
pblX perl10Hax 23 l1y.n.eHCKHe 06ml1HbI He 6bIJlI1 KpynHbIMI1 H CI1J1bHbIMI1,
B pe3YJIbTaTe LJero OTMeLJeHHbIe BbIllle Tpe60BaHlliIl1)'.n.eeB MOml1 3BYLJaTb
21 ElI.Ie pa3 OTMeTHM, '1TO B KaJK.llOM OTlleJJbHO B3JlTOM Tpe60BaHHH HYiIeeB HeT HU'ierO
OC06eHHOro. Oi1HaKO B3!1Tbie Bce BMeCTe, B YCiiOBIiJlX KOHKpeTHoro IiCTOpli'ieCKoro BpeMeHIi,
3TH Tpe60BaHIiJ1 BblmJ1llJ1T COBceM HHa'ie: nporpaMMoJ:i, HaI.leJJeHHOH Ha llOCTIi>KeHHe >KH3HH
6e3 06Jl3aHHOCTeH, HO co nbrOTaMIi.
22 Me>K3THH'ieCKlie KOH$nHKTbI B npliMopCKHX ropollax naneCTHHbI (KecapeJl) c;lellyeT
06"b!1CHJlTb HCXOllJlli3 KOHclJnHKTHoJ:i CHryaI.l1i1i B n1LleCTlme B ue,lOM. 3a clJopMa;lbHblM CXOllC-
TBOM npOJlIlo.eHUH CTOJ11lIi Bce >Ke pa:mH'iHble npli'iUHbl: KOHclJ.'IHKT B naneCTHHe 6bW ropa3.'lO
rny6>Ke U cepbe3Hee.
2J MbI He pacnonaraeM IiCTO'iHHKaMH, KOTopble n03BO,1Iinli 6bl BbICKa3aTbC!I n0.1p06-
Hee.
155
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uyoaU1M e ucmopuu PW.tCKOU pecny6JlUKlt u PU.\tCKOU UMnepltU
cJIa60, He BbJ3b1Baji 06J.J..{eCTBeHHOrO pe30HaHca - )l(eJIaHHjI BJIaCTeH
Bo061l1e KaK-TO Ha 3TH Tpe60BaHHjI pearl1pOBaTb. He HCKJII04eHO, 4TO B
KaKHX-TO perHOHaX Hy.n.el1 MornH 6b1Tb HacTpoeHbI Ha cOTpy.n.HH4ecTBo
C BJIaCTjlMI1 H HHTerpaUl110 C aHTH4HOH KYJIbl)'pOH, a He Ha KOHcppOHTa-
UHIO C 06J.J..{eCTBOM 24 . 1.JTO KaCaeTCjI PHMa, me KOJIH4eCTBO H)'.n.eeB 6bIJIO
.n.OCTaT04HO BeJIHKO, y HHX, BepOjiTHee Bcero, He 6bIJIO TaKOH np06JIeMbI,
KaK He06xo.n.HMOCTb OTCTaHBaTb npaBO )l(HTb no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB B
CBjl311 C OC06bIM rpIDK.D.aHCKHM CTal)'COM H)'.n.eeB B CTOJIHue (CM. HIDKe
C. .n.aHHOH rnaBbI).
)VIji npaBHJIbHoro nOHHMaHHjI HCTOpHH H)'LI.eeB .n.Hacnopbl B .n.peB-
HOCTH He06xo.n.HMO TaJOKe Y4HTbIBaTb CJIe.n.YlOllIHH cpaKT. LI,JIjI Bcero
3JIJIHHHCTH4ecKoro nepHo.n.a y Hac HeT HH o.n.Horo npHMepa 06pallleHHjI
l1y.n.eeB K BJIaCTJlM B CBjl3H C YllleMJIeHHeM HX npaBa )l(HTb no 3aKOHaM
npe.n.KOB25. T04HO TaK )l(e y Hac HeT HH o.n.Horo npHMepa pellleHHH 3JI-
JIHHHCTH4eCKHX MOHapXOB no 3TOMY Bonpocy. I1HblMH CJIOBaMH, cy.n.jI
no BceMY, He 6bIJIO caMOH np06JIeMbI: 3a npe.n.eJIaMH I1aJIeCTHHbI B 3JI-
JIHHHCTH4eCKoe BpeMjI B3aHMOOTHOllleHI1j1 H)'.n.eeB H BJIaCTeH YCTpaHBa-
JIH 06e CTOpOHbI.
2. KOHqJAHKTHble CHTYa HH B MaAOH fuHH
Tenepb 06parHMCjI K nepHneTl1j1M KOHcpJIHKTa B MaJIOH A3HH, HMejl
B BH.n.y, 4TO ero pa3BHTHe, npeKpaCHO onHcaHHoe BO Bcex .n.eTaJIjlX 110-
CHcpOM <1>JIaBHeM, xapaKTepHO TOJIbKO .D.JJjI 3TOro perHOHa H 4TO cmyaUI1j1
C npaBaMH Hy.n.eeB B .n.pyrHx 06JIaCTjlX HMnepHH 6bIJIa COBepllleHHO
HHOH.
I1pe)f()J,e Bcero OTMeTHM, 4TO peaKUHjI pHMCKHX BJIaCTeH Ha KOJIJIeK-
THBHbIe )l(aJI06bI Hy.n.eeB, HanpaBJIjleMbIe MapKY BHncaHHIO ArpHnne,
6bIJ1a BnOJIHe npe.n.CKa3yeMa, T. e. nOJIO)l(I1TeJIbHa. 3.n.eCb nepe.n. HaMH
ueJlWI nOmITH4eCKWI Tpa.n.HUIDI. nOCJIeLI.HHe coxpaHHBlllHeCjI KHHrH THTa
24 KOCBeHHble CBIIJleTeJIbCTBa, n03BOJlJlIOlI.\He npellnOJJararb nOJl06HOe, npHBeJleHbI Bblwe,
CM. c. 146-148.
" naTeTH'IeCKa!I HCTOpll!l 0 nOnbITKe IICTpe6.rIeHHJI Bcex HYlleeB B EfllnTe, H3JJOJKeHHa!I
B TpeTbeH KHHre MaKKaBeeB, cOBepweHHo aHTHHCTOpH'iHa. 3TOT cBoero pOlla IICTOpH'ieCKIIH
pOMaH HanHcaH B pHMcKOe BpeMJI. a TpeTbeH KHHre MaKKaBeeB CM. nOllpo6HO: Tcherikover
' The Third book of Maccabees as a historical source of Augustus' time II Scripta Hierosolymitana.
Vol. 7. Studies in History. Edited by A. Fuks ans I. Halpern. Jerusalem. 1961. P. 1-26. Paul A,
Le troisieme livre des Maccabees II ANRW. 11. 20, I. P. 298-336; The Old Testament Pseude-
pigrapha. Vol. 2. Edited by J. Ch. Charlesworth. New York, ]985. P. 509-529.
156
rJlaea 3. HycJeu u uycJalUl-I e PIL\/CKO.\t npaee (/e. do H, 3.-/e, H. 3.)
JIHBH» nOKa3bIBaJOT, KaK qaCTO B PHM C nOCOJIbCTBaMH e3.n.HJII1 npe.n.CTa-
BlITeJII1 MHOrHX ropo.n.OB H Hapo.n.OB, BTHHBa» ero npaBlITeJIei1 B pellleHHe
CBOHX BHyrpeHHHx np06JIeM 11 .n.06HBaJIHCb, KaK npaBHJIO, nOJIO)J{HTeJIb-
HbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB 26 . ,L{aHHbIe TIna JIHBI1» LI.OnOJIH»JOTC» 11 :ml1rpaqm-
KOH - .n.o Hallll1X .n.HeH COXpaHI1JIHCb Ha.n.nI1CH C TeKCTaMI1 pellleHI1H
ceHaTa, KacaJOIl..{I1Xc» TOro I1JIH HHOro Me)J()J,YHapo.n.Horo Bonpoca 27 .
npl1 3TOM )J,J1» P"MJI»H HOpMOH 6bIJIO 6JIarOCKJlOHHOe pacCMOTpeHl1e
.n.eJI npOCHTeJIeH. 3.n.ecb npe.n.cTaBJI»eTc» npHHQl1nl1aJIbHO BIDKHblM OT-
MeTI1Tb, 'ITa 3Ta 06uwrocy.n.apCTBeHHWI 6JIaroCKJlOHHOCTb no OTHOllleHI1JO
K «BapBapCKHM» Hapo.n.aM, 06paIl..{aJOlll.I1MC» C neTHQI1»MI1 B pl1MCKl1e
opraHbI BJIaCHi, B nOJIHOH Mepe pacnpocTpaH»eTc» 11 Ha l1)'.n.eeB. <1>aKTbl
nOKa3bIBalOT, 'ITa l1y.n.el1, Hll{)'Il..{l1e nOMep)J(KY pl1MCKHX BJIaCTeH B CJIY-
qa»x KOH<pJIHKTOB C MeCTHblM rpeqeCKI1M (I1JII1 3JIJIHHI13I1pOBaHHbIM)
HaCeJleHl1eM, nOJIyqaJIl1 31)' nOMep)J(KY B 60JIbWI1HCTBe CJIyqaeB 28 .
Pe.n.KI1M I1CKJlJOqeHHeM 6blJI OTKa3 HepOHa y.n.OBJIeTBOpI1Tb npocb6y "y-
.n.eeB H3 Kecapel1 a npe.n.OCTaBJIeHI1I1 paBHbIX npaB (Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud.,
XX, 183-184; Bel. Jud., II, 284).
MbI pacnOJIaraeM, K CqaCTbJO, .n.OCTaTOqHO 60JIbWHM KOJII1QeCTBOM
npl1MepOB, n03BOJI»JOIl..{I1X Ha KOHKpeTHbIX npl1MepaX npOCJIe.n.HTb, KaK
paCCMaTpl1BaJll1Cb He KOJIJIeKTI1BHbIe, a BnOJIHe KOHKpeTHble )J(aJI06bI
Hy.n.eeB npOBHHQl111 A3H» pl1MCKI1M BJIaCT»M 29 .
B 06lll.eH CJIO)J(HOCTI1 B QeTblpHa.n.QaToi1 11 llleCTHa.n.QaTOH KHHrax
«Hy.n.eHCKHX .n.peBHOCTeH» Hocl1<pa <1>JIaBI1» co.n.ep)J(aTc» nepeBo.n.bl Ha
rpeQeCKI1H TeKCTOB Tpl1LI.QaTI1 o.n.Horo 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbHoro perneHH» 06
l1)'.n.e»x, OTHOC»Il..{HXC» KO BpeMeHI1 npaBJIeHI1» Ue3ap» (49-44 rr..n.o H. 3.)
H ABrycTa (27 r. .n.o H. 3. - 14 r. H. 3.) HOCI1<p <1>JIaBI1i1 npe)J,J1araeT He-
.n.oBepQI1BOMY QI1TaTeJIJO nOCeTHTb ropo.n.cKl1e apxHBbI Ha KanHTOJII1I1,
QT06bI c06cTBeHHblMH rJIa3aMH B3rJI»H)'Tb Ha Opl1rHHaJIbl .n.0KYMeHToB
26Liv" XLIV, 19,6-14; XLV, 13-14; XLV. ]9-20,21-25.44,4-13.
27 SEG., 3, 451; OGlS, 1, 351, II, 435, 436, 441,442; SIG., II, 928; S]G., I, 3 ]5; ]GRR.,
4, 262 etc.
28 CM., HanpHMep Stern M. The Jewish Diaspora II The Jewish People in the First Cen-
tury. Historical Geography, Political History, Social, Cultural and Religious Life and Institutions,
Volume One. Edited by S. SafTai and M. Stern in co-operation with D. Flusser and W. C. van
Unnik.Assen, 1974. P. 129,139, 143-147; Sartre M L' Asie Mineure etl'Anatolie d' Alexandre
a Diocletien (lVe s. avo J-C IIlle s. ap. J-C.). Paris, 1995. P. 3] 9-322. CM. TaKJKe JJe6uHcKaR
11. A, YKaJ. CO'i. C. 348.
2. CHCTeMaTH'leCKHH H aHaJJHTH'ieCKHH 0630p 3THX JaKOHOB, COllepJKalIlHXC!I 8 TeKCTe
HOCH<jJa <1>JJaBH!I, npHBe.lleH B CJJe.lly/oweH CTaThe - Saulnier C. Lois romaines sur les Juifs
selon Flavius Josephe II RB, 88. 1981. P. 161-198. AHaJJH3Y Bcex 3THX JaKOHOB nOCBllweHa
XOPOWaJI CTaTbll T. P3.llJKaK - Rajak T. Was there a Roman Charter for the Jews? II JRS. ] 984.
Vol. 74. P. 107-123.
157
A. f. fpyweBOIi. l1ydeu u uydau3M 6 ucmopuu PIL\ICKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU lL\tnepUu
(FI. Jos., Ant. Jud., XIV, 187-188). BBH.n.y 04eBH.n.HoH HeB03Mo:IKHOCTH
CLl.eJIaTb 3TO, HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIH oueHHBalOT 3TH .n.OK}'MeHTbI nO-pa3HOMY.
TeM He MeHee B nOCJIe.n.Hee BpeM5I B0306JIa.n.aJlo n03HTHBHoe OTHOllleHHe
K O$HUHaJlbHbIM .n.OK}'MeHTaM B TeKCTe HOCH$a cI>JIaBH5I; 6blJlO pellleHO,
4TO OHH 3aCJIY'J(HBaIOT .n.OBepH5I30. 4TO, Bnp04eM, 11 nOH5ITHO: 6bIJlO 6bl
CJIHlllKOM HeBep05ITHbIM .n.OnycTHTb, 4TO HOCH$ cI>JIaBHH, BepOH H npaB-
.n.OH CJIY'J(HBlllHH HHTepecaM PHMa, Mar 6bI TaKoe BbI.n.)'MaTb. O.n.HaKO )J(e
Bonpoc 06 HCTOpH4HOCTH 3THX .n.OK}'MeHTOB MO)J(HO pelllHTb H HHa1.Je, Ha
60JIee np01.JHOM $YH.n.aMeHTe.
KaK H3BeCTHO, nepBbIe MeC5IUbI Hy.n.eHcKoH BOHHbI conpOBmK.n.aJlHCb
MaCCOBbIM B3aHMHbIM HCTpe6JIeHHeM H)'.n.eeB H 3JIJlHHH3HpoBaHHoro Hace-
JIeHH5I BO Bcex ropo.n.ax DmDKHero BOCTOKa H B AJIeKcaH.n.pHH. HH1.Jero
no.n.06Horo He 6bIJIO B ropo.n.ax MaJlOH A3HH. O.n.HOH H3 npH4HH TIara
5IBJIeHlliI 6bIJ1 TOT $aKT, 1.JTO B ManoH A3HH, B OTJIH4He OT ropO.n.OB DJIIDKHe-
ro BOCTOKa, H)'.n.eH )J(HJII1 B ropo.n.ax C rpe1.JeCKHM, a He C 3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHbIM,
1.Jal.L{e Bcero apaMeHCKHM HaCeJIeHHeM 31 . O.n.HaKO 60JIee cymeCTBeHHO TO,
4TO Ha DJIIDKHeM BOCTOKe npaBOBbIe OCHOBbI B3aHMOOTHOllleHHH Pa3.JIH1.J-
HbIX 3THH4ecKHX 06l.L{HH B ropo.n.ax co CMelllaHHbIM HaCeJIeHHeM Bo06me
HHKaK He 6bIJIH yperyJIHpOBaHbI. 4To)J(e Kacae-rC5I ManoH A3HH, TO OTCyr-
CTBHe 3.n.ecb KOH$JIHKTOB B ro.n.bI Hy.n.eHcKoH BOi1HbI Y'J(e caMO no ce6e
CBH.D.e-reJIbCTBye-r a TOM, 'ITa 6a3a )J,.TU1 3THX KOH$JlHKTOB OTcyrCTBOBana.
HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, npaBoBbIe B3aHMOOTHOllleHH5I 3THH1.JeCKHX 06mHH
Me)J()J,y C060H H C BepxOBHOH BJIaCTblO 6bIJIH yperYJIHpOBaHbl Ha y.n.OB-
JIeTBOp5I1Ol.L{eM Bcex ypoBHe. E.n.HHCTBeHHbIMH )J(e H3BeCTHbIMH HaM
.n.OK}'MeHTaMH, peryJIHpYIOl.L{HMH B3aHMOOTHOlIleHH5I Hy.n.eeB, rpe1.JeCKHX
ropo.n.OB H ueHTpaJIbHOH BJIaCTH B MaJIoH A3HH, 5IBJI5IIOTC5I 3aKOHbI,
rpe4ecKHH nepeBO.n. KOTOpbIX coxpaHeH HOCH$OM cI>JIaBHeM.
nOMemeHHe B HCTOpH1.JeCKHH KOHTeKCT HH$OpMaUHH, CB5I3aHHOH C
3aKOHaMH, coxpaHHBlIlHMHC5I TOJIbKO B TeKCTe HocH$a cI>JIaBH5I, n03BO-
JI5IeT .n.OKa3aTb nO)J,JIHHHOCTb 3TH X 3aKOHOB Ha np01.JHOH OCHOBe, a He Ha
JIOrH1.JeCKHX )'M03aKJII01.JeHH5IX. 3.n.eCb, npe)J()J,e 4eM nepexo.n.HTb K pac-
CMOTpeHHIO KOHKpeTHbIX $aKTOB, He06xo.n.HMO CLl.eJIaTb O.n.HO yr04HeHHe
06l.L{ero nJIaHa. B HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbCKOH JIHTeparype HOBoro H HOBeHlllero
30 KOJJH'ieCTBO pa60T 06 3TliX 1l0KYMeHTax BeJJIiKO. CM., HanpHMep: JJeeuHcKaR JI. A.
)JeJlHIiJi anOCTOJJOB Ha $oHe HYlleHcKOJ:i llHaCnOpbl. Cn6., 2000. c. 242-248; Rajak T. Was
there a Roman Charter for the Jews II JRS. ] 984. Vol. 74. P. 107-123; Saulnier Chr. Lois ro-
maines sur les juifs selon Flavius Josephe II RB. 1988. Vol. 81. P. ]6]-] 98. B nOCJle.1lHeH
CTaTbe npHBelleHa nOJlHa!I KJJaCcH<pIiKaUH!I )THX iIOKYMeHTOB no BH.llaM Ii OC06eHHOCTJlM
npHHHMaeMblX peweHHH.
JI a BpaJKlle )J)J)HHH3HpoBaHHbIx apaMeeB H HYiIeeB CM.: Tcherikover. Op. cit. P. 113 H B
OC06eHHOCTIi npliM. 124.
158
TJla6a 3, Hydeu u uydal/.3. 1 6 plLlIICKO-W npaee (/e, 00 H, 3,-/e, H, 3.)
BpeMeHH B03HHKJlO onpe.n.eJIeHHe 3THX .n.OK)'MeHTOB HMeHHO KaK npHBH-
JIerHH. Ha:3BaHHe 3TO HeT04HO, H60 nepe.n. HaMH He 061l1erocy.n.apCTBeH-
Hoe 06H3aTeJIbHOe 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbCTBO 06 Hy.n.eHx, a MHOr04HCJIeHHble
npHMepbl pellleHHH BbIClllHX .n.omKHOCTHbIX JIHIJ., KacaIOllIHXCH np06JIeM
l1)'.n.eeB B O.n.HOM KOHKpeTHoM ropo.n.e I1JIH perHOHe. KaK 6y.n.eT nOKa3aHO
HH:lKe, OT.n.eJIbHbIe nonbITKH npoBecTH 06ll1erocy.n.apCTBeHHbIe 3aKOHbI
06 l1)'.n.eHX ycnexa He HMeJIH.
npHBO.n.HMbIe HH)I(e <paKTbI nOKa3bIBaIOT, npaB.n.a, 4TO faH IOJIHH
Ue3apb nbITaJICH npOBeCTH Ha 06ll1erocy.n.apCTBeHHOM ypOBHe OCB060)1(-
.n.eHHe Hy.n.eeB aT BoeHHOH CJIY)l(6bI. O.n.HaKO HMeIOllIHHCH y 110cH<pa
ct>JIaBHH MaTepHaJI nOKa3bIBaeT, 4TO nOnbITKa 3Ta 6bIJla 6e3ycnelllHOH.
nOJIHTH4eCKaH HeCTa6HJIbHOCTb nOCJIe.n.HHX JIeT CYllleCTBOBaHHH pec-
ny6JIHKH npaKTH'IeCKH HCKJlI04aJJa B03MO)l(HOCTb TOro, 4T06bI KaKOH-JIH60
3aKOH, npHHHTbIH B 3TH ro.n.bI, Mar peaJIbHO BOnJIOlllaTbCH B )l(113Hb H
.n.eHCTBOBaTb LLJIHTeJIbHOe BpeMH.
113 4HCJIa coxpaHHBlllHXCH y 110cH<pa ct>JIaBHH nepeBo.n.OB 3aKOHOB
60JIblllHHCTBO OTHOCHTCH K MaJJOH A3HH, HO HeCKOJIbKO - K naJIeCTHHe,
H .n.a)l(e KHpeHaHKe. 3aKOHbI, OTHOCHllIHeCH K naJIeCTHHe, CBH3aHbI C
HMeHeM Ue3apH. ,L{HKTaTOp no.n.TBep)l()J,aJJ HaCJIe.n.CTBeHHbIe npaBa nep-
BOCBHllIeHHHKa, HaJJorOBbIe JIbrOTbl .n.JIH naJJeCTHHbl, npaBa nepBOCBH-
llIeHHHKa no 3alllHTe Hy.n.eeB .n.Hacnopbl, paCnOpH)I(aJJCH no nOBO.n.y B03-
Be.n.eHHH YKpelliIeHHH BOKpyr l1epycaJJHMa (F1. Jos., XIV, 190-201).
Ko BpeMeHH npaBJIeHHH Ue3apH H nepBblM ro.n.aM nOCJIe ero cMepTH
OTHOCHTCH TaIOKe He60JIbllllUl rpynna O<pHIJ.HaJJbHblX .n.OKYMeHTOB, no.n.-
TBep)l()J,aIOllIHX oCB060)l()J,eHHe l1)'.n.eeB OT BoeHHOH CJlY)l(6bI 32 , T04Hee-
OT 06H3aTeJIbHoro peKpYTcKoro Ha60pa. ,L{OK)'MeHTbI OTHOCHTCH K MaJJO-
a3HHCKHM ropo.n.aM 3<pecy, Cap.n.aM H oCTpoBaM ,L{eJIocy H KOC 33 . 3.n.ecb
BCTpe4aIOTCH .n.Ba THna .n.OK)'MeHTOB, CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOllIHX, BH.n.HMO, a
HenOCJle.n.OBaTeJIbHOCTH n03HIJ.HH pHMJIHH no Bonpocy 06 06H3aTeJIbHO-
CTH BoeHHOH CJIY)l(6bl l1)'.n.eeB.
32 CJJOJKHJJOCb YCTOH'iHBOe MHeHHe 0 TOM, 'iTO HYlleH 6blJJH OCBo60JK.lleHbl OT 06!13aTeJlb-
Hoil BoeHHoii CJJYJK6bl. flpHBelleHHble JlOXYMeHThI JlCHO .llOKaJbIBaIOT, 'iTO 3TO MHCP. HYlleu
CJlYJKHJJH DO ecex apMHJlX J],peBHero MHpa (ecrecTBeHHO, rex paiiOHOB, rJle HY.lleH JKIU1H H rile
CYll\eCTBOBaJIH roCYJlapCTBa). <1>aKTbl CBHJleTeJlbCTBYIOT ° TOM, '1TO KaK paJ OCBo6oJK.lleHHe
HYlleeB OT BoeHHOH CJJyJK6bI 6bIJlO HeTHnH'iHbIM H OTHOCHJJOCb JJHWb K OTlleJlbHblM KaTero-
pH!lM illOlleJ:i OTlleJlbHbIX ropOJlOB. CaM !j>aKT, '1TO U3 OTMe'ieHHbIX B nOCJlellYIOll\HX npHMe'ia-
H!1JlX 3aKOHOB HeCKOJlbKO OTHOC!lTCJI K 3cpecy, nOKa3bIBaeT, KCTaTH, CJlellYlOwee. Ha pHMcKOe
npellnHcaHHe JlaJKe B rollbl npaBJJeHHJI Ue3apJl cMoTpe_1H KaK Ha He O'ieHb 06J13areJlbHOe K
HCnOJJHeHHIO. (0 BoeHHoii CJJYJK6e HYlleeB B pHMCKOii apMHH 11 B LleJlOM B aHTH'iHOCTH CM.
nOllpo6HO -Juster 1. Les juifs dans 1 'Empire Romain. Leur condition juridique, economique
et sociale. Tome second. Paris, 1914. P. 265-279.)
33 FI. 105., Ant.Jud., XIV, 228-229; 230; 23 ]-232; 233; 234; 235; 236-237; 238-240.
159
A. r. fpyweBoH, l1ycJeu u uydaU3.lf e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6.1uKIt It PlLlfCKOU lLlttlepUIt
8 Tpex .n.oK)'MeHTax (HO TOJ1bKO B Tpex!) 3aKOHo.n.aTeJ1b BbICKa3bIBa-
eTC» npe.n.eJIbHO 4e-rKO: H)'.n.eH OCB060)f()J,alOTC» OT 06»3aTeJIbHoi1 BoeHHoH
CJ1}')K6bI Ha TOH HJIH HHOH TeppHTopHH. npH 3TOM .n.Ba H3 HHX OTHOCHC»
K O.n.HOH npoBHHLlHH (A3HI1), a O.n.HH HMeeT 06l..Uerocy.n.apcTBeHHblH xa-
paJITep. npe.n.cTaBJI»eTc» HaH60J1ee y.n.06Hb1M Ha4aTb 0630p .n.oK)'MeHToB
C nOCJ1e.n.Hero, KaK YHHKaJJbHoro B CBoeM po.n.e.
110cHQ> <1>J1aBHM c006l..UaeT, 4TO 1 OKT»6p» 47 r. .n.o H. 3. faM IOJ1HH
lJ,e3apb B OQ>HLlHaJJbHOM .n.oK)'MeHTe, a.n.pecoBaHHoM nepBocB»I..QeHHHKY
(Fl. Jos., XlV., 202-210), nepe4HCJ1»eT pa3J1H4HbIe npHBHJ1erHH, KOTopble
.n.apYfOTC» H)'.n.e»M B LleJ10M H nepBocB»l..UeHHHKY B 4aCTHOCTH. Cpe.n.H
np04ero B 3TOM .n.oKYMeHTe 06paI..Qae-r Ha ce6» BHHMaHHe CJ1e.n.YfOl..Uee.
3aKoHo.n.aTeJ1b 3anpeI..Qae-r (Ant. Jud.., XIV, 204) KOMY 6bI TO HH 6bIJ10 H3
.n.OJDKHOCTHbIX J1HLl npOBo.n.HTb Ha60pbI COJ1.n.aT Ha TeppHTopH»X, Hace-
J1eHHbIX Hy.n.e»MH. KOHTeKCT no.n.CKa3bIBaeT, 4TO .n.J1» caMara lJ,e3ap»
Bonpoc a BoeHHOH c.ny)l({)e Hy.n.eeB 6bIJ1 BTOpOCTeneHHbIM, »BJI»»Cb O.n.HOH
H3 COCTaBJI»fOI..QHX Ha60pa J1brOT )J,JI» H)'.n.eeB B LleJIOM.
113 .n.BYX .n.OK)'MeHTOB, nOCB»l..UeHHbIX 3anpe1)' Ha60pa H)'.n.eeB B apMHfO
Ha TeppHTopHH OT.n.eJIbHO B3HOH npOBHHLlHH (A3HH), 06paI..Qae-r Ha ce6»
BHHMaHHe XpOH0J10rH4eCKH 60J1ee n03.n.HHH, H60 3.n.eCb 3TOT 3anpeT
no.n.P06HO MOTHBHpye-rC».
l1y.n.eH He npH3bIBa1OTC» B apMHfO, H60 B YCJ10BI1»X BoeHHoH CJ1Y)l(6bl
OHH He B COCTO»HHH Co6J1fO.n.aTb cy6601)' H no.ny4aTb npHBbI4H)'fO nHl..U y 34.
TaK HaMeCTHHK npOBHHLlI1H A3HjI ,L{0J1a6eJ1J1a 3a»BJ1»eT B nHCbMe aT
24 »HBap» 43 r. .n.o H. 3., HanpaBJIeHHOM B 3Q>ec. HaMeCTHHK nocrynHJ1
TaK, OTKJIHKH)'BlllHCb Ha J1H4HYfO npocb6y npe.n.CTaBHTeJ1» nepBOCB»-
l..UeHHHKa 35 . 3a n»Tb JIeT )].0 3TOro J1eraT npOBHHLlHH THT AMnHH DaJJb6
nHCaJJ TO )l(e caMoe B nl1CbMe, OnjlTb )l(e HanpaBJIeHHOM B ropo.n. 3Q>ec.
8 3TOM )].oK)'MeHTe 06paI..UaeT Ha ce6» BHHMaHHe CJIe.n.yfOI..Q oco6eH-
HOCTb fOpH.n.H4ecKoH npoLle.n.ypbI. OCB060)l()J,aeT Hy.n.eeB aT BoeHHOH
CJ1Y)l(6bI He HaMeCTHHK npOBHHLlHH, a KOHCYJ1 no 3anpocy HaMeCTHHKa
npOBHHLlI1H. 80 BTOpOM H3 3THX .n.oK)'MeHToB - BO BC»KOM c.ny4ae, B
TOM BH.n.e, B KaKOM era npHBo.n.HT 110CHQ> <1>JlaBHH, - aprYMeHToB B
n0J1b3Y oCB060)f()J,eHH» H)'.n.eeB OT BoeHHOH CJ1Y)l(6bI HeT.
8 )].aHHOM c.ny4ae onpe.n.eJ1eHHbIe BbIBO.n.bl n03BOJI»e-r c.n.eJ1aTb H co-
nOCTaBJIeHHe 3TI1X .n.oK)'MeHToB. faH IOJ1HH lJ,e3apb, oCB060)f()J,a» H)'.n.eeB
J4 flepBblH 1l0KYMeHT - FI. 10s., Ant. Jud.., XIV, 223-227. BTOpOH 1l0KYMeHT. FI. 10s.,
Ant. Jud., XIV, 230.
JS EllBa JJH MO)l(HO npellCTaBHTb ce6e, '1TO nOCJJaHHHK nepBOCBJllI.IeHHHKa Mor npHexaTb
K Ha.\leCTHHKY .llpyroH npOBHHUHH C nYCTblMH PYKaMH. K COJKaJIeHHIO' HOCH!\! <1>JJaBHH He
npHBODJlT HHKaKOH HH$OpM3lIHH no )TOMY Bonpocy.
160
r:wea 3, l1yoeu II lIydaU3.11 e pU.IICKo.lIllpaee (/6, do H, :), -. Ie, H, 3.)
OT BOeHHOH CJIY)I(6b1, CTpeMHJICg He CTOJIbKO K pellleHHIO :noro Bonpoca
KaK TaKa Bora, CKOJIbKO XOTeJI JIHlllHHH pa3 Bblpa3HTb CBOH .n.PY)I(eCKHe
'-IYBCTBa KaK nOJIHTHKa Hy.n.eHCKOMY .n.HHacry, nOMep)l(aBllleMY era B
TJJY.n.H)'1O MI1H)'ry36.
Cy.n. g no BceMY, 06a HaMeCTHHKa A3HH, npHHHMaBwHe pellleHHe 06
oCB060)l()J,eHHH Hy.n.eeB aT BoeHHOH CJIY)I(6bl B OT.n.eJIbHOH npOBHHUHH,
nocrynaJJH TaK He no c06CTBeHHOH HHHUHaTHBe H He BCJIe.n.CTBHe npo-
Hy.n.eHCKHX B3fJIgJ{OB, a B pe3YJIbTaTe Tpe3BOH oueHKH nOJIHTH'-IeCKOH
cHryaUHH H nocrynHBlllHx K HHM npocb6, KOTopble HM H3 nOJIHTH'-IeCKHX
co06pIDKeHHH 6b1JIO HeB03MO)l(HO He BbInOJIHHTb 37 . LJ:eHcTBHTeJIbHO, THT
AMnHH DaJJb6 He pelllHJICg npHHJ:JTb TaKoe pellleHHe caM, a nepea.n.peco-
BaJJ np06JIeMY BblcllleMY .n.OJI)I(HOCTHOMY JIHUY rocy.n.apcTBa - KOHCY.rry.
BepOJ:JTHee Bcero, npH'-IHHOH 06paweHHJI THTa AMnHJI B BblClllHe HHC-
TaHUHH 6blJIO TO 06CTOJITeJIbCTBO, '-ITO cHryauml He HMeJIa npeue.n.eHTa.
LJ:eHcTBHTeJIbHO, .n.o :noro MOMeHTa pHMJIJIHe HHKor.n.a HHKOMY TaKHX
JIbrOT He npe.n.OCTaBJIgJIH, H HaMeCTHHK He pelllHJICJI 6paTb Ha ce6g OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a peweHHe CTOJIb Heo6bl'-lHOH cHryaUHH. OOHgTHO TaK-
)l(e, '-ITa KOHCYJI pelllaJJ Bonpoc HCXO.n.JI H3 co06pIDKeHHH nOJIHTH'-IeCKOH
ueJIeC006pa3HOCTH - YCTaHOBHBlllHXCg B ueJIOM .n.PY)I(eCTBeHHbIX B3a-
HMOOTHOllleHHH PHMa H H)'.n.eHCKHX .n.I1HaCTOB.
ConOCTaBJIeHHe I1CTO'-IHHKOB n03BOJUleT, KCTaTH, 6e3 TJJy.n.a onpe.n.eJIHTb,
nO'-leMY HeH3BeCTHblH HaM npeJ{CTaBHTeJIb nepBOCBgll.{eHHHKa (I1JIH, K
npHMepy, H)'.n.eHCKOH .n.Hacnopbl npOBHHUHH A3Hg) 06paTHJICg K HaMeCT-
HHKY C npocb60H 06 oCB060)l()J,eHI1H H)'.n.eeB OT BoeHHOH C.rry)l({)bI. Pellle-
HHe KOHCYJIa, «3aBH3HpOBaHHoe» HaMeCTHHKOM npOBI1HUHI1 H .n.aJJee ne-
peJ{aHHoe )J,JIg OfJIallleHHg B 3cpece, 6blJI0 npHHJ:JTO B 49 r. .n.o H. 3. 31'0
6blJI ro.n. pe3Koro 060CTpeHHg cHryaUHH B MaJJOH A3HH B CBJI3H C TeM,
'-ITa HMeHHO TaM B 3TO BpeMg pa3BOpa'-lHBaJJHCb BoeHHble .n.ei1cTBHg Me)l(-
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WaJOmeH n06e.n.e lJ,e3apg B H3BeCTHOH 6HTBe npH cpapcaJJe 38 . )l{eJIaHHe
nepBOCBgll.{eHHHKa no B03MO)l(HOCTH 3amHTHTb CBOHX e.n.HHOBepueB Bbl-
fJIJIJ{HT B TaKOH cHryaUHH COBepweHHO nOHJITHblM H 3aKOHOMepHbIM.
l{epe3 llleCTb JIeT B MaJJOH A3HH CJIO)l(HJIaCb aHaJJOrH'-IHaJI cHryaUHg.
B CBJI3H B 3TI1M npe.n.CTaBHTeJIb nepBOCBgll.{eHHHKa 06paTHJICg K HaMe-
JO B 47 r. 110aHH rHpKaH OmpaBHJJ Ha nOMOmb Lle3apIO B AneKCaHllpHIO nOJlYTopaTbI-
CJl'iHbIJ:i OTpIl.ll BOHHOB, KOTOpbIll OKa3aJJ CYWeCTBeHHYIO nO.1l.1lep)KKY raw IOJJHIO. CM.: Fl.
los., Ant. Jud., XIV, 192; XIV, 139.
J7 BH.llHMO, Bce )Ke K 060HM HaMeCTHHKaM 06paWaJJHcb C cooTBeTCTBYlOweH npocb60if
npellCTaBHTeJJH nepBOCBIIUleHHHKa.
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llaHCKHX BOHH)) AnnHaHa.
161
A. f, fpyweBOH. Y vdeu U uydaU1M e ucmopuu PW.ICKOU peCny611UKU U PUMCKOU u.unepzllI
CTHHK)' npOBHHQHH A311R co CXO)f(eH npocb60H 39 .
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OTMeTHTb, lJ:TO 60J1blllHHCTBO 113 HI1X OTHOCI1TCR K 49 11 48 rr. .n.o H. 3.),
RBJ1RIOll.\I1XCR CBoero po.n.a yrOlJ:HeHl1eM pellleHI1R TI1Ta AMnHR DaJIb6a.
B Mae HJ111 HIOHe 49 r. .n.o H. 3. KOHCYJ1 JIYQHH JIeH1)'J1 B npHcyrcTBHI1
60J1blllOro KOJ1I1lJ:eCTBa CBH.n.eTeJ1eH 3aRBJ1ReT 06 oCB060)!()J,eHHH B 3<pe-
ce nepe.n. TPH6YHaJIOM 40 H)'.n.eeB - pl1MCKHX rpIDK.D.aH, I1MelOlLll1X 06b1K-
HOBeHl1e C06J1IO.n.aTb H)'.n.eHcKHe peJ1HrH03Hble 06pR.n.bl B 3<pece. CaMa
onHcaHHIDI CH1)'aQHR, KCTaTH, npe.n.nOJ1araeT, lJ:TO H)'.n.eH 6b1J111 npH3BaHbl
B apMl110 11 pl1MCKI1M .n.OJ1)f(HOCTHblM J1HQaM npHllIJ10Cb cneQl1aJ1bHO
pelllaTb 31)' np06J1eMY.
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3peHIUI, no CBoeM)' 3HalJ:eHHIO npaKTHlJ:eCKH COOTBeTCTBYeT 3anpery npH-
3blBa B apMHIO H)'.n.eeB O.n.HOH npOBHHQHH. PI1MCKHH rpIDK.D.aHHH, npH-
3BaHHblH Ha BoeHH)'1O CJ1)')K6y, He Mor H36e)f(aTb YlJ:aCTIUI B onpe.n.eJ1eHHblX
K)'J1bTOBbIX .n.eHCTBHRX 06ll.\erocy.n.apCTBeHHoro 3HalJ:eHI1R, npaKTHKOBaB-
llIHXCR B apMI1H. (npaB.n.a, caM .n.OK)'MeHT, QHTHpyeMblH 110CH<poM cI>J1a-
BHeM, n03B0J1ReT npe.n.n0J10)f(HTb, lJ:TO B apMHIO 6bml1 npl13BaHbl He TOJ1b-
KO H)'.n.el1 - pHMCKHe rpIDK.D.aHe. B 3TOM CJ1}"1ae npI1Xo.n.HTCR .n.OnyCTHTb,
1ff0 Mepbl no 3anpery npH3blBa Hy.n.eeB KaCaJIHCb .n.aJIeKO He Bcex B03-
MO)f(HbIX KaTerOpl1H a)J,enTOB Hy.n.eHCKOH BepbI.) Oc060 XOTeJ10Cb 6b1
OTMeTHTb CJ1e.n.ylOll.\ee 06CTOJITeJ1bCTBO. CJ10BOCOlJ:eTaHHe «H)'.n.eH - PWM-
CKHH rpIDK.D.aHHH, C06J1IO.n.alOlLlI1H CBOI1 peJ1HrH03Hble 06bl'faH» MO)f(eT B
nepBblH MOMeHT BbI3BaTb y.n.HBJIeHHe, 1160 pl1MCKHH rpIDK.D.aHI1H, nOKJIO-
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J1eHl1e B H3BecTHoH Mepe npOTHBoecTecTBeHHoe. O.n.HaKo Ha)J,O 3aMeTHTb,
1ff0 pacnpocTpaHeHl1e pHMCKOro rpIDK.D.aHCTBa cpe.n.H Hapo.n.oB HMnepHH
co Bcei1 HeH36e)I(HOCTblO BJIeKJIO ero .n.eBaJIbBaQI1IO. ECTeCTBeHHo, P"M-
CKHH rpIDK.D.aHHH B PHMe BO II B. .n.o H. 3. (MapK nOPQHH KaTOH, HanpH-
Mep) H pHMCKHH rpIDK.D.aHHH B MIDKHeBOCTOlJ:HbIX npOBHHQHRX H3 lJ:I1CJ1a
MeCTHblX )f(HTeJ1eH BIB. H. 3. - 3TO .n.Be npHHQHnHaJIbHO pa3Hble <pHry-
pbI. .L{ocTaTOlJ:HO BcnOMHHTb, 'fTO pHMCKI1M rpIDK.D.aHHHOM ropo.n.a Tapca
6bm anOCTOJ1 naBeJ1, BCR .n.eRTeJ1bHOCTb KOTOpOro, 06'beKTHBHO rOBopR,
6blJ1a HanpaBJIeHa npoTHB TOro rocy.n.apCTBa, lJ:bHM BblClllHM rpIDK.D.aHCKO-
npaBOBblM cnrrycoM OH 06J1a)J,aJI.
39 Ha ceH paJ pe'ib wJla 0 Ha'iaJIbHoi! CT3llHH nOCJlellHeH BOHHbl MeJKJlY pecny6J1HKaHua-
MH H Ue3apHaHUaMH, OKOH'iHBWeHCR 6HTBOH npH <1>1L'IHnnaX B 42 r. )10 H. 3., KOr)1a 6blJlO
CJlOMJleHO conpDTHllJleHHe nOCJJe)1HHX pecny6jIHKaHUeB (6pYT H KaCCHH).
... HHblMH CJlOBaMH - B XO)1e O!jlHUHILlbHOH npoue.'Iypbl.
162
TJlaea 3, f vdeu u uydQllJ.u e pZLlfCKO.U npa6e (/6, do H, :],-/ G, H 3.)
B03Bpall.{aHCb K HOCI1<t>y <l>J1aBI1l0 11 UI1Tl1pyeMbIM 11M .n.OKYMeHTaM,
OTMeTI1M, ....TO OH npHmlCbIBaeT TOMY )f{e KOHCY.I1)' J1yul1lO J1eHryJ1Y ell.{e
O.n.HO pellleHl1e aHaJIOrH'fHOro xapaKTepa (Fl. J05., Ant. Jud., XIV, 234):
B 3<t>ece oCB060)K)J,aIOTCH OT BoeHHOH CJ1y:>K6bI l1y.n.eH - pl1MCKl1e rproK-
.n.aHe, HMelOll.\He 06bIKHoBeHI1e HCnOJ1HHTb CBOI1 peJ1HrH03Hble 06pH.n.bI
HMeHHO B 3<t>ece. Ha ceH pa3 .n.OK)'MeHT I1MeeT To'mylO .n.aTHpOBK)' -
19 HIOHH. DJ1H30CTb no cBoeMY xapaKTepy 11 <t>opMe .n.OKYMeHToB, OTMe-
'feHHbIX B npI1Me....aHHHX 332 H 333, .n.aBHO )')Ke HaBeJ1a I1CCJ1e.n.oBaTeJ1eH
Ha MbICJ1b 0 TOM, 'ITO 3TO MOryr 6bITb .n.y6J1eTbI o.n.Horo 11 Toro )f{e TeKCTa,
KOTOpbIH BnOJ1He Mor «pa3.n.BOI1TbCH» 113-3a 113BeCTHOH XaOTI1'fHOCTI1,
npl1cyrcTBYIOll.\eH y HOCH<t>a <l>J1aBI1H B no.n.a'fe 3TOro MaTepHaJIa 41 .
Y Hocl1<t>a <l>J1aBI1H KOHCYJ1 J1YUI1H J1eHryJ1 BMeCTe CO CBOHM KOJ1J1eroH
faeM MapueJ1J10M npl1HHMalOT ell.{e O.n.HO pellleHl1e aHaJIOrl1....Horo xa-
paKTepa, HO, B03MO)f{HO, oceHblO, 19 ceHTH6pH. TaK, BO BCHKOM CJ1Y'fae,
3anHcaHO B .n.OK)'MeHTe (Fl. J05., Ant. Jud., XIV, 228-229). B pe3YJ1bTaTe
npI1Xo.n.HTCH npl13HaTb, ....TO MbI He 3HaeM, CKOJ1bKO HMeHHO npl1HHMaJIOCb
no.n.06HblX 06ll.\erocy.n.apCTBeHHbIX H J10KaJ1bHbIX 3aKOHOB no nOBO.n.y
OCB060)K)J,emtH H)'.n.eeB OT BoeHHOH C.I1)')f{6bll1 KaKI1M 6bIJ10 HX co.n.ep)f{a-
HHe. HeKOTOpble pa3J1I1....HH B .n.eTaJIHX (Hanpl1Mep KOJ1I1'1eCTBO CBH.n.eTeJIeH)
H B OnHCaHI1H caMOH npoue.n.ypbI OCB060)K)J,eHI1H OT BoeHHOH CJ1)')K6bl
n03B0J1HIOT .n.onYCTHTb, 'fTO TaKHX pellleHHH 6bUIO npl1HHTO .n.Ba - Bec-
HOH H oceHblO 49 r. .n.o H. 3. 42
KaK 6bl TaM HI1 6bUIO, caMO H306H.III1e OTMe'feHHbIX pellleHHH roBOpHT
o HH3KOH 3<t><t>eKTHBHOCTH 3aKOHo.n.aTeJ1bCTBa B paCCMaTpHBaeMOH c<t>epe.
npHHHTHe pellleHI1H COBepllleHHO He rapaHTHpOBaJIO ero BbInOJ1HeHI1H,
'fTO BH.n.HO Ha npHMepe nOBTopOB Bcex 3TI1X 3aKOHOB B Te'leHHe KOPOT-
Koro npOMe)l()'TKa BpeMeHH. HHbIMI1 CJ10BaMH, y Hac eCTb Bce OCHOBaHHH
OTHOCI1TbCH K 3THM 3aKOHaM KaK K CBoero po.n.a 6J1aronO)f{eJ1aHHHM, Ka-
KOBble pHMCKl1e BJ1aCTI1 XOTeJ1H BHe.n.pHTb B )f{H3Hb, OTKJIHKaJlCb Ha )f{a-
J106bl )f{HTeJ1eH KOHKpeTHOrO ropo.n.a, HO OKa3bIBaJIHCb He B CHJ1ax 3TO
c.n.eJ1aTb. 06ll.\aH HeCTa6HJ1bHOCTb B rocy.n.apCTBe H OTcyrcTBHe )f{eCTKOH
Heo6xo.n.HMOCTH npHHHMaTb B .n.aHHOM KOHKpeTHOM CJ1y....ae 3aKOH 06ll.{e-
rocy.n.apCTBeHHoro xapaKTepa 43 , cnoc06CTBOBaJIH TOMY, 'fTO 3TH pac no-
pH)f{eHHH He .n.eHCTBOBaJIH CK0J1bKO-HH6y.n.b .D.J1HTeJ1bHbIH CpOK H I1MeJ111
41 npocaeTC!I B rm13a TOT cJ>aKT, 'iTO 3aKOHbl pacnOnOJKeHb! Y HOCHcJ>a <1>naBH!I He XpOHO-
JlOrH'ieCKH. HeJlb3!1 He 3aMeTHTb, KpoMe TOro, 'iTO 'iaCTb 3aKOHOB UHTHpyeTc!I HOCHcJ>OM
<1>JJaBHeM B BeCbMa COKpameHHOM BH.lle.
"CM. nOJlpo6Ho-Saulnier. Op. cit. P. 164-165.
43 J],eikTBHTeJlbHO, KOHKpeTHaJI JKaJI06a JKHTeneH OJlHOro KOHKpeTHOrO ropOJla no 0':1H0-
KOHKpeTHOMY nOBOJlY coaeprneHHO He 06R3blBaJIa BepXOBHYIO B:laCTb npHHHMarb B JlaHHOii
CBR3H 3aKOH 06meroCY.'IapCTBeHHoro 3Ha'ieHHR.
163
A. f. fpyweBOH. Jfydeu u uydaUJ.u e ucmopuu PU.MCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PU.\lCKOU u.\mepuu
(eCJII1 Bo06I..Qe HMemi) o....eHb orpaHI1'-IeHHbli1 3<p<peKT: Bblllle}?Ke OTMe-
'IaJIOCb, 'ITO .n.IDKe Ha OCHOBaHl111 TeKCTa Hocl1<pa cI>JIaBlliI MO)((HO c.n.eJUITb
BbIBO.n. 0 HI13K0i1 3<p<peKTI1BHOCTI1 Bcex 3TI1X 3aKOHOB.
3. OTBeTbl pHMCKHX BJ\aCTea Ha neTHYHH
Bce I1HTepeC)'IOI.l\He Hac OTBeTbl BblCOKOnOCTaBJIeHHblX ....I1HOBHI1KOB
Ha neTHI..{HH H)'.n.eeB TOro HlII1 I1HOro ropo.n.a OTHOCHTCH KO BpeMeHI1 ABry-
CTa H <paKTI1'1eCKH caMo.n.epJKaBHoro npaBJIeHI1H Ha BOCTOKe ero OCHOBHO-
ro npoTHBHI1Ka - MapKa AHTOHlliI. nOCJIe.n.HI1H B.n.yxe rID! IOJIlliI e3apH
nO)J,TBep)K)J,aJI npl1BHJIenm 11 npaBa H)'.n.eeB B QeJIOM,44 nepBOCBHI.l\eHHI1Ka,
OT.n.eJIbHblX JIHlf S . 06paI..QaeT Ha ce6H BHI1MaHl1e nOCJIe.n.HHH, llIHpoKOBe-
I.l\aTeJIbHbIH H O'leHb xapaKTepHblH .lI.1IH pHMCKOH nOJII1TI1KH .n.oK)'MeHT,
KOTOpblH rapaHTl1pYeT (BO BCHKOM clI)"Iae, Ha 6YMare) B03BpaI.l\eHl1e H)'.n.e-
HM KaK COlO3HI1KaM pl1MCKOro Hapo.n.a Bcero Toro, 'ff() 6blJI0 Y HI1X OT06pa-
HO B xo.n.e rpIDK.D.aHCKHX BOHH. 3<p<peKTI1BHOCTb 3T11X Mep OQeHHTb TJJy.n.HO.
Bo BCHKOM clI)"Iae, MO)((HO npe.n.nOJIOJKHTb, 'ff() H)'.n.el1, nOCTpa.n.aBllll1e B
11M}'I.l\eCTBeHHOM OTHOllIeHl111 B xo.n.e rpIDK.D.aHCKHX BOHH, MOTJII1 'ffO-TO 11
nOlI)"lHTb no )TOM}' 3aKoH)' AHTOHlliI, oc06eHHo eCJII1 HMeTb B BI1)J;)', 'ff()
<paKTI1'1ecKaJI BJIaCTb AHTOHlliI Ha BocTOKe 6blJIa BeCbMa .lI.1IHTeJIbHoH.
3aKoHbl, npuHRmble npu AHmoHuu, BCe:>ICe He UMeflU nepcneKmUBbl
«OOfl20ll» :>ICU3HU. OKOH'IaTeJIbHbIH no6e.n.I1TeJIb B rpa)K)J,aHCKHX BOH-
Hax - OKTaBl1aH - MOJKHO CKa3aTb, Ha'laJI CTpOI1TeJIbCTBO rocy.n.apCTBa
3aHOBO. Bce 06I..QeCTBeHHble H rocy.n.apCTBeHHble I1HCTH1)'Tbl, nepeJKHB-
1lII1e rpa)f()J,aHCKl1e BOHHbl, npaKTI1'1eCKI1 C nepBblX .n.HeH npaBJIeHI1H
OKTaBl1aHa ABrYCTa Ha'lHHaIOT HanOJIHHTbCH HOBblM co.n.epJKaHl1eM,
OCTaBaHCb Tpa.n.I1QI10HHbIMI1 CKopee no <popMe46.
44 Fl. Ios., Ant. Jud.., XIV, 306-313. L(OKYMeHT 42-41 rr. 110 H. 3. 3TOT 1l0XYMf'HT HOCHT
06WHH xapaKTep, B HeM AHTOHHH roBOpHT 0 IIpYJKeCKHX 'iYBCTBax K HYlIe!lM B ueJ!OM. (8 lIaH-
HOM CJJY'iae HMelOTCII B BH.llY, ecreCTBeHHO, He CTOJlbKO .llpYJKeCKHe 'iYBCTBa K HYllellM AHTO-
HHII KaK 'ieJlOBeKa, CKOJlbKO nOJJHTH'ieCKHH paC'ieT 06weCTBeHHoro llellTeJlII, BblcrynaBWero
OT HMeHH pHMCKOro roCYllapCTBa, YTpaTHBwero H3.lleJKJlbl Ha 3axBaT BepXOBHOH BJJaCTH H
nOTOMY 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOro B 6J1aroCKJlOHHOM OTHoweHHH B03MOJKHblX nO.1lllaHHbIX. HHblMH
CJlOBaMH, nepe.ll HaMH THnH'iHblH CJlY'!aJ:i He06peMeHHTeJ!bHOH lIeMarofHH.)
45 FL los., Ant. Jud.., XIV, 314-318 - 1l0KYMeHT 0 nepBOCBIIweHHHKe, co;!epJKa1IlHH
06wee nO.llTBepJKJleHHe npaB nepBOCB!lWeHHHKa. FL 10s. Ant. Jud., XIV, 319-323.
4. KO,lH'ieCTBO pa60T 06 HMneparope ABrycre H pe«j!OpMax BpeMeHH ABrycTa OrpoMHO.
n03TOMY OTMeTHM 3IIeCb JlHWb IIBe pa60Tbi Ha PYCCKOM 113blKe, CO.llepJKamHe 06WHPnylO
6H6JJHorpaljlHlO: MalUKUH H. A. npHHUHnaT ABrycTa. M.; 11., 1949; Me.JICepUI/KUu H. 10.
«PecnyMHKaHCKaJI MOHapXHJI»: MeTaMOplj>o3bl HlleOJlOrHH H nOJlHTHKH HMneparopa ABryCTa.
M.,1994.
164
J:wea 3, l1ydeu U llydau3.u e plL\ICKmr npaee (I e, do H, 3,- 1 e, H, 3.)
OepBblH .n.OKYMeHT Toro Tl1na, 'ITO 6b1J111 CTOJ1b pacnpOCTpaHeHbl BO
BpeMH npaBJ1eHHH ABrycTa, 6b1J1 npHHHT ewe npH I...{e3ape, B 46 r. .n.o H. 3.
OpOKOHCYJ1 Oy6J1HH CepBHJ1I1H faJIb6a B nl1CbMe K )f{HTeJ1HM MHJ1eTa
(F1. J05., Ant. Jud., XIV, 244-246) 3aHBJ1HeT, liTO B OTBeT Ha )f{aJI06bl 0
TOM, liTO l1y.n.eHM 3anpeUJ.eHO I1CnOJ1HHTb CBOI1 06pH.n.b147 H OTMellaTb
HaQHOHaJIbHble npa3.n.HHKI1, BblCJ1YlllaJI npe.n.CTaBI1TeJ1eH 06eHX CTOpOH
H npHllleJ1 K cJ1e,lJ;)'lOUJ.eMY BbIBO.n.y: He CJ1e.n.yer npenHTCTBOBaTb H)'.n.eHM
CJ1e.n.OBaTb HX 06b1l1aHM. vh KOHTeKCTa CJ1e,lJ;)'eT, liTO 3.n.eCb He I1MeerCH B
BH,lJ;)' HHlIero I1HOro, KpOMe peJ1Hrl103HblX 06pH.n.OB B QeJ10M, H B oc06eH-
HOCTH - cy660TbI.
B .n.aJIbHeHllleM aHaJIOrHlIHble no CMbICJ1Y paCnOpH)f{eHHH BJIaCTeH B
OTBeT Ha neTHQI1H H)'.n.eeB nOHBJIHIOTCH .n.ocnrrOllHO lIaCTO.
K 46-45 rr. .n.o H. 3. OTHOCHTCH .n.OK)'MeHT, npe.n.CTaBJIHIOWHH C060H,
comaCHO 110CHcpy <l>J1aBHIO, nl1CbMO )f{HTeJ1eH JIao.n.HKeH npoKoHcYJ1Y
falO Pa6HpHIO (F1. J05., Ant. Jud., XIV, 241-243). B nHCbMe ynoMHHa-
erCH CJ1e,lJ;)'IOWI1H cpaKT. )l(HTeJ1H JIao.n.HKel1 no.n.TBep)l()J,alOT, liTO no.rry-
lIHJ1H OT ConaTpa, cneQHaJIbHOrO npe.n.CTaBI1TeJ1H nepBOCBHweHHI1Ka,
nOCJ1aHHe faH Pa611pHH no nOBO.n.y TOro, liTO npa3.n.HOBaHHe H)'.n.eHMI1
cy660T H C06J1IO.n.aHHe npollHx CBOHX 06pH.n.OB B COOTBeTCTBHH C OTelle-
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MO, paCnOpH)f{eHHe OTHOCHTCH K 060HM ropo.n.aM, XOTH B .n.oK)'MeHTe H
no.n.lIepKHBaeTCH He06xo.n.HMOCTb HaBe.n.eHHH .n.OJ1)f{HOrO nopH.n.Ka B pac-
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Bblllle 3aKOHax AHTOHHH. TaK, 06pawaeT Ha ce6H oc060e BHHMaHHe nce-
cpH3Ma (3aKoH) ropo.n.cKoro COBera y*e Heo.n.HoKpaTHO ynoMHHaBlllerocH
Bblllle 3cpeca 49 OT 24 MapTa 42 r. .n.o H. 3. 0 npa3.n.HOBaHHH Hy.n.eHMI1 3cpe-
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BIDKHaH cppa3a. ABTOpbl .n.OK)'MeHTa OTMellalOT, liTO pellleHHe Bonpoca 0
41 H3 KOHTeKCTa He BnOJlHe RCHO, rile HMeHHO, HO HaH60.1ee BepO!lTHO. 'iTO pe'ib HlleT 0
MHiJeTe,
4' Cy.JJ1 no BceMY, pe'ib H.lleT 0 ropolle, pacnOJJOJKeHHOM B KapHH, cocellHeH c npoBHH-
UHei! A3HJ1 06J1aCTH. YnoMHHaHHe ropolla Tpa.'IJ1b! H cH-ryaUHH B ropolle y HocHljla <1>JlaBHR
He BnOJlHe nOHRTHO. 51cHO JlHWb TO, 'iTO B ropolle 6blJl MeJK3THH'ieCKHH KOHIjIJlHKT H JKHTe,lH
ropolla (BHllHMO, HYlleH, HO 3TO HellocTOBepHo) 06paWaJJHcb c neTHUHRMH B BblWeCTOJlWHe
HHCTaHUHH.
4. Fl. 105., Ant. Jud.. XlV, 262-264.
165
A. f. fpyweBOH. Jfydeu u uydau3.11 e ucmopuu PlUICKOU pecny6.wKu u PlWO:OU lurnepuu
npa3.n.HI1KaX 11 3aKOHHOCTI1 c06mo.n.eHI1j1 l1y.n.eSlMI1 CBOI1X OTe....eCKHX 3a-
KOHOB HaxO.n.I1TCSI B KOMmrreHLll111 pl1MCKI1X BJ1aCTeH. BIDKHOCTb 3TOro
yrBep)l()J,eHI1R B TOM, ....TO OHO CBI1.n.eTeJ1bCTBYeT 06 yrpare rpe....eCKI1MI1
06lLll1HaMI1 cBoero .n.OMI1Hl1pYIOll.{ero n0J10)l(eHI1S1 B J11060M ropo.n.e npo-
BI1HLlI1I1. 3TO 06CTORTeJIbCTBO CTaHOBI1J10Cb npl1HLll1nl1aJ1bHO BIDKHblM B
Tex CJ1y....IDIX, Kor.n.a HaCeJ1eHl1e ropo.n.a OKa3blBaJlOCb CMelllaHHblM, T. e.
Koma B O.n.HOM nOJIl1ce )1(111111 pa3Hble 3THI1'-IeCKl1e 06ll.{I1Hbl. fIo.n.....I1HeHl1e
MaJlOH A31111 PI1M)', OKOH....areJ1bHO O<popMI1BllIeeCSI B KOHLle npaBJ1eHI1j1
ABrycTa, B ....I1CTO npaKTI1....eCKOM CMblCJ1e 03Ha....aJlO, ....TO BepXOBHblM
ap611TpoM B J1106b1X Me)l(06lLll1HHbiX cnopax OKa3blBaJlaCb pl1MCKaR a.n.-
MI1HI1CTpaLlJ.Ul. fIpl1 3TOM pOJ1b rpe....ecKoH a.n.MI1HI1CTpaLlI1I1 (Tpa.n.HLlI10H-
HOro ropo.n.CKOro COBeTa) He CBo.n.l111aCb Ha HeT nOJ1HOCTblO, HO CYll.{eCT-
BeHHO OrpaHI1....I1BaJlaCb.
K paCCMOTpeHl11O 3Toro Bonpoca Mbl ell.{e BepHeMCR, a cei1....ac 06pa-
TI1MCjI K KparKOMY 0630py .n.0KYMeHTOB BpeMeHI1 ABrycTa.
fIepBblM 0<pHI.\HaJlbHbIM .n.OK)'MeHTOM I1HTepeCYlOlLlero Hac Tl1na, OT-
HOCjllLll1MCR KO BpeMeHI1 ABf)'CTa, SlBJUleTCR nl1CbMO 6Y.!I.Yll.{ero I1MnepaTO-
paSO npOKOHCYJ1)' npOBHHLlI1H A3J.U1 Hop6aHY cI>J1aKKY 0 TOM, ....TO H)'.n.el1
I1MelOT nOJ1HOe npaBO OTnpaBJ1Ub CBOI1 .n.eHbrl1 Ha H)?K.D.bll1epYCaJlI1MCKO-
ro xpaMa SI . l1OCI1<P cI>JIaBI1H COXPaHl111 ell.{e O.ll.l1H 06pa3eLl61OpOKparuqeCKOH
nepenl1CKH no .n.aHHOMY Bonpocy. B Te)l(e ro.n.bl (31-27 rr. .n.o H. 3.) npo-
KOHCYJ1 npOBI1HLll111 A3J.U1 OTnpaBI111 Marl1CTparaM H ropO.n.CKOMY COBe1)'
ropo.n.a Cap.n.bl nI1CbMO, B KOTOpOM 3HaKOMI111 a.n.MHHI1CTpaU,H1O ropo.n.a C
pellIeHl1eM OKTaBl1aHa 0 3aKOHHOCTH OTnpaBKH H)'.n.eRMI1 .n.eHer B l1epyca-
J1I1M Ha H)')I()J,bl xpaMa. B KOHLle nl1CbMa npoKOHCYJ1 3W1BJ1j1J1, ....TO «KeCapb
11 jI, Mbl XOTI1M, Lff06bl TaK 11 6b1J10» (Fl. J05., Ant. Jud., XVI, 171).
CJ1e.n.YlOlLlI1H .n.oKYMeHT I1HTepeCYIOll.{ero Hac xapaKTepa npHHI1Ma-
eTCSI y)l(e ropa3.n.o n03)1(e - B 13 r. .n.o H. 3. (Ft. J05., Ant. Jud., XVI,
167-168). MapK BHnCaHI1H Arpl1nna nl1llleT ceHal)' 11 Hapo.n.y 3<peca
o TOM, ....TO OTnpaBKa .n.eHer 113 npOBI1HLll111 A311j1 B l1epycaJll1M Ha HY-
)l()J,bI xpaMa cOBepllIeHHo 3aKOHHa. B TeKCTe .n.aHHoro nl1CbMa oc060
no.n.....epKI1BaeTCSI TaIOKe TO, 'ITO Arpl1nna Hanl1CaJI elLle O.n.HO nHCbMO
npeTOpy CI1J1aHY, B KOTOpOM yTO....HjlJ10Cb, ....TO l1y.n.eeB HeJ1b3j1 Bbl3blBaTb
B cy.n. no cy660TaM. Bonpoc 0 Mepax, npe.n.npl1HRTblX MapKoM Bl1nca-
Hl1eM Arpl1nnOH B CBjl311 C neTI1LlHRMI1 l1y.n.eeB, ....aCTI1....HO paCCMaTpl1-
BaJ1CR Bblllle.
50 flllCbMO OTHOCIITCR K TOM}' nepIlO.1Y. KOflla BJIaCTb OKTaBHaHa ABrycTa ewe He 6bJ.la
ocJ>opMJleHa c cJ>OpMa.lbHO-lOpH.LlIl'leCKOii TO'iKIl 3peHIlR.
" Fl. los., Ant. Jud.., XVI, 166.11.an .1oXYMeHTa }'CTaHa!IJ1HBaeTC!I ,1HWb oplleHTHpOBO'i-
HO - 31-27 rr. 110 H. 3.
166
rJlaea 3. l1ydeu u uydamw e plL\ICKall npaee (/e, do H. :1,- /e, H, :1.)
BI1.n.I1MO B TOM )f(e ro.n.y Arpl1nna OTnpaBI1JI 6JII13KOe no co.n.ep)f(aHI1IO
nl1CbMO B Kl1peHY (Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud., XVI, 169-170). l1y.n.ejlM :n0i1
06JIaCTI1 TaIOKe pa3pellIaJlOCb Ha cOBepllleHHo 3aKOHHblX OCHOBaHHjlX
OTnpaBJIHb B l1epycaJlHM .n.eHbrH Ha xpaMOBble HY)I()J,bl.
HH'IeM npaKTH'IeCKH He OTJII1'1aeTCjI OT ynoMjlH)'TblX Bblllle, 3a I1C-
KJIIO'IeHl1eM .n.aTbl, OTnpaBHTeJIjI 11 a.n.pecaTa, 11 nl1CbMO npOKOHCYJIa npo-
BI1HLlHI1 A311j1 IOJII1j1 AHTOHHjI COBery 11 Hapo.n.y Bce TOro )f(e 3<peca (Ft.
Jos., XVI, 172). .L{aHHbIH .n.oK)'MeHT .n.aTI1PYeTCjI 7-6 r. .n.o H. 3. CaMblH )f(e
BIDKHblH 113 Bcex paCCMaTpHBaeMblX 3aKOHOB BpeMeHI1 ABrycTa OTHOCI1T-
CjI KO 2-3 r. H. 3. (Ft. Jos., XVI, 162-165). Opl1HLll1nl1aJ1bHOe 3Ha'leHHe
HMeeT TaIOKe 11 cBoero po.n.a BBe.n.eHl1e, KOTOpblM l1ocl1<p <l>JIaBI1H npe.n.-
BOpjleT .n.aHHbIH .n.OK)'MeHT (Ft. Jos., Ant. Jud., XVI, 160-161). 113JIo)f(eH-
Hble HM B 3TOM BCl)'nJIeHI1H <paKTbl CBl1)J,eTeJIbCTBYIOT, 'ITO B 113BeCTHOH
Mepe nOBTOpl1JlaCb CI1l)'aLlHjI, HMeBlllaji MeCTO JIeT 3a 20 .n.o 3Toro, Koma
Bonpoc 0 nOJIO)f(eHI1H l1)'.n.eeB B MaJlOH A31111 pelllaJI MapK BHnCaHI1H
ArpHnna. CY)J)l no TeKCl)' 110cl1<pa <l>JIaBI1j1, l1y.n.eH )f(aJlOBaJlHCb Ha TO )f(e,
'ITO H paHbllIe - npenHCTBI1j1 B nepeCblJIKe .n.eHer Ha xpaMOBble H}')I()J,bl
B l1epycaJlHM, npHTeCHeHHJI CO CTOpOHbl rpeKoB, KacalOllUteCjI cTal)'ca
l1)'.n.eeB. )l(arrOBaJlI1Cb l1)'.n.eH TaIOKe 11 Ha HeonpaB.n.aHHo BbICOKoe, C HX
TO'IKI1 3peHHJI, HaJloro06JIo)f(eHl1e. BBH.n.y TOro 'lT0 )f(aJl06b1 nocl)'naJIl1
H3 .n.BYX perHoHoB - MaJlOH A3HH 11 Kl1peHbl, - ABryCT OTKJIHKH)'JICjI
CneLlHaJlbHblM pellleHHeM, HMelOll.{HM 06ll.{erocy.n.apcTBeHHoe 3Ha'leHHe.
ABryCT oc060 no.n.'IepKHBaeT, 'ITO BBH,lJ;)' .n.p eCTBeHHOCTH l1)'.n.eeB
K PHMY CeH'IaC H B npOllIJIOM Hy.n.eH I1MelOT nOJIHOe npaBO )f(HTb comac-
HO OTe'leCKHM 3aKOHaM. OHH I1MelOT nOJIHOe npaBO nOCblJIaTb .n.eHbrH Ha
xpaMOBble HY)I()J,bl 11 He j1BJIHbCjI no Bbl30BY B cy.n. B cy660l)' 11 HaKaHY-
He Be'lepOM. ABryCT oc060 OTMe'laeT, 'ITO CJIe.n.yeT npl13HaTb CBHOTaT-
CTBOM BOpOBCTBO Tex .n.eHe)f(HbIX CYMM, KOTopble OTnpaBJIjllOTCjI l1y.n.ejl-
MH Ha HY)I()J,bl xpaMa. B KOHLle TeKCTa ynoMHHaeTCjI, 'ITO .n.OK)'MeHT 6blJI
BblCTaBJIeH .D.J1j1 ny6JIH'IHOro 03HaKOMJIeHI1j1 B CTeHe xpaMa ABrycTa B
ropo.n.e AHKHpa.
OCTaJlOCb HaKOHeLl OTMeTHTb Tpl1 .n.OK)'MeHTa, .n.aTl1pOBK)' KOTOpblX
onpe.n.eJIHTb HeB03MO)f(HO. 3T0 npe)l()J,e Bcero nce<pH3Ma COBeTa H Hapo.n.a
ropo.n.a Cap.n.bl (Ft. Jos., Ant., Jud., XIV, 259-161), co.n.ep)f(all.{ID1 BeCbMa
.n.eTaJlbHOe onpe.n.eJIeHHe npaB l1)'.n.eeB B ropo.n.e 52 . TeKcT nce<p113Mbl - B
" j!eTaJJH3aUHIO 3TY MOJKHO paCCMaTpHBarb KaK KOCBeHHoe .llOKa3aTeJlbCTBO TOro, '1TO
1I0KYMeHT 6b1J1 npHH.IIT BO BpeM!I npaBJIeHHJ1 ABrycra. HocHljJ <1>JlaBHH npHB01lHT B weCTH311-
uaTOH KHHre aHaJJOrH'IHblH no CMblCJlY .LleKpeT COBeTa H HapO.Lla ropo!!a faJIHKapHacca (Fl.
105. Ant. Jud.., XIV, 259-261. Y lIaHHOro 1l0K}'MeHTa TaKJKe HeT .IICHOJ:i lIarHpOBKH. no CBoe-
MY xapaKTepy ncecjJH3Ma raJJHKapHacueB COBn311aeT C ncecjJH3Moii COBeTa H HapOlla ropO.Lla
Capllbl).
167
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. l1ydeu l/ uydau:Lu e ucmopuu PU\ICKOU pecny6.7IIJ.."l1 u PUUCKOU Uunepul/
TOM BI1.n.e, B KaKOM OH npe.n.CTaBJ1eH y l1ocH<pa <l>JIaBHJI, - COCTOHT TOJIb-
KO H3 .n.BYX <pPa3o BTOpaJI, OCHOBHaJI <ppa3a CJIO:>KHa .lI.JIJI nOHI1MaHHJI no
cYll.\eCTBY, XOTII <pOpMaJIbHblM ee nepeBO.n. 3aTpy.n.HeHI1M He BbI3bIBae-r:
E1t£t Ot K<X'tOtKOUvtEe; TtJlOOV EV 'tf\ 1tOA£l lou&xiol 1tOAi't<Xl 1tOAAa
K<Xt )lEyaA<X (j)lAavepro1t<X EcrXT\KO'tEe; Ola 1t<Xvt 1texpCt 'tou 0TtJlOU, K<Xt
VUV EicrEA.90V'tEe; E1tt 't1)v j30UA1)V K<Xt 'tOV of\JlOV 1t<XpEKaAEcr<xv,
a1tOK<x9tcr't<XJlEVCOV <xmoie; 'tOOV vOJlrov K<Xt EA£ueEpi<xe; unO 'tf\e;
crUYKAT\'tOU K<Xt 'tou OTtJlOU 'tou ProJl<xirov, tV<X K<X'ta 'to. VOJll O)lEV<X
E8T\ cruvayrovt<Xl K<Xt 1tOAl'tEOO>V't<Xl K<Xt Ol<XOlKa rovt<Xl 1tpOc; <xmo ,
009f\ 'tE K<Xt 't01tO<; <xmoie; de; ov cruAA£YO)lEVOl JlE'ta YUV<XlKOOV K<Xt
'tTtKVCOV E1tl 'tEA.rom 't 1t<X'tpio EUxae; K<Xt ewt<xe; 'tcp 9Ecpo OEOOX9<xl
'tf\ j30UAf\ K<Xt 'tcp 0Ttjlq:J m>yKExropf\crEkn <xmoie; cruVEpXojlEVOte; EV 't<xie;
1tpOO.1to&&lyjlEV<Xle; TtJlEpo;le; 1tp<W<JElV 'to. K<X'ta 'to <xmoov vOjlO ,
a<poplcr9f\V<Xl o'<xmoie; K<Xt 't01tOV unO 'tOOV cr'tp<X't1lyoov de; OiKOOoJli<xv
K<Xt OtKT\CJlV <xmoov, ov <Xv U1tOMi/Xoot 1tpOc; 'tom' E1tl'tft&LOV E£V<Xl,
ono.x; 'tE 'toie; 'tile; 1t6A£ ayopexvoJlotc; E1tl)lEAte; ft K<Xt 'to. EKE1. VOLe;
1tpOc; 'tpo<p1)v E1tl'tTtOEl<X 1tOLEiv EicraYEcr9<xl.
(<<BBH.n.y Toro, ....TO :>KI1BYll.\l1e C HaMH B ropo.n.e Hy.n.eH-rpa)l{)J,aHe53
JIBJIJIIOTCJI 06JIa.n.aTeJIJIMH 60JIblllOro KOJIH....eCTBa pa3H006pa3HbIX MHJIO-
CTeM 5 \ nOJIy....aeMblX HMH nOCTOJIHHO OT Hapo.n.a, H BBI1.n.y Toro, ....TO OHH
npHXO)])1T B COBe-r H Hapo.n., 3aJIBJ1JIJI, ....TO - BBH.n.y TOro, ....TO OHH BOC-
CTaHOBJ1eHbl ceHaTOM H Hapo.n.OM PI1Ma BO BceM, KaCalOlI.{eMCJI HX 3aKOHOB
H npaB, - OHH [HMeIOT npaBO] comaCHO YCTaHOBJIeHHblM nopJI.n.KaM
COBMeCTHO C06HpaTbCJI, I1MeTb 061l.\eCTBeHHYlO :>KH3Hb 55 11 CBOH HOpMbl
cy.n.onp0I13Bo.n.CTBa56, 11 ....T06b1 6blJIO 6b1 HM .n.aHo MecTo, r.n.e OHI1 c0611-
SJ CiiOBO «rpaJK.llaHe» Bbl3b1BaeT Y.llHBJJeHHe Y HeKOTOpblX HCC,ae.llOBaTeJleH (Josephus with
an English translation by R. Marcus in nine volumes. VII. Jewish Antiquities, books XU-XlV.
London: Cambridge Mass., 1986. P. 587. Note I). MeJKJlY TeM OH He 60,lee YIIIIBHTe,leH, 'ieM
ynoMIiHaBWeeC!I Bblrne B lIeJlOM pRlIe .llOKYMeHTOB CJlOBOCO'ieTaHlle (<Hy.'!ell - pHMCKHe
rpa:>K.llaHe».
S. HMelOTCR B BH.llY ropolIcKHe 3aKOHbI B nOJ1b3Y HYlIeeB,
ss nepell HaMH O'ieBHIIHOe npH3HaHlie cyrneCTBoBaHH.II B Capllax HYllei'icKoi'i 06rnHHbI,
1160 CMblCJI maroJla 1tOl..t1:£OO B .llaHHOM KOHTeKCTe npocTO He MOJKeT 6b1Tb IIHbIM. K COJKILle-
HHIO, B OIIHOM OTHorneHIIH Mbl He MOJKeM CKaJaTb, KaK C,le.:\yeT OTHOCHTbC!I K lIaHHOM)' 113-
BeCTHIO - KaK cJ>OpMCLlbHOMY nO.llTBepJK;IeHIlIO 3aKOHHOCTil YJKe II paHee c)'rneCTBOBaBWeii
B ropo.:\e IIYlIeHCKOH 06rnllHblIlJJH JKe KaK K )'KaJaHHIO Ha «j!aKTIl'ieCKOe, caHKUIIOHllpOBaHHoe
pHMCKHMH BJJaCT!lMH «OTKpblTHe» HY.lleHCKOii 06lI.1HHbl B ropolle.
sO HCTO'iHIIK. K COJKaJJeHHIO' He n03BOJl!leT OTBeTllTb Ha OllHH O'ieHb BaJKHblii Bonpoc:
cJlellyeT JlH pacueHHBarb 3TO )'Ka3aHHe Ha «CBOIl HOpMbl cy.:\onpOH3BOllCTBa» KaK caHKUHO-
HllpOBaHHe B.laCT!lMH TOro. 'iTO YJKe H TaK cYlI.IeCTBOBa:lO B nOBcellHeBHoii JKH3HH. 1L1II JKe
nepe.Ll HaMil BHellpeHHe B JKH3Hb 'iero-TO npHHUHmlaJJbHO HOBOro. C TO'iKH 3pellllR aBTopa
.llaHHOH pa6oTbI, nepBoe npellnOJlOJKeHHe B .LlaHHOM H B npellbllIyrneM cJlY'iae (CM. npellwec-
TBYlOwee npHMe'iaIDle) 5o.1ee BepoRTHO.
168
rJlaea 3, l1yoell U uydau3M e plLwcKaw npaee (/ e, do H, J,-/e. H, J.)
paJIHCb 6bl C )f(eHaMI1 H .n.eTbMI1 H r.n.e COBeplllaJIl1 6b1 OHI1 60f)' OTe'leCKl1e
MOJIHTBbl 11 )f(epTBonpI1HOllleHHR. [B :noM. CBR3H] COBeTOM 11 Hapo.n.oM
pellleHo 6blJIO .n.aTb TaKoe pa3pellleHHe, 'IT06bl B YCTaHOBJ1eHHble .n.HH
OHH HMeJII1 6bl B03MO)f(HOCTb .n.eJIaTb He06xo.n.I1Moe no I1X OTe'leCKI1M
3aKoHaM, 'IT06bl MarHCTparaMH 11M 6b1JIO 6b1 Bbl.n.eJIeHO MeCTO .D.JIR CTPOH-
TeJIbCTBa H npmKHBaHHR 57 , KOTopoe OHH CO'l1)'T .D.JIR :noM. QeJIH no.n.xo-
WIll.\HM, a TalOKe 'IT06bl aropaHoMbl 58 n03a60THJII1Cb 6b1 0 .n.OCTaBKe .D.JIR
HHX no.n.xo.n.Rll.\HX npo.n.YKfoB nHTaHHSI».)
nOCJIe.n.HHM. H3 .n.OK)'MeHTOB .n.aHHOM. rpynnbl HaH60JIee CJIO)f(eH .D.JIR
HHTepnpeTaQI1H, H60 Mbl He B COCTORHHI1 o.n.H03Ha'lHO onpe.n.eJII1Tb, KfO
HMeHHO OTnpaBHJI nHCbMO )f(HTeJIRM napoca, coxpaHeHHoe B TeKCTe
110cH<pa <DJIaBHR (F1. J05., Ant. Jud., XIV, 213-216). OrnpaBHTeJIb nHCb-
Ma Ha3BaH CHa'laJIa raeM IOJIHeM, npeTOpOM, KOHCYJIOM pHMJIRH. B ce-
pe.n.HHe TeKCTa ynoMHHaeTCR .n.pyroe JII1QO - faM. e3apb, npoKoHcYJI.
HeTO'lHOCTI1I1JII1 .n.IDKe ollll16KH B pYKonHCHOM. Tpa.n.I1QI1H n03BOJIRIOT -
H TO JIHlllb npHMepHO - onpe.n.eJIHTb, KeM MO)f(eT 6b1Tb BTopoe H3 yno-
MRH)'TbIX .n.OJI)f(HOCTHbIX JII1Q.
06 3TOM, o.n.HaKO, 6y.n.eT CKa3aHO 'l)'Tb HH)f(e, 1160 nOnbITKH H.n.eHTI1-
<pHlGlQHI1 OCHOBbiBalOTCR Ha ynoMHHaeMblx B .n.OK)'MeHTe <paKfax, a I1MeH-
HO: aBTOp nl1CbMa c006I..QaeT )f(HTeJIRM napoca, 'ITO H)'.n.eH HMelOT nOJIHOe
npaBO c06mo.n.aTb HaQHOHaJIbHble 06b1'1aH 11 CBRI..QeHHble pH1)'aJIbl 11
TpaTI1Tb Ha HI1X .n.eHbrH. B 3TOM. CBR311 OH BcnOMHHaeT 3anpeT, npl1HRTblM.
no HHHQHaTHBe faR e3apR, Ha npoBe.n.eHHe B PI1Me C06paHHM. mo6blx
peJIHrH03HbiX C006ll.\eCTB (Tl1aCOB), KpoMe eBpeM.CKHX. ABTop nHCbMa
nOJIHOCTblO nOMep)f(HBaeT 3TOT 3anpeT, KaK 11 pa3pellleHI1e H)'.n.eRM CO-
6HpaTbCR.
flOT 3anpeT Ha .n.eRTeJIbHOCTb peJII1rH03HbiX C006I..QeCTB n03BOJISIeT
.LJ.YMarb, 'ITO 3.n.eCb I1MeeTCR B BH.LJ.Y JII160 faM.IOJIHM. e3apb, JII160 ABrycT.
.IJ:eRTeJIbHOCTb THaCOB (peJIl1rH03HblX C006I..QeCTB) 3anpeI..QaJIH 06a (Suet.
Div. Jul., 42,4; Div. Aug., 32, 3). KaK OTMe'laeT <ppaHl.,tY3cKI1M. KOMMeH-
TaTOp, <popMaJIbHO rOBopR, raeM e3apeM MOrJII1 6bl 6b1Tb Ha3BaHbi
TalOKe fepMaHI1K (6paT HMnepaTopa KnaB.n.HR) H KaJIl1f)'JIa 59 . nOCJIe.n.Hl1e
.n.Ba BapHaHTa, npaB.n.a, MeHee npaB.n.ono.n.06Hbl C I1CTOpl1'1eCKOM. TO'lKI1
3peHHR, 'ITO B03Bpall.\aeT Hac onUb KO BpeMeHH faR IOJII1R e3apR I1JII1
ABf)'cTa. Bbl6paTb Me)l()J,y 3THMH .n.B)'MSi nOJIl.ITI1KaMH .n.ocTaTO'IHO CJIO)f(-
51 H eeTc!I B BH.1Y nH60 cHHarora. 1m60 3IIaHHe cBoero pOlla 06mHHHoro ueHTpa. Hc-
TO'iHIIK. K COJKa:leHIlIO' He lIaeT B01MOJKHOCTII YTO'iHHTb 3TOT Bonpoc,
"H eIOTc!l B BH.1Y MamCTpaTbl, OTBeTCTBeHHble la cHa6JKeHHe ropOlIa npo.1YKTaMIl
nHTaHHJI,
'.Saulnier. 1981. P. 189-190.
169
A. f. fpyweBoH. l1ydeu II uydaIL1M e ucmopuu PILWCKOU peCny6.7UJ..'U U PlL\fCKOU ILwnepuu
HO, HO, BI1.n.HMO, Bce )f(e y HaC HeCKOJ1bKO 60J1bllle OCHOBaHI1H C....HTaTb,
qTO peqb H.n.eT Bce )f(e 0 fae IOJ1HI1 I...{e3ape.
C I1CTOpHKO-lOpl1.n.H....eCKOH TO....101 3peHI1g 3TOT .n.OK)'MeHT HHTepeceH
TaIOKe CBOHM onpe.n.eJ1eHHeM 06ll1.eCTBeHHOH )f(113HH Hy.n.eeB B paMKax
aHTH'-IHoro ropo.n.a KaK KOJ1J1erI1H, a He KaK «n0J1HTeBMbJ»60, qTO 60JIee
06b1qHO B BOCTOqHOH qaCTI1 Cpe.n.H3eMHOMOpbg.
4. HTorH
PaCCMOTpeHl1e 3aKOHOB BpeMeH I...{e3apg H ABrycTa n03B0J1geT c<pop-
MYJ1HpOBaTb ueJ1blH pg.n. BbIBO.n.OB. npe.n.CTaBJ1eHHble B qeTblpHa,lJ,uaTOH
11 llleCTHa,lJ,uaTOH KHl1raX «l1y.n.eHcKl1x .n.peBHOCTeH» 110cH<pa cI>J1aBl1g
3aKOHbl, KaCalOll.{HeCg H)'.n.eeB, CJ1e.a;yeT C....HTaTb nO.D.JIHHHbIMI1, HO coxpa-
HHBlllHMI1Cg He H.n.eaJIbHO H He nOJ1HOCTblO OTpIDKalOllI.l1MH OpHrHHaJIbl
.n.OK)'MeHTOB, KOTopble BH.n.eJ1 B apXHBax l1oCH<p cI>J1aBHH. npl1Be.n.eHHble
<paKTbl CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBYIOT He TOJ1bKO 0 6eCCI1CTeMHOM pacn0J10)f(eHHH
caMHX .n.OK)'MeHTOB. 1.J.acTb HX npOH3B0J1bHO COKpall.{eHa CaMI1M 110CH<poM
cI>J1aBHeM, B HeKOTopblX c.rryqagx nepe.n. HaMH CJ1e.n.bl gBHblX HCKIDKeHHH,
B03HHKlllHX, BI1.n.HMO, B pe3YJ1bTare 0lllH60K nepenHC....HKa.
B u.eJ10M paCCMOTpeHHoe 3aKOHo.n.aTeJ1bCTBO He 6b1J10 3<p<peKfHBHbIM. no-
BTOp O.n.HI1X 11 rex )f(e pellleHHH C MI1HI1MaJIbHblM BpeMeHHblM I1HTepBaJlOM
CBI1.n.ereJ1bCTByeT 0 TOM, ....TO npe.n.b1.n.Yll.{l1e pellleHl1g He HCnOJIHgJ1HCb.
CJ10)f(eH Bonpoc C npHHgTHeM 3aKOHOB 06ll.{erocy.n.apCTBeHHoro xa-
paKTepa. I1MelOll.{I1HCg MaTepHaJI n03BOJlgeT rOBOplITb 0 TOM, 'fTO 11 faH
IOJ1HH I...{e3apb, H ABryCT I1MeJ1H HaMepeHHe npeTBOpl1Tb HX B )KH3Hb.
faH IOJ1HH I...{e3apb H3.n.aJI 3aKOH 06 oCB060)K)J,eHHH H)'.n.eeB OT BoeHHOH
C.rry)!{(5bl, 3a.n.yMaHHbIH I1MeHHO KaK 06g3aTeJIbHblH .D.JIg Bcero rocy.n.apCTBa,
HO 06ll.{ag Hepa36epHXa nOCJ1e.n.HHX J1eT pecny6J1HKI1 HCKJ1IO'faJIa B03-
MO)KHOCTb ero .n.OJ1rOCpO....HOro CYlll.eCTBOBaHHg. 3<p<peKTI1BHOCTb Bcex
60 06 OpraHH3aUHH HYlIeiicKHx 06lI.1HH B .llHaCnOpe H HX IOPHllH'IeCKOM cTaryce CM. no.ll-
P06HO .llBe CTaTbH W. AnnJle6ayMa: Applebaum S. The Legal Status of the Jewish Communi-
ties in the Diaspora; The Organization of the Jewish Communities in the Diaspora. 06e CTaTbH
ony6.1HKOBaHbl B C60pHHKe: The Jewish People in the First Century. Historical Geography,
Political History, Social, Cultural and Religious Life and Institutions. Vol. One. Edited by S.
Safrai and M. Stern in co-operation with D. Flusser and W. C. van Unnik. Assen, Philadelphia,
1974. P. 420-463; 464-503. (Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum. Section
One.) flpHHUllnHa.1bHoe 3Ha'ieHHe HMeeT TaKJKe CJlellYlOmaJI CTaTbJl B. 4epHKOBepa: Tcherik-
over V Prolegomena II Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum. Vol. I. Edited by V. Thcerikover in
collaboration with A. Fuks. Cambridge Mass., 1957. P. 5-10.
170
r:wea 3, l1ydeu u uydau3.w e pUMCKml npaee (/e, do H. 3,-/e, H, 3.)
3THX 3aKOHo.n.aTeJ1bHbIX HOpM OCTaeTCSI BeCbMa COMHHTeJIbHOH. TaK, eCJ1H
roBOpl1Tb 0 CnpaBe.D.J1I1BOCTI1 HaJIoro06JIo)f(eHI1S1, TO y HaC npaKfH'IeCKI1
HeT .n.aHHbIX 06 OTMeHe XOTSI 6b1 O.n.HOro 113 Tex HaJIOroB, Ha 06peMeHH-
TeJ1bHOCTb KOTOpblX )f(aJIOBaJII1Cb l1y.n.el1.
OOJ1I1TI1Ka ABrycTa HMeJIa pSl.n. CYIUeCTBeHHblX OTJ1I1'1HH. 3aKOHbl ero
BpeMeHH, KaCalOIUHeCSI H)'.n.eeB H Hy.n.aH3Ma, no <popMe SlBJISltOTCSI J10KaJIb-
HbIMH, He OTHOCSlIUHMI1CSI K roCy.n.aPCTBY B ueJIOM 61 , HO no CYl..L\eCTBY HX
CJ1e.n.YeT OTHeCTH K 06IUerocy.n.apCTBeHHbIM, KaK no <ppa3e0J10rHl1, TaK H
no BocnpHSlTHIO HX H)'.n.eSlMI1. HeCJ1Y'IaHHO, KOHe'lHO, B UI1THpOBaBllleH-
CSI nce<pH3Me 113 Cap.n. nOSlBJISltOTCSI CJ10Ba 0 BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH ceHaTOM 11
Hapo.n.OM PHMa CB060.n.bl H OTe'leCKI1X 3aKOHOB H)'.n.eeB. ,n:eHCTBHTeJ1bHO,
3aKOHbl ABrycTa He OCTaBJISlJIH COMHeHHSI, 'fTO HMeHHO TaK, KaK npHHuenc
onpe.n.eJ1HJ1 .D.J1S1 o.n.Horo KOHKpeTHOrO perHOHa, .n.0J1)f(H0 6bITb H BO Bcex
.n.pyrHx 06J1aCTSlX rocy.n.apCTBa, r.n.e )f(HByr H)'.n.eI162. KOHe'lHO, I1MnepaTOp
.n.eHCTBOBaJI HCKJ1IO'II1TeJ1bHO 113 nOJII1TH'IeCKOrO paC'IeTa, HO B J11060M
CJ1Y'lae, He O'leHb y.n.a'lHble nOnblTKI1 faSl IOJIHSI I...{e3apSl H 60J1ee .n.eHc-
TBeHHble MeponpHSlTHSI B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHI1H ero npl1eMHOrO CblHa 3aJIO-
)f(HJ111 npO'lHYIO 6a3Y .D.J1S1 B3al1MOOTHOllleHHH Me)l()J,y Hy.n.eSlMH H Sl3bl'leC-
KHM PHMOM.
B 3TOH CBSl311 npHHUHnl1aJIbHO BIDKeH Bonpoc, B 'IeM )f(e HMeHHO
COCTOSlJ1a OCHOBa KOMnpOMHcca Me)l()J,y S13bl'leCKHM PI1MOM H H)'.n.eSlMI1?
KaKHe I1MeHHO YCJIOBI1S1 y.n.OBJ1eTBOpHJ1H 06e CTOpOHbl H n03B0J1I1J111
H36e)f(aTb ne'laJIbHO H3BeCTHblX KpOBaBblX KOH<pJ1HKfOB, I1MeBlllHX Mec-
TO Ha DJ1I1)f(HeM BOCTOKe?
Bo Bcex 6e3 HCKJ1IO'IeHHSI ynoMHHaBlllHXCSI Bblllle .n.OKYMeHTaX BCTpe-
'IaIOTCSI CJ10Ba 0 3aKOHHOCTH C06J1IO.n.eHHSI H)'.n.eSlMH OTe'leCKHX 06b1'1aeB
11 I1X )f(113HH no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB. MO)f(HO J1H onpe.n.eJ1HTb, 'ITO HMeHHO
3TO 03Ha'laJIO 11 KaK CJ1e.n.YeT BOCnpl1HI1MaTb 3TI1 CJ10Ba?
0' <1>aKTbl nOKaJblBaIOT, 'iTO J!.,'1!1 pac'ieTJIH'Ioro nO.1HTHKa. KaKOBblM 6b1J1 ABrycT. HHoe
6b1J1o npocTO HeB03MOJKHO. OCHoBHoe B peJlHrH03HoJ:i nOJlHTI-lKe nepBoro npHHuenca 3aKJ1lO-
'iaJJOCb B pecTaBpaUl-I1-I Tp3.llHUHOHHbIX ueHHocTeJ:i H BepoBaHHii pHMCKOro 06weCTBa. Ha
06weroc)'ilapCTBeHHoM ypoBHe ABryCT OTHOCIL1CR K BOCTO'iHbIM 60raM H K}'JlbTaM C npe3pe-
HHeM. (MeJlCepUI/KUu H. 10. «PecnyGJlHKaHcKaJI MOHapxHR»: MeTaMop«j!03bl HlIeOJJOrHH 1-1
nO;IHTfIKH HMneparopa ABrycTa. M., 1994. C. 202-222, B OC06eHHOCTH - c. 216.)
.! 3.lleCb, KOHe'iHO, HYJKHO C.lleJlaTb O.llHY CYWeCTBeHHYIO OroBOpKY. ABTOMaTH'ieCKoro
nepeHoca 3aKOHOB, KaCaIOWHXCR HYlleeB, H3 OIIHOH npOBHHUHI-I B llPyrylO He npOHCXO.LlHJlO.
O.'lHaKO B cnY'iae 06paweHHJl C neTHUHeH nO,10JKHTe,lbHoe peweHHe 6b1JlO rapaHTHpoBaHO.
(HMeHHO 3TO 1-1 nOKa3blBaeT npHMep UHTHpOBaBweHCR Bblwe nceljIH3Mbi H3 Capll, npWUIHOH
;'L1!l npllHJlTllJl KOTOPOH nOCJ!)'JK1L1H neTHUHH 1I)'.!leeB llB)'X npoBfIHWlii - KllpeHaHKH H A3HH.)
OC06eHHOCTH pHMCKOii npaBOBOH CHCTeMbI H nO.1I-lTH'ieCKoro MeHT3J1HTeTa HCKJlIO'ia.1H BMe-
waTe.lbCTBO BepXOBHoii IL1aCTI-I B .!lena MeCTHoro Hace.leHH!I, KOrlla Hace.leHfle 06 3TOM He
npOClL10.
171
A. f, fpymeBOH. ffydeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu Pu.wCKozi pecny6.7IIKu u PU.\fCKOU u.\rnepuu
KOM611HaQI1H CBe.n.eHJ.iM H3 Bcex OTMe'leHHbIX .n.OK)'MeHTOB n03BOJIHeT
OTBeTI1Tb Ha :nOT Bonpoc. CaMaH nOJIHaH <POPMYJIl1pOBKa (OKH3HI1 no
CBOHM 3aKOHaM»63 co.n.ep)({I1TCH B npHBe.n.eHHOM Bblllle OTpblBKe nce<pH3-
Mbl H3 Cap.n.. 3.n.ecb Mbl BCTpe1.faeM npaBo c06paHI1i1 LlJIH I1CnOJIHeHHH
OTe1.feCKI1X 06b1'1aeB, npaBo Ha cBoero po.n.a aBTOHOMHIO - Ha 061..1..{11HH)'10
OpraHI13aQHlO B paMKax ropo.n.a. K 3TOMY cJIe.n.YeT TaIOKe .n.06aBHTb npa-
BO Ha HCnOJIb30BaHHe CBOI1X npaBoBblx HOpM BO BH)'TpeHHI1X B3aHMOOT-
HOllleHI1HX Me)K)J,Y 1.fJIeHaMH 061..1..{I1Hbl. 113 .n.pyrHx .n.oKYMeHToB BI1.n.HO,
'ITO CYI.l\eCTBeHHOM 1.faCTblO «)({H3HI1 no CBOI1M 3aKOHaM» 6blJIH H .n.Ba
CJIe.n.YIOI..I..{HX MOMeHTa, onpe.n.eJIHBlllHX xapaKTep B3aHMOOTHOllleHHM
H)'.n.eeB C ropo.n.aMI1 H ropO.n.CKOM a)J,MI1HI1CTpalUieM. 3TO np06JIeMa «rpIDK-
.n.aHcKHx» npaB (I1COnOJIHTHH) H cnpaBe.n.JII1BOCTH HaJIoro06JIo)({eHI1H
(HCOHOMHH). B nepBoM CJIY1.fae, npaB.n.a, no.n.pa3YMeBaJ10Cb npe.n.ocTaB-
JIHeMOe I1MeHHO B QeJIOM Hy.n.eMCKoe 06I.l\HHe npaBo CB060.n.HO )({HTb no
3aKOHaM npe.n.KoB, a He npe.n.OCTaBJIeHHe KIDK,lJ.OMY H)'.n.elO rpIDK,lJ.aHCKI1X
npaB .n.aHHoro KOHKpeTHoro nOJIHCa 64 . nOCJIe.n.Hee pelllaJ10Cb B HH.n.I1BH-
.n.yaJ1bHOM nopH.n.Ke, a CJIO)({HOCTH C peaJ1bHblM onpe.n.eJIeHHeM rpIDK,lJ.aH-
CKI1X npaB H)'.n.eeB 06'bHCHHIOTCH JIHlllb oc06eHHOCTHMH H3bIKa 110cH<pa
<l>JIaBHH, B .n.aHHOM CJIY1.fae Halllero OCHOBHOro HCT01.fHHKa. Bcer.n.a, Kor-
.n.a OH 3aTparHBaeT :ny np06JIeMY, l1oCH<p ynoTpe6JIHeT paCnJIblB1.faTble
nOHHTHH, CMblCJI KOTOpblX B QeJIOM COBepllleHHO HceH, o.n.HaKO JIlO6aH
nOnblTKa onpe.n.eJIHTb Cyrb Bonpoca 0 rpIDK,lJ.aHCKHX npaBax H)'.n.eeB C
IOpH.n.H1.feCKOM T01.fHOCTblO HaTaJ1KHBaeTCH Ha Henpeo.n.OJIHMble npenHTC-
TBI1H HCTOpHKO-<pHJIOJIOrH'IeCKoro xapaKTepa. l1oCH<p <l>JIaBI1M JIH60 He
3HaJ1, KaK TO'lHO Bblpa3HTb TO, 'ITO OH XOTeJI B .n.aHHOM CJIY1.fae CKa3aTb,
JII160 T01.fHOCTb onpe.n.eJIeHHM ero HHTepeCOBaJ1a ropa3.n.o MeHbllle, 'IeM
COBpeMeHHoro I1CCJIe.n.OBaTeJUI. .[{eMCTBHTeJIbHO, Hal160JIee 'IaCTO ymrrpe6-
JIHeMble 11M TepMHHbl - \<J11 'ttlJ.T1 (Contr. Ap., II, 35) - «paBeHcTBo
npHBHJIerHM»; icrolJ.otpia (Bel. Jud., II, 487) - «paBeHcTBo YCJIOBHi1»;
OJ HHTepeCHO OTMeTHTb, 'iTO 8, 4epHKOBep. aBTOp «j!YH.lla.\leHTaJIhHoro TpYlla 0 JKH3HH
HYlleeB 3.1..1HHHCTH'ieCKOrO BpeMeHH, nHweT, 'iTO nOH!lTH!I «OTe'ieCKHX 3aKOHOB» H «JKH3HH
no OTe'ieCKHM 3aKOHaM» OCTaIOTC!I B HaYKe HeHCCne.LlOBaHHbIMH, XOT!l3Ha'ieHHe 3THX nOHJITHH
npHMeHHTeJlbHO K HCTOpHH HY.lleeB paccMarpHBaeMoro BpeMeHH BeCbMa BaJKHO. (Tcherikover.
Op. cit. P. 83.) Co CBoeH CTOpoHbl B 3TO!! CBJl3H XOTeIlOCb 6bl OTMeTHTb, 'iTO onpe.lle,leHHe
CYWHOCTH «JKH3HH no OTe'ieCKHM 3aKOHaM» BeCbMa npoCTO, H60 - KaK 6Y.LleT nOKa3aHO Ha
cJle.LlYIOlI.\eil CTpaHHUe - O.llHH HCTO'iHHK COllepJKHT nOJJnylO pacwHljJpoBXY, KaK 3TO C,lellyeT
nOHHMarb. OCHOBHWI JKe np06neMa 3aKJlIO'!aeTCJl B HHOM - B onpe.LleJJeHHH. KaK COOTHOCHJlaCb
TeOpHJl C peaJIbHOH JKH3HblO'
'" OCHoBHble HCCJle.llOBaHH!I: Tcherikover V Helleinistic Civilization and the Jews. Phi-
ladelphia, 1959. P. 296-332 (rnaBa - Jewish Community and the Greek City), a TaKJKe .llBe
CTaTbH W. Anmle6aYMa. 113.LlaHlle KOTOpblX OTMe'ieHO B npHM. 81,
172
rJlaea], J voeu u uydau3M 6 pW.fCKa\, npa6e (/6, 00 H, :1,-/e. H. :1.)
iO"ovo ia. - (Ant. Jud., XII, 8) - «paBeHcTBo B 3aKoHax»65 - B npl1H-
Lume nOHgTHbl, HO HI1KaK He n03BOJIgIOT OTBeTI1Tb Ha BIDKHblH Bonpoc:
KaK nOHI1MaTb, no CYTI1, TOT I1JlI1 I1HOH TepMI1H npl1MeHI1TeJIbHO K KIDK-
.n.OMY KOHKpeTHOMY ropo.n.y 11 CI1l)'aQI1I1 B HeM?
Opl1 no.n.Be.n.eHI1I1 HTOroB npe.n.CTaBJIgerCg He06xo.n.I1Mb1M OTMeTI1Tb
CJIe.n.YlOl.I.\ee: B3al1MOHenOHI1MaHI1e l1y.n.eeB C g3b1'-IeCKI1M OKpY)KeHl1eM
JIl1lllb B npl1HQl1ne 6blJIO YHI1BepCaJIbHbIM, HO HI1Kor.n.a He 6bmo <paTaJIb-
HbIM, 11 JIl1lllb B OT.n.eJIbHbIX cJIY....agx OHO nepexo.n.I1JIo B HaCTOgl..LlHH
KOH<pJII1KT 11 Me)K3THI1....ecK)'1O Hanpg)KeHHocTb. B OCHOBe :noro B3aI1MO-
HenOHI1MaHl1g JIe)KaJIO )KeJIaHl1e l1y.n.eeB 06ecne....I1Tb CaMI1X ce6g B03-
MO)KHOCTblO )KI1Tb no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KoB. O.n.HaKo )Ke peaJII13aQI1g 3TOro
)KeJIaHl1g B nOJIHOH Mepe B 061..Lll1Hax .n.l1acnopbl aBTOMaTI1....eCKH CTaBI1JIa
6bl l1y.n.eeB BHe TOro 06I..LleCTBa, B paMKax KOToporo OHI1 )KI1JII1. ,L{eJIo B
TOM, ....TO nOJIHOe y.n.OBJIeTBOpeHl1e Tpe60BaHI1H uy.n.eeB 03Ha....aJIO 6bl .lI.J1g
HI1X B peaJIbHblX YCJIOBl1gX 061..LleCTBa TOro BpeMeHI1 )K113Hb C MaKCI1MY-
MOM JIbroT 11 C MI1HI1MYMOM 06g3aHHOCTeH I1JlI1 .n.IDKe BOBce 6e3 HI1X. C
rpe....eCKOH TO....KI1 3peHI1g - KaK 11 C TO....KI1 3peHIDI JIlO60ro 3.n.paBOMbIC-
JIgl.l.\ero ....eJIOBeKa JIlO60ro BpeMeHI1 - no.n.06Hoe HeB03MO)KH0, a Bbl.n.BI1-
)KeHl1e no.n.06HblX Tpe60BaHI1H a6cyp.n.HO.
O.n.HaKO )Ke B a6COJIIOTHOM 60JIbWI1HCTBe pemOHOB PI1MCKOH I1Mnepl111
OTMe....eHHble Tpe60BaHI1g l1y.n.eeB I1rHOpl1pOBaJIl1Cb, ....TO, BepOHHee Bce-
ro, 03Ha....aer JII160 MaJIO....I1CJIeHHOCTb uy.n.eHCKHX 06l.1.\11H, 3anpOCbl KO-
TOpblX 06l.1.\eCTBO Momo n03BOJII1Tb ce6e OCTaBJIgTb 6e3 BHI1MaHl1g, JII160
OC06blH CTal)'C uy.n.eHCKI1X 06l.1.\11H, KaK 6bl «YCTpallilBlllI1H» TaKoro po.n.a
np06JIeMbl 66 .
803MO)KeH, HaKOHeQ, Tperl1H Bapl1aHT 06'bgCHeHl1g. He I1CKJIIO....eHO,
....TO B OT.n.eJIbHbIX cJIy....agx uy.n.el1l1 He Bbl.n.Bl1raJIH HI1KaKHX Tpe60BaHI1H,
cnoc06HblX Bbl3BaTb pa3.n.pIDKeHl1e y npe.n.CTaBI1TeJIeH OKpY)KalOl.I.\erO
06l.1.\eCTBa, npe.n.nO....I1Tag .n.oroBopeHHOCTI1. Y Hac HeT B03MO)KHOCTI1
TO....HO onpe.n.eJIHTb, CKOJIb BeJII1KO Momo 6bITb KOJII1....eCTBO Tex, KTO 6blJI
HaCTpoeH Ha KOMnpOMI1CC. Ha Halll B3mg.n., Bce )Ke HenpaBOMepHO a priori
3ID1BJIgTb, ....TO TaKOBblX 6bmo MaJI0 67 .
ECJII1 6bl 3TO 6b1JIO TaK, TO PI1McKo-l1y.n.eHcKHH KOH<pJII1KT B KOHQe
pecny6JII1KI111 B nepBble .n.ecgnmerl1g npl1HQl1naTa 6bm 6b1 Bce06l.1.\I1M 11
OXBaTblBaJI 6bl Bce perHOHbl rocy.n.apCTBa, nepepaCTag B cBoero po.n.a
65 HMeeTCR B BH;IY OIIHOBpeMeHHO H paBeHCTBO nepe.'I 3aKOHOM, H npHMeHeHne OllHnx H
Tex JKe 3aKOHOB KO BceM rpaJK.llaHaM lIaHHoro ropolla.
.. HanpaWHBaeTCR npelInOJlOJKeHHe 0 TOM, 'iTO HY.lleiicKHe 06lI.1HHbl Manoii A3HH H
ErnnTa 6blJlH HeCKOJlbKO 6ora'ie llpymx 06lI.1HH .llHaCnOpbl, HO npRMblx .ilOKa3are.1bCTB 3TOMY
HeT.
07 KasherA, Op. cit. P. 17.
173
A. f, fpyweBOH. J.1ydell U uydaUJ.H G IIcmopuu PlL\fCKOU pecny6.WKU II PU..\fCKOU ZLllnepUII
«eBpeHCKHH Bonpoc», no.n.06HblH TOMY, C KOTOpblM CTOJIKHYJIaCb EBpona
B HOBoe H HOBeHlllee BpeMR. O.n.HaKO He06xo.n.I1MO C....I1TaTbCR C TeM, ....TO
HH....ero 3TOro B R3bl....eCKOM pl1MCKOM 06ll.{eCTBe He 6blJIO. HHblMI1 CJIOBa-
MI1, B LleJIOM B pl1MCKOM rocy.n.apCTBe KOJII1....eerBO H)'.n.eeB, roTOBblX pa.n.H
c06mo.n.eHHR Bcex npe.n.nl1CaHI1H Bepbl nOHTI1 Ha KOHcpJII1KT C 06ll.{eCTBOM,
6blJI0 He CTOJIb }?K BeJII1KO, a y R3bl....eCKoro 06ll.{eCTBa B KOHe....HOM c....ere
He 6blJIO HI1KaKHX oCHOBaHI1H .n.JIR CI1CTeMaTI1....eCKoro npeCJIe.n.oBaHHR
a.n.enToB H)'.n.aI13Ma. DOJIbllll1HCTBO l1y.n.eeB - oc06eHHo B .n.Hacnope-
npe.n.no....HTaJIH pelllaTb 3TOT .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO cpYH.n.aMeHTaJIbHbIH .lI.JIR ce6R
Bonpoc C nOMOll.lblO 06XO.n.HbIX nyreH 11 BCR....eCKI1X KOMnpoMHccOB.
C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbl, paCCMOTpeHHblH MaTepl1aJI n03BOJIRer, B npHH-
Lll1ne, roBOpHTb 0 TOJIepaHTHocTH aHTI1....Horo R3bl....eCKoro 061l.leCTBa no
OTHOIlJeHHIO K Hy.n.eRM68. OHa o....eBI1.n.Ha, HO cBoe06pa3Ha H Tpe6yeT
BeCbMa OCMOTpHTeJIbHoro K ce6e no.n.xo.n.a. .L{eHCTBI1TeJIbHO, HMnepaTO-
pbll1 BblCllll1e ....HHOBHI1KH OTBe....aJIH Ha neTI1LlI1H Hy.n.eeB 6JIarOCKJIOHHO.
O.n.HaKO HH O.n.HH 3aKOH, onpe.n.eJIRIOIl.lHH 31)' TOJIepaHTHOCTb 061l.leCTBa
no OTHOIlJeHHIO K Hy.n.eRM, He RBJIRerCR 06Il.lerocy.n.apCTBeHHbIM. 31'0 He
60JIee ....eM pecKpHnTbl no O.n.HOMY KOHKperHOMY Bonpocy, OTHOCRll.{HeCR
K .n.eJIaM O.n.HOro KOHKpeTHoro nOCeJIeHI1R.
HHblMH CJIOBaMH, pellleHHR, KaCalOll.{HeCR l1y.n.eeB CMHpHbl, He pac-
npOCTpaHRIOTCR aBTOMaTH'-IeCKH Ha l1y.n.eeB, :>KI1BYll.{HX, K npHMepy, B
3cpece. Y nOCJIe.n.HHX, npaB.n.a, OCnlBaJIaCb He6e30cHOBaTeJIbHaR Ha.n.e)l{-
.n.a Ha TO, l.J.TO B CJIy....ae HX. c06cTBeHHoi1 nerHLlHH K HMnepaTOpy npl1HLlenc
oTpearHpyeT aHaJIoru....HblM 06pa30M. 31'0 B co....eTaHHI1 C no.n.TBep)l()J,a-
eMblM B Ka)l()J,OM .n.OK)'MeHTe npaBOM :>KHTb no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB H CTaJIO,
cy.n.R no BceMy69, OCHOBOH B3aHMOnpl1eMJIeMoro KOMnpoMHcca, KOTOpbli1
n03BOJIHJI H36e:>KaTb B MaJIOH A3HH CTOJIKHOBeHHH, BOJIHeHHH H BOCCTa-
HI1H B ropo.n.ax C MHoroHaLll10HaJIbHbiM HaCeJIeHHeM.
TIpHBe.n.eHHblH MaTepHaJI n03BOJIRer CcpOPMYJIl1pOBaTb TaIOKe CJIe.n.y-
IOll.{HH BbIBO.n.: OcpHLlHaJIbHOe nOJIO:>KeHHe H)'.n.eeB H H)'.n.aH3Ma B PHMCKOH
pecny6JIHKe H R3bl....eCKOH PHMCKOH I1MnepHH 6blJI0 yperyJIHpOBaHO C
IOpl1.n.I1'feCKOH TO'fKH 3peHHR TaKHM 06Pa30M, KOTOpblH B 06ll.{eM-TO YC-
TpaHBaJI H H)'.n.eHcKHe 06ll.{I1Hbl, H pI1MCK)'1O BJIaCTb, H a.n.MI1HI1CTpaLlHIO
rpe'feCKHX ropo.n.oB.
O.n.HaKo aHaJII13 npHBe.n.eHHblx .n.oK)'MeHTOB nOKa3bIBaer, 'fTO no 60JIb-
lllOMY C'fel)' Bce paCCMOTpeHHble HOpMbl HH....eM He 6blJIH no.n.KpenJIeHbl,
"HMeHHO TaK nocrynaeT)l ACKOBHII: Askovith D. The tolerating of the Jews under Julius
Caesar and Augustus. New York, 1915.
0' TaxylO OroBOpKY npIiXOIDiTC!I JIe,laTb nOTOMY, '1TO MeHTaJIHTeT JlIOJIeH TOro Bpe!deHH
HaM Bce JKe HeH3BeCTeH.
174
rJlaGa 3, J{vdeu u uyoau3.\1 e pUJlfCKO.\f npa6e (16, do H, :J.- 1 G. H, :J.)
}/BJUI}/Cb Bcero lTHlllb peKOMeH.n.aUI1}/MI1 BepXOBHOH BlTaCTI1, KaK ClTe.n.yeT
nocrynaTb B TOM HlTH HHOM ClTY'-lae. B pe3YlTbTaTe '-Iall.\e Bcero MHoroe
H3 Toro, 0 'IeM lllJIa pe'-lb Bblllle, OKa3bIBaJIOCb .n.eKlIapaUI1}/MH. Oc06eHHO
3TO KaCaeTC}/ Bcex 3aKOHo.n.aTelTbHblX pellleHHH, np"H}/TbIX Ue3apeM 11
AHTOHHeM. O.n.HaKO 6bIlTO 6bI HenpaBHlTbHO Bna.n.aTb H B .n.pyrylO Kpai1-
HOCTb. Bce He06peMeHI1TelTbHOe, eCTeCTBeHHO, C06lTlO.n.aJIOCb B nOlTHOM
06'beMe, 1160 PI1M - .n.o Tex nop, nOKa TOT HlTH HHOH Hapo.n. He 6YHTOBaJI
11 He 3lTOYMblllllT}/lT, - He HMelT OCHOBaHHH OTHOCHTbC}/ K HeMY nlTOxo.
Oc060 XOTeJIOCb 6bI no.n.'-IepKH)'Tb, '-ITO B3aI1MOOTHOllleHH}/ PHMa H
H)'.n.eeB KaK BO BpeMeHa pecny6lTHKI1, TaK 11 BO BpeMeHa HMnepHI1 He
OTJIl1'-1aJIHCb OT ero B3al1MOOTHOllleHHH C .n.pyrHMH Hapo.n.aMH. npOCTO
HeKOTOpbIe oc06eHHOCTH 3THX OTHOllleHHH cnoc06CTBOBaJIH nO}/BJIeHHIO
60lTblllOro KOlTl1'1eCTBa .n.OK)'MeHTOB, OTpIDKalOIl.lHX 3ry cneUI1<pHK)', KO-
TopbIe COXpaHHlTHCb .n.o HalllHX .n.HeH.
KOMnpOMI1CC Me)f()J,)' H)'.n.e}/MH H pl1MCKOH BlTaCTblO np0}/BlT}/lTC}/ H B
.n.pyroH <popMe. Bonpoc 3TOT KaCaJIC}/ oc06eHHOCTeH K)'lTbTa HMnepaTO-
pa npHMeHHTelTbHO K H)'.n.e}/M. npH3HaKOM lTO}/lTbHOCTH rpa)K.n.aHI1Ha
HMnepl1H K BlTaCTI1 6bIlTO Y'-laCTHe (HlTH KaK MI1HHMYM COflTaCl1e npHH}/Tb
Y'-laCTl1e) B K)'lTbTe HMnepaTopa 70 . C H)'.n.e}/MH Bonpoc 6bIlT ClTO)KHbIM H
nO'lTH '-ITO rynHKoBblM B CB}/311 C TeM, '-ITO B HMnepHH Bce 60lTbllle pac-
npOCTpaH}/lTOCb 060)KeCTBlTeHHe HMnepaTopa, a H)'.n.el1 no npHHUl1nHaJIb-
HblM .lI.lT}/ ce6jJ C006pIDKeHI1}/M nOKlIOHHbC}/ 060)KeCTBlTeHHOMY '-IelTOBe-
K)' He MOflTH. B pe3YlTbTaTe no MOJI'-IaJII1BOMY COflTaCl11O CTOpOH 11 He 6e3
BlTH}/HI1}/ paCCMOTpeHHoro Bblllle yperylTHpOBaHHjJ B3al1MOOTHOllleHHH
Hy.n.eeB H pHMCKOH BlTaCTH B uelTOM, ClTO)Kl1lTaCb uelTa}/ CHCTeMa ycrynoK,
B uelTOM npHeMlTeMa}/ .lI.lT}/ 06eHX CTOpOH. 3aKlIIO'-IaJIaCb OHa B TOM, '-ITO
Hy.n.eH nocrynaJIH BO BceM TOM, '-ITO KaCaJIOCb K)'lTbTa HMnepaTopa, He
TaK (HlTH He COBceM TaK), KaK HHbIe nO)J,)J,aHHble, a BepXOBHa}/ BlTaCTb C
3TI1M MHpHlTaCb, npl1)].ep)KHB<UICb npHHW.fnl1aJIbHOH .lI.lT}/ ce6}/ YCTaHOBKI1
Ha HeBMelllaTelTbCTBO BO BH)'TpeHHHe .n.elTa MeCTHbIX Hapo.n.OB, nOKa OHH
He 6YHTOBaJIH.
MHO)KeCTBO CBe.n.eHI1H no paCCMaTpHBaeMOMY Bonpocy CO.n.eP)KHTC}/
B CO'-ll1HeHHI1 cI>l1lTOHa «0 nOCOlTbCTBe K falO». TaK, XOpOlllO H3BeCTHO,
'-ITO npH 06paIl.leHHH K HMnepaTOpy I1lTl1 npH ero ynoMHHaHHI1 Hy.n.eH
CTapaTelTbHO H36eraJIH lTI06blX 3nHTeTOB, npeB03HOC}/Il.lI1X HMnepaTopa
KaK 60)KecTBo. B 3TOM nlTaHe HHTepeCHa B BblCllleH CTeneHH xBaJIe6Ha}/
705lcHee Bcero :no CIjlOPMYJll-lpOBaHO flnl-lHHeM M'Ia.mnHM B H3BeCTHOM nl-lCbMe TpaJIHY
(Plin., Ep. X, 96, 5 ), oTnycKaBweM Ha cB06011Y Tex H3 06BI-IHeHHblX B npl-l'iaCTHOCTH K
XPHCTl-laHCTBY, KTO comawaJJclI npH3HaTb 6oroB H npHHecru JKepTBY nepell H306piDKeHHeM
T paJIHa.
175
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. J.1ydellll uydau:lM e ucmopuu PU.MCKOU pecny6JlUKU U PU-\'CKOU U-\fflepUII
xapaKrepl1CTI1Ka ABrycTa Y <1>HlloHa (Legatio, 143-158). <1>HJIOH ynoMH-
HaeT H 06 060)f(eCTBJ1eHHH ABrycTa. HHTepecHo, 'HO .n.J1j1 onHCaHHjI
:noro <paKra <pHJ10CO<p npl16eraeT K cOBepllleHHo nOHHHoMY, HO pe.n.Ko-
MY CJIOBY, n03B0J1j1lOllI.eMY 11 BbICKa3aTbCjI no CYLI.\eCTBY, H He nonaCTb B
llI.eKOTJ1HBYIO CI1l)'aUHlO. 3TO icrOA:6Jl1tt0<; - «paBHOOJ1HMnHi1cKHH» 71.
YnoTpe6J1j1j1 ero, <1>HJ10H XO'leT CKa3aTb, 'ITO ABrycl)' 6bIJ1H OKa3aHbi
nO'IeCTI1 ('t1.Jlai), paBHble 'reM, 'ITO 6b1BalOT OKa3aHbl OJIHMnHHCKHM 60raM.
fIpl1 3TOM B(l)KHO OTMeTI1Tb, 'ITO no .n.aHHbIM aBTopHTeTHoro rpeKo-aHr-
J1I1HCKOro J1eKCHKOHa JIH,lJJJ,eJ1a-CK01Ta no.n.06Hoe ynoTpe6J1eHHe TepMI1-
Ha icrOA:6Jl1tt0<; xapaKrepHO TOJIbKO )J,J1j1 <1>11J10Ha. ,[lJIjI rpeKa B .n.aHHoH
cHl)'aUHI1 60J1ee JIOrl1'1HbIM 6b1J10 6bl CKa3aTb icr69EO<; - «paBH060)f(e-
cTBeHHbIH» 72.
O.n.HaKo npaBHJ1 6e3 HCKJ1IO'IeHHH He 6b1BaeT. B .n.BYX He 3aBHCjlLI.\HX
.n.pyr OT .n.pyra HCTO'lHHKaX paCCKa3blBaeTCjI 06 060)f(eCTBJ1eHI1H Hpo.n.a
ArpHnnbl, BHYKa Hpo.n.a BeJ1HKoro H nOCJ1e.n.Hero HY.n.eHcKoro npaBHTe-
J1j1, KOTOPOMY, 6J1aro.n.apjl nOKpOBHTeJ1bCTBY pl1MCKHX HMnepaTopoB,
y.n.aJIOCb Ha KaKoe-TO BpeMjI 06'be.n.HHHTb no.n. CBoeH BJ1aCTblO 60J1blllYIO
'IaCTb BJ1a.n.eHHH .n.e.n.a. 3nH30.n. 3TOT npHBJ1eK BHHMaHHe HCTOpHKOB B
pe3YJ1bTaTe O.n.HOro <paTaJIbHOrO COBna.n.eHHjI - Hpo.n. ArpHnna nOI.J)'B-
CTBOBaJI pe3Koe yxy.n.llleHHe 3.n.OpOBbjl B TOT )f(e .n.eHb, Kor.n.a J11O.n.H 06pa-
THllHCb K HeMY KaK K 60ry, H YMep 'Iepe3 njlTb .n.HeH. Hallll1MH HCTO'lHH-
KaMH 3TO 6blJ10 I1HTepnpeTl1pOBaHO KaK rHeB 60roB. O.n.HH H3 3THX
aBTopOB - HOCH<p <1>J1aBI1H, HHKor.n.a He 3a6b1BalOllI.l1H no.n.'IepKHYTb
CBOIO npaBOBepHOCTb, BTOpOH - aBTOp «L{ejlHHH anOCTOJIOB», paCCMaT-
pHBalOLI.\HH Bce C06blTHjI y)Ke C xpHCTHaHCKOH TO'lKH 3peHHjI. OnHCaHHjI
B ueJ10M COBna.n.aIOT - 11 3TO n03B0J1j1eT rOBOpl1Tb 0 nO)J,J1HHHOCTH 113-
71 TepMHH 06bl'iHO ynOTpe6.n!lJlCR.llJIR xapaKTepHCTHK cnopTHBHblX cocTR3aHHH, paBHblx
no 3Ha'ieHHIO H pa3Maxy OJlHMnHHCKHM Hrpa.\l. A. fleJlJleTbe, H311aTeJlb TeKCTa «Legatio ad
Caium» C 06CTO!lTeJJbHblMH KOMMeHTapHJlMH, BHllHT 311eCb C03HaTeJlbHYIO Hrpy CJlOB - no.ll
oA...Jjlmo; 311eCb CJleJl)'eT 6y.llTO 6bl nOHHMaTh H OJlHMn, H OJlHMnHlO - H C'iHTaeT, 'fTO <1>HJJOH
XOTeJl CKa3arb cJlelIYlOwee. ABryCT, npHpaBHeHHblH 6oraM. KaK OJIHMnHJ:icKHH no6ellHTeJlb
no6e.llHJ1 Bcex TeX, C KeM eMY 1l0BeJlOCb COCT!l3aTbCR Ha nYTH K BepxoBHoH BJJaCTH. floll06Hoe
TOJlKOBaHHe OTHOCHTCR K 'iHCJJY Tex, 'iTO HH .llOKaJarb, HH onpoBeprHYTb HeB03MOJKHO. Bce
JKe 60JJee BepoRTHo, Y'iHTbIBaJI oc06eHHocTH ynoTpe6J1eHH!I TepMHHa icr6aEo;, BHlleTb B
iaoA.i>jlmo; Ylla'iHYIO HaXOIIKY <l>HJJOHa, no CMblCJlY paBHYIO ia09£o<;, H ynoTpe6J1eHHYIO
<l>HJlOHOM TOJlbKO nOToMY, 'iTO icr6aEO<; IIJlJl Hero HenpHeMJleMO. (Les oeuvres de Philon
d' Alexandrie. 32. Legatio ad Caium. Introduction, traduction et notes par A. Pelletier. Paris,
1972. P. 174-175.)
72CJlOBO 3TO IIpeBHee: OHO 3aCBHlleTe,lbCTBOBaHO YJKe Y fOMepa (11.,11,565; ad., I, 324).
OCHoBHoe 3Ha'ieHHe CJlOBa - «paBHblH Gory»; B pHMcKoe BpeMJl 1I06aBJlJleTCR HHoe 3Ha'ie-
HHe - «BocnpHHHMaI01IU1HC!I KaK Gor, npHpaBHeHHblH 60ry» (OGIS., 666, 21; PHeidelberg,
Inv. 1716, V). flo nOBOllY BTOporo 1I0KYMeHTa CM. CneUHaJIbHYIO CTaTblO: Ingerkemp G. H. To
hama? Zu einem Papyrus mit Fragen und Antworten II RhM. Bd. 112. 1969. S. 48-53.
176
rJlaea 3, l1ydeu u uyoall3M e pUMCKmr npaae (1 e, 00 H. 3,- 1 a, H, 3.!
JIaraeMbIX <paKTOB. Pa3HI1Qa 3aKJIIO'iaeTCH JIHlllb B CTeneHH no.n.p06HOC-
TI1. HeCKOJIbKHM <ppa3aM B «.LJ:eHHHHx anOCTOJIOB» COOTBeTCTByeT npH-
MepHO CTpaHI1Qa TeKCTa Y HOCH<pa <!>JIaBHSI (Acta, 12, 19-23; Fl. J05.,
Ant. Jud., XIX, 343-349).
no CJIOBaM HOCH<pa <!>JIaBHH, B Kecape 6blJII1 OpraHI130BaHbI nbIlllHbIe
npa3.n.HecTBa B 'ieCTb I1MnepaTOpa (KnaB.n.IDI). Ha BTOpOH .n.eHb npa3.n.HecTB
Hpo.n. Arpl1nna nOHBHJICH nepe.n. Hapo.n.oM B nOpa3HTeJIbHO KpaCI1BbIX
o.n.e)K)J.ax, 11 BCH'ieCKOrO po.n.a JIbCTeQbl BO Bpe.n. QaplO CTaJIH Ha3bIBaTb
ero 60roM (8Eov 1tjXXJaYop€OOV'tE ). ComaCHO HOCH<py <!>JIaBHIO, JIbCTe-
QbI 06paTI1JIHCb .n.aJIee K QaplO co CJIe.n.YIOIl.lHMI1 CJIOBaMH: Ei Kat JlEXP\.
vUV av9po>1tov Ecp0j3i1fh1JlEV, a."AJ...a. 'tOUvtEOOEV KpEt't'tOV<X O"E 9V11'tfi
cpOOE OJlOA.OYOUJlEV. (<<ECJIH.n.O CI1X nop MbI 60HJII1Cb Te6H KaK 'ieJIO-
BeKa, TO C 3TOro MOMenTa Mbl nOHI1MaeM, 'iTO Tbl no CBoeH npHpo.n.e
60JIbllle, 'ieM CMepTHbIH».)
B «.LJ:eHHHHx anOCTOJIOB» TO )l(e caMoe CKa3aHO ropa3.n.o KOpO'ie. AB-
TOp «.LJ:eHHHH» (12: 2 1-22) CJIe.n.YIOWHM 06pa30M Onl1CbIBaeT pea l1Io
HaCeJIeHHH Kecapel1 Ha BbIcl)'nJIeHHe Hpo.n.a Arpl1nnbI nepe.n. TOJInOH B
QapCKOH o.n.e)K)J.e: 6 O€ oflJlO<; E1tEqxI>VE\.' 8Eou qx.ovft, Kat OUK a.v9po>1tou.
(<<Hapo.L\)I(e BOCKJII1KH}'JI - roJIOC 60ra, a He 'ieJIOBeKa».) .LJ:aJIee B «.LJ:e-
HHHHX» CJIe.L\YeT HeMeMeHHoe BMelllaTeJIbCTBO 60)l(eCTBeHHbIX CMJI H
HaKa3aHHe Hpo.n.a 3a <paKTH'ieCKOe comaCHe C 060)l(eCTBJIeHHeM. Hpo.n.a
ArpHnny nOpa)l(aeT aHreJI 3a TO, 'iTO OH He B03.n.aJI CJIaBY rocno.a;y. B pe-
3YJIbTaTe Hpo.n., C'be.n.eHHbIH 'iepBSlMH, YMHpaeT.
Y HOCH<pa <!>JIaBIDI paCCKa3 ropa3.n.o 60Jlee no.n.p06HbIH. Hpo.n. Arpl1n-
na He OTBepr He'ieCTHBOr0 73 060)l(eCTBJIeHHH H nO'iTI1 Cpa3Y )l(e nOCJIe
3Toro MOMeHTa OH YBH.n.eJI CI1.n.HWYIO Ha.n. HI1M COBY. nOHHB, 'iTO 3TO
BeCTHHK 3JIa 7 4, ArpHnna nO'iYBCTBOBaJI 60JIb B cep.n.Qe 11 )l(HBOTe, Ar-
pHnna 06paTHJICSI K cBoeMY oKp eHHIO C TaKI1MH CJIOBaMH: 0 KA.TJ8Etc;
a.e<Xva'toc; ucp'" UJlcOv 110TJ SaVElY a.1t<XYOJla\.. (<<.51, Ha3BaHHbIH BaMH
6eCCMepTHbIM, Y)I(e c06HpalOCb YMepeTb»75.) .LJ:aJIee HOCI1<p <!>JIaBHH
73 3Ta xapaxrepHCTHKa npHHa.ll."eJKHT HOCH!PY <1>.laBHIO,
7.4YTb paHbwe (Ant. Jud., XVIlI, 200) HOCH<p <l>JlaBHH nHweT, 'iTO Hpo.ll ArpHnna YJKe
BHJIeJJ O.llHH paJ H3.ll C060H COBY H nOJlY'iHJJ npeJICKaJaHHe, 'iTO nOBTOpHoe nO!lBJJeHHe H311
HHM 3TOH nTHLlbl 6YlleT 03Ha'iarb HacrynJJeHHe CMepTH 'iepe3 n!ITb JIHeH. HHTepeCHO, 'iTO
HOCH<p <1>JlaBHH, roBOpJl 0 «BeCTHHKe», ynOTpe6J1JleT CJlOBO anEAo;. 3roT <paKT - Y'iHTbIBaJI
nO.llBJJeHHe «aHreJla» B «J],e!lHH.IIX anOCTOJlOB» - HaBOJIHT Ha MblCJlb 06 06meM HCTO'iHHKe
3nH30.lla.
75 Fl. Jos., XIX, 347. He HCKJlIO'ieHO, 'iTO 311eCb MOJKHO roBOpHTb 0 BJlH.IIHHH O.L1HOro
CTepeOTHna pHMCKOro 061IleCTBeHHoro C03HaHHJI. CJ10Ba ArpHnnbl HanOMHHaIOT <pPaJY, KO-
TOPYIO CBeToHHH npHnHCblBaeT BecnacHaHY. HMnepaTop, nO'iYBCTBOBaB npH6J1HJKeHHe
CMepTH, 6y.llTO 6bl CKaJaJI: «KaJKeTC.II, .II CTaHOBJJIOCb 60roM» (Suet. Div. Vespoo 23, 4).
177
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu II uydaUJM e ucmopuu PU.lUCKOU pecny6.7uKu u PUMCKOU u.unepllll
no.n.P06HO Onl1CblBaeT mlTl1.n.HeBHYlO 60JIe3Hb ArpHnnbl 76 , ero CMepTb 11
I1CKpeHHee rope Bcero HaCeJ1eHHH, MOJ1HU\ero 60ra B COOTBeTCTBHH C
3aKOHaMI1 npe.n.KOB 0 CnaCeH1111 UapH.
3nH30.n. 31Uf BIDKeH B HeCKOJ1bKHX OTHOllleHIUIX. Ope)K)J,e BCero He06bl'-l-
HO TO, 'lTO H)'.n.eHCKHH npaBHTeJ1b COmalllaeTCH Ha 06o)f{ecTBJIeHHe, a ero
OKp eHHe 11 HeMaJIOe KOJ1I1....eCTBO )JGffeJ1eH KecapeH 6bUIH roroBbi npH-
3HaTb ero 60roM COBceM B .n.yxe IIlHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHOH BIB. H. 3.
npaKfHKH 06o)f{ecTBJIeHIUI pHMCKOro HMnepaTOpa. 003HUHlO OKp eHIDI
Arpl1nflbl reopeTH'-IeCKH MO)I{HO 6bUIO 6bl Ha3BaTb 6e3y.n.eP)I{HOH npHLlBOp-
HOH J1eCThlO uape.n.BopueB, roTOBblX roBOpl1Tb qTO yro.n.HO, J1Hlllb 6bl 3acJ1)'-
)f{HTh 6J1aroCKJ10HHOCTh nOBeJ1HTeJUl. B TaKOM cJ1)'....ae paCCKa3 110cH<t>a
<l>J1aBHH MO)f{HO 6blJ10 6bl cqeCTh J11060nb1THb1M KYpbe30M. O.n.HaKO Ha
caMOM .n.eJ1e cmyaLlIDI npe.n.cnmmleTCH 3.n.eCb 6oJ1ee CJ10)I{HOH. OOMHMO
uape.n.BopUeB K 060)f{eCTBJIeHHlO MOHapxa 6bUIO roroBO H HaCeJJeHHe Keca-
pel111J1H no MeHbilleH Mepe qaCTb ero. KaK 113BeCTHO, BCKOpe nOCJ1e onHCbl-
BaeMblX c06bITHH B Kecapee BCnblXHeT OCTpblH KOHqmHKr Me)K)J,)' 3JU1HHH-
CTHqeCKOH H H)'.n.eHCKOH 06UJ.HHaMI1 ropo.n.a no Bonpocy 0 npaaax H)'.D.eeB.
B 3TOH CBH3H 6blJ10 6b1 OC06eHHO HHTepeCHO Y3HaTb, KTO )f{e HMeHHO npH-
BeTCTBOBaJI I1po.n.a KaK 6ora? K CO)f{aJIeHl1lO, y Hac OTBeTa Ha 3TOT Bonpoc
HeT. Bce )f{e, eCJ1H 06paTI1Tb BHI1Matme Ha nOHBJIeHHe B TeKCTe l1ocl1<t>a
<l>J1aBIDI 3mrreTa (<He....eCTHBblH», TO BnOJ1He J10rH....HO npe.n.nOJ1mKHTb, l.J.TO
Arpl1nny npHBeTCTBOBaJIH TaK OTHlO.n.b He TOJ1bKO rpeKH H 3JU1HHH3I1pO-
BaHHbie )JGffeJ1H KecapeH, a B TOM ....HCJ1e 11 KaKaH-TO qaCTb H)'.n.eeB77.
O.n.HaKO )f{e HCTOpHH C 060)f{eCTBJ1eHHeM Arpl1nnbl BIDKHa H eU\e B
O.n.HOM OTHOllleHHH, Ha KOTopoe 06blqHO He 06paUJ.alOT BHHMaHI1H. KaK
y)f{e OTMe....aJIOCb Bblllle, HCTOpIDI C 060)f{eCTBJIeHHeM npHBJ1eKJ1a BHHMa-
Hl1e 110cH<t>a <l>J1aBHH H aBTopa «.L{eHHHH anOCT0J10B» He CTOJ1bKO caMa
no ce6e, CKOJ1bKO B KaqeCTBe OqeBH,llHoro (.D.JIH aBTOpOB 3THX COqHHeHHH)
npHMepa BMelllaTeJ1bCTBa 60)f{eCTBeHHblx CI1J1 B qeJ10BeqecKYlO )f{H3Hb.
Ha COBpeMeHHI1KOB C06bITHH npOH3BeJ1 CHJ1bHeHlllee BneqaTJ1eHHe He
caM <t>aKr 060)f{eCTBJ1eHHH, a <t>aTaJIbHOe COBna.n.eHHe: CMepTb ArpHnnbl
Cpa3Y )f{e nOCJ1e 060)f{eCTBJIeHHH, BOCnpHlUITaH KaK HaKa3aHHe 60roB. 31'0
7. no .llpeBHHM TeKCTaM HaCTO!llI.IHH .llHarH03 nOCTaBHTb npaKTH'ieCKH HeB03MOJKHO,
OllHaKO ynoMHHaHHe HOCHljla <1>JlaBHJl 0 CHJ1bHbIX 6oJl.llX B JKHBOTe H 6blCTpO nOCJle.llOBaBWeH
CMepTH HaBOllHT Ha Mblc.1b 0 TOM, 'iTO Hpo.Ll ArpHnna Mor YMepeTb OT nepHTOHHTa. (CM.:
Josephus with an English translation by L. H. Feldman in ten volumes. IX. Jewish Antquities,
books XVllI-XIX. Harvard, London, 1981. P.379.)
77 Bepo.llTHee Bcero, 3TO 6blJJH 3J1J]HHH3HpOBaHHble HY.LleH, O.llHaKO H 3TOMY HeT np.llMblX
nO.LlTBepJK.lleHHH B HCTO'iHHKax. 51cHo JlHWb TO, 'iTO Hpo.Lla npHBeTCTBOBaJIH TaK Bce npHWe.Ll-
WHe Ha ropollcKHe npa3llHecTBa, T. e. Te, KTO BocnpHHHMaJI aHTH'iHYlO KYJJbTYPY KaK CBOIO
HJ1H, no MeHbweH Mepe, He KaK 'iYJK.llYlO.
178
TJloea 3, l1ydeu u UydOUJM e p'WCKm, npaee (/6, do H, ),-/e, H, ).)
.n.aeT OCHOBam1e .D.JISI cJIe.n.YlOwero npe.n.nOJIO)f(eHI1S1 - )f(JorreJIH ropo.n.oB
npHMopCKOH paBHI1Hbl JoI 3JIJIHHH311poBaHHble Hy.n.eH BnOJIHe MOrJIl1 npH-
BeTCTBOBaTb KaK 60ra H .n.pyrHx l1y.n.eHCKJoIX npaBI1TeJIeH. B UCmO'lHlIIWX
C6u()eme;7bcm6 Hem, HO 6nOflHe 603.WO:J/CHO, 'Imo 3mo ywo.7'1aHue 06'bRC-
HRemCR IlUUib 06bl()eHHocmblO R6JleHWl 6 C6R3U C UWpOK1L\t pacnpocmpa-
HeHue.H npaKmUKU 060:J/Cecm6JleHWl 6epX06HOZO npa6ume.7.Jl co 6pe.HeHII
A 62ycma, a maK:JfCe omcymcm6ueM cmo.7b ."'pa'lHblX c06na()eHlIu, KaK 6
CJlYliae C HpO()OM A2punnoii.
PaCCMOTpeHHblH :3nH30.n., KaCalOWI1HCSI I1po.n.a Arpl1nnbl, SlBJueT-
CSI - BO BCSlKOM CJI)"fae B TeOpl1H - BCe)f(e I1CKJIlOl.feHHeM 113 npaBHJI 78 .
ECJIH )f(e rOBopHTb 0 HopMe, TO OHa XOpOlllO BI1.n.Ha y <l>HJIOHa B ynoMI1-
HaBllll1MCSI e Bblllle TpaKTaTe «0 nOCOJIbCTBe K falO». Y Hero BCTpe-
l.faeTCSI HeCKOJIbKO KOHKpeTHblX npl1MepOB 06paweHHSI K I1MnepaTOpy.
OHH HeHTpaJIbHbl B peJII1rH03HOM OTHOllleHI1H: Leg., 277: o;u'toKp<X'trop-
«caMo.n.ep)f(eu»; Leg., 352 - LE o;cr'tOV AU'tOKpa'tOpo: - «BeJII1KOrO
caMo.n.ep)f(ua»; Leg., 356 - K'UptE fatE - «nOBeJIJoITeJIb faH». Pa3Jo1-
TeJIbHblM KOHTpaCTOM SlBJIJIIOTCSI B 3TOM OTHOllleHHH I.fHCTO pl1MCKJoIe
06bll.faH. TaK, nepBaJI rJIaBa 113BecTHoro naHerJolpl1Ka JoIMnepaTOpy TpaJI-
HY, COI.fHHeHHOro IInHHHeM MJIa.n.lllI1M, co.n.ep)f(JoIT l.feTKO C<POPMYJIHPO-
BaHH)'1O MblCJIb 0 TOM, 'I TO npJolHuenC HJoICnOCJIaH 60raMJoI JoI no CBOI1M
.n.YllleBHbIM H MOpaJIbHblM Kal.feCTBaM no.n.06eH He60)f(}1TeJISIM. 06paI..Lle-
HJoIe K JII060MY COBpeMeHHOMY C60PHI1K)' Ha.n.nJolCeH nOKa3blBaeT Macco-
BblH xapaKTep nOCBJITJoITeJIbHblX Ha.n.nI1CeH, a.n.peCOBaHHbIX HMneparopaM,
co.n.ep)f(awJolX l.feTKOe H JICHOe YKa3aHl1e Ha HX 60)f(eCTBeHHOCTb 79 .
HOpMOH )f(H3HH PHMCKOH I1Mnepl1H 6blJIa Koma JoIH.n.HBH.n.YaJIbHaSl,
Kor.n.a KOJlJIeKTI1BHaJI npl1CJIra Ha BepHOCTb JoIMnepaTOpy. l1y.n.el1 TaIOKe
npl1CJIraJIJoI Ha BepHOCTb I1MnepaTOpy, KaK HaM JoI3BeCTHO JoI3 110cH<pa
<l>JIaBHJI 80 . O.n.HH .n.oK)'MeHT nOKa3bIBaeT, 'I TO H)'.n.eH B .n.peBHOCTJoI KJISlJIHCb
7. O'ieHb MOJKeT 6bITb, 'iTO :nOT 3nH3011 nOl(a3bIBaeT KaK pa:J HOPMY, 06bl.!leHHOe BocnpH-
.liTHe npaBHTeJl.ll, HO Ha npaKTHKe npHXO.llHTC!I HCXOllHTb H3 Toro, 'ieM Mbl pacnOJlaraeM B
COXPaHHBWHXCR HCTO'iHHKax.
79 HeCKOJlbKO npHMepOB no c60pHHKY Annee epigraphique 3a 1971 r.: AE., 1971,434,
435 (AljIHHbl) 439 a, b (3J1eBcHH), 452 (JIec60c, MHTHJleHa), 457 (3cJ>ec). CM. TaKJKe: Price
S. R. F Gods and Emperors: the Greek Language of the Roman Imperial Cult II JHS. 1984.
Vol. 104. P. 79-95.
80 Kn.IITBa B BepHOCTH ABryCry - FI. Jos., Ant. Jud., XVII, 41-42; K,l.llTBa B BepHOCTH
KaJJHryJle - Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud., XVlIl, 258. CTporo rOBopR, HYlleH He CTOJlbKO npHCRraJJH Ha
BepHoCTb, CKOJlbKO 6blJlH npHHYJKaaeMbl K TaKa" KJI.IITBe HpO.!lOM H ero HaCJle.llHHKaMH HilH
pHMCKHMH HaMeCTHHKaMH. (Cp. Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud., XV, 370-371.) JJ..'1R, C06CTBeHHO, pHMC-
KOro BpeMeHH Mbl He pacnOJJaraeM KOHKpeTHblMH CBII.lleTeJlbCTBaMH. OllHaKO, eCJlH CY.!lHTb
no aHaJJOrHH, o6ecne'ieHHe KiIJITBbl Ha BepHOCTb HMneparopy RBJ11L10Cb 06Jl3aHHOCTbIO Ha-
MeCTHHKa npOBHHUHH.
179
A. f. f pyweBoH, l1ydeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU peCny611UKU U PUMCKOU lLwnepuu
HMeHeM HMnepaTopa He TOJIbKO B Tex CHl)'aUIDIX, Kor.n.a 3TO 6blJI0 cBoero
po.n.a 0<pHUHaJIbHbIM BblpIDKeHHeM JIOgJIbHOCTI1 H npe.n.aHHOCTH npaBH-
Temo 81 .
CBoe06pa3Hb1M npo.n.OJI)I{eHHeM 3TOH KJIgTBbI B BepHOCTH HMnepa-
TOpy MO)l{HO C...HTaTb nOCBgUJ,eHHe I1MnepaTOpy CHHaror - BO BCgKOM
CJIy...ae, ...aCTH CHHaror 82 , "'TO Momo 6bITb CBoero po.n.a «KOMneHcaUH-
eH» 3a TO, "'TO l1y.n.eH He CTpOHJII1 xpaMoB B ...eCTb I1MnepaTopa 83 . Tpa-
.n.HUHg 3Ta K pl1MCKOMY BpeMeHH 6blJIa Y)I{e CTapI1HHOH. nepBble npH-
Mepbl TaKora po.n.a nOCBgUJ,eHI1H OTHOCgTCg K nTOJIeMeeBCKOMY ErHnl)'
(OGIS., 96, 10 1). lITo KaCaeTCg pl1MCKOrO BpeMeHH, TO OCHOBHble
H3BeCTHble npl1Mepbl TaKora THna nOCBgUJ,eHI1H CBg3aHbl CO CTOJIl1uei1
HMnepHH. TaK, H3 o.n.I1HHa.n.uaTH H3BeCTHblX HaM no Ha.n.nHCgM CHHaror
PI1Ma .n.Be 6blJII1 nOCBgUJ,eHbl "'JIeHaM I1Mnepa-ropCKOH ceMbH. Bo BCgKOM
c.rry...ae, B O.n.HOH rpynne Ha.n.nl1CeH nOgBJIgeTCg ynoMI1HaHl1e 0 cruvayCO"fll
AUyooo'tllcnmv, B .n.pyroH - 0 cruvaYCIY'(1) v Ayp\.1t1tllcnmv84. 06a npH-
JIaraTeJIbHblX gBJIglOTCg I1CK)'CCTBeHHbIMI1 06pa30BaHHgMH OT HMeHI1
ABrycTa (B nepBoM cJIy...ae) H ArpHnnbl (MapKa Bl1nCaHHg ArpHn-
nbl - MY)l{a .n.o...epH HMnepaTopa) BO BTOpOM. Mbl He 3HaeM, no...eMY
3TH CHHarorH 6blJIH nOCBgUJ,eHbl HMnepaTOpy Hero po.n.CTBeHHHKY,
o.n.HaKO npe.n.nOJIO)l{eHHH MO)l{eT 6bITb no CYUJ,eCTBY TOJIbKO .n.Ba: nOCBg-
UJ,eHl1g CHHaror MOryr He HMeTb KaKorO-TO oc060ro CKpbITOra no.n.TeK-
CTa, KpOMe )l{eJIaHHg no.n....epKHyTb JIOgJIbHOCTb HMnepaTOpy Hero
po.n.CTBeHHHKY; nOCBgUJ,eHHg MorYT 06'bgCHgTbCg TeM, "'TO ...JIeHbl CO-
OTBeTCTBYIOUJ,HX 06UJ,HH 6blJIH BOJIbHOOTnYUJ.eHHHKaMH ABrYCTa H
ArpHnnbI.
B03BpaUJ,IDICb K np06JIeMaM K)'JIbTa I1Mnepa-ropa H OTHOllieHIDI K HeM}'
H)'.n.eeB, OTMeTHM, 1ff0 OHH npHHHMaJIH y...aCTHe BO Bcex npa3.n.HeCTBax
KYJIbTa HMnepaTOpa, TaKHX KaK .n.eHb pmK.n.eHHg, .n.eHb npHxo.n.a K BJIaCTH
8' CM. CPJ. Vol. 2, n.427 (= BGU, 1068). ABTOp O«j!HUHaJJbHOro 06paweHHJl I( npe.llCTa-
BHTeJJIO BJJaCTH KJlRTBOH HMeHeM HMneparopa nO.llTBepJK.llaeT HCTHHHOCTb c0061IlaeMbiX
CBe.lleHHH. (J],OKYMeHT .llarupyeTcR 10 «j!eBpaJJ!I 101 r.)
82 H3BeCTHbJe HaM HaJBaHHJl CHHaror PHMa nOKaJblBaIOT, 'iTO npOHCXOJK.lleHHe H CMblCJJ
)THX HaJBaHHH MOfilH 6b1Tb O'ieHb paJHblMH.
83 CM.: Phi1on, Legatio, 148, a TaKJKe npHM. 5 K )TOMY Mecry no «j!PaHUY3CKOMY H31Ia-
HHIO - Les oeuvres de Philo d' Alexandrie. 32. Legatio ad Gaium. Introduction, traduction et
notes par A. Pelletier. Paris, 1972. P. 172-173;JusterJ. Les Juifs dans l'Empire Romain. Leur
conditionjuridique, economique et sociale. T.!. Paris, 1914. P. 348, note 4.
.. ABrycreCHHUbl - CU., I, 284, 301, 338,416,496; ArpHnnecHHUbI - CU., I, 365, 425,
503. qTO KaCaeTCJI cHHarom arpHnnecHHueB, TO B 3TOM cny'iae CBR3b ee HaJBaHHJl C HMeHeM
MapKa BHnCaHH!I ArpHnnbl 'iYTb MeHee JICHa, H60 MOJKHO npellnOJlOJKHTb, 'iTO HaJBaHHe
cHHarom BOCXOJJj\T K HMeHH 3JIaHHJl HJlH paJ:ioHa B PHMe. CM.: JJeeUHCKaJI J/. A. «J],eRHHR
anOCTOJlOB» Ha «j!OHe eBpeHcKDJ:i llHaCnOpbl. Cfl6., 2000. C. 303.
180
TJlaea 3, l1ydeu U uydau3M e pU.\fCKOM npaee (/e, do H. 3,-/e, H, 3.)
11 T. .L\.85 npaB.n.a, cpOpMbl :noro Y'-/acnul HeCKOJIbKO OTJII1....aJII1Cb OT Tex,
....TO 6blJIH xapaKrepHbl .D.JIR .n.pyrHx npOBI1H HH. TaK, 3 RHaapSi 6bIJI .n.HeM,
Kor.n.a nO.LJ.}J,aHHble Bblpa:>KaJIl1 nO:>KeJIaHHR B a.n.pec HMnepaTopa Hero
ceMbH H B03HOCI1JII1 eMY MOJIHTBbl B I1MnepaTopCKHX xpaMax. HY.L\eH
nOCl)'naJIH T01.J:HO TaK :>Ke, HO BbICKa3bIBaJIl1 nO:>KeJIaHHR HMnepaTOpy 11
MOJIHJIHCb eMY B CHHarorax (Philo, Legatio, 279).
B naJIeCTHHe - .n.o Tex nop, nOKa cYUJ,ecTBOBaJI BTOpoH xpaM, - B
xpaMe COBeplllaJIHCb :>KepTBonpHHollleHHR 60ry xBe BO HMR I1MnepaTO-
pa OT HMeHI1 Bcex HY.n.eeB. HOCHcp <1>JIaBHi1, nl1lllYUJ,HH 06 3TOM .n.OCTa-
T01.J:HO no.n.p06HO, yr01.J:HReT, 1.J:TO 3TH :>KepTBonpl1HOllleHHR npOHcxo.n.HJII1
.n.Ba:>K,IJ,bl B .n.eHb 86.
3a npe.n.eJIaMI1 naJIeCTI1Hbl B CHHarore BnOJIHe MomH Haxo.n.I1TbCSI
pa3JlH4Hble 3HaKI1 HMnepaTOpCKOH BJIaCTH (Hanpl1Mep KOpOHbl) I1JIH .n.IDKe
CTeJIbl H nOCBSlTI1TeJIbHble Ha.n.nHCI1 B ....eCTb HMneparopa 87 .
KaK o eHHBarb 3TOT KOMnpOMHCC? Bonpoc 3TOT He TaK npocT, 1160
o eHKa ero MO:>KeT 6blTb pa3JII11.J:HOH B 3aBHCI1MOCTH OT TOro, 6y.n.eT JIH
o6paUJ,eHo BHHMaHl1e npe:>K,lJ,e Bcero Ha cpOpMaJIbHYIO CTOpOH)' HJIH :>Ke
Ha Cyrb paccMarpHBaeMblx RBJIeHHH.
ECJIH HCXO.n.HTb H3 cpOpMbl, TO o....eBH.n.Hoe no npHBe.L\eHHblM npHMe-
paM C06JIIO.n.eHHe cBoero po.n.a .n.HnJIOMaTl14ecKoro 3THKeTa Me:>K,lJ,y npe.n.-
CTaBI1TeJIRMI1 .n.BYX CTOJIb pa3HblX KYJIbl)'P n03BOJISIeT B KaKOH-TO Mepe
rOBOpl1Tb 0 XOpOlllHX OTHOllleHHSlX Me:>K,lJ,y l1y.n.eSlMI1 11 pHMCKOH BJIa-
CTblO.
JII060nbITHblM npOSlBJIeHHeM 3TOro «XOpOlliero OTHOllleHI1S1» CTaJIO
lllHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe cpe.n.H H)'.n.eeB (ewe.n.o Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHbl)
pHMCKOro rpa:>K,lJ,aHCTBa. npH 3TOM, HaCKOJIbKO Mbl MO:>KeM Cy.n.HTb, pe4b
lllJIa 0 C04eTaHHH .n.BYX, B npHH l1ne, MaJIO COBMeCTHMblX RBJIeHI1H -
:>KH3HI1 no «3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB» H 06JIa.n.aHHR BblClllHM rpa:>K,lJ,aHCKO-npa-
BOBblM CTal)'COM HMnepHH, npe.n.nOJIaraBllll1M )K}f3Hb Ha OCHOBe COBep-
llleHHO HHblX eHHOCTeH.
.'TaK, Y <1>HJJOHa B Legatio, 356, ynoMHHaIOTC!I JKeprBonpHHOrneHH!I no CJlY'!aIO npHXO-
.lla KaJJHrYJlbl K BJJaCTH, no CJlY'!aIO Bbl3D.OpOBJJeHHJI HMneparopa, no cJlY'ialO H311eJl(.llbl Ha
ycnex BoeHHOH onepauHH B fepMaHHH. Y TOro JKe <1>HJlOHa B Legatio, 231,232,288, ynoMH-
HaIOTC!I n0311paBJIeHHJI OT HYlleeB no CJlY'IaIO npHxolla KanHryJlbl K BJJaCTH. EcnH roBOpHTh B
ueJlOM, TO npHHUHnHaJJbHYI-O no 3Ha'ieHHIO HHljlop;\laUHIO CO.llepJKHT naparpa«jl 232, r.lle ro-
BOpHTCR 0 nCHXOJJOrH'iecKOi! roTOBHOCTH HYlleeB cOBeprnaTb nlO6bIe JKepTBonpHHOrneHHJI B
'ieCTb HMnepaTOpa, JlHWb 6bl HHKTO HH'iero He MeHRJI B HepYCaJJHMCKOM xpaMe,
.00CHOBHbIe KOHTeKCTbl: FI. los., Bel. Jud., II, 197; Contr. Ap., 11, 77; Philon, Legatio,
157.
.7 no CJlOBaM <1>HJJOHa, HX 6blJJO HeMaJJO B cHHarorax AneKCaH.llpHH. CM.: Philon, Legatio,
133.
181
A. r. rpYW BOH. l1ydell U uydallJ.u 6 IIcmopulI PUMCKOU peCny6JlUKlI U PILI/CKOU lLlfnepllll
OCHOBHaH HHcpopMaQHH 0 pHMCKOM rpIDK.D.aHCTBe cpe.n.H H)'.n.eeB HC-
XO.n.HT OT <1>11l10Ha AJ1eKcaH.n.pHikKOro. B CO'lHHeHHH «0 nOCOJ1bCTBe K
falO» cpHJ10COcp co06maeT MHoro cymecTBeHHblx .n.eTaJleH, KacalOmHXCH
Hy.n.eeB PHMa BpeMeHH ABrycTa. nO ero CJ10BaM (Legatio, 155), ABrycT
3HaJI, 'ITO O.n.HH H3 KBapTaJlOB PHMa 3aCeJ1eH H)'.n.eHMH, 60J1blllHHCTBO H3
KOTOpblX 6b1J1H OCB060)f()J,eHHbIMH pHMJ1HHaMH (p(J) CXtOt ot (jCXV oi
1tA.EtO <X1t£A.Eu9€proeEvtEe;). nOCJ1e.n.Hee H3 3THX CJIOB HCHO nOKa3bIBaeT,
'ITO pe'lb H.n.eT 0 BOJ1bHooTnymeHHHKax. nepBoe )J(e CJ10BO (p(J) cxtot)
rOBopHT 0 TOM, 'ITO J11O.n.H 3TH 6blJ1H HMeHHO pHMCKHMH rpIDK.D.aHaMH.
YnoTpe6J1eHHe 3.n.eCb B TeKCTe npHJ1araTeJ1bHoro (pro CXtK6<;88) Momo 6bl
rOBopHTb 0 TOM, 'ITO 3.n.eCb pe'lb H.n.eT 0 BOJ1bHoOTnyllleHHHKax pHMJ1HH,
o.n.HaKO cymeCTBYlOmee B TeKCTe comaCOBaHHe CJ10B 0.n.H03Ha'iHO rOBO-
pHT 0 TOM, 'ITO 3TO pHMCKHe rpIDK.D.aHe 89 . B TOM )J(e naparpacpe 'IYTb
.n.aJlbllle <1>11J10H co06maeT, K.aK H npH KaKHX 06CTOHTeJ1bCTBax nOHBI1J1HCb
3TI1 JIIO.n.H B PHMe. OHI1 6blJIH .n.OCTaBJIeHbl B I1TaJlHIO K.aK BOeHHOnJ1eHHble,
HO 3aTeM X03HeBa HX OCB060.n.I1J1H, He 3aCTaBJ1HH 'ITO-J1H60 H3MeHHTb B
OTe'leCKHX Tpa.n.HQHHX. A J1Hlllb HeMHorHM .n.aJlee (Legatio, 157) <1>11J10H
npHMO Ha3blBaeT 3THX J11O.n.eH pHMCKHMH rpIDK.D.aHaMH, PaCCKa3bIBaJI 0
nOJ1HTHKe ABryCTa, aBTOp TpaJcraTa He 3a6b1BaeT CKa3aTb, 'ITO HMnepaTOp
He H3roHHJI Hy.n.eeB PHMa H3 ropo.n.a H He J1HlllaJI HX npaBa pHMCKoro
rpIDK.D.aHCTBa, XOTH OHH H rop.n.HJ1HCb CBOHM Hy.n.eHCKHM npOHCXO)f()J,e-
HHeM. (01)'tE E ci>Kt(jE 'tile; Pro 'I1e; EKEivO O-lYcE 't&v P(J) CXtK&V cxm&v
<Xcp£tA.E'tO 1tOA.t'tEtCXV O'tV KCXt 'tile; 'IOOOcxtKT\e; E<pp6V'tt OV.)
npeBpallleHHe)J(e 6blBlllero BoeHHollileHHoro (HJ1H pa6a) B pHMCKOro
rpIDK.D.aHHHa npoHcxo.n.HJIO, C IOpH.n.H'IeCKOH TO'lKH 3peHIDI, O'leHb npOCTO.
no 3aKOHY, BOJIbHOoTnymeHHHK .n.OJ1)J(eH 6blJ1 6blTb 3anHcaH B 1)' )J(e
TpH6y, 'ITO H 6bIBlllHH rocno.n.HH. ECJ1H )J(e X03HHH 6blJ1 pHMCKHM rpIDK-
.n.aHHHOM, TO H BOJ1bHOoTnymeHHHK CTaHOBHJ1CH HM )J(e 90 . npH 3TOM, eCJ1H
HCTO'lHHKH n03B0J1HIOT cnopHTb, KaKOB 6blJ1 HJ1H Mor 6b1Tb rpIDK.D.aHCKO-
npaBOBOH CTa1)'C, c06CTBeHHO, BOJ1bHooTnyllleHHHKa, TO B J11060H CH-
1)'aQHH CblH BOJ1bHOoTnymeHHHKa pHMCKOro rpIDK.D.aHHHa CTaHOBHJ1CH
y)J(e nOJIHOnpaBHblM pHMCKHM rpa)f()J,aHHHOM, H60 BHeceHHe B cnHCOK
.. CTporo rOBopR, P<Ol-1aioc; - )TO TOJKe npHJJaraTeJJbHOe, O.lHaKO c_loBoynOTpe6.1eHHe
CJJOJKHJJOCb TaK, 'iTO B rpe'ieCKOM .llJ1!1 nOH!lTHR «PHMJ]JlHIIH» ynOTpe6J1RJJOCb HMeHHO )TO
CJJOBO. (To JKe, KCTarM, B JJaTHHCKOM, me B aHaJlOrH'iHOH cHryaUHM TaKJKe ynoTpe6JJ!lJlOCb
npHJJaraTeJJbHOe romanus.)
g. XOTe.l0Cb 6b1 OTMeTHTb, 'iTO B «D.eRHH!lX anOCTOJJOB» nOH!lTHe pHMCKOro rpa)l(,ilaHCTBa
BblpaJKeHO TO'iHO TaK JKe: Acta, 22:26-29; 23:27,
.oCM.: Treggiari S. Roman freedmen during the Late Republic. Oxford. 1969, P.37.
B XYllweM cJJY'iae pHMCKHM rpaJKllaHHHOM CTaHOBH!IC!I CblH HJJH BHYK BO.lbHooTnyweH-
HIlKa.
182
rW6a 3, l1ydeu 1/ uydmuw 6 pu.MCKaw npaee (/ e, do H, ),-/e, H, ).)
TOH HJIH HHOH TpH6b1 pHMCKHX rpIDK,lJ.aH OKa3bIBaJIOCb eMY rapaHTHpo-
BaHHblM OT pmK.n.eHHjl9\. TaK, H)'.n.el1, 3aXBaqeHHble B nJ1eH, BepOjiTHee
Bcero npH flOMnee, H .n.ocTaBJ1eHHble B PHM KaK pa6b1, 6b1J1H TaM OCBO-
60)K)J,eHbl CBOHMH X03j1eBaMH H Cpa3Y - MaKCHM)'M qepe3 nOKOJ1eHHe -
nOJ1yql1J1H pHMCKoe rpIDK,lJ.aHCTB0 92 . <I>HJ1OH, K CO)J(aJIeHHIO, HHqero He
roBOpHT 0 TOM, Bce J1H 3axBaqeHHbie B nneH Hy.n.eH 6b1J1H OCB060)K)J,eHbl.
KOHTeKCT n03B0J1j1eT CKopee no.n.YMarb HMeHHO 06 3TOM, qeM 06 YMOJI-
qaHHH <I>HJ1OHOM HeBblro.n.HblX <paKTOB.
KaK 6bl TaM HH 6b1J10, npHHUHnHaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT H BTopoe
co06meHHe <I>HJ1OHa 0 TOM, qTO H)'.n.eH 6blJ1H OCB060)K)J,eHbl 6e3 npHHY-
)K)J,eHHjI qTO-J1H60 MeHjlTb B OTeqeCKHX 06b1qajlx. I1HblMH CJ1OBaMH, CO-
BMemeHHe cTaryca pHMCKOro rpIDK,lJ.aHHHa H HcnOBe.n.OBaHHe H)'.n.aH3Ma
OKa3bIBaJIOCb B KOHeqHOM cqeTe B03MO)J(HbIM, qTO, KaK}')J(e OTMeqaJIOCb,
no.n.qepKHBaeT H caM <I>HJ10H 93 . I1MeHHo 3TO H 06'bjlCHjleT TOT <paKT, qTO
Y H)'.n.eeB PHMa He B03HHKaJIO )J(eJIaHHjI H nOTpe6HOCTH 06pall\aTbCjI K
BJ1aCTjlM C neTHUHjlMH 0 npaBax.
B 3TOH CBjl3H oc060 TalOKe XOTeJlOCb 6bl no.n.qepKH)'Tb H CJ1e.n.ylOmHH
<paKT. B03MO)J(HOCTeH .D.J1j1 COBMemeHHjI TaKHX, Ka3aJIOCb 6bl, HeCOBMec-
THMblX BemeH, KaK pHMCKoe rpa)K)J,aHCTBO H Hy.n.aH3M 6blJ10 ropa3.n.0
60J1bUJe, qeM MO)J(HO no.n.YMarb. Bo-nepBbIX, 06j13areJ1bHbIH MHHHMaJIb-
HblH ypOBeHb npOjlBJ1eHHjI J1OjlJ1bHOCTH no OTHOllleHHIO K pHMCKOMY
rocy.n.apCTBY 6blJ1 BeCbMa HeBbICOK. QeJ10BeK npH3HaBaJICjI 6J1aroHa,n.e)J(-
HblM B CJ1yqae <pOpMaJIbHOro C06J1IO.n.eHHjI o6pjl.n.OB K)'J1bTa OJ1HMnHHCKHX
60roB H npaBjlll\ero HMneparopa. CYTb .n.eJ1a - HCKpeHHOCTb Bepbl - npH
., B paccMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMJl nO.ll06Hble rapaHTHH BeCbMa ueHHJlHCb. TaK, 06pawaeT Ha
ce6!1 BHHMaHHe ynoMHHaBWeeCJl MecTO B «J],eIlHH!lX» (22:27-] 8), me naBe,l He 6e3 ropllOCTH
roBOpMT 0 TOM, 'iTO OH - pHMCKHH rpaJK.llaHHH no pOJK.lleHHIO. a nOIlOJKeHHH CblHOBeH BOJJb-
HoomYlIleHHHKOB C IOpH.llH'ieCKOH TO'iKH 3peHH!I CM. Treggiari. Op. cit. P. 229-236. aHa,
roBOp!l 0 pacnpOCTpaHeHHH pHMCKOro rpaJK.ll.aHCTBa Cpe.llH MY.lleeB, OTMe'iaeT B Ka'ieCTBe
B03MOJKHOro nYTM ero 06PeTeHH!I CJJeJIYlOwee. BepO!ITHO, BOllbHoomyweHHHKH-HY.lleH, 06-
peTIi CB060.llY M M3BeCTHoe COCTO!lHHe, npH06peTaJJH CBOHX e.llHHoBepueB-pa60B M!I TOro,
'iT06bI OTnYCTHTb MX Ha BOJJIO. flpaB.lla, CaM JKe aBTOp OTMe'iaeT, 'iTO B HCTO'iHHKax nOllTBep-
JK.lleHHH 3TOMY HeT (Treggiari, Op. cit. P. 206).
92 OllHHM H3 BaJKHeHWHX HCTO'iHHKOB no Bonpocy 0 CTaryce pHMCKOro rpaJK.llaHCTBa H
060 BceM TOM, 'iTO KaCaeTC!I ero nOJJY'ieHH!l, IIBJIJleTC!I HMnHCb BpeMeHM MapKa ABpeJJH!I H
11YUH!I Bepa AE., 197]. N 534. 3a oc06b1e 3ac,lym nepell roCY.1lapCTBOM HMneparop npello-
CTaBJ1!1eT pHMcKOe rpaJK.llaHCTBO MeCTHOMY nneMeHHOMY BOJK.WO H ero ceMei!CTBY.
.3 Ha llelle COBMeweHMe OllHoro C .1IpymM OKaJbIBaJJOCb HeCJlOJKHbIM, H60 caM no ce6e
«jIaKT 06JJ3.llaHM!I pHMCKMM rpaJK.llaHCTBOM COBepweHHO He 03Ha'iaJJ aBTOMaTH'iecKOro npH06-
lIleHH!I K pHMCKOH KYJJbrype H JKH3HH comaCHO ee npHHUHnaM H ueHHOCTIiM. CM,: Sartre M.
L'Orient Romain. Provinces et societes provinciales en Mediterranee orientale d' Auguste aux
Severes (3] avant J-e. - 235 apres J .-c.). Paris, 1991. p, 78.
183
A. f, rpyweBoH, l1ydeu u uyoaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU peCny6.1UKII U PUWCKOU uwnepuu
3TOM HHKOro He HHTepeCOBana 94 . BO-BTOpbIX, CJIe.n.YeT, cy.n. no BceMY,
pa3JUI'.JaTb .n.Ba <paKTopa: perHCTpaLlHIO B Kal.feCTBe pHMCKOro rpIDK.D.aHH-
Ha H JKH3Hb comaCHO pHMCKHM LleHHOCT M. B H.n.eane, KOHeI.fHO, H TO H
.n.Pyroe .n.OJDKHO 6bIJlO 6bI COBna.n.aTb, HO peanbHCUI JKH3Hb OKa3bIBanaCb
CJIOIKHee. O.n.HH H3 nyl.flllHX HCTOpHKOB paHHero xpHCTHaHCTBa 3pHeCT
PeHaH HeMano nHcan 0 HY.n.e x B PH Me, 11 MO)J(HO TOJlbKO comaCHTbC C
ero XapaKfepHCTHKOH H)'.n.eHcKOro KBapTana K.aK MeCTa 0611TaHIDI 6e.n.HbIX
peMeCJleHHHKOB, )J(HBlllHX CBoeH no npeHMYllleCTBY 3aMKHYTOH )J(H3HblO
H OTJIHl.faBlllHXC K TOMY )J(e OC060H npaBOBepHOCTbI0 95 . C BHelllHHM
MHpOM HX CB 3bIBaJJ rpIDK.D.aHCKO-npaBOBOH cnrryc, nonyl.feHHbIH 3THMH
JlIO.n.bMH npH oCB060)J()J,eHHH, H KOMMepLlH . PHMCKHe BJlaCTH, KaK Y)J(e
OTMel.fanOCb, npHHU,HnHanbHO HHKor.n.a He BMelllHBaJlHCb BO BH}'TpeHHHe
.n.eJla peJIHrH03HbIX 06111HH .n.pyrHx Hapo.n.OB, TaK 'I TO B pe3YJIbTaTe no-
nyl.fHBWHe pHMCKoe rpIDK.D.aHCTBO BOJlbHOOTnYllleHHHKH-H)'.n.eH HMeJIH
nOJIHYIO B03MO)J(HOCTb )J(HTb KaK HM XOl.feTC , BcnOMHHa 0 pHMCKOM
rpIDK.D.aHCTBe JIHWb B Tex CJIYl.fa x, Kor.n.a 3TO npe.n.CTaBJI JIOCb He06xo-
.n.HMbIM HJIH BbIro.n.HbIM. <1>aKTbI nOKa3bIBaIOT, 'I TO HX HfITepeCOBano JIHlllb
06peTeHHe npaB, CB 3aHHbIX C TaKHM cTarycoM, 'I TO B KOHel.fHOM Cl.feTe
BbI3bIBano B03MYllleHHe CO CTOpOHbI pHMJI H (eCJIH pel.fb lllJla 0 PHMe),
rpeKOB H 3JIJIHHH3HpoBaHHoro HaCeJleHH (eCJlH pel.fb WJIa 0 ropo.n.ax
ManoH A3HH HJIH bJIH)J(Hero BOCTOK.a). O.n.HaKO 3a 3THM CTO JI He 3THH-
l.feCKHH KOH<pJIHKT, a rpIDK.D.aHCKO-nOJIHTHl.feCKHH. MecTHbIe JKHTeJIH B
nOH cHryaLlHH HcnbITbIBaJJH K H)'.n.e M He'ITO cpe.n.Hee Me)J()J,Y y.n.HBJIe-
HHeM H pa3.n.pa)J(eHHeM, 6y.n.YI.fH He B COCTO HHH nOH Tb, KaK MO)J(HO
o<pHLlHanbHO Cl.fl1TaTbC rpIDK.D.aHHHOM ropo.n.a (3TOro HHKTO He OTpHLlan!)
H npH 3TOM JKHTb KaKHM-TO (<He TeM» 06pa30M H nOKJIOH TbC npH 3TOM
KaKOMY-TO «He TOMY» 60ry96.
o HeKOTopbIX npHMepax COBMellleHH Ka3anOCb 6bI HeCOBMecTHMoro
TaKoro, H3BeCTHbIX HaM no Ha.n.nHC M, pel.fb nOH.n.eT I.f)'Tb HH)J(e, a nOKa
XOTeJIOCb 6bI BcnOMHHTb O.n.HOro H3 caMbIX H3BeCTHbIX H)'.n.eeB, HMeBlllHX
pHMCKoe rpIDK.D.aHCTBO, - anOCTOJIa flaBJIa 97 . 06'beKTHBHO rOBOp , BC
.n.e TeJIbHOCTb 3Toro l.feJIOBeKa 6bIJIa HanpaBJIeHa BO Bpe.n. TOMY rocy.n.ap-
CTBY, I.fbHM BbIClllHM rpIDK.D.aHCKO-npaBOBbIM cTarycoM OH 06JIa.n.an. CaM
.. B Ka'ieCTBe npHMepa 1l0CTaTO'iHO npHBeCTH H3BeCTHoe nHCbMO nJlHHHJI MJl3.llwero
TpaJIHY 0 xpHCTHaHax H 0 TOM paJ6HpaTeJJbCTBe, KOTopoe nmlHHH M,lallWIIH Y'iIlHHJJ no
3TOMY lleJlY. (Ep., X, 96, 5.)
., PeHaH 3, AnoCTOJI naBe.1. M.. ] 991. C. 4] -42.
.6CM. YJKe OTMe'ieHHOe MecTO H3 HocH«jIa <1>JlaBIIJI -Ant. Jud., XII, ]25-1260 n0311U1IH
rpeKOB.
.706 anOCTOJJe naBJJe H era JKH3HH CM., HanpHMep: Baslez M.-F Saint Paul. Paris,
199].
184
r.wea 3, l1ydeu 1/ uydaU3.\le plLWCKall npaee (/6,00 H, 3,-/e, H, J.)
naBeJI BCnOMHHaJI 0 CBoeM rp(i)K)J,aHCKOM cTaryce pe.n.KO, XOH, KaK no-
Ka3blBaeT TeKCT «,L{eHHHH», OH .n.eHCTBHTeJ1bHO OIllYlllaJI ce6H H Hy.n.eeM,
H rp(i)K)J,aHHHOM Tapca, H pHMCKHM rp(i)K)J,aHHHOM 98 . B «,L{eHHHHX» pac-
CKa3bIBaeTCH, '-ITO nOCJ1e apeCTa B MaKe.n.OHHH naBJIa H ero cnyrHHKa
CHJ1bl 6y.n.Yll.\HH xpHCTHaHCKHH CBHTOH C J1erKOCTblO .n.06HJ1CH OCB060)J(-
.n.eHHH H3 TlOpbMbl, 3aJ1BHB CTPIDKHHK)', '-ITO OH Hem CnyTHHK - pHMCKHe
rp(i)K)J,aHe, nOBeprHYB B BeJ1H'-IaHlllee CMYll.\eHHe TlOpeMHYIO CTPIDKY H
ropo.n.CKHe BJIaCTH 99 . KaK H3BeCTHO, Ha CJ1e.n.YIOll.\HH .n.eHb 06a 6b1JIH oc-
B060)J()J,eHbl. no nOHHTHblM npwfHHaM K HCTOpH'-IHOCTH «,L{eHHHH ano-
CT0J10B» CJle.n.yeT no.n.xo.n.HTb OCTOpO)J(HO, o.n.HaKO )J(e aBTOp CO'-lHHeHHH
nepe.n.aeT HCTOpH'-IeCKHH K0J10pHT BeCbMa TO'-lHO, H n03TOMY HeJlb3H He
06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha }')J(ac CTpIDKHHKOB TlOpbMbl, 06HapY)J(HBlllHX,
'-ITO Te, KOro OHH C'-IHTaJIH 06b1KHOBeHHbIMH 6po.n.HraMH, Ha caMOM .n.eJ1e
HBJIHJ1HCb pHMCKHMH rp(i)K)J,aHaMH. OrclO.n.a HCHO, '-ITO pHMCKoe rpIDK-
.n.aHCTBO BIB. npe.n.CTaBJ1HJ10 HeMaJIYIO ueHHOCTb. B lfeM )J(e OHH 3aKJIIO-
lfaJIHCb?
PHMCKHH rp(i)K)J,aHHH BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CBoeH 3THHlfeCKOH npH-
Ha.D.11e)J(HOCTH 6blJl Heno.n.cy.n.eH J11060H JIOKaJIbHOH CHCTeMe cy.n.onPOH3-
Bo.n.CTBa. ,L{eJIa, KaCalOll.\HeCH pHMCKHX rp(i)K)J,aH, paCCMaTpHBaJI OC06bli1
cy.n.. B 3noxy HMnepHH cTaryc pHMCKOro rp(i)K)J,aHHHa OC06blX nOJIHTH-
lfeCKHX JIbroT He .n.aBaJI BBH.LJ.Y YHH<pHKaUHH B rocy.n.apCTBe nOJ1HTHlfeCKOH
)J(H3HH B ueJ10M. O.n.HaKO)J(e 3KOHOMHlfeCKHe H '-IHCTO )J(JITeHCKHe Bblro-
.n.bl OT 06J1a.n.aHHH pHMCKHM rp(i)K)J,aHCTBOM - npH )J(eJ1aHHH, KOHe'-lHO,
HMH BOCn0J1b30BaTbCH - 6b1J1H OlfeBH.n.Hbl. 3.n.eCb CJ1e.n.yeT Ha3BaTb Ha-
J10mBble J1brOTbl, B03MO)J(HOCTb nOll)'lfHTb 3eMeJ1bHblH YlfaCTOK, npOHBHTb
ce6H B 06111eCTBeHHOH )f(Jf3HH TOro ropo.n.a, r.n.e '-IeJ10BeK 6blJ1 3aperHCT-
pHpOBaH.
o HeKOTopblX 3aCJlY)J(HBalOll.\HX BHHMaHHH oc06eHHOCTHX )J(H3HH
Hy.n.eHCKHX 06ll.\HH .n.Hacnopbl H I1X B3aHMOOTHOllleHHHX C ropo.n.aMH pelfb
nOH.n.eT HH)J(e, B nHTOH maBe, CeH'-IaC )J(e OTMeTHM O.n.HH J11060nb1THb1H
<paKT, KaCalOll.\HHCH l1epycaJIHMa 40-50-x rr. I B. H. 3., Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO
CBH3aHHblH C )J(H3HblO H)'.n.eHCKHX 06ll.\HH PHMa.
B llleCTOH maBe «,L{eHHHH anOCTOJIOB» (Acta, VI: 9) ynoMHHaeTCH
«TaK Ha3blBaeMaJI cHHarora BOJIbHooTnyll.\eHHHKOB» (EI( 'tf\c; cruv<xyroyi'\c;
'tf\c; A.EY0J.LEV11C; Atj3Epnv&v.). 3.n.ecb 06pamaeT Ha ce6H BHHMaHHe no-
9. Acta, 2] :39 - flaBe. 3aJ1BmleT, 'iTO OH H HYlleit, H rpa)l(llaHHH Tapca; Acta, 16:37 - na-
BeJl, 3aJ1BJ1l1eT, 'iTO OH pHMJlIIHHH.
.. Acta, XVI:37-38, a pa:J. H'iHblX acneKTax pHMcKoro rpa)l(llaHCTBa B CBJl3H C CIO)I(eTa.\lH
«LleJlHHit anOCTO_10B» H B ueJlOM B HOBOM 3aBeTe n0.'1p06HO nHCM A. H. WepBHH-YaHT:
Sherwin-White A, N. Roman Society and Roman Law in the New Testament. Oxford. 1965.
P.144-]93.
185
A. r. rpyweBOH. Hyde II II uyoau:w e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6. uKu II PUMCKOU 1L\1I1epllll
CJ1e.n.Hee CJIOBO, HBJ1HlOll.{eeCH TpaHCJ1HTepaLlHei1 rpe'leCKHMH 6YKBaMH
J1anlHcKoro CJ10aa libertinus, KOTopoe MO)KeT HMeTb .n.Ba 3Ha'leHHH: «pa6,
OTnYlLleHHblH Ha CB060.n.y», «CbIH 6b1BlllerO pa6a». MHeHHH KOMMeHTa-
TOpOB 0 B03MO)KHOCHX HHTepnpeTaLlHI1 :noro TepMHHa CBO.n.HTCH K CJIe-
.n.YlOlLleMY. HeKOTOpble HCCJ1e.n.OBaTeJ1H nyTeM 3aMeHbi .n.BYX 6YKB B rpe-
'IeCKOM CJIOBe npeBpall.{alOT «BOJ1bHOOTnYll.{eHHHKOB» B «J1HBHHLleB». Bce
)Ke 60J1ee npHHHTo C'IHTaTb lOo , 'ITO ynoMHHaBllleecH Bblllle C0061l.{eHHe
<I>HJIOHa 0 Hy.n.eHx - pHMCKHX rpIDK.D.aHax B PHMe H CJ10Ba B «.l!:eHHHHx
anOCT0J10B» CBH3aHbi Me C060H. CBH3b )Ke 3.n.eCb nocryJ1HpyeTcH IOI
CJ1e.n.YlOlLlaJI: Hy.n.eH, nOJ1Y'lHBlllHe cB060.n.y H rpIDK.D.aHcTBO B PH Me, Bep-
HYJ1HCb Ha pO.n.HHY. KaK 6bl TaM HH 6b1J10, H3 TeKCTa «.l!:eHHHH» CJ1e.n.YeT,
'ITO B l1epycaJlHMe ell.{e .n.o l1y.n.eHcKoH BOHHbl 6blJ10 onpe.n.eJ1eHHOe KO-
J1H'IeCTBO H)'.n.eeB - pl1MCKHX rpIDK.D.aH. 113 110cmpa <I>J1aBHH (Bel. Jud.,
II, 308) H3BeCTHO TalOKe, 'ITO B l1epycaJlHMe 6blJ1H H)'.n.eH - pHMcKHe
Bca.n.HHKH.
B 3aBepllleHHe .n.aHHoH maBbl XOTeJ10Cb 6b1 elLle pa3 no.n.'IepKH)'Tb
MbICJIb, KOTOpaJI BblCKa3blBaJlaCb Bblllle: npH H3Y'leHHH HCTOpHH H)'.n.eeB
B aHTI1'1HOCTH O'leHb J1erKO BnaCTb B npeYBeJ1H'IeHHH. .l!:eHCTBHTeJ1bHO,
HMelOlLlHeCH HCTO'lHHKH n03B0J1HIOT 102 , C O.n.HOH CTOpOHbl, roBOpHTb 0
TOM, 'ITO B3aHMOOTHOllleHHH LleHTpaJIbHOH BJIaCTH H Hy.n.eeB - O'leHb
xopOlllHe. Uenb B3a11MOnpHeMJ1eMb1X KOMnpOMHCCOB npHBeJla K onpe.n.e-
J1eHHOMY paBHOBeCHIO H MO)KeT CJ10)!(HTbCH Bne'laTJIeHHe 06 OTCyrCTBHH
np06J1eM H pa:momacHH Me)f{)J,y H)'.n.eHMH H LleHTpaJIbHOH BJIaCTblO.
