,




.


he fo.eet" pan: al a Century of Renovation" s perceive s
cone ted 0 to presen an objective picture of economic, olitical 80-
.al, a d cultu al c anges e perienced by the eount after the culmina-
10 of th S con 0 Id ar Like its predecessor ("Inte nationa. tion
of Japan: d mestjc as eets") the Project had as its base the Agreement e-
n een the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now, the Russian Academ
o Sciences) and the Japan Foundation, concluded in 1991 to promote Ja a-
nese siu les .n Russia with technical and financial support from the said
oun atlon All re ara ory measures concerning the Project were imple-
mented by the Ce ter for Contemporary Japanese studies.
n 0 der to secure the best possible results of scientific esearch a team
of highly pro essional specialists in various fields of Japanology was formed
o com eti ive rinciples. It included. Russian economists, politologists,
an sociologists, orking in Russia, as well as in Japan and one Japanese
ex e t. he represented The Institute of World Economy and Interna-
ional Relations, The Institute for American and Canadian Studies, The
ohama Unive sity, The Hitotsubashi University S.G.Warburg Securi-
ties, Ltd, and Rotobo, Ltd, (Moscow branch). The authors of the Project
e e (in alphabetical order) Mr.S.V.Braginsky, Mrs. E.L Leontieva, Mr.
Nishida, Mr. M.G.Nosov, Mr. Ya.A.Pevzner, Mr. V.B.Rarnzes, Mr.
. a. osi, . V.G.Shvydko, Mr.A.V.Zagorsky and Mr. V.K.Zaitsev.
remel useful role in formulating the fundamental concepts of the
sultants, evie ers, and other cooperators, invited to take part In evaluatIng
J
· u F
· s s ul s ci 11 m n tion d.




-
.
. single myth, concocted nd spr c is
Meanwhlle eve ted before the whole world its miser 1 1 n s
propaganda, demons ra better example in this respect th n ussi 1 I
h coun try serves · h ·
No ot er d. went all chenshed Soviet slogans, WhlC ffilS
Down the rain. 1 . t revolution "in the near future" then " e
t et world SOCIa is · It. h rt t . ·
the OU s ." d vanced ca p italist countrIes in the s 0 es i i -
d surpassing a . . .
ing an .. d t I t com p letion of building of communism In ·
b I term an, a as, · · h
a e ' _ f . made b y the peoples of evil Soviet empire In e
I lculable sacn Ices, .. t
nca th -n g the monstrously ineffectIve SOCio-economiC sys em
name of streng enl
turned out to be futile.
f Ii -n g statistical data leave no doubt about it In 1992 RussIan
The 0 OWl · · d - t
h d f P o p ulation stood at 22 5°0 of the same Amencan in lca or
GDP per ea 0 ' .
t 990 the volume of consumption in Russia of goods and seIVlces per
Russian GNP per head of population reached 30°0 mark on the scale topped
by the same American indicator. .' .
Suffice it to say here in passing that corresponding Japanese indices
showed absolutely different situation. For instance, Japanese GDP per head
of population fell behind the American one only by 15,5°0' while Japanese
consumption of goods and services by 35°0.
The hopeless backwardness of Russia after all those years of strenuous
but useless efforts to prove the correctness of "economic lpws", arbitrarily
thrust upon the country (e.g., "the law of preferential development of pro-
duction of means of production" or "the law of unevenness of develop-
· ment"), signifies just one thing, albeit of paramount importance. The world
competition of three (not of two, as Soviet ideologists claimed) socIal sys-
tems is over.
One of those systems, socialist economy, with its orientation on
total destruction of private property and commodity-monetary relations
suffered humiliating defeat. The same was the fate of the so-called corpo-
r
rative system in fascist Germany, Italy and, partly, prewar Japan, which dif-
fered from the socialist system in preserving private property and market
while maintaining rather strict economic regulation and pursuing military
aims in the first place.
The victory was won by the democratic capitalism, i.e. by the system
of regulated market economy, of cooperation between competition and
regulation on the democratic basis. The moment of triumph for dem ratlc
capitalism came after the Great DepressIon of 1929- 1933, after the ict ri-
...
u interesting proposals was made by the undergrade and
1 r urs students h ere very active in discussing the presented.
lu bIe ervices in preparing the manuscript of the Project for publl-
ion ere rendered b tlsS K.AAzarashvili Mrs. S.AGuseva, and Mrs.
.
. . a lna.
Generous and selfless assistance in carrying out the Project was lent
the Japanese Embassy officials in Russia, namely, Mr Akio Kawato,
inis er, and r. Yosuke Kusakabe, First Secretary. Our warmest gratitude
· due to the directors of the Japan Foundation, whose contribution to the
roject cannot be overestimated.
The reason behind the burning necessity to obtain truly objective no-
tions of Japan's continuous and remarkable renovation during postwar dec-
ades is quite obvious.
Ideological terror under communist tyranny made it virtually impossi-
ble to conduct unbiased research of capitalist realities and to come to cer-
tain conclusions, prompted by available information. As a matter of fact,
"conclusions" were dictated beforehand by the Kremlin and the Central
Committee of the Communist Party Accordingly, "scientific analysis" had
to be adapted to these "conclusions". Such a perverted approach caused
se ious theoretical and practical damage, gave rise to completely unjusti-
fied ambitions on the part of Soviet rulers, stimulated their dangerous ad-
ventures at home and abroad. 
As far as Japan is concerned, "directions from the top" can be de-
scribed in the following way.
Firstly, despite its defeat in war, Japan remains one of the main sources
l international tension.
Secondly, flexing its military muscle and fanning anti-Soviet campaign,
tied to the so-called territorial problem, Japan takes the stand as an ally of
aggressive American imperialism, as a threatening neighbour of the Soviet
Union.
Thi dly this policy is a result of monopolistic capital's domination and
milit rization of the country with "progressive forces", headed by the Com-
untSt Party of Japan, fighting against it.
u thly Japan's economic successes -are exaggerated and, in any
c e chieved by means of brutal exploitation of working class
E en the slightest deviations from these directions were to be treated
isi nism nti atriotism collaboration with class enemies, etc.

\ rid ar aft
Ii ical stm g 1
I th cor orativ system and joined the system of democratic
ca i alism as a result 0 military defeat, which had brought about the re-
,al om po er of the ultra-nationalists and opened ways for unheard-of
e e al of the country. As the Japanese experience shows, economic and
cial r gress depends more on the character of social relations (in other
ods, on the degree of democratic development and elimination of all
· ds of monopoly), than on the successes in technology.
So, picturing Japanese postwar "wonders" in the true light is necessary
not oni as a decisive step in the process of throwing away the decayed
dogmas of communist pseudo-theoreticians, but as a method of accelerat-
ing tantalizingly slow political liberalization of Russia and its transition to
democratic capitalism.
From this viewpoint postwar economic and political reforms, accom-
plished in Japan, are of special interest. They played an outstanding role
in pulling down the system that strongly resembled Soviet model and was
.
a bulwark of totalitarian regime as well as of military expansion.
Similar transformations were carried out in postwar Germany. How-
ever, Japanese reforms were far more impressive and, so to speak, more
closely related to problems facing contemporary Russia. It goes without
saying, that reforms of the forties cannot be considered as an etalon for Rus-
sia of the nineties. But complexity and uniqueness of conditions in Russia
notwithstanding, experience, accumulated during radical reforms in vari-
ous coun tries, IS, undoubtedly, a property of all mankind. Discovering in
this experience features of likeness or difference in respect to situation in
Russia, one gets a chance to better understand ways of its improvement.
Six years of Japan's occupation saw unsuccessful currency reform
(19 6), extracting economy from the state of collapse (1946-1947), restruc-
turIng labour relations and land reform (1947-1949), demonopolization of
economy (1947-1949), conversion of munitions industries budget reform,
stabilizatIon of money circulation and exchange rate (1949-1950), and tax
reform (1949- t 950).
Most of the lIsted reform were implemented without programs, pre-
pared In advanc. through tnes and errors. Correspondingly, degrees of
thei success varIed.
o example, high inflation, caused by banknotes emission for the war
fin ncing 9 vemment's compensations for bombing damage to owners of
u
dismantling colonial system nd acute do...
.
1
enterprises, dIscharge p ys to former soldiers, deferred consumers
d _ I . ta . t . t f ern n ·
an mIl riza Ion s ructure 0 production, has been finall curb onl in
t 949, after a series of measures that led to deterioration of living sta d d
and provoked considerable social tension. n r s
Conversion of munitions industries was impeded by financi 1 deficits
of terpries, acute sort.ages of raw materials and fuel transp rt irregu-
larities, stnkes, and pnce control, that made production unprofitable. Be-
sides, conversion was placed under exceedingly strict administrative regu-
lations.
It was defined as "physical modification or readjustment of equipment
at a given enterprise before starting output of new production". Owner's
applications for conversion were dealt with by American officers who VlS-
ited enterprises on inspection trips and necessary procedures dragged on
months after months.
Moreover, at the beginning occupational authorities were attracted
rather not by idea of conversion but that of reparations. And only when
Americans decided to give up reparations and all the state-owned muni-
tions plants were sold to private sector, entrepreneurs gradually changed
technologies and mastered output of non-military goods.
On the other hand. land reform, realized on the background of hype -
inflation and economic chaos. had no equals in scope. radicalism, and
beneficial consequences.
In accordance with its conditions, landowners, who did not cultivate
their lots. were allowed to possess no more than t hectare. while those. who
cultivated, could keep up to 3 hectares. The rest was defined as surplus,
bought out by the Government and turned to "land commissions" for sub-
sequent reselling to tenants and all others, who wished to produce. Two
million hectares out of two and a half million hectares of rented land or
77°0' were to be forcibly redistributed.
Land prices on both ends of this "transaction" were fixed. Inflation re-
duced them in no time at all, and agricultural system. based on small in-
dependent farmers, were created practically free of charge Two years later
food crisis in Japan ended, and the ruhng party got strong political support
in countryside
Perhaps less radical but still very far- reaching were three measures
(liquidation of zaibatsu concerns, splitting the largest industrial firms. and
adoption of Antimonopoly law), aimed at the demonopoli aUon of econ-
omy
6

s fo llquidati n of aibatsu concerns, 1heir property was evaluated at
ass 15' balance co t at 19 5 prIces and broken down 10 lots of shares with
tandard nominal prIce of fIfty yens. Those shares were sold out in 1947-
9 .
Thus just for two years and without securities market the biggest in
orld histo redistributIon of property rights was carried out. As early as
in 1 9 9 69°0 of those shares landed in the pockets of ordinary men and
omen. striking phenomenon in a country where population had never
been accustomed to spend theIr personal savings on securities!
Splitting the largest industrial firms turned out to be mre ifficult. n-
itia} "prescription" list included three hundred and twenty fIV: flrs, whch
controlled more than 75°0 of industrial output and commodIty cIrculatIon
and were subject to splitting. Finally, eighteen real "giants" were left in the
lIst, and they underwent "major surgery" (for example, "Mitsui bussan" and
"Mitsubishi shoji" were broken down to 200 and 139 firms respectively).No-
torious scandals accompanied this process, but it layed foundations of com-
petitive economic structure. By the beginning of the fifties levels of. pro-
duction concentration in main branches of Industry had fallen and fallen
considerably.
In 1941 Antimonopoly law was adopted. It forbade holding companies,
placed under strict control all acquisitions and mergers, limited holding of
industrial firms' shares by commercial banks and practically banned cartel
practices (later this stipulation had been softened)
MakIng unlawful various forms of market discrimination was unfamil-
iar for Japanese business community of the time and met with disconten-
tion. Small wonder, because it was accustomed to hierarchy, to using per-
sonal ties, and to excluding outsiders 1 There were more than enough
grounds for application of the law, and creating subjects of competitive
market economy gathered momentum.
Also among the most effectIve reforms was the so-called "Dodge line".
Dodge rooted out sprouts of planned economy which had been grown by
some Japanese experts, especially those, who worked at the State Eco-
nomic'Stabili ation Board, and insisted on stopping subsidies and American
id.
Stat budget, adopted by DIet for 1949 F.Y. was based on balancing
r venu s n e pendltur s in all accounts (general, special, target, etc). t
he s me lim the number of slate employees wa fixed
It was stipulated that all the previous Government liabilities h d t b
cleared during the yea, while new ones would not app are Price su sirlie:
had been reduced by 30 0 0 , and import subsidies cancelled Ito ether.
Credits by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation we e abolished' th
Corporation was closd; yen receipts of sales of American aid go ds ' ere
concentrated on specIal budget account; and immedIate transition to a sin-
gle exchange rate for the yen was ordered.
:h "Dodge lie" brougt the balanced state budget into being, helped
to elimInate excessIve effective demand, and liquidated dIrect state control
of economic activities (only the system of foreign accounts settlement re-
mained temporarily under this control)
Almost simultaneously the Shope tax reform was implemented It con-
sisted of establishing a single progressive scale of personal Incomes taxa-
tion, adopting fIXed profit tax rates, and introducing regulated amortiza-
tion.
Prof. Shope developed and realized two more use ul ideas. The first,
concerning formation of reserve funds for retained profits (reserves for
covering price fluctuations, foreign currency risks, bad debts compensa
tion, etc.). The second, concerning revaluation of balance cost of land
assets at real price level.
The "Shope reform" demonstrated not only a reasonable care about x
base, but also a praiseworthy understanding of the fact that capital accu-
mulation had to be fed on domestic savings, that these savings had to be
drawn from legal sources.
And if savings were "undermined" by inflation, there h d to be created
conditions for their recovery.
However radical the postwar economic reforms had been they un-
doubtedly, owed considerable share of their success to p litic I t ansfor-
mation. In addition to removal old establishment from power, legalization
of free party activity and t ade-union movement, adoption of democratic
Constitution with guaranteed human nghts these transformations included
sio but steady and beneficial evolution of olitical culture.
The features of traditional olitical culture in Japan are col el con-
nected with principles of village community life. One 0 tho principles i
"wa" (harmony), which timulates social mech ism to support non conflict
relations, reject oppositionism ignore or suppres minority's opinion.
In practice it expresses itself through cont asting sociall dictated ·
haviou al 0 rns as ell as declared · e s (It te ae) and personal position
9

a · n · i ual ('honne ').' Th " a" principle also makes itself be felt in
e u ti in the"o bun-kobun" system (the boss-gang system).
nde such conditions innovations, being brought into political culture
e ns 0 formation and growth of modernistic social-political unions,
else t the henomenon of prolonged coexistence and struggle of op-
i ub ultures in Japanese society. On the level of political organiza-
ion i too the form of ideological confrontation between concervatives
nd cialists.
The former strove for preseIVation the baslcs of prewar political regime.
he latter declared their aim of achieving socialism by way of reforms. But
becaus the socialists never made too strong an accent on presenting their
. r "the party of socialist alternative", the real confrontation between
them and conservatives developed along the restoration-modernIZation
lin e.
This confrontatIon was, so to speak, of undulating character. Right
after the war the situation in Japan was conducive to conservative mood's
omineering. In part it can be explained by the large share of village popu-
la ion endowed with moral values that set it against the "modernistic city
" &
dwellers .
Then socio-political conditions underwent substantial changes. On the
one hand, thousands and thousands of villagers began to move into urban
areas, where they were hired by factories and plants administration, became
trade union members and in so doing strengthened "the potential" of mod-
ernistic values bearers.
On the other hand the ruling conseIVative party (the LDP), which had
lald stress on preserving political values of prewar period, concentrated at-
tention on stimulating economIC growth.
As a result, Intellectuals' misgivings of conservative politicians' aims
step by step evaporated. And relaxation of ideological conflIct led to grad-
ua1losing by the left opposition its status of the one and only force capable
of defending Japanese democracy.
However, rapid decrease of the number of villagers as well as impres-
sive raising of educational level of the whole population contnbuted to left-
is inclin tions of the Japanese electorate. Of slmilar consequences were
is citizen's movements generated by the acute problems of environment
llutlon.
J 's economi mIracle, largerly "responsible" for the above-men-
Canges, caused tangible improvement of living standards and nar-
rowing of income gaps. Owlng to this advent of tlennch t 'I
· f b 1 · men er th c n-
SClousness 0 e onglng to various strata of the middle class b
precedentedly Wide-spread me un-
The idea of belongin to the middle class related n t t · 1 I
b ' os 1 C 55
structu e ut, rather, to one s status within m e Ja p an · ty S
If . d t e t ... ese SOCle · uch
a se -1 en I lcatlon was de lned first of aU, b y consum p t l 1 I And
. .. . on e e. ex-
actly seif-identilcation by the vast majority of proletariat With the middle
and upper strata of society seemed to be 0 paramount importance
It meant that wo ingmen stopped 0PP sin g themselv .. to t h t
· t Th . e res 0
SOCIe y: elr response to improved living standards formed a bas of psy-
chological mood of Ja anese society in the late sixtIes
As for the essence of this respons , it is described as "consumer con-
servatism" or "conservatism for the sa e 0 preseTVln g status q uo". de ts
f" · " p
 consumer conservatism acknowled ed the prim cy of E:conomic effec-
tIveness and categoric lly rejected ny change, be it to the right or to the
left, in existing political system.
.The domination of "consumer conservatism" reflected itself in par -
?O Ical tendencies, observed in the middle of the s ventles Despite slow-
Ing down of the process of welfare improvements the number of pers ns,
who were satisfied with their living conditions steadily grew.
Political pa ticipation, i.e. cif ens' takin part in political activif es, is
one of the most significant element 0 political culture. I postwar Japan It
manifested itself t the polls.
There are two models, offered for studying politic 1 p rticipation.
The author 0 the rust gives priority t 'oyabun-kobun" rei tio s. c-
cording to his concept electors cast their vote in e ch nge for certain
b nefits being received by individuals 0 limited loc 1 communities.
T e autho of t e cond, called 'mobil' tion model" emphasizes the
ole of va ious or an. tions in mobil' in citizens tote 0 concrete can-
d dates and rties.
Both m dels elp underline plur listic U s 0 olitical rtic' -
tion in p stwar Japan. .
o instance living .n small neig b U 0 small to n ot-
e s to re l' e th he man p ssibiliti fo thei i te ests to b ep-
esente.d an t tIc 1 roblems d of thei solving re 0 consid-
erable Impo ance d hile bi cities ote e reate i terest in n -
io 1 1. ics sm II to s .11 e' on e e to be im e in
1 c J Ii tic I Ii e.
ti

hi c nclusion can ... confirmed b the "T n a phenomenon". Ex-
e ie eing elected to arli ment up to his death because of suc-
cessful re re nting I cal interests and despite his involvement in "Lock-
he candal" The mechanism of political mobilization is relatively simple.
r ditional dri e to forming closed circles for interpersonal contacts ex-
resses itself in contemporary Japan in existence of vast numbers of public
o anizations.
\ en one associates the realization of his (or her) interest with con-
e ete public group or organization, there is no need of convincing him "(or
her) in correctness of the political line of suggested candidate.
Even party affiliation of the latter should not be brought Without fail
to the notice of the former. It is sufficient to inform him that this candidate
is "our man", and the stronger his group loyalty, the more "automatic" his
electoral preferences will be.
True enough. the politization degree of different organizations varies.
And the influence exerted by different organizations over their members,
is not the same. Still, the mobilization factor appears to be comparatively
effective particularly as far as less educated social strata, susceptible to tra-
ditional norms of political culture and, on the whole, indifferent to the es-
sence of pplitical problems, are concerned.
A couple of latest decades witnessed one more phenomenon of politi-
cal culture in Jap D, namely, extreme discontent with politics and politi-
cians on the part of general publIc.
The causes of such discontent are, basically, unrelated to socio-eco-
nomic problems. They are, rather, connected with unending corruption
.... _ndals, in which top political figures seem to be invariably involved.
. ....
 ded to these scandals are serious political decisions being adopted by
the ruling party of recent years (the LDP) despite pre-election promises,
given to the voters.
Stable distrust of the world of politics generates massive refusal to sup-
port any party. Overwhelming majority of those "refuseniks" consiSts of big
cities' dwellers, universities' graduates, blue and white collars, women, and
outh.
"Refusal to support" does not necessarily mean non-participation in
elections. The growing stratum of passive electorate signifies, first of all
e .ng close association with concrete party weakening emotional tie
th it as  ell as strong dependence of voters' choice on concrete P ol- t . I
d - ' d · - I lca
SItu tion even on mass me 1a s escnptions of election campaigns.
This, in turn, leads to voting by one and the same voter fo dIfferent
arties in different elections.
All listed changes can be considered as signs of rejecting "one-p ty
system" by electorate. So, the evolution of political culture heralded the d-
vent of the coalition era in Japanese politics.
It is very symptomatic, indeed, that Japanese political p rties have
come to this frontier. Most of the postwar political history did not w rrant
anything like that.
On the contrary, ideological controversies among and within the main
political parties were constantly "pregnant" with more or less deeper splits.
Centrifugal forces definitely Tided supreme, particularly, on the left side of
political spectrum. However, it could not prevent establishing sufficiently
stable political climate with one party (the LDP) firmly at the helm of "state
ship" and hopelessly divided centrist and left parties representing "eternal"
opposition.
The so-called "1955 system", which replaced near chaotic state of af-
fairs in domestic politics after the war, existed in its refined form up to the
end of the sixties. Its gradual erosion started with appearance of new op-
position parties and spreading their influence over masses. I t meant, in the
first place, lesser support by the voters of leading political p rUes, i.e. the
LDP and the JSP.
This trend brought to life a couple of completely new phenomena In
Japanese politics: (1) rough equality of the LDP and all the opposition
forces in parliament, (2) strengthening of centrist inclinations within the op-
position. It seemed that both phenomena created suitable conditions for
perfecting Japanese democracy through adding to its features periodical
"rotation of ruling parties".
But lack of unity in the opposition camp could not have secured its
ascendIng to power even in the event of the LDP election defe 1. Moreover,
growing centrist mood has became the sou ce of new can roversy, which
practically precluded for opposition to challenge he DP's h emony.
The point is that the JSP which by ar surpasse centrist parties in par-
liament representation and influence over mass s w s dominated b left
socia] dernocrates and marxists. Its joi ing the poten i I union 0 centri
parties would have given it obviously leftist colou, epell d consideral
wide strata, imbued with centrist i e s, and ma anti-LOP t ug Ie Im-
measurably more difficult But without the JSP centnst f 0 t o t. pple the
LDP were also doomed to complete failure f m the very glnnln.
3

u ntJ ,f r solving strategic problem of the period it became ab
lutel necessa to radicall change the JSP Image Alas, the proble
rsis ed u t the end of the eighties. Then, in t 989, as a result of the
use of ouncilors election unprecedented crisis of political model, based
n tIe uilibrium of parliamentary forces", has broken out.
efore that an average Japanese voter did not, in the main, reject the
LD 0 '0 moopoly on th; goerment and asting his (or her) ballot for op-
psltlon trIed onl to punIsh conservatIves, to demonstrate his (or her)
sh for some corrections in their policy. But after 1989 that voter became
a are of urgent necessity to remove the LDP from power.
In all probability, mass discontent was caused by introduction of un-
opular consumer tax, "Rikuruto cosmos" scandalous affair, and rumors
about imminent liberalization of agricultural produce market. IIRikuruto
scandal' turned out to be particularly painful, and it put on agenda a prob-
lem of political reform, which would have. first of all, guaranteed stricter
regulation of financial donations, flowing into party chests and politicians'
pockets.
Premier Kaifu cabinet, which included only entirely "clean ll politicians,
tried to implement such a reform, reckoning, in so doing, to restore the
LDP's prestige. However, party bigwigs literally buried the reform bill in
the parliamentary committee, provoked Mr.Kaifu's resignatIon, and re-
placed his cabinet with one, headed by Mr. Miyazawa. The latter brought
back to the Government not only those involved in "Rikuruto affair". but
ersons convicted in connection with "Lockheed scandal".
Meanwhile, scandals continued unabated. "Kyowa affair" roused sus-
picions of bribery, which had been, allegedly, instrumental in Mr.Miyazawa
election to the LDP's chairmanship. "Sagawa kyubin affair" resulted in the
arrest of Mr. Kanemaru, leader of the biggest LDP faction.
Thus, political reform remained "super-preferential" task for Japanese
politics. The LDP tried to make election system restructuring the most sig-
nIficant part of the reform with a view to strengthening its positions in the
House of representatives. That's why th reform bill could not get approval
by parliament, and Premier Miya awa was forced to go to the polls. Elec-
tion results as it s well known, led to forming coalition Government of
seven opposition parties and one faction.
So, the LDP lost control over p rliament but only joint opposition
coul playa role of "counterweight". Taking into consideration the fact 0
c nservatlve parties' domineering in the co lition, one should admit that
in essence, this model is close to model of cooperatIon between the P
and opposition. And examples of such cooper tion re on h nd
For ins nce on January 29 h, 199 , Mr. Hoso awa, the then co lition
Premier,achieved his main aim which was to reform the corrupt lector I
and campaign-fin nce ystems and boost pluralism. But str nge thing
happened along the way. The Social Democratic Party (forme ly the SP
the biggest member of the coalition, s worried bout the losses it as
likely to suffer under a new electoral system. It turned against Mr.Hoso -
awa s reforms, and the LDP rescued him.
It's clea that current political situation I c 5 necessary s bility.
Therefore, periodical reorgani tions of conserv tive parties, and crossing
party lines by numerous politicians can surely b expected
This state of affairs will prevail until establIshing stable system allow-
ing power rotation among various conservative f ctions, which will be free
from influence, exerting by leftist forces (social-democrats) and parties,
representing interests of limited social groups (Komeito, the DSP). In this
sense, the prolonged development cycle of "1955 system" came to its end.
However stormy and controversial this development was, it ultimately
helped newborn Japanese democracy achieve enviably high degree of ma-
turity. Democratic ideas found thei way into public nd individual con-
sciousness and became reliable safeguards against any kinds of totaH i n
manifestations.
Even the Communist Party of Japan which for long time had been
plotting to organi e bloody revolution, violently overthrow democratic in-
stitutions, sei e power, and establish Soviet type regime with all -ts mur-
derous prope ties, was forced, in the end, to play by civili ed rules. Typi-
cally though, that strenuou e ort , unde ta en by th Party with the aim
to prove itself as part of loyal 0PP sition, br ught miser ble esul .
Supported only by tiny share of el torate con isting m i ly of stra ed
intellectuals, rust ate small businessm n, and v riou s ci I marginals it
remains a s t of pariah in political ci cles b in bd r d f om 11 chemes
of interparty co peration.
Ros e tations, ch rish d fter the a by not er ist p t,
the JS also eva 0 at d. Th a y is still the big est dffiong pposi io ,
but \ ith its sup t b vote sine arabl d indlin , d per tel tries t
dr p I tist deeo nd curb s ub rcs in its r n t st 10 t
or una ely, ocialist ut pi iled c u the ima ination Ja dnes
5

an tha s the maIn reason wh the opposition "leader" has not got a single
chance to become the ruling party.
I that plus centrist parties' modest but symptomatic success and UD-
d .. er monop ol y of the LDP bear witness to strengthening pIu-
ermining po '. . .
ralism in Japan. A ailability of wide and free .ch?lCe for every cItIZen IS, un-
doubtedl , a major achievement, secured Wlthin the framework of evolu-
tlona process of Japanese party system. By the way, is process created,
from the very beginning the most favourable condItIons for economic
growth and far-reaching structural transformations
Gross National Product of Japan jumped from 84 trillion yens in 1955
to 69 trillion yens in 1992. At 1985 prices it increased ten times during
the same period Gross Domestic Produces growth rates were practically
identIcal
It is necessary to stress here that, despite many Soviet economIsts' as-
sertions all branches of the economy, without any exception, contnbute to
GDP formation
Those economists invented the so-called "non-productive sphere",
" hich included almost all services, and defined expenditures on health-
care, education, insurance, social welfare, etc, as deductions from national
Income. This trick was not inoffensive as it might seem.
Using it, the Kremlin jugglers tried to conceal catastrophic backward-
ness of communist "paradise" in everything concerning daily life of its un-
fortute inhaitan:, At the me time they laid themselves out to prove
the rIdIculous thesis. according to which developed service sectors in the
world leading countries are indicators of capitalism's parasitism and decay
Meanwhile the structure of GDP in competitive conditions is depend-
ent, on the one hand. on consumers' preferences, who "vote" with their
money for these or those goods or services and O n th th h d b
· · · .' , e 0 er an , on 0 -
jectIve, In essence, technologIcal laws g overnin g .... atl . f d
.. '.' os 0 goo s and serv-
Ices (for instance. roads are necessary for automobil d I ..
household electric appliances). es an e ectrlclty for
Therefore, in principle, the "specific weights" of d. .
branches can vary independently of resources usa e Iffer.ent economIC
ever as global experience shows economic d  effectIveness How-
· ' an socIal devel t ·
com nied by Increases of services' shares both in . opmen IS ae-
ment demands consUmptIon and invest-
pan's GDP structure illustrates this t db.
n I ds roduction (agriculture, forest ry re r ? h autifully. In 1952 mate-
, IS erles ..
, minIng, manufactur-
ing, construction. electricity, gas. and water supply) occupied 00
GDP, while services production (transport and communication, h 1  .Ie
and retail trade, insurance, finances, immovable property operations, pro-
vision of cultural and living facilities, s rvices of government and non-com-
mercial organisations) stood at 2.0°0. In 1990 corresponding figures e e
equal to 6,2° 0 and 53,8°0.
Analyzing the structure 0 Japan's GDP, one can easily notice th t do-
mestic natural resources (arable land, minerals' deposits. etc.) play insig-
nificant role in the economy. Less than 3°0 of Japan's GDP fall on the
branches, which functioning is based on those resources. It means that real
capital, including its non-capital forms (technologies, org nizations, trade
mark rights, etc.), is rapidly becoming the main and only source of Japa-
nese economic growth
Of great importance is investment/consumption demand ratio. It
shows both population's inclination to save and possibilities for profitable
investing. Capital supply (incomes, accumulated by corporations and indi-
viduals), interacting with capital demand in the form of enterprises' invest-
ment intentions, defInes balanced accumulation nd interest rates as well
as these indicators' dynamics trends.
For example, in the sixties and ea ly seventies a chain of new invest-
ment possibilities combined with "modest" lifestyle habIts and, conse-
quently, with high saving rates, allowed to maintain an extremely high ac-
cumulation rate. It surpassed 35 0 0 and, at times, reached 38-39°0.
After the first "oil shock" the share of Jap n's GNP, used for capItal
accumulation, dropped to 28-30°0. but t the end of the eighties it again
demonst ated an upward trend. It s worth mentioning, though, th t corre
lation between capital accumulation and economic growth is too far from
being elementary simple.
Stagnation of consumer market is ca able to h m developing eco -
omy no less than slackness of Investment process. However, as global ex-
perience shows, using a quarter or a third 0 GNP fo .nvestment is norm
for developing econom, hile 10 e.n C pi I ccumul tion rate b. -
yond this level leads, in the end, to narrowing reproduction nd economIC
degradation. So, Japan is sure to avoid such r ret ul lot .
Changes in Japan's nation Income structu e  al very Instruct e.
is known national income re resents a sum 0 income 0 ductlon
factors' owners and includes a es 0 ir d 0 rand la me anou"
property incomes (in erest income dividends en I ymen), bing re-
1
1

indO .du Is, n n-commercial and official organ. · lions, and en..
· tined rofits
In 0 the sha e of ages reached 54,0 0 0 and in 1990 69,2°0. Cor-
nding indic tor for property incomes stood at 8,3°0 and 1 1,0°0, enter-
i ' rofits (after dividend ayment) at 37, °0 and 19 7°0. Thus, the
bi e t and e er-growing component of Japan's national income is repre-
e ted b ages A little more than a third of remaining sum falls on citi-
ens' propert income in the form of interest on deposits, dividends, etc.,
and ap ro imately two thirds -- on enterprises' retained profits.
for "public" (or state) corporations, they are non-profit organiza-
tions, hich are intended exclusively for producing services of public char-
acter .th prices, fixed at the level, securing only compensation of produc-
tion costs.
What's worth mentioning at this stage is the well-known fact that the
essence of relations between owners and hired workers in big corporations
IS undergoing radical changes. Organizational and managerial complexi-
ties, typical for a big, diversified corporation, make it impossible to effec-
tively control its activities from outside and stimulate concentration of
0\ ner's real functions (including disposal of the prevailing share of "prop-
erty usage" income) in the hands of top and even middle echelons of man-
agers.
As a result, incomes of considerable part of personnel cease to reflect
the usefulness of workers as bearers of "labour ability", i.e. one of the pro-
duction factors
In Japanese corporations this process is particularly intensive because
of groupism, which is still wide-spread in society as a whole. Specific fea-
tures of labour relations, narrowness of "hiring" and "firing" channels, lack
of purely professional trade unions... Such are the main causes of labour
market s fragmentary character and dIfferences in remuneration of even
unqualified labour in different corporatIons
. Oe mOT: indictor of great economic importance is "disposable na-
tlonallncome · That IS the net income of all society's actors, which is being
used y thm for consumption or accumulation (saving). The thorough
analysIs of Its trends shows (1) decreasin g sh ares of P ty · d
. . roper Incomes an
enterpnses profIts; (2) decreasIn g share of ac cumul t .. d ·
a Ing Incomes an In-
e easing shar of consumption; (3) lack of visible ch . t '
anges In governmen s
s ar of goods and services consumption.
.
1
t
The latter testifies to the fact that there is no gJobal tre to str n th-
ening 0 weakening of state's economIC role. In other words rea n ble dis-
tribution of functions b tween privat nd public sectors remaIns un-
changed irrespective of prevailing political and ideolo ical atmosphere
which may be favourable to adepts of "welfa e state" or of emoval of state
rom economic life
Summing up all kinds of ass ts held by physical and juridical pe s fiS,
one gets an integral indicator of society's gross assets. In consists of mate-
nal (real) assets [finished goods inventories capital funds (buildings, con-
structions equipment, transportation means), unreproductive natural e-
sources) and non-material (inancial) ssets (cash, securities deposits,
bonds, shares, etc.).
Difference between gross assets and financial liabilities of residents
represents net assets, which, in turn, forms country's national wealth In
Japan it increased from 590 trillion yens in 1970 to 3 91 trillion yens in
1990.
The indicator of national wealth can be effectively used for describing
important features of economic potential accumulated by Japan.
First of all, it is obvious that 98,5° 0 of ndtional we lth is represented by
material assets on Japan's territory. Then, almost 700 0 of non-material assets
is occupied by lots of land, evaluated at market prices The rest ( ppro i-
mately 28°0) is capital funds.
Only 5°0 of national wealth is repres nted by machines equipment nd
transportation means. Consequently, the dyn mics of n tional wealth dem-
onstrates economic development indirectly, on the basis of 9 owing market
evaluation of rare economic resources, mainly, of land.
P ivate sector (basically, big corporations) possess s 86°0 of m te ial
assets, including 9 00 of land lots ( t value) and 6 °0 0 capl 1 funds. Public
sector's positions are also sufficiently trong. It p ss sses more than 30°0
o capital funds and bout °0 0 un eproductive resources.
The accumulation of economic potenti I as m uch sier by evo-
lution pr cess in inancial sphere. te the military def t the financi 1
sp ere 0 Japan practically c ed to eXist and subs quentl w s big r -
stored 0 completely ne basis.
Durin the p i d of r i e i 9 owth its absolute ess be-
came reI tive one: th need 0 in estment fin ncing as so g ea th t
the t 0 financi I s urces' ccumulation d of ne credit ins ru-
ments cre ion 1 9 ed behind demand
19

t ' s reg ulation of financial sphere was comprehensive and
ern men .
° Go rnment held under tight control almost all Interest rates
t. Th · b · I
d - · erban call loan rate ) limited credit expansIon y commerCIa
( J U In In , .. .
ban in e p ssible wa , using in case of need, admInIstrative levers,
and tablished compulsory "rules of game' in financial markets.
De eJoprnent of dir ct financing market (securities market) was not
mitted (the economically insignificant shares' market being the sole ex-
ception), oreign currency operations were strictly regulated, and up to the
s enties no capital movement liberalization was implemented.
Corporations and households had practically no alternative to placing
their accumulated or temporarily id]e financial means on bank or postal
savings deposits, with interest rates being lower than rates of consumer
prices increase. These "cheap" means were channelled under tight govern-
ment control and on favourable terms to financing key industries and pre-
serving social stability.
Such a system could not work without sufficient level of savings in the
economy. And it was secured oWIng to ideological campaign comparable
in scale only with the analogous campaigns in former socIalist countries but
much more effective. The causes of its resounding success lied in inducing
population to concrete actions and in demonstrating clearly visible results
of Government's policy, namely, curbing inflation and restoring confidence
.
1 yen.
In the shortest historical terms the real "capitalist spirit" was generated
in the country. "Temperance" and "self-support" have become main virtues
of generation, which formed th core of the nation in the fifties and sixties.
This generation created Japanese economic miracle. "Labour ethics", which
took root in Japan just when other advanced countries were busy at form-
ing "mass consumption society" and "we I are state", gave the Japanese in-
dustries considerable competitive edge In world mar ets from the very be-
.
gInnIng.
As a result of beating inflation and of implementing campaign for
higher saving rate the Government laid a financial foundation of economic
development and succeeded in evading sacrifices on the par of serious
businessmen, in keepin cotrol over savings usage, and in p eventing
mar et 0 ces from exertIng Influence on defining basic structural ratios
It is necessary to str ss, however, that neither Gov fnmen nor entraJ
- n intelVened in dir t assigning financial means t coner te fl ms and
m nu acturers. Such a combination of reason ble regulation and m r
competition turned out to be exceptionally beneficial.
All other features of Japanese Inancial sphere e e "pro ucts 0 h1 h
capital demand and excessive regulations. Among them.
( t) predominance of indirect (bank) financing d ext erne c
ness of direct financing ma et.
(2) e cessive dependence 0 industrial enterprises on b n I ns dnd
small sha e 0 thei own means in investment financing;
(3) "overd aft", practised by City banks;
( ) artificially lowered interest rate and quantitative (in cont st to
price) regulation of credit volumes;
(5) "the iron curtain", dividing Ja nese and world financial ma ets;
(6) outstanding role of government financial institutio s in key indus-
tries inancing.
From the middle of the seventies the model of the fin nci 1 sphere's
functioning began to undergo significant changes under pressu e 0 the fol
lowing circumstances:
(1) high rates of economic growth ere replaced by mode te ones.
and, as a result, "financial hunger", experienced by Japanese firms, rticu-
larly in key industries. became considerably less acute .
(2) the quantity of idle financial means see iog n w spheres of uSing
visibly increased; .
(3) appearance of active trade balance demanded liber Ii ation of capI-
tal movement;
( ) big budget deficit demanded sm oth distribution of government
b nds in the rket.
Reacting to these changes the vernment und took the following
steps:
( t) grad ual emoval of in terest fa tes limi ts (the pr e s 0 mo e than
fi te n years and now is ne ring c I tion);
( ) removal of restrictions on cr tion kinds 0 curOti
inancial roa ts th oc ss continued pp i tel fi t n
ecentl carn to its com leti n);
.
3) remov I of cont 01 ver r I n Cll
tional mov ment of c pitals (the C ss
r its com letio ).
n er the.m ct of the
chan s in th financi I here
d ne\'
n_d
c r ti
fou ye rs
rn
d inte a-
· t 198
.
..men 1 n
bse
s
th
II
.
.
.
o

) nin d pendence of big industrial corporations on bank loa
an r ring im ortance internal sources of financing as well as of i...
n ncin thr ugh curities issues.
( ) de line of "overdraft" b city banks and their weakening depend-
ence on an 0 Ja an;
(3) rapid development of securities market and appearance of new
.. 0 ds" and instruments in it;
( ) internationalization of the process of obtaining and distributing fi-
nancial means.
These changes brought positive results. Japan succeeded in overcom-
ing stagflation of the middle of the seventies and securing stable economic
gro rth with negligible price rises up to the beginning of the nineties, de-
spite the second "oil shock" and unprecedented yen reapprisal in 1985-
198 .
Regretfully, economic policy successes generated in Japanese business
circles, government and central bank" an atmosphere of self-righteousness
nd xagerated notions of Japan's economic system infallibility. And ret-
nbution in the form of "bubble economy" came very soon, indeed.
. However painful this experience was, there are plenty reasons to' be-
Ilee that return to strict selection of investment projects, further rationali-
zatIon of prouction as well as general improvement of social mores as a
result of puttln an end to unbridled speculative activities will help Japa-
nese economy In preserving its innate advantages and in resuming its sta-
ble development.
By the way, sch a perspective seems to be all the more probable be-
cause of extraordinary strategy of scientific- technol · I d I t
adopted by Japan in postwar decades. oglca eve opmen
The organizational system of scientific resea rch . J .
th · .. In apan consIsts of
ree structural elements: (1) sCIentIfIC research' t . t t . .
· ( ,Ins I U Ions of prIvate cor-
porations; 2) state s scientific research instituf d ..
II d .. · Ions an organIZatIons. (3)
co eges an universItIes, engaged in scientifi c h A . II . . .
I b II · · researc. certaIn dIViSIon
o our was formed Inside the system and h f . . .
· · .. eac 0 Its particIpants had
een gIven a specIfIC role In Japan's scientifi - t h I .
· . .. c ec no ogical development
SCIentIfic research institutions of priv t ·
mainly, on working out new and modernizin a: .crporatlons concentrate,
the leading stImulus of their activities SClen IIC research's results is
.
State's scientific research institutions nd org · tions i plement
fundamental research nd development but .. y particul ttention t _
ministrative management's needs. At the same bme Government upp
private corporations' scientific activities by vourable te ms of tion
and appropriating subsidies. It also coordinates effo ts of state nd pri te
research cen terse
Besides their educational functions. Japanese colleges and universities
carry out, mainly. fundamental research College and university scientists
are expected to make noteworthy discoveries. which can speed up scien-
tific-technological progress not only in Jap 0, but in the whole world.
In the postwar years R&D expenditures in Japan increased very
quickly. Some twenty five years ago Japan lagged far behind leading West-
ern powers in this respect. For example, in 1965 it spent on R&D less th n
6°0 of corresponding American indicator approximately half of English in-
dicator, and considerably less than France and West Germany. But in 1970
Japan surpassed Britain and France, and in t 980 West Germany.
The structure of Japanese R&D expenditures is characterized by two
prominent features. Firstly, the share of state appropriations in total R&D
expenditures amounts in Japan to about 20° 0 . while corresponding indica-
tor in other developed countries stand at 40-55°0. Secondly, expenditures
on military R&D absorb in Japan incredibly small share of total appropria-
tions.
As to avenues of using those expenditures, more th n two-thirds of
them are being spent on experiments and designs, more than a quarter
on applied and 12-14°0 on fundamental research.
The structure of R&D expenditures by institutional sectors is also
highly symptomatic. Private industrial corporations spend more than 0°0
of their research funds on experiments and designs, slightly more than 0°0
on applied and only about 6°0 -- . on fundamental research. Correspond-
ing figures for state appro imately 60°0, almost 300 0 and about 10°0' and
for colleges and universities more than 8°0' about 0° 0 and slightly more
than 50° 0
Approach from another ogle shows in tersec tors' flows 0 R&D funds.
Industrial corporations for instance, contnbute to these funds bout 3°0
their total sum and spend app oximately 2°0 0 It. It means that pri a e
sector covers its expenditu es on R&D ith its own mone
3

h at. in its turn, contributes too and spends 10°0' the dIfference
.
in u ed for financing state universities. The latter contributes 5°0 and
sends 5° 0 . hile other organizations 0,8°0 and 4°0' correspondingly
Thus the slate's intervention in research work, performed by universi-
ties is ob ious. l\. oreover, private sector: also needs state s support, particu-
lar} in the sphere of fundamental research.
ecisi e scientific-technological breakthroughs are impossible without
stimuli hich cannot be "supplied" by market mechanism. Fundamental
research is extremely risky enterprise by its nature. Then, its results are
often unforeseeable, and their practical usage may be beyond the sphere
of commercial interests of the firm, which achieved them. In that case, the
firm-innovator, in essence, finances research, the results of which is being
used b others. Therefore, as special surveys show, without state's interven-
tIon many firms are inclined to limit their investment in fundamental re-
search.
To make them behave in accordance with "social optimum" the state
actively operates along the following three directions:
(1) "supply", i.e. financial and technical aid, including formation of sci-
en tific research infrastructure;
. () "deman", i.e. government's contracts for carryIng out research pro-
Jects and purchasing new products;
. () "environment", i.e. tax and patent polcy as well as other measures
of IndIrect state regulation.
At present science and technology develo p ment become s th ·
t k f. d · I - e maIn
as 0 In ustrla POlICY. For a long time Japanese approach to this devel-
opment narrowed down to promotion "mone y makin g ( - · II
b -. ) " I.e. commerCIa y
eneflclal technology. It meant less attention, paid to funda tal ..
h d t t - " f - 't men re
searc , an. concen ra Ing on lnal products of it. Sparing no effort to de-
velop applIed technology, Japan secured hi g h com p et. t . f .
S J · I Iveness 0 Its prod-
ucts. 0, apanese approach proved Its effectiveness th h .
eluded the possibility of eally big scientific dis' og PlactlcllY ex-
has been the chief architect, promoter, and advocat e a f n th o ln ustry (MITI)
. 0 e 0 IS approach.
tec no oglca ron Iers, t e government adopted new Ion -t ". .
technological strategy, aimed at transforming the c t  erm .sclen.lfl-
enti ie-technological power", at its transitIon from tun ry Into mIghty SCl-
11 ers fl to genuine leadership e category 0 ",leader's
In the ramework of this strategy a number of programs of fun mental
research was worked out and Implemented. They covered indust i I tech-
nology of "next generation", the commercialization of which is expecte i
the nineties and even in the XXI-st century. At the end of the eighties the e
were about fifty programs with preference, given to research in £lectronics
and in ormatics, new materials, new production systems, non-tradition I
energy sources, aerospace complex, and biotechnology.
According to Japanese prognoses, the volume of pro uction, that will
hIt the market as a result of completIng these programs, will increase in
2000 to 111 trillion yens, or 21 0 0 of the GNP. Electronics and informatics
will occupy 94 trillion yens (85° 0 ), new !'Tlaterials 4-8 trillion yens, non-
traditional energy sources 5 trillion yens, new production systems
trillion yens, aerospace complex 2 trillion yens and biotechnology
0,4 2 trillion yens. ..
The current phase of scientific-technological progress is characterized
by urgent need to internationalize R&D to unite scientists of various coun-
tries for the purpose of solving global large-scale problems. The process
of strengthening state's interdependence, undoubtedly, stimulates interna-
tional division of labour in general and in the sphere of scientific research,
in particular. And the very same process makes economic situation in this
or that country more and more vulnerable to destructive influence of ex-
ternal factors. Therefore coordination of economic and scientific-techno-
logical policies of developed countries becomes a burning necessity.
However, the interests of business circles in different countries hinder
essential achievements in this sphere, because at the current stage of sci-
entific-technological progress the countries, which manage to outstrip ri-
vals, acquire enormous competitive advantages. Science itself and its prac-
tical usage turn out ot be an important element of redistribution of markets
and their structural changes to the benefit of world technological leaders.
Rapid growth of scientific-technological potential puts Japan on equal
footing with the USA in several ey reas of scientific-technologIcal pro-
gress. It supplies additional reinforcement to the arguments 0 those who
assert that in the near future the main object of competition among indus-
trially developed countries will be not trade and economic atters but sci-
entific and technological ones"
Nevertheless, collision of .nterests Will be inevitably accompan"ed b
the integration drive by effective co dination 0 actions in the name of
achieving strategic goals
5

u in t ei hties Jap n undertook constructive efforts for develop_
i in national coo eration (both bilateral and multilateral) in the scien-
ti ic-technolo ical phere. B the end of the decade it concluded 23 bilat-
era eements 'ith 18 countries, concerning the said cooperation.
n em tionalization of Japanese R&D slowly but steadily exerts influ-
ence on the o-called technological balance of the country. For a long time
t e balance of Japanese technological trade showed colossal deficit. In the
se en ies, ho ever, the situation started to change: import of technology
remained at the same level or even declined, while export constantly in-
e eased.
B he end of the eighties exporVimport ratio reached 0,3339 the
highest postwar indicator. Moreover, beginning from 1912 balance of pay-
ments under newly concluded contracts is invariably in the black. As to
geographical structure of Japanese technological trade, North America and
Europe provide practically all import, while lion's share of export is ab-
so bed by Asian developing and new industnal states. Lately, though, Japa-
nese technological export to North America and Europe has demonstrated
steady growth.
Among the biggest consumers of Japanese technological export are
the USA, Republic of Korea, and China. On the other hand, the prevailing
share of Japanese technological import comes from the USA, Germany,
Switzerland, Holland, Britain, and France. As statistical materials of inter-
national technological trade show, Japan plays now a role of a certain "tran-
sit base', importing almost all technology from industrially developed
countries and exporting it approximately in equal parts to developing and
developed countries.
Japanese technology should be considered as one of the products of
national culture. In foreseeable future development of goods meant for sat-
isfying necessities of "mterial" life, will. gradually yield superiority to de-
velopment of goods, which. reflets feelings and emotions. Consequently,
the production charactrlstics Wlll become more and more dependent on
national culture Such IS one of the development routes for cre t . t h -
d J - h · a lve ec
nolog of the futue, an. apan WIt its old traditions of linking technology
an culture finds itself in the most beneficial position.
Intern tionalization of Japanese R&D is an inte g ral part f h - d
· · 0 muc WI er
I tern tional tion process that draws Japanese and W t
· . r - th ' es em cultures
e er t each other, lntensl les elr mutual penetratio d . .
· .. d . · - bi I b ', · n an promiSes thel
V entual merging In In IVlSl ego al CiVihzation of C 1 -
osmopo ltan nature.
Advancement toward such a merger proves to be r ther di lcult, I
because of persistent efforts by some influential circles in Eu ope and, _
ticularly, in the United States to thrust upon Japan Western civil" ion
norms totally ignoring local cultural values or subjecting them to bitter
critical attacks.
Wittingly distorting well-known facts about past and present histo
and maliciously misinterpreting the essence of Japanese cultural heritage,
the representatives of those circles accuse Japan of being a completel
closed country, of continuous absolute dOl11ination by communities over in-
dividuals, of neglecting its duties as a world power, of selfishness, of refusal
to help the needies, of unwillingness to "become a part of the world", and
of other deadly sins.
The hidden motives of this notorious campaign, which became knowm
as "Japan's bashing", are sufficiently easy to discover. By perverting Japa-
nese cultural image its organizers and inspirers, mostly from American aca-
demic colony, desperately try to lay on Japan the blame for Western eco-
nomic difficulties and for changing balance of power at global level.
However ironical it may sound, some Russian commentators deemed
it their duty to join the chorus of Japan's accusers. Needless to say, there
is not a single trace of collusion between our domestic and foreign "prose-
cutors", though methodological approaches, ways of presenting "evidence",
and didactic tones are suspiciously familiar and can mislead a reader not
versed in publicistic niceties.
But this familiarity is quite explicable. Despite the fact that Russian-
Japanese relations are devoid of economic controversies, which so irritate
the West, hard-core communists' envy (as well as that of American "revi-
sionists") at somebody else's success (and, particularly, envy of former vic-
tors at former vanguished) generates base feelings, including blind hatred.
What differs Russian style of "Japan's bashing' from its Western coun-
terpart is using principles of "class approach" by preachers of the former.
Their books and articles are literally stained with them.
All elements of Japanese culture are classififed by those marxist dino-
saurs as nationalistic manifestations and get neg tiv r s. ccordi 9 to
their hypocritical gospel, postwar Americanization of Japanese culture is,
"naturally I, bad. Efforts underta en b occupational authorities to combine
AmencanlZation .th supporting tradition I culture, are also b d. Bad is the
trend to restoration of cultural hentage as a counte eight gainst foreign
influences. Spreadi 9 the notion of J nese culture's unique ess is cer-

inl, , and so is ith the declaration of its basic principles' "interna_
.0 al cha acter" Cultural isolation is as bad as the efforts to get the whole
rid ae uainted .th Japanese culture.
E en the system of teachinng traditional arts, even measures, aimed at
tin classes of Japanese language beyond Japan's frontiers, are treated
as machinations manipulations, plots by Tokyo's "expansionists".
Regretfull , some usually observant Russian authors could not sUcceed
in resisting nationalistic intoxication and refrain from arrogant, insulting,
and slightl disguised racist remarks, directed at Japanese as people. They
ere imputed en masse with outrageous ethnocentrism, self-conceit, stin-
giness, unwillingness to consider themselves part of world community, and
other horrendous sins.
It's really hard to believe, but even "failure to produce world class po-
litical leaders" was laid at their door. Moreover, one of those authors ex-
pressed solidarity with old de Gaulle's outburst against one of the Japanese
prime-ministers (the boorish general called him "transistor salesman").
It goes without saYing, that it is absolutely unacceptable to accuse of
something not unequivocally named persons but a whole nation. And re-
proaching Japanese for not producing "idolized" and "irreplaceable" world
class leadrs is also quite inappropriate. It's not "a failure". On the contrary,
it's, rather, a great achievement to win one victory after another by force
of collective efforts and without resorting to services of "one and only be-
loved father of nation", however brilliant he may be
Finally, it's totally erroneous to accuse Japanese of unwillingness or,
orse, of active resistance to become internationalized, provided, of course,
that internationalization is understood as a "meeting" of cultures, which
sould be .natural, :oluntary, devoid of any signs of compulsion, hegemony,
dIctatorshIP, pressIng, and, hence, mutually beneficial.
<?ontemporary Jaan is, by an large, an internationalized country.
And if there is something to be surpnsed at in Japanese involvement in the
inte nationalization process, it's the impressive degree of openness to the
o ld of the nation, which has been receiving massive "anti-intemationali-
tion in .ections" from time immemorial.
sychological separation from the rest of the world h ad be d
" en cause ,
o example by natural and man-made" isolation.
As for the formr, life on the remote archipelago without regular and
ellable communicatIon means cemented "a feehng of loneliness in the Uni-
ve s " and methodIcally strengthened im p enetrabili ty of I b .
anguage arner.
National homogeneity of population had been so a senous .. · r _
cause it had secured adherence to uniform stereotypes of mentality and _
haviour and aroused mistrust,. animosity, and suspiciousness to It he t1
ideas.
As for the latter, many barriers had been erected by the state. None
other than the state closed Japan from outside world and actively partici-
pated in forming social structures and interpersonal relations, which only
helped isolationist syndrome to be conserved Society s breakdown to
groups, formed along ancestral, production as well as national lines and
based on unconditional loyalty of their members in exchange for paternal-
istic care, had precluded even the most timid attempts to establish ties with
foreigners.
Innumerable and detailed rules of behaviour had hampered personal
contacts among Japanese who had been constantly afraid of breaking them
and losing face as a result. All the time they had been taking risks, relying
on intuition to find right ways of communication with each other. What.
then, could be said about their contacts with foreigners, whose behavioural
norms had been completely unknown and possible reactions to usual Japa-
nese approaches absolutely unpredictable?
Though these factors had exerted considerable "curbing influence" on
the internationalization process, it had never stopped altogether. Moreover,
one can point to its reaching a certain degree of maturity, defined as a
scope of interstate's exchange of cultural properties. For better under-
standing of the exact meaning of maturing it's useful to analyze three
"flares" of the internationalization process.
One of them occurred in the V-th century when Japan started "borrow-
ing" all things Chinese. During the following four centuries Chinese relig-
ions and philosophical systems, technical know-how, hieroglyphs, literary
styles, fine arts, dress, etc. were being transferred from the continent to
Japanese isles in unprecedented and insurpassable scopes.
The second "flare" was observed during or, rather, immediatel ter
\. eiji restoration, when Japan th ew open its doors for West European cul-
ture. Most of the "borrowings" consisted of scientific-technological kno l-
ed e, used for building modem econom . In addition to man artifacts of
British French, and German matenal cultures, Ja an transferred on its soil
some European political institutions
9

Th thi "flar" t k place aft r th S cond orld War whn Jan
mass im rt of encan ulture. Not a single pore 0 national lIfe
i transforming influenc ·
at is common in these "flares"?
irstl , there is a country playing a role of model for emulation. Sec-
ondl ,"borro .ngs" ere realized at Japan's free choice. Thirdly,.Japanes e
contri utions to "model countries" were negligible. Fourthly, duect con-
tacts be een Japanese and representatives of the outside world were mini-
mal e en during the first postwar decades.
No , however, e witness the latest "flare" of the internationalization
process. And it is of quite different nature, compared to previous ones.
First of all, "model country" is nowhere to be seen. Contemporary
Japan does not need such a model. It is becoming a model itself, and it's
ridiculous to make this country to ape some "new perfection". On the other
hand Japanese successes woke up genuine interest to the country's cul-
ture. '- ethods of state's economic regulation tactical and strategical meth-
ods of fIrms' management labour motivation's sources began to transform
into "goods of high demand" and to replenish the reserve of Japanese cul-
tural exchange, joining such "treasures" as literature, painting, theatre,
military arts, zen, ikebana, cha-no-yu, etc.
Then, direct personal contacts between Japanese and foreigners dem-
onstrate phenomenal growth. Only four million Japanese traveled abroad
in t 979. In 1992 the corresponding flgur reached eleven million Slightly
more than one million foreigners visited Japan in 1979. In 1992 their num-
er surpassed four million.
Frankly peaking, the intemationlization process remains for Japan
largely one-sIded. As befor, cultural Import considerably surpasses cul-
tural export. It can be explaIned. among other things, by ( ) the comfort-
ableness of population's existence, which generates unl . ver I t . f t .
. . sa sa IS ac Ion
and unwillingnes to be engaged In nsky and unbeneficial work of global
pro agating natIonal culture, as well as by (2) remnants f th
. 0 e posDNar
sh ck e penenced by Japanese as a result of SCAP' s .
0" measures. aImed at
thel · moral dIsarmament ·
Nonetheless, the "cultural export import ratio" 0 11 . .
f t W Wl IneVItabl y be
h n g ed in not so dIstant II ure. hat are the g r d
c. oun s for such an 0 ti-
ffiISti concIuslon P
e
.
1
Firstly, implementing "a big jump" in the process of in in nes
culture out to the world arena seems to be relatively e sier th 0, -
complishing Japan's economic miracle.
Secondly now Japanese's rationalistic approach to h t be calle
offensive operations in the framework of the intern tionar ti r cess is
almost as dynamic nd energetic s emotional one nd there are plent 0
opportunities for the former to gain the upper hand.
Thirdly, extraversion of Japanese youth becomes mo e nd more e .-
dent Young generation not only defines consumer beh viour nd pia s
leading role as a reference group in the world of fashion. Young men nd
women go abroad as tourists, students, clerks. entrepreneurs and deliber-
ately or unintentionally spread elements of Japanese culture allover the
globe.
Influence of the internationalization process is, undoubtedly, being felt
in the sphere of regional development.
From the closing years of the XIX-th century the methods of To yo's
policy toward provinces verged on what usually is called "internal coloni-
alizm". Any effort to express disagreement with the central authorities, any
claim by the periphery to taking initiative had been nipped in the bud.
Power had been concentrated practically in one pOInt the capital
and "emanated" from there, reaching the remotest corners of the country.
Thus, the prerequisites of future economic and political might's distribution
were being formed.
At the beginning of the forties center's absolute domination was given
legal basis. The status of provinces as a passive object of intelVentionist am-
bitions by metropolitan authorities was promulgated in the "Law of general
mobilization of state'.
This Law was abrogated after the Second World War. As much as four
articles of new Constitution. which came into force in 1941, deals with prob-
lems of local authorities. They became highly autonomous, obtaining the
nght to independently dispose of local resources and even to adopt laws
albeit in the framework of competence, stipulated beforehand.
However, a lot of time had to elapse before constitutional statues could
be realized and radically change the essence of Japan's regional develop-
ment. Years of speedy economic growth turned out to be an instructive con-
firmation of this conclusion
The Government's political cou se with stimulating economic develop-
ment as its first and foremost aim directl or indirectly furthered centrall
ca
o
1

I ated of administrative domination to accumulate additional
st ength It also resulted in hyperconcentration of heavy industries and pro-
duction infrastructure along the narrow strip of Pacific coast. Under these
circumstances provinces' interests were being more than often ignored,
their ossibilities were not being taken into account and they were being
deprived of manpo\ er and material resources
Unprecedented territorial concentration of economic activities can be
seen in enormous share of national indicators absorbed by the Pacific in-
dustrial belt Even at the beginning of the eighties Tokaido megalopolis
( 8 °0 of national area) occupied about 35% of Japan's population, 55°0 of
otal value of wholesale trade's gains, 51°0 of electricity consumption, 6000
of Japan's GDP, about 64°0 of industrial production shipments, 73°0 of stu-
dent population, 81°0 of registered patents. Almost 70°0 of the so-called
"functions of supreme leadership" also found themselves in this belt.
Be that as it may, direct and side negative effects of hyperconcentra-
tion were very soon to become evident. Among them were traffic jams, soar-
ing land prices, lack of recreational areas, and really catastrophIc incidents
of environment pollution.
The situation generated demand for energetic policy of regional devel-
opment It started rather spontaneously in the form of "throwing out" into
provinces surplus production facilities, capitals, and labour force by busi-
nessmen.
Gradually, however, writing scenarios for regional development be-
came a prerogative of state institutions. State's capability of taking initia-
tive and placing itself at the head of movement toward smoothing and
eventual elimination of territorial disproportions was rooted in traditional
supremacy of central authorities. Besides that, the postwar Japanese gov-
ernments gained confidence among population for their successes in im-
plementing economic structural reforms and improving living standards.
. Whil .some authors gave grhic accu.nts of horrors caused by eco-
logIcal crISIS, and of unbearable hVlng conditIons in big Japanese cities, the
Government succeeded in halting the process of worsening territorial dis-
proportions which threatened to get out of control. This resounding suc-
cess came as no surprise because "new regional policy" was bein  _
II II I ba .. 9 lormu
Iated not on the empty spot. t was sed on InstItutional and legal sup-
po 18 of state economic regulation.
Several laws adopted by Parliament, dealt with e conoml - d
· ConIng, e-
velopment of the most backward regIons, and deconcentration of industries
and population. In 1967 deputies voted for the "Basic law 0 c ntr 1 ve
enVIronment pollutIon" which established strict st ndards for p es rvln
biosphere and stipulate harsh penalties for their brea ing.
Effective measures, aimed at improving the policy of re ional dev 1 p-
ment, included creation of Environment Agency in 19 1, Economic Con-
sultative Council Consultative Council for Planning Complex Territorial
Development, etc. Economic Consultative Council formulates oenerallines
of state's economic policy and outlines guides for regional development.
Consultative Council for Planning Complex Territorial Development is
bound to carry out comprehensive checks of regional de elopment pro-
grams and projects and to select the most sUitable ones.
Programs and projects are prepared by special division of the Eco-
nomic Planning Agency. The Agency also uses services of the Research In-
stitute, attached to it.
Special mention should be made of National Land Agency, Ho aido.
Chubu, Kinki, Okinawa Development Agency, Metropolitan Area Commit-
tee, departments and committees within Ministry of International Trade
and Industry and Ministry of Construction as well as of departments at the
prefectural and municipal bodies, all of which play importctnt part In Ja-
pan's regional development.
Central authorities' approach to solving problems of this development
was fully represented in three Plans of comprehensive terr.torial develop-
ment, adopted in the sixties and seventies. The planners used many of the
latest theoretical achievements in the sphere of regional economy, and
owing to the Plans regional policy became an independent part of state's
economic regulation
The first and the second Plans were based on lhe "poles of growth"
concept, according to which strictly limited number of areas in the back-
ward re ions should be selected for concerted capital investments. Such
areas were expected to produce positive effects, spread them on surround-
ing territories and help "pulling" backward regions up to national dverage
level.
The third Plan was marked by attachin preferential role to "p pula-
tion settling". It meant pursuing strate ic goals of regional policy on the
b sis of taking the so-called "human factor", individual interests in to full
consideration.
A noticeable landmark 0 new appro ches to regi nal development ap-
peared in the form of 'technop lis" c ncept The concept consisted o{ (1)
3
-
33

r ar h trat in the sph r 0 sci nc -int nsiv technology, (2) innova..
1 n r s straleg , and (3) r gional developmen programs' strategy.
The idea \ as to transform small provincial towns into the newest tech..
nol centers and in so doing to fin the gap between big cities and pre..
etures. In 1980 the Project "Technopolis", based on the concept of the
me name, \\as published. Essentially, it showed provinces a way of reviv..
Ing their economies because its aim was to fuse technological achievements
\. local traditions, and to secure mutually beneficial combination of ag-
riculture and industry.
The Project was of considerable success. When in 1982 the regIonal
"Technopolis" committee selected 19 towns in 20 prefectures for converting
into technological centers, it turned out that more than a half of claimants
had been rejected.
The "lucky ones" were offered to independently work out projects of
future technopolises for the next stage of selection. The competition was
being waged not for "easy money" from central authorities. Prefectural and
municipal bodies were attracted by the possibilities of self-expression, of
demonstrating hopes, cherished by provincial population. It was a begin-
ning of new relationship between center and periphery.
The question is not about notorious "eliminating differences between
towns and villages". On the contrary, both public opinion and authorities
started to sympathize with those who came out for preserving uniqueness
of every region. Moreover, according to rapidly spreading conviction, the
nght to select regional speciali ation should be delegated from center to
local administrative bodies. Or, at least, their points of view should be taken
by central authorities into account.
It seems that the stat prepared necessary conditions for a new stage
of development, called an "era of regions". This era symboli es a transition
from exogenous to endogenous type of r gional development, in the frame-
"\ ork of which provinces are expected to perform not as extras but as lead-
ing actors.
Naturally, such a transition. has nothing in common with disintegration
o the country, and grwing regional independence does not threaten Japa-
nes e statehood. Two circumstances deserve mention l - ng l - n lh e t .
_ . IS connec lone
FI stly competence del gatl n from top to b ttom is not bei I - d
" f I d.. n ea e
om .. ero level. re ee ura. an municipal authorities are 1 d ,.
dl d . _ f . · a rea y gIven
1m essive p wers econ y, IVr:I IcatIon of moral values bee mes more
nd more incompatIble wIth tradl lonally collectivistic psych logy.
Therefore local autonomy is b in rceived as a eli ble m s p-
s rvin p culiarities and uniqueness of a given re ion. Dece Ii s-
t m 0 govemin is b und to change the mission 0 p ef ctural n mu-
nici ] authorities aterial and financial support 0 busin ss will b e-
placed as their main p litical measure b creating envir nmen f r
entre r neurial activities, ttracting talented individu Is supplyin p pu-
I lion with ad quate living facilities, op ning possibiliti s f r p rticip tion
In planning the future of I cal community.
Be that as it may, ideas of compreh nsive seIf- v rnm nt nd deeon-
centra ion of power igure prominentl among factors stimul ting c ntra}
authoriti s to reduce the scale of their administrativ sence in provinc s.
The interpretation of role, play by provine s that f u ranteeln na-
tional culture's distinctiveness, has app r d owin to m re histicdted
general nd political p pulation's culture and adual fr in f individuals
from he tenets of grou ism, Ibeit with dn ddmixlure 0 romanticism nd
naivety.
t' s too early to ma e final judg ment but" er of re ions" pe spec-
tives. v ill it b come a symbol 0 real overcomin unh dlthy symmetry in
elations b tween central nd provincial uthoriti s or nd up as on more
linguistic cliche doomed to eventual oblivion
There are a lot of opinions on th m tt r. H w ver, it's p r ectly clear
hat state's regulatory powers weakening at all I vels f t rrit ri 1 gOY rn-
ing is irreversible Regions' strengthened immunity a dinst the re inest e -
forts 0 m nipulating \ .th th i indep ndenc i c p bi of p lIin any
im lant ti ns in the m chanism of their functionin fr m out ide con id-
red by local co munities s alien. That is unive I ph nomenon and
therefore stat's activiti s, im t stimul ting r ion) d lopmenl and
ptim' in territorial structur sh uld b di c1 n t t r m Vln unfa-
v urable c fiS quenc s but t pr ntin und irabl incid nt
he in emationali ation pr c sit Us u n J p s
.
el n
1-
-
IC .
erg 5 Ja n, d s it its alli nce with it in t th b innin f
th -1 c ntury an its p r icip ti n in th II nti- min rn t" ith
erm ny and Ital in the hirti s, di no pr d m dny obli ti n a
n 111 d e prefernn tel n R ndin m ni tion ch 1-
lena In th middle of the I -th c n u a n tr v f r If- s rti n
th h hel e p ns. h t indll b u h h c un t c r phic
efe In th S c nd rId
35

urin ar ears Japanes foreign policy e perienced radical
an ,h u h some traditional stereotypes of outside world's perception
ill e iSt. It ould not be an exaggeration to declare that correctly se-
I d and sufficientl flexible diplomatic course turned out to be one of
th r ns of successful economIC development of Japan. In other words,
the unt 's foreign policy was totally subordinated to the task of creating
nomicall mIghty power.
lliance with the United States, intended to bring Japan back into the
s stem of international relations, to guarantee its security, and create pre-
equisites for occupying strong positions in the world markets, became an
im ortant political means of reaching that goal. However, side by side WIth
bvious and considerable advantages the conclusion of this alliance had
one serious shortcoming.
Having placed itself under Washington's shadow Japan was doomed
to a role of respected but not so influential member of global community.
Such a regrettable status generates lack of confidence in contacts with
other states national inferiority complex, and unbelievably provincial pru-
dence in foreign policy.
For instance for a long time the Japanese literally refused to recognIZe
the fact that the above-mentioned alliance evoluted from American domi-
nation of occupation era to the more or less equal partnership. When in
981 premier Suzuki signed in Washington joint communique, which con-
tained a phrase about allied relationship between Japan and the USA, Japa-
nese public opinion was so shocked that Mr. Suzuki had tried clumsily to
eject this wording and f\.1.r. Ito, the foreign minister, had been forced to
take responsibility for what happened and to resign.
Ironically, it was "Nixon shock" at the beginning of the seventies that
dealt a crushing blow to the stereotype of unconditional Japanese depend-
ence on the United States. Nixon's efforts to induce Japan to take inde-
pendent decisions and to put its r:lations with the United States on more
equal footing led Tokyo to reconsIder such key issues as its place in mod-
- e n orid and securiy. As a. resut, a concep.t of "multilateral diplomacy"
has emerged at that tIme, WhIch stipulated active political course addressed
t O nl y to the United States, but also to other countries inc lud e · 1 - t
no d .' Ing SOCIa IS
Ten Y ears later Japan succee ed In creatin g ec _
nes b tw . onomIc potentIal,
h . ch made her world power num er 0 WIth some indica t o .
- t - 1 t ts rs surpassin g
· nes Its Interna lona con ac broadened d
en. t continued to b .. an strengthened
e theless the coun ry e a JunIor partner of the United
States, and this unfortunate situation generated psychological dis m
in national consciousness
The Program of Japanese foreign policy's "internationalIzation",
forward by the then prime-minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, appeared to be in
these ci cumstances quite a natural response. The Prog am stressed the
need for Japan to eventually become world leader and as such met WIth ·
some resistance from varIOUS circles in the country.
Opponents of the Program pointed out that "activization" of Japanese
foreign policy would ineitably lead to unbearable military obligations
while spheres of using military force were narrowing. Since the United
States is interested in stability of Asian-PacifIc region no less than Japan,
they added, Tokyo might as well continue to stay in "American
shadow" .
.
Still, definite steps along the "internationalization road" were undoubt-
edly made. And this process received additional acceleration owing to the
end of the Cold War and appearance of new elements of international re-
lations' system
Elimination of the "Soviet threat", which served as one of the most im-
portant pillars of Japanese-American alliance, made the possibility of Ja-
.
pan's overcoming the "small country syndrome ll much more real. The coun-
try began a search for a new role in the world by using its economic re-
sources for international aid programs and projects.
Taking into consideration the fact that up till now Japan viewed with
extreme caution putting forward its own politicaJ initiatives and spared no
effort to avoid participating in any actions of military character, it was an
epoch-making event.
But having entered the sphere of active global policy Japan itself fac-
ing a rather serious dilemma: should it remain the "Eternal Second" with
all advantages and shortcomings, accompanying the status of American cli-
ent, or strive to b come one of the great powers.
For the present Japan tries to combine both approaches. On the one
hand, it carefully preserves obviously asymmetrical but more and more in-
terdependent relations with the United Stat s. On the other hand, it doe
its utmost to boost its international prestige.
Surely, this is an ambivalent p sture. Howeve , th re are dbsolu el no
grounds for dramati ing controversies, lurking b hind it. It's unh . ely that
they will disappear before the end of the Cll rent century and their trends
a e b und to define Japan's future p sitions on intern tional aren
3

. e.. th co n rstones of Japan's for ign policy was a princIple of i ts
indi IS1 II f
1 .rom econom . This principle was widely used in "managing"
a. ae - lt and Japanese-Russian relations. Now practically the sarne
. InClple IS beIng applied b the United States to American-Japanese rela-
t n ccusing Japan of various economic sins, Americans often fail to no-
tIce n less important problems of political relations, on solving of which
\ orld future strongly depends. One can only put all the hopes on beneficial
effects of Japanese foreign policy's internationalization with its limitless
p sibilities of reasonable compromises.
So, the renovation of Japan, which began in earnest almost half a cen-
tu ago is no\ in full swing. No economic "misfires", no political helter-
skelters can hinder that process. Whether it'll convert Japan into the "world
leader" of the XXI-st century is not of paramount importance. Significantly,
though. that this tiny country could find a way out of postwar chaos and
b persistence and diligence of its people became a model for all the world
to see, to envy, and to emulate.
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tITO B 3TOH OTpaCAH a6coAIOTHO rrpe06AClAalOT MeAb'IaHIIIHe 11 Me1\.K11e XQ-
3 HCTBa B 1989 r. CBbIllie 68°0 X03HHCTB HMeAH He 60Aee 0AHoro ra CeAb-
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CCCP BhlrMIAeAa nOHCTI{He yJKaCdlOm.e. npH HaCeI\eHHH B 287 MAH.qeA.
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aCTaIOero rOCYAapCTBeHHoro yqacTHH.
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np06\eL a HeBepoHTHoH AoporoBH3HbI 3eMAH H, cooTBeTcTBeHHO
h ; rrpo6AeMd 3KOAorHH. 3Aecb y .RnoHHH HaH60AbIllHe TPYAHOCTH, KO
TopbIe HecoMHeHHo, TalOKe He MOryr pernaTbCH 6e3 B03paCTalOI4ero rocy..
pCTBeHHoro yqacTHH. 1 B Ao6aBAeHHe KO BceMY XpOHHQeCKHH AHc6a..
aRC B ccpepax BHeIllHeH TOprOBAH If BaAIOTHbIX IIAaTe>KeM. B 3THX 06Aac..
T ca \. a rrpHpoAa COBpeMeHHbIX MexaHH3MOB TaKOBa, tITO OHa BcerAa
CB 3dHa C onaCHOCTblO pa3pYllIHTeJ\.hHOrO HepaBHOBeCHH H Heo6XOAHMOC"
TblO tep no era npeAOTBpaeHHIO HAH CMHrqeHHIO ero rrOCJ\.eACTBHH. He-
qero Ii paCCqIITbIBaTb Ha ycnex TaKHX Mep 6e3 HerrpepbIBHO COBepmeHCT-
B e loro Ii caMoro aKTHBHoro rOCYAapCTBeHHoro yqacTHH.
nOCKOAhKY TaKOR rrOBopOT 6YAeT AOCTHraTbCH Hd OCROBe ACi.IU>HeHllIe-
F-o IIOBbIIlleHHSI TeXHHqeCKOro ypOBHSI H rrpH nOM0I.l.\Ii YJKe rrpORBHBmeH
CBOIO 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb CHCTeMbI perylllipoBaHHH, rrpdBHTeAbCTBeHHoe Yrr-
paBAeHHe 3KOHOMKtleCKoro IIAaHHpOBdHHH (Y3n) paCCqRTbIBaeT Ha AaAb-
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re 
AhIBaeTCSI rOTOBHOCTb K HX rrpeOAOAeHHIO Hd AeMO Kp aTHqeCKO aCHOBe, TO
Tb rr p " YCHAeHHH Beex BRAOB peryAHpoBaHIDI, HO TOAbKO B pa KaX
ec " 6
npeo6AaAdHIDI :acTHoH co CTBeHHoeTH Ii KOHKypeHTHblx TOBdpHo-AeHe -
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 I
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I
1) I1.A.foHtJapoB. C06p.coq. B 6 TOMax, T.2, M., 1972, DH6AHOTeKa "DroHeK", crp.6.
2) MaTepHaAbl XXII cne3Aa Knee, MocKBa. rOCnOAHTH3AaT, 1961, CTp.368.
3) OAHH lt3 caMhlX SlpKHX npHMepoB oUhSlBAeHHe eTaAHHhlM npoBeAeHHO" B 193
roAY nepenHC:M HaceAeHUSI Ae4>eKTHoH. npHqHHa COCTOAAa B TOM, 'ITO B pe3YAbTaTe l'eHOl\HAa
KO.I\AeKT:MBH3aI.\HH H nOCAeAYJOIltero MaccoBoro YMeplltBAeHHSI '1UCAeHHOCTb HaceAeHI DO
cpaBHeHIUO C KOHI\OM npeAhlAytI.\ero AeCS1THAeTHB He YBeAU'IHAiiCb. HaqaAbHHK L\eHTpaALHO-
ro ynpaBAeHHB HapOAHO-X03S1HCTBeHHoro }"IeTa (L\YHXY) H.A.KOBaAL, PYXOBOAHBW H nepe-
nHCblO, 6hIA paCCTpeMIH. 0 npHHYAHTeAhHbIX <paAhCHCPHKdl\JUIX nOAO}f{eHH.SI B Kan TaAHCT -
qeCKHX crpaHax CM.: ItBcnOMHHaeT B.I1.KanAaH", IIMHpOBMI 3KOHOMHxa H MeJI(AynapoAHb e
OTHoweHHB Il 1992, N 7.
) He.t\L3S1 He OTMeTHTb ':ITO ny6AHKaI.\HSI TaKoro pOAa <paAhCHcj>HD.HpOBaHHLIX AaHHLIX
OTHOCHTC$I He TOAbKO K npOWAOMY, HO H K HaCTOBl1.\eMY. TaK HanpHMep, B "npaBAe" OT 1
HIOAA 1992 r. B CTaTbe 0AHOro H3 pyxoBOAHTeAe" TaK Ha3LJBaeMOH Pa60qe-KpeCTbSlHcKoH co-
D.ltdAJJCTHttecKoH napTHH J\..EHpJOKoBa COO6IltaAOCb, 'lT0 B 1951- 1983 IT. cpeAHeroAoBhle
Te MDld npnpoCTa npoMbIllIAeHHoH npoA}'XI\HH COCTa MJAH B npOl\eHTax: B CCCP 8,; eIlIA
- - 3,7; B APyrHx pa3BHThIX KanHTaAHCTHqeCKHX CTpaHax ,2; CeAbCKOX03 "CTBeHHO.... npo-
AYKI.\Hlt CQOTBeTCT eHHO 3,1; 1,5; 1,8. HeCAOJKH1:dH paCqeT nOKa3blBaeT 'lTO np TaKOr. COOT-
II
OlOe""" TeMnOB cecp AO eH 6hJA 6h1 YJKe B 70-x roAax AoruaTL eWA.
5) ItJapan Almanac", Tokyo, t 99 , p.I02.
6) ItAPryMeHTbJ H <f>aKTbJ", 1991, N 6, crp. .
7 ) " 11
3BeCTH II 5 anpeM1 1990 no AaHHblr. BceMHpHoro 6aHKa 199 r. 0 OAhI Ha yw
lIace.AeHn
Sf B cpeAHeM no 15 CTp HaM 6h1Bwero eecp yn no cpaBHeHHJO c npeAhlAYJ.Q
l'oAOM lIa 17% t COCTaBIfAH 680 AOM.. Hd '1eAOBe a npoT B 26920 AOM.. B nOHUIt f -5 0
AOM. B CiliA
BpeM 8) C ., HanpHMep: H.K.Bepel1.\arnH, 3aKoH npU6aBO'lHOH eTOH ocru CAO co-
.1<011 3:""°1'0 anHTaAU3"tall M., 1966; M.<D.KoBaAeBa "K Bon eTOAOAOrn nOAHTH'IeC-
0"0 H KaDwr II M 1969 301
9) " aAH3Ma,." CTJ>. ·
Japan. An Intern tionaJ Comparison", 1993, p.1 .
T eTH.... Dhan Y D aShen ·
1 992-1996 Be. aSHeHH
Ta6Auqa 8
"-
3 OHOMll'leCKoro DhaD pOBaH t
C 1988-199 rr.) (8 ° 0 ° 0 )
1988- 1992 1992-1996
 ---. .............. 1
.3,7
,75
.
1.50
2,50
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3 . 5 '" .J'
.'. ,
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u
3,75
,200'
. . .
. ,
2,25
cmOIlHUX" The Nikkei Weekly, 0 .0 . 99 , p. 3.
ace oTpeHHoe BbIllie nOCAeBoeHHoe 06HoBAeHHe 3KOHO qeCKOr O
e aH 3 a H Bce" 06ll\eCTBeHHOH >KH3HH 51noHH AdeT OCHOBdH e IT eA-
n araTb qTO Td oro pOAa rrporH03bl IIAaR J HOCSIT pedJ\. CTHqeCK oJ a-
e . Bce  MO Ii rrp" Bcex pd3PYIlIHTe.J\bHhIX Ae  CTB" oHO-
CT 1.1 C O-MacpH03HbIX CHA, np Bcex HAY14HX C IDe CTOp RbIonae c-
n
9

0) . .1>0\0 H (" P emLJ 4>aKTLJ" 1991, N 3). "CT THCT ka CBIIA
e-
m E. .1>0 OTIIH, 'lT0 CTOAL BblCOK , aK Y Da ,AOMl pacXOAOB !la n
It..
( ),  D8AHoe pODeHCKHX CTpaH OTMe'liL\acL 10
8H t .. .W 'ICT
,a
\ H .
8) jf{.CTaAH H . "3 OHOMH'I
952 CTp.35- ·
1 '9) K.Map c cI>.3HreAhC, CO'l., T. , crp.43 ·
30) T M e,T.23, CTp.113.
31) B.Ii.AeHH H . nec, T.36, crp.269.
32) B.I1.AeHH H . nee, T. 0, p.136-137. "
33) "KoK}'caH XHKaKY TOK3H , TOKHO, 1989, CTp.88. Japan. An Intern ti n I om
" 1992 p.82.
son '3 ) a.Ii.AeHHH. nee, T.t2, CTp.81.
35) MapJ<c, 3HreAJ£, AeH H. Knee 06 ynp BAeUHH 3KOHO HKO . M., 19 9, crp. .
35 )B.Ii.AeHHH. nee, T.33, crp.83.
36) "Ho hiD M p". 1990, N 8, CTp.I82.
37) CDen.HaAbHhlD aH8AH3 :nOD npo6AeMaTHKH CM.: C.B.BparHHC "', 1I.A.ne 3 e .
't o H'IeeK 3KOHOMHjf: AHCKYCCHOHHbJe npo AeMbI, nyrH 06HO AeH . M., 1991.
oAHT v
38) Pe"lh HAeT He TOAbKO 0 c<l>epe 3KOHOMHKH, HO H 0 ee BcerAaWHeH CBSl3H co ce
APyrHMH c<l>epaMH 06II(eclBeHHOH JKH3HH. "MbI DHwer aMepHKaHC.KHH 3KOHOMHCT Co-
IJ.HOAor A.Ep3MXOM He MOJKeM npoAO aTh 06paII(aTLCSI K Dpo6AeMaM 3KOUO H , on ...-
p(ljJCh Ha TaKHe 3rJUIALI, KOTOpbJe He B COC1"OSlHHH )"IecTL B3aHMOC Sl3aHHOCTH Bcex eH
o61I\eCTBeHHOB 3HH" ("Marx, Schumpeter, Keynes. A Centenary Celebration of Dissent
NY, 1986, p.59). ...
39) npH oDpoce, DpoBeAeHHoM B Mae 1986 r. BeAOMCTBOM 061.l.\eCTBeHHhIX OTHOllJeHB
np" npeMbep-MHHHCTpe SlnoHHH, 0,2% onpomeHHbIX OTHecAH ce6J1 I< BepxHeMY KAaccy; 8 6
K HHJKHeMY H 87,6% I< cpeAHeMY KJ\accy, B TOM 'IHCAe 51,8% JC cpeAHeii tlaCTH cpeAHero
KMcca (K.E.Calder "Crisis and Compensation. Public Policy and Political Stabi1itity in Japan,
1946-1986; 1986, Princeton, p.441. B crpaHax 3anClAa pe3YALTaTbI ODpoca npHMepHo TaXHe
en
1\
con.
.
.,
11 e hJ a., 1992, N 587, crp.3.
o ca. Kal\. 0 3...." (Me . apoAHaJi 31<0UO H'IeCKaJI CTaTHCTHKa), TOkJt
0,
1 , .3; 0 H X03'" CT 0 CCCP", 1990, c.604-636.
3 3 eCL aAhwe D.H<I>PhJ B3 hi 83 "Japan An International Cornpanson" , Tokyo,
1 ,1 ,1 3, a Ta e Jt3 "Japan Almanac", 1994.
1 ) It Japan Almanac", 199 , p.121.
15) "}lnoHHSI 0 ce6e H MHpe", AaHA1KeCT, N 6, MapT 1993. M. "SlnoHHjf ceroAHs", CTp.6 ,
"Ja n Almanac", 1993, p.l11.
1 ) C.B. ap apLHH "CeALCKOX03HHCTBeHHaSi J<.oonepaD.HJI B SlnoHHH", M., 1915; ee ,e,
"Ha HO-TeXHH'IecKHH nporpecc B CeA.hCKOM X03S1HCTBe .RDOUHH", M., 1981. Coop puca c 10
a po BbIpOC c 219 Kr B KOHD.e npolUAoro BeKa AO 310 xr B CpeAHeM 1940-1949 r. H AO 504
19 (Japan Almanac, 1994, p.131); 'IHCJ\eHHOCTb HaCeJ\eHH , 3aIDIToro B CeAbCKOM XO-
3 ncrBe, COKpaTHAaCL C 12 MAD. 'leA. B 1960 1'. AO 3,9 MAH. B 1990 1'. (Japan Almanac, 1993,
p.tl0).
17) HapoAHoe X03HHcrBO eccp 3a 70 AeT, M., 1987, CTp.t3.
18) "Japan. An International Comparison", 1993, p.30. "KOKYCaH xHKaKY TOK3H", TOKHO,
1989, crp.I23.
19) CM.: "HapoAHoe X03S1HCTBO ecep 3a 70 Ae1'''. M., 1987, CTp.646.
0) "Japan. An International Comparison", 1988, p.8. B 1990 1'. npoAOAJKHTeALHOCTL
3HU B 5100HBB B03pocAa AO 76 Ae1' Y M)T)K'IHH H 82 roAa Y >KeHIl\HH. {"Japan. An Interna-
tional Comparison", 1993, p.8}.
21) BOT 'fT0 roBOpHTCSI DO 3TOMY DOBOAY B OAHOM H3 HeAaBHHX 0630pOB JlDOHCKOH 3KO-
HOMHKH: "nO_OpeJKHeMY, OAHOH H3 rAaBHhIX 3BAa'l SlDOHCKOro npaBHTeAbCTBa BBASleTCJI DO-
Bb1WeHHe ypOBJUI JKH3HH HaCeAeHHSI. YAyqweHHe ero Ka'JecTBa, 'lT0, B DepByx> O'lepeAh, CBSI-
3aHO C Dpo6eMoH JKHALSI.
v v ow
Ao HaCTOSl1I.\ero BpeMeHH OCHOBHOH HAeeH smOHCKOH 3KOHOMHKH 6L1J\.o TO, "ITO npHHe-
ceHDe ,epTBY ypoBHH )J{H3HH HaceAeHHSI MO eT cnoC06cTBOBaTL, B onpeAeAeHHoH CTeDe-
H Aoem "eHHJO 6LJCTpLJX TeMDOB pOCTa 3KOHOMHJ<H, ee KOHKypeHTHOCnoc06HoCTH H 3«p-
<Pe BHOCTH '170 B CBOIO o'iepeA L , CKa.>KeTCSJ Ha ypoBHe 3HH Hal\HH B 6YAY1I.\eM. PLlHOq.
H 3KOHOMHKa HnoHuH oCY1l\eCTBHAa 3TY HAelO Ha npaKTHKe, 'nO n03BOAHAO CTpaHe CTaTb
o HOH H3 nepBhlx B MHpe. OAHaKo CeH'IaC JlDOHI\:bJ Bce 60Aee Oco3HaJOT, 'lT0 KatleCTBO HX
3HH 6 AO npllHeceHo B epTBY. 31'0 OT'JeTAHBO BHAno Ha qroHe O'JeHh 60AblUOD npoAOA.
eAbHOCTH pa60'lero AIUI H OTHOCmeALHoro OTCTaBaHHSI B rpaJKAaHCKoM CTpOHTeA.bCTBe H
c03AaHHH COD.HaALHO H HHpaCTPYKTYPhJ". (HnoHIDI 0 ce6e H MHpe. AaHAJKeCT. N 8, M., 1993,
CTp 61).
22) "Japan. An International Comparison". 1993, p.85.
23) "Japan. An International Comparison", 1988, p.28.
2 ) Ta e, p. 5.
25) TaM e, 1993, p.l ·
26) CM. 06 3TOM ".SInoHcKaSi 3KOHOMHKa B npeMBepHH XXI BeKa", M., 1991, FA.n.
27) B 197 J"OAY B 51DoHluf HMeAO Me<:1'O He OTOpoe CHHJReHHe npOMLIl1JAeHHoro DPO-
OACT BHn, CBSl3aHHOe HCKAJO'IJITeAbHO C MHpOBhlM neqnJlHhlM KpH3HCOM (pe3KHM DO.
blweHHe u. eH Ha nett> b crpaHaM OnEK) U He HMe Wee HH'Iero o61ltero C IJ,HKAH1JeC
TO paMI ·
-
JKe.
40) K.A.MaKKoHeJ\ H C.n.EpJO. "3JCOHOMHKC. npHHD.Hnbl, np06AeMLI H nOAHTHKa ,
nepeBoA C aHrAHHCKOro. M., 1992, T.t, CTp.384.
41) The Political Economy of Japan, Stanford, 1987, vo).1 ("The Domestic Transfonn -
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KHHI'e "3KoHoMHKa H 06I.qeCTBo. HOBLIe SlDOHCKHe HCCAeAOBaHHSI. Petj>epaTH HldB CoopH ",
M., 1990, H3AaHHe HHI10H AH cecp.
2) CM. CDHCOJ( AHTepaTYPbI.
3) A.Grad, "Land and Peasant In Japan", NY, 1952, p.48- 9.
) OrMeTHM, 'lT0 B HaCTOJll.l.\ee BpeMB TaKoH TO'lKH 3peHH npHAepJKHBalOTCB MHome
HlJOHCKHe }T'IeHLle, crOB IlJHe B npolIJAOM (HAD npoAOAJKaJOI.l.\He CTOSITh B HaCTOJll.l.\ee Bpe&Ul)
Ha MapKCHCTCKHX n03HIJ,IDIX. 31'0 oTpa1KeHO B 'IaCTHOCTH B rAaBe P.Dore and T.Ouchi "Rura)
9ins of Japanese Fascism" ("AepeBeHcKoe dPOHcxo.eHHe nOHcKo.J'O 4>awH3Ma") B KHHre
demmas of Growth in Prewar Japan, ed. James Wdham Morley, Pnnceton, 19 1.
5) <I>a.WHCTcKHe oapTHH H OpraHH3aQHH nOA}"IHAH HH eM DaAaTe Bcero 5 e<:T,
 -
a kdK 'IHCAO AenyraTo OT AeBLIX DapTHH DO'fT YABOHAOCL H COCTa AO 23, a 3 yx
KOHce p B 0 P T
TIt HLIX napTH" Kpynny10 D06eAY OAep aAa OTHOCJtTeALHO yMepeHHaJI a
MJUiC3HT 
0, nOA}"fHBIDa 205 MaHAaTO npOTHB 17 y 60Aee 6AH3KO JC MOHapxoaw CTCKH
clL\a.M C3HIOKaH.
SIn 6) CM. 06 TOM: B.M.raiiAap. "HaIJ,HOH CTH'IecKiUI 4>HAOCO<l>H B AYXOBHOH 3H
OIiOU h , M. 1989.
1) OM n4>o p M CV1l1eCTBOBaBwee B 19 7-1956 IT. HH(j>OpMan. 0 Hoe 6JOpo 0 £ -
liJtCT J 
'ICkHx pa6o'l DaPTJtH (Knee H PSlAa e poneHCKHX CT H). ng B KOMHHcpop He
95

