A RUSSIAN COURSE
by
Alexander Lipson
in cooperation with
Steven J. Molinsky

A RUSSIAN COURSE
by
Alexander Lipson
in cooperation with
Steven J. Molinsky
2nd preliminary edition
Volume I
1977
Slavica Publishers, Inc.
Columbus, Ohio

For a list of some other Slavica books, see the last three
pages of this book. To obtain an up-to-date catalog, with
price and ordering information, write to:
Slavica Publishers, Inc.
P. 0. Box 14388
Columbus, Ohio 43214
ISBN: 0-89357-040-0
Copyright © 1974, 1977 by Alexander Lipson; all rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America by LithoCrafters, Inc.,
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

1
INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND PRELIMINARY EDITION
The Second Preliminary Edition is being published in two volumes. The
first volume was divided into two parts in the first printing, but in
this printing everything is in one cover. The publisher will be
interesting in hearing from users whether they prefer the single
larger volume or the smaller two parts.
Comments and suggestions concerning this book and the Teacher 's
Manual will be very much appreciated. The final revision of
this book is now taking place, but material received by Dec. 1,
1977 can still be incorporated into the revised book which will
appear in the late spring of 197 8.
Comments concerning the book should be addressed to:
Alexander Lipson
Larsen Hall
Harvard University
Cambridge, Mass. 02138
Comments concerning the Teacher's Manual should be addressed to:
Steven J. Molinsky
Boston University
Boston, Mass. 02215
WHAT THE BOOK COVERS
Volume 1 covers all of the basic noun, adjective, pronoun, and verb
forms, and prepares students to read simple graded texts.
It normally requires about two college semesters of a 3-hour a week
course, about one and one-half semesters of a 5-hour a week course.
High schools should complete it in two years.
Volume 2 adds the grammar needed for reading ungraded texts. Much
attention has been devoted to the principles of word building —
prefixation and suffixation.
It normally requires one additional semester of a 3-hour a week
college course, about twice that for high school courses.
For classes that would like to start reading ungraded texts as early
as possible, an appendix has been added to Volume 1. This appendix,
selected from grammatical material of Volume 2, contains the
essentials of imperatives, subjunctives, comparatives and superlatives,
participles, and verbs of motion. It will require about six hours
of a college course to complete.
Note that a list of misprints discovered so far in Volume 1 is
appended to this printing, immediately following the indices
(pages 611-612).

11
-THE OVERALL STRATEGY-
GRAMMATICAL STRATEGY
In the first chapters, a wide range of grammatical forms have been
introduced in simple form. This is to give students an opportunity
to feel comfortable with as much of the basic grammar as possible
early in the course. By the end of Chapter 3, the book has introduced
nominative, accusative, genitive, and prepositional cases; gender;
number; present, past, and future tenses; verb aspects; and relative
clause formation. In later chapters, grammar is developed with more
attention to detail and more extensive drills.
STORY MATERIAL
The early chapters have large numbers of short stories with
interconnected plots and repetition of vocabulary. Later chapters have
fewer stories with more complex plot development.
-TEACHING AND LEARNING AIDS-
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
Answers have been provided to all drills and exercises. They appear
on pages 542 to 578. Answers to the translations at the end of each
chapter have not been provided.
TEACHER'S MANUAL
A Teacher 's Manual is available. It contains detailed instructions
for teaching each lesson of the book and includes lesson plans,
additional drills, sample tests, and answers to the translation
exercises at the end of each chapter. It is available free to teachers
at schools which have adopted this text; individuals may purchase it
for $6.95 from the publisher (Box 14388, Columbus, Ohio 43214).
TAPES
Tapes are available from:
James Geddes Jr. Language Center
685 Commonwealth Ave., Room 540
Boston University
Boston, Mass. 02215
Attn: Mr. Miller
There is no separate student workbook, since the workbook forms an
integral part of the textbook itself.
Volume 2 is available only in a (preliminary version; inquiries should
be sent to: Prof. David Hanson, Dept. of Germanic & Slavic, Brandeis
University, Waltham, Mass. 02154.

The Russian Alphabet
Letter Transcription used in this book
a A
6 B
B B
r r
e E
e E
m E
3 3
H H
H H
K K
ji JI
M M
H H
o 0
n n
P P
c C
T T
y y
ci> $
x X
hi m
£
bl bl
b b
3 3
iO 10
fl H
a
b.
V
4
je or ,e
jo or ,o
zh
z_
ji or ,i
i
k
1
m
JX
0
£
L
s
t.
u
I
X
ft
ch
sh_
shch
j_
c
ju or ,u
j_a or j_a
The alphabet and transcription system is treated in detail in Chapter 1.

The alphabet arranged according to sound groups:
Russian on the left, transcription on the right
Vowels
SH
Dentals
Labials
Velars
\
SH
Voiced
Ml
M!
Ml
Mi
Mi
Pai
1}
e_
red consonants
r ni
M{ m
ji [|
Mi
Unpaired consonants
Hard
Soft
)K
in -
u -
H -
m -
H -
zh
sh
ft.
ch.
shch
i
y\ u
K) j -
Voiceless
Ml
M!
M*
Mi
Ml
Ml
h)1
Signs
b - soft sign
rb - hard sign

V.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page
CHAPTER 1
YjiapHHKK 1
Be3Jf,eJIbHHKH 2
WK:* Sounds and Spelling 6
KyjibTypHHe jho^h 13
HeKyJibTypHbie jikak 13
WK: Soft Sign 15
Rit:** Ax, npocTHTe! 18
WK: ± 18
Community N 22
WK: k/t/x + _i 25
ToBapHm BopoflHH 27
Pronunciation of unstressed 29
"0" and "a"
WK: Unpaired Consonants 31
Rit: y sac ecTb Bonpoc? 34
Bjihhck 3?
PaaroBdp: 3flpaBCTByftTe! 39
Appendix to Chapter 1
The Russian Alphabet 41
Handwriting k2
Rito = Ritual - explained on p. 17

STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page.
CHAPTER 2
ITapK flupe'KTOpa Bopo^HHa . , 45
WK: e/e o 46
Pronunciation: Unstressed
"e" and "h" 47
Introduction to Present Tense. 48
r,ae acusyT TKrpn? 51
Rit: KaKan sto oinridKa? 53
Introduction to Plurals 53
B aoona'pKax 55
HeHopMajibHHM tiejioBeK b
napice TOBapHna BopoflHHa 57
WK: C onsonant + ,j 59
ToBa'pHtn; BopofiteB 62
But: a and ho 63
WK: The Structure of Nouns..,. 64
Rit: Bh yKpajiH moh KaDaH^a'm 72
Introduction to Infinitive
Formation „ 72
BopofiteB! rio^eMy? 74
Mojiojioh y^apHHK 75
Turp 76
iPHJidcodb 77
XyjiHraH 7R
Adjective Endings: Nominative
and Accusative 79
AjieKcaHflp HBaHOBHq 82
Rit: Kaicoro po'^a cjiobo o_e_3? 84
Pronunciation of Voiced and
Voiceless Consonants 85
ripotbeccop 3ojiotob 87

VI1 .
STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page
CHAPTER 3
WK: Fundamentals of Conjugation 91
Mh He ajifiaHUH 9B
Gender 99
Rit: MeM oKaH^HBaeTca cjiobo .ho'ktop? 104
BeTOH 105
Ham 33.B0JI 10?
Haraa 6pHra',na OTflHxaeT 108
Haraa 6pHra.ua iHTaeT 110
Rit: Kan cKa.3aTt no-pyccKH? Ill
Introduction to Past Tense Ill
Hejio BpayHa: Ha'ma 6pnra,na
j^ejiaeT 6ojitmyio omHo'Ky 114
Introduction to Future Tense... 115
ripocfeccop Ulyjibn; 119
Jly^fflHH flpyr SeTOHmnica 124
Rit: KaK nwrneTCH cjio'bo poj? 125
PasroBo'p: KaK sac 30ByT? 126
CHAPTER 4
Rit: 4 ways to avoid answering
a question „ 131
Noun Gender: Review....00..... 132
WK: Spelling Adjective
Endings »..,,<,. 133
Pronominals 1 36
Nominative Plural.......„..„.„ 142
WK: Stress Patterns in Nouns.. 14?
Hbsih MBakoBHq h Bopnc Bophcobh^i 1^3
CMOTpe-t- and nnca+ 155

VI 11
STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page
MajieHtKaa Gohh 156
Kpmja-t- and MOJwa-t- 157
B nepBOM KJiacce 15^
WK: ht-verbs and er- verbs 160
Rit: MeM OKStH^HBaeTCH rjiaroji
jito6h+ '?..... 16?
Genitive Singular Masculine /
Neuter. 168
Kit: HeJit3H 3flecb KypHTt! I73
3anaflHbifi h Bocto^hhS Bjihhck 17Z4.
MocKBa h JleHHHrpafl I77
CHAPTER 5
Rits 0 kom bh roBopHTe? 180
Verbs in nii+ 180
Prepositional Case of Nouns 181
Short-form Adjectives. 185
JlnHrafto'HHNM Ka6nHeT 186
B napice KyjitTypu h OTflbixa I87
PyfiKHH, JlapHHa h Moe 30.noTo'e
h6jioko 189
3tot and 9to 191
Accusative Singular:
All Genders „. 193
Rit: h'cho? I98
Rit: noHHJiH? 198
WK: Stress in Consonant-Stem
Verbs „« 199
WK: Stress in Vowel-Stem
Verbs 205
Rit: Tfle bh 6hjih? 211

IX.
STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page
Location and Motions
Hfl+ and exa+
Hec+ and Be3+ 212
^TO Ta.K0'e M3Hb? 213
Rit! H npeflno^ieji 6h o noji^THKe
He cndpHTb 214
Aspects Past Tense 215
CboM 222
HeHopMajibHan aceHDjHHa 223
Rit: npuBeT! 224
Case Reviews Kottu, Acc, Gen.,
and Pren 22 5
CHAPTER 6
Rits y Bac ecTb rpaMManfqeoKHl? Bonpoc? 228
Prep. Sg. of Adjectives and
Pronominals 22 8
Possession: y MeHH, y hpto',
etc 232
Fem. in £: Nom. and Acc. Sk„,.., 234
Whether 236
ctoh+ and xot<;+ 237
Khh3B Afiflyji, paKeTHaH aceHmHHa h
aMepHKa'HCKHft kob6o'k JJhchm 238
Rit: Kowiy? MHe? 241
Dative Singular: Masc./Neut 241
ITpa'3j[HHK 244
KoTo'puft 245
WKs V+V Mutation in
«t- verbp, „ 24?
Rit: 3to cjihiekom mhoto 2 54
Be'jiHan Ksth 255

X.
STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page
The Cocktail Party 2.58
A6,n,yji h ero o6pa3o'BaHHa.tf
jidma;n,i> 260
CHAPTER 7
Poems 263
Instrumental Singular:
Masculine/Neuter 266
Mobile Vowel Z70
WK: V+V Mutation in Stems
Ending in a or o 271
Rit: Hafl KeM bh CMeerecb? 277
Location-Motion: Rev'sw 280
Preposition Review 282
Aspect: Future Tense 284
Riti nonpofiyHTe! 2.89
CBepxyejiOBex 290
CHAPTER 8
Rit: How to Avoid Answering a.
Question: Advanced Level „ ........ 316
The Feminine Singular «<,.... JI7
WK: Present Tense of Stems in
OBa+, hh+ and uii + 323
JleHB poscfleHHH 329
Rit: T^e bh Hay^iHjiHCb roeopHTt
no-pyccKH? 333
HyaceH 333
Cfl Verbs. . .. 0. „ 335
ITeTp MnxafijiOBH^i MypaBteB, ero
dbiBmaii xeHa h CTapman cecTpa
bbiBmeH weHb'i I 338

XI .
STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page
Rit: Kaicatf cerdflHH norofla? 341
Apyr spyra 341
Accusative of Time 341
Genitive as Direct Object
of Negated Verbs 342
Word Order 342
Reported Statements 3^3
ITeTp MHxaHjiOBmj MypaBteB, erd
dbiBman acena h CTapman cecTpa
6 bi Bin eft aceHbi II 334
WKj Summary of the Present
Tense 34?
Personal Pronouns! Summary 351
Vocabulary Entries! How to Show
Case Requirement 352
CHAPTER 9
The Plural of Nouns anc'
Adjectives. .. „ 356
Rit« HeM OKaniHBaeTCH hmh
cymecTBHTejifeHoe? 359
Mobile Vowel in the Genitive
Plural 360
Adjectives with Noun Meaning.... 362
Prepositional Case in y 363
Possession* Past Tense 363
TpH cecTpbi 364
Rit: JI3 ^ero coctoht? 369
WK » Verb ?:' .ructure 0 . 370
WK: Past and Infinitive of
Consonant Stems. .. „ 375
Stress Patterns in Nouns
380

xii.
STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page.
JIpy3bfl 6e^HoM KaTepHHH 383
b_ and H_3,Haand _c_ 387
ITOCJieflHHe OTKpNTHH H3BdcTHOrO
y^eHoro Bopo6beBa 392
WK: Past and Infinitive of
Ob-Stems 395
CHAPTER 10
Case Names in Russian 412
Rit: KaKoro na^eaca' TpeSyex? 412
BocTO^Han EBpona 413
CTpaHHoe noBe^e'HHe cTy^eHTa
CojiOBbeBa 41 5
KoTopuM clauses 418
RpaTbH h cecTpbi cTy^eHTa
CojiOBbeBa 421
WK: Summary and Review of
Pronominals 423
Nouns in ^ 429
The i-Ueclension 431
Adverbs 435
Impersonal. Constructions 435
AcnHpaVtT h cob'aKa 43?
BepnaH aceHa 43H
Hits KaK BaM HpaBHTCH? 440
Veros of Notion 441
ITepBaH jiroboBb 444
CoBeTCKKM rpa^jiaHMH BCipeiaeT
aMepHKaHCKoro TypHCTa 446
Topoji FyfiKHHrpa^; 44P
WK: Summary of Con.iupa.ti on 453
WK: Stem Deduction 459

XI11
APPENDIX Page
A. Stem Prediction 470
B . Imperative 472
C . Deverbal Nouns 476
D. Gerunds 478
E. Active Participles 485
b\ Passive Participles 490
G. Ueverbals: Summary 499
H. Determined - Non-Determined 504
I. . Subjunctive 507
J . Comparatives and Superlatives 510
TABLES
A. Nouns and Adjectives
1. Table of Endings 517
2. Noun Paradigms 51 '^
3. Adjective Paradigms 519
4. Irregular Nouns , 520
5. Noun Stress Types 521
B. Personal Pronouns 523
C . Pronominals 5-3
1. Chart of Endings 524
2 . Parad igms 52 5
D. Prepositions 527
E . Numbers 528
1. Declension of Numbers.... 529

XIV.
Page
F. Time Expressions
1. V ocabulary o . . e 530
2. Chart 530
3. Te] 1 ing Time „ 531
4. Dates 531
G. Verbs
1. Stem Types. 532
?.. bindings and Suffixes 533
3. V+V Mutation 534
4. Verb Paradigms.... 534
5. Irregular Verbs.... 53^
6. Prefixes 541
ANSWER bOOK 542
GLOSSARY
.Russian-English 579
English-Russian 592
IN LIE X
Grammatical. . . „ 6°2
R i tual s 607
Workbooks „ 608
People, Places and Concepts »... 609

-1-
CHAPTER 1
Shock-Workers
fTapel
KaK JKHByT y^apHHKH?
y^apHHKH acuByT xoponio'.
How do shock-workers live?
Shock-workers live well.
Y'fl,e ohh pado'TaioT?
Ohk pado'TaioT Ha aaBo'^ax.
KaK ohh paSbraioT?
OHH pa60Ta,KT C 3HTy3Ha3MOM.
Where do they work?
They work in factories.
How do they work?
They work with enthusiasm,
O 9«
^to ohh £eJiajoT b napKax?
B napnax ohh flywiaioT o m'3Hh.
What do they do in parks?
In parks they think about life.
°}$b
c
0 KaKOH 3KH3HK?
0 KH3HH Ha saBo'^ax.
BOT KaK WHByT y^apHHKF.!
About what life?
About life in factories.
That's how shock-workers live!
yjapHHK: defined as "a leading worker of socialist industry, one who
overfulfills the norms, masters the machinery, and sets examples of
industrial discipline."

Ee3fleJIbHHKH
Loafers
I Tape J
v'*"'
KaK JKHByT 6e3fleJIbHHKH?
How do loafers live?
£
Ha pafiore ohh Kpa^yT
KapaHflamH.
At work they steal
pencils.
B napKax ohh Be#yT ce6a
njio'xo.
In parks they conduct
themselves badly.
.Ha, TOBapninH.
Bot KaK KHByT Sesfle'jifeHHKH!
Yes, comrades.
That is how loafers live!

-3-
cf
11
x3L
Symbols:
- factory
- park
- work (hammer and
sickle)
- think (a person
thinking)
O-
<5* -
about life
steal (2 hands)
conduct oneself
badly (a person
stamping on
flowers)
HOW TO PREPARE THE STORIES IN CHAPTER 1
Stage 1: Learning to repeat the sentences.
Use the tape to learn to repeat the sentences in the story.
(1) The word or group of words is read on the tape.
(2) During the pause repeat what you hear.
(3) The word or group of words is read a second time.
Compare this to what you have just said.
Stage 28 Learning to produce the sentences.
This is the opposite of stage 1, i.e., first you will produce
the sentence, and then listen to the sentence on tape.
Specificallyj
(1) Looking at the English sentence,
say it in Russian as well as you can.
(2) Listen to the tape.
(3) During the pause, say the Russian sentence again.
(4) Then listen again.

-)4-
Bonpocbi - Questions
Below are questions about the stories on pp. 1 and 2.
Directions t
Pause
Answer it in Russian.
1st reading - Questions
Listen to the question.
Question words
Ka.K - how
r^e - where
mto - what
o ieM - about what
2nd reading - Answers
Compare your answer
to the answer on the
tape.
Tape
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
?.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
&
KaK JKHByT y^apHHRH?
Pfle ohp' pafioTaioT? f I
Ka.K ohh pa66TaioT? (PjJ
Mto ohh flejiaioT Ha saBojax? y£^
Hi6 ohh ^eJiaioT b na'pKax? (§£
0 M6M ohh flyVaioT? s-^^J
0 KaKOH SCH3HR OHH flyMaiOT?
Pfle ohh flyMaroT o xhshh Ha saBOAax'
Mto fleJiaioT 6e3,ne.n£>HHKH Ha pafioTe?
P/te ohh Kpa^yT KapaHflamw?
Vfl,e ohk se^yT ce&n njioxo? <^ !•>
KaK ohh sejiyT ce6« b napKax?
Mto ohh flejiaioT b napKax? ^_
KaK JKHByT OeSfleJIbHHKH?
KaK acHByT yjiapiiKKH?

-5-
In this book, grammatical material is usually introduced in two
stages.
(1) The first occurrence of a grammatical point is usually made
in the form of a simple, brief description accompanied by
a few short drills. Following this brief introduction, the
grammatical point is illustrated in stories and conversations
to give you the opportunity of using the structure and
coming to feel comfortable with it.
(2) In a subsequent lesson - often several weeks later in the
course - there is a thorough-going treatment with detailed
discussion and extensive written exercises. These sections
are called Workbooks. The Workbooks are designed to give
a coherent and integrated explanation of a given topic.
How to Use the Workbooks
The Workbooks are self-instructional. Each Workbook unit contains a
grammatical statement, accompanied by exercises. Answers to the
exercises are provided in the Answer Book.
Check your answers as you go rather than at the end of the exercise.
This will help you discover your mistakes as early as possible in
the exercise.
The Workbook material in Chapters 1 and 2 of the book will teach you!
(1) How to pronounce the sounds of Russian, i.e., how to read,
and
(2) How to represent the sounds of Russian, i.e., how to write.

-6-
WORKBOOK: AN INTRODUCTION TO RUSSIAN SOUNDS
The Russian alphabet is an excellent system for representing the sounds
of the Russian language. However, just as one English letter may
represent more than one English sound (e.g., "c" in cat and ac,e, "a" in
fat and fate), so one Russian letter may represent more than one
Russian sound. Therefore, learning the alphabet involves more than
simply learning a list of letters. It means learning how the alphabet
works, so you can know which pronunciation of a letter to use in a
given word. To help you do this, in the first two chapters of the
book, we will employ a transcription, i.e., a representation of Russian
sounds using English letters. The transcription will occasionally be
used in later chapters as well to show underlying grammatical
regularities. To help distinguish transcription from Russian letters,
transcription will always be underlined.
We are concerned here only with the major phonetic facts of Russian.
For many people, the best way to learn how to make these sounds is to
imitate the speaker on the tape. For those who are interested in
phonetic description, we have included additional information in
brackets.
1. Soft and Hard Consonants
Russian contains two kinds of consonants - soft and hard. A soft
sound is made with the tongue flat against the roof of the mouth,
and has a "y" -like quality; a hard sound does not. Soft
consonants are often referred to as "palatalized" consonants, since in
their articulation the tongue is raised to the hard palate. In
the transcription, soft consonants are written with a cedilla -
"t"s hard consonants without one - "£".
2. Paired Consonants
Most consonant sounds are paired, i.e., come in sets of two, one
hard and one soft:
j?/jL l/L Vi etc.
In English the consonant sounds p,t,k are often
followed by a puff of air (called aspiration).
Test this by putting your hand in front of your
mouth and pronouncing:
£a, jtar, car
Now pronounce the words:
s;p_a, s_tar, sc.ar
In these words, p, t, k are not followed by a
puff of air. This is the pronunciation of
Russian £, t, k.

-7-
3. Vowels
There are five vowel sounds:
i Ui e.» i-
a is pronounced approximately as in English father.
o " " " " " " bought.
u " soon.
e. " ' " m£t.
i. is more difficult and will be discussed below.
English "u", as in soon, is actually a
diphthong, i.e., a combination of u + w.
Test this by saying soon slowly and notice
that your lips move while articulating "u",
Russian u is a pure vowel and has no "w"
following it.
Each syllable
During 1st
Listen to
while look
(1)
l - i
da
da
do
4o
'du
5i
(6)
L " JL
pa
PQ
pu
RU
SI
Pronunciation
will be read twice
reading
the
ing
syllable,
at the book
(2)
*.- i
tu
tu
ia
to
12.
te
(7)
JL" I.
vut
Y^d
ves
YOt
Exercise
:, with a
pause between readings.
During pause
Rej
. hes
Tape 1
jeat what
ir.
(3)
z - z
-k.
zu
za
zo
(8)
£ " 1
fa
fu
cnnt iniien ) .
you
During
Listen
(4)
± " i
se
fa
sa
s_u
(9)
k " JL
kak
kot
ku
ke
2nd
reading
again.
(5)
b_ - £
ba
I
bus
£u
(10)
J.-J.
gan
gon
11

The Consonant xt
Pronounced approximately like the German "ch" in doch-, Scottish
"ch" in loch; Hebrew 77 in o^,
Pronunciation Exercise
|Tape|
x - \ Distinguish
xa xa
xo ka
xu xul
xo kul
xe
k/| -
kot
xot
ke
xe
x/x
The Consonant rt
Pronounced as in Spanish, Italian - NOT as in French or German.
The sound is a trilled dental, i.e., a trill made just oehmd
the teeth.
Pronunciation
ra_
ro
rot
re
[Tap
r -
2)
r
Exercise
ru
'rum

_9-
6. The Vowel Sound i has two pronunciations:
(1) After soft consonants it is pronounced approximately as in
English teeth. _
English "i", as in teeth, is actually a
diphthong, i.e., a combination of i + y.
Russian i is a pure vowel, and has no "y"
following it. Test this by saying teeth
slowly and notice that your tongue moves
in the mouth while saying "i". In
Russian the tongue does not move.
(2) Its pronunciation after hard consonants has no equivalent in
English. It is pronounced somewhat like the "i" in B_ill;
however, the tongue is drawn further back in the mouth. Im-
pressionistically, it has a dull, hollow sound.
i. is the only vowel whose pronunciation after hard consonants
differs significantly from its pronunciation after soft consonants.
Pronunciation Exercise
di
s
ii
!Tape|
vi
mi
ni
VI
mil
rl
xi
IT
bi
WORKBOOK; AN INTRODUCTION TO RUSSIAN SPELLING
ALPHABET
Vowels
Hard vowel letter: a
Soft vowel letter: -a
}» u * i}± i)i ;}a
Paired Consonants
jetter Transcription
Letters that are like English:
t_
t
{
k
-±_
m
m

10-
Letter
Transcription
Letters that do not resemble
English:
z
z
&_
^_
P.
1
f.
£
1
Letters that look like English,
but are pronounced differently:
{
{
{
P
v.
v
n.
n
_s_
s
x
X
T_
r
h vowel sound is represented by one of two vowel letters:
a is represented by the letter a or a.
h consonant letter represents one of two consonant sounds:
t represents the sound t or t.
I Soft vowel letters are written after soft consonants,
Hard vowel letters are written after hard consonants.

-11-
ta is written ra - hard consonant + vowel a.
ta is written th - soft consonant + vowel a.
mu is written My - hard consonant + vowel u..
mu is written mk> - soft consonant + vowel u.
Therefore, the vowel letters have two functions:
(1) They show vowel sound:
a and # represent a.
y and 10 represent u.
(2) They show the quality of the preceding consonant sound:
a and y show that the preceding consonant is hard,
a and k> show that the preceding consonant is soft.
Exercise 1
Write in Russian.
(The letters
1. ta
2. i^a_
3. to
4. to
5» tu
T,
k,m are
6.tu
-"—
7.te
■"—
8.te
9.ti
10.ti
1
ike English.)
11.
12.
13.
14.
. 15.
M
kot
tak
ki
mi
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
,,i
mu
-*—
mu
me
kto
Exercise
Write in
2
Rus
(The letters
1. da
2. za
3. za
4. ba
5. dama
s ian.
r, 3, 6, a > n, (li, ji
6. dut
7. du
8. gde
9. bot
10. bez
are not like
11. bomba
12. pi
13. pi
14. plo
x5- i£
English
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
.)
del
dul
fakt
flot
futbol

-12-
Exercise
Write in
Jl
Russian.
(The letters
quite di
1 . vi
2. vi
3. vut
k. vod
5. Yed
6. ni
?. ni
8. se
9. su
10. su
B,H, C
fferentiy.
,x,p
)
11.
12.
13.
Ik.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
look like
XXX
xi
■"—
krad
rabot
ra
*—
do
do
na
na
-"—
vot
Engl
ish, but are pronounced
21.
22.
p -5
2k.
25.
26.
_ 27.
28.
29.
30.
pi oxo
gde
park
rabote
v parkax
kradut
oni
na zavodax
vedut seba
udarniki
Exercise k
Write the following sentences in Russian.
1. Udarniki ne kradut na zavodax.
-7— Ik. b — it.,, ' — —-' ■■ "■"- -■«■!■ ■" 1—
(Shock-workers don't steal in factories.)
2. 0jji_ _ne_ yedut geba ploxo v parkax.
(They don't conduct themselves badly in parks.)

-13-
KyjibTypHbie jiio^h
Cultured People
Tape
YfldpHHKH qacTO KyjibTypHHe
JIIOflH
Shock-workers are often cultured
people.
KyjifcTypHbie jik5ji;h ^HTaioT khhth.
OOO
Cultured people read books.
c>
h
H OHH MOIOTCH KaJKflblft fleHb.
And they wash every day.
HeK.yjibT.ypHbie jik>,hh*-
Uncultured People
fTapel
Be3flejibHHKH qacTO HeKyjibTypHHe
Loafers are often uncultured
people.
i>'
HacKOjibKO h 3Haio, HeKyjibTypHHe
jiro^H He mo'btch.
HnKor,na?
Ha, ohh HHKor^a He moiotch.
<y
H OHH JIK)6.HT KypHTb B
Tpojijieft6ycax.
nrr Ht?
As far as I know, uncultured
people don't wash.
Never?
Yes, they never wash.
And they like to smoke in
trolleybusses.
Boors, rather than just uncultured people. Beating one's wifec
talking loudly during a concert, dropping candy wrappers, blowing one's
nose with the fingers, are all "uncultured". A sign in the Gorky
Park of Culture and Rest in Moscow reads! "Rest Culturally, Comrades!"

-lU-
6
Symbolsi
- read (a book)
cultured (wearing
glasses)
S - wash (a faucet)
-0--O-0- - every day (3 suns)
<?
Q
- uncultured (unkempt)
- like (heart)
smoke (cigarette)
- trolleybus
Bonp6cu
Two additional question-words
KaKiie - which, what sort of
Kor^d - when
Tape
1. Mto .ne'jiaioT KyjibT/pHbie JiroflH?
2. KaKHe jikuih moiotch keukahh jeHb? ^K)
3. Kor,na moiotch KyjibTypHbie jikW? 0-00
4. Kor^a moiotch HeKyjibTypHHe Jiioflu? ^
5. KaKne jiio'^h HHKor^a He moiotch? /rftk
6. Pfle ohh jiioSht KypHTb? f_\
7. ^to ohh jhoSht fle'jiaTb b TpoJiJie'Mdycax?
8. KaKHe jho'^h He JiiodHT KypHTb b TpoJiJiefiSycax? {00
„*^

-15-
WORKBOOKs THE SOFT SIGN ( b )
Hard and soft consonants may occur without vowels following them.
Soft kurit naskolko
Hard luljat sdelal_
In such cases, the letter b (the soft sign) is written after soft
consonants; no b is written after hard consonants.
Soft KypHTfc HaCKQJIbKO
Hard jhoCht c^eJiaji
Pr onun
Final hard
at
at
nos
nos
kus
ku§
gas.
kut
kut
kuti
vs.
ciatio
|Tape
soft
n Exercise
1
consonant
nuti
nut
l2it
tjit
bit
bit
on
an_
un
un
1 -
la
lu
lin
lin
fuET
JaXa
lis
Jis.
lus
pul
1
kul
Pul
kul
kult
kult
aia
ala
skol
skoj.
kul
kuj.i
kul
Exercise 1
Write in Russian.
1. at 5.
2. at 6.
3. kul 7.
4. kul 8.
kult
rit
rit
kurit
9. skol
10. skol
11• naskolko
12. den
, V K " '
13.
Ik.
del
bezdelnik

16-
Exercise
Write in
1. nul _
2. nula
3. nulu
^. nulom
5. nuli
2
Russian.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
zavod
zavoda
zavodu
zavodom
zavodi
Exercise 3
Subtract the final vowel sound. Write what
remains in Russian.
Ex. HejeJiH : He^ejib
(nedeja) (nedel)
* V - t. U i,
final vowel sound is a
1. CJIOBO k. flHHH
2. CTHJlfl 5, KHH3K)
6. *nBy
KOMHaTa
Exercise ^
Add the sounds a, u, omf i, ax. Write in Russian.
Ex. TpojiJiettdyc -t- a : TpojuiefiQyca
a u .om 1.
1. TpoJiJieftdyc:
ax
2 . h yji b
3o cnopTCMPH :

-17-
RITUALS
A ritual is a set of patterned responses; whenever you hear a line of
a ritual you are to say the next line. Rituals contain grammatical
material introduced before the rules they exemplify. Their purpose is
to make these rules meaningful before you reach them.
For example, Ritual 1 below exemplifies:
(1) Past tense formation
(2) Perfective aspect
(3) Feminine accusative of adjectives and
nouns
(4) Verbal agent suffix
(5) Noun-adjective agreement
When these points of grammar are treated in later chapters, rituals
will help you understand and remember the rulet' covering them. You
are learning the examples before the rules.
To be effective, a ritual sentence must be an automatic response to
the preceding sentence; e.g., "Excuse me!" might be your automatic
response to, "Ouch! You stepped on my toe!" Similarly, "Ax.npoeTirre,
;ioporoM ytjuTejib! "(line 2 below) should be your automatic response to
"Kone^Ho, HeT!" (iine 1 below)
"Stage directions", which are given in square brackets[ ], are
whispered by the group to announce the attitude °? the speaker, usually
before his last line. In the ritual below, [tenderly] shows that the
teacher is tolerant and forgiving, that his apparent hostile attitude
is softened.
Turning the rituals around: Initially the teacher says the first line,
a student the second. But the rules of rituals are such that if a
student confronts a teacher with the first line, the teacher is
obliged to answer with the second. For example, in the following ritual,
the teacher would apologize to the student.
Symbols used in rituals:
'- J - stage directions.
/ / literal translation.
Thus, the word rpybyro , which is
translated as "terrible", literally
means "coarse" or "vulgar".
( ) - feminine forms.
In the ritual below, c^e'jia.Ji is
masculine, c^eJiajra is feminine.

-18-
Ritual 1
Tapej
KoHe'^HO, HeT!
Ax, npocTKTe, .noporoM yqHTejib ( floporaa y^HTejibHwua) •
rio-qeMy? Ht6 bh c^e'jiajin?
fl cueJiaji (a ) rpyfiyro orandKy.
[jiacKOBo] Hn-qero. *
- Of course not!
— Akh, forgive me, dear teacher!
- Why? What have you done?
— I've made a terrible /coarse, vulgar/ error,
- [tenderlyj That's all right /nothing/.
r is pronounced v in this word.
WORKBOOK: THE CONSONANT j
1. The soft vowel letters h, ro, h, e, e
(a) When immediately preceded by a consonant letter they show that
the preceding consonant is soft:
jikSht - lubat
(where ro and h represent tu_ and ta) .
(b) When not immediately preceded by a consonant letter, they show
the presence of j:
3Haro - zna.iu
h - ja.
KyjibTypHbi_e - kulturnije
(where m,R,e represent ju., ja, je) .
t + vowel in: K,yp_WTb - kurit
jikjCht - lubat
+ vov/el in: Moe - moj o
jyMaroT - dumaju.t
ecTh - jer-t

-19-
Exercise 1
A. Which of the underlined soft-vowel letters in the words below
are not immediately preceded by a consonant letter?
(Write numbers.)
B. Transcribe
1. MO_e 6. jnoflO_e^ 11. A3hh 16. mo_h
2. H_ec 7° jiioSht 12. oh_h 17 • T_Hrp
3. HeT 8. H3UK 13• Kpafl_eM 18. edb
40 CBO_eft 9» KyxHH 14. nojJT 19« rpydyio
5. fl_eJiaioT lOcbM 15. jor 20. pjoMKa
2. Letters —» Transcriptiom Recognizing j
The presence of j. is revealed in the spelling by:
(a) The presence of the letter ft:
KaacflHft, Tpojuie.ft.6yc
(b) The presence of a soft vowel letter which is not immediately
preceded by a consonant letter:
a, jjyMaioT, ecTb, Moe, moh
Exercise 2
A. Which of the words below contain j? (Write numbers)_
B. Transcribe.
1. HOBaS 5. KOHb 9. MOH
2. HOBHft 6. TpoHKa 10. Tpoji jieft 6yc
3. Be,neT 7. cejia
4. moh 8. Moe

20-
3« Transcription -» Letters: Writing i
j is written as:
(a) Soft vowel letter, when followed by a vowels
znaju^ - 3Haio ; nekulturnije_ - HeicyjibTypHHe,
(b) ft when not followed by a vowelt
trollejbus - Tpojuie_i6yc
Therefore, i - ft , but j_ + vowel - h, io, e, e, h.
Exceptions ja at the beginning of a word represents i, not j_Ls
_i (and) - jL
MBaH - I_van
Initial i. is always written h.
ili - hjih
Exercise 3
A. Which j.'s are followed by a vowel?
B. Write in Russian.
1. o.ja 6. mo.i _ 11. j_o .
2. oj. 7. mo.i a 12. pj. .
3. u.iu 8. mo.ii 13- _>
4. jj_ 9. stro.i 14. ,io.i .
5. vu.i 10. stro.i i 15. i ei o
Exercise 4
Write in Russians
1. jama ________
2. jeri
3. idot
4. mo.i
5. \igr
6. iskal
7. siskal
8. pisatel
9. ni
10. i
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
russkij
drugije
mai
obrazu.i
obrazu.i te
u k "———

-21-
Exercise 5
Transcribe*
MOft KOHb
MOfl KOHfl
MOK) KOHB
MOgM KOHeM
MOH KOHH
MOeft KOHeH
Exercise 6
Subtract the final vowel. Write in Russian.
Ex. MOK) - MOft
1. HKpa 5. e,n;y 9. nojm _
2. kohh 6. .nyMaio 10. ace'Hbi _
3. dOH 7. NieCTO 11. KVXHH
k, JIK>6jIK) 8. 3^aHHH 12. napTHH
Exercise 7
Add a, u, .om, !• Write in Russian.
Ex. KflOJi + a. : H^ojia
a u gm i.
1. nfloji:
2. Hyjib:
3. moK :

-22-
KQTopbie - (who, that) as a relative.
JIioflH, KOTopue padoTaioT Ha 3aBo'flax,
(people who work in factories)
Drill; Community N
G.G. Gubkin, in a psycho-sociological study of Community N, has shown
an interesting correlation between mass transit behavior and the
relation of the individual to his total environment. Gubkin's studies
have isolated two predominant subgroups!
(1)
4-
7r~CT
Jlrojn, KOTo'pHe -qHTaioT b Tpojuieftdycax:
Stable individuals, well-adjusted
to their environment.
(2)
■ \
~d 0
JIiojh, KOTopue mo'iotch b Tpojuie'ftdycax:
Compulsive individuals with inner
conflicts, often characterized by
by an inability to concentrate.
below we summarize the results of his penetrating study.
[Tape
JHOflH, KOTOpbie.
qnTaioT b TpojiJieftfiycax
a
moiotch b TpojiJieKOycax
-g~.
"D C"
b napKax
0*
.nyMaioT
JIK)6flT KypHTb
Ha 3a.B6^ax
ttr:
paddTaioT

-23-
Listen and/or read the Qt
Ex. KaKHe jikuih jyMaioT b
napKax?
Bonpocbi
Answer during pause
JIlOflH, KOTO'pHe qHTaiOT
b TpojuieMdycax.
Listen
| Tape
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
P,.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
12
KaKHe
P^e oh
KaKHe
%d oh
KaKHe
MtO oh
Hto oh
KaKHe
Hto oh
. Ffle o
. KaKiie
. KaKHe
jii6,ii;h jiio6ht KypHTb b napKax?
H JHOdflT Kyp-HTb?
jik^h flyMaioT b napKax?
h £e'jiaroT Ha 3aBdflax?
JHOflH He padOTaiOT C 3HTy3Ha3M0M?
h flejiaioT Ha saBO^ax?
h jik>6ht flejiaTb b napKax?
jnoflK He JirodHT KypnTb b napKax?
h fleJiaioT b napKax?
HH pa60TaK)T C 3HTy3Ha,3MOM?
jiio^h He qHTa'ioT b Tpojuiefidycax?
jiioflH He mo'iotch b t pojuieftdycax?
P.P. Papirosin, a student of Gubkin, has extended the stuay to include
transients in Community N. He has designated this groupi
-4-
~D—U
JIiojh, KOTopbie acHByT b TpojiJiefi6ycax.
Papirosin has found some suggestive correlations between their behavior
and that of the two groups described in Gubkin's earlier study (i.e.,
subgroup 1
C
G
and subgroup 2
m
).
Papirosin's studies show that subjects in this third group display
behavior patterns both typical on the one hand and atypical on the other
of both groups above respectively? specifically:
JlroflH , KOTOpbie,
-5=
i <5£>
11
XQ *"~
BonpocH
\Tape\
cff
*9
1.
2,
3.
T^e Jiro6flT KypHTb JiroflH, KOTopbie acHByT b Tpojijiefldycax?
KaK ohh pado'TaioT?
Tfle?
* Symbol;
live (an amoeba)

-2U-
Combinine the results of the two sets of studies, we findt
JIMflH,^
KOTo'pbie
Bonpocm
tnj-
b napxax
Oh 0^
Ha saBOflax
c
^
Tape)
41
1
flywiaior
jim6ht KypHTb
JIK)6flT KypHTb
pa66TaMT
pa6oTaMT
1. KaKHe JiroflH paooTaioT Ha saBOjax c 3HTy3Ha3Mowi?
2. KaKHe JiidflH jiio6ht KypHTb b napKax?
3. KaKHe Jii6flH He jik6ht KypHTb b na'pKax?
4. KaKHe ju6,hh jho'6ht ^ypnTb b na'pnax, ho (but) He pa.6oTaioT na
SaBOAaX C 3HTy3H8l3M0M? /
b. KaKHe jto,h,h paSoTaioT Ha saBo'aax h ayMaiOT b napKax?
6. KaKHe jik^h patioTaioT c 3HTy3Ha.3M0M Ha aaBO^ax, ho (but) He
flywiaioT b na'pKax?

Now that you know most of the letters of the alphabet, it will not be
too difficult to learn how to write what you have learned to say.
Exerciser
Using the English translation as a cue, write out the stories on
pp 1, 2 and 13.
You will encounter the following letters which have not yet been
treated:
Letter Transcription As in...
in sh xopomo
Zh SCHByT, KaSCflblH , XH3HH
ch tjacTo, ^HTaioT Tthe word mo is,
untypically, pronounced shto)
HI Shch TOBapHHJH
WORKBOOK! VELARS + j>
Velars (k, g, x) + i
The consonants k, g, x are called velars. The vowel i. always softens
preceding velars. Softening of velars will not be shown in the
transcription, since such softening is fully automatic;
ki = "ki", £i = "gi", xi = "xi"
It follows that the letter h will never be written after velars. The
spellings kh, rbi, xh do not exist.
Spelled Pronounced Transcribed
"udarniki" udarniki
KHKra "knigi*" kmgi
y^apHMKH
xhmhk "jtimik" ximik
i£t£»2 are always hard before the vowels a, ,0, u.
]ja, ko, ku etc. do not occur in Russian. It
follows "that the letters a, e,» will never occur
after velars.

-26-
Exercise
Write in
1. ki
2. gi
3. xi
4. park
1
Russian.
L
5.
6.
7.
8.
xixikat
dorosim
sovetskij
velikije
Exercise 2
Join jL. Wri
Ex. ctoji -
1. Bonpoc
2. rrapK
3« flopor
^ • THrp
te
in R
CTOJIH
ussian
•
5.
6.
7.
8.
rpex
nHcaTejtb
$KJI0C0($
yflapHHK
A Note on the Letters e and 9
The letter 9 is rare in Russian words; e appears instead. 3 is
limited to:
(1) some foreign words ( noaT - poet, 3HTy3na3M -enthusiasm)
(2) a few exclamations (3x! 3M! )
(3) forms of the word 9T0T - this/that.
This means that the vowel sound e. causes preceding consonants to
soften.
te does not occur in Russian words - only te (Te )

-27-
ToBapum BopojHH
Comrade Borodin
TTape]
ToBapnin BopoflHH - xopdmnH
rpaacflaHHH.
Kpa^eT jih BopoflHH KapaHflamn?
KoneiHO, Hei!
j£T
r&
^to oh .ne'jiaeT KaxflHit jeHb?
On pafioTaeT Ha saBoje
C 9HTy3Ha.3M0M.
rio^eMy?
IIOTOMy WO OH HaCTOHmHH
y^apHHK.
Comrade Borodin is a good
citizen.
Does Borodin steal pencils?
Of course not!
What does he do every day?
He works at the factory
with enthusiasm.
Why?
Because he is a real
shock-worker.
ToBapunj Bopo^HH
yeJiOBeK.
- o'leKb KyjibTypHHft
rK
<y O O
Comrade Borodin is a very
cultured person.
IToaTOMy OH UfHTaeT KHHTH.
H h flyMaio, wo oh MoeTCH
Kaacflbift fleHb.
JIk6HT JIH OH KypHTb B
TpojijieH6yce?
KoHeiHo,HeT!
Oh 3HaeT, ito sto He
xopomo, a nJidxo.
Therefore, he reads books.
And I think that he washes
every day.
Does he like to smoke in the
trolleybus?
Of course not!
He knows that that is not
good, but bad.
Symbolj c - good (a halo)

-28-
BonpocH
Two additional question words:
kto - who
KaKoit - which, what sort of
(Tape
1. Kto TOBapnm Bopo^HH? @)
2. Kpa^eT jih Bopo^HH KapaH^amH?
3. r^e paSoTaeT TOBapnm Bopo^HH? |__J
4. Korfla oh pa6oTaeT? 0 0"O
5. Hto oh .ne'jiaeT Ha saBOfle? ^^L
6. rioqeMy? @
7. KaKoft rpaacflaHHH padoTaeT c 9HTy3Ha'3M0M? @)
S. KaKOH rpaxflaHHH TOB^pum Bopo,n,HH? @>
;■*. KaK Be^eT ceSa TOBa'pHin; BopoflHH?^
10. Hto oh fle'jiaeT b napKe? (@j
11. Kor^a moktch HenyjibTypHHe jik^h? /£
12. Kor^a MoeTCH TOBapum EopoflHH? -Q^rC>
13. rio^eMy?
14. Hto iHTaei TOBapHm; EopoflHH? {£}
15. KaKHe jho^h jib6ht KypHTb b TpojuiefiSycax? <(®
16. KaKMe jikah He jhoSht KypHTB b TpojuieHdycax? (v0 (gpj
17. KaKOH tienoBeK TOBapum Bopo^HH? (w)
18. r^e oh He jik>6ht KypHTB? Q\
19. rio^eMy oh He jik6ht KypHTb b Tpojuie'fiSyce?

-29-
Note the following singular-plural contrasts!
Singular Plural
oh Be,n,eT
oh pafioTaeT
oh flyMaeT
oh flenaeT
oh iHTaeT
oh Kpa^eT
OH MOeTCfl
ohh Be^yT
ohh pa6oTaiOT
ohh flyMaMT
ohh fle'jiaioT
OHH tiHTSLIOT
ohh Kpa^yT
ohh mobtch
oh jim6ht
OHH JIM6hT
Ha 3aBOfle
b napne
b TpojuienSyce
KyjibTypHbiM
tiejiOBen
KaKOH yejioBeK
Ha nr-3BO,nax
b nap^ax
b TpojrjieHSycax
KyjtbTypHHe
JIMflH
Kanne jhohh
These endings will be treated in the next chapter,
"is/are"
"Is/are" is expressed by a short pause, which is sometimes represented
in writing by a dash. For all practical purposes, there is no word
for is/are.
ToBa'pHm Bopo^HH - xopo'mHH rpaxcflaHHH.
Ohh - yflapHHKH.
PRONUNCIATION OF UNSTRESSED "o" AND "a"
Many vowels are pronounced one way when stressed and another way when
unstressed. The pronunciation of the sounds represented by unstressed
letters "o" and "a":
(a) One syllable before the stress, "o" and "a" are both pronounced
like short "a".
Ex.» Bonpo'c is pronounced approximately "vapro's"

-30-
Pronunciation Exercise 1
During 1st reading:
iTapel
During pauses During 2nd readings
Listen, while looking Repeat what you Listen again,
at the book. hear.
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
Bonpoc
HHKOr^a
T_OBapHm
np_ocTHTe
tiejIOB^K
TpojiJieftSyc
7 . KOTOpbie
8. xopo'mHH
9. MOTO'p
10. HaCKOJIbKO
11. padOTaeT
12. TajiaHT
(b) In all other unstressed positions, "o" and "a" are both pronounced
"uh", approximately as in English around, about.
Pronunciation Exercise 2
after stress
1. njidx£
2. saBo^ax
3. isicto
4. HaCKO'jlBKO
5. Tpojuie^MSycax
6. JiaCKOB£
7. napKax
[Ta£e]
two or more syllables before
stress
1. xoponrd'
2. Bo_poflHH
3. iKmeiviy
k. rpascflaHHH
5 • KapaH^aniH
Pronu
Underline the
unstressed 0 or a0
1 . OH - OHH
2. BOflHT - BOKy
3. ho'cht - Homy
h. roBop - roBopio
nciatior
lTap«
Read
1 Exercise 3
aloud 0 Listen0
5« xopomHH - xopomo/
°» npo'do - npocToft
7« njidxo - njioxo'fi
8* saBO^ax - ropo^ax

-31-
WORKBOOKt UNPAIRED CONSONANTS
Six Russian consonants are unpairedi 3 are always soft, 3 are always
hard. Since the softness or hardness of these six consonants is
automatic, it will not be shown in the transcription. In other words, no
cedilla will appear under any of these consonants in the transcription,
even when they are phonetically soft.
j, which is always soft in pronunciation, has already been discussed.
The other five are:
always
hard
always
soft
U
Transcribed
sh
zh
ch
shch
Pronounced
sh
zh
ts
ch
shch
Approximately as in English
shoe
azure
cats
cheap
fresh cheese
Hard sh and zh do not exist in English.
In pronouncing English sh and zh, the
tongue is close to the hard palatej in
Russian, the tongue is more concave.
During
Listen
while
book.
sha
zha
tsa
sho
zho
fso
1st read
to the s
Pronunciation Exercise
ins
yllable
looking at the
hard
zhu
shu
fsu
t"se
zhe
she
During
Repeat
hear.
| Tape
soft
cha
she ha
che
shche
cho
shcho
chu
shchu
pause
what you
During
Listen
hard
sha
cha
zhu
shchu
tse
che
zhe
and
2nd reading
againo
soft
she
shche
chu
zhu
shchu
tl3U
shu

-32-
After hard unpaired consonants, the sound i has the same sound as
after other hard consonants. This is the sound normally
represented by the Russian letter h.
Pronunciation
shi
zhi
tsi
chi
shchi
Tape
Exercise
shi
chi
zhi
shchi
tsi
Spelling Vowels after the Unpaired Consonants
After paired consonants the vowel letters have two functions!
(1) They show the vowel sound;
(2) They show whether the preceding consonant is hard or soft.
After unpaired consonants, the vowel letters have only one function:
they show the vowel sound. They lose their second function here, since
the unpaired consonants are already either hard or soft. The spelling
of vowels after unpaired consonants does not reflect their soft or
hard characters.
The following spelling conventions determine how vowel sounds are
spelled:
a u i o e.
m, 3K, n, y, m
After all 5 of these consonants, both the 3 hard ones m, sc, n and the
2 soft ones n, nj -
a and u, are written a, y
i» 2.t §. are written H,e,e
a is spelled a: 2_acro (often)
~ map (sphere)
u is spelled y: anrpnaji (magazine)
*jryMa (plague)
i is spelled Hi WHByT (live)
HacToaigHH (real)
jo is spelled e : xc£JithM (yellow)
ti£pHHft (black)
e. is spelled ex ^ejtOBeK (person)
_i^ejiHH (whole)

-33-
Exceptions t
(1) In a few words, unpaired consonant + o is spelled
"o" rather than e , as in xopomo'.
(2) ts + i is sometimes spelled ijh . This spelling
will b~e treated later.
Exercise
Write in
1 • sha
2. zha
3. tsa
4. cha
5. shcha
6. shi
1
;tssian.
7. zhi
8. tsi
9. chi
10. shchi
11. bolshim
12. sochi
13.
Ik.
15.
16.
17.
ulitsam
tovarishchi
xuzhe
zhon
chom
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
chest
oshibku
zhuk
karandashi
nastojashchij
Exercise 2
Add ii, ijt, at. Write in Russian.
u j/fc
1. !j.ezh
2. konch
3. slish
4. smotr
5. govor
6. gishch
at

-3U-
Exercise
Using the English translation as a cue, learn to write the story on
p. 27 in Russian.
_
—
-
—
"
—
-
—
-
Ritual 2
(Tape \
y Bac ecrfe Bonpocu?
y MeHH o^hh Bonpoc.
riojinTHnecKHH?
HeT, rpaMMaTHnecKHM.
noaca'jiyHCTa, CTy^e'HT 3o'jiotob ( CTy,n,eHTKa 36jiOTOBa ).
Do you have questions? /By you are-there questions?/
I have one question. /By me there-is one question./
Political?
No, grammatical.
Please, student Zolotov.
Beginning with Ritual 2, learn to write each ritual in Russian,
just as you have done each story. This means going back to
p. 18 for Ritual 1.
YES - NO QUESTIONS
A yes-no question is one whose answer may start with "yes" or "no",
e.g., "Are you going?", "Do you know?" Questions with interrogatives
are not yes-no questions, e.g., "Who is it?", "What did he say?",
"How will she take it?"
In Russian, yes-no questions are commonly identical to direct
statements, differing only in intonation.
Statement: ToBapum Bopo^HH paSo'TaeT1. (Comrade Borodin works.)
Question: ToBapmn, Bopo&HH pa6oTaeT?(Does comrade Borodin work?)
(with a question intonation)
Yes-no questions may also be formed by:
(1) placing the verb first in the sentence, and then
(2) inserting the particle jih after it.
The rest of the word order remains the same.

-35-
Statement: ToBapnm BopojuiH iHTaeT.
Question : HnTaeT jih TOB&pHm BopojjHH?
Statement: Ohh jjyMaioT b na'picax.
Question s HyMaioT jih ohh b napKax?
JIh questions normally express doubt, and the speaker usually assumes
a negative answer to his question.
Drill
Convert to yes-no questions, using Jin.
1. JIj6jj;h acHByT b napKax.
2. BOPO^HH JIK)6hT KypHTb.
3. Ohh jik)6ht KypHTb b Tpojijie'M6ycax.
h. Oh imaeT khhth.
5# HeKyjibTypHbie juo'jih mo'iotch b neojcax.
Answers
1. }KHByT jih jhojj,h b napKax?
2. JIk>6ht jih Bopojj,HH KypHTb?
3. J1io6ht jih ohh KypHTb b TpojTJieH6ycax?
k. ^HTaeT JIH OH KHHrH?
5. Moiotch jik HeKyjibTypHbie jii6jj,h b napKax?
Drill
l Tape 1
Convert the statements which you will hear on the tape to
yes-no questions, using jih.
Kx.
Tare
Ohh paooTaioT.
Sav during pause
PaSOTaiOT JIH OHH?
Listen

-36-
QUESTIONS CONTAINING QUESTION-WORDS
Questions containing question words do not have jih.
KaK acuByT yflapHHKH?
We have had the following question wordsi
r,ne tiTO KaK Korj;a kto KaKofl
KaKHe
Drill
Tape
Form a question with the question-word which is appropriate
to the underlined word in each statement below.
Ex.
Statement: Ohh paSo'iaioT Ha 3aBQ,gax,
Question : r,n,e ohh pa6o'TaroT?
1. Ohh JiicfetfT KypHTb b TpojiJieft6yce.
2. Oh acHBeT njio'xo.
3. Oh .nyMaeT.
4. Oh ^ywiaeT b napxe.
5. Oh MoeTCH Kaac^biM fleHb.
6. XopdmHfi rpaacffaHHH patSdTaeT c SHTy3na.3MOM.
7. HeKyjibT.ypHbie JiidflH HHKor^a ne mobtch.
8. KyjibTypHbift nejiOBeK MdeTCH Kaacflbift ,n,eHfe.
9. Oh BefleT ce6fl xopomo,
10 o ToBStpum BopQjiHH - xopo'nmft rpaxcflaHHH.
11. B TpojijieM6ycax ohh nHTaioT.
12. Ohh nHTaioT khhth.
13. JIidflH, KOTopbie mojotch b t pojiji eK6ycax, jh66ht KypHTb b na'pnax.
STRESS
Most Russian words are stressed, i.e., they contain a stressed vowel.
The stress will be marked in words of more than one syllable to show
which syllable is stressed.
MByr is stressed on the second syllable
ia'cTO is stressed on the first syllable
Russian books do not mark stress.
The word ^to has two meanings and two pronunciations,
(1) It may mean "what", as in "Hto oh ^e'jiaeT?"
in which case it is pronounced "shto".
(2) It may mean "that , as in "H flywiaro, mo oh anaeT."
in which case it is pronounced "shtuh".
To distinguish these two words, we have marked stress ov\r the first
and not over the second.

-37-
Pre-Translation - This exercise will prepare you for the English -
Russian translation on p. ko.
In the blanks translate symbols into Russian words.
1. Ohw -&s
2. Mto ^e'jiaioT
3. <§><#$.
4. Oh Q?
5- Tfle ^0>
j^~
6. Oh h.
7.
8. Bopo^HH
9. Ohh'
10. Oh ^
11. Ohh 09^
12. ^^^
£$
HHKor.ua He "^
c
tf'tf'
W# /rlfiv-^
0f
cfT-
JUOflH?
£<><>

-38-
Comprehension Drill > Bjihhck*
Listen to the story on tape until you can answer the questions below.
New Vocabularyi
You are not responsible for learning new words found in Comprehension
Drills. They will appear as vocabulry items in upcoming lessons.
ropoji,
KaK H3Be'cTH0
B BjlHHCKe
Tosce
.naace
Bonpocbi:
- city
- as is well-known
- in Blinsk
- also
- even
ixejiBiM - whole
qwcTbifl: - clean, pure
ax! - a sign of emotion
(in this case, ecstasy)
Tape 1
1. FIo^eMy Bjihhck KyjibTypHHfl ropojj? <§&> dg&>
2. FIo^eMy KyjibTypHHe jijo^w XHByT b BjiHHCKe?
3. JIk>6ht jih ohh KypHTt, Ha 3aB0,nax?
4. IlotieMy?
5. JIkSht jih ohh jcypnTfe b na'picax?
6. no^ewiy?
7. JIk6ht jih ohh KypHTfe b TpojiJie'ft6ycax?
8. FIotieMy?
9. Mto ohh jj;e'jiaioT u,e'jiHH jj;eHb? ~CT
s2.
t$t
10. Ffle ohh mojotch? 1-^-
jj;a3Ke: r=p
11. Jlaace b TpojuieH6ycax?!
Background notes Trolleybusses in the imaginary city Blinsk are
outfitted with individual faucets at each seat.

-39-
Pa3roBo'p
( Tape
- 3flpa.BCTByKTe! KaK bh noacHBaeTe?
— Xopomd, cnacKgo. A bh?
- Toace xoporao, cnacHgo.
[HeJio'BKaH na'y3a]
- Hy, MHe nopa hath.
HO CBHflaHHfl,
- HO CBHflaHHH.
A Conversation
- Hello. How are you?
— Fine, thanks. And you?
- (I'm) fine, too, thank you.
[awkward pausej
- Well, it's time for me to go.
— Good-bye.
- Good-bye
/for-me it's time to-
go/

-Uo-
Translation
Translate the following sentences into Russian. Mark stress.
1. What do shock-workers do in factories?
2. As far as I know, they work with enthusiasm.
3. Comrades, what do cultured people do in parks?
k. They, of course, conduct themselves very well.
5. They know that he reads. They don't know what he reads.
6. Why does he steal pencils at work?
7. Because he doesn't know that that is not good, but bad.
8. What kind of citizen is comrade Borodin?
9. What does a good citizen do at the factory?
He works with enthusiasm.
10. A real shock-worker never conducts himself badly in the park.
11. I don't think that he likes to smoke.
12m People who read books wash every day.
13.I don't think that they like to smoke in parks.
14. What sort of people live in trolleybusses?
15. They think about live in parks.
16. Does he live in the park? I don't know.

Chapter }. - Appendix
-hl~
Russian Alphabet
a
6
B
r
A
e
e
X
3
H
ft
K
JI
M
H
0
n
Name
A
B
B
r
fl
E
E
}K
3
H
ft
K
JI
M
H
0
n
of lei
a
6s
B9
T9
A3
e
e
xe
33
H
tter
a, A~
0 b
4$
% T
<i°*d oB
* S
e £
xc Jt
1-2-
U- IX
h KpaTKoe -i 6^
Ka
9JB
3M
9H
0
119
■jc X,
ot jL
uju ^t-£.
H U
D 0
^(JT
p
c
T
y
$
X
n
q
m
4
•b
u
h
9
»
«
Name
P
C
T
y
$
X
u
h
m
m
t
H
b
9
B
fl
of letter
9p
9C
T9
y
9$
xa
ne
ie
ma
14a
frp
a C
■7TL WV
#JL
Qb&>
x x
^4.
1 fc
u^UL
jmJJ^
TBepflblft 3HaKo
epw
be
iiarKHfi 3HaK 3 £-
a oSopoTHoe/i. J? C?
BO
H
wic
SL&
Literal translation of letter names,
1 short "i"
2 hard sign
3 soft sign
k backwards "e'

-1*2-
HANDWRITING
1. Tall letters; 6 - <f b - ■£■ a - 9
jiio6ht - jUnfuM. scHBeT - MILvtifL p,a - 2cl^
2. NOT tall letters: a - yL u - 61 ijejibift - U,LAULC
3. Below the line: A - _^_ 3 - n^ p - n_ y - u, $ - ch,
4. Above the line: 3 - 3 Y - V (capital letters)
5. Preceded by a hook: ji - </l m - UO h - J>t
This hook is less pronounced when the letter is joined to a
preceding one.
jho£h - uLHTtlOC' ^ejiaioT - QCMltfrftL'
h - & roBopHT - Ifi^irnJliM-
MOioTCfl - MMtWUi $aMHjiKH - Cp<LM-lLUL^-
6. Joining letterst
All letters are joined on both sides, except:
(a) 0 and U are not joined to the following letter
6aji - QOJL %a. - &CL,
(b) (,/LiUUiJ^ are not joined after o
oji - (X/L om - Cjll oh - CJL
7. Do not confuse:
(a) r ( X ) and n ( -t, ), r has a rounded top, q has a squared
top like English^,
r^e - 1Cj£, Kor^a - XC%&0- qejioBeK - AJL>U>Mtt
(t>) m (j^c ) and h ( ct )! h has no preceding hook.
(c) The long tail in y ( iy ) and the short ones in u,( t£ ) and ^ ( cq. ).
a63au,- Ctffiyiq, TOBapHni - mH'^fUCC^ flyMaio - OiLlUl^r
8. Difficult to make:
(a) 3K (")4C) "spread out":
(b) $ (gfcL) "spreaa out": (X? &hjioco(|) - (hlL/UC/ytTp-

-1*3-
(c) a(JL) "spread out" t J^ jik)6ht -
(d) 9(9) First 0 , then - oto - Sifut
9. Optional»
(a) The lines above t (m. ) and below m( UL ) are optional, but
common.
riHmHTe - TUiaUUTU- OR yuuiULWA-
There is no line below m ( U^ ) « TOBapum - 1?l£v&/UlUg
(b) A and £? are both common ways of writing # . You may use either,
#a- ^kl .or ^L-

—UU-
CHAPTER 2
POSSESSIVES
For most of the nouns which we have had so far, the possessive (geni.
tive case) is formed by ioining as
napKa (of the park)
saBo'^a (of the factory)
TOBapuma (of the comrade)
yMHTeJifl (of the teacher)
b napice TOBapnina HBaHQBa (in the park of comrade Ivanov OR
in comrade Ivanov's park)
Dr
Tr;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ill 1
anslate into Russian
the director
the director
of
of
the
the
i
[director
factory __ ^
park
comrade Petrov's Dark
in comrade Petrov's
the director
Gladkov)
of
park
Gladkov'
__, _
._ —
- flHpe'lCTOp]
— ....—..
.. ■
.~..~-
(in the park of.
s factory
(...of
——.,
._
—,—
..)_
the
„ .
„,
_~
, -_.
factory
-—
.,
.
of
H°.w. .?^...Prepax§„.AtSrJ£e.§„-.i,n JLhJL§_B^o.ok
THE INSTRUCTIONS BELOW APPLY TO ALL REMAINING STORIES IN THE BOOK.
§JLaJL*LJLt Before 11 steni'ng to the tape, read the story out loud,
mistakes and all. This is to give you a general idea of the
story and to su?ffest some of the things to listen for in
Stage 2. Refer to the English translation when needed.
Stage_2: Using the tar>e, listen and repeat one sentence or phrase
at a time. Create your own pauses by starting and stopping
the tape. Be sure you understand what you are saying.
§_tag.e.„J2' The opposite of Stage 1. Proceeding one sentence at a time,
(1) Look at the English;
(2) Say the sentence in Russian;
(3) Play the tape to hear if you have Ksi-i it correctly.

»"I
-U5-
Stage kt Answer the questions on tape. This step prepares you to
understand and use the sentences of the story in the
environment you will encounter in class, i.e., as answers to
questions.
Stage 5» After working with the tape, write the story out in Russian
to be sure you can spell what you can say, i.e., make a
written translation from English to Russian and check as you
go.
IlapK flHpe'KTopa EopOflUHa
Tape
ToBa'pHm BopoflHH - flupe'icrop napica.
Jlio,nn HHKor,zi;a He Be^yT ce6a ruio'xo b napice flupejcropa Bopo^HHa.
IloMeMy? IIOTOMy ito ohh 3HaioT, ito Bopo^HH - aKTHBHCT.l J!a, hh
He BefleT ce6n njidxo b napice flupe'icTopa BopoflHHa'.*
KTO
* flaace 6e3ReMhttHKM. Be^yT ce6i xopomd b napice flupeicTopa Bopo^HHa.
The Park of Director Borodin
Comrade Boroqlin is the director of a park.
People never conduct themselves badly in director Borodin's park.
Why (not)? Because they know that Borodin is an activist. Yes,
nobody conducts himself badly in director Borodin's park.*
* Even loafers conduct themselves well in director Borodin's park.
Bonpocu:
Tape
1. Kto EopoflHH? ; p
2. KaK Be^yT cedii 6e3flejibHHKH?^
3. KaK ohh( Be^yT ce6fl b na'pice flHpe'icropa BopOflHHa'?
4. rioweMy?
5. Kto Be.neT ce6^ ruioxo b na'pne ^upe'icTopa BopOflHHa?
1
"A member of the most progressive, politically steeled and active
section of the (Communist) party or other social organization."
(Quote from a Soviet dictionary.)

-H6-
WOMB_OOKj„ e/e
When not stressed, the letter e is written without the two dots.
Trans c r ip t i_on
Iol/
vodu
. ot
zna.jot
tJishot
["sis ay"]
[u3HaeT"]
['nHineT'3
Russian
B6JI
Bew
Kpa^eT
3Ha'eT
nwrneT
We will sometimes refer to the letter as e/e, to remind you to spell
it "e" when unstressed.
Whenever you see "e " in a word, you know that it is stressed; if it
were not, it would be written "e".
Kpa^eT is necessarily stressed on the last syllable; if it were
not, it would be written"KpafleT"
For that reason, words that contain the spelling " e" do not require
and will not have a stress marki
acuBeT,
not
'acHBeT'
Exercise Jl
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B.
In the following w
ords, the missing vowel
is e/e. Put in the correct spelling, i.e.,
e or e, depending
Kpa,n, t
CTaH T
3CHB ' T
naj '__t
o^eH t
pa66ia t
njiaM t
Which of the above
stress marks?
Why?
on the stress.
8. num t
9 • ac h
10. x Ha
11. c *"*' CTpa
12. c ^_CTpu
13« c Jid
14. c |_Jia
words do not require

.!.7_
PRONUNCIATION :. UNSTRESSED,''e'1.. AND .",* "
The sounds represented by the letters "e, a " are pronounced like short
Pr onunc iati on Exercise
Purine; 1st reading BHXins_.ESJi§s. During 2nd reading
Listen, while look- Repeat. Listen again,
ing at the book.
(Reduced e and a are underlined)
1.
2.
'3.
i,
**•.
5.
6.
7.
Be«y
Hecy
CTaHeT
3HaeT
flejiaeT
He flyMaio
He 3HaeT
Tape
8. He 3Ha'eTe
9« Te'jio; Tejia'
1°« p^kh; p_eK
H» chhji; chh.
12. TJiHyji ""
13- Md'eT
l^' H3^K
INTRODUCTION TO. VERB CONJUGATION
IMJitt™* For almost every verb of Russian there is a form from which
ail other forms of the verb can be predicted. This form, called _the
stejri, will be employed throughout this book as the basic form of "the
verb. The stem will be followed with "+" to show that endings must be
joined to convert it into an occurring word of the language.
Stems ending in consonants are called consonant stems; stems ending in
vowels are vpwel stems? all the verbs we have encountered except juo6h+-
(like) and KypR+"Xsmoke) are consonant stems. Remember that M is a
consonanto Below is a list of all the consonant stems we have
encountered.
Befli-
Kpa^i-
paSo'Tawi
.n.e'jiaftf
3HaM+
,nyMaft+
qnTafi-*-
KHB-P
(conduct)
(steal)
(work)
(do)
(know)
(think)
(read)
(live)
In grammatical endings,"h" is pronounced "juh"

-H8-
THE PRESENT TENSE OF CONSONANT STEMS
The present tense of consonant stems is formed by .ioining y» eaib, pt
eM, eTe. vt "^ the stem*
Singular
a xhb -► y-* XHBy (I live)
th xhb -► emb—* acuBenib* (you live)
OH/oHa xhb -*■ eT—* acHBeT (he/she lives)
* The b here does not change the pronunciation of
the preceding m. It is merely a spelling convert trior,
found in this ending.
Plural
mh jkhb + eM-» XHBeM (we live)
bh xhb + eTe—* acHBeTe (you live)
ohh xhb •♦• yT—» schb^t (they live)
You
th and bh are both rendered in English as "you"; grammatically, th
is singular, bh is plural.
1. When referring to more than one person, bh must be used.
T0Bapnmn! Bh 3HaeTe.
2. When referring to one person, either th or bh mav be used.
th is informal: (like French tu)
MaMa! Th 3Haemb.
bh is nots (like French vous)
ToBa'pum Bopo^HH! Bh 3HdeTe.
In general, use th when addressing (a) a child, (b) members of
your own family, (c) a close acquaintance, (d) an animal.
A good rule of usage is to answer as addressed.
Stems ending in ft
h 3Haio mh 3Ha'eM
th 3Ha'emb BHSH^eTe
OH/OHa 3HaeT OHH 3HaK)T

— i+9—
Stems ending in the consonant ft differ from other consonant stems in
the following ways:
1. Spelling
Since j + vowel is spelled as a single vowel letter, the a of the
stem is lost in the spelling.
Transcription: znaj + u—* zna.iu
Russian: 3HaM + y—* 3Haio
2. SJxesjs
Stems ending in h * are stressed on the stemj stems ending in other
consonants are stressed on the ending.
Note that endings which contain e are spelled with e whenever the
endings are not stressed.
Compare the stems and the spelling of e/e in:
3Haft* 3KHB+
audio acuBy
3Haemb MBeib
3HaeT XHBeT
The stem Be;m-
In the forms of the verb introduced so far, the stem vowel
has been unstressed and has therefore been written e.
B_eaeT, Be_,nyT
However, it is important to know that the verb stem is sefl+,
so that when a stressed form does occur (e.g., Ben- he
conducted), you will know to spell and pronounce it as e.
3• Rendition into English
The present tense in Russian corresponds to the English simple
present and present progressive.
oh pado'TaeT - he works, he is working
*
As are stems in h, discussed later.

50-
Drill 2
Translate into Russian.
1. thev live
2. we 1 ive _„___„__ . _._ _...
3. you live ( bh ) __,_. _._,.„.„
k. you live ( iu )__ ._ __
5. he steals
6. I steal
7. they work
8. I am working
9. he works ___„, „,_ .__„__
10. we know
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
20.
you think ( bh )
you know ( th ) . . ,
I read
she is reading.,
you conduct yourself badly
( BH )___ „ . . __.
I do
he does
we do
they do
Numbers
| Tape
Listen and Repeati
OflHH, 1
Tpn, 3
^eTHpe, 4, 4
nHTb, 5
mecTb, 6
1, 2
3, 4
3, 4
5, 6
3, 4, 5, 6
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Fje xhb.vt thtph?
Tape
MaMa, rfle XHByT( THrpbi?
THrpH XHByT B AWh.
fl XHBy B A'3HH?
HeT, TH He MBeib B A'3HH.
A th h nana, bh scHBeTe b A'3hh?
HeT, MH He KHBeM B A3HH.
KaK TaK?
TaK Kax mh He THrpH.
Where Do Tigers Live?
Mommy, where do tigers live?
Tigers live in Asia.
Do I live in Asia?
No, you don't live in Asia.
And you and Daddy, do you live in Asia?
No, we don't live in Asia.
How come? /how so?/
Because (inasmuch as) we're not tigers.

-52-
Yj.?,b,,,Cj?nJLU^aj^pji_DrJJ.l
&
^
$v
4»t
3CHB+
Kpa^+
Befl+ ce
6d
Sxmb^gJLs
nji6xo
1^
S
c
AyMaS+
pa6oTaS+
MHT8lft+
Tape
Answer in Russian during the pause. The number will identify
the question; do not repeat the number.
Ex.
Tape
h$3¥?JzL„J^]LiQ£.JB31i3jL
O^h'h. ^to oh ^e'jiaeT? ^^ Oh Kpa^eT.
Listen
3. ^%
•5. -^
6. ^k.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
K2/
2. Q
*. /Si
6. A^l
1.
5.
6. Xbl
1. ^>£
k.
<^
5' \/$l
6- (3

-53-
Ritual 3
Tape
KaKaH oto omndica? _
9to frpyfiaji 1 |rpaMMaTH^ecKasj
HaHBHas
THnHMHatfl
(JOHeTHtiecKas
nojiHTHtiecKan
- What kind of mistake is that?
omH6Ka.*
— That is a
{terrible
naive
typical
grammatical!
phonetic
political
mistake.
Combine any adjective from the fir^t column with any
from the second.
PLURALS
The (nominative) plural of most nouns is formed by joining i.
Remember that i is spelled w or h , depending; on the preceding
consonant.
§„in£Ul5£ Plural
3aBOJ
Bonpdc
napic
y^apHHK
TOBa'pum
3aBOflU
Bonpo'cH
napKH
y^a'pHHKH
6e3fle'jIBHHKH
TOBapHmH
2. Nouns ending in -op usually join stressed a»
?. Exceptions
flHpeKTOp
HHCne'KTOp
^ejiOBeK
AHpeKTopa *
HHcneKTopa
MK>RH
notei plurals anpeicropa
possessives .nnpeicropa

-5U-
Plural Drill
Tape
Convert from singular to
1. 3aBO,n,
2. TpojiJieSdyc
3. napK
4. flHpeKTop
5. HHcn^KTop He Kpa^eT.
6. Me^oBeK pa6o'Taef.
plural.
1.
2.
3.
k.
.5.
y^apHHK paSo'TaeT.
KoHfl,yKTop 3HaeT.
ToBapnm Be^eT ceda xopomo'.
Mid oh fleJiaeT?
Oh He 3HaeT, mto oh Be^eT
ceda njidxo.
The relative KOJIoguiL (who/thatch ich|«
(sg) KaacflHfi iieJioeeK, KOTopfaift qniaeT b na'pKe...
(pi) JIio'flH, KOTopue ^ht^iot b na'pKe...

-55
vC<^
(#
1
/f
/
i
Z^>
B 3Qona'pKax
Tape
T^e WHByT THTphl, KOTOpHe He aCHByT B A'3HH?
HaCK(5jIbKO Mbl 3HaeM, THrpH, KOTOpHe He SCHByT B A'3HH, aCHByT B
30ona'pKax.
ToBa'pHm Bopo^HH - HHCne'KTop b 30ona'pKe.
ToBapnm: 3o'jiotob - To'ace HHcneKTop b 30ona'pice.
Mt6 3TO 3Ha',MKT?
3'tO 3Ha*IHT, 1TO TOBapHH5H BopOflrfH H 3d-HOTOB - HHCneKTOpa B
30onapKax.
OflHH THrp acHBeT b 30onapKe TOB^pnnja Bopo,HHHa.
Hpyroii THrp raBeT b 30ona'pKe TOBap«ma 3o'jioTOBa.
I'iip jiioSflT acHTb THrpH? JIk)6ht jih T«rpH scHTb b soona'pKax?
KaK «3BecTHo, 30onaDK TOBapnma Bopo^HHa qrfcTHfi h KyjibTypHitrf.
3oonapK TOBapnma 3ojiOTOBa He o'^eHb iihcthh h He oVeHb KyjibTypHwfi.
Il03TqMy THrp, KOTdpafl acHBeT b 30ona'pice TOBa'pnma 3o'jioTOBa, He
jh66ht acHTb b 30ona'pKe TOBapHnja 3o'jioTOBa.
0 ^ieM flyMaioT THrpH, KOTo'pne acHByT b 30onapKax?
THrp, KOTopHH acHBeT b 30onapKe TOBa'pHma 3o'jioTOBa, flywaeT o sh3hh
b 30onapKe TOBapnnja Bopo^HHa.
Twrp, KOTopbiM acHBeT b 30ona'pKe TOBa'pnnja BopoflHHa, .ny^aeT o acH3HH
B A'3HH.

-56-
Where do timers live who don't live in Asia?
As far as we know, timers who don't live in Asia live in soon.
Comrade Borodin is an inspector in a zoo.
Comrade Zolotov is also an inspector in a zoo.
What does that mean?
That means that comrades Borodin and Zolotov ar*5 inspectors in zoos.
A certain tiger lives in comrade Borodin's zoo.
Another tiger lives in comrade Zolotov's zoo.
Where do tieers like to live? Do tigers like to live in zoos?
As is well-known, comrade Borodin's zoo is clean and cultured.
Comrade Zolotov's zoo is not very clean and not very "mil-tured.
Therefore, the tieer who lives in comrade Zolotov^s zoo doesn't like
to live in comrade Zolotov's zoo.
What do tigers who live in zoos think about?
The tiger who lives in comrade Zolotov's zoo thinks about life in
comrade Borodin's zoo.
The tiger who lives in comrade Borodin's zoo thinks about life in
Asia.
BonpocH
[Tape]
1. F#e acHByT tj'tu, KOTcSpae He scHByT b a'shh? 11\\ \\\\
2. r^e acHByT TrirpH, KOTopae He acHByT b 30onapKax? C^P
3. Mh THrpH, KOTo'pue He acnisev b aWh? r#e mh acwBeM? QJJ |TH
4. H Turp, koto'phh He acHBeT b 30ona'pKe. Tfle a acHBy? Cp
5. KTO TOBapHIH BopOflHH?
6. Kto TOBapnn 3ojiotob?
7. ^TO STO 3HOTHT?
8. H TOBapnm BopoiHH. r -\e .h paSo'Taio? QT\
9. Bh TOBa'nvrg 3ojiotob. F^e bh pafio'TaeTe? jjjjj
10. Kto acHBeT b 30onapKe TOBapuma BopoflHHa? <iS^S7l
Ccontinued)

-57-
11. Kto scHBeT b 30ona'pKe TOBapHma 36jioTOBa? <£2>0Il_
12. Hen 30onapK yn'cTbift h KyjibiypHbiK? *g [j]j ( neft _ whose)
13. HePi 30onapK He o'^eHb mhcthB h He o'^ieHb KyjibTypwwH? fjjl Gp
14. Kto He jik>6ht schtb b 30onapKe TOBapHma 3o'jioTOBa? H
15. rioqeMy?
16. 0 ueM oh flyMaeT? SU" *'
17. 0 qeM fl^Maei THrp, KOTo'pbift scuBeT b 30ona'pKe TOBapnma
BopoflHHa? /""^
HeHopMajibHHfi qeJiQBeK b napne TOBapuma. 5opo,nnHa
Tape
ToBapHm BopoflHH - ^Hpe'KTop napKa.
O^hh 6e3fle'jibHHK jik)6ht napK TOBapHma Bopo^HHa. IIooTOMy oh XHBei
b napxe TOBapHma Bopo^HHa.
KaKo'M HeHopMa'jibHbiM ^eJioBe'ic!
Kax B3Be'cTHO, to'jibko HeHopMajibHHe jiioflH JiiddflT XHTt b napxax.
HacKo'jibKO mh 3Ha'eM, 6e3fle'jibHHKH, KOTopwe acHByT b nappcax, Be^yT
ce6n njidxo. IIo9TOMy 6e3^e'jibHHK, KOTopbiM KHBeT b nappce TOBapnqa
Bopo^HHa, BefleT ceda njidxo.
3HaeT mw BopoflHH, ^to 6e3fle'jibHHK acHBei b na'pKe?
- BopoflHH, 3HaeTe jih bh, ^to b na'pKe acHBeT 6e3^e'jibHHK?
— Ha, a 3Haio.
- M 3HaeTe jih bh, uto des^e'jibHHK, kotq'phh mbSt b na'pKe,
Be^eT ceda njidxo?
— Jla, a 3Haro. H 6e3^e'jibHHK 3HaeT, *ito h 3Haio.

The Abnormal Person in Comrade Borodin's Park
Comrade Borodin is the director of a park.
A certain loafer likes comrade Borodin's park. Therefore, he lives in
comrade Borodin's park.
What an abnormal person!
As is well-known, only abnormal people like to live in parks.
As far as we know, loafers who live in parks conduct themselves badly.
Therefore, the loafer who lives in comrade Borodin's park conducts
himself badly.
Does Borodin know that a loafer is living in the park?
- Borodin, do you know that a loafer is living in the park.
— Yes, I do. /Yes, I know./
- And do you know that the loafer who is living in the park
conducts himself badly?
-- Yes, I know. And the loafer knows that I know.
BonpdcH
Tape |
1. KTO TOB^pHm BopOflHH?
2. KaK6M tie-noBe'ic mbSt b napice T0Bapnma BopojjHHa?
3. rio^eMy oh xcHBeT b napice TOBapnma Bopo^HHa?
4. KaKHe jho^h jho'Sht shtb b napicax?
5. Kax BeflyT ce6n 6e3^ejibHHKH, KOTopue acHByT b na'picax?
6. Ka,K BefleT ceda 6e3^e'jibHHK, koto'phk acHBeT b na'pKe TOBapnma
BopojjKHa?
7. IIoyeMy Be^eT ce6n njio'xo 6e3,nejibHHK, KOTopaft acHBeT b napKe
TOBapnma BopoflHHa?
8. SnaeT jih Bopo^HH, *ito b napKe XHBeT 6e3Jj;e'jibHHK?
9. 3Haei jih Bopo^HH, *ito 6e3fle'jibHHK, koto'phM mbSt b na'pKe, Be^eT
cedn njidxo?

-59-
^Q?MOPKj„.CpjS£NAN.T...±_.j
j is usually found after vowels (zna.iu - 3Haio , mo.io - Moe) or
initially (.jes-fc - ecTb * ja - a ) It may also occur after consonants.
1 • Letters—* Trans ctjjd ti on i „Rje c_ogn i &i rig__c .on so nan t _ +_J±
We have noted that the soft vowel letters fl,io,e etc. may represent
one of two things:
(1) Immediately after a consonant letter, they show soft
consonant + vowel,
Tii - ta
(2) ?lap«.vhere, they show ,i + vowel
fl - ja
moh - mqia
The soft sign 7 fc ) and hard sign ( i> ) are not consonant
letters. Therefore fe or % + soft vowel letter represents
j + vowel.
Consonant letter + fl = a
Tfl - ta
Any..i.hi,rig.,.e_lse•_+ _ fl j= j_a
(nothing; + fl ) fl - ja
(vowel letter + fl) aa - aj,a
( fc+ fl) Tbfl - t.ia
( ■h + fl) tt>h - jtja
£> shows that the consonant preceding j is soft or unpaired; % shows
that it is hard?
.§.&£.£ consonant + .i»
BopodbeB - vorob.jov
nbio _ pju
flbflBOji - diavol
unpajLr ed._.c gn^onarit^jt. ..2J.
conibeM - soshj,om
pyscbe _ ru?.hjp
*ifcfl - c£ia
hard, consonant + _,i:
0Tbe3fl - o_tj_e_zd
oSteM - ob j pm
Btexaji - vj^ejcal
In short, when you see a soft vowel letter without an immediately
preceding consonant letter, j is present.
It is often true that consonants preceding "e> are now pronounced
soft. In such cases, the choice of fc or t is conventional, not
phonetic. Certain grammatical forms have i> , others h . See
p. g^ below.

-6o-
Exercise 1
A. Which of the unde
below are immedia
(Write numbers)
B. Transcribe.
1. Te 6.
2. e 7.
1. oe 8.
4. Tbe
5. Ti>e
9.
6.
rline
tely
IlbK)
ior
TK)
aro
TT>K)
d
pr
soft
eced<
vowe
3d by
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1 letters in the words
a consonant letter?
e_
Te
Tt_e
Tbe
16. me
17.mbe
18. ^bio
19 • *m
20. acbfl
Exercise 2
Transcribe.
1. Kpa.neT _
2. no.n.'beM _
3. CTaTbH _
4. naMHTH _
5. flflflfl
6. ^.bHBOJI
7. tiyflo _
8. IlbK)
9o aceH
10. pyacbe
2. Transcription —» Letters
When you see a consonant + j. in transcription, be sure to write
h or t before the soft vowel letter.
Ma
s]vj_a
.flbtf
ffl"bfl
hard C + j
fsoft C + ,i
(.unpaired C + ,i
Exercise 3
Transcribe.
1. tia
. t1' ^___^———
2. dio
3. t.ia . . . .
4. d.io
5. chia
6.cha
7. da
8. da
9. d.ia ...
10. d^a
_ __ 11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
penija
pen? a
> .,t ,._
vol
■-
ob ,i om
zhit.io
.

1-61-
Exercise k I
What is the final consonant of the following words. Write the
consonant in transcription.
Ex. flHHfl - n
1. MOftKa 4. CTaTbH 7 • MHTbe
2. Cama 5» 3^opoBi>fl: 8, nojiro
3» He^ejiH 6. 3flaHHH 9» Bece-nfcio
3- The^,,function of i>
The letter % is used when adding prefixes ending in a consonant to
stems beginning in j,i
e.g., H3 + hchh - ijz + jasni
If H3 were followed directly by hchh, the first consonant of the
stem - X - would be lost in spelling!
h3hchh - izasni
The letter t keeps this from happening!
H3-biiCHH - jz.jasni
Exercise 5
Write in such a way that the first consonant of the stem
is not lost.
Ex. pod + exa-f - no^iexat
(a) £gd+ (b) i_z+ (c) ob+ (d) v+
10 exat 1. Seraftr 1. hchh+ 1. xojh+
2. nacat 2. hchh+ 2. pa6QTafi+- 2.e,n+
3. HHMafl-t- 3. MeHH+ 3. odmHf 3.hihM+
4. eMt 4. esfft _____ 4. eMt 4.exa+

-62-
ToBapum Bopo6beB
Tape
ToBa'pum BopodbeB, KaaceTca, - mioxoS ^ejioB^K.
BopoSbeB h MypaBbeB - HHcneKTopa.
HHcne'KTop BopoSbeB Kpa^eT KapaH^araH.
Oh KT>a,EclT KapaH^aniH .naace Ha CBoeM 3aBo'^e.
JIa, yipoM oh Kpa^eT KapaHsamii Ha CBoeM 3aBo'fle.
A Be^epoM oh Kpa^eT KapaH^amri Ha 3aBo',ne nHcneK?ot?a MypaBbeBa.
Ho MypaBbeB, xaaceTCH, o^ieHb .nofipbift ^eJioBeic, ho
njioxoM HHCneKTop.
Oh He xd^eT .nyMaTb, *ito jihj^h Kpa^yT.
MypaBbeB, KaaceTCH, ^e'jiaeT omiib'Ky.
Comrade Voro^jov
Comrade Vorobjov, it seems, is a bad person.
Vorob.jov and Murav.iov are inspectors.
Inspector Vorobjov steals pencils.
He steals pencils even at his own factory.
Yes, in the morning he steals pencils at his ovm factory.
And in the evening he steals pencils at inspector Murayjov's factory.
But Murayjov, it seems, is a very kind man, but
a bad inspector.
He doesn't want to think that people steal0
Murav.iov, it seems, is making a mistake.