C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbl, XOpOlllO H3BeCTHO, 'ITO KOMnpOMHCC 6blJ1 BeCbMa
He.n.OJlroBe'leH H pelllalOll.{aJI CXBaTKa B 60pb6e 3a cB060.n.y H HaLlHOHaJlb-
HYIO He3aBHCHMOCTb B CO'leTaHHH C O)KH.n.aHHeM CKOpOro npHxo.n.a Mec-
CHH (B Hy.n.eHcKoM CMbICJ1e CJ10Ba) He 3aCTaBHJla ce6H )f{)J,aTb. B :nOH
cHryaLlHH paCCMOTpeHHble Bblllle <l>aKTbl peryJ1HpHblX )KepTBonpHHOllle-
HHH B l1epycaJlHMCKOM xpaMe OT HMeHH HMnepaTopa, BblpIDKeHHH J10-
HJ1bHOCTH HMneparopy H KJ1HTB BepHOCTH, CTpeMJ1eHHH K npHBH.JIerl1pO-
BaHHOMY n0J10)KeHHIO H K 06J1a.n.aHHIO BblCOKHM rpIDK.D.aHCKO-npaBOBbIM
cTarycoM (T. e. Bpo.n.e 6b1 HBHble npH3HaKH )KeJ1amUI HHTerpaLlHH C 06-
lLlecTBoM) He MOryT He npOH3Bo.n.HTb CTpaHHoro Bne'laTJ1eHHH.
MblCJ1b 0 .n.BYCMbICJ1eHHOCTH H HeHCKpeHHOCTH nOBe.n.eHHH J11O.n.eH,
H36paBlllHX TaKOH CTHJ1b OTHOllleHHH C OKpY)KaIOIl.{HM MHpOM, .n.eHCTBH-
100 JJeeuHCKQR H. A, «.lI.eJlHHII anOCTOJJOB ). HCTOPHKO-cjJHJJOilOrH'ieCKHH KOMMeHTapIlH.
r.laBbl II-VIII. M., 1999. C. 214-215.
101 .lI.oKa3aTb 'iTO JJH60, K COJKaJJeHHIO, HeB03MO)l(HO,
IO Y Hac HeT OCHOBaHHH COMHeBaTbCII B nO.llJlHHHOCTH KaKOro 6b! TO HII 6blilO H3 paCCMOT-
peHHbIX BbIwe cjJaKTOB.
186
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TeJ1bHO B03HHKaeT, o.n.HaKo )J(e OHa HeBe pH a B CJ1e.n.ylOw:eM OTHOllleHHH.
l1y.n.eHcKoe 06w:eCTBO B .n.peBHOCTH HHKor.n.a He 6b1J10 e.n.HHbIM. PaCKOJ1
ero Ha MHO)J(eCTBO rpynn H Tet{eHHH XOpOlllO H3BeCTeH, H HMeHHO no-
3TOMY He06xo.n.HMO HMeTb B BH.n.y, t{TO .n.JUI t{aCTH Hy.n.eHcKoro 06w:eCTBa
(B oc06eHHocTH .n.JUI 3J1HTbl) CTpeMJIeHHe K H3BecTHoH HHTerpaUHH C
oKp}')KalOW:HM MHpOM 6blJ10 eCTeCTBeHHblM H HCKpeHHHM (aBTop nHCbMa
K ApHcTelO <I>HJ10H AneKcaH.n.pHHcKHH). C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbl, pa.n.HKaJ1H-
3auml Hy.n.eHcKoro 06w:ecTBa BIB. H. 3. H nepHneTHH l1y.n.eHcKoH BOHHbl
CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT, t{TO BeJlHKO 6b1J10 t{HCJ10 H Tex, KTO CTpeMHJ1CH C opy-
)lGfeM B PYKax 60pOTbCH npOTHB PHMa H He )J(eJ1aJ1 HHKaKOH HHTerpaUHH
C MHpOM H3blt{HHKOB.
I1HblMH CJ10BaMH, I1CTOt{HHKH B ot{epe.n.HOH pa3 .n.OKa3blBaIOT, t{TO
npHHUHnHaJ1bHO HeBepeH B3r11H.n. Ha .n.peBHee H)'.n.eHCKoe 06IlleCTBO KaK
Ha CnJ10t{eHHoe H e.n.HHoe.
fA a B a 4
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06l!JECTBE 11 rOCYJlAPCTBE -
npI1TH1REHI1E 11 OTTOP1REHI1E
BBH.n.y Toro 'ITO .n.o 3nOXI1 fl03.n.HeH HMnepHH B PHMe npaKTH'IeCKH
He 6blJ10 e.n.HHoH 06111erocy.n.apCTBeHHOH nOJ1HTHKH, KacalOllleHc Hy.n.e-
eB H Hy.n.aH3Ma, Bonpoc 06 HX nOJ1O)J(eHHH B pHMCKOM 3bI'IeCKOM 06111e-
CTBe OKa3bIBaeTC HeBOJ1bHO pa3611TbIM Ha MHO)J(eCTBO MeJIKHX BonpOCOB,
KOTopbIe B KOHe'lHOM C'IeTe rpynnHpylOTC B .n.Ba:
- HHTerpaQHH HY.lJ.eeB H aHTHqHOrO MHpa - B 'IeM OHa BbIpIDKa-
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- aHTHHY.lJ.eHCKHe HaCTpoeHHH B H3blqeCKOM H 3aTeM B XPHCTH-
aHCKOM PHMe - B 'IeM OHH BbIpIDKaJIHCb, 'JeM 06'b CH J1HCb H .n.o KaKHX
npe.n.eJIOB .n.OXO.n.HJ1H. I1HbIMH CJIOBaMH, HaCKOJ1bKO YMeCTHO npHMeHH-
TeJ1bHO K 3bI'IeCKOH aHTH'IHOCTH roBOpHTb 06 aHTHceMHTH3Me.
1. HHo3eMeg B paMKax rpeKo-pHMCKOH KYAbTypbl
,lVI npaBHJ1bHOrO nOHHMaHH HCTOpHH H)'.n.eeB B 3JIJIHHHCTH'IeCKHH
H pHMCKHi1 nepHo.n.bl He06xo.n.HMO npe)J()J,e Bcero Y'lHTbIBaTb xapaKTep
coxpaHHBllleHc .n.o HalllHX .n.HeH HH<popMallHH 06 Hy.n.e x H Hy.n.al13Me
B aHTH'IHbIX HCTO'lHHKax. He MeHee BIDKHbIM BJ1 eTC H onpe.n.eJ1eHHe
npe06J1a.n.alOlllero B HCTO'lHHKaX THna OTHOllleHH K TOMY H .n.pyroMY.
3TO .n.aeT HaM B03MO)J(HOCTb Cy.n.HTb 0 BocnpH THH Hy.n.eeB H H)'.n.aH3Ma
B pHMCKOM 06111eCTBe. OTMeTHM npe)J(.n.e Bcero, 'ITO no 60J1bIlIOMY
c'Iel)' CJIe.n.yeT pa3J1H'IaTb .n.Ba THna OTHOllleHH K )TOH np06JIeMe: OT-
HOllleHHe 3bI'JeCKoro 06111eCTBa H OTHOllleHHe xpHCTHaHCKoro 06111e-
CTBa.
188
rJla6a 4, l1ydeu U uydau3M e pUMcKaw 06l1/ecmee u zocyoapcmee..
06 OTHOllleHHH H3blllecKoro 06ll.\eCTBa B HacTOSlll.\HH MOMeHT Cy.n.HTb
HeCKOJIbKO npoll.{e, 1160 CYll.{eCTBYIOll.{aSi B HaCTOHll.{HH MOMeHT y)f(e He
TOJIbKO Ha aHrJIHikKOM, HO H Ha PYCCKOM H3bIKe H3BeCTHaJI xpeCTOMaTHSI
M. lllTepHa npe.n.OCTaBJIHeT HClIepnbIBalOll.{HH MaTepHaJI no 3TOMY BO-
npocyl.
C06paHHblH M. lllTepHoM MaTepHaJI H3 Sl3bIlIeCKHX HCTOllHHKOB no-
Ka3bIBaeT, liTO npe06JIa.n.alOll.{HH THn OTHOllleHHH K H)'.n.eHM B .n.OXPHCTH-
aHCKOM aHTHlIHOM 06ll.\ecTBe CJIe.n.YeT onpe.n.eJIHTb KaK HeHTpaJIbHbIH C
H3pH.n.HOH .n.OJIeH JII060nbITCTBa, COlleTalOll.\eHCSI B HeKOTopblX KOHKpeT-
HblX 06CTOSlTeJIbCTBax C pa3.n.pIDKeHHeM, HenOHHMaHl1eM HJIH BpIDK.D.e6-
HOCTblO. HeCJIO)f(Hble CTaTHCTHlIeCKHe no.n.ClIeTbl n03BOJIHIOT y6e.n.HTbCSI
B CJIe.n.YIOll.{eM - KOJIHlIeCTBO ynoMHHaHHH H)'.n.eeB H Hy.n.aH3Ma B aHTHlI-
HbIX HCTOllHHKax, HMelOll.{HX BpIDK.D.e6Hb1H no OTHOllleHHSlM K HHM xa-
paKTep, BeCbMa HeBeJIHKO. npe06JIa.n.aeT )f(e B HCTOllHHKax KaK pa3 a6-
COJIIOTHO HeHTpaJIbHaJI HH<popMal.lHSl2.
B 3TOH CBSl3H 3.n.eCb oc060 XOTeJIOCb 6b! no.n.lIepKH)'Tb, liTO OTCyrCT-
BHe y rpeKOB H pHMJISIH rJIy60KOro HHTepeca K HHbIM Hapo.n.aM - HBJIe-
HHe THnHlIHoe 3 H 3aTparHBalOll.\ee OTHIO.n.b He TOJIbKO H)'.n.eeB. O.n.HaKO B
paMKax aHTHlIHOH K)'JIb1)'pbI TaKoe OTHOllleHHe K «BapBapCKHM» Hapo.n.aM
He .n.OXO.n.HJIO .n.o H.n.eH pacoBoro npeBocxo.n.CTBa, H JI1060i1 '-I)')f(e3eMel.l,
npHHHMaBlllHH ee l.leHHOCTH, Mor paCClIHTblBaTb Ha 6JIarOCKJIOHHblH
npHeM H .n.IDKe ycnelllHYIO Kapbepy B aHTHlIHOM 06ll.\eCTBe. npHMepOB
TOM)' BeJIHKOe MHO)f(eCTBO. y!:3BecTHbIH rpelleCKHH HCTOpHK <t>YKH.n.H.n.
HMeJl 3HallHTeJIbHblH npOl.leHT <ppaKHHCKOH KpOBH. B pHMCKOM 06ll.{eCT-
Be COCTaBHOH lIaCTblO npaBHll.\eH 3JIHTbI 6bIJIH TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe «l.lapH-
KJIHeHTbJ» - 3aBHCHMbIe OT PHMa l.lapH TOH HJIH HHOH CTpaHbI (llall.\e
Bcero Ha BOCTOKe HJIH B A<PPHKe), O<pHl.lHaJIbHO ClIHTaBlllHecSi .n.PY3bSlMH
pHMCKOro Hapo.n.a. TaKHe l.lapH, H oc06eHHO I1X .n.eTH, KaK npaBHJIO, BOC-
nHTbIBaBlllHeCH B CTOJlHl.le HMnepHH B .n.yxe aHTHlIHbIX Tpa.n.Hl.lHH, 6JIa-
roCKJIOHHO npHHHMaJIHCb npH .n.Bope H HHor.n.a .n.eJIaJIH BeCbMa ycnelllHYIO
Kapbepy. .[{eTH H BHYKH I1po.n.a BeJIHKoro 6b!JIH 6JIaroCKJIOHHO npHHHTbI
npH HMnepaTOpCKOM .n.Bope, pa3YMeeTCH, C H3BeCTHbIMH oroBopKaMH, a
O.n.HH H3 HHX, npe.n.npHHMlIHBbIH ArpHnna, BeCbMa 6JIH3KO .n.PY)f(HJI C
faeM KaJIHryJIOH H nOJIb30BaJICSI JIHlIHbIM 6JIaroBOJIeHHeM HMnepaTopa
KJIaB.n.HSI.
'M. llhepH co6pan B CBoeM TpexTOMHHKe npaKTH'ieCKH Bce, 'iTO MOJKHO nO'iepnHYTb
06 HYllellx H HYllaH3Me H3 Jl3bl'leCKHX HCTO'iHHKOB,
2 CM. nOllp06HO: Feldman L. H. Pro-Jewish intimations in anti-jewish remarks cited in
Josephus' against Apion II JQR. 1988. Vol. LXXVIII. P. 190-191.
J HHoe - KaK, HanpHMep, HCKpeHHHH HHrepec repollOTa K onHCbIBaeMbIM HM HapOllaM
AxeMeHHllcKOH HMnepHH - 6bUlO KaK paJ HCKJJIO'ieHHeM.
189
A. r, rpYWeBOH. l1yoeu u uydauJ.\I 6 ucmopllu P,UICKOU pecny6.wKIIII PIL',ICKOU lL\tnepllll
I1HblMH CJIOBaMH, nepBOH npJ1lfHHOH, OTKpbIBaBllIei1 H B TeopHH, H Ha
npaKTHKe nYTb K HHTerpaLlHH 11I060ro Hapo.n.a C pHMCKI1M 06lLleCTBOM,
6bIJ1a OTKpblTOCTb H3bl'leCKOrO 06lLleCTBa 11I060MY, KTO npHHHMaJI ero
CHCTeMY LleHHOCTeH 4 . BTOpOH TaKOH npH'IHHOH CJ1e.n.yeT Ha3BaTb xa-
paKTepHOe .D.J1H Bcex Hapo.n.OB DJIJ1)KHerO BOCTOKa CTpeMJ1eHHe K caMO-
BblpIDKeHHIO B paMKax aHTH'IHOH K)'J1bl)'pbl, He .n.Oxo.n.HBlllee, npaB.n.a, .n.o
caMOOTpHLlaHHH H OTKa3a OT HaLlHOHaJlbHOH caMOH.n.eHTl1cpI1KaLlHH.
OpHMepOB 3Toro BeJ1HKOe MHO)J(eCTBO .n.IDKe no TOMY TOJ1bKO, 'ITO
.n.OlllJ10 .n.o HalllHx .n.HeH, - B :moxy 3J1J1HHH3Ma 3aHBJIHJ1H Ha rpe'leCKOM
o ce6e, CBoeH HCTOpHH H K)'JIbl)'pe erHnTHHe, CPHHHKHHLlbl, Hy.n.eH H
)J(HTeJ1H MeconOTaMHH.
2. OTHomeHHe K Hy.zteHM H Hy.ztaH3MY H3bl'leCKOrO
pHMCKoro 06IMeCTBa
ECJ1H )J(e 3a.n.aTbCH B 3TOH CBH3H BonpOCOM, eCTb JIH B HallleM pac no-
pH)J(eHHH KaKOe-J1H60 CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBO HCTO'lHHKOB, nOKa3blBalOlllee OT-
HOllleHHe 06pa30BaHHOro H3bl'lHHKa Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO K H)'.n.eHM, BHe
CBH3H C np06J1eMOH (<Hy.n.eHCTBYlOlLlHX», TO OTBeT .n.OJI)J(eH 6blTb n0J10-
)J(HTeJ1bHbIM.
06pa3LlaMH TaKoro OTHOllleHHH CJ1e.n.yeT, cy.n.H no BceMY, C'IHTaTb
BbICKa3bIBaHHH .n.BYX aBTopOB, )J(HBlllHX H TBOpHBlllHX B KOHLle II H Ha'la-
J1e III B., - <1>J1aBHH <1>HJ10CTpaTa H lJ,eJIb3a <1>11J10cocpa. OepBblH 113 HI1X
HBJ1HeTCH aBTopOM H3BeCTHoro pOMaHa «)I{u3HeonHCaHl1e An0J1J10HUH
THaHcKoro». I1CTopH'IHOCTb ero CIO)J(eTa COMHHTeJ1bHa, HO OH n0J10H
LleHHblX onHcaHHH )J(H3HH MaJlOH A3HH BIB. H HHTepeCHblX c006111eHI1H
06 06111ecTBeHHoH aTMoccpepe pHMCKOro 06lLlecTBa 3TOro BpeMeHH. K
HHM MO)J(HO OTHeCTH H paCCKa3 0 BCTpe'le HMnepaTopa BecnaCHaHa C
rpynnoH cpHJ10COcpOB 5 .
<1>wlOCTpaT BKJla.n.bIBaeT B YCTa o.n.Horo H3 c06ece.n.HHKoB HMnepaTO-
pa CJ10Ba, TO'lHO OTpIDKalOlllHe O.n.HH H3 CYlLleCTBeHHblX aCneKTOB BOC-
4l1Ha'ie roBOp!l, BOCnpHJITlle pHMJJIIHaMH HapOllOB, HaXO.llHBWHXC!I B op6Hre pHMCKOro
B.1HIIHHJI, HO CYlIleCTBOBaBWIlX BHe aHTH'iHOH UHBHJ1113auHH, onpelleJJIIJJOCb reM, HaCKOJlbKO
TaKOH Hapoll 6blJJ nOKOpeH pHMCKOH BJ1aCTII. B rex cny'ia!lX, KOflla Hapoll He 6YHTOBaJJ, HC-
npaBHO nJIaTHJI HaJJom H IICnOJJHIIJJ KaKHe-JJII60 IIHble roCYllapCTBeHHble nOBIIHHOCTH, eMY
n03BOJJIIJIOCb JKHTb no ero c06CTBeHHOMY paJYMeHHIO. OCTaJJbHoe pHMCxyIO BJ1aCTb npoCTO
He HHTepeCOBaJJO.
, B llpymx 1I0crynHblx HaM HCTO'iHHKax HeT ynoMHHaHHH 06 3TOJ:i BCTpe'ie HMneparopa
C HJ10CO«jlaMH, n03TOMY 0 1l0CTOBepHOCTH lIaHHOro C06blTHII HH'iero OnpelleJJeHHoro CKa3aTb
He.1b3!1.
190
rJlaea ./, J- vdeu u uYdau:lI/ e pu. 'CKaw 06u/ecmee u zocydapcmee..
npmlHUI Hy.n.eeB H Hy.n.aH3Ma 'IeJIOBeKOM aHTH'IHOrO Ml1pa: «Hy.n.eH H3-
.n.peBlle OTllO:>KHJlHCb He TOllbKO OT pHMllHH, HO H OT Bcero 'IellOBe'leCTBa,
:>KH3Hb OHH ce6e H36paJIH oc06ylO H C npO'lI1MI1 lllO.n.bMH He .n.ellHT HH
3aCTOllHH, HH MOllHTB, HH :>KepTBonpHHOllleHHH, TaK 'ITO OT.n.aJleHbI OT
Hac .n.aJlbllle, 'IeM CY3bI 11 EaKTpbI, H .n.IDKe .n.aJlbllle, 'IeM HH.n.HH, - HeT
CMbIClla rpOMHTb HX, MelllaJI OTllO:>KHTbCH TeM, KOro H npHcoe.n.HHHTb-TO
He CTOHllo»6.
ECllH MbICllb <1>JIaBHH <1>HJIOCTpaTa HeCKOllbKO paCnllbIB'IaTa no cfJop-
Me, TO y lJ,eJIb3a <1>HllococfJa Bonpoc 0 Cxo.n.CTBax H pa311H'IHHX 06bI'IaeB
H)'.n.eeB 11 .n.pymx Hapo.n.OB paCCMOTpeH CTpOro HaY'lHO. 0 caMOM lJ,ellb-
3e .n.OCTOBepHOH HHcfJopMaLlHH HeT. He no.n.lle:>KHT COMHeHHIO, 'ITO OH
HanHCaJI CBOH TpaKTaT «HCTHHHoe CllOBO» B cepe.n.HHe I111H :>Ke BO BTOpOH
nOllOBHHe II B. H. 3. MeCTO HanHcaHHH TpaKTaTa HeH3BeCTHO, H B Ka'le-
CTBe npe.n.nOllO:>KeHHH Ha3bIBaJlH 11 AlleKcaH.n.pHIO, H AHTHOXHIO, H PHM,
H MallYIO A3HIO. MbI He 3HaeM, KeM 6bIll Uellb3. HanpalllHBalOTCH,
npaB.n.a, clle.n.YlOllI.He .n.Be rHnOTe3bI: OH Mor 6blTb pHMCKHM .n.Oll:>KHOCT-
HblM JlHLlOM, pa60TaBlllHM Ha BocToKe. OH Mor, o.n.HaKo, 6bITb H npo-
cfJeccHOHaJlbHbIM cfJHJIOCOcfJOM, npeno.n.aBaTeJIeM TOH HllH HHOH pHTOpCKOH
III KOll bI.
CO'lHHeHHe U.ellb3a KaK TaKOBoe He coxpaHHllOCb, o.n.HaKO 0pHreH,
HanHcaBlllHH 6011blllOH TPY.n. «npOTHB Uellb3a»7, npHBo.n.HT MHO:>KeCTBO
LlHTaT H3 npOH3Be.n.eHHH cBoero onnOHeHTa. .lJ:IDKe no TeM OTpbIBKaM,
KOTopble COXpaHI111HCb y OpHreHa, BH.n.HO, 'ITO lJ,ellb3 HanHCa.'1 O'leHb
XOpOlliO BbICTpoeHHoe 1l0rH'IeCKH CO'lHHeHHe, nOCBHllI.eHHOe KpHTHKe
xpHCTHaHCTBa C n03HLlHH paLlHOHaJIH3Ma. Hy.n.eH, HX HCTOpHH H K)'llbl)'-
pa He oc06eHHO HHTepeCOBaJlH lJ,ellb3a, o.n.HaKO OH Bce :>Ke He Mor npOH-
TH MHMO 3TOro CIO:>KeTa, 3aTparHBaJI Bonpoc 06 HCTOKax xpHcTHaHcT-
Ba.
He HcnblTbIBaJI CHMnaTHH K xpHcTHaHcTBY H OTHOCHCb K HeMY C apH-
CTOKpaTH'IeCKHM npe3peHHeM 06pa30BaHHoro H3bl'lHHKa, Uellb3 nepe-
HOCHT 3TH CBOH 'l)'BCTBa H Ha Bce, 'ITO TaK I111H HHa'le CBH3aHO C BeTXHM
3aBeTOM H H)'.n.aH3MOM. BHHMaTeJlbHbIH aHaJIH3 TeKCTa n03BOllHeT, npaB-
.n.a, CKa3aTb, 'ITO HpKO BbIpIDKeHHbie OTpHLlaTeJlbHble 3MOLlHH aBTopa,
CBH3aHHbIe C Hy.n.eHMH, 06'bHCHHIOTCH Bce :>Ke HMeHHO nepeHOCOM Ha
6Philostr., Vita Apollonii, V, 33. BocnpOH3BO.llHTCII nepeBO.ll E. f. Pa6HHOBH'i no 11311aHHlO:
<1JJlaBHH <1JHJJoCTpar. )K1I3Hb AnOJ]J]OHHJl TllaHCKOro. H31IaHHe nOllroTOBll.Ha E. r. Pa6I1HOBH'i.
M., ]985. C. 110.
1 a LleJJb3e CM nOllp06HO: rpe'ieCKHe II pllMCKHe aBTOpbI 0 HY.llellX H HYlIaH3Me. OT Ta-
UHTa 110 AJJTeMHllopa. T. II. qaCTb I. BBelleHHe H KOMMeHTapHH M. WrepHa. PyccKOe l1311aHHe
nOlI Hay'iH. pe.ll. H. B. DparHHcKOH. M., 2000. C. 2]3; Origene. Contre Celse. Tome V. ]ntro-
duction generale, tables et index par M. Borrel. Paris, 1976. P. 122-182.
191
A. r. rpyweBOH. l1yoeu U uyoau3M e ucmopllu PUJI/CKOU pecny611uKu U PlL\lCKOU lL\mepUU
Hy.n.eeB 3MOl.lHH aBTopa no nOBO.n.y K xpHCTHaHCTBY. 4TO )J(e KaCaeTCH
B3rJ1H.n.OB U,eJIb3a Ha caMHX H)'.n.eeB, TO I1X BeCbMa HCHO OTpIDKaeT CJIe-
.n.YJOll.{HH OTpbIBOK:
Origenis Contra Celsum, V, 41, 1-24: Ei IlEV 0" Ka'tCt 'tau'ta
1tEptcr'tE1..1..01EV 'Io\>Oaiot 'tOY tOtoV VOllov, 01> IlEIl1t'tCt a1>'trov, EKE1.vrov
OE 1la.1..1..OV, 'trov Ka'ta1..t1tOv'trov 'tCt crq>E'tEpa Kat 'tCt 'Io\>Oairov 1tpo-
cr1toto\>IlEvroV. Ei 0' ffi<; 'tt crocpclYtEPOV EiOO'tEC; (JEll vUtv'tai 'tE Kat 't"V
CiH.rov K01 vroviav <We;> 01>K E tcro\> Ka8ap&v CUtoo'tp€.cpovtat, 1'10'1'\
aK'I'\Koomv o'tt 01>OE 'to pt o1>pavou OOylla tOtOV A.EYo'OOtv &.1..1..' tV<X
1tIxv'ta Eacrro, Kat nEpcratC;, ffi<; 1t0\> o'l'\1..oi leal. 'Hpooorroc;, 1ta1..at
OEOOYIlEVOV. "vOlli o'OOt y6.pv, q>'I'\cr1., "At\. IlEV E1tt 'tCt {nl''I'\1..o'ta'ta 'trov
OpErov av<xl3<xivovtEC; 9"00iac; EpOEtV, 'tOY K1>K1..OV 1tavta 'tou 01>pavou
KaA.EovtEC;". 01>OEV oi>v o£llat OtacptpEtv Aia "'Ptcr'tov KaA.ElV 11 Zilv<x
11 'AOooV<XlOV 11 ful3<xW9 11 'Allouv. Ox; AiY1>1t'ttot, 11 na1talov. Ox;
LK\fut. 01> Il"V 01>OE Ka'tCt 'taiYca aytelrtEpot 'trov Ci1..1..rov av dEV, &n
1tEpt'tEllvovtat. 'toiYco yap AiY1>1t'ttot Kat Ko1..XOl 1tp(rtEpot. 000' &tt
(J'\)(i)v a1ttxov'tat. Kat 'toiyc' AiY1>1t'ttOt, Kat 1tpoot'tt aiyrov 'tE Kat o1.&v
Kat I3o&v 'tE Kat iXe'6rov, Kat ICOCtllrov YE nueay6pac; 'tE Kat ot lla9rt'tat
Kat EIl'l'\>xrov a1tavtrov. 01> Il"V 000' EOOo1CtJlElV 1tapa 'tq> SEq> Kat
cr'ttpyEcr9at Otaq>6proc; 'tt 'trov CiH.rov 'tomouc; EtK6<;, Kat 1tt1l cr9at
IlOV01C; a-u'tolC; EKElSEv &'YYE1..OUC;, olov 0" 'ttva llaK<Xprov Xropav
1..axoOOtv' OproJlEV yap amo'6c; 'tE Kat xffipav 'tlvrov i#rovtat.
(<<ECJUf)J(e nOCJIe 3TOro H)'.n.eH TaK 3a6OTHTCH 0 CBoeM C06CTBeHHOM
3aKOHe, HeT OCHOBaHHH 3a 3TO OCY)J()J,aTb I1X; B ropa3.n.o 60JIbllleH CTene-
HH nOpHl.laTb [CJIe.n.YeT] Tex, lITO, 3a6poCHB CBOH c06CTBeHHble 06b1"-laH,
H306pIDKaeT BH.n., 'ITO c06J1JO.n.aeT Hy.n.eHcKHe8. A eCJIH )J(e OHH B03BeJIH-
I-IHBalOT ce6H KaK 06JIa.n.aTeJIeH KaKoH-To BblcllleH My.n.POCTH H oTBopa-
'IHBalOTCH OT co06mecTB .n.pyrHx JIJO.n.eH KaK He.n.OCTaTO'lHO 'IHCTbIX, TO
HM )J(e y)J(e CKa3aHO, 'ITO H HX Y'leHHe 0 He6e He HBJIHeTCH HX c06CTBeH-
HbIM, HO OHO, 'IT06bl He l.lHTHpOBaTb Bce npHMepbl, [CBOHCTBeHHO] C
.n.aBHHX BpeMeH TaIOKe H nepcaM, KaK YKa3blBaeT me-TO H fepo.n.oT (Her.,
I, 131): "OHH nOJIaraJOT, 'ITO CJlY)J(aT 3eBcy, npHHocH )J(epTBbl nocJle
no.n.'beMa Ha caMble BblCOKHe XOJIMbI. 3eBcoM)J(e [nepcbl] Ha3blBalOT BeCb
Kpyr He6a". JI )J(e .n.yMaJO, 'ITO HeT HHKaKOH pa3HHl.lbl Ha3BaTb JIH 3eBca
BbICO'laHlllHM, HJIH)J(e [H36paTb.D.JIH Hero HMeHa] A.n.oHaH HJIH CaBaocp,
· 4YTb BbIwe, B TOH JKe nJiTOH KHHre, OpHreH UHrnpyeT naCCaJKH 113 l.{eJlb3a, CBHllereJlb-
CTBYWWHe KaK paJ 0 TOM, 'iTO, C TO'iKH 3peHHJl Lleilb3a, C06i1l-011eHHe KaJK.llbIM HapO.llOM CBOHX
06bl'iaeB JlBJlJleTCJI ecreCTBeHHOH HOpMOH. HHbIMII CJJOBaMH, OTpHuareJJbHble 3MOUHH l.{e,1b-
3a HanpaBJIeHbl He npOTHB TOro, 'iTO lIy.lleH JKHBYT no CBOHM 06bI'iallM, a npOTHB TOro, 'iTO
MHoro'iHCJJeHHbIe «lIylleHCTBYIOWHe», JJHWb .lleJJaIOmlle BHll, 'iTO HcnOBellYIOT HYllaH3M, Ha
CaMOM lle,1e JlHWb MewaIOT HYllellM JKHTb COrJJaCHO CBoeMY 3aKOHY.
192
Tllaea ./, Ifydeu II uydaul.\Ie pu.\/CKml oOUiecmee u ?ocydapcmee..
HnH AMYH, KaK erHnTHHe, HnH flanac, KaK CKH<pbl. H Y:lKe KOHelfHO, HX,
[Hy.n.eeB,] Henb3H Ha3BaTb npoHHKH}'TbIMH 60nbllleH CBHOCTblO no cpaB-
HeHHIO C KaKHMH-nH60 .n.pyrHMH Hapo.n.aMH H3-3a 06pe3aHHH. B 3TOM
OTHOllleHHH HX onepe.n.HJ1H erHnTHHe H KonXH; HH H3-3a HX B03.n.ep)f(aHHH
OT CBHHI1Hbl, H60 TOlfHO TaK )f(e nocl)'nalOT erHnTHHe, B03.n.ep:IKI1BalO-
llIHeCH, KpoMe TOro, OT 6apaHHHbl, [MHca] 6b1KOB H PbI6b1. A flH<parop H
ero YlfeHHKH [B03.n.ep:IKHBalOTcH] OT 6060B H OT Bcex )f(HBbIX CYllIecTB.
COBepllleHHo HenpaB.n.ono.n.06Ho, lfT06b1 OHH nOnb30BaJIHCb 6naropac-
nOnO)f(eHHeM 11 nlO60BbIO 60ra B 60nbllleH CTeneHH, lfeM KTo-nH60 .n.py-
roH, H lfTO aHreJIbl C He6ec 6blJ1H OTnpaBJIHeMbl TonbKO K HHM, cnOBHO
nonYlfHnH OHH 3eMnlO, B lfeM-TO HBnHlOllIYlOcH [3eMneH] 6mm:eHHblx.
Mbl )f(e BH.n.HM, lfero y.n.OCTOHJ1HCb OHH H HX 3eMnH».)
06a 3TH CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBa, HO B oc06eHHOCTH cnOBa U,eJIb3a, npe.n.CTaB-
nHIOT HHTepec B HeCKonbKHX OTHOllleHHHX. Bo-nepBbIX, lfeTKO BH.n.HO,
lfTO y 06pa30BaHHOro H3bllfHHKa no OTHOllleHHIO K Hy.n.eHM HHKaKHX
npeTeH3HH npaKTHlfeCKH HeT, He ClfHTaH 3aBblllleHHblX C rpelfeCKOH H
pHMCKOH TOlfeK 3peHHH npeTeH3HH Ha He06b1lfHOCTb peJIHrH03Horo Ylfe-
HI1H. KpOMe TOro, nepBaH <ppa3a .n.aHHoro OTpblBKa nOMOraeT npaBHnbHO
nOHHTb HeCKonbKO HeHCHblX cnOB B H3BeCTHOM naCCIDKe CeHeKH 06
Hy.n.eHx, coxpaHHBllleMcH y ABrycTHHa B TpaKTaTe «De Civitate Dei».
CnoBa CeHeKH H B03MO:IKHble BapHaHTbl HX HHTepnpeTaQHH npHBe.n.eHbl
HH:lKe, B paMKax .n.aHHoH rnaBbl, Ha c.
o .n.pymx BapHaHTax OTHOllleHI1H K Hy.n.eHM B H3bllfeCKOM 06ll1eCT-
Be - 0 BpIDK.D.e6Hb1X no cBoeMY .n.yxy Bbma.n.ax npoTHB <my.n.eHCTBYIO-
llIHX» H H)'.n.eeB - pelfb nOH.n.eT HeCKonbKO HH:lKe.
HCTOlfHHKH nOKa3bIBalOT, lfTO .D.J1H )f(HTenH .n.peBHero Cpe.n.H3eMHOMO-
pbH onpe.n.eJIeHH}'1O np06neMY, Tpe6YlOllIYlO <pOpMHpOBaHHH KaKorO-TO
K HeH OTHollleHHH, npe.n.CTaBJIHnH He Tpa.n.HQHH H 06bllfaH Hy.n.eeB, a TOT
<paKT, lfTO H)'.n.aH3M, KaK H Bo06LLle Bce BOCTOlfHble K)'nbTbl, CTaHOBHnCH
.n.nH onpe.n.eneHHOH lfaCTH rpeKoB H pHMnHH BeCbMa npHBJleKaTeneH.
B nepBble BeKa H. 3. HaxO.n.HJ10Cb HeMaJIO TaKHX nlO.n.eH, KOTopble Hcnon-
HHnH OT.n.enbHble 3anOBe.n.H H)'.n.aH3Ma, nnaTHJ1H nonllleKenH Ha H)')K.D.bl
xpaMa H T. .n.., He 06paLLlaHCb B H)'.n.aH3M nonHOCTb10 9 . EcnH BHHMaTenb-
· CM. no 3TOMY Bonpocy: c, 96-109 HeOllHOKpaTHO ynoMHHaBweHcJI paOOrbl C. R. 11YPbe
06 aHTHCeMHTH3Me. flpo6JJeMe np03eJJHTOB H np03eilHTH3Ma B OCHOBHOM nOCBII1l\eHa pa60Ta
H. A. 11eBHHcKOH: «J],eJlHHJI anOCTOJlOB Ha «jIoHe eBpeHcKoH .11HaCnopbm. Cfl6., 2000. TO'iHoe
KOJJH'ieCTBO np03eJJHTOB HaM HeH3BeCTHO, O.11HaKO JKe TOT aKT, 'iTO HYlleikTBYIOWHe .11eHC-
TBHTeJJbHO COCT3BJlJIJIH npo6JJeMY MJI pHMCKOro 06weCTBeHHoro MHeHIlJl, .11aeT B03MOJKHOCTb
npellnOJJaraTb, 'iTO HX KOilH'ieCTBO HMeJlO TeHlleHUll10 K pocry BnJJOTb .110 OKOH'iaTeJlbHOH
no6e.llb1 XpHCTHaHCTBa Ha py6eJKe ]V-V BB. BH.llHMO, MOJKHO TaKJKe C'illTaTb, 'iTO KO_1H'ieCTBO
np03eilHTOB .110CTHranO BO BceH PI1.\lCKOH HMnepHIl HeCKOJJbKHX MHJI_1HOHOB.
193
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaU3.I' 6 ucmopuu Pu.wCKoii pecny6JlUKU U PU.WCKOU lLwnepuu
HO npHCMOTpeTbCH K H3BeCTHblM aHTHHy.n.eHCKI1M Bbma.n.aM CeHeKI1 H
Tal.lHTa lO , TO CTaHeT nOHHTHO, '-ITO Bbl3BaHbl OHH 6b1JII1 npe)f{)J,e Bcero
pa3.n.pIDKalOlllHMH pHMCKHX apHCTOKpaTOB <paKTaMH np03eJ1HTH3Ma, HO
He H)'.n.eHMH KaK TaKOBblMH II.
nO.n.06HOro po.n.a BHHMaHHe K (<Hy.n.eHcTBYlOlllHM» H Hy.n.eHM y 3THX
aBTopoB 06'bHCHHeTcH oCY)J(.n.eHHeM MOpaJIbHOH .n.erpa.n.al.lHH cBoero
BpeMeHH H KpaHHe .n.ypHOro - comaCHO npe.n.CTaBJ1eHHHM TOro Bpe-
MeHH -YBJ1el.femIH BOCTOKOM H BOCTOI.fHblMH K)'J1bTaMH, HeCOBMeCTH-
MOCTb KOTOpblX C aHTHI.fHOH KYJ1brypOH npeKpaCHO OC03HaBaJIaCb. Bce
3TO H 3aCTaBJIHeT paCCMaTpHBaTb .n.aHHYIO rpynny CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTB OT-
.n.eJ1bHO.
3. l1y.zteHcKaH AHTeparypa Ha rpeqeCKOM H3blKe
B CBH3H C paCCMOTpeHHeM Bonpoca 06 HHTerpal.lHH H)'.n.eeB H aHTHI.f-
HOro MHpa oc060ro BHHMaHHH 3aCJIY)J(HBaeT Hy.n.eHcKaH J1HTeparypa Ha
rpel.feCKOM H3b1Ke. OHa pa3Ho06pa3Ha KaK no <popMe H co.n.ep)J(aHHIO, TaK
H no TeM l.leJIHM, KOTopble CTaBHJ1HCb ee aBTopaMH. 3TH npOH3Be.n.eHHH
nJ10XO COXpaHHJ1HCb I2 ; Mbl 3HaeM 0 HHX JIHlllb nOCTOJ1bK)', nOCKOJIbK)' HX
aKTHBHO HCn0J1b30BaJIH B CBOHX l.leJIHX paHHexpHCTHaHCKHe aBTOpbI.
BHHMaHHe Orl.lOB l.lepKBH K H)'.n.eHCKOH J1HTeparype Ha rpel.feCKOM H
Ta Cnel.lH<pHl.feCKaH pOJ1b, KOTOPYIO OHa CblrpaJIa B <pOpMHpOBaHHH HX
KOHl.lenl.lHH, 3aCTaBJ1HIOT ellle pa3 06paTHTbCH K np06J1eMe H)'.n.dicKOro
np03eJ1HTH3Ma, KOTOpaJI <POPMYJ1HPYeTCH CJ1e.n.YlOlllHM 06pa30M: MO)J(HO
J1H roBOpHTb 0 TOM, 'I TO H)'.n.eH B .n.peBHOCTH aKTHBHO 3aHHMaJIHCb npo-
naraH.n.OH CBOHX B033peHHH cpe.n.H H3bII.fHHKOB?
3TOT Bonpoc Bbl3blBaJI H Bbl3blBaeT O)J(eCTOl.feHHble .n.HCK)'CCHH B Hay-
Ke. O.n.HH HCCJIe.n.oaareJ1H OTpHl.lalOT CYllleCTBOBaHHe npOnaraH)J,bl, .n.pyrl1e,
Ha060pOT, y6e)f{)J,eHbl B TOM, 'I TO OHa He TOJ1bKO HMeJ1a MeCTO, HO H 6blJIa
IOCeHeKa: apud Augustinus, De Civitate Dei, VI, II; Tal.\"T: Hist., V, 5,1-2.
II CM, nOllp06HO 0 CeHexe: c. 432 nepBoro TOMa (PyccKoro rnIH aHfiIHJ:icKoro, "60 HYMe-
pal.\HJl CTpaHHU cOBnallaeT) H311aHH!I M. WTepHa; 0 TaU"Te: c. 26-27, 39-44 cJlellYlOll\eH
KH"rH: Greek and Latin authors on Jews and Judaism. Edited with Introductions, Translations
and Commentary by M, Stem, Vol. II. From Tacitus to Simplicius. Jerusalem, 1980 = WTepH,
2000.C.24-25,37-40.
12 HCKJJIO'ieHHe COCTaBJ]JlIOT nceBll03n"rpacjJbJ. CM. nOllp06HO HOBeHwee aMepHKaHCKoe
H311aHHe - The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Vol. 2. Expansions of the «Old Testament»
and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragements
of Lost ludeo-Hellenistic Works edited by 1. H. Charlesworth, New York, 1985.
194
rJlaea ./, Y vdell u lIyda1l3M e pIWCKa\1 o611/ecmee II zocydapcmee..
BeCbMa 3cpcpeKTHBHOH 13 . Bce cnopbl no 3TOMY Bonpocy B 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOH
Mepe BbIrJHI.n.HT Ha.n.YMaHHbIMH, 1160, cy.n. no BceM)', .n.OCTaTO'lHO .n.OroBO-
pHTbC 0 TepMHHax H 0 TOM, 'ITO TaKoe MI1CCI10HepCTBO npHMeHHTeJ1bHO
K Hy.n.aH3MY, KaK Bce CTaHOBHTC Ha CBOI1 MeCTa I4 . .lJ:eHCTBI1TeJ1bHO, B
H)'.n.aH3Me He 6b1JlO np03eJ1I1TH3Ma H MI1CCI10HepCTBa, eCJ111 no.n.xo.n.HTb K
BJIeHI1IO C XpHCTl1aHCKHX n03Hl.lHH, KOma pacnpOCTpaHeHHe Y'IeHIDI 11
06pameHI1e «HeBepHblx» CTaHOBI1TCH cBoero po.n.a peJIHrH03HbiM .n.OJ1raM
BepYlOmero. VI B TO *e caMoe BpeM CymeCTBoBaHHe MHCCI10HepCTBa B
Hy.n.al13Me He npHxo.n.I1TC CTaBJITb no.n. COMHeHl1e y*e BCJIe.n.CTBHe caMO-
ra cpaKTa cymecTBoBaHIDI «H)'.n.eHCTBYlOlllI1X» - J11O.n.eH, no TeM HJIH HHblM
npl1'1HHaM HCKaBlllHX KOHTaKTa C H)'.n.e MH 11, eCTeCTBeHHO, nOJI)''IHBlllHX
TaKHM 06pa.30M I1HcpopMaQHIO 0 cym Y'leHI1 . VlHblMH CJ10BaMI1, MHCCHO-
HepCTBO B Hy.n.aH3Me 6b1J10 CHl)'aTHBHbIM: Tor.n.a, Kor.n.a B03HHKaJI nOBO.n.,
HMeJIa MecTO H nponaraH.n.a CBOHX peJ1HrH03Hb1X B033peHHH. B 3TOM 3a-
KJlIO'IaeTC npHHQHnHaJlbHOe OTJIH'IHe OT XpI1CTHaHCTBa, B paMKax KOTO-
poro MHCCHOHepCTBO BJ1 eTC CHCTeMHbIM, T. e. HpaBCTBeHHOH HOpMOH,
06 l3aTeJ1bHOH K HCnOJ1HeHHIO npaKTH'IeCKH B JII060H CHl)'aQHH.
<l>aKTbl, npaB.n.a, nOKa.3blBalOT, 'ITO, rOBop 06 HY.n.eHcKoM np03eJ1H-
TH3Me, CJ1e.n.yeT pa.3JIH'IaTb np MYIO nponaraH.D.)', a.n.peCOBaHHYIO Heno-
Cpe.n.cTBeHHo CJIYlllaTeJ1lO, H KOCBeHHYIO, a.n.pecoBaHHYIO nOTeHQHaJlb-
HOMY 'IHTaTeJIIO. CYmecTBYeT apryMeHTHpOBaHHa TO'lKa 3peHH 0 TOM,
'ITO HY.n.eHCKa an0J10reTH'IeCKa JIHTepal)'pa Ha rpe'leCKOM 3blKe He
HMeJ1a nponaraH.n.HCTcKOro xapaKTepa, TaK KaK nHCaJlaCb He )J,JHI H3bl'l-
HHKOB, a, TaK CKa.3aTb,.D.J1 «BHYTpeHHero nOTpe6J1eHH »15. O.n.HaKO 6blJIO
6bl Orrm60'lHb1M a6COJIIOTH3HpOBaTb TaKoH no.n.xo.n., H60 no MeHbweH
Mepe O.n.HO 113 npOH3Be.n.eHHH Hy.n.eHCKOH J1HTepal)'pbl Ha rpe'leCKOM
HanHcaHO C COBepllleHHO O'leBH.n.HOH «MHCCHOHepCKOH» 3a.n.a'leH. 3TO
13 nOJJHblH 0630p aprYMeHTOB 06eHX TO'ieK 3peHH!I H HOBeHWaJI JJHTeparypa npHBelleHbl
B CJJellYlOweJ:i pa60Te: lleeuHcKaJI If. A. J],eJlHl'JI anOCTOJlOB Ha oHe eBpeHcKOH llHacnopbI.
Cn6., 2000. c. 49-93. H3 pa60T aBTOpOB, He COMHeBaIOWHXC!I B cymecTBoBaHHH np03eJJH-
TH3Ma, XOTeJlOCb 6bl OTMeTHTb CJJeJIYlOlIlHe: Moore G, F Judaism in the first centuries of the
Christian era. The age ofTannaim. Vol. I. Cambridge, ]927. P. 323-353; Braude W G, Jewish
Proselyting in the first five centuries of the Common Era. The Age ofTannaim and Amoraim,
Provindence, 1940; Feldman L. H. Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World. Attitudes and
interactions /Tom Alexander to Justinian. Princeton, 1993. P. 288-415.
14 C TO'iKH 3peHH!I aBTOpa llaHHoH pa60TbI, OTpHlIaHHe cjJaKTa MHccHoHepcKOJ:i lleJlTeJlb-
HOCTH HYlleeB cpellH !l3bl'iHHKOB cBHlleTeJJbCTByeT JJHWb 0 nOJJHOM He3HaHHH KaKOH-TO KaTe-
rapHeH HCCJJellOBaTeJJeH TaJJMYllH'ieCKOH JJHTeparypbI, me Bonpoc 0 np03eJlHTaX 06cYJKJlaJlCJI
1l0CTaTO'iHO nOllp06HO. Ll.pyroH Bonpoc, 'iTO MHccHoHepcTBo B HYllaH3Me H B xpHcTHaHc-
TBe - JlBJ1eHH!I npHHUHnHaJJbHo pa3HbIe H llaJKe HeconOCTaBHMble.
"Tcherikover V Jewish Apologetic Literature Reconsidered II Eos. Commentarii Societa-
tis Philologae Polonorum, 1956. Vol. 48. Fasc. 3. P. 169-]93.
195
A. f. fpyweBoH. l1ydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PU.\/CKOU peCny6JlUKU U PUMCKOU UMnepuu
«Hocmp H AceHen>, r.n.e O.n.HHM H3 Ba)J(HeHlllHX H.n.eHHbIX MOTH BOB HB-
J1HeTCH HCTOpHH 'Iy.n.eCHoro 06pallleHHH erHnTHHKH ACeHeT, 6y.n.YllleH
cynpym Hocmpa, B HY.n.aH3M16.
O.n.HaKO, KaK 6bI TaM HH 6bIJ10, co BpeMeHeM np0113Be.n.eHIDI H)'.n.eHCKOH
J1HTeparypbI, nonaB B PYKH paHHexpHCTHaHCKHX aBTOpOB, CbIrpaJ/H HMeH-
HO nponaraH.n.HCTCK}'JO, MHCCHOHepcK}'JO pOJ1b, npaB.n.a, TaK}'JO, 0 KOTOpOH
aBTOpbI npOH3Be.n.eHHH H)'.n.eHCKOH J1HTeparypbI Ha rpe'leCKOM, BepOHTHee
Bcero, .n.IDKe H He .n.)'MaJ/H.
B .n.aHHOM KOHTeKCTe 0 TaKOH JIHTeparype npHxo.n.HTCH rOBopHTb
oc060 B CBH3H C lllHpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHHoH y paHHexpHcTHaHcKHx
aBTopOB H.n.eeH 0 BTOpH'IHOCTH aHTH'IHOH K}'J1brypbI no OTHOllleHHJO K
BeTX03aBeTHOH My.n.POCTH I7 . TaK, y KnHMeHTa AJIeKcaH.n.pHHcKoro18,
nceB.n.0-JOcTHHa 19 H EBceBHH 20 HMeJOTCH UHTaTbI, B3HTbIe HMH H3 Pa3-
HbIX aBTopoB, KOTopbIe, B CBOJO O'lepe.n.b, npHnHCbIBaJ/H KJIaCCHKaM aH-
TH'IHOH JlHTeparypbI (rOMepy, Op<peJO, recHo.n.y, 3cXHJ1Y, CO<pOI<.JIy, EB-
PHnH.n.y H T. .n..), THnH'IHO Hy.n.eHcKHe - a CJ1e.n.OBaTeJ1bHO, 3aBe.n.OMO
n0.D.J10)l{HbIe - H.n.eH 0 KOCMOroHHH, 0 e.n.HHOM 60re H ero MorylllecTBe,
o CBHTOCTH ce.n.bMoro .n.IDI 21 .
TaK, HanpHMep, y Bcex Tpex ynoMHHaeMbIX BbIllle aBTopOB BCTpe'la-
eTCH CJ1e.n.yJOlllHH TeKcr 2 , npHnHCbIBaeMbIH 3CXHJ1y23.
16113.llaHHe pOMaHa c 06CTOJlTeJlbHblMH KOMMeHTapH!lMH: Joseph et Aseneth. Introduction,
texte critique, traduction et notes par Marc Philonenko. Leiden, 1968. a MHCCHOHepCKOM
xapaKTepe 3TOro npOH3BeD,eHHJl CM. C. 53-6] H3D,aHH!I M. <1>HJJOHeHKO.
11 CneUHaJlbHOe HCCJJe.llOBaHHe: Riddings D. The Attic Moses. The Dependency Theme
in Some Early Christian Writers. Goteborg, 1994.
18 HCnOJJb30BaHHble H3.llaHH!I: Clement d' Alexandrie. Les Stromates. Strom ate V. Tome
I. Introduction, texte critique et index par Alain Le Boulluec. Traduction de P. Voulet. Paris,
1981. Tome II. Commentaire, bibliographie et index par Alain Le Boulluec. Paris, 1981. KHpHJJJJ
AneKcaHllpHHcKHi:L CrpoMarbi. T. II. (KH. 4-5) I nOllroroBKa TeKCTa K H311aHHIO, nep. C llpeB-
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Oratio ad Graecos I Edited by M. Marcovich. Berlin; New York, ] 990.
20l1cnoflb30BaHHoe H3D,aHHe: Eusebe de Cesaree. La preparation evangelique. Livres
XII-XIII. Introduction, texte grec, traduction et annotation par E. des Places. Paris, 1983.
21 CJJOJKHOCTb 3aKJIIO'iaeTCJl B TOM, 'iTO B ueilOM pJl.lle CJJY'iaeB HenO.llJ1HHHble CTpOKH TOro
HJJH HHOro n03Ta COceD,STBYIOT B npHBO.llHMblX paHHeXpHCrnaHCKHMI1 aBTOpaMH reKcTax C
nO.llJ1HHHbIMH.
22 Clem. Alex, Strom., V, 131,2-3 = Pseudo-Iustinus, De monarchia, I, 2 = Euseb. Prep.
Evang., XIII, 13,60.
23 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3.llaHHJl pe'ib HlleT 0 COMHHreJJbHOM «jIparMeHTe 464 HJJH 627. CM.: Die
Fragmente der TragOdien des Aischylos. Herausgegeben yon H. 1. Mette. Berlin, 1959. S. 223, 265.
MHeHHe JKe coBpeMeHHbIX H311areneJ:i no nOBO.uy CaMoro 3TOro reKcra 0.llH03Ha'iHO: 3cXHJIY)TOT
reKCT He npHH3.llJ1eJKHT. XapaKTepHO, 'iTO X. H. MeTe flHWb OTMe'!aeT $aKT cyIl.\eCTBOBaHHJI 3TO-
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24 LlHTHpyeMbIH nepeBOll npHHaJlJ]eJKHT E. B. A$OHaCHHY. (KnHMeHT AneKcaHllpHHcKHit
KHHrH 4-5. flollrOTOBKa TeKCTa K H311aHHIO, nepeBoll C llpeBHerpe'iecKOro H KOMMeHTapHH
E. B. A«jIoHacHHa. Cfl6., 2003. C. 220-221).
2' B .llaHHOM KOHTeKeTe llJI!I UljIlO'tO'l> 60JJee npaBHJlbHblM npellCTaBJI!leTC!I HHOH nepe-
BO.ll- «BbICO'iaJ:iwero», H60 BepCH!I E. B. A«jIOHaCHHa - «BceBbIWHero» H3JJHWHe XPHCTH-
aHH3HpOBaHa.
26 Septem contra Thebas, 537.
27 CM. nOllp06HO - Clement d' Alexandrie. Les Stromates. Stromale V. Tome 11. Com-
menta ire, bibliographie et index par A. Le Boulluec. Paris, 1981. P. 357-358,
197
A. f. rpyweBOH. Hydeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PU-\lCKOU pecny611uKu u PW>fCKOU UMnepuu
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peaJ1bHOCTH B .n.pyrylO, y KnHMeHTa, nceB.n.o-JOCTHHa H EBceBIDI BCTpe-
lfaeTCH HeMaJ10. TeKCTOJ10rHlfeCKHH aHaJ1H3 :nl1x l.lHTaT B HaCTOHlllHH
MOMeHT OCYllleCTBJIeH, H B l.leJIOM nOIDITHO, OTK)'.n.a paHHeXpl1CTHaHCKHe
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TOlfHHK (W1I1, B03MO)f(H0, pa3Hble BepCHH O.n.HOro HCTOlfHHKa). I1CTOlfHHK
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np03eJIHTOB, npo.n.OJDKaBlllHX n0J1b30BaTbCH P0)J,HbIM H3bIKOM. l1MeHHo 3TH
npOH3Be.n.eHIDI J.f)'.n.eHCKHX aBTOpoB H nocny)f(l1J1H OCHOBOH npe.n.CTaBJIeHHH
paHHeXpHCTl1aHCKHX aBTOpOB 0 BTOpHlfHOCTI1 aHTHlfHOH K)'JIbl)'pbl.
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C60PHHKH l.lHTaT HH3pelfeHHi1 30 . Me)f()J,y TeM y Hac eCTb He MeHee BeCKHe
OCHOBaHI1H H .D.J1H COBepllleHHO HHoro npe.n.n0J10)f(eHHH. ,[{O HaWHX .n.HeH
COXpaHI1J1aCb HpaBOYlfHTeJ1bHaH n03Ma nceB.n.0-<1>0Kl1J1H.n.a 31 , EBceBHH B
2& npOTOTHnOM .llaHHOrO TeKCTa MOJKeT JlBJlJlTbC!I npoH3BelleHMe 3cxIL'Ia (<<feJlM3.llbm),
OTpblBOK H3 KOTOpOro KnMMeHT UHTHPYeT HeCKOJlbKO BbIwe - Stromata, V, 114,4 «3eBc-
3!f1MP, 3eBc - 3eMJJJl, 3eBc - He60, 3eBc - Bce CYWeCTBYlOwee H Bce HaXO.ll!lweeCJl BblWe».
COMHeHHiI B nOllIlHHHOCTH «reJJHIIll» He B03HHKaeT. CM.: Die Fragmente der TragOdien des
Aischylos. Herausgegeben von H. J. Mette. Berin, 1959. S. 36. Frgm. 105; Clement d' Alexandrie.
Les Stromates. Strom ate V. Vol. II. P. 337-338. a MOHOTeHCTM'ieCKHX MOTHBax B TBOp'ieCTBe
3CXHJJa CM.: ]aullee A, II. 3cxHJI H MOHOTeHCTH'ieCKHe HlleH Y rpeKOB II A. H. 3aHl.!eB. H3-
6paHHbIe CTaTbH. T. 2. nOlI peJl,. H. A. AJJMaJoaoH H 11. 51. )I(MY.ll!I. Cfl6., 2003. C. 467-478.
29 CM. nOllp06HO: Denis A.-M. Introduction aux pseudepigraphes grecs d' Ancient Testa-
ment. Leiden, ] 970. P. 2] 5-238.
JOCM. nOllpo6Ho: Clement d'Alexandrie. Les Stromates. Stromate V. Tome II. P. 330-331.
Pseudo-Phocylide. Sentences. Texte etabli, traduit et commente par P. Derron, Paris, 1986.
P. XXXII-XLI.
JI AHrJJHHCKHi! nepeBoll nceBllo-<l>OKItJIH.la C xparKMMM KOMMeHTapMJI m: Pseudo-Pho-
cylides (First Century B. C. - First Century A. D.) The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Vol.
2. Expansions of the «Old Testament» and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature,
Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragements of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works edited by J. H, Charles-
worth. New York, 1985; A New Translation and Introduction by P. W. van der Horst. P. 565-582.
(<l>paHUY3cKOe M3J1,aHHe YKa3aHO B npe.'lbl.l)'weM npHMe'iaHIIM.) 06 aBTope n03Mbl.lOCTOBep-
HOH HH«jIopMal.!MH HeT. HaH60Jlee Bepo!ITHbI 1 npellCTa8llJleTCJl npeJl,nOJlOJKeHHe 0 TOM. 'iTO
3TO - 3.l.1MHH3HpoBaHHbIH HyaeH, JKHBWMH Ha py6eJKe 3p.
198
rJla6a ./, l1ydeu u uydau3M e pU.MCKOM 06Ujecmee u .?ocydapcmee..,
«Praeparatio Evangelica» l.lHTHPYeT 60JIblllHe OTpblBKH (coxpaHHJ10Cb B
06LLleH CJ10)l(HOCTH 269 CTHXOB) H)'.n.eHcKoro no:na He3eKHHJ1a, HanH-
caBlllero B MaHepe EBpHnl1.n.a Tpare.n.HlO Ha 6H6J1eHCKHH CJO)KeT no.n.
Ha3BaHHeM «HCXO.n.»32. YHHKa.J1bHOCTb 3THX OTpblBKOB He3eKHHJ1a He
n03B0J1jjeT, K CO)KaneHHJO, OTBeTHTb Ha npHHl.lHnHaJIbHblH Bonpoc: 'I TO
3TO - J1HTeparypHoe ynpIDKHeHHe J1J06HTeJ1JJ rpel.feCKOH CJ10BeCHOCTH
H.1IH o.n.Ha H3 nbec peanbHoro penepT)'apa peanbHO CYLLleCTBOBaBllIHX
TeaTpOB B 3JJJIHHHCTHI.feCKHX ropo.n.ax npHMopCKOH 30Hbl naneCTHHbl?
HCJ(JIJOI.fHTeJIbHO H3 06LLll1X co06pIDKeHHH MO)KHO roBOpl1Tb 0 60J1bllleH
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CTOpOHbl, y Hac .n.eHCTBHTeJ1bHO 60J1bllle HeT HI1KaKHX npHMepOB, KOTOpble
n03BOJlHJ1H 6bl KaK-TO conOCTaBHTb COI.fHHeHHe He3eKHH.1Ia C l.feM 6bl TO
HH 6blJIO. C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbl, y Hac HeT OCHOBaHI1H OTpHl.laTb B03MO)I(HOCTb
JlJ060ro H3 OTMel.feHHblX Bblllle pellleHHH. Bce )Ke HHTepec 3J1J1HHH3HpO-
BaHHblX H)'.n.eeB K aHTHI.fHOH K}'J1b1)'pe 6bUI BeJ1HK 33 H B 3J1JlHHHCTHl.fecK}'JO
3noxy MHorHe, HaCKOJ1bKO Mbl MO)KeM cy.n.HTb, CJ10H H)'.n.eHcKoro 06LLlecT-
Ba 6blJ1H roTOBbl K BocnpHUHJO aHTHI.fHOH K}'Jlbl)'pbl H - 60J1ee Toro -
aKTHBHO CTpeMHJ1HCb K HHTerpal.lHH C HeH.
32 Euseb. Praep. ev., IX, 28, 29. flOCJJeJl,Hee H3.llaHHe TeKCTa (He C'iHTaJI H311aHHi! TeKCTa
CaMoro EBceBHJI): Snell B. Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta. Vo1.l, Gottingen. 1971. P. 288-
30]. AHfJJHHCKHi! nepeBOJl, C KOMMeHTapllilMH: Ezekie] the Tragedian (Second Century B. C.)
A New Trans]ation and Introduction by R. G. Robertson liThe Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.
Vol. 2. P. 803-819. H3J1,aHHe rpe'iecKOro TeKCTa C HeMeUKHM nepeBOJl,OM H He60JlbWHMH
KOMMeHTapllilMH: Musa Tragica. De griechsche Tragodie yon Thespis bis Ezechiel. Ausgew!ihlte
Zeugnisse und Fragmente griechisch und deutsch. Gottingen, 1991, S. 216-235. a CaMOM
aBTOpe npaKTH'ieCKH HH'iero He H3BeCTHO. B npHHUHne, npaBlla, !lCHO, 'iTO He3eKHHJI JKHJI B
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mH. HY.lleH B 3TOM OTHoweHHH HCKJJlO'IeHH!I He npeJl,CTaBJJJ!JIH. TaK, Y narpHapxa <1JOTHJI (Cod.,
186) eCTb nepecKaJ 3aHMCTBOBaHHOro HM y KOHoHa MmllOrpa!fla (aBTOp, JKHBWHH Ha py6eJKe
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24]) 0 TOM, 'iTO CbIHOBb!l ABpaaMa BMecre C repaKJJOM nOCeJJHJlHCb B 11HBHH. B MH.llpawe Ha
fleCHb fleCHeH (Canticum Canticorum R., I, 6, 4) coo6waeTcJI 0 TOM, 'iTO CYWeCTBeHHYIO pOJlb
B OCHOBaHHH PHMa CbIrpan A66a KOJJOH. (06 3TOH HCTOpHH H 0 B03MOJKHOCTH nepeHocHoro
HCTOJJKOBaHIUI 3TOro TeKCTa CM. nOllpo6HO: Feldman L. H. Abba Kolon and the founding of
Rome II JQR. 199]. Vol. LXXXI. N . P. 239-266). COXpaHHBWHeCJI y HocH!fIa <1>JlaBH!I
OTpbIBKH H3 aBTOpoB II B. 110 H. 3., nHCaBWHX HCTOpHIO <1JHHHKHH, nOKaJblBIDOT He MeHee YllH-
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weMCJI, HHKOro He YllHBilJllOweM «jIaKTe. (CM. nOJl,p06Ho: IlJmepH M. 1997. C. ]20--125.)
199
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200
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CTOB - rpynnHpoBKH, If}'Tb 6bIJ10 He .n.OCTl1rllleH He3a)J,0J1ro .n.o BOCCTa-
HHH MaKKaBeeB CYllleCTBeHHbIX ycnexoB B 3JIJlHHH3aLlHH Bcex CTOpOH
)J(113HH l1y.n.eeB H l1epycaJIHMa. B03MO)J(HO TaJOKe, lfTO onpe.n.eJ1eHHYIO
pOJ1b B nOHBJ1eHHH 3TOH J1HTeparypbI Momo CbIrpaTb pacnpOCTpaHeHHe
B naJIeCTHHe rpelfecKoro 06pa30BaHHH, cTaBlllero .n.ocrynHblM H B KaKOH-
TO Mepe npI1BJ1eKaTeJ1bHbIM, B TOM lfHCJ1e H .D.J1H H)'.n.eeB37.
3.n.eCb 3aKOHOMepHO B03HHKaeT Bonpoc: KaK)'1O B LleJ10M pOJ1b I1rpaJIO
3TO 3J1J1HHH3HpYIOw.ee TelfeHHe B )J(H3HH Hy.n.eHCKOH 3JII1Tbl? (He06xo.n.H-
MO HMeTb B BH.LJ.Y, lfTO a6COJIIOTHOe 60J1blllHHCTBO H)'.n.eHCKI1X 3eMJIe.n.eJIb-
LleB H peMeCJIeHHI1KOB no nOHHTHbIM npHlfHHaM )J(HJ1H I1HbIMI1, K)'.n.a
60J1ee npH3eMJ1eHHbIMH 3a60TaMH H HHTepecaMH.) QT06bI OTBeTHTb Ha
nOCTaBJIeHHbIH Bonpoc, H)')KHO BcnOMHHTb, lfTO .n.o BOCCTaHHH nap Kox-
6bI H B H3BecTHoH Mepe nOCJIe Hero H)'.n.eHCKoe 06111eCTBO 6bIJIO paCKO-
J10TO Ha MHO)J(eCTBO rpynnHpoBOK H I.JTO OTMelfeHHbIe BbIllle npOH3Be.n.e-
HID! B «3J1J1HHCKOM .n.yxe» nHCaJIHCb npaKTHlfeCKH napaJIJ1eJ1bHO C KHHroH
.[{aHHI1J1a H, B03MO)J(HO, C nepBblMH K)'MpaHCKHMH .n.OKYMeHTaMH. 3T0
coce.n.CTBO CTOJ1b pa3HbIX B H.n.eHHOM nJ1aHe npOH3Be.n.eHHH nOKa3bIBaeT,
lfTO .D.J1H nepHo.n.a, npe.n.rneCTBYIOw.ero BOCCTaHHIO nap Kox6bl, Mbl He B
COCTOHHHH BbI.n.emrrb KaKOe-TO onpe.n.eJ1HIOw.ee mrreparypHoe H l1.lI.eHHOe
TeqeHl1e B )J(H3HH Hy.n.eHCKOH 3J1HTbI.
PaCKOJ1 3J1HTbI 06111eCTBa Ha MHO)J(eCTBO rpynnHpoBOK H BbICOKaH
TBOpqeCKaH aKTHBHOCTb I1X npe.n.CTaBHTeJ1eH BeJ111 K HHTeHCHBHOH TBOp-
36 KaK YJKe OTMe'ianOCb, 06CTOIITeJJbCTBa JKII3HH aBTOpa HaM npaKTII'ieCKH HeH3BeCTHbi.
4TO KaCaeTCJI B03MOJKHOCTH peanbHoro IIcnO,lHeHHJlllaHHOH nbeCbI, CM. C. 806 OTMe'ieHHOrO
B npHM. 35 BTOpOro TOMa H3.llaHHJI «The Old Testament Pseudepigrapa».
J7 KOHKpeTHO HHlflopMaUHeH no 3TOMY Bonpocy MbI npaKTH'ieCKII He pacnOJJaraeM. OilHa-
KO caMO nOll1L1eHHe B IIYJl.eHCKOM 06weCTBe B Ha'i3..1e II B.110 H, 3. J:L1HHHCTOB ellBaJIH MOJKHO
061.IICHHTb HHa'ie, KpOMe KaK 3HaKOMCTBOM rpynnbl HYlleHCKOIi 3JJHTbI C rpe'ieCKHM 06pa30Ba-
HHeM. a B0311eiicTBIIH rpe'iecKOro 06p330BaHHJI Ha HYllelicKOe 06meCTBO nOllpo6HO m1C3..1 M.
XeHre.lb: Hengel M. Judentum und Hellenismus. Studien zu ihrer Begegnung unter beson-
derer Berucksichtigung Palastinas bis zur Mitte des 2, Jh. s \'. Chr. Tiibinge, 1973, S. 130-152.
a rpeKOJl3bl'iHOH .1HTeparype IIYlleeB CM. B TOlI)I(e KHllre M. XeHre.1J1. c. 152-]90,
201
A. r. fpyweBOH. J/ydeu u uydaU3.\1 e ucmopull PILllClWU pecny6.1w.:u 1/ PILIICl>:OU /LIl1leplllI
4eCKOH 11 no.n.4ac nOJII1TH'leCKOH KOHK)'peHLU-fH Me)l()J,y 3TI1MH JIIO.n.bMH J8 ,
HO HHKaK He K e.n.I1HCTBY B3mjl.n.OB.
B03Bpa/l.{ajiCb K I1CTOpl1H rpeKOjl3bl'-IHOH J1HTeparypbl 3J1J1I1HI1CTH4e-
CKOro BpeMeHH, oc060 OTMeTl1M CJ1e.n.YlOlllee. flpHBe.n.eHHble .n.Ba npl1Me-
pa J9 nOKa3b1Ba1OT, 4TO cpeJJ,11 3JIJII1HI1311pOBaHHblX l1)'.n.eeB (B03MO)KHO,
npaB.n.a, np03eJIHTOB) 6b1J111 B Mo.n.e J1HTeparypHble 3KcnepHMeHTbl no
coe.n.HHeHHIO HaQHOHaJIbHblX Tpa.n.I1QHH C rpe4eCKHMI1 CTaH.n.apTaMH40.
flO3TOMY HeT HI14ero y.n.I1BI1TeJ1bHOrO 11 HeB03MO)KHOrO B .n.onyllleHHI1
CY/l.{eCTBOBaHHjI 11 I1HbIX, KpynHblx np0113Be.n.eHI1H no.n.06Horo Tl1na 11
)((aHpa. HHblMI1 CJ10BaMI1, COXpaHI1BllJl1eCjI QI1TaTbl, npHnl1CblBaeMble
3CXHny, CocJ>OKJIY H np0411M 3HaMeHHTocnM, CJIeJJ,yeT paCQeHHBaTb,
CKopee Bcero, KaK OTpblBKI1 60JIbllll1X no.n.pIDKaTeJIbHblX n03M, HanHcaH-
HblX J1H60 np03eJ1HTaMH, J11160 3J1JII1HH3HpOBaHHbIMI1 Hy.n.ejlMH, Ha .n.eJ1e
coe.n.HfUIBlllHX - I1JIH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, nblTaBlllHXCjI coe.n.I1HHTb - rpe-
4eCKHe 3noc 11 JIHpl1K)' C OCHOBaMH l1)'.n.aH3Ma.
flpaKTH4eCKI1 HI1KTO He 3a.n.aeTCjI BonpOCOM, 113 KaKHX C006pIDKeHI1H
OHH 3TO .n.eJ1aJIH? Mbl He pacnOJIaraeM .n.aHHbIMI1 I1CT04HI1KOB, KOTopble
n03B0J1I1JII1 6bl .n.aTb OTBeT Ha 3TOT Bonpoc. H Bce )Ke HCXO)J)I H3 06/l.{HX
co06pIDKeHHH npe.n.cTaBJ1j1eTCjI B03MO)((HbIM npe.D.J10)((HTb cJ1e.n.YIO/l.{He
BapHaHTbl 06'bjlCHeHHjI. ECJIH C4HTaTb, 4TO aBTopaMH TaKHX npoH3Be.n.e-
HI1H 6blJII1 jl3bI4HHKI1, npl1MKH)'BlllHe K l1)'.n.aH3MY (np03eJ1HTbl), TO OHH,
npHHjlB l1y.n.eHCK)'1O Bepy, MOml1 nl1CaTb TaKoro po.n.a C04HHeHHjI, )((eJ1CU1
06'be.n.HHHTb B CBoeM TBOp4eCTBe CTapoe (K)'J1brypy, B KOTOpOH 6blJ1H
BocnHTaHbl) C HOBblM (c 06peTeHHOH BepOH). KaKY)Ke OTMe4aJIOCb Bblllle,
KOJIH4eCTBO np03eJ1HTOB 6blJI0 3aMeTHb1M, 11 TaKHe np0l13Be.n.eHHjI BnOJ1-
He MomH HaHTI1 CBOHX 4HTaTeJ1eH.
O.n.HaKO 3.n.eCb B03MO)((HO H HHoe 06'bjlCHeHHe, He HCKJII04alOlllee
nepBoe. BnOJ1He BepOjiTHO, 4TO aBTOpaMI1 KaKOH-TO 4aCTH 3THX npOH3-
Be.n.eHHH 6blJ1H 3J1JIHHH3HpOBaHHble Hy.n.eH. B 3TOM CJ1Y4ae )((eJIaHHe
BKJII04HTb B CBOH K)'JIbrypHblH Kpyr aBTopOB HHOjl3bl4HOH (rpe4eCKOH)
JIHTeparypbl .n.omKHO, Ha Halll B3mjl.n., 06'bjlCHjlTbCjI HHa4e. Mbl MO)((eM
npe.n.nOJIO)KHTb, 4TO 3JIJ1HHH3HpOBaHHble Hy.n.eH 06Hap}?KHBaJIH B rpe4e-
CKOH K)'JIbrype cJ>OPMbl, He CYllleCTBOBaBllll1e B HX pO.n.HOH K)'J1brype.
J8 npHMepoM TOMY MorYT CJlYJKHTb MHOrO'iHCJleHHble 3nH3011bl 6ypHOH nOJlHTH'ieCKOH
HCTOpHH naneCTHHbl OT MaKKaBeeB .llO nap Kox6bl.
J' OHH He e.!1HHCTBeHHble. Y TOro )l{e EBceBHII H KnHMeHTa A.leKcaH.apHHcKOro coxpa-
HH..10Cb MHO)l{eCTBO OlpblBKOB H3 npOH3Be.aeHHH HCTOpHKOB, n03TOB H $H,lOCO$oB, nHcaBWHX
B 3J1JJHHHCTH'ieCKOe BpeMII no-rpe'ieCKH. CM. nOlIp06HO: Denis A,-M. Op.cit. P.241-305;
Wacholder 8, Z. Eupolemus. A Study of ludaeo-Greek Literature. New York, 1974.
40 B KOHue KOHUOB HMeHHO TaKOB <1>HJJOH - 3nH'ieCKHH non, cpparMeHTbl H3 KOTOpOro
coxpaHIL1HCb y EBceBHII. (Euseb. Prep. Ev., IX, 20, I; IX, 24. I; IX, 37,1-3.)
202
T.7aea -I, J vdeu u uyda/llM e pZU/CKm/ 0611/ecmee u zocydapcmee..
B CBjl3H C 3THM Y HHX BnOJ1He MOrJIO B03HHKH)'Tb LlYBCTBO cBoero po.n.a
«HCTOpHLleCKOH HenOJ1HOl.{eHHOCTH», KOTopoe Bbl3blBaJIO Y 3THX JIlo.n.eH
)KeJ1aHHe coe.n.HHI1Tb B CBoeM TBOpLleCTBe .n.Be K)'J1brypbl 11 c.n.eJIaTb XOTb
B KaKOH-TO CTeneHI1 «CBOHMI1» 3HaMeHI1TOCTeH 06peTeHHOH K)'JIbrypbI.
lITo)Ke KaCaeTCjI q,OpMbl TaKoro coe.n.I1HeHI1j1 (nceB.n.03nl1rpaq,), TO, KaK
)')Ke OTMe'-laJIOCb Bblllle, nO.lJ.06HbIH )KaHp B JIHTeparypax DJ1H)KHero Boc-
TOKa Bo06111e H B Hy.n.eHCKOH B '-IaCTHOCTH 113BeCTeH .n.aBHO. ):{OCTaTOLlHO
BcnOMHHTb TOT 0611.1eH3BeCTHbIH q,aKT, '-ITO KHHra npopOKa McaHH Ha-
nl1CaHa TpeMjI aBTopaMH, )KHBlllHMI1 B pa:3Hoe BpeMjI 11 CLlHTaBllll1MH .D.J1j1
ce6j1 eCTeCTBeHHblM npHnHcaTb CBOH CO'-lHHeHI1j1 YBIDKaeMOMY npe.n.llle-
CTBeHHHK)'.
Bce CKa3aHHOe BblUJe n03B0J1J1eT CKa3arb, LITO CTOJ1b .n.oporl1e cep.n.l{)'
paHHeXpl1CTl1aHCKHX aBTOpOB H.D.el1 0 BTOpl1'-1HOCTH aHTH'-IHOH K)'JIbrypbl
no OTHOllleHl11O K BeTX03aBeTI-IOH jlBJUlIOTCjI BO MHOroM HX I1lfrepnpeTal.{H-
eH npoH3Be.n.eHHH H)'.n.eHCKOH 3J1J1HHHCTHLleCKOH mrrepmypbl, Hanl1CaHHblX
Ha rpeLleCKOM jl3b1Ke 41 . TpY.lJ.HO CKa3arb, pacnOJIaraJIH J1H OrUbI l.{epKBH
caMHMH npOH3Be.n.eHHjlMH HJlI1 )Ke TOJIbKO HX 06pa6OTKaMH H BbInHCKaMH
H3 HI1X. Pa3YMHbIMH npe.n.CTaBmIlOTCjI 06a npe.n.nOJIO)KeHHJI, H, BH.n.HMO,
EBCeBI1H, IVII1MeHT AJIeKCaH.D.pHHCKHH 11 .n.pyrl1e aBTOpbl, npH.n.ep)KI1BaB-
lllHeCjI aHaJIOrl1L1HblX B3rJIjI.n.OB, I1MeJII1 B CBOHX PYKax KaK TeKCTbI HeKOTO-
pblX np0I13Be.n.eHHH, TaK H Bcero J1l1lllb BbInHCKH H3 3THX 11 HeKOTopblX
.n.pyrHX CO'-lI1HeHI1H, cBoero po.n.a C60PHI1KH BbICKa3bIBaHHif4 2 .
MO)KHO J1H oxapaKTepl130BaTb TaKHe H)'.n.eorpeLleCKHe no .n.yxy npOH3-
Be.n.eHHjI KaK nponaraH.n.I1CTCKHe? 06'beKTI1BHO rOBOpjl, 6e3blMjlHHble
H)'.n.eHCKl1e 11 H)'.n.eHCTBYlOlllHe aBTOpbl TaKHX np0I13Be.n.eHHH H C03.n.aBae-
MblX Ha I1X OCHOBe C60pHI1KOB BbICKa3bIBaHI1H, B KOTOpblX 3HaMeHHTOCTIlM
aHTH'-IHOH J1I1Teparypbl npl1nl1CblBaJIl1Cb '-I)')K.D.ble BbICKa3bIBaHHJI, KaK 6b1
BKJ1IOLlaJIH H3BeCTHblX rpeKOB H P"MJIjlH B CBOH K)'JIbrypHblH KPYr. B 3TOM
OTHOllleHHH .n.aHHble npOH3Be.n.eHHjI .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO q,aKTHQeCKI1 BbmOJ1-
HjlJIH nponaraH.n.I1CTCK)'1O q,YHKl.{I1IO, KOTOpaJI OKa3blBaJIaCb BeCbMa 3q,-
41 DblJlO 6bl OWH60'iHbIM C'lHTaTb, 'iTO paHHexpHCTllaHCKlle aBTOpbl B 060CHOBaHHe CBO-
HX H.aeH HcnO.1b30B3J1H HIIWb nceB.a03nHrpaljJbl HYlleikKIIX aBTOpOB. 4aCTb npllBOll.llMblX HMII
UHTaT H3 npOH3Be.aeHHH rpe'ieCKHX aBTopOB a6CO,1IOTHO nO.llJ1HHHa. B 3TOH cHryaWIH Mbl
CT3J1KHBaeMC!I C HHblM JlBJ1eHlleM: co cBoe06pa3Holi HHTepnpeTalllleH xpHCTHaHCKIIMH aBTO-
paMH aHTH'iHOH ,1Hreparypbl.
42 EBceBIIH, c06CTBeHHO roBOp!l, H He CKpblBaeT, 'iTO BCJI IIH4>opMaUH!I 06 IIYlleHcKOH
IICTOpHII. 06 3.1J1HHH3HPOBaHHbIX Hy.aeJlX, nllCaBWHX no-rpe'ieCKH, KOTOpOH OH no.1b3yeTCJl,
3allMCTBOBaHa HM Y 11YllHJI KopHeHH!I AHeKcaHllpa. 60Hee H3BeCTHoro KaK A1eKcaHlip nO,lH-
rHCTOp. nOC. e.aHHH cocraBJ1!1.1 06wHpHbie BblnllCKH 113 npOH3BelleHIIII HYlleHCKHX aBTopOB
3JL1I1HIlCTIl'iecKOro BpeMeHIl, n1ICaBWIIX no-rpe'leCKH. (Euseb. Praep. Ev.. IX. 17, 1; Denis A.-
A/. Op. cit. P. 244-248.)
203
A. f. fpyweBoH, l1ydeu II uydau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6.?UKU U PUMCKOU wwnepull
cpeKTI1BHOH. npHBO.n.HBllll1eCjI npHMepbl113 np0I13Be.n.eHHH paHHeXp"CHl-
aHCKI1X aBTopOB nOKa3blBaIOT, '-ITO MHOrl1e HHTeJIJ1eKTYaJIbl n03.n.HeH
aHTH'-IHOCTH BOCnpl1HHMaJlH :ny nceB.n.OJ1I1TeparyPY, aBTopbl KOTOpOH
npjlTaJJHCb 3a 113BeCTHblMH HMeHaMH, BnOJIHe cepbe3HO H CTpOI1JlH Ha ee
OCHOBe .n.aJJeKO 11.D.}'ll.{l1e BbIBO.n.bI. HeCJ1Y'-IaHHO, KOHe'-lHO, H.D.ejl 0 BTOpH'-I-
HOCTI1 aHTH'-IHOH K)'JIb1)'pbl no OTHOllleHl11O K 6116JIeHCKOH npe.n.CTaBJ1j1J1aCb
paHHexpHCTHaHCKHM aBTOpaM BeCbMa .n.peBHeH 11 COBepllleHHO O'-leBH.n.HOH,
oc06eHHO BBH.D.}' TOro, '-ITO MHorHe BH.n.Hble npe.n.CTaBHTeJ1H aHTH'-IHOH
J1HTeparypbl HcnOBe.n.OBaJJl1 BOCxo.n.jlIl.{He K DH6JIHH H.n.eH. O.n.HaKO 6blJ10
6bl HeBepHblM .D.}'MaTb, '-ITO 3T11 npOH3Be.n.eHHjI no.n.pIDKaTeJ1bHoi1 J1I1Tepa-
rypbl 113Ha'-laJJbHO C03.n.aBaJJI1Cb C C03HaTeJ1bHbIMH npOnaraH.D.HCTCKHMH
ueJ1j1MH. MbICJ1H aBTopOB YKa3aHHbIX CO'-lHHeHI1H e.n.Ba JIH lllJ1H .n.aJJbllle
06b1'-1HbIX H.n.eH caMOBblpa)!(eHHjI '-IeJ10BeKa TBOp'-leCKOrO, )!(eJIaBlllero
nonp060BaTb ce6j1 B paMKax CTaH.n.apTOB rocno.n.CTBYlOll.{eH K)'JIbrypbI.
B TO )!(e BpeMjI TeMaTH'-IeCKHe C60PHI1KH UHTaT 1133THX npOH3Be.n.eHI1H,
eCTeCTBeHHO, HeCJ1H y)!(e HH)'IO, 113Ha'-laJJbHO nponaraH.n.HCTCK)'1O CPYHK-
UHIO, H60 TaKHe C60PHHKH 3a TeM 11 COCTaBJ1j1JIHCb, '-IT06bl .n.OKa3aTb
BTOpH'-IHOCTb aHTH'-IHOH K)'J1brypbl no OTHOllleHHIO K BeTX03aBeTHOH
My.n.POCTH.
I1MelOIl.{HeCjI HCTO'-lHHKH COXpaHHJ1H Ha3BaHHe o.n.Horo CO'-lHHeHHjI
TaKoro THna H .n.IDKe OT.n.eJ1bHble UHTaTbl H3 Hero. KrrHMeHT A11eKcaH.n.-
pl1HCKHH H EBceBHH UHTI1PYIOT npHnl1CblBaeMblH feKaTelO TpaKTaT «06
ABpaaMe H erHnTjlHax»43. CaMO Ha3BaHHe nOKa3blBaer, '-ITO CO'-lHHeHHe
6blJ10 nOCBjlll.{eHO BceM aCneKTaM HCTOpHH Hy.n.eeB B ErHnTe H, BepOjlT-
Hee Bcero, TaIOKe H Hcxo.n.a 113 ErHnTa. MO)!(HO npe.n.n0J10)!(HTb, '-ITO
nOjlBJ1eHHe cpaJJblllHBOH UHTaTbl 113 CocpoKJIa B CO'-lHHeHHH «06 ABpaa-
Me H erHnTjlHax» 06'bjlCHjlJ10Cb CJ1e.n.YIOIl.{I1M. ABTOp :noro CO'-lHHeHHjI
XOTeJ1 - B Mepy CBoero nOHI1MaHHjI - nOKa3aTb HCTOpHIO Hy.n.eeB Ha
lllHpOKOM HCTOpH'-IeCKOM cpO He C npHBe.n.eHHeM npHMepOB BJ1HjlHHjI HX
KYJIbrypbl Ha coce.n.HHe Hapo.n.bI.
11 K.rrHMeHT, H EBceBHH UHTHPYIOT B3j1TbIH 113 :noro CO'-lHHeHHjI no-
3T11'-1eCKHH OTpbIBOK, aBTopOM KOToporo OHH Ha3bIBaIOT CocpOKJIa 44 .
43 Clem. Alex. Stromata V, 113, 2; Euseb. Prep. Ev., XIII, 13,40.
44 Sophocles, fro 1025, (Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta. Recensuit Augustus Nauck.
Lipsiae, 1889.) 3roT OTpblBOK HJ «Co$oK.na» 6blll BeCbMa nonyJUlpeH y paHHeXpHCTHaHCKHX
aBTOpoB. CM,: Clement d' Alexandrie. Les Stromates V. Vol. II, P. 337; Pseudo-Iustinus. Cohor-
tatio ad Graecos, De monarchia. Oratio ad Graecos. Edited by M. Marcovich, Berlin; New York,
1990. P. 48. 06pawaeT Ha ce611 BHHMaHHe TOT cpaKT, 'iTO llaHHblii cpparMeHT OTcyTCTBYeT B no-
CJlellHeM. HOBeHWeM HIDaHHH cpparMeHTOB Co$oKJIa - Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta. Vol.
4. Sophocles. Editor Stefan Radt. Gottingen, 1977, W. P3.llT lIHWb OTMe'iaeT cyweCTBOBaHHe
3TOro OTpblBKa B YKaJaTe!lJlX, OTHOCII ero K pa3PIlJIY adespota - «6e3 X03I1I1Ha», «6e3 aBTopa».
204
rJlaea -I, J1yoeu U uydaulM (1 pu.WCKmt o6ulecmee II ,>ocydapcmee..,
Ete; tale; aA 118Eiav de; Eon v 8E6c;,
&; oUpav6v tE EtE1X;E yalav jlaKp1)v
7tOvto'U tE Xa.pD7tOV oiojla Kat aVEjlWV iav.
9vrttOt Of 1toUOt KapOiav 1tAaVWjlEvOl,
ii5pooajlE8a 1t1ljlatWv 1tap<X\jI'Ux1)v
8Eci>v ayw..jlata EK Ai9wv. fI XaAKE-WV
fI xpOOO'tE\JKtWV fI €J.£<p<Xvtivwv TIJ1tOle;'
9'00\.ae; tE tOUtOle; Kat KaKCxc; 1taVTIYUpEle;
OtE<fJOvtEe;, omwc; EOOEj3Elv VOjli ojlEv.
(<<Ha IleJIe CYllI.eCTByeT OIlJllH I>or, Ila TOJIbKO OIlJllH,
KOTOpblH CcpOpMJlIpOBaJI He60 I1llll1pOKYK> 3eMl1K>,
rOJIy6YK> CTJlIXJlIK> MOpB JlI CI1JIY BeTpOB.
Mbl JKe, MHoro'-lI1CJIeHHble CMepTHble, B 3a611Y)i(IleHI1Jl1 cepIlua
COOPYIlJlll1l1 B Ka'leCTBe YTellleHIDI OT 6eIl
CTal)'l1 60roB 113 KaMIDI JlIJIJlI MeIlI1,
I1JIJlI 06pa3bl, CIleJIaHHble JlI3 30110Ta JlI CJIOHOBOH KOCTI1,
IlpJllHOCB 11M )i(epTBbl JlIIlypHblMI1 npa3IlHeCTBaMJlI
YBeH'IHBaJI JlIX. B :nOM, llYMaeM Mbl, COCTOI1T 6JIaro'-leCTJlIe».)
ABTOp TeKCTa BblCKa3blBaeT MOHOTel1CTHlfeCKHe H.D.el1, BeCbMa OTJII1-
lfalOll.(l1eCjI 11 OT rpelfeCKoro MHpOB033peHHjI KJ1aCCHlfeCKoro nepl1o.n.a
(VI-V BB..n.O H. 3.), H OT HeKOTopblX MOHOTeHCTHlfecKHX npe.n.CTaBJIeHHH
rpeKOB, 0 KOTOpblX pelfb lllJIa HeCKOJIbKO Bblllle B CBjl3H C 3CXHJ10M. I1MeH-
HO n03TOM)' He Bbl3blBaeT oco6b1X COMHeHI1i1, '1TO coxpaHHBlllHHCjI OTpbl-
BOK npl1Ha,rJJIe)!(HT 3JUIHHI1311pOBaHHOMY H}'.n.elO, )!(HBllleM)' B 3JIJIHHHCTI1-
lfeCKoe BpeMB HJ1H jlBJIBBllleM)'CB COBpeMeHHHKOM I10CHcpa <l>JIaBI1B 45 .
4. OTHomeHHe B pHMCKOM 061!!eCTBe
K xpHCTHaHCTB)', HyttaH3MY H B eAOM
K aK30TH1JeCKHM BOCT01JHbIM KYAbTaM
nO.n.06Hble JII1TeparypHble ynpa)!<HeHHJI 6blJIH CJIe.n.CTBHeM .n.OCTaTOlf-
HO lllHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHoro B pHMCKOM 061l.(eCTBe YBJIelfeHHjI BOC-
TOlfHblMI1 K)'JIbTaMI1, B TOM lfl1CJIe H H}'.n.aH3MOM. OHH BbI3blBaJIl1 y.n.HB-
JIeHHe H HenOHHMaHHe y 06pa30BaHHbIX npe.n.CTaBHTeJIeH aHTHlfHoro
06Il.(eCTBa, a TaIOKe BeCbMa OTpl1QaTeJIbHYIO peaKQl110 QeHTpaJIbHOH
45 HOCHcp <1>ilaBHH 6blil 3HaKOM C CO'iHHeHHeM «06 ABpaaMe H erHnTJIHaX». CM.: Ant.
Jud., I, 159. a J{aHHOM OTpblBKe CM. TaKJKe: IJJmepH, 1997. C. 22-23.
205
A. f. fpyweBoiL l1yoeu u uydau3.w e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKli u PIWCKOU lL\fnepl/l/
BJIaCTI1 46 . flp06JIeMa, npaB.lJ.a, 3aKJ1104aJ1aCb He B TOM, '-ITO TOT HJII1 HHOH
rpIDK.D.aHHH Ha4HHaJI n0KJ10HHTbC5I ,",Y)I(J1M 60raM. CaM no ce6e 3TOT cpaKT
He paCCMaTpHBaJlC5I KaK npe.n.ocy.n.HTeJIbHbIH. TaKOBbI 6bIlll1 (HJ1H MornH
6b1Tb) nOCJ1e.n.CTBH5I YBJIe4eHH5I 3K3OTH4eCKI1MI1 KYJIbTaMH. Kpl1Tepl1eM
JI05lJIbHOCTI1 B PI1MCKOH HMnepl1H 6b1J10 Y4aCTHe B KYJIbTe npaB5Ill\erO
HMnepaTopa 11 Tpa.n.I1UHOHHbIX OJII1MnHikKI1X 60)l(eCTB. ECTeCTBeHHO,
41'0 HH.n.HBH.LJ.YYM, pa.n.I1KaJlbHO MeH5IBlllI1H CBOI1 peJII1rH03HbIe y6e)l(.lJ.eHlliI,
y)l(e BHyrpeHHe He Mor 60J1ee n0KJ10H5ITbC5I H.n.OJ1aM: CTaT)'51M H H306pa-
)l(eHH5IM aHTH4HbIX 60roB H npaB5Ill\erO I1MnepaTopa 47 . flOCJ1e.n.Hee )l(e
CTaBHJ10 4eJ10BeKa BHe 06ll1.eCTBa CO BceMH BbITeKalOllI.HMH OTClO.n.a no-
CJ1e.n.cTBH5IMI1 48 . HeCJIY4aHHo Bce H3BeCTHbie BIB. H. 3. 06BHHeHH5I B
6e360)l(HH - a I1MeHHO 3TO BMeH5IJIOCb B BHH)' npl1Bep)l(eHuaM Hy.n.aH3-
Ma - HMeJ1H CJ1e.n.CTBHeM J1H60 BbICbIllKY 113 PHMa, J1H60 CMepTH)'lO Ka3Hb
06BHH5IeMoro 49 .
B 3TOH CB5I311 XOTeJ10Cb 6bI OTMeTHTb O.n.I1H J11060nbITHbIH cpaKT. C
T04KH 3peHH5I Ocpl1UHaJlbHOH pHMCKOH H.n.e0J10rHH XpHCTl1aHe npe.n.CTaB-
J151J1H 60J1blllYlO onaCHOCTb, 4eM l1)'.n.eH. IlpeCJle006QHUe xpUCmUQH He
COnp060:JICOQJlOCb npeCJle006QHUeM uyoee6 50 . HC4epnbiBalOllI.ee 06'b5lC-
HeHl1e 31'Oro 51BJ1eHlliI co.n.ep)l(I1TC5I y O.n.HOro COBpeMeHHHKa onHCbIBaeMblX
C06bITHH. XpHCTl1aHCKHH aBTOp KOHua II B. H. 3. MI1HYUHH <l>eJ1HKC
BKJ1a.LlbIBaeT B YCTa 513b14HI1Ka CJ1e.n.ylOll\ee conOCTaBJ1eHHe l1)'.n.al13Ma H
xpHCTHaHCTBa (Minucius Felix, Octavius, X, 3-5):
Unde autem vel quis ille aut ubi deus unicus, solitarius, destitutus,
quem non gens libera, non regna, non saltern Romana superstitio noverunt?
Iudaeorum sola et misera gentilitas un urn et ipsi deum, sed pal am, sed
46 HeJlb311, npaBlla, He CKaJaTb, 'iTO peaKUHII 3Ta 6blJla BeCbMa HenOCJlellOBaTeJlbHOH, Bce
H3BeCTHble HaM $aKTbl BblCblJlKH nponOBellHHKOB BOCTO'iHblX XYJlbTOB H HX CTOpOHHHKOB
OTHOCIITCII HCKJ1IO'iHreJ1bHO K ropo.llY PHMY. CM. Bblwe, npellBapHTeJ1bHble 3aMe'iaHIIII. C.
41 CM.: Juster J. Les Juifs dans ('Empire Romain. Leur condition juridique, economique
P.t sociale. Tome premier. Paris, 1914. P. 255-258. Cpo TaKJKe KOMMeHTapHH M.J::. CepreeHKo
K H3BeCTHOMY nHCbMY flnHHHII MJl3.llwero TpaJIHY 0 xpHcTHaHax H 0 TOM, KaK C HHMH noc-
rynarb (Plin, Ep. X, 96). (nHcbMa flnHHHII MJJ3.llwero. flHcbMa I-X. M" 1984. C. 385.)
48 Y'iHTblBaJI OC06eHHOCTH pHMCKOro MeHTaJJHTeTa, )K. )!()ocrep nHWeT 0 TOM, 'iTO B npHH-
UHne Mor a6coJllOTH0 HH'iero He 60llTbCII npo3eJlHT, C06JllOlIaIOWHiI .llJ111 Bll.iIa O«jlHUHaJJbHYIO
06pJl.llHOCTb H B rny6HHe lIYWH aeplllI.lHJ:i B E.llHHOro Dora. )!()ocrep, npaBlIa, 3aMe'iaeT, 'iTO
TaKOe - eCJJH H HMeJJO MeCTO - 6blJl0 KpaflHe pe.llKHM «jIaKTOM. (Juster. Op. cit. P. 256.)
"CM. cepHIO CBHlIereilbCTB HCTO'iHHKOB 0 BpeMeHH npaBJleHHII J],oMHUHaHa. Suet. Domit.,
15, I; PHn. Panegyr., 48, 3; Dio Cass., LXVII, 14, 1-3 Eutrop., VII, 23. npellCTaBJJJlIOT TaKJKe
HHrepec KOMMeHTapHH M.lllrepHa: illmepH, 2000. C. 126-128; illmepH. 2002. C. 51-55.
3°.l!Ba HaH60J1ee H3BeCTHblX $aKTa: flnHHHH Mn3.llwHJ:i (Plin. Ep., X, 96) npOBOllHT CBoe
paCCilellOBaHHe TOJ1bKO no noBOlIY XPHCTHaH, .l!HOKJ1eTHaH, )«eJJaJI BblllBHTb Cpe.llH nO.ll.llaHHblX
xpHCTHaH, npHKaJaJJ BceM npHHeCTH )«epTBbl OJlHMnHHCKHM 6oraM. E.llHHCTBeHHoe HCKJ1IO-
'ieHHe 6blJlO ClIeJlaH0.llJ111 uy.aeeB U Aboda Zara 5,4).
206
rJla6a 4, Jfvdeu II uyoau3.\1 e PlL\ICKaU 06ulecmee II zocydapcmee..,
temples, aris, victimis caerimoniisque coluerunt, cuius adeo nulla vis nec
potestas est, ut sit Romanis hominibus cum sua sibi natione captivus. At
etiam Christiani quanta monstra, quae portenta confingunt! Deum illum
suum, quem nec ostendere possunt nec videre, in omnium mores, actus
omnium, verba denique et occultas cogitationes diligenter inquirere,
discurrentem scilicet atque ubique praesentem: molestum illum volunt,
inquietum, impudenter etiam curiosum, siquidem adstat factis omnibus,
locis omnibus intererrat, cum nec singulis inservire posit per universa
districtus nec universes sufficere in singulis occupatus.
(<<Oncy.n.a )l{e, r.n.e HJII1 KTO 3TOT, I1JII1 me)l{e OH [3TOT] O.n.I1H, YHHKaJJb-
HbIH, 3a6pollleHHbIH 60r, KOTOpOro HI1 cB060.n.HbIH JIIO.n., HH uapcTBa, HH
.n.IDKe HHKaKoe pl1MCKOe cyeBepl1e He 3HaIOT? O.n.HO TOJ1bKO 11 )l{aJJKoe
C00611.1eCTBO H)'.n.eeB n04HTaJJO o.n.Horo 60ra, HO OTKpbITO, B xpaMax, c
aJJTapSMH, )l{epTBaMH H K)'J1bTOBbIMH uepeMOHI1SMH, y KOToporo HaCTOJ1b-
KO HeT HH CHJIbI, HH BJ1aCTI1, 4TO OH - nJ1eHHHK pHMCKOro Hapo.n.a co
CBOHM Hapo.n.OM. O.n.HaKO KaKl1e TOJ1bKO 4)'.n.OBI1LLlHOCTH 11 HeJIenOCTH He
BbI.D.)'MbIBalOT XpI1CTHaHe! Hx 60r, KOTOporo OHH He MOryr HH nOKa3arb,
HH YBH)J,eTb, Tll.lareJIbHbIM 06pa30M paccMarpl1BaeT HpaBbI Bcex, .n.eHcTBIDI
Bcex, CJ10Ba H TaHHbIe n06)')J()J,eHHS KIDK.D.Oro, 6eras COOTBeTCTBeHHO BO
Bce CTOpOHbl H BCIO.D.)' npHCYTCTBYS. OHI1 TeM caMbIM XOTST ero npe.n.CTa-
BI1Tb. OHH XOTST ero [npe.n.CTaBHTb] Ha30HJ1I1BbIM, HecnOKOHHbIM, J11060-
nbITHbIM .n.IDKe .n.o HenpHJ1114HS, eCJ1H OH .n.eHCTBHTeJ1bHO npl1cyrcTBYeT
npH Bcex HalllHX .n.eHCTBHSX H 6pO.n.HT BO Bcex MeCTax, TaK KaK He MO)l{eT
CJl)')I{HTb OT.n.eJIbHbIM J11O.n.SM, pa36pOCaHHbIH nOBceMeCTHO, 11 He MO)l{eT
y.n.OBJ1eTBOpHTb BceM 11 BO BceM, 3aIDITbIH OT.n.eJIbHbIMI1 CJl)'4aSMH».)
HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, HeCMOTps Ha ueJ1bIH ps.n. CTpaHHOCTeH, Hy.n.aH3M
npe.n.CTaBJISJICS 06pa30BaHHOMY S3bI4HHKY Bce )l{e 4eM-TO nOHSTHbIM H
KaK-TO COOTBeTCTBYIOll.lHM npe.n.CTaBJIeHHSM aHTH4HOH K)'J1b1)'pbI 0 TOM,
KaKOH .n.OJI)l{Ha 6bITb Bepa .n.pyroro Hapo.n.a. B aHTH4HOM S3bI4eCKOM MHpe
6bIJ1H XOpOlllO 113BeCTHbI K)'JIbTOBbIe pl11)'aJJbI Hy.n.aH3Ma, xpaMbI H aJJTa-
p11 51 . Y Ha.n.HaUHOHaJJbHOro XpHCTl1aHCTBa HH4ero 3Toro He 6bIJ10 11,
CJIe.n.OBaTeJ1bHO, OHO OKa3bIBaJJOCb opraHH4eCKH HeCOBMeCTHMbIM C S3bI-
4eCKHMH K)'JIb1)'pOH H MbIlllJ1eHHeM.
nOJIO)l{eHl1e H)'.n.aH3Ma B aHTI14HOCTH onpe.n.eJ1SJ10Cb eLLle O.n.HHM cpaK-
TOpOM, KOTOpbIH BnepBbIe OTMeTHJ1 B. Qepl1KoBep52. 513bI4eCKoe MHpO-
B033peHHe OTJIH4aJJOCb, B npl1HUHne, BepOTepnHMOCTblO H xapaKTepH-
30BaJJOCb OTcyrcTBHeM npeCJIe.n.OBaHHH 3a Bepy. O.n.HaKO y S3bI4eCKOH
" Bo BCIIKOM cJlY'!ae - B TOM CMbICJle, 'iTO He npHXOllIL10Cb COMHeBaTbCIi B CJ1ellYI01l\eM.
Y HYlleeB Bce «HOPMaJJbHble» COCTaBJlll101l\He Bepbl eCTb.
52 Tcherkover V Hellenistic civilization and the Jews. Philadelphia, 1959. P. 199.
207
A. f. fpyweBoH, l1yoell U lIydau3M (1 lICmOpUlI PU/WCKOU pecny6.llI"lIl1 PIWCKOU lL\tnepulI
BepOTepnHMOCTI1 6b1JI H CBOH npe.n.eJ1. PeJIl1f11H 3aBoeBaHHoro HapOJJ,a
CTaHOBHJIaCb no.n.03p11TeJIbHOH 11 onaCHOH TOma, KOma OHa 06peTClJ1a
nOJII1TH1.JeCKOe 3BY1.JaHHe, Kor.n.a )f(peQbl :noH peJIHrl1H CTaHOBHJ1I1Cb BO
maBe Hapo.n.a, npeTeH.n.YH Ha PYKOBO.n.CTBO H.n.eHHoH )f(H3HblO, H Koma
TaKHe )f(peQbl MomH (nycTb .n.IDKe TOJIbKO B TeOpl1l1) CTaTb JII1.n.epaMH B
60pb6e CBoero Hapo.n.a npoTHB pHMcKoro rocno.n.CTBa. 8 noi1 CBH3H
XOTeJIOCb 6bl oc060 no.n.1.JepKHYTb, 1.JTO B pl1MCKOM 0611.1eCTBe no.n.03pl1-
TeJ1bHO-HaCTOpO)f(eHHOe OTHOllleHHe K ce6e BbI3blBaJI He TOJ1bKO HYJJ,aH3M,
HO H pacnpOCTpaHeHHblH B .n.peBHeH faJIJIl111 .n.pYH.n.H3M, HMeHYeMblH B
I1CT01.JHHKaX «CBHpenblM cyeBepl1eM», «Y)f(aCHbIM 11 He1.JeJIOBe1.JeCKHM
60roCJ1)')KeHl1eM» (Tac. Ann., XIV, 30; Suet. Claud., 25, 5).
B TO )f(e BpeMH 6blJIO 6bl OlllH601.JHbIM a6COJIIOTH3HpOBaTb nOCJ1e.n.HHe
CJIOBa. OrMe1.JeHHOe HBJIeHHe I1MeJIO MeCTO, O)J,HaKO )f(e npI1Bo.n.HBlllHeCH
Bblllle q,aKTbl nOKa3blBalOT TalOKe H CJ1e.n.YlOlllee. PI1MJIHHe OTJIH1.JaJIHCb
rH6KOCTblO no.n.xo.n.a H «HaCTOpO)f(eHHo-no.n.03pI1TeJ1bHOe OTHoweHHe» B
npHHQHne BOBce He 03Ha1.JaJIO HeMe,lJ,JleHHblX penpeCCHH H pa3 H HaBce-
r.n.a npe.n.onpe.n.eJ1eHHOrO OTpl1QaTeJIbHOrO OTHOllleHHH K Hy.n.aH3MY H
raJIJIbCKHM .n.pYH)J,aM. PHMJ1HHe .n.eHCTBOBaJIH no 06CTaHOBKe. I1HbIMH
CJ10BaMH, MblCJIb B. Qepl1KOBepa CJIe.n.yeT, BH.n.I1MO, YT01.JHHTb CJIe.n.yIOll.lHM
06pa30M. PeJ1HrHH THna Hy.n.aH3Ma H .n.PYH.n.113Ma 113-3a OC060H 0611.1eCT-
BeHHOH pOJII1 B CBoeH CTpaHe H H3-3a H3J1HlllHeH n0J1HTH3HpOBaHHOCTH
6blJ111 Ha npe.n.eJ1e Toro, C 1.JeM pHMCKoe 0611.1eCTBeHHoe MHeHl1e H rocy-
.n.apCTBeHHaH H.n.e0J10rHH H3bl1.JeCKOrO PHMa rOTOBbl 6blJ1H Ml1pHTbCH.
B HeKOTopblX CI1T}'aQI1HX, CneQHq,H1.JeCKHX ,lJ,JIH Ka)f()J,OH CTpaHbl H Ka)f(-
.n.oro nepHo.n.a, 3TH rpaHHQbl .n.03B0J1eHHoro OKa3blBaJIHCb HapYllleHHblMH
H Toma Ha1.JHHaJII1Cb KOHq,J1HKTbl .n.aHHoro Hapo.n.a C pHMCKOH BJ1aCTblO.
5. BAHHHHe aHTHtfHOH KYAbTypbl Ha 06pa3 H.3HH
HytteeB. fpetfeCKHe H AaTHHCKHe CAOBa B ttpeBHeM
HBpHTe
KaK )')Ke OTMe1.JaJIOCb Bblwe, C MOMeHTa nOHBJ1eHI1H pHMJ1HH Ha nml)f(-
HeM BOCTOKe B QeJIOM H C MOMeHTa npaBJ1eHHH I1po.n.a B 1.JaCTHOCTH B
perHOHe Oq,OpMJ1HIOTCH HOBbie, Hel13BeCTHbie paHee npHHQHnbl B3aHMO-
OTHoweHHH MeCTHblX K)'JIbT}'P C 0611.1erocy.n.apCTBeHHOH. ITpHHQHnHaJIb-
Hoe HeBMelllaTeJ1bCTBO PI1Ma BO BH)'TpeHHHe .n.eJ1a Toro I1JIH HHOro Ha-
po.n.a (0611.1I1Hbl) npHBeJIO K TOMY, 1.JTO 3TI1 B3aHMOOTHOllleHHH CTaJIH no
cyrl1 CBoeH MHpHbIMH. 3JIJIHHH3aQHH OXBaTblBaJIa BHelllHHe npOHBJIeHHJI
1.JeJIOBe1.JeCKOH .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH B 0611.1eCTBe, Tor.n.a KaK HaQHOHaJIbHaH
208
rJlaea.j, l1ydeu U lIydau3.11 e plLWCKaw o6ujecmee II <'ocyoapcnlee..,
K)'JIbrypa npo.n.omKaJIa onpe.n.emlTb CYTb JIl1lfHOCTI1. XapaKTepHblH npl1-
Mep JlBJUleT C060H <l>HlIOH AJIeKcaH.n.p"HCKIH, nl1CaBllll1H HCKlllOlfHTeJIb-
HO no-rpelfeCKH, paCCMaTpHBaBlllHH rpelfeCKHH KaK pO.n.HOH Jl3bIK, HO
OCTaBaBlllHHCJI HMeHHO Hy.n.eHCKHM <pHJlOC0<P0M.
B nOCJIe.n.YIOll.lHi1 nepHO.n., nOCJIe BOCCTaHHJI Eap Kox6b1 11 .n.o HalfaJIa
xpHCTHaHCKoro nepHo.n.a I1CTOpHI1 PHMa, B3aHMOOTHOllleHHJI KYJIbryp Ha
EJIH)KHeM BOCTOKe npo.n.omKaJIH pa3BHBaTbCJI, nOCKOJIbKY OTcyrcTBoBa-
JIH nOBo.n.bl .n.JIJI KOH<pJII1KTOB.
Mbl pacnOJIaraeM 3HalfHTeJIbHbIM 06'beMOM HH<popMaUHI1, co.n.ep)!(a-
Il\eHCJI KaK B TaJIMy.n.l1lfeCKHX TpaKTaTax, TaK H B paBBHHI1CTHlfeCKOH
J1HTeparype B ueJ10M, 0 B3aHM0BJ1HJlHHI1lf)'.n.eHCKOH H aHTHlfHOH K)'JIbryp,
Hy.n.eHcKOro H aHTHlfHoro (Jl3b1lfecKoro) Ml1pOB033peHI1H, a TaIOKe 0 BOC-
npHHHH H)'.n.eJlMH aHTH1{HOH K)'JIbrypbI.
OrreHKoB B 3TOM BOCnpHJlTHH aHTHlfHoi1 K)'J1brypbl BO Bce BeKa Mor-
JIO 6bITb MHOro, o.n.HaKO CBO)J)lTCJI OHI1 B OCHOBHOM K .n.BYM Tl1naM - Pa3-
J1HlfHbIM BapHaHTaM no.n.aBJlJleMoro pa3.n.pIDKeHHJI H - roTOBHOCTI1 HaH-
TH HJIH KOMnpOMHCC, HJ1H TaKoe pa3Me)!(eBaHHe C rocno.n.CTBYIOll.leH
K)'JIbrypOH, npH KOropOM OKa3bIBaeTCJI B03MO)!(HbIM cocYll.leCTBOBaTb B
paMKax O.n.HOro 0611.1eCTBa, He pa3.n.pIDKaJl .n.pyr .n.Pyra. npaB.n.a, He06xo-
.n.HMO HMeTb B BH)J,Y, lfTO Bce npHBo.n.HMbIe HI1)!(e MHeHHJI 06 aHTHlfHOH
K)'J1brype I1CXO.n.HJlH JIHlllb OT H)'.n.eHcKoH 3J1HTbI. n03TOMY 6bIJIO 6b1 He-
OCMOTpHTeJIbHO YTBep)!()J,aTb, lfTO ero pa3.n.eJlJlJ111 a6C0J1IOTHO Bce H)'.n.eH.
Y JIIO.n.eH, He HMelOIl\HX B03MO)!(HOCTI1 Bblpa3HTb CBOH MbICJIH nHCbMeH-
HO, BbIH)')!()J,eHHbIX )!(HTb CBOI1M Tpy.n.OM Ha 3eMJIe HJlH peMeCJIOM B ro-
po.n.ax, JlpKO BbIpIDKeHHoro MHeHHJI Momo He 6bITb BOBce, H60 )!(H3Hb
lfeJIOBeKa Tpy.n.a, oc06eHHo B ropo.n.ax naJIeCTHHbI HJII1 B .n.Hacnope, no-
CTOJlHHO CTaBHJIa ero nepe.n. He06xo.n.HMOCTblO H.n.TH Ha KOMnpoMHcc C
Jl3bIlfeCKoH K)'J1brypOH. TaK, npHBo.n.HMble B TpeTbeM pa3.n.eJ1e npl1MepbI,
KaCalOIl\HeCJI cHHaror H uepKBeH B nanecTHHe V-VI BB., nOKa3bIBa1OT,
lfTO Ha.n. BH)'TpeHHHM y6paHcTBoM Tex 11 .n.pymx Tpy.n.HJ1HCb O.n.HH 11 Te
)!(e peMeCJIeHHI1KI1. JJ:oKa3bIBaeTCJI )!(e 3TO OTHOCI1TeJIbHO JIerKO: 06Il\HOCTb
3J1eMeHTOB BH)'TpeHHero y6paHCTBa H 06Il\HOCTb TeXHHKH HCnOJ1HeHHJI,
JIerKO BbIJlBJlJleMbIe npH apXe0J10rHlfeCKoM HCCJIe.n.OBaHHH naMJlTHI1Ka,
roBOpJlT caMH 3a ce6J1. nO.n.06Hoe )!(e OKa3bIBaeTCJI B03MO)!(HbIM, Kor.n.a
HCnOJlHHTeJIH (BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, H.n.eT J1H pelfb 0 xpHcTHaHax
HlIH H)'.n.eJlx) JII160 He HcnbITbIBalOT HpaBCTBeHHbIX MYK, pa60TaJl B «Jl3bI-
lfeCKOM» xpaMe, JIH60 HaXO)J)lTCJI B TaKHX )!(H3HeHHbIX 06CTOJlTeJIbCTBax,
Kor.n.a npocTo HeT BbI60pa, HanpHMep HeT .n.pyroH pa60Tb1 53 .
"OTCYTCTBHe ilaHHblX B HCTO'iHHKaX He n03BOJlJleT OTBeTHTb Ha 3TOT Bonpoc ilOCTaTO'i-
HO nOllp06HO.
209
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U uydau3!11 e ucmopllu PU\lCKOU pecny6.mKu u PU\lCKOU lwnepllU
ECJII1 )!(e roBOpHTb 0 MHeHI1J1X 3JII1TbI HY.n.eHcKoro 06Il\eCTBa, TO nep-
BbIM B XpOH0J10rH4eCKOM OTHOllleHI1H - HMeJl B BI1.n.y CBjl3HOe H onpe-
.n.eJIeHHOe OTHOllleHHe K aHTH4HOH K)'JIbT}'pe uy.n.ejl, CMOTpjlIl\ero Ha Hee
B KaKOM-TO CMbICJ1e H3BHe, - CJ1e.n.yeT Ha3BaTb <l>I1JIOHa AneKcaH.n.pI1H-
CKoro. Ha nepBOH CTpaHl1ue «DHorpaq,1111 MOHCejl»54 <l>HJ10H He 6e3
pa3.n.pIDKeHI1j1 nHllleT 0 rpe4eCKHX JII1TepaTopax, TpaUIl\I1X CBOH HHTeJ1-
J1eK1)'aJIbHbIe YCI1J1I1j1 Ha C0411HHTeJIbCTBO COMHHTeJ1bHbIX C MOpaJIbHOH
T04KH 3peHHjI np0I13Be.n.eHHH, BMeCTO TOro 4T06bI Onl1CblBaTb .n.ejlHI1j1
My)!(eH .n.OCTOHHbIx 55 :
mv ot 1tA£iO'lX; 't o'Uvci Et(; a<; EOXOV OUX 1to:t&ia.<; U tcra.v EV 'tE
1tOt Tu-ta.m Ka.t 'to t<; Ka.'ta.A.oyOOT)V OVY'Yp<XJ.l a.m KO q>Oia.<; Ka.t cr'U-
I3a.Pt'tl.K c:XcrEA.'YEia.<; <J'UvetV'tE<;, m:ptOj36T)'tOV a.i.OXUVT\V. 0iX; WEt 'ta.t<;
cproEm Ka.'ta.XpTJcra.crea.t 1t 'tTtV 'trov c:X'Ya.e&v c:XvOprov 'tE Ka.t i(Ov
ixpTt'YT)mv, tva. Tt'tE 'tl. Ka.A.OV i1cr'UXi<;x 1tCXfXXOoeEv c:Xpxa.tOV vEOV
c:Xcpa.Vtcren A.ciJ.l \j1a.t O'\>VciJ.lEVOV Tt't' a.u 'to:<; c:XJ.lEl VO'U<; 1>1tOeEcrEt<;
1ta.pEA.eOV'tE<; 't c:Xva. iO'lX; c:XKO'f\<; 1tpOKptva.t OOKrom <rn:Ooooo;OV'tE<; 'to:
Ka.KO: Ka.A.&<; c:X1ta.'Y'YEA.A£t v d<; OVEtO&v E1ttcp<iVEta.V.
(<<I-h HliX 56 60J1blllI1HCTBO 6e3.n.apHO paCTpanUIH CHJ1bI, KOTOpbIe nOJl)'4H-
JII1 BCJle.n.CTBHe BOCmrraHHjI, COCTaBJ1JUI n03MbI 11 np03aH'leCKHe CO'lI1HeHI1j1,
KOMe.n.IDi [B .n.yxe] CI16aplITCKOH pa3HY3.n.aHHOCTH, - BOnHlOl..L(ee 6eCCTbI.D.-
CTBO; 11M no.n.06aJIo Tparl1Tb CBOH npHpo.n.HbIe 3a)J,arKH Ha J1lO.n.eH .n.06po.n.e-
TeJIbHbIX H Ha paCCKa3 06 IiX )!(J13HH, 4T06bI He 6bUIO npe.n.aHO 3a6BeHI11O
HH O.n.HO 6naroe .n.ejlHHe, COBepllleHHoe paHee HIIH He.n.aBHO, TOr.n.a, Koma
OHO .n.0J1)!(H0 6bIJIO BOCCIDITb, H 400bI nOTOM OHH He npOlllJIH MI1MO ny4lllIiX
ClO)!(eTOB H 'ITO OHH He Ka3aJIHCb npe.n.n04HTalOIl\HMH TO, 'ITO He.n.OCTOHHO
CJl)'Xa, H CTpeMjlIl\HMHCjI KpaCHBO B03BeCTIlTb O.n.ypHOM».)
B O.n.HOM H3 MH.n.pallleH COXpaHI1JIaCb HHTepeCHtUI, XOTjI, BepOjiTHee
Bcero, COBepllleHHO JIereH.n.apHaJI HCTOpHjI, nOKa3blBalOl..L(aJI OTHOllleHHe
uy.n.eeB K aHTH'IHOH K)'J1bT}'pe H nOnbITKH HaHTH KOMnpOMI1CC C OKPy-
)!(alOIl\eH HX jl3bl'leCKOH .n.eHCTBHTeJ1bHOCTb10 57 . fJ1aBHblM repoeM pac-
S4 Philo De vita Mosis, I, 3-4. (Les oeuvres de Philon d' Alexandrie. 22. De Vita Mosis.
I-II. Introduction, traduction et notes par R. Amaldez, C. Mondesert, 1. Pouillooux. P. Savinel.
Paris, 1967. P. 26-27, 28-29.
55 nOlI nOCJleilHHMH nOHHMaeTCII MOHceH H - XOT!I 06 3TOM He roBOpHTCII npliMO - ilPY-
me npeilCTaBHTeJ1H HY.lleHcKOJ:i HHTeJ1JleKTYaJJbHoH 3J1HTbl. B ilaHHOM KOHTeKCTe HMeHHO TaK
CJleilYeT nOHHMaTb CJJOBa 0 «.ll06pOileTeJlbHblX .11OJlj(X» (ayaa&v av15p&v).
s6H3 KOHTeKCTa nOHIITHO, 'iTO B llaHHOM cilY'iae nOilpaJ)'MeBaIOTCJl rpe'ieCKHe nHcaTe,lH.
Bce MeCTOHMeHHII TpeTbero J1Hua B 3TOM OTpblBKe OTHOCIITCII HMeHHO K HIIM.
37 Sifre, A. Tannaitic Commentary on the Book of Deuteronomy. Translated from the
Hebrew with introductory and notes by R. Hammer. Yale; New Haven; London, 1986. P. 91
(pisqa 43).
210
rJlaea -I, l1ydeu u uyoal/1.\I (1 pu.IICKa\l 0611/ecmee II ?ocyoapcmee..,
CKa3a Ha3BaH pa66H AKI16a, XOTSI .n.a)J{e no TeKCT)' BI1.n.HO, lJTO OH 6b1J1 -
eCJ1H ClJI1TaTb, lJTO C06blTHe .n.eHCTBHTeJ1bHO I1MeJIO MeCT0 58 , - He 60J1ee
lJeM O.n.HHM 113 lJJIeHOB CBHTbl naTpl1apXa faMaJII1HJ1a, OTnpaBHBlllerOCH
no .lJ.eJ1aM B PHM 59 .
PaCCKa3blBaeTCj! )!(e B I1CTOpl111 CJ1e.n.YlOlllee. ITaTpl1apx H rpynna
HMeHHTblX paBBHHOB, HanpaBJ1HHCb B PHM, .lJ.06paJIHCb .n.o ropo.n.a ITyre-
OJIbl, pacnOJIO)!(eHHOrO Ha paccToHHHH 120 MI1J1b OT CTOJII1UbI. TYT OHH
YCJ1bllllaJIH oT.n.aJIeHHblH ryJ1 60JIblllOrO ropo.n.a, .lJ.OHOCj!lllI1HCH .n.o ITyre-
OJI OT CTOJIHUbl 60 . Bce, KpoMe pa6611 AKH6b1, 6blJIH BeCbMa oroplJeHbl H
.n.a)!(e paCnJ1aKaJII1Cb. CMej!JIcj! H YJIbl6aJ1cj! J1Hlllb pa66H AKH6a. OH
nOHHTepeCOBaJ1CH y CBOI1X CnyTHI1KOB, B lJeM )!(e npl1lJl1Ha HX oroplJeHI1j!,
H B OTBeT YCJIbllllaJ1 CJ1e.n.YlOlllee: «KaK )!(e HaM He OrOplJaTbCH, Koma 3TI1
j!3bllJHHKH, npHHOCj!ll.lHe )!(epTBbl H.n.OJIaM, )!(I1BYT B MHpe, cnoKoi:fcTBHI1
H 60raTCTBe, Kor.n.a LJ:OM Dora pa3pYllleH?» B OTBeT )!(e pa66H AKH6a
CKa3aJI: «ITo.n.YMaihe, eCJ1H CTOJIbKO .n.aHO H3bllJHHKaM, TO CKOJ1bKO )!(e B
KOHelJHOM ClJeTe 6y.n.eT .n.aHO HaM!»
C I1MeHeM naTpHapxa faMaJIHHJ1a 61 CBH3aHa ellle o.n.Ha BeCbMa H3-
BeCTHaH ara.n.HlJeCKaj! HCTOpllil, nOKa3bIBalOlllaj!, lJTO naTpHapx npOBo.n.HI1
TOHKoe pa3J1H'me Me)!(.n.y CTaT)'j!MH .n.JIj! YKpallleHHH 11 CTaT)'HMH KaK
K)'J1bTOBbIMH aTpH6YTaMH 62 . TaK, faMaJ1HI1JI o.n.Ha)!(.n.bl nOCeTI1JI 6aHH
AcJ>pO.n.HTbl B ropO.lJ.e ITT0J1eMaH.n.a 63 . Kor.n.a ero BHI1MaHHe npHBJ1eKJ1a
CTaT)'j! 60r11HH, eCTeCTBeHHO, 06Ha)!(eHHaj!, naTpHapx CKa3aJI: «He j!
npHllleJ1 B ee BJ1a.n.eHHH, a OHa B MOH. He HY)!(HO roBOpl1Tb, lJTO 6aHH
6blJ1H BblcTpoeHbl .n.JIj! nOlJl1TaHI1H AcJ>PO.n.I1Tbl, HO AcJ>po.n.I1Ta 6b1JIa C03-
.n.aHa)J,.Jlj! nOlJHTaHHH 6aHb» (mAbodah Zarah 3, 4).
58 J],pYfHX YKaJaHHH 0 nyTeWeCT8HH pa66H AKI16b1 B PHM HeT.
59 YnOMHHaHHe 8 nOH HCTOpHH naTpHapxa faMaJJHHJJa H pa66H AKH6bl nOJ80illleT ro80-
pHTb 0 TOM, 'iTO H,1H C06b1THe, 0 KOTOpOM H.lleT pe'ib, H lH JlereHlla 06 3TOM nYTeweCTBHH
80CXO.llHT K Ha'iaJJY II B. H. 3, a narpHapxe raMaJJHIlJle H pa66u AKH6e CM. TaKJKe nep8YIO
rJIaBY BTOpOro paJ.lleJla.
.., C COBpeMeHHblX nOJHUHH, KOHe'iHO, IICHO, 'iTO paBBIIHbl YCIIblWaJJH 'iTO-TO COBceM
.llpyroe, BocnpHHllTOe HMH KaK rYJI, H.llYUlHH OT CTOJlHUbl - YCJlblWaTb WYM llpyroro ropolla
Ha paCCTOJlHHH 120 MHJJb npHHUHnHaJJbHo HeBOJMOJKHO 6e3 C08peMeHHblX cpellCT8 CBJI3H.
3Ta .lleTaJJb 0 IIK06bl YCJlblWaHHOM WYMe, Ha Haw B3rJIII.ll, MOJKeT OTpaJKaTb OllHH BnOIIHe
peaJJbHblH cpaKT, C KOTOpblM .lleHCTBHTeJlbHO Mor.1H CTOIIKHYTbCIi 80 BpeMIi nyTewecTBHII B
PHM naTpHapx H ero CBHTa. J1lOllH, OTOpBaHHble OT npHBbl'iHOH HM KaMepHOH aTMoccpepbl
naJJeCTHHbl H npenOllaBaHHII 8 WKOJlax, MOrJIH HCnbITblBaTb HeMaJlblH nCHXOIIOfH'ieCKHH
llHCKOM$OpT H nOllaBJ1eHHOCTb, OKaJaBWHCb B HHOM, «60IIbWOM» MHpe, KOTOpblH nJIOXO no-
HHMaJJH.
., a narpHapXaTe H naTpHapxax CM. nOllp06HO wecrylO rJIa8Y.
., Urbach E. E. The Rabbinic Laws of Idloatry in the Second and Third Centuries in the
Light of Archaeological and Historical Facts IIIEJ. 1959. Vol. 9, P. 149ff
.J fopo.ll paCnO,10)!(eH Ha rpaHHue MeJK.llY reorpacpll'ieCKOH na.1eCTHHOH H <1>HHHKHeH.
211
A. r. rpyweBOH. l1yi)eu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PWUCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PU.WCKOU UMnepuu
Ero CblH naTpl1apX CI1MeOH BTOpOH BCnOMHHaJI, 4TO B .n.OMe oTl..{a
Haxo.n.HJ10Cb 500 MaJIb4HKOB, 113Y4alOLLll1x 3aKoH, 11 500 .n.pymx MaJIb411-
KOB, H3Y4alOLLll1x rpe4ecKYlO My.n.pOCTb 64 . Bo06LLle naTpl1apxy B CBjl3H
C He06xo.n.HMOCTblO nO.LJ..D,ep)l{HBaTb nOCTOjlHHble KOHTaKTbl C pHMCKHM
MHpOM pa3peUJaJIOCb MHoroe 113 TaKoro, 4TO B npl1HQHne 3anpeLLlarrOCb
BceM npOlJl1M. TaK, O.n.HH 113 paBBHHOB II B. H. 3., XaHHHa 6eH faMaJIHI1JI,
nHcarr, 4TO Ha ne4aTjlX naTpHapxa Haxo.n.HJ10Cb 11306pIDKeHI1e 4eJ10Be4e-
CKOro J1I1Qa (jAbodah Zrah 3, 1-42c, 1. 8). flocpe.n.HHKaM, .n.eHcTBOBaBlllI1M
OT HMeHI1 naTpl1apXa, pa3peUJaJIOCb o.n.eBaTbCjI H npH4eCblBaTbCjI B rpe-
4eCKOM .n.yxe, XOTjI B npHHQHne 3TO oCY)l{)J,arrOCb 6S .
Bonpocbl nOJII1THlJeCKOH QeJ1eC006pa3HOCTH onpe.n.emIJ1H H OTHOllleHHe
narpl1apXOB K jl3blKOBOH cmyaIJ.HH. flo nOfUlTHblM npl14HHaM OHI1 npe.n.no-
4HTaJIH HBPHT, HO 60J1blllHHCTBO H)'.n.eeB B flarreCTHHe B paCCMarpHBaeMOe
BpeMjI roBOpHJ1H }?Ke no-apaMeHcKH. B cmyaQI1H )l{e, Kor.n.a npHXo.n.HJ10Cb
Bbl611parb Me)J()J,}' apaMeHcKHM H rpe4eCKHM, narpl1apxl1 npe.n.n04HTaJIH
rpe4ecKHH. flarpl1apx CI1MeOH C4HTaJI .n.03B0J1eHHbIMH KHHrH TOJ1bKO Ha
H)'.n.eHcKoM HJ111 rpe4eCKOM (mMegillah 1,8). A narpHapx Hexy.n.a xa-Hac""
npe3pl1TeJ1bHO OT3bIBCUlCb 06 apaMeHcKoM, jlCHO .n.aBaJI nOfUlTb, 4TO npH-
3HaeT TOJ1bKO CBjlLLleHHblH jl3blK HJ1H )l{e rpe4ecKHH 66 .
flocJ1e CMepTl1 Hexy.n.b1 xa-Hacl1 OTHOllleHHe K rpe4eCKOMY jl3bIK)' H
COOTBeTCTBeHHO K rpe4ecKoH K)'J1brype MeHjlJ10Cb HeCKOJ1bKO pa3. flpe.n.-
CTaBHTeJlb nepBoro nOKOJ1eHIDI «aMopaHM» Helllya 6eH JIeBH YTBep)l{)J,aJI,
4TO no.n.paCTaIOLLlee nOKOJ1eHHe CJ1e.n.YeT Y4HTb rpe4ecKoH My.n.pOCTH B
TO BpeMjI .n.IDI, KOTopoe He jlBJUleTCjI HH .n.HeM, HH HOlJblO (jPeah 1, 1-15c).
flpe.n.cTaBHTeJ1b CJIe.n.YIOLLlero nOKOJ1eHHjI «aMopaHM» pa66H HoxaHaH
OT3blBaJICjI 0 rpe4eCKI1X jl3bIKe H K)'J1brype .n.OCTaT04HO YBIDKHTeJIbHO,
HO C4I1TaJI, 4TO rpe4ecKOMY jl3bIK)' CJIe.n.YeT Y4HTb TOJ1bKO .n.eB04eK, H60
3HaHHe rpe4ecKoro YKpalllaeT HX (jPeah 1,1, 15c, 1.7). Ha py6e)l{e IIl-
IV BB. H3Y4eHI1e rpe4ecKoro 6billO B0306HOBJ1eHO, H60 YXYLlUJeHHe B3aH-
MooTHollleHHH C BJIaCUMH CHOBa c.n.eJ1arro aKTYaJIbHbIM ero 3HaHHe KaK
o.n.Horo H3 rocy.n.apcTBeHHbIx jl3bIKOB.
Ha.n.o Bce )l{e CKa3aTb, 4TO np06J1eMa 3HaTb HJ1H He 3HaTb rpe4ecKHi1,
113Y4aTb ero HJIH He H3Y4aTb 11 IGlK Boo6LLle OTHOCHTbCjI K aHTl1lJHOH
K)'J1brype, no.n.p06HO paccMOTpeHHaji B pa3HbIX TaJIMYLlH4ecKHx TpaKTa-
Tax, 6blJIa aIcryarrbHa no 60J1blllOMY C4el)' .D.J1j1 CeJ1bCKOH MeCTHOCTH H
BH)'TpeHHHX paHOHOB flarreCTHHbl. TaM BJUUIHHe aHTI14HOH QHBHJ1H3aIJ,HH
H K)'JIbrypbI 6blJ10 He3Ha4HTeJIbHbIM, a PHMJIjlH H rpeKoB n04TH H He
64bBaba Kamma 83a.=bBaba Kamma VI, 7=DBT. Bd. 6. S. 299.
M TaM JKe.
.. TaM JKe.
212
rJlaea 4, l1ydeu u uydau3M e pWHCKa'll 061ljecmee II zocydapcmGe..
6blBano, 11 Bonpoc 0 TOM, npl1HI1MaTb I1Jm He npl1HHMaTb rpeKO-pI1MCKHi1
MHp, Mor HMeTb KaKOH-TO CMbICJI.
KapTl1Ha 6b1J1a COBepllleHHO HHOH B ropo.n.ax flaneCTIlHbl H OC06eHHO B
06I..LlI1Hax .n.Hacnopbl, r.n.e l1y.n.el1 COCTaBJISlJIH MeHblllI1HCTBO, )KHJIH ropo.n.CKOH
)1G13HblO H me H30JII1poBaTbCSI OT IlHTH'lHOro Ml1pa H IlHTHqHOH KYJ1bT)'pbl
6b1J10 npaKTHqeCKH HeB03MO)KHO. KOJ1HqeCTBO rpeqeCKHX 11 J1aTI1HCIGIX
Ha.n.nHceH, COCTaBJIeHHblX uy.n.eSlMI1 KaK B flaneCTHHe, TaK 11 B .n.pyrux 06-
J1aCTSIX PI1MCKOH I1Mnepl1H, BeCbMa BeJIHKO, '1m SlCHO nOKa3blBaeT - uy.n.eH-
ropO)KaHe npaKTl1qeCKI1 nOBceMeCTHO 6b1JII1 .n.BYSl3bllJHbll1 3Hanl1 rpelJeCKI1H,
no MeHbllleH Mepe, TaK )l(e XOpOlllO, KaK H CBOH pO.n.HOH Sl3bIK.
DJ1aro.n.apSi CBO.n.HOMY CJ10BaplO rpeqeCKOH H J1aTHHCKOH J1eKCHKI1,
nonaBllleH B TanMy.n.,67 Mbl HMeeM B HaCTOSlI..LlHH MOMeHT XOPOlliYIO B03-
MO)I(HOCTb peanbHo oueHHTb B3aHMOBJIHSlHHe .n.BYX KYJIbT)'P B 06J1aCTI1
Sl3b1Ka, H KaKHe HMeHHO CJ10Ba 11 rpynnbl CJIOB BOlliJ1H B COCTaB TanMY-
.n.HqeCKOH J1eKCHKH.
ECJ1H rOBopHTb 06 :nOH 3aHMCTBOBaHHOH J1eKCHKe B ueJIOM, TO 3.n.eCb
Ha nepBOM MeCTe no KOJlHqeCTBY CTOSIT HMeHa c06CTBeHHble rpelJeCKoro
H JIaTHHcKoro npOHCXO)K)J,eHHSI.
I1y.n.ei1cKl1e I1MeHa B rpeqeCKI1X Ha.n.nHCSlX npHcyrcTBYIOT qal..Lle Bce-
ro He B TpaHCKpl1nUHI1, a B nepeBo.n.e Jf.JIH B nepe.n.aqe no C03BYlJHIO. TaK,
HanpHMep, I1caaK .n.OCTarolJHO qaCTO B rpeqeCIGIX H JIaTHHCIGIX Ha.n.nHCSlX
npeBpal..LlaeTCSI B Gelasius = rEAamo<;, MeHaxeM - B Paregorius = fla-
PE"Y6pto<;. flpHMepbl nepe.n.aq no C03BYlJHIO: 3cTep npeBpal..LlaeTCSI B Ac-
TpeHIO, PeYBeH - B PyqJHHa, a I1ocl1cp - B IOcT)'ca 68 . CoxpaHHBlllHecSi
Ha.n.rpo6Hble Ha.n.nHCH C .n.peBHHx KJ1a.n.6H1.u B ropo.n.ax flanecTHHbl nOKa-
3b1BalOT, 'ITO rpeqeCKHe H JIaTHHCKHe Ha.n.nHCH nOJ1yqHJ1H pacnpocTpa-
HeHHe .n.IDKe cpe.n.H 6e.n.Hblx uy.n.eeB, )KI1BYI..LlHX B ropo.n.ax. B 3TOM nJ1aHe
nOKa3aTeJIbHbl Ha.n.rp06Hble Ha.n.nI1CH uy.n.eHCIGIX KJ1a.n.6HI..Ll H3 DeT-lllea-
pHMa, MeCTa 3axopoHeHHSI uy.n.eeB MHorHX BOCTOqHblX 06JIaCTeH, a He
TOJIbKO flaneCTHHbl. B 3THX Ha.n.nHCSlX npoueHT qHCTO rpelJeCKHX HMeH
BeCbMa BblCOK -.n.o 80 npoueHToB69. flpl1 3TOM 3J1J1HHH3aUHSI BOBce He
67 3TOT cnOBapb.110 CHX nop OCTaeTCII eilHHCTBeHHblM B CBoeM pOlle: Krauss S. Griechische
und lateinische Lehnworter in Talmud, Midrasch und Targum. Bd. 1-2. Berlin, 1898, 1899.
68 06 HYlleilcKHx HMeHax B rpe'iecKOi! H JlaTHHcKoi! nepella'ie CM. nOilp06HO: Juster 1.
Les Juifs dans I 'Empire Romain, Leur conditionjuridique, economique et sociale. Paris. 1914.
I. 2. P. 221-234; 0 rpe'ieCKHX HMeHax B TanMYlle CM.: Krauss S. Griechische und 1ateinische
Lehnworter... Bd. 2, S, 647-650.
o. AHa.1H3 H311nHcei! H3 neT WeapHMa eCTh B CJlellYIOII.\HX CTaTbllX: Lifshitz B. La vie de
l'au-dela dans les conceptionsjuives, Inscriptions grecques de Beth-Shearim II RB. 68. 1961.
P. 401-411; Lifshitz 8, L'helh nisation des juifs de Palestine. A propos des inscriptions de
Besara (Beth-Shearim) II RB. 72. 1965. p, 520-538.
213
A, f, rpyweBoil. l1ydell 11 lIyoaul.\I e IIcmopuII PU\lCKOU pecny6J/uKu 11 PU\lCKOU U\tnepllll
03Ha4aJIa, KaK :no Ka3aJIOCb MHorHM 3aKoHoY4HTeJUIM, OTKa3a OT cBoeH
peJII1f1-m. AH<UlH3 Bblpa)J{eHI1H, BCTpellalOUlI1XCH B Ha.n.nHcHx, y6e)!()J,aeT,
liTO Ha.n.nHCH BbmOJlHeHbl (HJ1H 3aKa3aHbl K HcnOJlHeHI1IO) HCTI1HHO Be-
PYIOUlI1MH H}'.n. eHMH .
B TaJIMy.n.HlIeCKOM HBpl1Te H apaMeHCKOM .n.OCTaT04HO BeJII1KO KOJIH-
4eCTBO BocnpHHHTblX 113 rpe4eCKoro 11 JIaTHHcKoro CYll.{eCTBHTeJIbHblX H
npHJlaraTeJIbHblX, He C411TaH TOnOHI1MOB. MO)l(HO npe)JJIO)I(HTb HX CJIe-
.n.YIOUlYIO npl1MepH)'1O xapaKTepHcTI1KY no rpynnaM CJIOB:
- reorpacJ>l1l1eCKHe nOHHTHH H TOnOHI1Mbl, Ha3BaHI1H MHHepaJIOB,
Ha3BaHHH paCTeHHH, pbl6, nTHU H I1HblX )l(I1BOTHbIX;
- BeCbMa BeJIHKO KOJII14eCTBO TepMHHoB, OTpa)J{aIOIl.{HX 06UleCTBeH-
H)'IO )l(H3Hb. 3.n.eCb npe.n.cTaBJIeHbl Hal1MeHOBaHHH rocy.n.apcTBeHHblx c.rry-
)l(aIl.{I1X, HeKoTopble 06UlHe nOHHTHH, npaBoBble TepMHHbl, Ha3BaHHH Ha-
JIOroB, TepMHHbl BoeHHoro .n.eJIa, TepMHHbl, TaK HJ1H I1Ha4e CBH3aHHbie C
TOprOBJIeH H TOproBblMH .n.eJIaMH, 3KOHOMI1KOH 11 CeJIbCKHM X03HHCTBOM;
- B TaJIMy.n.e npe.n.CTaBJIeHa ueJIaH Cepl1H TepMI1HOB, KaCalOll.{HXCH
6blTa, .n.oMa H .n.OMalllHeH )l(H3HH, o.n.e)!()J,bl, Me6eJIH H T. .n..;
- B TaJIMy.n.e I1MelOTCH TalOKe TepMHHbl H3 MHpa H3HIl.{HbiX HC-
KYCCTB. TaK, B TaJIMy.n.H4ecKoM I1BpHTe MHoroKpaTHo BCTpe4aeTcH
CJIOBO C'1tQj-"N, 'C"'N, C"Cj """N70 «cTa1)'H», BOcxo.n.HUlee K rpe4e-
CKOMY 'to av8p\.a<;, av8p\.av'to C TeM )l(e 3Ha4eHHeM.
HaKOHeu Ha)J,O OTMeTHTb HaJII14He B TaJIMy.n.e onpe.n.eJIeHHoro KOJIH-
lIeCTBa HeOJIOrl13MOB - CJIOB, 06pa30BaHHbIX OT rpe4ecKHx KopHeH, a
HHor.n.a - H npHMblx TpaHCKpl1nUI1H KBa)J,paTHbIM lllpHcJ>TOM CJlOB rpe-
4eCKoro H3b1Ka. nOCJIe,!{Hee, KCTaTI1, HBJIHeTCH T04HeHlllHM .n.OKa3aTeJIb-
CTBOM 3HaHHH rpe4ecKoro H3blKa aBTOpaMH TaJIMy.n.114ecKHx TpaKTaTOB.
npH paccMoTpeHHH Bonpoca 0 3al1MCTBOBaHHbiX CJIOBaX He06xo.n.HMO
06paTHTb oc06oe BHI1MaHHe Ha CJIe.n.YIOUlee 06CTOHTeJIbCTBo. DOJIblllaH
4aCTb 3THX 3aHMCTBOBaHHbiX CJIOB BCTpe4aeTcH B ara.n.H4ecKHx paccKa-
3ax, HO He B raJIaxe. HHblMH CJIOBaMH, JIl1lllb He3Ha4HTeJIbHOe KOJIHlIe-
CTBO 3aHMCTBOBaHHH H3 rpe4eCKoro 11 JIaTHHcKoro BOlllJIO B OCHOBHOi1
CJIOBapHblH COCTaB HBPHTa. HHOH3bl4Hbie TepMHHbl, B npHHUHne 3HaKO-
Mble aBTopaM paBBHHI1CTH4eCKHX C04HHeHI1H, ynoTpe6J1HJII1Cb npe)!()J,e
Bcero )JJIH nepe.n.a411 HHOCTpaHHblX peaJIHH HJIH )l(e B npl1T4aX 11 6aCHHX
o )l(H3HH H3bI4HHKOB 71 .
70 Krallss S. Griechische und Lateinische Lehnw6rter... Teil. II. S. 14. 65, 66: Ln:v J
W6rterbuch tiber die Talmudim und Midrashim nebst beitragen von H. L. Fleischer. Erster
Band. Berlin und Wien, 1924. S. 106.
71 CM. nOllp06HO: Katzoff R, Sperber's Dictionnary of Greek and Latin Legal Terms in
Rabbinic Literature -A Review Essay II JSJ. 1989. Vol. 20. P.202-203,
214
TJla6a 4, l1ydeu u uydaU1M e PII,MCKWW o6Ulecm6e 11 zocydapcmee,..
HanpHMep, CJ10BaMH rpe4ecKoro npOI1CXO)f():\eHHH, nepe.n.alOml1MH B
HBpHTe H apaMeHCKOM peaJIHH c06cTBeHHO HY.n.eilcKoH )l(H3HH, MO)l(HO
C411TaTb CJIe.n.YlOll.ll1e 72 :
"C , N it oicxt'tcx. B HBpHTe H apaMeHCKOM .n.aHHoe CJ10BO 03Ha-
'meT «KOMHaTa, nOMemeHHe, :nIDK»73. B rpe4eCKOM - «CTHJIb, 06pa3
)l(H3HH; nOMemeHl1e, )l(11J1Mme».
,, , " rlN'" it 01.CXSi]Kl1. 3Ha4eHHe CJ10aa B 060HX H3blKax o.n.HHa-
KOBO - «3aBell.laHHe»74.
C"CC ATIcr't1't<;. 3Ha4eHHe CJ10Ba B 060HX H3blKax o.n.HHaKOBO - «pa3-
60HHMK, rpa6MTeJ1b»75.
.."nJC 'to cruvE8pWV. CI1He.n.pHOH - BblClllajj IOpH.n.114ecKaH HHCTaH-
UHH no rpIDK.D.aHCKMM M K)'J1bTOBbIM .n.eJIaM 76 .
i rIi' 6 Kro8rov. KMTOH (KOTOH) - O.n.MH 113 coCy.n.OB)J,JIH nHTbjj77.
'J'Ci' it KCX'tlTYOpicx. B 060l1x H3blKax CJ10BO 03Ha4aeT «06BHHeHHe,
cy.n.e6Hoe npeCJ1e.n.OBaHMe».
'J i' J((X'tEYOj)€CO. B 060HX jj3blKax rnaroJI 03Ha4aeT «CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBO-
BaTb no.n.aBaTb )l(aJI06y, 06BHHjjTb»78.
C i'. fJ1aroJ1 co 3Ha4eHMeM «XOpOlllO .n.eJ1aTb, 0.n.06PHTb, ueHHTb»,
BOCXO.n.Hll.lI1H K rpe4eCKOMY npHJ1araTeJ1bHOMY KCXAO<; - «npeKpac-
HblH »79.
72 C q,HJ10J10rH'ieCKOH TO'iKH 3peHHII HHTepeCHO OTMeTHTb, 'iTO rpe'ieCKHH npOTOTHn
KaJKllOro H3 nepe'iHCJ1eHHblX HHJKe CJ10B ropaJDO WHpe no 3Ha'ieHHIO, 'ieM npOH3BO.llHble OT
HHX CJlOBa B HBpHTe H apaMeiicKOM.
n CM.: Krauss S. Griechische und Iateinische Lehnworter.. .Teil II. S. 199. Levy J. Worter-
buch... Bd. 1. S. 395.
74CM.: Krauss S. Griechische und lateinische Lehnworter.. .TeillI. S. 197; Levy J. Worter-
buch.,. Bd. I. S. 392; Sperber D, A Dictionnary.,. P. 84-86; Sokoloff M. A Dictionnary of the
Jewish Palestinian Aramaic of the Byzantine Period. Bar Ban, 1992. P. 146.
75 CM.: Krauss S. Griechische und 1ateinische Lehnworter....Tei111. S. 315-316; Levy 1.
Worterbuch... Bd. 2. S. 503-504; Sperber D. A. Dictionnary... P. 107-110; Sokoloff M. A
Dictionnary... P. 282.
16 Krauss S. Griechische und lateinische Lehnworter... Teilil. S. 401; Levy 1. Worter-
buch... Bd. 3. S. 553; Sokoloff M. A Dictionnary... P. 383.
11 Krauss S. Griechische und Iateinische Lehnworter... Teil I\. S. 528; Sokoloff M. A
Dictionnary... P. 493.
18 Tlo nOBODY CJlOB CO 3Ha'ieHHeM «06BHHIITb, 06BHHeHHe» CM. nOllp06HO: Krauss S.
Griechische und lateinische Lehnworter... Tei111. S. 524-525, 526-527; Sperber D. A Diction-
nary... P. 180-181; Sokoloff M. A Dictionnary... P. 485,
19 Krauss S. Griechische und lateinische Lehnworter... Teil11. S. 547. Levy 1. Worterbuch...
Bd. 4. S. 313; SokoloffM. A Dictionnary... P. 494-495. npeJlJ'laraeMOe c. KpayccoM 3THMO-
JJOrH'ieCKOe o60JlcHeHHe C", OT rpe'iecKOro KEA.£Uro - «npHKa3bIBaTb» npe.llCTaBJlJleTCIi
6e30cHoBaTe.'lbHbIM.
215
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uyi)au3M e ucmopuu PU.MCKOU pecny611uKl/ u PZLMCKOU u.Mnepuu
LITO KaCaeTCjI rpe4eCKHX 11 JIaTI1HCKHX CJIOB, I1CnOJIb3yeMbIx B TaJJ-
My.n.e .D.J1j1 nepe.n.alJl1 peaJJl1H jl3bI4ecKoro rpeKO-pI1MCKOrO MHpa, TO 3.n.eCb
HaH60JIee I1HTepeCHbIMI1 npe.n.CTaBJIjllOTCjI CJIe.n.YIOU{He 80 :
C"C ' N ;, an6<p<xm<;. B I1BpHTe - «Bep.n.HIcr B CBjl3H C 3aBepllleHI1eM
Toro HJII1 I1HOro pa36l1paTeJIbCTBa IOpH.n.H4eCKoro xapaKTepa»81; B rpe-
4eCKOM - «3ajlBJIeHl1e, yrBep)K)J,eHl1e».
t..,"tQ O'UA£mTtptOV. EYJIeBTepHH - <<nOMemeHHe 3ace.n.aHHH ro-
po.n.CKOro COBeTa; ropO.n.CKOH COBeT»82.
ri' J EVEcp\.1C\.OV - beneficium. B HBpHTe - «npaBa 4eJIOBeKa,
I1MelOU{ero npl1BWIerHI1 no 3aKOH)'>P; B rpelJeCKOM H JIaTHHCKOM caMoe
06mee 3Ha4eHHe :noro CJIOBa - «6JIaro.n.ejlHHe». ):(aHHoe CJIOBO jlBJIjI-
eTCjI no CBoeMY npOHCXO)K)J,eHHIO JIaTI1HCKI1M.
r,.,tQ 6 1t<X'tprov - patronus. 3Ha4eHI1e CJIOBa B 060l1x jl3bIKaX O.n.H-
HaKOBO - «naTpOH, BJIHjlTeJIbHbIH 4eJIOBeK, OKa3bIBalOmHH nOKpOBH-
TeJIbCTBo»84. CJIOBO jlBJIjleTCjI JIaTHHCKI1M no npOHCXO)K)J,eHHIO.
C"tQC ;, 1t\.0''tt<; - B 060HX jl3bIKaX 3HalJeHI1e CJIOBa o.n.I1HaKOBO -
«Bepa, .n.oBepHe»85.
C"CM'Ii' 6 1CO'Upt&crCX; - curiosus. CJIOBO JIarl1HCKoro npOHCXO)K)J,e-
HI1j1, nonaBlllee B HBpl1T 4epe3 rpe4eCKI1H. I1cxo.n.Hoe 3Ha4eHI1e - <<3a-
60TJIHBbIH, nbITJII1BbIH, JII0603HaTeJIbHbIH». B HBpHTe CJIOBO 03Ha4aeT
«TaHHbIH HHcpopMaTop .n.omKHOCTHoro J1HQa, lllnHoH»86.
npHBe.n.eHHbIH MarepHaJJ nOKa.3bIBaeT, lJro rpe4ecKHH )')Ke BO II B. H. 3.
npOHHK - B pa3HOH CTeneHI1, KOHelJHO, - BO Bce CJIOH li)'.n.ei1cKOro 06-
meCTBa paccMaTpHBaeMoro BpeMeHH. JTO, B CBOIO 04epe.n.b, HMeJIO He-
MaJJoe nOJII1TH4eCKoe 3HalJeHHe. 3HaHI1e jl3blKa rocno.n.cTBYlOmeH KYJIb-
TYpbI cnoc06cTBOBaJJO H 60JIee YMepeHHbIM B3r11j1.n.aM Ha oKp)')KalOmylO
.n.eHCTBI1TeJIbHOcTb. B TaJJMy.n.e eCTb eU{e O.n.HH HHTepecHbIH npHMep,
80 npHBOllHMblH HHJKe cnHcOK, eCTecTBeHHO, llaneKO He nOJlHblH.
81 CM.: Krauss S. Griechische und lateinische Lehnworter... Teil11. S. 101-102; LevyJ
Worterbuch. Bd. 1. S. 68; Sperber D, A Dictionnary of Greek and Latin Legal Tenns in Rab-
binic Literature. Bar-Ilan. 1984. P. 52-54.
82 Levy L. Worterbuch.,. Bd, I. S, 199: Sperber D. A Dictionnary... 69-70.
83 CM.: Krauss S. Griechische und Iateinische Lehnworter... Teilll. S. 160; Levy J Worter-
buch... Bd. I. S, 242; Sperber D. A Dictionnary... P.72.
"CM,: Krauss S. Griechische und lateinische Lehnworter... Teilii. S. 438-439; Levy J
Worterbuch... Bd. 4, S. 33; Sperber D. A Dictionnary... P. 139-141.
85 CM. Krauss S. Griechische und lateinische Lehnworter... TeillI. S, 449-450; Levy J
Worterbuch... Bd. 4, S, 70; Sperber D, A Dictionnary... P. 145-147.
86 CM.: Krauss S. Griechische und Iateinische Lehnworter... Teill\. S. 519-520: Le y J
Worterbuch... Bd. 4. S. 380; Sperber D, A Dictionnary... P. 175-176.
216
rJlaeG -I, l1ydeu U uydau3M e pUMCK&./ 06Ulecmee II zocyoapcmee...
KaCaIOUlHHC}I npOHHKHOBeHH}I rpe4eCKoro B paBBHHI1CTI14eCKHH Ml1p.
O.n.HH 113 paBBHHOB, )l(HBlllHX B III B., JIeBH 6eH XI11Ta, 6blJl CBHLleTeJIeM
TOro, KaK B Kecapee li)'.n.eH MOJII1.JIHCb no-rpe4eCKH (jSotah 7, 1-21 b 1.12).
<DaKT 3TOT, 6e3YCJIOBHO, 3acJI)l)KHBaeT BHI1MaHI1}1, O.lJ.HaKO OH e.n.I1HH4HbIH
H Ha ero OCHOBe HeJIb3}1 .n.eJIaTb .n.aJIeKO ".D.YUlHX BbIBO.lJ.OB.
H3JIO)l(eHHbIH MaTepHaJI n03BOJI}leT CcJ>OPMYJIHpOBaTb CJIe.n.YIOUlHH
BbIBO.n. no Bonpocy 0 pacnpocTpaHeHHH rpe4ecKoro }I3bIKa H COOTBeTCT-
BeHHO KYJlbrypbI Cpe.lJ.H li)'.n.eeB naJIeCTI1Hbi. PaBBHHbI H 3aKoHoY4HTeJIH
naJIeCTHHbI, )l(HBllll1e B KpynHbIx ropO.n.CKI1X ueHTpax, K IV B. H. 3. 6bIJIH
XOpOlllO 3HaKOMbI H C rpe4eCKHM }I3bIKOM, 11 pa3JIH4HbIMH HanpaBJIeHH}I-
MI1 rpe4eCKOH JIHTeparypbI, B TOM 4HCJIe - IOpH.lJ.H4eCKOH. Hy.n.eH, ne-
peCeJI}lBlllHeC}I H3 BaBHJIOHHH, e.n.Ba JIH 3HaJIH rpe4eCKHH. lITO KacaeTCSI
li)'.n.eeB - )l(I1TeJIeH MeJIKHX ropo.n.OB, y.n.aJIeHHbIX OT npHMopCKOH 30HbI,
HJIH LJ:eKanOJII1Ca, TO HX 3HaHH}I rpe4eCKoro 6bIJII1 HeBeJIHKH. KpeCTbSlH-
CTBO (aM-xa'apeu) 3HaJIO rpe4eCKI1H, BH.n.HMO, TOJIbKO B Tex npe.n.eJIax,
4T06bI I1MeTb B03MO)l(HOCTb npo.n.aTb CBOIO npo.n.yKUHIO Ha pbIHKe. De.n.HbIe
li)'.n.eH B ropO.lJ.ax naJIeCTHHbI, cy.n.SI no BceMY, CB060.n.HO roBOpl1JIH Ha
rpe4eCKOM B .n.OCTaT04HbIX npe.n.eJIax)J,J1S1 nOBce.n.HeBHoro 06UleHHSl 87 . H
eUle O.n.HO 3aMe4aHHe 0 Sl3bIKOBOH cHryaUHH. H306HJIHe 3al1MCTBOBaHHH
H3 rpe4ecKoro B Cl1pHHCKOM BapHaHTe apaMeHcKoro Sl3bIKa n03BOJI}leT
c.n.eJIaTb CJIe.n.yIOUlee npe.n.nOJIO)l(eHl1e: BeCbMa BepO}lTHO, 4TO B 60JIblllHX
ropo.n.ax C npe06JIa.n.aHHeM rpe4ecKoro (HJIH 3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHoro) Hace-
JIeHI1}1 npOCTOH Hapo.n. rOBOpl1.JI Ha CMeCH rpe4ecKOro H apaMei1cKoro,
I1Me}l B BH.n.y, eCTeCTBeHHO, He CMellleHl1e rpaMMaTH4eCKHX KaTeropHH,
a «3aCOpeHl1e» apaMeHcKoro rpe'-leCKHMH H rpe'-leCKI1MH no npOHCXO)l(-
.n.eHHIO CJIOBaMH HJIH .n.IDKe HeOJIOrH3MaMH 88 . B 3TOM OTHOllleHHH B nep-
BbIX BeKax H. 3. He .n.OJI)I(HO 6bIJIO 6bITb 60JIblllOH pa3HHUbI, K npl1Mepy,
Me)l()J,y HepYCaJIHMOM H LJ:aMaCKOM.
Ha DJIH)I(HeM BOCTOKe B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMSI 3JIJIHHH3aUH}I He
orpaHH4HBaJIaCb TOJIbKO }I3blKOM H JII1TeparypOH. CoxpaHHBlllHecSi CH-
HarOrl1 II-III BB. nOKa3bIBaIOT BJIl1}1HHe rpe4eCKHX CTaH.n.apTOB, npH4eM
3.n.aHHH 06UleCTBeHHoro Ha3Ha4eHHSI, a He xpaMOB.
no nOH}lTHbIM npl14HHaM cHHarora .n.OJI:>KHa 6blJla 6bITb nyCTOH BHYT-
pl1, T. e. He I1MeTb KaKHX-JII160 H306pIDKeHI1H Ha CTeHax. O.n.HaKO)l(e H H3
3Toro npaBI1JIa 6bIJIH I1CKJIIO'-IeHHSI. B XX B. apXeOJIOrH 06HapY)l(HJII1
81 a !l3bIKOBOH cHryaUHH B naneCTHHe C .: Lieberman S. Greek in Jewish Palestine. New
York, 1942. P. 66,
" HHoma HCTO'iHHKH n03BOflJllOT BblJlBHTb oeCbMa He06bl'iHble HeO,10rH3Mbl. TaK. B apa-
MeiicKOM C,1HJlHCb BOe.llHHO llBa CJlOBa, cyweCTBy/oWHe B rpe'ieCKOM paJlleJlbHO, - 6 nari]p
(OTeu) II ijnOA.l<; (roPOll) - II"'C 'C.. 3Ha'ieHHe CJIOBa - «rnaBa ropOliCKOH 3llMHHHCTpa-
UHH». CM.: Levy 1. W6rterbuch... Bd. 1. S. 140.
217
A. f. fpyweBOH. Hydeu u uydau3!11 e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKu u PUMCKOU uMnepuu
HeCKOJIbKO CI-fHaror KaK B naJIeCTHHe, TaK 11 3a ee npe.n.eJIaMI1 C 11306H-
JIHeM )J<HBOnHCHbIX 11306pIDKeHHH Ha nOJIY H CTeHax. CaMa51 H3BeCTHa.!!
cHHarora C )J(J1BOnI1Cb}() 06Hap}?KeHa B He60JIbUJOM CHpHi1CKOM ropo.n.e
,[{ypa-3yponoc 89 . O.D.HaKO :no BO Bcex CMbICJIaX )J(I1BonHCHoe HCKJI}()1.Je-
HHe H3 npaBHJI. CTpOro rOBOp5l, TaKoro He .n.OJDKHO 6bIJIO 6bITb. Bce:no
He 03Ha1.JaeT, 1.JTO B CHHarorax He 6bIJIO HJII1 He .n.OJI)J(HO 6bIJIO 6bITb YK-
pallleHHH B BH.n.e opHaMeHTa. CHapY)J(H OHH Bcer.n.a 6bIJIH YKpallleHbI
neCTpOH CMeCb}() opHaMeHTaJlbHbIX MOTHBOB rpe1.JeCKoro H BOCT01.JHOrO
npOHCXO)J()J,eHH5I. TaK, HanpHMep, cHHarora B XOpa3I1He YKpallleHa H30-
6pIDKeHH5IMH rpe1.JeCKHX MHq,OJIOfl11.JeCKHX nepCOHIDKeH (fepaKJI, Me.n.y-
3a, KeHTaBp) H .n.IDKe cueHaMI1 CeJIbCKOH )J(H3HH B rpe1.JeCKOM CTHJIe 90 .
)l(I1BonHcb B HCTHHHOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa nOJlBJIJleTCJI, o.n.HaKO, He TOJIb-
KO KaK ::meMeHT YKpaUJeHH5I CI1Haror. B O.n.HOM H3 MaB30JIeeB Ha .n.peBHeM
KJIa)J,6HI,ue DeT-llleapHMa HaH.D.eHbI H306pIDKeHHJI )J(I1BOTHbIX, a TaIOKe
capKoq,ar C H306pIDKeHHeM rpe1.JeCKI1X MHq,OJIOrH1.JeCKI1X nepCOHIDKeH;
BXO.n. B Hero 6bIJI YKpallleH M03aHKOH, H306pIDKaBllleH .n.eJIbq,HHOB91 . ECJIH
MO)J(HO CnOpl1Tb 06 HCTOKax HMeHHO TaKI1X BKYCOB Y 3aKa31.JHKOB :noro
MaB30JIeJl, TO B .n.pyroH KaTaKOM6e Ha KJIa.n.6Hlue DeT-llleapHMa noxopo-
HeH paBBHH 11 HeCKOJIbKO 1.JJ1eHOB CeMbl1 naTpHapxa. I1x capKoq,arH TaK-
)J(e YKpallleHbI pa3J1I11.JHbIMH cueHaMH H3 rpe1.JeCKOH MI1q,0J10rHH 92 .
JIH6epaJIbHOe OTHOllleHHe K H306pa3HTeJIbHOMY I1CKYCCTBY HaUJJ10
OTpIDKeHl1e H B paBBHHHCTH1.JeCKOH JII1Teparype III B. 93 3.n.eCb B03MO)J(HbI
TPH BapHaHTa 06'b5lCHeHH5I .n.aHHoro 51BJleHHJI:
1) ypoBeHb 3J1J1HHH3aUHH cpe.n.11 H)'.n.eeB B paCCMaTpl1BaeMOe BpeM5I
6bIJ1 Bce )J(e BbIllle, 1.JeM MbI 3TO ce6e 06bI1.JHO npe.n.cTaBJI5IeM;
89 Becb MarepHaJJ, OTHOCIllI.\HHCII K cHHarore B J],ypa-3yponoc, COllepJKHTCJI B CJlellYIOlI.\eH
KHHre: Krae/ing C. H. The Synagogue with contributions by Torrey C. c., Welles C. 8., and
Geiger B. New Haven, 1956. (The Excavations at Dura-Europos conducted by Yale Univer-
sity and the the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters. Final Report vm, Part I edited
by Bellinger A.B., Brown F. E., Perkins A., and Welles C. B.). HaH60Jlee BaJKHblMH CTaTbJlMH
B 3TOH KHHre IIBJJIlIOTCII: The History of the Jewish Community at Dura (P. 322-339); The
Interpretation of the Paintings and the Religious orientations of Dura's Jewsish Community (
P.340-363).
90 Goodenough E. R. Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period. Vol. II\. New York,
1953. Nos. 488, 493.
9' Goodenough. Op, cit. No, 456. Nos. 84-85.
9' Avigad N. Excavavtions at Beth She"arim, 1955. Preliminary Report IIIEJ. 1957. Vol. 7.
P. 77-92, 239-255; Avigad N. Excavations at Beth She'arim, 1958. Preliminary Report II IEJ.
1959. Vol. 9. p, 205-220; B OC06eHHOCTH JKe c. 210.
93 CM. nOllp06HO: Urbach E. E. The Rabbinical Laws of Idolatry in the Second and Third
Centuries in the Light of Archaeological and Historical Facts IIIEJ. 1959. Vol. 9. P. 149-165,
229-245.
218
rJlaea 4, l1ydeu u uydau3M e PUMCKQM o6ulecmee u zocydapcmee...
2) H}'.n.eHCKl1e peMeCJIeHHI1KH B ropo.n.ax co CMelllaHHblM HaCeJIeHHeM
6blJIH BOJIbHO I1JIH HeBOJIbHO BTj{H)'Tbl B KOHKYpeHQHlO C peMeCJIeHHHKa-
MI1-j{3bl1.JHI1KaMH, He HMeBlllHMH npe.n.y6e)f()J,eHI1H npOTHB 06pa30B rpe-
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3) TpeTHH BapHaHT 06'hj{cHeHlliI, BCTpe1.JalOll\HHCj{ B JIHTeparype, Bbl-
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III B. npoHcxo}J.HT nOBceMecTHblH yna.n.oK j{3bl1.JeCTBa, 1.JTO BeJIO 11 KO Bce-
06ll\eMY 113MeHeHHIO OTHOllleHWI K OJIHMnl1HCKHM 60raM. CJIe.n.oBareJIbHO,
H .n.JIj{ npaBoBepHoro Hy.n.ej{ H306proKeHHe 1.JY)l(HX 60roB CTaHOBHJIOCb
MeHbllll1M rpexoM, KaK H pa60Ta Ha.n. TaKoro po.n.a H306proKeHlliIMH 94 .
nO.n.06Hoe JIH6epaJIbHOe OTHOllleHl1e K )l(HBOnHCH 11 apxHTeK1)'pHblM
YKpallleHHj{M TeM 60JIee npI1Me1.JaTeJIbHO, 1.JTO OHO coce.n.CTBOBaJlO co
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1.JeCKOM H pHMCKOM 06I..UeCTBax.
Pa3rOBOp nOT He06xo.n.HMO Ha1.JaTb C onpe.n.eJIeHHj{ CYTH npo6J1e-
Mbl - 1.JTO TaKoe aHTHCeMI1TI13M, KaK ero nOHI1MaJ1H 11 nOHI1MalOT, HaCKOJ1b-
KO CYI..UeCTBYlOll\He onpe.n.eJIeHHj{ MO)l(HO npl13HaTb npHeMJ1eMbIMH.
yhBeCTHblH 3HQHKJlOne.n.H1.JecKHi1 CJ10Bapb <1>. A. EpOKraY3a H H. A. Eq,-
pOHa OrpaHI11.JHBaeTCj{ BeCbMa KpaTKHM onpe.n.eJ1eHHeM: aHTHCeMI1T-
Bpar eBpeeB 95 .
JHQHKJlOne.lJ.H1.JeCKHH CJ10Bapb TOBapHll\eCTBa fpaHaT HMeeT OC06ylO
CTaTblO 06 aHTI1CeMHTH3Me, a caM aHTHCeMHTI13M onpe.n.eJ1j{eT KaK Bpa-
94 Avi- Yonah AI, The Jews of Palestine. A political history from the Bar Kokhba War to the
Arab Conquest.New York. 1976, P. 76.
95To la. C. 843. Cn6.. 1893.
219
A. f. fpyweBoH, l1ydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKu u PUMCKOU ZLwnepuu
)I{.n.e6Hoe OTHOllleHl1e K eBpeHM 96 . CTaTbH co.n.ep)l{HT TaIOKe KpaTKHi1
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pacnpocTpaHeHHe BpIDK.D.bI K eBpeHM, Be.n.ywee K HX npaBoBbIM orpaHH-
'-IeHHJlM, H3rHaHHHM, norpOMaM H T. .n.. 97
B DOJ1blllOi1 COBeTCKOH 3HUHKJlOne.n.HH CTaTbJl 06 aHTHceMHTH3Me
eCTb. Ee aBTOp B. 11. K03J10B onpe.n.eJIHeT aHTI1CeMHTH3M KaK o.n.HY H3
cpOpM HaUHOHaJIbHOH H peJ1l1rH03HoH HeTepnHMOCTH, BbIpa)l{alOlUeHCH
BO Bpa)l{.n.e6HoM OTHOllleHHI1 K eBpeHM. )],aJIee aBTOp O'-leHb KpaTKO
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3noxH 98 .
I1HTepecHo, '-ITO nO'-lTH TaK )l{e onpe.n.eJIHeT aHTHceMHTH3M aBTOp
CTaTbH 06 aHTHceMHTH3Me B HOBeHlllei1 aHrJ10H3bl'-lHOH Encyclopaedia
Judaica 99 . OH nHllleT 0 TOM, '-ITO 3TO TepMI1H 06IUero xapaKTepa, CJ1Y)l{a-
IUHH .D.JIJI Bblp8.)KeHHJI BpIDK.D.e6Horo OTHOllleHHJI K wy.n.eJlM Ha npOTH)I{eHHH
BeKOB. B ueJIOM .n.aHHaJI CTaTbH CO.n.ep)l{HT H306HJ1He KOHKpeTHbIX cpaKTOB,
KacalOlUHXCH aHTHCeMI1TH3Ma, OT .n.peBHOCTH .n.o COBpeMeHHOCTI1.
<DOpMaJIbHO roBOpH, 3TH onpe.D.eJ1eHHH 6e3ynpe'-lHbI, H60 '-IeM )l{e KaK
He Bpa)l{)J,OH K H}'.n.eHM H l1y.n.al13MY HBJIJleTCJI aHTHceMHTH3M? O.D.HaKO, C
TO'-lKI1 3peHHH aBTopa .n.aHHOH pa6OTbl, Bce 3TI1 onpe.n.eJ1eHHH, He MeHJlB-
lllHeCJI Ha npOTH)I{eHHI1 nOCJ1e.n.HI1X CTa JIeT, HeJ1b3J1 Ha3BaTb y.n.OBJIeTBO-
pHTeJ1bHbIMI1. Bce OHH CTaTH'-IHbI H HOCJlT BHeBpeMeHHoH xapaKTep. I1x
aBTopbI COBepllleHHO He Y'-lHTbIBalOT TO, '-ITO aHTHH}'.n.eHCKHe HaCTpoeHHH
He 6b1J1H HeH3MeHHbIMH, H3MeHJlHCb H3 BeKa B BeK, OT CTpaHbI K CTpaHe.
JIHlllb aBTOp CTaTbH B 3HUI1KJ10ne.n.H'-IeCKOM CJ10Bape fpaHaT, B. 11. K03-
J10B H aBTOp onpe.n.eJ1eHHH aHTHCeMI1TH3Ma B Encyclopaedia Judaica 100
ynoMHHalOT 06 H3MeH'-IHBOCTH aHTHCeMHTI13Ma, HO JIH60 He HCCJ1e.n.y1OT
3TO pa3BHTl1e BBH.D.Y OrpaHH'-IeHHOCTH 06'beMa CTaTbH (cTaTbH B 3HUHK-
J10ne.n.HH fpaHaT, B. 11. K03JIOB), JlH60 npHBo.n.JlT Maccy KOHKpeTHblx
cpaKTOB, He B.n.aBaHCb B paCCY)l{)J,eHHH Ha 06WHe TeMbl (KOJ1J1eKTHBHaH
CTaTbH B aHrJ10H3bl'-lHOH Encyclopaedia Judaica).
B 3TOH CBH3H XOTeJ10Cb 6bI oc060 OTMeTHTb H HHoe onpe.n.eJ1eHHe
aHTI1CeMHTI13Ma, CCPOPMYJ1HpOBaHHoe B POCCHH B Ha'-laJIe XX B. H OTJIH-
9.3HUHKJJOnellH'ieCKHH CJ10Bapb T-Ba I)-po A. H H. rpaHaT H K. cellbMoe, COBepweHHO
nepepa60TaHHoe H311aHHe. TOM TpeTHH. M., 6. r. CT,,6. 189.
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98 EC3. TpeTbe H311. T. 2. M., 1970, C. 80, CTJ16. 236.
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100 OnpelleJJHTb era He YllaeTCJl, H60 COOTBeTCTBYlOmHH paJlleJl B CTarbe nOllnHCaH JlHWb
HHHUHaJIaMH.
220
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TH3M - TepMI1H, n0J1Y4HBlllI1H llll1pOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe nOCJ1e TOro,
KaK B 1880 r. nOjlBI1JICjI )l{)'pHaJI "Zwanglose antisemitische Hefte". Xonl
no CBoeMY J1eKCI14eCKOMY cocTaBY CJ10BO "aHTHCeMHTI13M" H 03Ha4aeT
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I1CKll104HTeJ1bHO K eBpejiM. He3aBHCI1MO OT :meMeHTa J1H4HbIX I1HTepecoB
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4TO HX BepoY4eHHe CTOHT B nOJ1HOM npOTHBope411H C Ha4aJIaMH XPHCTH-
aHCKOH peJIHrHH H UHBHJ1H3aUHH; 4TO BClO.n.y, npH06peTaji rocnO.D.CTBO,
eBpeH BJIHjllOT pa3J1aralOlUe Ha nOJIHTH4eCKI1H H COUHaJIbHblH CTpOH Tex
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YMaJIeHHIO eBpeeB B npaBoBoH H 3KOHOMH4eCKOH )\(H3HH, 3aBe.n.OMO JlO)\(-
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2. AHTI1CeMI1TH3M jlBJ1j1eTCjI BblcllleH <pOpMOH npOjlBJIeHHjI aHTHHY-
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HaCTOllweM. TOM BTOpOH. Cn6., 6. r. CTJJ6. 638-63.
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npe0.l10JJeHHJl CM., HanpHMep: roumeUH lll, 4. EBpeH H apa6b1. Hx CBII3H Ha npOTIIJKeHHH
BeKOB. M., 2001. C. 13-22,230-246.
221
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104 B KOHe'iHOM C'iere .llaJKe H 3TO OKaJaJJOCb B KaKOH-TO Mepe .llOCTHJKHMbIM. J],ocTarO'iHO
BcnOMHHTb anOCTOJJa flaBJJa, C'iHTaBWero ce6" ollHoBpeMeHHo HY.lleeM, rpaJKllaHHHOM Tapca
H pHMCKHM rpaJK.llaHHHOM H BcnOMHHaBwero 0 TOM HJJH HHOM CBoeM CTaryce, co06pa3HO
06CTaHOBKe H nOTpe6HOCTH.
105 BH.llHMO, HocH$a <1>JJaBHJI 3aHHTepeCOBaJla aJlbTepHaTHBHM no OTHoweHHIO K oH6-
JJHH BepCHJI HCTOpHH HCXOlla HY.lleeB H3 EmnTa. Bce 3TH OTpblBKH H311aHbl C nOllp06HblMH
KOMMeHTapHJlMH y M. llhepHa (lllmepH. ]997). MaHe$oH - lllmepH, 1997. C. 62-86;
11HcHMax - lllmepH, 1997. C. 383-389; AnHoH - lllmepH, ] 997. C. 390--4] 7; Xepe-
MOH -lllmepH, 1997. C. 418--422, AHTHHYllei:icKM HanpaBJJeHHOCTb Bcex 3THX aBTOpOB
O'ieBHllHa.
223
A. f. rpyweBOH. l1ydell U uydau3M e ucmopuu PU\lCKOU peCny6JlUKU II PIIMCKOU ILwneplIU
MOMY <paJcry MHOrOJIeTHerO pa36HpaTeJIbCTBa B PHMe 06CTO TeJIbCTB
3Toro KOH<p JII1KTa 106.
B :nOH CB 3H npe.n.CTaBJI eTC He06xoJl.I1MbiM CKa3aTb HeCKOJIbKO CJIOB
o caMOM repMHHe «norpOM», talK H 0 TOM, 6blJIO JII1 B pHMCKOM 3bI4eCKOM
061l(ecTBe ell(e 4TO-JI1160 no.n.06Hoe. TaK, B. lJ:epHKoBep, OTJIH4aIOIl(HH-
CSI B ueJIOM 3.n.paBOCTblO no.n.xo.n.a K H3JIaraeMOMY MaTepmlJIY, no CJIY4aH-
HOMY nOBO.n.y 3aTpamBaeT B CBoeH pa60Te C06b1TI1 I1y.n.eHCKOH BOHHbl
11 Ha3blBaeT CTOJIKHOBeHH Hy.n.eeB H 3JIJIHHHCTH4eCKoro HaCeJIeHHSI B
,[{aMaCKe «.n.aMaCCKI1M norpOMOM»I07. npH 3TOM B. lJ:epHKoBep OlllH6a-
eTCSI B Jl.aTe, roBOpSl, 4TO 3TOT «norpOM» npOHcxo.n.HJI B 70 r. H. 3. Ha
caMOM .n.eJIe pe4b l1.n.eT 0 C06bITH X nepBblX MeCSlueB I1y.n.eHCKOH BOHHbl
(Fl. Jos., Bel. Jud., II, 559-561), Kor.n.a MaCCOBble H36HeHI1 H y6HHcTBa
uy.n.eeB npOKaTHJII1Cb no 60JIblllHHCTBY ropo.n.OB DJIIDKHero BocToKa, B
TOM 4HCJIe H no AJIeKcaH.n.pHH. BeCbMa COMHHTeJIbHO, 4TO 3TH C06bITH
MO)l{HO Ha3blBaTb «norpOMaMH». nepe.n. HaMI1 THnH4Hble 3nH30.n.bl Mac-
COBblX 6ecnop .n.KOB, B03HI1KaBllJHX Ha 4HCTO nOJIHTH4eCKOH n04Be.
fpe4eCKoe H 3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHoe HaCeJIeHHe 6JIH:>lilieBOCT04HbIX ropo.n.oB
y6HBaJIO H H3rOH JIO uy.n.eeB (He Be3.n.e 11 He OTOBCIO.n.y) He 3a HX 3THH4e-
CK}'IO npHHa)J,JIe)I(HOCTb, a 3a TO, 4TO C UYJl.eSlMH B MHp 6JIH)l(HeBOCT04-
Horo 3JIJIHHH3HpoBaHHoro 06blBaTeJISI npHWJIa BOHHa, KOTOpOH rpeKH,
)I{HBlllHe Ha DJIIDKHeM BOCTOKe, H Bo06111e Bce HaCeJIeHl1e, npH.n.ep)l{H-
BaBllleecSI ueHHOCTeH aHTH4HOH K}'JIbl)'pbl, COBepllleHHO He XOTeJIH, He
nOHHMIDI C.1I)'4HBlllerocSI 11 He npHHHMIDI uy.n.eHCKI1X Tpe60BaHHH K caMHM
ce6e H OKp alOllleH Jl.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH.
nO.n.BOWl HTom, OTMeTHM, 4TO KOH<pJIHKTbl B 3THX HaH60JIee 6ecno-
KOHHblX paHOHax I08 6blJIH JIH60 nOJIHTH4eCKHMH, JIH60 rpa)l{)J,aHCKO-
npaBOBbIMH. 3a BceM 3THM He 6blJI0 )I{eJIaHHSI H CTpeMJIeHH npecJIe.n.o-
BaTb I1JIH npl1TeCWlTb UYJl.eeB talK TaKOBbIX. B aHTH4HOM 3bI4eCKOM MHpe
B OTJIH4He OT eBponeHCKoro Cpe.n.HeBeKOBbSl Bce KOH<pJIHKTbl C uy.n.eSlMH
Ha4HHaJIHCb TOJIbKO Tor.n.a, Kor.n.a BO B3al1MOOTHOllleHHSlX uy.n.eeB C OKPy-
)I{alOlllHM Ml1pOM Ha4HHaJIO npO BJISlTbCSI 4TO-TO aHTHrpmK.D.aHCKoe. npH
3TOM peJIHrH03HblH H 3THH4eCKHH 3JIeMeHTbl B OTMe4eHHblX Bblllle KOH-
<pJIHKTaX B paMKaX S13bl4eCKoro 061l(eCTBa OCTaBaJIHCb BTOpH4HblMH, eCJIH
1060CHOBHble HCTO'iHHKH - <1>HJJOH «flPOTHB <1>JlaKKa», «a nOCOJlbCTBe K ra!O» (HMeeT-
CJI PYCCKHH nepeBO.ll B CJJe.llYIOll\eM H311aHHH: <1>HJJOH AJJeKCaH.llpHHCKHH. flpOTHB <1>JJaKKa. a
nOCOJJbCTBe K fa!O. HOCH<t> <1>JJaBHH. a .llpeBHOCTH eBpeHcKoro HapO.lla. flpOTHB AnHOHa.
flepeBO.ll C llpeBHerpe'ieCKoro. flpHJIOJKeHHe. JlYPbe C. Jl. AHTHCeMHTH3M B .llpeBHeM MHpe.
flonblTKH ero o6DJlCHeHHJI B HaYKe H ero npH'iHHbi. M., 1994), a TaKJKe 3HaMeHHTOe nHCbMO
KnaB.llHJI K aneKcaHllpHMUaM (CPJ. Vol. 2. N ]53).
107 Tcherikover V. Hellenistic civilization and the Jews. Philadelphia, 1959. P.289.
108 To eCTb TaKHX, r.lle HMeJJH MecTO TpeHHJI MeJK.llY HYlleJlMH H pHMCKOH BJJaCTblO.
224
TJlaea 4, J1yoeu u uyoauJ.\I e pu.\lCKa\1 06/1,ecm6e 1I zocyoapcn/6e..,
H Bo06l.L{e XOTh KaK-TO 3aMeTHhIMI1. 8 nOJ1HOH Mepe :no OTHOCHTCH H K
Emmy, r.n.e, KaK Y)f(e rOBOpHJ10Ch, 06pa3 l1y.n.eH B HaQI10HaJIhHOH HCTO-
pH'-IeCKOH JlHTeparype 6hIJI 113.n.peBJIe BeChMa OTpI1QaTeJIhHhIM.
JlI3 nOCJIeJ].Hero <paKTa, npaB.n.a, 6hlJI0 6hI HeocMOTpHTeJIhHO J].eJIaTh
.n.aJIeKO H.n.yl.L{He BhIBO.n.hl H 06BHHHTh erl1nTHH B Hemo6BH H .n.a)f(e HeHa-
BHCTH K Hy.n.eHM. MHOrO ' -1HCJIeHHhle emneTCKHe nanHpychl pHMcKoro
BpeMeHH cBH.n.eTeJlhCTBYIOT, 'ITO EmneT 6hIJl e.n.HHcTBeHHoH cTpaHoH B
Cpe.n.H3eMHoMophe, r.n.e HY.n.eH )f(HJIH He TOJIhKO B ropOJ].ax, HO H 3aHHMa-
JlHCh CeJIhCKI1M X03HHCTBOM 60K 0 60K C MeCTHhlMH )f(HTeJIHMI1, KaK
nOKa3hIBalOT MHoro'lHCJleHHhle npHMephl .n.0KYMeHTOB, ony6JIHKOBaHHhlx
BO BTOpOM 11 TpeTheM TOMax Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum. B HHX HeT
CBH.n.eTeJlhCTB KOH<pJlHKTOB .n.BYX .n.OCTaTO'lHO pa3HhlX Hapo.n.oB.
8. AHTHHYAeHcKHe HaCTpoeHHH pHMCKHX nHcaTeAeH
LITO KaCaeTCH npOHBJUlIOl.L{eHCH I1Hor.n.a HeJl106BI1 K (<I1y.n.eHCTBYIOl.L{I1M»
H Hy.n.eHM y aBTOpOB, COCTaBJIHIOl.L{HX OCHOBY rpe'leCKOH H pHMCKOH
JlHTeparyphl, TO 3.n.eCh npe.n.CTaBJIHeTCH He06xo.n.I1Mh1M pa36HpaThCH C
KIDK.D.hlM KOHKpeTHhlM CJl)''IaeM OTJ].eJIhHO H He cnelllHTh .n.eJlaTh BhIBO.n.hI.
KaK y)f(e OTMe'laJIOCh B Ha'laJIe rJIaBhl, 60JIhlllHHCTBO cBeJ].eHHH 06 HY.n.e-
HX H Hy.n.aH3Me, KOTophIe COXpaHHJlI1Ch .n.o HalllHX .n.HeH, no CBoeMY xa-
paKTepy a6COJllOTHO HeHTpaJIhHhI C :.meMeHTaMH eCTeCTBeHHoro I1HTe-
peca K BOCTO'lHOi1 3K30THKe l09 H Jll1lllh H3peJ].Ka - BpIDK.D.e6HhI. HHhIMH
CJlOBaMH, npe.n.CTaBJIeHHaH HH)f(e 06pa6oTKa MaTepl1aJlOB BpIDK.D.e6HOH
HanpaBJIeHHOCTH no OTHOllleHHIO K HYJ].eHM OTpIDKaeT npe.n.CTaBJIeHI1H 06
HY.n.e.llx H Hy.n.aH3Me Bcero JlHlllh Tex npe.n.cTaBI1TeJleH HHTeJIJleKl)'aJIhHOH
3JlHThl aHTH'IHOrO .113hl'leCKOrO MHpa, KOTophle no TeM HJlH HHhlM npl1'1H-
HaM OTHOCI1JlHCh K l1y.n.e.llM C HenpH.II3HhlO.