c
..
b1
D 3
r
o 0 0 C'IJrraAO pemeH KOMHH<I> p a (<I>aKT qeCKH QK KneC) AkJ
o
..
63) TaM e, crp.l1. .
) 51uoHC dB 3KOHoMHKa npeM epHH XX 1 e a, CT .
:5) nOAPo6HO 06 3TOM CM.: T.MopHMOTO "EoALlDa H 0
C.B.EparH HC H "KpeHet"a n07HK B DOHHHn, M., 1 9;
B up MBepHH XX 1 e.a, I t '" ti ,rA ) aBa C tI · n 8
66) Japan, 1 3. An n erna ona omp nson ,p. ·
67) TaM e, p.83.
68) ::no 6b1AH CapapHMdH CHHTO (Ho aft DapTIUI HaeMHLIX p TH 0) A;33
(HaAoroBafl napTHfl), OTHflBUJHe y l\.AJI. Ha BLl60pax DaAaTy co eTH" 0 1 roA 0 0 0
MHMIfOHOB I'OAOCOB Kd)f(AdSl.
ABYX 69) CM.: · nOAHTHqeCKHU acneKT HMOroBO" pe<p<>PMLI B noHHH" ("l1AeHHO-nOJ\HT qec
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J{H II a XX 1 " X '
70) CM. TaJOKe 3KOHOMHKd .nnOHHH npeMBepHU BeKa, .OKYMYPd, KopDopa-
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73) J.Abegglen, G.Stalk, op.cit.
7 ) 0 "AOKA8A e Ma3KdBd" H 06 aAM HHHC7 pdTHBHo-4>HHaHcoBoH pe<l>oPMe 80-x roAo
CM.: "foCYAdPCTBO H 3KOHOMHKd pa3BHTLIX KdnHTaAHCTH'JecKHX crpaH 80-x roAax,
MM3MO, M., Hayxa, 1989 r., rJ\.dBd 13 (M.B.EacK8KOBa, "noHHSI: DODhITKa MOAH<jJH aD.HH
It )
CHCTeMhI peryAHpOBaHID1 "
75) B.K.3au:o.eB nHllJeT: "no CBOHM MaCllJTa6aM H 36Aa'JaM 3 0 C MblH aM6H1\B03HbI:H
DAaH caMo06HOBJ\.eHIDI, KOTOpblU KOrAa-AH60 npHHHMaACH KaKoH-AH60 crpaHOH" ("Mexa-
HH3M peaAH3al\HH AOCTH ,eHUH Ha}"lHO-TeXHHqeCKoro nporpecca B 3KOHOMHKe DOHHHn AHC-
cepTaHSI, 3iUl\HlI\eHHaSl B I1M3MO B 1991 r., crp.38). AaHHLlH DAaH npeACTaBMIA C060B pa3-
BHTHe " KOHKp eru3a l\HJO DAaHa C1'pOHTeAbC1'Ba TeXHODOAlICOB, TO eCTb nepeXOA OT open -
ll.\eCTBeHHO 4>yrypOAOTH'leCKoro K pedAHC7H'IeCKOMY llAaHHpoBaHuJO.
76) CM. np03BY'laBIlIYJO Ha Beeb MHp KUHry aMepHKaHcKoro HCCAeAOBaTeAH 33pbJ Bo-
I'eMI "HnOHIDI, KaK nepBa5I B MHpe" (Ezra Vogel "Japan as number one", 1980,). C . TalOKe
,, II n
..:1KOHOMHKa H nOAHTHKa CTpaH cOBpeMeHHoro KanHTaAH3Ma: SlnoHHSI , rA. Y. SlnOHCKa5I 3KO-
HOMHKa B npeMBepHH XXI eKa, M., 1991, TA.2 H 7.
77) nOAP06HO 06 3TOM CM.: B.CDaHAapSlH "AeAoBaH nOHHjI", M., 1991, rA.1.
78) "3HaKOMbTeCb HnoHHH", M., 1992, CTp. 68-83
79) Galbraith G.K. American capitalism. The Concept of Countervailing Power, NY,
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80) B POCCHHCKOM DOHOBeAeHHH eAHHCT eHHoH cuen.HaAbHOH pa60TOB, DocBsu.qeHHoH
TaKoro pOAa np06AeMdTHKe, SIB '"eTCH 6pOlliJOpa-0630p B.M.HeC7beBa "rpaJKAaHCKHe e-
HIUI B 5I.nOHH H ", M., 1975. ,
Se 81) Pe'lL HAeT 0 KHHre S.Verba, N.H.Nie, J.Kim "Participation and Politica) Equality:
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-r: HHM 03 o6pa3l\OB yno HHaBllJeHCH BlJWe HO OH 061I.\eCTBeHHO v HayJ<H KOMDapaT B C-
KH.
:: K.E.Kalder, ibid., p.18 185.
8 ) .MapKc <I>.3HreAbc. CO'l., T.23, C7p.l 9.
85 I1XOH ,3HA3aH CHM6yu", 0.04.1992.
) NI ei Week] ,07.11.1992, p. .
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C. . .hOBaAeHKO. "O'lepKJ cropHH KOMM)'HHCTH'IeCKOH napTHH HuOH H nOC
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50) Xap6JcrepHo, 'lT0 e nOCAe 3a.KAJOqeHHH C6H-<!>paHl\ CCKOro MHpHOro AoroBo p a
6e " h
a "7a 30naCHOCTH CTaJ\HH HanpaBHA HaCKB03b Altl\eMepHOe HOBoroAHee (K HOBOMy 1952
roA ) nOCAaHHe smOHCKO y HapoAY, cocraBAeHHoe cOBepweHHo B TOM JKe Ayxe 'lT0 H YDo-
HaBllJMlC h me CTaThH B ra3eTe KOMHH<I>opMa.
51) B COBeTCKOH J\.HTepa-rype Ha 60Aee oOCrosrreAbHhlH aHaAH3 nOAHTH1JeCKHX C06L1THH
DOC e oeHHhIX AID CM. B: "I1CTopIDI $InoHHH (19 5-1975 )", M., 1978.
5 ) PHcy rAaBHYJO oco6eHH0C7b nOCAeBoeHHoro B3aHMOAeMC7BIDI roCYAapCTBa H 3](0-
o , K.KaJ\A3p DHweT: "B nepHOA BLICOKHX TeMno pOCTa. OpHeHTHpYSlCL, rAaBHLlM 06-
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, cYAocrpoeHHe H He<f>TeXHMIDI. HHAYCTpHaALHaH 3KOHOMHKa SlnoHHH OKa3ldBaAaCb Bce
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B3aH 03a CHMOCTH rocYAapcrBa H 3KOHOMHKH. CKAilAblBaBlliasicSI Ha caMOM BIdCOKOM M8K-
oypo He KopDopaTHBHCUI crpaTernB, OC06eHHO B TOM qaCT ,B K6KOM OHa 3aBHCeAa OT AOA-
rocpO'IHbIX nepCneKTHB Ha OTAHtJaJOll\HXCSI HeOnpeAeAeHHOCTbJO MHpOBLIX phlHKax, ecJ'ecr-
eHHO YCHAHBaAa OTpHl\aTeAbHoe OTHOllieHHe 6H3Heca ]( 60AblllHM nOJ\.HTH1JeCKHM nepeMe-
Ha . J\ornKa 3TOH crpaTentH 6hlAil TaKOBa, 'lT0 6H3Hec crpeMHACH nparMaru'leCKHM 06pa30M
orpaHH'IHBaTbCB He60ALllJHMH DOAHTH'IeCKHMH nOABH)KJ{aMH, JKeJ\.6TeAbHhlMH /!!,MI He3AHTHbIX
rpynn B HHTepeCax 6o.lU>llJero paBeHC7Ba, npeAynpe}KAiUJ TaKHM 06pa30M B npaBBJ..QHX nap-
SIX TaJrne nepeMeHbl, KOTOpb1e AMI AeJ\.OBOro MHpa BAeKAH 6b1 3a co60Ji HeonpeAeAeHHOCTb
He3<p(j>eKTHBHOCfb". (K.E.Kalder ibid; p. 42-443).
53) "npaBAa", 27.02.1989.
5 ) nOAP06HeH CM.: C.B.BparnHcKHH H .H.A.neB3Hep "nOAHTH'JeCKa1I 3KOHOMIDI: /i)'fc-
cc OHHbJe np06J\.eMlJ H nyrH 06HoBAeHIDI", M., 1991, q.Ill.
55) C .: I1AB AH CCCP "HHc:popMan.HoHHhlM 610MeTeHb N 5. 3KOHOMH'IeCKHe TeopHH
npo6J\.eMh1 co6cTBeHHocrli B KHP"; IO.CaBeHKoB, "PH<pbl B Mope plJHKa. KHTaHCKHH cne-
HapHH 3XOHOMH'IeCKOH pe<}>OpMlJ". "H3BecTIDI", 02.11.92, "<I>ouaHCOBlJe 113BeCTIUJ", 2 -
29.12.92, crp.5.
56) .M.BoJ\.KO ,  ejI: :0I\HaALHO-3OHOMH'JecKaB MOAeAL, M., 1991, CTp.19.
5) KOKYMHH K3HA3aH X3HcaH 83 no (E eroAHHK Hal\HOHaAbHOH 3KOHOM '1ecKoii
CTaT CT KB), TOKHO, 1919, crp.8.
58) The 19 0 National Wealth SUJVY of Japan, Summary", Tokyo, 1915. p.ll.
59) nOAPo6HO CM. M.B.Da;Ka ,oBa, .HnoHHB: nODhITKH MOAHcJ>HKa:o.HH CHCTeMlJ pery-
o ID1) (rJ\. sa 13 "KHHJ'e rOCYAapCTBO 3KOHOMH"leC oe pa3BIITHe KaDHTaAHCTHq -
CTp 90-x I'OAax ), M., 1989.
60) C . CD COK J\.HTepa-ryphl.
6 ) CpeA P 60T pOCCHHCKHX SlDOHOBeAOB 3AeCb Ha nepBoM MeC1' A TA K Bne-
e KHHrH .rl. p
'I "06II.teCTBeHHoe npeADPHHHMaTeAbCTBO B SlnoHHH" (M" 1988 ) Ii M B r_  "Hn o -
II M · .D<1C ,aKO 0
: cy pCT 0 H Ha ODAeHHe XaDH7a.Ad, ., 1976.
2) B. .P oc rocvAapcT eHHa5I co6CTBeHHoC7L.sIn ..
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H306peTeHHe Be'IHOrO ABHraTeJUI. Aa H Ha ypOBHe OTAeALHbIX TOBapOB aHa-
AH3 AHHaMHKH 3<P<P eK THBHOCTH rrpOH3BOAcTBa Bce 60Aee 3aTpYAIDIeTC
B03pOCIlIHMH MHoroo6pa3HeM H pa3HopOAHOCTblO, AHBepCH<I>HHpOBaH-
HOCTblO pecypCOB, C OAHOR CTOpOHbI, H Cy6DeKTHBHOCTblO pb HOt{HOH
oeHKH rOTOBoro rrpoAYKTd, C ApyrOH.
B CBeTe CKd3d HR oro Borrpoc 06 3<p<peKTHBHOCTH HaHOHa.J\.bHOH 3KO-
HOMHKH, d TOtlHee Bonpoc 0 ee KpHTepIDIx nepepaCTaeT B cOBepmeHHo
oco6yro TeOpeTH'IecK}'IO npo6AeMy, Tpe6yroUWK> OTAeAbHOrO AeTaAbHOrO
paccMoTpeHHH. 3Aecb }J(e MOJKHO AHIIlb OTMeTHTb, 'lTO KaK CBHAeTeAbCTBY-
eT npaKTHqeCKHH OnbIT rrOC.J\eAHHX AeCHTHAeTHH, npHpoAHbIe, eCTeCTBeH-
Hble cpaKTophI, HClAeAeHHOCTb eCTeCTBeHHbIMH pecypcaMH no Mepe 3KOHO-
MHQeCKoro pd3BHTHH H nporpecca HHTepHaHOHaAH3aHH HrpmoT Bce
MeHbIIIyIo pOAb B AOCTHJKeHlfH KOHeqHbIX pe3YALTaToB. POAL e HCTOPH-
'leCKHX, opraHH3aq OHRbIX H HIITeMeKTYaAbHbIX <paKTopoB, HarrpOTHB,
B03pacTaeT. ·
C 3TOM TO'IKH 3peHIDI HMeRHO KOHeQHbIH pe3Y.J\.bTaT 3KOHOMHqeCKOH
aKTHBHOCTH 06ru:ecTBa B BRAe KOMlIAeKCHO nOHHMaeMoro ypOBHH H3HH
ero 1iAelIOB, a TalOKe ero AHHaMHKH B pa3pe3e MeJKAYHapOAHbIX conOCTaB-
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1) aKT l'iec ,} ,0AHa 0, HeKoTopbIX (HO He BO Bcex) CA}"IaIDC. TOBnapLI, npOH3BOAlte
co eHHoro DOTp 6AeHH , a TaK e nOKa3L1BaeMLle caMOM}' ce6e YCAyrH (Hanp8ep
o aHJ e c06CTBeHHoro tAbSl) ce e BK.I\JO'IaJOTC B COOTBeTCTByJOIl\He arperaTIJ
'-"
 v
) nomrr U1 " HBecTHI.\H II co peMeHHOH 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH TeopHH TpaKTyloTcH X8.J(
6we, 3aTpaTLI AOJ\.rOCp01JHOro xapaJ(']'epa, HMeJOlI\ne l\ehLlO DOA}"IeHHe AOXOA& B 6YAeM.
B TO C bJCAe He TOAbKO npOIJ3BOACTBeHHble KaDHTaAOBAO eHUB, HO H npoCTM Te3ftBPiUUuJ
<PoP e HaKOnAeHJUJ MarepHaAbHYX 3anaCOB, B TOM 1JHCAe H BLlHYJRAeHHoro, MO)KeT pac-
..,
C aTpJfBaThCSI KaK opMa HHBeCTHl\HH.
3) CYA3 -A3 HPY HHXOH-HO JUIKyH3H (HnoHHB 3d 100 her B l\u<l>pax), TOKHO, 1987, c.82.
85; HUXOH TOK3H r3nno, 1993, N ,c.153.
) Japan Almanac, 1993, Tokyo, 1992, p.267.
5) KOKYMHH K3HA3aH K3HcaH H3MOO 1992 (EJKeroAHHK cHcreMLI C1JeTOB Han.HOHaALHojj
3KOHOMHKH 1992 ), TOKno, 1992, c.l09.
6) TaM ,e, c.83.
7) HUXOH K3HA3aU Kom. CHHoxapa MHex3H X3H. (AeH no SlnoHcKoH 3KOHOMHKe.
nOA peAaKl\HeH M.CHHoxaphl), TOKHo, 1986, c.21.
8) CM. 06 :nOM: HHXOH K3HA3aH Kom, c.20.
9) Japan 1992. An International Comparison, Tokyo, 1992, p.30.
10) nOAP06HO 06 3TOM CM.: HnoHcKaSJ 3KOHOMHKa B npeMBepHH XXI BeKa. M., 1991,
c.6-52.
11) CM. 06 3TOM, HanpHMep: T.CaKaIDI, tJTO Taxoe HnoHIDI? M., 1992, c.62-63.
12) 3aMeTHM, 'ITO H cOAep*all\He B ce6e CKOAbKO yroAHo BbJCOKHe HMom, H He COAep-
JKaIl\He HHKaKHX HaAOroB, H cy6cHAHpOBaHHhle roCYAapcTBOM l\eHhJ paBHOH CTeneHH HD-
ASlJOTC phlHO'lHhlMH, ec.I\H 06ecOe'lHBaJOT paHoBecHe MeJKAY cnpOCOM H npeMO eHHeM.
ECAH JKe B pe3YhbTare cy6cHAHPOBaHIISJ cnpoc Ha TOBap Ha1JHHaeT npeBLlWaTh HMeJOIQeecg
npeMO eHHe II no HH3KOH, cy6cHAlIpOBaHHOH l\eHe npH06peCTH ero MOryT y e He ce JKe-
A.aJOIl\He CAeAaTb 3TO DOTpe6HTeAH, TO AaHHa5ll\eHa YJKe He MO)Re1' CQHTdTbCSJ PLlH01JHOH, '1'1'0,
CTporo I'OBOpSl, cAeAyeT }"IHTbIBaTh H np" nOAc'JeTe BHn.
13) CYA3H-A3 MHPY HHXOH-HO X51KyH3H, c.77.
t ) naAeHHe pLlH01JHOH CTOHMOCfH 3eMAH B nOCAAAHH e AD 68 0
 a roAa, 0 KOTOpOM nOApo
roBoplITCB B C7aThe C..6parnHcKoro II K.HHCHAhl elite He wrU X
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, J\H aHllleM 6YAYJ..qeM AoA>KHO C
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15) Bonpoc 0 TOM, 'ITO SlBAAeTCSJ B HaC1'OSlll\ee B p eMJI . 
rAaBHhlM HCTO'lHHKO H pecypc01"
3 ,OHO H'lee oro pocra, Bo06l1.\e O'JeHb HHTepeceH AB ro
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C'rlVLo a HAJJ HX COBOKynHOCTH B CHC1'eMe Xo" 3a nOAOJKeHHe 3KOHOMH'leCJ<oro
y 'V  3S1HCTBeHHhlX II CO v J< p yr
ero ( me) B03MO ocreu, HTyHIJ,IUI \/Meuu I.\HaALHbIX OTHoweHHH,
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P I\ . A,MJ TOro 'J"J'o6b1 8AeKBaTHO onJtChIBdT LlTIDI, AaJKe DC OAOnt1JCC
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, T.l, crp 137.
f oJCJJo, 1 rrrn 1 45-161.
) T ' ....r.
) T M e, crp.79; 1 3; 1 9-161.
) T M e, CTp.95.
8) T.A.Bisso n Prospects for Democracy in Jap D. L. 19 9
9) r-abon senryo juyo bunsbo, T.I, crp.19-85. ' p.l00
10) Nibon senryo bnsbo. T.2, crp.5-6.
11) T.A.Bisso n , O.CIt., p.l-13:. .
12) T.A.Bisso n Jbatsu DISsolution ID JapaD, Berkeley & Lond
13) H PQAHoe X03BHCTBO CCCP B 1990 r. M., 1991, CT . on. 195 · p. 5.
p.. · Bonpocw 3KOHOMMX N.
8, 1992, crp. '., k .. .. ·
14 ) GendaJ Nlbon elZal-no tenka). Kenai kikakucho 9 · h -
oJunens 1 (Pa3BHTH
., no c 08 3KOHOMHKH. K DRTHAecwntAeTHeMy J06HAelO Y e co pe en-
)JoM 76 npa AeHIDJ 3K080 H'IecK
DAaHHpoBauHSI), TOKHO. 1.9 . CTp.61.6-t9.. oro
15) Sbiryo: sengo N)bon-no kerzaJ selsaku koso. OCHOBHlde 'I
_ ep1'h1 3KOHOM 'IeCXOH no
AJJTHJ(H B nOAeBoeHOJJ SlnoHHB (M8TepHaALJ) T.2. CTp.5. -
16) Seng o keizai sbi, sokan-hen (l1crop" nOCAeBoeHHOH 3KOHO 6 v
.. liKH. 0 1qHH 0630p),
TO)(80, 1957. crp.68-69.
17) T.Nakamura. Nihon-no keizai tosei. p.147.
18) John R.Stewart, Notes on tbe Economic Aspects of the Allied Occupation of Japan
New York. 1947, p.42-43.
19) Nihon senryo juyo bunsbo. T.2. crp.27-29.
20) nOAC'IJtTaHO no A8HHLJM: Gendai Nihon keizai-no tenkai. crp.26. 578.
21) Sengo Keizai sbi, sokan-hen, CTp.213-215.
22) Sengo keizai seisakuron-no soten (AHCK)'CcHoHHble np06AeMbJ nOCJ\eBoeHHOIt 3)(0-
HOMH'IecKOH nOAHTHKH), TOJ(HO. 1980. CTp.65.
23) Shiryo: sengo Nibon-no keizai seisaku OSO. T.l. CTp.
24) Shiryo: sengo Nihon-no keizai seisaku koso, T.2, CTp.5.
25) Sengo Nibon-no shihon cbikuseki to kigyo keiei (HaKonAeHHe KanHTaJ\a H ynpaB-
J\eHne npeAJ]pn THjJMH B nocAeBoeHHoH $InOHltH), TOKHO. 1957. CTp.15. 17.
26) T.Coben. Remaking Japan: American Occupation as New Deal. New York. 1987.
p.326.
27) Gendai Nihon keizai-no tenkai, CTp.46-57.
28) Sengo Nibon keizai-no kiseki. Sairon keizai hakusho (nOCAeBoeHHoe 3KOHOMH'IeC-
Koe 'IYAO B Hoon"". 0630p "EeAldx XHur" no 3KoHoMUKe), nOA peA X.KaH OpH. TOKUO,
1991, C1'p.6.
29) Op.cit., C7p. 7.
30) R'
31 Ichard S.Samuels. The Business of the Japanese State. Ithaca - London. 1987. p.9 ·
32) ) The Japanese Economy 19 5-55. p.6t.
John R Stewart 0 · 3
33) T A .' · p.Clt., p. 2.
3 ) C' .BIO, Prospects for Democracy in Japan, p. t 17-120
35) J ndal Nlhon keizai-no tenkai. CTp.48.
36) TO C n R.Stewart. Op.cit.. p.28.
37) H'.f ohn, Op.cit.. pp.38. 176-171. · 5
38) E H yon and U.Akinori, The Antimonopoly Laws of Japan, WashIngton. 1983, p, ·
· ad Je y A. ·
39) T. A B ' ' nhtrust In Japan, Princeton. 1970, p.10.
· )Sson Z - b
, al atsu Disso]ution in Japan. p.81-82.
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1) T Nakamura. SenzenkJ Nihon keizai seicho-no bunseki (AH8AH3 3KOHOM qecJ(ofO
pocra Slno"H, npeABoeHHblH nepHoA), TOKltO. 1971, C7p.176. 233. 01 J
) Shakal kagaku enkyu (Y'IeHLJe 3aUHCKH HHC7 nyra COD.HaAbHLIX cCAeAoB liD t np
To "UCKOM yultBepC rrere). TOKno. .I apT 1988. T.39. N26. .2-3,
3) T.N kamura. Nihon-no k'" crp - SIn o14J1 ),
To elZal losel (BoeHHLIH Kom p OAL HilA 3KOHOMltJ(OH
"0 197 . cap.6 -70.
7
1 5

 P " a I HC Y A,tKCeH AJK.feHAepCOH, P.Xamep, C.HHA, P Be plI
0) .J a PAC,  ,+y ' 011 11
6.) OMec. HnoHc e oHl\epHLJ. M., 1950. 212 crp.
1) hosei torihiki, TOKUO, Ma" 1991, No 481, CT.5-1.
_) T.A.Bisson, Op.cit., p.139: E. Hadley, Op.CIt.,. 137.
3) T.A.Bisson, Op.cit., p. 139- 1 0; E. Hadley, Op.CJt., p.l 6-138.
) T.A. Bisson, Op.cit., p.119.
5) E.Hadle , Op.cit., p.192.
6) T.A.Bisson, Op.cit. p.l 1. .. . . .
7) T.A.Bisson, Op.cit., p.28 -290; Kosel tonhlkJ, op.CJt., p.8-t O.
48) Nihon senryo juyo bunsho, T.3, CTp.239-240.
9) T.A.Bisson, Op.cit., pp.l 9-152.
50) E.Hadley, Op.cit., p.88.
51) E.Hadley, Op.cit., p.181. .
52) H.Iyory and U.Akinori, Op.cit., p.10-I; Kosei torihii, op.cit., p.4.
53} L.Lynn, T J.Mckeown. Trade Ass ociations in America and Japan, Washington, 1988,
p.39; E.Hadley, Op.cit, p.tt.
5 ) Sengo keizai seisakuron-no soten, CTp.69.
55) J.Halliday. A Political History of Japanese Capitalism, New York. 1975. p.tS7.
56) Shiryo: sengo Nihon-no keizai seisaku koso, T.3, crp.5-6.
57) lJ.UT.DO: K.Yamamura, Economic Policy in Postwar Japan. Growth Versus Economic
Democracy, Berkeley, 1967, p.22.
58) E.Hadley, Op.cit., p.134.
59) Sengo keizai shi (keizai seisaku hen) (HcrOpIUI nocJ\.eBoeHHoH 3KOHOMHKH, 0630p
3KOHOMHQecKOU nOAJJTHKlt) , TOKJto, 1960, CTp.l40.
60) Nihon senryo juyo bunsho, T.3, CTp.29-30.
61) Tsusho sangyo seisaku shi (HcropnSJ TOproBo-npoMblwJ\eHHOH nOJ\.HTHKH), T.2,
TOKltO. 1992, CTp.397-399.
62) U. Hiwatari, Sengo Nihon-no shijo to seiji (PblHOK " nOJ\.HTHKa B nocJ\.eBoeHHoH Hno-
HUH). TOKltO. 1991, crp.37-38.
63) Nihon senryo juyo bunsho, T.3, crp.30-33.
64) U,ltT.no: Tsusho sangyo seisaku shi, T.2, crp.404.
65) Sengo keizaj shi (keizai seisaku hen), pp.t79-180.
66) Op.cit., p.175-188.
67) PaCCQUTaHO no A8HHhIM: Gendai Hihon keizai-no tenkai, C7aT. npHJ\.o eBne.
68) U,IfT.no: Kejzai antei hombu kenkyu (sanko shiryo-hen) (K "cropHn WTa6 3KOHO-
lJ'IecJ<oH cra6lwI3au.nlt, AOnOAHltTeAbHhle MaTepJtaALl), TOKIIO r MapT 1988 r.. CTp.73-14.
69) Sengo keizai sbj (keizai selSaku-hen), p.l58.
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nOHHH TpaTIIT HB HHOKP, HMeAa 7 HCCAeAoBaTeAbCKHX HHcTHT}'TOB C
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CSI B YHHBepCHTeTdX Ii rOCYAapCToeHHblX HCCAeA0BaTeJ\.LCKHX yqpe eHH-
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1<  aanpaBAeH me: pe3YAbT TbI HCCAeAoBaH v T T
T 1\ J\ Q 6ypHoro pa3BHTH HOBbIX OTpaCAe" n 0 3
AOpory p.'-- c .
PelUHTe.J\.bHbIe HayqHo-TeXHH1.JeKHe npopLIBLI B T haCT
THMYAOB, KOTopbIe PbIHOQHbIH 1 exaHH3M 0 ecneq
JOT C '" 6 L He e .
06'b eM pecypCOB, KOTOpbIH nOTpe yeTcH AMI peClAH3aHH KpynH dC-
llIra6HbIX HCCAeAoBaTeAbCKHX nporpdMM, H pa3MepbI CBSl3aHHoro C H
pHCKa 3HaQHTeAbHO npeBbIIllalOT B03MO HCTH OTAeAhHOH OMlldH .
CTpaTerHfl AewreAbHOCTH KarrHTMHCTHtleCKOH HPMbI peAKO OXBaTb B e
nepHoA -5 AeT no KOHKpeTHbIM 3aAaqaM H 10-15 heT no OCHOBHb 'f H _
npaBAeHIDIM pa3BHTHH. TaKoH ropH30HT nporHo3HpOBdHIDI HCKAIOQaeT
caMble HOBaTopcKHe rrpOeKThI.
B IIpHHHne phIHO'tJHaH 3KOHOMHKa He o6eCneQHBdeT OllTHMHoro,
c TOQKIi 3peHHH HHTepecoB Bcero 06lI.\eCTBa, <pHHdHCHpOBaHIDI HCCheAo-
BaHHH Ii pa3pa60ToK co CTOpOHbI qaCTHoro ceKTopd. Bo-nepBbIX, KdK ro-
BOpHAOCb BbIII1e, cjJYHA8MeHTaAbHble HCCAeAoBdHHSI no caMOM eBoeM npH-
pOAe BeCbMd pHCKOBdHHoe rrpeArrpIDITHe. npeACTaBAeHHe 0 HHX KdK 06
ynoPHAOqeHHOM, eAeHarrpaBAeHHoM Ii qyrb Alt He AeTepMHHHpOBdHHOM
rrpoecce a6cOAIOTHO HeBepHO. nOHCK yqeHoro, 3dHHMalOlI.\erocSi TaKH H
HccJ\eAoBaHHflMH, 3TO "Hrpa" C KpaHHe HorrpeAeJ\eHHLIM KOHetlHbIM pe-
3YAhTdTOM. 11 pHCKYIOT paHhIlle Bcero Kopnopal.\HH H60 TOAbKO ORH nepe-
BOMT "H3bIK H306peTeHHU" Ha "3bIK HHBeCTHl.\HH". BO-BTOPbIX; pe3YAbTd-
ThI CPYHAdMeHTaAbHbIX HCC.I\.eAOBdHHM HepeAKO HenpeAcKa3yeMbI 06AdCTb
HX npdKTHtIeCKoro "pHMeHeHH MO)KeT BbIXOAHTb 3a ccpepy KOM epqec-
KRX HHTepeCOB cjJHPMbI. B 3TOM CAyqae cjJHpMbI, no ceC;TBY, <pHHdHCH-
B PYIOT HCCAeAOBaHH5I, pe3Y.I\.bTaTaMH KOTOpLIX nOAb3YIOTCH APyrHe cpHpMhI.
lIeIlIHHe n
OTepH He n03BO.I\.HIOT cjJHpMe-HHHonaTOPY npHCBdHBaTb Bce Bbl-
rOMI OT
H 'A CBOID{ H306peTeHHH. n03TOM Y HeorrpeAe.J\eHHOCTL pe3YAhTaTOB
Y10KP .
101' YAepJKHBdeT MHOfHe cjJHpMbI OT 3aTpaT pecypCOB. KdK nOKB3bIBd-
cne"Mh ·
i1.Ia Hhle HCCAeAoBaHH, npH OTcyrCTBHH rOCYAapCTBeHHoro Bl\te-
TeAhcTBa q ''',.h
AaMe aCTHhIe cjJHPMbI CKAOHHb K' HeAOBAO>KeHHIO cpeACTB B 'fJ H-
fITal\hHhIe "
'I'lfMYMa" 27 HCCJ\eAoBdHHH no cpaBHeHHIO C ypOBHel\ CO aAbHOrO on-
.
OCI-IOBlibIM rh "'_
IiI1SI B q Ii C"fJepaMH rOCYAapCTBeHHoro B03AeHCTBH Ha HOBOBBe e
rh aCl'fIhrx " H e
'fJlfliafICOBQ'" KOMilaH SIX HBMlIOTCH: 1} "rrpe O>KeHHe, T.e. OKd3a
71, Ii Ii TeXHaqeCKoH nOMO ,BKAIOtJa cpOpMl1pOBaH e HayqH
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TP T P ; ) "cnpoc" rocYA pCTBe R b
CILIa
H in H e cCAeAOBaTeAbC pa60T 3aKynKY 1I0BL
1\ ; 3) "cpe a" HaAOrOBa. naTeHTHaR nOAHTHKa H APyr
HHoro roc AapcTBeHHoro peryJ\HpoBaHH"H (HeKoTopbIe 3KoHo_
q TalOT . \ee 3cpcpeKT BHbIM . qeM npSIMble rocYAapcTBeHliLIe
. ).
..,
r apcTBeHHa C CTeMa noopeHRSI HCCAeAoBaHHH H pa3pa60TOK
qaCTHo-npeAllPHHHMaTeAbCKO ceKTope nOApa3AeJUleTCSI B .HnoHHH Ha
He a \.b 0 THnOB.
Bo-nepB ,roCYAapCTBeHHbIe AOTaI\HH Ii Cy6CHAHH, nOAaBMllOlI.\CUI
qaCTb OTOpb x HanpaBMIeTC Ha yHRBepCHTeTCKHe HCCAeA°BaHHSI. 3AeCb
° HO BhIAeJ\HTb ABe cxeMbI. OARa 3TO "<I>OHA AOTaI\HH Ha Ha}"lHbIe He-
CAeAoB8HI1SI" , KOTOpbIM paCnOpSI>K8eTCSI MHHHCTepCTBO npOCBeeHIDI.
CpeACTB8 H3 3Toro cpoHAa HarrpaBMlIOTCSI HenocpeACTBeHHO OTAeAbHblM
CCJ\eAOBaTeMIM HJ\H rpynnaM HCCAeAOB8TeAeH. pa60TalOHM B YHHBepCH-
TeTaX}fA HH "PH yHHBepCHTeTax. PerneHHe 0 npeAoCT8BJ\eHHH AOTa-
l.\H.... npHHHM8eT cnel\HaAbHbIH KOMHTeT HayqHoro COBeTa no 3arrpOCdM
yHHBepcwreTOB. HarrpHMep. B 1985 rOAY OH npeAOCT8BHA AOTaHH Ha
C y 4 MAPA. HeH Ha npHMepHo 15 TbIC. HCCAeAOB8TeJ\bCKHX npOeKTOB,
oTo6paHHhlx H3 53 TbIC. 3aSlBOK. B 1987 rOAY 3TOT <DoHA p8CnOAaraA cpeA-
CTBaMH B 5 MAPA. HeH. ApyraSi C eMa Cy6CHAHH qaCTHbIM H npecpeK-
TYPaJ\.bHhIM YH BepCHTeTdM Hd MOAepHH3aHIO HayqHo-HcCAeAOBaTeAb-
CKOH 6a3bl Ii o6opYAoBaHHSI (121 MAPA. HeH B 1987 r.).
rOCYAapcTBeHHble Cy6CHAHH H8 HCCJ\eAoBaHHSI, nOMHMO yHHBepcwr eT -
CK , OTHOCHTeJ\bHO HeBeAHKM. HanpHMep, B 1987 r. 4 MAPA. HeH 6bIAO Bbl-
AeAeHo MBTn Ha HCCAeAoBaHHSI no npoMbullAeHHoH TexHoAorHH, B TOM
q CAe 3 MAPA. Ha HHOKP MeAKHX Ii cpeAHHx npeAITpIDITHH.; 17 MApA.
eH Ha HCCAeAoBaHHSI B o6AacTIi 3ApaBooxpaHeHHSI (MHHHCTepcTBY
3ApaBooxpaHe IRSI) H 2 MAPA eH Ha CeAbCKOX03SIHcTBeHHbIe cCAeAo-
BaHR (IHHHcTepcTBY CeAbCKOrO, AeCHoro Ii pbI6Horo X03SIHCTBa) 28.
BO-BTOPbIX, <pHHaHCHpOBaHHe HHBeCTHHH B HHOKP H npeAOCTaBAe-
H e I.J.eJ\eBbI 3aHMoB nOA KOHKpeTHble HCCAeAOBdTeJ\.bCKHe rrpoeKTbl. :3'ro T
He-
n rocYAapCTBeHHoH nOMep>KKH oeYI.I.J.eCTBJ\.HeTCSI B COOTBeTCTBH C
CKOAb M KOHKpeTHbIMH cxeMdM . TdK 5InoHcK H 6aHK P a3B T 
. "
o nopaU. Sf no cp"HaHCHpOBdHHIO MeAKHX Ii cpeAHHx npeAnpaSff
n A cTaB.MIIOT HH3Konp 0 u. e l-ITHble KpeAHTbl AMI KOMMepHaJ\.H3a"J.{1'I
eJ\b-
HbI npoMbllllAeHHbIX TexHoAorHH H CT P OHTeAbCTBa HCCAeAoBBT
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HCP
up b lIIAe p
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f{l<ax. no TOMY n eAnOtfreH e TAaeTC eJ\J(
flUx pa3H I.\a B npoqeHTH IX CTaBKa B
fJIJl y eTC
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Ub v- ro
A e KaTeAbHOCTb 3T x KpeAHTOB. B t 985 ,hHH r a CH
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np eAocTaBHJ\. no 3TOH A HHH 163 MAPA HeH a K H B
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pOBaH 10 MeAJ(IfX H c peAHHX IIpeAllPHHTHH Bcero t PA. eR. H HC -
Apyrafl cxeMa 3aKAJOQeHHe KOHTpaKToB C
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'&"1-\ H. oJTHM 3dHH
JlnoHCKaH KopnopaHH pa3BHTHSI HCCAeAoBaHHH 0 derc
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nopaHH COAeHCTBOBaTb nepeXOAY B CTi3AHIO n p aK '" -
THtleKOH peaAH3dII:HH
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no npHqHHe BbICOKOH CTeneHH pHCKa B p aA AU Mor 6
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np 0 paHHOH TeXHOAorHH B cOTpYAHHtleCTBe C ee H306 p eTdTeAe
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T 0 AeMoHcTpaHH npeHMecTB pa3pa6oTdHHO 
eXHOAorHH HeceT Ko p no p a rr B
IIhITaHH IDI. cAyqae ycnexa AeMoHcTpaHoHHbIX HC-
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. e 3TOH TeXHOAorHH
1{HBaeT K no BHOBb 3aKAIOtlaeMoMY KOHTpaKry H BbIflAa-
opnopaHH P OM 29
AIo. <DH TH · H3 KOTOpblX 50 0 0 nocT}'IIaeT H306peTdTe-
pMa 06S13aHa TaK
tIeHHe 5A >Ke BbIfIAaTHTb nepHoAHqeCKHMH B3HocaMH B Te-
eT paCXOAbI Ha A
fIAare>KeH eMoHcTpaHIO npoeKTa. B CAyqde HeYAdqH TdKHX
AeJ\aTb He HO C
IIpeAoCTaBHT · yqeToM eMKOCTH pbIHKa KopnopaIDl MOJKeT
tIaCTIibIM K b AH4eH3lilO Ha MCnOAb30BaHHe HOBOH TeXHOAOfHH H APyrHl
fT OMnaHHHM E
e1I3l101II{l. · CAli 3TO npoMcxoAHT, TO nocrynalOIltHe OT HHX J\.H-
cp ole llAaTe>K
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Pa3 OHCTpaTO p O E
BliTlfJI He M. >KerOAHble pacxoAbI nOHCKOH Kopnop u;
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SlB efIHo HOB
Ii aCb B CBS{ a cxeMa cpHHaHCHpOBaHH qaCTHbIX H a
O.l\or ... 311 C c03A
l{b all. B era aHMeM B 1985 r. .RnoHcKoro I\eHTpa KAlOtJeBbI rex-
IX IiCCJ\eAOBar3aqy BXOAHT nocpeAHHlfeCTBO B opraHH3an; H COB ecr-
olil1 tJaCT11 
bIX KOMnaHHH rocy apCTBeHHbI H . BI> no -
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HCHH.e nop)"lIITeJ\bCKHX HccJ\eAOBaHHH co CTOpOHbl lIaCTHoro cev
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npl1TJ\alllCHHe B 51noHHlO no 3anpocaM <pHpM HHOCTpaHHbIX yqeHblX, cOo I
H npeAOCTaBJ\eHHe HayqHo-TexHHlIeCKOH HH<popMa[(HH 0 npOMbIIlIAelIlIO
TeXHOJ\orHH. B CJ\)"laH:x, KorAa ABe HAM 60J\ee lIaCTHbiX KOMnaHHH HaMe p
v v 
Hbl OCyLI.\eCTBHTb COBMeCTHblH HCCJ\eAOBaTeJ\bCKHH npoeKT, L{eHTp ""Hb
't' QalI-
CHPYeT AO 70% HHBeCTHIJ,H:H, He06xoAHMbiX f.IUI CTpOHTeJ\hCTBa .J\a60paTO_
pH:H, 3aKyTIKH o60pYAoBaHH5I H peaJ\H3a[(HH caMoro npoeKTa. B [(eNIX ClIB-
>KeHHH: pHCKOB H H3Aep>KeK, CBH:3aHHbIX C HVlOKP B lIaCTHbiX KOMnaHBSIX
v '
L{eHTp npeAOCTaBMleT 6eCnpO[(eHTHble 3aHMbI, YCJ\OBHH: norarneHIDI KoTO-
pblX OnpeAeMllOTC5I pe3YJ\hTaTaMH HCCJ\eAoBaTeAbCKOrO npoeKTa, nOA KO-
TOpbI:H BbIAaIOTC5I AeHbrH. ECJ\H npoeKT OKaHQHBaeTC5I HeYAa'Ie:H, BbIIlJ\a.'-IB-
BaeTCH: TOJ\bKO cYMMa 3aHMa. B CJ\yqae ycnexa He06xoAHMO BblIIJ\aTBTh
TaK>Ke npou,eHTbl no 3aHMY. 3a:HMbI nOKpblBalOT AO 70% 06me:H CTOHMOCfH
npoeKTa, KOTOpa51 KaJ\bKy.J\HpyeTc5I 3apaHee. B 1986 r. L{eHTp npeAOCTaBHA
13 MJ\PA. HeH no A 47 COBMeCTHblX HCCAeAoBaTeAbCKHX npoeKToB lIaCTHhlX
cpHPM H 6 MJ\PA. HeH 6ecnpou,eHTHblx 3aHMoB f.IUI 90 npoeKToB. B 1987 roAY
30
COOTBeTCTByIOm He CYMMbl B03pOCAH AO 17,3 H 7,7 MJ\PA. HeH . C Ka}I{,AbiM
rOAOM l1.eHTp HrpaeT Bce 60Aee BIDKHyro pOJ\h B opraHH3au,HH Me}KcpHp-
MeHHblX H COBMeCTHblX rocYAapcTBeHHO-qaCTHblx HVlOKP B npOMbllllAeH-
HOCTI1. AHaJ\orH'IHbie CPYHKIJ,HH B 06AaCTH 6HoTexHoAorHH BbInO.J\IDIeT HH-
CTIIT)'T pa3BHTH5I 6HoTexHOAOfHqeCKHX HCCJ\eAoBaHH:H (KpeAHTbI Ha 4
MJ\PA. HeH B 1987 r.).
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ceKTope CBH:3aH C HaJ\orOBblMH AbfOTaMH, KOTopble, KaK nOKa3blBaeT onbI1',
HaH60J\ee 3cpcpeKTHBHbl AMI aKTHBH3aIJ,HH npOMbllllAeHHblX HVIOKP. no-
MHMO npo"lero, 3cpcpeKTHBHoCTb HaAOrOBbIX pblqarOB CBH:3aHa C TeM, tffO
qaCTHble KopnopaIJ,HH CTpeM5ITC5I coxpaHHTb KOHcpHAeHIJ,HaAbHOCTb cBoHX
HVlOKP B YCAOBH5IX O"leHb >KeCTKOH KOHKypeHIJ,HH Ha BHYTpeH HeM Ii
BHelllHeM pblHKax. Bce paccMoTpeHHbIe BbIIlle Mepbl (AoTaIJ,HH, cy6cHNlIi,
cpHHtlHCHpOBaHHe HvtOKP) opHeHTHpoBaHbI Ha cOAeHcTBHe KOHKpeTlIoMY
npoeKry. 4aCTHbie KopnopaIJ,HH BbIHy>KAeHbI MHpHTbC5I C HX HeraTHBHbI:
no60'lHbiM acneKTOM - HeB03MO>KHOCTblO coxpaHHTb HHcpOpMaH
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" 1\" 1'e){
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HViOKP, KOTOpble, no HX MHeHHlO, MOryr 6bITb 06HapoAoBaHbl. Ka1< no_
u A 0 3TO HAH <PYHAaMeHTaJ\hHble HCC.I\eAOBaHH5I H.J\H HCCJ\eAoBaH HfI , 1<0
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w &OJ '''' 't' J ,.K4HIO HCCAeAoBa-
CKJ{X accOQ,HaQ,HH. OHH CTOSIAH Y HCTOKOB H A MH H Mny
TeAl> AbC pd3BHTHIO
H uv p HOr O (pHCKOBOrO) 6H3HeCa B 51rroHHH. B O1'AH'iHe Han C
Be 'J , pHMep, 01' 0-
HH eH HblX WTaTOB, BeHqyJ>Hble npeAII P HSlTIDI B .R noH ''' H C
eA n 03AalO1'CSI B
60AbllIHHCTBe CAyqaeB BH)'TPH KpynHblx CPHPM. OrKpbI1'aSi "BeINypHasi MO-
AeAb" peaAH3aL(HH pe3YAbTaTOB HV10KP - 06pa30BaHHe He60AbUlHX
CBMOCTOSITeAbHbIX "pHCKOBbIX" CPHPM Ha 6a3e Cne4HdAH3HpOBaHHoro
" I'
pblHKa pHCKOBoro KarrHTaAa - nOKa He nOA}"IHAH B 51noHHH UlHpoKoro
pacrrpocTpaHeHHH. 3To B 3HatJHTeAbHOH Mepe CBSl3aHO co cne4HcpHtleCKH-
MH YCAOBHSlMH AesrreAbHOCTH SlrrOHCKHX Kopnopa4HH, B tJaCTHOC1'H, O1'HO-
CHTeAbHO HH3KOH M06HAhHOCTblO HaeMHoro nepCOHaAa, oc06eHHo HIDKe-
HepHO-1'eXHHtJeCKHX pa6oTHHKOB, H MeHbllIHMH MacllI1'a6aMH cpHHaHcHpo-
BBHHH qepe3 pbIHOK L(eHHbIX 6}'Mar BCAeAcTBHe HeAoc1'a1'otJHoH
pa3BHTOC1'H 3Toro pblHKa. n03TOMy HCCAeAOBa1'eAbCKHe Koonepa1'HBbI HC-
nOJ\b3YID1'CH KpynHblMH SlrrOHCKHMH cpHpMaMH B Kaqec1'Be 1'paMllAHHa AI\5l
C03AaHHSI BpHcpHpMeHHbIX BeH':rypHbIX rpynn. AeAO B TOM, t{T0 AI\5l
CPHM, yqacTBYJOmHX B HCCAeAOBaTeJ\.bCKHX KoonepaTHBax, CTaAO 06bIq-
HOH npaKTHKOH C03AaBaTb BHyrpH<pHpMeHHYIO "npOeKTHYIO KOMaHAY", KO-
TOpaH no qHCAeHHOCTH npHMepHO paBHa HCCAeAOBaTeA.bCKOH. KOMaHAe, Ha-
npdBAA w ,+.
 eMOH 't'HpMOH AMI }"laCTHSI B COBMeCTHbIX HV10KP B KoorrepaTHBe.
vrd BmlT p eH H " "
'J 1 SlH rrpoeKTHaH KOMaHAa nOMep>KHBaeT CBOHX KOMer B KO-
onepaTHB
n p e H aCCHMHAHpyeT BCIO Ha}"lHO-TeXHeCK}'K> HHcpopMaL(HIO,
Oli3BOAH
HUn MylO B 3TOM KOOnepaTHBe. KorAa HCCAeAoBaTeJ\.bCKasI aCCOL(Ha-
'\«U1 Co BpeM
J\erli eHeM 3aKaH1.IHBaeT CBOIO AeSITeAbHOCTb H paC rryc KaeTCH , a Ae-
POBaHHbI
'ldIOTCSI e HCCAeAOBaTeJlli B03BpaIltalOTCSI B CBOIO KOMnaHHIO H BKAIO-
B pa60Tv Bmrr w " w" e
C'rBy II a J _a J ,peHHeH rrpOeKTHOH KOMaHAbI , nOCAeAWlSI no CYll.\ -
PeBpa rn
I<.OTo p w aeTCSI BO BHyTpH<pHpMeHHoe BeINYpHoe 06pa30BaHHe,
Oe AeHC 36
CKA.:., - I TByeT KaK HApo pHcKoBoro 6H3Heca . TaKaSl cmyaL(IDI
- "¥\b BaeTCSI
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Bax 0
qeHb tJacTO CBH3aH C 06AaCTblO rrpoH3BoACTBa Map>KHHaAb-
. 3 J\BHIUI B 51noHH H Hcc.J\eAoBaTe.J\bCKHX aCCOTTT.2
CaMB I1paKTHKB co H ",rJQl\liij
) CY B JV{eTCSI OAHHM H3 BH,AOB CTHM)'AHpoBaHIDI H110L> p
{KoonepaTHBoB n  
m H p OKO HCnOAb3yeTcH rocYAapcTBoM AMI npe-rB
'iaCTHO'-1: ceKTopc H w 0Pe_
w V'JHo-TeXHHqeCKOH nOAIITHKH. 3Ta CHcreMa T..
HIISI B )f{H3Hb CBoeH Ha J . QC){o_
,+.,.heKTHBHOCTH H Ba)l(HOCTH cOBMecTHblX HCCAeJ\.
AUT 113 npH3HaHHSI 3"t'''t' w ""'Oa-
HHH \.IBCTHbIX KopnopalI.HH H AaeT .J\eraAbHbIH CTaT)'C KoorrepaTHBHbIM lic-
C.J\eAoBaTeAbCKHM opraHH3a4HSlM.
HAeSl Ha}"lHO-HCC.J\eAOBa1'eAbCKOH. KoonepaL(HH 6bIAa 3aHMCTBOBalia
(] w A " r 'AY" H 32 H B Mae 1961 rOAa SlnOHCKoe rrpaBHTeAbCTBo n p u
.nnOHHeH H3 rut .nn , rJ-
HSV\.O 3aKOH 06 HCC.J\eAoBaTeAbCKHX acc04HaHSlx AJUI pa3BHTHH npOMblIlI_
.J\eHHbIX TexHo.J\orHH. vl3HatJaJ\.bHaSl lI. eAb 3aKOHa CBOAHAaCb K npHBHece_
HHIO B npOMbllllAeHHOCTb HOBbIX opraHH3aL(HoHHbIX rrpHHL(HnoB, cnoco6-
HbIX YCKOPHTb TeXHO.l\OrH\.IeCKOe pa3BIITHe H 06"beAHHTb CHAbl rAaBHblX
AeHc1'B)'lOll.\HX AHlI. B ccpepe npOMbllllAeHHbIX HVlOKP . HCCAeAoBaTeAb-
CKaSi acc04HaQ,HSI (KoonepaTHB) - 31'0 HeKOMMepqeCKaH opraHH3aL(HSI, CO-
3AalOll.\aSlCH Ha onpeAeAeHHblH. CpOK, B 1'eqeHHe KOToporo KOHKypHp}'1O-
ll.\He cpHPMbl (OCHOBHble npOH3BOAIITeJ\I1 O1'paCAH HAM PHAa OTpaCAeH) 06'b-
eAHHSlIOT HCC.J\eAOBaTeAhCKHe KClApbI H 3aTpaTbI B 4eJ\.HX pa3pa601'KH
orrpeAeAeHHOH TeXHO.l\OrHH. rOCYAapC1'BO npeAOCTaBJ\HeT accoHa4HHM
HaJ\orOBble J\br01'bI, 4e.l\eBble HH3Konpon.eH1'Hble 3aHMbI, a B rrOCAeAHHe
rOAhI Bce qall.\e npHHHMae1' A0.l\eBOe yqacTHe B OC)'ill.eCTBAeHHH HCCAeAO:
BaTeAbCKHX npoeK1'OB. YAeHc1'Bo B aCCOL(HaHSlX OrpaHH1.IeHO, peaAbHbIH
BKAaA MOryr BHeCTH CPHPMbI, pacnOAaralOll.\He COAHAHOH HayqHo-HCCAeAO-
BaTeJ\hCKOH 6a30H. f¥\JI perHCTpalI.HH aCC04HaL(HH Tpe6yeTcH pa3pemeHHe
KOMHCCHH no crrpaBeAAHBbIM CAeAKaM. no 3aBeprneHHH nporpaMMbI HC-
C.J\eAOBaHHH OHa caMopacnycKaeTCSI.
BbIrOAhI, K01'opble npHHOCH1' yqac1'He B HCC.J\eAOBaTeJ\.bCKHX accoHa-
H P HC-
Q,HHX, CBSl3aHbI C pacnpeAe.J\eHHeM Me>KAY KOMnaHHSlMH-yqacTHHQ,aM
OBa-
KOB H paCXOAOB, o6DeAHHeHHeM pecypCOB B lI.eJ\..SIX YCKopeHHH HCCAeA
oM-
TeAbCKOrO np0lI.eCca H YCTpaHeHHH rrapdMeAH3Ma. KoonepaQ,HSI 003B
eT rrpHMeHHTb KOMll.J\eKCHblH HCC.I\eAOBaTe.J\bCKHH nOAXoA, KorAa pecypCbl
Bep-
06"beAHHSlIOTCSI He TOAbKO ropH30HTMbHO (cpeAH n p eAnpHSITHH), HO H
rrpo-
THKaAbHO (tJepe3 npOH3BOAC1'BO BbI6paCblBaeMoro Ha pbIHOK HOBoro
w 6MeJ-l
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w b
HHcpopMaQ,HeH, tJTO B lI.e.J\OM nOBbillIaeT 1'eXHO.J\orH\.IeCKHH ypOBeH
BeTCTBYIOllJ,ero cerMeHTa npOMbIlll.I\eHHOCTH 34. '"
HdAfi fi
Hat.lHHaSl C 1961 rOAd, HaH60.l\bllIee \{HC.J\O AeHcTB)'lOllI,HX accoA _
) 
{KoorrepaTHBoB AOCTHraJ\O B 51noHHH 64. PSIA H3 HHX BblrrOAlUi.AH C
201

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OHcpJ\HKTbl Hl-ITepe Ol{ C
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AUH, HVlOKP Ha CTBAHIO peHTa6eAbHOro KOMe p q
nepeBOAa pe3bTaTOB eCI<o_
ro OCBoeHHSI .
. BbIllle Mbl paCCMOTpeAH CHCTeMbI H cpeACTBa rocy Aa pCTBelIlIOH nOA-
CT HM Y J\Ji p VJrlT Hl10KP B qaCTHbIX Kopnop a 4HJQ{ r
Aep>KKH, KOTopble } " :/\an-
HbIM 06pa30M CO CTOpOHbl npeMO>KeHHSI. 0AHaKO, TeXHHKO-TeXHO.J\.orli_
qeCKHe HOBOBBeAeHlUI, 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb npOH3BOAcTBa H He>KHoe Ii-
HaHCHpOBaHHe - 3TH rAaBHble aTpl16yTbi KOHKypeHTocrroc06110CTH
BbICOKOTeXHOJ\orWIHbIX OTpaCJ\eM - o6ecneqHBalOTCSI c:paKTopaMH PbIHOq-
Horo crrpoca rro Kpa:HHeM Mepe B TaKOM >Ke'J TO H B 60AhIlleH: Mepe, lIeM
cpeAcTBa, CTHMYJ\JipyIOll\He rrpeMO>KeHl1e . Ha60p HHcrPYMeHTOB, Ko-
TOphIM HMeeTCH B paCnOpSl>KeHHH rocYAapcTBa AMI CTHMYAHpOBaHIDI Pbl-
HOqHOrO crrpoca, HOCHT 60J\ee pecTpHKTHBHbIM xapaKTep, '-IeM HHCTpYMeH-
Tbl CTH:MY.J\J1pOBaHHSI npeM0>KeHHH. MHcTpYMeHTbI, c03AalOI.l\He cnpoc,
BKAlOqalOT rocYAapCTBeHHble 3aKynKH TOBapoB H yayr, 3all.\HTy BHyTpeH-
Hero pbIHKa OT HHOCTpaHHOM KOHKypeHl.\HH, COAeMCTBHe 3KcnopTHOM 3KC-
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OrrbIT nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO, eCJ\H 3TH HHCTpYMeHTbI npHMelUllOTCSI He}'MeAO
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>KeHHe B AO.J\rocpolIHOM IlAaHe 3cpcpeKTHBHoCTH npoH3BoAcTBa H rroTepS{
MeYHapOAHO:H KOHKypeHTOcrroc06HOCTH.
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BeHHblX 3aK)'TIoK - HMeHHO TOM 06.1\aCTH cpOpMHpoBaHHSI crrpoca, B KOTO-
pOM Cwryal.\HH B 51noHHH pe3Ko OT.I\HlIaeTCH OT CoeAHHeHHbIX W1'aTOB H
HeKo1'opbIX 3anCiAHoeBponeHcKHX c1'paH, 1'eM 60.J\ee q1'O no APyrHM napa-
IHIS{-
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1'bIX MeYHapoAHbIX HOpM.
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rrpHo6peTeHHSI, B3S1THH B apeHAY H AH3HHra Aopororo 06HoBNIIOerocSi
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ceMb KpynHeHlllHx npoH3BoAHTeJ\eH 3BM. rOCYAapcTBo B AHl\e MBTn
rrpMHHAO AOAeBoe yqacTHe B c:pHHaHcHpoBaHlfH AeSITeAbHOCTH Koprropa-
HH, BKAIOqaSl HH3Konp 0 4 e HTHbie 3aH:Mbl HnoHcKoro 6aHKa pa3BHTHSI.
KopnopaHH npH06peTaAa pa3AHtfHOe 3AeKTpoHH-BbItfHaHTeAbHOe 060-
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nOMOTnb v 
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.RnoHHH HCnOAb3)'K>T KOCBeHHhle, HO AOCTaTOllHO 3<p<peKTHBHbIe pbNarlf
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CTBeHHbIMH 3aKynKaMIi B ClllA, HO, TeM He MeHee, ORH reHepHpyroT
cnpoc, KOToporo B HHOM CAyqae MOfAO H He 6bITb.
204
205

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HA _ 47
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AfAeHHbIX oTpdCJ\eH MaIllHHocTpoeHHH H HHAYCTPHH HH4JoPMaI.I;liH (CpOK
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206
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209

210
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211

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peAeAeHHOH: CTeneHH "3ApaBbIM CMbIC.J\OM". OHH 6YAyr B 3Ha'lHTeJ\.bHOH
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215

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06ecneQHTb Y'laCTBYIOIlI,He 1.IaCTHble KopnopaU;HH cpytlAaMeHTaAbHblMH
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BeHHoH rrporpaMMbi HM.OKP no c03AaHHIO "HeHpoKoMnbIOTepa" - 3BM
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o nporH03aM, MO>KeT Bblpa3IITbCSI K 2000 rOAY nOKa3aTeJ\eM npHMepHo B
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216
217

HI1IO HHOKP COCTaBHT npeAnoJ\o>KlITe.J\bHO 20,0 MAPA. HeH 75. OCllOB
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o cKI1X TeM, AOCTH>KeHIDI AorOBopeHHOCT H 0l.\eHKH HCCheAQ-
BareAb 103 H H 0 pacn p e
e3 Y AbTaTOB . a BCTpeqe PYKOBOA...... v AeAeHHH Havu-
lIb IJC P .........1 eAeH ceMe 1 -.
1988 r.) flnoHHSI HHcpOpMHpOBMa qTO 60 pKH B TOPOHTo
(l'IIOHb ' pa Td n0Al'
T eT a Y cnellIHO 3aBepmeHa, a B 3KOHOMHlIe c OTOBIfTeA.bHoro
J{oMH K}'1o AelWlp
BKAJOtIeHO nO>KeJ\.aHHe,. '1TO B 6AH>KalUneM 6 al.\HIO BCTpeQH
6bIJ\O 104 YAeM OHa II
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KoAb CKOpO HeOnpeAeAeHHOCTb AdJ\.bHeHlIIeH . e:.
w CYAbULI COBMecrn w
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r.{e"'f-'l AO nopLl AO BpeMe
e [LI\ClHHpyeT A0.J\I'OCpO'lHOrO cpHHdHCHpOBaHHSI HC"" w HH
1I w ....neAOBaHHH B 06haC-
T SIX C HeH CBSl3aHHbIX. no 0l\eHKaM 3KcnepTOB MBT n
, w ' HCCheAOBaHIDI B
TOM MaCllITa6e, KOTOPbIH HaMe'leH B npoeKTe n p or pa MMLI 6
, YA'jT Tpe60-
BaTb 40-50 MAPA. HeH B rOA.
Ha 1987 cpHH. r. M5I oAroToBKH OpraHH3aI.\HOHHoH CTPYKTYPbl 101 Ha
npoBeAeHHe MeponpHSlTHH B CBSl3H C pa3pa60TKoH nporpaMMbi 6blJ\O Bbl-
AMeHo 197 MAH. HeH, B TOM t.J:HCAe Ha HCCAeAOBdHHSI nepcneKTHB nporpdM-
Mbl H opraHH3al\HIO B TOKHO MeJRA}'HdpoAHoro CHMn03HyMa - 150 MJ\H.
HeH, Ha HCCAeAoBaHIDI no c03AaHHIO 6a3bI AdHHbIX B 06AdCTH 6HoHIDKeHe-
pHH M Ha HJ.10KP no cTaHAapTH3aHH TeXHH'IeCKOH TepMHHoJ\orHM B 06-
MCTM 6HoTexHoAorHH - 47 MAR. HeH 105. B HnoHHH rOAOBHoH OpraHH3a-
11;HeH no KooPAHHal\HH HCCAeAoBaHHH B paMKax nporpaMMbI SlBMleTCSI HH-
CTIrr'jT <pH3HKO-XHMHtIeCKHX HCCAeAOBaHHH (PI1K3H).
KpOMe Toro, llAaHHpYeTCSI c03AaHHe cneqHaAbHOrO l...\eHTpa COAeHCT-
BIDInporpaMMe "4eAOBe'leCKHe rpaHHbI", B 3aAaqH KOToporo BXOAHJ\d 6bI
MOHAM3a.I..\HSI cpeACTB Ha HayqHbIe HCCAeAoBaHHSI, pacnpeAeAeHHe Cy6cH-
MH Me>KAY yqacTBYIOI.I..\HMH HCCAeAOBaTeAbCKHMH l.\eHTpaMH, pacnpocTpa-
HeBHe P e3 v
Y.J\bTaTOB HCC.J\eAOBaHHH H opraHH3aI.\HSI 06MeHa cne4 HaAHCTa -
MH, CO A e v -
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no 3aSlBAeHHIO aBTopOB nporpaMMbI, K HCCJ\eAOBaHHSlM lTJ\.aHHpYeTCSI
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l'eJ\Lh w ' CpOKH Ha'laAa ee KOHK p eTHoH peMH3al\HH YA J .
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Efoif E enelilf onpeAeASlTbCSI n03HI..\HeH CWA H BeA}'ll.\MX cTpaH naA
BPOnLI.
234
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KH B03MO>KHOCTH H peaAbHOCTH TaKOfO COTpYAHHqeCTBa, MO}l{HO, Ha HalU
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THBHblX 06mecTBeHHbix nOTpe6HocTeH - OKp}'>KalOm aH cpeAa, MHqHH-
CKaH nOM0I.l\b H YCAyrH, 06pa30BaHHe, COHaA.bHOe o6ecne1.IeHHe H T.A.
TexHOAOrHqeCKHe pa3pa60TKH B 3TOH ccpepe Tpe6YIOT MHTeAbHOro Bpe-
MeHH, 6ol\hIllHX 3aTpaT, COrrpH>KeHbl co 3HaqHTeAbHbIM KOMMepqeCKHM
pHCKOM. C.J\eAoBaTe.J\bHo, MaAOBepOSITHo, qT06bl 1.IaCTHbIH ceKTop npHIDIA
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'ITO no cBoeM)' xapaKT£py 3Ta KaTefoplUl nOAXoAHT AMI COTPY AHHqeCTBa
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MblIlIJ\eHHYIO TeXHOJ\orHIO, KOTopaSi npaKTH1.IeCKH HCnO.J\b3yeTcS1 B IllHpO-
KHX Mac IlITa6ax.. K HeR OTHOCHTCH TeXHO.J\orH1.IeCKHe npol.\eCCbI B npoH3-
BOACTBe CTaAH, aBTOM06HJ\eH, BHAeOMarHHTocpoHOB, nepCOHaA.bHbIX KOM-
nblOTepoB H T.A.
TpeTbSl KaTeropHSI BKJ\.I01.IaeT nepeAoBYIO TexHoAorHIO ceroAIUIIlIHero
AHSI, HMelOUWID orpoMHbIH rroTeHlJ,HaA pa3BHTHSI. 3TO, npe>KAe Bcero, HO-
BOBBeAeHHSI B 3AeKTpoHHKe, MeKaTpoHHKe, c03AaHHH HOBbIX MaTepHaJ\.OB
H 6HoTexHoAorHH. Ee3YCAoBHO, 3Ta KaTeropHSI TexHOAOfH1.IeCKRX H3bICKa-
HHH B HaH60l\hllleH CTerreHH COrrpH>KeHa C 3KOHOMH1.IeCKHMH CTHMYAaMH
OAHaKo B pa3BHTbIX cTpaHax - 3T0 ccpepbl O>KeCT01.IeHHOH KOHKypeHTHOH
'A JlH-
6opb6bI qaCTHbIX Kopnopau,HH 3a AHAepCTBO. Me>KAYHapoAHoe COTpYI-V-
qeCTBO rrpaKTH1.IeCKH no BceMY cneKTp y HOBOBBeAeHHH 3TOH KaTeropHH
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B Teft  v 't' Hoe pa3A
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AHqHBaACS1. B 1987 f. no AaHHbIM noHcKoro 6aHKa, CTOHMOCTb 3KcnopTa
COCTaBHAa 186,9 MAPA. HeH, a HMnopTa - 551,5 MAPA. HeH. OTHollIeHHe
3KcnopTa K HMnopry AOCTHfJ\O HaHBbIClIJerO 3a nOCJ\eBoeHHble rOAbl YPOB-
IDI 0,339. CpeAH nmepKH BeAHx crpaH 3KcnopT TeXHOJ\orHH npeBbIlliaeT
H:MIIOpT TOAbKO B CWA (B 1987 f. B 6,8 pa3a) H AHrAHH (1986 r. - B 1.08
pa3a). TorAa KaK BO <DpaHHH 3TO COOTHOlIJeHHe COCTaBMIAO 0,555 (1986
r.). B 3arra,AHoH repMaHHH - 0,494 (1987 r.). no CTOHMOCTH TeXHOJ\orHqeC-
Koro HMnopTa nOHHSI HaMHoro npeBOCXOAHT Ka>KAyK> H3 3THX CTpaH 106
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236
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3BHTble CTpaHbl MOryr npOAaTb Tpe6 y eM Y IO
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nopTa TeXHO.l\OrHH HanpaBNle'fCH B pa3BMBalOl1eCH H HOBbIe H"AYCTPIf_
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cra6HJ\hHbIH pOC'f 3KCnOp'fa B CeBepHJ'1O AMepHK)' (27,8%) H 3andAHyIo
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AaBNlIOaSl A0.I\JI npHXoAM'fcSI Ha CoeAMHeHHble lliTaTbI (66,7% B 1986
cpHH. r.). 3a KO'fOpbIMM C.l\eAYIO'f 3anctA HaH fepMaHHH (7,9%)'10BeHqapHSI
(6,7%), fOJ\AaHAHSI (6,0%), AHrMlSl (5,0%) M $paHLtIDI (2,8%)
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t 09 K He1.IBO,
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239

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3BI{_
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aTe-
rHH YCHAeHIUI HayqHo-TexHHlleCKoro COTPYAHlftleCTBa H nepeBoAa " po
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RLI
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Ma, CTpeMJ\eHHe coxpaHHTb HOBbie 3HaHHSI 1-1 nepeAOB}'IO TeXHOJ\orHIO
BuyrpH CTpaHbI H 3aTpYAHIITb HX HCnOl\h30BaHHe ApyrHMH CTpaHaMH, OCO-
6eHHO 51.noHHeH.
B BalllHHITOHe CIlHTalOT, IlTO CYll.\eCTByeT HeAonycTHMblH AHC6aAaHC
06MeHa HAeSlMH, TeXHOAOrHeH: H HCCAeAoBaTeASlMH Me>KAY CUlA H .Rno-
HHeH. OAHY H3 rAaBHbIX npHIlHH 3Toro AHC6aAaHCa TeXHOHaHOHaAHCTbI
YCMdTpHBdlOT B SlK06bl HecnpaBeMHBOM HCn0J\.b30BaHHH 51.noHHeH O:KpbI-
TOro Xap8.KTepa aMepHKaHCKOH: CHCTeMbl HayqHbIX HCCAeAoBaHH H . YT-
BepJKAdeTCSI, IlTO CWA He HMelOT aHdAOrlftlHorO Aocryna K AyqWHM SInOH-
CKHM HCCAeAoBaHHSlM, nOCKOAbKY OKOJ\O 80% HX oCYl.I.\eCTBNlIOTCSI qacT-
HbIM ceKTopoM.
It 3Ha-
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HHSlMH nO-npeJKHeMY xapaKTepH3YeTCSI 3Halll-lTeAbHblM AHC6aAaHcOM.
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n p HMe p , B 1986 HH. r. 3KcnopT SlnOHCKOH TeXHOJ\orHH B
113 ECAH B nO C -
57 7 MAPA. HeH, a ee HMnopT H3 CWA - 173,8 MAPA. HeH. _
, 
AeAHHe rOAhI o6ll.\ee COOTHOllleHHe 3KcnopTa H HMnopTa TexHOAO IG'I oliO
crdB.MIeT npHMepHo 3: 1 B nOJ\h3Y CWA. TO B 06AaCTH 3AeIfo: CBfl 3b
BbIpd}KdeTCSI nOKa3aTeAeM 5: 1, cTaHKocTpoeHHH - 7: t . 'fO-
Me>KAY Hec6aAaHcHpoBaHHoCfblO TeXHOJ\orHlleCKoro 06MeHa B oAffY ;all-
rv10 aMepH
pOR)' 1-1 Hec6aAaHcHpoBaHHOCTblO ToproBoro 06MeHa B APYa J -- BII3I1PytD'"
CKHe TexHOHaI-IOHaAHCTbl yxa3bIBalOT Bce llallJ,e H llallJ,e H aKTIl 115
ycH)\JUI. HdrrpaBAeHHble Ha 3awry aMepHKaHCKOH: TeXHOAorH H .
240
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111" no HMelOll.\HMCH 0l\eHKaM, OKOJ\O 13 T LW H H cneqRa-
CTaMIi. DlC. 51noHCKHX
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aJf{etl e  ..HBepCHTeTa 60-
fI daX 8 npHMepHO 500 aMepHKaHCKHX HCCAe Ao D.::I  x H Aa
pa TOPt'Ift uuTeheH pa60r
wi 116 HaH60J\.bllIee '{HCAO HnOHCKHX vueHblX np alOT B
1I11 0tl8 ..& .   He3)KaeT B ClliA no
,allIeHHIO HaHOHaAbHOrO HayqHoro CPOHAa KOTO 
I1p}{f'...... , phiH 3aHHMaerC5I
e HCTBHeM cpyHAilMeHTaALHbIM HCCJ\e.a.OBaHHSlM. B 1986 r '" "
coA . ",oHA cOAep-
" nO'lTH 400 HnOHCKHX YHHsepCHTeTCKHX HCCI\eAO BaT Da. 
Jl{aA M ",-,,,eH, KOTopble
I1pl'lexaAH pa60TdTb B pa3J\H'{Hble aMepHKaHCKlfe }'HHBepCHTeThl. CaMhlM
nonyNlPHbIM cpeAH HnOHeB SlBJUleTCH Hal\HOHaAbHbIH HHCTHTyT 3APaBo-
oxpaHeHHSI, B KOTOpOM '{HCAO HnOHCKHX HCCAeAoBaTeheH, nOl\yqalO
cpl'lHaHCOByID nOMepJKKY aMepHKaHcKoro npaBHTeALCTBa, B03pOCl\O 3a
1981-1986 rr. C 228 AO 391. Bo BTOpOM no nonyJUlpHOCTH cp,eAH SlDoHLteB
MaccaqYCeTCKOM TeXHOAOrH'lecKoM HHCTHTyTe pa60TaeT OKOAO 200 roc-
Teif-l'ICCAeAO, BaTeAeH 60J\.hIlIHHCTBO KOTOpblX SlBJUlIOTCSI COTpYAHHKaMH
.. 117
qaCTHblX KOMnaHHH
He3KBHBaAeHTHblH 06MeH yqeHblMH TaK>Ke CTaA HCTOqHHKOM ocrpbIX
npOTHBOpeqHH. AMepHKaHCKHH ceHaTOp /:vKeH POKcpeM.ep 3aSIBHA DO
3TOMY nOBoAY: "MOAOAble J\JOAH, H3yqalOll.tHe TexHoAorHlO, - 3TO 3a-
BTpaillIDUI ToprOBaH CTaTHCTHKa" J 18. OAHaKO BPHA AH HIlOHCKHe yqeHble
yr B CiliA TOJ\.bKO MJI Toro, "ITo6b1 II BblCaCblBaTb" aMepHKaHcKHe HAeH.
OHH, 6e3YCAOBHO, MHor0MY' yqaTcH, cOTpYAHHqaH C aMepHKaHCKHMH KOA-
AeraMH, 3HaKOMHTCH C HeCBoHcTBeHHblM HM nO{J;J{oAoM K HayKe, 'lTO pe3KO
nOBLllIIaeT HX npOQ3eccHOHaAbHblH ypoBeHb. Ho MHorHe npHe3>KalOT TOJ\L-
Ko Ha 0MH rOA, qero, KOHe'{Ho, HOCTaT01fi{O AMI npoBeAeHIDI CKOJ\LKO-
IIH6YAh CYll\ecTBeHHbIX HCCAeAOBaHHH. C TOt{KH 3peHIDI qaCfHblX SlnOH-
CKIiX KOMnaHHH, npH06ll.\eHHe HX COTPYAHHKOB K aMepHKaHCKOMY 06pa3Y
>K1i3HH Ii
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>Ke Ba)KH .. H
CLU De 3Ha'leHHe, KdK nOAyqeHHe HOBblX 3HaHHH. e B HHTepeCax
11 A orpaHHqHBaTb AO CTy n HnOHeB K aMepHKaHCKHM HayqHblM [\eHTpaM
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'l': CaMHM ce6e, HTblBaH. '{TO Hd}"lHble AOCTH>KeHIDI ClllA B 3Ha'lH:
CI1C T Mepe 6a3HPYIDTCH Ha nOJ\HOH OTKpbITOCTH HCCl\eAOBaTeAbCKOH
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'l'btJ PlieliTalI;HH .HnoHHH Hd nOBblweHHe ypOBWI c06CTBeHHblX C03HAa-
qLlx Ii
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241

meHHe np06AeMbI AOCTHraeTCSI Ha OCHOBe Menee pHCKOBaHHoro 11: B K
paT-
KOCpOtJHOM llAaHe 60Aee 3eKTHBHoro nOAXoAa - opraHH3a11:11: I1:c"
,-,\e-
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Pa-
Hax, npe>KAe Bcero B CWA. CTpaTerHIO SlnOHCKHX KopnopaHH B 3TOH: 06-
AaCTH XOpOlliO BbIpa3HA BHLte-npe3HAeHT "HHXOH A3HKH" M. Y3Hoxa p
a,
3<UIBHB, q'I'() HaYKa H TeXHHKa SlBMlIOTCSI Me>KA)'HapOAHhIM AOCTOSlHl1:eM If
'[[gO n03ToMY 5InoHHSI AOA>KHa HHaHcHpoBaTb yHHBepClITeThI 3a Py6e>KOM
. PacxoAbl SlnOHCKoro npaBlITeAbCTBa H tJacTHo-npOMhillIJ\eHHblX KpyroB
Ha HHOKP, ocyrn.ecTBMleMhIe B CWA, cTa6HAbHO paC'ryr H3 rOAa B rOA.
CorAacHo 06cAeAoBaHMIO, npoBeAeHHoM)' aMepMKaHcKHM Hal\HOHMbHhiM
HayqHhIM cpOHAOM, H3 128 HaH60Aee KpynHbIX aKaAeMHqeCKMX H HeKOM-
MepqeCKHX HCCJ\.eAoBaTeJ\.hcKHX opfaHM3aLtHH 43 HcnOAh30BaJ\.I1 HHOCTpaH-
HhIe HCTOqHMKH HHaHcHpoBaHMSI, rAaBHhIM 06pa30M B opMe cy6CHAHH
M KOHTpaKToB Ha HCCAeAoBaHHSI M B MeHbllIeH CTeneHH B opMe nOCTOSlH-
HhIX AOTal\HH. HaH60Aee tJaCTO B KaqeCTBe HHocTpaHHhlx cnoHcopoB Ha-
3hIBaAHCh SlnOHCKoe npaBlITeAhCTBO M KOMnaHHM. no AaHHhIM MHHMCTep-
CTBa TOprOBAH ClllA, Ha npOMblllL\eHHOM ypOBHe e>KerOAHhIe paCXOAbl Ha
HHOKP cpHAHaAOB SlnOHCKRX KOMnaHHH B CWA B03pOCAH C 23 MAR. A0J\A.
120
B 1977 f. AO 169 MAR. AOJ\A. B 1983 f. . Ha Harn B3rMIA, 3TH LtHpbI CMAb-
HO 3aHM)KeHbI, HO 06ll\Y1O TeHAeHl\HIO K pocry OTpa>KalOT BepHO. B noc-
J\eAHHe rOAbI aMepHKaHCKHe BeH\f)1>Hhle KOMnaHHH Bce aKTHBHee HCnOAb-
3yJOT SlnoHcKMH KanHTaJ\., BCTYTIaH B COfAarneHHSI 0 COBMecTHblx HCCAeAo-
BaHHHX HJU1 ocym,eCTBMlSI Hl10KP AMI SlnOHCKHX HpM no KOHTpaKTaM.
.HnoHMSI paCIllMpSieT HHaHcMpOBaHHe aMepHKaHCKHX yHMBepCMTe-
TOB, MCnOAb3YSl HX orpoMHYIO 3aHHTepeCOBaHHoCTh B YBeJ\.MtJeHHH HCCJ\e-
AOBaTeAhCKHX OHAOB. nOKa3aTeJ\.eH C 3TOM TOtJKH 3peHHSI npMMep C Mac:
caqyCeTCKHM TeXHOAOfMtJeCKHM MHcTmyroM (MTI1). B oCyn.\ecTBNleMoli
HM norryMipHOH npofpaMMe B3aHMoAeHcTBHSI C npOMhlIlIJ\eHHOCTblO 45
yq:acTHHKOB H3 297 - SlnOHCKHe KOMnaHHH. BHOCSI no 30 TbIC. A0N\.. B fOA,
"XwraTH", "K3HoH", "HHXOH A3HKH" M APyrHe TexHoAOrHqeCKHe rHraHTbI
oeI<-
.HnoHMH nOAyq:aIOT npHOplITeTHblH AOcryn K HCCAeAoBaTeJ\..h CKHM np
HMelO T
TaM MTH. MHOfHe APyrHe aMepHKaHCKHe YHHBepCHTeTbl TaK>Ke
alO T fll\1
AOMOCpOqHble CBSl3H C SlnOHCKHMH Kopnopal\HSlMH H npSlMO nepeA H-
pe3YAbTaThI CBOHX HI10KP. Y AeMCTBYIOIl\erO npH CT3HOPACKO )(_
BepCHTeTe (D0pYMa npOM3BOAHTeAeH 3AeKTpOHHO-BbHCAHTeAbHOM
HMKH 59 cnoHcopoB M 11 H3 HHX - HnOHCKHe Kopnopal\HH. -
u H A eSl TeAb
OpraH H3a l\HSI Hl10KP 3a py6e>KOM SlBHAaCb HOBOH opMO eB
HOCTH H SlnOHCKHX ytlHBepcaJ\.bHbIX ToproBblx KOMnaHHH. B pMe CJ\y'tJa
6 ." LlCb npaB MOHOnOAbHoro areHTa
J.J AO tv ua aMepHKaHCK
of{ TI.rfYfO B Ha 3aKAlOtJeHHe AHI\eH311:0RRhlX Hx YHIfBepCHTeTOB
JiBC 0/ COrAallIeHH-
l'i alO T AO 10/0 CyMM, BblIlJ\atJHBaeMblX 3a npo H B .RnoHHIf Ii
noA M>Ky aMepHKaHCKOH
offilL Tex-
BoA I AcnoAb3Y HCCJ\.eAoBaTe.J\.bCKHH nOTeR"HBA
y 1 LIo aMepHKaHCKH
He p OB, opraHM3YSl COBMeCTHhle HCCAe A oB x yqeHbIX Ii
l'{fI>I<e aRID!, SlnOHCKH
tl l\eSITC YKpelIMTb CBOM KOHKypeHTHhle no e Kopnopa-
«fl li n....,..... _ 3HI\HH Ha OCHO
c06CTBeH HOH npoH3BOAcTBeHHOH TeXHoAOfHH C Be CO'leTa-
f{fl fI 6 aMepHKaHcKHM ,4-.
eHTaJ\.bHblMH pa3pa OTKaMH. H 't'}'H-
AaM
B HacTOSll.l\ee BpeMSI OIIHcaHHaSi SlnOHCKaSi CT p
_ aTerHSI Bhl3blBaeT Bce
6oJ\ee HacTOHqHBbIe OTBeTHhle Tpe60BdHHSI CiliA n p
_ . H 3TOM Aa>Ke SlcTpe-
6bl B aMepHKaHcKoH CJAMHHHCTpal\HH, BHAHMo BOBce H
_ ,e XOTSIT 3aKpbITb
I\e p li HayqHo-HCJ\.eAoBaTeJ\.hcKoH CHCTeMbl AMI SlnOHTT eB H 6
f¥' LIo . 0 B 0 MeH Ha
coxpaHeHMe Aocryna B CiliA EeJ\bIH AOM Tpe6yeT, t{T06bl noHMSI BKAaAbl-
BaAd 60Abllle cpeAcTB B YHAaMeHTdJ\.hHble HCCAeAoBaHMSI, BHOCHAa
_ _ BKA
B MHpOBOH nYA HOBhlX 3HaHHH, cooTBeTcTBYIOHH S1noHcKoH 3KOHOMHtleC-
KOH MOW;H oC)'1I1.ecTBHAa peaAhHble Mepbl no OTKpbITHIO cBoeH HccAeAo-
BaTeJ\.bCKOH CHCTeMhI AMI HHocTpaHHhlX yqeHblx 1'1 KopnOpdl\HH.
KOfAa B03HHKaeT nOTpe6HocTh BHeCTH H3MeHeHMSI B KdKyro-AH60 CAO-
>KHBllIymCSI SlIIOHCKYIO cHcTeM)', HH'frO He OKd3b1BdeT T8KOfO B03AeHCTBHSI,
KaK HHOCTpaHHoe AaBJ\eHHe.1\MI YAOBAeTBOpeHHSI CBOHX Tpe60BaHHH Co-
eAHHeHHble WTaThl HCnOA.h30BaJ\H neperOBopbI 0 npOMeHHH aMepHKaHO-
HnOHCKOfO COrA.aIlleHI1H 0 HayqHo-TexHWleCKoM COTpYAHHtleCTBe, nOAnH-
caHHoro B 1980 f. /vK. KapTepoM H M. OXH f oM. npH 3TOM OHM BbIABHH)'AH
KOHI-\en " 12
I\HIO CHMMeTpHqHOrO Aocryna" . Cyrb ee 3aKJ\lOlIaeTCSI B pac-
lUHpeHHH cephI AeHCTBHSI corAallleHHSI C TeM, lfT06bl nOAyqlITb AoC'ryn
M5i aMepHKaHCKI1X KOMnaHHH K HCCAeAO.BaHHSlM SlnoHCKoro qaCTHOfO ceK-
TOpa 01\
o . .....HdKO B Me>KnpaBHTe.J\.hCTBeHHOM AOKYMeHTe TaKHe Tpe60BaHIDI
TKpbrro B
BIfT hlABHraTbCSI He MOryr, nOCKOA.hKY Aa>Ke MBTn He MO>KeT 3aCTa-
b tI8CTHbI
XOT e KOMnaHI1H nOAtJHHHTbCSI COrNlllleHHlO, eCAH OHH 3TOfO He
 n03TO
IIPOM MY B KaqeCTBe cpeACTBd npOHHKHOBeHHSI B ccpepy lIaCTHO-
bILUJ\eHH
30Ba hlX SlnOHCKI1X HI10KP aMepHKaHD;bl paCCqlITblBalOT MCnOAb-
Tb COBM
TbI 6 eCTHhle rocYAapcTBeHHo-lIdCTHhIe HCCAeAOBaTeAbCKHe npoeK-
122' OJ\ b IUI1H BTn
. CTBO KOTOphlX OC)'1I1.eCTBMleTCSI nOA PYKOBOACTBOM M
5InOI1I1S1
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Cl<.l1e T p 6 0KP 1'1, CYM no BceMY, fOTOBa nonbITbCSI BblnOAHlITb aMepHKaH-
e OBaHI1 a
H. nnOHCKHe KOMnaHHH HaqHHalOT OTKpblBaTb CBOH ABepH
242
243

AMI liHocrpaHHbIX liCCJ\eAOBaTeJ\eH Ii, B npliHl\line, He npOTHB CHMMeTPIi'i_
Horo Aocryna. Pe3YAbTaTbI npoBeAeHHoro B 1986 r. Hal\HOHaAhHhIM HdY'l_
HhIM QJOH,AOM CiliA onpoca OKOAO 270 HccAeAOBaTeAhCKHX qeHTpoB Jlnoll_
CKIDt KOMnaHHH HeoJKHAaHHo nOKa3aAH, tffO 60Aee 60% H3 HHX 6J\.aronpli_
SITHO OTHOCHAHCb K B03MOJKHOCTH npHHSITh B CBOH Aa6opdTOPHH
HHOCTpaHl.\eB. npeAnOtffeHHe OTAaBaAOCb HCCAeAOBaTeMlM H3 ¥HHBepCH_
TeTOB, HO 60Aee 30% KOMnaHHH 3aSlBHAH, tffO npHMYJ" yqeHhlX H H3 npo-
MbllllJ\eHHOCTH. KOMnaHHH npH3HalOT, ({TO npHrAarneHHe HHOCTPdHlIblX
HccAeAOBaTeAeH CTaHeT nOTeHl\HaAhHbiM pecypcoM B nOHCKax HOBhIX 3Ha-
HHH.
C oceHH 1988 r. HaqaAOCb ocyrn;eCTB1\eHHe npofaMMhl no paclIIHpe-
HHIO HayqHblx 06MeHoB Me>KAY .fInoHHeH H CWA . B COOTBeTCTBHH C
3TOH nporpaMMoH, MHHHcTepcTBo npocBern;eHIDI.fInoHHH 6YAeT eJKeroAHO
npeMaraTb 100 cTHneHAHH AMI aMepHKaHCKIDt yqeHhlX AOKTopCKoro YPOB-
IDI AMI pa60Thl B yHHBepcwreTax H HMM. YnpaBAeHHe no HaYKe H TeXHHKe
nOArOTOBHT 50 MeCT, a MBTn - 10 MeCT AMI HayqHhIX HCCAoBaHHH H
CTa>KHpOBKH B npHHaAJ\eJKarn;HX HM HayqHo-HcCAeAOBaTeAhCKHX HHCTHTy-
12;)
Tax .
C1>aKTbI CBHAeTeJ\hCTByroT 0 TOM, tffO .RnoHHH CTpeMHfCH OTKpbITb
CBOIO HCCAeAoBaTeAbCK)'1O cHcreMY, 06eCneqHfb B03MOJK.HOCTh 60AhIIIeM}'
qHCAY HHOCTpaHHhIX yqeHblx pa60TaTh B CTpaHe. npHqHHbI, KOTOpbIMH
OHa npH 3TOM PYKOBOACTByeTcSI, KaK 06bItIHO, nparMaTHqHhI. nocreneHHo
npHXoAHT OC03HaHHe Toro, qTO ceKpeTOM ycnexoB CiliA B 06AaCTH 4>YH-
AaMeHTaAbHOH HaYKH S1BNIeTCSI nOAHaSl OTKpbITOCTb MJI HHOCTpaHHblX
yqeHbIX.
OAHHM H3 npenSITCTBHH Ha nyrH HHTepHal\HOHaAI13al\HH SlnOHCKHX
HI10KP S1BJ\HeTCSI KOCHOCTb 6lOpOKparnqeCKHX CTpyKryp. Bce npoQJecco-
pa rOCYAapCTBeHHblX yHHBepClITeTOB H COTPYAHHKH rocYAapCTBeHHbIX
HI1I1 OTHOCSlTCSI K KaTeropHH rOCYAapCTBeHHbIX CAYJKall\HX. Mepbl no Co-
Kpall\eHHIO rocYAapcTBeHHblX pacxoAoB B paMKax aAMHHHCTpaTHBHo-4>H-
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HOBbIe pa60qHe MeCTa. Y qaCTHblX S1nOHCKHX KOMnaHHH cpeACTB AocTaTOq-
HO, H OHH C Ka>KAbIM rOAOM yseAHlIHBalOT paCXOAbI Ha HJ.10KP, BeAyIU;HecS{
no HX KOHTpaKTaM B YHHBepcwreTax. OAHaKO SlnOHCKHe npocpeccopa BC e
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npeAnOQHTalOT, qT06bI HX paCXOAhI Olll\aqHBaJ\O npaBIITeJ\bCTBO. I1CCJ\e,AO-
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1. H. Yoshimura. The Organization of Science and Technology in Japan. (Report to In-
ternational Conference). Bonn. May 1987. p.2.
2. YAeHaMH HaY'fHoro COBeTa SlBJUlIOTCSI HaltOOAee BHAHhle SlnOHClCHe Y'feHbJe, CT8TyC
K01'OplJX COOTBeTCTByeT aKaAeMHKaM B POCCHH, XOTSI B ROOHHH TaKOI'O 3BaHHSI HeT. CaM
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4. Statistical Abstract of Education, Science and Culture. Tokyo. 1987. p.93.
5. Agency of Industrial Science and Technology. Tokyo. 1987. p.27.
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7. Sci eHHOC'TH. (AI ST. Tokyo. 19B7. p.5).
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Y'!IJo- ltcc 4 r. o€h.enoM CTaTHC7H'IecKOro o6cAeAoBaHHSI Ha npeA MeT oCYll'ecTBAeHIUI Ha-
l!eIJ, B 19AOBaTeAl.CKOH AesrreAbHOCTH 6hJAH '1aCTHble KOMnaHHH C KanHTaAOM ooAee I MAH.
J(alCYce ( B -1978 rr. - 60Aee 3 MAH HeH nOCAe 1979 r - OOAee 5 MAH. HeH (Kaf8tcy mA 31O D.Y
. e.>\aSl KH ., .
9. Science Hra no Ha}'Ke H TeXHHKe). TOKHo. 1988. CTp. 382).
10. The p; vol. 233. No. 4761. July 18. 1986. p.296. 3
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248
249

12. flnOHIU'1 pentcrPllpyeT 3Ha'JIlTeAbHO 60Abwe naTeHTOB, 'JeM CiliA. 0
60 - - AAal<:o
3Ha'JIrreA.bHO H Mepe 06ycJ\oBJ\eHo J\ee J\en<01I H AeweBOH npOl.\eAypOH nOA 3'ro B
Y'lel:llUl n
B flnoHlllt. n03TOMY MOJKHO roBopllTb AltWb 0 TeHAeHIJ,HH, C03HaBaH npH 3T aTelfra
. . OM pa3..\
naTetITHblX CIlCTeMax crpaH. nOAP06HO 06 :nOM CM.: T.DOI, W.Shattack (Ed) 1i'J1tsi B
"-now-How Ucensing in Japan and the United States. Seattle. 1977. pp. 3-29. s. . Patent and
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14. KaraKY ntA31OI.\y xaKyce. 1984. crp. 121. 123.
15. K. CYA3YXH, Ll. MItHraBa. HItXOH-HO Kltre TOCII TO K31:1KIO Kanxan y
_  C3I:1PRJ<:y
Becrlll.\llIf JlnOHCKl1X KOMnaHltH }1 crpaTernH pa3BlfTHH Ha}"ll:lldX HccJ\eAoBaHHH) "t . (HI!_
crp. 137. . OKlto. 1986.
16. The Oriental Economist. 1983. No.3. p. 16.
17. ARe KpynHeiillJlle rocYAapCTBeHHhle KopnOpal.\HH HnoHHH - JKeJ\e3H'
o.aX Aopor Ii
J\erpa4>Ho-TeJ\e<f>oHHaJi - penpllBaTH3HpoBaHhI B 1987 r. Ho B CTaTHCTHKe II){ A Te-
esrreJ\hl:lo
It paHbwe npllpaBHHBaAaCb It Y'lHThlBaAaCb KaK AeHTe.AbHOCTb 'JaCTHblX KOMnaH - C'J1.
HH.
18. K3HA3aH xaK)'ce. 1984. CTp. 141.
19. K. CYA3YXII. Ll. MItHraBa. LlHT. cO'J. crp. 135.
20. The Oriental Economist. 1983. No.3. p. 18.
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22. KaraKY ntA31OI.\Y xaKyce. 1984. CTp. 54, 64.
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24. Japan Echo. 1983. Special issue. p. 19.
25. H. Yoshimura. Op.cit. p. 9.
26. KaraK)' ntA31OIJ,Y xaKyce. 1984. CTp. 24.
27. Management Science. 1983. No.9. p. to15.
28. H. Yoshimura. Op. cit. p. 11.
29. CorAacHo HnoHcKoMY naTeHTHOMY 3dKOHOAaTeAbCTBY, Bce naTeHThJ Ha OTKpblTHSI "
1f306peTeHIJH, CAeJ\aHHble Ha cpeAcTBa 610AJKeTa (T.e. B rocYAapCTBeHHhJX HccJ\eAoBaTeAb-
CKHX Y"peeHHSIX ItAlt no HX "noPY'IeHHIO"), HBJ\HIOTCS1 c06CTBeHHoCTbIO rocYAapCTBa.
30. Science and Technology in Japan. vol. 5. No. 18. April 15. 1986. p. 43; AIST. p. 17.
31. B COeAIJHeHHhJX IllTaTax, HanpHMep, AeHCTBYeT 60J\ee AbroTHiUI CHCTeMa, D03BO-
J\HlOlIJ,iUI BhI'JlfTaTh H3 HaAOra Ha npH6blAh 25% C}'MMhI npeBhJlUeHHH pacxoAoB Ha HHOKP
no cpaBHeHHIO co CpeAHIJM ypoBHeM 3a npeAlUeCTB)'IOlIJ,He Tpll J'OAa. npH :nOM HHKaKoro
"nOTOAKa" Ha BeAH'JUHY 3TOH HaAOI'OBOH AbI'O.J'bI He ycraHOBJ\eHO, H nOAb30BaThCSI eH MoJKHO
15 AeT nOAPHA.
32. B AHrAltH HaY'IHo-ltcCAeAOBaTeAbCKHe KoonepaTHBhI c03AalOTcS1 npeHMymeCTBeH Ho
Me.AKHMH <t>HpMaMIl no oTpacAeBoMY npH3HaKY. B HnoHIIH OHit c}'lIJ,ecTByJOT II B cpeAe KPyn-
HOro 6H3Heca, npH06peTaS1 xapaKTep MeJKOTpaCAeBblx o6'beA"HeHHH. .' in
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34. On the Situation of Engineering Research Association in Mmmg and Industry.
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35. Science. vol. 233. No. 4761. July 18. 1986. p. 295; AI ST. p. 17.
36. Japan Echo. vol. 11. No.66. 1984. tioOS: Sci-
37. B. Bartocha, S.Okamura (Eds.). Transforming Scientific Ideas into Inn ova
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. C mbo g .
38. M.I. Kamien. N.U .Schwartz. Market Structure and InnovatIon. a
35-48
39. JECC: Computer Handbook. Tokyo. 1983.
rvf Moritani. Advanced Technology and tb
40. . e Japanese Contribu .
. 51. tion. Tokyo. 1983. P
55. 41. IbId. p. .
2 Futurist. 1983. N 1. p. 13.
4 . 3 nepJtoA C 190 1 no 1988 IT. OKOAO 400
43. a Y'feHLIX CTiWt
113 HJtX TOAbKO lUlTepo (B 06AaCTH <PH3HKH _ 3 AaypeaTaMIi Ho6eA w
J1per-tJiJi....nOHIJ,aMH. nocAeAHHH pa3. HoooAeBcKiUI D p e ,XHMHIi - 1, MeAHI\HHLI eB l c ) JCoH
.cJ)O'I'C1I TI MWI 3ft 1981 - RB-
IV' cA.eHa SlnoHcKOMY reHeTHKY C. TOH3raBa r. B 06haCTlt Me
6J,)J\8 nplt ]"""'" (Th ' KOTOPLIH p860T AHI\HI:ILI
')'e](flOhOf}t<JecKOM HHCTmyre e Japan Times. Oct. 24. 1987) ae')' B M8ccaqyce'J'CXOM
4 4 HanpltMep. 3anycK COBeTCKHM COI030M De p B .
. _ oro HCKYCCTBe
95 7 r flaHec CHAbHhJH YAap no aMepHKaHcKoMy caMOAlO":: I:IHOro cDyrl:lHK8 3eMhH
B 1 . " uHIO H 3aCTaB
"AnOMOfl C WHpOKO pa3peKAaMHpoBaHHoH l\eAhlO DOC ItA DPHHSlI1. DPOrpaM-
lrfY 1 BAKH 'IeAoBeKa 1\
P w eHlte 3TOro 3KcnepHMema B 969 r. o6ecne'llL\o B3 1:18 }'By. YM'IRoe
3iiBe Ae')' HaY'iHoro D
6 ' "'0, B KOHIJ,e KOHIJ,OB, HeMaAOBaJIUIOH l\eAhlO D porp peCTHJKa ClllA. 'lT0
II DU' _ ill " aMMLI. GAHa H3 n -
O rp aMMbI "CneJtc a'ITA 38KJUO'IaeTCH B TOM 'JTo6h1 D ....eAeH KOCMH'IeCKOH
Jlp _ 'OATBep,A,lm. AHA
,\BCTH HccJ\eAOBaHJtJt KOCMoca. epCTBO ClllA B 06-
45. H. Patrick (Ed.) Japan's High Technology Industri ( Le
dustriaJ Policy). Seattle and London. 1986. p. 9. es ssons and Umitations of In-
46. Ibid. p. to.
47. HaH8A 3IOH3 HAaH A3HCH KHKaH CaHre (3AeKTpoHHKa
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48. Management Japan. vol. 19. No.1. Spring 1986. p. 16.
49. K. Oshima. F. Kodama. Paper presented at Ne w Y k U . .
.' or mVerslty's Confer n
Technical Cooperation and International Com p etitiv en L M e ce on
ess. ucca. arch 1986
1983. p::.KY ntA 3JO IJ,y H3Mno 27 (EJKeroAHHK no HaYKe H TeXHHKe, BbJDYK 27). TOMo.
51. H. Patrick (Ed.). Op. cit. p. 17.
Base : or. A p Case Study of Technology Forecasting in Japan: The Next Generation
° ogJes rogramme. London. 1983.
53. 80 H3HAaH-Ho .. .. W
nOAHTHKa 80 IJ,yce caHre C3HcaKY-HO apHKaTa. (BHelUHeTOproBaJI H DpoMhlwAeHRaJi
54 Ha -e J'OALJ). TOKHo. 1980. CTp. 4.
. CHH MIfTH-3-HO TEk3 C
BoMy HeH3B H. 3HTaH rHA31Ol\Y K3HKIO Kaifxal\y-Ho caHA33Hc3H. (BbJ30B HO-
, eCTHoMY. Ha ne p e A -
HUKH H Te HeM Kpae pa3BHTHH HCCAeAOBaHHH B 06AaCTH nepeAoBOH Tex-
55 l:HoAontH). TOKHo. 1982. CTp. 12.
. 80 H3HAaH K3 UA 3 w w
HOMH'JecKO ........ aH CSiKaH-HO T3M60 TO CHClfH. (nepCDeKTHBbJ H OplteHTHpbJ 3KO-
ro H COlJ,H8.I\b
56. HH A 3 _ HOJ'O pa3BlfTHSI Ha 80-e roAhl). TOKlto. 1983. CTp. 21-22.
 IOIITH C3HKH .. w
HOro 061..Qec-r caHre CS1KaH-HO KHXOH KOCO. (OCHOBHiijI KOHu.enu.HSI HHAYCTPH-
57. C31<:8H Ba 21 BeKa). TOKlto. 1986. crp.83.
Yl1.taJl BMeCTe -TO TOMO-HH HKHpy HHXOH. K3HA3dH YJfD3H roKaH3H K3HKaKY (SlnoHWI, )IUt-
. C MHpoM. nJITHAeTHItH nAaH ynpaBAeHItH 3KOHOMHKOH). TOKHo. 1986. CTp. 28-
.,. 58. Co
leth mprehensiv B .
nOlogy to C e aSIC Scheme to Promote Long-Term Development of Science and
59. OUtline :e;ith Changing Conditions. Tokyo. 1984. p. 2-4.
o. AlST. p. 10 Jence and Technolody Policy. Tokyo. 1986.
1. Ibid .
62. .
6 M.Morita.
3. CIiH M nJ. op. cit. p. 35. 61.
Jf1'H-3-H ..
o TeC3H... CTp. 14.
250
251