-63-
Bonpo'cH
[Tape"
1. KaKoft MeJioBeK TOB^pnm BopodbeB?
2. IloqeMy h rju3.k>, uto oh njioxoM qeJioBeV? -^6
3. Kor^a oh Kpa.neT KapaHflamH Ha cBoeM 3aBo^e? 'p>--
**
4. Kor.ua oh Kpa^eT KapaHsanK Ha 3aBo'^e HHcneKTopa MypaBbeBa? *(f*
5. Kor#a Kpa^eT HHcne'fCTop MypaBbeB? ^/^
6. Kaxyio omnSKy ^ejiaei MypaBbeB?
BUTi a and ho
Both "a" and " ho" correspond to English "but".
a is often used when contrasting:
He Ha 3aB0fle, a b napKe
(not in the factory, but in the park)
It is sometimes translated as( "and":
Ytpom oh padoTaeT Ha 3aBO^e, a Be'^epoM b napice.
(In the morning he works at the factory, and in the evening in
the park.)
ho is stronger, and^ has the meaning of "however".
Ho MypaBbeB o'^eHb flo'6pHti ^ejioB^K.
(But Muravjov is a very kind person,,)

■6k-
WORKBOOK: THE STRUCTURE OF NOUNS
A. Cases
Russian words appear in one of 6 cashes, of which we have encountered
four. The form of these four cases in the word saBo'fl are:
Nominative.
Accusative
Genitive
Er.§JP^.?l.'tijonal
Singular,
3aBOfl
3aBOfl
3aBojta
3aBOfle
Plural
3aBOflH
3aBOflH
[ ] not yet treated
3aB0flax
" 3aBo'fl " is said to be in the nominative or accusative singular,
" 3aBO^a " in the genitive singular, etc.
?iPP.il!iLiive_casie t The forms a word takes when it serves as the
subject of the sentence.
3aBOJ, - tjHCTHM.
3aBO,gH - IHCTHe,
(The factory is clean.)
(The factories are clean.)
Accusative case: [identical in this word to the nominative case]
The forms which a. word takes when it serves as
the direct object of a verb.
Oh jiio6ht jsaBojj.
Oh ji»6ht saBdflbi.
(He likes the factory.)
(He likes the factories.)
Genitive? case i Has possessive meaning, and may be translated "of".
AHpeKTop 3aBoja (director of the factory)
Prepositional case: found after certain prepositions. Two of
them are Ha and b.
Ha aaBOfle
Ha 3aBd,n,ax
b napKe
b nat)Kax
(in/at the factory)
(in/at the factories)
(in the park)
(in the parks)
iL

-65-
P Il4 i.n£ s_ an_d_,_ S_te m
1 • EjidjLngs. The a in 3aB0fla is called the genitive singular ending,
the i in 3aB0,n,H the nom. and ace. pi. endings, etc. Endings
will be written in transcription whenever they are dircussed
as such. Like all transcription, they will be underlined.
2« §_te_m. The word 3aB0,n,bi consists of two part*?!
3aBOfl + _i. (Notice that the ending has heen written in
transcription.) 3aB0fl+ is the part of the word that means "the noun
.£a&£ojry in "the abstract" - before it has been specified as to
case and number, i.e., before endings have been ioined. Such
an abstraction is called a stem, and as with verbs, is followed
by "+". + shows that endings must be added. A word is a
combination of stem + ending*
Spelling rules determine whether hard or soft vowel letters are
used to represent the endings.
Exe rej.se 1
Join a to the following stems.
napK
KHH3b_
Mafi
(prince)
(Mav)
Join i to the following stems,
cafl_
napK
MaM
(srarden)
KapaHflam
Answers
napKa
KHH3H
Man
caflbi
napKH
Man
KapaHflamH
A stem is an abstraction from all the forms of a given word,
is the common element that all the forms share0
It
?j£sr.?i^^ 2_
Abstract stems
garden
ca^,H
caflax
ca^a
Stem:
Answers^ ca#+
fr
om
the following
wrijter
nncaTe.nn
nHcarejiHX
nHcaxejifl
_„._——
nHcaTejib+
se
ts of wj^rds.
hero
repoH
repoHX
repoH
——
repoft+

-66-
Zero
In the word 3aBOfl , nominative-accusative singular is conveyed by
the absence of an ending, i.e., by the presence of nothing. Nothing
may convey information. The failure to have an ending in the above
word conveys the information "nominative-accusative" and "singular".
The nothing which conveys information is called "zero" and will be
written with the symbol $.
Thus t
Nominative
Accusati ve
Genitive
Pre£OS-lii ona 1
e
i —
Plural.
saBoj + i
3aBOfl * %
[ ]
3aBo'fl ■+• ax
Singular
3aBOfl ♦ £$
3aBOfl + ^
3aBo'fl •*■ a
3aBOfl
3aBo'fl+ is a sjtem with the meaning "factory in the abstract";
3aBOfl+ ^ is a word with the meaning "nom.-acc. sg. of factory".
The direction analyze meansi represent a word with + after stem and
with endings in transcription, e.g.,
analyze 3aBo',n;H - 3aBOfl + i
analyze 3aBo',n; - 3aBOfl + £
Exe^r c i_se_ j, _.
Analyze the
rather than
Norn. sg.
Gen, sg,
Norn.. pi.
Pre£.f_,J).l.
S tem t
words in the
repeating the
(question)
Bonpoc
Bonpoca
Bonpocbi
BOPDOCaX
spaces to
stem.
the
(zero)
Hyjib
HyjiH
HyjiH
Hyjiflx
riff
ht.
Use ditto marks
(c owb oy)
KOBSofi
KOBdOH
KOB60H
kob6ohx
In Russian words, the vowel e always softens preceding paired
consonants.

-67-
Answersi
Bonpoc -
ii _
n _
n _
Bonpoc+
i
a
ax
Hyjib-
ii _
ii _
n _
Hyjib+
t
a
i
ax
KOB6oft- £
" - a
" ~ i
" - ax
KOBdoft-t-
The symbol "£" distinguishes the nom. sg. and the stem of these
words.
D» The Purpose of Transcription
A paired consonant letter may represent either a hard or a soft
consonant sound. You cannot tell which without reference to
the subsequent letter.
Exercise k
Transcribe the underlined
as either 1 or \,
Answers
1. *a i
2. j£h i
3. a£b l
4. aji i
A soft vowel letter may represent either a preceding j or a
preceding paired soft consonant. You can tell which with reference to
the preceding letter.
Exercise 5
Transcribe
letters as
1 . MOH
2. TH
3. HT
4. HTH
the
eitl
underlined
ier ,a or ja0
Answers
ja
.a
la ,a
These ambiguities (j = 1 or 11 a = ja, or ,a) present no problem in
reading, for the sound of a Tetter can always be determined by
reference to the following or to the preceding letter. Ambiguities
arise only when describing parts of words - stems or endings; or,
in other words, when analyzing grammar. Transcription resolves
these ambiguities and permits economical description of stems and
endings. The examples below illustrate the purpose of
transcription in grammatical analysis.
Do not attempt to memorize the forms used in the examples.

-68-
Example_ 1. - The genitive jxLjj rja 1
Nouns whose nominative singular ending is a vowel form their
genitive plural an follows!
(science) (word) (desert) (party) (assignment)
Norn. sg. Hayna cjiobo nycTtJHH napTHH saj^HHe*
Gen. pi. HayK
cjiob
nycTHHh
napTMH
3aja.HHfi
Exerci.se 6
Analyze the above words.
Nom. sg.
Gen. pi.
Answerst HayK + a cjiob + £ nycTHHb+a
HayK+^ cjiob-*-^ nycTHHb-t-^
napTnfi+a
na'pTuM-t-^
3aflaHHH-tȣ
3aflaHHft»^
Compare the two descriptions of the genitive plural below, the first
using transcription and the second using Russian alphabet letters.
Description 1: Using transcription
The genitive plural of all these words is j6 and is formed by
dropping the final vowel.
Description 2; Using Russian letters
lo If the nom. sg. ends in a hard vowel letter, drop the vowel
letters
Hay'ica cjio'bo
HayK cjiob
2. If the nom. sg. ends in a soft vowel letter, drop the vowel
letter and add " b"t
nycTHHH
nycTHHb
However, if the nom, sg. ends in a soft vowel letter which
is preceded by "h ", drop the vowel letter and add "fl ".
nap-run
na-pTHft
3aflaHHe
sajaHHK
The genitive plural is clearly more simple to describe in
transcription than in Russian alphabet letters.
The letter e in this word is actually an unstressed e - not
important for the point being made here.

-69-
Example 2 - The masculine singular
Nouns whose nom. sg. ends in £ may form their gen. sg. as followst
Nom. sg. 3aBo'fl ryct ipaMBafi
Gen, sg. 3aB0.ua ry'cn TpaMBaa
Description using transcriptionj
The gen. sg, of all these words is formed by joining a. to the stem.
Description using Russian alphabet letters
1. If the nom. sg. ends in a consonant letter, join "a"«
3aB0fl
3aBo'fla
2. If the nom. sg. ends in "b " or "M ", drop the final letter
and substitute h:
rycb xpaMBaft
ryca TpaMBaa
Again, the same phenomenon is simpler and clearer when described in
transcription.
Example 3 - Recovery of stems and roots
Below are various case forms of the word "May". The Russian alphabet
obscures the common element of these words, i.e., the stem.
Transcription exposes the stem.
Exercise 7
Write in transcription.
MaS
Mas
Man'
Manx
In alphabet letters, the common element appears to be "i?a " and the
endingsj a, h, h, hx. The transcription shows the common element to
be mgj»
Answers,
maja
mail
maiax

-70-
A root is the element common to a set of related stems, as the stem
is the element common to a set of related words.
Exercise 8
The following stems contain the root
"build".
Write in transcription.
CTpon+ (build)
CTpoeH* (built)
CTpoHTejib* (builder)
CTpoeHHM-*- (building)
cTpofit- (order)
Answers: str o j i+
s_t£pj,en+
stroii^el-*-
s__r__T_e^_y+
stro'|+
Transcription shows that the root - the element common to all of
these stems is stro A«
In alphabet letters, the root appears to be " CTpo-"» since the final
consonant of the root is obscured by the spelling.
The analysis of Russian grammar in terms of alphabet letters yields a
description which is«
(1) Compli.cated, for it multiplies the number of noun types,
endings, and ways of joining endings.
(2) Urmatural, for it creates complications which do not exist
"in "the spoken language,, We may assume that native speakers
of a language understand its structure in terms of ground,
patterns rather than in terms of written symbols. If that
is true, then complications which are created by the alphabet
are unnatural ones.
(3) Misle.adinff, for it yields a description of roots, stems and
endings "which is intuitively erroneous.
The Russian alphabet is an adequate tool for representing wjards, but
this may be extremely cumbersome for representing parts of words. This is
especially true of nouns and adjective endings. For that reason,
when grammar is being discussed as such, noun and ad.iective endings
will be written in transcription.

-71-
§ujJJl§rZ._ilf^nAiDgi„J^hiph-.i{3-YS, Beerj Treated
Ss. PI.
nom.
3.CC •
gen.
prep.
-A
-a
-e
-A*
(not vet treated)
-ax
* a(for nouns
in -op )
Drill..
Trans1
3
ate
Assume
1. of
2. of
3. of
4. of
5. of
6o of
7. in
8. in
9. in
10. in
the
the
the
the
the
insi
the
the
the
the
into Russian. Mark stress.
New Vocabulary: museum - My3efi
writer - nuca'rejib
"in" - b except that '
nark , „ ___.,. 12.
trolleybus___„. 13.
comrade,, ., 1^.
wr i t e r___ .. 15 •
museum . 16.
Dec tor Petrov _.._ ... 17 o
park ... .... _._.„ _„ 1B«
trolleybus _.._ 19•
museum 20.
factory. ... ...... 21 0
11. trollevbusses . _ ... 22.
'in the factory/ factories" -
Ha 3aBo,n;e/3aBc0iax
factories „.._,„_ ^ _
parks ...__.. _ „._..,.. ._ ., .,„ .. _
comrades . _...... _.„..
writers _, ..,.__. . _ _
museums _ . _.. „.„_. ... .....
inspectors , . .....................
people . ..___„ _ ......
in narks ... . _
in museums .
in trollevbusses
in factories ..

-72-
Ritual i±
Tape
Bu yicpajiH Moft KapaH^am. noMeMy?
IIpocTO Tan. fl jik)6jiio KpacTb KapaH^amH.
Ho tieM ace a byfly nucaTb?
3'to He Moe flejio, a Bane.
[c OTBpameHHeM] Kaicoe 6e3o6pa3He!
You stole my pencil. Why?
Just because/simply so/. I like to steal
pencils.
But whaj; will I write with/but with-what I
will write/?
That's not my affair, but yours,
[with disgust] What outrageous behavior!
INFINITIVE
The infinitive is formed by joining- the ending- -tb to the verb stem.
When -Tb is joined to a stem ending in a consonant, the final
consonant of the stem drops.
C + C
tfc
3CHB ■+ Tb
flyMafi + Tt
pago'Taft + Tb
aCHTb
^yMaTb
paSoTaTb
(to live)
(to think)
(to work)
Two verbs we have had do not follow this pattern,
Kpafl + Tt—* KpacTi
Befl+ Tb—* BeCTH
(to steal) and not "KpaTb"
(to conduct) and not "BeTb"
The infinitives of these two verbs will be explained later.

Infinitive Drill 1
Listen and repeat.
1.
2.
Tape
1st
1. 3H^K
2. flyMaio
3. acHBy
4. paSdTaio
5» tiHTaro
6. fle'^aro
Kpa^y
se^y
inf.
3HaTb
.nyMaTb
XHTb
paddTa-rb
tJHTaTb
^ejiaTb
KpaCTb
BeCTH
Infinitive Drill 2
Tape |
A.
B.
Look at the clue and During the pause,
listen to the tape. answer the question.
--—Aft
^ Hto oh fle'jiaeT? Oh flyWeT.
cpa-3 ITotieMy oh fl^MaeT? Oh jik'Sht flyMaTb
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(g§^
d
n§>\
^a
■£
C.
Listen to
the answer,

-7U-
BopodbeB! IIo^eMy?
Tape I
- Bopo6beB! no tie My bh BefleTe cedn mioxo? Bh jiodHTe
BecTii cedfl njio'xo? ( ^ /
no^eMy bh Kpa^eTe KapaH^araii? Bh jh66ht6 KpacTb KapaHflanm?
Ilo^eMy bh He acHBeTe KaK Bee flpyrwe? Bh He jutfdnTe xhtb
KaK Bee .npyrrie?
— H He jimSjim BecTH eeda ruio'xo.
O^hh 6or* 3HaeT, no^eMy h Be^y ce6n' njio'xo.
fl He njioxoM ^eJiOBe'ic.
[njia^etj
Vorobjovl Why?
Voro^.iovS Whv do you conduct yourself badly? Do you like to
conduct yourself badly?
Why do you steal pencils? Do you like to steal pencils?
Why don't you live like everybody else /all the others/? Don't
you like to live like everybody else?
I don't like to conduct myself badly.
God only knows why I steal.
I'm not a bad person.
[he weeps]
BonpdcH
[Tapel
1. BopodbeB! Bh Ji»dHTe Becni ce6A njio'xo?
2. Bh jiradnTe KpacTb?
3. rio^eMy bh Bejeie ce6n moxo?
r in this word is pronounced x.

-75
Mojiojofi yjtapHHK
Kto bh?
fl MOJIOflOft y^apHHK.
^T6 9T0 3HSWHT?
3'tO 3H£IUHT, HTO H pafiOTaK) C 9HTy3Ha3M0M.
riyfijiHKa xd^ieT 3HaTb, no^eMy bh pa6oTaeTe c 3HTy3na3M0M.
fl JlYi6jlK pafiOTaTb C 9HTy3Ha3MOM. fl MOJIO^dft y^a'pHHK.
The Young Shock-worker
Who are you?
I am a young shock-worker.
What does that mean?
That means that I work with enthusiasm.
The public wants to know why you work with enthusiasm.
I like to work with enthusiasm. I am a youne shock-worker.

Turp
Kto th?
fl THrp.
Ffle th acHBemb, Turp?
fl acHBy b A'3HH.
nyfiJiHKa xd^eT 3HaTt>,
fl JIK)6jlib MTb B A3HH.
ncmeMy th acHBemb b A3HH.
fl THrp.
The Tiger
Who are you?
I am a tiger.
Where do you live, tiger?
I live in Asia.
The public wants to know why you live in Asia.
I like to live in Asia, I am a tiger.

-77-
(frHjiocoffi
KTO BH?
H $hjio'co$.
HTO 9TO 3HaMHT?
9'to sHa^iHT^ mo a .nyMaro.
0 MeM bh xywaeTe"?
fl ^yMaio o acHSHH.
n,^6jiHKa xoueT 3HaTB, noMeMy bh .nyMaeTe o XH3HH.
fl jho6ji» xyMaTb o x»3HH. H $HJud"cc>$.
3Lhe. JPhiJL o!£2Eil§r
Who are you?
I am a philosopher.
What does that mean?
That means that I think.
What do you think about?
I think about life.
The public wants to know why you think about live,
I like to think about life. I am a philosopher.

XyjmraH *
Tape
l/v/~
Kto bh? t
fl xy.iHraH.
Ht6 3TO 3Ha*IHT?
3to shmht, ^to x Be,n,y ce6a o'^eHb n-noxo.
riy6^HKa xo^eT 3HaTb, no^eMy bh Be^eTe ce6i njioxo.
IlpocTO Taic. fl jooSjik BecTH ce6a njioxo. fl xyjinraH.
The Hooligan
- Who are you?
— I'm a hooligan.
- What does that mean?
-- That means that I conduct myself
- The public wants to know whv you
badly.
•- Just /simply/ so. I like to conduct myself badly.
I'm a hooligan.
very badly,
conduct yourself
xyjinraH: Hooliganism is defined as "behavior exhibiting disrespect
for the social order. "

-79-
Bonpocu
|Tape
1. Kto pa6oTaeT c »HTy3Ha3M? ££n
2. no^eMy? ^^^L
3. Pfle th acHBenib, THrp? C^
4. ItoieMy? <$ (^)
5. Kto xoueT 3HaTt?
6. 0 neu flyMaeT $kjio'co$? A-/
7. IloMeMy? <? $"^
8. IloMeMy xyjiHraHH Be,nyT ce6n njioxo? Q?\rC
9. Kto xo'veT 3HaTb? §§$
SMiS^nyA^QI^^iJSM^^IMnM,.and. accusative
1, For most of the nouns encountered in this chapter,* the relevant
ad.iective endings are:
sg.
-ij
P.l.
-ije
KyjIbTypHHfi MeJIOBe'K
^66pijH MeJioBe'K
K.yjIbT.V'pHHe JIK3AH
.Ho'SpHe jiio^,h
Spelling -ij. and -ije
Rules for spelling i apply here.
(a) after hard consonants, i is sneli-pd h. flo'Sptift, %66-pue
(b) after velars, i is snelled h. rpaMMaTjfaecKtfft,
rpaMMaTHtiecioie
(c) after unpaired consonants, i is spelled k. xopo'mHfi, xopoume
Specifically, masculine nouns.

| ) p i i 1 4
F ill in
1 . HOB__
? , HOB
the ending!-*.
(new) rpojijietfoyc
saBo'^hi
7. rpaMMaTH^ecK _____ Bonpoc
U-. rpaMi
AiTHwecK Bonpocw
,
5.
6.
xopom __ __
XO 00 in
iidop
.norip _
3aB0£
HHCneKTOD
HHcneKTopa
2. Th«' ending; o.;_
Whe^ the sinfrular ending i~ stressed, i ,j '"han.q-ps to nj
KaKo'M
nJioxoft
The plura] endinsr -i^p ir iin^.^fec^ea t
MOJIO^He
Kanrfe
njioxne
Dri 1
Fill
1.
2.
7.
4.
5.
.1 5
in the
MOJioa
MO.IOfl __
CTan
CTap
KaK _____
endincp.
yaapHHK
y^apHMKM
(old) TpojijieH6yo
TpojiJiefloycw
Mft.lOBeK
6.
?.
8.
9.
10.
KaK
njiox
njiox_
HOB
/
HOB
1
1
1
1
JIJO^H i
naoK
napKH
rpojuieftoyc
TDOjuieftoycufl
1

Ad i^cti ve Dri11
\ v I '
UH
(a halo)
A A
(horns)
Symbol r,:
HOBHtf
■?Tar-Kif
XOpOfflHH
njioxoH
- new
- old
- food
- bad
Tane
Answer in Russian during the paur-e.
Ex.
0
0 0
TTT4
A /\
4- o
lis ten
KaKOK?
KSKWPY
2- 0 0
'•0 0
Paune
HOBHH
HO*Bbie
A A
5- Q
/\ A A A
2- 0 0
4- 33

-82-
AjieKcaHflP MBa'HOBHM
Tapef
AjieKcaHflp HBaHOBH^ - KOH,B;yKTopl b TpojijieftSyce.
Bee flpyrne TpojuieMSycH HOBHe h xopdmne.
Ho TpojuieMSyc AjieKcaH^pa HBaHOBH^a o'^eHb crapbiM h njioxoft,
A.neKcaHji,p Hb^hobh^i Ry'uaeT:
"y MeHH CTaptrit TpojiJie86yc.
HHMero'.
H jno6jn6 Moit CTapHft Tpojuie^Syc.
[jiacKOBo] CTa'pHe Tpojuiefidycu - CTa'pbie TOBapninn.
fl CTapwB ^ejioBeK. H noHHiuaio CTdpue Tpojui^fidycu.
H CTapbie TpojiJi^KSycH noHHMaioT MeHH."
Mokct 6htb, AjieKca.H,np Hbsihobhm - flo'SpbiM MeJiOBeK.
Ho a .ayMaio, ito oh d^eHt, njioxoM $hjio'co(|).
: pojijieftoycbi uvmero He noHHMaioT.
KaK H3BeCTHO, TpojiJiefifiycH He jik^h, a MamHHH.
Aleksandr Ivanovich
Aleksandr Ivanovich is a fare-collector in a trolleybus.
All the other trolleybusses are new and e:ood.
But Aleksandr Ivanovich's trolleybus is verv old and bad.
Aleksandr Ivanovich thinks:
"I have an old trolleybus.
That's all risrht. (Literally: It's nothing.)
I love my old trolleybus.
[.tenderly] Old trolleybusses are old comrades.
I'm an old man. I understand old trolleybusses.
And old trolleybusses understand me."
Perhaps Aleksandr Ivanoyich is a kind person.
But I think that he's a very bad philosopher.
Trolleybusses don't understand anything;.
As is well-known, trolleybusses are not people, but machines.
fare-collector (not a driver)

BonpocH
Tape
1. HePi (whose) Tpojrjie'ft6yc CT^pbiK h njtoxdft? ^ , , , ( (
2. Bee j'.pyrHe Tpojuieif6ychi crapbie h njioxrfe? y~\ Q
3. KaKHe TpojrjieSo'ycK noHKMaeT AjieKca'Hjip HBaHOBHM? q Q
4. novreMy? w
< ws
5. iloveMy oh jtoQht crapHe Tpojsjieft6ycH? (
6. HTO DOHHM3I0T CTapHe T pOJ1JI6H 6,VCH?
7. no<ie«y? Qfl^Msa
8. KaKofi cjbHJidco* AjieiccaHJip HBanoBmi?
4***» l<W
Hh- Words
Vnmtiv« worris wros^ first element ir hh- take r^rstive verb?:
hkkto He 3HaeT - nobody knows
3T0 HHqero He 3HaMHT _ J ''-° - '" — '0,'101-'1"^
ithp,t doesn't mean anything;
hh- words generally come before the verb; if there is more than one,
they all come before the verbs
Hhkto hhkow Himero ne ^e'jtaeT. Nobody ever does anything".

-Ph-
HH-Uord Drill
1 Ta.T>e \
The answers to the following questions are "nobody", "never", or
"nothing:".
Ex, listen. Answer during pause 'i^ten
Kto scuseT b naptce? Hmkto He jkhbct b napice.
1. Kto HCHBeT b TpojuieHPyee?
2. Kto MHTaeT b napxe?
3. Kor^a woeTcn BopooteB?
4. Kor,na .nyyator HeKyjtbTypHue juoah?
5. Hto 3Ha»T HeKyji'faiypHKe jikSah?
6. Hto 3HaeT RnpoSbeB?
Here is a "hm- " word vou have not yet had. See if vou can figure
it out.
fite ohh KpajtyT?
Ritual. ..5
Tape'\
- KaKoro po',na cjto'bo Pes? My^cK.oro t«o'.j»b?
Jla MTO Bbl TOBOpHTe!
KaK H3B6CTH0 KMjoMy raKOJitHHKy, cjio'bo 6e3 - n p e ,n ji o'r .
y Hero Her vdfl,a.
- Ax, npocme, joporwe CTy&e'HTU.
. „. back to Ritual 1
- Of what gender is the word bea. Of the masculine sender?
-- But what are you sayinfcS
As is well-known to every sehoolohilri, the word he7, is a
nrenosition. It doesn't have sender. ~~ "
- Akh, torsive me, dear students.

-85-
PRONUNCIATION OF VOICED AND VOICELESS, CONSONANTS
Voiced consonants are those that cannot be made without vibration of
the vocal chords. Vibration of the vocal chords may be felt by press-
ins finders to the throat and saying 3. Now say c - no vibration.
3 and c are voiced/voiceless counterparts. Below is a list of voiced/
voiceless counterparts.
Voiced..
3
JK
B
r
Voiceless.
c
ra
*
T
K
n
!• Unvoicing; Rules At the end of a word, voiced consonants are unvoiced,
i.e., are pronounced like their voiceless counterparts.
6er? iP pronounced "bes,"
saBdfl is pronounced "zavdt"
However, in 3aBo'.na " js, " is afrain pronounced "d.", since
it is no longer at the end of the word.
Pr
Pr
1 .
2,
3.
4.
«5.
6.
7,
8.
9.
10.
11.
&IIWDjQiJL'y^Il~^ZtIlcJ_&S_J.
1 Tape1
onounce the following;:
6e3
po^a, pofl
3aBo'fla, 3aB0fl
ropo^a, ropo^
npe^Jiora, npe^Jior
cnefra, CHer
BopoQbeBa, Bopo6beB
rapaaca, rapaac
H03C0M, H03K
xjie6a, xjieb
cjiaQbiH, cjiafi

-86-
2. Assimilation Rulet Consonant clusters (groups of consonants not
separated by vowels) assimilate to the final consonant of the
cluster. If the final consonant is voiceless, all other
consonants of the cluster are unvoiced! if voiced, all are voiced.
omHSicy
Cflejiaji
C„LusJbej-.„ij3_ ;prmouriced t
£d_ (s -* £
1>
Unstressed prepositions are pronounced as part of the following;
word, and the assimilation rule applies.
b napne
f£
Pr
Pr
1 .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
onunciation
Tape
onounce the
Exercise 2
'1
following;
b napKe
b TpojiJieft6yce
B flOMe
Bee
Cge'jiaji
c rop
OT ro'pfl
nofl ctojiom
Taxace
MyaccKoro

-87-
Comnrehersion Drill t npo$eccop 3ojiotob
Tape
Listen to the story on tape until, you can answer the nuestions below.
New vocabulary:
npo(f>eccop - professor
cjiyma8+ - listen to
jieKijHH ('pi.)- lectures
yp6*c - lesson
Ha ypo'xax
cauHH - the most
tifeH (pi.) - whose
BonpocH
| Tape
1. KaK Be^yT ce6a CTy^eHTH npo$eccopa 3o'jiOTOBa na ypoxax npo$e'ccopa?
2. flo^eMy?
3. Hto ^e'jiaeT npo$eccop 3o'jiotob?
4. Mto jje'jraioT cTy^eHTbi Ha ypo'xax?
5. Kor,na ohh 9to ^djiaioT?
6. MbH KapaHflamH Kpa^yT CTyfle'HTH npo$eccopa 3o'jiOTOBa?
7. Kto, KpoMe cty^eHTa Bopo,HHHa, CJiyraaeT ji^khhh? (Kpoiwe - except for)
8. Hto ^ejiaeT caMUl ruioxo'fi CTy^e'HT?/
9. KaKjrio onw6Ky ^e'jiaeT npocjbeccop Sojiotob?^
10. 3HaeT jih 3o'jiOTOB, <ito CTy^eHTH He CJiymaiOT jieKixnu, KOTOpue oh
^HTaeT?

-88-
1. Citizen Murav.iov! Why do you live in a trolleybus?
Do you lik<= to live in a trolleybus?
2. I understand why a g-ood person likes to conduct himself well
at work, but I don't understand why a bad person likes to
conduct himself badly.
3. People who live in Ivanov's city often think about life in
Gladkov's city. (city - ro'po^ )
4. - Mommy, do you know why Daddy works with enthusiasm?
— Of course, Sasha. Daddy likes to work with enthusiasm.
He is a young- shock-worker.
5. We know that abnormal inspectors often steal pencils in the
morning;.
6. As far as I know, Petrov's house in not new but old.
(house - aom )
7. Do you know what I do in the evening:? Perhaps nobody knows.
8. What does that mean? I don't know, but I think that every
philosopher knows.
9. The public wants to know why nobody ever does anything: at
comrade Vorobjov's factory.
10. Why don't bad people live in zoos? God only knows.
11. As is well-known, ljj*r&n^s_ji\a#soleMm is located in the center
of the city.
(Lenin - Jle'HHH , mausoleum - MaBsojieM , ^s located - Hax6j.HTCH
center - aeHTp )
12. Even I know that new trolleybusses are very g;ood machines.
13. We are very cultured people. Therefore, we read books.
14. - All the other young; tigers, it seems, live in Asia. Why
don't we live in Asia?
— Because we live in the zoo. Tana.

Pj?iLB.4P±.„ ly.Qg.gkV.-l^.rY.l' Chapters 1 and__2
jik^k - people
KHHrH - books
uamKHU - machines
TiFTKyJbTypHHH - (un)cultured
xopdnmft - frood
ruioxdM - bad
jl66phiH - kind
spyrofi - other, another
HOBbift - new
MOJIOflOH — VOun.o-
CTapufi - old
HeHopMa'jibHHft - abnormal
Kascji,uft - evpry, each
HacTOHmHH - req]
[isolated forms]
Npuns Verbis
y^lpHHK - shock-worker *hb+
6e3^ejibHHK - loafer Ae'jiaM-t-
3aBo'fl - factory Kpa^+
napK - park Befl+
xyjwraH - hooligan pa6oTaH+
TpojiJieflSyc - trolleybus 3HaM+
TOBapHm- comrade noHHMaM+
rpasc,naHHH - citizen ,nyMaH+
KapaH^am - ppneil yHTaft-t-
leJioBeK - person
#eHb - day
SHpeKTOpl'a)*- director
pasroBop - conversation moiotch
Bonpdc - question Mo'eTca
soona'pK - zoo KypHTb
aKTHBHCT - activist BeCTH
nHcneKTop(a)*- inspector KpacTi
KOH^yKTop(a)*- fare-collector 3HayHT
ny6jiHKa - public xoieT
dor - God ruisweT
o^hh 6or - God only jiioSjiio
(JiHjio'coit) - philosopher jikjSht
uaua- mommy jn66nTe
nana - daddy jho6ht
THrp - tiger
live
do
steal
conduct, lead
work
know
understand
think
read
(thev) wash themselves
(he) washes himself
to smoke
to conduct, lead
steal
means
(he) wants
(he) cries, weeps
(T) like, love
(he) likes, loves
(you) like, love
(thev) like, love
Personal Pronouns
fl -
TH -
OH
OHa -
MH -
BH -
OHH -
i
vou (informal)
he
she
we
vou
thev
(a) = stressed a in nom. pi.

-90-
Other
Kan - how
mo - what
*ito - that
HH^ero' - nothing;
t that's all ri^ht
Kor^a / - when
HHKor^a - never
r^e t - where
HHr^e - nowhere
KTO - Who
hhkto - nobody
noyeMjr - why
noTOMy *ito - because
Toy.e - also
Ha pa6oTe - at work
c 3HTy3Ha3M0M - with enthusiasm
KaaceTca - it seems
s^paBCTByHTe^ - hello
icaic bh noatHBaeTe? - How are you?
cnacHfio - thank you, thanks
Hy - well
MHe nopa hath - it's time for me to go
AO cbhaslhhh - good-bye
Hejio'BKaji naysa - awkward pause
Bee Apyrne - all the others
o lieu - about what
Ge6ii -
Aa
HeT / -
HaCKOJIbKO -
kohs'iho -
o'tjeHb -
3 TO -
OAHH -
ABa
TpH ,
qeTHpe
riHTb -
mecTb -
oneself
yes
no, not
as far as
of course
very
that, that
is
a certain
one,
two
three
four
• five
six
KaK H3BecTH0 - as is well-known
npo'cTO Tax - just because /simply so/
even
therefore
- badly
- well
often
Ha CBoeM saBdAe - at his own factory
Aaace
n03T0My
ruioxo ,
xopomo
tacTO
yTpoM
Be^epoM
BCe
MOft
M6HH
in the morning;
in the evening-
all
my
me
MoaceT 6biTb - perhaps, maybe
B A3HH
KaK Tax -
TaK KaK -
O XH3HH -
BOT KaK -
KOTOpHH 1 _
KOTOpbie J
H -
a -
ho -
in Asia
how so
inasmuch as
about life
that's how
who/that (relative)
and
and, but
but

-91-
CJHAPTER_..3
WORKBOOK«. FUNDAMENTALS OF CONJUGATION
A. The_FuLl^S_te.m
For almost every verb of Russian there is a stem from which all
forms of the verb and their stress can be predicted.
Sometimes this stem resembles the present tense stripped of its
endings:
3chb - resembles MBy minus y
3Haft - resembles 3Haio minus y
Sometimes it resembles the past tense or infinitive stripped of
its endings:
CMOTpe -resembles cMOTpeTb minus ti>
Mojma -resembles MOJwaTb minus ti
Sometimes it contains elements of both:
Be,n -contains the jj of bjjji and the ^ of Be^y
Mbift -contains the h of mutb and the ft of MOI0 (mo.iu)
Such stems, called fjiLlJitenis, will be employed throughout this
book as the basic form of the verb. Procedures for determining:
the full stem will be considered in a later chapter.
B, Definitions and Conventions
*• SteiD. The full stem. The stem will be followed with "+" to
show that endings must be .ioined to convert it into an
occurring word of the language.
Qj3n£!3niLnJL_^"tjem« A stem ending in a consonant: jkhb+ Bfe'^+ 3Haft +
VjWiJLjLteHLi. A stem ending in a vowel: cMOTpe+ M0Jma+ roBopn +
2. Endi-ilgSjL
Cpnspn.anJ__endings. Endings beginning in a consonant:
jiaTpast fern.) tb (infinitive)
X5F&L.enotings.o Endings beginning- in a vowel:
y (1st Ders. sg„) ht (3rd pers. pi.) h (imperative)

Endings beginning in a soft-vowel letter begin in a vowel, not in
j+vowel, and show that the preceding consonant is softenedt
-at, -h are vowel endings representing -.,_a -, i not "-ja, -ji"
Exercise 1
A.
Which are consonant stems? (write numb
Which are vowel stems?
Remember that ft is a consonant
1. CHfle + 3»
2. Hec+ b.
B.
Which are consonant endines?
■
KHCHy+
jj;eJiaM+
ers)
5.
6.
MOJIMa+
nnft +
Which are vowel endines?
1. ji ^.
2. HT 5«
3. y 6.
HM
H
HT
7.
8.
9.
T
B
yT
C. How to Join Endings
C= consonant V=vowel
1, Vowel endines are joined directly to consonant stemst C+v
Consonant endings are joined directly to vowel stems* V+C 1
C+V V+C
KHB+ y—» XHBy (live) CMOTpe+ tb—» CMOTpeTb (watch)
daH+ y—» cTaHy (become) MOJma+ Tb-> MOJwaTb (be silent)
Such direct joining is called addition.
20 Consonant endings are not joined directly to consonant stemst C+C
Vowel endings are not joined directly to vowel stemst V+V

-93-
Instead the first of the two consonants or vowels is dropped.
KHB + Tb —} aCHTfe CMOTpe +■ HT—»• CMOTpHT
CTaH + Tb -> CTaTb MOJI^a 4- HT—♦• MOJmHT
Such dronningr is called trunera_ti„qn.
3. Addition and truncation are symbolized as follows:
4ddiJl5B Trju,nj5a,ti,on
C+V-fr CV C+C-*. j/C
V+C-» VC V+V-* /V
The left side of the arrow represents stem + ending before joining-,
the right side— after.
AjWjJnjm .Trjunj^.tion
KJia.ii; +■ e'T —* Kjia,neT KJia,n •* ji --» KJiaji (put)
CHje + ji —» CHfleJi CHfle + ht—j> ch^ht (si"w
ExejrcJLse_^
A. Classify as C+Ct.__„
c+v«.„..„
V+C !____
V+Vi„
B0 Join.
lo nJiHB + Tb (swim)
2. iuibiB + y
3. roBopa + n (talk),
4. TOBOpH + HT
5. TOBOpH + Tb
6. TpoHy + yT (touch)_
7. TpOHy + ji
8. JKjja +Tb (wait)„__
9. xfla + y
(continued)

-9h-
Hyj»pjh.etlcal,.„stem,s
10. KOHe + Tb „,_„_.
1.1. KOHe + 10 „,__„, _„
1?. cos +y ,„__ „„....,.
13. C Ofl + JI _______„__
1^. BJia +ji__
1 5. BJia + eT
4, Spelling rules treated in Chapters 1 and 2 are relevant here,
a. ^+■ u^a are spelled ^y, ^a: MOJiia + 10—► Mojmy
M= q,m,in,x Mojma + at—* MOjmaT
Exe.rcX§e„3
Join -H),-ht f -ht to the following stems.
10 jit_
1. noMHH+ (remember)__„ _.„„ _. „ _„. „
2. cjiyacH+ (serve) ____ „ ... _. ..__
3. Jieaca+ (lie)
HT
b. Unstressed e is spelled "e"t ctsih + eT-* CTaHeT
Exercise k
I. Join -eTto the following stems.
on the spelling of e.
t. nJiHB + end-stressed (swim)
2. ofleH +■ stem-stressed (dress)
3. Jie3 +■ stem-stressed (climb)
40 Be3 +■ end-stressed (transport)
Note stress and its
effect
—
c. J + vowel is sDelled with a soft vowel letters 3Haft + y—* 3Haro

Exercise. 5
Join -y to the following stems.
1 . 2CHB + „_____„ „:
2. flejiaft+ _ __
3. daH+ (become).
4. Jian+ (laja+) (bark).
5. Tpony+ (touch),
6. rpeft+ (warm)_ __
7. rpe6+ end-stressed (row)_
Traditional orthography obscures the similarity of 3Ha#+— 2chb+.
xhb + y^ acHBy
3Haft+- y—* 3Haro
C+C
2CHB •+ Th^-* 3CHTB
3Hafi + Tb-* 3HaTb
The letter y in acHBy represents the ending y.
The letter ro in 3Haio represents the stem consonant 8 +
the ending y.
The consonant #, being an unpaired soft consonant, is neither
hardened by hard vowel ending (-y, -yT) nor doubly softened
by soft-vowel endings ( -eT, -e^ . The softening effect of
softening endings is irrelevant after # — or any other
unpaired consonant.
Transcription
klad+u
zna,i+u
klad+ ,ot
zna,i + . ot (softening irrelevant)
Russian_1etters (line separates
stem + ending)
Kjiafl
3Hai(5
KJiafl
3Ha<!T
eT
The letter y in KJia^y = the ending _u_.
The letter join 3Haio = the stem consonant j_ + the ending u.
The letters eT in KJia.neT = the softening ending ,ot.
The letters eT in 3HaeT = the stem consonant J_ + the ending ot
(where j_ is irrelevant).
Thus eT/ei in Kjia^;eT a«d 3HaeT represent ,_ot and jot respectively.

E,xerci,se.„.6
Join -y and -eT.
1. na.fl + end-stressed (fall)__
2. rpea + stem-stressed (warm)
"3, cnac + end-stressed (save)
k, Jiafl+ stem-stressed (bark)
5. HrpaS+ stem-stressed (play)
eT
E_xercjLse,..,7
Join stem and endinars. Stre
for snelline;
1.
2.
3.
k.
5.
6.
13.
U.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Befl +ji (lead )____,„___
Befl+ Jia
Be^+ eT
fleH+ Tb(pUt)
fleH+ y _ „ . .._
RSH+ ST
ss has been marked where reauired
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
SjPAih§ijjcaal
jieft+ y
jieft* tb
HeT+ y
HeTH- JI
HeT+ Jia
/
HeT+ eM
19.
20.
22.
23.
2k.
flpoacai- K) ( sha ke) __ , ,__
flP02Ca+ HT
rpeM+ y (warm)
rpeft-f eT
rpeft+ tb
nnfi+ Tb (drink)
^sterns
cyH+ eM
CVH+ Tb
cyacH-^ ht
cyacH+ K)
cyacH+ ht
cyacn+ Tb

-97-
Verb Stems in H + have the following: present tense endings»
1st. Sg. -K)
2nd. sg. -nib
3rd. sg. -ht
1st. Pi. -HM
2nd. pi. -me
3rd. pi. -ht
Learn the conjugation of the following stems. Since stems in H+ end
in a vowel, and the present tense endings "begin in a vowel,
V+V -^ yv occurs: roBopn-t- 10—*> roBopio
jiio6h+ ht—» jik>6ht
roBopg + (speak,say)
h roBopio
th roBopn'mb
OH TOBOPHT
MH TOBOPHM
Bbl TOBOpHTe
OHH TOBOpHT
JIK)6H +
jik)6jii6
jirofiHinb
jiki6ht
jiio6hm
jirofiHTe
jik56ht
(like, love)
Notes In the stem
jiio6h+
(1) ji is inserted in the 1st sg. ( jirodjno) ;
(2) there is a stress shift, marked by * on the stem.
x over a verb stem means« stress falls on the ending in
the 1st nerson singular, and on the stem in all other forms
of the present tense.

-98-
Mh He aji6aHUH
I Tapef
MaMa, Ha KaKOM ksuk4 tobopht octo'hijh?
3CTOHUH TOBOpHT IIQ-3CTQ'hCKH .
Ha KaKo'M H3HKe roBopHT anfiaHnju?
■ Ajifia'Hijbi roBopHT no-aji6a'HCKH.
Si roBopio no-ajidaHCKH?
HeT, th He roBoprfinb no-aji6aHCKH.
A th h nana, bh rosopHTe no-aji6akcKM?
HeT, mh He roBopHM no-aji6akcKH.
KaK iaK?
TaK KaK mh He ak6aHixu.*
We're Not Albanians
Mommy, what language do Estonians speak?
Estonians speak Estonian.
What language do Albanians speak?
Albanians speak Albanian.
Do I speak Albanian?
No, you don't speak Albanian.
And you and daddy, do you speak Albanian?
No, we don't speak Albanian.
How come?
Because we're not Albanians.
* A few other useful expressions might bet
roBopH-f no-pyccKH speak (in) Russian
roBopn+ no-aHrjiHftcKH speak (in) English

GENDER
Nouns belong to one of three genders— Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter.
The gender of a noun is usually predictable from the nominative singular
ending.
Nouns whose
3aBOfl
Nouns whose
nominative
(zavjpd + &
nominative
singular ends in gf
repoft
singular end
6pHra,na(brie;ad + a) kjtxhh
Nouns whose
CJIOBO
nominative
(sljov + _o)
singular end
Mo'pe 1
(jproj
s in a
are
+ £>
l are
(kuxn + a)
s in q
are
mor + o)*
<■ —
of
of
of
the masculine gender:
yWiejib (uchitel + /6)
the feminine gendert
A'3Hh (ajij + a)
the neuter gender«
a^aHHe (zdanii + o)*
*Nqtet unstressed e is spelled without the two dots. Thereforei
Transcription / _ SjaeJLAing
moj* ■*■ £ "Mope" Mope
zdani.i + o "3,naHHe" 3flaiwe
As it turns out, after soft paired consonants and j, the neuter ending
is rarely stressed. For that reason, the spellinsf"e " is rare in
soft neuter nouns.

-100-
APJECTIVES
Adjectives have the nominative singular ending -ij (-oj when stressed)
when modifying nominative singular masculine nouns:
HOBHft 3a.BQ,H
xopo'mHft 3aBOfl
ruioxoft 3aBo',n
( HOB+ y)
( xopom+ It)
( njiox + 0jJ
Adjectives have the nominative singular ending -aja when modifying
feminine nouns:
HOBaa 6pHra.ua
xopoman 6pnra.fla
njioxaji SpHra^a
(hob+ aja)
( xopom V'aja)
( TUIOX+ aia)
Adjectives have the nominative singular ending -oje when modifving
neuter nouns:
HOBOe CJIOBO
xopo'mee cjiobo
ruioxde cjiobo
( HOB+ gje)
( xopom+ oje,)
( nJiox + gje)
M
F
N
Adj.
HOBHK
HOBafl
HOBOe
—«"-^™--
Noun
3aBOfl
SpHra^a
CJIQB£
MI-
ij
aja
Sje
Noun
&
a
O
Adjectives will be cited in their nom. se. masculine form. The
adjective stem is determined by subtracting this ending.
hobhh: hob+
"ndings are added to the adjective stem,
(Fern.)
(Neut.)
hob+ aja. =
hob+ oje =
HOBM
HOBOe

-101-
Drill 1
Vocabulary!
(new)- hobh#
(old)- CTapHft
(big)- Sojibmdft
(little)- MjpieHbKHft
(great)- BeJiHKHft
(concrete)- QeTo'HHbift
Put the following adjectives
1 .
2.
3.
k.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10,
11 ,
12,
13-
14,
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
big;
everv voung
everv voung
concrete
concrete
everv good
everv great
every great _ „
bad
b ad , . __
best .
old
little ..,.,. ,
new 1 i t tl e _,
best
, everv new little
, gr e a t __ _„„ ,._.„ _.„_,__
, concrete„_ „„„_„_ _™„ .
. good _ , , , .. - ,..,-._
. bad old
. everv good
into
—
_,,.
——
,
_
„„. _.—„
—__„
(young)- MOjiofloii
(best)- Jiymnnfi
(good)- xopo'niHH
(bad)- mioxoft
(every)- Kaacflbift
the correct form.
_ . .„ - 6pHra^a (bri_ado^
r 6 e t 6 h m h k
(male concrete-
„_ _ 6eTOHinHua
(fern, concrete-
3aBdfl
ManiHHa
MamHHa
.... _ M°Pe ( sea)
3aBOfl
MaraHHa
_, „ „ cjiobo (word)
_ _ Wyr (friend)
SeTOHmfma
6eT0H0MeraajiKa ((
___________ wecTO (place)
6pnrkfla
6eTOHOMema,JiKa
„„ .„_. fle,JI° (task)
KapaHflam
flejio
___ _____ MeCTO
KHHra (book)
-worker)
-workerj
Doncrete-
nixer)

-102-
Gender Drill
*=>
A A
Tape
Symbolsj
(a halo) = xopomufi
(horns) = njioxoft
Ex.
Tape
93 3
Bjihhck
KaxaH 6pHrajj;a b BjiHHCKe?
KaKan SpHra^a b IIlMHHCKe?
Pause
Answer during
the pause
A A
IIlMHHCK
Listen
B BjiHHCKe xopomaa: dpnra^a.
B IIlMHHCKe ruioxan 6ptfra.jj;a,
1.
-S6ft
Bjihhck
QpHra^a
(brigade)
A
TO
IIlMHHCK
Bjihhck
Mope
(sea)
IIlMHHCK
-e>
deTC^HmMK
(m. concrete-worker)
A A
Bjihhck
IIlMHHCK
(continued)

4.
Bjihhck
6eT0Hm*ma
(f. concrete-worker)
A A
UlMHHCK
5.
A A
A
Bjihhck
THrp
(tiger)
HlMHHCK
6.
A. "
um
Bjihhck
CJIOBO
(word)
HlMHHCK
7.
d
Bjihhck
QeTOHHHH 3aBOJJ,
(concrete plant)
A A
IflMHHCK
A A
J
Bjihhck
SeTOHOMema'jiKa
(concrete-mixer)
-^
[IlMHHCK

-ioU-
Ritual 6
Tape
Heu OKammBaeTCH cjio'bo fjoktop "\ ?
< 6-pHra.ua \
\_ CJIOBO J
— Oho OKaH^HBaeTCH
HyjieM
Ha a
Ha o
- B TaKOM cjiytjae, oh6 KaKdro po'^a?
— B TaK6M cjiyuae, oho /' Myaccicdro po^a j
1 xe'HCKoro po'^a I
[_ cpe,n,Hero p6,na I
- OTKy^a bh 3HaeTe?
— [b BOCToprej HacKOjibKO mu 3HaeM, Bee CJioBa', KOTopHe
OKa'H'qHBaioTCH C HyjieM,— vtyaccicoro po",na 1
j Ha a, — xeHCKoro po'fla V
1 Ha £, — cpe,n;Hero pd^a J
- Mojio,nei;!
— j"KpacHefl:1 Ha ito bh!
What does the word f .hoktop "\end in? /in-what ends...?/
J 6pnra,na I
I
>pnrajt
CJidBO
— It ends
tin zero "j
In that case, of what render is it?
In that case, it's
of the masculine fender'
of the feminine sender
of the neuter sender
■ How do you know?
■ [in ecstasy] As far a« we know, all. words that end
(■ in zero are of the masculine sender|
\ in a are of the feminine sender !■
j in o are of the neuter sender J _
■ Well doneS
• blushinsl Aw, so on!
~n-

BeTOH
-105-
Tape
6apa6a.HH: [thxo]
MyaccKOH xop:
[He thxo]
6eTOHniHKH:
[rpoMKo]
MyaccK&fi xop:
6eT6HmHn;H:
OeTo'HmHKH:
6eTOHmHn;H:
6eTOHHlKKH H
6eTOHmnn;bi BMecTe:
MyaccKoft xop:
[th'xoj
TapaM ra TaM TapaM Ta TaM
TapaM TapaM TapapaM Ta TaM
BeTo'H, SeTti'H, 6eTOH, deTOH
6eTo'H, SeTo'H, 6eTOH, deTo'H
Ham 3aBo's - SeTo'HHbiM 3aB6,n.
Hama SpHrajta - deTo'HHaji.
Ham 3aBgfl- - fieTOHHHfi 3aBo,n.
Harae-To^se'jio" - deTo'H!
BeTOH, 6eTOH, 6eT0H, 6eTOH!
BeJIHKHM, BeJIHKHfi deTOHHHft 3aBOfl!
BeJiHKas Hama 6pHra,na!
KaKoe ace fle'jio SeTo'HHoe flejio?
BeTo'HHoe fle'jio — KOHKpeTHoe^ejio;
BeTo'HHoe fle'jio - KyjibTypHoe Reno;
BeTOHHoe fle'jio - BejiHKoe .ne'jio.
BeJiHKoe ne'jio _ 6eTOH, 6eTo'H;
BejiHKoe .nejio - 6eTOH!
BeTOH, 6eTo'H,6eTdH,6eTOH
6eTOH, SeTOH, 6eTOH,
1 In English, the noun "concrete", as in " a piece of concrete" is
changed into an adjective, as in "a concrete factory" simply by
placing; it before another noun. In Russian, position isn't enough)
an ad.iective must have adjective endings as well.
as a noun
This is concrete.
This is Blinsk.
3to 6eTOH.
3to Bjihhck.
as an ad.iective
the concrete plant- 6eTo'HHbift 3aBo',n
the Blinsk Sea- SjiHHCKoe Mope
2 T0 and ate are unstressed particles that emphasize the words that
immediately precede them.
3 A single Russian word often has no one English equivalent. For
examnle, depending on the context, Aejio may meant task, thing,
affair, concern, business, question.
3to He Moe ^ejio, - That's not my concern
Hejio Bopo,nnHa. _ The Borodin affair.
The adiective c_oncr-ejte has two meanings in Enelishs
1. the building material, translated in Russian as SeTo'HHuft
(its concrete meaning),
2. the abstract meaning, is in "concrete auestion", "concrete
DroTDosal", translated in Russian as KOHKpe'THbift,

-106-
drumsi [quietly]
male chorus:
[not quietly]
male concrete-
workers«
[loudly]
male chorus»
Concrete
Taram ta tarn taram ta tam
taram taram tararam ta tam...
Concrete, concrete, concrete, concrete,
concrete, concrete, concrete, concrete
Our plant is a concrete plant.
Our brigade is a concrete one0
Our plant is a concrete plant
And our task is concrete.
Concrete, concrete, concrete, concrete
female concrete- Oh, great concrete plant!
workers» Oh, great brigade of ours!
male concrete-
workers t
male-concrete-
workers«
What sort of task/thing/affair/concern/business/
question is the concrete task/thing etc....
The concrete task is a concrete(nrecise) task.
The concrete task is a cultural task.
The concrete task is a great task.
male and female A great task is concrete, concretej
concrete-workers A great task is concrete.
together:
male chorust Concrete, concrete, concrete, concrete
[quietly] concrete, concrete, concrete
Bonpocu
Tape
Kaicoft Ham 3aBO,n?
KaKFui Hama SpHra^a?
KaKoe Harae fle'jio?
Kaicoft 3aBOfl SeTOHHufi 3aBo',n?
Kana* 6pHrafla deTOHHan Spuria?
KaKo'e fle'jio geic-Woe fle'jio?

-107-
Ham 3aBQj,
(Tape)
Mh pado'raeM Ha deTo'HHOM 3aBO,n,e.
r^e HaxdflHTca Ham deTOHHHft 3aBo,n?
Ham SeTOHHHM 3aB6,n Haxd^HTCH b BeTOHorpa^e.
Kan pado'TaioT ^Ha deTOHHOM 3aB0,ne?
Kaac^HM de'TOHnjuK pado'TaeT c 3HTy3Ha3M0M.
KaVnas deTOHinima pado'TaeT c 3HTy3Ha'3M0M.
Bot Kan pado'TaioT Ha deTo'HHOM 3aBo',n,e!
s/ Our Plant
We work at a concrete plant.
Where is our concrete plant located?
Our concrete plant is located in Betonosxad.
How do people work at the concrete plant?
Every (m) concrete-worker works with enthusiasm.
Every (f) concrete-worker works with enthusiasm.
That's how people work at the concrete plants
i 1. r^e mh padoTaeM?
1.2. Pfle Haxo'flHTCtf Ham 3aBoV?
1.3. Kan pado'TaeT Kasc,n,H# deTo'HmHK?
|"4. KaK pado'TaeT Kaacflas 6eTo'Hm.Hu;a?
1 The 3rd person plural ( padoTaroT ) wi thout a subject conveys:
"one works", "people work".
KaK pado'TaKT Ha deTo'HHOM 3aBo',ne?
(How do people work/how does one work at the concrete plant?)
r^e jirodtfT KypHTb?
(Where do people/does one like to smoke?)
FOBOpKT, tlTO OH HaCTO^'mHfi y^apHHK.
(They say/people say that he is a real shock-worker.)

-108-
Hama gpara^a OT^bixaeT
Tape)
r,ne oTjtuxaeT Hama SpHra^a?
Mh OT^bixaeM b BjiHHCKe.
IIoieMy mh jiio'6hm OT^HxaTb b BjiHHCKe?
KaK H3BecTH0 Kak^oMy mKOJibHHKy, TaM Haxo'sHTCH
BejiKKoe BjiHHCKoe Mo'pe.
H KaKHe flo'6pue jik^h scuByT h pa6o'TaioT b BjiHHCKe!
,Jl,a, TypwcTH Bcerjta roBopjiT:
'To'pofl Bjihhck- 6'iieHb xopdmee Me'cTO."
3aBTpa Hama fipHra^a 6y,neT b BjiHHCKe.
Ypa!
Our Brigade Relaxes
Where does our brigade relax?
We relax in Blinsko
Why do we like to relax in Blinsk?
As is well-known to every schoolchild, the Great Sea
of Blinsk is located there.
And what kind people live and work in Blinsk!
Yes, tourists always sayt
"The city Blinsk is a very good place."
Tomorrow our brigade will be in Blinsko
Hurrah!
Bonpo'cu
1. F,ne OT^uxaeT Hama 6pHra,na?
2. noueMy mh oTjHxaeM TaM? c?
3. IlotieMy? KaKde Mdpe Hax6flHTcn TaM?
4. KaKiie jik^h acuByT h padoTaioT TaM?
5. ^to Bcerxa roBop^T TypncTH?
6. Kor^a' 6y^eT Hama Spwra^a b BjiHHCKe?
1. Ka:<og. in Questions! "which, what kind of"
In exclamationsi "whatl" cf. Kano'e 6e3o6pa3He!

-109-
IJH
i is swelled h after all unpaired consonants, including ^^
jieKijHH- lectures uhpk - circus
However, in grammatical endings, the combination Vs + i. is spelled uh,
not an.
6eTOHmHu;u
ttrj
Add
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-
11
the ending
rapax
KapaH,nam
Bpar
dopm,
otd;
i
to
the
f
311
owing
stems.
Answers.
H
H
H
H
H
The Nominative Plural
The nominative plural of both masculine and feminine nouns is i.
Spelling rules determine whether that will be spelledh or w.
liQ.rn.j3jr,
MaraHHa
deTOHOMemajiKa
6eTo'HmnD;a
MamHHH
SeTOHOMema'jiKH
deTo'HmHubi
Notei Endings are joined to stems, not to other endings. Therefore,
MamHH + \, not MaraHHa + _i.
The Preposition o (about)
The preposition o (about) is followed by the prepositional case.
H uH-raio o 6eT6ne. ^ i read about concrete.
Oh flyMaeT o TpojiJieft6ycax. He thinks about trnl levbu^Res.

Hama 6pnra,ga MHTaeT
(Tape
Mto ,n;e'jiaeT Hama 6pnra^a, Kor#a mh KOHua'eM
paSdraTb?
Mh qHTaeM scypHajibi b KJiySe 3aBO,na.
0 'q'eM mh •qH-raeM?
Mu uHT^eM o SeTo'He.
KaKHe acypHajiH mh xjHTaeM?
Mojio,nHe 6eTOHmHn;u ^htsiiot jKypHaji "Mojio^aH 6eTo'Hmnua".
Mojio^ie 6eTo'HmHKH mhteiiot acypHaji "Mojio^dfi 6eTo'HmHK".
HacKOJiBKO h 3Haio, b KJiy6e 3aBd#a Ha'ma 6pHra,n,a
He o'tieHb •qacTO •qH-raeT jKypHa'jiu "HbiocyHK", "TaftM" h
"PH^epc HaM^acecT", He roBopn yace o acypHajie
"Bofic JIafi$".
Our Brigade Reads
What does our brigade do when we finish working?
We read magazines in the club of the plant.
What do we read about?
We read about concrete.
Which magazines do we read?
The young female concrete-workers read the magazine,
Young Female Concrete-Worker.
The young male concrete-workers read the magazine,
Young Male Concrete-Worker.
As far as I know, in the club of the plant our brigade
does not very often read the magazines, Newsweek.
Time, and Reader's Digest, not to mention the
magazine, Boy's Life.
Bonpocu
4t6 fle'jiaeT Hama 6pHra.ua b KJiy6e 3aBo'^a?
Kor^a?
0 neu mh tiHTaeM?
KaKoft acypHaJi xiHTaioT MOJiOflue 6eTo'HmHn;H?
KaKoft acypHaji •qH-raioT MOJio^ne ^6eTo'Hm.HKH?
KaKHe acypHajiH mh He o'ueHb uacTo uHTaeM?

-111-
Rjtual 7
Tape
KaK CKa3,a.Tb no-pyccKH " triple T>lay"?
fl He 3Haio.
A ecjiH 6h bh 3HajiH?
Haace eoin 6u n 3Haji(a), to He CKa3aji(a) 6u,
fl o'tieHb o6H3KeH(a)!
- How do you say in Russian "triple play"?
— I don't know.
- And if you knew?
— Even if I knew, then I wouldn't tell.
- I'm very insulted!
PAST TENSE OF VERBS
Past tense endings begin in ji
V+C-^VCi
roBopn-t- ji-h» roBopuJi
When joined to C-stems, C+C-* &C i
■qH-raft-t- ji-* xiHTaJi
The past tense endings are:
Therefore, when joined to V-stems,
/t when the subject is masculine oh
* I (m)
TH J
deTOHnjuK
^yMaji
ot when the subject is neuter
a« when the subject is feminine
h: when the subject is plural
OHO
OHa
* 7 (f)
TH J
SeTo'HmHi^a
BH *
MH
OHH
JIKflH
j;yMajio
flyMajia
xyMaJiH
*BHis grammatically plural, even when addressing only one person.

-112-
Past Tense Drill
Symbols used in the foil
roBopii+ o 6eTOHe
.nyMaM-t- o 6eTOHe
owing drill are:
pa6oTaa+ Ha 3&B6&e
0T^HxaM+
m
tjHTaftt- acypHaji
it
B BjIHHCKe
Ex., JjtE§
xii6 oh ^e'jiaji?
®^
uto oh flejiaji?
(§)<&*•*
2- df
4.
4^
Answer during pause
Oh roBopiiji o SeTo'He.
Hto QHd jte'jiajia?
Listen
^t6 a je'jiaji?
1.
3. ?flr
4.
2. ((p
3« ^_A
1^1
5. (^Jew«<
4. @ifev^
5.
i^a

-113-
Drill 2
Translate into Russian:
1. The fare-collector knew.
2. The (f) teacher was working..
3. We were thinking about concrete..
4. I was talking about the magazine.,
5. Mama, were you relaxing in Blinsk?.
6. They loved concrete.,.,, „__.„.„___„
7. Were you speaking about Blinsk?
8. They were working with enthusiasm. ___
9. He was living in Blinsk.
PERFECTIVE AND IMPERFECTIVE:
SINGLE VS. REPEATED ACTS
Some of the verbs which you have learned up to now have two past
tense forms — one to denote a single act in the past, and
another to denote repeated acts. The two forms are called the
"perfective aspect" and "imperfective aspect" respectively.
The imperfective and perfective aspects will be treated in detail
later in the book, and the treatment below is intended as a brief,
simplified introduction to one of the distinctions between imperfective
and perfective aspects.
For the verbs "do" and "steal", the two aspectual forms aret
Imperfective (Repeated acts)
Kpa^-t-
Ex. %-o oh ffe'jiaji Ka»,nhift .neHb?
Kasc,n,HH fleHb oh Kpaji
KapaH,n,amH.
p§^£e£iiYe. (Single act)
cfle"jiafi+
yicpa>f
fl cje'jiaji rpydyro omn'6Ky.
Oh yicpaji mo$ KapaHfla'm.
The following story has several examples.

~llh~
He'jio BpayHa; Hama 6pHra\na fleJiaeT gojibmyro ornHfiKy
I Tape 1
PaHbme aHrjiHftcKHft HHxeHe'p BpayH pado'iaji Ha deTOHHOM 3aBO,ne.
Kaac^biM deTo'HmHK .njMaji, *ito BpayH - o'^eHb xopomuM qejiOBex.
Kaac^aa 6eTOHmHu;a ^y^Majia, *ito Epa'yH - o'^eHb .nodpHft ^eJiOBeK.
"Rch Hama 6pHra,na .nyMajia, ^ito aHrJiriMcKHft HHaceHe'p EpayH-
jijfamuM flpyr 3aBO,na.
Ho hhkto He 3Haji, mo BpayH mimcm.
Hto ^e'jiaJi BpayH?
Kaac^Hft^ ^eHb, Kor^a mh pa60Tajin, BpayH Kpaji aeypHajiu b KJiyde
3aB0.ua.
H B*iepa, Kor,na Hama 6pHra,na oT^uxajia b BjiHHCKe, aHrjiiiMcKHft
HHaceHep BpayH yxpaji Bee Hama deTOHOMema'jiKH.
Kaxo'e 6e30Qpa3He!
Ax, BpayH! ^Ito bh cj;e'jiajiH! ^to bu cj;eJiajin? !
Mh jik6hjih Bac.
Mh ^yMajiH, mto bh Ham Jiymnuft ji;pyr.
Hama dpHra^a, KaaceTCH, cuejiajia Sojibmyio omHSjcy.
SM..grown. Affair.: Our Brigade Makes A Big Mistake
Formerly English engineer Brown worked at the concrete plant.
Every (m) concrete-worker thought that Brown was/is/ a good person.*
Every (f) concrete-worker thought that Brown was/is/ a kind person.
Our whole brigade/all our brigade/ thought that English engineer
Brown was/is/ the best friend of the plant.
But nobody knew that Brown was/is/a spy.
Every day, while we were working, Brown stole(used to steal)
magazines in the club of the plant.
And yesterday, while our brigade was relaxing in Blinsk, English
engineer Brown stole all our concrete-mixers.
What outrageous behavior!
Akh, Brown! What have you done! What have you done!
We loved you.
We thought that you were/are/ our best friend.
Our brigade, it seems, has made a big mistake.
* Note that English uses a past tense here, while Russian uses
present.

-115
Bonpocu
[Tape 1
1. Kto paHbrae padoTaJi Ha 6eTOHHOM 3aBo',ne?
2. uto ^yMaji Kaac,nHM deTo'HmHK?
3. ^to ayMajia Kaac^aa o"eTOHm.Hu;a?
4. %6 ^yMajia bch Hama dpHra,na?
5. Kto 3Haji, ^to Bp^yH mnnoH?
6. ^to .ne'jiaji BpayH Kas:,nHft jeHB?
7. Kor^a oh 9to ^e'jiaji?
8. ^to c^eJiaji BpayH B*iepa?
9. Kor^a oh 9to c^e'jiaji? t
10. KaKyio omH6Ky c.ne'jiajia Hama 6pHra,na?
THE FUTURE TENSE
I A form of 6y,n+ (will) plus imperfective infinitive:
h 6y,ny roBopHTb t
th 6yj;efflb roBopHTb
oh dy^eT roBopHTb
MH 6y^eM TOBOpHTB
bh 6y,neTe roBopHTb
ohh 6y,nyT roBopHTb
Nptet 6y,n+ has irregular stress. Although it ends in a consonant
other than M, it is not end-stressed.
Drill.,?
Translate into Russian.
1. We will work.
2. She will relax in Blinsk.,
3. We will know what you will do.„
k. They will talk about concrete.,
5. I will be relaxing in Blinsk._

-116-
Future Tense Drill
Tat>e
Symbols used in the following drill arei
(ffi*°*
roBopn-t o 6eTOHe
pa6oiaM+- Ha 3aBO,ne tiHTa&+ acypHajr
xyuaPi-t- o 6eTOHe
OT^UXaft+ B BjIHHCKe
Ex, Tape Answer during pause Listen
Mto oh 6y,neT .neJiaTb? Oh 6y,neT roBopHTb o 6eTOHe.
Mto oh 6yj;eT j;ejiaTb?
1# ®^&*
2.
S-
fof***
4. (^T5
5. <^
Hto" ohh 6ynyT j;e"jiaTb? Hto h oyjty je'jiaTb?
i. ^ i. rrfl
m
3. ^L_i
4. L<9-l
4. l($+QWW
5.
i. &\

-117-
Drill k
Translate into Russiant
Vocabulary: all- f Becb (m) Asia- A3hh t
jBCH(f) Europe- EBpona
j see (plural)
world- mhp
1. The whole world (all the world) is talking about concrete.
2. The whole brigade(all the brigade) was talking about
the trolleybus.
3. Mommy, were you talking about concrete?
4. All Asia is talking about pencils.
5. All Europe will be talking about comrade Petrov's park.
6. All the other rtarks are old and bad. „ ,

-118-
NEGATIVE CONTRAST
not . . » but i He « « < , a
TpoJiJieftdycH He juo,h,h, a MamHHU.
(Trolleybusses are not people, but machines.)
Any member of the sentence may be contrasted.
Oh pagQTaeT Ha 3aBORe.
Oh: He oh, a OHa pa6pTaeT Ha 3aBo',ne.
pa6oTaet; Oh He paSdiaeT, a ^HTaeT Ha 3aBo',ne.
Ha 3aboae: Oh pa6oTaeT He Ha 3aBo",ne, a b na'pice.
H 6y,ny roBopHTb He o KapaH^amax, He o TpoJiJieft6ycax, a o SeTo'He.
(I will talk not about pencils, not about trolleybusses, but
about concrete.)
oh/ OHa!/ oho'/ ohh
££"" replaces masculine nouns| QHa- feminine nouns? oho'- neuter nouns?
ohh -plural nouns.
When not referring to people,oh/ OHa/ oho = English "it"„
Supply the correct
(A)
3aBo',n dojibmoM.
MaaiHHa, dojibmaji.
CJIO'BO HOBOe.
T^e KapaH^aniH?
form
of
the
(B)

pronoun in B.
SoJibmoH.
6oJibma.H.
HOBOe.
?
(It is
(It is
(It is
(Where
bis.)
bie-.)
new.)
are the
An
V?)
swers
OH
OHa'
OHO
OHM

-119-
Ilpojieccop fflyjibu;
~Tape
0 ven Bee roBopHT cero^HH?
Cero'flHH Bee deTOHmHKH Ha deTOHHOM 3aBO,n,e tobopht o BH3HTe npo$eccopa
fflyjibna.
Bce 6eTOHmnD[H Ha deTOHHOM 3aB0,ne roBopHT o BH3HTe npo$eccopa Myjibiia.
Ha, bch Hama dpnra,na roBop&T o BH3HTe npotjefccopa lllyjibija.
IIcmeMy Bce roBopHT tojibko o B«3HTe npo<J>e/ccopa IIIyjibn.a?
Ilpo$eccop Illyjibu; - dojibmoft cneunajiricT.
Oh dojibmoM cneu,najiHCT no deTOHy.
3aBTpa npo$e'ccop niyjibu, 6yjj;eT roBopHTb b KJiyde 3aBo'jj;a.
KascflHfi deTdHnjuK xd^ieT 3HaTb, o *ieM oh dyjieT roBopHTb.
Kaacjjaa: deTOHnjHija xo'ijei 3HaTb, o tie'M oh dy,neT roBopHTb.
Bch Hama dpura'^a xd^eT 3HaTb, o ^e'M oh dy,neT roBopw'Tb.
A.bot npo$eccop Ulyjibu,!
- ftpotjeccop IHyjibn., o *ieM bh dyjjeTe roBopHTb b KJiyde 3aBo,na?
OflHH ^.yMaioT, *ito bh dy,u,eTe roBopHTb o KapaH^amax.
— HeT, r He dy^y roBopHTb o KapaH,namax.
- JJpyrHe jjyMaioT, *ito bh dyjj;eTe roBopHTb o TpoJiJieMdycax.
— HeT, h He dy^y roBopHTb o TpoJiJieftdycax.
- 0 qeM ace bh d^.u.eTe roBopHTb?
— H dy#y roBopHTb He o KapaHjj.ama'x, He o Tpojuieftdycax, a o deTone.
EeTOH Bgepa, cero^HH h 3a.BTpa
ToBapum, .nnpe'iCTop!
ToBapHmn HHaceH^pu!
TOBa'pHmH deTOHmHKH H deTo'HmHUtl!
BeTOH! TOBapHffl,H, qTO SHa'tlHT CJIOBO deTOH?
Cjiobo deTOH - He HOBoe cjio'bo.
0h6 o'veHb CTa^oe.
Ha, cjiobo deTOH He HOBoe, a CTapoe cjiobo.
BeTOH - CTapoe ajidaHCKoe cjiobo.
PaHbrae To'jibKo ajidaHuH h 9Ctohi^h 3Hajin cjiobo deTOH.
Aji6aHii;H jj;yMajiH, mo cjiobo deTOH 3Hsi*iht "KapaH^,am", a 9Ctohd;h ,nyMajin,
ito cjiobo deTOH 3Ha^HT He "KapaHflam" a "TpoJiJiefldyc".
Hy, TOBapumH, bot Kax B^iepa noHHMajin cjiobo deTOH.
[anjio^HCMe^iTu]

-120-
Cero'flHH. Kto 3HaeT deTo'H cero'flHH?
Cero'^HH He to'jibko ajida'Hitfj vl 9Cto'hij;h, ho bch EBpona, Ashh, AiJpHKa h
A&xe AMe'pHKa 3hsik>t deTOH.
[anJi o ^hc MeH t h]
A 3a.BTpa? Hto 6y&eT 3aBTpa? i »
3a.BTpa, He tojibko EBpdna, A3HH, A$pHKa h AMe'pHKa, ho h Beet. MHp dy,neT
3HaTb deTo'H.^
[dypHHe anJio^HCMeHTH]
TOBapHmH SeTo'HIIlHKH H 6eTo'HmHn.u!
B 30ona'pKax 6y,n,yT okhtb deTOHHue THrpH.
B TpoJiJieMdycax dy,nyT padoTaTb deTo'HHue KOH,nyKTopa.
[b BOCTdpre] , i
BeTOHHue jik>,hh dy,nyT vmaTb deTOHHue khhth.
Hamn 6eTOHHbie .ne'TH dy,nyT 3HaTB bgjihkhh, hobuM Map.
Mnp deTOHa...deTOHHuft MHp.
[njia^ei]
[nay sa]
BeTOH. Hto TaKoe deTOH?
[jiacKOBo]
BeTo'H, 9T0 BH,... 9T0 OHH,... 9TO H,... 9TO MU...
BeTOH, TOBapHnjH, - ^to HCTdpun ^eJioBe'Ka!
[oBa.U,HH~]
* h - (here) also
to ecTb, EBpdna, A3hh, A$pnKa, AMepHKa, ABCTpajiHH, ApKTHKa h
AHTapKTHKa.

-121-
Professor Schultz
What is everybody talking about today?
Today all the (m) concrete-workers at the concrete plant are
talking; about the visit of Professor Schultz.
All the (f) concrete-workers at the concrete plant are talking
about the visit of Professor Schultz.
Yes, our whole brigade is talking about the visit of Professor
Schultz.
Why is everybody talking only about the visit of Professor Schultz?
Professor Schultz is a big specialist.
He is a big specialist on the subject of concrete.
Tomorrow Professor Schultz will speak in the club of the plant.
Every (m) concrete-worker wants to know what he will talk about.
Every (f) concrete- worker wants to know what he will talk about0
Our whole brigade wants to know what he will talk about.
And here's Professor Schultz!
- Professor Schultz, what will you talk about tomorrow in the
club of the plant? Some think that you will talk about
pencils.
— No, I will not talk about pencils.
- Others think that you will talk about trolleybusses.
-- No, I will not talk about trolleybusses.
- Then what will you talk about?
— I will talk not about pencils, not about trolleybusses, but
about concrete.
Concrete- Yesterday, Today,..and Tomorrow
Comrade director,
Comrade engineers,
Comrade concrete-workers!
Concretel Comrades, what does the word concrete mean?
The word cj>ncrejt.e is not a new word.
It is very old.
Yes, the word concrete is not a new, but an old word.
Cjoncre..te is an old Albanian word.
Formerly only the Albanians and Estonians knew the word concrete.
The Albanians thought that the word concrete meant/means7~"pencil",
and the Estonians thought that the word concrete meant not
"pencil", but "trolleybus"„
.o.Well, comrades, that is how they understood the word concrete
yesterday.
[applause]
i

-122-
Today, Who knows concrete today?
Today not only the Albanians and the Estonians, but all Europe,
Asia, Africa and even America know concrete.
[applause] /
And tomorrow. What will be tomorrow?
Tomorrow, not only Europe, Asia, A-frica, and America, but also the
whole world will know concrete„
[stormy applause]
Comrade male and female concrete-workersI
In the zoos will live concrete tigers.
In the trolleybusses will work concrete fare-collectors,
[in ecstasyj
Concrete people will read concrete books.
Our concrete children will know a great new world.
A world of concrete... a concrete world,
[he weeps]
[pause]
Concrete. What is concrete?
[tenderly]
Concrete- it's you... it's them... it's me,0. it's us...
Concrete, comrades, (it) is the history of man.
[ovation]
that is, Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia, Arctic and
Antarctica.

17
-123-
Bonpocu
| Tape
1. 0 neu Bee roBopHT cerd^HH?
2. noueMy Bee roBopHT o BH3HTe npocjpe'ccopa IHy'jibija?
3. Mto oh 6y#eT ^e'jiaTt 3a.BTpa?
4. Mto' xoqeT 3HaTt bch Hama 6pnra\na?
5. Mto ^yMaioT ojhh? (oj&^^L
6. Mto syMaioT ,npyrne? (fUfLJ )
7. 0 qeM oh dyjj;eT roBopHTb?
8. BeTOH - HOBoe cjiobo?
9. Kto 3Haji cjiobo deTOH paHtme?
10. Mto' zywanu aJidaHiju? ' -gZ?
11. %o ^yMajiH 9ctohu;u? L^j
12. Kto 3Ha'eT deTOH cerdjjHH?
13. Kto dyjjeT 3Hait deTOH 3dBTpa?
14. KaKHe THrpn dy,nyT mchtb b 30onapKax?
15. KaKHe KOH^yKTop'a dyjjyT padoTaTb b TpojiJieftdycax?
16. KaKHe khhth dyjjyT tiHT&Tb deTOHHHe jiio'^h?
17. KaKoM MHp dy^yT 3HaTb Hcuhh deTOHHHe je'iH?
18. Mto TaKoe deTOH?

-12U-
JlymnHH jpyr 6eT0HmnKa
y Hac deTOHOMemajiKa.
OHa He HOBaH.
Ona cTa-oan h MaJieHticaa.
Ho OHa pado'iaeT.
Ilpotfeccop niyjibu, flyMaeT, mto deTOHOMemajiKa xopoman MamHHa.
TA npocfeccop Iflyjibn ieicto tobopht:
"BeTOHOMemajiKa - xopo'inan MamHHa."
rtpott-eccop Iflyjibn jyMae-r, mto 6eTOHOMema.JiKa JiymnHft flpyr 6eTOHmnKa.
A npocheccop Ulyjibn iacTO roBopHi:
"BeTOHOMemajiKa - JiymnMH flpyr deTOHmnica."
Ho Haia 6pnraxa .syMaeT, *ito He deTOHOMemajiKa, a npotte'ccop Hlyjibn-
jiymnHH .apyr QeTOHmHKa.
Vl Hama 6pHra,na ud.cTO roBopnT:
"He oe-roHOMemaJiKa, a npocoeccop LHyjibu - jiyqmHH flpyr deTOHmHica.
The Concrete-Worker's Best Friend
We have a concrete- mixer.
It isn't new
It isn't big
It's small and old.
But it works.
Professor Schultz thinks that the concrete-mixer is a good machine,
And Professor Schultz often sayst
"The concrete-mixer is a eood machine."
Professor Schultz thinks that the concrete-mixer is the concrete-
worker's "best friend.
And Professor Schultz often says:
"The concrete-mixer is the concrete-worker's best friend."
But our brieade thinks that not the concrete-mixer, but Professor
Schultz is the concrete-worker's best friend.
And our brigade often saysi
"Not the concrete-mixer, but Professor Schultz is the concrete-
worker's best friend."

Bonpocu
*?
-125-
Tape
'ill*
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
KaKa'fl y Hac deTOHOMemajiica? »H>|*
KaK bh ^yMaeTe, Y.lyjihu,, KaKaa MamHHa SeTOHOMemajiKa? '
Hto bh qacTO roBopnie?
KaK bh flyMaeie, Ulyjitn;, kto jiy*miHH flpyr SeTOHmHKa?
Mto bh qa'cTO roBopHTe?
Hto' ^yMaeT Hama opurafla? He tot > a ©
MTO MH UaCTO TOBOpHM?
Learn the names of the letters of the alphabet.
See d. 41.
Ritual 8
OTBe'ThTe, noxajiyftcTa, Ha cjie'^yiomHe Bonpocbi!
KaK nnnieTCH cjiobo pojj?
Oho' nn'ieTCH "op-o-flo".
KaK npoH3Ho'cHTCH cjiobo, KOTopoe nHmeTCH "op-o-jio"?
Oho npOH3Ho'cHTCH "£o_t_ "•
IlepeBeflHTe cjio'bo "poj" c pyccKoro Ha aHrjiHHCKwM!
Pofi 3HMHT " gender, birth, sort, kind, a i.p,.".*
- Please answer the following auestion^.
How is the word po,g spelled?
— It is spelled "op-o-flo".
- How is the word which is spelled "op-o-flo" -pronounced?
— It is pronounced "Cot".
- Translate the word _J0p,5 from Russian into English.
— Pofl means "gender, birth, sort, kind, etc."
* a t.jj;,. abbreviation for h Tan jjajiee- and po forth

-126-
Pa3roBop
Tape)
- Kan Bac 30ByT? ,
— MeHH 3osyT f AjieKcaH^p^
- A Ka,K Bame omedBO?
— (JTUeCTBO - ( MHXSIHJIOBHU")
\ MHxafijiOBHa)
- A $aMHJIHfl?
— Mod $aMHJiHa (IleTpdB "1
{lleTpoBa j
- CfaeHb npHHTHO, j AJieKcaH^p MnxaftjioBH^l
|_Co'(fbH MHxaftjioBHa J,
— OieHb npHHTHO.
[HeJio'BKaa nay3a]
- Hy f AjieKcaH^p MuxaftjioBH^l , KaK .neJia?
1 Cdcfcba MHxaMjiOBHa J
— Bee HfleT HH^erd.
- A (aceK^lH jeTH KaK?
[uyx. )
To'ace HH^erd.
- OflHHM CJIO'BOM, BCfe' HOpMajIbHO.
[HejiOBKaa nay3a]
- A noro^a KaK?
- IToro^a Toace Humero'. BooSme', Bee HHierd.
- Hy, cjiymaftTe, J AjieKcaH^p MuxaftjioBHU 1 , MHe nopa
|_Cd(J)bH MHxaftjioBHa
)
3Ha^HT, Bail nopa, fla? Tor,na #o CBKflaHHH,
Hy, jo CBHji,aHHa.
omecTBo- (patronymic)- formed from the father's first name by
joining the suffixes oyich for males, ovna for females.
from HBaH: MBa'HOBH^/ HBaHOBHa
from CepreM: Cepre'eBHm/ Gepre'eBHa
Of all the ways of addressing: people, the first name and patronymic
is the most common»

-127-
A Conversation
- What is your name? /How do they call you?/
— Mv name isjAleksandr)„
1 Sofia J
- And what is your patronymic?
• - (My) patronymic is (Mixajlovichl .
[Mixajlovna J
- And (your) last name?
— My last name is ( Petro^v 1
I Petro'va j.
- It's very pleasant (to meet you), (Aleksandr Mixa jloyichj
( Sofia Mixajlovna * )
— It's very pleasant (to meet you).
[awkward pause]
- Well, / Aleksandr Mixajloyich) how are things?
ISof.ia Mixajlovna * )
— Everything is going all right /nothing-/,
- And how are (your) [ wife land children?
^husband)
— Also all riffht.
- In a word, everything is O.K.
[awkward muse!
- And how is the weather?
■- The weather is also all right. In general, everything
is all righto
- Well, listen, ( Aleksandr Mixajloyich/, it's tirne for me
to go. \ Sofia Mixajlovna " J
— That means it's time, right? Then, good-bye.
- Well, good-bye.

n
-128-
Translation. MARK STRESS.
1. What laneuaee do you speak? She speaks English,, I sneak Russian.
Only Albanians, it seems, speak Albanian,,
2. Every English tourist thinks that the Great Estonian Sea is a very
good place. Where is it located?
3. Our big brigade often relaxed there.
4. Comrade director, I have one specific/concrete/ question. What will
the kind young (f) concrete-worker Pavlova speak about tomorrow at
the concrete plant?
5. Estonians never talk about tourists. Why do Albanians always talk
about spies?
6. We don't often read documents about concrete, not to mention document
about cement. (jOKyMeHT - document ) ( neuenT - cement)
7. Our history is the history of the world.
8. [in ecstasy] Comrades! Yesterday (f) student Pavlova worked all day
with enthusiasm.
[stormy applause]
9. The whole world knows that our concrete plant is the concrete center
of Betonograd. ( neHTp - center )
10. Our best friend never listened when I talked about the concrete plan:,
(cjiymaa+ listen)
11. Our dear children understand our great task.
12„ Mommy, do you like big concrete-mixers?
Little Kata likes only little concrete-mixers.
13. Some think that Africa is an old Albanian word, and others think
that Africa is an old African word. ( atJpuKa'HCKHft _ African)
140 [quietly] They say that every day she stole magazines in the club.
15. He is not a professor. He is a spy0 That is9 he is not a -professor,
but a spy.