3HaMeHHThle <ppa3hI CeHeKH B nepeJ].a'le ABrycTHHoM (De civitate
Dei., VI, 11) BhlrJI.II.n.HT CJle.n.yIOI.l{HM 06pa30M:
De illis sane Iudaeis cum 10queretur, ait: «Cum interim usque eo
sceleratissimae gentis consuetudo convaluit, ut per omnes iam terras
recepta sit; victi victoribus leges dederunt. Mirabatur haec dicens et quid
divinitus ageretur ignorans subiecit plane sententiam, qua siginificaret
quid de illorum sacramentorum ratione sentiret. Ait enim: «Illi tamen
causas ritus suis nove runt; maior pars populi facit, quod cur faciat
ignorat». (<<KaCa.IICh)f(e 3THX HY.n.eeB, OH rOBopHT: "A Me)!()J,y TeM 06pa3
109CM. Bblwe. C. ]88-189.
225
A. r, fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uyi)mu'>f e ucmopuu PUMCKOli pecny6JlUKU u P1IMCKOU lL'>fnepUU
)IHI3HH 110 3TOro npeCl)'nHeHlllero Hapo.n.a .n.o Toro YCI1JIHJIC , lJTO Y)Ke
npHH T BO Bcex 3eMJI X. 006e)l{)J,eHHbie n06e.n.HTeJI M .n.aJ1H 3aKOHbl".
OH rOBOpHJI 06 3TOM C y.n.HBJIeHHeM - H He Be.n.a , lJTO npOHcxo.n.HT no
BOJIe 60)KeCTBa, - OH OTKpblTO BblCKa3blBaeT MbICJIb, KOTopa nOKa3bl-
BaeT, lJTO OH yYBCTBYeT 0 cym HX CB l.L{eHHbIX 06p .n.OB. Be.n.b OH roBO-
pHT: "OHH XOTb 3HalOT I1CTOKH CBOHX 06bllJaeB, 3HalJHTeJIbHa )Ke lJaCTb
Hapo.n.a [HX] C06JIIO.n.aeT, a nOlJeMY qTO .n.eJIaeT - He 3HaeT"».)
B PYCCKOM nepeBo.n.e H3BeCTHOH XpeCTOMaTHH M. llirepHa ll1 CTO llwe
B JIaTI1HCKOM TeKCTe nepBOH H3 npHBe.n.eHHblX <ppa3 CJIOBO consuetudo
nepeBe.n.eHO KaK «06bllJaH». <l>opMaJIbHO 3TO BnOJIHe B03MO)KHO, H60
OCHOBHble 3HalJeHH consuetudo .n.eHcTBHTeJIbHO «06bllJaH, npHBbllJKa».
O.n.HaKo, eCJIH roBOpHTb no CYTH, <ppa3a npH06peTaeT cTpaHHoBaTblH
OTfeHOK, H60 nOJIY1.JaeTC , 1.JTO CeHeKa B03MYllleH YCHIleHHeM «06bl1.JWI
3TOro npecl)'nHeHlllero Hapo.n.a», H 3.L(eCb Cpa3Y )Ke XOlJeTC cnpOCHTb -
o KaKOM, C06CTBeHHO, 06bl1.Jae H.n.eT pe1.Jb?
Me)l(.L(}' TeM BnOJIHe HCHblH OTBeT Ha Bonpoc, 1.JeM )Ke HMeHHO B03MY-
lllaeTC CeHeKa, 3aKJII01.JeH B CJIOBaX ero COBpeMeHHHKa <l>HJIOHa A.rIeK-
CaH.n.pHHcKOro. OH B nepBblX )Ke <ppa3ax «DHorpa<pHH MOHce » nHllleT
o TOM, 1.JTO CJIaBa 3aKOHOB, KOTopble OCTaBHJI MOl1cei1, .n.OlllJIa .n.o KpWl
3eMJIH, o.n.HaKO MOHceH OCTaeTC 01.JeHb nJIOXO 113BeCTeH H3-3a HeBHH-
MaHH K HeMY rpe1.JeCKHX aBTopoB (Philo, De Vita Mosis, I, 2-3).
CJIOBa 3TH nOKa3bIBaIOT, 1.JTO CeHeKa l12 .n.OJDKeH 6bUl B03MYlllaTbCH He
HeH3BeCTHO KaKHM 06bl1.JaeM uy.n.eeB, a lllHpOKHM pacnpOCTpaHeHHeM HX
06pa3a )KH3HH, HX peJII1rH03HbIX 06p .L(OB, npHHHMaeMblMH «UY.L(eHCTByJO-
lllHMH» nonynp03emITaMH 113. OOCJIe.n.Hee no.n.TBep)l{)J,aeTC KaK npHBo.n.H-
MblMH 1.fYTb HIDKe CJIOBaMH KBHHTHIlHaHa H TaQHTa, TaK H BTOpOH <ppa30H
CeHeKH, coxpaHeHHOH ABryCTHHOM, TalOKe OTHOCHl.L{eHCH K uy.n.e M. B HeH
npOTHBOnOCTaBJIeHa He60JIblllWi 1.JaCTb JIIO.n.eH, 3HalOlllHX CBOH 06bl1.JaH,
H 60JIblllHHCTBO, HCnOJIIDIlOlllee HX <pOpMaJlbHO, 6e3 nOHHMaHIDI.
1\0 HHOH B03MOJKHbIH BapHaHT nepeBO.lla «peJJHrH03HbIe 06pllllbJ».
11\ lllmepH, 1997. C. 432.
112 HeJlb3Jl He 3aMeTHTb, 'iTO <1>HJJOH H CeHeKa nHWYT 06 OllHOM H TOM JKe, XOTJI H C .llHa-
MeTpaJJbHO npoTHBOnOJJOJKeHHbIX n03HUHH. B03MOJKHO. 3TO COBn3.lleHHe HeCJJY'iaHHO H OT-
paJKaeT JJH60 JJHTepaTYpHyfO nOJleMHKY, JJH60 BJJHlIHHe OllHOro aBTOpa Ha .llpyroro. OTBeTHTb
Ha 3TOT BOnpOC CTOJlb 06CTOIITeJlbHO, KaK XOTeJJOCb 6bJ, HeB03MOJKHO, H60 TpaKTaT CeHeKH
«De superstitione» (<<a cyeBepHH»), H3 KOTOpOro ABrYCTHH 3aHMCTBOBaJJ 3TH $Pa3bI, He co-
XpaHHJJCII.
I\J Oco60 XOTeJJOCb 6bI nO.ll'iepKHYTh, 'iTO HHTepnpeTauHII C.10Ba consuetudo KaK «06pa3
JKH3HH» HJJoJJOrH'ieCKH BnOJJHe B03MOJKHa. OTMeTHM .llaJJee, 'iTO OC03HaHHe pa3JIH'iHH MeJK-
.llY HYlleIlMH, «HY.lleHCTByfOIUHMH» H xpHCTHaHa.\lH B03HHKaeT HeCKOJlbKO n03JKe, B KOHue I B.
H. 3. CM.: fle6uHCKaJI 11. A. J],eIlHH!I anOCTOJJOB Ha $OHe eBpeiicKOH .llHaCnOpbI. Cfl6., 2000.
C. 25-48; Goodman M. Who was a Jew? Oxford, 1989.
226
rJlaaa -/, J1ydeu U uyoaUJ.\1 e pUJl/CKa" o6u/ecmae U zocyoapcmae...
B CJIOBaX CeHeKH HeT npSlMoro OTBeTa Ha Bonpoc, KTO, c06CTBeHHO,
HMeeTCJI. B BH.n.y. M. llhepH 11 ero npeJ].llleCTBeHHHK C. PeHHaK C1.JHTaIOT,
1.JTO 3.n.eCb npOTHBonOCTaBJIeHbl Hy.n.el1, 3HalOlI.{l1e HCTOKH CBOI1X 06b1-
1.JaeB, H MHO)l{eCTBO (<Hy.n.eHCTBYIOll{HX», KOTopble 3TH X 06b14aeB He
3HaJIH 114 . O.n.HaKO nOJl.BJIeHHe 3.n.eCb CJIOBa populus «Hapo.n.» HaBOJ].HT Ha
MblCJIb 0 TOM, 1.JTO 3.n.eCb I1MeeTCJI. B BI1.n.y COBceM I1Hoe npOTHBonOCTaB-
JIeHHe: Hy.n.eH, 3HalOll{He cyrb H I1CTOKI1 CBOHX 06PJl..n.OB, npOTHBonoc-
TaBJIeHbl 60JIbIlleH 4aCTH pHMCKoro Hapo.n.a, B OCHOBHOM 3a6blBlllero
06 HCTOKax 11 cyrl1 CBOI1X pHMCKI1X peJII1rH03HbiX 06pJl..n.OBI15. B nOJIb3Y
HMeHHO TaKOH HHTepnpeTaQHI1 CBI1.n.eTeJIbCTByeT cneQH!lmKa ynoTpe6-
JIeHHJI. TepMI1Ha populus, ynoTpe6JIJl.BlllerOcJI. npeHMYll{eCTBeHHO .n.JIJI.
pHMcKoro Hapo.n.a, a He Hapo.n.OB npOBHHQHH. B nOCJIe.n.HeM CJIY4ae 4all{e
Bce JKe 6y.n.eT ynoTpe6JIJl.TbCJI. gens. B 3TOH CBJl.3H XOTeJIOCb 6bl TalOKe
06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha npI1Bo.n.I1BlllHHCJI. BblIlle OTpblBOK H3 UeJIb3a,
coxpaHeHHblH 0pHreHOM, r.n.e TalOKe npOTHBonOCTaBJIJl.IOTCJI. l1y.n.eH,
3HalOll{l1e CBOI1 06b14aH, H JKHTeJIH I1MnepHH, n03a6b1Bllll1e HCTOKH
c06CTBeHHbiX 06bl4aeB 11 YBJIeKlllHeCSI 3K30TH4eCKHMH BOCT04HblMH
K)'JIbTaMH.
1.Jro )l{e KaCaeTCJI. «n06e)l{)J,eHHbIX, .n.HKl)'IOll{I1X 3aKOHbi n06e.n.l1TeJIJl.M»,
TO 3TO )J,J1J1. pHMCKOH JIHTeparypbl lllTaMn, 06lI.{ee Mecro, BblpIDKalOlI.{ee
COJKaJIeHHe pHMCKI1X apHCTOKpaTOB no nOBO.n.y .n.ypHoro BJII1S1HHJI. Boc-
TOKa Ha pHMCKHH Tpa.n.HQHOHHbIH 06pa3 JKH3HH I16 . bblJIO 6bl HeJIenO B
3TOH CBJl.3H BocnpHHHMaTb aHTI1I1)'.n.eHCKHH Bbma.n. CeHeKH H30JIHpOBaH-
HO OT pHMCKOro 06ll{eCTBeHHoro MHeHHJI., T04Hee roBOpSl, - OT MHeHHSI
HHTeJIJIeKTYaJIbHOH, nHIllYll{eH 4aCTH pHMCKoro 06ll{eCTBa. OrOBOpK)'
npI1Xo.n.I1TCJI. J].eJIaTb nOTOMY, 4TO HHblX MHeHHH 06 HY.n.eJl.X B OTJIH4He OT
xpHCTHaHCKoro BpeMeHH MbI npOCTO He 3HaeM. MHorue JKe npHMepbl,
OTHOCJl.lI.{HeCJI. K pa3HbiM BeKaM 11 pa3HbiM cTpaHaM, nOKa3b1Ba1OT, 4TO
MHeHHe (HJIH MHeHIDI) HHTeJIJIeKTYaJIOB, HMelOll{HX B03MOJKHOCTb Bblpa-
JKaTb CBOH MblCJIH nHCbMeHHO, He OTpIDKalOT MHeHHJI. Bcero 06ll{eCTBa B
QeJIOM. B JIY4IlleM CJIY1.Jae MOJKHO roBOpHTb 0 TOM, 4TO JIHTeparop Bbl-
pIDKaeT l1)J,eH KaKOH-TO 4aCTI1 06lI.{eCTBa, TOro HJIH HHOro 06ll{eCTBeHHO-
ro CJIOJl..
"4 CM. lllmepH, 1997. C. 433.
'" 11. A. J1eBHHCKa!I (J],eJlHH!I anOCTO,lOB Ha <t>oHe eBpeHcKoH .llHaCnopbJ. Cfl6., 2000.
C. 62. flpHM. 41) OTMe'iaeT TaKOH aapHaHT HHTepnpeTaUHH llaHHOH $paJbl B Ka'ieCTBe O.llHO-
ro H3 B03MOJKHbIX.
1160CHOBHbie - COnJaCHO pHMCKOMY 06weCTBeHHOMY MHeHll10 - no6ellbl 3aBOeBaHHblX
TePPHTOPHH Hall no6ellHTeJJeM CYTh CJJellYIOWHe: a no6e.ae fpeUHH Hall PIIMOM CM: Hor., Ep.,
II, I, 156; 0 no6e.lle CHpHH Ha.ll PHMOM CM.: Flor. Epit., I, 47, 7; 0 no6elle npOBHHltHH H3.ll
PHMOM B ueJJOM CM.: Plin, Hist. Nat., XXIV. 5.
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PU.WCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PU.WCKOU u.\mepuu
Cpe.n.H HaH60JIee pe3KHX aHTHH)'.n.eHCKHX Bbma OB aHTH1.JHOH J1HTe-
parypbl BTOpblM no BpeMeHI1 CJIe.n.yeT Ha3BaTb OTpblBOK H3 C01.Jl1HeHHR
MapKa <I>a6HR KBHHTI1J1HaHa «0 BOCnHTaHI1H opaTopa». TeKCT 3TOT lI7
BbI3blBaeT MHOJKeCTBO BonpOCOB, H60 He TaK JIerKO BbIRCHHTb, KOro H 3a
1.JTO HMeHHO He J1I06HT KBHHTHJmaH.
Et parentes malorum odimus: et est conditoribus urbium infame con-
traxisse aliquam pemiciosam ceteris gentem, qualis est primus Iudaicae
superstition is auctor: et Grachorum leges invisae. (<<Mbl HeHaBI1.n.HM H
nopo.n.HBWHX 3J10. nOCTbl.n.eH .D.J1R oCHOBaTeJIeH ropO.n.OB TOT <paKT, 1.JTO
OHI1 C06PaJIH Boe.n.HHo HeKoe m6eJ1bHOe .D.J1R Jl.pymx nJIeMR; TaKOB nep-
BblH H306peTaTeJ1b H)'.n.eHcKoro cyeBepl1R; 11 3aKOHbl fpaKXOB RBJIRIOTCR
HeHaBHCTHbIMH». )
CJ10JKHOCTb I1HTepnpeTaQl111 3TOro TeKCTa CBR3aHa C TeM, 1.JTO KBHH-
THJIHaH nblTaeTCR OCMbICJ1RTb HCTOpHlO .n.pyroro Hapo.n.a comaCHO npe.n.-
CTaBJIeHI1RM, KOTopble B .n.aHHOM CJ1Y'Iae HenpHMeHHMbl. KpOMe TOro,
.D.J1R KBHHTHJIHaHa HeOJKH aHHO OKa3bIBaIOTCR o.n.HHaKoBbIMH no .n.yxy H
3Ha'leHHIO .n.Ba C06bITHR, KOTOpble Ha caMOM .n.eJIe HH'IeM He 06'be.n.I1HeHbl
MeJK.D.Y C060H, a npe.D.J1araeMaR JKe HM caMHM CBR3b BblmR.n.HT O'leHb
HauH)'TO.
nepBaJI 'IaCTb 3TOH <ppa3bl .n.onycKaeT .n.Ba BapHaHTa HHTepnpeTaQHH,
npH 3TOM 06a npOTHBOpe'laT HCTHHe. CJIOBa KBHHTHJIHaHa MOJKHO nOHJITb
KaK npe.n.cTaBJIeHl1e 0 TOM, 'ITO Hy.n.eHCKI1H Hapo KaK TaKOBOH 6blJ1 cne-
QHaJlbHO c03.n.aH HeKHM H306peTaTeJ1eM Hy.n.eHcKoro cyeBepHR nYTeM
«CHHOHKH3Ma», T. e. nyreM npl1H)'.n.I1TeJIbHOrO nOCeJIeHHR B O.n.HOM Mec-
Te J11O eH, )K}fBlllHX paHee B pa3HblX HaCeJ1eHHbIX nyHKTax. A6cyp.n.HOCTb
3TOro YTBepJK.D.eHHR B KOMMeHTapHRX He HYJK)J,aeTCR.
JIorl1KY MbICJ1H KBI1HTI1J1l1aHa MOJKHO, o.n.HaKO, nOHRTb 11 HHa'le - KaK
YKa3aHHe Ha TO, 1.JTO OCHOBaTeJ1H KaKHX-TO HeHa3BaHHblX H HenOHRTHO
r.n.e Haxo.n.RI.JJ.HXCR ropo.n.OB Ha30HJ1HBO npHrnalllaJ1H Hy.n.eeB B CBOH
ropo.n.a, C03.n.aBaJI HM B CBOHX nOJIl1cax 6J1arOnpHRTHble YCJ10BI1R .n.J1R
JKH3HH.
KaK 6bJJIO nOKa3aHO Bblllle, Bce CBe.n.eHHR 0 nOJIY'IeHHH Hy eRMH
KaKHX-TO OC06blX JIbroT B 3JIJII1HI1CTH1.JeCKHe BpeMeHa RBJIRIOTCR anOJIO-
reTH'IeCKHMH J1ereH.n.aMI1. lho JKe KacaeTCR pHMCKoro BpeMeHH, TO, KaK
nOKa3bIBaIOT npHMepbl, paCCMOTpeHHbie B npe.n.bl.n.yweH rnaBe, a.n.MHHH-
CTpaIUUI ropO.n.OB MaJlOH A3HI1 H KupeHaHl<H no.n. BJIIDIHHeM nOJI)''IaeMbIX
CBblllle paCnOpR)f(eHHH npHHHMaJla KOMnpOMI1CCHble pellleHHR, B 113BeCT-
1I7lnstitutio aratoria, III, 7, 21. B 3TOM MeCTe KBHHTHJJHaH pa36HpaeT Bonpoc, KaKHMH
aprYMeHTaMH 1l0JJJKeH BOCnOJJb30BaTbCII oparop, JKenaI-OlllHH npoH3HeCTH 06BHHHTeJJbHy/o
(HJJH XYJlHTeJJbHYIO) pe'ib.
228
r,qaea 4, l1ydeu U uyoaU3.\1 e pUJl/CKa\t 06ulecmee U zocydapcmee..
HOH Mepe y.n.OBJIeTBOpRIOI.JJ.He 3anpOCbl l1y.n.eeB, HO Bonpoc 0 cneUHCUlbHOM
npHmallleHHI1 Hy.n.eeB Ha )K}fTeJIbCTBO B onpe.L(eJIeHHOe MeCTO HI1KOma
He CTORJI.
3.n.ecb XOTeJIOCb 6bl ell.{e pa3 no.n.lJepKHYTb, lJTO, 3a HCKJIIOLJeHHeM
narreCTI1Hbl, MarroH A3HH, AJIeKcaH.n.pI1H EruneTcKoH H KHpeHaI1KH, y
pHMCKOro rocY.L(apCTBa Bo061l.{e HI1Kor.n.a 11 HHr.n.e He 6b1JIO CKOJIbKO-HI16y.n.b
cepbe3Hblx np06JIeM C uy.n.eRMI1, H60 TOJIbKO B 3THX peruoHax l1y.n.eH
06pall.{arrHCb K BJIaCTRM C KOHKpeTHblMI1 nOJIHTHlJeCKHMH no cym Tpe-
60BaHHRMH 06eCneLJI1Tb ce6e B03MOJKHOCTb JKHTb no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB.
B .L(pyrux peruoHax, r.n.e uy.n.eHCKl1e 06I.JJ.I1Hbl He 6blJII1 MHoroLJHCJIeHHbl
H, B03MOJKHO, 60raTbl, me B OTJII1LJl1e OT PHMa uy.n.eH He 06JIa.n.arrl1 CTa-
ryCOM pHMCKOro rpaJK.D.aHCTBa, TaKHe Tpe60BaHHR JIH60 BOBce He Bbl-
.L(BHrarrI1Cb, JIH60 (LJTO TOJKe .n.OnyCTHMO) 6b1JII1 CTOJIb HepelllHTeJIbHbl,
lJTO ueHTparrbHaR BJIaCTb Moma ce6e n03BOJIHTb HX npoHrHopHpoBaTb.
Oc060ro BHHMaHHR 3ac.rryJKHBaeT BTOpaR nOJIOBHHa <ppa.3bl KBHHH-
THJIaHa. CYM no BceM)', HHKTO 113 KOMMeHTaTopOB He 06paTHJI BHHMaHHR
Ha TO, lJTO I1MeHHO Bbl3blBaeT y Hero TaKYIO JKe HeHaBHCTb, KaK 11 «rH-
6eJIbHOe nJIeMR». CJIOBa et leges Grachorum invisae - «H 3aKOHbl fpaK-
XOB Bbl3blBalOT HeHaBHCTb» CTORT B npe.D.J10JKeHHH TaK, LJTO lJHTaTeJIIO
CTaHOBHTCR OlJeBH.n.HO CJIe.n.YlOll.{ee: HeJII060Bb K uy.n.eRM H «uy.n.eHcKoMY
cyeBepl1lO» H HeJII060Bb K 3aKOHaM fpaKxoB .D.J1R KBI1HTHJIHaHa paBHO-
3HaLJHbl. nOCJIe.n.HHH JKe <paKT rOBopHT 0 MHOroM.
HalJHeM C TOro, lJTO KBHHTHJIHaH npl1paBHI1BaeT HeconOCTaBHMoe -
He COBceM nOHRTHble pHMCKOM)' 06blBaTeJIIO 06blLJaH O.n.HOro H3 Hapo.n.OB
DJIHJKHerO BOCTOKa H 3aKOHbl KOHua II B. .n.o H. 3., HanpaBJIeHHble Ha
npo.n.OJIJKeHHe OCTporo arpapHoro H nOJIHTHlJeCKoro KpH3Hca B PHMCKOH
pecny6JIHKe. 3aKOHbl rpaKXOB B KalJeCTBe O.n.HOH H3 Mep no pellleHHIO
np06JIeM 06I.JJ.eCTBa npe.n.ycMaTpHBarrH BblBe.n.eHHe KOJIOHHH. BepORTHee
Bcero, I1MeHHO 3TO 06CTORTeJIbCTBO H npHBeJIO K 06'be.n.I1HeHHIO y KBHH-
THJIHaHa B paMKax O.n.HOH <ppa.3bl MI1<pl1lJeCKHX OCHOBaTeJIeH ropo.n.OB,
pa.n.eTeJIeH 3Jla H uy.n.eeB C BnOJIHe pearrbHblMH pHMCKHMH nOJIHTHlJeCKH-
MH .n.eRTeJIRMH. npaB.n.a, HeJIl1lllHe HanOMHHTb, lJTO TH6epHH H faH fpaK-
XH JKHJIH JIeT 3a 200 .n.o KBHHTHJIl1aHa, Tor.n.a KaK uy.n.eH, CTOJIb He Hpa-
BRIl.{HeCR KBHHTHJIHaH)', - 3TO ero COBpeMeHHHKH.
3TO conOCTaBJIeHHe HeconOCTaBHMoro y KBHHTHJIHaHa n03BOJIReT
TOlJHO CKa.3aTb, nOLJeMY OH pe3Ko BbICKa3bIBaeTCR no nOBo.n.y Hy.n.eeB.
3aKoHbl TH6epHR H faR fpaKxOB OTKpblBalOT .L(J1HTeJIbHbIH nepHo.n. rpa-
JK)J.aHCKI1X BOHH B PI1Me, 3aKOHlJI1Bllll1XCR YCTaHOBJIeHHeM MOHapXHlJeCKOH
BJIaCTH. 3aKoHbl TH6epHR H faR fpaKXOB cTarrH, KpoMe TOro, HalJarrOM
KOHua pl1MCKOrO Tpa.n.HUHOHHOro mrrpHapxarrbHoro 06pa.3a )K}f3HH, CTOJIb
.n.oporo KaK .L(J1R cOBpeMeHHHKoB, npH.n.epJKHBaBlllHxcR KOHcepBaTHBHblX
229
A, f. fpyweBoH. l1yoeu u uydQ/l3A-I 6 ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6.mKu u PU!l1CKOU u.wnepuu
B3rJIH.n.OB I18 , TaK H.D.JIH pHMCKHX apl1CTOKpaTOB nOCJ1e.D.YIO HX CTOJIeTI1H,
C HOCTaJIbrHeH BcnOMHHaBlllHX 06 H.n.eaJIbHOM - KaK HM Ka3aJIOCb-
npOlllJIOM. HMeHHO B 3TOM I1CTOpH'-IeCKOM KOHTeKCTe H CJIe.n.YeT BocnpH-
HHMaTb CJIOBa KBHHTHJIl1aHa 06 H)'.n.eHX. OHH .D.JIH Hero - He 60JIee qeM
o.n.Ha H3 COCTaBJIHIOlI.{HX Tex cpaKTOpOB, KOTopble pa3pYlllaJIH Tpa.n.HQH-
OHHblH pHMCKHH 06pa3 JKH3HI1 11 pl1MCKHe QeHHOCTI1.
3aBeplllaH paCCMOTpeHHe KBHHTHJ1HaHa, OTMeTHM, qTO ero CJ10Ba -
:no 06pa3eQ HppaQHOHaJIbHblX no cym cBoei1 3MOQHH, B KOTOpblX on-
pe.n.eJIHIOlI.{HM HBJIHeTCH .n.aJKe He HeHaBHCTb K H)'.n.eHM, a 3MOQHOHaJIbHOe
BocnpHHTHe BceH COBOK)'nHOCTH npHqHH, npHBe.n.lllHX K yna.n.K)' PHMa H
pHMCKoro Tpa.n.HQI10HHOro 06pa3a JKI13HH.
HaH60JIee 06CTOHTeJIbHO 0 HeJII06BH K H)'.n.eHM nHllleT 3HaMeHHTblH
KOpHeJ1HH TaQHT. O.n.HaKo ero CJIOBa TaIOKe He HMelOT HHqero 06lI.{ero C
aHTI1CeMI1TI13MOM, eCJ1H, KOHeqHO, OTHOCHTbCH K co06 eHHHM HCTOqHH-
KOB Henpe.L(B3HTo Il9 .
B HaqaJIe nHTOH KHHfH HCTOpl1H TaQHT nHllleT I20 06 H)'.n.eHX H H)'.L(eH-
CKHX 06blqaHX .L(OCTaTOqHO no.n.p06HO: Hi ritus quo quo modo inducti
antiquitate defenduntur: cetera instituta, sinistra foeda, pravitate valuere.
Nam pessimus quisque spretis religionibus patriis tributa et stipes illuc
(con)gerebant l2l , unde auctae ludeorum res, et quia apud ipsos fides
obstinata, misericordia in promptu, sed adversus omnes alios hostile odium.
(<<KaKoBo 6bI HH 6b1JIO npOHCXO)l(.L(eHl1e 3THX 06blqaeB, OHH CHJ1bHbl
CBoeH .n.peBHOCTblO; npoqHe JKe YCTaHOBJ1eHHH, OTBpa-mTeJIbHIDI Mep30CTb,
06peJIH CHlIY H3-3a nOpOqHOCTI1. H Be.L(b .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO, caMble nOCJIe.n.-
Hl1e HHqTOJKeCTBa (H3 .n.PYfHX nJ1eMeH), npe3peB Bepy OTQOB, Be3J1H H
Be3J1H l)'.n.a nOJKepTBOBaHHH, OTqero H npH)'MHOJKHJIaCb MOlI.{b Hy.n.eeB; a
ewe H nOTOMY OHa OKpenJ1a, qTO Cpe.L(H CBOHX BepHOCTb HX HenOKOJIe611-
Ma H rOTOBHOCTb K COCTpa.n.aHHIO HeH3MeHHa, Bcex JKe OCTaJIbHblX OHH
HeHaBH)J,jIT, KaK BparoB»\22.)
118 311ecb HaH6cmee H3BeCTHbI !lBa 3Ha.\leHHTbIX npe!lCTaBHTe,111 ceMeHCTBa nopuneB - Ka-
TOH CTapwHH H KaTOH MJJ3.llWHH,
119 a B3fJJIIllaX TaUHTa Ha Hy.aeeB CM. nOllp06HO: Rochette B, Juifs et romains. Y-a-t-il un
antijudai'sme romain? II REJ. 200 I. T. ]60. P. 25-26.
120 flpHBO.lllIMbIH HHJKe OTpblBOK - Hist., V, 5, I. (nO,lHOCTblO BeCb naccaJK TaltHTa 06
HY.llellX HeCKOJJbKO 60Jlee llJIHHHbIH: Hist., V, 1-13.) KOMMeHTapHeB Ha 3TOT OTpblBOK TauHTa
H1BeCTHO 1l0CTaTO'iHO MHOro. nOMHMO M, WTepHa (lllmepli. 2000. C. 1fr(1) XOTenOCb 6bJ
TaKJKe OTMeTHTb: Wardy B. Jewish Religion in Pagan Literature during the Late Republic and
Early Empire II ANRW. 2, ]9, I. Berlin; New York, 1979. P.613-631.
I ' B OllHHX pYKonHCIIX ueCb gerebant, B llPYrHX - congerebant.
In BOCnpOIl3BOllHTCII nepeBO,J no H3,JaHHIO: lllmepH, 2000. C. 24-25, nepeBo.a r. c.
KHa6e (KopHe,lHH TaUHT. CO'iHHeHHe B llBYX TOMax. TOM nepBbIH. AHHa.1bI. Ma.1bIe npom-
BelleHHII. TOM BTOpOH. HCTOpHII. Cn6.. 1993. c. 549) OTJJWlaeTCII xopoweii mITepaT)'pHoH
230
Tllaaa 4. l1ydeu U uyoau3M e PIL\fCKOM 06UJecmee u zocyoapcmee,..
CJIOBa TaLl.HTa Ba)l<Hbl TeM, 4TO Y Hero HaH60JIee 4eTKO Ha3BaHbl
npH4HHbl He.n.OBOJIbCTBa H)'.n.eRMH. Bce 3MOLl.HH 3HaMeHHToro pl1MCKOro
apHCTOKpaTa HanpaBJIeHbl npOTHB «H)'.n.eHCTBYlOlLI.HX», npe3peBlllHX Bepy
OTLl.OB H npeYMHOJKHBllJHX TeM caMblM MOlLl.b Hy.n.eeB. HHblMH CJIOBaMH,
Y TaLl.HTa, KaK H Y CeHeKH H KBHHTHJIHaHa, HenpHR3Hb BbI3blBalOT npe-
JK.D.e Bcero He Hy.n.eH, aTe, KTO npHMblKaeT K HHM H3 4HCJIa rpeKOB H
pHMJIRH, H3MeHRR CBOHM OTe4eCKHM 60raM H 06b14aRM.
nO.n.BOM )l(e HeKoTopble HTOrH, OTMeTHM, 4TO Bce HaH60JIee H3BeCT-
Hble aHTI1Hy.n.eHCKHe no <}>opMe Bbma)J,bl aHTH4HblX aBTOpOB HanpaBJIeHbl
no CYTH npoTHB «H)'.n.eHCTB)'1OI.l{HX», OTKa3bIBalOlLI.HXCR OT Bepbl H 06bl-
4aeB OTLl.OB. C06cTBeHHo aHTHH)'.n.eHcKOro HacTpoR B 3THX Bbma)J,ax MallO:
npl1Be.n.eHHble <}>aKTbl nOKa3blBalOT, 4TO CeHeKa, KBI1HTHJIl1aH 11 TaLl.HT
HH<}>opMaLl.HeH 06 H)'.n.eRx He pacnOJIaralOT. ,[{aJKe TaLl.HT, H3 3THX Tpex
aBropoB nHllJYI.l{HH 06 H)'.n.eRX HaH60JIee no.n.P06HO, H3JIaraeT B nepBblx
rJIaBaX nRTOH KHHrH HCTOpHH JIHlllb CJIYXH, K KOTOpblM OH no CYlLI.eCTBY
He 3HaeT, KaK OTHeCTHCb. KpOMe TOro, cJIe.n.YeT HMeTb B BH.n.y, 4TO e.n.Ba
JII1 3TH CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBa HMeeT CMblCJI BocnpHHHMaTb 6YKBaJlbHO.
,[{eHCTBI1TeJIbHO, eCJIH He 04eHb B.n.YMblBaTbCR, TO Bce 3T11 TeKCTbl
MOJKHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBO llll1pOKOrO pacnpOCTpaHeHHR
np03eJIHTH3Ma, nO-HacroRlLI.eMY rH6eJIbHoro .LJ.JIR pHMCKOro rocy.n.apCTBa.
MeJK.D.Y TeM 3.n.eCb CJIe.n.YeT Y4HTblBaTb KaK nCHXOJIOrHIO aBTOpOB 3THX
C0411HeHHH (pHMCKHe apHCTOKpaTbl C KOHcepBaTHBHblMH B3rJIR.n.aMH),
TaK H cHlyaLl.l11O B 061.l{eCTBe B Ll.eJIOM. PHMCKoe 06I.l{eCTBO, npaB.n.a He
04eHb nOCJIeJ].OBaTeJIbHO H He 04eHb peryJIRpHO, Ha4HHaJlO 60pOTbCR co
BceMH BOCT04HblMI1 BepOBaHHRMH, a He TOJIbKO C I1YJl.eHCKHMH, H60 OHH
BocnpHHHMaJlHCb KaK 06lL1.eCTBeHHo BpeJl.Hble.
KaK YJKe OTMe4aJ10Cb Bblllle, TaKoe npol1cxo.n.HJIo TOJIbKO Tor.n.a, Koma
B 06lL1.eCTBe CJIY4aJ10Cb 4TO-TO, 3aCTaBJIRIOlLI.ee BJIaCTI1 06paTHTb BHHMa-
HHe Ha pOJIb, nOJIOJKeHHe H 3Ha4eHI1e BOCT04HblX K)'JIbTOB B 06lL1.eCTBe.
TaK, eCJII1 BepHTb HOCH<}>Y <I>JIaBHIO, Hacl)'nJIeHHe Ha erHneTCKHe H
H)'.n.eHcKHe K)'JIbTbl B 19 r. 06'bRCHRJIOCb Jl.BYMR yroJIOBHblMI1 .n.eJIaM 11 123 .
PHMCKHH BCa)J,HI1K no HMeHH ,[{eLl.HH MYH.n. 6bIJI HepaBHo.n.YllleH K O.n.HOH
cf!OPMOH, HO HHoma O'ieHb .llaJJeKO YXO.llHT OT opnflIHaJJa B OTJlH'iHe OT nepeBOlla, HMelOwe-
roeJl B XpeCTOMaTHH M. WTepHa: «Ho KaKOBO 6bl HH 6bIJJ0 npOHCXOJK.lleHHe Bcex onHcaHHblX
06bl'iaeB, OHH eHJIbHbl eBoeH my60KOH llpeBHOCTblO; npO'iHe JKe YCTaHOBJJeHHII, Mep3KHe H
rHYCHble, CTOJIT Ha He'ieCTHH, KOTOpoe uapHT Y HYlleeB: caMble HH3KHe HerO.llJlH, npe3peB Bepy
OTUOB, nnaTHJJH HM nOllaTH, JKepTBOBaJJH lleHbrH H OTTOro B03pocno MoryweeTBo 3TOro Ha-
po.u.a; B03poeJJO OHO ewe H OTTOro, 'iTO HYlleH OXOTHO nOMorIDOT .u.pyr llpyry, 3aTO KO BeeM
npO'iHM CMepTHblM BpaJK.lle6Hbl H HeHaBH.1JlT HX».
I2J Mbl He 3HaeM, K COJKaJJeHHIO, MOJKHO JJH CBeeTH npH'iHHbl C06bITHH ] 9 r. H. 3. TOnbKO
K reM cf!aKTaM, 0 KOTOpblX co06waeT HOCHcf! <1>. aBHii.
231
A, f. rpyweBoH. l1ydeu U uyoaU3.'>f 6 ucmopull PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU U PUMCKOU UMnepllU
pHMCKOH apl1CTOKpaTKe, nOql1TaTeJIbHHQe 60ruHH HCHJ].bI. BOH)J,jI B cro-
BOp C )f{peQaMH xpaMa HCH.n.bl, CYll.{eCTBOBaBlllero B PHMe, MYH.n. OTnpa-
BHJI npe.n.Me1)' CBoeH CTpaCTH nHCbMO KaK 6b1 OT I1MeHH BJIlo6JIeHHoro B
Hee 60ra AHy6Hca. )l{eHIl.{HHa npHlllna B xpaM H MYH.n., npo.n.OJI)f{a
I1rpaTb ponb :noro 6ora, BcrynJm C HeH B «CB ll.{eHHbIH» 6paK. 06MaH
nOTOM paCKpbIJ1C , H HCTOpl1 Ha)J,eJIaJIa MHoro lllYMa (Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud.,
XVIII, 65-80). BTOpoe npecrynneHl1e TaKoro TUna, CKa3aBllleec nOTOM
Ha a)J,enTax H)'.n.aH3Ma B PHMe, 3aKJ1lOqaJIOCb B TOM, qTO qeTBepO Hy.n.eeB
y6e.n.HJIH o.n.HY 3HaTH)'1O pHMCK)'1O .n.aMY nocnaTb .n.oporue .n.apbl B Hepy-
canHMCKHH xpaM, a nOTOM nOXHTHnl1 HX (Fl. Jos., Ant. Jud., XVIII,
81-84).
CJIeJ].cTBHeM )f{e :noro CTaJIO 3anpell.{eHHe B PH Me OTnpaBJIeHH erH-
neTCKHX, H)'.n.eHCKI1X H, BI1.n.HMO, HeKOTopblX HHblX K)'JIbTOBbIX 06p .n.OB
BOCToqHOrO npoI1CXO)f{J1eHH , a TalOKe Oqepe.n.Ha BblCblJIKa H)'.n.eeB H3
PHMa I24 .
C06blTHe 3TO OCTaJIOCb B naM TH MHOruX cOBpeMeHHHKoB. TaK, co-
maCHO CBeTOHHIO, TH6epHH extemas caerimoniis, Aegyptios Iudaicosque
ritus comescuit, coactis qui superstitione ea tenebantur reliiosas vestes
cum instrumento omni comburere (Suert. Tib., 36, I). (<<l.JY)f{e3eMHble
CB ll.{eHHo.n.eHCTBH , H B oc06eHHocTH eruneTCKHe H H)'.n.eHcKHe 06p .n.bl,
OH [TH6epHH. - A. f. r.] 3anpenlJl; Tex, KTO 6bIJI npe.n.aH 3THM cyeBe-
pH M, OH 3aCTaBI1n C)f{eqb CBOH CB ll.{eHHble o.n.e)f{J1bl BMeCTe co BceH
YTBapblO» 125.)
npHMepHO neT qepe3 .n.Ba.n.QaTb 06 3TH X )f{e C06b1TH X BcnOMHHn
CeHeKa B O.n.HOM H3 CBOHX nHceM: In primum Tiberii Caesaris principatum
iuventae tempus inciderat:alienigena turn sacra movebantur et inter
superstition is ponebatur quorundam animalium abstinentia (Ep. Mor.,
CVIII, 22). (<<BpeM MoeH MOJIO.n.OCTH npHlllnocb Ha HaqaJIO npHHQI1-
naTa TH6epl1 IJ,e3ap». Tor.n.a 113roH nHcb cBjJll.{eHHo.n.eHcTBH HHOpO.n.-
QeB H KaK cyeBepHe paccMaTpHBaJIOCb B03.n.ep)f{aHHe OT HeKoTopblX
)f{HBOTHbIX» 126.)
npaB.n.a, 3TO roHeHHe Ha BOCTOqHble K)'nbTbl oc06oro ycnexa He HMe-
JIO B TOM CMblcne, qTO I1CKopeHHTb HX HMnepaTOp H ceHaT OKa3aJII1Cb He
B COCTOjJHHH. ,[{OK)'MeHTbl CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 HaJIHqHH B .n.aJIbHeHllleM
1241.!acTH'iHO Bonpoc pacCMaTpHBaJJCJI Bblwe, 0 c06b1THJlX 19 r. B PHMe CM. nOllpo6HO:
Jle6uHCKGR H. A. YK. CO'i. C. 66-72; WmepH. 2000. C. 67-70.
125 BocnpOH3BOJ1HTCJI nepeBOll M. 11. racnapoBa no H311aHHIO: raH CBeTOHHii TpaHKBH,u.
)KH3Hb .llBeH3.llUaru ue3apeJ:i. H311aHHe nOllroTOBHJlH M. 11. raCnapOB HE. M, WTaepMaH. M.,
1964. C. 90.
126 H3 KOHTeKCTa JlCHO, 'iTO pe'ib H.lleT 0 B03.llepJKaHHH OT ynOTpe6JJeHHJI B nHmy MJlca
HeKOTOpblX JKHBOTHbIX.
232
TJlaea 4, l1ydeu IIl1yoauJM e pUMCKQM o6UJecmee U ?ocyoapcmee..
B PI1Me 11 BbIxo.n.ueB C BOCTOKa, 11 BOCTO'-lHbIX K)'JIbTOB, B TOM '-IHCJIe H
uy.n.eHcKoro 127 . l.JeM MO)J(HO 06'MICHHTb TaK)'1O .n.BOHCTBeHHOCTb no.n.xo.n.a
B R3bI'-IeCKHe BpeMeHa K BOCTOK)' H BOCTO'-lHbIM BepOBaHHRM? BH.n.HMO,
.n.eJIO B TOM, '-ITO pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTb BOCTO'-lHbIX K)'JIbTOB 6eCnOKOHJIa
.n.aJIeKO He Bcex: KTO-TO caM 6bIJI HX npHBep)J(eHueM, KTO-TO npOCTO
npe.n.nO'-lHTaJI 3aKpbIBaTb m3.3a H Ha 3TH K)'JIbTbI, H Ha HX a.n.enTOB, pac-
CMaTpHBaR HX, BbIpCUKaRCb COBpeMeHHbIM R3bIKOM, KaK MaprHHaJIOB,
He.n.OCTOHHbIX oc060ro BHHMaHHR.
B CJIY'-Iae 060cTpeHHR CH"ryaUHH B 06lL1.ecTBe I1JIH KOHKpeTHbIX yro-
JIOBHbIX .n.eJI rocy.n.apCTBeHHaR BJIaCTb B KaKOH-TO Mepe 06palLl.aJIa BHH-
MaHHe Ha 3TH «'-IY)J()J,bIe» K)'JIbTbI H «nO.L(03pHTeJIbHbIe» 3JIeMeHTbI: Ha
npHBep)J(eHueB Y4eHHH, He BbI3bIBalOWl1X .n.OBepI1R. O.n.HaKO B ueJIOM B
HI1X He BH.n.eJIH oc060i1 onaCHOCTI1 H npl1Be.n.eHHble BbIllie H3BeCTHbIe
pe3KI1e BbICK3.3bIBaHHR CeHeKH, KBHHTHJIHaHa H TaUHTa RBJIRIOTCR '-Ia-
CTHbIMI1 MHeHHRMH pHMCKHX KOHcepBaTHBHbIX aBTopOB, MHllleHblO
KOTOpbIX 6bIJIH .n.CUKe He Hy.n.el1, a H3MeHRIOll{He OTe4eCKHM 60raM (<HY-
.n.eHcTBYlOlLI.l1e». MHeHI1R 3TI1X, a TalOKe HeKoTopbIX .n.pymx pl1MCKHX
JIHTepaTopoB l28 , nl1CaBlllHX 06 H)'.n.eRX, I1MelOT, eCTeCTBeHHO, OTHOllleHHe
K pHMCKOMY 06wecTBeHHoMY MHeHl110 B ueJIOM, HO y Hac HeT OCHOBaHHH
oc06eHHO npeYBeJIH411BaTb I1X 3Ha4HMOCTb. ,[{Ollle.n.lllaR .n.o HalllHX .n.HeH
KJ1aCCHKa pHMCKOH JIHTeparypbI, XOnI 11 4HTaJIaCb H3 BeKa B BeK, HO Bce
)J(e 6bIJIa npe.n.MeTOM 113Y4eHHR HeMHOr0411CJIeHHbIX 06pa30BaHHbIX
CJIOeB 06ll{eCTBa.
OrMeTHM TalOKe, '-ITO no cpaBHeHl110 C paHHexpHCTHaHCKYIMH aBTO-
paMH .n.CUKe caMbIe 06p3.30BaHHbIe pl1MCKHe apHCTOKpaTbI HMeJII1 06 HY-
.n.eRX BeCbMa CMYTHoe npe.n.CTaBJIeHHeI29. C06cTBeHHo, HHa4e B R3bI'-IeCKOe
BpeMR 11 6bITb He Momo, H He CTOHT npeYBeJIH4HBaTb CTeneHb HHTepeca
)J(HTeJIeH aHTH4HOro R3bI4ecKoro MHpa K uy.n.eRM. 3a HCKJ1104eHHeM na-
JIeCTHHbI 11 EmnTa, Hy.n.eH nOBceMeCTHO 6blJII1 ropO.L(CKI1MH )J(I1TeJIRMH,
a B 06weCTBe, OCHOBOH 3KOHOMHKH KOToporo HBJIHeTCR CeJIbCKOe X03RH-
127 B 3TOM OTHoweHHH MHOro «CaTHpbm IOBeHaJla. Hx aBTOp BeCbMa COJKa.leeT 06 OpH-
eHTaJIH3aUHH PHMa Ha py6eJKe II-III BB. CM" HanpHMep: Sat., I, 26-29, 103-108, 127-13];
IV, 23-27. 3.lleCb oco60 XOTeJlOCb 6bl OTMeTHTb Sat., III, 60-63, rlle BCTpe'ialOTCII TaKHe cno-
Ba: iam pridem Syrus in Tiberim deftuxit Orontes. (<<YJKe llaBHO CHpHHCKHH OpOHT Bn311aeT
B TH6p».) (Cp. TaKJKe Mart. Epigrammata, XII, 57, 11.) l{TO KaCaeTCJl KOHKpeTHO HY.lleeB B
PHMe, TO OllHO co06U.\eHHe J],HoHa KaccH!I (LX" 6. 6), OTHOCJlweeCJl KO BpeMeHH KnaBllH!l,
nOKa3blBaeT. 'iTO KO,lH'ieCTBO HYlleeB B CTQ,lHue 6blJJO HeMa.lblM. (KOHKpeTHblX Wlcf!p, npaBlla.
J],HOH KaccHi\ He npHBOllHT.)
10' HanpHMep. rOpaUHII HnH neTpOHHII. CM. nOllp06HO CJJ. CTpaHHUY.
10' C06HpareilbHblH nOpTpeT HY.u.ell B pHMCKOi\ .1HTeparype nOnblTaJIC" COCTaBHTb D. POWeT:
Rochette 8, Juifs et Romains... P. 27,28,29.
233
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U uyi)au3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU w.mepull
CTB0 13 0, npoueHT ropo.n.CKoro HaCeJIeHI1R no onpe.n.e1leHHIO HH30K. 00-
3TOMY OCHOBHoe KOJIH'-leCTBO MelIlGiX c06CTBeHHI1KOB HIIH apeH.n.aTopOB
B JllTaJIHH, CeBepHOH Acppl1Ke, HcnaHHH, faJ11IHH 11 T. .n.., nORBJUIBlllHXCR
B ropo.n.ax, B 1IY'illleM CJIY'iae, no RpMapO'iHbIM .n.HRM, e.n.Ba 1IH Morno B
R3bl'ieCKOe BpeMR 'iTO-TO CJIbllllaTb 06 H)'.n.eRX. ECTeCTBeHHO n03TOMY,
'iTO H np06JIeMa (<Hy.n.ei1cTBYIOll{I1X», B npHHUHne aK1)'aJIbHIDI H 311060-
.n.HeBHaR, 3a)J,eBaJIa Ha .n.e1le JIHlllb HeMHorHX, 1160 C H)'.n.eRMH, KaK YJKe
OTMe'iaJIOCb, KOHTaKTHpOBaJIH B R3bl'ieCKHe BpeMeHa ropOJKaHe, COCTaB-
1IRBllll1e MeHblllYIO 'iaCTb HaCe1leHHR. ,l.(lUKe B nepHO.n. pacnpocTpaHeHI1R
Xpl1CTHaHCTBa n01l0JKeHHe He O'ieHb H3MeHH1I0Cb, H60 HOBaR Bepa npH-
HeC1Ia 06blBaTe1l1O He CT01lbKO 3HaHIDI 06 HCTOKax xpHCTHaHCTBa, CK01lb-
KO Ha60p cTepeoTHnoB 0 «nJ]OXOM» Hapo.n.e, pacnRBlllHM focno.n.a.
Hana.n.KH Ha HY.L(eeB H H)'.n.aH3M BCTpe'iaIOTCR B TOH HJIH HHOH Mepe H
y MHOrHX .n.pyrHx aHTI1'iHbIX aBTopOB R3bl'ieCKoro BpeMeHH, HO no cpaB-
HeHl110 C TeM, 'iTO nHCaJIH CeHeKa, KBHHTHIIHaH H TaUHT, Bce 3TO Bbl-
fJIR.n.HT 6e306H.L(Hb1M 6pI03JKaHHeM 13I .
TaK, y fopaUHR B O.n.HOM H3 CTI1XOTBOpeHHH nORBJ]ReTCR YTBepJK.D.eHl1e
o JIerKOBepHH H)'.n.eeB (Horal. Sennones, I, 5,96-104). MapUHaJI B ue1l0H
cepHH CTHxOTBOpeHI1H nHllleT 06 H)'.n.eRX B oTKpoBeHHo H3.n.eBaTeJIbCKOH
MaHepe, 06b1rpb1BaR JIHlllb .n.Be TeMbI: .D.YpHOH 3anax, 6y.LJ.TO 6b1 HCXO.WII_UHH
OT HI1X, H 06pe3aHHe (Epigrammata, IV, 4; VII, 30; VII, 35; VII, 82; XI,
94). IOBeHaJI ce1)'eT Ha TO, 'iTO HaxO./UIIUIDICR B paHoHe KaneHcKHx BOpOT
CBRll{eHHIDI pOll{a H Bo.n.Hble I1CTO'iHHKH, CBR3aHHbie C HMeHeM uapR HYMbl
OOMnHJII1R, OKa3aJII1Cb c.n.aHbl H)'.n.eRM (Juv. Saturae, III, 10-18). O.n.HaKo,
'iTO npI1HUHnHaJIbHO, Bce 3TO 6blJI0 1II1lllb CeTOBaHHRMH pHMCKI1X apH-
cToKpaToB, HO HI1Kor.n.a He COnpOBOJK.D.aJIOCb npH3blBaMH K KaKHM-1IH60
HaCHJIbCTBeHHblM .n.eHCTBHRM no OTHOllleHHIO K H)'.n.eRM. B 3TOM ell{e
o.n.Ha 113 npl1'iHH, nO'ieMY, C TO'iKH 3peHHR aBTOpa .n.aHHOH pa60Tbl, BOC-
npHRTHe Hana)J,OK Ha H)'.n.eeB B aHTH'iHOH JII1Teparype KaK npORBJ]eHHe
aHTHceMHTH3Ma 1IHllleHO OCHOBaHHH.
110 flO,lHTH'ieCKa!I, JKOHOMH'ieCKa!I H KYJlbrypHa!I JKH3Hb aHTH'iHOro 06111eCTBa npOXO.llHlIa
B ropo.llax H B )TOM CMblClIe ero .lleilcTBHTeJJbHo MOJKHO Ha3BaTb ropO.llCKHM 06mecTBoM.
OJiHaKO 3TO He MeH.IIeT maBHoro. 3KOHOMH'ieCKOH OCHOBOH JKH3HH aHTH'iHOro 06111eCTBa BO
Bce BeKa npollOllJKaJJO OCTaBaTbC.II ce,lbCKOe X03.11HCTBO. LITO KaCaeTC.II paCCeJJeHH.II HY.lleeB B
CeJJbCKHX pai10Hax ErHnTa, TO TOJJbKO TaK MOJKHO 061,.IICHHTb WHpOKOe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe no
BceMY ErHnry «,llOllei1 cy66oTbI», erHnT!lH, B TOH HJJH HHOH Mepe BOCnpHH.IIBWHX OCHOBbl
HYllaH3Ma. a HHX CM. nOJlpo6HO: Corpus Papyrorum Judaicrum. Vol. 111. Edited by V. A. Tch-
erikover, A. Fuks, M. Stem. With an epigraphica1 contribution by D. M. Lewis. Cambridge
Mass., 1964. P.43-87.
131 nOllHa!I CBOllKa aHTHHY.lleHCKHX BblnallOB B pHMCKOi\ .113bl'ieCKOH JJllTeparype B conoc-
TaMeHHH C paHHexpHcmaHcKHMH aBTOpaMH eCTb y )1(. )/(IQcrepa: Juster 1. Les Juifs dans
I'Empire romain... Tome premier, Paris, 19]4. P. 43-49.
234
Tllaea 4, l1ydeu U uydau3M e pU.WCKQM 06l1lecmee u zocydapcmee..,
l.JTO KacaeTCSI rpe'-leCKOH JIHTeparypbl 3JIJIHHHCTH'-IeCKOrO H pHMCKO-
ro nepHOjJ.OB, TO 06 aHTHHy.n.eHcKl1x Bbma.n.ax rpeKOSl3bl'-lHblX aBTopOB
HaM npaKTH'-IeCKH HH'-Iero HeI13BeCTHO. 1-13 :Horo HeJIb3S1 jJ.eJIaTb BbIBO.n.
o TOM, '-ITO TaKOBblX He 6b1JI0, Y'-II1TbIBaSi B ueJIOM nJIoxylO coxpaHHocTb
aHTH'-IHOH JIHTeparypbl, OTHOC.llllleHCSI K nepHo.n.y IV-II BB. .n.o H. 3. Bce
JKe SlBHaSi HeJII060Bb K H)'.n.eSlM H BceMY Hy.n.eHCKOMY npOCJIeJKHBaeTCSI Y
ueJIOH rpynnbl emnTSlH, nHcaBlllHX no-rpe'-leCKI1. $0 MaHe<pOH, Xepe-
MOH, J1HcHMax, AnI10H. O.n.HaKO Y Hac HeT .n.OCTOBepHbIX .n.aHHbIX, no-
3BOJISII01lll1X roBOpHTb 0 KaKOM-TO BJIHSlHHH I1X H.n.eH Ha YMOHaCTpoeHHe
pHMCKOro 06111eCTBa B ueJIOM 132.
3.n.ecb He06xo.n.HMO OTMeTHTb, '-ITO HeCKOJIbKO HCTOpHH pa.3BJIel<tneJIb-
HOro xapaKfepa, B3S1TbIX H3 AnHOHa, UHTHpYeT ABJI feJIJIHH, a H3 IlnI1HHSI
CTaprnero H3BeCTHO, '-!TO 06 AnHoHe 6b1JI HaCJIbllllaH I1Mnepa-rop TH6e-
pHH I33 . O.n.HaKo TIO MaJIO '-ITO .n.OKa3bIBaeT, oc06eHHo eCJIH )"-IeCTb JIl060Bb
ABJIa feJIJIH.II K 3K3OTH'-IeCKI1M '-IaCTHOCTSIM H 113blCKaHHbiM CO'-lHHeHH.IIM.
KpoMe TOro, npoI13Be.n.eHH.II AnHOHa He COXpaHHJ1HCb 11 Mbl He B COCTOSlHHH
onpe.n.eJIHTb, KaKOe MecTO B HHX 3aHI1MaJIH aHTHH)'.n.eHCKHe MOTHBbI.
CY)])I no BceMY, aHTI1Hy.n.eHCKaSI HanpaBJIeHHOCTb 6blJIa xapaKfepHa
jJ.JIjJ H3BeCTHoro pHTopa I B. .n.o H. 3. AnOJIJIOHHSI MOJIOHa C OCTpOBa
Po.n.OC. Ero Tpy.n.bl He COXpaHI1JII1Cb, 11 BCSI I1H<popMaUHSI 0 pHTope no-
'-Iepmlyra 113 CO'-lI1HeHHSI 110cl1<pa C!>JIaBI1S1 «npOTHB AnHoHa» H «Prae-
parationes Evange1icae» EBceBHSI. )];0 HalllHX .n.HeH cOXpaHHJICSI O.n.HH
<pparMeHT, 6eccnopHo npHHa)J,J1eJKalllHH AnOJIJIOHHIO MOJIoH)' (Euseb.
Prae. Evang., IX, 19, 1-3),06 06HapyJKeHHH B l1epycaJIHMCKOM xpaMe
rpeKa, ejJ.Ba He npl1HeCeHHoro B JKepTBy 13 4, a TaIOKe KpaTKHe OTpbIBKH, B
KOTOpblX HOCH<p C!>JIaBHH nepe'-lI1CJISleT, '-IeM HMeHHO AnOJIJIOHHIO Mo-
JIOHY He HpaBSlTCSI Hy.n.eH (Ft. Jos., Contr. Ap., II, 145, 148). npeTeH3HH
pl1TOpa TaKOBbl: MOHcei1- KOJI.n.YH; 3aKOHbl MOHceSi Y'-IaT He .n.06po.n.e-
TeJIH, a I1CKJlIO'-IHTeJIbHO nopoKY; l1y.n.eH - 6e360JKHHKH H '-IeJIOBeKOHe-
HaBHCTHI1KH; OHH MaJIO.n.YlllHbl, OTJII1'-1aIOTCSI 6e3paccy.n.HoH OTBarOH H
SlBJISIIOTCSI caMblMH 6e3.n.apHblMI1 H3 BapBapOB. CJIOBa 3TH BblpBaHbl H3
KOHTeKCTa H nO-HacTOSlllleMY MHeHl1e AnOJIJIOHHSI MOJIOHa Mbl oueHHTb
He MOJKeM, H60 HaM HeH3BeCTHbl ero apryMeHTbl. HaCKOJIbKO Mbl MOJKeM
1J2 a npH'iHHaX 6pocaIOUlej:jc1l B maJa 6mIJOCTH BJrmlllOB npellCTaBHTe,leH erHneTcKOii
HcropH'ieCKOH Tp3.l1HUHIl H AnOJJJlOHHJI MOJJOHa HH'iero onpe.1Ie.leHHoro CKalarb HeJJbJJI, H60
CO'iHHeHIIJI AnOJJJlOHHJI MOJlOHa He COXpaHHJlHCb.
'" NH., V, 14; VI, 8; VII. 8; X, 10. f1JJHHHii ynoMllHaeT BO BBelleHHH K ECTeCTBeHIlOH
HCropHH 0 JHaKOMCTBe HMneparopa TH6epHJI C TpYllaMIl AnHOHa: NH., praef.25.
". FL Jos" Contr. Ap., II, 79-80. HoclI$ <1>.laBHH nepeCKaJblBaeT 3TOT TeKCT TaK. 'iTO B
pe3YJlbTaTe OCTaeTCIi HeIiCHbIM, KTO HMeHHO IIBJlJleTCIi aBTopOM 3roro TeKCTa - AnHoH, rIo-
CHllOHIlH IUlIl Ano.1J10HHH MO.l0H,
235
A. f. fpyweBOH. Hydell U UYOQUJM e IIcmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlllKU U PlL\ICKOU u.Mnepuu
Cy.n.I1Tb, eMY 6JUi3KH H.n.el1 MaHe<pOHa, AnHOHa, JIHcHMaxa H XepeMOHa.
HaM HeH3BecTHo, MmKHO nl1 roBOpHTb 0 BnIDIHHI1 emneTCKOH Tpa)J,HQHH
Ha AnOJInOHH MOJIOHa, HnH )f(e B .n.aHHoM cJIYL{ae peL{b H.n.eT 0 COBna-
.n.eHHH B3fJI .n.OB. npHBe.n.eHHble Bblllle npHMepbl .n.aJIeKO He HCL{epnblBa-
lOT TeMY, H60 06mee KOnHL{eCTBO BbICKa3bIBaHHH aHTHL{HblX 3bIL{eCKHX
aBTopOB 06 l1y.n.e x H H)'.n.aI13Me 3HaL{HTeJIbHO 60JIbllle, o.n.HaKO He06xo-
.n.HMO npH3HaTb, L{TO KaKHX-JIH60 HHblX 3aMeTHblX aHTHH)'.n.eHcKHx Bbl-
na.n.OB B aHTHL{HOH ( 3bIL{eCKoH) nHTeparype npaKTI1L{eCKH HeT, eCJIH
OCHOBbIBaTbC , KOHeL{HO, Ha cOBpeMeHHoM nOHHMaHHH BneHH .
H3J10)f(eHHbIH MaTepl1aJI n03BOJI eT c<popMynHpOBaTb HeKoTopble HTO-
rH 11 nOCTaBHTb Bonpoc cne.n.YlOml1M 06pa30M: HaCKOJIbKO CKJla)J,bIBaIOT-
C Bce npHBe.n.eHHble Bblllle <paKTbl B HeK)'1O CHCTeMY, B MHpOB033peHHe
3blL{eCKoro 06mecTBa no OTHOllleHHIO K H)'.n.eJlM? 3,D,eCb KpaHHe He06-
XO,D,HMO 3a.n.aTb Heme O.n.HH Bonpoc: 6b1no nl1 TaKOBoe Bo06me? HHblMH
CJIOBaMI1, cymecTBOBaJI nH B 3bIL{eCKHX 06mecTBax fpeQHH, 3JInHHI1-
CTHL{eCKYlX rocy.n.apCTB 11 3areM PHMa H)'.n.eHcKHH Bonpoc, HaCKonbKO Bce,
CB 3aHHoe C Hy.n.eJlMH, BOnHOBaJIO 3bIL{eCKHe 06mecTBa aHTHL{HOCTH?
npHXO.n.HTC , K CO)f(aJIeHHIO, npH3HaTb, L{TO OTBeT Ha 3TOT Bonpoc "lame
Bcero onpe.n.eJI eTCJI He CTOJIbKO <paKTaMI1, CKOJIbKO 3MOQI1 MH, BeCbMa
.n.aJIeKHMH OT HaYKH 135.
B KaL{eCTBe npHMepa MO)f(HO npHBeCTH HanHcaHHoe A. D. KOBeJIbMa-
HOM npe.n.HCJIOBHe (C. 5-12) K KHHre: <1>I1JIOH AneKcaH.n.p"i:fcKHH. npOTHB
<1>naKKa. 0 noconbCTBe K falO. HOCH<p <1>JIaBHH. 0 .n.peBHocTH H)'.n.eHcKo-
ro Hapo.n.a. npOTHB AnHoHa. (M., 1994). OCHOBHWI Mblcnb aBTOpa c<pop-
MYJIHpOBaHa Ha nepBoH )f(e cTpaHHQe (c. 5 KHHm): fpeQH - MaTb Bcex
.n.eMoKpaTHH 11 Hapo.n.HblX .n.BIDKeHHH - CTOHT Y HCTOKOB norpoMa. ,[(aJIee
L{HTaTenlO npe.n.cTaBneHa necTpa CMeCb H3 Pa3JIHL{HbIX <paKTOB, OTHO-
C mHXC L{aCTHL{HO K COQHaJIbHblM KOH<pnHKTaM, L{aCTI1L{HO - K OT.n.enb-
HblM <paKTaM 3THI1L{eCKOH HenpIDI3HH Pa3JlHL{HblX Hapo.n.oB B aHTHL{HOCTH.
npl1 3TOM A. D. KOBenbMaH cTpeMHTCJI .n.OKa3aTb L{HTaTeJIIO, L{TO Y)f(e B
aHTHL{HOCTH Hy.n.eH 6b1nH roHHMbl, a B uenOM I1CTOpH ,[(peBHero MHpa
nOJIHa aHTHCeMHTI13Ma H norpoMoB, KaK H)'.n.eHcKHx, TaK H npOL{HX 136 .
(npaB.n.a, TOT )f(e A. D. KOBeJIbMaH BblH)')f()J,eH npH3HaTb, L{TO Hapo.n.Hble
MaCCbI B OCHOBHOM OCTaBaJIHCb paBHo.n.YlllHbl K HY,D,e M.)
135 flopa:JHTeJJbHblM npHMepoM, KOflla B aHTHceMHTH3M 3aHOCJlTCJI npaKTH'ieCKH Bce Bbl-
CKa3blBaHHJI aHTH'iHbIX aBTOpoB 06 HY.llellx, JlBJlJleTCJl cJlellYIOWa!I CTaTbJl: Daniel 1. L.
Antisemitism in the Hellenistic-Roman Period 111BL. 1979. Vol. 98, I. P.45-65.
136311eCb nepe.ll HaMH npHMep BeCbMa paCWHpHTeJJbHoro TOJlKOBaHHJI caMoro TepMHHa,
KOflla nOlI norpOMOM nOHHMaeTCJI JJI060H 06U.\eCTBeHHbIH KOHcf!JlHKT, COnpOBOJKJlIDOU.\HHCJI
y6HHcTBaMH KOHcf!JlHKTYIOU.\HX CTOpOH, BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT npH'iHH KOH$JJHKTa. EcreCTBeH-
HO, 'iTO nOllo6HbIH nOllXOlllla.1eK OT HaY'iHoro.
236
r.wea 4. l1ydeu U uydau3M e pU.WCKUW 06ulecmee u zocyoapCnJee..
Or 4TeHHH TaKoro po.n.a pa6OT 137 CKJla,n.bIBaeTCH napa,n.OKCaJIbHOe Bne-
4aTJIeHHe. no M Hemno HeKOTOpbIX COBpeMeHHblX HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIeH, .n.peBHl1e
rpeKH H pHMJIHHe nOCTOHHHO pa.3MbIlllJUUlH, HaCKOJIbKO COOTHOCHTCH MeJK-
.D.Y C060H aHTH4HIDI K)'JIbrypa H K)'JIbrypa H)'.n.eeB 11 T. .n.. TaKHM HCCJIe.n.o-
aareIDIM, BH.n.HMO, He npHXO)J,HT B roJIOBY, 4TO Bce H)'JJ.eHCKoe B H3bI4eCKoe
BpeMJI Momo npoCTO He HHTepeCOBaTb H He BOJIHOBaTb cpe.n.HeCTaTHCTH-
4ecKoro 06bIaareJIH B rpelJ,HH H PHMe YJKe nOTOM)', 4TO npeYBeJIH4HBaTb
pa.3MepbI KOHTaKTOB H)'.n.eeB H aHTH4HOH Ll,HBHllI13aUI1I1 He CTOHT. EeccnopHO,
C HI1MH B TOH I1JIH I1HOH CTenetill CTCL1KHBaJIHCb JKHTeJII1 KpynHbIx ropo.n.OB138,
COCTaBJIHBlllHe MeHblllHHCTBO HaCeJIeHIDI pHMCKOro roCy.n.aPCTBa.
9. 1-'lTorH
Bce CKa3aHHOe BbIllle n03BOJIHeT C YBepeHHOCTblO YTBepJKJJ.aTb, 4TO
Hy.n.eHcKoro Bonpoca B H3bI4eCKOM PH Me He CYI.l{eCTBOBaJIO H He Momo
cymecTBOBaTb. HHa4e roBOpH, B )].peBHeM PI1Me B OTJIH4He OT eBponeH-
CKHX CTpaH HOBOro H HOBeHlllero BpeMeHH He cymecTBOBaJIO np06JIeMbI
rpaJK.D.aHCKHX npaB Hy.n.eeB H CTpeMJIeHI1H npeo.n.OJIeTb .n.ICKp"MIf1aUHIO
H)'.n.eeB. <l>OpMaJIbHO MOJKHO, KOHe4HO, npe.n.nOJIaraTb, 4TO np06JIeMbI He
6bIJIO TOJIbKO nOTOMY, 4TO pl1MJIHH OTJII14aJIO BeCbMa HpKO BbIpIDKeHHoe
I1MnepCKoe nOJIHTH4eCKoe C03HaHHe H npeHe6peJKeHHe KO BceM Hapo.n.aM,
He npH.n.epJKHBaBlllHMCH 06merocy.n.apCTBeHHOH CI1CTeMbI ueHHOCTeH.
O.n.HaKO TaKOH B npHHUHne B03MOJKHblH BbIBO.n. 6y.n.eT HeT04HbIM no CJIe-
.n.YlOmeH npWlHHe. npHBO.n.HBlllHeCH cpaKTbI CBH)J,eTeJIbCTBYIOT, 4TO B3aH-
MOOTHOllleHIDI pl1MCKOro H3bI4ecKoro rocy.n.apCTBa C H)'.n.eHMH npOlllJIH
CJIOJKHbIH nyrb pa.3BHTHH, HO OHH HHKor.n.a He 6bIJIH BpaJK.D.e6HbIMH.
B 60JIblllOM MHoroHaUHOHaJIbHOM rocy.n.apCTBe co MHOJKeCTBOM Be-
pOBaHI1H H)'.n.eH 6bIJIH O.n.HHM H3 MHOrHX Hapo.n.OB C 4YTb 60JIee OPHrH-
HaJIbHOH peJIHrHeH, 4eM Y np04Hx, HO He 60JIee Toro l39 . HHTepecHo, 4TO
\J7B nJIaHe cpaBHeHHJI MOJKHO OTMeTHTh TaKJKe: Belayche N. Sem et Japhet ou la rencontre
du monde greco-romain et des livres sacres des juifs II DHA. 1997. Vol. 23, 1. P.55-75.
m 3.lleCb TaKJKe BaJKHO nO.ll'iepKHYTb, 'iTO ilHWb.llJ1Jl O.llHOro KJJynHoro ropolla - PHMa -
Mbl pacnOJlaraeM 60ilee HJJH MeHee CHCTeMarH'ieCKOH HHtJlopMaUHeH 0 BHYTpeHHeH 06CTa-
HOBKe B ropO.lle H 0 B3aHMOOTHOWeHHJlX B HeM 3THH'ieCKHX 06ll.\HH. )],nJl OCTaJJbHblX ropo.llOB
TaKa!! HHtJlopMaUHJI 3nH30.llH'iHa H CJJY'!aHHa. (CM., HanpHMep, paCCMaTpHBaBWYIOCJI BbIwe
HH$opMaUHIQ 0 KOHtJlJlHKTax B Kecapee MOpCKOH.)
139 HCTHHHOH cneUH$HKOH HYlldicKOH KYJJbTYpbl CJJe.llyeT, BI1.LlHMO, HaJBaTb He CaMH no
ce6e OCHOBOnOJJarIDOll.\He nocryJJarbl HYllaH3Ma (MOHOTeH3M, HlleJl H36paHHOCTH), KOTOpble
He JlBJJJlIOTCJI «H306peTeHHeM», npHBHJJemeH HYllaH3Ma. CneUHtJlHKOH 6Y.lleT creneHb Bblpa-
JKeHHJI COOTBeTCTBYIOll.\HX l1.LleH y HY.lleeB.
237
A. r. rpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydQU3.w (J ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PU.WCKOU uJllnepuu
H rpeKH H pl1MmlHe BnOJIHe ycnelllHo Haxo.n.HJII1 «aHaJJorH» }lxBe B CBO-
I1X naHTeOHax. TaK, y MapKa TepeHUI1R BappOHa BCTpe4aeTCR OTO)KJ1e-
CTBJIeHl1e }lxBe C IOnHTepoM, y BaJJepl1R MaKCI1Ma - C Ca6a3HeM, y
nJIYTapxa (Quaest. Conviv., IV, 6) - C .D;HOHHCOM, y TaUI1Ta (Hist., V,
5) ynoMHHaeTcR OTO)KJ1eCTBJIeHHe }lxBe C JlH6epoM naTepoM. CaM TauJ.IT
OTHOCI1TCR K TaKoMY OTO)KJ1eCTBJ1eHHIO OTpHuaTeJ1bHO I40 . OrMeTI1M Ha-
KOHeu, 4TO y HoaHHa JlaBpeHTHR JlH.n.a (VI B. H. 3.) BCTpe4aeTCR YKa3a-
HHe 0 TOM, 4TO HepYCaJJl1MCKHH xpaM, comaCHO npe.n.CTaBJIeHHRM HeKO-
TOpblX rpeKOB, 6blJ1 xpaMOM .D;l1oHHca (Lyd. De mens., IV, 53).
fOBOpR 0 np06JIeMe TaK Ha3blBaeMoro aHTHCeMHTH3Ma B aHTH4HOCTH,
XOTeJ10Cb 6b1 TaJOKe no.n.4epKHYfb CJ1e.n.YWIU,HH MOMeHT. B 06lL1.eH CJIO)KHO-
CTH B R3bl4ecKOH aHTH4HOCTH y)l(e HMeJIH MeCTO Bce Hana)J,KH H npeJl.paccy.n.-
KH npoTHB Hy.n.eeB, KOTOpble paCUBeJ111 nbllllHblM UBeTOM B Cpe.n.Hl1e BeKa
H HOBoe BpeMR. OJl.HaKO )l(e B R3bl4ecKOH aHTH4HOCTH He 6blJ10 .n.pyroro.
npHBe.n.eHHble npl1Mepbl RCHO nOKa3bIBaIOT, 4TO HeKoTopble rpe4ecKHe
11 JIaTHHCKHe aBTopbl BbICKa3bIBaJJHCb npOTHB H)'Jl.eeB. O.n.HaKO )l(e HHKTO
H3 HI1X He npH3blBaJJ 06blBaTeJIR K HaCHJIbCTBeHHblM .n.eHCTBHRM npOTHB
noro Hapo.n.a no TOH npOCTOH npH4HHe, 4TO B R3bl4eCKOH aHTH4HOCTH
HI1KTO He «.n.o.n.YMaJ1CR», 3a 4TO, c06CTBeHHO, CJIeJl.yeT HeHaBH.n.eTb H
npeCJIe.n.OBaTb Hy.n.eeB. JlHlllb C no6e.n.OH XpHCTl1aHCTBa B03HHKaeT HOBaR
H.n.eR, BnepBble B I1CTOpl1H 06'be.n.HHHBlllaR OT.n.eJ1bHble npORBJ1eHI1R aH-
THnaTI1H K Hy.n.eRM B 60J1ee HJ111 MeHee CTPOHHYIO CHCTeMY, 3Ha4HTeJ1bHO
npH6JIH3HB TeM caMblM nORBJ1eHHe, co6CTBeHHO, aHTHceMHTH3Ma. Pe4b
H.n.eT 06 06BHHeHHH Hy.n.eeB B 6oroy6HHcTBe H B TOM, 4TO OHH He pacno-
3HaJ1H B Xpl1CTe MeCCHIO. no.n. BJ1HRHHeM 3TH X npe.n.CTaBJ1eHHH Bce
BblCKa3blBaeMble paHee Hey.n.OBOJ1bCTBI1R B a.n.pec H)'.n.eeB 06peJIH OC06b1H
CMbICJ1 H H.n.eHHYIO HanpaBJIeHHocTb. HeCJIY4aHHO, KOHe4Ho, B 3noxy
n03.n.HeH HMnepHH B03HHKaer cOBepllleHHo HeH3BeCTHoe paHee RBlleHHe
06lL1.eCTBeHHoH )l(H3HH - .n.paKH Hy.n.eeB H xpHcTHaH (Socrates, Hist.
Eccl., VII, 13; VII, 16).
liTO )l(e KacaeTCR R3bl4eCKOH aHTH4HOCTH, TO 3a npe.n.eJ1aMH o6pa30-
BaHHblX CJ10eB, 4HTaBlllHX Bce HOBHHKH HCTopH4ecKoH 11 xy.n.O)l(eCTBeH-
HOH J1HTeparypbl, BblCKa3blBaeMble aBTopaMH Tex HJIH HHblX C04HHeHHH
H.n.el1 OC060H H3BeCTHOCTbIO He nOJIb30BaJJHCb I41 . B HHOM CJ1Y4ae, npH
".CM. nO.llp06HO: lllmepH, 1997. C. 209, 359-361, 557-558.
141 flpHMepoB, n03BOilJlIOll.\HX nO.llTBep.llHTb:no Ha cf!aKTa.x, He TaK MHOro, HO Bce JKe HeJJb3J1
He 06parHTh BHHMaHHe Ha HeKOTOpble cf!aKTbI, KOTOpble C006ll.\aeT ABii feililHH. TaK, OH nHWeT
(NA., XI, 16), KaK BbIHYJK.lleH 6b1JJ 061,JlCH!lTb OllHOMY 'ieJJOBexy, He cBellymeMY B rpe'ieCKOM
Jl3bIKe H JJHreparype, KTO TaKOH !lJ1YTapx H 0 'ieM OH nHCaJI. ECJJH JKe roBOpHTb B ueJlOM, TO
ABJI feJJJJHH, He BbICKaJblBa!lCb onpelleileHHO, Bce JKe JlCHO .llaeT nOHJlTb, 'iTO Kpyr ero 3HaKO-
MbIX, 'ibH CJlOBa H MHeHHJI OH nOCTOJlHHO nepe.llaeT, Ha caMOM lle,1e O'ieHb Y30K.
238
rJlaea -/, l1ydeu U lIydau3M e PIL\/CKmr 06u/ecmee 11 zocyoapcm6e..
HHOH H.n.diHOH H 06111eCTBeHHOH 06CTaHOBKe B 06wecTBe, ynoMHHaB-
lllHeCR Bblllle CTHXI1 MapUHaJIa H IOBeHaJIa HJIH naCC(l)f(H CeHeKH, B03-
MO)l(HO, MomH 6bl CTaTb H.n.eHHbIM 3HaMeHeM norpOMOB, HO CJIe.n.yeT
npH3HaTb, 4TO HH4ero TaKoro He np0I1Cxo.n.HJ10. B paMKax R3bl4eCKOH
KYJIbl)'pbl 113.n.eBaTeJ1bCKHe CTHXI1 MapUHaJIa no nOBo.n.y 06pe3aHHblX
Hy.n.eeB, pe3KHe penJIHKH CeHeKH 11 T. .n.. He HeCJ1H B ce6e npH3blBa K
HaCI1JIHIO HI1 B RBHOH, HI1 B CKpblTOH cpopMe H He MornH 6b1Tb B .n.aHHOM
06111eCTBe BocnpHHRTbl KaK TaKOBble.
HHblMH CJIOBaMH, Bce aHTHHy.n.eHCKl1e Bbma.n.bl, BCTpe4alOWl1eCR B
aHTH4HOH JIHTepal)'pe 11 HMelOWHe OTHOllleHl1e K pHMCKOMY 06weCTBeH-
HOMY MHeHHIO B ueJIOM, He CKJ1a.n.bIBaIOTCR B CHCTeMY H He MOryr pac-
CMarpHBaTbCR KaK aHTHCeMHTH3M no .n.BYM np114HHaM. B .n.OxpHCTHaHCKYle
BpeMeHa 06weCTBO ewe He H306peJIo npH411Hbi HeHaBHCTH K H)'.n.eRM H
aHTHH)'.n.aH3M He BbIXO.n.HJ1 3a paMKI1 BblCOKoMepHoro npe3peHHR npe.n.-
CTaBHTeJIeH pHMCKOH 3JIHTbi no OTHOllleHl11O K O.n.HOMY H3 BOCT04HblX
Hapo.n.OB, Tpa.n.HI..J.HOHHO BocnpHHHMaeMblX KaK pa60B. KpOMe TOro, B
R3b14eCKHe BpeMeHa 06111eCTBO 11 rocy.n.apCTBO 6b1JIH rOTOBbl cnOKOHHO
BOCnpl1HHMaTb npe.n.CTaBHTeJIR J11060ro Hapo.n.a, npHHI1MalOlllero ueHHO-
CTH aHTI14HOH KYJ1bl)'pbl H - 4TO oc06eHHO xapaKTepHO )J,J1R PHMa - He
6YHl)'lOwero npoTHB BepXOBHOH BJIaCTH.
HaKOHeu, B YCJ10BHRX n0J1HTeHCTI14eCKOro, MHorOHaUHOHaJIbHOrO
rocy.n.apcTBa TaKoro RBJIeHHR, KaK BpIDK.D.a Ha peJ1HrH03HOH n04Be (o.n.Ha
H3 cywecTBeHHeHllll1X COCTaBJIRIOWHX aHTHceMHTH3Ma B 411CTOM BH.n.e)
He cYlllecTBOBaJIO H He Momo CYlllecTBOBaTb. OTCYTCTBOBaJIO JKe OHO
nOTOMY, 4TO OJ1HMnHHCKOH peJIHrHH - Ocpl1UHaJIbHOH H.n.e0J10rHH PH-
Ma - npOCTO He4ero 6b1J10 .L(eJ1HTb C H)'.n.eSlMH H Hy.n.aH3MOM B OTJIH4He
OT xpHCTHaHCTBa, 0 4eM no.n.po6Hee 6y.n.eT CKa3aHO HHJKe, B ce.n.bMOH
rnaBe.
KOHe4HO, eCJ1H CTaBHTb 3HaK paBeHCTBa Me)l()J,y aHTHH)'.n.aI13MOM (RB-
JIeHHeM, .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO CYlllecTBOBaBlllHM B aHTH4HOCTI1) H aHTHceMH-
TH3MOM, TO Tor.n.a BCR aHTH4HaR HCTOpl1R OKa3bIBaeTCR nOJ1HOH I1MeHHO
aHTHceMHTH3Ma. O.n.HaKO JKe TaKOH no.n.xo.n. HHKaK HeJIb3R Ha3BaTb HaY4-
HbIM. 3T0 THnH4HblH npHMep nepeHoca B .n.peBHOCTb RBJ1eHHH, cywecT-
BOBaBlllHX B TO BpeMR, KOrJI.a nHCaJIaCb KHHra, aBTOp KOTOpOH BbICKa3bl-
BaJI COOTBeTCTBYlOlllHe l1.lI.el1. B 3TOM CMblCJIe xapaKTepHa Heo.n.HOKpaTHO
YJKe ynoMHHaBlllaRCR KHHra C. R. Jlypbe «HCTOpHR aHTHceMHTH3Ma B
aHTH4HOM MHpe». npeKpaCHoe 3HaHHe I1CT04HI1KOB coce.n.CTByeT B Hei1
C HH4eM He 060CHOBaHHOH KOHuenUl1eH H MHcp0J10rH30BaHHbIMH npe.n.-
CTaBJ1eHHRMH no nOBO.n.y I1CTOpHH H)'.n.eeB.
TaK, OH MHoro nl1IlleT (C. 118-126) 0 npH4HHax Bpa)l()J,e6HOCTH rpe-
KOB 11 pHMJIRH K H)'.n.eRM (C. 118-126). OHa 3aKJ1104aJIaCb, no MHeHHIO
239
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydau3M 6 ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecnYOJlUKII u PU.WCKOU u.\lnepuu
aBTopa, B TOM, 4TO oc06eHHOCTI1 HaUHOHaJIbHOro xapaKfepa uy.n.eeB H
uy.n.eHCKHH HaUHOHaJIH3M .n.OJDKHbl 6b1JII1 Bbl3blBaTb Y rpeKOB H pHMJIRH
aHTHnaTHIO, H60 uy.n.el1 He 3HaJIH cBoero MeCTa B rpe4eCKOM 11 pHMCKOM
06lL1.eCTBe (BblpIDKeHHe C. >1. Jlypbe).
OCHOBHOH He.L(OCTaTOK 3TOro 06'bSlCHeHHSI B TOM, 4TO OHO He nO.L(Kpe-
nJIeHO <paKTaMH. C. >1. Jlypbe MHoro nHllleT 0 HenpHeMJIeMOCTH .n.JISI
rpeKOB Hy.n.eHCKoro «HaXaJIbCTBa», He npHBo.n.R npH 3TOM HH o.n.Horo
npHMepa H3 I1CT04HHKOB, HH no.n.06Horo nOBe.n.eHHR uy.n.eeB, HI1 peaKUI1H
Ha Hero rpeKOB. 11 :no eCTeCTBeHHO: B HCT04HHKax 06 3TOM HH4ero HeT
H He MOJKeT 6blTb, H60 .D.JIR rpeKoB H pHMJIRH BblCOKHH ypoBeHb naTpHo-
TI13Ma H npeTeH3HH o.n.Horo He6oJIbllloro Hapo.n.a npOCTO He npe.L(CTaBJISlJI
HHTepeca, RBJIRRCb HeCYlLl.eCTBeHHblM <paKTOpOM BHYTpeHHeH )J(H3HH
rocy.n.apCTBa, B OTJIH4He OT np06JIeMbl «uy.n.eHCTBYlOlLI.HX» - Bce B03-
pacTaBlllero KOJIH4eCTBa JIIO.n.eH, np"Xo.n.HBlllHX K 4aCTH4HOMY I1cnOBe-
.n.OBaHI1IO uy.n.aH3Ma H Bbma)J,aBllll1X TeM caMblM H3 npHBbl4HblX 06111e-
CTBeHHblX OTHOllleHI1H.
B03BpalllaRCb K pa60Te C. >1. Jlypbe, XOTeJIOCb 6bl OTMeTHTb, 4TO,
B03MOJKHO, B OT.n.eJIbHbIX CJIY4aRX HaUHOHaJII13M uy.n.eeB pa3.n.pIDKaJI rpe-
KOB HJII1 pHMJIRH. TaK, HanpHMep, TOT <paKT, 4TO BHeceHHe B I1epYCaJIHM
3Ha4KOB JIerl10HOB Momo cnpOBOUHpOBaTb BOCCTaHHe, eCTeCTBeHHO, He
YKJIa)J,bIBaJICR B rOJIOBaX pHMCKHX COJI.n.aT, paCKBapTHpOBaHHblX B naJIe-
CTHHe. PHMCKaR apMHR Bcer.n.a TaK nocrynaJIa, 11 HHr.n.e 3a npe.n.eJIaMH
naJIeCTHHbl BHeceHHe 3Ha4KOB JIerHOHOB B TOT HJIH HHOH ropo.n. He Bbl-
3blBaJIO HHKaKHX BOJIHeHHH. B 3TOM CMblCJIe oc06eHHOCTH Hy.n.eHcKoro
MeHTaJIHTeTa, BepoRTHee Bcero, .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO MomH 3a)J,eBaTb pHMCKHX
JIer110HepOB. O.n.HaKO Ha)J,O HMeTb B BH.D.)', 4TO HH B O.n.HOM npOH3Be.n.eHI1H
.n.peBHI1X aBTopOB, .n.IDKe y I1oCH<pa c:I>JIaBHR, 06 3TOM npRMO He roBOPHT-
CSl 142 . I1cCJIe.n.OBaTeJIb, nHlllYlllHH 06 3TOM, .n.eJIaeT JIOrH4HOe, HO Bce JKe
TOJIbKO .n.onYlLl.eHHe 0 TOM, 4TO TaK Momo 6blTb. OTCYTCTBHe JKe TaKOH
HH<popMaUHH KaK pa3 11 nOKa3bIBaeT, 4TO OT.n.eJIbHble, B03MOJKHO, H HMeB-
lllHe MeCTO KOH<pJIHKTHble cHryaUI1H He 06Pa3YIOT CHCTeMY.
3a npe.n.eJIaMH naJIeCTHHbl TaKHX KOH<pJIHKTOB Momo H He 6b1Tb, H60
H rpeKaM, H pHMJIRHaM oc06eHHocTI1 Hy.n.eHcKoro MHpOBocnpHRTHR He
142 Y HOCH$a <1>naBH!I eCTb .llBa paCCKaJa 0 pHMCKHX JJerHOHepaX, $aKTH'ieCKH OCKOp6HB-
WHX B HePYCaJJHMe peJJHrH03Hble 'iYBCTBa HY.lleeB: FI. Jos., Bel. Jud., 11, 224-227. BTOpOH
paccKa3: Bel. Jud., II, 228-230. (06a paCCKa3a OTHOCIITCII KO BpeMeHH npoKYpaTopCTBa BeH-
THlUlJI KYMaHa - 48-52 rr. K TOMY JKe BpeMeHH OTHOCHTCII co06weHHe HocH$a <1>ilaBHII 0
HaKaJaHHH B PHMe 3a HeHa3BaHHbIe npocrynKH B HYllee TpH6YHa LleJlepa: Bel. Jud., 11,
244-246; Ant. Jud., XX, 132; 136.) Bo Bcex 3THX C.1Y'!aJlX HOCHcf! He Om.IICHlieT MOTHBOB
nOBe.lleHH!I pHMCKHX BOHHOB. C YBepeHHOCTblO MOJKHO roBOpHTb JJHWb 0 TOM, 'iTO pe'ib HlIeT
o nocrynKax, BOCnpHHJITbIX KaK oCKOp6JJeHHe peJJHrH03HblX 'iYBCTB HY.lleeB.
240
J:weG 4, l1ydeu 11 lIydGlI3.W e pu.wcKa\f o6u/ecnlae U i'ocydapcmee..,
6blJIH I1HTepeCHbl no npWIHHaM, KOTopble HBCTBYIOT H3 npHBo.n.HBlllHXCH
Bblllle OQeHOK <I>JIaBHH <I>HJlOCTpaTa H UeJlb3a <I>HJIOCO<pa. KpOMe Toro,
6blJIO 6b1 KpaHHe OlllH604HbiM npe.n.CTaBJlHTb Bcex a.n.enTOB l1y.n.aI13Ma,
)KHBlllHX B nepBble BeKa H. 3., KaK 03a604eHHbiX npOTHBonOCTaBJIeHHeM
ce6H aHTH4HOH KYJIbl)'pe. HCTOpHH Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHbl CBH)J,eTeJIbCTBYeT,
4TO 6b1JlI1 11 TaKHe, HO :no He HBJlHeTCH OCHOBaHHeM .n.JIH 0.n.H03Ha4Hb1X
BbIBO.n.OB.
Oc060 XOTeJIOCb 6bl no.n.4epKH)'Tb, 4TO TaKOrO po.n.a BHeBpeMeHHoH,
CTaTH4HblH no.n.xo.n. K aHTHCeMI1TH3MY KaK MI1HHMYM BeJ].eT K JIO)I(HbIM
HaY4HbiM BbIBo.n.aM. TaK. C. JI. J1ypbe B OTMe4eHHoH KHHre nHllleT: «...
H onpe.n.eJIeHHO npHMblKalO K TOH rpynne Y4eHbIX, KOTopble HCXO.n.H 113
o.n.Horo Toro, 4TO Be3J].e, r.n.e TOJlbKO HH nOHBJIHIOTCH eBpeH, BCnblXI1BaeT
H aHTHceMHTH3M, .n.eJlalOT BbIBO.n., 4TO aHTI1CeMHTH3M B03HHK He BCJle.n.-
CTBHe KaKHX-JIH60 BpeMeHHblX HJIH CJIY4aHHblX npH4HH, a BCJIeJ].CTBHe
Tex HJIH HHblX CBOHCTB, nOCTOHHHO npHCymHX eBpeHCKOMY HapOJ].y»143.
C paCCY)K.n.eHHHMH C. JI. J1ypbe MO)l{HO 6blJIO 6bl cornaCHTbCH B TOM
CJIY4ae, eCJIH 6bl OH OnHCbIBaJI B CBoeH KHHre nOJIO)KeHHe H)'J].eeB B TOH
HJIH HHOH CTpaHe B XIX-XX BB., TaK KaK.D.JIH :noro BpeMeHH CJIOBa ero
cOBepllleHHO T04HbI. O.n.HaKo ocymeCTBJIHeMblH HM «nepeHoc» YCJIOBHH
)KH3HH Hy.n.eeB py6e)l{a XIX-XX BB. B EBpone Ha .n.peBHocTb, Ha rpe4e-
CKoe H pHMcKoe BpeMH, He npOCTO COMHHTeJIeH, a, KaK 6blJI0 nOKa3aHO
B npeJ].bl.n.ymHX rnaBax, B KopHe HeBepeH.
,l.(eJlO B TOM, 4TO caMa H.n.eH CymecTBOBaHHH aHTHceMHTH3Ma B aH-
TH4HOM MHpe OCHOBaHa Ha HeCKOJlbKHX lllHpOKO H3BeCTHbIX, HO He Bbl-
.n.ep)I(HBalOmI1X HaY4HOH KPHTHKH npeJ].nOCbIJIKax. ,l.(eHcTBHTeJlbHO, eCJIH
Ha3BaTb JII06ylO KPHTHKY B a.n.pec H)'.n.eeB aHTHceMHTH3MOM, TO, eCTeCT-
BeHHO, BCH J].peBHHH HCTOpHH OK1l)J(eTCH nepenOJIHeHHOH HM.
O.n.HaKO O.n.HOH 113 BIDKHeHlllHX npe.n.nOCblJIOK a.n.eKBaTHoro BOCnpl1HTIDI
HCTOpHH Hy.n.eeB B rpeKo-pHMCKHH nepl1o.n. HBJIHeTCH nOHHMaHHe TOro,
4TO K l1y.n.eHM KIDK.D.OH npOBHHQHH PHMCKOH pecny6JlHKH HJlH I1MnepHH
CJIe.n.YeT no.n.xo.n.HTb OT.n.eJlbHO, He nblTaHCb paCCMaTpl1BaTb HX B 06meM.
KaK 6blJI0 nOKa3aHO Bblllle, JIHlllb B MarrOH A3HH, narreCTHHe H AneK-
caH.n.pHH EmneTCKOH CKJla.n.blBarrHCb YCJlOBHH, npOBOQHpOBaBllll1e KOH-
<pJIHKTbl l1y.n.eHCKHX 06mHH C pHMCKOH BJlaCTblO. O.n.HaKO HH<popMaQHH
o KOH<pJIHKTHbIX CHl)'aQHHX B :nl1x perHOHax, I1CnOJIb3yeMaH pH.n.OM
aBTopOB KaK no.n.TBep)f{)J,eHHe CYmeCTBOBaHHH aHTHceMHTH3Ma, He .n.aeT
OCHOBaHHH C4HTaTb, 4TO H B .n.pymx perl10HaX 6blJIO TaK )Ke. HHaqe
rOBopH, Bce YCJlOBHH )KH3HH H)'.n.eeB B narreCTHHe H <pOpMbl I1X B3aHMO-
143 flYPbe C. fI. AHTHCeMHTH3M B llpeBHeM MHpe, nOnbITKH o60llcHeHHJl ero B HaYKe Hero
npH'iHHbi. C. 7. (LlHTHpyeTcli no: DH6J1HOTeKa <1>,laBllaHa. Bbm. 3. M" 1994.)
241
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. l1ydeu u uydau3.\1 e ucmopuu PUMCKOU peCny611UKU U PU.\lCKOU u.wnepuu
OTHOllleHI1H C BHelllHHM MHpOM He TO)K)J,eCTBeHHbl cpO pM aM 11 YCJIOBHjJM
HX )((H3HH B .n.Hacnope. LITO )((e KaCaeTCjJ .n.Hacnopbl, TO YCJIOBl1jJ )((H3HH
06Il.{HH, HanpHMep, B EfHnTe I1JIH B JtlTaJIHH COBepUleHHO pa3Hble 11 K
HHM HeJIb3jJ no.n.xo.n.HTb C o.n.I1HaKOBbIMH MepKaMI1. CnpaBe.D.JIHBO H 06-
paTHOe yrBep)J()J,eHHe. B jJ3bllJeCKOe BpeM)I HHKor.n.a He 6b1JIO e.n.HHoro,
CBOHCTBeHHoro BceMY rocy.n.apCTBY OTHOUleHI1)1 K H)'.n.ejJM. TaK, HCXO,WI
H3 Toro, lJTO Mbl 3HaeM, HanpHMep, 0 KOHcpJII1KTHblX cl11)'al.{l1jJx B PHMe
I1JII1 B AJ1eKcaH.n.p"H, B MI1JIeTe I1JIH Kecapee, 6b1JIO 6b1 HenpaBOMepHO
rOBopHTb 06 aHaJIOfHlJHOM OTHOllleHl111 K H)'.n.ejJM, K npHMepy, B Kapcpa-
reHe, MaCCHJIHH HJIH HeanoJIe.
3Ta MHOroJIHKOCTb, I1JII1, eCJIH yro.n.HO, «MHOroCJIOHHOCTb», OTHOUle-
HHjJ K Hy.n.ejJM B jJ3bllJeCKOH aHTl1lJHOCTH H jJBJIjJeTC$!, C TOlJKH 3peHHjJ
aBTopa, JIYlJlllHM no.n.TBep)J()J,eHHeM TOro, lJTO B .n.OXpI1CTl1aHCKOe BpeMjJ
B pHMCKOM MHpe HHKaKoro aHTHCeMI1TH3Ma He Momo 6b1Tb no onpe.n.e-
JIeHHIO. npHXO.n.HTC$! ClJHTaTbCjJ C TeM cpaKTOM, lJTO B 3TOH «MHOroCJIOH-
HOCTI1» OTHOllleHltll jJ3bllJecKOro Ml1pa K H)'.n.ejJM OTpHl.{aTeJIbHblH 3JIeMeHT
He 6b1JI npe06JIa.n.alOIl.{HMI44. JIHUlb B xpHCTHaHCKoe BpeMjJ B CBjJ3H C
nOjJBJIeHHeM }f)J,eH, HaBjJ3aBllleH 06b1BaTeJIIO 06pa3 H)'.n.eeB KaK roHI1TeJIeH
H y6HHl.{ Xpl1CTa, B03HI1K aHTHCeMHTI13M, H60 OH nopO)J()J,eHHe XPHCTH-
aHCKOH l1.n.eOJIOrHH, HO ero npOjJBJIeHl1jJ 3aBI1CjJT OT CTeneHH TOJIepaHT-
HOCTH 06Il.{eCTBa no OTHOllleHHIO K HaUHOHaJIbHblM MeHbUlHHCTBaM B
l.{eJIOM, a He TOJIbKO no OTHOllleHHIO K H)'.n.ejJM. <1>aKTbl )((e CBH.n.eTeJIbCT-
BYIOT, lJTO B jJ3bllJeCKOH aHTHlJHOCTI1 3Ta TOJIepaHTHOCTb 6b1JIa HecpaB-
HeHHO BblUle, lJeM nOCJIe yrBep)J()J,eHHjJ xpHCTHaHCTBa.
YlHOH no.n.xo.n. K .n.peBHeH I1CTOpHH H)'.n.eeB (B rpelJeCKHH H pHMCKHH
nepHo.n.bl) - 06'bS1BJIeHl1e aHTHCeMHTI13Ma I1X H3BelJHblM CnyTHI1KOM -
MO)((eT npe.n.cTaBJIjJTb I1HTepec )J,JIjJ COl.{HaJIbHOH nCHXOJIOrHH KaK 06pa3el.{
HCTOpHI1 3a6JIY)J()J,eHHH HJIH oc06eHHocTeH Ml1pOBOcnpHjJTHjJ peJIHrH03-
HblM c03HaHHeM, HO HHKaK He )J,JIjJ HCTOpHH KaK HaYKI1.
144 ECJlH, KOHe'iHO, BocnpHHHMaTb HCTO'iHHKH 6ecnpHCTpaCTHO, 6eJ JKe,laHH!I YBHlleTb B
HHX HilJlIOCTpaUHIO 3apaHee npHBHOCHMblM 1l0rMaM.
fAaBa 5
3KOHOMHQECKMllRH3Hb
nAAECTHHbI PHMCKOrO BPEMEHH
(II B. ,l\O H. 9. - II B. H. 9.)
1. aKOHOMH1JeCKaH mHBHb npHMOpCKOH BOHbl
naAeCTHHbl
06 oc06eHHocT X X03 HCTBeHHOH )K113HI1 naTIeCTI1Hb1 1 npHxo.n.I1TC
rOBopHTb OT.n.eJIbHO OTHOCI1TeJIbHO K8.)K)J,Oro ee perl10Ha, 1160 YCJIOBHH
)J,JIH X03 HCTBeHHOH .n.e TeJIbHOCTH LIeJIOBeKa B npI1MOpCKOH, l\eHTpaTIb-
HOH H nOJIynycTblHHOH 3KOHOMI1LIeCKHX 30Hax 3TOH Teppl1TOpl111 6blJII1
BeCbMa pa3J1HLIHblMH BCJIe.n.CTBl1e pa3JII1LII1H B KJII1MaTHLIeCKHX YCJIO-
BH X 11 HepaBHoMepHOCTI1 pacnpe)J.eJIeHH B HHX BO.n.HbIX pecypcoB.
HCTOpl1LIeCKHe 11 apXeOJIOrHLIeCKl1e I1CTOLIHI1KI1 H306HJIYlOT no.n.P06HO-
CTHMH KaCaTeJIbHO O.n.HHX perHOHOB 11 BeCbMa CKy.n.Hbl B OTHOllleHl111
.n.Pyrl1x 2 .
PacnOJIO)KeHHble B npHMopcKOH 30He ropo.n.a (B oc06eHHocTH faJa)
6b1JII1 O.n.HHM 113 KOHeLIHblX nyHKTOB KpaCHOMopCKOH TOproBJIH. KpaCHO-
MopcKHe TOBapbl nona.n.aTIl1 B faJY CYXOnyTHblM nYTeM no .n.opore neT-
pa-faJa, 3HaLIeHI1e KOTOpOH, o.n.HaKo, YMeHblllHJIOCb BO II-III BB. B CB 311
, a reorpaqJH'ieCKHX, HCTOpHKO-KYJlbTYpHbIX H 3KOHOMH'ieCKHX 30Hax Ha TeppHTopHH
fla.aeCTHHbl CM. 1I01lp06Hee Bblwe: BBeileHHe. C. 19-25.
20630p nOCJlellHHX apXeOJlOrH'ieCKHX paCKonOK B fla.necTflHe C YKaJaHHeM CTeneHH
H3Y'ieHHOCTH OTllellbHblX 06J1aCTeH HMeeTCII B pery.1llpHO lIepeH311aBaeMOM H311aHHH «The
Encyclopaedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land». HmKe npHBOllJlTCII CCbIIiKH
Ha H3.llaHHe: Jerusalem, 1993 (.llJ1j( Bcex 'ieTblpex TOMOB) edited by E. Stern, A. Lewnson-Gi1boa.
J. Aviram. a faJIHllee B llaHHOM H311aHHH CM.: vol. 2. P. 449-458; 0 CaMapHH - vol. 4.
P. 1310-1318; 06 HYllee - vol. 3. P. 814-816. HJllare;m npH 3TOM OTMe'iaIOT, 'iTO pHMCKO-
BHJaHTHHCKHH nepHoll HCTOpHH HYlleH HJY'ieH "'YJKe OCTaJlbHbIX. a HereBe CM.: vol. 3.
P. 1133-1145.
243
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1yi)eu u uyoaU3AI e ucmopuu PU.WCKOU pecny611uKu u PUMCKOU u.Mnepuu
C nepeOpl1eHTl1pOBKOH TOprOBblX nyreH Ha erl1neTCKl1e KpaCHOMOpCKl1e
nopTbI, a TalOKe B CBH311 C B03paCTaHI1eM B Me)K)J,YHapo.n.HOH TOprOBJIe
pOJII1 3HJIaTa 3 .
.L(eTaJIbHOH I1H<fJopMaI..{l1eH 0 BB0311MbIX C lOra TOBapax 11 B l.{eJIOM 0
ToprOBbIX Onepal.{I1HX B naJIeCTI1He pl1MCKOrO BpeMeHI1 MbI He pacnOJIa-
raeM. HCKJIlOLfeHl1e COCTaBJIHIOT HeCKOJIbKO 113BeCTHbIX <fJPa3 .L(Ho.n.opa 11
CTpa60Ha 0 .n.OCTaBKe B neTpy 11 .n.aJIee B naJIeCTI1H)' lO)KHOapaBI1HCKI1X
6JIaroBoHI1Ji4. Y l.{eJIoro pH.n.a aBTopOB I1MeeTCH TalOKe HeMaJIO nonYTHbIX
3aMeLfaHI1H 0 TOM, 'lTO 113 naJIeCTI1HbI 3KcnOpTI1pYeTCH KaKOH-JII160 CeJIb-
CKOX03HHCTBeHHbIH npo.n.YKT. 3To n03BOJIHeT COCTaBHTb HeKOTopoe npe.n.-
CTaBJIeHl1e 0 X03HHCTBeHHOH )K113HI1 npl1MOpCKHX ropo.n.OB naJIeCTI1HbI
pl1MCKOro BpeMeHI1, npaB.n.a, BeCbMa HenOJIHoe. npl1BO.n.I1Mble LfYTb HIDKe
.n.aHHble TaJIMy.n.I1LfeCKI1X TpaKTaTOB ,lJ.OKa3bIBalOT, "I TO )KI1TeJIHM naJIe-
CTI1HbI II B. H. 3. 6bJJII1 113BeCTHbI MHorue .n.eCHTKH BI1.n.OB nJIo.n.OBbIX,
OBOlllHblX 11 3epHOBbIX K)'JIbl)'p. XOTH HaM HeI13BeCTHO, KaKl1e 113 3TI1X
K)'JIbl)'P Bblpallll1BaJIl1Cb B naJIeCTHHe, a KaKl1e HMnOpTHpOBaJII1Cb, Y Hac
HeT OCHOBaHI1H COMHeBaTbCH, "I TO Ha MeCTHbIX pbIHKax OHI1 I1MeJII1Cb B
1130611JII1I1. Bce )Ke 06 aCCOpTl1MeHTe TOBapOB Ha pblHKax B naJIeCTI1He
HaM OCTaeTCH TOJIbKO .n.ora.n.bIBaTbCH BBI1.n.y OTCYTCTBHH .n.OCTOBepHbIX
.n.aHHbIX.
TaK, Y .L(l1o.n.opa 11 CTpa60Ha eCTb YKa3aHI1H Ha TO, "I TO 113 naJIeCTI1-
HbI BblB0311JICH B Erl1neT TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH «ac<fJaJIbT», rne.n.lllHH Ha
HY)K)J,bI 6aJIb3aMl1pOBaHI1H s . 06 I1CnOJIb30BaHI1H naJIeCTI1HCKOrO CblpbH
.D.JIH 113rOTOBJIeHI1H l.{eJIoro pH,lJ.a JIeKapCTB coo6111alOT ne.n.aHI1H .L(110CKO-
pl1.n. 11 IlJIHHI1i1 CTaplllHH 6 .
J Ecml JKe roBOpHTb B ueJIOM, TO HeJlb311 He OTMeTHTb, 'iTO JlHTeparypa 0 xpaCHOMopCKOH
TOproBJ1e H HanpaBJ1eHHIIX cyxonYTHblX H MOpCKHX TOproBblX nYTeH no KpaCHOMY MOPIO H
ApaBHHCKOMY nOJlYOCTpOBY BeCbMa BeJlHKa. OTMeTHM 311ecb: Sidebotham S. E. Roman Eco-
nomic Policy in the Erythra Thalassa 30 B. C. -A. D. 217. Leiden, 1986. P. 71-77, 152, 162.
3Ta pa60Ta, He 6Y.llY'iH ellHHCTBeHHblM CO'iHHeHHeM B CBoeM pOlle, Bce '>Ke IIBJllleTCII no OX-
Bary MaTepHana H BblBOllaM ellHHCTBeHHbIM 0606walOWHM HCCJle.llOBaHHeM MOpCKOH TOproB-
JJH PHMCKOH HMnepHH C BOCTOKOM.
4 Diod., III, 42=Strab., XVI, 4, 18=C776. 06pawaeT Ha ce611 BHHMaHHe H.lleHTH'i-
HOCTb - 3a HCKJlIO'ieHHeM MeJlKHX lleTaneH - TeKCTa J],Holiopa H CTpa60Ha, 'iTO CBHlle-
TeJJbCTByeT 06 HCnOJJb30BaHHH 06wero HCTO'iHHKa, KaKOBblM Mor 6blTb JlH60 ApTeMHllOp,
JJH60 Aract>apxHll.
\ Diod., II, 48, 6; Strab., XVI, 2, 45. flOll acct>anbTOM HMelOTCII B llaHHOM cJlY'iae B BH.llY
CryCTKH BeweCTBa, BCnJIblBaIOWHe B MepTBoM Mope Ha nOBepXHOCTb.
6 Dioscorides De Materia medica, I, 19, 1 (6anb3aM Hero BHllbl); 1, 71, I (KaMe.llb Tep-
MHHTa); 1, 73, I (HY.lleHCKHH acct>anbT); IV, 157, I (6J1aroBOHHblH opex); IV, 170,3 (CKaMMOHHH);
V, 137 (HYlleHcKHJ:i KaMeHb). Cpo TaKJKe: Plin. Nat. Hist., XIV, 122 - (KaMellb apaBHHCKa!I H
HYlleHCKa!I); XXIV, 85 (cneUH$H'!eCKHH TpOCTHHK, HCnOJlb3yfOWHHCII H KaK JJeKapCTBo, H.llJIII
H3roTOBJleHHJl 6J1aroBOHHH); XXVI, 60 (CKaMMOHHH); XXVIlI, 80 (HYlleHcKHH ac$anbT).
244
Twea 5. 3KOHOMU'IeCKaJ/ J/('U3Hb na ecmuHbl pU.\lCKOi'O epe. 'eHU..,
IlnHHHH CTapllll1H nl1llIeT TaJOKe 06 3KcnopTe 113 naJIeCTI1HbI 3HaMe-
HHTOro naJIeCTI1HCKOro 6aJ1b3aMa - pa3J1H'IHbIX npo.n.YKTOB nepepa60T-
KH K)'CTapHHKa, npOH3pacTaBlllero B paHOHe HepHXOHa 7 . Heo.n.HOKpaTHO
ynOMI1HaeT 0 6aJ1b3aMe H HOCHcp <1>J1aBI1H 8 . O.n.HaKO B HCTOpHKO-3KOHO-
MI1'1eCKOM OTHOllleHHI1 HMelOT npHHUl1nl1aJ1bHOe 3Ha'leHl1e TOJ1bKO .n.Ba
H3 HHX. HOCHcp <1>J1aBHH C006IllaeT, '1TO B ero BpeMH 6bJJ10 npe.n.CTaBJIeHl1e
o TOM, '1TO paCTeHHe «6aJ1b3aM» 6bJJ10 3aBe3eHO B naJIeCTI1HY uapHI. eH
CaBcKoH (Ant. Jud., VIII, 174-175).0 .n.ocToBepHOCTI13TOH I1HcpopMaUI1H
Cy.n.HTb HeB03MO)KHO, H cBI1.n.eTeJ1bCTByeT OHa no cYIllecTBY J1Hlllb 0 B03-
.n.eJ1bIBaHHH 6aJ1b3aMa B naJIeCTHHe C my60KoH .n.peBHOCTI1 9 . OrMeTHM
TaJOKe TOT cpaKT, '1TO 6aJ1b3aM ynoMHHaeTCH B EH6J1HI1, XOTH TaKHX MeCT
TaM HeMHoro (Ex., 30:34; 1 Reg., 19: 10; Cant. Cant. 5: 13; 6:2). BH.n.HMO,
3TO 06'bHCHHeTCH 'reM, '1TO B .n.OpI1MCKOe H .n.03J1J1HHI1CTH'IeCKOe BpeMH
6aJ1b3aM 6bJJ1 H3BeCTeH, HO He HCn0J1b30BaJlCH CTOJ1b aKTHBHO, KaK B
60J1ee n03.n.HHe BeKa.
KpoMe TOro, TOJ1bKO y HocHcpa <1>J1aBHjJ eCTb YKa3aHl1e Ha TO, '1TO
6aJ1b3aM BbIpaIllHBaJlCH nOMI1MO Hepl1XOHa TaJOKe B paHOHe 3H-fe.D..D.H.
npH 3TOM, C TO'lKH 3peHI1jJ HOCHcpa <1>J1aBHH, HMeHHO 3.n.eCb np0l13paCTaJI
JIY'IllIHH no Ka'leCTBY 6aJ1b3aM IO . O.n.HaKO )Ke caMaH no.n.p06HWI HHCPOp-
MaUHH 0 6aJ1b3aMe eCTb y IlnI1HHH CTaplllero. nOM HMO onHcaHHH 06Ille-
ro BH.n.a paCTeHHH H cnoc060B .n.06bI'IH ero COKa, nJ1HHI1H co06IllaeT
CBe.n.eHHjJ 11 0 CTOHMOCTH npo.n.YKTOB H3 6aJ1b3aMa.
OH nHllleT (HN., XIII, 123), '1TO Ha pacnpo.n.a)Ke KOHcpHcKoBaHHoro
HMYIlleCTBa MO)KHO 6bIJ10 KynHTb ceKcTapHH 6aJ1b3aMa (0,547 J1) 3a
300 .n.eHapHeB, a peaJIl130BaTb - 3a 1000 .n.eHapHeB. 3Ta cppa3a BbI3bI-
BaeT HeCKOJ1bKO BonpocoB, H60 OHa He COBceM nOHjJTHa. no.n. «npo.n.a-
)KeH KOHcpHCKOBaHHoro HMYIllecTBa» CJ1e.n.YeT nOHHMaTb, CKopee Bcero,
ToprH B naJIeCTHHe, npOHcxo.n.HBllll1e nOCJ1e 3aBepllleHHH Hy.n.eHCKOH
BOHHbl ll . B 3TOM CJ1Y'lae ueHa B 300 .n.eHapHeB OTpa)KaeT, BI1.n.I1MO,
70 6aJIb3aMe CM.: PLn. Nat. Hist., XII, 111-124. flnHHHJ:i coo6maeT, 'iTO ueHHJJCII npe-
JK.lle Bcero COK 6aJIbJaMa, HO HCnOJlb30BaJIHCb TaKJKe Kopa, ceMeHa H BeTKH. BaJKHO OTMeTHTb,
'iTO naJIeCTHHCKHH 6aJIbJaM H npollYKTbl ero nepepa60TKH 3HaKOMbl YJKe <1>eo$pacry, aBTOpy
py6eJKa 1V-lll BB.110 H. 3. (Hist. Plant., IX, 6,1).
8 FI. Jos., Bel. Jud" I, 138; I, 361; IV, 469: Ant. Jud., VIll, 174-175; IX, 7; XIV, 54; XV, 96.
9 CJlOBa HOCHCt>a <1>JlaBHII 03Ha'ialOT TaKJKe, 'iTO BIB. H. 3. 6blJlO YCTOH'iHBOe npeliCTaB-
JleHHe 0 rrry60KOH llpeBHOCTH TOproBblX cBlI3ei! IOJKHOH ApaBHH (OCHOBHOro HCTO'iHHKa
npOHJpaCTaHHII 6rraroBoHHJ:i) C DJlHJKHHM BOCTOKOM.
10 FI. Jos., Ant. Jud., IX, 7. :fla HH$OpMauHII IIOliTBepJK.llaeTCII TaKJKe apxeoJlOrH'iecKH.
CM.: E1. Vol. 4. Col. 143.
II1.jYTb Bblwe (PI in. Hist. Nat., XIll, 118) fl1HHHH IIHWeT, 'iTO B Te'ieHHe n!ITH JleT nocrre
HYlieilcKOH BOHHbl no6erH 6aJIbJaMOBOro KYCTapHHKa npollaBaJIHCb Ja 800 000 ceCTepUHeB
(aBTop, npaBlla, He YTO'iHlleT, Ja KaKYIO e.aHHHUY o60eMa HaJHa'i!L1aCb TaKaJI ueHa). 3'm llBa
245
A. f. fpyweBoH, l1yoeu u uyoau3.\t e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKu u PIIMCKOU UMnepuu
MHHI1MaJIbHblH ypOBeHb ueHbl TOBapa, 3a KOTOpylO ero MO)KHO 6b1JIO
npH06peCTI1 Ha MeCTe H B He COBceM HOpMaJIbHOH C 3KOHOMH"IeCKOH
TO"lKH 3peHI1jJ Cl1ryaUI1H. '-ITo KacaeTCjJ 1000 .n.eHapl1eB, TO, BepOjJTHee
Bcero, no TaKOH ueHe npo.n.aBaJICjJ ceKCTapl1H 6aJIb3aMa B PI1Me: He
CJIe.n.yeT 3a6blBaTb, "ITO aBTOp «ECTeCTBeHHOH HCTOPHH» nJlHHHH CTap-
llll1H 6blJI Ka6HHeTHbiM Y"IeHbIM, npOBe.n.lUHM 60JIblllYlO "IaCTb )K113HH
B l-1TaJIHH.
C 3KOHOMH"IeCKOH TO"lKI1 3peHHjJ nOCJIe.n.Hee C006l.L\eHHjJ nJII1HHjJ
BIDKHO B CJIe.n.ylOl.L\HX OTHOllleHHjJX. UeHa ceKCTapHjJ 6aJIb3aMOBoro COKa
onycKaJIaCb .n.o 300 .n.eHapHeB JIHlllb B Tex CJIY"IajJx, Kor.n.a B 3KOHOMHKe
npoHcxo.n.HJI cepbe3HblH C60H. B UeJIOM )Ke npo.n.IDKa 6aJIb3aMOBoro COM
B KpynHblx TOproBblX ueHTpax 3a npe.n.eJIaMH naJIeCTHHbl 6b1JIa KpaHHe
BbIro.n.Ha, H60 rapaHTl1pOBaJIa npH6blJlb, npeBbllllalOl.L\YlO 100 npoueHTOB.
Y flnHHHjJ HMelOTCjJ TaIOKe 11 UHcppoBble .n.aHHble 0 KOJII1"1eCTBe nOJI)'''Iae-
Moro 6aJIb3aMoBoro COKa (Plin. HN., XIII, 117), o.n.HaKO HCnOJIb30BaTb
HX MO)KHO JlHlllb C H3BeCTHblMH oroBopKaMH. nJIHHHH nHweT, "ITO BO
BpeMeHa AJIeKCaH.D.pa MaKe.n.OHcKoro 60JIblllOH ca.n. 12 6aJIb3aMoBoro K)'C-
TapHI1Ka npI1HOCI1J1 e)Ke.n.HeBHO 6 KOHrHeB (3,275 x 6 = 19,65 JI), a Ma-
JIbIH 13 -1 KOHrHH (3,275 JI). flnl1HHH OTHOCHT 3TI1 Ul1cppbI K npOlllJIOMY,
OTCTOjJl.L\eMY OT ero BpeMeHI1 Ha Tpl1 BeKa. npH 3TOM OH OTMe"laeT, "ITO B
ero BpeMjJ KOJIH"IeCTBO c06HpaeMoro COKa 6blJI0 60JIblll11M, HO TO"lHbIX
uHCPp He npI1Bo.n.I1T. HHblMH CJIOBaMI1, e)Ke.n.HeBHbIH c60p 6aJIb3aMOBoro
COKa BIB. H. 3. npeBbllllaJI 22 JI 11, B03MO)I(H0, 3Ha"lHTeJIbHO, H60 113 TeK-
CTa nJIHHHjJ He CJIe.n.yeT, "ITO 06l.L\ee KOJIH"IeCTBO lliIaHTaUHH 6aJIb3aMa B
naJIeCTHHe OrpaHH"II1BaJIOCb O.n.HI1M 60JIblllHM H O.n.HHM MaJIbIM Ca.n.OM.
ECJIH )Ke Y"leCTb, "ITO ueHa 0,5 JI 6aJIb3aMa COCTaBJIjJJIa 300 .n.eHapHeB, TO
MI1HHMaJIbHajJ ueHa COKa, nOJI)'''IaeMOrO TOJIbKO 3a O.n.HH .n.eHb, COCTaBJIjJ-
JIa npH )K113HH flnHHHjJ 13 200 .n.eHapl1eB. 06l.L\WI )Ke CTOI1MOCTb npo.n.YK-
U"H naJIeCTHHcKOro 6aJIb3aMa COCTaBJIjJJIa, eCTeCTBeHHO, COTHH TblCjJ"I
.n.eHapHeB.
npHMepbl, npHBo.n.HMble B nHOH maBe, nOKa3bIBalOT, "ITO ro.n.OBOH
.n.OXO.n. naJIeCTHHcKOro 3eMJIe.n.eJIbUa B apH.n.HOH 30He COCTaBJIjJJI 200-
co06meHHII f11HHHJl, a TaKJKe H3BeCTHoe YKa3aHHe HocH$a <1>.laBHII 0 Mepax no peopraHH3a-
UHH 3eMeJlbHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH H 3eMeJlbHbIX BJlMeHHJ:i B flaneCTHHe nOC.1e BOHHbl n03BO-
JllllOT rOBopHTb 0 CJle.aYlOmeM. CYllJI no BceMY, B flaneCTHHe nocJle n06e.llbl pHMJlIIH npOHC-
XO.llHJJO aKTHBHOe nepepaCnpelleJleHHe c06CTBeHHOCTH MeJK.llY no6e.llHTe,lI1MH H CKYnKa HMH
Bcero, 'iTO Momo npHHeCTH 1l0XOll.
12 nJlHHHIt He YTO'iHlleT, KaKOBbl pa3Mepbl 3TOro «60JlbWOro ca.lla» H CKOJlbKO 3TH X «60Jlb-
lliHX Ca.llOB» 6blJ10 B nanecTHHe.
\J K COJKaJleHHIO, H 311eCb lliHHHIt He YTO'iH!leT paJMepbl «Manoro CMa» H CKOJlbKO 3THX
«ManbIX CMOB» 6blJ10 B n:LleCTHHe.
246
rJlaea 5. 3KOIIQMU'IeCKaJ/ ,J/CU3Hb nQJleCmUHbl PILWCKOZO epe.\leIlU..,
300 .n.eHapHeB, T. e. B ./I)'YllleM CJ1yyae 6bJJ1 paBeH CTOI1MOCTH 0,5 J1 6aJJb-
3aMoBoro COKa, aKTHBHO HCn0J1b30BaBllleroc B pHMCKOM MHpe .n.J1 113-
rOTOBJ1eHH 6J1aroBoHHH. ConOCTaBJ1eHHe 3THX UHCPP .n.aeT HaM HOPMY
3KClliIYaTaUHH 11 npl16bIJIH npl1po.n.HbIX 60raTCTB naJJeCTHHbI pHMJI HaMH.
HecJ1yYaHHo .n.OJ1HHa HepHXOHa, OCHOBHoe MeCTO np0l13pOCTaHWI K)'C-
TapHI1Ka, 6bIJ1a 06'b BJ1eHa HMnepaTopCKOH c06CTBeHHOCTbJO. C HCTOPH-
yeCKOH TOYKJi 3peHI1 BIDKHO TaJOKe OTMeTHTb, YTO onl1CaHl1e flnI1HH H
HeKOTopbIe cppa3bI B TaJJM}'.n.e BJ1 IOTC nOCJ1e.n.HHMH ynOMHHaHH MH 0
naJJeCTHHCKOM 6aJJb3aMe. MbI He 3HaeM, 'ITO HMeHHO np01130lllJ10 H Koma,
HO, BepO THee Bcero, MO)l(HO roBOpHTb 0 m6eJ1H IUIaHTaUI1H 6aJJb3aMa B
naJJeCTHHe OT HCTOl..L{eHI1 . PHMCKJie BJ1aCTI1 BbIKaYaJJH H3 HHX Bce, 'ITO
MomH, H B KaKOH-TO MOMeHT OKa3aJJHCb He B COCTO HHH nO)J,)J,ep)l<HBaTb
BocnpOH3Bo.n.CTBO pacTeHH .
He MeHee BIDKHblM npo.n.YKTOM 3KcnopTa H3 naJJeCTI1HbI 6bIJ1H CPHHH-
KJi H B ueJ10M npo.n.yKTbl naJJbM. naJJecTHHcKHe CPHHHKH no.n.aBaJJHCb Ha
HMnepaTOpCKJiH CTOJ1 H HCn0J1b30BaJJHCb KaK no.n.HOllleHHe rpeKO-pI1M-
CKHM 6oraM l4 . CY,W! no npHBo.n.HMbIM Hl1)1(e npHMepaM, CPHHHKH 6bJJ1H
BeCbMa .n.ellleBbl, o.n.HaKO )l(e 11306HJ1He cpHHHKOBblX naJJbM 11 HX yp0)l(aH-
HOCTb (Cpe.n.HHH nOKa3aTeJ1b - 30 Kr Ha .n.epeBO, peaJJbHblH)I{e yp0)l{aH
Mor 6bITb H 3HaYI1TeJ1bHO Bblllle) n03B0J1 1OT npe.n.n0J10)l{HTb BneYaTJ1 IO-
ll.\HH 3KcnopT cpHHHKOB H3 naJJecTHHbl. nOCJ1e.n.HHH )l{e cpaKT, B CBOJO
oyepe.n.b, CBI1.n.eTeJ1bCTBYeT 0 TOM, YTO 3KcnopT cpHHHKOB 6bJJ1 BbIro.n.eH
H YHCTO 3KOHOMHyeCKH, XOT H He npI1HOCI1J1 OrpOMHbIX .n.OXO.n.OB. 11111-
pOKJiH apeaJJ naJJbMbI H B03MO)I(HOCTb c60pa ee lliIO.n.OB 6e3 nOBpeJK.D.eHWI
CTBOJ1a cnoc06CTBOBaJ1H B OTJ1HYHe OT 6aJ1b3aMa COXpaHeHI1JO 3TOro
paCTeHI1 KaK BH.n.a.n.o HalllHX .n.Heli 15 .
,lLrI 3KOHOMHKH pHMCKoro BpeMeHH BIDKHbI, HaKOHeu, CJ1e.n.yJOI..L{He
.n.Ba cpaKTa. HOCHcp <1>J1aBHH ynoMHHaeT 0 BbIB03e H3 naJJeCTHHbl OJ1HBOK
H OJ1HBKOBoro MaCJ1a (Fl. J05., Bel. Jud., II, 591-593), a naBcaHHH - 0
BblCOKOKayeCTBeHHOM J1bHe y H)'.n.eeB. H3 KOHTeKCTa CHO, YTO HMeJOTC
B BH.n.y J1bH Hble TKaHH (Y, 5, 2). nO.n.TBepJK.D.eHHe B03.n.eJ1bIBaHH J1bHa
H H3rOTOBJ1eHH J1bH HbIX TKaHeH B naJJecTHHe eCTb TaJOKe B O.n.HOM H3
MH.n.pallleH (GenR., 19: 1; 20: 12).
.. 06 yromeHHH HMneparopa ABrycTa naneCTHHCKHMH $HHHKaMH co06maeT f1nYTapx:
Quaedt. Conviv., VIII, 4, 1. flJlHHHH CTapwHH nOllp06HO nepe'iHCJllleT Bce H3BeCTHbIe eMY
copTa ct>HHHKOB, nOll'iepKHBaJI OC06blH BKYC HeKoropbIx H3 HHX. OH JKe roBOpHT, 'iTO HeKOTO-
pble $HHHKH HMeHHO H3-3a cBoero BKYca HCnOJlb30BanHCb B Ka'ieCTBe oc060 ueHHblX nOllHO-
llleHHH 60raM (Hist. Nat., Xlll, 26-49, OC06eHHO 44 H 46),
,\ <1>HHHKOBble nanbMbl pOCJlH B flaneCTHHe 1I0BClOllY, o.aHaKO JKe OCHOBHblMH 30HaMH HX
npOH3paCTaHHII 6blJla llOJlHHa HepHxoHa H IOJKHble paiioHbl flanecTHHbl - HereB,
247
A. r. fpyweBoH, l1ydeu u uyoau:nt e ucmopuu PU.\fCKOU pecny611uKII II PIL\tCKOU lL\mepuII
2. aKOHOMH1JeCKaH H3Hb BHyrpeHHHx 06AaCTeH
naAeCTHHbl
npe)l{)J,e '-IeM nepeHTH K paCCMOTpeHl11O BonpOCOB, KaCalOl.L\I1XCjJ xo-
3jJi1cTBeHHOH )/(H3HI1 BH)'TpeHHHX 06JIaCTeH naTIeCTHHbl, OTMeTHM, '-ITO
no 3KOHOMH'leCKI1M xapaKTepl1CTHKaM Ha nepBOM MeCTe BO Bce BeKa H
BO Bcex OTHOllleHl1jJX 6bU111 faTIl1JIejJ H Hy.n.ejJ. HMeHHO 3.n.eCb 6blJ1H co-
cpe.n.OTO'-leHbl OCHOBHble Bo.n.Hble I1CTO'-lHI1KH naTIeCTHHbl, '-ITO 06ecne-
'-IHBaTIO nO'-lTH H.n.eaTIbHble YCJIOBI1JI .D.JIjJ Be.n.eHHjJ CeJIbCKOrO X03jJHCTBa.
B CaMapHH, 11 oc06eHHO B HereBe, 3TI1 YCJIOBHjJ 6blJII1 3Ha'-ll1TeJIbHO
X}')Ke I6 . XOTeJIOCb 6bl TaIOKe OTMeTI1Tb, '-ITO B OTJIl1'-1He OT npl1MOpCKOH
30Hbl CBe.n.eHl1jJ 0 X03jJHCTBeHHOH )KH3HH QeHTpaTIbHblX H 3aCYlllJIHBbiX
paHOHOB naTIeCTHHbl BeCbMa CKy.n.Hbl17.
06'bjJCHjJeTCjJ 3TO TeM, '-ITO nanHpYCbl, .n.alOl.L\He no.n.p06H)'1O HHcpOp-
MaQl110 0 X03jJHCTBeHHOH )/(H3HH TOro nOCeJIeHHjJ, r.n.e 6blJ1H o6Hapy)/(e-
Hbl, jJBJIjJlOTCjJ pe.n.KOCTblO. AHTH'-IHble aBTopbl 0 BHYTpeHHI1X 06JIaCTjJX
naTIeCTHHbl 11 HX )/(113HH 3HaTIH MaTIO; '-ITO JKe KacaeTCjJ HHcpopMaQHH
TaTIMy.n.a no 3KOHOMHKe (OHa BeCbMa 06CTOjJTeJIbHa), TO ee B CHJIY cne-
QHCPI1KI1 no.n.a'-lH MaTepl1aTIa HeB03MO)/(HO «np"BjJ3aTb» K KaKOMY-JII160
KOHKpeTHOMY nOCeJIeHHIO I1JIH K np06JIeMaM KOHKpeTHoro '-IeJIOBeKa,
pa6OTalOl.L\erO Ha 3eMJIe. B 3TOM ee npHHQHnl1aTIbHOe OTJIl1'-1He OT HH-
cpopMaQI1H TaKoro po.n.a, co.n.epJKal.L\eHCjJ B nanHpycax. B nepBOM CJIY'-lae
Mbl HMeeM KOHKpeTHblH cpaKT, KOHKpeTHYIO np06JIeMY 3eMJIe.n.eJIbQa
BnOJIHe onpe.n.eJIeHHoro nOCeJIeHl1jJ, BO BTOpOM - He JIHllleHHbie I1HTe-
peca a6CTpaKTHbie cxeMbl C peKOMeH.n.aQHjJMH, KaK CJIe.n.yeT HJII1 He CJIe-
.n.YeT nocrynaTb '-IeJIOBeK)', pa60TalOl.L\eMY Ha 3eMJIe.
,lLrIjJ I B. H. 3. HeKOTopoe KOJIH'-IeCTBO HHcpopMaQHH no Bonpocy 0
X03jJHCTBeHHOH )/(H3HH naJIeCTHHbl MOJKHO Hai1TH y HOCHcpa <1>JIaBHjJ,
CTpa60Ha H nJIHHHjJ CTaplllero. K CO)/(aJIeHHIO, C006l.L\aeMble HMI1
CBe.n.eHl1jJ BeCbMa CKy.n.Hbl. KaK ynoMHHaTIOCb Bblwe, y nJIHHHjJ eCTb
.n.eTaJIbHOe Onl1CaHHe 6aJIb3aMOBbiX .n.epeBbeB 11 6JIarOBOHHbiX paCTeHHH,
cpl1HI1KOBblX naTIbM H pa3HbiX 3K30TH'-IeCKHX paCTeHHH, npOH3paCTaBlllHX
B naTIeCTHHe (Plin., HN., 111-124; XlII, 24-49; XXIV, 85; XXVII,
15). B 60JIee KpaTKoH cpopMe Te )/(e CBe.n.eHHjJ BCTpe'-lalOTCjJ Y CTpa60-
16 0 peKax naJIeCTHHbl B l.IeJlOM CM.: Abel F.-M. Geographie de la Palestine... T. 1. P. 462-
503.
173m OC06eHHO npHCKop6HO. eCJlH Y'ieCTb X03!1HCTBeHHYIO Cnel.lHaJIlIlaUHIO 3THX 06-
JlaCTeH: ueHTpaJIbHaJI H apHllHaJI 30Ha 6blJJH cBoero pOlla 6oJlbWI!MH «OropO.aaMH» H «Ca.:t3.\lH».
o6ecne'iHBaBWIIMH BHYTpeHHee nOTpe6J1eHHe II 3KcnopT B llpyme 06j"laCTH roCYllapCTBa H 3a
ero npelleJlbl npollYKTOB perl!OHaJIbHOrO CeJlbCKoro X03!1HCTBa.
248
r aea 5, 3KoHa'WU'IeCKaR ,J/CU3Hb na ecmllHbI PUMCKOZO epe.A/eHU..
Ha 18 . 3.n.eCb 06pamaeT Ha ce6 BHI1MaHl1e Onl1CaHl1e 3KOHOMI11.feCKoro
npOUBeTaHI1 naTIeCTI1Hbl, npaB.n.a, BeCbMa KpaTKoe. CTpa60H nl1llleT
o TOM, 'I TO Hop.n.aH opOlllaeT 3eMJIIO 6J1aro.n.eHCTBYlOmylO 11 BO Bcex
OTHOllleHI1 X nJ1o.n.opo.n.HYIO (E\>oai ova Kat 1ta q)'upov)19.
B<DKHYIO I1HcpOpMaUl11O co.n.eP)KHT TaIOKe .n.pyroH OTpblBOK 113 CTpa-
60Ha. B Hal.faJ1e BTOpOH maBbl llleCTHa.n.uaTOH KHl1rl1 (XVI, 2, 2) co
CCblJ1KOH Ha Hel13BeCTHblX HaM aBTopOB CTpa60H nl1llleT, 'I TO OC06blMI1
Hapo.n.aMI1, 'faCTI1'fHO 3aHI1MalOmI1MHC 3eMJ1e.n.eJIl1eM, l.faCTl1l.fHO TOproB-
JIeH, BJ1 IOTC l1y.n.el1, I1.n.yMeI1 20 , )KI1TeJ111 fa3bl 11 )KHTeJ111 A30Ta (Alll-
.n.o.n.a). liTO KaCaeTC nOCJ1e.n.HI1X, TO I1X OTHeCeHl1e K «OC06bIM» Hapo-
.n.aM - 3TO HenpaBl1JIbHOe TOJ1KOBaHl1e Toro cpaIcra, 'fTO 3TI1 ropo.n.a 6blJ111
KpynHblMI1 TOproBblMI1 ueHTpaMI1.
HCKJ1lOl.feHl1e npe.n.CTaBJUIIOT HeCKOJ1bKO OTpblBKOB 113 Hocl1cpa <I>J1aBIDI.
.z:Ln Hac B .n.aHHOM c./I)'l.fae oc06eHHO BIDKHO TO, 'lTO I1CTOpl1K B CBOI1X xa-
paKTepl1CTI1Kax OT.n.eJ1bHbIX perno HOB He orpaHI1I.fI1JlC 1.JI1CTO reorpacpl1-
l.feCKHM I1X Onl1CaHl1eM I1JII1 Onl1CaHHeM OT.n.eJ1bHbIX .n.OCTOnpI1Mel.faTeJ1b-
HOCTeH. HOCl1cp <1>J1aBHH .n.eJ1aeT aKU.eHT Ha xapaKTepl1CTI1Ke X03 HCTBeHHOH
)KH3HI1 TOH I1JIH I1HOH 06J1aCTI1. HeCMOTp Ha H3p .n.Hble npeYBeJ1Hl.feHI1 B
OT.n.eJ1bHbIX c./I)'l.fa x, 3TI1 xapaIcrepl1CTI1KI1 Hocl1cpa <1>J1aBH BIDKHbl 11 I1H-
repeCHbI. nepBWlI13 HHX OTHOCHTC K faTIl1JIee.
FI. Jos., Bel. Jud. III, 42-43: ...(<1160 3eMJ1 TaM HaCTOJ1bKO nJ1o.n.opo.n.-
Ha 11 60raTa nacrol1maMI1 11 3ace Ha BC Koro po.n.a .n.epeBb MI1, 'I TO -
BCJIe.n.CTBHe JIerKOCTH - npl1BJIeKaeTC K 3eMJIe .n.a)Ke HaHMeHee JII06 mHH
Tpy.n.I1TbC . ):{eHCTBI1TeJ1bHO, BC 3eMJ1 TaM 06pa6OTaHa MeCTHblMI1 )KH-
TeJ1 MI1 11 HeT HI1 O.n.HOH He06pa60TaHHOH MepbI. H ropO.n.OB TaM MHoro,
11 nOBCeMeCTHO MHO)KeCTBO MHOroJIIO,lJ.HbIX - BCJ1e.n.CTBl1e .n.OCTaTKa -
.n.epeBeHb, cpe.n.11 KOTOpblX .n.<DKe caMWI MaTIeHbKa HaCl.fl1TblBaeT .n.o n T-
Ha,AuaTI1 TbIC 1.f )KI1TeJ1eH»21.
IR Strab., XVI, 2, 16. Y'iHTbIBa!I TC>T lj!aKT, 'iTO «feorpa$HII» CTpa60Ha HanHcaHa paHbwe
«EcTecTBeHHoH HCTOPHH» flJlHHHII CTapwero. Hellb311 HCKJJIO'iaTb. 'iTO nOCJlellHHH JlH60
HCnOJlb30B<L1 CTpa60Ha, JlH60 HMeil C HHM 06WHe HCTO'iHHKH. B ueJlOM JKe HH$opMaUHII
CTpa60Ha H flnHHHII CTapwero OTpaJKaeT ypoBeHb lHaHHJ:i 1 B. 110 H. ). -I B. H. 3., a B HeKO-
TOpblX CJlY'ia!lX - llaJKe 11 B. 1I0 H. 3.
\9 B OCHOBHOM CBelleHHII II flnHHHII. H CTpa60Ha HOC!IT .lH60 'iIlCTO reorpa$II'ieCKHi\
xapaKTep, JlH60 1I03HaBareJlbHbli\: aBTopb1llalOT nO.ilp06Hble onHcaHHII npHpOllbl.
20 no CJlOBaM M. lllTepHa, KOMMeHTHpOBaBWero 3TOT TeKCT B H3.i1aHHH illmepH, 1997,
C. 289, ynoMHHaHHe 06 HllYMeIlX, KaK 06 OC060M HapOlle n03BOlllleT onpelleJlHTb, 'iTO co06-
maeMble CTpa60HoM CBelleHHII OTHOC!lTCII KO Bpe leHlIllO 20-x rr. II B. .il0 H. 3.
2\ nopalHTe.1bHO, HO B OllHOM BeCbMa cepbe3HOM IICClleliOBaHHH no 3KOHOMHKe nanec-
THHbl (Sperber D, Roman Palestine, 200-400. The Land. Crisis and change in agrarian society
as reflected in rabbinic sources. Rarnat-Gan, 1978. P. 3) )TOT OTpblBOK, HeCMOTpIl Ha IICHoe
YKaJaHHe HOCH$a <1>.laBI(j( Ha TO, 'iTO pe'ib lflIeT 0 fa.1IL1ee. paCC IaTpHBaeTCII KaK xapaKTe-
249
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. l1yoeu u uydaU3.\I e ucmopuu PUMCKOU peCny6JlIIKU II PU-\fCKOU wwnepuu
nOCJIe.n.Hl1e CJIOBa :noro OTpblBKa BHoe npeYBeJIJ1LleHl1e. Bblllle y)Ke
OTMel.(aJIOCb O.n.HO MeCTO 113 «ABT06110rpacpl1l1 Hocl1cpa», comaCHO KO-
TOPOMY B faJIl1JIee HaC'IlITblBaJIOCb 204 ropo.n.a 11 .n.epeBHI1. ECJII1I1CXO.n.I1Tb
113 Toro, I.(TO CaMaJI MaJIeHbKa .n.epeBH HaCl.(l1TblBaJIa 15 TbIC. l.(eJIOBeK,
TO nOJIYI.(I1TC , I.(TO HaCeJIeHl1e O.n.HOH faJIl1JIel1 npeBbllllaJIO 3 MJIH. npl1-
MepHble OQeHKI1 HaCeJIeHlliI naJIeCTI1Hbl pa3JII1'1HbIX I1CTOpl1KOB 11 apxeo-
JIOroB CBI1.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT, I.(TO I.(I1CJIeHHOCTb )KI1TeJIeH Bcex 06JIaCTeH
naJIeCTI1Hbl - KaK H)'.n.eHcKoro, TaK 11 He-l1)'.n.eHcKoro 6blJIa 3Ha'lI1TeJIb-
HO HIDKe :noH Ql1cppbI.
B03Bpalll,aJIcb K Hocl1CPY c1>JIaBI1IO, OTMeTI1M, I.(TO OH Onl1CblBaJI He
TOJIbKO faJIl1JIelO. HeCKOJIbKO H(1)Ke I1CTOpl1K .n.aeT xapaKTepl1CTI1KI1 Oepel1,
CaMapl111 11 Hy.n.el1.
FI. Jos., Bel. Jud., 1lI, 44-45: «H Bo06lll,e, eCJII1 faJIWIe 11 ycrynaeT
no pa3MepaM nepee, TO eH, faJIWIee, CJIe.n.yeT OT.n.aTb npe.n.nOI.(TeHl1e no
npl1po.n.HblM pecypcaM 22 . nepe}1 )Ke, 6y.n.YI.(I1 ropa3.n.o 60JIbllle, B OCHOB-
HOH cBoeH l.(aCTI1 nycTblHHa, KaMeHI1CTa 11 CJIl1lllKOM .n.I1Ka)J,JI}1 BbI3peBa-
HI1 B03.n.eJIb1BaeMb1X l.(eJIOBeKOM nJIo.n.OB. HMelOlll,HeC}1 TaM yl.(aCTKI1
npl1ro.n.HOH K 06pa60TKe 11 BO Bcex OTHOllleHlliIX IUl0.n.OpO.n.HOH 3eMJIH
K)'JIbTI1BI1PYIOTC}1. TaM I1MeIOTC}1 .n.OJII1Hbl, nOKpblTble BceB03MO)KHbIMI1
.n.epeBb}1MI1, B OCHOBHOM OJII1BaMI1, BI1HOrpa.n.HI1KOM 11 cpI1HI1KaMI1. nepe}1
opOlllaeTC}1 nOTOKaMI1 C rop 11 HenepeCblXalOlll,I1MI1 I1CTOI.(HI1KaMI1, .n.oc-
TaTOI.(HblMl111 Tor.n.a, Kor.n.a B 3HOH [nOTOKH crop] nepecblxaIOT».
'-ITO )Ke KacaeTC}1 CaMapl1l1, TO HOCl1cp c1>JIaBI1H Onl1CblBaeT ee CJIe-
.n.YIOlll,I1M 06pa30M.
Fl. Jos., Bel. Jud., III, 48-50: «06JIaCTb CaMapl1}1 pacnOJIaraeTC}1
Me>K,.Qy faJIHJIeeH 11 Hy.n.eeH. Hal.(I1Ha}1Cb OT .n.epeBHI1, HMeH)'eMOH fHHe}1
(Gina.. .a)23, pacnOJIO)KeHHOH Ha BeJII1KoH paBHI1He, OHa KOHl.(aeTC}1 y
rpaHI1Q TOnapX1111 AKpa6aTeHbI. no CBoeMY xapaKTepy H npHpo.n.e Ca-
Mapl1}1 Hl1l.(eM He OTJII1'1aeTC}1 OT faJIl1JIel1. B 06el1x 06JIaCT}1X l.(epe.LJ.Y1OT-
C}1 XOJIMbl 11 paBHI1HbI. nOI.(Bbl )J,JI}1 CeJIbCKOrO X03}1HCTBa JIerKl1el1 nJIO-
.n.Opo.n.Hble. 3eMJI}1 TaM nOJIHa JIeCOB 1111306HJIYeT nJIo.n.aMH, KaK .n.I1KI1MI1,
TaK H K)'JIbTI1Bl1pyeMbIMI1. faJIl1JIe}111 CaMapl1}1 CXO.n.Hbl TalOKe 11 TeM, '1TO
OHI1 COBepllleHHO He I1CnblTblBalOT ny>K,.Qbl BO BJIare, 1160 opOlllalOTC}1
.n.O>K,.QeM OHI1 B OCHOBHOM XOpOlllO. Bce I1CTO'lHI1Kl1l1MelOT y.n.I1BI1TeJIbHO
pHCTHKa naJIeCTHHbl B L\eJlOM. Cpo TaKJKe: Kreissig H. Die sozia1en Zusarnrnenhange des
jtidaisches Krieges. Klassen und Klassenkampfirn Palastina des I. Jahrhunderts V. U. Z. Ber-
lin, 1970. S. 18,
,2 6YKBaJJbHO B TeKCTe CKa3aHO - «no CHile».
2J KaCa!lCb B llpyroM MeCTe H no llpyroMY nOBollY OnHCaHH!I rpaHHUbI MeJKlIY CaMapHeH
H rai1HJleeii, HOCH$ <1>JJaBHH (Bel. Jud., II, 32) Ha3blBaeT 3TY llepeBHIO HHa'ie - feMa
(rf\l.1a).
250
r aea 5, 3KOH@IU'IeCKaR .JlCU3Hb nQJleCmUHbI PUJI,ICKOZO epe.weHU..
CJIa.n.KHH BK)'C BO.n.bl, 11 6JIaro.n.apH 0611JII11O npeKpacHoi1 TpaBbl CKOT .n.aeT
MOJIOKa 60JIbllle, LleM B .n.pyrHx 06JIaCTHx. OCHOBHblM )Ke CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOM
.n.06po.n.eTeJIH 11 npOUBeTaHI1H 06eHx 06JIaCTei1 HBJIHeTCH 3Hal.fl1TeJIbHaH
I.fHCJIeHHOCTb HX HaCeJIeHHH».
'-ITo KaCaeTCH apl1.n.HOH 30Hbl, T. e. HereBa 11 paHOHOB, npl1JIeralO Hx
K MepTBOMY MOplO, TO 0 X03HHCTBeHHOH )KH3HI1 3THX 06JIaCTeH HaM 113-
BeCTHO H3 pa3Jll1l.fHblX nanHpYCHblX c06paHHH H OTLlaCTH no apxeOJIoru-
l.feCKHM .n.aHHbIM. B03.n.eJIbIBaHHe OCHOBHOH l.faCTH HereBa OTHOCHTCH K
IV-VI BB. H xapaJaepH30BaJlOCb KaK B pI1MCKOe, TaK H B paHHeBH3aHTHH-
CKoe BpeMH cMelllaHHoH 06pa6OTKoH 3eMJIH. no.n. cMelllaHHOH 06pa6OTKoH
3eMJIH B .n.aHHOM CJIYLlae nOHHMaeTCH TaKoe CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHoe npo-
113BO.n.CTBO, npH KOTOpOM Ha O.n.HOM nOJIe Bblpa HBaJlHCb H 3epHoBble 11
rmo.n.OBble K)'JIbl)'pbl (HanpHMep, HLlMeHb H cpHHI1KOB<UI naJIbMa). l'IcTOLI-
HHKH, K CO)KaJleHHIO, He n03BOJIHIOT .n.o KOHl a pa3rpaHHLlHTb J],JIH naJIe-
CTHHbI paCCMaTpl1BaeMoro BpeMeHI1 CMelllaHHYIO 06pa60TK)' 3eMJII1 11
MOHOK)'JIbl)'pHoe CeJIbCKOe X03HHCTBO, nocTpoeHHoe no npl1Hl\l1ny «O.n.HO
nOJIe (O.n.I1H YLlaCToK) - o.n.Ha K)'JIbl)'pa».
KOHKpeTHoe npe.n.cTaBJIeHl1e 0 X03HHcTBeHHoH )KH3HI1 B YCJIOBI1HX
apl1.n.HoH 30Hbl .n.alOT nanHpYCbl 113 .n.epeBHH Ma03a, pacnOJIO)KeHHOH Ha
IO)f(HOH OKOHeLlHOCTH MepTBoro MOpH. 0 HHX Mbl paCCKIDKeM no.n.P06HO
B nHTOM H llleCTOM pa3.n.eJIax .n.aHHOH maBbI.
BIDKHeHlllee pa3JIHI.fHe Me)f()J,Y BHYTpeHHI1MH .n.OJIHHaMH l\eHTpaJIbHOH
3KOHOMHI.feCKOH 30Hbl, HereBOM 11 pai1oHaMI1, npHJIeralO I1MH K MepT-
BOMY MOplO, 3aKJIIOI.faJIOCb B KJIHMaTe, onpe.n.eJII1BllleM )f(eCTK)'1O X03HH-
CTBeHHYIO Cnel\HaJll13aLlHIO nOCJIe.n.HI1X. TaK, eCJIH roBOpHTb 06 06JIaCTHX
MepTBOrO MOpH, TO aHaJlH3HpyeMble HI1)f(e .n.OKYMeHTbl CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBY-
lOT, LITO 3.n.eCb OCHOBHOH K)'JIbl)'pOH 6b1JIa cpHHHKOBaH naJIbMa 24 .
no np06JIeMaM 3KOHOMHI.feCKOH )f(H3HH OT.n.eJIbHbIX 06JIaCTeH naJIe-
CTHHbI .n.ocTaTOLlHO MHOro HHcpOpMal\HH co.n.ep)f(HTCH B TaJlMy.n.e. B TpaK-
TaTax nepBoro ce.n.epa nea, )J;aMMaH H oc06eHHO KHJI'aHHM 25 ynOMHHa-
eTCH MHO)f(eCTBO CeJIbCKOX03HHCTBeHHblX KYJIbl)'P, o.n.HaKO .n.aJIeKO He
Bcer.n.a MO)f(HO onpe.n.eJIHTb, H.n.eT JII1 pel.fb 0 Bblpa HBaeMOH KYJIbl)'pe
HJIH 0 npHB03HOH, 06 OCHOBHOH I1JII1 3K30THl.feCKOH .n.JIH naJIeCTHHe
K)'JIbl)'pe 26 . npaB.n.a, no CYTH, B nea pe% CKopee l1.n.eT 06 I1CKOHHblX 11
24 H3 nanHpYCOB IIBCTByeT, 'iTO Ha60p BblpamHBaeMblX KYJlbTYP B KaJK.llOM X0311HCTBe 6b1H
pa3Ho06pa3eH, OllHaKO HMeHHO IjJHHHKH 6b1JJH BaJKHeHWeH KYl!bTYPOH.
2\ B OCTaJJbHblX TpaKTarax nepBoro cellepa TaJJMYlla HHTepeCYlOmeJ:i Hac HHljJopMaUHH
HeCKOJlbKO MeHbwe. H306HJJHe JKe ee B TpaKTaTe KH.il'aHHM 06b!1CHJIeTCII cneUHIjJHKOH ero
COllepJKaHIlII. B HeM pe'ib lI,leT 0 He.aonYCTIIMbIX C leweHIIIIX npoaYKTOB II BeweJ:i.
2. OCHOBHble MeCTa MHWHbI, CODepJKaWlle HH$opMaUHIO 0 Cel!bCKOX0311HCTBeHHblX KY.lb-
TYpax: Pea, 1, 5; Dammai I, la, Ib, Ic; II. 3a, 3b, 3c; Ki1'ajim I, la, Ib,; I, 2a, I, 2b; I, 3a, 3b.
251
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U uydau3M e ucmopllu PUMCKOU peCny6JlUKlI U PU.\tCKOU u.wnepuu
Hal160J1ee pacnpOCTpaHeHHblX B naJ1eCTI1He K)'J1bTYpax, Tor.n.a KaK B
)J;aMMaH - 0 npHB03HbiX 11 MeHee pacnpOCTpaHeHHblX I1J1H OTHOCHTeJ1b-
HO He.n.aBHO nOHBlllHXCH B naneCTHHe 27 . TaIOKe He BnOJ1He nOHHTHO, 0
KaKI1X HMeHHO 06J1aCTHX nanecTHHbl l1.n.eT pe'-lb B KIDK)J,OM KOHKpeTHOM
cJ1Y'-lae npl1 ynoMI1HaHI1H TOH HlIH HHOH K)'J1bTYpbl. 3To, npaB.n.a, 3aKO-
HOMepHO, H60 ynOMHHaeMble TpaKTaTbI nl1Canl1Cb He C QeJ1blO .n.aTb CBe-
.n.eHI1H no 3KOHOMI1'-1eCKOH reorpaqmH naneCTHHbl, a.D.J1H pemaMeHTaQI1H
Tex HlIH HHblX npaBOOTHOllleHI1H. O.n.HaKO y Hac eCTb OCHOBaHHH C'-IHTaTb,
'-ITO BO MHorOM, eCJ111 He B OCHOBHOM, 3TI1 CO'-ll1HeHHH OTpIDKalOT peanHH
fanl1J1eH 28 .
3. BH,ltbI3eMeAbHoH co6CTaeHHOCTH a naAeCTHHe
pHMCKoro apeMeHH
ECTeCTBeHHO, '-ITO Ha Teppl1TOpHH Hy.n.eH, a 3aTeM 11 Ha TeppHTOp1111
Tpex naneCTI1H B paHHeBH3aHTHHCKoe BpeMH 6blJ1H pacnpOCTpaHeHbl Te
:iKe BH.n.bl 3eMeJ1bHOH C06CTBeHHOCTI1, '-ITO 11, CKa:iKeM, B rpeQHH I1J1H
HTanl1l1. O.n.HaKO B KIDK)J,OM paHOHe - H 3TO TO:iKe O'-leBH.n.HO - I1MeJ1H
MeCTO CBOH oco6eHHOCTH IOpl1.n.H'-IeCKoro H 3KOHOMH'-IeCKoro xapaKTepa
B opraHH3aQHH 3eMeJ1bHOH c06CTBeHHOCTI1 11 B pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTI1
OT.n.eJ1bHblX ee BH.n.OB 29 .
], 4a, 4b; I, 5; I, 8a, I, 8b, 8c; 1, 9a, I, 9b; 11, 2c, 11, 3a; 11, 5a; 11, 5b; II, 7c; II, 8a; II, lOb; II,
lIa; II, lib; III, 4; III, 5; III, 6a; III, 6b; III, 6c; III, 7a; III, 7b, III, 7c; IV, 5-7; V, 5-8. OTMe-
THM, 'iTO B Hay'iHOJ:i JlHTeparype npaKTH'ieCKH He paCCMaTpHBanCJI Bonpoc 0 TOM, KaKHe H3
)THX KYJIbTYP MOJKHO C'iHTaTb BblpaWHBaeMblMH B naJIeCTHHe, a KaKHe - npHB03HbIMH.
MeJK.llY TeM, CYllJI no BceMY, pa36HpaTbCII cilellyeT C KaJK.llblM CJlY'iaeM oco60. B MHWHe,
HanpHMep. ynoMHHaeTCII pHC (Dammai, II, 2, I a). CJJe.llyeT JJH H3 3TOro, 'iTO B flaneCTHHe
B03.lleJJblBanCII pHC? a ce.1bCKox0311HCTBeHHb1X KYJlbTYPax B naneCTHHe no MarepHanaM Tan-
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27 TpaKTaT .LlaMMaH nOCBllweH npOllYKTaM, B OTHoweHHH KOTOpblX He IICHO, cJlellyeT JlH
6parb C HHX lIeC!lTHHY.
28 06 HYlleHCKHX nOCeileHHJ1X B flaneCTHHe pHMCKOro BpeMeHH CM. nOllp06HO: Avi-Yonah M.
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,. a MHoro'iHCJleHHbIX TeXHH'ieCKHX xapaKTepHCTHKax 3eMJJH B flaJIeCTHHe CM. HHJKe B
aHa.ilH3e nanHpYCHblX .ll0KYMeHTOB II B.
252
rJlaea 5, 3KOHOMU'IeCKaJ/ J/('U3Hb nQJleCmUHbl pILWCKOi'O epe.AfeHU..
JIHTeparypHble 11 B MeHbllleH CTeneHI1 .n.0KYMeHTaJlbHble HCTO'-lHI1KI1
n03BOJUlIOT yrBep)({)J,aTb, '-ITO Ha Teppl1TOpHI1 [laJIeCTI1Hbl pl1MCKOro 11
BH3aHTI1HCKOrO BpeMeHH 3acBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaHbl, no.n.06HO BceM OCTaJlb-
HblM npoBHHUH M:
- '-IaCTHble 3eMeJIbHble BJIa.n.eHH , KaK KpynHble, TaK H MeJIKHe 30 ;
- HMnepaTopcKHe 3eMeJIbHble BJ]a.n.eHI1 pa3JIH'-IHOro npoHcxo)({)J,e-
HH 31. 3Ha'-lHTeJIbHa '-IaCTb Tex 3eMeJIb, KOTopble B I1MnepaTopcKoe Bpe-
M BXO.n.I1JIH B patrimonium, Ha py6e)Ke 3P npI1Ha)J,JIe)KaJla Hpo.n.y, ero
ceMbe Hero npeeMHHKaM 32 ;
- 3eMJII1, c.n.aBaeMble Ha pa3JIH'-IHbIX YCJIOBI1 X B apeH.n.y33.
CneUHcpl1'-1eCKHM BJIeHl1eM )J,JI rIaJleCTHHbl CJIe.n.YeT Ha3BaTb npaK-
THKOBaBlllYIOC HpO.n.OM BeJII1KHM pa3.n.a'-lY 60JIblllOro KOJIH'-IeCTBa 3e-
MeJIbHblX Ha)J,eJIOB BeTepaHaM 34 .
Oc06eHHocTbIO rIaJleCTHHbl paHHeBH3aHTHHcKOro BpeMeHH CTaJlO
nO BJ]eHHe 3eMeJIb apaBHHCKHX ID1eMeH. 3.n.eCb npHxo.n.HTC npl16eraTb
K HeCKOJIbKO Heonpe.n.eJIeHHOH CPOPMYJIHpOBKe, nOToMY '-ITO Mbl He 3HaeM,
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cnHCOK HMnepaTOpcKHx BJJ3.lleHHH no BceM npoBHHUHIIM.
32 flpHMeHHTeJlbHO K 3KOHoMHKe flaneCTHHbl nepBoro BeKa 311ecb BaJKHO nOll'iepKHYTb,
'iTO LlapcKa!I ceMbll BJlMeJla 3eMJleH TOJlbKO B Ka'ieCTBe 'iaCTHbIX JJHU. 3eMJJII B flaneCTHHe He
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A. f. fpyweBoif. l1ydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
Ha KaKI1X KOHKpeTHO YCJIOBI1HX (apeH.n.a, nOl<ynKa 3eMJII1, CneQl1arIbHOe
comaweHHe oc060ro po.n.a) nepexo.n.I1JIH K OCe)J,JIOCTH apaBHHCKl1e nJIe-
MeHa, nOHBJIHBllll1eCH B npOBHHQHH]S.
BJIa.n.eJI JII1 3eMJIeH 3HaMeHHTblH l1epYCarIHMCKHH xpaM? Y HaC HeT
.n.OK)'MeHTarIbHblX CBl1.D.eTeJIbCTB, n03BOJIHlOI..L{I1X OTBeTHTb Ha 3TOT Bonpoc
0.n.H03Ha'lHO. Bo BCHKOM c.I1)''1ae, Marepl1arI, OTHOCHIl.{HHCH K ropa3.n.o 60JIee
paHHeM)' BpeMeHH, n03BOJIHeT roBOpHTb 06 I1HblX I1CTO'IHI1Kax 3KOHOMH-
l.feCKoro 6JIarococTOHHHH XpaMa. B EH6JIHH, B KHHre HexeMHH H y 110-
cH<fJa <1>JIaBHH B C006I..L{eHI1I1, OTHOCHl..L{eMCH K TOM)' )f(e BpeMeHH (Neh., X:
32-38; FI. Jos. Ant. Jud., XI, 5, 8), roBOpHTCH 0 TOM, 'I TO Bce 3eMJIe.n.eJIb-
Qbl 06H3aHbl nOCTaBJIHTb .n.eCHTHHY OT nJIO.n.OB CBOI1X, I.fT06bl CBHl..L{eHHI1KH
HMeJII1 .n.OCTaTOI.fHO Cpe.n.CTB K )f(113HH]6. 3TOT 06bll.faH COXpaHHJICH .n.o
pa3pYllleHHJI XpaMa B 70 r. 06 3TOM HCHO CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYeT ynoMHHaHHe
06 «H)'.n.eHcKoM 30JIOTtm B pel.fl1 HQepOHa «B 3a1..L{Hl)' <1>JIaKKa» (Cic. Pro
FIacco, XXVIII, 66-69). Co BceH onpe.n.eJIeHHOCTblO 0 HarIOraX B nOJIb3Y
XpaMa nHllleT H 110cH<fJ <1>JIaBI1H (FI. Jos., XVIII, 312).
'ho KacaeTCH 3eMeJIbHblX BJIa.n.eHHH H3bl'leCKHX xpaMoB, a B BI13aH-
THHCKoe BpeMH - XpHCTl1aHCKHX MOHaCTblpeH, TO 3.n.eCb HH<fJopMaQHI1
KpaHHe MarIO .n.IDKe )J,JIH CHpHH]7. 0 narIeCTI1He 3nOXH paHHeH I1MnepHI1
.n.aHHbIX HeT COBceM. OTHOCI1TeJIbHO paHHeBH3aHTHHCKoro BpeMeHH
CK)'.n.HaH HH<fJopMaQI1H 0 QepKOBHOM 3eMJIeBJIa)J,eHHH nOHBJIHeTCH JIHWb
C IV B.]8 B TO )f(e BpeMH XOTeJIOCb 6b1 OTMeTHTb, '1TO xpaMOBoe 3eMJIe-
BJIa)J,eHHe B H3bll.feCKHH nepl1o.n. XOpOlllO 113BeCTHO BO MHorHX 06JIaCTHX
lJ:peBHero MHpa 11 OTcyrcTBl1e no.n.P06HOH HH<fJopMaQI1H OTHOCI1TeJIbHO
narIeCTHHbl HBJIHeTCH CKopee np06JIeMOH coxpaHHOCTH .n.0K)'MeHTOB]9.
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lIpeBHeif nepellHeH A3HH) II AMYCHH H. J],. npo6J1eMbl COUHaJJbHOH npYKTYpbl 061l\eCTB
.llpeBHero DilHJKHero BOCTOKa (1 TblCII'ieJleTHe 1I0 H. J.) no 6H6i1eiIcKHM HCTO'iHHKaM: C60pHHK
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254
rJlaea 5, 3KOHQMU'IeCKaR ,J/CU1Hb nQJleCmUHbI PUMCKOZO epeMeHU..,
C I1MnepaTopCKOH 3eMeJ1bHOH c06cTBeHHocTblO H ee pOJIblO B
X03HHCTBeHHOH )K113HI1 pHMCKOH naJIeCTI1Hbl CBH3aHa np06J1eMa 06-
lll,ero nJ1aHa, 3aCJ1Y)l<HBalOll.\aH oc060ro BHHMaHHH. AJ1b6peXT AJ1bT,
paCCMaTpHBaH Bonpoc 06 HMnepaTOpCKI1X X03HHCTBax B faJ1l1J1ee
H 0 HeBblCOKOM B ueJ10M ypOBHe yp6aHH3aUHH B faJ1HJ1ee, nHCaJ1 0
TOM, '-ITO HH3KHH ypOBeHb yp6aHH3aUHH B :nOH 06J1aCTH 06'bHCHHeTCH
HaJlH'-IHeM 3.n.eCb KpynHblx HMnepaTopCKHX X03HHCTB 40 . 3TO npe.n.no-
J10)KeHHe, C O.n.HOH CTOpOHbl, BnOJ1He npaB.n.ono.n.06HO, H60 CYll.\eCTBY-
eT MHO)KeCTBO MaTepl1aJ10B 0 BeTepaHCKOM 3eMJ1eBJ1a.n.eHI1H B 3TOM
paHOHe 41 . O.n.HaKO, C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbl, nOHBJ1eHHe BeTepaHCKHX Ha-
.n.eJ10B MO)KeT HMeTb H HHoe 06'bHCHeHHe. H3BeCTHO HeMaJ10 CJ1Y'-laeB
caMOCTOHTeJIbHOrO npH06peTeHHH BeTepaHaMH CBOHX 3eMeJIbHblX
BJ1a.n.eHHH 42 . BOT nO'-leMY - BBH.n.y OTCYTCTBHH npHMblx H HBHblX no.n.-
TBep)K.n.eHHH HaJ1I1'-1HH B raJII1JIee oc060 KpynHblx HMnepaTOpCKI1X
X03HHCTB - npe.n.nO'-lTHTeJ1bHO OCTaBaTbCH Ha nO'-lBe peaJ1bHblX cpaK-
TOB H OCMbICJ1HTb np06J1eMY HCXO.n.H 113 KOHKpeTHblX CBH.n.eTeJIbCTB
HCTO'-lHHKOB 0 pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTI1 :nl1x X03HHCTB. <1>aKTbl )Ke Ta-
KOBbl.
HMnepaTOpCKI1M X03HHCTBOM 6b1J1H 6aJ1b3aMOBble ca.n.bl .n.OJ1HHbI
HepHXOHa (Plin., HN., XII, 111-113), I1MnepaTOpCKI1M .n.OMeHOM - ro-
po.n. HaMHHH Hero OKpeCTHOCTI1. CeCTpa Hpo.n.a CaJJoMeH 3aBell.\aJJa
3TY TeppHTopHlO JII1BHI1, .n.O'-lepl1 ABrycTa. B HCTO'-lHHKaX - B .n.aHHOM
CJ1Y'-lae y HocHcpa <1>J1aBI1H - :no X03HHCTBO ynoMHHaeTCH '-Iall.\e Bcero
(Ant. Jud., XVII, 18; XVIII, 31; Bel. Jud., II, 167; 291). HMeHHo K He MY
OTHOCHTCH e.n.HHCTBeHHoe )J,JIH naJIeCTI1Hbl BpeMeHH paHHeH HMnepHH
ynoMHHaHHe 0 npoKypaTope I1MnepaTopCKoro X03HHCTBa fepeHHHH
KanHTOHe 43 . nanHpYCbl H3 apXHBa Ea6aTbi CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBYlOT 0 TOM,
'-ITO HMnepaTopCKoe X03HHCTBO, cneUHaJJI1311pOBaBllleeCH Ha Bblpalll,l1-
BaHHH cpHHHKOBblX naJIbM, Haxo.n.HJIOCb y IO)KHOi1 OKOHe'-lHOCTI1 MepT-
40 Alt A. Hellenstische SHidte und Domiinen in Galilaa II A. Alt. Kleine Schriften zur
Geschichte des Yolkes Israel. Bd. 2. Miinchen, 1959. S. 384-395. AJJbT HH'iero He nHWeT 0
TOM, nO'ieMY OH C'iHTaeT ypoBeHb yp6aHH3al.lHH B fanHilee HH3KOH. Ha Haw B3mllll, npHBe-
.lleHHble B npellbl.llyllteJ:i maBe MaTepHanbl n03BOilllIOT oXapaKTepH30BaTb ypOBeHb yp6aHH3a-
UHH B ranHJIee HMeHHO KaK BbICOKHH.
4' Clla'ia HMneparopcKHx BJlaaeHHH aerepaHaM - H3BeCTHa!I npaKTHKa paCCMarpHBae-
MOro BpeMeHH.
42S ar tre M L'Orient romain. P,324-325.
4JFI. JosooAnt. Jud., XVlII, 158; 163. (CM. TaKJKe: Sartre M L'Orient Roman... P. 324-325;
Safrai Z. The Roman Economy... P. 323, Y 3. CacjJpa!l 311eCb oWH6Ka B OTCblJIKe: Ant. Jud.,
XVlII, 150 BMeCTO npaBHJlbHoro XVlll, 158. M. CapTp He ynoMHHaeT 06 3TOM CBH.llere,lbC-
TBe HocH$a <1>JlaBHII, BHllHMO He 3Ha!I 0 HeM.)
255
A. r. rpYWeBOH. l1ydeu u uyoal/3M e ucmopuu Pu' 'cKoupecny6JlUKU u PU.MCKOU u,\tnepltll
Boro Mopg44.TeKcT nanl1pyca PYadin., 11 (6 Mag 124 r.) MO)/(eT C"IHTaTb-
Cg .n.OKa3aTeJIbCTBOM Toro, "ITO 3HaMeHI1TOe nOCeJIeHl1e 3H-fe.D..D.H Ha
3ana)J,HOM 6epery MepTBoro MOpg (B03MO)/(HO, H ero oKpecTHocTH) 6b1JIO
HMnepaTopcKHM X03gHCTBOM. B .n.aTHpOBO"lHOH cpopMYJIe .n.OK}'MeHTa
BCTpe"laeTCg BeCbMa gCHOe no CMblCJIY BblpIDKeHl1e: «... B 3Hra.n.ax, no-
CeJIeHl111 nOBeJIHTeJIg Kecapg»45.
rpynna o.n.HOTHnHbIX apeH.n.Hb1x .n.oroBopoB PMur., 24 (135 r., noce-
JIeHHe Hp-Haxalll, paHoH DeT-fYBpI1Ha-3JIeyrepOnOJIHca), 3aKJIIO"Iae-
MblX OT HMeHI1 Iiap Kox6bl C MeCTHblMH 3eMJIe.n.eJIbuaMH, n03BOJIgeT
roBOpl1Tb 0 BeCbMa BepOgTHOM cYI..QeCTBOBaHI1I1 3.n.eCb HMnepaTopCKOro
X03gHCTBa. BH.n.HMO, 0 TOM )/(e CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYeT 11 co06meHHe HOCHcpa
c1>JIaBHg 0 HaXO)(()J,eHI1H B paHOHe IieT-Ille'apHMa BJIa.n.eHHi1 uapHQbl
IiepeHI1KH (Fl. Jos., Vita, 119). c1>JIaBHH TaIOKe MHMOXO.n.OM c006I..QaeT 0
60JIblllOM KOJIH"IeCTBe 3epHa, npHHa.n.JIe)/(ameM uapHl.{e IiepeHHKe H
XpaHgI..QeMCg B .n.aHHOM nOCeJIeHHH. B .n.pyroM MeCTe «ABT06HorpacpHI1»
(Vita, 71) HOCHcp c1>JIaBHH nHllleT 06 HMnepaTopCKOM 3epHe, c06paHHoM
11 XpaHgI..QeMCg B .n.epeBHgX faJII1JIel1. B 3TOM CJIY"Iae onHCblBaeMag
cHryaQl1g He BnOJIHe gCHa C IOpH.n.I1"1eCKOH H 3KOHOMH"IeCKOH TO"lKH
3peHHg - Mbl He 3HaeM, KTO C06HpaJI 3TO 3epHo, r.n.e ero C06HpaJIH H
Ha KaKHX YCJIOBHgX. '-ITo KaCaeTCg nepBoro co06meHI1g (Vita, 119), TO
3.n.eCb .n.OCTaTO"lHO gCHO CKa3aHO 0 BJIa.n.eJIbQe. 3.n.ecb XOTeJIOCb 6bl OT-
MeTHTb TaIOKe H O.n.HO KOCBeHHoe C006pa)/(eHHe. TOT H3BeCTHblH cpaKT,
"ITO HMnepaTopcKHe X03gHCTBa B naJIeCT,I1He 6b1JIH 06pa30BaHbl Ha
MeCTe 3eMeJIbHOH c06CTBeHHocTH Hpo.n.a H 'UleHOB ero ceMbH 46 , n03BO-
JIgeT C"IHTaTb npe)J,JIO)/(eHHYIO I1HTepnpeTaUl11O 113BeCTHg Hocl1cpa c1>JIa-
BHg BeCbMa BepOgTHoi1.
lJ:aHHble 06 HMnepaTopCKHX X03gHCTBax Ha TeppHTopHH naJIeCTHHbl
coxpaHWIHCb TaIOKe B paHHeBI13aHTHHcKHX reorpacpH"IeCKHX TpaKTaTaX
H HeKoTopblX Ha.n.nHCgX 60JIee n03.n.Hero BpeMeHI1. JIoKaJIH3aUHg 3THX
X03gHCTB He Bcer.n.a 113BeCTHa. IieccnopHO, no coce.n.CTBY C IieT- Ille'aHoM
Haxo.n.HJIOCb HMnepaTopcKoe X03gHCTBO, CJIY"IaHHO ynoMHHaeMoe B
44 HCTO'iHHKH, KaK npaBHJlO, n03BOillllOT 'ieTKO onpellemlTb, 'iTO HMneparopcKOe XOJIIJ:iC-
TBO CneUHaJIH3HpOBaJIOCb Ha KaKOH-TO O.llHOH KYJlbrype. TaK, HanpHMep, 06CTOIIJlO lleJlO C
ynoMIIHYTblMH 'iYTb Bblwe 6aJIbJaMOBblMH C3.llaMH .llOJlHHbl HepHxoHa. OTlleJlbHblM HMnepa-
TOpCKHM X0311HCTBOM C BnOJlHe KOHKpeTHOH Cnel.lHaJIHJal.lHeH 6bVlH Jleca paHOHa COBpeMeH-
HOro JIHBaHa. CM.: Sartre M L'Orient Romain... P.323-324.
4\ B HCTO'iHHKax BCTpe'ialOTCII llBa BapHaHTa HanHcaHHII TOnOHHMa «3H-reMH»: C llBYMII
H C OllHHM «ll». B nanHpycax apXHBa Sa6aTbl OllHO «ll». Y HOCH$a <1>JJaBHII HX CHCTeMaTII'ie-
CKH .llBa. CM., HanpHMep: Bel. Jud., III, 55.
463TO npeKpaCHO BIf,JlHO Ha npHMepe HMnepaTOpcKoro XQJIIHCTBa B paHOHe HaMHHH.
nOllp06Hee CM. Bblwe. C. llaHHOH maBbl.
256
rJlaea 5, 3KOHaWU'IecKaJ/ .JICU3Hb nalleCmUHbl PLL\fCKOi'O epe.\leHU...
Ha)J,nI1CI1 SEG., XX, 455. Ha.n.nl1cb .n.aTl1pyeTCjj 305-311 rr. B 'IeTBepToM
<fJparMeHTe 113BecTHoH Ha.n.nl1CI1 0 HaJloro06JIo)f{eHI1I1 113 l)eepllleBbl
(GIPT., 4)47. ynoMI1HaeTCjj KOHCTaHTI1HOB CaJJbryC. B03MO)f{HO, OH Ha-
XO.n.1111Cjj B paHOHe fa3bI 48 . Ba .n.PYrHX CaJJbryca - fepapCKI1H 11 CBjj-
eHHbIH ('IEpa'ttKQV) - Haxo.n.1111l1Cb COOTBeTCTBeHHO Ha Teppl1Topl111
OaJJeCTI1Hbl OepBOH B paHOHe fa3bl 11 Ha Teppl1TOpl111 OaJJeCTI1Hbl TpeTb-
eH B paHOHe OeTpbl 49 .
o 'IeTblpex I1MnepaTopCKI1X X03jjHCTBaX, 113 KOTOpblX 1II1lllb O.n.HO
113BeCTHO no .n.pYrHM I1CTO'lHI1KaM, coo6 aeT paHHeBI13aHTHHCK11H reo-
rpa<fJ feOprHH Kl1npCKI1H. OH Ha3b1BaeT 3TI1 X03jjHCTBa 1IaTI1HCK11M no
npOHCXO)f{)J,eHI1IO TepMI1HOM «06J1aCTb, perHOH» (pE'YEcOV). Pe'lb l1.n.eT 0
c1Ie.n.YIO I1X «perHoHax» (Descriptio, 1016-1019):
-l1epl1XOH ClEptXcOV); AMaT (B TeKCTe, o.n.HaKO .. A1t<x90u<;)50;
- JII1Bl1aC (AilXxc;);
- fa.n.apa (faoopa).
YnoTpe611eH11e TepMI1Ha «perHOH» B TaKOM 3Ha'leHI1I1 BCTpe'laeTCjj
pe.n.K0 51 . LIa e HMnepaTopcKl1e X03jjHCTBa Ha3BaHbl B I1CTO'lHI1Kax Tep-
MI1HOM «CaJJbryC». LITO )f{e KaCaeTCjj npH'II1H, 3aCTaBI1Bllll1X reorpa<fJa
Bbl6paTb B .n.aHHOM c./I)''Iae 601lee pe.n.Koe C1I0BO, TO 3.n.eCb B03MO)f{Hbl .n.Ba
Bapl1aHTa. 06pa eHl1e K 1I1060H KapTe nOKa3blBaeT, 'ITO ynOMjjHyrble
«perI10HbD> COCTaBml1l11 e.n.I1Hoe Tepp11TOpHa1lbHOe l..{e1l0e, Tor.n.a KaK
CaJJbryCbl 'Ia e Bcero 6b11111 pa36pOCaHbl no BceH Teppl1Topl111 npOBHH-
1..{1111. PYrHM B03MO)f{HbIM Bapl1aHTOM 06'bjjCHeHl1jj MO)f{eT 6b1Tb oc06ajj
3Ha'lI1MOCTb TaKl1X X03jjHCTB, XOTIl, npaB.n.a, y Hac HeT OCHOBaHI1H C'II1TaTb,
'ITO I1MnepaTopCKl1e X03jjHCTBa pa3HblX pa3MepOB Moml1 ynpaBlIjjTbCjj
nO-pa3HOMY. Bo BCjjKOM c./I)''Iae, B I1CTO'lHI1KaX 06 3TOM He ynoMI1Hae-rCjj.
47 J],ara COCTaBJleHHJI H3.llnHCH TO'iHO HeHJBeCTHa. BepOIlTHee Bcero, pe'ib HlleT 0 py6eJKe
V-VI BB.
"CM.: Abel F-M. Geographie de la Palestine... I. 2. P. 443. Jones A. H. M. The Cities of
the Eastern Roman Provinces. Oxford, 197 I. 06pamaeT, OliHaKO, Ha ce611 BHHMaHHe nOJlHOe
OTcYTCTBHe HHcfJOPMauHH 06 JTOM caJJbTyce B H3BeCTHOH pa60Te M. ABH-l1oHbl: Avi-Yonah
M. Gazeteer of Roman Palestine. Jerusa]em, 1976. (Qedem. Monographs of the Institute of
Archaeology. 5. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem).
49 0 repape H fepapCKOM CaJJbTyce CM.: Hieroci. Synecd., 721 :11. Abel F-M. Geographe
de la Palestine... T. 2. P. 330-331; Av-Yonah M. Gazeteer... P. 61. a «CBIIweHHoM C:LlbTyce»
.llOCTOBepHoH HH$opMal.lHH MaJJO. CM.: Abel F-M. Geographie de la Palestine... T. 2. P.443.
47H80.
5 0 YJKe f. feJJbuep, H311areJJb «OnHCaHHII» B 1890 r., npeAJIOJKHJJ JaMeHHTb B rpe'ieCKOH
cpopMe TOnOHHMa O.llHy 6YKBY: It Ha I-l c TeM, 'iT06bl nOJlY'iHJJOCb 'iTeHHe . Al-la90uc; - AMar.
BnOCJJe.llCTBHH 3Ta KOlfbeKTYPa CTaJJa 06wenpHHJITOH.
5\ ECTb npHMepbl H3 MaJJOH A3HH: BH$HHHJI H nOHT: Jones A, H. M. The cities.... P. 423-
424. Note 28; Kann3.ll0KHII: Jones A. H. M. The cities... P. 186. p, 433. Note 22.
257
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1yi)eu u uydaU1.M e ucmopuu PU.MCKOU pecny611uKu u PU.WCKOli UMnepuu
HMeJOmajiCji :iKe I1HcpopMaUl1ji n03BOJmeT YTBep>K,.QaTb, 'I TO Bce TaKl1e
X03jiHCTBa ynpaBJIjiJ1I1Cb I.fI1HOBHI1KaMI1 113 res privata - cBoero po.n.a
Be.n.OMCTBa no .n.eJIaM I1MnepaTOpCKI1X X03jiHCTB 52 .
ECJ111 :iKe roBOpl1Tb no cymeCTBY, TO TOJ1bKO Mji «perI10Ha» Hepl1XoH
eCTb .n.onOJ1HJITeJ1bHIDII1HcpopMaUllii. Bblllle Y:iKe roBOp11.110Cb, I.fTO Hepl1XOH
CTaJI I1MnepaTopCKI1M X03jiHCTBOM BBI1.n.y TOro, I.fTO I1MeHHO 3.n.eCb pOCJlI1
3HaMeHI1Tble 6aJIb3aMOBbie Ca.n.bl 11 cpl1HI1KOBble naJIbMbl. 0 «perI10Hax»
AMaT, JII1Bl1aC 11 fa.n.apa TaKOH I1HCPOpMaLll1l1, K CO:iKaJIeHI1JO, HeT.
BpeMji nOjiBJ1eHl1ji Bcex 3TI1X X03jiHCTB HeH3BeCTHO, HO, cy.n.ji no
paccMaTpl1BaBllleMYCji Bblllle npl1Mepy C HaMHl1eH 53 , BeCbMa BepOjiTHO,
'I TO H OHH 6b1J111 06pa30BaHbl B pl1MCKOe BpeMji. 0 TOM :iKe CBI1.n.eTeJ1b-
CTBYeT 11 O.n.HO 06l.L{ee co06pIDKeHl1e. B paHHeBI13aHTI1HCKOe BpeMji npo-
I1cxo.n.11.110 He CTOJ1bKO 06pa30BaHl1e HOBblX I1MnepaTOpCKI1X .n.OMeHOB,
CKOJ1bKO paCllll1peHl1e 11 YBeJ1l1l.feHl1e npe:iKHl1x 54 . JIJ060e npe.n.nOJIO:iKeHl1e
06 3TOM npl1MeHI1TeJIbHO K naJIeCTI1He npI1Xo.n.I1TCji, npaB.n.a, .n.eJ1aTb
60J1bllle no aHaJ10rl1l1 BBI1.n.y OTCYTCTBl1ji .n.OCTaTOI.fHOrO KOJ1l1l.feCTBa
MaTepl1aJIa.
ill. AnnJ1e6aYM B .n.BYX CBOI1X pa60Tax nl1llleT 0 cYl.L{eCTBOBaHI1I1
HMnepaTopcKoro X03jiHCTBa B Hap6arre, BOCTOI.fHee Kecapel1 55 . OCHO-
BaHl1ji Mji no.n.06Horo BblBo.n.a npe.n.cTaBJ1jiJQTCji lllaTKHMI1 11 He.n.OCTa-
TOI.fHO onpe.n.eJ1eHHbIMI1. ill. AnnJ1e6aYM CCblJ1aeTCji Ha co06meHI1e
feoprHji Ke.n.pl1Ha 0 pacnpe.n.eJ1eHI1I1 ABryCTOM BJIa.n.eHHH Hpo.n.a BeJ1l1-
Koro Me>K,.Qy .n.eTbMI1 nOCJ1e.n.Hero. XpOHI1CT c006l.L{aeT (Georg. Kedr.
Vol. I. P. 333:1-10), 'I TO BO BJ1a.n.eHI1I1 (TeTpapXI1I1) Hpo.n.a AHTl1nbl
Haxo.n.l1J1aCb, cpe.n.11 npol.fero, Hap6arra. ApxeoJ10rHl.feCKl1e pacKonKH B
3TOM MeCTe, BbljiBHBllll1e nocTpoHKH I-II BB., 11 co06meHI1e BH3aHTI1H-
CKoro XpoHHcTa n03B0J1jiJOT AnnJ1e6aYMY roBOpl1Tb 0 TOM, 'I TO Hpo.n.