64. nOAPo6Hee 0 SlnOHCKOM npoeJ<Te C03AaHHH 3BM 5-1'0 nOKoAeHHH CM.: lie.
HIfOleCKHH nporpecc B 1'noHHH. M. 1984. CTp. 35-46. Y'llIO-'l'eJ(.
65. The Oriental Economist. 1983. No.3. p. 12.
66. E.A. Feigenbaum, P. McCorduck. The Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelr
Japan's Computer Challenge to the World. Reading, Mass. and Menlo Park. 19gence 6.nd
67. 34><PeKT 03e4>coHa Ha3BaH B tJeC1'b AaypeaTa Ho6eAeBCKoH D p e . p. 109.
'" P MUB, }"Jell
l\.eM6p 1 tA.>KCKoro YHHBepCHTe7a E. AJt<, 03e 't'coHa. e'lh HAeT 06 HCnOAb30B oro Ita
- a8BB SIB""
cBe p x3J\.elCTponpoBoAHMOCTH KpHOJ'eHHblM YCTpOHC1'BOM, KOTopoe pa60Tae'l D el:llfsJ
PH 'leMDe
pe -270 rpBA.C. npH YJ\.bTpaxOJ\.OAHbIX TeMnepaT}'Pax 3J\.eKTponpoBOAHMOCTb B P8.'Ijr_
ODPe..\eAel:l
MarepHaAax pe3Ko nOBblllIaeTCSI, TaK KaK 3J\.eKTpOHbJ MOryr ABHraTbCH C MeHbWBM Con I:ILIJc
J\.eHHeM H AOCTHrBlOT CKOpOCTH CBeTa. TaKHe YAbTpaxoJ\.OAHble 3J\.eMeHTbI nOT p e6 POTHB-
O - AA_
OlHTeJ\.l,HO MeHbllle 3J\.eKTp03HepmH. AHaKO TpYAHonpeOAoJ\.HMOH npo6AeMoH en. -
I1DAAeTCJI T
'lTO 34xPeKT 03e4>coHa AOC1'ltraeTCSI HCKAJOOlHTeAbHO DPH TeMnepaTypax 6".. 0,
, .3 K 8.6.
COAJOTH0MY' nyJ\JO, B nOCTOHHHbIX BaHHax .>KHAKOro reJ\.HH. HeKOTOpLle cneI\HiL\H CT "w
 QI COMBe_
BaIOTCH B l\eHHocTH TaKoro YCTpoHC1'Ba, noTOMY' 'ITO OHO Tpe6ye-r OOleHb CAOJIUJOH 0XJ\a
Jlt,a,alO-
lQeit CItCTeMbJ H 3HaOllfTeAbHO 3a.TpYAfUleT HCnpaBAeHHe KaKHx-J\H60 nOAOMOK.
J\}"IIlJeH dJ\.bTepHaTHBoH TeXHOJ\.omH AJK03e4>coHoBcKoro 34><PeKTa DpeACTaBAAIOTCH
HH1'erpdJ\.bHbJe CXeMbJ Ha apCeHHAe ra.MIfSl, KOTOpbJe XOpOIlJO pa60TalO'l DpH TeMnepaType .
196 rpaA.c.
68. ToOlHoro onpeAeJ\.eHHH cynep-3BM HeT, HeT H Ole-rKOro pa3rpaHHOleHltH MeJKAY HHMB
H ynHBepCdJ\.bHbJMH 3BM 0611.\ero Ha3HaOleHHH. CtJHTaeTcH, 'ITO KOMMepOleCKHe cynep-3BM
- 370 MallllfHbJ C npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTblO 400 MAR. KOMaHA B ceKYHAY H 6oJ\.ee. PblHOK cynep-
38M orpaHHOleH, OHH npeAHa3HatJeHbl AMI nOJ\.b30BaTeAeH, KOTOpbJM He06xoAHMO 06pa6am-
BaTb orpoMHbJe MaCCHBLI AaHHhIX, B OCHOBHOM B 'laKUX 06J\.aCTSIx, KaK npOeKTHpOBaHHe CAOJK-
HOH 3J\.eKTpOHHKH, nporn03HpOBaHHe noroAbJ, ceHcMHtJecKHe HCCJ\.eAOBaHIDI, aHaAH3 ABHHbIX
co cnyrHHKoB, pacOleTbJ TpaeKTOpHH paKeT, a3pOAHHaMHOlecKoe MOAeJ\.HpOBaHHe H T.A. Ha Ha-
OlaJ\.O 80-x roAOB B MHpe HCnOJ\.b30BaAOCb MeHee 50 cynepKoMDbJOTepoB.
69. The Oriental Economist. 1983. No.7. p. 7.
70. K 3BM 4-ro nOKOJ\.eHHH OTHOCSITCH MaIlJHHbI, 3J\.eMeHTH08 6a308 K01'OpbIX HBASIIOTCB
CEI1C C eMKOC1'bJO naMHTH 256 K61fT It 6oJ\.ee.
71. HHKKaH Kore CHM6yH. 23.05.1988.
72. HHXOH K3H.A3aH CHM6yH. 11.05.88.  6cJry
73. "<1>YA3HI\Y" o6'bSIBHJ\.a 06 ycneIlJHhIX HcnLrraHHJIX CHCTeMbJ, MOAeAHpyIDll\eH pa
- 100 H p oHaM 31'0 Ha
HeHpoKoMnbJOTepa C BbJtJHCAlfTeAbHOH cnoc06HoCTbJO, paBHoH TbJC. He . _
- oro M03ra , cOAepJlCii
MHOro nOPHAKOB MeHLIlJe COOTBeTCTBYJOlQeH cnOC06HOC1'H OleAOBeOleCK _
TEWI NUl TpaAH
I1-'ero OKOAO 14 MAPA. HeHpoHoB, HO ropa3Ao 60J\.LllIe aHaAOmtJHoro nOKa3a. - M6yH.
I\HOHHbJX 3BM (MaKcHM)'M 6 HepBHbJX KAeTOK roJ\.OBHOro M03ra) (HHXOH K3HA3aH CH
26.1.1988 r.). 87
74. HHKJ<aH Kore CHM6yn. 3.06.1987; HHXOH K3HA3a.H CHM6yn. 11.08.19 .
75. AI ST. p. 8. H' h Technology
76. Building an Industrial Structure for the 21st Century. Independent 19
Developmenty. Tokyo. 1982. p. 32. . MaAb HO 38 Be P-
77. MBTn HaOlaAO OCY11.\eCTBAeHHe 3'101'0 npoeKTa elQe B 1977 r. H 4>OP_ CHc-reM IJe-
6 - H3BOACTBeH H O H c-r e -
lllHAO B 1984 r. OAHaKo AMI c03AaHHH nOJ\.HOC1'bJO rn KOH npo P flbl MH ell
IlJeHHblMH ceHCO
06xOAHMa pa3pa60TKa CAO.>KHOro C60pOtJHOro p060Ta C cOBep
MaMH
78. HHKKaH Kore cHM6yn. 20.05.88.
79. H. Yoshimura. Op. cit. p. 15-16.
TecbnopoJises. Now in Japan. No. 34. 1983
80. 13 . p. 2-3.
81 AlST. p. .
. AcaX H I1sHHHr HbJOC. 10.06.1987.
8 3 2 . HHJ(1{aH Kore CHM6yn 11.08.1987.
8 . E . J
4 . The Japan conomlc ouma). 15.08.1987. 16
8 - - If: 12 p. .
85. Hux OH J{3HA3aH CHMuyn. .08.1987.
86. LoOk Japan. 10.04.13. p. 35.
87 A p8 TaHa K3HKJO KaUXaI\Y-HM MyX3T3 ( K HO
. .' BOMy 3'J'any
')'OJ{). ToKHO. 1982 CTp. . HCCAeAoBaHHH H Pf13Pfl50-
88. ft;3Hc3AaH caHJ'e rHA 3JO I\Y-HO 'l3HJ(aH TO Bara
- KyHH )(HJ(aH 10
P B H1'He npoH3BoACTBeHHoH TeXHOAOrHB CA"A\TInm e CIOY'HO cepaH 'l3MII::-
( a3 T '''&Ai ro nOKoAeHIUI uu.
CJ{ofO 3KCDopTa MalllMH). TOKHo. 1985. C'lp. 3. H DepcneKTHBLI SlnOH-
89. An Outlook for Japan's Industrial Society towards the
21st Century. Tokyo 1986
42-43. . . pp.
90. 3THM, B tJaCTHOC1'H, MOJRHO o&LstcHItTb 'J'O 'f1'O T
" '" '81Ute 3AeK1'poTexHH
HBH "BTOporo 3ll1eAOHa ,KIIK COHH' HAH "Wa p D" 06u '1eCKHe KOMDfl-
, UltJHO He ChHWKOM
HX HCJCAJO'IaJOT H3 H36paHHoro Kpyra 60Aee KpynHbIX 4>0 M B03paJlt.alO'l, KorAi'
npoeJ<Tax HI10KP. p 'Y'faCTBYIOHX B HaD.HOHiL\bHbIX
91. H. Patrick (Ed.). Op.cit. p. 74.
92. The Effect of Government Targeting on World Se .
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93. COrAaCHO AaHHbJM o6cJ\.eAoBaHIDI, npOBeAeHHoro Y
npaBAeHHeM no Hayxe H TeXHHKe
RoOHHH, CaMbJM BaJKHbJM 4>aKTOPOM ynp aBAeHtJecKo H -
CTpaTeJ"HH Ha npeACTOSlI1(H 10
'1aCTHble KOMDaHHH (83,2% o6cAeAoBaHHIdX) Ha3BaAH COO'lBeTCTBHe e AeT
OCBOBe HI10KP. CAeAYJOIQHMB DO C1'eDeHH BaJlUfOC'l '" Tpe60BaHHSlM pLlHKa HII.
- H 't'aK'J'OpaMH OKa3aAHCL Ha60p H DOA-
J'OT ( 63 B % K ) a pa60tJeH 60 CHAbI {69.6%}, AHBepco<pBKaHH c4>ep npoH3BOACTBeHHOH AeSlTeAbHOCTH
I H pa3pa TKa HOBbIX n p oJ\\TrI'
P <-'tJ "'. OB B Tpi!AHl\HOHHbIX 06AaCTHX AeSlTeAbHOCTH ( 48 7G1 )
e3YAhTaTbJ onpoca CBHAeTeAL 6 I 10.
no  C1'BYJOT 0 aKTHBHOM BHHoBal\HoHHOM HaCTpoe HDOHCKHX KOp-
paH 4 H. (The Present State of Science and Technology in Japan. p. 8).
. HeKOTopbIe HaHoH
l\e.AeH T aAhHLle OpoeKTbJ HI10KP B $IDOHHH He AOCTHrAH DOCTaBJ\.eHHbIX
. aK, DO MHeHHJO 3Kcn "
Te p OB DO epTOB, HeYAa1lH0 3aBepWHAHCL npoeKT pa3pa60TICH KOMDblO-
KOAeHBH 375" (1972 1976 "
ne'leHHH" (1976-198 IT - .) H npoeKT pa3pa6OTICH epeACTB DpOrpaMMHOro 06ec-
20% Pd3 p 60 .}. nOCAeAHHH npoeKT paCl\eHHBaeTCH KaK HeYAa'la DOTOMy, 'fT0 AHWb
a TaHHbIX oaK
nOh},aOBaHIUI. eTOB nporpaMM OKa3aAHCL DpHI'OAHblMH AI\SI KOMMeptJeCKoro HC-
95 L'Ex
96' P press. 22.02.1985. p. 16.
. roblems and I .
nolO gy in the c. ssues Concernmg the Transfer, Application and Development of Tech-
COuntries. UNC apltal Goods and Industrial Machinery Sector: Implication for Developing
97. look J TAD, document ID/B/C.6JAC 7/L 1/1983.
98. C3u... apan. vol. 29. No. 325. 10.04.1983. p. It.
ltlflf .-. J aH l1iA3JO -
1 nepeAOB'" H Y KaHXal\y-Ho KOKycaHKa c3Hpexy. (CTpaTerHH HHTepHal\HoHaAH3a-
89 olX 110KP ) T
. . OKHO. 1982. C1'p. 135; Karaxy rHA31OD.Y xalC}'ce. TolOfo. 1988. c.
99 Sc'
t' lence and 
00. News f echnology in Japan. vol. 5. N 18. April 15. 1986. p. 15.
101. The Ii TOm MITI. Jan. 1987. NR-332(87-1}. pp. 4-6.
102. Ibid. pan Frontier Science Program. Tokyo. MITI. 1986. pp. 1-5.
252
253

103 Pa60-ry MeJI<AYHapoAHoro DOAJ'QTOBHTeAbHoro KOMHTeTa B03r.I\BBHA M. OICa
VNHBe pc JM'eTa KHOTO. B COCTaB KOMHTeTa BOUIAM 6 RDOHCKIIX vu t.lo-,o
6WBIIJHH pel<TOp J" J eHLDc '
J . "ceMe p KH" It EBponeHcKoro Co06ll\eCTBa. AeRTeJ\LHOCTL MeJlru.... II 12
npeACTaBJITeAe, --"MJnapoAQ
KOMHTeTa l\eAHKoM 4>HHaHcltpYeTCR RDOHCKltM DpaBmeA.bCTBoM. Oro
104. KaraKY rHA3JOI\Y xaK)'ce. TOKHo. 1988. CTp. 189.
105. The Human Frontier... p. 7.
106. KaraK)' rHA31OD.Y xaKYce. TOKHO. 1988. CTp. 456-457.
107. TaM .>Ke. TOKHo. 1988. CTp. 171.
108. TaM .>Ke. TOKHO, 1988. CTp. 454-455. B 1986 4>HH. r. DOHHR 3dKAJo'lHAa 2361
- H 60 HOBOe
corAallleHHe Ha HCD0Ah30B8HHe HHoCTpaHHoH TeXHOAornH. aH Ablllee KOAH'IeCTBo H3 HliX
6bL\0 pa 3 pa 60TaHo B CIliA (57%), a TaJOlte BO <I>paHD.HH, <I>pr, AHrAHH H I1TaAHH ( B
_ D.eAo
005 oe p e'mcAeHHLlM CTpaHaM - 85%). 930 TeXHOAornH (40%) DpHXOAHAOCb Ha 3AeICT p
O'JeX-
HII'JecKYJO opoMblllIAeHHocn., 400 - Ha MaIllHHoCTpoeHHe. 300 - Ha XHMHIO. B o6AaC'J1f BLI-
COJUIX TeXHOAOrnH HaH60AbIllHH YAeAbHbIH BOC OpHXOAJIACR Ha KOMobJOTepHy1O (700 TeXHo-
AonlH) H OOAynpoBoAHHKOBYJO (170). HHXOH K3HA3aH CHM6yu. 26.01.1988.
109. HaopHMep, MeTaMypntileCKHH KOM6HHaT "nOxaHr" B IOJKHOH Kopee, oOCTpoeo-
HLIH npH TeXHHilecKOM cOAeHCTBHH "HHXOH C3HT3D.Y" H APyrnx RDOHCKHX MeTCiMypnt'JecICHX
KOMnaHHH, cDoc06eH BLlnycKaTh 8,5 MAH.T CTaAH B roA. noHcKHe npOH3BOAHTeAH onaCiL\HCL,
'JTO 3KCOOpT CTaAH H3 IOJKHOH KopeH COKpaTHT AOJUO HnoHHH B CTpaHax IOro-BOCTO'IHOH
A3HH It np06beT ce6e AOpory B caMY HnOHHIO. PacCMaTpHBaR 3TO KaK KAaCCHileCKHH npHMep
"34><f>e K7a 6}'MepaHra", Olm OTKa3a.AHCb npeAOCTaBHTb IO.>KHOH Kopee TeXHHilecKyJ<> DOMOlQL
B HaAaJlUtBaHHH npoH3BoACTBil l\eAbHOTsmyrblx TPy6, XOAOAHOKaTaHbIX DART, AHCTOBOro JKe-
Ae3a H ApyroH BbiCOKOKa'JeCTBeHHOH CTaAbHOH npoA}'KIJ,HH.
110. An Outlook for Japan's Industrial Society Towards the 21st Century. Tokyo. 1986.
p.39.
111. EOAee TOro, MHorne RDOHCKHe 4>HPMbI, HCnbITaB Ha ce6e MeAAeHnyJO peaICD.HJO
MecTHbIX pa60'lHX Ha HX MeTOAbJ no MOAH4>HKaHH npoAyxD.HH, npHWAH K BbJBOAY. 'JTO
A}"IllIe npOH3BOAJITb B SlnoHHH, HecMoTpR Ha 60Aee BbJCOKHe H3Aep)l{J(H Ha TpYA. 3Ta TeH-
Ae HIJ,ID1 , nOA}"IHBllIaR B AHTepaT)'Pe Ha3BaHHe "06paTHoro 34>4>eKTa 6}TMepaHra", 0603Ha'lH-
AaCb B CepeAHHe 80-x roAOB, KorAa B SlnoHHH CTaJ\H nOBceMeCTHO HCn0Ab30BaTbCR CTaHKH C
'-lITY, DpOMbIIlJAeHHbIe po60TLI H rn6KHe npoH3BoACTBeHHble CHCTeMbI, n03BOMllOHe 6b)-
CTpo MOAH4>HIJ.HpoBaTb OpOA}'KIJ,HJO. ECAH HaMeTHBllIaHCH TeHAeHIJ.HR 6YAeT Ha6HpaTb CHAY,
OHa He6AaroopHBTHO CKa.>KeTCR Ha yrAy6AeHHH MeapOAHoro pa3AeAeHIDI TpYAa.
112. HanpHMep, nepeAaila HnoHHeH -rexHoAornH B 06AaCTH TpaHcnopTHoro MawHHO-
TYl'a co-
CTpoeHIDI IO.>KHOH Kopee npHBeAa K pe3KoMY poery npoH3BoACTBa, HMnopTa H 3Kcno r .
- - - H - TexHOAOfHH
OTBeTCTBYJOll\eH npoAyxD.HH B 3TOH CTpaHe. OCBoeHHe aHaAOrnilHOH RnOHCKO
nonIOro Ma-
B CHHranype 3ftMeTHO yseAHilHAO Me.>KOTpacAeBbIe nOCTaBKH OTpaCMlM TpaHCnOy...
- 60 OT cOBpe-
IlIHHOCTpOeHHR co CTOpOHbl APyrnx BHyrpeHHHx OTpacAeH. B I1HAOHe3HH, Hao p, II
- 3BNi npSlMoe
MeHHaSI smoHcKaR TeXHOAornH B 06AaCTH XHMH'JeCKOH npoMbllllAeHHocrH OKa .h p1' bJ
6 T p aHC't'e
Koc.aeHHoe B03AeHCTBHe Ha y&eAH'IeHHe HMnopTa MaTepHaAOB. TaKHM 0 pa30M, H H
6 0 ecAJI 0
BbiCOKUX TeXHOAornH He BcerAa BbIroAHbI pa3BHBaJOll\HMCR CTpaHaM, OCO eHH IJX crp8J1.
CHAbHO 3aBHCSIT OT COnpRJKeHHLlX nOCTaBOK MaTepHaAOB H KOMnOHeHTOB H3 pa3BHT
113. The Present State of Science... p. 7.
114. Daily Yomiuri. 8.02.1988. "<PYA3HUY"
115. B Ka'leCTBe npHMepa MOJKHO npHBecrH HeYAa'lHYJO nOnbITKY KOMnaH HH "<J>3iiP-
b1X cxeM
npHo6peCTH B 1986 r. aMepHKaHcK}'JO 4>HPMY no npoH3BoAcrBY HHTerpaAl>H I<al< yr-
'1aitAA", nepeJKltBaBIlIYJO TPYAHbJe BpeMeHa. nOnblTKH "<I>YA3HIJ,Y" 6b1AJ1 pacu.e"e"o opep,
p03a RalJ,ltOHaAbHOH 6e30nacHOCTH, nocKoAbKY-Ae npoA}'KIJ,HH 3TOH 4>HpMlJ 'JaCTH'J
....A 06opOHHblX 3aKa3'1HKOB. nOA 80 w
qaAacb PV' 3AeHCTBHeM
fla3J1a M naHHSI 6b1A8 BbIH}'JKAeHa OTKa3aTbCH OT DOAH1'H'IecKOro A
aSi 1<0 - CBOUX DAa aBAeolUl
flI1oJlcJ< 87 r Mac ca 'Jyce7CKHH TexHOAOnt'leCKHH li H OOB.
B 19 . CTInyr 6LIA B
... n p H06peCTH cynepKoMnblOTep RDOHCICOH .l,. H " LJHyeH OTXa3811.CH
P eJIlJ" ... pMW Huxo " OT
f)alof e " CT e p CTBa 060POHbI 3anpeTltAlt HCnOAb30Ba HHe H A3HICH , ICorM 'IHH OB
.unh' HeaMepHIC - -
f)JlJ<H Y eMblX aMepHKaHcKHM npaBmeAhCTBOM HCCA e _ aHCICOH TeXHOAOI"HH .....a
atlCJiP .' 0 1 AOBaHHH 'v'"
€p UH 6 Daily YommrI. 24. 1. 988. .
: :7: Science. vol. 233. N 4761. July 18. 1986. pp. 270-211.
118. B 1986 r. KOHrpecC CWA npHHSIA 4>eAepaAbHLlH 3aKOH 0 De
OT O p oro 6b1MI ceHaTopbl A. POK<PeMep H P "O Y ". 0 peAa'le'leXHOAOI"HH. aB-
P ar-iU J< _ .  11. H AaeT opaB
70 IX Aa60paTopHH 3aKpbJBaTb B HUX AOCTyn TeM HH O.AHpeK'lOpaM <t>e-
AepaA btib OCTpaHHLlM }"IeHIdM 'II>
6e cne'lHBaJOT aHaAOrH'IHoro AOCTyIIa MJJ. aMepHICaHCKHX H ' H C1'paHbl
f)e ° cCAeAOBa1'eAeH :n
..uaJt<AlJ 6blA npHMeHeH npOTHB RnOHCKOro HCCAe A O BaTe 1\ . OT 3aKOH
Y Jf{e Ow' AR B HBe p MO p C - 60
( Dail y Yomiuri. 24.01.1988). KOH Aa pa-
TOpuu .
119. The Oriental Economist. 1984. N 10. p. 26.
120. Science. vol.233. N 4761. July 18. 1986. p.271.
121. The Japan Times. 22.06.1988.
122. Bonpoc 3aJ<AJO'IaeTCR B TOM, AeHCTBHTeAbHO All HHOCT p aHH1L ' e .h
DO ...HPMLI XOTRT }"Ia-
C'J'BOBaTb B npoeKTax MB1T1. HanpHMep. B RHBape 1988 r. O p H era a
II KTHBHOM }"IaC'THH B
TOKHO 6bJA Y'fpeJRAeH MeJRAyuapoAHbJH IJ.eHTp npOMLllllAeHHoH TeX HOAO ....
" .nH Ha OCHose
CBepxnpoBOAHMOCTH . Ha npHrAaweHHe npltCOeAHHHTLCR K HOBblM OOCAeAOBaHIDIM B 06Aac-
TH CBepxnpoBoAHMOCTH OTKAJlKHYAOCb 88 RnOHCKHX KpynHbIX HpM H 6aHICoB, HO HH OAHOH
HHoCTpaHHoH (HHKKaH Korn CHM6yu. 14.01.1988).
123. OCHoBHble nYUKTbI 3TOH nporpaMMbl 6bIAH corAaCOBaHbJ BO BpeMH BH3HTa TorAaw-
Hero npeMbep-MHHHCTpa nOHHH H. TaK3CHTa B CiliA B HallMe 1988 r.
124. Mainichi Daily News. 10.07.1988. B 1987 r. MBm BnepBble B cBoeD HCTOpHH Ha-
lliIAO HHoCTpaHHoro HCCAeAOBaTeM1 H3 AurAHH MJJ. paOOrbI B rocYAapcTBeHHoM HI1I1 Mexa-
HHKH.
125. 3aKOH YCTpaHHeT ANI rocYAapCTBeHHbIx Ha}"lHo-HcCAeAoBaTeAbCKHX Op raHH3a I\HH
JOpHAHlJeCKHe npenRTCTBltH, MewaBlllHe BbJDOAHeHHIO KoonepaTHBHbIX HI10KP C BHelllHHMH
opraHH 3aIJ,IDIMH B
. '1aCTHOCTH, 3aKOH nOOll\pReT rocYAilpCTBeHHLle HHI1 }"IaCTBoBaTb B co-
BMeCTHhIX JtCCAe
AOBaTeAl,CK)fX npoeKTax C '1aCTHbIMH 4>HpMaMH, CTHMYAHpYeT rocYAapCTBeH-
HhIe YHHBe p CHT H
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DO°IltPSleT 0 r '
qa,..,.... p aHH3al\mo COBMecTHblX HI10KP YUHBepCmeTaMH, rocYAapcTBeHHLlMH HI1I1 H
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o BaTeA},C KH
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..."Jt Kompa
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liD HLIM IJ,eHa
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126 B aIJ,ItOH8AhHOCTH.
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254
255

) 3 370 BpeMR MHonte AaHHLle YC"I'8peBaIOT, 8 SlnOHn,.
blAK8 H T.ft... 8 _ }')[OA__
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HHe SO-X roAOB 1\ An l"\e H C"1a1bJ
127. B cepeA 1 :1. B Hee BOmAH npeACT8BH'1'eAH "y-y I, 06ecDoKoe....
bIX TeXHOAOMf 11. ......l.Ie 3
pa 3BHTHIO nepeAOB _ CJnOHHeH H ClllA B ot>AaCTH cynep-3BM H APYI"Hx Bh c-
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K8.A8HeH npOTII 1981 "" Hee CYrnO'IKOBaAaCb HOBaR rpynnHpoBK8 - napJ\aMeH......
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q>eAepaHJI cOAe 198 7 r 126 napAaMeH7apHeB BOWAH B 'VeAepalJ,HIO cOAeH
B B OJCTJl6pe. - 6 E -'ISJUi
150 Aenyr8TO . H - P a3 p emalOeH cnoco HOCTLIO. l.qe 0AHa rpYDnH po
HAeHJUI C BbiCOKO _ IIlta
pa3BHTHIO TeAeB O Jl.. e HCTBHJI P a3BHTHIO HHct>opMaD,HoHHoH OPOMblIllAeHH"'-
JI "'eAepaJlJI C ,.... _ "'- Iii
- napAaMeHTCK8 't' HHblMH C HH<popMaTHKoH (The Japan Economic Journ )
.nnor" BO n p OCaMJI, CBJl38 Ii .
- 38HHM8"",.....,.
26.03.1988). . 22 06.1988.
128. The Japan Tlmoe cuiA ee B 19191'. npHlUlAo 3aKOH, YCTaHaBAHBaIOl.qHH XOlfrpo/U,
129. npaBJI1'eAbCTB JI MOJKe1' COKpaTHTb TeXHOAOMt'leCKHM p83PblB C CllIA
HaA 3KCDOproM 'reXHOAOMfH, KOTOpa
HAD HcnOAb30BaTbCR B BoeHHblX eARX.
130. Daily Yomiuri. 1.04.1988. blBa eMblH Te pp HTOpHaAbHblM nOAXoA K pacnpeAeAeHHIO
C lllA OTCTaHBaAH TaK Ha3
131. &:. HOCTb corAaCHO K01'OpOMY pe3YJ\LT8TbI COBMeCTHm
 A J.Hyx> COV\.. I BeH ,
npaB Ha He'HJ-- OC ecTBAeHHblX B paMK8X HaD,HOHaAbHbIX rpaHHIJ, OAHOH
HCCAeAOBaHHH (naTeH7b1 H T.A.),  OH - CTOpo HbI HnOHHJI crpeMHAaCb H3MeHHTL 3TOT
06crBeHHOCTblO 3T .
H3 CTOpOH. JlBNlIOTCJI C _ MeJRnpaBHTe.AbCTBeHHOM COI'AameHHH 0 H8}1'1HO-
npllHIJ.Hn, 38<pJlKCHpoB8HHblH B npe)J{HeM
TeXHH1lecKOM CCYrPYH'IBe. 806 1988.
132. HHxoH K3HA3all CHMYH' . . HeM "OTKpblAii 3 KpynHblX HCCAeAOBaKHx
133. TaK, aMepHK8HCK8J1 :p B o'{taCTH nOAHMepoB, TeXHH'IecKHX npo6AeM H
neuorna CneHaAH3HPYJOlQHXCS1 H H 'A' OKP B o6AaCTH nOAynpoBOAHHKOB
.... .u r ' _ "116M" C03AaAil lJ,eHTp n
Ce.AbCKOX03S1HCTBeHHoH HayKH. BaTeAbCKYJO Aa60pa1'OpHIO B r. Qyxy6a.
B npe<l>. CHm. KOMn8HHS1 "AnAJKH" O_TKpblAa HCCAOne COHaAOM 400 'leA. f'¥\B 6oAhWHHCTB6
KOTOpaJI K 1995 r. CTaHeT KpynHeHmeH 3a rpaHHD,eH M HBOM S1BN1eTCJI CTpeMAeHHe 6oAe
HHOCTpaHHbIX KOMnaHHH rAaBHlJM n06YAH7e.AbHbI <PYHAaMeH7aAbHbIX HCCAeAOB8HHH
6bJC1'p0 H 34><t>eKTHBHO HcnOA1>30BaTb pe3yALTaTbJ CBOHX ;. .
(Focus Japan. vol. 15. N 9. Sept. 19. pp. 1-2). aA npHcBaHBaTbcS1 HHOC1'paHHOH DPo7
134 HnoHcKHM npOMlJWAeHHlJH CTaHAapT CT 0 B 06eH CAOJKHOC'J'H
IJ, HH C 1000 r. no COCTOS1HHIO Ha MapT 1988 r., 38pernCTpHPOB::OCT p aHHlJM IOpHAH'IeCKHM
lJWAeHHoro CTaHAa pT8 bCTByeT 0
CA}"IaeB npHCBoeHHS1 S1noHcKOro npOM H 22 _ TaHB8HbCKHM. '11'0 CBHAe'J'eA (K3HA3Ci H
AHIJ.aM. B 1'OM '1HCAe 50 - IOJKHOKOpeHCKM HH B nOOHHH H 3THX CTP8H8X
c6AHJReHHH ypoBHS1 Ka'IeCTBa 8HaAOrH'IHOH npoAyKIJ,
AXO, 1988. N 5).
135. HHXOH K3HA3aH CHM6}'H. 19.11.1988.
C.B.6PAfHHCKHH
K.HHCHM
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11 3KOHOMIf1IECKOE PA3BHTHE
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nepeMeHHbIe nOTOKa (flow) H 3anaca (stock) npHllIAO B TeOpeTHqecKYK>
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318.6 7,65
- 47.6 7,40 4,2 23,5
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1963 57,0 6.47 4,4 20,0
308,4
f.-.--"- 67.5 4,S 18.5
1964 312,3 5,92
r- 75,2 5.9 19,7
1985 374,4 5.28
,..- 111,6 23,2
1986 4,87 6,6
134,9 477,3 23,4
1987 492.2 4,75 8.5
- 179.0 30,9
1988 5,72 12,8
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1989 545,5 7,10 9,8
r- 138.7
1990 CTHKe Ra-
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266
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269
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270
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272

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275
.
rOAbI 1982 1983 1984 1 '987
1985 1986
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AerKOH Ha>KHBbI BeAeT K TSI>KeAOMy nOXMeI\.blO, HO, nO-BHAHMOMY, B 3KO-
HOMHlfeCKOH >KH3HI1 :l\1060H CTpaHbl TOAbKO nOCJ\e nOA06HbIX HcnbITaHI1H
B KOHlJ,e KOH40B HaXOAHTCSI OnTHMaAbHbIH 6aAaHC Me>KAY cplfHaHCOBbIMH
11 peaAbHblMH pbIHKaMH.
npHMe'laHHJI
w 1986 f. (EJKeroAHHK 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH craTHCTHKH, 1986), c. 33,
w OK3H H3Mno, a 97
YI3M3aH 7 - K p eu.I'''HO-AeHeJRHaSi nOAHTHKa B nnOHHH. C. .
6. J' B EparHHCKHH. ,...... III
c.33; C., - K e HTHO-AeHeJRHaSi nOJ\HTHKa B SlnoHHH. fA. ."
19 91 r., C B E p arHHCKHH, p A - - V y ( "3KOHOMHKa MblAbHOro nY3L1pA ). TOKHO, 1992,
7. .' E 6ypY-HO K3HA3aHra... .
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37. " nOT" \TMHOJlteHHCUI
c. 9 TaM JKe. 4><> apAHaSi l\eHa paCC'IHTIdBaeTCA KaK o,eHa C , r'
10. Teope7H'IecKafl Pe"'A Y Kpa7KOCpO'IHIdM npoo,emoM H AHBHAeHOM no a ) 
C pa3HHI\a  dv-. p saPAHOH CAeAKH .
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OB e,..... e Ha KOAH'Iec1'BO AHe , eBIdWaeT TeOpeTH'IecJCY1O. TO CJ\.eAY
( B nepeC'IeT P blHKe B KaKOU-TO MOMem np " OT" B nOCJ\.eAHHU AeHI.
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n. eOB OB 'iN B. HH, OAHOBpeMeHHO npHO _ COBnB.ABeT C o,eHOH "CDOT. 03-
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TOMY OAIIOB VOPB. n p HHocwr 'IHCT}'K> npH. n OBIdCHACSI DAH, HBo60poT,
oro Kompa.... e 3aBHCHT OT TOro, CTO
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U TeOpeTH'IeCK;o peMSI K)'PC aKI\HU Ha pldHKe CDO. BeMHoroCTOPOHHHU cnB.A), TOKHO,
DOHH3HACSI 3a_ e (CM. .MHSlA3aIUf. <I>yxyro yx
ap6HTpa:JRHblH xapaK7 p.
92 C 183- 188. 208
19 r., . 7 CO'l., C. .
1 1. .MID1A3B.KH. I.\H . 210
12. .MHSIA3B.KH. I.\H7. CO'l., c. 239:
13. .MHSIA3B.KH, IJ,HT. CO'l., c. 242
14. .MHSIA3aKH, IJ,HT. CO'l.. . 245: CKaHAaAOB, KOTOpLle no-
15. .MHSIA3B.KH, I.\HT. C'1"a; BcnOMHHTI., 'lT0 B <>CHOBe Bce: eJltaT He3aKOHHLle AeHCT-
16. HeJ\HWHe 3Aeclo ell\ P SI:JReHUH DOCJ\.eAHHX 6 AeT, yn HeHWHe nOAHTHIUf
VV10 nOAH'1'HKY Ha DpOT P bIX oKa3bIBaJOTCA KP
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- - HOMH'IecKoH Hayx peKOCbI B
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1 7 O A HH H3 OCHOBB.TeAeH " KaK TaJCYlO. KOTOpa 6Mry" AeHCTBIUI
. cneK}'AJUJ.HJO 61l\eCTBeHHoMY
MIA "06ll\ecrBeHHo nOAe3HyK> "n p OTHBOpe'laIl\HMH 0 seHHO YBeAH'IHBaeTC.
OAH03HB.'1HO o,eHax HCK}'CCT AYP B.Ka .
o,eHax. OH :JRe Ha3b1BaA bIX HepaBHOBecHe B "nOHCKOM pbIHO'IHOro
cneKyASlHTOB. B pe3YALT..,.., K":: AHAepo. 3'10 H.3....""'. ..M C.P,.3MOM "'Hry 6....:7
18. HB. :JRB.proHe 6HpJReB eM AeM H 3aMe'laTeA.h .l\I.JOHca, _ M. leWIS. ar
60 AhlUHM 3HaHH 6 P 3" MaHMa
CM. HaDHcaHHyK> C "CaAOMOH pa3e
B. KOMDaHH H
nepBOKAaCcHoro AHAep
Poker, New York, 1989.
1. "MaHHlJTU", 01.24.1993.
2. CM. C.B.6panIHCKUH, KpeAIITHO-AeHeJKHaSi nOAJITUKa B SlnoHHH, M., 1989, '1acrl. 1;
HnOHltSl: CMeHa MOAeheH 3KOHOMH'IeCKoro pOCTa, M., 1990, rA. 8; 51noHcKaSi 3KOHOMHKa B
npeMBeplt1t XXI BeKa. M., 1991. rA. 7.
3. C.B.EparnHCKltH, KpeAIITHO-AeHe)KHaSi nOAJiTHKa B SlnoHHH, c. 53.
4. EoAee nOAP06HO MHorne 1t3 nepe'lHCAeHHI,lX np0l..\eccoB, phlHKOB H BHAOB CAeAOK U
l..\eHHhlX 6y-Mar OnltCaHhI B ynoMHHaBllJeucSi pa60Te OAHOro H3 aBTOpOB (rA.7 B KHltre "51noH-
CKaSi 3KOHOMnKa B npeMBepnH XX 1 BeKa"). CAeAYeT, 0AHaKo, nOAlJepKHyrl., 'ITO CAeAaHHbIH
TaM 06ll\Hi, BI:.IBOA 0 nOBhlllJeHHH 3<pel<TnBHOCTH <PYHKI\HOHHpoBaHHSI <pHHB.HCOBOH cepbI
B pe3YAhTaTe 3THX H3MeHeHHH cAeAYeT B CBeTe nOCJ\eAHHX C06h1THH H HX aHaAH3a AOnOJ\HHTb
ApymM BhlBOAOM: 60AhllJaSi 3<Pc:f>eKTHBHOCTL H AHHaMHlJHOCTh <PHHaHCOBOH cepl.J He BcerAa
COBniiAaeT C 3iiAa'leH nOBl:.IllJeHHH 3<P<t>eKTHBHOCTH 3KOHOMHKH B l..\eAOM. OTpHl..\aTeAhHbIe 1IB-
J\eHHH, 0606ll\aeMhle nOHSlTHeM "MI:.IJ\bHOro nY31:.1pH" (Ha H3h1Ke 3KOHOMH':leCKOH TeopHH "npo-
BdJ\hl phlHO'IHOro MexaHH3Ma", "market Jailures"). MOryr 0l<a3aTLCH CHAhHee nOJ\OJKHTeJ\.I.HOro
B03AeJ"tCTBHH OT 60Aee A e l..\eHTpaJ\Jt30BaHHoro H phiHO'IHOro pacnpeAeAeHHH pecypCOB. Ocra-
e'J'CH J\JtllJb COJKMeTL, 'lT0 3TO nOHHMaHHe npnwJ\O B Hayxy H npal<THKY YJKe nOCAe nOSIBAeHIUI
KOHl..\enn,HH 31<0HOMHlJeCI<OH pe<PoPMhI B POCCHH H ee Ha'iMa. AHMH3 "npOBMOB phlHKa" Ha
npOTSlJKeHHH nepBhlX AByx J\eT nOCJ\e pacndAa CCCP AaH B MOHorpa<t>HH r.A.51BJ\HHCKoro
YpOKH 31<0HOMIi':leCKOH pe<t>OPMhI. M., 1993 r.
5. TeopHSI nOACKa 3h1 BaeT, 'ITO cJ\eAyeT TaK)Ke O)KHAaTh nOBhlweHHH cnpoca H n,eH Ha
OTAeAhHhle l<aTeropHH TOBapoB, HBAAIOll\HXCH He CTOAhKO npeAMeTaMH nOTpe6J\eHHH. CKOAhKO
aAbTepHaTHBHhlMH <t>opMaMH Hal<onJ\eHHH 60raTCTBa - 3OJ\OTO H Aparol.\eHHhle MeTaAJ\hI, AO-
ponte l<aJY1'HHhI, npeCTIUKHLle 6BTOM06HJ\H H T.A. 3"1'0 AeHCTBHTeAhHO HMeAo MeCTO BO BTOpOH
nOAOBItHe 80-x roAOB B 51noHIlH.
288
289
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HaAbHbIH MHCTmyT, HaC1.IMTbIBalOMH CBbIIlle COTHH COTPYAHHKOB.
Ba>KHYIO pO.J\h B perMOHa.J\hHOM pa3BIITHH flrroHHH HrpaeT AeSlTeAh-
HOCTb TaKI1X rocYAapCTBeHHbIX yqpe>KAeHMH, KaK YrrpaB.I\eHHe Han;HOHaAh-
HbIX 3eMeJ\b (06pa30BaHo B 1974 r.), YrrpaB.I\eHMe no pa3BIITHIO XOKKaifAo
T106y, KMHKH 11 no AeJ\aM OKMHaBbl (1972 r.), KOMlITeT no AeJ\iiM CTO}\Jfq
HOI1: 30Hbl (1956 r.). KpoMe Toro, B PSIAe HrrOHCKI1X MHHHcTepcTB, npe>KAe
Bcero B MMHMcTepCTBe BHellIHeH TOprOBAH M rrpOMhIll.IJ\eHHOCTH H B MM-
HHcTepcTBe CTpOMTeJ\.bcTBa, AeHcTBYJOT OTAeAhI H KOM, wreThI HerrocpeAcT-
BeHHO CBSl3aHHbie C pa3pa60TKoH M peaMf.3aMeH Mep no pan;HOHaAbHOMY
HCnOAb30BaHMIO TeppHTopHH. B nOCAeAHHe rOAbI IllHpHTCH TalOKe ceTb OT-
AeJ\OB perHOHaAbHOrO pa3BHTHSI rrpM MeCTHbIX (rrpecpeKrypaJ\hHbIX H ro-
pOACKI1X) opraHax BAaCTH. 3TO - KOHcY.I\bTaTMBHbIe COBeTbI rro np06Ae-
MaM oxpaHbI MeCTHblX P ec  10
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II t 960 t 970 }'JKe no nepBoM Y
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nrtJ\H B ce6H MHorHe M3 rrocAeAHHX AOCTH>Ke _IDi hlAO TO, 'iT OHH B6H-
t' - _ HHH TeOpenl'leCKOH M
06.1\aCTH perHOHaAbHOM 3KOHOMHKH. bICAH B
nepBbU1: IIAaH rrpeAYCMaTpHBM o6ecne'ieHH e c6
dI\.aHCHpOBaHHoro
pa3BHTIDI Ha OCHOBe peaMf.3aMM KOH4en n HH "no" IOCOB "
..... J> pOCTa , K TOMY
BpeMeHH Y>Ke anp06HpOBaHHOH B HeKOTopbIX eBponeHCKHX CTpaHax. Cyrb
KOHerrn;HH CBOAHTCSI K TOMY, qT06bI MJI B.I\O>KeHHSI HMelOll\HXcSI B HaAH-
'iHH cpeACTB oT06paTb CTporo OrpaHH'ieHHOe 'iHCAO II}'HKTOB, HJ\11 KOM-
naKTHbIX apeaAOB ("rrOAJOCOB"). B OTCTaAOM paHoHe, He pacnblJUlSi HHBec-
TI1lJ;HH rro BceH TeppHTopHM, a, Ha060poT, npeAe.l\bHO H:X AOKaAH3YSI. npl1
3TOM BbIABHralOTCSI ABa OCHOBHhIX YC.I\OBIDI: Bo-nepBbIX, BbI6paHHblH
nyHKT AOlUKeH 6bITb nepcneKTMBHhIM C TO'iKH 3peHI1S1 nOC.l\eAYIOlll,ero pac-
npocTpaHeHHH 3cpcpeKTa Ha oKpy>KalOIJ..tYIO Teppl1TOpHIO, H, BO-BTOPbIX,
06'beKT (MAH 06"beKTbl) HHBeCTMpOBaHHSI A0.l\J'<eH MaKCHMaAhHO COOTBeTCT-
BOBaTb HAee KOMll.I\eKCHOro pa3BHTHH paHoHa Hero nOATSlrl1BaHHSI AO
cpeAHeHan;HOHaAbHOrO YPOBHR.
/\MI c03AaHMSI CBoero pOAa TeppHTOpHaAbHO-np0I13BOACTBeHHbIX KOM-
lIAeKCOB 6bll\ BbIAe.I\eH 21 yqaCToK, rAe C nOMOll\blO npeIiMYll\ecTBeHHo ro-
CYAapcTBeHHbIx KarrHTaA.oB.I\O>KeHHH C03AaBaAI1Cb npe>K,Ae Bcero I1 H <ppa-
CTPYKTypHble coopY>KeHMSI, nOTeHlJ;HaAbHO cnoc06Hble npHTSlH)'Tb K ce6e
rrpeAnpHSITHSI pa3.I\HQHbIX oTpaCAeH. BnoC.l\eAcTBHH B 30Hbl HOBoro OCBoe-
HIiSi Ha OCHOBe HaA.OrOBbIX H ApyrHX <pHHaHcoBblX AbrOT, KpeAI1THOH no-
frTHKH rocYAapcTBa 11 T.A. npeAnoAaraJ\ocb npHBAeqb qaCTHbIe KOMnaHHI1
nOCAeBOeHHag P erHo HaA L H " ..
D ag nOAHTHKa: 3Tanbl 60AbWOTO UyYH
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BOBOH a3bl HBAHIOTCSI ee B" "
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,  0 rrpH He06xo A
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HpaTb M3 Hee YCTapeBllI " .
n03TOMV KP _ He M rrpMCTpaHBaTb" HOBhIe 3AeMeHTbI. HMeIlHO
'.'J yrOH nOBopOT B A if
nepexo A oM esrreAbHOCTM rrpaBlITe.A.bCTBa, 06YCAoBAeIl IlbI
K npaKTMKe COCTaB.I\ a
TalUKe n eHHR cpeAHe- M AOAfOC p Ot.JHbIX nNlHOB,
porpaMM perHOHaA . " a-
HOCOB" H nOT epH bHoro pa3BHTMR, 6bI.l\ rrpoiiAeH 003 BCSlKHX 3
TeMna.
HaH60J\ee no.I\HO no 0 aO'
W\0ll.\eHHe B n p u H o I\X. Abl 4 eHT pa K perneHMtO np06.J\eM Ha1Jl}\1i
n nTblX B P a3H na3'
ble rOAM Tpex flAaHax KOMrIAeKCHor o 1"'-
298
BTOpOH IIJ\aH KOMllAeKCHOro pa3BMTHSI TeppHTopHH cTpaHbl (ero O<p H -
4 H aAbHoe Ha3BaHHe _ "HOBbIH MaH KOMMeKcHoro pa3BHTHH TeppHTO-
PHH CTpaHbl") OXBaTbIBaA 1969-1985 rr. C OAHOH CTOpOHbl, B HeM 6bLl\a co-
XpaHeHa AI1HI1S1 Ha peaAH 3a lJ;HlO KOHlJ;enlJ;I1H "noAlOcOB pocTa". C ApyrOH
CTOPOHbl, ero aBTopbl 3aMeTHO CKpOMHee OlJ;eHMBaAH B03M.?>KHOCTI1 no co-
3AaHMIO l\eHTpoB nONlpl130BaHHoro pa3BHTHH B SlnOHCKOH rAy6HHKe: He-
AapOM qu c.I\ pHT eTHbIX "noJUOCOB" COKpaTHJ\OCb CHaqaAa AO t 2, a
... 0 rrpl10 - 12
110TOM AO 8, a CpOKH HX npeAnoAaraeMoro 06YCTpoHcTBa pacTSlH)'AHCb .
I1HbIMH CAOBaMl1, OqeBHAHaSi npeeMcTBeHHocTb l1.J\.aHOB BOUlAa B npoTHBo-
299

U eM Hecnoc06HOCTH AOCTHqb nepBOHa'iA A.
bIM npH3HaHn "4J'bl:IO
pe\lne C KOCBeHH  A V A OBAeTBopeHHOCTH nepBbIM lIAaHOM CBtf"
Y 6e>Ken. HeJI '..,.4-
HaMe\leHHbIX P TOp OH 6b1A yrBep>KA eH AO Toro, KaK ori-- yZ
OT <paKT, 41'0 B 't-'c"'I1_
TeJ\bCTByeT M T HCTBI1.R ero npeAIlleCTBeHHHKa.
ff1U1AO Cb BpeMSI Ae
aAhHO OKO 6 6 I OIlll16KOH corAaIllaTbCH C TeMH OTe'ieCTBeHHLIh
M e>KA'j TeM blAO b ""'11
e J\OBaTeJ\.SIMH, KOTopbIe CKAOHHbI TpaKTOBaTb If Tor
H 3apy6e>KHbIMM MCCA M 11
n. B K OMTIAeKCHOro pa3BHTHJI TeppHTopHH KaK IIPOB.r1I A
ABYX nepBbIX I U\aHO \..
O u CTaTI1CTHKH He n03BOAHIOT AaTb Bce06"beMAJonTliT..
XOTSI AaHHbIe SlnOHCK n ....... c...
 M e p e 3TH TIAaHbI 6b1AH BbInOAHeHbI, OTAeAbHbIe A o
0630p Toro, B KaKOH -
aH <> A U3a nOKa3aTeAI1. HMelOTCSI H BbIr./UIAJIT npH 3TOM OTHIO"'-
crynHble MJI U/U'I 
He flAOXO.
T 1972 r. 6blAO OCBoeHO 60Aee 4/5 3allJ\aHl1pOBaHHOM: C}'MMbI ro-
K "
cYAapcTBeHHbIX KanHTaAOBAO>KeHHH B "noAlOca pOCTa . B cepeAHHe 70-x
roAOB 3aBepIlll1.AOCb c03AaHI1e ABYX l.\elITpOB (KaCHMa 11 XHraCI1MHKaBa).
Onepe>KalOI.IJ;HMH no cpaBHeHl110 C npeABapHTeAhHbIMI1 HaMeTKaMH TeMna-
MH llIAO CTpOMTeAbCTBO eI.IJ;e Tpex (XapHMa, EHHro 11 HHl1raTa). B 60AhlIIeit:
\laCTH BHOBb cpOpMHpyIOI.IJ;HXCR "nOAIOCOB pocra" (12 113 21) B 1965-1975 rr.
cpeAHeroAoBoH npMpocT npOMbIllIAeHHOH: npoAYKIJ;HI1 6bIJ\ BbIIlle cpeMe-
HaHOHaAbHOrO, a B 60Aee 40% (9 113 21) - Aa>K.e BbIIlle, 'ieM B OCHOBHbIX
HHAYCTpMaAbHbIX paHoHax.
HeCOMHeHHbIM ycnexoM perHOHaAbHOM: nOAHTHKH Tex J\eT MO>KHO
CqHTaTb H npHocTaHoBKY MHrpal.\HI1 HaCeAeHIDI B THxooKeaHCKI1M: npo-
MbIllIAeHHbIH noSlc 11 3aMeMeHHe OTTOKa AlOAeH: 113 npOBHHIJ;HH. HaH60Aee
BH}'lliHTeAbHOe Bnet.JaTAeHl1e npoH3BoMIT H3MeHeHHH BeAHqHH HeTTO-Ml1r-
paHToB AM TaKHX OTCTaAbIX paHoHoB, KaK BHYTpeHHHH KaHTo (-62,4 TbIC.
\leA. B 1960 r. M + 12,1 TbiC. t.JeA. B 1975 r.), CeBepHbIH KIOCIO (COoTBeTcr-
BeHHO, -100,2 TbIC. t.JeA. H + 11,7 TbIC. qeA.) , CI1KOKY (-62,0 TbIC. qeA. H -5,0
Tblc.lI eA .), BHYTpeHHHH KHHKH (-13,3 TbIC. qeA. H + 20,5 TbIC. qeA.) , ToxoKY
(-120,6 TbIC. qeA. H -16,1 TbIC. 4eA.).
3HaMeHaTeAbHO, t.JT0 e B Hat.JaJ\e 70-x rOAoB CHI13HAaCb KOHl.\eHTpa-
11.SI npOMbIlllAeHHOro npoH3BoAcTBa B npHMOpCKOM KaHTo H B npHM.Op.
K AM He y
CKOM HHKH, rAe, no MHeHHIO 3Kcne p ToB OHa HaXO A HAaCb ef1.)3a
, eW
KpHTHqeCKOH TOqKH. I1x cOBoKynHaR AOAH B 06Ill,eM 06"beMe npoH 3B e,bi
- 13
HOM rrpOAYKI.\HH 3a 1965-1975 rr. ynaJ\a C 50,2% AO 43,8% . AO.
B paMKax CHCTeMbl, CTep>KHeM KOTO p OH HBMleTCSI HenpepeKaeMoe _
e p coJ-la
MMHHpoBaHMe eHTpa, HCKAIOt.JHTeJ\.bHO Ba>KHV1£\ P OAb HrpalOT II .
r Ii npo
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eKTdMH HAM nporpaMMaMH. npH npOqMX paBHbIx YCAOBHSIX, qeM 60)\
H OH: npeAcTaeT B rAa3ax 60AhUlHHCTBa AH'iHOCfb TeM 60J\.bllle ll1aHCOB
Cb ,
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11!\.WHHO TaK npOH30IllAO C PeaAH3aI.\MeH fIAaHOB perHOHaAbHOrO pa3-
alff WI B flnOHMH B cepeAH:He 70-x rOAOB. AeAO B TOM, qTO B OCHOBY BToporo
fl}\aHa KOMlIAeKCHOro pa3BHTHSJ TeppHTOpHH CTpaHbI AerAH MHorHe HAeH
eM.bep-MHHHCTpa KaKY3SJ TaHaKH M3 ero KHHrH "flAaH peKOHCTpYXIJ;HH
np "- 14
51noHCKoro apXHneAara , H3AaHHOH B 1972 r. . PdAH rrpeTBopeHIDI B
)l{H3Hb "KOHIJ;enIJ;HH peKoHcTpYXIJ;HH" 6bIJ\a Aa>Ke c03AaHa "06Ill,eCTBeHHaH
KOM.naHIUI no CTHMYAHpOBaHl11O nepeMeI.4eHHJI rrpOMbIlllAeHHOCTH" ("Kore
caMxairrJII caHTaH THHKH CHHKO KOAaH"). "flAaH TaHaKH" He 6bIJ\ O<pHIJ;H-
aAbHO OA06peH npaBHTeAbCTBOM. EOAee Toro, OH Bbl3BaA 060CTpeHHe BHYT-
pHnapTHHHOM: 60pb6bI B npaBJlI.4eM Aarepe. CaM npeMbep 06BHHJlACH pa-
NfKaAaMH B nOlIbITKax Ha>K.HTb nOAHTHt.JeCKI1H KanHTaA Ha TPY AHOCTSIX
CTpaHbI H T.A. Ho, HeCMOTpH Ha H3PSlAHylO CKaHAaAbHOCTb CJ\.O>KHBllleHCH
BOKpyr "flAaHa peKOHCTPYKIJ;MH" 06CTaHOBKH, }'BSl3Ka HMeHI1 TaHaKH C Me-
paMH rOCYAapCTBeHHOH perHOHaAbHOH rrOAHTHKJII Tex AeT npHAaBaAO npa-
BHTe.hbCTBeHHbIM rrpoeKTaM 60J\brnylO BeCOMOCTb III rronyMlpHOCTb 6Aaro-
AapH aBTOpHTery TorAailiHero rAaBbI rOCYAapCTBa.
B HOJl6pe 1977 r. SlnOHCKoe npaBHTeAbCTBO rrpHHSlAo TpeTHH IIAaH
KOMlIAeKCHoro pa3BHTHH TeppHTopHH CTpaHbI Ha nepHoA C 1976 no 1990
f. AOCpOqHOe nOHBAeHHe Ha CBeT HOBOH nporpaMMbI AeHCTBHH: B ccpepe pe-
fHOHaAbHOro pa3BHTIDI 6bIAO npoAHKToBaHo KapAHHaAbHbIMI1 CABHraMH B
o6l1x YCAOBHHX BocnpoH3BoAcTBa, npe>KAe Bcero BCAeAcTBHe KpH3HCHbIX
nOTpSlceHHH cepeAHHbI 70- x rOAOB. nocTeneHHo HaMeTHACSJ OTXOA OT MO-
AeAH BbICOKHX TeMnOB X03HHcTBeHHoro pOCTa, CMeCTHAHCb aKIJ;eHTbl B
CTpaTerHH CTPYKrypHoH nepecTpoHKH, Ha rrepeAHHH IIJ\aH CTaAH BbIXOAHTb
HOBbIe OTpaCAH-.AHAepbI, aKryaAH3HpOBaJ\aCb np06AeMa COHaAhHbIX ra-
paHTliH A/UJ. AIOAeH.
BnOAHe nOHSlTHO, qTO CTOAb OHMble H3MeHeHHSI B pa3BHTHH CTpa-
Hbl He MOr.l\J1 He CKa3aTbCSI Ha xapaKTepe perHOHaAbHOH nOJ\HTHKH rocy-
AapCTBa. B TpeTbeM IIJ\aHe 6bIAH C<P 0 PMYAl1pOBaHbI HOBbIe KpHTepHH c6a-
AaHCli p
H BaHHoro pa3BHTIDI perHoHoB, npHtJeM B KOMIIJ\eKCe 3aA,aq paHo-
ClAhHO H A u "
B nCAoKaHH npOH3BOAHTeAbHbIX CHA pa3Mell.(eHHe HaCeAeHIUI"
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Bpe l1TyaHH, a HMeHHO: HenpeJ\O>KHOCTb ytIeTa Toro, t.JT0 AO HeAaBHero
el:IH 6 b T A " rl-."
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300
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rOCYAdpCTBO pa3BepHY.I\O 6ypH}'lO AeSITeAhHOC1'b, cOAeHc1'BYH "AOcTaB-
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np0}KHBdmul. B npoBHHD.111O CTaAH aKTHBHO rrepeMern;a1'bcH OTAe..\emfSl
6aHKOB H cTpaxoBblx KOMnaHHH, MeAHl\HHcKHe H yqe6Hble 3aBeAeHHH. Ebl-
CTpO pa3BHBaJ\OCb TpaHcnopTHoe cOo6rn. eHHe . bblA IIOC1'poeH TOHHeAb
C3HKdH nOA CaHrdpcKHM rrpoAHBoM, coeAHHHBIlIHH OC1'pOBa XOHCIO H
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.fInoHcKoro MOpSf, B pe3y./\.bTaTe 4ero OTKpblAOCb CKB03Hoe ABH>KeHHe
Me>K;\Y OCTpoBaMH XOHCIO H CHKOKY; npOAO>KeHbI MHOrOqHCAeHHble CKO-
pocTHble }KeAe3Hble H lllocceHHble AoporH H T.A. C yqac1'HeM rocYAdpCT-
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rrpOD.ecc nOAyqRA Ha3BaHHe cy6yp6aHH3al\HH). B Ka1.{eC1'Be npl1Mepd YC-
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ropOAOK TaMa B OKpeCTHOCTHX TOKHO, rAe cerOAHH pacnoAarae1'cH BeCbMa
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BO, KPynHbIe, OX01'HO H HepeAKo no c80eH co6cTBeHHoH I1HHl\HaTI1Be Bbl-
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rOAbHblX HanHTKOB. B 1982 r. OHa C03AaAa cnel\HaAbHbIH KYAbTYPHbIH
cpOM, KOTOpbIH cpHHaHCHBaJ\ He OAHH rrpoeKT B 06AaCTI1 KYAbTYpbI, B
roM qHCJ\.e Ha rrepHcpepl1H .
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. apan odem M yt h .
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1!)7H. c.6fi al1-o MOTOM3T3 (3a "3py pentoHOB"). _ "C:H<aH", OKTR6pb,
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318
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cr oHOBJ\PHlIC Ayxa ryM Ha C] rTnvx-rvna JKOHOMHKH. M., 1987, c.I86-181.
- BOC . SInollitSl' perHOHoAb "-'rr'",r 1976
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9. Environmental Laws an 1'0 nJ\aHHpoBaHHSI CM.TaKJt<e: HnoHHSI: pernOHaAhHa5I
O 06 oprallax perHoHaJ\bHo
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C T p vwrypa JKOIIOMltKH. rJ\a R B. . I Develo p ment in Japan. Nagoya, 1975, p.32.
J po t State of eglona
11. Presen T a 3J<OHOMltKIf, c.166.
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17. TalJ,y"o W. CTpaTerHSI- H aH KaHK3U (pa3Blrrlte perH 06J\eM MeCTHou
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- HHOCTH lJ,e Isu M. en -
paCTyIlteH 3dItHTepecoBa tJaCT HOCTH: Murama d . " 12 No 2 1986; a
CM. B e Stu les, , .,
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- 3KOHOMHKe 36
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06S13aTeAbCTB, TpM 327
326

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nplfpOAHbIMH pecypcaMH H, P , UVJ() rO P AOCTb MHormc. aMe-
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329

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KOBaHHOH B >KypHa.J\e "CeKYH" 22.
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cpOKY,CHPYeTCH Ha CeMalITIPleCKOM pa3J\HQHH Me>KAY aHr.J\.HHCKHMH CAOBa-
MH HHTepHaqHOHaAH3HpOBaTb" (internationalize). "HHTepHaqHOHaAH3a-
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330

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29
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334
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338
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" 35
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339

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" 37
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39
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, 40
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356
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358
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Hl.IX TonopOB. 3TO onpeAeJ\eHHbllt 3Tan TeXHHKIt.
KYAbTYPd MOJt<:eT 03Hd<JdTb onpeAeJ\eHHblH THn nOBeAeHItJl. HAlt MOJt<:eT 03HIi<JdTb onpe-
AeAeHHblH TItn C03HdHHJI.
3TO AOCTdTO<JHO HeonpeAeAeHHoe CAOBO Mbl 3aMeHJleM 6bITOBbiM 3Ha<JeHlteM. KOTopoe
HanOAHJleTCJI TdKItM cOAepJt<:dHlteM: <rro-TO o<.eHb xopoUJee, rAe-TO OKOAO npocBellleHItH.
A eCTb yCTOJIBUJeeCJI nOHItMdHlte KYAbT}'PbI B npOT1JBOnOCTdBAeHHH npHpoAe, BOCXOAS!-
llIee K XVIII Be KY. K 3noxe npOCBell.\eHHJI. OHO MorAO nOA}"IaTb ABa ItCTOAJ<OBaHuH: KYAbTypa
364
365

_ 3TO XOpoUJO. B nplfpOAB - 31'0 nAOXO; If AU npHpoAa - 3TO X Op
OWO, a JCV
nAOXO -'JhLTvnA
- J l"" - 3'J'Q
CyulecTBYeT If If Hoe nOHIIMaHHe Kj'AhTYJ)},]. MOJKHO KaK r.
, K, HanpHM
CTalWl'J'b He KYAbTYPY If nplfpoAY, 8. Kj'AhTYPY H ltI1BHAH3a u. 1t ep, npOTIiB
3 10... 000-
Aecb MblCAJM'CSI, 'lT0 ltHBHAH3dlt HH - 3TO He'lTO C
, BH3aHHOe C TeXH 
BepxHoCTHblM... C BHeWHlfM HayqHo- TeXHH'feCKHM n p HKOIi IiJ\Jf )J{
6  OrpeCCOM, a K Y hL'MTTI e C 00-
HHHoe, CTJfXlflfHOe, HaxoASlllt eeCSI B oCHOBax BbIClllHX' J l"a - 31'0 He'IT
CIfMBSI ra3eTB. 16.07.1991}. 'IeAOBe'leCKHX l.\eHHOCTeH" (H a rJ\.Y-
AaJJ<e Bblf.AOAOIII e3iiBH_
" ,...........ee HeCI<OAbl<O 31<CTpaBaraHTHbJM 0 .
"06 P eTeHlfSl CMblCAa" (OHO C<t>oPMYAHpOBaHO nHCaTeA npeAeAeHHe KYALTypbJ KaK n 0
nOnbITKlf 06Aer"lHTb CT P dA aHlIH 6 .A....... eM E.BaCHALeBbJM ) B6 HP " P I\ecca
" ... 'LI"..m.Hero cBoero' A ueT B ce6
U , If 3a60T)' "0 3alltltTe It npaB6X Ha 3alll . e'leHHe, Bpa'leBaHHe, OKa3aHH H H
3T1f npOA}'KTbl", U 3aMe'laHlfe ° TOM 'ITO" HTy, 0 pacnpeAeAeHHH npOAyxTOB e nOMO-
a 6aHJC Be'lHO AeikTBYJOllt HX H  I I<YAhT}'Pa He XopOBoe neHHe Y H DpaB8X Hft
X03J1itCTBa", It B03MOJKHOCTb: H wl<oJ\.a H8H60Aee paIJ,HOHiiAhHOro Be;::epHero KOCTpii,
HOMUKIf, KaK npaK1'U'IeC KOH  YAh'J}'Pbl CTaHOBHTLCSI "BaJKHeHW HM C ID1 nAeMeHHOro
AeSITeAbHOCTH _ OCTaBMUO
AOBlfIf, 'lTO na 0611tdH D AJOAeH Ha 06llt}'1O nOAL lltHM 3Ko-
ADro WlOBe"" B O'I'AeAJ.::::; B.OAlle OCH3OeM.H, B.OJIHe KOHH 06H3OTeAJ,HOM yc.
2. C3Kait-Ho HaKa H 3BeCTHH. 11.01.1991). aSi DOAL3a. AI\SI KaJK-
{HOBiUI HXOH (aTapacHH SlJ(VUa
pOM, HOBbie 'Klf3HeHHble C "J  pH, aTapaCHH Kau. .. )
3. KacaHcb .ho H)). TOKHO. 1984. C 34 ypeKy ($InOHID1B MHpe
Ule.hrt-. 't' pM ItHTeP Ha U. H OH8AlI3d . .
't''t'HAACI<OM YHltBepCHT ltHH, AHpeKTOp ltem
EpHTaHCKOH HMnepHIf (CHa r.A.xyx BblAeMleT npHMepbJ co a no H3}"JeHHJO $InoHHH B
AeACTBUIt DPHTOK B 1\.. BAa DpOHHKHOBeHHe aHrAJl lt   iiHOBAeHHeM H KpymeHHeM
I"UtrJ\.HJO AJOA CKOIt KyALT\TT\
I')'AHpOBaHueM KaI<OU-J\.H60 CI<X Macc C HX I<YAbT}'PaMH H'J,..bJ B KOAOHHH, a Bnoc-
CK]fX CTaBOK B 3aBHCHMOCT CTpaHOH 06MeHHoro Kypca CBoeH 3 CTpaH COAPYJKeCTBa), C pe-
Cy6 Ha U. H OHdAhHLlX 0 H OT TeHAeHltHU Me}K,A ii _ BaAJOTbJ HAD }"JeTHLIX 6aHKOB-
C]rryaltHJO B APyrn:raHH3d lt HH, BblCTyDaJ01lI1tX n pOAHOH 06CTaHOBKH, C B03AeHCTBHeM
N.1.1989. c.13). 'faCTSIX MHpa H T-A,. (The' JiiP;M;; 3.a llt HT)' npaB 'IeAOBeKa, Ha
4. K. Van W ol  ahon NewsJetter. voJ XYll
Jeren The E . . .
5. BoT 06pa3'1 . mgma of Japanese P
06U1eCTBe' " A  HI< 3dKAJo'leHHH K BaH Bo ower. N.Y. 1989.
. ellCTBItTeAbHO R . AL4>epeHa 0 " "
UleCTBOBiiHHH, OpraHH3 ,nOHHH, no BceD BHAHMOCT llliiHcax HHAHBHAa B SlnOHCKOM
MOfV1o OBaHHOro B H, AeMOHCT p H p
. J' CYAHTb ayrcaflA nO-HiiCTOHllIeMy 06 yeT B03MOJKHOCTb cy-
HLie Tpe60BdHHH B C epLl, 60AblllHHCTBO HnOH lt eB 6e IlIHHHOH MaHepe. HaCKOAbKO 06 3TOM
AaHIUI ,00TBeTCTBHJ CTpeneTHo B
It HHTepecLi ..... I C 1<0TOpbJMH OH H ocnpHHHMaeT nOBceAHeB-
3 ....eAaHlliIM nOA "I JtH H JOT
1'a nop ii3 1t1'eAbHiUI 6 H HH-repecaM 06ll1HHbI CBOH HHAHBHAyaALHLIe Jl{e-
HO BHeApeHHoro 0 IlIHHHOCTb - e3 .
cero B 06ll1ecTBO P YALTaT nOJ\HTU"Ie
AHSI HMeeTcSl MiL\},  npaBSIllIeH 3J\HTOH 60Ae CKOro YCTpOHCTBa, C03HaTehb-
CTBd B IH BLl60p ( e TpeXCOT lI.eT
, ce elJ..te OCTaJOlJ..tero HJ\.H He HMeeTCH HHl<a TOMY Ha3M, H Y HDOHeB
fie npu nOM YCTpo  CH B OCHOBHOM nOJ\HTH'Je I<oro BbJ60pa) B BOCnpmlTHH YCTPOH-
)KHOCTIt <PiiK1' UCTBe SlnOHCI<OMY H CI<HM.
lJ..tItHld n ( OrpaHU'JeHHH e HAHBHAY npHXOAHTCH
IJ,HT.CO'l., c.3 ) ro HHTeA1I.eIM'Vii1I.bH BocnpHHHMftTb B BHAe HeH3-
B _' ".J oro H nCHXOA
6 OV\..:TiiHOBKe 6bl OrH'JeCJ<Oro pOCTa BOAen 06-
o UleC'J'Ba TaKO CTporo pa3B61I.a
3d <pa e 3dKAIO'IeHue I< rpynnH3Ma. WUpOI<OH IIH
M K1'oPOB, nOAPhlBalO a}KeTCH, MSlJ1(O roBOpH A AHBHAY8AH3aI.\HJf HnoHcKoro
HOIO B rll.dBe Yl1 I< IlIHX KOMeKTHBHCTCI<He O n . OBOALHO crpaHHblM (nOnLITKa aHaAH-
BeKa n M OMeKTHBH - Opbl SlnOHCl<oro 06
. ., 1991). on MOHorpa4>HJt "SI ll\eCTBii, npeAnpHHHTa
nOHCKaH 31<0HOMHKa B
npeMBepHH XX 1
6. UH'l'.CO'l., c.14, 246.
7. UH'f.CO'l., c. 246.
8. UHT.CO'l., c.246, 241.
9. UHT.CO'l., c.t. 15, 16.
10. HanpHMep, OHH TOHKO nOAMe1'HAH, 'lTO B crpaHe, cOnepHH'I81OllI eH C CoeAHHeHHbI-
MH llITaTaMH 38 MHpOBoe AHAepCTBO no 06'beM8M npaBH'J'eAhC1'BeHHOH DOMOIllH 3dpy6eblM
rocYAapCTB8M, KOHu.enu.HSI 6MI'OTBOpHTeAbHOCTH KaK 'faKOBOH He SlB1I.SIeTCSI HCKOHH 6AH3KOH
HapoAHOMY Mem8AHT e TY.
OfYbHCHSISI :noT napaAOKC, M.<1>p3HKeA H X.TaKaHMa nHwyr: "OAHa H3 DPH'IHH. B CHAY
l<oTOpOH smOHCKaSi 'IaCTHaSi 4>HAampODIDI OTCTcieT OT 36D8AHOH. 36KAJO'IaeTCSI B TOM. 'ITO
SlDOHCl<oe 06llt eCTBO ellte He BocnplfHHMaeT CBoe 6oraTCTBo Kal< caMO C060H pa3yMelOllI HHCSI
<PeHOMeH _ B 3TOM OTHorueHHH OHO DOXO)l{e Ha 6eAHHl<ii, HeoJKHA8HHO BblHrpaBwero B AO-
TepeJO. Ha npoTSlJKeHHH BceH nepBOH n01l.0BHHbJ 60-x roAOB SlnoHHH 3dBHCeAa OT Me*A}'Ha-
pOAHOH DOMOlltH B nepeCTpOHKe CBOItX roPOAOB H OTpaCAeii DpOMbJUJAeHHOCTU. onYCToweH-
HLIX BO BpeMSI BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHbJ. M CTpaHa AO CItX nop HcnbITblBaeT o6Il1eHal\HOHaAb-
Hoe 6ecDOKOHCTBO DO nOBOAY Taro, 'lT0 HeAaBHO 06peTeHHiiH 36JKHTO'IHOCTb KaKHM-TO
06pa30M HC'Ie3He1' B HeKoeH HOBOH KaTacrpo4>e" (Newsweek. 16.10.1989, p. 31).
TeM He MeHee OHH Jl{e yxa3blBaJOT Ha l.\elI.LIH PM n03HTHBHbJX cHMnToMOB B 3TOH 06-
MCTH: "RDOHcKHe Bpa'JH 06eene'JHBalOT MeAHI.\HHCKHH yxoA 3d npol<aJKeHHbJMH Ha <1>u1I.Hn-
nHHax H a4>raHCI<HMH 6eJKeHnaMH B naKHCTaHe. KpynHeHw8S1 HnOHCKaH ra3eTa "MHypU
CHM6yu" H MeCTHoe oTAeAeHHe IOHECKO c06pB1l.H nOKa 'JTO 45 M1I.H. HeH Ha <lmHaHcHpoBa-
HHe nporpaMMLI 6opb6bJ C HerpaMOTHOCTbJO (DepBblH npoeKT Ha'lHeT oCY1l\eCTBMlTbCH B He-
Da.J\e).
B ropoAe S1MaraTa rpynDa H3 weerH 'feAOBeK. HMeHyeMiiH "AepeBo BO HMH JKH3HH", Ha-
'Ia.J\a "IeTbJpe roAa Ha36A C06HpBTb AeHbnt AMI 3dIllHTJ,1 HaxoASlIllJlXCH B onacHoCTH AeeoB
MHpa. HbJHe B Hee BxoAHT 150 'JeAOBel<, If OHa npeAOCT8B1I.SIeT CTHneHA"1t AeTHM H3 6aHrKOI<-
CKHX Tpyn.\06.
B HaCTOHll\ee BpeMH HDOHl\bJ, JKe.MJOllIlfe BHeCTIf BKAiiA B nporpaMMbI nOMolllU 3dpy-
6eJKHbiM CTpftHaM, MOryr Bbl6upaTb H3 'IHCAB 60Aee 200 'JaCTHblX A06pOBOAh'leCKHX opraHH-
3aI.\HH. npHHHMaJOll\1tX AeHbnt U TeXHH'feeI<UH onbIT AOHOpOB...
KorAa 6 Ae1' TOMY Ha3M B TOI<HO 6b111.0 OTl<pbrrO nepBoe oTAeAeHHe opraHH 3a lt HJI "SlDOH-
CKaH nporpaMMa BocnHTaHH H 'lYJKHX AeTe It " , OHa HaC'IHThlBaAB TOAhI<O 374 )"IaCTHH I<a BO BceH
crpaHe. CeroAHSI 3THM AeAOM 36HHMaJOTCH 25 TblCH'f 'IeAOBel<, H. I<pOMe TOro, HMeeTCSI 06-
lllHpHaH o"lepeAb pOAHTeAeD. oJKHAaJOll\UX npHeMHblX AeTeH" (TaM JKe. c.30).
11. JlI3BeCTHbJD HnoHCKlflt JKypHaAHCT K.J-{ItCHO mlI.qeT no 31'0MY nOBoAY B cBoeR I<HHre:
"AonYCTHMo nOMraTb, 'lT0 nOA03peHIHI SlnOHLl.eB OTHOClfTeAbHO Hel<OTOpOH 'Ipe3MepHoCTH
KPHTHKH SlnoHH H 3anMo M H. oco6eHHO, CoeAHHeHHblMH WTaTaMH. YCItAHBalOTCH C Ka>KA biM
AHeM. C TO'JKH 3peHHSI aMepHJc:aHLl.eB, BO BceM. 'lT0 61>1 HH AeN1J\.Jf SlnOHLl.bJ, eCTb l<al<aSl- TO
TpYAHonepeHocHMaSi HecnpaBe,A,AHBOCTb. HepeAKO npHXOAIfTCSI f>jiJKe CJ\.b1waTb. l<aK "Hecnpa-
BeMHBblM" Ha3b1BaIO T xopOlUee cOCTOSlHHe SlDoHCKOit 31<0HOMHI<H. MLI, HnOHLl.b1. He MOJKeM
He Oll\yn.\aTb B CBH3H C 3TltM 'I}'BCTM OT'JaSlHbSl" (C3HpHKyr3KH "CaI<OKY" pOH (KOHLl.enLl.HH
crpaTerH'JeCKOro 3RI<PbITUSI CTpaHLI). TOKItO, 1988, c.6).
12. A BeAb 31'01'. 6e3YAepJtCHO 06L1rpblBaeMblH I<plITUKaMIt SlnOHllH nOKa3aTeAh HB1I.SIeT-
CSI, B 1<0He'lHOM C'JeTe. cAeACTBHeM OTCT8BaHuH CWA B 06AaCTH npOH3BOAltTeAbHOCTH TPYAii.
B3S1Tb X01'H 6bl 8BTOM06HAec1'pOeHHe - 31'aAOH 8MepHI<aHCI<On HHAyCTpHH. A/I5I BbInyc-
Ka OAHOro aBTOM06HN1 Ha 3dBOAax BCex aMepltl<aHCKHX KOMnaHHIt Tpe6yeTCA, B cpe,b,HeM,
26,5 'faca, H8 38BoAax BeAYll-'eit "TPOHLl.I>I" ("<1>oPA", "AJtc:eHepaA MOTOp3", "KpaItCAep") - 24,9
'faca, Ii J\Y'lw ee B CiliA AOCTlfJl(.eHne paBHSleTCA 19 'faCltM.
367
366

Me)l<Ay 'reM, COOTBeTCTBYJOll{HH CPeAHeHnOHCI<HH nOl<a3aTeJU. AOCTHraeT 16,8 qaca, a
 13 '> .. aCB (M ainichi Dail y News, 04.08.1991; Newsweek 23.10.1989. p.55)
J\'....WHH - ,_" .
" o6'bSlcHeHHHM pa3pbIBoB B np0l13BOAIfTeAbHOCTH TPYAa HenocpeACTBeHHoe OTHolUe_
Hue UMeeT H UH<popMau.UH, nepene'laTaHHaSi B HnOHCI<OM JKypHaJ\e H3 aMepHl<aHCKOH Dpec-
Chi. B Hen C006ll{aeTCH, 'ITO, KorAa BO BpeMH BceMHpHOH BLlCTaBI<H 1851r. B J\OHAOHe aHfAH_
'1aHe y6eAJWJCb B OTCTaBaHJUt OT CUlA no I<OHI<ypeHTOcnoc06HOCTH CBOHX TOBapoB. OHH Ha-
npaBllAlJ B CBOJO 6hlBWYJO I<OJ\OHHIO cneu.HaJ\LHYJO AeJ\erau.ulO M5I BLlHCHeHHfl npHqHH.
AeAerau.IfH YCTaHoBIfJ\a "BLlCOKJJH HHTeJ\AeKTyaAhHhlH ypoBeHb" aMepHl<aHCI<HX 3a.BoA-
CKUX pa60'fux: B npOMhllllJ\eHHOM peruoHe HOBoH AHr1\UH, HanpuMep, 95% cOBepweHHOJ\.e-r_
Hero HaceJ\eHUH }TMeJ\JJ 'flfTaTL It nHcaTL (B AHrJ\JtH B TO BpeMH 2/3 HapoAa 6LIl\H HerpaMoT-
HbIMU).
HhIHe, 1<0rM ypoBeHL rpaMOTHOCTI1 B noHHu npeBblwaeT 95%, COOTBe'1'CTBYJOHH no-
Ka3aTeJ\b B CiliA He AOCTHraeT 11 80%. no AaHHLlM Ha 1<0Heu. 80-x roAOB. 23 Ml\H. BMepHl<aHl.\eB
(10% OT 06ll{eH 'fUCJ\eHHOCTU HaceJ\eHIfH) 6blJ\JJ He B COCTOHHItH npO'llITaTb AaJKe peCTopaH-
HLle MeHiO H Ha3BaHltH CTaHl.\l1H MeTpO. He MOrl\H "pa306paTb HI1 OAHOH 6YXBLJ" B UHCTPYX-
U.HHX, OnHCLJBaJOll{nX TpYAoBLle onepau.IfI1, KOTOpLle UM npeACTOSIJ\O BLJn01\HWTb Ha pa60Te
(DoHCY. 1988. N.11. c.200).
13. CnpaBeAl\lJBOCTH PaAlf HaAO 3a, MeTUTh 'ITO Ha ofYbeKTax HenocpeACTBeHHOro npH-
1\OJKeHUH "HnoHcKHx AeHer" HHBeCTopoB eT, Kal< npaBIfJ\o. I.\UBIIAlJ30BaHHLlH. Tenl\hIH, a
IiHorAa npaCTo BOCTOp>KeHHLlH npHeM.
B OAHOH U3 CBOUX nOCJ\eAHHX KHHr 11J\0AOBHThln H OCTpLIH Ha Sl3LJI< HnOHCI<HH ny6AH-
U.HCT H npeADPIfHUMaTeJ\b K.KycaKa co06ll{aeT cJ\eA}'JOll{ue cBeAeHUH: "80% 3HaMeHHTbIX OTe-
J\eH B YaHKHKu Ha raBaHCI<HX OCTpOBax npUHilMe>KaT HnOHCKHM <pHpMaM. SlnOHIJ,bI CTal\H
BJ\aAeAhu.aMH H 30% nepBOKl\aCCHbIX 3eMeJ\LHLIX Y'laCTKoB B Aoc-AHAJKeAece...H aMepHKaH-
CKHe '1ysCTBa B OTHoweHUH HnoHuu KyAa J\Y'lllle Ha 3anaAHOM no6epeJKLe, B nepBYJO o<Je-
peAh. B Kal\H<pOPHIBJ. 'feM Ha BOCTO'fHOM (B EOCToHe. HMo-HopKe. BawHHMoHe H T.A.).
Pa3YMeeTCSI, CTOJ\b 6Aaro>KeJ\aTeJ\bHble 'fYBCTBa 06'bSicHHIOTCH npOI.\BeTaHHeM MeCTHoH
3KOHOMlfKH, nOAnHThIBaeMoH smOHCKHMH UHBeCTHu.HHMH, 'ITO ysel\H'IHBaeT H KOJ\JJ'feCTBO
C<JaCTAHBbIX J\JOAeiL. HnoHHSI npOHHKAa Ha 3anaAHoe no6epe>KLe CiliA nOToMY. 'ITO 31<0HO-
MU'IeCKoe pa3BlfTHe 3TOro peOJOHa BOIJCTltHY nopa>KaJ\o Bo06paJKeHHe. HLJHe Hal.fHHaeTCH
BTOpOH 3Tan, Ha KOTOpOM 3KOHOMUKa pemOHa 6YAeT pa3BHBaThCH 6AaroAapSi SlnOHCI<OMY
npOHHKHOBeHHJO.
KorAa nOSlBNlJOTCSI C0061l\eHHSI, '1'1'0 SlnOHl.\hl KynHAH TaKon-TO Kal\H<pOpHUHCKHH 6aHI<.
Aen03UThI B HeM HeMeMeHHO 06HapY>KHBaIOT TeHAeHI.\HIO K pOCT}'. npOHCXOAHT :no nOTOMY.
"ITO, no MHeHHJO aMepUKaHu.eB, nOA06HaSi 3aKynKa paBHOCHAhHa rapaHTHH HaAe>KHOCTH H
CepAe'lHOro OTHoweHUSI K KAHemype...
KOHe'lHO, TaM, Ha 3aniiAHOM n06epe>Khe, KaK 06 3TOM WYMHO H3Bell\aJOT SlnOHCKHe ra-
3eTlJ H TeJ\eBHAeHue, HMelOT XO>KAeHue H 06bl'lHble TeOpUH 0 SlnoHCKOH arpecCHu. HeAaBHHH.
HMeJOll\uif OTHOWeHue K 3THM TeoplUlM CJ\y>IaH 6},JA 3a<PUKCupoBaH BO BpeMSI Bhl60pOB M3pa
Aoc-AHA>KeJ\eca.
KaHAIJAaT Ha 3TOT noCT H3T XOJ\AeH BeJ\ npeABbl60pH}'JO 60pb6y npoTuB M3pa TOMa
EP3Al\1J, KPUTUKYSI ero cAeAYJOIl\I,M 06pa30M: "HeAonYCTuMo npuJ\ltnaTb K uHoCTpaHHoMY Ka-
JlHTaAY, OC06eHHo, K SlnoHcKoMY . 0AHaKO KPUTuKa 3Ta cnexa He HMeJ\a, H Ep3MU 6e3 OCO-
6LIX YCUJ\JJii OAep>KaA n06eAY.
HnoHcKue ra3eTbi OT6upaJOT U ny6AJtKYJOT TOAhKO MaTepUaAbJ, AeMOHCTpHpyJ<>ll(He
"6uThe" 5InoHHu", HO eCTb MHOro AIOAeif. 6Aaro>KehftTeJ\bHO OTHOCSlIl\HXCSI K HaWe" CTpaHe.
TaK, B OAHOM H3 pecTOpaHOB, paCnOAO>KeHHblX B OKPeCTHOCTSIX J\OC-AHA>Keheca. COCTaBItAJI
JlAaHbI npUBAeeHItSi SlDOHCKUX KJ\lteHTOB. AdhH o&hSlBheHHSI B SlDOHCKue ra, 3eThi BI<J\JOH.J\}f
6J\JOA Ha HnOHCKOM Sl3LIKe. HaHSIJ\M HnoHu.eB B WTaT H B H'I'ore B AecSITh pa3
eHJO Ha3BaHHH _
B  C1\O nOCeTHTeJ\eH-HnoHu.eB... 
..meAH'IHAH '1H KO JU.I<O J\eT CBLlwe 30% o6'heMa CAehOK C HeABH>KHMOCThIO Ha raBaHHX
}- cJ\eAuneHec _
B 00 ,..... I<HM K anH'I'aAOM nOCKOJ\h1CV H3-3a SlnOHl\eB pe3KO DO
e 6blAO CBSl3aHO C HOOHC . "}
TaK MH HHa'l ....,. n p e A CTaBmeAH MecTHOro HaCeJ\eHHH 1<0TOpble He CYMeJ\H HM
"LI Ha JKJil\be... · 'V Ban
BblCHAHCb IJ,e O J\ " ""BO Ho ry 6e p HaTop urraTa raBaHH H He AYMaeT rue -
po HB.. fu
063aBeCTHCb. 0 CH T e no MHeHHJO I<OTOpblX BseAeHHe l<aKHX-Mf H3MfWHHX
CHl\bHO meBaJOT .
CH. Cl<opee _ TB eT AaAbHeHllleMY npHToK'j HnOHl.\es.
perAaMemaIJ,HH BOCO!eO H:npaBAHIOTCH He TOl\LI<O AeHLru. HO H IOHble npeACTaBHTeJ\bHH-
H3 5100"HH"a asaHH  Y "a p HOCThlO Ha IlMIJKax YaHI<HKH nOJ\h3}'1OTCH
H me HaH60J\LweH non IVI
npel<pacHoro 001\a. 1, 3T _ HaHfuJ\ee npHMaSi pa3HOBHAHOCTh
l\bI eml<H H KOHTOpCI<He pa60THItu.LI. 0 6eHHo rueBaThCSI
HnoHcKHe CTjA erJ\aMeHTaD,HH OH npeKpaTHTCSI, TO aco
cno p Ta KYl\hTfPbl, H, eC1\H H3-3a P M e ( B p eMSI OTMepeHHoe HnoHItH), TolUfo.
3K ( K K y cal<a HHXOH-HO A310 ,
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1990. c.44-4 . Hon aMepHKaHCI<OH rJ\y6HHKH: rope _ 6HJ\b
A BOT penoJYfaJK H3 TnnH<J blH 6b1 3aMaxHBaACH t<y'BaM OH Ha aBToMO _
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l.\emOB, '" Y3HaA 'lT0 Sino " VI' 500-
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paHa "XOAHA3H HHH nOHBH H A eJ\OBOH npaKTHKe. .... B o A a H OAHH 1i3
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EJ\Jt<t>eBHhe. 366 '1eJ\OBeK.
AIO>KltHLI SlnOHl.\eB. >KHBYll'ltX B roA Ii HMeeT BonaTe 150 pa60'lItX MeeT.
3aBoA npoH3BoAHT 550 TLlC.T. CTaAH e BKOMnaHlnt, KO'fOpble AaJOT ellle J'OBOpltT M3p /vt<o
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"y MeHSI HeT CAOB. 'fT06lJ Bbl p a3ltTb,,, . 0506 1989. p.38). aTeAbHoe
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ecKlt H
368
369

TO )Ii. AO npecAoByrblX "HeBHAUMbIX". He1'8pH4>HLlX 6apbepoB TO C Y, ".D
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B.P.) coo6lI.\a nOJ<AOIDIeMCSI. p HK8H U.Ll -
B ToproBon Cwry8U.HH, KOTOpaH CAO)I(}IA8Cb y Hac C HnoHu.aMH Ha ceroAH v
CDpaBeMHBOCTh, no MHeHItIO aMepHKaHcKoro HapOAa (OKa3LlBaeTCH, OT HMeH" :ru H "" AeHh,
AJ06SIT roBOpHTb He TOhbKO B Hawen CTpaHe _ B P) Ha pyrn B cero HapoAlI
cepASl1'CH... . .. aeTCH. OT nOqeMY aMep"KaHu.bl
Hecnp8BeMHBo, 'lT0 y HnoHHH - ce30H OTKphl1'On OXOTLI
npHXOAlt1'CSI npODOA3aTh 'fepe3 Aa6UpHHT 610 Ha HaWHX pLlHKax, a HaM
HnoHHn ("Speaking of Japan". Jul y 1985 2 P 3 0Kpa 5 TH'feCKHX npaBHA, 'fT06Ll DpoAaBaTb B
H . p.p. - . 4- ).
y. a Tenepb caMoe BpeMH npHBeCTH CAe
pHKaHcKoro >KypHaAa- "HeCMOT AYJOlltee H3BAeqeHHe H3 aBTOpHTeTHOro aMe-
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e UMnopTHLlX orpaHU'feHU-
aMepUKaHCKHX BAMHHHCTpaD,un B COBOl< U. 'feM lIIeCTb npeAWecTBYJOIItHX
ynHOCTU, H TeM caMblM v
UMnopTa, nOAAe)KalI.\ero P a3AH'f H 'L IM ... ,ABOHA AO/UO 8MepHKaHcKoro
D 't'opMaM peCTpHKl.\H H
poB, 3KcnopTHpyeMLlX HnOHHen B C iliA H. hIHe 60Aee ABYX TpeTen TOBa-
, RBMlJOTCSI o&heKTaM
D,H8A.bHlJX TapH<t>oB HAU npOtlUx AU (  H KaKHX-AJt60 BHAOB KBOT. cne-
MHTOB... l<ypCHB MOH B P ) """
COCTaBAHA CnHCOI< CTpaH. CHCTeMaTUtle - . . . fJPJKe KorAa npe3HAeHT Eym
H CKH orpaHH'fHBaJOIltHx A
a CBOII PhIHKH. OH He Mor He 06 p aTHTh OCTyn 8MepHKaHCKHX TOBapOB
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OH,- HaM cAeAyeT DpeAnpHHHTh Me phl _ epHe. O>KeT 6bFJ'h.- nowyrHA
" ". " npOTltB lJ,eAOH rp yn
BeHuyJO (TIme. 05.06.1989. p.38). nhl CTpaH, BKAJO'faSi Hawy c06cT-
15. CM. P.ennedy. The Rise and Fall of the Great P
omy of International Relations. Princeton. 1987). owers. N.Y. 1987; The Political Econ-
16. The ew York Times. 31.01.1988.
17. ForeIgn Affairs. vol.65. N4. 1987 77
AK>60 . p. 1.
nhITHO, 'lT0 u3BecTHhiH aMepUl<aHCI< -
HOBOl1 ... 6 IIH SlnoHoBeA r ,,-
't"-'pMe rAO dAhHOro p""'O BO A CTB a" "". .OHCOH pa3BHBaeT MbiCAb 0
H ' n . r-v\.hTepHaTll 
nOHHU t<al< Aep>KaBbI-rereMOHa CAY>KHT HA _ BOH eAHHOAU'fHOH pOA.H CiliA HAlt
MOHUH Cn eSi 0 l<at<OH-HH6YAh ...
. el<YNfIJ,JfJt 0 paCTyII.\eH B3aUM03aBUCUM 't"-'pMe HX COBMeCTHOH rere-
JOTeH B 'fa OCTH Me 'KA y H 
, CTHOCTIt, Ha <pane 1<0AOCCaAbHOro nOHlteH H CiliA OCHOBhlsa-
CTpaH APyr Y APyra. pOCTa npSlMbIX HHBeCTHD,HH l<a>KAoH H3 :nHX
Kitl< OTMe'laeT <1>peA EepJ'CTeH "c
t<oro ... . aMbJM BaJKHhlM H3 0
't'HHaHcoBoro npOHltl<HOBeHHR HnoHltll B CiliA }RJtAaeMblX nocAeACTBHH rAy60-
HM03aBHCHMOCT 6e ... SlBWI'CSI AilAh -
H 0 ItX CTpaH... nOA06HO TOM Y l<aK HeHwee yseAH'IeHHe B38-
BaHHeM l<aJI(A , 3"t0 HMeeT M
. aSi It3 HHX CMO>Ke'J' HaHecTH Cepbe3HbJ- ecro C SlAepHhiM cAepJJUt-
HbJX H3Aep>KeK AMI ce6S1 caMoH" H Y"Utep6 APYJ'OH. XO'J'S1 H lJ,eHOH rpOMi!A-
A,MJ TOro 'fT06h1 B3aHM03aBHCltMOCTb npeBpaTltAaCb
H CiliA AOAJt<H bl 6 B peiL\1,H}'1O I<
YAyr, BepoRTHO, BBeCTIt ABYCTOpOHHK>K> OOPAltHalJ,ltJO. HnoHHJI
HdAOroBLJe CHCJ'eMhl" (Japan Foundation Newsletter. voI.X;Ty H B3aHMHO COBMeCTHMble
. .3. 1988. p.7).
18."flno H D.LI, B03MOJKHO. oAllD.eTBOpHIOT c060n HOBldn MH p - ro BOpHT r o J:'
. I' PAOH veprep H3
U eH 1'pa BOCTOqHO-A3HaTCKlIX HCCAeAOB8HHn OpH IOJltHo-K8AH4>opHlfncKoM YHHBepcH1'e1'e -
31'0 MUP, B KOTOpOM CoeAHHeHHLle lUTaTbl Y'Ke He HBMlIOTCSI H3 PSWi BOH BLJAalOllIeHCR Aep-
}KftBOn" (Time. 05.06.1989. p.37).
"B OCHOBe HLIHewHero KpH3Hca B HOoHo-8MepHI<BHCKUX OTHOWeHIDIX.- nHWeT Y>Ke 3Ha-
1<0MlJH HaM K.HHCHO. - AeJKaT He npoCTO pa3Alt'l1Ul I<YhbTyP HAH HH<t>opMau.HOHHhln Ae<I>H-
D,HT, 8, CYNf no BceMY, Hecnoc06HOCTh 061IteCTBeHHoro C03HaHHH B 06eHX CTpaHax yrnaTI>CR
38 CTpeMHTeAhHO H3MeHSlIOHMCH COOTHoweHHeM CHA :nux nOCAeAHHX.
T8 CTopOHa, 'lTO 6lJAa CJ\ii6ee, He CP83Y 3aMe'laeT yseAH'IeHHe c06cTBeHHoro MOl'}'1l-'e-
CTBa H TO H AeAO nOABepraeTCH KpltTHKe 38 HeJKe.AdHHe UCDOAHRTh 06S13aHHOCTH. npHC}'lltHe
CHAl>HOMY.
EOAee BepmrrHO, OAH8KO. TO, 'lTO AMI CTOpOHhI, 6L1BWen paHee CHAhHOH. 'Ipe3BLI'faHHO
TJ>YAHO 'feCTHO H OTKpOBeHHO npH3H8Th YMeHbweHHe, COKpalIt eHHe co6cTBeHHoro MOl'}'1l-'e-
CTB8 B caMbIX P83J\HQHblX cct>epax" (C:mpHICyT3XH "caKOKY" poH. c.7-8).
19. "BoHHa (B nepcHAcKoM 3aAJtBe - B.P.) HBHMCh TalUlte 'IeM-TO BpoAe OOACTBHR AMI
ABYX "3KoHOMH'feCKHX AJ06HM'fHI<OB" MHpa - HnoHHH H repMaHHH. B TO caMoe BpeMR, t<orAa
CHAblI<OBAHl\HH BCTYDaAH B ropOA KyseHT, RDOHCI<HH napAaMeHT Bce elIte o6cY)l(AaA YCAOBJUt,
Ha 1<0TOpblX OH COrJ\iiWaACR BHeCTH AonOAHHTehbHble 9 MApA.AoMapoB (C'reM, 'lT061J AOCTH'IL
06ll1 en CYMMbI B 13 MAPA.AoMapoB) Ha 4>HHaHCHpOB8HHe BoeHHhlX YCItAHH.
Bce pa3roBopLl 0 SInoHHH, HiiAeB810lIten Ha ce6R "rAo6ahbHyJO nOAHTH'IecK}'IO lluumy",
COOTBeTCTBYJOYJO pa3MepaM ee 6YMaJKHltl<a, BAPyr nOKa3aAHCb HeCKOAhKO npeeBpeMeH-
HhlMH.
"C OI<OH'faHHeM xOAoAHOn BOnHhJ",- 38RBItA )KypHaAY "HLIOCyHK" 6b1BWHii H8<JaAbHHK
YnpaBAeHHSI CRA caMoo6opoHhI HnoHHH KOHTH KaTO,- /\IOAH Ha'laAH roBopHTb, 'JTO Mey-
HapoAHaH 4>HHaHCOBftR MOll(h 38MeHHT BoeHHhlH mYl'eHIJ,HaA It 'lT0 TaKHM 06pa30M HaCTaHeT
3P8 HnoHHH H repMaHHH.
Ho 3TOT BHA "nepexoAa" OTAO)KeH, DO KpaHHeH Mepe. Ha npeACToRIlI He 10-15 AeT.
"naKc AMepHKaHa", onHpalOllIltHCSI Ha t<OAOCCaALHOe BoeHHoe MoeCTBo CoeAHHeH-
HbIX WTaTOB. coxpaHHTCR Ha I<al<oe-TO BpeMH. npH'IeM Mbl elIte He MO>KeM CYAHTb - t< Ayq-
weMY 3TO ItAH I< XYAllleMY" (Newsweek. 11.03.1991. p.72).
20. The Wall Street Journal. 19.06.1990.
" M oro \f1.I HBepCHT eTa A K3Mn6eM 06paTItA BHHMaHHe Ha YAltBJ\HK>-
......ou.eHT H'fHraHct< J'" 
IltYJO CXOJKeCTh <JepT "6IITbR HnoHHIt" C '1epTaMH aHTHCOBeTCI<OH ItAeOAont<JeCI<OH l<aMnaHHH
B CiliA, pa3BepTblBaBweHcR TpHMaTL-COPOI< AeT TOMY Ha3M.
BepoSITHOCTI> cAyqaHHoro cOBnMeHItSl CJ<.,\JO<JaeTcSI; nepeA Ha1t nOHa<JaAY HMnYhbCltB-
H 'L  " 060CHOB8 HHblH C p eACTBaMH MaCCOBOH ItH<t>oPMaLl.lut OTBeT Ha
DIH, a 3aTeM BceCTOpoHHe
60 6 "' aeM V1O on acHOCTb ct<aTblBaHHR CoeA"HeHHblx WTaTOB Ha BTopble
Aee HAlt MeHee BOO pa", , .-
pOAU B MHpoBOH Ta6eAlt 0 paHrax. - --
K V10 Dapy A ecSlTHAe'THH nOCAe ot<OH<JaHItSi BTOpOH MHpOBOlt BOHHbI pe-
OHe<JHO. B nepBJ"- 
'" H 6ecno " oH -CTBa Vt.IHTblB8S1, t< npHMepy, C06b1THR B CTpaHax BoCTO<JHOH
UJu>HbIX nOBoAoB MJl ... , .1 .
EB A BoCTo " e 8 -raJOlC.e n pe B p allleHHe CCCP B 8TOMHYJO Aep>KaBY, HMeAOCb
ponbl It Ha aAbHeM ... ,
B H36hl1'l<e.
Ho H TOrA8 Het<oTopble 6cneI<TbI yKa38HOH t<aMn8Hlm. 1<0Ht<peTHO roBOPSl,- HeHCTO-
BOCTb aTat< Ha "co'I)'BCTBYJOIlIHX t<OMMyHH3MY aMepHl<aHCI<HX AeBblX C HX cMexOTBopHblM
Bbl30BOM rocyNtPCTBeHHblM YCTOSlM.- npH3HaBaAHCb HeYAo60BapHMbIMH, He CTORllIltMH 38-
TparnBaeMOH 3HepntH.
HblHeUJHHe TpeBont t<yN1 MeHee onpaBNtHHbI. HO, nOBItAitMOMY. nOTpe6HOCTb B "npH-
BAet<aTeALHOH" MHUJeHH ycneJ\8 CAeMTbCSI t<6reropUlject<ItM HMnepaTHBOM: no Mepe TOro I<at<
370
371

crpa>..n. BH}'lUaeMl:Je COBe1'CKIfM COlO30M OC 6
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. ,.., WI He nOABeprBIOTCSI )
(The JapBn FoundatIon Newsletter. voJ.XYlll. N4. 1991. p. 2-5). .
CxoACTBO "6wrMl SlnoHHH" C "6HTI:.eM COBeTCKOro COIO""" He V1C p 'U
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3KOHOMJI"leCl<oro MOryI.QeCTBa, K61< :no HH CMelllHO, nopoAIfJI. B CWA TeOpHH CAepJKHBaHHSI
nOHHH. KOTOpbIe 3aHHJ\H MecTO TeopHH CAep>KHBaHHH COBeTCKOro COI03B.
Cor..l\aCHO MHOrnM 113 3THX TeOpHl1, SInOHWI 6eCl.\eJ\hHO OCyntecTBlUleT AecTpYJ<TIIBH}'lO,
Bpa)t(,Ae6HyK> (no OTHOllJeHHIO I< CiliA - B.P.) 3KOHOMII'IeCK}'1O 3KcnaHCllJO II B KB'IeCTBe
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(CaHI<3H CHM6yn. 30.07.1989).
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MIt opraHH3aTopaMH 3TOH KaMnaHHH He CyntecTByeT. Hawil AeHClB}'1OT l.\eAJtKOM H nOJ\HOC-
ThIO no co6cTBeHHOH HHHI.\HBTHBe, XOTH nOA03pHTe.J\bHBH 6AJt3OCTb MeTOAOJ\ont'JecKIIX npH-
eMOB. cnoco60B nOAa"lH apIj'MeHTOB II 06ll1eH npOKypOPCKO- HB3I1ABTe.J\bHOH TOHa.AbHOCTH II
MOJKeT BBeCTH B 366J\YJKAeHHe HeHCKYllleHHoro 'JIITBTeM.
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" 6 6 "
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(B.KopOTH'I. GroHeK. 1991. N34. c.6), 3aBHCTb K 'JYJKHM ycneXaM (oc06eHHo, 3aBHCTb 6b1BWHX
n06eAHTeAeH K 6bJBllleMY no6e*AeHHoMY), pOJI<AalOllI He nOA'JBC CBMble HH3MeHHble 'J}'BCTBB,
BnJ\OTb AO cJ\enoit HeHaBHCTII, TBK H 6ypNfT B 060HX CJ\yqBSlX.
1...1T0 pellJHTeJ\hHO OTAJt'lBeT "6lffbe HnoHlfIt" nO-COBeTCKIl OT "6I1Tbjl" nO-3BnMHoMY, TBK
3TO npHBbI'IHOe HcnOJ\.b30BaHHe 3aKoneplllIIKBMH nepBoro npllHultnOB KABCCOBOro nOAXOAB.
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nBMH H 3aOAHO YCBOIITb pecneKTB6eAbHblH, AJKeHTJ\bMeHcKllit J\eKCHKOH, HB'JHHalOT BnpSlMyro
IIMlITltpOBBTb 3Bni1AHyro cxeMY AOBOAOB.
B Hecnt6BeMo KJ\iiCCOBOM Ayxe BblAep>KBHa, HaDpllMep, KHIUB "Ayx "S1MBTO" B npowJ\oM
II HBcToHllIeM", BblnyuleHHBSI B 1989 roAY. OHB, cJ\eAyeT CPB3Y OroBOpHTbCSI, HBnHCBHB npo-
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A Bo06ll\e TOCK8 no KpynHOMY "BO" Aa1f{e MSI ApyroH CTpaltbJ O"leHb DOKa3a1'eAbHft.
KaK -ryr He npltBecT H TOHKoe 3aMe"laHHe H3Bec1'HOro aMepHK8HcKOro COBe1'OJ\ora C.K03Ha:
375