-129-
CjiOBapt.
Nouns
M
6eTOH- concrete
6eTOHmHK-(m) concrete-worker
TypricT- tourist
Apyr- friend
rypHa'ji - magazine
KJiy6- club
uraeHep- engineer
rannoH -spy
npo(fre'ccop(a) professor
BH3HT - Visit
cneipajracT - specialist
Map -world
xop -chorus
ropofl (a) - city
fleno - business, task, thing:
Mope- sea
MecTO - place
cjidBO - word
6eTO,Hm;Hna (f) concrete-worker
fipurafla - brigade
EBp6na- Europe
A'3hh - Asia
AMe'pHKa - America
A'dipHKa - Africa
AHTartKTHKa - Antarctica
A'pKTHKa - Arctic
hctophh - history
SeTOHOMemsuiKa - concrete-mixer
OBa'nHH - ovation
Mamma - machine
Plo
jem - children
9ctohuh - Estonians
ajifiaHUH - Albanians
anJio^HCMeHTH - armlause
Adjectives
deTdHHHft - concrete
BejiHKHM - great
jiyumnft - best
octohckhK - Estonian
aJi6a.HCKnM - Albanian
aHrjiHttcKHft - English
dojihmdfi - big;
Ma'jieHBKHtt - little, small
Adjectives (cont.)
SypHHft - stormy
Hejio'BKHft - awkward
SjihhckhM - Blinsk
KOHKpe'THuM - concrete, nreclse, specific
Verbs
roBopii + say, speak
JirodH + love, like
OTflbixaft + relax, rest
KOHua.fi + finish
6y,5+ will be
Other
BMe'CTe- together
t^c5mko - loudly
thxo- quietly
Ham/ Haraa/ Haine/ Hamn - our
Ha KandM H3HKe - (in) what language
Ha 6eT0i-fH0M 3aB0fle- in/at the concrete
plant
y Hac _ we have
roBopn +j
no-3CTOHCKH - /in/ Estonian
no-aj^a'HCKH - /in/ Albanian
no-pyccKH _ /in/ Russian
no-aHrjiHficKH -/in/ English
TaM _^ there
Bcer.ua, - always
cero^HH^ today
Buepa . yesterday
3aBTpa _ tomorrow
bot _ here is
mto TaKde x? - what is X?
° + prep, case -about
He rOBoprf yxe' o + prep, case - to say
nothing of/ not to mention
pa^Hbme - formerly
KaaceTCH - it seems
Bech - (m) all
bch - (f) all
ojhk - some
To'jibKo - only
ypa!- hurrah!
Bac - (accusative) you
Bca Hama SpHra^a - our whole brigade
«e7- unstressed particle that emphasizes
to J what precedes,,
to eCTb - that is (to say)
b BOCTo'pre - in ecstasy
HaxdflHTCH- is located
no SeTdHy - on the subject of concrete
( rin this word is pronounced v )

-130-
Other (continued)
KaK Bac 30ByT?- What's your name? /how do they call you?/
oTiecTBO - natronymic
cjpaMHJiHH- last name
npHHTHO - pleasant
KaK ,n,ejia?- how are things?
H^eT - goes
sceHa - w^.fe
oflHHM cjiobom - in a word
Bee HopMajibHO - everything is O.K.
noro'ja- weather
Boofinje' - in general
CJiyraattTe! - listen?
Torfla- then

-131-
CHAPTER k
Ritual 9
Four wavs to avoid answering a question
Tape(
-HeM OKaHiHBaeTCfl cjiobo jqktqp?
(1) — IloBTopHTe nocjie'.nHHii Bonpdc, no:*eUiyScTa!
-"nocjie'sHHtt Bonpdc,noscaJiyHCTa"
—Xa-xa-xa!
(2) H He 3HSIK).
-A eCJIH 6U BH 3HajIH?
...PHTyaji HOMep 7.
(3) —rMM?
-rpdawe, noxajry&CTa.
— Tmmm.
-A tTO 9T0 3Ha'iIHT? ,
—3'to 3Ha'wHT, wto r 3&6hji { a) nocjieAHKii Bonpoc.
(4) —TaKHe
'6aHaJibHHe BonpdcH He HHTepecyiOT uenA.
HazBHwe
HenHTepe'cHHe
-What does the word jqktqp end in?
(1) --Re-neat the last question, pleasel
-"the last question, please".
—Xa-xa-xal
(2) —I don't know.
-And if you knew?
...Ritual Number 7
(3) —Hmm.
-Louder, please!
——Hmmm.
-And what does that mean?
--That means that I forgot the last question.
(k) —Such [banal questions do not interest me.
\naive
[uninteresting

-132-
GENDER OF NOUNSi REVIEW
Nouns belong to one of three classes arbitrarily called masculine
gender (abbreviated M for vryxcKoft pox), feminine gender(abbreviated
'M. for HceHCKHg pox ), or neuter gender (abbreviated C for cpexHuM pox )
The gender of a noun is usually predictable from the nominative
singular ending.
Genderi
Endingj
M
£
E
a
0
0
Ex. 3aBOx dpHraxa cjiobo
y^zTeJib KyxHH Mo'pe
rep6fi A*3HH co^HHe'Hne
NOMINATIVE SINGULAR OF. MjJECTIVES
Adjectives have the endingst
■Li* when modifying M-nouns
§J_a when modifying H-nouns
oje. when modifying C-nouns
*o,i when stressed
as l.nt
HOBHP* 3aBOX
HOBaa 6pHraxa
H6Boe cjio'bo
mojtoxoS ^eJioBeK
Summary,
M
3K
SiLLs. Hi
• • •.Li* • • £
Mi*. Hi
...ai_a.. .a
adit Ui
• • •„Qi® • ♦ «o

-133-
The nominative singular adjective endings aret
m- XA
3K- a ja
C- oje
Spelled
h# or h#
an or hh
oe or ee
The spelling of adjective endings is dictated by spelling rules which
we have already discussed and drilled.
1. The Spelling of ij»
IfTs spelled either hM or nfl depending on the preceding consonan
if preceded by a hard paired consonant, i± is spelled [SB] : HOBhift,
KyjibTypHHft. Otherwise, it is spelled |nMl. i.e.,
(1) after soft paired consonantst nocneflHHM
(2) after k,r,x:pyccKnft
(3) after ac,Ti,m,m: xopo'mzM
Ejcercise__J._
Join ij, to the following adjective stems and spell in Russian,
e.g. hob + : ho'bhS
1. Kpa'cH + (red)___ ..,_„„ ,„ „_, 6« CBe'sc + (fresh) „_
2. orpo'MH + (enormous) 7. Kpy'rji + (round)
3. cpe^Hb + (middle, neuter), ,_ 8. ctpot + (strict)„. „ ,_
4. HacToa'm + (real) „_„___________ 9* £°6P + (kind)„ _.
5. aMephkaHck + (American)_„„ _„._ 10« nocjie^Hb+(iast)_ „
When stressed, the nominative singular masculine ending is oj.
Ixe.r.cise_2
Join either ij or oj, to the followine: adiective stems and snell in
Russian.
e.g. KpacH+ : Kpa'cHbift (stressed on stem)
jiecH+': jiecHo'ft (stressed on ending)
(continued)

131*-
1. hob+ (new) i
2. mhpob+'(world)t
3. bhco'k +(tall) «
k. TaK+'(such)t
5. ;n,opor+(<iear) «
6. jieTHB +(summer) t
7. tSmh +(dark)»
8. jiecH+'( forest) t
2. The Spelling of aiai
a.ja is always spelled faF| except flalafter soft paired consonants.
Exercise 3
Join aja and
1. HOB +|
2. xopom +1
3. pyccK + t
4. ,H,opor+'i
5„ nocjie'^Hb +
spe
t
11
—,_
in
Russian.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
KyjiBTypH +,
jiecH+'i
cpe',n,H& + ,
TaK+',
CTpor + ,
3« The Spelling of o.iet
oje is spelled |oe]', HOBoe, pyccKoe; except feel after
(1) soft paired consonants : nocjie'flHee
(2) »c,v,in,m: xopdmeel
Exercise k
Join o.je and spell in Russian.
1.
2.
3-
4.
HOB + I e>.
pyccK + t 6.
flopor+'t 7.
jiecH+'j 8.
CBew + i
cpe'flHb +t
CTpor -ft
MOJIOfl+'i
After soft paired consonants andmsc,^,ni, "the vowel p i* spelled
e/e (i.e., ewhen stressed, e when unstressed). As it turns
out, the neuter ending is rarely stressed after these
consonants, and is therefore spelled ee.
Exceptioni 6ojibmoM, 6ojibmo'e -where stressed o is spelled o,
not e.

-135
Exercise 5
Form masc, fern.,
1. KyjibTypH +
2. nocjieflHb +
3. xopoin +
4. MajieHbK +
5. floport /
and neuter from the following stemsi
M JK C
Adjectives are cited in dictionaries in the nominative singular
masculine form. When that ending is spelled hPl , you must look at
the preceding consonant to determine how to spell the other endings
Exercise. 6
Form feminine and neuter nominative singular.
1. KpacHHM (red) „ ,
2. aHrjiHftcKHM (English) ., „
3. cBe'acHM (fresh) _ ,
4. cpe#HHft (middle,neuter)
Note that all adjective stems which end in soft paired consonants
end in soft Hb , In fact.Hb is the only soft paired consonant in
which adjective stems end. The small group of adjectives in hb
describe relative time or position,
e.g. nocjie'.n.HHft- last
cpeflHHM- middle, neuter
jieTHHfl- summer

-136-
PRONOMINALS1
Some common pronominals arei
possessive pronounsi moM ( my),TBoft (your) [informal) ),
Ham (our) Bam (your)
^efi (whose)
o^hh (one, a certain)
Becfc (all)
In the nominative case, pronominals have the same endings as nouns.
They have the endings»
i£ when modifying M-nouns
a when modifying 3K-nouns
o when modifying C-nouns
As in.«
moM KapaHflam
moh 6pHra,n,a
Moe ^e'jio
(my)
M- moM
jK- MOfl
C- Moe
Stem: moM +
Transcription reveals the underlyingstern to
be mpj+
l.oJa
mo,i +
Similarly, tboM (your [informal] )
(your)
M- Bam
3K- Bama
C- Bame
Similarly, Ham (our)
(3rd person)
M- oh
3K- OHa
C- OHO
Three pronominals have an inserted element in the masculine form,
(one, a certain)
M- OflHH
}K- o,n,Ha
C- OflHo'
Stemi o^h + (h inserted in M)
1. The term PILQjTo.mi.nal. refers to a class of words in Russian
which are declined like nouns in certain ease forms and like
adjectives in certain other case forms. They are called
BT-OnominEls since most are pronouns (e.g., my, your, all,
whose, a certain). However, there are some pronominals that
are not pronouns (e.g. TpeTHft-" third" )j also, the personal
pronouns (I, you, etc.) are not pronominals.

-137-
(all)
M- Becb
C- Bee
Stem: Bcb + (e inserted in M)
(whose)
1- ^bH
C- ^te
Stemt nh& + (inserted e in M)
Transcriptien
che.i
ch,ja
11 fiwi—■ JfcJL' in.
chj+
Compare Russian and Transcriptiont
ft is written in the masculine to show j with no following voweli
b is written in the feminine and neuter to shows ch+i+V
Drill
Write
1.
2.
3.
5.
OJCH+
1.
2.
3. .
i+.
5.
1
the
correct form
Tpojijiefi6yc
CJIOBO
ManiHHa
KapaH^am
fleJio
MamHHa
^ejiOBeK
/
CJIOBO
THrp
KHHra
of the pronominal.
Bam +
1. dpHrajia
2. ,_ ne'jio
3- __„
4.
5.
BCb +
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
_____ 3aB6,n,
KHHra
_ Mope
ti3v1.fi
MHp
jje'jio
epnra'jj.a
jjenb
^bfi +
1.
2.
3.
4. .
5.
KapaHflam
fle'jio
MamHHa
„ 3aB6fl
CJIOBO

-138-
3K
C
Summary Table
Pronominal Adjective
Noun
A
a
o
XI or J8Li
aja
oi§.
£
a
C[
Bam hobhM 3aBOfl
Bama Ho'Ban MamHHa
Bame HOBoe ,n,ejio
Drill 2
Put the pronominals and adject
!• (iy)M
2» (my)
3« (mv)
**-• (vour)
5 o (our)
6• (our)
?• (vour)
8» (whose)
9c (whose)
10.(whose)__
11»(one)
12.(0ne)
^ 3"(one)
l^.(all)
15.(all)
16.(all)
(new)
(new)
(old)
(good),,
(last)
(Russian)
(Russian)
(old)
(new)
(good)
(bad)
(good)
(new)
(our)
MHT)
^ejio
ives into the correct form.
3aBO,n
MamHHa
Me'cro
V^IHTeJIb
YMHTeJIb
apvr
MamHHa
MamHHa
3aBOfl
CJIOBO
MamHHa
xe'jio
3aBC$B
6pHraxa

-139-
FEMININES IN 6
A large group of nouns in ^ are feminine. Such nouns will be entered
in vocabularies/ with the mark 3K .
jromaflb M - horse
Since these words are feminine,adjectives modifying them have
the ending aja.
Nouns ending in £ are masculine unless so designated.
Drill
Give the gender of
1. MHTb 'M.
2. KHH3fa
3. acH3Hb 'M
4. CTHJIb
5. rji5rnocTb "£
6. KdMHaTa
the
following
■
words.
Answers
Hi
A
M
NUEBERS 7-10
Tape
ceMb, 7
BoceMb, 8
^e'BHTb, 9
^e'cHTb, 10
7,8
9,10
7,8,9,10
7,8,9,10
1,2,3,4,5,6
5,6,7,8
5,6,7,8,9,10
1,2,3.4,5
1,2,3,4,5
6,7,8,9,10
6,7,8,9,10
1,2,3,^,5,6,7,8,9,10
All numbers except "1" require special case endings for the objects
counted, e.g., in the phrase "2 pencils", the word "pencils" will
have a case ending to be introduced in a later chapter. For the
present, restrict your use of numbers to simple counting and do not
attempt to say "2 men", "3 lessons", etc..

-ll+O-
Gender Drills
Symbols!
I/is**
*^
0
3aB0'fl
KapaHjam
nyjib
(zero)
wk
(-M—ll^
i
CJIOBO
60JI0T0
(swamp)
COTHHeHHe
(composition)
v~o
1*1
*£%■
MamHHa
(car)
$oTorpa$M
(photograj
jioma^b ^
(horse)
Tape!
Ljsten to the question Answer^urXng,,Jfche,,paus.e Che^k^our„answers
Reneat each drill until your answers are all correct.
Instructor's,! xopdmHH
§Ju^en,tj3j_ iijioxoh
r 'T
*^
<t>
(Mi)
fiX^tU^
I ^/N I
«
fi
«%%
Tape,
A. Exi MeM saBo'jj, 6ojibmo'M?
^tbH MamHHa Ma'jieHbKan?
1. Bam 3aB^fl 6ojibmoH.
2. MOH 3aBOJI M^JieHbRHH.
3. Ba'rae cjiobo Sojibmo'e.
4. Moe cjio'bo MajieHbKoe.
5. Bama MamHHa dojibman.
6. Moh MamHHa MajieHbican.
7. Moh' df)OTorp4(tiHH MajieHbKaH.
8. Ba'ma $oTorpa<J)HH dojibmaa.
9. Bama jio'majj,b Ma'jieHbxas.
df
C^
0
M*ta
c" ~-S
SJ
Q*
6
02^?
AIlswer^luri.ng.goaiyise TJien._eh^ck_beifl|
Bam 3aB0ji dojibmoM.
Moh MamHHa MajieHbKan.
10. Moh Jiomaflb dojibman.
11. Bame 6ojioto MajieHbKoe.
12. Moe 6ojioto SoJibmo'e.
13. Moe COTHHeHHe MajieHbKoe.
14. Ba'me co^iHHe'HHe 6ojibmoe.
15. Bam KapaHjiam MajieHbKHM.
16. Moh KapaHjjam 6ojibmoH.
17. Moh Hyjib eojibmo'ft.
18. Bam Hyjib MajieHbKHM.

-ll+l-
imHHa
:ar)
iTorpatfHi
■hotograf
>'ma,Hb X.
horse) I
1
Tape
EXo HfeH 3TO MaiBHHH?
(Whose cars are these?)
Answer during the pause
OflHa Mamiraa moh, a flpyrafl~MamHHa Ba'raa.
1. OflHa MaraHHa moh, a flpyraa ManiHHa Ba'ma.
2. O^ho cjio'bo Moe, a flpyroe cndBO Bane.
3. OflHa jio'inaflb moh, a ^pyran jio'ma.n.b Ba'ma.
4. O^hh KapaHflam moM, a ^pyrdfi KapaHflam Bam.
5. 0,hh6 6ojioto Moe, a flpyro'e 6oji6to Bame.
6. Ojma $oTorpa$HH moh', a ^pyran $OTorpa$HH Ba'raa.
7. 0js,k6 co^HHe'HHe Moe, a ^pyroe co^HHeHHe Bame.
OflHH 3aBO,n moM, a flpyroM 3aBO^ Bam.
i C. Principle!
Mine (instructor's) are good, because they're mine, and vice versa.
swers iape
, g^ ^eg 3aB($£ xopo'raHft?
IIoqeMy?
Answer during pause
Bam 3&B6ji, xopo'mnM.
IIoTOMy tjTO oh Bam.
1, Bain 3aBo'^ xopo'mnM. ITo-roMy ^ito oh Bam.
2. Moft 3 a bo jo; ruioxoM. IIoTOMy^TO oh moS. y
3i Moh' MamHHa nJioxaa. IIoTOMy ito ohsl moh.
4. Bain KapaH^am xopo'mHM. IIoTOMy ^to oh Bam.
5. Moe co^HHe'HHe mioxoe. noTOMy *ito oho' Moe.
6. Moe Sojioto njioxo'e. IIoTOMy *ito oho' Moe.
7. Bame cjio'bo xopo'mee. IIoTOMy ^to oho' Bame.
8. Moh $OTorpa<t>Hfl nJioxaa. IIoTOMy ^to ohsl moh.
9. MoM Hyjib njioxoM. IIoTOMy *ito oh moM.
10. Bame co^HHeHne xopo'mee. IIoTOMy *ito oho' Bame.
; below

-ll+2-
NOMINATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
1. Neuter nouns have nominative plural in -a.
(swamp) (composition)
nom. sg. 6ojioto co^HHeHHe
nom. pi. SoJioTa co^HHeHHH (sochinenii+a)
Many neuter nouns have stress shift from the singular to the plural,
Such nouns will be entered with the stress mark x .
Stress may shifti
a) from the stem in the sg. to the ending in the pi.
cjiobo: cjioBo-cjioBa (word)
b) from the ending in the sg. to the stem in the pi.
okho: oKHO-oKHa (window)
Drill 3
Form the nominative plural.
1. imcbMo (letter)
2. 3,n,aHHe (building).
3. npstBo (right)_„
^. mo p e ( s e a) „_„„_„„.
5. co^HHeHHe (composition).
2o A small group of masculine nouns have nominative plural in stressed
a.
nolo sg<, .hoktop ^om (house)
nom. pi. ^OKTopa Roud
Such nouns will be entered with (a) in parentheses!
,n;dKTop( a), ,hom( a)
3. All other mouns have nominative plural _i.
nom. sg„ Bonpo'c MamHHa $oTorpa'$HH
nom. pi. BonpocH MamHHfei $oTorpa$HH (f otograf i,i+i)

-H*3-
Drill k
Form the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
nominative plural.
CTVfle'HT
6-pnra.na
X
MeCTO
K.yxHH (kitchen)
ro'poafa)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
<
CJIOBO
TOBapHIU
(J)OTorpa$HH
3j;aHHe (building)
y^HTejib (a)
Nominative Plural Summary
Nom. Sg.
Nom. PI.
0
anvthing else*
i
♦except some nouns in f&—* a
NOMINATIVE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES
Adjectives have only one nominative plural ending— ije.
Nom. Sg.
M HOBhlM CTVfleHT
K HOBaa SpHra^a
C H6BOe CJIOBO
Nom. PI.
Ho'Bhie CTyfleHm
HOBHe 6pHra,n,H
H6Bue cjiOBa
The ending ije is spelled| ue\or (ne|t depending on the preceding
consonant.
Drill 5
Write the nominative plural of the following adjectives.
1. KyjibTypH +1
2. rpaMMaTH^ecK + < ,„______-______„
3. xopom +t _ __
^. nocJieflHb +» __.____________„__
5. MOJIOfl+l

.Ikk-
NOMINATIVE PLURAL OF PRONOMINALS
Pronominals have the nom. pi. ending -i.«
mascosg. nom. pi.
MO ft
Bam
qefi
MOH
BamH
Transcription
(mo.i-mo.ji)
(vash-vashi)
(che.j-ch.ji)
The pronominal ending i softens preceding consonants whenever possible,
and is therefore always spelled h , never h.
OH / OHH /
OflHH OflHH
(one, a certain) (some, certain)
(on-oni)
(odin-odni)
The pronominal Becb has the nom.pl. ending -e»
Becb : Bee (yes - vse)
Bee flpyrne TpojuiefiSycH...
Drill 6
Wri
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
.te the c<
MOfi +
0^H +
MaiiHHa
ManiHHH
apyr
^ejioBeK
ManiHHa
1.
2.
3.
1.
20
3.
Ham +
BCb +
^ejio
Spnrafla
TOBa'pumH
SpHra^a
MHp
JIK^H
1.
2.
3.
tlbft +
KapaHxas
COMHHe'HiU
CO^HHeiUf

-1^5-
SUMMARYt NOMINATIVE PLURAL
Pronominal Ad-ie£tiX£ Noun
•Hi
-i.ie
i/ a
Change the following phrases from the nom. sg. to the nom. pi.
It MOH H^BblM SaBOfl, ,____,
2. Baraa xopdmaa SpHra^a _____ ___^_ „______ __ _ _
3t nam ^o'fipHft y*HTejib( a) ___ __ _____ _„__ __
4. MOe HOBOe CJIOBO
5o *ie8 rpaMMaTHqecKHH Bonpoc _____ _______
6. o^hh .noporoM KOH^yKTop (a) ______ ^_ _____ _
7. Baffle nocne'flHee co^HHeHHe ____________ _ _ _
8. Beeb njiaH (plan)_ _ „_ „ ,._,_ ___
9. Harae Sojibmoe okho (window)„_ _ __ _ __
— -—.-
syMMIi.J-ME_Np>n^Ajiyj_CASE
Pronominal Adjective Noun Jj^jffilei
MOH HOBHH 3aBOfl
MOH HOBafl MalHHa
Moe HOBoe fleJio
MOH HOBHe 3aBOflU
MOH HOBHe JOMa
MOH HOBHe MafflHHbl
moh HOBue .nejia
JL
a
0
j.
ii
aja
222.
&
a
5
ii.e 1 i/a

Drill 8
Translate into Russian.
1. our old trolleybusmv_
2. our old trolleybusses,
3. my good car ,
4. my good cars
5. my good word
6o whose good words.
7, whose new teacher_
8, whose Russian car_
9. all our concrete brigade.
10. all young (M) concrete-workers.
11. your last photograph
12. your last photographs
3T0
this/that is
3to-
these/those are
3to KapaHflam. This/ that is a pencil.
3to Mamma. This/ that is a car.
cSto cjio'bo. This/ that is a word.
3 to KapaH,naniH. These/ those are pencils.
3to MamHHN. These/ those are cars.
3to cjiOBa. These/ those are cars.
Drill 9
Translate into Russian»
1. This is ray old comrade.
2. These are ray old comrades.
3. Those are our new cars.
4. That is your last composition.

-l!+7-
WORKBOOKt STRESS PATTERNS OF NOUNS
Nouns have one of three types of stress«
1. stem-stress
2. end-stress
3. mobile-stress
1. Stem-Stresst the stress never moves from the stem.
Ex. (nom. 3aBOfl
sg.
.prep. 3aBO,ne
fnom.
Iprep.
/nom. saBO^H
Pi.
prep. saBO^ax
Entryt the stress mark is over the stem.
saBOfl
2, End-Stressi stress is on the endings.
Ex. [nom. qepTa (trait)
sg.
Cprep. qepTe
^epTbJ
{nom.
prep.
prep. tiepTax
KapaH^ain
KapaH flame'
KapaHflamH
KapaHflama'x
The word KapaHflam is stressed on the endings in all forms except
the nominative singular. This does not result from a shifting
stress, but from phonetic necessity. The ending £ cannot be
stressed because it has no sound, and therefore the stress moves
back one syllable by phonetic default.
Entryt for words ending in a vowel, the stress mark is over the
endingi qepTa
for words ending in &, the stress mark is over the final
consonant letter t KapaH.n,ara

-1^8- j
l
3. Mobile-Stresst different stress in singular and plural. |
a. shifts from stem in the sg, to endings in the pi.
Ex. (word) (soup)
(nom. cjiobo cyn '
prep. cjiOBe cyne :
(nom. cjioBa
prep. cjiOBa?
cynH
pl.{
iax cynax
b. shifts from ending in the sg. to the last syllable of the stem
in the pi.
Exo (window) (sausage)
KOJifiaca
sg.,'
inom. okho
prep.OKHe
KOJifiace'
Inom. oraa KOJifiacH
prep.OKHax KOJifiacax
Entryt * over syllable which is stressed in the singular.
cjiobo, cfn
okho, KOJifiaca
Unstressed e
Note the vocabulary entry ste'Ha (wife) with unstressed e. From
the nominative singular form aceHa', it is not possible to tell
whether the stem vowel is e or e . Without this information the
plural cannot be formed c©rrectly<, For that reason, we have written
the two dots over the e, even though this vowel is not stressed in
the singular, to tell you that the plural is xeHU and not "xeHbi"
Distinguish;
aceHa -the nom. sg. form as it appears in sentences of the
book;
*
aceHa -the nom. sg0 as a vocabulary entry
Similarlvt
(star)„
3Be3.ua - the nomc sg.
3Be3^a - the nom. sg. as a vocabulary entry

-11+9-
Exercise 1
Form the nom. pi. of the following nouns. Mark stress.
1 • THrp_
8, ofijiaKO (cloud).
2. JieHTa (tape).
9, cecTpa (sister).
3. CTpaHa (country).
4. cejio" (village)
5. Tejio (body) .
6. yc (moustache).
7. ctoji (table)
10. 3a^aHne (assignment).
11. rapasc (garage)
12. rHes^o (nest)
13. SBes.na' (star)
14. pexa (river) ,
Exercise 2
1. Stress the following nouns.
A. Bpar
f Bpar
i < Bpara
1 Bpary
( Bparn
%
BparoB
.BparaM
2. A and B above
X
B. 6aji
6aji
6ajia
6aJiy
6ajiH
SajiOB
SajiaM
are both end-
different reasons.
A 1
B 1
secauset
becauset
1 are singular,
C. nJiaH D .
njiaH
njiaHa
nji&ny
njiaHH
njiaHOB
njiaHaM
stressed in the
2 are plural.
rapaac
rapax
rapaxa
rapaxcy
rapaxH
rapaxceft
rapascaM
nom. pi.,
E.
but
AOJir
flojir
AOJira
AOjiry
flojirn
^ojiroB
^ojiraM
for
k, A group of masculine nouns have stressed _a_ rather than i in the
nominative plural.
Ex. flOKTop : ^OKTopa
Such nouns always have a shift in stress from the stem in the sg.
to the endings throughout the plural. These nouns will be entered
in vocabulary lists with (a) in parentheses. * will not be written,
since stress shift is automatic.

-150-
Exercise 3
Form the nominative plural.
1. ro'poj (a)
2. xHTejib (inhabitant)^
3. yiHTejib (a)
k. ctoji (table).
5. MecTo
6. cefljio (saddle).
7. jom (a) (house)_
Exercise k
Enter the nominative singular of the following words, using the
correct stress mark.
l.qex>Ta- trait 2.caji- garden
I nom. ^epTa' caj;
sg,
vl.<
^prep. ^epTe
nom. ^epTH
prep. MepTax
ca^e
ca^H
cajax
3.ctoji- table
CTOJI
CTOJI e'
CTOJIH
ctoji ax
4.TpaBa- grj
TpaBa'
TpaBe
/
TpaBH
TpaBax
sg.
pi.
5.Hflpo- nucleus G.TeJio- body
nom. a^pd Te'jio
prep, flflpe Te'jie
'nom. flflpa TeJia
[prep. Hflpax TeJiax
9. cecTpa- sister
fnom. cecTpa"
7.rHe3ao- nest 8.Be^ep- even!
sg,
pl.J
prep. cecTpe
nom. cecTpH
prep. cecTpax
rHes^o'
rHes^e
rHe3.ua
rHe3^ax
10. yqHTejib- teacher
yqrfTeJib
y^HTejie
yMHTejiH
yqHTeJi^x
J
Be^ep
Be^epe
Bevepa'
Beqepax

SUMMARY
-151-
?XEe
Notation
Example
Stem-Stressj
End-Stress»
Mobile-Stressj
/ over stem
t over ending or
over final
consonant
* over syllable
which is stressed
in the singular
saBOfl, MamHHa, co^HHeHHe
qepTa, KapaHflam
yc, xeHa, okho, cjiobo

-152-
C-ender-Number Drill.
* ' i I = new i\\ \ - old
C^
3aB0£
KapaHjxam
y^HTeJib (a)
Hyji'b
©
X
B
Utk
jihuo (face)
MeCTO
COMHHeHHe
CJIOBO
Q
6
J V
«£?-
MamHHa
cfroTorpa^HH
seHa (wife)
jio'majib )K
Tape
Listen, to the question Answer during^ the pause Qh,eck__yqur answer
Ex, MbH 3to saBOflH? BojibmoM HOBbift 3aBOfl Bam,
a MajieHbKHe CTa'pHe 3aBOflu
MOH.
Instructor'ss
Student'si
c3
V 1 1 //
'0'
». 1 ( /
©
<-*4 S
***
£1
^ I \ i
Ov
6
nftM
\ 1 » '
<P<pp
©e©
VX'
cut*
v V 1 II,
666
x ( » /
<. S * f 5
"S3"
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
12
BojibmoH ho'bhh 3aB0jj Bam, a MajieHbKHe CTa'pHe saBOjjH moh.
Bojibmo'e HOBoe jihuo Bame, a Ma'jieHbKHe cT^pue jiHua. moh.
Bojibman HOBan MamHHa Bama, a MajieHbKHe CTa'pHe MamHHH moh.
MajieHbKHe CTapue KapaHflamn Banm, a 6ojibmoft hobhh KapaHjjam moh.
MajieHbKHe CTapue Mecia Banm, a 6ojibmo'e HOBoe MecTO Moe.
MajieHbKaa cTapaa $oTorpa$HH Ba'ma, a gojibmne HOBHe $OTorpa<J)HH moh.
BojibmoH ho'bhh y^HTeJib Bam,^ a MajieHbKHe CTaptie y^HTeJin moh.
Bojibmoe HOBoe co^HHeHne Bame, a MajieHbKHe ciapbie cowHeHKH moh.
MajieHbKSua cTa'paa xeHa Bama, a 6ojibmHe HOBue aceHH moh.
. BojibmoH ho^bhM Hyjib Bam, a MajieHbKHe CTapue HyjiH moh.
. BoJibmne HOBHe cJiOBa Bamn, a MajieHbKoe CT?Cpoe cji6bo Moe. /
. Bojibmaa HOBaa Jiomaflb Bama, a MajieHbKHe CTapue jiomajjH moh.

"t,T
-153-
HBaH HsaHOBHti h Bopn'c Bophcobhm
Tape
HBSLH HBa'HOBHiI
Q,
BopHC BopHCOBHq
H.H.
B.B.
H.H.
B.B.
H.H.
B.B.
H.H.
B.B.
H.H.
B.B.
H.H.
B.B.
H.H.
B.B.
H.H.
B.B.
H.H.
B.B.
H.H.
B.B.
H.H.
-BopHC BopHCOBHq, BH BHflejIH MOH HOBbie $OTOrpatf)HH?
-HeT, HBa.H HBaHOBiw, He BHxeji.
-Bbl XOTHTe BHfleTb MOH HOBbie <$OTOrpa<|)HH?
-He ocoSeHHO.
-Bot ne'pBaa (JjOTorpacjbHH.'
-3'to He njioxan (f)OTorpa(f)HH.
Tmm... 3'to napK, #a?
-Hy, fla. 3'to napK.
-^to 3to b napKe? 3to Bama cTapaa MamHHa, npaB^a?
-[xdjio^Ho] He toiho, Bopnc BopHCOBH^.
-A, KOHe'^HO. 3'to He Bama CTapaa MamtfHa, a Ba'ma deTOHOMema'jiKa,
npaB^a?
-He To'qHO, Bopnc Boph'cobh^. , ,
3to He moh CTapan MamHHa. 3to He Most SeTOHOMemajiKa. 3to moh x.ena.
[HejiOBKaa naysa]
-Bot icaic! Ctaa TaKaa KpacHBan aceHmHHa.
-[KpacHea^ Bojibmde cnacndo! 3to, KOHe^HOj He oieHb xopdman
$OTorpa<i'HH.
-fla mt6 bu roBopHTe! 3to otieHb xopdman $OTorpa$HH.
KaKaa KpacHBan aeHmHHa! Kaicde MOjioflo'e jihijo!
-HsBHHHTe, Bopric BopHcoBHq, ho 3to He ee MOJioflde jihu,6, a ee
CTapan mjinna.
J^HejioBKaH naysa]
- [icpacHeflJ Hy, HBaH HBaHOBHq, MHe nopci h^th.
-H bot BTppas <j)OTorpa$ntf!
-Tmm. .. 3to Toxe Bama KpacHBas aceHa, npaB^a?
-[xdjIOflHo] He Td^IHO, BopHC EopHCOBHtl.
3'to He moh KpacHBaa sceHa, a moh CTapaa MamHHa.
I^HejioBKan naysaj
-Hy, HBaH HBaHOBHI, £0 CBH^aHHH.
-JIO CBH^aHHH.
•**

-15U-
Ivan Ivanoyich and Boris Borisovich
I.I. -Boris Borisovich, have you seen my new photographs?
B.B. —Noi Ivan'lvanovich, I haven't.
I.I. -Do you want to*see my new photographs?
B.B. —Not especially.
I.I. -Here is the first photograph.
B.B. —That's not a bad photograph.
Hmm... That's a park, right?
I.I. -Well, yes. It is a park.
B.B. —What's that in the park? It is your old car, right?
I.I. -[coldly] Not exactly, Boris Borisovich.
B.B. — Ah, of course. It's notyour old car, but your concrete-mixer
right?
I.I. -Not exactly, Boris Borisovich.
It's not my old'car. 'It's not my concrete-mixer. It's my wife.
[awkward pause3
B.B. —You don't sayl She's such a pretty woman.
I.I. -[blushing] Thank you very much. It's of course not a very
good photograph.
B.B. —But what are you sayingl It's a very good photograph.
What a pretty womani What a young facel
I.I. -Excuse me, Boris Borisovich, but that's not her young face,
but her old hat.
Lawkward pause3
B.B. —[blushing3 Well, Ivan Ivanoyich, it's time for me to go.
I.I. -And here is my second photograph.
B.B. —Hmm... That's also your pretty wife, right?
I.I. -[coldly] Not exactly, Boris Borisovich.
That's not my pretty wife^ but my old car.
[awkward pause]
B.B. --Well, Ivan Ivanoyich, good-bye.
I.I. -Good-bye.

-155-
The Verbs CMQTpe* and nnca+
Learn the present tense of these two verbs.
(Tape 1
cMOTpe-f (watch., look at)
nHca +(write)
H GMOTpiO
TH CMo'TpHfflb
oh cmo'tpht
MH GMOTpHM
BH ^MOTpHTe
OHH CMOTpHT
h nnmy mh nHmeM
th nHmemfe bh nrfmeTe
oh nrfnieT ohh nn'myT
Remember. over a verb stem meanst
stress falls on the ending in the lsjt person singular, and on
the stem in all other forms of the present tense.
Infinitive and Past Tenset
GMOTpeTb: CMOTpeji, ^MOTpejia, CMOTpe'jio, CMOTpe'jiH
nucaiTfe: nncaji, nncajia, nncajio, nncajiH
A note on the meaning of cmqtjde £_
CMOTpe+ "watch, view as a spectator'
OHa cmo'tpht TejieBH3op.
CMOTpe + Ha + accusative -"look at"
OHa cmo'tpht Ha co^HHeHHe.
(She is watching television^
(She is looking at the
composition)

-156-
MajieHbKaa Cohh
[ Tape
MajieHbKan Cohh nncajia co^iHHeHHe.
OHa nncajia 6e3 6ojibmoro 9HTy3na'3Ma.
C6hh CMOTpe'jia Ha co^iHHeHHe, KOTo'poe OHa nnca'jia.
fl CMOTpro Ha co^HHeHHe, KOTopoe h iinmy.
KaKan KaTacTpodha!
3to o'^ieHb njioxoe cotiHHeWe.
Bee .npyrHe nnmyT c 6ojibmnM 9HTy3na3MOM.
OhA C SOJIbmHM 9HTy3Ha3M0M CMOTpHT Ha COtJHHeHHH, KOTOpHe
OHk nrimyT.
3to 3Ha^inT, mto ohh nn'myT o^eHb xopdnme coiHHeHHH.
Bee, KpoMe MeHH.
( H KpoMe Bopo^HHa, KOTopuM CMOTpeJi Ha co*inHeHne, KOTdpoe
nnca.Jia MajieHbKaH Cohh )
Little Sona
*■
Little Sona was writing a composition.
She was writing without great enthusiasm.
Sona was looking at the composition which she was writing.
"I am looking at the composition which I am writing.
What a catastropheI
This is a very bad composition.
All the others are writing with great enthusiasm.
They are looking with great enthusiasm at the compositions which
they are writing.
What does this mean?
This means that they are writing very good compositions.
All except me."
(And except Borodin, who was looking at the composition which little
Sona was writing.)

-157-
BonpocH
Tape\
1. Ha mo CMOTpe'jia Ma'jieHbKas Co'hh? /
2. Ha vt6 CMOTpejm no^TH (almost) Bee jjpyrne?
KaK nncajia Ma'jieHbKaH Cohh?
KaK nnca'jiH Bee jjpyrHe?
KaKHe co^HHeHHfl nn'myT jiiojih, KOTopue nnmyT c 6ojibmHM9HTy3Ha3MOM?
KaKHe co^iHHeHHH nnmyT jho^h, KOTOpHe nnmyT 6e3 6oJibm6ro 9HTy3«a3Ma?
Bopo^HH nrimeT c 6oJibnraM 9HTy3na.3MOM. Ilo^eMy oh nraeT nJioxde
CO^HHeHHe?
The verbs Kpmia* and MOJiqa+
Learn the present tense of these two verbs.
Kpnga + (shout)y
i KptiSy mh KpH^n'M
TBI KpH^Hmb BH KpH^HTe
)H KpH^IHT OHH KpH^aT
[TapeJ
Mojma + (be silent)
Ltl
H MOJUiy" MH MOJmHM
BH MOJUIHTe
ThI MOJUIHmb
OH MOJUIHT
OHH MOJiqaT
HJIH. . . HJIH
hjih- either
hjih. . .hjih. .. either.. .or...
Bee h'jih KpngaT. h'jih roBopflT.
(Everybody is either shouting or talking.)

-158-
B nepBOM Kjiacce
Tape
PpOMKO KpH^aT MajIb^HKH.
Jle'BO^KH TOBOprfT C SOJIbmrfM 9HTy3Ha'3M0M.
BCe HJIH KpH^iaT, HJIH rOBOpaT C SOJIbrnHM 9HTy3Ha3MOM.
Bce,KpoMe MeHH.
fl He icpmiy.
fl He TOBOpiO C fiOJIbmHM 9HTy3Ha'3MOM.
fl Mojniy.
Ohh 3HaiOT, tJTO ohh Bcejra nnca.jin xopomne co^HHeHHa,
Ohh cKopo 6yayT bo btopom KJiacce.
Bot no^ieMy Ma'jib^iHKH Kpn^iaT!
Bot ncmeMy a^boikh rOBopHT c SojibmHM 3HTy3na'3MOMt
A h HHKor.ua He Sy'jiy bo btopom KJiacce
fl Bcer,na 6^y b ne'pBOM KJiacce.
Ha'ace Bopo^HH SyjieT bo btopom KJiacce.
Bee, KpoMe MeHH.
^°?o^h h Bee
In The First Grade
The boys are shouting loudly.
The girls are talking with great enthusiasm.
Everybody is either shouting or talking with great enthusiasm.
Everybody except me.
I am not shouting.
I am not talking with great enthusiasm.
I am silent.
They know that they have always been writing good compositioas.
They will soon be in the second grade.
That is why the boys are shouting.
That is why the girls are talking with great enthusiasm.
But I will never be in the second grade.
I will always be in the first grade.
Even Borodin will be in the second grade.
Everybody except me.

IT
-159-
Bonpocu
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
?.
Mto .nejiaioT Majib^HKH?
Mto aejiaioT seBO^KH?
fl meuimhk. Ht6 h .ngjiaio?
fl fleBO^Ka. ^to h ^ejiaio? <J/R\
Mto jteJiaeT Cohh? </• O*
IloyeMy Majib^HKH KpH^iaT? |;5|
IlOqeMy fleBOVKH TOBOpHT C SOJUjIEh'm 9HTy3Ha3MOM? I£
A CoHfl?

l6o-
WORKBOOKJ .ht_-VERBS AND eT -VERBS
1. Stems ending in -h+, -e +, and Ha + ( i.e., *ia, aca, ma, n;a ) are ht-
(coniugation II). All others are eT-verbs (conjugation I).
ver
H +J
e + j
Ha + t
ht- verbs
jiio6h + (like)
BKje + (see)
Mojma + (he silent)
jieaca + (lie)
CJiuma + (hear)
nnma+ (squeal)
const
o + s
yt«
a + i
(not"~Ha
eT- verb«? (all others)
schb + (live)
Be,n + (lead)
^ejiait + (do)
kojio + (stab)
naxHy + (smell)
rnnca + (write)
)LTpe6oBa + (demand)
2. The basic present, past and infinitives are:
V-endings
ht- verbs
K>
Hint
HT
HM
HTe
HT
eT- verbs
y
emb
eT
eM
eTe
yT
G-endines
Givf>n the full stem it is now possible to determine which endings to
join ( ht or eT ) and how to join them (addition or truncation).

I
acHB +
ijoenn't end in~n+ ,-e+,-Ha+. Therefore, eT -verb.
Jonsonant stem (C) + present endings (V)« C+V t
MHB+ y—» acHBy
acHB+ ei-» acHBeT
Consonant stem (C) + past/inf. endings (C) = (/+C :
acHB + ji—•» acHJi
2CHB +Tb—* 3KHTB
MQjma+
uoes end in-n+,-e+, -Ma + , Therefore, ht -verb.
•owel stem (V) + present endings (V) —» /+V s
MOJiya +ji—* MOJiyaji
MOJiqa+ Tfe—» MOJI^aTb
"iwel stem (V) + present endings (V)= /+Vj
uojma+ 10—» Mojniy
MOJI^a+ HT-* MOJI^HT
Exg.rcis,e_.l
Are the following kt or eT -verbs? (Write numbers)
ht:
eT:
1. noMor +(help)
2. Hc^e3Hy +(disappear)
3. cjiuma +(hear)
4. cjiyman +(listen to)
5. CHje +(sit)
6. nun +(drink)
7. noMHH +(remember)
8. njiaxa +(cry)
9. Tan +(melt)
10. nopo +(unstitch)
|Hypothetical..StemsT)
11. cy*3+
12. 60JI3H +
13. TecHy +
14. cjiyma +
15. cjiyae +
16. Myft +
17. Myx +
18. 3aa +

-162-
Stress mark on final stem vowel or consonant shows end stresst
roBopH + rOBopio ; 3chb'+ scHBy
Stress mark elsewhere remains on stressed voweli
CTa.H + craHy j koh^h + KOH^y
MARK STRESS IN ALL FUTURE EXERCISES
Exercise 2
Form infinitive and 3rd person singular.
INFINITIVE
1. TpoHy +(touch)
2. kooth +(finish)
?rd SG.
3. BH3xa +(screech)_
4. rope +(burn)
5. cjihiB +(pass for)
6. KpHtia' +(shout)
7. SoJie'+Churt)
8. xyaeit +(become thin)
9. CHjie +(sit)
10. nnnia +(squeal)
11. rn6Hy +(perish).
12. MeHHi! +(change)_
13. o^'h +(put on)_
14. 3BeHe" +(ring)
15. BT>e3seajt +(drive in)
16. x.rsl +(wait)
17. Jian +(bark)
18. Jiesca+(lie)
(continued)

-163-
Hypothejtica_l infinitive 3rd sg.
19. MyS + , ., , ,
30. My'n + _____ ; ; ____„ , __„_
31. njiyH + . „____., _ ,
22. naqa + _____ „_ „ __ , „
23. na^iafi + ._._.„, ^ , , . _,
24. nojiHy + ___ , _ „. . , —
25. nojie + __ ._„_„_, ....
^xerfiise^J
Form 1st sing, and 3rd plural.
!§:L_sgJ Jrd-JLL.
1. noMHH + (remember) __,._ _. _ „ __
2. 0Kpyac6 +( surround) __,
3. acyacaca +(make a bee-like _____ . __.„__ ..._~__ -
sound)
4. 3BeHe +(ring) ___ „ _ „_ „ „
5. Be3 +(transport) .,„„._ „_. . - _. _ ~—
6. flyit +(blow) _ _ _. „. ___
7. naxHy +( smell)_______ ._ __ _.„. _,_.„ „„„_ _. ._- .
Hypothetical
8. 3y» + ___, ,

-l6h-
The Basic Form jof the Verb
The infinitive is traditionally taken to be the basic form of the
verb, and verbs are classified as "verbs in aTB "f "verbs in eTB ",
etc. But verbs with similar and even identical infinitives may have
quite different -presentsi
Present IpXiritiYJ?.
6ojie + (hurt) (Sojikt 6oJie'TB
6ojiett+ (be sick) 6oJieeT 6oJieTb
Exercise k
Give infinitive and 3rd person sine:, present.
IP..f,il)itive
1. pBa -t-(tear) , . _.,_ . _
2. cjibiraa +(hear)
3. CJiyraaM +(listen) ,.__ _ _„_.,.... _
4. CTaH +(become) _ , _ , „.__.__
Hypothetical
5. jih^si + ___ _ __
6. jiK^iafi + _ ______ __ _.,
7. jiK^iaH +
3,rd Sg;,
„ -. ..
„— — -., _.. _.
- — ••-
_^, ^ .,*_.„o^... -
— — ■ - -
- - - ---- ■ - - -
„«_. -,._~- .
... . .- ..
...
.. _.^.
* -
_ - „..
All of the above are "verbs in -aTB". From their infinitives
alone it would have been impossible to form the present tense
correctly. It would not have been possible to predict that
"CJibiraaTB' « iR an KT -verb, but " cJiy'maTB"ifi a eT -verb;
that " pBaTB" drops its final vowel in the present,, but " cTaTb
does r.ot? that " CTaTB" inserts an h and " cJiymaTb" inserts a ft.
On, the other hand, verbs with similar presents may have auite
different infinitives.

-165-
Pi§rc_iS.§-_5
[Give the 3rd person singular and infinitive.
' _£dJ5__ IrXinLtiXP
1. OKypacH + (surround) ___.„ ___._. . — ■--
2. spoxa + (tremble) _____ „,_„„„. _.„ . -■-. -
3. 3BeHe + (ring) _ _ __________ _____ __„__,,., » ....„.
Hypothetical
14, capflH + ___ _^ _____ _„. . .„. „
'!! 5i nopsca + ____ __ _ _ , _
ill , /
6. nop6e + __.».„ -- .-_.
Therefore it is not always possible to predict the present
from the infinitive nor the infinitive from the present. But
both the infinitive and the present are predictable from the
, full stem.
m —— ——
Exercise 6
Form the infinitive and ^rd person singular. Note how bracketed
.-r-.3, though similar in their infinitives, have quite different
T^centSo
Infinitive .3£_L-S___
' '. pima. +(shout)
!. . OHtiaM +(finish) „____„_ _ ____
i ■ W +(sit) ____ ______ _ ________
■ . "yfleM + (become thin) __ _ _ __ _____
■ uma +( squeal) ____ __
. pomaM +(forgive) ___ _____
' . obtophM +(repeat) ___ ______ _____
'. ■ -An +(bark) ___ _ _______ _ ____ _
, ■■ iBeHe +(rinff) __.„.._._ ... _„
'.". . KpacHeft +(blush) _ _
'". Jieaca + Ilie"'
." . Bte3scaft +(drive in) _
(continued)

-166-
Infinitive
3rd.j£»„
13. CTpa^aM +(suffer).
14. acfla + ( wail)
ilY.P^ibje.tica.l
15. MyHe +
QJ^.er..Stejm_(3haT]!£es
Stem changes other than truncation may occur in joining stems and
endings, e.g.j consonant mutations ( Be^y, BecTH: jikShji, JiroSJiro )
vowel mutations ( w^ji, mo.io ), stress shift fjiioejiro, jiioSkt: khji, schjisi, »:«i
Such changes are fully predictable from the stem. In general, it is
the case thati
Stem changes occur in the environments C+C and V+V, but
not in the environments C+V and V+C.
C+V, V+C are sJab1e enyironments.
C+C, V+V are unstable environments,
Stable,,
Present of C-S terns (C+V)
Past/inf. of V-Sterns (V+C)
Unstable
Past/inf. of C-Sterns (C+C)
Present of V-Sterns (V+V)
The changes which occur in unstable environments will be discussed
in future chapters.
i

Ritual 10
|Tape|
-HeM OKaHiHBaeTCH rjiaroji £io6-h_+__? Ha rJiacHuft
rfjiH Ha corJiacHbiM?
-Oh oKaHMHBaeTca Ha rJiacHbiM.
-Ha KaxoM rjiaCHbift?
-Ha rJia'cHbiM n.*
-B TaKOM cjiy^ae oh HT-rjiaro'ji h'jih eT-rJiaroji?
-B TaKOM cjiyxiae oh eT-rjiardji.
-Ha,n,o Bac n03^pa'BKTB.
-H CTaparocB.
-Mojicne'n;!
* variant for stems in -a«
-Hto ctokt ne'pe^, a?
-What does the verb iJJ9£K„+ end in?
In a vowel or a consonant?
-It ends in a vowel.
-In what vowel?
-In the vowel jj .*
-Tn that case, is it anHT -verb or eT-verb?
-In that case, it is an HT-verb.
-One must congratulate vera,
-I do my best, /I trv./
-Well done I
*variant for stems in a:
-What stands before a?

-168-
GBNITIVE SINGULAR t MASCULINE ANDJ_E UJTEjR
Masculine and neuter nouns join a to the stem^ with appropriate
adjustments in the spelling.
nominative
nap^K
y^KTeJiB
rep6ft (hero)
cjio'bo
Mope
COMHHe'HKe
genitive
napica
y^HTejiH
repoH
CJio'Ba
MOpfl
COMHHe'HKH
Adjectives and pronominals join the ending ovo (v is spelled r in
this ending)
adjjs_rtiyej3
KyJiBTypHoro
nocjie^,Hero
BejiHKoro
xopo'mero
6oJibmdro
pronominals
Moero
Bamero
oporo
BCero'
(tooj ,_+. oyo)
(vaVh^ + qyo)
fodn._ + _oyd),
vs + ovo)
The prepositions 6e3 (without) and KpoMe (except) are followed by the
eenitive case.
6e3 Sojibmo'ro 9HTy3na.3Ma without exeat enthusiasm
KpoMe cTaporo HHcne'KTopa except the old inspector
Drill 10
Translate into Russian.
1. director of our new factory^
2. the best friend of every good student
3. my best friend's pencil (the pencil of my best friend)
k. without your concrete factory..^
5. except the bad student Zolotov_
6. without the Great Blinsk Sea

-169
Genitive Drill
|Tap(
Answer the following questions, using the diaerams as clues.
ix.£ Heft 3aBo',B, 6ojibmo/M? 3aBo'^ cTa'poro HHCne'KTopa Tjia^KOBa
cTapHH HHcneKTop TjiajtKdB
—tCr^
\ j /» /
wo
Mojio,n,6fi HHcneKTop rjia^.Kd'B
"... Men 3aBO^, SoJiBmo'M?
■!. Men 3aBO^ MaJieHbKHH?
1. MbH MaraHHa HOBaa?
'. Hbfl MaraHHa cTapaa?
. Mbfl seHa KpacHBaa?
Ham xopomHft yqHTeJib
^
-^/
Ham njioxoH yqnTejib
m
. Kto pafio'TaeT c dojibraHM DHTysna'sMOM?
■ Hte cotiHHeHHe xopomee?
. Kto oT^bixaeT Beet jeHb?
■ Mte cotiHHe'uHe ruioxoe?
(continued)

170-
JX
MOJIOJtba flOKTOP IleTPOB
jiyxjinHH jipyr
o t>
10. Kto iHTaei?
11. Mba aceHa b napxe?
12. Kto pado'iaeT?
13. Hba MamHHa HOBai?
14. Mbh MamHHa CTapan?
15. Kto .nyMaeT?
16. Kto oijHxaeT?
17. MbH aceHa b Tpojuieft6yce?
Bee, xpoMe.
18. KaKHe Mopfl njioxwe?
19. KaKHe saBo'^H MajieHbKHe?
ifT er cr
20. KaKvfe na'pKH HeKpacHBbie?
J.
CTapHH joKTop IleTpo's jiynrnHH jp-
/v /I
BeJiHKoe BjiHHCKoe Mo'pe
rif
Ham 66t6hhhh 3aB6,n
M 3j? $=£
^
I
moh MajieHbKHfi napK
^

-171
His. Her. Their
ero (his)* 1
ee (her) r do not change form to agree with the following
hx (their) J noun.
* r in ero is pronounced v.
but
ero'/ee/HX KapaH^a'ra moM KapaHflam
erd/ee/HX Mami^Ha uoA ManiHHa
ero/ee/nx cjio'bo Moe cji6bo
ero/ee/nx MamHHH moh MamHHH
Drill 11
Translate
1. (my)
2. (his)
3. (your)
the
words
in parenth
3aBOfl
3aB6fl
jihijo
eses
4.
5.
6.
into Russian.
(her)
(our)
(their)
JIHIJO
3aBo,n
3a.Bo'fl
Ht- Verbs
Symbols
O) roBopw + (big mouth)
KpH^a + ( a bigger mouth)
Qj) Mojma + (no mouth)
d> BHjie + (an eye)
(see)
^f>-> CMOTpe + (an eye looking at something)
•O i ctpoh + (strong-man)
TT"^ (build)
\Q-y. Jiexa + (someone lying on abed)
™ (lie)
\2a CH^e' +
n (sit)
(someone nitting on a chair)

BHfle + ,
CH^e + ,
1st s£.
BHJKV
CHScy
The change a—*■ «
be explained late
but
BH^Mb, BHjJHT. . .
CH^Hmb, CHJHT...
in the 1st person sg.
r.
of these verbs will
Ht- Verb Conjugation Drill
fTapT
Answer in Russian during the pause.
^ %
Hto bh
Mt6 oh ^.eJiaeT?
1. ©
2-@
3. ©
4. <a>-?
5. £j
6. ^
'•ft
8. <i>
.n.e'jiaeTe?
Hto' ohh
1. ®
2.©
3.©
4. <jC^>
5. JjL,
6. i^ssj
7-1%
8. <£>
Ans
fl
fldjiaroT?
wer during pause
c t ptfio.
Mt<5 bh fldjiaeTe?
i. <a>-^
2.®
3. ©
*. ©
5-*J
6. ft
?.£r
8. <§>
Listen
Mixed
1.1%
2.^,
3. <S>
k, Gb
5»©
6.©
7. <|>^
8. <I>-^
9. $i
10. $1

-173-
Ritual 11
Tape
-HeJib3fl 3^ecB KypHTB!
-Ho bh Beflt KypHTe.
-MHe mo'jkho Kyp^HTB. fl y^HTeJiB.
-Bee flpyrrie KjrpHT. )
-Hm mo'jkho KypHTb. Ohh ^B3pocJiHe.
-Qc rpycTBio] Bee, Kpo't/ie MeHH.
•It's forbidden to smoke here!
•But you're smoking.
-I'm allowed to smoke, /to-me it's-permissible to-smoke/.
I'm the teacher.
-All the others are smokinc.
-They're allowed to smoke. / to-them it's-permissible to-
They are adults. smoke/,
-[with sadness] All but me. /everybody except me/.
Prepositions
1. In addition to 6e3 and Kpo'Me . three other prepositions are followed
by the genitive case.
OKOJIO
(near) okojio ro'po^a (near the city)
y (by) y Mo'pH (by the sea)
ot (from)
as in: jzajieico ot
(far from)
2. The preposition Ha
.najieKo' ot Mo'pn (far from the sea)
Basic meaning "on" - Ha njiHace(on the beach)
with certain nouns it has the meaning "in/at":
Ha 3aBd,n,e( in/at the factory)

-17^-
3anajj;HhiH h BocToqHHft Bjihhck
[Tape!
Mto Tax6e fleKaji,eHTCTBO? HeKajjeHTCTBO-dTO jiesaTb Ha rum'sce y BejiHKoro
Bjimhckoto 6oJiOTa h cMOTpeTb TeJieBH3op. B cMOKrarax.
BejiHKOe BjiHHCKoe 6ojioto BejiHKoe BjiHHCKoe Mdpe
3anaflHHft Bjihhck BocTo'gHHft Bjihhck
3ana^Hbifi Bjihhck jieacHT o'kojio dojiOTa. Okojio KaKoro SojiOTa? Kan
H3Be'cTHO KaacflOMy raKOJibHHKy, 3ana,nHbiH Bjihhck jiewHT o'kojio BejiHKoro
Bjihhckoto dojio'Ta. A BocTo'gHHH Bjihhck? Tjj,e JieacHT Bocto'^huh Bjihhck?
BocTdgHUH Bjihhck JieacHT He o'kojio dojiOTa, a dKOjio Mopa — o'kojio
BejiHKoro Bjihhckoto mo'ph.1
y dojiOTa njiHac. MTd jjejiaioT acHTejiH 3ana^Horo BjiHHCKa Ha rrjiflace?
Ohh ctpoht 3aBdflH? Ohh ctpoht Typda3H? HeT. ^hh HH^ero He ctpoht
Ha njirfwe. Cc oTBpameHHeM ] Becb jjeHb ohh jieacaT Ha njiflace h cmo'tpht
TejieBH3op.2 KaKo'e .neKajjeHTCTBo!
A KHTejiH BocTogHoro^ BjiHHCKa! Becb p,eHb ohh chrht y Mo'pa.
Ha ^deTOHOMeraa'jiKax. £_ jislckoboJ Ohh ctpoht mflpocTaHUHH. KaKo'e
c^acTbe!
Be^epoM acHTeJiH 3a'na,HHOro BjiHHCKa chjjh't b KJiyde "Xe'HKH-neHKH".
Ohh cjxymaioT p'khB flacas 3ana^Horo BjiHHCKa h KpngaT: "Kyji, mgh, Kyji!"
KaKde desodpa'sne! Mhtcjih BocTo'^Horo BjiHHCKa ch^ht He b KJiyde
"X^HKH-ne'HKH", a b KJiyde "MojiofldS CTpoHTejib"! Ohh cjiymaioT He jjhkhH
,H*a3, a HHTepe'cHbie jieKijHH npocjbe'ccopa IHyjibu;a. KaKa'n KyjibTypa!
MHTejiH BocTo'^HOro BjiHHCKa cmo'tpht Ha .neKafleHTCTBO 3a^najj;Horo
BjiHHCKa c OTBpame'HHeM. }KHTeJiH 3ana,n,Horo BjiHHCKa cmotpht Ha cgacTbe
BocTdtiHoro BjiHHCKa 6e3 dojibmo'ro 9HTy3Ha3Ma.
Mto TaKde cgacTbe? CgacTbe— oto cw^eTb y BejiHKoro Bjimhckoto mo'ph
H CTpOHTb THJI,pOCTaHllHH.
1 To ecTb, ^ajieKO ot BejiHKoro Bjikhckoto dojio'ia.
2 B cMOKHHrax.
3 npofte'ccop Iflyjibu; -caMufl H3Be"CTHUH rpaagi,aHHH BocTdgHoro BjiHHCKa,

-175-
.W§j_t, and East._Bj.in.sk
i -
i What is decadence? Decadence is to lie on the beach by the Great
| Blinsk Swamp and watch television. In tuxedos.
West Blinsk lies near a swamp. Near what swamp? As is well-known
to every schoolchild, West Blinsk lies near the Great Blinsk Swamp.
And East Blinsk? Where does East Blinsk lie? East Blinsk lies not near
a swamp, but near the sea— near the Great Sea of Blinsk.*■
By the swamp is a beach. What do the inhabitants of West Blinsk
do on the beach? Do they build factories? Do they build tourist bases?
No. They don't build anything on the beach* [with disgust] All day
they lie on the beach and watch television. What decadence!
And the inhabitants of East Blinsk? All day they sit by the sea.
On concrete-mixers. [tenderly] They build hydroelectric power stations.
What happiness?
In the evening the inhabitants of West Blinsk sit in the "Hanky-
Panky Club". They listen to the wild jazz of West Blinsk and shout
"kul.men, kul!". The inhabitants of East Blinsk sit not in the "Hanky-
Panky Club", but in the "Young Builder Club". They listen not to
wild jazz, but to the interesting; lectures of Professor Schultz.''
What culture!
The inhabitants of East Blinsk look ut>on the decadence of West
Blinsk with disgust. The inhabitants of West Blinsk look upon the
happiness of East Blinsk without great enthusiasm.
What is happiness? Happiness is to sit by the Great Blinsk Sea
and build hydroelectric power stations.
1 That is, far from the Great Blinsk Swamp.
2 In tuxedos.
1 Professor Schultz is the most famous citizen of East Blinsk.

176-
Bonpocbi:
1. P^e jieacHT 3ana,HHHH Bjihhck?
2. To ecTb...?
3. Tp,e jieactiT Bocto^ihhh Bjihhck?
4. To ecTb...?
5. T^e njinac?
6. Mto ctp6ht acHTejin 3ana^Horo BjiHHCKa Ha njinace?
7. Mto' ohh ^djiaioT Ha njinace?
8. Mto TaKoe ^eKa^eHTCTBO?
9. T^e HaxoflHTca 6eTOHOMem?£jiKH?
10. T^e CH^flT HCHTeJIH BOCTO^HOrO BjiHHCKa?
11. Mto' ohh ^ejiaioT Becb ,neHb?
12. Mto' TaK6e ciacTbe?
13. Pfle chrAt acHTejiH 3ana,nHoro BjiHHCKa Be^epoM?
14. Mto" ohh fle'jiaroT?
15. Tfle cHjrfT acrfieJiH BocTO^Horo BjiHHCKa BenepoM?
16. Mto' ohh fle'jiaroT?
1?. Ha ito acHTejiH Bocto^hoto BjiHHCKa cMdTpHT c oTBpameHHeM?
18. A acHTejiH 3a'na^Horo BjiHHCKa?

-177-
Comprehension Dri11:
MocKBa_ h JleHHHrp^a,^
(Moscow and Leningrad)
l^apel
J Listen to the comprehension drill on tape until you can answer
the auestions below.
Loca.pjula.ry i
crojiHn;a -capital
< aflMHHHCTpaTHBHHM -administrative bsukhhS -important
, ueHTp -center b MocKBe - in Moscow
* BaraHHrTOH -Washington pa^no - radio
napnac -Paris HHor^a - sometimes
J Phm -Rome rpygOBaTO - a little vulgarly
j JldHflOH -London
| To'kho -Tokyo mhoVo -much
,| b Pocchh - in Russia cjiaBa 6o'ry! -Thank Godl /elory to God/
BonpocH
Tape
.^TO 3HcfanT CJIOBO CTOJIHIia ?
.Hto AyMaiOT jho^h, KOTtfpbie acuByT b JleHHHrp'afle?
.KaK Be^T ce6^ jii6,hh, KOTdpue XHByT b MocKBe?
.IToyeMy?
. POBOpHT JIH OHK "npOCTHTe" H "H3BHHHTe ! "?
.A jiio^h b JteHHHrpa^e?
.Tloveuy jiio'^h acHByT b Mockb6?
.no^eM^ jikwh KHByT b JleHHHrpa^e?

-178-
Translajtion
I. -Little-boy! You will soon be in the second grade.
—Hurrah!
20 My children watch television all day. They think that spies
are heroes. (hero - repo'fi )
3. The youne: woman who is sitting in the park is my very pretty wif<
Natasha.
4. -Where do you like to relax?
—T sit near a little old garage and listen to uninteresting
lectures about trolleybusses.
(garage- rapai: )
*>. The inhabitants of my city build big hydroelectric power stationr
by the Great Blinsk Sea. Is that happiness? Not exactly.
6, Except for old inspector Gladkov, all our brigade knows that
the wild swamp is located far from our well-known eastern
ISMSSliBU, (museum- My3eft )
7, Why do you always shout? I never shout. I am always silent.
8. The student who is writing the first composition is writing-
with mreat enthusiasm,,
9. - Those are either tourist bases or hydroelectric power stations,
— No, those are their new houses,
(house - AOM (a) )
10c "The New Russian Word" is a New York Russian newspaper .
(Russian- pyccKHft , New York Ladi] Hbio-frdpKCKHH
newspaper-ra3eia )
II. We are builders of a new world.
12. You are such a pretty little-girll
They are such pretty little-girls!
I am such a kind person!
13. Do you see her face? It's like a photograph ... an old photograph
14. I was looking at their sJiajjeJLy. young bodies and was thinkinsri
"What gorgeous squirjrelsj! "
(shaoely-CTpofiHHfi , body- TeJio , gorgeous- npeicpacHNii
squirrel- Qe'jiica)

CjiOBapb
-179-
Nouns
M
Majib^HK- little-hoy
njira- beach
Te^eBH3op-television set
cmokhht- tuxedo
jKHTejib- inhabitant
,pca3- iazz
CTpoMTejib- builder
Mam^Ha- car, machine
cfiOTorpaepHH- -Dhotogranh
rajiana- ha t
npaB,na- truth
(after a statement: "risrht?")
xeHci,- wife''
KeHmHHa- woman
KaTacTpo$a- catastrophe
se'BO^Ka- little-girl
rfijipocTaHUHH-hvdroelectric nower
station
jieKiiHH- lecture
KyjibTypa- culture
Typ6a3a - tourist base
-x
jikuO*- face
co^HHe'HHe— coirmosition
jeKajieHTCTBO- decadence
6ojioto— swamt)
CMacTbe- happiness
AdjectiYSS
ne'psbift- first
btopoh- second
sdnaAHbifi - west, western
B0CTO*iHbra-east, eastern
AHKfiM- wild
HHTejpe^Hbift- interesting
H3BecTHHft- well-known
caMbiS- most
TanoM- such
KpacHBuS- tirettv
See p.l48for an exnlanation
of unstressed e.
Verbs
bhV+ - see
CMOTpi +- watch
Ha + ace. - look at
nHc£ +-write
Kpmia +- shout
Mojma +- be silent
CTpoH ■*■- build
jiexad +- lie
cHfle +- sit
{re go sit ions
oe3-without
KpdMe- except 1
o'kojio- near
y- by
Of- from
+ cen. case
PrpnominaIs
Moft- my, mine
TBOfi- your, yours (informal)
Ham- our, ours
Bam- your, vours
o,hhh- one, a certain
secb- all
^eS-whose
Numbers
ceMb-V
Bo'ceMb-8
fle'BHTb-9
ji,e'cHTb-10
o-thgr,
bh xoTHTe- vou want
He ocddeHHO- not especially
xo'jio^ho- coldly
He to'^ho- not exactly
H3BHHHTe!- excuse me
bot ksk!- OhS you don't say!
6ojibmo'e cnaciifio- thank you very much
c dojibm™ 3HTy3Ha3MOM-with great enthusiasm
b ne'pBOM Kjia'cce-in the first grade
bo btopom KJiacce-in the second grade
HjiH- or
h'jih. . . hjih. . .- either... or
Bcer.na- always
cko'po- soon
ero- his
eg- her, hers
hx- their, thojrs
flajieKd1- far

-180-
CHAPTER ^
—
-
"
--
-
—
Ritual J 2
j Tape]
0 KOM Bbl TOBOpHTe? 060 MHe?
HeT, HeT, HeT! He o Bac, o #pyroM.
0 KOM? 0 qgM?
0 Heit, o hhx, o HeM, 060 BceM.
Who are vou talking about? About me?
No, no, noS Not about vou,
about someone/ something else..
About whom? About what?
About her, about them, about him, about
everything:.
VE^^ STEMS_IN. j£._.+
Verb stems in aft + droo their stem vowel before vowel endings.
pi.i +
pii + u—► p.iu
pij + at-* n.iot
"gTT + ut
BiUt
nHi* -t-(drink)
nbio
nbeT
nbK)T
C+C-* &C, as in all other consonant stems.
pii + lf-» Pit
pTT + 1-* oil
IIHTb
nmi
0jiH+(beat)
6bK)
6b'eT
6bK)T
OHTb
6HJI

-181-
PREPOSITIONAL CASE
,1
The prepositions b ( in), Ha1 ( on), 06/0 (about) take the prepositional case,
i.e., nouns following them have Drepositional case endings.
The endings are:
singular - e. plural - a%
2
regardless of ?endero
Examples:
npnu__j£o
napK
njinac
ManiHHa
nnca.Tejib
prepe sgp
b na'pice
Ha njina:^
b MamMe
0 nucaTejie
prep, nip
b napxay
Ha njiH«ax
b Mammax
0 nMca.TejiHX
The.major exception;
In nouns whose stems end in -ij+, the singular ending e changes to i.
nom. sg. prep, sg.
(genius) re*HHH Cgenij + j6) 0 reHHH ^ ( o ^etii.i + _i)
(composition) eoqnHfene(sochineni.i+o)o coqnHeH»H(o sochinenij+i)
(Arabia) Apa.BHfl(araYi,i + a) b ApaBHH (v arayij + i)
Formulai ii+e-
i.i+i
.16/0; od before vowels-
06 yMHTejie
06 A'3HH
o before_consonants
o SeTOHe
0 CO^IHHe'HMH
1 With certain nouns, Ha is used to designate "in, at".
na 3aBO,a;e ( in/at the factory)
Ha ypo'ice (at the lesson)
Ha pafiOTe (at work)
Such nouns will be entered a^ follows: vpoic [Ha]
2 The ending i in the phrase 0 xh3hh will be explained in Chanter 10,
For those who are curious9 see p. 431.

Drill!
vocabularyt
Moscow- MocKBa.
Russia- Pocchh
lesson ypoK [Via]
Translate into Russian,
1. about the brigade
2o about the brigades
3, in Moscow
4. in Russia
5. at the lesson
60 on the table
?o about the swamp
8o about the teacher
table- ctoji
«renius- re'HHfi
laboratory- jiadopaTo'pHH
9. about Asia
10. about the genius
11. about the geniuses,
12. in laboratories
13« in the laboratory..
14. in Blinsk
15« in the factory_
16, about the composition
Was/ were: 6hb +
OH 6bUI
oh4 6HJia
OHO 6bijI0
OHH 6l5jIH
(note stress on ending)
Drill 2
Translate into Russian.
1. We were at the factory^.
2, He was in Asia._ r,
3o She was in the park0_
4, Where were you?

-183-
Prepositional Case Drill
Tape
1.
6e3fleiEBHHK
Kpa^-i
pa6c^Ta [Ha]
Tape
Hto flejiaioT 6e3,n;ejibHHKH? ^
Tje ohh Kpa^yT KapaH^aran?
Bh Kpa^eTe KapaH^amn Ha pa6oTe?
j fl Kpa^y KapaH^aniH Ha padoie?
KaK TaK?
SCHB-f
A3HH
td tC
KpacHeM*
(blush)
jia6opaTo'pHH
HeKyjibTy'pHHfi qejiOBeK
Be^-t- ce6n itji^xo
KajIH$6pHHH
jS *\
r.Baraa cecTpa s. %
'cMOTpe+
TejieBH3op
rapasc
(garage)
During pause sav Then listen
BesflejibHHKH Kpaflyr KapaHflamri.
Ohh Kpa^yT KapaH^amii Ha pa6dTe.
HeT, h He Kpaay KapaH^ama Ha pafioTe.
HeT, bh He Kpa#eTe ^KapaH^aniH Ha. pa6dTe>
Tax KaK mh He desflejibHHKH.
Tiirpbi xHByT.
Ohh KHByT b A3Hh.
HeT, H. He SCHBy B A3HH.
HeT, bh He acHBeie b A'smh.
TaK KaK mh He Tnrpn.
CTy^e'HTKH KpaCHeioT.
Ohh KpaCHeioT b jiadopaTd'pHH.
HeT, h He KpacHeio b jiadopaTopHH.
HeT, bh He KpacHeeie b jiadopaTopnH.
TaK KaK mh He CTyseHTKH.
HeKyjibTypHHe jiioflH Be^yT ce6a nji6xo.
Ohh Be^T ce6k nji6xo b KajiH$6pHHH.
HeT, h. He Be,ny cedn njioxo b KajiH$6pHHH.
HeT, bh He Befleie ce6n itjioxo b KajiH$6pHHH„
TaK KaK mh He HexyjibTypHbie jho^h.
MOH Ce'CTpbl CMOTpHT TejieBH30p.
Ohh cm^tpht TeJieBH30p b rapasce.
HeT, h He CMOTpro TeJieBH3op b rapaace.
HeT, bh He CMdTpHTe TeJieBH3op b rapasce.
TaK Kax mh He moh ce'CTpn.

(ocean)
p,yua&*
kht (whale)
Khtn flyMaroT.
Oh^ p,-yua.K>T 06 OKeaHe.
HeT, a He flyMaro 06 OKeaHe.
HeT, bu He ^yviaeie 06 OKeaHe.
TaK KaK mh He khth.
XHxiiKafi-t-
(giggle)
ypoK [Ha] (lesson)
JJeBO^KH XHXHKaiOT.
Ohh XHXHKaiOT Ha ypoKe.
HeT, k He XHXHKaio Ha ypoKe.
HeT, bh He xHXHKaeTe Ha ypo'Ke.
TaK KaK mh He ^e'BOMKH.
reHHfi
(genius)
Htio-Hd'pK
TeHHH njirayT.
Ohh nrfrayT b Htio-Bo'pKe.
HeT, a He nHiny b Htro-MopKe.
HeT, bh He nnraeTe b Htio-HopKe,
TaK KaK mh He reHHH.
aKaqHH
(acacia)
ijBeT+
(bloom)
njioxoM
^ejioBe'K
nnit+
ajiKorojiBHHe HanHTKH
(alcoholic beverages)
AKaUHH IJBeTVT.
Ohh uBeT/T b ApaBHH.
HeT, h He UBeiy b ApaBHH.
HeT, bh He UBeTeTe b ApaBHH.
Tax KaK mh He aKanjun.
IlJioxne JiioflH ntioT.
Ohh nbiOT ajiKorojifcHne HanHTKH.
HeT, a He ntio ajiKor6jibHhre HanHTKH.
HeT, bh He nteTe ajiKorojibHHe HanHTKH
TaK KaK mh He njioxne jh6ah.

-185-
SHORT-PORM ADJECTIVES
1, Adjectives which serve as the predicate of "be" {6, Ghji, 6yjiy )
are called short-form adjectives. They have the special nominative
forms j
X
PI.
2. 3. a i
Examples«
3aBOfl 6yseT 3aKpuT.
OKHO 3aKpHTO.
noMTa dHJia. 3aKpHTa.
3aB6flH 3aKpHTH.
The factory will be closed.
The window is closed.
The post office was closed.
The factories are closed.
"Be" governs the nominative case. Since short-form adjectives are by
definition predicates of "be", they have no forms other than the
nominative.
2. Subjectless expressions are grammatically neuter.
b napKe 6hjiq HanncaHO in the park ["^-subject! was written
Comparet
no subject, hence neuteri 6tbio_ Hann'caHO
KHKra 6hji4 HanncaHa the book was written
subject! KHKra hence fem.i dHJia HanHcaHa
Th.^.^rxe^uJLar_^erb_j«or+ (can, "he able)
a Mory
tu Mo'acemt
oh Moacet
mh MoaceM
bh MoaceTe
ohh Moryt
Note stress shift in present.
Is m There, is
"Is/are" are not expressed in Russian« 9to CKaMtH.
"There is/there are" are expressed with ectt.
(This is a bench)
B napxe ecTt CKaMta.
B napKe eCTt cKaMtn.
In the nark there is a bench.
In the nark there are benches,

JlHHraftOHHHM Ka6HHeT
[Tape]
nc«r <e.rh, 4» f^r (ftfeir i'«-fj-
y
JlHHra^OHHHH KaSHHeT 6bUI 3aKpHT.
Ha CTeHe 6hjio HanwcaHo:
JlHHra&o'HHKH KafiHHeT 3aKpbIT Ha(peMOHT.
MosceT 6htb, oh 6y,n,eT OTKpb"iT 3a.BTpa.
A MoaceT Shtb, h He 6yfleT.
flnpeKTopa
The Language Laboratory
The language laboratory was closed.
On the wall was written*
The language laboratory is closed for repair.
Maybe it will be open tomorrow.
And maybe it won't be.
The Directors

-187-
B napKe icyjibTypH h QTflHxa
B napKe KyjitTypH vs. o'T^bixa HanticaHo:
ToBa'pHmn, jieacaTt Ha TpaB^ b napice KyjitTypH h oijbixa
HeKyjiBTypHO.
UnpeKTop ndpKa Kyjib Typhi a OTflnxa
Bjia^HMHp jieacHT Ha TpaBe b napne KyjiBTypH a o'Tfluxa. Uoneuy oh jieacHT
Ha TpaBe? lie 3HaeT jih oh, ito jieaca/TB na TpaBe HeKyjiBTypHO? Oh 3Ha'eT,
ho eMy Bee nasHo'. Oh jik>6ht JiexaTB Ha TpaBe w. js.yua.Tb o M3HH.
UnpeKTop napKa:
Bjia^HMHp:
JlapeKTop:
BjiajiHMHp:
UnpeKTop:
Bjia^viMHD:
UnpeKTop:
BjiaflHMHp:
Ka'jifcHHK, noMeMy th jieacHmB Ha TpaBe? Th BejiB 3Ha'emb,
f?o TyT ecTt CKaMtrf. ToBa.pnm SopojitfH cn,n,KT Ha CKaMte.
fl cuacy Ha cKaMte. Bee, KpoMe Teda, chaht Ha CKaMBHX.
[nay3a, nona BjiajiHMHp jjyMaeTJ
IvlHe see paBHO. H He Mory cmeTt.
IIoMeMy th He Mo'acemfc.
fl cjia6, TosapHin flwpe'KTOp, cjia6 ot HejoejaHna.
3HaeT jih tboM OTe'u., mto th cjia6 ot HejoejaHHA?
OTe'u 3Ha'eT, ho eMy Bee paBHO. BecB jsewb oh jieacHT Ha
jHBaHe h nteT ajiKorojiBHbie HanHTKH.
[c OTBpamenHeMj Kaicdft acecTOKHft MejiOBe'K!
re rpycTtio] ToBapHm flnpeKTop, hhkto He jik)6ht MeHH.
Hhkto He noHHMaeT MeHH. H ojs,Ah. fl ojihh.
JlHceKTop njia'.MeT.

-188-
J.H. jhe_Park. .of, Cul.ture ard^Re.st
In the nark of culture and rest is written:
Comrades, to 1
is
uncultured.
ie
on
the
grass
Director
in
of
the nark
the
Park
of
of
culture
Culture
and
and
rest
Rest
Vladimir is lying- on the prass in the nark of culture and rest. Why
is he "lying on the grass? Doesn't he know that it's uncultured to lie
on the grass? He knows, but he doesn't care/ to-hitn it's-all the-same/.
He likes to lie on the grass and think about life.
Director: Little-boy, why are you lying on the grass? After all, you
of the know that there are benches here. Comrade Borotjin is
nark sitting on a bench. I'm sitting on a bench0 Everybody
excent you is sitting on benches,
pDRuse, while Vladimir thinks]
Vladimir: I don't care, / to-me it's-all the-same/. I can't sit.
Director: Whv can't -"ov"
Vladimiri I'm weak, comrade director, weak from malnutrition.
Director: Does vour father know that you're weak from malnutrition?
Vladimir: (My) father knows, but he doesn't care. All day he lies on
couch and drinks alcoholic beverages„
Director: [with disgust] What a cruel man!
Vladimir: [with sadness] Comrade director, nobody loves me0 Nobody
understands me. I'm alone. I'm alone.
The director weens0
"Bonp6cbi;
1. rje jieacHT Bjia^HMHp?
2. rto^eM.y?
3. He 3HaeT jih oh, -qTO jiejsaTfc Ha TTOBe HeKyJibTypHo?
4. 0 ieM oh jyMaeT?
5. ^Td .npyrn'e je'jiaioT?
^. IIoueMy?
7. !Io CJiosa'M BjiaflHMHpa (in the words of Vladimir/ according to Vladimir
noneuy oh He wokeT cn,neTi>?
8. rto cjiobsm BjiajwMHpa, ni6 seJiaeT OTeu Becb jeHB?
9. Ho cjiobslm BjiaflHMHpa, ot ner6 oh cjia.6.
10. Flo cjioBaM BjiajMMHpa, kto er6 jik>6ht?
11. BjiasHMHp roBopHT npaBfly?

[Tape
Kto o'th jiiojh?
CTapafi jOKTop Ty6KHH
Bbi noMHHTe CTaporo flOKTopa Ty6KHHa?
Koh^mho, h erd ndMHio. Bee noMHHT CTa'poro ^o'KTopa rj6Knna,.
Oh h cfiHJio'co$, h nHcaTeJifc, h BeJiHKHft HHsceHep.
Hhkto He pa6o'TaeT Tan mhoVo, KaK CTa'puS ao'ktop TySKHH.
3'tot uejiose'K - nacToAm,VLft 3HTy3nacT.
CT^.paH 6a6ymKa JIapHHa
Bbi noMHKTe CTapyio 6a6ymK.y Jla'pRHy?
KoHeMHo, h ee no'MHio. t Bee no'MHHT CTapyio 6a'6ymKy JIa'pHHy.
$Ta aceHnjHHa - HacTOHuaa 3HTy3nacTKa.
o
MTO 3TO?
Moe 30Jio'Toe h6jioko
Bbi ndMHHTe Moe 30jiOTo'e h6jioko?
KoHe'uHO,H erd itomhio. Bee noMHHT Bame 30JiOToe h'6jioko.
3to h6jtoko He HacToAmHH dhpyKT.

-190-
WJio„,arje__thjj^_pepnle?
9.1 d. PQc tpr„ Gybkin
Do vou remember old Doctor Gubkin?
Of course I remember him. Everybody remembers old Doctor Gubkin.
He is both a Philosopher and a writer and a great engineer.
Nobody works as much as old Doctor Gubkin.
That man is a real enthusiast.
Old Grandmother Larina
Do you remember old grandmother Larina?
Of course I remember her. Everybody remembers old grandmother Larina.
That woman is a real enthusiast.
What is this?
MY_G_olp^en„Apple
Do you remember my giolden apple?
Of course I remember it. Everybody remembers your golden apple,
That apple is not a real fruit.

-191-
9TOT - 9TO
A• ilPlLAl^L il?l.Jl?,.--.this/thajj„the,s_e/thpse
1. 9tot ^eJiOBeK this/that man
2. 9Ta. ace'HqHHa this/that woman
3. oto £6jioko this/that apple
4. 3th jii6ji;h these/those people
The stem is dt +j
(m) 3T-+OT
(f) 9Tfa
(n) 3T + 0
(plo)9T+H
3« 3tq ,- this/ that is> these/.ihose_,are.
1. 3to ^ejiOBeK. This/ that is a man.
2. 3to jK^Hn?KHa. This/ that is a woman,
3. ^to ASjioko. This/ that is an apple.
4. 3to jiioflH. These/ those are neople.
Note the distinctions between (A) and_(B) aboveo
1. The pronominal 9'tot (this/that) aerees with the noun it
modifies, as in A above, and has four nominative case forms,,
2o The oto which has the meaning "this/that is, these/those are"
is not declined, although it may refer to one or many words
of any render, as in B above.
In A, gtot m_odyML.es the subject and agrees with it in gender
and number.
In B, 3T0.is the subject,, and doesn't change form0
The oto in A3 and B3 are homonyms - that is, they look alike,
but have different meanings„ The first is declined, the second
is not.

-192-
Dr
ill 3
Translate the words in parentheses into Russian.
1.
3.
5.
6.
B.
9o
10
(This is) 6oJU>mafl rna-DOCTaHUHfl.
(This) THJipOCTaHUHH 60JIbmaH.
(This) THrp moh.
(This is) moh THrp.
(These are) pyccKHe CJioBa.
(These) cjioBa pvccKHe.
(This) 3aBoa OojibmoM.
(These) 3aBOHu 6oju>mHe.
(This is) 3aB0Ji.
, (These are) 3aBo.aH.
SUBJECT AND DIRECT OBJECT
In the English examples below, the subject is underlined once and the
direct object twice.
The young doctor remembers the old doctor.
The old doctor remembers theyoungdoctor.
The old grandmother remembers the old car.
Everybody remembers the old grandmother.
In Russian, the subject is in the nominative case and the direct object
in the accusative case.
ANIMATE AND INANIMATE
Animate refers to people, animals, names, titles and professions,
animate^ #pyr, MeJiOBe'ic, THrp, Fy6KHH, .ho'ktop...
inanimate» KapaH^am, 3aB0fl...

THE ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR
-193-
Parj.dlgms
noirw
acco
MranifflE.*?-
CTapHH flOKTOP
CTaporo .no'icTopa
MzJJ&TiiES&L
CTapHH 3aB0fl
CTapHfi 3aBdfl
s.
CTapoe cjidBO
CTa'poe cjio'bo
_
cTdpas MamHHa
ctapyro MaraHHy
h'
CTaporo flo
M-animate
'KTOpaj
Chart of _Endina;s
1-inanimate
JtC
nom.
!: anc.
• • o i J . • • p
4-
• • • A j, • • • El
i
• • »°ie» • '2.
*
• • Q-,1 ^ • • • 5:
o. • u iy... u
object
eerw ». .ovo.. .a
Masculine and Neuter borrow the endings of other cases for the accusative
feminine has its own endings.
1< M-animate.: borrows the genitive endings.
Mojio^o'H ao'ktop noMHHT CTaporo flo'KTopa.
(The young doctor remembers the'old doctor.)
CTapHM flo'KTOp nOMHHT MOJIOflOTO ^O^KTOpa.
(The old doctor remembers the young Doctor.)
•• M-inanimatejt borrows the nominative endings.
Ohh jik>6ht CTapufi 3aBQ,n.
(They love the old factory.)
^ M.?uterj_ borrows the nominative endings.
Bee noMHHT CTapoe cjiobq.
(Everybody remembers the old word.)
4, Fem_.inine.i_ has its own accusative endings | .»»u__ju.. .u
CTapan 6a6ymKa. noMHHT CTa'pyio MamtiH.y.
(The old grandmother remembers the old car.)
Bee noMHHT CTapyio 6a6ymKy.
(Everybody remembers the old grandmother.)
Bbi cflejiajiH rpy6yio omH6K,y.
(You've made a terrible mistake.)