AHTl1na BJ1a.n.eJI 3.n.eCb «I1MeHl1eM», KOTopoe 3areM CTaJIO I1MnepaTOpcKHM
X03jiHCTBOM. Ha Halll B3mji.n., 11 C006l.L{eHl1e I1CTOI.fHHKa, 11 Onl1CblBaeMblH
ill. AnnJ1e6aYMoM apxeoJ10rHl.feCKI1H MaTepl1aJI He .n.aJOT .n.OCTaTOI.fHblX
OCHOBaHI1H .n.J1ji no.n.06Horo BbIBo.n.a.
52 CM.: Jones A. H. M The Later Roman Empire 284-602. A Social, Economic and Ad-
ministrative Survey. P. 713. fpe'ieCKHH mryJl 3TOro 'iHHOBHHKa eCTb y flpoKonH!l: Hist.arc.,
XXVIII, 31 - «ynpaBilJlIOIIlHH (tmtp01toc;) l.IapCKHMH 3eMilIIMH».
53 B HCTO'iHHKax eCTb nO.llTBepJK.lleHH!I cYllleCTBoBaHHII HMnepaTOpcKoro X0311HCTBa B
HaMHHH H B pHMcKoe, H B paHHeBH3aHTHHCKOe BpeMII (Safrai Z. Economy... P. 323).
S4CM. nOllpo6Ho: Jones A. H. M The Later Roman Empire... P. 415.
"Applebaum Sh. Prolegomena to the Study of the Second Jewish Revolt (A. D. 132-135).
BAR Supplementary Series 7. Oxford, 1976. P. 13, 76. Note 122; Applebaum Sh, Judaea in
Hellenstic and Roman Times. Historical and Archaeological Essays. Leden, 1989. P. 97-
110.
258
rJlaea 5, 3KOHQMII'IeCKaR ,J/CU1Hb na1ecmuHbl plL\/CKO?O epe.\teHl/..
ECJ1J1 06panfTbCjj Tenepb K CBe.n.eHHjjM 06 I1H.n.HBH.n.YaTIbHbIX 3eMeJ1b-
HblX BJ1a.n.eHHjjX OT.n.eJIbHbIX C06CTBeHHHKOB, TO He06xo.n.I1MO npe)(()J,e
Bcero CKa3aTb, 4TO KOHKpeTHblX CBe.n.eHI1H 0 pa3MepaX 3eMeJ1bHblX Y4a-
CTKOB cpl13114eCKHX J1HQ 04eHb HeMHOro. Ope)(()J,e Bcero 3TO 113BeCTHoe
MeCTO H3 epKOBHOH I1CTOpHI1 EBCeBl1jj (Hist. Eccl., III, 20, 1-2), r.n.e
aBTop nepeCKa3bIBae-r ferecHnna 11 co06111aeT 0 BHYKax 6paTa 1111cyca
CJ1e.n.YlOlllee. Bo BpeMjj npaBJ1eHl1jj OMI1QHaHa (81-96 rr.) OHH BJ1a.n.eJ1H
9 TbIC. .n.eHapHeB. CYMMa 3Ta He npe.n.CTaBJ1jjJIa C060H peaTIbHblX .n.eHer,
TaKOBa 6blJIa OQeHKa Tex 39 nJIeTpOB (4,78 ra), C KOTOpblX 3TH J11O.n.H
nJ1aTHJ1H HaTIOm H KOTopble 06pa6aTblBaTIH, 'iT06bl 06eCne'-lHTb CaMI1X
ce6jj56. CooTHollleHHe 39 nJ1e-rpOB - 4,78 ra OCHOBaHO Ha TPa.D.I1QHOH-
HOM .n.JIjj rpe'-leCKOrO MHpa COOTHOllleHHH MeTpl1'-1eCKI1X e.n.HHHQ, r.n.e
1 nJ1e-rp 6b1J1 paBeH npHMepHo 1/8 ra. eJIO B TOM, '-ITO .n.J1jj pHMCKoro
BpeMeHI1 CYlllecTByeT 11 ellle o.n.Ha B03MO)({HOCTb nepeC'-IeTa nJIe-rpa B
COBpeMeHHble e.n.HHI1Qbl nJ10111a.n.H. O.n.HH nJ1eTp B TO BpeMjj 6b1J1 paBeH
1 IOrepy, T. e. 1/4 ra. B TaKOM CJ1Y'-lae nOJIY'-laeTCjj, '-ITO BHYKH 6paTa
l1Hcyca BJ1a.D.eJIH n04TH 10 ra, 4TO C I1CTOpI1KO-3KOHOMH'-IeCKOH TO'-lKH
3peHHjj jjBJ1jje-rCjj a6cyp.n.OM no .n.BYM npl1'-1HHaM. Bo-nepBbIX, apxeoJIo-
rH'-IeCKHH MaTepHaTI, npHBo.n.I1MbIH HIDKe, jjCHO nOKa3blBae-r, '-ITO Y'-lacTKH
nJ10111a.D.blO 10 ra H Bblllle B YCJIOBHjjX OaTIeCTHHbI 6b1J1H pe.n.KocTblO 11
CBI1.n.eTeJ1bCTBOBaTIH 0 3Ha4HTeJ1bHOM 60raTcTBe 3eMJ1eBJ1a.n.eJIbQa; BO-
BTOpbIX, HCTO'-lHHK coo6111aeT eCJ1H He 0 6e.n.HOCTH, TO 0 BeCbMa CKpOMHOM
nOJIO)({eHI1I1 3THX J11O.n.eH. eHHOCTb C006111eHHjj fereCHnna, .n.Ollle.n.lllero
.n.o Hac B nepeCKa3e EBCeBl1jj, ellle H B TOM, 4TO 3TO COOTHOllleHl1e -
39 IUle-rpOB - 9000 .n.eHapl1eB - jjBJ1jje-rCjj O.n.HI1M 113 pe.n.KHX npHMepOB
H3BeCTHOH HaM KOHKpeTHOH OQeHKI1 CTOI1MOCTH 3eMJ1H. BepOjjTHO, 3TO
COO"fHOllleHl1e OTpIDKaeT pe3YJIbTaTbl npOBO,lJ.HBllleroCjj QeH3a 11 QeH30BblX
.n.eKJ1apaQHH .n.aHHbIX J1HQ.
CYJUI no BceMY, 3TOT OTpbIBOK H3 EBCeBHjj jjBJ1jjeTCjj .n.eHCTBHTeJ1bHO
e.n.HHCTBeHHbIM npjjMblM YKa3aHHeM pa3MepOB KOHKpeTHbIX 3eMeJIbHblX
BJ1a.n.eHHH KOHKpe-rHoro JII1Qa, coxpaHI1BUlHMCjj B J1HTeparypHblx HCTO'-l-
HHKax. lITO )({e Kacae-rCjj co06111aeMOH EBceBHeM CTOI1MOCTH Y'-IaCTKOB,
TO OHa nOpa3HTeJ1bHO BblCOKa no cpaBHeHHIO C HeKOTopblMH .n.aHHbIMH,
coxpaHHBlllHMHCjj B nanHpycax II B. H. 3. (OO.n.p06HO CM. HH)({e, C. ...)
3.n.ecb npe.n.cTaBJ1jj/OTCjj B03MO)({HbIMH .n.Ba om,jjCHeHHjj. fuH EBCeBI1H
npeYBeJ1H4HBae-r, HJ1H )({e Mbl He pacnOJ1araeM .n.OCTaTO'-lHOH I1HcpopMa-
\006 HHTepnpeTal.lHH 3Toro CBHiIeTeJlbCTBa H ero 3Ha'ieHHH CM,: Applebaum Sh, Eco-
nomic Life in Palestine... P. 657; CM. TaKJKe: Applebaum Sh. Judaea as a Roman Province:
the Countryside as a political and economic faclor II ANRW. 2, 8. Berlin; New York, 177.
P.365.
259
A. r. fpyweBon. l1ydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKU u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
Ul1eH, 'IT06bl npe.n.CTaBHTb ce6e, KaK BeJ1I1KO Morno 6b1Tb pa3Ho06pa:me
KaTeropHH 3eMJ1H B naTIeCTHHe H COOTBeTCTBeHHO B KaKOM 60J1blllOM
HHTepBaTIe MOfJ1H KOJIe6aTbc}1 ueHbl Ha 3eMJ1IO. no O.n.HOMY npHMepy
Cy.n.HTb, KOHe'lHO, CJ10)KHO, 11 MbI MO)KeM npe.n.n0J10)I(HTb, 'ITO EBCeBI1H
«no.n.npaBHJl» HH<fJOPMaUHIO nepBOHCTO'lHI1Ka 57 , .n.a6b1 no.n.'IepKHYTb
6e.n.HOCTb :nl1x J11O.n.eH. B03MO)KHO, npaB.n.a, H .n.pyroe.
BepOUHee Bcero, 3eMeJ1bHble BJIa.n.eHH}1 BHYKOB 6paTa Hl1cyca Haxo-
.n.HJ1HCb B raTIIDIee, Tor.n.a KaK CpaBHI1TeJ1bHO .n.ellleBble 3eMeJ1bHble Y'la-
CTKH, KOTopble ynoMI1HalOTC}1 B nanHpycax, Haxo.n.IDIHCb B nOJ1ynYCTbIH-
HblX MeCTax B paHOHe MepTBoro MOP}1. HHblMH CJ10BaMH, B .n.aHHOM
CJ1Y'lae npHxo.n.HTC}1 conOCTaBJ1}1Tb MaJ10COnOCTaBHMoe - HaH60J1ee
rIJlO.n.OpO.n.HbIH B naTIeCTHHe paHOH (faTIIDIelO) C HereBOM, r.n.e, BCJIe.n.CT-
Bl1e oc06eHHOCTeH KJ1I1MaTa np0l13paCTaTIO JIHlllb orpaHH'IeHHOe KOJ1I1-
'IeCTBO CeJIbCKOX03}1HCTBeHHbIX K)'J1bryp. nO:nOMY CYll.{eCTBeHHa}1 Pa3-
HHua B ueHax Ha 3eMJ11O B raTIIDIee 11 HereBe MO)KeT 6b1Tb COBeprneHHO
3aKOHOMepHOH C 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH TO'lKH 3peHH}1.
Apxe0J10rH'IeCKl1e I1CCJ1e.n.OBaHI1}1 TaIOKe B KaKOH-TO Mepe nOMoralOT
oueHHTb pa3Mepbl Y'laCTKOB. TaK, pa60Tbl 11. Ke.n.apa, npOBe.n.eHHble HM
B paHOHe IllHBTbl, BbUlBHJ1H 6e3YCJ10BHOe npe06J1a.n.aHHe MemGlX H O'leHb
MemGlX (0,5-1,5 ra) Y'laCTKoB BOKpyr ropO.n.a58. KOHKpeTHOH HH<fJopMa-
UHI1 0 pa3Mepax KpynHblx 3eMeJ1bHblX BJIa.n.eHHH B HCTO'lHHKax He BCTpe-
'IaeTC}1, o.n.HaKO .n.IDKe no Ta6J1HuaM, no.n.BO)])lIl.{HM HTor apxe0J10rH'IeCIrnM
H3bICKaHH}1M H. Ke.n.apa, MO)K}{O c.n.emrrb BbIBO.n., 'ITO B YCJ10BH}1X naTIe-
CTHHbl Y'laCTKH rIJlOI..L{a.n.blO CBblllle 10 ra MO)KHO C'IHTaTb BeCbMa pe.n.KH-
MH H O'leHb KpynHblMH. He3Ha'lI1TeJ1bHa}1 HH<fJOPMaUH}1 0 3eMeJ1bHblX
BJIa.n.eHIDIX BeCbMa COCTO}1TeJ1bHbIX J1HU BCTpe'laeTC}1 y HocH<fJa <1>J1aBH}1.
npaB.n.a, HCTOpHK He KOHKpeTH3HpyeT CBOH .n.aHHble H He YKa3blBaeT
pa3MepOB Y'laCTKOB 59 .
H3 06I..L{eHCTOpH'IeCKHX MOMeHTOB BIDKHO TaIOKe OTMeTl1Tb npHHUH-
nHaTIbHble pa3J1H'IH}1 B cTpYK1Ype 3eMeJ1bHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha TeppH-
TOpHH naTIeCTHHbl .n.o H nOCJIe Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHbI. ):{eJ10 B TOM, 'ITO cy-
l..L{eCTBYIOT CBe.n.eHH}1 0 nepepacnpe.n.eJ1eHHH 3eMeJ1bHOH c06CTBeHHOCTI1
B naTIeCTHHe nOCJ1e BOHHbI. 3.n.eCb B H3BeCTHOM CMbICJ1e .n.onOJ1ID1IOT .n.pyr
.n.pyra CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBa HocH<fJa <1>JIaBI1}1 11 TaTIMy.n.I1'1eCKa}1 JIHTeparypa.
O.n.HaKO 3Ta HH<fJ0PMaUI1}1 Heo.n.H03Ha'lHa.
57 H3 KOHTeKCTa CJlellYeT, 'iTO 3KOHOMH'ieCKOe nOJlOJKeHHe BHYKOB 6paTa HHcyca 6b1JJO
BeCbMa CKpOMHblM.
58 Kedar Y Ancient Agricultural Regime at Shivta IIIEJ. 1957. Vol. 7. P. 154-160
59 FI. Jos., Vita 33 - ynoMHHaHHe 0 co6CTBeHHbix nOMeCTbllX 3HarHoro JKHTeJlII THBe-
pH3.llbI; FI. Jos., Vita, 47 - ynoMHHaHHe 0 npe6blBaHHH B OliHOH H3 c06cTBeHHbix lIepeBeHb
JleraTa Ha CJlYJK6e Y MapKa JOJlHII ArpHnnbl.
260
T.wea 5, 3KOHalfU'IeCKaR J1CU3Hb nallecmUHbl PUMCKOZO epe.!l/eHU...
B TaJ1My.n.e H HeKoTopblX MH.n.palllax nOHBJ1HIOTCH ynoMHHaHHH 0
KaTeropHH c06CTBeHHHKOB, Ha3BaHHbIX B I1CT04HI1KaX «MaQHKHM». Co-
OTBeTCTBYlOll.{HH MarepHaJ1 no.n.P06HO npoaHaJJH3HpOBaH ill. AnnJIe6ay-
MOM 60 . B npHHQHne, MO)KHO rOBOpl1Tb 0 TOM, tfTO «MaQHKHM» - 3TO
J11O.n.H, nOJl)'tfHBlllHe OT O<l>HQI1aJ1bHbIX BJ1aCTeH B apeH.n.y yro.n.bH H)'.n.eeB,
KOTopble 6blJ1H COrHaHbl CO CBoeH 3eMJ1H B pe3YJ1bTaTe penpeCCHH P"M-
CKI1X BJIaCTeH.
06 3TOM nHllleT, npaB.n.a, He OtfeHb Bpa3YMI1TeJ1bHO, Hocl1<l> <I>J1aBHH.
B ce.n.bMOH KHHre «Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHbI» OH nepeCKa3blBaeT paCnOpH)Ke-
HHe BeCnaCl1aHa OTHOCHTeJIbHO Toro, KaK CJ1e.n.YeT nocrynaTb C 3eMJ1eH,
HaCeJ1eHHOH Hy.n.eHMH (Fl. Jos., Bel. Jud., VII, 215-221). HCTOpl1K
c006l.l.\aeT, tfTO 3eMJ1H Hy.n.eeB CTaHOBI1J1HCb HMnepaTopcKoH J1l1tfHOH
c06cTBeHHocTblO 61 . B TO )Ke BpeMH, KaK nHllleT HOCH<l> <1>J1aBHH, Bec-
naCHaH npHKa3aJJ BCIO 3eMJ11O Hy.n.eeB oT.n.aTb B apeH.n.y62. no e.n.I1HO-
.n.YlllHOMY MHeHHIO HCCJ1e.n.OBaTeJ1eH, petfb H.n.eT 0 KOH<l>HcKaQHH H ne-
pepacnpe.n.eJ1eHHH 3eMeJ1b MHTe)KHI1KOB, aKTHBHblX ytfaCTHHKOB BOHHbl
npOTI1B PHMa.
nO.n.BO.n.H HTorH, OTMeTI1M, tfTO onHCblBaeMaH B HCTOtfHHKaX CTPYK-
rypa 3eMeJIbHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH B naJJeCTI1He pHMCKoro BpeMeHH eCJ1H
tfeM H OTJIHtfaeTCH OT aHaJ10rHtfHblX CTPYKryp CHpI1H, ErHnTa HJ1H
HTaJ1HH Toro )Ke BpeMeHH, TO J1Hlllb HeCKOJ1bKO MeHee .n.P06HOH rpa.n.a-
QHeH 63 .
60 Applebaum Sh. Prolegomena... P. 9-15.
6' DYKBaJJbHO B TeKCTe CKaJaHO - \/)uxv a\nqJ 't1'tv XcOpav q>UJ..Ct't'tEl V.
62 F1. Jos., Bel. Jud., VII, 216 - KEM:Urov ItcXaav Yilv eXltoo6ae<Xl 'troy -]oOOacOv-
«npHKa3aJJ OTllaTb BCIO 3eMJlIO HY.lleeB». CaM no ce6e rnaroJl CtltOOl/)(J) n OTJlH'iaeTCII H3-
BeCTHOH HeOnpelleJJeHHOCTblO, H60 ero 3Ha'ieHHII KOJle6JJIOTCII MeJKlIY «OT.llaBaTb» H <<TIe-
pe.llaBaTb». qTO JKe KacaeTCII .llaHHOrO MeCTa, TO ero nepeBO.ll npHXO.llHTCII B OCHOBHOM
llOMblCJIHBaTb HCXO.llII H3 KOHTeKCTa. a nepeBOliax H HHTepnpeTaUHH )Toro MeCTa CM.:
Josephus with an English translation by H. S1. Thackeray in nine volumes. Ill. The Jewish
war. Books IV-V]1. London. Cambridge Mass., 1979. P. 567; Applebaum Sh. Prolegom-
ena... P. 9; Isaac B. The Limits of the Empire... P. 44-50; Sarlre M. L'Orient romain...
P. 37-380.
63 DJJH3KOe onHcaHHe CTPYKTYpbl 3eMeJlbHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH B pHMCKOH naJIeCTHHe
npHBe.lleHO y 3. Ca$pa!l (Safrai Z. The Economy of Roman Palestine... P. 322). OH pa3J1H'ia-
eT: HMneparopcKHe 3eMeJlbHble BJJ3.lleHHII; 3eMeJlbHble BJJ3.lleHHII 'iaCTHbIX JlHU, ilH60 COCTO -
TeJlbHbIX, JlH60 6J1H3KHX K npaBHTeJlbCTBeHHblM xpyraM; 3eMeJlbHble BJJ3.lleHHII cBo6011HbIX
$epMepoB; ropollcKHe 3eMJlH; uepKOBHble 3eMJlH. CTpYKTYpa 3eMeJJbHOH c06cTBeHHOCTH B
HTaJJHH nOllp06HO onHcaHa B pa60Tax P. J],yHKaHa-LlJKOHca: Duncan-Jones R, P Some
Configurations oflandh01ding in Roman Empire II Studies in Roman property edited by M.
Finley. Cambridge. 1976. P. 7-24; Duncan-Jones R, P Structure and Scale in the Roman
Economy. Cambridge, 1990. p, 121-127.
261
A, r. rpYWI:BOH. l1yoeu u uydall3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlIIKIIII PIWCKoUlutnep1I1I
4. 061!!aH O!!eHKa 3KOHOMHl.leCKOH H3HH
na.J\eCTHHbl
B 3aKJIIO'-IeHHe .n.aHHoro pa3.n.eJ1a XOTeJ10Cb 6bl oco60 OCTaHOBHTbCR
Ha O.n.HOM Ml1cp0J10rI13HpOBaHHOM npe.n.CTaBJIeHHH 06 3KOHOMHKe OaJIe-
CTHHbl, KOTopoe BOCXO.n.HT K my60KoH .n.peBHocTH, K BeTXoMY 3aBe'I)', HO
RBJ1ReTCR, no CYTH, He BnOJ1He npaBHJ1bHbIM. Pe'-lb H.n.eT 0 RK06bl HCKJlIO-
'-IHTeJ1bHOM nJIo.n.opo.n.HH nO'-lB B OaJIeCTHHe. B BeTXOM 3aBeTe MHoro
pa3 BCTpe'-laeTCR OnHCaHl1e OaJIeCTHHbl KaK CTpaHbl, HanOJ1HeHHOH MO-
J10KOM H Me.n.OM (Ex., 3:8; Num., 16:3). ABTOpbl HeKoTopblX BeTX03aBeT-
HblX CO'-lHHeHHH BOCTOp)KeHHO nHlllYT 0 nJIo.n.opo.n.HH 3eMeJIb OaJIeCTHHbl
H 11306HJlI111 np0l13paCTalOllll1X 3.n.eCb KyJIbl)'P (Deut., 8:7-9; Cant. Cant.,
4: 11). IbY'-IeHHe B03HHKHOBeHHR 3TOro MHcpa, .n.O)KHBlllerO .n.o XX B., He
BXO.n.HT B 3a)J,a'-ll1 HallleH pa6OTbl. OrMeTHM J1Hlllb TO, '-ITO CYllleCTBeHHblH
BKJla)J, B pacnpOCTpaHeHHe H nO.ll.)J.ep)KKy 3TOH l1.n.eH BHec HOCHcp <l>J1aBHi1.
B Ha'-laJIe maBbl Y)Ke npHBo.n.l1J1aCb ero BOCTOp)KeHHaR xapaKfepHCTHKa
faJIHJ1eH. 0 TOM )Ke, HO KopO'-le, HOCl1cp <l>J1aBHH nl1llleT B H3BeCTHOM
CO'-lHHeHHI1 «OpOTHB AnHOHa» (Fl. Jos., Contr. Ap., I, 60).
XapaKfepHcTHKa faJIHJ1eH B «Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHe» XOpOlllO H3BeCTHa,
HO Hepe.n.KO HCn0J1b3YeTCR He no Ha3Ha'-leHHIO. TaK, .l(. Cnep6ep, aBTOp
BeCbMa ueHHoH H He pa3 )')Ke ynoMHHaBllleHCR Bblllle pa60Tbi 06 3KOHO-
MHKe OaJIeCTHHbl II-III BB., Ha'-lHHaeT CBOIO KHl1ry (npoJIor) C 3THX CJ10B
HocHcpa <l>J1aBHR. .l(. Cnep6ep npeKpacHblH 3HaTOK HCCJ1e.n.yeMoro MaTe-
pHaJIa, o.n.HaKO )Ke Y Hero B .n.aHHOM cll)''-Iae npOHcxo.n.HT cBoe06pa3HaR
no.n.MeHa nOHRTHi1. To, '-ITO MOCHcp <l>J1aBHH OTHOCHT TOJ1bKO K faJIHJ1ee,
.l(. Cnep6ep OTHOCI1T KO BceH OaJIeCTHHe B ueJ10M, rOBopR .n.aJIee, '-ITO
MHoroe H3 Onl1CaHHH HCTopHKa Haxo.n.HT no.n.TBep)l()l.eHHe B TaJIMy.n.H'-Ie-
CKHX HCTO'-lHHKax 64 .
.l(IDKe eCJ1H OrpaHH'-IHTbCR TOJ1bKO .n.aHHbIMH HocHcpa <l>J1aBHR, TO Bce
paBHO O'-leBI1.n.HO, '-ITO no.n.06HblH «nepeHOC» Hl1'-1eM He onpaB.n.aH. Bblllle
y)Ke UHTl1pOBaJIHCb xapaKfepl1CTHKI1 Oepel1 11 CaMapHH, CBH.n.eTeJ1bCT-
BYIOLUHe, '-ITO YCJ10BI1R ,WlR X03RHCTBeHHOH .n.eRTeJ1bHOCTH B 3THX 06J1ac-
ux He CTOJ1b 6J1aronpHRTHbl, KaK B faJIl1JIee. .l(ocTaTO'-lHO, .n.aJIee, B3RTb
JII06ylO Kap1)' OaJIeCTHHbl, '-IT06b1 YBH.n.eTb, HaCKOJ1bKO OrpaHH'-IeHbl 3.n.eCb
.. XOTe,10cb 6b1 OTMeTHTb. 'iTO KyiW 60.1ee peaJIHCHl'iHO nocl)'naeT aBTop llpyroro cepb-
e3Horo HccnellOBaHHII 0 XOJIIHCTBeHHOH JKlf3HH B na.,1eCTIIHe - r. XaMem, (Hamel G. Pov-
erty and Charity in Roman Palestine, First Three Centuries C. E. Los Angeles. 1989. P. 95).
OH TaKJKe UHTHpyeT 3TII cnOBa HocH!jJa <1>'laBIIII, HO COnpOBOJKJlaeT If X Cne.i1YlOmHM KOMMeH-
TapHeM: «DoraTcTBo O.i1HOro paiiOHa He 03Ha'i3.10 60raTCTBa CTPaHbl B lle.l0M».
262
TJla6a 5, 3KOHQJUU'IeCKaJI :JK'U3Hb na ecmuHbI PIHfCKOZO 6pe. feHu..,
nJ10111a)J,H nJIo.n.opo.n.HOH naXOTHOH 3eMJIH H HaCKOJlbKO BeJIHKO, oc06eH-
HO B IO)I(HblX H BOCTO'lHbIX paHOHax, KOJ1W-IeCTBO nyCTbIHb.
npHpO.n.HbIe YCJ10BH5I naJIeCTI1HbI Bee pa3J1I1'1HbIX I1CTopHKo-reorpa-
<pH'IeCKHX 06JIaCUIX HaCTOJIbKO pa3JIH'IHbI npHMeHHTeJ1bHO K X03HHCT-
BeHHOH .n.eHTeJ1bHOCTH '1eJ10BeKa, '1TO HX HeB03MO)l(HO CBeCTH K «06llle-
MY 3HaMeHaTeJ1IO». HHbIMH CJlOBaMH, 06pa3 naJIeCTHHbI KaK paHCKoro
yrOJ1Ka 3eMJ1I1, r.n.e pa3Be '1TO caMbIH J1eHI1BbIH He 3aHI1MaeTCH CeJ1bCKHM
X03HHCTBOM C MaKCHMaJlbHOH )J,.JlH ce6H BbIro.n.OH, HBJ1HeTCH MH<pOM. .L{eH-
CTBHTeJIbHO, I1J1o.n.Opo.n.HbIe paBHI1HbI faJIHJ1el1 H KaMeHHCTble nycTblHH
HereBa, r.n.e MO)l(HO 6bIJ10 BbIpallll1BaTb J1Hlllb OT.n.eJ1bHble CeJ1bCKOX03HH-
CTBeHHbIe KyJ1brypbI, OTHOCI1J1HCb K pa3HbiM 3KOHOMI1'1eCKHM 30HaM,
KOTopbIe 6b1JIH 06'be.n.HHeHbI, KOHe'lHO, 06111HMH TOproBbIMH CBH3HMH, HO
He 60JIee.
3Ha'lI1TeJ1bHWI '1aCTb 3eMeJ1b naJIeCTI1HbI OTHOCHJ1aCb H OTHOCHTCH K
30HaM pHCKa, T. e. K MeCTaM, f)),e CeJIbCKOX03HHCTBeHHbIH TPY.n. He Mor
npHHeCTH rapaHTl1pOBaHHoro pe3YJ1bTaTa 65 . LITO KaCaeTCH co.n.ep)l(alllHXCH
B HCTO'IHHKaX xapaKrepl1CTI1K naJIeCTHHbI KaK I1CKJ1IO'IHTeJ1bHO nJ1o.n.o-
pO.n.HOH 3eMJlH, TO HX .n.06pOCOBeCTHbIH 11 Henpe.n.B3HTblH aHaJlH3 n03BO-
JUleT yrBep)l()J,aTb, '1TO pe'lb l1)J,eT J1l1lllb 0 ceBepHbIX paHoHax naJIeCTHHbI:
faJIHJ1ee H B H3BeCTHOH Mepe 0 nepee H CaMapHH.
ECJ1H )I(e roBOpHTb 06 aHTH'IHOH J1HTeparype, TO CJ10)f(HBllleeCH B HeH
npe.n.cTaBJ1eHHe 06 HCKJ1IO'IHTeJ1bHOM 60raTcTBe naJIeCTHHbI (CM., Ha-
npl1Mep, npl1Be.n.eHHbIe BbIllle UHTaTbI H3 CTpa60Ha H flnHHHH) 06'bHC-
HjJJ10Cb, BH.n.HMO, .n.BYMjJ npH'IHHaMH. B aHTH'IHOM MHpe B OCHOBHOM
3HaJlH J1Hlllb npHMopcKyIO naJIeCTHH)' - ueJ1YIO ueno'lKy 3J1J1HHH3HpO-
BaHHbIX ropO.n.OB, HBJ1HBlllHXCH KpynHbIMH ToproBbIMH ueHTpaMH. KpoMe
TOro, aHTH'IHbIe H paHHeBH3aHTHHcKHe aBTopbI, cY.LIJI no BceMY, HMeJII1
npe.n.CTaBJ1eHHe 0 nJ10.n.opo.n.HH ceBepHbIx 06J1aCTeH CTpaHbi. HHbIMH
CJ10BaMI1, OHH 3HaJlH 06 O)l(HBJ1eHHOH ToproBJ1e B npHMopCKHX ropo.n.ax
H 0 nJ10.n.opo.n.HH 3eMeJ1b B naJ1eCTI1He, HO, cy.n.H no BceMY, He 3HaJlH
HCTHHHoro COOTHOllleHHH nJIo.n.opo.n.HbIX H HenJIo.n.opo.n.HbIX 3eMeJ1b B
CTpaHe.
HHTeHCI1BHOCTb CeJ1bCKOX03HHCTBeHHoro npOH3Bo.n.CTBa B pa3HbIX
3KOHOMI1'1eCKHX 30Hax naJIeCTHHbI MbI paCCMOTpeJ1H BbIllle CO CCbIJIKaMH
Ha TeKCTbI HOCH<pa <1>J1aBHH. MO)l(eT 6b1Tb n0J1e3HOH H I1H<popMaUHH 0
pa3Mepax 3eMeJ1bHbIX Y'IaCTKOB H 06 OpraHI13aUHH B ueJ10M CeJ1bCKOXO-
3HHCTBeHHoro npoH3Bo.n.cTBa B naJIeCTHHe. KOHe'lHO, pa3MepbI YLJaCTKOB
.50TMeTHM JlleCb ewe paJ, 'iTO UHTHpOBaBWHeC!I Bblwe naCCaJKH H3 HocH$a <1>JlaBHII
CBHlleTe,lbCTBYIOT He TOJlbKO 0 6,laronpHIiTHblX .llJ1!1 ce,lbcKOro X03!1iiCTBa npHpO.i1HblX YC.l0-
BH!lX raJIHJJeH, HO H 0 HeypOJKaJIX H roJl011HblX ro,1ax B n3JleCTHHe B ueJl0M.
263
A. r. fpYWI:BOJ:i. l1yoellll uydaU3.w 6 ucmopuu PU.WCKOU pecny611uKu u PUMCKOU u.wnepull
CaMI1 no ce6e HI1 0 l{eM He roBOpHT, o.n.HaKO co06lllaeMbIe .l1.0KYMeHTaMH
II B. CBe.n.eHHH .n.alOT B03MO)l(HOCTb COCTaBI1Tb npe.n.CTaBJ1eHHe 0 X03HH-
CTBe 11 X03HHCTBeHHOH .n.eHTeJ1bHOCTH cpe.l1.He06ecnel{eHHoro c06CTBeH-
HHKa. TeKCTbI nanl1pYCOB CBH,D,eTeJIbCTBYIOT, l{TO Ha He3Hal{HTeJ1bHbIX no
pa3MepaM Yl{aCTKaX B 3aCYlllJ1HBOM paHOHe OaJIeCTI1HbI 3eMJ1e.n.eJ1bQbI
nOJIYl{aJIH yp0)l(aH .n.OCTaTOl{Hble He TOJ1bKO .lJ.J]H J1Hl{HOro nOTpe6JIeHHH,
HO 11 .lJ.J]H npo.n.IDKH. K 3TOMY, o.n.HaKO, He06xo.n.I1MO .n.06aBI1Tb, 'lTO 3Ha-
l{I1TeJ1bHbIe yp0)l(aH OT.n.eJIbHO B3HTbIX c06CTBeHHHKOB ellle He 03Hal{aJIl1
3KOHOMHl{eCKoro 6J1arococTOHHI1H OaJIeCTHHbI B QeJ10M.
06 3TOM He6JIaronOJIYl{I1H MbI MO)l(eM cy.n.I1Tb Y)I(e no HeKOTopbIM
co06llleHHHM 110cH<pa <l>J1aBI1H. OH .l1.BIDK.D.bI nl1llleT 0 roJIO.n.HbIX ro.n.ax B
OaJ1eCTI1He. OepBbIH 11 Hal160J1ee cepbe3HblH Cnyl{I1JICjJ B 25-24 rr. .n.o H. 3.
l10CHcp <l>J1aBI1H nHllleT 0 l{epe.n.e 3acyx, npl1Be.n.lllHX K Heyp0)l(WIM H K
TOMY, l{TO .n.IDKe 06bIl{Hble CeJ1bCKOX03HHCTBeHHbIe npo.n.YKTbI CTaJIl1 pe.n.-
KOCTblO. CHl)'aQI1H 6bIJIa cnaceHa BO MHOroM 6J1aro.n.apH JlHl{HbIM YCI1-
JlHHM I1po.n.a, npHKa3aBlllero nepermaBHTb Ha .n.eHbrl1 30J10TbIe H cepe6-
pHHbIe YKpallleHHH CBoero .n.BOPQa H 3aTeM 3aKYnHTb Ha 3TI1 Cpe.n.CTBa
npo.n.OBOJlbCTBHe (FI. Jos., Ant. Jud., XV, 299-316). fOJ1o.n. B l1epycaJIl1-
Me 6blJ1 H npH I1MnepaTope KnaB.n.I1H. Ih06bI cnaCTH CHl)'aQHIO, BJIaCTH
OnHTb)l(e BbIHY)J()I.eHbl 6bVlH 3aKYnarb 3epHO B Emme (FI. Jos., Ant. Jud.,
XX, 51).
5. mH3Hb «aM..xa ape!!» B CBeTe nanHpYCHblX
HCTOI.IHHKOB I-II BB.
Bo BTOpOH nOJlOBHHe xx CTOJ1eTHjJ HaH.n.eHHbIe Y)I(e BO MHomx 06-
J1aCTHX DJ1H)I(Hero BOCTOKa nanl1pYCbI 3Hal{HTeJ1bHO paClllHpHJII1 HalllH
B03MO)l(HOCTH .n.eTaJIbHO, a He B 06ll.\eM I1CCJ1e.n.oBaTb oco6eHHocTH )l(H3-
HH H nOBce.n.HeBHbIx 3aHHTHH HaCeJ1eHHH H B .n.Pymx npOBHHQHHX.
LITO KacaeTCH OaJIeCTI1Hbl, TO B HallleM paCnOpH)I(eHHH Haxo.n.HTCH
HeCKOJ1bKO ceMeHHblX apXHBOB, HaH.n.eHHbIX Ha ee Teppl1Topl1H H OTHO-
CHlllHXCH K I-II BB. H. 3., T. e. KO BpeMeHH, Kor.n.a OaJIeCTHHa 06pa30BbI-
BaJIa pHMCKYIO npOBI1HQl11O l1y.n.elO. ,L{0KYMeHTbI HaH.n.eHbI B Tpy.n.HO.n.OC-
l)'nHbiX ropHblX nelllepax l1y.n.eHcKoi1 nYCTbIHI1, .n.OCTaTOl{HO .n.aJIeKO OT
MeCTa )l(I1TeJIbCTBa ynoMHHYTbIX B HHX J1HQ66. 06'bHCHeHHe 3TOMY XOpO-
"" The Documents /Tom the Bar Kohba Period in the Cave of Letters. Greek Papyri, ed-
ited by N. Lewis. Aramaic and nabataeb signatures and subscriptions edited by Y. Yadin and
J. C. Greenfield. Jerusalem, 1989. Ewe OllHH apxHB H3 TOH JKe .i1epeBHII 6b111 ony6.1HKoBaH
264
J:W6a 5, 3KOHaWU'IeCKaR :JK'U3Hb na ecmuHbI pU.WCKOZO 6peMeHII...
1110 H3BeCTHO. ,L{OKYMeHTbl 3TH 3a6paJIH C C060H Hy.n.el1, OTCl)'naBlllHe
BMeCTe C OCTaTKaMH pa36I1TOi1 apMl111 Eap Kox6bl B CTOpOHY l1y.n.eHcKoH
nyCTbIHH. Cy.n.b6a I1X X03HeB 6b1J1a TparW-IHOH. OHH nOr116J1H B ropHblX
nell.\epax, H60 Bce nyrl1 K OTC:rynJIeHiHO 6b1JII1 OTpe3aHbl pHMJ1HHaMH.
OCTaBlllHeCH nOCJ1e 3TI1X J1Io.n.eH .n.OKYMeHTbl 6blJ1H Hanl1CaHbl Ha
pa3HblX H3blKax. npe06J1a.n.aIOT nanHpYCbl Ha rpe'leCKOM, o.n.HaKO )J(e
cpe.n.11 HHX HeMaJIO 11 TaKI1X, '1TO COCTaBJ1eHbl Ha apaMeHCKOM, .n.peBHe-
eBpeHCKOM 11 Ha6aTeHCKOM. no CBoeMY xapaKTepy Ha60p 3TI1X .n.oKY-
MeHTOB BnOJ1He cTaH.n.apTeH B TOM CMbICJ1e, '1TO 6e)J(eHQbl Bcer.n.a B03b-
MYT C C060H HMeHHO TaKl1e «6YMarH»: .n.OKYMeHTbl, no.n.TBep)J(.n.alOlllHe
npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha .n.OM HJ1H Y'IaCTOK, .n.OKYMeHTbl, nO.l1.TBep)J(-
.n.alOlllHe rpa)J()J,aHCKoe COCTOHHl1e (T. e. 6pa'lHble KOHTpaKTbl HJ111 .n.o-
KYMeHTbl 0 pa3Bo.n.e), a TalOKe .n.0KYMeHTbl, B KOTOpblX TaK 11J1I1I1Ha'le
OTpIDKeHbl B3aHMOOTHOllleHHH '1eJ10BeKa C 06ll.\eCTBOM (3TO QeH30Bble
.n.OKYMeHTbl, .n.OKYMeHTbl 113 KaHQeJ1HpHI1 cY.l1.a, paCnHCKI1 06 ynJ1aTe
.n.oJlra 11 T. .n..).
B OCHOBHOM ony6J1HKOBaHHble nanHpYCbl npOHcxo.n.HT H3 .n.epeBHH
Ma03a 67 , Haxo.n.HBllleHcH Ha IO)J(HOM 6epery MepTBoro MOpH, a.n.MI1HH-
CTpaTHBHO Bxo.n.HBllleH B COCTaB pl1MCKOH npOBI1HQHH ApaBI1I1. nanl1-
PYCbl n03B0J1HIOT ropa3.n.0 no.n.po6Hee, '1eM paHbllle, npe.n.CTaBI1Tb ce6e
caMble pa3Hble aCneKTbl nOBCe.l1.HeBHOH )J(H3HH 6JIH)J(HeBOCTO'lHOH .n.e-
peBHH nepBblX BeKOB H. 3., H HMeHHO n03TOMY OHH HBJ1HIOTCH O.n.HI1M
113 Ba)J(HeHumx HCTO'lHHKOB no 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH HCTOpHH EJ1I1)J(Hero
BOCTOKa B QeJ1oM.l1cxo.n.H H3 3Toro nOnblTaeMCH .n.aTb KpaTKYIO xapaK-
Tepl1CTHKY OCHOBHblX <mapaMeTpOB» )J(H3HH Ma03bl. Ha'lHeM C Hace-
J1eHHH.
B 06111eH CJlO)J(HOCTH B nanHpycax apXHBOB coxpamfJIl1Cb I1MeHa npH-
MepHO 115 )J(}fTeJ1eH .n.epeBHI1, '1TO, KaK MO)J(HO .n.YMaTb, COCTaBJIHeT BCIO
I1J1H 60JIblllYIO '1aCTb B3pOCJ10ro M}')J(CKOro HaCeJ1eHHH Ma03bl. OrclO.n.a
MO)J(HO c.n.eJ1aTb npe.n.nOJ1o)J(eHHe, '1TO Bce HaCeJ1eHHe Ma03bl, BKJIIO'IaH
)J(eHll.\HH H .n.eTeH, COCTaBJIHJ10 200-250 '1eJ10BeK. EOJ1blll)'1O '1aCTb Hace-
J1eHHJJ Ma03bl COCTaBJISUIH H)'.n.eH. O.n.I1HHa.n.QaTb HMeH H3 Cnl1CKa )J(lITeJ1eH
.n.epeBHH HeHy.n.eHcKl1e. EOJIblllHHCTBO H3 HMeH 3TOH rpynnbl HMeeT '1HC-
XaHHoi1 KOTTOH: Cotton H The Archive of Salome Komaise Daughter of Levi: another archive
of the «Cave of Letters» II ZPE. Bd, 105. 1995. P. 171-208. JJ.BY II rollaMH n03JKe 3TOT JKe
apxHB, HapslllY c HalL:I.eHHbl H B TO JKe pai10He apaMei1cKIIMH H llpeBHeeBpei1cKHMH no
Jl3b1KY nanHpyca.\lH. 61.1.1 nepeH311aH B CJlellYlOweM H311aHIIH: Cotton H M., Yardeni A, Ara-
maic. Hebrew and Greek documentary texts from Nahal Hever and other sites. With an ap-
pendix containing alleged Qumran texts. (The Seiyal Collection 11). Oxford. 1997. (Discover-
ies in the Judaean Desert. XXVII.)
.7 Mama - rpe'ieCKaJI 1jJ0p la Ha3BaHIIII, Maxma - apa ei1cKWI.
265
A. f. fpyweBOH. Hyoell II uydarl3M 6 ucmopuu PUMCKOU peCny6JlUKU U PU.WCKOU uMnepuu
TO Ha6aTeHCKHH «06m1K» HJUf )Ke - HeCKOJlbKO llll1pe - ceBepo-apaBHH-
CKI1H. 31'0 .n.aeT OCHOBaHl1e CqHTaTb, qTO, BepOHTHO, 20-30 npOl1eHTOB
HaCeJleHIDI Ma03bl COCTaBmIJUf Ha6aTel1. HecKoJlbKO npl1MepOB Ha6aTeH-
CKHX HMeH: A6.n.y CblH MYKI1MY, lllaxpy CblH MamI1HY, A6.n.06.n.aT CblH
lllyxeHpa. <1>aKf 3TOT BeCbMa I1HTepeceH H BIDKeH. nepe.n. HaMH Heocno-
pHMoe CBI1.n.eTeJlbCTBO OTCYTCTBHjJ 3THI1qeCKOH p03HI1. JIIO.n.H pa:moH
3THI1qeCKOH npHHa)J,J1e)KHOCTI1 B .n.epeBHe, me npe06J1a.D.aJIo l1}'.n.eHcKoe
HaCeJIeHl1e, }')KHBaJII1Cb BnOJlHe Ml1pH0 68 .
)l(HTeJII1 .n.epeBHI1 Ma03a B OCHOBHOM He 3HaJIH 11J111 nJloxo 3HaJII1
rpeQeCKI1H. 3.n.ecb B HallleM pacnopjJ)KeHI1I1 .n.Ba <jJaKTa. B nanl1pyce
PYadin., 15 OT 11 oKfjJ6pjJ 125 r. BCTpe'iaeTcjJ cJle.n.YlOll1W1 <jJpa3a, jJB-
JljJIOll1W1CjJ no.n.TBep)K)J,eHl1eM KaKOro-TO 3HaHIDI rpe'ieCKoro jJ3blKa O.n.HHM
113 ynOMjJH}'TblX B .n.0KYMeHTe JlIO.n.eH. nHCel1, COCTaBHBlllHH .n.0KYMeHT,
CQHTaeT H}')KHbIM C0061llHTb CJle.n.YlOll1ee: «51, 3J1ea3ap CblH 3JIea3apa,
3anHCaJI 3a Hee 69 no ee npocb6e, nOTOMY QTO OHa He 3HaeT rpaMOTbJ».
BBI1.n.y TOro QTO B nanHpyce PYadin., 21 COXpaHI1J1aCb no.n.nHCb caMoH
I>a6aTbl no-apaMeHcKH, CJIOBa nHCl1a MOryr 03Ha'iaTb JlHlllb ee HeYMeHHe
nl1CaTb no-rpeQeCKH. B XOpOlllO coxpaHHBllll1XCjJ .n.oKYMeHTax 06pall1a-
eT Ha ce6jJ BHHMaHl1e cJle.n.YIOIllHH <jJaKf: no.n.nHCI1 CBI1.n.eTeJleH BbtnOJI-
HeHbl B OCHOBHOM Ha l1}'.n.eHCKOM 11 apaMeHcKoM jJ3blKax 70 H OQeHb pe.n.-
KO - Ha rpeQeCKoM.
HHTepecHo OTMeTHTb, QTO cpe.n.H CBH.D.eTeJleH, paCnl1CblBaBlllHxcjJ no-
rpe'ieCKH, nOBTOpjJlOTcjJ Bcero .n.aa-T]JI1I1MeHH. Cy,WI no BceMY, CBI1.n.eTeJleH,
cnoc06HblX paCnHCaTbcjJ Ha '-i}')KOM jJ3blKe, 6b1J1o MaJIO. E.n.HHcTBeHHbIM
.n.0KYMeHTOM apxHBa I>a6aTbl, r.n.e Bce CBH.n.eTeJlH paCnHCaJIHCb no-rpe'ie-
CKH, jJBJ1jJeTCjJ PYadin., 11. BH.n.HMO, :ITO CBjJ3aHO co Cnel1H<jJHQeCKOH CH-
l)'al1HeH. 3TOT .n.0KYMeHT O<jJOpMJljJJI 3aeM .n.eHer y MaroHHjJ BaJIeHTa,
l1emypl10Ha pacnOJIO)KeHHoro 3.n.eCb BOHHCKOro coe.n.HHeHIDI. He HCKJIIO-
68 CY.ll!l no BceMY. Mil paCCMaTpHBaeMoro pemOHa 3TO COBeprneHHO <lOpMaJJbHO, CneUIf-
<L%Hblii HCTOpHKO-apXeOilOrH'ieCKHii aHaJJH3 MarepHaHa, OTHocllweroclI K npOBHHUHU ApaBHH
(pe% B lI.aHHOM CJJY'iae HlleT 0 !jJPaHUY3CKOM C60pHUKe CTaTeH Hauran I), TaKJKe CBHlleTeJlb-
cTByeT 06 OTCYTCTBHU KOH$JlIfKT08 Ha 3THU'ieCKOii nO'i8e, HecMoTpIl Ha neCTpblH COCTa8a
HaCeJleHUII. 3.1leCb MOJKHO OTMeTHTb .1lBe CTaTbH: 71/eneuve F L'economie rurale et la vie des
campagnes dans Ie Hauran antique, (ler siecle avo 1.-C. - VIle siecle ap. J.-c.). Une approche II
Hauran I. Recherches archeologiques sur la Syrie du Sud a l'epoque hellenistique et romaine.
Ed. 1.-M. Dentzer. Premiere partie. Paris, 1985. P. 63-137, U 8 TOM JKe C60pHlfKe (c. 189-202)
CTarbll M. CapTpa: Sartre M. Le peuplement et Ie developpement du Hawran antique a 1a 1u-
miere des inscriptions grecques et latines.
6. HMeeTCIi 8 BH.1lY na6ara. B .1l0KYMeHTe pe'ib HlleT 0 CnOJKHblX $IfHaHCOBbIX 83aHMOOT-
HorneHIIIIX oa6aTbl c oneKYHa.\lH ee CblHa.
7°Oc06blii C.1Y'iaJ:i npellCTaBJ1l1eT 0060ii nanHpyc PSeelim., 64 OT 9 HOll6pll 129 r. C8H-
lleTe.1H pacnHca.ll1Cb B 1l0KYMeHTe nO-Ha6aTeHcKH.
266
rqa6a 5. 3KoHa\IU'IeCKaR JlCUJHb []a eCmllHbl PILWCKOZO 6pe.tteHU..,
'-IeHO n03TOMY - XOTSI npSlMblX no.n.TBep)K)J,eHI1H H HeT, - '-ITO Bce CBH.n.e-
TeJ1H 6b1JII1 BOHHaMI1 3TOro coe.n.HHeHI1S1: HeJlb3S1 He 3aMeTHTb THnH'-IHO
pHMCKoe I1MSI nepBoro CBI1.n.eTeJISI - faH IOJlHH OpOKJl. B .n.0KYMeHTe
PYadin., 14 pa3./1H'-IaIOTCSI no He BnOJlHe nOHSITHblM npH'-IHHaM CBI1.n.eTeJIH
npHCYTCTBYlOl.IJ,He H CBH.n.eTeJIH paCnl1CaBllll1ecSi. Cpe.n.11 nOCJIe.n.HI1X no-rpe-
'-IeCKH paCnHCaJlCSI J1l1lllb eaO&x'i eao&x'iO'U - <1>a.n..n.eH, CblH <1>a.n..n.eSl.
OH )Ke SlBJ1S1eTCSI e.n.I1HCTBeHHbIM CBl1)J,eTeJ1eM, no.n.nHcaBlllHMCSI no-rpe'-le-
CKH cpe.n.H CBl1)J,eTeJleH B .n.0KYMeHTax PYadin., 15,20,23. B .n.0KYMeHTe
PYadin., 12 e.n.HHCTBeHHWI rpe'-lecKaSI no.n.nHCb npHHa)J,J1e)f(HT 'Al3&pE
Lo'UJla{\.]o'U, T. e. A6.n.epelO, CblHY CYMaSi. B nanl1pyce PYadin., 31 eCTb
o.n.Ha no.n.nHCb CBH.n.eTeJ1S1 no-rpe'-leCKH, HO OHa rmoxo coxpammaCb. B .n.o-
KYMeHTe PYadin., 1931)' pOJ1b BbInOJ1HJU1 Lo'UJlO:'i Ko:..j30:\.o'U - C}'MaH,
CblH Ka... (OT'-IeCTBO COXpaHHJ10Cb He nOJ1HOCTblO).
LITO KacaeTCSI BeCbMa npHJIl1'-1HOro rpe'-leCKOrO Sl3blKa nanHpYCOB,
TO OH 06'bSlCHSleTCSI npOCTO 71. Bo Bcex .n.OKYMeHTax 6blJIH YKa3aHHSI Ha
TO, '-ITO TeKCT 3anHcaH nHCQOM. HMSI ero 113BeCTHO He BO Bcex CJIY'-IaSlX,
H60 coxpaHHOCTb .n.OKYMeHTOB apXHBa Bce )Ke pa3J1I1'-1Ha. HMelOlUaSiCSI
HH<popMaQI1S1 CBH.n.eTeJIbCTByeT 0 CJ1e.n.YlOlUeM. HMeHa nl1CQOB n03BO-
J1S1IOT npe.n.n0J10)KI1Tb, '-ITO OHI1 Ha611paJIl1Cb 113 MeCTHblX )Ke )KHTeJleH,
B03MO)KHO .n.a)Ke H3 caMOH Ma03bI. TaK, nanHpyc PYadin., 17 3anl1CaJI
8£EVO: \.Jl(J)vo - TeeH (?)72, CblH CHMoHa. MHome nanHpYCbl 3a-
nl1CaHbl fepMaHoM, CblHOM Hy.n.bl (rEPJlO:vo 'Iouoo'U), KOTOpblH B He-
KOTOpblX CJIY'-IaSix YKa3blBaJI CBOIO O<pI1l.(HaJlbHYIO .n.OJ1)KHOCTb (PYadin.,
22), a I1HOf)J,a - onycKaJI (PYadin., 23). He npHxO.l1.HTCSI COMHeBaTbCSI
B TOM, '-ITO Bce nl1CQbl 6blJIH rocy.n.apCTBeHHblMH .n.OJl)KHOCTHbIMI1 J1H-
QaMH. B 3TOM y6e)K)J,aeT HX O<PHQHaJlbHbIH TH1)'J1 - A.l A.aptO , '-ITO
SlBJISleTCSI CJIena BH.n.OH3MeHeHHOH <pOpMOH J1aTHHCKoro librarius -
«nHceQ».
LII1CTO rpe'-leCKHe HJlH pHMcKHe I1MeHa BCTpe'-lalOTCSI B .n.OKYMeHTax
O'-leHb pe.n.Ko. fpeKH H pHMJ1S1He 6blJ1l1, BepoSlTHee Bcero, He'-laCTblMH
71 HCKJlIO'ieHHeM IIBJIlleTCII nanl1pyc PSeelim., 64. 06HJl11e CeMHTI13MOB B TeKCTe 11 npll-
MblX COOTBeTCTBHH MeJKJlY rpe'ieCKHMI1I1 apa.\leHCKHMH CneUllaJIbHblMH 060poTaM11 B TeKCTe
n03BOJllleT JlaJKe roBOpHTb HJJlareJlIIM 0 B03MOJKHOCT11 npllMoro 11 He O'ieHb Ka'ieCTBeHHoro C
TO'iKH 3peHHJI HOpM rpe'ieCKoro IIJblKa nepeBOlla TeKCTa 1l0KYMeHTa C apaMeHcKoro. (BBe.aeHHe
KJlOK}'MeHTa.\I C06PaHHil PSeelim. P. 136,) Jror e..'lllHCTBeHHblii ljJaKT nOJB011l1eT npellTIO,lOJKIITb
H<Lll1'il1e B MaxoJe CBoero pOlla «.aBOHHOH 6yxraJITepmm - COCTaB,leHHII Bcex llOKYMeHTOB
Ha llBYX IIJblKax: Ha apaMeHcKOM H.1H JlpeBHeeBpeHcKoM - ,LL1!I ce611 H Ha rpe'ieCKOM - ,LLlll
06werocYllapcTBeHHbIx crpYKTYp. YHI1KaJIbHOCTb nanHpyca PSeelim., 64 He n03BOJIlieT Clle-
JlaTb B llaHHOM CJIY'iae .i1aJIeKO l111ymlle BblBOllbl.
72 PYCCKa!I TpaHCKpIInUHII B llaHHOM CJIY'iae YC.l0BH3, 1160 npaBILlbHaJI nepella'ia 1I leHII
8EEva<; HellCHa.
267
A. r. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydau3M 6 ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
rOCnlMI1 B 3TOM 3aXOJIYCTbe Ha lOre MepTBoro MOpH 73. B patioHax 3a-
na.n.Horo n06epe)KbH MepTBoro MOpH rpe'leCKHe H JlaTHHCKHe I1MeHa
60J1ee pacnpOCTpaHeHbI. B nanHpyce PYadin., II, COCTaBJIeHHOM B 3H-
feMH 6 MaH 124 r. 11 BCJ1e.n.CTBHe JII1'1HbIX 06CTOHTeJ1bCTB ynoMHH)'TbiX
B HeM J1I1Q OKa3aBllleMCH B apXHBe I>a6aTbl, ynoMHHalOTCH HeCKOJIbKO
BOHHOB paCKBapTl1pOBaHHoro no coce.n.CTBY BOI1HCKOrO coe.n.I1HeHHH
I Cohors Miliaria Thracum. Bce OHH, lfTO cOBepllleHHo Tl1nl1'1HO .n.J1H
BoeHHblX, HOCHT '1HCTO J1aTI1HCKHe HMeHa: MarOHI1H BaneHT, fati IOJII1H
npOKJl. CY,W! no .n.aHHbIM nanHpyca PYadin., 20 (.n.oKYMeHT OT 19 HIOHH
130 r.), B 3H-feMH HMeJ1CH nepeYJ10K ApHcTHoHa (al,l.(pOOtOV 'Apt<J'tt
(J)v ). 0 npH'IHHaX nOHBJIeHHH TaKoro 3K3OTH'IeCKoro .lJ.]1H naneCTI1Hbl
Ha3Bamf51 OCTaeTC5I, npaB.n.a, TOJIbKO .n.ora.n.bIBaTbCH. 3.n.ecb oc06o XOTeJ10Cb
6bl TalOKe OTMeTHTb O.n.HO napa.n.oKcanbHoe HBJIeHHe. B paccMarpHBaeMoM
paHoHe KOJIH'IeCTBO rpeKoB 11 pHMJ1HH 6b1J10 .n.eHcTBHTeJ1bHO BeCbMa
He3HalfHTeJlbH0 7 4, lfero, KaK HH CTpaHHo, HeJIb351 CKa3aTb 0 IOpH)),HlfecKoH
npaKTI1Ke aHTI1'1Horo Ml1pa. HeCKOJ1bKO paccMaTpHBaeMblx qyTb HH)Ke
6pa'lHblX KOHTpaKTOB, 3aKJlIO'IeHHbIX Me)f()J,y H}'.n.eHMH .n.epeBHI1 Mao3a 11
HeKOTopblX nOCeJ1eHHH Ha TeppHTopHH, c06cTBeHHo, nanecTHHbI, xa-
paKTepl13YlOT 06mecTBo 3TI1X J11O.n.eH C BeCbMa HenpI1Bbl'lHOH TO'lKH
3peHH5I.
Art51 xapaKTepHCTI1KI1 H3blKOBOH cHl)'aQHH B nanecTHHe B paCCMaT-
pl1BaeMOe BpeMH O'leHb MHOro .n.alOT nanHpycbl Ha ceMHTCKHX H3blKax,
TalOKe B 11306HJII1H HaH.n.eHHble B nOCJ1e.n.HHe ro.n.bl B paHoHe MepTBoro
MOp5l. 06pamaeT Ha ce6H BHHMaHl1e TOT «paKT, '1TO KOJ1H'IeCTBO apaMeH-
CKHX HJlH Ha6areHCKHX nanl1pYCOB J1Hlllb He3Ha'lHTeJlbHO npeBbllllaeT
KOJIH'IeCTBO .n.0KYMeHTOB Ha .n.peBHeM HBpHTe. 3T0 HBJIHeTCH BIDKHblM
CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBOM TOro, '1TO HBpl1T B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe BpeM5I npo.n.OJDKan
OCTaBaTbCH H pa3roBOpHbiM H3bIKOM, H H3blKOM .n.eJ10BbIX .n.0KYMeHTOB.
73 HaCKOJlbKO Mbl MO)l(eM CYJlIfTb no JlOXYMeHTaM, eJlHHCTBeHHblMH 6eccnopHblMH 06J1a-
JlaTeJlIIMIf rpe'ieCKIfX H JlaTHHCKHX HMeH B Max03e 6blJJH TOJ1bKO nlfCUbJ. B nanHpyce PYadin.,
20, cocraBJJeHHOM B MaxoJe, nOIlBJJlleTCII, npaBJla, ynoMHHaHHe 0 IOJlIfH KplfcnlfHe, cBoero
pOJla «crapweM nOne'iHTeJle», OJlHaKO JKe Mbl He 3HaeM, r.'le HMeHHO JKHJla 3Ta )l(eHIIlIfHa. He
IfCK.11O'ieHO. 'iTO «cTapwHH nOne'iHTeJlb» no lleJlaM MaJJOJleTHHX JleTeH 6b1JJ B MaxoJe HCKJlIO-
'iHTe.1bHO npOeJ.llOM, no lleJla.\I CJ1YJK6bJ. 06paJUOM !jJaHTaCTH'ieCKOii no CYTH If CXOJlaCTH'ie-
CKOi! no $opMe pa60Thl 0 IOJlIfH KpHcnHHe IIB.1I1eTCII CTaTbll T. HnaHa: /Ian T. Julia Crispina,
daughter of Berenicianus, a herodian princess in the Babatha archive II JQR. 1992. Yol. 82.
P. 361-381), B KOTOpOH 1OJ11f1i KplfcnHHa Om.IIBJJlleTCIi nOTOMKOM ceMbH Hpolla BeJlHKOro. T.
HnaH IfCXOlll1T IfJ TOro, 'iTO B nanHpyce HaJBaHO If Mil OTUa 1O.1I1H KplfcnHHbl - J>epeHIfKHaH.
3m HMII BblJbIBaeT y Hero aCCOUHaUlf1f C uapHueH J>epeHHKOH.
74XapaKTepHO, 'iTO JlHWb Y nliTH )l(IfTeJleH llepeBHH BCTpe'iaIOTCII rpe'ieCKlfe HJlIf J1aTHH-
CKHe no npoHCXOJKJleHlf1O HMeHa: fepMaH, CblH HYllbl: EBTHXHH, CblH A6Jlo06a; <1>eOJlOp; oo.CblH
J],ocryca (= .uocu$ell); 110ce$ CblH J],opHMeHa.
268
rJlaea 5, 3KOHOMU'IeCKaR ,J/CU3Hb nQJleCmUHbl pU.«CKOZO 6peMeHU...
Ha Halll B3rJUI.n., 06 I1Cn0J1b30BaHHH I1BpHTa KaK pa3rOBOpHoro H3bIKa
CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBYeT ero ynoTpe6J1eHHe B nHCbMax. ,[(0 Hac )l{e .n.OlllJlO He-
CKOJ1bKO nHceM caMoro nap Kox6bI, HanHcaHHbIX HMeHHO Ha .n.peBHeM
HBpl1Te {PMur., 44r 5 . B HaCTOHll.\ee BpeMH 113BeCTHO 11 O.n.HO nI1CbMO,
8)J,peCOBaHHoe nap Kox6e. Pe4b H)J,eT 0 <pparMeHTl1pOBaHHoM nanHpyce
PSeelim., 30, Hanl1CaHHOM TaIOKe Ha .n.peBHeM HBpI1Te. npI1XO.n.HTCH, K
CO)l{aJIeHHIO, OTMeTHTb, '11'0 OT .n.0KYMeHTa OCTaJ1I1Cb JIl1lllb nepBbIe CTpO'l-
KI1, 113 KOTOpbIX MbI H Y3HaeM, KOMY 6bIJIO nOCJIaHHe a.n.peCOBaHO, a
TaIOKe 3aKJ1IO'IHTeJlbHbIe CTpOKH .n.0KYMeHTa. Or OCHOBHOro co.n.ep)l{aHHH
nOCJ1aHHH npaIITH'IeCKH HI1'1erO He OCTaJIOCb.
3a I1CKJ1IO'IeHHeM nI1CQOB, B nanHpycax HeT HHKaKHX npHMbIX YKa3aHI1H
Ha CYll.\eCTBOBaHl1e B .n.epeBHe KaKHX-J1H60 .n.OJI)I{HOCTHbIX J1I1Q, KaKOro-
JlI160 MecTHoro caMoynpaBJIeHlliI, XOTH B .n.aHHOM cll)''1ae 31'0 06'bHCHHeT-
CH JlI1111b TeM, '1TO TaKoro po.n.a CBH.n.eTeJlbCTBa He COXpaHHJ1HCb. 3TO
BH)J.HO Ha OCHOBaHHH napaJIJ1eJ1eH C .n.oK)'MeHTaMI1 B8)J,11 Mypa66a 'aT. TaK,
nanHpyc PMur., 42 - neTl1QlliI OT PYKoBo.n.HTeJleH )),epeBHH neT-MalllH-
KO - nOKa3bIBaeT, '1TO BO maBe .n.epeBHI1 CTOHJ10 HeCKOJ1bKO '1eJ10BeK,
I1MeBlllHX THl)'J1 pros 76. TmyJ1 3TOT, KaK OTMe'laJIH }')Ke MHOrl1e I1CCJ1e.n.o-
BaTeJ1H, BepoHTHee Bcero, rpe'leCKoro npOHCXO)K)J,eHlliI. Bo BCHKOM cJl)''1ae,
HHKaKOH y.n.OBJIeTBOpHTeJ1bHOH 3THM0J10rHH)J,.1UI Hero B CeMHTCKHX H3bIKaX
no.n.06PaTb HeB03MO)l{HO. 06pall.\aeT TaIOKe Ha ce6H BHI1MaHHe H TOT <J>a(('f,
1.JTO CJ10Ba C KopHeM pros OTCyrCTBYIOT B n116J1HI1 11 nOHBJIHIOTCH 1'OJlbKO
B TaJIMy.n.H'IecKHx TpaKfaTax 77 . BepOHTHee Bcero, KopeHb pros H npoH3-
Bo.n.HbIe OT Hero BOCXO.LIJIT K rpe'leCKOM}' 1tpOVoEro, 03Ha'laIOll.\eM}', cpe.n.H
npo'lero - «npe.n.BI1.n.eTb, pelllaTb». OrMeTI1MTaIOKe, '1TO OTmaroJIbHOe
CYll.\eCTBHTeJIbHOe OT 1tpOVoEro, TepMHH 1tpOVOll't1'1 , HBJ1HeTCH O.n.HHM 113
7' KOHe'iHO, He npHXO.llHTCII rOBopHTb 0 TOM, 'iTO nepe.Q HaMH aBTOrpa$bl Dap Kox6bl.
EcrecTBeHHo, nHCbMa nHcan nHceu no.Q ero .QHKTOBKY, 3.Qecb YJKe, o.QHaKo, BaJKeH caM $aKT.
CyweCTByeT BeCbMa 06CTO!ITeJlbHOe HCCJle.1l0BaHife 3THX nanHpycoB Ha PYCCKOM !lJblKe:
AMYCUH 1I. /1. J],OKYMeHTbl H3 B3.llH Mypa66a'aT II B)J,I1. 1958. N 1. C. 104-124. B nOH
CTarbe (c. 106) Ii. J],. AMYCHH nHweT 0 CBoeM JKeJlaHHH n03HaKOMHTb 'iHTaTeJleH BJ],H C na-
nHpYCHblMH .Q0KYMeHTaMH, OTHOCIlIItHMHCIi KO BpeMeHH HY.QeHcKOro aHTHpHMCKOro BOCCTaHHJI
132-135 rr. BTOpaJI CTaTbll H. J],. AMycHHa no npo6J1eMaM naneCTHHCKOH nanHpOJlOrHH,
HanHCaHHaJI B 1jI0pMe peueH3HH Ha ny6J1HKaUHIO .1l0KYMeHTOB H3 B3.llH Mypa66a.aT, 6blJla
ony6J1HKOBaHa B 1961 r. (AMYCUH If, fl. J],OKYMeHTbl H3 B3.llH Mypa66a' aT. II II BJJ.Ii. 1961.
N2 4. C. 136-147).
763T0 BH.1lHO no nepBblM JKe CJlOBaM .Q0KYMeHTa - mn hprnsyn l byt m kw - «OT
"napHacoB" DeT MaWHKO».
77 flOMHMO KOMMeHTapeB H311areJJeH K nanHpycy PMur., 42 CM. TaKJKe: Sokoloff M. A. A
Dictionnary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic of the Byzantine period. Bar l1an, 1992. P. 448;
Dalman, 1922, S. 350; Levy 1. Worterbuch iiber die Talmudium und Midrashim. Bd. IV. Ber-
lin; Wien, 1924. S. 120.
269
A. f, fpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uydaulM 6 l/cmopuu PU. 'CKOU pecny611uKI/ II PU.\tCKOli lumepull
yaCTblX 0603HayeHl-fH .n.omKHOCTHblX JII1Q .n.epeBeHCKOH a.n.MHHI1CTpaQI1I1
B Cl1p1111 78 . TaKHM 06Pa30M, B .n.epeBHe 6blJlO HeCKOJ1bKO nl1CQOB Ha rocy-
.n.apcTBeHHOH CJ1y)l(()e H, B03MO)l{HO, HeKOTOpoe KOJIHYeCTBO .n.OJDKHOCTHblX
J1HQ, npe.n.CTaBJUIBlllI1X I1HTepeCbI QeHTpaJIbHOH a.n.MI1HI1CTpaQI111 79 .
KaKHX-J1H60 I1HblX Henocpe.n.CTBeHHblX CBI1.n.eTeJIbCTB CYlUeCTBOBaHI1H
11 .n.eHTeJ1bHOCTH B .n.epeBHe KaKI1X-JII160 .n.OJI)I{HOCTHblX J1I1Q B nanl1pycax
HeT, o.n.HaKO eCTb HeCKOJ1bKO KOCBeHHblX CBI1.n.eTeJIbCTB. TaK, y)l{e CJIO)l{-
HbJe H .n.eTaJll13l1pOBaHHble npaBI1J1a OpOllleHI1H, ynoMI1HaeMble B HeKO-
TOpblX nanl1pycax, MOfJIl1 6bITb 3<jJ<jJeKTI1BHbIMH TOJlbKO Tor.n.a, Kor.n.a
<jJYHKQI10HHpOBaHl1e BceH CI1CTeMbl11 Bcex pefJIaMeHTaQI1H 06eCneYI1Ba-
JlOCb cneQHaJlbHblMI1 J11O.n.bMI1, TO eCTb .n.OJ1)1{HOCTHbIMI1 J1I1QaMI1 .n.aHHO-
ro nOCeJ1eHHH.
H3JIO)l{eHHblH MaTepl1aJ1 n03BOJIHeT np"HTI1 K cJle.n.YlOlUeMY BbIBO.n.y.
B Ma03e Ha6J1IO.n.aeTCH HaYaJlbHIDI CTa.n.I1H HBJ1eHHH, XOpOlllO H3BecTHoro
no Ha.n.nI1CHM npOBI1HQHH ApaBHH HeCKOJlbKO 60JIee n03.n.Hero BpeMeHH
(II-III BB.) H no naJ1eCTHHCKHM nanHpycaM VI-VII BB. (HeccaHcKHi1
apxHB)80. PeYb H.n.eT 0 cocYlUecTBoBaHI1H Ha TeppHTopHH npoBHHQHI1
MecTHoH .n.epeBeHcKoH 11 QeHTpaJIbHOH a.n.MHHI1CTpaQI1H. OpraHbI .n.epe-
BeHcKoro caMoynpaBJ1eHHH BbJ6HpaJIHCb 113 o.n.HOCeJlbyaH KaK npl1 PHM-
J1HHaX, TaK H .n.o HI1X H 3)J,eCb, cy.n.H no BceMY, HHKaKHX H3MeHeHI1H B
CBH311 co CMeHOH BJ1aCTH He npOH30lllJ10 81 . OanHpYCbl <jJI1KCHPYIOT, npaB-
.n.a, CJ1e.n.YIOll.\HH <jJaKT. KaK }')Ke OTMeYaJlOCb, B Henocpe.n.CTBeHHOH 6J1H-
30CTH C .n.epeBHeH 3H-fe.n.(.n.)H 6blJ10 pacKBapTHpoBaHo,.n.a H TO BpeMeH-
HO, He60J1blllOe BOI1HCKOe coe.n.HHeHHe - KoropTa <jJpaKI1HQeB (cohors
I Miliaria Thracum)82. )l{H3Hb CeJ1byaH H BOI1HOB B J1YYllleM cJlyyae co-
78 CM,: Village Administration in the Roman Province of Syria II YCS. 1928. Vol. 1.
P. 127 fT.
79 B lIOKYMeHTax HeT npllMbIX nOliTBepJKlleHHH HaJJH'iHII B Mao3e Tex mIH HHblX npell-
CTaBHTeJleJ:i lleHTPaJJbHoH 3llMHHHCTpauHH. OllHaKo JKe 3TO BeCbMa BepOIlTHO, OC06eHHO eC,lH
Y'ieCTb 6J1H30CTb K .llepeBHe HMnepaTopcKoro X0311J:iCTBa.
80 )],nil paHOHOB co6CTBeHHO naJJeCTHHbI, HCKJIIO'iaJI ynoMIIHYTblJ:i PMur., 42, lIaHHblX.llJ111
paccMaTpHBaeMoro BpeMeHH HeT, OliHaKO JKe cTPoraJI ueHTPaJJH3aUilII B paMKaX PHMCKOH
HMnepHH HCKillO'iaJJa B03MOJKHOCTb KaKHx-JJH60 3Ha'iHTeJlbHbIX BapHaUHH B paccMarpHBaeMoM
Bonpoce. 4TO KaCaeTCIi .llepeBeHcKOii 3llMHHHCTpauHH Ha TePPHTOpHH npoBHHUHH ApaBHH,
TO 3l1eCb BaJKHeHrneH IIBJJlleTCII pa60Ta MaKilHH Xapnepa. McLean Harper G. Village Admin-
istration in Roman Province of Syria IIYCS. 1928. Vol. I. P. 105-168. Sartre M. D' Alexandre
a Zenobie. Histoire du Levant antique (IVe siecle avo J.-c. -III siecle ap. J.-c.). Paris, 2001.
P.773-779.
81 MHOrO'iHCJleHHble npHMepbl H3 lIpyrHx paHoHoB C JlY'iweJ:i .llOKYMeHTaUHeil CBH.lle-
TeJlbCTBYIOT, 'iTO pHMJJIIHe HHKorlia He BMewHBaJJHCb B lIe.la caMoynpaBJleHHII .llepeBeHb
npOBHHUHiI.
820CHOBHOH HCTO'iHHK 0 lIaHHOH KOropre B 3H-rell(lI)H - nanHpyc PYadin., II (6 MaJI
124 r.). ECTb OCHOBaHHII nOJlaraTb, 'iTO OCHOBHbIM, CTallHOHapHblM JJarepeM 3TOJ:i KOropTbi
270
rJla6a 5, 3KOHaWU'IeCKaR .JICU3Hb nQJleCmUHbl PUMCKOZO 6peMeHII..,
npl1KaCaJIaCb, HO, CKaJKeM TaK, He nepeCeKaJIaCb. 11 Y Tex 11 Y .n.pymx
MomH B03HHKaTb 06llll1e HMYll.\eCTBeHHble HJ1H .n.eHe)l{Hble HHTepecbl no
OT.n.eJ1bHbIM KOHKpeTHblM nOBo.n.aM, HO He 60JIee 83 . JIerHoHepbl11 MeCTHble
)l{HTeJIH cOCYll.\eCTBOBaJIH .n.OCTaTO'-lHO MHpHO. Onl1CblBaeMaH B nanHpy-
ce PYadin., 11 cHl)'aUI1H nOKa3bIBaeT, npaB.n.a, '-ITO B peaJIbHOH )l{H3HH
6blBaJIH TaKl1e CJ1Y'-Ial1, Kor.n.a BOHHbl npH06peTaJIH He.n.BH)I{HMOCTb B
OT.n.eJIbHbIX .n.epeBHHx84, o.n.HaKO B Ha'-laJIe II B. H. 3. pe'-lb ellle He lllJ1a 0
<pOpMHpOBaHI1I1 CI1CTeMbl narpOHaTa, oc06eHHO BoeHHoro naTpOHaTa, 0
KOTOpOM TaK MHOro nHCaJI B IV B. JII16aHHH (COpOK ce.n.bMaH pe'-lb).
HeKoTopylO HH<popMaUHIO 0 .n.eHTeJ1bHOCTI1 npOBI1HUHaJIbHOH a)J,MI1-
HHCTpaUI1H 11 0 TOM, KaK pa60Ta HOBOH BJ1aCTH OKa3blBaJIaCb CBH3aHHOH
C )l{H3HblO .n.epeBeHCKI1X )l{HTeJ1eH, .n.alOT BBo.n.Hble <POPMYJIbl paCCMaTpl1-
BaeMblX nanHpYCOB. 3TI1 Bblpa)l{eHI1H .n.OKa3bIBaIOT CYllleCTBOBaHHe B
3TOM paHOHe Tpa)J,I1UI10HHOH )J,J1H aHTH'-IHOrO MHpa, HO B npHHUHne qy-
)J()J,OH )J,J1H .n.OpHMCKOro 11 .n.orpe'-leCKoro bJIH:lKHero BOCTOKa CI1l)'aUHH,
Kor.n.a KIDK,lJ.oe nOCeJ1eHl1e B a)J,MI1HI1CTparHBHOM OTHOllleHHH HaxO.n.HJ10Cb
Ha TeppHTopHH TOro HJ1H HHoro ropo.n.a85.
B nanHpycax '-Iall.\e Bcero BCTpe'-laeTCH BblpaJKeHl1e tv MaC!X;Q. 1t£pl.
ZoopaV 86 . HHor.n.a 3Ta <popMYJIa npe.n.CTaeT B 60JIee pa3BepHYTOM BH.n.e:
tv MC:XOX;Q. 1tEpt 't1X!> ZooproV 87 . L(OCJ10BHbIH nepeBO.n. 3TI1X BblpaJKeHHH:
«B Ma03e BOKpyr 30apbl, B Ma03e [Haxo.n.Hll.\eHCH] B nepHMeTpe 300-
pueB»88. nepe.n. HaMI1 TeXHI1'-1eCKOe BblpaJKeHl1e )J,J1H nepe.n.a'-lH co06ll.\e-
HH5I 0 TOM, '-ITO Ma03a Haxo.n.l1J1aCb B a)J,MHHHCTpaTHBHOH IOpHC.n.HKUI1H
30apbJ. npHXO.n.I1TCH, o.n.HaKO, npH3HaTb, '-ITO npe.n.eJ10B nOJIHOMO'-lHH
ropo.n.a no OTHOllleHHIO K pacn0J10)l{eHHOH Ha ero TeppHTopHH .n.epeBHH
6blJJ Xe6poH, TOr)la KaK 3H-reJl(.l1)H 6blJl He 60Jlee 'ieM OJlHHM HJ nOCTOB ee BpeMeHHoro
npe6blBaHHJI. (CM. KOMMeHTapHH HJJlaTeJlII 1l0KYMeHTa K nepBoH crpO'iKe nanHpyca.)
8J nanHPYc COCTaBJJeH B CBIIJH C TeM, 'iTO HY.lla, BTOpOH MYJK Ea6aTbl. 3aHIIJI Y MaroHHII
BaJIeHTa, ueH1)'pHoHa 3TOJ:i KOrOpTbJ, 60 lleHapHeB Ha CpOK .'10 BOCbMH MeCllueB. B Ka'ieCTBe
3aJIOra HYJla 3aKJI3.llblBaeT .llBOp Ha TeppHTopHH 3H-re.ll-(.ll)H, npHHa.llJ1eJKaWHH ero OTUY.
B JloKYMeHTe oc060 nOJl'iepKHBaeTcII, 'iTO HY.l1a .lleHCTByeT C cornaclIJI OTua.
Sol B JlaHHOM CJJY'iae 3TOro He npOHJOUlJlO. HYJla BepHYJI )lOJlr H COXpaHHJI 3a C060H BJJa-
JleHHII B 3H-reJl(Jl)H. 06 3TOM CBH.lleTeJJbCTByeT COnOCTaBJJeHHe nanHpycoB PYadin., II H
PYadin., 19.
., Mbl, K COJKaJIeHHIO, He 3HaeM, KOr.lla HMeHHO 3Ta CHCTeMa 6blJJa HJlH Morna 6blTb BBe-
JleHa B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM paJ:ioHe. BepOIiTHee Bcero, 3Ta CHCTeMa 6bl.1a B OKOH'iaTeJlbHOM
BHJle BHeJlpeHa npH pHMJlIIHaX, HO 6blJJO 6bJ OWH60'iHbIM YTBepJKJlaTb, 'iTO CXOllHblX npHHllH-
nOB TeppHTOpHaJIbHOro ycrpOHCTBa He Morno 6blTb paHee.
"CM.: PYadin., 14,1.20; PYadin., 151.3; PYadin., 17,1.3; PYadin., 18,1.3.
87 PYadin., 20, 1.3-4; PYadin., 22, 1.4-5; PYadinoo 26. 1.18; PYadin., 27, 1.3-4.
88 B TeKCTe JJleCb pO.llHTeJlbHblH n3.lleJK MH. 'i. OT HaHMeHOBaHHII JKHTeJleH ropo.lla, 'iTO
THnH'iHO .LL111 aHTH'iHOCTH, Kor.aa ropoll BocnpHHHMaJICIi KaK KOJlJleKTHB ero JKHTeJleH.
271
A. r. rpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uydazaw 6 ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU II PU.\1CKOU IIMnepliU
Mbl He 3HaeM. 06palllaeT Ha ce6H BHHMaHl1e TOT <paKT, 'HO .n.eKJIapaUI1H
o 3eMeJIbHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH B CBH311 C ueH30M (PYadin., 16) no.n.aBaJIaCb
Ea6aToH B Pa66aTMoaBe, a no .n.eJ1aM, CBH3aHHbiM C oneKOH Ha.n. CBOHM
HeCOBepllleHHOJ1eTHHM CbIHOM, Ea6aTa 06palllaJIaCb B f1eTpy (PYadin.,
12). f1oCJ1e.n.Hee, npaB.n.a, MO)KeT 06'bHCHHTbCH TeM, t.tTO 30apa, B CBOIO
ot.tepe.n.b, Haxo.n.HJlaCb B oKpyre f1eTpbI 89 . HHblMI1 CJ10BaMH, paccMoTpe-
HHe KIDK,/J,OH KaTeropl111 .n.eJI 6blJlO B03MO)KHO TOJ1bKO B onpe.n.eJIeHHOH
I1HCTaHUHH (HJ1H .lJ.IDKe ropo.n.e). f10JIHOH KapTHHbl :noro pacnpe.n.eJ1eHI1H
nOJ1HOMot.tHH no rpIDK,/J,aHCKO-npaBoBbIM .n.eJ1aM B npoBHHUHI1 ApaBHH,
KaK H B Hy.n.ee, Mbl He HMeeM.
L(OK)'MeHTbl n03B0J1HIOT Cy.n.HTb TaIOKe 06 oc06eHHocTHX .n.eHTeJ1bHO-
CTH .n.epeBeHCKHX nHCUOB. OCHoBaHHeM .n.J1H Toro, t.tT06bl rOBOpl1Tb 06
3TOM, HBJ1HeTCH npHBo.n.I1BlllaHcH Bblllle npl1nHCKa 3J1ea3apa, CblHa 3J1ea-
3apa, nHcua nanl1pyca PYadin., 15. OTCYTcTBl1e TaKoro po.n.a YKa3aHHH
B .n.pyrHx .n.oK)'MeHTax HBJlHeTCH no.n.TBep)K)J,emleM Toro, t.tTO onHCblBae-
Ma51 B .n.oKYMeHTe cHl)'aUHH HBJ1HeTCH He06blt.tHOH C TOt.tKH 3peHI1H nHC-
ua. B t.teM I1MeHHO 3aKJIIOt.taeTCH 3Ta He06blt.tHOCTb? EeccnopHO, He B
ypOBHe rpaMOTHOCTH o.n.HOCeJlbt.taH Ea6aTbi - Bce nanHpYCbl HanHcaHbl
nI1CuaMI1-npO<peCCHOHaJIaMH H B a6C0J1IOTHOM 60JIblllHHCTBe CJ1yt.taeB
)KI1TeJ1H .n.epeBHI1 pacnHCblBalOTCH no-apaMeHCKH, HO He no-rpet.teCKI1.
f1oCJ1e.n.Hee 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO .n.aeT OCHOBaHI1H Ct.tHTaTb, t.tTO HeCTaH.n.apT-
HOCTb Onl1CblBaeMOH CHl)'aUHH I1MeHHO B co.n.ep)KaHHH .n.OK)'MeHTa. Ha.n.o
CKa3aTb, y Hac eCTb Bce OCHOBaHI151 Ct.tI1TaTb HMeHHO TaK. f1anHpyc
PYadin., 15 6b1J1 COCTaBJIeH B CBH3H C HaMepeHHeM Ea6aTbl Hat.taTb cy-
.n.e6Hb1H npouecc npOTI1B oneK)'HoB cBoero CblHa C TeM, t.tT06bl nOJ1yt.tHTb
B CBoe paCnOpH)KeHHe .n.eHbrH, KOTopble oneK)'Hbl HCn0J1b30BaJIH Ha ero
HY)K)J,bl. Heo6blt.tHOCTb npaBoBoro Ka3yca Tpe60BaJIa, eCTeCTBeHHO, OT
nHcua HeCKOJIbKO 60J1blllHX, t.teM 06blt.tHO, YCI1J1I1H no npaBHJ1bHoMY
o<popMJ1eHHIO .n.OKYMeHTa.
HHblMH CJIOBaMH, HMeIOI.l{HHC5I MaTepHaJI n03B0J1HeT ct.tI1TaTb Bepo-
HTHblMI1 cJle.n.YlOlllHe .n.Ba npe.n.nOJIO)KeHHH. f1Hceu, cKopee Bcero, pac no-
J1araJI 3aroTOBKaMH, 06J1ert.taIOI.l{HMH o<popMJ1eHl1e .n.oK)'MeHToB no 60J1ee
HJIH MeHee cTaH.n.apTHblM IOpH.n.Ht.tecKHM BonpocaM 90 . HeJIb351 HCKJIIOt.taTb
TaIOKe H Toro, t.tTO )KHTeJ1H .n.epeBHH MOfJ1H 06pal.l{aTbCH K nl1CuaM co
CBOHMH y)Ke OTHOCHTeJlbHO no.n.roTOBJIeHHbIMH npoeKTaMH TeKCTOB H}')K-
.9 CM. BBO,QHYIO $OPMYJJY K PYadin., 37. XOTeJlOCb 61.1 TaKJKe HanOMHHTb, 'iTO Ma03a,
6YllY'iH no COCTaBY Hace,leHHII HYlleo-Ha6aTeHcKoH, HaXO.llHJ1aCb Ha KpaHHeM 3an311e npoBHH-
UHH ApaBHH.
90 J],o Hac llaJKe ,QoweJl o6paJeu TaKHX nO,QroTOBHTeJlbHbIX MarepHaJIOB: PYadin., 28-30.
J],aHHblH .ll0KYMeHT CO.llepJKHT 06PaJUbl HeCKOJlbKHX IOPHllH'ieCKHX CPOPMYJI mnOTeTIl'ieCKoro
paccMOTpeHHIl ,QeJla 06 oneKe H311 MaJIOJleTHHM pe6eHKOM.
272
rW6a 5, 3KOHQMU'IeCKaR .JIC!l3Hb nWlecmuHbl PUMCKOZO epeMeHu..,
Horo .n.OKyMeHTa. B03MO)!(HO, HMeHHO 3THM H 06'MICHHeTCH }')Ke OTMe-
'1eHHaH B03MO)!(HOCTb TOro, '1TO nanl1pyc PSeelim., 64 npe.n.CTaBJIHeT
C060H npHMoH nepeBO.n. C apaMeHcKoro.
3.n.ecb, eCTeCTBeHHO, B03HHKaeT Bonpoc 0 TOM, KaK COOTHOCHJIHCb
Me)!()J,)' C060H npHBHeceHHaH pI1MJ1HHaMH npaBOBaH CHCTeMa C MeCTHblM
npaBOM. nanHpYCbl Ha3BaHHbIX KOJIJ1eKI.{HH Heo.n.HOKpaTHO paCCMaTpH-
BaJ1I1Cb KaK HCTO'lHHKI1 no HCTOpHH npaBa. OTMeTHM npe)!()J,e Bcero
CTaTbH H KOMMeHTapl1H X. K01TOH, a TaIOKe .n.aBHIOIO pa60ry 3. KocpMaH
H nepI10)J.I1'1eCKH nOHBJIHlOlllHeCH CTaTbH no OT.n.eJIbHbIM nanHpycaM 91 .
ABTOpbl no.n.06HblX pa60T onHCblBalOT OT.n.eJ1bHble HHTepeCYlOlI.{He HX
HBJ1eHHH, He B.n.aBaHCb B o606111eHI1H 92 . Me)!()J,)' TeM 06l1.{aH KapTl1Ha CO-
OTHOllleHI1H 06111erocy.n.apCTBeHHbIX H MeCTHblX HOpM npaBa npe.n.CTaB-
JlHeTCH O'leBH.n.HOH. PI1MJ1HHe He BMelllHBaJIHCb B Tpa.n.I1I.{HOHHble cpOpMbl
B3aHMOOTHOllleHHH MeCTHoro HaCeJIeHHH. B 3TOM CMblCJIe MeCTHoe npa-
BO B JII060H npOBHHl.{I1I1, 6y.n.b TO naJIeCTI1Ha HJ1H EmneT, OCTaBaJIOCb
HeH3MeHHbIM. B3aHMo.n.dicTBHe C pl1MCKHM npaBoM 6blJIO TeM He MeHee
BeCbMa aKfI1BHbIM.
Bo-nepBbIX, pl1MCKOe npaBO CIIy)!(HJ10 B nOBce.n.HeBHOH )!(113HH CBoero
po.n.a «Ha.n.CTpOHKOH» Ha.n. MeCTHblM npaBOM. npl1Be.n.eHHble npHMepbl
nOKa3b1BaIOT, '1TO )!(}fTeJlH .n.epeBHI1 )J,JIH pemCTpal.{HH C)J.eJlOK HJ1H npe-
.n.aHHH IOpH.n.H'IeCKOH CHJlbl BIDKHblM .n.OKyMeHTaM .n.OJDKHbl 6bIDH perH-
CTpHpOBarb HX B opraHax npOBI1Hl.{l1aJIbHOro ynpaBJ1eHHH, T. e. CJ1e.n.OBarb
B KOHe'lHOM C'IeTe HopMaM pHMCKOro npaBa.
BO-BTOpbIX, CYlI.{eCTBeHHblM 6blJ10 H B3aHMo.n.ei1cTBHe npaBOBblX
HOpM KaK TaKOBbIX. Cnel.{HaJIbHOe HCCJ1e.n.OBaHHe .ll Cnep6epa nOKa3bl-
BaeT, '1TO KOJ1H'IeCTBO pHMCKHX IOpl1.n.H'IeCKHX TepMI1HOB, nonaBllIHX B
HBpl1T (TaJlMy.n.H'IeCK)'1O JlI1Teparypy), 6b1J10 BeCbMa 3Ha'lHTeJIbH0 93 .
91 Cotton H. The Guardnership of Jesus son of Babatha: Roman and Local Law in the
Provincia of Arabia II JRS. 1993. V()l. 83. P. 94-108; Cotton H. A Cancelled marriage contract
/Tom the Judaean Desert (X Hev.lSe Gr., 2) II JRS. 1994. Vol. 84. P. 64-86. CM. TaKJKe crpa-
HIiUbI 153-157 (Jewish Law and Society) BBelleHHII K rpe'ieCKHM nanHpYCaM C60pHHKa PSeelim.
O'ieHb nO.llp06HblH HCTOpHKO-lOpHllH'ieCKHH KOMMeHTapHH K 6pa'iHoMY KOHTpaKry PYadin.,
18 )laH A. BaccepwTeHHoM: Wasserstein A, A marriage contract from the provincia of Arabia
Nova: notes on papyrus Yadin 1811 JQR. 1989. Vol. LXXX. N 1-2. P. 93-130. nonblTKOH
OCMblCJleHHII Bcem Marepliana B ueJlOM CJlellYeT HaJBarb pa601)' 3. KO$MaH: Koffmahn E. Die
Doppelurkunden aus der Wiiste Juda. Recht und Praxis der jiidischen Papyri des I. und 2.
Jahrhuderts n. Chr. samt Ubertragung der Texte und deutscher Ubersetzung. Leiden, 1968.
92 C'iHTaeTCH, 'iTO HaCTOHmHe 0606weHHH CTaHYT B03MOJKHblMH JlIiWb TOflla, KOrlla 6YllYT
nO-HacToIIWeMY ony6J1HKOBaHbl Bce HaH)leHHble B naneCTHHe nanlipycbll-I1 BB. (CM. c. 156-
157 BBe.lleHHII K rpe'ieCKHM nanHpYCaM c06paHHJI PSeelim).
93 Sperber D. A Dictionnary of Greek and Latin Legal Terms in rabbinic literature. Jeru-
salem, 1984.
273
A. f. rpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaU:1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKu U PUAICKO/; u.wnepuu
CneUH<pI1KOH CHl)'aUHI1 B naJIeCTI1He - npaB.n.a, He YHHKaJIbHOH, eCJ1H
paCCMaTpHBaTb ee npl1MeHHTeJlbHO KO BceH I1Mnepl1H B ueJIOM, - 6bIJ10
cOCYLUeCTBOBaHHe H .n.BYX cy.n.e6HblX CHCTeM - pHMCKOi1 H MeCTHOH.
OKOHyaTeJ1bHOe pa3rpaHHyeHHe Me)K)J,Y HHMH npOBeCTH CJIO)J{HO - He
XBaTaeT .n.aHHbIX. B npHHUHne )J{e HCHO CJIe.n.YIOLUee. Bce, YTO KaCaJIOCb
cTal)'ca yeJ10BeKa B 06LUeCTBe, pelllaJIOCb B KOHeYHOM CYeTe npaBoBbl-
MH opraHaMH rocy.n.apcTBa B cOOTBeTcTBHH, eCTecTBeHHo, C HopMaMH
pHMcKoro npaBa. Bce, YTO KaCaJIOCb H)'.n.eHCKOH peJlHrHH HJ1H )J{e cne-
UH<pHyeCKHX B3aHMooTHollleHHH Me)K)J,Y ee a.n.enTaMH, 6bIJIO no.n.cy.n.HO
CHHe.n.pHOHY HJ1H H)'.n.eHCKHM Cy.n.bHM94.
HHTepeCHblH HlOaHC B :3TOH CBH3H B Bonpoc 0 .n.eJ10npoH3Bo.n.cTBe B
naJIeCTHHe paccMaTpHBaeMoro BpeMeHH .n.06aBJ1HIOT 6paYHble KOHTpaK-
Tbl. Hx KOJIHyeCTBO Ha rpeyeCKOM, apaMeHCKOM H .n.peBHeeBpeHCKOM
npHMepHo o.n.HHaKOBO.
EpatlHble KOHmpaKmbl Ha 2pelieCKOM fl3blKe: PYadin., 18 (5 anpeJ1H
128 r.); PYadin., 37 = PSeelim, 65 (7 aBrycTa 131 r.); PMur., 115, 116
(06a .n.oK)'MeHTa <pparMeHTHpoBaHbl, BpeMH H MeCTO HX COCTaBJ1eHHH
HeH3BecTHbl); PSeelim, 69 - ApHcT06YJ1l1ac, 130 r.
Epa'lHble KOHmpaKmbl Ha apaMeUCKOM fl3blKe: PMur., 20 (MecTo co-
CTaBJ1eHIDI: nOCeJ1eHHe Xapo.n.oHa, .n.aTa: OpHeHTl1pOBOYHO 117 r.); PMur.,
21 (TeKcT <pparMeHTHpoBaH. L(aTa H MeCTO COCTaBJ1eHHH HeH3BecTHbl).
BepoHTHee Bcero, OTpblBKOM HMeHHO 6paYHoro KOHTpaKTa HBJ1HeTCH
<pparMeHTHpoBaHHblH (MeCTo H BpeMH COCTaBJ1eHHH HeH3BecTHbl) nanH-
pyc PSeelim., 11, HanHcaHHbIi1 no-apaMeHcKH. K 3TOH )J{e rpynne .n.OK}'-
MeHTOB CJIe.n.YeT OTHeCTH e.n.HHcTBeHHbIH B CBoeM po.n.e, HanHcaHHblH Ha
apaMeHcKoM .n.OK)'MeHT PMur., 19, <PHKCI1PYIOLUHH 06H3aTeJlbCTBa CTOpOH
B CBH3H C 6paKOpa3Bo.n.HbIM <mpoueCCOM».
E.n.HHcTBeHHbIM H3BeCTHblM Ha cero.n.HHlllHHH .n.eHb 06Pa3UOM 6pay-
Horo KOHTpaKTa Ha .n.peBHeeBpeHcKoM HBJ1HeTCH KOHTpaKT Ea6aTbI -
PYadin., 10 (MecTo COCTaBJ1eHHH: .n.epeBHH Max03a, .n.aTa: opHeHTHpo-
BOYHO Me)J{.n.y 122 H 125 rr.). 3TOT .n.OK)'MeHT B HaCTOHII.\ee BpeMH
ony6J1HKOBaH TOJ1bKO B )J{YPHaJIbHOH BepcHH 95 .
npH xapaKTepHCTHKe 3THX .n.OK}'MeHTOB CJ1e.n.yeT npe)K)J,e Bcero 06pa-
THTb BHHMaHHe Ha TO, YTO 6paYHbIe KOHTpaKTbI Ha rpeyeCKOM COCTaBJ1e-
94 a cHHellpHoHe Hero nOJJHOMO'iH!lX CM.: Schurer £, The History of the Jewish People
in the Age ofJesus Christ. (175 B. C. - A. D. 135). A new English version revised and edited
by G. Vennes and F. Millar, Vol. 1\, Edinbourgh, 1979. P. 218-226; Mantel H. Studies in the
History of the Sanhedrin. Harvard, 1961; 06 HY.llei!cKHx CY.QbIlX H IiX nOJJHOMO'iHIIX: Juster 1.
Les juifs dans 1 'Empire romain. Leur condition juridique, economique et sociale. I. 2. Paris,
1914. P.94-109.
95 Yadin Y, Greenfield 1., Yardeni A, Babatha's Ketubba 111EJ. 1994. Vol. 44. P. 75-101
274
rW6a 5, 3KOHa fU'IeCKaR ,J/C/l3Hb flWlecmllHbl PIl,!I1CKO?O epeMeHu..
Hbl HeCKOJIbKO n03me TaKHX me KOHTpaKTOB, COCTaBJIeHHblX Ha ceMHTCKHX
H3blKax. BepOHTHee Bcero, 06'bHCHHeTcH 3TO CJ1e.n.yIOll.{HM 06pa30M. .[lJ1H
Be.n.eHHH .n.eJ10npOH3Bo.n.cTBa Ha rpet.tecKoM Tpe6oBaJIOCb onpe.n.eJIeHHOe
KOJ1Ht.teCTBO nHCQOB. KOJIHt.tecTBo D.epeBeHb 6bUlO Bce me 3Hat.tHTeJ1bHbIM,
H n03ToM)' HMnepcKlliI a.n.MI1HHCTpaQJ.UI He Moma Cpa3Y Ha6parb HYmHbli1
lllTaT KBaJIHcpl1QHpOBaHHblX cneQHaJIHCTOB. I1MeHHo n03TOM)' QeHTpaJIb-
HaH BJIaCTb BblHY)I()],eHa 6blJIa MHpHTbCH HeKOTopoe BpeMH C D.eJIOnpOH3-
BO.n.CTBOM Ha MeCTHblX H3blKax. CYJUI no BceMY, TaK npOD.OJ1maJIOCb npH-
MepHo.n.o 120 r. OCHoBHoe KOJ1H'ieCTBO nanHpycoB Ha CeMI1TCKHX H3blKax
OTHOCHTCH HMeHHO K 3TOMY BpeMeHH. CaMblM n03.n.HHM, KaK yme OTMe-
t.taJIOCb, HBJIHeTCH 6pa'iHblH KOHTpaKT Ea6aTbl, OTHOCHll.{HHCH 122-125 rr.
O.n.HaKo me, eCJ1H nOCMOTpeTb Ha D.aTbl rpet.teCKI1X nanHpycoB apxHBa
Ea6aTbl, TO HeJ1b3H He 3aMeTHTb, 'iTO J1Hlllb O.n.HH H3 3THX D.OKyMeHTOB
.n.aTHpyeTcH BpeMeHeM .n.o 120 r. 3TO PYadin, 5 OT 2 HIOHH 110 r. 96 Bce
me OCTaJIbHble .n.oKyMeHTbl apxHBa Ha rpet.tecKoM .n.aTHPYIOTCH BpeMeHeM
KaK pa3 nOCJ1e 124 r. 31'0 MomeT C'iHTaTbCH KOCBeHHblM no.n.TBep)l()],eHI1-
eM TOro, t.tTO npocpeCCHOHaJIbHble nHCQbl, 3HalOll.{He rpe'ieCKI1H H cno-
c06Hble BeCTH .n.eJIOnpOH3Bo.n.CTBO no 06ll.{erocy.n.apCTBeHHbIM CTaH.n.ap-
TaM, nOHBHJIHCb B Ma03e He paHee 124-125 rr.
Bonpoc 0 6pa'iHblX KOHTpaKTaX BameH B .n.aHHOM KOHTeKCTe 11 ell.{e
no O.n.HOH npHt.tHHe. J]Hlllb O.n.HH H3 HHX (PYadin., 10) 6eccnopHo HBJ1H-
eTCH .n.OKyMeHTOM, pereCTpHpYIOll.{HM 6paK no BceM npaBHJIaM 3aKOHa
MOHceH. B coxpaHHBlllHXCH KOHTpaKTax Ha apaMeHCKOM HeT HCHblX
YKa3aHHH Ha npaBOBble HOpMbl, comaCHO KOTOpblM 3aKJIIO'iaeTCH 6paK 97 .
Ilopa:mTeJ1bHYIO no CYTH cBoeH HHcpopMaQHIO .n.alOT 6pat.tHble KOHTpaK-
Tbl Ha rpe'ieCKOM, H3 KOTOpblX HaH60JIee nOJ1HbIMH H XOpOlllO coxpaHHB-
llll1MHCH HBJ1J1IOTCJI PYadin., 18, a TalOKe PYadin., 37 = PSeelim., 65.
B nepBOM .n.OKyMeHTe (1.16; 51) npJlMO rOBOpHTCJI 0 TOM, t.tTO 6paK 3a-
KJIIO'iaeTCJI no rpe'ieCKOMY 06bl'ialO (EAATjvtKc!'> v6 q», BO BTOpOM - pe'ib
l1.n.eT 0 Heo6xo.n.HMOCTH KOpMJ1eHHJI, o.n.eBaHHJI H B QeJ10M BocnHTaHHH
.n.eTeH B rpe'ieCKOM .n.yxe (v6 q> EAATjvtKc!'> Kat EAATjV1Kc!'> 'tP(J1tq». Hat.ta-
JlO me .n.OKyMeHTa, r.n.e C006ll.{aJIOCb, no KaKI1M npaBOBblM HopMaM 3a-
KJIIO'iaJICH 6paK, B nanHpyce PYadin., 37 = PSeelim., 65 cOXpaHHJIOCb
f1J1OXO. IlpaB.n.a, OTMet.teHHoe YKa3aHl1e 0 HopMax BOCnHTaHHJI, o.n.eBaHHJI
H KOpMJleHHH .n.eTeH npaKTHt.teCKH HCKJIIOt.taeT B03MomHOCTb Toro, 'iTO
.n.aHHbIH 6paK Mor 6bl 6bITb 3aKJIIOt.teH no KaKHM-J1H60 HHblM IOpl1.n.Ht.te-
96 K TOMY JKe 110 r. MOJKeT OTHOCHTbCH nanHpyc PYadin., 31, OllHaKO OT Hero COXpaHHJJOCb
CJJHWKOM MallO, 'iT06b1 MOJKHO 6b1JIO C YBepeHHocTblO roBOpHTb 0 ero cOl1epJKaHHH H llare.
97 BOCCTaHOBJJeHHe BblpaJKeHl111 0 3aKJIIO'ieHHl1 6paKa no 3aKOHY MOl1CeH B nanHpyce
PMur., 20 IIBJJHeTCH BepO!ITHbIM,
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U uydaU3.\I 6 Ucmopll/l PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU /I PU.\fCKOU u. tnepuu
CKHM HopMaM, KpOMe rpe'-leCKI1X. HHblMI1 CJIOBaMH, H)'.n.eHCKHe ceMbH 98 ,
3aKJIIO'-II1BLUHe 3a<pHKCl1pOBaHHble B .n.aHHbIX nanl1pycax 6paKH, npe.n.no-
'-IJIH )J{HTb rpe'-leCKHM «rpIDK.D.aHCKI1M» 6paKOM, a He CBOI1M HaQHOHaJIb-
HblM peJll1rH03Hb1M 99 . Dpl1 3TOM HeJIb3jJ He 3aMeTI1Tb, '-ITO CTOpOHbl, 3a-
KJIIO'-IHBlllHe KOHTpalIT PYadin., 18, 11 I1X CBH.n.eTeJII1, c06HpajJcb )J{I1Tb
EA.A. T\VlICcfI vOJlQ>, pacnHcblBalOTcjJ no-apaMeHCKI1. E.n.I1HcTBeHHbIM )J{e
Y'-IaCTHI1KOM c.n.eJlKH, KOTOpblH no.n.nHCaJICjJ no-rpe'-leCKH, 6blJI nHCeQIOO.
C HCTOpH'-IeCKOH TO'-IKH 3peHHjJ 3.n.eCb BIDKHbl He TOJIbKO caMH 3TH cpalITbl,
HO H TO, '-ITO 3TH CeMbl1 )J{H.JI11 B.n.aJIeKe OT QeHTpOB QI1BHJlI13aQHH, B Ha-
CTOjJllleM 3axOJIYCTbe. .L{eHcTBHTeJIbHO, B TOM CJIY'-Iae, eCJIH 6bl ynOMjJ-
H)'Tble B .n.OKYMeHTax JIIO.n.11 )J{H.JIH 6bl B KpynHblx KYJIbl)'pHbIX QeHTpaX,
TO MO)J{HO 6blJIO 6bl no.n.YMaTb, '-ITO nepe.n. HaMI1 3JIJlHHH3HpOBaHHble
H)'.lJ.eH, npOHI1KLUHeCjJ H.n.ejJMI1 aHTH'-IHOH KYJIbl)'pbl.
3.n.eCb )J{e COBepLUeHHO I1HaJI CHl)'aQIDI. )l{I1TeJIH .n.epeBHH He TOJIbKO
He 3HaJII1 rpe'-leCKOrO, HO 11, 6eccnopHO, 6b1JII1 JIIO.n.bMI1 HeBblCOKoro
KYJIbl)'pHoro ypOBHjJ. He CJIe.n.yeT TalOKe 3a6blBaTb, '-ITO onHCblBaeMble B
.n.0KYMeHTax C06bITIDI npol1cxo.n.u JIl1lllb '-Iepe3 20-25 JIeT nOCJIe no.n.'-IH-
HeHI151 3THX paHoHoB PI1MY. PaHee 3.n.eCb 6blJla BJIaCTb Ha6aTeeB. HHblMH
CJIOBaMI1, .lJ.aJKe npl1 )J{eJlaHHI1 y aBTOpOB nanHpycoB npocTO HCTOpH'-IeCKH
He 6blJl0 B03MO)J{HOCTH BocnpHHub aHTI1'-1H)'1O KYJIbl)'PY. HHa'-le, cY.LIJI
no BceMY, 06CTOjJJIO .n.eJIO C HOpMaMI1 npaBa, 06b1'-1aJ1MH 11, B03MO)J{HO, C
06mHMI1 npe.n.cTaBJIeHl1jJMH 0 rpeKo-pHMCKOH KYJlbl)'pe. OnepHpOBaTb
3.n.ecb np"Xo.n.HTCjJ JIHlllb KOCBeHHblMI1 npH3HaKaMH, KOTopble TeM He
MeHee .n.OCTaTO'-lHO KpaCHOpe'-lHBbl.
TOT <palIT, '-ITO .n.epeBH5I Ma03a, 06'beIITHBHO roBOpjJ, jJBJIjJJIaCb 3axo-
JIYCTbeM, COBepLUeHHO He 03Ha'-laJI, '-ITO OHa Bbma.n.aJIa 113 CJlO)KHBlllHXCjJ
3KOHOMH'-IeCKHX H X0351HCTBeHHbIX CBjJ3eH perHOHa. 06mee 3HaKOMCTBO
C .n.0KYMeHTaMH apxHBa (CM. cJIe.n.ylOmylO maBY) n03BOJIjJeT YTBepJK.D.aTb,
98 HMeHa CTOpOH roBOp!IT 3.QeCb CaMH 3a ee611. PYadin., 18 - OTf'U HeBeeTbl: HY.Qa, CblH
3J1ea3apa; HeBe eTa - llleJJaMneHOH; JKeHHX - HY.Qa, eblH AHaHHH. PYadin., 37=PSeelim.,
65 - JKeHHX - HHeye, CblH MeHaxeMa; HeBeCTa - CanoMell.
99 C TePPHTOpHH, C06eTBeHHO, naneCTHHbl .llO Hac .llOWJlO TpH 6pa'iHb/X KOHTpaKTa Ha
rpe'ieeKOM 113blKe PMur., 115, 116; PSeelim., 69. Bee TpH llOxyMeHTa $parMeHTHpOBaHbl H
0.QH03Ha'iHblX 3a!1BJleHHH 0 npaBOBblX HOpMax, COfJJaeHO KOTOpblM 3aKJJIO'iaeTCII 6paK, B
TeKcTax HeT. O.QHaKO JKe X. M. KOTTOH, aBTOp KOMMeHTapHeB KO BeeM rpe'ieCKHM nanHpycaM
e06paHHII PSee1im., OTMe'iaeT (c. 273-274 H3.QaHHII TeKCTOB), 'iTO Bce H3BeCTHble rpeKO!I3b1'i-
Hble 6pa'iHble KOHTpaKTbI, H3BeCTHble C TePPHTOpHH naneeTHHbl, HeJIb311 oxapaKTepH30Barb
HHa'ie KaK rpe'ieeKHe HMeHHO H3-3a npe06JJ3.llaHHJI B HHX rpe'ieCKHX npaBOBblX HOpM, KOTOpble,
npaB.Qa, 6b1J1H npHcnoco6J1eHbl K MeCTHOH cpe.Qe.
1<)OB nanHpyce PYadin., 37=PSeelim., 65 nOllIlHCH CTOpOH He COXpaHHJlHCb. 3aTO OHH coxpa-
HHJlHCb B rpeKOII3bl'iHOM 6pa'iHOM KOHTpaKTe PSeelim., 69, npoHcXO.QllWeM C TePpHTOpHH, co6-
CTBeHHO, naneCTHHbl. B 3TOM nOCJlellHeM cny'iae CBHlleTeJIH pacnHcblBalOTell nO-rpe'lecKH.
276
r a6a 5. 3KoHa\tII'IeCKaR ,HCU1Hb na ecmuHbl Pll,MCKO?O 6pe.weHU...
"I TO )IHITeJlI1 .n.epeBHH 6blJll1 .n.eJlOBbIMH JIIO.n.bMH, npeKpaCHO pa36HpalO-
ll.\I1MHCH B Bonpocax KYnJlH-npo.n.(l)JGI 3eMeJlbHbiX YLfaCTKOB, yp0)KaeB 11
B 1.\eJIOM Bcero TOro, "I TO COCTaBJIHeT ccpepy TOBapHo-.n.eHe)KHbIX OTHO-
llleHI1H. MO)KHO .n.IDKe CKa3aTb onpe.n.eJIeHHee. na6aTa BblpaUtHBaJIa ypo-
)KaH B KOJIHLfeCTBax, 3HaLfl1TeJlbHO npeBblLUaBlllHX c06CTBeHHbie nOTpe6-
HOCTH, H npo.n.aBaJIa ero H3J1HLUKH. HHblMH CJlOBaMI1, .n.epeBHH HMeJla
TOproBble CBR311. nOCJle.D.Hee )Ke, eCTeCTBeHHO, 03HaLfaJIO, 'ITO 11 rpeLfeCKHe
HOpMbl npaBa KaK HaH60Jlee pacnpOCTpaHeHHble Ha TeppHTOpl1H Y)Ke
6blBllll1X K MOMeHl}' nORBJleHI1R pHMJlRH Ha nJlH)KHeM BOCTOKe 3J1J1HHI1-
CTHLfeCKHX rocy.n.apCTB BnOJlHe MOfJIl1 CYll.\eCTBOBaTb B Ma03e.
TaKHM npe.n.CTaBmleTCR HaH60Jlee BepmlTHOe 06'bRCHeHHe TOro cpaK-
Ta, "I TO onpe.n.eJIeHHaR LfaCTb )KHTeJleH .n.epeBHH, He 3HaR rpeLfeCKoro,
6y.n.yLfI1 K MOMeHl}' COCTaBJleHI1R .n.0KYMeHTOB BHe aHTHLfHOH 1.\HBHJlH3a-
1.\HI1, HMeJlH BnOJlHe KOHKpeTHOe npe.n.CTaBJIeHHe 0 rpeLfeCKHX 06b1LfaRX
H HOpMax npaBa. nOLfeMY HMeHHO 3TH JIIO.n.11 c.n.eJlaJIH Bbl60p B nOJlb3Y
rpeLfeCKI1X 06blLfaeB H rpeLfeCKI1X HOpM npaBa? B 06ll.\HX LfepTax OTBeT
Ha 3TOT Bonpoc RceH. 0 MHOroM rOBOpl1T CJIe.n.yIOll.\HH cpaKT. Hy.n.a, CblH
3J1ea3apa, Me)K)],Y 122 H 125 rr. OcpOpMJlReT 6paK C na6aToH B nOJlHOM
COOTBeTCTBHH C H}'.n.eHcKHMH 06bILfaRMH. OH )Ke Lfepe3 Tpl1 ro.n.a, B 128 r.,
Bbl.n.aeT )J.OLfb 3aMY)K no rpeLfeCKI1M o6b1LfaHM.
3.n.ecb B03HHKaeT Bonpoc, KaK 3TO cJIe.n.YeT nOHHMaTb: KaK cBoero po.n.a
6e3pa3J1I1Lfl1e, BBH.n.y TOro, "I TO B cpe.n.e 3THX J11O.n.eH rpeLfeCKHe HOpMbl
}')Ke .n.aBHO cOCYll.\eCTBOBaJIl1 C MeCTHblMI1 06b1LfaRMH; KaK nOKa3aTeJIb,
CJle.n.OBaTeJlbHO, TOro, "I TO )J,J1H )KHTeJleH .n.epeBHI1 nepexo.n. C O.n.HHX HOpM
npaBa Ha .n.pyrHe He npe.n.CTaBJIRJI nCI1XOJlOrl1LfeCKHX np06J1eM, I1JIH )Ke
KaK Tpe3BblH paCLfeT?
X. M. KOTTOH cLfHTaeT, "I TO npl1LfI1Ha 3Toro He06b1LfHoro RBJleHHR
3aKJIIO'iaeTCR KaK pa3 B .n.aBHeM 3HaKOMCTBe Hy.n.eeB C rpeLfeCKHMH npa-
BOBblMH HopMaMH H B HX BJla)J,eHI1I1 rpeLfeCKI1M R3bIKOM. nOCJle.n.Hee, no
ee CJlOBaM, n03BOJIRJlO )KHTeJIRM .n.epeBHH CB060.n.HO HCnOJIb30BaTb HOp-
Mbl 3JIJlI1HCKOrO npaBa, KaKOBblX B paCCMaTpHBaeMblX .n.OKYMeHTax .n.eH-
CTBHTeJlbHO MHOro 10I . nepBblH H3 3THX .n.OBO.n.OB, KaK }')Ke roBOpHJlOCb,
npaKTHLfeCKH 6eccnopeH. 0 3HaKOMCTBe )KHTeJleH .n.epeBHI1 C rpeLfeCKH-
MH npaBOBblMH HopMaMH pe'ib Y)Ke lllJla Bblllle. 1.ITo KacaeTCR BTOpO-
ro - 3HaHHR MeCTHblM HaCeJleHHeM rpeLfeCKoro H3b1Ka, TO 3.n.eCb .n.eJlaTb
)J.aJIeKO H.n.yll.\He o606ll.\eHI1R 6blJl0 6bl HeOCMOTpHTeJIbHO. Pa3HH1.\a Me-
)K)],y OT.n.eJIbHbIMH paHOHaMI1 naJIeCTHHbl 6b1J1a 3Ha'iHTeJlbHOH He TOJlbKO
B reorpacpl1LfeCKOM OTHOllleHHH. OLfeHb pa3HbIMH 6b1JIH H YCJlOBHR )J(H3-
'0' Cotton H. A Cancelled marriage contract from the Judaean Desert (X Hev.lSe Gr., 2) II
JRS. 1994. Vol. 84. P. 84.
277
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U uyoaU1M 6 ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKu U PW,fCKOU UMnepUli
HH, H caM COCTaB HaCeJ1eHHR, HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, 3HaHI1e rpet.teCKoro HY-
.n.eRMI1 6bIJ10 6bl COBepllleHHO HOpMaJ1bHO 11 eCTeCTBeHHO B ropo.n.ax
npHMopCKOH 30Hbl I1J1H )Ke B famrnee. l.J.TO KacaeTCR H3yt.taeMoro HereBa,
TO 3.n.eCb cHryalJ,HR KaK pa3 06paTHaR, JIyt.tllll1M .n.OKa3aTeJIbCTBOM no
MeHbllleH Mepe cJ1a60ro 3HaHHR rpet.tecKoro R3bIKa )KHTeJ1RMH .n.epeBHH
Ma03a RBJ1RIOTCR no.n.nl1CH B .n.OKYMeHTax apXHBa na6aTbI H pa36HpaB-
lllaRCR B Hat.taJIe maBbI npHnl1CKa YTot.tHRIO ero xapaKTepa K nanHpycy
PYadin., 15. OHI1 npaKTHt.tecKH Bcer.n.a c.n.eJ1aHbI Ha apaMeHcKoM, HHbIMH
CJ10BaMH, npHMeHHTeJIbHO K HereBY MO)KHO rOBopHTb J1Hlllb 0 TOM, t.tTO
MeCTHbIe )KHTeJlI1 6bIJ1H B H3BeCTHOH CTeneHH 3HaKOMbI C rpet.teCKHMI1
npaBOBbIMH HopMaMH, HO He C rpet.teCKHM R3bIKOM. CJ1e.n.OBaTeJIbHO, B
.n.aHHOH cHryalJ,HH 6bIJ10 6bI OUJH60t.tHO He npHHI1MaTb BO BHI1MaHHe
C006pa)KeHI1R )KHTeHcKoro paCt.teTa. HCTOt.tHHKH, K CO)KaJleHHIO, He no-
3BOJIRIOT c.n.eJ1aTb B .n.aHHOM CJ1yt.tae cJle.n.YIO I1H lllar - RCHO OTBeTl1Tb
Ha Bonpoc, nOt.teMY, c06CTBeHHO, TaK 6bIJ10 BbIro.n.Hee. O.n.HO H3 B03MO)K-
HbIX 06'bRCHeHHH :noro RBJleHHR 6y.n.eT npe.D.JIO)KeHO B KOHlJ,e maBbl.
CKy.n.OCTb HCTOt.tHI1KOB 3aCTaBJ1ReT roBOpHTb JIHlllb npe.n.nOJ1o:1KHTeJIb-
HO 11 0 CJ1e.n.YIO eH BeCbMa BIDKHOH np06JIeMe, CYJUI no BceMY, He Bce B
Ma03e 6bIJ1H npHBep)KeHlJ,aMI1 I1MeHHO rpet.tecKoro 06pa3a )KH3HH, TOT
<paKT, t.tTO 6pat.tHbli1 KOHTpaKT na6aTbI 0<p0pMJIeH C C06J1IO.n.eHHeM Bcex
H}'.n.eHCKI1X Tpa)J,HlJ,I1H, MHoroe rOBopHT 0 ee BHYTpeHHeM Ml1pe H HaUHO-
HaJlbHOH caMoH.n.eHTH<pHKalJ,I1H, O.n.HaKo )Ke MbI He pacnOJlaraeM CTaTH-
CTHt.teCKHM MaTepHaJlOM, KOTOpbIH n03BOJIHJ1 6bI nOHRTb, KaKHe HMeHHO
)KH3HeHHbIe lJ,eHHOCTI1 npe.n.CTaBJ1RJ1I1Cb )l(HTeJ1RM .n.aHHoi1 .n.epeBHH HaH-
60JIee BIDKHbIMH.
Pa3roBop 0 pHMCKOM npHCYTCTBHH B perl10He HeB03MO)KeH 6e3 aHa-
J1H3a pOJIH HMnepaTopCKHX X03RHCTB B )KH3HI1 MeCTHoro HaCeJ1eHI151.
B paccMarpHBaeMbIx nanl1pycax I1X ynoMHHaeTCR .n.Ba. PR.n.OM C Max030H
Haxo.n.HJ10Cb HMnepaTopCKoe X03RHCTBO, Ky.n.a )KHTeJ1H .n.epeBHH c.n.aBaJlH
yp0)KaH <pHHHKOB B ct.teT ynJ1aTbl HaJlOroB 101 . KaK BH.n.HO H3 nanHpyca
PYadin., 16, HMnepaTopCKHe BJ1a)J,eHHSI (llO<JXav'ttKTj Kat<Ja ) COCTaB-
J151J1H HeKHH e.n.HHbIH X03RHCTBeHHbIH KOMrmeKC H npHMbIKCL'1H K yt.taCTKaM
na6aTbi. npaB.n.a, cy.n.51 no .n.OKYMeHTaM, B pai10He TOH)Ke Ma03bl Ha6J11O-
.n.aJIOCb H COBceM HHoe. TaK, B nanHpyce PSeelim" 64 H3 apxHBa CaJIOMeH
KOMaHce n05lBJ1ReTCR ynoMHHaHHe 06 HMnepaTopCKOM (K'UptaK6v) ca.n.e
«A6H.n.aHa» (yavva8 AppEtOata), pacn0J10)KeHHOM B 06 eM MaCCHBe
ca.n.OB )KHTeJ1eH .n.epeBHH 103.
10' 06 HMnepaTOpCKHX X0311iicTBax B paiioHe HereBa CM, nOllp06HO nannpyc PSeelim.. 60
OT 25 IIHBapli 125 r. H KOMMeHTapnll K HeM)'.
10) BepOIlTHee Bcero, Y'iaCTOK 6b1J1 1IH60 npOllaH HMnepaTOpCKOMY X03I1iicTBY, 1IH60 OT-
'iYJKlleH 3a 1l0JlrH.
278
lRaea 5, 3KOHaMU'IeCr<aR :JICU1Hb []QJleCmUHbI PUMCKOZO 6peJl1eHU..,
o B3aHMOOTHOlllemUIX )l(I1TeJIeH Ma03bl C I1MnepaTOpCKI1M X03j1HCTBOM
n03BOJIjlIOT cy.n.HTb .n.Ba .n.0KYMeHTa H3 apxHBa CaJIOMeH KOMaHce. 31'0,
Bo-nepBblx, paCnl1CKa OT 29 jlHBapjl 125 r., no.n.TBep)l()J,alO CUI, t{TO Me-
HaxeM, CblH 110aHHa, nepe.n.aJI C60p HKaM npHt{l1TalO HeCjI C Hero CPH-
HHKH 3a BOCeMHa,D.uaTbIH ro.n. npOBHHUHH (PSee1im., 60). B .n.0KYMeHTe
cOXpaHHJIaCb CTOI1MOCTb cpHHHKOB, HO OTCYTCTBye-r (WIH He COXpaHHJIOCb)
YKa3aHHe Ha 06'beM nOCTaBKH. BepOjiTHee Bcero, 06'bjlCHeHl1e 3TOMY
.n.0KYMemy cJle.n.ye-r I1CKaTb B O.n.HOM co06 eHHH nanl1pyca PYadin., 16,
r.n.e cpe.n.11 npot{l1x ynJIat{HBaeMblx HaJIOrOB pe% H.n.e-r 11 0 «HaJIOre KOpO-
Hbl»I04. BI1.n.HMO, TaK )l(e cJIe.n.ye-r BocnpHHHMaTb ynoMHHaHHe B .n.oKY-
MeHTe PSee1im., 640 He06xo.n.HMOCTH YnJIaTbl e)l(ero.n.HO cpHCKY onpe.n.e-
JIeHHOH .n.OJIH yp0)l(ajl. J13.n.aTeJlb CnpaBe)J,JII1BO nHllIeT, t{TO I1MeeTCjI B
BH.LJ.Y HMeHHO YnJIaTa HaJIOrOB, a He apeH.n.Haji nJlaTa. Or ce6j1 .n.o6aBHM
(y 113.n.aTeJIjI apryMeHTaUHjI I1Hajl), t{TO 3.n.eCb apeH.n.Haji nJIaTa H HeB03-
MO)I(Ha, H60 HMnepaTopCKoe X03j1HCTBO conpHKaCaJIOCb C BJla,D.eHHjlMH
.n.epeBeHCKHX )l(HTeJIeH, He BKJIlOt{aji I1X B ce6j1. Mbl C YBepeHHOCTblO
MO)l(eM YTBep)l()J,aTb, t{TO )l(HTeJII1 Ma03bl 6bIJIH nOJlHOueHHblMH C06CT-
BeHHHKaMI1, a He apeH.n.aTOpaMH 3eMJIH y HMnepaTopa.
Cy.n.jI no BceMY, KaK pa3 HHaji CI1l)'aUHjI 6bIJIa B 3H-fe.D..LI.l1. B nepBblX
)l(e CTpot{Kax nanHpyca PYadin., 11 BCTpet{aeTCjI YKa3aHI1e 0 TOM, t{TO
3H- fe.D..LI.H jlBJIjleTCjI )),epeBHeH «rocno.n.HHa Kecapjl» - 0 B3aHMOOTHO-
llleHHjlX )l(I1TeJIeH 3H-re.D..LI.H C a.n.MHHI1CTpaUHeH HMnepaTopCKoro XO-
3j1HCTBa B .n.aHHOM CJIyt{ae MO)l(HO rOBOpl1Tb JlHlllb npe.n.nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHO.
BBH.n.y Toro t{TO .n.epeBHjI Bxo.n.HJIa B COCTaB HMnepaTopCKoro X03j1HCT-
Ba, MO)l(HO npe.n.nOJIO)l(HTb, t{TO B 3H-fe.D..LI.H )l(HTeJIH KaK pa3 H 6bIJIH
apeH.n.aTopaMH 3eMJIH y HMnepaTopa. BIDKHO, o.n.HaKO, .n.pyroe. DpHMep
BTOpOro MY)l(a na6aTbi 11 ero po.n.CTBeHHHKOB nOKa3bIBaeT, t{TO )l(H3Hb B
npe.n.eJIax HMnepaTopcKoro X03j1HCTBa Hl1t{YTb He npenjlTCTBOBaJIa )l(H-
TeJIjlM 3H-re.D..LI.H 06JIa,D.aTb JII060H .n.pyroH, B TOM t{HCJIe H 3eMeJIbHOH,
co6CTBeHHOCTbIO B .n.pyroM MeCTe. I1Hat{e rOBOpjl, B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe
BpeMjI B3aHMOOTHOllIeHHjI I1MnepaTopCKoro X03j1HCTBa C apeH.n.aTopOM
Ha Teppl1TOpHH caMoro X03j1HCTBa HJIH )l(e C c06CTBeHHHKOM 6JIH3JIe-
)l(all.\eH .n.epeBHH orpaHHt{HBaJIHCb npaBOOTHOllleHHjlMH B CBjl3H C apeH-
.n.yeMoH 3eMJIeH HJIH )l(e ynJIaTOH YCTaHOBJIeHHblX HaJIorOB. O.n.HaKO,
cy.n.jI no BceMY, B3aI1MOOTHOllleHI1j1 )l(HTeJIeH .n.epeBHH C t{HHOBHHKaMI1
104 Pe'ib H.lleT 06 aurum coronarium - oco60M BH.lle HaJJora, H3BeCTHOM C 3J1J1HHHCTH'ieC-
KHX BpeMeH, KOrll.a JKHreJJH rpe'ieCKHX ropollOB nO.1lHOCHJJH MOHapxy B 3HaK nO'ieTa, 6J1aro-
llapHoCTH IIJIH YBaJKeHHII 3OJlOrylO KOPOHY. B pHMcKHe BpeMeHa nOllHoweHHe KOpOHbI CTaJJO
06113areJlbHblM, HO Tpe60BaJJocb OHO HeperYJIllpHo. L{aHHOe CBHlleTeJIbCTBO BaJKHO reM, 'iTO
nOKa3b1BaeT, KaK npOBHHUHaJJbHble BJ1aCTH C0311aBaJJH cBoero pOlla $OHllll1111 ynJlarbl noro
HaJJora.
279
A, f. fpyweBoH. l1ydeu U uydaU1M e ucmopUI/ PUMCKOU pecny6. uKu U PU.\ICKOli lLWnepl/1/
I1MnepaTopCKoro X03RikTBa .n.aJlbllle HaJlOrOBbIX paCyeTOB HHKor.n.a H
He lllJ1H 105 .
nO.n.BO.n.R HeKOTopbIe l11'Orl1, OTMeTHM, '-ITO MeCTHoe HaCeJ1eHHe npo-
BI1HltHH, nOCKOJ1bKY He 6YlITOBaJlO 11 He 3JIOYMbIlllJ1RJlO npOTI1B I1HTepeCOB
PI1Ma, I1MeJ10 nOJ1HYIO B03MO)l(HOCTb )l(HTb TaK, KaK eMY 3a6J1aropaccy-
.n.HTCR. L(eHcTBHTeJ1bHO, MeCTHble )l(I1TeJlH peaJIbHO O lUaJIH pHMcKoe
npHcyrcTBl1e Hero BJ1HRHHe Ha CBOIO )l(H3Hb TOJ1bKO B Tex CJ1YYWlX, Kor.n.a
Tpe60BaJIOCb COCTaBJIeHl1e .n.eJ10BbIX 6YMar, pa3perneHHe IOpH.n.HyeCKHX
cnopOB, KaCalOlUHXCR CTal}'ca '-IeJIOBeKa B 06lUeCTBe, HJ1H )l(e 1'Or.n.a, Kor.n.a
pe'-lb lllJ1a 06 yrmaTe HaJIOrOB. npl1Hltl1nl1aJ1bHO BIDKHO OTMeTHTb, '-ITO 11
nOCJIe 70 r. H. 3. Ha Teppl1TOpHI1 naJIeCTI1HbI COXpaHRJ1aCb .n.eUeJlbHOCTb
11 H}'.n.eHCKI1X cy.n.eH. ECJ1H )l(e roBOpl1Tb 0 .n.epeBHe Ma03a, TO e.n.HHCTBeH-
HbIM )l(e peaJIbHbIM CBl1)J,eTeJIbCTBOM npHcyrcTBIDI pl1MCKOH BJ1aCTH B 3TOH
Hy.n.eO-Ha6aTeHCKOH .n.epeBHe 6bIJ10 HeKOTopoe KOJ1HyeCTBO npO<peCCHO-
HaJIbHbIX nHCltOB, Be.n.lllHX .n.eJIOnpOH3BO.n.CTBO no-rpe'-leCKH 106 .
BbIllleH3J10)l(eHHOe n03B0J1ReT yrO'-lHHTb, '-ITO paCCMaTpHBaeMbIe na-
nHpYCbI co061l.lalOT H3BeCTH)'1O HH<popMaltHlO 0 )l(113HI1 CB060.n.HbIX 3eM-
JIe.n.eJ1blteB, Ha3bIBaeMbIX 11 B DI16J1HI1, 11 B TaJIMy.n.e, H B paBBHHHCTH'-IeCKOH
J1HTepal}'pe «JIIO.n.bMH 3eMJ1H» ('aM xa-apelt)I07. TOT)I(e <paKT. '-ITO B CHJ1Y
HCTOpl1'-1eCKOH Cll)''-IaHHOCTH MbI pacnOJIaraeM no.n.p06HOH I1H<popMaltHeH
o )l(H3HH .n.epeBHI1 C npe06J1a.n.aHl1eM H)'.n.eHCKOro HaCeJ1eHHR C TeppHTOpHH
pHMCKOH npOBHHltHH ApaBHH, npe.n.CTaBJ1ReTCR He CTOJ1b CYlUeCTBeHHbIM.
B CHJIY 06pHcoBaHHbIx BbIrne oc06eHHocTeH, BHyrpeHHRR )l(H3Hb Ma03bI
e.n.Ba J111 yeM-J1H60 OTJ1H'-IaJlaCb OT )l(H3HH MHOrO'-lHCJleHHblX .n.epeBeHb
naJIeCTI1HbI reorpa<pH'-IeCKOH B c06cTBeHHoM CMbICJIe CJIOBa I08 .
105 B ueH30BbIX .aOKYMeHTa.x PYadin., 16; PSeelimoo 62 BCTpe'iaIOTCII YKa3aHIlII Ha TO.
KaKlle HaJIOrH nJlaTH,lH B nOJlb3Y HOBOii BJ1aCTH, K COJKaJIeHIlIO' Mbl He pacnOJlaraeM HHIjJOP-
MaUHeH 0 HaJIOrax npe.ab1llywero BpeMeHH, TaK 'iTO CpaBHHTb HaM He C 'ieM II Mbl He \IOJKeM
CKaJaTb, B03pOCJlH JlH HaJIOrH C npHXOllOM pHMJlIIH.
106 nHcuaMH, BeCbMa BepOIiTHO, MomH 6blTb JKHTeJlH .aepeBHH, 3HaBWHe rpe'ieCKHH. Oll-
HaKO BaJKHO OTMeTHTb, 'iTO nHCUb) 6blilH roCYllapCTBeHHblMH .aonJKHOCTHbIMH JlHuaMH. HO
HHKaK He «JJI06I1TeJlIIMH rpe'ieCKOH cnOBeCHOCTH»).
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KOTOpblH MOJKHO 6blno B llaHHOM paHOHe BblpamllBaTb.
280
rJla6a 5, 3KOHQMU'IeCKaR .)I('U3Hb nQJleCmUHbl pW.tCKO<'O 6peMeHII...
OCHOBHblM 3aWITHeM JIlOJIeH 3eMJII1 ('aM xa'apeQ) Bce )Ke 6bIJIO, KaK
CJIe.D.)'eT 113 coxpaHHBLUHXCR .n.OK)'MeHTOB, 3eMJIe.n.eJIHe. OCHOBHoe co.n.ep-
)KaHl1e paCCMaTpHBaeMblX nanHpYCOB - :no K)'fUlR-npo.n.IDKa 3eMeJIbHbiX
Y4aCTKOB H, HeCKOJIbKO pe)Ke, .n.OMOB HJIH nOCTpoeK. B CBR311 C TeM, 4TO
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Mbl MO)KeM oxapaKTepH30BaTb 3KOHOMI14eCKHe OTHOllleHHR B paCCMaTpl1-
BaeMOM paHOHe .n.OCTaT04HO 06CTOHeJIbHO. Ha4HeM C KaTeropHH 3eMJIH.
OanHpYCbl n03BOJlRIOT Bbl.n.eJIHTb no arpOTeXHH4eCKHM YCJlOBlliIM Y4a-
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BnOJIHe 3aKoHoMepHo, 1160 ypoBeHb OCa)J,KOB B ceBepHOM HereBe .n.emUI
B03MO)KHbIM B03.n.eJIbIBaHHe CeJIbCKOX03RHcTBeHHblx K)'JIbl}'P H 6e3 opo-
llleHHR 109 . B .n.oK)'MeHTax H3 Ba)J,H Mypa66a'aT ynoMI1HaHHH 0 HopMax
opoLUeHHR HeT, 4TO 06'bRCHReTCR, BepoRTHee Bcero, C1I)'4aHHOCTblO co-
CTaBa caMoH KOJIJIeKQI1H, He 06pa3YIOIUei1 e.n.HHoro apXHBa, OT4aCTH,
B03MO)KHO, H He 04eHb xopOllleH coxpaHHOCTblO caMHX .n.OK)'MeHTOB.
ApXeOJlOrH4eCKHe HCCJIe.n.OBaHHR H Ha6JIIOJIeHHR COBpeMeHHblX 3THorpa-
<l>OB nOKa3bIBaIOT, 4TO npl1 3TOM nJIOllla.n.b yro.n.HH, 06XO.n.RIllI1XCR 6e3
npI1Hy.n.HTeJIbHOrO opOllleHHR, Bcer.n.a npeBbllllaJIa nJIOllla.n.b nOJIeH H
Ca)J,OB, .D.1IR KOTOpblX I1CK)'CCTBeHHoe opOllleHHe OKa3bIBaJIOCb )KH3HeHHO
He06xo.n.I1Mb1M 110.
,AaHHble nanl1pYCOB n03BOJIRIOT Bbl.n.eJII1Tb BOKpyr Ma03bl TalOKe
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K)'JIbl}'P H IOpH.n.114ecKoro CTal}'ca 3eMeJIb. 31'0:
- nOJIR HJIH Y4aCTKH, 3aceRHHble O.n.HOi1 K)'JIbl}'pOH (3epHOBbIMI1 HlIH
6060BbIMI1);
- nOJIR, 3aceRHHble HeCKOJIbKHMH K)'JIbl}'paMH (B .n.OK)'MeHTax apXH-
Ba I>a6aTbl 3TO ca.n.bl: TepMHH 0603Ha4aeT <pHHI1KOBble nJIaHTaQHH, 3aca-
)KHBaeMble, KaK MO)KHO .D.)'MaTb, 11 R4MeHeM);
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yrollHH B paHoHe WHBTbl (C6aiiTbl) npHxollHT K cne.llYlOillHM BblBOllaM. nnOm311b noneii
nOJ1lIBHOro 3eMJlelleJJHII COCTaB.ll1.1a BOKpyr llpeBHero noce,leHIIII 209,7 ra, TOflla KaK no.leii
60rapHoro THna 6b1na 284,6 ra.
281
A. f. fpyweBoi1. Y voeu u uyoaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU u. rnepllu
- BHHorpa.n.HI1KH. O.n.HaKO B nanl1pycax apXI1Ba Ea6arbl ynoMI1HaHHH
o BHHorpa.n.HHKax HeT COBceM. Cpe.n.H .n.OK)'MeHTOB Ba.n.H Mypa66a'aT
e.n.HHCTBeHHbIM TaKHM ynoMHHaHHeM jJBJUleTCjJ nanHpyc PMur., 29, npo-
HCXO.n.jJll.{HH, KaK H Bce .n.OK)'MeHTbl Ba.n.11 Mypa66a'aT, H3 paHoHoB, OT-
CTOjJll.{HX .n.OCTaTO'lHO .n.aJleKO Ha ceBepO-3ana.n. OT IO)f(HOH OKOHe'lHOCTI1
MepTBoro MOpjJ H Ma03bl. 3TO n03BOJljJeT C'IHTaTb, 'ITO B paHoHe Ma03bl
BI1HOrpa.n.HHKOB Jll160 He 6blJlO cOBceM, Jll160 OHH 6bUll1 MaJlO'lHCJleHHbl,
BBH.n.y Toro 'ITO OCHOBHOH CeJlbCKOX03jJHCTBeHHOH K)'JlbT)'pOH paHOHa
6blJlH Q>I1HHKOBble naJIbMbl.
C IOpH.n.H'IeCKOH TO'lKH 3peHHjJ nanHpYCbl n03BOJljJlOT pa3JlH'IaTb
3eMJlI1, npHHa.D.JIe)f(all.{l1e nOCeJleHHIO B eJlOM, HMnepaTOpCKl1e 3eMeJlb-
Hble BJla.n.eHHjJ, 'IaCTHble 3eMeJlbHble BJla.n.eHHjJ, 3eMeJlbHble Y'laCTKH,
c.n.aHHble B HH)J,HBI1.n.YaJIbH)'lO I1JlH KOJlJleKTHBHYIO apeH.n.y. PjJ.n. .n.OK)'MeH-
TOB n03BOJljJeT KaK 6y.n.TO 6bl roBOpHTb, 'ITO onpe.n.eJleHHblMH 3eMeJlbHbl-
MH Y'laCTKaMH BJla)J,eJl He TOJlbKO TOT HJlH HHOH X03J1HH, HO 11 ero KOM-
naHbOHbl, Ha3blBaeMble B TeKCTe «TOBapHll.{aMH» (PSeelim., 60). Mbl He
3HaeM, H.n.eT JlH pe'lb B TaKHX CJlY'laJlx .n.eHCTBHTeJlbHO 0 COBMeCTHOH
C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMJllO rpynnbl JlH HJlH )f(e .n.eJlOBble OTHOllleHIDI 3THX
«.n.pY3eH» 3aTpafHBaJIH .n.pyrHe CTOpOHbl HX )f(H3HH. nepBoe npe.n.nOJlO-
)f(eHl1e KaJKeTCjJ 60Jlee BepOJlTHbIM.
6. ConOCTaBAeHHe C COCe,ltHHMH perHOHaMH
COnOCTaBJleHHe C npOBHH HeH ApaBl1eH III n03BOJlJleT BblJlBHTb H ell.{e
o.n.HY CYll.{eCTBeHHYIO cne HQ>HK)' B X03jJHCTBeHHOH )f(113HH paCCMaTpl1-
BaeMoro paHOHa. BH.n.HMO, HeCJlY'laHHO B nanHpycax apXHBa Ea6arbl,
Ba.n.H CeHaJIb H Ba.n.H Mypa66a'aT HeT HHKaKI1X ynoMHHaHHH H .n.aJKe
HaMeKOB Ha )l(HBOTHOBO.n.CTBO. Cy.n.jJ no BceMY, OCHOBY X03J1HCTBeHHOH
111 X03I1HCTBeHHOH JKH3HbIO npOBIiHUHH ApaBHH 3aHHManCli nO-HaCTOllweMY JlHWb <1>.
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Op. cit. P. 125.). 'iTO CBHLleTeJlbCTByeT 0 pacnpocTpaHeHll1i B XaypaHe (ceBep npoBHHUHH
ApaBIIH) CKOTOBO.llCTBa, XOTJI MbI H He 3HaeM, 0 KaKHX JKHBOTHblX WJla lliIH Moma HllTH pe'ib.
YTO JKe KacaeTCIi paCCMaTpHBaeMoro paHOHa naneCTHHbl, TO Mbl He pacnOJlaraeM H TaKHMH
CBe.lleHHIIMH. BHllHMO, 3.lleCb KJlHMaTH'ieCKHe YCJlOBHII Llei1cTBHTeJlbHO 6blJlH He6J1aronpHIIT-
HblllJllI.7106ozo ,)/{'u60mH0600CmeG,
282
r:weG 5, 3KOHOMU'IeCKaR ,J/CU3Hb naJIeCmUHbl pIL'WCKOi'O epe. 'eHl/..,
)f(H3HH .n.epeBHH - KaK, 6e3 cOMHeHHH, H pacnOJlO)f(eHHoro no coce.n.CT-
BY HMnepaTopcKoro X03HHCTBa - COCTaBJlHJlO BblpaJ..QHBaHHe cpHHHKOB,
cpHr H OJII1BOK. 0 BblpaJ..QHBaHI1I1 3epHOBbiX B paHOHe Ma03bl MO)f(HO
rOBopHTb J1Hlllb rHnOTeTH1.JeCKH, H60 Mbl He pacnOJIaraeM HH O.n.HHM
npHMblM YKa3aHI1eM Ha :no B HCT01.JHHKax. Onpe.n.eJleHHe )f(e nJlOJ..Qa.n.H
1.Jepe3 KOJlH1.JeCTBO 3epHa nllleHI1Qbl HJlI1 H1.JMeHH, .n.OCTaT01.JHOe .D.JIH ee
3aceBa, caMO no ce6e eJ..Qe HH1.Jero He 3Ha1.JHT. MO)f(HO roBOpHTb J1Hllib 0
TOM, 1.JTO onpe.n.eJleHl1e nJlOJ..Qa.n.H B .n.OK)'MeHTax apXHBa Ea6aTbi 1.Jepe3
H1.JMeHb, BepOHTHee Bcero, rOBOpl1T 0 noceBax H1.JMeHH B 3TOM paHOHe.
B TO )f(e BpeMH HeCKOJlbKO .n.OK)'MeHTOB, HaH.n.eHHbIX B Ba.n.H Mypa6-
6a'aT .n.eHCTBHTeJlbHO MOryT C1.JHTaTbCH no.n.TBep)l()J,eHHeM TOro, 1.JTO B
paHOHax, pacnOJlO)f(eHHbiX Ha 3ana.n. 11 ceBepO-3ana.n. OT MepTBoro MOpH
.n.eHCTBI1TeJlbHO BblpaJ..QHBaJIHCb B 60JlblllHX KOJlH1.JeCTBaX nllleHHQa, H1.J-
MeHb, 1.Je1.JeBHQa H BI1Ka.
Tenepb no.n.p06Hee 06 «opraHH3aQHH» 3eMeJlbHOH c06cTBeHHocTH
H 0 KaTeropHHX 3eMJlH B paHoHe Ma03bI. HeKoTopble Ha6mo.n.eHHH Ha.n.
.n.OKYMeHTaMH (Ha.n. onHCaHHHMI1 rpaHHQ Y1.JaCTKoB), a TaJOKe CY)I()J,eHI1H
no aHaJlOrHI1 C MaTepHaJIOM, OTHOCHJ..QI1MCH K npOBHHQHH ApaBHH lI2 ,
n03BOJlHlOT c.n.eJlaTb CJle.n.YIOJ..QHH BbIBO.n.. Bce Y1.JaCTKH, HBJlHBlllHeCH
c06cTBeHHocTblO )f(HTeJleH Ma03bl, COCTaBJlHJlI1 e.n.HHbIH MaCCHB, pac-
nOJlO)f(eHHbIH, BepOHTHO, Ha HeKOTopOM OT.n.aJIeHHH OT )f(11J1HJ..Q. AHaJIH3
TeKCTa nanHpycoB 113 nOKa3blBaeT npH 3TOM, 1.JTO BJla.n.eHHH O.n.HOro c06-
CTBeHHI1Ka - a KaK rrpaBHJlO 3TO HeCKOJlhKO Y1.JaCTKOB - He CKJla.n.bIBa-
J1HCb B O.n.HH 60JlhlllOH Y1.JaCTOK. nepe.n. HaMH Tl1nH1.JHaH 1.JepecnOJlOCI1Qa,
Koma 3eMeJlbHOe BJla.n.eHHe o.n.Horo 1.JeJlOBeKa coce.n.CTBOBaJIO C BJIa.n.e-
HHeM .n.pyroro. Cy.n.H no BceMY, HHKaKoro CneQHcpH1.JeCKoro 3KOHOMH1.Je-
CKoro HBJleHI1H 3a 3TOH 1.JepeCnOJlOCHQeH He CTOHT. TaK Momo CJlO:>KHTb-
CH HCTOpH1.JeCKH, B pe3YJlbTaTe MHorOKpaTHblX nepe.n.eJlOB 3eMJlH, a
TaJOKe npo.n.<DK 11 nepenpo.n.<DK Y1.JaCTKOB.
HeCMOTpH Ha TO 1.JTO HHcpopMaQHH 060 opOllleHHH B QeJlOM HeMHO-
ro - .n.aHHhle 0 HeH TOJlhKO B .n.BYX nanHpycax: B PYadin., 7 11 O.n.HOM
.n.oK)'MeHTe H3 Ba;J.11 CeHaJIb, - nepBblH 113 HHX nOKa3bIBaeT, KaKHe CJlO)f(-
Hble CHCTeMbl opOllleHHH, OCHOBaHHble Ha 3anacax BO.n.bl .n.OCTaT01.JHO
KpynHoH Ba;J.H, CYJ..QeCTBOBaJIl1 B paHOHe Ma03bI. TaK, H3 PYadin., 7 HB-
cTByeT, 1.JTO B Ma03e cYJ..QecTBOBaJIH HH.n.HBH.n.YaJIbHble 11 COBMeCTHble
'" HMelOTCJI B BllllY cxe!'dbl H 1jJ0TOrpaljJHH B pa60Te <1>, BIlJlbHeBa: f'/lleneuve, Op. cit.
P. 78-79; p, 136. PI. VII, a), b),
113 06 3TOM CBlllleTeJlbCTBYIOT npHBOllHBWHeCII BbIwe onHcaHHII rpaHHI.\ Y'iaCTKOB OLlHO-
ro X03J1I1Ha. HeJJb311 He 3aMeTHTb, 'iTO Ka)l(llblH OTlleJlbHO B311Tblii Y'iaCTOK KGK npGeUJIO He
coceocmeyem C HellBH)I(HMOCTblO TOro )l(e B.1<I,ile.lbua.
283
A. f, fpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uYOQzaw e ucmopuu PU.WCKOU pecny6.mKlI u PUMCKOU u.wnepuu
Bo.n.onpOBo.n.bI. Bo.n.a Ha Y'-IaCTKI1 no.n.aBaJ1aCb 06b1'-1Hb1M cnoc060M 11
MeTo.n.OM pa36pbl3rI1BaHI1j1114. OpOllleHl1e Momo np0l13Bo.n.I1TbCjI .n.HeM 11
HO'-lblO. BH.n.HO TaIOKe, '-ITO .n.JIjI Y'-IaCTKOB, CYll.\eCTBOBaHHe KOTOpblX 6e3
OpOllleHI1j1 6b1J10 HeB03MO)f(HbIM, I1MeJ10Cb '-ITO-TO B po.n.e pacnHCaHHjI
nOJ1I1Ba, KOTopoe 6b1J10 CTpOro 06j13aTeJ1bHbIM I15 . O.n.HaKo, eCJ1I1.D.J1j1 Tep-
pl1TOpl1H fIaJIeCTHHbl 3TI1 BbIBO.n.bl OCHOBaHbl Ha .n.ora.n.KaX 11 J10m'-leCKI1X
nOCTpOeHI1j1X, TO emneTCKHe nanl1pYCbl O'-leHb MHoroe no.n.TBep)f()J,aIOT
cpaKTaMI1 11 n03B0J1j1IOT TeM caMblM CKOppeKTl1pOBaTb BbIBO.n.bl no naJIe-
CTI1HCKOMY MaTepl1aJIY.
TaK, .n.o Hallll1X .n.HeH COXpaHHJ10Cb HeCKOJ1bKO neTI1QHH, HJ1I1, eCJ111
yro.n.HO, «.n.Ol(J1a.n.HbIX 3anI1COK» B BbIWeCTOjlll.\l1e I1HCTaHQl111 OT Ha6JIIO-
.n.alOll.\I1X 3a OpOCI1TeJ1bHbIMI1 CI1CTeMaMI1 KOHKpeTHblX .n.epeBeHb 0 TOM,
'-ITO Y'-IaCTKH K OpOllleH111O no.n.roTOBJIeHbl, '-ITO OpOllleHl1e ocyw:eCTBJ1eHO
11J111 He OCYll.\eCTBJ1eHO Ha TaKOH-TO nJ1ow:a.n.I1. 06pall.\aeT Ha ce6j1 BHI1-
MaHl1e 3aBepllleHI1e neTHQHH KIDlTBeHHblMI1 3aBepeHIDIMI1 Ha6J1IO.n.alOll.\I1X
B TOM, '-ITO OHI1 co06w:alOT I1CTHHHble cBe.n.eHI1j1116.
HeKOTopble nOJIe3Hbie napaJIJ1eJII1 .n.aeT 11 cOBpeMeHHblH MaTepl1aJI.
TaK, H. MYCJ1H, no.n.P06HO paccMaTpHBaBllll1H B cBoeH KHl1re np06J1eMbl
BO.n.bl 11 opOllleHHjI B Cl1pl1l1 B cepe.n.I1He XX B., nl1llleT, '-ITO OpOllleHl1e
He pemaMeHTl1pOBaJIOCb KaKI1MI1-J1H60 e.n.I1Ho06pa3HbIMI1 HOpMaMI1 .n.J1j1
BceH CTpaHbl, npe.n.CTaBJ1j1j1 J10KaJIbHble 06bl'-laH Il7 . MO)f(HO He COMHe-
BaTbCjI B TOM, '-ITO TaK )f(e 06CTOjlJ10 .n.eJ10 11 B .n.peBHOCTI1, 1160 oc06eHHo-
CTI1 OpOllleHI1j1 He MomH He 3aBHCeTb OT KOHKpeTHblX YCJ10BHH BO.n.O-
cHa6)f(eHHjI Ka)f(JJ.OH .n.epeBHH.
B nanHpYCHOH KOJIJ1eKQI1H 60J1ee n03.n.Hero BpeMeHH 113 fIaJIeCTH-
Hbl - B HeCCaHCKI1X nanHpycax VI-VII BB., r.n.e co.n.ep)f(HTCjI MHO)f(eCT-
BO .n.oK)'MeHToB 3KOHOMI1'-1eCKoro xapaKTepa, - npjlMblX CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTB
1" OTCYTCTBHe .lleTaJJbHoro apxeonOrH'ieCKoro 06cneJ\OBaHHII paiiOHa Ma03bl He n03BO-
JJ!leT CKa3aTb KOHKpeTHO, KaKHMH HMeHHO rH.llpOTeXHH'ieCKHMH coopYJKeHHIIMH o6ecne'iHBa-
nOCb opoweHHe Y'iaCTKOB BOKpyr .llepeBHH.
115 nOllo6HbIX 1l0KYMeHTOB He COXPaHHJJOCb, O.llHaKO aHaJJH3 KOHTeKCTa nanHpyca PYadin.,
7 nOKaJbIBaeT, 'iTO nO.ll06Hbie 3anHCH YCTO!lBWHXC!I HOpM opoweHHII, cBoero pOJ\a «pacnHca-
HH!I», cYlI.IeCTBoBaJJH, H, BepO!lTHee Bcero, 6bIJJH npeJ\MeToM npHCTaJ1bHOrO 06meCTBeHHoro
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opocHTenbHblx CHCTeM, a emneTCKHX napaJJneiJ!lx CM.: nOJ\po6Ho: JJee'leHKO M B, K HCTOpHH
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284
r7GeG 5, JKOHOMUlfecKaR .JK'U3Hb nQJleCmUHbl PUJlICKOZO epeMeHlI..,
pemaMeHTaQl111 OpOllleHI1j1 3eMeJlbHbIX Y'IaCTKOB HeT. B nanl1pycax I1Me-
IOTCjI TeM He MeHee KOCBeHHbIe YKa3aHI1j1 Ha 3TO, KOTopbIe He MeHee
KpaCHOpe'lI1BbI, 'IeM .n.aHHbIe nanl1pyca PYadin., 7. TaK, B nanl1pyce
PNess., 32, VI B. 118 nOK)'naTeJlI1 npl106peTalOT y BaJIeHTa, X03j1I1Ha npo-
.n.aBaeMoH c06cTBeHHocTI1, nOJIOBI1HY Y'IaCTKa CMOKOBHI1Q 11 'IeTBepTb
pacnOJlO)f(eHHoro Pjl.n.OM C Y'lacTKoM Bo.n.Horo I1CTO'lHI1Ka I19 . B 3aKIIIO'II1-
TeJlbHbIX CTpO'lKaX TOro )f(e nanl1pyca nOjlBJljleTCjI ynOMI1HaHl1e 11 0 BO-
.n.onpoBo.n.ax. npaB.n.a, 113-3a JlaK)'H CMbICJl 3TI1X CTpO'leK He BnOJlHe jlCeH.
B nanl1pyce PNess., 31 (VI B., 60Jlee TO'lHaji .n.aTl1pOBKa HeB03MO)f(Ha)
BCTpe'lalOTCjI CBe.n.eHHjI 6Jll13KOro xapaKTepa. no CYTI1, 3TOT .n.OK)'MeHT
jlBJljleTCjI Q>I1KCaQl1eH .n.oroBopa 0 pa3.n.eJle c06cTBeHHocTI1 Me)f()J,y CbI-
HOBbjlMI1 3BJIajl. B .n.BYX CJlY'Iajlx (PNess., 31, 1. 17; 31) rpaHI1QaMI1
pa3.n.eJljleMbIX Y'IaCTKOB OKa3bIBaIOTCjI Bo.n.onpoBo.n.bI. B 060HX cJlY'lajlx
'IeTKO YKa3bIBaeTCjI, 'IeH 3TO Bo.n.onpoBo.n.. Ha ceMHa.n.QaToH CTpO'lKe
YKa3aHO HMjI O.n.HOro BJla.n.eJlbQa, Ha TpH.n.QaTb nepBoH )f(e CKa3aHO, 'ITO
Bo.n.onpOBO.n. jlBJUIeTCjI 06Il.{HM .n.JIjI .n.BYX JII1Q (-co KOlvOV «-&trov -oopay6ytOv).
no aHaJIOrl111 C PYadin., 7 MO)f(HO c.n.eJlaTb BbIBO.n., 'ITO pe'lb H.n.eT 06
06Il.{eH .n.Jljl .n.BYX Y'IaCTKOB opOCHTeJlbHOH CI1CTeMe.
B paCCMaTpl1BaeMbIX apXHBax CaMaji BaJKHaji I1HQ>opMaQHjI 0 X03j1H-
CTBeHHOH )f(113HI1 co.n.ep)f(HTCjI B QeH30BbIX .n.eKIIapaQI1j1X H .n.OKYMeHTax
o npo.n.aJKe 3eMeJlbHbIX Y'IaCTKOB. PaccMoTpHM HeKOTopbIe cneQI1Q>I1'1e-
CKl1e 'IepTbI 3TI1X .n.oK)'MeHToB.
OCHOBHOH oc06eHHocTbIO QeH30BbIX .n.eKIIapaQHH H .n.OK)'MeHTOB 0
npo.n.aJKe I1JlI1 nepe.n.a'le Y'IaCTKOB jlBJljleTCjI Onl1CaHHe BJla.n.eHHH 3ajlBH-
TeJleH 120 B 061QeH Q>opMe, 6e3 YKa3aHI1i1 TO'lHbIX pa3MepOB 11 MeCTOHaxo-
)f()J,eHI1j1. ABTOpbI .n.oKYMeHToB H Te, no 'IbeMY pacnOpjl)f(eHHIO OHH co-
CTaBJ1j1JlI1Cb, y.n.oBJleTBOpjlJlI1Cb npl16JlH311TeJlbHbIM Onl1CaHHeM nJIOIl.{a)J,I1,
BbIpaJKaeMbIM 'Iepe3 06'beMbI noca.n.OK jI'IMeHjI H mUeHHQbI I2l , 11 pa3Me-
paMH ynJla'll1BaeMbIX HaJIOroB 122.
OrcyrcTBHe B QeH30BOH .n.eKIIapaQHH - KaK H B .n.OK)'MeHTe 0 npo.n.a-
)f(e I1JlI1 .n.apeHI1H Y'laCTKa - YKa3aHI1H Ha TO'IHbIe pa3MepbI Y'lacTKoB 11
BeCbMa He'leTKOe onHcaHHe HX rpaHI1Q KIDKYTCjI HeCKOJlbKO cTpaHHbIMH
118 Ha'iaJIo .ll0KYMeHTa COXpaHHJJOCb nnoxo, n03TOMY 60JJee TO'iHaJI .llarHpOBKa HeB03MOJK-
Ha. B npHHlIHne JKe HeccaHCKHe nanHpYCbl HMelOT .llaTHpOBKY C TO'iHOCTblO .llO J\H!I.
'" Pe'ib H.lleT, eCTeCTBeHHO, 0 'ieTBepTH om.eMa BO.llbl HCTO'iHHKa.
120 COOTBeTCTBeHHO B .llpyroM CJJY'iae - npO.llaBUOB HJJH .llapHTeJJeH.
121 Bblwe OTMe'iaJIOCb, 'iTO onHcaHHe nJJ01l.13.llH Y'iaCTKOB nOCpe.llCTBOM onpeJ\eJleHHJI
om.eMa BblceBae:\lOH nweHHUbl BCTpe'iaeTCJI B J\OKYMeHTax 3a npelleJlaMH Max03bl.
122 TO'iHO TaKOH JKe npHHlIHn OnHCaHHJI 3eMeJlbHblX Y'iaCTKOB 3aCBHJ\eTeJlbCTBOBaH JlJ1!1
naJIeCTHHbI H ropaJllo 60Jlee n03J\Hero BpeMeHH: llJI!I VI-VII BB. CM., HanpHMep, PNess.,
24.
285
A. f, fpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uyoau3M e lIcmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU U PZLI/CKOU ILlrnepuu
B O<PI1lJ.l1aJ/bHOM .n.OKYMeHTe TaKoro po.n.a 11 HY)I()J,afOTCjI B 06'bjiCHemfH.
O.n.HO H3 B03MO)f(HbIX 06'bjlCHeHHH Y)f(e npI1Bo.n.HJIOCb BbIllle: no.n.06Hoe
npH6JIH311TeJIbHOe Onl1CaHHe nJIOIl.la)J,H Y'IaCTKOB B pa3JIH'IHbIX .n.eJIOBbIX
.n.OKYMeHTax - :no cBoero po.n.a mpaOUlfUR OeJIOnpOU3600cm6a Ha nJIIDK-
HeM BOCTOKe. }:(OKYMeHTbI C no.n.06HbIM onHcaHHeM Y'IaCTKOB BCTpe'la-
lOTCjI B V B. .n.o H. 3. 123 ECTb, o.n.HaKO, H .n.Pyroe 06'bjlCHeHl1e.
3.n.eCb He06xo.n.I1MO conOCTaBJIeHl1e C HeKOTopbIMH erHneTCKHMI1 .n.o-
KYMeHTaMH. BbIwe rOBOpHJIOCb 0 TOM, 'ITO 3TH .n.0KYMeHTbI YHHKaJ/bHbI.
}:(eHCTBHTeJIbHO, CY)J)I no BceMY, .n.PyrHx 06pa3 OB eH30BbIX .n.eKJIapa HH
He COXpaHHJIOCb, o.n.HaKO B pl1MCKOM H BH3aHTHHCKOM ErHnTe XOpOlllO
H3BeCTeH no.n.06HbIH THn .n.0KYMeHTOB. Pe'lb H.n.eT 0 3eMeJIbHbIX Ka.n.aCT-
pax.
3TI1X .n.0KYMeHToB H3BeCTHO .n.OBOJIbHO MHOro, 1160 caMa npHpo.n.a -
peryJIjlpHbIe pa3JIHBbI HHJIa - Tpe60BaJ/a CI1CTeMaTH'IeCKOrO Y'IeTa 11
nepeY'IeTa 3eMeJIb 124 . CneUHaJIbHaji KOMI1CCI1j1 npOBepjlJIa COCTOjlHHe
3eMeJIh npaKTI1'1eCKH e)f(ero.n.HO. Ha OCHOBaHHH npOTOKOJIOB KOMHCCHH
.n.epeBeHCKajl a.n.MHHHCTpaUI1j1 COCTaBJIjlJIa cneUHaJ/hHhIe Ka.n.aCTphI 0
3eMeJIbHbIX BJIa)J,eHI1j1X H ynJIa'll1BaeMbIX C HHX HaJ/orax 125.
06pa3 aMH HaH60JIee nOJIHO coxpaHHBWHXCjI .n.0KYMeHTOB TaKoro
po.n.a CJIe.n.yeT Ha3BaTb nanHpyc PBour., 42 (Hepa Hecoc, 167 r.), a.n.pe-
COBaHHbIH cTpaTery apcHHoHcKoro HOMa, a TaIOKe H3BeCTHbIH 3eMeJIbHbIH
Ka)J,acTp H3 A<PpO.n.HTO I26 . OHH npe.n.cTaBJIjllOT C060H .n.eTaJIbHYlO pocnHch
3eMeJIbHbIX BJIa.n.eHHH )f(HTeJIeH onpe.n.eJIeHHoro KOJIH'IeCTBa .n.epeBeHb H
ynJIa'll1BaeMhIx I1MH HaJ/OroB. .L\JIjI Ka.n.acTpoB xapaKTepHO TaIOKe TO'l-
HeHwee YKa3aHHe pa3MepOB Y'IaCTKOB, KaTeropHHHoCTH 3eMJIH 11 nOJIY-
'IaeMbIX YPO)f(aeB I27 .
HHbIMI1 CJIOBaMH, OTCYTcTBHe TaKoH I1H<popMa HH B pa36HpaBllll1xcjI
eH30BbIX .n.eKJIapa HjlX, KaK 11 B HeCCaHCKI1X nanHpycax 06'bjlCHjleTCjI
cne I1<pI1KOH )f(aHpa. TO'lHbIe pa3MephI Y'IaCTKOB YKa3bIBaJIHCb B Ka.n.aCT-
pax, B OCTaJ/bHbIX )f(e .n.eJIOBbIX .n.0KYMeHTax HX COCTaBHTeJIH y.n.OBJIeTBO-
PjlJIHCb npH6JIH311TeJIbHhIM YKa3aHHeM nJIOIl.la.n.11 3eMeJIbHbIX Y'IaCTKOB,
123 Driver G, R. Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B. C. Oxfrod, ]957. P. 68. HCTOKH
nOll06Horo cnoc06a OnHCaHHJI 3eMeJlbHblX Y'iaCTKOB BOCXOJVIT K DH6J1HH CM.: 1 Reg.18:32.
124 Johnson. Op. cit. P. 29-3 I.
125 B plIJ\e CJ1Y'iaeB :na HH<j>OpMal\HII O<j>opMJ1I1J1aCb B BH.lle llBYX .ll0KYMeHTOB: OT.lle-
JlbHO - 0 HaJJorax, OT.lleJ1bHO - 3eMeilbHblH K3.llaCTp.
126 H3.llaHHe: Gascou J. MacCoul/ L. Le cadastre d' Aphrodit6 II TM. 1987. Yol. 1o,
P.103-151.
127 HanpHMep: PBour., 42, I. 79-8]: «BJ1a.lleHHII repMaHHKa - 195, 15/64 apYPbl- 1138,
3/4 apTa6bl nweHHUbl; 3aCeBaeMaJI 3eMJ1!1 - 44, 3/4 apypbl- 314, 1/8 apTa6b1 nWeHHl\bl;
npO'iHe He3aJJHBaeMble - 147, 31164 apypbl - 824, 19/24 apTa6bl nWeHHUbI»,
286
TJlGeG 5, 3KOHOMU'IeCKGR ,JlClI3Hb flaJIeCmUHbl plL\tCKOi'O epe.'WeHU..,
.n.eHCTBYj{ B paMKax MHoroBeKoBoH Tpa.n.I1UI1I1 .n.eJIOnp0I13Bo.n.cTBa. BH.n.I1-
MO, 3.n.ecb He06xo.n.I1MO Y'-II1TbIBaTh 11 '-II1CTO )KI1Tei1cKI1i1 acneKT paccMaT-
pHBaeMoro j{BJIeHI1j{. B He60JIbllIOM nOCeJIeHl111 )K113Hb mo.n.eH BO Bce
BeKa Bcer.n.a npOTeKaJIa Ha rJIa3ax coce.n.eH. OO:HOMY eCJII1 O.n.I1H coce.n.
npl106peJI He.n.BI1)KHMOCTb y .n.pyroro, TO nOK)'naTeJIb 113Ha'-laJIbHO 3HaIl,
'-ITO OH npl106peTaeT, a He HY:JICOaIlCJl B oqmUl1aJIbHblX xapaKTepl1CTI1KaX
npl106peTaeMOH c06CTBeHHOCTI1.
3eMeJIbHbie Ka.n.aCTpbl C Teppl1TOpl111 OaJIeCTI1Hbl He COXpaHilllI1Cb,
o.n.HaKO He npl1xo.n.I1TCj{ COMHeBaTbCj{ B I1X HaJIl1 l IHI1. B coxpaHHBllll1XCj{
I1CTO'-IHHKaX eCTb, Ha Halll B3rJIj{.n., O.n.HO npj{Moe YKa3aHI1e Ha 3eMeJIbHblH
Ka.n.aCTp 3JIYCbl 11 .n.Ba KOCBeHHblX HaMeKa. ABTOpbl HeccaHCKoro nanH-
pyca PNess., 24 OT 24 HOj{6pj{ 569 r. 06pall.{aJOTcj{ C nl1CbMOM K JIoro-
rpacpy 3JIYCbl C npocb60H 3acpl1KCI1pOBaTb np0I13Be.n.eHHYJO Me)K)J,)' HI1MI1
«ycrynKY» (mxpaxoopEtv) 3eMJII1. Ha Halll B3rJIj{.n., 3TO MO)KHO paCCMaT-
pl1BaTb KaK npocb6y npOH3BeCTI1 COOTBeTCTBYJOll.{YJO 3anHCb B Ka.n.aCT-
pe. OTMeTI1M TalOKe OTHOCj{ll.{I1HCj{ K Ha6aTeHcKoMY BpeMeHI1 nanl1pyc
PYadin., 36, B nepBblX CTpOKax KOTOpOro ynoMHHaeTCj{ nepenl1Cb .n.BH-
)KHMOrO 11 He.n.BI1)KHMOrO HMYll.{eCTBa B Ma03e.
lITO KaCaeTCj{ Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO ueH30BblX .n.eKJIapaUI1H H3 Ma03bl,
TO, nOXO)Ke, OT Bcero pHMcKoro Ml1pa .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO He COXpaHHJIOCb
60JIee HH.n.I1BI1.n.YaJIbHbIX 3aj{BJIeHI1H 0 c06cTBeHHocTI1. O.n.HaKo )Ke .n.o
HalllHX .n.HeH .n.OllIJIO HeMaJIO Ha.n.nHceH, KOTopble MO)KHO oxapaKTepl130-
BaTh KaK «KOJIJIeKTHBHble .n.eKJIapaUI1I1». 3TH .n.oKYMeHTbl XOTj{ H OTHO-
CHCj{ K COBepllIeHHO .n.pyroMY BpeMeHI1, .n.aJOT B03MO)KHOCTb onpe.n.eJIHTb
MeCTO 11 pOJIb COXpaHI1BlllI1XCj{ I1H.n.HBI1.n.YaJIbHbIX .n.eKJIapaUI1H113 OaJIe-
CTHHbl B pl1MCKOM 6JOpOKpaTI1'-1eCKOM .n.eJIOnpOH3Bo.n.CTBe B ueJIOM.
Pe% l1)J,eT 0 ueJIOH rpynne Ha.n.nHceH H3 pa3JIH'-IHbIX npOBHHUI1H Ma-
JIOH A31111, KaK npaBilllO, .n.OCTaTO'-lHO )J,JII1HHbIX, COXpaHI1BlllI1XCj{ He OqeHb
XOpOlllO H co.n.ep)Kall.{lfX 06CTOj{TeJIbHYJO pOCnl1Cb no KaTeropl1j{M 3eMeJIb-
HblX BJIa.n.eHHH )KHTeJIeH nOCeJIeHI1j{128. <1>parMeHTapHOCTb TeKCTOB He .n.aeT
OCHOBaHHH.n.aTHpOBaTb TaKl1e Ha.n.nI1CH TO'-lHO, o.n.HaKO)Ke no OT.n.eJIbHbIM
ynoMHHaHI1j{M MO)KHO cy.n.HTb, '-ITO Ha.n.nHCH COCTaBJIeHbl Ha py6e)Ke III-
IV BB. H. 3., BO BpeMj{ nepenl1CH 3eMJII1 npl1 )J;110KJIeTHaHe 129 .
COnOCTaBJIeHHe 3TI1X Ha.n.nHceH C coxpaHHBllIHMHCj{ Ha nanl1pycax
HH.n.HBH.D.)'aJIbHbIMH .n.eKJIapaUI1j{MH nOKa3bIBaeT, '-ITO Bce I1H.n.I1BI1.n.YaJIb-
Hble «6YMarH» 06j{3aTeJIbHO CBO.n.I1JIHCb Boe.n.HHO, B e.n.HHbIH .n.OK)'MeHT,
.n.aJOll.{HH 06ll.{YJO KapTHHY 3eMeJIbHblX BJIa.n.eHHH Bcero nOCeJIeHHj{ B
128 HanpHMep: IGRR., IV, 109; ] 10; ]] I; 112 H3 MHTl-lneHbl.
129 CM. nO.llP06HO: Jones A, H. M Census Records of the Later Roman Empire II IRS. 1953.
Vol. 43, P. 49-64. (J],oXYMeHTbI H3 ManoH A3HIi H EmnTa).
287
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1yoeu U lIyoau:w e ucmopull PU\1CKOU pecny6.WKIIII PUI/CKOU lLltnepUli
QeJlOM. O.n.HaKO )f(e 6J1aro.n.ap}J CJlYLfaHHOCTI1 TOJlbKO H3 naJIeCTHHbl .n.o
HalllHX .n.HeH .n.OIUJlO .n.Ba 06pa3ua I1H.n.HBI1.n.YaJIbHbIX .n.eKJIapaQHH, a no
MaJIOa3HHCKHM Ha.n.nI1C}JM H erHneTCKHM nanHpycaM .n.pyroro BpeMeHI1
Mbl MO)f(eM COCTaBHTb npe.n.CTaBJleHHe, KaK BblrII}J.n.eJlH 06061l{eHHble,
CBo.n.Hble .n.0KYMeHTbl no 3eMeJlbHoi1 c06CTBeHHOCTI1 B CB}J3H C ueH30M B
TOH illIH HHOH npOBI1HUI1I1.
BblllleH3J1o)f(eHHoe n03BOJl}JeT CCPOPMYJlHpOBarb cJle.n.YlOll{l1e BbIBO.n.bI.
BC}J coxpaHHBlUa}JC}J B nanl1pycax I1HcpopMaUH}J OTHOCHTC}J TOJlbKO K
O.n.HOMY paHOHY naJleCTHHbl reorpacpl1LfeCKOH - HereBY, KOTOpblH B
pe3YJlbTaTe a.n.MHHHCTpaTI1BHO-TeppI1TOpHaJIbHbIX npe06pa30BaHHH OKa-
3aJIC}J no.n.eJleHHblM Me)f()J,)' .n.BYM}J npoBHHQH}JMH - .I1y.n.eeH 11 ApaBHeH.
YCJIOBH}J )f(H3HH H X03}JHcTBoBaHH}J B .n.pyrHx paHoHax naJIeCTHHbl - B
faJIHJlee, CaMapHI1 11 .I1y.n.ee - 6blJll1 B 3HaLfHTeJlbHOH Mepe HHbIMH, H
n03ToMY J1Hlllb B KaLfeCTBe npe.n.nOJlO)f(eHH}J MO)f(HO rOBopHTb 0 TOM, LfTO
HeKOTopble H3 oc06eHHOCTeH 061l{eCTBeHHOH )f(H3HI1, TaK HJlH I1HaLfe
OTpaJKeHHbie B nanHpycax, npOHCXOLJ)lll{l1X 113 HereBa, HMeJIH OTHOllleHHe
H K .n.PYrHM 06J1acT}JM naJIeCTHHbI.
K TaKHM oc06eHHoCT}JM .n.OJl)f(Hbl 6blJlH OTHOCHTbC}J B npHHQHne
llll1pOKaJI pacnpOCTpaHeHHocTb rpeLfecKHX npaBOBblx HOpM B l1y.n.eHCKOH
cpe.n.e130 H .n.OCTaroLfHO cJla60e B QeJlOM 3HaHHe rpeLfecKoro }J3bIKa. ,AaJIee
cJle.n.YeT Ha3BaTb roTOBHOCTb «J1IO.n.eH 3eMJlI1» B P}J.n.e CJlYLfaeB 113 co06-
pIDKeHI1H )f(HTeHCKOH Bblro.n.bl BOCnl1TblBaTb .n.eTeH B rpeLfecKoM .n.yxe HJII1
)f(e 3aKJIlOLfaTb 6paKH no rpeLfeCKI1M 06bILfa}JM. OrcyrcTBHe .n.aHHbIX He
n03BOJl}JeT npOCJle.n.HTb OTMeLfeHHble npOQeCCbl B pa3BI1THH KaK B Here-
Be, TaK H B naJIeCTHHe B QeJlOM. O.n.HaKO .n.IDKe no HMeIOIl{HMC}J .n.0KY-
MeHTaM }JCHO, LfTO YBJIeLfeHHe rpeLfeCKYlMH HOpMaMI1 npaBa 11 rpeLfeCKOH
)f(H3HblO He 6bIJIO Bce06Il{HM. npHMep Ea6aTbi 11 ee MY)f(a .n.eMoHCTpl1-
PYeT KaK pa3 BepHocTb HaQI10HaJIbHbiM Tpa.n.HQH}JM. npHMep MY)f(a Ea-
6aTbi nOKa3bIBaeT, npaB.n.a, LfTO .I1y.n.a, CblH 3J1ea3apa, 6Y.D.YLfH, cYLJ)l no
BceMY, LfeJlOBeKOM npaBoBepHblx B3rII}J.n.OB, He C06l1paJIc}J BocnHTblBaTb
.n.OLfb OT nepBoro 6paKa B HaQI10HaJIbHbiX Tpa.n.H1_lIDIX H Bbl.n.aJI .n.OLfb 3aMY)f(
«no-rpeLfeCKH». OCTaeTC}J J1Hlllb ra.n.aTb, KaKHe co06pIDKeHH}J .n.BHraJIH
HM B 3TOM CJlYLfae.
3.n.eCb MO)f(HO BbICKa3aTb O.n.HO npe.n.nOJlO)f(eHHe, npaB.n.a, peLfb 6y.n.eT
H.n.TH 06 O.n.HOM nOLfTH He OTpa)f(eHHOM B paCCMaTpHBaeMblX .n.OKYMeH-
Tax }JBJleHI1I1 - KaLfeCTBe )f(H3HH Hy.n.eHCKOro HaCeJleHH}J no.n. pHMCKOH
130 flOCJlellYlOlIlee pa3BHTHe C06bITHfi, npaB.lla, nOKaJaJIO, 'iTO no pacnpOCTpaHeHl1e
rpe'ieCKoro npaBa HH B MaJJefiweH CTeneHH He 03Ha'iaJJO ero no6e.llbl H3.ll Tp3.llHUHOHHbIM,
HYlleHCKHM. BHllHMO, JJlOllH, ynoMHHaeMble B 1l0XYMeHTe, elI.le He peWHJJH, no KaKHM 3aKOHaM
JKHTb.
288
rJlaea 5, 3KOHa IU'IeCKaR JK'U]Hb nQJleCmUHbI pU.WCKOi'O epe.weHU..
BJIaCTblO. Bonpoc 3TOT TeM 60JIee Ba)!(eH, LfTO onHCblBaeMble .n.0KYMeH-
Tbl OTHOCjlTCjI KO BpeMeHH, npe.n.lllecTBYIOLLleMY BOCCTaHl11O nap Kox-
6bl. B HallleM pacnOpjl)!(eHHH J1Hlllb HeCKOJ1bKO KOCBeHHblX CBH.n.e-
TeJ1bCTB.
ECJ1H 06paTHTbcjI K n03HUI1H pHMJ1j1H, TO HeJ1b3j1 He OTMeTHTb, LfTO
3aBOeBaTeJ1l1, He BMelllHBajiCb BO BHYTpeHHl1e .n.eJ1a MecTHoro HaCeJIeHHjI,
6blJ111 nOCTOjlHHO pjl.n.OM, jlCHO .n.aBaji nOHjlTb, KTO jlBJ1j1eTCjI X03j1I1HOM
n0J10)!(eHHjI. TIoCeJ1eHHe 3H-fe.n.(.n.)11 6blJ10 BKJlIOLfeHO B COCTaB I1Mnepa-
TOpCKI1X BJ1a.n.eHHH, eCTeCTBeHHO, 6e3 ComaCI1j1 MeCTHblX )!(HTeJIeH. 06-
paLLlaeT Ha ce6j1 BHHMaHHe H CJ1e.n.YIOLLlHH cpaKT, OTHOCjlLLlHHCjI y)!(e K
.n.epeBHe Ma03a. .I1MnepaTopcKoe X03j1HCTBO Haxo.n.HJlOCb Pjl.n.OM C .n.epeB-
HeH, HO O.n.I1H H3 YLfaCTKOB, npHHa)J,JIe)!(aLLlI1X I1MnepaTopy, 6b1J1 pac no-
J10)!(eH cpe.n.11 06LLlero MaCCI1Ba 3eMeJ1bHblX BJ1a.n.eHHH )!(HTeJ1eH .n.epeBHH.
BepOjiTHee Bcero, nepe.n. HaMH H B .n.aHHOM c1T)'Lfae CBI1.n.eTeJ1bCTBO Me.n.-
J1eHHoro nomOLLleHWI HMnepaTOpCKl-IM X03j1HCTBOM 3eMeJ1bHblX BJ1a.n.eHHH
)!(HTeJ1eH Ma03bl.
PaCCMaTpl1BaeMble .n.0KYMeHTbl He n03B0J1j11OT c.n.eJ1aTb 0.n.H03HaLfHbIH
BbIBO.n. 06 OTHOllIeHHH Hy.n.eeB K pI1MCKOi1 BJ1aCTH 13I . .I1cxo.n.jI H3 06LLlHX
co06pa)!(eHHH, MO)!(HO, KOHeLfHO, npe.n.n0J10)!(HTb, LfTO OHO e.n.Ba J111 6b1J10
XOpOlllHM: eLLle )!(HBa 6blJ1a naMjlTb 0 C06b1THjlX .I1y.n.eHcKoH BOHHbl.
KpoMe Toro, p"MJ1j1He B J11060H npOBHHUHH BeJ1H ce6j1 KaK X03j1eBa H
3aBOeBaTeJ1H, Bcer.n.a roToBble K no.n.aBJ1eHHIO J11060ro He.n.OBOJ1bCTBa,
.n.eHcTBYjl, npaB.n.a, B paCCMaTpl1BaeMOe BpeMjI y)!(e C H3BeCTHOH OCMOT-
pHTeJ1bHOCTblO 132.
BOT nOLfeMY MO)!(HO npe.n.n0J10)!(HTb, LfTO )!(eJ1aHHe BTOpOro My)!(a
na6aTbi Bbl.n.aTb 3aMY)!( CBOIO .n.OLfb I1MeHHO «no-rpeLfecKH», a He B paMKaX
HaUHOHaJlbHblX Tpa.n.I1UHH, npo.n.HKTOBaHO HCKJlIOLfHTeJ1bHO paCLfeTOM.
.LJ:eHCTBI1TeJ1bHO, npHHHl1e HOpM aHTI1LfHOH KYJ1b1)'pbl 11 6paK «no-rpe-
LfeCKH» OTKpbIBaJ111 nepe.n. J11O.n.bMH, cy.n.jI no BceMY, npHHUHnUaJ1bHO
HOBbie B03MO)!(HOCTH H .n.aBaJll1 60JIee Ha.n.e)KHble rapaHTHH 6e30nacHocTH.
TIoCJIe.n.Hee Momo 6bITb BeCbMa aKTYaJlbHblM, 1160 .n.o BOCCTaHI1j1 nap
Kox6bl, nOCJ1e.n.HeH nOnblTKI1 HY.n.eeB OTBoeBaTb He3aBI1CHMOCTb, OCTa-
BaJ10Cb LfeTblpe ro.n.a. J1HbIMH CJ10BaMH, Hanpjl)!(eHHOCTb BHYTpeHHeH
aTMoccpepbl B TIaJleCTHHe HeH36e)!(HO .n.OJ1)!(Ha 6b1J1a B03paCTaTb.
13. EblJJO 6bI OWH60'iHbIM nOJ1ararb, 'iTO TaKHX L\aHHbIX HeT. B paBBIlHHCTH'ieCKOH J1HTe-
parype TaKHX CBelleHHH MHoro. CM., HanpHMep Hadas-Lebel M. La fiscalite romaine dans la
litterature rabbiniquejusqu'aIa fin du III-e siecle II REJ. 1984, Yol. CXLIII. Fasc. 1-2. P. 5-29;
Sternberger G. Die Beurteilung Roms in der rabbinischen Literatur II ANRW. II, 9, 2. Berlin;
New York. P. 338-396. B OC06eHHOCTH JKe p. 381-396.
132 noc,1e HY.lleHCKOH BOHHb! 3KcueCCbl B Bonpocax ynpaBJ1eHHH npoBHHIUIHMIl, CTO,1b
xapaKTepHble llJIH nepHOlla KOHlla pecny6i1HKH H 1 8, H. 3., OCTaJIlICb B npOWJJOM.
289
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uyoaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
TIpaB.n.a, Cy.n.HTb 06 3TOM MO:>KHO J1HllIb Ha OCHOBaHHH o.n.Horo KOCBeH-
HOro Q>aKTa: TOro, 4TO He3a)J,0J1ro .n.o BOCCTaHHjJ nap Kox6b1 pa3MeIl.{eHHbIH
B .I1epYCaJIHMe J1erHOH X Fretensis no.rrylJHJ1 no.n.KpenJ1eHHe133. 3TO CBH-
.n.eTeJ1bCTBYeT 06 113BeCTHOH 06ecnoKoeHHocTH pHMCKHX BJ1aCTeH; npaB-
.n.a, Mbl He 3HaeM, lJeM HMeHHO OHa 6b1J1a BbI3BaHa 11 'ITO BblH)'.n.HJ1O HX
3anpOCHTb 3TO no.n.KpellileHHe.
133 Issac B.. Roll /. Judaea in the Early Years of Hadrian's Reign II Latomus. 1979. Vol. 38.
P. 54-66.
fA a B a 6
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c..>
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xapaKTepH3yeTcSI .n.BYMSI OCHOBOnOJIarmOIl.l,HMH 'IepTaMH:
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pHMCKOro rocy.n.apcTBa.
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BO II-IV BB.