" c HOe H3 TOro 'f1'O MLI MOJKeM CAeAaTb," :no nOMO'fb PYCCKlfM YDlfBaTbCR If "
ftMOe VJlC,ftC , 4 C06.
CTBeHH1',f H3L1'fecKJIM nOKAOHeHHeM KYAbTY PYXOBOAHTeJ\Sl.
Ha npOTHJKeHHH BeKOB npo6heMa PycCKoii BHyrpeHHeii nOAlfTlfKH C0CToSlAa B TOM 'f'ro
eJO ynpaB.I\AAH AJlAepbJ, a He HHCTHT}'II.HH H 3dKOHLI"1 ("Newsweek". 02.09.1991. p.25). '
nO-MoeMY, 3TO OrpOMHoe AOCTHJKeHHe SlnoHHH - He BbJABlfHyn HH 0AHOro 060JReCT_
" " M vYWow.
BMleMoro H He3dMeHJlMoro nOMITHKa MHpOBOro Kl\acca If KO e.K'.JnBHLlMIf YCILUtJIMH Ao-
6JrrbCH TOro, 'Iero OHa A06uAacb.
22) CeJ<YH. 1985. N 12. C 154-174.
23) "c TaKJfM 3Ha'leHHeM AaHHoro TepMHHa, - OTMe'faeT M. XaC3raBft, _ 3HftKOMLJ He-
KOTOpbJe HJ]OHbJ: He TOAbJ<O noTOMy, 'ITO MbJ He OlQYJ..QaeM CH.i\.LHoii TRI'H IfcnO.JU.30BftTb era
B nOA06HOM CMbJCAe, HO TalOKe BBHAY paCXOJKAeHHR C 3THM CMblCAOM HaWlfX npeACTftBAeHHH,
ft CHe HaM He no Hyrpy.
AftJKe ec.I\H HaM H3BecTHO ynOMHHyroe 3Ha'leHHe, MLI HCnbITblBaeM JKeAaHlfe OTHeCTH
ero K 'fHCAY O'leHb cneHH'IecKIiX H MaAO ynOTpe6J\S1eMLlX. HCTHHa, OAHaKo, 3dKl\Jo'laeTCSI
B TOM, '11'0 KorAa BO BTOpoii nOAOBHHe XIX BeKa rAaraA "HHTepHaHOHaAH3lfpOBaTb" BOllJeA
B o60poT, HMeHHO B Ha3BftHHOM 3Ha'feHHH OH 06bJ'IHO H HcnoJU.30BaJ\CH". (CeKyH. 1985. N
12. c. 156).
24.) B CTftTl.e, ony6AHJ<oBaHHoii JKypHaAOM TJOOKOpOH (1983. N4 c.96-1I1), M.Xac3raBa
OTMe'laAa. no 3TOMY DOBoAy:"SInoHIUI SlCHO nOHHMaAa, 'l1'O TOJU.KO nocpeACTBOM OTKa3d OT Tpa-
AHHOHHhIX HnOHCKJIX J<a'lecTB OHa cnoc06Ha COXpaHHTb CBOJO He3aBHCHMOCTb H KyAbTypy.
APyrnMH ChOBaMH, SlDOHHH DOllJAa Ha CoxpaHeHHe "6YCHAo" ("nyrH BOHHa"), cpe3aBANl3TOro
caMypaiicKHii II)"IOJ< BOAOC C MaJ<YlllKH" (C. 105).
25.) Ha 3TH uepHOAbJ, no MHeHHJO M.XaC3raBa, npHllL\HCb HaH60Aee ApaMaTH'IecKHe
3nH30AbI 6opb6bJ SInoHHH npOTHB yrp03bJ ee KYJ\hTypHoii c<t>epe KaK 'IaCTH KYJU.TypHOii
c<t>epbJ A3lfH CO CTOpOHbJ 3anilAa, 6opb6bJ, J<OTopaH MJf Hee Ha'liL\aCb C 6oM6apAHPoBoJ< Ka-
I'OCHMft H CHMOHOC3J<H (1863-1864 IT.) BoeHHO- MOpCKlfMH <t>hoTaMH 3aniiAHbIX CTpaH.
TorAa SInoHHH YAaAOCb npOTHBOCTOSl'J'b HaDopy 3anilAHoro KOAOHHiL\H3Ma, HO B MeJKAY-
HapoAHoe 3anilAHoe c006lQeCTBo OHa He 6blAa AOeHa, H nepHOAH'IecKHe 60iiKOTbI HDOH-
CKHX TOBapOB B TPHAIJ,aTble roAbl 1'eJ<YJl\ero BeKa 1'OJ\hJ<0 nOATBepAHAH "6ehYJO HeTepnHMOCTb
J< APyrnM pacaM". OrCJOAa H yrBepJRAeHHJI M.Xac3raBa 06 ocBo60AHTeJU,Hoii MHCCHH SInoHHH
B THXooKeaHCl<oU BOuHe. B HTore J<OTOpou "Bce 6bJBIlJHe KOhOH"H... 06peAH He3aBHCHMOCTb...
He nonaAH CHOBa B pyxu OOJ\hlX. ,.
npaBAa. UpH 3TOM OHa He ynOMHHaeT 0 Aes,,"HSlX s:lnOHCJ<OU BoeHlQHHbJ B 3THX I<OAOHH-
RX. 3a J<OTOpbJe elIte HeAaBHO H3BHHs:lJl.CSI HMnepa1'Op AJ(HXHTO. H AOBOJU.HO HeyxAJOJKe otYb-
JlCHs:leT npH'IHHbJ J<OHJl.IU<Ta C Kopeeu. aHHel<CHpoBaHHOH SInoHHeH. H C KHTaeM, DOABepr-
WIIMCSI BTOp>J<eHHIO C ee CTOpoHbJ: MO)J(eT 6b!Th, "HecMOTPs:l Ha OO3YCJl.OBHO aHTDI<OAOHHa-
AHCTCJ<He HAe BAOXHOBHTeA:" 3aXBdTd MaHh'l>J<ypHH. peiiAhHoe ynpaBAeHHe eJO 6b1AO
J<OAOHHd.J\.},HIM . a MO>J<eT 6hrrb nepCnel<THBbJ HeMeMeHHbJX BbJl"OA 3aTyMaHHJI..H B30phJ SIno-
HHH. a KHTaH H KopeJi. TOJ\hJ<O-TOJ\hJ<O OC03HaBlUHe CHJ\hJ Hal\HOHiL\H3Ma. '1pe3MepHO OTpe-
arnpOBaAH Ha .enocpeACTBeHHYJO s:lnOHCKYJO yrp03Y, ynYCTHB H3 BHAa rhaBHoro Bpara (T.e.
3anilA - B.P.) .
TaK H.J\.H HHa'le, nocJl.e nopa>J<eHHSI B BOHHe s:lDOHl\l.J "TBepAO pelUH.J\.H HHI<OrAa He "no-
CeJ\SITbCs:I" B npOHH3aHHOM HaCliJl.HeM MeYHapoAHOM 3aniiAHOM COO6lQeCTBe" (TJOOI<OpOH.
1983. N 4. c.98, 101, 105).
26.) CeJ<}'H. 1985. N12. c. 160.
27.) TaM JKe. c. 165.
28.) C HeAdBHHX nop B '1HCJl.O HaJf6Jl.ee HeyroMHMblX BOHTeJl.e" C dMepHl<dHCKOH rere-
MOHDe" BOlUeA nHCdTeJ\h H nOAHTD'IecKHlf Aesrre"u, C.HCHxapa.
ftKTe HblM Ha3BaHHeM "SlnoHHH,cnoc06HaH CJ<a3aTh "HeT" lee coaBTOpoM
B KHIfJ'e C xap p OAL A M o p H1'a ) OH TBe p Ao 3aHBJl.jleT, 'lT0, 6J1..aJ'OAapSi
ii npeAnpHHHMaT......... .
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BbI-.. 'J" H 'IeCKOM Y MOryIl(eCTBY. n
MV 3KOHOM
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no MHeHHJO C. CHxapa. . H e.J\.hHOCTh aMepHJ<6HCHX paJ<eT C HAepHLlMH 6oero:
reKHIO", HO HM CAeAYfn nOMHHTh. nH 003 HcnOJ\.},30BaHHSI SlnOHCJ<HX DOAynpOBOAHHJ<OB
J\OBJ<aMH "He MO)Kfn 6Lm, rapaHTHpO HBaAH CBOH BOeHHbJH nOTeHHdJI.. OHH AOCTHrJ\.H py_
"CKOAbKO 6bI aMepHJ<aHbI 'HH yseJ\.H'J ecJ\.H SlnOHHSI B OAHH npeJ<pacHbJii AeHh nepeC1'HeT
)Ka. KorAa HH'Iera He CMOryr nOAeAaTh, H1' C6hJBaTb 3TOT TOBa p COBeTCJ<OMY COJ03Y, no
nJ\. aTbJ" ( eCJ\.Jf JKe SlnOHHSI pew
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o BblCOKOH HOpMbJ 6p6J<a". npeTeH3HH 3d aCTHe COBMecTHO C ApyrnMH
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CT .. .JI.J1'IHBaeT pa3Apa)KeHHe aMepHJ<aHl\eB . HJ< C'TQJ\.}, JKHBO HanoMHHaJOIItYJO pen-
pOJf }'Be 3dKAJO'IaeT OH CBOJO rueBHYJO HJ\.Hnn y. e'laTb aMepHJ<aHcJ<lJe Tpe60Ba-
n03TOMY. " SlnOHbJ 06S13aHhJ BCTp "HX O'leHh
J\.HJ<H OpraHH3aTOpOB "6lfThH SInoHHH BaTb CJ<B03h 3y6bJ B03AYX It 6opMoTaTh. 'lT0
HltSi C OTKpbJThlM 3a6POM'; H:oB:: hi Evening News. 07.08.1989).
TJ>YAHO YAoBAeTBOpH1'h (LI. '6 C 66-82.
29.) TJOOKOpOH. 1986. N . .
1986 N 6 c. 72.
30 ) TJOOJ<OpOH. . .
. 1986 N 6 C 75-76.
31.) TJOOJ<OpOH. . .,
32 ) TJOOKOpOH. 1986. N 6. c. 70. ) TOJ<HO. 1988. c. 560-564.
. ( H ""HhJe AOJ<J\i!AbJ
33.) K3HKJO XOKOKY, a 60
34.) K3HKJO XOKOKY. C. 5 62 ,
35.) K3HKJO xOJ<oJ<Y. C. 5 i 1985. p. 9-11-
36.) Speaking of Japan. J JU I Y I 985 P . 10.
k . f Japan. u Y .
37) Spea mg 0 Jul 1985. p. 10. co CBOHMH co06pa>J<eHHJlMH
38.) Speaking of Japan. e CJ<phJBaeT. 'lT0 06palItaeTCSI HapoA B TOM CMhJCJl.e, B
39.) P. CH6a. Hanplf,e M P' H O >J<eM B3b1BaTb TOJl..1,J<O J< HapoAY.  Ha C l\ Hil.J\.JfCTH'lecJ<oM
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KOM- rpa>KAaHIfHOM MHpa" (POAJfHa.I990. N 2. c. 51).
A BOT KaKHM npeACTaeT KOCMODO.J\.HTH3M DPH cpaBHeHHlf C HHTep Ha I.\HOHa.JUf3MOM B
oDy6J\HKOBftHHOH B 1991 f. CTftThe B.KpaB'IeHKO:"npOTIlBoBecoM BceM !f>opMaM Ha1\HOHa.JUf3-
Ma B XX BeKe 6bU\ o6'bS1B.fI.eH HHTepHaI\HOHaAH3M. BnO.fl.He ryMdHltCTH'IecKaJl mpJl, ec/\H 6b1
He nepelllJ\.a H3 MepbJ BeCOB B Mepy paCDpeAeJ\.eHltJl cq,ep BJlJfJlHlfJl.
BeAb He pa3, 3alltHll{aSi cBo60AY, 1\eAbHOCTh Ha1\ltH, BJ\.HBaSi OrpoMHbJe AeHeJlUlbie cPeA-
CTBa B cJ\.a60pa3BHTbJe CTpaHbI, 61\8.roAeTeAH HCDOAb30BaJlJf 3TO B CBOOKOpbJCTHbJX 1\eAIDC:
0AHH DO.fl.}"laMf BbJroAHble pblHKH ANI c6b1Ta 3aJ\e)KaAb!X TOB8pOB, YA06HhJe BoeHHble D1\8.1\-
AapMbl, APyme _ 61\8.roAaTHyJO DO'IBY AMI BHeAPeHHJI COMHHTe.fl.},HblX HAeH, DpoAa)KH opy-
>KillI, CTaHOBAeHHJI pa3Horo pOM COI\HaAHC1'H'IeCKHX AHJ<TaTYP.
11 ecJ\H ClllA BO.fl.},HO HJIJf HeBO.fI.},HO PBAOB8AH DonaBllJHe DOA HX BJ\HJlHHe HapoAbi 3KO-
HOMH'IeCKOH CTa 6 H.fI.}, HOCTbIO, nopoH H DblWHblM DpoQBeT8HHeM, TO H8W BY.fl.},rapHbJH HHTep-
Hal\IfOHaMf3M, KpOMe rpft8HCKHX, Me)KpemOHaJ\.bHblX BOHH - I<pOBH, p83PYXH H roAOAd,
_ HIf'lefO He npHHec (BbeTH8M, KaMDyqHJI, A!f>f8HHCTaH, 3!f>HODItU It T.A.). OAliaKO B OCHoBe
:ITIfX ABYX pa3Alf'lHblX DpOJlB.fI.eHHH "A06pOH BOJlJf" Ae)KlfT OAltH It TOT >Ke K8MeHb - J\H1\e-
MepHbJH HHTepHaD,HOHaJUt3M.
EYA}'ll\ee, Ha MOH B3fNlA. 'Iepe3 HCKpeHHe 'IeCTHbilf ItHTepHdlHOH8.f1.H3M DpHHaMe-
)Klrr... KOCMODO.J\.HTH3M}'. Aa, TeM C8MblM "6e3pOAHbIM 1<0CMOnOJ\.lrraM", 1<0TOphiX Tal< OT'IaJlH-
HO MaTepHJ\.li 6e3pOAHbJe KOMMyHHCTbI. Ho 31'0 AaJ\el<oe, o.,eHh AaJ\el<oe 6YAymee. XOTSI pOC1'-
KH ero DpOKJ\eBbiBaIOTCJI B EBpone YJKe ceroAHJI. 11 31'0 ApeBO rpd)l{AaHHHa MHpa HBAO BbI-
pa 0 ..........O p OJltHO 386<YrJ\.JIBO, BHltMBTe.fl.},JlO." (He3BBltCHM8J1 r83e'1'B.
IltHBftTh DpeAe.fl.},H V'- . .
09.10.1991). w
42.) KOKyMHH C3HKBQY xal<yce 1986. TOKHO. 1987; KOl<YC8HKB TO 1<0KyMHH HCHKH (I1H-
TepHal.\.HOHa..JUtJal.\.HJI H C03HaHlte HdP0Aa), TOKHO. 1988.
43.) KOKycBHl<a TO J(Ol<yMHH HCHI<H. C. 6.
430.) TaM )Ke. c. 10,14. -
44.) Te3Hc 0 HaQHOH8J\}>HOH roMoreHHOCTH. BblCT}'n8IOIltHH B BHAe YHHKaAbHO JlnOHCKO-
fO JlB.fI.eHlIJI H HrpalOllteH BBHAY 3TOro oc06YJO PO.fl.},. nOMepJKHBaC'J'cH, H<!AO CK83aTb. He
BceMlt Cnev,118JlJf CT8MH .
TaK, .CyntMOTO OTMe.,ae'1', .,.,0 TaKO" JKe. KdK B SlnOHlfIf. 97%-lIbJH YAeAbHbJH Bec "KO-
peHHOro HdCeJ\eHHJI" AOCTHrHyT. HanpHMep. H B I1CAaHAHIf. HopBcnm. AaHHH. repMallHH, AA-
378
379

K if T,A. (E.CYT'lIMOTO. CHHKa CIIHaH HIIXOHA3HH-3 (K Dacc
6aHlIlf, nopryraNfIf, opee HBUbIM
smoHI\ilM) TOI<IfO. 1988. c.211). " 6
. " a 3blBaHlfSi A .KaMJlCItMa: ...SlnOHcKoe 0 eCTBo <POPMH p OB=> Au
MHTepeCHlJ If BblC" 'LIU'J AIOAH,
P XHneAiir MaJ\bJMH rpynnaMH Ha npOTSlJKeHHH AAJITeA.bHOro ne p HO Aa
npH6b1BilBllIHe Ha iI _ H 1f3
""""'B 51noHCKlflf HapoA Ha AeJl.e KpaHHe AHBepCH<pHIJ,HpOBaH H l'eTe p o re
pa3NI'IHbIX oyH"' . HeH,
......-. BH yrp H ero HHKorAa He CKAM1.lBaAOC1. 6oAbllJHHCTBo.
- HaC'TOAbI<O, ... 
KaJMblH HHAlfBHA SlBNleTCSI '1AeHOM MeH1.UIHHCTBa, HO <pan 3TOT Dpe6bIBaeT B CKPbIToM
COCTORHIIIf. I\.a)f(AaSi rpynna BCSI'IeCKH crapaeTcSI He 06HaPYJKHT1. CAHWKOM SlBCTBeHHO CBOIO
yHlfl<aAbHOCTb. 'fI'o6bl He Ol<aJaThCSI H30AHpOBaHHOH OT APyrux.
HaltA}"IllIeii CTpaTerne" C'IIITaeTCSI npifTBOpHMI cOAHAapHOCTb C OCTaAbHbIMH UpH Co-
I<plJTHlf co6CTBeHHoH YHlfJ<a.Al>HOcr, co6crBeHH1.lx OTAH'IJfTeAbHbIX Ka, '1eCTB a TalORe Tep-
neNtBoe OJKJtAaHlfe 6AaronpIDITHOH B03MO)J(HOcrH npHCOeAHHJfTbCSI K Dpe06AMalOII\eH
ro'll<e 3peHlfSi.
n03TOM}' Ha DOBepxHoCTH Bce rpynnbl, Bce If HAIl B IIA1.I KaJKyrcSi o6'beAHHeHHbIMH, HO Ha
60Aee rAy60I<OM ypOBHe CoeAHHSlJOlQlfe HX Y3bl Henpo'lHbI. H60 Bce npHAepJKHBaJOTCSI pa3-
NI'IHbIX B3r/UlAOB". (The Japan Foundation Newsletter. 1990. vol. XVII. N3. p .6).
KOHe'lHo. caMa no ce6e AOl\5l "J<opeHHoro HaceAeHHSI" HH 0 '1eM He roBOpHT. Ho eCAH
COLtlfaNlJaI\lfSi ero 113 nOI<OAeHlfSi B nOKOAeHlle npoHCXOAHT B JKeCTKOM, ll,eAeHanpaBAeHHOM
pe)J(]tMe, 0 I<OTOpOM HapOAbI Ha3BaHHbiX E.CynfMOTO crpaH He HMeAlf H DOHSITHSI, Hall,HOHaA},-
HaSi roMOl'eHHOCTb 06peTaeT BnOAHe onpeAeAeHHOe caMocroRTeAbHOe 3Ha'leHHe.
YTO l<acaeTCSI JaMe'laHII" A.KaMHCIIMa, TO IfCTI1HHOH ll,eHHOCTbJO 06AilAaeT BCe-TaKH pe-
aAhHOe DOBeAeHlfe. a He TaSllQHeCSI B rAy6HHax AyuI HaCTpoe, HHSI XOTSI HX HaAH'IHe H MO)J(eT
C'IlITaThCSI «paI<TOpOM 06Ael"leHIISI H YCKopeHHSI nepeMeH.
45.) bOHCY. 1988. N 6. c. 96.
46.) KacaSicb HnOHCJ<lfX KOAeKCOB "noA06aJOlQero nOBeAeHHSI", E. CeH-)KaK nHllJeT:"EoH
Ae M":e: aBp MHornx J<Hlfr 0 SlnoHHlf, xapanepll3yeT SlnoHll,eB KaK "KaTaH3HpOBaHHbIX"
AJOAell. Ka-ra - HnoHcJ<lfH cY<P<PHJ<c, 0603Ha'laJOlQIIH "MaHepy", "cnoc06" HAH "MeTOA" Ae-
AaHIfH 'Iero-HIf6YAb.
POJKAeHHhle If BOCnlITaHHble B KyA1.T)'JJHOH cpeAe, KOTopaSi C<POpMHpOBaAaC1. B pe3YAb-
TaTe MHoroBeKoBoro B1.l p 6a
a TbJBaHIISI CHOpOBKH )J(JIT1. B SlnOHCKOM CTJlAe, ft TaK)f(,e OKPYJKeH-
Hl>le IfCJ<YCCTBaMIf H e
" " p MeCAaMII , J<oTopble 61.111.11 npoAyxTaMH )f(,eCTKO KOHTpOAHPyeMbIX
KaTa , HnOHLtbl craAJl "K aT . "
alf3HpOBaHHblMH , pa3BIIAH B ce6e llJeCTOe IJ}'BCTBO, roBopSllQee
11M, Bce 11.11 B nO P QAJ<e
........ . T.e. B COOTBeTcrBHH C Hi1AI\e)J(alQeH SlnOHCKOH YCTaHOBKOH.
AOl\J1fe BeJ<a CVlllecTBO " " -
J,",,", BaHHSI B KaTalf311pOBaHHOM I<.J\JO'Ie 003 B03MO)f(,HocreH }'BHAeTb
II TeM 60Aee 03HaJ<
_ OMIITbCSI Ha co6crBeHHOM onLITe C J\J06bIMH HHbIMH CTHl\5IMH nOBceAHeB-
HOH JKlf3HIf eCTeCT 6
' BeHHO, npo YAHAH Y SlnoHu,eB He06blKHoBeHHyro 'I}'BcrBJITeJ\bHOCT1. B OT-
HOUJeHlflf OTJ(J\.OHeHH- "" 1
vol XV III It OT HX cnoco6a AeAaHHSI. (The Japan Foundation Newsletter. 199 .
'. . N 5-6. p. 12).
47.) 3. Pe"Wa Y 3 p -
, oCYll\ecrBlfBwHH OAlIH H3 HaH60Aee nAoAoTBOpH1.lX Ka'leCTBeH HbIX
aHdAH30B IIHTepHa
_ l\HOHiL\H3al\lfH SlnoHHIf (HeKoTop1.le H3 ero B1.IBOAOB 6YAyr npHBeAeHbJ B
xOAe AaAhHeHwero HJJ\ ) " -
O)J(eHHSI . nOA'IepJ<HBaA, '1'1'0 0AHO 113 CAeACTBltH 3TH'IeeKOH CHCTeMbI,
OpneHTHpOBaHHoii 60
A1.llJe Ha cnell,H<pII'IeCKHe OTHOllJeWIISI 'IeM Ha a6cT p aKTHbie npHHu,Hnbl,
COCTOItT B O1'C yr CT '
_ BHIt SlCHblX nOACJ<a30J< OTHOCJfTeA1.HO TOro, KaK HMO BeCTlt ce6S1 B HenpH-
BWIHOII cnTyaQItH 0
. Ka3blBaSlC1. J\Jtl\OM K AHll,Y C '1eM-TO HOBhIM, SlnoHell, CKopee 01QyrHT He-
y-BepeHHOCTh B C 6e
1='._ e . '1eM 'IeAOBeK, caMoAOBOAbHO yOO)l(,AeHHblit B yHlfBepCaJ\hHOCTH CBOHX
COVl...TBeHHhlX n
pHHu,lfnoB. 3To B OCOOOHHOCTJI OTHOCHTCH K HnoHu,aM, nonilAalO1QIIM Ja rpa.-
HIfl\Y, HO AiDKe B - SI
caMoH nOHHH IlMelOTCH ccI>epbl. BHyrplt KOTOpblX TPilAHU.1l0HHBSI peAH1'lf-
BIICTCKaH 3TItJ{a He BbIrMlAIfT YCDellJHO MaDTltpoBaHHOH K COBpeMeHH1.lM YCAOBHSlM"
(E.o.Reischauer. The Japanese Today. London. 1988. p.147).
48.) Doncy. 1988 N 6. c. 115-116.
"B HaCTOSl1Qee BpeMSI, - Ao6aBl\5IeT K.Mau,YMoTO, - SlnOHHSI nepeCTaAa 6hrrh arpapHblM
061QeCTBOM. HO B OCHOBe 06bI'IaeB, <PoPM KyAbTYPbJ, 06pa3a MbJllL\eHHSI, npaBHA, He yrpalJH-
BalO1QHX cW\y 3aKOHa, Ae)J(aT 3AeMeHThI. C<pOpMHpOBaHHbJe nO.".H HCKAJO'IJITeAbHO arpapHbJM
"
061QeCTBOM .
A JaMKHyroCT1. CeJ\bCKHX 061QHH AO CHX nop TaKOBa, 'ITO B AepeBHSIX paHoHoB KaHTO
HAlt ToxOKY He BCTpeTHllJ1. Ha DOCTOSlHHOM npOJRHBaHHH He TOA1.J<O HHOCTpaHl\eB. HO H SlnOH-
u,eB-BbIXOAll,eB , CKa)f(,eM, 113 paHOHa KaHcaH (TaM JRe. c. 116).
49.) CM. The Japan Foundation Newsletter. 1991. vol. XVlII. N 5-6. p. 9.
50.) KaK nHCaII. B cBoeH H3BeCTHoH CTaT1.e 0 "KoHQe HcrOpJtH" <I>.<I>YXYSlMa, AH6epaAb-
HaSi AeMoKpaTHSI 6bJAa HaBSl3aHa SlnoHHH "Do6eAoHOCHbJMH CoeAHHeHHbJMH WTaTaMH" H
aAanTHpoBaHa TaKHM o6pa30M. 'lT0 CTaAa "eABa Y3HaBaeMoii" (The National Interest. Summer
1989. p. 10). XOTSI 0 "HaBSl3h1BaHHH" CnOpHTb He npHXOAIITCSI, nOAaralO, '1'1'0 SlnOHCKaJI AeMO-
KpaTIISI npeKpaCHO "Y3HaeTCSI".
n03BOAJO ceOO H3AO)f(,JIT1. 3Aeeh CBO" B3rN1A Ha CBSlJaHHbJe C ee yrBepJl(,b.eHHeM C06bJ-
TItSi no TeKcry BbJCT)'TIAeHHSI Ha "KpyrAOM CTOAe" COBeTCJ<HX SlnOHOBeAoB: "$InoHCJ<aSl HcrOpHSI
AaeT HHTepeeHbIH npHMep AByx. a6cOAIOTHO pa3AH'IHbJX no oOCroSITeAbCTBaM H pe3YAbTaTaM
"BHeApeHHH AeMOKpaTHH cBepxy". npHMep 3TOT, nOMHMO Bcero npo.,ero. y6eAlITeJl.bHO A-
Ka3blBaeT He06S13aTeAbHOCTb AAlfTeAbHOro J<YAbTHBltpOBaHItSi COOTBeTCTBYJOlQHX TpdAHl\HIf,
J<OTopble llJar 3a llJaroM, HeOTBpaTIIMO roTOBHT MaCCbJ J< BeAJt'leCTBeHHOMY MHry - TOp)J(e-
CTBY AeMOKpaTH'feCKHX HOpM.
B 1990 r. SlnoHcKHH napAaMeHT oTnpa3AHOBaA CBoe CTOAe'I'lfe, 110 nOMHHHaSi AeMOKpa-
THH B CTpaHe oJ<a3ilJ\aCb Ha nOABeKa MOAO)l(e OAHoro H3 CBOIfX CftMblX blAaJOUlHXCH CItMBO-
AOB. CA}"lIIAOC1. TaK He nOTOMY, .".0 J< HCXOAY npolllJ\oro BeJ<ft SlnOHCJ<IUf HapOA. BeJ<aMH BOC-
nHTbIBaBllJIIHCSI B CHCTeMe COBepweHHO oc06bJX MOpaAbHblX KOOPAHHaT, He HaWeJ\ OCH3ae-
K X n e HHOCTeH B If X JanaAHoeBpone"CKOM HAJI aMepHJ<ftHCKOM
Mh AeMOKpaTH'Iee H 
nOHHMaHIIH... 6
npocro nepeHeceHHe «PO pM AeMOKpaTItH Ha SlnOHCKYJO nOIJBY, nOAO HO MHO)f{eCTBY
" H MCTBOBaHHM C 3aniiAa 6blA0 nOBepXHOCTHbJM, nOKa3HblM. 3d nOCAe-
APyruX nocneWHblX oX> .
a n OHCJ<oe 06ll1eCTBO, CBepXY AOHIl3Y O'leHb H O.,eHb MaAO npH6aBHJ\O
AYJOI..QHe AeCHTHAeTHH n " " T - .."
( e CbMft yOO roM Y ) AeMoKpBTH.,eCKOMY 6ara)f{Y (AeMOKpaTHH aHce
K nepBOHa'laAbHOMY H B
HO" - 3a KB)I(,AhIM MaAOMaAbCKH AH6epaAbHbIM ycraHoBAeHHeM
6b1J\a, no CYll'eCTBY. HAN<>30p "
BceHenpeMeHHO MaH.,HJ\a "U,HHJ<OBaH MopAa corNlABTaH ). v
1..1 e AeMOJ<p aTHH 6VXBdAbHO npoAHI<TOBallHBH n0OOJKAeHHOlf CTpaHe urra-
r! TeM He MeHe . J.'
)l(e A aAa KaK I'A yOO KHe KOpHH, TaK II 6yHHble n0OOrH. B CBH3H C 3THM,
60M MaKapT}'Pa, cpa3Y
.".0 .rho..u.eTOHHbJlf naCCB)I( M )KBaHeu,J<oro 0 npaBHJ\.bHOM Bbl60pe
H He MOry He OTMeTHTb, 
Hrp bJBaTb BOMHY HcnOJ\HeH I'Ay60I<Oro CMbICM. B urraOO oKKynav,HOH-
TOro, KOMY HBAO npo .
_ C03HaBdAH 'Iero CTOUT HaCTOHl1I,aH. nO-Cepbe3HOMY C03AaBaeMftH AeMO-
HOH apMHH OTAHIJHO .
e ra pa HTlfH OT B03pOJKAeHIIH TOTaAllTBpHbJX yCTOCB. H6 KOTopble onHpaA-
J<paTHH H B Ka.,eCTB
_ HB HItK H B Ka.,ecTBC cpeACTBa o6ecne".eHIIH BCecTopoHHero H 3c1><P e 1<THB-
CH HeAaBHHII npOT .
HOro a3BIITIDI nOBep)l(eHHoit CTpdHbl.
n p n e p Bble want no AeMOKpaTH.,ecKOMY nyrH 6b1AJI CAeMHbJ SlDOHCKHM Hapo-
O-MoeMY.
acCHBHOro CAeAOBaHHH yKa3dHHHM n0OOA.lf"1'eAeM. Ho O.,eHb H O'leHb CKOpO, BO
AOM...B CHJ\Y n
MHOroM 6MroAapH npo4>ecCHOHaAbHOCTH nOA,XOA8 nOCJ\eAHHX, cro yqacme B AeMoKpaTH.,ec-
KHX dKI\lfHX CTaAO aKTlfBHbJM II rMBHoe, C03HaTeJ\l.HblM.
381
380


B .1 ypO K JlDOHCKOH AeMOKpaTH38QHH - PYK8MH HeBe)l(,A" JU06HTeAen H A..
8JKttW.. " ..... ClC p
KOB 00"06Hoo OpeADpHSlTlfe He 38nyCTJrrb B 3KCDAyaTa[(HIO" (A e Mo I>!-
TbJX DpOTIfBHIf ..... :JCpaTHH
DOHlflf: OObTT If YP0)(H. M. 1991, c. 33-34). B
51.) CroAHQa. 1991. N 44 (50). c. 3.
52.) The National Interest. Summer 1989. p. 10.
53 } KolfVMlfH C3HK8Qy-HO KOKYcanKa (HHTepHaQHOHaAH3al.\HJI >KH3HH Ha po ) ....
. _ M'I
1988. c.7; KaHKo xlu<yce .(BeiUI KHlfra DO TYPH3MY) 3a COOTBeTCTBYJOIltHe roAL!; Japan 199 0 .
An international Companson ,Tokyo. 1992 p. 92. 2.
54.) nnplf noe3AKe DO JKeAe3HOAOpO)KHOn AHHHH $!MaT3 B TOKHO, - OHID K K
eT . ycalCa
_ MOJKHO o603peBaTb 60AbllJHe KOAH'JeCTBa 6eALrx H n8KHCTaHll,eB B OK p ecT HO r '
CTSIX I OTaHAa
MeJKAY pailOH8MIf ClfHA3JOKY H CHH-0K}'60 HallJAH nplllOT cpHAHnOHHIIL1 B P - ,... .
, 8.HOHe nK36 y
KypO - KHTailQbI, HenOAdAeKY OT HHQy60PH - IO>KHOKO p eHll,bJ" ( HHXO H H .. -
- 0 A3IOMe. c. 125 )
0606LQaJOI.qJfM 3dKAJOlJeHHeM K 3THM nyreBblM Ha6AJOAeHHSlM 3BVUH .
.n E .." J' T cAeAYJOIQ8H BI>!-
AepJKXa. LQe He TaK AaBHo CAOBO HHocrpaHeQ CHAhHenllJHM 06 pa3
" OM aCCOll,HHpOBaAOCL
RuOHHH C oplfe3AOM Ha BpeMeHHbJe 3apa60TKH" Ho eCTL MH Oro _ B
. JUOAeH, KOTopble CT pe
paCTBOpHThCJI (B HIJOHCKOM 06lQeCTBe - B.P.) 'JT06bJ OCTa T 'L,..... 3 MSlTCH
. n AeCb Ha DOCTOSlHHoe JRHT
CTBO... 061l1eCTBO JfHocrpaHQeB. 0 KOTOpOM KaKHX-TO HeCKOA.bKO A. eA.h-
MblCAHA, ooc:reneHHO $opMHpyeTcH KaK HeKoe 06 Ln e HHoe 06 eT TOMY H83ftA HHK1'O H He
H """Y'i pa30BaHHe.
paBJfTCJI :no HAlf HeT. - HO TaKOBa peaA.LHOCTL. H MbJ smo
Hft :no 06LQeCTBO H3AdAeKa. a CAM8Th llJaf e ,,' H[(bI, He AOJUKHbI... B3HP8Th
55.) E.O. Reishauer. The Japanese Tod.H:/Mapyxo nopo. 1991. N3. c. 64-65).
CMecb OpHBbllJHOro If 3K30TH'JeeKoro B e -
HeKoTopbIX HHocrpaHQeB If O HH v YJ<.A8A HnOHCKOH >KH3HH AO CHX nop nOpaJK8eT
, BHAm B HeH CHMnTOMbI llJ nA,. -
QeB Me)l(,4,Y BocroKOM If 3a D iiAoM 3 P v H3peHH'JecKHX MeTaHHH HnOH-
HIUI:"<I>opa B lJeTbl pe "ecsrr " eHllIaY3p co 3HaHHeM AeAiJ. OTBepfaeT 3Ty TO'JKY 3pe-
..... HAeTHSI, DOA}"IeHHaSi 3aD -
B HeCKOA},KO AeT _ C BHe ApeH <!A0M C npoKACiAKOH JKeA.e3HbIX AOpOf, H
v HeM TeA.eBHAeHHSI He n
HOH JKJf3HH B HBHO 3dn""H ' peBpaTHA8 3TH aKceccyapbl COBpeMeH-
....... bJe, npOTHBOCTOHI.l\He Sin a
aOCOAJOTHO Ha TOH JRe " _" OHCKHM. nnOH[(bJ 'fYBCTBYJOT ce6S1 C HHMH
YaM _ 3T APYJKeeKoH Hore . 1JTO H aMepHKaHll,bJ.
, OT BOcrO'JH083H8TCKHH H8nm
XJfBaJOLQHH Ha JUfMOHO HAlf a ..... OK, - K<><I>e CO CpeAHero BocroKa, XaA.aT, CMa-
, 't'pHKaHcKHe pmMbJ -
B HCKycCTBe KapaT3 yp OK " Be _ B My3b1Ke, A.aH'J B CYCH'IHOH. TpeHHpOBK8
n.+. '.... TO'JHOH apaH)KH p
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n aM.
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v 3O. D ilAHbJe npOAyt<TbJ nm
TaKOH 3$<PeK1' Ha SlnOHQeB'l aHHH, OA e 7RAa HA.H MY3blKa AOJ\JKHbI OKa3b1BaTb
HblHe EpaMC H 1::__. _
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JU, )Ke npOIJHbJMH He' KOTOPYJO BcefAa nOIOT nO-HnOHCKH. RBA.SlJOTCH
P HK - CTeCTBeHHblMH 'JaCT - v
aHCKOH. npOll3Be Ae W RMH RnOHCKOH HapOAHOH t<yA.bT}'Pbl, CKOA.b H aMe-
B HHSf eKcnHpa  A
HX C03H8HHIf (npHlJeM ' eTe H OCToeBCKOro - T8KiUI JRe 'J8CTI. AHTeP8TYJ)I,)
HcroPHSI aCCOQHHyBePORTHo. CTOA.h )Ke H3BeCTHaSl). K8K H 'T3HA3H MOHofaTapH".
TJIJlMH KH'J'8Si B 1'0 - eTCSI Y HHX C ApeBHHMH rpeQHeH H PHMOM H C BeA.JfKHMH AHHac-
T H JKe CTeneHH 1JT0 If
OJU,KO DOJKJL\bJ ' C nepHOAaMH HX co6crBeHHoro npOlllA.oro.
AeHb e A.eM H HeKOTO p bJ v
. B To BpeM51 K8K 60 e COCTOHTeA.LHbJe AaMbI HOCHT KHMOHO K8JlCAblH
TO P JK A.blllHHCTBO OCTaA.L
e<:7BeHHbJX CAvu HbJX JKeHI.l\HH npHOOperaeT HX AHWb A/'JI O'JeHI.
OHH .T .aeB (H8npHMe p
Boo6lQe MOryr D03B ' AMI BbJnYCKHbJX QepeMOHltH B yHHBepcHTeTax), ecJ'Jf
SlnOH1U>I He Ha OJ\HTb ce6e :no 0AeSlHHe.
06.\ XOASIT HH'Jero He"""e
8'JeHHeM HeBec-rbl .T ... CTHoro B KOHTp8C"Te Me7RAY Tp8AHQHOHHO RDOHCKHM
BO BpeMR CHHTOH
CTCKHX cBftAe6HbIX I\epeMOHHH H TPftAHI\HOHHO 3aD8A-
382
HblMH 6eA.blMH DA8.TbJIMH, KOTOpbJe OHH 06bJ1fHO H8.AeBaJOT H8. rpaI!HCKHX QepeMOHHSIX HAIl
csaA b 6a.x OO-XpHCfH8HCKH, DonyA.SlpHbIX A8.JRe cpeAH HeBepyJ<>I.l\HX.
)KeHHXH nO'ITH BcefA8 OAeTbJ nO-38n8.AH0MY. oc0OOHHO B BH3Jn"KH, KOA.h CKOpO pe'Jl.
MeT 0 6oA.ee 38JKHTO'JHbIX npOCA.OHK8X, HAH B KOCTlOMbJ.
WH3<><1>peHHH B c«J>epe KYA.hT}'PbJ, KI!)KyIQ8HCSI o'JeBHAHOH HenoAJ'QTOBAeHHoMY 3anBA-
HOMY fA.83Y, f¥Ut HnoHll,eB nonpocry He CyIQeCTByeT..." (p.172-173).
56.) JlpKHe npHMepbJ 3TOH nepeAa'JH MO)K}fO H3BAe'JL H3 KHHrH C.6.M8.pKaphJ1H H
3.B.MoA.OAHKOBOH "npa3AHHKH B SlnoHHH" (M.1990). ABTopbl OOHCbJBalOT MHOJKeCTBO opa3A-
HHKOB, HCTOpHR KOTOpblX HaC'IHTbJB8eT COTHH H ThlCH'JH AeT. opH'JeM Ha60p QepeMoHHH, me
peJRHCCyp8 H peKBH3HT OCf81OTCSI 003 CKOA.hKO-HH6YAb 3Ha'JHMblX nepeMeH.
57.) TIOOKOpoH. 1982. N 8. c. 133,145.
58.) "C03H8HHe cBoen (H8QHOHaALHOH - B.P.) HCKAJO'JHTeA.hHOCTH, - nHllIeT t<yA.hry-
pOA.Of I1.JlKoBeHKo, - HCKA.IO'JHTeA.hHOCTH Bcero TOro, 'ITO opHpoAUeHo Te6e - CBOHX 6AH3-
KHX. HapoAa, ero CYAb6bJ. KYA.bT}'PbJ. OCHXOA.OrH'JeCKH BnOA.He otYhRcHHMO. ECTb B 3TOM 'ITO-TO
" " t!:.._
8px8H'JecKoe. OT 3DOXH, KOfAa MHp AeABACR Ha MbJ - oU"AHHeHHbJe TOTeMOM 'lAeHbJ pOA8,
DA.eMeHH - A.JOAH H "OHH" - HeA..IOAH. o60poTHH.
noroBopHTe C AJ060H M8TepblO. ECAU paccYAKoM OHa npH3Hae'J'. 'ITO ee NTH CaMbJe
06b1'JHbJe, KaK Bce, TO :no CTOHT eH HeMaAbJX YCHAIIH" (3HaHHe - CHAa. 1990. N 4. c. 66).
AJR.M.T3HOOp OTMe'JaeT. 'ITO "npHBAeK8TeA.hHOCTb HaQHOHaAH3Ma KOpeHHTCR fAy60KO
B 'JeA.OBe'JecKoH npHpoAe. I\JoNiM CBOHCTBeHHa <PYHA8MeHT8A.bHaR nOTpe6HoCTb B nOHCKax
pOACTBa C ceOO DOA06HblMH npH O'TJ'OpJKeHHH ayrcaifAepoB. HaqHOH8AH3M. B03MO)KHO. OOH-
paeTcH Ha caMocoxpaHHeMyJ<> reHeaAOrH'JecJCY1O A.OHAhHOCTb.
H B TO BpeMSI KaK APyrue HAeOAomH npHXONfT H YXONfT, HaQHOHaA.Jf3M coxpaHReT He-
HCTOI.l\HMYJO COOC06HOCTb YAep)KHBaTbCR H8 MeCTe" (Time. 09.09. 1991. p. 56).
59.) no CAOBaM TOro )Ke .M.T3H6epa. "HaQHoH8A.Jf3M. - BOA.H)'1Olltee olltymeHHe. KO-
'1'Opoe H8'JaAO Ol.l\ymaTbCR, KorAa AJOAH BnepBble o6heAHHHAHCb B nA.eMeHI!, - CTaA HAeoAO-
meH B XVIII BeKe K8K 'J8CTb poM8HTH'JeCKoro ABHJKeHHSf.
.B CBoeH HaHA.Y'fllJeH 4><>PMe HaQHOHaA.Jf3M - 3TO nblA.KHH n8TpHOTH3M, 'J}'BCTBO, 3aCTaB-
NlJOIltee A.JOAeH OlltymaTb KOMOK B ropJ\e. KorA8 HX rocYAapCTBeHHbJH fHMH HCnOA.HHeTCR H8
OA.HMDHHCKHX Hrpax.
B CBOH BOHHCTBeHHOH «I>opMe H8QHOH8AH3M - :no AJKHHroH3M (npaB8 HJl.H BHHOBaTa.
HO 3'1'0 MOR CTpaHal) HAU WOBHHH3M, '- no HMeHH HHKONI WOBeHa. - HanOAeOHoBcKOro
COAA8T8, nOCBSlTHBwero ce6S1 AeAY pacnpOCTpaHeHHSf CAlIBhI H BAlICTH <I>p aH 1J. HH CHJl.OH opy-
)KHR..." (Time. 09.09.1991. p. 56).
60.) 0 HeKO'1'OpbIX 8CDeKT8X :noro nOBeAeHHSI B cBoeM H3J\J06AeHHOH MaHepe nOBecT-
ByeT K.KycaK8:"HblHelllHRR MOAOAeJKb p8ccy)fC,AaeT cAeA)'1Ol1.I lfM 06p830M:"B KOHv,e KOHQOB,
CKOA.bKO HII pa6oTaH, rAyno p8CC'JlfTblB8Tb Ha npH06peTeHHe 3eMeALHoro Y'f8CTK8 CBOHMH
CUA.iiMH. n03TOMY 38paOOrH)'1O nA.aTY HBAO TpaTHTb AO nOCAeAHeH IfeHbJ.
O)KHA8HHe H8CAeACTB8 ("AOM MO)l(HO nOA}"flfTb nOCA.e cMepTH pOAHTeAeH") roBOpHT 0
H8'Ja.JI.e npov,ecc8 apHCTOKP8TH3aV,HH H B cpeAe npoCToro HapoA8.
MOAOAeJKb BHHMftTeAbHO cAeAIfT 34 MOAOH. npeAJIo<J1fT8£!'1' H3blCKftHHbJe U3AeA.HR 3HftMe-
HHTbJX «I>HpM CTftHAapTH3HPOB8HHoit npoAyxv,HH. 060)l(8eT Be'JepIfHKH. paCnOA.araeT Ha YAHB-
J\eHHe KpynHblMH CyMM8MH AeHer. AeMoHCTpIfPYe1' P83AP8)KalOl.l\e 8rpeCCHBHbJe BKYCbJ.
6Al1roA8pR cpaHT8CTH'IecKoH 3860Te 0 'fHCTOTe A8)Ke cpeAH MY)K'JHH MOJKHO BCTpe'J'HTb
MHO)IC.ecTBO "Kp8C8B<JHKOB". Bee Tl1.IftTeA1.HO cJ\eAKf, 'IT06bJ HH OT TeAll, HH H30 pT8 AypHO He
n8XAO, H nepeA BblXOAOM H3 AOM8 onpblCKHBalOTCA y6HBcUOl1.lHM 6aKTepHH ft3p030AeM. Kp8R
cryA.b'lftKOB npOTHp6IOTCA BA.aJKHOH TYaAeTHOH 6}'MaroH-
YBhe<JeHne OKKYJ\.bTHbJMH H8yxaMIf - T8KJI(e nplfMeTa 8pHCTOKp8TH3Ma.
383

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pHJKe, QHH C'IHTa IOT T Y Typ . nOA06HO aMeplfKaHlJ,ftM B H c:r OCTaAhHOro MHpa, a KaJ<
OKHO MeJRAvu 1,10-110
CaMa MLICAL 0 TOM "uapOAHblM roPOAOM. pKe H cppaHl\Y3aM B na-
, 'lT0 OHH 'l}'BCTByx>T
CMellJHa" (The Japanese Toda ce6H He TaKHMH. KaK
62) A y. p. 411). Apyme. HenpHSITH6 H AaJKe
. a)Ke B O'leHh cepbe3Hblx. TBOp'leCKH
uMnepaTopa B $InoHliH. M 1990) _ x HccAeAoB8HHHX T r
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MOJKeT 6L1Tb HH _ npHAaeTcSI rpynne SlnOHCKltX Y'feHblx BO H}JHe Ha HHTepHal\HOHaJ\H3a-
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Hlf'fero npOTHB 03HaKOMJ\eHHH MHpa C ynoMHHyron KYAb'l)1>OH.
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crpaHax Bcero MHpa, HO Bce JJ<e HBHO o pocJ\.eJKHBaeTCH TeHAeHIJ,HH HCnOAh30BaTh IJ,eHTp H MJJ
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H ellte:"...oAHOH H3 3aAa'l 3TOJ'O eHTpa 6YAeT c03AaHHe cOBpeMeHHoH HaHOHaAHCTH-
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HMnepaTopa B SlnoHHH. c.150, 158).
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nYMlp H3a l\HH smOHCKOH KYAh'l)1>bJ B MHpe MOJKeT 3aCAYJKHBaTI> TOJ\bKO OA06peHHH". Ha
OAHOM ALlxaHHH A06aBASleT: "HeJ\b3H, oAHaKO, He OTMeTHTL. 'lTO AO HaCTOHlltero BpeMeHH Ae-
srreJ\bHOCTb no nponaraHAe HnOHCl<oro KYAh'l)1>HOro HaCAeAHH 3a py6e)KOM HepeAKO CA}TJKHJ\8
cpOpMaAhHLlM npltKphITHeM Bce TOH )Ke nponOBeAJi HaItOHaJ\bHOn "HCJ<A}O'IIfTeJ\bHOC7H"
HnOHlJ,eB". H AaAee CJ\eAYJOT CCb1AI<H onsrrh-TaKH Ha T.YM3xapa H Y'feHhlX ero Kpyra. (HaIJ,H-
OHaAHCTH'feCl<aH HAeOAornSi B AYXOBHon JKH3HIt SlnOHeB. c.72,73)
CHOBa H CHOBa "3aByaJ\HpOBaHHaH nponaraHAa", "cpopMaJ\bHOe npHKpbITHe"... JTIt H3-
PHAHO nOAH(1AOeBllJHe 'fepTO'IKH IfAeoAOrn'feCKIt-AeTeKTItBHoro JKaHpa HenpHAOJKJiMbJ K ce-
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npaKTH'feCKH AeHAeOAOI'H3HpOBaHHbIMH.
B CTaTbe "KOHe HC70pHIf" (ee aBTOp - <I>.<I>yxYSlM6). KOTOpYJO paClleHHAJt KaK C6bJB-
weeCH npeACKa3aHlte rpaHAH03HbJX CABHroB B CCCP H CTpaHax BOCTO'lHOn EBponbl, Moe
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nl>lThlBaH B03AeHCTBHe nOA06HOro B3rNlAa, nHlUyr B aHaAOm'lHOM KJ\JOqe.
EypHblH 3HTY3Ha3M. C KOTOpbJM 6blAa BCTpe'leHa CTaTMI r-Ha <I>YXYSlMa, OUbSICHHeTCSI
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KOB <tmpMhI HeKOTOpble It 6epyr Bcepbe3 Ha BOOPYJKeHHe KaKYJO-HJt6YAb HAeOAonuo. TO OK-
pYJKatolte B AY'fweM CAY'fae OTHOCSlTCSI K HHM l<aJ< J< 'IYAaJ<aM.
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HaJ\hAOBCKltit raM6yprep "B cBeTe KamrraAHCT1t'leCJ<oro Ayxa" HAJI HaXOAHJI..H 6... HeAonYCTIt-
MblM noceeHlte "A'tCHeitAeHAa", "npHAepJKItBaSICb COllHaAHCTlt'leCKltX B3rNlAoB".
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30HOB. H3 O'leBHAHblX lurrepecoB. 060 BceM "AHwHeM". 'lTO OCTaeTCSI 3a HX npeAeJ\aMH. HHt<70
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13-166
385
384

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B SlnoHIUf nOAo6HbI" "OTpblB OT U"eOAornH" -
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He nepe>KIIBaeT... (HHXOH-HO A3JOMe. c.72). . 0 ero OCTpo
63.) He3aBIICIIMaSi ra3eTa 02.11.1991.
64.) 3HaHlle - CUM. 1990. NIt. c. 27.
AB.3AfOPCKHH
nOCAEBOEHHMI 3BOJ\.IOQHB
nOJ\HTHqECKOH KYJ\.blYPbI
TPilAHqHOHHiUI nOAHTH1IeCKiUI KYAhTYpa
B nOCAeBOeHHOH HCTOpHH .HnoHHH nOAHTJ.ftleCKafl KYAbrypa BblrNIMIT
KaK cpaKTOp, B HaH60AbIIIeH CTeneHH H3MeHHBlllHHCH 3BOAIOU;HOHHbIM
nyreM H npeoAoAeBaBIIIHH HaH60Aee H3BHAHCTbIH nyrb TpaHc<popMa.IJ;HH.
nopa>KeHHe BO BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHe, 6e3 COMHeHIDI, 03HaqaAO MJI
CTpaHbI orpOMHbIH KYAbrypHbIH IlIOK, nOApbIB nOAHTHqeCKHX H HAeOAorH-
qeCKHX CTepeOTHnoB, rocnOACTBOBaBlllHX B TeqeHHe nOqTH CTOAeTHH co
BpeMeH peBOAlOl..\HH M3HA3H 1868 r. B nepBYIO oqepeAb pa3pyrneHHbIMH
OKa3aAHCb HAeOAOrHqeCKHe YCTaHOBKH 0 "6O>KeCTBeHHOM npeAHa3Haqe-
HHH HnOHCKOH HaI..\HH", Hen06eAHMOCTH ee BoopYJKeHHbIX CHA, "60>KeCT-
BeHHOM npoHcxo>KAeHHH" HMnepaTopcKoH ceMbH H T.A., T.e. HaH60Aee rpy-
6ble H npHMHTHBHble AorMaTbI aBTOpHTapHO-MHAHTapHCTcKoro pe>KHMa.
BMeCTe C TeM KpymeHHe Aa>Ke 3THX MH<POB npOH30lllAO He B CHAY 3HAO-
reHHbIX nepeMeH B 06ll.\eCTBeHHOM C03HaHHM H nOAHTHqeCKOH cwryaU;HH,
a HCKJ\1OqlITeAbHO 6AarOAapH BoeHHOMY nopa>KeHHIO H KanwryASlU;HH.
HOBOH nOAHTHqeCKOH AHHHH Ha AeMOKpaTH3aU;HIO CTpaHbl. npHBHeceHHYIO
aMepl1KaHCKOH oKKynal..\HOHHOH aAMHHHCTpaU;HeH.
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Kam1ryASll..\I1H H oKKynaU;HH 3aTpOHYA rrpe>KAe Bcero HaH60Aee rrOBepx-
HOCTHble CAOH MaCCOBoro 06ll.\eCTBeHHoro C03HaHHH H nOJ\IITHqeCKHx opH-
eHTaL\Hl1, He nOAopBaB B L\eJ\OM 6a3bl naCCHBHO-KOHcepBaTHBHoro BocnpH-
HTI1H nOAIITWleCKI1X peaAHH. Kpax rrOTepneJ\l1 KOHKpeTHble rrOJ\HTMqecKHe
HHCTwryTbI, MAeHHbIe H nOAIITHqeCKHe AorMaTbl. HO He 6a3HCHbie rrpHHU;H-
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"IeCKOH KYAbrypbI 1.
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PHA qepT. cnoc06CTBOBaBlllHX YKopeHeHMIO KOHcepBaTH3Ma H naCCMBHoro
OTHollleHHH K yqacTHIO B nOJ\HTHqeCKot1 JKH3HH. no 06pa3HOM)' Bblpa>Ke-
HHIO HnoHcKoro KYAbrypOJ\ora K. HaKaMypa. 3TO "KYAbrypa Tat1cp}'HHoro
THna". nOA06HO KAHMary 30HbI Tat1CPYHOB OHa BpeMeHHO CTaAKHBaeTCH C
386
13*
387

3 py LllCHHH, HO nOCAe TOfO KaK T 
6 ) }KaCHbiX pa al1\T
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6 OBb CTaHOBn 1  eTcsr
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6) pHbI>" nOTpSlceHH H 6 ° B K Y Ab'T'VpHbIX npHHI..\Hnax >KH3HT.. c-
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U;HH HHAHBHAa ("XOHH3"). B )f(H3HH SlnOHCKoro COI..\HaAbHOrO opraHH3Ma
"XOHH3" 3HaqHMO TOAbKO M5I caMoou;eHKH H caMOBocnpHHTHJI AH1.IHOCTH,
HO B cAyqae ero pacXO>K,AeHH5I C 06IlJ,eCTBeHHO npH3HaHHbIM "TaT3Ma3"
AaHHOH rpyrrnbI "XOHH3" HHAHBHAYMa HeB03MO>KHO He TOAhKO OTCTaHBaTb,
HO Aa>Ke BbICKd3bIBaTb.
tI It
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pe, cpaKTWleCKH CTaBHT BHe 3aKOHa AJ060e nOJIBAeHHe aAbTepHaTHBHOM
n03HI..I,HH B KOHKpeTHOM COI..I,HaAhHOM opraHH3Me. Ha npaKTHKe >Ke 3TOT
npHHI..I,Hn npHBOAHT K AOMHHHpOBaHHIO Aa>Ke He ToqKH 3peHHH 60AblllHH-
CTBa, a K KOHcpOpMH3MY HAM C YCTOSlBlllHMHCSI B3rMIAaMH H HopMaMH no-
BeAeHHSI HAM C TOqKOH 3peHHSI AHAepOB AaHHOM rpYIIIIbI, HMelOru;l{){ B03-
MO)f(HOCTb cpOpMHpOBaTb >KeAaTeJ\.bHbIM AMI ce6JI "TaT3Ma3". nOCKOAbKY
nOAo6HaSl CHCTeMa HCKJ\104aeT onpaBAaHHOCTb Aa>Ke BbIpa)KeHHfl HeopTO-
AOKCaAbHOrO "XOHH3", B HeM oTcyrCTByeT H MexaHH3M BblflBAeHHfl B3rNI-
A0B- 60AblllHHcTBa. 3a n03HU;HIO 60AbwMHCTBa aBTOMaTH1.IeCKH IIpHHHMa eT -
CSI H.AH CYIlJ,ecTBoBaBlllHH paHee "TaT3Ma3" HAM HAeH, KOTOpbIe MO}KHO
npeACTaBHTb KaK "TaT3Ma3" qepe3 KaHaAhI cpOpMaAbHbIX, a 1.IaI.l\e Heepop.
MaAhHbiX BAaCTHbIX CTPYKryp.
BTOpbIM cyru,eCTBeHHbIM MexaHH3MOM "Ba" CAeAyeT CqHTaTb CHCTeMY
" 6 " a){KaK
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o UKaII-
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CKHH: aBTO p C "'a" T cepNa
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ToM qHCAe H no COL\HaAhHoMY H nOAHTHlleCKOMY cTarycy). B TaKHX OTHO-
II1eJ-lIHIX MAMlliHe npOSlBAHIOT AOSlAbHOCTb, HAYll..WIO OT CepAI..I,a, BbIXOMl-
I.LJ.YlO 3a paMKH qyoCTBa 06S13aHHOCTH BbInOAHSITb AI06YIO pa6ory, KOTOpylO
oT J-IH:X Tpe6YIOT. TaKHM 06pa30M OHH 06peTalOT CMbIC.J\ H I..I,eAb CBoero CY-
meCTBOBaHHH. B3aMeH OHH npH06peTalOT AJ060Bb, 3aru;HTY H 3a60ry Tex,
KTO npHHHMaeT HX HHTepeCbl 6AH3KO K CepAI..I,Y" 3
HapHCOBaHHaSl Kapn'l.Ha BbIrMIAHT AOCTaTOqHO HAeaAHCTHt.J:HO. B pe-
aJ\bHb[}{ npaBHAaX nOAHTHqeCKOH HrpbI OHa 03HaqaeT nOtJTH a6COAJOTHOe
Henpl1S1THe HHAHBHAYaAH3Ma B CTaHOBAeHHH nOAHTHqeCKOH KapbepbI. Ce-
pbe3HbIH nOAHTHK rrpOCTO 06S13aH npHHe>KaTb onpeAeAeHHOH rpyrrne H
Haql1HaTb CBOIO Kapbepy KaK MAaAlllHH llAeH 3TOH rpynnbI, nOAqHHeHbIH
oAHOMY 113 ee rraTpOHOB. npeAaHHoe H ycnewHoe CAY>KeHl1e B 3THX HOp-
Max 06H3aTeAbHO AOAJKHO B03Harpa>KAaTbCSI nOAHTH\.feCKI1M pOCTOM, H
HHbIe rryrl1 CTaHOBAeHHSI nOAIITHqeCKOH KapbepbI paCCMaTpHBalOTCH KaK
HapymeHHe oCBHw.eHHbIX TpCiAHI..I,HeH npHHI..I,HnOB. B Cyru;HOCTI1, CHCTeMa
BbIrOAHa H naTpoHY, H KAHeHry: naTpOH IIOJ\Y\.faeT nOCAYlliHoro I1CnOAHH-
TeJ\5I, nOCTerreHHO npH06w. a lOIlJ,erocSI K CAO>KHOH BHYTpeHHeH nOAHTHqeC-
KOH KYXHe; KAHeHT rrOAY"IaeT H He06xOAHMbIH orrbIT, H rapaHTHH nOCTe-
neHHoro BOCXO>K,AeHHSI CBoero cTaryca B nOAHTHqeCKOM HepapXHH. OAHa-
KO 3Ta CHCTeMa oT60pa nOAHTHqeCKOH 3AHTW cnoc06cTByeT H
KOHcepBal..\HH Tpqft,HI..\HOHHbIX OCHOB H MexaHH3MOB nOAHTHqeCKOH AeH-
TeAbHOCTH.
fOpHAHqeCKHM nyreM npeOAOJ\eTb KOHcepBaTH3M npHHI..I,Hna "Ba"
npaKTHqeCKH HeB03MO>KHO. B AaHHOM CAyqae AeHcTByeT 60Aee rAy6HHHbIH
KYAbTypHbIH MexaHH3M, npeAOrrpeAeMllOIlJ,HH HeH36e>KH}'IO nOACTpOHKY
npaKTHKH rrpHMeHeHHH 3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBa K >KeCTKHM HMnepaTHBaM nOAH-
THqeCKoM KYAbTYpbI. B 3TOM CMbICAe AeMOKpaTH\.feCKHH nacpoc nepBbIX
nOCAeBoeHHbIX pecpopM, rrpHBHeceHHbIH B IIOAHTH\.feCKYIO >KH3Hb .HnoHHH
aMepHKaHCKHMH oKKynaU;HoHHbIMH BAaCTSlMH, BO MHorOM OCTaBaACH
\{HCTO cpOPMaAbHbIM H nOBepXHOCTHbIM, HOBBSI AeMOKpaTHqeCKaSl cppa3eo-
J\orHSI ycneWHo a6cop6HpOBaAaCb TPilAHU;HOHHbIMH no CBoeM CyrH HopMa-
MH IIOAHTHtIeCKoro nOBeAeHI1S1.
B YCAOBI1S1X >KeCTKO orpaHH4eHHbIX B03MO>KHOCTeM KYAbTypHo-rrOAH-
TH -
qecKl1x HHHOBal.\HH BHYI'pH AocTaTOqHO HHTerpHpOBaHHOH 11 HepapXH-
3 H POBaHHOH rpYIIIIbI peaAbHbIH MexaHH3M B03HHKHOBeHHH HOBbIX nO.A.l1:TH-
QecKl1x HOpM B HnOHCKOM o6IlJ,eCTBe Tpaft,HU;HOHHO onpeAeMlAcSi CTaHOB-
J\eHl1eM np HH 4HnHaAbHO HOBblX nOJ\HTH\.feCKHX, I1.AH CKopee Aa>Ke
388
389

COl.\HaAbHO-nOAHTlf\leCKHX 06'beAHHeHHH, B 4 eAOM 60J\ee nO A Be p
}KelIlI
BJ\liHHHIO npou.eCCOB MOAepHH3aIJ.HH H B03rJ\aBNlBlllMXCSI l\.u q blX
n H OCTSI:M:
npOB03rAalllaBlllliMH aAbTepHaTHBHble nOAHTHKO-KYJ\bTypHble u,eH Ii,
xOAe peBOAIOl.\HH M3HA3H TaKYIO pOJ\h B nepBYIO OqepeAb Hrpdl\.M TIi. B
3aBH.CHMble IO>KHble H IOro-3ana,AHble KHH>KecTBa, onn03HU;MOHHble YHe-
pdl\bHOM)' npaBlITeAbCTBY TOKyraBa, a B 3noxy M3HA3H - na p T u,eHT-
HM, CCPO p
MlipOBaBlllHeCJI Ha BOAHe ABH}I{eHHH 3a cBo60AY H HapoAHble n -
M M B
'laJ\bHbIH nepHoA nOC.I\.eBOeHHOH I1CTOpHH aHaAOrHquv IO -
U J MMCCMIO
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M ' pBblX no p
CBOll n03HHH B HnOHCKOI1 nOAIITHqeCKOH CHCTeMe 6J\aro Aap ax
, fl Kypcy aM
pHKaHCKHX oKKyna110HHbIX B.I\.aCTeH Ha AeMOKpaTH3au,HIO CTpaHbI. e-
MexaHH3M BHeceHI1H HOBaIJ;HH B nOAHTHqeCK Y IO K Y Ab'rVn
- J t' Y qepe3 no-
HB.I\.eHl1e 11 pOCT MOAepHI1CTCKHX COHaJ\.bHo-nOJ\HTHqeCKHX 0 6 v
n p H beAMHeHMH
AJ\HTeJ\bHOM coxpaHeHHH KOHcepBaTHBHoH OpHeHTaU;HM CTa
z'yr:aMH nopoJKAae-r npOAOJUKHTeAbHhlH nepHoA COcyrqecTBoBd pblMH
p bI npOTI1BOnO.J\O>KHbIX Cy6KYJ\hTYP B HnOHCKOM 06 HHH H
He nO.l\.IITW.leCKHX opraHH3a TT HH OH no "vu lL\eCTBe. Ha Yf>OB-
...... H J .HA OTpa>KeH He B J\ J\
l1AeO.l\.OrH'leCKOM npOTHBOCTOHHHI1 K ..........HTeAbHOM
lIIHXCSI B 1955 r. B AM6e p A OHcepBaTHBHbIX napTHH, 06beAHHHB-
a.J\bHO- eMoKpaTHqeCK (
HaAHCTWleCKOH napTHH (cn5l, C 1991 r _ J - napTMIO ./\An) H Co-
naBlIIeH KaK BeA y maJl Cfu\ . CAn5I), H3HaqaJ\.hHO BbICry-
....... a onn03HI.\HH BHelliH v
npoTHBOCTOHHHSI MOr.l\.a 6b l 6 . e HAeMHaH cTopoHa 3Toro
M bITb onHcaHa KaK 6
HHH KOHcepBaTo p oB K Ma npoTHBo OpCTBO YCTpeMAe-
KCHMa.J\bHOMV co
nOAHTH'-IeCKoro pe>KHM 4 "-J xpaHeHHIO OCHOB AOBoeHHoro
a H npOB03r.l\.arn M
eAH AOCTH>KeHI1S1 COI1aJ\.H3 M rh eHHOI1 COIJ;HaA-AeMOKpaTaMH
Cfl5I a pe'"PopMaTO p c
peAKO Bocn p HHHM;:O""' Cb KHM nyreM. Ho Ha n p aKTMKe
lU KaK napT "
Aa H caMa OHa He A e.J\a.J\.a I1H COIJ;HaAHCTHqeCKOrO BbI60 p a"
Ha 3TOM cepbe '
'leCKOe npOTI1BOCTOJlHHe KOHce p 3Horo aKIJ;eHTa. PeaAbHO nOAIITM-
no OCI1 BaTopOB-COHI1
peCTaBpaL\HSI-MOAe p HI1 ...... dl\.I1CTOB CKopee n p OXOAMAO
TPClAH 3aL\HSI H BOK p
HOHHO H3BeCTHa CBoeH n rt-. yr BoeHHbIX BonpOCOB (Crn
aL\H'"PHCTCKOH n03l1 JT I1 V )
...... el1 .
30BaHHOMY pa60qeMY ABH>KeHHIO. B 3TOM CMblC.l\.e -
103Horo ABH>KeHMH B nepBble nOC.l\.eBOeHHble ( pe3KHH POCT npexpCO-
rOMI CM. Ta6.1\.H Y 1 )
CTBeHHO YKpellNU\. nOTeHl.\HaJ\. HocHTeJ\eH MO A e cYll\e-
pHI1CTCKHX u;eHHoCTeH.
AHHaMHKa CTeneHH opraHH30BaHHOCTH
HaeMHh.X pa6oTHHKOB B np o <IJcolO3aX (%)
Ta6AUt(a 1.
1946 39.5 1949 65,8 I
1952 40.3
1947 45,3 1950 48,2
1953 36.3
1948 53.0 1951 42,8 1954
35.3
J1cmOIlHUK: X.Momou (peg.), HUXOH pogo YHgo cu. (UcmopUR pa6ollero
gBUJKeHUJl B J1noHuu). TOKUO, 1984, c. 1082.
KOHcepBaTH3M-MOAepHH3M
Vl3Ha\.{aJ\.bHble YCJ\OBHSI nOCJ\eBO M
BOBaJ\.H AOMHHHpoBa eHHOI1 51noHIi
TI1BOC TO HHIO KOHcepBaTliBHbIX" Ha Ii 0A,H03HaQHO cOAeHcT-
SlHHe KOHce p Ba CTpoeH M
TH3Ma 11 MOAepHI1 1111 B 06lL\ecTBe. npo-
no BOAopa3AeJ\.Y nO.l\.HTH"IeCK 3Ma B 60.l\.bllJ0 M
HnOH"CKOM rop HX eHHOCTeH fO p 11 Mepe npoxoAHJ\O
0Ae MOAepHI1 °Aa 11
ero HaCe.l\.eHHJI _ CTCKl1e HaCTpoeHliSi CB  AepeBHH, XOTSI H B
, B ne p B Y IO O n OI1C TB
""1epeAb HHTe.tu\e eHHbl AHlIlb qaCTH
KTYa.J'I.bH -
390 011 3.1\.HTe 11 opraHH-
CYlL\eCTBeHHbIe pa3AHQHJI B rrOJUfTH\.{eCKHX YCTaHOBKaX ABYX CeKTO-
pOB nOAHTHqeC11 aKTHBHOrO HaCeJ\eHI1J1 51noHHH AaBaAH OCHOBaHI1J1 PJI.AY
HCC.I\.eAOBaTE)\eH BbIAeMlTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO ABe nfHHHnHaA.bHO pa3.I\.H'l-
HbIe nO.I\.HTH'leCKHe Cy6KYJ\hTYPbI B 3TOH CTpaHe .
OAHaKO 06HH <pOH rrO.l\.HTH\.{eCKHX OpHeHTaIJ;HH B CTpaHe onpeAeMIM
BbICOKaH AOJ\51 AepeBeHCKOrO HaCeJ\.eHHJI B 4O-5Q-x rr. nOpa>KeHHe BO BTO-
pOH MMpOBOH BOHHe, conpOBO>KAaBlIIeecJl He TO.J\.bKO B03BpaIII.eHHeM co./\.-
AaT C TeaTpOB 60eBbIX AeHCTBHH, HO H 3HaQlITeAhHOH penaTpHaL\HeH rpa>K-
AaHCKoro HaCeAeHHSI C paHee 3aHSITbIX TeppHTopHH (Ma, Hb\'{>Kypl1J1 KopeJl,
CaXaAHH, KYPHJ\hI) Bbl3BaAO pe3KHH pOCT arpapHoro HaCeJ\.eHI1J1. B KOHe
40-x rr. ero A0..J\JI AOCTHraAa 45,5% - HaH60.l\.ee BblCOKHH nOKa3aTeJ\.b C 20-
6
x rr. .
HeBepHo 6bLAO 6bI nO.l\.araTb, tffO BeCb npHpocT arpapHoro HaCeJ\.eHWI
aBTOMaTW'leCKH 03HatIaJ\. HapacTaHHe KOHcepBaTHBHbIx HacTpoeHHl1. TeM
He MeHee He06xoAHMO npHHI1MaTb BO BHHMaHHe ABa C.J\eAYIOIII.HX Ba>KHeH-
lllHX cpa KTOpa:
1. AHl.\a, BHOBb nOJlBNIBlllHecJI B AepeBHe, OCTaBaAl1Cb qy>KaKaMH AMI
MecTHoH 06HHbI H HeH36e>KHO AoA>KHbI 6bLAH nOA\.{HHSITbCSI onHcaHHblM
Bb naM " Ba " JlnOHCKOH nOAHTHtIeCKOH KYJ\bTypbI. He3aBHCHMO
Illle rrpHH11
HbIX B3 rAuIIOB HOBblX nOCeJ\.eHl].eB pOCT arpapHoro HaceJ\e-
0'1' HHAI1BHAyaJ\.b HJ.,....
U J\ eH He BJ\HJlHHJI KOHcepBaTHBHbIX nO.l\.HTH'-IeCKHX CHA, HC-
HHSI 03Ha'laA yC,u..
B J\e p eBHe.
KaBlllHX CBOIO onopy ,....
2 Y ar p apHOH nOJ\IITHKH aMepHKaHcKHx oKKynaHoHHbIX B.I\.aC-
. cneXH M  M 6 M
V q e p e Ab HTorH arpapHoH P'"P0pMbl, c03AaBllleH 0 lllHpHblH
TeH B nepBYIO 0 ,....
'_ M e.I\l>HbIX coocTBeHHHKoB, npoH3BOAHBlllHX npoAYKHIO,
CJ\011 MeJ\KHX 3e
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391

7
 T p ONl 3a rrpOH3BOACTBOM npOAOBO.J\bCTBIUI ,cnOC 6
6 eM CHCTeMbl KoH  0 -
o  Y K p eCTb1lHCKHX opraHH3aqHH OT nOMep>KKH .J\eBbIX n
CTBOBaJ\M OTpblB   ap-
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TIHi M no1lB;\e 1'1  OB.
npH BceH C.i\O>KHOCTH KOAH\.feCTBeHHOI1 OI..I,eHKH KOHcepBaTHBHbIX Ha-
CTpoeHHH B o6meCTBe AOCTaTO\.fHO ycnelllHbIe YCHJUHI B 3TOH 06J\a.CTI1
npe.AnPHHUMaIO TCfl C 1953 r. smOHCKHM CTaTHCTH'IeCKO-MaTeMaTHqeCKI1
I-fHCTmyroM. o6pa6aTblBalOI1M AaHHble onpocoB, KOTopbIe rrpoBOAm'CJI
pa3 B 5.i\eT (CM. Ta6AI1qy 2).
TQ6AUa 2.
Ol(eHKa YPOBH.5I KOHcepBaTH3Ma B JlnOHCKOM o6lQecTBe, 1953-1988
113 npl1BeAeHHbIX nyHKTOB OHH pa3pa60TaJ\.11 CBb IUle
AeCHTKa BonpOCOB
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j 87
1953 -6 -16 -20 - 8 
-76 -
1958 12 18 - 8
-70 -
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0 -8
12 -72 4
1968 26 34 -8 -8
10 -76
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-10 6 -72
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H -20 -16
1983 -80 2
30 58 -10
-26 -14 -82
I 1988 34 62 -2
8 -20
-14 -80 -4
J1cmoHUK. S. C. Flanagan et aJ Th J
don, 1991, p. 978. . e apanese Voter. New Haven & Lon-
BAIUIHHe nOAHTH'leCKIIX H coqHaAbHblX H3MeHeHHH Ha nOAHTH'IeC-
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394
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rOA
5.4 22,4 72,2
1945
11,4 26,1 62,S
1950
14,8 41,5 43.7
1955
17,9 45,6 36,S
1960
19,7 48,4 31.9
1985
20,1 52,1 27,8
1970
20,8 55,1 24.1
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19,9
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1985 20,5
McmoI.l.1WJ<: HUXOH mOJ<:JU H:JHKUH. (RnOHCJ<UU cmumUCmUl.l.ecJ<uu eJKe-
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395

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3TOTeHOMeH. "rpa*AaHCHe ABH>KeHHSI paCIlIl1pH.AH Kpyr nOAlITHtIeCKH
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AM AO CHX nop 60J\billoro BHHMaHHJI Ha nOAMTHKY, H npeBpaaH. HX BO Bpe-
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3MOQHOHaJ\bHO 3TOT onbIT Ha1160Aee CHAbHO pacwaTblBaJ\ HX nOAHTHqeC-
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HCTe6AHillMeHTOM" 11.
BO-BTOPbIX, rpa>KAaHCKHe ABH>KeHHH C03AaBaAH npHHl-\HnHaAhHO
HOBYIO MOAeAb 06eCTBeHHOH nOMep>KKH onno3Hll,110HHbIX napTHH. DOAh-
IllHHCfBO CTOpOHHHKOB onn03HlI,HH B rpa>KAaHCKHX ABH>KeHHSlX He 6blA
CTOpOHHHKaMH MapKCH3Ma HAH KaKHX-J\H60 ew,e <pOpM J\eBOH HAeOJ\orHH.
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H Kfl5I 06aTJIT BHHMaHHe Ha HX np06J\eMbl, TorAa KaK /\An npOHrHopH-
pyeT HX L
TaKHM 06pa30M, 6blCTpble TeMnbl 3KOHOMl11.IeCKOrO pOCTa nopoAHAM B
JlnOHcKOH nOJ\HTHKe MOAe.J\b, B KOTOpOH HeYKAoHHo IlIAO cOKpaw,eHHe
3J\eKTO p aAbHOu n -
n 0Mep)KKH KOHcepBaTopoB H Ha6HpaAl1 CHJ\Y onno3HlI,H
OHHble na p THH 8M a
. eCTe C TeM, B OTJ\H4He OT nepHoAa KOHll,a 40-x - HaqaJ\
50-x rr., onn03HlI,HSI Y>Ke He MorJ\a paCCl£HTbIBaTb Ha HAeOJ\orHqeCKYIO
npHBJ\eKaTeJ\bHOCTb CBoeH nOAHTH1.ieCKOH nporpaMMbl. rJ\aBHbIMH HCT04-
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P aCTaBIllHX HOBblX MecrHhlx npo6AeM B ne p B }'lO OtI e nP Ab 06
' r-, np J\eM 3KOJ\O-
rHH, He yqlITblBaeMhlX B AeHTeAbHOCTJ.:I /\An.
nCHXOAOrHJI cpeAHero CAOJl
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KH:X TeMnOB 3KOHOMHQeCKOrO pOCTa pe3Koe nOBblIlleHHe YPOBHSI 6J\B.l'Oco-
CTOSlHH:SI H COKpaw,eHHe pa3pbIBa B ypOBIDIX AoxoAoB Bbl3BaAH K JKH3HH H
TaKOH cpeHOMeH, KaK OC03HaHHe nOAaBMIOI4eH tIaCTblO SlITOHqeB cBoeH
npHHBMe>KHOCTH K cpeAHeMY CAOIO. EJKerOAHbIH onpoc KaHqeMIpHH npH
npeMhep- MHHHCTpe JlnoHHH AeMOHcTpHpyer AHHaMHKY 3Toro SlBJ\eHIDI
(CM. Ta6J\H 5).
Ta6AuL(a 5.
AHHaMHKiI oqeHoK coqHaAbHOii npHHaMeJKHOCTH
(% OT 'IHCAa onpomeHHblx)
CPe,o,Hlo1H C110 HIo13W"' C110
ro,A BblCW...iII CI10H H...3
sepx cepe,o,IoIHa
0.2 3.4 37,0 32,0 17,0
1958
3,9 40,8 31.5 13,6
1960 0,4
7,3 50,0 29,2 8,4
1965 0,6
7,8 56,8 24,9 6,6
1970 0,6
7,9 eo,4 22," 5,1
1975 0.6
7," 54,4 27,S 6,7
1980 0,6
8," 53,7 28,4 8,1
1965 0.5
8,2 53,1 27,7 7,2
1990 0,7
meca 1991. No 10, c. 26.
UCmOI.l.HUX: f:JKKaH CpOH .. ,
KHM pOCT AOJ\11 J\IOAeM, C4IITalOIl.\liX ce6H npeA-
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CTaBI1TeAf(MIi cpeAHe O CTa B A aJ\.bHeMweM 3TOT nOKa3aTeJ\b
HOMW.reCKoro P . 70
COKHX TeMnOB 3KO KO '-:' OTMeTKe - OKOJ\O 90%. B KOHle -x
a OLleHb BblCO n ,
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" " 30% "
caMOHAeHTH<pHKal\IUf rpyrriia BepxHero CAOR COCTOHT Ha 0 H3 KaUIf-
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TaAHCTOB " , Ha 20% - H3 IIpeACTaBHTeAeH cpeAHero KAacca , H Ha 50% _
H3 "pa60Qero KAacca" rpyrriia "cpeAHero CAOR" Ha 5,7% COCTOHT H3 "Ka-
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Ha 66,2% - H3 "pa60qero KAacca". HaKoHeu" rpynna "HH>KHero CAOSl" co-
CTOHT Ha 0,9% H3 "KaIIHTaAHCTOB", Ha 9.4% - H3 nReAcTaBHTeJ\eH "cpeA-
Hero KAaCca" , 11 Ha 89,7% - H3 "pa60Qero KAaCca" 3.
TaKHM 06pa30M, nOHSITHe "cpeAHero CAOR" npCTaBAJleT C060M He
3AeMeHT COl..\liaAbHO-KAaCCOBOH CTPYK1)'PbI, a CKopee onpeAeAeHHe cTary-
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nOAO>KeHHH" I1AI1 " 3M PtiAH coxpaHeHHSI cymecTBYIOw,ero
nOTpOOHTeAbCKHH KOHcepBBTH3M"'.
400
OHH 6bIAH BBeAeHbI B 060POT JKypHaAHCTOM C.Marym 16. nOA HHMH
OHHMaeTCSI C03HaHHe H MOAeJ\H nOBeAeHIDI, HCXOASlIL1,He H3 npHO p HTeTa
II v
neHHOCTHbIX opHeHTaltHH, HanpaBJ\eHHbIX Ha coxpaHeHHe BblCOKoro JKH3-
HeH Horo ypOBHR, KOTOpbIH 6bIA AOCTHrH}'T B nepHOA 6b1crporo 3KOHOMH-
qeCKOrO pOCTa. TaKoe C03HaHHe ITpH3HaeT npHMaT 3KOHOMHQeCKOH 3<1>-
<peKTHBHOCTH H KaTerOpH'leCKH He npHeMJ\eT AK>6b1e H3MeHeHIDI COBpe-
MeHHO H nOAHTWleCKOH CHCTeMbI, 6YAb 3TO CABHr BnpaBO HAH BAeBO.
npHMeqaTeAbHO, \lTO Aa1Ke no OIJ;eHKe SlnOHCKHX aBTOpOB AeBOH OpHeHTa-
I.\HH "C03HaHHe nOTpe6HTeAbCKOrO KOHcepBaTH3Ma npeAcraBASleT c060H
He CTOAhKO rocnOACTBYJOl.I.\ee C03HaHHe IIpOMeJKyrOt{HbIX COl\HaAbHhlX
CAoeB, KaK, HanpHMep, caMOCTORTHX IIpeAnpHH, HMaTe.J\eH a OXBaTbI-
BaeT 60AhllIHHCTBO pa60tIero KJ\aCca .
B KOHKpeTHbIX nOAHTH'leCKHX opHeHTHpax 3TH HacrpoeHHSI npOHBNI-
IOTCH B napaA0KCaAbHbIX Ha nepBbIH B3rMlA TeHAeHHSIX. HeCMOTpSI Ha 38-
MeMeHHe TeMnOB pOCTa 6AarOCOCTOJlHWI, HMeHHO C 1914 r. onpocbI 06ll\e-
eTBo p eHHSI yp oBHeM )KH3HH.
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CHAa onI103Hl.\HH - eT 1'pe60B8HHSI HeAOBOAbHblX 0 TOM, 1.IT0 " 18
nOAO>KeHHeM H aKKyMYAHPY A eHCTBHe B pelIIeHHH np06AeM .
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C Y N1PCTBO H o61.l\ecTBO ,. or Ht:feCKHX YCT8HOBOK B .nnOHH H B
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1972 r - noCh" "xa
xOAlfYK> TOqKY 6paTb . TeMnO B 3KOHOMHt:feCKOrO pocra , TO OHa -
XOAY K MOAeAH "CTa6HAbHbIX6bIM yp OBHeM KpHTH'leCKHX H neCCHMHCTHq-
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401

HHe rOAbl BblCOKHX TeMnOB 3KOHOMHtJeCKoro
1111hlMH CAOBaMH, l1ocJ\eA
6 m ecTBeHH}'lO clnyaL1;HIO 6aJ\aHCHpOBaHIDI Me>KAY He-
pOCTa nopOAHAH 0 u; - 6
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YAORACTROP
rpynnoii, opHeHTHpoBaHHoH Ha TeKYHe np06AeMbI.
B 1972-1974 ff., B rOAbI KpH3Hca MOAeAl1 BWCOKHX TeMnOB 3KOHOMH-
lJCCKOrO pocTa, 6blAH OTMeqeHbI pe3KHH B3AeT HaCTpoeHHH HeYAoBJ\eTBO-
pCHHOCTH H onpeAeAeHHOe YCH.AeHl1e opHeHTaI.I;I1H Ha TeKyrn;He np06J\eMbI,
T.e. Ha6J\IOAaJ\OCb YKpel1.t\eHHe COL1;HaJ\.bHOH 6d3bI AeBbfX CHA. OAHaKO YJKe
B 1974-1978 rr. OTMelJaeTCSI pe3Koe nilA eHHe KplITl1'leCKHX HacTpoeHHH H
paBHoBecHe Me>KAY YCTpeMAeHHSlMH B 6YAyee " opl1elITaI.\HHMH Ha TeKY-
I4He np06AeMbl. TaKaSi cHTyaL1;115I cYll\ecTBoBaJ\a 6e3 113MeHeHHH B 1978-
1983 rr. TaKHM 06pa30M, AMI 3THX AeT xapaKTepHbIM CTaAO pacIlIHpeHHe
rpynnbl, opHeHTHpoBaHHoH B 6YAYIl\ee, T.e. HdCTpOeHI1M "noTpe6HTeAb_
II
CKoro KOHcepBaTH3Ma .
B nepHoA 1983-1985 rr. npoHcxoAHT pe3Koe YBeAI1'leHHe AOJ\H AOBOAb-
HblX OIITHMHCTOB. HeCAyqaHHo HMeHHO 3TOT nepl10A cOBnaeT C HaH60Ab-
IlIHM YKpeIll\eHHeM n03HLl.HH KOHcepBaTopoB Ha nOAIITH'leCKOH c.IJ;eHe. Ha-
KOHeq, B 1985-1988 rr. (HcC.I\eAoBaHHe K06aSlcH 3aBepmaeTcH 1988 r.)
MO>KHO OTMeTHTb cYli\ecTBeHHbIH cnilA OTITHMI1CTI1'lHbIX 04 e HOK, KOTOpbIH
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ABAaHHe pHeHTaL1;Hi1 Ha pelIJeHHe TeKyMX rrp06AeM. TeM He MeHee rro-
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nepBblX MecT B HeM nOHI1S1 80-x rr. 3aHI1MaAa 0AHO H3
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a CTOPOHHHKH B
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pocax 06ecTBeHHoro MHeHHSI nOAaralOT, 'iTO cynecTByeT Ka, HAHAaT
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IL l\eSlTellbHOCTb B opraHax 15,1%
II B MeCTHoro CaMoynpaBlIeHSI
II CTPf!'lH C MecTHblM BlIl-tSIle A11S1 peweHIiISI KOHKpeTHbiX aa,o,a\j
lIbHblM 1Il.¥i 18.9%
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c npE!AcraBI1TellRMH M YlOl4eH Heo6xoAMMOCn-1 17,4%
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npIfMe'laHHe. KA 9,8%
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405

O yp 6aHH3HpOBaHHbIX Merdl\OnOAHCOB 0611te-
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32
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19% 39%
42%
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IIIHA\IISI 84% 13%
28% 59%
stnOHHSI 32% 24%
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23%
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30%
IOrOCIlBB\.1S1 39% nand Polit ical
406
. lac-On Kim, PartlclpatlO
LlCmOI.lHUK: S. Verba, N.H. Nw, b ' d (U K ) 1978, P . 101.
Yl . Carn n gc ..,
Equality: A Seven-Nation Companson,  aTOtIHO
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MfTH\fecKOH KYAbrypbl H HCTopH4eCKH nOMep>KHBalOI.U;He ./\An. EO Aee
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nOAHTH3HpOBaHHble 06pa30BaHHH, TaK H aCCOl.\l1al.\HI1, 06pa30BaHHble rrpe-
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COOTBeTCTB}'IOllt eH COl.\HdAbHOH rpynrrbl. Pa36poc cpeAH peJ\.HrH03HblX op-
raHH3al.\HH 06"bHCHHeTCSI TeM, tfrO TOAbKO 0AHa "3 HHX - COKa raKKai1 _
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BOBAe'leHHOCTb pa3AH'IHbIX opraHH3aQHH
B npoqecc nOAHTH'IeCKOH Mo6HAH3aQHH (1986 r.)
Ta6Jluqa 9.
cOAeHCTBHH cnpaBeMHBblM Bbl60 p aM" T o B
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AMAaTa. HaHBblClllaH HX 3QJQJeKTHBHOCTb n p oHBIICJ 6
.. 'UleTCH B OAee TPdAH[\HOH-
HbiX paHoHax H cpeAI1 60Aee TJXlAHl.\HOHHblX r pyn n _
- 35 .... B cpeAHHx H Me.J\.KHX
ropoAax, cpeAI1 KpecTbHHcTBa . B l.\eAOM MOJKHO OTMeT HTb ,.,,., .
.. ,'t'e
rpynnoBoro B03AeHCTBHH Ha rOAOCOBaHHe B 60Ah llIe u Mepe n
rl OABepJKeHbl
MeHee 06pa30BaHHble C0l.\l1aAbHbIe CAOH C 60AbllIeH CTeneHblO BocnpHHM-
tIHBOCTI1 K TpaAHIJ;110HHblM HopMaM nOAHTH4ecKOH KyAbTypbl H C HH3KHM
ypoBHeM HHTepeca K co6cTBeHHo nOAIITH4eCKHM np06AeMaM.
B 3TOM CMbICAe npeACTaBMIeTCSI HHTepeCHbIM BbIAeAeHHe C. Bep6a, H.
HaeM H KHM 1.J>K3 OHOM tIeTblpex rpynn H36HpaTeAeH, 06I.4HX A1\JI Bcex HC-
CAeAoBaHHblx cTpaH. B Ka4eCTBe KpHTepHeB HX BbIAeAeHHH HcnOAb30BaHbI
" .... II II
nOHHTIUI ypOBHH nOAHTH\feCKOH aKTHBHOCTH H ypOBHH nCHXOAOrH\feC-
KOH: BOBAeqeHHOCTI1 8 nOAHTHKY". B HTore npeAAaraeMaH KAaCCHcpHKa4HH
v 36
npeACTaBJUleTCH B BHAe CAeAj'lOllteH MaTpH[\b1 :
% l1eHOB. % l1eHoB. coBna,o.eHa.te
n0AO.epJlG1BaIOUU1X nO,D,ll,ep>lG1BalCllqlllx nOAAepKa.t
nOl1mecKIile napTlII1II KOHKpeTHbiX KaHAa.t,D,aTOB a.t
KaH)l.lllAaTOB rOI1OCOBaHI-1A
npo4>co103b1 . 74% I 13,9%
Pelll4rlll03Hble OpraHIII33.14111 44,6%
49% 2.3%
OpraHIII381*1 nPe.AIlPHHMMBr8nei1 69,6%
48% 3,4%
KpeCTbRHCK148 OPraH143a1414 50,096
43% ' .'
,QBI-t)I(fIHI4R rpaJlr,AaH 5,9% 61.0%
22% . ,
0,8% ..50.0%
t w
BI<AJO'IaH 'lAeHOB ceMeu.
I1cmOllHUK: J1.MllRKO, Toxe Kogo (3Ae
1989, c. 52. KIIlOPUAbHoe nOBegeRue), TOKUO,
Yp0II8Hb nCI4X0/10rH'lecKoi:\ 8OB/18'48HHOCn1 B nOI1MTI4KY
BblCOICWi:\ HI43KW
BblCQKII1i1 1. rpynna CBR33.HHorO Bbl60pa 1- rpynna MofiWl1430BaHHblX
YpOBeHb nOI1I-1TIIIeC- rpynna Bb/fiopa OOA
KO 8KnllBHOCTlil H&'I3IG1M 3. 4. rpynna anarl4OjHb/X
803Aei4CTBM nponarat1,D.bl
BTOpOH aCneKT, Tpe6}'1OlL{HH cne H
MepHOCTb nOAHTH\feCKoro B03 v l.\ dAbHoro BHHMaHlUI, - HepaBHO-
"" AeHCTBHSI O p ra
'-VAaHHaraH OTMe4aeT ABa rh HH3al.\HH Ha CBOHX \{J\eHOB. C.
't'aKTopa Y CI1A
IJeCKoro Bbl60pa. ne p BbI H v 'HBalOHX aBTOMaTH3M nOJ\IITH-
On peAeMI eTcH
TeJ\bHOCTH opraHH3a u H H v aKTHBHOCTblO HHAHBHAa B AeH-
..... ,BTOpOH - npo
corAaCHO npeAnOIJTeHHSlM r AOJ\JKHTeAbHOCTblO \{J\eHCTBa. TaK,
H 71-75% aKTHBHhIX n pynrrbI rOAoCYIDT 53-58% ee naCCHBHbIX 'IJ\eHOB
. 0 npoAONKHT
COcTaBAAIOT 44-47% 11/\ a eJ\bHOCTH lIJ\eHCTBa 3TH nOKa3aTeAH
78% 0 t-'(IJI AHq, HeAaBHO BC
o AMI AOArOAeTHHX \fAeHOB 33. TyrrHBlIIHX B opraHH3aHIO, H 66-
napaA.J\eAhHO .
o r C HcnOAb30BaHHeM M06
p aHH3aqHl1 8 51noHHH C 60 - HAH3aIJ;HOHHbIX B03MO>KHOCTeH
06 p a v X rr. paClIIH p
30BaHHH B nOMe p >KK SleTCH AeJITeAbHOCTb BpeMeHHbIX
nepHO 6 Y KOHKpeTHoro
'A H3 HpaTeJ\bHblX KaMn v " KaHAliAaTa, ceCTBYIOIl(HX B
HaMH 6blA0 6% pecnoJ-lIIe HT aHHH - K03HKaH". ECAH B 1961 r. HX q)\e-
...,.., OB 06lL{eHa n
.....HOHaAbHbIX onpOCOB "06Il(eCTBa
408
COIJ;HaAbHbIe xapaKrepHCTHKH COOTBeTCTBYIOIQHX rpynn B .HnoHHH
M 06 p a30M' "A;3e rpynnbl HBlUIlOTCH
AaHHbIe aBTopbl onHCbIBalOT CAeAYIOI.4H .
6 HAH30BaHHOrO H36HpaTeNI. CTOpOHHHKH
KaHAliAaTaMH Ha Halli THn MO
.. e bl HMelOT HH3KMH nOKaaTeJ\h no lllKaAe ypOBHH
COKa raKKaH H cpepM p 37 HO HHTeHcHBHble HHCTHHO-
\feCKHX P ecypCOB ,
C04HaAbHO-3KOHOMH r v "6 ble BO p OTHH'-IKH" B pa-
c06eHO COKa I aKKaH. eA
AJ13HpOBaHHbie CBH3H, 0 ,... 10 3bl caMocroSITeAhHble npeA-
6'b HeHHbIe B npo't'CO ,
6o\feM KAaCce, He 0 eAH ,... C UM H Y n p aBAeH4bl HMelOT AO-
60AHblX npo't'ec ...
npHHHMaTeAM, AHl.\a CBO lll KaJ\e COl.\HaAbIlO-3KOHOMH\fecKoro
v Ka3aTeAb no
BOJ\bHO BbiCOKHH no TVIIMOAH3HpOBaHHbIX CBH3eH. MO}KHO
v yp OBeHb HHCTH. J .....
pa3BHTHH H HH3KHH rry Bbl60 p a nOA B03AeMCTBHeM npona-
naA alOT B rpyn
O>KHAaTb, '-ITO OHM no " o6'beAHHeHHble B npocpCOlO3bl, HMelOT
" P OTHH4KH , He
raRAbI. CHHHe BO CO rr HaAhHO-3KOHOMH4eCKoro pa3BHTHH H
v no UIKaJ\e ..... v
HH3KHH nOKa3aTeJ\b HOAM3HpOBaHHbIX CBH3eH. MO>KHO O>KHAaTb,
HH3KHH: ypOBeHb HH::'e anaTH4HbIX". HaKOHel.\, \fJ\eHbi npocpCOlO30B
lfro OHH OTHOCHTCH K pyn
409