-19U-
Drill k [noMHH + - remember]
Put the words in parentheses into the accusative case.
1. Oh noMHHT (6eT6HHHft 3aBos ) ... _ _ „.„,, ,
2. Bee jik$6ht ( mojiojj;6h HHaceHep ) .__.._ ,_ ._ ,
3. Bh noMHHTe (BejirfKoe BjiKHCKoe Mope) __ '
4. H noMHB (cTapan 6a6ymKa Jla'pnHa \__
5. Ohh noMHHT (cTa'pan tibOTorpaftntf ) _ __
Translate into Russian.
6. She remembers old inspector Petrov.
7. We remember old inspector Petrov's young; wif*.
8. Do you see the new car? „_ .. „_„. „__
9. Do you see the new trolleybus?, _ _
10. Do you remember the /rood composition? „
ACCUSATIVE, OF. PRONOMINALS
Pronominal? have noun endings both in the nominative and accusative,
excent for the M-animate which borrows the e-enitive ending;.
[e;enc
Paradjgtns
nom.
ace.
M-animate
MOM flo'KTOp
Moer6 ^o'KTOpa
M~ JJ3STlil53i.te_
MOfi 3aB0fl
MOS 3aB0fl
Q.
Moe cjio'bo
Moe cjio'bo
&
MOH MaiDHHa
mok) MamtiHy
Moero flOKTopa*]
Note the stress of Moero'.

-195-
M-animate
r.om.
ace.
en.
4
Chart, of Endings
M-inanimate
3K
['
ovo
u
Drills
Put the words in parentheses into the accusative case,
1. Oh noMHKT (moS 3aBd,a; ) _______ ,
2. Ohh jho6ht (moS flpyr)____ _ _____ ___ ____,
3. Ohsl ito'mhut (Hame coqHHeHHe) _____
4. Mh no'MHHM ( Bama aceHa.)
5. TH nOMHHMB (MOH MaiHHa ) „...__.„ ... _ . ,..'
6. Mh jno6™ (Bam mojio^oh .Jtpyr) _
7. Oh 3HaeT (mok Kpac^BaH aceHa)_
8. Mh noMHHM (Bam Tpojrjre86yc)
A small number of nronominals have an added or inserted element in the
nominative singular masculine. Three very common ones aret
§iejni but
3T+ ( 3TOT, 3TO, 3Ta... )
OflH+ ( OflHH, OflHO',. OflHa...)
BCfc+- ( B£Cb, BCe, BCfl...)
2Eill_6
1. Mh noMHHM ( 3Ta ace'HmnHa )
2. Oh 3HaeT ( 3tot vejioBe'k)
3. Oh ito'mhut ( ofltfH fldicTop )
4. Mh noMHHM ( OflHa Mams-ma )
5. Mh jik>6hm ( bcs Spwra^a)
*™^...- , ^..*^,^t. _ .. ., ... •
— . .,- — . - - •
_-™..-.w,.—~ ~~ _«--. u.™ ^»..._™.. _™... -, — . ,^. *

196-
Nora.
Ace.
THE ACCUSATIVE CASE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
a
MeHH
TbI
Te6i
oh/oho'
ero
OHSL
ee'
Mbl
Hac
Bhl
Bac
OHH
HX
CTapbie Tpojure'fl6ycbi nOHHMa»T uenA.
(Old trolleybuses understand me^}
Ax, BpayH? Mh jik>6hjih Bac.
(Oh, Brovml We loved you.)
Interrogative?
His and him
Her and her
They and them
!
are homonyms in
Russian.
KTO
Kord
^TO
^TO
erd and ero'
ee and ee
hx and m
ero aeHa (his wife)
fl no'MH» .ero. (i remember him.)
ee s^th (her children)
H j3e noMH». "fi remember her)
nx saBOfl (their factory)
H hx no'MHK). "XT remember them.)
Unlike English word order, the accusative pronouns may precede the verb.
KoHe^HO, h erd no'MHio.
Pi!.
Tr;
1.
2.
3o
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
ill .2
mslate into Russian.
She loves me.
We love them. ,
They love us._ „____..
We see you.
Do you see ray concrete
Do they remember your
Who loves you?
Who(m) do you love?
.—_
-mixer?
factory?
.
Yes,
Yes
,.
I see
they
,_ ,. - „„
-- — — ■-
it.
remember
it.

-197-
Accusative Case Drills
f Tape!
A. Listen to column I, say column II.
B. After you hear column II on the tape, say column III.
Ex-
A. Listens uoA $0T0rpa$HH Say: Bh no'MHUTe Moid <fcOTorpa<pnio?
B. Listens Bh nOMHHTe mok> $OTorpa$mo? Savi KoHe'^HO a ee itomhio.
Col. I Col^II Co.L._III
1. moh $OTOrpa$HH Bh nOMHHTe mob5 $OTorpa4>nio? KoHe^HO^ a ee ii6mhk>.
2. moh flpyr ero
3. Moe coiHHeHHe ero
4. MOH CO^HHe'HHH HX
5. uoA KHKra (book) ee
6. a _ t Bac
7. CTapbiH flOKTop Fy6KHH ero
8. CTapan 6a6ymKa JlapnHa ee
9. CTapan Mockb4 ee
10. CTapafi JleHHHrpajj;^ ero'
11. moh KpacHBan aceHa ee
12. 9Ta ace'HmnHa ee
13. Moe h6jioko ero
Tape Say during pause
1. CTapbiH .ho'ktop Py6KPiH nOMHHT Bac. H h noMHio CTaporo ^OKTopa FydKHHa.
2. M h ndMHio CTa'pyio 6a6ymKy JTapHHy.
3. MajieHbKyio Co^hio.
4. floporo'ro yMHTeji.a.
5. floporyio y^HTeJifeHHiiy.
6. CTapyto MocKBy.
7. cTapnfl JleHUHrpas.
8. hx.
9. ee.
10. ero.
11. Kaacfloro qejiOBeKa b Mockb^.
12. Kaac^yio acemjjHHy b JleHHHrpase.
13. Kaacfloro T^rpa b A'3hh.
14. s'toto yaapHHKa.

-198-
THE NOMINATIVE PREDICATE
The predicate of is/are is in the nominative case (as in suDer-correct
Enelish "it is I") .
3to oh.
r^e CTStpafl Mamma?
Oh fldKTop.
Ohh yj;d.pHHKH.
B-.Ltug.l_I3
(Tape I
- HCHO?
rfcHO.
- Is it clear?
— Yes. /it's clear/
Ritual 14
Tane
ITOHflJIvI?
ndHHJi (noRKJia)
Did you understand/s:et it?
Yes. /I got it. /

-199-
WORKBOQKt STRESS IN CONSONANT-STEM VERBS
1. Present Tense
The present tense has vowel endings.
C+V -4 CV
When joined to consonant stems, a stable environment results and
no stem change occurs:
xhb + y—* acHBy
3Hafi 4- y —* 3Haro
Stress t Stress in stable environments is easy to predict.
All C-stems are end-stressed in the present tense, except
those in ft and h, which are stem-stressed.
acHBy, Kpa^y but 3Ha"», CTaHy
Exercise 1
Form the 1st ser. of the following- verbs. Mark stress.
1. Be3 +(take)
2. cthh+(freeze) __
3. 3peft+( mature) ___
4. njieT+( plait)_
Hypothetical
5. KJiyH+ : __ ,_
6. KjryT+ „
?. KJieft+:
As you have seen, it was possible to stress these verbs correctly
without any stress information for each individual verb0 In fact,
no stress mark is required for determining the nresent stress of
C-Stems, except that.
Stems in ft which are polysyllabic (more than one syllable)
must be marked to show which stem vowel is stressed„ All
such stems end in -aft + or -eft+0
^yMaft+( think) - where the stress mark shows it is not "flyMaftt-"
KpacHeft+(blush) - where the stress mark shows it is not
"KpacHeft+"

-200-
ExercisjB 2.
Form the 1st s<?. of the following verbs. Mark stress.
1. rpeM + (heat)__ .
2. CTapeM + Cgj-ow old).
3. CKpe6 + (SCraT)e) .__
4. CTaH + (become) ._ „
tt_YP P$.h? t^c al_
5. KopTaft+ _ _ _ _ __ ™
6. ^epeB+ _ __ ___
7. njieM +
2« Fasi-..TfiP-.s.e
The past tense has consonant endines.
C+C-* £c
When ioined to consonant stems, an unstable environment results and
truncation occurs:
5KHB+J1—*■ SCHJI
3Hait+Ji—* 3Haji
Stress: Stress in unstable environments is complicated.
There are three types of stress in the past tense of C-stems.
^£rar§Jtress; stress remains on the stem vowel throughout.
3Haft+: 3HaJi, 3Hajia, 3Hs'.jio, 3Hajin
Kpa^+: Kpaji, xpajia, kp^ljio, KpajiH
Ej)dr?t]^efLS.» stress falls on the ending's except in the M„ where
the endinp has no vowels ,
Bes+: Be'ji, BeJia', Bejio', BejiH
Mi^ijLe-Sj^_e^j3» stress remains on the stem excent in the feminine,
5KHB+: 3KHJI, XHJld, 3KHJI0 , 5KHJIH
6kb+: 6hji, 6hjisC, 6i£jio, etfoiH

-201-
As we have shown, the stress mark in C-stems is not needed to show
present tense stress. Instead, we will use the stress mark to
show nast tense stress.
(1) Stress mark on the stem vowel shows past stem-stresst
3HaM+, Kpdfl-t-, ^e'jiaft+
(2) Stress ^mark on the final consonant shows T>ast end-stress»
(3) ~* over the stem shows past mobile-stress (i.e. stem-stress,
excent feminine)
*i?B+, 6SB+
Exercise 3
Write the full
Mark stress.
t. KJiafl +{nut)
?. UBeT+(bloom
?„ ruii?B+( swim)_
nast
tense
masc..
.—
.. i .„,
, „
and
nresent
PA^T
fem.
—„_
.„... __. .
tense
neut.
--
...^
^ _~™_^,
1st
ELs.
—... _
^..«—.——.
and
ird person
1st.
.... «.
_.._,—..
Sff.
PRESENT
Sff.
^,._
3rd
-—
.^11__„.
.££•
,
l'ne:
^X^T!£i_s,e__4
Enter with the proper stress marki
Ex. 6hji, 6HJia% 6uxta 6hb-*-
1 . naji, najra, na'jin (fall)
2o nKJi,nKJia, iimjih (drink)
3o mSji, MeJia, MejiH (sweep)
4o Kpbur, Kpajra, KpbbiH
(cover)
*>. jthji, JiHJia, jthjih (pour)
6o nJieJi, miejia', njiejiK
(braid)
:
:
'
:
-
naj +
nnfi +
mSt +
Kpafi +
nJieT +
Polysyllabic stems in 8 all turn out to have the same stressed
syllable in the nresent and cast. Therefore, the stress mark which
was uspd to show ^refent tense ^tres1? shows nast tense stress as
well o
flejiaM*-: .ne'jraio. . . fle'jraji, ^e'jiajia, ^ejiajiH

202-
E_xercise $
Translate into Russian.
1. We lived in Blinsk.
2. She lived in Betonofrad._
3. He was in Asia.
4. She was in the park. _,._
5. They drank teat. ( ^aM)..._,
6. She drank y„od.ka..( BOflKa)_
NUMBERS 11-3.0
11-1Q are comnosed of: X ■+Ha + flnaTb=X + onto + ten (-waTbis a.
contraction of aecHTt. ) .
Tape
Listen and reneat
(11) ojKHHajuaTb
(12) ABeaaRiiath
(1 3) TpHHafliiaTb
(14) qeTbipHafliraTt
(15) nflTH^uaTb
(16) mecniAp.na.ib
(17) ceMHawaTb
(18) BOceMHcuraaTb
(19) ^eBHTHajmaTb
(20) flBajmaTb (2 tens)
(21) flBa'fl.naTb o,e.£h
(22) flBa'.naaTb flBa
(30) TprffliiaTb (3 tens)
Mejmorv Aids:
1. All but 11 and 14 are stressed on - Ha-
2. 2 in 12 here is flBe, not £Ba
3. 4 in 1.4 drons fi^al "e"
4o All dron final "b" of first element

-203-
Accusative Case Drill: Kto 3Hajr koto? Kto iiomhhji koto?
Tane
Koro - whom
HHKord - nobody
ndqia [HaJ- nost-office
Symbols:
77
3Haji
nOMHHJI
Kaac^HM qejiOBe'K,
KOTdpnff pafidTaji,
BeqepoM:
Befl+ ce6A njidxo
crapuM flOKTop Tjf6KHH CTa'paa ea'eymKa JldpHHa
MOJio^dfl ^dKTop P^6khh
The tane contains two narratives describing some aspects of this diagram.
Following each narrative are the answers to the questions below,
introduced by the word "Bonpdcu ". Answer each Question, then listen to
the correct answer on the tane. Reneat each set of answers until your
answers are identical to the tare.

-20ij~
A. Bonpocbi
1. MHaceHe'p Sojiotob padOTaji Ha 3aBo'^e. Kord oh 3Haji?
2. Koro' oh ndMHHJi?
3. HBaHOB h Tjia^KOB padoTajiH Ha no^Te. Kord ohh 3HajiH? Kord ohh ndMHHJi/
4. KaTepHHa IlaBjioBHa padoTajia b da'HKe. Kord OHa 3Hajia? Kord OHa noMHHjig
5. Kto 3Haji CTaporo ^o'KTopa FydKHHa?
6. Kto He TOjibKO 3Haji, ho h ndMHiiJi CTaporo ^OKTopa Ty'dKHHa? ,'
7. Kord 3Haji cTapuM ao'icTop FydKHH?
8. Kto 3Haji h noMHHJi cTa'pyio dadynmy JlapHHy? ]
9. Kord 3Hajia h noMHHJia CTapaa dadjrmKa JIa"pHHa? ^ <
10. Kto 3Haji Kaxc^oro ^ejioBeKa, koto'phh padOTaji Ha 3aB0^e?
11. Koro 3Haji Kaac^uft MejioBe'K, koto'phh padOTaji Ha 3aBo'^e? i
12. Kord no'MHHJi kslk^hh qejiOBe^K, koto^hh padOTaji b daHKe? j
13. Kto noMHHJi KeuK,noro ^eJiOBe'Ka, KOTOpufi padOTaji b daHKe?
14. Bopo^HH 3Haji Kaac,Horo ^ejiOBeKa, (KOtophh padOTaji Ha nd^Te, CTapyio I
dadynmy Jla'pHHy h mojioaoVo ^oKTOpa FydKHHa. Tfle padOTaji BopoflHH?
15. Kak^HH ^ejiOBeK, koto'phh padOTaji b oaHKe, 3Haji Mojio^yio yqHTeJibHHuy
MBaHo'By. F^e padoTajia MOJio^aa yqHTejibHHija HBaHOBa?
16. Kto 3Haji Kaac^oro ^ejiOB^Ka, kotophh padOTaji Ha 3aBO^e?
17. Kord noMHHJi cTapHH ^oktop TydKHH?
B. Bonpo'cH j
18. 3o'jiotob BeJi ceda njidxo Be'^epoM. F^e oh paodTaji? i
19. MBaHo'B h Fjia^KOB paddTajin Ha no'iTe? Mto ohh Be^epoM fle'jiajin?
20. KaTepHHa IlaBjioBHa paSdTajia b daHKe. Hto OHa' Be'^epoM fle'jiajia?
21. Mama noMHHJia CTaporo fldKTopa rjfdKHHa. ^Td oh4 Be'^epOM flejiajia?
22. EeTp HBakoBH^ 3Haji CTapyio dadymKy JlapHHy. Mto oh Be'^epoM fle'jiaji? ^ j
23. MapHH IlaBjioBHa 3Ha.Jia CTa'poro ji;dKT0pa FydKHHa. ^Td OHa Be^epoM ^e'jiaji^
24. Ho OHa noMHHJia tojibko CTapyio dadynmy Jla'pHHy? T^e OHa padoTajia? '
25. %d ^e'jiajiH Be'^epoM jib5^h, KOTopne 3HajiH ee?
2o. AWa IlaBjioBHa 3Hajia Mojiofldro flOKTopa TydKHHa. Mto OHa Be'^epoM
^ejiaJia?
Write out answers to 27-35 (not on tape). Mark stress.
27. HoKTopa ^e'xoBH 3HajiH MOJiOfldro ^o'KTopa TydKHHa. HTd ohh Be'^epoM
^ejiajiH?
28. Ho ohh noMHHJiH TojibKO CTapyio dadymKy JlapHHy. Kto hx 3Ha,ji?
29. Kord ohh' 3HajiH?
30. Bh padoTajiH Ha 3a.BO^e. ^Td bh Be^epoM ^ejiajiH?
31. Kto Bac 3Ha.Ji?
32. Koro bh 3HajiH?^
33. fl padOTaji b daHKe. Ht6 a Be^epoM flejiaji?
34. Kord a noMHHJi?
35. Kto MeHa 3Haji?

-205-
WORKBOOKi STRESS IN VOWEL-STEM VERBS
OMHHJIHr'
OMHHJia'!
!• Present Tense
Joining
The present tense has vowel endings.
v+v -» yv
When .ioined to vowel stems, an unstable environment results and
truncation occurst
CMOpTe-HO—* CMOTpK)
roBopn+ro—♦ roBopro
k>
io^hh?
Stress
(1)Stem-stress
(2) Bnd-stress
ndMHH + (remember) roBopa + (speak)
nOMHK)
nOMHHfflb
no'MHHT
nOMHHM
no'MHHTe
ndMHHT
roBopro
roBoprimb
rOBOpHT
TOBOpHM
roBopHTe
TOBOpHT
(l)Mobile~stress
CMopTe^ (watch)
CMOTpK)
CMO/Tpnmb
CMOTpHT
CMOTpHM
CMOTpHTe
CMOTpHT
1?
naji? ,
3M flejiaif"
a a?
OM
apOM
Definitionst Present-stress is of three kindst
(!) Stem-Stresst
Stress in all forms remains on the stem, as in
riOMHH+.
(2) End-Stresst
Stress in all forms falls on the first syllable of the
ending, as in roBopn+.
("?) Mobile-Stress t
Stress falls on the ending in the first person singular
and on the syllable preceding the ending in the other
persons, as in CMOTpe+. The mark x shows mobile-stress,
Notet This pattern of stress shift is the only one
possible in the present tensej any verb with
present tense stress-shift has this stress shift.
Therefore, the stress mark x , by showing that
stress shift takes place at all, shows the
pattern of the shift.
KypH + (smoke) can only raeani
Kypio, Kypumb, k/pht, KypuM, KypHTe, KypnT

206-
?2i£Tcji.se___/l
A. Which of the verbs below have st^m-stre^s, end-stress,
or mobile stress? Mark numbers.
Stem-Stressi ;
End-Stress:_________ __ _ t _
Mobile-Stress«
B. Form and stress the 1st sg., 2nd sg., and 3rd pi.
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd pi.
1. xBajiH + (praise)
2. ko'h^k+ (finish)
3. CMOTpe+ (watch)
k, 3BeHe+ (ring)
5. yqn+ (teach) __
6. ctoh+ (cost)
7. cTOHat (moan)
8. TOHy+ (drown)
Hypothetical
9. cypn+
10. CHJie+
11. KpOHy+
12. curHy+
13. nyma+
14. pOH+

-207-
Exercise
Determine
st
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
In.
17.
5m with
TQi
2
the stress of the
verbs below and mark the
the correct stress mark.
—*■ .UNiny, ,n;HinnmB (breathe
jpoacy,
na'xHy,
ueHio,
cjiHiny,
ropio,
KJiero,
THHy,
raenHy,
Mytiy,
Apo)KHniB (shake)
naxHeniL (smell)
ueHHEiB I value)
cjiHniMmb (hear)
ropiinib (burn)
KJieHnib (stick)
THHenib (draa:)
ienHemb (whisper)
My^nnib (torture)
Hypo thejt.ic.al
MOHK),
CyHK,
Jiy^y,
MHmy,
coHy,
JiOHy,
panjy,
capio,
MOHHHIB
CyHHfflb
jiy^Hfflb
MHrnnniB
cOHenib
jiOHeniB
pamnnib
capnfflb
Stejn
)flHina+ since this is mobile-
stress
Stem
^posca*
naxHy+
neHn+
cjiHma+
rope+
KJien+
THHy+
meriHy+
My^H+
MOHH+
cyHe+
jiy^H+
MHHIH+
COHV+
jioHyf
pami«-
capw-
I

r
-208-
Cpns pnan_t_. C han£;e_s
In certain stems, consonant changes take place. We have seen:
6—» 6jit> jim6h+: jik)6jiio, jhoShihb, jii66ht...
,g-» ac cHfleV: cuacy, cwmb, ch^ht...
BH^e-t-: bhXv> bh^kihb, bhaht...
in
rmca+: riHniy, rmniemt>, nrimeT,
The^e changes are fully predictable and will be explained in
Chapter 6.
2 . Past Tens ej nd T nf i n i t iy e
The past ten^e and infinitive have consonant endings.
V+C-* VC
When ioired to vowel stems, a stable environment results and no
stem changes occur:
CMOTpe+JI—> CMOTpejI
CMOTpe+Tb-> CMOTPeTB
Stress:
Stress remains on the same syllable throughout the na^t,
nOMHH+: no'MHHJI, no'MHHJia, nOMHMJIO, nOMHHJIK, nOMHHTb
roBopH+: roBOpHJi, roBopHJia, roBoprfjio, roBOpn'jiH, roBopn
CMOTPe-*-: CMOTpe'jI, CMOTp^Jia, CMOTpe'jIO, CMOTPe'jIH, CMOTpeTb
(The x in CMOTpe+ shows stress shift in the present, not in the
past; however, the place of x shows which syllable is stressed
in the past.)
I

-?09-
C ON J UGA TT O.N . DR ILLS
Learn the symbols for the foil owinp- HT-verb stems:
HT-
S tern-Stress: r
nOMHH+
Bn^e+
/
CTPOH+
End-Strpss! )
ro&opH+
Kpw^a+
MOJi^a +
jiexaV
cH^e+
Mobi1e-Stre ssJ x
CMOTpe+
Kypn+
„verbs
a>
*
s~+±
®
©
©
\^
A
c?
<I»
^*^
(li?ht bulb)
(a cigarette)
Drill 1: ht.verbs
| Tape]
Using: only th^se svmbols as clues, answer the Questions which vou
will hear on the tape„
._ Tar>p Answer durinp; pause L is ten
Ex. © Mto bh ^.e'jiaeTe? H roBopi6.
19. ©
20. (3
21. ■<!>
22.<r>
23.-^^
24. -
1.®
2.®
3-^
4. ft
5.|SL,
6.1^
1-V
a/Q'
9. <K>-?
10.<§>9
11. ^»*~
12. /^
13.*
14. £1
15. C?
16. <?
17. @
18.®

-210-
Learn the symbols for the following eT-verb stems:
^HTaS+ FTP]
Ayua,pL+ (^
cjiymaft+ G(vp
pa6oTaft+
KpacHeft+ vg$
XHXHKaft+ ^^)
eT-yerbs
OT^uxa.S+ ggl, lt
Kpa#+
Befl+ce6fl njidxo
HCCTB + &S
nnca+
1
:
|
1
(a nencil)
Drill 2i
1-33
2. (^
3. cC^J
^. AH
5. <g^
i.(S>
2. <D-
3.^'
^. <gfj>
5. *=^
6.^i
eT-verbs
_ht -verbs...
7.
8.
9.
10,
11
12
and eT
vw
»*—
*
./*
.fli
. <*>
|Taj:
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
-vei
[Ta^
'el
@>
(%>. w
^
££>
ft
rbs
1
13.
1^.
15.
16.
17.
18.
a
i>
c&>
®
c?
^
11. *^
12.*^
13. «^
15.
19. 4?
20.-^
21. /^
22. A
23. &
2^. A

-211-
Ritual 1 ^
Ffle Bbi 6hjih?
Ky^a bh HfleTe?
Kyjia-TO.
Where were you?
Somewhere.
Where are vou p^oirip-?
Somewhere,
IV Verbs vtfi+ and. exa +
nn+ fro (bv foot), walk
exa.+ fro (by vehicle), drive, ride
Symbol s«
62
Con.iufjatiom
VLR
credent, terse is regular: H#y, H^emb, wt...
-.5,0+ terse is irregular and will beytreated in Chapter 10,
irf\«itive i" h^th ( V.ne nopfi hatii. - It'sti^e for
me to p^o)
exa +s nreseTit stem is efl +
e^y
e'flemb
e'^eT
e^eM
e'fleTe
eflyT
past and infinitive are regular:
exaji, e'xajia, e'xajiw, e'xaTB

212-
LOCATION VS. MOTION
in/at Location is denoted by the prepositional case.
Oh cuflHT b napKe.
Oh iHTaeT Ha 3aBO,ne.
Oh «HBeT b MocKBe.
Oh .nyMaeT Ha pa66Te.
He is sitting in the park,
He reads in the factory.
He lives in Moscow.
He thinks at work.
(in)to Motion is denoted by the accusative case.
Where?
Oh n^eT b napic.
Oh e'^eT Ha 3aBo'fl.
OHrf e'flyT b MocKBy.
Ohi^ H^yT Ha paSoTy.
r,ge - location
He is going to the nark.
He is driving to the factory.
They are driving to Moscow.
They are walking to work.
P,n,e oh scuBeT? 3 IviocKBe. Where does he live? In Moscow,
Kyaa - motion
Ky^a. oh e'^eT? B MocKBy. Where is he going-? To Moscow.
Translate into Russian.
1 . Where does he live? In Moscow. _____
2. Where are they going? (Q) To Moscow. .
3. Where are you going? (<V) To the park. . ,....
k. Where are they sitting? In the park.
5. Where do we live? In the city. , , „ ,
6. Where are vou going? (££) I'm going to the city.
Th,e_, verb s. _h e c_+__and„B e 3.. +
Para.LleJ . jto._t_.
Hec+ carry, take (by foot) Hfl+
Be3+ carry, take (by vehicle) e'xai-
go
carrv
A
Hfl-t-
Hec+
Q
e'xa+
Be3+

-213-
Dril1 .9
Translate into Russian,
1, I'm p-oing (A- 1 to the factory. I'm carrying little packages
to the factory. ( naKei)_ . _ _._ _._ ™ ,
2, Slip's driving- to Moscow, She's carrying big nackages to
Moscow, ___., ___, , „
Mto TaKoe «H3Hb?
[Tape
Hto TaKoe xh3hb? Kto Taicae jho^h? H xoqy 3HaT>, ^to TaKoe *ai3Hb.
fl CHxy na KpHme rapaaca. IIo^eMy a cnxy Ha KpNme rapaaca? Hto6h
Jiy-qme BH^eTb. Mto6h jiytime BH^eTb ^ito? Hto6h Jiyqme BH^eTb, ^to
jeaaioT jn6jsjs..
BHH3y JiMflH. Ojhh ^Kyfla-To HfljT, flp^rrfe Ky^a-To e'ayT. JIkjih, KOTophte
Ky^a-TO HflyT, necyT nopTtfcejiH. Kyaa ^ohiS Hjn;yT? Ky.ua ohh HecyT 9th
nopT($ejiH? Ka paOcJTy. Ka'scHbift qejioBeK HeceT nopT^Jib Ha pa6o'Ty.
HoieMy ohh HecyT nopTtjbeJiH? rio^eMy ohh H,nyT Ha pafioTy? Ohh He 3HaioT
noieMy.
Hpyrne Ky.na.-TO e'^yi. JIbjih, KOToptie Kysa-TO e'jyT, Be3yi 6ojibinHe
naKe'TU. B.y^a ohh ^.nyi? ^ Ky^a ohh Be3yT s'th 6ojibmHe naK^THV Toace
Ha pa6t5iy. rio^eMy ohh e^yi Ha pafidiy? Ohh He 3HeboT noqeMy.
HejiajieKo'^t MeHH MypaBbH. Ohh Ky^a-TO noJi3yT.^ Ky^a' ohh noji3yT?
Ohh noji3yT b rapaac. ITo^eMy b rapaac? B rapaace HaxoflHTaa MypaBeHHHK.
MypaBbH HecyT Anna b MypaBeHHHK. KaacjuHH MypaBeft ^eceT ojs,h6 hhu.6
b MypaBefeHK. IIoqeMy ohh noji3yT b rapaac? no^eMy ohh necyT jiHua
b MypaBefeHK? Ohh He 3Ha'ioT noqeMy.
%6 TaKo'e »tH3Hb? Kto TaKiie jimah? JlioflH - MypaBbH, h acH3Hb - MypaBeSHHK.
Heu KOH^aeTCH aa*3Hb?
,>!iH3Hb KOHqa'eTCfl HyjieM.

2Dl-
What is Life?
What is life? What are people? I want to know what life is. I'm
sitting: on the roof of the garage. Why am I sitting: on the roof of
the g-arage? In order to se» better. In order to see what better?
In order to see better wha+ people are doing"/do.
Below are people. Some are walking somewhere, some are riding- somewhere,
The people who are walking somewhere are carrying briefcases. Where
are thev going;? Where are they carrying; those briefcases? To work.
Every -person is carrying: a briefcase to work. Why are they carrying:
those briefcases? Why are they going to work? They don't know why.
Others are riding- somewhere. The people who are riding; somewhere are
carrying- (by vehicle) big packages. Where are they riding. Where
are they carrying- those big packages? Also to work. Why are they
going (bv vehicle) to work? They don't know whv.
Near me are ants. They are crawling somewhere. Where are they crawling
They're crawling: into the garage. Why into the g-arage? In the garage
is located an anthill. The ants are carrying- eggs into the anthill.
Every ant is carrying; one ease into the anthill. Why are they crawling:
into the parage? Why are they carrying: eg-gs into the anthill? They
d on't kn ow why.
What is life?
anthill.
What are people? People are ants, and life is an
Tn what does life end? Life ends in zero.
Ritual 16
Tape
Kaicdro BH.ua rjiardji HanHca+? CoBepmeHHoro hjih HecoBepm^HHoro bhjt-'"
fl npe^noqeji 6u ( npejuio^jia 6h ) o nojiKTHKe He cnopHTB.
JT,e'jio He b nojiHTHKe, a b rpaMMa'THKe.
B TaxdM cjiyMae, a. npe^no^eJi 6u ( npe,u;noyJiFi 6u) o rpaMMaTHKe He
cnopHTB.
Of what aspect is the verb Hairnet +? Of the perfective or the
imperfective aspect?
I'd prefer not to argue about politics.
It's not a auestion of politics, but of grammar. /The affair is
not in politics, but in grammar./
Xn %\vvt case, T'd rather not a^ffue about grammar,

315-
ASPECT
A. Tense
Both Russian and English have three tenses - present, -oast, and
future. In English there are several forms of each tense.
Presentt I work, I am working;, I do work, I have worked...
Past: I worked, I was working, I did work, I had worked...
Future: I will work, I'm going to work, I will be working,
will have been working,..
In Russian, each verb
this), one past tense
is simnler than Engl is
notions are represente
denoting perfective as
aspect. (The meaning
discussed immediatelv
tense. Schematically:
Present
has only one present tense (some even lack
and one future tense. In this sense, Russian
h. Unlike English, however, most verbal
d by a pair of verbs, one member of the pair
pect, and the other denoting imperfective
of "perfective" and "imperfective" will be
below.) perfective verbs have no present
Imperfective
Perfective
„ r.„ „.
X
X
none
X
X
Past
Future
Prefix and Aspect
A Prefix is an element joined to the beginning of a word. For
verbs introduced so far, perfective verbs are prefixed, imperfective
are unprefixed. For example.
Perfective Aspect
coBepme'HHbiM bhj
c,neJiaM+
HanHca-t-
yKpafl-t- /
npotiHTaft+
nocTpoH-t-
Imperfective Aspect
HecoBepm^HHHft bh,h
^ejiafi+
nwca+
Kpa^-t-
^HTafi-t-
CTpOHf
Entry
c/rn;e'jiaft-t-
Ha/nHca+
y/Kpa,n+ t
npo/miTaHi
no/cTpoH-t-
C, Vocabulary Entry
c/,nejiaft +
Ha/nHca" +
means« perfective cfnejiafi+i{ , imperfective j,ejiaS+
means: perfective Hannca + , imperfective nHca'+
Meaning
The difference in meaning between perfective and imperfective, though
in itself simple, is difficult to express in English, This is
because English does not make this distinction, and as a result, no
English definition is fully adequate. The definitions below will
be of some help, but only continued use will make the distinction
between perfective and imperfective sharp and clear. In this chapter
we will deal with past perfective and imperfective. Future
perfective and imperfective will be discussed in Chapter 7,

216-
Two conditions must hold for a verb to be perfective.
(1) There must be a single act referred to;
(2) The focus ,must be on the result or completion of that act.
If either of these conditions is not met, then the verb is .imperfective,
Examples« Ha/nnca+
1. Oh TOJbKQ mo Hanncaji nHCbMQ. (He ,iust wrote a letter.)
is perfective because it describes a single act with focus
on the result or.completion.
2. Kaacfluft p,enh oh nnca'ji nncbMo. (Every day he wrote/ used X
write a letter.)
is imperfective because, even though there is focus on
result or completion, it is not a single act.
1. Oh cufleJi h nucaji. (He sat and wrote/ he was
sitting and writing.)
is imperfective because, even though there is a single ac:
referred to, focus is not on result or completion, but"
rather on the activitv as such.
Examples» npo/miTaft-*-
!• fl yace' npomiTa'ji 3th acypHajm. (I've already read those
magazines.)
is perfective because it describes a single act with focu?
on the result or completion.
2. fl qacTO qHTaJi acypHajm. (I often read magazines.!
is imperfective because, even though there is focus on
result or completion, it is not a single act.
3« fl qHTaji Becb fleHb. (I read all day.)
is imperfective because, even though there is a single act
referred to, focus in not on result or completion, but
rather on the activity as such.
Schemati c al JLy
Perfective
I
a single act with focus
on result or completion
Imnerfective
not a single
act
focus in not o-
OR result or
completion
Imperfective has been defined as not a single act or not having focus
on result or completion. To state this in a more positive wayi
Imperfective (1) refers to a repeated or habitual act, not a single or,"!
(2) has focus on the activity or process, not on the resulH
or completion.

r
-217-
t.
ectivo,
ter. J
focus
used tc
Perfecjtive
. " T""\
a single act with focus
on result or completion
Imperfective
habitual act
focus on activity
or process
More examplesi
Pi
novelty bh yKpajiH ero KapaH^amH?
(Why did you steal his pencil^*?]
I-repeatedt Oh lacTO KpaJi KapaHflanw.
(He often stole/used to steal pencils.
I-activity 1 Becb jieHb oh kphji KapaH^amn.
(All day he stole pencils.)
wan
. art
Pi
e
cus
)
£l
an
Mm nocTpoKJitf hobuH 3aso,n.
(We built/have built a new factory.)
I-repeatedi Ohh Bcerja ctpohjih xopomne 3aB0jiH.
(They always built/used to build pood factories.)
T-activity: Mh ^ojiro ctpohjih 3aBo'^.
(We we^e building the factory for a long; time, i.e., we
spent a Ion a; time building the factory.)
$• Ijperfe.ctj.ve_ Sjgjials
1. Repeated or habitual acts are often signalled by a word or nhrase
such as Ksbcflhift fleHb (every day), Bcerjta (always), yac-ro (often):
KdacflHil jeHt oh nucaji nucbMo'. (Every, .day he wrote a letter.)
2. Focus on activity or process is often sip-nailed by the following
a. a stated length of time, e.g,, Becb £eHb (all day),
jtojiro (for a long time);
Oh nHca'ji nHCbMa Becb jeHb.
(He wrote letters all da"y7
Oh jojito ^Hiaji xcypHaji.
(He read the magazine a long time.)
b, a conjunction such as Kor.ua,noica(while) which shows that
the act serves as a background for another«
FIOKa oh nHca'ji rrncbMo, oh jiyuan o HeM.
(WJhdle he wrote/was writing the letter, he thought
about her.)
i 1
Lt

-218-
c. lack of an ob.iect after a transitive verb:
Oh nHcaji.
(He wrote/was writing.)
d. A progressive ("ins" form) in English must be rendered by
an imperfective in Russian.
Oh nHcaji nwctMO.
(He was writing- a letter.)
Sometimes none of the above signs are present and yet the verb is
imperfective. For example,
Hto bh B^epa fle'jiajin?
(What did you do yesterday? i.e., How did you snend
your time?)
as contrasted witht
Mto bh c^,e'jiajiH B^epa?
(What did you do yesterdav? i.e.. What did you fret done
yesterday?)
F• Finished vs. Completed
There is an important difference between "finished" and "completed",
All past tense actions are f_i_ni^h^, i.e., no longer happening.
But only perfective ones are necessarily completed.
1
\\) Ohsl nwcajia nHCbiio.
(2) OHa Hanwcajia nHCbMo.
is completed but not perfects
is completed and perfective.
A transitive verb is a verb which could take an ob.iect.
An intransitive verb could not,
iui^Ka-t- (cry)

-219-
P.rill JO
Translate orally into English for classroom discussion.
vocabulary
noKa - while no'cjie Toro, xax - after
to'jibko mo - iuRt jojiro - for a 1 cmr time
yace - already
1. 'Byepa'. ohsl HanHcajia coiHHeHHe.
2. IToKa oHa nuceuia coimeHHe, OHa miaKaJia. (ruia'Ka-i- - cry)
3. Kaac^HH jeHb ohsl nncajia coqHHeHne.
4. fl TOJibKO mo yKpaji ero KapaH,naniH.
5. H lacTO xpaji erc5 KapaHrn;a.niH.
£>. OHa yace npo^HTa'jia Bane nHCbMO. (nncbMO - letter)
7. flocjie toto', KaK h npo^HTaji nncbMo MBaHo'Ba, k npo^HTaji nucbMo
Pjia^KOBa.
8. OHa ^HTajia secb ,neHb.
9. Kor;i;a h uhtsiji nHCbMO, FjiajKo'B yKpaji moM KapaH^am.
10. ^Td" oh B^epa je'jiaji?
11. Ohm Bcerja ^eJiajiH rpaMMaTH^eCKHe onwdKH.
12. iKHTeJiH BocTd^Horo BjiHHCica ctpohjih rnjipocTaHijHH.
13. H mhoto ^e'jiaji B KajiH$dpHHH.
14. H mhoto caejiaji b KajiHcFopHHH.
15. Ohh jdjiro CTpoHJiH 3a,Bdj.
Id. Ohh cH^e'jiH b KJiyde h ^htsljih "Eohc JTaM*".
17. fl yxe npo^HTELJi "AWy Kape'HHHy".
18. Mh nocTpoHJiH dojibmyro xopo'myio TH^pocTaHnHio.

Ur i l.L, 11
^11+ the missing Russian verb into the correct nast tense form.
1. KsuKflbiH fleHb HaTama (wrote) _ _ H^Boe co^HHeHne.
2. B^epa oHa (wrote) n _ _ coiHHeHHe o KajiHcbo'pHHH,
3. rioKa OHa (was writing). „ comiHeHHe, OHa njiaxana.
4. ndcjie Toro, Kaic 0Ha*(had written) ne'pBoe coimeHHe,
OHa' (wrote) __ Apyroe.
5. fl TOJibKO «o (rpad) _ , _ Bamy KHu'ry.
6. Ohh Bcer^a (wade) _ _ ohihSkh.
7. Bh To'jibKO mo (made) _ _ HaHBHyio onradicy.
R. Moh cecTpa (was building) _ rH^poCTSiKUHio.
9. fl ^acTO (used to read) . Be^epoM.
10. fl yace (read) . . otot xypHaJi.
11. Oh (rftad) _ xypHaji h noTOM (then)
oh( wrote) _. .,„„._ hhcbmo'.
12. Mbi TOJibKO uto (binlt)_ _. , __ „ HOByio rH^pocTaHti;Hio.
13. Oh (was reading) ___^ __ KH^ry.
14. IIoyeMy oh Bcer^a' (stole) „KapaH,naniH?
15. noueMy bh (<?toie> _ mok) $OTOrpa$HK>?
16. Ohh jio'jiro (bi?i"" ±\____ _ 3aBo^ • (i.e., thev spent
a lone- time building the factorv.)

-221-
cica.3a+ and roBopm-
Sometimes the perfective and imnerfeotive have entire]y different
stems. For example:
imperfect!ve roBo™+ ( pneak, talk"*
nerfective CKa3fi+ (sav, tell) - i.e. completion of a
qi'io-le act of sneaking
or talking-.
"Bqepa oh roBopHJi b KJiy6e 3aBo^a.
(Yesterday he spoke in the cluh of the factory.)
Oh CKa3a'.Ji, *ito Ha'me BejiHKoe £ejio - deTOH.
(He said that our preat task is concrete.)
Tra
1 .
2.
3.
4.
11 1.2
nslate
0 ueM
M.TO OI
OHa ci
into English.
OHa roBopKJia?
-isi CKa3ajia?
<a3ajia, uto Tn'r
Tnrp CMOTpeji Ha Hac,
pH
He
nOKa
KHByT
B
Rbio-fi.c
OHa roBopHJia.
pice.
Drill 13
Put the missing Russian
tense form.
1 . Oh ( spoke)
2. "Kto 9'to ?" (said)
3. Ohh (snoke) :
4. Ohh (said)
(used to speak)
verb into the correct nast.
o THrpax.
OHa.
_ no-pyccKH.
, ito oh4
no-aji6a.HCKH.

-222-
Si^/?.l_e_ Aspect. Verts
'l'hpi"p are many verbal notions which cannot be conceived of as a single
comnleted act and are intrlnsicallv imnerfective. pa6oiaM+ (work)
sc^B-h (live)
Such verbs do not have corresnondin^ nerfectives.
1. CBoft may renlace mok, tboh, Ham, Bam to exnress "one's own".
2. cbok mu^t re-olace erd, ee, hx when subiect and possessor are identic
Oh jik>6ht cboio aceny. his (i.e., his own wife)
Oh juoSht ero aceny.
his (i,e.,"ompbndv "Ise's)
Ona jih)6ht cboh jom. her (i.e., her own house)
OHa jii66ht ee jom. her ( i .e., somebody else's)
Ohh noMHHT cboio Mami-my. their (i.e., their own car)
Ohm noMHHT mx MamHHy. their (i.e.,somebodv else's)
Drill 1U [brother - SpaTJ
Translate into Russian.
1 . We understand his brother. _ _
2. Ivan understands his brother, (his own)
^. Tva.n understands hi^ brother, (i.e. Vladimir's)
k. Natasha remembers her husband, (her own)
5. I remember hen husband. _ _ _.__
6. Natasha, remembers ^er husband, (i.e. Tamara's)
17. All the engineers know their factories, (the factories
of the. comnetinp" engineers)
B. All ti->e engineers know their factories. ( the ones in
which the^ work}

HeHQpMajTfcHag aceHinHHa
Tape
H HeHopMajibHaH aceHUHHa. Moh ^oporo'M uyx. jik56ht cbokj xeHy. Ecjih t6u oh
3H3,ji, ^Td 6h oh CKa3aji?! Moh jjoportie &4tvl jijoSht cboio MaVy. Ecjih 6h
OHH 3Ha.JIH, MTO 6bT OHH nOflyMajIH? !
3HaeTe jih bh, rj^e h cerojHH 6bijia? H 3HaeTe, ^TO jjejiajia? B ropofle
ecTb ojj;hh mHK^pHbift pecTopaH. H 6biJia. iaM n;e'jibiM jeHb. TaM 6hjih h1
flpyrue aceHinHHbi. Ohh iihjih qaM h Boofime BejiH cedn xopomo. A h nmia
BOjJiKy h Boofime BeJia ceda o'ieHB Hexopomo. Ohh cjiyraaJin KJiaccnqecKyio
My3HKy, noKa k CHje'jia nofl ctojiom h xypnjia eojibmne qepHbie cnrapn.
IloK^ ohh roBopHjiH o KyjibType h 3KH3HH, h yicpaJia Bee hx TycJiJiH. a
noKa a Kpajia hx TydbJin, a njiakajia.
IloMeMy? no^eMy k Bee oto cjjejiajia?
H He xoTejia BecTH ceSn nJioxo.
H He xoTejia KypHTb eojibrane yepHbie cwra'pH.
H He xoTejia KpacTb Bee hx TydbjiH.
Bo'sce moM, jjo'ktop (Uyjibi^! rioqeMy? FIoyeMy ace?
I'm an abnormal woman. My dear husband loves his wife. If he knew,
what would he say?! My dear children love their mommy. If they knew,
what would they think''!
Do vou know where I was today? And do you know what I did? In the city
therp is a chic restaurant. I was there the whole day. Other women
were there as well. They drank tea and, in general, behaved well. I
drank vodka and, in general, behaved very badly. They listened to
classical music while I sat under the table and smoked big black
ciears. While they spoke about culture and life, I stole all their
shoes. And while I stole their shoes, I cried.
Why? Why did I do all that?
I didn't want to behave badly.
I didn't want to smoke big black cigars.
I didn't want to steal all their shoes.
My God, Dr. Schu] t".l Why? Why?
h - here, "as well, also"

Ritual 17
Tape
- IlpHBe/r.
— IlpHBeT.
- Th Ky#a?* t
— fl Ty^a. A th Ky^a?
- fl crofla. / fl oTTy^a h cio^a.
— Ah OTCiofla h Ty^a.
- MHe ^opa. rioKa'.
— noKa.
- Oreetino-s,
— — rirppfiy."!1!,
- You where (are g-oin?)?
— T there (am <?oin<r).
And vou where fare ffoinp-^?
- I here (am coming-).
I from there to here (am coming-).
— And I from here to there(am p-ni^p-) .
- It's time (to sro) . So Ion?!
-- So 1 or\pl
* Sometimes the verb ^o is omitted
in Russian.

-225-
CASE REVIEW
Norn.
Arc .
Gen.
Prep.
M
• • * "! "* • • • 1?
. ..„
T
C
...oje...o
)
i
' . ..oyo,..a
• • • l ) • • e
I
i i iEH3 t t iH
. . . u 2,u •••!■?
( )
• ••V / » » • y
• 4
*
(
t
Eli
• .11? • • •
seetfoc
i • V ) • • «
i/a
tnote
)
ax
ij+e -» i.i+i
(
)-endings not yet treated
1e have now introduced four cases: nominative,aeci^tive, genitive, and
DrenoPitional . The two remaining cases (dative and instrumental) will
3e treated in the next two chapters.
Cases have two functions.
Primary: their use without ^repositions
Secondaryt their use as objects of prepositions.
Primary Func.tion
Nominative: subject of a verb; after is/ are
Accii'satj ve: direct object of a verb
Genitive: possession -v
[Prepositional: used only with certain prepositions (see below)]
Secondary Function
Each ^reposition is assigned one (or more) cases(s) to serve as
it<* object in prepositional phrases. Since there is no obvious
connection between the meaning of the preposition and the case
it demands, it is necessary to learn individually the case
demanded by each preposition.
Norniria.tiye: no preposition demands the nominative case.
Accui^jtiye: b, Ha(to) when indicating motiono
~ " (Ha in the phrase CMOTpeV Ha _ is really an example
of this.)
Genitive: 6e3(without), oT(from), y(by)f KpoMe (except),
o'kojio (near)
Er.?-P-0§J-iiPD.al « o(about), b( in), Ha(on, in/at)
The accusative plural borrows its endings either from the nominative
or, as we shall see in Chanter 9, from the genitive.

-226-
Translatjpn
1. Did you say that you were in Asia? Do you remember old Asia? Were
you speaking about Asia?
2. I just read a book about hooligans who lived in the nark. They
generally conducted themselves badly, stole, and never listened
to the young director. (jus+ -TOJibKO mto , book -KHifra )
3. Of course I remember her. Everybody here remembers that young woma'
She is a real enthusiast. She used to build hydroelectric power-
stations.
4. Who(m) does your grandmother like?
Who likes your grandmother?
Grandmother, do you like them?
*>• Does he like his grandmother? His grandmother doesn't like anybody.
6. She loves her dear former husband. (former - SkbiehS )
?. My fathf*1" thinks thPt we remember that great writer.
8. Youne- director Tvanov's wife was smoking cigars and drinking alcoholi
beverages in the nark of culture and rest. Do vou smoke? Do you
drink?
9. My Pi.ster_R said that the language laboratory will not be open tomor"
It will be nln^0^. T don't care. (sister - cecTpa)
10. They are at work. We are going ( A- ) to work. She was at the
concrete factory.
11. We are going to Leningrad. ( <£3 ) Where are they goinp-'? Somewhe
12. - What is life?
— Either a golden epp or a red apple0 (red- KpacHbift)
1 3o Every day that little-boy wrote a composition about life in Califor,
14-. The ants are looking at the-real tiger who is sitting on the roof
of the garageo
l*i. All day our stepmother sat in the room, beat up,, and drank vodka.
My God! She's, an abnormal wom»n, (stepmother - Ma/qexa
room - Ko'MHaTa beat - 6hh + >
16. Do you see that pretty little-girl. She is carrying books
to school . (school - mKOJia)
1 ?. This is a woman. This woman is mv wife.

-227-
CjioBapb
Nouns
V
rapasc - parage
nucaTeJib - writer
fsyKT - fruit
K-iSHHeT ~ office, studv
jiHHrachOHHbiM KadHHe'T - lanruaffp
laboratorv
v.yx - husband
MVDaBeHHHK - anthill
Mai! - tea
9HT,y,3nacT - enthusiast
HanHTOK - beverap-e
'.r1 .HanHTKH )
iioKTO|)(a) - doctor
nompenb - briefcase
nanei - nacka^e
M.ypaBeM - ant
(nnm.nl.MypaBbH )
cecTopa'H - restaurant
OTe'ij - father
IHBaH - OOUCh
oaOymica - grandmother
CTeHa - wall
TraBa - grass
cpMbH - bench
BO^Ka - vodka
3HT,y3nacTKa _ ( f eTTial e) en thus i a s t.
cnrrf.ua - ei?3r
T ,'/<!; Jlil - shOP
Kpbima _ roof
pafioTa [Ha} - work
M3Hb )K - 1 i f p
My3HKa - music
C
hSjiqko - annl e
flitno - ep'p-
Adjectives
aJiKorojibHbiff - alcoholic
tiepuhiM - black
xeciOKHH - cruel
qejibift - who] e
mwca'pHHfi - chic
KJiaccriqecKHH _ classical
Short-^orm Adjectives
3aKpbiT/a/o/H - closed
OTKpt.iT/a/o/bi - onen
HanHcaH/a/o/H - written
ndMHH+ remember
niiM + drink
mot+ can, be able
6hb+ was/were
Kypfi+ smoke
nJia/Ka+ cry
n^+ ^o (on foot) walk
exa+ fo (bv vehicle) drive, ride
Hec+ carrv. take bv foot
Be3+ carrv, take bv vehicle
noji3+ crawl
CKa3a+ say. tell
Other /
TaK MHoro, KaK- as much as
Ha. peMOHT - for repair
napK ?:yjibTypbi h o'T^Hxa - nark of
culture and rDst
eMy Bee paRHe' - he doesn't care
(tn-him it's-all the-same)
MHe Bee paBHo' - T don't care,
do'ace moM!-Mv God!
CJia6 ot HejjoeflaHHH - weak from
malnutri ti on
noKa - while
nofl ctojio'm - under the tab! e
*iTo6b; - in order to
jiyqme - ^better
KTO TaKHe JlIOflH? - wH+ nirr- -pponle?
Bejib - after all (unstressed narticle)
n...n... - both.,, and...
t yT — hssv*^
ecTb - there is/there are
Ky^a - (tcO where
K.yjia-TO - ' ~n^ somewhere
BHH3y - be!ow
cboM - one•s own
KOHqaeTCH,- end ( in a general sense)
cf. OKaHMHBaeTCH' - end (in
a grammatical sense)

-228-
CHAPTER f-
R\tual 1R
Tane
y Bac ecTb rpaMMaTMtiecKHK Bonpoc?
y MeHH Hei HHKaKoro Bonpoca, He roBopA
yace o rpaMMaiH^ecKOM Bonpdce.
Do von have a grammatical auestion?
I don't, have anv kind of ouestion, to
nothinsr of a grammatical ouestion.
sav
PREPOSITIONAL SINGULAR OF ADJECTIVES AND PRONOMINALS
maso.-neuter: pm
feminines oi
Examples
|Tape~}
na 6eTOHHOM(3aBOje
o mojio,ho'm reHHH
b moSm xopomeM ro'po,ne
B 3T0M SOJIblHOM SoJIOTe
o BaieM Spare
o cTa'pofl jse'HmHHe
B 3T0ft MSlJieHbKOH ManiHHe
o Bameft hoboh jia6opaTopnH
at the concrete factorv
qbont the vouhf f^i'1"
in my eood city
in this hie swamn
about your brother
about the old woman
in this Iittle r^r
about vour new laboratory
In nronominals, instead of the exnected stressed fWi-i-'-.e eft, the enriv-
is eft.
M.ogft.^.CBpea, NOT Moeft, cBoeft
b Moeft MamHHe (in mv mr)

TT'
-229-
tv^_
Put the words in T^rentheses into the prepositional case.
1. Mbi TOBOpHJIH O (Bam MOJIOJIOM .HOKTOp ) ___ „
2. Oh ^yMaeT o ( njioxoe cowHHeHHe ) _,.... . .... , ..
3. Mbi MBeM b ( 9tot 3a6biTHH " forgotten" ro'po,n).
4. Oh Kpa;n,eT KapaH^anw Ha ( cboh 33b6^)
5. ¥u chjA 3 ( moh MajieHbKaa MamnHa >
6. Ohh roBopHJiH 06 (ara KpacHBan ace'nmHHa) __
?. Ohh jyviaJiH o ( moM Jiyynwft flpyr )___ _
8. Ohh jkhjih b ( 6ojibmaa nycTHHH "desert")
9. Ohh ,n,yMaK)T 06 ( s'to xopo'mee Mecro)___ _
10. Ohh jkhjih b ( flajiexaa Apa'BHH- "distant Arabia")...
11. KapaH^ara JiescHT Ha ( SoJitmoM ctoji-"ta^i «") _ ..._..
12. Oh a MHTaeT b ( cboh Jia6opaTopnH ) ___ _ ._
Non.
Ace.
Oen,
Pren.
9h^Vt^f.,IiD^XPIi!?! undated
jvi C M
"" "■■
1
i
t
...Oi^P..
.0
1
1
• • "Pvo. , .a.
• • • 2m • ••$*
« »319 • • id
, mU 1U • • »U
( )
• • pj/ • •£*
PI.
i i • 1 1 G o o
• i /a
X
(
• • • i ' • «
)
•M
*l i + p—> i i + i

-230-
Dri 11« rjie chjht roBOPHmnB TapaKaHl
vocabulary
^ajieKHH - (distant,)
3a6biTbiH - ( f orp-ottpr"1)
3aKpbiTUH - (closed)
roBopHra.HH _ (tal ki^fl
ctoji _ (tahle)
TapanaH _ (pnckroach)
Listen to the tape. Answer the questions, which are based on the above diagram

-231-
D^ill: MaJieHbKKH HHKOJian, MajieHbKan CoHa h jn6,gn,
KOTOpne pa66TaioT Ha SeiOHHOM 3aBdj:e
h b paK^THQH JiaSopaTopHH
jTane
Lipten to the narrative on tane. Then answer the nuesti on'- which
fol 1 ow.
\
JII06
jieHb
(day
<
A +
H
0?
Symbols 1
nnca+ coiHHeHHfl 0
V
HO^b
and ni
ocabularvi
.nyMaS-t
yd
paKeTHaa Jia6o
ght) (rocket
0 (^
paic-'pHa
laboratory)
/
MaJieHbKHH }{MKOXaH
•&>
D
'<—^?-
0
MajieHbKaa Cohh
rt-
6eTOHHblk 33BOfl
JCL
±L
^^
psKeTHan JiafiopaTopHH

232-
POSSESSION
1. Possession is expressed bv y + genitive,
y Moerd flpyra (ecTb) sonpo'c.
Mv friend has [Literally! ""by mv friend there-is"] a Question.
ecTfc may be omitted.
2. The frenitive of personal pronouns is identical to the accusative.
Norn.
Ace/Gen.
/"''■' ■•'- fi'.' •/
1. Whenever a form of oh/ohc5, OHa, ohh is followed'"tfy a preposition,
a
MeHfl
TbI
Te6a
OH
ero
OHa'
ee'
MH
Hac
BH
Bac
OHH
HX
h is ioined to the pronoun,
ii
Similarly:
"y ero" —* y Hero'
"y ee" —* y Hee
"6e3 kx" —• 6e3 hhx
"KpdMe ee" -*■ KpoMe Hee
The indpcl inables erd, ee,Hx (his, her, their) do not '"in +hisH
Contrast;
V Herd hobhh flOM. He has a new house.
y erd flpyra hobhM ^om. His friend has a new house.
6e3 Hee
6e3 ee_ KapaHflama
without her
without her pencil
D.rJ
1.1 .?
Translate the words
1 .
2.
i.
b.
e>.
6.
•?.
H SCMBJJ flaJieKO OT
Ohk acHByi ^ajiend
(His (m) teacher
(She has) ..
(Her husband has'
y (the^r) __
y (them)
in
(h
OT
parenth
im)
(his
has) . ..
—
_ ...
fao
. ....
—
eses into
— ■ ~- -
torv)
— ..
— ^ - — -
— -
fflpyra
Russian.
„ . .._
— - • —
•
•
xopoman MamHHa.
JHHTepeCHHH
HHTepe'cHUH
Bonpoc..
Bonpo'c.
doJifcma'H MamHHa..
dojibinaH MamHHa.

-233-
i. ecib - HeT
The negative of ecTb(there i«0 in HeT (there is not).
The nrerlioate of ecTb jp nominativei
y MeHH ( ecTb ) Bonpdc.
(Literallv: "By me there-is a Question.")
The Dredioatp of HeT is senitive:
y MeHH Hex Bonpo'ca.
(Literallv: "Bv me there-isn't a nue^tior.")
In the ^ow construct! on, ecibmav be omitted, but HeT may not.
Notei Therp are two Hei's in Ruc-ian.
(11 The exclamation "no"!
(?) The negative of ecTfe.
Ta
y
1.
2,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7#
ne
Drill
TaneJ
Say duri-np- na.n^e Listen
Bac ecTb rpaMMaTiiyecKHH y MeHH HeT HHKaKoro Bonpdca (fren)?
Bonpoc? He roBopH yace' o rpaMMaTH^ecKOM
Bonpoce (pren),
y MeHH HeT HHKaKoro KapaH^ama, He roBopa yace o hobom KapaH^arae'.
y Herd flpyra jiymneM apyre.
y hhx qppyKTa HacTOHqeM cbpyKTe.
y MeHH KapaHflama BaieM KapaHflame.
y MeHH KaoaHflama MoeM Kapan^ame.
y Hee TapaKaHa KpacHOM TapaKane.
y Hero Tpojuiendyca cBoeM Tpojuieft6yce.

-23*+-
ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR OF FEMININE NOUNS IN 4
Both nominative and accusative have the ending /.
NOTTW 3KH3Hb
ACC. «H3Hb
Examples: Norn. Kaicaa c^acuiiiBaa atH3Hb!
(What a haxmv lifel)
Ace. Mh BejieM cvacTJiHByTO acH3Hb.
(We lead a hapnv life.)
DrJ.1T .?.
voca^ulavyt horse - Jioraa^b 'A door - flBepb d
Translate the words in parentheses into Russian.
!• H noMHB (this soo6, woman) _
?• OHa vHTaeT (this p-ood nook)
T« KaK h jik)6jik) (this old horse)
^« Bee jiioSht (this ^ood citizen) . . .. .
5« Bee noMHHT (thi «* food nark) .,......-
6. Bu BHflHTe (this old door) .
Chart of Endinp-st undated
Nom.
Acn.
Oen.
Pren.
K
...ii...ft
1
4
C
...OiP.
|
.0_
1
...ovo... a
...om,.,e*
I
« • « EL i 3. » • • 3.
• • 'HJ-li' • #Ii
( )
...oi...e*
. . • ft
... ft
( )
( )
PI.
• •
. i_
ip.
• «i /a
t
(
• *
.(
).
)
. .av
*ii + e -* ii + i

-235-
Drills TT^BogKa, Majib^HK h Jiomajb
Tape
Based on the narrative which vou will hear on tape, answer the
T!e~tions which follow.
oIp :
jik>6h+ ,_)£_> H6HaBHjie+ (hate)

r
-236-
Whether
OHH He 3HSLI0T, SCHB^T JICT JHOflH Ha JiyHe.
(They don't k^ow whether neon]e live on the moon.)
EMy Bee paBHO, moiotch jih ohm Kaa^HH jeHb
(He doesn't care whether thev wash everv dav. )
"Whether" is expressed in Russian by a statement followed r>y a "ves -r
Question.
Word Order: Tn a sentences, and hence in whether rlauseR, the verb is
normally placed first, followed directly by Jin and then the subject.
A.
1.
2.
?.
4.
S.
R.
Drill
Tape I
Princinle s You don't care.
IviHe Bee pa.BHO, (main verb*1 «v-. (subieot)..,
Listen Say during pause
Tjia^KOB noHHMaei. MHe Bee pa.BHO, noHHNiaeT jih
PjiajxKOB Gy^eT noHHMaTb.
Karon CTyjieHTH noHHMaioT no-pyccKH.
Jij6jih KHByT Ha JiyHe.
J^flH by^yT scHTb Ha jiyne'.
Principle: You don't know. Same as above, with h He
instead of Mne Bee paBud.
1
Listi-
rjia^KOB.
3HHK)

-237-
PREPTX AND ASPECT
It most of the verb aspectua.1 pairs which we have had, the re^-p^ctive
is prefixed and imperfective not.
Perfective
hanhc1+
nnca+
,ne'jia8+
V op^bii 1 a.ry .Entry
Ha/riHca>
c/,ne/Jia3+
.'.'ov/ever, in manv aspectual pairs, both members are prefixed. Where
f.is happens, the two verbs differ in their suffixes, i.e., in the
final portion of the verb.
?$?factive
nOBTCpH+
(reneat)
(master)
noBTopj^M+
y„Q5apulary En.try
noBTopw+ / noBTOp.a:Bi
H3yMaH-+ #n3y^H+ / H3y^aft+
(make a study of)
Note that the aspectual difference in Russian is rendered
by two different verbs in English.
As we shall see in Volume II, it is almost alwavs possible to predict
the imperfective of such pairs from the perfective. In the meantime,
it will be necessarv to learn both members of such nairs.
Two irregular verbs: ctoh+ and xoiet
don* (be standing)
CTOib ctou'm
CTOKfb CTOHTe
CTOMT CTO^fT
It is an HT-verb, although a is
preceded bv i, ^ther than *, v,
JD,flJ
xoie+ (want)
xqyy xomm
xquemfe
xo'ueT
XOTHTe
XOTHT
2nd and ^rd pf, are irregular
MASCULINE NOUNS IN 3
Jnuns denoting male persons are alwavs of the masculine p,ender,
sven those ending; in a.
MajieHbKHH Came little Sa^h^ (a name)
Xi66-pup!. flflw ki^d uncle
■i;ch nouns will be entered with the mark M.
Cama M Sap ha
JH^h M uncle
NiyawHHa IV! a mpn

238-
,aoe
MajieHbKHH Gama: H apaocKHH khh3E AQxyji. tf o'to moh' floportie ace'HU.
Mh acKBeM b jtajieKoM ApasHH. Kam £omhk ctoht b apaScKOH nycTUHe.
"eJiHF BeHb a Jieay b apaSc.KOH nycTHHe h jtyMaio o sk'shh. Moh aceHbi
pagoTaroT Ha paneTHOM 3aBO£e. ToJibKo moh JirodHMaa aceHa, $aTHMa,
He pa6oTaeT Ha paKeTHOM 3aB6jie. Ona' chjiht b HameM jtoMHKe h
roTOBHT cyn c rpH6aMH. Bdace moh, KaK a jik>6jik> cyn c rpndaMn!
Mh se^eM cqacTJtHByro M3Hb 3,necb b apa6cKOH nycTHHe.
MaJieHbKag Gohh: fi jOKiop scex HayK. H yace H3y^HJia qbH3HKy, toiio-
JiorKK h acTpo6HOJidrnio. Beaynjue npo&eccopa noBTopaioT Bee, ^to a
roBopid. hanpuMen, B^epa a CKasajia: "IvaTeMaTHKa - uapnua HayK."
Cer^flHH see Be^ymne npocjeccopa xiobtoph'iot: "MaTeMaTHKa - uaptiiia
HayK." H padOTaio b paKeTHoft jiadopaTdpHH. 3,necb mh HsyqaeM
KK3Hb Ha jiyHe. Mh xotk'm y3H£lTb, scidByf jih jiioah Ha JiyHe'.
KajieHbKHH BaVia: Bax, 6ax, oax! fl av.epHKa'HCKHH kob6oh Hjkhm. M
s'to moh roBopnmaa Ji6ma,nb, Ba'jibjiopcp. U,eJiHH jeHi mh e^jiuM h KypHM.
( ?o ecTib, Kypio a. KaK H3BecTHo, Jio"ma^H He KypaT.) Be^epoM mh
chjjchm b apnsoHCKOH nycTHHe h nrpaeM aa rHTa'pe. Mh oco'SeHHo
juoShm necHH o »ch3hh b apHSOHCKOH nycTHHe. fl yBaacaio mok> Jioma;ib
Ba'jitfloxxp, h, HacKOJibKO a 3h4k>, Ba'jib^op$ yBaacaeT MeHH.
Gohh: &e nopa' h^th.
^Tarna: Ky^a" bh ajeie, paKeTHaa ace'HmHHa?
C_3aa: fl ceftqac H,ny b rapaac, KHH3b Adjiyji.
B rapaace HaxojtHTca moh paKeTa.
Gama; Koh aceHH xotht 3Ha.Tb, KaKcia y Bac paKe'ia. Ko ohh nOHHMaiOT
To'jibKo no-apadcKH.
Co'kh : OHa HOBas h KpacHaa, KHH3b Aojjyji.
'j&etiu KHH3H AQ^yjia; Mid oaa cxasajia?
Gama: OHa CKa3ajia, <jto y Hee hob as h KpacHaa paKeia.
Moh menu Toxe xotht 3naTh, xyga bh JieTHTe.
Gohh: fl Jie^y fia Jlyny.
Gama: Bot KaK!
y hhx erne oji;hh Bonpoc. IIoqeMy bh xoTHTe nojseTe'Tb Ha JlyHy?
Cohh: Mto6h y3Hatb, acHByT jih jiio^h Ha JiyHe.
Cama: Moh sceHH rosopa'T: "C*iacTJiHBoro nyTH, paxe'THaa ateHmnHa!"
BaHH: Hayxa He HHTepecyeT Hac.
~ JKeHmHHH He HHTepecyioT Hac.
"A HaM Bee paBHO, acHByT jih yjii6flH Ha JiyHe.
Eoi>^eM, B^jib^op<|)! B nycTHHio!

-239-
Little Sashai I am Arabian prince Abdul. And these are my dear wives.
We live in distant Arabia. Our little-house stands in the Arabian desert.
All day I lie in the Arabian desert and think about 1 ; f e . My wives work
at the rocket factory. Only my favorite wife, Fatima, doesn't work at
the rocket factory. She sits in our little-house and prepares soup with
mushrooms. My God, how T ]ike sour with mushrooms! We lead a happy
life here in the Arabian desert.
Little Sonai I am a doctor of all the sciences. I have already studied
physics, topology and astrobiology. The leading: professors repeat
everything that I say. For example, yesterday I said: "Mathematics is
the queen of the sciences." Today all the leading professors reneatt
"Mathematics is the queen of +he sciences." I work in the rocket
laboratory. Here we are studying- life on the moon. We want to find
out whether people live on the moon.
Little Vanai I am American cowboy Jim. And this is my talking horse
Waldorf. All day we ride and smoke. (That is, I smoke. As is well-
known, horses don't smoke.) In the evening we sit in the Arizona desert
and play on the guitar. We esreci al ], y l.jke c0ncrc. phont life in the
Arizona desert. I respect my horse Waldorf, and as far as T know,
Waldorf nesnects me.
It's time for me to go.
Where are you going, rocket wom^n?
Right now I'm going to the garage, prince Abdul. In the garage
is located my rocket.
My wives want to know what sort of a. rocket you have. But
they only understand Arabic.
It's new and red, prince Abdul.
Wives of prince Abdult What did she say?
Sashai She said that she has a new red rocket.
My wives also want to know where you are flying.
Sonai I am flying to the moon.
Sashai You don't say! They ha.ve one more/still one/ ouestion. Why do
you want to fly to the moon?
Sonai In order to find out whether people live on the moon.
Sashai My wives sayi "Bon voyage, rocket wontsn! "
Vanai Science doesn't interest us.
""" Women don't interest us.
And we don't care whether ^eople live on the moon.
Let's go, Waldorf! Into the desert!
i
S ona i
Sashai
S ona i
Sashai
Sonai

2l+0-
Boitcock
, , : ami |
MajieHbKMft Gama
1. Kto Cama?
2. Kto 3 th xeHBjHHK? .-
3. Tjie ohh' XHByT? J_J
4. Tfle CTOHT JOMKK?
5. Tjte JieacviT Apflyji ueJiuH jeHb?
6. 0 ie?M oh flyMaeT?
7. Tje pafio'TaroT ercf scbhu?
8. Kto He padoTaeT TaM?
9. Hr6 OHa fleaaeT ire'jiHH jieHb?
10. KaKyro sn3Hb ohh bba^tV
ManeHbKag Cohh
1. Kto Cohh?
2. ^to OHa c^ejiajia yace?
3. Mto flejiaioT BejtyniHe npo$eccopa?
4. Hi 6 c*.a.3&Jia BHepa Gdna?
5. Hto ceroRHH noBTopnroT BejyinHe npoa>eccopa?
6. TloTteuy ohh 3T0 jeJiaiOT?
?. r,ne paOo'xaeT Cohh?
6. "to H3.yqaiOT TaM?
9. Hrd ohh xotht y3HaTb?
MaJteHbKHft Ba'nn
1. Kto Ba'HH?
2. Kto B^JibjojxJ)?
3. Mto' ohh fleJiaioT u^jihh j^eKb?
4. Ffle ohh ckji;ht Be^iepoM?
5. Mto ohh Tavt .neJiaioT?
6. KaKHe necHH ohh ocoSeHHo jik)6ht?
7. Kord yBa:*a'eT aMepHxaHCKHft kobSoh Hkhm?
8. Kord yBaxaeT Bajibflop$?
Bee
1. Kyaa' KjieT Cohh?
2. Ro^ieMy?
3. Kanaa y Hee panera?
4. IIo^eMy aceHH khh3h Ad^yjia He noHHMaiOT, *nd roBopKT Co'hh?
5. Kyfla' jreTH? Cohh?
5. Ilo^eMy? f
?. Hto' roBopHT aceHH?

-21.1-
B.Ltual._12
1 Tape /
-[HepBHo] Kouy?
— Her, HeT, HeT!
- MeMy? KoMy ?
— Eff,
Mne?
He
eMy, hm, BceM,
- [nervouslv] To
-- No,
- To
— To
BaM,
BceMy
whom? T
no, no! Not to you,
what? To whom?
her, to him,
to everything
to
•
them.
a jpyroMy.
•
o me?
but to another.
to evervbodv,
DATIVE SINGULAR MASCULINE-NEUTER
...pmu.•.u
JMf;__of t.h e_ Dative«
1. Indirect obiect after a verb, answering the question "to whom",
"to what". Tt is oft^n found after vr^» expressing; "communicate"
or "Vive". Verbs which we have had which may take an indirect
obiect ares CKa3a>, roBopHt-, Ha/nwcaV, npo/*iHTa.ft+.
In the following- examples, the direct ob.ieot is underlined once
and the indirect obiect twice.
Ok a nvtme-r mcbMo, CTsCpoMy ffQKTopy ryojCHHy.
(She is writing a letter to old Doctor Gubkin.)
OHa CKa.3a.Jia 3TQ _CBO[eM^_^£OJ^JMy___M1^5^.
(She said that to her dear husband.)
2 . In impersonal ( flubiectless) expressions.
Kan HSBecTHo KaacjioMy niKo'jifeHHKy. . .
(As [^-subjectJ is well-known to every schoolchild...)
?, A small group of prepositions take the dative case. We have seen
no (on the subject of).
Oh SojibmoH cneuHajwcT no oeTOHy.
(He is a big- specialist on +he subject of concrete.)

-2te-
Drill 4
Tr;
1 .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
vocabulary* to whom - komv letter - nucbMO
anslate into Russia^.
To whom does she write? /Who does she write to?/
She writes to the abnormal voun? engineer Ivannv.
She always reads her oomrosition« to my naive
husband.
I often say to my best friend, "I don't care."
As is well-known to this great writer, edu^cateji
people love his books. (educated - o6pa3o'BaHHH# ^
She is writing our director a letter / a letter to
our director/.
I am writing to ore comrade and not to the other.
R. He is a well-known specialist on the subiect of
wild western iazz.
M
Chart of Endings? updated
}K
Norn.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Prep.
■
• ••ii. • • £
f
I
...o i e... o
\
•..ovo...a
• • • omu.. .u.
• •.pjn.. .e*
t • • 3 1 3. ♦ • #3-
. ..u^u...u
( )
( )
• • • QJ, • • • ®.
L
A
( )
( )
( )
i,i+e-* i.i+i
PI.
• • * -L^,!^ • *
. i/a [1
• 1
(
(
• • • V / • *
) 1
) 1
.ax I

-2^3-
Drilli Mto H3BecTH0 KOMy?
The left-hand column contains several assertions. The right-hand column
contains several people or things. Your task: decide which assertion
is best known to which person ,or thing. For example; The fact that
"cTy^eHTKH KpacHeroT b jia6opaTo'pnn" is probably best known to "Kaayurf
Mexa'HHK b Jia6opaTdpHn" . Therefore,
To, ^to (the fact that) CTy^eHTKH KpacHe»T b jiadopaTo'pnn,
nsBe'cTHo xaacflOMy Mexa"HHKy b jiaSopaTopHH."
1. CTy^eHTKH KpacHe'ioT b jia6opaTopnM.
2. He BCe Tn'rpbi JKHByT b A'3hh.
3. CTapHH .flOKTOp PyfiKHH - H9CT0HEIMK
reHHil.
4. KeHa HBaHa HBaHOBHMa. He CTapan wacKna.
5. EjIHHCK - 60JIbfflOH nOJIHTHtieCKHfi neHTp.
'">. MOH CeCTDbl CMOTpflT TeJI6BH30p B
rapaace'.
?. "MojioaaH SeTOHiuHua" - ue dqeHb
CKaHflajibHMH acypHajr.
8. Kaacjoe pyccKoe cjio'bo OKaH^HBaeTCH
H.yjieM.
9. JIoma^H tobodht He o^jeHb qacTO.
10. Bo^Ka BTOporo cdpTa (0f +hp ?nd sort-
"2nd rate vodka") - o'yeHb njioxaa.
11. KoMapu (
mn^^iii +.<"if»<3) — He Hainn tobfip^ifm,
12. JleKa^e'HTCTBo - sto cjiyinaTb jhkhh
jxa3 3anajiHOro BjuiHCica.
13. He BCe 3CTOHCK«e ^OKTopa tobodht
nO-9CTOHCKH.
14. BeTOHHoe h6jioko - He HacTOtfmnn d'pyKT.
15. Khthi Tene'pb OT^bixatoT Ha minxe y
^ejiHKoro nJiHHCKoro modh.
lr>. TooJiJiexGycbi - He jlwrh, a ManwHH.
IV. f/jofl oeTOHOMeradjiKa - moh jiyvm/ji £pyr.
J CTapblH flOKTOp TySKHH
* KajK^biM MexaKHK b jia,6opaTopnn
TOJIbKO MBaH HBaHOBHq
-L KdM.fl.hUA THTp, KOTOPblH
JtCHBBT B A'^pMKe
moh aBTOMOb'Kjib ( a111omobi ] e)
KsuKabifl rannoH b BsraHnrToiie
(Washington)
& K'aX.fl.hlV. MOJIOfloM KOBbOH B
ApH3 0He,.
frf KajKjibiH qejioseK, koto'dkk
nbeT so';iKy BTopo'ro co'cTa
Moe CTpofiHoe ( wp! 1-hni "1+)
MOJio^oe TeJio (bodvl
KajK^bia cry^eHT, kotokh
GJiyraaeT .le'KHHH 6c a
6ojibm<5ro 3Hry3na3Ma
& <
KaxjtbiK qnTaTejib (rpader)
Tkypnajia "Mo.io^^h SeTOHmHua"
^ Ka'jKflblft MejIOBeK, KOTOpK?
pan brae Jiexaji Ha njia'jfce y
BejitiKoro Bjihuckoto Mdpn
^ Ka»:;tbiM KHTejib Bocto'mhoto
bj:xHcr--a, koto'phh xo'ne?
cjiy.oaTc .hhkhJ* ,nxa3
KMJIblK 3CT0HCKHH JIOKTOD,
KOTOpblK rOBOOKT !10-3CTtJHCKH
KSLXflb'.i* HaCTOHIIIHH ifpyKT
t TO.rbKo ko;1' rrcHXnarp
(■pRynhiat^i ^t)
KaH^biW TpojiJie'^Syc, Koropwii
XO^eT TOBOOHTb

-2HH-
Translate the following passage into Russian.
New vocabulary for th^ translation. (You a^p. . not responsible for
learning; this vocabulary.)
holiday - npa3^HHK , hrn+^erlv - SpaTCKHM
international-Meac^yHapoAHbtii grefitings - npHBeT
center - iieHTp f progressive - nporpeccKBHHi>
collective - kojijickthb mankind - 'qeJioBeqecTBO
sends (3rd sg.)- nepe^aeT glory (to) - cjiaBa (+ dative1
See p. 557 for the answer to this translation.
Thf;„Hol.Lda^
Today is a big holiday. At the concrete factory nobody is working.
Tn the club of the factory is writtent
Today is International Concrete Day.
Therefore, the concrete factory is closed.
Tomorrow it will be open.
The Directors
In the center of Betonograd there is a park of culture and *-e<~ + . Tod?.-;
in the park of culture and rest is the day of the collective of the cc'
crete factory. Director Ivanov, a famous specialist on concrete, is
reading a lecture to our collective. We love and respect our director
and we will remember his every word /every his word/.
- ^o"ir«de (Tn"* avd (f) coTr»+e-workPrs!
4s \<* wel 1-k'^own t.o ev°i"v school chil d, todav is T ntpr-nation'1
Concrete Dav.
[applause]
- As is well-known to every citizen of Betonograd, our city is trs
concrete center of the whole world.
[applause"]
- Our great city sends brotherly greetings to all progressive
mankind.
[applause!
- And all progressive mankind sends brotherly greetings to our
great city.
[stormy applause J
- Today, comrades, we say to the whole world:
Glory to concrete!
Glory to our great city!
Glory to our great concrete factory!
[ovation]

_2^_
™L RELATIVE KOTOPHff
Kot6phh agrees in number and gender with the noun it refers to.
Its case depends on its use in its own clause. For example,
KaoKflbift ^ejioBeK, koto'phh MBeT b JIeHHHrpa\ne, padoTaeT c 3HTy3Ha.3M0M.
(Every person who lives in Leningrad works with enthusiasm.)
KoTopbift: singular, masculine because qejioBeK is singular masculinp.
nominative because it is the subject of the clause. J
Subject of its clause: nominative case
Kasc^aH xeHniHHa, KQTdpan MBeT b JleHHHrpa^e. ..
(every woman who lives in Leningrad...)
Kaac^oe cjiobo, KQTopoe oicaH^HBaeTCH Ha o_...
(every word which ends in o...)
Bee cjioBa, KQT6pbie OKaHtiHBaioTCH Ha a.. .
(all words which end in a...)
Direct object of its c1ause» accusative case
yejioBelc, KOTQ~poro a iiomhio. ..
(the person who(m) I remember...)
ac^HmHHa, kotopyp h jiioSjiio. . .
(the woman who(m) I 1ove...)
co^iHHe'HHe, KQTopoe OHa' nHmeT...
(the comnosi ti on^hich she is writing...)
(f)OTOrpd(flHH, KOTOpHe H nd'MHK). . .
(the photographs which I remember...)
Indirect object of its clause: dative case
tiejiOBe'K, KOT^poMy h nnmy
(the person to whom I am writing...)
Object of a preposition /
pecTop^H, b KOTdpoM h padoTaio...
(the restaurant in which I work...)
tieJIOBe'K, O KQTOPOM H TOBOpHJI...
(the person about whom I was speaking...)
napK, o'kojio KQToporo h acHBy...
(the park near which I live...)

Drill 5
Translate into Russian.
1. The woman who worked at the factory is Gladkov's wife.
2. The woman whom I remember always sroke with rv^^.t
enthusiasm.
3. The engineer whom she loves doesn't love her.
k. The word which I remember ends in a.
5. The boy to whom she often writes lives near me.
6. The factory at which I work is very big-.
7. The doctor without whom she cannot live doesn't love
her.
R. The engineer who loves her doesn't love me.
9. The compositions which I am writing ar^ very pood.
10. The Dark in which I am sitting is the cleanest, -park
in the city in which we live.

WORKBOOK: V+V MUTATION TN HT-VERBS
Certain consonants may "be regularly replaced by others.
Substitution of this kind is called consonant mutation. It occurs in
such English nairs as: facp - facial (s—* shT~, rite - ritual (t—*■ ch)
erode - erosion (d-*>zh) .Christ - Christian ( st—» shch) . Consonant
mutation i^ similarly regular and predictable in Russian. In Russian,
however, consonant mutations are spelled as well as pronounced.
Various types of consonant mutation occur in Russian. The names
assigned to them will refer to the environments in which thev occur.
The type of mutation occurring: in tne em ir OTvmervt V+V — ax\d hence in
the prespnt tense of vowel-stems— will be called V+V_jmutati.on.
1 • Wb\oV'._ consonants undergo V+V mutation
For purposes of V+V mutation, consonants and consonant groups may
be classified as:
Dent.al_s - made by bring!ne to"mie to or near teeth.
R t 3 c and the cluster ct
Labial_s - made with one or both lins.
6 n b (|) m
The following mutations onc-n^ |n y+V mutation:
Dentals mutate to M
Labia.ls add Ji
Djental^s Labials
6
6ji
n
nji
B
BJI
$
dbJi
M
MJI
A
jK
T
^
3
5K
C
in
CT
m
V+V mutation occurs onlv in the environment V+V, but it does not
piwnys occur in that environment. In the present tense, mutable con-
^"Tnts (+^Q^e in the ton row of the above table) mutate under the
following conditions;
V+V mutation in ht-verbs:
V+V mutation" occurs in the 1st person singular and onlv, the 1st
person singular.
jik)6h4- jik)6jij6, jiK>6Hmb, jik>6ht, jik>6hm, JiK)6HTe, jik6ht
CHJie+ CHSC^, CHBHfflb, CH.HHT, CHpM, CHflHTe, CHIHT

Exercise 11 U<?n_t a 1 _s
Form the 1st s^. and 1st r>l . MARK STRESS
1. cjieBH+ (follow)
2. npocTH* (forp-ive)
?. B03H+ (transport) ,
^ HOCH+ (carry) _
c;, ogH^e-t- (insult)
6# TpaTH+ (waste) _____ _____
7. rpycTH+ (he sad) _
B, JieTe"+ (fly)
9. rpy3^+ (load) , ,
Hyp o th etica1
10. np0 3f+ _____ __
U. JiacH+ __
12. Mncre+ __
IT, MHTe>
1 k . cpy^H+- ___
£ xjsr_c_i.se.___ 2-J. _Labj a_l js
Form the 1st se, and 2nd ser. i^^. ?T_d._sf.
1. 3HaK0MH+ (acouaint)
?. py6H+ (chon) _ „.
1. xpaner (snore) _.__., .
k. roTOBH+ (prepare) __ _ „ _. .,
t). rpadfiH+ (lirp) ...
6. ct4bh+ (put) _,.._,„
7, 05khbh+ (enliven) ,
R. JioMHi- (break) • „ ,.,
9, Kpenn+ (strenp-then) ,._ . „
(continued)

Hypothetical 1 pt pp-. ?nrj s^.
10. M^BH-t-
11. HHMe+
I?.. ponm
IT. Jiadhn-*
14. Mop6e+
>w
Kxercise 1 Mixed
Form infinitive, 1st person singular, and 3rd person
plural. Note that the infinitive of V-stems is formed
by simple addition, V+C. Consequently, no changes of
any kind occur in stress or consonant.
inf. 1 St <zp. Tv-r) rO .
1. KopMH-f (nourish1) , „.„1_...7.„L_
/ . .
?. rperaH+(sin) __ _..
T. Kpacw+ (paint"* ,
k. tiHCTH+ (clean) __
5. rjiHBe+ (flanoe) , , __
6. Jieaca+ (lie) . ____ . .
7. yTotiHH-t- (make
preci rrT
8. Beji^+ (order)
9. oTBeTHt (answer).
10.BHce+(hane)
11 . nojioacH-t- (put) _
1 ?.. bo,hi£+ (lead)
1^. BH^e+ (see)
14. nycTH+ (permit).,.
1 5. xpaHHt (save)
1 6. y^n+ (tp».ch) _
17.hbh+ (appear)
(continued)

-2 50-
Hypothetical
18. JiacH+
19. pyne+
K
20. nop3H+
21. ryacm-
22. COH6+
23. npycTH+
24. KyMH+
25. 3yBe+
26. rjiacTe+
27. My$m-
inf.
1st Sff.
3rd p)..
n^

-251-
HT-Verb Inventory
V-V TOBOpHf
Kpmia-r
r 'J mojuish-
*$*,' fiP°x6+ (shake)
Cj/ ' nOMHH +
<3D-> CMOTpe-+
■£
CTpOH+
«V
A K.ypH+
Y.+X. .ITLU ta t j. on_, rn JLs.t... §£.
^-■^ BH4e+
pi) CH^eV
(V}y myT&+- I Hoke) [a wr^on -okinp-f
^^> JieT4-(flir) [an airnTaneJ
^m tiHCTH+- Mclean) [a shiny surface]
Cy JlK)6iHr
^-^^ pydH+ (chon, hack) [a knife]
cgr^ roTOBH-t- (nrenare) [a howl of sour]
LxSF^ xpane-*- (?,nore) fa T>ersnn <=morvnpj

252-
P.rilL. *>
Translate the following symbols into the correct m-e^ent
tens'* Russian vp^ form,
vocabulary:(cabbage)- Kanycra
(fear) - CTpax
(mushroom) - rpn6
1. IloMeMy bh
IVpyrne He .,
2. fl ct>
3. Tjie bh |Sj(
4. 0 KOM BH
5. IlotieMy bh Q^.
Ha Bac.
6. Ohh &i.
?. fl C^>
8. OhhjSl
fl HHtiero He <^!5>
9. ohhH^"
^t+^iu ————
fl <"o,,«
10. Ohh ^2=-
11. Ohh ill'
fl ^ll'
12. Bbi (j£)
13. OH^^f
_, MTO BH
? fl
fl He
»<**
KanycTy.
b na.pKe.
o Bac.
Ha MeHH? fl He <J>>
HOBHH 3aBOfl.
_KanycTy. Ohh HHtiero He QJ?
xopo'mHH cyn.
ot cTpaxa.
ot He,noe,]i;aHn,H.
y QojioTa. fl HHrje ne
CBOH MafflHHbl.
rpH6bi.
fl HHKor.ua He &)
^
jieKUHH. fl HHKor.ua He \!s=^ _
, KOTR& npotfieccop ['Jyjibu; iHTaet
14. Ohh
15. Bh v<^S''
16. Ky.ua bh
_Ha KaTepHHy. fl He
Moe hSjioko? KoHe^Ho^a ero \(
_? fl ^^ Ha JiyHy.