291
A. f. fpyweBoH. l1yoeu u uyoaU1M e ucmopuu PZlMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
BH)'TpemUHI )f(H3Hb H)'.n.eeB paCCMaTpl1BaeMoro BpeMeHH, cpOpMaJlbHO
roBOpjJ, .n.OK)'MeHTl1pOBaHa npeKpaCHO, eCJII1 I1MeTb B BH.n.y TaJlMY.n. 11
paBBI1HI1CTI1'-1ecK)'1O JII1Teparypy B ueJIOM. Mbl pacnOJIaraeM orpOMHOH
I1HcpopMaUHeH 0 .n.ejJTeJIbHOCTI1 3aKOHOY'-lI1TeJIeH, naTpl1apXOB (<<Hacm»)
11 CI1He.n.pI10Ha.
3.n.ecb, o.n.HaKO, y COBpeMeHHoro I1CCJIe.n.OBaTeJIjJ B03HI1KaeT o.n.Ha cepb-
e3HajJ np06JIeMa: KaK OTHOCI1TbCn K Tpa.n.I1UHOHHOMY 11, B npHHUHne,
.n.IDKe B '-IeM-TO YCTonBllleMycn H3JIQ)KeHI1IO I1HcpOpMaUl111 0 3aKOHOY'-lI1-
TeJInX, naTpl1apXax H CI1He.n.pHOHe, '-ITO COCTaBJIneT I1CTOpl11O TaJlMy.n.l1-
'-IeCKoro nepl1o.n.a?
CJIO)f(HOCTb 3aKJIIO'-IaeTCn B TOM, '-ITO .D.JIn nepl1o.n.a II-III BB. H. 3. Y
HaC HeT I1Horo I1CTO'-lHI1Ka no HCTOpl111 H)'.n.eeB 11 H)'.n.aI13Ma, KpOMe TaJI-
My.n.a 11 paBBHHI1CTI1'-1eCKOH JII1Teparypbl. HCTOpl1'-1HOCTb )f(e 3TI1X I1CTO'-l-
HHKOB - eCJIH, KOHe'-lHO, no.n.xo.n.I1Tb K I1CTOpl1'-1HOCTH C eBponeHCKHMI1
MepKaMI1 - He O'-leHb BbiCOKa, 1160 aBTOpbl TaKoro po.n.a CO'-lI1HeHHH 6bU1I1
npe)f()].e Bcero 03a60'-leHbII1HbIM: H B TaJlMy.n.e, 11 B MI1.n.palllax OCHOBHOH
aKueHT c.n.eJIaH Ha KOMMeHTHpOBaHl111 nl1CaHl1n IDII1 Ha 06cY)f()].eHHH TOro
HJIH HHoro nOJIO)f(eHl1jJ, HO He Ha 06CTOnTeJIbCTBaX )f(113HI1 TOro, KTO 3TI1
nOJIO)f(eHl1n BbICKa3bIBaeT.
B pe3YJIbTaTe, KaK nmueT O.n.I1H COBpeMeHHblH HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIb, Mbl He
MO)f(eM 6blTb YBepeHbl B TOM, '-ITO TOT HJIH I1HOH pa6611 .n.eHCTBI1TeJIbHO
np0l13HOCI1JI Te CJIOBa, KOTopble eMY npl1nl1CaHbl aBTOpaMI1 TaJlMy.n.I1'-1e-
CKHX TpaKTaTOB 1 . B 1T)''-IllleM c1T)''-Iae, BI1.n.I1MO, MO)f(HO rOBopHTb 0 TOM,
'-ITO B Tpa.n.HUHI1 coxpaHeH 061l.{HH CMblCJI CJIOB TOro IDIH HHOro 3aKOHO-
Y'-lHTeml.
Y Hac, eCTeCTBeHHO, HeT npH'-IHH .n.eJIaTb Ha OCHOBaHHH 3TOro pa.n.H-
KaJlbHble BbIBO.n.bl 11 OTBepraTb BCIO Tpa.n.I1UHIO 6110rpacpH'-IeCKoro xapaK-
Tepa 0 3aKOHOY'-lHTemIX, HO 6eccnopHO 3b16KI1H xapaKTep HMelOll.{eHCn
I1HcpopMaUHH 3aCTaBJIneT I1CKaTb .n.onOJIHI1TeJIbHble no.n.TBep)f()].eHHjJ cy-
ll{eCTBOBaHIDI TOro I1JIH I1HOro nepcoHIDKa, Y'-llITbIBasI, '-ITO COXpaHI1BlllajJ-
CjJ B TaJlMy.n.a HHcpOpMaUHjJ 6110rpacpH'-IeCKOrO xapaKTepa HOCHT jJBHble
CJIe.n.bl Ha3I1.n.aTeJIbHOH JIlITeparypHoH 06pa6OTKH nOCJIe.n.yIOIl{I1X BeKoB 2 .
OrMeTHM TaIOKe, '-ITO npe.n.CTaBJIjJeTCjJ a6COJIlOTHO npaBHJIbHOH n0311UIDI
f. lllTeM6eprepa, )'TBep)f()].alOll{ero, '-ITO BOCC03.n.aHHe 6110rpacpHH 3aKO-
HOY'-lHTeJIeH B 06b1'-1HOM CMblCJIe CJIOBa HeB03MO)f(HO 11 '-ITO H3Y'-leHHe
1 Kalmin R, Changing Amoraic Attitudes Toward the Authority and Statements of Rav
and Shmuel: A Study of the Talmud as a Historical Source II HUCA. ] 992. Vol. 63. P. 83-
84.
2 CM. nO.llP06HO: Sivertsev A. Private Households and Public Politics in 3"'_5 th Century
Jewish Palestine. Tiibingen, 2002. P. 13-]7.
292
rJlaea 6. 06UjaR xapaKmepucmUKa emopoi'O nepuoi>a plL\ICKo-uyoeucKux omHOUleHUU
6Horpaif>W-IeCKoro MaTepmlJla He J1l1llleHO HHTepeca, XOUI He npe.n.CTaB-
MeT 60J1blllOro 3Ha4eHmI B HayqHOM fUlaHe )J,JIjI npaBHJlbHoro nOHI1MaHmI
HCTOpHH TaJIMy.n.H4ecKoro nepHo.n.a3.
06 3TOM )f(e cBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBYlOT 11 He.n.aBHHe HCCJ1e.n.OBaHHjI B 06JIaCTH
apXe0J10rHH H 3nHrpaif>HKH, .n.eHCTBI1TeJ1bHO .n.alOLLll1e OCHOBaHHjI .n.J1j1
H3BecTHoH KOppeKTHpOBKH Tpa.n.HUHOHHbIX npe.n.cTaBJIeHI1H no HCTOpl1H
II-VI BB. H. 3. 3TH OCHOBaHHjI B03HHKalOT B CBjl311 C jlBHblM HeCOOTBeT-
CTBHeM Me)f()J,Y TeM, KaKI1M npe.n.CTaeT Y4eHHe co CTpaHHU TaJIMy.n.a, H
TeM, KaKoe MHeHHe MO)f(HO COCTaBHTb 0 HeM, HCXO)J)ll13 06J1HKa CI1Haror
H .n.peBHI1X 3axopOHeHHH, BbljlBJ1j1eMOro B xo.n.e paCKonOK 4 .
3.n.eCb He06xo.n.HMO OTMeTHTb MHoro4HCJ1eHHble YKpallleHHjI CTeH
CI1Haror opHaMeHTaMH, if>pecKoBOH HJ111 M03aH4HOH )f(HBOnI1CblO, Ha.n.-
nHCjlMH Ha rpe4eCKOM H J1aTHHCKOM, co.n.ep)f(aLLlHMH B J1Y4llleM CJ1yqae
J1HllIb OT.n.eJ1bHble CJ10Ba Ha I1BpHTe HJ1H apaMeHCKOM 5 . EeccnopHO TaK-
)f(e H BJ1HjlHl1e aHTH4HbiX apXHTeKTYpHblx Tpa.n.HUHH Ha 06J1HK 11 apXH-
TeKTYPY CI1Haror KaK B naJIeCTHHe, TaK 11 3a ee npe.n.eJ1aMH6. HeMaJIO
HHTepecHoro .n.aeT TalOKe HayqHblH aHaJII13 .n.aHHblx nOrpe6aJIbHOH ap-
3 Stemberger G. Op. cit. P. 62.
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Haven, 1956. P. 267 (The Excavations at Dura-Europos conducted by Yale University and the
French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters. Final Report VIII. Part I edite Bellinger A. B.,
Brown F. E., Perkins A. and Welles C. B.) KOJJH'ieCTBO apxeoJJOrH'ieCKHX pa60T, nOCBJlmeHHbIX
HCCJJe.llOBaHHIO .llaHHoro Marepliana .110CTaTO'iHO BeJlHKO, CM., HanpHMep: Strange J F Archae-
ology of the Religion of Judaism in Palestine II ANRW. 2, 19, I. Berlin; New York, 1979.
P. 646--685, 06CTO!lTeJlbHa!I 6H6JJHorpa<j>HII apXeOJlOfH'ieCKHX IiCCJ1e.110BaHIiH - p. 675---685;
Kraabel A. Th. The Diaspora Synagogue: Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence since
Sukenik II ANRW. 2, ]9, 1. Berlin; New York, 1979. P. 477-510; Kraabel A. T The Roman
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'a TaKHX Ha,ZlnHCJlX CM.: Googenough. E. Op. cit. P. 10. 06lI.1HH 0630p H KJlaCcH<j>HKaIIHJI
HY.11eHCKHX H3DJ1HCeH Ha rpe'ieCKOM H JlarHHCKOM eCTb B CJ1e.llYlOmeH CTarbe: Kant L. H. Jewish
Inscriptions in Greek and Latin II ANRW. 2, 20, 2. Berlin, 1987. P. 671-713; 0 rpe'ieCKHX H
ilaTHHCKHX Ha.anHCJlX H3 EeT-WeaHa H EeT-WeapHMa CM. ueJJYIO cepHIO CTaTeH D. 11HBWHua:
Lifschitz B, L'hellenisaton des Juifs de Palestine II RB. 1965. Vol. 72. N 4. P. 520-538; Lifshitz
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Bd, 78. 1962. P. 64-88; Lifschitz B, Scythopolis. L'histoire, les institutions et les cultes de la
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293
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uydall3M e ucmopuu P/L\ICKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UMnepull
XHTeKTYpbI, npe.n.MeTOB, HaH.n.eHHbIX B 3ID..OpOHeHl1jJX, H 3nI1Taif>I1H. Hc-
CJIe.n.OBaHHjJ nOKa3bIBaIOT, 'iTO HHBeHTapb TaKHX 3axopOHeHHH 'iall.{e
Bcero OKa3bIBaJICjJ HY.n.eHCKOH a.n.anTaLlHeH COOTBeTCTBYIOll.{HX aHTH'iHbIX
06pa3LlOB 7 . B ell.{e 60JIbllleH CTeneHH OTKJIOHeHl1eM OT pacxmKHX npe.n.-
CTaBJIeHHH 0 )f(H3HH l1y.n.eeB TaJIMy.n.H'ieCKoro nepHo.n.a OKa3bIBaIOTCjJ
cHHarorH 06ll.{HH .n.l1acnopbI, KaK B TOM, 'iTO KaCaeTCjJ I1X apXHTeKTYpHO-
ro nJIaHa, HaH.n.eHHbIX npH paCKOnKID.. npe.n.MeTOB, TaK 11 06HapY)f(eHHbIX
Ha.n.nHceH 8 .
BeCb 3TOT MaTepHaJI npHBeJI I1CCJIe.n.OBaTeJIeH K MbICJIH 0 TOM, 'iTO
06ll.{eCTBeHHaJJ H peJIHrH03HajJ )f(113Hb HY.n.eHcKoro HaCeJIeHHjJ naJIeCTH-
HbI H 06ll.{HH .n.HacnopbI nOCJIe BOCCTaHHjJ nap Kox6bI OTJIH'iaJIaCb ropa3-
.n.o 60JIbWHM pa3Ho06pa3HeM, 'ieM MO)f(HO ce6e npe.n.CTaBHTb.
CaMoe Ba)f(HOe 3aKJIIO'iaeTCjJ B TOM, 'iTO Y Hac, BepOjJTHee Bcero,
.n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO neT OCHOBaHI1H C'iI1TaTb 3aKOHOY'iHTeJIeH (paBBI1HOB)
BO II-IV BB. H. 3. e.n.HHCTBeHHOH HanpaBJIjJlOll.{eH CHJ10H B l1y.n.eHCKOM
06ll.{eCTBe B naJIeCTHHe H B .n.peBHeM Cpe.n.H3eMHOMopbe. npH 3TOM
HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJII1, KaK npaBI1JIO, JIHWb KOHCTaTHpYIOT if>aKTbI, He .n.aBajJ
npl1 3TOM OKOH'iaTeJIbHoro onpe.n.eJIeHl1jJ, 'iTO npe.n.CTaBJIjJJIa C060H HHaJJ
CHJIa B Hy.n.eHCKOM 06ll.{eCTBe 9 . Me)f()J.Y TeM OTBeT Ha 3TOT Bonpoc B caMOM
06ll.{eM BI1.n.e jJceH. 3TOH .n.pyroH CHJIOH 6bIJIH 3JIJII1HH3HpOBaHHbIe CJIOH
H Te, KOro ,L()f(. <1>. CTpei1H.n.)f( Ha3bIBaeT a.n.emaMH Folk Religion, T. e.
npHBep)f(eHLlaMH pa3JIH'iHbIX cyeBepl1H, He BbIXOJJ)lll.{I1X, npaB.n.a, 3a paM-
KI1 HY.n.aH3Malo. K TaKOBbIM.n.o KaKorO-TO MOMeHTa OTHOCI1JIHCb TaIOKe 11
xpHCTHaHe ll .
O.n.HaKO C I1CTOpH'ieCKOH TO'iKH 3peHHjJ 60JIee BIDKeH .n.PyroH Bonpoc.
ECJIH pOJIb 3aKOHOY'iHTeJIeH 6bIJIa - no MeHbweH Mepe B Ha'iaJIe TaJI-
My.n.H'ieCKOrO nepHo.n.a - B peaJIbHOH )f(113HH He CTOJIb BbICOKa, KaK
npe.n.CTaBJIjJeTCjJ, TO KaKOU Bce )f(e OHa 6bIJIa? CaMblH 06ll.{HH OTBeT Ha
7 CM.: Strange 1. F. Op. cit. P. 663.
8 nOLlp06HblH aHaJJH3 - B pa60Tax A. T. KP06eJlII, OTMe'ieHHbIX Bblwe, B npHM. 4.
9 TaK, nepBaJI maBa (The Problem. p. 3-32) HanHcaHa y 3. rY.llHHaljJa (Goodenough E.
H3L1aHHe YKa3aHO Bblwe, B npHM. 4) c n0311UHH !Ll0XO cKpblBaeMoro CKenCHca 0 TOM, HaCKO,lb-
KO nOHIiTHe «paBBHHHCTH'ieCKHH HYLlaH3M» Bo06me npHMeHHMo K JKH3HIl HY.lleeB Ha TeppH-
TOpHH PHMCKOfi HMnepHH. (3. fY.lll1HaljJ HMeeT B BHllY npH 3TOM H naJJecTHHY, H 06mHHbi
llHaCnOpbI.). W. J],JK, J],. K03H YBepeH B cyweCTBoBaHHH «He-paBBHHHCTIl'ieCKoro HYLlaH3Ma»,
HO He 3HaeT, KaK MOJKHO ero onpelleJJHTb (Cohen Sh. 1. D, Epigraphical Rabbis 1/ JQR. Vol.
]981. P. ]7); B .llpyroi1 cBoei1 pa60Te (From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Philadelphia, 1989.
P. 223) K03H nHWeT. 'iTO paBBHHaM nOTpe60BaJJocb MHTe,lbHoe BpeMIi Mil YCTaHORneHHII
KOHTpOJIJI 3a cHHaroraMH, He j'TO'iHIIII onllTb JKe, OT KOro paBBHHbI HX OTBoeBblBaJJll.
10 Strange 1. F. Archaeology and the Religion of Judaism in Pa]estine... P.667---672.
11 LllUrjJrjJ.\IGH JT. aT TeKCTa K Tpa.llHUHH. HCTOpHIi "Yllal3Ma B 3noxy BTOpOro xpaMa II
nepHOll MIIWHbl1I TaJJMYLla. M., 2000. C. 144-150.
294
rJlaea 6. 06UjaJ/ xapaKmepucmUKa emopozo nepuoi)a PUMCKD-uydeucKux omHomeHuu
3TOT Bonpoc: 3aKOHOY1.JI1TeJll1 - BmUlTeJlbHbIe npe.n.CTaBl1rem1 O.n.HOro
113 HanpaBJleHHH HHTeJlJleKTYaJIbHOH )f(H3HI1 B l1y.n.al13Me nepBbIX BeKOB
H. 3., pOJIb KOTOpbIX C Te1.JeHHeM BpeMeHH B03paCTaeT. 3TOT OTBeT no
CYTH CBoeH He.n.OCTaT01.JeH, H60 3aKOHOY1.JHTeJlH B paCCMaTpl1BaeMOe
BpeMjJ 6bIJIH .n.aJIeKO He e.n.HHCTBeHHOH 06lll.eCTBeHHOH CHJlOH, PYKOBO-
.n.HBllleH .n.YXOBHOH H nOBce.n.HeBHOH )f(H3HblO Hy.n.eeB B .n.peBHOCTH.
nOMHMO HHX nocJle BOCCTaHHjJ nap Kox6bI onpe.n.eJleHHYIO pOJIb B )IGB-
HH H)'.n.eeB HrpaJIH naTpHapXH H CHHe.n.pI10H, paCQeHI1BaeMbIe no Tpa-
.n.HQHH KaK CTPYKTYpbI 01.JeHb BbICOKoro ypOBHjJ, 06eCne1.JHBalOUJ,He B
nepBbIe BeKa H. 3. CBoero po.n.a 06UJ,eHaQHOHaJIbHOe PYKOBO.n.CTBO )f(H3-
HI1 l1y.n.eeB.
nepBbIe COMHeHl1jJ B nOJIHOH HCTOpH1.JHOCTH TaJIMy.n.I11.JeCKoro TOJI-
KOBaHHjJ pOJIH H MeCTa naTpHapXOB H CHHe.n.pHOHa B HCTOpHH H)'.n.eeB
nOjJBHJlHCb B HaY1.JHOH J1HTeparype HeCKOJlbKO .n.eCjJTHJleTHH Ha3a.n. 12 .
HeCKOJlbKO I1CCJle.n.OBaTeJleH nOKa3aJIH, 1.JTO nOJIHOM01.JHjJ naTpHapXOB
6bIJIH ropa3.n.o 60Jlee CKpOMHbIMH, 1.JeM MO)f(HO npe.n.CTaBHTb no TaJIMY-
.n.I11.JeCKOH Tpa.n.HQHH, jJBJljJjJCb J10KaJIbHbIMH J1H.n.epaMH Hy.n.eeB, a BOBce
06UJ,eHaQHOHaJIbHbIMI1 13 . fOBOpjJ 0 J10KaJIbHOCTH nOJIHOM01.JHH naTpl1-
apxa, HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJII1 KaK 6bI nOHH)f(alOT naTpHapxa C 06UJ,eHaQHOHaJIb-
HOro ypOBHJI .n.o ypOBHjJ npOBHHQl1aJIbHOro, opHeHTHpYjJCb Ha 113BeCTHYlO
no pa3HbiM HCT01.JHHKaM IV-VI BB. HHcpopMaQHIO 0 «MaJIbIX naTpl1ap-
xax», B KOTOpblX 06bl1.JHO BH.n.jJT Hy.n.ei1CKI1X J1H.n.epOB npOBI1HQHaJIbHO-
ro MaclllTa6a l4 .
Cy)])l no BceM)', nepBaJI KOMnJleKCHaJI nOnblTKa OCMbICJleHl1jJ HCTOpHH
H)'.n.eeB TaJIMy.n.H1.JeCKOrO nepl1o.n.a Ha HOBOM ypoBHe - H B nepBYIO O1.Je-
pe.n.b Bcero KOMnJleKCa BonpocoB 0 narpHapxax, CHHe.n.pHOHe H 3aKOHO-
Y1.JHTeJljJx - 6bIJIa npe.n.npHHHa aMepHKaHcKHM HCCJle.n.OBaTeJleM poc-
CHHCKOro npOHCXO)f()J,eHHJI A.neKceeM CHBepQeBbIM. 06lll.aJI HHcpopMaQHJI
o ero B3rJIjJ.n.ax npHBe.n.eHa B nepBoH rJIaBe, 3.n.eCb )f(e XOTeJlOCb 6bI oc060
OTMeTHTb ero B3rJIjJ.n.bI no KOHKpeTHbIM BonpocaM, paccMarpHBaeMbIM B
.n.aHHoH rJIaBe. lJ,eHHocTb npe.D.JIaraeMOH A. CHBepQeBblM KOHQenQHH
3aKJIlO1.JaeTCjJ B TOM, 1.JTO 3TO nepBoe OCMbICJleHHe HCTOpHH naJIeCTHHbI
12 CM. nOllpo6HblH HCTOpHorpa<j>H'ieCKHH 06Jop B pa60Te A. CHBepueBa: Sivertsev A,
Private Households and Public Politics in 3"'_5'" Century Jewish Palestine. Tiibingen. 2002.
P.7-13.
\J CM.: Goodbaltt D, The Monarchic Principle: Studies in Jewish Self-Government in
Antiquity. Tiibingen, ]994; Jacobs M. Die Institution desjiidischen Patriarchen: Eine quellen-
und traditionskritische Sludie zur Geschichte der Juden in der Spatantike. Tiibingen, ]995.
,4 a TaK HaJblBaeMblX «MaJJblX» naTpHapxax CM. XOPOWHH 0630p HCTO'iHHKOB H np06ne-
Mbl y )K. )i()ocrepa - Juster J Les Juifs dans l'Empire Romain. Leur Condition juridique,
economique et sociale. Vol. I. Paris, 1914. P.402-405.
295
A. f, fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaulM e ucmopuu PIL\1CKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
H Hy.n.eeB B CB 3H C HCTOpHeH PI1MCKOH I1Mnepl1H B ueJIOM. Ero B3m .n.bl,
KOTopble aBTOp .n.aHHOH pa60Tbi B ueJIOM pa3.n.eJI eT, CBO.n. TC K CJIe.n.ylO-
ll.{eMY.
fOBOpjl 0 naTpHapxax TaJIMy.n.H1feCKoro nepl1o.n.a, He06xo.n.HMO npe)l(-
.n.e Bcero paCCMaTpHBaTb .n.aHHoe BJIeHHe B pa3BHTHH H pa3JIH1faTb TPH
CTa.n.HH 3BOJIIOUHH naTpHapxaTa. npH 3TOM naTpHapxaT B TOM CMbICJIe,
B KaKOM OH nOHHMaeTCjI B TPa.D.HUHH, OTHOCHTC JIl1lllb K nOCJIe.n.HeH
CTa.D.HH pa3BI1THjI 3TOro 06ll.{eCTBeHHoro HHCTH1)'Ta: OH OQ>OpMJI eTC
He paHee py6e)l(a III-IV BB. )];0 3TOro BpeMeHH cJIeL{)'eT pa3JIH1faTb ne-
pl1o.n. nOJIHoro OTCyrCTBI1j1 e.n.HHoro JII1.n.epcTBa y H)'.n.eeB B naJIeCTHHe 11
nepHo.n. nOCTeneHHoro CJIO)l(eHI1 naTpHapXaTa. nepBblH H3 3THX nepHo-
.n.OB, cy.n.jI no BceMY, OrpaHH1fI1BaeTC lIB. H. 3., BTOpOH, BepO THee Bce-
ro, OXBaTblBaeT KOHeu II H III B.
nepcoHIDKH, Ha3b1BaeMble B Tpa.n.I1UI1H naTpHapxaMH H )l(HBlllHe B
I-II BB. H. 3., 6bUlH JIH.n.epaMI1 01feHb He6oJIblUI1X perHOHOB. .I1CT01fHHKI1,
KaCalOll.{HeC HoxaHa EeH 3aKKa H Hy.n.eHCKoro ueHTpa B JIH)J,)J,e, nOKa-
3blBalOT, 1fTO nepe.n. HaMH JIH.n.epbl, BJII1 Hl1e H aBTOpl1TeT KOTOpbIX, CKopee
Bcero, pacnpOCTpaHjlJIC He 60JIee 1feM Ha O.n.HH KOHKpeTHblH ropo.n. H ero
oKpeCTHOCTI1 15 . no cBoeMY COUHaJIbHOMY H HMYll.{eCTBeHHOMY nOJIO)l(e-
HHIO 3TH naTpl1apXH BJIjlJIHCb MeCTHblMH MarHaTaMH, TeCHO CB 3aHHbl-
MI1 C 06ll.{eCTBeHHOH )l(113HblO CBOI1X ropO.n.OB, B03MO)l(HO .n.IDKe - 1fJIe-
HaMH ropO.n.CKI1X COBeTOB (6YJI3) CBOI1X nOJIHCOB.
)];OCTOBepHOCTb CYll.{eCTBOBaHH HHCTI11)'Ta naTpHapxaTa B Tpa.D.Hl.lH-
OHHOM nOHHMaHHH)J,JI IV-V BB. CJIeL{)'eT 113 TOro, 1fTO)J,JI 3TOro nepHO-
.n.a Mbi B COCTO HHH CBepl1Tb HHQ>opMaUHIO TaJIMy.n.H1feCKHX TpaKTaTOB C
MHoro1fHCJIeHHblMH «He3aBHCHMbIMI1» HCT01fHHKaMH HHQ>opMaUHH: IOpH-
.n.111feCKHMH .n.oK)'MeHTaMH (Codex Theodosianus, nl1CbMa JIH6aHH . CM.
no.n.p06Hee m. 7 .n.aHHoH pa60Tbl).
nepHo.n. II-III BB. 3aHHMaeT B 3TOM OTHOllleHHH npoMe)l(YT01fHOe
nOJIO)l(eHHe. B 3TO BpeM npoHcxo.n.HT TpaHcQ>opMaUH BJIaCTHblX nOJI-
HOM01fHH Hy.n.eHcKHx JII1.n.epOB OT.n.eJIbHO B3HbiX perHoHoB. CI1CTeMHblH
Kpl1311C B rocy.n.apCTBe H oCJIa6JIeHI1e Bcex ueHTpaJIbHblX rocy.n.apCT-
BeHHblX CTPYKTYP 3aKoHoMepHo BeJIH K nOBblllleHl11O pOJII1 11 06ll.{eCT-
BeHHoro 3Ha1feHHjI Bcex nOTeHUHaJIbHblX npeTeH.n.eHToB Ha BJIaCTb 11
15 KaK YJKe OTMe'iaJJOCb, OTCYTCTBHe lJ.,111 nepHOLla II-III BB. KaKHX-Jm60 HHblX, nOM HMO
TaJJMYlla, HCTO'iHHKOB no HCTOpHH TaJJMYllH'ieCKoro nepHOLla LlenaeT BCIO HHljJopMallHIO 0
narpHapxax (<<Hacm» LlllJI 3TOro BpeMeHH npH6.1HJHTeJlbHOH. BCTpe'ialOlI.IHeCJI JKe B rpe'iec-
KIlX H ,1aTHHCKHX Ha.lInHCIiX ynoMHHaHIlII 0 naTpHapxax, CKopee Bcero, K na.leCTIlHcKHM
naTpHapxaM (<<HaCH») He OTHOCIITCII BOBce. CM,: Sivertsev A. Private Households.., P. 52---65;
66-93. naTpHapxH (<<Hacm», HJBeCTHble no HMnHCIIM, JlBJlJlIOTCII, CKopee Bcero, JJOKaJJbHbl-
MH ,1H,1epa.\lH HYlleeB TOro paHOHa, me 6blJJa HaHlleHa HMnHCb.
296
TJlaea 6. 06ulaR xapaKmepllcmUKa emopozo nepuoi>a plL\1CKo-uyoeucKlL,( omHoweHUU
BJImIHI1e B perHOHax. B 3TOM CMbICJIe B03HI1KHOBeHI1e npeTeH3HH y
Hy.n.eHCKl1x perHOHaJIbHbIX JII1.n.epOB Ha JII1.n.epCTBO B paMKax Bcero
Hapo):{a - jIBJIeHHe HCTOpH1feCKI1 eCTeCTBeHHoe 11 3aKOHOMepHoe, CO-
nOCTaBI1MOe, HeCMOTpjI Ha 01feBH.n.HYlO pa3HHQY B MaClllTa6ax npOQec-
ca, C npeBpaIlleHl1eM naJIbMHpbI H3 06bI1fHOro ropo.n.a B CTOJIHQY Qap-
CTBa H COOTBeTCTBeHHO C npeBpaIlleHHeM ee 3JIHTbI B 3JIH1)' KpynHoro
rocy.n.apCTBa Ha DJIH)I<HeM BOCTOKe.
npHMeHHTeJIbHO K naJIeCTHHe .n.eTaJlH H CKOpOCTb npOQeCca TpaHC-
cpopMaQHH perHOHaJIbHOH 3JIHTbI B JIH.n.epOB Bcero Hapo.n.a OCTalOTCjI
HeI13BeCTHbIMI1. B peaJIbHOCTH )f(e 3TOro npoQecca MO)f(HO He COM He Barb-
CjI, 1160 cYIlleCTBoBaHHe narpHapxaTa B Tpa.r:lHQHOHHOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa C
IV B. no.n.TBep)f()J,aeTCjI pa3J1H1fHbIMH HCT01fHHKaMH. 0 TOM )f(e CBH.n.eTeJIb-
cTByeT 11 Tpa.r:lHQHOHHbIH Bapl1aHT reHeaJIOrHH naTpHapXOB, onpe.n.eJIjIlO-
IllI1H HX Bcex KaK 1fJIeHOB O.n.HOH CeMbl1 - nOTOMKOB fHJIJIeJIjI H B 60JIee
OT):{aJIeHHOM nJIaHe - nOTOMKOB ,[(aBH):{a. HCTOpH1fHOCTb 3ajIBJ1eHHbIX
reHeaJIOrH1feCKHX npeTeH3HH BeCbMa HH3Ka. nepe.n. HaMH jIBHbIe CJIe.n.bI
CTpeMJIeHl1jI no.n.Be.n.eHHjI COJIH.n.HOH 6a3bI onpe.n.eJIeHHbIX JII1Q no.n. CBOH
npeTeH311H Ha JIH.n.epCTBOI6.
l.lTo KaCaeTCjI a.n.MHHI1CTpaTI1BHoro annapaTa naTpHapxa «<Hacl1»),
T. e. CHHe.n.pI10Ha, anOCTOJIOB H T. .n.., TO B CBoeM Tpa.n.HQHOHHOM BI1.n.e
OH B03HHKaeT OnjITb )f(e .n.OCTaT01fHO n03.n.HO, B 3noxy n03.n.HeH HMne-
pHI1 17 .
ECJII1 )f(e rOBopHTb 0 CHHe):{pHOHe 60JIee paHHero nepHo.n.a, TO Bce
H3BeCTHbIe no I1CT01fHI1KaM npHMepbI ero .n.ejITeJIbHOCTH B I-III BB. H. 3.
CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYlOT npOTHB TOro, 1fTO 3TO 6blJIH Ocpl1Ql1aJIbHbIe cy.n.e6HbIe
HHCTaHQHH, pelllaBume 06IlleHy):{eHCKHe ):{eJIa. Y Hac HeT OCHOBaHHH
OTpHQaTb caM cpaKT ero cYIlleCTBOBaHl1jI, o.n.HaKO .D.JIjI 3nOXH npHHQHna-
Ta - 3TO HecpopMaJIbHbIe Cy.n.bI, cBoero po.n.a C06paHHjI ):{pY3eH, COBeT-
HI1KOB, BbICKa3bIBalOIllHX CBoe MHeHHe no TOMY HJIH HHOMY nOBo.n.y18.
OnjITb )f(e JIHWb nOCTeneHHO, K 3noxe n03):{HeH HMnepHH, 3TH He-
cpOpMaJlbHbIe 06'be.n.HHeHHjI, nOCTeneHHO CJII1BCUICb, .n.OCTHralOT CTa1)'ca,
conOCTaBHMoro C CHHe.n.pHOHOM BTOpOro xpaMa.
nO.n.06Haji cxeMa HCTOpH1feCKOrO pa3BI1TI1jI Haxo.n.HTCjI B nOJIHOM
npOTHBOpe1fHH C Tpa.n.HQHOHHbIMH B3mjI.n.aMH, comaCHO KOTOpblM K
10 Sivertsev A, Private Households", P.73-84,
17 LlOCTOBepHoCTb cymeCTBORaHHII CHHeLlpHOHa B IV-V BB. nO,lTBepJlC1aeTCJI onJlTb )l(e
1l0no,lHHTe,1bHblMH ynO 1HHaHHJlMH B O!j>HUHaJIbHbIX 061UeHMnepCKHX .llOKYMeHTax. C 1.
TaKJKe: Sivertsev A, Private Households.., P.204-227.
18 a cHHellpHoHe R LlaHHoH CBII]H CM. nO.llpo6HO: Mantel H Studies in the History of the
Sanhedrin. Harvard, 1961. p, 54- 139; Rivkin E. Beth Din. Boule. Sanhedrin: A Tragedy of
Errors II HUCA. 1975, Vol. 46. P. 181-199: Sivertsev A, Private Households.., P. 140-160.
297
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uydGU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611w(U u PUMCKOU UMnepull
nepl1o.n.y IV-V BB. naTpl1apXaT npHxo.n.HT B yna.n.OK. 31'0 npOTI1BOpe t me
o.n.HaKO, J1erKO YCTpaHHMO, eCJ1H npHHjlTb BO BHHMaHHe CJ1e.n.YJOLLlee
06CTOjlTeJ1bCTBO. HCCJ1e.n.OBaHl1e A. CHBepQeBa y6e.n.HTeJ1bHO nOKa3blBa-
eT, '-ITO B 3noxy n03.n.HeH I1MnepHH H naTpHapxaT, H CI1He.n.pHOH CTaHO-
BjlTCjI COCTaBHOH '-IaCTbJO 06LLleHMnepCKOH 6JOpOKpaTHH. nO.n.06Hoe
pa3BHTl1e HaQHOHaJlbHblX Ka.n.pOB Ha MeCTax - jlBJleHHe .D.J1j1 PHMCKOH
HMnepHH COBepllIeHHO 3aKOHOMepHoe 11 eCTeCTBeHHoe I9 . O.n.HaKO TaKoe
pa3BHTHe npHMeHHTeJIbHO K naJIeCTHHe 6b1J10 paBHOCHJ1bHO 3Ha'-lHTeJ1b-
HOMY OTXO.n.y OT HaQHOHaJlbHblX Tpa.n.HQHH, eCJ1H He nOJ1HOMY pa3pblBY
C HI1MH. B 3TOM CMbICJ1e .n.eHCTBHTeJ1bHO J10rH'-IHbIM pe3YJ1bTaTOM Pa3BH-
THjI HHCTI11)'Ta narpHapxaTa CTaHOBjlTCjI o.n.HOBpeMeHHO:
- no.n.'beM, B TOM CMbICJ1e, '-ITO JIOKaJlbHble QeHTpbl H)'.n.eHCKOH )1(113-
HH B naJIeCTI1He OKa3bIBaIOTCjI K KOHQe KOHQOB B no.n.'-IHHeHHH y e):{HHO-
ro QeHTpa, pemaMeHTHpYJOLLlero 06LLll1e peJ1HrH03Hble ripa3.n.HHKH H Bce,
'-ITO CBjl3aHO C KYJ1bTOM (OT KYJ1bTOBOH npaKTHKH H Bblpa60TKH KOMMeH-
TapHeB K nHcaHHJO, .n.o 06Y'-leHHjI B llIKOJ1ax);
- yna.n.OK, B TOM CMbICJ1e, '-ITO no Mepe 06'be.n.HHHTeJ1bHbIX npOQeCCOB,
naTpHapx Hero a.n.MHHHCTpaTHBHbIH annapaT Bce 60J1ee OT.n.aJlJlJ1HCb OT
BblpaJKeHI1j1 H)')f(,L\ cBoero Hapo.n.a, npeBpaLLlajiCb B cBoero po.n.a '-II1HOB-
HI1KOB no .n.eJ1aM HY.n.eeB Ha HMnepaTopcKoH cJ1}')f(6e.
Bce BblllleCKa3aHHOe n03B0J1j1eT CCPOPMYJ1HpOBaTb CJ1e.n.YJOLLlHe Bbl-
BO.n.bl .n.OCTaTO'-lHO npHHQHnHaJlbHoro xapaKTepa.
1) BcJO nocJ1e.n.YJOIQYJO HHcpopMaQI1JO Tpa.n.HQHOHHoro xapaKTepa
o 3aKoHoY'-lHTeJ1J1X, naTpHapxax, HX B3mjl.n.ax H 6HorpacpHJlx, TaK )l(e
KaK H 0 .n.eJlTeJ1bHOCTH cHHe.n.pHoHa, CJ1e.n.yeT BocnpHHHMaTb KaK OT-
.n.eJ1bHble 3apHCOBKI1, HMeJOIQl1e OTHOllleHHe K HCTOpHH Hy.n.eeB PHM-
CKoro H paHHeBH3aHTHHcKoro BpeMeHH, HO He CKJ1a.n.bIBalOUJ,HeCJI B
06LLlYJO KapTI1H)' H MaJlO CBjl3aHHble Me)f(,L\y C060H. Ee, 31)' KapTHHY,
6e3 npHBJ1e'-leHHjI .n.onOJ1HI1TeJ1bHOrO, napaJIJIeJ1bHoro MaTepHaJla Bbl-
CTpOHTb KpaHHe CJ10)l(HO, a B HeKOTopblX OTHOllleHHjlX .n.a)l(e H HeB03-
MO)l(HO. B oc06eHHOCTH 3TO OTHOCHTCjI K Tpa):{I1QHOHHOMY MaTepl1aJIY
o .n.eJlTeJ1bHOCTH CHHe):{pHOHa, H60 B HeM OKa3aJ1HCb nepeMelllaHbl
cpaKTbl 11 jlBJ1eHHJI pa3HblX 3nox - BpeMeHI1 CYLLleCTBOBaHHjI MHorHX
J10KaJIbHb1X CHHe.n.pHOHOB 11 60J1ee n03.n.HeH 3nOXH, BpeMeHH CYLLleCT-
BOBaHI1j1 e.n.I1Horo CHHe.n.pHOHa, 06LLleHapo.n.Horo no 3Ha'-leHHJO H pa3-
Maxy CBoeH ):{ejlTeJ1bHOCTH.
,. THnoJ1orH'lecKH CXOL\HbIM IIBJJeHHeM 6b1J10 B 3TO JKe caMoe BpeMII nOBblweHHe nOJJl!-
TH'ieCKOH pOJ1H xpHcTHaHcKoro enHCKona Ha MeCTa.x. RBJJeHHeM TaKOro JKe TInaHa MOJKHO
C'iHTarb nOIlB.J1eHHe Ha HMneparopcKoH CJJYJK6e 60JJbWOro KOJJH'ieCTBa BOJK.lleH repMaHCKHX
n.leMeH. CM. n0l1P06HO: TJl}'IUGHUH E. n. BoeHHa!I 3Harb paHHeH BH3aHTHH. J)apHaYJ1, 1991.
298
rJlaea 6. 06ulaR xapaKmepucmUKa emopozo nepuoda puwcKo-uydeuCKU,( omHoUleHUU
2) ABTOp .n.aHHoH pa6OTbl, I1CXOJJ)ll13 y6e)I()J.eHl1j1, LfTO aHaJII13 I1CTOpl1i1
o 3aKOHOYLfI1TeJIjlX, naTpl1apxax 11 CI1He.n.pI10He OTHOCI1TCjI cKOpee K enap-
XI1I1 JII1TeparypoBe.n.eHlUI H !j>I1JIOJIOrHl1, LfeM K I1CTOpl111 KaK HaYKe, He
CLfeJI H)')KHbIM 3aHI1MaTbCjI I1MI1 CTOJIb no.n.p06HO, KaK 6blJI0 6b1 He06xo-
.n.I1MO B pa60Te JII1TeparypoBe.n.LfecKOro, !j>HJIOJIOrI1LfecKoro I1JII1I1CTOLfHI1-
KOBe.n.LfeCKoro xapaKTepa. .I1MeHHo n03ToMY B paMKax .n.aHHoH rJIaBbl
npaKTHLfeCKH He npHBOJJ)lTCjI QI1TaTbl113 TaJIMy.n.a Ha jl3blKe Opl1rl1HaJIa.
3) CTaTI1LfHOCTb, xapaKTepHaji .D.Jljl Tpa.n.I1QI10HHOro BOCnp"UIj1 .n.eH-
CTBI1TeJIbHOCTI1 I1CTOpl111 H)'.n.eeB TaJIMy.n.HLfecKoro nepl1o.n.a, HaLfHHaeT
npeo.n.OJIeBafbCjI B HaYKe TOJIbKO ceHLfac. B 3TOH CBjl311 npe.n.cTaBJIjleTCjI
He06xo.n.I1MblM no.n.LfepKH)'Tb, LfTO peLfb He l1):{eT 06 OTBep*eHI1I1 Tpa.n.l1-
QI10HHOro B3rJIjI.n.a Ha I1CTOpl1l0 TaJIMy.n.I1LfeCKoro nepl1o.n.a. 3a.n.aLfa HaYKH
3aKJIlOLfaeTCjI JIl1lllb B KOppeKTHpOBKe Tpa.n.I1QI10HHbIX npe.n.cTaBJIeHI1H 11
paCCMOTpeHHI1 Tex nocryJIaTOB, KOTopble I1X COCTaBJIjllOT, B pa3BI1TI1I1.
2. Tpa.ltHI!HOHHOe H3A02KeHHe HCTOpHH
o naTpHapxax H 3aKOHO}"lHTeJUlX II B.
Hy.lteH H pHMCKaH BAaCTb
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LfeCKoe 6aHKpOTCTBO Bcex I1HblX HanpaBJIeHI1H BHYTPH l1y):{aH3Ma, KpOMe
!j>apI1CeHCTBa, He MOrJIl1 He cnoc06CTBOBaTb cepbe3HbiM 113MeHeHI1j1M BO
BHYTpeHHeH OpraHI13aQI111 l1y):{al13Ma KaK TaKOBor0 20 . 3Ta HOBaji opra-
HI13aQI1j1 H)'.n.aI13Ma, comaCHO Tpa.n.I1QI1I1, B03HI1KaeT .n.a*e HeCKOJIbKO
paHee 3aBepllleHI1j1 J1y.n.eHCKOH BOHHbl, a ee B03HHKHOBeHI1e Tpa.n.I1QH-
OHHO CBjl3blBaeTCjI C I1MeHeM HoxaHaHa 6eH 3aKKajl, CLfI1TalOll.\erOCjI
YLfeHI1KOM 3HaMeHI1TorO fl1JIJIeJIjI. nOCJIe.n.Hee, npaB.n.a, BeCbMa COMHI1-
TeJIbHO, 1160 fl1JIJIeJIb YMep OKOJIO lOr. H. 3., a HoxaHaH 6eH 3aKKaH
pO.n.HJICjI npl16JII1311TeJIbHO B I r. H. 3. 2 \
n Hcc,leLloBaHHH 0 <j>opMHpoBaHlIH paBHHHHCTH'ieCKoro HYllal13Ma !'.IHOro. CM., HanpHMep:
Neusner J. The Fonnation of Rabbinic Judaism: Yavneh (Jamnia) from A, D. 70 to 100/1
ANRW. 2, ]9,2. Berlin, ]979. P. 3-42, a pOJJH ljJapHcei1CTBa B HY.llaH3Me lB. CM.: Goodbaltt
D, The Place of the Pharisees in First Century Judaism: The State of Debate II JSJ. ]989.
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2\ a HoxaHaHe 6eH 3aKKae CM,: Neusner J. A Life of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai, ca
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cerning Yohanan ben Zakkai. Leiden, 1970; Zeitlin S. The Rise and Fall of the Judaean State.
A Political. Social and Religious History of the Second Commonwealth. Vol. Ill. 66 C. E. - 120
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299
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU peCny6JlUKU U PUMCKOU UMnepuu
no JIereH.n.e, KOTOp<UI B KaKOH-TO Mepe npaB.n.ono.n.06Ha, HoxaHaH 6eH
3aKKaH ell.le BO BpeMjI OCa)J,bl l1epycaJIHMa CMor Bbl6paTbCjI 113 ropo.n.a.
OH jlBI1J1CjI B pl1MCKHH J1arepb H n01T)''IHJ1 6y.n.TO 6bl J1I1'1HO Y HMnepaTopa
pa3peUIeHHe OTKpblTb B ropo.n.e HaMHWI UIK01T)' no 113YLfeHHlO n11CaHHjl22.
Pa3pellleHHe 6blJ10 .n.aHO BBH.LJ.Y TOro, LfTO HoxaHaH 6eH 3aKKaH npH3HaJI
BJ1aCTb PHMJIjlH. B .n.aHHoH HCTOpHI1, cy.n.jI no BceMY, cJIe.n.YeT CLfHTaTb
no.n.J1HHHblMI1 CJ1e.n.YlOlllHe C06bITHjI: caM Q>aKT 6ercTBa, B npl1HUHne
6J1aroCKJIOHHOe OTHOllleHHe K 6emel\)' B pHMCKOM J1arepe H pa3pellleHHe
Ha OTKpbITHe UIKOJ1bl. C KeM I1MeHHO BCTpeLfaJICjI HoxaHaH 6eH 3aKKaH B
pHMCKOM J1arepe - HeI13BeCTHO. OCa)J,OH l1epycaJIHMa PYKOBO.n.HJ1, KaK
113BeCTHO, He I1MnepaTOp, a HaCJ1e.n.HHK n'peCTOJ1a, 6y.n.YIl.lHH HMnepaTOp
THT. HeH3BeCTHa H TO'IH<UI .n.ara 6erCTBa 110xaHaHa 6eH 3aKK<UI H3l1epy-
CaJIHMa. BI1.n.HMO, npOH30UIJ10 3TO 6JIH)Ke K KOHl\)' OCa)J,bl l1epycaJIHMa.
COMHHTeJ1bHO H YTBep>K.D.eHHe HCTO'lHI1KOB 0 TOM, 'ITO HoxaHaH 6eH
3aKKaH nonpOCHJ1 pmpemeHUR OTKpblTb CBOIO lllKOJ1Y B HaMHHH. Bepo-
jlTHee Bcero, eMY 6blJIO npeonucaHO TaK nOC1)'nHTb pHMJ1j1HaMH. npl1LfI1-
Hbl )f(e Bbl60pa pHMlliIHaMH .n.aHHoro ropo.n.a CJ1e.n.yeT, CKopee Bcero, HCKaTb
B HeKOTopblX YKa3aHHjlX J1oCHQ>a <1>JIaBWI. OH nHllleT 0 TOM, LfTO PHMJ1j1-
He OTnpaBJ1j1J1H B HaMHl110 rpynnbl HY.n.eeB, nepeUIe.n.UIHX Ha CTOPOHY
PHMJ1j1H HJ1H npH3HaBUIHX HX BJ1aCTb (Bel. Jud., IV, 130; 444).
B 3TOH CBjl3H OTMeTHM TalOKe, 'ITO lllKOJIa B HaMHHH, OTKpbIT<UI Hoxa-
HaHOM 6eH 3aKKaeM, 6blJ1a .n.aJIeKO He e.n.HHCTBeHHbIM ueHTpOM HY.n.eHCKOi1
)f(H3HH B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMjI. KaK MHHHMYM He MeHee 3HaLfHMbiM
ueHTpOM 6blJ1a JIH)J,)J,a, ropo.n., r.n.e npeno.n.aBaJIH 11 nOJIY'IHJ1H 06pa30BaHHe
MHome H3BeCTHbie 3aKOHOYLfHTeJ1H II B. 23 B OTJ1I1'1He OT HaMHI1H y Hac
HeT OCHOBaHI1H C'IHTaTb, LfTO pHMCKHe BJ1aCTH nepeCeJ1j1J1H KOro-J1H60
nOCJIe l1y.n.eHcKoH BOHHbI B JII1M}' HaCHJ1bHO. I1MeHHo n03ToMY HeJ1b3j1
HCKJIIO'IaTb, 'ITO ueHTp l1y.n.eHCKOH )f(H3HH B JIH)J,)J,e Mor 6blTb HeCKOJ1bKO
60J1ee He3aBHCHMbIM 11 CHJ1bHbIM, 'IeM lllKOJ1a HoxaHaHa EeH 3aKKajl B
HaMHHH 24 .
LITO KacaeTCjI nOCJ1e.n.HeH, TO OHa, comaCHO Tpa.D.HUHOHHbIM npe.n.CTaB-
J1eHHjlM, HaLfaJ1a Q>YHKUHOHHpOBaTb ellle .n.o na):{eHHjI l1epycaJ1HMa, H
HMeHHO HOXaHaH)' 6eH 3aKKalO npHnHCbIBalQT Q>0pM)'J1l1pOBK)' npHHUl1na,
KaK CMO)f(eT BbDKHTb H)'.n.aH3M H H)'.n.eH B YCJ10BWlX, KOma XpaM pa3pYllleH.
TaKoBblM CTaJI Te3HC 0 TOM, LITO HCTHHHoe CJ1)')KeHl1e 60ry 3aKJIlOLfaeTCjI
22 nOllp06Hoe HCC)Ie.llOBaHHe noro 3nHJO.lla: Schafer P Die F]ucht Johanan b. Zakkais
aus Jerusalem und die Griindung des 'Lehrhauses' in Jabne II ANRW. 2, 19,2. Berlin, 1979.
P. 43-101. CM, TaKJKe: A/on G. Op. cil. p, 96-98.
23 Oppenheimer.4, Jewish Lydda in the Roman Era II HUCA. 1988. Vol. 59. P. ]] 5-] 36.
24 Oppenheimer A. Op, cit. p, 115,
300
rJlaea 6. 06UjaR xapaKmepucmUKa emopozo nepuoda plL\1CKo-uyoeuCKlL,( omHoUleHUU
He B :>KepTBOnpI1HOllleHHjlX, a B .n.06PbIX .n.eJIax (A both de R. Nathan, 4).
BIDKHO TaIOKe OTMeTHTb, LITO, comaCHO Tpa.n.I1UI10HHOMY H3JIO:>KeHHIO,
HoxaHaH 6eH 3aKKaH C06paJI B HaMHHI1 CBoera po.n.a YLleH)'1O KOJIJIe-
rl1lO - neT-,[(HH, KOTOpWi B KaKOM-TO CMbICJIe 3aMeHI1JIa ynpa3.n.HeHHbIH
B .I1epYCaJIHMe CHHe.n.pHOH. npe.n.ce.n.areJIeM neT-}:(HHa C THl)'JIOM «HaCH»25
CTaJI caM HoxaHaH 6eH 3aKKaH. C era I1MeHeM B Tpa.n.HUHH CBjl3bIBalOT
TaIOKe pemaMeHTaUl110 KaJIeH.n.apjl H 06LLleH)'.n.eHCKHX npa3.n.HHKOB26.
ABTOpHTeTHOCTb if>HryPbl HoxaHaHa 6eH 3aKKajl cpe.n.H CBOI1X CTO-
pOHHHKOB 11 ero .n.HIUIOMaTHLleCKHe cnoc06HOCTI1 cnOC06CTBOBaJIH TOMY,
qTO pHMJIjlHe OTHOCI1JIHCb 11 K caMOMY 3TOMY HOBOMY opraH)', 11 K era
npe.n.ce.n.aTeJIIO BnOJIHe 6JIaroCKJIOHH0 27 . ComaCHO Tpa.n.H1..(HOHHOMY H3-
JIO:>KeHI1IO C06b1T11H, 3TOT neT-}:(I1H, WII1, KaK ero qaLLle Ha3bIBalOT, CH-
He.n.p110H B HaMHHH, 6bIJI 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbHbIM, a.n.MHHHCTpaTI1BHbIM H
cy.n.e6HbIM yqpe)K)J,eHHeM, 06JIa.n.aBWI1M cpe.n.H H)'.n.eeB peaJIbHblMH aB-
TOpHTeTOM H BJIaCTblO, HO, cy.lUI no BceMY, He ttaJlee '1eM B OKpeCTHOCUX
HaMHHI1. .I1HbIMH CJIOBaMH, peaJIbHaji BJIaCTb neT-}:(HHa, KaK BnOCJIe.n.-
CTBI1H 11 CHHe.n.pHOHa, He pacnpOCTpaHjlJIaCb BO II-III BB. Ha BCIO naJIe-
CTHHY H TeM 60JIee Ha .n.l1acnopy.
nOcJIe nOpIDKeHHjI BOCCTaHHjI nap Kox6bI CI1He.n.pHoH nepeexaJI H3
HaMHI1H B faJIHJ1elO, CHaqaJIa B ropo.n. Ywa, 3aTeM B CempopHc H, HaKO-
HeI..(, - B THBepl1a.n.y. nOcJIe CMepTI1 HMnepaTOpa A.n.pHaHa B 138 r. nOCT
maBbI CI1He.n.pI10Ha, comaCHO Tpa.n.HI..(110HHbIM npe.n.CTaBJIeHHjlM, CTaHO-
BHTCjI HaCJIe.n.CTBeHHbIM. Bce naTpHapxH Tpa.LJ.HUI10HHO paccMarpHBaJII1Cb
KaK qJIeHbI O.n.HOH ceMbH, KaK nOTOMKH fl1JIJIeJIjI.
BTOpbIM :>Ke naTpHapxoM HaMHHHcKora neT-}:(I1Ha 6bIJi faMaJIHHJI
BTOPOH, CbIH CI1MOHa., nOCJIe.n.Hero BO)K)J)l HepYCaJIHMcKoro CHHe.n.pHoHa.
faMaJIl1HJI 6bIJI BocnHTaH HoxaHaHoM 6eH 3aKKaeM B KaqeCTBe npeeM-
HHKa. faMaJIHI1JI 6bIJI qeJIOBeKOM BcecTOpoHHe 06pa30BaHHbIM: OH 3HaJI-
He CqHTWI HaYKH, npeno.n.aHHOH HoxaHaHOM 6eH 3aKKaeM, - rpeqeCKHH
H JIaTHHCKHH H OTJIHqaJICjI TaKHMI1 :>Ke .n.HnJIOMaTHLleCKHMH cnoc06HO-
CTjlMH, KaK H ero YLlHTeJIb 28 .
25 TPallHUHOHHblH nepeBO.ll- <marpHapx». a repMHHe «HaCH». ero JHa'ieHHH. ynOTpe6-
.'leHHH H npeBpameHHH B mryil CM. nOllp06HO: Mantel H. Studies in the History of Sanhedrin,
Cambridge, Mass., 1961. P. I-53.
2.CM. nO.llp06HO: Neusner 1. Development of a Legend. Studies on the Traditions concern-
ing Yohanan ben Zakkai. Leiden, ]970. P. ]92-212.
27 nOCJlellHHe HCCJJe.llOBaHHJl JaCTaBiJj(1OT ClleJ1arb CJJellYlOmee YTO'iHeHHe: pHMmlHe He
HMeJJH OCHOBaHHH OTHOCHThC!! K HeMY HHa'ie BBH.llY He3Ha'iHTeJlbHOCTH - C pHMCKOH TO'iKH
JpeHH!! - poJlH llaHHOro opraHa B 061IleCTBeHHOH JKHJHH npoBHHUHH CHPH!! naneCTHHa.
28 a faManHHJJe BTOpoM CM. nO.llpo6HO: Zeitlin S. Op. cil. P. 183-214. Alon G. Op. cit.
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301
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1yaeu U lIydau3.w e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOli lwnepllll
Tpa.n.Hl{I1j/ npHnl1CblBaeT faMaJIHHJ1Y HeCKOJIbKO npHHl{HnHaJ1bHO
BroKHblX pellleHHH. B ro.n.bl nOCJ1e Hy.n.eHCKOH BOHHbl KOJ1H1.feCTBO lllKOJ1
H3Y1.feHHj/ H TOJ1KOBaHHj/ TOpbl 3Ha1.fHTeJ1bHO BblpOCJIO. B :nOH CHT)'al{HH
faMaJIHHJ1 C l{eJIblO n0J10)KHTb KOHel{ cnopaM 3aKOHOY1.fI1TeJ1eH pellll1J1,
'I TO CHHe.n.pHOH 60J1blllHHCTBOM r0J10COB .n.OJ1)KeH pelllaTb, KaKoe TOJ1KO-
BaHHe 3aKOHa BepHO. Tex 3aKOHOY1.fHTeJIeH, KOTopble He )KeJ1aJIH nOBH-
HOBaTbCj/ pellleHHj/M CI1He.n.pHOHa, faMaJIHI1J1 HaKa3blBaJI BpeMeHHblM
HCKJ1I01.feHHeM H3 C006Il1eCTBa 29 . 3TO C006Il1eHHe, BI1.n.I1MO, KaK pa3 H
CJ1e.n.yeT HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb KaK cBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBO HenpocTOH 60pb6bl 3a-
KOHOY1.fHTeJ1eH, 06'be.n.HHeHHblx BOKpyr naTpHapxa HaMHI1H, 3a H.n.eHHoe
J1H.n.epcTBo B H)'.n.eHcKOM MHpe.
faMaJIHHJ1Y no Tpa.n.Hl{HH npHnHcblBaeTcj/ TalOKe nYTelllecTBHe B
PHM BO BpeMj/ npaBJ1eHHj/ )]:oMHUHaHa (81-96 rr.). OpH1.fHHOH ero
nYTellleCTBHj/ C HeCKOJ1bKHMH 3HaMeHHTblMH paBBHHaMH B PHM 6blJ10,
comaCHO TaJIMY.n.y, pellleHHe HMnepaTopa 0 TOM, 'I TO BO BceH PHMCKOH
I1MnepHH 1.fepe3 30 .n.HeH He .n.OJI)KHO OCTaTbCj/ HH o.n.Horo Hy.n.ej/. fa-
MaJIHHJ1 CO CBOHMH cnYTHHKaMH 6y.n.TO 6bl CMor .n.06HTbCj/ npHeMa y
o.n.Horo H3 ceHaTopoB H TaK y.n.aJIOCb .n.OroBOpHTbCj/ CHa1.faJ1a 0 npHoc-
TaHOBJ1eHHH .n.eHCTBHj/ .n.eKpeTa, a nOTOM H 06 ero OTMeHe, BBH.n.y Toro
'I TO )]:OMHUHaH 6blJI y6HT 3arOBoplllHKaMH. Y aHTH1.fHblX aBTopOB 0
no.n.06HblX nJ1aHaX )]:OMI1l{HaHa .n.aHHbIX HeT, H Mbl He MO)KeM CKa-
3aTb, HaCKOJ1bKO peaJIbHa 3Ta HCTOpHj/. B TO )Ke BpeMj/ He06xo.n.HMO
CKa3aTb, 'I TO B npHHl{Hne HeT HI11.ferO y.n.I1BHTeJ1bHOrO B <t>aKTe noe3.n.-
KI1 faMaJ1I1HJ1a B PHM .n.J1j/ YJ1roKHBaHHj/ B CTOJIHue .n.eJI, KacaIOIlIHXCj/
l1y.n.eeB30.
B CBj/3H C C06bITHj/MH BOCCTaHHj/ Eap Kox6bl He06xo.n.HMO oc060
OCTaHOBHTbCj/ Ha .n.ej/TeJ1bHOCTH O.n.HOro H3 caMblX H3BeCTHblX paBBHHOB
pl1MCKOrO BpeMeHH - AKH6bl 6eH Hoce<t>a, H3BecTHoro 1.fallle no.n. co-
KpallleHHblM HMeHeM AKH6a. BBH.n.y He.n.OCTaT01.fHOCTH .n.aHHbIX, Mbl He
MO)KeM T01.fHO CKa3aTb, KaK H B KaKOH Mepe AKH6a J1H1.fHO npHHHMaJI
Y1.faCTHe B BOCCTaHI1H. CYllleCTBYIOIlI<Ul B JIHTepaT)'pe T01.fKa 3peHHj/, 'I TO
pa66H AKI16a 6blJI aKfHBHblM Y1.faCTHHKOM BOCCTaHHj/, B HCT01.fHHKaX
29 a B3aHMOOTHOWeHHJlX raManHHJJa BTOporo C 3aKoHoY'iHTeJJJlMH CYI.: Goldenberg R,
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300CHoBHbie CBHlleTeJJbCTBa HCTO'iHHKOB 0 noe311Kax faMaJJHHJla B PHM: DeutR. II,
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302
TJlaea 6. 06/JJaJ/ xapaKmepucmUKa emopozo nepuoiJa pllMCKo-uydeucKux onlHoweHUU
no.n.TBep)f{)J,eHH}J He Haxo.n.H'r 31 . AKI16e npHnHCblBalOT TalOKe nepBYIO
nOnbITK)' CHCTeMaTH3aQHH YCTHOH TOpbI. COXpaHI1J1aCb HHcpopMaQH}J 0
TOM, lJTO OH HBJI}JeTCH aBTOpOM H3YlJaBlllerOCH B lllKOJ1aX H ClJHTaBlllero-
CH aBTOpHTeTHblM C60pHHKa «MHlllHa pa66H AKH6bm.
1.Iepe3 TPH ro.n.a nOCJ1e no.n.aBJIeHHH BOCCTaHHH Eap Kox6bl YMep HM-
nepaTOp A.n.pHaH (117-138 rr.) H K BJlaCTH npHllleJ1 AHTOHHH nHH (138-
161 rr.), pHMCKHH HMnepaTop, C HMeHeM KOToporo CB}J3aH HaH60J1ee
cnoKoHHblH nepHo.n. pHMCKOH HCTOpHH 32 . O.n.HHM H3 nepBblx MeponpH}J-
THH AHToHHHa nH}J CTaJla OTMeHa oco60 .n.HCKpHMHHaQHoHHbIX Mep no
OTHOllleHHIO K Hy.n.e}JM, KOTopble BBeJI ero npe.n.lllecTBeHHHK. 3TO npH-
BeJIO K TOMY, qTO B naJIeCTHH}' BepH}'JIOCb 60JIblllOe KOJ1HlJeCTBO H)'.n.eeB,
6e)f(aBllJHX OT npeCJIe.n.oBaHHH pHMCKHX BJlaCTeH B MeconoTaMHIO. Cpe-
.n.H HHX 6bIJ1 H YlJeHHK pa66H AKI16bl, MeHp, cTaBlllHH O.n.HHM 113 HaH60-
J1ee H3BeCTHblX 3aKOHOYlJI1TeJIeH cepe.n.I1Hbl II B. H. 3. 33
B ara.n.l1lJeCKOH Tpa.n.HQI1I1 naM}JTb 0 HeM OCTaJlaCb KaK 06 O.n.HOM H3
Hal160J1ee OCTPOYMHblX 3aKoHoyqHTeJ1eH, B lllKOJ1e KOTOpOro CTpeMHJlHCb
YlJHTbC}J OlJeHb MHOfHe. B npeno.n.aBaHHI1 OH HCn0J1b30BaJI .D.JIH 06J1erlJe-
HH}J BocnpH}JTH}J MaTepHaJla MHOrOlJI1CJ1eHHble cpaBHeHI1}J, J1ereH.n.bl H
6acHH. TaK, B Tpa.n.I1QHH eMY npHnl1CblBaeTC}J COlJl1HeHHe .n.J1}J HY)f(.n.
npeno.n.aBaHI1}J 3006aceH 0 JIHCI1Qe 34 . Pa6611 MeHpy npl1nl1CblBaeTcH
TalOKe HaqaJIO pa3pa6OTKH cBoe06pa3Horo «.n.HaJleKTHlJeCKoro MeTo.n.a»35.
OH aHaJlH3HpOBaJI BC}JKHH npe.n.MeT C Pa3J1HqHbIX TOlJeK 3peHH}J, onpo-
Bepra}J H .n.OKa3bIBa}J J10fHlJeCKH Bce B03MO)f(Hble TOqKH 3peHI1}J no pac-
CMaTpHBaeMOM)' Bonpocy, cTpeMHcb Bbl}JBHTb I1CTHH}' B npoQecce cnopa.
B Tpa.n.I1QHI1 COXpaHHJlaCb naM}JTb 0 TOM, lJTO pa6611 MeHp, KaK 11 AKH6a,
31 CM. nOllpo6HO: Aleksondrov G. S. The Role of Aqiba in the Bar-Kokhba RebeIlion II
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no CJJeLlYlOweMY H3LlaHHIO: MeKcaHopoe r c. K Bonpocy 0 pOJJH AKH6b! 6eH tioce«jla B
BOCCTaHHH nap Kox6bl. B KH.: A.neKcoHopoe r c. K Bonpocy 0 pOJJH AKH6b! 6eH tiocec\3a B
BOCCTaHHH nap Kox6b!. B KH.: HYLleH B PHI\ICKOH HMnepHH B 3noxy TaJIMY.lla (nepHoll MHWHbI
C 70 no 220 rr. H. 3.). TeJJb-ABHB, 1999. C. 360-373.
32 06WHH 0630p B3aHMOOTHoweHHH pHMCKOro rocY.llapCTBa H HYLleeB npH AHTOHHHax
eCTb B CJJeLlYlOmeH pa60Te: Smollwood E. M. The Jews under the Roman Rule from Pompey
to Diocletian. A Study in Political Relations. Leiden, 1981. P. 467-486
J3 a B03MO>KHOM IJpOHCXOJK.lleHHH pa66H MeHpa H3 nOTOMKOB np03eJJHTOB CM.: Cohen N.
G, Rabbi Meir, A Descandant of Aniltolian Proselytes II JJS. 1972. Vol. 23. P. 51-59.
34bSanhedrin, 38b=bSanhedrin, IV, 5=DBT., Bd.,7, S.159; bSotah, 49a.=bSotah, IX.
14=DBT. Bd. 5. S. 357.
35 C caMora Ha'iaJIa 3TOT .llHaJIeKTH'ieCKHH nOLlxoLl K TaJIMY.llH'ieCKOMY MaTepHaJIY He
BCer.lla npHBOLlHJJ K nOJJOJKHTeJlbHOMY pe3YJlbTary. B TpaKTare KH.ll.llYWHH coo6maeTCJl, 'iTO
nOCJJe CMepTH pa66H MeHpa H3 ero WKOJJb! 6b!JJO HCKilIO'ieHO HeCKOJJbKO Y'ieHHKOB, crpe:\lJl-
WHXCJl He K nOCTH>KeHHIO HCTHHbl, a K co«jlHCTH'ieCKHM cnopaM (bQiddushin, 52b=bQiddushin.
II, 8=DBT., Bd. 5. S. 881-882).
303
A. f. fpyweBoH, l1ydeu u uydall3M «ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6J/lIKU u PU.MCKOli u.Mnepllu
3aHI1MaJICji CI1CTeMaTI13aUI1eH YlJeHl1ji 11 raJIaXJ1l-lecKoi1 Tpa.n.I1UI1H. Ma-
Tepl1aJIbl pa6611 Mel1pa TalOKe nOCJ1Y)f(11JI11 O.n.HOH 113 BroKHeHllll1X COCTaB-
J1jilOllll1X Ml1lllHbl, OTpe.n.aKTHpOBaHHOH OKOJIO 200 r. H. 3.
C I1MeHeM pa6611 Mel1pa CBji3aHO npe.n.aHl1e 06 O.n.HOM BeCbMa He-
06bllJHOM paBBI1He - 3J1l1llle 6eH ABYji. ComaCHO Tpa.n.I1UI1I1, B M0J10-
.n.OCTH OH Haxo.n.I1J1Cji B KPYry 3HaMeHI1TbiX 3aKOHOYlJI1TeJIeH CBoero Bpe-
MeHI1. O,QHaKO B OTJ1l1lJl1e OT 60JIblllHHCTBa JIlO.n.eH cBoero Kpyra OH CTaJI
113YlJaTb rpelJeCKYlO cpl1JIOCOcpl1lO 11, BI1.n.I1MO, Hel1JIOXO ee 3HaJI. He HC-
KJ1lOlJeHO, lJTO OCHOBOH B3mH,QOB 3JII1llll1 Mor 6blTb 3n11Kype113M 36 .
HMelOlllajiCji B I1CTOlJHI1KaX I1HcpopMaUl1ji n03B0J1jieT rOBOpl1Tb BI1.n.I1-
MO 0 TOM, lJTO 3JII1llla pa30lJapOBaJICji B HaUI10HaJIbHOH Bepe 11 n0J1e3HO-
CTH BO Bcex CMblCJIaX CJ10Ba paBBI1HHCTHlJeCKOrO 06pa30BaHl1ji. PaCCKa-
3blBalOT, lJTO OH XO.n.l1J1 no lllKOJIaM 11 BOCKJ1I1UaJI, 06palllajiCb K YlJI1TeJ1jiM
11 YlJeHI1KaM: «'-IT0 OHH l)'T .n.eJIalOT? K lJeMY 3TO YlJeHHe? nYCTb O.n.I1H
6Y,QeT nJ10THI1KOM, ,QpyroH CTOJ1jipOM, TpeTHH nopTHblM» USanhedrin,
l3b).
ECJ1H Bepl1Tb Tpa.n.I1UHH, nOJ1YlJaeTCji, lJTO OT 3J1Hllll1 oTBepHYJ1I1Cb
OlJeHb MHOrl1e 11 npH 3TOM pacnpOCTpaHjiJ1H 0 HeM Maccy caMblX HeBe-
pOHHblX CJIYXOB. Ey.n.TO 6bl OH cOBpalllaeT .n.eTeH B ji3bllJeCTBO, lJTO OH
.n.OHOCI1T p"MJIjiHaM Ha Hy.n.eeB, I1CnOJ1HHlOlllI1X CBOH 06pji.n.bl BOnpeKI1
I1MnepaTOpCKI1M .n.eKpeTaM UHagiga, II, 77b). I1paB.n.OH, cY)J)l no BceMY,
6blJI0 TOJIbKO TO, lJTO 3JII1llla 6blJ1 J1l1lJHO 3HaKOM C HeCKOJ1bKI1MI1 rpelJe-
CKI1MI1 cpl1J10cocpaMI1 CBoero BpeMeHI1 11 JIYlJllle .n.pymx pa36l1paJICji B
HanpaBJ1eHl1jiX aHTl1lJHOH ji3bllJeCKOH MbICJ1I1.
HCTOpl1ji )f(e 3J1l1llll1 CBji3aHa C I1MeHeM pa6611 Mel1pa CJ1e.n.YlOlllI1M
06pa30M. 3J1l1llla 6bIJI O.n.HI1M 113 YlJI1TeJ1eH pa6611 Mel1pa, 11 n03TOMY
nOCJ1e.n.HI1H He npeKpalllaJI 06111aTbCji C 3J1l1lll0H. npl1 3TOM pa6611 Mel1p,
comaCHO Tpa.n.I1UI1I1, CTapaJICji 06Pa3YMI1Tb 3J1l1llly37. COXpaHI1Bllll1eCji
penJ1I1KI1 3J1l1lllH 38 CBI1.n.eTeJ1bCTBYlOT, lJTO 3TOT lJeJ10BeK, OTOllle.n.lllHH OT
HaUI10HaJIbHOH Bepbl, Bce )f(e He nOpBaJI OKOHlJaTeJlbHO C l1y.n.a113MOM 11
He npI1MKH}'J1 K HHOH l1.n.e0J10mlJeCKOH CI1CTeMe.
36 Mbl, npaBlla, He pacnOJlaraeM npllMblMH 1l0KaJaTeJJbCTBaMH 3HaKOMCTBa 3J1HWH C
)nHKYpeH3MOM. CM. nOllp06HO: lllaxHo«u'l M. M. C3.ll 3nHKYpa. <I>HJlOCO«jlHII peJJHrHH 3nH-
KYpa H 3nIIKYpeHCKaJI TP3.llHUHJl B HCTOpHH eBponeHCKOH KYJJbTYpbI. C06., 2002. C. 143-
145.
37 B 3THX paccKaJax 06 06meHHH Y'iHTeJJJl H Y'ieHHKa o6pa1UaeT Ha ce6Jl BHHMaHHe OLlHa
LleTaJIb, BaJKHaJI B 'iHCTO HCTOpH'ieCKOM OTHoweHHH. 3J1HWa npOllOJJ>KaJI >KHTb B pOllHOM
ropolle, H XOTJl OT Hero nO'iTH Bce OTBepHYJJHCb, H3rHaH OH He 6bIJI.
3'CM.: bHagiga, 15=bHagiga 11, I=DBT., Bd.3, S. 835. EccI.R"Vll, 8=Midrash Rabbah.
Translated into English with notes, glossary and indices under the editorship of rabbi H. Freed-
man and M. Simon. Ecclesiastes translated by rev, dr. A. Cohen. London, 1983. P. 183-186.
304
Tllaea 6. 06UJaJ/ xapaKmepUCnlUKa enlopozo nepuoda PU.'I1CKo-uyiJeucKIIX OniHOUleHUU
Oc060 XOTeJIOCb 6bl OTMeTlITb, '-ITO O.n.HO H3 BbICKa3bIBaHHH 3JIHlllH
6eH AByji nonano B H3BeCTHblH TanMy.n.H'-IeCKHH TpmaaT «Pe'-leHHji Or-
UOB», jiBJIjilOll\HHCji C60pHHKOM BbICKa3bIBaHHH Hal160JIee nO'-lHTaeMblX
3aKOHOY'-IHTeJIeH (Aboth, IV, 27). 3TO nOKa3bIBaeT, '-ITO B Tpa.D.I1l»m K HeMY
COXpaHjiJIOCb - HecMoTpji HH Ha '-ITO - YBIDKI1TeJIbHOe OTHOllleHHe.
B paccMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMji - C cepe.n.I1Hbl II .n.o Ha'-lana III B. H. 3. -
naTpHapxaMH Y H)'.n.eeB, OCMblCJIjieMblMH B Tpa.n.HUI1H KaK JIH.n.epbl Bcero
Hapo.n.a, 6blJIH .n.Boe: CHMOH BTOpOH H Hexy.n.a xa-HacH. KOHKpeTHOH
HHcpopMaUHH 0 B3mji.n.ax H .n.eHeJIbHOCTH CI1MOHa HeMHoro. B TPa.D.I1UHH
eMY npHnHCblBalOTCji CJIe.n.YlOlllHe BblCKa3bIBaHl1ji: «Ope.n.ce.n.aTeJIb cy.n.a
He .n.omKeH H3.n.aBaTb TaKHe 3aKOHbl, HCnOJIHeHHe KOTOpblX HenOCHJIbHO
60JIblllI1HCTBY»; «He 06peMeHjiHTe Hapo.n. JIl1lllHHMH 3anpeTaMH; nycTb
OH JIY'-Illle rpelllHT no HeBe,[{eHHIO, '-IeM C YMbICJIOM». 3TH'-IeCKHe npHH-
UHnbl CHMoHa onpe.n.eJIjiJIHCb CJIe.n.YIOll\eH, npaB.n.a Tpa.n.HUHOHHOH .n.JIji
MHpoB033peHHji 3aKoHoYlJHTeJIeH, YCTaHoBKoH: «Ha Tpex Bell\aX .n.ep-
)f(HTCji MHp - Ha npaBocy.n.I1H, npaB.n.e H MHpe»39.
OaTpHapx, comaCHO TPa.D.HUHH, nOCTOjiHHO npH.n.ep:>KHBanCji40 JIHHHH
Ha ueHTpanH3aUHIO CBoeH BJIaCTH H nOJIHOMOlJHH, lJTO XOpOlllO BI1.n.HO
Ha npHMepe cepbe3Horo CTOJIKHOBeHHji C Hy.n.ejiMH BaBHJIOHI1H, K)'.n.a
3MHrpHpOBanH nOCJIe nOpIDKeHHji BOCCTaHHji nap Kox6bl MHorHe H3-3a
onaceHHH penpeCCI1H co CTOpOHbl PHMJIjiH. O.n.HH H3 3THX 3Ml1rpaHTOB,
XaHaHHji, CTaJI PYKOBo.n.HTeJIeM opraHH3aUHH, jiBJIjiBllleHCji no CYTH
CHHe.n.pHOHOM BaBHJIOHHH. OOjiBJIeHHIO HOBOH CTPYK1Ypbl cnoc06CTBO-
Bano H TO 06CTOjiTeJIbCTBO, lJTO B 3TOT MOMeHT CI1He.n.pHOH B OaneCTHHe
6e3.n.eHCTBOBan.
OepBblM .n.eJIOM XaHaHHH, comaCHO Tpa.n.I1UHH, CTana pemaMeHTaJ..\Hji
KaneH.n.apji H YCTaHOBJIeHHe npa3.n.HH'-IHbIX .n.HeH, lJTO nO.D.J1e)f(ano paHee
KOMneTeHUHI1 CHHe,[{pHOHa B OaneCTI1He. CHHe.n.pHOH, Haxo.n.HBlllHHCji B
3TH rO,[{bl B fanHJIee B ropo.n.e Yllla H H36paBlllHi1 naTpHapXOM CHMOHa
BTOpOro, BOCnpHHjiJI nOjiBJIeHHe HOBOH CTPYK1Ypbl H ee npeTeH3HH Ha
PYKOBO.n.CTBO .n.eJIaMH, KaCalOll\HMHCji peJIHrH03HblX .n.eJI, KaK nOK)'llleHHe
Ha 06111enpHHHYIO rereMOHHIO OaneCTHHbl H naneCTHHCKHX CTPYK1Yp.
39 CJJOBa, npHnHCblBaeMble CHMOHY - Aboth, I, 19; CXO.1lHble BbICK!I3bIBaHHJl CHMeOHa
CnpaBellJlHBoro H fHJlJleml: Aboth, I, 2; 1,13. (Sayings of the Jewish Fathers comprising Pirqe
Aboth in Hebrew and English with notes and excurses by Ch. Taylor. London, 1897. P. 12.
20-21,25.)
40 npaBHilbHee, BHllHMO, roBOpHTb 0 TOM, 'iTO JJOKaJIbHble JJH.llepbl HY.1leeB naJIeCTHHbl,
OllHHM H3 KOTOpblX H 6blJJ naTpHapx (<<Hacm», 3acellaBWHH cnepBa B HaMHHH, a 3aTeM - B
raJIH lee, HaXOllHJJHCb B nOCTOJlHHOH KOHKYpeHTHOH 60Pb6e 3a co6CTBeHHble aBTOpHTeT H
1L1aCTb, a TaKJKe B KOHKYpeHTHoi! 60pb6e C JlH.llepaMH 061UHH llHacnopbl, H oc06eHHO - Ba-
BHJlOHHH, He npH3HaBaBWHMH BJJaCTb H aBTOpHTeT naTpHapxa «<HaCH»).
305
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaIL3M 8 ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
K XaHaHHH 6blJ10 HanpaBJIeHO nOCOJIbCTBO C npe.D.JIO)f(eHHeM no.n.qHHHTb-
CH 061l.{enpHWITbIM HopMaM, comaCHO KOTOpbIM BonpOCbI KaJleH.n.apH 11
KaneH.n.apHbIX np3.3.n.HHKOB HaxO)JJITCH B KOMneTeHl..{HH HMeHHO naneCTHH-
CKOro CHHe.n.pHOHa, 3aKpbITb BaBI1JIOHCKHH CHHe.n.pHOH BBH.n.y TOro, lJTO
B naJIeCTHHe BbI6paH 11 .n.eHCTBYeT CHHe.n.pHOH, HBJ1HtolllHHCH e.n.HHCT-
BeHHO 3aKOHHbIM 41 . naTpHapX CHMOH CKOHlJaJlCH OK0J10 170 r. 42
nOcJ1e era cMepTl1 HOBbIM mrrpHapxoM CTan CblH CHMoHa, Hexy.n.a
xa-HacH, 3aHI1MaBlllHH nOCT naTpHapxa OK0J10 40 JIeT. TP8.D.Hl.{HoHHbIe
.n.aTbI ero naTpHaplllecTBa - 170-210 rr. OH po.n.HJ1CH BO BpeMH penpec-
CHH BpeMeHH A.n.pHaHa H C .n.eTCTBa HaxO.n.HJ1CH cpe.n.H HaH60J1ee 06p3.3o-
BaHHbIX paBBHHoB cBoero BpeMeHI1. )]:OCTHrHYB nOJIO)f(eHIDI na-rpl1apxa,
OH ':9'0HBHJ1 ce6H npeKpacHbIM 8.D.MHHHcrparopoM H .n.HnJIOMaTOM 43 .
Hexy.n.a xa-HacH paccMaTpHBaeTCH B Tp8.D.I1UHH KaK caMo.n.ep)f(aBHbIH
npaBHTeJ1b, lJeMY cnoc06CTBOBaJlH ero yqeHOCTb, a.n.MHHHcTpaTHBHbIe 11
.n.HTUIOMaTHqeCKHe TanaHTbI, a TaJOKe cpaMl1JIbHOe 60raTCTBo 44 . OCHOBH<UI
3aCJ1yra Hexy.n.bI xa-HacH, comaCHO TP8.D.HUHH, 3aKJ1toqaeTCH B no.n.ro-
TOBKe H H3.n.aHHH B 200-210 rr. TeKCTa MHlllHbI. OH npOBeJ1 60JIbrnyto
pa60ry no CHCTeMaTH3aUHH Y1JeHIDI H Ha OCHOBaHl111 Y)f(e cYll.{eCTBYtoll.{HX
TeKCTOB, H Ha OCHOBaHHH nepe.n.aBaBllleHcH H3 nOKOJ1eHHH B nOKOJIeHl1e
YCTHOH Tpa.n.HUHI1. Hexy.n.a xa-HacH 3aBeplllaeT C060H, TaKHM 06P3.30M,
3noxy TaHaHM (TaHaHTOB) - 3aKoHoYlJHTeJIeH, lJbH Tpy.n.bI J1eml1 B oc-
HOBY MHlllHbI. O.n.HoBpeMeHHo Hexy.n.a xa-HacH HalJHHaeT H HOBYto
3noxy -3noxy aMopaHM (aMopaHToB) - KOMMeHTaTOpOB MHlllHbI, %11
Tpy.n.bI B KOHe1JHOM ClJeTe qepe3 TpH CTOJ1eTHH COCTaBI1JIH feMapy H TeM
caMbIM 3aBepllll1JlH TaJlMY.n..
41 OCHOBHble HCTO'iHHKH: bBerakhoth, 63a-63b=bBerakhoth, 9, 1-5=DBT., Bd. I. S.
236-237; jSanhedrin, 1,2.
42 Bonpoc 0 XpOHOJJOrHH >KH3HH H .lle'lTeJJbHOCTH mrrpHapxoB (HacH) CJJOJKeH H OKOH'ia-
TeJJbHOro peWeHHJl, cY.ll!l no BceMY, HMeTb He MOJKeT H3-3a HeB03MOJKHOCTH TO'iHOH npHBJl3KH
C'06b1THH HX >KH3HH K 061UeH3BeCTHbIM. CM. nOLlp06HO: Levine L. I. The Jewish Patriarch (Nasi)
in Third Century Palestine II ANRW. 19,2. 1979. P. 685-688.
43 JIHTepaTYpa 0 HeXY.lle xa-HacH H ero LleJlTeJJbHOCTH 06wHpHa. OCHoBHbIe MOHOI-pa-
«jIH'ieCKHe pa60TbJ HanHCaHbl, npaB.lla, Ha py6e>Ke XIX-XX BB. Bodec A. Marcus Aurelius
Antoninus als Zeitgenosse des Rabbi Jehusa ha-Nasi. Leipzig, 1868; Schneeberger H. W The
Life and Works of Rabbi Jehuda ha-Nasi. Berlin, 1870; Gelbhaus S. Rabbi Jehuda Hanasi und
die Redaktion der Mischna, Wien, 1876; Buchler A. Der Patriarch R. Jehuda I und griechisch-
romischen Stiidte Paliistinasll JQR. 1901. Vol. 13. P. 683-740; Krauss S. Antoninus und
Rabbi. Wien, 1910; Leszynsky. Die Losung des Antoninus-Riitsel. Berlin, 1910.
44 3TH Tp3.llHUHOHHble xapaKTepHCTHKH 061UeCTBeHHoro nOJJOJKeHHJl HeXYLlbl xa-HacH
HYJKLlalOTCII B H3BeCTHblX KOppeKTHpOBKax. TaK, HanpHMep, IICHO, 'iTO HeXYLla xa-HaCH B
06lI.1ecTBe HMneparopcKoro PHMa Mor 6b1Tb CaMO.llepJKaBHblM npaBHTeJJeM JJHWb B TOH Mepe,
B KaKOH rOCYllapCTBeHHble BilaCTH 6blJJH roTOBbi BocnpHHHMarb ero npeTeH3HH Ha JJHLlep-
CTBO.
306
rJlaea 6. 06ulaJ/ xapaKmepucmUKa 8mopozo nepl/oOa pUJIICKo-lIydelicKlLT omHOUleHllli
B Tpa.n.HUHH l1exy.n.a xa-Hacl1 paCCMaTpHBaeTCj/ KaK nepBbli1, !(f0
OcpOPMHJ1 }')Ke CYll.{eCTBOBaBlllHH npHHUHn HaCJIe.n.OBaHHj/ nOCTa naTpH-
apxa (<<HaCm» nocpe.n.CTBOM 3aBell.{aHHj/, B KOTOpOM j/CHO YKa3bIBan, KaK
.n.OJI)I(Hbl 6blTb pacnpe.n.eJIeHbl nOJ1HOMOlJl1j/ Me)l()J,Y ero .n.eTbMH H !(f0
HMeHHO .n.OJ1)1(eH 3aHHMaTb PYKOBo.n.j/Il.{He nOCTbl (bKetuboth, 103).
Co maCHO Tpa.n.I1UHH, npH pellleHHH npaKTH'leCKHX BonpOCOB BH)'TpeH-
HeH )l(H3HH Hy.n.eeB B naneCTHHe l1exy.n.a xa-HaCH CTapanCR 06J1erlJaTb
6peMR 3aKOHOB TaM, r.n.e OHH MomH HaHeCTI1 Bpe.n. )l(H3HH H YCJ10BIDIM
)l(H3HI1 npocToro 3eMJ1e.n.eJ1bua. OH BblHY)I()J,eH 6blJ1 .n.eJIaTb HeKOTOpble
YCl)'nlrn H pa3pelllaTb B KOHue cy66OTHero ro.n.a c60p CeJ1bCKOX03RHCTBeH-
HblX K)'JIbl)'P H HX HCnOJIb30BaHHe Cpa3Y )l(e nOCJ1e OKOHlJaHIDI cy66OTHe-
ro ro.n.a (mShebiith, 6,4; tShebiith, 4, 17). H3BeCTHO TalOKe, lJTO B c.rrylJae
Heyp0)l(aeB l1exy.n.a xa-HacH OTKpblBaJI c06cTBeHHbie aM6apbl H 6bUI roroB
06JIeI"-JaTb Hapo.n.y c06mo.n.eHHe peJ1HrH03Hb1X npe.n.nHcaHHH. 31'0 KaCanOCb,
npaB.n.a, HeKOTopblX BH)J,OB no.n.HollleHHH H )l(epTB, KOTOpble CTanH npocTo
6eCCMblCJIeHHblMI1 nOCJ1e pa3pYllleHIDI XpaMa (mShekilim, 8, 8).
l1exy.n.a xa-HacH, KpoMe TOro, nblTanCR TalOKe pa3PYlllHTb cYll.{eCTBO-
BaBllll1e 3KcnopTHbie 6apbepbl Me)l()J,y npOBI1HUHRMH, oc06eHHo Me)l()J,y
naneCTHHoH H CHpHeH, H pa3pelllHTb BB03 B naneCTHH)' npo.n.oBOJIbCTBIDI
(tShebiith,4, 16, 19). l1exy.n.a xa-HacH no MeHblllei1 Mepe nblTanCR npo-
BeCTH B :>KH3Hb H ell.{e O.n.HO .n.OCTaTO'-lHO pa.n.HKaJIbHOe pellleHHe. ):VIR TOro
lJT06bl 06JIerlJHTb )l(H3Hb npOCTblM H)'.n.eHCKHM 3eMJ1e.n.eJ1buaM, np0)l(H-
BalOl.l.{HM Ha TeppHTopHRX CeJIbCKOH oKpym ropo.n.OB C npe06J1a.n.aHl1eM
rpe'-lecKOro HaCeJ1eHIDI, naTpl1apx HCKJ1IO'-IHJ] H3 CBj/TOH 3eMJ1H HeKOTOpble
3J1J1HHH3HpOBaHHbie ropo.n.a - KecapelO <I>HJ1l1nna (naHeac), 3J1eyrepo-
nOJIHC (DeT-fYBpI1H) H .n.roKe CKHcponOJIHC (DeT-llleaH). TaKoe pellleHHe
OCB060)l()J,aJIO H)'.n.eeB, )l(HBYIl.{HX Ha TeppHTOp1111 oKpym 3THX ropo.n.OB,
OT He06xo.n.HMOCTH C06J1IO.n.aTb cy660THHH ro.n.. Mbl, o.n.HaKO, J1HllleHbl
B03MO)l(HOCTH Y3HaTb, 6blJ10 J1H 3TO pellleHHe npOBe.n.eHo B )l(H3Hb, H60
06 3TOH CHl)'aUHH Mbl 3HaeM JIHlllb H3 C0061l.{eHHH T aJIM)'.n.a, B KOTOpblX
l1e .n.a xa-Hacl1 oC}')I()J,aeTcR C OpTO.n.OKCaJIbHbIX n03HUHH 45 .
Hexy.n.e xa-HacH npHnHCblBalOT TalOKe CJIOBa, 06pal.l.{eHHbie K CblHY
H npeeMHHK)' Ha nocl)' naTpHapxa: «XOpOlllO .n.ep)l(H B pYKax Y'-lall.{HXCR
H npH.n.ep)l(HBaHCR 3TOro npl1HUHna BCIO )l(H3Hb»46. CMbICJ1 3THX CJ10B
3aKJ1IO'-IaeTCR B O'-leBH.n.HOM CTpeMJ1eHHH KOHTpOJ1HpOBaTb YMoHacTpoeHHe
YlJall.{HXCR YlJe6HbiX 3aBe.n.eHHH.
B 161 r. K BJ1aCTH npHllleJI cpHJlOCOcp Ha TpoHe - MapK ABpeJIHH
AHTOHHH (161-180 rr.), npoBe.n.lllHH 3Ha'-lI1TeJ1bHYIO '-IaCTb CBoeH )l(H3HH
45bHullin, 6b=bHullin. I, I=DBT. Bd. 8. S. 818-819;jDemai, 2,1-22c.
46bKetuboth, 103b=bKetuboth. XII.3=DBT. Bd. 4. S. 800.
307
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U uydoU3.W 8 ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6.QUKU u PU.MCKOU u. tnepuu
B BOHHax Ha ceBepHOH rpaHl1ue HMnepl1H 11 Ha BOCTO'-IHOH, r.n.e I1Mnepml
npo.n.OJDKaJIa llle.n.lllYlO C nepeMeHHbIM ycnexoM 60pb6y C napcpjiHaMI1 3a
rereMOHHlO Ha bJII1)KHeM BOCTOKe.
HHcpopMaUHji 061l.{ero xapaKTepa 0 B3al1MOOTHOllleHIDIX rocy.n.apCTBeH-
HOH BJ1aCTI1I1 H)'.n.eeeB npH MapKe ABpeJ1I1H CK)'.n.Ha H 06pbIBOqHa. MapK)'
ABpeJ1l1lO npl1nHCbIBalOT O.n.HO pe3Koe BbICKa3bIBaHHe B a.n.pec H)'.n.eeB. OH
6y.D.T0 6bI CKa3aJI, CTOJIKHYBWHCb C H)'.n.ejiMI1 BO BpeWi cBoero npe6bIBaHIDI
Ha bmDl<HeM BOCTOKe, qTO HaKOHeu YBH)J,eJ1 Hapo.n., KOTOpbIH X}?Ke Tex
repMaHCKHX nJIeMeH, C KOTOpbIMI1 eMY .n.OBeJIOCb BoeBarb BClO JKI13Hb (Amm.
Marc., XXII, 5, 5). HHKaKHX .n.pyrHx I1CTOqHHKOB, n03BOJIjilOIJ..{HX c.n.eJ1aTb
BbIBO.n.bI 06 OTHoweHHH MapKa ABpeJIIDI K H)'.n.ejiM, HeT.
B He O'-leHb jiCHOH cpopMe B TaJIMy.n.e co06ll.{aeTcji, qTO npH O.n.HOM 113
AHTOHHHOB 6bIJ111 B0306HOBJIeHbI Ha rocy.n.apCTBeHHOM ypOBHe penpec-
CHH npOTHB H)'.n.eeB. npH 3TOM HenOHjiTHO, 0 KaKOM HMeHHO AHTOHHHe
l1.n.eT peqb - 06 AHTOHHHe nHI1 HJ1H JKe 0 MapKe ABpeJII1H. B nOH
CBji3H c006ll.{aeTCji, qTO B PHM .n.J1ji neperoBopoB oTnpaBHJ1Cji pa66H
CHMOH 6eH HoxaH 11 .n.06HJICji OTMeHbl aHTHHy.n.eHcKHx .n.eKpeToB. C
HCTOpHqeCKOH TOqKH 3peHIDI 3.n.eCb KaJKeTCji no.n.03pHTeJ1bHbIM TOT cpaKT,
'-ITO nOCOJ1bCTBO B PHM B03maBJIjiJ1, KaK CKa3aHO B HCTOqHHKaX, He naT-
pHapx, a O.n.I1H H3 paBBHHoB. He HCKJ1lOqeHO, qTO 3.n.eCb Morna npOH30H-
TI1 no.n.MeHa nepCOHaJKa H O.n.HH YBaJKaeMblH 3aKoHoyqHTeJ1b (naTpl1apx
CHMOH) COBMeCTHJ1Cji y KOro-TO 113 aBTopOB TaJIMy.n.HqeCKHX TpaKTaTOB
C .n.PYrHM CHMOHOM (CHMOHOM 6eH HoxaeM).
Y aHTHqHbIX aBTOpOB HeT no.n.TBep)K)J,eHHH HI1 cpaKTa rocy.n.apCTBeHHbIX
penpeCCHH Hy.n.eeB nOCJIe AnpHaHa, HI1 paCCKa30B 0 nOjiBJIeHHH B PI1Me
mrrpHapxa HJ1H KOro-J1H60 H3 ero OKp}'JKeHIDI )J,.I1ji YJ1aJKHBaHHji KOHcpJ1HK-
Ta. n03TOMY nepe.n. HaMH, B03MOJKHO, J1ereH.n.apHoe C06bITHe, XOTji caM
no ce6e cpaKT noe3.n.KH mrrpHapxa B PHM )J,.I1ji pellleHIDI KaKHX-TO TeK)'Il.{HX
BonpOCOB BnOJ1He BepOjiTeH. B 3TOH CBji3H npe.n.CTaBJ1jieT HHTepec O.n.HO
H3 H3BeCTHH, CBji3aHHbIX C nOCeIJ..{eHHeM PHMa naTpHapxOM.
B TaJIMy.n.e paCCKa3bIBaeTCji CJ1e.n.YlOll.{ee. O.n.HH H3 CnyrnHKOB CHMO-
Ha 6eH Hoxaji YBepjiJ1, qTO BH.n.eJ1 B PHMe KOe-qTO H3 y6paHcTBa H K)'J1b-
TOBbIX npe.n.MeTOB HepYCaJIHMCKOro xpaMa, BblBe3eHHbiX B PHM nOCJ1e
HYAeHCKOH BOHHbi. {-IT0 JKe KaCaeTCji MapKa ABpeJ1Hji, TO HMnepaTOp
6y.n.TO 6bI CTaJI oc060 6J1aroCKJ10HHO OTHOCHTbCji K naTpHapxy CHMOH}',
BBH.LJ.Y TOro 'ITO mrrpHapx H36aBHJ1.n.0t{b HMneparopa OT .n.eMOHa, KOTOpbIM
OHa 6bIJ1a o.n.ep)J{]ilMa. nO.n.06Haji HCTOpl1ji, BepOjiTHee Bcero, CJ10JKHJ1aCb
no.n. BJ1l1jiHHeM .n.eHcTBHTeJ1bHO HMeBweH MeCTO BCTpeqH HMnepaTopa C
KeM-TO H3 H)'.n.eHcKoH .n.eJIeraUHH HJ1H J1HqHO C narpHapxOM 47 .
.7CM,: bJomah, 59=bJomah, V, 5,6=DBT. Bd. 2, S. 923-924;jJomah, IV, 4\.
308
rJlaaa 6. 06ulaJ/ xapaKmepucmUKa emopozo neplloiJa pu.wcKo-uydeucKux omHoUleHUU
3. I1Hq»opMa!!HH TpaAH!!HOHHOro xapaKTepa
o naTpHapxaTe KaK 061!!eCTBeHHoM HHcTHTyre
B Tpa.n.Hl.lHOHHOH BepCHH HCTOpHH TaJIMy.n.l1qeCKOrO nepl1o.n.a, OCHO-
BOH MHpHbIX B3aHMOOTHOllleHI1H Hy.n.eeB H rocy.n.apCTBeHHOH BJ1aCTH
I1Mnepl111 CTaHOBHTC YJKe BO II-III BB. I1HCTHl)'T naTpl1apllleCTBa 48 . OH
06eCneqHBaJI, C O.n.HOH CTOpOHbI, PYKOBO.n.CTBO nOBce.n.HeBHoH JKH3HblO
H)'.n.eeB, C .n.pyroH - neperoBopbI C PI1MOM 11 npHHHHe Bcex He06xo.n.H-
MbIX cornallleHHH. Tpa.n.I1UH OTHOCHT OKOHqaTeJ1bHOe o<popMJIeHHe
naTpHapxara K nepHo.n.y Me)f()J.y 70 H 135 rr. npH :nOM, comaCHO TPa,D;I1-
UHH, mrrpHapx CTaJI <paKfHqeCKH JIH.n.epOM Hapo.n.a, He BJ1 Cb HH uapeM,
HI1 nepBOCB IUeHHI1KOM. Bblwe 6bIJ10 nOKa3aHO, qTO peaJIbHOCTb 6bIJ1a,
CKopee Bcero, COBceM HHOH. B, c06CTBeHHO, naJIeCTHHe BJ1aCTb naTpl1-
apXOB «<Hacl1») B :moxy paHHeH I1MnepHH e.n.Ba J1H Morna pacnpOCTpa-
H TbC 3a npe.n.eJ1bI O.n.HOro ropo.n.a. 'ho KaCaeTC .n.HacnopbI, TO ueJIbIH
p .n. Ha,D;nI1CeH CBl1.D.eTeJIbCTBYeT B nOJIb3Y cYIUeCTBOBaHI1 B HeH «pemo-
HaJIbHbIX» naTpHapXOB 49 . BH.n.HMO, no aHaJIOrHH C nepHo.n.OM n03.n.HeH
I1MnepHI1 MOJKHO rOBopHTb 0 cYIUeCTBOBaHI1H naTpHapXOB B KIDK)J,OH
OT.n.eJ1bHOH npOBHHUHH H B nepHo.n. II-IV BB.
B Tpa.n.HUHOHHOM H3J10JKeHHH C06bITHH naTpHapx nepHo.n.a II-III BB.
HCnOJ1H J1 BeCbMa pa3Ho06pa3HbIe 06 3aHHocTH. B03MOJKHO, 3TO TaK, HO
Bce JKe He Ha caMOH paHHeH CTa,D;HH pa3BHTH .n.aHHoro HHcHrryra, Kor.n.a
naTpl1apX I1MeJ1 .n.YXOBHbIH aBTOpl1TeT B paMKax CBoero He60J1bllloro
pemOHa, HO He 06JIa.n.aJI CBeTCKOH BJ1aCTblO. CKopee Bcero, naTpHapx
6J1HJKe K III B. npe.n.cTaBJ1 J1 nepe.n. pl1MCKHMH BJ1aCT MH HCKJ1lOqHTeJ1bHO
H)'.n.eeB CBoero pemoHa, H J1I1Wb B 3noxy n03.n.HeH HMnepHH OH CTaHO-
BHTC JIH.n.epOM KaK naJIeCTI1HbI, TaK H qJ1eHOB 06IUHH .n.HacnOpbI. Bo
BH)'TpHH)'.n.dicKHx .n.eJ1ax B naJIeCTHHe naTpl1apX oxapaKfepH30BaH o.n.-
HOBpeMeHHo KaK BepxoBHblH Cy.n.bjI50, 3aKoHo.n.aTeJ1b 51 H a.n.MHHHcTpaTop.
Ha .n.eJIe 3TO 03HaqaJIO, qTO mrrpHapx H CHHe.n.pHOH no cBoeMY YCMOTpe-
HHIO Ha3HaqaJIH npeno.n.aBaTeJ1eH B MHoroql1CJ1eHHbIe lllKOJIbI. naTpHapx
48 a BeCbMa BepoJlTHOH He06xOllHMOCTH CY1UeCTBeHHOH KOppeKTHpOBKI1 BceH Tp3.llHUH-
OHHOH HHc\JOPMauHH 0 narpHapxax CM, CJJellYI01UHH pa3.lleJJ .llaHHOH fJJaBbl.
49 06pa:JUbl TeKCTOB TaKHX H3.llnHCeH npHBe.lleHbl B npIL10JKeHHH.
50 HeJJb3Jl He 06paTHTb BHHMaHHJI Ha TO, 'iTO npaBO naTpHapxa Bep1UHTb CYLl H3.ll CBJlTO-
TaruaMH npH3HaeTCII H B KO.lleKCe <I>eoLlOCHJl, T. e. TOrLla, KOflla HHCTHTYT narpHapweCTBa
1l0JKHBaJl noc,lellHHe LleCJlTHJ1eTHII (Cod, Theod., II, 1,10; XVI, 8, 8).
51 B MHWHe O'ieHb MHome 'iHCTO npaKTH'ieCKl1e 3aKOHOLlaTe lbHble nO,10JKeHHII nOllKpen-
JJeHbl aBTOpHTeTOM TOrn IUIH HHorn naTpHapxa. 3To 03Ha'iaeT, 'iTO narpHapXH aKTHBHO nO,lb-
30Ba.1HCb npaBOM 3aKOHOllaTe,lJl.
309
A. f. fpyweBOH. J1ydeu u uydaU1M 6 ucmopuu PUMCKoupecny6JlUKlI u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
H CI1He.n.pHOH BepllIl1J1H CYA caMH H Ha3Ha'-iaJ1H Cy.n.bl HH3llleH I1HCTaH-
QH11 52 .
Mbl MOJKeM COCTaBHTb ce6e npe.n.CTaBJleHHe 0 TOM, KaK OCYll{eCTBJlj(JI
naTpl1apX CBOH nOJIHOMO'-iI1j( B :nOH 06J1aCTH, Ha npHMepe o.n.Hora YKa-
3aHHj( B TpaKfaTe He6aMoT. TaM OTMe'-iaeTcj(, '-iTO naTpHapx J111'-iHO Ha-
npaBHJ1 CBOHX Y'-ieHI1KOB pa60TaTb B p0J111 cy.n.eH H npeno.n.aBaTeJ1eH B
MaJ1eHbKOe nOCeJIeHHe CI1MOHHaC, pacn0J10JKeHHOe B faJ1HJ1ee 53 . Cy.lUl
no BceMY, TO'-iHO TaK JKe nocl)'naJ1 naTpl1apX, pelll<UI K8.D.pOBble npo6J1e-
Mbl H B .n.pyrHx nOCeJ1eHI1j(X. BIDKHO oTMeTHTb, '-iTO m060e Ha3Ha'-ieHl1e
TaKora po.n.a 6e3 CaHKQHI1 naTpHapxa 6blJ10 He.n.eHcTBHTeJ1bH0 54 . O.n.Ha
cYll{eCTBeHHaj( oc06eHHocTb Ha3Ha'-ieHI1j( TaKoro po.n.a .n.OJDKHOCTHbIX
J1I1Q naTpl1apXOM 113BeCTHa 113 6Horpaqm'-ieCKoro C60pHI1Ka pHMCKHX
HMnepaTOpOB «Scriptores Historiae Augustae». HMeHa KaH,lJ.H.n.aTOB Ha
no.n.06HbIe .n.OJIJKHOCTH 06'bj(BJlj(JII1Cb 3apaHee (SHA, Alexander Severus,
45,6-7).
HH<popMaQHj( :na 3aCJ1YJKI1BaeT BHI1MaHHj(, HO e.n.Ba J1H CTOHT ee
a6comoTH3HpoBaTb BBH.n.y Toro, '-iTO n0J10JKeHHe naTpHapxa B peaJ1bHO-
CTH 6bIJ10 60J1ee CKpOMHbIM, '-ieM MOJKHO npe.n.cTaBHTb ce6e HCXO.n.j( H3
c006lLleHI1H TaJ1My.n.I1'-ieCKOH Tpa.n.HQHI1. KpoMe TOro, He06xo.n.HMO OT-
.n.aBaTb ce6e OT'-ieT B TOM, '-iTO MbI pacnOJ1araeM .n.BYMj( KOHKpeTHbIMH
<paKfaMH, paCllIHpHTeJ1bHOe TOJIKOBaHl1e KOTOpbIX .n.onYCTHMO, HO CO-
BepllleHHO 6e30CHOBaTeJIbHO. TaK, Ha3Ha'-ieHHe naTpHapXOM .n.OJ1JKHOCT-
HblX JIHQ B O.n.HO H3 nOCeJ1eHHH J1HllIb n03B0J1j(eT .n.YMaTb, '-iTO TO'-iHO TaK
JKe OH Mor Ha3Ha'-iHTb .n.OJIJKHOCTHbIX JIHQ H B .n.pyme nOCeJ1eHHj(. ):(0-
Ka3aTeJlbCTBaMH, o.n.HaKO, MbI He pacnOJIaraeM. TO'-iHO TaK JKe HH<pOP-
MaQHj( B HCTO'-iHHKe, OTHOCj(ll{eMCj( K III B., 0 npe.n.BapHTeJ1bHOM 06'bj(B-
J1eHHH naTpHapxoM KaH.n.H.n.myp Tex, KOro OH c06HpaeTcj( Ha3Ha'-iI1Tb,
S206 3THX np06JJeMaX CM. nO.llp06HO: Mantel H. Studies in the history of Sanhedrin.
Harvard, 1961. P. 206-225; Allon G. The Jew in their land in the ta1mudic age (70--{)40 e.
E.). Harvard; London, 1989. P. 207-230, 4TO KaCaeTCJl pHMCKHX cY.lle6HblX HHcTaHuHH, TO,
CY.llJl no BceMY, HYl1eH BblHYJK.lleHbl 6blJJH 06paWaTbCJl K HHM TOJJbKO .llJIJl peWeHHJl np06J1eM
«'ieJJOBeK - roCY.llapCTBO»: BBelleHHe B npaBa c06cTBeHHocTH, npOBelleHile UeHJa, onpe-
.lleJJeHHe ynJla'iHBaeMblX HaJIOroB H T. 11. npH 3TOM opraHbI rOCYllapCTBeHHoro npaBOCY-
.llHJl - KaK Mbl 6bl CKaJaJIH ceJ:i'iac - HaXOl1HJlHCb TOJlbKO B paHoHHbIX ueHTpa.,<, KYl1a
npHXOllHJlOCb eJllHTb CneUHaJIbHO. 06 3TOM CBH.llereJJbCTBYIOT llOKYMeHTbl nanHpycHoro
apxHBa Ea6aTbi.
S3 jYebamoth, 12-13a. CY.llJl no BceMY, nOJJHOMO'iHJl naTpHapxa (<<Hacm» B Bonpoce
KOHTpOJlJl Ja JKHJHblO OTl1eolbHO BJJlTOro nOCeJJeHHSI 3THM H orpaHH'iHB<L1HCb.
S4jSanhedrin, !, 2, 19a. nOllp06HblH aHaJIHJ Bcex «jIYHKUIIH narpHapxa B Tp311HUHOHHOM
nOHHMaHHH pa3BHTHH C06blTHH CM,: Mantel H. Studies in the History of Sanhedrin. Harvard,
196. P. 175-253; Levine L. I. The Jewish Patriarch (Nasi) in he Third Century Palestine II
ANRW. 2, 19, 1. Berlin, 1979. p, 663-676,
310
Tllaaa 6. 06U/WI XapQKmepUCmUKQ amopozo nepuoOQ plLMCKo-uyaelicKux omHOlueHllU
He jiBJ1jieTCji .n.OJG13aTeJ1bCTBOM Toro, qTO TaK 6b1J10 11J111 Momo 6b1Tb BO
II 11J111 IV B.
I1cToqHI1KI1 nOKa3bIBaIOT TalOKe, qTO naTpl1apX no MeHbllleH Mepe
nblTaJICji KOHTpOJIl1pOBaTb n0J10)l(eHl1e .n.eJ1 B 06Illl1HaX .n.HacnOpbI. B I1C-
TOqHHKaX eCTb HH<p0pMaUl1ji 06 OTnpaBKe CneUHaJIbHblX nOCJ1aHHHKOB
B 06IllHHbl .n.Hacnopbl )J,JIji BbljiCHeHHji He06xo.n.HMb1X BonpocoB, qaIlle
Bcero - HaJIOrOBblx 55 , HJ1H )l(e C ueJ1blO Ha;:J.30pa 11 KOHTpOJIji 3a J1H.n.epa-
MI1 061l1HH B TOH I1J1H HHOH MeCTHOCTI1 3a npe.n.eJIaMI1 naJIeCTHHbI. Cy.n.ji
no HMelOIllHMCji C0061l1eHHjiM HCTOqHI1KOB, naTpHapx, no KpaHHeH Mepe
B TeOpl1l1, Mor CMeHHTb B J11060H 061l111He O.n.HOro J111.n.epa Ha .n.pyror0 56 .
npOHCXO.n.HJ10 JIH TaK B peaJIbHOCTH - Mbl He 3HaeM.
BecbMa BIDKHOH <PYHKlJ,HeH mrrpl1apxa 6blJ10 06'bjiBJIeHHe npa3.n.HHq-
HblX .n.HeH 57 . npaBO onpe.n.eJIeHHji.n.aT npa3.n.HHKOB 6blJ10)J,JIji naTpHapxa,
ero OKp}')KeHl1ji 11 naJIeCTHHCKHX paBBI1HOB npHHUHnl1aJIbHO BroKHbIM,
TaK KaK npl1.n.aBaJIO naTpHapxy H ero OKpY)l(eHHIO pOJ1b 06'be.n.I1HjilOllIeH
no OTHOllleHHIO KO BceM 061l1HHaM CI1J1bI. OrMeqeHHblH Bblllle :mH30.n. C
XaHaHHeH nOKa3bIBae-r, npaB.n.a, qTO 11 B 3TOM Bonpoce pOJ1b naJIeCTHH-
CKOro naTpHapxa npH3HaBaJIaCb .n.aJIeKO He BCeMI1.
BJ1acTb naTpl1apXa OCHOBbIBaJ1aCb He TOJIbKO Ha BHelllHHX noqec-
niX HJ111 JIH'iHbIX ycnexax, a I1MeJIa no.n. C060H COJII1.D.HblH 3KOHOMI1qeCKHH
6a3HC. TaK, faMaJIl1HJ1 BTOpOH BJIa;:J.eJ1 MHO)l(eCTBOM BI1Horpa.n.HI1KOB H
OJIHBKOBblX l1J1aHTaUHH B paHOHe flHMbI. Hexy.n.a xa-Hacl1 BJIa;:J.eJI, npl1-
qeM no pacnOpji)l(eHHIO HMnepaTopa, 3eMeJ1bHOH c06CTBeHHOCTbIO B
.n.OJII1He E3peeJ1b 11 B paHOHe fOJ1aHCKHX BbICOT. He HCKJllOqeHO, qTO He-
xy.n.a xa-HacH BJ1a;:J.eJI TalOKe nJ1aHTaUl1jiMH naJIeCTHHcKOro 6aJ1b3aMa.
B HCTOqHHKaX BCTpeqalOTCji ynoMHHaHHji 0 «6aJIb3aMe naTImapxa»58.
ECJ1H 3TO TaK, TO nepe.n. HaMH CBl1.D.eTeJ1bCTBO OC060H MHJ10CTH HMnepa-
Topa no OTHOllleHl11O K naTpHapxy59. )]:eJ10 B TOM, qTO I1po.n. BeJ1HKHH-
BepHbli1 COlO3HHK pHMlliIH - He HMeJI HI1KaKHX .n.OXO.n.OB OT 3KCI1J1YaTaWiH
l1J1aHTaUHH 3TOro paCTeHHji. I1MeHHo n03TOMY .n.OnyCK naTpl1apXa K COB-
JIa;:J.eHHIO nJ1aHTaUIDIMH .n.eHCTBHTeJ1bHO MO)l(HO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK npH-
3HaK oc060ro pacn0J10)l(eHIDI HMnepaTopa.
55 C 06WHH .llHaCnOpbI B3HManCJl cneUHanbHblH Hanor (a1tOOoATt) B n0J1b3Y naTpHapxa.
CM.: Epiphanius. Panarion, XXX, 11,4.
56 a CBJl3!1X narpHapxa C 06lI.1HHaMH LlHacnopbl CM, nO.llp06HO: Montel H. Studies in the
History of Sanhedrin. Harvard, 1961. P. 198-205.
57 a nOJJHOMO'iHJlX narpHapxa B Bonpocax onpe.lleJJeHHJl LlaT npaJllHHKOB H Bo06lI.1e KOH-
TpOJJII3a KaneHLlapeM CM,: Levine L. I. The Jewish Patriacrch (Nasi) in Third Century Palestine II
ANRW. 2,19. 2. Berlin, 1979. P.669-671.
,. CM.: bBerakhoth, 43a=bBerakhoth, 6,5=DBT. Bd. 1. S. 156.
59 a naneCTHHCKOM 6anb3aMe CM, nOllpo6Hee Bblwe, m.
311
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydellllllydau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU U PII.MCKOU UMnepuu
06 H3BeCTHOM B03paCTaHHI1 pOJII1, 3HaqeHI1j/ H aBTOpHTeTa naJIeCTHH-
CKOro na1]>Hapxa B III B. CBH.n.eTeJIbCTByeT cne.n.YlOllIHH cpma. rbBecTHo,
qTO CbIH H.exy.n.b1 xa-HacH, naTpHapx faMaJIl1HJI III, KaK 11 nocne.n.ylOllIHe
naTpHapXH, HMen JIl1qH}'1O oxpaH}' 113 npe.n.CTaBI1TeneH pa.3nHqHblX rep-
MaHCKHX nneMeH. 3TH TenoxpaHHTenl1 6blnl1 BoeHHonneHHblMH, OT.n.aH-
HblMI1 HMnepaTOpy. H.MnepaTOp )Ke B 3HaK pacn0J10)KeHHj/ K naTpHapxy
nepe.n.aBaJI 3TI1X repMaHl..{eB eMY USabbath, 6, 10).
Bblllle113JIO)KeHHOe n03B0J1j/eT no.n.BeCTH HeKoTopble I1TorH 0 nOJ1O-
)KeHHH H pOJIH naTpHapxa B 06ll1eCTBe TaK, KaK :no npe.n.cTaBJ1eHO B
Tpa.n.Hl..{I1H. I>y.n.yql1 aBTopHTeTHblM JII1.n.epoM o.n.Horo H3 HanpaBJ1eHHH
H)'.n.eHcKoH )KH3HH, naTpHapx 6blJ1 BKJ1lOqeH B CHCTeMY 061l1eCTBeHHblx
oTHOllleHI1H PHMCKOH I1MnepHH B QeJ10M, j/BJlj/j/Cb COCTORTeJ1bHblM 3eM-
J1eBJ1a)J,eJIbQeM 11 npe.n.cTaBHTeJ1eM Hapo.n.a60 nepe.n. HMnepaTopcKoH BJla-
CTblO. C IOpH.n.H'-leCKOH TOI.{KI1 3peHHR n0J10)KeHl1e naTpHapxa He 6blJI0
YHI1KaJIbHblM. OHO BeCbMa CXO.n.HO C n0J10)KeHl1eM TaK Ha3blBaeMblX
QapeH-KJ1HeHTOB 61 . PHMJ1RHe BO BpeMR KaMnaHHH B Cpe.n.113eMHOMopbe
Hepe.n.KO He 3aBOeBblBaJII1 1)' I1J1H HHYIO CTpaH}' Cpa.3Y, a 06'bRBJlRJ1H ee
npaBI1TeJ1R .n.pyroM pHMCKoro Hapo.n.a H OCTaBJIRJ1H Ha H3BeCTHoe BpeMj/
npaBHTb. Pa3JIHqHe )Ke MeJK.D.Y n0J10)KeHHeM QapeH-KJ1HeHTOB H naTpH-
apxa COCTOHT B CJ1e.n.YlOllIeM. UapeH, .n.pY3eH pHMCKOro Hapo.n.a, yrBep-
JK.D.aJ111 Ha .n.OJ1)KHOCTb B PHMe, a B 3noxy I1Mnepl1H HX KaH.n.H.n.a1)'PY
paCCMaTpHBaJI J1HqHO I1MnepaTOp. .D:OJ1)KHOCTb )Ke naTpHapxa 6blJIa Ha-
CJ1e.n.CTBeHHOH H paCCMOTpeHHe ero KaH.n.I1.n.a1)'pbl eCJ1H H HMeJ10 MeCTO,
TO He BblXO.n.HJ10 3a npe.n.eJIbl CHHe.n.pHOHa. OpaB.n.a, H B 3TOH CH1)'aQHH
nOCJIe.n.Hee CJ10BO OCTaBaJIOCb 3a pHMJ1RHaMH. OOJIHOMOqHR BHOBb H3-
6paHHoro naTpHapxa .n.OJ1)KHbl 6blJ111 6blTb cpopMaJ1bHO YTBep)K.n.eHb1
pHMCKHM HaMeCTHI1KOM (mEduyoth, 7, 7).
B YCTaHOBKe naTpl1apxa Hero OKpY)KeHHR Ha Ml1pHble B3aHMOOTHO-
llleHI1R C pHMCKHMH BnaCTRMH, BepORTHee Bcero, He CJIe.n.yeT c6paCblBaTb
CO CqeTOB 11 CJ1e.n.YlOllIero MOMeHTa. BBH.n.y Toro qTO .n.OM fHJ1J1eJ1R 5blJ1
60raT H Bce naTpHapxH 6blJ1H COCTORTeJIbHblMI1 JIIO.n.bMH H KpynHblMH
3eMJ1eBJ1a.n.eJ1bQaMH, 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb npe.n.CTaBHTeJ1eH .n.OMa fl1J1-
J1eJ1R B MHpe Moma 06'bRCHj/TbCR He TOJ1bKO I1X nOJ1HTHQeCKHMH, npe.n.-
CTaBHTeJIbCKHMH cpYHKQHj/MH, HO H eCTeCTBeHHblM )KeJ1aHHeM coxpaHHTb
c06CTBeHHOCTb. OOCJ1e.n.Hee )Ke 6blJ10 B03MO)KHO I1CKJ1IOQHTeJ1bHO npH
.n.p}')KeCTBeHHblx B3al1MOOTHOllleHHRx C pHMJ1RHaMH.
60 ,lLnJl II-III 8B.. 8IlLlIlMO, npaBH.1bHee roBOpHTb JJlIWb 0 'iaCTIl Hapolla,
"0 HHX CM" HanpllMep: Sortre M. L'Orient Romain. Provinces et societes en Mediterranee
orientale d'Auguste aux Severes (31 avant J.-C. - 235 apres J.-C.). Pris, 1991. P. 59-65.
312
TllaeQ 6. 06u/aJl xapaKmepllcmUKa emopozo nepllooa pUMcKo-uyaeucKux omHoUleHIIU
4. .3aKoHoyqHTe.IUI II B. H. 8. H PHM
B TO )f(e caMoe BpeM» CKpblToe He.n.OBOJ1bCTBO pHMJ1»HaMI1, o.n.HaKO,
I1MeJIO MeCTO 11, BH.n.I1MO, HI1Kor.n.a He I1C4e3aJIO. B TaJIMy.n.e COXpaHI1J1C»
paCCKa3 0 TOM, KaK Tpoe 113BeCTHblX 3aKOHOY4I1TeJ1eH cepe.n.I1Hbl II B. H. 3.
CI1MOH 6eH HoxaH 62 , Hexy.n.a 6eH HnaH 11 Hoce 6eH XaJIa<paT 06MeHI1-
BaIOTC» penJ1I1KaMH 0 3Ha4eHHH pl1MCKOH K)'J1b1)'pbI. Hexy.n.a 6eH HJ1aH
yrBep)l()J,aJI, 4TO pl1MCKOe BJUl.n.bI4eCTBO I1MeeT 1)' XOPOlllYIO CTOpOHY, 4TO
pI1MJ1»He HaCIDK)J,alOT QI1BI1J1113aQI1IO 11 co.n.eHCTBYIOT BHelllHeMY 6J1aro-
YCTPOHCTBY. «CMOTpI1Te, - roBOpHJI OH, - CKOJ1bKO npeKpacHoro c.n.e-
J1aJIl1 p"MJ1»He: OHH npl1BeJ111 B nop».n.OK ropo.n.CKl1e nJIOllla.n.l1, nOCTpOH-
J111 MOCTbl 11 YCOBepllleHCTBOBaJIl1 6aHI1». AHTl1pHMCKI1 HaCTpoeHHblH
CI1MOH 6eH HoxaH BOCKJ1I1KHYJI B OTBeT Ha 3TO: «Bce, 4TO c.n.eJIaJIH PI1M-
J1»He, OHI1 c.n.eJ1aJIl1 TOJ1bKO )J,JI» CBoero y.n.06CTBa. OHI1 YKpaCI1J111 ropo.n.-
CKl1e rmOllla.D.l1, 4T06bl noca.n.I1Tb TaM ny6J1l1qHblX )f(eHIlII1H; OHI1 YCTPOH-
J111 6aHI1, lJT06bl H3He)f(HBaTb TaM CBoe TeJ10; OHI1 BbICTpOHJ111 MOCTbl,
4T06bl B311MaTb 3a HI1X nOlllJII1Hy»63.
Oc06eHHOCTblO BHyrpeHHeH nOJIl1Tl1KI1 Bcex paBBI1HOB 11 3aKOHOY411-
TeJIeH nOCJ1e nOpIDKeHI1» BOCCTaHI1» nap Kox6bl CTaJIO Cl1CTeMaTI14eCKOe
B03.n.eHCTBl1e Ha MaCCbl B nOJIb3Y coXpaHeHI1» Ml1pa. no 04eHb MHOrHM
npl14l1HaM OHI1 He MOml1 OTKpbITO BblC1)'naTb B nO.D..D.ep)f(K)' PI1Ma, n03TO-
MY noc1)'naJIl1 HHa4e. PI1MCKYIO BJIaCTb OHI1 H306pIDKaJII1 KaK BOrmOllleHl1e
B0J111 npOBI1.n.eHIDI, npOTI1Bl1TbC» KOTOpOH 6bUlO rpelllHO. Y411TbIBa51 onblT
npe.n.llleCTBYlOlllero HCTOpH'lecKOro nepl1o.n.a, BC»4eCKH CTapaJIl1Cb YMeHb-
llll1Tb J11060e O)l(J1.n.aHl1e 6blCTpOro CnaCeHI1» 11 B03.n.a51HIDI, 1160 I1MeHHO
Ha 3THX npe.n.CTaBJIeHIDIX 6a3l1pOBaJIOCb MeCCl1aHCKOe .n.BI1)!reHHe, l1.n.eHHa51
OCHOBa Bcex BOCCTaHI1H B npe.n.llleCTBYlOllIl1e ro.n.bI. B TaJIMy.n.e BCTpe4a-
eTC» .n.OBOJ1bHO MHOro naccIDKeH, npl13bIBalOllII1X K Ml1py KaK K OCHOBe
HOpMaJIbHOH )f(113HI1. KaK npaBI1J10, B TaKI1X paCCy)I()J,eHI1»X HeT OTKpO-
BeHHoro npl13blBa K Ml1py C pl1MCKOH BJIaCTblO. PaBBI1Hbl npl13bIBaJIl1 K
Ml1py C OKpY)f(alOllleH .n.eHCTBI1TeJ1bHOcTblO.
H.n.eOJIOrH4eCKa51 06pa60TKa Hapo.n.a lllJ1a B TO )f(e caMoe BpeM» 11 B
ellle O.n.HOM HanpaBJ1eHI1I1. Bce nOKOJ1eHH» 11 TaHHaI1M, 11 aMopaHM npo-
nOBe.n.OBaJIl1 CTpax nepe.n. BJIaCTblO 11 HenpOTI1BJ1eHl1e eH. Pa6611 HaHHaH,
npl1ml)J,JIe)f(aBllll1H K nepBOMY nOKOJIeHl11O aMOpal1M (nepBa» n0J10BI1Ha
"CnellHaJIbHOe HCCJle,QOBaHHe 0 CII OHe 6eH Hoxae: Rosenfeld B.-Z. R, Simon b. Yo-
hai - Wonder Worker and Magician Scholar, Saddiq and Hasid II REJ, 1999. Vol. 158,
P. 349-384.
., bShabbath, 33b=bShabbath, 2,6=DBT. Bd. I. S. 396. (PYCCKHH nepeBoll: AHTOIIOrHJl
Arra.ilbI. To . 1. M" 2001. C. 100-110.)
313
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PU.WCKOU peCny6JlUKU U PU.WCKOU UMnepuu
III B.), nHCaJ1 BnOJ1He onpe.n.eJ1eHHO: «CTpax nepe.n. BJ1aCTblO Bcer.n.a
.n.OJ1JKeH 6bITh Ha.n. BaMH» (bZebahim, 1 02a). OH JKe .n.06aBmlJ1: «... H KaK
cMepTHble MOryT H36eJKaTb ero MorylLlecTBa H Cl1JIhm UBerakhoth, 9,
1-13a). B3fJI».n.hl TaKoro nJ1aHa npo.n.OJ1JKaJIH CYlLleCTBOBaTb BnJ10Th .n.o
n06e.n.bl B HMnepHH xpHCTHaHCTBa B IV B., Kor.n.a B3aHMOOTHOllleHH»
rocy.n.apCTBa H H)'.n.eeB CTaHOB»TC» npHHUHnHaJIhHO HHhIMH.
O.n.HOBpeMeHHO C no.n.1.fepKHBaHHeM CHJ1hl BJIaCTH H 6eCn0J1e3HOCTH
COnpOTHBJ1eHH» eH, 3aKoHoY'lHTeJ1H, HalJHH<UI CO BTOporo BeKa, BC»'1eCKH
npe.n.ynpe)f()J,aJIH Hapo.n. npoTHB Bephl B p3.3J1H'IHhIX npopoKoB, KOTOphie
no.n.C1.fHThlBaJIH MOMeHT Hac1)'nJ1eHH» Cy.n.HOro .n.H» H OJKI1.n.aJIH npHllle-
CTBI1» MeccHH B caMOM 6mDI<:aHllleM 6y.n.YlLleM. B :noH cH1)'aUHH 3aKO-
HOY'lI1TeJ1H HalllJ1H CJ1e.n.YlOlLlHH BhIXO.n.. npHXO.n. MeCCI1H 6hlJ1 06'h»BJ1eH
KacalOlLlHMC» TOJIhKO focno.n.a, cMepTHoMY JKe HeroJKe B TaKoH cH1)'aUHH
npe.n.CKa3bIBaTh ero nO»BJ1eHHe, KaK H KOHeu BJ1aCTH PHMJ1»H, H60 Bce
3TO OTHOCI1TC» K npeporaTHBaM DOJKeCTBeHHoro npoBH.n.eHI1».
Y 3aKoHoY'lHTeJIeH MHoro BhICK3.3hIBaHHH Ha 31)' TeMY. Hoce 6eH
XaJIaq>Ta OKOJIO 150 r. H. 3. nHCaJI: «TOT, KTO BbICqHThlBaeT KOHeu CBeTa
H npHxo.n. MeccHH, He nOJ1yqHT MeCTa B 6y.n.ylLleM MHpe» (HMeeTC» B BH.n.y,
QTO B MHpe, KOTOphlH 6y.n.eT YCTaHOBJIeH nOCJ1e npHxo.n.a MeCCI1H (Derekh
Erets Sotah, 11)). npe.n.cTaBHTeJIh CJIe.n.ylOlLlero nOKOJ1eHH» CHMeoH 6eH
3J1He3ep npe.n.ynpe)f()J,aJI CBOHX CJ1ywaTeJIeH: «ECJ1H .n.eTl1 roBOp»T BaM:
«H.n.H, nocTpoH XpaM, - He CJ1ywaH HX» (tAbodah Zarah 1, 19). XHIDI
Pa66a, npe.n.cTaBHTeJ1h nOCJ1e.n.Hero nOKOJ1eHH» TaHHaHM, cOBpeMeHHHK
Hexy.n.bl xa-HacH, npe.n.ynpe)f()J,aJI, QTO «ocB060)f()J,eHHe J.hpaHJ1» 6y.n.eT
H.n.TH TOJIhKO JIl1lllb lllar 3a lllaroM» UBerakhoth, 1, 1-2c; 1, 26).
BaJKHO OTMeTHTh, 'I TO YMepeHHble CI1J1bl, B0306JIa.n.aBWHe cpe.n.H H)'-
.n.eeB nOCJ1e nOpaJKeHH» Dap Kox6hl, .n.aJKe rOTOBhl 6bIJIH c.n.eJ1aTh Bce
B03MOJKHOe, '1T06bI Hapo.n. KaK MOJKHO CKopee 3a6hlJ1 06 3THX C06bITH»X.
B TpaKTaTe COTa (mSotah, 9, 14) rOBopHTC» 0 TOM, '1TO JKeHlLll1HaM
60JIbllle He HYJKHO HOCHTb Tpayp no y6HThlM pHMJI»HaMH. A no nOBO.n.y
Hexy.n.hl xa-HacH B .n.pyroM TpaKTaTe TaJIMy.n.a paCCK3.3blBaeTc», 'I TO OH
.n.aJKe nhlTaJIC» OTMeHHTh nOCT 9 '1HCJ1a Mec»ua A6 64 . naTpHapx OTK3.3aJI-
c» OT 3TOH Mephl B pe3YJ1hTaTe onn03HUHI1 3aKoHoY1.fHTeJ1eH UTaannith,
4, 9-69c, I. 3). 0 TOM JKe Hexy.n.y xa-HacH I1CT01.fHHKH co06lLlalOT, '1TO
OH peKoMeH.n.OBaJI cBoeMY CblHY 6hlTh lJeCTHhlM B Bonpoce ynmlThl Ha-
J10rOB 65 H '-ITO caM naTpHapx Bcer.n.a 6hlJ1 rOTOB K cOTpy.n.HH1.feCTBY C
pHMJ1»HaMH BO Bcex cJIYlJa»x cnopoB H cnopHblx CH1)'aUHH, KacalOlLlHX-
C» HaJIOroB UYomah, 1, 2-39a; 18).
... HMeeTCJl B BHLlY lleHb pa3pyweHHJl HepycaJJHMcKOro xpaMa.
"bPeshim, 112b=bPesahim. 10. I=DBT. Bd. 2. S. 714.
314
r:W6a 6. 0611(aJ/ XapaKmepUCmUKQ amOpOi?O neplloOa pU. 'CKo-lIyc)eUCKln onlHOmeHI/U
5. Tp H!!HOHHOe H3Ao eHHe HCTOpHH
o naTpHapxax H 3aKoHoYQHTe.JUIX III B. I1YAeH
H pHMCKaJI BAaCTb B III B. 66
nOCJIe He.n.OJIroro npaBJ1eHHj/ CbIHa MapKa ABpeJ1I1j/, HMnepaTopa
KOMMo.n.a (180-192), H nOCJ1e.n.oBaBllleH 3aTeM 60pb6bl 3a BJlaCTb B 193 r.
OCHOBaTeJ1eM HOBOH .n.HHaCTI1H B PI1Me CTaHOBI1TCj/ CenTI1MHH CeBep
(193-211 r.). nOCJ1e Hero npaBI1J1H HeCKOJ1bKO CbIHOBeH 11 3aTeM BHYKOB
CemHMHj/ CeBepa, qTO .n.aeT OCHOBaHHj/ Ha3blBaTb 193-235 rr. BpeMeHeM
npaBJIeHI1j/ .n.HHaCTI1H CeBepoB.
Bo BpeMj/ ee npaBJ1eHIDl 6b1JIO npI1Hj/TO .n.Ba 3aKOHa, O.n.I1H 113 KOTOpblX
HMeJ1 60JIblllOe lOpl1.n.HqeCKOe 3HaqeHHe .D.J1j/ Bcero HaCeJ1eHHj/ HMnepHH,
a CJ1e.n.OBaTeJIbHO, H .D.J1j/ Hy.n.eeB. BTOpOH 3aKOH, a.n.peCOBaHHblH l1y.n.ej/M,
HMeJ1, HecOMHeHHO, 60J1blllOe 3HaqeHHe .n.J1j/ HI1X. HaqHeM C nepBoro
3aKOHa, H60 HaM H3BeCTHa ero TOqHaj/ .n.aTa. B 212 r. CblH CenTHMHj/
CeBepa I1Mneparop KapalGiJlJ1a 113.n.aJI 3HaMeHH1)'1O Constitutio Antoniana,
T. e. 3aKOH, comaCHO KOTOPOMY pHMCKoe rpa)K)J,aHCTBO npe.n.OCTaBJIj/J10Cb
a6C0J1lOTHO BceM nO.D..D.aHHblM, 3a HCKJ1lOqeHl1eM Tex, KTO 6blJI 3aXBaqeH
B nJ1eH C opY)I<HeM B PYKax. I1HblMH CJ10BaMH, B 212 r. l1y.n.eH 6blJIH
nOJ1HOCTblO ypaBHeHbl B npaBax Ha rocy.n.apCTBeHHoM ypoBHe co BceMH
OCTaJ1bHblMH nO.D..D.aHHblMH. npaB.n.a, He06xo.n.HMO OTMeTHTb, qTO npe-
.n.OCTaBJ1eHl1e pHMCKOro rpa)f{)J,aHCTBa BceM nO.D..D.aHHblM 03HaqaJIO .n.e-
BaJIbBaUHlO pHMcKoro rpa)f{)J,aHCTBa, H60 pHMcKoe rpa)f(.n.aHcTBO KaK
npaBoBaj/ npI1BI1J1erHj/ B HaqaJ1e III B. H. 3. «CT0I1J10» y)f(e ropa3.n.0
MeHbllle, qeM, K npl1Mepy, B KOHue pecny6J1HKH, Kor.n.a pl1MCKOe rpa)f(-
.n.aHCTBO 6b1J10 .n.eHCTBHTeJ1bHO ueHHOH npI1BHJ1emeH. O.n.HaKO B J11060M
CJ1yqae BeCbMa Ba)f(eH caM cpaKT: B 212 r. Bce nO.D..D.aHHble I1MnepHH B
lOpl1.n.HqeCKOM CMblCJ1e OKOHqaTeJ1bHO H 6ecnoBopoTHO 6b1J1H ypaBHeHbl
B npaBax.
BTOpOH 3aKOH, KaCalOIJ..{HHcj/ l1y.n.eeB H OTHOCj/J.J..{HHCj/ K HaqaJIY III B.
H. 3., COXpaHI1J1CSl B )]:HreCTax. )]:aTHpOBKa 3aKOHa HeH3BeCTHa, H60 B
TeKCTe caMoro .n.OK)'MeHTa, B npeaM6YJ1e, CKa3aHO: «DO)f(eCTBeHHble Ce-
Bepbl nOCTaHOBHJ1H». HaH60JIee BepOj/THblMH HMnepaTopaMH 3.n.eCb MO-
ryT 6b1Tb CenTHMI1H CeBep HJ1H KapaKaJIJ1a. Cyrb )f(e npHHj/Toro Me)K)J,y
193 11 220 rr. 3aKOHa CBO.n.HTCj/ K CJIe.n.YlOIJ..{eMY: H)'.n.eH MO)f(eT 3aHHMaTb
B rocy.n.apCTBe .n.OJ1)((HOCTb JI1060ro .n.OJ1)f(HOCTHOro JIHua C e.n.HHcTBeHHoH
.. 06lI.111H 06Jop BJaUMOOTHoweHHH pHMCKOro roCY,'lapCTBa 11 HYlleeB npH CeBepax CM.:
Smallwood E. M. The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Oiocletian. A Study in political
Relations. Leiden. 1981. P. 487-506,
315
A. f. rpYWeBOH. l1ydeu u uydaU1M 6 ucmopuu PIU/CKOU pecny6JlIIKII u PU.\/CKOU UMnepUl/
OroBOpKOH: HCnOJIHeHHe :nOH .n.omKHOCTI1 He .n.OJI)KHO nOBpe.n.HTb HX Bepe.
I1HbIMH CJ10BaMH, c06mo.n.eHHe peJII1rl103HbIX 3anpeTOB H)'.n.aH3Ma BMe-
HjIJIOCb npalITH'-IeCKH B 06jI3aHHOCTb Hy.n.elO, HCnOJ1HjIlOllIeMY J11060H
rocy.n.apCTBeHH}'1O .n.omKHOCTb B PHMCKOH HMnepHH 67 .
I1CTopHjI B3aHMOOTHollleHHH MapKa ABpeJ1l1jI, a TalOKe CenTHMHjI
CeBepa Hero CbIHa KapaKaJ1J1bl C H)'.n.ejIMI1 CBjI3aHa C XOpOlllO H3BecTHOH
np06JIeMOH, a lITO eCTb HMnepaTOp AHTOHHH, ynoMHHaeMblH B paBBH-
HHCTH'leCKMX I1CTO'-lHHKax B Ka'-leCTBe .n.pyra narpHapxa Hexy.n.bl xa-HacH
H B 113BeCTHOH Mepe B Ka'-leCTBe nOKpOBHTeJ1jI H)'.n.eeB?
B HaCTOjIll.{HH MOMeHT 3TOT Bonpoc MO)KeT C'-IHTaTbCjI pellIeHHbIM H
He Tpe6YIOll.{I1M no.n.p06Horo pa360pa. 003TOMY OTMeTHM KpaTKo J1Hlllb
OCHOBHbIe MOMeHTbI. B paBBHHHCTl1'-1eCKOH JII1Teparype 68 cOXpaHHJ1aCb
HH<popMal.lHjI '-IeTbIpeX BH.n.OB 0 B3aHMOOTHOllleHI1jIX mrrpHapxa (B HC-
TOQHHKaX OH Ha3bIBaeTCjI npocTo pa6611) C HMnepaTopoM AHTOHHHOM.
ftHM HMnepaTopOM MO)KeT 6bITb MapK ABpeJIHH, BBH.n.,}' TOro '-ITO
ero ro.n.bl npaBJ1eHHjI COBna.n.alOT C ro.n.aMH naTpHapllIecTBa l1exy.n.bI xa-
HacH. O.n.HaKo 3TO J1HllIb O.n.HO H3 npe.n.n0J10)KeHHH H Bapl1aHTOB H.n.eH-
TH<pHKal.lHH MO)KeT 6bITb HeCKOJ1bKO, H60 HH<pOpMal.lHjI 0 B03MO)KHbIX
KOHTalITaX pa66H 11 AHToHHHa BeCbMa pa3Ho06pa3Ha 11 BCTpe'-laeTCjI B
pa3Hblx THnax HCTO'-lHHKOB. Cpe.n.H HI1X: 1) HCTOpH'-IeCKH B03MO)KHble
<palITbl; 2) <palITbl, OTHOCjIll.{HeCjI K 06J1aCTH J1ereH.n.; 3) co6paHHe pa3J1H'-I-
HblX BbICKa3bIBaHHH H 4) <pparMeHTbl <pI1JIOC0<pCKHX CO'-lHHeHHH 69 .
Hac B .n.aHHOM cJ1Y'-lae HHTepecYeT nepB<UI rpynna HCTO'-lHHKOB. 3.n.ecb
BCTpe'-lalOTCjI ynoMHHaHHjI 0 KOHcYJIbTal.lHH Me)J()J,y naTpHapxoM H HM-
nepaTopoM AHTOHHHOM no Bonpocy 0 B03MO)KHOM BOCCTaHHH B EmnTe.
AHTOHHH H pa66H 6ece.n.ylOT no Bonpocy 0 pellleHHH AHToHHHa c.n.eJ1aTb
THBepHa.n.y pHMCKOH K0J10Hl1eH (T. e. nOCeJIHTb TaM JIH60 pHMCKHX rpa-
"TeKcT H nepeBO.ll3TOH !jJpa3bI npHBe.1leHbl Bblwe, Ha c. 811aHHoH pa60Tbl.
'" flO.1l06HblH 0630p HCTO'iHHKOB: Krouss S. Anoninus und Rabbi. Wien, 1910.
69 CM. nO.1lp06HO: Wallach II JQR. 31. 1940-1941. P. 259-286. 6eCe.1lbI AHToHHHa H
Pa66H Ha !jJHJJOco!jJcKHe TeMbI HMelOT CaMH no ce6e He60JJbwylO HCTOpH'iecKYIO ueHHOCTb,
O.1lHaKO >Ke OHH BaJKHbl H BeCbMa HHTepeCHbI B llpyroM. KaK nOKaJaJJ fl. BaJJJJax, 3TH «jIHJJO-
co!jJcKHe 6ece.1lbI nOpa3HTeJJbHO 6J1H3KH K nOJlOJKeHHIIM HeKOTopblX nHceM CeHeKH. B npHH-
l-lIme, TaKOro pOlla 6JJH30CTb MOJKeT 03Ha'iaTb JlH60 COBn311eHHe TaK H!I3bIBaeMbIX «06WHX
MeCT» - «jIHJJOCO«jlCKHX nocryJJaTOB, KOTOpble MorYT BCTpe'iaTbCIi y MbICJJHTeJleH JJI060ro
Hapolla. J1H60 >Ke TaKoe COBn311eHHe CJle.IlYeT C'iHTaTb 3aKOHoMepHblM npoJlBJIeHHeM 3HaKOM-
CTBa npe.llCTaBHTeJleH O.llHOH KYJJbTYpbl C .llpyroJ:i. C TO'iKH 3peHHJl aBTOpa .1laHHOH pa60Tbl, He
cfJWlococfJa, nepell HaMH 3aKOHOMepHble COBnalleHHII. HHblMH CJJOB<L\lH, 3TH TeKCTbl MOJKHO
paCCMarpHBaTb KaK .1l0K!I3aTeJJbCTBO TOro, 'iTO OCTaIOWHHCIi HaM HeH3BeCTHblM 3aKOHOY'iHTeJJb
(HJlH 3aKOHOY'iHTeJJH, H60 6ecel1bl AHTOHHHa H Pa66H Ha !jJHJJOco!jJCKHe TeMbl MomH 6b1Tb
HanHcaHbl p!l3HblMH aBTOpaMH) 6bIJJ 3HaKOM C TBOp'ieCTBOM CeHeKH H co CTOH'ieCKOH !jJlmo-
co!jJHeH B ueJlO l.
316
rJlaaa 6. 06111aJ/ xapaKmepucmuKo anropoi?o nepuoda PlwcKo-lIydelicKux omHomeHuli
)K)J,aH, JIH60 OTCJ1Y)f(HBlllI1X CBOH CpOK J1emOHepOB). Pa66H 06C}')K.D.aeT
C AHTOHHHOM Bonpoc 0 nepe.n.a1-le 3eMeJ1b B faYJ1aHHTH.n.e (B rOJ1aHCKHX
BbICOTax) B c06cTBeHHocTb naTpl1apXa H ero ceMbe. Pa66H 06cY)K)J,aeT C
HMnepaTopOM Bonpoc 0 Ka1-leCTBe nopo.n. CKOTa, KOTOpblM BJ1a.n.eIOT HM-
nepaTOp H naTpHapx. 1,1Tor 06CY)K)J,eHHj( 0.n.H03Ha1-leH: y naTpHapxa no-
pO.n.b1 CKOTa, KOJ1H1-IeCTBO H Ka1-leCTBO Bcex )f(HBOTHbIX Hel13MepHMO Bblllle,
1-IeM y I1MnepaTopa. Pa66H 06CY)K)J,aeT C HMnepaTopOM np06JIeMbi .n.BY-
CTopOHHeH nepenHCKH. Pa66H nOJIY1-laeT OT HMnepaTopa B no.n.apOK 30-
J10TOH no.n.CBe1-lHHK C no.n.06alOIJ..{eH CHl)'aQHI1.n.p}')f(eCKHM nOCBj(IJ..{eHHeM
«OT AHTOHHHa - (B no.n.apOK .n.J1j() pa66m>.
113 llleCTH pHMCKHX HMnepaTopOB, I1MeHOBaBlllHXCj( AHTOHHHaMH,
1-IeTBepO He no.n.XOJUlT no pa3JIH1-IHblM C006proKeHI1j(M KocBeHHoro xapaK-
Tepa (HJII1 npaBHJIH y)f(e nOCJIe CMepTl1 Hexy.n.bl xa-Hacl1, HJII1 HI1Kor.n.a
He nOCeLUaJIH OaJIeCTHHY). OO-HaCTOj(LUeMY npHxo.n.IITCj( Bbl6Hparb J1mIJb
Me)f()J,y CJ1e.n.yIOIJ..{HMH .n.BYMj( KaH.n.I1.n.arypaMH: Me)f()J,y cpl1JIOCOcpCTBYIOLUHM
HMnepaTopOM MapKOM ABpeJ1HeM 11 CblHOM CenTHMHj( CeBepa MapKOM
ABpeJIHeM AHTOHHHOM, 60JIee H3BeCTHbiM KaK KapaKaJIJ1a.
KaK y)f(e OTMe1-laJIOCb, MapK ABpeJIHH (npaBHJ1 161-180) 60JIbllle
no.n.xo.n.HT no BpeMeHH npaBJIeHHj(. B nOJIb3Y .n.pyroro B03MO)f(HOrO KaH-
.n.H.n.aTa - KapaKaJlJ1bl - rOBopj(T HeCKOJ1bKO cpaKTOB:
- XOpOIllO H3BeCTHO, 1-ITO H CenTI1MHH CeBep, Hero CblH KapaKaJlJ1a
6JIaroB0J1HJ111 K Hy.n.ej(M, H HHcpopMaQI1j( 06 3TOM HMeeTCj( BO MHorHX
aHTI11-1HbiX HCT01-lHHKax. B OcpHQHaJIbHOH 6HorpacpHI1 KapaKaJIJIbl pac-
CKa3blBaeTCj(, 1-ITO 6y.n.YIJ..{HH HMnepaTop nOCCOpHJ1Cj( co CBOHM OTQOM
HMnepaTopoM CenTHMHeM CeBepoM H3-3a CBoero CJ1ym, KOTOpOro Ha-
Ka3aJIH j(K06bl 3a npHBep)f(eHHOCTb Hy.n.aI13MY (SHA, Caracalla, I, 6). Y
l1epoHHMa BCTpeqaeTcj( yrBep)K)J,eHl1e 0 TOM, 1-ITO «C eBep 70 H ero CblH
AHTOHHH BeCbMa 6J1aroB0J1HJ1H K Hy.n.ej(M» (Jer. In Dn., XI, 27 = PL.
Vol. 25, col. 570).
- KapaKaJ1J1a 6blBaJ1 B OaJ1eCTI1He no MeHbllleH Mepe .n.BCl)K)J,bl: B
199 r. BMeCTe co CBOHM OTQOM H B 215 r. no nYfH H3 AHTHOXHH B AJ1eK-
caH.n.pHIO. BTOpOH H3 3TI1X .n.BYX BI13HTOB B npHHQHne KaK pa3 no.n.xo.n.I1T
)J,JIj( Toro, 0 1-IeM paCCKa3blBaeTcj( B TaJIMy.n.H1-IecKHx HCT01-lHHKax.
tho KaCaeTCj( paccMaTpHBaBllll1XCj( Ha 3THX 6ece.n.ax BonpOCOB, TO
06C}')K.D.eHHe Bonpoca 0 CTal)'ce ropo.n.a THBepHa.n.a, He Haxo.n.j(LUee npj(-
MblX no.n.TBep)K)J,eHI1H B .n.pymx HCTO'iHI1Kax, YKJIa.n.bIBaeTCj( TeM He MeHee
B 06IJ..{YIO KapTHHY nOJ1HTHKH HMnepaTopOB no OTHOllleHHIO K ropo.n.aM
BOCTO'iHbIX npOBHHQHH. OpH CeBepax MHome 6mDKHeBOCT01-lHbie ropo-
.n.a nOJ1Y'iaJIH CTal)'C K0J10HHH. HH1-Iero, B npHHQHne, HeB03MO)f(HOro HeT
70 HMeeTCJl B BH.llY CenTUMHH CeBep.
317
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydell u uydaU3.\1 e ucmopull PIUICKOU pecny6.1UKII u PZUlCKOU lL\mepUU
H B <jJaJcre .n.apeHH» no.n.CBe'-lHHKa naTpHapxy. npl1Mepbl Y'-IaCTI1» HMne-
paTopOB B H)'.n.eHCKOM K)'J1bTe H3BeCTHbl 11 B 60J1ee paHHee BpeM». Bblllle
Y)f(e OTMelJaJIC» XOpOlllO H3BeCTHblH <jJaKT )f(epTBOnpHHOllleHI1H OT HMe-
HH I1MnepaTopa, COBeplllaBllJHXC» B l1epycaJIHMCKOM xpaMe perYJI»p-
H0 71 .
Bce )f(e npH paCCMOTpeHI1H KaH.n.H.n.arypbl KapaKaJ1J1bl B03HHKaeT
cepbe3Ha» XpOH0J10m'-leCKa» HeYB»3Ka. fO.n.bl npaBJIeHH» KapaKaJIJIbl:
211-217 rr. Tpa.n.HQHOHHble .n.aTbl naTpHaplllecTBa l1exy.n.bl xa-HacH -
170-210 rr. I1HblMI1 CJIOBaMH, .n.aTbl He COBna.n.atoT. 1.ITO )f(e OCTaeTC» B
HTore? no MHeHHto O.n.HOro 113 HCCJ1e.n.OBareJIeH, M. ABH-I10Hbl 72 , AH-
TOHHHOM TaJIMy.n.l1lJeCKHX HCTO'-lHHKOB »BJ1»eTC», 6eccnopHo, KapaKa.JlJIa.
O.n.HaKO TOT)f(e M. ABI1-l1oHa COBepllleHHO CnpaBe.D.J1HBO 3aMe'-laeT, '-ITO
HeCKOJ1bKO CYlLleCTBeHHblX MOMeHTOB 3TOMY npOTHBOpe'-laT. Bblille Y)f(e
OTMe'-laJIOCb, '-ITO B TaJIMy.n.H'-IeCKOH Tpa.n.I1QI1H C HCTopHeH 06 AHTOHHHe
YB»3aH .n.aJKe .n.HaJIOr <jJHJIOCO<jJCKOro xapaKTepa, B KOTOpOM AHTOHHH
.n.aJKe »BJ1»eTC» O.n.HHM H3 .n.eHcTBytolLll1X JIHQ. 3TO COBepllleHHO aHTHHC-
TOpl1lJHO, 1160 rpy60cTb 11 cOJI.n.a<jJoHCKl1e 3aMalllKI1 KapaKaJIJ1bl XOpOlllO
113BeCTHbl H3 aHTH'-IHbIX HCTO'-lHI1KOB.
OTCto.n.a CJ1e.n.YeT, '-ITO Bce npe.n.J1araeMble B I1CTO'-lHHKaX H.n.eHTH<jJH-
KaQHH OKa3bIBatoTC» COMHHTeJIbHblMH (I1J1H no MeHbilleH Mepe He 6ec-
cnopHbIMH).I1HbIMI1 CJ10BaMI1, cKOpee Bcero, nepe.n. HaMI1 c06l1pareJ1bHblH
06pa3. 1.ITO-TO 113 TOro, '-ITO npl1nl1CblBaeTC» JIereH.n.apHOMY AHTOHHHY,
npOl1cxo.n.HJ1O npH MapKe ABpeJ1HH, '-ITO-TO, B03MO)f(HO, npH CenTI1MI1H
CeBepe, '-ITO-TO, BeCbMa BepO»THO, npl1 BCTpe'-le naTpHapxa .n.aJKe He C
HMnepaTopOM, a C KeM-JIH60 H3 '-IHHOBHHKOB HMnepaTopCKOH a.n.MI1HI1-
CTpaQHH 60J1ee HI13KOro paHra H J1Hlllb 3aTeM nepeHOCHJ10Cb Ha npaB»-
lLlero B TOT MOMeHT HMnepaTopa. TaKHM 06Pa30M, np06JIeMa AHToHHHa
TaJIMy.n.H'-IecKl1x I1CTO'-lHHKOB 0.n.H03Ha'-lHOrO pellleHH» He HMeeT.
o Hel1CTOpl1'-1HOCTH 06pa3a TaJIMy.n.I1'-1ecKoro AHTOHHHa CBI1.n.eTeJIbCT-
BYeT 11 elLle O.n.HO Ha6JIto.n.eHHe Ha.n. HCTO'IHI1KaMH. B HeKOTOpblX pYKonHC»X
TpaKTara Men-vIDa, TaJIMy.n.H'IecKHH AIITOHHH Ha3BaH np03eJ1lITOM. B .n.py-
rHX pYKonHC»X TOro )f(e TpaKTara, OTJIH'IatolLlHXC» 60J1blllHM aBTOpHTeTOM
11 Ka'leCTBeHHOCTbto, MHeHHe 0 B03MO)f(HOM np03eJ1HTl13Me AHTOHI1Ha
71 HYLleH, co CBoeH CTOpOHbl, B LlOJJry He OCTaBa.1HCb. H3BeCTHa H3.llnHCb, B KOTOpOH
nO'ieCTH HMnepaTOpy B0311aIOTCJl HYLleJ:icKoH 06lI.1HHOH OLlHOro MaJJOaJHHCKoro ropolla (Frey.
CIJ. II. N 972. P. 157-159.).
72 Avi-Yonah M. The Jews of Palestine, A Political History from Bar Kokhba War to the
Arab Conquest. New York, 1976. P. 42. AHa.10rH'iHOH n03HHllHH npHLlepJKliBaeTCJl r. MOH
(Alan G. The Jews in their Land in the Talmudic Age (70-640 CE). London, 1989. P.682).
06CTOJlTeJJbHblH pa360p Bonpoca C YKaJaHHe!'ol Bcex HMelOlI.IHXCJl TO'ieK 3peHHJl eCTb B cne-
LlYlOlUeH pa60Te: WmepH, 2002. C. 264: 282,
318
Tllaea 6. 06U1GJ/ xapaKmepucmUKa emopOi?O nepuoiJo pu.wcKD-uydeucKux omHomeHUli
nOJIHOCTblO OTBepraeTCjI 73. K nOCJ1e.n.HeMY MHeHHlO pYKOnl1CHOH Tpa.n.HUHI1
TaJIMy.n.a CJIe.n.yeT npHcoe.n.HHHTbCjI. npe.n.nOJIO)f(eHHe 0 B03MO)f(HOM I1C-
THHHOM np03eJIHTH3Me KapaKaJ1J1bl 11 Bo061.J..{e KOrO-JIH60 113 pHMCKHX
HMnepaTOpOB CJ1e.n.yeT npH3HaTb COBepllleHHO HeHCTopH4HblM. XapaKTep
:noro I1MnepaTOpa, ero MeHTaJIIITeT npeKpaCHO Onl1CaHbl B ueJIOM Pjl.n.e
HCT04HI1KOB, 11 n03TOMY COBpeMeHHOMY I1CCJ1e.n.OBaTeJ1lO COBepllleHHO
jlCHO, Ha 4TO OH Mor 6bITb cnoco6eH. 3TOT 4eJIOBeK He Mor nOMeIDlTb Bepy.
OrMeTl1M TalOKe, 4TO ycnexH l1y.n.eHcKoro np03eJ1I1TH3Ma Bce )f(e He 6bIJ1H
TaK BeJ1HKH, 4T06bl KTO-J1H60 113 HMnepaTopOB Mor pellll1TbCjI Ha 3TO.
Bo BceH 3TOH CHT)'aUHl-t npe.n.CTaBJIjleT HeMaJIblH HHTepec MHeHHe
C. M. .Lb'6HoBa, npaB.n.a, no HeCKOJIbKO HHOMY Bonpocy74 - 06 OTHOllle-
HHH KapaK.a.l1J1bl K H)'.n.ejlM B ueJ10M. OrMeTHB H3BeCTHblH 3nH30.n. 0 cco-
pe KapaK.a.l1J1bl C OTUOM H3 MaJIb'lHKa-H)'.n.ejl, C. M. .Lb'6HOB .n.aJIee nl1llIeT:
«OTHOCI1JICjI JIH OH cnpaBe)J,JIHBee K H)'.n.eHcKoMY Hapo.n.y B 3peJ10M B03-
pacTe - HeH3BeCTHO»75.
He06xo.n.I1MO TalOKe CKa3aTb HeCKOJ1bKO CJIOB 0 B3aHMOOTHOllleHHjlX
H)'.n.eeB C HMnepaTopaMH nOCJ1e cMepTH KapaKaJIJ1bl. HMnepaTop 3JIara-
6aJI (reJ1Hora6aJI) OTJ1H'IaJICjI CJ10)f(HbIMH no xapaKTepy peJ1HfH03HblMI1
q,aHTa3HjlMH 11, n0KJ10IDljlCb CHpl1HCKOH 60r11He, Me'lTaJI .n.IDKe C03.n.aTb
Ha 3TOH nO'IBe YHHBepcaJIbHYlO peJIHfHlO, B6HpaBlllYlO B ce6j1 'IepTbl Bcex
113BeCTHbiX eMY peJ1HfHH. ECJ111 Bepl1Tb Oq,HUHaJIbHbIM 6Horpaq,HjlM
3TOro HMneparopa, TO no.rry'laeTCjI, 'ITO OH 6bIJ1, cy.n.jI no BceMY, e.n.HHCT-
BeHHblM H3 I1MnepaTOpOB, KTO COBepllll1Jl 06pe3aHHe H B03.n.eP)f(HBaJICjI
OT ynoTpe6JIeHHjI B nl1111Y CBHHHHbl. 3TO OTHlO.n.b He CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBO
Hy.n.aH3Ma HJIH np03eJ1HTH3Ma. nOCT)'naji TaK, 3J1ara6aJI 06palllaJICjI TeM
caMblM He B H)'.n.aH3M, a BO 'ITO-TO HM)f(e caMHM H H306peTeHHoe 76 .
CJIO)f(Hee 06CTOIIT .n.eJ10 C nOCJ1e.n.HI1M H3 HMnepaTOpOB .n.HHaCTHH Ce-
BepOB - C CeBepOM ArieKCaH.D.pOM. Ero HMjI CBjl3blBaeTCjI B HCTO'lHHKaX
C ueJIOH cepHeH MepOnpIDITI1H, TaK I1JII111Ha'ie KaCaJ01.J..{HXCjI H)'.n.eeB. B ero
6110rpaq,HH Co06lll3eTCjI npe)f()J,e Bcero 0 TOM, 'ITO OH YBIDKaJI npHBl1JIefHH
H)'.n.eeB H .n.aJI B03MO)f(HOCTb Xpl1CTHaHaM BO BpeMjI CBoero uapCTBOBaHHjI
)J(IITb cnOKOHHO, 6e3 npeCJ1e.n.OBaHHH (SHA, Severns Alexander, 22:4).
DHorpaq, HMnepaTOpa nl1llleT .n.aJIee, 'ITO Hapo.n. AHTI10XHH H AJ1eK-
caH.n.pHH Ha3blBaJI CeBepa AJIeKcaH.n.pa Cl1pl1HCKHM apXHcHHaroroM, T. e.
73 CM, Liebermon S. Greek in Jewish Palestine. New York, 1942. P. 78-81 no nOBOllY
jMegillah 3, 2-74a.
74 )J,y6HOB YBepeHHO OTOJI(.lleCTBJIJleT TaJJMY.llH'ieCKoro AHTOHIIHa C MapKoM ABpenHeM
(161-180 rr.).
1S J{v6Hoe C. M Bce06U.1aJ1 HCTOpHII HY.QeeB Ha OCHOBaHIIH HOBeHWHX HaY'iHbIX HCC,lellO-
BaHHJ:i. KH. II. nepHo.Q TaJJMYlUf'ieCKHH H cpe.QHeBeKOBbIH. Cn6., 1905. C. 77.
16 06 3i1ara6aJJe-feJJHOra6aJJe H ero B3aHMOOTHOWeHHllX C HYllaH3MoM CM.: SHA. Helio-
gabalus, 3, 4-5,7,2: 28, 4.
319
A. f. fpyweBOH. Ifydell U lIydau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKu u PILMCKOU w.rnepuu
maBOH H)'.n.eHCKOH pemlrHH B Cl1pl1H (SHA, Severus Alexander, 28:7).
DHorpa<p I1MnepaTopa npeKpacHo nOHI1MaeT, 'ITO 3TO 6blJ10 c.n.eJ1aHO
I1CKJ1lO'II1TeJIbHO HaCMelllKI1 pa.n.H - I1MnepaTopy npHnl1CaJJH He CYlLle-
CTBYlOlllYlO Ha caMOM .n.eJIe .n.omKHOCTb. fJIaBa K3.)K)J,OH KOHKpeTHOH CH-
HarorH .n.eHCTBI1TeJ1bHO HMeHOBaJJCSI apXHCI1HaroroM, HO Bce 06111I1Hbl
.n.l1aCnOpbl no.n.'IHHSlJ1I1Cb naTpHapxaT)', a maBHblX paBBHHOB TOH I1J1H
HHOH TepplffOpHI1 B PI1MCKOH I1Mnepl111 npOCTO He CYlLleCTBOBaJJO.
Dl10rpa<p AIieKcaH.n.pa CeBepa 6epeTCSI yrBep)!()J,aTb - npOBepHTb 3TO
COBepllleHHO HeB03MO)KHO, - 'ITO I1MnepaTOp HMeJI B CBoeM .n.OMalllHeM
CBSlTHJII1111e He TOJ1bKO H306pIDKeHI1S1 caMblX 3HaMeHHTblX I1MnepaTopOB
11J111 Sl3bllJeCKI1X 3HaMeHHTOCTeH Tl1na An0J1J10HIDl Tl1aHcKoro, HO TaIOKe
06P3.3bl Xpl1CTa 11 ABpaaMa (SHA, Severus Alexander, 29:2). Dl10rpa<p
I1MnepaTopa nl1llleT, lJTO CeBep AIieKCaH.D.p B O.n.HOM OTHOllleHHI1 KOnl1pO-
BaJJ 06bllJaH Xpl1CTl1aH 11 H)'.n.eeB, Bcer.n.a 06'bj(BmlBllll1X ny6J1l1lJHO I1MeHa
Tex, KTO .n.OJ1)KeH 6b1J1 6b1Tb cBj(lLleHHOCJ1}?KHTeJIeM. CeBep AIieKcaH.n.p
XOTeJI, lJT06b1 B COOTBeTCTBl111 C 3TI1M o6bl'-IaeM KaH.n.I1.n.aT)'pa KIDK)J,oro
HaMeCTHI1Ka 11 npoKyparopa om,j(BJ1j(J1aCb 6bl ny6JIl1lJHO, .n.o HalJaJJa I1C-
nOJ1HeHIDl 11M CBOI1X 06S13aHHOCTeH (SHA, Severus Alexander, 45: 6-7).
Dl10rpa<p I1MnepaTopa ClJl1TaeT CBOI1M ):lOJIrOM oc060 OTMeTI1Tb H
CJIe.n.ylOIllI1H <paKT. CeBep AJ1eKcaH.n.p npl1.n.aBaJJ OlfeHb 60JIblllOe 3HalfeHI1e
TaK Ha3blBaeMoMY 30JIOTOMY npaBI1J1Y nOBe.n.eHI1j(: «He nOCT)'naH no
OTHOllleHl1lO K .n.pyroMY TaK, KaK Te6e 6bl He XOTeJIOCb, lJT06bl .n.pYrHe
nOCT)'naJJH no OTHOllleHl1lO K Te6e». B 6110rpa<pHI1 CeBepa AIieKcaH.n.pa
CK3.3aHO, lJTO OH YCJ1bllllaJJ 3T)' <POPMYJIY TO JIH OT XpHCTl1aHI1Ha, TO J111
OT H)'.n.ej( (SHA, Severus Alexander, 51 :7-8).
,lVIj( I1CCJ1e.n.OBaTeJ1j( 11 )J,J1j( 'II1TaTeJ1j( TeKCTa 6110rpa<p1111 3.n.eCb B03-
HHKaeT, eCTeCTBeHHO, Bonpoc, KaK OTHOCI1TbCj( K 3THM <paKTaM. B YC-
JIOBI1j(X, Kor.n.a lJero-J1H60 .n.OKa3aTb npaKTI1'IeCKI1 HeJ1b3j(, 1160 .n.onOJI-
HI1TeJ1bHblMI1 HCTOlJHI1KaMH Mbl He pacnOJ1araeM, Bonpoc pelllaeTCj(
I1CKJ1lOlJI1TeJ1bHO I1CXOJUI 113 npe.n.nOlJTeHI1H I1CCJ1e.n.OBaTeJIj(. JtI3BecTHo,
lJTO C60PHI1K «Scriptores Historiae Augustae» j(BJ1j(eTCj( n03.n.HI1M no
BpeMeHI1 COCTaBJ1eHI1j( - 6JII1)Ke K cepe.n.I1He IV B. ABTOpbl C60pHI1Ka
YBJ1eKJ1I1Cb lJl1CTO BHelllHeH 3<p<peKTHOCTblO 113J10)KeHHj( ClO)KeTa, 11 no-
3TOMY HeKOTopble I1CCJ1e.n.OBaTeJ111 Clfl1TalOT 6110rpa<p111O CeBepa AJ1eK-
caH.n.pa cBoero po.n.a pOMaHoM, COlfHHeHHblM BO BpeMeHa npaBJ1eHI1j(
lOJIl1aHa OrcrynHI1Ka (361-363 rr.), nOCJIe.n.Hero J.1MnepaTOpa-j(3bllfHI1Ka 77 .
77 a 6Horpa«jlHH CeBepa AneKCaH.llpa H ee oueHKe CM.: Baynes N. The Historia Augusta,
its Date and Purpose. Oxford, 1926; Momilgliano A. Secondo Contributo alia Storia degli
Studi Classici, Roma, 1960. P. 105-144; Syme R. Emperors and Biography. Studies in the
Historia Augusta. Oxford, 1971; Syme R. (ed.) The Historia Augusta. Bonn, 1971.
320
rJla8a 6. 06u/aJi xapaKmepucmUKO 8mopozo neplloda pU.\fCKo-lIydeuCKu.'( omHOUfeHuzi
H3 TaKoro yrBep)J()J,eHlUI, eCTeCTBeHHO, BblTeKaeT 11 OTpl1uaTeJIbHOe BOC-
nplUlTHe co.n.ep)KaHI1» 6Horpa<pI-1H. O.n.HaKO BO BceM TOM, 'HO npHnl1Cbl-
BaeTC» CeBepy AJ1eKcaH.n.py, Hl1lJero npl1HUHmlaJ1bHO HeB03MO)!(HOro HeT,
KaK HeT 11 lJero-J1H60 <paHTaCTHlJeCKoro. B pe3YJ1bTaTe npHxo.n.I1TC» npH-
3HaTb, lJTO OTHOllleHHe CeBepa AJ1eKcaH.n.pa, KaK OHO no.n.aHO B I1CTOlJHI1-
Ke, BblfJ1».n.HT BnOJIHe npaB.n.ono.n.06HbIM, XOT» Mbll1 He MO)KeM HCKJllOlJaTb
TOro <paKTa, lJTO lJTO-TO 3.n.eCb MO)KeT 6blTb npl1YKpallleHO HJ111 .n.06aBJ1e-
HO npl1 nOCJ1e.n.YIOI.J..{HX 061.l.{HX pe.n.aKUH»X C60PHI1Ka 6Horpa<pHH I1Mne-
paTopOB.
ECJ1H roBOpHTb 0 nepHo.n.e B ueJIOM, TO III B. H. 3. 6b1J1 3nOXOH KPH-
3l1ca, 3aTpOHYBwero Bce 06JIaCTH HMnepHH, B TOM lJHCJIe H naJIeCTHHy.
nOJ1I1THlJeCKI1H pe)KHM, YCTaHOBI1BlllI1HC» C MOMeHTa npHxo.n.a K BJIaCTH
B 284 r. HMnepaTopa ):{HOKJIeTHaHa, nOJIHOCTblO H3MeHI1J1 Bce CTOpOHbl
)K113HH H 06I.J..{eCTBa, H rocy.n.apCTBa. <I>OpMaJlbHO, KOHelJHO, 06I.J..{eCTBeH-
Hble HHCTHl)'Tbl OCTaJll1Cb TeMH )Ke, HO no CYTH Bce npoH30llle.n.llll1e
BHyTpeHHHe H3MeHeHH» npHBeJIH K C03.n.aHI1IO Y)Ke HHOro 06I.J..{eCTBa.
nOCJ1e.n.Hee, BnpOlJeM, eCTeCTBeHHO, eCJ1H YlJeCTb, lJTO nOJIHTHlJeCKa»
HeCTa611JIbHOCTb B PHMCKOH HMnepl111 )J,JII1J1aCb 'l)'Tb 60J1ee 50 J1eT (c 235
no 284 r.).
B 3TOT nepHo.n. XpOH0J10mlJeCKH nepBblM naTpl1apXOM H)'.n.eeB H npe-
eMHHKOM Hexy.n.bl xa-HaCH 6blJ1 ero CblH faMaJll1HJI III (npl1MepHO 210-
230 rr.). OH He 06J1a)J,aJI, cy.n.» no BceMY, HH Y4eHbiM aBTOpl1TeTOM cBoero
OTua, HI1 ero a.n.MI1HHCTpaTI1BHbIMH cnoc06HOCT»MH. CJ1e.n.oB ero KOH-
KpeTHOH .n.e»TeJ1bHOCTH 113BeCTHO MaJlO. npaB.n.a, COXpaHHJ10Cb HeCKOJ1b-
KO npHnl1CblBaeMblx eMY H3pelJeHHH., HanpHMep: «XOPOlllO, KOr.n.a YlJe-
HOCTb COlJeTaeTC» C )KHTeHCKHMH .n.eJIaMH, H60 TaKOH .n.BOHHOH TPY.n.
(YMcTBeHHblH H <p113I1lJeCKHH) y.n.aJI»eT OT rpexa. O.n.HO TOJ1bKO 113YlJeHHe
3aKOHa 6e3 3aIDIT}tl! peMeCJ10M B KOHue KOHUOB OKa3bIBaeTC» 6eCIUIO.n.HbIM
H .n.IDKe npHBo.n.HT K rpexy. KTO 3aHHMaeTC» 06I.J..{eCTBeHHbIMI1 .n.eJIaMH,
.n.OJ1)KeH HX .n.eJ1aTb BO HM» Dora (6e3 KOpblCTHblX ueJ1eH). Dy.n.bTe OCTO-
P0)KHbl C BJ1acT»MI1 78 , H60 OHH npH6J1I1)KaIOT K ce6e lJeJIOBeKa TOJ1bKO
Tor.n.a, KOma OH HM H)')KeH. BJIacTb HMYI.J..{He npHTBop»IOTC» .n.PY3b»MH,
KOr.n.a :ITO 11M npHHOCHT nOJIb3Y, HO He BblpYlJaT lJeJIOBeKa B MHHYTY 6e.n.bD>
(Aboth, II, 2-4).
BOT, nO)KaJlYH, H Bce, lJTO H3BeCTHO 06 3TOM naTpHapxe. 0 HeKOTOpblx
pellleHI1»x KOHKpeTHblx BonpocoB 3KOHOMHlJeCKoro xapaKTepa, CB»3aH-
HblX C ero I1MeHeM, pelJb nOH.n.eT lJ)'Tb HH)Ke.
DOJIee 3HalJHTeJIbHbiM nepcoHIDKeM 6b1JI BHyK Hexy.n.bI xa-HacH - He-
xy.n.a II, HecHa, 6bIBlllHH naTpHapXOM 60J1ee 50 JIeT: 230-286 rr. C ero
78 H3 KOHTeKCTa JlBCTBYeT, 'iTO 3.lleCb HMelOTCJl 8 BHllY pHMCKHe 1L1aCTH.
321
A. r. fpyweBoJ:i. l1ydeu u uydau3M 6 ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6.7UKu u PUJlICKOU u.wnepuu
HMeHeM B Tpa.n.HlJ.HH CBjl3aHO HeCKOJIbKO 60JIee HJlH MeHee nOY1.JHTeJIbHbIX
ara.n.H1.JeCKHX HCTOpHH H cpaBHHTeJIbHO HeMHoro KaKOH-JIH60 HHOH HH-
«popMalJ.HH B HCT01.JHHKax.
1.1T0 KaCaeTCjI HH«popMalJ.HH 06mero nJIaHa, TO MbI 3HaeM, 'lTO npH
Hexy.n.e BTOpOM npOH30lllJIO nepeMelll.eHHe pe3H.n.eHlJ.HH naTpHapxa. ECJIH
.n.o :noro BpeMeHH OHa 6bIJIa B Cen«popHce, TO npH HeM pacnOJIaranaCb
B THBepHa.n.e, K)'.n.a nepe6pancjI H CHHe.n.pHOH. Hexy.n.a BTOpOH B 1.JeM-TO
KonHpYjI CBoero .n.e.n.a - :>KHJI :>KH3HblO nOJIYCBeTCKOrO JIHlJ.a.
C HMeHeM HJIH Hexy.n.bI BToporo HJIH, B03MO:>KHO, ero CbIHa H npeeM-
HHKa, faMaJIHHJIa IV, CBjl3aHa o.n.Ha ara.n.H'IeCKajl HCTOpHjI 0 BCTpe1.Je
HMnepaTopa ,L(HOKJIeTHaHa C naTpHapXOM 79. 1.{TO KaCaeTCjI ,L(HOKJIeTHaHa,
TO OH 6b1JI HMnepaTopOM C 284 no 305 r. TanMy.n.H'IeCKajl HCTOpHjI HallH-
HaeTCjI C Toro, liTO ,L(HOKJIeTHaH, 6y.n.YlIH npoCToro npOHCXO)l()J,eHHjI, B
.n.eTCTBe nac CBHHeH H TepneJI 06H.n.bI OT uy.n.eHcKHx .n.eTeH Toro MecTa,
r.n.e OH :>KHJI 80 . Kor.n.a :>Ke ,L(HOKJIeTHaH CTan HMnepaTopoM H npH6bIJI B
naneCTHHY, eMY .n.OHeCJIH, liTO uy.n.eH HaCMeXalOTCjI Ha)J, HHM, Ha3bIBIDI
ero CBHHonaCOM. HMnepaTOp pa3rHeBanCjI H nOCJIan roHlJ.OB K naTpHap-
xy C Tpe60BaHHeM, lIT06bI OH H 3HaTHbIe uy.n.eH npH6bIJIH 6bI .D.JIjI 06'bjlC-
HeHHH B cy66my B ropo.n. naHeac, r.n.e Haxo.n.HJICjI HMnepaTOp. npH 3TOM
npHKa3 6bIJI OTnpaBJIeH no pacnOpjl:>KeHHIO HMneparopa BO BTOpylO no-
JIOBHHy .n.HjI B njlTHHu.y, 1.JT06bI c.n.eJIaTb HeB03MO:>KHbIM npH6bITHe naT-
pHapxa Hero CBHTbI BOBpeMjI.
naTpHapx nOJIYlIHJI npHKa3 OT HMnepaTopa B njlTHHlJ.Y BO BTOpOH
nOJIOBHHe .n.HjI, Kor.n.a HaxO.n.HJICjI B 6aHjlx THBepHa)J,bI BMeCTe C pa66H
CaMYHJIOM 6ap HaxMaHoM. naTpHapx CHallana CMYTHJICjI, He BH.n.jI B03-
MO:>KHOCTH npH6bITb B Ha3Ha1.JeHHbIH CpOK, HO nOjlBHBllIHHCjI TYT .n.eMOH
AHTHrop BbIpa3HJI roTOBHOCTb .n.OCTaBHTb BOBpeMjI B naHeac H naTpH-
apxa, H 1.JJIeHOB .n.eJIeralJ.HH, liTO H 6b1JIO HCnOJIHeHO. BbIClI)'llIaB ynpeK
HMneparopa, naTpHapx OTBeTHJI, 1.JTO Hy.n.eH OTHOCjlTCjI K HMneparopy C
.n.OJDKHbIM n01.JTeHHeM.
Y Hac eCTb OCHOBaHIDI ClIHTaTb, liTO paCCKa3 nO.D.JIHHHbIH. ,L(eJIO B TOM,
liTO ,L(HOKJIeTHaH B naneCTHHe 6bIBan H BCTpella C naTpHapXOM B TaKHX
YCJIOBHjlX BnOJIHe B03MO:>KHa. BeCbMa COOTBeTCTBYeT HCTHHe H 06lll.ajl
HanpaBJIeHHOCTb HCTOpHH, no.n.lIepKHBalOlll.ajl roTOBHOCTb uy.n.eeB K H3'b-
jlBJIeHHIO BepHonOJJJJ.aHHHlIeCKHX lIYBCTB no OTHOllleHHIO K HMnepaTOpy.
79 GenesisR., 63, 8=Midrash Rabbah. Translated into English with notes, glossary and
inidices under the editorship of Rabbi H. Freedman and M. Simon. Genesis. Volume two.
Translated by H. Freedman. London, 1983. P. 563-564;jTerumoth, 8,12. B TanMY.1e, C06CT-
BeHHO rOBOp", Ha3BaH HeXYlla BroPOH, HO Mbl He MOJKeM HCKJJIO'iaTb B .1aHHOM c,'Y'iae oWH6-
KH, H60 HeXYlla BropOH YMep B roll BocweCTBHII JJ:HOKJJeTHaHa Ha npeCTOJJ.
80 JJ:HOKJJernaH ypOJKeHelI OllHOro H3 paJ:iOHOB COBpeMeHHoi! IOrocJJaBHH.
322
r.W6a 6. 06u/aJl xapaKmepucmUKa 6mOpOi'O nepllooa plL'</CKo-uydeuCK1L,( omHOllleHllli
BbIBO.n. H. Da3pa 0 TOM, 4TO :ny HCTOpHIO CJIe.n.yeT HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb
KaK CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBO KaKHX-TO npeCJIe.n.OBaHHH. Hy.n.eeB npH .D:HOKJleTHaHe,
CJIe.n.YeT npH3HaTb 6e30CHOBaTeJIbHbIM 81 .
Ha py6e)J(e Ill-IV BB. naTpHapxaMH 6b1JIH faMaJJHHJI IV H Hexy.n.a III
(npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO 286-330 rr.). 06a OHH npaKTH4eCKH He OCTaBHJIH
KaKHX-JIH60 CJIe.n.OB B H)'.n.eH.CKOH. HCTOpHH. 8 TaJJMy.n.H4ecKoM 3aKOHO-
.n.aTeJIbCTBe C HX HMeHaMH He CBjl3aHO npaKTH4eCKH HH4ero. OrMeTHM
TaIOKe, 4TO naTpHaprneCTBO Hexy.n.bI TpeTbero COBnaJJO CO BpeMeHeM
npeBpalll.eHHjI xpHCTHaHCTBa B rocno.n.CTBYIOll{YIO peJIHrHIO B PHMCKOH.
HMnepHH.
6. 0630p Tpa HgHH 0 BHyrpeHHeH eHTeAbHOCTH
naTpHapXOB B III B.
T pa HgHoHHoe H3Ao eHHe 060CTOHTeAbCTB
KOHqJAHKTOB C CHHe pHOHOM
CJIO)J(Haji cHryaUHjI B 3KOHOMHKe nOCTOjlHHO BbIH)f)K.lI.aJJa, comaCHO
Tpa.n.HUHH 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIeH. H naTpHapxa, pelllaTb He TOJIbKO KOHKpeTHbIe
3KOHOMH4eCKHe np06JIeMbI, HO H Bonpoc - Bcer.n.a H BO BceM JIH CJIe.n.y-
eT C06JIIO.n.aTb npHHUHn cy66oTHero ro.n.a. CbIH H npeeMHHK Hexy.n.bI
xa-HaCH mrrpHapx raMaJJHH11 Ill6bIJI BbIHY)J()J.eH npo.n.omKHTb pecpopMbI,
Ha4aTbie ero OTUOM. faMaJJHHJIY III npHnHcbIBaeTCjI OTMeHa 3anpeTa Ha
06pa60TKY 3eMJIH B MeCjlUbI, Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO npe.n.rnecTBoBaBlllHe
cy660THeMY ro.n.y UShebiith, I, 33a; tShebiith, 1,1). COBpeMeHHHK naT-
pHapxa faMaJJHHJIa, pa66H HaHHaH., pa3pelllaJJ naxory H ceB B cy66OT-
HHH. ro.n. B Ka4eCTBe BpeMeHHOH. MepbI: BCJIe.n.CTBHe aHHoHbI 82 , T. e. He-
06XO.n.HMOCTH nJIaTHTb pHMCKOH. a.n.MHHHcTpaUHI1 04epe.n.HOH. HaJJor.
TaK}'1O )J(e nOJIHTHK}' cTapaJJCjI npoBo.n.HTb H CJIe.n.YIOll{HH. naTpHapx,
Hexy.n.a BTOpOH.. OH nonbITaJJCjI npeo.n.OJIeTb 060c06JIeHHe H)'.n.eeB OT
Kl CM.: Baer Y. Israel, the Christian Church, and the Roman Empire from the time of
Septimius Severus to the Edict of Toleration of A. D. 313 II Scripta Hierosolymitana. Publica-
tions of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Vol. VII. Studies in history edited on behalfofthe
faculty of humanities by A. Fuks and 1. Halperin. Jerusalem. 1961. P. 127-128. OnHcaHHe
BCTpe'iH JI.HoKlleTHaHa c naTpHapxoM HanOMHHJlO ti.. Da3py HCTOpHH paHHexpHcTHaHcKHx
MY'ieHH'leCTB. Ha Hall! B3fJ]1I1I, aBTop o6parHJI BHHMaHHe Ha BHell!HHe, nOBepxHocTHbIe COB-
mueHHII npoH3BelIeHHJ:i npHHLlHnHaJJbHo pa3HbIX JKaHpoB. C!\!, TaKJKe pa360p 3TOro JKe 3nH-
3O.1a: Rabello A, M L'observance des fetes juives dans I'Empire romain II ANRW. 2, 21, 2.
Berlin, 1984. P. 1298-1299.
B2b Sanhedrin, 26a=bSanhedrin, 11/, 3=DBT., Bd., VII, S, 101.
323
A. r. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydalil\f 6 ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKu u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
Sl3bI4HHKOB B c«pepe X03S1HCTBeHHOH :>KH3HH. O.n.HaKO ero e.n.I1HCTBeHHbIM
peaJIbHblM .n.OCTH:>KeHHeM CTaJIO pa3perneHHe Hy.n.eSlM npH06peTaTb Mac-
JIO y Sl3bI4HHKOB (mAbodah Zarah, 11, 6; tAbodah Zarah, IV, 11). Hexy.n.a
BTOpOH XOTeJI npoBecTH B :>KH3Hb aHaJIOrH4HOe pellleHHe H B OTHOllleHHH
nrneHHl{bl, HO He CMor :noro c.n.eJIaTb H3-3a conpOTHBlIeHHSI 3aKOHOY4H-
TeJIeH 83 . B I1CT04HHKax eCTb TaIOKe ynoMHHaHHe 0 TOM, 4TO Hexy.n.a
BTOpOH nbITaJICSI OCBo60.n.HTb OT 06S13aTeJIbCTB no ynJIaTe .n.eCSlTHHbI
O.n.HH paHOH, pacnOJIO:>KeHHblH Ha ceBepe Hy.n.eH (jDemai, 5, 9, 24d).
CTOJII<HOBeHIDI C 3aKOHOY4HTeJIJlMH 6bIBaJIH y naTpHapXOB H no COBceM
HHblM BonpocaM 84 . KaK}':>Ke OTMe4aJIOCb, mrrpHapx lllHpOKO nOJIb30BaJICSI
npaBoM Ha3Ha4aTb cy.n.eH 11 Y4HTeJIeH B 06LUHHax. l.JTO :>Ke KacaeTCSI He-
xy.n.bI BTOpOro, TO ero CTaJIH 06BHlUITb B TOM, 4TO OH 3a .n.eHbrH Ha3Halla-
eT Ha TaKHe .n.OJDKHOCTH lIIo.n.eH HeBe:>KeCTBeHHbIX H He.n.OCTOHHbIX.