- . 110 IJIKaAe COIHaJ\r.>1I0-3KOIIOMH'-IeCKOro pa3-
M("OI' BIICOKI1M nOKa3cnCJ\b
1-1 ' uHCTM r Y I'110./\.113HpOBaIlHhle oprBHH3alHOHHble CBH311.
IUJTlUI M BhlCOKO 1'1 \
. " . n n y O p raHI13dLHOHHO 06YCAOBAeHHoro CBJl3aHHoro
OHM lJOII1iJdI01 B I py
Rt.16opa"
HCCMOTpH lIa YC./\.OBIIOCTh, l\aHHaJl KAaCCl1cpHKaL\l1J1 AOBOAbHO 1'O'-lHO
OTpa>KaCT pca./\.hllOCTI1 CHCTCMLI nO./\.HTH4eCKOH M06HA3aL\HH B 51nOHI1I1.
ncpoaJl, BTOpaJi 11 lJCTBepTaH rpynnhl nOlldA aIOT nOA AeI1CBHe J\1160 MOAe-
AM OTfWIIICIIHH rraTpOH-K./\.l1eHT, AI160 M06HAH3alHOIlHOH MOAeJ\.I1. npH
06'bHCIICIIHI1 >KC rrOAI1THlJCCKI1X pCaAHH COBpeMeHl-IOM 51noHI1I1 np06J\eMa
3aK.AlOlJaCTCH B TOM, lJTO Hal160ACe MIIor0411CAeHlIOH OKa3brBae1'CH 1'pe1'hJl
rpYlIlld. B lJdCTHOCTH, pcrpCCCHOHlIblH a Ha./\.H3, npOBeAeHHblH A3. Ba1'aHY-
KH no 29 <pdKTopaM, onHchmaIOL4HM H MOAeAb H.I1K3, H MOAeAh M.TaKa-
6dTdKJ 1 ACMOIICTPHPYCT, 4TO BMCCT< B3HTbie OHH cnoc06Hbi 06"hHCHlITh no-
39
nCl\clIHc HIJOIICKOI'O 1136I1paTe./\.51 ./\.l1lUb Ha 30% . HaH60Aee CJ\O)KHhIM Af\JI
IHlTCpllpCTdl1111 OCTae1'CJI rpYllnd BbI60pa nOA B03AeHc1'BHeM nponaraHAbl,
OC06CIIII0 3./\.CKTopa./\.hHoe 1l0neAeHHC HaCeAeHHH KpynHeMllII1X ropoAoB.
eu V 35-39 Bbl6opbl. CumYUl(uli BOK py r Bbl6o po
.A , B B nQAamy c
15 Bbl6opbl. J1moru onpocoB o6w,eCITlBeJUlOfO MHe OBC1IlJl.UKOB 12-
TOKUO, 1980-1991. HUR, UcxogHble gaHHble),
"
I rOA Bcero HeA080llbHblX B ICpynHbO( ropo,o,ax /11.14ii C BblCWI.1... npOBIlIOliIe
o6paa08aHI.1eM BblCOkl.1 I.1HTepec k
1979 71,5% Bbl60paM
1960 79,1% 81,3% no
"-- 68.3%
1983 73,2% 76,2% ---
64,0% 69,7% 72,9%
19B6 ---
-- 54,3% 59.5% 64,3%
1989 57,8%
-- 77.1% 80,2%
1990 84,9% 82.6%
66.3% 73.8% 70.6%
74,0%
.
CTeneHb HeAoBOAbCTBa nOAHTHKOH
Ta6Aua 10.
KaK BHAHO 113 1'a6AHL\hI, 80-e rr. AeMOHCT p H p
V OBaA.H HeKOTOpOe niiAe-
HHe HeAoBOAhC1'Ba nOJ\IITHKOH, 0AHaKO ero C p eJluHu 6
WI rl ypoBeHb CTa HAbHO
npeBbllll ae1' 2/3, 11 Aa>Ke B HaH60Aee 6J\dronpHSITHblH roA - 1986 _ oc-
1'aBNlA n03a.A H 50%-HYIO o1'MeTKY. CYlL\ecTBeHHo , 'ITO HaH60Aee SlBHoe He-
AOBOAbC1'BO npOHBMleT nOAH1'WleCKH HaH60Aee 06pa30BaHHaH 'IaCTb Hace-
AeHHJI - >K.H1'eAH KpynHeHllHU{ ropOAOB, AHl\a C BblCllIHM 06pa30BaHl1eM,
NOAH, npOHBAHIOI.l\He nOBhlllleHblH HHTepec K nO./\.IITHlJeCKHM np06AeMaM,
MO>KHO CKa3aTh, '-11'0 B 31'IDC C04HaAbHblX rpyrrnax CYli\eCTBye-r nO\frH a6-
CO./\.I01'Hoe HenpHSfTHe cOBpeMeHHblX nOAMTH'IeCKHX peaA.HH crpaHbI. Cy.
w,eC1'BeHHhIM cpaKTopOM JlBMleTCJI TO, \frO HeAoBO./\.bCTBO nOAHTHKOH cYlI.\e-
C1'BeHHO npeBoCXOAMT HeAOBOAhCTBO ypOBHeM >KH3HH. TaK, B HaH60Aee
KpIfTI1'-leCKHH MJI nOAIITHKOB 1989 r. (CKaRAaA PH KYPyro, B TOH HA.H HHOH
Mepe 3ClAeBlIIHH Bce napTHH) cpeAHHH nOKa3aTe.Ab HeAoBOAbHbIX ypOBHeM
>KH3HH COC1'aBNIA AHllIh 29,5% OT 061l..\ero lJHCAa pecnoHAeHToB (HC;\OBO./\.h-
u 77 1% ' pa3H Hna B nOKa3aTeMlX - 47,6 npoL\eHTHblx
HblX nO.J\H1'HKOn - ,0, .....
nyHK1'a). A,1uI HaH60Aee HeYAoBAeTBopeHHblx COL\HaAbHbl rpynn 3TOT pa3-
AeH KpynHeHllIHx ropOAoB -
pbIB OKB3bIBaeTCJI ew. e 60AbIlIHM: AfUJ >KlITe 57 6
HM o6 pa 30BaHHeM - , npo-
49,5 npoL\eIITHblX rryHKTa, AMI ./\.HI..\ C BbIClll _
U HTe p ecoM K nO./\.HTHlJeCKHM npo
L\eHTHhIX rrYHKTa, AfUI AIOAeH C BbICOKH: H
6./\.eMaM - 50,9 npoL\elITHblX rryHKTa. _ A-.aKTo p KOTOphlH 6e3
yp oBHeM >KH3HJI 't' '
npH TOM, '-11'0 HeAOBOAbCTBO bCTB O nOAHTI1KOH, B .HnoHHH
61I.\ee HeAoBOA _
BCSlKoro COMHeHHJI YCM./\.HBaeT 0 u H e Jl OBO./\.hC1'Ba nO./\..HTHKOH
H' HCT01.JHHKr' M
CwryaL\HH rrpHHU;HnHaAbHO HHa . CO rrl1aA.bHO-3KOHOMHlJeCKHX
npeA eAaMI1 .....
paCnOAO)KeHbl B OCHOBHOM Ja P amalOlI.\HecSi CA}'lJaH CKaHAa-
3'1'0 - HenpeK u..o, u
rrpo6AeM. B nepByIO O'lepeAb r...,..rmeCKHX AeSITeAeH. 6epYll.l,eH Ha-
u IclllHX nO./\.n 1 n -. _
./\.OB B CBH3H C KoPPy n 4 HeH Bb 0 6aBMACJI H He BH)'illaIOII.\HH H3-
OAbI K HJlM A
liMO C 50-x rr. B nOCAeAHHe r u srreAbHOCTH AAn. npHHHMalO-
IITH4eCKOH Ae
6Hpa1'eAIO AOBepHJI CTHAb nOA HHH BonpeKH AaHHbIM paHee
KHe pellle
U\eH KpynHbIe no./\.lITl1lJec
06elIJ,aHHHl\f H36HpaTeNl M . np e06.NiAalOT yTBep>KAeHHJI, 41'031'0
./\.HTHKOB 6cr-
B MaCCOBbIX oQeHKax no IO "'He npe>KAe Bcero CBOH co
"" AM pewa u..o, Y
"6ecnOAe3HbIe AIONf' ./\.10 ' eHHO no./\.lITl1lJeCKHe Aesrre./\.H nO.J\.b3 -
" 41 COOTBeTCTB 1 pa BHeHl110
BeHHble npo6AeMbl' HeM AOBepHJI HaCeAeHHH no C
IOTC5I nopa3HTeAbHO HH3KHM ypOB HHCTl1ryTOM (CM. Ta6./\.11QY 11).
6 CTBeHHblM
C AI06bIM APyrHM 0 me
411
HeAoBOAbCTBO nOAHTHKOH
XapdKTepllhM JIB./\.CIII1CM nO./\.HTH4CCKOH KYAbTypbl 51noHI111 nOCJ\eA-
lIJiX ACCJlTHACTI1H CTa./\.O KpdHIIC Cl1.AhHoe HeAono./\.bc1'BO nOAIITI1KOH I1 no-
AJiTHlJCCKI1MH ACHTC./\..5IMH. TOliHhie Aa HI-I ble, onHCblBaJOlIJ,He 31'01' npou;ecc,
MO>KI!O npHAOI\HTb C 1979 1'" KorAa Bonpoc 06 YAoBAe1'BopeHHoc1'H nOAH-
TH KOH CTd./\. BKJ\IOlJaThC 6
- H B onpocbl 0 ecTBeHHoro MHeHHH 06w,ecTBa co-
I\CHCTBI1IO cnpaBCMI1BblX Bbl60pOB (CM. 1'a6./\.HI\Y 10).
I1 c m04HUKU: AKa ii C3 .. .. _
g:WmInaii A - 35 3 py- lLKC COKYCUIl KCKau. ClOruuH rUUH coc3HKe-HO
. au - 9 Kau' C . .'.
15 Kaii. E p oll. m" ' aWUUH rUUH 4yg3C C3JlKC-HO g3ummau. Aau 12-
cca K3KKa, rmcu p c ( 06 
m.,6opaM Cu m '. Ul,ccffiBo cogcuCffiBllR cnpaBcgAuBblM
. YUl{UR BOK Py r B ' 6 6
ceo Ul,UX BM OpOB B nCll\amy npcgcmaBume-
410

Ta6AUl.(a 11.
K P a3AH1JHLlM o6IQeCTSeHHhIM HHCTHT)'TdM
YpoBeHb AOBepHJI
n OAHTHQeCKOrO BbI60pa MeJKAY napTIDIMH Bon p OCOM ro .. oc
, n OBaTb HAH He
O AOCOBaTb Boo6Il.\e, TaK KaK 06ecTBeHHoe MHeHHe B ce
r , AMblUe OTXOMI
OT nOMepJKKH .I\Af1, TepHeT AOBepHe H K AI06blM aAbTepHaTHBaM.
I1HTepeCHbIM rrpeACTaBJUleTCH aHM.H3 COHMbHbIX napaMeTpOB CAOSl,
OTKa3bIBalOIl.\ero B rrOMepJKKe BceM nOAHTH':lecKHM nap1'HSIM. B nepBYJO
oqepeAb 3TO JKHTeJ\H KpyrrHeHlIurx MerdJ\onOAHCOB (10 KpynHeHlIIHx ropo-
AOB - TOKHo, MOKoraMa, OcaKa, KHOTO, HaroSl, Cannopo, <I>yx.YOKa, KH-
TaKlOClO, XHpOCHMa, C3HAaH), rAe HCC.J\.eAYeMblH CADli no MaClIITa6aM cy_
w,eCTBeHHO npeBOCXOAIIT AOIUO CTOpOHHHKOB ./\An C HallaAa 70-x rr. He-
CKOAbKO MeHbllle AaHHoe SlBAeHHe pacrrpOCTpaHeHO B APyrnx ropoAax, HO
H TaM npHMepHO C 1974 r. AOJUI 3Toro KOHTHHreHTa npHMepHo paBHa AOAe
CTOpOHHHKOB .I\Af1. BO-BTOPbIX, OlleBHAHa CBSl3b Me>KAY ypOBHeM 6pa30-
BaHHS! H TeHAeHltHeH K OTKa3Y OT nOMepJKKH nOAHTHllecKHX naPTHH. HaH-
60Aee BbICOK ypOBeHb AaHHoro eHOMeHa cpeAH pecnOHAeHTOB c YHHBep-
CHTeTCKHM 06pa30BaHHeM (c 1975 r. cTa6HAbHO npeBocxoAHT AOAJO CTO-
pOHHHKOB .I\Af1); J\HlIJb HeCKOAbKO ycrynalOT B 3TOM oTHoeHHH n:: a H
nOAHbIM CpeAHHM (1 2-AeTHHM 06pa30BaHHeM) , HO H B H P:o<pecH-
OpHTeTbI OTKa3a B nOMep}f(Ke BbIme, lleM nO M 6 epKcc  KaK 6eAble,
Cb BhIAeNleTCSI pa OllHH
OHaJ\.bHOM OTHOlIJeHHH 3Ae orl-,eCCHOHaAhHbIX rpyil-
80 Bcex OCTaAbHbIX np 't'
TaK H CHHHe BOPOTHIf1{KH. CTaHHe HacTpoeHHH OTKa3a
h" n Bhlme , HO Hapa v
"ax ypoBeHb nOMep}f(KH .I y..y I v Y nne HaKoHeI.(, llpe3BbI4aH-
CKH B KaJKAoH rp .
MO>KHO Ha6A1OAaTb npaKTHlle B B03 p acTHbIx KoropTax Ha-
eA H JKeHHH. 0
HO BbICOK ypoBeHb OTKa3a cp HallaAa 70-x rr. cpeAH 2 - H
J\OMHHHpyroT C
CTpoeHHSI OTKa3a a6coAIOTHO M HHSI n p HMepHo paBHbl nOA-
O HX 3TH HacTpoe
30- AeTHHX, B ynne 4 -AeTH
Aep>KKe .l\An . tffO C 70-x f. BceM nOAHTHlleCKHM nap-
<DaKTHqeCKH MO>KHO rOBOpHTb, blX HaH60Aee 06pa30BaHHaH Ii
e p }f(Ke, Bo-rrepB , Y nnbl C 60Aee
THHM OTKa3bIBalOT B nOM eAeHHSI; BO-BTOPbIX, rp
HaSi llaCTb Hac TOllHO 60AblllHM
nOAHTHqeCKH C03HaTeAb v a KTHBHOCTH, HO AOCTa
HliecKOH 6 3 y CTOpOHHHKOB
HI13KHM ypoBHeM nOAHT M Ha npaKTHKe a
KJ{M npoI.(ecca . 6 30BaHHblH H nOMiTH-
BHHMaHHeM K nOAHTH1.Iec BNleT MeHee 0 pa
THH coCTa n p eHM)'rn.ecTBeHHo
Bcex nOAHTI11.IeCKHX nap B KPYry KOToporo 6 -
v OHTMHpeHT. H KYAbrypbl, J\.H 0 MO
lleCKI1 C03HaTeAbHbIH K HHoM nOAHTHllecKo
pa60TalOT J\H6o HOpMbl TpaNfI.(HO v
b v 60 1l0AHTHlieCKOH nap-
611AH3al.\HOHHaSi MOAeA . M epJKKe KaKOH-AH 6-
6 OTKa3e B nO SI He 06S13aTeAbHO 03HaliaeT a
3aSlBAeHHSI 0 eCTBeHHoro MHeHH 60 ax 3a ry HAM HHYIO
THH B XOAe onpoCOB 06ll.\ rOAOCOBaTb Ha BbI p
COAIOTHblH OTKa3 H36HpaTeNI 413
, .l1osepSl8r s He O"leHb AOBePAeT He l!.oeepsteT
lo1HCTT)'T .l!osepS1eT HeKoToPO CTenetiVl
52% 34% 7% 2%
I 6aHKJ.I 66% 12% 2%
18%
i nporH03 noroAbi 46% 13% 3%
BpaI'I 35%
27% 45% 18% 3%
Cy.o.
nOI11'1W1A 27% 45% 18% 5%
YI'ITeI1A 20% 44% 24% 6%
nOI1I'1TI'IKI'I 3% 19% 43% 28%
UCmOI.lHUK: T.CUCUKU, XOCJOKU mo c3ug3um3Ku UMU KyxaR: HUXOH mO
AJ.f3PUKU-O KUWQ3PY (PQ3PblB MeJKgy HapaCmaHUeM KOHCepBamUBRblX Ha-
cmpOCHUU U nOAUmUl.leCKUM CMblCAOM: pa3gyMbR 0 J1noHuu U Cll1A), Toxuo,
1986, c. 36.
HH3KHH aBTopHTeT H: HeAoBepHe K nOAHTH4eCKOH ccpepe Bbl3BaAH B
.RnOHH:H 70-80-x rr. pe3KI1H pOCT HaCTpoeHHH OTKa3a OT nOMep>KKH
KaKOH-AH60 napTHH. ECAH B 1960 r. AOJ\Jl AIGAeH, OTBetJaBIllHX Ha e>KeMe-
CSlllHblX OlTpocax TeAerpaqJHoro areHTCTBa A311A311 I.\YCHH, t{T'0 OHH He nOA-
Aep>KH:BaIOT HH:KaKylO napnno, B cpeAHeroAoBOM HCQI1CAeHHH paBHSlAaCb
BC'.:ro 8%. TO B 1978 r. (B roA nHKd nOKd3aTeJ\jj OTKa3a 01' nOMepJKKH nap-
THH) OHa AOCTH:rAa 36%, H B AW\bHeHllieM cTa6HAbHO rrpeBblIlldAa 30%. Y>Ke
B 1969 r. AOMI AIO A eH H
, e 1T0Mep>KMBaIGI4HX HHKaKYIO napTl110 cpaBHSI-
AaCb C AOAeM CTO p OHHMKO en a (20 0/ ) ,
B n 10 , a B HIOHe J 913 r. npeBblCHAa qHC-
AeHHOCTh CTOpOHHHKOB B 
eAYeH napTHH - ./\An. nOCAe HeKOToporo BOC-
CTaHOBAeHHSI no ny MI
pHOCTH: KOHcepBaTopOB B 10-80-e rr. qHCAO CTOPOH-
HH:KOB ./\An H lIH:CAo
 pecnOHAeHToB, OTKa3bIBalOHX B nOMep>KKe
KaKOH-AH60 napTHH IT 6
, pH AH311TeAbHO paBHbJ 3a I1CKAlOtJeHHeM nepHOAa
nOAHTHlleCKoro KPH3Hca 1989 19
BalOTTlHX on - 90 r., KorAa CAOH HHKoro He nOMep>KH-
 HTb CTaA AOMH:HH p H _
::noro n p orr ec OBaTb. e MeHee rrpHMeqaTeAbHOH CTOpOHOH
..... ca CTaAo H: CT py
nOAHTMtleC KO v KTyPHoe H3MeHeHI1e 06llJ,eH KOHcpHrypal.\HH
H nOMep>KKH 0
B 60- e rr Mo '" 6 CHOBHblX 1T0AHTJ11.leCKI1X CHA B 5InoHI1I1. ECAH
. Ho blAo rOBO p 6
B nOAH:TH:lIeC KH HTh 0 0AH03Ha1.IHOM AOMHHHpoBaHHI1 .l\An
x npHOPHTeTax
cTaHOBAeHHe T pecnOHAeHToB, TO B 10-e rr. HaMeTH.AOCb
pex npH:MepH
CA051 He nO M 0 paBHbIX CI1A - .I\AfI, orrn03HI.\HI1 B 4eAOM H
ep>KH:BalOHX HH:
MeTHTb  e3Koe KaK}'lO napTHIO. B 80-e >Ke rOAbl MO>KHO OT-
niiAeH He B
l1.e.J\OM 4 B - J\HSlHHSI He TOAhKO en5I, HO 11 onn03HLI;HH B
HOBOH CHCl'e
KOB I\. !I. n H r" Me pedAbHo npOTHBOCTOsrr LI;eHHOCTI1 CTOPOHHH-
" 'wU, '-'1051 He nOMe p
>KHBalOI1X HI1Koro, tJTO nOAMeHHeT np06AeMY
412

HB./\.eHHe TO>Ke HMeeT MeCTO, HO OHO He CTOJ\L
P nno KOHellHO, TaKoe v v
na . P CCHBHoro 3./\.eKTopaTa B 60.l\.hllieH CBoeH 'laCTH 03Ha-
MaCllITa6HO. OCT na v 6
6 e3 y C./\.oBHOH H TBepAoH aCCOLI.HaLI.HH 113 HpaTeJUI C KOH-
tIaeT OTKa3 OT v_
- THeH v C./\.a6blH yp OBeHh 3MOLI.HOHaAhHOH CBSl3H C HeH, a TalOKe
KpeTHOH nap ,
b l-fVTCl nO AnH>KHOCTb H3MeHQHBOCTh ero BhI60pa B 3aBHCHMOCTu
3HallMTeA "J'-  ' Q
OT KOHKpeTHOH nOJ\HTH4eCKOH KOI1b 10 HKTYP hI , B nepB}TIO O'lepeAb OT xa-
paKTepa OCBemeHHJI cpeACTBaMH MaCCOBOM I1HcpOp Ma .u. HH nO./\..HTH'leCKOH
cmyaLtHH H XOAa npeABbI60pHOM KaMnaHI1H.
nOC./\.eAHee JlB./\.eHHe C OlleBH,AHOCTblO CTa./\..O npe06.1\.aTb B 70-90-e rr.
TaK, eC./\.H Ha Bbl60pax 1958-1969 rr. AOMl I136HpaTe./\.eH, He npHHHMaBIlIHX
Y"IaCTHJI B rO./\.OCOBaHMH, cTa6HAbHO npeBOCXOAl1J\.a npou.eHT ./\..HIJ;, 3aSlB./\..HB-
llIHX 06 OTKa3e B nOMep>KKe KaKOM-./\..H60 nO.l\.I1TH'leCKOH napTHH, TO C
1972 r. ypoBeHb a6CeHTeH3Ma HeH3MeHHO OKa3bIBaeTCSI HHJKe ypOBHH OT-
tf}')KAeHIDI OT napTHH.
AHlllh OTBeT Ha npSlMoH Bonpoc 0 cTen eH
H nOMep>KKH
n p HBOAHMhIe KO./\..H'leCTBeHHbIe A aHHhIe H napTHH). Ho XOTJI
e MOryr C'UfTaThC
MH, xapaKTep HcC./\..eAyeMoro eHoMeH a M 6 JI conoCTaBHMbl_
't' O>Ker bITh OQ C
AaHHbIM onpoca no 1IT0raM Bhl60pOB B ndha eHeH. orJ\aCHO
Ty npeAcTaBHTeJ\eH 1990
TBepAblM CTOpOHHI1KaM KaKOH-AH60 na p THH e6 r., K
C JI OTHOCH./\.O .l\HllIb 34%
Bcex pecnOHAeHTOB, nOMep>KHBalOlI.{HX KOHK p er
o H)'IO napnllO, TorAa KaK
64% xapaKTepI130BdI\I1 CBqlO nOMep}f(K Y KaK "He O ll eH " -46
-. b npOllH)'IO , liTO
nOATBep>KA aeT cnpaBeAAI1BOCTh OCHOBHhIX BhIBOA OB 1,1 M ua
..... 1'1. nnK3 H AMI HaCTO-
SlIlJ,ero BpeMeHH.
_C.I\.eACTBHeM C./\..a60H aCCOQHal.\I1H CTOpOHHHKOB napTHH CO cBoeR nap-
THeH MOJKHO C'IHTaTb H CHT)'al.\HIO, B KOTOpOH 0AHH pecnoHAeHT OKa3b1Ba-
eTCH CTOpOHHHKOM cpa3Y HeCKOJ\.hKHX nOAHTHtIeCKHX napTHH. OnpocbI 06-
w,ecTBeHHoro MHeHIDI, npoBoAHMhIe .RnoHcKoH JKlAHoKopnOpaLtHeH B
CBSl3I1 C napAaMeHTCKI1MH Bbl60paMM, nOKa3blBalOT, liTO Ha npOTSIJKeHHH
70-80-x rr. AOMl .I\. HLI. , nOMep>KMBaIOI.l.\HX cpa3Y HeCKOJ\hKO napTHH, cra-
6H./\..bHO Aep>KHTCSI Ha vpoBHe 25-27% OT 061.l.\ero 4HC./\.a CTOpOHHHKOB no-
v 47 n
.J\.I1TH'IeCKHX napTI1I1 . pM 3TOM MO>KHO OTMeTHTb H Kypbe3Hble, rrpaBAa
He CTOJ\b MHOrO'IHC./\..eHHhle, C./\.}"laH nOMepJKKM OAHOBpeMeHHO KpaHHHX
rrOAIOCOB HnOHCKOH nO./\..HTH4eCKOH Cl.\eHbI - AAn H cn.R, ./\An H Kn.R.
AHdI\H3HPYSl COOTHorneHMe pa3J\.HllHblX THrrOB 3J\.eKTopa./\.hHOrO rrOBe-
AeHHSI H nOMep>KKH nOAHTHlleCKHX napTHH, M.MIDIK3 BbIAeT 4eTbIpe
rpyrrnhI H36HpaTeJ\eH no KpHTepHJlM (1) nOAHTH4eCKHX 3HaHHH H (2) qyB-
CTBa CBSl3H C napTHeH: aKTHBHble CTOpOHHHKH; rpynrra HeAoBepHH nOAH-
TH4eCKI1M napTHSlM; AOBepJllOl.l.\HH naccMBHbIH C./\.OH H 6ecrrapTHHHaH rpyn-
na (CM. cxeMY).
PacnpeAeAeHHe JlnOHCKOro 3J\.eKTopaTa
KOAe6AIOIQHHCJI H36HpaTeJ\."
<!>eHoMeH pacllIHpsnOll.\erocSi OTKa3a OT nOMep>KKH TpClAHIJ;HOHHbIX
nOJ\.HTHlleCKHX rrapTHH OTHIOAh He OrpaHH'II1BaeTCSI .HnoHHeH. B 70-e rr. C
HHM CTO./\..KHYAaCb 3anClAHaSi EBpona, B Ha'Ia./\..e 9O-x - H CWA. Ho B HnOH-
CKHX YC./\.OBIDIX 3TOT 06 v rt..
Il.\HH 't'eHOMeH I1MeeT onpeAeAeHHYIO cne.u.HcpHKY.
B nepBYIO olle p eAh CAPA
M .....,...,yeT OTMeTI1Tb, 'frO B .HnoHHH OTTOpJKeHHe
3J\.eKTopaToM Bcex rroAIIT v
C B H4eCKHX rrapTHH HaH60.l\.ee CH./\..hHo. I1cC./\..eAoBa-
HHe . ep6a H HaSi H KH Y A
70 ' . M >K3 Ha Ha MaTepHaJ\.e KOH.u.a 50-x - Ha'IaAa
-x rr. nOKa3bIBaeT QTO A
nO AH r OM 4AeHOB H TBepAhIX CTOpOHHHKOB SlnOHCKHX
TH4eCKHX napTHH ( 20 %)
o HeconocTaBHMo HH>Ke cooTBeTcTBVJO IlJ, ero
nOKa3aTeNI /VIJI CWA (38% ) J A
_ 610/ H ° H PSlAa 3anHoeBponeHcKHx cTpaH (ABCTpHSI
10, I1Aep./\.aHAhI - 37% ) 44 IA
B TOM qro 6 ° . I'ICTOKI1 3Toro cpeHOMeHa 3aKAIO'laIOTCSI
, OAbllIylo 4aCTh P
Aep>KK Y KOH Kp v ecnoHAeHToB, nOATBep>KAalOIlJ,HX CBOIO nOA-
eTHOH nO./\.HTI1Q v
pHH CAa6bIX C TOp eCKOH napTHH, CJ\.eAyeT OTHeCTH K KaTero-
OHHHKOB CorA
(1976 r. ) H3 B cex . aCHO AaHHhIM, npHBoAHMbIM I1.MHHK3
, CTOpOHHHKOB
TeropHH Y CTOHllu B v napTHH .l\.Hlllb 17% MO>KHO OTHeCTH K Ka-
-'1'1 OH nOMep}f(K
CAa6bIX CTO p OHHH H, TorAB KaK 72% OTHOCHTCSI K KaTeropHH
45 KOB H 11 % O" eH TI II
Aep>KKe" Co..... nBalOTCH KaK CK../\.OHSlIOI.IJ;HecH K nOA-
. LI.eAblO npoBepKH
SlI4ero BpeMeHH M 6 cnpaBeMHBDCTH 3THX oeHOK AMI HaCTO-
v oryr bITh I1CrrOA
COAeHcTBHSl crr p aB h30BaHbI ABHHhIe onpocoB 06I.I.I;eCTBa
eMHBbIM HbI60 p aM
lll15l B MeToAHKax 06 ' HecMoTpH Ha cYI-4ecTBeHHble pa3AIi-
lL\ecTBa H M MH ( 1,1 M
liIKaAy 0LI.eHKH ° . SlK3 YI. HSlK3 HCnOAb3yeT AeTaAbHYIO
TBeToB pecrroJ-t 1\
&.y-o,eHTOB, TorAa KaK 061..L\ecTBo ny6AHKYeT
nOI1I4TIo1'48C1C1iII! 3HaHI'ISI
HM31rn8
8bIC()1(H8
aKTIIIBHbl8 CTOpOHHlIIlCIoI 38% A08epAIO1IIi1 nacclIIBHbli:1 Cl1oi:1 15%
BWCOkaA
CBS!3b C rpynna He,D,O&ePIoIA nOI1101TIII'I8CKIoIM fiecnapTIlli:1HaA rpynna 22%
napTlllei:1 H"'31CBA napTI'ISIM 25%
414
c  mo CUg3U-HO 6YHC:JKU (AHClAU3 noggcpJKKU
J1cmolll-WK: /1.f\1UJlK3, 3U 7?
V ) .,. OK UO 1985, c. T J.
nO.l\UmUllCCKUX napmuu , II ,
P HSIM K./\.aCCH<pHKau.HH J\,06dBI1Tb IIdpd-
E J1 BaHHbIM KpHTe
CAH K ,/\ByM a3 " (H e A OBe p HSI nOAHTHllCCKHM HUCTI1TY1'dM),
M ' II 0 JJHHH3Ma
CTp rlO./\.HTI14eCKOr ..... Y me TOAbKO rpynne HCAORCpHH 110./\.11-
T SlB./\.eHl1e npHC ........ -
o OKa>KeTCH, 'lT0 3TO KTHBHblX CTOpOHUI1KOH IIdprl1l1 11 6cc-
TorAa KaK AMI a
TI14eCKHM napTHJlM, 3KHH v nOKd3aTe./\.h 110 3TOMY KpH'I'CpHIO.
KTc p eH If 11
napTHHHOH rpynnbr xapa
415

A OBe p lHI nOAMTHlJeCKMM na PTHjJM H 6ec.
AMI rpynnbI He
C APyroH CTOPOHbI, paUHe HM3KMH ypOBeHb opHeHTaLtHH IIa
napnn'iHoH rpynnbl xapaKTepe K
KMe CTepeonmbI
HAeOllOfM\fec HOCTb cpeHOMeHOB OTKa3a OT nOMepJKKH
n M\fMHHYJO nOCJ\eAOBaTeAb " 60
P v " AHTM4eCKoro MHM3Ma H OCBO >KAeHHjJ OT
H\feCKMX napTMH, no "
nOllHT OTMnOB CAeAOBaAO 6bI paCnOAO>KHTb B nopSlAKe no-
HAeOllOrM\fecKMx CTepe v 6
y " - OTKa3 01' nOMep>KKH napTHH - OCBO O)KAeHHe OT
AHTM\fecKHM I..tHHH3M v
P eoTMnoB. <I>aKTopHbIM aHaAI13 J1.MHHK3 AeMoHcTpH-
HAeollorWlecKHx CTe
H 3 Bcero cneKTpa napaMeTpoB, onpeAeMllOHX 3J\eKTOpaAbIloe
pyeT, \fTO v 
nOBeAeHHe, cneI..tHClmK)' rpynnbI cTa6HJ\.hHOH nOMep>KKH napTHH onpeAe-
eT HCKJ\.J04HTeAbHO I1X OTHOweHl1e K 31'OH napTMH. Aa>Ke HHAHBHAYaAb-
NI 
HOCTb KaHAHAaTa, TPaA l1 I.J;110HHO ClJwraBlIJaHCH B .HnoHHH Ba>KHeHIlIHM cpaK-
TOPOM AMI ycnexa Ha BbI60pax, B rAa3ax 3TOH rpynnbI npe>KAe Bcero on-
peAeA.HeTCH n03MI.J;l1eH "cBoeH" napTMI1. C APyroH CTOpOHbI,
OTMPlHTeJ\bHO" xapaKTepHCTI1KOH rpynnbI OTKa3a CTaHOBHTCH HMeHHO He-
AOBOllbCTBO npaBI1TeAbCTBOM 11 nOAHTl1lJeCKMMH HHcTHTyTaMH. B HTore
cpaKTOpbJ, YCTaHaBIIMBalOl1e CTeneHb cBH3aHI-IOCTH M36HpaTeJUI co "cBoeH
napTHeii", OnpeAeMllOT ero 3AeKTOpaAhHbIH BbI60p Ha 97% (B rpynne CAa-
60" nOMep>KKH - 87%). B CA}"lae cpaKTopHoro aHd.l\H3a no ABYM OCHOBa-
HHSlM - CBSl3M C napTHeM 11 KpHTHlJHOCTH B OTHOll1eHHH npaBHTeJ\.bCTBa,
COBoKynHOCTb 3TI1X ABYX rpyrrn cpaKTopoB CHHJKaeT 06"bHCHHMOCTb 3AeK-
TOpaAbHOro Bbl60pa TBepAbIx CTOpOHHI1KOB napTM:H: AO 93% (coKpar.qeHHe
Ha 4 np0I..teHTHbIX nYHKTa) H nOBbIlIJaeT ee AMI rpynnbI CJ\a6bIX CTOPOHHH-
KOB H He nOM>KHBaIOHX napTHH AO 92% (noBbIll1eHHe Ha 5 npoQeHT-
HbIX n}'HKTOB) .
ECTecTBeHIILIM npOAOAJKeHHeM TeHAeHHH OTxoAa OT nOMepJKKH no-
M fH1-leCKH:X napTHH H oCAa6AeHl1H CBH3H C napTHHMH HX CTOpOHHHKOB
CTaAO HBlleHHe rOAOCOBaHHSI 0AHoro H Toro )Ke H36MpaTeJUI Ha pa3HbIX BbI-
60pax 3a
pa3Hble napnuf. OnpOCbI 06UJ.eCTBa COAeHCTBHH cnpaBeA,J\HBbIM
B1..16paM no Ka3LIBd 101', "no Ha npOTH)KeHHH 80-x rr. AHIlIb 55,7% H36Hpa-
TeJ)eH I1eH3MeHHO rOllOCOHdAH 3a 0MiY H Ty >Ke napTHIO 50. EOAee AeTaAb-
Hoe HCCI\eAoBaHHe I-1.MIHIK3 BbIAeMleT 6 THnOB H36HpaTeJ\eH no KPlITe-
PH:IO cTa6HN:.HOCTH H:X rOAOCOBaHHJI:
- CTd6HA v 6
LHLIH H3 H:pdTeAb (nocToHHHO rOAocyeT 3a oAHY H ry JKe
lJapTHIO) - 52% 3AeKTopaTa;
. - CIJOPClAH\fCCKH CKJ\OHHIOll1,HHCH K a6cel-ITeH3MY (B eJ\OM rOAocyer
d °AHY lJdpTHlO, Ho HHol'Aa B03Aep>KMBdeTcH OT rO.J\ocoBaHHJI ) _ 14%
-MCKTopaTa;
- H36HpaTeJ\b, MeH5noHH npHOpHTeTbI ( noCTOJl HHO
o rOAocye-r 3a pa3-
Hble napTHH) - 12% 3AeKTopaTa;
- BpeMeHHbIH CTOpOHHHK 0AllOH napTHH (KaK npaBHAO, He rOAocyeT.
HO eCAH rOAocyer, TO  OAHy H ry >Ke napTHIO) - 11% 3AeKTOpaTa;
- HeonpeAeJ\eHHbIH nepe6e>K"IHK (MO>KeT HAH He rOAOCOBaTb Boo6I.l.\e
H/\.H rO.l\OCOBaTb 3a pa3Hble napTHM) - 6% 3J\eKTopaTa;
- nocToHHHbIH a6ceHTeHCT (He rOAocyeT Bo06lqe) - 5% 3AeKTopa-
51
Ta
416
npH 60Aee 06mc: orrpeAeAeHIUIX MbI nOAyqaeM TPH KJ\.aCca - 1. CTa-
611.1\bHbIH H36HpaTeAh (52%), 2. H36HpaTeAh C "IaCTOH CMeHOH npeAIIO"lTe-
HH:H: (32%), 3. a6CeHTeMCT (16%).
AaHHaH KapTHHa He TaK rrpOCTa, KaK MO>Ke'f nOKa3aTbCSI C neBoro
B3rl\5lAa. nOHHTHe H36HpaTeMI C 4acrbIMH CMeHaMH np€AnO\ffeHHH 01'-
HIOAb He COBnaAaeT C KaTeropMeH J\HLt, OTKa3blBalOlI.(HXCSI nOMep>KHBaTb
rrO.l\HTHlJeCKHe napTHH, HeCMOTp51 Ha TO, 41'0 AOIUf H Toro, H APyroro KAaCca
cpeAH Bcero 3AeKTopaTa npaKTH"IeCKH COBnaAaIOT.
B cpeAHeM Ha BbI60pax 1976-1990 rr. 56.4% AHI..t. He nOMepJKHBalO-
aAMCb or rOAOCOBaHHSI. HanpOTHB,
ITTHX nO.l\HTH"IeCKHe rrapTMM, B03Aep>KMB . 0
......... a THH 22 6% HAM He rOAOCOBaA
C p eAH CTOpOHHHKOB KOHcepBaTMBHbIX n p, v nJ\C H Ko-
J\ A a LtefITpHCTCKHX napTHH I If-It
I1I\.H rOAOCOBaAO 3a APyrHe rrapTHM. /-¥IJI 23 2% B 3TOM
eT 31 1% a AMI AeBbIX - ,0.
M3WrO 3TOT nOKa3aTeA.b COCTaBNI " KOHc e p BaTo p OB He ro.J\oco-
1990 r KorAa 3a
P a J\ y oc06eHHo BbIAeMleTC5I., 63 1 % 3a AeBbrX _
''M fIT p HCTOB - ,0,
BMO 35,9% me CTOpOHHHKOB, 3d I.J;e
38.4% 52. H'b JOHKTV p HbIM npeACTaBMleTCSI
AM4HbIM H KO . J
J1HbIMH CAoBaMH, cnop........ SI oTKa3bIBalOMXCJI 01' nOA-
4IITeAbHOrO CJ\O
rOAOCOBaHHe He TOAbKO 3Ha v TH MX CTOpOHHHKOB, npH\fCM, B
TBeHHOH \fac v
Aep>KKH napTHH, HO M cyec Horo BbI60pa CTOpOHHHKOB napTHH
9O-e rr. HeCTa611J\.bHOCTb 3.J\eKTOpaAb v no CBoeM)' 3Ha\feHHIO C nOSlB.J\eHH-
6 conocTaBMMblH v rl-. H MO}KeT
npH06peTaeT MaClliTa , Bp eA .J\H AaHHblH 't"eHoMe
B 10-e fr. ''M 1 989 1990 rr
eM C.J\OJl OTKa3bIBalOHXCJI IITM\feCKHM KpH3HCOM - .
KTVpHbIM nOA a1.J.HTeAb-
6bITb 06"bHCHeH KOWbIOH AJ 1 990 r KOHKpeTHbIH KpH3HC B 3H
BbI60pOB' 76-1990 rf BK.J\IO\faeT H
Bo-ne p Bblx, B MOMeHT pb IX ce p MSI 19 .
eH. BO-BTO. II A II oCY>KA e -
HOH Mepe 6blA npeoAO.J\ aAaMH _ AeAOM OKXMA ,
pyr MMH CKallA OHHHKOB nap-
Bbl60 pb I cOBnaBlliHe C A b P e3Koro OTIOKa CTOp
, HO cTO.J\ pSI
Hl1eM K.TaHaKH H APyrMM M . B-T p eTbI1X, oco60 npMMe\faTeAbHa nOTe
6.J\IOAW'oCb. CBoero MMMA-
THH B 3TH rOAbl He Ha SlMH KOTopble He nOTepSIAH
MMH napTH ·
rOAOCOB eHTpMCTCK 3Mca 1989-1990 r.
6c e HHO KpH
)Ka B xOAe co TB
417
14-166

B UJ\.HMO M,AeT 0 TOM, qTO B 9O-e ff. .HnoHHR
B AaHHOM CAyqae peqb,.,.... ,
ecT BeHHO HOBVJ() rrOAHTHqeCKYIO 3noxy, xapaKTepH3y-IO-
BC'rynaeT B Katl J --
y60 U M O'MIVW" l\eHMeM H36HpaTeMI OT nOAHTH"IeCKHX nap-
Il..{ylOCfi 60Aee fA K.n . 'J "'"1-'\
v M He T OAbKO K KOHK p eTHbIM COBpeMeHHbIM napTHHM, HO H
THH, HeAoBepMe  "
K napTHfmOH CHCTeMe B l.\eAOM. B 3HaQHTeAbHOH Mepe napaMeTpbI 3TOH
3nOXH MO}KHO yBMAeTb Qepe3 npH3MY Ol.\eHOK 06eCTBeHHbIM MHeHHeM
}KeAaTeAbHOfO 6aAaHca Me>KAY rrapTHJlMH.
nepeAOMHbIM NUl rrOAHTH'leCKHX HaCTpoeHMH MO>KHO CqHTaTb 1976 r.,
KOfAa 3KOHOMlNeCKa.JI cHTya.qHSI HOBOfO 3Tana - "nepMoAa cTa6HAbHbIX
"
TeMnOB 3KOHOMINeCKOfO pocTa H COOTBeTCTBYJOll.\He eM nOAHTH'IecKHe
TeHAeHl\HH BnOAHe onpeAeJ\.HAHCb. HeMaAOBa>KHbIM nOAHTH'IecKHM MO-
MeHTOM C 3TOfO BpeMeHH CTaHOBHTCSI H cpaKTop CKaHAaAOB, CBSl3aHHbIX C
Koppyrrl\HeH BbICllIHX PYKOOAHTeAeH ./\An. ,/J.,NI1976 f. TaKHM cpaKTopOM
CTaAO " AeAO AOKX.HA", HO MO>KHO CKa3aTb, 4TO C 3Toro BpeMeHH CKaflAdAbI,
nOA06HbIe eMY, B .HrroHHH He npeKpall.\aAHCb.
OnpocbI 1976 f. BrrepBbIe BbIJlBHAM cmyaI.tHlO, B KOTopoM OTHOCHTeAb-
Hoe 6o.AbllIHHCTBO JlrrOHCKOfO 06ll.\eCTBeHHoro MHeHHSI CTaJ\O Bb1CKa3bl-
BaTheR npOTHB oAHOrrapnfHHOH CMCTeMbI BAaCTH AAn. TaK, onpoc "AcaXH"
OT 9-10 MapTa 1976 f. nOKa3aJ\ AHllib 38% CTOpOHHHKOB BacTH AAn H 41%
CTOpOHHH:KOB rrpHHl.\HrrMaAhHO HOBOM iJAMHHMcTpaLtHH . OAHaK npHH:
l\HnHaAbHO H3MeHHAHCb IIpM 3TOM M rrpeACTaBl\eHHH 0 }KeAaTeAbHOH HOBOM
ClAMHHHcTpal\HH. EOl\ee nOAP06HbIM onpoc "AcaxH" OT 4-5 OKTfi6pSl 1976 r.
BbIRBKI\. QTO 70% CTOpOHHHKOB HOBOM aAMMHHcTpaQHH (45% Bcex pecnoH-
AeHTOB)' BHAJIT ee KaK KoaAHQHIO AAn H onn03Hl.\HM M I\HllIb 14% pec05-
AeHToB BblcKa3bIBalOTcSI 3a nOl\yqeHMe BAaCTM C06cTBeHHo onn03Hl.\MeH .
B nOCAe A VlOm eM MO}f(.HO BbIHBHTb 3nH30Abl, KorAa nOMep}KKa  oAHonap-
J ,- Mep}f{KY MAeH HOBOH ilA MHHH -
THHHOfO rrpaBAeHHJI A,An npeBocxoAHAa no v
aAbHO xapaKTepHblMH lIepTaMH HOBOH 3nOXH
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BeR RO 51% 3J\eKTopaTa cn.H B 1990
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AeCTa6HM13dqH" nOAHTHqeCKOii e>lTyaqHH yrpO>Kaer 3TOMY ypoBHIO" 50,
9 political Opposition and Local Politics in Japan Ed b K .
. . (N J ) 1980 . . y .Stemer, E.S. Krauss S C
an pnnceton .., , p. 147. ' . .
Flan nag .
10. Ibidem, p. 70.
11 M.A. McKean. Environmental Protest And Citizen P rti .
. d 1981 P . 177. 01 CS In Japan. Berkeley, Los
Angeles, Lon on, '
12. CM.: Ibidem, p. 147.
13. f3HAaH HnxoH- HO cHXaH KOA30 (CTpYKTYPa rocnoACTB -
28 5 a B cOBpeMeHHoH noHHH)
TOKHO, 1984, C. .
14. T.CaKaHH, CaJ<YA3Hl\Y-HO x3HKaJ<Y: HuxoH-ra Kasa py cH" al ;' ra ( 'A
 ' "' ,- KaBapy n3MeHeHHH
DoCMAJ!HX eH: MeHHeTCH HnOHHH, MeIDIe'1'CH 061l\ecTBO), TOKHo, 1987, c. 205-206.
15. C3HTO TO A3MOl<)1>dCH (napTHH H AeMOKpaTHH), TOKHo, 1987, c. 197.
16. AcaxH A3HHapy, To J<HO , 8.07.1983.
17. f3HAaH HHxoH-Ho cHXaH KOA30, c. 38.
18. E.Ko6aHcH, f3HAaH HHxoH-Ho c3HKe (Bbl6opbl B cOBpeMeHHou noHHH). TOKHO,
1991. c. 66-69.
19. TaM >Ke, rpaq)HJ< Ha c. 106.
20. J.Watanuki et al. Electoral Behavior in the 1983 Japanese Elections, Tokyo, 1986, p.
npl1MEQAHI1B
68.
21. AKapyn c3HJ<e COKYCIfH KeKaH (06Il\eCTBO cOAeuCTBHH cnpaBeAAHBblM Bbl60paM).
ClOniHH ruHH coc3HJ<e-Ho A3HTI'aH. Aau 39 J<au. EpOH -reca K3KKa, r3HcHpe (Cwryal\HH BOKpyr
Bce061l\HX Bbl60poB B naAa-ry npeACTaBH"I"eAeU, 39-e Bbl60pbl. l-iTorn onpoca o61l\eCTBeHHoro
MHeHHH, HcxOAHble AaHHble). TOKHO, 1991, c. 354-365.
22. CM.: S.Verba, N.H. Nie, Kim Jae-On. Participation and Political Equahty: A Seven-
Nation Comparison. Cambridge (U.K.), 1978, p. 58-59.
23. CM.: N.lke, Japanese Politics: Patron-Client Democracy, N.Y., 1972.
24. CM.: N.lke, A Theory of Japanese Democracy, Boulder (Co), 1978.
25. CM.: M.TaKa6aTaJ<3, f3HAaH HHXOH-HO c3mo 1'0 c3HKe (naJYfHH H Bbl60pbl B COBpe-
MeHHOU noHHH). TOJ<Ho, 1980.
26. J.Watanuki et aI, Op. cit., p. 3.
27. CM.: B.M. Richardson, The Political Culture of Japan, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London,
1974, p. 60-61.
28. Ibidem, p. 125.
29. Ibidem, p. 151, 175.
30. <Dan 3Ha':lIlMOCl'H o>KHAaHHU Ha npeACTaBHTe.AhCTBO MecTHblX HHTepecoB B Aepe-
BHCKHX H36HpaTeAbHblX oJ<pyrax npH3HaeT H A3. BaTaHYKH. - CM. J. Watanuki et aI, Op.
cIL, p. 3-5.
31. B Ka':leCTBe HaH60Aee H3BeCTHbIX ny6AHKal\HU MO}l(.HO npHBeCTH: T.Doi, The Anat-
"Z' of Dependence. Tokyo, 1973; T.S.Lebra. Japanese Patterns of Behavior, Honolulu, 1976;
. akane, Japanese Society, Berkeley, 1970.
32. S.C. Flannagan et aI, The Japanese Voter, New Haven, London, 1991, p. 156.
33. Ibidem, pp. 181-182.
34. H.MHSlK3, Toxe KOAO, c. 48.'
35. J.Watanuki et aI, Op. cit., p. 7.
C 36. S.Verba, N.H. Nie, Kim Jae-On, Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nahon
ornparison, Cambridge (U.K.), 1978, p. 170.
37. YpoBeHb COl\HaAbHO-3J<OHOMH'leCKHX pecypCOB - TepMHH, BBeAeHHblu aBTopaMH
I\Jnn py 
eMOH pa60Tbl. H3MepHeTcH KaK cOBOKynHOCTb CTa-ryCHbIX COl1.HaAbHblX H 3J<OHOMU-
'fecKHX
napaMe'1'pOB _ ypOBHH06pa30BaHHH, AoxoAOB H T.A.
1. CM.: G.Almond, S.Verba. The Civic Culture. N.Y., 1963.
2. K.HaKaMypa, C3UA3H 6}'HKa pOH: C3UA3HT3KH KOC3U-HO TaHJ<1O (nOJ\HTH':IecJ<aH I<'fAb-
1YP a : DOliCK nOADTII'leCKoro JlHAliBI\AyaAJi3Ma), TOKHo, 1976, c. 49-50.
3. S.J. Pharr. Losing Face: Status Politics in Japan. Berkeley a.o., 1990, p. 40.
4. rOBOpS1 0 coxpaHeHHu AOBoeHHoro nOAJiTH'leCKoro pe>KHMa, aBTop OTHIOAb He yr-
Bep)KAaeT, 'lT0 nepBble nOCAeBoeHble KOHcepBaTHBHble naJITHH H 60Aee n03A1UIH !\NI crpe-
MUNiCb K BoccraHoBAeHlllO DOJ\HTH'leCKOH CTpfKTYPbl HnOHCJ<Oro TOTaAHTapH3Ma BoeHHOro
BpeMeHU. PeaAhHaS1 OpllelITal1.1U1 KOHcepBaTopOB 6blAa Ha BOCCI'aHOBAeHHe napTHHHO-DOhH-
T1t<JeCKOH crPYKTYPbl 1O-20-x IT. MOJKHO OMe'1'IITb, ':ITO peCl'aBpal\HOHHble yCHAHH KOHcep-
BaTopOB He HMeAD ycnexa B npol1.eCce nOCAeBoeHHblX pecpopM, HO 3acAyra B 3TOM npHHBA-
AeJKIIT  nepByJO O'lepeAh aMepHKaHCKHM oKKynal1.HOHHbIM BJ\.aCl'HM. nOAP06Hee CM. A.B. 3a-
ropCKHH: nepexoA OT TOTaJ\JITapH3Ma K AeMoKpaTHH: OnbIT HnoHHH (3HaJ<oMbTecb -
5{noHIIS1. 1993, No 2).
5. Cr-.": N.Nishihara, A Study of Social Attitudes of the Present-Day Japanese Youth. -
Bo PSyc t holo l gla, Kyoto, 1964. No 7, pp. 192-198; B.Richardson S.C. Flannagan. Politics in Japan.
son, 984, pp. 217-265. '
.. T.Fukutake. Japanese Rural Society, Ithaca, 1972, p..22.
. nOAP06Hee 06 IICTOpHH v OBo,,\1>-
CTBUS1 C M . A B 3 _ HTIOHCKOH CHCTeMbl KOHTpO.MI 3a n p Oli3BOA CTB oM npoA 1I
.. " aropcKll1l n p 06 - llDO-
HHH 1988' EJK . AeMbl cOBpeMeHHou arpapHou noAlITnJ<H HnoHH}I.
. eroAHUK. M., 1989, c. 66-76
8. nOA06Hble AaHHble ny6JU1K . Hperl!-
'JYT 0M B HeperyMi p HOM )'IOTOI It caMHM CTa"IltCTIi':lecJ<O-MaTeMaTH':IeclC}lM .. ( t.1w
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4 TOKIIO, 1982) OT p aJK . AHaKO Hall60Aee n03AHee H3AaHHe (HHXOHA3H H - HO ICoIC)'MH .:rJU1
1\." Ba aeT AItWh AaHHh 4 ro }l3,Aa..
. TaH)'K1l npuBO AIfI' 60 Ie -1'0 onpoca 1968 f. ABTO p IJ,HTnpyeMO C 'fI IC-
J\ee nOJ\HVIA B 'fa
Tli<JecKo-MaTeMdTu'!ec Ko J' cepmo. nOA}"IeHHV1O HM Henoc p eA<:'rs eHHO
M IIHCTHTyTe II J .-
nOKa ell\e He ony6AIIICOBaHHyJO B HDOHliH.
420
421

38. Ibidem, pp. 196-197.
39. J.Watanuki et a1. Op. cit., p. 15.
40. AKapyJ1 c3HKe COI<YCHH l<el<aH (06l.l1 eCTBO COAeHC1'BIDI cnpaBeMHBhlM BLJ 60
- A w 15 w  .. paM )
CaHnnfJI mHH nYA3e c3HKe-Ho A3H1'TBH. aH I<dH. r:pOH TeCd K3KKa, r3HCHpe (CIn'ya .
BOKpyr Bbl60poB B nMary COBe1'HHI<OB, 15-e BhI60phI. I'hont onpoca 06lI{ecTBeHHoro I\If$I
HcxoAHble AaHHble), TOI<HO, 1989, c. 368, 370, 376, 380, 382, 388. MHeHHSJ,
41. CM.: T.CacBKH, XOCIOI<B TO c:n1A3HT3JUf HMH-HO t<}'I<aH: HHXOH TO AM3 P H
Ka-o Ka..
ra3py (P1l3pblB MeJKAY HapacraHHeM 1<0HCepBdTHBHhIX HdCTpOeHHH H nOAHTIIqecKJt -
AOM: Pa3A)'M1:JI 0 $JnOHHH H CUlA). TOKHO, 1986, C. 80. M CMLIc-
42. A.Mac)'MH, f3HAaH C3HA3H: 1955 H3H Hra (CoBpeMeHHaSJ nOJUITHKa nOCAe
TOKHO, 7. 2, c. 633; t:.Ko6aHCH, YK.CO'l., C. 52. 1955 r.),
43. CM.: t:.K06aHcH, YI<.CO'l., c. 54-59.
44. S.Verbll, N.H. Nie, Kim Jae-On, Op.cit., p. 96.
45. S.C. Flannagan et ai, The Japanese Voter, p. 231.
46. AKapyJ1 C3HI<e COKYCHH KeKdH. ClOrnHH ntHH COC3H .. _ -_
382. Ke HO A3IIT1'aH. Aau 39 KaH, c.
47. PaCC'IHTaHO no: K.ApaH, C3HKe - A3ex6 -  OH' P ..
-I1H<popMaQHH - 06LQecrBeHHoe MHeHHe: nOABH}I{H: . IOAo-cYPY Toxe TaHAo (BhJ60pLI
c.57. Sf D03UIJ,HSJ 3AeKTOpaTa). TOKHO, 1988,
46. CM.: S.c. Flasnnagan et ai, The Japanese V t 23
49. I1.Mmuc3-, "C3Wro CHA311 HacH" HO .. 0 er, pp. 9, 252.
n - Toxe KOAO (3AeKTopaAh
OMepJKltBalOLQero nOJ\JITH'IeCKne napTHH) _ K 6 w Hoe nOBeAeHHe "CAOSJ, He
3 fAeKa6pb), c. 569-570. . 0 3 AdHTaKY A3aCCH, K063, 1990, T. 40, No
50. AKapyH C3HKe COKYCHH KeKaH ClOru
346. . HH ruHH COC3HKe-Ho A 3 H - A - 39 -
""a. au KdH, c.
51. J.Watanuki et al 0 .
52 P : p.Clt., p. 38 (AaHHhIe 3d 1983 )
. aCC'IHTaHO no' E K 6 _ r. .
HH JK . . 0 aHcH, C:mKaQY HCHKH ..
1t3HIt onpeAeJUJeT 3AeKTopiL\hHoe -ra Toxe KOAo-o KHM3PY (Ou.eHKa YPOB-
It 53. AcaXIt CHM6YH e p OH Te nOBeAeHHe). - KdKYCHH, TOKHO, 1990 No 9 C 22-2 3
ACaxH"). MH ca CHQy (Cet<IJ,uSJ on OC ""
1986 Whit 40 H3H-HO Harap3 (40 p OB 061l.1ecJBeHHoro MHeHIDI Ta3eThJ
, 7. 2, c. 48. AeT B TpaHctf>opMdIJ,HH HapoAHoro MHeHHSf). ToJOlo,
54. TaM JKe, c. 105.
55. TaM JKe, c. 113.
56. TaM JKe, c. 119
57. TaM JKe, c. 12 1 '
56 .
. T.Mal\YA3aKIl 1990
pHn Cn5I) _ f ' H3H, CHKairro-HO rnpo (1990
59. E:K06a 3 J<KaH CS'lKamo, 1990, No 5, c. lOB I'OA - nOBopOTHhIH nYHJ<7 B HC70-
P a ) HCIt, Ana-Hn Mn p 90 .
x . - f3J<KaH CS'lJ<al Y H3H COC3HKe-Ho 6
60. J1.Ka6a o, 1990, No 5, c. 105. }'HC3KH (Bbl60pbl 90-ro roAa B 1I. H <p-
CIIMa, KaHc" w"
BopatJIIBae-rcS'I OT A" n eA38n IOK3HCJI-rd xaH-A3HMJlH " "
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npOCAe}KHBaeTC B . "CM HOllO 3cHIHMdJU1 J\csrrCAH N>BOCIIIIOIi.
945 H AHAepcr80 .. .
ceHTH6pH 1 r., A 8HH38J1HOHIIO ncpBoH 6hlJ\d ocpOpMAcHa COl\H-
A}{TMKOB. pr "\
reHepau;lfH no (Cn ..R _ 2 HOJI6pSl 1945 r.), C03J\BIIHdSl AonocHHbIMH
dSI napTHJI
aAHCTHt.feCK 1< 01'0 H pa 60Qel'o ABH.>KeHHSI, npeAC1'auJ\J{BlllHMH
HaAHCTHQec
AHAepaMH co _ A eMoK p dTH'IeCKHe nap1'HH - COI\HdAHC1'H'IecKYIO
HHbl e coHaJ\ ) P
TPH AOBoe ) .RnoHCKYIO pa604e-KpeCTbSlHcKYIO lHHTHpO Ii. a-
MaccoBYIO (CJIMHTO ,
423

9 6p H C03 1\ aeTcSI AH6epaA1>HaSi rrapTIHI
Y K) (POHOTO). HOH
60 I.JC'-Kp0CThSJlfCK e r CHOB Y KOTOpOM. COCTaBHAa AOBoeHHaH
C VI XaToflMa H ,I:CHAa , 0
no rJ\dB0. 6 nporpeCC HBllaSl na p TMH, c03AaHHaH Ha
e v v 16 HOJI pH -
IIdJ)I'J1H 3H10KaH, ,v MHHC3HTO H 4aCTH C3M.IOKaM.. 1 AeKa6pH Ha
6a1(' N>R00HllhIX nap' MM ( Kn )
IV ' 61 lAd J\CJ'i.1J\.H30BaHa KOMMyIUICTH4eCKaSl napTIHI .
CHOcM C hC3AC >;>
6 e TC a ° n OHCKaSI Koone p aTHBHaSl napTJ1SI. KaK OTMeqaeT
16 I\f'f(ri >pJl c03Aa TI n
T.J1RCY. ACC IIdPTHH, o6pa30Ballbic B 1:45 r. 3a HCKAIO:eHHeM KflJI, cTpe-
MHJ\HCh K nOCCTaHOHJ\CHHlO AOBoeHHol1 napAaMeHTCKOH CHCTeMbI, H B 06-
AaCTM I1dP"HHIIOI'O CTpOWl'cJ\lbcTBa H M06HAH3aqHH 3AeKTopaTa paCCqlITbI-
AdAH lid I\OBOCHJlYIO MOACJ\b .
XOTSI B JlCpBhlX 1I0CJ\CAOCHlibIX napAaMCHTCKHX Bbl60pax rrpHHHMaJUi
Y4aCTJ.W 267 IIdPTHH (a 3aperl1CTpHpOnaHo 6bIAO 363). 60AbillaH HX qaCTb
IIC HMCJ\d CCphC3110l'O nJ\HSltnHI. ACHTCAbHOCTb 94% 113 HHX OrpaHHQHBa-
J\dChJ\HIIIh OI\IIOH npecpCKTypOH, B Ka4eCTBe 06U\eHaqHOHaAbHbIX paCCMaT-
2
pH Bc1J\OCh J\Mlllh 13 , 311iJ l IHMI.IMH OKa3aAHCb AHllIb Te, KTO HMeA AOBoeHHoe
1I0J\H'f'MI.JCCKOC JldCACAHe. a '('CCIIOH CBJl3H nOCAeBoeHHbIX rrapTHH C HX AO-
BOCllllhlMH IIOJ\HTMl.JeCKJ1MH IIPCAIlICCTBeHHHKaMH rOBOpHT TOT cpaKT, 'frO
lid nh,oopdX 1946 1'. 95% Kdfl;\HAdTOB nporpcccHBHOH napTHH, 70% KaHAH-
I\dTOB J\HO<'pdJ\hIlOH, 91 % KoonCpaTMBJlOH H 59% COIJ;HaAHCTMQeCKOH nap-
1'1111 1I0ABCpl'AHCb I.JHCTKC .Jd COT{?YAllHlJCCTBO C rrOJ\HTHlJ.eCKHMH HHCTHTY-
TaMH MHJ\MTdpHCTCKOI'O PC>KHMd 3 ,
HpCMO'l'PR lid 0A"O:Uld4110e IlpC06ACV\allJ1C KOHCepBaTI1BHbIX HaCTpo-
CIIHH B HIJOHCKOM 3J\CK'fOpdTC, BO:JIIHKUJYJO napTHnrylO CHCTeMY TPYAHO
CI.JHTd'/'h CTtlOHJ\hIlOH. flpH TOM, q','O 3iJ KOlIccpnaTHnllbIe napTHH (003 yqeTa
MCJ\KMX M IIC:klBHCMMhIX ACflY"dTon) H 1946 r. rOAOCOBaAO 46,3% yqacTBo-
BdBlIlI1X n UI.IOOPdX , II 1947 r. - 59,6%, B 1949 r. - 64,1%, B 1952 r. _
67,7%. Ii 1953 1'. - 54 , 6%. H B 1955 1'. - 63,2%4, CTPYKryphl KOHcepBaTHB-
111.IX IIcP'J'Hi1 IICpC>K11BdJ\M 1I0C'l'()HllllhIC npco6pa30nallHH. npaKTHlJ.eCKH
Kd>K/\,I,1J.1 I'O/\, .>'/'M IIdPTHH IIpCO/\,OJ\CBaAM pa311006pa3l1blC pacKoALI H peop-
I'dIH1:'dJM"'I, AH'IIIJ.IC dMOHI\HM AH,1\cpOB npcuHTCTBOnaAH COrAdCOBallHIO HX
N'11CTIH1H II
. 0 cyni HCC!' IICpHO/\, 1945-1955 IT. H 1I0llCKaSi nOAHTMKa 6aAaH-
n1pOBclJ\ct MC>K/\,Y n1.100pOM: HAM J\HI\cpCTno O/\,1I0H KOlIccpnaTHRHOH rpyn-
lIJ..1f)OBKH HJ\M KP-,,,u l l' '"
"&.I\rJ \rUI '-IdC 1M KOIICCpnaT(>pon C ACBbIMH CHAaMH B AHl\e
crUI. IIOKct:lci'I'CJ\hllhIM II .>TOM OTIIOIIICIIHM CTaA ncpHoA 1947- t 949 rr.,
KOl'l\d Y BJ\dC'J'H B C' I ' ,.. 
pdl/C CI0HJ\d KO(:lJ\I1I\MH Cn.R, ACMOKpaTHlJ.CCKOH H KO-
0IU'JJdTl1BIJOI1 11 I p Tu , v
(" nit C CHJ\J.III.IM HACHllhlM /\,OMMHHpOHaIlHCM COI\HaAHC-
TOB. K IH1T11lIP('KdJI
,)KOI/OMHqCCKdJI CH'IYlUMH H IICI10IlYJ\SlpHaSl nOAHTHKB
IIt'PHOf\d IIOC.I\('IU>P II 1 ,r4
I !.IX Pl't>OpM J\MllIl. YCMJ\UBaAd HCCTa6uAbllOCTb nOAH-
THqeCKOH CHCTeMbI If rrpaBSIlI..teH napTHH, OTKpblBaAd B03MOJKHOCTb YKpen-
AeHIUI BAHHHH.SI crn, CABHraBUIeHCJI BJ\.eBO Hd OCHOBe rronyAHCTCKHX AO-
3yHrOB.
B l..\eAOM 3Tan t 945- t 955 rr., onpE!AEWleMblH KaK rrepHoA CTdHOBAeHIDI
nocAeBoeHHoH nOAHTHlJ.ecKOH CHCTeMbI, xapaKTepH3YeTCR Qpe3BbIQaHHO
BbICOKH.M ypoBHeM HecTa6HAbHOCTH, rrepcoHH<pHqHpoBaHbIX aM6H[(HH
cpeAHero rrOKOAeHHH nOAHTHKOB AOBoeHHoH reHepa[(HH, aKTYdAbHOH yr-
p030H rrpHxoAa K MacrH HAH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, pelllaIOII.tero BAHRHHR Ha
cpOpMHpoBaHHe rrOAHTHKH co CTOpOHbl J\.eBblX CRA, OpHeHTHpOBaHbIX Ha
npoBeAeHHe pecpopM no COQHaAHCTHlIeCKOMY 06pa3I.tY. YJKe QaCTOTa BHe-
OqepeAHblX napAaMeHTCKHX Bbl60pOB (B cpeAHeM 3a rreHoA 1946-195 1'1'.
OHM rrpOBOAHJ\.HCb pa3 B 16 MecSlqeB) OTpaJKaAd HeycTOWlHBOCTb 3TOH CH-
ryal..\HH. v JO AH6epMbHO-
06"beAHHeHlie Bcex KOHCepBaTI1BHbIX rrapTHI1 B eAHHY
DbI60poB 1955 r. H HeCKOAbKO
AeMOKpaTHqecK}'IO nOCAe rrapAaMem:.CKHJOH efUI H AeBocOI..{HdJ\HCTH4ec-
60Aee paHHee BoccoeAHHeHl1e npaBoH, Ae HHHHnHdJ\bHO HOBYIO nap-
 KOH na p Tl111 c03AaMI np "-\
KOH Pa60Qe-KpeCTbSlHC P raHax 6bU\0 npeACTaB-
B HX 3ClKOHoAaTeALHbIX 0
THHHYIO CHcreMY. BbICllI " "n ern H KfUI, HO 2 AenyraTa
hIe napTHH -  1f¥ I,
AeHO 3 06Il\eHaqHoHaAbH v ( 04% AerryraTcKOro Koprryca
 n p eACTaBHTeJ\.eH , 0 )
3TOH rrocAeAHeH B naAaTe ( 1 3 % AenyraTcKoro Koprryca
aJ\.aTe cOBeTHHKOB , 0 K
naAaTbI) H 2 AenyraTa B n HTeAbHO HOMHHdJ\bHoe. OH-
eAbCTBO B HcKAIOlI 
npeBpaIl\aAH ee npeAcTaBHT Bb13bIB6J\ HHKaKHX COMHeHHH -
T p OAb l\ l\ n HaA napMMeHTOM B I..{eJ\OM e (6 3 6 % AenyraTcKoro Koprryca) H
 Y-Y I J\cTaBHTeJ\eH ,0 ) n
297 AerryraToB B naJ\.aTe npe ( 48 8% AenyraTcKoro Koprryca. OMH-
cOBeTHHKOB I b en.H -
122 Ae rryr aTa B naJ\.aTe v na p THeH oCTaBaJ\aCb AHill
v J\aMeHTCKOH prry ca) H
/\A n 3HalJ.MMOH nap v ( 338% AenyraTcKoro KO
MO, peAcTaBHTeJ\eH , 0 )5 HH nap-
158 AerryraToB B naM Te n (32% AenyraTcKoro Koprryca , v
B nMaTe COBeTHHKOB HH H3MeneHHSf ee MaCCOBOH
80 AerryraToB eflJl HH TeHAeHl-t ¥ Ka-
vUH nOTeHI-tHaJ\ I aAbHeHUleM He OCTaBJ\AAH eH HH
J\aMeHTC. HHSf 3a Hee B A
nOMep}KKH " rOAOcOBa npdBSlIJ..tY1O.
eBpalQeHHe B e3YJ\bTaTe 061>eAHHeHIDI
Koro UlaHC Ha np creMa, 06pa30Ba8iUlCSI B 955 r.", Ha npaKTHKe m-Ia
napTHHHaSl CH V'lW\a Ha3BaHHe. CHCTeMbl v Mlillb./\An HMeNl
 1955 r nOJ\J - MV npH KOTOpOH
napT"M B '1 P TMn-l)'K> CHCTe...;. v en.H OKa3aM Cb
J(Bii3lfAByxna BSIeH na pTHH, a
03 HaqaAa P aHSlTb n03HI.(HH npd w 3 uJl HH e J\erKOH pyKH
CTb cox v B.J\HSlTeAbHO H on no rI,,-\ .
B03MO}KHO v OJ\b 8eIHOH. HO Ha3BaHHe "noJ\yropa-
06peQeH HOH Ha P 3 MacyMH oHa nOJ\}"{HJ\a H BTopoe
P CKa.l\anH HO H A. ,,6
. w w CHcreMbI .
napTMHHO H 425
424

"" yrop arra p THHHCUI CHCTeMa" npocymecTBOBaAa HeAoA-
<POpMaAbHO nOH 6
B ne 3 TOT MexaHH3M C AOCTaTOqHOH OqeBHAHocTbIO pa OTM B
roo rrpHHQH
1955 0 KOH"a 6O-x rr. Ero pa3.J\.OJKeHHe CBSl3aHO co CTaHOB-
HepHoA C r. ft\ ......
orrn03 U"HOHHbIX na p THH H paCllIHpeHH:eM HX MaCCOBoro
J\eHHeM HOBbIX n......
BAIHIHIDI.
B 1960 r. OT crn oTft\eMleTCSI ee cOQHaJ\.-AeMOKpaTlf1IecKoe KphV\.O H
c03AaeT napTHIO ft\eMOKpaTH'IeCKOrO COQH:aAH3Ma. B 1964 r. peJ\.HrH03HaH
opraHH3aQIDI COKa raKKaH TpaHCcpopMH:pyeT CBoe rrpeACTaBHTeAbCTBO B
naAaTe COBeTHHKOB B rrapTHIO KOM3HTO, BrrepBble BbICryrrHBIIIyro Ha o6Il.\e-
HaQHOHaAbHbIX BbI60pax B rraJ\ary rrpeACTaBHTeAeH B 1967 r. K KOH 60-
x rr. yseAH4HBaeT CBOM napAaMeHTCKHH rrOTeHI.J;HaJ\. H KfUI, nOCTerreHHO
rrpeBpaaSICb B 3HaqHMYID orrrr03IuJ;HOHH)'IO CHAY. C rrOSIBAeHHeM HOBbIX
orrn03HQHOHHbIX napTHH B 6O-e rr. B .RnoHHH HaqHHaeTCSI npon;ecc CTaHOB-
.J\.eHIDI MHoronapnu1HoH CHCTeMbI 3a CqeT AP06.J\.eHIDl onrr03Hn;HH, Ha
ffilOHCKOM SI3bIKe OH 0603HaqaJ\.cSI TepMHHoM "TaToKa". PeaAbHbIH 3cpcpeKT
3Toro npoQecca OTMeqaeTCSI C 1968-1969 rr., BCKope nOCAe rrOHBAeHIUi Ko-
M3IITO B rraAaTe rrpeAcTaBHTeJ\.eH. Ha BbI60pax B rraAa:ry COBeTHHKOB 1968
r. TPH pacHe rrapTHH - KfUI, IlAC H KOM3HTO rroAyqHM:I }')ICe 42%
Bcex rOAOCOB, rrOAaHHbIX 3a onrr03HlJ;HIO rro MeCTHbIM H36I1paTeAbHbIM OK-
pyraM If 57% no 06IlJ;eHa1\HOHaJ\.bHOMy oKPyry, 3aBoeBaB 46% rrepeH36H-
paBIlIHXCSI MeCT BceM onn03HlJ;HH, H B HTore B3HB rroA KOHTpOAb 3goib MaH-
AaTOB onn03HlJ;HH B BepxHeM rraAaTe 7 . Ha BbI60pax B rraJ\ary rrpeACTaBHTe-
Aeit: 1969 r. 3TH >Ke rrapTHH rro.J\.yqHAH 54% Bcex rOAOCOB, IIoAaHHbIx 3a
onn03HlJ;HIO, H 51% AerryraTcKIDC MalIAaTOB orrn03HI.J;I1H. B cpeAHeM B 1968-
1992 rr. CRAbI orrn03HTTH H
..... ,He npHHe>KaII.J;I1e K crn, KOHTpOAHpOBaAH
55% rOAOCOB nOJ\HHbIX 3
'f-¥"A a onrr03HlJ;HIO, H 48% ee AerryraTCKI1X MaHAaTOB.
POCT BAHHHIDI HOBbIX O n _
n03HIJ;HOHHbIX napTHH 03HaQaJ\ rrpeJKAe Bcero
COKpaIl\eHHe nOMe p >KKH 6
_ H3 HpaTe.MIMH TpilAHI.J;HOHHbIX BeAYII.J;I1x rrapTH:H
Ha HnOHCKOH nOAHTHq -
eCKOIf CIJ;eHe - ./\An H Cfl5I. K 70-M rr. 3Ta TeHAeH-
IJ;IDI rropOAHAa A)3a HOBbIX ,h
'¥eHOMeHa B SlrrOHCKOH nOAHTI1QeCKOH JKH3HH -
ft\OCTIDKeHHe rrpHMe p H r
o 0 paBeHCTBa CHA .I\Afl H COBOKyIIHOH orrrr03HlJ;HH
H HapaCTaHHe IJ;eHT p
HCTCKHX HaCTpOeHH:H BH)'TpH: orrn03HlJ;HH. Ha BbI60-
pax B naAary COBeTHHKO
B CHAbI onrr03HIJ;HH cTa6HAbHO rrOAvuaAH 60J\bllIe
rOAOCOB, qeM.I\Af1 B J 
1965-1983 ,MeCTHbIX H36HpaTeAbHbIX oKpyrax Ha rrpOTIDKeHHH
OK rr., npWIeM AO 1977 r. AOMJ. rOAocoBaBllIHX 3a onrr03HIO B 3THX
pyrax npeBocXOAHAa 500/
/0 Bcex npHHH:MaBIIIH:X yqaCTI1e B BhI60 p ax. fo-
AOCOBdHHe no 06Il\eHa
>KeHHH 1965-1986 rr lJ;HOHdAhHOMy H36HpaTeAbHoMy OKpyry Ha rrpoTSI-
. H Ha BbI60pax B naAary npeACTaBHTeAeH B 1969-1983
426
ff. AeMoHCTpHpyeT rrpHMepHoe paBHoBecHe CIL\ A A n
,  H onn03H[J;HH. B
cpeAHeM B 1968-1992 rr. 3a I\Afl fOJ\.OCOBaAO OKoJ\.O 42% H36HpaTeAeH,
rrpHIIIeAIIIHX Ha BbI60PbI, TOfAa KdK 3d orrn03HQHIO - 47%. no tlHCAeHHOC-
TH AerryraTcKofO Koprryca npHMepHoe paBHOBeCHe CRA /\An H onn03H[J;HH
(rrpH He3HaQHTeAbHOM IIpeHeCTBe.l\Af1) B nMaTe npeACTaBHTeAeH Ha-
6AIOAaeTCSI B 1916-1983 IT., a B nMaTe COBeTHHKOB - B 1974-1977 rr. B ne-
pHoA 1968-1992 rr. ./\An KOHTpOAHpOBMd B cpeAHeM 53% AenyraTcKoro
Koprryca, TorAa KaK orrrr03H1\IDI - 43%.
B HnOHCKOM rrOAHTlftIeCKOM CAoaape 3Ta cHTya[J;HSI onHCbIBaeTCSI Tep-
MHHOM "xaKyrIO" (paBHOBeCHe), HMelOI.I.J;HM 3Ha'lHTeAbHO 60J\ee llIHpOKHH
CMbICA, qeM rrpocTo KOHCTdTa1\HSI npHMepHoro paBeHCTBa CHA npaBSllIJ;eH
rrapTHH H onn03H1\HH. OH BK.J\.JOtlaA B ce6S1 OJKHAaHHSI roro, 1ITO TeHAeHIJ;HH
K cOKpaI.l..\eHHIO 3AeKTOpaAbHOH 6a3bI./\An H pacllIHpeHHIO BJUfSlHHSI onno-
3HlJ;HH B caMOM 6AIDKaHIlleM 6YAYI.I.J;eM npHBeAeT K nOpaJKeHHIO KOHcepBa-
TOpOB Ha BbI60pax. TeM caMbIM MOfJ\a 6bI 6bITb peaAIf30BaHa nepBaH CTpa-
TerI1QeCKIDI lJ;eA.b KaJKA OH onn03HLtHOHHOH napTHH.- nepexoA BJ\.aCTH OT
" " Ho D Y CAOBHJIX pa3AP06J\eH-
KOHcepBaTopoB K rrporpeccHBHbIM CHAaM . 6
e 1\ 1\ n Ha Bbl60pax elIJ;e He 0 ecne-
HOCTH orrrr03HlJ;H" npoCToe nopaJKeHH " y.y · ./\An
TOM CTpaTefHtleCKOH [J;eMI. npOTHBOCTOSITb
qHBaJ\O pedAH3aI.J;HIO 3 C OOTBeTCTBeHHO B03HH-
6 ,J\ uHeHHaR onn03HIJ;HSI.
6bIAa crroc06Ha AHIlIb 0 'hew. ap THH c03 A aHHSI KOaAHIJ;HH
HH onn03HLtHOHHblX n ,
KaAa 3aA aqa KOHcOAHAaIJ; 0 1O ,J\, a A eJ\aACSI BbIBOA 0 npHxoAe
C e p BaTo p aM. TC M
CHA rrpoTHBOCTOHmHX KOH
" ' -" OHCKOH noAHTHKe. v
3rrOXH KOaAHI.J;HH B SIn H UH neHT p HCTCKHX HaCTpoeHHH B
oLtecce HapaCTa n ...... 5
o rrapaAAeAbHOM np CTD T cAeAYlOlIJ;He AaHHble. ECAH AO 196 -
cpeAe orrn03HIJ;IIH CBH,AereAb  H KOM3HTO B HMeJ\J1 nOMepJKKY AHlllb
t 967 f' l.\eHTpHCTCKHe napTHH nn03HIJ;HOHHO HacTpoeHHoro 3AeK-
- AaJK e B cpeAe 0
He3HaQHTMbHOli qaCTH eTHHKOB 1965 f. no 06rn. eHa l.\HOHaAb-
60 B naMTY COB
TopaTa, TO Ha BbI pax 9 OAVtlIV\H }'JKe 51% Bcex rOAOCOB on-
oKpyry OHH n J' v 54 0/ 1 I _
HOM)' H36HpaTeAb HO MY OJ\CTaBHTeAeH 1969 ff. - /0, yeHT
6 ax B naAaT)' np...".... d}l
n03H"HH a Ha BbI op VtlalOT 60Abllle rOAOCOB, tleM AeB
....... , 6HAbHO nOAJ' 2
pHcTcKHe napTHH CT.fI) Ha npoTSI)I{eHHH Bcero nepHoAa 1969-199 rf.3d
onn03Hl.\IDI (CT1.fl H K M H SlBHAHCb BbI60pbl B nMary COBeTHHKOB
HSlMH, KaKH H
P e A KHMH HcKAJOqeH . v 1 990 r. B C p eAHeM 3d 3TOT nepHoA OH
cTaBHTeJ\eH
1989 r. II B rraNiT)' npeA Top aTa onn03Hl.\HH H 49% ee AenyraTCKH.X MaH-
55% 3AeK
KOHTpOAHpOBa.I\.H
AaToB to . crCKHX HacrpoeHHM nopoJKAaJ\ HOBoe npoTHBope-
<I>aKT poCTa l(ePH u HecMoT p Sl Ha naA eHHe nOAliTHtleCKHX u,eH-
ecKOH JKH3Hn.
tlHe B noAHTWI
427

HOCTeM J\eBOrO cneKTpa cpeAH H36HpaTeAeH, BeeH napTHeH OIIII03H-
TPT'A"L HO np eBOCXOJ\uBrneH u;eHTpHCTClUIe napTHH H no IIpeACTa-
IJ;HH, 3Ha\.frl11.D ,...,..
BHTeJ\.hCTBY B napJ\aMeHTe, 1'1 no MaCCOBOM}' BAIDIHHIO, OCTaBaAaCb CflR,
rAe HBHO AOMHHHpOBdAa KOaAHU;IDI J\eBbIX COU;HaA-AeMOKpaTOB H MapKCHC-
TOB. Ee3 Y'laCTHH Cn.R 06'beAHHeHHe l.teHTpHCTCKOH onn03HlJ;HI1 He HMeJ\O
CMbICAa - caMH no ce6e IJ;eHTpHCTbI He 06.1\ilAaAH nOTeHIJ;l1aAOM, AOCTaT01.f-
HblM AJIJI Toro, 1.JT06bI 6pOCHTb Bbl30B ./\An. BXO>KAeHHe .>Ke crn B OIIIIO-
3HU;HOHHbIM COlO3 HeH36e}f{HO AMa.J\O ee AHAepoM 06"bHHeHHoM OIIII0311-
IJ;HH. B HTore nOTeHIJ;Ha.J\bHaH KOaAHI.tHJI HeKoHcepBaTHBHbIX CI1A IIpH06pe-
TaJ\a 6bl J\eBbIH YKJ\OH BonpeKH pacnpOCTpaHJlBIlIHMCH B 06ecTBe
IJ;eHTpHCTCKHM HaCTpOeHHJlM 1'1 BPHA AH HMeAa 6bI IlIaHC oTCTpaHHTb AAn
OT BJ\aCTH. CJ\eAoBaTeAbHO, 60ph6a 3a H3MeHeHHe 06.1lliKa crn IIpH06pe-
TaJ\a KAI04eBoe 3Ha4eHHe AI\JI perneHHH cTpaTerlfllecKoH 3ClAa1.fH "3nOXI1
paBHOBeCHH H KOaAHIJ;HH".
B l..\eAOM 3Ta cHTyaU;HH, TaK H He pa3BI1BIlIaHCJI AO CBoero AOrl11.feCKOro
3aKJ\IO\.feHHH, xapaKTepHa AI\JI JlnOHCKOH nOAHTHqeCKOH cqeHbI B nepl10A C
KOHqe 60-x rr. AO 1989 r.
 BbI60pbl B nMary COBeTHHKOB 1989 r. npoAeMoHcTpHpOBaAH rAy60-
KHH KpH3HC nOAHTH4eCKOH MO A eAH "XaKV'T'IO" E £'" U J\, O 1 989 -
 J . . '-1m M r. cpeAHl111
HnOHCKHH H36HpaTeAb B OCHOBHOM He B03pillKClA npOTHB MOHOnOAHI1 AAn
Ha rOCYAapCTBeHH}'IO BAaCTb H rOJ\OCOBaHHeM 3a onn03HlJ;111O BbIpa.>KaA
AHIlIb CTpeMAeHHe K HeKOTo p bI
II M KoppeKII;IDIM B nO.llliTHKe KOHcepBaTO-
pOB ,TO clnyaII;HH nOCAe 1989 r. CAeAdJ\ij AMI Hero aKTV A L -
CT p dHeH H c:J A A n &Jl.DHOH 3ClAaqy OT-
n " ¥-y I OT BAaCTH.
B3pbIB MaCCOBoro HeAOBOTBa B 1989
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Ka CeAbX03npOJ\vvT 
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428
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HHM <pHHaHcoBbIX CpeACTB B n8pTHHHLIe OHAbl H OTAeAbHblM nO.I\HTHKaM.
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BHTeAbCTBa Mll\, npH'l8CTHbIX K AMY "PHKYPYro", HO H BnepBbe OTKPb
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430
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pa p OC Tb KOaAHU;HOHHOH nOAHTIiKH HMeHHO CAfUI HpKO npOSlBHAaCb
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431

r.rrn" bCT Ba Onn03HHH C nOCAeA}'JOIJJ;eH KoppeKItHeH AHHHH HeH3-
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napTlrn, KaK He HMeeT OHa H He06xOAHMbIX KOHTaKTOB H B3aHMOIIOHHMa-
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r. TJ>C1AHD;HoHHoH onn03HHHH B C 
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432
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I1pHHHIIHOH IIOAHTHIJeCKO P eJKHMa B qeAOM, BblXOA
v OAMTH4eCKoro v HaCAeAcT-
IIOAHTHIJeCKHX napTHH H n H caMOH reHeTMtJecKOH
e06pa308aHH 90 conOCTa-
Toporo BHAeH TO.AhKO B np B M CMblCJ\e KpH3HC -x rr.
v K p aTHH. 3TO pa JKeHI1f1 BO BTO-
BeHOCTH HIIOHCKOH AeMO HMa B pe3YAbTaTe no
eCKoro peJK
BHM C KpH3HCOM nOAHTHIJ v
- - v OCOB H B HH)KHeH
pOI1 MHpOBOH BOHHe. Mn 60AblllHHCTBa rOA
BbI60pbl 1993 r., AHIllHBlllHe HOBblH nepexoAHblH :nan npeoAoAeHHSI
K p bIBalO T HKH 3Toro npoecca
ndJ\.aTe napAaMeHTa, OT eM wrOfOBble yqacTH v
TynHKoB CHCTeMbl 1955 f. Bnpo HCb Ha60p nOAHTHqeCKHX napTHH B
el1.\e He OKOHqaTeA bHO C<POPMHCH npaTHtJeCKH BceMH 0603peBaTeJ\.HMH
cerOAHHIllHeH .HnoH HM oqeHMBa uTHH nOABepfHYTbCSI cyrn.ecTBeHHbiM peop-
v 06em alOUJo
KaK npOMeJKyrOIJHblH, P eMSI.
v Illee B
raHH3a4HHM B 6AH}t{aH
433

AH6epaAhHo-AeMOKpaTHQeCKaJl napTHJI: 38 AeT MOHonoAHH lIa
B.i\aCTh
AH6epaAbHo-AeMOKpaTH1JeCKa5f napTlUI noHHH (l\An) B03HMKJ\.a Ha
nOAHTH4eCKOH CIJ;eHe CTpaHbI KaK eA HHilli KOHcepBaTHBHaSI CHJ\a B 1955 f.
B pe3YAhTaTe CAHHHH5f Bcex HecoqHaAHCTH'leCKHX napTHH. K 3TOMY Bpe-
MeHH nOTepSIAH aKryaAbHOCTb OCHOBHble cpaKTopbI, OnpeAeNlBIlIHe npoTH-
B060pCTBO KOHcepBaTHBHbIX nOAHTHKOB nepBofo nOCAeBoeHHOfO AeCSITH-
AeTH5f. 3aBeprneHHe pecpOpM nepHoAa oKKynaI1;HH OTOABHHYAO B CTOpOHy
Ae6aTbI 0 rrOCAeBoeHHOM YC'fpoHcTBe CTpaHbI. YXOA C nOAHTJ{tIecKoR
apeHbI BeA)'1.QHX nOAHTHKOB, COnepHH1JaBIllHX 3a .J\.l1AepcTBO B 3TH fOAbI, _
C. ECHAa, K. CHA3xapa, X. ACHAa, - 3HaQHTeAbHO OCAa6JUIA cpaKTOp Al{q-
HOCTHOH KOHKYPeHIJ;HH, BO MHOfOM OnpeAe.J\JIBIllHH: MOAeAH nOAHTJ{tIeCKHX
COlO30B H KOHcepBaTopOB B 3TH fOAbI. AoeHHe K nOAHTH'IeCKOH AeSI-
TeAbHOCTH HaH60Aee aBTopHTeTHoro rrOAlITHKa nepBblX nOCJ\eBoeHHblX Me-
ceB, OCHOBaTeA.SI AH6epdAhHOH napnm H. XaTOSIMa, CTaBlIIefO 06'beKTOM
nOAHTH1JeCKHX 1JHCTOK 1946 r. H B03fAaBHBillero Ka6HHeT MHHHCTpOB B
1954 f., OTOABHfaAO rrp06AeMy KOHKypeHqHH HOBOR reHepal..\HH AlfAepOB
KOHcepBaTHBHbIX CHl\. Ha 60.J\.ee rr03AHHH CpOK.
C -
ApyrOH CTOpOHbI, KaK H B 1947-1948 rf., cepbe3Hy1O yrp03Y BAaCTH
pa306ll\eHHbIx KOHcepBaTHBHbIX napTHH: CTaAa rrpeACTaB./UITb Ha6HpalO-
ll\aH cY cn5l. XOTH rrOCAe 1947 f. COIJ;HaA.HCTbJ TaK H He CMOfJ\H CTaTb
BeAeH na p AaMeHTCKOH -
- napTHeH, B YCAOBHHX nClAeHHSI AOJ\H H36MpaTe-
AeH, rO.J\.OCOBaBIllI1X 3a KOHce
pBaTHBHbIe naPTHH, aAhTepHaTHBa npHXoAa K
BAaCTH COIJ;HaA-AH6e p aAb -
HOH KOdJUiIJ;HH He MorAa 6bITb HCKAIQ'IeHa C 06'b-
eAHHeHHeM n p aBOH H - C no .
AeBOH I VI B eAHHyIO napTHIO B HaqaAe t 955 f. yr_
p03a KOHCepBaTHBHOMV rr
"£J paBAeHHIO CTaAa AOCTaT01JHO OQeBHAHoH. npH-
"leM, B OTAH"lHe OT ne p HoJ\
Ma oKKynaIJ;HH, KOHcepBaTopaM npoTHBOCTOHAa
YJKe He npeHMyll\ecTBeHHO co
3H 6 IJ;HaA-AeMoKpaTH"leCKa5f no HAeOAorHH onno-
II;HH, a blCTpO AeBelO"'aH
B AU........ na pTIDI , nonCJAaBlllaH nOA AOMHHHpYlOl.IJ;ee
HuHHHe MapKCHCTOB H P i'lJlU
- ...,L.\uKdl\.H3HpOBaBillerOCH pa60qero ABH>KeHHH. Ee
nOTeHIJ;HaAbHbIH npHXO
. A K BAaCTH yrp0>KaA. Tenepb nepecMoTpOM caMMX
OCHOB pe>KHMa C03AaHHO
HbIX CU A P ' ro B 3TOT nepHoA. 06'heAHHeHHe KOHcepBaTHB-
W aCCMaTpHBaAOCb
T p aHCorh KaK eAHHCTBeHHoe HClAe>KHOe npenJITCTBHe
'fJOpMaU;HH CAO>KHBlIl -
C eHCJJ COIJ;HaAhHo-nOAHn.ftlecKoM CHCTeMbI.
03AaHHe eAHHOH fI. l\ n
HnOHCKO H - : ¥-11 CTaAO 3TanHblM lllarOM Ha nyr" pa3BHTHH
nOAHTH"leCKOH MO E
TeAb H O 60 AeJlli.. ro 3HaqeHHe npeACTaBNleTCH 3HaqH-
Aee lIlHpOKHM "l
CTBOBaBlIl - II ' eM npOCTO nepexoA K He CTOAb A0Al"O npocyII.\e-
eH nOAyropanapTHHHOH" CHCTeMe 1955 f.
434
CTaHOBAeHHe eAHHCTBeHHoH 3HaqHM -
OH KOHcepBaTHBHOH napTHH
npHHI..\HnMaAbHO nO-HHOMy' nOCTaBHAO Borr p oc
o XapaKTepe rrOAJITHqeCKoH
KOHKypeHI..\HH B CTpaHe. B rrpeAbIA V1JJ eH CTap- OT
- J.......  MetJdJ\.OCb, 1ff0 nopaJKe-
HHe .HnoHHH B BOHHe H nOC.J\.eBoeHHbIe rrpe06pa30BaHHH rr03BOAHAH aKry-
aAH30BaTbCSI ABYM THnaM nOAJITHQeCKHX C y6 K Y AbTVn KOHC _
-'J -- epBaTHBHOH
H MOAepHH3aTopCKOH, HMeBIllHX Co6CTBeHHbIe AOCTaTOtJHO "leTKo orpaHH-
'IeHHbIe C0I..\MaAbHbIe HMillH. B rrepBoe nOCAeBoeHHoe AeCHTHAeTHe KOHKy-
peHI..\HH nOAHTJ{tIeCKHX I1;eHHOCTeH He OTMeHHAa 3.J\.eMeHTapHOH KOHKypeH-
I1;HH nOAHTJ{tIecKMX napTHX H AeHTeJ\.eH Ha 60Aee rrparMarn'lHOH OCHOBe.
06'beAHHeHHe JKe KaK KOHcepBaTopOB, TaK H COIJ;HaAHCTOB nOAHOCTblO 3a-
MeHHI\.O 1JHCTO napTHHHyK> KOHKypeHI1;HIO KOHKypeHI1;HeH: nOAlITHqeCKHX
qeHHoCTeH. B HOBOH MOAeJ\.H, AeH:CTBOBaBmeH AdJ\.eKO 3a rrpeAeJ\.aMH CHC-
TeMbI 1955 f., BapHaHT nOMep>KKH npHxoAa K BAaCTH onn03HIJ;HH OAHO-
3HaQHO 03Ha'laA BbI60p npHopHTeTOB KapAHHdJ\.bHOrO H3MeHeHHH CYIl\eCT-
B}'lOrn;eH 06rn;eCTBeHHOH: CHCTeMbI. CTpeMJ\eHHe K coxpaHeHHlO npHHqH-
nHaAbHOrO cTaryc-KBo MOfAO 6brTb 06eCrreQeHO HCKAIOtJHTeAbHO npH
coxpaHeHHH l\An Y BAaCTH. CTaHAapTHaH AMI HopMaTHBHOH: MOAeJ\.H Ae-
MOKpaTHH KoppeKTHpOBKa rrOAlITHKH nocpeACTBOM CMeHbI npaBHmeH: nap-
THH, cpOpMHpOBaHHe MeJKnapTHHHbIX KoaAHqHH OKa3aAHCb HeB03MO>KHbI-
MH B CMTyal..\HH npHHYAHTeJ\.bHO HAeOAorH3HpOBaHHoro BbI 60 pa. CTaHOB-
AeHHe B 06rn;eCTBe COI1;HaAbHbIX rpynn, HHTepeCbI KOTOpblX
npeHMeCTBeHHO 6bIAH 6bl CBH3dHbI C orrpeAeAeHHbIMH nOAHTH'IeCKHMH
TeqeHMHMH, COHa.AbHaSI CerMeHTaqHH napTHHHOH nOAHTHKH OKa3b1BaAHCb
B03MOJKHblMH npeHeCTBeHHO B paMKaX AOCTtlTOqHO peAKoro HAeH:Horo
npH3HaHIUI HI\.H OTpHttaHMH <pyHKqHoHHpyroll\eH CHCTeMbl. Onn03HIDI
MorAa npeTeHAOBaTb AHillb Ha OTpa>KeHHe OrpaHHqeHHblX HHTepeCOB
Y3KHX COI1;HaAbHbIX rpynn, TorAa KaK rrpaBHIl\aH napnrn HatJHHaAa BblCry-
naTb BbIpa3HTeAeM 06meHaltHOHaAbHbIX HHTepeCOB.
npH OTcyrCTBHH CTHMYAOB K KaPAHHaAbHOH: TpaHccpopMaI1;HH 061.IJ;e-
CTBeHHOH: CHCTeMbI TaKaH MOAeAb aBTOMaTHQeCKH o6ecneQHBaAa 6e3aAb-
TepHaTMBHoe coxpaHeHHe Y BAaCTH eAHHCTBeHHOH: napTHH, OTOJKAeCTBNI-
eMOH C coxpaHeHHeM cTaryc-KBO. HeYAOBAeTBopeHHOCTb >Ke AeHTeAhHOC-
TblO caMOH npaBSIm eH napTHH 003 oTpHqaHHH OCHOB CHCTeMbI B 3TOM
CJ\.yqae MOfAa BbIpaJKaTbCH HAH B nOAHOM OTKa3e OT rOAOCOBaHIDI H nOA-
Aep>KKH nOJ\HTH'lecKHX rrapTHH HAH B CAO>KHBIlleH:CH B 70-e rr. cxeMe ro-
l\OCOBaHIUI 3a onn03HqHIO 6e3 HaMepeHHM OTCTpaHHTb -"An OT BAaCTH.
Ha MOM B3rlUlA, HMeHHO 6e3aAbTepHaTHBHocTb nOAHTHqeCKOrO Bb160-
pa, Cl\O>KHBlllaHcH B paMKax "cHcTeMhI 1955 r. ", CTdJ\.a fAaBHOH OCHOBOH MO-
435