-253-
Verb_ V£ca_bulary Drill
Write the n-fc«*m which corresponds to each symbol. Then check p. 251.
1 • C? 6. ^ _ ii. / ^ 16. f% _
2. £ 7. <g) _ I2.<i> _„ ..__17.S^.
?-^- 8'^'" - 13<^> — 18.© .._
*>.-^_
5. <Th>
9. <£> iv&::,
10. ow 15.
Verb _C an jwa t u?n__T)r _iJLJL
Usinp onlv these symbols a? clues, nut the following verbs into the correct
wsent tense fortr^.
^to oh jejiaeT?
i. <X>
2. ft
3. v° '
6. (3D
III
10.
11.
v"~
12-£
14. <v?
15. ^
16.*^*.
lio a ffe'jiaio?
1. ^-^~
3.
1%
4. »j o »"
* QP
R. ^£^
9. ^
io. <a>
U.^
12. Cffl»
13. ^.i:/
16.
Mto bh je'jiaeTe?
1. <j>
2. ft
3. >' ' '

I
-2 5 h-
—
-
—
-
"
__
-
—
-
—
Ritual 90
m„p„|
Ha cJie,EyromnS pa3 npuroTOBbTe Beet. ypoK!
OTO CJIHmKOM MHOTO.
He flJiH MeHH.
fl He TaKoft reHHH, ksk bh.
TeM xyxe jyia Bac.
[".itpoxca] ^3Bepr pdjta qeJioBe^ecKoro!
For next timp viTpvibvp tnp. whole lesion!
Th^t'^ too mnoh.
Not for me.
T'm 'not f ?eTiinc' 1 ikp vou. /T'm not ,--;(->^
So Tnnoh t.hp worse for vou.
fphflkvn"""- Monster of the human rn<~-pl
Hcho?
Is that clear?
" ^pniiiR ;is voi',/

-255-
Beji.Haa KaTa
[Tape
PecTopaH "Jlpyxda" - caMbift niHKapHHH peCTopaH b HanieM rdpo#e. B otom
HMKapHOM pecTOpaHe chjht jik^h. Kto o'th jikjh? H BHacy, mo out? ca.Mbie
^uasoBaHHbie jikwh Hamero rdpoja. Be^b ohh CHjaT h roBopaT o con.uojidrHH,
o TOi^„^rHH H 0g 9THOJio'rnH. KaKaa KyjibTypa!
Iloqevy ohh ch^ht ^ riecTopaHe, b kotopom a paddTaro? KaK H3BecTHO KaamoMy
™DHTe™ xopoinero cyna, ^ K0T^U^'a rOTO'BJ1I0, ji^inHM cyn b rdpoje.
Becb fleHb a ctob b rane pecTopaHa * „ ^ Kan^CTy. H KOr M H He 6jlio
KanycTy, a ynmy rpndbi. Becb #eHb a pydjiro vr-.^/ ' H pyojrib Bee
i roBopaT c 9HTy3Ha'3M0M o KanycTe, KOTo'pyro a py6JiK>. ^^~rxTmrpA^ici_fisiJibm!iM
| SHTysHasMOM o rpn6ax, KOTopHe a qHmy. Ho hx 3HTy3Ha'3M He "'iTepecyeTMeV'
Hx anjioflHCMeHTH He HHTepecyioT MeHa. KanjfcTa He KHTepecjfeT MeHH,
[c rpycTbio] He roBopa yace o rpudax.
fl He xoqy qpicTHTb. fl He xoqy pydHTB. H xo^y cn^e'Tb b pecTopane h KaK
Bee oSpasoBaHHbie jikUh roBopHTb o couaojidrnn, o TonoJidrnH h 06 OTFo^drHH.
Ho a Heodpa30BaHHaji fleVyinKa, KOTo'paa HH^ero He sHa'eT. fl de#Haa ^e'BymKa,
KOTo'paa pydHT KanycTy h ih'ctht rpn6bi Beet p,euh.
R pecTOpaHe t arose ch^ht moh He^o'dpHe cecrpH. Ohh Himerd He pydaT.
Ohh HHqero He ^hctht. Becb ,n,eHb moh He£Odpbie cecTpbi myTaT h xHXHKa»T.
H MHny h pydjiro, a ohh myraT h XHXHKaioT.
Ojma cedpa nbeT ajiKordjibHbie nannTKH. Jf,pyraa cecTpa. jie*:HT no£ ctojiom h
xcanHT. 06pa3OBaHHbie jiio^h CMOTpaT Ha Hee c OTBpauie'HHeM. Bce 3HaioT, ito
xpane'xb b mnKa'pHOM pecTOpaHe o'qeHb HeKyjibTypHo.
0, a BHscy KHKry, KOTdpaa jie^HT Ha cTOJie'. Hhkto He cmotpht na Mena.
MdsceT dHTb, a dyXy MHT3Tb HeMHdro o couhojiothh, o TonojidrHH h od OTHOjrdr'HH.
Bo'xce moh, Ka.K a xo^y ^HTaTb o cohhojio'thh, o TonojidrHH h 06 othojiothh!
CecTpa Co'hh kphmh't: "Kelta! Hto th iHTa'eub?"
M Apyra'a cecTpa Toxe kphmh~t: "KaTa! Uoneuy Tbi He pydHmb?"
fl Apoacy ot CTpa'xa.
I Hoporn'e cecTpbi, Becb fleHb bk inyTHTe h xHXHKaeie. fl He my^y h
He XHXHKaio. Becb jeHb bh nteie, a a HHKor^a ne nbro. Becb
J fleHb bh KpHMHTe Ha MeHa. fl HKKorfla He Kpn^y Ha Bac. Hoporrfe
'; cecTpH, a d^eHb pa^a pydnib Bamy KanycTy h MHCTHTb Baron rpHdti.
Ho Kor^a a pydjiro, a xoiy MHTaTb o cohhojiothh, o Tonojidrnn H^od
■ othojiothh. Bce jcpyrne jteByniKH ^HTaioT o couhojiothh, o TonojiorHH
h od gthojiothh. Bce, KpoMe MeHa.
Ohh He cjtymaKT MeHa. Hhkto He cjiyraaeT MeHa. Hhkto He jik>6ht uev.A. fl
3a6biTa. fl o,5Hci.
He to^ho, KaTa. Mo'xeT dbiTb,TH o^H.a, ho He sadbiTa. Kaac,n;b!H JirodviTejib
xoporaero cyna noMHHT o Tede.

2^6-
P.Qor_.Jl?jte
The restaurant "Friendshin" is the most chic restaurant in our city,
this chic restaurant are sitting: people. Who are these people? I see
that they are the most educated people of our city. After all, they pp.
talking- about sociology, topology, and ethnology. What culturel
Why are thev sitting- in the restaurant in which T work? As f-^ "f'^1"
known to everv lover of o-ood noun, +h<=> "oir which I pr©i,Qte 1F; ^e ^ef!
soup in town.
All «ifv I stand in the kitchen of t.i-c ^staurant and chop cabbag-e.
And when I'm not chopping: c^^^'"1 clean mushrooms. All day I chop "
and clean clean anJ cf*"" Everybody speaks with enthusiasm about
ttc caDDage whiah-J Chop. Everybody speaks with enthusiasm about the
mushrooms—"+rrtrff I clean. But their enthusiasm doesn't interest me.
Catba^e doesn't interest me, [with sadness] to say nothing- of mushrooms
I don't want to clean. I don't want to chop. I want to sit in the
restaurant and, like all educated people, talk about sociology, topolo
and ethnology. But I'm an uneducated girl who doesn't know anything.
I'm a poor girl who chops cabbage and cleans mushrooms all day.
In the restaurant also sit my unkind sisters. They don't chop anythin
They don't clean anything. All day my unkind sisters ,ioke and giggle.
I clean and chop, and they ,ioke and *n,ggle.
One sister is drinking alcoholic beverages. The other sister is lying
under the table and snoring. The educated people look at her with
disgust. Everybody knows that it is very uncultured to snore in a
chic restaurant.
Oh, I see a book which is lying on the table. Nobody is looking at
me. Perhaps I'll read a little about sociology, topology, and
ethnology. My God, how I want to read about sociology, topology, and
ethnology!
Sister Sona screams, "Kate! V/hat are you reading?"
And my other sister also screams, "Kate: Why aren't you chopping?"
I shake from fear.
Dear sisters, all day you joke and giggle. I don't joke and
giggle. All day you shout at me. f never shout at you.
Dear sisters, I'm very happy to chop your cabbage and clean
your mushrooms. But when I chop I want to read about sociology,
topology, and ethnology. All the other girls are reading about
sociology, topology, and ethnology. Everybody except me.
They aren't listening to me.
I'm forgotten. I'm alone.
Nobody listens to me. Nobody loves me.
Not exactly, Kate. Perhaps you're alone, but not forgotten,
lover of good soup remembers you /about you/.
Every

-257-
Bonpocbi:
Tape
1. B KaKOM pecTopane pa66iaeT 6e,HHaa Kaia?
2. KaKHe jiwrvl chjjht iaM?
3. 0TKy,na bh 3HaeTe?
4. ricmeMy ohh chjht b pecTopane, b kotopom pa66TaeT KaTH?
5. Fjie CHflHT KaTH? jra ^£
f>. Mto OHa TaM ^eJiaeT? ^^P~(^9 ^1L Q i»
"7. KaTH, *iTO th fle'jiaenib?
8. KaTH, nno th xo'^enib .neJiaTb?
9. IIo^eMv? <ya
10. Hto .nejiaioT He,E,d6pbie cecTpu?
11. Hto ^e'jiaeT oflna cecTpa? LJ5
12. Mto fleJiaeT jjpyran? |gy&g>|
13. Ilo^eMy cecTpbi Kpn^aT Ha KaTio? fm
14. OT^ero .uposcht KaTH?
15. 0,n,Ha jih KaTH?
lr>. 3a6h'iTa jih KaTH?
17. no^eMy?

-2S8-
PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUMMARY
Norn.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Pren.
fl
ueH&
MHe
MHe
TbI
Te6«
Te6e
Te6e
oh/oho
ero
eizy
hSm
ona
ee
eft
Heft
MH
Hac
HaM
Hac
Bbl
Bac
BaM
Bac
OHH
HX
HM
HHX
R.f *?.<? X.QK Q. .QJiPJ" eJ3.PI)q ? JXO
Read the following: for meaning (if von can find anv). Be able to
account for the ap.nect of the underlined vprtn. You are not resnonsi-
ble for lenrninjj tKe new vocr^uIi^v,
vocabulary:
TOJIbKO "TO - iust
nocJie^HHfi - latent
CTpaHHHft - stran?e
<tipa'3a - sentence
B,upyr - suddenly
xoTe+ CKa3aTb - mean
( Ht6 Bbl S'THM X0TKT6
CKa3aTb?
Whit do vou mean by
that?)
orpoMHbift - e"ormouc;
kocmoc - cosmos
caivta - myself (-fern)
6biBinnft - former
npaBHjibHo - correct!v
njiaHeTa - nlanet
npeKpacHbift - fine
hh...hh... - neither...nor
HH^ycTpH^JibHHH - industrial
jiiooo'Bb 3K - love
Note imnerfective: ona noHHMajia ("under^t^od", i.°,, in the sense
of bein^ in a state of knowing;)
OHa noHHMajia no-pyccKH.
(°he irndp^pt.nod Ruffian)
■perfective: oud noHHJia ("pxasned, realized"')
OHa' noHHJia, md oh xot^ji cjcasa'Tb.
(She realized/erasned what he meant.)
The difference in form between the imnerfective and nerfectiv-
stem? will be explained in a later chanter.

-259-
- HaBHHKTe! Bh He H3BecTHHH nncaTeJib n.n. noMH^o'poB?
— J[a, 9T0 h - IleTp na'.BJioBHti IIOMHjopoB, H3BecTHHfi nHcaTejib.
- A a Cdif'bfl CeMeHOBKa CaMOBapoBa. fl To'jibKo ^to npo^HTajia Bamy
nocjieVHioro KHHry. Bh Hannca'jiH o'^eHb xopo'myio KHHry. ToBapnm.
noMH^dpoB, dojitmde cnacrido!
~ [KpacHen] Ha mo bh!
- IloKa a ^HTajia Ba'my KHHry, a njiaKajia. Ha, njiaKajia, noTOMy mo a
BH^ejia ceda, Co'tfibio CewieHOBHy CaMOBapoBy, b KHHre. CTpaimafl,
flHKafl aceHm,HHa, KOTo'paa acnjia y dojio'Ta - oto a. Mojiojcan aceHnjHHa,
KOTopaa CTpoHjia rn^pocTaHUHio, noKa .npyrne sce'HmHHbi cjiymajiH jih'khh
sana^HHH ^aca3 - d'to Tosce a. ^ Hoporo'M IleTp IlaBJioBHti, h 3Haio, mo
Kor^a bh nncajiH KHHry, bh .nyMajin 060 mhs. Kaxjcaa <irpa.3a, Kaaqioe
cjio'bo, KascflHH rjiardji, He roBopn yace o npejuidrax - o'to a.
— fl He noHHMaio, o qeM bh roBopHTe.
- "Rtjepa a qHTa-na Becb ^enb. MHTajia h miaicajia. . . , njiaKajia h ^HTajia.
"A Kor.ua h npo^HTaJia Bdray KHHry, a B^pyr noHAJia, ito bh xoTejin
CKa3aTb. , OrpdMHoe a'6jioko, KOTo'poe cHflejio b OKeaHe, He HacToamnM
*pyKT. HdJioKo, kohctho, Ham kocmoc, He npaBfla jih?
— Kocmoc? HdjiOKo? KaKoe orpoMHoe adjioKO?
- fl TaK h flyi/ajia, IleTp FlaBJiOBH^. H caMa tiacTO roBopnjia MoeMy dHBmeMy
My»y; "Kocmoc, BaHA, - g'to a6jioko, orpoMHoe hSjioko."
— Hoporaa Cottba CeMeHOBHa, Bb^MdsceT dHTbtHe noHHi/a'eTe, ^ito...
- H Bee noHHMaio. B KHHre bk mhoto tobophjih 0 TtfYpax, KOTo'pne jieacaT
Ha ruiascax. Bh np&BHJibHO CKasajin. ^to mh Bee MBeM "ksk thYph Ha
ruiaace". Bce,^TO bh roBopHTe o THrpax, h3B6ctho Ka'wji,OMy o6pa30-
BaHHOMy ^ejioBe'Ky Ha Ha'raeM nJiaHe'ie. Ax, IleTp IlaBJioBH^, sto tbk
npeKpacHO - "thtph Ha njinace".
— Tnrpn? IIjihok? Kanne THrpu? KaKOH ruiaw?
- Ho no^eMy Baran th'tph j,ejrajiH rpydne rpaMMaTH^ecKHe omndKH? 1t6
BH 9THM XOTejIH CKa3a.Tb? ^TO THrpH - He JIIOflH? HTO THTpH He TOBOpflT
no-pyccKH? Hjih *ito?
— Jlopora'a Coc^bfl CeMeHOBHa, BH,KasceTca, flejiaeTe omndKy. fl o THrpax
HHKorfla ne nncaji. HHKorfla He nnmy h HHKorji,a He dy^y nucaTt. fl
IleTp na'BJiOBHti IlOMHfldpoB, H3BecTHHH nHcaTejib. Ho H nnray hh o
THrpax, hh o (JipyKTax, a 00 HHflycTpnajibHoM couhojiothh, to ecib od
ysapHHKax, KOTOpne padOTaioT Becb jieHb c 9HTy3Ha'3M0M h OT^HxaioT b
na'pKax KyjibTypH h oTjuxa. MdaceT dHTb, bh sHaeie mow nocjie^HMw
naddT.y, "AH3Hb h jiroddBb na rwji,pocTaHUHflX".
[oieHb HejioBKafl nay3al
- H3BHHHTe, TOBapnm IloMH^opOB! NlHe nopa hath. Ho CBHfla'HHA.

-260-
Conrnrehension Drill t X6p$3i w er6 odpasdBaHHag jiomaflb
Read the Questions for Part I, then listen to the tane and answer the
the questions. Do the same for Part IT.
The following new words are introduced*
Namej?« B.B. AHjjpeeB, Haritfca, Ha3HMa, Me^HHa
English, cognates; KHCTHTyT, ^OKyMe'HT, $>aKT, npnMHTHBHHM,$Hrypa
rpynna. (Mote the last two end in a)
Alf-Ql coijHOjidrHH (of sopiologv)
yBH^HM (we'll see)
BepoHTHO (probablv)
no^TH (almost)
TonoJio'rHH (of topology)
|Tape\
Part I
1. Ffle Haxo'flHTCH rdpofl Me^HHa?
2. F^e HaXo'flHTCfl HHCTHTyT COUHOJTO'rHH?
3. Kto B. B. AHflpeeB?
4. F^e oh paSoTaeT?
5. Hto HHTepecyeT ero?
6. Hid oh Tene'pb nayider'?
7. no^eMy1 oh Tene'pb He H3y^aeT apadcKyro acH3Hb b ro'po.ne?
8. Tfle Haxo^HTCH %6miK B. B. AH^pe'eBa?
9. y Hero ecri, MamHHa?
10. OTKy^a bh 3HaeTe?
11. Kto HedoJibmaa $Hrypa b nycTtrae?
12. Kto $aTma?
13. Hto ^ejiaji A6,nyji?
14. Hto ^e'jiajia $aTHMa?
15. KaK bh flyviaeTe? rio^eMy Jio'ma^b KuAaa. AS^yjia He Kypmia?
16. Mto HeceT AH^peeB b nopT$eJie?
17. Kto CKa3aji oioBa: "Hama *H3Hb He npHMHTHBHan h He cqacTJiHBan"?
JI,oraflaHTecb! (guess)
Part.. II*
1. Kto <baTHMa?
2. Mto H3yqaeT 3>aTHNia?
3. rio^eMy CKa3ajia <&aTHMa, ^ito OHa He 3HdeT, KaKoro po'^a CJidBo "rpynna"?
4. Ffle padoTaeT Tenepb HaH<|ia?
5. %o ee HHTepecyeT?
6. Kor^a totobht HaH$a cyn c rpHdaxiH?
7. Korjta bh^ht Ad^yji Hari$y?
8. Ht6 bh'jht B. B.^ AH^pee$ h KHH3b Ad^yji?
9. Ky^a JieTHT Ha3HMa?
10. Uonewp
11. IIoxieMy .ny^MaeT B.B. AH^pe'eB, "Jto Ha3HMa CTpaHHaa aceHmHHa?
12. ncqeMy .nyxiaeT Adjiyji, tno Ha3HMa ctpaHHaa xe^HmHHa?
13* KaKjho acH3Hb Be^eT KHH3b A6;n,yji, no MHeHHio (in the B.B.AHflpeeBe"
14. A6^yji? tiTO TaKoe acH3Hb? opinion of)
15. rio^ieMy?

-26l-
I t, He has a question. He wants to know who my dear sisters are writing:
i to/to whom/ and what thev are writing about/about what/.
! 2. I'm sitting in a chic restaurant '" which are si+.+vncr very educated
neotile.
3. I wrote a Ls.Si§E. to mV "favorite American writer. In the letter I
spoke about our new hydroelectric station. [Tetter - nHCMo]
k, Thp ,ian,iJ;jor about whom T was reading cleans benches in the little
nark of culture and ''est which is located not far from this eastern
city. [janitor - yQo'pmHK]
5. Thev are shaking from fear. Why? Just because, Thev like to shake
from fear. You're iokin.fr? I never joke.
6. On the wall of the concrete factory was written:
.5Jj?X.X_..tP every lover of concrete! [fflory to - cjiaBa+ dative]
7. Why are those cowboys shouting" at poor Svetlana?
R, My talking horse knows evervthi-r about cjDnjbempprjary ethnolop-v, not
to mention tonology. But she doesn't know anything about me.
[contemporary - coBpeMe'HHHft]
9. Everybody here sneaks with great enthusiasm about the red eabbap-e
/ which I chon.
I
10. All dav T prepa.re soun in my kitchen, chop tomatoes, and clean
mushrooms. You don't clean anything? you don't prepare anything. I
cannot resnect you. [tomato - noMn,n,6pj
11. We want to find out whether they lead a happy life.
12. A leading professor said to his best friend: "Astrobiology is the
aueen of the sciences."
13. He esneciallv likes Albanian sonfs about life in the distant Arabian
r> p c p v +\m
14,-Everythine- interests mv sister. For example, she has already
studied all life on .the, earth.. She is now studying- life on the
moon, [earth - 3eujiS\
— You don't sayl
fi. They are now flying- to a distant planet in their bis: new r-ed rocket.
Bon voyagreS [planet - njiaHeia]

262-
CjioBapb
Nouns
M
KHH3b - nrince
cyn - soup
KOB66ft - cowboy
Jiio6rfTeJib - lover
rpH6 - mushroom
Ao'mhk - little-house
CToi - table
CTpax - fear
M
Ap^BHH - Arabia
nycTHHH - desert
pane'Ta - rocket
diH3HKa - physics
TonoJidrHH - tonolopv
acTp^o6nojiornH - astrobiology
uapijua -queen
JiyHa - moon
necHH - song
rHTapa - guitar
jiaSopaTopnH - laboratory
jio'raa^b "M. - horse
flpyac6a - friendship
couhojiothh - sociology
othojiothh - ethnology
KanycTa - cabbage
^e'ByiflKa - girl (post-puberty)
jeBOTKa - li ttle-p-irl
cecTp^ - sister
KHiira - book
KyxHK - kitchen
HayKa - science
Adjectives
apadCKHfl - Arabian
,n,ajieKnft - distant
paKeTHHH - rocket
jho6h'muH - favorite, beloved
c^acTJiHBHM - happy
BeflymHft - leading
aMepHKaHCKHft - American
roBopHnjHM - t^l king
o6pa30BaHHHM - educated
Heo6pa3o'BaHHbift - uneducated
He^ofipufi - unkind
apn30HCKnS - Arizona
KpacHHft - red
caMHM - most
SenHuK - poor
^hort-^form adjectives
pa^a/o/u - happy
3a6HT/a/o/H - forgotten
instrument!
Ha+prep)
Verbs
OTOH-t- - be standing
npn/roTdBH+ - prepare
H3y^iH+ / H3y^dfi+ - Tosaster/study
noBTopn-t- / noBTopHft+ - repeat
e3p,vi+ - ride
nrpa«+ - piav (on an
yBa«a«+ - respect
py^H+ - chop, h*ck
qiiCTH+ - clean
rayTH+ - joke
XHXHKaM+ - srip-fiile
xpan<^+ - Rnore
KpHq4+ (Ha+ ace) -shout (at)
Apo*a-t- - shake
y3Hdft+^ - find out (perfective)
no/jieTeV - fly
Other ,
c rpiTSa'MH - with mushrooms
3flecb = TyT (here)
Bcex Hayn - 0f all the sciences
Bee, tiTO - everything that
HanpHMe'p - for example
bot KaKl-Well, Well! von H0"'t s^v!
c^acTJiHBoro nyTH! - bon voyage!
HHTepecyeT/HHTepecyioT - interest(s)
noft^eMi- let's go!
ceflna'c - now, right now, rierht ^w=iv
enje - still
Taicace - also (in the sense of "in
addition")
HeMHdro -a little

ITape I Mama nameT nojie miyroM. C ypyroM.
Masha is plowing a field with a plow. With a friend.
llama Ma'meT Qpaiy nofl 6ojh>hihm okhom.
Bockobhm KapaHjamdM.
Pasha is waving to his brother under a
big window. With a wax pencil.
| Tojig memieT TaftH.y b TejieffoH. -►
Oh mnHc5H~J
To^a is whispering a secret into the
telephone. He is a spy.

-26h-
Maina naxajia h llama Maxaji,
A mnHo'H b Tejie$>o*H TSffiHy meniaji.
Masha was plowing and Pasha was waving,
And the spy into the telephone a secret was whispering.
J

-265-
Meacgy ct.vjiom h ctojiom
Peacei 3A£hh hoc HoactfM7
Ilepe^ 6paT0M h otijcSm.
3'tO p'qeHb CTpdHHHft JOM.
Between the chair and the table
Zhena is cutting (his) nose with a knife,
In front of (his) brother and father.
This is a very strange house.
AHHa JIK)6HT MHThCfl Qe'jIKTM MeJIOM.
Bee cgHTsboT s'to cm^jihm j^jio'mT
Anna likes to wash with white chalk.
Everyone considers that a daring deed.
y BjiHHCKoro Mo'pa oh njiaqeT ot ropa, a b jiohjqhckom Mopre oh npo'cro
b BocTopre.
By the Sea of Blinsk, he cries from grief, but in the London morgue
he is simply in ecstasy.

-266-
INSTRUMENTAL SINGULAR MASCULINE - NEUTER
••• lm.•.om
Norn.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Prep.
Instr.
M
Chart of Bndingsi updated
C X
1
t
• • *92JL • • • 9.
i
i
T
•.. oyo...a
• • • J2IM • • • M
. ..pjn.. .e,*
•. • ijn... om
* • • St 11 St • * • St
...uiu.•.u
( )
( )
• • * ,Pj]. • *» g
( )
L
JL
( )
( )
( )
( )
PI.
• •
lie..
•iA'
t
(
(
• •
(
.( )..
)
)
.ax
)
*ii+e-> _u+i
1• Primary function of the instrumental caset "by means of"
Oh nn'ineT 6ojibmHM xapaHjamoM.
(He writes with a big pencil.)
Mama naraeT nojte njr/roM.
(Masha is plowing the field with a plow.)
2• Several prepositions take the instrumental case.
a) c - with (in the sense of "accompanied by")
Mama nameT nojie miyroM. C j,pyroM.
(Masha is plowing the field with a plow. With a. friend.)
Ohsl pafidTaeT c mohm 6paTOM.
(She works with rny brother.)
b) 5 prepositions form a semantic group.
nepe,n (in front of)
sa (behind)
Mexfly (between)
Haj (over)
nofl (under)
c) Some verbs have objects in the instrumental case.
1. CTaH+ (become)
Oh CTaJI H3BeCTHbIM flOKTOpOM.
(He became a well-known doctor.)

-267-
2, ciHTaft+ (consider) takes 2 objects! accusative -
instrumental,
ciHTaM-*- A - B
(ace.) (instr.)
Bee cuHTaioT s'to c-MejiHM ^ejtOM.
(Everybody considers that a_ daring deed.)
fl c^HTaio Tjia^KOBa ctpsihhhm qeJiOBexoM.
(I consider Gladkov a^„stranp;e_, person ,)
H = x, i, in, m
As we have seen, ^ or u + o is snelled e/e, i.e., e when stressed,
e w^e^ "i+.i
Stressed
o
xeHH
) <i|M "J
lepHHM J
Unstressed
Ha'raeM
xeHa
However, in stressed Noun/Ad iective endings, xi or u, + o is spelled o
Stres_se_d
KapaHjamoM
otuo'm
Un s tr e_s s e d
MyxeM
Me'omeM (month)
Onlv one common adipctiv" - SojifcmoM , hannens yto have M + o:
Sojifcrao'M xopo'ineM
DH 11 1
■Toin on).
1 , TOBapHm^
p, 6opm
?. Jinn '
^. COJIHIX

268-
Drill 2
Form the instrumental singular of the
following nouns.
1. xym (shower).
2 • rapa*
3« Myac
b, KapaH^ara.
Drill 3
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. What is he writing with? /with-what.../
2. What kind of pencil is he writing with?
3. Who does he work with?
k. He works with my dear brother..
5. He was standing in front of the chic restaurant.
6. He is waving ( MameT ) to his brother under a big window.
( okho )
7. We just built a hydroelectric power station between our old
garage and your new factory.
8. Everybody considers him a good person..
9. Boris became a well-known writer.
10. Why is she sitting behind the garage?.

Note the following locations
-269-
Has
®
no,n,
®
nepex
3a
5
MBWfly
1.
5.
6.
7.
Ex. © Tape
CTOJl'
I 1
I 1
5
h
ho
h ®
dyji
Preposition Drill
Tape
Answer
during pause
Hax CTOJIo'm
8.
9.
lb
1 @ 1
10. (—1
12- t©
I4- h©| 1
Listen
JOJIbmOfi CTOJI
MajieHbKHfi CTyjt

-270-
MOBILE VOWEL
In the masculine singular of certain nouns and pronominals, the vowel
o or e is inserted between final consonants.
OTeu (father) ropo^OK (town)
This vowel is not found in other formsi
OTUOM TOpOflKH
Since this vowel "moves", i.e., appears in only one form, it is called
the "mobile vowel". In vocabulary entries, such nouns will be entered
with o or e in parentheses.
QTeu(e) ropoji;oK(o)
Nom.sg. oTeTn" ropoj;dK
Gen.sg. OTua ropo^Ka
Instr.sg. otuo'm ropo^KOM
Nom.pl. °TH" ropo^KH
Prep.pl. otuslx ropo^Kax
Another example we have encountered«
Becb(e)
Nom.sg.m. Becb
Nom.sg.f. bch
Nom.sg.n. Bee
Without this mobile vowel, the nominative singular would end in a
difficult consonant clusters "om", "ropoflic", or contain no vowel at all
"BCb".
Dri
Joi
lo
2.
3.
4.
.11 k
.n a and i. to
aJiSaHen; (e )
xeHb( e)
HanHTOK( 0)
ropo^OK(o)
the
foil
owing
words.
The e in *iefi and MypaBeft are mobile vowels, although Russian spelling
may obscure this.
Russian Spelling
left
HbVL
MypaBefi
MypaBbH
Transcription
chei
ch.ii
murayej
muravji

-271-
WORKBOOK: V+V MUTATION IN STEMS ENDING IN a OR o
A, Steins in a; nnca-verbs
Stems in a, where a is not preceded by H, are §t -verbs. The
term Mnnca -verb" will be used to designate this group.
Ilnca -verbs have V+V mutation before all vowel endings, and hence
throughout the present tense.
nHca+y—» numy"
nHca+enib—» niiieib
nnca+yT—♦ niiinyT
This contrasts with V+V mutation in HT-verbs, where only the 1st
person singular mutates.
jik>6h+io—* jik>6jik>
jno6n+Hfflb—* jiioSHinb
JH06&+HT—* JI166.HT
As it turns out, HT-verbs never have K ( k, r, x, ck ) as the final
consonant of the stem, but iinca -verbs do. Since K consonants
undergo V+V mutation, we must add them to the chart of mutations.
K
q
r
ac
X
in
CK
m
(cry)
njiaica+y—* njia'^iy
njiciKa+einb—» njtaqeinb
(wave)
Maxa+y—* Many
Maxa+emb—* M^raenib
njiaKa+yT—* miaqyT
Maxa+yT—* MamyT
Exercise 1
Form the 3rd plural
verbs.
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
njiaica-t-
TUKa-t-
naxa+
njtecKa-+
Hvpothe
CHKa+
TypraV
HecKa+
jiaxa+
(cry)
(poke)
(plow)
(shake)
tical
of the
foil
owing

-272-
K consonants are called "velars" because they are produced in the back
part of the roof of the mouth, called "the velum".
I
Summary of V+V mutations
Dentals Labials
Velars
R
ac
T
vi
3
X
c
ra
CT
m
6
6ji
n
nji
B
BJI
$
$JI
M
MJI
K
q
r
ac
X
ra
CK
H
Exercise 2
Form the infinitive
1. rjioja+ (enaw)
2o menTa+ (whisper)
3. pe3a+ (cut)
4. craa+ (strew)
5. njiaica+ (crv)
6o hcksh- (seek)
Hypothetical
7. rocaH-
and Jrd person singular,
inf. 3rd sg.
8. JiecKa-t-
9. Jie,na+
10. jio6a+

-273-
When labials mutate, they join a: 6-*6ji,etc.
BpeMa-t-y-* JipeMJiro
XpeMa+emb—» .upeMjiemb
ApeMa^yr-*- jjpeMJiioT
Note that the ^ produced by this mutation is soft, since it yields
ApeMJiKi , NOT "xpeMJiy" . This was not significant for HT~verbs,
where the endings are already soft ( 10, Hmb, at), but it is for
ei -verbs, where the 1st sg. and 3rd pi. are normally y and vt. For
that reason, we must now specify that in mutating, labials add a soft
ji: 6-* 6jib, etc.
The V+V mutation chart is nowi
A
■
Dentals
T
q
3
X
c
in
CT
m
6
6Jib
Labials
n
njib
B
BJIb
$
$JIb
M
MJIb
K
q
Velars
r
X
X
ID
CKj
n
stems in o+
Russian has only 5 stems in o+, of which only one - 6opo+...CH (fight)
is really common. (the ca is treated on p.335) o is always preceded
by ji or p (called "liquids") and ji—> jib, p-» ph.
KOJioVy —* kojiio (NOT "KOjiy" ; hence p mutates to pb, not to p )
KOJio+emb-
KOJienib
KOJIO+yT-* KOJIKT
Exercise
Form the
1. nopo*
2. 6opoV
3. nojio+
1
1st sg. and the 3rd sg.
1st se.
(thrash)
(weed)
3rd sg.
1

_27>+-
A Review of V+V Mutation
V+V mutation occurs!
(1) In HT-verbs: in the 1st person singular of the present
tense j
(2) In stems ending in a+ or o+t whenever V endings are joined,
and hence throughout the present tense.
Exercise 4
Form the past masculine (V+C), 1st sg. and 3rd sg.
Past Masc. 1st sg. 3rd sg.
1. Hec&+ (comb)
2. npocn* (ask)
3. pernio- (decide)
4. HCKa+(seek)
5. KpecTHt-(baptize)
6. nojio-t- (weed)
7. npaBH* (drive)
8. meni^* (whisper)
9. rayTHf (joke)
Hypothetical
10. cpuMe-t-
11. cpuMH*
12. cpHMa+
13" JIOCTH+-
1*4-. Tpyxa+
15 • Jiema+

Learn the symbols for the following verbst
<
HHCat
pe3a+
meinat
Maxa+
<
naxa+
nJiaKa+
(write)
(cut)
(whisper)
(wave)
(plow)
(cry)
c^
*
©*
F1
>^
n
(a pencil)
(a scissors)
(someone whispering)
(a flag)
(a plow)
(someone crying)
Conjugation Drill> nnea -verbs.
Tapej
1. tC^"
2.
5. p
6. -^>
7. ©W
8- $>
9. ^
10. £^
11. p
12. ^
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
^
ti
-*>
&u
P
®
19. Q>
20. $S
21. jcS^"
22. ^si>"
23. gt^
24. <Qu\

-276-
Conjugation Drill> ht-verbs and Tinea-verbs
[Tape\
1- ©^
2. ^IU
3.
5. <&
6. cS>
7. <S>
8. ©
9. ^^
10. ^
11. fo
12. &
13. &
Ik. <^
15. «
16. ^>
17. P
18. p
19. $1
20. A
(Las
- Ha*
— Hex
- Ha*
— Ha*
- Who
— No,
- At \
— At
t of
K6M
, HeT
KeM?
Heft,
are
no,
whom"?
her,
Ritual 21
the "o kom...KOMy
|Tape|
bh CMeeTecb? Ha*o
' series.)
MHO ft?
, HeT! He Ha* BaMH. Ha* *pyrHM.
Ha* <jeM?
*
Ha* hum, Ha* hhmh, Ha*o BceM.
you laughing at /
noS Not at you.
At what?
at him, at them,
over/? Me?
At someone/some
at everything.
thing
else.
Note that the preposition Ha* takes the form
Haflo before mhoS and BceM.

* T
I
-277-
Verb Inventory
You should know the symbols for the following verb stems;
eT-verbs
/
T0BOpH+
nOMHH*-
ji»6h+
BHfl,e+
no/cMOTpe
jieaca+
Kyp«+
ht -verbs
(3)
v-
<y
<E>
t <I^»
^
— ""■'
CHje+
&
no/cTp6n+ i?p
KpHia+
Mojraa*
ApoacEH-
myTH+
MHCTH+
py6&+
npH/roT^BH
xpan£+
©
Hi Q »■•
\ > ' ;
npo/^HTai!+- (?IH3
j,yMaH+
cjiymaft+
pa6o'TaH+ A^V
y/Kpa^+ -^^
Bej{+ cedf
KpacH
Ha/nHca+
xSb+
XHXHKa8+
OTflHXafit
ienTa+
pe3a+
Maxa+
naxl+
njianat
•**
i njioxo ^X*/
&
<^
£>
<£3>
"SSL*
(Sxm
a*
p
^
®
Q
jieTe+

278-
Present Tense Conjugation Drills
{Tape
A. ht- verbs
Hto ohh .nejiaioT? Hto' bu ^e'jiaeTe?
i. /vot i. (3)
2.
3. <ty*
5. «#„
>
6. ^
7- <J>
8. <©,
9. &
10.
11. ©>
12.
13. :Q'"
u. CO
15. i
16. ©
) /
5- "tf
'III
6. e?
7.
9. &
10.
11.
12. ^
13. ^^
ik. CD
15. ill'
16. 0
Mixed, persons«
i- ®
*• <g>
3. ®
k. ^
5. ^
6.—^
7. C?
8. C?
9. 9P
10. Q?
11. IQ„,
".;;e;
13. «S>
u.<&
15. c©
16. ^
17.^
18. J^!
^ "
19.
V 1 'I
20. ^-—
21. |^
22. $\
23. <i>^
2^. <£>->
25. (g)
26. ©
27- ®
28. (J)
29. ^
30. -"^

-279-
eT -verbs
2. ^%
3.
5
6. v/^
. £
9. ^
io. @/tf
C. ht -verbs and eT -verbs '•
i. (S)
2. j^
3. &
5.
6. (3D
7- (g
9- <i>^
10- $
11.
12.
13-
Ik.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
o>
ft
©
a
©^i
©
0?
^
g.
(©
ii.
12.
13.
Ik.
15.
>
S^
Z&
@
<'''-
2L V
22.
23. P
25. -^
26. (J)
27. ©4U
28.
, 'Ix'^--
29-
30. (fA
\i ' i

-280-
Present/Past/Future Tense Drill
1. %^>
2. ^>
3. t^
4. ©-MX
5. O
6.
7.
8. <a
9. Q>
io. Q>
11. 0?
12. Q?
13. 1%
16. <!>->
17. <p-»
18. p
19
■F3
21
22
iy-^
K*-
20.
23.
2k.
25.
26.
27.
28. ^^
29. 4^
30. iJ^"
LOCATION - MOTION; REVIEW
Location - prepositional case
Oh paSo'iaeT Ha SeToWoM 3aBQ,n,e. He works at the concrete plant.
Mh scHBeM b apaScKoft nycTHHe. We live in the Arabian desert.
Motion - accusative case
Oh h^St Ha deTOHHbiM 3aBo',n. He is walking to the concrete plant.
Mh e'fleM b apadcKyio We are driving to the Arabian desert.
nyCTUHK).

Location
"where"
"here"
"there"
"home"
Motion
-281-
r^e
TyT/3,n,ecb
Tai«
rows.
Ky^a
ciofla
Ty^a
AOMOft
Ffle OH SCHBeT?
(Where does he live?)
Oh paSo'iaeT 3,necb/TyT.
(He works here.)
Oh TaM scHBeT.
(He lives there.)
Oh ch,hht r6m&.
(He's sitting at home.)
Ky^a oh H^eT?
(Where is he going?)
Oh H^eT cio^a.
(He is coming here.)
Oh Ty^a H^eT.
(He's going there.)
Oh e',n,eT jOMOft.
(He's driving home.)
Location - Motion Drill
[Tape
(£) = T^e? H> = Ky^a?
Ex.
*£
MaJieHbKHft napK
Tape
Kyfla?
Answer during pause
b M^jieHbKOM napKe.
b MajieHbKHfi napK.
^1_?
Listen
3.
JL'
deidHHHM 3aBdfl
4.
Hama KoWaTa (room)
6.
~W\
7.
tT- ^
®
paneTHaH jiaSopaiopHH
8.
-H
(continued)

-282-
9.
c~®
io.-^d
_J
IJIHKOe DJIMtlCKOC urofo
11.
dojibfflo'e 3^aHHe (building)
12.
-*
13.
*V^
flajieKan KajiH$opHHfl
14.
15.
© 1
flOM
16. ~~^L_J
17.
C3D
3fleCb
18.
3flecb
19.
TaM
20.
CD
TaM
Ha^
©
iro
3
&
flajieKO ot
Preposition
1 1
®
nepe,n
1 ® 1
B/Ha
(location)
Review
1 h 1 1 Mewl 1
—W j—1 OKOJIOl 1
B/Ha
(motion)
Ha
_&.

?83-
Preposition Drill
Symbols:
ri
6ojibraoft Same
^%
O
MaJieHbKHfi
Mysefi
(museum)
# t
Ham napK
1
dojibmofi
1
CTOJI
Ex.
Tape
r«e? (J)
Answer during pause
b doJitmoM 6^HKe
Listen
Hi
_3!
i6.©^[ 17. J5
'• F^
©-
©
21
26.»
13.®
IB. «
23.->e ib
9.
^.i?®c3 25. £z&
.Li 27-j^i 28?<*j 29.ifti*if 30. m
31.®i—i 32. r®i 33. i i
<S>
3^- I h 35.^ { 1
36. p-,
^1
.11.
«) J^2
37.m© 38. R§>(
39.
a
^°- \lf\
kh. \ (*>> k5.
®

-28^-
ASPECT
A. FUTURE TENSE
1. Form* The future tense is formed as followsj
Perfective
perfective stem + present
tense endings
Imperfective
a form of 6y^+ (will) plus
the imperfective infinitive
a. Hanmny
th HanHmemb
oh HanHmeT
mh HanrfmeM
bh HanHmeTe
ohh HanriniyT
Ha/nneat
h 6y,ny nacaTb /
th dy^emt nncaTb
oh 6y,neT racaTb
mh 6y,u,eM nHcaTb
bh dy^eTe nnca.Tb
ohh 6y,nyT nncaTb
Similarly.
h npo^jHTaio
npo/^HTaftf
h 6y,ny ^HTaTb
H3,yqH+/H3,yTia.HH
h H3yMy
h 6y',ny H3y^jaTb
2. Meaning. The meanings which we have seen for the past tense of
perfective and imperfective verbs apply to the future tense
as well.
Perfective - the projected completion of a single act in
the future.
fl 3Haio, mto a Cfl^aaK) ornHdicy.
(I know that IJm going to make a mistake.)
Oh HainameT eft nncbMo.
(He will write her a letter.)
fl npuroTOBJio ypoK, Kor,na a npo^jHTaio KHu'ry.
(I'm going to prepare the lesson when I re
ead the book.j
English expresses future after "when" with the present tense (when
I read the book), while Russian uses the future ( Kor,na x npo^HTaro
KHHry )

-285-
Imperfective - may have one of 2 meanings
(1) Focus on activity as opposed to its completion
fl 6yjy roTOBHTb ypo'K.
(I will be preparing the lesson.)
3aBTpa a 6yjy tHTaTt KHHry.
(Tomorrow I will be reading a book.)
Oh gyjex nHca/rb Beet fleHb.
(He will be writing all day.)
CBOH
3aBTpa noKa a 6yjy nncaTb racbMa, ohh 6yjyT roTo'BHTb/ypoKH.
(Tomorrow while I write letters, they will be preparing
their lessons.
(2) Repeated or habitual acts
Kaac^Hft Renb a 6yjy MHTaTb Ho'Byro KHHry.
(Every day I will read a new book.)
fl BaM ^jelcto 6y^y nncaTb.
(I will write to you often.)
The fact that something has not happened does not necessarily mean that
it will not be completed. A verb can be both future and perfective.
Oh HanHmeT nncbMO.
(He's going to/will write a letter.)
The writing has not yet taken place - hence, future tense| the speaker
is stating that when it does, it will be completed - hence, perfective
aspect.
Oh .ndjiro 6y,neT nncaTb nHCtMO.
(He's going to spend a long time writing the letter.)
Here the speaker does not explicitly state that it will be completed -
hence, it is imperfective aspect.
B. INFINITIVE
The same distinctions apply to the infinitive.
Perfective: fl xo*jy eMy HanHcaxfc nHCbMO.
(I want to write him a letter.)
Imperfective» fl xo*jy nacaTb nncbMa tojibko no-pyccKH.
(I want to write letters only in Russian.)

-286-
C. ASPECT - CHART OF FORMS
Inf.
Past
Pres.
Future
Perfective Aspect
( CoBepmeHHHft bh,h )
Imperfective Aspect
( HecoBepm^HHHft bh,h)
cuejiaib
c^ejiaji
cuejiajia
CneJia.no
c^eJiajiH
none
cj,ejiaio
Cfle'jiaemb
etc.
flejiaTb
^ejiaji
^ejiajia
aejiajio
$eJiajiH
.nejiaio
flejiaemt
etc.
6-y^y fle'jiaTb
6yp,emh ^ejiaTb
etc.
Note that perfective verbs have no present tense,
D. PERFECTIVE/IMPERFECTIVE PAIRS
1. For most verbs which have been introduced so far, the perfective i?
prefixed and the imperfective is not. Here is a list of such pairs-'
to date.
Perfective
npo^HTaft-t-
Hannca.-*-
yKp^fl-t-
cne'jiaft+
nocMOTpe*
nocTpom-
npHroTOBH+
VBHfle-t-
noftfl-*-
noexa+
noHec+
noBe3+
Imperfective
^HTaK+
linear
Kpsm-t-
.ne'jiaft-t-
CMOTpl+
CTp6n-»-
TOT6BH+
BHfle+
e'xa*
Hec*
Be 3+
Entry
npo/^HTaft+
Ha/nnca-»-
y/Kpafl+
c/fle'jiaft+
no/cMOTpe+
no/cTpoH-t-
npH/rOTOBH+
y/BHfle-t-
no/fijt*
no/e'xat
no/Hec+
no/Be3+
The stem ftfl+ will be explained in a later lesson.

-287-
2. A difference in suffix also distinguishes perfective-imperfective
pairs. To date we have had*
Perfective Imperfective Entry
H3ytiH+ H3yt*aM+ H3y*iH+/H3yqaft*-
nOBTOpH+- IIOBTOpflft+- nOBTOp6+/nOBTOpHM+
In the following story we will addt
yHH^jToacH-*- yHH^jToacaft+ yHH*jToacm-/yHmjTO)Kaft+
(destroy)
npeflCKa3a-f npe^CKa3biBaft+ npe,n,CKa3aV/npe,B;cKa3HBaft-»-
(predict)
3. The pair cica3a+/roBopH+ is exceptional in that the two stems are
entirely different.
E. RENDITION INTO ENGLISH
A difference in Russian aspect is sometimes best conveyed by two
different English verbs.
(P) H3y^i5+ - master
(I) H3y^aM+ - make a study of
(P) yBH,ne+ - catch sight of
(I) Biifle-t- - see
F. THE PREFIX 3A
The prefix 3a , when it has the meaning "begin", forms perfective
verbs that have no imperfectives.
3anjiaKa+ (burst out crying)
3a,npo3ca-f (begin to shake)
3annca.+ (begin to write)
Px
ill 5
Translate orally into English for classroom discussion.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
fl yace npo^jHTaji 9Ty KHHry.
fl npo^HTaro 9Ty KHiiry 3aBTpa.
3aBTpa a 6y,ny ^HTaTb Beet jeHb.
fl npo^jHTaio Banie co*jHHe'HHe, Kor,na bh ero' HannmeTe.
IIOKa. BH 6y,neTe nHcaTt co^jHHeHHe, a 6yfly roTOBHTb cboh ypoicn.
Kor,na a 6y,ny b MocKBe, fl 6y%y tiHTaTb TOJibKO pyccicne scypHajiH.
(continued)

288-
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14
15.
16
17
fl yxpafly saw KapaHflam.
fl ^acTO fle'jian oiiih6kh.
fl 3Haio, *jto a cfl^Jiaio omndKy.
0 ^jeM oh 6y^eT roBopHTb? fl BaM He CKaacy.
C KeM oh roBopHji? Hto oh CKa3aji?
fl yace noBTopHJi gtot Bonpoc.
fl nOBTOpK) 9TOT BOnpOC.
Oh Bcer,na noBTopa'ji BonpdcH.
fl xo^y npo^HTaTb same co^HHeHHe.
Oh xd^eT nHTaTb TdJibKO no-apadCKH.
^to' a eMy CKaacy?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Drill 6
Translate the words in parentheses
vocabulary.
no/3BOHH+ - call up (+ dative)
yHHtJTO)KH+/yHmiTosaft+ - destroy
npeBCKa3U+/npe^cKa/3UBaft+ - predict
3aBTpa a (ffoine to read)
fl (will steal)
fl 3HaK>, ^T0 BH (will make)
Hto bh (will be doing)
(will be preparing)
Oh (will be speaking)
fl BaM (will tell) ,
nHCbMO.
Oh (prepared)
IIHCbMO.
fl BaM (will write)
into Russian.
y/BHJii,e+ - see (perf: "catch sight of",
no/exa+ - g0 (by vehicle)
no/Be3+ - carry (by vehicle)
no/Hec+ - carry (by foot)
Beet JieHb.
Rrfmy Mamuuy.
cepbe3Hyio omndicy.
3ciBTpa, noKa. a
MOH ypOKH.
060 MHe.
, Kor.ua a ( will read)
CBott vpOK. H (wrote')
TC-'jIbKO nO-aHTJIHftCKH.
(continued)

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
H eMy (wrote)
saBTpa.
H (will repeat)
OHa (called)
fl Bail (will call)
OHa To'jifeKO mo eMy (called)
fl BaM ^ja'cTO (will call)
Mh (will go)
( will steal)
OHa (caught sight of)
OHH TOJIbKO tJTO (went)
IIOKa ohk (will be going <^5 )
MM (will be going s^p2> )
fl (will build)
Mbi (will carry)
Oh BCer.ua (predicted)
OHa TOJIbKO tuo (predicted)
(will destroy)
B^je
MHe
B
r^,e bh dHjiH, Korw oroHb (fire) (was
Ham 6eTOHHKft 3aBo,n?
-289-
pa, k h eMy (will write)
Bonpoc.
Kaac^HH jeHb.
3aBTpa.
•
•
KajiH$opHHio, Kor^,a h
nJiaHH.
MeHH.
B BpaSHJIHK).
Ha 3aBo,n,
B 6aHK.
HOByro paneTy.
ero flOMoft.
KaTacTpocfcH.
tiTo do'Mfia
Ham 6eTOHHbiH 3aBOJt.
destroying)
Ritual 22
Tape
rtonpofiyftTe!
Ho h Be^b cfle'jiaio onrffiKy.
He decnoKofiTecb! fl BaM noMory.
[B CTo'pOHy] y"BH^,HM.
- Tryl
— But I'm going to make a mistake.
- Don't worry! I'll help you.
-- [aside] We'll see.

-290-
OHO.
0
\ Tap i

-^ti| -"r
{-4i
,-r
g|n^g\fel(9
-291-
.—©>*>—
OICwreAw ropofta wawyT ceoeny Apyiry
w KfW&r:
Mb,
£
- —^
47
/0
Or^a oh?
14 irow€My oh J\eraer

OneHb AauAevco or Hautero Mupa
II-
1Z
13
9rot trpep^^aTeab
15
lAnocua oh npej\cKa3t>i&«M
■* v
TaM 3CHA OAWH
v\3gecTHbin TrpefCKa3aTeag
TftecTb, iHdJio&eK., Koropw* Trpeplcica3bv6'deT)
n6 6vjf\er 3aerpa n rai< .Aa'^ee,
l*
tAnorAa ok TTpencKa3bieaA
i.
16
0^Ha7K.AW oh TrpeACKa3d«AomH^
?3a&rpa T^MHwe c&aw
^Hv\HT03(caT wa«uy TMaHeiy]
20
$Mr^tATUarterbi Bee
^aflpoma^ u or crpaxa.. ,
%L
3Baft, htd 3a6Tpa efoeT Koneu, frvvpa.
3ierpa tfjfler WHen **pa /

r-—
-293-
1 12
^ £. £-2'
OTei^ceep^eaDG&a
V3HJ\ Off $TOM.
23 i
Beweporvv b floM<i c&tpx-
H-
6
^
fro sasifa reMHbtt CMAb, '
* CBejpLpBKeTy, Koropan no&e^r^
TeG% hi flpyryw 7W3«<?Vy, J
^^a^l^ifflimTatlV^
#>
(fame <AH>m\ raw %mjr
3*1

-29U-
Q'-uccaeccCt'
m
40
W3a
3MeptAK-5HtKV»J\
QgpS3 3/043 Ht4.
OTeU,V\M3TV> C.6epXM^bH^*<a
BepXMSAbHvuo
5pa,3H3(MTo
0H^er^THa3^AiA*o Haecer/ji
cosaKa ceep^-MaUbWa

-295-
tf
ff\t-TO HA CTpaHHOiA, A«K0k\
TUanere. Haxqq wrc</\
4tf
6 3fOM M3AeHbifoM,CTroiC0C\HoM
K€HTH -
60 £ftH)-
I i I ^\ »
47
HO
I
'PC
HI
OflHaVflw KorAd A9\Q'a lATera
KfiHTM naxaUw n&At rwyroM
49
(c flpij'roM),
■a:
-?>
A
so
A
L^J
B paKere 6bM
fi
W T3K K3K V HWX HeT CblHl,
OHM HeCVfT 2TfM^> MaUbHMKa
$

-296-
5H
M&AWl\K CK^po CT3A
04efctt> CvUbWblM.
60
Tom wee, oh cra.\ cMbH^Hw
CaMblVv CtUbHblK ^AOKoMoTUB
M
T2r<A K^HT 6fcUa 6 60CTp|Mj

-IV-
-297-
1
/*<
giua
).13 f»
a.ma
00.).!
.i.j.ii
/NT
Fjqe-to 6 popoae tte^korpiqe ^
#
''tlmera-dMaa voeccfHaa
camera b 8<Mi/iKorpajqe.
74
•v.
klAapK
kewr o'Mewb AHxrwT
'fl gauiftn pepo'e, fieep-
ntAMkt* Uro aeAdA.
3a 0AMM CTO.A0A1 CMflMT
&4a6blft, ))Ca^KWw ( HVAMtojiCHbiK
%
CWAWT fTpekpSCHOft
xtLjpi+ajiucrkaj
7^
Ho oHa oMTaisT era CMfawM,,
W&AMH, M \MHT6XMbtM HUb&6m
' ^T
Bppqr foap* KenrcK^u
84
TTOA 9TWM KOCTtf/HOM ap*jr«0&
KOCTH>M - KOCTKW C ffOAbUMM
KpacHbtM C
85
.-*
KiABpK KeHf eraA

-298-
87
4tO OH v|6VAA^A C&OtAM
-V-
-8!L
8?
Ev\r-3«A
1 ll^M w!&i ^^"A*0^
Cttpjftr tuaflxa <\36ecrHoro 6anAwra $er-jWKa Qrpaawt
<fo
JT/efo'tHifi
9t3 r^QKa«,or6parturc*Ab»ta^flfavAKa
91
Hy,(|>er'fl)iLdi<,
fbi irpnrora&nu?j
o*
9*
91 npwro-roBiu
u
°n>
%Vk VQ&UXty WfXMMiy ftH^MTlJ
£f
T
6
faun?
95"
%
• Ho, (ptr-fttLttt, tw aa«£i,
fito A&t<bfM K&wo XMi&tftj
97
H« 13 Hap^QHtHM 63HK,
a».«
£?
^>.*—A
98

?99-
PA*
mvo,
^
(6"te
W &HAVtTbl, B He
001-—^^
v. mm nai
102
TTdTpVldrog,
KoTfl'^aft CTOi*T TTfi'pefl
3A3HWeM.
102
t wa crane j
\ Offpa3 XM3HM I "
fc
K*pft
HaTduia.TroKabur-^
(S5JJT)
W TToJST^C^VAXopPiMf.
flOA(5v\.
G5I
Tbi
1071
f ^pi+autferN "TT43Herbi"rToifli)f
'6 "Cort3 rrarptiorcG*
> 4rD^tj3Hdrb,kro73/w Bege'r
\u6b TtAOtO.
MM.
> orBpaTiAteJibHbie mm4a j
"~*~"v»»
>6"
^ we CMnra*> 4to
TTiAiHO/M,
fliJpdK
/
3to He BCCb 77^3^1,
113
TTo*ca ohm <5ijf\y h&Tb)
% "Com
in
nVn-V

-300-
li5
P0£OAa •

-301-
fKorA^OH^TOCMOTpvvT Hd M3*AeHbKVl^
natf£T KpWTTTOrtuTa..,
330
Oh crawer
(Ma^blM,
K3K Tb! \A <a ,
131
VMM! M ) < // ) || ; / ) i , /
132
Boa mai\Ka
TUaMeT
ot socTopra
m r&\
3to KOHe'i^ CBepxvduoBC/ra P
£c^\w oh CTaner CAaeww, xcalAKWH va
HWMTOXHbiM, |<3K BCe Ap<We
« • •
Kto 6-tjmr ^opdTbCft 3a Mi4p; 3a c^acTbe
3a <5-pafrcjBo, 3a ftpyfurij va 3a npa&r^ ^'
(He. rosop* y^ 06- awepwiofacKoM o<ypa36 Whva)
5rtjT j\\A JVVOAtA )Kvm> CnDK0iAHO; 3Ha9\,
4T0 TTXAbKO TTTvAL^bl \A CalACU&Tbi JietaVOT

SUPERPERSON
Over the city is
flying a small
figure.
2.
3.
7.
The
the
the.
inhat
city
)itan1
wave
Lr friend
;s of
to
and shout«
9.
10.
Who
is
this
Where is he
And
why
over
doe
the
Supe
from
s he
city?
rperson?
?
fly

-303-
11.
Very far from our world
was a planet Krypton.
II.
12.
13.
That soothsayer used to
predict catastrophes.
There lived a certain
well-known soothsayer,*
* that is, a man who predicts
what will be tomorrow, and so
forth.
14.
Sometimes he predicted
serious catastrophes.
15.
Sometimes he predicted
not very serious
catastrophes.
16.
Once he predicted a very
serious catastrophe.
■What kind of'
catastrophe?
20.
21.
The inhabitants of the
planet all began to shake
from fear...
knowing that tomorrow would
be the end of the world.

30l|-
22.
The father of Super-
person (more
precisely, Superboy)
found out about this.
In the evening in
Superboy*s house,
(his) father and
mother were sitting
and talking...
►What kind of people
live there?

■305-
37.
rYoxi will become the)
^strongest person on)
(that strange, wild^
V planet^
39.
4o.
for
for
peace
truth
for
brotherhood
and for
for
happiness
the American way
of life.
for
friendship
w.
1*2,
©
oom! <^
Booml J^
While dark forces were destroying the
planet Krypton...
kk,
Superboy's father and mother
burst out crying from grief,
knowing that he was /is/
flying to Earth forever.
Lajka is Superboy's
beloved dog.

306-
45.
46.
Somewhere on
strange wild
is located a
quiet town.
the
planet
little
III.
47,
In that little
quiet town lived
Pa and Ma Kent
/Aunt and Uncle
Kent/-
weak, pitiful,
insignificant, but
kind people.
48.
Once, when Pa and Ma
Kent were plowing a
field with a plow
49
(with a friend),
they suddenly-
caught sight of
a little rocket.
50
There was a little-
boy in the rocket.
51.
52.
53-
And since
don't
they
littl
have
carry
e-boy
they
a son,
this
home.
At home they sit
and think.
^Dear, what will his]
name be?
54.
55. _^-^-^ 56,
(His name will be
Klark.
Jtfhat a nice^
name 1.

-307-
57-
58.
En a word,...
Klark Kent.,
59.
60.
The boy soon became
very strong.
61.
More precisely, he
became more powerful
than the most
powerful locomotive.
Ma Kent was in
ecstasy when she
realized that.
63.
And she said to
little Klarki
6k,
Well, Klarkie, you*v^
n become (already)
(SUPERBOY. And soon
^you'll become
*--. SUPERPERSON.
/So what!/
66
/You will live under
the guise of a weak,
pitiful, insignificant
but kind .-Journalist,
Klark Kent.
for \ peace\
for
67.
brotherhood
for\happiness
for Ifriendshipland
for Itruth I,
(to
( of
\way
say
the
' Of
nothing \
Americans
lifel J
'Nobody will know]
that Klark Kent
is really not
Klark Kent...

308-
71.
72,
Somewhere in the city
Bigtown is located
"The Planet" building.*
74.
* "The Planet" is the most
famous newspaper in
Bigtown.
75.
Klark Kent loves
journalist Lejn very
much.
IV.
73.
At
the
ins
one table
weak, pit
ignificant
kind journali
Kent.
sits
iful
, but
st Klark
But she considers
him a weak, pitiful,
and insignificant
person.
At the other
table sits the
gorgeous
journalist
Lois Lejn.
76.
/^Lois, what are^
you reading in
the paper?
About whom?
About what?
77.
78
^Abou't your hero
sSuperperson? What did
your her<
today?
79.
Today he fought for
friendship]
for
for
\ happiness
brotherhood
&
81.
82
Suddenly Klark
Kent said»
83.
In the corridor Klark
Kent takes off his
suit.
8k.
Under that suit
is
another suit - a
suit with a big
s.
red
85.
Klark Kent has
become
SUPERPERSON.

-309-
86.
Why did he do that?
87.
What did he catch sight of
with his supereye?
V.
In a little old building
which is located very far
from "The Planet" building...
89.
Natasha
Fat-Jack Stravinsky
Big-Al
Little-George
sits the gang of the well-known
bandit, Fat-Jack Stravinsky.
90.
This vile, loathsome
gang is preparing an
operation.
93.
rAs is well-known to
every bandit in Big-1
town, the money of
every inhabitant of
fl knowwnat I
said. Tomorrow

-310-
100. 101.
/* I" s
>IdiotJ
Nobody said that
102-
Big-Al, you wil
> steal the big
photograph of the patriots
> that stands in front
f the building. ..__/
103
We're going toN
ADk.
/And Little-George}
>you will write on
C the wall«
"Down with the
American way of
lifer
r'%rid_?Ja ta s ha,
.while Big-Al is
/will be/
stealing the
photograph, and while
Little-George is
writing on the .>
wallc-- <—'
105
106.
^ou will call that
weak, pitiful, insignif-x
icant journalist, Klark
Kent.
108.
.And suddenly all the>
police and all the
'jounalists of "The
Planet" will drive to
"The Union of Patriots",
"to find out who is y
^.conducting themselves^/
<badly there. ^ >~-J
109.
107,
^You will te]
>. him that bandits'^
are conducting ,
^ themselves badly,
in the building
y of "The Union ofi
Patriots".
110.
But,
they
it's
Fat
•11
us.
Jack,
find out
} Everybody knows
our vile, loath-
faces.
111.
112.
113.
a While they are
V driving to "The
Union of Patriot

-311-
1H.
115*
^ There we will
steal the money
of every inhabi
.tant of our
11?
It's the money
Y every inhabitant
118.
(We don't care \
/how they will
Vlive. After all,
(we are not
\ philanthropists^)
.. r—\
«*» **• -
119.
\r ^
here will we
o when we steal^
the money?
:o New
York?
L California?^
120.
Twe will go not t(r
New York, not to
^California, but
rto Brazil,
121. 122
/^-^■'-™-y'—"^—"*—^
AAnd there in
Brazil we will live
J!APPLAUSEI!
What
125.
i-Tomorrow we willN
take to the
'national bank a
little package
of
126.
Kryptonite?
What is
Kryptonite?,
127.
128
Kryptonite is a
strange element
that can...

-312-
129.
130,
kHe will become weak,
pitiful, and insignificant,
►like you and me!
13U.
ii STORMY APPLAUSE!!
That's really a very
vile loathsome plan.
132..
The whole gang cries
from ecstasy.
Is this the end of Superperson?
If he becomes weak, pitiful, and
insignificant like all the others...
Who will fight for peace, for happiness, for
brotherhood, for friendship, and for truth?
(to say nothing of the American way of life)
Will people live calmly, knowing that only birds and
planes are flying over them??

Translation
1. Even fools know that birds who live on this planet like to fly.
2. My father knows a soothsayer who never used to predict anything.
3. He will soon become the most famous man on Earth.
k. Once a simple man predicted that a soothsayer would /will/
predict that a bomb would /will/ destroy our city,
(bomb - 6o'M6a )
5. Tomorrow my mother is going to the Soviet Union. Bon voyage!
(Soviet - CoBeTCKHfi )
6. I'm going to carry that weak little-boy home. We don't have any
little-boy at home, not to mention a weak little-boy.
7. I will fight for peace, friendship, etc. between your small
nation and our large nation. Thank God!
(nation - Hapd,n )
8. Do you consider our way of life primitive and simple? In a
word, yes.
(primitive - iiphmhthbhh# )
9. Why did you steal that money? Are you a bandit or something?
10. She is a very strong woman. All day she plows the field without
a plow and without a friend.
11. Nobody knows what really destroyed him.
12. - Somewhere lives a man with a wax locomotive.
— So what!
13. She was simply in ecstasy over ("from" - ot ) him.
Ik. What is ("how" - KaK ) your first name? What is (icaic ) your
last name?
15. She caught sight of a small insignificant figure in the dark
corridor.
16. My son didn't know that an airplane is stronger than a bird.
17. I don't know anything about the national police in Brazil.
18. What's that building called? That building is called "The Club
of Philanthropists".
19. He stood in front of us and screamed vile loathsome words in
Arabic.
20. They are waving to me. They whispers "Farewell!" They are
crying from grief.
21. I love my dog. She has such gorgeous eyes!

CjiQBapb
N ouns
jar~
dpaT - brother
njiyr - plow
MeJi - chalk
caMOJieT - airplane
npeji;CKa3a'TeJib - soothsayer
(literally: "predicter")
KOHeii(e)- end
OTeu;(e) - father
chh - son
rAzk M - uncle
jiokomothb - locomotive
BHfl- look
noji; bhjom - under the guise
Kopn^dp - corridor
koctkm - suit
rJia3^a)- eye
daH^HT - bandit
aypaic - fool, idiot
cok)3 - union
naTpwo'T - patriot
naTpHOTOB - gen. pi.
(JiHjiaHTpo'n - philanthropist
repoft - hero
GJieMeHT - element
cTyji - chair
flOM (a)( - house
ropoflOK(o)- town
acypHajiHCT - journalist
njiaH - plan
dame - bank
TeJie$OH - telephone
Hoac - knife
H
TaflHa - secret
$nrypa - figure
nTHaa -bird
nJiaHeTa - planet (gen sginJiaHeTH
CHJia - force, power
MaTb & - mother
3eMJiH - earth (ace. sg. stem
stress 3eMjiio)
■reTH - aunt
ra3eTa - newspaper
maftKa - gang
nojmiyifl - police
Bpa3HjiHH - Brazil
acypHajincTica - female journalist
(JmMHjiHH - last name
onep,au;HH - operation
codaica - dog
»
There is a small group of neuter
given on p. 521.
Nouns I
* - I
nojie - field I
ro'pe - grief I
dpaTCTBO - brotherhood I
sjiaHHe - building I
hmh *- first name 1
/P1. ]
fleHbrw - money 1
Adjectives I
BOCKOBOH - wax I
de'jmM - white I
cue'jiuPi - bold, daring ]
jio'h.hohckhK - London I
cnoKoftHHM - calm ']
■reMHHM - dark I
cjiadbift - weak I
acaJiKHft - pitiful I
HmiToacHNft - insignificant ]
CHJibHHfl - strong, powerful I
nppcTofi - simple I
ra'flKHft - vile I
OTBpaTHTeJibHHfl - loathsome I
HapoflHHft - national, people's I
cepbe3HHM - serious I
npeicpaCHHft - beautiful, gorgeous j
CTpaHHHft - strange j
Verbs j
nji£[Ka+- - cry
naxa> - plow J
Maxa+ - wave
meiiTa-*- - whisper \
y/BH^e* - catch sight of/see
pe'sat- - cut
jieTaft+ -fly (with no specific destin'
) npeflCKa3a.-t-/npeflCKa.3HBaM-»- - predict I
yHHtiT0'acH+/yHHqTOacaMt- - destroy |
CTaH*- - PERFECTIVEi become [+instr.]
ctiHTaft-t- - [+ ace ^ [+ instr.]
consider X to be Y
iio/3bohh+ - [+ dative] call up
no/cMOTpe+ Ha [+ ace] look at
no/e'xa-t- -go (by vehicle) drive, ride
no/Be3+ -carry, take (by vehicle)
no/Hec+ - carry, take (by foot)
3anjiaica«- - burst out crying
3a,npo3ca+ - begin to shake
CHHMafl+ - take off
nouns in -mh . Their declension is

Other
MHTbCH - tO wash
3h4h - knowing
HaMH - instrumental of mh
h TaK^ajiee/ h t.r. - and so forth
HHor^a - sometimes
oflHaK^H - / once
KaK Ha3HBaeTCH X ?- What is X called?
SopoTbCH 3a - [+ ace] to fight for
dopojiCH-past masc.
66pa3 XH3HH - way of life
nponjaft! - farewell!
%6ua - at home (adverb)
flOMOft /- (to) home (adverb)
CHJibHee neu - [+nom.] stronger than
itojih -... or something?
flojioft -[+ accJ} down with
cjiaBa 6o'ry! - Thank Godl (literallyi "glory to God")
B,npyr - suddenly
HaBcer.ua - forever
CKopo - soon
Hy Tax tito' x ! - so what!
3a ctojiom -at the table (literallyj "behind the table")
Ha caMOM se'jie - really
Tyjja - (to) there
cjiaBa - [+ dat^ glory
ToqHee - more precisely
The following prepositions take
the instrumental casei
nepefl - in front of
nofl - under
3a - behind
c - with
Ha,n - over
uexpy - between

CHAPTER 8
Ritual 21
How to avoid answering a nuestiont
Advanced Level
[Tat>e\
Focno^HH TI.acoHc! (Pocnoxa JbtoHc!) Kanaa pa,3HHn,a
Me'sc^y npeflJioroM "b" h npeflJio'roM "Ha"?
Boodnje roBopa, moscho CKa3aTb, mto KaK npaV-uio,
9to Sdjiee hjih M^Hee. . . . Mto bh cnpocHJm?
O^HHM cjiobom, rocnoflrfH ji,acoHC , ( rocnosca H,kohc )
bh He noMHMe.
Hejio He b tom, ito h He ndMHio,a b iom, mto h
3a6HJi(a)
H,oBOjibHo! H cnpomy Kord-HH6y^b spyroro.
[xo'jojho] KaK BaM yrd^Ho.
Mr. Jones (Miss Jones!) What's the difference
"between the -orenosition b_ and the ^reposition Ha?
Generally speak ins-, one miffht say ,that as a rule,
it's more or less.... What did you ask?
In a word, Mr. Jones (Miss Jones), you don't
remember.
It's not that /the affair is not in that, that/ I
don't remember, but that I forrot.
Enoup-h! I'll ask somebody else. i
[coldly] As vou wi^-v-,
i

T
-317-
Feminine Singular
Norn.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Pren.
Tnstr.
« . .a i_a_... a
• • • UJ JA • • • U
...qj..•i
.. . oj... .e*
• • • oj • • • P...]
Paradigm
HOBafl
HOBy»
HOBOft
HOBOH
HOBOft
MaiHHa
ManiHHy
MamHHH
Mairae
MamHHoft
*ii+e-* i i + i
lemorv Aidst
1. The adjective ending is oj in all cases but +vip pom. and
ace.
2. The dative and nrenositional endings are the same.
Pronominals
Paradi p-ms
9Ta ManiHHa
3T,y MamHHy
9T0H
9TOif
9TOH
9'toh
MamHHH
MamHHe
MamHHe
ManiHHoft
;—
MOH C
MOK) (
Moeft
Moefi
MoeS
Moeit
$OTorpac()Hfl
fiOTorpaftiHK
(JtoTorpailiHH
dfioTorpa$nn
cl)OTorpad)HH
(JororpadiHeS
*o.i-> e.i after i i e.g. MoeM, TBoeM, CBoefi
In both nouns and adiectives, the inst^. sg. oj may annear as oiu.
The alternate pju is fairly common in vrUtpn, but not in snoken
Russian.

318-
Examplesi
*= new in this chapter
• vf-.,J3 ft- • • * Q
N om.
Ace.
*Gen.
*Dat.
Prep.
*Tnstr.
, u i u . . . u
.oi... 1
,0_i» • '?-
. .01
. 1
•.oi...e
•.„_..._
. . oi..,oi
Tape
3to moh CTapas MamHHa.
(This is my old car.)
fl jiioSjik) Bamy_ CTapyio MamHH,y_.
(I like vour old car.)
Oh ctoht o'kojio Baiefi CTapofi MamHHH.
(He is standing near vour old car.1!
H numy Moefi flddpoft dadymice.
(I write to my kind PTandmother.)
Oh cneuHaJiHCT no pyccKofi comtojirirHH.
(He is a specialist on Russian sociology.]
Oh CHfl^T b cBoefi MajieHbKQH MamHHe.
(He is sitting in his small car.)
Oh roBopHT od 9to| CTapoB c(ioTorp4cf)HH.
(He is talking about this old photosranh.)
Oh ctoht 3a oflHofl xopomeft MamKHoft.
(He is stand ins- behind one food car.)
IlTHua. jieTaeT Haj apadcKofi nycTbmefi.
(A bird is flying over the Arabian
desert.)
Put the words-in parentheses into the correct case forms.
1. 6e3 ( Bama KpaCHBaa cecipa) ........ _. _.
2. o ( CTapas Ajr6aHn.ii) _
?. Oh narneT (cboh odpa30BaHHas sceHa)
k. nepefl (moh CTa'praaa [older] cecTpa)
e>. Mescsy (cTapaa MamHHa) h (HOBaa deTOHOMemajiica)
6. Oh cnennajiHCT no ( aHrjiwflCKaH hctophh)
7. fl ctiHTaio ( KaTepHHa) (HanBHaa sceWHa)
8. Ohh nn'myT ( Hama yMHTejitHHua) __ _ _ o (pyccKan
rpaMMaTHKa) ......... •

■"IP
M
c ac
ated
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Prep.
1
I Tristr,
I
• • • JUL • • • J?
1
J
t
• • • o.j£. • • o
I
i
1
• • • Qvo... a.
... Omi l • • . U
. . .om.. .e.*
... ijn... pjm
• • • QJ1Q • • • ™
• •.uju. • .u
• • • ill • • • .1
• • • -rL*! • • • ,S.
.. .pj.. .pj
6.
£
( )
( )
( )
( )
* ii+e-* ii+i
■519-
• •
(
(
(
• •
(
PI.
.Lie. • •
I
( U.
•i/a
)
)
)
.ax
)
Preposition Review
Hafl(g)
^ajieKO
®
1
1
OKOJIO
<S?
@ nepefl
®
B/Ha
(location)
5
3a
B/Ha
(motion)
Mexfly
$
Ha
J2L

-320-
Prevo^i t? on Drj 11
"Tanej
Symbols:
Sojibmaa njiHTa
(stove)
flddpaH da6ymica
c
k—"
apH3(5HCKaH nycTHHH
MJia^fflaH cecTpa
(younger)
Ex.
Tape
r#e?
Answer during pause
b dojibmoM njinre
Listen
1 ) f£S£.
2) ®
dSBZEl q) ^fegn*
l1 5)
^
*] <dk&=> "Xfcft-*-^ p) f%> ^-^1— -. in)
®
®
ii)
12) ®
13)
U)
15)
16)
17)
®
18) |g
®
'"«9» 2°>

-321
Drill» TeTH Cohh h ee eecTPH
CTapmuft - older MJiaflmuft - younger
x ^ y = the x of y
/^
i^U
CTapmaa cecTpa
Jiy^mHit flpyr
KpacHBaa aceHa
r
MJia^niHfl 6paT
KpacHBas aceHa
t
MJiaflmHit 6paT
N
Mjiaflmaa cecTpa
JijfamHH flpyr
KpacHBaa aceHa'
T
MjiaflniHfl 6paT
Tape
^Ito flejiaeT CTapmaa cecipa tSth CdHH? OHa chaht Ha CKaMbe.
A qTo'^e'jiaeT jiyqmHfl flpyr cTapmen cecTpH TeTH Co'hh? Oh oTflHxaeT
b napKe.
Kto ch,hht Ha CKaMbe? ( CTapmaa cecipa TeTH Cohh)
Kto OTflhtxaeT b napKe? (JiytiinHH ^pyr cTapmefi cecipH TeTH Co'hh )
Answer the questions which follow.

-322-
JQrJLllJ Mto He H3Be'cTHQ KOMy?
Match each statement in the left hand column with the person (or thin?)
in the right hand column to whom that fact is probably not known...
and if it were known, would turn out to be a big surprise.
For example,
To, "iTO ecTb acecTOKHM mrp b KJiy6e QeTOHHoro 3aB0ja,
He H3Be'cTH0 HameM CMacTJiHBoft 6pnra,ne.
1. Ectb acecTOKHfl THrp b KJiy6e
QeTOHHoro 3aB0.ua.
2. ToBapum Bopo,i[HH o'tieHb, o'tieHb
fiojibmoft tiejioBeK.
3. B,eHbrH xaac^oro xHTejiH BeJiHKorpa.ua
JieacaT He b HapdflHOM daHKe, a b
Coi03e naTpwoTOB.
4. HHKOJiafl HHKOjiaeBH^ jiio6ht
KaTepHHy IlaBJioBHy.
5. He SeTOHOMemajiKa, a npoc^e'ccop
lUyJiBU, - jiy^mafl ,npyr SeTOHmHica.
P>. Hhkto He jirodHT cyn, KOTopuM
totobht MajieHbKan K4th.
7. Cohh Toace na'meT nojie iuiyroM.
C apyroM.
8. 3to He nTHua, a CBepxMejioBe'K.
9. H,npeKTop Hamero 3aBO.ua HHKor^a
He Mo'eTca.
o^Ha raflKaa, oTBpaTHTejibHaa
maftica
Hama c^acTJiHBaH 6pHra.ua
MaJieHbKan CKaMba, Ha KOTopoft
xd^eT CHjetb Bopo#HH
MHjiaa (nice, dear)M^ma
Haraa SeTOHOMema'jiica
deflHaa aceHa HHKOJiaa
HHKOJiaeBHqa
rjiynaa iiTHiia, KOTopaa JieTaeT
Haj r6po#OM
MajieHbKaa KaTa
flo'6paa se'BymKa, KOTopaa xo^eT
CHjeTb o'kojio ^HpeKTopa
Hamero 3aB0.ua

-323-
WORKBOOKt THE PRESENT TENSE___ ADDITIONAL STEM TYPES
A. Stems in QBa+
Steins in 0B3.+ change to yM before all vowel endings, and hence
throughout the present tense. Stress is either:
(1) on the vowel, in which case it falls on y#» or
(2) on some syllable preceding yft , in which case it remains on that
syllable.
(1) HHTepecc-Ba'-f (interest) (2) anjiojapoBa-t- (applaud)
HHTepecyro anJTofliJpyio"
HHTepecyenib anJio^Hpyenib
HHTepecyeT anjiofliipyeT
HHTepecyeM anjio^wpyeM
HHTepecyeTe anjio^iipyeTe
HHTepecyioT anjioflsipyioT
This change will be symbolizedt | QBa+ V —» y8t V
Exercise 1
Form the infinitive (V+C) and the 1st person singular.
i.nf,ini.Jive 1 s t _s£.
1. flHKTOBa+ (dictate)
2. pa,noBat- (bring joy)
3. pwcKOBa+ (risk)
4. Tpe'6oBa+ (demand)
Hypot h e tj_c aj_
5. jihtobIT" " _ ____ _ __
6. JIHTOBa+ _
7. nojiK3HpoBa+
8. K0TH30Bci.-t

32h-
Exercise 2
Form the 3rd person singular.
1. cKaicaV (gallop) .
2. dyHTOBai- (revolt).
3. odMaHy+ (deceive).
4. rrycTH+ (release)_
5. jiomh+ (break)
6. Kpn^a+(shout)
7. 6a3HpoBa+ (base).
8. HCKa-t- (seek)
Hypothetica1
9. 3dpoBa+
10. KJiaia+
11. KJiaie+
12. KJiaTH*
13. KJiaTOBa+ _.
14. KJianja-h
15. 3nroBa+-
16. njiacKa+
17. rrjiacKOBa+
3rd s.g...
B• Stems in hS and_ afi
There are two important exceptions to the p-ener^lit." that stem changes
do not occur in the environment C+V.
!• Stems in ... hS + cha^^e h to o before vowels, and hence
throughout the present. Like all stems in ft, they are stem-stressed
in the present.
MHfi + (wash)
MHfi + y * wdb
Mfclft + efflb-> MO'efflb
mhM + yT—* MdioT
This change will be represented: 1hM+ V—» oft+ "\T)
(But h remains before C-ending-s, and C+C-* (?Ri
MHft + Tb-J» MHTb, Mhlft + JI—¥ MHJl)
There are five stems in Hfi . They are:
MHfi+ (wash)
KpnH+ (cover)
bhS+ (how])
pnft+ (die-)
HHfi+ (whine)

-W|»
-325-
2. Sjtejms_iTx._Hfi dron h before vowels, and hence throughout the
present.
nHH + (drink) In transcription PjLj.
nHH + y—¥ nhK) pi.i + u-»- pju
nHH ■+ emb—► nbenib pi i + os_h-* Pjosh
nHH + yT—* nbioT pi.i + ut-*- pjut
This chans-e will be representedj
Hft + V-* iff + V
(But h remains before consonant endiners, and. C+0-* g'C s
nHH + Tb—* nHTb nHH + JI—* nHJI
There are five stems in hh . They are:
nnH+ (drink)
6hh+ (hit)
bhh+ (twist)
jihh+ (pour)
mHH+ (sew)
^ye^cise 3
A. Which of the verbs below are HT-verbs? (Distinguish the
consonant h and the vowel h ):
B. Form the Ird singular of the following verbs. Mark stress,
Hx3?.ot_het_ical
1. KphiMi- (cover) _. 1.0. 3HH+
?. 6HH+ (hit) . 11. 3HH +
1. rpen+ (warm) 12. 3yfi+
4. Tan+ (hide) _ __.... 13. 3yH-»
*!. bhh+ (howl)__ _ _...„_
6, ctoh+ (cost) _ ..,...„.
7. jihh+ (pour)..___ „.
P. flyn-h (blow) _ ...._.
9. nraM-t- (sew) _

-326-
C. KE/rB
The combinations "ice" and "re" do not occur anywhere in Russian,for
^ "-'-'" This replacement will
'ace'
tbey are always replaced bv "qe" and "-*■£"
be representedt
Ke-
He
where K = k or r
As a result, stem.?; in k and r change to v and x before ending bep-in-
nin)j in e — but not before ending befrinnina- in other vowels,
rreK + (bake) neKy, neiemt, rre^eT, ne^eM, rre^eTe, rreicyT
CTpwr + (clip) CTpury, CTpuxemb, cTptiaceT, CTpHXeM, cTpraeTe
CTpHryT
N_ote» Ke-+. He differs from V+V mutation in that:
Ke-» He
occurs Whenever e follows K
in any Russian word.
In verbs, Ke occurs
throughout the present
of stems in K except
before the endings
-v and -yT.
affects The consonants K and r
y+y_jn.ii t?ii o;r
Onlv in certain specified
environments, e.P"., 1st
singular of ht -verbs;
present of stems iri a and o.
AH mutable consonants.
Exercise. Ji
A. Which of the foil owinp; hav»
V+Vs ?_ Ke—» He
B. Give 1st singular, 2nd =H~p-ular« "*rd plural of items 1
throue-h ^ and 14-1 P. Give the "Vd singular of the remaining-
i terns.
1st s e-,
2nd rc,
^rd Pi
1 , T§K+ ( flow)
? . CKaKa+ (iumn)
?. ^Bnra+ (move)
k, CTpnr+ (shear)
<,. Hec+ (ca.rrv)
(continued)

^ ^T f
-327-
6. ruiaKa-+ (crv)
7. HOCK+ (carry)
8. pyraft+ (swear)
9. CTeper+ (scuard)
1.0. ceK+ (cut)
11. KHTpnroBa+ (intrigue)
Hypothetical

-328-
Con in prat ion Drill
Svrnbols t
P y neKt (a stove1) 4TJj mhW+ (f^nret)
&
CTpnr+ (hairl /*^\ anjioflHpoBa+(hands
nl amninp")
Ex.
Tape Sav during pause Listen
^to oh ^ejiaeT? (" "U oh ne^eT
i. SI
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
"?
V
^
•^
• ^ 15-^
R.