O.n.HHM H3 lIaCTblX 06BHHeHHH B a.n.pec Hexy.n.bI BTOpOro CO CTOpOHbl
3aKoHoyqHTeJIeH 6bUIO npeBblllleHHe BJIaCTH. OpH naTpHapxe Cnel{HaJIb-
Hble n060pbI Ha co.n.ep:>KaHHe naTpHaplllero .n.Bopa B3I1MaJIHCb, cY.lUl no
BceM}', B 60JIblllHX pa3Mepax, 4eM npH ero npe.n.llleCTBeHHHKaX. B HCTOll-
HHKaX coxpaHHlICSI CJIe.n.yIOLUI1H ara.n.HlIeCKHH paCCKa3, CBSl3aHHbIH C 3TOH
TeMOH.
OaTpHapx, comaCHO Tpa.n.I1l{HH, O.n.HIDK.lJ.bl nO:>KaJIOBaJICSI H3BeCTHOMY
3aKOHOY4HTeJIIO CBoero BpeMeHH PelllJIaKHlllY Ha BbIMOraTeJIbCTBa PHM-
CKHX lIHHOBHHKOB. OaTpHapx 6y.n.TO 6bl YCJIbirnaJI B OTBeT cJIe.n.YIOJ..Qee:
«He 6epH - H Y Te6S1 He 6y.n.yr 6paTb!»85 3a 3THM OTBeTOM CKpbIBaeTCSI
O.D.Ha np06JIeMa - 3TO Bonpoc 06 OTHorneHHH K pHMCKOH BJIaCTH B l{eJIOM
H 0 npe.n.eJIax KOMnpoMHcca C HeH. OaTpHapx, 6y.n.YllH OTBeTCTBeHHblM 86
3a c60p HaJIOroB, He Mor npOSlBHTb B .n.aHHOM CJIY4ae KaKOro-JIH60 He-
6pe:>KeHHSI B 3TOM Bonpoce, H60 Hec06JIIO.n.eHHe HHTepecoB PHMa Momo
06ePHYTbCSI .D.JISI H}'.n.eeB KaTaCTpo«pOH. DOJIee 060CHOBaH, KOHellHO, ynpeK
B TOM, 4TO naTpHapx, KOHTpOJIHPYSl c60p HaJIoroB .D.JISI npaBHTeJIbCTBa,
He 3a6blBaJI ce6S1 H c06cTBeHHble HHTepecbl, KOTopble B KaKOH-TO Mepe
83bAbodah Zarah 35b.=bAbodah Zarah, 2,6=DBT. Bd. VII. S. 916-917.
8 4 C IOpH.llH'ieCKOH TO'iKH 3peHHII OCHOBOH )THX CTOJJKHOBeHHH 6bIJJO OTcYTCTBHe IICHOro
paJrpaHH'ieHH!I nOJJHOMO'iHH MeJl(.lly CBeTCKOJ:i BJlaCTbIO narpHapxa H .llYXOBHblM aBTOpHTeTOM
3aKOHOY'iHTeJleH.
85 Genesis R., 78, I2=Midrash Rabbah. Translated into English with notes, glossary and
indices under the editorship ofrabbi H. Freedman and M. Simon. Genesis. Volume two. Trans-
lated by rabbi H. Freedman. London, 1983. P.723-724.
so XapaKTep 3TOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 6blJJ HeCKO.1bKO BHPTYaJJbHbIM. C60p Ha.,10roB He
BXOJlHJl B 06!13aHHOCTH narpHapxa. OllHaKO OH OTBe'iaJJ 3a HaJJorH H C60Pbl B TOM CMbICJJe,
'iTO, 6Y.llY'iH 06wenpH3HaHHblM npelICTaBHTeileM no .lleJJaM HY.lleeB npH HMnepaTopCKOM
.llBope, narpHapx OTBe'ia.1 3a Bce, 'iTO KaCaJJOCb PHMa H PHMCKHX HHTepeCOB B MHpe H)'lIeeB.
324
r.wea 6, 06u/aJi xapaKmepucmUKa emopoi'O nepuoi)a PILwcKo-lIyoeucKux omHOUleHU!i
MomH He COBna.n.aTb 11 .n.IDKe npOTI1BOpe'lHTb I1HTepecaM Tex, Koro OH
6bIJI npH3BaH 3aI..LJ.l1I..LJ.aTb.
EeccnopHo, o.n.HaKO, TO, '1TO naTpHapx CJ1e.n.l1J1 3a pacnpe.n.eJ1eHl1eM
HaJJOroBOro 6peMeHI1 He TOJ1bKO Me)l()J,)' pa:mI1'1HbIMI1 CJ10HMH HaCeJ1eHI1H,
HO, B03MO:>KHO, .n.IDKe Me)K)J,Y OT.n.eJ1bHbIMH ropo.n.aMI1. B TaJJMy.n.e coxpa-
HHJ10Cb HeCKOJ1bKO I1HTepeCHbIX I1CTOpl1H 0 HaJJorax, HaJJoro06J10:>KeHI1I1
11 0 TOM, KaK OHI1 BOCnpl1HHMaJJl1Cb H)'.n.eHCKHM HaCeJ1eHl1eM naJJeCTHHbI
B III B.
B YCJ10BIDIX Kpl1311CHbIX HBJIeHI1H, KOr.n.a OT TH:>KeCTI1 HaJJorOB CTpa.n.a-
J111 Bce, HaJJl1'1l1e B ropo.n.e KaKOH-TO rpynnbI HaCeJ1eHI1H, KOTopaH nOJ1b-
30BaJ1aCb J1broTaMI1, BbI3bIBaJ1a pa3.n.pa:>KeHl1e. n03TOMY-TO O.n.HIDK.n.bI,
Kor.n.a npl1lIJJIa O'lepe.n.HIDI pa3HapH.n.Ka Ha c60p O'lepe.n.Horo HaJJora, ro-
pO:>KaHe THBepHa.n.bI nOlllJ111 K nlrrpl1apxy 11 CKa3aJJI1 87 : «nYCTb Y'leHHKI1 88
ruIaTHT (HaJJor), KaK MbI». OH OTBeTHJ1: «HeT)). Tor.n.a :>KI1TeJ1H CKa3aJJl1
naTpl1apxy: «MbI y6e:>KI1M)). B 3TOH Cl1ryaUHI1 naTpl1apxy y.n.aJJOCb OT-
CTOHTb HHTepeCbI Y'leHI1KOB WKOJ1, .n.OCTaTO'lHO .n.OJ1ro He nJ1aTI1BlllHX
HI1KaKI1X HaJJorOB.
CYIll,eCTBeHH)'1O HH<popMaUI1IO 06 ynJ1aTe HaJJOroB paBBHHaMI1 .n.aeT
11 cJ1e.n.YIOI..LJ.aH I1CTOpI1H, KaCalOIll,aHCH ropo.n.a THBepl1a.n.a. B paCCMaTpH-
BaeMbIH nepHO.n. MHOrl1e ropo.n.a BO MHorHX npOBHHUI1HX PHMCKOH I1M-
nepl1l1 CTaJJl1 J11160 063aBo.n.I1TbCH CTeHaMI1, J1H60 BOCCTaHaBJIHBaTb CTa-
pbIe CTeHbI. 06'bHCHHJ10Cb 3TO H 06I..LJ.eH nOJ1HTH'IeCKOH HecTa611J1bHOCTblO,
11 Hepe.n.KI1MI1 BapBapCKI1MI1 BTOp:>KeHIDIMI1. TI1Bepl1a.n.a He npe.n.CTaBJ1HJ1a
C060H HCKJIIO'IeHHH. CTeHa BOKpyr ropo.n.a 6bIJla B03Be.n.eHa J11160 npl1
CeBepax, J1H60 BCKope nOCJ1e. no nOBo.n.y nOH CTeHbI B TaJJMy.n.e 'IeTKO
CKa3aHO, '1TO naTpl1apX Mexy.n.a BTOpOH pa3J10:>KHJ1 CTOI1MOCTb pa60T Ha
paBBHHOB 89 . C60p 3TOro HaJ10ra - a B03MO:>KHO H KaIillX-TO .n.pyrl1x,
TaJOKe CBH3aHHbIX CO CTpOI1TeJ1bCTBOM CTeHbI, - BbI3BaJJ BnOJlHe onpe-
.n.eJ1eHHOe Hey.n.OBOJ1bCTBHe CO CTOpOHbI paBBI1HOB. TaK, COXpaHI1J10Cb
BbICKa3bIBaHl1e, npl1nl1CbIBaeMoe CI1MeOH)' 6eH JIaKHrny 11 pa66H Moxa-
HaH)', CJ1e.n.YIOIll,ero co.n.ep:>KaHHH: «Eor 3aI..LJ.HIll,aeT My.n.peuoB, 11 OHI1 He
H}')K)J,aIOTCH HH B CTpIDKe, HI1 B CTeHaX))90
Ha 3TOH nO'IBe pa3ropeJ1CH 60J1blllOH CKaH.n.aJJ - Hey.n.OBOJ1bCTBl1e
nlrrpHapXOM CTaJJH BbICKa3bIBaI'b MHome 3aKOHOY'lHTeJ1H. 0 pa66H 3J1ea-
3apa 6eH ne.n.aTa C006Ill,aeTCH, 'ITO OH BbICKa3bIBaJJCH CJ1e.n.YIOIll,I1M 06pa-
30M: «Haw OTeu ABpaaM 11 ero nOTOMCTBO 6bIJ1H HaKa3aHbI... 3a TO, 'ITO
"bBaba Batrah, 8a=bBaba Batrah, I, 5=DBT. Bd. VI. S. 945.
88 H!\IelOTcjj B BHlIY Y'ieHHKH MHoro'iHCJJeHHblX lllKOJJ no 11JY'ieHHIO nHcaHHII.
89bBaba Batrah, 7b=bBaba Batrah, I, 5=DBT. Bd. 6. S. 943.
90bBaba Batra ibid.
325
A. f. fpyweBOH. Hyoeu u uydazalf e ucmopllll PlLIICKOU pecny6mlKu u P1L\lCKOU w.tnepull
npHBJ1eKaJlH My.n.peUOB K npHHY.n.HTeJIbHblM pa60TaM»9\ . )].pyroH paBBHH
Toro )l(e BpeMeHH, Hexy.n.a 6eH J1eBH, HaCTaHBaJI Ha TOM, lfTO nJIeMjj
(KOJIeHO) J1eBH 6bIJIO CB060.n.HO B EmnTe OT npHHY.n.I1TeJIbHbIX pa60T.
Mbl He 3HaeM, KaK TOlfHO pa3pelllHJICjj 3TOT KOHqJJIHKT, HO, cy.n.jj no BceM}',
naTpHapx B3blCKaJI C paBBHHOB .n.eHbrl1 3a CTpOHTeJIbCTBO CTeHbI.
naTpHapxy B ::ITOH HenpOCTOH cHryaUHH HHlfero He OCTaBaJIOCb,
KpOMe KaK JIaBHpOBaTb Me)l()J,y HHTepecaMH pa3JIHlfHblX rpynn H JIHlfHO-
CTeH. UeJIIDI CepHjj ara.n.l1lfeCKHX HCTOpHH, CBjj3aHHIDI C HMeHeM Hexy.n.b1
BTOpOro, nOKa3blBaeT, KaK 3TO npOI1Cxo.n.HJIO Ha .n.eJIe. B HCTOlfHHKax
C006LUaeTCjj, lfTO pa66H Hoce, nponOBe.n.yjj B THBepHa.n.CKOH CHHarore,
3a.n.eJI naTJmapxa <ppa30H TaKoro THna: narpHaplllHH .n.OM 3a6HpaeT Tenepb
Bce npHHOlUeHHjj, KOTopble lllJIH paHbllle B nOJIb3Y CBjjLUeHHHKOB. naT-
pHapx XOTeJI HaKa3aTb pa66H Hoce, HO ycrynHJI npocb6aM pa66H Hoxa-
HaHa H }')Ke ynoMHHaBllleroCjj Pelll J1aKHllla. B pe3YJIbTaTe naTpl1apX
npocnm paBBHHa, .n.onYCTHBlllero .n.ep3KHH Bbma)J,. npH BCTpe'le )l(e C
ea66H Hoce naTpHapx - eCJIH BepHTb HCTOlfHHK}' - cnpOCHJI y pa66H
Moce. «1.J:TO 03HalfaeT 6H6JIeHCKOe BblpIDKeHHe: "KaKOBa MaTb, TaKOBa H
.n.Olfb ?"» B OTBeT )l(e naTpHapx YCJIbllllaJI: «KaKOBO nOKOJIeHHe, TaKOB H
naTpHapx; KaKOB aJlTapb, TaKOB H CBjjLUeHHHK». naTpHapx, comaCHO
Tpa.n.HUHH, c.n.eJIaJI BH.n., lfTO He YCJIbllllaJI.
HeCKOJIbKO JI)"lfllle Mbl OCBe.n.OMJIeHbl 0 .n.pyroM KOH<pJIHKTe Hexy.n.bl
BTOpOro C 3aKOHOYlfHTemIMH. Hexy.n.a BTOPOH, )l(eJIIDI YBeJIHlflITb ypOBeHb
c06CTBeHHbIX .n.OXO.n.OB, CTaJI npo.n.aaaTb cy.n.eHCKHe .n.OIDKHOCTH, 'lT0 Bbl-
3BaJ10 60JIblUOe Hey.n.OBOJIbCTBHe paBBHHOB, KOTOpbIe .n.o 3TOro BpeMeHH
3ace.n.aJlH B cy.n.ax e.n.I1HOJIHlfHO. Tenepb )l(e HM npHlllJIOCb CTOJIKHyrbCjj C
npe.n.CTaBHTeJUlMH COBepllleHHO HHOro COUHaJlbHOro CJIOjj, 3ace.n.alOLUHx
BMeCTe C HHMH. B TaJlM}'.n.e COXpaHHJIOCb HeMaJlO naTeTHlfeCKHX)l(aJl06 Ha
HOBbIX cy.n.eH, npaB.n.a, He npjjMblX, a KOCBeHHblX. npH nOMOI.l.lH nO.D.XO)J)lLUHX
UlITar H3 Be-rxoro 3aBeTa paBBI1Hbl no.n.lfepKHBaJIH CBoe HHTeJIJIeK1)'aJlbHOe
npeBocxo.n.CTBO H HHlfTO)l(eCTBO cy.n.eHCKHX, HeCBe.n.yLUHX B nHcaHHH 92 .
ECTb, npaB.n.a, H npjjMble )l(aJl06b1 Ha HOBblX cy.n.eH, H.n.YLUHe, npaB.n.a,
CHH3Y, OT Hapo.n.a. B HCTOlfHHKax HeMaJlO )l(aJl06 Ha nbjjHCTBO Cy.n.ei1cKHX,
Ha HX B3jjTOlfHHlfeCTBO 11 npHCTpaCTHOCTb 93 .
M3JIO)l(eHHOe Bblllle nOKa3bIBaeT, KaK B III B. Bce MepbI, npe.n.npHHH-
MaeMble naTpHapxaMH .n.JIjj 06JIerlfeHHjj nOJIO)l(eHHjj npocTblX JIIO.n.eH,
MomH npHHeCTH JIHlllb BpeMeHHbli1 3<p<peKT, 1160 OCHOBHble np06J1eMbI
91 bNedarim, 32a=bNedarim, 1/I,I0=BD1. Bd. 4. S. 902.
92 OCHOBHbIe KOHTeKCTbl: bShabbath 139a=Shabbath, XV, I=DBT. Bd. 1. S. 664-<i66;
jBikkurim, 3,3-65d.
9J b Ketuboth, 17a=bKetuboth, II. l.2=DBT. Bd, 4, S. 510-511.
326
Tllaea 6. 06U1aJ/ ."WpaKmepUCmUKQ emopoi'O nepuoOa pu.WCKo-uyoeiicKux omHOUleHIIU
yxy.n.llleHHjI 3KOHOMH'IeCKOrO nOJIO)f(eHHjI B OaJIeCTHHe 06'bjlCHjlJIHCb
nOJIO)f(eHHeM .n.eJI B rocy.n.apCTBe B ueJIOM. KpOMe TOro naTpHapx B KaKOM-
TO CMbICJIe CJIOBa nepeCTaBaJI CnpaBJIjlTbCjI CO CBOHMH 06j13aHHOCTjlMH
no OTCTaHBaHHIO HHTepeCOB H}'.n.eeB. 3TOT npouecc C Te'-leHHeM BpeMeHH
JIHlllb YCHJII1BaJICjI, no Mepe TOro KaK YKpenJIjlJIaCb CBjl3b naTpHapxaTa H
rocy.n.apcTBeHHoro annapara 94 .
Ha npaKTHKe )f(e yna.n.OK naTpHapxaTa - npH Tpa.n.HUHOHHOM BapH-
aHTe OCMbICJIeHHjI HCTOpHH TaJIMy.n.H'-IeCKoro nepHo.n.a - BbIpa3HJICjI B
TOM, '-ITO He.n.OBOJIbCTBO KOHKpeTHbIMH pellleHHjlMH naTpHapxa npHBeJIO
B KOHue KOHUOB K He.n.OBOJIbCTBY H caMHM naTpHapxOM. OOHa'IaJIY 3TO
6bIJI 'IHCTO TeOpeTH'IeCKHH Bonpoc, o.n.HaKO )f(e nOCTeneHHO OH npHBeJI
K cepHH '-IHCTO npaKTH'IeCIGIX pellIeHHH, HanpaBJIeHHbIX, comaCHO Tpa-
.n.HUHH, Ha YCTpaHeHHe npHBHJIerHpOBaHHoro nOJIO)f(eHHjI naTpHapxa.
KaK y)f(e OTMe'IaJIOCb BbIllle, CyrblO 3TOro yna.n.Ka naTpHapxaTa 6bUIO
HeCKOJIbKO HHoe jlBJIeHHe, 60JIee cepbe3Hoe, 'IeM npOCTO He.n.OBOJIbCTBO
o.n.Horo 3aKOHOY'IHTeJIjI .n.PYrHM. B 3noxy 003.n.HeH HMnepHH naTpHapx,
npeBpaTHBlllHCb <paKTH'IeCKH B '1HHOBHHKa Ha HMnepCKOH CJIy)f(()e no
.n.eJIaM CBOHX e.n.HHOBepueB, B KaKOM-TO CMbICJIe nepexo.n.HT 'Iepry, OT.n.e-
JIjllOll.{YIO aBTOpHTeTHOro JIH.n.epa e.n.HHOBepueB OT 'IHHOBHHKa no .n.eJIaM
e.n.HHOBepueB, HaXO.!UIll.{eroCjI Ha cJl)'JK6e y rocy.n.apCTBa, Bcer.n.a BocnpH-
HHMaBlllerOCjI KaK If)')f(epo.n.Hajl, ymeTalOIll.ajl CHJIa.
OepBbIM BbIpa)f(eHHeM onn03HUHOHHbIX HaCTpoeHHi1 no OTHOllleHHIO
K mrfJ>Hapxy, coxpaHeHHbIX B Tpa,zI,HUHH, MO)f(HO C'IHTarb MHoro'-lHCJIeHHbIe
BbICKa3bIBaHI1j1 ynoMHHaBllIerocjI Pelll JIaKHllla 0 TOM, '-ITO narpHapx Ha-
Xo.n.HTCjI Ha TOM )f(e ypOBHe, 'ITO H OCTaJIbHbIe 3aKOHO}"lHTeJIH (jSanhedrin,
2, 1-19d). 3Ta MbICJIb 60JIee 'IeTKO 6bUIa C<pOPMYJIHpOBaHa cOBpeMeHHH-
KOM Pelll JIaKl1llla, pa66H A3apHeH. Bo BpeMjI .n.Hcnyra C CaMapHTjlHHHOM
pa66H A3apHjI CKa3aJI, '1TO B EH6JIHH He H)J,eT pe% 0 TOM, 'ITO Eor nOCTa-
BHT uapjl Ha.n. BaMH, HO JIHllIb 0 TOM, 'ITO BbI MO)f(eTe nOCTaBHTb Uapjl Ha.n.
C060H. OOCJIe.n.Hee )f(e jlCHO YKa3bIBaeT - UapCKaSI BJIaCTb He OT He6a, a
OT comaCIDI Tex, KeM ynpaBJUlIOT (jSanhedrin, 2-20d, 112).
OaTpHapx npH 3TOM B .n.OJIry He OCTaBaJICjI H OKa3bIBaJI COnpOTHBJIe-
HHe TeM, KTO nbITaJICjI OrpaHI1'IHBaTb ero BJIaCTb. OpaB.n.a, pe'Ib lllJIa B
OCHOBHOM 0 nOJIHueiicKHx Mepax. I1CTO'IHHKH nOKa3bIBaIOT, 'ITO ell.{e B
Ha'IaJIe IV B. naTpHapx HMeJI JIH'-IHbIX TeJIOXpaHHTeJIeH H3 'IHCJIa repMaH-
CKHX nJIeMeH (jSabbath, 6, 10-8c). OHI1, comaCHO Tpa.n.HUHI1, I1CnOJIb-
30BaJIHCb H B 'IHCTO nOJIHueHCKHX ueJIjlx. .LJ:eJIO B TOM, 'ITO naTpHapx
nOJIb30BaJICjI CBOHM npaBOM apeCTOBbIBaTb HecomaCHbIX C HHM H HaKa-
3bIBaTb I1X 3a HenpH3HaHHe cBoero aBTOpHTeTa.
9-1 CM.: Levine L. /. Op. cit. P. 680--685.
A. r: rpyweBOH. l1yoell U uydau3M e ucmopuu PILWCKOU pecny611uK/I u PUMCKOU UMnepUII
OaTpHapxa B mo60M C.I1)'4ae nO)J,)J,ep)KHBaJlH ewe 11 pl1MCKl1e BJIaCTH.
O.n.HaKO 3.n.eCb Ha.n.o I1MeTb B BH.n.y, 4TO B ueJIOM pHMCKHe BJIaCTH npl1-
.n.ep)KHBaJlHCb Tpa.n.HUHoHHoi1 nOJIHTHKH HeBMelllaTeJIbCTBa BO BH)'TPH-
l1y.n.ei1cKHe .n.eJIa. B pe3YJIbTaTe )Ke Ha py6e)Ke Ill-IV BB. npoHcxo.n.HT
pa.n.HKaJlbHbIe H3MeHeHHjj BO BH)'TpeHHei1 opraHH3aUl111 )KH3HH Hy.n.eeB
B OaJleCTI1He. CBoero yo.n.a MOHapXH4eCKI1i1 npl1HUHn, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIi1,
comaCHO Tpa.n.HUHH, Hexy.n.oi1 xa-HacH, 3aKOHLJHJICjj JIeT LJepe3 100 KOM-
npoMHccOM C cHHe.n.pHoHoM. Co BpeMeHH Hexy.n.bI xa-HacH .n.o KOHua
III B. Bce Ha:ma4eHHjj cy.n.ei1 H 3aKoHoY4HTeJIei1 lllJIH 4epe3 naTpHapxa,
cHHe.n.pOI1H HX TOJIbKO yrBep)J()J.aJl. OpH 3TOM naTpHapx Mor H npol1rHo-
pl1pOBaTb MHeHHe cHHe.n.pHoHa, eCJII1 OH 6bIJI npoTHB TOi1 HJIH HHOi1
KaH.n.H.n.mypbI. O.n.HaKo )Ke B TpaKTaTe CaHxe.n.pHH 3aCBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaHa
H COBceM HHajj HopMa - naTpHapx He .n.eJIaeT Ha3Ha4eHHi1 6e3 COmaCHjj
CHHe.n.pHOHa USanhedrin, I, 3-19a). Cyrblo)Ke KOMnpOMI1CCa, co6mo.n.aB-
rnerOCjj C py6e)Ka Ill-IV BB. .n.o KOHua cyweCTBOBaHHjj naTpHapxaTa,
6bIJIO cJIe.n.YJOwee. CTapei1rnHH (T. e. 4JIeHOB cHHe.n.pI10Ha) Ha3Ha4aJI
naTpHapx, a napHacoB (<<napHaCI1M») - npe.n.cTaBHTeJIei1 naTpHapxa B
06wHHax - Ha:maLJaJl cHHe.n.PHOH. HHor.n.a, KaK cBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYlOT Tpa-
.n.HUHOHHbIe HCT04HHKH, napHacoB Ha3Ha4aJIH caMH 3aKOHOY4HTeJIH
UPeah, 8, 7-21a;jHagigah, 1, 7-76c).
K KOHUY III B. B3aHMOOTHOllleHI1jj l1y.n.eeB C pI1MCKOi1 BJIaCTbJO TaJOKe
OKa3aJlHCb B PYKax. paBBHHoB. H3 HI1X oc060ro BHHMaHHjj 3aCJIY)KHBaeT
pa66H A66axy - Cy.n.bjj H maBa 06I..QHHbI B Kecapee 95 . Pa66H A66axy
6bIJI 4eJIOBeKOM CBeTCKH 06pa30BaHHbIM, cB060.n.HO roBOpHJI no-rpe4ecKH
H BpaI..QaJlCjj B Kpyrax. .n.ejjTeJIei1 pHMCKOi1 a.n.MHHHCTpaUI1H npOBHHUI1H.
.l(njj pa66H A66axy 6bIJIO xapaKTepHO He06bI4Hoe )J,JIjj BbICOKonOCTaB-
JIeHHoro paBBHHa OTHorneHHe H K rpeLJeCKoMY jj3bIK}', H B ueJIOM K PHM-
JIjjHaM 11 .n.ejjTeJIjjM npOBHHUl1aJlbHoi1 a.n.MHHHcTpaUHH. H3BecTHo, 4TO
pa66H A66axy 06Y4aJl CBOJO .n.04b rpe4ecKoMY jj3bIK}', C4HTajj, LJTO 3TO
YKpalllaeT ee UShabbath, VI, 7). He I1CKJ1J04eHO, LJTO pa66H A66axy
Hepe.n.Ko BbInOJIHjjJI nepe.n. HaMeCTHHKOM H Bo06ll.le nepe.n. pHMCKHMH
BJIaCUMH pOJIb npe.n.CTaBHTeJIjj naTpHapxa.
O.n.HaKo )Ke naTpHapx Bce )Ke cOXpaHHJI 3HaLJHTeJIbHYJO 4aCTb CBoero
aBTOpl1TeTa H peaJlbHoi1 BJIaCTH. 0<pHUHaJlbHO H B IV B. naTpHapx C4H-
TaJlCjj maBoi1 Bcex eBpeeB OaJleCTHHbl H .n.HacnOpbI. KaK 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO
BbIllle, C JOpH.n.H4ecKoi1 T04KH 3peHHjj 3TH npeTeH311H 6bIJIH ropaJ.n.o BbIllle,
os a HeM C l. nOlIpo6HO: Bacher IV. Die Agada der palastinischen Amoraer. Zweiter Band.
Die Schiiler Johannes. Ende des dritten und Anfang des vierten Jahrhunderts. Strassburg. J 896.
S. 88-142. CneUHaJlbHOe HCCllelIOBaHHe: Lachs S. T. Rabbi Abbahu and the Minim II JQR.
1970. Vol. 60. P. 197-212,
328
r:W6a 6. 0611/afl xapaKmepucmllKa emopo?o nepuooa pU.lfCKo-uyoeucKux omHOUleHll!i
lfeM B npe.n.bl.D.)'I..LJ.l1e CTOJIeTHSI. 3aKOHOYlfl1TeJIH npo.n.omKaJIl1 BblKa3blBaTb
CBoe nOlfTeHHe naTpl1apxy H Ha CJIOBax. TaK, pa66H Hernya 6eH J1eBH
BCTaBaJI nepe.n. c06CTBeHHblM CblHOM, BBH.D.)' TOro, lfTO nOCJIe.n.HHH COlfe-
TaJICSI 6paKOM C O.n.HOH H3 npe.n.CTaBHTeJIbHHU ceMbH naTpl1apxa 96 . Pa6-
6H A66axy, peWaBllll1H B Kecapee Bce np06JIeMbl B3aHMOOTHOllleHHH
eBpeeB C pHMCKOH a.n.MHHHCTpaUHeH, Bblpa)l(aJI BCSllfeCKoe nOlfTeHl1e
naTpHapxy 11 npH3HaBaJI ero aBTOpHTeT.
npHMepOB c06mo.n.eHHSI .n.HIUlOMaTHlfeCKOH Be)KJIHBOCTI1 3aKOHOYlfH-
reJIeH no OTHOllleHl11O K mrrpHapxy MO)I(HO npHBeCTI1 MHOro 97 , o.n.HaKO OHH
He MeHSIIOT OCHOBHOro: C py6e)l(a III-IV BB. BO MHOroM B CBSl3H C npeBpa-
I..LJ.eHl1eM cHHe.n.pHoHa B cocTaBHyIO lfaCTb 61OpOKpaTHlfecKoro annapaTa
n03.n.HeH HMnepHH HalfHHaeTCSI yna.n.oK HY.n.eHcTBa B naJIeCTHHe.
7. aKOHOMH1JeCKaJI H3Hb naAeCTHHbl II-III BB.
no AaHHblM TaAMYAa
HH<popMaUHSI 06 3KOHOMHlfeCKOH )l(H3HH naJIeCTHHbl II-III BB. co-
XpaHHJIaCb OTlfaCTH B TaJIMy.n.e, OTlfaCTH B aHTHlfHOH H paHHeBH3aHTHH-
CKOH JIHTeparype. TaJIMy.n.HlfecKaSi I1H<popMaUI1S1 COXpaHHJIaCb B nepBOM
ce.n.epe HepYCaJIHMCKOro TaJIMy.n.a 11 co.n.eP)l(I1T 60JIblllOe KOJIHlfeCTBO
06I..LJ.HX peKoMeH.n.aUI1H 0 CeJIbCKOX03S1HCTBeHHbIX pa60Tax H TeXHHKe HX
Be.n.eHHSI. 3TOT MaTepHaJI B OCHOBHOM cHcTeMaTH3HpoBaH, H B HallleM
paCnOpSl)l(eHHH MHO)l(eCTBO no.n.TBep)J()J,eHHH npOSlBJIeHI1S1 B 3KOHOMHKe
TeX)I(e 3aKOHoMepHocreH pa3BHTHSI, lfTO H B PHMCKOH HMnepl1H B ueJIOM 98 .
no ueJIOM PSl.n.y npHlfHH X03S1HCTBeHH3.SI )l(H3Hb B naJIeCTI1He yxy.n.waeT-
CSI co BTOpOH nOJIOBHHbl II B. H. 3. 31'0 npOSlBJISleTCSI B CHH)I(eHHH ypo-
'.b Qiddushin 33b=bQiddushin I, 6=DBT. Bd, 5. S. 811.
'7 OCHOBHble KOHTeKCTbl: b Ketuboth 84b=;bKetuboth. IX, 1-2=DBT. Bd. 4. S. 738-739
jTaanith 2,I-65a: b Taanit 23b=bTaannith, III. 1= OBI. Bd. 3. S. 492-493.
., Pe'lb HlleT B OCHOBHO!\l 0 pa60Tax Jl Cnep6epa, C1aBHble H3 HHX: Sperber D, Trends
in Third Century Palestinian Agriculture II JESHO. 1972, Vol, 15/3. P. 227-255; Sperber D.
Roman Palestine 200--400: Money and Prices. Ramat-Gan, 1974; Sperber D. Aspects of Agrar-
ian Life in Roman Plaestine I: Agricultural Decline in Palestine during the Later Principate II
ANRW. 2, 8. P. 397-443; Sperber D, Roman Palestine 200--400. The Land. Crisis and Change
in agrarian society as reflected in rabbinic sources. Ramat-Gan. 1978. KpoMe TOro, 3aCJlYJKH-
BalOT BHH!\IaHHH C.1e.llYIOWHe pa60Tbl o6lI.1ero !L1aHa, B KOTOpblX 3aTpOHYTbl np06JJe!\lbI 3KO-
HOMIIKH na.1ecTHHbl TaJJMY.llH'iecKOro BpeMeHH: Baron S. W A social and religious history of
the Jews, Vol. II. Christian era: the first five centuries. New York, 1958. P. 241-261; Hamel G.
Poverty and Charity in Roman Palestine, First Three Centuries C. E, Los Angeles. Oxford.
1989: A/on G. The Jews in their Land in the Talmudic Age 70-640 C. E.). London, 1989.
P. 152-175.
329
A. r. fpyweBoH, Hydeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PU.IICKOU pecny611uKu u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
:>KaHHOCTH H COKpaJ..QeHHI1 pa3MepOB 06pa6aTbIBaeMbIX nOJIeH. CneQH-
«pI1Ka TaJIMy.n.a KaK HCTOLJHHKa n03BOJIj)eT, npaB.n.a, JIHlllb OTMeTHTb
SlBJIeHHe KaK TaKOBoe. n03TOMY CHIDKeHHe ypO:>KaHHOCTH H COKpaJ..QeHHe
pa3MepOB nOJIeH npaBHJIbHee, BH.n.HMO, Ha3BaTb JIHUIb TeH.n.eHQI1S1MH
pa3BHTI1S1 3KOHOMHKH.
K TaKOMY BbIBO.n.y n03BOJISIIOT npHHTH .n.Ba THna TaJIMy.n.H4eCKI1X
CBI1.n.eTeJIbCTB. B feMape 4ame Bcero K TpaKTaTaM nepBoro ce.n.epa TaJI-
My.n.a BCTpeLJalOTCSI paCCY:>K,AeHI1S1 3aKOHOY4HTeJIeH Ha TeMY 0 TOM, 4TO
no cpaBHeHHIO C ro.n.aMH HX MOJIO.n.OCTI1 YPO:>KaH TaKOH-TO KyJIbrypbI
YMeHblllHJICSI UPeah 7, 3; jDemai, 1, 1).
Ka:>K,Aoe H3 HHX no OT.n.eJIbHOCTH JIerKO OTHeCTH K LJHCJIY HHLJerO
oc06eHHO He 3Ha4aJ..QHX :>KaJI06 0 TOM, 4TO paHbllle 6bIJIO JIY4llle. O.n.Ha-
KO MaTepHaJIa 3TOro MHOro H, paCCMOTpeHHbIH BeCb BMeCTe H B HCTOPH-
4eCKOM KOHTeKCTe, OH MO:>KeT C4HTaTbCSI .n.OCTOBepHbIM CBH)J,eTeJIbCTBOM,
KaK nOKa3aHO B OTMe4eHHbIX BbIUIe pa6OTax.IJ:. Cnep6epa 99 .
KpOMe TOro, B pa3HbIX MeCTax TaJIMy.n.a co.n.ep:>KHTCSI MHO:>KeCTBO
:>KHBOnHCHbIX 3apHcoBoK, KacalOJ..QHXcSI BJIIDIHIDI KpH3Hca III B. Ha )fGf3Hb
pa3JIH4HbIX CJIOeB H)'.n.eHcKoro 06J..QecTBa naJIeCTHHbI.
B OCHOBHOM 3TOT MaTepHaJI CBSl3aH C np06JIeMaMH HaJIOrOB H HaJIO-
ro06JIO:>KeHHSI. .IJ:aHHbIH Bonpoc He OTHOCHTCSI K LJHC.rry XOpOUIO pa3pa-
60TaHHbIX - 3a nOCJIe.n.HHe CTO JIeT 3TOH TeMe 6bIJIH nOCBSlmeHbI JIHlllb
.n.Be CTaTbH IOO . B TaJIMy.n.e BeCbMa HepaBHOMepHO npe.n.CTaBJIeHa I1H«pOP-
MaQHSI 06 ynnaLJHBaeMbIX HaCeJIeHHeM HaJIOraX H 0 peaKQHI1 Ha TSirOTbI
HaJIoro06JIo:>KeHIDI. TaK, B feMape npaKTHLJeCKH OTCYTCTBYIOT KaKHe-JII160
:>KaJI06bI Ha n03eMeJIbHbIH HaJIOr, LJTO, BH.n.HMO, 06DSlCIDIeTCSI CJIe.n.yIOJ..QHM.
HaJIor 3TOT ynJIa4HBaJICSI H HarypoH, H .n.eHbraMI1, CTaBKH KOTOpbIX oc-
TaBaJIHCb HeH3MeHHbIMH OT O.n.HOro QeH3a .n.o .n.Pyroro. Pa3Mep Harypo-
nJIaTbI KOJIe6aJICSI - HaCKOJIbKO n03BOJISIIOT Cy.n.HTb .n.OK}'MeHTbI - B
paHoHe 30 npoQeHToB ypO:>KaSl, .n.eHe:>KHaSi COCTaBJISIlOmaj) HaJIOra .n.eH-
CTBHTeJIbHO 6bIJIa HH3KOH 101 . npaB.n.a, )J,JISI paCCMaTpHBaeMoro nepHo.n.a
.. OC06eHHO XOTeJJOCb 6bI OTMeTHTb: Roman Palestine. 200-400. The Land. Crisis and
change in agrarian society as reflected in rabbinic sources. Ramat Gan, 1978. BaJKHblM npelI-
CTaBJ1l1eTCJJ 3aKJJIO'ieHHe 3TOH KHHrH: p. 205-211.
100 Hennoxoj:j 0630p Marepltana 0 Hanorax B naneCTHHe: Goldschmidt L. Les impots et
droits de douane en Judee II REJ. 34. 1897. P. 192-217. CM. TaKJKe: Lambert E. Les changeurs
et la monnaie en Palestine du l-er au IIJ-e siecle de I' ere vulgaire d' apres les texts talmudiques II
REJ. 1906. Vol. 51. P. 217-244; vol. 52. P. 24-42. HOBej:jwee HCCJJelIOBaHHe: Hadas-Lebel M.
La fiscalite romaine dans la literature rabbiniquejusqu'illa fin lIIe siecle II REJ. 1984. Vol. 143.
P. 5-29.
101 3Ta HH<j>opMaUHII H3BeCTHa H3 nanHpycHblX HCTO'lHHKOB. H311aHHe YKa3aHO B C,le;Iy-
IOmeM npHMe'laHHlI.
330
Tllaea 6. QOIl/aR xapaKmepucmUKa emopozo nepuoOa PUMCKo-uyoeucKux omHoUleHUU
MbI nOI.{TH He MO)J{eM npOCJIe.n.I1Tb ee 3BOJIIOUHIO. ,L{Ba H3BeCTHbIX ueH30-
BbIX .n.OKYMeHTa (PYadin, 16; PSeelim, 62), .n.alOLlJ.I1X HH<popMaUHIO 0
Harrorax KOHKpeTHbIX 3eMeJIbHbIX c06CTBeHHI1KOB, OTHOCHTCH KO BpeMe-
HH.n.O BOCCTaHHH nap Kox6bI l02 . Koe-KaKaH HH<popMauHH 0 Harrorax eCTb
Y HocH<pa <l>JIaBI1H 103 H HHor.n.a B HCTOI.{HI1KaX npe.n.IllecTBYIOLlJ.HX BeKOB,
)J,JIH III B. KOHKpeTHbIX .n.aHHbIX Y)J{e HeT 104 .
Co maCHO aHTl1l.{HbIM aBTopaM H C006I..lJ.eHHHM TarrMy.n.Hl.{eCKHX TpaK-
TaI'OB, 60JIee TH)J{eJIbIM rpY30M, l.{eM n03eMeJIbHblH Harror, 6bIJI no.n.ylllHbIH
Harror. KaK nHilleT AnnHaH, 3TOT Harror B narreCTHHe 6bIJI BbIIlle, l.{eM B
.n.pymx npOBHHUHJIX HMnepHH (Syr., 50, 253).
OH nHllleT: Kat oux 'tam' E<J'ttV lou&xi.ou; a.1tacnv 6 <p6p<x; 'trov
<JOOI..UX'tOOV j3apmEpo<; 'til &A.A." 7tEpLOooi.a . E<J'tt OE Kat L'6pot Kat
KlA.t tV E't1')cno<;. Exa'too'tT) 'tou 'tt 1') a'to<; EKa<J'tq>. (<<no 3TOH npHI.{I1-
He 105 )J,JIH Bcex H)'.n.eeB no.n.YIllHbIH Harror 106 T}J)J{eJIee HHoro H306HJIHJI 107.
A OH )J{e y cHpHHueB 11 KHJIHKHHueB B3HMaeTCH pa3 B ro.n., COCTaBJIHH
O.n.HY COrylO OT OueHKI1 HX HMYLlJ.eCTBa».) AnnHaH npHMO He roBOpI1T,
HO H3 06I..lJ.ero KOHTeKCTa paCCKa3a CJIe.n.YeT, I.{TO BBe.n.eHHe oc060ro HC-
'IHCJIeHHH no.n.oxo.n.Horo Harrora, npeBbIlllalOLlJ.erO o.n.HY COrylO OT oueH-
KH HMYI..lJ.eCTBa, npHHa)J,JIe)J{HT A.n.pHaHY.
'0' 06a 1I0K}'MeHTa 06HapYJKeHbI B apXHBax JKHTe..'1e1j .IlepeBHH Ma03a. AHaIUl3 OCHOBHO-
ro COlIepJKaHmllIOK}'MeHTOB: Cotlon H. M., Yardeni A, Aramaic. Hebrew and Greek documen-
tary texts from Nahal Hever and others sites. With appendix containing alleged Qumran texts.
(The Seiyal Collection, II). Oxford, 1997. P. 179-185.
'0) Pe'ib HlIeT 06 HH«jIopMaUHH, OTHocllweJ:iclI B OCHOBHOM KO BpeMeHH npaBJ1eHHII Hpo.lla
BeJJHKOro H OTpiDKaIOlI.IeH paJMepbl c06HpaeMblx npH HeM HaJJOroB. CM. m. 2.
'04 06WHJ:i 0630p HMelOweHCJI HH«jIopMaUHH: Hamel G. Poverty and Charity in Roman
Palestine, First Three Centuries C. E. Los Angeles; Oxford, 1989. P. 144-15\.
1053Ta nplt'iHHa YTO'iHJleTCJI B TeKCTe AnnHaHa 'iYTb Bblwe. HMelOTCJI B BH.llY 6ecKOHe'i-
Hble BOCCTaHHJI HY.IleeB.
106 ECTh TO'iKa 3peHHII, 'iTO 3.1leCb HMeeTCJI B BHrry He nO;IYWHa!I nO.llaTb, a TaK HaJbIBaeMbIJ:i
«HYlIeHCKIIH Hanor», KOTOpbIH YIL1a'iHBaJJH Bce HYlIeH nocne paJpyweHHII XpaMa. nO.ll06Ha!I
TO'iKa 3peHHJI npe.llCTaBJJJleTCJI Bce JKe MeHee y6ellllTeilbHOH. (CM.: Reinach Th. T extes d' auteurs
grecs et romains relatifs aujudai:sme. Paris, 1895. P. 152; Greek and Latin authors on Jews and
Judaism. Edited with Introductions, Translations and Commenatry by M. Stern. Yol. two. From
Tacitus to Simplicius. Jerusalem, 1980. P. 179-181=WTepH, 2000. C. 172-173.) OTMeTHM
TaKJKe. 'iTO JJIIWb 06 O.llHOM TaJJMYlIH'ieCKOM TeKCTe MOJKHO CKa3arb, 'iTO OH. BepOJITHO, HMeeT
OTHOWeHHe K «UYlIeJ:icKOMY HaJJory». HHblMIl c.10Ba HI, y Hac eCTb OCHOBaHHII npe.llnOilOJKIITh,
'iTO BO II-III BB, «IIY;IeiicKHH HaJJor» npeKpalllaeT cBoe cyweCTBOBaHlle. (Hadas-Lebel M, La
fiscalite romaine dans la literature rabbiniquejusqu'a la fin du lIIe sii:cle II REJ. 1984. Yol. 143.
P. 5-7.). 06 «HY;IeiicKOM H<L10re» CM. TaKJKe: JIeeuHcKOR II. A, eJlHIIJI AnocTO,loB Ha <poHe
eBpeHcKOH lIHaCnOpbl. Cn6.. 2000. c. 25-41.
107 TaKOBo pYKomlcHoe 'iTeHHe (1t£ptOua1O:). HeKOTopbIe H3;IaTeJJH npeililaralOT KOH'beK-
l}Py It£ptOUclO:<; - «oKp)'JKaIOWHe ce.leHlIII».
331
A. f, fpyweBoH. l1ydeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PU-\/CKOU pecnyfiwKu u PU-\/CKOU UJllnepuu
o TjI)J{eCHf :noro Harrora nHcarr O.n.HH H3 paBBI1HOB KOHlla III B. - Ca-
MYHJI oeH HaXMaH 108 . 0 TOM )J{e caMOM CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYeT H o.n.Ha «ppa3a,
npHnHCblBaeMaJI pa66H A66e, TaJOKe )J{I1BweMY B KOHlle III B.: «ECJIH Bbl
3aHHMaeTeCb 6JIarOTBOpl1TeJIbHOCTbIO I1CXO.lUl H3 06'beMOB CBoeH C06CT-
BeHHOCTI1, CBjll..lleHHblH H E.n.HHCTBeHHbIH Orpa.n.HT Bac OT no.n.YlllHoro
Harrora» (jPeah, 1, 1-15b).
ApeH.n.HbIH Harror -TOT, '110 IUHlTHJ1H apeH.D.aTopbl rocy.n.apCTBeHHblX
H HMnepaTOpCKHX 3eMeJIb - He HaWeJI cBoero OTpIDKeHI1j1 B TarrMy.n.e,
H60 H)'.n.eH '1pe3Bbl'laHHO pe.n.Ko Bblc-rynarrH B :noH pOJIH.
ABTOpbl TarrMy.n.H'IecKHx TpaKTaTOB '1aCTO Ce-ryIOT Ha Tjlrmy aHHOHbl.
nO.n.06Hble CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBa OTHOCjlTCjI KaK KO BpeMeHH Hexy.n.bl xa-HacH,
TaK H K nocJIe.n.YlOmHM .n.eCjlTHJIeTHjlM III B. 109 AHHOHa npe.n.YCMaTpHBa-
JIa nOCTaBKH Ha apMeHCKHe HY)J{)J.bl KaK 3epHa, TaK H MjlCa )J{HBOTHblX H
6b1JIa - HaCKOJIbKO n03BOJIjleT Cy.n.HTb TarrMY.n. - nOCTOjlHHblM TjI)J{KHM
6peMeHeM. B O.n.HOM H3 MH.n.pallleH BCTpe'laeTCjI ynoMHHaHHe 03eMJIe-
.n.eJIblle, OTBelllHBalOl..lleM npH'IHTalOmeeCjI no aHHOHe npaKTH'IeCKH
KIDK.!I.bIH.n.eHb llo . B paBBHHHCTH'IeCKOM KOMMeHTapl1H Ha BTop03aKoHHe
28:48 BCTpe'laeM B CBSl3H C aHHOHOH pHMCKoro BpeMeHH CJIe.n.YIOI..llHH
naTeTH'IeCKHH naCCIDK (Aboth de Rabbi Nathan, 20): «"Tbl 6y.n.elllb CJIY-
)J{HTb BparaM CBOI1M B roJIo.n.e, )J{IDK.!I.e 11 HarOTe". "B roJIo.n.e" - 03Ha'la-
eT, '1TO eCJIH Y Bac Bo06me eCTb XJ1e6 .n.JIjI e.n.bl, jl3bl'lHI1KH nOTpe6yIOT
6eJIoro XJ1e6a 11 JIY'IlllerO MjlCa. "B )J{IDK.!I.e" - eCJIH Bbl )J{IDK.!I.eTe nl1Tb
XOTSI 6b1 KaIUIIO YKcyca HJ1H nHBa, HO He MO)J{eTe HX HaHTH, OHH nOTpe-
6YIOT JIY'Illlero B MHpe BI1Ha. "B HaroTe" - eCJIH Bbl I1meTe WepCTjlHOH
HJIH JIbHjlHOH IUIal..ll, HO He MO)J{eTe HX HaHTH, OHH Tpe6ylOT WeJIKOBblX
o.n.e)J{)J. HJIH JIY'lWHX o.n.e)J{)J. H3 wepCTH».
ABTOp 31Oro OTpblBKa BeCbMa TO'IHO YJIOBHJ1 caM .n.yx 1Oro, KaK PHMJIjI-
He no.n.xo.n.HJIH K np06JIeMe c60pa HarroroB. TjlroTbl pHMCKHX HarrorOB
O'leBH.n.HbI, o.n.HaKO )J{e, HeCMOTpjl HI1 Ha 'ITO, H)'.n.eH B narreCTHHe BbDKHJ111
11 He pa30pHJ1I1Cb OKOH'IaTeJIbHO H 6ecnOBopOTHO. nOCJIe.n.Hee )J{e co BceH
.08 Leviticus R. 29, 2=Midrash Rabbah. Translated into English with notes, glossary and
indices under the editorship of rabbi H. Freedman and M. Simon. Leviticus. Chapters I-XIX
translated by rev. J. Israestam; chapters XX-XXXVII translated by J. 1. Slotkin. London, 1983.
P.370-37\.
",. OCHoBHble KOHTeKCTbl: jKetuboth, 10, 5-34a; Lev. R., 29,2=Midrash Rabbah. Trans-
lated into English with notes, glossary and indices under the authorship of rabbi H. Freedman
and M. Simon. Chapters I-XIX translated by rev. J. Israelstam; chapters XX-XXXVII trans-
lated by J. J. Slotkin. London, 1983. P. 370-371;jPeah, 1,1-15b.
110 Numeri R., 17. 5=Midrash Rabbah. Translated into English with notes, glossary and
indices under the authorship of rabbi H. Freedman and M. Simon. Numbers. Volume two.
Translated by J. J. Slotkin. London, 1983. p, 706.
332
rJlaea 6. OVUlaJ/ xapaKmepucmUKa emopozo nepuoda plLIICKo-lIyoeucKux onlHoUleHlIIi
Ol.{eBH.n.HOCTblO CBl1.lI.eTeJIbCTBYeT 0 TOM, I.{TO pa3Mepbl pHMCIGIX HaJIOroB
BCe )J(e He 6blJIH TaKHMH, I.{TO I1X npHHl.umHaJIbHO HeB03MO)J(HO 6blJIO 3a-
ruHlTHTb. PeaJIbHOCTb, BH.n.HMO, COCTO lJIa B TOM, I.{TO B YCJIOBHjlX Kpl1311Ca
B03pOCJIO KOJIHl.{eCTBO Tex, KOMY cnpaBHTbCjI C ynJIaTOH HaJIOroB 6blJIO
CJIO)J(HO. O.D.HaKO, CYJUI no BceM}', HX KOJIHl.{eCTBO He 6blJIO HaCTOJIbKO BeJII1-
KO, I.{TO caMO cy ecTBoBaHl1e H}'.n.eeB-3eMJIe.n.eJIbLleB B naJIeCTHHe CTaHO-
BI1JlOCb np06JIeMaTHI.{HblM. CKopee Bcero, B naJIeCTHHe B 3TO BpeMjI npo-
HCXO.n.I1JlO o6e.n.HeHHe JIHlllb KaIGlX-TO OT.n.eJIbHbIX COLll1aJIbHblX rpynn.
EJ..Qe npHI.{HHOH )J(e nOCJIe.n.Hero - 06e.n.HeHHjI OT.n.eJIbHblX COLlHaTlb-
HblX rpynn - .n.OJI)J(HO 6blJIO CTaTb H CJIe.D.YlO ee jlBJIeHl1e, 0 KOTOpOM
06bll.{HO He 3a.n.YMbIBaIOTCjI. KaK H3BeCTHO, B 212 r. no KOHCTHryLlHH
KapaKaTlJIbl (Constitutio Antoniana) pHMcKoe rpaJK.D.aHCTBO nOJIYl.{l1JIH
npaKTHl.{eCKH Bce )J(HTeJIH HMnepHH, COOTBeTCTBeHHO H Bce H}'.n.eH. O.n.-
HaKO nOCJIe.n.HHH <paKT 03Hal.{aTl TalOKe 11 cJIe.n.YIOJ..Qee: Hy.n.eH nOCJIe 212 r.
CTaJIH nJIaTHTb 60JIblUe HaJIOrOB, 1160 HeKOTopble HaTlOrH, HanpHMep
HaTlOr Ha HaCJIe.n.CTBO, nOJIaraJIOCb ruIaTHTb TOJIbKO pHMCKHM rpIDK.D.aHaM
(Dio Cass., LXXVII, 9, 4).
OrJIHl.{lffeJIbHblM npH3HaKoM paccMarpHBaeMoro BpeMeHH 6blJI0 MHO-
)!(eCTBO Pa3JIHI.{HblX npl1Hy.n.HTeJIbHblX 06J..QecTBeHHblx pa60T, Ha3blBaeMblX
«aHrapHjI». TepMHH HMeJI .n.Ba 3Hal.{eHHjI: CHal.{aJIa TaK Ha3blBaJIl1 TOJIbKO
06j13aTeJIbHble pa60Tbi no 06eCnel.{eHI11O nepeB030K rocy.n.apcTBeHHoH
nOI.{TOBOH CJI}?K6bl, a 3aTeM - JII06ble npHHy.n.HTeJIbHble pa6OTbi. B paB-
BI1HI1CTl1l.{eCKOH JII1Teparype BCTpel.{alOTCjI 06a 3Hal.{eHHjI. TaK, B OJJ.HOM
H3 TpaKTaTOB ynoMHHaeTCjI OceJI, I1CnOJIb3yeMblH )J,JIjI HY)J()J, «aHrapHH»,
T. e. nOI.{TOBblX nepeB030K (mBaba Metsia, 6, 3).
B CBoeM paclllHpeHHoM Bapl1aHTe «aHrapl1j1» KaCaJIaCb Pa3JIHI.{HbIX
npHHy.n.HTeJIbHbIX pa6OT, na.n.aBlUHX B OCHOBHOM Ha nJIel.{H nOCTaB HKOB
npo.n.oBOJIbCTBHjI H o.n.e)J()J,bl. XapaKTepHaji B 3TOM OTHOllleHHH HCTOpHjI
paCCKa3blBaeTCjI B O.n.HOM 113 MH.n.pallleHlll. ToproBLl.bl BHHOM npjlTaJIH
CBOH TOBap Ha KJ1a.n.6HJ..Qe, YCJIbllllaB, I.{TO B ropo.n.e npoxo.n.jlT MepOnpHjI-
THjI B paMKax npHHy.n.HTeJIbHbIX nOCTaBOK - «aHrapHjI».
npHHyJJ.HTeJIbHble 06J..QeCTBeHHble pa60Tbl K KOHu.y III B. KaCaTll1Cb
}?Ke a6COJIIOTHO Bcex. B HCTOI.{HHKaX. co06 aeTCjI 0 TOM, I.{TO BO BpeMjI
Ll.apCTBOBaHHjI )J;HOKJ1eTHaHa npI1Hy.n.HTeJIbHblMH nOCTaBKaMI1 MHpTOBO-
ro .n.epeBa Ha rocy.n.apCTBeHHble Hy)J()J,bl 3aHI1MaTlCjI pa66H 3eHpa ll2 .
11\ Leviticus R., 12, I=Midrash Rabbah. Translated into English with notes, glossal)' and
indices under the editorship of rabbi H. Fridman and M. Simon. Leviticus. Chapters I-XIX
translated by rev. J. Israelstarn; chapters XX-XXXVII translated by J. J. Slotkin. Lodnon,
1983. P. 153.
112 bBerakhoth, 9b=bBerakhoth, I, 2, 4, 7=DBT. Bd. I. S. 3 I.
333
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. Hyoeu u uydau:w 6 ucmop/lu PW.fCKOU pecnya7/1K/I /I PZL\fCKoii u'unepl/ll
np06JIeMa HaJIOroB, CTOJIb xapaKTepHaJI )J,JI III B. H. 3., 3aKJllOI.{aJIaCb
He TOJIbKO B nO BJIeHHH HOBbIX C60POB, HO H B TOM, KaK HaJIOrl1 c06l1pa-
JIHCb. HCTOI.{HHKH nOKa3bIBaIOT, I.{TO Hapo.n. npHaJI CBoe HMy ecTBo B
nOTaHHbIX KOMHaTax, norpe6ax H Pa3JIHI.{HbIX XHTPOYMHbIX TaHHHKax.
TOproBUbI BC l.{eCKH CTapaJIHCb yraHTb - nOJIHOCTblO I1JIl1l.{aCTHI.{HO -
CBoe HMy ecTBo OT C60p HKOB HaJIOroB 113.
OTBeTOM Ha 3TO CTaJIO, eCTeCTBeHHO, npHMeHeHHe CHJIbI CO CTOpOHbI
rocy.n.apCTBeHHbIX CTPYK1YP BO BceM TOM, I.{TO KacaeTC c60pa HaJIOroB.
3TO HaUIlIO CBoe KOCBeHHoe OTpIDKeHl1e H B TaJIMy.n.e. Y)J{e ynoMHHaB-
lllHHC BbIllie pa66H 3JIea3ap 6eH ne.n.aT, )J{HBlllHH BO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe
III B., nl1CaJI TaK: «ECJIH H3paHJIbT He 3aHI1MaIOTC 6JIaroTBopHTeJIbHO-
CTblO, OHH .n.eJIalOT 3TO HCKJllOl.{HTeJIbHO no cBoeH .n.06POH BOJIe. O.n.HaKo,
eCJIH TaK He nocryn T, 3bII.{HHKH npl1.n.YT H Bce OT6epYT CHJIOH»\l4. no.n.
3bII.{HHKaMH B .n.aHHOH cHryaUHH HMeeTC B BI1.n.y, eCTeCTBeHHO, PHM.
Ero COBpeMeHHHK CHMeOH 6eH JIaKHlll cpaBHHBaJI C60pll\HKa HaJIOrOB
C Me.n.Be.n.eM, KOTOpbIH BCTpeTHJ1l.{eJIOBeKa, y6eralO ero OTO JIbBa. Pa66H
CI1MeOH YTOI.{H eT .n.aJIee CBOH CJIOBa CJIe.n.YIOll\HM 06pa30M - TaK npo-
HCXO.n.HT C l.{eJIOBeKOM, KOTOpbIH BOllleJI B ropo.n. H CTOJIKHYJIC CO c60p-
I1KOM HaJIOroB I15 . nOMHMO OTMel.{eHHoro CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBa, 3.n.eCb MO)J{HO
npHBeCTH TaJOKe CJIOBa pa66H XaHHHbI 6eH XaMbI, KOTOpbIH )J{HJI B nep-
BOH nOJIOBHHe III B. H. 3. OH nHCaJI, I.{TO B npa3.n.HHKH B THBepHa.n.e
Bcer.n.a nO BJI eTC JlH60 HaMeCTHHK, JIH60 ueHrypHoH, 03a60l.{eHHbIH
np06JIeMOH c60pa HaJIOroB\l6.
Oc060 XOTeJIOCb 6bI OTMeTHTb, I.{TO npaKTHl.{eCKH Cpa3Y nOCJIe npH-
xo.n.a K BJIaCTI1 .n.HHaCTHH CeBepOB, B TeXHI1Ke c60pa HaJIOroB npOH30lllJIO
O.n.HO CYll\eCTBeHHoe H3MeHeHI1e B paMKax Bcero rocy.n.apCTBa. OrBeTcT-
BeHHOCTb 3a c60p HaJIOroB 6bIJIa B03JIO)J{eHa Ha MYHHUHnaJIbHbIe COBeTbI
K<l)J{)J,Oro ropo.n.a, KOTopbIe .n.OJI)J{HbI 6bIJIH 06eCnel.{I1BaTb nocrynJIeHHe
Tpe6yeMbIx CYMM KaK C ropo)J{aH, TaK H C CeJIbCKHX )J{HTeJIeH OKpeCTHO-
CTeH. npH 3TOM, eCJIH KTo-JIH60 H3 HaJIOrOnJIaTeJIbll\HKOB ropo.n.a nyc-
KaJIC B 6era, I.{TO CJIYl.{aJIOCb Hepe.n.KO, HaJIOrOBbIH .n.OJIr He npO aJIC , a
nepeKJla.n.bIBaJIC He nJIel.{H Tex, KTO OCTaBaJIC . nOCJIe.n.Hee 06CTO TeJIb-
CTBO cnoc06CTBOBaJIO O.n.HOMY CYll\eCTBeHHOMY H3MeHeHHIO - H3MeHe-
I\JGen R., 24, I=Midrash Rabbah. Translated into English, with notes, glossary and indi-
ces under the editorship of rabbi H. Freedman and M. Simon. Genesis. Volume one. Trans-
lated by H. Freedman. London, 1983. P. 199; Lev R. 12, I =Midrash Rabbah... Leviticus.
Chapters I-XIX translated by rev. J. Israelstam; chapters XX-XXXVII translated by J. J.
Slotkin. London, 1983. P. 152-154.
'14bBaba Batrah 9a.=bBabah Batrah, I, 5=DBT. Bd. VI. S. 951.
1I5bSanhedrin, 98b.=bSanhedrin, X, I=DBT. Bd. VII. S. 429.
116bShabbath, 145b.=bShabbath, XX, 2=DBT. Bd. I. S, 683.
334
Tllaea 6. 06ulaJ/ xapaKmepucmUKa emopozo nepuooa PILWCKo-uydeuCKlc( omHouleHUU
HHIO OTHOllleHHjI K c60pmHK}' HaJIOrOB co CTOpOHbl paBBHHOB. B He-
CKOJIbKHX TaJIMy.n.H4eCKHX TpaKTaTax cneUl1aJIbHO YT04HjleTCjI, 4TO
c60pml1K HaJIOrOB H3 4HCJIa paBBHHOB H 3aKOHOY4HTeJIeH He H3rOHjleTCjI
113 Y4eHoro co06mecTBa, 1160 B npOTHBHoM CJIY4ae 06j13aHHOCTH c60p-
l.L{HKa MOryr 6bITb B03JIO)/(eHbI Ha JII060ro .n.pyroro ll7 .
11 B TO )/(e BpeMjI - 3TO THnH4HO He TOJIbKO .n.JIjI OaJIeCTHHbI - Bce
CTpeMHJIHCb no B03MO)/(HOCTH H36e)/(aTb ynJIaTbl HaJIOroB. Pa6611 Hoxa-
HaH ynoMHHaeT 0 Tex, KTO 06pal.L{aJIcjI K BJIaCTjlM C npocb60H 0 pa3pe-
llleHHH H36e)/(aTb 06j13aHHOCTeH 4JIeHa ropo.n.cKoro COBeTa USanhedrin,
15, 2-26b). B .n.pyroM TpaKTaTe c006l.L{aeTCjI, 4TO pa66H 3eHpa nOCTHJI-
CjI 100 .n.HeH, 4T06bI np0)J,JIHTb .n.HH pa66H J1JJIDI H 4T06bl 06l.L{eCTBeHHble
06j13aHHOCTH B ropO.n.CKOM COBeTe ero MHHOBaJIH IJ8 . I1cT04HHKH n03BO-
JIjllOT YT04HHTb, 4TO 11 H36paHHbie B ropo.n.cKOH COBeT BeCbMa 4aCTO
CTapaJIHCb YBHlIbHYTb OT HCnOJIHeHHjI 06peMeHHTeJIbHbiX 06j13aHHocTeH.
B TaJIMy.n.e cOXpaHHJICjI paCCKa3 0 TOM, KaK pa66H Hoce BblHy)!()J.eH 6bIJI
yroBapHBaTb HCnOJIHjlTb 06j13aHHOCTH napHacoB JIIO.n.eH B npHropo.n.e
THBepHa.D.bI UShekalim, 5, 2-48d).
BBH.n.y Toro 4TO co BpeMeHeM OTKa3bl OT .n.ejlTeJIbHOCTH B COCTaBe
ropo.n.cKoro COBeTa CTaHOBHJIHCb Bce 60JIee 4aCTbIMH, BJIaCTH Ha4HHaJIH
B OTBeT Bce 4ame npl16eraTb CHJIe, 6YKBaJIbHO OTJIaBJII1Baji nyCTHBllIHX-
CjI B 6era 4J1eHOB ropo.n.cKoro COBeTa. LJ:acTH4HO 3TH jlBJIeHHjI, pacnpo-
CTpaHeHHbIe BO Bcex npOBHHUHjlX, HalllJIH CBoe OTpa)/(eHHe H B TaJIMy.n.e,
r.n.e BCTpe4aJOTCjI )/(aJI06bl Ha HaCHJIHe CO CTOpOHbl pHMCKI1X BJIaCTeH H
Ha TO, 4TO B ropo.n.ax CTaHOBHTCjI )/(lITb H TjI)K](O, 11 He6e30naCHo ll9 .
Ha4aJIoM 3KOHOMH4ecKoi1 cTa6HJIH3aUHH B 06l.L{eCTBe CTaJIH pe<POPMbI
)J;110KJ1eTl1aHa H KOHCTaHTHHa. 0 HI1X pe4b nOH.n.eT HI1)/(e (CM. rJI. 7),
3.n.eCb )/(e XOTeJIOCb 6bI 3aTpOHyTb el.L{e HeCKOJIbKO 3a<pHKcHpoBaHHblx B
TaJIMy.n.e BeCbMa Ba)/(HbIX 3nH30.n.OB, xapaKTepH3YIOl.L{HX 3KOHOMHKY
OaJIeCTHHbI III B. H. 3. Bce paccMaTpHBaeMbie HH)/(e HCTOpl1H - 3TO
HCTOpHH 0 6e.n.HocTH HJII1 ee B03paCTaHHH.
TaK, npo pa66H CHMJlaji paCCKa3bIBaeTCjI, 4TO Kor.n.a OH nOnpOCHJI
Hapo.n. THBepHa.n.b1 nepeo.n.eTbCjI B CBjl3H C npa3.n.HHKOM cy66OTbI, CJIYllla-
TeJIH eMY OTBeTHJIH: «Hallie nJIaTbe )J,JIjI pa604Hx .n.HeH jlBJ1j1eTCjI TaIOKe
HalllHM nJIaTbeM H )J,JIJI cy66OTbI, H60 y Hac TOJIbKO O.n.HO o.n.ejlHHe» UPeah,
8, 8-21 b). B feMape K TpaKTal)' He.n.apHM roBOpHTCJI 0 TOM, 4TO 6e.n.HOCTb
117 tDemai, 3, 4; bSanhedrin 25b=bSanhedrin, III, 3=DBT. Bd. 7. S. 99-100; CM. TaKJKe:
Sperber D, Angaria in Rabbinic Literature II L'antiquite c1assique. 1969. Vol. 38. P. 164-
168.
118 bBaba Metsia, 85a=bBaba Metsia, VII, I=DBT. Bd. 6. S. 778,
119bKetuboth, II0b=bKetuboth, XIII, II=DBT. Bd, 4. S. 827.
335
A. f. rpyweBOH. Hydeu u uyOaU3M e ucmopuu PU-\I0:0U pecny6J/lIK/I u PUMCKOU wunepu/I
"BJI"eTC" Bce06lll.eH UNedarim, 9, 3-41 c).
B O.n.HOM H3 MI1.n.parneH pa66H A66axyl20 paCCKa3bIBaeT CJIe.n.ylOlll.YIO
HCTOpHIO, nO)J,IIHHHOCTb KOTOpOH I1MeHHO BCJIe.n.CTBl1e ee .n.yxa npe.n.cTaB-
JI"eTC" HeCOMHeHHOH. B TeaTpax naneCTI1HCKHX ropo.n.oB 6e.n.HocTb HY-
.n.eeB CJIY)l(HJIa npe.n.MeTOM lllYTOK B aHTHI.{HOM nOHHMaHHH cMelllHoro.
ABTOp .n.OHec .n.o Hac B 3TOM MH.n.pallle u.eJIYIO cepHIO 06MeHOB penJII1Ka-
MI1 .n.BYX aKTepOB, KOTOpbIX no COBpeMeHHblM nOH"TH"M CJIe.n.OBano 6bI
Ha3BaTb KJIOYHaMH. I1x .n.HanorH BbIrJI".n."T TaK:
«KaK .n.oJIro TbI c06HpaernbC" npo)KHTb?» OTBeTHa" penJIHKa: «nOKa
He H3HOCHTC" cy660THee nJIaTbe Hy.n.e,,».
AKTepbl 06MeHHBaIOTC" penJIHKaMH no nOBo.n.y HeO)f(H.n.aHHoH rpYCTH
Bep6JIIO.n.a, npHHa)J,IIe)J(alll.ero TeaTpy. O.n.I1H aKTep Cnpallll1BaeT .n.pyroro:
«nOl.{eMY Bep6JIIO.n. rpycTHT?» OrBeTHa" pelliIHKa: «Y H)'.n.eeB cy660THHH
ro.n., 11 y HHX HeT OBOlll.eH, TaK I.{TO OHI1 emIT l.{epTonoJIox. BOT Bep6mo.n.
H rpycTHT».
Elll.e O.n.HH BapHaHT. O.n.HH aKTep nO"BJI"eTC" Ha cu.eHe C 6pHTOH ro-
JIOBOH. ,L{pyroH aKTep cnpalllHBaeT: «nOl.{eMY TBO" rOJIOBa n06pHTa?»
OrBeTHa" penJIHKa: «l1y.n.eH c06JIIO.n.alOT cy660ry H Bce TO, I.{TO OHI1 3a-
pa6aTbIBalOT B 6y.n.HH, OHH C'be.n.aIOT B cy66my. O.n.HaKo BBH.n.y Toro, I.{TO
y HHX HeT .n.pOB, He06xo.n.HMbIX .n.JI" npHrOTOBJIeHI1" nHlll.H, OHH JIOMalOT
co6cTBeHHbIe nOCTeJ1H H HCnOJIb3YlOT I1X KaK TOlliIHBO. B pe3YJIbTaI'e OHI1
cn"T Ha 3eMJIe H I1CnOJIb3YlOT MaCJIO B Kal.{eCTBe rHrHeHHl.{eCKOrO cpe.n.-
CTBa. B pe3YJIbTare MaCJIO no.n.HJlJIOCb B u.eHe H" BbIH}')K)J,eH 6bIJI n06pl1Tb
roJIOBY, 1160 He pacnOJIaralO MaCJIOM )J,II" npHrJI(l)I(HBaHH" BOJIOC».
3TO THnHI.{HbIH IOMOp B aHTHI.{HOM .n.yxe, H n03TOMY y Hac HeT OCHO-
BaHHH COMHeBaI'bC" B ero nO)J,IIHHHOCTH. Ha3bIBaTb 3TO aHTHceMHTH3MOM
HeT OCHOBaHHH, H60 aBTopbI no.n.o6HbIX penJIHK He 3JI06CTBYIOT, a Ha
npl1MI1THBHOM ypOBHe CMeIOTC" HaJJ. TeM, I.{ero He nOHHMalOT. He nOHH-
ManH )J(e )J(HTeJIH 3JIJIHHH3HpoBaHHbIx ropo.n.oB naJIeCTHHbl, nOl.{eMY,
c06cTBeHHo, Hy.n.eH TaK .n.ep)J(aTC" 3a CBOI1 06bII.{aH pa3 OHH, c06JIIO.n.a"
HX, TaK nJIOXO )J(HByr.
,L{anee XOTeJIOCb 6bI oc060 OTMeTI1Tb, I.{TO npHBe.n.eHHbIe 3apHcoBKH C
HarypbI OTHOC"TC" He K H)'.n.e"M Boo6lll.e, a K ropO.n.CKOH 6e.n.HOTe. nepe-
HOCHTb Bce TO, 'lTO 3.n.eCb CKa3aHO Ha H)'.n.eeB CeJIbCKOH MeCTHOCTH (T. e.
fanHlIeH), 6blJIO 6bI HenpaBHlIbHo. I1TaK, nepe.n. HaMH B u.eJIOM nO)J,JIHHHbIe
"pKHe cu.eHbl H3 )f(H3HH, OTHOC"lll.HeC" OTHIO.n.b He KO BceM Hy.n.e"M na-
JIeCTHHbI, a TOJIbKO K 6e.n.Hb1M CJIO"M ropo.n.CKOro HaCeJIeHI1".
120 Lamentationes R. 17=Midrash Rabbah. Translated into English with notes, glossary and
indices under the editorship of rabbi H. Freedman and M. Simon. Lamentations. Translated
by dr. A. Cohen. (Proems XVII). London, 1983. p, 22-23.
336
rJla6a 6. 06ulaJ/ xapaKmepucmllKa 61/l0POZO nepllooa P1LI/CKo-uyoeuch'u.'C omHOUleHlui
B YCJIOBH X Kpl1311CHOH 3KOHOMHKH Y l1y.n.eeB B OaJJeCTHHe CTaJJH
B03HHKaTb CJIO)J{HOCTH C c06mo.n.eHHeM 3aKOHa, oc06eHHO cy660THero
ro.n.a. B TaJJMy.n.e KOHCTaTHpyIOTC CJIY'laH, Kor.n.a CB llI.eHHOCJlY)J{HTeJII1
BblH)')K.D.eHbl 6blJIH B cy660THHH ro.n. caMH naxaTb H 06pa6aTblBaTb CBOH
BHHorpa.n.HHKH121. B feMape K TpaKTary TaaHHHT ynoMHHaeTC peMec-
JIeHHHK, 3ano.n.03peHHblH B I1CnOJIb30BaHI111 npo.n.YKTOB, Bblpalll.eHHblX B
Te'leHHe cy660THero ro.n.a. OaTpHapx I1exy.n.a BTOpOH OTnyCTHJI ero co
CJIOBaMH: «Bce, '1TO HI1 .n.eJIaeT 3TOT 6e.n.Hb1H '1eJIOBeK, OH .n.eJIaeT pa.n.11
cnaceHH )J{H3HH» UTaannith, 3, 1-66b).
HMeJOlll.a C HH<popMaUH n03BOJI eT onpe.n.eJIHTb, '1TO B 3KOHOMH-
'1eCKOM OTHOllleHHH caMblMH T )J{eJIbIMI1 ro.n.aMH B OaJJeCTHHe CTaJIa
cepe.n.HHa III B., Kor.n.a nHK KpH3Hca B rocy.n.apCTBe COBnaJJ C roJIO.n.HbIMH
ro.n.aMI1 B OaJIeCTHHe. XapaKTepHbIe CJIOBa 0 B3aHMOCB 311 roJIo.n.a 11
6e.n.HOCTH BCTpellalOTC H B BbICKa3bIBaHH X pa6611 I1oxaHaHa: «.51 nOM-
HJO TO BpeM , Kor.n.a )J{HTeJIH THBepHa.n.bI npo.n.aBaJJH 4 caTa nllleHHUbI 3a
4 .n.eHapH . O.n.HaKo )J{e Tenepb MHorHe roJlo.n.alOT, He HMe O.n.HOro Hcca-
pa»l22. Y Hero)J{e BCTpe'laIOTC CJIe.n.yJOlll.He CJlOBa: «.51 nOMHJO, '1TO 6bIJIO
BpeM , Kor.n.a HH O.n.HH peMeCJIeHHI1K He Mor pa60TaTb B BOCTO'lHOM
KBapTaJJe ropo.n.a, r.n.e oco6eHHO CI1JIbHO .n.YJI BeTep, H3-3a O'leHb CHJIbHO-
ro 3anaxa XJ1e6a» (bBaba Metsia, 91 b). Pa66H He YTO'lH eT, HO, BH.n.HMO,
3.n.eCb pe'lb H.n.eT 0 TOM, '1TO HMeHHO B 3TOM KBapTaJJe Haxo.n.HJIaCb XJ1e-
60neKapH .
Ero COBpeMeHHHK H po.n.CTBeHHHK CHMeOH 6eH JlaKHllla nHllleT 0 TOM,
'1TO npaKTI1'1eCKI1 KIDK.LI.bIH .n.eHb npOHcxo.n.HJIH CJIY'laH, Kor.n.a '1eJIOBeK,
npHxo.n. .n.OMOH, 3aCTaBaJJ CBOHX CblHOBeH H .n.o'lepei1 YMeplllHMH OT
roJIo.n.a 123 . Y pa66H HcaaKa, )J{HBllIero Ha py6e)J{e III H IV BB., BCTpe'la-
IOTC ynoMI1HaHH 0 TOM, '1TO BecHoi1 JIJO.n. M npHxo.n.HJIOCb eCTb TpaBY.
TaKOBa BKpaTue Ta HH<popMaUI1 , KOTOPYJO MO)J{HO 113BJIe'lb H3 TaJJMy.n.H-
'1eCKHX TpaKTaTOB 0 X03 HCTBeHHOH )J{H3HI1 l1y.n.eHcKoro HaCeJIeHH Oa-
JIeCTHHbl BO II-Ill BB., He C'II1Ta TOro MaTepHaJJa, '1TO paCCMOTpeH B
pa6OTax.n:. Cnep6epa.
101 OCHoBHble KOHTeKCTbI: mShebiith, 4, I; bSanhedrin. 26a=bSanhedrin, III, 3=DBT. Bd. 7,
S. 101.
122 bBaba Batrah 90b-9Ia=DBT. Bd. 6. S. 1183-1184.
123b Sanhedrin 98b.=bSanhedrin, XI, I, 2=DBT. Bd, 7. S. 429,
rAaBa 7
u
TPETI1I1 nEPI10t{ PI1MCKO-
u u
I1YtlEl1CKI1X OTHOlllEHl111
1. BBo Hble 3aMeqaHHH
KaK }?Ke OTMe4aJIOCb BbIllle, cywecTBeHHOH oc06eHHOCTbIO nOJIO:>Ke-
HHjI l1y.n.eeB B pHMCKOM rocy.n.apCTBe B nepHO.n. Il03.n.HeH I1MnepHH, no
cpaBHeHHIO C npe.n.llleCTBYIOll{HMH BeKaMH, CTaJIO pe3Koe B03paCTaHI1e
06 W eCTBeHHoro HHTepeCa K H)'.n.aH3MY Hero a.n.enTaM. PellleHIDI, TaK HJIH
HHa4e CBjl3aHHbIe C onpe.n.eJIeHHeM rocy.n.apCTBeHHOH nOJIHTHKH K H)'.n.a-
H3MY, npHHHMaJIHCb npaJcrH4eCKH BceMH HMnepaTOpaMH 3TOro nepI10.n.aI24.
Ilo cBoeH <popMe 3TH perneHHjI, KaK npaBHJIO, 6bIJIH .n.HCKpHMHHaUHOH-
HbIMI1 125 , H JIHlllb paCKOJI B xpHCTHaHCKOM MHpe B pe3YJIbTaTe XaJIKH.D.OH-
CKOro c060pa (451 r.) npHBeJI K TOM}', 4TO nepHO.n. C cepe.n.HHbI V B. H. 3.
.n.o Ha4aJIa npaBJIeHI1j1 IOcTHHl1aHa (527-565 rr.) 6bIJI .D.JIjI H)'.n.eeB OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO cnOKOHHbIM.
O.n.HaKo, npe)l()J,e 4eM roBOpHTb 0 KOHKpeTHbIx <paKTax, npe.n.cTaRTIjI-
eTCjI He06xo.n.HMbIM OTMeTHTb HeCKOJIbKO C06bITHH H <paKTOB, HMelOll{HX
cywecTBeHHbIH xapaKTep .D.JIjI npaBHJIbHoro nOHHMaHHjI C06bITHH 3TOro
nepl1o.n. a .
124 XoPOWaJI pa60Ta, B KOTOpoJ:i c06paHbl, npoKOMMeHTHpoBaHbl H nepeBelIeHbl Ha aHr-
JJHHCKHH 113b1K Bce l10KYMeHTbl n03.llHeaHTH'iHoro 3aKOHOlIareJlbCTBa 06 HYl1ellX H HY.llaH3Me:
The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation. Edited with Introductions, Translations and Com-
mentary by A. Linder. Detroit; Jerusalem, 1987.
125 flo npH'iHHaM, OTMe'iaeMblM HHJKe, BpaJKl1e6HOe OTHoweHHe xpHCTHaHCTBa K HYl1a-
H3MY 6b1JJO H3Ha'iaJJbHblM, HO HenOCJ1e110BaTeJJbHbIM. ElIHHCTBeHHblM HMnepaTopOM, He
npHHHMaBWHM l1HCKpHMHHaUHoHHblX Mep no oTHoweHHIO K HYlIeIlM, 6blJl lOJJHaH (361-
363 rr.).
338
rJlaea 7, Tpemllu neplloo pU.\fCKo-uyoeucKln onlHowellllu
Ope)K)J,e Bcero He06xo.n.I1MO CKa3aTb HeCKOJIbKO CJIOB 06 HMnepaTO-
pe KOHCTaHTI1He H 0 TOM, Kor.n.a OH, c06CTBeHHO, npl1HjlJI xpHCTHaHCT-
BO. CYLUeCTByeT T04Ka 3peHHjI, comaCHO KOTOpOH OH CTaJI xpHCTHa-
HI1HOM nOCJIe H3BeCTHOH 611TBbi C MaKceHLlHeM npl1 MYJIbBHHCKOM
MOC-ry B PI1Me (311 r.), Kor.n.a nepe.n. cpa)J(eHHeM, npHHeCllll1M KOHcTaH-
TI1HY n06e.n.y, OH 6y.n.TO 6b1 YBH.n.eJI Ha He6e KpecT C Ha.n.nHCblO «CHM
no6e.n.HlllH». O.n.HaKo, eCJII1 OCTaBaTbCjI Ha n04Be 06'beKTHBHbIX <paKTOB,
TO Ha.n.o npH3HaTb, 4TO MOMeHTOM np"HjlTHjj Xpl1CTHaHCTBa Bcer.n.a
jjBJIjjeTCjj KpellI.eHHe. KpeCTHJICjj )J(e KOHCTaHTHH nepe.n. CMepTblO,
CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, BCjI ero )J(H3Hb 6bIJIa JIHUIb npH6JII1)J(eHHeM K XPHCTH-
aHCTBY.
Bce )J(e npHXO.n. K BJlaCTI1 KOHCTaHTHHa, npoxpHCTHaHCKH HaCTpoeH-
HOro HMnepaTopa, 113MeHHJI B 06LUeCTBe caMoe maBHoe. B jj3bI4eCKHe
BpeMeHa Hy.n.aH3M OCTaBaJICjI O.n.HOH H3 MHOrHX peJIHrl1H MHorOHaLlHO-
HaJIbHOH 11 jl3bI4eCKOH no .n.yxy 11 Bepe I1MnepHH. Opl1 3TOM «0<pHLll1aJIb-
Hoe» jl3bI4eCTBO - KaK H rocy.n.apCTBO B LleJIOM - OTHOCHJJOCb B 06llI.eM-
TO K HY.n.ejlM TepnHMO. OOKa Hy.n.eH He 3JIOYMbllllJIjlJIH npOTHB PI1Ma, HM
HI1KTO He MelllaJI )J(HTb TaK, KaK HM HpaBHTCjI. C H3BeCTHbIMH oroBopKa-
MI1 MO)J(HO .n.IDKe CKa3aTb, 4TO HM TalOKe HHKTO He npenjjTCTBOBaJI CO-
6JIIO.n.aTb CBOIO Bepy 11 06b14aH 126 .
Tenepb )J(e, Kor.n.a H.n.eOJIOrHjj rocy.n.apCTBa CTaJIa 6b1CTpO MeHjlTbCjI,
Kor.n.a HY.n.aH3M H xpHCTHaHCTBO BnepBbIe nO-HaCTOjjllI.eMY CTOJIKHYJIHCb,
npHHLlHnHaJIbHO HHbIMH CTaJIH H B3aHMOOTHOllleHHjj xpHCTHaHcKoro
rocy.n.apCTBa co CBOHMH nO)J,)J,aHHbIMH Hy.n.ejlMH. HOBaji Bepa - XP"CTH-
aHCTBO - B3j1JIa OT Hy.n.aH3Ma MOHOTeH3M, a OT jj3bI4eCTBa - HHTepHa-
LlI10HaJIH3M, OTKpbITOCTb .n.pyrHM BepOBaHHjlM. B pe3YJIbTaTe 3TOro CO-
e.n.HHeHHjj 6bIJIa C03.n.aHa npHHLlHnHaJIbHO HOBaji peJIHrHjI, npeTeH.n.yIOllI.asI
Ha rocno.n.CTBO BO BceM MHpe H3-3a CBoeH H3Ha4aJIbHOH OTKpbITOCTH H
B TO )J(e caMoe BpeMjj OTBepralOllI.asI COCTOjlTeJIbHOCTb JII060H .n.pyroH
peJIHrl1H.
Oc060 XOTeJIOCb 6bI TalOKe OTMeTI1Tb .n.BOHCTBeHHoe OTHOllleHl1e
xpHCTHaHCTBa K Hy.n.aH3MY H HCTOKH TaKoro OTHOllleHHjI. XpHCTHaH-
CTBO 11 Hy.n.aH3M 06'be.n.HHeHbI H o.n.HOBpeMeHHO pa3.n.eJIeHbI 06LUHM
KYJIb-rypHO-HCTopH4eCKHM HaCJIe.n.l1eM: BeTXHM 3aBeTOM, ero <pHJIOCO-
<pHeH H MHpOB033peHHeM. 06e peJIHrHH C4HTaJII1 H C4HTalOT HMeHHO
ce6j1 HCTHHHbIMI1 HaCJIe.n.HHKaMH BeTX03aBeTHOH My.n.pOCTH, paCLleHH-
Bajj npOTHBOnOJIO)J(HYIO CTOPOHY KaK 3a6JIY)K)J,aIOLUYIOCjI. O.n.HaKO -
126 PaCCMOTpeHHble Bblwe 4>aKTbI nOKaJblBaIOT, 'iTO 3a HCKiIIO'ieHHeM KpH3HCHblX CHTyauHH
B roCY.llapCTBe B ueJJOM B Jl3bl'ieCKOM PIlMe HHKTO HHKOro II HHKOflla He npeCJJelIOBaJI 3a
Bepy.
339
A. f. fpyweBOH. Hyoeu II UYOQU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOli pecny6JlUKU u PUAICKOU UMneplili
H 3TO TO:>Ke npl1HQHnHaJIbHO Ba:>KHO - y Bpa:>K.D.e6HOCTH xpHCTHaHCTBa
no OTHOllIeHHIO K Hy.n.aI13MY Bcer.n.a 6bIJI 11 eCTb onpe.n.eJIeHHbIH npe-
.n.eJI 127.
OTl.lbI QepKBI1 nOHHMaJIH TeCHYIO CBH3b "y.n.aH3Ma H Xpl1CTHaHCTBa
B I1CTOpH'-IeCKOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa. XOpOlllO 3HaH HCTOpHIO, OHH COBep-
llIeHHO eCTeCTBeHHO npHlllJIH K MbICJIH 0 TOM, 4TO CYI.i.leCTBOBaHHe
Hy.n.eeB H Hy.n.aH3Ma BIDKHO .n.JIH XpHCTl1aHCKOH BepbI: 6e.n.CTBI1H, nOCTH-
ralOI.i.lHe Hy.n.eeB, 6bIJIH 11 eCTb - comaCHO XpHCTl1aHCKOH T04Ke 3pe-
HHjJ - HamjJ.n.HbIM CBH.n.ereJIbCTBOM I1CTHHHOCTH xpHCTHaHCKoro Be-
pOY4eHHH 128 . Bce OTMe4eHHbIe oc06eHHocTH XpHCTl1aHCKOro OTHOllleHHH
K Hy.n.eHM H Hy.n.aH3MY BH.n.HbI Ha npHMepe nepBbIx :>Ke lllaroB I1Mnepa-
Topa KOHcTaHTHHa, 3aJIO:>KHBlllerO OCHOBbl 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbCTBa XPHCTH-
aHcKoH EBpOnbi.
2. I1YAeH H HYAaH3M B 3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBe
KOHcTaHTHHa
OpHllIe.n.llIHH K BJIaCTH B 305 r. KOHcTaHTHH JIHlllb 18 ceHu6pjJ 324 r.
OKOH4aTeJIbHO pa36HJI nOCJIe.n.Hero npereH.n.eHTa Ha BJIaCTb - HMnepa-
Topa BocToKa J1HQHHHH. Pe3YJIbTaTOM 3TOro CTaJIO 06'be.n.HHeHHe BceH
HMnepHH no.n. BJIaCTblO npaBHTeJIjJ, 4bjJ npoxpHcTHaHcKajJ opHeHTaQl1jJ
6bIJIa o4eBH.n.Ha}?Ke 3a.n.OJIro.n.0 3Toro cpIDKeHHjJ.
OpaB.n.a, HMO CKa3aTb, 4TO caMble nepBbIe 3aKOHbI KOHCTaHTI1Ha He
OTJIH4aJII1Cb HH OC06bIM HenpHjJTl1eM Hy.n.eeB, HH KaKHM-TO OC06bIM
6JIaroBOJIeHHeM K xpHcTl1aHCTBY. 3.n.eCb He06xo.n.HMO CKa3aTb HeCKOJIbKO
CJIOB 0 TaK Ha3bIBaeMOM MHJ1aHCKOM 3.n.HKTe 313 r., KOTOpbIH, no CyrH
cBoeH, npe.n.ocTaBJIjJJI paBHonpaBHe BceM BepoHcnoBe.n.aHIDIM. ,L(OK)'MeHT
3aCJI}?KHBaeT oc060ro BHHMaHHH KaK no <popMe, TaK H no cYI.i.leCTBY.
B 3 13 r. B MHJIaHe BCTperHJIHCb HMnepaTop KOHCTaHTHH H J1HIJ.HH:1H,
Ha BpeMjJ nOMHpHBlllHHCH C HHM O.n.HH 113 npereH.n.eHTOB Ha BepXOBH}"1O
BJIaCTb. OHH H3.n.aJIH COBMeCTHO BeCbMa BIDKHbIH .n.OK)'MeHT, no TpMHQHH
127 HHrepeCHoe B 3TOM OTHoweHHH YTBepJKlleHHe BCTpe'iaeTCII Y T epTyJJJJHaHa. B TpaKTa-
re De spectaculis 1\1, 4, 5 OH nHWeT: minus impii ethnici, minus peccatores, minus hostes
Christi quam tunc ludaei? ((MeHee JJH "3bl'iHHKH He'leCTHBbl, MeHee JlH rpewHHKH, MeHee JJH
OHH BparH XpHCTa, 'ie!\! TOflla HYlleH?») TepTyJlmlaH He llaeT "CHOro OTBeTa Ha 3TOT Bonpoc,
HO MblCJlb aBTOpa Bce JKe COBepmeHHO "CHa - 113bl'lHHKH B 60ilbwefi CTeneHH, 'ieM HY.lleH,
He'ieCTHBbl, rpeWHbl H BparH XpHCTa.
'2'CM., HanpHMep: Euseb. Hist.ecc!.l, 1,2; De Vita Constantni 1\1,18; Lact. Div. Inst. IV,
11. C!\!. TaKJKe: nO.7J/KOe JI, HCTOpHJI aHTHCeMHTII3!\!a. 3noxa Bepbl. M., 1997. C. 25-26.
340
Tllaea 7, Tpemllu nepuoi) PlwcKo-uyoeucKux omHOUleHllli
11 He COBceM npaBHJIbHO Ha3bIBalOI..LJ.HikH MHJ1aHCKHM 3.n.I1KTOM. .D:OKYMeHT
KaK TaKOBOH He coxpaHlU!CH. ECTb J1aTI1HCKaH BepCHH .n.OK}'MeHTa B CO-
1.JHHeHHH J1aKTaHllHH De mortibus persecutorum (48, 2_8)129. B HallleM
paCnOpH:>KeHHI1 eCTb TalOKe H rpeqeCKaH BepCHH B «UepKOBHOH HCropHI1»
EBceBHH (Euseb., Hist. Eccl., X, 5, 6-9). )J;oKYMeHT 3TOT npe.n.cTaBJ1HeT
C060H He 60J1ee qeM pecKpHnT Ha HMH npe<peKTa MaJlOa3HHCKOro ropo.n.a
HHKoMe.n.HH \30.
Ha OCHOBaHHH 3TOro .n.OK}'MeHTa xpHCTHaHaM H BceM .n.pyrHM :>KHTe-
J1HM HMnepHH npe.n.OCTaBJ1HJ1aCb nOJ1HaH cB060.n.a CJ1e.n.OBaTb TOH Bepe,
KaKOH KTO nO:>KeJ1aeT. TaKHM 06pa30M, .n.OK}'MeHT, cblrpaBlllHi1 CTOJ1b
60J1blllYIO pOJ1b B cy.n.b6e XpI1CTHaHCTBa, npH MH:>KaHllleM paCCMOTpeHl111
OTKa3bIBaeTCH He 60J1ee qeM nHCbMOM, a.n.pecoBaHHblM maBaM npoBHH-
11l1aJ1bHblX a.n.MHHHcTpallHH MaJlOH A3HH 11 BocToKa, C pa3'bHCHeHHeM,
KaK CJ1e.n.yeT nocl)'naTb C XpI1CTHaHaMI1.
KaK 6b1 TaM HH 6bUIO, 3.n.HKT CblrpaJI HeMaJI)'lO pOJ1b B :>K113HI1 HMnepHH,
He TOJ1bKO .lJ)1H xpHCTHaHCTBa, HO H .lJ)1H l1y.n.aH3Ma, H60 B HeM nOCl)'J1H-
pOBaJlaCb BepOTepnHMOCTb no OTHOllleHl11O KO BceM peJ1HrHHM, a 3aKOH-
HOCTb caMoro <paKTa cYIll,eCTBOBaHI1H H)'.n.aI13Ma HI1Kor.n.a He OTpHllaJIaCb.
Oc060 B 3TOH CBH3H XOTeJ10Cb 6b1 OTMeTHTb CJ1e.n.YIOIll,ee. Hy.n.aH3M 6b1J1
e.n.HHCTBeHHoi1 peJIHrHeH B xpHCTHaHCKOH HMnepHH, cYI..LJ.eCTBOBaHHe
KOTOpOH HapH.n.y C O<pHllHaJlbHOH npl13HaBaJlOCb 3aKoHHOH.
B 3aBepllleHHe pa3roBopa 0 MHJ1aHCKOM 3.n.HKTa XOTeJ10Cb 6bl OTMe-
THTb, qTO 3TOT .n.OK}'MeHT He CTaBHJ1 Xpl1CTHaHCTBO Bblllle Bcex peJ1l1rHH.
CMbIC.1 .n.OKYMeHTa B npOB03mallleHI1H - BO BCHKOM CJ1yqae, Ha 6YMa-
re - BepOTepnHMOCTH H OTMeHe npeCJ1e.n.OBaHHH 3a KaK}'1O 6b1 TO HH
6b1J10 Bepy. TOT <paKT, 1.JTO 3THMH npHBHJ1erHHMH BOCn0J1b30BaJ1I1Cb
HMeHHO xpHcTHaHe, 06'bHCHHeTCH CJ10:>KHBllleHCH K TOMY BpeMeHH CH-
l)'allHeH.
3a npH3HaHHeM 3aKOHHOCTH cYI..LJ.eCTBOBaHHH Hy.n.aH3Ma co CTOpOHbl
npoxpHcTHaHcKH HacTpoeHHoro HMneparopa nOCJ1e.n.OBaJlH COBceM HHble
3aKOHbJ. B 335 r. KOHcTaHTHH no.n.TBep.n.HJ1 cYI..LJ.eCTBOBaBlllHH .n.aBHO, C
cepe.n.HHbl II B. H. 3., 3aKOH 0 3anpeIll,eHI1H np03eJ1HTI13Ma. (CTporo
roBOpH, peqb H.n.eT 0 3anpeTe 06pe3aHHH, HBJ1HBlllerOCH CI1MB0J10M npH-
06Ill,eHHH K H)'.n.aI13MY. nepBble ynoMHHaHHH 0 3aKOHe (Dig., XLVIII, 8,
129 PYCCKHIt nepeBOl1: 11aKTaHUIIH. a CMepT!lX npeCJJe;tOBaTe.leil (De mortibus persecuto-
rum) I nepeBO;t C .1aTHHcKOro 113bIKa, BC1)'nHTe.lbHa!I CTaTbll, KOMMeHTapHH, YKaJaTeJJb H
6H6.11IOrpa<!>H'ieCKHH cnHCOK B. M. TIOJJeHeBa. Cn6., 1998. c. 244-249.
"°0 MHJlaHCKOM 31IHKTe CM. Hel1aBHO nepeH31IaHHoe HCCilelIOBaHHe A. H. EpHJJ.1HaHTOBa:
HMneparop KOHCTaHTHH BeJJHKHH H MHJlaHCKHIt 31IHKT 313 r. Ony6.1HKOBaHo B KHHre: 5pU.7-
JlUaHmOe A. Jf. HMneparop KOHCTaHTHH Be.1HKHH H MILlaHCKHH 3ilHKT 313 r. a Mecre KOH-
'iHHbl H norpe6eHHII CB. MaKCHMa HcnOBeilHHKa. Cn6" 2006, c. 42-255.
341
A, f. fpyweBoH. l1yoeu U uyoaUJM e IIcmopllu PU\fCKOU pecnyiiwKu U PIL\fCKOU lL\ll1epUU
3, 5; Cpo SHA, Severus, 17,1) OTHOCHCH KO BpeMeHH AHTOHHH nHH,
3aTeM OH 6b1JI no.n.TBep)f()J,eH CenTHMHeM CeBepoM. 0 MHOroM roBOpHT
Y)I(e caM cpaKT Toro, 'ITO 3aKOH npHxo.n.HJlOCb nOBTopHTb H3 BeKa B BeK.)
Pa6, 06pe3aHHblH rocno.n.HHOM Hy.n.eeM, aBTOMaTH'IeCKH CTaHOBHJICH
cB060.n.Hb1M (Cod. Theod., XVI, 9, 1 = Cod. Just., I, 10, 1). B 336 r.6blJI
npHHH eIl\e O.n.HH BIDKHblH 3aKOH. foCy.n.aPCTBO 6pa.J10 no.n. CBOIO 3a1l.\H-
1)' Hy.n. eeB , nepellle.n.lllHX B xpHCTHaHCTBO. npH 3TOM Hy.n.eHM, OCTaBaB-
lllHMCH BepHblMH Hy.n.aH3MY, BOCnpell.\a.J10Cb 'IHHHTb KaKHe-JIH60 He-
y.n.06cTBa HJIH Bpe.n. HOBOo6pall.\eHHblM (Cod. Theod., XVI, 9, 5 = Const.
Sinn., 4).
K If)'Tb 60JIee paHHeMY BpeMeHH - K 321 r. - OTHOCHTCH 3aKOH,
KaCalOIl\HHCH Bcex 6JIIDKHeBOCTO'IHblX ropo.n.OB. Hy.n.eH 6b1JIH 06H3aHbl,
KaK H Bce OCTa.J1bHble KaTeropHH rpIDK,/J.aH, HCnOJIHHTb 06H3aHHocTH B
ropo.n.cKOM COBeTe (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 3). 3THM CBOHM peweHHeM
HMnepaTOp JIHWb nOBTOpHJI 3aKOH BpeMeHH CenTHMHH CeBepa, H60
Hy.n.eH 3ace.n.aJIH B ropO.n.CKHX COBeTax B naJIeCTHHe 3a,zJ.OJIro .n.o KOHcTaH-
THHa. B .n.Hacnope .n.OJIroe BpeMH 6b1JIO I1Ha'Ie, HO co BpeMeHH KOHcTaH-
THHa nOJIO)l(eHHe H3MeHHJIOCb H 3.n.eCb: H)'.n.eH nOBceMeCTHO 6b1JIH 061>-
HBJIeHbl no.n.JIe)l(all.\HMH HeceHHIO 06H3aHHocTeH 'IJIeHOB ropo.n.CKoro
COBeTa.
O.n.HaKo B TO )l(e caMoe BpeMH KOHCTaHTHH 061>HBHJI CB060.n.HbIMH OT
JIH'IHblX 06H3aTeJIbCTB TaKoro po.n.a nepe.n. rocy.n.apCTBOM Bcex «c.rry)l(aIl.\HX
B cHHarorax» (T. e. PYKOBO.n.CTBO H)'.n.eHCKHX 06Il.\HH), )l(pe OB H naTpH-
apXOB (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 4).
CYIl\eCTBeHHaH HHcpopMa HH 0 3aKoHax KOHcTaHTHHa, KaCalOll.\HXCH
Hy.n.eeB, eCTb y O.n.HOro aBTopa ropa3.n.o 60JIee n03.n.Hero BpeMeHH. )l(HB-
lllHi1 B X B. aJIeKcaH.n.pI1HCKHH naTpHapx apa60B-xpHcTHaH EBTHXHH
nHCaJI, 'ITO KOHcTaHTHH 3anpeTHJI Hy.n.eHM npO)l(HBaTb B HepYCaJIHMe
HJIH npoxo.n.HTb 'Iepe3 Hero (Eutychius, Annales, 1,446). 3Ta Mepa MO)l(eT
nOKa3aTbCH nOBTopeHHeM HHKor.n.a He OTMeHHBlllerOCH 3.n.HKTa HMnepa-
Topa A.n.pHaHa aHaJIOrH'IHoro co.n.ep)l(aHIDI. Cy.lUl no BceMY, 3anpeT Bpe-
MeHH A.n.pHaHa 3a6b1JICH HJIH nepeCTaJI BbInOJIHHTbCH H3-3a Toro, 'ITO H
caMa Mepa 3Ta nepeCTaJIa 6b1Tb atcryaJlbHOH. B 3aKOHe )l(e BpeMeHH
KOHCTaHTHHa nOHBJIHeTCH, o.n.HaKO, YTO'IHeHHe. 3anpeT OTHblHe KacaeT-
CH Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO ropo.n.a, HO He ero oKpyrH. B HOBOM 3aKOHe, KpOMe
Toro, pe'Ib He H.n.eT 0 3anpeTe nOCell.\eHHH HepycaJIHMa Hy.n.eHMH pa3
B ro.n. )J,JIH OnJIaKHBaHHH cy.n.b6b1 XpaMa.
.D:aHHble H3 paHHexpHCTHaHCKHX aBTopOB nOJIHOCTblO no.n.TBep)f()J,a-
lOT 3TH CBe.n.eHHH. AHOHHMHblH aBTOp «naJIOMHH'IeCTBa H3 I>op.n.o»,
noceTHBlllHH naJIeCTHHY B 333 r., no.n.'IepKHBaeT, 'ITO Ka)l(.n.blH ro.n.
Hy.n.eeB nYCKalOT B ropo.n. Ha PYHHbl XpaMa OnJIaKHBaTb ero pa3pywe-
342
rJlGeG 7. Tpemuu nepuoi) p/.L\ICKo-uyoeucKu,( omHoUleHlIu
HHe 13l . l1epoHHM, MHoro JIeT )l(HBlllHH B I1aJIeCTHHe, ynoMHHaeT B O.n.HOM
H3 CBOHX nHceM 0 npO)l(HBaHHH Hy.n.eeB B BHcpJIeeMe lJ2 .
TaKI1M 06Pa30M, 3aKOHbI KOHCTaHTI1Ha He co.n.ep)l(aJIH HH4ero npHH-
I..{l1nHaJIbHO HOBOro, H HeJIb3H CKa3aTb, 4TO OHH 04eHb CHJIbHO MeHHJII1
CTal)'C Hy.n.eeB, H60 HMnepaTOp B03pO)l()J,aJI B OCHOBHOM TO, 4TO 6bIJIO B
3aKOHo.n.aTeJlbCTBe II B., H TO, 4TO 3aTeM 6bIJIO 3a6bITO HJIH cpaKTH4eCKH
BbllllJIO H3 ynoTpe6JIeHHH. O.n.HaKO 113MeHHJIHCb BpeMH H rocy.n.apCTBeH-
H<UI H.n.eOJlOrHH, H CTapble 3aKOHbI npH06peTaJIH HHoe 3BY4aHHe, XOTH,
cpOpMaJIbHO roBOpH, npe)l(HHH .n.yx 3aKOHOB no OTHOllleHHIO K l1y.n.eHM
COXpaHHJICH.
HHblMH CJIOBaMH, HH B O.n.HOM 3aKOHo.n.aTeJlbHOM aKTe n03.n.HeaHTH4-
HbIX BpeMeH He l1)J,eT pe4b 0 npeCJIe.n.OBaHHHX Hy.n.eeB. I1p06JIeMa 3aKJIIO-
4aJIaCb HeCKOJIbKO B HHOM. 3aKOHbI cpaKTH4eCKH CTaBHJIH Hy.n.eeB (4 eM
.n.aJIbUJe, TeM 60JIbllle) B nOJlO)l(eHHe JlIO.n.eH BToporo cOpTa, BBOJUI .D.JIH
HHX Bce 60JIbllle 3anpeTOB H orpaHH4eHHH. O.n.HOBpeMeHHO npH 3TOM
3aKOHHOCTb CYU,\eCTBOBaHI1H oy.n.aH3Ma HHKor.n.a He CTaBHJIaCb no.n. CO-
MHeHHe H npHBHJIerHH oy.n.eHcKoro .n.YXOBeHCTBa HHKor.n.a 11 HHKeM He
OTMeHHJIHCb.
3.l1.n.eHHoe 060CHOBaHHe HOBOro OTHOllleHHH K oy.n.eHM (Ha npHMepe
B3rJIH.n.OB EBceBHH H JIaKTaHI..{HH)
o HOBOM .n.yxe rocy.n.apCTBeHHOH nOJIHTHKH no OTHOllleHHIO K Hy.n.eHM,
Ha4HHalOllleHCH C KOHCTaHTHHa, CBH.n.eTeJIbCTByeT O.n.HH OTpbIBOK EBce-
BHH. Y H3BecTHoro l..{epKOBHoro I1CTopHKa B bHorpacpHH KOHCTaHTI1Ha 133
COXpaHHJIHCb, BI1)J,HMO, nO.D.JIHHHbIe CJlOBa HMnepaTOpa, OTHOCHlllHeCH
KO BpeMeHH 06Cy)I(){eHIDI Ha HHKeHCKOM c060pe Bonpoca, KOma npa3.n.-
HOBaTb xpHCTHaHCKYIO nacxy, COBna,u.aBlllYIO .n.o 3TOro MOMeHTa C HY-
.n.eHCKOH. no CJIOBaM EBceBHH, KOHCTaHTHH B nOCJIaHHH K l..{epKBHM 0
HHKeHCKOM c060pe nHCaJI TaK:
Kat 1tpW'tov EV <xv<X tCJ)v EO EV etV<Xl 'tTtv aytro't<X'tl1v EKE1.V11V
EOp'tTtV 'tTI 'trov &Ioooa1.rov E1tO VOUe; Cfuv119Ei<;x 1tA.l1pOUV Ot 'tae;
Eau'trov xElpae; aaE 1.'tq> 1tA.TUl l1A.,, a'tt x:pcXvaV'tEe; EiK6'troc; 'tae; 'l'uXixc;
01. ltapot 't'lXpA.oo't'tO'OO1.v. f ECf'tt yap 'tOU EKEtVroV f9voue; [v.I.' f90UC;]
<X1t0 A.119tV'toc; <XA.119tCf'tEp<X 't at, ilv de; 1tpcO'tl1e; 'tOU 1t<x90UC; i1 tpae;
131 Itinerarium burgida1ense, ed. P. Geyer in - Itinera hieroso]ymitana saeculi II11-Vili.
Wien, 1898. P. 22.
m Hieronym., Ep, 84 (Saint Jerome. Lettres. Tome IV. Texte etabli et traduit par J. Labourt.
Deuxieme tirage revu et corrige par M, Testard, Paris, 1989, P. 127).
IJJ Euseb., Vita Constantini. III, 18. OCHOBY nom PYCCKOro nepeBO.lla COCTaBJJlleT COOT-
BeTCTBYIOWHii OTpbIBOK, npHBelIeHHblH Ha c. 110-111 C11e.llYlOlI.Iero H31IaHH!I: EBceBHH fla<f!IL .
:JKH3Hb 6JlaJKeHHOrO BaClUleBca KOHCTaHTHHa. M., 1998. B 3TOM nepeBOlIe OlIHaKO HCnpaBJIe-
Ha ueJlaJ! cepHJI OWII60K.
343
A. f. fpYWCBOH, l1ydeu U uydGII3.\/ e ucmopllll P1LI/CKOU pecny6.7l/KU u PZLIICKOU UMnepliU
a.Xpt 'tOU mxpOv't<><; EqIUACt a Ev Kal E1tl 'to\> EAAOV'tct airova 'tilv
'tft E1ttcr'tCtcrE 'ta'>'tTl crU 1tA i1poxn v EK'tEi. vEcr8at. 110f.V 'tOt vuv
Ecr'tW ,, i:v KOtvOV E'ta 'tOU EX9i.cr'tOU 'trov a.lou&xtwv OXAOU dA11qxi v
yap 1tapa 'tou crw'tftpo E'tEpaV 006v 1tpOKEt 'tat OpO <><; 'tn iEP()'tCt'tTI
,, rov 8p11crKEtc.x Kal v6 t 0 Kal 1tpE1tWV. 'to\>'tOU cru <pcOvw
av'ttAa l3av6 EVOt 'tf\ aicrXpa £. KEt v11 Eau'tO\> crUVEtOi1crEw
a1tOOmxcrw Ev, aOEA<pol 't1. cO'ta'tOt. Ecr'tt yap ro aA11e& a'to1tcO'ta'tov
EKEtVOU aUXEtV, a.pa 1tapEK't(x; 'tf\ au'trov Ot&x01CaAta 'tau'ta
<pUACt't'tEt v OUK ii EV iKavot. 'ti. of. <PPOVEtV EKEtVOt ouvi1crwv'tat, Ot
E'ta 'tilv KUptoK'tovtav 'tE Kal 1ta'tpoK'tovtav EKEt v11v EKcr'tCtvtE 'trov
<PpEvrov a.YOvtat ou AOytcr 4> 'ttvt aAAi1 6p n aKa'tacrxt'tq> o1t11 0' <Xv
au'to " E <p'lYt<><; amrov ayayn avta. (<<npe)l()J,e Bcero nOKa3aJIOCb
Heno.n.06alOll1HM npa3.n.HOBaTb TOT CB ITOH npa3.n.HI1K no 06blKHOBeHHIO
Hy.n.eeB, KOTopble, OCKBepHHB CBOH PYKH 6e33aKOHHbiM nOCl)'nKOM, KaK
He'-lHCTble, cnpaBe.D.J1I1BO HaKa3aHbi .n.YllleBHOH CJlenOTOH. HTaK, OTBepr-
HYB HX 06bl'-laH'34, HaM no.n.06aeT YCTaHoBHTb 60Jlee CnpaBe.D.J1I1BOe, '-ITO
Mbl C06J1IO.n.aJIH C caMoro nepBoro .n.HH CTpaCTeH .n.o HaCTOHll1erO Bpe-
MeHH, 06pa3 :Horo npa3.n.HoBaHHH npo.n.omKHTb H Ha 6y.n.Yll.lHe BeKa.
nYCTb He 6y.n.eT y Hac HI1'-1ero 06ll1ero C BpIDK.D.e6HOH TOJInOH H)'.n.eHCKOH,
nOTOMY '-ITO HaM YKa3au CnaCHTeJleM .n.pyroH nYTb, nepe.n. HaMH J1e)l(HT
nonpHll1e, co06pa3Hoe H COOTBeTCTBYlOll1ee CBHll1eHHeHllleH HallleH
Bepe. BCl)'naH Ha Hero B nOJIHOM e.n.I1Ho.n.YlllHH, B03J1106J1eHHble 6paTbH,
OT.n.eJlHMCH OT Toro nOCTbl.n.HOro 06ll1eCTBa. H nOI1CTHHe CTpaHHO 6ax-
BaJIbCTBO Hy.n.eeB, 6y.n.TO, He3aBHCHMO OT HX nOCTaHOBJleHHH, Mbl He
MO)l(eM C06J1IO.n.aTb ero. ,[{a H 0 '-IeM npaBHJlbHO CMoryT MblCJlHTb Te,
KOTopble nocJle :Horo 60roy6HHcTBa H OTl.ley6HHCTBa, BblH.n..II H3 pa3Y-
Ma, .n.BH)I(HMbl He KaKHM-TO pa3YMHbIM nOBe.n.eHHeM, HO He06Y3.n.aHHbIM
CTpeMJleHHeM, Ky.n.a 6bl HH HanpaBJlHJlO HX BHYTpeHHe npHCYll.lee HM
6e3YMHe».)
ECJlH y EBceBHH HenpHHTHe Hy.n.eeB C xpHCTHaHCKHX n03HUHH Bcero
J1l1lllb nOCl)'J1HpOBaHO, TO y ero 3HaMeHHToro COBpeMeHHHKa JIaKTaHUHH
OHO 060CHOBaHO TeOpeTl1'-1eCKH. JIYUHH UeUHJ1I1H <1>HpMHaH JIaKTaHUHH
B '-IeTBepTOH KHHre «I;O)l(eCTBeHHbIX YCTaHOBJleHHH» no.n.p06HO nHllleT
o xpHCTHaHCKOM OTHOllleHHH K H)'.n.eHM H Hy.n.eHCKOH HCTOpHH B CBH311 C
H3J10)l(eHHeM HCTOpHH B03HHKHOBeHHH XpHCTl1aHCTBa H 3eMHOH )l(H3HH
HHcyca XpHCTa.
134 B pYKonHcllx 31IeCb HHTepeCHOe paJHO'iTeHHe. B 60JlbWHHCTBe - EavO (HapOJl). B
MeHbWHHCTBe - Eao (HpaB, 06bi'iail), CTOIIWHH B TeKCTe nepeBolI OTpaJKaeT '1TeHlle Eao .
HHOH BapHaHT (<<oTBeprHYB IIX HapOJl») npeJlCTaB.111eTcII MeHee y6eJlHTe;JbHbl 1 B paMKax
JlaHHoro KOHTeKCTa, H3Jlare.lb IICnOJIbJOBaHHOro HJJlaHllII npe;mO'iHTaeT 'iTCHlle EeVO ,
344
rJlaea 7, Tpemuu nepuoo PIl.Jl1ck'o-uydeucKIH omHOUleHIIU
Hcxo.n.HaJi nOCblJ1Ka pacCY)I(.n.eHHH JIaKTaHQHJI no 3TOMY Bonpocy
6J1H3Ka K TOMY, 'ITO nHCaJlH 06 H)'.n.eJlx feKaTeH H CTpa60H 135 . OHH yr-
Bep)J()].aJlH, 'ITO B my60KoH .n.peBHOCTH Y H)'.n.eeB 6blJ1H xopOlllHe 3aKOHbi
H YMHblH 3aKOHo.n.aTeJ1b (MoHceH), o.n.HaKO co BpeMeHeM, no.n. BJ1HJlHHeM
BHelllHHX 11 BHYTpeHHHX cpaKTOpOB, 06pa3 )l(H3HI1 Hy.n.eeB 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO
H3MeHHJ1CJI.
JIaKTaHQI1H nHllleT (Lact. Diy. Inst., IV, 10, 4, 5), 'ITO npe.n.KaMI1 XPH-
CTHaH 6blJ111 H)'.n.eHcKHe naTpHapxH (principes Hebraeorum) H 'Iro H)'-
.n.eHcKHH Hapo.n. 6blJ1 J1I06HM H cnacaeM boroM l36 . O.n.HaKo )l(e Hy.n.eH, no
CJ10BaM JIaKTaHQHJI, HeCMOTpJl Ha JlBHble npl13HaKH 6J1arOB0J1eHHJI bora
K HHM, Ha'IHHaJI C MOMeHTa Hcxo.n.a H3 ErHnTa CTaJlH YBJ1eKaTbCJI J10)l(-
HblMH cyeBepHJlMH. KpoMe TOro, OHH He 06pall.\aJlH BHHMaHHJI Ha npo-
pOKOB, nOCblJ1aeMblX boroM )J,JIJI Toro, 'IT06bl HanpaBHTb CBOH Hapo.n. Ha
nyrb HCTI1Hbl 137 .
B pe3YJ1bTaTe, KaK nHllleT JIaKTaHQHH, bor - propter has i\lorum
impietates, abdicayit eos in perpetuum: itaque desiit prophetas mittere
ad eos (<<BCJ1e.n.cTBHe [npOJlBJ1eHHH] HX He'IeCTHJI, OTpeKCJI OT HHX Ha-
Bcer.n.a 11 TaK nepeCTaJI nOCblJ1aTb K HHM npopoKoB»)I38. O.n.HaKo .n.J1J1
Toro, 'IT06bl nepe.n.aTb CBJlrylO peJ1l1rl1lO bora [religionem sanctam
Dei] TeM Hapo.n.aM, KOTopble bora He 3HaJll1, 11 'IT06bl Te Hapo.n.bl HMe-
J1H B03MO)l(HOCTb n03HaTb cnpaBe.n.JlHBOCTb, [iustitiam] OTBeprHYrylO
Hy.n.eJlMI1, bor nOCblJ1aeT Ha 3eMJlIO cBoero CblHa (Lact., Diy. Inst., IV,
11, 7).
HeCKOJ1bKO Hl1)1(e JIaKTaHQI1H yro'IHJleT, 'Iro bOr, nOJ1HbIH MHJTOCep.n.I1J1,
nOCblJ1aeT cBoero CblHa K TeM, K KOMY npeI1CnOJlHHJ1CJI HeHaBHCTH [ad
eos eum miserat, quos oderat], )J,JIJI TOro 'IT06bl .n.aTb 11M B03MO)l(HOCTb
CB060.n.HO CJTe.n.OBaTb 3a bOroM [sed daret his liberam facultatem sequendi
IJ5 BepOIlTHee Bcero, TaKoro pOlla CO'iHHeHllii 6b1IlO ropa31I0 60Ilbwe. HaM JKe CeH'iaC
npHxollHTCIi .llOBO,lbCTBOBarbCIi TeM, 'ITO coxpaHHIlocb. C:O'iHHeHHe reKarell 06 HY21ellx HJBeC-
THO IlHWb B 21BYX nepecKaJax: y HocH«jIa <I>JJaBHII B CO'iHHeHHH «flPOTHB AnHoHa (I. 183-204)
H Y narpHapxa <I>OTHII, nepeJJOJKeHHe KOTOporo (Cod. 244) coxpaHHIlO HH<f!opMaUHIO 0 COllep-
JKaHHH HecoxpaHHBWHXCII 'IacTell TpYlIa LlHOllOpa, HCnOJJbJOBaBWero reKaTell. CBe21eHHII 0
MOHcee eCTb B BepCHH <I>OTHII. CooTBeTcTBYIOWaJI HH«JIopMaWl1i Y CTpa60Ha - Strab., XVI.
2.35-37(=C761).
136 T aKOB 06lI.1HH MOTHB Bcex pacCYJK.lleHHH J]aKTaHl\HII 06 HY.1eIlX B CBII311 C HCTOplleH
BOJHHKHOBeHHII xpHCTHaHcTBa H JeMHOil JKHJHblO HHcyca.
IJJLact. Div. Inst., IV, 10, 16-]7; IV, 11, 11, I,
138 Lacl., Div, Inst., IV. 11. 7. nOlI He'ieCTHeM nOHHMaeTCII HeBHHMaHHe K C,lOBa.\I npopo-
KOB. (PaCCTaHOBKa JHaKOB npemlHaHHII B ,1arHHCKoil <f!paJe OTpaJKaeT nOHHMaHHe TeKCTa
«jIpaHUYJCKlIM HJ21are.1eM, nepeBOll'lWHM itaque KaK «no JTOH npH'illHe». HCnOIlbJOBaHHOe
HJlIaHlle: Lactance. Institutions divines. Livre IV. Introduction. texte critique, traduction. notes
et index par P. Monat. Paris. 1992. Sources chretiennes, N 377.)
345
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6RuKu II PUMCKOU lIJ\mepuu
Deum]. HeCJlY'-laHHO n03TOMY pO)f()J,eHHe I1Hcyca HMeHHO cpe.n.H nOTOM-
KOB .D:aBH.n.a 139 .
113J1araH .n.aJIee HCTopmo 3eMHOH JKH3HH XpHCTa, JIaKTaHl..{HH nepe-
"IHCJlHeT 06bl"lHble npeTeH3HH xpHCTHaH K H)'.n.eHM. OHH C"IHTaJIH, "ITO
I1Hcyc, cOBeplllIDILJy.n.eca, npH6eraeT K .n.eMOHH"IeCKOH CHJIe [daeemonica
potentia], XOTH C xpHcTHaHcKoH TO'lKH 3peHHH Bce '1y.n.eca I1Hcyca .n.aBHO
6b1JIH npe.n.CKa3aHbl npopoKaMH (Lact., Diy. Inst., IV, 11, 15, 12). B 3TOH
CBH3H JIaKTaHl.{HH, KaK H EBceBHH, MHOro rOBopHT 0 6e3YMHH H)'.n.eeB.
Y JIaKTaHl.{HH 6e3YMHblMH OKa3blBalOTCH He Hy.n.eH Bo06U.{e, a HX
JII1.n.epbl [primores ludaeorum ac sacerdotes], opraHH30BaBlllHe npecJIe-
.n.OBaHHe I1Hcyca (Lact. Diy. Inst., IV, 16, 5). OpaB.n.a, 3aBeplllaH paCCKa3
o 3eMHOH JKH3HH I1Hcyca, JIaKTaHUHH nepeHOCHT 6e3YMHe JlH.n.epOB
H)'.n.eeB Ha Bcex H)'.n.eeB B l.{eJIOM: Quid amplius iam de facinore ludaeorum
dici potest quam excaecatos turn fuisse atque insanabili furore correptos,
qui haec cottidie legentes neque intellexerunt neque quin facerent cayere
potuerunt? (<<qTO ell.\e MOJKHO 60JIbllJerO CKa3aTb 0 npeCT)'nJleHHH HY-
.n.eeB, KpoMe Toro, '1TO Tor.n.a OHH 6blJIH COBepllleHHO OCJIenJIeHbl H ox-
Ba"leHbl HeHCl.{eJIHMbIM 6e3YMHeM, OHH, KOTopble 3TO l40 '1HTaJIH KIDK.D.bIH
.n.eHb H He CMOrJIH OCTepe'lbCH OT Toro, '1TO .n.eJIaIOT» (Lact. Diy. Inst.,
IV, 19, 1).
TaK, B nepBoH nOJIOBHHe IV B. Haxo.n.HT CBoe BOrmOll.\eHHe npHHl.{H-
nHaJIbHO HOBaH H.n.eH, .n.o KOTOpOH H3bl'leCKOe pHMcKoe 061l.\eCTBO OKa3a-
JIOCb He B COCTOHHHH .n.OHTH: Hy.n.eH He CMOrJIH npH3HaTb B I1Hcyce Mec-
CHIO H y6HJIH Dora 141 .
I1HblMH CJIOBaMH, eBponeHCKoe 06Il.\eCTBO, 06peTaH HOBYIO Bepy,
c.n.eJlaJIO cyU.{eCTBeHHbIH lllar B CTOpOH)' COBpeMeHHoro aHTHceMHTH3Ma,
H60 B 3TOT HCTOpH"IeCKHH MOMeHT OKa3aJICH H306peTeHHbiM nOCT)'JIaT,
KOTOpblH 06'be.n.HHHJI KceHocpo6HH OT.n.eJIbHO B3HTbiX nHCaTeJIeH H3bl"le-
CKOro BpeMeHH no OTHOllleHHIO K Hy.n.eHM B He"lTO 60JIblllee. KaK 6y.n.eT
nOKa3aHO HIDKe, H.n.eH BHHbl H)'.n.eeB 3a 60roy611HCTBO OKa3aJIaCb BocnpH-
HHTOH BceMH CJIOHMH 06Il.\eCTBa, '1TO C03.n.aJIO 6JIarOnpIDITH)'1O nOLJBY .D.JIH
B03HHKHOBeHHH co BpeMeHeM HenpHHTHH H)'.n.eeB Ha npHHl.{HnHaJIbHO
HHOM ypOBHe no cpaBHeHHIO C H3bl'leCKOH aHTH"IHOCTbI0 142 .
139 Lact. Div. Ins!., IV, 11, 14-16; IV, 13, 18-19.
140 HMelOTCIi B BHLlY npelICKaJaHHJI npopOKOB 0 npHweCTBHH MeCCHH,
14ICM., B 'IaCTHOCTH, Lac!. Div,lnst., IV, 17, 1; 18, 1-3.
142 KO,1H'ieCTBO pa60T, B KOTOpblX HJJJaraeTCIi xpHCTHaHcKHJ:i BJmll,'! Ha JTY npo6JIeMY,
BeCbMa BeJJHKO. CM. B 'I3CTHOCTH: Ruether R, R. Faith and Fratricide. The Theological Roots
of Anti-Semitism. New York, 1974. COBpeMeHHble XpHCTHaHCKHe TeOJJOrH CKJIOHHbI oTpHUaTh
po,lb XpHCTHaHCKOH HlleO!lOrHH B (jIopMHpoBaHHH aHTHCeMHTHJMa. flOLl06HblH nOLlXO.!l cnpa-
BellJmB B TOM OTHoweHHH, 'ITO 06BHHeHHe HY.!leeB B 60roy6HHCTBe )TO ewe He aHTHCeMHTHJM.
346
TJlaea 7, Tpemllu nepuoo pu.lUclw-uyoeucKux onmollleHllil
OrMeTHM, HaKOHeQ, 4TO y Hac HeT OCHoBaHHi1 npHnHCblBaTb HMeHHO
EBceBHlO HJlH JIaKTaHQHlO aBTopCTBO 3THX H.n.eH. npHBO.n.HMble HH)f(e
npHMepbl nOKaJblBalOT, 4TO 04eHb nOXO)f(HM 06paJOM BblCKaJblBaJJHCb B
a.n.pec Hy.n.eeB H .n.pyme Xpl1CTHaHCKHe aBTopbl, B 4aCTHOCTH HoaHH
3mrroycT HJlH AMBpOCHH Me.n.HOJlaHCKHH. O.n.HaKO, cYJUI no BceMY, HMeH-
HO JIaKTaHQHlO npHHa.D.JIe)f(HT HaH60Jlee CHCTeMaTH4eCKoe H3J10)f(eHHe
xpHcTHaHcKHx B033peHHH B 3TOH CBH3H.
4. B03 eHcTBHe HOBblX B3rMl OB
Ha 061!!eCTBeHHyro H3Hb
(C06bITHH nepBoH nOAOBHHbl IV B.)
nO.n.06Hble YMoHacTpoeHHjJ npH .n.Bope H cpe.n.H C03.n.aTeJleH HOBOH
H.n.eOJlOrHH 0611.1eCTBa He MOfJIH He CTaTb cBoero po.n.a PYKOBO.n.CTBOM K
.n.eHCTBHlO .n.JIjJ 4HHOBHHKOB paHroM HH)f(e. B TaJJMy.n.e ynoMHHalOTCjJ
CJlY4aH, OTHOCjJll\HeCjJ KaK paJ K Ha4aJJY H nepBOH nOJlOBHHe IV B., a)),-
MHHHCTpaTHBHoro npOH3BOJla MeCTHblX 4HHOBHHKOB, 3anpell\aBWHX
Hy.n.ejJM npa3.n.HOBaTb TOT HJlH HHOH npa3.n.HHK (bTaannit 8b; bHulIin,
101 b). HHor)J,a, npaB.n.a, 3TH 3anpell\eHl1jJ, KacalOll\HeCjJ npaJ)J,HHKOB H
HX .n.aT, lllJlH C caMoro Bepxa. TaK, KOHCTaHTHH 3anpeTI1J1 naJJeCTHHCKO-
MY naTpHapxy onpe.n.eJljJTb .n.aT)' (uy.n.eHCKOH) naCXH '4J . 51cHoro 06'bjJc-
HeHHjJ npH4HH 3Toro 3anpeTa HeT. BI1.n.HMO, pe4b H.n.eT 0 cJle.n.YlOll\eM.
BecbMa BepOHTHO, 4TO B paccMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMH 6blJl0 ell\e HeKoTopoe
KOJlH4eCTBO xpHcTHaHcKHx ceKT, npa3.n.HoBaBllll1X nacxy B O.n.HH .n.eHb C
Hy.n.eHMH. B cJlY4ae )f(e, Koma .n.eHb nacxl1 He 06'bHBJlHJlCH, TO 3TH ceK-
TaHTbl JlHlllaJJHCb TeM caMblM B03MO)f(HOCTH COBepWHTb .n.eHCTBl1e, He-
4eCTHBoe C T04K!1 3peHHjJ xpHCTHaHCKOH QepKBH.
B KOHe4HOM C4eTe B cepe.n.HHe IV B., B 358 r., npaBHJla uy.n.ei1CKOro
KaJJeH.n.apH, .n.ep)f(aBlllHeCH .n.o 3TOro MOMeHTa B ceKpeTe, 6b1J1H 06Hapo-
.n.OBaHbI.
o HacTpoeHHjJx )f(e B Hy.n.eHcKoH cpe.n.e paccMaTpHBaeMoro BpeMeHH
MHOro HHTepecHoH HHcpopMaQHH .n.aeT HCTOpHH KOMHTa HocHcpa, pac-
CKaJaHHaH BeCbMa no.n.p06HO EnHcpaHHeM KHnpcKHM (Panarion, XXX,
4-12). YnoMHH)'TbIH 3nH30.n. OTHOCI1TCH K cepe.n.HHe IV B., KO BpeMeHH
Bce JKe, c TO'iKH JpeHHJI aBTOpa lIaHHOll pa60TbI, xpliCHIaHCKlie 06BIIHeHHJI B aJIpec HYlIeeB
COJo<1aJ1H 6.1aronpll!ITHYIO nO'iBY lIHII $OpMHpOBaHlIJI aHTHCeMI1THJMa B 6Y:lYlI.IeM, H60 HMeH-
HO OHH «060JlCHII.11l» BceM 'lJ1eHaM 06lI.1eCTBa. Ja '1TO IIYlIeJl «C.leo<1YeT» He JJI0611Tb Bceflla 11
BO BceM,
'" Lieberman S. Palestine in the third and fourth centuries /1 JQR. 1946. Vol. 36. P. 333 If,
347
A. f, fpyweBoit l1ydeu u llyda1l3.\1 e ucmopllll PU.\ICKOU pecny611llKll u PIL\ICKOU u. mepull
npaBJ1eHH5I KOHCTaHI..\H5I BToporo (337-361). B M0J10.n.ble ro.n.bl EnH<pa-
HHIO .n.OBeJ10Cb npoxo.n.I1Tb '1epe3 ropo.n. CKHcponOJ1I1C (neT-llieaH). Cpe-
.n.H ropO)l(aH B 3TH ro.n.bl npe06J1a.n.aJIH apHaHCKHe HaCTpoeHH.II. Enl1cpaHHH
)l(e 6blJ1 no CBOHM B3fJ151.n.OM I1CTHHHO npaBOCJ1aBHblM, 11 eMY YKa3aJIH
J1l1lllb O.n.HH .n.OM B ropo.n.e, me )l(HllH J11O.n.11 OpTO.n.OKCaJIbHO npaBOCJlaBHblX
B3fJ1.11.n.OB. X0351HHOM .n.OMa 6blJ1 nO)l(HllOH '1eJ10BeK J1eT CeMl1)J,eC5ITH, eCJ1H
He 60J1ee. B TOM )l(e .lJ.OMe )l(HJ1 COCJ1aHHblH B DaJIecTHHY no npHKa3Y
HMnepaTopa HeKHH enHCKon H3 I1TaJIHI1.
X0351HH .n.OMa OKa3aJIC5I Kpelll.eHblM Hy.n.eeM, KOTOpblH, YBH.n.eB B EnH-
cpaHHH COnJ1eMeHHHKa H e.n.HHoBepl..\al44, paCCKa3aJI BeCbMa no.n.P06HO
I1CTOpHIO cBoeH )l(H3HH. 3TOT '1eJ10BeK, npe.n.cTaBHBlllHHC5I KaK KOMHT
110cHcp, 6blJ1 Ha Py6e)l(e III-IV BB. KpynHoH cpHrypOH npH .n.Bope naTpH-
apxoB B THBepHa.n.e. OH 6blJ1 COBeTHHKOM naTpHapxa fHJ1J1eJl51 BToporo
H BocnHTaTeJ1eM B Te ro.n.bl elll.e MaJIOJ1eTHero naTpHapxa Hexy.n.bI qeT-
BepToro. B THBepHa.n.e OH npO'lHTaJI 60J1blllOe KOJ1I1'1eCTBO xpHcTHaHcKoH
J1HTeparypbI, roTOB5ICb, cYJUI no BceMY, K .n.l1cnYTaM C «MHHHHM». B .n.aJIb-
Hei1ll1eM 110cHcp y6e.n.HJlc5I B MarH'IeCKOH CHJ1e HMeHH XpHcTa H Toro,
'1TO OHO MO)l(eT CJ1Y)I(HTb O.n.HHM H3 BIDKHeHlllHX COCTaBJ151IOlll.HX .n.J151
H3J1e'leHH5I OT 60J1e3HeH. TaK 110CHcp YBepOBaJI B XpHCTa H CTaJI XPH-
CTHaHHHOM. Bo BpeM5I O.n.HOH H3 noe3.n.OK l10cHcpa no .n.eJlaM naTpHapxa
ero npHHa.n.J1e)l(HOCTb K xpHCTHaHCTBY CTaJIa O'leBH.n.Hoi1. 110cHcpa H3-
rHaJ1H H3 Hy.n.eHCKOH 06lll.HHbI H OH OTnpaBHJ1C5I K HMnepaTopCKOMY
.n.BOpy, r.n.e HallleJ1 pa.n.YlllHblH npHeM H .n.a)l(e nOJ1Y'lHJ1 npH.n.BopHbIH
THryJ1 «KOMHTa». DpH nO.D..D.ep)l(Ke HMnepaTopa l10CHcp BepH)'J1C5I B Da-
J1eCTHH)', r.n.e CTaJI aKTHBHO CTpOHTb l..\epKBH H, B03MO)l(HO, B03pmK.n.aTb
H)'.n.eoxpHCTHaHCTBO. CTpOHTeJ1bCTBO lllJ10 ycnelllHo, a B03pO.n.HTb H)'.n.e-
OxpHCTHaHCTBO eMY He y.n.aJIOCb. B KOHl..\e )l(H3HH 110CHcp nepeeXaJI B
CKHcponOJ1HC, r.n.e )l(HJ1 O.n.HHOKO, BceMH 3a6blTbIH.
KaK 60J1blllHHCTBO J11O.n.eH, CMeHHBllll1X Bepy, 110cHcp HCKaJI .D.J151 ce651
BC5I'IeCKHX onpaB.n.aHHH. OH paccKa3bIBaJl EnHcpaHHIO, '1TO 6y.n.TO 6bI
naTpHapx fHJlJ1eJ1b BTOpOH npHH5IJ1 xpHCTHaHCTBO nepe.n. CMepTblO. 110-
CHcp YBep5lJ1, '1TO no.n. BH.n.OM J1H'IHOrO Bpa'la naTpHapxa K HeMY npHXo.n.Hll
enHCKon THBepHa.n.bI, KOTOpbIH 11 KpeCTHJ1 naTpHapxa fHJ1J1eJ151. DocJ1e.lJ.-
Hee 06CT05lTeJ1bCTBO BbIfJ151.n.HT BeCbMa COMHHTeJ1bHbIM y)l(e nOTOMY, '1TO
B HCTO'lHHKaX HeT HHcpopMal..\HH 0 enHCKonax B THBepHa.n.e .n.o 449 r.
3Ta HCTOpH5I KOMHTa 110cI1cpa HMeeT cYlll.eCTBeHHoe 3Ha'leHHe He
TOJlbKO KaK KOHKpeTHbIi1 3nH30.n., nOKa3bIBalOlll.I1H YMOHaCTpoeHH5I '1aCTH
Hy.n.eHCKOH 3J1HTbl B Ha'laJIe IV B., HO 11 .n.J151 OCMbICJ1eHH5I B l..\eJ10M OCO-
6eHHOCTeH HCTOpH'IeCKOH 3B0J1IOl..\HH B3aHMOOTHOllleHHH Hy.n.eeB H PHM-
144 EnH<f!amIii KHnpcKHii 6bL "Y.1eeM, npllHJlBUlHM xpHCTllaHcTBo.
348
TJlGeG 7. Tpemuu nepuoo PWucKo-uyoeucKux onmoUleHlIli
CKOro rocy.n.apcTBa. .D:eJIO B TOM, qTO C npHxo.n.OM K BJIaCTH KOHCTaHTHHa
H C HaqaJIOM npOBe.n.eHHH aHTHI1)'.n.eHCKHX 3aKOHOB Ha 06Il.\erocy.n.apCT-
BeHHOM ypOBHe, B HCTOpHH l1)'.n.eeB KOHqHJICH ell.\e O.n.HH CYll.\eCTBeHHblH
nepHO.n.. l1y.n.aH3M .n.o :noro MOMeHTa MO)KHO, a MO)KeT 6b1Tb, H HY)KHO
Ha3BaTb 3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHbiM Hy.n.aH3MOM. DOJIee HJIH MeHee MHpHblH
xapalcrep 3THX B3aHMOOTHOllleHHH B H3blqeCKOM PHMe cnoC06CTBOBaJI
KaK B3aHMOBJIHHHHHM KYJIbryp, KaK 11 nOHBJ1eHHIO cpe.n.H Hy.n.eeB JIIO.n.eH
3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHblX HJIH HacTpoeHHblx Ha MHpHoe COTpy.n.HHqeCTBO C
OcpHl.lHaJIbHblMH BJIaCTHMH.
C MOMeHTa npeBpall.\eHIDI xpHCTHaHCTBa B OcpHUHaJIbHYIO H.n.eO,10rHIO
Bce H3MeHHJIOCb. OrMeqeHHOe Bblllle BHYTpeHHee npHcYll.\ee xpHcTHaH-
CTBY HenpHHTHe l1)'.n.aH3Ma - nYCTb H HenOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHOe - npOHBH-
JIOCb C nepBblX lllarOB 3aKoHo.n.aTeJIbHOH .n.eHTeJlbHOCTH KOHcTaHTHHa.
focy.n.apCTBO, He OTpHuaH 3aKOHHOCTH CYll.\eCTBOBaHHH Hy.n.aI13Ma, CTaJIO
OTIaJIKHBaTb OT ce6H Hy.n.eeB, nOMell.\aH HX B YCJIOBHH JIIO.n.eH BTOpOro
copTa H npHBeTcTBYH JIHlllb Tex Hy.n.eeB, KOTopble 6bIJIH rOTOBbI npl1HHTb
xpHcTHaHcTBo.
3Ta nOJIHTHKa C03.n.aHIDI .D.JUI11)'.n.aH3Ma H H)'.n.eeB onpe.n.eJIeHHbIX paMoK,
B KOTOpbIX roCy.n.apCTBO comaCHO 6blJIO TOJIbKO TepneTb Hy.n.eeB, 03Haqa-
JlO nOJlHbIH pa3pbIB CO BceH npe.n.llleCTBYlOll.\eH K)'JlbrypHO-HCTOpHqeCKOH
Tpa.n.HUHeH. I1HbIMH CJIOBaMH, B KaKOH-TO Mepe B 061l.\eCTBe nOBTOpHJ1aCb
cHryaUIDI, KOTopaH CJIO)KHJIaCb nOCJIe BOCCTaHHH Dap Kox6bI. B 060HX
CJIyqaHX 3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHbIe l1)'.n.el1 BblHY)K)J,eHbl 6b1J1H pelllaTb Bonpoc
o CBoeM 6Y.D.Yll.\eM. Pa3HHua 6bIJIa B TOM, qTO BO II B. Bonpoc Tpe60BaJI
He3aMe.D.JIHTeJIbHoro pellleHHH B KpaTqaHllll1e CpOKI1. B xpHCTHaHCKHe )Ke
BpeMeHa He3aMe.D.JIHTeJIbHOCTH pellleHIDI He Tpe60BaJIOCb, H60 Hacryn-
JIeHHe xpHCTHaHCTBa 6bIJIO HeOTBpaTHMbIM, HO Me.D.JIeHHbIM 145. Pa3HHua
3aKJIIOqaJIaCb TalOKe H B TOM, qTO nOCJIe BOCCTaHHH Dap Kox6bI .n.HCKpl1-
MHHaUHOHHble MepbI npOTHB Hy.n.eeB npHHHMaJIl1Cb He.n.OJIro. B XPHCTH-
aHCKHe )Ke BpeMeHa H3MeHHJlaCb caMa l1.n.eOJIOrHH 06Il.\eCTBa.
B HOBbIX YCJIOBHHX rocy.n.apCTBO CTpeMHJ10Cb KaK MO)I(HO .n.a.J1bllle .n.HC-
TaHUHpOBaTbCH H OT l1)'.n.aH3Ma, H OT l1y.n.eeB. B :ITOH cHryaUHH, KaK nOKa-
3blBaeT HCTOpHH KOMHTa 110cHcpa, CJIOH 3JIJIHHH3HpOBaHHbIX l1)'.n.eeB HaqH-
HaeT HCqe3aTb, a l1)'.n.aH3M, CJIe.n.oaareJlbHO, HaqHHaeT Bce 60JIee npHHHMaTb
CBOH cpe.n.HeBeKOBbIH, 3aMKH)'TbIH HCKJIIOqHTeJIbHO Ha CBOI1 HaUHOHaJIbHbIe
ueHHOCTH 06JIHK. TpaHccpopMaUHH, npaB.lJ,a, 6b1JIa Me.D.JIeHHOHI46, 1160 H
HaC1)'nJIeHHe xpHCTHaHCTBa OKa3aJIOCb Me.D.JIeHHblM, o.n.HaKO )Ke HaqaJIO
14' KaK H3BeCTHO, OKOH'iarelIbHblH nepeJJOM a HMeOlIOrH'-leCKOH JKH3HH 06wecTBa a nOJlb-
3Y XpHCTH3HCTBa npoH30WeJJ He npH KOHCTaHTHHe, 3 npH <I>eO.llOCHH I (379-395 rr.).
146 3aBepWaeTCJI OH3 YJKe nOClIe nalleHHJI PHMCKOH H mepHH - He paHee VIII-X aB. H. 3.
349
A. f. fpyweBoH, l1ydeu I/l/YOall3.l1 e I/cmopl/l/ PI/.IIC/WI; pecny6.1lIKI/II P,LIICKOl; ILllnepl1lI
npOl.{eccy 6b1J10 n0J10)l{eHO I1MeHHO npH KOHCTaHTHHe H era npeeMHHKe
KOHCTaHI,.\HH.
npaB.n.a, KaK CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBYIOT HCTO'lHHKH, y Hac HeT OCHOBaHHH
ynpowaTb cHryal.{HIO, H60 H B IV-V BB. Hy.n.a113M COXpaHHJ1 CBOIO npl1-
BJleKaTeJlbHOCTb .D.J1H H3bl'lHHKOB, a HacrynJ1eHl1e XpHCTl1aHCTBa COBep-
llleHHO He 03Ha'iaIlO KOHl.{a Hy.n.eHCKoro np03eJIHTH3Ma. 06 3TOM CBH-
.n.eTeJlbcTByeT MHOro cpaKTOB, B '1aCTHOCTH perYJ1HpHOCTb nOBTopa B
n03.n.HeaHTH'IHOM 3aKOHo.n.aTeJ1bCTBe OrpaHH'IeHHH H 3anpeweHHH, Ka-
calOwHXCH npaB np03eJ1HTOB I47 .
5. l1y eH H Hy aH3M B 3aKOHo aTeAbCTBe
KOHcTaHJ!,HH
KOHCTaHTHH YMep 22 MIDI 337 r., pa3.n.eJ1HB BJ1aCTb B HMnepHH MeJK.D.Y
CBOHMH CbIHOBbHMH. CTapllleMY H3 HHX, KOHCTaHl.{HIO II, .n.OCTaIlCH Boc-
TOK. KOHCTaHl.{HH npaBHJ1 .n.o 36 I r., npH 3TOM 60J1bWIDI '1aCTb era npaB-
J1eHHH YlllJ1a Ha 60Pb6y 3a BepXOBH)'1O BJ1aCTb co CBOHMH )l{e 6PaTbHMH.
JIHWb B 350 r. KOHCTaHl.{HH CTaHOBHTCH e.n.HHOJ1H'IHbIM npaBHTeJ1eM
HMnepHH.
3aKoHbl, KacalOWHeCH Hy.n.eeB H l1)'.n.aH3Ma, npl1HHMaIlHCb HM Ha npo-
H)I(eHHH Bcera l.{apCTBoBaHHH. B 339 r. 6b1J1H npHHHTbl CJ1e.n.YIOWHe TPH
3aKOHa: 6blJ1H 3anpeweHbl 6paKH MeJK.D.Y Hy.n.eHMH H xpHCTHaHaMI1 (Cod.
Theod., XVI, 8, 6). 3anpeT 3TOT, npaB.n.a, CcpOPMYJ1HpOBaH He O'leHb
'1eTKO H He CJ1HWKOM KaTerOpH'IHO. rocy.n.apCTBO npHHHMaIlO Ha ce6H
.n.onOJ1HHTeJ1bHble 06H3aTeJ1bCTBa no 3aWHTe Hy.n.eeB, npHHHBlllHX XPH-
CTHaHCTBO (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 1 = Cod. Just., I, 9, 3). KpoMe Toro,
Hy.n.eHM 3anpeWaIlOCb HMeTb pa60B-xpHcTHaH (Cod. Theod., XVI, 9, 2
(H B l.{eJ10M BCH maBa XVI, 9,1-5) = Cod. Just., 1, 10, 1).
3.n.ecb onHTb )l{e HeJ1b3H He 3aMeTHTb HenOCJ1e.n.OBaTeJ1bHOCTH 3aKO-
Ho.n.aTeJ1bCTBa no .n.aHHOMY Bonpocy. H3 nHTH 3aKOHo.n.aTeJ1bHbIX aKTOB,
I1MelOll.\HXCH B Codex Theodosianus no Bonpocy 0 pa6ax-XpHCTl1aHaX
B c06cTBeHHocTH Hy.n.eeB, '1eTblpe I1MelOT HpKO Bblpa)l(eHHblH 3anpeTH-
TeJlbHblH xapaKTep. O.n.HaKo )l{e O.n.HH 113 3aKOHOB (XVI, 9, 1, 3 OT 6 HO-
H6pH 415 r.) BeCbMa KOMnpoMHcceH. HMnepaTopbl fOHOpHH H <I>eo.n.ocHH,
06pall.\aHCb K AHHe - Y'lHTeJ11O H cTapeHlllHHaM Hy.n.eeB, 06'bHBJ1HIOT,
,41 CM. nOllpo6Ho: Feldman L. H. Proselytism by the Jews in the Third, Fourth and Fifth
Centuries II JSJ. 1993, Vol. 34. P. 1-58; TOT JKe CIOJKeT, H3JJOJKeHHblH npaKTH'ieCKH CJlOBO B
CJJOBO: Feldman L. H. Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World. Attitudes and Interactions from
Alexander to Justinian. Princeton, 1993. P. 383-415. P. 580-585 (npHMe'JaHHII).
350
rJlaea 7. Tpemllu nepuod PILI/CKo-uydelicKux onmoUleHllll
LJTO Hy.n.eH MOJKeT BJ1a.n.eTb pa60M-xpHCTHaHHHOM, eCJ1H He 6y.n.eT 3a-
CTaBJ1HTb nOCJ1e.n.Hero MeHHTb Bepy. 3m KOMnpOMHCCHoe pellleHHe OLJeHb
CKOpO 06poCJ10 oroBopKaMH. 06palll.aeT Ha ce651 BHHMaHHe 3HaLJHTeJlb-
Hoe COKpalll.eHHe, npOH3Be.n.eHHoe pe.n.aKTOpaMI1 Corpus Juris Civilis
npH BKJlIOLJeHHH B Codex Justinianus HOpM H3 Codex Theodosianus: no
CYlll.eCTBY HeCKOJ1bKO 3aKOHOB OKa3aJ1HCb CBe.n.eHbl K HeCKOJ1bKHM CTPOLJ-
KaM. Cy.n.51 no BceMY, .D.J151 BpeMeHH IOcTHHHaHa Bonpoc 3TOT npe.n.cTaB-
J151J1C5I .n.aBHO pellJeHHblM H He Tpe6YIOlll.HM 06CT05lTeJ1bHOrO paCCMOT-
peHH5I.
B 3aKOHe 0 3anpeTe 6paKOB oc060 CJ1e.n.yeT Bbl.n.eJ1HTb CJ1e.n.YIOlll.HH
MOMeHT. l1y.n.e5lM no.n. CTpaXOM CMepTl1 3anpelll.aJI0Cb JKeHHTbC5I Ha XPH-
CTHaHKax 11 nblTaTbC5I 06palllaTb xpHCTHaHOK B H)'.n.aH3M. B 3TOH CB5I3H
CJ1e.n.YeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha .n.Ba 51BJ1eHH5I: nepe.n. HaMH 51BHoe pac-
lllHpeHl1e npaKTHKH 3anpeTOB Ha np03emITH3M.)];0 3TOro MOMeHTa 3anpeT
HaJlaraJIC5I no 60J1blllOMY CLJC1)' TOJ1bKO Ha 06pe3aHHe. 3Ta cpOPMYJ1HpOB-
Ka BIDKHa ellle H B CJ1e.n.YlOllleM OTHOllleHHI1. CaM cpaKT 3anpeTa Ha CMe-
llJaHHble 6paKH nOKa3bIBaeT, LJTO OHH 6b1J1H .n.OCTaTO"lHO pacnpOCTpaHe-
Hbl H npe.n.CTaBJI5lJlH C060H O.n.HH H3 CYlll.eCTBeHHblX nyreH nOnOJ1HeHH5I
Hy.n.eHCKHX 06lll.HH.
B 3TOM JKe 3aKOHe 0 6paKax elll.e O.n.HO HHTepeCHOe yrOLJHeHHe, nOKa-
3b1BaJOlll.ee, LJTO 3anpelll.eHl1e CMelllaHHblX 6paKOB HMeJIO H 3KOHOMHLJeCKHH
no.n.TeKCT. B 3aKOHe yrO"lH5IJ10Cb (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 6), LJTO caM cpaKT
npHH5ITIDI .n.aHHoro nOCTaHOBJIeHH5I aHH)'J1HpOBaJI 6paKH C H)'.n.e5lMH JKeH-
IllHH, pa60TaBllJHX B HMnepaTOpcKOM rHHeKee. TaKHM JKeHlll.HHaM HM-
J1eJKaJlO BepH)'TbC5I Ha CBoe npeJKHee MeCTO pa60TbI. I1MnepaTOpcKHM
rHHeKeeM Ha3BaHa B 3aKOHe cBoero po.n.a npH.n.BopHa51 TKal.{Ka.ll cpa6pHKa.
ECTecTBeHHo, HMnepaTOp 6b1J1 60J1ee LJeM 3aHHTepecoBaH, LJT06b1 JKeH-
IllHHbI pa60TaJlH TaM, a He nepe.n.aBaJlH 6b1 CBoe MaCTepCTBO nOTeHl.{H-
aJlbHblM KOHKYpeHTaM, a oc06eHHO H)'.n.e5lM. )];eJ10 B TOM, LJTO Ha omDKHeM
BOCTOKe B IV B. - npHLJeM H B CHPHH, H B naJIeCTHHe - 6b1J1o MHOJKe-
CTBO l.{eHTpOB TKal.{Koro npoH3Bo.n.cTBa, n0J1b30BaBlllHXC.II 60J1blllOH H3-
BeCTHOCTblO BO BceM Cpe.n.H3eMHOMopbe. Y Hac He OLJeHb MHOro KOHKPeT-
HOH HHcpopMal.{HH 0 TOM, KTO HMeHHO 3aHHMaJlC5I TKaLJeCTBOM, o.n.HaKO
Ha.n.nHCH Bce JKe n03B0J1511OT yroLJHI1Tb, LJTO H)'.n.eH 6blJ1H npe.n.CTaBJIeHbI
cpe.n.H Tex, KTO 3aHHMaJlC5I 06pa6OTKoi1llleJ1KOBbIX TKaHeH B naJIeCTHHe,
<1>HHHKI1H H CHpHH.
3aKOH 0 pa6ax (Cod. Theod., XVI, 9, 2) - 0 3anpeTe HMen Hy.n.e5lM
KaKHX-J1H60 HHblX pa60B, KpOMe caMHX JKe H)'.n.eeB, HMeJ1 npeJK)J,e Bcero
peJ1HrH03HblH CMblCJ1, HO OT"IaCTH H 3KOHOMHLJeCKHH. no H)'.n.eHcKOMY
3aKOHY pa6-H)'.n.eH Mor 6bITb pa60M TOJ1bKO ceMb J1eT, nOCJ1e LJero .n.OJ1JKeH
6b1J1 6blTb OCB060JK)J,eH. 3aKoH co.n.epJKaJI TalOKe HeCKOJ1bKO HHTepecHblx
351
A. f. fpyweBOH. JIyoeu 1I uyoau:w e ucmopull PZLI/CKOU pecny6_7lIKu 1I PZL\lCKOU uMnepuu
YTOLJHeHHH. Pa6-xpHCTHaHHH, Haxo.n.HBlllI1HCSI B c06CTBeHHOCTH Hy.n.eSl,
OCB060)K)J,aJlCSI Cpa3Y H nOJ1HOCTblO. OCTaJlbHbIe pa6bI-Sl3bILJHHKH KOH-
<pHCKOBbIBaJlHCb B n0J1b3Y Ka3Hbl. HMYll.\eCTBO JKe TaKoro l1)'.n.eSl-c06cT-
BeHHHKa TaIOKe KOH<pHCKOBaJlOCb.
HeCKOJ1bKO CJ10B He06xo.n.HMO CKa3aTb H 06 3KOHOMHLJeCKHX acneKTax
3TOro 3aKOHa. 3.n.ecb HaJlHUO OrpaHHLJeHHe npaB Hy.n.eeB-peMeCJ1eHHI1KOB
H l1)'.n.eeB-3eMJ1eB:1a.n.eJ1bUeBI48, pa60TalOll.\HX C npHMeHeHHeM pa6cKoro
Tpy.n.a. KocBeHHbIM no.n.TBep)K)J,eHHeM 3KOHOMI1LJeCKOH 3HaLJHMOCTH pa6-
CKOro Tpy.n.a .n.J1S1 Hy.n.eeB CJIe.n.yeT CLJHTaTb )')Ke ynoMHHaBlllHHcSI BbIllle
3aKOH HaLJaJla V B. (Cod. Theod., XVI, 9, 3), Kor.n.a Ha KaKOH-TO CpOK
HY.D.eSlM 6bIJ10 pa3pellleHO HMeTb pa60B-xpHcTHaH Ha TO YCJ10BHH, LJTO
Hy.n.eH He 6y.n.yr npenSlTCTBOBaTb CBOHM pa6aM xpHCTHaHaM npH.n.epJKH-
BaTbCSI HOpM CBoeH Bepbl.
)J;pyroH npHHUHnHaJIbHbIH no BaJKHOCTH 3aKOH 6bIJ1 npHWIT npH
KOHCTaHUHH, B 357 r. (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 7 = Cod. Just., I, 7, 1). Or-
HbIHe 06pall.\eHHe xpHCTHaHHHa B Hy.n.aH3M npeCJIe.n.oBaJ10Cb BeCbMa
CypOBO: np03eJ1HT JIHlllaJICSI Bcero CBoero HMYll.\eCTBa. KOH<pHcKaUHSI
HMYll.\eCTBa rp03HJla, npaB.n.a, JlHlllb TOMY, KTO YJKe npHHSlJ1 Hy.n.eHCK)'1O
Bepy, a He TOMY, KTO J1Hlllb C06HpaJICSI 3TO c.n.eJ1aTb.
CYll.\eCTBeHHbIM OTJ1HLJHeM 3aKOHOB KOHCTaHUH}I no Hy.n.eHCKOMY
Bonpocy OT 3aKOHOB KOHCTaHTHHa 6bIJ1a YJKe H caMa JleKCHKa 3aKOHa.
3aKOHbI BpeMeHI1 KOHCTaHTHHa BbI.n.epJKaHbI B OCTOpOJKHbIX TOHax. JIl1lllb
B nHCbMax, KaK CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTByeT EBceBHH, KOHCTaHTI1H He CTeCH}lJ1CSI
B BblpIDKeHH}lX. qTO JKe KaCaeTC}I KOHCTaHUI1}1, TO y Hero B caMHX TeK-
CTax 3aKOHOB 3BYLJaT YJKe HHbIe HOTKH. Hy.n.eH Ha3BaHbI «.n.HKOH H OT-
BpaTHTeJlbHOH CeKTOH», a l1)'.n.aH3M oxapaKTepH30BaH KaK «HH30CTb 11
6eCLJeCTHe» (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 1 = Cod. Just., I, 9, 3). B 3TOH CB}l311
oc060 XOTeJ10Cb 6bI OTMeTHTb, LJTO I1MeHHO no CYTH cBoeH 03HaLJaJlO
ynoTpe6J1eHHe 3TOH JIeKCHKH. OLJeBH.n.Ho, LJTO CJ10Ba 3TH nOJ1HOCTblO
OTpIDKaKH TOLJK)' 3peHH}I HMnepaTopa, .n.Bopa 11 uepKBH. O.n.HaKO B TO
BpeM}I 60J1blllHHCTBO HaCeJ1eHH}I HMnepHH ell.\e He Momo - npOCTO He
ycneJ10 - npOHHKH)'TbC}I Tpa.n.HUHOHHbIM .D.JI}I Cpe.n.HHX BeKOB Ha60pOM
aHTHceMHTCKHX npe.n.paccy.n.KOB. PaCCMaTpHBaeMbIe JKe 3aKOHbI .n.alOT
XOPOlllYIO B03MOJKHOCTb peaJIbHO npe.n.CTaBHTb ce6e, KaK HMeHHO npo-
HCXO.n.HJlO 3TO BHe.n.peHHe B MaCCbI aHTI1I1)'.n.eHCKHX H aHTHceMHTCKHX
cTepeOTHnOB. MbI MOJKeM TaIOKe peaJIbHO npe.n.CTaBHTb ce6e, C LJero 3TO
HaLJHHaJlOCb.
'4' C YBepeHHOCTblO MOJKHO roBOpHTb 0 3e!'dJleBII311em,uax, H60 caMa CHryauHJI: HYlIei'i-
c06CTBeHHHK pa60B-1I3bl'iHHKOB npelInOJJaraeT H3BeCTHblli ypoBeHb ,'IOCTarKa II c06CTBeHHO-
CTH.
352
J:wea 7, Tpemllii neplloi) pU.l/clw-uyoelicKILX onlHml/ellllli
B :noH CBH311 oc060 TalOKe XOTeJ10Cb 6bl no.n.4epKHYTb cJ1e.n.YIOllJ.ee.
.l!:HcTaHI..\I1H Me)f()J,Y aHTl1l1y.n.eHCKHMI1 Bbma.n.aMI1 Ha rocy.n.apcTBeHHOM
ypOBHe B IV-VI BB. 11 aHTI1CeMI1TI13MOM HOBeHlllero BpeMeHI1 BemlKa He
TOJIbKO 411CTO B XpOH0J10rH4eCKOM OTHOllleHI1I1. C T04KI1 aBTopa .n.aHHOH
pa60Tbl, XpHCTl1aHCKOe OTHOllleHl1e K l1y.n.eHM B n03.n.HeH aHTI14HOCTH, B
Cpe.n.Hl1e BeKa 11 B HOBoe BpeMH HeJIb3H Ha3blBaTb aHTI1CeMI1TI13MOM,
HecMoTpH Ha TO 4TO, no cpaBHeHl110 C H3bl4eCKI1MH BpeMeHaMH, OTHO-
llleHl1e K uy.n.eHM 11 Hy.n.aI13MY CTaHOBI1TCH Ha roCY.D.apCTBeHHOM ypOBHe
ropa3.n.o 60JIee )l(eCTOKHM. nepe.n. HaMI1, eCJ111 TaK MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, I1HOH
Bapl1aHT aHTHHy.n.aH3Ma, nepl10.n.114eCKH BCTpe'lalOllJ.erOCH B H3bl4eCKoe
BpeMH. .l!:eJ10 B TOM, 4TO BnJlOTb.n.o XX B. Hy.n.eH npo.n.OJ1)1(aJ1 OCTaBaTbCH
napl1eH xpHCTHaHCKoro Ml1pa J1l1lllb .n.o Tex nop, nOKa COXpaHHJI npHBep-
)l(eHHOCTb CBoeH Bepe. 06pallleHI1e B Xpl1CTHaHCTBo - oc06eHHo B
Cpe.n.Hl1e BeKa - aBTOMaTI14eCKI1 .n.eJ1aJ10 3THI14ecKoro l1y.n.eH nOJ1HO-
npaBHblM 4JIeHOM Xpl1CTHaHcKoro Ml1pa. HHoe OTHOllleHl1e K l1y.n.eHM
(aHTI1CeMI1TI13M KaK TaKOBOH) HBJ1HeTCH ne4aJ1bHbiM 11306peTeHI1eM XPI1-
CTl1aHCKOro Ml1pa Ha py6e)l(e XIX-XX BB.
6.IOAHaH H Hy aH3M
5IpKI1M 3n1130.n.OM HCTOpl1H PHMCKOH HMnepl111 IV B. CTaJlO npaBJIeHl1e
I1MnepaTopa 1OJ1l1aHa. nOCJ1e.n.HI1H H3bl4HHK Ha pl1MCKOM HMnepaTopcKoM
TpoHe npaBHJI Bcero .n.Ba ro.n.a (361-363 rr.) 11 6blJ] He3aypH.n.HoH J111t.JHO-
CTblO BO MHOrl1X OTHOllleHI1HX, 0 4eM cBI1.n.eTeJlbcTBYIOT ero .n.OCTI1)1(eHI1H
KaK B 06J1aCTH nOJII1THKH, TaK H JII1Teparypbl 149 . IOJ1HaH .n.OJ1roe BpeMH
6blJ1 Ha no.n.03peHI1I1 y CBoero uapcTBeHHoro po.n.cTBeHHI1Ka, onacaBllle-
rOCH nOTeHUl1aJ1bHblX npeTeH.n.eHToB Ha BepxoBHYIO BJ1aCTb. O.n.HaKo )l(e
B 355 r. IOJll1aHa npH3BaJlH KO .n.BOPy, .n.aJIl1 paHr ue3apH, nOCTaBHJlH BO
maBe KpynHoH apMl111 H OTnpaBI1J111 HaBo.n.I1Tb nopH.n.oK B faJ1J11111 11
fepMaHI1I1.
B H3BeCTHOM OTHOllleHl111 cy.n.b6a IOJ1HaHa nOBTopHeT cy.n.b6y faH
IOJII1H Ue3apH: 06a nOCJ1e ycnelllHblx BOHH B faJIJ1HH 6blCTpO .n.OCTl1raIOT
BepxoBHoi1 BJIaCTH. Pa3HHua 3aKJ1104aJ1aCb J1Hlllb B TOM, 4TO 1OJ1l1aHY
149 HaY'iHa!I JJHTeparypa 0 IOJlHaHe BeCbMa BeJJHKa. OTMeTHM 321eCb OCHOBHble HaY'iHble
6Horpa«jlHH HMnepaTopa, coxpaHHBWHe CBoe 3Ha'ieHHe :\0 HaWI1X lIHeH: Allard P Julien
I'Apostat. Vols. 1-3. Paris, 1906-1910; GejJckenJ. Kaiser Julianus. Leipzig, 1914; Bidez 1.
La Vie de l'empereur Julien. Paris, 1930; Bowersock G, W Julian the Apostate. Harvard.
1978.
353
A. f. fpyweBOH. J vi)eu 1/ UYOQU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
npHllIJIOCb npHKJIa.n.bIBaTb K 3TOMY ropa3.n.o MeHbllle YCHJIHH. B 360 r.,
Kor.n.a nOp}l.n.OK B faJIJIl111 H fepMaHHH 6bIJI HaBe.n.eH, BOHCKO npoB03ma-
CHJlO lOJIHaHa ABrycToM, T. e. HMnepaTopOM. lOJIHaH He OTKa3aJICSI H
.n.BHH)'JICSI co CBoeH apMHeH B CTOPOHY KOHCTaHTHHOnOJISI, K)'.n.a CTOJIHua
6bIJIa nepeHeceHa ell.\e BO BpeMeHa KOHCTaHTI1Ha.
I1MnepaTop KOHCTaHUHH Haxo.n.HJICSI B 3TO BpeM}I B AHTHOXHH, rOTO-
B}lCb K npe.n.CTO}lllleH BOHHe C I1paHoM. Y3HaB 0 MSlTe)i{e lOJIHaHa, KOH-
CTaHUHH .n.BHH)'JICSI HaBCTpe'Iy eMY C caMbIMH pelllHTeJIbHbIMH HaMepe-
HH}lMH, He npH3HaBaSi npe-reH3HH lOJIHaHa Ha BepXOBH)'1O BJIaCTb (Amm.
Marc., XX, 9, 6-7). O.n.HaKo )i{e KpHTH'IeCKa}l CH"ryaUHSI pa3pellll1JIaCb
HeO)i{H.n.aHHO. KOHcTaHUHH CKOH'IaJICSI 1 HOSl6p}l 361 r., Haxo.n.SlCb C BOH-
CKOM B MaJIOH A3HH, ycneB, CYJUI no BceMY, Ha3Ha'IHTb lOJIHaHa CBOHM
OcpHUHaJIbHbIM HaCJIe.n.HHKOM (Amm. Marc., XXI, 15,2-4). I1HTepecHo,
'ITO AMMHaH nHllle-r 0 Ha3Ha'IeHHH KOHcTaHUHeM lOJlHaHa CBOHM npe-
eMHHKOM C O'IeBH.n.HoH HeYBepeHHocTblO: successorem suae potestatis
statuisse dicitur Iulianum. (<<fOBOP}lT, 'ITO OH Ha3Ha'IHJI lOJIHaHa npeeM-
HHKOM cBoeH BJIaCTH».) I1HblMH CJIOBaMH, Bonpoc 0 npaBoBoH OCHOBe
npHxo.n.a lOJIHaHa K BJIaCTH He 6b!JI }lCeH .n.aJKe COBpeMeHHHKaM.
TaK lOJlHaH OKa3aJIC}I e.n.HHOJIH'IHbIM npaBHTeJIeM. Ero KopoTKoe
npaBJIeHHe (HOSl6pb 361 - HIOHb 363 r.) 6bIJIO nOCBSlll.\eHO pellleHHIO
CJIe.n.YIOll.\HX Tpex np06JIeM: pecpopMe rocy.n.apcTBa H rocy.n.apcTBeHHoH
BJIaCTH, BOHHe C I1paHoM H 60pb60H C xpHcTHaHcKoH uepKoBblO. Ha
061lleM cpoHe HMnepaTopOB IV B. nOJIHTHKa lOJIHaHa no OTHOllIeHHIO K
uy.n.eSlM 6bIJIa BeCbMa He06bI'IHOH. OHa onpe.n.eJlSlJIaCb BceMH YKa3aHHbl-
MH OCHOBHblMH np06JIeMaMH ero uapCTBOBaHHSI, HO oc06eHHO, KOHe'IHO,
OTHOllIeHHeM lOJIHaHa K xpHCTHaHCTBY H peJIHrHH Bo061l.\e.
lOJIHaH C caMoro Ha'IaJIa B3}1JI K)'pC Ha B03pO)l{)J,eHHe Sl3bl'IeCTBa, Ha
peCTaBpauHIO CTapHHHbIX, y)i{e npHXOJUlll.\HX B yna.n.OK xpaMOB H K)'JIbTOB
OJIHMnHHCKHX 60roB. lOJlHaH, cTporo roBOpSl, He npeCJIe.n.OBaJI XPHCTH-
aHCTBO, a CTpeMHJICSI K B03pO)l{)J,eHHIO paBHonpaBHSI Me)l{)J,Y Sl3bl'IeCTBOM
H xpHCTHaHCTBOM. KpOMe TOro, lOJIHaH He Mor ce6e n03BOJIHTb OTKpbl-
TO npeCJIe.n.OBaTb xpHCTHaH, H60 KO BpeMeHH ero npaBJIeHHSI xpHcTHaH-
CTBO CTaJIO Y)i{e H.n.eHHbIM y6e)l{)J,eHHeM .n.eC}lTKOB MHJIJIHOHOB JIIO.n.eH.
O.n.HHM H3 nepBbIx npaKTH'IeCKHX lllaroB HOBoro HMnepaTopa CTaJI
.n.eKpe-r 0 peJIHfH03HOH cB060.n.e (Amm. Marc., XXII, 5, 1-4): KIDK)J,bIH
nOJIy'IaJI npaBo cB060.n.HO HcnOBe.n.OBaTb JII06yIO Bepy. ,lVISi lOJIHaHa TeM
caMblM Sl3bI'IeCTBO ypaBHHBaJIOCb B npaBax C xpHcTHaHcTBoM. KpoMe
Toro, lOJIHaH He 6e3 OCHOBaHHSI nOJIaraJI, 'ITO xpHCTHaHCTBO nOCJIe
npHH}lTHSI TaKoro 3aKOHa Ha.n.OJIrO YB}l3HeT BO BH)'TpeHHeH 60pb6e Me)i{-
.n.y OT.n.eJIbHbIMI1 HanpaBJIeHH}lMH. XOTeJIOCb 6b! TaIOKe OTMeTHTb, 'ITO
lOJIHaH He 3aKpbIJI HH O.n.HOH xpHCTHaHCKOH uepKBH. I1MnepaTop HaCTaH-
354
rJlQea 7, Tpemuu nepuoo PWl1cKo-llydeucKILT onZHoUleHuu
Ba.J1 JIHlllb Ha B03po)J()J,eHHH }!3blLJeCKOrO K)'JlbTa B Tex xpHcTHaHCKHX
LlepKB}!X, KOTopble 060CHOBblBa.J1HCb B 3a6pOllleHHblX Sl3blLJeCKHX xpaMax.
no Mepe B03MO)l(HOCTeH IOJIHaH CTapaJICSI TaIOKe OTKpblTb Bce 3a6po-
weHHble Sl3blLJeCKHe xpaMbl H nOBceMeCTHO B0306HOBHTb )l(epTBOnpH-
HOllleHHSI.
Oc060e BHHMaHHe HMnepaTOp y.n.eJ1S1J1 nponaraH.n.HCTCKOH .n.eSITeJIb-
HOCTH. .D:o HalllHX .n.HeH COXpaHHJ10Cb 3HaLJHTeJ1bHOe KOJ1HLJeCTBO nHceM
lOJ1HaHa. H3 HHX BH.n.HO, LJTO HMnepaTOp nHCaJI nOCJ1aHI1S1 )l(HTeJ1S1M
MHorHX ropo.n.OB HMnepHH C npH3blBaMH BepHYTbCSI K Bepe OTLlOB. H3-
BeCTHO, LJTO IOJIHaH nHCa.J1 TaKoro po.n.a nHCbMO H )l(HTeJ1S1M na.J1eCTHH-
CKoro ropo.n.a THBepHa.D.aI50.
OLJeHb Ba)l(HblM 6blJIO 3anpemeHI1e lOJ1HaHoM BeCTH KaKOe-JIH60
npeno.n.aBaHHe Xpl1CTHaHaM (Amm. Marc., XXII, 10,7; XXV, 4, 20). TaK
HMnepaTop Ha.n.eSlJIC}! no MeHbllleH Mepe cymeCTBeHHo YMeHblllHTb pOJIb
xpHcTHaH B 06mecTBeHHoH )l(H3HH, 1160 nepe.n.aLJa 06pa30BaHI1S1 B PYKH
Sl3blLJHHKOB B nepCneKTHBe .n.eHCTBHTeJ1bHO Morna C03.n.aTb Cl1'ryaLlHlO,
Koma Bce LJHHOBHHKH B rocy.n.apcTBe BHOBb 6blJ1H 6bl HCKJ1IOLJHTeJ1bHO
Sl3blLJHHKaMH.
llpH xapaKTepHCTHKe OTHollleHHSllOJ1HaHa K l1)'.n.aH3MY He06xo.n.HMO
pa3J1HLJaTb ero .n.eSlTeJ1bHOCTb KaK nponaraH.n.HCTa onpe.lJ,eJ1eHHblX cpHJ10-
COcpCKHX B3rJJ}!.n.OB H .n.e}!TeJ1bHOCTb KaK HMnepaTOpa, KaK rJJaBbl rocy.n.ap-
CTBa. H3YLJeHHe COLJHHeHHH HMnepaTOpa nOKa3blBaeT, LJTO .n.o BOCllleCTBWI
Ha npeCTOJl OH He HMeJ1 HHKaKHX KOHTaKTOB C l1)'.n.eSlMI1, a Bce ero n03Ha-
HH}! KaCaTeJ1bHO HX peJ1HrHH OrpaHHLJI1Ba.J1HCb LJTeHHeM CenT)'arHHTbI.
llO-HaCTO}!meMY IOJ1HaH n03HaKOMHJlC}! C Hy.n.e}!MH H Hy.n.aH3MOM
TOJ1bKO nOCJ1e npHxo.n.a K BJ1aCTH. OH OTHOCHJ1CSI K l1)'.n.eHCKOMY npOlllJ10-
MY BeCbMa OTpHLlaTeJ1bHO, CLJHTaSi 6e30CHOBaTeJ1bHblMH npeTeH311H "y-
.n.eeB Ha 60r0l136paHHOCTb H KaKHe-JIH60 oco6ble .n.OCTH)I(eHHSI, BBH.n.y
TOro LJTO 60J1blllYIO LJaCTb CBoeH HCTOpHH l1y.n.eH Haxo.n.HJIHCb no.n. qY)l(e-
3eMHblM BJ1a.D.bILJeCTBOM I51 . B TO)l(e caMoe BpeMSlIOJ1HaH BnOJ1He 6J1aro-
15" H321aHHe nHceM IOJlHaHa: Juliani epistulae et leges. Ed. J. Bidez et F. Cumont. Paris,
1924; The works of the Emperor Julian with an english translation by W. C. Wright in three
volumes. III. Cambridge Mass.; London, 1990. K JKHTeJJJlM THBepH311bI 06paweHo nHCbMO
154, OT KOTOpOro COXpaHHJlHCb JlHWb nepBble CTpO'iKH, HCnOJlb30BaHHble CTe«jlaHoM BH3aH-
THHCKHM B CBoeM CO'iHHeHHH. OHH BocnpOH3Be.lleHbl y M. WTepHa: WTepH, 2002. C. 229-
230.
151 06pa3UOM TaKOH paUHoHaJJHCTH'ieCKOH H OAHOBpeMeHHO HpOHH'ieCKOH KpllTHKH (O,lH-
aHOM xpHCTHaHCTBa H HY.llaH3Ma JlBJJ!leTCJI TpaKTaT "npOTHB raJJHJleJlH». TeKCT H nepeBOlI
KOTOpOro 'IaCTH'iHO npHBe.lleHbI y M. WTepHa: WTepH. 2002. C. 177-209. nOJlHOe H3.llaHlle
TeKCTa C aHfJJHilcKHM nepeB0210M: The Works of the Emperor Julian with an english translation
by W. C. Wright in three volumes. III. Cambridge Mass" 1990. P. 313-427,
355
A. f, fpyweBOH. l1yoeu u uyoau3A1 e ucmopuu P1L\1CKOU pecny611uKu u P1L\ICKOU 1L 'nepuu
CKJlOHHO OTHOCHJ1CH K COBpeMeHHOMY eMY Hy.n.aH3M)' H Hy.n.eHM - CBOHM
COBpeMeHHHKaM. TaK, B nHCbMe K aJIeKcaH.n.pHHuaM, OTnpaBJIeHHOM H3
AHTHOXH B caMOM KOHue 362 r., HMnepaTop, CeryH Ha YBJleLJeHHe aJIeK-
caH.n.pl1HueB H.n.eHMH raJIHJleHH (xpHcTHaH), nonyTHo 3aMeLJaeT, LJTO H)'.n.eH
npOHBHJlH ce6H MHOro JlYLJllle xpHcTHaH IS2 .
B nOJlO)KHTeJlbHOM OTHOllleHHH HMnepaTopa K l1y.n.eHM TOm BpeMeHH,
CYJUI no BceMY, KpbIJICH npaKTHLJeCKHH paCLJeT. IOJlHaH C06HpaJICH BOeBaTb
C HpaHoM H He Mor He nOHHMaTb, LJTO BoeHHbIe .n.eHCTBHH 6y.n.YT npoxo-
.n.HTb Ha TeppHTopHH, r.n.e KOJIHLJeCTBO Hy.n.eHCKoro HaCeJleHHH BeCbMa
BeJlHKO. HeKOTopbIe oco6eHHocTH CH1)'aUHH B caMoH naJIeCTHHe TaIOKe
3aCTaBJlHJlH HMnepaTopa OTHOCHTbCH K H)'.n.eHM no MeHbllleH Mepe 6J1a-
rO)l(eJlaTeJlbHO. B naJleCTHHe B IV B. xpHCTHaHe He COCTaBJlHJlH eIl.le
60JlblllHHCTBa. IOJlHaH )l(e, CTpeMHCb C03.n.aTb no B03MO)l(HOCTH nOBce-
MeCTHO aHTHxpHCTHaHCKoe 60JlblllHHCTBO, He Mor He nOHHMaTb, LJTO B
naJIeCTHHe eMY :HOro He .n.06HTbCH 6e3 nO.D..D.ep)I(KH H)'.n.eeB.
B Mae 362 r. IOJlHaH nOKHH)'JI KOHcTaHTHHOnOJlb H nOCJIe He.n.OJlrOro
nyrellleCTBHH no MaJIOH A3HH npH6bIJI 19 I1IOJlH 362 r. B AHTI10XI1IO, r.n.e
3aHHJlCH aKTHBHOH no.n.rOToBKoH K BOHHe C HpaHoM. OH TeM He MeHee
HallleJl BpeMH BCTpeTHTbCH C .n.eJleraUHeH Hy.n.eeB, npHexaBllleH B AHTH-
OXHIO. C KeM HMeHHO pa3roBapHBaJ1 IOJlHaH? OrBeTHTb Ha 3TOT Bonpoc
MO)I(HO, HO npHxo.n.HTCH KOM6HHHpOBaTb .n.aHHbIe H3 caMbIX pa3HbIX HC-
TOLJHHKOB. HoaHH 3J1aTOYCT ynoMHHaeT B O.n.HOH H3 nponOBe.n.eH, '-ITO
IOJlHaH 6ece.n.OBaJI C H)'.n.eHMH. H3 KOHTeKCTa cJle.n.YeT, LJTO HoaHH 3J1a-
TOYCT HMeeT B BH.n.y H)'.n.eeB AHTHOXHH 153. PyqJHH, nepeBe.n.lllHH B HaLJaJIe
V B. Ha JlaTHHCKHH H3blK C HeKoTopblMH .n.06aBJIeHHHMH OT ce6H «Uep-
KOBH)'IO HCTOPHIO» EBceBHH, nHllleT 0 Bcex IS4 H)'.n.eHx, npHmallleHHbIx
HMnepaTopoM Ha npHeM. C TOLJKH 3peHHH PycpHHa, BCTpeLJa npOH30111Jla
no npocb6e HMnepaTOpa. ABTOp V B. C030MeH TaIOKe nHllleT 06 :nOH
BCTpeLJe (Soz., Hist., eccl., V, 22 = PG. Vol. 67, col. 1284). OH co06Il.laeT
o TOM, LJTO Ha BCTpeLJe npHCYTCTBOBaJIH «rnaBbI Hy.n.eHCKHX 06Il.lHH». C
HCTOpH'-IeCKOH TO'-lKH 3peHHH OLJeHb BIDKHO O.n.HO YKa3aHHe, BCTpeLJaIO-
Il.leeCH B TeKCTe C030MeHa. HCTOpHK paCCKa3bIBaeT 06 06paIl.leHHH HM-
112B 3aBIICHMOCTH OT H31IaHHII pe'lb H.lleT 0 nHCbMe 111,51 H11H 47. TO'iHWI CCblJJKa -433A-
e. qaCTH'IHO TeKCT H nepeBO.ll nHCbMa npllBe.lleHbl y M. WTepHa: WTepH, 2002. C. 217-
218.
1\, Adversus Judaeos, V, 11 (PG. Vol. 48, col. 900). De S. Babyla, 119. (Jean Chrysostome.
Discours sur Babylas. Introduction, texte critique, traduction et notes par M. A. Chatkin avec
la collaboratiob de C. Blanc et B. Grillet, suivi de Homelie sur Babylas. Introduction, texte
critique, traduction et notes par B. Grillet et J-N. Guinot. Paris, 1990. P. 260-263. 22.)
154 KOHTeKCT nOlICKaJblBaeT, '1TO, c TO'iKH 3peHIIII Py«jlIlHa, y IOJlllaHa 6b1JJH npe.llCTaBlITe-
JJH HY.lleeB OT Bcex 6JJIIJKHeBOCTO'iHbIX 06.1aCTeH.
356
rJlaea 7, Tpemuu nepuoo pu.ucKo-lIydeucK1LT omHoUleHuu
nepaTopa K Hy.n.eJlM no pe3YJIbTaTaM 3TOH BCTpeqH. B 3TOM 06palll.eHHH
HeJIb3J1 He 3aMeTI1Tb CJ10B - «K naTpHapxaM Hy.n.eeB H JIH.n.epaM 06-
lll.HH»I55. B napaJ:lJ1eJIbHbIX BepCWIX B 3ar0J10BKe nHCbMa BCTpeqalOTCJI
6JIH3KHe no CMbICJ1Y BbIpa)KeHHJI. TaK, 51-e nHCbMO IOJ1HaHa Ha'-lHHaeT-
CJI CJ10BaMH: (<Hy.n.eHcKoMY c006lll.eCTBY».
f10JlBJ1eHHe B O.n.HOM cll)''-Iae TepMHHa «mrrpHapXH» BO MHO)J(eCTBeHHOM
qHCJ1e H repMHHa (<Hy.n.eHcKoe c006lll.eCTBo» (to KOtvOV) B nl1CbMe Y 1OJ1l1a-
Ha CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBYeT 0 TOM, '-ITO B paCCMaTpl1BaeMOe BpeMJI, B cepe.n.HHe
IV B., uy.n.eH HMeJ1H B KIDK.D.OH npOBHHl.{HH CBOI1X J10KaIIbHbIX naTpl1apXOB,
KOOp.n.I1HHpOBaBlllHX .n.ewreJIbHOCTb uy.n.eeB B paMKaX KIDK.D.OH OT.n.eJ1bHOH
npOBHHl.{HH. B caMOM cpaKTe nOJlBJ1eHWI TaKHX C006lll.eCTB HeT HHqero
y.n.HBHTeJ1bHoro. B KIDK.D.OH npOBHHl.{HH 6bIJ10 H306HJ1He pemOHaJIbHbIX
opraHH3al.{HH, 06'be.n.HHJlBlllHX qallle Bcero ropo.n.a O.n.HOi1 npoBHHl.{HH. f1pH
3TOM npe.n.CTaBlITeJ1H ropO.n.OB, 3ace.n.aJI B 06lll.enpOBHHl.{HaJIbHOH accaM6-
J1ee (to KOt vOv), HMeJ1H B03MO:iKHOCTb - nyCTb B OrpaHHqeHHbIX npe.n.e-
J1ax - pelllaTb np06J1eMbI BHYI'peHHero caMoynpaBJ1eHH.JI 156 .
CaM no ce6e repMHH to KOtvOV 3aCBH.n.ereJ1bCTBOBaH 11 no OTHOllleHHIO
K Hy.n.eJlM. TaK B HCTO'-lHHKaX HHor.n.a Ha3bIBaJIH OT.n.eJIbHbIe 06lll.HHbI
.n.HacnopbI, a Y HOCHcpa <1>J1aBHJI - no OTHOllleHl11O K )J(HTeJ1J1M Hepyca-
J1HMa (Fl. J05., Vita, 65; 72, 190,254, 309, 341,393). O.lJ.HaKO )J(e 3.n.eCb
nepe.n. HaMH JlBJ1eHHe cOBepllleHHo HHoro MaclllTa6a. TepMHH to KOtvOV
ynoTpe6J1eH no OTHOllleHHIO K uy.n.eJlM BceH npOBHHl.{HH. f1pH 3TOM CJ10-
Ba C030MeHa 0 naTpHapxax (HMeHHo naTpl1apxax, a He naTpHapxe) no-
3B0J1J1IOT JlCHO npe.n.CTaBHTb, 0 '-IeM HMeHHO H.n.eT pe'-lb. f1aTpHapXH -JlH-
.n.epbI Hy.n.eHCKHX CTPYKTYP B paMKax O.n.HOH npOBHHl.{I1H. BbIBO.n. 3TOT
npe.n.CTaBJIJleTCJI npHHl.{HnHaJIbHbIM, H60 )J,J1J1 60Jlee paHHero BpeMeHH B
HCTO'-lHHKaX He 3aCBH.n.eTeJlbCTBOBaHO HHqerO no.n.06Horo.