HonO.J\HH J\An Ha 6eccMeHHoe npe6bIBaHl1e Y B.J\aCTM. AaHoe 06CTOHTeA.h.
CTBO npeACTaBNIeTCSl 60.J\ee r.J\y611HHb1M 11 cTa6HAbHO AeHCTBYIOlL\HM, qeM
TPi1A M QHOHHO BbIAe.MIeMbIH I1CTOpl10rpacpMeH cpaKTOp HCnOAh30BaHHJI
  13 C
;\An MexaHM3MOB TPCiAMHOHHOM nO.J\HTMqeCKOM KYAh-rypbI . nopa HeT,
OHO 6e3ynpe\lHO AOKa3bIBaeTCH AeMOHcTpHpyeMoM AI06bIMH onpocaMH 06.
meCTBeHHoro MHeHHSl MaKCHMaAbHOH nOMepJKKOM AAn B COIJ;HdAbHOH
cpeAe. HaHMeHee npH06eHHoH K "coBpeMeHHoH" CHCTeMe nOAHTl{qeCKHX
l\eHHocreH, - AHl\aMM C HH3KHM 06pa30BaTeJ\bHbIM ypoBHeM, cTapllIHX
B03paCTOB, CeAbCKHMH )JUITeAHMI1 H )JUITeMIMH MeJ\KHX ropoAoB, pa60THH-
KaMH HH3KOH KBaJUHpHKaQHH, pa60THHKaMH MeJ\KHX H cpeAHRX npnpH-
SITHH, He 06'beAHHeHHbIMH B npocpCOlO3bI. AOKa3bIBaeTCH OHO H BblCOKOH
CTeneHblO 06paTHOH KOppeAHHI1 Me>KAY rO.J\OCOBaHHeM 3a J\An H pacnpo-
CTpaHeHHeM "COBpeMeHHbIX" l\eHHOCTeH B nOC.J\eBoeHHOM .HnoHHH.
TeM He MeHee AaHHaSl napa,AHrMa, AOMHHHpYlOrn.aH B HHTepnpeTaIJ;HM
cpeHOMeHa /\An, Hecnoc06Ha AOCTaTO\lHO YAOB.J\eTBOpMTeJ\.bHO 06'bHCHHTb
J\orHKY nO.J\MTM\leCKoro pa3BHTHSl B CTpaHe B 1970-80-e rr. Yc e HeHH Ie
3a HeCKO.J\bKO .J\eT A aHHbIe 6 p A I>
PSlAa onpocoB 0 eCTBeHHoro MHeHIUI AeMOH-
CTpHpyroT TeHAeHl\HH, npSlMO npoTMBOnOAOJKHble CAeAcTBMHM, BbITeKalO-
mHM H3 <paKTa HCnOAb30BaHHSl T p
EC.J\H B 1 955 1975  a,AHl\HOHHbIX nOJ\IITHqeCKHX u.eHHocTeii:.
- rr. AeHCTBHTeAbHO 6
P OHHHKOB A A n Ha AIOAaeTCH CHHJKeHHe AOl\H CTO-
J 'f-1. ,napaMeAbHoe n p onecc 
TO C 1976 rr Ha6AIQ 6 ...... Y nOCAeBoeHHoH MOAepHH3au.HH,
. AaeTCSl 0 paTHaSl Ka (
no 3THM AaHHblM AO I\O CT pTHHa CM. Ta6AHqy 1). EOJ\ee Toro,
'VI OPOHHHKOB ./\An Y
Ka)KAoH COl\MaAbHOH r pyn ( B 4 MBaeTCH nOCAe 1975 r. B
ne CM. Ta6J\.Hqy 2) .
J{a3iiTeAeH. BHAHO, 'ITO nOChe 1974 r. nO M e p ""v a A" n
J>U\ , y-¥.1 DO ODpocaM " A "
nmpSleTCSI, AOCTHTaSI x 1986 r. ypOBIUI 1970 r.(t: K 6aJI  3HA3H C'J'a6IW.HO pac-
B cOBpeMeHHoH SlnoHHH), TOKHO, 1991, c. 52).' 0 CH, f3HAaH HHXOH-HO C3HJ<e (Bw60pw
]1cmollliuJ<u: G. L. Curtis. The Japanese Wa y of Po ] ' t ' N y. . C ] rob .
. . I ICS. '" 0 U la
University Press, 1988, p. 198; C31U'O HUXOH-HO c"' u  mo mo H  A
., .. ., oJ aUKQ.J<}': 3Ug3U
epOH meca-HU epy 6}'HC3KU, A3Ug3U qYCUHCR X3H (nOCAeBoelUlble napmuu
U J<a6UHeJItbl MUHucmpOB B HnOHUU: QHClAU3 onpoCOB 06ec11lBeHHOrO MHe-
HUJl "A3Ug3U"), TOJ<uo, 1981, c. 141-145; 11. MURK3, Toxe KOgo (3J1eKl1l0pClAb-
Hoe nOBegeHue), TOKUO, 1989, c. 62.
Ta6Aul.(a 2.
AHHaMHKa AOAH CTOpOHHHKOB l\AI1 B pa3AH1JH.1X coqHaAhlUt1X rpynnax
(AaHH..e onpocoB ra3eT.. "AcaxH", 1955-1985, %)
1955 1965 1975 1960 1985
"rol1y6b1e BOpoTHIo1..KIo1" 41 34 43 50
36 ee
"6el1b1e BOpOTHIo1..KIo1" 56 48 54
'Z7 32 40 49
npoMblWl1eHHb18 pa60'1101e 32 45 54
40 38
pa6o"Io1e c4>epbl ToprOBI1101 101 ycl1yr 59 62 ee
59 61
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62 64
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37 51
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oro MHeHHjJ %
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1955-1959 45,8
1960-1983 ---
46,0 .-.
1964-1967 37.6
46,0 ---
1968-1971 37.8 -
46,S __.
- 32,8
1972-1975 44,1 37
1976-1979 26.9
45.6 37
1980-1982 26,0
50.9 43
1983-1984 ---
52.8 , 43
1985-1966 ---
57.2 48
-.-
n pHMe'Ji1HHe: I 51
AHHaMHKa AOAH CTOpOHHHKOB .J\An
no AaHHhlM onpOCOB 06eCTBeHH
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ncmOtlRuJ<. 1'1. ,
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nOKa He CAeAyeT cnellI ' Mn oHH .J\Hlllb HaCTOpO>KeHHO OTHOCHAMCb
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OHM He 6blAH CTOpOHHH ..16 B nOA06HOH cmyau,HM coxpaHeHHe
BAaCTH .
K nepcneKTHBe nepexoA'l A aJKe paClllHpeHHe ee nOMepJKKH BO BTO-
n BAaCTh, Ii 6
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436
437

nBPaAH:rMbI HcnoAb30BBHIDI TpCiAHl.\HOHHbIX u;eHHOCTeH. CKOpee, MO}f{HO
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KOHOMepHOCTM nOAlITWleCKHX npeA nO \ffeHI1H B YCAOBI1ffi{ OTCyrCTBHR
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plITb 0 TOM, 'ITO MexaHH3MhI 3TOH KOHKypeHl.\1111 6bIAH rrepeHeceHbI H3
ccpepbI Me>KnapnrflHoro correpHWlecTBa, AOCTaTOqHO 1\.erKO KOHTPOAHpye-
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B npHHHne cppaKHOHHOCTb rrOAHTWlecKHX napTI1H - HB1\.eHHe He
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A A n II 'ClAHI.\HOHHO 3aHHMa
B .. ¥-J\ ,H cppaKI.\HH Kapbep BllIl'!e AOMHHHPYIDI1.J;He n03H4HH
cppaHH l1. XaTOJIMa T M HbIX nOAMTHKOB ("TOA3HH xa" - HCXOAHble
, . HKH H H K )
OTHOlI1eHHJI CI1J\ Me}l( A y rt... . OHO. HeCMOTpH Ha H3MeHeHHe CO-
HH '"'1-\ 't'paHJlMH HX
e nOCTOHHHO H , nepe}KHB .J\.HUlb ' CTPYKTypa OKa3dJ\.aCb Ha YAHBAe-
HClIe3HOBeHHe KpynHbIX <ppaKI.\HH H.Xa-
438
TORMa B 1957 r. H E. QHO - H. <!>yHC!Aa B 1981
,h'" f., a TalOKe HeCKOAhKO pac-
}(OAOB OCHQBHbIX 'f-'paKIJ;HH, TeM He MeHee con po BOwJ\
I&'f¥ABUIHXCSI, KaK npa-
BRhO, nOCAeAYIDIqHM pa3BaAOM OTKaAbIBalOIITHXCSI r pynn B
...... . e..\OM CYIl.\e-
CTBIl\CUI cerOAHH c:.PYKTypa paKHH COXpaHSIeT lleTl<He OtfepraHIDI
CBoeH rrepBOHaqaAbHOH reHeaAOfHH (CM. Ta6AHqy 3).
npHMeqaTeAhHO, 'ITO 3a CKJ\.IOlleHHeM H. KOHo, C. A63 H T. KOMoTO
(Bce Tpoe - AHAepbI cppaKHH KapbepHbIX nOJ\.HTHKOB) OTMetfeHHble AeSl-
TeAM HMeAH B03MO:>KHOCTb C<pOpMHpOBaTb CBOH Ka6HHeT MHHHcrPOB I7 . C
APyroH CTOpOHbI, 3a BCID HCTOpHIO AAn J\.Hlllb M3a nOAHTHKa - C YHO B
1989 r. H T. KaH<py B 1989-1991 rr. - craHOBHJ\.HCb rrpeMbep-MHHMCTpaMH,
He 6YA}"-IH 1\.HAepaMH co6CTBeHHbIX paKHH, HCKAIOt{HTe.AhHO B CHAY OCO-
18
60M AMI rrapTHH Cmyal.\HH CKaHAaJ\OB B 3TH rOAbl .
Ta6Aul.(a 3.
feHeaAOrHJI OCHOBH.IX 4»paKqHH "AU
X. Ii1K3A3- 3. CaTo
(1955-1964) ( 1955-1972)
M. Oxpa K. TaHaKa
( 1964-1980) ( 1972-1983)
.0.3. CyA3YK H. TaK3CHTa
( 1980-1982) ( 1983-1989)
1 C. ICaH3Mapy
( 1989-1992)
H.KIIICIil
(1955-1960)
T. (pyKy/Jii
(1960-1971)
C.A6s
(1971-1991)
1
H. KOHo
(1955-1965)
T.MIIIKIII
(1955-1974)
SI. HaKacOHS
( 1965-1969)
M. BaTaHa6s
X. MIIIA:JY1C8 9 )
K. MIItS'IA3aaa K.06yrlll (1991- ) (198 -
(1982- ) (1992- ) _
eAeHLI OCHOB8TeAH HCXOAHblX q>paKIJ,HH,
v C'TH Ta6.AHl\LI BLIA - 1\ J\ n
n pHMe'laHHSI: 1) B BepXHeH '18 ee BpeMJi nOMHMO :nHX 4>paKIJ,HH B J ¥-¥ &
B HHJKHeH - HX COB p eMeHHbJe AMepLl; 2) B H8CTOJiIl\ W .. aCJi B 1991 r. 07 4>paKIJ,HH C. A63 B pe-
( 5 'IA) OTKOAOB un
C}'lQeC1'ByeT AHllIL rpynna M. KaTo ., v X. MHl\YA3yKa H M. KaTO.
CAeAHeH Me1l<AY
3YAhTaTe 6opL6LJ 3a AHAepCTBO B DO
M n KaK H B Il.eJ\.OM B TpaAHIl.H-
,n p aKQMH B ,
OCHOBHOe Ha3HaQeH He 't' _ 3TO 06eCrre4eHHe npOABH>K.e-
 w OM CHCfeMe,
OHHOH HnOHCKOH noJ\HTWlec K TeNI napTHH, aBTOMaTI14eCKH BeAY-
HHSI CBoero .I\.I1A e pa Ha no Cf npeAceA a T p OM nOCKOAhKY pernalOIl\YlQ pOJ\b
Mb e p-MJlHI1C .
ero ero K H36paHHIO npe nyr aToB napAaMeHTa, HMeHHO Aenyra-
rOAOca Ae
B 3TOM np0l.\ecce HrpalO T ,n pa KQI1H. OAHaKO B OTJ\H'lHe OT AO-
6 p8 3y1OT 't' ..
TbI, a He q}\eHbI napTJlJI, 0 6e p eT Ha ce6S1 3aAaQY H BblpallJ,H.Ba-
CHCTeMB
BOeH.Horo MexaHH3Ma, 3Ta _ n p eTeHAeHToB. npaKTH1.J:eCKH 6e3 J\.HAep-
H "oJ\eH HM w
l1S! nOCJ\.eJ\VU')Il\HX noK '"'eT npeTeHAOBaTb Ha 3aHSITHe BbICllleH
MJ' He MOfl'
CTBa BO <ppaKl.\HH nO)\}fTJI: fie c03AaeTCSI Ha nyCTOM MeCTe. npaBHAa Hrpbl
A01\JKHOCTH, HO Ii cppaKn H
439
T. KOMOTO
(1974- )

a """ e I\OBaHi-fe l\HAepCTBd rrpH 06S13aTeAbHOM nOK pOB
AorrycKalOT HAM H ""'" t-'o Ii-
f ''' aBbI rl.. p aKfTlUI HAH ee pac KOA, B03MOJKHbIH A HUl
TeJ\bCTBe npeJKHerO J>  ..... b B
tfpe3BbIqaHHbIX 06CTOSITeJ\bCTBdX, HarrpHMep, B CAyqae CMepTH r.J\a.BbI
<PPdKqIUf H OTCyrCTBHSI ero OqeBHAHoro npeeMHHKa.
YJKe 3TO c03AaeT 3aHHTepeCOBdHHOCTb AerryraToB B npRHa,LV\.e>KHOCTIf
K <ppaKL\HH H nO./\HTH4ecKOMY pocry 4epe3 nOBbIIlleHHe CBoero CTaTyca
BHyTPH <ppaKL\HH. ECTb H PM APyrux MexaHH3MOB, YKperuunoll\Hx cppaK-
L\HOHH}'IO ./\ORAbHOCTb. no cym,ecTByK>lL\HM HerrHcaHbIM rrpaBHJ\.aM npeTeH-
3RH Ha rrOCT rrpeMbep-MHHHCTpa Ao.I\JKHbI 6bITb rrOAKpeI1J\eHbI, nOM HMO
rrOMepJKKH <ppaKL\HH, HTOraMH nO./\HTHqeCKOM KapbepbI: npeTeHAeHT AOA-
>KeH 6bITb HeoAHOKpaTHO (He MeHee 8 pd3) H36paH AerryraToM rra pAa MeHTa ,
npOMTH 4epe3 PSIA KAIOtleBbIX MHHHCTepCKHX nOCTOB H AOlUKHOCTeH B nap-
THHHOH HepapXHH. Bce 3TH AO.I\JKHOCTH pacrrpeAeAHlOTCSI no corAaCOBd-
HHIO ./\HAepOB <ppaKL\HH rrponopL\HOHaAbHO RX BAHSlHHIO. Ee3 npHHa.N\.e>K-
HOCTH K <ppaKL\HOHHbIM HHCTHTyrdM HH OAHH rrOAHTHK He MOJKeT paCCtlH-
TbIBaTb Ha CBOH KapbepHbIH pOCT.
He MeHee Ba>KHbIM cpaKTopoM SlBMleTCSI cOAeMcTBHe cppaKII.RH H36pa-
HHIO AerryraToB Ha BbI60pdX. npH SlIIOHCKOM CHCTeMe MHoroMaHAaTHbIX
H36HpaTeJ\.hHbIX oKpyroB, OT KOTOpbIX 3atlacrylO H36HpaeTcSI 3-4 AerryraTa,
nOtlTH B Ka>KAoM H3 HHX BbIABHraeTCSI 2-3 KdHAHAaTa OT l\An 19 , T.e. KOH-
KypHL\lliI 3a ro./\oca H36HpaTeJ\eM HAeT He TOAbKO Me>K.AY MIl H onrr03H-
L\HeH, HO H Me>KAY caMHMH KOHcepBaTHBHbIMH AerryraTaMH. B 3TOH CHCTe-
Me Me>K<ppaKqHOHHbIe corJ\a.COBaHHSI 06eCnetlHBalOT HaH60./\ee paL\HO-
HaAbHOe  pacnpeAeJ\eHHe KaHAHAaTOB Me>KAY oKpyraMH, YCTpaHeHHe
cwryaL\HH, KorAa Ha 0AHO rapaHTHpOBaHHoe AMll\Afl MecTO npeTeHAOBaAO
6bI ABa AOCTaTOtlHO KpynHbIX IIOAHTHKa.
El.L\e 60Aee Ba>KHoe 3 Ha n rl..
 ,eHHe HMeeT 't'HHaHCHpOBaHHe H36HpaTeAb-
HOH KaMrraHHH. PaCXO A bI Ha
2 Hee B HdcToSlw.ee BpeMSI COCTaBMIIOT OKO./\O
00 MHl\AHOHOB HeH 1\1\0 M
t-V LJ & Ol\OAbIX AenyraToB H OK01\.O 150 MHAAHOHOB -
AMI AOCTaTOqHO H3BeCTHbIX A e  20
HTeJ\eH . OCHOBHbie <pHHaHCOBbIe cpeACTBa
napTHH aKKYMY./\HPYIOTCH H
1136 6e paCnpeAeJ\.H:IOTCSI <ppaKL\HSlMH H IllaHcbI 6bITb
paHHblM 3 nOMe p >KK '
H Bl\HsrreAbHOH <ppaKL\HH OCTalOTCSI MHHHMaAb-
HbIMH  HatlHHalOl.L\ero nOAHTHKa.
<1>paKL\HH 06pa3YIOT 3<prl.. . - w
HH3a TT HH B3 _ 't'eKTHBHbIH HHCTpYMeHT nOAHTHtfeCKOH opra-
..... , aHMOBbirOAHbIH H
aTpH6yraM _ caMo CTO AMI me AHAepoB, H AMI q}\eHOB. no CBOU M
srreJ\bHOMy 'IAe -
HOB, He3aBHCHMOMV P HCTBY, HaAHtfHIO PYKOBOASlI.U;HX opra
.'J aCnOpH)KeHHIO rh w 1'0-
paAbHbIX KaMnaHH H - P 't'HHaHcaMH, opraHH3aIJ..HeH 31\.eK
, OJ\H B n p onec if
..... ce npHIDITHSI nOAHTH4eCKHX peIlIeHU
440
_ oflM npaKTHqeCKH cooTBeTcTBYIOT onpeAeAeHHIO napTHH. npH 3TOM
napAaMeHTcKoe npeACTaBHTeAbCTBO BeAyw.Hx cppaKI..\HH npeBOCXOAHT qHC-
AeflflOCTb AerryraTB OT 60AbIIIHHcTBa OTAeAbHO B3S1TbIX onrr03HII.HOHHbIX
napTM", d KPyrrHeHIllaSi cppaKI..\HSI B nocAeAHHe rOAbI MorAa COrrepHHtfaTb H
C BeAyrr\eH napTHeH onn03HII.HH.
BcSI MHpoBaSi SlnOHOBeAqeCKaSi AHTeparypa B 3TOH CBSl3H 0AH03HaqHO
paccMaTPHBaeT l\An KaK KDaA.HI..\HIO, KOHcpeAepal..\HIO HAH KapTeAh CPpaK-
L\HH, Ae cpaKTo BbInOAHSI:lOII.I;HX pOAb napTHH. K. OKaHO, HanpHMep, OTMe-
qaeT, qTO B 1955 r. npOH30IllAO "06'beAHHeHHe", HO He "CAHJIHHe" KOHcep-
BaTopOB 21 . npH TOM, qTO B Ka>KAbIM KOHKpeTHblH nepHoA BHyrpH /\An cy-
II1,eCTBYIOT Me>KcppaKII.HOHHbIe KOaAHL\HH, H3BeCTHbIe KaK "OCHOBHoe" H
"aHTHOCHOBHoe" TeqeHHH, CMeHa Ka6HHeTa MHHHCTpOB 03HaqaeT, no CBoeH
cyrH, peopraHH3al..\HIO npaBSlII.I;eM KOaAHl\HH. B 3TOM CMblCAe npH HeH3MeH-
HOCTH npaBAeHHSI ./\An B .RrroHHH nepHoA 1955-1993 rr. MO>KHO paccMaT-
pHBaTb KaK cMeny KOaAHII.HOHHbIX Ka6HHeTOB nOA AHAepcTBoM pa3AHtlHbIX
napTHH H B pa3AHqHOM COCTaBe yq-acTHHKoB. B AaHHOM CAyqae Ha6AJOAa-
EOTCSI AOCTaTOqHO >KeCTKHe 3aKoHoMepHocTH. TaK, nepHoA 1957-1977 rr.
oTpillKaeT II.HKA CMeHbI PYKOBOA,HlL\HX <ppaKL\HH no L\enOtlKe KHCH-HK3Aa-
CaTo-MHKH co cpeAHHM CpOKOM npe6bIBaHHSI y BAaCTH OKOAO Tpex J\eT.
AHlllb CMeHa OAHOM 3a APyroH C1A,MHHHCTpaL\HH 3. CaTo H K. TaHaKH, npH-
HClN\eJKaBIIlHX K OAHOH <ppaKL\HH H B cOBoKynHocTH npOAepJKaBIIlHXCfl Y
BJ\a.CTH OKOAO 10 ./\eT, HeCKOAbKO HapyrnaeT CTpOHHOCTb 3Toro PSlAa. BTO-
pOH aHaAOrHtlHbIH L\HKA BbIAeMleTCSI B 1977-1991 fr. C A06aBAeHHeM K HeMY
<ppaKL\HH .R. HaKaCOH3 (HcxoAHilli <!JpaKL\HJI KOHO). 3i\ecb BHAHO aHaAOrHtI-
Hoe qepeAoBaHHe cppaKL\HM <I>yr<yAa (KlicH), OXHpa-CYA3YKH (I1K3Aa), Ha-
KacoH3 (KOHO), TaK3CHTa (CaTo) H Ka6HHeTa T. KaHcpy, npeACTaBJUlBIIlerO
cppaKL\HIO KOMOTO (MHKH). NHTeAbHOCTb cymecTBoBaHHSI Ka6HHeToB,
B03rAaBJUleMbIX OAHOH H TOH JKe <ppaK4HeH, TaKJKe TSirOTeeT K BbIAeJ\.eH-
HOMY CPOKY B 3 rOAa. OrKAOHeHHH BHAHbI 3AeCb B nepl10A npaBJ\eHHfl
T. <1>YKyAa (2 rOAa) H fl. HaKacoH3 (5 J\eT). C 1991 r. - 06pa30BaHHSI Ka-
6HHeTa K MHSl,A3aBa (HCxoAHaH <pp aK 4 HSI HK3Aa) - HaqaJ\CSI TpeTHH
I.\HK.A, npepBaHHblH rropa>KeHHeM ./\An Ha Bbl60pax 1993 r.. npHMetlaTeAb-
Ho rrpH 3TOM, tfTO HeocrropHMbIM npeeMHHKOM KaAcpy B 1990-1991 rr. pac-
CMaTpHBaJ\CSI C. A63 (cppaK4HH KHCH), H .l\.HllIb cMepTb B 1991 f. He n03BO-
AJ1Aa eMY 3aHSlTb 3TOT nOCT. B TeqeHHe 1991-1993 rr. eCTeCTBeHHbIM npe-
e\1H11KOM MHSl,A3aBa CI.IHTaJ\CJI M. BaTaHa63 (cpp aK 4 H SI KOHO). TaKHM
06pa30M, BHyrpH L\HKAa coxpaHAACH He TOKO YCToAI.IHBbIl1 rrp HH 4Hn
rrepeXOAa B./\aCTH OT OAHOH cppaKLtHH K APyroH, HO H caM nOPJIAOK 3Toro
441

442
B HOBOH CHCTeMe nOSlBHAaCb H HOBaSi J\.OrHKa nOBeAeHHJI KpyrrHeHmeH
<ppaJUJ;HH. Ee .l\HAep PeAK o Bcrynaer B HenocpeACTBeHHYJO 6oph6y 3a BblC-
roue noCTbI. 3a nOCAeAHee AecSITHJ\.eTHe '3Ty cppaKHIO npeACTaBMlJ\. AHIIlb
I<a6HHeT H. TaK'3cwra, npocymeCTBOBaBIlIHH Bcero ABa roNJ., - CpOK MH-
3epHblH no cpaBHeHHIO C AecSITHAeTHHM nepHoAoM npaBJ\.eHIDI 3TOH JKe,
TorAa 3HaQHTeJ\..bHO 60J\.OO CJ\.a60H cppaKl\HH, B 1964-1974 IT. B TeqeHHe
1989-1991 ff. KpynHeHIllHe CPHrypbI cppaKl\HH TaK3cHTa (11. OA3aBa, K.
06yrH, U. XaTa, P. XacHMoTo) HeH3MeHHO OTKa3b1BaMfCb BbIABHfaTb CBOH
KaHAHAarypbI, HecMoTpSl Ha HaCTOHqHBble Tpe60BaHIDI napTHHHoH 3AHThI.
B OCHOBHOM cppaKI.\WI nepexoAHT K pOAH 3aKYAHCHOrO 6aJ\.aHCHpa, npax-
THQeCKH HeH3M:eHHO (3a HCKJ\.IOqeHHeM nepHoAa Ka6HHeTa H. TaK3cHTa)
KOHTpOAHpyIDl1.\ero MeHee 3aMeTHbIH, HO '1pe3BbIqaHHO BaJKHbIH IIOCT re-
HepaAbHOfO ceKperapSi ./\An (H. TaK3CHTa, 11. OA3dBa, T. BaTaHYKH, C.
23
KaA3HJlMa) .
B pe3YJ\bTaTe Ha MOHonOJ\bH)'lO CTPYKTYPY nOJ\.HTWlecKoH BJ\.aCTH B
.HrroHHH HaAO:>KH.J\aCb AonOAHHTeAhHM KBa3H-MoHonOAIDI q>paHH TaK3-
cwra B .l\Afl. Cepa BbIpa60TKU nOJ\.HTWlecKHX pemeHHH CTaM em e 60J\.ee
oTAaAeHHOH OT BOAeH31>SlBAeHIDI H36HpaTeJ\.eH KaK BBHAY AOAI'OBpMeHHo-
1'0 oTcyrCTBWI aAbTepHaTHBbI ./\An, TaK H no npHqHHe 3dKYAHCHOrO BAHJI-
HHJI ee BeAYll.\eH cppaKHH.
nepHOA AOMHHHpOBaHIDI q>paHH TaK3CHTa B ./\Afl 3dKOHqHACJI B
KOHe 1992 r. C ee pacKoJ\.oM nOCAe apecTa AHAepa q>paHH C. KaH3Map.
OKOAO 40 CTOpOHHHKOB rpynnHpoBKH 11. OA3dBa (6b1BIIlHH reHepaAbHblH
ceKpeTapb.l\Afl) - Lt. XaTa (MHHHCTP q>HHaHcoB) BbllIlAH H3 q>paKHH Ta-
K3cwra, He COrJ\.dCHBIlIHCb C H36paHHeM ee AHAepOM K. 06yrH. CpeAH CTO-
pOHHHKOB 0A3aBa-XaTa oKa3aA.HCb ABa 83 nJITH MHHHCTpOB (q>HHaHCOB H
BHelIIHeH TOprOBAH H npOMbllIIJ\eHHOCTH) OT 4>paHH TaK3CHTa, 'IeTbIpe
113 nSITH 3aMecTHTeJ\eH MHHHCTpa. nOTepJIB rpynIIHpOBKY OA3dBa- XaTa;
<ppaKl.\HH TaK3cHTa IIepeCTaAd BbIAeNlTCSI cpeAH OCHOBHblX 4>paKHH
/\An.
HTor oCAa6AeHIDI BAIDIHIDI 4>paKHH TaHaKa- TaK'3cHTa HarAJIAHo
BliAeH no HToraM Bbl60pOB B naAary npeAcraBHTeJ\eH 1993 r. B HaCTOHll\ee
BpeMfi KpynHeHlIleH 4>paKl\HeH f\Ml craM 4>paKIDI X. MHLWA3yKH (73
AenyraTa) I 3a HeH cAeN/IOT cppaKl\HH K. MIDIA3aBa (68), M. BaTaHa63 (66),
K. 06yrH (6bIBlIlaSi TaK3C, HTa 62), T. KOMOTO (27), rpYilIIa M. KaTO (15).
16 AenyraToB ocralOTCfI BHe cppaKl\HH 24 .
<1>paKl\HoHHCUI AeJITeAbHOCTb nopoAHM nOCTOHHHO paC'rYIl\He IIoTpe6-
HOCTI1 B YBeAWIeHHH cpHHaHcoBbIX cpeACTB, HaxoASlII.J.HXCJI B paCIIOpJIJKe-
tJepeAOBaHHH - KHcH-J.1K3Aa-KoHo-CaTo-MHKH - BbIrAJIAeJ\ AOCTaTOq
v Ho
YCTOHtJHBblM HecMoTpH Ha O>KecTotJeHHYJO BHyrpHrrapTHHHyIO 60 p b6
y.
Ha rrpOT>KeHHH 1955-1983 ff. OCHOBY BHyTpHrrapTHHHoH KOHKypeH_
U;HH <PpaK4HH onpeAeAAAO TO, 1.JT0 BH}'TpH ./\An HeB03MOJKHO 6bIJ\.0
BbIAe-
AHTb OAHY JlBHO AOMHHHPYJOll\YID CPpaK4HJO. XOTJI rl-. p aKJTHJI :3 C
  . aTO Tpa-
AHU;HOHHO JlBNleTCSI KpyrrHeHllleH, pa3pblB Me>KA Y ee AOAeH C p e AH
1\ 1\ n v v Aenyra-
TOB OT .I 'f-'o H AOAeH cAeAYIOll\eH cppaKL\HH He npeBocxOAHA 5-6
rrpOl.\elITHbIX rryHKTOB. B 3THX YCAOBHJIX J\Hlllb KOdJ\HJT H n He
rt- v 6  II MeHee Tpex
't'paKIJ;HH blAa cnoc06Ha npHBecTH K BAaCTH HOBoro n peMbep
-MHHHcTpa
a AOfHKa KoaA.H4110HHbIX KOMnpoMHccOB Tpe60BaAa rrepHOAlftlec 
CMeHbl v <Pp aK 4HH, KOlITpOAHpOBaBlllHX BblCllIHH rrapTHHHbIH H roc KOH
BeHHblH nOCT. YAapcT-
3Ta CH'rya4HH HatJaAa. MeHSITbCH B nepHoA HCKAJQqwr
fO AMI orrblTa /\An notJTH BO eAbHO MHTeJ\.hHO-
K 1967 CbMl1.I\eTHero rrpaBl\eHI1JI 3. CaTo (1964-1972 )
f. eMY YAaJ\.OCb 06"beAHHHTb B CBOJO rl-. .
AenyraToB _ 2501 't'paKl\HIO peKoPAHoe tlHCAO
10 AenyraTcKoro KoprrYCa./\An E
K 1983 r. AOBeA 3ry AOAJO AO 30% . fO rrpeeMHHK K. TaHaKa
KOAa. B 1992 f. rt- p aKTr H CJ T O T ' H B TeqeHHe AeCSITHAeTIDI BIlAOTb AO pac-
't' LAo II aHaKa- aK3CHTa C x
TpeTbJO KOHcepBaTHBHOfO 0 paHa KOHTpOAb rrOtlTH HaA
1983 r. K. TaHaKa rr p eK AerryraTcKofO Koprryca . B CBJl3H C TeM, 'ITO B
pall\aeT nOAHTHtJecKVJO
KHMH 6eHerhHTTHa paM v"'J AeSITeAbHOCTb, cpaKTWIec-
't' ..... H c03AaHHoH H
3aTeM C. KaH3Mapy. M CHCTeMbl CTaAH H. TaK3CHTa, a
POCT <PpaK4HH TaHaKa- TaK3CHTa
BHyTpHnapTHHHbIH CYll\eCTBeHHbiM 06pa30M H3MeHJIA
pacK.A Cl1.I\. COT v
<ppaKU;HH aBToMaTHtJec KH 6 PYAHHtJeCTBO C HeH Aa>Ke OAHOH
6 0 ecnetJHBdAO 6
paHHH npe3HAeHTa /\An n OAblllHHCfBO rOAOCOB rrpH H3-
Ta TeOpeTHtJeCKH MorA O 6 . pOTHBOCTOSITb BAHHHHJO paKl\HH H. TaK3cH-
1\ 1\ bI J\Hlllb o6be
.I 'f-'on B HOBYIO KOaJ\.HTr H 0 AHHeHHe Bcex BeAHx cppaKl\HH
LAo 10. MaKO aM6
AaCHH BHyrpH nOTe H IT H v H4HH AHAepoB paKl\H" H pa3Hor-
LAo aAbHOH KOaJ\.
Hee. H4HH HeH3MeHHO OKa3bIBdJ\.HCb CHAb-
AHAep BeAYll\eH cppaK HH
napTHH. BnepBble 3TOT <pe Ae <paKTo CTaHOBIITCfI BeplllHTeJ\eM CYAe6
HHH 51. HaKacoH3 OMeH npOHBHACH B KOHLl.e 1982 r. npH H36pa-
HaKa. Ha rr p OTmv npeAceAaTeJ\eM /\An npH aKTHBHoH nOMep>KKe K Ta-
lJ.n\.eHH H 1982-1993 .
6HHeTbi onH p aJ\.H rr. Bce Cyru,cTBoBaBlllHe B .RnoHHH Ka-
Cb Ha BAHHHHe rt- T
OT nOMe p >KKH K 6 't'paKLl.HH aK3CHTa. OTKa3 C. KaH3Ma py
a HHeTa T K v rt-
nocAeAHero He . aH't'Y oceHblO 1991 r. onpeAeJU.1A ndAeHHe
, CMOTpH H 
rryAApHOCTH. a BblCOKHH ypoBeHb ero o6lL1.eHaLl.I10HaAhHOH no-
443

neJ\.oM HO H .J\HAepOB cppaKl\HH. K HaqaA y 80
HHH He TO.J\hKO napTHH B ..... ' -)(
M e p >KaHHSI H paCIlIHpeHIUlcppaKLtHH K. TaHaKa e
rr TOAbKO Ha [\eAH no e-
. t 2 - 1 3 MRMHapAa HeH. 3TH pacxoAbI BKAIoq
roAHo paCXOAOBaA, ' alO'I'
6H CY K .::nlrAOMV qAeHY cppaKIJ;HH ( 10 MAH.), BbIlIAaTbI Ha rz
e>KerOAHhIe noco Tl .¥""I "'J ct3-
6HpaTeAbflYIO KaMnaHHIO MO.J\OAhIX qAeHOB cppaKIJ; (20-30 M.J\H.). nOAap_
KH AenyraTaM, n06eAHBIIIHM Ha BbI60pax (1-5 MAH.) . Ha BbI60pax Ji86 r.
Ka>f<AB.j{ cppaK[\HSI BbIllAat{HBdAd CBOHM KaHAHAaTaM 10-20 MAR. HeH .
3Hat{HTeJ\.hHhIe CyMMbI Tpe6yJOTCSI npH BbI60pax npeAceAaTeJUI AAn.
nOMHMO cTaHAapTHhIx pacxoAoB, CBSI3aHHbIX C H36HpaTeAbHOH KaMna-
life", cppaKqHH CTpeWlTcSI yseAHt{HTb qHC.J\O CBOHX CTOpOHHHKOB CpeAH
PHAOBhIX q)\eHOB napTHH, rOJ\ocyIOLU;mc Ha BbI60pax rrpeAceAaTeJUI napTHH.
KaK rrpaBHAO, HMeHHO cppaKLtHH BblIIAa'lHBalOT napTHHHble 'V\.eHcKHe
B3HOCbl 3a 3THX caMbIX CTOpOHHHKOB. a pa3Mepax 3aTpa'lHBaeMbIX cyMM
MO>KHO CYAHTb no AaHHbIM 0 BbI60pax npeAceAaTe.MI /\An B 1987 f., KOfAd
TPH cppaKIJ;HH, BhIABHraBIIIHe CBOmc KaHAHAaTOB (TaK3CHTa, A63 Ii MHIA-
27
3aBa) H3paCXOAOBaAH no 2-3 MAPA. HeH KaJKAilli .
Ha npOTSI>KeHHH 70-80-x rr. oAH03Ha'iHO rrpOSlB.MIeTCSI TeHAeHLtHJI K
pocry cpHHaHcoBbIX cpeAcTB KaK napTHH B LteAOM, TaK Ii OTAeJ\.hHbIX cppaK-
LtHH. ECAH B 1976 r. 1\Afl aKK}'MYJ\HpOBaAa. 'Iepe3 pa3AHqHble nOAHTH'lec-
KHe cpOHAbI 60J\ee 100 MAPA. HeH, TO B 1988 f. - CBbIIlle 300 MAPA. CpeA-
IDle TeMnbr pocTa napTHHHhIX cpeAcTB COCTaBMIAH 60.J\ee 10% B rOA'lJ3. Ha-
PHAY C 3THM B 80-e rr. 6bICTpbIMH TeMrraMH B03paCTaeT AOl\Jl <pHHaHcoBbIX
cpeACTB, Ha6HpaeMbIX HenocpeAcTBeHHo cppaKl\HSlMH Ii OTAeJ\.hHbIMH no-
l\HTHKaMH. ECAH 3a nepHoA t 976-1988 rr. cpOHAbI Bcex rrOAMTHqeCKHX nap-
THH YBe.J\Ht{HAHCb B 2 pa3a, C 43 MAPA. HeH AO 84 MAPA., TO <POllA bI cppaKl.\HH
H OTAeAbHhIX nOJ\HTHKOB B03pOCAH B 4 pa3a, C 25 MAPA. AO 88 MAPA, cpOHAbI
IDITH BeHX cppaKIJ;HH l\Afl - B 3 pa3a, - C 2,5 MAPA. AO 6 MAPA?9 0
MacIllTa6ax cpeAcTB, npHTeKalOHx K OTAeAbHbIM nOAMTHKaM, n03BO.NIIO T
CYAHTb AaHHbIe Ta6J\HLtbI 4.
HenpecTaHHaSI norOHSI ./\An, cppaKL\HH, nOJ\HTH'IeCKHX AHAepOB 3d Ae-
HeJKHbIMH nocTVTT AeHH c
. J ,. HMH nopOAH.J\a 6ecKOHeqHble CKallA aAbI B CBfl3H
He3aKOHHbIM nOJ\vueHH 3-
J ' eM cpeACTB OT KopnopaLtHH, npHqeM qaCTOTa BO
HHKHOBeHHSI 3THX CKaJ.1 A 6 P o
''+-'I aAOB , BbI3bIBalOll\HX OTCTaBKY Ka6HHeTOB, MCT
HapaCTaeT. ECAH Mew A " C UBB
" ,,'+\y nepBbIM nOCAeBoeHHbIM CKaHAaJ\OM (AeJ\.O e
A3HKO). npHBeAWHM K n B
t 9 47 ClA,eHHIO KOaAHLtHoHHoro Ka6HHeTa X. AcMB
f., If CAeAYIOHM ( " A A " 6 fleT
K T e.J\O OKXHA), oTnpaBHBIlIHM B OTcTaBKY Ka Ii
. aHaKa B 1974 r n p o 2 7 1\01<-
., IllAo .J\eT, TO npOMeJKyroK Me>KAY "AeJ\.OM I
444
Cl>HHaRcoBwe CpeACTBa,
co6paH Hbie oTAeAbHltlMH nOAHTHKaMH AAI1 B 1987 f., MAlI. HeR
Ta6Auqa 4.
= <I>paKR CyMMa CJ)aMIlKl <J>paSI
a>aMIlSI CyMMa
=- M.KeTO _ A6a 430 PJCaOIltto4OTO T 8ICtCMTa 220
. . -
c- A6s 370 E.KoHo M1.!lI,A3aaa
10.4oP 220
K.dJ)'.D;3"HIJ.... HuacoHS " .820 , )(...,..  150
- T.KaYi4>Y KOMOTO 300 K.KaTO
Mfl,D,3aBa 150
,c.06yn,i T8dCHTe 230 U.)(ara T8keCKT8 100
.
]1cmoIlHUK: M. I1cuKUBa, M. XUpOC3. A3UMUlUllO: TeKU CUXaii-HO KOg30
(Mn: CUCmeMa gOArOBpeMeHOrO rocnogCmBa). TOKUO, 1989, c. 193.
XHA" H C.J\eAYIDII.J;HM CKaHAaAOM (AeAO KOMnaHHH "PHKypyrO"), 3aKOHtlHB-
llIMMCSI OTCTaBKOH Ka6HHeTa H. TaK3CIITa B 1989 f., MHHOBaAO 15 .J\eT.
MeJl<AY AeAOM "PHKYPyro" H AeAOM KOMnaHHH "CaraBa KI06HH", AHllIb KOC-
BeHHO rrOBAHHBIlIHM Ha CYAb6y Ka6HHeTa K. MIDIA3aBa, HO nOCCiAHBIlIHM B
TlOpbMY BCeCHJ\hHOrO 60cca cppaKIJ;HH TaK3CHTa, 3aMeCTHTeMI npeAceAa-
TeJUI ./\An c. KaH3Mapy, HCTeKAO TOAbKO 2 fOAa. npH 3TOM HatlaAO 9Q-x rr.
3anOAHeHO pa306AaqeHIDIMH 60.J\ee MeJ\KOrO "KaJ\.H6pa".
"AeAO AOKXHA" H cKaHAaAbI 9O-x IT. pa3AeAHIOT He TOAbKO 15 AeT, HO
H MacIlITa6bI }"IacTIDI KOHcepBaTHBHbIX nO.J\.HTHKOB. B "AeJ\.e AOKXHA" <PH-
rypHpOBaAa l\.HllIb 0AHa 3Be3Aa nepBoH BeJ\.H'IHHbI - CaM K. TaHaKa. B
npHtIaCTHOCTH K AeAY "PHKypyro" 06BHHSlAHCb, XOTSI H He npeACTaAH:
nepeA CYAOM, AHAepbI nO'ITH Bcex KpynHeHIlIHX cppaKLtHH - H. TaK3CHTa,
51. HaKaCOH3, M. BaTaHa63, C. A63, K. MHSlA3aBa. nepeJKHB nepBbIH 1lI0K
"Ae.J\a AOKXHA" , /\An AOBO.J\bHO 6bICTpO CMor.J\a CcpOpMHpOBaTb HOBhIH Ka-
6lfHeT H3 BeAyrn,HX nOJ\HTHKOB, HHKOHM 06pa30M He rrpH'IaCTHbIX K CKaH-
AMy. B 1989 f. Tpe60BaHHe CcpOpMHpoBaTb "tlHCTbIH Ka6HHeT" T. KaH<py
npHBeJ\.O K HCK.J\IOtleHHIO H3 Hero Bcex BbICIIIHX AHAepOB napTHH. POJK.Ae-
HHe JKe "OTBeTCTBeHHoro Ka6HHeTa" K. MHHA3aBa B t 991 r. 03HaqaJ\.0 B03-
Bpal4eHHe B npaBlITeAbCTBO .J\H, rrpH'laCTHbIx K AeAaM "PHKYPyro" H "AOK-
xHA".
B KOHII,e KOHOB, HMeHHO MacIlITa6hI nOA.HTHqeCKOH KoppynIHi npH-
BeA.H K nCiAeHHIO Ka6HHeTa K. MflSIA3aBa H nOTepe ./\An 38-AeTHeH: MOHO-
nOJ\HH Ha B.J\aCTb, XOTfl HerrocpeACTBeHHOH rrpHtlHHOH ero OTCTaBKH CTaAO
nOPCUKeHHe Ha BHeOt{epeAHhIX napMMeHTCKHX BhI60pax, Ha3HaqeHHblx
nOCl\e BbIHeceHHSI rrap.J\aMeHTOM BOryMa Heft,OBepHfI Ka6HHery H3-3a He-
cnOC06HOCTH IIpOBeCTH nOAHTHtleCKYIO pecpopMY' Ycnex BOT}'Ma HOBe-
PHH 06ecnetlHAa cppaKl..\Hfl L.(. XaTa, nporO.J\OCOBaBllIafl BMecTe C OIIII03H-
445

 caMO nOHBAeHHe np06AeMhI nOAHTH1.IeCKOH P en,.
I.J;HeH. TeM He MeHee, 't'op-
rl-. pa K"HH TaK3CHTa, TeCHO CBSl3aHbI C nOAHTHq ec ..
MbI, KaK H paCKOA  ..... 1<01i
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1..{" "u""H'IeCKOH: P eQJopMbI B03HHKAd B 1989-1990 rr. KaK pealCn
r lj-\eH nOJU'll ,," --..lisr
" PHKypyro " H HMeJ\.a I.J;eAblO CJKaTHe pa3Maxa nOAHTHq ec }, ..
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KoppynI.J;HH.,AMI SInOHCKoro H36HpaTeMI wnOAHTH'iecKaH pe<f>0pMa" - 3To
B nepB)'IO OtlepeAb 60pb6a C KoppynU;H: B oAe .npeJ\hCKOrO 1993 r.)
on p oca 06w.ecTBeHHoro MHeHHH ra3eTOH MaHHUTH Ha Bonpoc 4To B
 _ Ll
ctJHTaeTe HaH60Aee Heo6xoAHMbIM B 06cyJKAaeMoH celftlac nOJ\HTHqecKOH
"
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- "
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ryAHpOBdHHe AeSITeAbHOCTH nOAHTHtJecKHX cpOHAOB", H AHUlb 19o"b - pe-
QJopMY H36HpaTeAbHOH: CHCTeMW, Ha KOTOpOH dKII;eHTHpY1OT OCHOBHoe
30
BHHMdHHe nOAJITHqeCKHe ndpTHH . B 06ll\ecTBeHHoM MHeHHH Hecnoco6-
HOCTb IIpoBeCTH nOAHTHtJeCK)'IO pecpopMY 03Ha1.laeT Hecnoco6HoCTb HCKO-
peHHTb KoppynI.J;HIO.
nOpaJKeHHe ./\An Ha Bw60pdX B HIOAe 1993 r. CTaJ\O KpHTH1.IeCKHM
cpaKTopoM, HapYIIIHBIIIHM npaBHAa IIOAHTHtJecKoH HrpbI, CAOJKHBllIHecSI 3d
38 AeT IIpe6bIBaHHSI ./\An Y BAaCTH. Ho KpH3HC SlnoHcKoH nOJ\HTH'iecKOH
CHCTeMbI BO MHO rOM npeYBeAMtJeHHO ApaMaTH3HpOBaH. nOAyqHB 223
(llAlOC 10 npHcOeAHHHBlIIHXCSI He3aBHCHMbIX AenyraToB) H3 512 MeCT B na-
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tJeCKilli CHAa HnOHCKoro 06ll\eCTBa. EOAee TOro, B xOAe BbI60pOB OHa AaJKe
He TOAbKO He IIOTepHAa AenyraTcKHX MeCT IIO cpaBHeHHIO c MOMelITOM
pocnycKa HHJKHeM nMaTbl, HO AIDKe npH06peJ\.a 0AHO AOnOAHHTeAbHoe.
Bce ee norepH - 3TO nOTepH AerryraToB, BbIIlleA IIIHX H3 napTHH H 06pa.-
30BaBIIIHX napTHIO B03pOJKAeHHH (rpynnHpoBKa XaTa - OA3aBa) H nap-
THIO HHHI.J;Ha:HBbl. BnpOqeM, He B nepBbIH pa3 !\An TepHeT H 6oJ\.bWHHCT-
BO B HH}KHeH IIaAaTe. nOA06HbIM HHU;H.AeHT npoH30IlleJ\. H B 1983 r. noCAe
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1983-1986 rr. 6bIJ\H 06 p a3 Y -
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, lllepcTHaSI H npaKTHtJeCKH Hepa60ToCnOCo Jl
446
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TeAb HOH .
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BecTH pM pe4>opM B napTHH, n03BOJ\HBIIIJ:l x ./\An BOCCTaHOBUTb CBoe AHU;O
6e3 yrpaTbI TPilAHl\HOHHOro MexaHH3Ma CPYHKU;HOHHpOBaHHSI napTHH 32 , TO
B 1991 r. aHaAOrHqHble YCHAIDI T. KaH<PY 6LIAH npOBaAeHbI 6oAbIIIHHCTBOM
KOHcepBaTHBHoH 3AHThI .I\Afl, Ii cMeHHBilleMY ero K. MIDIA3aBa He YAa-
.hOCb C03AaTb HOBbIH HMHNK napTHH. B HTore, J\HIllb HatJaB HOBbIH [tHKA
CMeHbI Y BAaCTH AHAepOB OCHOBHblX cppaKU;HH, ./\An 6bIJ\a BbIHYJKAeHa
BHOBb OTKa3aTbCSI OT cppaKu;HoHHOro MexaHH3Ma rocn, 0ACTBa H36paB Ha
nOCT rrpeACeA aTeJUI napTHH He AHAepa cppaKqHH, a "qHCTOrO" nOAHTHKa,
OCHOBaTe.MI HAK E. KOHO. npH 3TOM, He 6YA}"IH rrpeMbep-MHHHCTpOM,
E. KOHO He HMeeT CTOAb IllHpOKHX B03MO>KHOCTeH no H3MeHeHHIO 06AHKa
/\An, KaKHMH 06J\aAaAH ero npeAIIIecTBeHHHKH B aHdI\.OrHtlHblX cmyaU;IDIx
- T. MHKH H T. KaHCPY.
KpH3HC .I\Afl, onpeAeMllOll\HHCSI rroTepeH elO BAaCTH H HapynIeHHeM
cTa6HAbHbiX rrpaBHA BH}'TpHnapTHHHoM AeSITeAbHOCTH, CTaBHT ee nepeA
3aAaqeM KapAHHaAbHOH BHYTpeHHeH pe<f>OPMbI. B IIapTHHHoH JJ\HTe Ha no-
A06HYIO pecpoPMY opHeHTHpoBaHo B nepB}'IO otJepeAb MOJ\OAoe nOKOJ\eHHe
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pOBKH, CTaBHBIllHe TaKHe U;eAM: "AMra napAaMeHTapHeB 3a YCKopeHHe no-
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H "06Il\ecTBo HOBoro rroKoAeHHSI" BO rAaBe C <1>. KaKyra (11 tU\.eHOB) 33.
n p06AeMa .I\Afl, OAHaKO, 3aKAlOtlaeTCSI B TOM, 'frO C BblXOAOM H3 Hee J\HU;,
06pa30BaBIllHX napTHH B03pOJKAeHHSI H HHHI.J;HaTHBbI, pe<PopMaTopbI He
HMelOT 60AbIIIHHCTBa B AenyraTcKOM Kopnyce AH6epaA-AeMOKpaTOB. ECJ\H
pecpopMa napTHH He YAa, CTCSI eH rp03HT ellt e 0AHH paCKOJ\ - BblXOA pe-
cpopMaTopCKOH rpynnHpoBKH T. KaHQJY. B 3TOM CAae  KaK BeAaSl
nOAHTHtJeCKaSi CHAa .RnoHHH, BHAHMO, nepeCTaHeT cecTBoBaTb, H ee
MeCTO 3aHMyT HOBbIe KOHcepBaTHBHble 06pa30BaHHSI.
napTHH BeQHOH onn03HqHH
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CTpaH. TPCiAHI.J;HOHHdSJ SlIIOHCKaR 1I0AHTHeCKaJI orrn03HHSI - 3TO He
CTOJ\bKO peaAhHmI dAbTepHaTHBa npaBSIeH napTHH, H Nj)Ke He CTOAbKO
447

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raBIlJeHCSI .J\eBbIMH COI.{HaJ\.HCTaMH MAeH HaqHoHaJ\.H3aIJ;HH yrOJ\..bHOH upo-
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qecI(OH (CfUI) H napHH AeMOKpaTH1JeCKoro COHaAH3Md (IlAC) a6coJ\IOT-
HO rapalITHpOBaHHbIH MHHHMy-M rOAOCOB H36HpaTeJ\eH H IIapAaMeHTCKHX
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1030B, HO, C ApyroH CTOpOHbI, Bce 60AbIlle 3dKpellARAO 3a HHMR crepeoTHn
npeACTaBHTeJ\.bCTBa HCKAIOQHTeAbHO opraHH30BdHHoro pa601Jero ABIDKe-
HESI, nOAPbIBaH HX MaccoByro 0611terpaJRABHCK}'K> 6a3Y,
0611tHM 3HaMeHaTeJ\.eM 3BOAlOHH TPaAHqHoHHoH OIIII03HqHH B 60-70-
err. MO>KHO C1{HTaTb AOBOAbHO napaAoKCMbHOe COlleraHHe pa3HopoAHbIX
4JaKTopoB. nepBOe rroBepxHocTHoe BIIeqaT.J\eHHe 3dl<AJ01JaeTCSI B TOM, lITO
onn03HLtIDI B l.\eAOM 3HaQHTehbHO YBe.lUf1JHBdeT CBOH nOAHTH1JeCKHH Bec,
C06HpaH Ha BbI60pax 60AbUle roAOCOB, 1JeM /\An, H npH6AH>KaJICb K HeM
no ypOBHIO rrapAaMeHTCKHX MaHAaTOB, lITO B HTore nopoAHAO CHTYaqHIO
paBHOBeCTIDI .I\AIl H OITrr03HI..\HH. BMecre C TeM pe3KO COKpaII.taeTCSI 06II.te-
CTBeHHaH nOMepJKKa HAeH, npOB03rAalUaeMblX onn03HI..tHeii, HdpaCTaeT
HenpIDITHe ee KaK rrOTeHLtHaAbHO npaBSImeH CHAbI. K KOHI..ty 6O-x rr. RBHO
onpeAeAHAHCb AOKaAbHbIe cerMelITbI SlITOHCKOro 06m eCTBa , B KOTOpblX Be-
He OrrIT03HIJ;HOHHhIe napTHH MorAlf paCCIlHTblBaTb Ha 6e3YCJ\OBH}'IO
nOMepJKKY. A,MI cm H J1AC TaKHM cerMeHTOM CTdJ\.O oprHH30BaHHOe
pa60qee ABHJKeHHe, AMI c03AaHHOH B 1967 r. Heo6YMHCTCOH napTHH Ko-
M W .. n uU COKa raKKaH, MJI KfUI -
3HTO - tU\.eHbI peAHrH03HOH opraHE3d.Lo\''''
H B na p THH H npHMbIKaIOIqHX K
CneqH4>H'leCKHH cerMeHT Co6CTBeHHo 'lAe 0
w .. 3 HTeAhJIYK> JKe llaCTb CBoero
lIeR MHOrOQHCAeHHbIX opraHH3dltHH. Hall "
OAV1ld}\d cpeAH KOAe6AlOHX.CH
3.1\.eKTOPaAbHOrO rrOTeHLtHaAa onn03HI..tHSI IT J &
If 6 " pa3 !I\.....aalOlfTuX B3fAJlAbl onn03HI.I;HH,
3 H p a - " " 6  CAoe He "...,Clln u-\u
TeJ\.eH ,B Y'fIepHOM' x BblpaJKeHHR CBoero He-
llO roJ\.OcyK>Il.\HX 3a Hee HCJ<AIOHTeAbHO B lt eNI
raTHBHoro OTHOllieHIDI K J\AIl. e na p AaMelITCKOrO npeACTa-
B P aCWHpeHH
aTOM CMbICJ\.e, HeCMOTPSl Ha P ...u H oco6}'K> aKTyBAbHOCTb
B OHHblX na · n
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C'I'ClAa npH06peTaTb 3dAaqa npHcn oCO eH oTo p oe MOJl<HO 6bU\0 AOCTH'{b
Ii . 6lL\ecrBd. K
hIM 3anpocaM rpaJKAaHCKoro 0
449
448
15_166

IUf{eHWI PaAHKaAH3Ma HAeoAorHtlecKH:x T p
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HaH60Aee CAO>KHO H '""M TPIi-
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HaJ\hHbIX YCTaHoBOK I If).. ., x he-
C OfTHaAHCTHqecKHX TeqeHHH OT MapKcHCTOB }\O " n
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pOBaAaCb Ha COJ..\n 
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Bope'llfi{ B SinO LAAo .........R
Ha6HpaAa BAHHHHe AeBCUI paKJ..\HH. 3TOMY npoII,eccy nepBOHaqaAbHO CnO-
COOCTBOBaJ\a OpHeHTaJ..\WI KfUI Ha COTPYAHH'lecTBO C oKKynal.\HOHHbIMI{
CHAaMH: OTKa3 KOMM)'HHCTOB nOMepJKaTb Bceo6II.WID 3a6aCTOBKY 1947 r.
HapHAY C aBTOpHTapHbIMH MeTOAaMH pyKOBoACTBa rrpocpCOlO3aMH npHBEW{
K B03HHKHOBeHHIO B KOMM)'HHCTHqeCKOM npocp06'beAHHeHHH CaM63r.w
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cppaIU1 B cpeAe COJ..\HaAHCTOB. E.J\arOAapSl BJ\HHHHIO MaCCOBOH 6a3bI
npocpCOlO30B, nOAlITH'IeCKOMY aBToplITery AHAepOB .J\eBbIX <ppaKI.\HH crn
H HAeHHOH pOAH KOHl.\errryaAhHOrO II,eHTpa AeBblX COI.\HahHCTOB-MapKCHC-
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,, ) 34 C no ., ..
I.\HaJ\H3Ma , AeBhIe rpyrrIIHpoBKH B I Ul CTaHOBHTCH BeAeH CHAOH B
napTHH. nOCAe BC'I)'IIAeHIDI AHAepOB AeBhIX rrpOcpCOlO30B B CIlR nocr re-
HepaAhHOrO CeKpeTapH l..{I1K napTHH BnepBhIe 3aIDIJ\ .J\HAep .J\eBOH 4JpaK-
IJ;HI1 M. CYA3yKH, a B cocraBe l..{I1K npeACTaBHTeJ\.bCTBO .J\eBbIX cppaKI.\HH
npeBbICHAO AOAlO npaBb[){35.
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MlTh napTHHH)'1O AOKTpHUY. Y)Ke B AHCKYCCHH Ha 4-M C'be3Ae CflSI (1949
r.) 6hlAa onpeAeJ\.eHa OCHOBa crpaTerHH napTHH, pe3Ko OT.J\WlaBUIaSI ee oT
APyrl1x napTI1H COII,HaAHCTHtleCKOrO I1HTepHal.\HoHaAa. em OTBeprAB-
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.J\H3M. B npOTHBOBec 3THM B3rNlAaM 6bIJ\.a npHHHTa YCTaHoBKa Ha MHpa oe
nepepaCTaHHe AeMOKpaTH1JecKoH peBOAJO:U;HH B COI.\HaJ\.HCTWlecK)'IO If co-
3AaHHe 6a3hl MJI 3aBOeBaHHH BAaCTH pa60tlH KJ\.aCCOM. OTBeprayr<' 6b1J\0
onpeAeJ\.eHHe crn KaK 6  ea ell
" 0 Il\eHapoAHoH napTHH ee xa pa KTep 6b1J\. on
KaK KAaCCOBaH napTHH" C ' "no-
pa3'bHCHeHHeM, 'ITO nOA 3THM rroHHMaeTCfI
.J\HTHtlecKaH napnul go"  36
, ''MPO KOTOpOH 06pa3yeT pa60qHH KAaCC" .
nepBbIe nonbITKH nepeCMOTpa COl\HdAHCTHtJeCKOH AOKTpHHbl crn OT-
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rJ e ., 't' '-'In CTPYKTYP HbIX
pecpOPl\.{, BbpOCllleH KaK pecpOpMHCTCKOe Te1JeHHe AOMHHHpOBaBllleH: B
napTIfH .J\.eBOH cppaKI.\HH. OAHH 113 BeAYlL\HX HAeOAOroB "CTPYKTYPHblX. pe-
cpOpM" M. KHCHMa CJ\.eAYJOIltHM 06pa30M OnpeAeAHeT HCTOKH AeBOrO P -
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pHOA nepexoAa OT HHAYCTpHaAbHOrO 06IlteCTBa, }')Ke npOAeMOHCTpHpOBaB-
mero npeAeAbl CBOerO pOCTa 11 CBOH nO p OKH K CAe ,}\\TJI")nr 
, MJ ..........eH CTCiAHH
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J'J"""'""'I n ......... eHHO" CHCTeMe.
B noCAeAHee BpeMH no Mepe npH6AIDKeHHH K B.J\.aCTH na pTHH  o p rl
, neHTHpy-
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J\HCTH1JeCKOrO pa3BHTHSI. Pa60TalOT npHHl\HnbI nOAJITHQeCKOrO peaAH3Ma,
CTpeeHHe aClllHpHTb Ha POAHYJO nOMepJKK}' nOCpeACTBOM BbIABH}f(e-
HHSI TeKYI.l\H nOAHTHKH B paMKax KanHTaAH3Ma", OTK.J\.CiAbIBaHHH CO:U;Ha-
llliCTHqeCKOH nepCneKTHBbI. B TaKHX YCAOBIDlX napTHH COIJ;HaJ\.H3Ma He
MOryr 3aBoeBaTb HCTHHH}'lO nOMepJKKY HapoAa. EOAee Toro, MAeH CO:U;Ha-
AHMa 3THX napTHH B YCI\.OBIDIX peqmpMHcTCKOH npaKTHKH, HanpaB.J\.eH-
HOH Ha pel!leHHe TeKyu.I;HX npo6AeM, OKa3hIBalOTCSI He3cpcpeKTHBHbIMH.
n03TOM)' Ha 3Tane nepexoAa 06II.teCTBa B CJ\eA}'lOII.tYJO CTaAHlO pa3BHTI1H
MhI A0A>KHbI TeCHO YBSl3aTb TeKII.W1O nOAHTHKY peopM C >KeAaTeJ\.bHbIM
06J\.HKOM 6YAYI.l\ero 06IlteCTBa,,3 .
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TopaMH CAeAYIOll.\HM 06pa30M: "4aCTH1JHOe npe06pa30BaHHe npOH3BOACT-
BeHHbIX OTHOWeHHH: Ha OCHOBe rOCYAapCTBeHHOH 3KOHOMHtleCKOH nOAI1-
THKH H pa60Qero KOHTpOlUl MbICAHTCH B opMe AeMOKpaTH1JeCKOrO pery-
J\.HpOBaHHSI 3KOHOMHKH, He 3aTparHBalOII.terO OTHOIlleHHH co6cTBeHHOCTH,
T.e. B BRAe OrpaHHQeHI1H npH6bIAH, 4eH H 06'beMOB HHBeCTHIJ;HH, orpaHH-
lJeHHH AeSiTeAbHOCTH MOHonOAHH Ha oCHOBe AeMOKpa TH3a l.\HH 3KOHOMH-
lJeCKHX HHCTHTYTOB (BBeA eHHe pa60'lero KOHTpOMl) H 3cpcpeKTHBHoro
Y'-IaCTI1H TPYAHI.l\HXCSI B ynpaBAeHHH npeAnpHHTHHMH 6AarOAapSi pecpop-
MaM MeHeA>f{MeHTa, a npl1 onpeAEl\eHHhIX YC.I\OBHHX - H B cpopMe 0606-
eCTBAeHI1H 11 Hal.\HOHaAH3al.\I1H npoH3BOACTBB. TaKHM 06pB30M, "CTPYK-
TyPHhle pecpopMbl" o3HaQalOT nocTeneHoe YCTpaeHHe 3KCll.I\yaTai.\I1H
TIyreM peryAHpOBaHHH H qaCTH'lHbIX npe06pa30BBHHH np0l13BOACTBeHHblX
OTHOll1eHHH:. ..38
J\HAephl cppaKI.\HH "crpyK'I)'pHhIX pe<pOM" BKTHBHO nOA'lepKHBClAH
CBOIO npI1HaAl\e.>KHOCTh I1MeHHO K AeBoMY H,AeHHoMY Te'leHHIO. M. KHCHMa
450
15*
451

. "B TO BpeMJI Mbl He CMOfJ\H nepeRTH K Pe<P°PMH3My,
npSlMO OTMe'laeT. KHBaAH OTJ\.HqHR HallHX B3fMIAOB OT pe<pop I{a,
npOTHB, aKTHBHO nOA'le P M H 6blM CJ\.a60CTb <!>paKl\HH CTPYKTypl{bIX1f3'
Ma MO}f(eT 6bITb B 3TO  Pe,
. " " Ha n p aKTHKe Mbl IIbITaAHCb OTOHTH KaK OT CTa p
cpOpM. H B TeopHH, Ii ,,39 oro
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HAeoJ\orH CTPYK. J r 't'  ' aI{,
B TO >Ke B p eMJI AHAepaMH HTaAhHHCKOH KOMna p THu
HOM)' npHMepHO " II "'I Ii
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SlnOHCKOM BapHaHTe 50-x rf. 3Ta nOIIbITKa OKOHqHAaCb KpaXOM. npaBblMIi
cppaKl\IUIMH 8 Cn5I TeopHSI CTPYJ<rypHblX pecpopM 6b BocnpHHSlTa RaI<
"TpOSlHCKHH KOHb J\eBbIX,,40. AHAepbl J\eBbIX cppaKl\HH YBHAeAH B Heft:
BbI30B CBOHM AOMHHHpyK>lL\HM n03HIJ;HSlM B IIapTHH. B YCJ\OBHHX AOMHHR-
pOBaHHJI B Cn5I J\eBbIX cppaKIJ;liH B Ha'ldl\e 50-x ff. CcpOpMHpOBaAaCb ROBaR
CTpyKrypa cppaKU;HOHHoro HAeOJ\OfH'leCKOfO npOTHBOCTOHHHH B 3aBHCR-
MOCTH OT nOMep>KKH HJ\H OCY>KA eHHSI CTPYKTYpHbiX Pe<P0pM. KOM6HHa-
U;IDI cppaKU;HH K. CacaKH (OH CMeHRA M. CYA3YXH), KOHTpOAHpOBaBllieft:
6oAbWHHCTBO nepBH'lHbIX napTHHHblX opfaHH3al\HH, 06Il\eCTBa COHa-
Ali3Ma, 06ecnelfHBIIlero TeOpeTHlfeCKOe 06oCHOBaHHe heBO" KOHeIIHH
Ha n03HU;IUIX OPTOAoKcaAbHoro MapKCH3Ma, H PdAHKaAhHOrO PyxoBoACTBa
npocpu;eHTpa Coxe, rapalITHpOBaBllIero J\eBbiM rrpocpCOlO3HYIO nOMep>KKY,
06eCrreqHAH HTorOBYIO rr06eAY J\eBbIX CHA, 3aBepllHBUlyroCH npHHHTHeM B
1964 r. nporpaMMHoro AOKYMeHTa "nyrb 51noHHH K COl.\HaAH3MY", IIoAfO-
TOBJ\eHHOfO 06lL\ecTBoM COHaJili3Ma.
no6eAa MapKcHcTOB B AHCKYCCHH 0 crpYKTYPHblX pecpopMax IIpHBeJ\a
K cyecTBeHHoMY YBeAHtleHHIO BAIUIHHSI 06ecTBa COl.\HaAH3Ma BHyrpH
napTHH. K 70-M rr. MapKcHcTbI 6bIAH 6J\.H3KH K nOtITH rroAHoMY KOHTpoAlO
HCiA cn5l. ECAH Ha 36-C"be3Ae B 1973 r. OHH HMeAH 80 AeJ\eraToB (20% yqacT-
HHKOB C1>e3Aa). TO Ha 37-M c1>e3Ae (1974 r.) - 60.J\ee 100 (nOtITH IIO.J\OBHHa
AeAiaToB), Ha 38-M (1975 r.) - OKO.J\O 170, Ha 39-M (1976 f.) - OKOAO
180 . K HatlaAY 70-x rr. 0AH03HatiHO onpeAeJ\.HAaCb TeHAeHl.\HH K YCTOH-
qHBOMY HapacTaHHIO BJ\HSlHHSI MapKcHCTCKHX CH.J\ B Cn5l, Bce 6oJ\.bUIe pa c -
XOAI1BWaSicSi C 06rneH v ee-
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KHX HacTpoeHHH B CT pa H 80A
e, tlTO H o6'bSicHHeT HaqaBlliHHCSI B 3TOT nep
cnCl,A nonyNlpHOCTH con re-
L.\l1aAHCTOB. npl1MeqaTeAbHO tITO OHH HaqaJ\}l
psrrb nOMep>KKY Aa>Ke B ' f{flO
cpeAe pa60qefO KJ\.aCca KOTOPblH TpaARl(lfO
paCCMaTpHBaACH KaK HX 6a3 ' flffe
Cn5I O CT OBaJi onopa. AOCTaTOqHO 3HaqHMbiM Bl\.fUI
aAOCb AHillb B e p e J{af{
Ae rOCYAapcTBeHHbIX CAYJKam HX , TOfAa
cpeAH pa60THHKOB qaCTHbIX npeArrpIDITHH, Aa)Ke 06"beAHHeHHblX B rrpoct>-
COI0 3b1 , nonyASlPHOCTb rrapTHH OCJl3aeMO CHH3HAaCb.
naA eHHe BAHHHHSI napTHH He MOfAO He BbI3blBaTb nOHCKOB HOBblX
no,,;AOAOB, HanpaBAeHHblX Ha rrpeOAOAeHHe KpHTH'lecKOH CHTYaHH. BbIpa-
}l{aAHCb OHR npeHM}'ll-\eCTBeHHO B pa3pa60TKe aAbTepHaTHBHbIX nOAHTH-
qeCKHX HAeH 60.J\ee peaJ\HCTH'lHOH Hanpa, BAeHHOCTI1 npHqeM HHHHaTopa-
MH CTaHOBHAHCb B rrepByro OqepeAb BblXOAAbI H3 AeBblX ct>paKHH. nOCTe-
neHHaJI TpaHcct>opMaIDI 60AbWHHCTBa AHAepOB H3HaqaAbHO AeBOH
cppaHH (cppaKl\HH M. CYA3YKH npH 06pa30BaHHH cn51 B 1945 f.) COCTaB-
MeT npHMeqaTeJ\hHYJO oco6eHHOCTb BceH nOCAeBoeHHOH HCTOpHH nap-
TR8. C06CTBeHHO, opfaHH3aHOHHbIX CTpyKTyp nepBblX npaBbIX H AIDKe
U;eHTpHCTCKHX cppaKHR B COBpeMeHHOH crn }')Ke He OCTaAOCb. <t>paKLI;IDI
C. HHCHO B nOAHOM COCTaBe BOllIAa B napTHIO AeMOKpaTHqeCKOrO COl\Ha-
AH3Ma rrpH paCKOAe COHaAHCTOB B 1960 f. 3a HHMH nOCAeAOBaAa qaCTb
CTOpOHHHKOB TOfAa eHTpHcTCKOH cppaKHH A3. KaBaKaMH. B 1965 f.
nOCAe cMepTH A3. KaBaKaMI1 OCTaTKH 6bIBllIHX eHTpHCTOB npeKpaTHAH
caMocToHTeJ\.bHYIO AeSlTeA.bHOCTb, CAHBllIl1Cb C cppaKHeH CTPYKTYPHbIX pe-
cpOpM, B03rJ\aBASIeMOH C. 3Aa 42 . COBpeMeHHaH CTPYKrypa HAeoAofH3HpO-
BaHHbIX cppaKHH B crn npeAcTaBAAeT c060H npoAYKT AHBepcHct>HKaHH
H HapacTaHHH pa3HofJ\.acHH BHyrpH J\eBblX OUbeAHHeHHH, BXOAHBlliHX AO
HaqaAa 6O-x ff. BO cppaKltHIO CYA3YKH-CacaKH.
B 1961 f. npoHCXoAHT nepBoe BbIAeAeHHe HOBOH npaBoH <!>paKHI1 H3
cppaKIJ;HH K. CacaKH - rpynnHpoBKH CTPYKTYPHbIX Pe<P0PM BO fJ\.aBe C C.
3Aa. B 1968 r. H3 cppaKHH CacaKH BbIXOAHT rpynna nOAHTHKOB BO fAaBe
C K. .HMaMoTo, 6AH3KaJI K C. '3Aa no CBOHM HAeHHblM YCTaHoBKaM. B 1971
r. npoHcxoAHT KOHC0J\HAB.l\HH cTapoH H HOBbIX npaBbIx cppaK.qHH (A3. Ka-
BaKaMH, C. 3Aa H K. 51MaMoTo) B eAHHoe 06pa30BaHHe "HoBaSl cppaKl\IDI
3Aa". B 1973 f. qaCTb 6bIBllIHX CTOpOHHHKOB K. CacaKH 11 He3aBHCI1Mble
AeHTeJ\H cn51 c03AalOT ell.\e OAHY rpynIIHpoBKY npaBO" opl1eHTa.qHH -
06ecTBo HOBoro TeqeHHH (ATapacHH Harap3-Ho KaH), a B 1980 f. rpynna
MOJ\OA!>IX CO 4 l1aAl1 CTOB , CTOSIBIllClll BHe cppaKl\HOHHOH 60pb6bI, c03AaeT
OtiepeAHoe 06pa30BaHI1e npaBoH OpHelITdQHH - JlfccAeAoBaTeAbCKoe 06-
ecTBO HOBoro o6pa3a >KH3HH. (CHHC3H K3HKIOKaH) BO rAaBe C H. 6a6a.
B KOH4 err ryaAbHbiX B3rMlAax npaBblx cppaKU;HH MO}f{HO BbIAeJ\HTb PHA
KNoqeBblx c<!>ep. nepBoe HanpaBAeHHe KaCaeTCH nepeou;eHKH rrpeACTaB-
l\eHHH 0 COl\HaAI13Me H COU;HdJ\HCmqeCKOH peBOAJOQHH. He oTBepraSl HAeH
COrnz;:1o " ... v TeopeTH KH 3Toro Te'leHHH KaTerOpHt.leCKH He
L.\ n '-UU'J.3Ma KaK TaKOBOH,
fIPHeMAlOT nOJ\HTHtlecKYIO H 3KOHOMHt.lect<y1O MOAeJ\H, ocymecTBAHBiliHeCH
452
453

B "cTpaHax peaAbHOrO COHaMf3Ma". B pa3BHTHH COBpeMeHoro KarrliTaJ\.1i3_
Ma OHH BMMIT caMOABH>KeHHe B HanpaBAeHHH C04HaAH3Ma KaK CHCTeMLI
caMoynpaB.I\eHHfl. /J.Iuf HHX He cecTByeT np06AeMbI COHaAHCTlf\IecI<OR
peBO.l\JOHH B MapKCHCTCKOM nOHHMaHHH: peqb A0J\)f{Ha HATH He 0 3aBOe-
BaHHH B.l\aCTH AMI KopeHHoro npe06pa30BaHIDI 06eCTBa, a 0 eAelia-
npaBAeHHOM COAeffcTBHH rr03IITHBHbIM TeHAeHHHM B ero pa3BHTHH. 0PH-
xOA CIl5I K BJ\aCTH 03HallaeT AI\5I HHX He npHHHrrHaAbHO HOByro CTi3AHIO
pa3BHTIDi flnOHCKoro 06eCTBa, a 60Aee 3cpcpeKTHBHbIH KypC B paMKax cy-
lQecrBYJOl..QeH CHCTeMbI. <DaKTWlecKH 3TH HAeH AOBOA,Wr AO J\.orHqeCKoro
KOHl\a rrepBbIe nOrrbITKH c03AaHIDI TeopHH CTPYKTypHbIX pecpopM.
3 3THX rrOAO>KeHHH BbITeKalOT H HOBbIe rrpeACTaBJ\eHHH 0 xapaKTepe
caMOH napTHH. no 3THM B3rlUIAaM CruI He MOJKeT ce6e n03BOAHTb BbIC'ry-
naTb KaK HCK.I\JOllHTeJ\hHO Y3Kafl rrapTIDI pa60llero KJ\acca. Pea.l\hHblX YC-
rreXOB OHa O}J(eT A06HTbCH TOMKO Ha ITyTHX CTaHOBAeHHH MaCCOBOH 06-
lQeHa?OAHOH napnUl, He CBfl3aHHOH C OrpaHlftIeHHblMH HHTepecaMH
°AHOH COL\HClAbHOff rpynnHpOBKH.
TpeTbe HarrpaBJ\eHHe npHHLtHnHClAbHbIX HOBaLtHH npaBbIX ri-- p aKTTHH _
3TO Bblpa60TKa "H - _ 'fJ ......
OBOH peaAHCTHqHOH BHelllHeH nOAHTHKH" nOA 3THM
TepMHHOM rrOApa3YMeBaeTCfl OTKa3 OT H3>KHBlllHX ce6H TPHOHHbIX
BHelI1HerrOJ\HTHlleCKHX YCTa cn a
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Hen pH3H P ''+' HpoBaHHSI JlnOHCKHX CHA caMoo60 p oHbl
aHHe ecny6AHKH K '
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Ocax, 3aTparHBaIOHTHX C _
Be. .......... HTyaHIO Ha KopeHCKOM nOAYOCTPO-
4eTBepTaSi ccpepa HOBblX -
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. YCAOBHflX AOMHHH p cn
TPdAHl\HOHHO oBaHHJI B 51 .l\eBoro TelleHHH napTHH
0pHeHTHpOBaAaCb H ri--
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PTHH, BK.I\lQqaSl KnR n rt--
Ha COTPYAHHlleCTBO . paBble ,+,paKHH opHeHTHpOBaAHCb
TOPH1.IeCKoro n pHMH L{eHTpCTCKHX CHA H CnR. He \fYJKAa HM H HAefl "HC-
peHHH cn51 H n" C rt-- _
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L{Hfu\-AeMoKpaTOB43apTHH Ha 6a3e 06"beAHHeHHfl Cn5l, IlAC, COlO3a co-
AO.l\roJ\eTHee np
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't'eHOMeH, Ha3BaHHbl-
YAa p CAeB " ( .. H SlnOHCKHMH Hcc.J\eAoBaTeJ\j{MH "oTBeTHbIH
a CaeKy 6aH3 ) Cvr rt--
BaTTHH B . J . b 't'eHOMeHa 3aKAJOqaeTCSI B TOM, '1TO Bce HO-
.... napTHH nopo}&(" A
n p Hc noc 6 ,,'t-'IClAIiCb HAeo.J\oraMH npaBbIX <ppaKL{HH Ha nO'lBe
o J\eHHSI na p - -
THHHOH AOKTpHHbl K peaAbHOH AeHCTBWfeAbHOCTH. C
ToQKH 3peHHJI .J\eBbIX, Bce 3TH HOBa4HH 03HatlaAH OTXOA OT 0PTOAOKCa.I\h-
lIon TeopHH B CTOpOHy peBH3HOHH3Ma H COrAalI1aTeAbCTBa H Tpe60BaAH
)l{eCTKoro OTnopa. KOHLtemyMbHylO 6a3Y HenpIDITHH HOBal\HR pecpop-
MHCTCKRX HAeoAoroB cpOpMHpOBaAO .06eCTBO COl\HaAH3Ma, a MaCCOBYK>
nOMep>KKY .J\eBbIX B3rJUlAOB 06eCnetlHBaJ\H rrpocpCOlO3bl. nepHOAHtlHOCTb
nOBTopeHHSI HAeHHbIX HOBaLtHH npaBblX 4>paKl\HH H "OTBeTHblX YAapOB
CheBa" n03BOAHAa T. XaSlMa BbIAeAHTb CTa6HAbHbIR l\HKI\. AHHaMHKH BHyT-
pHnapTHHHbrx OTHOllIeHHH: OH HatlHHaeTCSI AHCKyCCHeH no Bblpa60TKe
./\HHHH K OqepeA HbIM napAaMefITCKHM Bbl6opaM, 3a HeR c.I\eAYeT KOMnpo-
MHcCHoe perneHHe, oTceKalOee KpaHHHe YCTaHoBKH KaK npaBhlX, TaK H
AeBblX, H BpeMeHHoe npeKpaeHHe napTHHHoH nO.l\eMHKH. nOCAe otlepeA-
Horo nopa>KeHHH Ha Bbl60pax HatlHHaeTCSI HOBafl AHCKyCCIDI, BeAytI..\mI K
-44
060CTpeHHIO Me>K4>paKLtHOHHblX OTHorneHHH .
TaKoH I.I,HKJ\. MOl' 6ecrrpepbIBHO rrpOAOJ\JKaTbCfl TOJ\bKO npH YCJ\OBHH
coxpaHeHHJI AeBblMH cppaKIJ;IDIMH rrOMep>KKH PYKOBOAcTBa npocpCOlO30B.
OAHaKO B caMHX >Ke npocpCOlO3ax B 6O-80-e rr. rrpOHCXOAHMI CYl.IJ;eCTBeH-
Hble H3MeHeHHJI nOA BAHSlHHeM 06rn;HX H3MeHeHHH COl\HaAhHOH 06caHOB-
KH B CTpaHe. B 1966 r. YXOAHT B oTcTaBKY C nOCTa npeACeAaTe.I\SI Coxe OAHH
H3 oCHoBaTeJ\.eH 06ecTBa COIJ;HaJ\.H3Ma K. OTa. B 1988 r. HaCTaeT OtlepeAb
06rn;ecTBa H r.l\aBHOrO Bblpa3H-
OTCTaBKH BToporo npo<pcolO3Horo AHAepa C .' A
TeMI ero HAeH AO HaCTOflero BpeMeHH reHepaJ\bHoro ceKpeTpfl oxe .
1 A H 1970-1 976 rr HOBoe pyxoBOACTBO Coxe Y'f<e He OT-
Y IBaH a npOTIDKeHHH .
. aJ\.H3Ma XOTH B eJ\OM coxpaIDIAo
pa>KaAO TOqKY 3peHHfl 06eCTBa COH ,
.l\eBYIO opHeHTaIJ;HIO. cn a C .. HCXOAWT' rroCJ\e
IDI B CHCTeMe 71- oxe npo ,...,..
KapAHHaAbHble H3MeHeH M _ M TOMHA3YKH B py-
KOMaHAbI M. aKH3Aa .
1976 r. C cpOpMHpoBaHHeM " e HT p HCTCKoro TeqeHHH
..  3HHIO nOMep>KKH ....
KOBoAcTBe Coxe, 3aHflBIIJeH no - peTa nb Coxe M. TOMHA-
- reHepaJ\bHbIH ceK r.:
B napTHH. Y>Ke B 1976 r. HOBbIH -. "4TO Mbl
HM nporpaMMHblM 3aSlB.I\eHHeM.
3YKa BbICT}'TIHA co CJ\eAYIOrn; MeH HoH n p HBe p >KeHHOCTH .J\eBbiM
P e3Y.J\bTaTe HeH3
6y AeM AeJ\i:1Tb, ecAH B 6 TepflTb CBOHX CTOpOHHHKOB, OKOHtla-
.J\03YHraM COxe rrOCTeneHHO YAeT e p >KaTbCSI Ha Horax? Y Hac HeT
- nHK H He CMO>KeT A
TeAbHO 3aHAeT B TY 6 ro A BH>KeHHSI, KOTopoe pa36aBHT
eAHHCTBa pa 04e
HHoro rryTH, Kpoe _ ,,45 "' a KTHtleCKH HOBoe PYKOBOACTBO Coxe cAe-
C .. H A OM3H 'V a
BHCKH oxe BOAO . "HIO Ma p KCHCTCKOrO BAHSlHHSI B cn71
BbIX Ha AHKBHAa....
AaJ\0 CTaBKY, Bo-nep 'eHHe Bcero npocpCOlO3HOro ABIUKeHHH CTpaHbl
H, BO-BTOpbIX, Ha o6'beA HH __
HHo-napTHHHOH OpHeHTaI.I,HH.
He3aBHCHMO OT ero MAe
454
455

H n p 06J\eMbI pyKOBOACTBO Coxe H npaBble ,4.,
K pemeHHIO nepBO 't'PaI<-
uHf C 1971 r. Ha 4O-M c'be3Ae napTHH OHH BblC""' n
LJ;HH cn.H npHc'fYTII'LI U I - J ILU:I
w w Tp e6 Y fl n p eKpaTHTb caMocTOSITeJ\bHYIO nOJ\HTli'l ec
C eAH HOH AHHHe", 1<)'Io
CTb MapK CI1CTOB H orpaHHqHTb pa60ry 06ll.\eCTBd COHdfUi 3 t.6
AeflTeAbHO w .....0.
O A-ovt-JK LJ; HflMH TeopeTHqeCKoH rpynnbI, nepeCMOTpeTb n
HCKAlOqHTeJ\.bH '+' J H "po-
rpaMMHbIH AOKyMeHT "nyrb .HnoH HH K COI\HaJ\.H3MY ' HCXOAH H3 H3MeliIiB_
meHcSI 06I.LJ;eCTBeHHoH cHTYaLJ;HH, B qaCTHOCTH, AHBecHepHKal\HH I.\eli-
HOCTHbIX opHeHTaLJ;HH B cTpaHe, IIpH3HaTb Cfl5IIIapTHeH eAHHoro eppOliTo.,
06'beAHIDIIOI.LJ;eH HAeHHbIe TeqeHIDI OT MapKcHCToB-AeHHHl\eB AO ryMaliHc-
TOB 46 . OKoWIaTeJ\.bHbIH YAap 00 n03HLJ;HflM AeBbIX. B cn5I 6bIA HaHeceH lia
CAeAYIOIl.\eM, 41-M C'be3Ae cn.H B ceHTH6pe-AeKa6pe 1911 r. Cne3A 06H3QA
06I.LJ;ecTBo COLJ;HaJ\H3Ma orpaHHqHTb CBOIO pa60ry HCKAlOqHTe.J\bHO <PYHK-
I..\HSlMH TeOpeTHqeCKOrO u,eHTpa H H3MeHI1A IIOPHAOK BbI60pOB Ae.J\.eraTOB
Ha C'be3Abl, aBToMaTWlecKH npeAocTaBHB npaBo peIllalOll.\ero rOJ\oca Aeny-
TaTaM napAaMeHTa OT cn5l. TaKHM 06pa30M 6bIAH cecTBeHHo orpaHH-
qeHbI B03MO:>KHOCTH 06II.J.ecTBa pacIllHpSITb CBOIO 6a3Y Hd OCHOBe nOk
Aep:>KKH nepBM'IHbIX napndiHbIX opraHH3aI\HH H cOKpall.\eHo npeAcTaBH-
TeAhCTBO 3THX opraHH3aI..\HH Ha C'be3Aax.
nOCAeAHflfl Mepa cnoc06CTBOBaAa YCl1AeHHIO n03HHH npaBbIX H
l..\eHTpHcTCKHX Q:>paKLJ;HH Ha C'be3Aax lIapTHH. no HTOraM BbI60pOB B naAaTY
IIpeACTaBHTeAeH 1916 r., Ha CTOpOHHHKOB npaBblx eppaKl\HH npHxoAHAOCb
30,9% napAaMelITCKOrO Kopnyca efl5l, Ha I\eHTpHCTCKHe cppaKI\HH -
39,8%, TorAa KaK Ha AeBbIe - AHllIb 5,6%. B 1919 r. 3TH lIoKa3aTeAH COCTa-
BHAH 26,2% AMI npaBbIx, 42,0% AMI I\eHTpHcTOB H 6,5% AMI J\eBbIX.. BbI60pbl
B naAary COBeTHHKOB 1917 r. AaAH npaBbIM 37,1 % napABMeHTcKoro KOPny-
co. Cn5l, LJ;elITpHCTaM - 25,9%, a AeBble He IIOJ\)"IHAH Hli OAHoro Aenyra-
T 47
a .
C pellIeHHH 4O-oro H 41-oro C'be3AOB Cn5I HaqHHaeTCSI nepeCMOTP 00-
30BbIX KOHu,enryaAhHbIX OCHOB napTHH, IIOAyqHBIllHH B COBeTCKHX H AeBbIX
flnOHCKHX H3AaHHSIX SlpAhIK "nonpaBeHHSI Cn5I". HTorOM 3Toro IIpoU;ec ca
CTaAO npHIDITHe "HoBOH AeKAapau,HH", 3aMeHHBIlleH B 1986 r. "nyrb 510 0 -
HHH K COI..\HaAH3MY".
HOBbIH AOYMeHT onpeAeA5leT nOIDITHe COl\HaJ\H3Ma B Ayxe npOMeJI<.-
yrO"lHblX l..\eJ\eH, BbIABHraBlllHXCfl TeopeTHKe.MH CT p V1<TVnHblX pecpopM. B
HeM rOBO p "n J&'''Jr
HTCH: OCTeneHHOe pa3BHTHe pecpOpM, HalipaBJ\eHHbIX Ha Oc-
B 06o >KA e HHe "IeJ\OBeKa Ka 3'fO
, qeCTBeHHOe IIpeo6pa30BaHHe 06m.eCTBa -
H eCTb COHaAH3M 31'0 pa 3-
. rryTb IIOCTOSIHHOrO ABH)KeHHSI, nOCTOSlHHor O
BHTH.SI, nOCTOJlHHbIX n p 6 w P ea-
eo pa30BaHHH 06m. ec TBB, 6ePYll.\HH HaqaJ\o B
,,48 A
 cerOAHSliliHero ARSI. eKAa p aTTHD
.rJi1l ..... n rrpH3HaeT 11
CT p l1aAbHbIX CTpaHax CcpOpMHpOBaAOCb ,'ITO B pa3BHTbrX HH-
AY H pa3BHAOCb 06
ro 6J\arocOCTOSlHHSI, B KOTOpOM rocv""" p ll.\ecTBO Bce06-
IAe J f'¥'-A CTBO 6epe
6ec oeqeHWI MHHHMy-Ma Bce06m. e H 3a H o.... T Ha ce6S1 rapaHTHH
o nlH 6
oBeKa .,. BMecTe C TeM, 3TO 06m. e CTBO He C M Heo _eCneqeHHSI "le-
A orAO B nOAHOH M
Bce 3KOHOMHqeCKHe npo6AeMbI: JKH3HeHHbIM :pe pellIHTb
YCAOBHHM AlGAeH H 06m.eCT
BY yrpO>KalO T TBKHe SlBAeHHSI, KaK HapaCTaHHe n.. -
nrra6Hali 6e3pa6oTHl\a,,49. HH",MII"H. KPYIlHOMilC-
OAHOBpeMeHHO "HOBaSI AeKAapal..\IDI" Bne p B bl
" e B HCTOpHH Cf15l npH-
3HaAD 'fYIIHKH MOAeAH peaAbHOrO COI..\HaAH3Ma". " B
. 3THX CTpaHax l..\eHTpa-
Ni30BaHoe IIAaHHpOBaHHe 3KOHOMHKH CAHHHHe na
, pTHH H rOCYAPpCTBa
BbI3BaAJ1 TPYAHOCTH 3KOHOMH'lecKOro pOCTa, nOAABMIeTCH nOAHTHqeCKaSI H
COLJ;HaJ\.bHaSi AeMOKpaTHSI. Cym.HOCTb 3Toro "peaAbHOrO COI..\HaAH3Ma" Kap-
AMHaAb HbIM 06pa30M OTAHtJaeTCH OT MOAeAH C0I..\HaAH3Ma K KOTO P O" CT -
..50 ' rl pe
MHTCfl en5I .
B KaqeCTBe rryTH perneHIUI IIpo6AeM COBpeMeHHoro 06I.LJ;eCTBa CfUI
TaK H He CMorAa OTOHTH OT TpdAHl..\HOHHhIX COI..\HaAHCTHqeCKHX peLJ;errTOB.
"HOBaSI AeKJ\apaI.\HSI" IIpSiMO yrBep>I<AaeT, 'ITO, "coxpaHSUI JKH3HeCnoc06-
HOCTb pbIHKa, J1.MI HCKopeHeHHSI ero HeAOCTaTKOB Heo6xoAHMO BBeAeHHe
C0I..\HaJ\.bHoro peryAHpOBaHHSI, OCHOBaHHoro Ha AeMOKpaTHqeCKOM llAdHH-
pOBaHHH 3KOHOMHKH"SI. EOAee 1I03AHHH AOKYMeHT, nOAfOTOBAeHHbIH K
BbI60paM 1989 r., eI..IJ;e CHAhHee nOAqepKHBaeT YCTaHoBKY Ha COLJ;HaAHCTH-
qeCKHe MeTOAbI BMeIllaTeAhCTBa B 3KoHOMHKY: "Mbl yrBep>I<A aeM cHcTeMY
BMelllaTeJ\.bCTBa rrpocpcolO30B B 06McTb MeHeNKMeHTa. AMi 06eCneqeHHSI
AeMOKpaTHqeCKOrO pa3BHTHSI He06xoAHMbi BMernaTeAhCTBO, yqacTHe H pe-
ryAHpoBaHHe npou. ecca IIPHIDITHH pemeHHH co CTOpOHbi KOJ\AeKTHBHoro
l..\eHTpaAH30BaHoro opraHa, 06'beAHWlIOI.LJ;ero rocYAdPcTBeHHYIO aAMHCTpa-
I..\HIO H w..52
ynpaBJUlIOm. HX IIpeAlipIDITHH .
AaHHoe rrOAO)KeHHe HeAb3fl npH3HaTb pe3YJ\hTaTOM KOMnpOMHcca
Me>KAY pa3AHqHbIMH Q:>paKIJ;HflMH. nOA06HbIH Te3HC pery.MIpHO rrpHcyrcT-
ByeT H B AOKYMeHTax COlO3a cOI..\HaA-AeMOKpaTOB - rpynnHpOBKH. OTKO-
l\OBll1eHCH' OT Cfl5I B 1978 r., 06'beAHWlIOw;eH HaH60J\ee aKTHBHYIO "IaCTb
<PpaHH CTPYKTYpHbIX peQ:>opM H 00 cyrH BblpaJKalOI.LJ;eH HAeHHbie OCHO-
Bbl Bcero crreKTpa IIpaBbIX rpyrrnHpOBOK B CflR. nporpaMMHble AOKYMeH-
Tbl CC A 0 "V1C peM eHHe 06w;ecTBeHHbIX HHCTHT}'TOB,
pHeHTHpOBaHhI Ha 1 ..
<PYHKTT HH ryr 6blTb B bIllOJ\HeHbl pbIH01.{HbIMH MexaHH3Ma-
....... KOTOpbIX He MO
MH: H BaH He W\aHH p OBaHHe H COHaJ\..b-
, a MaKp03KOHOMHqeCKoe peryJ\HPO '
fioe O rp " A eflTeJ\bHOCTIi Af'JI H36aBJ\eHHSI OT no-
aHH"IeHHe 3KOHOMH'lecKOn
457
456