HeHb PoacjeHHa
-329-
|Tape\
Cero^HH moh ,neHb pox^eHHH. fl qyBCTByio 3anax CBeacefi KanycTH h KamH.
0, JiiodHMbie 3anaxK! Moh cedpH ctoh't b KyxHe nepe,n njiHTOH h neKyT
nnpOKKH. CTa'pmaa cecTpa ne^eT nnpoacKH c KanycroH. Mjia'.ninaji ne^eT j
nnpoKKH c Ka'meft. Bdace moh, KaK a jik>6jik> nnpoacKH c KanycToft, He roBop.fi
yace o nupoacKax c Kameft! H ohh Bee s'to jjeJiaioT ajih MeHH, b iecTb
Moerd jihh poac^eHKH. KaK a TpoHyT!
Bee, Kpo'Me TaHH. CecTpa TaHH HH^erd ajih MeHH He .ne'jiaeT. OHa ch,hht
o'kojio njiHTH h cTpnacei cboh bo'jioch.
fl BHXoxy 03 KyxHH. fl MyBCTByio 3anax cBexero MHjia. Ax, Kaxdn npuHTHufi
3anax! Moh dpaibH ch^ht 3a rapascoM h moiot moh JirodHMbie nrpymKn. CTapmHft
6paT MoeT moh TpojuiendycHK. Mjia,nmHH - MoeT mok deTOHOMemajio^Ky. Ohh
Bee 9to A^JiaioT rjih MeHa, 3HaH, mo k Jirodjiro MHCTHe HrpymKH. Boace moh,
KaK h Tpo^Hyi!
TaHH HH^ero He ne^eT h HH^er6 He MdeT. fl d^eHb odnaceH. 3Ha^HT jih
3to, mto OHa He jik)6ht MeHH? HeT, He MdaceT Smb. Bee jik>6ht MeHH.
fl cnacy b Moeft KOMHaTe h JjyMaio o TaHe. OHa Tanas 3Jian jeBOMKa, fl ee
fio'jibme He jiio6jik). JJa, OHa noacajie'eT od 9tom noxajie'eT xpan..
xpan
xpan xpan.... xpan xpan xpan xpan
Ha yjiHn;e h cjibimy My3bncy. fl OTKpHBaio dojibmne OKHa h Btixoacy H3 KoWaTH
Ha dajiKOH. BHH3y TaHijjfioT mojiyi. Ohh, Ka'aceTCH, y3HajiH, mo cerd^HH
moh fl^Ht poac^e'HHH. Ohh TamryioT b iecTb 3ioro CMacrjiHBoro ahh. KaK
h Tpo'HyT!
Bflpyr otiA bh^ht MeHH h me'nMyT:
"3T0 OH. BOT OH Bhlxd^HT H3 CBOeft KOMHaTH Ha daJIKOH!"
JIio'flH KOHMa'ioT TaHi^eBa'Tb h Ha^HHaioT anJio^npoBaTb.
"C flHeM poxfle'HHn!" kphms't ohh. "C .hhSm poxfleHHH, floporoM
AjieKcaH^p Hca'aKOBH^, jiymnnH jrpyr KyjibTypbi h HayKn! Ypa'-a-a!
*
fl ctoio Ha daJiKo'ne h anJio^npyio MoeMy jiiodHMOMy Hapd^y. Ho kto 3'ia
MajieHbKan cfinrypa, KOTo'pan ctoht OflHa.? He TaHH jih 9to? OHa He
TaHnyeT. OHa' He anjio^npyeT. Hapdji; cmotpht Ha Hee c SojibniHM
OTBpanie'HHeM.
ii
#
In the Soviet Union, when a speaker is applauded, it is customary
for him to respond by applauding; to the audience.

330-
Hapo,n: A th EJia TBoerd dpa/ra. HHiero He neMetnb, Hmero He Moemb'
Th erd He JiK56nmb, hto jih?
TaHH: Ax, rrpocTHTe, .nopordft Hapdfl! fl cue'jiajia rpydyio onwdicy.
Ho, MOKeT 6biTb, He nd3,HHO eme.
Hapo,n: HeT, TaHK. Tene'pb yace" no3,nHO. TboPi 6paT ot Teda HHien
He xcfaeT. Oh Teda do'jibme He JiiodHT.
Ta.Ha: MoxeT dbiTb, a eme Mory
Hapo^: Tmmm! OH HaMMHaeT roBopHTb.
fl HaMHHa'io roBopHTb:
"MoH jiiodHMHft Hapofl, floporne dpaTba h cecTpbi' fl dieHb TpdnyT. Bh.
bto Bee ,nejiajin ,n,Jia MeHa - TaHueBajin, mhjih moh HrpymKH, h t.,h.
fl jnodjiro Ka'x,noro H3 Bac. A TaHio, KOTopaa, Ka'xeTca, 3adbijia Kaxofi
cero^Ha jeHb, a npom,aio.
TaHa HauHHaeT njianaTb.

-331-
The Birthday
Today is my birthday. In the kitchen I smell /feel the aroma of/
fresh cabbage and cereal. Oh, beloved aromas! My sisters are
standing in the kitchen in front of the stove and baking pirozhki.
(My) older sister is baking pirozhki with cabbage. (My) younger one
is baking; pirozhki with cereal. My God, how I love pirozhki with
cabbage, to say nothing of pirozhki with cereal. And they are doing
all this for me, in honor of mv birthday. How touched I am!
Everybody except Tana. Sister Tana isn't, doing anythingfor me. She
is sitting next to the stove and clipping her hair.
I walk out of the kitchen. I smell fresh soap. Akh, what a pleasant
smell! My brothers are sitting behind the garage and washing my
favorite toys. (My) older brother is washing my little-trolleybus.
(My) younger one is washing- my little-concrete-mixer. They are doing-
all of this for me, knowing that T like clean toys. My God, how
touched I am!
Tana isn't baking anything and isn't washing anything. I'm very
insulted. Does that mean that she doesn't likeme? No, (that) can't
be. Everybody likes me.
I sit in my room and think about Tana. She is such an evil little-
girl. I don't like her any more. Yes, she'll be sorry about this...
she'll be sorrv snore snore
snore....^nore.•.snore..snore.snore.snore
I hear music on the street. I ot>en the big- windows and go out of
/from/ my room onto the balcony. People are dannin^ below. It seems
they have found out that today is my birthday. They are dancing in
honor of this happy day. How touched T am!
Suddenly they see me and whisper\<
"It's him. Here he comes out from his room onto the balcony!"
The neonle stop dancing and begin to applaud.
"Hapny birthday!" they shout. "Happy birthday, dear Aleksandr
Isaakovich, the best friend of culture and science!
Hurrah-ah-ah!"
I stand on the balconv and applaud my beloved public. But who is that
little figure standing alone? Isn't that Tana? She isn't dancing.
She isn't applauding. The public looks at her with disgust.
Public: "Aren't you baking or washing anything for your brother?
Is it that you don't love him?
Tanai "Akh, forgive me, dear public! I have made a terrible
mistaV-p. But perhaps it's still not late."
Publics "No, Tana. It's already late now. Your brother doesn't
want anything from you. He doesn't love you any more."
Tanai "perhaps I still can...."
Public: "Shhl HE is beginning- to speak."
T beg-in to sneak:
"My beloved public, dear brothers and sisters I I am
very touched. You have done all this for me'- danced, washed my
toys, etc. I love each of you. And Tana,who it seems forgot
what day today was, I forgive."
Tana ^e^ins to cry.

-332-
BonpoctJ
Tape\ ^s>o a
1. KaKHe 3a'naxH nyBCTByeT msuibmkk b KyxHe? (Jff)
&z3
2. Hto ^ejiaioT ev6 cecipH?
3. KaKHe rrnpoacKH neiei CTapmaa cecTpa? \^^]}}
4. KaKHe nnpoacKH ne^eT MJia^maa cecTpa? CfpJU-j^
5. IIOMeMy MaJIbMHK TaK TpOHyT? £±}j
6. Mto ^e'jiaei cecTpa TaW? 4^j5P{f5J
7. r^,e CHflHT dpaTbfl? [!gg*U ^
8. KaKoM 3anax ^yBCTByeT Majib^HK 3a rapaacoM? //)
9. Mto flejiaioT 6paTba? ^ "$■$
10. Mto Mo'eT cTdpmHH 6paT? ft
11. Mt6 Mo'eT MJia^rnHH 6paT? v^«
12. noqeMy? Q? g»^
13. IloMeMy Majib^HK oSnaceH?
14. Hto" cjiuhiht Ma'jibMHK Ha yjiHn;e? ##
15. Hto JiibflH BHH3y fleJiaioT? SS*
16. IlOMeMy? Q
17. Korfla. HaiHHaeT Hapo,zi arrjio^HpOBaTb? P;»SP
18. Ht6 kphmht Hap6,n? ©
19. KoMy anjioflKpyer Majib^HK? <X$£$
20. IloMeMy Hapofl kphm^t Ha TaHio? <gy ^sdt VaWift

-333-
R vtua.1. ?k
General directions: Execute with p-reat speed
and flawless pronunciation.
Mojioflen;! T^e bh Hay^HjiKCb roBopHTb rro-pyccKH?
fl 3aHHMaK)Cb pyCCKHM H3HK0M BCerO To'jIbKO 0£KH TO^
c nojioBHHoft, TaK mto k enje He npHBHK(Jia) Bupa^Tb
cboh mhcjih no-pyccKM. npocTHTe MeHH 3a njioxdM
H3HK h HenpaBHJibHoe npoH3HomeHHe! Ho cBH,naHHH h
Bcerd xopomero!
[yderaeT]
Well doneJ Where did you learn to speak Russian?
I've been studying Russian in all only one and one-
half years, so that I haven't become accustomed to
expressing- my thoughts in Russian. Porscive mv bad
Russian and incorrect pronunciation. Good-bye and
good luck!
[flees]
HyaceH, HyacHa, hpkhq, hvjkhh - "needed"
1. X needs^Y is expressed in Russian asi "to X is needed Y"
X + HysceH/ HyacHa'/ HyacHo/HyatHH + Y
[dative]
X , Y
Ma'jibMUKy HyaceH KapaHj;am.
" HyacHa' Mamma.
" H^-)KHO MbljIO .
" HyacHiS KapaHj;amH,
[nominative]
The boy needs a pencil.
(Literally" "To-the-boy is-needed a Pencil.")
The boy needs a. car.
soap„
pencils.
Y (i.e.,KapaH^am, MamwHa, etc.1 i^ the subieot, even though it is
usually at the end^ and HysceH agrees with it in number and render.

33U-
Drill 2
Fill in the correct form of HyxeH.
1. IlHc^Tejiio KapaHflam.
2. y6o'pmnKy ( janitor) mhjio.
3. Bo.HHTejiio (driver) MamnHa.
k. KaacfloS MamHHe yjinija.
5. JKHTeJiio ropo^a ro'pofl.
6. "BejiHKOMy $vLji6co$y BeJiHKne mncjih.
7. KaacflOMy TypHCTy BejiHKOe BjiHHCKoe Mope.
Drill ■)
Translate into Russian.
1. I need a table.
2. She needs new shoes.
3. We need a new director.
L±. He needs money.
5. They need a new car.
6. Little Sona needs new toys.
2. X needs Y. when both X and Y are pronouns, is expressed ast
"Y to X is needed".
Y + X + HyaceH/HyxH^/HyacHo/HyacHH
[nom.] [dat,]
Oh eft HyaceH.
("He to-her is needed" - i.e., She needs him.)
Ctaa" eMy HyacHa.
("She to-him is needed" - i.e., He needs her.)
Translate into English.
1 . Ohh eMy HyxHH.
2. Oh eM HysceH. ^_
3. Ohsi HaM HyacHa.
k. Mm eft HyacHH.
5. H eMy He HyaceH.
6. Bbl HaM HyXHbl.

Pr.
11.1. i
Translate into Russian.
1.
2.
T.
^.
6.
7.
8.
9.
She needs him.
She needs a pencil.
He needs her.
He needs a pencil .
He needs a car.
He doesn't need ^ pencil.
He doesn't need her.
Who doesn't need her. (careful
Nobody needs them. (careful!)
«J -.-
Ha,no-
necessary
"X K?_s-i2 do something" is expressed in Russian as:
X + Haflo + infinitive
[dat.]
MHe HaflO pa6oTaTb.
(I have to work.1
MHe Haflo Tene'pb MHTb moh nrpy'mKn.
(I have to wash my toys now.)
CH VERBS
a. Lprm
CH -H
cb after vowels
Presents
fl MOIOCb
TbI MOembCH
OH MOeTCfl
Mbl MOeMCfl
BH MQeTeCb
OHH MOIOTCfl
Past* MblJICH, MblJiaCb, MHJIOCb, MNJIHCb
Infinitive: MbiTbca

B. Meaning
ch , ioined to verbs, is historically a contraction of ce6n
(oneself), and sometimes retains that meaniner.
Ohh moiotch. -They wash (themselves).
H MOiocb. - T wash (myself).
Usually it has other meanings.
Amonf the meanings of ch aret
(1) one's self
Mbift-*- ... ch (wash oneself)
Ohh HHKOrfla He moiotch. They never wash.
in contrast with« muS+
Ohh mokt HrpymKH. They are washing the toys.
(2) one another
BHfle+ ... ch (see one another)
OHrf ^acTO BH^eJiHCb. They often saw one another.
in contrast withi BHfle*
Oh ee BHfleji. He saw her.
(3) passive
nnca+ ...ch (be written)
KaK nrfraeTCH 3to cjiobo? How is that word spelled
y (written)?
in contrast with» nnca+
Oh nraeT 3to cjiobo. He is writing that word.
(^) intransitive
Ha^nHaK+ ...ch (bep;in) - intransitive (i.e., it oannot
, , take an object)
YpoK Ha^HHaeTCH.The lesson is beerinrinf.*
in contrast with: Ha^HHaft+- _ transitive (i.e., it may
Oh HaiHHaeT tin-raTb take an nbieet)
acypHaji. He begins to read the maeasine.
Sometimes the pair of transitive/intransitive verbs in
Russian is translated with a single verb in English as
in "the lesson is bee-inning" and "begins to read" above.
Similarly:
Trans. Oh ocTaHOBHJi noe3jj,.(He sto^ned the train.)
In trans. Ilo'e3jj, 0CTaH0BHjicH(The train stopped.)
#
ypo'x does not bescin somejthing, it iust begins,.

-337-
Corsider the sentences!
(a) They fathered mushrooms.
(b) They fathered.
Which sentence would be translated into Russian with a
- ch verb: (a) or (b)?
Answer: (b)*
( ^) HO. Tneaninf
6oh+...ch [+gen] - (be afraid of)
cMefl+...CH Has [+ instr.] (laugh at)
6opo-t-...cfl 3a [+ ace .J - (fight for)
Cfl, as a contraction of ce6n , wa=! originally the direct object of all
such verbs. As a reflexion of its orifina.l status, ch is formallv
the direct obiect, of all ch verbs, and none of them mav take direct
object^ i" the accusative case. Of the five meanings given above,
(3) and (k) are by far the most cotw>". Meanings (^1-) and ( c,) are
difficult to distinguish without more exnerience with Russian vocabu-
1 anv.
Drill
Which meaning of ch is illustrated in each of the sentences below?
Identify as (1) one's self
(2) one another
(3) passive
(k) intransitive
1. We took leave of one another. Mm- npocTHJinci>.
2. The lesson is conducted in Russian. Ypdic Be^eTCfl no-pyccKH.
3. I hid myself from the sun. / fl vkphjich ot cdJiHija.
k. The lecture is ending. JleKiinn KOHV^eTCfl.
5. He prepared himself for the exanu Oh roTOBHjiCH k 9K3aMeHy.
6. They gathered in the park. Ohh cognpaJincb b napice.
7. This planet is called 3'ra nJiaH^Ta Ha3UBaeTCH "3eMJiH".
"Earth*.
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(2)
(3)
(1)
W
(1)
CO
(3)
(a) Ohh codnpaji/i rpHfibi.
M
Ohh co6npajincb.

-338-
rieTp MuxafijiOBOT MypaBbeBt ero SbiBmag xeHa h CTapmaa cecTpa
6HBmeH aeHH
I.
fTape
ITeTp MuxaftjioBHti MypaBbeB pa6oTaeT yfio'pmnKOM b TjiaBHOM mock<5bckom
rocy^apcTBeHHOM HHCTHTyTe $n3HtiecK0ft KyjibTypH HMeHH $. rjia^KOBa
(KOTopHH HHor.ua npdcTO Ha3UBaeTca "rjiaBMocroc$H3KyjibT" ). Ero 6HBmaH
sceHa h ciapraaH cecTpa fibiBmeft seHH Toxe pafioTaioT b 9tom HHCTHTyTe.
BbiBmaa seHa pafiOTaeT ySopmHiieft, a CTapman cecTpa dHBmeft ieHH pafiOTaeT
rjiaBHHM HHxeHe'poM.
MoaceT jivl npocTdM yfio'pmHK HaftTK ciawbe b rocysapcTBeHHOM HHCTHTyTe
(fiH3HtiecK0H KyjibTypw, b koto'pom CTapmaa cecTpa fiuBmeS xeHH paQoTaeT
rjiaBHHM HHxeHepoM? Ybhahm.
MypaBbeB .nyMaeT, *ito cTapman cecTpa ero' SNBmeft seHbi He jik>6ht er6. H,
Ha caMOM fle'jie, OHa He jik>6ht ero. no npaB^e roBopn, OHa npe3npaeT erd.
IIOMeMy npe3HpaeT? OHa, oieHb 3^op6buS h cHjibHbift nejiOBeK, CMHTaeT ero
cjiafibiM. FIpa'Bfla jih gto, mto oh cuaSuS? KaK MypaBbeB caM la'cTO roBopHT:
"Jlejio He b tom, ito h cjiadbift, a b tom, *ito h He npuBHK Bupajca'Tb cboh
mncjih," HsUo CKa3aTb, *ito cecTpa nbeT KyMtic h HrpaeT b cfcyTddji, & oh
nbeT nencH-KOJiy h wrpaeT b KapTu. riodTOMy MoxeT dbiTb ohei c^HTa'eT erd
cjia'fiHM. Tpy,HHO CKaaaTB.
KaacflHS ^eHb eMy Ha^o mhtb ee' MamHHy h mhcthtb ee KadtfHeT. Kor.ua' oh
ee BCTpe^aeT ( a oh ee BCTpe^aeT Ka!acflufl jjeHb ) , OHa CMeeica na^ hum,
roBopn: "Hy, KaK ^ejia, MajieHbKuft ieMnnoH?" ( OHa' Ha3HBaeT ero' "Ma\neHbKHM
yeMnHOHOM". ) MypaBbeB Bcerja ctoh't h aposcht, ho oh Hmierd eS He
OTBe^a'eT. IToMeMy oh Hmierd eft He OTBe^ideT? Oh Soh'tch ee? He'jio He b
aroM, tjTO oh ee Soh'tch, a b tom, *ito oh He npuBHK BbipascaTb cboh mncjih.
OflHa'xflH oh BCipe'THji ee b KOpn,ndpe HHCTHTyTa h cnpocHji o cbo^S dbiBmeft
xeHe.
- "KaK OHa' acHBeT 6e3 MeHH?"
CecTpa 3acMeHJiacb h eMy oTBeTHJia:
— "Tboh SbiBraaH ieHa, KasceTca, acuBeT 6e3 Tedn HenJio'xo. y Hee
HOBbie HHTepe'cHHe flpy3bn: aKajeMHKH, $Hjidcoc£)N, mhhhctph, hhxgh-
e'pH, h T.fl. Ho, Mo'xeT 6HTb, th He cjibimaji, *ito OHa' HaytiHjiacb
HrpaTb Ha apc^e a CTajia h3b^cthoM apTHCTKOH b mock6bckoM $hji-
apMc^HMH? H Kaac^HS Be'yep OHa nbeT maMna'HCKoe y H3BecTHoro
npoc|)eccopa Illyjibna. Ha, ToBapH^ Pom^o, OHa XHBeT 6es Te6n
o^eHb xopomo'. O^hhm cjiobom, th 6o"jibme eft He HjfxeH.
MypaBbeB ctoh'ji h njia'Kaji, syMan o tom, ito oh Qojibme He HyaceH CBoefi
SbiBmeM xeHe. "Mto moxho ^e'jiaTb fljia aceHinHHH, KOTopaa Hrpa'eT b mockob-
ckoS $njiapMOHHH h ,ii,a:xe nbeT maMnaHCKoe y HSBecTHoro npo$e'ccopa Illyjibna?"

-339-
fotr Mixa.ilovich Murayjov. His Former Wife, and His Former Wife's
Older Sister
I
fotr Mixajloyich Murayjov works as a janitor in the F. Gladkov Main
Moscow State Institute of Physical Culture (which is sometimes simply
called "Glavmosgosfizkult"). His former wife and (his) former wife's
older sister also work in this institute. (His) former wife works as
a washerwoman and (his) former wife's older sister works as the chief
engineer.
Can a simple ,ianitor find happiness in a state institute of physical
culture in which (his) former wife's older sister works as the chief
engineer? We shall see.
Muravjov thinks that his former wife's older sister doesn't like him.
As a matter of fact, she doesn't like him. To tell the truth, she
despises him. Why despises? She, a very healthy and strong: person,
considers him weak. Ts it true that he is weak? As Murayiov himself
often says» "It's not that T'm weak, but that I'm not accustomed to
expressing my thoughts." It's necessary to say that the sister drinks
koomiss (fermented mare's milk) and plays soccer, and he drinks Pensi-
Cnla and plays cards. Maybe that's why she considers him weak. It's
difficult to say.
Every day he has to wash her car and clean her office. When he meets
her (and he meets her every day), she laughs at him, saying: "Well,
how are thingrs, little champ?" (She calls him "little champ.")
Muray.iov always stands and shakes, but doesn't say (answer) anything
to her. Why doesn't he say anything to her? Is he afraid of her?
It's not that he's afraid of her, but that he isn't accustomed to
expressing; his thoughts.
Once he met her in the corridor of the institute and asked about his
former wife:
- "How is she setting; along /living-/ without me?"
The sister burst out laughing; and answered him:
— "Your former wife, it seems, is not living badly without
you. She has new, interesting friends: academicians,
philosophers, ministers, engineers, and so forth. But
perhans you haven't heard that she has learned how to play
the harp and has become a famous artiste in the Moscow
Philharmonic? And every evening she drinks champagne at
the home of the famous Professor Schultz. Yes, comrade
Romeo, she is living very well without you. In a word,
she doesn't need you any more."
Murayjov stood and cried, thinking-/about the fact/that his former
wife"didn't need him any more. "What can you do for a woman who
plays in the Moscow Philharmonic and even drinks champagne at the
home of the famous Professor Schultz?"

-3^0-
Tape
BonpocH
1. KeM padoTaeT:
(a) MypaBbeB?
(6) SbiBman xeHa MypaBbeBa?
(b) CTapman cecTpa SbiBineft aceHH MypaBbeBa?
2. r^e ohh pado'TaioT? i
3. Kajcyio pojib (role) arpa'ioT yfiopmHKH h ygopmnuu b HHCMTyTax
(|)H3H^eCKOH KyjIbTypH?
i i ' I (
\ i i
"c\ £>
H T.fl.
4. OTKyfla bu 3HaeTe, mo cecTpa 6NBmea xeHH 3flop6BHS h CHjibHtift
vejioBe'K?
(a)
(6)
Limbic
(nHH-f)
fnrpaS+)
5. KeM OHa c^HTaeT MypaBbeBa?
P>, ITo^eMy?
(a) (<^
(HHH+)
( 6) PT^iS^*' ^ nrpaii+)
7. rio^eMy MypaBbeB Tax ia'cTO BCTpe^aeT cecTpy CBoeS 6biBinea sceHbi?
i ' <
I ' i
8. Boktch jih MypaBbeB ceCTpbf fibiBmeS xeHH?
(Jlejio He b tom,...)
9. rio^eMy MypaBbeB ^yMaeT, *jto oh 6ojibme He HyxeH CBoefi SbiBmeft
xeHe?
(a)
(6)
(b)
4»«

Eiti'sJLJi
pTape^
- KaKaH cero'^HH
— /HfleT floxji,b.
IHfleT CHer.
Hy h fleHb!
norofla
- What is the weather
— (It's rainin?.
I It's snowing.
What a day!
?
today?
jtpyr .gpyra - one another
A. flpyr flpyra
G. "
D. flpyr .apyry
P.
I. ^pyr ^pyroM
wi$)i a preposition
'flpyr Ha flpyra
flpyr ot flpyra
^pyr k * ,npyry
^pyr o ^pyre
flpyr c ^pyroM
1 p
flpyr (not declined) + flpyr " ( declined like a masculine noun)
Prepositions are placed before flpyr .
Ohh jik>6ht flpyr flpyra.
Ohh syMaioT ^pyr o spyre.
(They love one another.)
(They think about one another.)
Accusative of Time
The accusative designates the period of time an action is carried
He writes every day.
He writes every week.
Oh nwraeT Kaac^hift^eHb.
Oh nwraeT K^x^yj^Hje^enio.
(week - Hefl^jiiil
The preposition k will be introduced later in the book.

-3*+2-
Genitive as Direct Ob.iect of Negated Verb
The direct ob.iect of a negated verb is often genitive.
He didn't see that letter. Oh He BHfleJi 9Toro nucbMa.
Russians often do not agree themselves about when to use the genitive
and when to use the accusative as direct object of a negated verb, and
therefore it is difficult to establish a rule. It is probably best to
simply note that both accusative and genitive occur and to be Trenared
for either.
Word Order
Normal word order in Russian is very much like English, except for
pronouns which are often placed before the verb.
fl eft cKa3aJi. fl erd 3Haio.
Three maLjor exceptionst
(1) Emphasis
When one of the parts of the sentence is emnhasized, it is
taken out of its usual order.
fl b rdpojie paSo'iaio. (I work in the city.)
B ropoje pa6oTaio h. (T_ work in the city.)
Kypi6 a. (i smoke. ]J_m the one who smokes.)
(2) Emotional or poetic speecht
iiapHiia xh3hh MoeM
(queen of my life)
TH 3KH3Hb MOH
(you are my life)
(3) Questions
Verb and subject are often inverted in questions,
Mto c;nejia.na moh cecTpa?
(What did my sister do?t

-3U3-
Reported Statements
InEnerlish, reported statements (e.g., "He said that,...," "She
thought that...") change their tense to aprree with the main verb.
original statement: *'.Tohn 'knows."
reported statement: He said that John knew.
.feT-Ow** knew to a?ree in tense with sa.id, even though the
original statement was present.
In Russian, reported statements retain their original tense.
"IfeaH 3HaeT."
Oh CKa3aji, mo HBaH 3HaeT.
Tf the original statement was past, it remains so.
OHa He 3a6Hjiaerd.
She didn't forget him.
Ohei nucajia, ^to OHa He 3a6bijia ero.
She wrote that she hadn't forgotten him.
PrillJ?.
A. Translate into English
1. Oh tobopht, mo oh xo^eT h^th.
p. Oh CKa3aji, mo oh xd^eT h^th. i
-3. Oh CKa3aji, mo oh xotcji hath.
4, Mbl XHBeM B MOCKBe.
c;. Mh xhjih b MocKBe. ,
6. Oh jtyMaji, mo mh khb^m b MocKBe.
■7. Oh fljrMaji, mo mh schjih b MocKBe.
B • TriLQi?!5-tL1?? into Russ jjm .
1. She didn't know that vou were a doctor.
2. Nobody knew that Brown was a spy,
3. She said that she loved him.
h. The Albanians thought that the word cjjnj^rjrte meant "pencil".

-3UH-
fleTp Mhx4Mjiobhm MypaBbeB, erd 6biBmaa aceHa h CTapmaa ceCTpa 6uBmeti xeHbi
IT.
Tape\
MypaBbeB eme jiio6ht cboio 6HBmyio aceHy. KaacjjbiH pa3, Korjja ohh BCTpe^aioT
spyr flpyra, oh KpacHeeT. Oh xo^ieT eft CKa3aTb:
- "0, napnua 3KH3HH Moefi! 3Haio, ito a Te6e 6ojibme He HyateH Ho
a Te6a d^ieHb jho6jii6. Th - xcH3Hb Moa. Kaac^yio Hejj,ejiio, Kasc^uft
^eHb, Kaacfl,HK *iac, Kctacayio ceKyHJjy, a xoqy 6HTb c to6oh."
A ^t<5 roBopHT oh Ha ca'MOM fle'jie?
- "Jlofipoe yTpo, KaTepHHa MBaHOBHa. CerojjHa HjjeT ,noac,nb."
Ojj,hhm cjiobom, MypaBbeB He npHBHK BHpaacaTb cboh mhcjih.
M.ena To'ace KpacHe'eT. OHa xo^eT eu$ CKa3aTb:
- "Jloporoft ^ejiOBeK! H,opor6ft Myac! ( To ecTb, jjoporoft 6HBmHft Myac! )
Kaacjj,Hft Be'^ep cnacy a jj,OMa. H, K?laceTca, Te6£ 6c5jibme He HyacHa.
CecTpa, MHe noBTopijia ra^Kne cjiobei, KOTopne th eft roBopnnib. Ohe(
MHe CKa3a,jia, KaK th xyjiHraHHmb b napKax KyjibTypn h oTjjHxa, KaK
th Kypumb, nbemb h xpannmb. Ho, MHe Bee paBHO. H Te6a em,e
jiioSjiio."
A ^t(5 OHa, Ha celmom jjejie, euy OTse^a'eT?
- "Ha, IleTp MnxaftjiOBH^, Hjj,eT ,n,oac,nb. Hy h ,neHb!"
Ojj,hhm cjiobom, ohh paSoTaioT Jjpyr c Apy'roM, ^yMa»T flpyr o jjpyre, juobaT
eme flpyr spyra. Ho, KaaceTca, ohh He npHBHKJiH Bbipaaca'Tb cboh mh'cjih.
OHa acHBeT y cecTpn, a oh y jjpyra. Ecjih ohh TaK Jiio6aT Jjpyr ,npyra, to
noueMy ace ohh He acHByT BMe'cTe? Bee 3to H3-3a cecTpu, KOTopaa, KasceTca,
o'^ieHb xopomd BbipaacaeT cboh mucjih.
B oahh npeKpacHHft jj,eHb 6biBmaa aceHa Hannca'jia nncbMo 6e'jj,HOMy MypaBbeBy.
B nHCbMe' ohsi nncajia, *ito eme jik>6ht ero, *ito oh eft o'^eHb HyaceH, h ona
ne 3a6buia ero, h t.jj,. KaK bh jjyMaeTe, floporoft MHTaTeJib? Mto cjjejiaji
MypaBbeB, Kor^a oh npoMHTsbi nncbMO? 3acMeajtca?/ 3axHXHKRji? 3anjia'KaJi?
Oh HHtiero' He jje'jiaji, noTOMy *ito oh HHKorjja He BHjjejt 9Toro nncbMa. KaK
6to MdaceT 6biTb, ^ito oh 9Toro He BH^eji? CecTpa 6biBineft aceHH yBH,n,ejia
nncbMO, OTKpHJia ero, npoMHTajia, 3acMe^jiacb h yHHMToacHjia. 0, ra'^Kaa
ace'Hin,HHa! 0, H3Bepr pd^a ^ejiOB^tiecKoro! M3-3a Hee, MypaBbeB He y3Haji,
mto ero 6biBmaa aceHa ero eme Jiid6HT.
Y3HaeT jih MypaBbeB, mto dbiBmaa aceHa, Hanncdjia eMy nncbMO?
HannmeT jih OHa jj,pyroe nncbMO'?
OTKpo'eT jih cecTpa nncbMO? Ilpo^HTaeT jih OHa ero h yHHMToacHT?
MoaceT 6biTb.
A, MoaceT 6HTb, h HeT.

-3^5-
Potr Mixa.jlovich Muravjov. His Former. Wife. and His. Jjgrmer Wij'.e.'.s
.6ld"er_S'ister
II
Murav.i ov still loves his former wife. Every time (when) they meet
one another, he "blushes. He wants to say to her:
- "Oh, queen of my lifeJ I know that you don't need me any
more. But I love you very much. You are my life. Every
week, every day, every hour, every second I want to be with you."
And what does he really say?
"Good morning, Katerina Ivanovna. It's raining today,"
In a word, Muravjov isn't accustomed to expressing his thoughts.
(His) wife also blushes. She wants to say to hinu
- "Dear person! Dear husband! (That is, dear former husband!)
Every evening I sit at home. But you never call your former
forgotten wife. It seems you don't need me any more. (My)
sister repeated to me the foul words that you sa" to her. She
told me how you act like a hooligan in the parks of culture
and rest, how you smoke and drink and snore. But I don't care.
I still love you."
And what does she really answer him?
- "Yes, Potr Mixajloyich, it's raining. What a day!"
In a word, they work with one another, think about one another, and
still love one another. But, it seems, they aren't accustomed to
expressing their thoughts.
She lives at her sister's, and he at a friend's. If they love each
other so, then why don't they live together? All of this is because
of the sister, who, it seems, expresses her thoughts very well.
One fine day the former wife wrote a letter to poor Murayriov. Tn
the letter she wrote that she still loved him, that she needed him
very much, and she hadn't forgotten him, etc. What do you think,
dear reader? Did he burst out laughing? Burst out giggling? Burst
our crying? He didn't do anything, because he never saw that letter.
How can that be that he didn't see it? The former wife's sister
caught sight of the letter, opened it, read (it), bur^t out laughing,
and destroyed (it). Oh, vile woman! Oh, monster of the human racei
Because of her, Muravjov didn't find out that his former wife still
loved him.
Will Murayjov find out that his former wife wrote him a letter?
Will she write another letter?
Will the sister open the letter? Will she read and destroy it?
Maybe.
And maybe not.

-3^6-
Tape
BonpocH
1. rioyeMy roBopHT MypaBbeB rjiynue cJiOBa, Kor^a. oh BCTpe^aeT SbiBmyio
aceHy?
2. Hto oh xo'^eT CKa3aTb?
3. ITo cjiobelm cecTpH, MTdjveJiaeT MypaBbeB?
4. IloyeMy MypaBbeB HHKor.ua He BH^eJi nucbMa 6HEmeK sceHH?
5. Ilo^eMy cecTpa 3acMeHJiacb, Kor^a OHa npoymajia nncbMO?

WORKBOOK: SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT TENSE
Vowel Stems
h:
e:
^a
a:
o:
oBa:
Hy:
TOBOPH+-
cH,neV
MOJi^a+ J
nnca+
KOJIO+
anJiosupo
naxHy+
' HT -
>
Ba+
\
verbs
eT-verhs
Q.° nfPJ2.§Bi..Stems : et__
1 srecial proups
hM: mhM+
hM: nHft+
K: neK+ CTpnr+
Tn the present tenses
A. Vowel Stems: V+V-
Vv
Vowel stem? may have stress shift and V+V mutation.
1. SJres^t stem ( ii6mhh+ )
end ( roBopn-O
mobile ( KypH+)
2• V+V mutation'
a. Which consonants mutate?
Dentals Labials
K
ac
T
M.
3
ac
c
in
CT
m
6
6jib
n
nJib
B
BJIb
<t>
(JlJIb
M
MJIb
V
K
M
el
r
ac
srs
X
in
CK
m
b. Where does it occur?
1. In the 1st nerson sf. of HT-verbs:
CH,ne+ : cuacy, cn,HHmb, ch#ht...
2. Throughout the present of stems in a and oi
nnca+ : numy, nfimemb, nn'meT...
KOJI<5+ : KOJ1K), Ko'jiefflb, KOJieT...
c. OBa ■»■ v —* yfi+ Vs
anjiOflHpoBa* y-* anjio^Hpyro
d. Hy- no snecial difficulties:
naarfiy*- : naxHy, naxHemb .. .

3U8-
Exercise 1
A. Which of the verbs below are ht -verbs and which are eT-verbs»
kti . eT|__
B, Form the 1st person sg. of the verbs below which have V+V
mutation in that form. Form the 2nd person pi. of all the
verbs below.
1st sy, 2nd pi.
1. flepxa+ (hold)
2. CKa3a+ (tell) _,
3. CBHCTe* (whistle)
k. rjia,nn+ (smooth)
5. coxHy+ (become dry)
6. ,noH»cyaHCTBOBa+ __^
(be the Don JuanT"
7. KOJio+ (stab) ____
Hypothetical
8. KOH,ne+ _____ _____
9. ce3H+
10. jiy,na+ _______
11. 3HJIOBa+
12. ,nema+ __ ______

-3U9-
B« Consonant, Stems» V+C-^ VC
Consonant stems have neither stress shift nor V+V mutation.
1. Stress
Stems in ft and h are stem-stressed; all others are end-stressed,
3HEIK), CTaHV
but, acHBy, Hecy
Stress mark is used to show past stress instead.
?• Htt +, Y-» oft + Vi
mhh -*■ y—* m6k>
Hft + V-^ b8 + V i
nun ■*■ y-* nbK
^' Ke -s> He
neK + eT—* ne^eT
CTpjir •»- e?-» cTpHxeT
?.. xe_rc_i s: e_2
Form the 1st ners on sp;. of the following verbs. Tfrnore the stress
mark, since it shows nast tense stress. (Exception! stems of over
one syllable like fleJiaft-t- )
1. , KJia,n+ (-out)
2. 3peft+ (mature)
?, npe3npaft+ (despise) .
4. JiHftt- (pour) .
<!, HHft+ (whine) „
6. CTp«r+ (clin)
7. xojio,neft+ (grow cold)
R, CTaH+ (become) _ _

-350-
3? x.RXQ i J!\e_J?
Form the 1st and 3rd person sp. of the following- verbs.
1 of, p_<T_. 2HlL..5£Ll
1. . b?M+ (wind) _____
2. rpo3H+- (threaten) ____ __
I. xpane-t- (snore) __ _
4. pbifi-i- ^isr) _ .. ..
=;. BH3Ka+ (squeal) ____
6. npHBHKHy-»- (be accustomed to)
7. dpnr+ (clip)
8. nJia.Ka+ (cry) _ _
Q. TaHn;eBa+ (dance)
10. npnBJieic+ (attract) ...
Hypothetical
II. cpeK + ,_._
12. KocTe+ _.. , ..,._ _ .._.
13. Jie3a+- _.._ ___ ___ __ __ _____
14. rjiHH-i- ___ _ _
15. THaca+
1 6, cmhM+
17. seK+ .._.._ _ ___..
1B. Ky6n+ _..„... .__
19. TpHKOBa-t .._„_.

-351
Personal Pronouns : Summary
Norn.
Ace.
Gen.
Pat.
Prep.
Instr.
Interrogatives
Norn.
Ace.
Gen.
Pat.
Prep.
Instr.
KTO
Koro
Kovty
KOM
KeM
qiO
TITO
qero
qeMy
qeM
qeM
Reflexive
a.
MeHH
MHe
MHe
mho8
TH
Te6a
ie6e
xede
To6ofi
oh/oho
er6
ewy
HeM
HM
OHa
••
ee
e8
He8
eft
MH
Hac
HcLM
Hac
HS.MH
BH
Bac
BaM
Bac
BaMH
OHH
HX
HM
HHX ,
HHMH
none
ce6a
ce6e'
ce6e/
co6oft
Notes to chart:
1. The reflexive ce6a has no nominative form.
20 The case forms of th andcefia rhyme.
11 11 11 11 MU n BU 11
3. Preposition + h + 3rd person pronoun:
6e3 Hero (without him)
dKOJIO HHX
O HeM
C HUM
(near them)
(about him)
(with him)
etc.
(a) Note that an 0 is joined to prepositions in the
following prepositional phrases:
HaflO MHOH
CO MHOH
(over me)
(with me)
(b) Exception: 060 MHe (about me)
2. > 22\ and aTso adds 2.

352-
Vocabularv Entries» How to Show Case Requirement
Following the practice in Russian dictionaries, case
requirements will be shown by entering the appropriate form of **T0
or kto (in square brackets).
o JjieV] means: the preposition "o" demands
the prepositional case.
Has [lew] means: the preposition "Has" demands
the instrumental case.
6oH+...ca [iero] means: the verb "6oa+...ca" demands
the genitive case.
Hrpafi+ Ha [ieM] means: the verb Hrp^fl+ demands either
* bo fciToi] na + the prepositional case or
b + the accusative case
Bois a form of n which appears before *ito.

-353-
fr.sns.Isjt.i.p.'o
1. I smell fresh cabbage somewhere in my room.
2. The lecture is beg-inninp-. Why are vou still nlaying- cards?
3. Why are you lauphinsr at me? Why do you call me "little fool?"
I never lausti at vou.
k. Her older brothers are dancinp- on the main street in honor of her
birthday. They are atvDlaudinp- her. w^w touched she is!
■J. To tell the truth, I don't hear you because I'm not listening to
you. I'm washing.
6. Every time (when) he meets his older sister he shakes from fear.
?. She burst out crying and said: "I'm clipping- vour hair.
I answered her coldly: "You'll be sorry about this."
fi. One fine day he met her in the "F. Gladkov State Institute of
Albanian Music'.'
9. She needs him, but he no longer needs her.
10. She works as a simple washerwoman. Where did. she learn to sneak
Albanian so well? (so - Tan)
11. Every week he opens my letters. He iust opened the letter which
my former wife wrote to me. Will he oDen the letter which she's
ffoinp; to write to me tomorrow?
1?.. Thev think about one another, work wi th one another, and write
to one another. Nobody knows that they desni.se one another.
13. He's standing- in front of the stove and bnkinp- pirozhki with
cabbage. Why is everyone walking out of the kitchen?
1^. Who needs money? We need it (them).
15. Because of my youne-er sister, my husband is living at his younger
brother's.
16. My friends in the Moscow Philharmonic consider Natasha a more or
less educated woman.
17. He told us that he wrote to my younger sister every week.

-35U-
CjioBapb
M
qac -t hour
Ka6nHer - office, study
3anax - smell, aroma
TpojijieftgycHK -little trolley-
6aJiKOH - balcony bus
ygo^mHK - janitor
KyMHc -fermented mare's milk
aKa^eMHK - academician
mhhhctp - minister
^HTareJib - reader
Be^ep(/a) - evening
qeMnHOH - champion, champ
$yT6o'ji - soccer
mhcjib - thought
Hap6,n -the people, the public
poac^e'HHe - birth
jjeHb poac^eHHH - birthday
mhjio - soap
yrpo - morning
.notfpoe yrpo - good morning
maMnaHCicoe - champagne
(a neuter adjective, with
noun meaning)
3K
Kama - cereal
a'ptja - harp
miHTa - stove
qecTb - honor
b qecTb - in honor
Hrpymica - toy
geTOHOMeraajrotiKa - little
concrete-mixer
KOMHara - room
yjimja - street
y6dpmnija - washerwoman
$njiapMOHHH - philharmonic
apTHCTKa - artiste
HeaejiH - week
ceKjrH^a - second
Ka'pra - card
Ad.iectiyes
npHHTHHS - pleasant
CB^acHft -fresh
CTapmnfl - older
MjiaflmHH - younger
3Jioft - evil
rjiaBHHfl - main, chief
mockobckhS - Moscow (adj.)
rocy^apcTBeHHHfl - state
$H3HqecKHft - physical
6HBniHfl - former
3^op6BHfl - healthy
Short-form adjectives
T^OHyr/a /o/u - touched
HyaceH, HyacHa, HyacHO, HyacHH
- needed
Verbs
qyBCTBOBa+ - feel
qyBCTBOBa-*- 3dnax - smell
CJiHina-t- - hear
ne'K+ - bake
CTpHr+ - clip
mhh+ ...ch - wash (oneself)
HaqHHaft+...ch - begin
TaHijeBan- - dance
an.no,niipoBa+ [qeMyJ - applaud
npe3Hpafl+ - despise
Ha3HBaii+ Qito] [ieM] - call
6ohi-...ch frero] be afraid of
(an HT-verb)
xyjinrdHH* - act like a hooligan
bhxo^+ H3 C^ero] walk out
no/sca-n^ft-* - be sorry
BHpaacaft+ - express
Hrpaft* - play
(a) instrument*. Ha [mSm]
Hrpaft-t- Ha ap$e, Ha rnra'pe
(6) a game« bo [ito]
nrpafl+ b $yT6o'ji, b KapTH
np^BHKHy* (be accustomed)
PaStinpHBHK, npHBHJIKa, npHBHKJIH
Plural
b6jioch - hair
gparbfl - brothers
^py3b« - friends
nuposcKH - pirozhki (stuffed fried dumplings)
nHpoatOK(o) sg.
*
formation of the past tense will be treated in Chapter 10

-355-
Note the following perfectives
in 3a . where 3a has the meaning
"begin to..."t
sacMefl+...CH - burst out laughing
3axnxHKaft+ - burst out giggling
Other
H3 L^ero] - t out of
c ,HHeM poac^eHHH - happy birthday
no3flHO - late
(idjibme He - no more, no longer
HMeHH - of j the name
MOxeT HaftTH - can find
no npaB,n;e roBopa - to tell the truth
H3-3a [qero] - because of, due to
Tpywo CKa3aTb - it's difficult to say
caM - oneself
Ha^o - necessary
y [koto] - at the home of (French "chez")
b o^rfH npeKpacHHfi x&Hb - one fine day
Mo'aceT 6utb h Her - maybe not
BMe'cTe - together
e'cjiH... to - if... then
KaXnuft pa3 - every time
flyman - thinking
eme - still

356-
CHAPTKR 9
THE PLURAL
There is no gender distinction in the plural, except for the nominative.
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Prep.
Instr.
.., i j e... i/a
I
treated below
...jlm.. .am
« * » IX* i 19.X
..,imi...ami
i_ - masculine and feminine
a - neuter; also certain masculine
~ nounstflOKTopa, rJia3a
Paradigm
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Prep.
Ins tr.
HOBHe
HOBUe
3aBO#H
3aBOflH
t
HOBHM
HOBHX
3aB0^aM
3aBO,nax
HOBHMH 3aBO^aMH
MamHHH, cjiOBa, ^OKTOpa

Drill 1
Put the words in parentheses into the correct plural forms
1. 3TO (SeTOHHHfi 3aBO,H )
(6oJibffl6fi ,noM(a))
(HHTepe'cHas $OTorpa$HH )
(ajiSaHCKoe cjiobo)
(njioxoe coMHHe'HHe)
2. fl numy (H3Be'cTHHii y6o'pmHK)
( xopomuft nHcaTejib)
(apH30HCKHii KOBSoft )_
(o6pa3o'BaHHaa .neBymica)
3. fl flyMaio o (^o6paa y^mejibHuija )
(n3Be'cTHHii nncarejib)
(hobhS Tpojrjiefi6yc)
(xopomee coMHHeHne) _
4. fl ctok) nepefl (SeTOHHHfi 3aBo',n) _
( H3BeCTHHfi IIHCaTeJIb )
(6e,n;HaH fleBymKa)
( 6ojibmoe 3JiaHHe)

-358-
THE GENITIVE PLURAL
. ix.. .^/ej/ov
With few exceptions, every noun has one £ form, either in the nominative
singular or in the genitive plural.
1. If the nominative singular does not have the ending j£ (i.e., hap
p_ or a) then the genitive plural does. Note spelling!
Transcription
Russian
Nom. Sg.
nauka
slovo
pustina
zdani.jo
laboratoriia
Gen. PI.
nauk 6
siov y>
pustin 6
zdani.i p
laboratorij j6
Nom. Sg.
Ha^Ka
CHOBO
nycTHH«
3,naHne
jia6opaTopna
Gen. PI.
HayK
CJIOB^
nycTHHB
3^aHHit
jiaSopaTopHfi
If the nominative singular has the ending £, then the genitive
plural has the ending*
eji if the stem ends in a soft consonant or H
Nom. sg.
nHcaiejib
KapaH^am *
MHinb (mouse)*
Gen, pi.
nncaTejieit
KapaHflameft
Mumefi
ovt if the stem ends in a hard consonant, u or ft.
naTpHcfa
Meafm
KOB(56ft
Schematically!
naTpHOTOB
MecHijeB
KOB6oeB
Nom. sg.
Gen, pi.
a or o
e.] ov
(soft cons, H)(hard cons,U,ft )
After paired consonants,b shows softness of preceding consonantsi
after 4" it has no phonetic value at all and is used to show gendert
words ending in 4" are masculine
words ending in Mb are feminine.

-359-
THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL
The accusative plural is like the nominative, if inanimate} like the
genitive, if animate - unlike the singular, where only masculine
animate is like the genitive.
fl BHHCy HOBHe 3SLB0\u, MamHHH.
fl BHSCy HOBHX SeTOHmHKOB, SeTOHUlHIJ;.
Drill 2
Form the geni
answers are a
a/o
1. aceHniHHa
2. Mvxa
3. coMHHeHHe
4. $aMHJIHH
5. HeaeJiH
tive plural of the following
ccusative plural as well? '
&
6. 3aB^Ji
7. reHHM
8. nopTdbe'jib
9. ac^Tejib
10. Hoi
T, nouns.
Give nu
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Which of your
mbers)
Mixed
BonDo'c
ManiHHa
jio'mhk
*o to rpacbn.fr
MejiB^ih
Ritual 26
1 Tape|
HeM OKaHKHBaeTca hmh cymecTBHTejibHoe
Oho OKdHMHBaeTCH fHyjieM^ \
\ Ha rJiacHHft.)
Ha KaKofi corJiacHuii OKaHMHBaeTcn ero ocHOBa?
Ero' ocHdBa OKaH*iHBaeTCfl C Ha TBepjiHK corjiacHuft"
< Ha KarKHfl corJia'cHHii
(. Ha rnHnnmnit.
Kaic 6yp,eT OKOHMaHHepo^HTeJibHoro na^eaca
MHoacecTBeHHOro qHcna?
OKOH^aHHe 6y^eT / -ov ~
-%
What does the noun
It ends in ( zero
end in?
/ zero 7
i a vowel.)
What kind of consonant does its stem end in?
Its stem ends ( in a hard consonant
J in a soft consonant
|_ in a sibilant (i.e., x,M,m,m )y
What will the genitive plural ending be?
The ending will be I -ov >
I*

-360-
MOBILE VOWEL
The ending jrf may cause a word to end in a consonant cluster. In such
cases, o or e is often inserted before the final consonant.
In masculine nouns the £ form is the nom. sg.
non-/ ending if-ending
flHH, JHB "flHb" — fleHb
aMepHKamja, aMepnicaHiiy "aMepHKaim" — aMepHKaHeij
MypaBbH, MypaBbio "MypaBbft" — MypaBe'S
(murayja, muravju) (murayj — murayej)
In feminine and neuter nouns the £ form is the gen, pi.
omrftSica, oniHtSKy "omn6K" — ohw6ok
nncbMO, nncbMy MnncbM" — nrfceM
fle'ByniKa, fle'Bymicy "^eBymK" — ^eBymeK
cKaMbi, CKaMbro "cKaMbfi" — cKaMefi
(skamja, skamju) (skamj — skamej)
Vocabulary entries with mobile vowel in the £ form will be followed by
o or e in parentheses. You must learn which vowel (p. or e.) is inserted.
(1) ,neHb(e) (2) omH6Ka(o)
The nom. sg. ending of ( 1) above is £, so it is the form listed in the
vocabulary which contains the mobile vowelj the parenthetical e. is
dropped in other case forms. The nom. sg. ending of ( 2) is a j
therefore, it is the gen, pi. which contains the mobile vowel .0.
Drill 3
Form the genitive
1. aCH3Hb
2. rapaac
3. CJIOBO
4. BneiaTJie'HHe
(impression)
5. TOBapHm
6. MHCJIb
7. nnpoHcoK(o)
plural of the
following nouns.
8» ,nocica(o)
(blackboard)
9« ,neHb (e)
10. 6a6ymKa(e)
11. craTbfl(e)
(article)
12. 6paTCTBo
13» OTeij(e)
14• noaapoK (0 )
(gift)

-361-
(Yape
y Bac ecTb KaKHe-HH6y^b rpaMMaTH^ecKHe Bonpo'cH?
y Meka HeT HHKaKHX Bonpo'cOB, He roBopH yace o
rpaMMaTH^ecKHX Bonpo'cax.
Do you have any grammatical questions?
I don't have any questions, to say nothing of
grammatical questions.
Drill 4
Tape
Using the above pattern, substitute for rpaMMaTHqecKHe
BonpocH the correct forms of the words whose nom. sg.
forms are«
1. hobm MamHHa
2. H3Be'cTHHft nncaTe;ib
3. SeTOHHHii KapaHflam
4. HbK-fio'pKCKHfi reHHfi
5. HHTepecHoe nncbMO( e )
6. xopdmee co^HHeHHe
7. flddpaa 6a6ymica(e)
M
Chart of Endings> Updated
c ac
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Prep.
Instr.
PI.
• • • ^ ' • • p
1
\
1
.•.030...0
<
\
1...ovo...a
...omu..«u
. •. om. • ,e_*
...im.••om
• • % 3, j 3. » • • 3.
.. .u.iu.. .u
• • • 0 3 • • • 1
• • * ^'1 * • * ^
• • *°.i * • •2J,
L
£
( )
( )
( )
( )
• • • 1J6 • • •1/3.
t
...ix.•./rf/ej/ov
• • • im.' • »am
• •.ix..»ax
...imi••.ami
l.i+e-» ij_+i_

-362-
ADJECTIVES WITH NOUN MEANING
Certain adjectives have noun meanings.
yqeHHfi - a scholar, a scientist
acHBOTHoe - an animal
Even though they have a noun meaning, they are still declined as
adjectives.
H 3h4io 3toi*o ygeHoro. H jik)6jii6 scmbo'thux.
(I know that scholar.) (I love animals.)
Such adjectives are historically contractions of adjective-noun
phrases which have deleted the noun. They take their gender from
the now-absent noun, given in brackets below.
VMfeHHii [qejiOBeV] - a learned [person]
rjiacHHH [3Bvk] - vowel [sound]
Bspo'cJiHfi [qejiOBeic] - a grown-up [person]
Syaymee [Bpe'MH] - the future [time] (a neuter noun)
acHBOTHoe [cymecTBo}- an animal [creature]
crojio'BaH [KOMHaTa] - the dining [room]
They will be listed under nouns in the vocabulary.
Stems in t/k plus Consonant Endings
Past
Consonant stems in t/k have past tense £, jia, jio, jih
end-stressedt Mor»: mot, Morjia, motjio', MorJin"
neK+: neK, neiui^, neKJid", neKJiH
stem-stressedt cTpn'r+: CTpHr, CTpn'rJia, crpHrjio, ctphtjim
Infinitive
Consonant stems in t/k have infinitive 11.
In addition, e changes to e.
neic+ ne^b: neK, neKJia, neKJio', neKJiH^
TeK+ Teib: TeK, TeKJia', TeKJio", TeKjm t
CTPHT+ CTpHMbt CTpHr, CTpHrJia, CTprfrJIO, CTpHFJIH

-363-
PREPOSITIONAL CASE IN yi
A few masculine nouns have prepositional case in stressed y_ after the
prepositions B/Ha but not after other prepositions.
b Jiecy
Ha flOHy
- in the woods
- on the Don
buti
butt
o Jiece
o R6ne
- about the woods
- about the Don
Such nouns are all otherwise stem-stressed in the singular.
be entered in vocabulary lists with (y) in parentheses:
(woods)
They will
n.
a.
g.
d.
P.
l.
Jiec (y)
jiec
Jiec
Jieca
jie'cy
jie'ce
jiecoM
BUT
b Jiecy
POSSESSION! PAST TENSE
y Hero' 6hji jqm
y Herd 6HJia" MamiiHa.
iom.
(He had a house.)
(He had a car.)
y Herd etfJio nncbMO. (He had a letter.)
y Herd 6hjih KapaHflamri. (He had pencils.)
But when negated! h£ 6hjio + genitive
y Hero He' 6hjio .hoW. (He didn't have a house.)
y Herd h? 6ujio MamHHH. (He didn't have a car.)
y Herd h? 6hjio nuchuA. (He didn't have a letter.)
y Herd He "Hhjio KapaH,nameft.(He didn't have pencils.)
Drill ■>
Translate into Russian.
1. She has a table.
2. She had a table.
3. She didn't have a table.
4. He had photographs.
5. He didn't have photographs..
OflHH H3 + gen. - one of
OflrfH H3 MOHX THrpOB
OflHa H3 MOHX MaiHH
Oflfid H3 ^THX CJIOB
o^hh H3 Ha'iHX TOBapumeft
(one of my tigers)
(one of my cars)
(one of these words)
(some of our comrades)
OHa OflHa H3 caMHX KpacHBHX fleBymeK b rdpo^e.
(She is one of the prettiest girls in town.)

Tape I
B oflHOM ua'pcTBe, b oahom rocyaapcTBe acnjin ipn cedpbi. Ohh kh'jih b
MajteHbKofi de'jioft H3de', KOTo'paa HaxdflHTCs b Te'MHOM Jiecy, jajieKo' ot Bcex
dojibmiix ropoflo'B.
CTa'prnaa cecTpa dHJia o'^eHb KpacHBaa ^e'ByniKa - mo'scho cxasaTb, OMa H3
caMHx KpacHBHX fle'BymeK b ijapeTBe. / y Hee dHJin ^JiHHHHe, sojiOTbie bo'jioch
- M03KHO CKasaTb, OflHH H3 CaMHX flJIHHHHX, 30JIOTHX BOJIo'c B TOCyflapCTBe.
,HeHb h HOib oh4 CH^eJia ne^ep, 3e'pKajiOM h CTpn'rJia cboh flJiHHHbie sojioTbie
bojioch. Bojibine Bcero' b acH3HH, ^OHa" jnodrfjia CTpntib cboh flJiHHHHe 30JiOTHe
bojioch. t H BpeMH ot Bpe'MHHH OHa cnpamHBajia y 3^picaJia:
"3epKajio, 3e'pKa:io Ha CTeHe",
Kto KpacHBee Bcex Ha 3eMJie?"
H 3epKaJio Bcerfla ^TBeqaJio CTapmeft cedpe:
"fl npe^noHJio 6h o nojiHTHice He cndpHTb."
KaKde o6pa30BaHHoe h TaKTHtiHoe 3e'pKajio!
Cpe'flHaH cedpa dHJia opa H3 caW TajiaHTJiHBHX .ne'BymeK b u,apeTBe. JJeHb
h Hoyb ohsi neKJia caWe BKycHHe nHpoacKH b rocy^a'pcTBe. Ha saBTpaic OHa
neKJia nupoacicH c macov; Ha yscHH OHa neKJia rmposcKH c KanycToft. Ho do'jibme
Bcerd OHa JiiodHJia ne^b nHpo^KH c de'jiHMH rpudaMH. Kaicafl TajiaHTjinBaa
fleBymKa!
A MJiaflmaH cecTpa, dejjHaa KaTepHHa,dHJia oieHb flo'dpan, ho npocTaa .neBymKa
- mo'scho CKasaTb, opa' H3 caMHX .uddpbix, ho npocTHx fle'BymeK b rocy^a'p-
CTBe. OHa' He dHJia" ocddeHHO TaJi^HTJinBaa, h HmcaKHX nuposcKo'B He neKJia',
He roBopa yace o nnpoxKax c de'jiHMH rpnda'MH. OHa' He dHJia ocddeHHO Kpac-
HBaa. ^ no upaBjj^ roBopi, y Hee Ha rojiOBe" He' dnjio HHicaKHX bojio'c, He
roBopa ysce' o flJiHHHbix, 30jiothx BOJiocax. Ho OHa dHJia o'yeHb npocTaa, h
fleHb h HO^b CH^e'jia nepejj, Hsdo'ft h JiOBHjia Myx.
Boletus Edulus

-365-
CeCTpn 6e^Hofi KaTepHHH c^HTajiH ee rJiynoft. Ho acHBOTHHe, KOTOpae mchjih
b Jiecy, jno6rfjiH ee o'qeHb. Bpe'MH ot Bpe'MeHH k HeS npHXOflHjiH ee flpysba
- mhdih, 6eJiKH, THrpa, Me^BeflH, bojih, h T.fl. OHa' Hsy^HJia hshkh
JKHBOTHHX H pa3T0BapHBaJia C HHMH OTOM, 0 CeM. Bee aCHBOTHHe JIK)6HJIH
ee h c^HTajiH flodpoft h rrpocTofl (KpoMe, KOHe'^HO, Myx, KOT6pHe c^HTa'jiH
ee npocTo'fi, ho He ocddeHHO .no'dpoft ). /
OflHaxflu cedpH y3HaJiH, qio mojioaoh n,apeBHti HnKOJiaft HmeT ce6e aceHy.
da'pnas cecTpa CKassuia:
"OH BJIl6dHTCH B MeHfl, KaK TO'jIbKO OH nOCMOTpHT Ha MOH flJIHHHHe ,
30JIOTHe Bo'jIOCH."
CpeflHHH cecTpa CKa3a.ua: /
"OH B MeHH BJUodHTCfl, KaK TOJIiKO OH nOCMOTpHT Ha MOH BKyCHHe IIHp-
oacKH c 6e'jiMMH rpHda'MH."
A SeflHaa KaTepHHa HH^erd He CKa3a.ua. OHa CHfle'jia nepes HsSdft, jioBHJia
Myx h pa3roBapHBajia c khbo'thmmh, xyu&at mo ijapeBHti b Hee HHKak He
CMo'aceT bjhoSh'tbch.^
HeKOTopHe HHTepe'cHHe $aKTU 0 mojioaom n,apeBHqe:
1. Oh He o'yeHb JHodHJt nnpoacKH c mhcom h c Kany'doM. Ho
Me'Hbine Bcero' b xch3hh oh jnodHji napoacKH c de'jibiMH rpndd.MH.
KaK oh caM qado noBTOpaji:
"IlHp03KKH, nHpOSCKH!
Kto ne^eT hx? .HypaKn! "
2. Oh flyMaji, ito bo'jioch - caMaa: OTBpaTHTeJibHa.H yacTb Te'jia.
KaK oh caM la'do noBTopa-n:
"Jlyqme jh6,]*hm Ha 3eMjie',
EHTb de3 bojio'c Ha roJiOBe! "
3. Hshkh oieHb HHTepecoBa'jiH ero', ocddeHHO h3hkh xchbothhx.
KaK oh caM tiacro nOBTopa'ji:
"fl3HK xhbothhx d^eHb HyaceH,
H Ha 3a'BTpaK, h Ha yacHH."
4. Bojibine ,Bcero' H,ape'BHq Jirodnji jiobhtb Myx. Bcio cbo» acH3Hb
oh HCKaji fleByniKy, KOTdpaji To'ace JiiodHJia 3tot bha cndpia.

-366-
The Three Sisters
In a certain kingdom in a certain state lived three sisters.
They lived in a little white hut located in the dark woods, far
from all the big cities.
The older sister was a very pretty girl-one might say, one of
the prettiest girls in the kingdom. She had long golden hair -
one might say, some of the longest, most golden hair in the state.
Day and night she sat in front of the mirror and clipped her
long golden hair. More than anything in life she loved to clip
her long golden hair. And from time to time she would ask of the
mirror»
"Mirror, mirror, on the wall,
Who on the earth is prettiest of all?"
And the mirror would always answer the older sisteri
MI*d prefer not to argue about politics."
What an educated and tactful mirror!
The middle sister was one of the most talented girls in the kingdom.
Day and night she baked the most delicious pirozhki in the state.
For breakfast she baked pirozhki with meat, for supper she baked
pirozhki with cabbage. But^more than anything she liked to bake
pirozhki with white mushrooms. What a talented girl!
The younger sister, poor Katerina, was a very kind but simple girl -
one might say, one of the kindest but simplest girls in the state.
She was not especially talented, and did not bake any kind of
pirozhki, to say nothing of pirozhki with white mushrooms. She was not
especially pretty. To tell the truth, she did not have any hair on
(her) head, to say nothing of long, golden hair. But she was very
simple, and day and night she sat in front of the hut and caught flies
Poor Katerina's sisters considered her stupid. But the animals
who lived in the woods loved her very (much). From time to time her
friends would come to (see) her - the mice, the squirrels, the
tigers, the bears, the oxen, etc. She had mastered the languages
of the animals, and used to converse with them about one thing
and another. All the animals loved her and considered (her)
kind and simple (except, of course, for the flies, who considered
her simple but not especially kind).
Once the sisters found out that the young prince Jyikolaj was
looking for a wife for himself.
Boletus Edulus

-367
The older sister saidt
"He will fall in love with me as soon as he looks at my
long golden hair."
The middle sister saidt
"He will fall in love with me as soon as he looks at my
delicious pirozhki with white mushrooms,"
And poor Katerina did not say anything. She sat in front of the
hut catching flies and conversing with the animals thinking that
the prince couldn't possibly fall in love with her.2
^Certain interesting facts about the young princei
1. He didn't much like pirozhki with meat and with
cabbage. But less than anything in life did he
lite piroz.hki with white mushrooms. As he
himself would often repeat!
"Pirozhki, pirozhkii
Who bakes them? Fools!"
2, He thought that hair was the most disgusting part
of the body. As he himself would often repeat:
"It is better for people on the earth
To be without hair on their head!"
3. Languages interested him very (much), especially
the languages of the animals. As he himself would
often repeat*
"The language of the animals is very necessary,
Both for breakfast and for supper."
k. More than anything, the prince liked to catch flies.
All his life he had been looking for a girl who also
liked this kind of sport.

368-
BonpoCH
[Tape)
1. Tfle HaxdflHTCH uapCTBO? {j-oc^fcr^)
2. Tfle mchjih TpH cecTpu? "f^y
3. r^e Haxd,n,HTca 036a? ffi-T-fl^ „,
4. KaKaa ^eByniKa 6Hjia CTapmaa cecTpa? m
5. To^He'e? (oRrta vVS...)
6. KaKHe bojioch 6hjih y Hee?
7. TotiHee? (0A«K *3«--)*
8. Tfle OHa cn^ejia?
9. Mto OHa jie'jiajia?
lO.noxiewy? QQ
11. Mto OHa' cnpa'mHBajia y 3e'pKajia?
12. Kor.ua OHa jje'jiajia 3to?
13. ^t6 OTBe^aJio 3epKajio?
14. Ilo^eMy?
15. KaKaa fleBymica dnjia cpe,n,HHfl cecTpa?
16. Mto' OHa jje'jiajia jjeHb h homb? Q
17. ^Td OHa JirofiHjia jje'jiaTb 6o'xbme BCero' b acH3HH? tj
18. KaK^ji seBymKa 6hjisi MJiajjmafl cedpa? (o) ho (SB\
19. TouHee? (Oftt+a'W3.-0
20. KaKHe nupoacKH OHa neKjia.? ■"^S^p"
21. KaKHe bojioch oh4 CTpnrjta? ^tf-?"
22. no^eMv? /£©*) .
23. Mto OHa .nejiajia seHb h hoib? (S| t-I
24. Kaxofi seByniKofi ctiH'rajiH ee' cecTpa?
25. Kto ee flpysba? fS Vu <£^> ^g
Ccontinued)

-369
26. C KeM OHa pa3r0BapHBa.ua?
27. 0 qeM?
28. Oncyfla OHa" 3Ha'jia, KaK roBopHTb c xhbothhmh?
29. KandM fle'BymKOH c^ht^jih ee acHBo'iHHe? (o) \a
30. flaace Myxn c^HTajiH ee TaKofi?
31. Kor.ua cecipa y3HSUH, ito moxo^oh u;apeBHq Hhkoji4h HnjeT ce6e sceHy,
1TO OHH flyMajIH*.
(a) CTapmaH cedpa? fSQfi <^>J*(jffi
(6) cpeflHHH cedpa? ""C&i <&*<=>■
(b) 6e',n;Hatf KaTepHHa? *fi£
32. noueM^ 9T0 pjuajia de^Han KaTepHHa?
(a) (cd>
(6) 2&>t?
(b) @<f<&?%
Ritual 27
Tape
H3 yerd coctoht cndBo npeflCKa'saTb?
Oho coctoht H3 ocho'bh npe,gCKa3a> h
OKOH^aHHA Ti.
H3 qero cocto'SIF ocHdBa npeacxasa*?
OHa coctoht H3:
npncTaBKH npe^
KO'pHfl CKa3
h cy$$HKca a.
ocHOBa - stem
OKOH^aHHe - ending
npHCTaBKa - prefix
Ko'peHb(e") - root
cy$$HKC - suffix
What does the word npe^CKasaTi. consist of?
/of what consists...?/ _,
It consists of the stem npeflCKa3a» and the
ending Tt.
What does the stem npe,B;CKa3a> consist of?
It consists oft
the prefix npea
the root cKa3
and the suffix a.

370-
WORKBOOKt VERB STRUCTURE
Verb stems consist of*
1. Zero or more prefixes.
2. Root: xofl- line- ,neJi-..«
3. Zero or ©ne verbal suffix: m- e+ a-t- aft+...
1. Roots. The typical Russian root is a monosyllable of the form CVC,
where C is one or more consonantsi
SCHB- CTaH- CMOTp-
Permitted departures.
(a) Roots may contain more than one syllable* CVCVC
depe'r- roBop-
Only borrowed roots contain over two syllables*
aHajiH3- aMepnicaH-
(b) Roots may begin in a vowel* VC
Hrp- (play) hck- (seek) yK- (teach)
(c) Roots may lack a vowel* CC
afl-(wait) 6p-(take)
Absolute restraint.
Every root ends in a consonant. Thus xo^h- nuca- could
not possibly be roots.
Exercise 1
A. Which of these could not be roots?
1. nafl- 7. cKa3a-
2. nopo- 8. acr-
3. dpafl- 9« fla-
4. yflH- 10. CTpOH-
5« npocT- 11. CTpofi-
6. ropofl- 12. flaft-
B. Whv not?
Write number only.
13. Pfle-
14. yM-
15• Mp-
16. 6pa-
17• deper-
18. HCK-
C. Classify those that are roots as*
CVC*
CVCVC«
CC*
VC*

-371-
2. Stems. Every verb stem contains a root. A majority of stems also
contain a suffixj a minority of stems do not.
(a) Suffixed verb-stems.
The verb suffixes are:
h+ e+ a+ 0Ba+ o+ hv+
afi+ efi+
There are no other verb suffixes I Therefore, all
suffixed verbs end in one of the above suffixes.
(b) Radical verb-stems
Verb stems consisting of a root without a suffix are
called "radical verb-stems." For such verbs, root and
stems are identical.
suffixed
radical
Verb Stem
XOflH+
cn;n;e+
nnca+
3KHB +
Befl+
mhS+
consists of Root and Suffix
XOfl-
CKX-
IIHC-
jeji-
3KHB-
Bex-
MUfl-
H+
e+
a+
aft*
__
—
__
3. Identifying stems.
(a) Radical stems.
Since radicals have identical root and stem, the same features
which describe roots describe radical stems« All end in
consonants. Further, all but two are monosyllables, (the two are
6eper+ (protect) and CTeper+-(guard) ). Stems ending in vowels
are necessarily suffixed, since no root, and hence no radical
stem, may end in a vowel.
(b) Suffixed stems.
Suffixed stems all end in one of the suffixes listed above in
2(a). Since all the suffixes except aft+ and efi+ end in vowels,
all suffixed verb stems except those in afii-and eft+end in vowels.
Schematically
suffixed
Vowel stems
XOfl-H +
CHfl-e +
jieac-a ■+
nuc-a ■+
Tped-OBa +
nax-Hy +
suffixed
radica
[
Consonant stems
fleji-afl +
KpacH-eii +
HCHB+
mot+

-372-
Note that:
All vowel stems are suffixed.
Most consonant stems are radical. Only those in afi+ and eft+
are suffixed.
Exercise 2
Identify each of the stems
suffixed, separate root anc
Examples i cn,n,e+
Kpa,n>
1. qHCTH+ (clean)
2. neK+ (bake)
3. flyMa8+ (think)
^. kphS+ (cover)
5. x*a-> (wait)
Rad.
below as radical or suffixed. If
I suffix. If radical, write Rad.
+
9. ctpoh+ (build)
10. Jiaa+ (bark)
11. deper* (protect)
12. roBopH+( talk)
13. HCKa+ (seek)
6. nojio+ (weed) l2+« CTpur* (shear).
7. naKOBa* (pack) 1^' K^* (blow)
8. CT0H+ (stand) l6« fl°H+ (milk)
CAREFUL1
4. Distribution.
There are only about 80 radical verb stems (and their prefixed
compounds). But they are more important than their small number
would indicate, fori
(a) They have very fundamental meanings (live, go, drink,
carry, lead, etc. ) and are therefore extremely common.
(b) They characteristically form large prefix families. For
example t
npH-Bea* lead to nepe-Bea+ translate
y-BeAt lead away npo-Be;m- lead through
B-Be,n+ introduce npo-H3-Be,n,+ produce
BH-Befl+ deduce 3a-Be,n,+ initiate
and some 20 other stems built from Bea*.

-373-
5. The Classification of Radical-stems.
(a) R and Ob Consonants.
The consonants!
ft and b (semivowels)
h and m (nasals)
p and ji (liquids)
are called resonants. Symbol* R
All other consonants are called obstruents. Symbol« Ob.
(b) Radical stems are classified by final stem consonant. Those
ending in R consonants are called R-stemst
nHft-t- acHB-t- ciaH+
Those ending in Ob consonants are called Ob-stems»
Befl+ neK+ Hec-t-
Therefore, verb stems are either suffixed or radical. If
radical, they are either R-stems or Ob-stems.
Schematically:
Suffixed
Stems
Ob-stems
Examples!
xofl-m- (walk)
CHfl-e+
MOJi-tia+
koji-o+ (stab)
nac-at
naK-0Ba+ (pack)
nax-Hy+ (smell)
2CHB+
KpHft+ (cover)
y-Mp+ (die)
CTaH+
2cm+ (grasp)
neft+ (sing)
nnft+
Kpa^+
y-rHeT+(persecute)
CTpHT+
neK+
Bfe3 +
Hec+
rpe6+ (row)

Exercise 3
If suffixed, separate root and suffix.
If radical, write R or Ob.
Examples i flejiaM-*- fleji-aM+
mhS+ R
Kpa^+ Ob
1. HCKa+ (seek)
2, MHTaM+ (read).
3. mSt+ (sweep)_
4. cTan+ (become).
5, neK+ (bake)
6. Tpe6oBa+ (demand).
7. Be3+ (transport)_
8. 6nM+ (hit)
9. axny+ (say akhL
10.Taa+ (melt)
11, Kjien+ (paste).
12. CTeper+ (guard).
13. fly8+ (blow)
15. njiNB* (float)
16. rpu3t(gnaw)
17. Jiaa+ (bark)
18. ctoh+ (be worth)
19. nojio+ (weed)
20. np+ ( shove)._
21. km+ (grasp)
22. acr-*- (burn)
23. jibcth+ (flatter)
24. BOflH+ (lead)
25. Bgfl+ (lead)
26. rpe6+ (row)
27. nmflf (Sew)
14. Kpuft+ (cover)
28. mt+ (count)

-375-
WORKBOOK» THE PAST AND INFINITIVE OF CONSONANT STEMS
As we have seen, the past and infinitive endings begin in consonantst
Pastt Ji» Jia> Jio, jih
Inf.i tb
Therefore, joining them creates a stable environment in V-stems (V+C)
and an unstable environment in C-stems (C+C)
C+C
C-endings are joined to C-stems with stem changes of various kinds,
including stress shift. The type of change depends on whether the
stem is suffixed or radical and, if radical, on whether it is an R-
stem or an Ob-stem. Therefore, C-stems are divided into three groups.
I. Suffixed, i.e., stems in aM+or eM+
II. R-stems
III. Ob-stems
I. The Past and Infinitive of Suffixed C-Stems
C+C-* JZ'C. No other stem changes of any kind occur. All these stems
are polysyllabic. Therefore, a stress mark is necessary to show
which stem vowel is stressed in the present tense (see p. 201 ). The
past and infinitive stress of these stems is on the same syllable
as in the present, so the stress mark serves to show past and
infinitive stress as well.
flejiaM-*- .ne'jiaio, flejiaji, fle'jiaTb y
KpacHeft* Kpacne'io, KpacHeji, KpacneTb
Therefore, the past and infinitive of all suffixed stems -
both those in vowels and those in afi+ or efi+ is unproblem-
atical. V+C or C+C-* tfC occurs, with no stress shift of
any kind.
The past and infinitive of radical stems is often problematical, and
is the subject of the following two units.
II. The Past and Infinitive of R-stems
As with suffixed stems, truncation occurs when past and infinitive
endings are joined.
CTan+ CTaji, cTajia, ^Tajio, CTajiH, ciaTB
imfi* nmi, nnjia, nmio, nHjin, nuTb (pres. nbio)
XHB+ 3KHJI, XHJia., xAjlO, XHJIH, KHTb

376-
Unlike suffixed stems, stress shift may occur in the past tense.
Where it occurs it follows the pattern! feminine end-stressed,
other forms stem-stressed.
XHBt XLVU1, XHJia', XHJIO, XHJIH
ni?M+ naji, nnjia, najio, iihjih
Otherwise stress is on the stemi
cTa.H+ CTaji, CTajia, daJio, ciaJiH
6hM+ 6hji, 6HJia, 6hjio, 6hjih
(live)
(drink)
(become)
(hit)
In R-stems the mark "♦ shows that the past tense has a stress shift,
as in hhb+, n^M* above.
The mark ' shows that the past tense has stem stress, as in
ct£lh+ , 6fift+ above.
Exercise 1
Give the past fern.,neuter, and plural!
fem. neut.
1. cjiuB-t- (pass for)
Eii
2. idhM+ (sew)
3. jmft+ (pour)
4. Kpufi-h (cover)
5« fle'H-* (put)
6. bhS+ (twist)
7. iuii$b+ (swim)
Hypothetical
8• npSB+
9» npHH+
10. npuM-*-
11. npaft+
12. npnM+

-377-
Note that the present stress of C-stems is determined without
reference to any stress mark, by the rule;
Stems in ft and h are stem-stressed; all others are end-stressed. The
stress mark in the above stems is relevant only for past stress.
Exercise 2
Form the 3rd person singular present of the following
stems.
(Rememberi hM + V-* bM + V or aft + V-* oft + V)
1. cjihb+ (pass for)
2. miia-t- (sew)
3« jihM+ (pour)
**• KpuH-t- (cover)
5« fleH+ (put)
6. bh8* (twist)
?• iuihb+ (swim)
Shifting R-stems may have prefix-stress in the non-feminine past.
Where this is the case, ** will be entered on the prefix. (In the
stems below, prefix and root are separated by a dash.)
Prefix-stress» np<?-a:HB-* (live a certain period of time)
npcfomi, npoxHJia', npcfacwjio, np&KHJiH
Not Prefix-stressi H3-raB+ (overcome)
H3XHJI, H3KH.Jl£, H3XiblO, H3XJIJIH
* /
Infinitives are never stressed on the prefixi npoacHTb
Exception* As will be shown, the prefix bu is always stressed in
perfective verbs; ,
ThUSI BHIIHTfe, BHMHTb, BUrOBOpHJI, BHIMmy, etc.

-378-
Exercise 3
Form past masculine, feminine, infinitive, 3rd pi.
lal ill
1. Jio-njn!iB-»- (swim up to)
present,
inf.
3rd v.l
2. ^io-xhb+ (live uv to)
T. BO-CTaH+ (get)
k. npo-diifi-*- (beat out)
<;. npo-nufi- (drink uv)
HvDOthetical
6. sa-niHH+ „,,
7 - sa-CHft+ _
R. 3Jl-Cnft+
Q. npo-cHB+
10- IIPH-CHB+
11. npa-cHH+
SUMMARY
Suffixed
(1) Vowel
Radical
(2)Cons. (aft+,eft+) (3)R-stems (4)0b-stems
We have now treated the past and inf. formation of (1), (2) and (3)
at) ove,
Joining
In (l)i V+C-* VC
In (2) & (3)1 C+C-^C
Stress in the past tense»
In (l)i The stress mark shows which vowel to stress. No stress shift
occurs.
In (2)i Present and past stress are identical, and no stress shift
occurs.
In (3)1 Stress is problematical.

-379-
Present. Determined by final consonants fi or h on stem ro all
others on ending.
Therefore, the stress mark is used to show past stress.
Past. Either stem-stressed ( CTaH+) or shifting ( 2c3b+). if shifting
and prefixed, non-feminine stress is either on root ( H3-k3b+)
or on prefix ( npo'-acHB-t' ).
Notei The stress mark is used to show the present-stress of
suffixed stems and the past-stress of radical-stems, of
which R-stems are one group.
Exercise 4
Which of the stems belowi
A. Are R-stems? (see p. 373
for R and Ob consonants)
B. Are stressed on the feminine in the past tense?
C. Are stressed on the prefix in the non-feminine past?
D. Have present-tense stress
shift?
E. Are end-stressed throughout the present?
1. npo-iuiHB+ (swim through)
2. npo-HOCH+(carry through)
3. 3a-nHM+ (drink to excess)
4, 3a-KpbiM+ (cover)
5, 3a-nHca+ (take notes)
6. o-fle'H-*- (dress)
7. no-py6H+ (chop)
8. o-schb+ (revive)
9. o-khbhV (animate)
10. no-MOJio,neM+ (grow a bit
Hypothetical
11. flO-cjiHBaM-t-
12. IO-CHB+
13. flO-CUB-t-
14. j;ocb[Hefi+
15. flO-CHft+-
16. flO-CHHH+
younger)

-380-
STRESS PATTERNS IN NOUNS
We have studied three types of stress patterns in nouns. They are
reviewed below.
1. Stem-stressi
Stress on stem throughout singular and plural.
Notationi stress mark over stem
3aBOfl
sg., pl«
(nom.) 3aB0fl 3aB0flH
(prep.) 3aBo'fle saBo'sax
2. End-stressi
Stress on endings throughout singular and plural.
Notationi stress mark over final vowelj it is over the final
consonant if the word ends in j6.
qepTa (line) ctoji
sg. £lA/ se^. pJU.^
(nom.) ^epTa' ^epTu ctoji ctojih
(prep.) ^epTe' ^epTa'x CTOJie CTOjia*x
3. Mobile-stress*
Stress on one syllable throughout the singular and on some other
syllable throughout the plural,
Notationi x over the syllable that is stressed in the singular.
X
CJIOBO
SEjl
(nom») cjio'bo
(prep.) cJio'Be
3a. flOKTop-tvoe stress:
SU
cjiOBa
cJiOBax
££jl
OKHd'
OKHe
OKHO
eU
o'KHa
o'lCHax
A small group of masculine nouns with the nom. pi. in stressed
aj these nouns are stem-stressed throughout the sg. and end-
stressed throughout the pi.
Notationi (a)
(nom.)
(prep.)
flOM(a)
S£j.
flOM
js,6ue
SLm.
flOMa
flOMax
sg.
flOKTOp
flOKTOpe
flo'KTop(a)
pi.
flOKTOpa
flOKTopax

-381-
4, Stress shift within the plural.
In addition to the above three types of stress, a large number of
nouns have stress shift within the plural.
Notation! (pi.x )
peKa (pi* ) (river)
Pi.
peKH
I
peK
peK^LM
peicax
penaMH
Whenever stress-shift occurs within the plural, it is of the pattern:
nom. pi. — stem-stressed
elsewhere — ©nd-stressed
The ace. pi., of course, is like either the nom. or gen.
Mblmb
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
Prep.
Instr.
(pi* ) (mouse)
Pi.
MUHIH
t ,
MHEefl
MHiaM
Mbimax
HUiaMd
Drill 6
Form the nominative and genitive plural of
the following nouns. Indicate which genitive
plurals are accusative plurals as well.
NOM.PL. GEN.PL.
1. t!"jio
2. CTOJI
3. noe3ji(a) (train)
4. cyn
5. Mecjm (month)
6. flOM (a)
7. Mumb (pi* ) (mouse)
8. HO*ib (pi* ) (night)
9. yxiHTejib(a)
10. Ji0ffla,nb.(pi* )

382-
Drill 7
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
vocabulary!
MHinb (pi* ) - mouse
peica (pi * ) _ river
ropa (pi * ) - mountain
1. I like mice. ,
2. Mice like rivers and mountains.
3. I think about mice.
k, I can't live without mice. ._
5« The mice are on the mountains.
6. Where are the mice? Between the mountains and the rivers?
7. Where are the mountains? Between the rivers and the mice.
8. Where are the rivers? Near the mountains? No, they're
near the mice.

Drill t Hpy3bH 6£jHoft KaiepKHbi
-383-
vocabulary
dpaHa - country flaBaTb - to give
tjHJioJio'rHH - philology (ona AaeT - she gives)
po,n - genus no,na'poK (o) - gift
ncHxojiorHH - psychology ciopnpH3 - surprise
cnji^THHK - gossip 300Jio'rHH - zoology
Hpy3bH 6eflHoM KaTepHHH - acHBOTHue us Bcex cTpan - BbeTHaMCKHe bojih,
TaMBaHCKHe THrpu, SojirapcKHe 6ejiKH, ndjibcKHe nTHUN, MOHrojibCKHe
Me^B^flH H MOHTO'jIbCKHe MHDIH.
1. KAK H3BECTH0 KMJXMY CTYJIE'HTy COUHOJIOrHH, KHBOTHHe acHByT rpynnaMH.
BbeTHaMCKHe bojik h TaftB^HCKHe Trfrpw acHByT BMe'cTe, ^noTOMy hto
OKOH^aHHe po^HTeJibHoro nafleaca MHoacecTBeHHoro ^hcjisi - ov . IlojibCKHe
nTHHH h 6ojirapcKHe 6e'jiKH acHByT BMe'cTe, noTOMy hto hx OKOH^a'nHe - £,
H T.fl.
Bonpoc; [answers are given below]
a. C KeM acHByT MOHrtfJiiCKHe Me^BeflH?