HHbIMI1 CJlOBaMH, H3MeHeHHJI, npoH30llle.n.llll1e C HHCTHT)'TOM naT-
pHapxaTa BIll-IV BB., npHBeJ1H K TOMY, '-ITO Ha MeCTax, B KIDK.D.OH OT-
.n.eJ1bHoi1 npOBHHl.{HH, B MaCCOBOM nopJl.n.Ke CTaJIH B03HHKaTb CTPYKT)'-
pbI, B npl1Hl.{Hne XOpOlliO H3BeCTHbIe B aHTH'-IHOM MHpe, JlBJ1J1IOlll.HeCJI
TaK CKa3aTb YMeHbllleHHOH B MaClllTa6ax KOnl1eH naTpHapllleH BJIaCTH.
K CO)J(aJIeHHIO, npHxo.n.HTCJI npH3HaTb, '-ITO HCTOqHHKH n03B0J1J1IOT J1Hlllb
no.n.TBep.n.HTb cpaKT CYllleCTBOBaHHJI TaKI1X «c006IlleCTB» B Ka)J(.n.OH
155 )]0 Hac MOW,lO B 06lI.1eH CJJOJKHOCTH TpH BepCHH JToro nOCJlaHlllI, 1I0CTaTO'iHO 6.11l3KHe
MeJKJlY c060il. 3TO 51-e nllCbMO KOpnyca nllceM caMoro IOIlHaHa, a TaKJKe: Soz., His!. eccl..
5, 22; Socrates His!. eccl., 111, 20; Theodore!. His!. eccloo 111, 20.
m )]:JJI paHHeH HMnepHH MbI pacnOJJaraeM 60IlbWHM KOJJlI'ieCTBOM MarepHana 06 JTIlX
npoBI1HLlHa.1bHbIX accaM6JJellx. CM.. HanpHMep: Sar/re At, L'Orient Romain. Provinces et
societes provinciales en Mediterranee orientale d'Auguste aux Severes. Paris. 1991. P. 113-
116.
357
A, f. fpyweBoJ:i. l1ydellll uyoaul.\1 e ucmopull PUMCKOU pecny611uKu u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
npOBI1HI..\HI1 11 4TO «co06ll.\eCTBa» 3TI1 B03maBJUIJII1Cb MaJIblMH naTpl1-
apXaM11 157 .
ConOCTaBJIeHl1e pa3JII14HbiX BepCHH HCT04HI1KOB 06 nOH BCTpe4e
nOKa3blBaeT, 4TO .n.l1aJIor llleJI 06 HepYCaJII1Me, 0 TOM, n04eMY H)'.n.eH He
npaKTI1K)'IOT 60JIee )i{epTBOnpl1HOllleHI1H CBoeMY 60ry. Dece.n.a 3aKOH411-
JIaCb 06emaHI1eM IOJIl1aHa BOCCTaHOBlITb HepYCaJIHM 11 HepYCaJIHMCKHH
xpaM H BMeCTe C H)'.n.eJlMI1 B03HeCTI1 MOJII1TBbl BeJII14aHllleMY DOry15s.
nOCJIe.n.Hl1e CJIOBa COBepllleHHO He 03Ha4alOT, 4TO IOJIHaH 6bIJI nOKJIOH-
HI1KOM l1y.n.aI13Ma. HeCMOTpJl Ha npl1Bep)i{eHHOCTb Jl3bI4eCTBY, I1MnepaTOp
6blJl nOKJIOHHHKOM CJlO)i{HeHlllI1X <j>I1JIOCO<j>CKI1X nOCTpoeHHH, CBoero
po.n.a Jl3bl4eCKoro MOHOTeI13Ma.
CeH4ac, no npOllleCTB1111 llleCTHa.n.l..\aTH CTOJIeTI1H, 04eBI1.n.HO, 4TO
BCTpe4a IOJIl1aHa C npe.n.CTaBI1TeJIJlMl1l1y.n.eeBI59 11 Bce Ha HeH CKa3aHHOe
6blJIO cBoero po.n.a BHelllHHM o<j>opMJIeHl1eM MHOrHX MblCJIeH 11 4YBCTB
HMnepaTOpa. IOJll1aH, eCTeCTBeHHO, 3HaJI, 4TO l1y.n.el1 He MOml1 COBeplllaTb
)i{epTfsOnpI1HOllleHI1J1 r.n.e-JII160 3a npe.n.eJIaMI1 HepYCaJIHMCKOro xpaMa.
BH.D.I1MO, B :nOH CBJl311 HMnepaTOpy H)')KHa 6blJIa npocb6a H)'.n.eeB, 4T06bl
ny6JII14HO 3aJlBI1Tb 0 TOM, 4TO OH caM )J,JIJI ce6J1 y)i{e pellll1JI B 4aCTHOM
nOpJl.n.Ke. n03TOMY BeCbMa npaB.n.ono.n.o6HbIM BblmJl.n.I1T 3aJlBJleHHe Py-
<j>I1Ha 0 TOM, 4TO Hy.n.eeB Ha BCTpe4Y npl1maCI1JI caM I1MnepaTOp.
Pe3YJIbTaTOM )i{e BCTpe411, KaK y)i{e OTMe4aJIOCb, 6bIJIO CJIe.n.YlOmee
nOCJIaHl1e I1MnepaTopa, a.n.peCOBaHHoe H)'.n.eHCKOMY co06mecTBy160.
IOJIl1aH KaK I1MnepaTOp Mor HMeTb HeCKOJIbKO npl1411H H.n.TH HaBCTpe-
4Y y.n.OBJIeTBOpeHI1IO .n.aBHHX I1HTepeCOB l1y.n.eeB. HanpHMep, TaKI1M 06-
pa30M .n.OCTH4b 06'be.n.I1HeHHJI H)'.n.eeB co BceMH OCTaJIbHblMH Hapo.n.aMH
Ha aHTHXpl1CTHaHCKoH 6a3e. KpoMe Toro, B03pO)l{)J,eHI1e l1epycaJIl1MCKO-
ro xpaMa y)i{e caMO no ce6e Momo paCCMaTpl1BaTbCJI KaK nOCpaMJIeHHe
XpHCTl1aHCTBa I61 . B0306HOBJIeHHe CJIY)i{6bl H )i{epTBOnpHHOllleHI1H B
HepYCaJIl1MCKOM xpaMe IOJll1aH BnOJIHe Mor C4HTaTb .n.onOJIHHTeJIbHOH
151 TeKCTbl H nepeBOlIbl Ha.D.nHCeH c ynoMHHaHHeM TaK Ha3blBaeMblX «Ma.%IX naTpHapXOB»
npHBeMeHbl HHJKe, Ha c. 418-422 B npIUlOJKeHIlH.
I" npllMepHo TaK JKe IOJlHaH MOTHBHp)"eT CBoe peweHfle BO (jJparMeHTHpoBaHHo 1 nHCb-
Me K CBllweHHoc.l)"JKHTeJlIO: OH nHweT 0 HaMepeHHH B03p0.1HTb Hepyca.1IlMCKlIH xpaM II 0
JKeJlaHHlI BOllIaTb MOJJJKHOe nO'iHTaeMOMY TaM 60ry. (Fragmentum epistolae 295C. HCnOJJb-
30BaHHoe H31IaHHe - The Works of the Emperor Julian with an english translation by W. C.
Wright in three volumes. II. Cambridge, 1969. P. 312-313.)
159 HCTO'iHHKH n03BOJlJllOT rOBopHTb, 'iTO Ha BCTpe'ie, cYiVI no BceMY, He 6bIJlO naJ1eCTHH-
CKOro naTpHapxa.
160 H3.llaHHe rpe'ieCKoro TeKCTa mlCbMa C KOMMeHTapHJlMH: Stem, 1980. P. 559-568 =
WTepH, 2002. C. 218-228.
161 B EBaHreJlHJIx HeCKOJ1bKO pa3 BCTpe'lalOTCII npeMCKa3aHHII. 'iTO OT xpaMa He OCTaHeTCII
KaMHJI Ha KaMHe: Matth" 24. 2; Marc.. 13. 2; Luc., 19, 44; 21, 5-{),
358
Tllaea 7. Tpemuu nepuod pUMCKo-uYdeucKux omHoUieHuzi
rapaHTl1eH CBoeH n06e.n.bl B npe.n.CTOJll.I.\eH BOHHe C nepCHeH l62 . )I{eJ1aHHe
IOJ1HaHa OTCTpOHTb l1epYCaJIHMCKHH xpaM nOMHMO LJI1CTO nOJIHTHLJeCKHX
paCLJeTOB Morno 06'bJlCHJlTbCJI H el.l.\e O.n.HOH npHLJHHOH. AMMHaH Map-
ueJ1J1HH, onHcaBIlIHH BCIO )KH3Hb IOJ1HaHa, OTMeLJaeT CTpaCTb HMnepaTO-
pa K nbllllHblM nOCTpOHKaM, npH3BaHHbIM YBeKOBeLJHTb naMJlTb 0 ero
uapCTBOBaHHH (Amm. Marc., XXIII, I).
ElOpOKpaTHLJeCKHH xapaKTep opraHH3aUl1H pHMCKoro rocy.n.apcTBa
.n.eJ1aJI cOBepllleHHo 06J13aTeJ1bHbIM B CJlO)KHBllleHCJI cH'ryaUI1I1 H3.n.aHHe
CneUHaJIbHOrO HMnepaTOpcKoro .n.eKpeTa 0 H)'.n.eJlx. )];OK)fMeHT He coxpa-
HHJ1CJI, HO COBpeMeHHHK IOJ1HaHa, H3BeCTHblH paHHexpHCTHaHCKHH aBTOp
rpHropHH Ha:maH3HH, OCTaBHll B O.n.HOM H3 CBOHX npOH3Be.n.eHHH cBoero
po.n.a nepeCKa3 06pallleHHJI IOJlHaHa K Hy.n.eJlM, KOTOpbIH, BepOJITHee
Bcero, H JlBJ1J1eTCJI nepeCKa30M :onoro .n.oK)'MeHTa. IOJ1HaH C MHOro'-lHC-
J1eHHbIMH CCblJ1KaMH Ha nHcaHHe roBOpHll, '-ITO )J,JIJI H)'.n.eeB HaCTaJI 6J1a-
ronpHJlTHblH MOMeHT )J,JIJI HX B03Bpal.l.\eHIDI B pO.n.HYIO 3eMJ1IO, )J,JIJI BOC-
CTaHOBJ1eHHJI XpaMa H )KH3HH no 3aKOHaM npe.n.KOB163.
Bcex HlOaHCOB nOJ1HTHKH IOJ1HaHa no OTHOllleHHIO K H)'.n.eJlM Mbl, K
CO))(aJIeHHIO, He 3HaeM, o.n.HaKO ))(e B HCTOLJHHKax, OTHOC.III.I.\HXCJI K IV-
V BB., BCTpeLJalOTCJI ynoMHHaHHJI 0 el.l.\e HeCKOJ1bKHX cpaKTax, KOTopbIe
MOryT OTHOCHTbCJI KO BpeMeHH IOJ1HaHa H OTpa)KaTb ero nOJ1HTHK)' no
OTHoweHHIO K H)'.n.eJlM.
B Ko.n.eKce <1>eo.n.oCHJI (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 22) - CBo.n.e 3aKOHOB,
H3.n.aHHOM B 438 r. H no.n.Bo.n.JlllleM CBoero po.n.a HTom Ko.n.HcpHKaUHH
pHMCKOro npaBa B IV B., - BCTpeLJaeTCJI YKa3aHHe 0 TOM, '-ITO <1>eo.n.OCHH
II J1HWHJ1 naTpHapxa raMaJlHHJ1a lllecToro THT)'J1a «npecpeKT npeTO-
PHJI»164. B HCTOLJHHKax HeT YKa3aHHH, Kor.n.a HMeHHO naTpHapx nOJ1YLJHJ1
3TOT THT)'J1. B npHHUHne, BnOJ1He BepOJITHO, LJTO no npOH30lllJlO npH
O.n.HOM H3 .n.BYX HMnepaTopOB, HOCHBlllHX HMJI <1>eo.n.OCHH. Bce ))(e 60J1ee
J10rH'-IHO npe.n.n0J10))(HTb, '-ITO npaKTHKa npe.n.ocTaBJ1eHHJI naJIeCTHHCKO-
MY naTpHapxy O.n.HOro H3 BblClllHX THT)'J10B HMnepHH 6y.n.eT BOCXO.n.HTb
KO BpeMeHH IOJ1HaHa, a He <1>eo.n.OCHeB, JlBJ1J1BlllHXCJI peBHOCTHblMH op-
TO.n.OKCaJIbHbIMH Xpl1CTl1aHaMH H npeCJ1e.n.OBaBlllHX Bcex HexpHCTHaH H
Bce HexpHCTHaHCKoe.
,lJ;pyroH 3aCJ1)')KHBaIOI.I.\HH oc060ro BHHMaHHJI cpaKT COXpaHI1J1CJI B
«IJ;epKoBHoi1I1CTOpHH» <1>HJ10CTOpra, TalOKe aBTopa IV B. H. 3. <1>HJ10CTOpr
I. He Ha210 3a6blBarb, 'iTO IOJIHaH 6blJI 113bI'iHHKOM, a .llJ111 JJlO.lleH ero MHpoB033peHHII
ooaroBOJJeHHe JJ106b1x 60roB 6blJIO BeCbMa JKeJIaTeJIbHbIM.
,., Greg. Naz., Or., V, 3. (Gregoire de Nazianze. Discours 4-5 Contre Julien. Introduction,
texte critique, traduction et notes par J. Bernardi. Paris, 1989. P.299.)
,(,.I Praefectus praetorio - B paccMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMIi 3TO O.llHH H3 BblCWHX THry,lOB B
roCY21apCTBe.
359
A. f, fpyweBOH. Ifyoeu u lIyoall:LI1 e lICmOpll1l Pw.ICKozi pecny6wKlIlI PZLllClWU w.mepllll
co061l.\aeT 0 CYll.\eCTBOBaHHH B HepYCarIl1Me B paCCMaTpl1BaeMOe BpeM5I
CBoero po.n.a BpeMeHHOH CHHarom, COOPYJKeHHOH l1)'.n.e5lMH B O.n.HOM H3
pa3pYllleHHbIX nOpTHKOB, oKpy)!(aBlllHX XpaMOBYIO ropyI65. Y)!(e caM cpaKT
TaKoro C006Il.\eHH5I nOKa3bIBaeT, 'iTO B IV B. 6bIJ1 HaKOHeu OTMeHeH cy-
ll.\eCTBOBaBllll1H co BpeMeHH HMnepaTopa A.n.pl1aHa 3anpeT Ha nOCell.\eHHe
Hy.n.e5lMH H Ha HX HaxO)K)J,eHl1e B HepYCarIHMe. B 3TOH Cl1ryaUHH HaH60-
J1ee J1OrH'iHbIM npe.n.nOJ1O)!(eHHeM 6y.n.eT On5lTb )!(e npe.n.nOJ1O)!(eHHe 0
IOJ1HaHe H 0 TOM, 'iTO HMeHHO OH OTMeHHJ1 3anpeT A.n.pHaHa, no.n.TBep-
)K)J,eHHbIH, KaK YJKe OTMe'larIOCb, KOHCTaHTHHOM.
HacKOJ1bKO MO)!(}jO CY.D.HTb no coxpaHliBlllHMC5II1CTO'IHHKaM, nporpaMMa
HMneparopa IOJ1HaHa BCTpenUla CaMblH )f(J1BOH OTKJII1K cpe.D.H l1)'.n.eeB. Ha.no
CKa3aTb, MHome HCTO'lHHKH no.n.TBep)K)J,alOT 60J1blllYIO pa.nOCTb l1)'.n.eeB no
nOBO.n.y CJ1Y'-IHBllleroC5I. 06 3TOM co06ll.\aIOT MHorHe aBTOpbI TOro BpeMeHI1:
EcppeM CHpHH I66 , fpHropHH Ha3HaH3HH, PyCPHH. Y MHorHX aBTOpOB BCTpe-
'1aIOTC5I ynoMHHaHH5I 0 c60pe l1)'.n.e5lMH 3Ha'lHTeJ1bHbIX C)'MM Ha peCTaBpa-
UHIO HepYCarIHMa H HepYCarIHMcKoro xpaMa 167 . HHTepeCHO, '1TO Bce 3TH
H3BeCTWI OTHOC"TC5I He K narIeCTHHe, a K MarIOH A3HH H MeconOTaMI1H.
B TaJ1My.n.e 06 IOJ1HaHe Hero nOJ1HTHKe no.n..n.ep)l(KH Hy.n.eeB HeT
npaKTH'IeCKH HH CJ10Ba. 0.n.H03Ha'iHOrO 06'b5lCHeHH5I 3TOMY HeT, H npH-
XO.n.HTC5I rOBopHTb JIHlllb 0 HaH60J1ee Bep05lTHbIX npl1'1HHax. OTMeTHM
npe)K)J,e Bcero CJIe.n.YIOIl.\HH MOMeHT: )l(eJIaHHe B03pO.n.HTb HepYCarIHM H
HepycaJ1HMCKHH xpaM HCXO.n.HJ10, eCJ1H nOCMOTpeTb Ha CHl)'aUHIO C
OpTo.n.OKCaJ1bHOH l1)'.n.eHcKoi1 TO'lKH 3peHH5I, OT npaBHTeJ151-5I3bI'IHHKa,
Tor.n.a KaK BOCCTaHOBJ1eHH5I XpaMa O)l(H.n.arIH OT MeccHH. MeponpHHH5I
IOJIHaHa .n.OJ1)1(HbI 6bIJ1H no H.n.ee npHBeCTI1 K B03pO)K)J,eHHIO B narIeCTI1-
He HeKoeH BbICllleH )l(pe'leCKOH BJ1aCTH. On5lTb )l(e C OpTO.n.OKCarIbHOH
Hy.n.eHCKOH TO'lKH 3peHH5I BJ1aCTb, H HMeHHO 3aKOHHa51 BJ1aCTb, .n.OJDKHa
6blJ1a nepeHTH B PYKH nOTOMKa .n.OMa ,[{aBI1.n.a.
IOJ1HaH B 51-M nHCbMe 5ICHO nHllleT 06 OTMeHe H3 J1Y'IlllHX n06Y)l(-
.n.eHHH anOCTOJ1bCKOH no.n.aTH - Tex .n.eHer, KOTopbIe C06HpaJ1HCb B
.n.Hacnope .D.J151 nO)J,)J,ep)l(KH naTpHapxa. naTpHapxH H3 .n.OMa fHJ1J1eJ151
ynpaBJl5IJ1H BceMH .n.eJ1aMH Ha npOU)I(eHI1H y)l(e HeCKOJ1bKHX CTOJIeTI1H
H OTMeHa anOCTOJIbCKOH no.n.aTI1 6blJ1a HM 3J1eMeHTapHO HeBblro.n.Ha, 1160
J1HlllarIa CYll.\eCTBeHHoro HCTO'lHHKa .n.OXO.n.OB. KpoMe Toro, nepecTpoH-
'" Phliostorgius, Mit dem Leben des Lucian von Antiochien und den Fragmenten eines
arianischen Historiographen. Herausgegeben von J. Bidez. Berlin, 1981 VII, 9
'66 Ephraem tmsL A. Rucker, Bibliothek der Kirchenvater, Bd. 20, I. 1919. P. 218.
'67 Joh. Chrysostom.. Adversus Judaeos, V. 11 (PG. Vol. 48. CoL 901); Gregor. Nazianz"
Oratio V, 4 (Gregoire de Nazianze. Discours 4-5. Contre Julien. Introduction. texte critique et
notes par J. Bernardi. Paris. 1983, P. 298-301); Philostorgius, Hist. eccL, VII, 9; Soz., Hist.
eccl., V, 22 (PG. Vol. 67, CoL 1284).
360
r aea 7, Tpemuu neplloi) PZlMcKo-lIydeuCKZL"t; omHOUieHUli
Ka Bcex OCHOB l1y.n.eHCKOH JKI13HI1, 3aTeBaeMaSi IOJ1I1aHoM, Moma npl1-
BeCTH B nepCneKTHBe K CYll.\eCTBeHHOMY COKpall.\eHI1IO pOJII1 naTpl1apxa.
ECTeCTBeHHO, 4TO nOCJIe TpeXCOT JIeT CYll.\eCTBOBaHI1S1 3TOH BJIaCTH B
naJIeCTI1He B l1)'.n.eHCKOH cpe.n.e He Momo He 6blTb BJII1S1TeJIbHbIX JII1Q,
npH6JII1JKeHHblX K naTpl1apxy 11 no onpe.n.eJIeHI1IO 3al1HTepeCOBaHHblX B
COXpaHeHl111 CJIOJKHBllJerOCSI nOJIOJKeHI1S1 Bell.\eH.
HHblMI1 CJIOBaMI1, 60JIbllJI1HCTBO JIH.n.epOB l1y.n.eeB naJIeCTI1Hbl no Pa3-
HbIM, BH.n.I1MO, npl1411HaM OTHeCJIOCb K npOeKTaM IOJIl1aHa HeHTpaJIbHO.
Bce JKe HeKOTOpoe KOJIH4eCTBO paBBI1HOB OTHeCJIOCb K nJIaHaM IOJIHa-
Ha C 3Hry3Ha3MOM. TaK, B TpaKTaTe Maacep WeHH BCTpe4alOTCSI CJIe.n.ylO-
ll.\l1e CJIOBa, KOTopble np0l13HeC pa6611 Axa: «XpaM 6y.n.eT nOCTpoeH .n.o
npHllleCTBWlQapCTBa .D:aBI1.n.a» UMaaser Sheni, 5, 2-56a). TOT JKe paBBHH,
comaCHO TpaKTary I>epaxOT UBerakhot, 2, 3-4d), roBOpl1JI 0 B03MOJKHO-
CTI1 cnaceHWI H3paHJISI B cy66OTHI1H ro.n.. MeJK.D.Y TeM 362/363 r., ro.n.,
Kor.n.a IOJIl1aH c06paJICSI B03pmK.n.aTb HepYCaJIHM, KaK pa3 11 SlBJISleTCSI
TaKI1M ro.n.OM (fo.n. 4122 no Hy.n.eHCKOMY KaJIeH.n.aplO).
O.n.HaKo XOTeJIOCb 6bl ell.\e pa3 no.n.4epKHYTb, '-ITO HeHTpaJIbHOe H
c.n.epJKaHHOe OTHOllleHHe l1y.n.ei1cKOH 3JIHTbl K nJIaHaM IOJIl1aHa BeCbMa
KOHTpaCTl1pOBaJIO C 3Hry3Ha3MoM npOCTblX JlIO.n.eH. 3Hry3Ha3M 3TOT
npl1HI1MaJI, npaB.n.a, I1Hor.n.a cBoe06pa3Hble cpOpMbI. TaK, eCTb I1HcpopMa-
QI1S1 (Ambrosius, Ep. XL., 15 = PL. Vol. 16, co!. 1154) 0 TOM, 4TO KaK
pa3 BO BpeMSI npaBJIeHI1S1 IOJIl1aHa l1y.n.el1 H3 411CJIa He60raTblX rpOMHJII1
H JKmH Xpl1CTl1aHCKHe QepKBI1 B fa3e H ACKaJIOHe BMeCTe C Sl3bI4HI1KaMH.
O.n.I1H COBpeMeHHblH H3pal1J1bCKHH I1CCJIe.n.OBaTeJIb C rpYCTblO nHllleT 0
TOM, 4TO B HHblX YCJIOBI1S1X 3TI1 JKe JIIO.n.H C y.n.OBOJIbCTBHeM rpOMI1JIH 6bl
Sl3bl4eCKI1e xpaMbl BMeCTe C XpI1CTl1aHaMH I68 .
MHorl1e HCT04HHKH IV B. CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT, 4TO B3aI1MOOTHOllleHI1S1
l1)'.n.eeB 11 Sl3bl4HHKOB B IV B. - oc06eHHo cpe.n.H npocTblX JIIO.n.eH - npo-
.n.OJIJKaJIl1 OCTaBaTbCSI 6JIarOJKeJIaTeJIbHblM 11 169 .
nO.n.rOTOBKa K CTpOHTeJIbHblM pa60TaM TaKoro pa3MaXa B HepycaaHMe
.n.OJDKHa 6blJla, eCTeCTBeHHO, 3aHSlTb MHOro BpeMeHH. Becb He06xo.n.HMb1H
MaTepl1aJI H .n.OJIJKHOe KOJIH4eCTBO pa60411X 6blJIO 06ecne4eHO JIl1lllb B
Ha4aJIe 363 r. ConOCTaBJIeHl1e JKe cBe.n.eHHH I1CT04HI1KOB nOKa3bIBaeT, 4TO
K CTpOHTeJIbHblM pa60TaM nO)J,roTOBHJII1Cb OCHOBaTeJIbHO: B HepYCaJIHMe
HaxO.n.I1JIOCb orpOMHoe KOJII14eCTBO CTpOI1TeJIbHblX pa604HX Bcex CneQl1aJIb-
HocTeH, CTpOHKa He HcnblTblBaJIa He.n.OCTaTKa B He06xo.n.I1Mb1X CTpOliTeJlb-
168 Avi-}imah M. The Jews of Palestine. A Political History from the Bar Kokhba War to
the Arab Conquest. New York. 1976. P. 198.
!.'3TO BIUHO no aHTHlIY.1eHCKII nponOBe!VI HoaHHa 3.1aToycra. C . TaKJKe: Soz,. Hist.
eccl., V, 22 (PG. Vol. 67, Col. 1284).
361
A. r. fpyweBOH. l1yoeu u lIyoaU1M e ucmopllll PU-\/CKOU pecny6.QUKU II PIIJ\1CKOU u-unepuu
HbIX Marepl1aJIax, cpl1HaHCl1pOBaHl1e pa60T 6bIJ10 .n.OCTaTO'-iHbIM. UepKOBHbIe
HCTOpHKH C HeMaJIbIM y.n.OBOJ1bCTBl1eM nl1lllyr 0 TOM, 'ITO CTpOJITeJIbHIDI
.n.eneJ1bHOCTb Ha XpaMoBoi1 rope Ha'-iaJIaCb C paC'-iI1CTKH PYHH 11 BbIB03a
KaMHeH npe.n.bI.D.Y HX nOCTpOeK 17O , Y.n.OBJIeTBOpeHl1e Ll,epKOBHbIX HCTOPH-
KOB 06'bjJCHjJJIOCb TeM, '-iTO xpHCTHaHCKHe aBTopbI 6bIJIH y6e)J{)J,eHbI B
CJIe.LJ.YlO eM. Bpo.n.e 6bI n0JIY'-laJIOCb, '-iTO H)'.n.el1 CaMI1 H C pa.n.OCThIO Pa3-
pYlllalOT OCTaTKH BTOpOro xpaMa. O.n.HaKO Ll,epKOBHbIe HCTOpl1KH He npa-
BbI 3.n.eCb B .n.BYX OTHOllleHWIX. Y Hac HeT I1HcpopMaLl,HI1 0 TOM, '-iTO Ha
CTpOI1TeJ1bCTBe pa60TaJIH maBHbIM 06pa30M H)'.n.eH. KpOMe TOro, MbI He
MO>KeM C YBepeHHOCTblO roBOpHTb 0 TOM, OCTaTKH KaKOro HMeHHO XpaMa
pa3rpe6aJIH pa60'-il1e B nepBbIe MeCjJLI,bI 363 r. KaK 113BeCTHO, Ha MeCTe
l1epycaJIHMcKoro xpaMa, no npl1Ka3Y A.n.pHaHa 6bIJ1 B03Be.n.eH xpaM IOnH-
Tepa KanHTOJ1HHCKOro. 3roT xpaM npocy eCTBOBaJI .n.o Ha'-iaJIa IV B. H
6bIJ1 3a6poweH npH HMneparope KOHCTaHTI1He.
O.n.HaKo, KaK 6bI TaM HI1 6bIJ10, pa60TbI npo.n.oIDKaJIHCb MaKcHMYM .n.o
nepBbIx .n.HeH MapTa 363 r. Hey6e.n.HTeJ1bHa BepCHjJ 0 TOM, '-iTO TaKHe
pa60TbI MomH npo.n.omKaTbCjJ.n.O KOHLI,a MajJ 363 r.\7\ Bo06 e)J{e Bonpoc
o .n.aTe KOHLI,a CTpOHTeJ1bCTBa Ha XpaMoBoH rope 172 3aBI1CHT OT HHTep-
npeTaLl,HH O.n.HOH cppa3bI BO cpparMeHTl1pOBaHHoM nl1CbMe K CBjJ eHHO-
CJ1}')KHTeJIIO, r.n.e IOJ1HaH nHllleT 0 Tpex pa3pYllleHHjJx l1epycaJIHMcKOro
xpaMa H 0 CBoeM HaMepeHHI1 ero B03pO.n.HTb 173 .
ot yap fuJ. tV 6VEtOt OvtE 'tit 'tOtaVta, 'troy "'Iou&xtrov ot npo<pft't<Xt,
'tt 1tEp1. 'tOD VEro q>1')crOOOl. 'tOD 1tet.p "" a\>'tot "Cpt "Cov <xva'tp(m£v't ,
tYEtpo VO\) O£ OOOE VDV; tyro of. d1tov 0\>1C 6VEOt roV t1CEiVOt , YE
'tooomot oo"CEpov XP6VOt <xvacr't1')cracre<Xt o1.EVo1')e"v a\>'tov Ei. 'ttIlTtv
'tOD 1CA."eEvt E1t"" am4'> {}£OD. (<<1160 oC}')f()J,alO He Hac 3a 3TO H)'.n.eH-
CKHe npopOKH, '-iTO OHI1 6y.n.YT rOBopHTb 06 HX xpaMe, TpH)J{)J,bI pa3Py-
llleHHOM H .n.o CHX nop He B03pO)J{)J,eHHOM? 51 )J{e 3TO CKa3aJI, He pyrIDI
HX, 1160 nOCJ1e CTOJIb )J,JIl1TeJIbHoro BpeMeHH MHOIO 6bIJ10 pellleHo BOC-
CTaHOBHTb ero BO CJIaBY 60ra, K KOTOPOMY B3bIBalOT B HeM».)
170 Soz. Hist.eccl., V, 22 (PG. Vol. 67, Col. 1285); Theodoret. Hist. eccl., lll, 20 (GCS.
Vol. 19. P. 199).
111 0630p Bcex 1I3BeCTHbiX HCTO'iHI1KOB, C006lI.1a1OlI.IHX 0 nonb1TKe B03pOJKAeHHJI Hepyca-
.'H CKOro xpaMa, npHBelIeH B pa60Te r. B. EaY3pcoKa: Bowersock G. W Julian the Apostate.
Harvard, 1978. P. 120-122. a CTpoHTeJlbCTBe Ha XpaMoBoH rope 1I0 KOHua Ma!l363 r. nHWeT
M. ABH-HoHa: Avi-Yonah M. The Jews of Palestine. A Political History from the Bar Kokhba
War to the Arab Conquest. New York, 1976, P. 198-204.
172 .LJ.ary Ha'ialla 3TOro CTpOHTeJlbCTBa Mbl onpe21eJlHTb He MOJKeM. BepOIlTHee Bcero, CTpo-
HTeJlH npHcrynHJJH K pa60Te Ha XpaMOBOJ:i rope B IIHBape-<jJeBpalle 363 r.
173 Fragmentum Epistolae 295C. (HcnOJlb30BaHHOe H321aHHe: The Works of the Emperor
Julian with an English translation by W. C. Wright in three volumes. Cambrdige, Mass., 1969.
P.312-313.)
362
TJla6a 7. Tpemllu neplloo PUMcKo-lIyoeucKux omHouleHllu
CJIOBa 0 Tpex pa3pyrneHI1jjx I74 H 0 TOM, '-iTO XpaM .n.o CHX nop He
BOCCTaHOBJ1eH BnOJIHe MOryT 6blTb pacueHeHbl KaK Henocpe.n.CTBeHHoe
YKa3aHHe Ha npeKpallleHHe Ha'-iaBlllHXCjj 6bInO cTpOHTeJIbHblX pa60T .n.o
OT6blTHjj IOJIHaHa Ha BOHH}' 5 MapTa 363 r. CJIOBa)f(e 0 HaMepeHHI1 B03-
pO.n.HTb XpaM (cO'-ieTaHHe naCCHBHoro aopHCTa C Me.n.HaJlbHblM l1H1pHHI1-
TI1BOM 6y.n.Ylllero BpeMeHH) He npe.n.CTaBJIjjeTCjj B03MO)f(HbIM YBjj3blBaTb
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B 6y.n.YllleM B03pO.n.I1Tb XpaM l7S . CMblCJI CJIOB IOJlHaHa JIHlllb B KOHCTa-
TaUHI1 <paKTa, '-iTO y Hero HMeJIOCb HaMepeHl1e B03pO.n.HTb XpaM.
CaMO )f(e CTpOHTeJIbCTBO (TaK H He 3aBepllleHHoe) TpeTbero xpaMa
.n.OlllJIO .n.o CTa)J,HH <pYH.D.aMeHTa. O.n.HaKO BCKope Ha'-iaJIl1Cb - eCJII1 Bepl1Tb
UepKOBHblM I1CTopHKaM - HaCTOjjllll1e '-iy.n.eca. K C'-iaCTblO, B HallleM
pacnOpjj)f(eHHH eCTb H O.n.HO 06'beKTI1BHOe 113JIO)KeHl1e C06b1TI1H, XOTjj H
OHO nOHjjTHO He BO Bcex CBOHX .n.eTaJljjX.
o CTpOHTeJIbHblX pa60Tax B l1epYCaJlHMe 11 HX KOHue paCCKa3blBaeT
TalOKe AMMHaH MapueJIJIHH (XXIII, 1, 2), peaJIHCTH'-ieCKH MblCJIjjllll1H
I1CTOpI1K, CTOpOHHI1K Bcex .n.eHCTBI1H HMnepaTopa IOJIHaHa. AMMHaH
MapueJIJII1H nl1llleT 0 TOM, '-iTO no Mepe npo.n.BH)KeHl1jj pa60T Ha XpaMO-
BOH rope 113 He.n.p ropbl, H3-no.n. pa3BaJlHH, CTaJlH BblpblBaTbCjj jj3blKH
nJIaMeHH (6YKBaJlbHO - lllapHKH OrHjj), KOTopble C)KHraJIl1 MHOrHX pa-
60'-iHX. KaK OTHOCI1TbCjj K 3TOMY C0061lleHHIO - Bonpoc CJIO)f(HbIH.
B npHHUl1ne, 3.n.eCb MO)f(HO nonblTaTbCjj npe.n.JIO)f(HTb .n.roKe HeCKOJIbKO
BnOJIHe paUHOHaJlbHblX 06'bjjCHeHHH. B He.n.pax ropbl MOrJIl1 CKOnHTbCjj
pa3JIH'-iHble no.n.3eMHble ra3bl, KOTopble npH KOHTaKTe C B03.n.YXOM Ha'-iH-
HaJlH ropeTb. HeJIb3jj, KOHe'-iHO, HCKJIIO'-iaTb H :meMeHTapHblX nO)J,)KOrOB
B CO'-ieTaHHI1 C Bbl6pocaMH no.n.3eMHblX ra30B 176 .
KaK 6bl TaM HI1 6b1JIO, CJIy'-iHBllleeCjj Ha CTpOI1TeJIbHOH nJIOIlla)J,Ke
Bbl3BaJlO 60JIblllOe CMYllleHl1e y Bcex O'-ieBH.n.ueB H CTpOHTeJIbCTBO npe-
KpaTHJIOCb. I1HTepecHo, 'ITO AMMl1aH MapueJIJIHH co061llaeT 0 npeKpa-
'74.L!eJ10 B TOM, 'iTO pa3pyweHHH Hepyca..1HMCKOro xpaMa BO Bpe:'deHH IOJJHaHa 6b1J10
lIBa - paJpyweHHe nepBoro xpa.\la (586 r. .110 H. J.) H paJpyweHlle BTOpOro xpaMa (70 r,
H. J.). 3axBaTbi Hep)'ca..1HMa H - HHOLJa - WTYP lb( Xpa:'da B nepllo,J OT MaKKaBeeB 1I0
Hpolla Be.1HKoro, a TaKJKe pa3JJH'iHble BOJ1HeHHII B HepYCaJIHMe BIB. H. 3. pa3pyweHHJlMH
Xpa:'da He conpOBOJK.I1aJIUCb, HHblMH CJ10BaMH, TO, 'iTO Y IOJ1HaHa Ha3BaHO TpeTbHM paJPy-
weHueM, He :'dOJKCT 6blTb HH'ie:'d HHblM, KpOMe pa3pyweHI1J1 npH IOJ1HaHe.
175 EC.lll 6b1 TaKOe 6b1J10 B03:'dOJKHO, TO TOflla nPHBelleHU)'1O UHTary C,lelIOBa..10 6bl C'iHTarb
HanHcaHHoti ,JO Ha'iaJIa .1106b1x CTpOHTe,lbHbIX pa60T Ha Xpa:'dOBOH rope.
'" MOJKHO B npliHUlme nO,JYMaTb H 0 nO,JJKorax. H60 nporpaMMa 1O.1HaHa no IIYlIctiCKO-
:'dY Bonpocy llaJIeKO He y Bcex Bbl3BaJIa 0,J06peHHe II IIYlleJ:icKaJI JJ1HTa OTHec.qaCb KO BceMY
npollCXOLlJllI.leMY ClIepJKaHHO. Bno.qHe B03:'dOJKHO. 'iTO CTpOllTe.lbCTBO Xpa:'da no I1HIIUHaTH-
BC HMnepaTopa Momo 6bITb BOCnpllHJlTO KaK He'leCTHBOe ,JeSlHHe. ECTeCTBeHHO, 'iTO ewe
60,lce He'leCTlIBbl:'d BblrHJI.I1e.10 no CTpOllTe.lbCTBO C xpliCTlIaHCKoil TO'iKII 3peHHSI.
363
A, r, rpyweBoJ:i, ffyoeu IIl1yoaU3.\1 e ucmopull PIL\lCKOli pecny6.7uKIIII PIL\1CKOli IwnepUII
weHl1l1 CTpOl1TeJIbCTBa Bcero .n.BYM CJlOBaMH: cessavit inceptum - «Ha-
1.JaTOe npeKpaTHJlOcb». HaCKOJlbKO Mbl 3HaeM, AMMHaH Mapu,eJlJIHH B
HepYCaJIHMe He 6blJl H H3JIaraJI onHCblBaeMoe no .n.0KYMeHTaM. K cO)l(a-
JleHI1IO, Mbl Y)I(e He Y3HaeM, 1.JTO 6b1J10 B 3THX .n.0KYMeHTax. H Bce )I(e
HeKOTopoe npe.n.cTaBJleHl1e 06 3TOM OT1.Je-re MbI MO)l(eM COCTaBHTb, H60 C
co06weHHeM AMMHaHa Mapu,eJIJlI1Ha COBna.n.ae-r BO MHOroM TeKCT «lJ,ep-
KOBHOH HCTOpHH» Pycpl1Ha (Rufinus, X, 39-40). PyCPHH, 6y.n.y1.JH xpHcTHa-
HI1HOM, npl1nHCaJI HCTOpl111 CTpOHTeJIbCTBa XpaMa B HepYCaJIHMe 11 npe-
KpaweHH 3TOro cT}JOHTeJIbCTBa MHO)l(eCTBO 'I)'.n.ec, HO B OCHOBe CBoeH
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e-rc , 'ITO BbIXO.n.y orID! Ha nOBepXHOCTb npe.n.lllecTBOBaJIO Cl1)'1.JHBllleeC
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r.n.e I1MeHHO np0l130llleJi Bbl6poc OrH . Era CJlOBa 0 no.n.3eMHoH nocTpoi1-
Ke Me)l()J,)' .n.BYMH nopTI1KaMI1 n03BOJI IOT rOBopHTb, 1.JTO Bbl6poc OrH
np0l130llleJI B IOro-BOCT01.JHOM ymy xpaMoBoH TeppHTopHH, Ha MeCTe TaK
HaJblBaeMblX «COJlOMOHOBbIX KOHlOllleH». HaH60Jlee BepoHHblM 06o c-
HeHHeM 3Toro BJ1eHlUl cJle.n.ye-r npl13HaTb B3pblB no.n.3eMHblX raJOB npl1
conpHKOCHOBeHHH C KHCJlOpO.n.OM. Cy.lUl no BceMY, Ha cTpoHKe 6YllleBaJI
HacToHWHH nO)l(ap, 1.JTO, KOHe1.JHO, He Momo He CM)'THTb 01.JeBH.n.u,eB CO-
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CKoro xpaMa HHKaK He Momo YCTPOHTb.
lho )I(e Kacae-rCH XpHCTl1aHCKHX aBTOpOB, TO y HI1X HCTOpH 0 npeKpa-
weHHH CTpOHTeJlbCTBa HepYCaJIHMCKOro xpaMa 06pocJla MHO)l(eCTBOM
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maCHO xpHCTHaHCKHM BepCH M, 3eMJle-rp ceHIDI nOBTOp JlHCb BHOBb 11
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Jle)l(aBIllIDI 6y.n.To 6b1 Ha 3TOM MeCTe C caMoro OCHOBaHH XpaMa. Oc06ylO
nonyJUlpHOCTb B xpHCTHaHcKoH JII1Teparype B 3TOH CB 3H 06pe-rae-r MOTHB
KpeCTa. OrpoMHblH KpeCT 6bIJI BH.n.eH Ha.n. XpaMoBoH ropOH. KpecTbl
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H)'.n.eeB H 3bl1.JHI1KOB KpecTbl 6b1J1H 1.JepHblMH, Ha o.n.e)J()J,e xpHcTHaH - 6e-
JlbIMH 177 .
177 OCHOBHble KOHTeKCTbl: Ambrosius, Epistula, XL, 12 (PL. Vol. 16. Cols. 1152-1153);
Philostorgius. VB. 9a: VB, 14; Theodoret, III, 20; Socrates. ilL 20; Sozomen. V, 22: Theophanis
Chronographia edidit C. de Boor. Vol. 1. Leipzig, 1883 a. m. 5855; Michelle Syrien, (ed.
Chabot), I. P. 283, 288-289.
364
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KO, a MO)l(eT 6blTb, H He CTOJ1bKO H3-3a 3eMJIeTp CeHH 11 no.n.3eMHoro
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CTpOHTeJIbCTBO lllJIO B aTMoc<pepe CKpblToro He.n.06po)l(eJIaTeJIbCTBa Me-
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B03pO.n.HTb XpaM B l1epycaJIl1Me.
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pOMHblMH Tpy.n.HOCTjlMI1 pHMcKoe BOHCKO BepHYJIOCb B ceHT 6pe 363 r.
B AHTHOXHIO H3 :noro KpaHHe Hey.n.a'-lHoro BoeHHoro noxo.n.a. CMeHa
BJ1aCTH o.n.HaKO np0I130lllJ1a. Bce nOCJ1e.D.)'I0111l1e HMnepaTopbl 6blJ1H y)l(e
TOJ1bKO xpHCTHaHaMH, a nporpaMMa .n.e TeJIbHOCTI1 IOJ1HaHa no HY.n.eH-
CKOMY Bonpocy OTnaJIa caMa C060H.
TaK HaMepeHHe IOJ1HaHa B03pO.n.l1Tb l1epycaJIHMCKHH xpaM KOH1-IHJIOCb
napa.n.oKCaJIbHblM 06pa30M - o6paTHbiM pe3YJ1bTaToM. ECJ111 .n.o 363 r.
TeppHTOpHjI XpaMa npe.n.CTaBJI J1a C060H BH)'lllHTeJ1bHYIO rpy.n.y OCTaTKOB
KaK l1epycaJIl1McKoro xpaMa, TaK H nocTpoeHHoro Ha ero MeCTe xpaMa
3eBca, TO BecHoH 363 r. paC'-IHCTI1J1H 3aBaJIbl, 3Ha'-lHTeJ1bHO YMeHblllHB
TeM caMblM OCTaTKI1 l1epycaJIHMcKoro xpaMa.
JlpKOCTb J1H'-IHOCTI1 H HecTaH.n.a)ITHocTb nOCl)'nKOB IOJIHaHa 3aCTaB-
J1j1eT MHorHX HCCJIe.n.oBaTeJIeH 3a.n.aBaTbC B npHHUHne 6eCn0J1e3HbIM
BonpocoM: a '-ITO 6b1J10 6bl, eCJ1H 6bl... 1OJ1l1aH, B03MO)l(HO, Mor 6bl npH
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CKOro xpaMa, TO B KOHe'-lHOM C'-IeTe :no 06epH)'J10Cb 6bl npOTHB pHMCKHX
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)J,JII1TeJ1bHble BOHHbl H KOH<pJIHKTbl Me)l()J,y HY.n.ejlMI1 11 pHMCKHM rocy.n.ap-
CTBOM.
365
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7. l1yJteH H HYJtaH3M B 3aKOHoJtaTeAbCTBe
eoJtocHH I, ApKMHH H eoJtocHH II.
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cy.n.apCTBa H nOBe.n.lllHH pelllHTeJ1bHOe HaCl)'nJIeHHe Ha jJ3bI4eCTBO H
l1y.n.aH3M, npaB.n.a, He nOCJ1e.n.OBaTeJ1bHOe, 1.JTO 06'bjJCHjJJ10Cb }')Ke OTMe-
4eHHOH BbIwe HenOCJ1e.n.OBaTeJIbHOCTblO BpIDK.D.e6Horo OTHOllleHl1jJ Xp"-
CTHaHCTBa K l1y.n.aH3MY. nOJII1THKa <l>eo.n.OCHjJ 6b1J1a npo.n.OJI)KeHa ero
CbIHOM ApKa,n.HeM (395-408), a TalOKe BHYKOM, <l>eo.n.oCl1eM II (408-450).
I'hom 3TOH nOJ1HTI1KH HaWJ1H CBoe oTproKeHHe B Ko.n.eKce <l>eo.n.ocHjJ
(Codex Theodosianus) - nepBOM KpynHoM naMjJTHHKe Ko.n.HcpHKaU:I1H
pl1MCKOrO npaBa.
3.n.eCb He npe.n.cTaBJ1jJeTCjJ B03MO)KHbIM paJ611paTb BCIO .n.eneJ1bHOCTb
<l>eo.n.ocl1jJ KaK 3aKOHo.n.aTeJ1jJ, 1160 OXBaTbIBaJIa OHa Bce CTOpOHbI 06we-
CTBeHHOH )K11'3HI1. n03TOMY OCTaHOBHMCjJ BHHMaTeJ1bHee Ha peJIHrH03Hoi1
nOJIHTHKe. O.n.HHM H3 nepBbIX 3aKOHo.n.aTeJ1bHbIX aKTOB <l>eo.n.OCHjJ 6bIJ1
YKaJ 380 r., onpe.n.eJIjJBlllHH, lITO HMeHHO MO)KeT C1.JHTaTbCjJ OpTO.n.OKCaJIb-
HbIM xpHCTHaHHHOM, a KTO - epeTI1KOM. nepBbIMI1 06'bjJBJIjJJII1Cb J1HWb
Te, KTO HcnOBe.n.OBaJI HHKeHCKHH CHMBOJI BepbI. C 3Toro MOMeHTa Ha411-
HaeTCjJ CTO,lb xapaKTepHOe .D.JIjJ HCTOpl1H BOCT01.JHOH PHMCKOH HMnepHH
CJll1jJHHe rocy.n.apCTBa 11 u:epKBH Boe.n.I1HO H npH.n.aHl1e u:epKOBHbIM KaHO-
HaM BepbI 06werocy.n.apCTBeHHbIX, 06jJ3aTeJ1bHbIX HOpM )J(H3HH .D.JIjJ Bcex
nO.D..D.aHHbIX.
B Te )Ke ro.n.bI <l>eo.n.OCHH 06'bjJBJ1jJeT BOHH}' H jJ3bI'Ie CTBY. 3a nepHO.n.
C 380 no 392 r. 6b1J1 npHHjJT u:eJ1bIH PjJ.n. YKaJOB 0 3anpeweHI1H )KepTBo-
npHHollleHHjJ 11 ra,n.aHlliI no BHYTpeHHI1M opraHaM )J(HBOTHbIX, 6bIJI 3apbIT
.n.ocl)'n B jJ3bI4eCKI1e xpaMbI, 1.JTO npl1BeJ10 K MaccoBoM}"'3aKpbITHIO xpa-
366
TJlaea 7. Tpemuu nepllod pUMCKo-uyoeuCKIL"( omHollleHuu
MOB. 3.n.aHIUl xpaMOB Monm CJ1Y)f(HTb pa3J1I1'-lHbIM rocy.n.apCTBeHHbIM
nOTpe6HocnM, HHor.n.a )f(e OHI1 npaKTH1.JeCKH cpa3Y pa3pYlllaJ1HCb H
no.n.BepraJIl1Cb pa3rpa6J1eHI1IO cpaHaTH1.JeCKI1 HaCTpoeHHOH TOJInOH. B HC-
TOpHH H3BeCTeH CJ1Y1.JaH YHI11.JTO)f(eHH B AJleKcaH.n.pHI1 B 390-391 rr.
xpaMa Cepanl1ca.
B 392 r. 6bIJI H3.n.aH HTOroBblH YKa3 no 3bI1.JeCTBY. B .n.0KYMeHTe 3a-
npeIl..laJIl1Cb )f(epTBOnpI1HOllleHI1 , B03J1I1j1HI1 , BocKYpeHHe cpl1Ml1aMa,
BCjl'IeCKHe ra.n.aHH . OJ1I1MnHHCKajl peJ1HrH 06'b BJ1 J1aCb 3bI1.JeCKHM
cyeBepl1eM. <1>eOLl,OCHH 06'bjlBJ1j1J1 Bcex npec1)'nHBllll1X Ll,aHHbIH 3L1,I1KT
BI1HOBHbIMI1 B oCKop6J1eHHH BeJ1H1.JeCTBa 11 rp03HJ1 OCJIYlllHHKaM cypo-
BbIMH KapaMH.
nepexo.n. Tenepb K 3aKOHaM BpeMeHH <1>eo.n.ocH , ero CbIHa 11 BHYKa
o uy.n.ejlX, XOTeJIOCb 6bl npe)f()J,e Bcero OTMeTlITb, 1.JTO no CBoeMY xapaK-
Tepy 3TH 3aKOHbi npOTHBope1.Jl1Bbl 11 06Il..laR HX oueHKa 3aBI1CIIT BO MHOroM
OT TOro, Ha 1.JeM .n.eJIaeTCjI aKueHT. <1>eoLl,ocl1i1, ero CbIH H BHYK CMOTpeJ111
Ha jl3bI1.JHHKOB H epeTHKOB KaK Ha BparOB peJIHrH03Ho-nOJIHTH1.JeCKOrO
e.n.I1HCTBa rocy.n.apCTBa, 11 nOTOMY o6Il..la J1I1HI1 BHYTpeHHeH nOJII1TI1KH
Bcex Tpex HMnepaTOpOB K TIHM CJ10jlM HaCeJ1eHHjI onpe.n.eJI JIaCb O.n.HHM
CJIOBOM - npeCJ1e.n.OBaHHe. nOJ1HTHKa <1>eo.n.oCHjI H ero npeeMHHKOB no
OTHOllleHHIO K uy.n.ejlM 6bUla HHOH. I1MnepaTopbI )f(eJ1aJ1H npHcoe.n.I1HeHlliI
uy.n.eeB K XpI1CTHaHCTBY, HO He lllJ1H - BO BC KOM CJIY1.Jae Ha 6YMare -
.n.aJlbllle nO)f(eJIaHI1H.
no 60J1blllOMY C1.Je-ry nOJ1I1THKY <1>eo.n.OCH Hero 6J1H)f(aHlllHX npeeM-
HHKOB no OTHOllleHl11O K uy.n.e M MO)f(HO onpe.n.eJ1HTb KaK nOJIHTHKY or-
paHH1.JeHH , HanpaBJ1eHHYIO Ha TO, 1.JT06bI BOCnpenjlTCTBOBaTb B03MO)f(-
HOMY BJIHjlHHIO uy.n.eeB Ha xpHCTHaH H xpHCTHaHCKHH MHp.
.lLn Toro 1.JT06bI nOH Tb, 1.JTO HOBOro npHBHeCJIO 3aKOHo.n.aTeJ1bCTBO
<1>eo.n.OCHjI H ero npeeMHHKOB B n0J10)f(eHHe l1y.n.eeB, He06xo.n.I1MO eIl..le
pa3, XOT 6bI KpaTKO, OCTaHOBI1TbC Ha TOM, 1.JTO HOBOro BHOCHJ10 HJIH He
BHOCI1J10 3aKOHo.n.aTeJ1bCTBO TOro I1J1H HHoro HMnepaTopa B nOJIO)f(eHHe
uy.n.eeB.
KaK 1.JeTKO CKa3aHO B Ko.n.eKce <1>eo.n.ocH (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 13;
XVI, 8, 15), npH HMnepaTope KOHcTaHTHHe naTpHapxH uy.n.eeB, cTapeH-
lllHHbI, maBbI lllKOJ1 H cHHaror nOJIb30BaJlHCb TeMH )f(e npaBaMH, 1.JTO 11
XpHCTl1aHCKOe .n.yxoBeHcTBo, H jl3bl1.JeCKHe )f(peUbi. npH HeM )f(e 6bIJ1
B0306H0BJ1eH no CYTH .n.eJIa TOJ1bKO O.n.HH 3anpe-r - 3anpe-r Ha 06pe3aHHe,
1.JTO BeJ10 K aBTOMaTH1.JeCKOMY OCB060)f()J,eHHIO TaKHX pa60B. npl1 KOH-
CTaHUHH nOCJIe.n.OBaJI 3anpeT Ha 6paKH Me)f()J,y uy.n.e MH H XpI1CTHaHaMH.
3a HapYllleHHe 3TOfO 3anpe-ra, a TalOKe 3a 06pe3aHHe pa6a nOJ1araJIaCb
CMepTHaR Ka3Hb (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 9). npl1 KOHcTaHUHH )f(e, KaK}')Ke
OTMe1.JaJlOCb, 6bIJ111 3anpeIl..leHbI HCnOJIHeHHe peJ1HfH03HbIX 06pjl.n.oB,
367
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i, l1yoeu U uyoau:w e IIcmopuu PILlfCKOli pecny6.7lIKu u PU.MCKOli lL\tnepllU
n0J1b30BaHHe KaJleH.n.apHbIMH BbII.fHCJ1eHI1j(MH H TOprOBJIj( npe.n.MeTaMH
peJII1rH03HOrO KYJ1bTa.
npH IOJIHaHe nOJIO)KeHl1e l1y.n.eeB, KaK Y)J(e OTMel.faJIOCb, cy ecTBeH-
HO YJ1Yl.flllHJIOCb. HMnepaTOp OrpaHI1I.fHJ1 HaIlOrH, B3HMaBlllHeCj( C Hy.n.e-
eB H OTMeHI1J1 Bce OrpaHH'-IeHHj(, BBe.n.eHHbIe npH KOHCTaHUHH. npeeM-
HHKI1 1OJ1l1aHa He OTMeHHJ111 ero pellleHHH, KacaBlllHXCj( Hy.n.eeB. (Pel.fb
lllJ1a, pa3YMeeTCj(, TOJIbKO 0 npOBe.n.eHHbIX B )KH3Hb pellleHHj(X, a He 06
06lllHpHOH nporpaMMe peKoHcTpYKUHH HepycaJlI1Ma).
HHKaKHx HOBbIX 3aKOHOB 06 HY.n.ej(x.n.o HMnepaTOpa <1>eo.n.ocl1j( npaK-
TH'-IeCKH He npHHI1MaJlOCb. KOHKpeTHblM npHMepOM OTHOllleHHj( <1>eo.n.o-
CHj( K HY.n.ej(M MO)J(eT CJIY)J(HTb HCTOpHj( CO)J()l(eHHj( CI1HarOrH B KaJlJ1H-
HHKe, ropo.n.e Ha ceBepHOM EBcppaTe, B npOBHHUHH OcpoeHa, Bxo.n.HBllleH
B 3TH ro.n.bI B COCTaB I1MnepHI1. HCTOpHj( 3aCJ1)0KHBaeT BHI1MaHI1j( e e H
nOTOMY, 'I TO OHa nOJIYI.fI1J1a llll1pOKHH 06 eCTBeHHbIH OTKJ1HK.
B 388 IDIH B 389 r. cHHarora B KaJlJ1HHHKe 6bIJ1a CO)JOl(eHa BCJ1e.n.CTBHe
no.n.cTpeKareJlbCTB MecTHoro enl1CKona. 0 C06bITHI1 .n.OJIO)KHJ1H HMnepa-
TOPy, KOTOpbIH OTHeCCj( K Cll)'I.fHBweMYCj( C .n.OJI)KHbIM BHHMaHHeM, H60
cnpaBe.n.J1HBO YBH.n.eJI 3.n.eCb CJ1Yl.faH, KOTOpbIH Mor 6bI CTaTb .n.ypHbIM
npeue.n.eHToM .D.J1j( Bcero DJ1I1)KHerO BocToKa. B pe3YJ1bTaTe <1>eo.n.ocHH
npHKa3aI1 MeCTHOMY enl1CKony BOCCTaHOBI1Tb CI1Harory 3a CBOH Cl.feT
(Ambros., Ep., XL., 6, 13). HMnepaTOp TaIOKe npl1Ka3aJ1 CypOBO HaKa3aTb
KOHKpeTHbIX BI1HOBHbIX.
3Ta CI1l)'aUHj( npHBJIeKJ1a BHHMaHHe H3BecTHoro 06 ecTBeHHoro
.n.ej(TeJ1j( BpeMeHH <1>eo.n.ocHj(, KpynHoro npe.n.CTaBHTeJIj( Xpl1CTl1aHCKOH
uepKBH - AMBPOCHj(, enHCKona Me.n.HOJ1aHcKoro (T. e. MHJ1aHCKoro).
OH YCMOTpeJ1 B 3TOM pellleHHH <1>eo.n.ocl1j( BeJ1H'-IaHwylO HecnpaBe.n.J1H-
BOCTb no OTHOllleHl11O K xpHCTHaHCTBY H xpHcTHaHcKoH uepKBH. LJ:0
Hallll1X .n.HeH COXpaHHJ10Cb 06CTOj(TeJ1bHOe nl1CbMO AMBpOCI1j( K HMne-
paTOpy, B KOTOpOM enl1CKOn y6e)J()J,aJI <1>eo.n.ocHj( OTMeHHTb npHKa3, TaK
KaK CO)J()l(eHO HH'-ITO)KHOe 3.n.aHHe, 6bIBlllee MeCTOM Hel.feCTHj( H HeBepHj(.
KpoMe Toro, nHCaJI AMBPOCHH, HY.n.eH paHee Heo.n.HOKpaTHO n03B0J1j(J1H
ce6e npo.n.eJ1bIBaTb no.n.06Hoe C XpHCTl1aHCKI1MH xpaMaMH, OCTaBaj(Cb
6e3HaKa3aHHbIMI1.
B CJ10)KI1BllleHCj( CHl)'aUHH .n.J1j( AMBpOCHj( .n.eJ1O 6bIJ10 BOBce He B
Hy.n.ej(X. LJ:.nj( enHCKona Me.n.HOJ1aHcKoro npl1HUHnHaIlbHO 6bIJ10 .n.py-
roe - uepKOBb .n.OJDKHa 6bITb Ha.n. rocy.n.apCTBOM. EMY npe.n.CTaBJ1j(J1aCb
He.n.onyCTHMOH caMa CHl)'aUHj(, Kor.n.a I1MnepaTOp Hal.fHHaJI npl1HHMaTb
pellleHHj(, XOTb B '-IeM-TO He YCTpaHBaBllll1e uepKOBb. nHCbMO AMBpOClliI
ueJII1 He .n.OCTHfJ10, I1I1Mneparop He c06l1paJIcj( OTMeHj(Tb CBoe pellleHl1e.
O.n.HaKO Cll)'I.fIDIOCb TaK, 'I TO, OKa3aBWHCb no rocy.n.apCTBeHHbIM .n.eJ1aM
B HTaIlHH, B Me.n.110J1aHe, <1>eo.n.OCI1H nOCeTHJ1 xpaM, B KOTOpOM CJI)0KHJI
368
!iweo 7. Tpemllu nepuoO plLIICKo-uyoeucKln Oml/OllleHlIU
AMBPOCHH, 11 TYf enHCKon pelllHJ1 BOCn0J1b30BaTbC CH1)'aLU1ei1. [1OCJIe
60rOCJ1Y)f(eHI1 OH 06paTI1J1C K HMnepaTOpy C J1H'-IHOH npocb60H 06
OTMeHe HaKa3aHH enHCKona KaJIJIHHHKH. <1>eo.n.ocHi1 6bIJ1 nOCTaBJ1eH
nepe.n. CJIO)f(HbIM Bbl60pOM 11 nOCJIe HeKOTopblX K0J1e6aHHH YC1)'nI1JI
Ha)f(I1MY AMBpOCH , Bbl6paB .n.J1 ce6 nOJ1HTHKY COJ03a C UePKOBbJO.
[10)J,)KHraTeJ111 cHHarorH B KaJIJ1HHHKe OCTaJII1Cb, TaKI1M 06Pa30M, 6e3-
HaKa3aHHbIMH.
O.n.HaKO )f(e, c.n.eJIaB Bbl60p B nOJIb3Y COJ03a C UepKOBbJO, HMnepaTOp
Bce )Ke BnOJIHe a.n.eKBaTHO OTHOCI1J1C K peaJIl1 M OKpY)f(aJOI.Uero MHpa.
B 392 r. <1>eo.n.ocHH 113.n.aJI CJ1e.n.yJOI.UHH 3.n.I1Kr (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 9):
«.IJ:a 6y.n.eT 113BeCTHO, lJTO ceKra H)'.n.eeB He 3anpeI.UeHa HI1KaKHM 3aKOHOM.
[103TOMY Mbl BOCCTaeM, lJT06bl 6bIJII1 3anpeI.UaeMbl c06paHH HX B HeKO-
TOpblX MeCTax. I-fTaK, .n.a y.n.ep)KHT CTporOCTbJO MHJ10CTb, no nOJIYlJeHI1H
3TOro npI1Ka3a, H3J1HllIHJOJO peBHocTb Tex, KrO no.n. 3HaMeHeM XP"CTH-
aHCKOH peJ1HrHH nblTaeTC pa3pYlllaTb H YHl1lJTO)KaTb CI1HarOrJ1».
CMbICJ1 3Toro 3aKOHa 3aKJ1JOlJaeTC , cy.n. no BceMY, B )f(eJIaHI1H OCTa-
HOBHTb Ha MecTax 113JIHlllHHH - C TOlJKI1 3peHHjI BepXOBHOH BJIaCTH -
pa3MaX norpOMHoro .n.BIDKeHH npOTHB Hy.n.eeB.
BeCbMa BIDKeH, npHlJeM BO MHOrHX OTHOllleHI1 X, 3aKOH OT 17 anpeJ1
392 r. (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 8). CJ1YlJaJIOCb, lJTO Hy.n.eH, 113rHaHHble 113
06I.UHH npHMaTaMH, 06paI.UaJIl1Cb 3a co.n.eHCTBl1eM K CBeTCKOH BJ1aCTH H
C nOMOI.UbJO ee CHOBa CTaHOBHJIHCb lJJ1eHaMH 06I.UHHbl 178 . 3T0 BMellla-
TeJ1bCTBO rpIDK.D.aHCKOH BJ1aCTH Bbl3BaJIO npOTeCT co CTOpOHbl l1y.n.eeB.
I1x )KaJI06bl .n.OlllJlH .n.o HMnepaTOpa H B pe3YJ1bTaTe OH H3.n.aJI 3aKOH, 3a-
npeI.UaBllll1H 06paTHoe npl1H THe B 06I.UHHY npOTHB )KeJIaHH npe.n.CTa-
BHTeJIeH l1y.n.eHCKOH BepbI. 113 3aKOHa Mbl Y3HaeM TaIOKe, lJTO BblClllHe
npe.n.CTaBHTeJIIi l1y.n.eHCKOH peJ1HrHH, naTpHapXH, no.n. PYKOBO.n.CTBOM
KOTOpblX COCTOjlJlH npHMaTbl, HOCHJIH BeCbMa nOlJeTHblH B I1Mnepl111
TH1)'J1 illustris.
3.n.HKrOM 18 <jJeBpaJIjI 390 r. <1>eo.n.oCI1H oCBo60.n.HJ1 H)'.n.eeB OT npl1H)'-
.n.HTeJ1bHOH MOpCKOH CJ1Y)f(6bI, HO, npaB.n.a, He Bcex, a TOJ1bKO caMblX
6e.n.Hb1X H HMeJOI.UHX MeJ1Kl1e KOMMeplJeCKHe npe.n.npH TlliI (Cod. Theod.,
XlII, 5, 18).
<1>eo.n.oCl1eM 6blJ10 H3.n.aHO TaIOKe HeMaJIOe KOJIHlJeCTBO OrpaHl1lJHTeJ1b-
HblX 3aKOHOB npOTHB H)'.n.eeB. I1Hor.n.a, npaB.n.a, HMnepaTOp, He npl1HI1MM
HOBblX 3aKOHOB, npOCTO BOCCTaHaBJ1HBaJI Te, lJTO 6blJ1H npHHjlTbl .n.o Hero.
TaK, <1>eo.n.OCI1H BOCCTaHOBI1J1 3aKOH KOHCTaHUHjI OTHOCHTeJIbHO pa60B.
J78 He COBceM nOHJlTHO, KTO HMeHHO 3.lleCb Ha3BaH .,aTHHCKHM TepMHHOM primas. He
npHXOlIHTCJI, OlIHaKO, COMHeBaTbCII, 'iTO TaK 3aKOHOlIaTeJ'b Ha3BaJJ KOro-TO H3 PYKoBolIHTe",eJ:i
06WHHbi.
369
A. f, rpyweBoJ:i. l1yoeu u uyoau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKoupecny6JlUKU U P/.L\lCKOU UMnepuu
l1y.n.eH 6bIJIH JIHlUeHbl npaBa I1MeTb pa60B H3 lll1CJIa Xpl1CTHaH H TeM
60JIee 06pawaTb CBOI1X pa60B B H)'.n.eHCTBO, 3a 3TO HM rp03HJ10 cypOBoe
HaKa3aHHe. 3TOT 3aKOH 6bUl npHH1IT B 384 r. 3aKoHoTBopllecTBo B 3TOM
HanpaBJIeHHI1 6blJIO npo.n.omKeHO B 417 r., npH <1>eo.n.ocHH II. HOBbli1
3aKOH HOCHJI KOMnpoMHccHblH xapalITep. C O.n.HOH CTOpOHbl, Hy.n.e}1M
3anpeWaJIOCb nOKynaTb pa60B, HO HM He 3anpeWaJIOCb HMeTb pa60B H
npl106peTaTb HX I1HblMI1 nyT}1MH, HanpHMep, no 3aBeWaHHIO HJIH B Ka-
lIeCTBe .n.apa, npH YCJIOBI1H liTO X03}1I1H He 6y.n.eT CTpeMI1TbC}1 H3MeH}1Tb
HX peJlHrH03Hbie y6e)l()J,eHH}1 (Cod. Theod., XVI, 9, 4). lJ:epe3 HeCKOJIbKO
JIeT, B 423 r., <1>eo.n.ocHH II npmum ewe O.n.I1H 3aKOH 6JIH3KOrO co.n.ep)f(aHlliI
H KOMnpoMHccHblH no CBoeMY xapalITepy. l1y.n.e}1M pa3pelllaJIOCb npHo6-
peTaTb pa60B He-xpHCTHaH 11, eCTeCTBeHHO, pa60B-H)'.n.eeB (Cod. Theod.,
XVI, 9, 5).
<1>eo.n.ocHH B0306HOBHJ1 3aKOH BpeMeHI1 KOHCTaHTI1Ha 0 npe.n.oCTaB-
JIeHI1H OC06blX rocy.n.apcTBeHHblx rapaHTHH 11 nO.LJ..D.ep)f(KH TeM, lITO ne-
pexo.n.HJI 113 H)'.n.aH3Ma B xpHCTHaHCTBO. O.n.HOBpeMeHHO C 3THM HMnepa-
TOp C06paJIC}1 B paBHOH CTeneHH HaKa3bIBaTb KaK Tex, lITO 06pawaeT B
H)'.n.aI13M, TaK H caMHX np03eJIHTOB. HaKa3aHHe lllJ10 no JIHHI1H orpaHH-
'IeHH}1 I1X rpIDK.D.aHCKHX npaB, HO - liTO npl1HlJ:l1nl1aJIbHO - 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIb
HHKor.n.a He CTaBHJ1 Bonpoca 0 3anpeTe caMoro cpalITa CMeHbl Bepbl TOMY,
KOM}' O'IeHb XOTeJIOCb TaK nocrynHTb, .n.IDKe eCJIH I1MeJIC}1 B BHLlY nepexo.n.
H3 }13bllleCTBa HJ1H xpHCTHaHCTBa B H)'.n.aH3M.
B 383 r. y nOTeHQl1aJIbHOro np03emrra 6bIJIO OTH}1TO npaBO COCTaBJI}11'b
3aBewaHHe HJIH nOJIYllaTb HaCJIe.n.CTBO. B 391 r. TaKI1M JIIO.n.}1M 6blJIO
3anpeweHo nO}1BJ!}1TbC}1 nepe.n. Cy.n.OM B KaKOM 6bI TO HH 6blJI0 KalleCTBe
(Cod. Theod., XVI, 7, 3; XVI, 7, 4). ECJIH nocMOTpeTb B QeJIOM, TO 3a-
KOHbl 0 np03eJIHTH3Me BpeMeHH <1>eo.n.OCH}1, ero CblHa H BH)'Ka B 06weM
nOBTOp}1J111 Te, 'ITO 6bUlH npHH}1Tbl .n.o HI1X. Pa3HHQa 6bIJIa JIHlUb B TOM,
liTO npl1 <1>eo.n.OCHI1 Hero npeeMHHKe no.n.06Hble 3aKOHbi npoBo.n.HJIHCb B
)f(113Hb K}'.n.a 60JIee pelllHTeJIbHO. TaK, B 423 r. 06pe3aHHe xpHCTHaHHHa
(T. e. H xpHCTHaHcKoro pa6a, H TOro H3 'IHCJIa cB06o.n.HbIX, lITO .n.06po-
BOJIbHO cTpeMHTC}1 npl1H}1Tb Hy.n.aH3M) HaKa3blBaJIOCb KOHcpl1CKaQHeH
HMywecTBa H BellHOH CCblJIKOH (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 26).
I1TOroM pa3BHTH}1 3anpeTHTeJIbHOH nOJII1THKI1 B Bonpoce np03eJIH-
TH3Ma CTaJIa HOBeJIJIa <1>eo.n.oCH}1 II OT 3 I }1HBap}1 438 r. 179 no.n. cTpaxoM
cMepTHoH Ka3HH 3anpeWaJIHCb JII06bIe .n.eHCTBI1}1, HanpaBJIeHHble Ha
179 Nov. Theod., 3, CneumL%HOe HCCJ1elIOBaHHe 0 xpHCTHaHcKHx 11 TaJlMYlIH'ieCKHX B03-
3peHHIIX Ha B03MOJKHOCTb 6paKOB MeJK.llY xpHCTHaHa.\lH H HYlIellMH CM.: Sivan H. Rabbinics
and Roman Law: Iewish-Gentile/Christian Marriage in Late Antiquity II REI. 1997. Vol. 156.
P.59-100.
370
!iwoa 7. Tpemuu nepuoi> plL\lcKv-uyoeucKIIX omHoUleHlIli
np03eJIHTH3M. 3anpe eHl1e, npaB.n.a, KaCaJlOCb .n.eHCTBI1H Tex, KTO 06pa-
aeT. OmlTb )Ke XOTeJlOCb 6bl nO)J,l.{epKHYTb, I.{TO cB060.n.a Bbl60pa Toro,
KTO 06pa aeTcjj, He 06c}')K.D.aeTcjj. B 3aKOHe yrOI.{HjjJlOCb, I.{TO )I(eH HHa
MO)l(eT 6bITb OC}')K.D.eHa no 3TOMY 3aKOHY TOJIbKO B cJlY'-lae BbIxo.n.a 3aMY)l(
3a Hy.n.ejj. 3aKOH 3TOT, eCTeCTBeHHO, KaCaJlCjj TOJlbKO Tex, KTO c0611paJIcjj
nepeHTH 113 xpHCTl1aHCTBa B H)'.n.aI13M.
PaBHbIM 06pa30M 3anpe eHo 6blJIO Hy.n.ejjM )KeHHTbCjj Ha xpHcTHaH-
Kax, a oc06eHHo Xpl1CTHaHaM Ha Hy.n.eHKax. 3anpeT 3TOT 06'bjjCHjjJICjj
OT'-IaCTH TeM, '-ITO xpHcTHaHe CI.{HTaJll1 3TI1 6paKH He.n.ocTOHHbIMH; OT'-Iac-
TI1 .n.eJIo 3.n.eCb 06'bjjCHjjJIOCb cTpaxaMH - CMelllaHHbIe 6paKH, KaK npa-
BHJlO, CJIY)KHJlH O.n.HI1M H3 OCHOBHblX HCTOI.{HHKOB nOnOJIHeHHjj 06 HH,
H60 O.n.HH cynpyr 06pa aJl .n.pyroro B Hy.n.aH3MI80. HaKOHeu, B 393 r.
ct>eo.n.ocHH 3anpeTI1J1 l1y.n.ejjM MHoro)KeHCTBO, COXpaHjjBWeeCjj y HHX B
3TO BpeMjj (Cod. Just., I, 9, 7).
KpoMe TOro, ct>eo.n.ocHH YHHI.{TO)!(HJI O.n.HY H3 npI1BHJlerHH, cy ecTBo-
BaBlllHX y HY)J,eeB B paccMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMjj, - oCBo60)l()J,eHHe OT KY-
pHaJlbHOH CJIY)K6bI. 3TO np0l130lllJlO B 383 r. (Cod. Theod., XIII, 1, 99).
OrMeHa 3TOH JlbrOTbl He 6blJla, npaB.n.a, 6e3YCJlOBHOH. l1y.n.eH, KaK H K.rm-
pHKH xpHCTHaHCKOH u,epKBI1, MOrJIl1 H36e)KaTb UroT KYpl1aJ1bHOH Cll)')I({)bl
nyTeM npe.n.CTaBJIeHHjj 3aMeCTH'reJIjj. KpoMe TOro, npH I1MnepaTope Ap-
Ka)J,I1H 3TOT 3aKOH 6blJl cy eCTBeHHbiM 06pa30M yrO'-lHeH. fJIaBbl 06 I1H
(apXHcHHarom), npOBHHLl,HaJlbHbie naTpHapXH, CTapeHlllHHbl H Bce, 3a-
IDITbie B l1y.n.eHCKOM K)'JIbTe, 6blJlH OCB060)l()J,eHbi OT 06jj3aHHOCTeH 3ace-
.n.aTb B ropO.n.CKOM COBeTe. npaB.n.a, '-Iepe3 ro.n. 3TOT 3aKOH 6blJl OTMeHeH B
3ana.n.HOH nOJIOBHHe HMnepHH, coxpaHHB CBOIO CHJlY Ha BOCTOKe I81 .
nOCJIe ynOMjjHyroro 3aKOHa 398 r., 6blJla npHIDITa u,eJlaR CepHjj 3aKO-
HOB, HanpaBJIeHHblX Ha nOCTeneHHoe I1CKJIIOl.{eHl1e l1y.n.eeB H3 06 eCT-
BeHHoH )I(113HH. ,[\eJlo B TOM, '-ITO u,epKOBHble Kpym H HaJlOrOBOe Be.n.OM-
CTBO .n.oJlro CnopHJlH Me)l()J,y C060H no Bonpocy, cornalllaTbCjj HJlH He
cornalllaTbCjj Ha yl.{aCTHe Hy.n.eeB B 06 eCTBeHHOH )I(H3HH H Ha HX pa60-
1)' B JlI06blX rocy.n.apCTBeHHblX CTpYK1)'pax. C HaJlOrOBOH, <pHCKaJlbHOH
TO'-lKH 3peHHjj 3TO 6bl.l10 Ol.{eHb Bblro.n.HO, H60 JlI060H KaH.n.I1.n.aT Ha pa60-
1)', oc06eHHO B ropO.n.CKHX COBeTax, 6blJl rocy.n.apCTBY BIDKeH.
180 B TO JKe BpeMII 6paKH xpHCTHaH C !l3bl'iHHKaMH OCTaBaJJHCb ewe lI03BOJleHHblMH.
181 Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 13; Cod. Theod" XII, I, 158. (B paccMaTpHBae lOe BpeMII 1I0JlJK-
HOCTb KYpHaJJa, TO eCTb 'iJleHa ropolIcKoro COBeTa, CTaJJa HaCJle.l1CTBeHHoii: lIeTH KYpHaJJOB
He HMeJlH npaaa 6b1Tb KeM-JlH60, KpOMe KaK KYpHaJJaMH. HCnOJlHeHHe JKe 06J13aHHOCTeH KY-
pHaJJa CTaHOBHJlOCb Bce 60Jlee H 60Jlee 06peMeHHTeJlbHbIM, H60 KYPHaJJ lIOJlJKeH 6b1J1 ollila-
'iHBarb Bce CJlYJKe6Hbie paCXO.llbl HCKilIO'iHTeJlbHO CaM. nPOHCXO.llJlWee JKe BCJlelICTBHe 3TOro
COKpaweHHe Tex, KTO Mor, XOTeJl HJJH 6blJ! B COCTOJlHHH HCnOJlHJlTb .llOJlJKHOCTb KYpHaJJa,
BeCbMa 6ecnOKOHJJO 3aKOH0.l1aTeJ]Jl.)
371
A. r. fpyweBoJ:i. l1ydeu u uyoaU1M e ucmopuu PU\lCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UJl1nepuu
Y HaC ell{e 6y.n.eT nOBO.n. 06paTI1TbCj\ K TpeTbeH HOBeJIJIe <1>eo.n.ocl1j\.
CeHl.faC )I(e He06xo.n.I1MO CKa3aTb HeCKOJ1bKO CJIOB 0 KOHl.\e naTpHapxaTa,
KOTOpblH HaC1)'mrn npH I1MnepaTope <1>eo.n.OCHI1 II, a TalOKe 0 TOM, 'I TO
npe.n.CTaBJIj\J1H C060H .n.Ba nOCJIe.n.HI1X naTpl1apxa.
nOJIHTHl.feCKID1 pOJ1b nOCJ1e.n.HHX narpHapxOB 6blJIa CKpOMHOH, o.n.Ha-
KO - eCJ1H Cy.n.HTb no nHCbMaM 3HaMeHI1TOrO aHTHoxHHcKoro pHTopa
J1116aHWI - n3J1eCTHHCKHH narpl1apx 6blJ1 qmrypoH 113BeCTHOH, nOMep)KH-
BaBllleH TeCHble CBj\3H CO MHorHMH j\3bll.feCKHMI1 06ll{eCTBeHHbIMH .n.ej\Te-
J1j\MI1. (Pel.fb H,D,eT 0 npe.n.nOCJ1e.n.HeM mrrpl1apxe Hexy.n.e lIeTBepTOM.)
naTpHapx ynoMHHaeTcj\ B BOCbMI1 nl1CbMaX J1H6aHHj\, OTHOCj\ll{I1XCj\
K nepl1o.n.y 388-393 rr. 182 HeJIb3j\ He 3aMeTHTb, 'I TO J1H6aHHH 06pall{a-
eTCj\ K HeMY KaK K paBHOMY no ypOBH/O 06pa30BaHHj\ 11 KYJ1b1)'pe. 3TO
XOpOlllO BH.n.HO no H3blCKaHHOCTH H yroHl.feHHOCTH nOCJ1aHI1H J1H6aHHj\.
nOCJIe.n.Hee, KCTaTH, nOKa3bIBaeT, 'I TO Hexy.n.a lIeTBepTblH BnOJ1He 6bIJI B
COCTOj\HHH oueHHTb yroHl.feHH)'/O CTI1J1HCTHKY J1H6aHHj\ 183.
He HCKJ1/Ol.feHO, 1.{TO CblH naTpHapxa 184, KaK CJIe.n.YeT H3 nHCbMa 1098,
YI.fI1J1Cj\ cnepBa y o.n.Horo H3 Yl.feHHKOB J1H6aHHj\, a nOTOM H y caMoro
J1H6aHHj\. npaB.n.a, Heonpe.n.eJleHHOCTb a.n.pecaTa nHCbMa 1098 .n.eJIaeT
B KaKoH-TO Mepe np06JIeMaTHI.fHOH caMY YBj\3KY :noro nl1CbMa C Hexy-
.n.OH lIeTBepTblM 11 ero CbIHOM: MO)l(eT 6bITb B nHCbMe ynoMHHaeTCj\
)(fO-TO COBepllleHHO .n.pyroH I85 . lITO)l(e KacaeTCj\ nHceM, a.n.pecaT KOTO-
pblX 6eccnopeH, TO OHI1 HHTepeCHbl BO MHorHX OTHOllleHHj\X. B nHCbMe
1105 J1H6aHI1H 06pall{aeTcj\ C npocb60H K naTpHapxy BC1)'nI1Tbcj\ 3a
o.n.Horo BbICOKonOCTaBJ1eHHOrO caHOBHHKa npOBHHUHaJIbHOH a.n.MHHH-
cTpaUHH, KOTOpbIH, cy.n.j\ no BceMY, KaK-TO 3a.n.eJ1 HHTepecbl J1H60 naT-
pHapxa, JlH60 Hy.n.eeB B ueJ1OM. 1-f3 nHCbMa, KpoMe TOro, BH.n.HO, 'I TO
CMell{eHHe caHOBHHKa np01130lllJ10 He 6e3 Yl.faCTHj\ naTpHapxa l86 . Y)I(e
182 Bo BCIIKOM cny'iae, 1I0 HaWHX lIHeH COXpaHHJJOCb HMeHHO CTOJlbKO nHceM, 3.llpeCOBaH-
HblX HenoCpelICTBf:HHO naTpHapxy. He IICKilIQ'ieHO, 'iTO HX Morno 6blTb H 60Jlbwe. fpe'ieCKHH
reKCT 3THX nHceM C KOMMeHTapHIIMH HMeeTCII y M. WTepHa: WrepH, 2002. C. 248-257.
183 Y Hac HeT npllMblX .l10KaJareJlbCTB, 'iTO naTPHapx JlIl'iHO 'iHTaJJ nHCbMa JIH6aHHII, KaK
HeT Y Hac H nHceM naTpHapxa K JlII6aHHIO. (nHCbMO JIH6aHHII N2 914 IIBJllleTCII, npaB.l1a,
1I0KaJaTeJlbCTBOM cyweCTBoBaHIIII TaKHX nHceM, H60 B HeM JIH6aHHH npJlMO roBOpHT 0 TOM,
'iTO nHweT B OTBeT Ha nHCbMO naTpHapxa.) BCJJelICTBHe oc060ro, 1I0CTarO'iHO CJlOJKHOro
CTHJIII nHceM 11116aH!!1I Mbl MOJKeM .l10nyCTHTb, 'iTO narpHapxy nHCbMa 'iHTaJJ nepeBO.l1'iHK,
XOTJI Bce JKe 60Jlee BepOJlTHO HHoe: Henocpe.l1CTBeHHOe 'iTeHHe narpHapXOM nOCJlaHHH 3Ha-
MeHHTOro pHTOpa.
104 B TaKOM CJJY'!ae «CbIH naTpHapxa» - 3TO raMaJJHlLl WeCTOH, nOCJle.llHHH naJJeCTHH-
CKHH narpHapx.
I8S CM. nOlIp06HO: WrepH, 2002. C. 254-255.
1861IH6aHHH coo6waeT npo 3TO B BeCbMa B!!TlleBaroH H onocpelIoBaHHoH <jJopMe, TaK 'iTO
o CYT!! KOHcj>JlHKTa Mbl npaKTH'ieCKH HH'ierO He 3HaeM.
372
Tllaea 7. Tpemuu nepuoO pUMcKo-uydeucKux omHomeHllu
caM <jJaKT 06pallleHHH JIH6aHI1H C no.n.06HOH npocb60H K naTpl1apxy
nOKa3blBaeT, 'I TO nOCJIe.n.HI1H Mor nOBJIHHTb Ha cy.n.b6y CMellleHHoro
caHOBHHKa 187.
K CO)l(aJIeHI1IO, HCXO.n.H H3 :noro nl1CbMa Mbl He MO)l(eM roBOpHTb 06
OC060H BJlI1HTeJIbHOCTI1 naTpHapxa. .[LITH paCCMaTpHBaeMoro BpeMeHH
nOJlHTI1Ka O<jJHUl1aJIbHbIX BJIaCTeH no OTHOllleHHIO K H)'.n.eHM H Hy.n.aH3MY
xapaKTepH30BaJIaCb .n.BYMH npOTHBOpel.fHBblMI1 l.fepTaMI1. C O.n.HOH CTO-
pOHbl, rocy.n.apCTBO CTpeMI1J10Cb OTropO.n.I1TbCH OT l1y.n.eeB, B03)J,BHraH
l.feM .n.aJlbllle, TeM 60JIbllle onpe.n.eJleHHble npaBOBble paMKH, BHYTPH
KOTOpblX .n.OJI)I(Hbl 6blJlH )l(HTb Hy.n.eH, coxpaHHBlllHe npHBH3aHHOCTb
HaUl10HaJIbHOH KYJlb1)'pe. C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbl, focy.n.apCTBeHHble BJlaCTH
Bcer.n.a oc060 no.n.l.fepKI1BaJIH 3aKOHHOCTb CYllleCTBOBaHHH H)'.n.aH3Ma, H
B :nOH CBH3H onaJIa BblCOKOnOCTaBJIeHHOrO I.fHHOBHHKa BCJle.n.CTBl1e )l(a-
J106bl naTpl1apxa l88 He HBJlHeTCH l.feM-TO y.n.HBHTeJlbHbIM. lJ,eHTpaJIbHaH
BJlaCTb nepl10.n.Hl.feCKI1 BCnOMHHaJIa 0 B3HTblX Ha ce6H 06H3aTeJlbCTBaX 11
HCnOJIHHJla HX, .n.a6b1 coxpaHHTb CBoe J1I1UO H nOKa3aTb, 'I TO OHa npo.n.OJI-
)l(aeT .n.eHCTBOBaTb B npaBOBblX paMKax. TI03TOMY onaJla I.fHHOBHI1Ka,
ynoMHHaeMaH B nHCbMe JIH6aHHH, 06'bHCHHeTCH Bce )l(e He CHJlOH HJlI1
CJla60CTblO narpHapxa, a TeM, 'I TO KaKoMY-TO HeH3BecTHOMY npe.n.CTa-
BHTeJlIO ueHTpaJlbHOH a.n.MHHHCTpaUI1H 6blJIO B .n.aHHOH KOHKpeTHOH
cH1)'aUHH yro.n.HO H BblfO.n.HO .n.eHCTBOBarb C C06J1IO.n.eHl1eM Bcex npaBO-
BblX paMOK. 0 CXO)J,HOH CH1)'aUHH, ClT)'I.fHBllleHCH HeMHOfHM n03)1(e (B
pai10He 395 r.) 11 H3BeCTHOH 113 nHCbMa HepOHI1Ma, paCCKa3blBaeTCH l.f)'Tb
HH)I(e.
liTO KaCaeTCH OCTaJIbHblX nHceM JIH6aHHH, a.n.peCOBaHHbIX naTpHap-
xy, TO HX co.n.ep)l(aHHe B OCHOBHOM aHaJIOfHI.fHO. 3TO J1H60 npocb6b1
BC1)'nHTbCH 3a TOro HJlH HHoro l.feJIOBeKa, J1H60 HOBOCTH, npe.n.CTaBJlHIO-
lllHe HHTepec .D.JIH naTpHapxa.
He06bll.fHblM npe.n.CTaBJlHeTCH nHCbMO 1097 189 , B KOTOpOM JIH6aHI1H
06palllaeTCH He K naTpHapxy, a K naTpHapxaM I90 C npocb60H OCB06o.n.HTb
3HaKoMoro JIH6aHI11O <1>eoMHecTa OT 06H3aHHOCTeH, BBH.n.y Toro 'I TO :no
l.feJIOBeK nO)l(HJlOrO B03paCTa. TeKCT JII16aHHH He .n.aeT OCHOBaHHH .D.JIH
OKOHl.faTeJIbHblX BbIBO.n.OB, HO Bce )l(e MO)l(HO npe.n.nOJlO)l(HTb, 'I TO <1>eo-
MHeCT 6bIJI O.n.HHM H3 BblCOKonOCTaBJIeHHblX nOMOlllHI1KOB naTpl1apXa,
TaK Ha3blBaeMblM «anOCTOJIOM».
'81 BHllHMO, CJ1ellYeT roBOpHTb 0 TOM, 'iTO H3MeHeHHe n03HUHH narpHapxa no OTHoweHHIO
K npOBHHHBweMYCII 1l0J1JKHOCTHOMY J1HUY Momo cnoc06CTBOBaTb npoweHHIO nOCJ1eLlHero.
188 BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOro, HCXOllHJJa JlH TaKa!! JKaJIo6a J1H'iHO OT naTpHapxa HJJH JKe
naTpHapx nepellaBaJI JKaJI06y OT HMeHH Bcex HYlleeB.
1894acTH'iHbIH reKCT H nepeBoll nHCbMa: WrepH, 2002. C. 252-253.
'90 BepOSITHee Bcero. nllCbMO 3llpeCOBaHO 'iJ1eHaM CHHellpHOHa.
373
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. Hydeu u IIYOOU3.\t e ucmopuu PU-\/CKOU pecny6.7uKu u PU-\fCKOU lL\/nepUU
C HCTOpH'-IeCKOH TO'-lKH 06pa aeT Ha ce6j( BHHMaHHe nl1CbMO 1084.
06pa <UlCb K naTpl1apxy, J1H6aHHH nHllleT 0 CBoeM 3HaKOMOM <l>eoqm-
JIe 191 , Y KOTOporo 6bIJII1 KaKl1e-TO cy.n.e6HbIe .n.eJ1a B naJIeCTHHe, C npocb-
60H He 3a6bITb 0 HeM 11 n06ecnOKOHTbCj( 0 ero .n.eJ1ax. .IJ:aJIee cJle.n.YeT
BeCbMa He06bI'-IHaj( cppa3a, KOTOpylO MO)J(HO pacu:eHI1Tb H KaK npOCTO
HH'-IerO He 3Ha'-la HH .n.HllilOMaTHqeCKHH naCCIDK I92 , H KaK cBoero po.n.a
xapaKTepl1CTHK}' OTHOllleHHH 06pa30BaHHoro j(3bI'-IHHKa no OTHOllleHl11O
K Hy.n.ej(M B u:eJ10M. J1H6aHI1H nl1llleT: «Be.n.b BbI H CaMI1 H3 :Horo llileMe-
HI1, 11 B 06bI'-Iae y Bac BceM nOMoraTb, a OC06J1HBO J1Y'-IlllHM, 3a6OTj(Cb 0
npOqHX J1Hlllb 3a TeM, '-ITO OHI1 J11O.n.H, 0 CI1X )Ke 3a TeM, qTO )KHByr .n.06-
po.n.eTeJlbHo»l93. He06bI'-IHOCTb 3TOH cppa3bI CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTBYeT cKopee 0
TOM, '-ITO nepe.n. HaMH 06pa3eu: JIH'-IHbIX B3rl1j(.n.OB caMoro J1116aHHj(, '-IeM
THnl1qHOe, xapaKTepHOe .D.JIj( 06pa30BaHHbIX j(3bIqHI1KOB npe.n.CTaBJ1eHl1e
06 oc06eHHocTj(X xapaKTepa H)'.n.eeB B u:eJ10M. npaB.n.a, TO, '-ITO MbI 3HaeM
o n0J10)KeHHH H)'.n.eeB B AHTHOXI1H no nponOBe.n.j(M 110aHHa 3J1aTOYCTa,
nOKa3bIBaeT CJ1e.n.YIO ee. 110aHHa B03My alOT cpaKTbI Ml1pHOro H .n.OCTa-
TO'-lHO .n.PY)KeCKOrO OTHOllleHHj( aHTHOXHHCKHX Xpl1C'rHaH K H)'.n.ej(M. 3TO
)Ke CBH.n.eTeJ1bCTByeT 0 TOM, '-ITO pa3J1I1'-1HbIe 3THOKOHcpeCCHOHaJIbHbIe
06 HHbI B IV B. B KpynHeHllleM ropo.n.e EJlIDKHero BOCTOKa 6bIJ1H rOTO-
BbI Y)KHBaTbCj( MHpHO HaCTOJ1bKO, HaCKOJ1bKO KOHcpJIHKT He npHBHOCIUlCj(
B HX cpe.n.y 113BHe BJ1aCUMI1 IUlH arpeCCHBHO HaCTpoeHHbIMI1 XpHCTl1aH-
CKI1MH nponOBe.n.HHKaMH I94 . ECJ1I1)Ke nOCTaBHTb Bonpoc, qeM 06'bj(CHj(-
JIOCb OTHOClITeJ1bHO MHpHoe cocy ecTBOBaHHe 3THOKOHcpeCCHOHaJIbHbIX
06 I1H B AHTI10XHI1, B TOM '-IHCJIe 11 xpHCTHaH, TO OTBeT B u:eJIOM j(ceH:
B YCJ10BHj(X 06 eCTBa n03.n.HeH I1MnepHI1 npOHcxo.n.HJ10 nOCTeneHHoe
CTl1paHHe rpaHeH Me)J()J,}' Pa3J1l1qHbIMH CJ10j(MH 06 eCTBa, KOTopbIe 113
rpIDK.D.aH C Pa3JIHqHbIMH rpIDK.D.aHCKO-npaBOBbIMH CTal)'caMH CTaHOBH-
J1HCb npOCTO nO.D..D.aHHbIMI1I1MnepaTopaI9S.
B03Bpa aj(Cb K nHCbMaM J1H6aHHj(, OTMeTI1M, HaKOHeu:, nHCbMO K
naTpl1apxy, 113BeCTHoe no.n. HOMepOM 914. B OTBeT Ha nHCbMO naTpl1ap-
'" H3 nHCbMa 1085, 3llpeCOBaHHoro Y'ieHHK}' 11H6aHHJI npHCUHaHY, H3BeCTHO, 'iTO <I>eo-
<lJHJJ 6b1J1 Jl3bl'iHHKOM.
\91 He06xOllHMO HMeTb B BHllY, 'iTO Bce nHCbMa JIH6aHHJI K naTpHapxy nO,lHbl H3b1CKaHHO-
llHnJ10MarH'ieCKHX BblpaJKeHHH H HanHCaHbl BeCbMa B03BblweHHblM CTHJ1eM.
.93 UHmpyeTcSI nepeBoll no H3.llaHI1IO: WrepH, 2002. C. 252.
194 HMeHHo TaKOBblM no CYTH cBoeli 6b1J10 nOBelleHHe HoaHHa 3naroYCTa, arpeCCHBHble
Bbln311bl KOTOpOro KaK pa3 H CBI111eTe.%CTBYIOT 0 TOM, 'iTO naCTBa ero 6b1JJa BnO.1He rOTOBa
JKHTb C HYllellMH MHpHO. CM. nOllpo6HO: Simon M. La poh:mique antijuive de Saint Jean
Chrysostome et Ie mouvementjudaisant d'Antioche II Simon M. Recherches d'Histoire Judeo-
Chn:tienne. Paris, 1962. p, 140-153.
'9j 06 HCTOpHH 3TOro npouecca CM" HanpHMep: lllmaepMaH E. M. aT rpaJKllaHHHa K
nOll.llaHHOMY II KYJ1brypa .L!peBHero PHMa. TOM 1. M.. 1985. C. 22-105.
374
rJloeo 7, Tpemuu nepuoi> pUMcKo-uyOeucKux omHouleHuu
xa J1H6aHHH, KaK 06bl'iHO B BeCbMa BI1Tl1eBaTOH H He O"leHb jlCHOH Ma-
Hepe, nHWeT 0 KaKHX-TO nplITeCHeHI1j1X H)'.n.eeB, no nOBO.n.y KOTOpblX caM
J1116aHHH BeCbMa one'iaJIeH: 'ti 01') OV!C <Xv ax9EoeEi1l 'tOto\rtO'l> 'YEVO-U<;
xp<>VO'l> omoo 1t0A. UV !Call VOvta<; ((H KTO He 6bIJI 6bl OrOp"leH, BBH.n.y TOro,
'iTO TaKOH Hapo.n. CTOJ1b .D.JIl1TeJIbHoe BpeMjI 6e.n.CTBYeT?»)
I-h :noro nl1CbMa BI1)J,HO TalOKe, 'iTO J1H6aHHH 6b1J1 BTjlHYT B nepenHC-
Ky no nOBO.n.y 3TH X npHTeCHeHHH, HO npH 3TOM caM J1H6aHI1H Ha CTOpO-
He npHTeCHHTeJ1eH H)'.n.eeB He BbIC1)'naJI. Mbl He 3HaeM, 0 "IeM HMeHHO
3.n.eCb l1)J,eT pe"lb, o.n.HaKO BnOJ1He J10rH'iHbIM npe.n.CTaBJIjleTCjI CJ1e.n.YIOll(ee
npe.n.n0J10)l(eHHe: J1H6aHHH H naTpHapx 06MeHI1BalOTCjI MHeHI1j1MI1 no
nOBO.n.y HCTOpl1H 0 nO)J,)Kore cHHarorH B KaJIJ1I1HI1Ke I96 .
Ha.n.o CKa3aTb, 'iTO Ha py6e)l(e IV-V BB. pOJ1b Hy.n.eHcKoro naTpl1apXa
B )I(I13HH 06ll(eCTBa B l..\eJIOM onpe.n.eJIjlJ1aCb ell(e O.n.HHM cpaKTOpOM. naT-
pHapXH 6blJIH 60raTbI. ,[{roKe .D.JIjI paCCMaTpHBaeMoro BpeMeHH eCTb CBe-
.n.eHHjI 0 TOM, "ITO nOCJ1aHHHKH mrrpHapxa 06'be3)1(aJIH 06ll(HHbl .n.Hacno-
pbl, KOHTpOJ1HPYH He TOJ1bKO peJ1HrH03HYIO )I(H3Hb 06ll(HH, HO 11 c06Hpaji
cpl1HaHCOBble cpe.n.CTBa Ha nO)J,)J,ep)l(Ky naTpHapxa\97. Y Hac eCTb TalOKe
O.n.HO KOCBeHHoe, HO BeCbMa KpaCHOpe'iHBOe no.n.TBep)l()J,eHHe 3Ha'iI1TeJ1b-
HOCTH CYMM, we.n.llll1X Ha nO)J,)J,ep)l(Ky naTpl1apXa .n.roKe Ha py6e)l(e IV-
VBB.
B caMble nOCJ1e.n.Hl1e ro.n.bl IV B. I1MnepaTOpaMI1 3ana.n.HoH H BOCTO'i-
HOH n0J10BHH HMnepHH 6blJII1 .n.Ba CblHa HMnepaTOpa <1>eo.n.oCHjI - fo-
HOpHH 11 ApKa.n.HiL BBH.LJ.Y MaJIOJ1eTCTBa 060HX 3a HMnepaTopoB npaBH-
J1H pereHTbl - Ha 3ana.n.e CUUIHXOH, Ha BOCTOKe - EBTponHH. B 399 r.
a.n.MHHHCTpaI..\HH CnlJIHXOHa 3anpeTHJ1a BbIB03 Ha BOCTOK .n.eHer, c0611-
paeMblx B nO)J,)J,ep>KKY naTpl1apXa HMeHHO BBH.LJ.Y 3Ha'iHTeJ1bHOCTI1 no-
CTaBJIjleMblX CYMM. I1HTepecHo, 'iTO B 404 r. 3anpeT 6bIJI OTMeHeH (Cod.
Theod., XVI, 8, 14; XVI, 8, 17). ECJ1H roBOpHTb 0 CYTH, TO HCTOpl1j1 3Ta
He 6blJIa O"leHb cepbe3HOH, H60 HaCTOjlll(erO KOHT}JOJ1j1 3a npoI1CXO)JJIll(I1M
H He 6b1JI0. 3.n.ecb BroKeH caM cpaKT - cpaKT BHHMaHlliI rocy.n.apCTBeHHblX
CTPYK1YP K .n.eJ1aM naTpHapxa H naTpHapXaTa.
,[{eHTeJ1H xpHCTHaHCKOH l..\epKBI1 npeKpaCHo 3HaJIH 0 60raTcTBe naT-
pHapxoB H nl1CaJIH 06 3TOM C jlBHblM Heo.n.06peHHeM H pa3.n.proKeHHeM I98 .
Ha.n.o CKa3aTb, 'iTO HMnepaTopCKajl BJIaCTb cnepBa aKTHBHO 3all(l1ll(aJIa
naTpl1apXOB, HX "IeCTb H .n.OCTOHHCTBO. TaK, npl1 APKa.D.HH B 396 r., 6blJI
196 CM. nOllp06Hee: WrepH, 2002. C. 248-249. HCTOpHJI 0 nOllJKore CHHarOrH B KaJIJ1ll-
HHKe paCC:.IarpHBanacb B llaHHOM pa:JJleJle HeCKOJlbKO Bblwe: CM. C. 165-166.
197 Hieronym. Commentarium in Epist. ad Ga]atas, I, 1 (PL. Vol. 26. Col. 311).
198 CM, HanpHMep, y HOaHHa 3JlaroYCTa: loh. Chrysost., Contra Judaeos et Gent, XVI (PG.
Vol. 48. Col. 835); Adversus Judaeos, VI (PG. Vol. 48. Col. 911).
375
A, f. fpyweBoH. l1yoeu U UYOGlI3M e ucmopllll PU.\tCKOU pecny67l1Ku 11 PU.\ICKOU u.\1nepuu
npl1HjlT 3aKOH 0 HaKa3aHl1l1 Tex, KTO H}'6J1l1lfHO OCKop6J1j1eT naTpl1apXOB
(Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 11). B 404 r. npHBI1J1enm naTpHapXOB 6blJ1H no.n.-
TBep)K)J,eHbI, HO Y)J(e B nOCJ1e.n.HI1H pa3 (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 15). HMne-
paTopbI - no nOJIHTl1lfeCKHM co06pIDKeHI1j1M, KOHelfHO, -.n.o KaKoH-To
CTeneHH CTapaJIHCb 3alll.HTHTb naTpHapxOB OT I1HTpl1r. O.n.HH TaKOH 3nl1-
30.n. XOpOlllO 113BeCTeH H3 nepenHCKI1 HepOHI1Ma I99 .
npH )J(H3HH <l>eo.n.ocl1j1 I, T. e. .n.o 395 r., Y naTpHapxa faMaJ1HHJ1a
WecToro B03HHK KOHcpJ1I1KT C HaMeCTHI1KOM naJIeCTHHbI fe3l1Xl1eM. 0
cym KOHcpJII1KTa MbI MO)J(eM CKa3aTb HeMHoroe, H60 HCTOlfHHKOM HHcpOp-
MaUI1H jlBJIjleTCjI TOJ1bKO nHCbMO HepoHHMa. nOJlYlfaeTCjI, 'I TO naTpHapx
nmKaJIOBaJICjI I1MnepaTOpy Ha TO, 'I TO fe311XI1H YKpaJI Y Hero, y naTpH-
apxa, ueHHbIe 6YMarH. fe3HXHH )J(e 06BHHHJ1 naTpHapxa B 3aroBope
npOTI1B HMnepaTopa. B pe3YJIbTaTe <l>eo.n.OCI1H npl1Cll)'lllaJICjI K naTpHap-
xy H paCnOpjl.n.HJ1CjI Ka3HHTb fe3HXHjI. npH <l>eo.n.OCHH II CH"ryauHjI, o.n.-
HaKO, H3MeHHJ1aCb. B 415 r. <l>eo.n.ocHH II H3.n.aJ1 3aKOH, co.n.ep)J(alll.HH
cBoero po.n.a CTpOrl1H BbIroBOp naTpHapxy 3a HapYllleHHe aHTI1I1)'.n.eHcKO-
ro 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbCTBa (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 22), naTpl1apx 6bIJI 06BHHeH
B CTpOI1TeJ1bCTBe HOBbIX CI1Haror, 'I TO 3anpelll.aJIOCb 6e3 npe.n.BapI1TeJ1b-
HOro Ha TO pa3pellleHHjI, naTpl1apX 6blJ1 TalOKe 06BHHeH B nonYCTHTeJIb-
CTBe 06pe3aHI11O pa60B-XpHCTl1aH 11 B HeCnpaBe.D.J1I1BbIX pellleHHjlX CY-
.n.e6HbIX u)J(6 Me)K)J,Y XpI1CTl1aHaMH 200 .
KapaTeJ1bHbIe MepOnpl1j1THjI <l>eo.n.oCHjI I I no OTHOllleHHIO K naTpl1ap-
xy CBO.n.I1JIHCb K cJIe.n.ylOlll.eMY. naTpl1apx, 3aHI1MaBllll1H B 06lll.el1MnepCKoH
Ta6eJ1H 0 paHrax BeCbMa BbICOKOe n0J10)J(eHHe, 6bIJI nOHI1)J(eH B paHre.
JJ:0 3aKOHa <l>eo.n.ocl1j1 II naTpHapx 6bIJI «npecpeKT npeTOpHjI» B paHre
ilIustris, TO Tenepb, Bce nOCJ1e.n.HHe ro.n.bI )J(113HH, naTpHapx I1MeJ1 60JIee
HH3KI1H paHr - spectabilis. naTpl1apXa J1HlllHJIH TalOKe nOlfeTHoro 3Ba-
HHjI «npecpeKT npeTOpHjI». HMneparop TalOKe npe.n.ynpe)K)J,aJI naTpl1apxa,
'I TO OH 6y.n.eT HaKa3aH no BceH CTpOroCTI1 3aKOHa 3a 06pe3aHHe XP"CTH-
aH-pa60B. B 3TOH CB 3H BIDKHO OTMeTHTb, '1TO HaKa3aHHe npe.n.YCMaTpH-
BaJIOCb J1Hlllb 3a rl1nOTeTl1lfeCKl1e HapYllleHHjI 3aKOHa B 6y.n.Ylll.eM, HO He
B npOlllJlOM. B .n.aHHbIH )J(e MOMeHT pa6bI-XpI1CTHaHe, HMeBlllHeCjI y
H)'.n.eeB, npOCTO OTnYCKaJIHCb Ha BOJ1IO, a He3aKOHHO - C TOlfKH 3peHHjI
,'>9 Hier.. Ep, 67, (Saint Jerome. Lettres. Tome III. Texte etabli et traduit par J. Labour!.
Paris, ] 953. p, 57,)
200 XOTe.l0Cb 6bl "J3.\leTiITb, 'iTO Mbl He 3HaeM npaBllbl: IIMeJlO ,111 MeCTO B lleHCTBIITe.lb-
HOCTII XOTJI 6b1 'iTO-TO H"J TOro, B '1eM 06BHHJL1H naTpllapxa. Ha Moii B3fJ1S111, 5o.lee .10fll"!HO
npellTIOJlOJKHTb, 'iTO JTO 6b1.na HHTpHra. a He lfIaKT HapyweHHII 06weroCYilapCTBeHHbiX 3aKO-
HOB. nO,10JKeHlle naTpHapxa B pH ICKOM 06weCTBe, CYilll no BceMY. HClUllO'i3.l0 B03MOJKHOCTb
TOro, 'iT06bl naTpHapx Mor n03BOJlHTb ce6e TaiiHO Hapywarb XOTJI 6b1 OLlHH 113 06weroCYllapc-
TBeHHblX 3aKOHOB.
376
TJloea 7, Tpemuu nepuoi> plL\lcKo-uyoeucKux omHouleHuli
ueHTpaJIbHOH B,laCTl1 - nOCTpoeHHble CI1HarOrl1 CJ1e.n.OBaJ10 CHeCTl1.
3.n.eCb, npaB.n.a, 6b1JIl1 .n.Be MHOr03Hal.fl1TeJIbHbIe orOBOpKI1. Pa.3pYlllaTb
TaKHe Cl1HarOrl1 CJ1e.n.OBaJIO JIl1Wb B nyCTblHHblX HJ1l1 MaJIOHaCeJIeHHblX
nyHKTaX l1JII1 - B Tex CJ1Yl.faJIX, Kor.n.a pa.3pyweHl1e CI1HarOrH He npl1-
BJ1eKJIO 6b1 113J1l1lllHero 061l..leCTBeHHoro BHI1MaHl1j1.
Mbl, no npaB.n.e roBOpjl, He 3HaeM, KaK I1MeHHO 11 Kor.n.a TOI.fHO Hacl)'-
nl1JI KOHeu naTpl1apXaTa KaK 061l..leCTBeHHoro I1HCTHl)'Ta. I1MelOIl..lHeCjI
I1CTOI.fHHKH .n.alOT OCHOBaHHe .D.J1j1 CJ1e)J,YlOll..lero npe.n.n0J10)f(eHl1j1. B O.n.HOM
H3 3aKOHOB 429 r. ynoMHHaeTcjI «KOHeu naTpHapXaTa)} (Cod. Theod.,
XVI, 8,29). 3T0 03Ha'-laeT, '-ITO B 429 r., HJ1H HeCKOJ1bKO paHee, naTpHapx
fHJlJ1eJIb VI CKOH'-IaJICjI, a o!f>HUHaJIbHaji BJ1aCTb TeM HJII1 HHblM cnoc060M
BOCnpenjlTCTBOBaJIa 1136paHHIO HOBOro naTpl1apxa.
npHBe.n.eHHblH Bblwe 0630p HeKoTopblX CTOpOH 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbCTBa
BpeMeHI1 060l1x <1>eo.n.oCl1eB 11 HMnepaTopa ApKaJJ.l1j1 HeBOJ1bHO Bbl3blBa-
eT Bonpoc: a '-ITO )f(e no pHMCKOMY 3aKOHO)J,aTeJ1bCTBY pa.3pelllaJIOCb HY-
.n.ejlM .n.eJ1aTb 11 '-IeM )f(e 11M pa.3pelllaJIOCb )f(I1Tb?
OrBeT Ha 3TOT Bonpoc, B 061l..leM, nmuneH. Ko.n.eKC <1>eo.n.ocIDI H nOCJIe-
.n.yIOIl..lHe naMjlTHI1KH KO.n.H!f>HKaUHH pHMcKoro npaBa npaKTHl.feCKH Hl1KaK
He pernaMeHTHpOBaJIl1 3KOHOMI1KY. I1HbIMI1 CJIOBaMI1, l1y.n.ejlM, KaK, BnpO'-leM,
11 BceM OCTaJIbHblM nO.D..D.aHHbIM I1MnepHH, HI1KTO He 3anpell..laJI 3aHHMaTb-
CjI JII060H TOproBOH .n.ejlTeJ1bHOCTblO, J11060H pa6OTOH Ha 3eMJ1e 11 J11060H
I1HOH .n.ejlTeJ1bHOCTblO 3KOHOMH'-IeCKoro nJIaHa B ropo.n.e. Bce, KaK 06b11.fHO,
HenOCJ1e.n.OBaTeJ1bHble OrpaHH'-IeHIDI, 3aTparHBaBlllHe H)'.n.eeB H 3aCBH)J,e-
TeJ1bCTBOBaHHbIe B pHMCKOM npaBe, KaCaJIl1Cb I1CKJIIO'-IHTeJ1bHO )'I.faCTIDI
H)'.n.eeB B 061l..leCTBeHHOH )Iill3HI1 061l..leCTBa, HO He B 3KOHOMHl.feCKOH.
KaK y)f(e OTMel.faJ10Cb, B 392 r. 6b1JIH npHHjlTbl 3aKOHbl 0 3anpeTe
CMelllaHHblX 6paKoB np03eJ1HTI13Ma. 11 B TO)f(e BpeMjI, B TOM )f(e 392 r.,
npHHI1MaeTCjI 3aKOH, !f>aKTl1l.feCKI1 3all..ll11l..lalOIl..lHH Cy.n.bl, Yl.fpe)K)J,eHHble
naTpHapxoM. no HOBOM}' 3aKOHY 3anpell..laJIOCb 06pall..laTbCjI C )f(aJI06aMI1
B rpIDK.D.aHCKl1e Cy.n.bl B TeX CJ1Y'-laJIX, Kor.n.a H)'.n.eHcKHe peJIHrH03Hble Cy.n.bl
KorO-JII160 H3rOHjlJ1H 113 061l..lHHbI.
B 396 r. 6b1J1 npl1HH 3aKOH, 3anpell..laBWHH KaKOe-JIH6o BMelllaTeJ1b-
CTBO rocy.n.apCTBeHHblX CTPYKTYP B pa60l)' Hy.n.eHcKHx pbIHKOB, B opra-
HI13aUl11O H)'.n.eHCKI1X pblHKOB H B TO, KaK Ha 3TI1X pblHKax YCTaHaBJ1I1Ba-
IOTCjI ueHbl (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 8; XVI, 8, 10).
B 397 r. Bce JII1.n.epbl 061l..lHHbl, KOTopble no.n.I.fI1HjlJ1HCb naTpHapxy,
6b1J111 oCB060)K)J,eHbl OT 06j13aHHOCTeH 3ace.n.aTb B ropO.n.CKOM COBeTe.
O.n.HaKo )f(e 3Ta J1brOTa .n.eHcTBOBaJIa pOBHO .n.o TOro MOMeHTa, nOKa naT-
pl1apx He CMell..laJI HX C .n.OJ1)I(HOCTH. B TaKOM CJ1Y'-lae 3TI1 J1l1ua 06j13aHbI
6bIJ1H HapaBHe co BCeMI1 3ace.n.aTb B ropO.n.CKHX COBeTaX (Cod. Theod.,
XVI, 8, 13).
377
A. f. fpyweBoil. l1yoeu u UydOU1M e ucmopuu PU.WCKOU pecny6JlUKU 11 PU.\ICKOU UMnepUII
B 398 r. 6bIJI npHWIT BeCbMa I1HTepecHbIH C I1CTopHKo-npaBoBoH
T04KH 3peHHjJ 3aKOH. BnepBbIe B H3BeCTHOH Mepe pl1MCKl1e Cy.n.bI no11)'-
4aJIH npaBa IOpHC.n.I1KUHH Ha;J, Hy.n.ejJMH. <l>oPMYJII1pOBKa 3aKOHa 6bIJIa,
npaB.n.a, KOMnpOMI1CCHOH. l1y.n.eH nOJIY4aJII1 npaBo 06pallUITbcjJ B pHMCKHe
rpIDK.D.aHCKHe Cy.n.bI .D.JIjJ pellleHHjJ ap6HTpIDKHbIX .n.eJI Tpe-reHcKHx cnopOB.
nOCJIe.n.Hee He paCCMaTpHBaJIOCb 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIeM KaK orpaHH4eHHe npaB
paBBHHHCTH4eCKHX cy.n.OB, 4TO CneUHaJIbHO orOBapHBaJIOCb 3aKOHOM.
T04HO TaK)Ke B 3aKOHe yr01.fWIJIOCb CJIe.n.YlOlllee. fpIDK.D.aHCKHe pHMCKHe
Cy.n.bI .n.OJI)KHbI Y1.fI1TbIBaTb MHeHHe cy.n.OB paBBI1HHCTI11.feCKI1X (Cod. Theod.,
II, 1, 10).
B 412 r. <l>eo.n.ocHH II nO)J,TBep.n.HJI npaBo Hy.n.eeB He nOjJBJIHbCjJ nepe.n.
pHMCKHMH cy.n.aMH rpIDK.D.aHCKOH IOpHC.n.HKUHH no cy660TaM H B .n.HH
HY.n.eHcKHX npa3.n.HHKOB (Cod. Theod., II, 8, 26).
O.n.HaKo )Ke, TOT)Ke <l>eo.n.ocHH 11 B 415 r. npHIDIJI 3aKOH, KOTOpbIH CTaJI
nepBbIM orpaHI14eHHeM HY.n.eHcKoro caMoynpaBJIeHHjJ B paMKaX pHMCKO-
ro rocy.n.apCTBa (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 22). Cy.n.jJ no BceMY, .n.o 415 r. B
HY.n.eHcKHe Cy.n.bI OXOTHO 06palllaJIHCb .n.IDKe xpHcTHaHe, oc06eHHo eCJIH
O.n.HOH H3 CY.lJ.jllllHXCjJ CTOpOH 6bIJI HY.n.eH. no 3aKoH)' )Ke 415 r. B CJlY4ae
KaKHX-JIH60 cnopOB Me)J{)J,y Xpl1CTl1aHaMI1 11 HY.n.ejJMH, KOTopbIe Tpe60-
BaJIH cy.n.e6Horo pa36I1paTeJIbCTBa, 06eHM CTopOHaM 06palllaTbCjJ CJIe.n.o-
BaJIO B pHMCKHH cy.n..
Oc060e BHHMaHHe xpHCTHaHcKHi1 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIb, 06palllIDICb K .n.eJIaM
HY.n.eHCKHM, y.n.eJIJIJI, T04Hee roBOPjJ, BbIH)')J{)J,eH 6bIJI y.n.eJIjJTb, np06JIeMaM
CHHarOfH. np06J1eMa 6bIJIa BbI3BaHa TeM, 4TO C 388 r., H, cy.n.jJ no BceMY,
BO MHorHX ropo.n.ax HMnepHH, Ha4aJIHCb MaCCOBbIe Hana.n.eHHjJ XPHCTH-
aHCKoH TOJlnbI Ha cHHarofH 201 . I1MnepaTop, HCXO.lJ.jl HMeHHO H3 TBep.n.oro
y6e)J{)J,eHHjJ B 3aKOHHOCTI1 caMoro <jJaKTa cYllleCTBoBaHHjJ Hy.n.aH3Ma,
BbIHY)K.n.eH 6bIJI H3.n.aBaTb MHO)KeCTBO 3.n.HKTOB B 3alllHl)' CHHaror. 0
MHOroM rOBopHT, KCTaTH, y)Ke caM <jJaKT Toro, 4TO TaKHe 3.n.HKTbI npHXO-
.n.HJIOCb nOBTopjJTb 1.faCT0 202 . I1HbIMH CJIOBaMH, HMnepaTopcKajJ BJIaCTb
3anycTI1JIa B .n.eHCTBl1e MexaHH3M, C KOTOpbIM He Moma cnpaBHTbCjJ, - aH-
THHY.n.eHCKHe HaCTpOeHl1jJ TOJInb!.
,[{Ba.n.uaTb .n.eBHoro ceHTjJ6pjJ 393 r. 6bIJI npHHjJT 3aKOH, HanpaBJIeH-
HbIH npOTHB Tex, KTO, npl1KpbIBajJcb xpHcTHaHcKoH BepoH, pa3pYlllae-r
201 HeJlb3J1 He npHJ:iTH K BbIBOllY, 'iTO B )THX HanMeHHIIX 6blJ1 BHHOBaT B KOHe'iHOM C'ieTe
caM HMneparop, H60 aHTHHy:\eJ:icKHe HacrpoeHHII B paCCMarpHBaeMoe BpeMII aKTHBHO <j!op-
MHpOBaJJHCb HCBepxy».
202 npH OTBeTe Ha Bonpoc, nO'ieMY TaK npOHCXOllHJ10, He06xOllHMO Y'iHTbIBaTb llBa <j!aK-
Topa: ]) HacrpoeHHe TOJJnbl H 2) HellOCTaTO'iHYIO 3<j!<j!eKTHBHOCTb 3aKOHOllaTeJ1bCTBa, KOfila
npHHJlTHe TOit HJ1H HHOH 3aKOHOllareJ1bHoit HOpMbl COBepweHHO He rapaHTHpOBaJJO ee BbInOJ1-
HeHHJI.
378
TJlGeG 7, Tpemuu neplloo PU.McKD-lIydezlcKux omHollleHlIu
CHHarom (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8,9). l.fepe3 '-IeTbIpe ro.n.a, 17 HIOWI 397 r.,
6b1JI npHH T HOSbIH 3aKOH 6J1H3KOro xapaKTepa. npOBHHUHaJIbHbIe Ha-
MeCTHHKI1 .n.OJ1)1(Hbl 6blJ1H CJ1e.n.I1Tb 3a coxpaHHocTblO CHHaror Ha TeppH-
TOpl1H CBOHX npOBHHUI1H (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 12).
C npHxo.n.oM K BJ1aCTH ct>eo.n.ocl1 II .n.yx 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbCTBa B :HOM
Bonpoce OnHTb HeCKOJ1bKO H3MeHHJ1C . .IJ:Ba.n.uaTb .n.eBjJToro Ma - 408 r.
6blJ1 npHH T 3aKOH npOTI1B npa3.n.HHKa nypl1M, BBH.n.y Toro '-ITO npa3.n.-
HH'-IHbIH 06p )J, BKJlIO'-IaJI B ce6 3JIeMeHTbl, oCKop6HTeJ1bHble .D.J1 XPH-
CTHaH (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 18 = Cod. Just., I, 9, 11). B TOM )l(e ro.n.y Ha
3ana.n.e HMnepHH 6blJ1 npHHjJT 3aKOH 0 3all{HTe a<PPHKaHCKOH uepKBI1 OT
OCKop6J1eHHH CeKTaHTOB .n.OHaTHCTOB 11 Hy.n.eeB (Cod. Theod., XVI, 5,
44).
B nepBOM CJ1Y'-lae Mbl 3HaeM, '-IeM 6b1J1 BbI3BaH 3anpeT: B xo.n.e npa3.n.-
HHKa nypHM C)I(HraJIaCb pacrulTa Ha KpecTe CHMBOJ1I1'-1eCKa K)'KJIa. 3TO
H306pIDKeHHe nepcoHH<pHUHpOBaJIO OTHIO.n.b He XpHCTa, HO .n.J1 TOro
'-IT06bl 3TO nOHjJTb, CJ1e.n.OBaJIO 06J1a.n.aTb ypOBHeM n03HaHHH B BeTXOM
3aBeTe, KOToporo y cpe.n.Hero 06b1BaTeJI Toro BpeMeHH He 6b1J10. C)I(H-
raHHe paCnHTOH <pHrypbI Morno BocnpHHHMaTbc TaKI1MH JIIO.n.bMH TOJIb-
KO KaK np Moe YKa3aHl1e Ha XpI1CTa. I1H<popMaUHeH 0 CYTH KOH<jmHKTa
B A<pPHKe Me)l()J,y XpHCTl1aHaMH, .n.OHaTHCTaMI1 H Hy.n.e MI1 Mbl He pacno-
J1araeM.
O.n.HaKO pa3pYllleHHe CI1Haror npo.n.OJ1)1(aJIOCb, '-ITO OT'-IaCTH H3BeCTHO
113 C006ll{eHHH HappaTHBHblX HCTO'-lHHKOB, OT'-IaCTH - no peryJ1 pHOCTH
nO BJIeHH 3aKOHOB 0 3all{HTe CHHaror OT pa3pyrneHHH. B 414 r. 6blJ1a
pa3pyrneHa cHHarora B AJ1eKCaH.D.p"H, B 419 r. - cHHarora B emneTCKOM
ropo)J,e MamHa. BH.n.HMO, B 3TOH CB 3H nO BJ1 eTCjJ o'-lepe.n.HoH 3aKOH
ct>eo.n.ocH II OT 6 aBrycTa 420 r., B KOTOpOM no.n.'-IepKHBaJIOCb, '-ITO He-
.n.onyCTHMO npeCJ1e.n.OBaHHe HeBI1HOBHOro H)'.n.e H '-ITO cJle.n.yeT oxpaH Tb
OT orH H JII06bIX nOBpe)l()J,eHHH cHHarom H '-IaCTHble .n.OMa Hy.n.eeB (Cod.
Theod., XVI, 8, 21 = Cod. Just., 1,9, 14). B 3aKOHe eCTb TaIOKe cneUH-
aJIbHa oroBopKa: YTO'-lIlilJIOCb, '-ITO HY.n.eH, .n.IDKe eCJIH OH HapYlllHlI 3aKOH,
.n.omKeH 6bITb Cy.n.HM Cy.n.OM, a He caMocy.n.OM. 0 MHOroM rOBOpl1T caM
<paKT nO BJIeHHjJ TaKHX CJIOB B 3aKOHe.
CH'ryaUI1 , o.n.HaKO, C ro.n.aMH COBepllleHHO He yny'-llllaJIaCb - B 423 r.
6b1J10 npHH To TPH 3aKOHo.n.aTeJ1bHbIX aKTa aHaJIOm'-lHOrO co.n.ep)l(aHH
(Cod. Theod., XVI, 8,25,26,27). Boo6ll{e CKJla.n.blBaeTC Bne'-laTJ1eHHe,
'-ITO xpHCTHaHCKa BJ1aCTb HCKaJIa OTHbIHe He CTOJ1bKO cnoc06a 3all{HTbI
CHHaror OT pa3pYllleHH (XOT H 3TO 6bIJ10), CKOJ1bKO cnoc060B Bocnpe-
n TCTBOBaTb BOCCTaHOBJ1eHI1IO pa3pYllleHHbIx CHHaror. .IJ:eJ1o B TOM, '-ITO
HX '-IaCTO npeBpall{aJIH B Xpl1CTHaHCKHe uepKBI1 npH 60JIee HJIH MeHee
6J1arO)l(eJ1aTeJIbHOM nonycTHTeJ1bCTBe BJIaCTeH. B KOHue KOHUOB KOMnpo-
379
A. r. rpyweBoJ:i. l1yi)eu U UYOGU1M e ucmopuu PIL\1CKOU pecny6.7uKu u PU.\ICKOU u.«nepull
MHCC 6blJ1 HaH.n.eH. B O.n.HOM H3 ynOMj(HYTbIX 3aKOHOB nOBTOpj(eTCj( 3anpeT
Ha JIl1llleHHe uy.n.eeB Tex MeCT, me OHH MOJ1j(TCj(. 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIb OIUlTb)l(e
nOBTopj(eT, qTO HI1KOMY He .n.03B0J1j(eTCj( I1X C)I(I1raTb 11J111 KaK-J1116o ne-
peCTpal1 BaTb.
3aKOH co.n.ep)l(aJI TaIOKe H HeKOTopoe KOJ1l1qeCTBO I1HblX KOMnpOMHCC-
HblX npe.n.JIO)l(eHHH. Do.n.Beprllll1eCj( pa3rpa6J1eHHIO cHHarorH 06pall\aJIl1Cb
B xpl1CTHaHCKHe l\epKBH 11 06paTHO He B03Bpall\aJIHCb. npaB.n.a, npH 3TOM
uy.n.ej(M npeLl,OCTaBJ1j(J1Cj( B c06CTBeHHOCTb HHOH yqaCTOK 3eMJ1H B TOM
)I(e nOCeJ1eHHH, r.n.e pa3peWaJlOCb B03BeCTH cHHarory.
JIoruqeCKI1M 3aBepllleHHeM 3Toro 3anpeTHTeJ1bHoro 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIb-
CTBa CTaJla Y)l(e ynoMHHaBwaj(Cj( TpeTbj( HOBeJ1JIa <1>eo.n.OCHj( II (438 r.).
B .n.OK}'MeHTe 3anpell\aJI0Cb cTpOHTeJ1bCTBO HOBblX CHHaror. CTapble
cHHarorl1 MO)l(HO 6b1J10 BOCCTaHaBJII1BaTb H peMoHTHpoBaTb TOJIbKO B
TOM CJ1yqae, eCJII1 CI1HarOrH BeTWaJlH. TOT, KTO YKpalllaJI CHHarorH, He
HY)l(.n.alOll\HeCj( B peMOHTe H3-3a BeTXOCTH, no.n.J1e)l(aJ1 WTpa<py B 50
<PYHTOB 30J1OTa. 3aKoH 6blJ1 nOBTopeH B ,[(HreCTaX (Dig., I, 9, 18; Nov.
Theod., 3).
8. l1y eH H Hy aH3M B V B.
3.n.eCb B03HHKaeT Bonpoc, qTO )I(e Mbl 3HaeM 0 peaJIbHOH )I(H3HI1 uy-
.n.eeB B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMj(, nOMHMO Ko.n.eKca <1>eo.n.OCHj(. KOe-KaKaj(
I1H<popMal\Hj( y Hac eCTb, H60 ynoMHHaHHH 0 uy.n.ej(x B paHHexpHcTHaH-
CKOH JIHTeparype BeCbMa MHoro.
OTMeTHM npe)l()J,e Bcero cJIe.n.YIOll\ee H3MeHeHI1e npHHl\HnHaJlbHoro
xapaKTepa, KaCalOll\eecj( )I(H3HH UYLl,eeB naJIeCTI1HbI. 3a nepHo.n. OT IOJ1Ha-
Ha.n.o XaJIKH.n.oHCKoro c060pa (451 r.) B DaJIeCTHHe 60J1blllHHCTBO Ha-
CeJ1eHHj( npHHj(J10 xpHcTHaHCTBo, a uy.n.eH CTaJll1 MeHblllHHCTBOM, XOTj(
ell\e npl1 KOHcTaHTHHe 6blJ10 Ha060poT. 3.n.ecb Mbl MO)l(eM .n.IDKe KOe-qTO
no.n.CqlITaTb. ConOCTaBJIeHHe «OHoMacTHKoHa» EBceBI1.SI C ero JIaTHHCKHM
nepeBo.n.oM, KOTOpblH oCYll\eCTBHJ1 l1epoHI1M npl1MepHO J1eT qepe3 CTO,
H oc06eHHO .n.onOJ1HI1TeJIbHble YTOqHeHHj( l1epoHHMa, nOKa3blBalOT, qTO
KOJ1l1qeCTBO xpHCTHaHCKHX 06ll\HH 3aMeTHO B03paCTaeT.
nHblH BeK CTaJI OC06blM BpeMeHeM B pacnpOCTpaHeHI1H xpHCTHaH-
CTBa B naJIeCTHHe H ell\e no O.n.HOH npl1qHHe. naJIeCTHHa CTaHOBHTCj( B
3TO BpeMj( MeCTOM 06peTeI-!11.SI 6eCqHCJ1eHHoro KOJ1WfeCTBa MOll\eH CBHbIX.
Y)I(e npH HMnepaTope IOJIHaHe H3 DaJIeCTHHbI B EruneT 6bIJII1 nepeBe3e-
Hbl OCTaHKH 110aHHa KpeCTHTeJ1j( H npopOKa EJ1Hcej(. B 395 r. B KOHCTaH-
THHOnOJ1b 6blJ1H nepeBe3eHbi H3 CHXeMa OCTaHKH 110cH<pa, a B 406 r. B
380
J:I/oea 7, TpemUli nepuoo pUMcKo-uyOeucKux omHoUleHuu
KOHCTaHTHHOnOJlb )Ke OTnpaBHJ1H OCTaHKH 6H6JleHCKOfO CaMYHJIa. 8 412 r.
B I1a.neCTI1He HalllJlI1 OCTaHKI1 npopoKa 3aXapl1H. Ha MeCTe HX Haxo.n.KH
6bIJla nocTpoeHa l\epKoBb. l.fyrb n03)1(e, B 415 f., HalllJlI1 OCTaHKH npoTO-
.n.HaKOHa CTe<jJaHa H, KaK C4HTa.nH COBpeMeHHHKH, faMa.nHHJIa, Y411Temi
anOCTOJla I1aMa. 3aTeM Ha MeCTe Haxo.n.OK, HeCKOJlbKO ceBepHee l1epyca-
JlHMa, B03BeJlH l\epKOBb. HaKOHel\ nOCJIe.n.Hjjjj 113 :nOH cepHH HaXOLl,OK
OTHOCHTCjj K HeCKOJIbKO 60Jlee n03.n.HeMY BpeMeHH, K cepe.n.HHe V B. 80
BpeMjj l\apCTBOBaHHjj I1MnepaTopa J1bBa (457-474), B l1epyca.nI1Me, Y
O.n.HOH Hy.n.eHKH 6bIJlH 06HapY)l(eHbI o.n.e)l()J,bI, npl1Ha)J,J1e)l(aBllll1e ,[(eBe
MapHH. C 60JlblilOH Top)l(eCTBeHHocTblO :na o.n.e)l()J,a 6bIJla nepenpaBJIeHa
B KOHcTaHTHHOnOJlb 203 . ECTecTBeHHo, B03pacTaHHe KOJll14eCTBa Haxo.n.OK
Xpl1CTHaHCKHX CBjjTbIHb BeJlO K B03pacTaHHIO oc060ro HHTepeca K I1a.ne-
CTHHe BO BceM xpHcTHaHcKoM MHpe. 3aKoHoMepHbIM pe3YJlbTaTOM :noro
HHTepeCa CTaHOBI1J10Cb pe3Koe B03paCTaHI1e na.nOMHH4eCTB, BbI3BaHHbIX
)KeJlaHHeM xpHcTHaH YBl1.lI.eTb CBOI1MI1 rJIa3aMI1 CBjjTbIe MeCTa, f.n.e )I(HJIH
H TBOpHJIH nepcoHIDKH BeTIWfO H HOBOfO 3aBeTOB 204 .
B HallleM pacnOpjj)l(eHHH eCTb O.n.HH I1HTepecHbIH <jJaKT, nOKa3bIBalO-
lllHH, 4TO, B03MO)l(HO, TaKHe peJIHKBHI1 CTaHOBHJlHCb COJlH.n.HbIM HCT04-
HHKOM .n.eHe)KHbIX nOC1)'nJleHHH )J,J1jj I1X Ma.n.eJlbl\eB. TaK, <l>eo<jJaH co-
06111aeT, 4TO <l>eo.n.ocHH II pacnopjj.n.HJIcjj BbI.n.aTb COJlI1.n.HYIO CYMMY .n.eHef
H 30JlOTOH KpecT 3a MOlllH (npaBYIO PYKY) CB. CTe<jJaHa 205 . OrMeTHM
TaIOKe, 4TO MaCCOBbIe na.nOMHH4eCTBa B I1a.necTHH}' 6bIJIH BblfO.n.HbI .n.Jljj
Bcero pefHoHa B l\eJlOM. KIDK.n.bIH nanOMHHK OCTaBJljjJl B I1aJleCTHHe
onpe.n.eJleHHbIe .n.eHe)l(HbIe cpe.n.cTBa, HHOf.n.a .n.IDKe HeMa.nble 206 .
113BecTHoe Y.IT)'4111eHHe )l(H3HH uy.n.eeB, Ha6JlIO.n.aeMoe f.n.e-TO co BTO-
pOH 4eTBepTI1 V BeKa H. 3., 06'bjjCHjjJIOCb H HHbIMH npI14HHaMH. KaK HH
napa.n.OKCaJIbHO, He06xo.n.HMO npl13HaTb, 4TO B pe3YJlbTaTe CTe4eHHjj
l\eJloro pjj.n.a <jJaKTOpOB )J,J1HTeJIbHbIH nepHO.n. aHTHuy.n.eHcKoro 3aKOHo.n.a-
TeJIbCTBa npH <l>e.n.OCHjjX H ApKa.n.HI1 npl1BeJl B KOHl\e KOHl\OB K BnOJlHe
pea.nbHOMY YJlY4llleHHIO nOJIO)KeHHjj l1y.n.eeB. ,[(eJlO B TOM, 4TO nOCJIe
2030CHOBHble KOHTeKCTbl 06 06peTeHHH MoweH H penHKBHi1: HOCH<jJ - C5CO (55), 111,
IV, Chronic. ad a. 846. P. 159; CaMYHn - Leonis Grammatici Chronographia ex recensione
Immanuelis Bekkeri. Accedit Eusthatii de capta Thessalonica liber. Bonn, 1842, P. 105; 3axa-
pHil - C5CO (55), III, IV, Chron. Minor, P. 160; OlleJK.llbl L!eBbl MapHH - Leonis Gram-
matici Chronographia.... P. 1 ]4; Georgius Cedrenus (ed. Bonn), I. P. 614: npopoK EJJHcei1-
Leonis Grammatici Chronographia... P. 115,
204 npH 3TOM xpHcTHaHe OXOTHO HCnOJJb30BaJlH B Ka'ieCTBe npOBOllHHKOB no naJIeCTHHe
HyLteeB H CaMapUTJlH. CM., HanpHMep: Hier., Prologus in Naum (PL. Vol. 25. Col. 1232).
205 Theophanis Chronographia edidit C. De Boor, Vol. I. Leipzig, 1883. P. 86 (a. m.
5290).
206 B H3BeCTHblX npellenax 311eCb llaJKe B03MOJKHa aHaJlOrHlI C COBpeMeHHblM TYpH3MOM H
3aMeTHoi1 ero ponblO B 3KoHoMHKe oTllenbHblX CTpaH.
381
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. l1ydeu U lIydau:JM e IIcmopuu PU\lCKOli pecny6.7W.:u II PlL\/CKOU lL\mepllll
438 r., ro.n.a Kor.n.a TpeTbSl HOBeJlJla <1>eo.n.ocl1S1 no.n.BeJIa cBoero po.n.a HTor
aHTHH)'.n.eHCKOMY 3aKoHo.n.aTeJIbCTBY, rocy.n.apcTBeHHaSi BJIaCTb nOLlTH Ha
CTO JIeT KaK 6bl 3a6b1JIa 0 Hy.n.eSlx. B xpHcTHaHcKoM Ml1pe HaMeTHJICSI
oLlepe.n.HoH paCKOJI, 3aHSlBlllHH Ha.n.OJIrO YMbl MHorl1X xpHcTHaHcKHx
.n.eSlTeJIeH, H B pe3YJIbTaTe.n.0 npaBJIeHHSlI1MnepaTopa IOcTHHHaHa (527-
565) B HMnepHH He npHHHMaJJOCb HHKaKHX aHTI1H)'.n.eHCKI1X 3aKOHOB .n.o
BpeMeHH BTOpOH 11 OKOHLlaTeJIbHOH KO.n.H$I1KaI..{HH pl1MCKOro npaB(l, I1MeB-
llleH MeCTO KaK pa3 npH IOcTHHHaHe.
B V B. 6blJIO npHHSlTO TalOKe HeCKOJIbKO 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbHb1X aKTOB,
CYlll.eCTBeHHO 113MeHI1Bllll1X BHYTpeHHlO1O )J(H3Hb l1y.n.eeB. B Y)J(e ynOMH-
HaBllleMCSI Bblllle 3aKOHe 429 r., nOCJle.n.HeM ynoMHHaHHI1 0 nOCJIe.n.HeM
naTpHapxe faMaJJHI1J1e VI, eCTb elll.e O.n.HO OLleHb BIDKHoe YKa3aHHe (Cod.
Theod., XVI, 8,29). B HeM roBOpHTCSI 0 JII1.n.epax H)'.n.eeB, YTBep)J()J,aeMbIX
CHHe)lpHOHaMH HJII1 OCYlll.eCTBJISIIOlll.I1X CBOH nOJIHOMOLlHSI B .n.pyrHx
npOBI1HI..{HSIX. 3TO ynoMHHaHHe 0 cHHe.n.p110HaX CJIe.n.yeT CBSl3bIBaTb C
pe$opMOH, KOTopaSi HMeJIa MecTO B TOM )J(e 429 r., Kor.n.a 6b1JI ynpa3.n.HeH
naTpl1apxaT. Tor.n.a)J(e TeppHTopHSI na.rIeCTHHbI 6b1J1a pa3.n.eJIeHa Ha TPH
npOBHHI..{HH: naJJecTHHY nepBYIO, naJIeCTHHY BTOPYIO 11 na.rIeCTHHY
TPeTblO. naJJeCTI1Ha nepBaSi BKJIIOLla.rIa B ce6S1 l1y.n.elO H CaMapHIO, na-
JIeCTHHa BTopaSi - faJJHJIelO 11 )J;eKanOJIHc. naJJecTHHa TpeTbSl BKJIIO-
LlaJJa B CBOH COCTaB HereB, CHHaH H IO)J(Hoe 3aHop.n.aHbe.
ConOCTaBJIeHHe 060l1x $aKToB nOKa3bIBaeT, LITO o.n.HOBpeMeHHO C
ynpa3.n.HeHHeM naTpl1apXaTa npOH30lllJIO H paCLlJleHeHHe e.n.HHoro .n.o
:noro BpeMeHH CHHe.n.pHOHa Ha .n.Be HJlH TPH LlaCTH. (MbI, no npaB.n.e
rOBOpSl, He 3HaeM, )J(HJIH JlI1 Hy.n.eH Ha TeppHTOpHH naJJeCTHHbI TpeTbeH.)
TaKHM 06Pa30M, KOHLlHJlCSI He TOJlbKO naTpHapxaT, HO H e.1.\HHbIH CHHe.n.-
pHOH. B Ka)J()J,OH H3 naJJeCTHHCKHX npOBHHl..{l1H (HJIH, B03MO)J(HO, B .1.\BYX
npOBI1HI..{HSIX H3 Tpex) 6b1JI OTHbIHe CBOH OT.n.eJIbHbIH CHHe.n.pHOH.
o npOHcxo.n.S1l.lteM )J(e B MHpe H)'.n.eeB B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMSI MbI
3HaeM He OLleHb MHOro. Bce )J(e xpHcTHaHcKHe aBTOpbI co06lll.alOT KOe-LlTO
cyl.lteCTBeHHoe. Oc06eHHo MHOro HHTepecHoro .n.aeT l1epoHHM, )J(HBlllHH
B naJJecTHHe C 385 no 420 r., .n.OJIro H MHOro 06lll.aBlllHHCSI C HY)leSlMI1.
CBe.n.eHHSI, KOTopbIe OH co06l.ltaeT, .n.alOT OCHOBaHI1S1 )J,JISI cJle.n.YIOlll.erO
BbIBo.n.a npHHLlHnHaJJbHoro xapaKTepa. l1y.n.eH, 6y.n.YLlH «BbITeCHeHHbIMH»
H3 061.lteCTBeHHoH )J(H3HH, HO He H3 06lll.eCTBa, cocpe.n.OTOLlI1J1HCb Ha
3KOHOMHKe, TOprOBJle H HaKonJIeHI1H 60raTCTB. C06CTBeHHO rOBOpSl,
l1epoHHM nHllleT HHaLle: OH 6b1JI O.n.HHM H3 nepBbIX B eBponeHCKOH Tpa-
.n.HI..{HH, nHrnyl.ltHX 0 «MaTepHaJJH3Me» H )J(a)J,HOCTH H)'.n.eeB207. 3.n.eCb BIDK-
207 Hier. Prologus in Osee (PL. Vol. 25. Col. 820); In Ezechielem, IV, \3 (PL. Vol. 25. Col.
49ff.).
382
r:wea 7, Tpemuu neplloO pUMcKo-uyoeucKILX OnlHOll/eHIIU
HO OTMeTHTb, 'ITO Bce e.n.I1HOMbllllJ1eHHHKH l1epoHHMa, cy.n.S1 no BceMY, He
BnOJ1He OT.n.aBaJlH ce6e OTLleT B TOM, LITO caMO 061l.\eCTBO T0J1KH)'J10 Hy.n.e-
eB HMeHHO Ha Tal(}'lO .n.eSlTeJ1bHOCTb, nOCTeneHHO .n.eJ1aSl .D.JISI HHX He.n.oc-
1)'nHbiM HHoe.
I1Hor.n.a, npaB.n.a, Ofl..{bll.\epKBH OlllH6aJ1HCb B CBOHX BbICKa3bIBaHIDIX,
KaCalOll.\HXCSI H)'.n.eeB. TaK, y HepOHHMa eCTb yrBep/K.D.eHHe 0 TOM, LITO
H)'.n.eH He HMelOT npaBa CJ1Y»<HTb B apMHH H He HMelOT co6CTBeHHbiX
Cy.n.OB (Hier. In Isaiam., III, 2 (PL. Vol. 24, col. 59). 3.n.ecb BepHo JIHlllb
nepBoe yrBep/K.D.eHHe, 1160 paBBI1HI1CTHLleCKl1e cy.n.bI np0).{0J1»<aJll1 cYll.\e-
CTBOBaTb H B 3TO BpeMSI.
CJ1yqHBlllHHCSI B cepe.n.I1He V B. H. 3. HOBblH paCKOJ1 B xpHCTHaHCKOH
l.\epKBH Ha)J,OJ1rO OTBJ1eK Bce CHJ1bl rocy.n.apCTBa H l.\epKBH OT np06J1eM
Hy.n.eeB H H)'.n.aH3Ma. XpHCTHaHcKHH MHp 6b1J1 B :ITO BpeMSI nOmOll.\eH XPH-
CT0J10rHLleCKHMI1 CnOpaMI1. ComaCHO OpTO.n.OKCaJlbHOH TOLlKe 3peHHSI, B
XpHCTe 06e npHpo.n.bl (LleJ10BeLleCIGUJ H 60»<eCTBeHHaSl) COC)'ll.{eCTB}'IOT, He
CMelllHBaSICb. O.n.HaKO B 449 r. npoHcxo.n.HT o<popMJ1eHHe MOHO<pH3IITCTBa,
yqeHI1S1 0 e.n.HHoH, 60»<eCTBeHHOH npHpo.n.e XpHCTa, CTIlBlllee B BOCTOLIHOH
PHMCKOH HMnepHH BJIIDITeJ1bHbIM peJ1HfH03HO-n0J1HTHLleCKHM yqeHHeM.
B3mSl.n.bl EBTHXIDII1 )J;HocKopa, C03,lJ.aTeJ1eH MOHO<pH3IITCKOro YLfeHI1S1,
He nOJIYLfHJ1H OLfeHb lllHpOKOH nO)J,)J,ep»<KH, H60 enHCKonbl KOHcTaHTH-
HonOJ1S1 H PI1Ma 06'be.n.I1HHJ1HCb npOTHB )J;HocKopa H EBTHXHSI. B 451 r.
c06paJIcSi 3HaMeHHTblH XaJlKI1.n.OHCKI1H c060p, Ha KOTOpOM Bonpoc 6b1JI
pellleH C 0<pHl.\HaJlbHOH, OpTO.n.OKCaJlbHOH TOLIKH 3peHHSI. bbUIa npHHSlTa
<popMYJ1a 0 e.n.HHCTBe XpHcTa B ,lJ.BYX ero npHpo.n.ax. MOHO<pH3HTbI pe-
llleHHH XaJlKMOHCKOro c060pa He npl1fU1J1H H Hauum nO)J,)J,ep»<KY B .n.BYX
perHoHax - B ErHnTe H B CHpHH 208 .
MOHO<pH3IITCTBO HalllJ10 nO)J,)J,ep»<KY H B naJIeCTHHe, HO 3.n.eCb B 451 r.
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nOLfeMY lOBeHaJll1H 6blJ1 B npSlMoM CMbICJ1e CJ10Ba noolllpeH: lOBeHaJlHH
6b1J1 c.n.eJ1aH naTpHapxoM l1epYCaJlHMCKHM, H naJIeCTI1Ha nepeCTaJla TeM
caMblM no.n.LlHfUlTbCSI AHTHOXI1H.cKOMY naTpHapxa1)', CTaB caMOCTOSlTeJ1b-
HbiM naTpHaplllecTBoM. TaK Llepe3 22 ro.n.a nOCJ1e KOHl.\a Hy.n.eHCKOro
naTpHaplllecTBa B naJIeCTHHe 3.n.eCb B03HHKJlO naTpHaplllecTBo XP"CT"-
aHCKoe.
208 a XanKHllOHCKOM co60pe CM. nOllpo6HO: J/e6edee A. H. Bce.1eHCKHe co60pbl IV H V
BeKOB. 0630p HX 1l0rMaTH'ieCKOH lleRTeJJbHOCTH 8 CBH3H C HanpaBJJeHIIHMlIllIKOJJ AneKCaHll-
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383
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. l1ydeu u uydall3.\f e ucmopuu PIL\fCKOli peclly6.1UKIf If P1L\lCIWU .Hmeplflf
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OTBOeBbIBaTb CBoe mrrpHaplllee nOJIOlKeHHe ueJIbIH ro.n., C nOMOI.l..{blO BOHCK,
YCTpaHSISI CBOHX BparoB LJI1CTO <p113HLJeCKI1.
C :noro MOMeHTa paCKOJI MelK.ll.Y «npaBOCJIaBHbIMH» H «MOH0<pH311-
TaMH» onpe.n.eJISlJI BCIO BHYTpeHHlO1O H BHelllHlO1O IKH3Hb BH3aHTHH
BnJlOTb .n.o apa6CKoro 3aBoeBaHHSI. Oc06eHHOCTH nOJIHTI1KI1 rocy.n.apCTBa
onpe.n.eJlSlJIHCb Hepe.n.KO oc06eHHOCTSlMH JIHLJHbIX B3rJISI.n.OB Toro I1JIH
HHOro I1MnepaTOpa. DOJIblllHHCTBO HMnepaTOpOB 6bIJIH npaBOCJIaBHbIMH,
HO .n.Boe, 3eHOH H AHaCTaCHH, Ha py6eIKe V-VI BB. aKfHBHO nO)J,)J,epIKH-
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neT - nO)J,)J,eplKl1BaSl MOHO<pH3HTCTBO, BbIcTynaJIH CBoero po.n.a onn03H-
UHOHepaMH He TOJIbKO 0<pHUl1aJ1bHOMY npaBOCJIaBHIO, HO H rocy.n.apCT-
BeHHOH BJIaCTH KOHCTaHTHHOnOJISI KaK TaKOBOH.
Ha.n:o CKa3aTb, LJTO BJIIDIHHe paCKOJIa B xpHCTHaHCKOM Ml1pe, Kap.u.H-
HaJlbHO H3MeHHBlllero MHorHe CTOpOHbI )I(}13HI1 Ha DJIH)lCHeM BOCTOKe,
CTaJlO .D.JISI l1Y.n.eeB S1BJIeHHeM nOJIO)l(}1TeJIbHbIM. I1MnepaTOpbI, He )lCeJIaSI
KOH<pJIHKTOBaTb C HaCeJIeHl1eM BOCTOLJHbIX npOBHHU,I1H, OT peJIHfH03HbIX
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MH BH)'TpeHHHMH np06JIeMaMH, MOHaxl1, 06bILJHO no.n.CTpeKaBlllHe JIIO.u.eH
K Hana.n:eHHIO Ha CHHarOfH, nOCJIe XaJlKH.n.OHCKOro c060pa 451 r., BbI-
HYlK.ll.eHbI 6bIJIH H3MeHHTb HOpMbI nOBe.u.eHI1S1, H60 pellleHHSI C060pa
nOCTaBHJIH MOHaXOB no.n. .n.OCTaTOLJHO cTporHH KOHTpOJIb enHCKonOB.
B pe3YJIbTaTe nepHo.u. OT XaJlKH.n.oHcKoro c060pa (451 r.).n.o BOuapeHI1S1
3HaMeHHTOro IOCTHHl1aHa B 527 r. 6bIJI .D.JISI Hy.n.eeB BeCbMa cnOKOHHbIM.
CnoKoHCTBHe 3TO BbIpIDKaJlOCb, npaB.n.a, JIHlllb B TOM, 'ITO B YKa3aHHbIH
nepHO.n. He npHHHMaJlOCb HHKaKHX HOBbIX aHTHI1Y.n.eHCKHX 3aKOHOB. npH-
HSlTbIe )ICe 3aKOHbI C06JIIO.n.aJlHCb He OLJeHb 6YKBaJlbHO. KaK H3BeCTHO,
MHorne He.n.aBHO 06Hap}/KeHHbIe B 113paKIle CI1HarorH C )lCHBOnHCblO, KIlH
C M03aHLJHbIMH YKpallleHHSlMH, OTHOCSlTCSI KaK pa3 KO BfOpOH nOJlOBHHe
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384
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BpeMeH11 2lO . OCHOBHbIe MOTHBbI M03aHYHbiX H306pIDKeHHH B CHHarorax
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BOBce He Bcer.n.a BbIpIDKaJIO HHTepeCbI OCHOBHOi1 MaCCbI HaCeJIeHI1 211.
06lllHOCTb lKe IKH3HH, KaK 113BeCTHO, .n.alKe npe.n.nOJIaraeT 06111HOCTb
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cnoc060B BbIpIDKeHH 3THX BKYCOB.
fOBOp 06 06lllHOCTH MOTI1BOB HCKYCCTBa H)'.n.eeB H xpHCTHaH, HeJIb3
B 3TOH CB 3H He OTMeTHTb H ellle O.n.HO BJIeHHe. 3a 06lllHOCTbIO MOTHBOB
2I O MHOrO'i"CJIeHHble apxeoJJorw'ieCKHe HaXO.llKH, OC06eHHO B cocellHeH C"PHH, nOKa3bl-
BalOT MaCCOBoe pacnp0CTpaHeHHe Ha BceM EJJHJKHeM BOCTOKe Tp311"U"H M03aJ1'iHOH JK"BO-
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211 EbLl0 6bl COBeprneHHO HeBepHblM AYMarb, 'iTO ecml B KaKHX-TO ropo.aax H o6.1aCTJlX
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.n.OJDKHa 6blJIa BC}J 06J..QHHa B l..{eJIOM. EOJIee .n.eTaJIbH<UI HHcI>opMal.\l1}J 0
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W CM. nOllp06Hee: Ovadiah A. Les mosa'istes de Gaza dans r Antiquite chretienne II RB.
82. 1975. N 4. P.552-557.
213 Goodenough R. Jewish Symbols... Vol. I. New York. 1953. P. 239-241.
388
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Bcero HMeHHO no 6e.n.HocTI1 - )l(epTBOBa.rIH cHHarore He ).\eHbrH, a pa3-
JIHLIHbIe TKaHH.
B .n.PyroM ropo.n.e, MaoHe, TOp)l(eCTBeHHoH Ha.n.nHCbIO OTMeLIaeTCjI
nO)l(epTBoBaHHe .n.BYX 30JIOTbIX. 11 TOJIbKO B TaKOM KpynHOM ropo.n.e, KaK
faJa, O.n.HH t{eJIOBeK CMor Ha CBOH .n.eHbrH nocTpoHTb KOJIOHHY, a .n.Boe
TOprOBl.{eB lllepcTbIO CMOfJIH BbIJIO)l(HTb .n.ocTaTot{Ho .n.eHer )J,JIjI M03aI1LI-
Horo nOKpbITHjI O.n.HOro KpbIJIa CHHarOfH. B O.n.HOM He60JIblllOM nOceJIe-
HHH, XYCHQ>a, 6bIJIa 06HapY)I(eHa Ha.n.nHcb, OTHOCjllll<UlCjI K paccMaTpH-
BaeMoMY BpeMeHH, co Cnel.{HaJIbHbIMH 6JIarOCJIOBeHIUIMI1 no OTHOllleHHIO
K )l(epTBoBaTeJIjlM H TeM, lITO .n.OCTaBHJ1 CBOH .n.apbI B cHHarory215. Bce
3TH npHMepbI nOKa3bIBaIOT, t{TO OCHOBHOH Q>HrYPOH cpe.n.H Hy.n.eeB B
naJIeCTHHe B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMjI 6b1J1 MeJlKHH c06CTBeHHHK C
.n.OCTaTOLIHO CKpOMHbIMH B03MO)l(HOCTjlMH. npaB.n.a, C 3KOHOMHLIeCKOH
TOt{KH 3peHHjI )l(H3Hb 3THX JIIO.n.eH 6b1J1a .n.OCTaTOt{HO cTa6HJIbHOH. )J;eJIO
B TOM, t{TO H B naJIeCTHHe paHHeBI13aHTI1HCKoro BpeMeHI1, H B OCTaJIbHblX
npOBHHl.{IUIX DJIH)I(Hero BOCTOKa IV-VI BB. Ha6JIIO.n.aJICjI 3KOHOMHLIecKHi1
nO).\1>eM, 3aTpOHYBlllHH KaK cQ>epy ToproBlIH H peMeCJIeHHoro np0I13Bo.n.-
CTBa, TaK H CeJIbCKOe X03j1HCTBO. )J;aHHbIe apXeOJIOfHH cBH.n.eTeJlbCTBYIOT
o nOBceMeCTHOM paclllHpeHHH Ha DmDl<HeM BocToKe paCCMaTpI1BaeMO-
ro BpeMeHH noceBHbIX ruIollla.n.eH 216 .
HecMoTpjl Ha Bce 3aKOHbI 3anpeTHTeJlbHOro xapaKTepa, H)'.n.eH 11 B
paccMaTpHBaeMYIO 3noxy npo.n.OJI)I(a.rIH pa60TaTb B rocy.n.apcTBeHHbIX
CTPYKTYPax, KaK nOKa3bIBaeT npHMep Y)I(e ynoMHHaBllleroCjI BbIllle KO-
MI1Ta, nO)l(epTBoBaBlllero Ha HY)K)J,bI CHHarOfH B XaMMaT-fa.n.epe njlTb
30JIOTbIX. foCy.n.aPCTBO )l(e, KaK BH.n.HM, )10 nopbI.n.o BpeMeHH 3aKpbIBaJIO
Ha 3TO fJIaJa, npe.n.nOLIHTaji He 3aMeLIaTb HapYllleHIUI c06CTBeHHbIX 3aKO-
HOB. )J;PyroH HCTOLIHHK, OTHOCjlIl.\Hi1CjI K paCCMaTpHBaeMOMY BpeMeHH,
n03BOJljleT B 06111eM-TO OTBeTHTb, not{eMY TaK npoHcxo.n.HJIo.
214THT)'JJ «KOM"T» nOKaJblBaeT, 'iTO, BepORTHee Bcero, ero 06.1aJlareJlb 6b1J1 maBOH (B03-
MOJKHO 'i,leHoM) ropollcKOro COBeTa KaKoro-J1H60 ropolla "JIH llepeBHH.
215 M. Avi-Yonah II QDAP. 1934. Vol. 3, P. 129-130.
2'. Avi-Yonah M. The Economics of Byzantine Palestine IIIEJ. 1958. Vol. 8. P.39-51.
B OC06eHHOCTH - p. 41-46,
389
A. f. rpyweBoit l1ydell II lIydaU1.\1 e IIcmopuII P1L\/CKOU pecny6.wKu II PWI/CKOli lL\/nepUU
ABTop VI B., Kl1pHJIJI CKH<ponOJII1TaHCKHH, COCTaBHJI BeCbMa nony-
JI pHbIH C60PHHK )l(HTHH CBHbIX. B 60JIblllHHCTBe CBoeM .n.eHCTBHe B
)l(I1TH X Y KHpHJlJIa CKH<ponOJIHTaHCKoro npOI1Cxo.n.HT HMeHHO B naJIe-
CTI1He. B O)lHOM H3 CBOHX np0l13Be)leHI1H Kl1pHJIJI CKH<ponOJIHTaHCKHH
Onl1CbIBaeT )l(H3Hb CBHoro CaBBbl, ro.n.bl )l(113HI1 KOTOpOro 439-531 rr.
B 3TOM )l(HTHH HeCKOJIbKO pa3 ynoMHHalOTc Hy.n.eH, ryJI IOIl.\l1e no YJIH-
QaM HepYCaJIHMa 11 )l(I1Byll.tHe B ropo.n.e. KHpl1JIJI CKH<ponOJII1TaHCKI1H
yrOYH eT, YTO H)'.n.eH BO BpeMeHa CaBBbl 6bIJIH B HepYCaJIHMe KpynHbl-
MH HaJ1oronJIaTeJIbIl.\HKaMH (Vita Sabae, 57). HHblMH CJIOBaMH, B V B.
Hy.n.eH )l(HJlI1 B HepYCaJIHMe JIeraJIbHO. HeCKOJIbKO CBH.n.eTeJIbCTB, OTHO-
C lllHXC K 60JIee n03.n.HeMY BpeMeHI1, TaIOKe no.n.TBep»<.D.alOT <paKT npo-
)l(HBaHH l1y.n.eeB B HepYCaJII1Me. npH HMnepaTope <l>OKe (602-610 rr.)
Hy.n.eeB, np0)l(HBaBlllHx B HepYCaJIHMe, 06palllaJIH B Xpl1CTHaHCTBo Ha-
CHJ1bHO. ECTecTBeHHo, 3TO 6bIJIO B03MO)l(HblM TOJlbKO B TOM CJIyYae, eCJIH
OHH TaM )l(HJIH. KaK H3BeCTHO, Ha KOpOTKHH nepl1o.n. nepe.n. apa6CKHM
3aBoeBaHHeM BeCb EJIH)I(HHH BOCTOK, B TOM YHCJIe H naJIeCTHHa, H He-
pycaJlHM nOnaJIH no.n. BJIaCTb nepCOB. XpHCTl1aHCKHe aBTopbl B 3TOH
CB 3H 06BHH JIH H)'.n.eeB B npe.n.aTeJIbCTBe: B TOM, YTO HMeHHO l1y.n.el1
OTKpbIJIH BopOTa nepcaM. (Eutychius, Annates II PG. Vol. 111, col. 1089).
nOH THO, YTO TaKoe 06BI1HeHI1e He Momo B03HI1KH)'Tb Ha nYCTOM Mec-
Te: eCJIH 6bl H)'.n.eH B paCCMaTpl1BaeMOe BpeM Bo06Il.\e He )l(I1JIH 6b1 B
ropo.n.e.
Ko BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe VI B. OTHOCHTC TaIOKe O.n.HO CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBO,
nOKa3bIBalOll.tee, YTO H)')leH )l(HJlI1 B oKpecTHocT X HepYCaJIHMa H 6ec-
nperurTcTBeHHo nOcell.taJIl1 CB Tble MeCTa, CB 3aHHble C .n.e TeJIbHOCTblO
Tex HJIH HHblX BeTX03aBeTHblX nepCOHa)l(eH 217 .
Y Hac eCTb o.n.Ha 3aQenKa, n03BOJI lOllla npe.n.nOJIO)l(I1Tb, KaKOBa
Moma 6bITb YHCJIeHHOCTb Hy.n.eHcKoro HaCeJIeHI1 B naJleCTHHe B V-
VII BB. Y )l(HBlllero B X B. naTpl1apXa apa60B-XpHCTl1aH EBTHXH BCTpe-
yaeTC YKa3aHHe, lffO BO BpeM nepcH.n.cKOro BTop)l(eHH Ha EJlI1)1(HI1H
BOCTOK Ha cTopoHe nepcoB CpIDKaJIOCb OKOJIO 20 TbIC. H)'.n.eeB, YTO .n.ae-r
OCHOBaHI1 npHMepHo OQeHHTb 06Il.\YIO YI1CJIeHHOCTb Hy.n.eeB B 150-
200 TbIC. yeJIOBeK. npHMepHo K TaKoMY )l(e pe3YJIbTary MO)l(HO np"HTH
H I1HblM nYTeM. nOcJIe BOCCTaHH Eap Kox6b1 B naJIeCTHHe 6blJIO npH-
MepHo 200 nOCeJIeHHH H)'.n.eeB C HaCeJIeHHeM npHMepHo 750-800 TbIC.
YeJIOBeK. K paccMaTpl1BaeMoMY )l(e BpeMeHI1 KOJIl1yeCTBO nOCeJIeHHH
Hy.n.eeB B naJIeCTHHe COCTaBJI JIO npl1MepHO YeTBepTb OT TOro, YTO 6bIJIO
BO BTOpOM BeKe, TO eCTb npHMepHo 200 TbIC. YeJIOBeK. ECJIH nepeBo.n.I1Tb
217 Itinera Hierosolymitana, saec. IV-VII, Edidit. P. Geyer (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesias-
ticorum Latinorum. Vol. 39). Wien-Leipzig. 1898. P. 570: Antoninus Placentinus. 570 r, H. 3.
390
Tnaea 7, Tpemuu nepuoO pUMcKo-uyOeucKux omHoU/eHllu
3TO B npOQeHTbI, TO no.rry4HM CJIe.n.yIOUO'IO QI1<PPY. Hy.n.eH B paCCMaTpH-
BaeMoe BpeM COCTaBJI JIH npHMepHo 10 npOQeHTOB OT 06111ero KOJIH'Ie-
CTBa HaCeJIeHH naJIeCTHHbI.
9. HyJteH H caMapHTHHCKHe BOCCTaHHH
Oc06eHHOCTbIO paCCMarpHBaeMoro BpeMeHH 6bUIH BOCCTaHH caMa-
pHT H B naJIeCTHHe. B 3TOH CB 3H He06xo,D,I1MO CKa3aTb HeCKOJIbKO CJIOB
o B3aHMOOTHOllleHIDIX H)'.n.eeB H caMapl1T H H 06 Y'IaCTHH H)'.n.eeB B caMa-
pHT HCKHX BOCCTaHH X. Ha.n.o CKa3aTb, 'ITO nOJIO)l(eHHe caMapHT H 6bIJIO
B H3BeCTHOM OTHOllleHHH X)')Ke nOJIO)l(eHIDI H)'.n.eeB. Hy.n.el1 HHKor.n.a He
paCCMaTpHBaJIH CaMapHT H KaK H)'.n.eeB, a pHMJI He Bcer.n.a OTKa3bIBaJIHCb
npe,D,OCTaBJUlTh CaMapHT HaM npaBa H npl1BHJIerHH, KOTopbIe HMeJIH H)'.n.eH
B paMKax 3bI'IecKoro PHMa. TaK, pHMCKHe BJIaCTH 3anpeTHJII1 caMapHT -
HaM 06pe3aHHe }')Ke B III BeKe, H60 paccMaTpHBaJIH caMapHT H KaK O.n.HH
H3 MHOrHX Hapo.n.oB HMnepHH, nO.D.JIe)l(alllHX TeM caMbIM 06meH IOpHC-
.n.HKUHH218. Bo BpeMeHa .l{HOKJIeTHaHa caMapHT He 06 3aHbI 6bIJIH cOBep-
lllaTb )l(epTBonpHHOllleHH 3bI4eCKHM 60raM Hap .D.Y co BceMH OCTaJIb-
HbIMH Hapo.n.aMH. nOcJIe 3TOro paBBHHbI pacQeHI1BaJIH CaMapI1T H y)l(e
HCKJIIO'IHTeJIbHO KaK H.n.OJIOnOKJIOHHHKOB (jAbodah Zarah, 5, 4-44d).
B 06111eH CJIO)l(HOCTH 3aMeTHbIX BbIcrynJIeHHH caMapHT H 6bIJlO Tpl1:
O.n.HO B V B., H .n.Ba B VI B. qTO KaCaeTC C06bITHH V B., TO B 451 r. BO
BpeM }')Ke ynOMI1HaBlllHXC BOJIHeHHH B naJIeCTHHe Ha peJlHrH03HoH
n0'IBe MeJK.D.Y npaBOCJIaBHbIMH H MOH0<pH3HTaMH, caMapHT He, ClI}?KI1B-
lllHe B pHMCKHX BOHcKax, aKTHBHO no.n.aBJI JIH BbIcrynJIeHH MOH0<pH-
3HTOB, BbIcrynHB TeM caMbIM Ha cTopoHe npaBHTeJlbCTBeHHbIX CHJI 219 .
O.n.HaKo y)l(e B CJIe.n.YlOllleM nOKOJIeHI1H, B 484 r., B naJIeCTHHe BcnbIX-
HYJIO HaCTO lllee BOCCTaHHe caMapHuH npoTHB QeHTpaJIbHOH BJIaCTI1.
HMnepaTop 3eHoH Haxo.n.HJIC B 3TO BpeM H . EJIH)I(HeM BocToKe B
CB 3H C 60pb60H npoTHB 0'Iepe.n.Horo Y3ypnaTopa. BOCCTaHHe 6bIJIO
)l(eCTOKO no.n.aBJIeHO, a Ha rope fapH3HM, QeHTpaJIbHOM MeCTe CaMapl1-
T \HCKOro K)'JIbTa, 6bIJla nOCTpoeHa xpHcTHaHcKIDI QepKOBb 220 . BoccTaHHe
21.0rigenus. Contra Celsurn, II, 13 (Origene. Contre Celse. Tome I (Livres I et II). Intro-
duction, texte critique, traduction et notes par M. Borret. Paris, 1967. P. 32 321),
219 Zach. Rhet. Hist. Eccl., I, 5. (Historia ecclesiastica Zachariae Rhetori vulgo adscripta.
Interpretatus est E. W. Brooks. Vol. \. Lovanii, 1924.)
22 0 Chronicon Pascha1e ad exemplar Vaticanum recensuit L Dindorfius. Vol. \. Bonn, 1832,
P. 602-603; 10hannis Malalae Chronographia ex recensione L Dindorfii. Accedunt Chilmeadi
hodiique annotationes et Rich. Benteleii epistola ad I. Millium. Bonn, 1831. Bonn. P. 382 I);
Procopius, De aedificiis, V, 7.
391
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i, Ifyoeu u uydau3.\/ e ucmopllu PU.IfCKOU pecny6.7uKu II PILI/CKOU uMnepuu
HMeJIO 113BeCTHblH ycnex: CaMapl1UlHaM y.n.aJIOCb Ha KaKoe-TO BpeMSI
3aXBaTI1Tb ropo.n. KecapelO - pe311.n.eHL{111O HaMeCTHI1Ka OaneCTHHbl
OepBOH. BOCCTaBlllHe 1136paJII1 H3 CBoeH cpe.n.bl npaBHTeJISI, KOTOpOro
3BaJIH lOcT. I-hBecTHO TalOKe, '-ITO lOcT 11 ero OKpY)l(eHl1e He6e3ycneill-
HO nblTaJIl1Cb opraHH30BaTb ynpaBJIeHHe Ha no.n.KOHTpOJIbHOH HM Tep-
pI1TOpHH. nOJIY'-leHl1e lOcToM BJlaCTH 6blJIO 06CTaBJIeHO TOp)l(eCTBeHHO
H I1MeJIO COBepllleHHO O'-leBH.n.Hble npeTeH31111 Ha 3aKOHHOCTb: caMapH-
TSlHCKHH L{apb 6b1JI KopOHOBaH. B HCTO'-lHHKaX C006illaeTCSI TalOKe, '-ITO
caMapHTSIHe C0611paJIH HaJIOrl1 C MecTHoro HaCeJIeHHSI B pa3MepaX, He
npeBbllllalOilll1X 06b1'-1HO c0611paeMblX CYMM. HHTepeCHO OTMeTHTb TaK-
)l(e, '-ITO BOCCTaBlllHe perYJlSlpHO YCTpaHBaJIH Ha no.n.KOHTpOJIbHOH 11M
TeppHTOpHI1 npa3.n.HH'-IHble MepOnpl1S1THSI )J,JISI HaCeJleHHSI. OpaB.n.a, no
CYTH CBoeH OHH HH'-Iero He MomH npe.n.JIO)l(I1Tb HHoro, KpOMe Tpa.n.HL{H-
OHHblX )J,JISI :noro BpeMeHH TeaTpanbHblX npe.n.CTaBJIeHHH, COCTOSlBlllHX
B OCHOBHOM 113 KOHHblX 3ae3.n.OB, TpaBJII1 .n.HKHX 3BepeH, cnopTHBHblX
COCTSl3aHHH H TeaTpaJIH30BaHHblX npe.n.CTaBJIeHHH B COBpeMeHHOM CMbIC-
JIe CJIOBa.
npH'-IHHa nepBOHa'-laJIbHOrO ycnexa KpynHblx caMapHTSlHCKHX BOC-
CTaHHH 3aKJIIO'-IaJIaCb B TOM, '-ITO rpIDK.D.aHCK<UI BJIaCTb B paCCMaTpl1BaeMOe
BpeMSI He HMeJIa B CBoeM Henocpe.n.CTBeHHOM paCnOpSl)l(eHI1H BOHCK. ,[(lISi
Bb130Ba BOHCK, paccpe.n.OTO'-leHHblX B OCHOBHOM B.n.OJIb rpaHHL{, Tpe60Ba-
JIOCb BpeMSI. O.n.HaKO )l(e, eCTeCTBeHHO, Bcer.n.a HacrynaJI TaKOH MOMeHT,
Koma BOHCKa HaKOHeL{ C06HpaJIHCb H nepeXO,D,HJIH B HacrynJIeHHe. no-
pa)l(eHHe BOCCTaBlllHX 6b1JIO TOJIbKO .n.eJIOM BpeMeHH.
Ho nOpIDKeHl1e caMapHTSlHcKOro BOCCTaHHSI npl1 3eHOHe 03Ha'-laJIO
JIHlllb nepe.n.bllllKY B 60pb6e. OonblTKa BOCCTaHHSI I1MeJIa TalOKe MeCTO
npl1 HMnepaTope AHaCTaCI1H. He60JIbillaJI rpynna caMapHTSlH 3axBaTHJIa
L{epKOBb Ha rope fapH3HM H no.n.llilJIa TaM 3HaMSI BOCCTaHIDI. A6coJIlOTHOe
60JIblllHHCTBO caMapHTSlH He nO)J,)J,ep)l(aJIO :noro BblcrynJleHHSlI1 BOCCTa-
HHe cpaKTH'-IeCKI1 3aBeplllHJIOCb, TaK H He Ha'-laBlllHCb22I .
nepBoe nO-HaCTOSlilleMY KpynHoe caMapHTSlHCKoe BOCCTaHHe npo-
1130lllJIO y)l(e B CJIe.n.YlOilleM CTOJIeTHH. BOCCTaHHe Ha'-laJIOCb B 529 r. no.n.
BJII1S1HHeM Hana.n.eHHH Ha BH3aHTHHcK}'1O Teppl1TOpHIO npOl1paHCKH Ha-
cTpoeHHblX apa60B, 3ailll1Tbl OT Hana.n.eHHSI KOTOpblX He 6b1JI0.
C06b1THSI 529 r. npe.n.cTaBJISlIOT OC06b1H HHTepec )J,JISI I1cTopHKa no
CJIe.n.YlOilleH npH'-II1He. B HCTO'-lHHKaX cOXpaHHJII1Cb .n.Be Tpa.n.HL{I1H 06
Y'-laCTHH illlH, Ha060poT, HeY'-laCTHH H)'.n.eeB B 3TOM BOCCTaHHH. I-hBecT-
HblH XpOHHCT VI B. HoaHH MaJIaJIa npSlMo nHllleT 06 Y'-lacTI1H Hy.n.eeB B
22' a BOCCTaHHH npH AHaCTaCHH CM,: Procopius. De aedificiis, V. 7.
..,
392
r:W6a 7, Tpemllu nepuorJ pU.\IcKo-uydeucKux omHomeHlIli
BOCCTaHI1I1 222 , OrpaHI1LfI1BajlCb, npaB.n.a, npH 3TOM O.n.HOH cppa30H. He-
CKOJIbKO aBTopOB 60JIee n03.n.Hero BpeMeHH nOBTOpSiIOT H3BeCTI1e MaJla-
JIbl, rOBOpSi 0 COYLfaCTHH B BOCCTaHHH H caMapHTSlH, H H)'.1.\eeB 223 . B TO )f(e
BpeMSI Tpl1 aBTOpa - 0pOKonHH, 3axapHSI PHTOp 11 aBTOp OaCXaJlbHOH
XpOHHKH, - S1BJIjlIOWHeCjI JIH60 COBpeMeHHI1KaMH onHCblBaeMblX c06b1-
THH, JlI160 )f(HBlllHe BCKope nOCJIe 3aBepweHHSI BOCCTaHHjl224, rOBopSiT
TOJIbKO 0 caMapHTSlHCKOM BOCCTaHHH 225 . 3TH pa3J1HLfHjI no.n.xo.n.OB B I1C-
TOLfHI1KaX He ,lJ.alOT Ha.n.eIKHblX OCHOBaHHH CKa3aTb B .n.aHHOM CJIYLfae
LfTO-JlH60 onpe.n.eJIeHHoe. OpOTHB B03MO)f(HOro YLfaCTHjI Hy.n.eeB B BOC-
CTaHHH roBOpHT, nOlKaJlYH, TOT cpaKT, LfTO Hy.n.el1 H caMapHTjlHe OLfeHb
.n.aBHO 6b1JIH pa3.n.eJIeHbl KOHcpeCCHOHaJlbHO 11 COYLfaCTHe Hy.n.eeB B caMa-
pl1TSlHCKOM BOCCTaHI1H B CBe-re 3TOro KalKeTCSI MaJlOBepOjiTHbIM. O.n.HaKO
)f(e, KaK Mbl YBH.n.I1M Lfyrb HH)f(e, YLfaCTHe H)'.n.eeB B nOCJIe.n.HeM caMapH-
TSlHCKOM BOCCTaHHH no.n.TBep)f()J,aeTCjI BceMH HCTOLfHHKaMH. 003TOMY,
eCJIH COBMeCTHoe BblcrynJIeHHe caMapHTjlH H H)'.n.eeB B 555 r. 6b1J1o pe-
aJlbHOCTblO, TO B03HI1KaeT Bonpoc, nOLfeMY OHO He MOrJIO HMeTb MeCTa
H B 529 r.? )J;onOJIHHTeJIbHbIM, npaB.n.a KOCBeHHbIM, co06pIDKeHI1eM B
nOJIb3Y B03MO)f(HOCTH COBMeCTHblX BblcryW1eHHH H)'.n.eeB H caMapHTSIH
npOTHB QeHTpaJIbHOH BJIaCTI1 He06xo,lJ.HMO npH3HaTb CJIe.n.YlOwee. B pac-
cMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMSI Bce 60JIbWe H 60JIbWe CTHpaJIHCb IOpH.n.HLfecKHe
rpaHH Me)f()J,Y OT.n.eJIbHbIMH KaTeropHSlMI1 )f(HTeJIeH HMnepHH. B n03.n.HeH
aHTHLfHOCTH npOHcxo.n.HT OKOHLfaTeJIbHOe npeBpaweHHe rpIDK.lJ.aHHHa B
npocTo nO)J,)J,aHHoro. JrOT npoQecc YHHcpHKaQHH cTaryca H nOJIO)f(eHHSI
OT.n.eJIbHoro LfeJIOBeKa B 06weCTBe He Mor He BeCTH K C6J1H)f(eHHIO YCJlO-
BI1H IKH3HH H B KOHeLfHOM CLfeTe K C6JIHIKeHHIO B3rJIjI.n.OB.
Bce )f(e, BBH.n.y He.n.OCTaTOLfHOCTI1 HCTOLfHHKOB, Mbl He MO)f(eM BbICKa-
3aTbCSI OKOHLfaTeJIbHO 0 COCTaBe B03MO)f(HbIX YLfaCTHHKOB nepBoro caMa-
m 10hannis Malalae Chronographia ex recensione L. Dindorfii. Accedunt Chi]meadi ho-
diique annotationes et Rich. Benteleii epistola ad 1. Milium. F.didit G. Bonn, 1831. P.445-
446.
m Theophanis Chronographia edidit C. De Boor. Vol. I. Leipzig, 1883, A. M. 6022 (p.
178. 23); Cedrenus (ed, Bonn. Vol. 1. P. 646--M7); Historia miscellanea, XVI (PL. Vol. 95.
Col. 981).
H TaKOBblM RBJlReTCR aBTop HanHcaHHoii B Ha'i3.le VII B. nacxaJJbHoii XpOHHKH. HMR
KOTOpOro HeH3BeCTHO.
"Procopius, Historia arcana II. 24-30; Zach. Rhet. Hist. Eccl., IX. 8 (Historia ecclesi-
astica Zachariae Rhetori vulgo adscripta. Interpretatus est E. W. Brooks. Vol. 1. Lovanii, 1924);
Chronicon Paschale ad exemplar Vaticanum recensuit L. Didorfius. Vol. 1. Bonn, 1832. P. 619-
620. TaKJKe TO.lbKO 0 CaMapHT!lHCKOM BOCCTaHHH, 6e3 )''iaCmR nY.lleeB, nHweT CHpHiicKlI1I
aBTOp ropa3L\0 60.lee n03L\Hero BpeMeHH - fpHropHII A6Y-Jlb-<I>ap311JK Eap 36peii (The
Chronography of Gregory Abu'l Faraj being the first part of his Political History of the World.
Translated by E. Wallis Budge. Yol. 1. London, 1932, P.74).
393
A, r. rpYWeBOJ:i. l1ydell U lIydalilM e ucmopuu PWIfCKOU pecny6JlUKlI u PlIJlICKOU UMneplill
pHnlHCKoro BOCCTaHH}I. MOIKHO, npaB.n.a, OTMeTI1Tb, '-ITO Y o.n.Horo H3
n03.n.HHx aBTopoB, y apa6a-xpHCTHaHHHa AranH}I, C06bITH}I CaMap"T}lH-
CKOro BOCCTaHH}I 529 r. oxapaKfepH30BaHbi KaK BOCCTaHl1e Hy.n.eeB226.
Xo.n. C06bITHH BOCCTaHH}I 529 r. 3a HeMHOrHMH HCKJ1lO'-IeHH}lMI1 no-
BTopHeT C06blTl1}1 484 r. BOCCTaHHe Ha'-laJIOCb ycnelllHO. BoccTaBlllHe
3aXBaTHJIH Ha 3TOT pa3 .n.pyroH ropo).\ - CKH<ponOJIHc. 1-13 COCTaBa BOC-
CTaBlllHX 6blJI H36paH 11 KopOHOBaH l.\apb no I1MeHH lOJIHaH, nblTaBlllHH-
CH - H .n.IDKe He6e3ycnelllHo - HaJIIDKHBaTb BJIaCTb Ha TOH TeppHTopHH,
KOTopaH 6blJIa eM)' no.n.KOHTpOJIbHa. UeHTpaJIbHIDI BJIaCTb TeM BpeMeHeM
c06paJIa .n.OCTaTO'-lHOe KOJIH'-IeCTBO BOHcKa, 3aKJ11O'-IHJIO C0103 C apaBHH-
CKHMH ruJeMeHaMH, IKHBlllHMI1 B npHrpaHH'-IHOH C HMnepHeH nOJIoce H
Ha'-laJIO HacryruJeHHe Ha BOCCTaBlllHX. Pe3YJIbTaT 6b1JI npe.n.CKa3yeM: 6bUIO
y6HTO H npo.n.aHO B pa6cTBo OKOJIO 20 TbIC. caMapHT}lH. B HCTO'-lHHKaX
npH 3TOM OTMe'-laeTC}I, '-ITO oc060 OTJIH'-II1JIHCb C0103Hbie C BH3aHTHeH
apaBHHcKHe nJIeMeHa, rpa6HBlllHe caMapHT}lH H nepenpo.n.aBaBlllHe ca-
Mapl1THH B pa6cTBo B HpaH.
,l:{aJIee nOCJIe.n.OBaJIH 06bl'-lHbie penpeCCI1BHble Mepbl, BKJ1lO'-IaBlllHe B
ce6}1 peJIHrH03Hbie npeCJIe.n.oBaHH}I H HaCHJIbCTBeHHoe o6pallleHHe B
xpHcTHaHcTBo. O.n.HaKo C06bITH}I 529 r. He CTaJIH ellle nOCJIe.n.HHM BOC-
CTaHHeM caMapHT}lH. TaKOBoe nOCJIe.n.OBaJIO B 555-556 rr. B Kecapee.