M JKCHMdJ\hIlO H npH6bI.A.H H Heyn
:1 j 1I 0 J\Y4('JlHPM { a,
pOKOn C'J p.>MJ\('IUUI. ..5.i _
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CY"('C""WIlJlO no, ''4aCTHOCTH npJ.1BaTH3aqHH rOCYAa p """
.rl--o p Md 80-x fl., B '-I'
11I1CTP<lI'""lIdS( p< '1' . HI HI P aCKOJ\ H nOTeplO BJ\HHHHH " p on...
Aopo1' BhJ:1BaU ( 't"
IWJlJlhlX >f«'J\P:UlhlX ' _ BCf\,yucro MaCCOBoro 06"beAHHeH
- . CJ\H - KOKYpO ,
("Ot() 4<1 :JI'OM 01 prl uSIHHCM I\CBhlX C0Ll.HaAHCTOB. HOBblM '\1,,,
. . lOA CHJ\hJlhIM UJ\rl J,..,....
JlclXOAMHIII<'IO( JI I v OBKH CTClJIla pcopraHH3aLl.HH npocpcolO3HO'
pOM 110 IIO.4HIHJIM ,)TOM J'PYJlfIH P cp e:.A uHeHH5I P3Hro B 1989-1990 r r 54
Il iAC n p o OUbC,ra . .
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P,)JII'O BO:4I1HK KdK () ) 51M M. MaKH3Aa - M. TOMHA3YKH B Py_
, Y K) Olj('pCAh 61\drOAapH YCHJ\.H
11( pn C .. 'I'CJl A CH[HJlM K o6'beAHllellHlo pa60qero ABJUKeHHJI B
KOBOACTBC oXC H flAC
. A M 3H IJdXOf\,HUmerOC5I nOA BI\I1.HHHeM . C031ifj.-
CPPAC IIPO<pC()J()30D 0 ,
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liMe P:)JIf'O IIC rOl\hKO \t'
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I\dMeJlTe NJJYTdTCKOH I'pymlbl P:;nH'O B pC3YAbTa1'e BbI60pOB B naAaTy co-
1989 I ' 311B U H ' I ' CJ\ LII0 Y CHJ\J1AO nOAHTHqeCKOe BJ\HSlHHe npo<p-
nC..IIHKOB . 
ICIITpd, IIdllpaOI\CIIOe lid "HCTOpHqeCKOe npHMHpeHHe Bcex COHaA-AeMO-
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TOphlC, OA1I8KO, IIC CMOI'AH CT8Tb 3aMeTHOH: CHAOH B pa60qeM ABH>KeHHH.
Bo MliorOM 3'1'0 06'hJICHJII\OCb TCM, tfI'0 OCHOBHbIe npocpCOlO3bI, Ha KOTopble
ACJ\dAH CTdBKY KOMMYIIHCTbl11 J\eBbIe COLl.HdAHCTbI - npOcpCOlO3 Y'lHTeAeH
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B CBOCM 601\hlllHIICTBe nOIllJ\.H 3a P3Hro.
0611cc "nonpaBCHHe" Cn5I He CMOrl\O npl1AaTb eH: 06J\HK KOHCTpyK-
THIJIIOH lIapTI1H. CYIlJ,ecrBeHIlbIe H3MeHeHHSI npOXOAHAH B OCHOBHOM a
cepepc IIdpTHj:moH AOKTpHllbl, MaAOH3BeCTHOH. H MaAOHHTepeCHOH OCHoa:
1I0MY Kopnycy 1136Hp8TeJ\.CH. npaKTH"leCKOC YCTpaHeHHe C nOAHTWlec KOIi
dpCllhl MapKCHCTCKoro Kphll\a COHaAHCTOB K 9O-M rr. He AHKBHAHpOBaJ\.O
npOTHBOCTOHlll1C npdBOI'O H AeBoro KphIAbeB B rrapTHH. AeBaSl rpynrIl'lpOa-
Kl:} 1l01\1I0Cl'LIO nOTepMa B03AeHCTBHe Ha cpOpMaAbHYIO AOKTpHHY napTl'lIi,
1I0 CKOHU.CITpl1pOBfu\a YCHAH5I Ha coxpaHeHHH rraHcpHCTCKOH BHeiliHen o -
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enHH:. npHMeqaTeAbHO, qTO KOpHH HOBOH CTpaTerHH Kfl5I, npHHSITOH C
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Kn5I K. MHSlMOTO BnepBbIe BbICKa3aJ\ HAelO coxpaHeHHSI MHoronapTHHHoH
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459
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ff. n03Hl.\HH B np0Q:>colO3aX, Km TaK H He CMorAa HX BoccraHOBHTh. TaK,
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MeAKHX npeAnpHSlTMH, MeAKHe ToprOBL\bl, B onpeAeI\.eHHOH creneHH MeA.-
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460
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CTB}'IOrn;HX B napTc06paHHHX 11 He llAaTHI1.\HX t{AeHCKMX B3HOCOB; 64% npH-
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>KeHHH H YJKecTOqeHHe napTHHHOH: AHCL\HI1AMHbI. nepBoe HarrpaBAeHHe
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Koro 4>poHTa n01\ AI - % If c03AaHHSI eAHHoro AeMoKpaTU qec
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fltI e J\eBoro npo<pl.\eHTpa, aAbTepHaTHBHOrO Coxe. B HaqaAe 1979 f. PYKo-
BoNlIIJ;HH CO BeT TOMIJ;Y pOCOKOH npH3BaA K HaqaAY BceHnOHCKOH AHCKYC-
CtI tI "0 nOAO>KeHH H B 06I.IJ;eHaIJ;HOHaAbHbIX npo4>l.\eHTpax", CTaBllIeH opra-
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pyKoBOACTBOM KfI5I, a B AeKa6pe 1982 r. OTKpbITO 3aSlBI1J\ 0 CBOMX npeTeH-
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rrpocpL\eHTpa A33HpOp3H, 06pa30BaHHoro H3 npoQ:>colO30B, opHeHTHpoBaB-
lllHXCH Ha Kn5I.
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63
paAbHbIX opraHax rrapTHH . C KOHL\a 70-x rr. B Kn51 qeTKO onpeAeAH.J\.CH
rJ\y60KHH nOMfTWIeCKIiH Kpli3liC, BbI3BaHHbiM HeYAaqaMH Ha BbI60pax
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MHSlMOTO. OCHOBHaJI qaCTb PYKOBoAcTBa napTHH BO rAaBe C HHM caMMM
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HaqaAO B rrepB)'1O OqepeAb yKpellAeHHe H 6e3 Toro >KeCTKOH napTHM:HOH
65
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462
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npH aKTHBHOM pO.l\H K. Y3Aa H T. <I>yaa. HOBbIe npeMO>K:HIDI rpynnlipOB_
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TH Kn5I ee 0AHH "'I)'BCTBlITeAbHbIH YAap. ECAH B 1972-1979 rr. 3a KfUI
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[la p THH KOM31T0. 06pa30BHa OHa 6bIAa KaK rrOAHTHQeCKOe rr p "-
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rrre.J\.bCTBO BAlUITeAbHOH Heo YMHCTCKoH peAHrH03HoH OpraHH3aU;HH
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npl1HI..J;lfn - 06Yl\Y Mero - "CAHSlHHe rOCYAapH H EYMbr", HHTepnpeTHpye-
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npl1HU;Hn C.I\eAYIOIl\HM 06pa30M: "OCHOBbI TeopHH 06Yl\Y Mero 3aK.A.lOqalOT-
CH B Tpex BeAHKHX TaHHblX 3aKOHax CBSlTOfO HHTHp3Ha. B CAOBax "3aKOH
rocYAapH CA.HBaeTCH C 3aKOHOM EYMbI, 3aKOH EYMbI CA.HBaeTCSI C 3aKOHOM
rocYAapH, Qepe3 eAHHCTBO rOCYAapH H CBSlIl\eHHHKa peaAH3yeTcH HCTHHa
Tpex Be.MIKHX TaHHblX 3aKOHOB, T.e. nOQHTaHWI HCTHHHOH Bepb!, tJTeHHH
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06ecnetJHBaeT npOI\BeTaHHe TorAa, KorAa OH OCHOBaH Ha 3aKOHe EYMbl" 1.
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IIO.l\O>KeHHe 3ByqHT TaK: "TOJ\.bKO KorAa rocnOACTBYlOlltHH KAaCC B CTpaHe
nOHHMaeT HCTHHHbIH: 3aKOH EYMbI, CAeAYeT eMY, BepHT B Hero, B03MO>K.HbI
CIIOKOHCTBRe B focYAapCTBe H MRp B nOAHe6eCHOH,,72.
np03e.AIITH3M H rrOAIITHtJeCKaSi aKTHBHOCTb B TeopHH SlBASlIOTCH eHT-
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3TO 3aqH pacrrpOCTpaHeHHH nOf.{HTaHHH Cyrpb! 0 AOToce, COAep>K.6eH
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- 3"' 0 ,,73 n
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o6xOAHMO BocnHTbIBaTb rrOAHTHKOB, rOTOBHTb HX. nOCKOAhKY HCTHHHbIH
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npl1 3TOM "MbI rOBopHM 0 3aKOHe rOCYAapSl, HO CeHqaC HMnepaTOp He
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464
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paAhHblH nOTeHIJ.MaA COKa faKKaH 06eCneQHBaeT KOM3HTO AOCTaT04Ho
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npoL\ecc npe06pa30BaHHH B KOM3HTO HaMeTHACH C 1910 r., B nepBYIO
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C nOnbITKOH A. I1K3Aa npenSITCTBOBaTb pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO KplITH'leCKHX
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TeM He MeHee 3TH I1peo6pa3BaHHSI OCTdAHCb B OCHOBHOM BHellIHHMH
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fa KKaH, nOAP06HO onHcaHbI MeTOAbl ynp aBAeHucr napTH 
CoKa  "'ut eH co CTOpo-
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no 3il5IB}\eHHIO caMoro . YlK3Aa. OKa raKKaH - 3TO P e.J\HrH03HaSI O p -
ff. 
raHH3aL\IHI, KOM3HTO - nOAHTlflIecKaSl, HO MbI BMeCTe npHBep>KeHbI yqe-
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HbIMH Ha3BaHHHMH, CTpeMSlI.I..tHHCSI K peaAH3aIJ;HH npHHl.\Hna 06yr.w Mero.
B noJ\MTWlecKOM CMbICAe tJeAOBeK MOJKeT 6bITb ttAeHOM KOM3WrO. B PeAH-
fH03HOM - 'V\eHOM COKa raKKaH, B C0l.\HdAbHOM - pa60THHKOM KOMna-
WiH, cryAeHTOM, BpaqeM, HO 3TO 0AHH H TOT >Ke tJeJ\.OBeK,,79.
PeaJ\.bHbIH I1p O l.\ecc TpaHccpopMaL\HH KOM3HTO CKopee CBSl3dH C H3Me-
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AeHa 6bIAa OTKa3aTbCH OT KaMnaHHH aKTHBHOro H HaCTOHtJHBoro np03eAH-
TH3Ma. OAHaKO H:MeHHO aKL\eHT Ha np03eAHTI13M H aKTHBHble MeT0AbI
y6e>KAeHHSI OTAHQalOT HHTHP3HH3M, OT KOToporo 6epeT CBoe HatJdAO COKa
faKKaH, OT Bcex OCTaAbHblX TetJeHHH 6YMH3Ma. OrKa3 OT HHX Af\JI 3TOH op-
raHH3al.\HH 03HaQaA 6bl OTKa3 OT OCHOB c06CTBeHHOH AOKTpHHbI. A. MK3Aa
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HHK BKAIOqHA nOAHTHtJeCKYIO AeSITeAbHOCTb B nOIDITHe np03eAHTH3Ma, OH
CMor CBepHyTb KaMl1aHHIO aKTHBHoro y6e>KAeHHSI H nepeopl1eHTHpOBaTb
np03eAHTH3M HCKAIOqHTeJ\.bHO Ha nOMep>KKY KOM3HTO. nOMepJKKa Ko-
M3WrO AMI BepYIDll.l,HX - 3TO Ba>KHeHllIaSI peAHrH03HaSl 06S13aHHOCTb.
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BbI60pax B KaqeCTBe cpOpMbI peJ\.HrH03HOH AeSITeAbHOCTH. OHH AIDKe He
nbITalOTCH BblHCHHTb ee nOAHTHtleCKOe AML\O, H Ad>Ke ecAM nOAHTH"IeCKHH
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KHX COMHeHHH: Y ee CTOPOHHHKOB,,80. HaifAeH 6bIA H Bapl1aHT, 3aMeHHB-
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B.J\.elleHHIO HOBoro 'V\eHa OpraHH3aL\HH 81 . 113MeHeHa 6bIAa Aa>Ke TeppHTO-
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ndAhHaSi opraHH3al.\HH MeCTHbIX OTAeAe 
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467
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6oro KOMnOHeHTa "noAyropal1apTHHHoH" CHCTeMbl 1955 f. "no Mepe pae-
IlIHpeHHSI HaCTpOeHHH "noTpe6HTeAhCKOrO OHcepBaTH3Ma , AeHAeoAorH_
3aHH IlIHpOKHX 06ll.\eCTBeHHblX HacrpoeHMH TP6A M IJ,MOHHCUI AeBiUI H AdJKe
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THBHblX rpynrr, tJ:TO xapaKTepHO B l1epBYIO OqepeAb AAJI KOM3HTO, Kn H
B 3HaqHTeAbHOH Mepe Af\JI MC. AaJKe BeAyIIJ,aH rrapTID1 onn03HHH -
CIlR - HMeAa rrpo<pCOlO3bI rocyqpe>KAeHHH B KaqeCTBe IJ,eHTpaAbHOfO He-
TOtJ:HHKa CBoero BAHSlHHSI.
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K 8O-M rr. CTaAO AOCTaTOqHO SlCHO, qTO npOCTbIe MOAHcpHKalJ,HH napTHHHOH
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np06AeMh. nOAHTH':IeCKOH aAhTepHaTHBLI
nepBOH nOnbITKOM c03AaTb a.AhTepHaTHBY AAn He OTSIrom eHfIYIO
HAeOAorHtJecKHMI1 AUCK ' 197 6 f. 1-10-
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Boro AH6epaAbHOrO KA 6 (HAK) osIlIeW
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nl, cyw.eCTByroHM B AAn. CorAaCHO 3TOH oeHKe, BbIXOA HAK H3 ./\An
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paA_AeMOKpaTOB. npH 3TOM CKafIAaAhHaH aTMoc<pepa BOKpyr "AeJ\d AOK-
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99
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AdMHbIH 6YM B cpeACTBax MaCCOBOH HH<popMaHH, BO BpeMH BbI60pOB B
naAary npeACTaBMTeI\.eH 1976 r. OH CMOf BbIABHHyrb AHIIIb MHHHMaAbHO He-
o6xoAMMoe qMCAO KaHAHAaTOB - 25, H 06ecne4lITb n06eAY 17 H3 HHX.
TaKHe HTOrM He rr03BOAHJ\.M HAK AaJKe 06pa30BaTb c06CTBeHHYIO cppaK-
HIO B napAaMeHTe, Af\5I qero Tpe6yeTcSI 20 MeCT B naAaTe npeACTaBIITeJ\eH
H 10 B naAaTe COBeTHHKOB. HatJaJ\.bHbIH cTapT OKa3aJ\CH Hal160Aee YAatJHbIM
B AeCSlTHAeTHeH HCTOpHM napTHM. Ha CAeAYJOll.\HX BbI60pax B naAary npeA-
CTaBHTeAeH B 1979 f. HAK CMor nOA}"fHTb AHIIIb 4 MecTa, B 1980 r. - 12
MeCT, B 1983 f. - 6, B 1986 r. -7. He3Ha4HTeAbHbiM 6bIAO npeACTaBlITeAb-
CTBO KAy6a M B rraAaTe COBeTHHKOB.
CYlQ.ecTBeHH)'JO nOAMTHqecK}'IO pOAb HAK CYMe.J\ cblrpaTb J\.HIlIb B
fV!.yx CAyqa.mc. B KatJecTBe MaprHHaAbHOH na pnm , cnoc06HoH B YCAOBIDIX
paBHOfO npoTMBoCTOSlHHSI ABYX nOAIITHQeCKHX rpynnl1pOBOK CKl\OHlITb
1:1aIUy BeCOB B CTOpOHY OAHOH "3 HHX. 06a 3TH Cl\yqaSl COBnaAH C nepl1o-
aMH MHMMaJ\bHOrO rrapAaMeHTCKOrO npeACTaBHTeJ\bCTBa KAy6a. B 1979 f.
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BblIlie, B 60pb6y T. <DYKYAa H M. OXHpa 3a noCT npeMp-MHH_l1cTpa, H ro-
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nCiAaTe rrpeACTaBHTeAeH /\An 6bIAa BbIH}'JKAeHa 06pa30BaTb KoaJ\.HI.\HOH-
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474
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476
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THH, nO.J\HOCTblO npeoAoAeTb nOCAeAcTBIDI KOToporo OHa TaK H He CMOr1\.d.
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477

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OAOAb OrpaHH'IeHIDI Ha c03AaHHe HOBblX nOAHTH'leCKHX opraHH3aU;MH,
CTaJ\a napTIDI B03po>KAeHIDI (nB, CHHC3HTO), 06pa3oBaHHaH B MIOHe
1993 r. BblIlIeAIlIeH H3./\An rpyrrnHpoBKoH Lt. XaTa - H. OA3aBa. no HTO-
raM napAaMeHTCKHX BbI60pOB 1993 r. HfUI npollHo 3aBOeBaAa TpeTbe
Mecro B HepapxHH HnOHCKHX napTHH, nOA}"IHB 10% roJ\.OCOB H 55 AerryraT-
CKHX MaHdAaToB B naAaTe npeACTaBHTeA.eH. B KoaAHIJ;HOHHOM Ka6MHeTe M.
XOCOKaBbJ OHa A06HAaCb 5 HaH60J\ee 3Ha'lHMbiX rrOCTOB (MHHHCTpOB MHO-
cTpaHHblx AeA, cpHHaHcoB, CeAhCKoro X03S1HcTBa, BHellIHeH TOprOBAH H
npoMbIIllAeHHOCTH, Ha'laAbHHKa yrrpaBJ\eHHSI HaIJ;HoHaJ\bHOH 060POHbl).
TorAa KaK nepBaH no 'IHCAY AenyraTcKHx MaHAaTOB napTIDI npaBHIl{eM KO-
MHl.\I1H - CIlR - HMeeT J\1fllIb ABa MHHHcTepcKMX nOCTa, a OCTaAbHble
j"IacrHHKH AI1IlIb no OAHOMY.
B HaCToHlltee BpeMH TOAhKO TpH SlnoHcKHe napTHH MO>KHO C'IHTaTb 06-
ll.\eHaI..J;HOHaAbHbIMH B nOAHOM CMblCJ\e CAOBa - AAn, CfUI M nB. TaK,
./\An npeACTaBMleT B rrapAaMeHTe Bce 47 rrpeq,eKT}'P, CfUI - 38 npe<P eK -
Typ, nB - 33 rrpecpeK'fYJ>bI. APAee CJ\eA}'IOT KOM3HTO (24 npecpeKTypbl),
Hn51 (11), flAC (13), napTIDI HHHQHaTMBbl (12), KfUI (7), CCA (4). Ce-
CTBeHHO, 'lT0 AHilib TPH nepBble napTHH nepexoNIT 6apbep 5% roJ\.OCOB B
60hhIlIHHcTBe npe<PeKTYP cTpaHbl - AAn H CfUI BO Bcex, nB - B 35,
TorAa KaK HX 6AM>KaHlllHe conepHMKH KOM3HTO. HnR H Krn - AHUlb B
25. OCTaA.hHble napTHM BbirAWT KaK HMelOIIJ;He HCKAIO\.fHTeAhHO AOKdAh-
EIyIO nOMep>KKY (flAC B 11 npeq,eKrypax, nH - B 7, CCA - B 2). EOAee
Toro, B 11 npecpeKrypax nB CMorJ\a BblHTH Ha BTopoe MecTO no 'IHCAY co-
6HPaeMbiX rOJ\.OCOB, cymecTBeHHO nOTecHHB CfUI. H3 APyrHx napTHH Ha
478
479

RropOt:' 'feCTO B OTA€.;\bHbrx npe<t>eKTYpax BblXONIT TaK>Ke KOM3HTo (B'I'
Oca L B. OKaflMa Ii <DYKYOKa), HfUI (B Tpex CJ\aHX _ T Pe)(
CA )'''ldH)' - " I 01<110
CalfTa'\fa H "-YMaMoro) H KnH (B ABYX CA)"'lamc. - KHOTO H KOTH) 106. '
HCTOKlf Y cnexa nB onpeAeNllOTCH npeJKAe Bcero TeM, 'fro Olia 6
 hL\a
C03AB.Ha He KaK KAy6 BHAHbIX nOAHTH'leCKHX AeHTeJ\.eH, a nOJ\HOCTblO
6  ,h Yaac-
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,h a
TaK3ClITa. AHAepaMH nB CTaAH AJOAH, 't'HrypHoBaBIllHe BO <ppaKl..\HH I<al<
OCHOBHOH HCTO'lHHK cpHHaHcoBbIX nocryrIAeHHH (L{. XaTa) H BeAYIl\HH
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raHH3aTOp npeABbI60pHbIX KaMnaHHH H AeHTe.J\.bHOCTH 't'paKl\HH (Ii. 0A3a.-
Ba). no CBoeMY xapaKTey nB npaKTH'lecKH He OTAH'IaeTCH OT ./\An (c
eAHHCTBeHHOH orOBopKOH - B nB He CYll\eCTByeT cppaKl\HH), H HMeHHO B
3TOM 3aKAJO'laeTCfl ee CHAa. Ha rrpaKTHKe AHAepbI nB peaJ\H30BdAH Te3 u
_ IC,
KOTOpbIH nOCTOHHHO 3ByqaA B rrOAHTH'leCKOH >KH3HH crpaHbI nOCAeAHIiX
J\.eT - peOpraHH3altHH napnU1:HOH CTPYKTYpbI CTpaHbl B03MO>KHa TOAhKO
Ha OCHOBe paCKOAa /\AIl, pa3AeAeHIDI ee Ha ABe KpynHhIe KOHcepBaTHB_
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Ho nB He YAaAOCb B nOAHOH Mepe OCYll\eCTBHTb 3ry CTpaTerHIO. B Ha-
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BAHHHHIO H nOAHTH1.IeCKOI1: 3HaQHMOCTH C AAfl. 06 3TOM rOBOpHT H HTOrH
BbI60pOB 1993 r.: eCAH .I\Afl, Aa>Ke oCAa6J\eHHaH, HMeeT 36,6% rOJ\OCOB H3-
6HpaTeAeH H 322 AenyraToB napAaMeHTa B 06eHX naAaTaX, TO nB - J\HIlIb
10% rOAocoB H 63 AenyraToB. 3TH 4Hcppbl BPflA AM n03BOJUllOT CQHTaTb nB
HCTHHHOH dAbTepHaTHBOH /\An B COOTBeTCTBHH C J\orHKOH nporH03Hpo-
BaBillerOCfl paCKOJ\a KOHcepBaTopOB.
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npaKTH1.IeCKH BCH cppaKI\IDI TaHaKa- TaK3CHTa, nOMep>KaHHIDI PHAOM APY-
rnx nOAHTHKOB, AOJ\JKHa 6blAa nOKHH)'Tb /\An H 06pa30BaTb BTOpyK> KPyn-
HYJO KOHcepBaTHBHYIO napTHIO. no 3TOH CTpaTerHH COOTHOlIIeHHe eRA
M3YX OCHOBHbIX KOHcepBaTHBHblX napTHH AOJ\JKHO 6blJ\0 6b1 6blTb npHHH-
nHd.AbHO HHbIM. ECJ\H HCXOAHTb H3 HTorOB Bbl60pOB 1993 f., TO Bce "V\.eHbl
6bIBllleH <ppaKI\HH TaHaKa-TaK3CHTa HMeJ\.H 6bl B napAaMeHTe 128 MeeT B
06eHX naAaTaX npoTHB 258 Y .!\An H 143 Y en.R KOHTpOAHpoBaAH 6bl
15,3% rOJ\OCOB (31,6% y /\An, 15,4% y en.R). B 3TO cJ\yqae BAWlHHe nB
nO'lTH CpaBH.HJ\OCb 6bl C nOKa3aTe.J\eM en.R.
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3TY B03MO>KHOCTb. B COBpeMeHHOM BHAe nB 06pa30BaHa HCIV\1OQHTeA blI
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HHKOB 111 OA3aBa H 10M J\ 7\ n pe-
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cpopMe MHoronapTHHHoH KDaAHl(HM. OAHaKo OHa npHo6peAa npHHl(HnH-
aAbHO HHble, 3a'IlITeAbHO MeHee cTa6HAbHble cpOpMbl, QeM O>KHAaAOCb B
XOAe AHCKYCCHH 70-80-x rr.
B 70-e rr. HCiAe>KAbl CBH3bIBaAMCb C c03AaHHeM KOa.A.H4HH Tpc1AH4 HO H-
HblX onn03HIl.HOHHbIX napTHH, YKpeII..IUIBilll1X CBOH n03H1\HH B nepHoA paB-
HOBeCHH CHA onn03Hl(HH H AAfl. AnoreeM 3THX paCQeTOB CTaAH nOnbITKH
c03AaHHH KOaJ\Hl(HH en-KOM3iITo-fl.AC, TaK M He AOBeAeHHble AO CBoero
AorH4eCKoro KOHl(a H3-3a BJUUlHHfl .J\eBoro KpblAa B cpeAe cOI\HaA-AeMO-
KpaToB. K KOHl(Y 80-x rr. 06Il.-\ecTBeHHoe MHeHMe cTpaHbI YJKe He nHTaAO
HMI03HH: B CBH311 C B03MOJKHOCTHMH TPCiNfI\HOHHOH onn03HI\HH. PaCQeT
CTpOM.J\CH CKopee Ha MAee KOaAHl(HH Bcex napTHH (3a HCKAJOQeHHeM Kn.R)
HAH KDaJ\HI\HH ABYX KpynHeHilll1X napTHH - /\An M ef1R. B A1060M cJ\yqae
AOMMHHpYlOl1.-\eH CHAOH: B TaKO" CHCTeMe ocraBaAaCb 6bl ./\An. 3TOT Bbl60p
orrpeAeA.HJ\cSI HapacTaHHeM HeAoBepIDI KaK K ./\An, TaK H K TPCiAHl(HOHHOH:
orrn03H1\HH B l(eAOM. VlMeHHO B 3'1'0 BpeMfl B03HHKaeT HAeH CTaHOBJ\eHHSI
AByx. KpynHblX KOHcepBaTHBHblX napTHH, HO B OTCyTCTBHe AByxnapTHMHOH
MOAeJ\.H onn03H4ID1 paCCMaTpHBaAaCb KaK B03MO>KJ.fbIH HHCTPYMeHT CAep-
>KI1BaHHSI aM6H4HH: /\An He TOAbKO Qepe3 napAaMeHTCKHe KaHaAbl, HO H
H3 H YTPM npaBlITeAhCTBa. TeM He MeHee B YCAOBHHX KOHTpOJUI HCiA 60J\b-
lUl1HCTBOM rO.J\OCOB B naAaTe npeACTaBlITeAeH HMeHHO KOHcepBaTopbI He
HCnbITbIBdJ\.H nOTpe6HOCTH B ofYbeAl-fHeHHJIX nOA06Horo pOAa.
C06bITHSI 1993 r. nopoAHJ\H HOByID cHryal\HIO. .I\Af1 nOTepHJ\a KOH-
T p o -
f1 .l\b H napAaMeHTOM, HO B Kp4ecTBe npoTHBoBeca eH CMorJ\a BbIcry-
I1Tb .J\HWb BCSI OUbe 'A HHeHHafl onn03HQHfl. C }"'leToM rocnOACTBa B npaBH-
e
11 KOdJ\.l1I\HH KOHcepBaTHBHbIX napTHH 3Ta MOAeAb no cyrH 6AH3Ka K MO-
A, e .l\11 COTPYAHHQeCTBa ./\An H onn03HQHH. OAHaKO OnTHMiiAbHyIO MOAe.J\.b
ABYXlIapTHHHOH CHCTeMbI HeOKOHcepBaTopaM c03AaTb He YAiiAOCb. I1Toro-
Ba.S{ 11.  eT CH'rVaQMIO B .RnoHHH B K OH 40
;YloAe.J\b Qpe3BbJ'laHHO HanoMHHa 'J l\e -x
480
16_ 166
481

pe TeJl AOBaTb AIHllb KOHcepBaTHBHble n
CTb MorJ\H n &.f-'\ ap1'l1
I r. "Or,\d Hd R \a OJ-iii OKa3bIBaAHCb BbIHY>KAeHHhIMH an 11,
HO R oopb6e APyr C APyroM po-
RaTh K \cBoii onn03l1L1,UII. 
6e H'rVaLl,I1R AOCTaTOI.JHO HeycTOH\lHBa. HOBbl)\1
CaMd no ce 3Ta C . J KOlI_
I HHble 11 nOAHTH4eCKI1e YCTaHoBKH BceM T p i\Il'
ccpBaTopaM l.J}')KAbl IAe .r1411_
- CO B p eMeHHblH COlO3 orrpeAeMleTCSI HCKJ\Jo\lHTQ " b
OHHOH onn03I1L1,HH. A A n ........, lIo
3 i'11laI.JaMI1 n p OTI1B060pCTBa C  ¥-'I . n03TOMY CJ\.e A "
,,"OHDIOHKrypHblMI1  IJ er
IlU I.JeCK OH P eo p raHH3aU;1111 KOHcepBaTHBHhlX rrapTHM n ep
O>KltAaTb nepHOf-'l-" , e-
XOAOB nOMITHKOB H3 OAHOH napTI1H B APyrylO AO Tex nop, nOKa He YC1'a-
HOBHTCH YCTOH411BaSI CHcreMa, 06ecne4HBalOIl\aH CMeHY y BAaCTH pa3A11q_
- KOHcepBa To p OB He HcnblTbIBalOll\HX BAHSlHHSI HH AeBblX CLl.
HblX Tel.JeHHl1' CU\
(COLl,HaA-AeMOKpaTOB), HH napTI1H,_ npeACTaBNIlOll\HX HHTepeChl orpaH"_
l.JeHHblX COLl,HaAbHblX rpynn (KOM3TO, flAC). B 3TOM cMble B SInOHCKOH
nOJ\.HTHKe 3aBepllll1ACH AA-HTeAbHblH U;11I<A pa3BI1THH napTHHHOI1 CHcTeMbl
1955 r., Kpl1CTaAMl30BaBWeHcH no HTOraM rrepexoAHofO rrepHoAa CTaHOB-
J\.eHIDI cOBpeMeHHoH napTHHHoH CHCTeMbl B 1945-1 :55 f., H npocecTBO-
BaBllleH C PSIAOM BI1,AOH3MeHeHI1H AO 1993 f. CeHt.J:ac HacTYTIHA HOBbIH
nepexoAHblH nepl1oA, nocKoAbK)' CI1CTeMa 1955 r. He CMOrAa nepepaCTl-1 B
HHoe Ka4ecTBo eCTeCTBeHHhIM rryreM.
nPHMEqAHIUI
I. T. HHCY, C:n1m TO xa6aY-HO CHKaHraKY: TaHCIO MItHCIOC3H-HO HHXOHT3KH T3HKaH
(COIJ,HOJ\OntH napnfH H <ppaKHH: HnOHCKHH BapHaHT pa3BHTHR MacoBoro AeMOKpaTH'JeCKoro
crpOR), KHmo, 1983, c. 46.
2. TaM JKe, C. 46.
3. RJ. Hrebenar, The Japanese Party System. Second Edition, Bou)der, 1992, p. 3.
4. ClOntlfH nmH c3HKe-Ho A3HCC3KH, T. 2: AaH 21 KaH - AaH 39 KaH (l'horH BbJ60pOB
B DaAa1)' DpeACTaBHTeJ\ejt, T. 2: 21-39 cOCTaBhl), To Kif 0, 1991. c. 25-47.
5. ClOntHH ntHH c3HKe-Ho A3HCC3KIf, T. 2, c. 116-117; T.l15Icy, YK.COq., c. 112. )
6. CM.: R.A. Scalapino, J. Masumi, Parties and Politics in Contemporary Japan, Berke ey,
1962.
KaJK-
7. BhJ60phJ B n8l\arycOBeTHHKOB HnoHcKoro napJ\aMeH"ra npoxoART pa3 B 7pH roAa. .....Sf
6npa e .-
AhIH pa3 DepeH36HpaeTCSI npHMepHO nOJ\oBHHa COCTaBa nMaThI. 60% AenyraToB H3
no MecTHhlM OKpyraM, 40% - DO 06IlteHaHOHaAhHOM Y OKp yry . J(
8 - w
. C03AaHHhJH B 1978 r. COH8I\-AeMOKpaTHqeCKHH COlO3 (CAC) TalOf{e 0
3'TOH rpynne. 'fa-
9 n enpe3eJJ
. oAc'JeThI no MecTHhlM H36HpaTeJ\hHhlM oK pyr aM" B A aHHoM CA}"Jae Hep .,tJ]{
HblX Tarv'
TIfBHb!, nOCKOJ\hKY u,empHCTcKHe napTliH BhlABHralOT KaHAHAaTOB AHllIh B OTAeII.l>
OKpyrax. e- JJo
10 Bce rHH H C3HJ{ I).
. pac'JeThJ no HToraM BL]60poB n p oH3Be A eHhl Ha OCHOBe: ClOrHH H  T. ".
2 A - wre..t\en.
A3HCC3KH, T. : aH 21 KaH - AaH 39 MH (HTOrn Bhl60poB B nMary npeACTaB
482
r
39 cocTaBbI), TOKHO, 1991; CaHrnHH ntHH YA3e c3HKe-Ho A3HCC3KH. AilM 1 KaH - AilH 15
21- (JlfTorn OqepeAHblX Bhl60poB B n8l\a1)' COBeTHHKOB: 1-15 COCTaBId), TOKHO, 1990; HHXOH
J{a Ji _ uM6, 27.06.1992.
 3an Cn J ..
J{3M 11. CM. nOAp06Hee npeAUJeCTBYJOIltYJO CTaThIO.
12. HaJ\or Ha DpoAaJlUf, aH8I\0rnqHhlH rop6a'JeBcKoMY 5%-MY "npe3HAeHTCKoMY" H8I\0ry.
nOAPo6Hee 0 RnoHcoM nOTpe6HTeJ\hCKOM H8I\0re CM.: A.H. CeHampoB. HOBbIe TeHAeHl\HH
BJJyrPHDO.I\HTlfqeCKOH H3HH (1988 - Ha'J8I\0 1989 r.) - HnoHIDI 1989: EJKeroAHHK. M., 1991.
27-30; COBpeMeHHhlH HeoKoHcepBiiTH3M. nOA peA. c.n. neperyAoBa, B.H. CKOPoxoAoBa,
c.
M., 1993. .' . .
13. CM., HaDpHMep.. B.M. Richardson and S.C. Flannagan. Pohtics in Japan, Boston,
1984, p. 72. _
14. B COBeTCKOH AHTepa-rype Ha 3TOT 4>eHoMeH nepBOH 06paTHAa BHHMaHHe O.H. HH-
J(oJ\aeBa. - CM.: 0.11. HHKoJ\aeBa, 3BOJ\lOI:\HR COHaJ\hHOH 6a3bJ AH6epaJ\hHO-AeMoKpaTH'Jec-
OH napTHH RnoHHH. - RnoHHR 1986: EJKeroAHHK, M., 1987.
J( 15. R. Shira tori, The Impact of the Economy Upon Politics in Japanese Society. - In:
Japan in the 1980s. Genera) Editor: R. Shiratori, Tokyo, N.Y., San Francisco, 1982, pp. 34-35.
16. A3. KaMHcHMa, A3HIO MHHCIOTO (AH6epaJ\hHO-AeMOKpaTH'JecKaSi napTlUI). - B KH.:
A- HpoKaBa HAP., HUXOH-HO C3HTO-0 KaHra3py (Pa3MldlUJ\eHIDI 0 SlnOHCKHX napTHffiC), TOKHO,
1984. c. 13.
17. <I>Hrypa C. KaH3Mapy, TalOKe He 3aHHMaBlUero noCT npeMhep-MHHHCTpa, npeACTaB-
MeT HCKJ\JOqeHHe B 3TOM PRAY. K MOMeHTY 3aHRTHR AOJ\JKHOCTlf J\HAepa 4>paKl\HH TaK3cma
OH no B03pacry YJKe He Mor npeTeHAOBan Ha pOJ\h npeACeAaTeM napTHH, OCTaBa5ICb 3aKY-
J\HCHbIM "60CCOM" ANI. Ero AHAepc1'BO BO 4>paHH 03Ha'l8l\0, C OAIIOH CTOpOHhI, BhIAeJ\eHHe
AOnOJ\HHTeJ\hHOro BpeMeHH AMI BhlRCHeHHSI OTHoweHHH Me 6oJ\ee MOJ\OAblMH npeTeHAeH-
TftMH Ha 31)' AOJ\JKHOCTh, a, C ApyroH, - HOB}TJO pOJ\b 4>paKI:\HH TaHaKa- TaK3cma B napTHHHOM
nOJ\HTHKe 80-x - HaqaAa 9O-x IT.
18. B HIOJ\e 1993 r. npeACeAaTeJ\eM I\NI H36paH e. KOHO, TaJOKe He HMelOIltHH co6cT-
BeHHOH <ppaKlJ,HH. BBHAY TOro, IJ'J'O J\.jjlI nOTepAAa 6oJ\hlUHHCTBO MeCT KaK B BepXHeH (c 1989
r.), TaK H B HHJKHeH (c HIOM 1993 r.) naMTax napJ\aMema OH He 6bJJ\ H36paH DpeMhep-MH-
HHCTpOM.
19. npH BhlABHJKeHHH TOJ\bKO OAHOro KaHAlfAaTa OT Ka}I(Aoro H36HpaTeAbHoro oKpyra
napTIfH He MOJKeT o6ecne'lHTh 6oJ\blUHHCTBa B napJ\aMeHTe AaJKe "PH no6eAe Bcex ee KaH-
AHAaTOB.
20. RJ. Hrebenar, Op.cit., p. 263.
21. K. Ol<aHO, C3HA3H 4>YAO pOH (nOJ\HTH'IecKHe YCTOH), TOKHO, 1977, c. 209.
22. PaCCqHTaHO no: CHH EH COK, \lJKHMH!JAaH '10H'IJKH HOH (nOJ\HTHKa AAIlJ, CeyA.
1990 C 411 . A A M n "'-H'JeCKCU1I1J\aCTh B HoOHHH, M., 1988, c. 117; KaHKaH, 1992,
,. ,.. aKapoB, 0,,-".
No 12, c. 34-35.
23 0 HOro CeK p eTapSlI\NT nOAP06Hee CM.: H. MaMoPY, re-
. 3HaqeHHH DOCTa reHepaJ\h
lfepaJ\hHhlH ceKpeTaph .l\H6ePaJI.hHO-AeMOKpaTH'IecKoH napTHH. - jJnoHHSI 0 ce6e H MHpe:
AaHNKeCT, 1993, No 3, c. 5-8.
24. AcaxH CHM6}'H, 07.19.1993. _ aM AftH 101 HHH: COHO C3HpRXy TO A33M60 (101
25. M. KHTaKftAo, TaHaKa KaKY3H A ryH J or 1981 C 192 - 193
'Je.I\ n H crpaTeJ'"'W1, 10KHO, ,. .
OB 2 eK Kopnyca KaKY3S1 TaHaKa: OPTP:W. TeKH CHxaH-HO KOA30 (1\AIl: CHC'TeMa AOIl.rO-
6. M. I1cHKaBa, M. XHpOC3, A3nMH .
J\.e'I'Hero I'OcnOAC'TBa), TOKHO, 1989, c. 186.
27. TaM JKe, c. 187.
16*
483

3HKJO (HccJ\eAOBaHUe nO.I\HTIi'-leCKIiX 4>OHAO ) ....
R T. liRBlt, C:.mA3J1 CH"nn-HO K B , 101<1i0,
1990, c. 65-66.
9. Ta' )Ke. c. 104-105.
30 F . ht 1993 No 5. 125.
. oresJg, ' _ y6 ( HAK)- He60J\bwaSl KOHcepBaTHBHaSl napTIUJ nn.
31 I O B biU J\.H6e p aJ\1>HblH KJ\ " ' .....1<0.11.0 8 _
.  "A J<XU" H B.l\HBlllaSJCH B II. I\. n
'\ l\ n B 1976 r B Y CJ\OBIUIX cKaHAaAB 0 ....., # Y-\l1 B 1987 r n
rnaSlcSI OT ....... . . 0-
AP06Ht?e 06 HAK 6 CM. HHJIC pMax T MHKn CM.: R.J. HrebenBr, Op. cit., pp. 259-260
nnoo . .
33 Insider 1.7.1993, No 298, p. 5.
34: X. flMa'Kasa _ OAMH 113 OCHOBaTeJ\eii KnH. npeACeAaTeJ\b KnH B 20-e IT. B pe3Y.II.h_
TaTe TBKTHl.JecKIIX pa3HorJ\aCIlU C KOMIIHTepHOM 6blJ\ IICKAJOl.JeH H3 napTHH H C03A8A Teope_
TI'l.JeclUUt eHTp "POHoxa" (pa60'le-KpeCThSlHCKiUI (j>paKHSI), BXOAHBlllHll B PSIA AOBoeHHLIX
Jl.eBOCOlIaJ\nCTH'JeCKHX napTHU II BhlcrynaBUJHii rJ\aBHhlM OnnOHeHTOM KnH H KOMHHTepHa.
B AHCKyCCHHX 20-30-x IT. no TeOpeTIIl.JeCKHM np06J\eMaM MapKCHC'TCKOH TeopHH npHMeHH_
TeJ\bHO K YCJ\OBHSlM flnoHl"'.
35. T. XMlMa. HHXOH cSlKaWro-HH K3iiKOKy-cypyl K3T1'0 40 H3H-HO p3KHCH-0 KaHraMHT3
(npeAynpeJICAeHne cnfl: AHaAH3 4O-J\eTHeii HCTopnn co BpeMeHH 06pa30BaHHSI napTHH),
TOlUfO. 1986, c. 12-123.
36. TaM JlCe. c. 121.
37. M. KncHMa, KOA30 KaiiKaKy xa: COHO KaKO TO MHpaii (<1>paKIJ,HSI CTpYJ<TYPHhlX pe-
€POpM: npOllJJ\oe H 6YAyn\ee), TOKHO, 1979, c. 161.
38. Um. no: T. XaSlMa. YK.COI.J., c. 182-183.
39. M. KHcHMa. YK.CO'J.. c. 52-53.
40. TaM JlCe, c. 52.
41. T. XaSlMa, YK.COI.J., C 267,275; A3. Mac}'MH. r3HAaii C3HA3H: 1955 H3H HI'O (CoBpe-
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43. COlO3 conaA-AeMOKpaToB (CCAJ - MeJ\J<MI COHa.A-AeMOKpaTH'-IecKaH nap1'IDI. 06-
pa30BaHHCUf B 1978 r. PSlAOM AewreJ\eii (j>paKnH C. 3Aa.
44. T. XMlMa, YK.COq., c. 32-33.
45. UnTo no: HHXOH C3HA3H-HO COT3H. X. OraK3 X3HTe (CnopHble BonpOCbl SlnOHCKOH
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c3iicaKy cnpe CIOC3. HHXOH CSlKamo c3iicaKY ClOpe CIOC3H KaHKO HHHKaH, HHXOH CSlKaHTO
c3iicaKY cnHrnKaii X3HCJO (C60pHHK DOJ\HTHl.JecKHX AOK}'MeHTOB CnH. nOA peA. ItI3AaTe.i\b-
cKoii K?MHCHH C60pHHKa nOJ\HTHl.JecKHX AOJCYMeHTOB CnH H KOMHCCHH no Bblpa60TKe DO-
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52 CSlKam  - . Cn5l).
. 0 MOHAan K3HKJOKaH (HccJ\eAOBaTeJ\bCKHH KOMHTeT no np06J\eMaM
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53. CSlMHH p 3H A 3JO H3H . K on HaA-Ae-
CH. yca-Ho-H3-HO pOMaH (10 Am HCTOpHH CoJO:Ja C
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5 4 OOAP06Hee CM.: A.B. 3aroPCKHH, PeOpraHH3aIJ.HSI n po 
. 19 91. E)Kero A HHK M 1993 't"-0K>3HOro ABHJKeHHSI Hno-
lTno HHSI ' ..,.
U _n 7
JtU. 5 AcaxH CHM6yu, 0 .19.1993.
;6: AKaX aTa , 07.3-4.1969.
57. CM.: !. <1>ysft, 3HMMHT3 KaHcJOm (HapoAHhlH napAaMemapH3M), TOKHO,
. HliXOH KecaHTO AftH 11 KaH TaHKaH TOKYCJO (CneIJ.HaAhH8S1 n 60 XI
1969. A - 1970 N OA pKa M8TepHaAOB
Kn5l). - 33lfb3H, ,0 314.
3Aa -
58. 1-1. KaTac3, C3HTO CHA3H-HO plOoKa: 1985 H3H SSM ,.eC8-HH epy 6YHC3KH (PaCnAbIB-
qaTaji noepJKKa nOAH'JeCKHX napTHH: AH3 AiiHHhlX oDpoca SSM 1985 r.) - ToxOJcy
raJ<yDH A8HraKY pocJO. HHHf3H - f3Hro -::- A3eXo. C3HAaH, 1989. No 95. c. 261.
59. C. KftMHA3e, CI"HHH mHH COC3HKe-HH OK3PY KikaHTo (KnH Ha Bhl60pax AenyraToB
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61. 14. MHA3ycHMa. BaTaKycH-HO eem TOKyxaHH: HHXOH KecaHTO-Ho CHHAaH (H - cne-
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62. HUXOH-HO C3HTO THA3Y '80 - '90. P. CHpaTopH X3H (KapTa nOAHTH'-IecKHX napTHH
HnOHliH B 80-90-e IT. nOA peA. P. CHpaTopH), To Klt 0 , 1980,c.203.
63. :H. MypaoKa, X3HKa-Ho-HaKa-Ho HUXOH KecaHTo (KnH B npoIJ.ecce H3MeHeHHH),
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64. TaM JKe, c. 189.
65. 14. MHA3ycHMa. MHSlMoTo KeCaHTO-Ba xaKaH-cypy: A;JoKy CHCO KaHA30 Ko6a (Pa3B8A
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66. 14. MHA3ycHMa, MHHMOTO K3HA3H Taopypy XH; COHO TOKH KeCaHTO-HH HaHH-ra
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.....117. no. c. pHTa, 3HA
c.4O.
7 4 A T C - 0 .... (A e''''HH H npHpoAe Tpex BeJ\.HKHX TaHHhlX 3dKOHOB).
. . oAa, aHAaHXHXO XHH K . n 
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76. RJ. Hrebenar Op.cit.. p. 153. - -
77 u _ ' K - -HO HaHMaKY (3a KyAHCaMH 3iinyraBllleHcH KOM3HTO),
T . 1'"" AaH, M3HCO-CYPY OM3JITO
Ol<lio, 1989 C 153
78 X '. r - OM3H CHHJ<aH X3H (Pa3BaAHBalOlltaSlcR COKa raK-
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J(aij 1..1 _ H ) TOKHO, 1990, c. 31. AM cp8BHeHHR, B 80-90-e
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11'. 3a K _. Ha nOCJ\eAHHX Bbl60pax 199 T. 37a H<ppa COC"ra-
a OM3HTO I'OAocym 5-6 MAH. 'JeJ\ose K . 99 3
11JI.Q 5 114 H u6V'J1 07.19.1 .
TLJC. I'OJ\OCOB - AcaXH c... r-'
484
485

79. LlifT. no H. To !\urra , ) K. CO'l., c. 29-30.
BO. H. AaH. Y".COI.J., c. 155. 18
81. C'f. TaM ",e, c. 11 0- 1 16; . ApHT8, YK.CO'l., c. 16- .
8. H. AaH, ) K.COI.J., c. 107.
B  T " _ "OM3irro ( KOM3HTo 6pocaeT BbJ30B). To IOIO , 1982, c. 124.
.. ec3H cypy _' H
84. '\.. <I>vA3nBapa, COKa raKKau - KOM3IfTO- 0 6yrra-IOIPY. Ma H8A33 KOHO aKyCHl\ya
. _ _ ( nOAHoe P a306Aa'leHHe COKa raKKaij K a
COCH"JJ-HO "JJMaHC3It-o MOMaH-HIl cypy Ka _ - OMaij_
oro: nO'le!\'Y ceul.Jac CTOlfT Dp06AeMa AJtlHBOCTH nOH nopotJHOH OpraHH3a&HH). TOKJto. 1985
,
c.174.
85. H. TOMlfTa, YK.CO'l., c. 105.
86. Tec3H-cypy KOM3irro, c. 33.
87. XaKafi-cypy HK3Aa COKa ra KKaH , c. 157.
88. TaM JKe, c. 169.
89. Pacc'urraHo no: Acaxn CHM6yH. 07.19.1993.
90. MHHcsrro C3HcaKY xaHA06yKKY '81 (KapMaHHbIH cnpaBotJHHK no nOAHTHKe fIAc
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91. TaM JKe, c. 18.
92. H. Kacyra, T3HKO (Eapa6aH He6a). T. 3, TOKHO, 1986, c. 574.
93. A3HypOKY: MHHCsrrO EyraH-Ho MaKY-o aK3py OTOKOTaTH. M. HpH3 X3H (3aDHCIQI
DO CAeAaM C06bJTHH: IlAC - AJOAH, OTKpbJBBIOIltHe 3aHaBec ceHbl. nOA peA. M. HpH3),
TOKHO, 1985, C. 46, 56, 61.
94. TaM JKe, c. 47.
95. CM., HanpHMep. A. HpoKaBa HAp., YK.CO'l., c. 190.
96. TaM JKe, c. 191.
97. MHH"bH 40 H3H-HO Harap3 (H3MeHeHIDI 06IltecrBeHHoro MHeHWI 3ft 40 AeT), TOKHo,
1986, T. 2, c. 186.
98. TaM JKe, c. 129.
99. nOAPo6Hee CM.: SJ. Pharr. Losing Face: Status Politics in Japan, BerkeJeya.o., 1990,
p. 44-58.
100. CM. nOAP06Hee: R.J. Hrebenar, Op.cit., p. 216-217.
101. Ibidem, p. 217.
102. Ibidem, p. 212.
103. EMHypH CHM6yH, 07.28.1992.
104. AcaXH CHM6yH, 07.19.1993.
105. M. TaKa6aTaK3, "CHlrro f3HA30" A3 HaHH-fa OKHTa Ka (t..{TO pOAHAOCb C "nOftBAeHH-
eM HOBblX napTH""). - 3KOHOMHCyrO, 3.8.1993, c. 57.
106. PacctJJrraHO no: ACaxH CHM6yH, 07.19.1993.
486
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MO>KH - 6 bHOH rOPAoc ,
I< w bIH YIl.\ep HaH:OHaA 3KoHoMHQeCKHMH H IIoJ\HTHQeCKHMH BbI-
011, C AHXBOH: KOMrreHcnpoBaA CH 60TKe nOA06Horo OAHOCToPOHHero If
rOAdMH 0 oN> B BbIpa
. npeAeAeHHyIO p HeM rroAHTHKM CbIrpdAa H H30J\HPOBaH_
eaKTRBHoro cTepeoTHna He:J\THe rOAM e,AHHCTBeHHbIM 3HaQHTeAhHhIM
OCTb .HnOHI1H, MR KOTOpOH A cTaBaJ\MCb COeAHHeHHble WTaThI
BlieWHenOAHTH'IeCKHM rrapTHepoM 0 .
493

nl)CACBOeHHblC OTHOllieHIHI Me>KAY ABYMfl CTpaHaMH npolII.Ju.i C.I\i
H) J }BO \.Kn'H.Kl OT AIfKTaTa oKKynaHOHHoro rrepHoAa AO COCTOJlllliJi >I<-
HOBHClfMOCTn, KOTOpaH, no 3aMellaHIUO HnOHCKoro nOAHTOJ\ora C.Caa.:-
HaxOAIiTCH Ha ypOBHe "rapaHTHpOBaHHoro B3HMHoro ¥HH1IToJKeulUI" ,
nOCKOAhKY 'U060H AeHCTBHTeAbHO Cepbe3HhiH KOH<P1\HKT MeJl<Ay UIi'
CAep>l\.I'maeTCH nepcneKTHBOH KaTaCTpo<tH1eCKHX nOCJ\CTBHH MJJ. ooe Ii
CTOpOH. KOAOCCaAhHblH 06'beM OTHOllleHHH, Ii npe>KAe Bcero nepeIlh IDe
,.J... eTe-
HHe To p roBO-3KoHOMHlleCKHX H 't'HHaHCOBbIX HHTepeCOB, onpel\.tu no
M'-"UleT Ce-
pbe3HOCTb H OCTpOry HnOHo-aMepHKaHCKHX npOTHBOpeqHH, HO 0 A uo
Bpe-
'feHHO H rOTOBHOCfb AHAepOB ABYX CTpaH K pa3pellleHHIO B03HHKalO
- - Q
KOHcpAHKTOB. AAaMf3 HnOHCKOH rrOCAeBoeHHOH n01\HTHKH B OTHOlUeIiHH
CWA TaK HAM HHalle CBH3aH IIpaKTHtIeCKH co BceMH HarrpaBAeHIDIMH
- - 6 6 ee
COBpeMeHHOH AHIIAOMaTHR, nOAJiTHKOR B 0 AaCTH 0 OpOHbl H B 3HatrH-
TeAhHOH CTeneHH C BHelllHe3KOHOMHqeCKOH: AeflTeAhHOCTblO.
nOAHTHKa 3Ta MHHOBaJ\d HeCKOAhKO 3TanOB, OTAJf\IalOI.I.J;HXCH APyr OT
APyra ypOBHeM 3aBHCHMOCTII Me>KAY napTHepaMH. C MOMeHTa HaqClAa OK-
KYTIaIJ;HH B 1945 r. H AO MOMeHTa ee OKOH'IaHIDI nOCJ\e nOAIIHcaHHSI CaR-
<DpaHII;HccKoro MHpHoro AoroBopa RnoHIDI, rrepeJKHBaBIllaH TpaBMy DOpa-
>KeHIDI B BOH:He H >KecTOKHH: 3KOHOMHQeCKHH KpH3HC, HaxoARAach rrpaK-
TIllleCKM B nOAHOM nOA qHHeHHH Y BalllHHITOHa. Co6cTBeHHoH BHernHeH
nOAHTHKH OHa npaKTWleCKH He HMeAa, a ee cpaKTH1IeCKH eAHHCTBeHHblM
napTHepOM 6bIMI COeAHHeHHhle WTaThI B J\HI\e KOMaHAYIDI.I.J;ero oKKyna-
HOHHOH: apMHeH MaKaprypa, KOTOphIH:, no CAOBaM aMepHKaHCKoro AHII-
AOMaTa H HCTopHKa A,JK.KeHHaHa, "6hIA cB060AeH OT AI06bIX BHelIlHHX BAR-
HHHH, BKAlO4ID1 BalllHHITOHCKYJO dAMHHHCTpaHIO" 8. B cooTBeTcTBHH C
AHpeKTHBaMH COlO3HhIX oKKynaHoHHhIX AepJKaB Bce AHIIAOMaTHqeCKHe
npeAcTaBHTeAbCTBd B .RIIoHHH H 3d rpaHHLteH 6hIMI 3aKpbITbI, a MHA HMeA
npaBO .?CYll.\eCTBMlTh AHlllh He3HaqHTeAbHble TeXHHqecKHe <J:>yHKII;HH.
rAaBHOH I\a ., - .,
 4eH, CTOHBllleH B TOT nepHoA nepeA flnOHCKOH AHIlAOMaTHeH,
6hIAO npeKpalIl,eHHe OKKyndHH H IIoAnHcaHHe MHpHoro AorOBopa C CUlA
H HX COlO3HHKaMH no KOdA.HHH.
nOTepneB nOpa>KeHHe B BORHe, .RnoHIDI 6e3 KaKorO-AH60 COIIpOTHB-
AeHIDI nOKO p HAaCh C B - W "VI" I\e
oeH HOBOR CYAh6e, qTO 6hIAO HeOJKHAaHHbIM npe.n:'M
Bcer.o AMI dMe p HKaHTT ..e-
W .....eB, O>Kl1AaBlllHX HenOBHHOBeHHH co CTOpOHbI }l{n.
AeH OKKynH p oBaHHO w W He
6 H cTpaHhl. npHBhlKIlIHe K AHCHIlAHHe H }KHB I
AaroAapH TOTdA.HTa p H - eAbflO
6 OH nponardHAe, B IIOAHOM HeBel\.eHHH OTHocHT
MdCllITa OB BoeHHoH Ka M P eA-
TacTpOcpbI, SlnoHhl nOAqHHHAHCb npH3bIBY II .,
YCMOTplITeAhHO cox pa . ell I<
HeHHoro aMepHKaHqaMH HMne p aTopa H BJ\.BCT
COTPY AHH1.IeCTBY C n06e HMe.J\.a
oc060ro Bhl60pa B n AHTeAHMH. npoHrpaBrnaSl BOHIf)' 51noHWI He ., Ae-
MOHTd>Ka TOTdA.HTapPHlliITHH HAH HenpHHSITHH aMepHKaHCKHX YCAOBJ{bJ}\.O
Horo rOCYAapCTBd, 0AHaKO PYKoBOACTBO CTpafl bI
494
'T
rO'f OBO He TOAhKO K npoBeAeHHIO 3KOHOMHqeCKHX pecpopM H nporpaMMhl
AeMI'UUlTapHaHH, HO H K HOBOMy 3Tarry dKTHBHoro OCMhlC.J\eHHH npHHH-
I10B 3ana,AHOH AeMOKpaTHH, \frO B AaAhHeHllleM CTaAO KAJOIlOM K ee COTPYA-
flliQeCTBY co CTpaHaMH, I1cnOBeAYK>lIl,HMH 3TH eHHOCTH.
CiliA, B QbHX BHeiliHenOAHTHtieCKHX npHOpHTeTax B TO BpeMH HnOHIDI
3aflHMaAa AaAeKO He BeAJ'llW1O pOAh, 6hlAH 3aHHTepeCOBaHhI npe>KA e Bcero
B YCTpaHeHHH onaCHoro conepHHKa B MHpOBOH nOAHTHKe, H cpeACTBOM
tyJI 3Toro 6hIAa H36paHa AeMHMITapH3aHH H AeMOKpaTH3aHH HnOHCKoro
o6Il\eCTBeHHoro CTpOSI. B KOHCTHT}'l\HIO 1947 r. no aMepHKaHcKoMY HaCTO-
flflHIO 6hlAil BKAIOQeHa 9-H CTaThfl, npoB03rAauJaBillIDI OTKd3 OT BOHHhl KaK
cpeAcTBa pa3pellleHHfl KOHcpAHKTOB. Te, KTO ynpaBMIA no aMepHKaHcKoMY
MaHAary nOCAeBoeHHoH 51noHHeH, npHHAAH 3TOT Kypc, OC03HaB BaJKHOCTb
H, rNlBHOe, BbIroAHOCTb ero Af\JI6yero cTpaHbI. .RnoHHH YCBOHAa TO He-
npeJ\.OJKHOe 06cTOflTe.J\.bCTBO, qTO B CAOJKHBllleHCH CHTYaHH 60raTCTBO ro-
cYAapCTBa 6YAeT OnpeAeAflThCH He "CHAhHOH apMHeH", a npe>KAe Bcero
CMAbHOH 3KOHOMHKOH. B IIAaHe BHelllHeH nO.J\HTHKH CPeACTBOM peaAH3a-
IJ;HH 3TOH 3C1AaQH CTaJ\. TecHblH BoeHHO-nOAIITH4eCKHH COlO3 C CiliA, KOTO-
pbIH, no MhlCJ\H npaBSlrn;eH BepXYlllKR CTpaHbI, H AOAJKeH 6bIA 06eCneqlITb
YCAOBIDI AMI c03AaHHH npOBeTalOIlteH 3KOHOMHKH.
AMepHKaHCKHe ll.J\aHbl B OTHOllleHHH HnOHHH COBnaAaAH C TOqKOH
3peHIDI flnOHCKHX npaBHrn;HX KpyroB Ha 6YAee CTpdHbl. B ceHTH6pe
1947 r. MHHHCTp HHocTpaHHhIX AM .RnoHHH X.AcHAa npeACTaBHA oKKyna-
HOHHhIM BOHCKaM MeMopaHAYM, rAe BnepBbIe cOAep:>KaAHCb HIIOHCKHe
rrpeM.o:>KeHHH 0 COlO3e C CiliA. B COOTBeTCI'BHH C 3THM AOK}'MeHTOM npeA-
nOAdraJ\.oCb, 'ITO 51noHHH 6YAf!f HMeTh He60AhlllHe, AerKO BoopYJKeHHhle
cpOpMHpOBaHHH AMI nOMep>KdHWI BH)'TpeHHero nopJI,AKa, a CllIA 06ecne-
4aT 3aIl\HTy OT BHernHeH yrp03bI 9. K 3TOMY BpeMeHH aMepHKaHCKmI no-
3HLtHH OTHOCHTe.J\.bHO AeMRl\.HTapH3aIJ;HH .fInoHHH nOA B03AeHCTBHeM xo-
J\OAHOH BOHHbl H Bce 60AhlIIeH yrp03bI nOTepH KlITafl HaqaAa nOCTeneHHO
"
MeHSITbCH. 51noHHfl paCCMaTpHBaMCb B KOHTCTe cTpaTerHH CAp}l(HBa-
HHSf", CcpOPMYAHpOBaHHOH B MapTe 197 r. B AOKTpHHe Tp}'M3Ha . KorAa
B HOH6pe 1948 r. COBeT HaIJ;HoHaAhHOIi 6e30nacHocTH CiliA pHHHA pe-
WeHHe 06 YKpeIIAeHHH H nepeBoopY}KeHHH HnOHCKHX nOAHeHCKHX CHA,
3T o Cr ,;:,... M Ha nyr H n p eB p aeHHH .fInoHHH H3 I1pOTHBHHKa
UJl.O nepBhIM lIIaro
B aMepHKaHcKoro COlO3HHKa Ha AaAbHeM BOCTOKe.
B Moro ' 06 p aTHoro Kypca, 03Ha4aBlllero OTKa3 OT
paMKax TaK Ha3bIBae "-"
De pBO npeBp anreHIUI .fInoHHH B WBeHapHIO A3HH ,
HaQaAbHOrO IIAaHa 
CI" A C C03J\aHHe flnOHCKoro BoeHHoro nOTeHHa-
I...J...U-\ rrOIlIAH Ha QaCTHQHOe 80 M CI-
J\.a E BKH MlipHoro AoroBOpa C nnOHHeH A;>K.AaAAec,
KO' Il\e  B rrepHoA nOArOTO n a p TaMeHTa CWA BeJ\ neperOBopbl C SlnOH-
TOPbIH no no p vueHHIO rocAe "
CI( J & 'J\vn p eAHJ\ 0 TOM, qTO B C.J\yqae, eCAH 51noHHSI
HM I1paBHTe.J\.bCTBOM, npeMJA-
495

496
COfJ\alIl eHHe 0 He06xOAHMOCTH nepecMoTpa AoroBopa 6e30nacHoCJ'H
6 [)\o AocTwrHYTO B ceHTH6pe 1958 r., H B HHBape 1960 r., HecMoTpH Ha 6ec-
fib el\eAefffHYIO KaMnaHHIO npOTeCTOB B nOHHH, OH 6b1A nOAIIHcaH, a
P l\'I U pa1'HcpHL\HpOBaH, tfrO OTKpbIAO HOBblH 3Tan B pa 3BHTHH ee OTHO-
3a1'e B
I1lell uif C BaHHITOHOM. O1'Mf:t{He 01' AoroBopa 1951 r., B KOTOpOM rOBO-
J.{AOCb, 1.J1'O .HnoHIDI >KeAaeT, QT06bI B KaqecTBe BpeMeHHoro MepOnpHH:-
11.H no ee o60poHe CiliA cOAep>KdI\.H CBOH Boop}')KeHHble CHAhI B .HnoHHH
a6J\H3U Hee AMI npeAoTBpaIl\eHHH BOop}'JKeHHoro HanilAeHHH: Ha .Hno-
:11. 10 ", B HOBOM TeKCTe AoroBopa OTMeqaAOCb, tfrO "KaJKAaH cTopoHa npH-
3I-1aeT, 1.JTO BoopY>KeHHoe HanC3AeHHe Ha AI06}'IO H3 C1'OpOH Ha TeppHTOpH-
SIX, HaxOMII.L\HXCH nOA ynpaBJ\eHHeM .HnoHHH, 6bIAO 6bI onaCHbIM AI\5f ee
c06C1'BeHHoro MHpa H 6e30nacHocTH, H 3aHBNleT, 1.JTO OHa npeAnpHMe1'
AeHCTBHH: AMI O1'pa>KeHHH 06Il\eH onaCHOCTH B COOTBeTC1'BHH co CBOHMH
KOHCTHTYL\HOHHbIMH nOJ\O>KeHHHMH H npOL\eAypaMH" 12. HHblMH CAoBaMH,
'1 ,. "
pe'lb y>Ke He llIAa HH 0 BpeMeHHOM MeponpHHTHH , HH 0 >KeAaHHH .Hno-
I-IIUr", a 0 AOC1'aTOQHO QeTKHX H OrpaHHtIeHHblX AHllib CpOKOM AeHCTBHH AO-
rOBopa aMepHKaHCKHX 06H3aTeJ\.bCTBax no 060pOHe nOHHH.
CTa1'bH: 6-H HOBoro AorOBopa npeAocTaBJUlAa CiliA npaBo HCnOAb30-
BaTb BoeHHbIe 6a3bl Ha 1'eppHTOpHH noHHH "AMI coXpaHeHHH: MHpa H 6e3-
onaCHOC1'H .HnoHHH H AaAbHerO BOCTOKa" 13. npH 3TOM aMepHKaHbl 6blAH
BbIH}')KAeHbI cpOpMaAbHO corAaCHTbCH C Tpe60BaHHeM .HnoHHH npoBoAlITb
C HeR npeABapH1'eAbHbIe KOHcYAbTaqHH B CAyqae cepbe3HbIX H3MeHeHHR
B AHCAoKaHH BOHCK Ha 6a3ax, B BoopY}KeHIDIX H B CAyqaHx npoBeAeHIDI
C 6a3 60eBbix onepaL\HR (Ha npaKTHKe 3Ta AOfOBopeHHoc1'b 1.JaIl\e Bcero He
C06AIOAaeTCH).
Ba>KHbIM AI\5f .HnoHHH HBHAOCb HCKAJ01.JeHHe H3 TeKCTa HOBoro AorOBO-
pa CTaTbH 0 B03MO>KHOCTH HcnOAb30BaHHH aMepHKaHcKHX BORCK, AHCAO-
IJ;H:pOBaHHbIX Ha ee 1'eppHTOpHH, AMI nOAaBAeHH:H BHyrpeHHHx 6ecnoPHA-
KOB, a TaIOKe CTa1'bH 2-H AorOBOpa, AeKAapHpOBaBlliaH He06xOAHMOCTb IIO-
MTl{qeCKoro H 3KOHOMH1.JeCKOrO COTPYAHH1.JeCTBa Me>KAY ABYMH c1'paHaMH,
'fro nOBbIllIaAO IOPHAWIeCKHH cTaryc nOHHH: B paMKax COI03a.
B 31'01' nepHoA CiliA 3HeprH1.JHO CTpeMHAHCb K KOOPAH:HaqHH BoeH-
fIbIx YCHAHH 06eHx CTpaH H YKpeIIAeHHIO AoroBopa 6e30nacHoc1'H B paM-
Kax rrpoBoAHMOH aAMHHHC1'paqHeH 3H:3eHxaY3pa-AaJ\J\eca rrOAH1'HKH cpop-
MnpoBaHHH BoeHHblX 6AOKOB B a3HaTcKo-THxooKeaHcKoM perHoHe. HMeH-
fIo TorAa 6bIAH c03AaHbi HHcTIfiyr.\HOHaAbHbIe OCHOBbI HrrOHCKHX BOopy-
>RefIHbIX CHA. B HIOAe 1954 r. H:nOHCKHH napAaMeHT rrpHHHJ\ 3aKOHbI 06 06-
Pa30BaHHH YnpaBAeHHH HdLtHOHaAbHO H 060POHbI (YHO) H 3aK 0 c03Aa-
fInn " C u'" 60 " COCT OHHTHX H3 apMHH:, BMC H BBC
JrL/1 caMOO pOHbI,  .
n p r8 H .RnoHHH: B o6AaCTH: 060POHbI 6blAH CcpOPM Y AH_
Jr'IHqHIIbI nOAHTHK H 20 MaH 1957
POBaHbi COBeToM HaLtHOHaAhHOH 060POHbI r. npHHHThI Ka-
. 1 03{\ "" H HC a p Mlnl R 350 TbIC. 1.JeJ\.OBeK, crroc06HOli 3a
H" nOIf..'\eT Ha ( U llJ;1f'r
TCK )fO HanAeHIIH H acTBoBaTb B CHCTeMe P err8 0 l1:1't
CTpalH 01' COBe l 'AM ' Jr'1 HQAt ...
OcTH A AQ' A OCTH:>KeHHH corJ\a IlI " 10 liOn
OOOP\.)HbI, He 6V{\eT B03MO>KH I-¥' eHHsI . 0
Ho."o HeoG:xoAIIMO }"ICCTb, 4TO nSITb AeT rrpOBeAeHHH AeMOKpaTHt.IeCI<t.n.- A-
w «pe
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"f-' 1 CTPalie'
Herr p HHTUe BOHHbI Ii qysCTBO BHHbI 3a BoeHHbIe npecTyIlAeHHSI SIn .
w OHCl<oij
BoeHIfHbl 6blAI1 rrpO'lHO BHeApeHbI aMepHKaHCKOH nporraraHAoli
W B
>moHqeB. H3MeHeHHHM B aMepHKaHcKOH n03HqHH npOTHBOCTOSIAH u
Jrl Te B
HnOHCI\.OM rrOAHTH'leCKOM Hcre6AHllIMeHTe, KTO CMor 0L\eHHTb BCe B b
IrOAtI
COI03a C CIlIA H HH3Koro ypOBHH BoeHHblX pacxOAOB AMI B03 p o)J(' A
-£¥\eHnSi
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UIHIH.lp 51noHHH C.EcHAa, HMeHeM KOToporo 1.JaCTO Ha3bIBalOT AOKTp p
B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpOH: 51rrOHHH H cerOAHH, coxpaHIDI OTHOCI1THy,
W Ho
HH3KHH: ypOBeHb BoeHHbIX paCXOAOB, OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe YAe.AHe'[' n 0-
6AeMal\i pa3BHTHH 3KOHOMHKH H YKpeIIAeHHH OTHOllIeHHH C C lllA "' a p
.  KTH-
'leCKH H:MeHHO 3TH npHHqHIIbI H: AerAH B OCHOBY BHellIHeH rrOAHTHKH IIO-
HHH Bcero nOCAeBoeHHoro nepHoAa (KCTaTH, 1.JHCAeHHOCTb ee BOOp}'JKeH-
HbIX CRA B 1992 r. OCTaBaAaCb Ha ypoBHe 246 TbIC. 1.JeAOBeK) 11.
nOCAe rroArrHcaHHH B 1951 r. CaH-$paHqHccKoro MHpHoro AoroBopa
 HnoHo-aMepHKaHcKoro AoroBopa 6e30nacHocTH OTHOllIeHHH: .HnoHHH C
iliA BCT)'IIHAH B HOB}'lO cpa3Y, npOAOAJKaBIIIyIOcH AO MOMeHTa nepecMOT-
pa AoroBopa 6e30rracHocTH B 1960 r. XOTH MHpHbIM: AoroBop rrpeKpamdA
aMepHKaHcK}'lO oKKyrraqHIO nOHH:H H B03BpamaA eM: cYBepeHHbIe npaBa
CiliA COX p aHHAH rr p aBo H a P w w'
a3MeeHHe CBOHX BOHCK Ha HrrOHCKOH Tep-
pHTOpHH:, H60 OA uOB p eMe HH
W I-¥' 0 C 3THM AoroBopoM 6bIA rroAIIHcaH ynoMHHaB-
IlIHHCH BbIll1e AoroBo p 6e30n W
19 aCHoCTH, KOTOpblH BMeCTe C 3aKAlOQeHHbIM B
52 r. a.AMHHHCT p aTHBHbI M
corAallIeHHeM, OnpeAeJUlBIllHM KOHKpeTIIble
YCAOBIDI cOAepJKaHIDI aMe p H W
KaHCKHX BOHCK B .HrroHHH a TaJOKe corJ\.allIe-
HHeM 0 nOMoH B o6e '
Cne'leHHH B3aHMHOH: 6e30nacHoc1'H 01' t 954 r. H
PHAOM ApyrHX aMe p HKaHo-Hrr w
OHCKHX COrAallIeHHH 3d1\O>KHJ\. IOPHAH1.JeCKHe
H IIpaKTH'leCKH:e OCHOBbI
CT paH BoeHHO-nOJ\.HTH'leCKOro COlO3a MeJKAY AByUI
aMH.
HecMoTpH Ha JKeCTKl1e A
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"'UIa rrOHCK rryr e'"
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HJr1 Y AOBAeTBOPHTb T C-
TIf, KOTOpble OTKpbITO e IIaparpacpbI AorOBopa 6e30naCHO
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OIIrr03nHH 1'-
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BoeHHoro COrAallieH YBllIee ABH:)f(eHHe 3a OTMeHY aMepHKdHO-HnOHCKoro
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497

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eT BoeHHYIO nOJU'1' w w 6 Boeli
u1.Iec1'Ba COC1'05IHH H3 Kpa1'KoH IIpeaM YJ\bI H Bcero h 
Horo c01'pYAH..-. . '"1e-rbI
B a H3 KOTO p bIX HenocpeAc1'BeHHo KacalOTCH IIp06.J\.eh
pex II)'HI\.1'OB, A . w '''... 060
HT on p J\eNIe1" {\eAb Ha{\HOHaAbHOH o60poHbl B n p e A
pOHhI, AOI\.'Yw '-'M w" OTBpa
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eHHH Ii U/I' bITb
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BHellIHeH afpeccliH AD rex nop, nOKa MeJKAYHapOAHoe C006meCTBO He
CMO}l{e1' 3<p<peK1'HBHO 06eCne1.IHTb rrpeAOTBpameHHe HanaAeHHH H3BHe" 15,
Borrpoc 06 065I3a1'eAbCTBax 51noHHH no 060poHe CiliA B paMKax AoroBopa
6e30rracHocrn HH TorAa, HH n03}1{e Aa>Ke He C1'aBHJ\CH.
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6O-e H 10-e ff., KorAa B03pOCWillI 3KOHOMHqeCKaH MOmb .RnoHHH He TO.J\.bKO
YKperrHAa ee caMOCTOSITeAbHOCTb B paMKax AorOBOpa 6e30naCHOCTH, HO H
rrpHBeJ\a K 3aMeTHOMy- pocry rrOlUITH'IeCKHX H 3KOHOMIflIecKMX npOTHBO-
petIHH MeJKAY ABYM5I CTpaHaMH. C cepeAHHbI 50-x rr. CiliA HaqaAH pe3KYID
KPlITHKy 51noHHH no nOBOAY pOCTa Ae<pHU;HTa 1'oprOBoro 6aAaHCa H HeAo-
C1'aTOtIHbIX, C aMepHKaHCKOH TO'lKH 3peHHH, HnOHCKHX. paCXOAOB Ha 060-
poRY. 0AHaKO, HeCMOTp5I Ha nepHOAH'leCKH B03HHKaBllIHe o60cTpeHHH QT-
HOIl1eHHH, HMeHHO B 3TO BpeMH 6bIAH 3aAO}KeHbI OCHOBbI IIepeXONi QT
SlnOHCKOH 3aBHCHMOCTH K 60Aee HAM MeHee paBHOMY napTHepC1'BY.
,rAB nOCAe nOpIDKeHH5I BO BbeTHaMe aMepHKaHqbl HaqaJ\H AyMdTb 0
CBoeH OTBeTCTBeHHOH, HO 60Aee OrpaHHQeHHOH pOAH" 16 B A TP, qTO npeA-
YCMaTpHBaAO 3Ha'lHTeAbHOe cOKpaeHHe aMepHKaHcKoro BoeHHoro npH-
cyrCTBH:5I B pefliOHe H COOTBe1'C1'BeHHoe YBeAWIeHHe BKAaA a COlO3HUKOB,
BKI\J01.ICUI .HnoHHlO, B 06eCne'leHHe ero 6e30nacHoCTH, B TOKHO BnepBble
3a.AYMaAHCb 0 B03MO}KHOCTH nOBbIweHHH c06cTBeHHOH: pOAH B MeJKAyHa-
POAHbIX II OTHOIl1eHHHX. npOB03rAallleHHaH IIpe3HAeHTOM P.HHKCOHOM B
1969 r. ryaMcKCUI A o II c-
II KTpHHa HCXoAHAa H3 KOHqeIIqHH "MHoronOJUlpHO
 T M p Hpa, B COoTBe1'CTBHH C KOTOpOH rA06aJ\bHaH cHryaII;HH H o6cTaHoB K a
B 0l\em'fBaAHCb KaK w e HT-
onpeAeAeHHbIH 6aJ\aHc CHA MeYC J\ y nJITblO {\
paMH - CiliA, 3 w IA'M M
w ana.AHOH EBponoH, .RnoHHeH CCCP H KHP. DpH 31'0
HHKCOHOBCKHH noAXo 51 ' fI
OCHoBaH HbIX A K nOHHH CTPOHAC5I He Ha coxpaHeHUH 6AH3K}{X
Ha 3aBHCHMOC CiliA pa C-
CMa1' p HBBTb ee TH 01' OTHOllleHHH:, a Ha nOIIblTKe
B Ka1.IeCTBe 0 MalI-
HbiM n p e w J\ e AHoro H3 l\eHTpOB CHAbI QTO 6blJ\0 Heo)l{
"'f-'t Bcero M5I ca v 0 ' BOC-
MOH fInOHHH. CTpaHa, KOTOpilli npHBbI}(.J\il
498
I1pflI-lflMd1'b ce6H B J;OTHOH: pOl\.H w MAC!Alllero napTHepa, O1'HIOAh He CnellIHAa
Bbf}COAUTb B nOAHblH onaCHOCTeH MHp 6o.J\.b1ll0H: nOAH1'HKH.
X01'fI K 1969 r. .RnoHHH 060UlAa <!>Pf no o&beM}' BHn, ee 3KOHOMH-
CKHe ycnexu eIIJ;e He C03Aa.J\H npeAnOCbIAOK AMI OC03HaHIDI ce6H B Ka-
qe " "
ec1'Be OAHoro H3 MHpOBbIX qeHTpOB . Ao 3Toro BpeMeHH aCHMMeT p IDI
q w
aMepUKaHO-HnOHCKHX O1'HOllIeHHH, K QeMy CAeAyeT A06aBH1'b H Cepbe3Hble
aIffHBoeHHbIe HaCTpoeHHH B CTpaHe, C03AaBaAH 06m eC TBeHHbIH: KAHMaT,
UpH K01'OpOM Aa>Ke ?6ceHHe BOIIpOCOB, CB5I3aHHbIX C 060POHOH, CqH-
1'aJ\OCb CBoero pOAa 1'a6y. BbIBOA aMepHKaHCKHX BOUCK H3 A3HH, "IlIOKH
"
HHKCOHa, KOTopble Ha!MlAHO npOAeMOHCTpHpOBdJ\H CHIDKeHHe pOAH
.RnoHHH B aMepHKaHCKOH IIOAHTHKe, nOHBHBIllHeC5I B TOKHO COMHeHHH: B
rOTOBHOCTH CiliA BbIIIOAIDITb CBOH COlO3HHQeCKHe 06H3aTeAbCTBa - Bce
31'0 nOCTaBHAO BOIIpOC 0 6YAeM HIIOHo-aMepHKaHCKHX OTHOllIeHHH: B
l\eJ\OM H B ccpepe 060POHbI, B QaC1'HOC1'H.
BallIHHITOH BCHQeCKH IIbITaAC5I npOAeMOHCTpHpOBaTb, tffO BoeHHo-no-
.J\HTH'IeCKHH COlO3 MeJKAY ABYM5I CTpaHaMH He HBMleTCH qeM - TO HeH3-
MeHHbIM H tffO B MHpe, rAe AeHCTBYeT HecKOAbKO l..\eHTpOB CHJ\hI, .RnoHIDI
AOIVKHa onHpa1'bCH npe)f{Ae Bcero Ha ce65I. 31'0 BbI3bIBaAO B TOKHO, C
OAHOH: CTOpOHbl, COMHeHIDI B Ha.Ae>KHOC1'H aMepHKaHcKHx BoeHHblX 06H-
3aTeJ\bCTB, B IIpHxoAe CiliA eH: Ha nOMOI..IJ;b B CAyqae HanCJAeHHH Ha Hee C
HCnOAh30BaHHeM 06blqHbiX cpeACTB, a, C ApyrOH, - 0J.I.WIl\eHHe He06xoAH-
MOC1'H IIOHCKa rryreH: AOCTH>KeHHH onpeAeAeHHOH CTeneHH nOAHTHqeCKOH:
H BOeHHOH: caMOCTOSITeJ\bHOC1'H.
"WOKH HHKcoHa" 3HaQH1'eAbHO YCHAHAH 'lysCTBa HeYBepeHHocTIf H
<PPycTpaqHH, KOTopbIe He HCQe3AH Nl}l{e C B03BpameHHeM OKHHaBbI B
1912 r. Ha YCJ\.OBHJIX BblBOAa orryAa fIAepHoro 0pY>KHH, Ha 1.IeM HaCTaHBaAa
RnoHHH. Bonpoc 0 B03BpaeHHH OKHHaBbI aMepHKaHCKaH CJAMHHHcTpa-
IJ;HH CBH3aAa C nOnbITKOH paCII1HpHTb BOeHHbIe 06H3aTeAbCTBa .HnoHHH Ha
IO}KHyIO KopelO H TaH:BaHb. B KOMMIOHHKe 0 neperoBopax MeJKAY P.HHK-
COHOM H npeMbep-MHHHCTpOM 3.CaTO B 1969 r: 6e30nacHocTb .HnoHHH
npJlMO CBH3blBaAaCb C 6e30nacHoCTbIO Ha KopeHcKoM nOAyocTpoBe H B
paHoHe TaH:BaIDI. 065I3a1'eAbCTBa HOCHAH AOCTaTO'lHO a6cTpaKTHbIli xa-
paKTep H 6bIJ\H CBH3aHbI, Bo-nepBbIX, C "ryaMcKoH ATPHHOH", a BO-BTO-
PbIX, C nOnbITKOH CUlA BTHcHyrb .HnoHHIO B cxeMJ' MHOrOnOJUIpHOCTH",
I1CKyccTBeHHo npHAaB eH rAo6aAbHbIe <PYHKI..\HH MHpoBoro L\eHTpa", K
tJeMy B IIOAHTHqeCKOM, a TeM 60Aee B BoeHHOM IIAaHe OHa He 6bIAa rOTOBa.
CTaBlllHH: B HHBape 1970 r. Ha1.IaJ\.bHHKOM YHO .H.HaKacoH3 HBI1J\CH
0AHHM H3 nepBblX HnoHCKRX noNITHKOB, nOCTaBHBlllHX 3aA a 1.lY 06peTeHlUI
C v w CTDSITeAbHOCTH. OH BbICTVnHJ\ C
TJ>aHOH cTpaTerH1.IeCKOH caMO v' J KOHlI,en-
LtI1eH He06xoAHMOCTH Bblpa60TKH HaIJ;HHbHOH 060POHHOH nOAHTHKH
IloCTpoeHHoH Hd "pd3AeJ\eHliH <PyHKIJ;HH 0 eCne1.IeHHH 6e30nacHoCTH 
499

CWo\." 'ITO rJ\CABCT Doe CTpaHbi "HacTOHll\I1MI1 napTHepaMH". 11M
'""f-\ 6a " eSl Coo
crBeHH) K) crpaTenno, JlnOHI1S1 CMO)l{eT 113 BlITbCH: OT TyMaHHblX 0>1( -
Hlili if OAHOCTopOHHeH 3aBHCIIMOCTH OT CiliA B YCAOBIUIX OTcyrCTBI1.SI liAa-
CTBeHHbIX npliHQlfnOB". B CBoeM AOKAaA e KOMHTery no HCCAeAoB Coo_
AA n a H ,,
np06 \eM 6e30nacHOCTH .I 'f-'I n. aKacoH3 OTMellaA, qTO CHAb! caM
" 0060_
pOHbI" Y>Ke B COCTOHHHH OTpa3HTb orpaHlIqeHHYJO II AOKa.AH30BaHHyJo
peCCHIO", OAHaKO B Bonpocax "HaC1')'}!aTeJ\.bHbIX onepaHH JlnoHIDl ar-
CiliA " 17 no-
npe>KHeMY 6YAeT 3aBHCeTb OT .
PeaAH3aQHS1 HOBoro Kypca, no ou;eHKe Ha1.JaAbHH:Ka YHO, Tpe60BClAa
y"BeAIP-IeHHH: BoeHHoro 61OA*eTa 6ol\ee 1.JeM B ABa pa3a, qTO TalOKe SlBM-
J\OCb peaKU;HeH Ha YCHAHBlllHeCH aMepl1KaHCKHe 06BHHeHHH B CiApec 5In _
" 6e " 18 0
HHH B CIIAaTHOM npoe3Ae , TO eCTb B I1CnOAh30BaHHH: aMepHKaHCK
rapaHTI1H: 060POHbI 51noHI1H AJUI HaKOllJ\eHIUI cpeACTB, BKl\.CiAb!BaeMblX HX
- :3 B
pa3BIITHe 3KcnopTHbIX OTpaCAeH. TOT Te311C nOHBI1J\CH, C OAHOH CTOpOHbI
"aK peaKI1H Ha B03paCTaBlllee C 1965 r. oTpHaTeJ\hHOe Ciil\hAO ClllA 
TO,roBJ\e C 51noHHeH, a, C ApyrOH, - KaK OTpa>KeHl1e "ryaMcKoH AOKTpH-
HbI .
Hal160AbllIHe onaceHIDI B RnOHI1H BbI3bIBaA rrpHHHTbIH B aMepHKaH-
-" "
CKOH KOHenn;HH peaAHCTHlleCKOrO CAep>KHBaHIDl KYpc Ha OTKa3 OT npSl-
l\10H: aMepHKaHCKOH: BOBAelleHHOCTI1 B a3HaTCKHe KOHcpJ\HKTbI, qTO, C TOqKH
3peHIDI TOKHo, CTaBHAO nOA COMHeHHe aMepHKaHcKHe rapaHTHH 060POHbI
.RnOHHI1. B AOKAaAe MI1HHCTpa 060POHbI CiliA M.A3MPAa HeABycMbICl\eH-
HO OTMellaJ\.OCb, qTO KatleCTBeHHoe YAyqllIeHHe BOHCK caMo060pOHbl no-
3BOAHT .RnoHHH "YAoBAeTBopHTb rrpaKTH1.JeCKH Bce CBOH H)')KAbl B ccpepe
KOHBeHIJ;HOHaJ\.hHOH 060POHbI" 19.
B oKTH6pe 1972 r. 6bIA npHIDIT 4eTBepTblH llAaH pa3BH:TIDI CHJ\ caMO-
060POHbl Ha IDITh J\eT C 1972 no 1976 rr., HBHBIIlHMCH peaKHeH 51noHIIH
.1 ,.
Ha ryaMcKYJO AOKTpHHY. B COOTBeTCTBI1H C llAaHOM, .HrroHHH: Ao}\)KHa
6bIAa HMeTb B03MO>KHOCTb caMOCTOSITeJ\.bHO OTpa3IITb OrpaHHqeHHYIO npS!-
M)'1O arpeCCHIO Ha OCHOBe coxpaHeHHH KOHTpOJUI HaA B03AyIllHblM H MOP-
CKHM rrpocTpaHcTBoM BOKpyr cTpaHbI. B TOM, 'ITO KaCaAOCb 3am;HTbI oT
SIAepHoro HanClAeHHSI, .RnoHHH nO-npe>KHeMY nOAafaAaCb Ha CiliA. peaAfl-
3aU;HH llJ\aHa Tpe60BaAa cepbe3Horo YBeJ\.HqeHHH: BoeHHbIX pacxoAOB, II UX
cyMMa Ha 5 l\eT Ou;eHIIBaAaCb B 5800 MAPA HeH. PeaAbHaH cyMMa pacxoAO B
cocraBHJ\8 5678 MAPA HeH, qTO 6bIAO 60Aee qeM B f¥3a pa3a 60AhIlle Boell-
Horo 61OA,>KeTa 3a npeAbIAee nHTHJ\eTHe. OAHaKo H8 npaKTlu<.e BoefIlI oe
crpoHTeAbCTBO JJlJ\0 B OCHOBHOM He no l\J1HHK YBeJ\I1qeHIDI BoopyJKefI fIblX
CHJ\, a B_ ccpepe HX KatleCTBeHHoro Yl\yqIIleHHH. TeHAeHu. IDI I< 06pe-re fIlflO
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He ECHAbI Or p aHHtl _ Sl31f c
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Te, 1.JTO 51noHHH OCT _ yp OBfI erd
, aB85ICb cTpaHoH C OTHOCHTeAbHO HH3I<HM
500

Jifr a p H 3aI.J;HI1, A}\)KHa H36eraTb CAHIlIKOM 8KTHBHOH BOBAe4eHHOCTI1 B
rJW'\ 6J\eMb I MHpOBOH llOJ\HTHKH. Hal\HOHaAbHOH l\eAhlO CTpaHbl no-npe>K-
rrpo 6bI1\0 3KOHOMl-PIeCKOe pa3BHTHe, OCeCTBl\eHHe KOToporo B03MO>K-
flerdY CJ\OBHHX noAHTHKO-3KOHOMHtleCKOro cOTpYAHHtleCTBa C CiliA a OT-
BY ,
BHe Moll1,HblX BoopyJKeHHblx CHA KOMneHCl1pOBaAOCb aMe p HKaHcKH-
cyrC'f
rJl1 AoJ\.fOCPOqHblMH fapaHTIDIMH 6e30nacHocTH. npeAocTaBlUleMblMH B
6Mell Aa pa3MellJ,eHHe BoeHHbIX 003 CiliA H8 TeppHTOpHIi 51lloHHH.
o B 6O-e H 70-e ff. AOKTpHHa BbI3BaJ\a K >KH3HH PHA nOAHTHQeCKHX pe-
IlIeIlI'fH, fIanpaBJ\eHHbIX Ha ee HHCTwryaAH38l\111O. B 1967 r. :3.CaTo npoB03-
fJ\a CM "TpH HeMepHblx npHHl\Hlla", B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpblMH .RnoHIDI
I1pI1H M a 06H3aTeJ\bCTBa He npOH3BOAHTb, He I1MeTb Ii He BB03HTb SlAepHoe
opY)KlIe. B TOM >Ke ror. OH CcpOPMYAHpOBaA nOJ\HTHKY "Tpex rrpliHI..(HnOB
3Kcn o pTa BOOpyJKeHHH , corAaCHO KOTOpbIM .RnoHHS1 06ell\aJ\a B03Aep>KH-
BaTbCH OT 3KCllopTa 0pJ?KHH. C 1967 r. BoeHHble pacxoAbl OrpaHH1.JHBaAHCb
oAHHM npoI.\eHToM BHn, a B 1976 r., KorAa 6bIl\a npl1HSITa HaU;HOHaAbHM
rrporpaMMa 060POHbI, 3TO CTaAO 0CPHl\HaAhHOM npaBlITeAhCTBeHHoH llOAH-
THKOH. Ao 1992 r. .HlloHHH HeoAHoKpaTHo 3aSlBMIAa 06 OTKa3e 0'1' nOCblAKH
Boop)')KeHHblx CH./\ 3a rpaHI1l\Y Aa>Ke B paMKax }"IacTHH B CHJ\ax OOH no
rroMep:>KaHHIO MHpa. .RrroHHH CTaAa }"IacTHI1KOM Bcex Me>KAyHapoAHblX
corl\arneHI1H llO OrpaHHQeHHIO rOHKH BooPYJKeHHH, B3HJ\a Ha ce6H: 06H3a-
TeAbCTBa rro HCKJ\lOqHTeJ\.bHO Ml1pHOMY I1cnoAb30BaHHIO KOCMoca.
.RrroHIDl CMOfJ\a 6AecTHe Hcn0Ah30BaTb Bce Te BbIroAbI, KOTopble
npeAOCTaBJ\HJ\a eM "AOKTpI1Ha ECHAbI"'. npe>KAe Bcero 3TO CKa3aAOCb B TOM,
'ITO CTpaHe B TeQeHl1e MHorHX l\eT YAaBaJ\OCb 3KOHOMIITb 3HallHTeJ\.bHble
cpeACTBa 6A.arOAapH MeHbllIl1M pacxOAaM Ha 060poHY no cpaBHeHHIO C
APyrHMH CTpaHaMH HA TO. .RnOHI1H TpaTHAa 6bI Ha 060poHY B TPH pa3a
6oAbwe, qeM ceifqac, eCAH 6b1 ee BoeHHbIe pacxop,bI COCTaBJUlAH 3% OT
B Hn 3 - EBpone 1A XOTS1 B KOHQe 8O-x rr. no a6coJ\IOTHOMY
, KaK B arr8A HOH . y 1
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HIO BoeHHbIX pacxoA -
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"lHorOM 3TO OTpa>KaJ\O
BbIweHlie Kypca HeHbI no OTHOIlleHHIO K AOJ\Aapy.
Ha oyrD K fAo6aAbHOMY napTHepCTBY
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0AI1TCH Ha 80-e Ii HaqClJ\O - . 
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o CaAbAO B ToprOBJ\e C Ke BbI3BaMi 060CTpeHHe npOTHBOpe1.lHH B
PI1KaHCKOM Q:>HHaHCOBOM pblH Ha uH OAHaKO 3KOHOMH:1.IeCK H u
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OWeHHHX Me>KAY ABJ .-- OTOporo 6YAyr paCCMOTpeHbI HH>Ke
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CAI1WKOM 3aTpOHYJ\ OCHOBbI  yCJ\OBHHX, KorAa nOCAe BBOAa COB CKoro
BoeHHO-nOJ\HTH1.JeCKOro colO3a. erCKI1X
501