38U-
2. KAK H3BECTH0 KATOOMY CTYflEHTy SHJIOJIOrHH^ Kaxflhift pofl schbothoto roBopni
Ha CBOeM H3HKe. MOHTOJIBCKHe MHfflH rOBOpHT He Ha MOHTdJIBCKOM H3HKe, a
Ha H3HKe MOHro'jIBCKHX MHfflefi. TafiBaHCKHe THrpH TOBOpHT Ha H3HKe
TaflBaHCKHX THrpOB, H T.fl.
Bonpo'c:
6. Ha KaKOM H3HK^ roBopHT noJiBCKHe nTHU,M?
3. KAK H3BECTH0 KMCHOMY CTYJlEHTy ^CHXOJldrHH, acHBOTHHe - SojiBDiHe cnjieT-
HHKH. KaK npaBHJIO, OHH TOBOpHT 0 XHBOTHHX, C KOTOpHMH OHH JKHByT.
n03TOMy BBeTHa'MCKHe BOJIH TOBOpHT 0 TaftBaHCKHX THTpaX, MOHTo'jIbCKHe
MHfflH TOBOpHT 0 MOHrrfjIBCKHX MeflBe'flHX, H T.fl.
Bonpo'c;
B. 0 KOM TOBOpHT no'jIBCKHe nTHUH?
4. KAK H3BECTH0 K&KHOMy CITEUHAJIHCTy 110 flEBYIHKAM:
1 flo'dpue fleB^ymKH jik!6ht flaBaTB noflStpKH.
2 IIpocTHe aeByniKH jihd6ht cropnpHSH.
IIo3TOMy Ha fleHB poacfleHHH TaftBaHCKHx thtpob;
1 KaTepHHa flaeT nofla'pKH,
2 ho He TaHBaHCKHM larpaM, a BbeTHaMCKHM BOJiaM ,ii;jih
TaHBaHCKHX THTPOB.
Bonpoc:
r. Koviy ohsl ^aeT nofla'picH Ha fleHB poacfleHHH
MOHro'jIbCKHX Mbime'H?
Answers»
a, C MOHTOJIBCKHMH MHHiaMH
6. Ha H3UK^ no'jIBCKHX IITHU;
b. o 6oJira.pcKHX Seaicax
T. MOHTOJIBCKHM MeflBe'flHM

roro ro to to to ro ro H'i-'H't-kH'i-'i-'i-'H-*i-k
n a a
(T> O O
X A A
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o -o
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P
a
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S d b
<<0> tr" « «
a o i» i»
a •■& a o.Ov
. pv was
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a *
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o^p p g «
b
v
o
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w
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ft
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a
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ak ok
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o
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0)
a>
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a
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a
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a
a
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a
c\
b
tr
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a
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X A #
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pvp
Sc
X B)
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p.
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ft.
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X
CDvBJ
a b1
a
ft
a
S Pv
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b
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(B p
«
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w «
Ovl O-.
S O g
U
ft O
»d co >d co
avE ft.E
n « n «
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O Ol "3
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f» p
ft
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a-
a
0)
a
p
ft
u
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«
p
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B)
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«
a
a>
»d
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B)
b
P^
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w
a
®
o\
a
•v)
B) W
a
(S X M <B <B
£ P 0) S S
« X
K oNOvM
a s s a
0«<^ft ft =<-=<
►d n 03 03 i-a i-a
fts.EE
n n W W S
P (KtKO
s sc a
O W 1 1 1
a p-o o
i a u B)
CKO O O
BJ
V
(0
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b pv
®
a<
EvE
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a
« 'dw o o
a ft^ftx?! w
n n a a
n a
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Scb EvO
u er1 B b
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E

rnpe3HpaeTl
Kto[ yBaacaeT j KOr°?
CHJIbHHH
TafiBSLHCKHe THrpH <^^J^V
MOHTOJIbCKHe MeflBeflH
BbeTHaMCKHe BOJIH
nojibCKne hthijh
6ojirapcKHe 6ejiKH
MOHTOJIbCKHe MH1HH
KAK H3BECTH0 KAJiqOMy CTyHEHTy 300JI0rHH, TaiiBaHCKHe THrpH
CHjibHee>^eM MOHrojibCKHe MeajBe'^H, MOHrdjiiCKHe MejiBejiH CHJibHee,
ieM BbeTHaMCKHe bojih, h t.,h. IIo9TOMy TaiiBaHCKHe THrpH
npe3HpaioT MOHrdjibCKHx MeflBdaeH,a MOHrojibCKHe MeflBe^H yBaacaioT
TaHB^HCKHX THrpOB, H T.JW
BonpocH
1. Tape \
1. Koro' yBaacaioT MOHrdJibCKHe Me^Be'jtH?
2. Koro yBaacaioT MOHrojibCKHe mhih?
3. Kord npe3Hpa»T TafiBaHCKHe THrpH?
4. Kord yBax4»T SoJira'pcKHe 6&JIKH?
5. Kord yBaacaioT BbeTHaWKHe bojih?
6. KTO npe3Hp^eT BbeTHa'MCKHX BOJIO'B?
7. IloqeMy?
8. Koro npe3Hpa»T no'jibCKne iithijh?
9. Koro yBaacaroT no'jibCKne iithijh?
10. Koro npe3HparoT dojirapcKHe dejiKH?
11. Kord yBaaca»T MOHrojibCKHe Mbimn?
12. Kord npe3Hpa»T MOHrojibCKHe mhbih?
13. Kto hx yBaxaei?

-387-
Location
b and 03, Ha and c
lotion to
Motion from
b or Ha
b KOMHaie
b napKe -
b jiecy -
b MocKBe -
Ha jiyHe -
Ha floHy -
Ha ypoKe -
Ha 3aBOfle
+prep.
- in
in
in
in
on
on
at
- at
b or Ha
B KOMHaTy
b napK -
b Jiec -
B MOCKBy -
Ha JiyHy -
Ha J[oh -
Ha ypoK -
Ha 3aB0,n -
+acc
- (in)to
(in)to
(in)to
(in)to
(on)to
(on)to
(at)to
(at)to
H3 or c +
H3 KO^HaTH ■
H3 napica -
H3 Jidca -
H3 MOCKBH -
C JiyHH -
c JOHa -
c ypoKa -
c 3aB6ji;a -
gen.
- from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
(out of)
(out of)
(out of)
(out of)
(off of)
(off of)
(out (at))
(out (at))
Words that express location with b + prep, case (b KOMHaie ),
express motion to with b + ace. case (b KOMHaTy ),
and express motion from with H3 + gen. case (H3 KdMHaTH ).
Words that express location with Ha + prep, case (Ha JiyHe' ),
express motion to with Ha + ace. case (Ha JiyHy ),
and express motion from with c + gen. case ( c jiyHH ) .
Schematicallvt
as
B is tO H3
Ha is to c
b or Ha ?
b + prep, case generally corresponds to English "in";
Ha + prep, case to English "on,at".
Because of this difference in meaning, most words are associated with
either b or Ha , and consequently with H3 or c.
Cities are "b -words"j
b MocKBeV b MocKBy/ H3 Mockbh
Meetings, performances, etc. are " Ha -words"i
Ha KOHue'pTe/ Ha KOHije'pT/ c KOHije'pTa
Mountains^ are usually " Ha -words"«
ropa (pl"< ) - mountain
Ha ropax / Ha rdpH/ c rop

However, some words are either " b" or " Ha -words"
nam a - stove
b nJiHTe - in
Ha mime - on
b nJiHTy ^ - into
Ha njiHTy - onto
H3 nJIHTH
C IDIHTH
-from inside of
- from off the
surface of
Ha
ft_
Ha.
®;
£-
.03
Sometimes there is no obvious reason why b or Ha is used,
e.g. Ha 3aB0Ae
Location - Motion Drill
[Tape
Symbols; CM> s rfle<i
•>=. Ky.ua?
i^-> = OTKy.ua?
Answer the following questions on tape.
Ex. ^TcTQC Tape Answer
-**
MocKBa
Kyfla?
B MOCKBy
1. a.
2. a.
MocKBa
c (& j>
JleHHHrpaa
3. a.
jiyHa
6.
MQ.
MocKBa
6.
-><
-tfft-
JleHHHrpafl
JiyHa
B.
B.
{jS&ty.
JleHHHrpafl
6
JiyHa

-389-
4. a.
ar
IS
6.
SeTOHHHfi 3aBOfl
5. a.
6.
HepHoe Mope
6. a.
r°i2i(pi.* ) -> A/\A
mountain A ^
ypajibCKHe ropH
?. a.
6.
->
ft
6.
TeMHufi jiec
Jtr
6eTOHHH8 3aBOfl
B.
B.
MepHoe M6pe
A A '
B.
jtr
6eT6HHHft 3aB0'fl
HepHoe Mope
A A
A®A1 „
A
A
ypajiBCKHe r6pa ypajibCKHe ropa
TeMHHfi aec
B.
tm
TeMHHii jiec
3. a.
^—®—>
3^;ecb
y • 3. •
6.
B.
3^eci,
3flecb
B.
-?<
■>
TaM
TaM
TaM

-390
A
A
ropo,na
P^KH
ropH
MOpH
KaHajiH
JIOflKH
- ° \
- >*J
- AAA
- &
- St,
- &
{_ ypaOi
bCKHe ro
yjIBHHOBCK
71*
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
fA
JB*.
PPAJI
fA30BCK0E MOPE
KYEAHb
k->i"K^CIIH»BKOE
\- mopec
^{{qEm.QE/Mop^y.vc^v
'rJIOflKa-r.
A
KaBKa3CKH«
c: JIo^KaV
\ A A a ii^-1
^WUL

Map Drill
-391-
BonpocH
Answer the questions below, re
Tape
Answer the questions below, referring to the map on p. 390. The answers
for the first few questions are given.
Vocabularyt
ropa
peK^
TeK+ flow
(pi. * ) mountain
(pi.* ) river
l.Kyjja Te^eT Ypaji?
2. OTKyjja Te^eT Ypaji?
3. OTKyfla h Ky^a TeneT ypaji?
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
Answer
Ypaji TeieT
Ypaji Te^eT
ypaji Te^eT
Mope.
b KacnHiiCKoe Mope.
c ypajitcKHX rop.
c ypajibCKHX rop b KacnHHCKoe
4. Ky^a Te^ieT .Djienp?
5. Kyfla Te^eT Hoh?
KaKHe pe'KH TeKyT b A3o'BCKoe Mope?
OTKy^a Te^eT KydaHt?
OtKy,na h Kyjja. Te*ieT Ky6a.Ht?
Ky,na Te^eT KaMa?
0TKy.ua TeweT KaMa?
0TKy.ua h Ky^a le^eT ypaJi?
Vocabularyt mhmo [wero]
- past
12. Mhmo KaKHX ropo&OB TetieT flHenp? flHenp TetieT mhmo Kn'eBa h CMOjieHCKa.
13. Mhmo Karax ropo^bB le^eT Bo'jira?
Vocabularyt Jio'^Ka(o) - boat
no [yeMyJ - along
njiHB+ - float
14. Ilo KaKoft peKe njiHBeT jio'flKa A? JldjjKa A nJiUBeT no Bdjire.
15. Ilo KaK68 peice" njiHBeT jiojjKa B?
16. Ha KaKOH peK^ ctoht KneB?
17. Ha Kaic6fl peKe' njiHBeT jidflKa B?
18. Ha KaKOH peKe ctoht PocTOB-Ha-floHy?
19. no KaKOMy Mo'pio njiHBeT aopa r?
20. Kyjja TetieT JI,Henp?
21. Ha KaKOM Mope ctoht Cowh?
22. Kyjja TetieT Bo'jira? _
23. Ha Kax6M Mope ctoht BaKy?
24. no KaKOMy Mo'pio njiHBeT jio'flKa JJ?
25. Ky^a TeueT KaMa?
26. Ha KaKofi peKe ctoht KajiHHHH?
27. Mex^y KaKHMH peKaMH HaxdjjHTCH J^oh?
28. Me'aCfly KaKHMH ropOflS^MH HaxdjJHTCfl yjIfefl'HOBCK?
29. Me'sc,H,y KaKHMH mophmh Haxd .hatch KaBKd3CKHe ro'pa?
Vocabularyt Bojja (piA f - water
30. T^e HaxoflHTCH KaHaji HMeHH Mockbh? ( Meacjjy...)
31. OTKy^a TeKyT bo^h KaHcbia HMeHH Mockbh? ( hjih. . .hjih)
32. Pjj;e HaxdjjHTCfl B6jiro-floHCKOH KaHaji? ( Meacjjy... )
33. 0TKy,H,a h Kyjja TeKyT b6,hh B6jiro-jj,OHCKdro KaHajia? ( hjih...hjih )
The singular stress of BOjj;a is treated in Volume II.

IlocjieaHHe otkphthh H3BecTHoro ygeHOro Bopo6beBa
| Tape
H3BecTHNfi y^eHbrit Bo;po6beB - npo$e'ccop reo$H3HqecKOft
HayKH. Hto HHTepecyeT 9Toro HSBecTHoro yqeHoro? To'pH
HHTepecyioT erd. JlyHH HHTepecjneT erd. ro'pH JtyHH HHTepecyioT
ero'. Ho Sdjibme Bcero HHTepecyioT ero' peKH h hx TeqeHHa.
IIo cJiOBaM aToro H3Be'cTHoro yMeHoro,
OnHT noKa3HBaeT, *jto TeieHHe peK^ - ofoeHb caoxHoe ae'jio.
OHO 3aBHCHT OT pa3HHX CJIOXHHX $aKTOpOB. OT KaKHX $aKTOpOB?
Boo6me' roBopn, oho' 3aBHCHT, KaK npasHao, ot pa3Hbix cjioxhhx
$H3HtiecKHx, reo$H3HqecKHX h, moscho cKasaTbj acTpoHOMHtecKHX
$aKTOpOB.^
HanpHMep, ypaji cerd^HH TeieT c ypajibCKHx rop b KacnaiicKoe
Mo'pe. O^hsiko, dnHTH noKa3HBa»T, v.10 paHbme3 oh Ten He c
ypaabCKHx rop b KacnHHCKoe yMdpe, a Haodopo'i, H3 KacnaiiCKoro
mo'ph Ha ypaabCKHe ro'pn. flajibme sth o'iihth noKa.3HBa»T, nro
b 6y^ymeM^ oh CyjieT eme pa3 Teib H3 KacnHftcKoro Mopa Ha
ypajibCKHe ropH.
Moh nocjie^HHe otkphthh, Ha caMOM ^e'jie, noKci3HBaioT, ito
Bee peKH EBponn TeKJiH h dyayT Teib TaKiiM 6dpa30M.
HeKoiopNe y^eHHe He noHHMaioT, hjih He xotht noHHTb sjtot
npociOH $aKT. Ohh o6MaHHBaioT cedrf HaHBHHMH TedpnaMH, ito
pe'KH Bcer^a TeKJiH h Bcer^a 6y,u;yT Teib c rop b Mdpe. Ho r^e
Hay^HHe flOKa3StTejibCTBa? y hhx HeT HHKaKHx ,noKa3aTejibCTB, He
roBOpn yae- 0 Hay^Hbtx ,noKa3aTeJibCTBax.
1 H HeKOTOpblX SPyrHX XHflKHX TeJI
^ CMOTpHTe MOB) pa6o'Ty: "0 H^KOTOpHX $H3HMeCKHX, reO$H3HqeCKHX
H aCTpOHOMH^eCKHX $a"KTOpaX B H3y^e'HHH Te^eHHH peK, KaHaHOB
h He'KOTopHX Apyrax 3khjb;khx Tea."
ABa - Tpn ro.ua TOMy Ha3a,n
iepe3 .usa _ TpH ro'aa

-393-
The Latest Discoveries of the Well-Known Scientist/Scholar Vorobiov
The well-known scientist/scholar Vorobjov is a professor of geophysical
science. What interests this famous scholar? Mountains interest him.
Moons interest him. Mountains of the moon interest him. But more than
anything, rivers and their flow(s) interest him.
In the words/according to the words/ of this famous scientist!
Experience/experiment shows that the flow of rivers is a very
complicated affair. It depends on various complex factors. On what factors?
Generally speaking, it depends as a rule on various complex physical,
geophysical, and one might say astronomical factors.
For example, the Ural today flows from the Ural Mountains into the
Caspian Sea. However, experiments show that previously-5 it flowed,
not from the Ural Mountains into the Caspian Sea, but on the contrary,
from the Caspian Sea onto the^Ural Mountains. Further, these
experiments show that in the future it will again flow from the Caspian Sea
onto the Ural Mountains.
My latest discoveries in fact show that all of the rivers of Europe
did and will flow in this manner.
Certain scientists do not understand, or do not wish to grasp this
simple fact. They deceive themselves with naive theories that rivers
always have and always will flow from the mountains into the sea. But
where are the scientific proofs? They have no proofs, to say nothing
of scientific proofs.
and of certain other liquid bodies
2
See my work* "On certain physical, geophysical, and astronomical
factors in the study of the flow of rivers, canals, and certain
other liquid bodies."
J 2 or 3 years ago
m 2 or 3 years

_39U-
Tape
Bonpocu:
1. Mt6 HHTepecyeT Bopofibgsa?
2. rio^eMy?
3. Mto HHTepecyeT erd 6o'jibme BCero?
4. OTKy.ua TexyT cerd^HH peKH?
5. HeM o6MaHHBa»T ce6a HeKOTopue yneHHe?
6. KaKHe Hay^HHe .uoKasaTeJibCTBa ecTb y hhx?
7. Ot KaKiix (ja'KTopoB 3aBHCHT Te^ieHHe sch,ukhx Tea?
IIo TedpHH BopofiteBa:
8. 0TKy,ua h Ky.ua Te^e'T KySa'Hb?
9. A paHbme?
10. A b dy'.uym.eM?
11. 0TKy.ua h Ky.ua. Teie'T Ypa'ji?
12. A paHbme?
13. A b 6y.uym.eM?
14. Kor.ua b 6y',uyffl,eM?
15. 0TKy.ua h Ky.ua Te^e'T KaMa?
16. A b 6y.uym.eM?
17. A paHbme?
18. Kor.ua paHbme?
19. ripaB.ua jih BCe 3to?
20. Ilo^ieMy a. roBoplfe Henpasfly?

_395-
WORKBOOK» THE PAST AND INFINITIVE OF OB-STEMS
1. Ob -Stem classification
The past and infinitive formation of Ob -stems depends on the final
consonant of the stem. The possible final consonants of Ob -stems
are i
3CflT6nrKX
Changes that apply to voiced consonants (3, a, 6, r ) apply to their
corresponding voiceless consonants as well (c,T,n, k and x).
Therefore, the Ob -stems are classified as follows:
Stems ending in«
"jj/r (dental stops)
3/c (dental continuants)
6/n (labials)
t/k/x (velars)
Note> No Ob -stems happen to end in n or x. Their inclusion
here will be explained in 4 below.
2, Past tense of Ob-stems
(a) Stems in s/t have C+C —» &C, i.e., a/t is dropped.
Be'fl-t- BeJi, Bejia, Be.no, Beam (lead)
Me'T+ Meji, MeJia, Me.no', mchh (sweep)
(b) All other Ob-stems retain the final stem consonant. The past
masc. is identical to the stem; the other past forms are
joined to the stem without truncation of the stemi
Be'3+ Be3, se3Jia, Be3Jio', Be3JiH (transport)
rpe6+ rpe6, rpefijia, rpedJio', rpe6jiH (row)
neK-t- neK, neKJia, neicjio', neKJiH (bake)
Stress
Ob-stems are either stem-stressed or end-stressed in the past. They
never have past-tense stress shift. Since present tense is
automatic (none end in ft or h , hence all are end-stressed), the stress
mark will be used to show past stress. The stress mark is
irrelevant and misleading for the present tense.
Convention
A stress mark on the stem vowel shows stem stress.
A stress mark on the final consonant shows end-stress.
Therefore, the two possible stem patterns of Ob-stems are«

-396-
End
Be/+
lead)
Beji
BeJia
BeJio
BeJiH
neK+
(bake)
neK
neKJia
neKJio
neKJiH
Be3+
(transport)
Be3
Be3Jia
Be3JI0
Be3JIH
Kpa,n+-
(steal)
Kpaji
icpa\jia
Kpajio
KpajiH
CTPHT+
(shear)
CTpnr
CTpurjia
CTprfrjio
CTpHTJIH
rpu3+
(gnaw)
rpH3
rpu3Jia
rpu^jio
rpM3JIH
Stem
But note that all are end-stressed in the present, since all end in a
consonant other than ft or h t
Be,ny,neKy,Be3y AND Kpafly,CTpHry,rpu3y.
Exercise 1
Form past masc, fem., 1st person sg. and 3rd person sg.
Ke^* We )
Past M Past F 1st sg.
1 . MeT+ (sweep)
(Remember
3rd sg.
2. CKpe'6-r (scrape)
3. ceK-f (thrash)
4. ceic+ (cut)
5. miaVf (lav)
(watch
6. CTeper+ over)
Hvpothetical
7- ce3+
/
R. CHT+ , ,
Q. psui+
1.0. peT-f
1.1.. Jte'6+ , , ,
12. JieK+

-397
Exercise 2
Enter the stems of the following verbs, including the correct
stress mark. The past masc. is identical to the stem, except
for those in a/t j The past fem. shows the stress.
Examples: neicy neK, neKJia (bake)
Masc. shows stem is ne'K*^
Fem. shows stress is ne'K+-
THeTy rHe'ji,rHeJia (oppress)
Masc. shows stem is me plus some consonant.
Present shows that that consonant is"t".
Fem. shows stress is thSt*
Present
1. njieTy
2. depery
3. Tp«cy
4. noji3y
5. °eKy
6. BJieicy
7. UBeTy
8. rpu3y
9. Hecy
10. na^y
Past
noieji, njieJia (braid)
deper, 6eper.ua (protect)
Tp«c, Tpacnsi (shake)
noji3, noji3Ji^
ceK, ceKJia
BJieK, BJiemia
u;BeJi, njBeoia
rpu3, rpu3Jia
Hec, HecJia
naji, naaa
(crawl)
(thrash)
(attract)
(flower)
(gnaw)
(carry)
(fall)
Entry
Compare the past-stress patterns of R and 0b-stems»
R-stems Ob-stems
either root cram-
or mobile x3b+
either root icpa,n+-
or end Be^+
R-stems are never end-stressed in the past,
Ob-stems are never mobile-stressed in the past.

-398-
Exercise 3
Which ©f the following stemsi
A. Are not radical?
B. Are not eT verbs?
C. Have present-shift?
D. Are end-stressed in the present?
E. Are stressed on past plural ending?.
F. Form past feminine and 3rd person singular present.
Past F. 3rd sg. present
1 • nofl-cJiymafi+
2. nepe-Befl+
3« nepe-CTa.H+
4. II0-3B0HH+
5» nepe-acHB-f
6. c-6eper+ __ \
7. nos-CTpur-t-
«.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
y-BH,n,e+-
npo-myMeft+
nepe-njiHB+
no-rpH3+
y-j,aBH+
Hvpothetical
npo-mifB+-
npH-^yr-*
npe-,n,eT+
3a-Ky6a+
,H,0-THM-h
nofl-CTHn+

-399
Exercise 4
A. Which of the following radicals are Ob-stems (see final
consonant of present tense.)
B. Form stem. Remember« R-stems have either stem or mobile
stress, Ob-stems have either stem or end-stress.
Stemi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10,
11
Ha-neny
3a-CTHHy
no-noji3y
no-njiHBy
npo-Jibio
Ha-na^y
npn-Hecy
C-MOK
flo-Be^y
3a-BfeK>
3a-BOK
Hane'K,
3acTuji
nonoji3,
nonjiHJi
npo'jiHji
Hana^n
npHHec
HaneKJia
, 3acTujia
nonoji3Ji^
nonjiHjia
npojiHjia
Han^Jia
npHHecjia
CMHJI, CMHJia
flOBe'Ji,
3aBHJI,
3aBHJI,
.n.OBejia'
3aBHJia
3aBbiJia
(bake many)
(freeze)
(crawl)
(swim)
(pour)
(fall on)
(bring)
(wash off)
(lead to)
(curl)
(begin to
howl)
3. Infinitives of Ob-stems
(a) The ending is t_h if the stem is end-stressed
ti> if the stem is stem-stressed
(b) Joining
The following stem changes occur in joining the consonant t
to Ob-stemst

-Uoo-
End-stress Stem-stress
3/c f t—»3/c ■*• t i.e., t is joined directly to stems in 3/c.
Be^ +■ th-> Be3TH (transport) rpu3 + ti-+ rpbi3Tb (gnaw)
a'ed + th—* HecTH (carry)
j/t + t—» ct
Bei -* th—» BecTH (lead) na,n + tb-* nadb (fall)
MeT ■♦• th-* MecTH (sweep)
6 + t-» ct (no Ob-stems end in n)
rpe6 + th—» rpecTH (row)
r/K + t—» q ( no Ob-stems end in x) The infinitive of all stems in
r/ic is *ife regardless of stress.
ceic + th-* ce^b (cut) ceK + tb-*- ce^b (thrash)
CTpnr + Tb-> cTpHMb (shear)
( c ) e-» e
In radical verbs, the root vowel e-* e in the infinitive,
e is never found in the infinitive of radical verbs.
neK+ neMb (not "neib") (bake)
6eper+ 6"epej?b (not "6epe^b") (protect)

Exercise 5
Form past feminine and infinitive.
Past F. Infinitive
1.
2.
3-
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Ik.
15-
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
KJia,n+
flpgi+
noji3+
TeK-r
jier+
cefl-t-
j
CKpe6-r
BJieK-r
ijBeT+
Hvooth
jied-t-
jie^+
JIH3+
jieK+
JiyV+
•nya-*-
Jiyfl+
•nyr-t
JIH6+
jierf+
(put)
(stroll)
(crawl)
(flow)
(lie down)
(sit down)
(scrape)
(drag)
(bloom)
(shake)
etical

-1+02-
Note that present stress is automatic, and that the stress mark is
irrelevant in determining present stress.
Exercise 6
Form 1st person pi.
1. KJta,n+ (put)
present.
1st -person t>l.
2. H0JI3-* (crawl)
3. CKpe6-h (scrat>e)
Hypothetical
k, JIJf3+
5. nj&+
6. Jiya-t-
Summary of Ob-stems
Past masc.
Inf.
t/k
IB
3/e
TH
6
( c)th
*/"£
JI
(C) TH
1. Stress is either
end ( Befl+) or stem
Hcpa^* )
2. th inf. in stressed
stems
tb inf. in unstressed
stems
3. In the infinitive,
e -* e

4. Stems in Hy +
HyJ
Some stems in Hy+- lose their suffix in the past tense and become
radical, others do not*, Those that do will be called Hyl verbs,
those that do not— hjt verbs.
The roots of Hy1 verbs always end in Ob-consonants. Therefore, upon
dropping Hy+ in the past tense they become Ob-stems and form their
pasts exactly as do Ob-stems. All Hy1 verbs are root stressed, i.e.,
none are stressed on the Hy-*-:
Hy1
Mep3Hyx+
Mep3
Mep3Jia
Mep3JIO
Mep3JIH
forms past tense like
(freeze)
Ob-stems
rpu3+ (gnaw)
rpu3
rpu3Jia
rpu3Jio
rpu3JiH
flO-CTHrHy1* (attain)
flOCTBT
.HOCTn'rJia
.HOCTHrJIO
flOCTHrJTH
CTpnr-*- (shear)
CTpnr
CTpiirjia
CTpHTJIO
CTpHTJIH
Although no Ob-stems happen to end in the consonants n or x, some
Hyl stems do. Those that do form their pasts as expected, i.e.,
like the other labial-stems (6 ) or velar-stems (t/k) respectivelyi
xpniray1-*- (grow hoarse)
xpnn, xprfnjia etc.
naxHy1* / (smell)
nax, naxjia etc.
like rpe'6+(row)
rpe'6, rpe^Jia, etc.
like CTp6r( shear) or ce'ic-t- (thrash)
CTpHr, CTpnrjia, ceK,ceKJia
etc. etc.
Hy
l verbs retain
uep^Hj1
Hy in the infinitive and present:
Pastt Mep3, Mep3Jia, Mep3Jio, Mep3JiH
Inf. Mep3HyTB
Pres. Mep3Hy ( Mep3Hy + y )
Mep3Hemb (Mep3Hy + emfe )
etc.

—1+0-U—
Hy1 and Hy2
Unlike Hy1, hjt verbs«
(1) Never drop Hy+
(2) Are not necessarily root-stressed
meimj^ (whisper)
menHyji, menHyjia, menHyjio, menHyjiH
As will be shown in a later chapter, Hy*and Hy2are totally unrelated!
they have different conjugation rules, truncation rules, stress
patterns and meaning.
Ext
A.
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
B.
srcise 7
Form past masculine, feminine and
Past M
0T-Be'prHy*+ (reiect)
uhxhv2+ (sneeze)
e-6eper+ (save)
nac+ (pasture)
Hc-ue/3Hy1+ (disappear)
Hypothetical
i 1
jLSKHy-1--*
' 2
JIHKHy'i+
/ 1
JioxHy^-t-
Judging form the infinitive
was necessarily Hy , Which
infinitive:
Past F
alone, one of
one and why?
the
above
Inf,
Hy- s
terns
Note:
Some unprefixed Hy1 stems may retain Hy in the past masculine
(but never in the other forms of the past).
Thusi MepsHy1-*: Mep3 OR Mep3Hyji, MepsJia, Mep3Jio, Mep3JiH

-■U05-
SUMMARY
A. Definitions
Suffixed-stemst Stems which end in a suffix, i.e., stems which
consist of root plus suffix. The verb suffixes aret
H-t-, e+, a*, o+, OBa+, hv+, aft-*, eft*
Radical-stems» Stems which do not contain a suffix, i.e., stems for
which the stem is identical to the root. Radical-
stems are of two typesi
R-stemst Stems ending in one of the resonant
consonants! B,fi,p,JI,M,H
Ob-sternst Stems ending in any other consonant. (No
roots, and hence no radical stems, end in m/ac/^/m
or in soft consonants.)
Suffixed
Radical
Vowel
Examplet roBopm-
Consonant
( aS-t- eS+ )
j,eJiaS+
R
3CHB+
Ob
Befl+
In joining consonant endings (past and inf.)«
suffixed stems-present no difficulty
R-stems - present difficulty only in stress
Ob-stems - present difficulty in both stress and in stem changes
of other kinds.
B. Joining C-endings
Except for Ob-stems» C-endings are joined to the stem with V+C-
or C+C-* $C.
Ob-stemst The following changes occuri
t/k s/c 6 a/t
Past
Inf.
VC
qb
TH
( C) TH
JI
( C) TH

-1+06-
End-stressed
Past
Inf.
neKf
neK(jia)
neqfe
Be3+
Be3(jia)
Be3TH
rpe6+
rped (Jid)
rpecTH
Befl+
BeJt(a')
BeCTH
Root-stressed None in
CTpHr+ rpH3+ o/n Kpa,n+
Past
Inf.
CTpHr(jia)
CTpH^b
rpH3 (.na)
rpH3Tb
Kpa\n(a)
KpaCTb
1. th in end-stressed stems = tb in stem-stressed stems
2.e -* e in the infinitive.
C. Stress
1. The possibility of a stress-shift
Stress-shift may occur only in the unstable environments, i.e., thl
present of V-stems (V+V) and the past of C-stems (C+C).
Therefore*
* in hoch+ shows present shift, not past.
-* in x3b* shows past shift, not present. I
2. The stress of radical stems i
Present* All radicals are C-stems (and none are polysyllabic in
ft ). Therefore, present stress is determined by the
rule i
Radicals in fl and h are stem-stressed.
All other radicals are end-stressed.
Since present stress is predictable without a stress-
mark, the stress mark is used to show past stress.
Pastt Two possibilities for R-stems and two for Ob-stemsi
R-stems Ob-stems
stem ctsih+ stem Kpa,n>
mobile x&b+ end B'e£+
Both may have stem-stress. R-stems may also have mobile-stress
and Ob-stems — end-stress.

-1+07-
The Stress-mark
Present stress is fully predictable, past stress is not.
The stress mark is used to show past. NOT present stress.
The stress mark of radicals is irrelevant and even misleading
for assigning present stress.
acHB+ is end-stressed throughout the present. It has stress
shift only in the past.
Kpa^+ is also end-stressed throughout the present. It has
stem-stress only in the past.
D. Hyi
Certain stems in Hy-t-, designated Hy + verbs, drop Hy+ in the past,
thus becoming radicals. Since their roots always end in
Ob-consonants, they become Ob-stems in the past. ALL Hy1* are root-stressed,
none are stressed on the Hy-t-.
Exercise 8
A. In the stems belowi
(1) If suffixed, separate root and suffix
(2) If radical, give root followed by R or Ob.
Example« xo,n,H+ xo,n,-H+
Be,n+ Be\n,+ Ob.
B. For which of the following stems is the stress mark irrelevant for
determining present stress? Give a general answer, now a list.
C. Form 3rd sg. pres. of all the stems below.
D. Form past fem., neuter and inf. of all radicals. (Number 9 is
tricky) D#
Past F. ~~Neut. Inf.
A.
1. neK+ (bake)
2. CTpHr+ ( shear)_
3. jiobh-4- (catch)_
4. flpeMa* ( snooze)_
5. KJia.fl+ (put)
6. rjia.flH+ (smooth)
C.
(continued)

U08- —
7.
8.
9o
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Jl4ll+ (put)
iiBeT+ (blossom)
np<5-6HH-»- (beat out)
o-acHB-H-* (resuscitate)
nJiHB+ (swim)
rpe6+ (row)
bhh+ (twist)
HBH+ (display)
ceK+ (thrash)
njiaKa+ (cry)
ceK-f(cut)
c-nacV (save)
£•
_.
Past F. Neut.
___ I
1
1
I
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
I
Jl
Exercise 9
Give stems of the verbs below. Mark stress.
1. ^0Be3y jOBes, jj,0Be3Jia
2. noTpHcy noTp.sc, noTp.nc.iia
3. nponbio nponnji, nponnjia
k. nepenbio nepennJi, nepenHJia
5. B03flBHrHy B03JBHr, B03flBHrjia
6. ynpeKHy ynpeKHy'ji, ynpeKHyjta
7. noflMeTy nojjMeJi, no^MeJia
8. yna^y yna'ji, ynajia
9. yfiepery yfieper, y6eper.ua
10. noflCKpe6y nojjcKpeS, nojj,CKpe6jia (scrape)
11. BdaHy Bdaji, Bda'jia (get up)
12. BCKpHKHy BCKpHKHyjt, BCKpHKHyjia (cry out)
13. ocjieHHHy ocjien, ocJie'nJia (grow blind)
(drive to)
(shake)
(drink up)
(drink too much).
(raise)
(reproach)
(sweep up) _____
(fall)
(preserve)

-1+09-
Translation
1. Grandmother, you are one of the dearest grandmothers with
long white hair in this kingdom.
2. Scientific experiments show that cannibals consider boys and
girls delicious, (cannibal - juofloe"fl )
3. He always asks (of) the mirrors Why doesn't the Kuban flow
from the Azov Sea "to the Caucasus? The mirror never answers
him.
k. Leading scholars have scientific proof of life on the moon.
5. My latest discoveries show that more than anything, rivers
like to flow from the mountains to the sea.
6. He didn't have a best friend.
7. According to my theory, nobody knows that a river flows
past the Arabian desert because nobody lives in the Arabian
desert except the Arabian animals,
8. From time to time they washed in the Polish rivers, canals,
and other liquid bodies.
9. Everybody wants to know who will fall in love with our
beautiful middle sister. She is looking for a businessman
with a brilliant future. (businessman - 6H3HecMeyH,
brilliant - 6jiecT.sinnft )
10. What did they bake for breakfast? Comrade Blinov baked
delicious pirozhki with meat. His wife didn't bake any
kind of pirozhki, to say nothing of delicious pirozhki.
11. Do you want to meet him on the bridge? That depends on him.
(bridge - moct( y) )
12. He was sitting in the dining room and (was) eating a sausage,
(dining room - cTOJioBas, eat - e^-*-, sausage - KOJi6aca)
13« Less than anything he liked to clip his dog's long golden
hair.
Ik. Previously (two, three years ago) the Volga flowed out of the
Caspian Sea; in the future (in two, three years) it will
once again flow out of the Caspian Sea.
15. Do you remember the strange psychiatrist Murayjov?
Day and night he conversed with the talking mice. About
what? About one thing and another, (psychiatrist - ncuxnaTp )
16. People deceive themselves with the naive theory that insects
don't talk. Insects deceive themselves with the naive theory
that people don't fly. They have no proofs of these naive f
theories, to say nothing of scientific proofs, (insect - HaceKOMoe,

-1+10-
CjioBapb
N ouns
/ M
bhj, - kind, typej aspect
cno'pT - sport
jie'cfy) (a) - woods
MeflB^b - bear
BOJI - OX
uape'BH^i - prince(son of tsar)
$a.KT - fact
3aBTpaK - "breakfast
ystHH - supper
o'nuT - experience, experiment
$a'KTop - factor
yqeHHS - scholar
u,apcTBO - kingdom
rocyaapCTBo - state, government
3eSpKa.n0 - mirror
Mflco - meat
Tejio - body
Te^HHe - flow
H3yqeHHe - study
OTKpHTHe - discovery
fl0Ka3a.TejibCTB0 - proof
6y>ymee - future
MBOTHoe - animal
E
H36lb - hut
Myxa - fly
6e/JiKa( o) - squirrel
Bo^a - water
ropa (pi* )-mountain
peK^ (pi * ) - river
rojroBa (pi* ) - head
MHmb a (pi/. ) - mouse
hoii. & (pi* ) - night
yacTb ffi (pi* ) - part
jto'^Ka(o)- boat
Teo'pHH - theory
Verbs
T'etf.*- - f 1 ow
jiOBHt- - catch
npnxoflfi* - come
k HeS - come to her
Hcxa* - search, look for
BJIK)6h+. . .Cfl BO t»ITO]
^fall in love
noKa3a+/noKa.3HBafi* - show
3aBHce+ ot [^erol - depend on
mibiB+ - float
o6MaHHBafi+ - deceive
c/Mor-t - can, be able
cnpocfi+/cnpainHBaS-t- [xoro],
y ("Koro] - ask
pa3roBapHBaSt- c CKeM]
talk, speak, converse (with)
Adjectives.
64jiuPl - white
fljiHHHHfi - long
30JtOTofi - golden
TaKTHnHtift - tactful
cpeflHHfi - middle, neuter
TajiaHTJiHBHS - talented
BKycHHfi - delicious, tasty
He'icoTopNfi - certain
reo$H3H^ecKHS - geophysical
XHflKHft - liquid
cjicokhnS - complicated, complex
acTpoHOMHqecKHfi - astronomical
HayMHNft - scientific
nocjie'flHHft - latest, last
(pl)
b6jioch (pl >t ) - hair
* The singular of these nouns has a stress
pattern which will be discussed in Volume II.

-1*11
Other
*
TpH cecTpH - three*sisters
qepe3 pa - TpH ro'fla - within two or three years
BpeMH ot BpeMeHH - from time to time
KpaCHBee Bcex - prettier than all
o tom, o ceM - about one thing and another, about this and that.
KaK To'jibKO (+ future tense) - as soon as
hhk^k - in no way
CMOTpHTe! -see (imperative)
HaoSopoT - on the contrary
fla'jibine - further
eqe pa3 - once again
TaKHM o'6pa30M - in this manner
Sdjibme Bcer6 - more than anything
Me'Hbme Bcero' - least of all
oflHaKO - however
mhmo Oero] - past
TOMy Hasaji - ago
noHHTb - to grasp, realize
cecTp6, rd^a-gen. sg. This construction will be explained in
Volume II.

CHAPTER 10
THE CASES
Tape
nominative case
accusative case
genitive case
dative case
prepositional case-
instrumental case -
HMeHHTejibHHM na^e'ae
BHHHTeJibHHS name's
poflHTeJibHiiS na^eac
A^TeJibHufi name's:
npe^Jio'acHHft name's:
TBopHTeJibHHfi name's:
Singular - Plural
singular - e^HHCTBeHHoe uhcjio
plural - MHOxecTBeHHoe iihcjio
Ritual 28
Tape
KaKoro naj;eaca Tpe6yeT npe^jior "no"?
IIpeflJi6r "no" Tp^SyeT ^aTejibHoro na^eaca.
KaKoro na^escd TpeSyeT rJiar6ji "Tpe6oBa+M?
Tjiardji "TpedOBa-t-" Tpe6yeT po^HTejibHoro na^eaca.
What case does the preposition " no " demand?
The preposition " no " demands the dative case.
What case does the verb " Tpe'6oBa+ " demand?
The verb " Tpe6oBa+- " demands the genitive case.

BOCTOHHAH EBPOnA
BOCTOHHAfl T
rEPMAHHH1
BapmaBa
HeMen;KHft **
BepjiHH
nOJIbDIA
nOJIbCKHg
( KamyQcKHft)
iHEXOCJIOBAKHfl
Ilpara
tie'mcKHft
CJIOBaUKHtt
Byjape'inT
BEHrPHflj
BeHr^pcKHfiiJty
|K)rOCJIABHfll
cep6cKH8 3 Befrp^
XOpBaTCKHH
CJIOBeHCKHfi
MaKeflo'HCKHfl
-1+13-
POCCHfl
pyccKHit
MocKBa
Mhhck
lEEJIOPyCCHH
CpejiopyccKHft /-'
C0B6TCKHtt 0
0103
KaeB
YKPAHHA Cna]
yKpaHHCKHfl
|pyMHHKH|
pyMHHCKHfi**
ByxapecT
iBOJirT?^"
6ojirapcKHft
C0$Hfl
** HeCJiaBHHCKHfi H3hfoc ( BCe flPym'e H3HKH CJiaBflHCKHe )
1. repMaHCKas HeMOKpaTHtiecKas PecnjfSjiHica
2. C0163 CoBeTCKHx Cou.HajiHCTH'qecKHx PecnygjiHK ( CCCP )
3. Ce'pfiCKHfi H3HK H XOpBaTCKHfi H3HK, Ha CaMOM fle'jie, OflHH H3HK.
Ce'p6cKHft Hapoj, HagNBaeT i^tot h3Uk "ce'pScKHM" hjih "cep6o-
XOpBaTCKHM"; XOpBaTCKHft HapOfl Ha3UBaeT ^TOT H3HK "XOpBaTCKHM"
hjih "xopBaTOcepficKHM". CepScKHfl Hapoj, niimeT KnpHjuinn;eS
( KHpHJiJiHnia - Cyrillic alphabet « the basic alphabet used in
Russian) xopBaTCKHfi Hapdfl nameT JiaTHHHn;e8 ( jtaTHHHija- Latin
alphabet).

Tape I
Bonpocu;
CTpaHa - country
CTOJiHija- capital
1. B KaKdft CTpaHe roBopHT Ha SojirapcKOM a3HKe?
2. B KaKolt CTpaHe roBopa'T Ha nojibCKOM a3HKe?
3. KaKda ro'po,n CTOJiHn.a IIo'jifcniH?
4. Ha KaKOM a3UK^ roBopHT b EeJiopy'ccHH?
5. r,n;e rosopaT Ha yKpaHHCKOM a3NKe'?
6. Ha KaKHX a3HKax roBopaT b *lexocjioBaKHH?
7. KaKoft r6pos CTOJiHija ^exocnoBaKHH?
8. Ha kslk6u asHKe7 roBopaT b PyMHHHH?
9. KaKofi ro'po,n; CTOJiHna PyMHHHH?
10. B KaKofi CTpaH^ roBopaT Ha HeueijKOM asmce?
11. Ha KaKHX a3HKax roBopHT b BrocjiaBHH?
12. B KaKdJi CTpaHe' roBopaT a Ha pyccKOM.H Ha yKpaHHCKOM,h
Ha 6e*opyccKOM H3KKe?
13. B KaKHX CTpaHax boctoihoh EBponH roBopaT Ha HecnaBaHCKHx
H3HKaX?

-1*15-
CTpaHHoe noBej;e/HHe cTyjeHTa CojioBbeBa
I Tape!
0 neu mh 6y,neM roBopHTb cero'jjHfl:? CerdjjHH mh 6yjj,eM roBopHTb o CTpaHHOM
noBe^eHHH CTyjje'HTa CojioBbeBa.
CojioBbeB H3y^aeT cjiaBHHCKHe h3hkh b Mockobckom rocyjjapeTBeHHOM hhctht-
yie cjiaBHHCKHX h3hko'b HMeHH A. CMHpHHijKoro. Oh H3jrti^eT no^TH Bee Baac-
Hbie CJiaBSHCKHe H3HKH! TO eCTb pyCCKHfi H3HK, no'jIbCKHH, tl^fflCKHfi, CTapO-
cjiaBHHCKHfi h T.fl. O^hhm cjiobom, oh cTyaeHT no^TH Ka^Kjjoro B^scHoro
cjiaBHHCKoro H3biKa, KpoMe KamyScKoro. (MdxceT Shtb, KamydcKHH H3bfK, no
Ba'raeMy MHeHHio, He £3hk, a roBop no'jitcKoro £3HKa. fl npejjno^eji 6u o
KamydcKOM H3HKe He cndpHTb. Ilo-Mo'eMy, KamydCKHft He H3UK, a roBop.)
CojioBbeB jik>6ht racaTb nricbMa. Ha KaKHX H3HKax oh nrfmeT? Oh nHmeT
noiTH Ha Bcex ejiaBHHCKHX H3biKax. To ecn, oh nHmeT Ha pyccKOM H3UKe',
Ha yKpaHHCKOM h TaK ^ajiee. Ho ddjibme Bcero' oh jiioSht nnca'Tb Ha dojirap-
ckom H3HKe. KaK H3b6ctho, b SojirapcKOM H3HKe HeT hh po^HTejibHoro
na^exca, hh flsiTejibHoro naflexcei, He roBopA yxce' o TBopHTeJibHOM na.a.eace'.
KoMy nHmeT CojioBbeB g'th nncbMa? Kaac^yio He^ejiio oh nnmeT naoiiia no^TH
BceM cTy^eHTaM b HHCTHTyTe. Oh nnmeT no cjieAyromeMy nJiaHy: KaXflOMy
CTy^eHTy, $aMHjiH.H KOTo'poro HaiHHaeTCH Ha B, oh nHmeT Ha Sojira'pcKOM
A3HKe; KascflOMy CTyHe'HTy, $aMHjiHji KOTOporo Ha^HHaeTCH Ha C, oh nHmeT
Ha CTapocjiaBHHCKOM £3HKe ( h'jih Ha caoBeHCKOM H3HKe ) , h TaK .n^jiee.
(3to 3HawHT, mto CojioBbeB HHKorja' He nHmeT CTyjjeHTy KapnoBH^iy h d^ieHb
qacTO ^HEeT CTyHe'HTy EyjiraHHHy. )
HeM nnmeT CojioBbeB? Oh nameT KapaH^am^MH. CTyHe'HTy Byjira"HHHy oh
nHmeT 6eJiHM (h'jih doJibmHM) KapaHJjamoM: CTyHe'HTy ycTHHOBy oh nHmeT
ynpyrHM KapaH^amoM. (Mto TaKoe "ynpyrHft KapaH^am"? fl, Ha ca'MOM ae'jie, He
3Haio.) O^Ha'KO, CTyHe'HTy nerpoBy oh nrimeT He KapaH^amo'M, a nepdM.
KaK^M nepo'M? fljiacTM^ccoBNM nepdM.
CTy^e'HT ByjiraHHH H3y*iaeT, CKasceM, noJibCKHft h3uk. HacKOjibKO k 3Ha.ro,
OH HHKaKHX JjpyrHX CJiaBHHCKHX H3HKdB He 3HaeT. Il03T0My CTyfleHT
ByjiraHHH He roBopHT, HHKorjja He roBoprfji h HHKorfla. He SyjjeT roBopHTb
no-6ojira'pcKH. TeM xyace ,b,jih CTy^e'HTa EyjiraHHHa. CojioBbeB nHmeT no
njiaHy. EMy Bee paBHd', 3HaeT jih ByjiraHHH dojirapcKHfl H3HK.

-Hl6-
The Strange Behavior of Student Solovjov
What are we going to talk about today? Today we are going to talk
about the strange behavior of student Solovjov.
Solovjov is studying Slavic languages in the A. Smirnitskij Moscow
State Institute of Slavic Languages. He is studying almost all the
important Slavic languages, that is, Russian, Polish, Czech, Old
Church Slavic, etc. In a word, he is a student of almost every
important Slavic language, except Kashubian. (Perhaps in your opinion
Kashubian is not a language, but a dialect of Polish. I'd'prefer not
to argue about Kashubian. In my opinion, Kashubian isn't a language,
but a dialect.)
Soloyjov likes to write letters. In which languages does he write?
He writes in almost all the Slavic languages. That is, he writes in
Russian, in Ukrainian, and so forth. But more than anything, he likes
to write in Bulgarian. As is well-known, in Bulgarian there is neither
a genitive case nor a dative case, to say nothing of an instrumental
case.
To whom does Solovjov write these letters? Every week he writes
letters to almost"all the students in the institute. He writes
according to the following plant to every student whose last name begins in
B he writes in Bulgarian? to every student whose last name begins in
S he writes in Old Church Slavic (or Slovenian), and so forth. (That
means that Solovjov never writes to student Karpoyich and writes to
student Bulganin very often.)
With what does Solovjov write? He writes with pencils. To student
Bulganin he writes with a white (or big) pencil; to student Ustinov
he writes with an elastic pencil. (What is an "elastic pencil?" I
don't really know.) However, to student Petrov he writes not with
a pencil, but with a pen. With what kind of pen? A plastic pen.
Student Bulganin is studying, let's say, Polish. As far as I know,
he doesn't know any other Slavic languages. Therefore, student
Bulganin doesn't speak, never spoke, and will never speak Bulgarian.
So much the worse for student Bulganin. Solovjov writes according
to plan. He doesn't care whether Bulganin knows Bulgarian.

~kn
cry^eHT ByjiraHHH
6ojirdpcKHft H3i5k
6e'jiHfi ( hjih OoJifemoH )
KapaH^am
CTyJteHT MeJbHHKQB
MaKe^dHCKHH H3iiK
Ma'jieHfeKHH KapaH^ra
S)
i l
CTy.ne'HT Cmhpho'b
C^pSCKHH H3lbc
CTaphiH KapaH^a'm
CTy^eHT ^aftKQBCKHH
U^fflCKHH H3iSK
uepHHii KapaH^am
CTy^eHT yCTHHOB
yKpaHHCKHft H3bfK
ynpyrnS KapaHflam
CTyfleHT IleTpoB
ndjIbCKHH H3bfK
njiacTMacooBoe
nep6
CTyj;eHT KapnoBnu
BonpocH;
Tape
1. KaKiae H3HKH H3yyaeT CojioBteB?
2. r,ne?
3. KaKo'ro H3HK4 He 3HaeT CojroBfceB?
4. KaK no BameMy MHeHHio: Kamy^CKHH-ro'Bop hjih £3hk?
5. KoMy nHmeT CojiOBteB Ha Sojira/pCKOM H3HKe'?
6. noueM^?
7. HeM oh eMy nHmeT?
8. Ha KaK6M H3HKe' oh nrfmeT CTyjjeHTy CMHpHo'By?
9. qeM?
10. Oh nHmeT CTyjje'HTy IleTpoBy KapaH^amoM?
11. HeM oh euy nHmeT?
12. Ha KaKo'M H3HKe?
13. IlotieMy?
14. KoMy oh nHmeT ^epHHM KapaHflamoV?
15. Ha KaicdM H3HKe?
16. MeM oh nnmeT MaaeHbKHM KapaHflamoV?
17. Ha KaKOM HsaKd?
18. IloueMy?
19. KaK^M KapaHflamo'M nHmeT CoJiOBfcfeB, Kor^a oh nHmeT Ha yKpaHHCKOM
H3HKe? ,
20. KoMy oh nnmeT Ha yKpaHHCKOM a3HKe?
21. KoMy oh jiio6ht nnc^Tfc Sdjibme Bcero?
22. noMeMy?
23. KoMy oh HHKorfla He nnmeT?
24. no^eMy?

-1*18-
KOTOPHH CLAUSES
The gender and number of kotophS is determined by the noun which it
refers to. Its case is determined by its use within the clause.
ace'HmHHa, KOTo'pag acHBeT b MocKBe...
bhe woman who lives in Moscow.,.
the
KoTdpaa is feminine and singular since it refers to xeHmnHa , it is
nominative since it is the subject of its clause.
Further examples»
direct object - acemnnHa, KQT^pyio k iio'mhio...
the woman whom I remember.,.
Majib^HK, KOTo'poro mh jiio6hm. ..
the boy whom we love,..
jik>,]i;h, kotq'phx a Jiytinie 3Haio...
the people whom I know best...
indirect object- uejioBe'ic, KOTo'poMy k nHmy...
the man to whom I write...
object of - aceHnjHHa, o KOTopofi oh uacTO roBopnT...
preposition the woman about whom he often speaks,.,
JUOflH, C KOTOPHMH K JHOfijIK pa3rOBa'pHBaTb. . .
the people with whom I like to converse...
Note the construction! CTy^e'HT, $aMHJinfl KOTo'poro Ha^HHaeTCH Ha B
the student whose last name begins in B.
literallyj "the last name of whom"
Myac, aceHa KOTo'poro scHBeT b ^tom ro'po^e. ..
the husband whose wife lives in this city...
sceHa', Mys: KOTo'poft pa6oTaeT fleHb h hoib...
the wife whose husband works day and night.,.

~^f
-1+19-
Drill 1
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. The girl whom I love lives in Byelorussia.
2. The people whom we formerly knew now live in Rumania.
3. Where's the table on which my newspaper is lying?
4. The woman whom I just called didn't want to speak (converse)
with me.
5. The people with whom we used to live are now living in
Czechoslovakia.
6. The boy whom we remember doesn't remember us.
7. The students to whom I write never answer me.
8. The boy whose mother works at the concrete factory likes to
play the harp.
9. The girl whose brother bakes pirozhki lives near me.
10. I'm going to write a letter only to the student whose last
name begins in B.
Drill 2« Review of
1.
H
P
n
T
H
P
n
T
„
Decline the masc
adjectives.
Ka«a Kaxfl
Kax^
Kaxfl
/ *
nocjie^H i
nocjie'jH
nocjieflH
noCJre,HH_
nocJie^H
Adjective Spelling:
ulinc
H
P
n
T
iocjie'
> - neuter sin
M C
-JUL
-oje
-ovo
-omu
-om_
-lm
pyceK
p^cc
flH
—
pilar of the following
pyccK xopo'm xopom
k xopdm
pyccK xopdm
pyccK xopo'm
pyccK xopom
*
SOft H

1+20-
2, Decline the feminine singular of the following adjectives,
H
B
P
fl
n
T
-aja
-uju
-oj
*
H
B
Kaac^_
Kaacj_
Kaacfl
pyccK_
pyccK
pyccK_
xopoin_
xop6m__
xopora
nocji^flH_
nocjie',n,H_
nocjieflH
EpaT (brother) forms its plural irregularly by inserting ± after the
stem.
H Cpar
B-P dpaTa
fl fipa'iy
II Spa'ie
T fipaioM
MH.
CpaTbfl
fipaibeB
GpaTbHM
SpaTbHX
Spa'TbHMH
Transcription
bratja
bra^jev
bra^jam
bra^jax
bra-fejami
Except for the nominative ending a, the plural endings are regular.
From
- a personi ot
- a placet H3
ot 6paTa
H3 MOCKBH
-from (my) brother
-from Moscow

-U21
Drill: EpgiTKg h ceCTpa CT.yjeHTa CpjiOBbeBa
vocabularyt
aBT05ywKa(e) - fountain pen
AGKJiafl - report
3anricKa (o ) - note
aadypa. - alphabet
no^apoK(o) - gift
BpaTba h ceOTpn cTy,ne'HTa CojroBbeBa padoTaioT b pa3HHx CTpaHax
boctouhoS EBpdnH. BpaT Bjia^HMnp ( hmh KOTo'poro HauHHaeTCH Ha £ )
h ceCTpa BapB^/pa ( hmh KOTdpoft To'xe Ha^HH^eTCH Ha jj ) padoTaioT b
BeHrpHH. BpaT Bopnc h ceCTpa B3Ji.ua padoTaioT b Bojira'pHH, h t.,b,.
Bonpocbi: QTBeTbi
1. r,B,e paSoTaeT 6paT FedprnH?
(a) B Bpa3HJIHH
(6) b HbKxJayH^JieHfle
( b) b TepMaHHH ( b )
2. Kto padoTaeT b rio'jibme?
( a ) TeTfl KeHT
( 6 ) apadcKHfi KHH3b Adjjyji
( b ) 6paT IleTp ( b )
EpaTbfl h cecTpu ^aioT CojioBbeBy no^apKH Ha ero' ^eHb poacfle'HHH. KaKHe
no^apKH? 3Han, KaK oh jik>6ht nHca/rb, dpa^rbfl ^aio'T eMjf KapaHflamH, h
cecrpH - aBTopy^KH. BjiaflrfMnp, ero "BeHr^pcKHfi 6paTM, flaeT eMy
KapaH^am H3 BeHrpHH, to ecTb "BeHre'pcKHH KapaHjj^m". Bajuia, erd
"eojirdpcKas cecTpa", ^aeT eM^ "dojirapcKyio aBTopymcy" h t.a.
Bonpocbi; OTBe'Tbi
1. KaKofl KapaH^ara ^aeT eMy dpaT MnxaHJi?
( a ) raHBaHCKHH KapaHjjam
( 6 ) Hbio-ao'pKCKHH KapaHflain
( B ) MaKeflOHCKHH KapaHfl^ffl ( B )
2. KaKyio aBTopy^Ky jjaeT eMy ceCTpa PycJiaHa?
( a ) $paHU,y3CKyio aBTopy^Ky
( 6 ) KamydCKyro aBTopy^iicy
( b ) pyMHHCKyio aBTopy^Ky ( b )
3. OTKy^a ndjibCKas aBTopyiKa?
( a ) H3 JloHraSjieHfla
( 6 ) H3 ToHr-KoHra
( B ) H3 ndjIbfflH ( B )
CojiOBbeB cfaeHb jik>6ht cbohx cecTep-'- h dpaTbeB, h Kaacjjyio He.ne.nio
oh njiiHeT o^hh AOKJidp, Kaac^oMy dpaTy h o.HHy' 3aniicKy Kaac^ofi cecTpe\
BpaTbHM oh nHmeT o rjiardjiax; cecTpaM oh nameT 06 asSyKax.
The genitive -accusative plural of cecTpa has e inserted.

1+22-
HanpHMep;
Kaac^yio He^ejiio CoJioBbeB nHmeT BeHrepCKHft flooa'^.
KoMy? BeHre^pcKowy 6paiy
0 we'M? o BeHre^pCKQM rjiarojie /
qeM? BeHr^pcKHM KapaH^amoM
Ot Kord 3tot KapaH,H,am?OT BeHr^pCKOro dpa'ia
Kaacflyio Heflejiio CoaroBbeB nnmeT BeHre'pcK.yK) 3anHCKy.
KoMy? BeurdycKoM cecrpe.
0 ^Sm? o BeHrepcKofl a^dyxe.
^eM? BeHrepcKoft aBTopy^Koft.
Ot Kord 3Ta aBTopy^Ka? ot BeHre"pcKoft ceCTpH.
1TO
flOKJia^,
3anricKa
KOMy
CJ< 6paT
t^y/ cecTpa
o ieM
rjiardji
a36yKa
ieM
KapaH^aifi
aBTopy^iKa
OT KOTO
$S 6PaT
£^ cecTpa
BonpocH
| Tape"]
1. KoMy^ oh nnjueT bosrapcKHft joicaafl?
2. KoMy oh nHmeT eojirap^CKyio sanHCKy?
3. 0 qeM oh nHmeT 6o.nrapcKoft cecipe?
4. 0 *ieM oh nnmeT OoardpcKOMy 6paty?
5. HeM? , / ,
6. MeM oh naneT SojirapcKOH cecTpe?
7. Ot koto 6oara.pcKaa aBTopysica?
8. Ot koto 6oarapcKH8 KapaHflam?
9. Kto IleTp?
10. 0 *ieM oh eMy nHmeT? t
11. 0 *ieM oh nHmeT ndjifeCKOft cecrpe?
12. ^to ^h na'aeT no'jtBCKOfi cecTpe?
13. A no'jifcCKOMy 6paTy?
14. ^6M?
15. Ot koto?
16. Ot koto nqjiBCKaa aBTopy^Ka? t
17. KoMy oh nHmeT o HeMei^KOM rjiaroae?
18. KoMy oh naraeT o HeMe'mcoft a36yKe?
19. Ot Koro HeMe'mcHH Kapan^am?
20. Ot Koro HeMenKaa aBTopy^Ka? /
21. 0 *ieM oh nnmeT MaKeacfacKHM KapaHflamoM?
22. 0 tieM OH HHHteT MaKefldHCKOH aBTOpyHKOH?
23. KoMy?
24. Hto oh eft nnaieT? / t
25. KoMy oh niiraeT MaKeflo'HCKHft soKJiafl?
26. HeM?
27. qeM^OH nnmeT pyMHHCKHft aokz&ji,?
28. KOMy?
29. Ot Koro pyMHHCKHft KapaH^am?
30. HeM oh nrfmeT pyMHHCKyio 3anHCKy?
31. KoMy? >
32. Ot kot6 pyMHHCKan aBTopywKa?

!"*n| -
-»(23-
WORKBOOKj SUMMARY AND REVIEW OF PRONOMINALS
Common Pronominals t
possessives
mo8 - my
TBoft - your
CBoft - one's own
Ham - our
Bam - your
[indeclinable^
ero' - his
ee - her
hx - their
demonstratives
^tot - this/that
tot - that
interrogatives
kto - who
ito - what
ueg - whose
others
o,hhh - one
Becb - all
Chart of Endings
Several of the above pronominals are declined in full on pp. 525-526,
The following chart summarizes the case endings.
H
B
P
R
n
T
M
-A.
C
i
1
1
-ovo
-Pray
-om
-im_
I
-a
-u_
-£i
Mh.
-±
I
-ix
-im
-ix
-imi
Direct cases
f Oblique cases
General Features
1. Direct - Oblique
The term direct case refers to the nominative and accusative;
The term oblique case refers to all others.
Pronominals have noun-like endings in the direct cases.
Moft , like KapaHflSLm ,has £
moh f like MamHHa , has a
etc.
"that" - relatively remote from the speaker
The pronominal ipe'infi (third) is not treated in this chapter. See p.S26.

H2H-
Pronominals have adjective-like endings in the oblique cases,
3Toro , like hoboto, has ovo
3Toft i like ho'boS , has o.i
etc.
2. Animate Accusative
Just as in nouns, the singular animate accusative masculine and
the plural animate accusative of all genders is like the genitive.
Ohh 3HaioT Hamero TOBapnna.
H^mnx TOBapninefi.
Ha'iHHX cecTep.
3. Special masculine nominative singular forms
a. o,n(n) h inserts h
b. B(e) cb, q(e)fi insert e
c. 9t (ot ) t( ot )add ot
d. k(to) m(to) add to
Exercise 1
Translate the words in
1. Oh iio'mhht... (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
2. Oh roBopuT o ..(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
parentheses into Russian.
my trolleybus)
my brother)
this comrade)
this good woman)
the whole brigade)
one fact)
one brother)
your brother)
this factory)
his [own] brother)
one park)
his compositions)
one car)
my comrades)
.( $aKT )
(continued)

3.
k.
5.
fl He Mory xhti
Oh ch^ht nepe,n
Ohh im'myT...
6e3
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
• • •
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
• •• (a) (mv comrades)
(this woman)
(her concrete-mixer)
(the whole detachment)
(one woman)
(our director)
(a) (my brother)
(vour sisters)
(his comrade)
(one woman)
(that brigade)
(vour comrade)
(this person)
(one nerson)
(this person)
( OTpifl )
-U25-
Adjustments in the Chart of Endings
1. Endings in i - instrumental singular masculine-neuter,
all plural endings.
a.
i-»n » endings in i soften preceding consonants.
3THM, 3TH , l^THX, #
OflHHM, OPH, OJHHX, etc.
b. i-» ei in four pronominals, 4, is always replaced by e.
sg. T)l. (instrumental)
Becb: BceM Bee, Bcex...
tot: TeM Te, Tex...
kto: Kew (nQ plurals)
tiTo: ^teM
2« o.1-» e.it after stems ending in a soft consonant or j, oblique
feminine o.i—» e.j. /
BceH, Moefi, CBoefi...
but - STOfi, OflHOH...
* In BamH, moh, "ibH, etc. i must in any case be spelled h.

-1+26-
Exercise 2
1. Oh chaht nepe^... (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
2. fl He Mory acHTb 6e3...
(this factory)
(mv wife)
(these factories)
(his brother)
(one building)
(the whole class)
(the whole brigade)
(a) (your sister)
(the whole brigade)
( Kjrarir: )
(c) (all these women)
M
B
P
fl
n
T
Exercise 3
Decline moh, gtot, Beet
moh
M C H Mh.
H
B
P
fl
n
T
H
B
P
fl
n
T
B(e)cb
M C
I
Mh.
9T( OT )
M C
3K
Mh.

-!|27-
Exercise 4
Decline kto (what), *ito (who), kto has animate ace,
m( to) k( to)
H
B
P
H
n
T
Exei
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
-cise 5
fl 3Haio, (whom)
Oh 3HaeT,(to whom)
(With what)
Oh 3HaeT,(about whom)
Mh 3HaeMf (about what)
3HaeTe jih bh, (with whom)
Mh 3HaeM,(what)
BH JIJ06HTe.
bh immeTe.
a 6vav nnca'Tb?
OH TOBOPHT.
OH TOBOPHT.
oh pa6oTaeT?
bh .ne'jiaeTe.
Exercise 6
1. OHa cmotpht Ha...
(a) (her old grandmother).
(b) (this prince)
(c) (these grandmothers)
(d) (this factory)
(e) (some comrades)
(f) (all the women)
(g) (everything)
(h) (the whole brigade) _
(i) (all the photographs)
(continued)

-1*28-
r- '
2, Ohh ctoht 3a... (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
3. OHa roBoprfT 0/06...
4, Mh XHBeM He^ajieKO ot
5. CnaBa... (a) (your ]
(b) (all tl
(c) ( our mi
(d) (this \
their brother)
their sisters)
that building)
'the whole nation)
the whole brigade)
our trolleybus)
'these women)
'all the grandmothers)
[a) (this prince)
b) (vour sister)
(c) (one woman)
Cd) (some women)
(e) (his brother)
... (a) (your doctor)
(b) (our factory)
(c) (these parks)
(d) (all the professors)
photographs)
tie grandmothers)
tishrooms)
woman)
■ i
1
1
1
1
i

-i+29-
NOUNS IN 6
Definition
"Noun in /£" means "noun whose nominative singular does not have a
visible ending". The final letter of the nominative singular may
be either a consonant or b .
flOM andyMHTejib both end in £,
Gender
Nouns in / are either masculine or feminine.
If the final letter of the nominative singular is a consonant,
they are masculine.
If the final letter of the nominative singular is b , they may
be either masculine or feminine.
Nouns
Exi
Final letter is
a consonant
All M
flOM
Final letter is b
,M , F
yiHTejifc jio'ma^b
Marking Gender
The gender of nouns whose final letter is fe will be shown as follows!
If the noun is feminine, ^ (for sce'HCKHft po,n ) will follow the
vocabulary entry: jio'ma^b }K
If the noun is masculine, no 3K will follow the vocabulary entryi
yMHTejib
Examples
po,n is masculine because it ends in A. not written with b.
KH«3b is masculine because it ends in j£_ written with b , but
is not followed by 3K.
pojib E is feminine because it ends in £. written with t and is
followed by 3K.

!+30-
Drill
What is the gender
Write M or F. Ansv
1- pOJI
2. nucaTejib
3. BepHOCTb 3K
k. HVJIb
6. HO^b SC
6. nopT$e'jib
7. MOOT
8. rjivnocTb SC
of
vers
the
are
following nouns,
on the right.
Answers
M
M
F
M
F
M
M
F
In fact, the gender of most nouns in t/ is predictable by the
following rules: ;
those in Tejib are M» yuHTejib, nucaTejib
those in octb are F: Be'pHOCTb, rjiynocTb
those in ^b are Fi MHmb, HOMb
Since H consonants are intrinsically either hard ( m, m,n) or soft
( n, m), the b has no effect on pronunciation. Its function here
is to show gender,
MHmb is F
KapaHflam is M
This leaves a small, but very common group of nouns in b whose gender
must be memorized.
Drill
Write M or F for
nouns
Write "?" for those
1. poji t
2. nucaTejib
3. rjivnocTb
k. HVJIb
6. acHTeJib
7. Be'pHOCTb
8. KOHb
9. cJiymaTeJib
10. nopT$e"jib
wh
wh
ose
ose gender
gender is
Answers
M
M
F
?
F
M
F
?
M
is predictable.
not.

-1+31-
The i-declension
Feminines in £ are declined differently from feminines in _a_.
jio^maflb 3K Transcription
B.
P.
n.
T.
jio'maAfc
Jio'maflH
Jidma^bio
This declension is called "the i-declension" because of the frequency
of "i_" as a case ending.
Drill 3
Give the genitive
following nouns.
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
BepHOCTb
nrfcaTejib
Hyjffe
Ho'tife 2C
nopT$ejib
raynocTb
K
3iC
singular
of
the

U32-
Drill 4
Translate into Russian.
1. Gladkov has a talking horse.
2. Gladkov loves his talking horse.
3. He writes to his talking horse.
4. He converses with ("co") his talking horse.
5. As a rule they talk about the life of a talking horse.
6. All the other horses are talking about Gladkov's talking
horse.
We have now completed the declension of Russian nouns.
H.
B.
P,
n.
T.
Complete Chart of Endings
MCI
Mh.
...ij.. %p
1
1
1
...ovo.••&
... onvu. •. u
••.om»..e*
.•.im.•.om
• • • 3. J £L • • • cL
• • •___• • •".
. • •___• • •_.
... o.i... e
.. •__• • .£_
_
£
i
ju_
• • • ___-• • * ^-/a
t
.. ,_x.. .j_7_i/ov
...im... am
...ix...ax
...imi...ami
ij+e-* i_+_

-^33-
MOJiOfleatb 3K - youth
Drill t Ha MeacflyHapoflHOM KOHrpecce MOJioaeacn
HejierarpiH oh^it TaKHM o'6pa30M:
BeHrepcKaa
MOJioji;exb
i 1
nojibCKaa
MOjiofleacb
1 1
©a©
cjiOBanKaa
MOJtojjexb
<r*
4T\
pyccKas
MOJicneacfe
6ojirapcKaa
Mojio^eacb
yKpaHHCKas
MOJioflexb
SeJiopyccKaa
MOJIO^eJKb
cjioBeHCKaa
MOjiojteacb
xopBaTCKaa
MOJioflexb
I
MaKeflcfHCKaa
MOJio^eacb
PyccKaa MOJiojjexb ch^ht okojio yKpaHHCKOft MOJioflexn.
Tjje chjiht pyMHHCKas MOJio^eatb?
J\a.jieK6 ot 6ojirapcK08 MOJiojje'xH.
BonpoeH
iTapej
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
0.
TJte
Fae
Tfle
Kto
Tae
Tfle
Kto
r*e
Kto
Tfle
ch,h;ht
CHflHT
CHflHT
CHflHT
CHflHT
CH.HHT
ch,hht
CHflHT
CHJIIT
CHflHT
-* —.
CoJirapcKan MOJiosexb?
pyMHHCKas MOJiojjexb?
yKpaHHCKaa MOJio^exb?
OKOJIO yKpaHHCKOft MOJIOJjeXH?
cepficKaa MOJiofleacb?
xopBaicKaa MOJiojjeacb?
flaaeKo ot BeHrepcKoft MOJio^exH?
BeHrepcKaa MOJiojjexb?
OKOJIO no'jIbCKOfl MOJIO^eXH?
nojibCKaa MOJioA^xb?
[ o'KOJto/flajieKd OT/Me'xfly ]

U3U—
Drill; Mojioaeacb
Tape
The questions on the tape are based on the diagram below.
C?
Symbolst
jiroStf-t- [koto] (£3/ b B0CT°Pre 0T [koto]
>/ (in ecstasy over)
^^~/\ nepe^aeT npHB^T [KOMy]
C^-^~^ (send greetings)
fn) roBopH+ o [kom] £& TpoHyia heu]
<¥/ L £-*>. (touched lay)

-1+35-
AD VERBS
Most adverbs are identical to the short-form neuter (i.e., adjective
stem + .0).
Adiective
HHTepe'CHHft
TpyflHHft (difficult)
irfxHfi (quiet)
xojio'^HHi! (cold)
TenJibifi (warm)
xopo'mHft
njioxdft
Adverb
HHTepe'CHO
T^VflHO
THXO
XOJTO^HO
Tenjid
xopomo
njioxo
IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
Contrast such sentences as«
(a)
It is located in the eity. (the factory)
It is in the garage, (the car)
It is well written, (the composition)
It is necessary to go.
(b) •( It's pleasant to see you.
It's difficlut to say.
Oh HaxoflHTCH b ropofle,
OHa b rapaace.
0h6 xopomo HanHcaHO.
Ha^o hath.
IlpHHTHO BHfleTL BaC.
Tpy'flHO CKa3£lTb.
In sentences (a), "it" is a pronoun, i.e., it takes the place of some
noun understood by the speaker. In Russian, "it" would be rendered
"oh " " OHa H and moho' ", depending on the gender of the antecedent.
In sentences (b), "it" is used to satisfy the requirement of English
that some word precede the verb. Russian has no such requirement.
Therefore, TpyflHO - it is difficult.
Since there is no subject expressed in Russian, these are termed
impersonal constructions.
Impersonal constructions have adverbs as their predicates.
TpyflHo - it is difficult
npHHTHO - it is pleasant
Tenji6 - it is warm
xo'jioflHO - it is cold
Certain adverbs are used exclusively in impersonal constructions.
Ha,no - it is necessary ; ^
Similar in meaning* HyxHO - it is necessary/needed
moxho - it is possible
HeJib3H - it is forbidden/impossible
Distinguish
HyacHo -adverb
HyxHO acHTb 3flecb.
H.yacHO - neuter short form of HyxHuii
(necessary) JIom HyaceH.
MamHHa HyxHa. HSjioko HyxHO.

1436-
The subject in impersonal constructions is expressed by the dative
MHe TpyflHO padoTaTb.
It is difficult for me to work.
case.
HaM HaflO hath.
It is necessary for us to go./We have to go.
Codaice npHj^THO h Tenjio TaM.
It is pleasant and warm for the dog there.
EMV XOJIOflHO.
(It is cold for him.) He is cold.
Dr
Tr
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
ill 5
anslate into Russian.
It is difficult for me to speak Russian.
It's very pleasant to see vou.
It's verv pleasant for us to see them.
It's very cold.
I am verv cold.
You can't smoke.
It is pleasant and warm for the dog under the table.
The past and future of impersonal constructions is expressed with
6hjio and 6y.neT.
Codaice 6hjio npHHTHO h Tenjio TaM.
(It was pleasant and warm for the dog there.)
MHe H^flo dy^eT padoTaTb 3aBTpa.
(I will have to work tomorrow.)

Practice with verb stems ending in3/c
-!+37-
Pasti ^, Jia, jio, jih
r pa 3+ (gnaw) rpbi3, rpbbjia, rpH3Jio, rpbfajm
noji3+- (crawl) noji3, noji3Jia, noji3Jid, noJi3Jiii
Hec+ (carry) Hec, HecJi^, HecJid, HecJiH
Infinitivet the ending is joined directly to the stem.
th if end-stressed noji3+ : noji3TH
ib if stem-stressed rpH3+ : rpH3Tb
Root H e in the infinitive
Be3t : Be3T^
Hed+ : HecTH
AcnHpaHT h co6a.Ka
Tape
Ilofl KpoBaTbio CH^djia codaica h rpH3Jia koctb. CoSaice 6h'jio npHHTHo
h Tenjrd TaM. Ha Kposam Jieacajr acnnpa'HT h rpM3 KapaH^am. Codaica
rpH3jia koctb, noTOMy ^to coSa'KH jik'Sht rpH3Ti ko'cth. Ohh" cuH-raioT k6ctyi
BKycHHMH. AcnHpaHT rpH3 KapaH^am, noTOMy uto oh toto'shjich k 9K3aMeHy.
HacKo'jibKO a 3Haio, acnnpa'HTH He c^HTdioT KapaHaamri BKycHHMH.
The Graduate Student and the Dog
Under the bed was sitting a dog and gnawing a bone. It was
pleasant and warm for the dog there. On the bed was lying a graduate
student and gnawing a pencil. The dog was gnawing the bone because dogs
like to gnaw bones. They consider bones delicious. The graduate
student was gnawing a pencil because he was preparing (himself) for
an examination. As far as I know, graduate students do not consider
pencils delicious.
BonpocH
j'J'apel
1. T^e CHfleJia cofiaKa? I" © I
2. IIo^eMy?
3. Hto' fle'jrajia codaica? 0=0
4. no<ieMy/? Q?
5. IloueMy? &
6. Tfle Jieacsui acnHpaHT?^
7. Hto oh ae'jiaji? o=Ot^
8. no^eMy?

-^38-
Non-Syllabics in a+
Verbs whose stems do not contain a vowel are called non-syllabic
verbs.
Non-Syllabic Syllabic
sc,H-a-i- (wait) nnc-a+
Non-syllabics in a+ do not have V+V mutation.
fl ac^y. t>ut nHmy
Oh aCjgeT. nilmeT
Non-syllabic verbs will be treated in detail in Volume II.
BepHag aceHa
MypaBeft noJi3 b rapaac. 3a hum noji3Jia ero aceHa. Ho^eMy Haflo dbijio hm
noji3Tii b rapaac?
EMy He Ha'flO fibfoio noji3TH b rapaac. Oh npdcro xoTejr noji3Tii b rapaac. Oh
flyMaji, sepoHTHO, ito b rapaace ac^yT ero TOBapnm,n. 3Hajr jih oh, uto b
rapaace ac.neT ero' MypaBbe'fl?
3a hum noJi3Jia erd aceHa. Oh^l 3Hajia, BepoHTHO, ^to b rapaace' atfleT hx
MypaBbe'fl. Ohsl CKa3eUia, sepon'THO, Myacy:
- "Pa^H 6o'ra, He noji3H b rapaac! TaM ac^eT Hac MypaBbe'fl."
Ho oh Bee paBHO noJi3 b rapaac, a OHa 3a hum. IloueMy Ha^o 6hjio eft hqjisth
3a hhm b rapaac? Eft He Ha^o Shjio.
KaK6ft rjiyimft Mypase'fi! KaK^H Be'pHaa aceHa! KaKaa rjiynocTb! KaKa.ii
Be'pHOCTb!
MypaBe'ft ncue3 b rapaace; 3a hum Hc^esjia ero' aceHa. fl cn^eji Ha Kpbime
rapaaca h th'xo njia^caji.

-h39-
The Loyal Wife
An ant was crawling to the garage. Behind him was crawling his wife.
Why did they have to crawl to the garage?
He didn't have to crawl to the garage. He simply wanted to crawl to
the garage. He probably thought that (his) comrades were waiting for
him in the garage. Did he know that an ant-eater was waiting for him
in the garage?
Behind him crawled his wife. She probably knew that an ant-eater was
waiting for them in the garage. She probably said to her husband»
- "For God's sake, don't crawl into the garageJ An ant-eater is
waiting for us there!"
But he crawled to the garage anyway/ all the same/ and she behind him.
Why did she have to follow him/crawl after him/ to the garage? She
didn't have to.
What a stupid ant! What a loyal wife! What stupidity} What loyalty!
The ant disappeared in the garage; after him disappeared his wife. I
sat on the roof of the garage and quietly wept.
Bonpocbi
i_Tap_e
1. ^to fle'jiaji MypaBe'ft?
2. Ky^si noji3Jia ero' aceHa?
3. no^eMy Ha,u,o 6hjio eMy /ioji3TH Ty^a?
4. IIoueMy oh noji3 b rapaac?
5. IIo^eMy OHa noJi3Jia 3a hum?
6. ^Td TaKo'e acH3Hb?
7. MeM OHa KOH^ae-rca? i /
8. nouewiy cuHTaeT imcaTejib MypasbH rjiynHM?
9. IIoqeMy c^HTaeT imcaTejib ero' aceHy Be'pHofl?
10. no^eMy th'xo njiaicaji imcaTejib?

Ritual 29
Tape
- KaK BaM HpaBHTCH
"g'tot rdpofl
Hama CTpaHa
uoA TeTH
Moe nepo'
KaK BaM CKa3aTb? Tpy^HO BHpa3HTb see, «o h>
uyBCTsyio. OH/oHa/oHd OKa3aji/a/o Ha MeHa orpoMHoe
h He3adHBaeMoe BneuaTjie'HHe.. .sne^aTJie'HHe, KOTopoe
TJiy60K6 H3MeHHJIO MOH B3TJlfip,U H MHe'HHfl. . .H3MeHrfjIO,
6htl MdaceT, HaBcerja. na'MHTb o a 6y^y
flo'jirne ro'flbi xpaHHTb h ijeHHTB.
,\
- How do you like | this city
our country
my aunt
.my pen
How can I put it? /how to tell you?/ It is
difficult to express everything I feel. It has made an
enormous and unforgettable impression on me... an
impression which has deeply changed my views and
opinions...changed (them) perhaps forever. The
memory of (about) I will keep and cherish for
years to come/for long years/.

Aki
The Verb Hfl+
The past tense and infinitive are irregular.
Pas.tt oh meJi, ohsl mjia, oh6 mjio, OHii hijih
Inf. i HflTrf
VERBS OF MOTION ( TJIArOJIH flBHMEHHH )
Verbs of motion often have no-as their perfective. We have hads
Hfl-t- go on foot
e'xa-»- go by vehicle
HecV carry by foot
Be3+ carry by vehicle
Bei;+ lead
noji3+ crawl
jieTe'+ fly
Oh nose 3 ee b flepe'BHio.
He took her to the country.
With these verbs, the prefix no-sometimes denotes the beginning of
motion.
Ohh nomJiH b jiec.
They started out for the woods.
Conjugation
Drills
Obstruent Stems
Svmbolsi
Kpafl +
Befl +
UBeT +
noJi3 +
Be 3 +
Hec' +
nei£ +
CTpar +
^
%
3>
K*
XT D^
*>
^p
m
(s.o. leading s.o.)
(a flower)
(an ant)
(a package in a car)
(s.o. carrying a package)
(pirozhki) t
(hair)

It 1*2-
1 fJape-|
1. Present
Rememb
1-^fe
-^
3-fc
*• %
2. Past Te
!..>
2. .^&
'"ft
*'%
5. ^
6. f
7. #
8. #
; Te
nse
A/'
3/C
r/i
nse
all are eT -verbs
no V+V mutation
ice—* ue
5-
6
7.
8
r
4>
9.
£P
4^ ii
^ 12
M H C
ji
t
jra
jra
JIO
JIO
9. £>
10-^
1U4S
12. <^j
13. £d
-• %
15' 4?>
16. £
£
£P>
■43
• 9>
■ 2>
Mh.
JIH
JIH
C +
nc
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24-.
13. #0
Ik. ^7
15. #
16. $£
c-+ tfc
C+C-* #C
op
J&
&
i
€
^
9°
%

3. Present and Past Tense
• $d
,. *0
17.
%
2* fr
3- ^
*• ^>
5. ^>
6- ^^
7- ^7
8. 4^
. Infinitive
Vt
(C) TH
"• <£>
"' 4^
12-<^>
"• %
»■#
15- #
-• ^
3/c r/K
TH Ub
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
2k.
9,
&
&
O
<P
<3p
£p>
when unstressed th-
root e—* e
Tb
Listen
1. IloqeMy OHa rpH3e"T koctb? Eh Hajo rpH3Tb koctb.
2. " oh^l noJi3eT b napK?
3. " OHa' HeceT KHHry?
4. " mh HeceM naiceT?
5. " bh sefleTe cefia xopomo?
6. " r se^y ce6a xopomo? f
7. " HhkojicIh Kpa^eT KapaH^amH?
8. " cecTpa CTpnaceT cboh fljiHHHHe bojioch?
9. " cecTpa neueT nupoacKH?
10. " 9ia He3a6y^,Ka ijBeTeT? (forget-me-not)

IlepBaH jnodo'Bb
Tape
C ypoKa rajia ^e'ByraKa. t 3a Heft meji napeHb. Oh Hec ee khkth. Ha'^o
Sbijio eMy HecTH ee khhth? Ax, Hex! Oh xoTe'ji HecTH ee KHHrn. Oh
jik>6hji ee.
Ky^a oh Hec ee khhYh? B MamHHy. Ohh exajm, e'xajiH... H3 ro'pofla b
flepeBHio. Oh noBe3 ee b Tri'xoe m^cto b .nepe'BHe. IlOMeMy oh noBe3 ee
b ^epeBHio? Ha'^,0 6hjio eMy Be3TH ee b ^epe'BHio? Ax, HeT! Oh xoTe'ji
Be3TH ee b ^epe'BHio. IIo^eMy OHci exajia c hhm b ^epeBHio? Ha^o Su'jio eft
exaTb c hhm b .nepe'BHio? Ax, HeTt OHa xOTe'jia e'xaTb c hhm b flep^BHio.
0, HeacHaa JiroSoBb! 0, MMjias xepe'BHa!
Ohh nonuiH b jiec.
B jiecy UBeJia nocjie^HHH He3a6jf;n,Ka ro'^a. OHa" nocMOTpeJia Ha He3a6y^Ky
h 3anjidKajia.
- "He njia^b, MHjiaa! He nJia^b, floporas! rioieMy mia^emb? Hto'
CJiy^HJiocb? HtcS h cfle'jiaji? ^t6 CKa3a'ji?"
— "F^e He3a6^,5KH nponuiofi He^e'jiH? Ohh uBejin, u,BejiH... h Ten^pb
Bee Hcie'3JiH. ^epe3 He,n,ejno HCie3HeT a * a'Ta nocJie'^Haa; HesaSy^Ka.
Bee Hcie3aeT. H Hama jiK>66Bb, KOTOpan UBeTeT, KaK He3a6y^Ka, -
^epe3 Mecau;.. .qepe3 ro^. .. Hcie'sneT h* OHa..
IIo ee MHJioMy jihii;^ tckjih rdpbKHe cjie3H. Ee ropbKHe cjie3bi nonajin Ha
He3a6y^Ky h HC^esJiH.
Ax, nepBaa jiioSo'Bb! Ax, HeacHaa jnofiOBb!
h - to show emphasis

First Love
A girl was going from class. Behind her went a young lad. He
was carrying her books. Did he have to carry her books? Oh,
nol He wanted to carry her books. He loved her.
Where was he carrying her books? To the car. They drove and
drove...from the city to the country. He drove (transported)
her to a quiet place in the country. Why did he drive her to
the country? Did he have to drive her to the country? Oh, nol
He wanted to drive her to the country. Why did she go with him to
the country? Did she have to go with him to the country?
Oh, nol She wanted to go with him to the country. Oh, tender
love! Oh, dear countryl
They set out on foot for the woods.
In the woods the last forget-me-not of the year was blooming.
She looked at the forget-me-not and burst out crying.
-"Don't cry, honeyl Don't cry, dearie! Why are
you crying? What happened? What have I done?
What have I said?"
—"Where are the forget-me-nots of last week? They
blossomed, blossomed...and have now all disappeared.
In a week, this last forget-me-not will also disappear.
Everything disappears. And our love, which blossoms
like a forget-me-not...in a month...in a year...
it too will disappear."
Bitter tears flowed along her dear face. Her bitter tears fell
onto the forget-me-not and disappeared.
Oh, first lovel Oh, tender love!
BonpocH
Tape
1. OTKy^a mjia fle'Bymica?
2. IIo^eMy OHa He Hec.ua cbohx khht?
3. IIo^eMy Hajo 6ujio eu$ HeCTH ee KHiirH?
4. IIo^eMy oh nee hx?
5. Kyfla^ oh Hec hx?
6. IIo^eMy Hajo Shjio eMy HeCTH hx b MamHHy?
7. Ky^a OHrf noe'xanH?
8. IkmeMy Ha^o 6h'jio efi exaTb b ^epeBHio?
9. Ky.ua ohh nonum?
10. Pfle UBejia He3a6y,mca?
11. r,ne flpyrae He3a6y^KH?
12. IIoieMy ohh hc^3Jih?