BOCnOJIb30BaBIllHcb CTOJIKHOBeHHeM B ropo.n.e CTOpOHHHKOB .n.BYx caMblX
pacnpocTpaHeHHblx l.\HpKOBbIX napTHH (<<roJIy6bIX» H «3eJIeHblx»)227,
caMapHUHe H H)'.n.eH YCTpOHJIH B Kecapee HaCTO}lll.\HH aHTHXpHCTl1aHCKHH
norpoM C MHoro'-lHCJIeHHblMH y6HHcTBaMH, rpa6eIKaMH H nO)J,)KoraMH
l.\epKBeH. nHKOM BOCCTaHH}I CTaJl lllrypM .n.Bopl.\a HaMeCTHHKa Hero
y6I1HCTBO. O.n.HaKO lKe BJIaCT}lM y.n.8.nOCb cnpaBHTbC}I C BOJIHeHH}lMH B
Kecapee OTHOCHTeJIbHO JIerKO, H OCHOBHblMH penpeccHBHblMH MepaMH
6blJIH .n.IDKe He Ka3HH, a KOH<pHCKal.\I1H I1MYll.\eCTBa BOCCTaBlllHx 228 . 3TO
6b1J1o nOCJIe.n.Hee BblcrynJIeHHe caMapHT}lH npoTHB l.\eHTpaJIbHOH BJIaCTI1.
Cy.n.}I no BceMY, MaCCOBble penpeCCI1H nOCJIe BOCCTaHH}I 529 r. H HaCHJIb-
CTBeHHble 06pall.\eHIDI B xpHcTHaHcTBo CblrpaJIH CBOlO pOJIb: npoTecrylO-
Il.\He 6blJIH HCTpe6JIeHbl, a OCTaBlllHeC}I BblHYlK.lI.eHbl 6b1JIH CMHPHTbC}I.
226 Kitab al 'Vnvan. Histoire Vniverselle, ecrite par Agapius (Mahboub) de Menbidj, editee
et Iraduite en franfi:ais par Alexandre Vasiliev. Seconde Partie. II PO. Vol. 8. 3-ieme partie.
Paris. 1912. P. 427.
m CneUH3JIbHOe HCCJJe.llOBaHHe 0 UHpKOBblX napTHJlx: JJbRKoHoe A. H. BH3aHTHiicKHe
J],HMbl H <paKUHH ('tCx !liPI1) II BH3aHmiicKHH C60pUHK. M.; fl., 1945. C. 144-227.
mOCHoBHble HCTO'iHHKH: 10hannis Malalae Chronographia ex recensione L Dindorfii. Ac-
cedunt Chilmeadi hodiique annotationes et Rich. Benteleii epistola ad I. Millium. Bonnae, 1831.
P. 487; Theophanis Chronographia edidit C. De Boor. Vol. I. Leipzig, 1883 A. M. 6048 (p. 230,
5-15); His!. miscell., XVI (PL Vol. 95, Col. 991): Cedrenus (ed. Bonn). Vol. I. P.675.
394
rJlaea 7. Tpemllu nepuoO PIlAlcKo-lIyOeuCKILY: omHoUleHllli
10. Hy,lteH H Hy,ltaH3M B 3aKOHO,ltaTeAbCTBe
IOcTHHHaHa
no cpaBHeHl1l0 C V B. npl1HLUWHaJIbHO HOBIDI nOJIHTHKa BO Bcex 06-
JIacnlX )j(H3HH 061l.\eCTBa Ha'iaJIaCb BMeCTe C npHxo.n.OM K BJIaCTI1 <1>JIaBHSI
neTpa CaBBaTHSI IOcTHHHaHa (527-565), HaH60JIee 3Ha'iI1TeJIbHoro H3
Bcex I1MnepaTopoB paHHeBH3aHTI1ikKOrO BpeMeHH. C ero I1MeHeM CBSI-
3aHO MHO)j(eCTBO KpynHblx Ha'iHHaHI1H. O.n.HHM H3 HHX CTaJIa KOMnJleKC-
HaSl Ko.n.HCpHKaUHSI pHMCKOro npaBa 11 H3.n.aHHe B 536 r. 061l.\ero CBo.n.a
PHMCKOro npaBa (Corpus iuris civilis). CBO.n. 3TOT CTaJI OCHOBOH npaBOBblX
CHCTeM Bcex CTpaH 3ana.n.HoH EBpOnbI.
3Ta npeTeH311S1 Ha BceCTopOHHOCTb OXBaTa MaTepl1aJIa BeJla 3aKOHO-
.n.aTeJISI COOTBeTCTBeHHO K He06xo.n.HMOCTH nOBTopHOro paCCMOTpeHHSI
np06J1eM Hy.n.eeB H l1y.n.aH3Ma. KpoMe Toro, BHOBb (nocJIe <1>eo.n.ocHSI)
3aKOHo.n.aTeJIb C'ieJI He06xo.n.HMb1M BblCKa3aTb CBOIO npHBep)j(eHHocTb
uepKBH H uepKOBHblM H.n.eaJIaM. A B 3TOH cHT)'aUHH 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIb He
Mor He BblCKa3aTbCSI 0 Hy.n.eSlX H H)'.n.aI13Me no npH'iHHaM, 0 KOTOpblX Y)j(e
rOBOpl1JIOCb Bblllle.
OepBblH 3aKOH, KOHKpeTHO KaCalOll.\HHCSI Hy.n.eeB, 6b1JI npHHSlT npH
IOcTHHHaHe B 527 r. (Dig., 5, 12,2). 3aKOH 6b1JI npmulT B CBSl3H C TeM,
'iTO - C T04KI1 3peHHSI 3aKOHO)laTeJISI - B apMHH H Ha rocy.n.apCTBeHHoH
cJIY)j(6e OKa3aJIOCb CJIHlllKOM MHoro epeTI1KOB, OT KOTOpblX CJIe.n.OBaJIO
H36aBJ1S1TbcSI. 3aKoH .n.aBaJI He06bl4Hoe yrO'iHeHHe, KI'O TaKoH epeTHK. o
3Toro MOMeHTa epeTHKaMH 6blJIH H C4HTaJIHCb Te, KI'O I1cnOBe.n.OBaJI B
c$epe peJIl1rl1H B3rmI)J,bl, OTJII14aJOIl.\HeCSI OT 061l.\enpHHSlTbIX H npH3HaHHbix
rocy.n.apCTBOM KaK KaHOHH'ieCKHe. IOcTHHHaH paClllHpHJI TOJIKOBaHl1e
3TOro nOHSlTHSI. npl1 HeM epeTHKaMH CTaJIH C4HTaTbCSI a6COJllOTHO Bce, a
He TOJlbKO xpHCTHaHe-CeKI'aHTbl, He npH.n.ep)f(HBaIOIl.\HeCSI OpTO.n.OKCaJIbHbIX
B3fJISI.n.OB. HHblMI1 CJIOBaMH, H)'.n.eH TO)j(e CTaJIl1 paCCMaTpHBaTbCSI KaK Ta-
KOBble. 3aKOH co.n.ep)j(aJI KOe-'iTO HOBoe H B CBoeH KOHKpeTHOH 4aCTI1.
HMnepaTop BHOBb no.n.TBep.1.\HJI 3anpell.\eHHe l1y.n.eSlM 3aHHMaTb KaKHe-JlH60
nOCTbl B rproK.D.aHCKOH H BoeHHOH c$epe. l1y.n.eSlM 6b1JIO 3anpell.\eHO npe-
no.n.aBaHl1e. Pe'ib H.n.eT, eCTeCTBeHHO, 06 06pa30BaTeJIbHb1X CTpYKTYpax
rocy.n.apCTBeHHOrO xapaKI'epa, .n.eHcTBYIOIl.\HX B paMKax xpHcTHaHcKoH
H.n.eOJIOrI1H. eJIo B TOM, 'iTO Bce 061l.\el1MnepCKHe 3aKOHbi HHKaK He 3a-
TpafHBaJIH HOpMbl )f(H3HH BH}'TpH l1y.n.eHCKOro Ml1pa H Ha .n.eSlTeJIbHOCTb
CHHaror HJIH l1y.n.eHCKHX aKa.n.eMHH 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIb .n.IDKe He nblTaJICSI noKY-
lllaTbCSI. 3.n.eCb )j(e OTMeTHM npHMe4aTeJIbHOCTb caMoro $aKI'a 3TOro 3a-
npe-ra. OH 03Ha4aeT, CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, 4TO.n.0 527 r. npHMepbl npeno.n.aBaHHSI
Hy.n.eeB 3a npe.n.eJIaMH Hy.n.eHcKoro MHpa He 6blJIH TaKHMI1 }JK pe.n.KHMH.
395
A. r. fpyweBOH. l1yoell u lIydau3.w e ucmopuu PIL\lCKOU pecny6.7UKu u PU\ICKOU IlMnepUU
O.n.HaKO B 3TOM 3aKOHe lOcTI1Hl1aH BBeJl H ropa3.n.o 60JIee cepbe3HblH
3anpeT. l1y.n.eRM OTHblHe 3anpelllaJIOCb 3ace.n.aTb B ropo.n.CKHX COBeTaX, HM
3anpelllaJIOCb HCnOJlHRTb 06R3aHHOCTI1 TaK Ha3blBaeMbiX rOpO,lJ.CKHX a)J,-
BOKaTOB. 229 no HOBOMY 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbCTBY H)'.n.eRM pa3pelllaJIOCb OTHblHe
HCnOJIHRTb JIHlllb 06R3aHHOCTH HH3lllHX ropO.n.CKHX LfHHOB. (Cohortalini -
CTpIDKHHKH, Ha)J,3HpaTeJlH). CBOIO nOJIHTI1K)' B 3TOM Bonpoce caM lOcTH-
Hl1aH CPOPMYJIHpOBaJI (Nov., 45, 537 r.) TaK: H)'.n.el1 .n.OJI)f(Hbl HeCTH Bce
TRroTbl MYHHQHnaJIbHblX 06R3aHHOCTeH, He I1MeR npH 3TOM HHKaKHX npaB
H JIbrOT, KOTopble MomH 6b1 Y HHX 6blTb OT pa60Tbi B ropo.n.CKHX CTPYK-
TYPa.X 230 . (I1MeHHo TaKOB 3aroJIOBOK 3TOH HOBeJIJIbI.)
3.n.eCb MO)f(eT B03HHKH)'Tb Bonpoc, no KaKOH, co6CTBeHHO, npH4HHe
HMnepaTOp pelllHJI Ha 3TOT pa3 H3rHaTb H)'.n.eeB H3 ropO.n.CKHX COBeTOB,
Tor.n.a KaK paHbllle HMnepaTopbl npH.n.ep)f(HBaJIHCb Bce )f(e HHOH nOJII1TH-
KI1, BI1.n.R 3JIeMeHTapHYIO Bblro.n.y231 OT npe6b1BaHHR Hy.n.eeB B ropo.n.CKHX
CTpYKTYpax (Cod. Theod., XVI, 8, 8; 9; 13). npHLfHH 3.n.eCb HeCKOJIbKO:
3KOHOMHLfeCKaJI, nOJlI1THLfeCKaR H - eCJIH TaK MO)f(HO CKa3aTb - H.n.eo-
JIOrHLfeCKaR. O.n.HH H3 3HaMeHHTbiX npe.n.llleCTBeHHHKoB IOcTHHHaHa,
I1MnepaTop AHacTacHH (498-518), OCYllleCTBHJI cepbe3H)'1O pecpopMY
npHHQHnOB HaJIoroo6JIo)f(eHHR. AHaCTaCHH CHRJI C ropO.n.CKHX COBeTOB
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a c60p HaJIOrOB B ropo.n.e H ropo.n.cKOH oKpyre. Bce,
"I TO 6b1JIO CBR3aHO co C60POM HaJIOrOB, nepe.n.aBaJIOCb B PYKH cneQH-
aJIbHblX ynOJIHOMOLfeHHblX Ka3Hbi. I1HblMH CJIOBaMI1, Y rocy.n.apCTBa B
VI B. cYlllecTBeHHo YMeHblllHJICR HHTepec K .n.eRTeJIbHOCTH H cocTaBY
ropo.n.cKHX COBeTOB, H60 HaJIOrH OTHblHe C06HpaJIHCb no cOBepllleHHo
HHOH cxeMe. TaKoBa nepBaR, 3KOHOMH4eCKaR npH411Ha nOTepH HHTepe-
ca rocy.n.apCTBeHHblx CTPYKTYP K npe6blBaHHIO Hy.n.eeB B ropo.n.cKHX
COBeTax.
BTopaR, nOJIHTHLfeCKaJI npHLfHHa 3aKJIlO4aJIaCb B HeYKJlOHHOM yna.n.Ke
caMHX ropO.n.CKHX COBeTOB. KaK TaKOBbie OHH cOXpaHRJII1Cb, HO, no CyrH,
pOJIb HX B nOJlHTHLfeCKOH )l(H3HH o6111ecTBa TOJIbKO }'MeHhlllaJIacb. B )TOH
CBR3H roCy.n.aPCTBY cy.n.b6a ropO.n.CKHX COBeTOB B npHHQHne nepeCTaBaJIa
6hlTb I1HTepecHoH, .n.IDKe BHe 3aBHCI1MOCTH OT np06JIeMhi YLfacTIDI HJ1H
HeYLfacTHR eBpeeB B I1X .n.eRTeJIbHOCTH. lJeM .n.aJIbllle, TeM 60JIhllle Bce
np06JIeMbi MYHHQl1naJIhHOH )f(H3HH pelllaJIl1Cb JIH60 4HHOBHHKaMH HM-
nepaTOpCKOH a)J,MHHHCTpaQHH, JIH60 .n.eRTeJIRMH xpHCTHaHCKOH QepKBH.
229 Defensor civitatis - 6YKBaJIbHO: 331IlHTHHK ropolla. TaK HaJblB!L1aCb CneUH!L1bHaJI
llO.lJKHOCTb no 3alI.lHTe ropollcKHX HHTepeCOB nepe.ll BblweCTORWHMH HHCTaHUHRMH.
BONoy. Just.. XLV, praefatio (Corpus iuris civilis. Novellae. P.277-278).
B\ C rocy.aapCTBeHHoii TO'iKH 3peHIIR, eCTeCTBeHHO, 6bl.l0 BblrO.JHO HMeTb B roPOL\CKHX
COBeTaX Bcex rex. KTO 6bLl cnoco6eH HeCTH T!lrOTbl peweHHR np06.1eM MYHHUHna.lbHoro
X03RHCTBa H yrLlaTbl Ha.l0roB.
396
TJlaea 7, Tpemuu nepuod pUMcKo-uyiJelicKux omHollleHlIli
lJTO KacaeTC TpeTbeH, H.n.eOJIOrI1LfeCKOH npHLfHHbl, TO OHa CB 3aHa C
OTHOllleHHeM IOcTHHHaHa K uepKBH 11 XpI1CTHaHcTBY. npl1HUHnHaJIbHa
YCTaHoBKa Ha TO, LfTO rocy.n.apCTBO nO.D..D.ep:II<HBaeT TeCHeHlllHe CB 3H C
uepKOBblO H BJI eTC cBoero po.n.a OJIHUeTBOpeHHeM CYllleCTBOBaHH B
06111eCTBe «npaBOCJIaBH » 11 «npaBOCJIaBHoro» l1.n.eaJIa, .n.eJIaJIa HeH3-
6e)l(HbiM HaC1)'nJIeHHe Ha Hy.n.eeB H HX npaBa.
YnoM HYTbIH 3aKOH HMeJI oco6eHHO T )I(Kl1e nOCJIe.n.CTBH .n.JI Hy.n.e-
eB TaKHX KpynHblx UeHTpOB KaK THBepl1a.n.a H CempopHC. KaK y)l(e ro-
BOpHJlOCb paHee, 3.n.eCb Ha npOT )I(eHI1H BeKOB B COCTaBe ropo.n.CKHX
COBeTOB LfHCJIO HY.n.eeB 6b1JIO no MeHbllleH Mepe 3HaLfHTeJIbHbIM 232 . Tenepb,
BCJIe.n.CTBHe pe$opM IOcTHHHaHa, B ropO.n.CKHX COBeTax H THBepl1a.n.bl,
H Cen$opHca CTaJIl1 3ace.n.aTb xpHCTHaHe. ECJIH )l(e YLfeCTb, LfTO 06a
ropo.n.a 6b1J1H KpynHblMH ueHTpaMH l1y.n.aH3Ma, TO BnOJIHe MO)l(HO COrJIa-
CHTbC C MHeHHeM o.n.Horo COBpeMeHHoro H3paHJIbCKoro HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJI ,
LfTO CKJ1a.n.bIBalOllla c B pe3YJIbTaTe npI1H TH :noro 3aKOHa CH1)'aUH
6b1JIa conOCTaBHMa C BpeMeHaMH roHeHI1H npH A.n.pHaHe 233 .
Ha.n.o CKa3aTb, LfTO 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbCTBO BpeMeHI1 IOcTHHHaHa 0 Hy.n.e-
X B OCHOBe CBoeH npe.n.CTaBJI JIO nepe.n.eJIKY 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbCTBa BpeMe-
HH <1>eo.n.OCHeB H ApKa.n.H C pKO Bblpa)l(eHHOH TeH.n.eHUHeH YCHJIeHH
caHKUHH npOTHB H)'.n.eeB H YMeHbllleHI1 JII06blX JIbrOT, KOTopble MOrJIH
HM npHLfHTaTbC . TaK, no 3aKOH)' 423 r., npHlliITOMY <1>eo.n.ocHeM II (Cod.
Theod., XVI, 10, 24 = Cod. Just., I, 11, 6), H)'.n.e M nOJIaraJIaCb KOMneH-
caUH B TpOHHOM HJIH .n.a)l(e B LfeTBepHOM pa3Mepe 3a 1)' co6cTBeHHocTb,
KOTOPYIO y HHX KTo-JIH60 HeCnpaBe)J,JIHBO OT6HpaJI. IOcTI1HHaH caMY 31)'
HOPMY OCTaBHJI, HO cYllleCTBeHHO YMeHblllHJI pa3Mep npe.n.OCTaBJI eMOH
KOMneHcaUHH. B VI B. H)'.n.e M npe.n.ocTaBJI JIH KOMneHcaUHIO 3a Hecnpa-
Be)J,JIHBO oT06paHHYIO C06CTBeHHOCTb JIHlllb B .n.BOHHOM pa3Mepe. I1HTe-
pecHa BBo.n.Ha $OPMYJIHpOBKa 3aKOHa, nOKa3blBalOllla , OTK)'.n.a Bo06111e
B03HHKJ1a Heo6xo.n.HMOCTb peryJIHpOBaTb Ha rocy.n.apCTBeHHOM ypOBHe
KOMneHcaUHH 3a HeCnpaBe)J,JIHBO oT06paHH)'1O co6CTBeHHOCTb. 3aKOHO-
.n.aTeJIb CneUHaJlbHO 06palllaeTC K I1CTI1HHblM xpHCTHaHaM HJII1 K TeM,
KTO TaKOBblMH ce6 CLfHTaeT, co cneUl1aJIbHOH npocb60H He TporaTb
H)'.n.eeB H 3bILfHHKOB, )l(HBYIllHX cnOKOHHO H He 3J10YMbllllJI 1OIllHX HH-
Lfero npOTHB03aKOHHoro.
Cpe.n.H 3aKOHOB BpeMeHH <1>eo.n.OCHeB, nO.1HBep)l()J,eHHbIX IOcTHHHa-
HOM, 6b1JIH, eCTeCTBeHHO, H 3aKOHbi 0 pa6ax-xpHCTHaHax, Haxo.n. IllHXC
m MOJKeT 6bITb llaJKe MOJKHO roBOpHTb 0 TOM, 'iTO B ropOllCKHX COBeTax THBepH3.llbl H
CentjlopHca HYLleH npe06JJ3.llaJJH.
m Avi-Yonah M. The Jews of Palestine. A Political History !Tom the Bar Kokhba War to
the Arab Conquest. New York, ] 976, P. 248.
397
A. r. fpyweBOH. l1yOeu u uyOall3.\t e ucmoplill PII.ItCKOU pecny6.llIKII II PlI.\/CIWU U\l/lepliU
BO BJIa.D.eHHH HY.D.eeB (Cod. Just., I, 10,2; I, 3, 54 (56), 8). CaMo no ce6e
nO.D.TBep)l()J,eHHe 3THX 3aKOHOB HMnepaTopOM-XpI1CHlaHHHoM nOHSITHO,
O.D.HaKO 3.D.eCb He MO)l(eT He B03HHKH)'Tb H HeKOTopblX BonpOCOB. <Pop-
MYJIHpOBKH 3aKOHOB, npHHSlTble npH <PeO.1.\OCI1S1X, 6b1JIH BnOJIHe KOHKpeT-
Hbl H onpe.D.eJIeHHbI. O.D.HaKO caM $aKT B03BpaTa IOcTI1HHaHa K 3TOMY
clO)I(ery nOKa3blBaeT, 4TO, HecMoTpSl Ha Bce 3aKOHbl BpeMeHH <PeO.LI.OCH-
eB, HY.D.eH npO.D.OJI)I(aJIH BJIa.D.eTb pa6aMH-xpHcTHaHaMH. TO'IHO TaK )l(e
CTpO)l(aHlllHe npe.D.m-lCaHHSI oCB060)l()J,aTb TaKI1X pa60B, eCJIH X03S1HH
3aX04eT 06paTHTb I1X B HY.D.aH3M, .D.eHCTBOBaJIH, CKopee Bcero, JlHlllb
'IaCTH'IHO. fOCY.D.apCTBeHHaSi BJIaCTb, nOXO)l(e, BMelllHBaJIaCb B 3TH .D.eJIa
Ha caMOM .D.eJIe JIHlllb TOr.D.a, KOma HeKI1H $aKf TaKoro pO.D.a CTaHOBI1JICSI
H3BeCTHbIM, a CHCTeMaTH'IeCKoro BhUlBJIeHHSI Bcex CJIY'IaeB, n0.D.na.D.aBlllI1X
no.D. .D.eHCTBHSI 3THX 3aKOHOB, HI1KfO He npOBO.D.HJI.
Bo BpeMeHa IOcTI1HHaHa 6bIJI nO.D.TBep)l()J,eH, eCTeCTBeHHO, H 3aKOH
o 3anpeTe 06pall.\eHHSI H)'.D.eeM-X03S1I1HOM CBoero pa6a-xpHCTHaHI1Ha B
HY.D.aH3M. CaM $aKf nOBTopeHHSI 3Toro 3aKOHa - KaK, BnpO'IeM, H HeKO-
Topble CBI1.D.eTeJIbCTBa HappaTHBHhlX HCT04HI1KOB - nOKa3blBaeT, 'ITO
TaKHe $aKfbl HMeJIH MeCTO. O.D.H03Ha'IHOe 061>S1CHeHHe B .1.\aHHOM cJIY'Iae
.D.aTb .D.eHCTBHTeJIbHO He npOCTO, HO HaH60Jlee BepoSiTHblM 3.D.eCb npe.D.-
CTaBJISleTCSI CJle.D.YlOll.\ee npe.D.nOJIO)l(eHl1e.
KaK )?Ke OTMe'IaJIOCb, pa6 B X03S1HcTBe MeJIKOro peMeCJIeHHHKa HJIH
ToproBl.{a B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMSI 6hlJl X03S1HH)' H)?KeH C 4HCTO 3KOHO-
MH'IeCKOH TO'IKH 3peHHSI. Bce npeKpdcHO 3HQJlU, '-/mo pa6a-xpucmuaHUHa
uydelO HYJ/CHO omnycKamb U '-/mo 6JlQdemb no c)'UfeC1116Y pa3peUlaemcfl
JlUUlb pa6QMu R3bl'-/HUKQMU (He xpUCmUaHQMU) WlU J/Ce - pa6QMu-uydefl-
MU. B 3THX YCJIOBIDIX 06pall.\eHI1e pa6a B c06CTBeHHYIO Bepy, B HY.D.aI13M,
npe.1.\CTaBJUIJIOCb, BeChMa BepoSiTHo, HenJIOXHM BhIXO.1.\OM. CKopee Bcero,
3.D.eCb CJIe.D.yeT Y'IHThlBaTh H 3MOl.{HOHaJIbHbIH, peJII1rH03HblH $aKTOp.
HY.D.eH, 4YBCTBoBaBlllHH ce6S1 He JIY'IlllHM 06pa30M B n03,D,HeaHTH'IHOM
061l.\eCTBe, MOr, BH.D.HMO, npHHY)I()J,aTh cBoero pa6a-Xp11CTl1aHHHa npHHSlTb
H)'.D.aH3M npocTo H3 If)'BcTBa MeCTH.
BbICKa3aHHOe S1BJISleTCSI JIHlllb npe,D,nOJIO)l(eHHSlMH, npe.D.CTaBJISlIOll.{H-
MHCSI HaH60JIee BepoSlTHhlMH B .D.aHHOH cHryal.{HH, He HMelOll.\HMH npSl-
Mora nO.D.TBep)l()J,eHHSI B HCTO'IHHKax.
no cpaBHeHHIO C 3aKOHO.D.aTeJIbCTBOM BpeMeHH <PeO.D.OCHeB, IOCTHHH-
aH BHec H KOe-'ITO HOBoe B paCCMaTpl1BaeMhlH IOpH.D.I1'IeCKHH Ka3YC, oc-
TaBHB B npHHl.{Hne caM 3aKOH 6e3 113MeHeHHH. no 3aKOHO.D.aTeJlbCTBY
IOcTHHHaHa, H)',D,eH, BJIa.n.eBlllHH pa60M-xpHcTHaHHHHHoM .D.OJDKeH 6blJl
lliIaTHTb lllTpa$ B 50 $YHTOB 30JIOTOM. OrHblHe H)'.D.eH 6blJI 06S13aH OT-
nYCTHTb Ha BOJIIO He TOJIhKO pa6a-XpHCTl1aHHHa, HO BCSlKOro pa6a, H31>S1-
BHBlllero )l(eJIaHHe KpeCTHTbCSI. B O.D.HOM OTHOllleHI1H paCCMarpHBaeMhlH
398
TJlaea 7. Tpemuu nepuoO pUMCKo-uydeucKux omHoweHlIU
3aKOH .D.IDKe 3aJJJ.HJJJ.aJI HHTepeCbl pa60B. B TeKCTe CKa3aHO, 'ITO eCJIH B
c06CTBeHHOCTb K H)'.D.elO nona.n.aeT pa6 Y)f(e KpemeHblH, TO pa6 3TOT He
TOJIbKO OCB060)K)J,aeTc , HO 11 He B03BpaJJJ.aeTC npe)f(HeMY BJIa.n.eJIbU)',
.D.IDKe eCJIH nOCJIe.D.HHH KpeCTHJlC . OrOBopKa nOKa3bIBaeT, '-ITO cB060.D.a
TaKHX pa60B He 6blJIa 6e3YCJIOBHOH H 'ITO npe:>KHHe X03 eBa no MeHblllei1
Mepe nblTaJlHCb nOJIY'IHTb Ha3a.n. CBOIO c06CTBeHHOCTb. Ha.n.o CKa3arb, 'ITO
3aKOH 3TOT He 6blJI O'-leHb ycnelllHblM. B 553 r. 3aKOH 6bIJI nOBTOpeH.
OpHHLI.HnHaJlbHOe HOBllleCTBO B 3aKOHO.D.areJIbCTBe IOcTI1HHaHa Kaca-
JIOCb HOpM .D.eHCTBHH H)'.D.eeB B cY.1.\ax. OrHblHe nOKa3aHIUI H)'.D.e npOTHB
Xpl1CTHaHHHa (npaB.D.a, npOTHB npaBOCJlaBHO MbICJUlJJJ.ero) Ofu, BJUlJIHCb He
3aCJI)')KHBaIOmHMH .D.OBeplUl. HeCKOJIbKO n03)f(e 3aKOH 6blJI, npaB,D,a, I1HTe-
peCHblM 06pa30M yro'IHeH. OOKa3aHIUI HY.D.e B cY.D.e KaCareJIbHO xpHCTHa-
HHHa 06'b BJUlJII1Cb He 3aClI)?KHBaIOJJJ.HMI1 .D.OBepH B TOM cJI)"lae, eCJIH OHH
6blJlH .D.JI xpHCTHaHHHa He6JIarOnplUlTHbi. DJIaronpH THble nOKa3aHIUI,
eCTeCTBeHHO, npI1HHMaJlHCb. B 3aKOHe TalOKe oroBapl1BaJIOCb, 'ITO npHHH-
MaIOTC BO BHHMaHHe nOKa3aHIUI H)'.D.eeB B .D.eJIax 0 6embIX KYPHaJlax 234 .
Oc060e BHHMaHHe 3aKOHO.D.aTeJI Bbl3BaJlH TalOKe Te ceMbH HY.D.eeB,
'IaCTb 'IJIeHOB KOTOpblX npHlUlJla XpHCTl1aHCTBO. IOcTHHHaH nO.D.TBep.D.HJI
CTapblH 3aKOH 0 TOM, 'ITO JII060H H3 epeTHKOB, npHHJlBlllHH xpHCTHaHCT-
BO COXpaH eT npaBa HaCJle.D.CTBa Ha HMYJJJ.eCTBO PO.D.HTeJIeH. B 3aKOHe
TalOKe yrO'IH JIOCb, 'ITO eCJIH O.D.HH H3 pO.D.HTeJIeH-epeTHKOB )f(eJIaeT Kpe-
CTHTb cBoero CblHa, a .D.pyroH npOTI1BHTC , TO )f(eJIaHl1e TOro, KTO XO'IeT
KpeCTHTb pe6eHKa BJI eTC 60JIee npaBOMO'IHbIM, 'IeM 06paTHoe (Cod.
Just., I, 5, 13; I, 5, 12, 18). 06pamaeT Ha ce6 BHHMaHHe TOT <paJ<T, 'ITO
H)'.D.eH HenOCpe.D.CTBeHHO B TeKCTax 3aKOHOB He H:13BaHbI. 3aKOH 0 HaCJIe-
.1.\OBaHHH - B KOTOpOM pe'-lb H.D.eT B ueJIOM 0 ceMb X epeTI1KOB, 'IaCTb
'lJIeHOB KOTOpblX npHH JIa npaBOCJIaBI1e 235 - JIHlllb 3aBeplllaeTC CJIOBa-
MH 0 TOM, 'ITO Bce H3JIO)f(eHHOe Bblllle KaCaeTC HY.D.eeB H caMapHT H.
B 3aKOHe )f(e 0 KpeJJJ.eHHH 3aKOHO.D.aTeJIH roBOp T B ueJlOM 0 epeTHKaX HJIH
)f(e 0 npHBep)f(eHuax npaBOCJIaBH 236.
B HOBeJIJIe 131 OT 545 r. (Nov., CXXXI, praef 14; 1) HMnepaTop
YTO'IH JI, 'ITO HI1KaKOH epeTHK 237 HH no.D. KaKHM BI1.D.OM He MO)f(eT nony'-lHTb
234 Nov., XLV, I (.537 ro.ll ); Cod. Just., I, 5, 2] (531 r.),
235 flpaBHJ1bHOe HaJBaHHe .llpeBHeH uepKBH, He pa3AeJlHBWeHCII elI.le OKOH'iaTeJ1bHO Ha
npaBOCJJaBHe H KaroJJHUH3M, npe.llCTaBJJlleT H3BeCTHble 3aTpY.llHeHHII. ABTOp pa60Tbi HCXOL\HT
H3 Toro, 'iTO .llJ1JlllpeBHeH ellHHOH xpHCTHaHCKOH uepKBH MOJKHO ynOTpe6JJ!lTb 3nHTeT «npa-
BOCJlaBHaJI», OTAaBa!I ce6e OT'ieT B npHHUHnHaJJbHOH paJHHue llpeBHero H COBpeMeHHoro
npaBOCJ1aBHII.
236 3aKOH .'!ampYeTclI 527 r. OH HCXO.llHT OT HMneparopoB IOCTHHa H IOcmHHaHa.
237 H3 KOHTeKCTa BHllHO, 'iTO 3aKOHOllaTeJJb B nOHIITHe «epeTHK» BKJ1IO'i3.Jl H nOCJle.llOBa-
TeJleJ:i HY.llaII3Ma.
399
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydell II lIyOall3.\f e IIcmopllll PILI/C/Wli pecny6Rl/KII u PlLI/CKOli u.\mepZIlI
B c06CTBeHHOCTb 3eMJIIO c06CTBeHHOCTb, Ha KOTOpOH 6blJIa paCnOJImKe-
Ha Xpl1CTHaHCKaSi l.{epKOBb. HMYllI.eCTBO BCSlKoro, KTO TaK nocl)'naJI,
06'bSlBJISlJIOCb no 3aKOHY c06CTBeHHOCTbIO l.{epKBI1, HMeBllleH nOJIHOe
npaBO 06paTHTbCSI B CY.D. .D.JISI nO.D.TBep)l()J,eHI1S1 CBOHX npaB. OOHSITHO, LfTO
npaKTI1LIeCKaSl 3HaLIHMOCTb TaKoro 3aKOHa 6b1JIa HeBeJII1Ka, H60 eCTeCT-
BeHHO CTpeMJIeHHe HY.D.eeB npH06peTaTb 3eMJIH, Ha KOTOpblX paCnOJlO-
)l(eHbl xpHCTHaHCKl1e xpaMbl, He Momo 6blTb CKOJIbKO-HH6Y.D.b cymecT-
BeHHblM HJIH 06meCTBeHHO 3HaLfHMbIM.
Bce nepeLfHCJIeHHble 3aKOHbi He npe.D.CTaBJISlJIH C060H LIerO-JIH60
npHHl.{HnHaJIbHO HOBOro, SlBJISlSlCb 06HOBJIeHHeM 11 YTOLfHeHl1eM 3aKOHOB
KO.D.eKCa <DeO.D.OCHSI. HOBoe )l(e BHec O.D.HH 3aKoH, $OpMaJIbHO Bo06me He
KaCalOllI.HikSi HY.D.eeB. B HOBeJIJIe 131 11 B KO.D.eKCe IOcTI1HHaHa (Nov.,
CXXXI, 1; Cod. Just., I, 3, 44(45) 6b1JIO 06'bSlBJIeHO, LITO l.{epKOBHble
KaHOHbl HMelOT CHJIY 3aKOHa. <DaKTHLIeCKI1 3TO 03HaLIaJIO, LITO HY.D.eH H
Bce .D.PyrHe peJlHrH03Hbie MeHblllHHCTBa HMnepHH CTaHOBSlTCSI CBoero
pO.D.a 3aJIO)l(HI1KaMI1 l.{epKBH, ee nOJIHTI1KH H HHTepeCOB.
3TO He 3aMe.D.JIHJIO npOSlBI1TbCSI B BH.D.e nOCToSlHHOro H HaCTOHLIHBoro
)l(eJIaHHSI HMnepaTopa BMelllHBaTbCSI B .D.eJIa 06ll1.11HbI. TaK, IOcTHHHaH
3anpeTHJI HY.D.eSlM npa3.D.HOBaTb Oacxy B CBOH CpOK, eCJlI1 .D.aTa HY.D.eHCKOH
OaCXH npe.D.llleCTBOBaJIa Oacxe xpHcTHaHcKoH. C006ll1.eHHe 06 3TOM
.D.OlllJIO .D.O Hac 6J1aro.D.apSi npOKonHIO, KOTOpblH oCY)I()J,aeT IOcTHHHaHa
3a 3TO pellleHl1e (Hist. Arc. 28, 16-18). OH nHllleT 0 TOM, LITO HY.D.eH
BblH)')I()J,eHbl 6blJIl1, 6JIaro.D.apSi IOcTHHHaH)', HapYlllaTb CJIY)I(eHHe 60ry
H npecrynaTb c06cTBeHHbie 3aKOHbI. <Dpa3a 3Ta Y)I(e caMa no ce6e nOKa-
3blBaeT, LITO B Sl3blLfeCTBe 6b1JIO 3aJIO)l(eHO no OTHOllleHHIO K HY.D.aH3MY
rOpa3.D.0 60JIbllle TepnHMOCTH, LIeM B xpHCTHaHCTBe.
B 553 r. nOCJIe.D.OBaJIO CBoero pO.D.a BMelllaTeJIbCTBO IOcTHHHaHa B
KYJIbTOBYIO npaKTHK}' HY.D.aH3Ma. OOBO.D.OM .D.JISI H3.D.aHHSI Cnel.{l1aJIbHOH
HOBeJIJIbl 146 nOCJIY)I(HJIa cJle.n.ylOmaSi CI1l)'al.{HSI. B 3TO BpeMSI B HY.1.\eH-
CKOH cpe.D.e KOHcTaHTHHOnOJISI IllJIH .D.e6aTbl, KaKOH TeKCT bH6JIHH MO)l(-
HO HCnOJIb30BaTb npH 60rOCJI}JKeHHH - TOJIbKO HY.D.eHCKHH HJIH )l(e B
TOM LIHCJIe H rpeLIeCKHH. Y3HaB 06 :nOM .D.Hcnyre, HMnepaTop l)'T )l(e
H3.D.aJI 3aKOH 06mel1MnepcKoro 3HaLIeHI1S1, 06pameHHblH KO BceM HY.D.eSlM.
00 MblCJIH HMnepaTopa, HOBblH 3aKOH .D.OJI)I(eH 6bIJI C6JIH3HTb HY.D.eeB H
xpHCTHaH.
CYTb )l(e 3aKOHa CBO.D.HJIaCb K CJIe.D.YlOllI.eMY. HMnepaTop npHKa3aJI
ypaBHoBeCHTb B npaBax BO Bcex CHHarorax rpeLfecKHH nepeBO.D. BeTxoro
3aBeTa (Cenl)'arHHl)') 11 MaCOpeTCKHH TeKCT. HHbnlU CJloeWWU, UCnOJlb-
30eaHue CenmyacuHmbl e CUHacOcaJIbHOM ky.%me 06'bRe. R..WCb 3aKOHHbl.;t.
IOcTHHHaH peKOMeH.D.OBaJI .D.JISI HCnOJIb30BaHI1S1 I1MeHHO TeKCT Cenrya-
rHHTbl, HO pa3pelllaJI HCnOJIb30BaTb H HHble, B LfaCTHOCTH DH6JIHIO AK-
400
TAa6a 7, Tpemllu neplioO PU\/CKo-lIydezicKllX omHoweHuu
BIUIbl. B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM 3aKOHe CO.D.ep)l(HTCSI ellle Tpl1 I1HTepeCHbIX
yro'meHHSI. I1MnepaTop 06pamaeTCSI K maBaM HY.D.eHCKI1X 06111HH C 3a-
npemeHHeM H3roHSlTb 113 06111HH H HaKa3blBaTb Tex, KTO BbICl)'naeT B
nO.D..D.ep)l(KY 3THX HOBOBBe.D.eHHH. B TO )l(e BpeMSI HMnepaTOp 06palllaJICSI
C npocb6oH KaK pa3 HaKa3blBaTb Tex, KTO He BepYeT B BOCKpeceHHe H3
MepTBbIX, B CTpalllHbIH CY.D. H B cymeCTBOBaHHe aHreJIOB. CY.D.SI no BceMY,
3TI1 MepbI 6bIJIH HanpaBJIeHbI npOTI1B caMapHTSIH H Tex HY.D.eeB, KOTopbIe
pa3.D.emIJIH 3TH B3mSl.D.bI 238 .
B HTore KOHelfHO B03HHKaeT Bonpoc, HaCKOJIbKO 6bIJI HJIH Mor 6bITb
npOBe.D.eH B )l(113Hb TaKOH 3aKOH? MbI He pacnOJIaraeM TOlfHOH HHcpopMa-
UHeH, HO, BepOSITHee Bcero, peaJIH3aUI1S1 3aKOHa 6bIJIa BeCbMa orpaHHlfeH-
HOH. BnOJIHe BepOSITHO, 'I TO B CTOJIl1ue Bce 6bIJIO YCTpoeHO HMeHHO TaK,
KaK HMnepaTOpy 6bIJIO HY)I(HO, HO COMHHTeJlbHO, lfT06bI MeponpHUIDI
TaKoro pO.D.a 6bIJIH 6bI npOBe.D.eHbl B )l(H3Hb nOBceMeCTHO H CHCTeMaTH-
lfeCKH.
npH paCCMOTpeHHH 3Toro Bonpoca Ba)l(HO TaIOKe OTMeTI1Tb, 'I TO B
3aKOHO.D.aTeJIbCTBe IOcTHHHaHa HI1 CJIOBa He CKa3aHO 0 Hana.D.eHI1I1 cpa-
HaTHKOB Ha CHHarorH H 0 pa3pYllleHHH CHHaror. 3TO He CJIYlfaHHO: aTaKH
Ha CHHarorH He BXO.D.HJIH B HHTepeCbI rOCY.D.apCTBa. npaB.D.a, B TO )l(e
caMoe BpeMSI IOcTHHHaH nO.D.TBep.D.HJI BOCXO.D.SlmHH KO BpeMeHH <1>eo.D.O-
CHeB 3anpeT Ha CTpOHTeJIbCTBO HOBblX CHHaror (Nov., CXXXI, 14,2-
545 r.), a B HOBeJIJIe, nocBSlmeHHoH pemaMeHTaUHH peJIHrH03HbIX .D.eJI
B AcppHKe (Nov., XXXVII, 8 - 535 r.), IOcTHHHaH Bo06me 3anpeTHJI
CTpOI1TeJIbCTBO HOBbIX cHHaror.
EJIaro.D.apSi HCTOlfHHKaM HappaTI1BHoro xapaKTepa, MbI Koe-lfTO 3HaeM
H 0 npaKTHlfeCKHX .1.\eHCTBI1S1X IOcTHHl1aHa BO BceM TOM, 'I TO KacaeTCSI
HY.D.eeB H HY.D.aH3Ma. TaK, DpoKonHH paccKa3bIBaeT (De aedif., VI, 2), 'I TO
B KHpeHaHKe, Ha TeppHTopHH COBpeMeHHOH JIHBHH, B ropO,D,e EOpl10H
6bIJIa BeJIHKOJIenHaSi cHHarora, OCHOBaHHe KOTOpOH npHnHCbIBaJIOCb
uaplO COJlOMOHY. no paCnopSl)l(eHHlO HMnepaTopa, cHHarory C.D.eJIaJIH
uepKOBblO, a Bcex H)'.D.eeB .D.aHHoro nOCeJIeHHSI HaCHJIbCTBeHHO 06paTHJIH
B XpHCTl1aH.
Koe-lfTO .D.aeT H apXeOJIOrHSI. TaK, 06CJIe.D.OBaHHe CHHarorH B fepace
nOKa3aJIO, 'I TO Ha pa3BaJIHHaX cHHarorH B pai10He 450 r. 6bIJIa nOCTpoe-
Ha uepKOBb. B Kecapee, XycHcpe Ha rope KapMeJl H B 3Hre.D..D.H BH.D.HbI
CJIe.D.bI OrHSi Ha OCTaTKax CI1HarOr H M03aHlfHbIX nOJIax cHHaror 239 . MbI
mOrigen. in Matthiam, 22, 23-33 (PG. Vol. 13. Col. 1561-1564); Epiphanius. Panarion,
9,2,3 (GCS. 25. P. 198-199); Gaster M. The Samaritans. London, 1925. P. 78,88; Thom-
son C. H. The Samaritans. London, ]919, P. 187, 197.
239 Avi-Yonah M. Caesarea /lIEJ. 1956. Vol. 6. P,260-261.
401
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu u uydau3M e ucmopull P/.UfCKOU pecny6, IIKu u PIiMCKOU wwnepuu
He 3HaeM, I.fTO HMeHHO npOHcxo,o.HJIO HJIH Momo npOH30ihH B KIDK)J,OM
,o.aHHOM KOHKpeTHOM CJIYl.fae. ,lLJUI .D.aHHOH 3nOXH Mbl He pacnOJIaraeM
.D.aHHbIMH 0 Hana,o.eHH}JX Ha cHHarom C QeJIblO HX pa3pYllleHH}J. OLJeHb
MO)f(eT 6bITb, LJTO 3TH nO)f(apbI H CJIe.D.bI pa3pYllleHHH CB}J3aHbI C nOJIHTH-
KOH HaCHJIbCTBeHHoro 06paI.J..(emul H)',o.eeB B xpHCTHaHCTBO H CBH,o.eTeJIb-
CTBYIOT 0 HaCTO}JI.J..(HX KOH<pJIHKTaX Ha 3TOH nOLJBe Me)l()J,Y HY.D.e}JMH H
rOCY.D.apCTBeHHOH BJIaCTblO.
113JIO)f(eHHbIH MaTepHaJI n03BOJI}JeT c,o.eJIaTb CJle,o.YIOI.J..(HH BbIBO,o. 0
nOJIfITHKe IOcTHHHaHa no OTHOUJeHHIO K HY.D.e}JM. B nepHO,o. OKOHl.fa-
TeJIbHOH KO.D.H<pHKaQHH pHMCKOro npaBa HMnepaTOp no,o.TBep.D.HJI Bce
OCHOBHbIe 3aKOHbI 0 H)',o.e}Jx BpeMeHH <1>eo,o.OCHeB, Y)f(eCTOI.fHB HX. He-
nOCpe.D.CTBeHHO BO BpeMeHa IOcTHHHaHa 6blJI0 .D.06aBJIeHO cpaBHHTeJIb-
HO HeMHoro 3aKOHOB 06 H)'.D.e}JX H H)'.D.aH3Me, O.D.HaKO HX CJIe.D.yeT pac-
CMaTpHBaTb KaK .D.aJlbHeHUJee ymy6JIeHHe nOJIHTHKH roCY.D.apCTBa Ha
OTrop(l)l(HBaHHe OT HY.D.eeB H Ha .D.aJlbHeHlllee YKpenJIeHHe Tex paMOK, B
KOTOpbIX rocY.D.apCTBO COmalllaJIOCb, TaK CKa3aTb, TepneTb HY.D.eeB. He-
KOTopble H3 npOB03maUJeHHbIX IOcTHHHaHoM Mep - B oc06eHHocTH
06 HCnOJIb30BaHHH B CHHarOraJIbHOM KYJIbTe rpeLJeCKHX nepeBO.D.OB
BeTXoro 3aBeTa - OCTaBaJlHCb B OCHOBHOM 6JIaronO)f(eJIaHIDIMH C OLJeHb
OrpaHHl.feHHOH C<pePOH peaJIH3aQHH.
nO.D.BO.D.}J HTorH, OTMeTHM, I.fTO 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb Bcero n03,o.HeaHTHI.f-
HOro 3aKOHO.D.aTeJIbCTBa no nOBO.D.Y HY.D.eeB - HaCKOJIbKO n03BOJI}JIOT
CY.D.HTb HCTOI.fHHKH - 6bUIa OTHOCHTeJIbHOH. I1x HCnOJIH}JJIH, Kor,o.a CTa-
HOBHJIC}J H3BeCTHbIM <paKT HX HapYllleHH}J HJIH )f(e TOr)J,a, KOr)J,a KTO-TO
6bIJI Ol.feHb 3aHHTepeCOBaH B ero BOnJIOI.J..(eHHH.
11. I1YAeH H HYAaH3M B 3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBe
npeeMHHKOB IOcTHHHana. «,lloKTpHHa
HOBOKpel!!eH a l1aKoBa»
IOcTHHHaH, KaK H3BeCTHO, CKOHl.faJIC}J B 565 r., JIHlllb B He3HaLJHTe,lb-
HOH CTeneHH .D.06HBlllHCb npaKTHLJeCKoro OCYI.J..(eCTBJIeHH}J Tex rpaH.D.H-
03HbIX nJIaHOB, 0 KOTOpbIX .lI.)'MaJI B Hal.faJIe c06cTBeHHoro QapcTBoBaHIDI.
I1MnepaTopbI, npaBHBlllHe nOCJIe IOcTHHHaHa H ,0.0 I1paKJIH}J (610-641),
HMnepaTOpbI 6bIJIH BO Bcex OTHOllleHIDIX <pHrypaMH ropa3.D.O 60JIee CKPOM-
HOro MacUJTa6a. HHKaKHx HOBbIX 3aKOHOB, KaCalOI.J..(HXC}J H)'.D.eeB H HY.D.a-
H3Ma, 60JIee Y)f(e He npHHHMaJIOCb, o,o.HaKO HanpaBJIeHHe nOJIHTHKH,
3aJ10)f(eHHOe IOcTHHHaHoM no OTHOllleHHIO K H)'.D.e}JM, 6blJI0 npo.D.oJI)f(e-
HO H ero npeeMHHKaMH.
402
/Jlaea 7. Tpemllu neplloi) PUMCKo-lIydeucKIlX onlHOUIeHUli
LJ:eJ10 B TOM, '-ITO BHYTpeHHee nOJIOmeHHe B ITaJJeCTHHe He OTJ1H'-IaJJOCb
cnoKoikTBHeM H CTa6HJIbHOCTblO, TaKoi1, KaKOH XOTeJ1a 6bl BH.D.eTb QeH-
TpaJJbHa}! BJ1aCTb. 110aHH 3<peCCKHH co06I.J..(aer 40 , '-ITO <1>eO<pHJ1, nOJ1KO-
BO.D.eQ HMnepaTopa IOcTHHa II (565-578 rr.), BbIHj')K.D.eH 6blJI no,!\aBJI}!Tb
O'-lepe,!\Hoe BOCCTaHHe B ITaJJecTHHe, nO,!\H}!TOe caMapHT}!HaMH H Hy,!\e}!-
MH.
CHTyaQH}! B ITaJJecTHHe, O.D.HaKO, OCJIOmH}!J1aCb He TOJ1bKO OTKpbITbl-
MH BbICTynJ1eHH}!MH. LJ:0 HalllHX .D.Hei1 COXpaHHJ1C}! J11060nbITHb1H .D.OKY-
MeHT, HanHcaHHblH B Ha'-laJJe VII BeKa H OTpIDKalOI.J..(HH, cy,!\}! no BceMY,
e.eaJIHH HMeHHO :noro BpeMeHH. 3TO - «LJ:oKTpHHa HOBOKpeI.J..(eHQa
l1aKoBa» - cBoero pO.D.a HCTOPH}! mH3HH O.D.HOrO KpeI.J..(eHOrO HY.D.e}!,
3aHHMaBlllerOC}! TOprOBJ1eH24I . HeKOTOpa}! He}!CHOCTb CB}!3aHa JIHlllb C
BpeMeHeM onHCblBaeMblX C06b1THH. I1CTopH}! :HaKOBa MomeT OTHOCHTb-
C}! KO BpeMeHH npaBJIeHH}! JIH60 HMnepaTOpa <1>oKH (602-610), J1H60
I1paKJlH}! (610-641). BTOpa}! np06JIeMa, CB}!3aHHa}! C 3THM HCTO'-lHHKOM,
3aKJlIO'-IaeTC}! B onpe.D.eJ1eHHH MeCTa C06bITHH. B, c06cTBeHHo, «LJ:OIcrpH-
He HOBOKpeI.J..(eHQa :HaKOBa» OCHOBHble C06bITH}! npOHCXO,WIT B CeBepHOH
A<pPHKe, B paHOHe Kap<pareHa, B 6oJ1ee n03.D.HeM BapHaHTe TOH me HJ1H
nO'-lTH H.D.eHTH'-IHOH HCTOpHH C06b1TH}! npOHCXO.D.}!T B naJJeCTHHe 242 .
OCHOBHa}! np06J1eMa, CB}!3aHHa}! C HHTepnpeTaQHeH 3Toro naM}!THH-
Ka, 3aKJlIO'-IaeTC}! B nOpa3HTeJIbHOM KOHTpaCTe Me)J{)].Y 6Horpa<pHeH OC-
HOBHoro .D.eHCTBYIOI.J..(ero J1HQa, noxomeH Ha HaCTO}!I.J..(eH aBaHTlOpHblH
pOMaH, H 6J1arOCTHbIM xapaKfepa caMora naM}!THHKa B QeJIOM. no CBoeH
<popMe «LJ:oKfpHHa HOBOKpeI.J..(eHQa :HaKOBa» - 3TO paCCKa3 npOHHKHYB-
llleroC}! xpHCTHaHCKOH BepOH Hy,!\e}!, 06paI.J..(eHHblH K CBOHM COnJ1eMeH-
HHKaM-Hy,!\e}!M C pa3'b}!CHeHHeM «HCTHHHOCTH» xpHCTHaHCKOH Bepbl H C
240 John of Ephesus. The Third Part of the Ecclesiastical History. transl. by R. p, Smith.
Oxford, 1860. P,209,
24\ KpaTKaJI xapaKTepHCTHKa 3TOro CO'iHHeHHJl Ha PYCCKOM Jl3bIKe eCTb B CJJe.1\YlOll1eM
CO'iHHeHHH: nUZYJle6CKaJ/ H. B, BH3aHTHII H HpaH Ha py6eJKe VI H VII BeKOB. M.: 11" ] 946,
C. 26-28. flOJJHOe H311aHHe naMRTHHKa C 60.1bWHM KOJJH'ieCTBOM KOMMeHTapHeB OCYll1eCT-
BJleHO B Travaux et Memoires. Vol. ]]. Paris, 1991. (061l1Hii 3ar0J10BOK ny6J1HKaUHH - Da-
gron G,. Deroche V Juifs et chretiens dans l'Orient du VIle siecle II TM. 1991. Vol. ] I.
P. 17-311; ny6JJHKauHJI paCn3.llaeTCR Ha CJJe.llYlOlI.IHe 'iaCTH: Dagron G. Introduction His!Orique II
TM. 1991. Vol. ] 1. P. ] 7-46; Doctrina Jacobi nuper baptizati. Edition et traduction par V.
Deroche II TM. ] 991. Vol. ] 1. P. 47-229; Commentaire par G. Dagron II TM. ] 991. Vol. II.
P. 230-3]].) flpellWeCTBYlOwHe H311aHHJI: Nau F., Didascalie de Jacob, 53 (PO. Vol. 8. 5-ieme
partie. P. 776f.); Sargis d' Aberga (controverse judeo-chretienne). Premiere assemblee. Texte
ethiopien publie et traduit par S. Grebaut II PO. Vol. 3. Paris, ]909. P. 549-646.
242 HCTOpHR c xpelI.leHHeM HaKOBa, BHllHMO, lleiicTBHTeJ1bHO npOHCXO,J,I-lJ1a B A«jIpHKe, HO
Mbl He MOJKeM HCKJJIO'iaTb TOro, 'iTO B naneCTHHe MomH npOHCXOllHTb aHw10rH'iHbIe JlBJIe-
HHR.
403
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1ydeu U uydau3M e ucmopllu PUMCKOU pecny6.nlKU U PU\ICKOU U\1nepUU
npH3bIBOM 06paTHTbC B xpHCTHaHCTBO. O.D.HaKO paCCKa3blBaeMble caMHM
)l(e HaKOBOM 06CTO TeJIbCTBa cBoei1 )l(H3HH, H B oc06eHHOCTH BeCbMa
)l(HBOnHCHble 06CTO TeJIbCTBa Kpe eHH 3Toro l.feJIOBeKa, 3aCTaBJI 1OT
YCOMHHTbC B B03MO)){HOCTH Toro, I.fTO OH Boo6 e 6bIJI B COCTO HHH
npoHHKHyrbC xpHCTHaHCKOH BepoH. vb 3TOro npoTHBOpeL[H MO)l(HO
.D.eJlaTb pa3Hble BbIBO.D.bI. H. B. nHryJIeBCKIUI (CM. npHM. 119) nHllleT 0
He.D.OCTOBepHocTH H TeH,!\eHlJ.H03HOCTH naM THHKa, 06'b BJI HaKoBa
BbIMbllllJ1eHHOH qmrypoH. LJ:eHcTBHTeJIbHO, Y Hac HeT OC06b1X OCHOBaHHH
06 3aTeJIbHO BH.D.eTb B HeM peaJJbHO cy ecTBoBaBlllero L[eJIOBeKa. O.D.-
HaKO HeKOTopble .D.pyrHe HCTOL[HHKH BpeMeHH n03.D.HeH HMnepHH KaK pa3
nOKa3bIBaIOT, L[TO )l(}f3Hb HaKOBa H ero B3aHMOOTHOllleHH C OKpY)I(alO HM
MHpOM HHL[eM oco6eHHO He Bbl,!\eJI IOTC H xapaKTepHbl ,!\JI onpe.D.eJIeH-
HOro THna H)'.D.eeB paCCMaTpHBaeMoro BpeMeHH. HHblMH CJIOBaMH, Bce
OT.D.eJIbHO B3 Tble COCTaBJI IO He 6Horpa<pHH HaKOBa BnOJIHe peaJJbHbl
H B3 Tbl H3 )l(}f3HH aBTopOM COI.fHHeHH H3 peaJJbHOH )l(H3HH.
o BTOpOH l.faCTH 3TOH HCTOpHH, KaK H npH KaKHX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX,
cornaCHO aBTOpy COL[HHeHIDI, HaKOB KpeCTHJlC , pel.fb nOH.n.eT I.f)'Tb HH)I(e,
a CeHl.faC - 0 nepBOH l.faCTH HCTOpHH, 0 MOJIO,!\OCTH HaKOBa, npOllle.D.llleH
B naJJeCTHHe B KOHl.J.e VI B. H3J1araeMble HH)I(e <paKTb1, cY)])I no BceM)',
npe,!\cTaBJI JlHCb aBTopy COI.fHHeHIDI THnHL[HblMH )J,JI nOBe,!\eHIDI MOJIO,!\O-
ro ,!\e BpeMeHH npaBJIeHIDI MaBpHKIDI (58O--Q02) H <1>OKH (602-610).
HaKoB - KaK H onpe.D.eJIeHHIUI rpynna ero e.D.HHOMbllllJIeHHHKOB - He
np0L[b 6blJIH nO.D.paTbC H 3areHTb HaCTO He nOTaCOBKH C xpHCTHaHaMH.
Hy,!\eH BeJlH ce6 oTKpoBeHHo npOBOKal.J.HOHHO. OHH BMelllHBaJJHCb B
KOH<pJIHKTbl Me)f()J,Y xpHCTHaHCKHMH CeKTaMH H B Tpa.n.Hl.J.HOHHble Pa3-
60pKH Me)f{)J,y l.J.HpKOBbIMH napTIDIMH. ECJIH, HanpHMep, «3eJIeHble» 6blJIH
B .D.aHHbIH KOHKpeTHblH MOMeHT CHJIbHee, HaKoB H nO.D.06Hble eMY HaI.fH-
HaJJH nOHOCHTb npOTHBOnOJIo)l(H)'1O napTHIO (<<rOJIy6bIX»), npOBOl.J.HPy
KOH<pJIHKT Tex H '!\PYrHX. npH 06paTHoM pacKJIa.n.e CHJI, H)'.D.eH OnHTb )l(e,
Bblc1)'nHB Ha cTopoHe 60JIee CHJlbHbrx, HaL[HHaJJH npOBOl.J.HpOBaTb CTOJIK-
HOBeHHe Me)f()J,Y xpHCTHaHCKHMH rpynnaMH. TOT)I(e HaKOB H JlIO.D.H no-
.D.06HOro eMY cKJIa,!\a npHIDIJlH Yl.facTHe B O,!\HOM IllYMHOM CTOJIKHOBeHHH
B l.J.HpKe, KOTopoe KOHL[HJIOCb y6Hi1CTBOM HaMeCTHHKa npOBHHl.J.HH243.
H3BecTHo TalOKe, I.fTO HaKOB 6b1JI cpe.D.H Tex, KTO CnpOBOl.J.HpOBaJJ o,!\Ha-
)f()J,bl 6ecnop ,!\KH, HaL[aBlllHeC Ha PO.D.oce B CB 3H C O.D.HHM H3 l.J.HpKOBblX
npe.D.CTaBJIeHHH244.
243 Dcotrina Jacobi nuper baptizati, I, 41. (flo (jIPaHUY3CKOMY H3)laHHIO B. ,[{epowa - TM.
1991. Vol. 11. P. 130-]31.)
244 Doctrina Jacobi nuper baptizati, V, 20, 13-16. (flo (jIpaHUY3cKOMY H311aHHIO B. ,[{epo-
wa-TM.1991.Vol. ]1. P. 2]4-215.)
404
TJlaea 7. TpemllU nepuod pU.MCKo-llydezicKllX omHomeHlIU
3.D.eCb Ba:>KHO OTMeTHTb, LITO nOBe,!\eHHe :HaKoBa no,!\aHO He KaK H30-
JIHpOBaHHblH CJIYLIaH, He KaK nOBe,!\eHHe KaKoro-To JIl06HTemi nO.D.paTb-
CH pa,!\H caMoi1 ,!\paKH. KOH<pJIHKT 3.D.eCb my6:>Ke H cepbe3Hee. I1Y.D.eH He
MomH He pearHpOBaTb Ha npHTeCHeHHH CO CTOpOHbl xpHCTHaH, H 3TH
npHTeCHeHHH CO BceH JIOrHLIeCKOH He06xo.D.HMOCTblO BeJIH K nO.D.06HbIM
BcnbllllKaM HeHaBHCTH H KOH<pJIHKTaM Ha 3THOKOH<peCCHOHaJlbHOH nOLI-
Be, LIero caMH Y'-laCTHHKH TaKHX HCTOpHH, B03MO:>KHO, He Bcer,!\a H C03-
HaBaJlH.
Bo BpeMeHa HMnepaTopa MaBpHKHH (582-602) - KaK H npH }Ocm-
HHaHe - onHTb :>Ke 6blJlH cJI)'LIaH HaCHJIbCTBeHHoro 06palll,eHHH H}'.D.eeB
B xpHcTHaHcTBo. 110aHH HHKH}'CCKHH paCCKa3bIBaeT, KaK 6paT HMnepa-
Topa ,[(oMHTHaH, enHCKon MaJlOa3HHCKOH 06JIaCTH MeJIHTeHa, 3aCTaBHJI
H}',!\eeB npHH Tb xpHcTHaHcTBo, O,!\HaKO, KaK nHCaJlI10aHH HHKH)'CCKHH,
06palll,eHHble H}'.D.eH CTaJlH JIHlllb xpHcTHaHaMH-JIHl.\eMepaMH 245 .
,lLrIH BpeMeHH I1paKJIIDI Mbl pacnOJIaraeM ,!\eTaJlbHblM onHcaHHeM, KaK
npoHcxo,!\HJIH HaCHJIbCTBeHHble 06palll,eHHH B xpHcTHaHcTBo B HaLIaJIe
VII BeKa. PeLIb H,!\eT 06 }':>Ke ynoMHHaBllleMCH Bblllle COI.J:HHeHHH, H3BeCT-
HOM no.D. Ha3BaHHeM «,[(oKTpHHa HOBOKpelll,eHua :HaKoBa». npouecc
06pal.l.\eHIDI B xpHCTHaHCTBO - TaK, KaK OH H3JIO:>KeH B HCTOLIHHKe, - OKa-
3blBaeTCH nOpa3HTeJIbHO npOCT H JIeroK. OCHOBaHHH He .D.OBepHTb onH-
CblBaeMblM C06bITHHM Y Hac HeT, H60 BepoHTHee Bcero, cueHa '!\eHCTBH-
TeJIbHO cnHcaHa C Ha1)'pbl O.D.HHM H3 HX Yl.J:acTHHKoB.
ComacHo HCTOLIHHKY, HaMeCTHHK A<ppHKH npH3BaJI H}'.D.eeB Kap<pa-
reHa H HaXO.D.HBlllHXCH B Kap<pareHe K ce6e. 3aTeM, KOr.D.a OHH npHlllJIH,
HaMeCTHHK nOHHTepeCOBaJlCH, npH3HalOT JlH HY.D.eH ce6H pa6aMH HMne-
paTopa. l1y'!\eH, eCTecTBeHHo, OTBeTHJIH, I.J:TO npH3Ha1OT. HaMecTHHK
,!\aJIee, 3aHBHJI, I.J:TO CBeTJleHllleMY - T. e. HMnepaTopy - yro.D.HO 6b1JIO
npHKa3aTb BaM KpecTHTbcH. nOCJIe HeKOTopOH naY3bl, BH)])I, I.J:TO H}'.D.eH
HHKaK He OTBel.J:alOT, HaMeCTHHK nOHHTepeCOBaJlCH, B l.J:eM, co6CTBeHHO,
.D.eJIo. O.D.HH H3 npHCYTCTBYIOlll,HX no HMeHH HOHH OTBeTHJI HaMeCTHHK)',
I.J:TO BpeMH CBHToro Kpel.l.\eHHH elll,e He HaCTaJlO. HaMeCTHHK OT TaKHX
CJIOB OLIeHb paCCep.D.I1JICH H HanOMHI1JI BceM npHCYTCTBYlOl.I.\HM, LITO KOJIH
OHH pa6bl HMnepaTopa, TO nOl.J:eMY, c06CTBeHHO, OHH He HCnOJIHHIOT
:>KeJIaHHH rOCnO.D.HHa. l1y,!\eH 6blJIH BeCbMa HanyraHbl TaKHM nOBopOTOM
C06bITHH, a HaMeCTHHK pelllHJI np06JIeMY 1)'T :>Ke H BeCbMa 6bICTpO.
npoueCC Kpelll,eHHH 6blJl OCYlll,eCTBJIeH npaKTHLIeCKH Cpa3Y :>Ke. npHCyr-
CTBOBaBlllHH 1)'T :>Ke :HaKoB Kpel.l.\eHHH H36e:>KaJI, 3aHBHB, LITO OH Y:>Ke
xpHCTHaHHH. HaMeCTHHK:>Ke oc06eHHO BHHKaTb He CTaJI, y,!\OBJIeTBOpHB-
245 Chronique de Jean eveque de Nikiou. Texte ethiopien publie et traduit par H. Zotenberg.
Paris, 1883. P. 535; La Didascalie de Jacob.., II PO. Vol. 8, P. 733. Note 2.
405
A. f. fpyweBOH. 11.:vdell U uYOall3.U e ucmopllu PU.UCKOU pecny6.1UKlIlI P,WCKOlI,BtnepUII
lllHCb TaKHM npH3HaHHeM. O,!\HaKO '1YTb n03:>Ke HaKOB Bbl,!\aJ1 ce6 , npaB-
.D.a, CJIY'IaHHO. B HeO:>KH,!\aHHOH .D.J1 ce6 CH1)'aUHH BMeCTO «6J1aronpH-
CTOHHOrO» rpe'leCKOrO KUpt<><; (rocnO.D.HH), OH ynoTpe6HJI HY.D.eHCKOe
CJ10BO C TeM :>Ke 3Ha'leHHeM (<<a.D.OHaH»). HaKOB 6blJ1 1)'T :>Ke apeCTOBaH.
Kor.D.a Bbl CHHJIOCb, '1TO HaKOB K TOMY :>Ke 06pe3aH, TO OH 6blJI nOC(l)I(eH
B TeMHHUY, r,!\e npOCH.D.eJ1 CTO .D.HeH. 3aTeM no.D. yrp030H nblTOK HaKOBa
3aCTaBHJ1H npHHHb KpelUeHHe. TaKHM 06Pa30M, caM <paKT Kpell{eHH
CTaHOBHJ1C npH3HaKOM nOJlHTH'IeCKOH JIO J1bHOCTH, TaK:>Ke KaK paHbllle
TaKHM npH3HaKOM nOJIHTH'IeCKOH J10 JlbHOCTH C'IHTaJIOCb npHHeceHHe
:>KepTB nepe.D. H306p(l)l(eHHeM HMnepaTopa.
12. l1yJteH H HYJtaH3M B rOJtbl nepCHJtCKoro H
apa6cKoro 3aBoeBaHHH 6AH Hero BOCTOKa (JtO
u
6HTBbl npH 11 ap M}'Ke )
nepBa '1eTBepTb VII BeKa CTaJIa oc060 .D.paMaTH'IHbIM MOMeHTOM BO
BceMHpHOH HCTOpHH B ueJ10M H npHMeHHTeJlbHO K naJIeCTHHe B '1aCT-
HOCTH. ,lLTIHBUIa c BeKaMH KOr.D.a CKpblTaJI, KOr.D.a BHa 60pb6a 3a rere-
MOHHIO Ha bJ1H:>KHeM BOCTOKe Me:>K.D.Y PHMOM H nap<pHeH, a 3aTeM - Me-
:>K.D.Y BH3aHTHeH H CaCaHH.D.CKHM I1paHoM npHUIJ1a B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe
BpeM , KaK Ka3aJ10Cb, K HeKoeM)' JlOrH'IeCKOMY 3aBepllleHHIO. C06blTH
3TH OKa3aJIH orpOMHoe BJ1H HHe Ha CY,!\b6y Bcex Tex, KTO OKa3aJIC B HHX
BOBJIe'leH, B TOM '1HCJ1e, H Ha Hy,!\eeB.
nOCJ1e.D.H BOHHa BH3aHTHH C I1paHoM Ha'laJIaCb B 603 r. H npaKTH-
'1eCKH Cpa3Y nOlllJIa .D.J1 BH3aHTHHueB Hey,!\a'lHO. 3a .D.Ba rO.D.a nepCbl
OTBOeBaJIH y BH3aHTHHueB Bce TeppHTopHH, KOTopble npHHa.D.J1e:>KaJIH
BH3aHTHH Ha ceBepe MeCOnOTaMHH. B 606 r. nepcbl BTopmHcb B CHpHIO
H BnepBble nO BHJ1HCb B <!>HHHKHH H naJIeCTHHe. B 609 r. OCHOBHa
nepCH.D.CKa apMH nepeceKJIa EB<ppaT H HanpaBHJ1aCb B CTOpOHY AHTH-
OXHH. B TOM :>Ke 609 r. B CeBepHoH A<ppHKe BcnblxHYJI MHe:>K npoTHB
HMnepaTopa <!>OKH, KOTOpblH 6blJ1 BeCbMa HenonYJI pHOH JIH'IHOCTblO.
B oKT 6pe 610 r. 6Y.D.YlUHH HMnepaTOp I1paKJIHH 6e3 OC06blX np06J1eM
3aXBaTHJ1 KOHcTaHTHHOnOJ1b.
nOJIO:>KeHHe BH3aHTHH B 3TOT MOMeHT OKa3aJIOCb BeCbMa HenpOCTblM.
C ceBepa B HaC1)'nJIeHHe nepelllJ1H aBapbl H CJIaB He, yrpO:>KaBlllHe
CTOJIHue, Ha BOCTOKe HacrynaJIH nepCbI. BH3aHTHHcKa apMH npoHr-
paJIa pelllalOlUee Cpa:>KeHHe no,!\ CTeHaMH AHTHOXHH B 611 r. fpeKaM
npHlllJ10Cb CpO'lHO 3BaKYHpoBaTbc , H .D.opora.D.J1 nepcoB 6blJIa OTKpbl-
406
T.wea 7. Tpemllu nepuod pu.WCKo-uydeUCKu.'{ onlHoweHuu
Ta KaK B CTOPOHY MaJIOH A3HH H KOHCTaHTHHOnOJISI, TaK H B CTOPOHY
naJIeCTHHbI. CnepBa, O.D.HaKO, nepcbI .D.BHHYJIHCb K IOfY, B CTOPOHY
naJIeCTHHbI. Ycnex nepCH.D.CKOfO HaC1)'nJIeHH 3aKJIIOL[aJIC He CTOJIb-
KO B HX CHJIe, CKOJIbKO B CJIa60CTH BH3aHTHHCKOH apMHH H B <paKTope
CJIYL[aHHOCTH. <1>oKa, 3aXBaTHBlllHH BJIaCTb B 602 f., 6b1JI BeCbMa Heno-
nYJI peH H B 06 eCTBe, H B apMHH. 3TO npHBeJIO H K .D.eMOpaJIH3aQHH
apMHH H K OTCYTCTBHIO e,!\HHCTBa Me)!(.D.Y fpa)!(.D.aHCKOH BJIaCTblO H
apMHeH.
LJ:onOJIHHTeJlbHbIM <paKTOPOM, 06eCneL[HBlllHM nopIDKeHHe BH3aHTHH-
CKOH apMHH Ha nepBOM ::Hane, CTaJIO H OTCYTCTBHe HapO.D.HOH no)])].ep)!(KH.
<1>oKa, npOBO)J,JI nOJIHTHK}' B no)])].ep)!(K}' HCKJIIOL[HTeJIbHO npaBOCJIaBH ,
He MOf paCCL[HTbIBaTb Ha no)])].ep:lKK)' HaCeJleHlUI BOCTOL[HbIX npOBHHQHH,
Tpa.n.HQHOHHO no)])].ep)!(HBaBlllHX MOH0<pH3HTOB. )KHTeJIH )!(e DJIH)!(Hero
BOCTOKa .D.eHCTBHTeJlbHO 6bIJIH rorOBbl CKopee npHHHb BJIaCTb nepCOB,
L[eM BH3aHTHHCKHX npaBOCJIaBHbIX HMnepaTOpOB.
ECJIH xpHCTHaHCKoe HaCeJIeHHe OCTaBaJIOCb B 06 eM-TO naCCHBHbIM,
TO 3TOro HeJIb3 CKa3aTb 0 H)',!\e x. B HCTOpHH VI B. 6b1J1o HeCKOJIbKO
3HaMeHaTeJIbHbiX 3nH30.D.OB, nOKa3bIBalO HX rorOBHOCTb H)'.D.eeB BC L[e-
CKH nOMOL[b nepcaM B 60pb6e npoTHB BH3aHTHH. Bo BpeM BOHHbI C
nepcaMH 502-505 ff. H)'.D.eH norpaHHL[Horo ropo.D.a KOHcTaHQH nblTaJIHCb
YCTPOHTb 3aroBop, L[T06bI nepe.D.aTb ropO.D. nepcaM 246 . B 529 f., Cpa3Y )!(e
nOCJIe nopIDKeHH caMapHT HcKOro BOCCTaHH , .D.eJIefaQH caMapHT H
nOCe'fHJIa HpaHCK}'1O CTOJIHQY KTeCH<pOH H .D.06HJIaCb npHeMa Y lllaxa
XocpOBa I. LJ:eJIefaQH nbITaJIaCb y6e,!\HTb HpaHCK}'1O CTOpOH)' He 3aKJIIO-
L[aTb MHpa C BH3aHTHHCKOH CTOpOHOH, 06e aJI Ha 6Y.D.Y ee BC L[ecK}'1O
no)])].ep)!(K}' CO CTOpOHbl H caMapHT H, H H)',!\eeB 247 . MO)!(HO npHBeCTH
MHOfO H ,!\PYfHX npHMepOB nO.D.06HOfO pO.D.a. MY.D.eH CJIY)!(HJIH B HpaHcKoH
apMHH, H .D.OCTaTOL[HO L[aCTO. Y CHpHHCKOro XpOHHCTa MHXaHJIa CHpHH-
Qa BCTpeL[aeTC CJIe.D.YIO HH HHTepeCHbIH <paKT. Bo BpeM O.D.HOH H3 BOHH
C nepcaMH npH IOcTHHHaHe nepCH.D.CKHi1 nOJIKOBo,!\eQ nOnpOCHJI nepe-
MHpH Ha O.D.HH .D.eHb, L[T06b1 H)',!\eH H xpHCTHaHe CMOrJIH OTnpa3.D.HOBaTb
HeKHH npa3.D.HHK (npaB.D.a, He YTOL[H eTC , KaKOH HMeHHo)248. I1Y.D.eH
246The Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite composed in Syriac A. D. 507 I With a translation
and notes by W. Wright. London, ]882. P. 47-48.
247 a nOCOJJbCTBe CM.: Ioannis Malalae Chronographia ex recensione L. Dindorfii. Accedunt
Chilmeadi hodiique annotationes et Rich. Bentleii epistola ad I. Millium. Bonn, ]83] (p, 455ff.):
Theophanis Chronographia edidit C. De Boor. Vol. I. Leipzig, 1883, a. m. 6021 (p. ] 79,
Iff.).
248 Michelle Syrien. Chronique de Michelle Syrien patriarche jacobite d' Antioche (] 166-
] ] 99). Editee pour la premiere fois et traduite en fran9ais par J .-B. Chabot. T. 2, Paris, 190 I.
p, ]91.
407
A. f. fpyweBoH. J1ydell u uyoau3M e ucmopllll PILHCKOU pecny6J//IKu u PIL\fCKOU lumepuu
aKTHBHO nOMOraJIH nepcaM BO BpeMSI nepCH.D.CKOro HaC1)'nJIeHHSI. TaK,
npH npH6JIH:>KeHHH nepCOB K AHTHOXHH B ceHTSl6pe 610 r., B ropO.D.e
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lll.HH aHTHoxHHCKHM rapHH30HOM BOH03 nO.D.aBHJ1 BOCCTaHHe )KeCTOKHMH
MeTO.D.aMH 249 . Y apMSlHcKoro HCTOpHKa Ce6eoca paCCKa3bIBaeTcSI, qTO npH
npH6JIH)KeHHH nepCH.D.CKOro BOHCKa K Kecapee Kanna.D.OKHHCKOH, XPH-
CTHaHCKHe )KHTeJlH YlllJlH H3 ropO.D.a, a HY.D.eH OCTaJlHCb H npe,lJ,nOqJIH
nO.D.qHHHTbCSI nepcaM (612 )250.
o npHqHHaX )Ke :nOH nO.LJ.)J,ep)KKH nepCOB Hy,!\eSlMH rOBopHT O.D.HH
3nH30.D., coxpaHHBlllHHCSI Y .D.BYX BH3aHTHHCKHX XpOHHCTOB 60JIee n03.D.-
Hero BpeMeHH. COo6lll.aeMaSi )Ke HCTOpHSI npe.D.CTaBJISleTCSI BnOJlHe
3aCJlY)KHBaJOlll.eH .D.OBepHSI. I1MnepaTop I1paKJIHH, Y)Ke nOCJIe OKOHqa-
TeJIbHOH n06e.D.bl BH3aHTHHCKHX BOHCK, CnpOCHJI O.D.HOrO HY.D.eSl H3
THBepHa.D.bI, nOqeMY OH aKTHBHO BbIC1)'naJI npOTHB xpHCTHaH H BH3aH-
THHCKOH BJIaCTH. OTBeT 6bIJI BeCbMa npOCT - «nOTOMY, qTO OHH - Bpa-
rH MoeH Bepb(»251.
I1HbIMH CJlOBaMH, HY.D.eH B paCCMarpHBaeMoe BpeMSI }')Ke qeTKO OC03-
HaBaJlH xpHCTHaHCK)'JO BJIaCTb H xpHCTHaHCTBO KaK CBOHX BparoB.
nepCH.D.CKHH nOJIKoBo.D.eu.lllaxpa6apa3, YTBep.D.HBlllHCb B .lJ:aMacKe B
613 r., .D.BHH}'JICSI Ha 3ana.n. H B KOHu.e 613 r. (B03MO)KHO, B HaqaJIe 614 r.)
3aHSlJI maBHYJO KpenocTb B naJIeCTHHe, ropo,!\ KecapeJO, a TaIOKe npH-
MOpCKHH nopT Apcycp. BH,lJ,HMO, nepCbl He BCTpeqaJIH B naJIeCTHHe
HHKaKoro OTnopa. BoeHHbIe CHJIbI I1MnepHH npHlllJIH Ha TOT MOMeHT B
nOJlHoe paCCTpOHCTBO, a MeCTHoe HY.D.eHCKOe HaCeJIeHHe BH.D.eJIO B nep-
cax H36aBHTeJIeH. I1MeHHo n03TOMY HY.D.eH OXOTHO npH3HaBaJlH nepCH,lJ,-
CK)'JO BJIaCTb.
OBJIa.D.eB npHMopbeM, lllaxpa6apa3 HaqaJI nOXO.D. B HanpaBJIeHHH
l1epycaJlHMa. nyrb ero JIe)KaJI qepe3 ropO.D. .lJ:HoCnOJIHC (JIH.LJ.)J,a). Kor.D.a
Cpe.D.H MOHaxOB, lOTHBlllHXCSI BO MHO)KeCTBe B OKpeCTHOCTSIX l1epycaJlH-
Ma, pacnpOCTpaHHJIaCb BeCTb 0 npH6JIH)KeHHH nepCH.D.CKOro BOHCKa,
HaqaJIaCb naHHKa. MOHaXH, nOKH.D.aSl CBOH MOHaCTbIpH H nelll.epbl, 6e-
)KaJlH B ApaBHJ0 2S2 . XOTSI l1epycaJlHM H HMeJI MOlll.Hble CTeHbl, Hepyca-
JIHMCKHH naTpHapx 3axapHSI He HMeJI Ha.D.e)K)].bI OTCTOSlTb ropO.D., H Kor,!\a
nepCH.D.CKHH nOJIKOBO.D.eu. BC1)'nHJI C naTpHapXOM B neperoBopbI H npe.D.-
2.9 Kitab al-'Unvan. Histoire Universe lie ecrite par Agapius (Mahboub) de Menbidj. editee
et traduite en fran9ais par Alexandre Vasiliev. Seconde partie II PO. Vol. 8. 3-ieme partie,
Paris, ]912. P.449.
250 Ce6eoc, f.l. 23(=Sebeos, cap. 31).
2j' Theophanis Chronographia. Edidit C. De Boor. Vol. 1. Leipzig, 1883, a. m. 6120 (p.
328, ] 9-20); Historia miscellanea - PG. Vol. 95. Col. 1041.
252 Vita s. Georgii Chozebitae II Anal. Boll, 1888. Vol. VII. p, ]29-130.
408
/.wea 7, Tpemuu nepuoo PUMcKo-lIyoeUCKu.x omHomeHuu
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HHe l1epycaJlHMa nepCaMH» (HanHcaHo MOHaXOM AHTHOXOM CTpaTHroM,
cOXpaHHJIOCb B rpY3HHcKOM nepeBO.D.e) TalOKe roBOpHTC 0 roTOBHOCTH
naTpHapxa 3axapHH C.D.aTb ropO.D. nepcaM. O.D.HaKO y AtfTHOXa HH CJIOBa
HeT HH 0 nepCH.D.CKOM oTp .D.e, HH 0 pe3He Cpe.D.H HepycaJlHMcKoro Hace-
JIeHH . no CJIOBaM AHTHoxa, nHCaBllJero 06 3TOM C06blTHH Ha OCHOBe
c06cTBeHHbix Bnel.faTJIeHHH, C.D.aI.fH ropO.D.a He 6bUIO. B ropO.D.e 6blJIO Mac-
COBoe B03M)' eHHe nOp(l)l(eHl.feCKHM HaCTpoeM naTpHapxa. nOCJIe.D.HHH
B pe3YJIbTaTe YCTynHJI H npHKa3aJ1 OTnpaBHTb MO.D.eCTa, HaCTO TeJI MO-
HacTblp <1>eO.D.OCH , B l1epHxoH .D.Jl BbI30Ba BOHCK Ha 3a my ropO.D.a.
nepCbl, O.D.HaKO, Onepe.D.HJlH H 15 anpeJI 614 r. Hal.faJIaCb oca.n.a l1epyca-
JIHMa, npO.D.OmKaBllla CjI 20 .D.HeH.
n TOro Ma ropO.D. 6blJI B3U H Hal.faJIOCb 06bll.fHOe HCTpe6JIeHHe Bcex,
He ycneBlllHX CKpbITbC . Bce HCTOI.fHHKH e.D.HHo.ll.)'lllHO nHllIyr 0 TOM, I.fTO
aKTHBHYIO pOJIb BO Bcex MeponpHHH X no HCTpe6JIeHHIO xpHCTHaH B
l1epYCaJlHMe B Mae 614 r. CblrpaJIH H)',!\eH 254 . 06 ee KOJIH'-IeCTBO y6HTbiX
Ha3BaHO B HCTOI.fHHKaX nO-pa3HoMY. Y apM HcKoro HCTopHKa Ce6eo-
ca - 17 TblC.; Y AHTHoxa CTpaTHra l.(H<f>Pbl COBceM HHble. KpoMe TOro,
B pa3HblX 3bIKOBblX Bepcmlx COI.fHHeHH AHTHoxa l.(H<f>Pbl He COBna.n.alOT
Me)l()J,y C060H. B rpY3HHcKOM TeKCTe - 66 509 l.feJIOBeK, B apa6cKoM -
62455 255 . MaKCHMaJlbHajll.(H<f>pa Ha3BaHa y caMoro n03.D.Hero aBTopa, y
MHxaHJla CHpHHl.(a. Y Hero KOJIHl.feCTBO y6HTblX COCTaBJI eT 90 TbIC.
l.feJlOBeK 256 . BH.D.HMO MO>KHO roBOpHTb 0 TOM, I.fTO .D.(l)I(e y Ce6eoca KOJIH-
l.feCTBO :>KepTB npeYBeJlHl.feHO, H60 e,!\Ba JlH HaCeJleHHe l1epycaJIHMa
Momo npeBbllllaTb 30-40 TbIC. l.feJIOBeK.
B(l)I(HO TalOKe OTMeTHTb, I.fTO BO BpeM OCa.n.bl H nOCJIe.D.YIO HX rpa-
6e:>KeH B l1epycaJIHMe CHJIbHO nOCTpa.D.aJIH xpHCTHaHCKHe CB TblHH.
2530CHOBHblMH licro'iHHKaMH no OC3.lle HepycanHMa nepcaMH H 0 Clla'ie CaMoro ropolla
IIBJJIlIOTCR TpYllb! apMIIHcKOro HcropllKa Ce6eoca Ii paCCKa3 AHTHoxa CTPaTHra (IbeHeHHe
Hepyca.lHMa nepca:\1H B 614 ro.:1Y. H3.:1. npo4J. Mapp (TeKCTbI II pa3blCKaHHII no ap l-rpY3.
4Jn.'l. KH. IX. 1909). CM. TaKJKe: Couret A, La prise de Jerusalem par les perses, Orleans, 1876,
P. 29 fT. CM. TaKJKe: Couret A. La prise de Jerusalem par les perses en 6141/ Revue de rOrient
Chretien. ]897. Vol. II. P. 125-]64; 3aBoeBaHHe Hepyca.'lHMa nepcaMlll1 C0061I1.eHHR HMne-
paropcKoro npaBoCJJaBHoro flaneCTHHcKOro 06wecTBa. ] 897. C. 598-6] 4.
254 Chr, min., I, 20, ] 3-24; 23, 1 ]-28. Ce6eoc, m. 24 (=Sebeos. cap. 32).
155 Revue de J'Orient Chretien, 1. P. 163.
25. Michelle Syrien. Chronique de Michelle Syrien patriarche jacobite d'Antioche (I] 66-
1199). Editee pour la premiere fois et traduite en fran ais par J .-B. Chabot. Vol. 2. Paris. 190 I.
P. 400 (XI. I).
409
A. f. fpyweBOH. l1yoellll uydaU3.w e ucmopull PlL tCKOU pecnyo.7UKU u PlL 'CKOU lL tnepllU
B OfHe norH6 xpaM B03HeceHH , coopY)I(eHHblH no npHKa3Y EJ1eHbl,
MaTepH KOHCTaHTHHa 257 .
nepCbl B KOHl.(e KOHl.(OB .D.aJlH CHrHaJI npeKpaTHTb y6HHCTBa H rpa6e-
)l(H. n06e.D.HTeJ1H CTaJlH Bbl%lBaTb Bcex CKpbIBaBlllHXC B y6e)l(Hlll.aX,
06elll.a BceM coxpaHHTb )l(H3Hb. no CJ10BaM Ce6eoca, Bcex nJ1eHHbiX
C06PaJIH B O.D.HO MeCTO H HX OKa3aJ10Cb 35 TbIC. 258 lUaxpa6apa3 pacno-
p .D.HJ1C oT06paTb H3 :nOH TOJInbl Bcex peMeCJ1eHHHKOB H oTnpaBHTb HX
B nepcHlo. B lJHCJle OTOCJIaHHblX BfJIy6b nepCH.D.CKOH .D.ep)){aBbl 6bIJI H
HepycaJlHMCKHH naTpHapx 3axapH . nepcaM .D.OCTaJlHCb, nOMHMO Bcero
npOlJero, H OCHOBHble l.(epKOBHble CB TbIHH, CB 3aHHble C HMeHeM I1H-
cyca, H npe)){)J,e Bcero KpecT fOCnO.D.eH. AHTHOX CTpaTHr paCCKa3bIBaeT,
lJTO KpecT conyrcTBOBaJI nJ1eHHbiM B nyTH H 6blJl BnOCJIe.D.CTBHH OT.D.aH
C pa3pellleHH XocpoBa ero mo6HMoH )l(eHe xpHCTHaHKe lUHPHH, KOTO-
pa nOCTaBHJIa ero B CBoeM .D.OMe.
nepCH.D.CKOe BTOp)){eHHe B naJ1eCTHHY, 3aXBaT l1epycaJlHMa H TaK
Ha3blBaeMoro «l1cTHHHoro KpecTa» npOH3BeJIH 60J1bUJoe BnelJaTJleHHe
B xpHCTHaHCKOM MHpe. $0 C06blTHe ynoMHHaeTC B npOH3Be.D.eHH X
MHOrHX xpHCTHaHCKHX aBTopOB, HO H He TOJ1bKO y HHX. ,[(aHHble npo
3aXBaT nepcaMH l1epycaJlHMa H xpHCTHaHCKHX CB TbIHb eCTb H B MY-
CYJlbMaHCKOH TPa.D.Hl.(HH259.
nepCbl nOCJIe 3aXBaTa l1epycaJ1HMa YCTpeMHJ1HCb Ha 3aBoeBaHHe
ErHnTa, OCTaBHB B naJIeCTHHe J1HUJb cpaBHHTeJ1bHO He60J1blllOH rapHH-
30H. Bepo THo, HY.D.eH MOfJIH Ha KOpOTKHH CpOK nOJ1YlJHTb OT nepcoB
CBo6o.D.Y .D.eHCTBHH H BH)'TpeHHIOIO aBTOHOMHIO. OrCYTcTBHe HCTOlJHHKOB
n03B0J1 eT C.D.eJIaTb H HHoe npeLln0J10)l(eHHe - B03MO)l(HO, HY.D.eH He
CTOJ1bKO nOJ1YlJHJ1H CB060.D.Y .D.eHCTBHH H aBTOHOMHIO H3 PYK nepcoB,
CKOJlbKO BOCnOJIb30BaJlHCb 6e3BJ1aCTHeM B naJIeCTHHe, lJT06bl de facto
06pecTH TaK)'1O cB060.n.y .!\eHcTBHH H aBTOHOMHIO, MO)l(eT 6blTb - H 6e3
nepCH.D.CKOro COfJIaCH npH 60JlbUJeM HJ1H MeHbllleM nonycTHTeJlbCTBe
C HX CTOpOHbI. PeaJIbHOH HH<popMal.(HH 0 TOM, lJTO npOHCXO.D.HJ10 B 3TH ro-
.D.bl, KaK OCYlll.eCTBJI J1HCb nOJIHOMOlJH H}'.D.eeB H KaKOBa, co6CTBeHHO,
6blJ1a HX nOJ1lITHKa - B HCTOlJHHKaX OCTaJlOCb MaJlO. KOe-lJTO .D.aeT O.D.HH
H3 OTHOC lll.HXC K 3TOMY BpeMeHH MHLlpallleH - KHHra 3epy66aBeJ1 260.
257 Chronica minora CSCO, Scr. Syri, Text. Ser. III. Tom, IV. Pars I. Edidit I. Guidi. Paris,
1903. P.23, 10-14.
258 EC.1H 1l0BepRTb UH<jJpaM HCTO'iHHKOB H eClIH Y'ieCTb KOllH'leCTBO y6HTbIX, TO nOllY'ia-
eTCJl, 'iTO B Ha'iane VII B. B HepycanHMe npOJKHBanO me-TO OT 50.1\0 100 TbIC. 'iellOBeK.
259 Noldeke Th. Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden. Aus der ara-
bischen Chronik des Tabari. Leiden, ]897. S. 291.
2'" Levy f. L'apocalypse de Zorabebel et Ie roi de Perse Siroes II REJ. T. 68. N ]36, 1914.
P. 129-]60: REJ. T. 69.19]9. P. 108-]21; REJ. ]920, T. 71. P.57-{'5.
410
TJlaea 7. Tpemllu nepuod Pll,Mclw-uyoeucKux omHoweHuu
MI.l 3HaeM, LITO Y H)'.D.eeB B 3TOT nepHO.D. 6I.lJl CBOH JIH.D.ep. OO)JJ1HHHOe
ero HM HeH3BeCTHO, H60 B TeKCTe OH Ha3BaH cBoero pO.D.a nCeB.D.OHHMOM:
HexeMH , CI.IH XYlllHeJI , CI.IH 3cppaHMa, CI.IH 110cHcpa.
113 3TOro COLIHHeHIDI - TaK)/(e KaK H H3 HeKOTopI.IX .D.PYrHX MH.D.parneH
3TOro BpeMeHH - BH.D.HO, LITO B l1epycarrHMe 6b1J1H B0306HOBJIeHI.l )/(epT-
BonpHHOllleHH (KaK H r.D.e - He COBceM CHO. BH.D.HMO - Ha pa3BarrH-
Hax xpaMa 261 ). 113 TOro )/(e HCTOLIHHKa H3BeCTHO, LITO HY.D.eH 3aH JIHCI.
CHCTeMaTHLIeCKOH OLIHCTKOH ropO.D.a OT MeCT H.D.OJlOnOKJIOHCTBa, TO eCTI.
pa3pYllleHHeM xpHCTHaHCKHX uepKBeH. Op06J1eMa xpHCTHaHcKoro Hace-
J1eHH 6b1J1a pellleHa .D.BO KO. KaK }')Ke roBOpHJlOCI., npHMepHO 35 TI.IC.
LIeJIOBeK 6I.lJlO OTnpaBJleHO B OepcHlo. OCTanocI. )/(e B ropo,o.e npHMepHo
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maCHO xpHCTHaHCKHM HCTOLIHHKaM - 6I.lJlH nepe6HTI.l.
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TaKHX CJIYLIaeB Momo 6I.lTI. H 60JlI.rne. MOHax AHaCTaCHH H3 MOHaCTI.I-
p CB. EKaTepHHI.I paCCKa3blBaeT npo O.D.HOro H3 6paTI.eB Toro)/(e MOHa-
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no coo6weHHIO HCTOLIHHKa, LIaCTI. xpHCTHaH 6e)/(ana H3 ropO.D.a BBH,o.y
26' C 1. nO.Jp06HO - Dagron G. Introduction historique. Entre histoire et apocalypse II
TM. 1991. Vol. 11. P. 26-28 (Dagron G,. Deroche V Juifs et chretiens dans 1'0rient du VII
siecle ),
262 Anastasius Sinaita. Homilia. 8411 PG. Col. 1692, Vol. 89.
26' Doctrina Jacobi nuper baptizati, IV. 5, 15-20. (no COBpe leHHO Y 4JpaHuY3cKO IY In-
llaHIHO B. )]epowa - TM. Vol, II, P. ] 81).
411
A. r. fpyweBoH, l1yoeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6. uKU u PU.lfCKOU lU>fneplflf
npH6mnKeHlUI nepCOB, a H)'.D.eH nO.D.O:>KrJIH xpHCTHaHCKHe xpaMbI H y6H-
JIH 60JIbUIOe KOJIHLJeCTBO OCTaBaBUIHXCH B ropO,lJ,e xpHCTHaH 264 .
CY.D.H no BceMY, nOCJIe <paKTH':leCKOrO 3aXBaTa nTOJleMaH.D.bI, HY,lJ,eH
nOnblTaJIHCb YCTaHOBHTb KOHTpOJIb Ha.D. ropO.D.OM THpOM. C06b1THH,
BH,lJ,HMO, pa3BHBaJlHCb CJIe.D.YlOlliHM 06pa30M: HY,lJ,el1 THpa, KaKOBbIX
HaCLJHTbIBaJIOCb 4 TbIC. LJeJIOBeK, YCTaHOBHJlI1 KOHTaKTbI co CBOHMH
e.D.HHOBepQaMH B naJIeCTHHe C npe)J,JlO:>KeHHeM 3aXBaTHTb THp BO BpeMH
npa3.D.HOBaHlliI xpHcTHaHcKoH nacxH. npoeKT nOKa3aJICH npHBJIeKaTeJIb-
HbIM H - eCJIH .D.OBepHTb n03.D.HeMY HCTOLJHHKY - 26 TbIC. H)'.D.eeB npH-
UIJIH K CTeHaM THpa B Ha3HaLJeHHbIH CpOK. O.D.HO BJIaCTH ropO.D.a OKa3a-
JlHCb B KYpce nJIaHOB 3arOBOplll.HKOB. Bce THpcKHe H)'.D.el1 6bIJIH B3HTbI
no.D. CTp(l)l(Y H 2 TbIC. LJeJIOBeK 06e3rJIaBJIeHO, a BOHCKO OCIDK.D.aBlllHX THp
6bIJIO pa3611T0 265 . Y EBTHXI1H, Halllero OCHOBHoro B .D.aHHOM CJIYLJae
HCT01.JHHKa, .D.aT HeT. npaB.D.a, HaH60JIee BepoHTHoH .D.aTOH 3TOro C06bITHH
CJIe.D.YeT C1.JHTaTb HHTepBaJI Me)K)J,Y 612 H 618 rr.
C06bITlliI 3TH, 6eccnopHO, CBl1)J,eTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 60JIee IUIH MeHee opra-
HH30BaHHOM H C03HaTeJIbHOM CTpeMJIeHHH K B03pO)K)J,eHHIO nOJIHTH1.JeCKOH
He3aBI1CHMOCTH H)'.D.eeB B naJIeCTI1He. 0 Mepe 31'Oro CTpeMJIeHHH H ero
OpraHH30BaHHOCTH MbI HH1.Jero CKa3aTb He MO:>KeM, HO, KaK Y:>Ke OTMe1.JaJlOCb,
no HeKOTOpblM .D.PymM HCT01.JHHKaM Mbl MO:>KeM Bce :>Ke yrBep)K)J,aTb, 'ITO B
nepHO.D. nepCH.D.CKOro rocnO.D.CTBa B l1epYCaJIHMe 6bU1 B03pO)K)J,eH B KaKOH-
TO creneHH HY.D.eHCKHH KYJIbT H 6bU1 CBOH .n.yxOBHbIH JIl1)J,ep. 3To:>Ke MO:>KeT
CBl1)J,eTeJJbCTBOBaTb 0 TOM, 1.J1'O npH nepcax onpe.D.eJJeHHbIe Kpym H)'.D.eH-
CKOro 06llieCTBa C.D.eJIaJlH (IUIH nOnbITaJlHCb C.D.eJIaTb) peaJIbHbIe UIam K
.D.OCTIDKeHHIO Ha ,lJ,eJIe nOJlHTH1.JeCKOH He3aBHCHMOCTH H - K B03po)K)J,eHHIO
H)'.D.eHcKoro KYJIbTa B nOJlHOM 06'beMe. B HCTOLJHHKaX HeT HH<popMaQHH,
HaCKOJIbKO 3TH lllarH 6bU1H COrJIaCOBaHbI C nepcaMH. HecJIo)K}:lo nOHSlTb,
1.J1'O .D.O KaKHX-1'O npe.D.eJIOB TaKHe MeponpllilTHH H)'.D.eeB He npO'rHBOpe1.JIUIH
HHTepecaM nepCOB. O.D.HaKO Y Hac HeT OCHOBaHHH yrBep)K)J,aTb, KaK 31'0
,lJ,eJIaeT M. ABH-HOHa, 1.J1'O Me)K)J,)' H)',lJ,eHMH H nepCaMH CYllieCTBOBaJIO 1.JTO-
TO BpO.D.e .D.OrOBopa 0 COlO3e H 1.J1'O H)'.D.eH nO-HaCTOHlll.eMY BbIC1)'nHJIH
«e,lJ,HHbIM <pPOHTOM» C lllaXCKHMH BOHCKaMH npOTHB o6lliero Bpara 266 .
CoxpaHHBUIHecH HCT01.JHHKH n03BOJIHIOT roBOpHTb JIHlllb 0 TOM, 'ITO HHTe-
peCbl nepCOB H H)'.D.eeB .D.O H3BecTHoro MOMeHTa COBna)J,aJIH.
O.D.HaKO HenOCpe.D.CTBeHHO nOCJIe OCa,lJ,bl H)'.D.eHMH THpa npOHCXO.D.HT
pe3Koe H3MeHeHHe OTHOllleHHH nepCOB K HY,lJ,eHM. 06 3TOM C06bITHH
,,,", Doctrina Jacobi nuper baptizati IV, 5, ]6-44; V. 12. 10-15. (flo COBpeMeHHOMY (jIpaH-
U)"3CKOMY H311aHHIO B. )J.epowa - TM. Vo!. 11. P. 181, 203).
,6\ Eutychius. Annales II PG. I] I. Co!. 1084-1085. CM. TaKJKe: Dagron G. Op. cit. P.25.
". Avi- Yonah. The Jews of Palestine. A Political History from the Bar Kokhba War to the
Arab Conquest. New York, ] 976, p, 259-265,
412
TJlaea 7. Tpemuu nepuod pUMCKo-uYdeuCKUX omHOUleHUU
mllllYT OLJeHb MHome xpHCTHaHCKHe aBTopbl - Ce6eoc, aHOHHMHblH
aBTOp CHpHi1cKOH XpOHHKH, 6ap 36peH, MHXaHJI CHpHe 267. Bce aBTopbl
CXO)))ITCJI B TOM, LJTO nepCH.D.CKHH lllax npHHJlJI pellleHHe BOCCTaHOBHTb
l1epycaJJHM HMeHHO KaK xpHCTHaHCKHH ropO.D. H H3rHaTb H3 Hero Hy,o.eeB.
I1CTOLJHHKH pacxo.D.JlTCJI JlHlllb B TOM, KaKOBbl 6blJIH MOTHBbl ::noro no-
C1)'nKa.
Y aHOHHMHoro CHpHHCKoro xpOHHCTa 06'bJlCHeHHe H3MeHeHHJI nep-
CH.D.CKOH n03H HH BblmJl.D.HT OLJeHb 3K30THLJHO. I1Y.D.el1 6Y.D.TO 6bl no06e-
WaJIH nepCH.D.CKOMY maBHOKOMaH.D.)'JOllleMY COKpOBHwa, KOTopble HaxO-
)))ITCJI no.D. xpaMOM fpo6a fOCnO.D.HJI. BBH.D.Y TOro, LJTO HY.D.eH OKa3aJJHCb
He B COCTOJlHHH C.D.ep)J{aTb CBoe 06elllaHHe, nepCH.D.CKHH maBHOKOMaH-
.D.)'JOWHH pelllHJI nopBarb C HHMH. B 3TOH CBJl3H B HCTOLJHHKaX HHOr.D.a
BcnOMHHaJOT XpHCTl1aHCKYJO )J{eHY XocpOBa II, KOTOpaJl, B03MO)J{HO,
Moma nOBJIHJlTb Ha cBoero cynpyra. Bce 3TH <paKTOpbl MomH HrpaTb
onpe.D.eJIeHHYJO pOJIb, HO npHLJHHa H3MeHeHHJI n03H HH nepCOB 6blJIa
KOHeLJHO H rIIy6)J{e, H cepbe3Hee.
nepCbI nocrynHJIH OLJeHb nparMarWlHO. .IJ:0 KaKOrO-TO MOMeHTa H)'.D.eH,
B03MO)J{HO, 6blJII1 HY)KHbl nepcaM, HO .D.JIJI HaJIa)J{HBaHHJI ynpaBJIeHI1J1
3aBoeBaHHOH CTpaHOH H}?KHbI 6blJIH JIJO.D.H, HaCTpoeHHbIe Ha COTPY.D.HH-
LJeCTBO. I1Y.D.eH )J{e 6blJIH OLJeHb nJIOXHMH KaH.D.H.D.aTaMH Ha 31)' pOJlb.
B 3TH rO.D.bI DJIH)KHHH BOCTOK 6blJI no npeHMyweCTBY xpHCTHaHCKHM,
H B TaKOH CH1)'a HH HY.D.eH, COCTaBJIJlBUme yrHeTaeMOe xpHCTHaHaMH
MeHblllHHCTBO, He MomH 6bITb nO.D.XO.D.JlWHMH KaH.D.H.D.aTaMH )J,J1J1 PYKO-
BO.D.JlWHX pOJIeH npH nepCH.D.CKOH a.n.MHHHCTpa HH. I1MeHHo n03TOMY
nepcaM H}')KHO 6blJlO .D.eJlaTb Bb160p, H OH 6blJI C.D.eJIaH B nOJIb3Y XPHCTH-
aH KaK CHJIbl, C KOTOpOH 06111HH Jl3blK HaHTH ropa3.D.O JIerLJe H npOllle.
3.D.eCb, HaBepHoe, HeJIb3J1 HCKJIJOLJaTb H ellle o,o.Horo MOMeHTa, OTMeLJae-
MOro 10. A. KYJIaKOBCKHM. OH nHllleT, LJTO nepCbI, Y3HaB 06eCLJHHCTBax
H)'.D.eeB B l1epycaJJHMe, OTKa3aJJHCb OT COTpY.D.HHLJeCTBa C HHMH. Onpe-
.D.eJIeHHbIe OCHOBaHHJI .D.JIJI TaKoro BbIBo,o.a .D.eHCTBHTeJIbHO eCTb, H60
nOCJIe 3aXBaTa l1epycaJJHMa KOJIHLJeCTBO y6HTbIX xpHCTHaH 6bIJIO 3Ha-
LJHTeJIbHbIM. Bce )J{e HeJlCHO, HaCKOJIbKO npaBOMepHO CBO.D.HTb OTKa3
nepCOB OT COTpY.D.HHLJeCTBa C HY.D.eJlMH TOJlbKO peaKll.HeH Ha y6HHcTBa
xpHCTHaH 268 .
267Ce6eoc. rJJ. 24(=Sebeos, cap.32); Chronica minora CSCO, Scr. Syr. Text., Ser.IIL Tom.
IV, Pars I. Edidit I. Guidi. Paris, 1903. P. 23;The Chronography of Gregory Abu'l Faraj being
thr first part of his Political History of the World. Translated by E. W. Wallis Budge. Vol. I.
London, ] 932. P. 87; Michelle Syrien, Chronique de Michel Ie Syrien, patriarche jacobite
d' Antioche (] 166-1199). Editee pour la premiere fois et traduite en fran9ais par 1.-B. Chabot.
Vol. 2. Paris, 1901. P. 400 (XI, 1).
268 KY.WI\06CKUU 10, A, HcropllJl BlIJaHTHH 602-717 rollbl. Cn6., 1996. c. 38.
413
A. f. fpyweBoit J1yoeu II uyoaU1M ellcmopuu PZLMCKOlI pecny6.7uKIIII PZLMCKOU ZLwnepZIlI
npe)K)].e Bcero 6blJI0 npHHjlTO pellleHHe OTCTpOHTb l1epycaJJHM 3aHO-
BO KaK xpHCTHaHCKHH fOpO.n.. LJ:aJJee nepcbI npHH5IJIH pellleHHe H3rHaTb
H3 ropo.n.a Bcex H)'.n.eeB H BOCCTaHOBHTb 1)' CH1)'aUHlO, KOTOpa51 6b1JIa npH
pHMJI5IHaX, KOrtJ.a Hy.n.e5lM 6bIJI 3aKpblT .n.oc1)'n B l1epycaJJHM. BC5I BJIaCTb
B l1epycaJJHMe 6b1JIa nepe.n.aHa HaCT05ITemO MOHaCTblp51 <1>eo.n.OCH5I Mo-
.n.ec1)', np05lBHBllleMY ce651 HenJIOXHM a)J,MHHHCTpaTopOM.
,lLrIji HCTOpHH paCCMaTpHBaeMoro BpeMeHH HMeeT 60JIblllOe 3HalfeHHe
coxpaHHBllleeC5I y Ce6eoca nHCbMO apM5IHCKOMY KaTOJIHKOCY KOMHTacy.
Mo,!\eCT nHllleT, <.JTO Hy.n.eH, nOCJIe H3fHaHH5I HX H3 l1epycaJIHMa, nOJIHbl
fHeBa H 51pOCTH H npH Ka)f()J,OM y.n.06HOM cJlY<.Jae 3a)J,a1OT Bonpoc 0 B03-
MO)J(HOCTH B03Bpalll.eHH5I B CB5ITOH fopo.n. H .n.alOT MHO)J(eCTBO no.n.apKoB,
HO HX Tenepb He C<.JHTaIOT .n.OCTOHHblMH B03Bpalll.eHH5I B fOpO.n. 269 .
3TH CJIOBa Mo.n.eCTa B nepe.n.a<.Je Ce6eoca no.n.TBep)J(,!\aeT H aBTop
KHHm 3epy66aBeJl5l. «ll1Hpoe 270 , CblH uap51 nepcOB, 06paTHJIC5I npOTHB
HexeMHH H BcefO 113pa11JI5I Ha n5lTblH fO,!\». ECJIH Y<.JeCTb, <.JTO 3aXBaT
l1epycaJIHMa npOH30llleJI B 614 f. (4474), TO n5lTblH fO.n. (4478) KaK pa3
6y.n.eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 617-MY, oco6eHHo eCJIH Y<.JeCTb, <.Jro H)'.n.eHcKHH
H xpHcTHaHcKHH HOBblH fO.n. Hac1)'nalOT B pa3HOe BpeM5I. lJ.TO )J(e Kaca-
eTCH KHl1fH 3epy66aBeJIH, TO .n.aJJee B TeKCTe CKa3aHO - «[CbIH nepCH.n.-
CKOro uapH] pa36HJI HexeMHIO H BblCJIaJI ero B nyCTblHIO... H 6blJIO rope
B 113paHJIe, KOTOpOfO He 6blBaJJO paHbllle»271.
B HCTOpHH Hy.n.eeB 3TO C06b1THe HMeJIO 60JIbUIOe 3Ha<.JeHHe. IlOJIH-
TH<.JeCKaH opHeHTaUHH nepCOB Ha nO.D..D.ep)J(K)' xpHCTHaH 03Ha<.Jana nOJI-
HblH H OKOH<.JaTeJIbHblH KOHeu nOJIHTH<.JeCKOH HCTOpHH H)',!\eeB B aHTH<.J-
HOCTH.
nOJIHTH<.JeCKa51 CH1)'aUHH 6J1aronpH5ITCTBOBaJIa nepcaM JIHlllb f.n.e-TO
.n.o 622-623 ff. I1x nOCJIe.n.HHM KpynHblM ycnexoM CTaJIO 3aBoeBaHHe
Emma B 623 f. B 622 f. I1paKJlHH C BHOBb Ha6paHHbiM BOHCKOM OT-
npaBHJICH Ha KaBKa3 C )J(eJlaHHeM BTOPfHYTbCH B I1paH. 3Ta nepBa51
KaMnaHHH KOH<.JHJlaCb, CTpOfO fOBOpH, HH<.JeM, H60 BH3aHTHHcKOMY
BOHCK)' npHUIJIOCb oTc1)'nHTb 06paTHo. LJ:aJIee nOCJIe.n.OBaJI .n.paMaTH-
<.JecKHH 3nH30.n., KOTOpblH MOf KopeHHblM 06pa30M H3MeHHTb BeCb xo.n.
HCTopH<.JecKHx C06bITHH B Cpe.n.H3eMHoMopbe. B 626 f. KOHcTaHTHHo-
nOJIb OKa3aJICH B .n.BOHHOH oca.n.e. C ceBepa no.n.OlllJIH aBapbl, C BOCTO-
Ka - nepCbI. O.n.HaKo )J(e OCIDK.n.eHHbIM y.n.aJJOCb .n.06HTbC5I YXo.n.a H3-no.n.
2.9 Ce6eoc, rJJ. 25 (=Sebeos, cap. 33).
210 TaK 3BaJlH nepcHllcKoro waxa, CMeHHBwero y6HTOro B 628 r. XocpoBa II. flpaBlla,
ynoMHHaHHe 3TOro HMeHH B .llaHHOM KOHTeKCTe COBepweHHO He KBmleTCJlllOKa3are.1bCTBOM
TOro, '1TO onHCblBaeMble C06bITHII OTHOCKTCK HMeHHO K 628 r.
271 Levi. L' apocalypse de Zorobabel et Ie roi de perse Siroes. II REJ. ] 914. Vol. 68. N 136.
P. ]5]-]53.
414
T.wea 7. Tpemuu nepuod pU.lfCKo-lIydeucKux onlHoUleHlfu
CTeH KOHCTaHTHHonOJlSl aBapOB. nepCbl, BH.n.SI 3TO, npe,o.nOI.fJIH peTH-
pOBaTbCSI caMH.
C 31'Oro MOMeHTa B 60pb6e 3a MH)f(HHH BOC1'OK HaC1)'naeT pelllalOl.lJ,HH
nepeJIOM. I1paKJ1HH C apMHeH onSlTb OTnpaBJISleTCSI B I1paH l.fepe3 KaBKa3
H Ha 3TOT pa3 B KOHel.fHOM Cl.feTe .n.OCTHraeT ycnexa. MeJIKHX CTOJIKHOBe-
HHH C nepCH.n.CKHMH BOHCKaMH H HX COlO3HHKaMH 6bIJIO HeMaJIO, HO
pelllalOl.L\ee Cp<DKeHHe, npHHeClllee n06e.n.y rpeKaM, 6blJIO o,o.HHM-e,o.HH-
CTBeHHbIM. I1HTepecHO, I.fTO 3TOro O.n.HOro Cp<DKeHHSI XBaTHJIO .D.JISI TOro,
I.fT06bl .n.ep)J{aBa CacaHH.n.OB npHlllJIa B nOJIHOe BHYTpeHHee paCCTpOHCTBO.
B pe3YJIbTaTe paCKOJIa B npaBSll.L\eM KJIaCce Bepx B3S1JIH Te, KTO 6blJI roTOB
.n.oroBapl1BaTbCSI C rpeKaMH. B HTore nepCbl caMH y6HJIH XocpOBa II,
HaCTpoeHHoro Ha Boillry, H B03BeJII1 Ha npeCTOJI «naUH<pHCTa». nOCJIe
3TOro npeTeH.n.eHTOB Ha nepCH,o.CKHH npeCTOJI OKa3aJIOCb MHOro H BceM
nOTpe60BaJIHCb BOHCKa, Haxo.n.HBlllHecSi Ha bJIIDKHeM BOC1'OKe. B pe3YJIb-
TaTe nepCbl YlllJIH H3 Bcex 3aBoeBaHHbiX 06JIaCTeH caMH, a I1paKJ1HH co
CBoeH apMHeH BeCHOH 629 r. .n.BHHYJICSI H3 I1paHa Ha bJIH)f(HHH BOCTOK
no MHOrHM npHI.fHHaM BH3aHTHHCKHH HMnepaTOp HaMepeBaJICSI 3aKOH-
I.fHTb BOH1-I}' B'be3.n.OM B l1epYCaJJl1M.
nOHSlTHO, I.fTO TaKOH nOBOpOT C06bITHH rp03HJI MHO)J{eCTBOM HenpH-
SlTHOCTeH Hy,o.eSlM 6JIIDKHeBOCTOl.fHbIX 06JIaCTeH, H60 naMSlTb 0 C06blTH-
SIX 614-61 7 rr. 6blJIa CBe)J(a. B ::nOH cH1)'aUHH Hy.n.eH pelllHJIH 06paTHTb-
CSI HanpSlMYIO K HMneparopy, H60 6blJIO H3BeCTHO, I.fTO 3a ro.n. .n.o 3TOro,
B 628 r., I1paKJIHH nOMHJIOBaJIl1y.n.eeB 3.n.eccbI, npo.n.omKaBlllHX 3al.lJ,HI.lJ,aTb
CBOH ropo.n. OT BH3aHTHHcKOH apMHH }')Ke H nOCJIe yxo.n.a nepcoB. I1paK-
JlHH nOMHJIOBaJI HX, 6y.n.YI.fH 3aHHTepecoBaHHbiM B YCTaHOBJIeHI1H MHpa
B CBOHX BJIa.n.eHHSlX nocJle BOHHbl, .n.JIHBllleHCSI 25 JIer 72 . I1MnepaTop
npHHSlJI B THBepHa.n.e npe.n.CTaBHTeJlbHYIO Hy.n.eHCK)'1O .n.eJIeraUHIO Pa3-
JlHI.fHbIX 061.lJ,HH naJIeCTHHbl. I1paKJIHH npHHSlJI HX no,o.apKH H .n.aJI co
CBoeH CTOpOHbl cBoero po.n.a oxpaHHble rpaMoTbI - nHCbMa, B KOTOpbIX
I1paKJIHH 3W1BJ1S1J1 06 06el.lJ,aHHH npol.lJ,eHIDI. I1MneparopcKHe .n.eKJIapaUHH
6blJIH no.n.KpermeHbl TalOKe HMneparopcKOH KJUlTBOH (Eutychius, Annales II
PG. Vol. Ill, col. 1089-1090). B THBepHa.n.e, KpoMe Toro, HMnepaTop
OCTaHOBHJICSI B .n.OMe O,o.HOro 60raToro Hy.n.eSl no HMeHH BeHHaMHH, KO-
TOpbIH 3a CBOH Cl.feT co.n.eP)J(aJI H HMnepaTopa, H apMHIO BO BpeMSI HX
npe6bIBaHHSI B THBepHa,o.e. BeHHaMHH oTnpaBHJICSI BMeCTe C HMnepaTo-
pOM B l1epycaJIHM. no .n.opore HMnepaTopcKoe oKpY)J(eHHe y6e.n.HJIO
BeHHaMHHa KpecTHTbcSI, 1.f1'O H npOH30lllJIO B HeanoJIe (COBp. Ha6JIYc).
m Kitab al 'Unvan. Histoire Universelle ecrite par Agapius (Mahboub) de Menbidj, editee
et traduite en fran9ais par Alexandre Vasiliev. Seconde partie II PO. T. 8. 3-ieme partie.
P.466.
415
A. f, fpyweBoil. l1ydeu u uydall3A1 e ucmopull P1L'>ICKOU pecny6.7I1Kl/ u P1L ICKOU w.mepl/II
CY.D.SI no BceMY, HCTOpHH 3Ta npOH3BeJ1a 60JIblllOe Bne'-laTJ1eHHe Ha CO-
BpeMeHHHKoB 273 .
21 MapTa 629 r. I1paKJIHH BC1)'nHJ1 B l1epycaJIHM. O.D.HaKO )f(e npe6bI-
BaHHe I1paKJIHH B l1epycaJIHMe 6blJIO CBSl3aHO He TOJIbKO C BO.D.BOpeHHeM
Ha MeCTO xpHCTHaHCKHX CBSlTbIHb. Cy.lVl no HMelO HMCSI HCTO'-lHHKaM,
xpHCTHaHCKoe HaCeJ1eHHe l1epycaJIHMa )K)J,aJIO OT HMnepaTopa pelllH-
TeJ1bHbIX .D.eHCTBHH npOTHB H)'.D.eeB. I1MnepaTop .D.O KaKoro-To MOMeHTa
He pelllaJICH TaK nOC1)'mITb, C'IHTaJI ce6S1 CBH3aHHbiM CJ10BOM. lJ,epKOBHble
KpyrH HalllJ1H, O.D.HaKO, KOMnpOMHCCHblH BapHaHT. lJ,epKoBb 06'bSlBHJ1a,
'-ITO roToBa B3S1Tb TaKOH rpex Ha ce6S1 H OTMOJlHTb ero 274 . I1MnepaTopa
::no YCTpOHJ10, H BCKope 6bIJI H3.D.aJI .D.eKpeT 0 3anpeweHHH Hy,!\eHM npo-
)f(HBaTb Ha paCCTOSlHHH MeHee Tpex MHJIb OT l1epycaJlHMa 275 . nOCJ1e
3TOro nOCJ1e.D.OBaJIa u.eJ1aSl cepHH CY.D.e6HbIX npOu.eCCOB npOTHB H)'.D.eeB,
06BHHSlBlllHXCH B pa3pYllleHHHX xpHCTHaHCKHX xpaMOB H B y6HHcTBax
xpHCTHaH. 3Ha'lI1TeJ1bHOe KOJ1H'-IeCTBO HY.D.eeB 6bIJIO y6HTO, MHorHe Bbl-
HY)K)J,eHbl 6blJ1H 6e)f(aTb B EmneT HJlH I1paH HJlH CKpblBaTbCSI.
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pa36HTa apa6aMH. lJ.epe3 ro.D., B KOHu.e 637 HJIH B caMOM Ha'laJIe 638 r.,
HepYCaJIHMCKHH naTpHapx COcppOHHH OTKpblJ1 BOpOTa ropO.D.a apa6aM.
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213 Theophanis Chronographia edidit C. de Boor. Vol. I. Leipzig, 1883. P. 328, 15-23 (a.
m.6]20).
274 LlepKOBb CllepJKaJJa CBOH o6ewaHHII. 3a HMnepaTOpCKH" rpex B03HOCHJlHCb MOJJHTBbl
B Te'JeHHe BCe" JKH3HH HMnepaTOpa (Eutychius. Anna1es II PG, Vol. III. Cols. 1089-1090).
27STheophanis Chronographia edidit C. de Boor. Vol. I. Leipzig, 1883. P. 328, 27 (a. m.
6120).
276Miche11e Syrien. Chronique de Michelle Syrien, patriarche jacobite d' Antioche (1166-
] ] 99). Editee pour la premiere fois et traduite en fran9ais par J .-B. Chabot. Paris, 190 I. Vol. 2.
p, 414 (XI, 4).
416
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CM. nOllpo6HO: Frey 1.-B. Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaicarum. Receuil des inscriptions juives
qui vont du 1I1-e siecle avant Jesus-Christ au VII-e siecle de noire ere. Citta del Vaticano, ] 936.
P. 504-507; Ephrat Habas (Rubin). The Dediction of Polychannos from Stobi: Problems of
Dating and Interpretation IIJQR. 2001. Vol. 92. P. 4] -78.
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and Public Politics in 3"'-5 1h Century Jewish Palestine. Tiibinge, 2002. P. 63-64.
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EGO AVRELIVS SAMOHIL COMPARABI
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Kat 'tEcrcrapc:x .l£'ta 'to\) cru tOU. EE&v EK 'trov 'tEKV<OV a\rrf\ EYYOva.
ii& KEl'tat Kanta 'A t .
«KaTIHa AMMl1ac, .D.O'ib MeHo<pI1JIa OTQa CHHarorH KapKapeCHHQeB,
npeKpaCHO )l(}fBlll1Ul B H)'.D.aH3Me, npo)l(HJla TpH.D.QaTh 'ieTbIpe ro.D.a BMeCTe
C cynpyrOM. OHa BH.D.eJIa nOTOMKOB OT CBOHX .D.eTeH J7 . 3.D.eCb nOKOHTCH
KaTIHa AMMHac»18.
4. HCiArpo6He <l>aycTHHbI
HTa.i\HR, BeH03a
(CIL., IX, 648 (= 6220) = CIJ. Yol. I, 611)
HIC CISCVEO FAVSTHNA
FIllA FAVSTIN PAT ANNORVM
QVAITVORDECI MHNSVRVM
QVINQVE QVE FVET VNICA PAREN
TVRVM QVEI DIXEVNT TRHNVS
OVO APOSTVLI ET OVO REBBITES ET
SATIS GRANOEM OOLVREM FECET PA
RENTISVS ET LACREMAS CIBITA
TI
llC!j'J;'1 to? tO::IJ;'1
to?'O J tO J,"
QVE FVET PRONEPVS FAVSTINI
PAT NEPVS BITI ET ACELLE
QVI FVERVNT MAIVRES CISI
TATIS
\1 HHblMH CJJOBaMH - CBOHX BHYKOB. HMeHHO n03TOMY B ynoMHHaHHH 34 JJeT c,1ellyeT
BHlleTb YKaJaHHe He D03paCTa nOKoi:iHoii, a KOJJH'ieCTBa JJeT, npOJKHTblX elO B 6paKe.
18 L{aTHpoBKa HaJlTIHCH OCTaeTCH HeH3BeCTHOH.
423
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. l1ydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
«3.D.eCb 19 nOKOl1TC1I cI>aYCTHHa, .D.O'-lb cI>aYCTHHa, OTI. a, '-IeTbIpHa.D.uaTH
JIeT, n1lTH MeC1IueB, KOTOpa1l 6b1JIa e.D.HHCTBeHHOH .D.O'-lepblO CBOHX P0.D.H-
TeJIeH. OnJIaKHBaHHe 20 ee 6b1JIO npOH3HeceHO .D.BYM1I anOCTOJIaMH 21 11
.D.BYM1I paBBHHaMH H (CMepTb ee) npHHeCJIa .D.OCTaTO'-lHO 60JIblllOe rope
pO.D.HTeJI1IMH H CJIe3bI - 06ll1,HHe 22 .
rp06HUlfa (f>aycmuHbl
OmOOXHoeeHue ee oyme. Mup.
OHa 23 1IBJI1IeTC1I npaBHY'-IKOH cI>aYCTI1Ha OTua, BHY'-IKOH Bwryca H
A3eJIJIbl, KOTopble B03maBmIJII1 06ll1,l1H)'».
5. HMDHCb C OCTpOBa JleJ\oc
(KoHe II - HaqaJ\O lB. AO H. a.)
Syll.Inscr.Gr., II, 816 = CIJ., I, 725.
'Em!CaA.oi'>J.!at !Cat a t<j) 'tOY 0£Ov 'tOY
U\j1tO'tov 'tOY !CUptoV 'trov 7t\'E'UJ.!c('t(J)v
!Cat 1t00:rrJ<; cJap!CO<;. E1tt 'to\><; OOA.oJt q>OVEU-
oav'tro; i't <pa{)J.!a!CEooav'ta<; 't1'1v 'ta-
A.at1tCOpov iiwpov 'Hpa!CA£tav EXXtav-
'tro; au'tf\<; 'to avat-nov aiJ.!a aOt-
!Croc;, tva oihroc; ytVT)'tat 'to\:<; q>OVEU-
mxm v a\)'tTtv i't <pa{)J.!a!CEooam v !Cat
'to\:<; 'tElCVot<; au'trov, !CUptE 6 1tavra
1911arHHCKaJI 'iaCTb H3.llnHCH H306HJJyeT op$orpa$H'ieCKHMH oWH6KaMH.
20 B TeKCTe - rpe'ieCKOe CJJOBO, 3anHcaHHoe JJaTHHCKHMH 6YKBaMH.
21 BBHllY TOro, 'iTO anOCTOJJ B .llaHHOM KOHTeKCTe - 3TO cneUHaJJbHblii nOCllaHHHK naT-
pHapxa, OTnpaBJJSleMblii HM B 0611\HHblllHacnopbl, Y'iHTbIBaJI, .llaJJee, 'iTO naTpHapxar OKOH'IHII
CBoe cywecTBoBaHHe MeJKllY 425 H 42& rr., H Y'iHTbIBaJI, HaKOHeu, Bce CKa3aHHoe B OCHOBHOM
TeKCTe 06 3BOJJIOUHH narpHapxaTa, npellCTaBJJ!leTC!I B03MOJKHblM npHHTH K clle.llYlOlI.IHM llBYM
BbIBOllaM 0 BpeMeHH COCTaBJJeHHSI H3.llnHCH, Terminus ante quem - KOHeu CYlI.IeCTBOBaHHSI
naTpHapxara KaK TaKOBOro (425-42& rr.). Terminus post quem - BepOJITHee Bcero, Py6eJK
III-IV BB.
22 B TeKCTe ynoTpe611eHO MHoro3Ha'lHOe CIIOBO civitas, Hcnollb3yeMoe KaK JlJ]SI 0603Ha'ie-
HHJI roCY.llapCTBa, TaK H llJJJI 0603Ha'ieHHJl (rpaJKllaHCKOil) 06WHHbl, KOIIJJeKTHBa rpaJKllaH
ropolla. OllHaKO H3.llnHCb, BepOSiTHee Bcero, OTHOCHTC!I K 3noxe n0311HeH HMnepHH, a B TeKCTe
ynoMHHaIOTCSI BblCOKOnOCTaBlleHHble .lleSlTe,1H HYlleilcKoH 0611\HHbl ropolla. HMeHHO n03TOMY
npellCTaBJ]JleTC!I MaJJOBepOSITHblM TOT <paKT, 'iTO JKHTeJJH Bcero ropOlla MOfllH on.1aKHBaTb
CMepTb IOHOH <I>aYCTHHbl, H 60llee BepOJITHO BHlleTb B civitas, ynOTpe611eHHoil B H3.llnHCH
llB3JI(Jlbl, YKaJaHHe Ha HYlleilcKYIO 06lI.1HHY ropolla,
2J C )Toro CIlOBa cllellyeT npOllOIlJKeHHe lIaTHHcKoro TeKCTa H3.llnHCH.
424
npUJ/o.J/CeHue }, Ba,J/CHeuuwe zpe eCKue u JlamUHCKue Haonucu, xapaKmepU3YlOu/ue..,
Eq>OpO>V Kat oi a.YYEAot 0Eou, <p micra 'jI'l)-
XTt EV 'tfI O''' v Tu-tEpal 'ta1t£l VOUvtat
8' iKEtEi , tvct EyOlK1lO'TJ<; 'to aiJla 'to a-
vat 'tlOV 11'tl'JO'El<; Kat 't1)v 'taxiO''tTJv.
«>I B3blBalO H npH3blBalO Dora Bblc04aHwero, nOBeJIHTeml .D.Ylll H BceH
nJIOTH, Ha Tex, KTO B pe3YJIbTaTe 06MaHa y6HJI HJIH OTpaBHJI Hec4acTH)'IO,
6e3BpeMeHHo Yllle.D.WYIO fepaKJIelO, npOJII1B HeCnpaBe.D.JIHBO ee HeBI1HHYIO
KpOBb, 4T06bl CJIY4HJIOCb TaK C y6HBllll1MI1 I1JIH oTpaBHBlllHMI1 ee H C
.D.eTbMH HX. fOCnO.D.b, BH,WUlI,HH Bce, H aHreJIbi focno.D.a, nepe.D. KOTOpblM
BCSlKaSi .D.Yllla B cero.D.HSllllHHH .D.eHb cm6ae-rcSi B MOJIb6e, 4T06bl Tbl QT-
MCTHJI 3a HeBHHH)'1O KpOBb H KaK MO)f(HO cKopee pa3blCKaJI 6b1 (BHHOB-
HblX)>>24.
6. HaAnHcH H3 AKMOHHH, <l>pHrHH
(MAMA, VI, 263-365)25
263
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Jl 11O'EV
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ya'tEpa uou,,-
pay, eXpxt£pElav Ka[\.]
ayrovoeE'tl v 'tou
cr\:JV1tav'to<; 'trov
[8]Erov upooJ'trov
[OC]KOU, 7tacr,,<; eXpE-
['t]il<; XCtplV Kat 'tf\<;
[dJ<; aU'tTtv EUEPYE-
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24 flpHXOllHTCIi JJHWb COJKaJIeTb, 'iTO 06CTOIITeJJbCTBa 3TOro lleJJa HaM He H3BeCTHbl nOJJ-
HOCTblO.
2' H3.llnHCH npHBOlllITCIi B op!}>orpa!}JHH H3ilaTeJJII, KOTOpblH - BHllHMO, H3 JKeJJaHHII
TO'iHO CJJeilOBaTb TOMY, KaK TeKCT BblCe'ieH Ha Ka !He, - He npllBOllllT B $opMax llaTeJJbHoro
nalleJKa ilory subscriptum. JJ.aTllpoBKa Bcex Tpex H3.llnHCeH 113 AKMOHHH HeH3BeCTHa. C
YBepeHHOCTblO MOJKHO JJHWb YTBepJKllarb, 'iTO pe'ib IIlleT 0 BTOpoil nOJlOBHHe ] - 0 Ha'iaJIe
11 B. H. 3. H311aTeJJb OTMe'iaeT, '1TO HM!I IOJJHH CeBepbl, ynoMHHaIOlI.Ieilcli BO Bcex Tpex HM-
nHCIIX, BCTpe'iaeTCIi Ha MOHeTaX BpeMeHH HepoHa (54-68 rr,).
425
A. f. fpyweBoJ:i. Ifydeu u uydau3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKu u PUMCKOU UMnepuu
«fepycml 26 OKa33Jla nOLfeCTH IOJIHH CeBepe, .D.OLfepH flU!, rnaBHoMY
)l(peQY H aroHoTery Bcero .D.OMa 60)l(eCTBeHHbIx ABryCTOB H pa.D.H ee
6JIaro.D.ejlHHjI, a B03.D.BIDKeHHe (CTa1)'H?) OCYll.\eCTBJIeHO... »27
264
'tov !Ca'tcxmcE1XX08t[v}m o(£]Kov \I1tO
lO\)Alro; rrO\)iJpac;8 Tuppwvta<; KM-
50; b Bux PlO\) <XpxtcrUVCty(O"(o<; !Cat
AoulCta<; Ao\)JCi.o\) <XpxtveXy(O"(a<;
!Cat I161tAto<; Zro'tt!COc; &pxrov E1tEcr-
1CE0000av tIC 'tE 'tcOV iBlrov !Cat 'tcOV cruv-
!Ca'ta9EfJ1\1(J)v !Cat typa\jlav 'to\><; 'tOl-
;to'\><; !Cat 't1'1v 6p<xpTJv !Cat E1tOlT\(faV
't1'1v 'tcOV 9upi.&ov ooq>CtA£tav !Cat 'tov
[A\)]1tOv 1tCtvta !COO\lov, ooo'ttvro; !Ca{t]
.., cru\!aY(O"(TJ E'tEl\lT\C1EV 01tA.ro EmXjJu-
(fro BtCt 'tE 't1'1v EVCtpE'tOV au'tcOv &t]CL E]-
crt V !Cat 'tTJv 7tpO<; 't1'1v cruvaY(O"(TJv E'i5votCtv
'tE !Cat cr[7tO\)]c')itv.
«.D:OM 29 , BblcTpoeHHbIH no pacnOpjl)l(eHHIO IOJIHH CeBepbl, THppOHHH
KJIa.D., nO)l(I13HeHHbIH apxHcHHaror H JIYKHH, CblH JIYKHjI, H ny6JIHi1
30THK, apxoH-r3°, 6bIJI OTpeMoHTHpoBaH HMI1 H3 JIHLfHbIX (Cpe.D.CTB), H H3
260CHOBHoe 3Ha'leHHe CJlOBa - «caBeT CTapeJ:iwHH». «f epYCH!I» npHMeHHTeJJbHO K PIIMY
0603Ha'laJIa (pHMCKHH) ceHar. B )laHHOM KOHKpeTHOM CJJY'iae nepell HaMH, CKOpee Bcero,
60JJee pe.llKOe no cpaBHeHHIO C !k>\)A.Tt 0603Ha'ieHHe roPO.llCKOro COBeTa. H.3 H3.llnHCeH xopo-
wo H3BeCTHO, 'iTO TepMHH «repYCH!I» 0603Ha'iaJJ TaKJKe COBeT CTapeilwlIH HY)leilcKOJ:i 0611\H-
Hbi. flpOTHB nO.ll06HOH, $OpMaJJbHO B03MOJKHOH HHTepnpeT3lI1IH, CBH.lleTeJJbCTBYeT, Ha Haw
B3fJ]!I)l, KOHTeKCT: TpY.llHO npe.llCTaBHTb ce6e CHTY3lIHIO' 'iT06bl IIY.lleHCKaJI 0611\HHa B03)laBa-
JJa nO'ieCTII aroHOTe1)' XYJJbTa HMneparopoB. flpaB.lla, 1jJ0pMymip H3.llnHCH 265 - KJlaCCH'ie-
CKHJ:i 06paJeu nOCBIITHTeJJbHOil H3.llnHCH OT HMeHH ropO.llCKHX BilaCTeH - CBH.lleTenbCTBYeT
KaK 6y.llTO 6bl 0 TOM, 'iTO B H3.llnIlCH 263 IIHHUHarHBa OKa3aHH!I nO'ieCTeilIlCXOllIIT He OT ro-
pO.llCKOro COBeTa, a OT HHoil CTpYKTYpbl, T. e. HYlleHCKOiI 06WHHbl?
27 KOHeu H3.llnHCH nJJOXO cOXpaHHJJC!I, B CB!l3H C 'ieM nepeBoll npHMepHblii. H3.llnHCH
TaKOro THna BbInOJJHJlJ]HCb 'iawe Bcero Ha nbelleCTaJJax CTaTYJ:i TeX, KOMY OKaJblBaJJHCb no-
'iecru ropollCKHMH BilaCT!lMII.
28 Ha BTOpoil CTpO'iKe H3.llnHCH, MeJl(.lly HMeHaMH c06CTBeHHblMH, HaxOllHTC!I H306paJKe-
HHe llBYX nHCTO'iKOB, OT)leJ]JlIOI1\HX nepBble llBa CJJOBa TeKCTa OT OCTaJJbHbIX.
291-13 KOHTeKCTa cnellYeT, 'iTO CJJOBO «llOM» cnellYeT IIHTepnperupoBarb KaK cHHarory.
30 06pawaeT Ha ce6!1 BHHMaHHe TOT ljJaKT, 'iTO llBoe H3 TpOHX JJlIllepoB MeCTHoJ:i 1I)'1leH-
cKOiI 06WHHbl HOCIIT pHMcKHe HMeHa. B03MOJKHO, 3TO CBHlleTeJJbCTBYeT 0 pHMCKOM rpaJK-
llaHCTBe llaHHblX . HU.
426
npUJ/o.JICeHUe }, Ba:JICHeuUtUe Zpe'leCKUe U JlamUHCKue Hadnucu. xapaKmepU3YlO1llue..,
(Cpe.D.CTB) coyqaCTBYlOllI,HX C HI1MH. OHH paCKpaCHJIH CTeHbl H nOTOJIOK
H 06eCneqHJIH npOqHOCTb OKOH 31 11 Bcero OCTaJIbHOro YCTpOHCTBa (3.D.a-
HI1J1).I1M CI1Harora OKa3aJIa nOqeCTI1 (npe.D.OCTaBHB) n030JIOqeHHOe opy-
)!(He BCJIe.D.CTBHe HX 6JIaropO.D.Horo xapaJaepa H 6JIaropaCnOJIQ)KeHHOCTH
K cHHarore H ycep.D.I1J1».
265
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6 of\jJ.o; Kat " !3<>u-
AT) Eu:i.JlT\O'EV Nln.
av 'AmcAT\1tlOO<Opou
AOUKlOV, lEpta 13<xcr-
E'i>jXxriCU;; oux pi..
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1tOA'U'tE[A.6x; Kat O''tpa.]
't1ly1'1cravta ayv&<;
Kat YUJlvacnapx1'1cravta
000 1tEvt<XE'tEptKOUc; E-
1tt louAi.cu;; uoui]pcu;;
Kat T'UpjXOv1.ou Pa1tCOVO<;
Kat ypaJlJlau:ooavta mO'-
't&<;, 'tT)v EmfJ,tA£taV 1tot-
1l0'afJ,tvO'I} 't% avw}'tacrE-
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au'to\>.
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JIJlBlUerOCJI aropaHoMoM He )l(aJIelOllI,HM Cpe.D.CTB H rHMHaCHapXOM 33 .D.Ba
IliITHJIeTHHX CpOKa npH lOJIHH CeBepe 11 THppOHHH PanOHe 34 , npeKpaCHO
31 B TeKCTe ynOTpe6JJeHO CJJOBO, OCHOBHoe 3Ha'ieHHe KOToporo «llBepua», O,1lHaKO OHO JKe
MOJKeT ynOTpe6mlTbC!I H B 3Ha'ieHHH «OKHO». BTOpoe 3Ha'ieHHe npellCTaBJJlleTCIl 60JJee COOT-
BeTCTBYlOmHM ,1laHHOMY KOHTeKCTY.
32 HHblMH CJlOBaMH, JKPeUOM H306HJ1HJI, HCXO)])lmero OT HMnepaTOpa.
JJ AropaHoM - ropollcKoe 1l0JJJKHOCTHOe JJHUO, 3aHHMalOmeeCil HHcneKUHeH pbIHKOB;
rHMHaCHapx - ropOllCKOe 1l0JJJKHOCTHOe JlHUO, 3aHHMaIOmeecil o6ecne'ieHHeM pa60Tbi rHM'
HaCHIl - cBoero pO,1la ropollcKOro ueHTpa cnOpTHBHoro 06Y'ieHHIl.
341O.1HII CeBepa H THppoHlIH PanOH HCnOJJH!lJJH ,1l0JJJKHOCTb MarHCTpaTOB-3nOHHMOB B
TOT ro,1l. KOrlla 6bL1a COCTaBJJeHa llaHHaJI H3.llnHCb.
427
A. f. fpyweBOH. Ifydell U uydau:l\f e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKli u PIUfCKOU u.«nepull
HCnOJ1ID1IOlll,I1M 06jj3aHHOCTH CeKpeTapjj35 H OCYlll,eCTBHBlllero 3a601)' 0
BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH naMjjTH (?)36 CHMMaxa 3<pe6apxa 11 6para ero, )!(peLla».
Ha.D.nHCH 113 AKMOHHH 11, B03MO)!(HO, 113 ropO.D.a CT06bl, nOKa3blBalOT,
Ha nepBblH B3rJJjj.D., napa.n.OKCaJIbH)'1O Belll,b. CO}"'laCTl1e B )!(113HH rpe'-le-
CKoro ropO.D.a H C06J1IO.D.eHl1e HOpM H)'.D.aH3Ma B pl1MCKOe BpeMjj OKa3bl-
BaJ10Cb O'-leHb .D.a)!(e B03MO)!(HbIM. Tpoe MY)!('-IHH - Tl1ppOHHH Krra.D.,
JIYLlHH, CblH JIYLlHjj, 11 ny6J1HH 30THK, Ha3BaHHble B TeKCTe «rJJaBaMH
cHHaror», a nOCJ1e.D.HHH - «apXOHTOM» (apXl<J'uvaycoyor;, apxcov), a
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aJIbHO HHKaK He oxapaKTepH30BaHHIUI B .D.aHHOH Ha.n.nHCI1 - BblC1)'nalOT
OpraHI13aTOpaMH CTpOHTeJIbCTBa B ropO.D.e cHHarorH H '-II1CTO jj3bl'-leCKI1X
npa3.D.HeCTB. npH 3TOM IOJ1Hjj CeBepa, HHHLlHaTOp CTpOHTeJ1bCTBa CHHa-
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B OTJ1H'-IHe OT MY)l(qHH, 3aHHMalOlll,HX PYKOBO,WIlll,He nOCTbI B H)'.D.eH-
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60J1ee J10rH'-IHO BH.D.eTb B HHX Bcex HMeHHO H)'.D.eeB, nOJ1)''-II1BlllI1X pHMcKoe
rpIDK.D.aHCTBO. I1HblMH CJ10BaMH, KOMnJ1eKC .D.aHHbIX Ha.n.nHceH .D.OnYCKa-
eT .D.Ba BapHaHTa HHTepnpeTaLlHH, npl1HLlHnHaJIbHO BIDKHblX B paMKax
paccMaTpHBaeMoH TeMbI. B03MO)!(HO, B paMKax .D.aHHOrO KOHKpeTHoro
ropo.D.a H)'.D.eH - pHMCKHe rpIDK.D.aHe OCBOHJ1I1Cb HaCTOJ1bKO, '-ITO cO'-le-
TaHHe HeCO'-leTaeMoro (cTpOHTeJ1bCTBO cHHarorH H HCnOJIHeHHe .D.0J1)!(-
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COTpY.D.HH'-IeCTBe npH nOJ1HOM B3aHMonOHHMaHHH.
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Pjj.D. KOCBeHHblX npl13HaKOB n03B0J1jjeT CKa3aTb, '-ITO CH1)'aLlHjj B ropO.D.e
AKMOHHjj .D.OCTaTO'-lHO Tl1nH'-IHa. HeCJ1Y'-IaHHO BO BpeMeHH COBna.n.alOT
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BHe.D.peHHe H)'.D.eeB B )!(H3Hb aHTH'-IHoro ropO.D.a.
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TH, KOTOpble HCnOJ1H!lJ1 HHKHH JIYKOO. nO)l ceKpeTapCKHMH 06113aHHOCT!lMH B llaHHOM cJ1Y'iae
CJJellyeT nOHHMarb 061138,HHOCTH ceKpeTapli ropO.1lCKOro COBeTa.
J.YnOTpe6JIeHHOe B'TeKCTe CJJOBO 03Ha'iaeT «nOll'beM, BCTaBaHHe, B03pOJKlleHHe». Tex-
HH'ieCKOe 3Ha'ieHHe CJJOBa B )laHHOM KOHKpeTHOM CJJY'iae He BnOJ1He IICHO. BepOIiTHee Bcero,
pe'lb HlleT HMeHHO 0 BOCCTaHOBJ1eHHH naMJITH 0 J1lOllJIX, OKaJaBWHX ropOllY 6JJarOllellHHII B
He.:!aBHeM npOWJJOM.
428
flpUJ/O:JK'eHUe J, Ba.NCHeliUlue Zpe'leCKUe u ,wmuHCKue HadnllCu, xapaKmepu3)l101I/ue...
Me)K)J,Y 3THMH npoueccaMH, eCTeCTBeHHO, HeJIb3S1 CTaBI1Tb 3HaK pa-
BeHCTBa. ):{eJIO 3.D.eCb B .D.pyrOM. OrMelleHHble B Ha.D.nHCSlX C06blTHSI 6blJII1
COBeprneHHO HeB03MO)l(Hbi B pHMCKHX npOBI1HUHSlX pecny6JIHKaHcKoro
BpeMeHI1. B TOT nepHO.D. pHMCKoe rpIDK.D.aHCTBO 6b1JIO nO-HaCTOSl eMY
.D.OCTOSlHHeM TOJIbKO pHMJISIH. O.D.HaKO 3a .D.BeCTH JIeT C MOMeHTa nepBoro
conpHKOCHOBeHHSI pHMJISIH C BOCTOKOM .D.O OKOHlIaTeJIbHOrO 3aBoeBaHHSI
6JIH)I(HeBOCTOllHbiX 06JIaCTeH CHl)'aUI1S1 113MeHHJIaCb Kap.D.HHaJIbHO. I1H-
TepHaUHOHaJIH3aUHSI Bcex CTOpOH )l(113HH B n03.D.HeH pecny6JIHKe H OCO-
6eHHO B PHMCKOH HMnepHH npHBeJIa K TOMY, liTO CTapble IfJOPMbl o6 e-
CTBeHHOH )I(J13HH H K)'JIbl)'pbl CTaJIH nOCTeneHHO BbIXO.D.HTb H3 CTpOSI H
CTaHOBHTbCSJ He31fJIfJeKTHBHbIMH. I1HblMH CJIOBaMH, HallaJICSI KpH3HC aH-
THlIHOH K)'JIbl)'pbl, 06lll,eCTBeHHOH )l(H3HI1 H l1.D.eOJIOrHI1, Bblpa3HBlllHHCSI,
B lIaCTHOCTH, B TOM, liTO Cpe.D.11 pHMCKHX rpIDK.D.aH nOSlBHJ1HCb JIIO.D.H, JIH60
CBSJ3aHHbie C ueHHOCTSJMI1 aHTHlIHOH K)'JIbl)'pbl B BblCllleH CTeneHH lfJop-
MaJIbHO, JIH60 Oll..{)'lll,aBlllHe CBOIO npHHa)J,JIe)l(HOCTb K HeCKOJIbKHM K)'JIb-
l)'paM O.D.HOBpeMeHHO. TpaHclfJopMaUI1SJ CTapblX HOpM 6blJIa BeCbMa
Me)J,JIeHHOH H 60JIe3HeHHOH. JIl1lllb C OKOHlIaTeJIbHOH n06e.D.OH XPHCTH-
aHCTBa Ha py6e)l(e IV-V BB. 06 eCTBeHH1UI )l(H3Hb Ha npHHUHnHaJIbHO
HHOM ypOBHe 06pe-raeT 60JIee HJIH MeHee 3aKOHlIeHHbie IfJOPMbI.
Bce 3TH lfJaKTOpbl Heo6xo.D.HMO Ylll1TblBaTb npH oueHKe OIfJHUHaJlbHO-
ro nOJIO)l(eHHSI H)'.D.eeB B PHMCKOH I1MnepHH B Sl3bllleCKoe BpeMSI.
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ApXHTeKl)'pHbIe .lleTaJlH .llBYX rp06HHU pHMCKOro BpeMeHH B paJ:ioHe
HepYCaJlHMa. - e. 432
ApxHTeKl)'pHbIe .lleTaJlH .llBYX rp06HHU pHMCKOro BpeMeHH B paHoHe
l1epycaJlHMa. - e. 433
06paJUbl occyapHeB pHMCKOro BpeMeHH, Hai1.lleHHbIx B flaJIeCTHHe. - e. 434
06paJUbl occyapHeB pHMCKOro BpeMeHH, HaH.lleHHbIX B flaJJeCTHHe. - C. 435
HAXOJ],KH, OTPA)J(AIOIl{HE )I(I13Hb J],HACflOPbI
M03aHKH co CTeH cHHarom B XaMaM 11H«jI, TYHHc. - C. 436
M03aHKH co CTeH cHHarom B XaMa.\I 11H«jI, TYHHc. - e. 437
M03aHKH co CTeH cHHarom B XaMaM 11H«jI, TYHHc. - e. 438
M03aHKH co CTeH cHHarom B XaMaM 11H«jI, TYHHc. - e. 439
M03aHKH co CTeH cHHarom B XaMaM 11H«jI, TYHHc. - e. 440
CTeKJJ!lHHOe H3.lleJJH!I (30JJO'ieHOe CTeKJJo) C HY.lleJ:icKHMH CIOJKeTaMH H3 PHMa. - C.
441
HaxO.llKH, OTpaJKaIOlIlHe JKH3Hb J],HacnopbI
CTeKJJ!lHHOe H3.lleJJH!I (30ilO'ieHOe CTeKJlo) C HY.lleitCKHM CIOJKeTOM H3 PHMa. - e. 442
113.lleJJHe H3 CTeKJJa, H3fOTOBJJeHHOe B EepHTe. - C. 442
HAXOJ],KI1, OTPA)J(AIOll.{HE )I(I13Hb J],HACflOPbI
HY.lleRcKHe CIOJKeTbI B JKHBOnHCH Ha cTeHax pHMCKHX KaTaKoM6. - C. 443
APXHTEKTYPHbIi1: 0611HK roPOJ],OB OAJ1ECTHHbI PHMCKOfO BPEMEHH
B LlE110M (HA flPI1MEPE CKH<1>Ofl011HCA (EET WEAHA)
OCTaTKH aHTa6JJeMeHTa HHMtJ>e!l. - C. 444
430
npUJ/O.JICeHUe J, I1JlJllOCmpal./uu U Kapmbl
MpaMopHblJ:i nbe.lleCTaJI. - e. 444
AJJTapb, YKpaweHHbl1\ MaCKaMH flaHa H J],HoHHca. - e. 445
KopHH«jIcKa!l KanHTeJJb. - C. 445
MpaMopHa!I CTary!l J],HoHHca. - C. 446
MpaMopHblH TOpC HMnepaTopa, 06.1a'ieHHoro B 60eBoe O.lle!lHHe. - C. 447
MpaMopHa!I CTary!l repMeca. - C. 448
MpaMOpHa!I CTary!l 60rHHH cY.llb6bI TlOxe. - e. 449,
CI1HAfOfl1 PHMCKOro BPEMEHI1
ApXHTeKl)'pHbIe .lleTaJlH cHHarom B KanepHaYMe. - C. 450
ApxHTeKl)'pHbIe .lleTaJlH cHHarom B XopaJHHe. - C. 45 I
ApxHTeKl)'pHbIe .lleTaJlH cHHarom B XaMMaTe, He.llaJIeKO OT THBepHa.llbl. - C. 452
OEiPA3LlbI M03AH4HOi1: )I(HBOflHCH 113 cHHAror
3HaKH 30.llHaKa H3 cHHarom B beT-AJlb«jle. - C. 453
M03aH'iHble naHeJlH H3 cHHarom B bCT-AJlb«jle. - e. 454
M03aH'iHa!l naHeJJb H3 cHHarorH B EeT-WeaHe. - e. 455
M03aHKH H3 cHHarorH B Ha«jle 611H3 Ha3apcra. - e. 456
M03aHKH H3 cHHarorH B Ha(j>e 6JJH3 HaJapeTa. - e. 457
M03aH'iHbIH nOJJ cHHarorH B l1epHxoHe. - C. 458
CnHCOK KapT*
I. PHMCKHH EJJHJKHHJ:i BOCTOK. - C. 459
2. CeBepo-3ana.llHa!I CHpH!I H paJ:iOH rop AMaH. - C. 460
3. I1>HHHKHHcKoe no6epeJKbe H 3an3.llHa!I CHpH!I. - C. 461
4. HY.lle!l (Syria Palaestina). 3ana.llHaR 'iaCTb npoBHHuHH ApaBHH. - C. 462
5. flPOBHHUH!I ApaBH!I, CHHaH, KpaCHoe Mope H XH.llJKaJ. - e. 463
6. CeBepHa!I 'iaCTb npOBHHUHH ApaBHH H npHJJeralOlIlHe paHoHbl CHpHH. - C. 464
7. fleTpa, IOJKHa!I H ueHTpanbHa!I 'iaCTH npoBHHuHH ApaBHH. - C. 465
8. rpaHHubl npoBHHUHH Ha EJJHJKHeM BOCToKe B IV-VII BB.. - C. 466
'HCXOltHbIH MarepHaJJ.llJI!I KapT ]-7: Millar F. The Roman Near East 31 BC-AD 337.
London, 1993. P. 566-568, 570-573; KapTa 8 - KapTa IX H3 npIiJlOJKeHH!I Illustrations ene-
ltYIOll\eli KHHrH: Millar F. A Greek Empire. Power and Belief under Theodosius II. 408-450.
Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 2006
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1 DA:'I"M
I'II0E:-':I<::E , PHOENICE
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6H6AHorpaqmH
1. I1cTOQHHKH
(113AaHHH TeKCTOB, HCTOQHHKOBeAqeCKHe KOMMeHTapHH)
AMYCUH If. 11. J],OKYMeHTbl H3 Ba.llH Mypa66a'aT II BJ],H. 1958. N!! I. e. 104-124.
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B. H. KY3HWHHa. Cfl6., 2000.
BaBHJlOHcKHJ:i TaJlMY.ll. AHTOJJOrHII Arr3.llbl. C TOJJKOBaHHIIMH paBBHHa MHHa 3BeH-
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flflC - npaBOCJJaBHblH flaJIeCTHHcKHJ:i C60PHHK
a. m. - anno mundi
ANRW - Aufstieg und Niedergang des romischen Welt
BAR - British Archaeological Reports
BASOR - Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
CIJ - Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum.
Cod. Just. - Codex Justinianus
Cod. Theod. - Codex Theodosianus
CPJ - Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum
CSCO-Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium.
DBT - Der Babylonische Talmud
DHA - Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne
Dig. - Digesta
DOP - Dumbarton Oaks Papers
FD - Fouilles de Delphes
GCS - Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller erster Jahrhunderte.
HSCP - Harvard Studies in C]assical Philology
HUCA - Hebrew Union College Annual
1GRR - Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes.
IEJ - Israel Exp]oration Journal
JHS - Journal of Hellenic Studies
110 - Journal of Jewish Art
JJP - Journal of Juristic Papyro]ogy
11S - Journal of Jewish Studies
JSJ - Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period
JQR - Jewish Quarterly Review
JRS - Journa] of Roman Studies
MAMA - Monumenta Antiqua Minoris Asiae
Nov. - Novellae
PG - Patrologia graeca
PEQ - Palestine Exploration Quarterly
PL - Patrologia Latina
PO - Patro1ogia Orientalis
489
A. f. fpyweBOJ:i. Jfydeu u uydaU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU peCny6JlUKU U PUMCKOU UMnepUU
QDAP - Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine
RB - Revue Biblique
REJ - Revue des etudes juives
SEG - Supp]ementum Epigraphicum Graecum.
SHA - Scriptores Historiae Augustae
TM - Travaux et Memoires
YCS - Yale Classical Studies
ZPE - Zeitschrift fUr Papyro]ogie und Epigraphik
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283,288
492
YKa3ameJlU
ACKaJlOH 98,104,107,361
AypaHHTH.lla 107
A«j!pHKa CeBepHa!I 11, 155,234,403,406
A«j!PO.llHTO 286
EaraHeJl 107
EepHT 104
EeT MawHKo 269
EeT XOpaJHH 218
EeT WeapHM 213, 218, 293
EJJHJKHHJ:i BOCTOK 6,9, 14, 18,27,32,36,43,47,49,50,64,65,67,69,71,98,
100,105,106,109,111,113,116,126,133,143,144,147,151, 158, 171,
184,190,199,200,203,208,209,217,224,229,245,264, 265, 271, 277,
281,286,297,308,351,368, 374,384,385,389,390, 391,406,407,413,
415,417
BaBHJJOHHJl 217,305
Ba.llH Mypa66aar 67, 269, 281, 282, 283
BMH CeHaJlb 282, 283
fMapa 22,109,257,258
faJa 83,92,93,243,249,257,361,384,389
faJIHJJe!l 20, 23,24, 25, 82, 102, 107, 114, 243, 248, 249, 250, 252, 255, 256, 260,
262,263,278,288,301,305,310,336,382
faJJJJHJl 208,234,353,354
faYJJaHHTH.lla 317
fpeUHJl 11, 26, 62, 75, 78, 104, 149, 150, 152, 155, 227, 236, 237, 252, 422
J],aMacK 104,217,224,408
J],eKanOJlHC (J],eC!lTHrpa.llbe) 22, 23, 24, 217, 382
J],peBH!lJl fpeUHJl 62,75, 150,430
.LJ.ypa-3yponoc 218
ErHneT 11,18,27,32,36,71,110,120,133,146,147,153,155,156, 173, 180,
201,204,223,225,233,234,242,244,261,264,273,284,286,287,316,326,
345,380,383,384,410,411,414,416,417
i1:aMHHJl 107,117,133, 134, 135,255,256,258,300,301,302,305
Ha«j!«j!a 84,86,91,92,93,154,199
fuYMeJl 82, 107
l1epa Hecoc 286
l1epHxOH 245,247,255,256,257,258,384,409
HepycaJlHM 21,39,52,53,55,71,72,73,74,82,85,86,95,96,99, 100, 102, 103,
104,105,121,122,132,138,140,141,149,159,166,167, 185, 186,201,217,
240,264,290,300,301,342,357,358,360,361,363,364,365,368,381,384,
390,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416
113paHJJb 12,37,52,60,62,63,65,69,103, 143,314,361,384,414,421
I1cnaHHJl 234
I1TaJlHJl 11, 19,79, 155, 182,234,242,246,252,261,348,368,422,423
I1Y.lleHCKa!I nYCTblHJl 31,65,264,265
493
A. r. rpyweBOH. Jfyi)eu u uyi)au3M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PU\lCKOU UMnepUU
HY.lleJl 21,22,24,47,56,65,66,69,71, 72, 75, 85, 99,107,109,113,115,116,
118,123,126,132,136,137,138,140, 141, 143,240,243,248,250,252,264,
272,288,382
Kecape!l 7,104,106,107,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,
128,129,130,131,132,133,155,157,178,217,237,242, 258, 328, 329, 392,
394, 40 I, 408
KecapeJl <1>HJJHnna (flaHeac) 307,322
KHnp 107
KYMpaH 51, 430
11H.lla 73,296,300,311,408
MaJJaJlA3H!I 9,18,43,45,71,117,120,130,133,136.147,148,149,154,155,
156,158,159, ]61, 166, 167, 173, 174, 184, 190, 191,223,228,229,241,257,
287,341,354,356,360,407,411
Maxo3a 32,265,267,268,274,278,280,285
MepTBoeMope 20,22,25,32,67,244,251,255,256,260,265,268,282,283
MeconOTaMHJl 27,190,303,360,365,406
HereB 24,25,82,243,247,248,251,260,263,278,281,288,382
HHii 18, 152,286
flaJIeCTHHa 6,7,9,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,30,32, 35, 36,
37,38,43,47,48,49,50,51,53,63,65,66,67,68,69,70,71, 72, 73, 81, 82,
83, 84, 89, 91, 92, 93, 97, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112,
113,114,116,117,120,130,135,136,137,138,142,143, 144, 145, 146,
154,155,156,159,181,199,201, 202, 209, 211, 212, 213, 217, 218, 223,
229,233,240,241,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250, 251,252,253,
254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261, 262,263,264,268,270, 273,274,
276,277,280,282,284,285,287,288, 289,293, 294,295,296,297,298,
301,303,305,306,307,309, 311,317, 321,322,325,327,328,329,330,
331,332,333,335,336,337,342,343,348,351,352,356,360,361,374,
376,380,381,382,383,385,389,390,391,392,403,404,406,407,408,
410,411,412,415,41 417
flepeJl 20,107,250,262,263
TIeTpa 23,243,244,257,272
flTOJJeMaH.ll:t 22, 104, 211, 411, 412
PHM 6, 7, 8, 9, II, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22, 26, 36, 42, 43, 44, 55, 56, 57, 60, 65, 69, 70,
77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85, 92, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103. 104, 106, 112, 113, 115, 116,
123,124,125,126,128,130,131,137,138,140,142,143, 144, 145, 146,
147,149,150,152,155,156,157,158,161,162,166,167, 168. 169, 171,
173,175,180,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,191, 199,206,208,
211,224,227,229,230,232,233,236,237,239,240,242,246,261,276,
280,291,302,306,308,309,312,313,315,324,334,339,349,374,383,
391,406,422,426
CaMapH!I (oGJlaCTb B flaJIeCTHHe) 24, 82, 243, 248, 250, 262, 263, 288, 382
Ca lapH!I (Ce6aCTe), ropO.ll B flaJIeCTHHe 104, 114, 117
Cen«j!opHc 129,301,322,397
494
YKa3ameJlU
CHpHJl 18,20,21,22,49,50,53,64,65,68,69,92,99,100,102, 103, 108, 117,
118,121,137,155,227,233,254,261,270,281,284,301, 307, 320, 351, 383,
384,385,406
CKH«j!onOJJHC (EeT WeaH) 23,293,307,348,394
CTo6bl 129,418,420,428
CTparoHOBa EaWHJl 104, 120, 123, 129
THBepH3.lla 129,260,301,316,317,322, 325,334,335, 337,348,355,384,397,
408,415
TpaxoHeJl 107
TpHnOJJHC 104
I1>HHHKHJl 20,22,27,92, 199,211,351,406,417
3JJyca 287
3H-re.ll.llH 245,256,268,279
I1MeHa C06CTBeHHbie
ltpeBHHe npaBHTe.l\H
ABryCT (OKTaBHaH ABryCT) 31,41,49, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
116,126,137,149,157,164,165,166,167,169,170,171, 176, 179, 180, 182,
247,255,258
ArpHnna1,BHYKHpo.lla 108,176,177,178,179
A.llpHaH 7,301,303,306,308,331,342,360,362,397
AJJeKaHllp MaKe.llOHcKHJ:i 66,147,148,246,417
AJJeKCaH.llpa CaJlOMe!l 96, 97
AJJeKCaH.llpHaHHaH 83,84,85,86,89,92,93,95,96,97,98
AHTHroH, nOCJJe.llHHJ:i npe.llCTaBHTeJJb XacMoHeHcKoH .llHHaCTHH 76, 100, 101, 103
AHTHOX III 71
AHTHOX IV 11, 71,72,73
AHTHOX VII CH.lleT 74, 84
AHTOHHH flHII 303,308
AHTOHHH TaJlMY.llH'ieCKHJ:i 318, 319
ApHCT06YJI, CblH AJJeKCaH.llpa i1:aHHa!I 84,86,98, 100
ApHCT06YJl, CblH HoaHHa rHpKaHa 83
ApXeJJaH, CblH HpO.lla 107
raJ:i IOJJHH Lle3apb 15,31,41,80,100, 102, 149, 157,159,160,161, 164, 165,
169,170,171,175,353
rHpKaH, CblH AJJeKCaH.llpa i1:aHHa!I 86
J],aBH.ll 14,82,103,106,297,346,360,361
J],HOKJleTHaH 80,206,287,321,322,323,333,335,391
J],oMHUHaH 16,206,259,302
HoaHH rHpKaH 1 74,81,82,83,92,100,102,106
495
A. r. rpyweBOH. Hyi)eu u uyi)aU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny6JlUKU u PUMCKOU UMnepUU
Hpo.ll BeilHKHH 81,85,86,95,97,100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 122, 123, 127, 128, 129, 130,
137,143,144,145,176,189,208,253,255,256,258,264, 268, 311, 363
KaJlHryJJa 108,134,169,179,181,189
KapaKaJlJJa 7,315,316,317,318,319,333
KJlaB.llHH 7,108,117,118,128,129,169,189,224,233,264
KOMMO.ll 315
KOHcTaHTHH flepBblH (BeJJHKHH) 8,27,291,335,339,340,341,342,343,347,
349,350,352,354,360,362,367,370,380,410
11HUHHHH 340
MaKKaBeH 55,70,73,74,83,84,97,142,143,144,145,146,156,199, 201, 202,363
MapK ABpeJJHJ:i AHTOHHH 307, 308, 316, 317,319
HepoH 124,126, ]27, 131, 157,425
flTOJJeMeJ:i VII 146
CaJlOMeJl 107,255,276
CeBepAJJeKCaH.llp 319,320,321
CeBepbl 7,8,315,317,319,325,334
CeJleBKH.llbI 69,71,74, 142, 151, 152
CemHMHJ:iCeBep 7,315,316,317,318,342
CHMOH II 305, 306, 308
CHMOH MaKKaBeH 70,73,74, 79, 81, 84, 93, 142,267
COJJOMOH 14, 103, 110,401,430
TH6epHJ:i 19, 136, 232, 235
THT 21,78,79,156,157,300
I1>HJlRnn, CblH Hpo.lla 107
XacMoHeH 53, 70, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 93, 95, 96, 97, 100, 106, 113, 115,
]42,143
3JJaraGaJI 319
IOJJHaHOTcrynHHK 33,320,338,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,
362,363,365,366,368,380,394
60)KeCTBa
3eBC 73, 80, 192, 198, 199, 365
HHCYCXpHCTOC 11,26,34,41,54,238,242,259,260,320,340,344,345,346,
348,379,383,410
I1cH.lla 219, 232
CepanHc 367
51xBe 77,181,200,238
PRJ\OBble rpa)KJ\aHe
Ea6ara 25,255,256,266,268,271,272,274,275,277,278,279,281,282,283,
288,289,310
496
YKa3ameJlU
rHpKaH TOBHa.ll 95
HacoH, nepCOHaJK, KOTOPMY nOCB!lll{eHa TaK HaJbIBaeMaII MOfHJla i1:acoHa 86. 87,
88,89,90,91,93,94,95
HOCH«j! TOBHa.ll 94, 95
HY.lla 276,277,288
KJJaB.llHH TH6ePHH flOJJHXapM 129, 419, 420, 421
MeHaxeM, CbIH HoaHHa 279
CaJlOMe!l KOMaike 278, 279
XOHH!I, Gpar i1:acoHa 88
3JJeaJap, CblH 3JJeaJapa 266, 272
06IMeCTBeHHbie AeRTeJ\H
(CHMeOH) Pew 11aKHw 326, 327
A66a 6ap KaxaHa 332
A66axy, paG6H 133, 328, 329, 336
A3apHJI,paG6H 327
AKH6a 6eH Hoce«j! (paGGH AKH6a) 211, 302, 303
AHTHnaTp, OTeu I1po.lla BeJJHKOro 100,101,102
Eap KoxGa 6,7,17,21,32,38,39,65,66,69,70,116,138,139,141,142,144,
145,201,202,209,256,265,269,289,290,291,294,295,301,302,303,305,
313,314,331,349,390
raMaJJHHJJBTOpOH 301,302,311
raMaJlHHJI TpeTHH 312,321,323
raMaJlHHJJ 4eTBepTblH 322, 323
rHJJJleJJb 297,299,301,305,312
rHeHfloMneH 85,86,92,98,100,122,161,183
3eHpa,paG6H 333,335
HaHHaH,pa66H 313,323
i1:acoH, nepBOCBJllIleHHHK 72
i1:exY.lla GeH HJJaH 313
i1:exY.lla 6eH 11eBH 326
HexY.lla BTOpOH 321,322,323,324,325,326,337
HexY.llaxa-HacH 48,212,305,306,307,311,312,314,316,317,318,321,323,
328,332
Hewya 6eH 11eBH 212,329
HOHaTaH MaKKaBeif 70,73,74, 142
l10ce 6eH XaJla«j!aT 313
HoxaHaH,pa66H 212,325,326,335,337
HoxaHaH 6eH 3aKKaH 299,300,301
I1caaK, pa66H 337
HY.lla MaKKaBeH 73,74, 142,437
MapK AHTOHHH 100, 102, 164
MapK 3MHJJHH CKaBp, pHMCKHH nOJJKOBO.lleu 99, 100, 136
497
A. r. rpyweBOH. Hyi)eu u uyi)aU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKOU pecny611uKu u PUMCKOU UMnepUU
Marra«j!HJl 73
MeHp,pa66H 303,304
PaG6H (coGeCe.llHHK AHToHHHa TaJlMY.llH'ieCKoro) 316,317
CHMeoH GeH 3JJHe3ep 314
CHMOH GeH HoxaH 308,313
XaHHHa Gap raMaJlHHJJ 212
XaHHHa Gap Xa.\la 334
XHHHa PaGa 314
WHMOH GeH WaTax 97, 98
3JJeaJap 6eH fle.llaT 325, 334
3JJHWa 6eH ABYJl 95, 304, 305
AHTHqHble aBTopbl
AJJeKCaH.llp flOJJHXHCTOp 27, 28, 29, 203
AnHoH 28,43,60,73,135,150,223,224,235,236,262,345
AnnHaH 148,331
reKaTeH 135,204,345
reCHO.ll 196
rOMep 176, 196
J],HOH KaccHH 16,102,138,141,162,233,291
EBpHnH.ll 196,199,200
EBceBHH 27,28,34,196, 198, 199,202,203,204,235,259,260,341,343,344,
346,347,352,356,380
He3eKHHJJ-.llpaMarypr 197,199,200
l1epoHHM 35,317,343,373,376,380,382,383
HOCH«j! I1>JJaBHH 17,18,28,29,30,31,32,41,43,44,60,71,73,82,84,86,92,
93,95,96,98,99, 100,102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, III, 113,
114,117,118,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128, 129, 130, 131, 132,
133,135,136,138,144,147,148,150,152,153,156,157, 158, 159, 160, 162,
163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 184,186,
199,205,223,224,231,235,236,240,245,246,247,248,249,250,254,255,
256,260,261,262,263,264,291,300,331,345,357
KJJHMeHTAJJeKCaH.llpHHCKHH 28,34,196,198,202,203,204,430
11HCHMax 223,235,236
MaHe«j!oH 223,235,236
OpHreH 35, 191, 192, 227
fl,lHHHH CTapmHH 27, 127,235,244,245,246,247,248,249,263
flCeB.llO-I1>oKHJJH.ll 198
flceB.llo-lOcTHH 28, 196, 198
CeHeKa 193,194,225,226,227,231,232,233,234,239,316
CO«j!OKii 196,202,204
CTpa60H 30,86,91,92,98,244,248,249,263,345
TauHT 16, 19, 30, 39, 191, 194, 226, 230, 231, 233, 234, 238, 431
498
YKa3ameJlU
I1>HilOH AileKcaHllpHHcKHH 6, 18, 60, 133, 134, 135, 175, 176, 179, 181, 182, 183,
186, 187, 197,200,202,209,210,224,226.236
XepeMoH 235,236
Lle.1b3 190, 191,192,193,227,241
LlHuepoH MapK TYJlJlHH 60, 254
3CXHJJ 196, 197, 198, 202, 205
106a MaBpeTaHCKHH 27
OTeqeCTBeHHbie aBTopbl
AMYCHH 11. J],. 67,69,96,254,269
EapoH C. B. 39,40
EeileHbKHH M. C. 67
EOKlIlaHHH A. r. 65,66
BeHH6epr 11. fl. 68, 69
BHHHHKOB 11. H. 59,66
rapKaBH A. 51. 53
.LJ.y6HOB C. M. 30, 58, 59, 319
3eHrep r. 3. 55, 56
KOBeJlbMaH A. E. 31,236
KOKOBUOB fl. K. 53, 55
11eBHHCKaIIl1. A. 18,62,77,78,79,147, 157, 158, 180, 186, 193, 195,226,227,
232,302,331
11HBWHU r. M. 65, 66, 439
1103HHCKHH C. r. 63
11YPbe C. 51. 12,40,60,61,62,63, 145, 193,223,224,239,240,241,439
HHKOJJbCKHH H. M. 62, 64
flepe«j!epKOBH'i H. A. 56, 57
flHryJJeBCKaJl H. B. 63, 64, 403, 404
PaHOBH'i A. E. 64, 65, 66, 68
PocTOBueB M. 11. 37
CBeHUHUKaII H. C. 68
CeMeHOB 11. 11. 52, 57, 58
COJJO.llYxo 10. A. 64
TaHTJleBCKHH H. P. 67,96
TpOHUKHH 11. r. 54, 55, 65
TypaeB E. A. 38
TIOMeHeB A. H. 59, 60
I1>HpKOBH'i A. C. 53
XBonbcoH J],. A. 53, 54, 55, 56
LlHPKHH 10. E. 69
WH«j!MaH 11. W. 68, 75, 254
A. r. rpyweBOH. Jfyi)eu U Uyi)aU1M e ucmopuu PUMCKoupecny6JlUKU U PUMCKOU UMnepUU
.3apy6e)KHble aBTOpbl
ABH-HoHa M. 38,39,257,318,362,412
AiloHr.12,39,318
Annile6aYM Ill. 105, 170, 172,258,261
ACKOBHU)J,. 12,40,41,174
BeJJb P. 36
rpeu r. 58,59, 112,437,438
J],aJlbMaH r. 38
J],JKOHC A. X. M. 37
)I(IOCTep)l(. 18, 19, 29, 34, 38, 206, 234, 295
KOTTOH X. M. 265, 273, 276, 277
Ko«j!MaH 3. 273
Kpaycc C. 37,38,52,215
Kp06eJlb A. T. 51, 294
MHJlJlap <1>. 22,50, 126
P. HapoH 52, 57
PannonopT Y. 85, 86, 91
PaxMaHH 11. 88, 89,91
PeHaH 3. 38,80,184
POWeTT E. 42
CapTp M. 50, 254, 255, 266
CHBepueB A. 46,47,48,49,50,295,298
CMOJlBY.ll M. E. 44,85, 112
Cnep6ep J],. 262, 273, 329, 330, 337
TOHH6H A. J],JK. 36
I1>eilb.llMaH 11. 42, 43, 44
XailxeJlbXaHM I1>. 37
4epHKoBep B. 18,73,83,96,97,146,150,153,170,172,207,208,224
IllH«j!MaH 11. 12, 41
IlllOpep 3. 22, 24, 29, 30, 50, 51, 116
OrAaBJ\eHHe
BBe.lleHHe ........................................................................................................................ 5
fJJ aBa I
HCTOQHHKH H HCTOPHOfPA<1>lliI
(061IlHe 3aMe'iaHHII)
I. HCTO'iHHKH .................... ..... ............ ........ ........................ ...... ......... ..................... .......26
2. 3apy6eJKHa!I HCTopHorpa«j!HJl................. ...................... ................ ........ ..... ........ ........35
3. POCCHHCKall H COBeTCKa!I HCTOpl-lOrpa«j!HL.............................................................. 53
fJlaBa 2
OEll.{A5I XAPAKTEPHCTHKA flEPBOfO flEPHOJ],A
PHMCKO-HYJ],EHCKHX OTHOIIIEHHH
I. OT BOCCTaHHII MaKKaBeeB.110 .llHHaCTHH XacMoHeeB ............................................... 70
2. HY.lleH B .lleJJb«j!HHcKHX MaHYMHCCHIIX ...................................................................... 75
3. flepBblH KOH«j!JlHKT PHMa H a.llemOB HY.llaH3Ma ........................................................ 77
4. OT Ha'iaJIa npaBJJeHHII .llHHaCTHH XacMoHeeB .llO B03BblweHHII
Hpo.lla BeJJHKoro........ ............................................... ................. .............. .................81
5. Hpo.ll BeJJHKHH H ero npaBJJeHHe............................................................................ 101
6. PaJBHTHe C06blTHH OT cMepTH Hpo.lla BemlKoro .llO nOpaJKeHHII BOCCTaHHII
Eap Kox6bl.............................................................................................................. 116
7. PHMcKHe npoKypaTopbl B HY.llee I B. H. 3................................................................ 136
8. BOCCTaHHe nap Kox6bI............................................................................................138
9. I1TorH ......................................................................................................................141
fJJaBa 3
I1YJ],EI1I1I1YJ],AI13M B PHMCKOM flPABE
(I B..110 H. 3. - lB. H. 3.)
I. flpe.llnOCbIJJKH o«j!opMJJeHHII nOJJHTHKO-npaBOBbIX B3aHMOOTHOlIleHHH
C PHMOM H HCTO'iHHKH HH«j!opMaUHH no 3TOMY Bonpocy....................................... 146
2. KOH«j!JJHKTHble cHryaUHH B MaJlOH A3HH ............................................................... 156
3. OTBeTbl pHMCKHX BJJaCTeH Ha neTHUHH .................................................................. 164
4. HTorH ................... ..................................... .... ............. ....................... ................ ...... 170
filaBa 4
HYJ],EI1I1 HYJ],AI13M B PI1MCKOM OEIl{ECTBE 11 roCYJ],APCTBE -
flPI1TIDKEHI1E H OTTOP)J(EHHE
I. I1H03eMeu B paMKax fpeKo-pHMCKOH KYilbrypbI..................................................... 188
2. OTHoweHHe K HY.llellM H HY.llaH3MY Jl3bl'ieCKOrO pHMCKOro o6meCTBa................... 190
3. I1Y.lleHCKa!I ilHTeparypa Ha rpe'ieCKOM 113blKe ......................................................... 194
501
4. OTHoweHHe B pHMCKOM 061IleCTBe K xpHCTHaHcTBY, HY.llaH3MY H B ueJJOM
K 3K30TH'ieCKHM BOCTO'iHbIM xyJJbTaM........................................................,.,......... 205
5. BJJH!lHHe aHTH'iHOH KYJJbrypbl Ha 06paJ JKH3HH HY.lleeB, fpe'ieCKHe
H JJaTHHCKHe CJJOBa B .llpeBHeM HBpHTe ..................................................................208
6. nOnbITKH onpe.lleJJeHH!I aHTHCeMHTH3Ma H aHTHHCTOpH'iHOCTb 60,1bWHHCTBa
H3 HHX ..................................,...,.......................................".........,........................... 219
7. BH.llbI H «j!OpMbl aHTHHY.lleHCKHX HaCTpoeHHiL...................................................... 222
8. AHTHHY.lleHCKHe HacTpOeHH!I pHMCKHX nHCaTeJJeH................................................ 225
9. HTOfH .. .................. .......... ..... ..... .......... .......... ........ .................... .......... .................... 237
fJJaBa 5
3KOHOMl1qECKA5I )I(H3Hb flAJ1ECTI1Hbl PI1MCKOro BPEMEHI1
(II B..110 H. 3. - II B. H. 3.)
1. 3KOHOMH'ieCKa!I JKH3Hb npHMopCKOH 30Hbl flaJIeCTHHbI........................................ 243
2. 3KOHOMH'ieCKa!I JKH3Hb BHYTpeHHHX 06JJaCTeH flaJIeCTHHbI.................................. 248
3. BH.llbl 3eMeJJbHOH c06CTBeHHocTH B flaJIeCTHHe pHMCKOro BpeMeHH ....................252
4. 061Ila!l oueHKa 3KOHOMH'ieCKOH JKH3HH flaJIeCTHHbI.............................................. 262
5. )I(H3Hb «aM-xa' apeu» B CBeTe nanHpycHbIX HCTO'iHHKOB I-II BB. .......................... 264
6. ConOCTaBJJeHHe C COCe.llHHMH pemOHaMH ............................................................. 282
fJJaBa 6
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1. flpe.llBapHTeJJbHbIe 3aMe'iaHH!I................................................................................ 291
2. Tpa.llHUHoHHoe H3JJOJKeHHe HCTOpHHO naTpHapxax H 3aKOHOY'iHTeJJJlX II B.
I1Y.lleH H pHMCKa!I BJJaCTb ....................................................................................... 299
3. I1H«j!opMauHJl Tpa.llHUHOHHOro xapaKTepa 0 naTpHapxaTe KaK 061IleCTBeHHoM HHCTH-
TYTe.......................... ............................................................................................... 309
4. 3aKoHoY'iHTeJJ!I II B. H. 3. H PHM ............................................................................. 313
5. Tp3.llHUHoHHoe H3JJOJKeHHe HCTOpHH 0 naTpHapxax H 3aKOHOY'iHTeJJ!lX III B.
HY.lleH H pHMCKa!I BJJaCTb B III B............................................................................. 315
6. 0630p Tpa.llHUHH 0 BHYTpeHHeH .lleJlTeJJbHOCTH naTpHapXOB B III B.
Tpa.llHUHoHHoe H3JJOJKeHHe 060CTOJlTeilbCTB KOH«j!JJHKTOB
C CHHe.llpHOHoM...................................,.,..................................................,.............. 323
7. 3KOHOMH'iecKaJ: JKH3Hb flaJIeCTHHbl II-III BB. no .llaHHbIM TaJlMY.lla..................... 329
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TPETHH flEPHOJ], PI1MCKO-I1YJ],Ei1:CKI1X OTHOIllEHHi1:
I. BBO.llHble 3aMe'iaHH!I ............................................................................................... 338
2. I1Y.lleH H HY.llaH3M B 3aKOHO.llaTeJJbCTBe KOHCTaHTHHa............................................ 340
4. B03.lleHCTBHe HOBbIX B3fJJJl.llOB Ha 061IleCTBeHHYIO JKH3Hb(c06bITH!I nepBoH
nOJJOBHHbI IV B.).....................................................................................................347
5. I1Y.lleH H HY.llaH3M B 3aKOHO.llaTeJJbCTBe KOHCTaHUHJl ............................................. 350
6. IOJJHaH H HY.llaH3M . ................................................................................................. 353
7. HY.lleH H HY.llaH3M B 3aKOHO.llaTeJJbCTBe I1>eO.llOCH!I I, ApKa.llH!I H I1>eO.llOCH!I II.
flHcbMa 11H6aHH!I KaK HCTO'iHHK CBe.lleHHH 0 JKH3HH H .lle!ITeJJbHOCTH nOCJJe.llHHX
naTpHapxoB................................................................,................,.......,............,...... 366
502
8. HY.lleH H HY.llaH3M B V B. .......................................................................................380
9. HY.lleH H CaMapHnIHCKHe BOCCTaHH!I .................................................................... 391
10. HY.lleH H HY.llaH3M B 3aKOHO.llaTeilbCTBe IOCTHHHaHa............................................ 395
II. HY.lleH H HY.llaH3M B 3aKOHO.llaTem,CTBe npeeMHHKoB IOCTHHHaHa. «J],OKTpHHa HO-
BOKpelIleHl.la HaKOBa»............................................................................................. 402
12. HY.lleH H HY.llaH3M B ro.llbl nepCH.llCKoro H apa6cKoro 3aBoeBaHHH EilHJKHerO BOCTO-
Ka (.llO 6HTBbl npH HapMYKe) .................................................................................. 406
fl pHil 0 JK e H H e I. BaJKHdllIlHe rpe'ieCKHe H ilaTHHCKHe Ha.llnHCH, xapaKTepH3YIO-
lIme JKH3Hb 06lImH J],Hacnopbl
I. Ha.llnHCb H3 ropO.lla CT06bl...............................................................................418
2. J],pYrHe Ha.llnHCH C ynoMHHaHHeM naTpHapxoB................................................421
3. 06paJUbl Ha.llrpo6HblX Ha.llnHCeH C ynoMHHaHHeM JKH3HH, comaCHO npe.llnHCa-
HH!lM Hy.llaH3Ma.............................................................................................. .422
4. Ha.llrpo6He <1>ayCTHHbl..................................................................................... .423
5. Ha.llnHCb C oCTpoBa J],eiloc (KoHelI 11- Ha'iaJIO I B..110 H. 3.) .........................424
6. Ha.llnHCH H3 AKMOHHH, <1>pHrHL.....................................................................425
fl p H JI 0 JK e H Hell. HilillOCTpaUHH H KapTbl........................................................... 430
EH6J1Horpa«JIH!I ............................................................................................................ 467
CnHcoK COKpalIleHHH ........................ ......... ...... .... .................... ...... .............................489
YKaJaTeilH ................................................................................................................... 49 I
HCTOpH'ieCKHH ......................................................................................................4 91
reorpa«JIH'ieCKHH .................................................................................................. 4 92
HMeHa co6CTBeHHble ............................................................................................4 9 5
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