. rl-. ;::aAMHHHCTpal\HH PeH:raHa B3Hl\a KYpC Ha npOBe
HOliCk. B A't'raHIiCTaH  Aelili
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>K€'CTk.OIf KOH't' ...... "\'O 'lUo
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CTIJ<:nerU"IeKu>. 3aAa4 3Ha'ln ..
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"'aK onopHbIM rryHKTOM aMepHKaHCKOI1 CTpTerI1H nepeAOBoro 6a3I1POBa._
" Ha A aAbHeM BOCTOKe, TaK 11 KpyrrHeHIlIHM perHOHaAhHbIM COIO
HIfH  3HIi-
KOM CWA. OT a6CTpaKTHbIX Tpe60BaHI111 YBeAHqHTb BoeHHbIe pacX.0ALI
Baum:HITOH nepeweJ\ K nOCTaHOBKe KOHKpeTHblX BoeHHbIX 3aq 11 TO'IHo_
f)' oITpeAeJ\eHHIO c<pep Hcn0Ab30Bd.HHH BoeHHOO 610AJKeTa RnOHMM. CyrL
3Toro H3MeHeHHH TO'lHO nOAMeTHA TorAaIlIHI1H nocoJ\ RnOHMH B CliIA.
E.OKaBapa, KOTOpblH }')Ke B MapTe 1981 r. CKa3aA, tffO "B OTJ\H'lHe OT OA,-
l\IHHHCTpal\HM KapTepa, CiliA Tenepb 60AbIlIe 3aHHTepeCOBaHbl He B pa3-
'1epe BoeHHblX aCCl1rHOBaHHM, a B TOM, KaKHM 06pa30M RnOHHH 6YAer
- 6 " 20
npeAnpHHHMaTb YCHAHH Af\JI Yl\yqIlIeHI1H CBoeH 0 OpOHbl .
B Mae 1981 r. nepeA CMl\aMM caMo060pOHbl 6blAH nOCTaBAeHbI TpH 3a-
AaqH, YBH3aHHbIe C onpeAeJ\eHMeM pOAM .RIIOHHH B BoeHHo-cTpaTerWlec_
KHX KOHu;enl\HHX CiliA Af\JI AaJ\hHerO BocToKa: oCYJ.4ecTBJ\eHHe KOHTpOAA
HaA MOpCKHMH KOMM}'HHKaU;HHMH Ha paccToHHHH 1000 MOpCKI1X MHI\..b OT
6eperoB .RnoHHH, MI1HHpOBaHHe H 6l\OKaAa npoAHBoB .HnoHcKoro MOpH C
l\eJ\b1O rrpeAoTBpall.\eHHH BbIXOAa COBeTCKOrO cpAoTa B THXHH OKeaH H CO-
3AaHHe cHcreMbJ nBO .RnoHHH H qaCTI1 RnOHCKoro MOpH, KOTopaH MOrl\a
6bI HaHeCTH TIDKeJ\hIe nOTepH COBeTCKHM TaKTHqeCKHM HCTpe6HTel\JIM Ii
6oM6apAHpOBll.\HKaM AaJ\hHerO AeHCTBHH 21. KOHKpeTH3aI.\HH Tpe60BaHHH
no }"'IaCTHIO .RnoHHH B BoeHHblX YCHAHSIX CiliA Ha AaAbHeM BOCToKe 6bIAa
CBH3aHa npe>K,Ae Bcero C KOoPAHHaU;l1eR BoeHHblX YCHAHH .HnoHHH H aMe-
pHKaHcKHx BoeHHbIX AOKTpHH, qTO, C OAHOH CTOpOHbI, rapaHTHpOBaJ\O He-
1136e>KHOCTb HnoHcKoro }"'IacTHH B AJ06bIX cepbe3HblX BoeHHbIX aKl\HIDC
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pHI1. reorpacpH'ieCKoe IIOl\O>KeHHe .RnoHHI1 B COqeTaHHH C HaAHqHeM Ha ee
TeppHTopHH aMepHKaHcKHX BoeHHbIX 003 AeAaAO ee BaJKHeHllIHM 3BeHOM
B aMeHKaHcKoH CMCTeMe IIepeAOBoro 6a3HpoBaHIDI. npH 3TOM nepBoOqe-
peAHoM l\eAhlO aMepMKaHcKoro BoeHHoro npHcyrcTBHH B .HnoRHH oCTaBa-
AaCb M OCTaeTCH no C W 6 III aToB.
P eH AeHb 0 OpoHa Co6cTBeHHo CoeAHHeHHbIX T
acxOAbI.RnoHHH 6 eAbflO
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YBeJ\HqHBaJ\HCb H I1X NV\ B
, npHpOCT 3a BTOPYIO nOAoBHH Y AeKaAbI cocTaB
cpeAHeM CBbIIlJe 6% .R ofllflf
BblpOC AHlllb Ha 3,7o B rOA. Ho 1992 cpHH.r. BoeHHbIH 610NKeT nfiB 36
MAPA AOM. XOTH B % no cpaBHeHl110 C npeAbIAYIl\HM rOAoM, coCTaB ofl UJi
craBHAH ee H AOMapoBOM HCqHCAeHHI1 BoeHHbIe pacxoAbI.R n 9TO
a TpeTbe MeCTO B Ml1pe no 06"beMY BoeHHoro 61ONKe Ta ,
502
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24
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CKoro CA.araeMOro. n 
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rr. LJ, Be'fHble Te.AeBH30pbI. Ao 1964 r CiliA n OCTo a H
C'faJ\.b, . II HO HMeMi nOAO>KH-
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l' .MfJ('f OB B O'fHOmeHHSlX Me>KAY ABYMSI crpaHaMH 3KOHOMWIecKHe np06Ae-
bl fie BbI3bIBaJ\.H. KorAa B 1965 r. SlnoHcKHH 3KcnopT B CUIA BnepBble
eBbl C H.1\. HMilOpT oryAa, 60AblllHHCTBOM HCCJ\eAOBaTeAeH 31'0 6bIAO oIJ;e-
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3Ta np06AeMa npH06peAa npH npe3HAeHTe P.PeHraHe, KorAa Aeq>l1:IJ;HT B
TOprOBAe C 51noHHeH C 15,8 MAPA-AOAA. B 1981 r. BblpOC AO 56,3 MAPA. AOAA.
B 1987 r. XOTSI B rOAbI npe6bIBaHHH B DeAOM AOMe A,>K.6yrna AecpHIJ;1IT He-
CKOAbKO YMeHbIIIHACH, C 1989 no 1992 rr. OH OCTaBaJ\CSI B CPeAHeM Ha YPOB-
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no OTHOllIeHIUO K AOAJ\i1PY H AerneBH3HoH SlnoHcKoH pa60lJeH CHAhI.
npeA'bHBASleMbIe .HnoHHH Tpe60BaHHH CBOAHAHCb npe>KA e Bcero K CHSITHIO
J\I06blX cpOpMaAhHbIX H HecpopMaAbHblX 6apbepoB Ha nyrH aM:pHKaHcKHx
TOBapoB Ha HnoHcKHH pbIHOK M K npOBeAeHHIO <pHHaHcoBoH pecpoPMbl,
BKAlOlJalOIII;eH B ce6H nOBbIIlIeHMe KYpca HeHbI H AH6epaJ\H3aIJ;HIO SlnOH-
CKoro cpHHaHcoBoro pbIHKa.
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B "T'" 3 " eMeHT bl rocv A a p CTBeHHoro peryAHpoBaHHSI
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3KOHOMHKH AOMHe rOAbl AeHCTBHTeAb J .
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nOAHTHKY. B cooTBeTcTBHM C npHHSlTbl v
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BalJaACH npou,ecc qaCTHlJHOH Ael..\ cpHaHCOB' K 1972 r. .HnoHHSI AOCTHrAa
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BHSI TaMO>KeHHOro 0 OH C HaH60Aee HH3KHMH TapHcpaMH
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BaHHbIe KaK Ha peaAbHO CYllecTBYIOIl.J,MX np06AeMax, TaK H Ha c03AaHHhIX
cpeAcTBaMM MaccoBoH HH<popMaIJ;MM MH<P ax . B 80-e rr. AMI HnOHCKOH AHn-
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61OA>KeTa CiliA, HHBecTHpYIOT 3Ha\IMTeAbHble cpeACTBa B aMepHKaHcKylO
3KOHOMMKY, HO npH 3TOM MX e>KeAHeBHO 06BHHHIOT B XHIII;HH\IeCKOH cKyII-
Ke AMepHKH, B OTKa3e OTKpbITb CBOH pbIHOK MJI aMepHKaHCKHX TOBapoB
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paMKH TOprOBAH, npeBpaTMBIlIHCb B nOAHTHlIeCKYIO npo6AeMY OTHOIlleHHH
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Hoe CaJ\bAO nOHMH B ToprOBAe C CoeARHeHHbIMH WTaTaMH H rAy60Koe
npOHHKHOBeHHe HnOHCKoro KanlITaAa Ha aMepHKaHCKHe cpHHaHCOBbIe
pbIHKM.
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KaK B nepHoA nOCAe peBoAlOqHH M3I1A3H, TaK H IlOCAe BTOpOH MHpOBOH
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rr .HnoHHSI noc CW ] .". v n p OMb II1l
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508

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npOHHKHoBeHHe SlnOHCKoro KanlITdJ\a B CiliA Bbl3BdJ\0 B KOHl\e 8O-x
rr. 6bl CT pbrw pOCT KOAWIeCTBa HnOHCKHX npnpHSITHH B AMepHKe. 8 1987
r. Ha 640 HI10HCKHX npeAnpIDlTHHX B CWA pa60TdJ\0 160 TbIC. 'leJ\OBeK 37
a K 1990 r. qHCJ\eHHOCTb TOJ\hKO SlnOHCKHX aBTOM06HAbHblX npeAnplUITHH
B CWA AocTHrJ\a 300. no ony6AHKOBaHHOMy >KypHdJ\OM "<t>OpqyH" npo-
rH03Y, nOArOTOBAeHHOMY 3KOHOMH'ieCKOH KOHCYAbTaTHBHOH <pHpMOH
II 90
"Ae{na pHCOpCH3 , K cepeAHHe -x rr. HHoCTpaHHble HHBeCTopbl BO rAaBe
C HnoHl.\aMH, B03MO:>KHO, 6YAyr BAClAeTb npeAnpHSITHHMH B CWA CTOHMOC-
38
TblO OKOJ\O 400 MAPA. AOAA. npoTHB 195 MAPA. AOM. B 1987 r. .
npeBpaIIJ.eHHe 3KOHOMH"leCKHX np06AeM B 4eIITpaAbHblH Bonpoc N3Y-
CTOpOHHHX oTHoIlIeHHH 3aCTaBHA pyxoBoACTBO 06eHX cTpaH HCKaTb B03-
MO:>KHOCTH AMI HX B3aHMonpHeMAeMoro perneHHH. 51noHIDI, KaK nOA AaB-
.J\eHHeM aMepHKaHl.\eB, TaK H no co06pa>KeHHHM 3KOHOMH'leCKOH I.I.eAeCO-
06pa3HocTH, 6blJ\a BbIHYJKAeHa nOHTH Ha PHA rnarOB B HanpaBAeHHH AH6e-
paA.H3aU;HH CBoero pbIHKa. EblAH YBehH'leHbI pacxoAbI Ha 06ll\eCTBeHHble
pa60TbI H COU;Ha.AbHble HY>KAbl, npOBeAeHbl Mepbl, CTHMYJ\.HpYIOll\He pOCT
6 C Bo eH CTO p OHbl B BalllHHITOHe
HMnopTa H BHYTpeHHero nOTpe :l\eHIDI. 0 C '
Hbl flnOHCKHX Y cnexoB Ae>KaT He
6hlAH BbIHY>KA eHbl npH3HaTb, "lro npH'lH
" " nO HCKoro Bl-IV"T' p eHHero pbIHKa,
TOAbKO H He CTOAbKO B 3aKpbITOCTH SI &OJ' 
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CKOAbKO B 3cpl'heKTHBHOCTH pa OTbl npoM I ' 6
'+' lITaHHbie Ha yToH'ieHHbie nOTpe H-
Bapbl HaHBbICIlIero KaqeCTBa, pacc'l 6cAV*HBaHHeM H npOAa-
T 6e 'leHHble HaHAY'llllHM OJ m
e.J\.hCKHe BKYCbI, 0 cne n 6e CTO p OHbl THXOfO OKeaHa
B eHTHbIM n;eHaM. 00
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all\eHHe orpoMHor
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M ellleHHSI TaKHX B"J'
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BhIUleHHe BHyrpeHHero cnpoca B n CW A
rh 0 610NKeTa B .
HHTa rOCYAapCTBeHHor OTH orneHHH B l\eHTpe KOTOpOfO
e p HKaHCKHX '
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a SlnOHCKoro
OKa3aAHCb np06AeMbI pOCT e 8O-x rr. nOBOAOM AM' ee Ha'laJ\.a HBHJ\CH
J\e C CiliA, npHll1AOb"Ha KoH ,,11, KOTOpaH AeTOM 1987 r. 6bLl\a YJ\H\.IeHa B
I1HHAeHT C cpHpMOH TocH6a, noAb3yeMorO npH cOOPY>KeHHH nOABoA-
npOACUKe CCCP 060pYAoBaH Hfl , HC a P aHbrne He 6bIAa 3aMewaHa B TaKO-
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513
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OAblllleHHe Kypca Ae't-'Hl(H
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HnOHC"lfe npOl\tbIlllA eHH I<. 110-
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BbllUeHl1l0 CTOUMOCTH 3Kcno. n °ACTBa B
fOJKHYJO KopelO, Ha TaHBaHb H B CLlIA. OCAe nClAeHHH Kypca AO.l\J\apa
6 a n OHCKHX rl-o.HpM, opHeHTHpoBaHHbIx Ha 3Kcno pT
npli blJ\.H KpyTIHbIX Tl 't' , 31fa-
'HfTe..\bHO YJ\teHblUl1J\.HCb, HO cOKpall\eHHe H3Aep:>KeK npoH3BOAcTBa H r116-
"as! eHoBafl nOJ\.HTHKa B AaJ\bHeHllleM n03BOAHAH 11M coxpaHHTb, a Bo Mlio-
rHX CJ\.yqaflx H YBe.J\H'lHTb npOAa>KH Ha aMepHKaH:KOM pbIHKe. POCTy no-
J\.O:>KIITeAbHOrO CaAbA0 B ToprOBJ\.e C CWA, KOTObIR B 1992 r. COcTaBHJ\ 49.4
'\{J\.PA- AOI\A., cnoc06CTBOBaJ\ H cnClA HnOHCKOH 3KOHOMHKH, BbI3BaBuUfH
CHIDKeHHe nOTpe6AeHH5I H HMnopTa.
ECJ\.J1 pOCT OTpHn;aTe..J\bHOrO CaAbAO B ToproBAe C 5InoHReH OCTaeTCH
BonpocoM HOMep 0AHH aMepHKaHo-SlnoHcKRX OTHOIlIeHHH, TO HX BTOpOH
no 3Ha'leHHIO np06J\.eMOH C cepeAHHbI 8O-x rr. CTdI\. pOCT HITOHCKRX HHBec-
THI..I;HH B CiliA. PaCCY:>KAeHHSI 0 TOM, 'iTO .RnoHHSI "cKynaeT AMepHKY",
CTaAH 06lIJ;HM MeCTOM aHaJ\H3a 3KOHOMH'leCKHX CBH3eH Me>I<AY AB}'MH
CTpaHaMH, Aa:>Ke HeCMOTp5I Ha TO, 'iTO no 06'beMY CBOHX HHBecTH4HH B
CiliA B 1988 r. 51noHHSI npoAoJ\.)KaAa ycrynaTb BeAMK06pRTaHHH, KOTOpylO
HHKorAa He 06BHHHAH B nOnbITKaX 3aXBaTHTb KOHTpOAb HClA aMepRKaH-
CKOH3KOHOMHKOH D.
AD 1980 r. 51noHH.H BbIB03HAa KanHTaAOB MeHee, qeM Ha 5 MAPA. ADA/\..
B rOA. OHH B OCHOBHOM npeAHa3Ha'iaAl1Cb AMI cpHHaHCHpOBaHHH npoeKToB
no A06hI'ie Cblph5I B I1HAoHe3HH, 6pa3HAHH, ABCTpaAHH H AMI CTpOHTeAb-
CTBa npeAnpHHTHH no c60pKe rOTOBbIX H3AeJ\HH B cTpaHax A TP. 3KOHO-
MH'ieCKa.H nOAHTHKa peHraHoBcKoH CJAMHHHCTpal.\HH C03AdI\.a 6J\aronpHSIT-
Hble YCAOBHSI fV'JI BbIB03a SlnOHCKoro KanHTaAa B CWA. ECJ\H K KOHl.{y 1980
f. .5InoHIDl HHBeCTHpOBaAa B CiliA Bcero 26,3 MAPA. AOJ\A., TO Ha KOHel\
1988 r. IIOpT<peAbHble H npSlMhle KanHTaAOBAO:>KeHHSI 5InoHHH B ClllA AO-
CTHrAH 284.8 MAPA.AOAA., 1.lTO COCTaBHAO 15,9% OT 06'beMa RHOcTpaHHbIX
KarrHTaAOBAO:>KeHHH B 3TOH CTpaHe 34.
8 KOHIJ;e BO-x rOAOB 51noHHH BhIIllAa Ha BTopoe MeCTO 110 06'beMY npfl-
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OCAH 5 C , MAPA. AOJ\A. B r.
P AO 3,4 MAPA. AOAA. B 1988 r. H COCTaBHJ\H 19 7% OT 06'beMa I1HO-
CTpaIiHbIX HHBecTI1T1HH ) 35 3 ' 0 blX
..... . TO 3Ha'iHTeAbHO npeBbIIllaeT CyMMY npHM
aMepHKaHCKHX KanlITdA v Ie a
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TOM :>Ke rOAY COCTaBHAH 16 9 J . now
CKoro KanHTaAa B CilIA ,MAPA.AoAA. OAHaKo OCHOBHOH I1pHTOK 51 JlW
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BecTopaMH e>KeMeCH'iHO COCTaB.MIeT oKOJ\o oAfl
17-166

I {) PO,\d HdPYlIJl'lIlUIX KOKOM, 6b1Aa ,?6BHHCI-,a B HeqeCTHOCTl1, ROTO
He OrpallJi\UIBaJ\tlCh AUIU" CA}"laeM C TOcH6a, a nepeHOCHAacb PdsI
smOHCK\.}() nOAIITHK Y B OTliomeHHH CWA. OnpocbI 0614 ec TBeHHO Ha BCIO
J ro H
HliSi 11 o"-a3hlBaJ\H , 'ITO y*e He COBeTCKaSl BoeHHaH MOIlI,b, a SlnOHCKI1H e-
HO'\iIf1WCKHii nOTcHLtHaA CTaA paCCMaTpl.maTbCSI aMepHKaHaMI1 B 3Ko-
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BC rJ\aBHOH yrp03bl CiliA
nOAHTH\leCKHM HTOrOM aI-lTHSlnOHCKOM KaMnaHHH SlBJ1J\.OCb np
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KOHrpeCCOM CWA AeTOM 1988 r. nonpaBKH K 06eMY 3aKoJ-rV 0 TO p e
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CW HWB
A. XOTSI npHHHTaSl nonpaBKa cpOpMaAbHO pacnpOC1' p aHHJ\aCb Ha
Bcex
ToprOBbIX napTHepOB CWA, ee aHTHSlnOHCKaH HarrpaBAeHHOCTb 6 b T"
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- 30 1 6 6 " ' B co
OTBeTCTBHH co CTaTbeH ,blAH 0 BHHeHbl B HecnpaBeMHBOH" 1'oprOB-
J\e, \.fTO npeAYCMaTpHBaAO BBeAeHH.e ToprOBbIX caHKl.\HH. PeaKU;IDI .RnoHHH.
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6AeM 1'orOBbiX np01'HBope4HH C CWA, OHa He nOHAeT Ha HHX rroA yrp030H
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IDITIHI KapaTeJ\.bHaSl CTa1'bH 6bIJ\a OTMeHeHa.
He CAHiliKOM ycnewHoH OKa3aAaCb H nonbITKa pelllHTb np06AeMY Ae-
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CTPYKTYpHbIX np06AeM, Ha4aTbiX no HHI1IJ;Ha1'HBe BaWI1HITOHa B 1989 r. Or
neperoBo p oB no OT 'A eAbH O -
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BJ{HeHI1M: Bce eIIJ.e BbiCOK. ClllA, KaK 31'0 npOAeMOHCTpHpOBaA BH3HT npe-
3MeI1fa A*.6yma B .ROHHIO B SlHBdpe 1992 r., rrpOA0A>KdlOT 06BHHHTb
TOKI10 B 3KoHOMliQeCKOH 3KcndHCHIi Ii 1'pe60BaTb cOKpall.\eHIDI Ae<PHU. HTa
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HeHlI1 HX 8Mepl1KaHCKI1X Kopnopal\HH, \frO npl1\.fHHbl Ae<PH4HTa HC1AO HC-
KaTb npe>KAe Bcero B HeAocTd1'Kax ynpaBJ\eHHSI M CPYHK4HoHHpoBaHIDI
aMepMKaHcKoH 3KOHOMI1KH.
41'0 KacaeTCSI aMepMKdHcKHX 1'pe60BaHI1H, npeA'bHBNleMbiX .RrroHMH
Ha ToproBbIX neperOBopax, TO MHOfHe H3 HHX He TOJ\.bKO pa3YMHbi 11 crrpa-
BeAAHBbI, HO 11 He BbI3bIBdlOT CAMlliKOM Cepbe3HbIX B03paJKeHMH co CTOpO-
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AeHHH K Me>KAYHapOAHblM CHC1'eMaM. OAHaKO HX H3MeHeHHSI CTaBSIT PHA
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J\106bIe TpaHccpopMal.\HH Tpe6YlOT CAO>KHOH 11 MlITeAbHOH 3aKoHOAa1'eAb-
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fHe rOAM B l\eAoM CPyHKIJ;HOHHpOBaAa 60Aee ycneIlIHo, 1.JeM 3KOHOMH1.JeC-
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8 KOHu;e 80-x rf. .RrroHIDI, cOKpaTHB npoLteHTHble CTaBKH, paCIllHpHAa
BHyTpeHHI1H cnpoc 11 nooll.\pl1Aa HMnopT. C 1987 no 1991 rf. rOAoBoH npH-
pOCT HnOHCKOH 3KOHOMHKH COC1'aBJ\M B cpeAHeM 4%, a aKTHBHoe CaJ\.hAO
lIAaTe>KHOrO 6aAaHCd B 1990 r. COKpaTHAOCb AO 35,8 MAPA.A0A/\.. HMrropT H3
CoeAHHeHHbIX W1'dTOB BbIpOC C 28,2 MAPA. AD 48,1 MAPA. ADA/\.. OAHaKO
CAeAcTBHeM 3TOfO CTaAH HeonpaBAaHHbIH pOCT LteH Ha 3eMAIO, HeABH)I{H-
MOCTb H B3pblB cneKYJ\.SlIJ;HM Ha 6Hp)l{e, a B KOHeqHM HTore cnaA 3KOHO-
MI1QeCKoH aKTHBHOCTH 11 06'beMOBI1MnOpTa. KOTOpblH B 1992 r. COKpaTHJ\CH
Ha 1,6% no cpaBHeHHIO C npeAbIAyll\HM rOAOM. 8 1992 f. o6DeM 3KcrropTa
B CWA COCTdBHA 95,8 MAPA.AoM., HAH 28,2% OT 06'beMa 3KcnopTa, d HM-
OOpT H3 CiliA 52,2 MAPA. AOM. (22.4% OT O'beMa HnOHCKOfO I1MnopTa).
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la . enxapAa H ceHa .
17.
515

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eHTa Ha MaKCHMaAbHOe HcnOAb30BaHHe 3KOHOMI1QeCKI1x B03MO>KHocTeij
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pHKaHcKyK> nOAJITHKY, .HnoHHSI aKTlfBH3HpoBaJ\a CBoe yqacTHe KaK B pa-
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pa3Mf\IHOrO pOAa Me*AyHapoAHbIX 3KOHOMI1'IeCKHX H MHPOTBOpqeCI<HX
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CTpaHbI H npHAaBaAO ee AHnAoMaTHH rA06aJ\bHbtH cpopMaT. Ii
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'Ia51 MHPOTBOp'IeCKHe oIIepaHH, paclliHpeHHe Me>KAYHapoAHoro Ky.J\hTyp-
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524
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ycn eIlIHO cpYHKU;HOHHp)'lOT.
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lUIT blX cpOHAOB rrpHHClMe>KaAH nopoBHy CiliA H HnoHHH, B 1968 f. yqpe>K-
AeH 3KOHOMH'leCKHH COBeT THXOOKeaHCKoro 6acceHHa (nE3K), KYAa ce-
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527

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KHX TPa.AHL1;IDIX nOHI.fMaHHeM MeCTa KHTaH B CHCTeMe Me>KA}'HapoAHhIx 01'-
HOllIeHHH Ha AaAhHeM BocToKe, TaK H rrparMaTHqeCKHMH M.HTepeCaMH B03-
pO>KAa.llIMxcSI SlrrOHCKI.fX KOMnaHHH. B nHCbMe rrpeMbep-MHHHcTpa .Hno-
HHH C.EcHAa A,>K.<D.AaAAecy B AeKa6pe 1951 r. rOBOpHAOCb, ":11'0, "KpaCHbIH
HAM 6eJ\..bIH, KHTaH OCTaeTCH HalllHM 6AMJKaHlllHM coceAOM, M. SI yBepeH, 'frO
reorpacpHlJeCKHe H 3KOHOMH":IeCKHe 3aKOHbl B KOHe":lHOM C'IeTe 6YA'fT npe-
06l\aAaTb HCJA AI06blMH reoq:acpHlJeCKHMH pa3AH":IMSlMH H HCKYCCTBeHHbI-
MH 1'oprOBblMH 6apbepaMH" 56.
no Mepe Toro KaK 5:lrroHHSI npl106peTaAa Bce 60AbIlIyK> 3KOHOMHQeC-
KYIO caMOC1'OSITeAhHOCTb, CoeAHHeHHbIM W1'aTaM 6blA0 1'pYAHee H 1'pYA-
Hee CAepJKHBaTb pa3BHTHe HnOHO-KHTaHCKHX ToprOBbIX CBSl3eH H cpOpMH-
pOBaBllIHXCSI Ha MX 6a3e HeocpHl.\HaAbHbIX KOHTaKTOB. K MOMewry, KorAa
MHHHCTpal\MSI P.HHKCOHa pellIHAa nepeCMOTpeTb CBOJO rrOAHTHKY B 01'-
HOllleHHH KHP H 113MeHHAa TO":lKY 3peHlliI Ha SlnOHO-KHTaHCKHe O1'HOW e -
HHSI, Heocpl1L1;HaAhHble CBSl3H Me>KAY TOKHO H neKHHOM AOCTM.fAl1 AOCTa-
1'O":lHO BblCOKoro ypOBHSI. C 1950 no 1971 rr., HecMoTpSl Ha oTcyrcTBHe Al1o-
J\oa1'HlJeCKHX OTHollIeHHH Me>KAY ABYMSI cTpaHaMH, 06'heM me: ABYC1'OpOH-
HeH ToproBAM BblpOC B 15 pa3, - C 59 MAR AOl\A. AO 901.4 MAH AOM., 6b1J\o
3a.KAlOlJeHO nOJ\yocpHl\HaAbHOe ToproBoe corJ\.aIlIeHHe COCTOMCSI 06Mefl
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n, JKYPHaAHCTaMl1, Bce 3TH rOAbl nOMepJKHB(1.I.
lllH pOKHC KOHTaKTbl Ha caMblX pa3AH'IHbIX ypoBHSlX. CAOJKHBIlIfl eCfl K aa-
10 }{ rf O1'HorneHHSI, J\Hlllb rh O P M
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q ,.hI1IJ;HaAbHbIMH, AaAH Bce OCHOBaHHSf MH
"Be O '+' K AHH1'H 3aSlBHTb B 1969 "HHCTPY HHocrpaHHbIX AeA
lJ(101II1I1 . r., tfI'0 oTcyrCTBHe AHllAOMaTH1.J:ecKoro
JJ fin He Mernae1' .HnoHHH H KH -
(1p1'f31IaH " 57 TalO HMeTb ":Ipe3BbflIal.fHO IllHpoKHe
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CJ. Tl M ..........IIAOMa1'H":IeCKOH
BOpMaAH3aU;MH AOC1'a1'O":lHO SlCHO rOBOpHT 0 TOM, '11'0 He 1'OAhKO aMepHKaH-
c1<Oe AaBAeHHe onpeAeAflJ\O n03Hl\HIO TOKHO B 31'OM Bonpoce. B Ha":laAe 70-
x fr. 51no HHfl HMeJ\.a AOC1'd1'OQHO B03MOJKHOCTeH N'JI npHIDITHSI caMocroSl-
reJ\.bHOrO perneHM.SI. OHa He 1lIJ\a Ha HOpMaJ\H3al.\HIO OTHOllleHHH C KHTaeM
Be TO.J\.bKO M. He CTOJ\bKO H3-3a n03Hl.\HH CWA B 3TOM Borrpoce, CKOAbKO
BBHAY BblfOAHOC1'M. nOAo6HOH nOAHTHKH: HMeSi rOTOBoe orrpaBAaHHe HeB03-
MOJKHOC1'H YC1'aHOBJ\eHHSI AHIIAOMaTM"IeCKHX OTHOllleHHH C KHP, .HnoHIDI
OAHOBpeMeHHO nOMep>KHBaAa HaHBblCIlIHH cpeAH KarrHTaAHCTH":IeCKHX
crpaH ypOBeHb O1'HOIlIeHHH H C neKHHOM, H C TaH63eM. OTMe":laSl TY pOAb,
KOTOpylO CiliA HrpaAM. B <pOpMHpOBaHI.fH HIIOHCKOH nOAHTHKH B OTHOIlIe-
HI1H KH1'afl, BHAHbIH dMepHKaHcKHH SlnOHOBeA 3. PeHllIaY3P nHCaA B 1968
f., ":11'0 "6bIAO 6bI He CO.BCeM cnpaBeMHBO B03Aara1'b Ha ClllA BCIO OTBeT-
CTBeHHOC1'b 3d HbIHelliHee OTcyTC1'BHe HOpMaAhHbIX OTHOllIeHHH Me>KAY
flnOHHeH Ii KHTaeM...npOAOJ\JKeHHe RMI npeKpameHHe SlnOHCKOH nOAHTM.-
KH AHllAOMaTHQeCKOrO rrpH3HaHHSI TaHBaHSI H TOprOBASI: C o60HMH KHTIDI-
MH nOA J\03YHfOM II O1'AeAeHHSI nOAlITHKH 01' 3KOHOMHKH" cpaKTH":IeCKH Ha-
-0 ,,58 0
XOAHTCSI nOAHOCTblO B PYKaX caMOH .nnOHI.fH . AHaKo AO 1'ex IIOp nOKa
CWA He npM.CT)'IIaAH K rrepeCMOTpy CBoeH nOAlITHKH B OTHOIlleHHH KHP,
RnOHHSI He C06HpaAaCb >KepTBOBaTb CBOHMH nOAHTH'IeCKHMH H 3KOHOH-
qecKHMH KOHTaK1'aMH C TaHBaHeM pdAli HOpMa.AH 3a l\HH O1'HOllIeHM.H C
KHP.
B paMKax nOAHTHKH "6aAaHCa CRAil CoeAHeHHble WTaTbI al\eHTHpO-
B  I\. u HT l"xa aMepH KaHO-KHTaI.fCKHX oTHOrneHHH, 'ITO BbI-
UJU'I 3Hd1.J:HMOCTb pa3B rw
3bIBd.A0 oco6ble onaceHHfl B 51noHHH, KOTOpaSi B OTAMlJHe OT 3andAI-IOeBpo-
n eH - CiliA 6bIA a BO- ne p BbIX 60Aee 3aBHCHMa 01' BaIlIHHf-
CKHX COlO3HHKOB ' ' -
1'0 '" "a oc060e 3Ha1.J:eHHe KlITaHCKOMY HanpaBAe-
Ha, a, BO-BTOPbIX, npHAaBa.a - 6
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I<.a °IlSlnOHIJ;aMH, no CAOB 1'10 : Ka":leCTBe neWKH, nepeABHraeMoH no BOAe
C I< HCnOAb30BaHHe TK 59 n aBHAbHOCTb nOA06Horo npeAnOAO)KeHIUI
oeAHHeHHbIX W1'a1'OB . p oro P.HHKCOHa B 6eceAe C Lf}K0Y 3HbI\a-
nOATBep>KAaeTCSI 3aflBJ\eHHeM caM
530
531

L"'\1 h.OI' ,\ a OH CT P C\IHACH Y 6eAHTb CBoero c06eceAHMKa B TOM \fro"
., f ' aMeplf_
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bKy O}f
nOBO'UleT CWA KOHTpOJ\.HpOBaTb BoeHHoe H nOAJITM1.J:eCKoe pa
3BHTlfe
noHIfH" 60.
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_ _ HOllIe_
HHii C k.HTaeM nOA npRMbiM B03Ael1CTBHeM H3MeHeHMH aMepMKaHC K 
OH no-
AIfTII Kfl, OHa 6bICTpO 060WAa CiliA no TeMnaM H ypOBHIO OTHOIlle H -
. Hlf C
KHP. Y'JKe B ceHTH6pe 1972 r. 6bIAH nOAHOCTblO BOCCTaHOBAeHbI A H I1J\
iliA OMa-
TH1.J:eCKHe OTHOllJeHHR C KHP, Ha TO C peIlIHAI1Cb AMllib B HHBape 1979
r., 11 pa30pBaHbI OTHOllleHHR C TaHBaHeM. Pa3BHTHe RnoHo-KHTaHcK H
_ x
HOIlIeHHI1 Ha YCAOBHSIX. AaAeKO ITpeBocxoMIMX B TO BpeMSI ypOBeHb c6.J\H-
JKeHH5I MeJKAY CiliA H KHP,. 6bIAO BO MHorOM CBH3aHO C OC03HaHHeM
HnOHCKHMH npaBRHMH KpyraMH He06xoAHMOCTM, a, rJ\aBHoe, - B03MO>K-
HOCTH poBeAeHIDI 60Aee He3aBI1CI1MOH: OT CiliA BHellIHeH: nOJUITHKI1. 8
AaAhHeMIlleM OTHOWeHI1R 5IIIOHHH C KHTaeM CTpOHAMCb KaK Ha OCHOBe 011-
peAeAeHHOrO 6aAaHCa Me>KAY Y'ieToM c06cTBeHHblx reonoJ\MTMqeCKHx Ii
3KOHOMM1.J:eCKliX I1HTepeCOB, TaK H nOA BAMSlHMeM ee 3aBMCMMOCTM OT rAO-
6aAbHbIx paC1.J:eTOB BaWI1HITOHa.
B KOHl\e 70-x rr., KorAa CiliA H KHTaH: npHAaraAH cepbe3Hble YCMAHH
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AaCb B:HH)'TOH: B YCMAHH 110 c03AaHIHO aHTHCOBeTCKOrO 6AoKa Ha TpexcTo-
pOHeM OCHOBe. MMHHHCTpal\l1R A,JK.KapTepa aKTMBHO BblcrynaAa 3a CKO-
peMillee 3aKAJ01.J:eHHe AoroBopa 0 MHpe H APy>K6e Me>KAY .HnoHMeH H KHP,
OKa3bIBaSi Ha TOKHO n p Sl Mo
e AaBAeHMe B Bonpoce 0 npMIDITMM npeMarae-
Moro KHTaeM TaK Ha3b IBaeMoro ,, "
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01.J:eBHAHO HHTepnpeTHpoBaBwerocH B aHTMCOBeTCKOM KA1Oqe. B CBOMX Me-
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TaHCKHe >KaJ\06bI no n "
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nnOHHeH 113-3a OTKa3a II" "
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OpbIH caM 6 E>Ke3HHcK -" "
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eAHHeHHbIe WTaTbI H
TeKCT A or oBop e B03pa>KalOT npoTMB BKAIOQeHHSI 3Toro nyHKTa B
a H BbICTVnaJo  H
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Moe 3aRB.J\.eHHe, co e -
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532

v ....51 11 ellA, H .HnoHHSI nOllIAH Ha
",0 1 6c HOpMaJ\.H 3a l\HIO OTHOllleHHH: C
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" 62
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63
B P aMKax aHTHCOBeTCKOH noAHTHKH KHTaH: B TOT nepHoA OCM6HA
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533

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3TH H3MeHeHIUI B no ," :CTOP K HH KHTaHCKO-SlnOHCKHX OTHorneHHH. no cyTJI,
t-V'-0Ae HP K 51 M I<
nparM8TH3M Y B OTHO lli nOHHH 6blAR CBH3aHbI C B03BpaTO.
eHHHX Mew" P Jl-
uY ABYMH CTpaHaMH, CMeHHBllleMY l1e
534
OI1peAeJ\eHHOH aHTHCOBeTCKOH 3HcpOPl1H 1I0CAe nOAIIHcaHHSI B 1978 r.
oA OBOpa 0 MHpe H APyJK6e. OTKa3aBllIHcb OT C03,NlHHSI aHTHCOBeTCKOrO
Ao r 3lf aJ\bSlHCa MeW-AY KHP H .RlIoHHeH, CoeAHHeHHble WTaTbI coCpeAOTD-
Ba v
uJ\1'I CBoe BHHMaHHe Ha cOAeHcTBHH 3KOHOMHtleCKOH MOAepHH3aIJ;HH
JfI'aSl' qTO, no aCqeTaM BallIHHITOHa, AOJ\JKHO 6bIJ\O 1I0CTaBI.fTb ero Ha
nyTb coU,HaAb HOH nepeopHeHTal.\HH OT COIJ;HaAH3Ma K KaIIHTaAH3MY. B 3TOH
x.eMe .HnoHHH OTBOAHAaCb pOAb fAaBHoro HCTOqHHKa KanHTaAa H TeXHD-
C v v "
.l\.orHH: f05I oCyII.J.eCTBAeHHSI KHTaHCKOH nOAHTHKH qeTblpex MOAepHH3a-
Il,I'IM". .HnoHHSI, cTpeMSlll.I,aSlCSI K 3aBoeBaHHIO IIPOqHblX perHOHaAbHbrx no-
3HIJ;lfM, AocTaTOqHO n03IITHBHO OTHecAaCb K pacIlIHpeHHIO 3KOHOMHQeCKHX
CBSl3eM C KHTaeM, TeM 60Aee, 'ITO paHH KHTaHcKHH pblHOK BcerAd
npHBAeKaJ\. BHHMaHHe SlnOHCKHX npeAnpHHHMaTeJ\eH.
B AeKa6pe 1979 f., BO BpeMSI BH3HTa npeMbep-MHHHCTpa M.OXHpa B
nel<HH, .HnoHIDI B3S1J\a Ha ce6S1 06S13dTeAbCTBO npeAOCTaBHTb KHTalO no-
Moll.l,b B 061>eMe 300 MAPA. HeH B Teq:eHHe IISITH AeT, a B MapTe 1984 r. .R.Ha-
KaCOH3 npHIDIA peIlleHHe npeAOCTaBlITb BTOpOH HeHoBbIH 3aeM B cyMMe
470 MAPA. HeH., KOTOpbIH 3dTeM 6blA YBeMfQeH AO 540 MAP B OKTSl6pe
1988 r. 6blA0 AocTHrlfYTo corAarneHHe 0 TpeTbeM HeHOBOM 3aHMe B cyMMe
810 MAPA. HeH, HaqHHiUI C 1990 r.
nOCAe C06blTHH 4 HIOHSI 1989 r. Ha £IAOIII;aA,M THHbClHbM3Hb OTHOIlleHHSI
KHTaSi C 3andA OM OKa'3aAHCb B cepbe3HoM KpH3Hce. CoeAHeHHbIe WTaTbl
V}J{ !l. eHl.feM Ha pyrn eHHH n p aB 1.J:eJ\.OBeKa.
He TO.J\bKO BbIcryllHAH C pe3K1.fM OCJ'.Y"'!
K 60B "" A TA aH aAOrHQHblX IlJarOB OT CBOHX COlO3HHKOB,
B HTae, HO H nOTpe a.nn
a pa a XO TSI H He CAHIlJKOM OXOTHO, HO nOMep>KaJ\a
BKAlOqaSl: nnOHHlO, KOTO 11,
HM KHP 51noHcKiUI peaKIDI Ha c06b1-
aMepHKaHCKHe caHKI.1,HH B OTHorneH .
THSf HIOHSI 1989 r. 6b1Aa HaMHoro MSlI"'Ie, 4eM 3aSlBAeHHH ee BeA,HX napT-
6 'frO MOTHBHpOBaAO Cb npeJKAe Bcero He TOJ\h-
HepOB no 3anilAHO AOKY, HKaAh HOH nCHXOAOrl.fqeCKOH 6AH30CTblO" 61,
KO reorpacpH1.J:eCKOH, HO H yH e CAa CTOAbKO CT P a.AaHWH KHTaH-
Ha KOTOpa5I npHH
a TalOKe TeM, qTO CTpa , BaTb A aJKe no nOBoAY OqeBHAHbIX
n p aBe MopaAH3HPO
CKOMY HapoAY, He B TeM He MeHee 6bIAO 3aMOpO>KeHO 3KOHOMH-
HapyrneHHH npaB qeJ\.OBeKa K . a CB OH A"J,.HeHiliHe IlIarH B OTHOllle-
C HTaeM, 
qeCKoe COTPYAHHqeCTBO 51 HHSf o6eaAa KOOPAHHHpOBaTb C CiliA H
HHH caHKIJ;HH npOTHB KHTaSl no "
"6 )\bIIIOM ceMepKH .
APyrH:MH 1.J:AeHaMH 0 u.reJ\.eH ceMH pa3BHTbIX KaIIHTaAHCTH"IeC-
PY KOBOAn l
nOCAe cOBeW;aH HSf 198 9 r .HnoHIDI npMHHAa PHA Mep IIO orpa-
B HIOAe .
KHX cTpaH B napl.fJK HP B tJacTHOCTH, 3aMOp03H.J\a npeAOCTaBJ\eHHe
HHqeHH:1O OTHOlIIeHRH C K 'TOAbKO B SlHBape t 990 r. PYKoBoAcTBO KHP
KHTalO KpeAHTOB. OAHaKO, KaK "Horo nOAO}l{eHH H B neKHHe, .HnoHHSI cpaK-
tJ p e3BbIQa&'1 w 6
06"bHBHAO 06 OTMeHe OMHtJecKHX caHKHH H B030 HOBHJ\a n p e-
eL1\! 3KOH ""
TH1.J:eCKH rrolllAa Ha oTM UJ cOBell.\aH HH ceMepKH B XblOCToHe B
H QepeAHOM
pBaHHble CBSl3H. a 0
535

IUOAC 1990 r. .HnoHHSI Ao611Aacb nOHHMaHHSI co CTOpOHbl 3anctAHbIx napT_
HepoB CHOUX "OC06bIX oTHorneHHH" C KHP H cpaKTli4ecKH nOAyqHJ\a corl\a_
cne Ha B0306HOBAeHHe cpHHaHcoBoi1 nOMOrn;H KHTalO. B ceHTH6pe 1990
r.
6blAO OcpHLJ;HaAbHO 06'bHBAeHO 0 perneHHH HnOHCKoro npaBlITeAbCTBa Bo-
306HOBIITb npeAOCTaBAeHHe KlITalO TpeTberO HeHOBoro 3aHMa, BKJ\.IO'IiUI
AbrOTHble 3aHMhI AMI CTpOHTeJ\.bcTBa Aopor H nAOTHH AO 1995 r. no HMelO_
rn;HMCfI oqeHKaM, HnOHCKHe npSIMbIe HHBecTliqHH B 3KOHOMMKY KHTCUI B
1992 COCTaBliAH OT 1.6 AO 2 MAPA. AOM. npoTliB 439 MAR.AO.lv\. B 1990 r.
AOTfi f,oAR ..RnoHHH B HHocTpaHHoH nOMOrn;H KwralO COCTaBMU\.a CBbIllie
35% 6 , Ha KOHeLJ; MapTa 1992 r. HnOHCKHe HHBecTHLJ;liH B KHTae CocTaBHAR
TOAbKO 3,4 MAJ'A. AOM., 41'0 MeHee 4eTBepTH CYMMbI, HHBecTlipoBaHHOH B
HHAOHe3HH 6 . ToprOBAR Me>KA)' 5InOHl1eH H KHTaeM B 1992 r. COcTaBIfAa
28,8 MAPA. A0J\l\.. (3KcnopT - 11,9 MAPA.AoM., liMnopT 16,9 MAPA.AOM.).
npH 3TOM KlITaH, Ha411HaSI C 1988 r., HMeeT aKTHBHoe CaAhAO B ToproBAe
C ..RnoHHeH.
HecMoTpfl Ha aKTHBH3aqHJO oTHolIleHHH Me>KAY ABYMH cTpaHaMH H
04eBHAHoe nOBbIlIleHHe MeCTa KlITillI B npHopHTeTax HrroHcKoH nOJ\MTHKH,
41'0 6blAO rrpoAeMOHCTpl1pOBaHO BH3HTOM HrrOHCKoro HMrrepaTopa B
neKHH B oKTfl6pe 1992 r., o6e CTOpOHbI coxpaIDIIOT orrpeAeAeHH)'IO HaCTO-
pO>KeHHOCTb no OTHOllleHl11O APyr K APyry. 51noHliH AOCTaT04HO CAep>KaH-
HO OTHOCHTCSI K nepeAa4e KlITalO nepeAoBbix TexHoJ\.ofHH, BHAH B HeM rro-
TeHIJ;HaAhHOrO KOHKYPeHTa Ha pbIHKax A311H 11 APyrHX pefHoHax. OCTaeTCSI
HeperneHHOH H TeppHTOpHaAbHillI np06AeMa. XOTSI CTOpOHbi rrpHHHAH pe-
rneHHe oCTaBwrb Bonpoc 0 npI1HClAAe>KHOCTI1 cnopHbIX OCTpOBOB C3HKdKY
(AHOIOHAaO) 6YAHM nOKOAeHI1f1M, rrpl1HHTl1e KHTaeM 3aKOHa 0 TeppHTO-
pHaAhHblX BOAax, rrpeAOCTaBliBlIlero BoopY>KeHHbiM CHAaM KHP npaBO Ha
rrpce4eHHe rrOnbITOK BTOp>KeHHfI Ha OCTpOBa H npHAeralOIl\He MopCKlie
pal10HbI, BbI3BaAO OCTPYID peaHIO ..RnoHHH. B OcpHIJ;HdI\.bHOM rrpoTecTe
6blA,?" 3aHBAO, 4TO C3HKaKY HBARIOTCfI "I1CKOHHO HrrOHCKOH TeppHTO-
pHeH 11 3TO He nOA,Ae>KHT COMHeHHIO".
O:TaeTCSI HeperneHHOI1: 11 np06AeMa KI1TaHCKHX MaTepHdI\.bHbIX npe-
TeH3HH K 5InoHHH 3a ep6, HaHeceHHbIH CTpaHe B rrepl10A BOHHbI. B pe-
3YAhTaTe SIrrOHCKOH afpeCCHI1 B 30-x - 40-x rr. B KHTae 6bIJ\.0 y6HTO HAM
paHeHO nOPHAKa 10 MAR. Ml1pHbiX >KI1TeAeH, 3 MAR. 4eJ\.. rrpHIryAHTeAb HO
pa60TaAH Ha SIIIoHIJ;eB. KHTaH oqeHHBaeT ym e p6 B 300 MAPA. A0JV\.., H XOTSI
OT KOMneHcaql1H B 120 MAPA. rro rocYAapcTBeHHoH .AHHHH KHTaH oTKa3aA-
CSI B xOAe HOpMaAH3aql1H AHIIAOMaTI1QeCKHX oTHoIlleHHH n p eTeH311H qaCT-
HblX AH '...
1.\, 0l.\eHHBaeMbIe B 180 MAPA. AOM., OCTaIOTCH. He BO BceM KHTali
YCT p aI1Ba<:T 11 II03111.\HSI 5InoHI1M. B Bonpoce 0 TaHBaHe. B neKHHe He 6e3
OCHOBaHHI1 C4HTalOT (] T'f C-
, 41'0 .nnOHHSI 3aHHTepeCOBaHa B coxpaHeHHH CTa
KBO B OTHOIlIeHHHX M ce-
e>I<AY OCTpOBOM H MaTepHKOM. OAHaKO HaH60Aee
off npo6J\.eMOH 6YAYll\HX oTHOmeHI1H Me>KAY 5InOHl1eH H Kl1TdeM OC-
pbe;51 60pb6a 3a J\.l1.AepCTBO B ATP, OCHOBHbIe nepHneTl1H KOTOpOH, Bepo-
'foe P a3BepHYTCSI Y}Ke B XXI BeKe. KlITaH H cerOAHSI AOCTaT04HO HaCTO-
f{1'flO, (] ...
'HO OTHOCHTCSI K nepCneKTI1Be IIOAY'.IeHHSI nnOHl1el1 cTaryca IIOCTO-
P °)l<e n
fO q}\eHa COBeTa Ee30naCHOCTH OOH, rAe IIOKa OH eAHHOAH4HO npeA-
Slflfl O
" aeT CTpaHbI A3M.M.. HeAOBOAbCTBO KM.TaSI BbI3BaAO H peweHHe 51noHM.11
c'fo BJVJ
np aBJ\.eHHM. HnOHCKoro BoeHHoro nepCOHaAa N'JI aCTHSI B Me>KAYHa-
o fIa
I-IbIX Cl1J\ax DOH, KOTopoe 6bIAO 11M npOKOMMeHTl1pOBaHO COBeTOM
A "
'ToKHO "pJ\.y6}Ke 11 TIl\aTeAbHee 113yqaTb HCTOpHIO .
OTHOllleHI1SI Me>KAY ABYMSI npeTeHAeHTaMH Ha perHOHaAbHOe, a nOTeH-
IJ;HaA bHO I1 Ha fJ\.o6aAhHoe, AHAepCTBO OCTalOTCSI CAO)KHbIMH 11 HerrpeAcKa-
3 eMbIMM.. HnOHM.H BHM.MaTeAbHO CAeAIIT KaK 3a Haparn;I1BaHHeM 3KOHOMH-
4CKOfO Moryrn,eCTBa KwraS1, KOTOpbIH, no HeKOTopbIM Ol.\eHKaM, Y)Ke
Ill eA Ha T p eTbe MeCTO B Ml1pe no 06'heMY BHn, TaK 11 3a YCHAeHHeM ero
B ...
BoeHHOfO rroTeHl.\M.dI\.a. nepCneKTI1Ba HcnoJ\.b30BaHHSI BoeHHoH... CHAbI
KwraS1 AMI peIlleHM.SI TeppliTOpl1aAbHbIX np06AeM B BOCT04Ho-KwraI1CKOM
H IO}KHo-KHTaHcKoM MOpme. Y)Ke ceroAHSI Bbl3bIBaeT cebe3Hble onaceHIUI
B TOKHO, a B 6YAYIl\eM MO)KeT OKa3aTb cepbe3Hoe B03AeHcTBHe Ha cpOpMI1-
pOBaHI1e HrroHcKHX KOHl.\enl.\HH 6e30naCHOCTI1 B A TP. CoxpaHeHl1e TeH-
AeHI.\HH K HapaIl\M.BaHI11O BoeHHoro nOTeHI.\HaAa KwraSI BPHA AM. 6YAeT cn-
"''''- H Oro na p THe p cTBa C 51rroHHeI1,
C06CTBoBaTb YKpeIIAeHlilO ero perl10HUlu:J
6 "LfMOCTH ern;e 60Aee KOHCO-
KOTopaH 6y AeT rrOCTaBJ\.eHa B YC.J\OBIDI Heo X0f¥
AMAHpoBaTb CBOI1 OTHOIlleHM.SI C CllA.
KopeHCKHH Y3eA
51 SI H IO)KHaSI KopeSi BOCCTaHOBHAH AHI1J\OMa-
Ao t 965 f., KorAa nOHH 4TO n p OHcXOAHAO Ha noJ\.Y-
vuaCTHe 51noHH H B TOM,
TH4eCKI1e OTHorneHM.SI, J . 3 aKOH4HBrneecSI B 1945 r.
bHbiM H naccHBHbIM.
oCTpoBe, 6bIAO MM.HHMaA. eH He 51noHI1I1 B Ko p ee OCTaBH-
OHI1aA.bHOe npaB.J\
Tpl1Au,aTI1nHTHJ\.eTHee KOA uo H BOCCTaHOBAeHHe AHI1J\OMa-
HCKHe HacTpoeHnn,
.J\O TaM CH.J\bHbIe aHTI1HnO CeYJ\.OM 6 bIJ\0 CKo p ee I1HHI.\HaTH-
... Y TOKHO H "
TI1QeCKI1X OTHOIlleHliH Me>KA aH nO A nHcaBIllHX 20 cpeBpaMI 1965
 >Ke.J\iiH HeM CTp , ......
BOI1 aMepI1KaHl.\eB, qeM >KAY noHHeH H IO>KHOH KopeeH. Ao
r. AeK.l\.apal.\HIO 06 OTHoIlleHHIDC Me naK 4>KOH XH Bonpoc 0 HOpMaAH3a-
npHxOAa K BJ\.acTH B 1961 r pe>KHM: e nOAHHMaACfl, a ceYA.bCKHH AI1KTaTOp
U,1111 oTHollleHHH C 51noHl1e, Aa>Ke HOB .J\eH He OTHoweHHH C nOHI1eH yrpo-
l\ 1.ff0 BOCCTa
J\H CbIH MaH CqI1TaJ\, II 70
>KaeT BbDKI1BaHHIO HaI.\HH' .HI H3 nepcneKTHB IO>KHOKOpeHCKoro
0noH HH , HCX' -
XOTfi MHorHe B n HIO OTHOweHHH C CeYAOM, OHa AoA.roe
pbIHKa, 11 BbIcrynaJ\H 3a HOpMaA H3a A-oO p MaAbHbIH AorOBOp C IO>KHOH Ko-
nHCBaTb '¥
BpeMSI OTKa3bIBaAaCb nOA 6 H a'laTb ee npH3HaHHe B Ka4eCTBe I1H-
orAO bI03
peeH, C4HTaSI, tJTO 3TO M
537
536

CTBeHHoro n p eACTaBIITeMI KopeH. KaK 3aHBNIA npeMbep-MHHHCT p 5I n
Olil1l1
\..1 fK3Aa, .HnoHluI AONKHa C\lHTaTbCH C CYll\eCTBOBaHHeM nxeHbSIHa 11 n
f\ep>KliBaTb KOHTaKTbI C CeBepOM. VI n03>Ke HnOHCKHe PYKOBOAIiTe.A °A-
11 li e-
Of\HOKpaTHO nOf\qepK.HBaJ\H (HanpHMep, MHHHCTp HHOCTpaHHbIX Ae.A 51
T ' ) II 10 - K no-
HIiH .KHM)'Pa B 1914 r. ,qTO npaBHTeJ\.bCTBO >KHOH opeH He HBNI
K - eTc
e.t\IiHCTBeHHOM 3aKOHHOM BAaCTblO Ha BceM opeH:KOM n01\.YOCTpoBe" 71
CoeAHHeHHble WTaTbI, Bce rAy6>Ke }'BH3aBlIlHe B BOHHe BO BbeTHaMe .
B ce-
peAHHe 50-x rroo paCCqHTbIBaJ\H, qTD c03AaHHe CBSI3KH ..RnoHIDI-IO>K
K 6 - liCUJ:
opefl CTa HAH3HpyeT HX n03HQHH B ceBepO-BOCTOqHOH A3HH H npl1 aT
CTpeMHAHCb nepeAO>KHTb Ha 5InoHHlo 6peM51 cpHHaHCOBOH nOM0lltH CeyM
qbSI 3KOHOMHKa B TOT nepHOA HaXoAHAaCb B KpH3HCHOM COCTOHHHH. y,
Cpa3Y >Ke nOCAe BOCCTaHOBAeHIDI AHnAOMaTHqecKHx OTHOllIeHI1H
Me>KAY _CeYAOM H TOKHO 6bIAO AOCTHrH}'TO corAalIleHHe 0 npeAOCTaBAeHHH
IO>KHOH Kopee B TeqeHHe AeCHTH AeT 3KOHOMHqeCKOH nOMOmH, corAaCHO
KOTOpOMy AO 1915 r. noHIDI npeAOCTaBHAa eM 300 MAH A0lV\.. 6e3B03Me3A-
HO, 200 MAH A0AJ\.. npaBHTeAbCTBeHHbIx KpeAHTOB H3 paCqeTa 3,5% rOAoBbIX
C norameHHeM B TeqeHHe 20 Aer C CeMHAeTHeH OTCPOqKOH H 300 MAR AOJ\A.
KOMMepqeCKOrO KpeAHTa 72
CHryaQHH Ha KopeHcKoM nOAyocTpoBe HBNIeTCH oAHOH: H3 QeHTpaAh-
HbIX rr06AeM 6e30nacHocTH f\AJi 5InoHHH. PaCnOAO>KeHHaR B HenocpeAcT-
BeHHOH 6AH30CTH OT KopeH Ii CBSI3aHHafl C HeH AJUITeAhHhIMH H BeCbMa He
rrpOCTbIMH CBfl3HMH, OHa paCCMaTpHBaeT AI060H Cepbe3HbIH KOHcpAHKT Ha
nOAYOCTpOBe B KaqecTBe HenocpeAcTBeHHOH yrp03W c06CTBeHHOH: 6e3-
onaCHOCTH. C KOHQa 60-x n. CiliA B paMKax nOAJITHKH COKpall\eHHSI CBOHX
BoeHHbIX 06SI3aTeAbCTB B A3HH CTaAH B03AaraTb Ha 5IrroHHIO qaCTb OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTH 3a 06ecnen eHH - v
-. e perHOHaJ\.bHOH 6e30naCHOCTH. nOA06HWH
KYPC 6bIA caMbIM HenocpeACTBeHHbIM 06pa30M CBR3aH C perneHHeM 0 B03-
Bpall\eHHH rrOHHH ;:j" MHHH CT
..........".. paTHBHbiX rrpaB Ha OKHHaBY, KOTopaR, HapSI-
AY C BbeTHaMOM H fO>KH0I1 K v v
opeeH, paCCMaTpHBaAaCb B KaqeCTBe BaJKHeH-
lIlero onopHoro rryHKTa BoeHHOH CTpaTenfH CiliA B A TP. HeCAyqaHHo B
COBMeCTHOM KOMMIOHHKe
a 3 0 neperOBopax Me>KAY npeMbep-MHHHCTpOM
.nnOHHH .CaTO H n p e3 U " P H
1969 .........eHTOM . HKCOHOM, nOAnHcaHHOM 21 HOSl6pH
r., BnepBbIe B HCTO p HH
_ nOCAeBoeHHbIX aMepHKaHO-RrrOHCKHX OTHO-
illeHHH OTMeqaJ\.OCb lfI' "6
v ,0 e30rraCHOCTb Pecrry6AHKH KopeSl SlBMleTCSI He-
OT"beMAeMOH OT 6e30naCHOCTIi caMOH .fInoHHH" 73.
B TOT >Ke AeHb B CBOe y6
3 C M HHTepBblO B BaillHHITOHCKOM rrpecC-KA e
. aTO NJA pa3'bHCHeHHe rr
K ilO nOBOAY BKAIOqel-UlSI B KOMMIOHHKe Borrpoca 0
opee, 3aHBHB, lfI'0 eCAM fO
HHe Ii CWA ' Ha >KHyIO KopelO 6YAeT COBeprneHO Hana,Ae-
. npHAeTCSI HCnOAb30B 6a 6 e-
BbIX one pa - aTb 3bl B 5InoHHH AMI rrpoBeAeHHfI 0
l\HH, TO SInOHCKOe rr IX
KOHCYAhTal\HH OTHeCeTCSI K paBHTeJ\.bCTBO B xOAe npeABapHTb
3TOMy nOAO>KHTeJ\.bHO H C rOTOBHOCTblO .
CeroAWI 6e30rraCHOCTb Ha KOpeHCKOM nOAYOCTpOBe CaMbIM TeCHbIM
6 a30M nepeIU\.eTaeTCR C HHTepeCaMH .fIrroHHH, qTO onpeAeASleTcSI He
OP ,h  6
1<0 UX reorpa't'lflIecKoH AH30CTblO H pOAhIO CiliA KaK rapaHTa 6e3-
'fo.l\b
CIIOCTH H CeYJ\.a, H TOKHO, HO H 06"beMOM nOAHTHqeCKHX H 3KOHOMH-
on a v (] v 10 - v
cl<J{X OTHorneHHH Me>KAY .nnOHHeH H >KHOH KopeeH. B03HHKHoBeHHe
qe ,h-
,N060 ro pOAa KOH't'J\.HKTHOH cmyal.\HH Ha KopeHcKoM rroJ\.yoCTpoBe Herro-
cpeACTBeHHo 3aTparHBaeT 6e30rracHocTb 5InoHHH. XOTSI B COOTBeTCTBHH C
AoroBOPOM 6e30nacHocTH H KOMMIOHHKe 1969 r., .fInoHHSI He MOJKeT He
pa3pelII HTb CiliA HCrrOJ\.b30BaTb BoeHHbie 6a3bI Ha CBOeH: TeppHTOpHH M5I
npoBeAeHIDI BoeHHbIX orrepal.\HH B Kopee, OHa BeCbMa 06eCI10KOeHa KaK
nepcneKTHBOH 6hITb BTSlH)'TOH: B KOHcpAHKT C Y'"laCTHeM POCCHH HAH KHP,
'faK H B03MO}KHOCTblO HCrrOpTHTb OTHOlIIeHHSI C BaIllHHITOHOM. nOJ\.OJKe-
HHe YeAO}KIDIeTCR em e H TeM, qTO, HeCMOTpSI Ha rAy60KyJO BOBJ\.e"leHHOCTb
nOHHH B cwryan;HIO Ha KopeHcKoM nOAYOCTpOBe B n;eAOM H B aMepMKa-
HO-KopeH:CKHe OTHOlIIeHHSI B "laCTHOCTH, HHKaKHX BoeHHO-nOJ\.HTH"leCKHX
pbIqarOB AMI HerrocpeAcTBeHHoro B03AeH:CTBHR Ha pa3BHTHe C06bITHH TaM
oHa He HMeeT.
OC06bIH xapaKTep RrrOHCKOH: nOAHTHKe B OTHOlIIeHHH 06eHX KopeH
II It
rrpHAaeT H cym;ecTBoBaHHe orrpeAeJ\.eHHoro KOMI1J\e,Kca BHHbi 3a rOA-bI
HnOHCKoro KOJ\.OHHahLHOrO rrpaBAeHHH H oKKynan;HH, a TalOKe HaH60Aee
rAy60KHX B A3HH aHTIDlrrOHCKHX HaCTpOeHHH: Ha KopeHCKOM rrOJ\.YOCTPO-
Be. EOAee TOro, rr03Hn;IDI .fInoHHH B KopeHcKoM Borrpoce CBOAHTCR K HaMe-
peHHIO KaK MOJKHO 60Aee orpaHH'lHTb KaK BoeHHoe, TaK H HeBoeHHoe BTSI-
nmaHHe B nOTeHl\HaAbHbIH KOHcpAHKT, lfI'0 CBfl3aHO co cTpeMAeHHeM H3-
6e>KaTh J\106bIX cpOpM yqacTHSI B BOHHe H crrel\HcpHKOH SlrroHo-KopeHCKHX
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npeAocTaBAeHHR BoeHHbiX 6a3 AorrycKaeTcSI B CAY'"lae, ecJ\.H OHM 6YAYT AeH-
CTBOBaTb B paMKax CHJ\ OOH. AMepHKaHCKoe nOHHMaHHe SlrrOHCKOH no-
311LI,I1H Bblpa3HA B CBoeM 3illIBAeHHH B 1917 r. MHHHCTp 060POHbi CiliA
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lihiM BKJ\.C1AOM .HnoHUH B nOMep>KKY aMepHKaHCKHX BoeHHbIX 06H3a-
538
539

TeJ\hCTB n OTHOmCHIUi IO>KHOH KopeH OCTaeTCSI 3KOHOMHqeCKaSl nOMOll.l;b
11 HHnCCTHI\HH.
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IICI\OBOJ\hHhl OTcyrcTBHeM 06eaHHb1X npeABaplfl'eAbHbIX BMepHKaHO-
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MY npHcyrcTBHIO B Kopee OCTaeTCSI HeOAH03Ha1.IHbIM. C OAHOM CTOpOHbl,
nOCKOJ\.hKY KopeMCKHH cpaKTOp SIB.I\5leTCSI, XOTH H Ba>KHbIM. HO 0AHHM H3
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nOMep>KBTb J\1060e aMepHKBHCKoe pemeHl1e ° BbIBOAe I1Al1 coxpBHeHHH
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COXpaHeHI1H BMcpHKaHCKoro BoeHHoro npHcyrcTBHSI B Kopee, KOTopoe C
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nOAHTHKH BcerAa OCTaBaAHCb OAHOH H3 caMblX CAO>KHbIX np06AeM. HarrpH-
>KeHHOCTb cBSl3eH orrpeAeMIA.aCb Y"lacTHeM .HnoHHH B BMepHKaHcKOH no-
.l\HTHKe CAep>KHBaHIDI KOMMYHH3Ma H HeperneHHocTbJO TepplITOpHaAbHOH:
npo6.J\eMbl. HecMoTpH Ha reorpacplfl-IecKYJO 6AH30CTb H nOTeHLI;Ha.AbHO 60-
raTbIH pblHK, HH CCCP, HH OCCHSI HHKorA He 'H:rpaAH CKOAb-AI160 CY-
I.l.\eCTBeHHOH pOAH BO BHeWHeH ToprOBAe 51noHHu. K TOMY >Ke nOCKOJ\hKy
OTOll1eHHSI Me>KAY AByMSi CTpaHaMH qaCTO OCAO>KHHAHCb KOHcpAl1KTaMH 11
BOHHaMH, a B rOAbI XOAoAHOH BOH:Hbl HAeOAOrlf'leCKHMU npOTI1BOpeql1HMH,
B flrroHHu Ha ypoBHe HaHOHdAbHOrO BOCnpHHTHH coxpaHHeTcH AOCTaTOq-
HO HeraTHBHoe OTHomeHHe K PaCCHH, t{T0 eCTeCTBeHHO npoeLI;l1pyeTcH Ha
rrpHHHTHe rrOAHTUqeCKHX peweHHH. HeCMoTpH Ha TO, qTO B nOCAeBOeHHblH:
rrepHoA ll1A0 onpeAeJ\eHHoe KO.J\MqeCTBeHHoe pa3BHTHe OTHOll1eHHH Me>KAY
ABYMH CTpaHaMH, UX KaqeCTBeHHblH xapaKTep, K CO>KaAeHHJO, Bce eI.l.\e co-
xpHHeT 4epTbl B3aUMHoro HeAOBepHH, y-HaCAeAoBaHHoro OT XOAOAHOH
BOHHbl.
AHfl.J\OMaTHqeCKHe OTHorneHHH Me>KAY 51rroHHeH H CCCP 6blJ\.H BOC-
CTaHOBAeHbl Hlllb B 1:56 r., rrOCKOAhKY CCCP, XOTSI H yqacTBoBdI\. B CaH-
<DpaHI1,HCCKOH MHpHOH KOHcpepeHHH 1951 r., K rroAnHcaHHoMY C 51noHHeH
MHPHOMY AorOBOpy He npHcoeAHHI1ACSI. <DOpMaAhHO 3TO rrp0l130IllJ\.O rrOTO-
MY, qTO COBeTCKHe rrpeMO>KeHHSI no TeKcry AorOBopa He 6blJ\.H rrpHHSITbl
H Ha KOHcpepeHI1;HJO He 6bl.J\H rrpHrAameHbl npeACTaBlITeAH KHTaH H pHAa
APyrHx CTpaH AHH. _<DaKTUqeCKH >Ke nOA06Hoe perneHl1e OTpa>KaAO nepH-
neTHH XOAOAHOH BOHHbl H B II  6
epByro oqepeAb HaHeC.J\O cepbe3HbIH yrr\ep
HI-nepecaM CCCP. OTCVTCTB . 
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CYl.l\eCTBYIOl.l\He CAO>KHOCTH ABYCTOPOHHHX OTHOmeHHH: Me>KAY Hall1HMI1
crpaHaMH BO MHorOM OT p a>KalOT Owu 6KY  1951 r
X n HameH AHIIJ\OMaTHI1 B .
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CTaHOBAeHHH AHfl.J\OMaTHqeCKHX OTH -
OllieHHH rAaCHAa, qTO CCCp, "HM' Ha-
544
--
CT p eqy nO}KeAaHHHM .HnoHHH H VUHTbIBIDI H HTep
B J & eCbl SlnOHCKoro rocyA,ap-
C TBa corAarnaeTcH Ha nepeAaqy HrroHHH OCT pOBOB X 6
, a OMaH U oCTpoBa
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aUH 6YAeT npoH.eMHa nOC.J\e 3aKAJQqeHHSI MHpHoro AoroBopa Me>KAY
CCCP H .HrroHHeH ,B AaAbHeHrneM COBeTCKoe PyxoBoACTBO OT 3Toro
o6H3aTeAbCTBa cpaKTl1qeCKH OTKa3dAOCb, MOTHBHPYSI CBOH mar rrpOMeHH-
eM HnOHo-aMepHKaHCKoro AorOBopa 6e30naCHOCTH B 1960 r.
TeM He MeHeej HeCMOTpSl Ha OTcyrcTBue MHpHoro AorOBopa, Bce
nOCAeBoeHHble rOAbI Me>KAY CCCP H HnoHHeH rrOMep:>K.HBaAHCb HOpMaAh-
able Me>KroCYAapCTBeHHble OTHoweHHSI, pa3BHTHe KOTOpbIX, OAHaKO, OC-
AO>KHAAOCb HaA.HqHeM TeppHTOpHaAhHOrO nopa. Ba.>KHOCTb "COBeTCKoro
" 
cpaKTopa Af\5I HrrOHCKOH AHIIJ\OMaTHH orrpeAeNIJ\.aCb He CTOAbKO rrepcneK-
nIBaMH pa3BHTHH ABYCTOPOHHHX OTHorneHHH, CKOAbKO r.J\06aAhHbIM npo-
THBOCTOHHHeM ABYX COLI;HaAbHbIX CHCTeM, B KOTOpOM 51noHHSI, eCTeCTBeH-
HO, AeHCTBOBaA.a H8 CTopOHe 3anBAHoro 6AOKa.
B IIOCAeBoeHHbIe rOAbI 06'beM H KaqeCTBeHHbIH ypoBeHb oTHorneHHH
Me>KAY AByMH cTpaHaMH 3HaqHTeAhHO BblpOC. B AeKa6pe 1957 r. 6blJ\. rroA-
nHcaH nepBbIH B HCTOpHH COBeTCKO-SlnOHCKHX oTHorneHHH ToproBbIH AO-
rOBop, npeAocTaBHBllIHH cTopoHaM pe:>K.HM HaH60.J\bwero 6AarOnpHHTCTBO-
BaHHH. B 1966 r. 3aKAlOqeHa KOHCYAhCKaH KOHBeHl\HSI. B 1967 r. OTKpbITO
rrpHMoe B03AyuIHoe co06lQ,eHHe Me:>I<.AY AByMSi crpaHaMH. Ebl.J\H oCYI1J,eCT-
BAeHbl HeKoTopble Me>K.rocYAapcTBeHHble npOeKTbl no 3KOHOMI1qeCKoMY
cOTPYAHHQeCTBY, a 06'beM ABYCTopoHHeH TOprOBAH BblpOC C 0,8 MAPA.A°.JV\.
B 1970 r. AO 6 MAPA.AOM. B 1990 r. OAHaKo npH 3TO SlnOHCKaSi AHfl.J\OMaTIDI
He CqHTaAa nOJUITHKY B OTHorneHHH CCCP 3aA aqeH nepBOCTeneHHOH BaJK:
HOCTI1. COBeTCKHH COlO3 paCCMaTpHBaACH B KaqecTBe CTpaHbI, C KOTOpOH
H3-3a ero reorpaq>HqecKoro nOAO>KeHIDI, BoeHHOH MOlQ,H H pOAH B MHpO-
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BOH nOAHTHKe bIAO I-¥&
oTHOllIeHI1H a B03MO>KHOCTb pa3BHTHSI B3aHMOBblroAHoro H llIHpoKoro co-
, cTpaHaMH CTaBl1.J\aCb B rrpSlMYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb
TpYAHHqeCTBa Me>KAY AByMSI e B03Bp a lL\eHHSI "ceBepHbIx TeppH-
OT nOAnHcaHIUI MHpHoro AoroBopa noCA "
" Tp a>KeHHe B RcnOAb30BaHHH npl1HI1;Hna He-
TOpHH , q"f0 H HaIllAO CBoe 0 " CCCP
H 3KOHOMHKH B OTHoIlleHHH .
pa3Ae..J\I1MOCT'H nO..J\HT HKH " - YPT'HKe 51noHHH 6bU\. HAeHTHqeH
" ...h O p BO BHeIllHeR nOAr11
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COBeTCKOH yrp03e. 0 n C]'YUOJl.OCb Bocn p HHTHe COBeTcKoro
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KaK Bpara. B KOHTeKCTe XOAoA UJl.RSI no "cAep>KHBaHHIO KOMMYHH3-
e BoeHHbIe YCruL 
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6 T eAbCTBaMH, np
Ii MOpaA.bHbIMH 0 H3a
545
18-166

.JTd nOJ\HTHKa OTpa>KaAa KaK TPaAH]MOHHble MJI .HnOf-HIM aHTI1COBeTCKl1e
lJaCTpOCHH, B CCPAI(,BHHC KOTOpblX Ae:>KaAa TeppHTOpHaJ\bHaJi np06AeMa,
TdK H pC'ciKI-tHto lIa CHAOBble MCTOAbl COBeTCKOH nOAHTHKI1 B OTHOIlleHHH
TOKHo.
TOT "HIITCpCC", KOTOpbIH: 51noHHSI Bce aKTHBHee Ha4aAa npOSIBJUITb K
npo6J\.CMaM BoeHHoro CTpOI1TeAbCTBa B KOHl.\e 70-x- Ha4aAe BO-x rf., BO
MHorOM 80311 HK 6AarOl\apSI COBeTCKOH nOAIITHKe. KOfAa nOCJ\e nOpaJKeHHSI
BO BbeTHaMe CiliA B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C AOKTpHHOH HWKcoHa Ha4aJ\H HeKO-
rupoe cOKpalieHHe CBoero BoeHHoro npHcYTcTBHSI B ATP, COBeTCKHH
COlO3 CTaA aK1'HBHO HapaLIJ,HBaTb CBOH BoopyJKeHHble CHAbI Ha AaAhHeM
BOCToKe, BKAf04aJl "ceBepHble TeppHTOpl1l't". B nepBYJO 04epeAb 31'0 6bl1\0
CBSl3aHO C 1'eMI1 3Ha411TeAbHO npeYBeAl1QeHHblMI1 onaceHHSlMH, K01'opble
Bbl3bIBaAa nOAHTI1Ka KHTaSI Y PyKOBoAcTBa CCCP. I1 CiliA, 11 KHTaH He-
II _ II
OAHOKpaTHO nblTaAHCb pa3blrpaTb npeCAoByrylO KI1TaHCKYfO Kapry B OT-
HOWeHHI1 CCCP, 3anyrHBaSi MOCKBY B03MO:>KHOCTbfO c03AaHIDI eAHHoro
aHTHCOBe1'CKoro cjJpOfITa npH yqacTHI1 CWA, 51noHHH H KHTaJi. .5InoHo-KH-
TaMcKHH AoroBop 0 APyJK6e 1978 r. CTaA cjJOpMaAbHblM nOBoAoM A1UI pa3-
Bep1'blBaH HSI COBeTCKoro BoeHHoro KOHTHHreH1'a Ha K YPHAbCKHX OCTpO-
Bax, 'ITO 6bl1\0 3an03AaAOH H a6coAI01'HO He3cpcpeKTHBHoH nOlIbITKOH OKa-
3aTb AaBJ\.eHHe Ha 51noHHIO B l.\eMlX npeAo1'BpaLIJ,eHHSI ee C6J\HJKeHHH C
KHP. X01'JI 51noHHSI C1'apaAaCb 1136e:>KaTb BOBAeQeHI1S1 B aHTHCOBeTcK)'1O
KaMnaHHIO BOKpyr B03MO:>KHOrO TpexcTopoHHero aAhHHCa, 0 KOTOpOM IlIH-
pOKO rOBOpHJ\.OCb B CiliA H KI1Tae, B MocKBe nOflBHAHCb cepbe3Hble ona-
ceHHSI OTHOCHTeAbHO B03MOJKHOCTI1 "oKPYJKeHIDI" CCCP B A3HH. npeBeH-
THBHOH peaK4HeH Ha nOA06HbIe oLIJ,YLIJ,eHHfl 6bIAO YCHJ\.eHHe COBeTCKoro
BoeHHoro nOTeHl\HaAa Ha AaAbHeM BocToKe, a B03MOJKHO, KaK 3TO,}')Ke 01'-
Meqdl\OCb BblIlle, H BBOA BOHCK B AcpraHHcTaH.
OKOH1:IaHHe XOJ\OAHOH BOHHbI 3Ha1:lHTeAbHO IIOHH3HA.0 pOAb MOCKBbI B
HnOHCKOH BHeIllHeH nOAHTHKe. C OAHOH CTOpOHbI, HeCMOTpH Ha CBOIO
aHTHnaTHIO K CCCP, 51IIOHHfl B nepHoA KOHq>pOHTal\HH 6blJ\.a BbIH}'JKAeHa
BcerAa HCXOAHTb H3 ceCTBOBaHHfl 6HIIONIpHOM CTPYXTYPbl MeJKAyHa-
pOAHbIX OTHOllleHHH, B K01'OpOH COBeTCKHH COlO3 3aHHMdI\. BeAYll\ee
MeCTO. MHOfonOAlOCHOCTb CPOpMHPYJOLIJ,eHCSI CHCTeMbI MeJKAYHapOAHbIX
OTHoweHHH nOBbICHJ\.a fA06aAbH}'lO pOM 51noHHH 11 AHIlIHAa POCCHIO npH-
II II
BbI4Horo MeCTa cBepXAepJKaBbl. C APyroH CTOpOHbI, B TOKHO nOHBHJ\.aCb
Ha.Aea, ':11'0 HOBaSI PCCI1SI, B CBoeM CTpeMAeHHH K HopMdI\.H3aqHH OTHO-
llleHI1H C 3aIIaAOM IIHAeT Ha IIpHeMAeMoe .perneHHe TeppHTOPlJaAhHOrO
Borrpoca. C HnOHCKOH T01:lKH 3peHHH, nOAHTI14eCKaSI H 3KOHOMH4eCKaSI
CJ\a60CTb MOCKBbl <:'03AaBClAa NUl 3Toro 6AaronpHSITHble IIpeAIIOCbIAK H .
OAHaKO COCTOSIBIllHHCfl B anpMe 1991 BH3H1' M.ro 6aqeBa B .HnoHHIO
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B He AdA. OTSI COBeTCKaH CTopoHa Bne-
Ie I1pH3HaJ\.a cyrn.ecTBoBaHHe TeppHTOpHaAhHOH np06AeMbl, pellleHHe
pBopoi1 SIBJ\5IeTCSI Heo6x0Al1MblM YCAOBHeM N'JI nOAIII1CaHHSI Ml1pHOrO AO-
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}<.pb HX Ae>KHT H Ha .HnoHHH, KOTOpaSI B YCAOBHHX cepbe3HbIX H3MeHeHHH
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oT pellIeHHH TeppHTOpHaAhHOH np06AeMbI. _
CDOpMaAbHO COBMeCTHaS1 AeK.Aapal\HSI 1956 r. coxpaHSIeT IOpH.AHqeC-
I< 10 CHAY Ii ceroAlli1, H B CAyqae nOAIIHCaHHS} MHpHoro AoroBopa C no-
fIeu POCCHH KaK npaBonpeeMHHl\a CCCP AONKHa nepeAaTb YKa3aHHbie B
OKYMeme oCTpoBa 51noHHH. OAHaKo cpaKTHqeCKH .HnoHHSI, npeA'bHBMlO-
A aSI TeppHTOpHaAbHble npeTeH3HH He TOAbKO Ha 3TH, HO ell.l,e H ABa OCT-
Ba KypHAbCKOH rpSlAbI, He c06Hpae1'CSI nOAnHCbIBaTb MHpHblH AorOBOp
a YCAOBHH B03BpalI.\eHHH K AOKyMeHTaM 1956 r. Aa H PCCHSI nOKa He npo-
MeT rOTOBHOCTH BepHyrbcSI K YCAOBHSlM COBMeCTHOH AeKA.apaqHH, "11'0
:U\.O 6bI onpaBHHblM C Me>KAYHapOAHo-npaBOBOH T04KH 3peHIDI. no-
HBHBlIIaSiCSI KaK pe3YAbTaT BTOpOM MHpOBOM BOWHbI H BCKOpMJ\eHHaS1 XO-
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AOAHOH BOHHOH Te ¥u  l' _
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KOBYJO H IIOAPO HO HacToSILIJ,eH pa60Te orpaHH4HTbCH AHUIb
MIMH HCTOpHIO. 31'0 n03BOMIeT B 
AJOI.\HH n03HI.\HH CTOpOH.
KpaTKHM aHaJ\.H30M 3BO HTOpHaJ\.bHOMY cnopy HHKorAa He 6bIJ\
nOAXOA CCCP H POCCHH K Te pP 6e3 np eQHblM OTKa3 pOCCHHCKoro py-
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- n P AaMelIT e Ha 't'
cTpoeHHH B cTpaHe H a a n oHHIO B ceHTH6pe 1992 r. H Mae
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of¥-.0Ae K nepe
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Bepxax. HeraTHBHYIO p
547
546
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548
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549

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BH3MTa EA.hI.I;HHa He npl16aBHl\.H .I\I06BI1 K POCCHH. B 3TI1X YCJ\OBHHX COCTO-
RBlllHHCSJ B oKTSJ6pe 1993 r. BH311T npe3HAeHTa E.EAbI.I;I1Ha B .RnoHHIO He
npHBeA K KaKHM-AH6o 113MeHeHHSJM B ABYCTOPOHHI1X OTHOllleHHSJX, CTaB
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B TO >Ke BpeMSJ .RnoHHSJ HAeT Ha OKa3aHHe nOMOLIJ,H POCCHH. B 1993 r.
6blA0 06"bHB.I\eHO 0 naKeTe nOMOlI.\H B 06"beMe 1,82 MAPA. AOAA. npH 3TOM
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rrpeAnOAO>KHTb, lITO, no KpaHHeH Mepe, AO KOHQa HbIHelliHero BeKa o6e
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HaKO, CiliA B CHAY MHorHX npHQI1H, 6YAYT, rOBOpJl CAOBaMH .OPY3.J\Aa,
OCTaBaTbCJI "6oAee paBHbIMH", QeM RnoHHH.
nPHMEQAHHJI
1 5:lnOHlJ,hJ 0 5:lnoHHH, nOA peA. A.CT3Aa, CnE.,1906, c.3.
2 Winnefeld J.. Pollack J...[et al.]. A New Strategy and Fewer Forces: The Pacific Di-
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3 The Trade Crisis: How WiJJ Japan Respond? Ed. by Kenneth B.Pyle. Society for Japa-
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4 AOH TaK30 "AMa3"-Ho KOA30 (CTPYJ<1YPa "AMa3"). TOKHO, 1974. c.178.
5 Mutual Images. Cambridge, P.217.
6 M.Kosaka, "Varuta Taisei: yonju-nen: Nihon gaiko no kijiku wa do kawaru ka", Chuo
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7 S.Sato, "The U.S.-Japan AJliance Under Changing International Relations", The Wash-
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8 Kennan G. Memoirs. 1925-1950. Boston. 1967.- P.380.
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10 CM. Forecast for Japan: Security in the 1970's. Princeton. 1972.- P.44.
11 The Military Balance 1992-1993. IISS. L., 1992. p.150
12 Defense of Japan, 1986. Tokyo, 1986.- P.263.
13 Ibid. P.263.
14 B MOMeHT c03AaHJUI apMeikKHe 'JaCTU HaC'JHTbIBilAH 130 TbIC. 'Je.J\OBeK; BMC - 16
TbIC.'Ie.J\OBeK; BBC - 6.3 ThIC.'Ie.J\OBeK H 150 caMOJ\eTOB. Asian Security. 1981. RIPS.- Tokyo,
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15 E03" xaKyce (Ee.J\aH KHHra no BonpocaM 060POHhI). 1980. TOKuo. 1980. C.78.
564
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. n Policy for the 1970's. A Report to the Congress of the United Slates.-
16 US Forelg
72 - 9 Febr.- P.3. .
Wash., 19 M' The Foreign Policy of Modem Japan...Op.clt.- P.357.
17 C . . La . d Defense Posture Statement. FY 1971.- Wash.. 1970. P.57.
18 elVln Ir.
19 Ibid. P.I09.
h' Evening News.- 1981.- 18 March.
; ee of Japan. 1989. Defense :cn :y8H9;:x BoeHHoc.J\Y}Kall\HX, B
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TOM '1ltc.J\e 2 "1'bIC. '1eJ\. B cocaB: ;::I;01':bxo::c: 25.8 hIC. aMepm<aHcKHX MOpHKOB.
K OMe "1'oro, Ha Kopa .I\SI
BBC. P & World Report.- 1983.- 28 Nov. P.48.
23 US News. R rt for Con g ress 1993. Feb. - P.65.
24 Ja p an-US RelatIOns. CRS epo. . - 2 KOM6HHH p oBaHHblX 6pHfaA.
CI COCTOsrr H3 12 AItBH3HIt,
25 BooPY}KeHHbJe CH.J\bl nnOHHH _ eTHOH H V'1.Ie6HhJX 6pn f aA. 8 3e-
- KOH aBHa'A,eCaHTHOH, BepTOJ\ J . 
HKOBOH AI'JBH3HH, ap"1'H.J\J\epHHc , eTOB BMC HMelO"1' 63 3CMHHIJ,a H 't'pe-
Ta 1200 "1'aHKOB, CBblllJe 360 60eBblx caMO.J\ .
HIITHbIX rpynn. .
faTa, 15 nOABOAHbIX J\OAOK. n De ut Assistant Secretary of Defens (East AsIa
26 Statement of Dr. Karl D.Jackso. · p y. d Pacific Affairs. Commltlee on For-
. f ' Af fairs ) before the SubcommItlee on AsIan an
and PacI IC
ei n Affairs, US,H.R.- 1988.- 13 Ot. d? _ 0 .cit.- P.12.
g 27 The Trade Crisis: How WIll Japan Respon .  k J Fisher R A Ten-Point Pro-
28 Defense of Japan.-Tokyo, 1989.- P.308. 12 Kosms  989.- P.13.
All ' 'Share of Defense Costs.- as..
ram for Increasing the les. . -54 V 01.14.
9 29 Department of State, ForeIgn RelatIons, 1952 I H"KoHKypeHTbJ M..1970,c.17
30 HfHa-ryu\eHKo c., HnoHHH H CWA: napTIiepb '1UH HBMe"fCH' aMepnKaHCKoe "1'pe60-
OM nOA06HOfO npO"1'UBope 6 P e
31 XapaJ<"1'epHblM npHMep CI }Ke one p alJ,uu. KO"1'Opble b1.J\U pa3 -
M 6aHKaM B nnoHiUt "1'e
BaHMe pa3pellJH"1'b aMepnKaHcKu CWA OAHaKo HnOHlJ,bl 0"1'Ka3a.J\1I HM, C'IIITaH, '1"1'0,
rueHbl HnOHCKHM 6aHKaM Ha "1'epplITOpUH . aBa ocvmecrBMITb "1'e onepalJ,liH, KO-
6 HnoHHH He nMelO"1' np J....... H
nOCKO.J\hKY H HnOHCKHe aHKH B OM n p HHlJ,nn B3aUMHOCTIt 3AeCb He Ae -
KHM 3aKOHOAa"1'e.J\hC"TB ,
TOpble pa3pellJeHbi aMepHKaHC
C"TB ye"1'. h 28 1985
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33 B 1987 f. A0.l\Sl HnoHHH B COBOK _ 6li.J\eH aKIJ,UH, UHBeC"1'UlJ,IUt H "1'.A..
OB n p eAnpHsrTHH, aB"1'OMO , B.J\a-
BK.J\IO'JiUI C"1'OHMOC"1'b 3eMAli, AOM , 0 7% "1'Of A a KaK Ha Bcex I'JHocrpaHHbJX
e npeBblllJaM, , " ( n
cOCTaBHBllJeH 27071.1 M.J\PA. A°.J\J\., H .J\H 57% 0"1' "croHMOcrU AMepHKH OA-
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34 Survey of Current Busmess, Jun t. 'Effects on the United States, CRS Report. Au-
35 Jackson J., Foreign Direct lnvestmen .
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36 Department of State Bu 'a 9 1988. p.59
37 LIS News & World Report, My,
38 Fortune February 2, 1987, P qq HO AJ\JI }KypHa.J\a "EH3Hec }'HK" npoBeAa
, 6 Xa pp Hca cneu,Ha.J\h - BO
39 B HlOJ\e 1989 f. c.J\Y}K a Me p Hl<aHO-HnOH€KHX O1'HOrneHHH H Ha -
Sf no np06J\eMaM a ClllA " HHaH
onpoc 06l1.-'eC"1'BeHHOfO MHeHH _ V\O onacHOCTb Af\JI 6YAYll\ero . - Boe
C060H 60.J\h llJ J'- a II '>'> % on
n p oc O"TOM '1"1'0 npeAC"1'aB.J\Sle"1' yrp 03a co C"TOpOHbl nnOHIUt , -  -
, ""3KOHOMH'IeCKaSf 5 1 )
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40 Foreign Pohcy.- 1988.- Spn g
565

41 AUiXIl Clf, M{)Y" 3 II.OAH I9<J2.
42 Europ"rln Community. 1974.- March.- 1',9.
43 K()J{YCIIII MOIIAtlU Clip.', 1981- N6-, C.42.
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45 TOKllo CIIM6YII.- 19R3. 30 MdJl.
46 r-ofl"ign Arr6ir, 1976, 24 Nov.
47 The Jdpdn Timp....- 1990.- B Jan.
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49 Oco60p 6CCIJOKOltCrflo C03AallltC 3BKp..rroro 3KOUOM'f"CCKOro co06ueCTBa B AMepII-
KP 'UJ3t.IHdCT Y HnOUCKItX BBTOM06ItA',II"'X If>IIPM, pa60Taf(HIIfX B KauaAe If MeKCItKe II no-
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80 AcaXJf CHM6yH.- 1983.-12,1. SlHB.
81 MaHHHTH cHM6}'H.-31 Map1'a.-1989.
82 Asia Week, July 24, 1992
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84 HHxoH K3HA3aH CHM6}'H" 10 AeKa6pSl 1992.
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51 Dppdrtmenl of Statc Bullctin.-1983.- October.- P.34.
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57 EMIfYPIl cltM6yu. 1969.- 13 If>eBpaAS!.
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567
566

I1HAHBHAYilAhHhIe MOHOrpacpHH.
Jiloct>aH H.A. KYAhT)'Pa ApeBHeH SlnOHHH. M., 1974.
KOBaA eHKO 11.11. KOMMYHHCTHlJeCKaSi napTHSI SlnOHHH. M., 1987.
KOBpHrHH E.E. 3KOHOMHlJecKaSJ 3KcnaHCHSI HnoHHH. M., 1981.
KOBpH)KKHH C.B. KOCMHlJeCKHe HCCheAoBaHHSI B SlnoHiiH: COU,HaAhHO-3KOHOMH'JecKHe H
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Ma)KopoB C.T. BoeHHo-3KoHoMH'JecKHH nOTeHu,HaA cOBpeMeHHoH SlnOHHH. M., 1979.
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n CI A r OCYA a p CTBO B 3KOHOMHKe SlnOHHH. M., 1976.
eB3Hep n. . I' . _ _
n a A M AJ tCTIt'leCKHH KanmaA SlnOHHH 1 A3aH6a.U,yl B roAbJ BTOpOIt MHpOBOH
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n B B n OAJITHKa SlnOHHH nOChe BTOpOH MHpoBOH BOHHLI. M.. 1965.
eTpOB A. . HellJHSISI
neTpOB A.B. HnoHHSI B MHpoBOH nOJ\.IITHKe. M., 1973.
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,
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568
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COBpeMeHHblH MOHonOAHcrH'IeCJCHH KanHTaAH3M: SInoHHSI. M., 1981.
9KOHOMHKa 5100HHH nOChe BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHbJ. M., 1955.
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5!nOH HSI B CHCTeMe MHpOBbIX x03S1HCTBeHHbIX CBSl3eH. M., 1977.
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DH6AHorpaepID1 SlooHHH. J\HTepa-rypa, 113AaHHCUI B POCCHH C 173400 1917 f. M., 1965.
DH6AHorpacpHSl SlnoHHH. J\HTepa-rypa. H3AaHHCUI B COBeTCKOM COlO3e Ha PYCCKOM R3bJKe C
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BHyrpeHHIDI OOJ\HTHKa 51noHHH: KOMMYHHC1'H'JecKCUI H COl\HaAHC1'H'IecKaJI nftpTHH. - Peet>.
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BHyrpeHHIDI nOJ\HTHKa 51noHHH: napTHH lJ,eHTpa. - Pe4>. c6.1HHHOH AH CCCP. M., 1978.
rOCYAftpcrBeHHCUI co6cTBeHHOC1'b B SlnoHHH. Ha}"lHo-aHaAHTH'IeCKHH 0630p IHHHOH AH
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KpeAHTHaJI CHCTeMft SlnoHHH: HOBbJe HanpaBJ\eHIISI. - Pe4>. c6.1HHHOH AH CCCP. M.,
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MHJ\H6aHA C.A. EH6AHorpaepH'JecKHH CAOBiipb COBeTCKHX BocroKoBeAOB. M., 1975.
HeoKOHCepBftTHBHbJe TeHAeHl\HH B 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH H nOAHTH'IecKoH JKH3HH SlnoHHH. -
Peep. c6. /HHHOH AH CCCP. M.. 1984.
HOBble TeHAeHl\HH BO BHeWHeH OO.hHTHKe 5InoHHH. - Pe4>.c6.1HHHOH AH CCCP. M.,
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OCHOBHbJe AeHCTB)'IOll\He AOroBOpbJ H COThftweHIDI MeJI(,AY CCCP H 5InoHHeH. M., 1966.
IlAaH TaHaKa. (',[Lo\.aH peKOHC1'pyxn.HH mJOHCKOro ftpXHneJ\ara", TaHaKa II KOMMeHTapHH
SlOOHCKOH ne'laTH). - Cnel\. BbJoyCK pe4>epftTHBHoro c60pHHKa HHHOH AH CCCP.
M., 1973.
CABHrH B COl\HaJ\bHOH crpyx-rype H 06ll\ecTBeHHoM C03HaHHH B 5InOHHH. -
Peep.c6.1HHHO H AH CCCP. M., 1983.
COl\IIOKYJ\h-rypHble HccJ\eAoBaHIDI 0 5InoHHH. - Pe4>.c6.1HHHOH AH CCCP. M., 1981.
ClllA-SlnoHHSI: 6opb6a 3ft 3KOHOMH'JecKoe .l\HA e pC1'BO. - Pe4>.c6.1HHHOH AH CCCP. M.,
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3KOHOMHKft H 06ll\ecTBO: HOBbJe SlOOHCKHe HCCACAOB8HHSI. - Pe4>.c6.1HHI10H AH CCCP
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3KoHoMHKa OOHHII II C1'pftH 380aAa: CpaBHHTehbHbJH aHftJ\H3. - Pe4>.c6.1HHI10H AH
CCCP. M., 1983.
571

3KOIfOMn'lecKHe acneKT
Pe<f>.c6./HHHOH ; H-TeXHH.,eCKoro nporpecca B SIooHHn. -
3 . M.. 1985.
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nnOHHSI B 2000 0.' .
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CCCP. M, 1986. KamrrdAHCTH'leCKOM MHpe. YaCTb 1. - P e <p.c6./HHHOH AH
SlnoHHSJ B cOBpeMeHHOM KanHT
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RnoHHSJ B CpaBHHTeAhHLlX co
CCCP. M., 1989. UHOKYALTYPHMX nccAeAOBaHHSIX. Pe<p.c6.1HHHOH AH
RnoHHSI. CnpaBO'lHHK. M.. 1992.
RnoHHSI. 3KOHOMH
$I Ko-craTHCTH'lecKHH COpaBO'lHHK. M., 1971.
nOHMSI. E)J(eroAHHK. M., 1973-1989.
ABTOPCKHH KOMEKTHB
(B aAct>aBHTHOM DOPJlAKe)
nepeBOAHble H3AaHHSI.
reuH M. RnoHcKHH AHeBHHK. M., 1951.
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K ., yA3YKH . HcropHSJ cOBpeMeHHoH SInoHHH M 1955
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YnpaBAeHHe <PHpM8MH B SlnoHHH. M.. 1969. .
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LtYMH C. n yrn nepeMeli. M., 1982.
RHo C. RnoHcKaS! 3KOHOMHKa lIa J1o p ore AB a A n aT
-.y.y..o, h nepBoro BeKa. M., 1972.
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POTOEO, ATA. MOCKOBCKOe oTAe.J\eHHe.
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CaBKHHa MapHHa CepreeBHa.
573
572

AUTHORS' TEAM
(In alphabetical order)
or .l\ABAEHHE
CONTENTS
PE310ME
B.6.P AM3EC ..._........ .... ............. ........ ......... ......3 V.B.RAMZES ... ...... .... ............ .... ...... ....-...... -... 3
RESUME
BRAGINSKY Sergei Vladimirovich, Ph.D., Yokohama University.
LEONTIEV A Elena Lvovna, Ph.D., Institute of World Economy and In-
ternational Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences.
NISHIDA Ken taro, S.G.Warburg Securities, Ltd.
. NOS?V Mikhail Grigorievich, Prof., Institute for American and Cana-
dian StudIes, Russian Academy of Sciences.
PEVZNR Yakov eksandvich, Prof., Institute of World Economy
and InternatIonal Relations, RussIan Academy of Sciences.
ZES V dim Borisovich, Prof., Institute of World Economy and In-
ternatIonal RelatIons, Russian Academy of Sciences.
. R?SIN Victr Yakovlevich, Ph.D., Institute of World Economy and In-
ernatIonal Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences.
SHVYDKO Vitaly ?rigoech, Ph.D., ROTOBO, Ltd. Moscow Branch.
d GORKY Alexe VladImlrovich, Ph.D., Institute of World Economy
In nternatIonal RelatIons, Russian Academy of Sciences.
ZAITSEV Valery Konstantinovich, Prof., "Hitotsubashi" University.
.SI. ADEB3HEP . ...... ........ .......... ...... ........ ........ ..39
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YaAPEVZN ER ...... ............ ....... ...... .... ........... 3 9
THE NATURE OF CONTEMPORARY
SOCIAL RELATIONS AND JAPANESE
EXPERIENCE
V.G.SHVYDKO .............................................. 98
DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURE OF NA-
TIONAL INCOME AND NATIONAL
WEALTH
E.L.LEONTIEV A.......................................... 125
POS1W AR JAPANESE EXPERIENCE
AND RUSSIAN ECONOMIC REFORMS
V.K.ZAlTSEV ............................................... 171
THE STRATEGY OF SCIENTIFIC-
TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
S.V.BRAGINSKY, K.NISHlDA................... 257
FINANCIAL MARKETS AND ECO-
NOMIC DEVELOPMENT
V. Va.ROSIN ................................................. 290
ON THE ROAD TOWARD "TIlE ERA
OF REGIONS": JAPANESE VERSION
OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
V.B.RAMZES ................................................ 321
FAUCETS OF mE INTERNATIONALI-
ZA TION PROCESS
A. V.ZA.GORSKY ............................................ 387
POS1W AR EVOLUTION OF POUTI-
CAL CULTURE
A. V.ZA.GORSKY ........................................... 423
PAR1Y SYSTEM:FROM SECURING
STABIU1Y TO NEW INSTABIUTY
M.G.NOSOV..................._.... .10 7
....................... .....
HALF A CENTURY OF JAPANESE
FOREIGN POUCY
575

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