-UU6-
CoBeTCKufi rpaacjaHHH BCTpeuaeT aMepHKaHCKoro T.ypHCTa
Tape)
Bot mh Ha KpacHoft njidma^H! CoBe'TCKHfi rpaac^aHHH BCTpe'ja'eT
aMepHKaHCKoro TypHCTa.
CoBeTCKHft rpaac^aHHH1 : dcaacrfTe, noacaJiyHCTa, bh He HH0CTpa.Heii?2
KaK Bama $aMHJiHfl?
AMepHKaHCKHfi Typn'cT^ : Moh/ $aMHjiHH flacoHC.
C: ri03Bo'jibTe npe^CTaBHTbCfl! MeHH 30Byr AjieKcaH^p HBa'HOBHq
rjia^Ko's. 4
A: CfaeHb npHHTHO II0 3HaKo'MKTbCfl.
C: CfaeHb pa,n,.
A: H Tdace.
C: CKaxcHTe, rocnoflHH HacoHC, KaK BaM HpaBHTCH MocKBa?
A: KaK BaM cKa3aTb? Tpy^HO Bbipa3HTb Bee, mo a. ^yBCTByio. OHa'
OKa3ajia Ha MeHH orpoMHoe h He3adHBaeMoe BneiaTJieHHe...
BneiaTJidHHe, KOTdpoe rJiydoKO H3MeHHJio moh bstjih^h h MHe'HHH...
H3MeHHJio, dHTb MoaceT, HaBcer,n;a. IlaWTb o Mocbk^ h dy^y
fldjirne ro'^H xpaHHTb h ijeHHTb.
C: r^e bh HayiiijiHCb roBopHTb no-pyccKH? Bh, KOHerao, cjiaBHHCKOro
npoHcxoac^dHHH.
A. Ha *rvd bh! H 3aHHMa'iocb pyccKHM h3Hkom Bcer6 TOJibKO o^hh ro,n,
c nojiOBHHOH, TaK hto H eqe He npHBHK BHpaaca'Tb cboh iWcjih no-
pyccKH. IIpocTHTe MeHH 3a njioxdfi fl3HK h Henpa'BHJibHoe npon3-
HomeHHe!
C: A, Hao6op6T! Bh otjihiho BJia^e'eTe pyccKHM H3HK0M.
A: CnacHdo 3a KOMiuiHMeHT!
C: He ctoht dJiarofla'pHOCTH.
Female counterparts:
^rpaac^aHKa 2HH0CTpa.HKa TyprfcTKa AjieKcaH^pa HBaHOBHa TJia^KOBa
pa^a

A Soviet Citizen Meets An American Tourist
Here we are on Red Square. A Soviet citizen meets an American
tourist.
Soviet Citizen: Tell me, please, aren't you a foreigner?
What's your name?
American Tourist: My name is Jones.
S: Allow me to introduce myself. My name is Aleksandr
Ivanovich Gladkov.
A: It's very pleasant to make your acquaintance,
S: I'm very happy (to meet you).
Ai Me, too. (I also)
S: Tell me, Mr. Jones, how do you like Moscow?
A: How can I put it? It is difficult to express everything
I feel. It has made an enormous and unforgetable
impression on me.,,an impression which has deeply changed
my views and opinions... changed them perhaps forever.
The memory of Moscow I will keep and cherish for years
to come.
3i Where did you learn to speak Russian? You are of course of
Slavic origin.
A« Aw, go onl I've been studying Russian in all for only a year
and a half, so that I still haven't become accustomed to
expressing my thoughts in Russian. Forgive my bad Russian
and incorrect pronunciation.
S« But, on the contrary! You speak Russian very fluently
/you splendidly control the Russian language/.
A: Thank you for the compliment.
Si You're welcome. /It's not worth thanks/
"for" is rendered either %jm or 3a.
,5Ji.H - means "for" in the sense of "for the benefit of"
3to no^apoK ^jin Bac.
3a - means "for" in the sense of "in exchange for"
cnacrieo sa KOMnjiHMeHT

-UU8-

-«mm i«p
-1*1*9-
Preposition Drill : ro'po^; FydKHHrpa^
Vocabulary«
Momajb K - square
yjiima - street
npocneKT - avenue
fiyjibBap - boulevard
flopo'ra - road, highway
naWTHHK [KOMy] - monument
6n6jinoTeKa - library
oficepBaTo'pHH - observatory
flOM-My3^fi* - home-museum
Symbolst
Me'acxy [ieM]
o'kojio [iero]
Be>t k [ieMy]
(lead towards)
iepe3 [ito]
(through)
Answer the following questions based on the map on p.448.Check your
answers on p. 571,
1. ■ ' '
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
10
11
Kafcaff njioma^b - ueHTp rdpo^a?
r^e ctoht naWTHHK PyfiKHHy?
Ky^a BejeT rySicHHCKHft SyjiBBap ?
Ky,nd H^,eT TpojuieftSyc HOMep 1?
T,ne ctoht ^0M-My3efi TydicHHa? /
P^e PlHCTHTyT CJiaBHHCKHX H3UKOB?
T^e PydKHHCKaa jfjiHua?
Ky^a BefleT BjiHHCKaa .nopo'ra?
Ky.ua Be^eT BeTOHHas y\nHu;a?
, P,ne ctoht naMHTHHK Iflyjibiiy?
Txe m6)kho HaflTH nocjie'flHHe KHHrn o SeTOHOMemajiicax?
I 12. Mexjuy KaKHMH z^hhumh HaxdRKTca CeTo'HHaa 6n6jittOTeKa'?
^ 13. P^e ctoht SeTOHOMemajiKH?
* 14. T^e pa6c$TaK>T deTo'Hm.HKH h 6eTo'Hm,Hu;H?
15. Ffle paSoTaji npofje'ccop Ulyjit>n,?
16. T^e TeMHHfi jiec?
17. Tfle h364?
18. Pxe CTOrfT JlyHHaa odcepBaTo'pHH HMeHH PaiceTHOH He'HmHHH?
19. Ky^a seflei JlyHHHH npocne'KT?
20. P^e ctoht paxeTHHe 3aBo'flH? /
21. P^e paS^TaioT paxeTHHe HHacenepH?
22. P^e flOMa paiceTHHX HHaceHe'poB?
23. P^e paKe'THbie JtadopaTdpHH?
24. T^e paxeTHHe rapara?
25. T^e MaiHHU paice'THHx HHaceHe'poB?
It is common in the Soviet Union to convert the living quarters of
famous men into museums, e.g.,
flOM-My3e'g HagKo'BCKoro, KBapTHpa-My3efi (apartment-museum) riymKHHa,
and even capaS-wyse'S (barn-museum) and majia'in-My3eH (haystack-mus.)
Jle'HHHa, where he was in hiding from the tsarist police in 1917*

-ij-50-
26. OTKyfla h icyM HfleT Tpojureft6yc HdMep 11?
27. Kya^i Be^eT BojidTHaa y\HHu;a?
28. r^e peciopaH ".Hpyxda"?
29. 3a KaKHM 3^aHHeM HaxoflHTCH Bejn6coe BjMHCKoe Gojio'to?
30. Ky^a Be^ei BojidTHHft npocnekT?
31. r^e Haxo^HTCH ruflpocraHijHH?
32. Kaic68 npocn^KT BeaeT k ijeHTpajibHOMy ndpicy KyjibTypH h OTflbixa
liweHH Ty6KHHa?
33. T^e xhbjtt Trirpbi?
34. r^e Haxd^HTCH soona'pK?
35. Kaicdft SyjiBBap Be^eT k BjiHHCKoft Typd^se?
36. r^e Haxd^HTCH ndqTa?
37. Ky,a;a Be^eT Typda^HHft dyJibBSip ?
38. OTKy^a h Kyfld n^ei Tpojui^ftdyc HdMep 7?
39. Tfle BejiHKOe EjiHHCKoe Mdpe?
40. Tfle XHByT kht6?
41. r^e OT^HxaroT TyprfcTH?
42. Kyja Be^ei PopHbifl npocn^KT?
43. r,ne Haxd^H^CH HHCTHiyT peK, KaH^Jios, h flpyrrfx acrf^KHX Tea?
44. r,ne iihk IHyjii»u;a?
45. OTKy^a h Ky^a Te^eT Bjihh?

WORKBOOK! SUMMARY OF CONJUGATION
A. Chart
Vowel-Stems
all suffixed
rOBOpH- ] nT_vbs.
flepaca+ J
nHc#-v-
nopo-»-
Tpi6oBa+
npHBHKHyl
menHy+
eT-vbs.
A/i
3/c
t/k
6
Consonant-Stems
Suffixed
^ejiafi+
KpaCH^fi-t-
Radical
Resonant
aci?B+
MHH+
Obstruent
: Be^t+
: Hec+
• neK+
: rped+-
B. Symbols
Vj vowel; Cj consonant
Rt resonant consonants ( Pi, b,p,ji,m,h)
Ob« obstruent consonants (fl,T,3,c,6,n,r,K,x )
R-stem» a stem ending in a resonant consonant
Ob-stemt a stem ending in an obstruent consonant
Suffixed: a stem with a suffix
Radicals a stem with no suffix
+1 end of stem
Mi in s 1 m
Ki k r x ck
(Unstressed e is spelled ei BeJi—BeJia; acHBe'T—CTaneT )

-1*52-
C. Endings
V-endings
H
TbI
OH
MH
Bbl
OHH
(present
HT-verbs
1»
nmfa
HT
HM
HTe
1 HT
and
future perf
eT-verbs
2
enib
eT
6M
eTe
2 yT
1. After H , ro and a are spelled y and at moji^h-ho/ht-* mojii^, mojitoi
2. 8 +y is contracted to » » ^yMaSw-y—*• .nyMaro
C-endings
Pasti ji, jia, jio, jih
Inf.» Tbexcept Ob-stems which have TH or Tb i depending on
the stress.
D. Joining Rules
1. Addition. V-stems join endings beginning in consonants (past/
infinitive) by simple addition, represented by the
formula 1V+C-»VCM « .
roBopn+ji—* roBoprfji: nuca+Tb-* racaTb
C-stems join endings beginning in vowels (present)
by simple addition, represented by the formula
lfe+V-£rCVh
acuB+y—»■ acHBy: .ne'-ttaft-t-y-*- .ne'jiaio
2. Truncation. V-stems join endings beginning in vowels (present)
by dropping the final stem vowel, represented by th-
formula 1V+V-* W1 t
roBoprf+io—* roBopifi
MOJUia+HT—*• MOJI1HT
na'xHy* ei-* naxHei
nHca^yT—»• nrimyT
C-stems join endings beginning in consonants (past/
infinitive) by dropping the final stem consonant,
represented by the formula IC+C-» #C 1 J
.ne'jiaH-t-Ji—» .ne'jiaji
2CHB*Tb—* XHTb
Be^tJi—* Be-tt
nilfitTb-* nHTb

-1)53-
Thereforei
Past & Infinitive endings
are joined to V-stems directly
are joined to C-stems with accompanying
truncation
Present endings
are joined to consonant stems directly
are joined to vowel stems with accompanying
truncation
3. Departures from the joining rules.
(l) Stems in OBa + -» yg before vowel endings 1
TpeSoBa ■+ y-* Tpe'SyS ■*■ y = Tpe6y»
V+C—► VC nuca+Tb—»■
nHca'Tfc
C+C-* #C aci?B-+Tb-*
aCHTfe
C+V—* CV acHB+y-
:a>j
nnmy
KHBy
V+V-* yV nHcaVy-*
OBa
yft
(2) Some stems in Hy(calledHy ) drop Hyin the past tense, and
are then treated as if they ended in consonantst
npHBHKHy + past tense -* npHBbiK + past tense, dphbuk
is treated like any stem in k ( npuBHK, npHBbbcjia, i.o, jih )
(3) Stems in Hftdrop h before vowel endings«
iihh + y—» nfcg+ y written ntio
fltft .» y _» hfi ■» y '
{k) Stems in h8 change h to 0 before vowel endings 1
mhB ■+ y—» moh ■» y written udio
uPi
08
(5) Ob-stems undergo the following changes before consonant endings
All» root ei -*• e in the infinitive: Be3+TH —» Be3TH
Stems inrA t Inf. qfe past jij jia, jio, jih
6eper+ 6epe/n>: 6eper, SeperJia, Seperjio', SeperJirf
Stems ins/ct Inf. th past j£, jia, jio, jih
Be3+ b^3Th: Bes, Be3Jia, Besjso', Be3JiH
Stems in j/t: Inf. th and preceding cons.—* c; Past C+C-* (Z'C
B'ep+ B_ecTH: Bfeji, BeJi^i, BeJid, sejiH
Summarized"by the following chart:
Inf.
Past
t/k
Ife
JL
3/c
TH
L
a/t
( c)th
JI
When unstressed
(see par. F k below
TH—^ Ti
Stems in Hyl become radical in the past tense, and form past
tense as do Ob-stems.

-U5U-
E. V+V Mutation
In the environment V+V (vowel stem + present ending), the final
consonant of the stem may mutate as follows: Liquids
Dentals -» H Labials add Jib Velars —» M soften
A
X.
T
U
3
ac
c
m
CT
m
6
6jlb
n
njib
B
BJIb
*
$JIb
M
MJIb
K
^
r
3C
X
m
CK I! JI
m | jib
P
Pb
Endings. Such mutation occurs:
(1) When joining 1st person singular ending to ht-verbs*
(2) When joining any vowel ending to nuca -verbs (defined as stems
in a+ not preceded by H-or ob- and as stems in o+).
All consonant groups mutate in naca- verbs.
Dentals: naca+ numy, nHmemb,...
Velars: njiaKa+ ~n]id^yf~"nji^ei,.. .
Labials: ,npeMa+ jypeMJiio, ypeMjiemb, ♦..
Liquids: nopo+ nopio, ndpemb, ...
Velar and liquid mutation is irrelevant for ht -verbs because:
(1) no HT-verbs have velar as final stem consonant
(2) liquids are already soft ( roBopn-t-, Bejie-^ and the products
of liquid softening and mutation are identical.
F. Stress
1. C+V stress. Stress is fully automatic in the present of
consonant stems.
(a) Stems in # and h are stem-stressed in all persons.**
3HaS+ 3Haro, 3Haemb,...
dam- CTa'Hy, CT^Hemfc,...
(b) Stems in any other consonant are end-stressed in all persons.
Kpajj-*- Kpasy, Kpajjemb,...
Where stress mark is entered for consonant stems, it does not
show present stress, but past stress. Ignore the stress mark
in assigning present stress of consonant stems.
1. V+V mutation also occurs in stems ending in h+:
(a) when joining imperfective suffixes ( treated in Volume II)
(b) when joining past passive participle suffix and the noun formed
from it (see Appendix)
2. CS stems have the mutation %-*■ am and t-*> m, (treated in Volume II
3. Ke does not exist in Russian, and He appears instead. Thus, neKy,nV
«ieT is not the result of V+V mutation, but of a general mutation
affecting all words of Russian.
** Stems in nft+ which lose their stem vowel in the present, are
necessarily end-stressed in the present: nHftt ntio, nhemb,...
They remain so even when prefixed: nponnft+ nponbi6, nponbemb, ...

-!+55-
Following each section on stress there is a short exercise for
illustrative purposes. The answers are given.
Exercise 1
Give 1st person singular.
1. noji3-f
2. rpH3+
3 • nji3B+
Mark stress.
^. nepeacHB-t-
5« Ofl^H+
Answers
1. noji3y k. nepeacHBy
2. rpH3y 5. cueHy
3. nJiHBy
2. V+C stress. Stress may not shift in the past of vowel stems.
The mark x , which shows stress shift, has no relevance in
stressing the past of vowel stemst
xojS+ xoflHJia; imca+ nucajia; CMOTpl+ CMOTpe'jia.
3. Stress shift.
(a) Stress shift may occur only in environments where truncation
may also occur, i.e., C+C and V+V. Therefore, it may occur
only in the past of C-sterns and the present of V-stems.
(b) Stems with stress-shift in the past are entered with the
mark -* . Stems with stress-shift in the present are
entered with the mark * .
(c) Past shift takes the form: feminine end-stressed, other past
forms stressed on root or prefix.
acHB-f : acuji, acHji^, schjio, acftjin BUT scHBy, acuBemb, .. .
npoacHB* : npoatuji, npoacujia, np6acHjio, np6acmin BUT npoacHBy,
npoacuBemb, .
Present shift takes the forms 1st sing, end-stressed, other
persons shift stress to preceding syllable.
xoflS+ xoacy, xo'flHinfe, xo^ht... BUT xo^hji, xo^HJia, xo^hjio...
No other stress shift patterns occur.
Therefore:
In vowel stems, the mark x shows present shift. Moreover,
it shows which vowel is stressed in the past/infinitive.
In consonant stems, the mark •*■ shows past shift. It has
no relevance at all for the present tense, and must be ignor-
ed in assigning present stress. For polysyllabic stems in P&
T~a,ejiaH + , ^HTaft* ), the stress mark shows which vowel of the
stem is stressed in both present and past. None have stress
shift.

Exercise 2
Give 1st and 3rd person
1st se.
1. JIOBH+
singular, fern.
"3rd s£.
and neuter past.
fern, past neut.
»
past
2. CJIHB-*
3. nepescuB*
^. xoxoTa-*-
-
Answers
1.
2.
3.
k.
JIOBJIK),
CJIHBy
nepeacHBy,
xoxo^iy,
JIOBHT, JIOBHJia,
cjiuBeT, cjiHJia,
nepe»CHBeT, nepe^njia',
xoxd^ieT, xoxoTajia,
JIOBHJIO
CJIHJIO
ne'peacmio
XOXOT^JIO
Ob-stem stress. Ob-stems do not have stress shift; consequently,
they are never entered with -* . Their past tense forms may be
either end-stressed (with inf. th ) or stem-stressed (with inf. u.:,
If end-stressed in the past, final consonant has stress mark; if
stem-s,tressed in the past, root vowel has stress-mark.
Be^+ BeJi, BeJia, Bejid, Bejin': BecTH
Kpafl* Kpaji, Kpajia, Kpajio, Kpajin: KpacTb
Remember; Present forms are end-stressed regardless of stress
mark. Kpa^y, Kpa^enib
Exercise 3
Give 1st and 2nd person sing.;
1st eg. 2nd sg.
!• noaMeTf ,
masc, fern., and neuter past.
m. past f. past n. past
2. npona,n,+
3» npoacHB+
4. ycne"K+
5» npopy6H+
I ____^^__^_______
Answers
1.
2.
3.
k.
5.
no,nMeTy , noflNieTemb, nonwea, no^MeJia,
npona^y, npona^emb, npon^ji, npona'jia,
npoxHBy, npoHCHBemb, npdscHji, npoacnjia\
ycneio, ycn^emb, ycneji, ycne'jra,
npopy6jii6, npopy6Hrab, npopySHji, npopy6rfjia,
nop,ueji6,
nponajio,
npdacHJio,
ycneio,
npopy6rfjio,

•smm ^#
-1)57-
G. The Stem-Types
Suffixed
roBopH+. Stems in n + ,
Mutationi V+V mutation in 1st person sing.
Stressi Mobile ( Kyp#+), stem ( CTaBH+) or end (roBopH + ).
cHae+. Stems in e+.
Mutationi V+V mutation in 1st person singular.
Stresst Almost all are end-stressed.
MQjma+. Stems in Ha+.
Mutationi None, since H does not mutate.
Stressi Almost all are end-stressed.
nnca+. Stems in a+ but not Ha+ or OBa +.
Mutationi V+V mutation before any vowel ending.
Stressi Most have mobile stress ( nnca"+) ,
Some are stem-stressed ( nji^Ka+) ,
None are end-stressed.
nopo +. Stems in o+. 5 stems, all of whose final cons, is p or -n
Mutationi V+V mutation before any vowel ending.
Stressi All have mobile stress.
Tpe6oBa+. Stems in OBa+,
Mutationi OBa -*■ yft before any vowel ending.
Stressi End ( naKOBa+) or root ( Tpe/6oBa+) .
npnBHKHy+. Stems in Hy1.
Mutationi Hy drops in past, and )6,Jia,jio,jih are joined to
stem.
Stressi All are root-stressed.
mPTTHy+. Stems in Hy2.
Mutationi None.
Stressi End ( menHy +) or root ( TpdHy+).
jejiaM+. Stems in afi+. No mutation or stress shift.
KPacHeM+. Stems in eft +. No mutation or stress shift.
Radical - Present stress is automatic
R-stems. Stems in ft, b, m, h, p, ji
Mutationi None, except 2 special groups below.
Past stressi Mobile ( :sci?B+) or root ( mh8+) . If mobile,
may be on prefix ( ne*peacnB +)

-1*58-
Two special groups of R-stems
iihh+. Stems in hh+.
Mutationi hh—4 feft before vowel endings.
mhh+. Stems in hh + .
Mutationi hh-* oft before vowel endings.
Ob-stems. Stems in t/k, 3/c, ,h/t, 6.
Mutation: In infinitive, root e —> e.
Past stress: End-stressed (6eper+ Be 3V B'e&+ rpe6+)
Root-stressed (CTpHr+ rpu3+ Kpa^+ )
Sub-types
6eper+. Stems in v/k (6eper+, CTpHr+, neK+- )
Inf.1 qb replaces t/k
Past: _£,jna,jio,jiH added to stem.
(Present:Ke —* He everywhere in Russian. Thus 6epe«eT,
ne^ieT )
_jBe_3+. Stems in 3/c ( Be3+, rpH3+, ne6+ )
*Inf.a th or tb added to stem.
Past: jf, jia,jio,JiH added to stem.
Befff. Stems in a/? (Bei-c, Kpa,n,+ , Nief+ )
*Inf.: th or ti 1 a/t -* c.
Past: ji, Jia, jho,jih with C+C truncation.
rpe6 + . Stems in 6.
*Inf.: th or Tb j 6—* c.
Past: j!>, jia, jio,.iih added to stem.
* th- if the past is end-stressed,

WORKBOOKt STEM DEDUCTION
Dictionaries enter verbs by their infinitives. Unfortunately,the
infinitive rarely supplies enough information for producing all of
the other forms. For example, the infinitive MemaTb - "to hinder"
could have a present NiemaeT (like cjiymaeT ) or MemHT (like
cjnimHT ), depending on whether the stem is Niemaft + or Mema +, The
stem is in fact Niemann- and the present is therefore NiemaeT ,
Another example» the infinitive npaiaTb - "to hide" could have a
present npHTaeT (like HmaeT) , or np^neT (like me'iraeT ), depending
on whether the stem is npiTaft + or np«Ta +, The stem is in fact
npaTa + and the present is therefore npn^eT.
For this reason, learner's dictionaries will often give several forms
in addition to the infinitive. They almost always give too much
information to memorize.
For example,
nucaTb, numy, nHmemb, nrimyT, nnca.n, nHcajia
jiiodHTb, jho6jiio, JnoQumb, jh66ht, jik6hji, Jno6H.ua
scuTb, acuBy, acHBenib, schb^t, xhji, scujia
From the many forms which are given, there is a single stem form, from
which all other forms can be deduced.
1. How to determine the stem
(a) cut off -Tb from the infinitive:
nnca|Tb
JIK)6H|Tb
XI^Tb
(b) cut off the 3rd pl0 ending»
nwdyT
jikC aT
acnEyT
(c) compare the two variants«
iinca
jhoQh
IH
IIHC
JIK>6
KHB
Regular dictionaries give only the infinitive«, This problem will
be dealt with in the Appendix,

-U6o-
(d) the longer of the two is the stemt hence imca*-, jiio6h+, 3chb+.
The mutations c-*> m and 6-* 6jii> are fully predictable from the
rules which you have learned.2
More examples
Dictionary entry>
cuacy
CHpnb
ch^(ht
cn.ne.ii
CHflejia
Stem (the longer of the two)«
cn,ne+
Dictionary entry»
HCMe3Hy)Tb
Hc^e3H,y
HCie3Heib
HCMe3HlyT
Kcies
nc^e3Jia
Stem In this case there are
three possible stems.
The longer of the three
is:
Hcqe3Hy+
For verb forms ending in "aiOT" or "eioT" the ending is always vjr,
preceded by fi:
Stem
"^KTaft + yT
KpacHe|Tb, KpacHe^T
"KpacHeM + yT"
KpacHeftf
(the longer of the two)
Why is it that the longer of the two variants is the stem? In most
verbs there is truncation in some forms. The longer variant (e.g.,
naca , jik)6h,:khb) is the one that has not been truncated and hence is
the stem (called "the full stem" in the linguistic literature).
Since mutation occurs only where there is truncation, the longer forir
will always be the unmutated one.

-U6i-
Exercise 1
Deduce the stem from the following sets of verb entries.
Mark stress.
Stem
1. nojiyqaTb, nojiy^aro, nojiy^aerab, noJiy^aioT,
nojiy^aJi, nojiy^^Jia (receive)
2. BH3SCa/Tfe, BH3acy, BH3*Hinb, BH3X4T, BH3KajI,
BH3ac^jia (squeal)
3. nepedaTb, nepecraHy^ nepecTaHemb, nepeciaHVT,
nepecT^Ji, nepecrajia (stop)
4. SBeHeTb, 3BeHl6, 3BeHHfflb, 3BeHHT, 3BeJiejI,
3Bejie'jia (ring)
5. xojiOfle/Tb, xojio^eio, xojiofle'emb, xoJio^eioT, xojiofleji,
xojiofl^Jia (grow cold)
6. ofl^Tb, OfleHy, o^eHemb, o^e'HyT, or4ji, o^eJia
(put on)
7. jiaaTb, jiaio, Jiaemb, jiaioT, jiami, JiaaJia (bark)
8. 6acT0BaTb, 6acTyio, dacTyemb, 6acryioT, 6acT0Baji,
dacTOBsLna (strike)
Pay particular attention to the stress of the following
verbs in entering the stems.
9. nojiy^HTb, nojiy^iy, nojiy^nmb, nojiyuaT, noJiy^HJi,
nojiyqHJia (receive)
10. xpaHHTb, xpaHi6, xpaHHmb, xpaHHT, xpamfji,
xpaHHJia (save)
11. BepnTb, Bepio, BepHfflb, Be'paT, Be'pmi, Be'pujia
(believe)
12. CJIMTb, CJIMB^, CJIHBemb, CJIHBy'T, CJIbLH, _____
cjiHjia', cji_f.nn (be reputed)
13. npoxHTb, npoacuBy, npoacHBemb, npoacuByT, npdxHJi* _^
npoacujia, npo'acmiH (live a certain period of time)
14. H33CHTb K3MB^, H3-KHBeiHb , H3JKHByT, H3X.YUI, H3KHJia
(overcome)
(continued)

U62-
In stems where consonant mutation occurs, the longer variant
always contains the non-mutated form.
Stem
15. rpo3HTb„ rpoacy, rpo3Hmb, rpo3HT, rpo3HJi,
rpos&Jia (threaten)
16. JieT^Tb, Jie^y, jieTiiinb, JieTHT, JieTe"ji, •neTe'jia
(fly)
17. rjio^a'Tb, rjioacy, rjioacerab, rJidacyr, rjioflaji,
rjio^ajia (gnaw)
18. nopdTb, nopio, ndpemb, ndpKT, nopoji, nopojia
(thrash)
19. CKaKan, CKaqy, CKskemb, cicaqyT, CKaicaji,
dcaicajia (jump)
2. If the verb is an Ob-stem, an alternative method is used for
determining the stem. Ob-stem infinitives are easy to spot. Unlike all
other verbs, their infinitives do not end in a vowel + Tb.
KpacTb (infinitive ends in a consonant +tb )
BecTH (infinitive ends in th )
ne^ib (infinitive ends in vb )
For Ob-stemsj
(a) Stem-consonant
The stem consonant can always be deduced from the 3rd pi.
Dictionary entry:
KpacTb, Kpa^y, Kpa^emb, KpajjyT, icpaji, Kpsijia, icpajiK
Sjtejn 1 Kpaj!,+
CTpa^b, CTpwry, CTpHacerab, CTpnr|yT, CTpHr, CTpnr.ua, CTprfrjiH
Stem: cipnr+
(b) e or e
If the stem contains the letter "e" look at the past
masculine to determine whether this represents e_ or j§.
Dictionary entry:
BecTH, Be^y, Bejemb, BefflyT, BeJi, Bejia', BejiH
Stemt Be,n+ '~~
Be^yT shows that the stem consonant is a,
BeJi that the stem vowel is e.
Dictionary entry:
ce^ib, ceicy, ceqenib, ceKJyr, ceK, ceKJia, ceK.nn
Stem: cent

-Ii63-
(c) Stress
Any form of the past tense other than M shows whether the
past tense is end-stressed or stem-stressed.
Dictionary entry:
KpacTib, Kpasy, Kpaflemb, Kpaj^yT, Kpaji, Kpa'jia, Kpa"jiH
S tern» Kpaj;-*
Dictionary entryt
BecTii, Besy, Be^erab, BejajyT, Ben, BeJia\ BejiH
Stemt Be^+
Alternatively, the infinitive can also be used to determine
stresst th shows past end-stress; ih shows past stem-stress.
But -ib is ambiguous as to past stress.
Problemt
Dictionary entrva
MecTif, wTeiy, MeTemb, ueT^r, u'eji, Mejia, MeJiH
(sweep)
(a) what is the final stem consonant?
(b) is the stem vowel e, or _e?
(c) is the past stem- or end-stressed?
(d) enter the stems
(a) t
(b) e
(c) end-
Cd) MeT-
Exercise 2
Deduce the stem from the following sets of verb entries.
Mark stress.
Stem
1. npacTb, npn^y, npH^emb, npa^yT, npHJi, np/jia,
npAjiH (spin)
2. CTepe'^ib, cTepery, CTepeacemb, CTeperyT, deper,
creperjia, cTeperjiH (guard)
3. CKpecTii, cKpe6y, cicpedemb, CKpefiyT, CKped^cicpeSJia,
CKpedjiH (scrape)
4. nporpH3Tb, nporpH3y, nporphi3enib, nporpH3yT, nporpH3,
nporpu3.ua, nporpbi3JiH (graw through)
(continued)

h6h-
Stem
5. BJie^b, BJieKy, BJie^emb, BJieicyT, BJieic, BJieKJia,
BJieKJiH (drag)
6. TpflCTH, TpflCy, TpHCefflb, TpHCyT, TpHC, TpHCJlSL, ,.
tphcjih (shake)
The five stems in -kh+ (and their compounds) can be recognized
by the alternation inf -h- /nj pres -oh- (e.g., mhtb, m6k )
The five stems in -hh+- (and their compounds) can be recognized
by I'b" in the present tense. (e.g., nHTb,nbio )
Exercise 3
Deduce stems. Mark stress.
Stem
I. tohhti, TonjiK, Tonumb, t6hht, toiihji, Tonn'jia
(sink, flood)
2. npHBH3a/Tb, npHBnac^, npHB^acemb, npHBHacyr, npHBH3^Ji,
npHBH3ajia (bind)
3. npHna'cTt, npnna,ny, npHnaji;emb, npHna^yT, npHna'ji,
npuna'jra, npnna'jiH (press oneself to)
4. pyraTbCH, pyraiocb, pyraembcn, pyraroTCH, pyraJicn,
pyra'jiacb (swear)
5. ocTaTbCH, ocTaHyct, ocTaHembcs, ocraHyTCH, ocTaJias
ocTajiacb (stay, remain)
6. MOJi^aTb, MOjmy, MOJiMHmb, MOjmaT, Mojmaji, MOjnjajia
(be silent)
7. rjiH^eTb, rjinacy, rJiHflHmb, tjih^h't, rjin^eji, rJiH^e'jia _____
(glance)
8. MOJio^eTb, wojio^e'io, MOJio^eemb, MOjicudioT, MOJio.ne'ji, ___
MOJio^e'jia (grow young)
9. npeHeSpe^t, npeHeSpery, npeHe6peacemb, npeHeSperyT
npeHeSper, npeHe6perJid, npeHe6perjiil (neglect)
10. npHBHTb, npHBti6, npHBbemb, npHBbicfa, npHB^Jt, npHBHJia_
npHBHjiH (innoculate)
II. 3aBHTb, 3aB0'K), 3aB0eib, 3aBOKT, 3aBHJI, 3aBHJia
(begin to howl)
(continued)

-U65-
Stem
12. npnacHTt, npHKHBy, npHacHBemt, npnacHByT, npaacHJi, npnacmia,
npHJKHJiH (beget)
13. npumiecTH, npuruieTy, npunjieTenib, nprnuieTyT, npHnJieJi
npHnJieJia, npHiuiejiH (implicate, drag in) "
14. yKOpOTHTt, yKOpOMy, yKOpOTHmfe, yKOpOTHT, yKOpOTHJl, ^
yKopoTHJia (shorten)

h66-
Translation
1. As a rule, graduate students consider the genitive case one of the
most important cases.
2. I don't know whether she knows that there is no plural number in
the Japanese language. ( gnoHcrafi )
3. We laughed and giggled while we were walking to ballet school.
( dajie'THan micd-na )
k. Albanian youth is in ecstasy over Estonian youth. ( MOJio,ii;eacfe )
5. Igor splendidly controls (speaks very well) the Chinese language.
He is of course of Chinese extraction. ( KHTattcKHfi)
6. What happened? He saved us? (save - cnacV / cnacafi+ )
7. In your opinion, what is the difference between stupidity and
loyalty?
8. Why was that forget-me-not blooming on Red Square? Did it have to
bloom there?
9. Within a year or perhaps within a month one of these beautiful
forget-me-nots will disappear.
10. It's difficult for us to understand why your former husband was
gnawing that big bone. Did he have to gnaw it? In my opinion,
he likes to gnaw big bones.
11. In which Slavic countries do they speak Slavic languages? ( CTpaHa*)
12. Their brothers' and sisters' friends lived in the quiet country,
far from all the big cities.
13« He probably took his dog to Czechoslovakia.
14. My wife disappeared while we were driving to Bulgaria.
15« I'd prefer not to argue about your strange behavior.
16. She suddenly burst out crying while she was preparing for an
examination on (the subject of) Ukrainian history. Her bitter
tears fell onto her new Hungarian tablecloth. ( cicaTepTb 1 )
17. The dative singular /dative case of the singular number/ is my
favorite case.
18. Christ has arisen. ( Xphcto'c, BOCKpecHy1+- /BocKpec£ft+ )
19• I will keep and cherish the memory of /about/ the instrumental
case forever. It has made an enormous and unforgettable
impression on me.

CjiOBapb
Nouns
roVop - dialect
acnHpaHT - graduate student
MypaBbeji; - ant-eater
napeHb (e)(pl<) - lad
roji;(y) - year
Me'cHii - month
HHOCTpa.Hen;( e) - foreigner
B3rjiHfl - view
ypdK [Ha] - lesson
KpoBa'Tfc 'M. - bed
koctb H (pi"-) - bone
rJi^nocTb 3K - stupidity
Be'pHocTb )K - loyalty
^»6oBb(o) )K - love
^epe'BHH -(plx.) - the country
(vs. "the city")
He3a6yflKa(o) - forget-me-not
cue 3a (pi * )- tear
njio'ma^b M (pi") - square
rpaac^aHKa(o)- (fem.) citizen
naMHTb )K - memory
C
noBefle'HHe - behavior
mhcjio - number
nepo - pen
MHeHHe - opinion
npoHCXoac^eHHe - origin, extraction
Bne^aTJie'HHe - impression
Verbs
rpH3-t- - gnaw
roTOBH+...ofl k CMeMy]
prepare oneself for (towards)
acji;a+ - wait (for)
no/noji3+ - crawl
nctie'3Hyl+-/Hc^e3aft+ disappear
tjBeT+ - bloom
no/naV - fall
BJiafleft* [^eM] - control, master
0Ka3a-t- - (P) render
0Ka3a+ Bne^auieHHe Ha [^to] -
make an impression on
H3MeH$+ (P) - change
xpaHH-t- - keep
ueHH+ - cherish
Bupa3H+/BHpaxaft+ - express
-U67-
Ad.jectives
BaacHHfi - important
cJi^flyromHfi - following
ctp^hhhK - strange
cjiaBHHCKHft - Slavic
CTapOCJiaBHHCKHtt -
Old Church Slavic
ynpyrnft - elastic
njiacTMaccoBHH - plastic
BepHHft - loyal, faithful
THXHft - quiet
H<bcHHft - tender
mkjihPi - dear, nice
npomJiHK - iast (previous)
nocjieflHHM - last (final)
ropbKHK - bitter
HMeHHTejibHHS - nominative
BHHHTejibHHfi - accusative
po,ii;HTeJibHHft - genitive
saTejibHHft - dative
npefl^6«HHtt - prepositional
TBOpHTejibHHfi - instrumental
ejHHCTBeHHHfi - singular
MHo'acecTBeHHuft - plural
orpdMHHfi - enormous
He3a6biBaeMNft - unforgettable
6ejiopyccKHfi - Byelorussian
yKpaimcKHft - Ukrainian
no'jibCKHfi - Polish
Kam/dCKHfi - Kashubian
HeMe'ijKHft - German
le'iCKHfi - Czech
cjiOBa'uKHS - Slovak
BeHre'pcKHft - Hungarian
ce'pdcKHS - Serbian
xopBaTCKHft - Croatian
cjiOBe'HCKHfi - Slovenian
MaKe^OHCKHfi - Macedonian
pyMHHCKHfi - Rumanian
6oJira'pcKHfi - Bulgarian
r/iynuH - stupid

1+68-
Other
hh,..hh... - neither...nor..,
Tenjio' - warm
rjiy60Kd - deeply
flo'jirHe rdflH - for years to come /long years/
noiTH - almost
no BameMy MHe'HHio - in your opinion
no-Mo'eMy - in my opinion
qepe3 [^to] - within; through
Bee paBH6 - anyway
He nJia^ib! - don't cryl
mto cjiy^HJiocb? - what happened?
CKa'aceM - let's say
BepoHTHO - probably
paflH [^ero3 - for the sake of
He noji3H! - don't crawlJ
no3BOJibTe npe^cTaBHTbCH - allow me to introduce myself
o'tieHb npHHTHO nosHSLKdunTbca - it's very pleasant to make
your acquaintance
cnacH6o 3a KOMiuiHMe'HT - thanks for the compliment
He ct^ht 6jiaroji;apHOCTH - you're welcome (it's not worth thanks)
KaK BaM HpaBHTCH...? - how do you like...?
otjih^ho - excellently, splendidly

-1*69-
APPENDIX
page
A. Stem Prediction... 470
B. Imperative 472
C. Deverbal Nouns. 476
D. Gerunds 478
E. Active Participles 485
F. Passive Participles 490
G. Deverbals: Summary 499
H. Determined - Non-Determined.... 504
I. Subjunctive.... 507
J. Comparatives and Superlatives.. 510

-1+70-
A. STEM PREDICTION
Dictionaries other than learner's dictionaries enter verbs by their
infinitives alone. They do not usually give any other forms of the
verb.
From some infinitives it is possible to predict the stems from others
it is not.
Unambiguous
Infinitive
-HTb
-OBaTb
-yTb
-OTb
-3Tbl
in:
Stem
ends in«
-H +
-OBa+
-y+
-0+
-3 +
Exercise 1
Predict the
stem from the foil
stress, since it cannot always
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
KOpMHTb
(feed)
KpnTHKOBsiTb (criticize)
menHyTh
KOJIOTb (
BII0JI3TK
(let out a whisper)
prick)
(crawl into)
owing
be
pr
infinitives:
edicted.
Do
not
mark
Ambiguous
Infinitives in: Stem usually ends in either:
-ait
-eTb
-Tib
-CTb/-CTH
t
{
{
r
-aM-»-
-a+
-eM +
-e +
-r-»-
-K +
-fl +
-T +
-C-t-
-6 +

-UTl
Examples: (actual stem is underlined)
infinitive possible stems
MOJmaTB MOJiiaHt, MQjma-t-
CHHeTb CHHeft*-, CHHe>
3anpn^B _3anp_HT+, 3anpHK+
rpecTH rpeji;+, rpefl+, rpeT+, rpe-r-*-,
rpec+, rpect-, rpe&V, rpe6+
Exercise 2
A. Which of the following infinitives are unambiguous and
which ambiguous as to the underlying stem?
Unamb i gu ou s t ___ ,
Ambiguous t
B. If unambiguous, predict the stem.
If ambiguous, give all possible stems.
1. KpuKHyTb (let out a shout)
2. 6ojiTaTb (chatter)
3. npuSpocnTB (throw to)
4. TOJideTb (grow fat)
5. HCKaTB (look for)
6. TeppopH30BaTb (terrorize)
7. oSufleTb (insult)
8. npnnoji3TH (crawl to)
9. KJiacTb (put)
10. nojiOTb (weed)
11. cBHCTaTb (whistle)
12. xpaHHTb (save)
13. TOJio^b (pound)
14. BJie^b (drag)
15. HcnopTHTb (spoil)
16. CKytiaTb (be bored)
17. npnnjiecTH (implicate, drag in)

-1+72-
B. THE IMPERATIVE
The imperative is formed by joining h to the stem. The form
corresponding to th has no endingj the form corresponding to bh has
the ending Te.
Hfl-t- : h,ii,h! or HflHTe! - Come J
3chb+ : khbh! acHBHTe! - Live!
Vowel truncation occurs when stems end in vowels; V+V—» ,/V.
KpHia* : Kpn^ri! KpH^HTe! - Shout!
CMOTpe-t- : cmotph! cMOTpHTe! - Look!
noBTopH-»- : noBTOpn! noBTopme! - Repeat!
"!" is always written in imperative sentences.
1. Stress
The stress of the imperative is the same as the 1st person
singular. When the 1st person singular is stressed on the ending, the
imperative is stressed on the suffix
1st sg. Imperative
cnpocH+ cnpomy cnpocHTe!
When the 1st person singular is stressed on the stem, the
imperative suffix h drops. Its effect upon the final consonant remains-
i.e., softening.
Stem Imperative
cTaBH-t- h (put) "cTaBn/Te"—* CTaBb/ie!
OTBeTHf H "OTBe'TH/Te" —*■ OTBeTt/Te!
^HTaft-t- h "TOTaa/Te" —* ^HTaftTe!^
(Transcription)
_ch_itaj_+ i "chita,ji/l;e" -*■ chitaj/t;e>
After two or more consonants, h remains even when unstressed.
ito'mhh> : noMHH/Te!
npHBifKHy+ : npuBHKHn/Te!
1
i.e., the imperative of stems in afl+and eft+ looks like the stem.

-*<73
Exercise 1
Form imperatives from the following stems. Use -Te forms.
1. OStHCHH-t-
2. kphmsh-
3. jik6h+
4. OTBeTH+
5« nodaBH+ (put)
6. py6n+
7. ^hcth+
8. yKpa"fl+
9. npoH3HocH+ (pronounce)
10. Hrpa8+
Notes to Exerciset
In end-stressed ht- verbs, the imperative is the same as the
2nd pi.
2nd pi. Imperative
roBopn-t- : roBopHTe roBopftTe!
In mobile-stressed HT-verbs, the imperative and 2nd pi.differ
in stress.
myTH-t- myTHTe myTHTe!
2. Joining Rules
The suffix w. is joined as if it were a vowel ending. As a result,
all of the changes which result when forming the present tense
occur when forming the imperative. These changes are«
1. truncation; Kptma-t- h —> Kpn^n/ie!
2. OBa + V—» yft +Vi TpedOBa* h —* Tpe6yft/Te!
3. hh + V—* oft +V: mhh+ h —♦ Mofi/Te! *
4. V+V mutation occurs with stems in a+ and only stems in a+t
nHca+ h —* uwmii/'Tel
njiaKa-t- h —* njia^ib/Te!
( b is written afters although phonetically unnecessary)
Stems in hM+ have imperatives in eft: nnft-t : nefl/ie!

■ hlk-
Exercise 2
Form imperatives.
1 . nOCMOTTDe-+
2. anJio.HHpoBa+
3« 3aKpufi+
4. nuca-t-
5» CKa3a+
6. pa6oTaft-r
7. nociaBH+ (put)
8. noMor* (help)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
npnBhiKHy-f |
OTKpNft-4- j|
oSpasOBa-f (form) j|
nOBTOpH+ ij
npHTOTOBH-l-
nepeBe3+
njiaKa*
nepecrajn- (st0p)
3. Imperative and Aspect
Aspect in imperative corresponds to its use in other forms of the
verb. Therefore,
Perfective is used to denote a single, specific command:
HaimmHTe cbok> $aMHjiHio!
(Write your name.)
CicaacHTe MHe r^e bu acHBeTe!
(Tell me where you live.)
npo^RTTaftTe nocjieflHioK) $pa3y!
(Read the last sentence.)
Imperfective is used in general commandst
riHniHTe MHe iacTo!
(Write, me often.) ,
Bcer^a roBopHTe npaB^y!
(Always speak the truth.)
HHTaftTe rpoMie!
(Read louder.)
The imperfective is generally used in negative commands.
fl no3BOHK> TBoeMy OTijy. He 3BQHHTe eMy!
(I'm going to call your father. / Don't call him!)
fl eMy CKaacy 06 9tom. He roBopHTe eMy!
(I'm going to tell him about that. Don't tell him!)

Exercise 3
Translate into Russian.
QTBeTH-t-/oTBeqaft+-
1. Answer me".
2. Don't answer him.
Ha/nnca+
p. Write me every week.
\k. Write the last word.
l5» Write with great enthusiasm.
QTKpHft-*-/0TKpHBatt-»-
6. Open the window.
npn/roTOBH-»-
7. Prepare the following lesson.
CKa3a-»-/roBopn-»-
8. Tell himl Don't tell herl

1+76-
C. DEVERBAL NOUNS
Nouns formed from verb stems are called deverbal nouns.
Form. Deverbal nouns are formed from verb stems by joining a suffix
ending in He (jy_ + neuter ending o) .
1. Stems in h join -eHHe with accompanying V+V truncation and
V+V mutation. Stress is normally on e, regardless of the
stress of the verb stemt
(smoke) Kypn +• eHHe —* KypeWe (smoking)
(express) BHpa3H + eHHe —=» BNpaaceHHe (expression)
(present)npeflCTaBH + eHHe—=► npeflCTaBJie'HHe (presentation)
Only stems in h have V+V mutation.
2. Other suffixed stems join -HHe. Stress is as in the
underlying verb stem.
(tremble) flpoaca + HHe —+ flpoacaHHe (trembling)
(sit) cHfle •»- HHe —» cH^eHHe (sitting)
(demand) TpedoBa -t- HHe —* Tpe'doBaHHe (a demand)
(listen) cjiyman + HHe —*• cji^maHHe (hearing, an
(C-t-C —» 0C ) audition)
' 3« R-stems join -THe with accompanying C+C truncations
(close) 3aKpHfi + THe —» 3aicpNTHe (closing)
4. Ob-stems join -eHHe without V+V mutation.
(conduct) Befl •+ eHHe —» BefleHHe (conducting)
Stems in k/t mutate to ti/ac.
(flow) TeK + eHne —» Te^eHHe (flow)
However, this is not V+V mutation, just as tSk ■+ eT —» Te^eT,
but it is a variant of Ke—? Te and will be discussed on
p. 501.
There are actually two eHHe suffixes: one is joined to stems
in h and causes V+V mutations the other is joined to Ob-stems
and does not cause V+V mutation. We will call the first eHHe1
and the second eHHe2.
Schematically: Verb Stems
Suffixed Radical
jT all others R 0_b
-eHHel -HHe -THe -eHHe2

-1+77-
Meaning. Deverbal nouns generally have abstract meaning. They may
have concrete meaning as welli BNpaxeHne - "expression, the act of
expressing," and "an expression," as in, "an idiomatic expression."
Il0Ka3aHHe - " showing," as well as "testimony."
Entry. Since deverbal nouns are regularly and predictably formed from
verb stems, their basic form is the verb stem itself. If you know the
underlying verb, you need not learn its deverbal noun as a separate
vocabulary item.
Exercise 1
A. Which of the following
(Mark numbers)
eHuel:
-■rue :
B. Form deverbal nouns
1. 3HaiH+ (mean)
2. pacKpH8+ (disclose)
3. Tpe6oBa-t-
4. CTpa,u,aa-t- (suffer)
5. npOH3HOCH-t-
6. cna6-t- (save)
7. npociH+
/
8. nOBTOpH-*-
9. noHHMa8+
10. noBe^-t-
fr
stems
Dm
the
joir
-HKe
-eHH(
foil
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
-eHuel, -Hue, -me, -eHHe^?
32:
.owing stems. Mark stress.
yrHeT+ (persecute)
H3y^H+
nsCn+
3Hafii-
OTKpHft-l-
■reio
c6eper+ (save)
o6mchh+
npeflCKa3a+
npHTOTOBH-t-
,

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D. GERUNDS
Gerunds are deverbal adverbs, i.e., adverbs which are derived from
verbs. They are formed by joining the suffixes h(present gerund)
and b or bmh (past gerund) to verb stems. Gerunds are rarely used
in everyday spoken Russian, but are very common in the more formal
written language.
A. The Present Gerund
1. Meaning and Use
Like other'adverbs, gerunds modify verbs, i.e,, they describe when,
how, under what conditions the main verb of the sentence occurred.
Compare the two sentences:
i—; ; * ,
06HHMaa aeeH.y, oh CMOTpeji Ha cpjiar.
(Embracing his wife, he looked at the flag.)
-' * '
Oh jojiro CMOTpeji Ha $jiar.
(He looked at the flag for a long time.)
Both oSHHMaji* and flo'jtro modify CMOTpe'ji, i.e., they both describe
under what conditions or when he looked at the flag. Both are
adverbs.
Present gerunds correspond to English "-ing", where "-ing" is
adverbial, i.e., has such meanings as "while"."because", "under
the condition of".
"while": OdHUMag aceHy, oh CMOTpe'ji Ha $jiar.
"because": Mh MoaceM acn-rb cnoKoftHO, 3Haa, ^T0 oh jieiaeT
Hafl HaMH.
(We can live calmly, knowing that he is flying
over us.)
/ ' '
"under : OHa cHfle'jia Ha yjiime, ropbKo mia^a.
the condi- (She was sitting on the street, crying bitterly.)
tion of"
Form
The present gerund is formed by joining h to the verb stem.
(a) Joining: The vowel suffix a is joined as if it were a
vowel ending, as in the present tense and imperative.
(b) Stress: Stress is as the 1st sg.
e.go KypH+ : KypH Stress is like Kypro (NOT like
KypHnib )
More precisely, it is the entire adverbial phrase, o6HHMafl aceHy,
which modifies the verb.

-1*79-
(c) Aspect: Normally formed from imperfective stems only, as is
the present tense.
ffxamples
fl is joined as in the first person sg. Rule
JKHB f y —» iKHBy
fle'jiaM ■+ y —» fle'jiaio
roBopH + ro —» roBopro
xork + ro —t xoacy
flpoaca + ro —t flpoxy
TpefioBa + y —> Tpe^yro
miaKa + y —> njiany
SCHB
fle'jraft
TOBOpH
XOflH
flpoaca
Tpe6oBa
njiana
■»-
+•
+
-t-
-t-
+
+■
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
_»
—*
—*
—»
—►
—*
—»
JKHBH
.nejiaa
TOBOpH
XOflH
flpoaca1
Tpe6ya
ruiatia1'"^
C+V
C+V
V+V
V+V
V+V
OBa-t-V
a+V
-» CV
-4 CV
-» yv
—» yv
-» yv
—> yH * v .
causes V+V
mutation
Exercise 1
Form present
y
1. TOTOBH+
2. Bgfl+
3. Kpafl-*-
4. ^poaca+
5t noflHHMaM-*-
(raise)
gerunds
fr
om
the
follov
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
zing stems.
CMOTpe+
J'
bhxo,hh+
anjio^wpoBa-t-
flejiaH+
, nepeflyMUBaM+
(change one's
mind)
3. Relative Present
Present gerund should be understood as "relative present", i.e.,
present in relation to the verb it modifies. For example, in the
sentence:
OHa cH,nejia Ha yjinije, rdpbKO njiaqa.
" ITjia^a" is occurring in the past, but is present relative
to cn^ejia. "Simultaneous gerund" would be a better term.
SP rule: ^ + n written Ma
o
" The joining of any vowel to a nuca -type verb causes V+V mutation:
present: Maxa + y —» Mamy
imperative: iraca •*■ h —» niunr* gerund: miaica t h —> mia^ia

1+80-
Exercise 2
Change the underlined phrase to a gerund.
1. Kor,a;a a qHTaK), a flyMaro.
2. Kor,n;a a mutrji, a flyMaji.
3» Kor,a;a a 6y,gy iHTaTt, a 6y^;y flyMaTb.
Exercise 3
Translate into English.
Vocabularyt noflHHMaft-t- - raise
o6HHMa8-t- - embrace
1. Bbixo,ii,a H3 KOMHaiH, oh yBH^eJi ee. ________________
2. IIoflHHMaa pyxH, ohsi Kpmiajia.
3. OSHHMaa aceHy, oh nocMOTpeji Ha MeHa.
Translate into Russian.
k. While preparing lessons, she was listening to music.
5. I'm sitting on the street, shaking from fear.
6. Frankly speaking, I don't want to live by a swamp.
(frankly - oncpoBeHHo)
B. Past Gerund
1. Meaning
The past gerund has the meanings "having X-ed", "after X-ing".
Having said that, she disappeared.
CKa3aB 3to, OHa Hc^e^Jia.
After arriving in the Soviet Union, he'll call you up.
IIpHeXaBmH B COBe'TCKHft COK)3, OH BaM II03BOHHT.

-1+81-
Form
The past gerund is formed by joining _b or biiih to the verb stem.
For most practical purposes, b and buh are interchangeable.
(a) Joining: The consonant suffix b ( mn ) is joined as if it were
a consonant ending, as in the past tense and infinitive.
(b) Stress: Stress is as in the infinitive.
(c) Aspect: Formed from either aspect, but usually from
perfective stems.
Examples
b (mh ) is joined as in infinitive Rule
cnpocn + b (nm ) —* cnpocHB( mn) cnpocn -t- u> —» cnpocmb V+C —» VC
pa3^afl + b (nra) —* pa3^aB( nra) pa3,naH t Tb -» pa3^aTb C+C —► pfc
CTaH + b (inn) —* craB( nm) CTaH + ti> ~t ciaib C+C —» 0C
Exercise 4
Form past gerunds
1, OTBeTH-*-
2. noKpacHeM-*-
3. ^aa+ (give)
k. yBHflet-
fr
om
the
foil
owing stems.
5.nocMOTpe+
6.CKa3a+
7.npo^HTaH*
8. nepeflyMaft-*-
Cchange one's
mina)
Exercise 5
Form past gerunds from the perfective,
the imperfective.
* ' cnpocH-p/cnpamnBaS-*-
2* nepenHca+/nepenHCHBaH+- (rewrite*)
3« 0TKpUH-t-/0TKpHBaft+
present gerunds from
Past Pres.
^» npn/roT^BH-*-
5- ofleW/cneBaa-*- (put on)
"• 3apa6oTa8-i-/3apa6aTHBafi + (par.n)

1+82-
3. Relative Fast v
Past gerund should be understood as "relative past", i.e., past
in relation to the verb it modifies. In the examplei
IIPHeXaBinH B COBeTCKHH COI03, OH BaM nOSBOHHT.
IIpHexaBniH occurs in the future, but is past in relation to
n03BOHHT.
Exercise 6.
Translate into English.
Vocabulary; flaftf - give
BomeJi - he went in/got in
1. flaB eVi KHHry, oh BomeJi b TpojiJie'ft6yc.
2. IIocMOTpeB Ha Hero, OHd CKa3ajia: "Boace moh!"
3» Cmotph Ha MeH.6, oh BomeJi b TpojiJieftSyc.
4. He 3h4h, mo Bee cjiymajiH ero', oh CKa3aji, xito oh xo'^eT h^th.
Translate into Russian.
5. Having caught sight of her, he burst out crying.
6. Having said that, she disappeared.
7. They could sleep calmly, knowing that kind birds fly over
the city._ ,
In the meaning, "after X-ing", the past gerund is equivalent to the
phrase, "ndcjie toto', KaK..."
npotiHTaB KHHry = no'cjie toto, KaK oh npo^HTaji KHHry...

-1*83
Exercise 7
Change the underlying phrase to a gerund.
1. Ilo'cjie Tord, KaK oh Hanncsui jihcbmo, oh ^aji erd me.
2. ndcjie Tord, KaK OHa cKa3suia ^th cjiOBa, ohs( 3anJiaKaJia._
3. ndcjie Tord, KaK OHa OTBe'THjia eMy, OHa' 3aKpmiaJia.
Change the gerund to a phrase in nocjie lord, KaK...
4. Ohsi noKpaCHejia, otkphb nucbMo.
5. IIocMOTpeB Ha Hee, oh Bomeji b TpoJiJieftSyc.
FOR REFERENCE ONLY
Most past gerunds are easy to form. The only ones which present
difficulties are obstruent and Hyl-stems, which in any case are not
very numerous.
ANNOYING DETAILS: Obstruent-Stems (j£)
Obstruents and Hy1 join bdih , never b. They form past gerunds as
they form their past tense.
Those which drop ji in the past drop b in the past gerund.
past tense« tSk ■+ ji —> TeK ji drops
past gerund: tSk +• bihh —s> TeKiH b drops
past tense: -BHKHy -r ji —* -bhk ji drops
past gerund: -BHKHy + bihh —* -bnkihh b drops
past tense: Be3 ■>■ ji —* Be3 ji drops
past gerund: Be3 ♦■ bihh —t Be3mn b drops
Those which drop A in the past drop r in the past gerund.
past tense: Kpafl +• ji —* Kpaji /
past gerund: Kpa^ +■ bm —* KpaBmn
Two important exceptions in which A remains and e —* e:
Be,n ■+■ BniH —» Be^fflH
Hfl ■*• BIHH —♦ m^fllEH

_usu—
MORE ANNOYING DETAILS« Cfl Verbs @©
Gerunds may be formed from en-verbs, in which caset
(a)BfflH never b, is used as the past suffixt
n03HaK0MH+...CH : nOSHaKO'MHBfflHCb
(b) ch necessarily takes the form ct since it follows either h or h
BHpaacaS-t-.. .ch : BHpascancb
BHpa3H-t-. . . CH : BHpa3HBfflHCb
To summarize! Bran rather than b is joinedi
(a) in ch verbsj BHpa3HBniHCb
(b) in Ob-stems« TeicmH
Otherwise, either may be joined.
STILL ANOTHER ANNOYING DETAIL8 Ferfectives -l-fl @©g)
fl is joined almost exclusively to imperfective stems. However, h
may be joined to perfective Ob-stems, in which case past gerund
meaning results:
npHHecfl' - having brought = npuH^ecmn
BoSflH - having entered = Borae'^niH

-U85-
E. ACTIVE PARTICIPLES
There are 4 participles in Russian - 2 active and 2 passive.
Active Passive
Present Past Present Past
They are very common in scholarly and official prose, but not very
common in everyday spoken Russian.
Participles are deverbal adjectives, i.e., adjectives which are derived
from verbs. They are formed by joining special adjective suffixes to
verb stems. Unlike other adjectives, adjectives derived from verbs
normally follow the nouns they modify.
Participle (Deverbal Adj.)
MejiOBe'ic, BejffimHH Msuifequica b mKOJiy
(the man leading the boy to school)
njiaH, cocTSiBJieHHufi b MocKBe
(a plan formulateT"in Moscow)
Other Adjective
xopomnfi MejiOBe/K
(the good man)
cTpaHHufi njiaH
(a strange plan)
But, like other adjectives, participles may also precede the noun they
modify.
BeflynjuS npotje'ecop
(a leading professor)
cocraBJieHHHH njiaH
(a formulated plan)
A. The Present Active Participle
1. Meaning
This participle replaces KOTOphiH+present tense.
H36ymKa, KOTopaa ctoht Ha rope' = H36ymKa, CTonman Ha rope
(a hut which stands on a mountain) (a hut standing on a
mountain)
Be'flbMa, KOTopaa acuBeT b H36ynnce
(the witch who lives in the hut)
Be,n;bMa,acHBynaH b H36ymKe
(the witch living in the hut)
2. Form
The present active participle is formed by joining the suffixes
ymuft or flmHft to the verb stem.

_1j86-
(a) Joining: -ymuft is joined to ei- verbs
-HmnS " " " ht- verbs
They are joined as if they were vowel (i.e., present) endings.
xhb + ymnS —» acHBymHfi
roBopH + hiiihS —* roBopHmuft
(b) Mutation: only in nuca- type verbs
(since the joining of any vowel to a nuca-type verb causes V+V
mutation)
nuca -t- ymafi —» nHinymnft
(c) Stress: usually as in the first person singular
XHBy : acHBymwft
Kypio : Kypflmwa
fle'jiaio : flejiaiomuft
(d) Aspect: formed from imperfective stems only (as is the present
tense).
Examples
ynwfi/flmHft are joined as in the 1st person sg. Rule
xhb + ymuft —» acHBymHfi
^e'jiaft + ymuft —* fleJiaromHft
xo,n;^ + hh(hS —> xoflnmafi
flpoxa^ -•- heihh —* flpoaca'maS^
niicik + ymHft —* nHmynptH
A convenient alternative statement:
Join 3rd person pi., substituting -mufi for -t:
xHByT : acHBymufi xo'^ht : xo^amnfi
(But remember that except for stems in a+t stress is not as in the
3rd pl.t but as in the 1st sg.)
3CHB
fleJiaft
XOflH
,n;poaca
nuca
■♦-
+
+
+
■4-
y -*
y ->
K) —>
K) —»
y ->
SCHBy"
^ejiaio
xoscy
flpoacy
numy
C+V -* C\
C+V -» C\
V+V -* /\
V+V -» /'.
a+V causr-
V+V muta
tion
1
Exception: Stems in a+ are stressed on the root instead:
n«ca+ : numymnS
1 + a is written Ha

-1+87-
3. Use
Like other adjectives, the present active participle agrees wi/th
the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case. Unlike KOToptift,
which also agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, a
participle takes its case from its own clause.
Ex.
1. OHa' acuBeT b H3 6ymKe, KOTopaa ctoht Ha rope.
(She lives in a hut which stands on a hill.)
KOTOpafl; fern., sg., but nominative
Ohsi acHBeT b H36yniKe, CTQg'meg Ha rope.
(She lives in a hut standing on a hill.)
CTonmeft: fern., sg., and prepositional
2. fl 3Haio BejtbMy , KOTOpaa MBeT b H36ymKe.
(I know i'he witch who lives in the hut.)
KOTdpaaj fern., sg., but nominative
fl 3Haio BeflbMy, acHB.ymyro b H36ymKe.
(I know the witch living in the hut.)
acHBymyio : fern., sg., and accusative
k. Punctuation
Both koto'phM- clauses and participial phrases are set off by commas.
Be'flbMa, KOTOpaa scHBeT b H36ymice, ecT MajibqmcoB h fle'BOMeic.
(The witch who lives in the hut eats boys and girls.)
Be'flbMa, acuBymaa b H36ymKe, ecT Ma'jibqHKOB h ^BoqeK.
(The witch living in the hut eats boys and girls.)
Kxercise 1
Form present active participles from the following verb stems.
1. jieaea-i- 7. OTfleJiaft-i- (separate)
2. Bejf 8. nrpaft+
3« cjiejioBa-*- (follow) 9. KpacHeft+
^« roBopH+ 10. HCKa+
5. CH^e-t- 11. npHB03m- (bring).
6 aCHB+ 12. CTOH+

Exercise 2
Substitute present active participles for the underlined KOTo'pnft+
verbo (oTflejiflfi -t- separate)
l. OHa senBeT Ha rope, KQTopag ctoht b jieey.
2. fl 3HSLK) qejiOBeKa, kotophj BegeT MajibMHKa aomoS.
3« fl 3Haio Be'flbMy, KOTC^pag acHBeT b H36yniKe.
b» OHa acuBeT b H36yniKe, KOTO^ag cto6t Ha rope. _
5» Oh acuBeT b Jieey, KQTo'pHft jieacHT y peKH.
6. fl Bn'acy pe'icy, KQTo'paH OT,fl,e.gfleT Hac ot ro'pofla.
?• fl numy qeJiOBeicy, kotophS tobopht no-ajiSa'HCKH,
B. The Past Active Participle
Meaning
The past active participle replaces kotophM+ past tense.
qeoiOBeK, KOToptiS paSoiaji = qejiOBeie, pa6o'TaBiunH
6a6ymKa, KOTo'paH Hrpajia = 6a6ymKa, HrpaBmas
2. Form
The past active participle is formed by joining the suffix -Bumft
to the verb stem. Joining rules and stress are just as in past
gerunds, i.e., the suffix is joined in the same way as the
infinitive and past suffixes,
TOBOpH -1- BIHHS —> rOBO^HBfflHfi
jieaca + biiihS —^ jieacaBniHH
nHca ■+■ BmnS —» nHca/BranS
Tpe'dOBa +■ BniHS —* Tpe'6oBaBimifi
M.KB •* BHIHfi —* aCHBIBHft ( C+C -*j/C )
cnpocH + bhihS —* cnpocHBinHtt
CTciH -*■ Bmnii —* CT^BmnS (C+C ~-» j2C)
Exercise 3
Form past ac
1 o Jieaca-t-
2. roBopn+
3° HanHcat
5> nrpaft+
tive
part
iciples
fr
om the following verb stems.
6. OTpaaoaft+ (reflect)
<
7. cnpocn+
8. nnoqnTaa+
9. panroBapHBaSi-
10. paccKa,3HBaM+(tell, re late)

-1+89-
Exercise 4
Substitute past active participles for the underlined
verb.
1. fl noMHio co6aKy, KOTo'paji jreacaja Ha neiKe.
2. fl pa3roBa'pHBaji c tiejiOBeKOM, kotophS paccKa^3HBaji
MSuieHBKOft H3 6yinKe.
3« fl 3Haro 6a'6ymKy, KOTC^paa nrpajia Ha ruTape.
k, JIio^h, KOTo'pbie acHJH b flepeBHe, ndMHHT Hac.
ANNOYING DETAIL
, ©
Obstruent and Hyl+ stems form past active participles just as they form
past gerunds. (See p. 483 )
tSk + bihhS —* rev.mw.Vi
-BHK + BEIHtt —» -B^KmnS
BBe3 + BfflHfi —i> BBe3DIHft
BUT
ynpafl •+ BmHft —♦• yicpaBinHa
Two important exceptions, in which fl remains and e —* e:
Befl ■*• bihhS —» Be^raHfi
h^ + behS —* meflniHS
ANOTHER ANNOYING DETAIL > ©©
When active participles (both present and past) are formed from ch
verbs, ch, never cbf is joined - regardless of whether a consonant
or vowel precedes.
( aepeBHH - village)
flepeBHH, KOTC^paa Haxo^HTcn = ^epe^HH, HaxoflflmaacH
b flepeBHe, KOTopaa HaxoflHTca = b flepeWe, HaxoflaVeltcfl
^epeBHH, KOTo'pHe Haxo,n;HjiHCb = flepe'BHH, HaxoflUBmnecfl
B .HepeBHfl'x, KOTOpHe HaXOflHJIHefe = B flepeBHHX, HaXOJHBIUHXCfl

-1+90-
F. PASSIVE PARTICIPLES
Passive participles have both short-forms (predicate adjectives) and
long-forms.
The Present Passive Participle
1. Form
The present passive participle is formed by joining the suffixes -om
or -hm to verb stems.
(1) Joining; -om is joined to eT-verbs
-hm " " " HT-verbs
They are joined as if they were vowel (i.e., present) endings.
(2) Stress; Stress is as in the 1st person singular.
(3) Aspect; They are usually formed from imperfective stems only
(as in the present tense).
"is being" om/hm are .joined as in the present tense Rule
led Befl ■+ om —» Be^OM Be/ -»■ y —? Be^y c+V - -
respected yBaacaS -t- om —* yBaaca'eM yBaacaS + y —* yBaacaio c+V -*''
attacked aiaKOBa + om —* aTaicyeM- aiaKOBa + y —? aTaicyio *
liked jiioQh ■+ hm —* jik)6hm jljo6& + H) —» jnodjii© V+V -*?
* OBa + v —* yft + V
(4) Long-forms; BeflOMbifi, yBajKa'eMbiM, aTaicyeMHft, jho6hmhS
2. Meaning;
Short-form; 3tot Majib^HK jik)6hm yiHTejieM.
(This boy is liked by the teacher.)
Long-form; Oh 3HaeT MajibiHKOB, jnoen'Mux yvn'iejieM.
(He knows the boys liked Cwho are liked] by the teacher.)
Exercise 1
Form long-form present passive participles.
1. 3a6HBaft+ (forget) (which is being forgotten)
2. BHje+ (see) (which is being seen)
3. rpH3+ (gnaw) (which is being gnawed)
h. cjibima+ (hear) (which is being heard)
5. o6pa30Ba+ (form) ^ (which is being formed)

-1+91-
3, Occurence
The present passive participle is the least common of all the
participles, although two of its derived forms are quite common.
(1) Prefixed with "He- " they form adjectives with the meaning
"un...able".
He3a6HBaeMHft - unforgettable ( 3a6aBaH4- )
HeBHflHMHft - invisible (BHfle-f )
(2) Suffixed with " -octi>"( they form nouns with the meaning
"-ability/-ibility."
BHflHMOCTb - visibility
This participle is usually formed only from prefixed imperfectivesj
( yBaacaeM ) or from stems in -OBa+ ( aiaicyeM- ) . Forms like jiioShm
are rare.
Exercise 2
Form adjectives prefixed with He- with the meaning "-able."
1. inseparable (separate - OTflejiH+ )
2. impassable (pass - npoxoflH+ )
3. inimitable (imitate- noflpaacafi+ )
4. incomparable (compare - cpaBHH+ )
5. inexplicable (explain - o6t>hchh+ )
Exercise 3
Form nouns in -ocTb with the meaning "-ability/-ibility."
1. audibility (hear - ejiHma-t- )
2. declinability (decline - ckjiohhS-i- )
3. divisibility (divide - flejim- )
k, removability (remove - CMeHnft+ )

-1+92-
The Past Passive Participle
Past Passive Participles are the most commonly used participles.
Unfortunately, they are also the most difficult to form.
1. Meaningt They are usually equivalent to English M-en" or "-ed."
T6qHO cocTSiBjieHHufi njiaH
(a precisely formulated plan)
3a6HTHfi ropo,n;
(a forgotten city)
Ha cieHe 6hjio HanncaHO
(on the wall was written)
2. Form: There are k different suffixes used in forming this participle.
Their distribution is the same as that of the deverbal noun suffixes
-eHue -Hue, -me, and -eHue .
H
ei
Su
i1
ff
ixed
all
"other
H
Each of the 4 different suffixes has different joining and stress
rules. There are two stages in forming this participle.
(1) Determine the suffix-type of the underlying verb:
Mother suffix, R, or Ob
(2) Apply the correct joining and stress rules.
STEMS IN H+
Suffix: -eHl
Joining Rules: V+V mutation
V+V -* yV
Stress: as in the non-1st person singular present. Thus the mark *
is relevant*
- if end-stressed, all forms of the participle are end-stressed.
OKpyatu* (surround): oicpyaceH, OKpvsceHa', OKpyweHo", OKpyaceHH
(surrounded)
- if mobile- or stem-stressed, all forms of the participle are
stem-stressed.
cnpocn-t (ask)s cnpomeH, cnporaeHa, cnpo'nieHO, cnpo'meHbi (asked)
cocTaBH+ ( formulate, compose)!cocTaBJieH, cocTaBJieHa, cocraBJieHo
COCT^BJieHH

.1+93-
Exercise 4
Form past pa
1. nenopTH+
2. H3yqn+
3. OStflCHH-t-
1. *
4. Kynn-t-
5. 6pocn+
ssive participle—
M
(spoil)
(studv)
(explain)
(buv)
(abandon)
M
and F.
F
(spoiled)
(studied)
(explained)
(bought)
(abandoned)
OTHER SUFFIXED STEMS
Suffixi h
Joining Rules» joined directly to the stem (as in infinitive and past)
Stresst never on the final syllable. If the stem is end-stressed, stress
shifts back one syllable,,
o6pa3QBa-t- (form)s ,
o6pa3dBaH, o6pa3d"BaHa, o6pa30BaHO, 06pa3dBaHH (formed)
HanHca-t- (write) : , ,
HanifcaH, HanrfcaHa, HarrncaHO, HanncaHH (written)
If the stem is not end-stressed, stress does not shift.
cuejiafi-* (dp) i f ,
cfle'jiaH, efleJiaHa, cflejiaHO, cueaaHH
(done)
Exercise 5
Form past passive participles- Masculine and Feminine.
M F
1. CKa3a+ (say)
2. no.ncjiy'maH-* (overhear)
3» noKa3a-c
(show)
4» npoqnTaM+ (read)
(said)
(overheard)
(shown)
(read)

U9U-
R-STEMS
Suffix; t
Joining Rules: C+C —* jZ'C
Stressi as in the past tense
1
Past Tense Similarly
3ajC]DHH+-_: 3aKpblT ,-a, -0, -H 3aKpHT, 3aKpHTa, 3aKpHTO,
(close) 3aicpi&TH (closed)
Stems in o+ and Hy+- also join t to the stem.
3aMKHy+ (close) - 3aMKHyr, -a, -o, -u (closed)
nopo- (thrash)- no'poT, -a, -o, -h (thrashed)
OB-STEMS
Suffix: eH
Joining Rules: C+V —* CV
No V+V mutation (as distinguished from eH^)
Stress: as in the past tense
yKpaff-t- (steal):
yKpa'fleH, yKpa^eHa, yicpa'fleHO, yicpa'fleHH (stolen)
nocTpnr-H (clip);
nocTpHaceH, nocTpnaceHa, nocTpnaceHO, (clipped)
rrocrpraeHH
Here r —# ac is the expected re/Ke —>• ace/^e^ not V+V mutation.
Non-syllabic R-stems (treated in Volume II):
HatiH-h : Havaji, -a, -o, -h HSwaT, Ha^aTa', HaqaTO
(begin) HMam (begun)
noMH-t- : noHHJi, -a, -o, -h noHHT, nOHaia, noWro,
(grasp) ndHHThi (grasped)

_1)95-
Exercise 6
Form past pa
1.pa3BHft+
2. ySnfl-t-
3.nepeBefl+
4. c6eper-r
5. npHBe3+
ssive participles- M, F,
M.
(develop)
(kill)
(translate)
(protect)
(import)
and PI.
F.
PI.
(developed)
(killed)
(translated)
(protected)
(imported)
Ex<
A.
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
srcise 7
Identify <
H-t- :
Rj
Form past
Kynn+
Hannca+
/
3a6HB+
/
yKpafl+
6pOCH+
cflejiafi+
3aKpjaft-t-
nepeBe,n+
OKpyacH-t-
. noflepaca+
. npnBe3+
sach as k ,
othe
passive partici
M.
(buy)
(write)
(forget)
(steal)
(abandon)
(do)
(close)
(translate)
(surround)
(use)
(import)
r suff
other
pies -
ix, R
suff
M,F,
# or
"ix:
Ob:
and
Ob.
PI.
PI.
(bought)
(written)
(forgotten)
(stolen)
(abandoned)
(done)
(closed)
(translated)
(surrounded)
(used)
(imported)

-1+96-
3. Use
Short-form past passive participles are used as are any short-form
adjectives: they serve as the predicate of "is" - /, "was" - 6hji
or "will be" - dy^ei . When used with past passive participles,
"/ - is" may be rendered "is" or "has been."
Non-Deverbal Adj.
Pres. OHa crcada.
(She is weak.)
Past OHa dHJia crcada'.
(She was weak.)
Future OHa' 6y^eT cJiada.
(She will be weak.)
Past Passive Participle
KHHra HanHcaHa.
(The book is/has been written.
KHHra dHJia HanncaHa.
(The book was written.)
KHHra 6y^eT HanncaHa.
(The book will be written.)
,1
Exercise 8
Translate into Russian. [After past passive participles, "by" is
rendered with the instrumental case.]
1. Hannca+ The book was written by a specialist.
2. ynpafl-t- My pencils have been stolen.
3. npHBe3-c My balalaika ( dajiajiaHKa ) is imported from Japan.
( flnOHHH )
4. nepeBefl+ This song has been translated from English.
5. KynH+
These gifts were bought in the big city..
6. c^eJiaH-t- This house is made (out) of old sausages..
7. 3adHB+ Our city is forgotten.
8. 6p6"cn+ She will be abandoned.
This may seem like a "present perfective," but it is not.
It means: "The book is in the state of having-been written."
Although the sentence is present, the passive participle is not.
Contrast: Pres. passive Fdpofl OKpyacaeM(The city is being surrounded.)
Past passive F6pofl 0KpyaceH.(The city is/has been surrounded.;
In general, most passive participles are past passive; the present
passive is rare.

-1+97-
k. Long-form
Largely restricted to written Russian, they are formed from the M
of the short-form by joining adjective endings, h but not £ is
doubled. '
Short-form Long-form
HanncaH HanHcaHHHft
3a6HT 3a6HTHfi
They function as any other long-form adjective, modifying a noun.
Short-form Long-form
Past Passive KHHra HanncaHa. fl 3Haio KHiiry, HanHcaHHyro
Participle (The book is/has been cneijuajitfcTOM.
written.) (I know the book written by the
specialist.)
Other
Ad.iective fleBymica cJia6a. fl 3Ha.ro cJiaSyio fle'ByniKy.
(The girl is weak.) (I know the weak girl.)
As with other long-form participles, the past passive normally follows
the noun it modifies.
Exercise 9
Translate int
1. 06tHCHH+-
2. HanHcat
3. npnroioBnt
4. npoMHTaH+
d Russian.
He's thinking about the lesson explained by the
teacher.
He reads books written by specialists.
I like the soud prepared bv Katerina.
I want to see the book read by Ivan.

Exercise 10
Translate into Russian. Vocabularyi
buy - Kynn+ y
translate - nepeBefl*
surround - OKpyjKii+
import - npHBe3+
1. My pencil has been stolen.
2. Where are the stolen pencils?
3. She lives in a city forgotten by the world.
4. She plays on a guitar made of old newspapers.
5. Their guitars are made of concrete.
6. I like gifts bought in London.
'. Where was this gift bought?
8. I love songs translated from Russian.
9. This song will be translated.
10. Our factory is surrounded by forget-me-nots.
11. We work in a factory surrounded by forget-me-nots.
12. I'm drinking vodka imported from Poland. _
13. From which country is this vodka imported?

_lt99
G. GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLESi REVIEW
Gerunds
Participles
Active
Passive's
short
long
Present
a
ymHH/tfmHa
om/hm
OMHft/HMHfi
Past
B ( fflH)
BfflHS
eHl/H/T/eH^
eHHfcra/HHHft/THft
A. Form
The following generalizations apply to all participles except the
past passive.
1. Suffixes: Present gerund and participles join V-suffixes.
Past " C-suf fixes.
2. Joining Rules> Normal joining rules apply, as. in conjugation.
V+C -» VC
V+V -* yV
C+V —» CV
C+C -» #C
roBopn +• BinH —» roBopHBmuM
roBopH ■+• a —* roBopn
3kSb -*• H —» 3KHBH
»c3b t- Bun —► khbiih
iuia'Ma
a + V causes V+V mutation:
/
nJiaica t- h
njiaKa + ymnS —* njia^ymuM
Obstruents drop " b " in joining sum and BmHfl
HeC + BfflH
Be3 1- BfflHS
HecmH
Be3fflHM
3. Stress; V-suffixes are usually stressed as the 1st person sg..
C-suffixes as the infinitive.
JIK)6H-»- : JIK6JIK), JII06nTb
h : jik>6A
npoacHB-*- : npoacHTfa, npoacmi, npoacmia
b : npoacHB
BinHM : npoacMBmuft

Past Passive Participles
Suffixed
« Otfter
eH* h t eH*-
1. Normal joining rules apply, as in conjugation.
V+C -^ VC Hanuca •*• h —f HanHcaH
V+V —■* Yy cocTaBH f eH —> cocraBJieH
C+V —» C'V yKpafl t en -» yKpa^eH
C+c —» ^C 3'aKpMft + t —» 3aKpiiT
eH1 causes V+V mutation: cocraBH + eH —t cocTaBJieH
eH^ does not : npHBe3 +■ en —i npHBe3eH (NOT npHBeaceH)
2. Stress is complex (See pp. 4-92 through 494 ).
3. Long and Short Forms
The passive participles have both long and short forms.
The active participles have only long forms.
Exercise 1
Form both gerunds
for present forms
which have both 1
1.
2.
3.
npH/rOTOBH+
Gerund
Active
Passive
npo/MHTaS+
Gerund
Active
Passive
* / ■ t
CKaaat/roBopn+
Gerund
and all 4 participles, using the imperfective
, the perfective for past. For participles
ong and short forms, give both.
Part.
Part.
Part.
Part.
Present
Past
Active Part.
Passive Part.

-501-
Present and Past
In gerunds and active participles:
"present" means "simultaneous" - at the same time as the main verb,
"past" generally means "relative past" - prior to the main verb.
Examples
06hhmsLh Co'hio, oh
cjiymaji pa^HO.
Pres. Gerund
Past Gerund
(While)embracing Bona,
he listened to the radio.
Pres. Act.
Part.
Past Act.
Part.
06hhb aceHy, oh
nomeJi Ha paddiy.
fl BH^eji ^eJiOBe'ica,
o6HHM^.iomero xeHy.
fl BHfleji MejioBeKa,
Embracing (after embracing)
his wife, he went to work.
I saw a man embracing his
wife.
I saw the man (who had been)
MHTaBmero "Bohc JIaH$'; reading "Boy's Life".
The present passive is rare. Passive participles are almost always
past passive.
D. Deverbal Nouns in He
3Ha^eHHe (meaning) from 3Ha'iH+ (mean)
3aicpHTHe (closing) from 3aKpbrfi+ (close)
Deverbal nouns in -He were treated on p. i+76. We can now relate
them to past passive participles. Deverbal nouns are,in fact,
derived from past passive participles by joining-He to the short
forms of past passive participles.
Suffixed
Radical
npH/rOTO'BH+
ppp npn-roTOBJieH
noun npH-roTOBJieH
He
Other
Ha/nHCjtt-
Ha/nncaH
nncSiH
He
3aKpHH-
3aicpHT
3aKpHT
ne
Ob
no/Befl-t-
noBeseH
noBejeH
ne

-502-
They differ from past passive participles in the following ways:
1• Stress
Stress generally falls on the syllable before -He.
noBefleHne, rmcaHne, 3aKpHTne
2. Aspect
Formed from either perfective or imperfective verbs, while past
participles are usually formed from perfective verbs only.
HanHcan, but nucaVe1 and HanucaHHe
Exercise 2
Form deverbal nouns in -He.
You have already encountered deverbal nouns formed from the
following verbs:
1. OTKpNH+
2. 3Ha^H+
These are new;
5. Tpe6oBa-t-
3. np0H3H0CH+
4. TeKt
6. 0KpyacH+ (surr ound).
7. neK+
8. iHTaft-i
9. npeflCTaBiw- (present).
10. The title "Crime and Punishment; consists of ™ ^h^&i-
nouns, from the verbs: npecTynttt- (break the law) ana HaKa3a+
(punish). +-+lQo
What is the Russian title!1
The eH of the past passive participle changes to eH in the deverbal
noun.
noBejeH but noBeajiHHe
This is a particular instance of the general rule that before soft
consonants,e —* e. This accounts for such diverse phenomena ass
the infinitive of obstruent verbs: neic+ but ne^b (NOT ne^b
feminine ending of pronouns: 3Tofi but Moeft (NOT Moeft )
CBOeH
TBO^M
The significant exceptions to this rule ares
1, The ver"b ending -eie
2. The instrumental singular of soft feminine nouns is always
seMjieS, ceMfeeM
eft:

-503-
E. English "-ing"
English "-ing" may correspond to Russian...
A. Gerunds
1. Present
Opening the window,,I caught sight of a trolleybus.
OTKpflgaH okho, h yBHfleji TpojiJieHoyc.
2. Past
(After) opening the window, he went out of the room.
OTKpUB OKHO', OH BHffleJI H3 KOMHaTH.
B. Active Participles
3. Present
The man opening the window is a spy.
HeJiOBeK, OTKpHBaro^HS okho - mnaoH,
k. Past
The man opening the window has gone.
HejiOBeK, OTKptJBraHg okho', ymeji.
C. Deverbal nouns in ~ne
The opening of a new era.
OTKpHTKe HOBOM o'pfcj.
D. Present Tense
He is opening a new era.
Oh OTKptJBaeT Ho'Byio 3py.
Exercise 3
Translate the underlined word only. (prepare - npn/roTOBnt)
1. Preparing a new plan (after preparing), he went to sleep.
2. He fell asleep preparing (while preparing) a new plan.
3. Preparing plans is not difficult. [use perfective]
k. They are preparing a new plan.
5. I see the woman preparing supper.

50U-
H. THE VERBS OF MOTION» DETERMINED AND NON-DETERMINED IMPERFECTIVES
A small group of common verbs have two imperfectives, called
determined and non-determined. All of these verbs denote motion, i.e.,
"walk, drive, swim, crawl, carry, drag," etc. They are sometimes
called "verbs of motion" ( rjiaroJiH flBHxe'HHfl ) .
Most Verbs
Perfective
Hanaca-v
Imperfective
nnca+
Verbs of Motion
Perfective Imperfective
Determined Non-De terminer
noexa* e'xa-t- e/3flH+
Among the most common ones aret
Determined
e'xa+
Hec't
Be34
Be #♦
jieTe-»-
Non-Determined
x
XOflH+
e'3 fln+
B03H+
BOflH +
jieTaft+
go by foot = walk
go by vehicle = drive
transport on foot = carry
transport by vehicle = drive
lead
fly
The Non-Determined Imperfective describes actions which are
(a) repeated
or
(b) without a destination
(a) Repeated
He drives to work every day.
Oh e"3flHT Ha pado'Ty Kdac^HH jeHB.
He often walks to the bank.
Oh *iacro xoaht b 6aHK.
She, drives her, children to ^school,
OHa B0'3HT CBOHX fleT^ft B DIKOJiy.
(b) Without a Destination
He walks a lot.
Oh mhoto xo'^ht.
He is riding in a trolleybus.
Oh e'3flHT b TpoJiJieSdyce.

-505-
The Determined Imperfective is used to describe actions which
(a) happen either one time or a specific number of times
and
(t>) have a specified destination.
Determined
Non-Determined
fl Hfly b mKOJiy.
I am going to school.
There is both a
specific destination - b
mKOJiy - and the
implication that it is
happening only one time.
fl xoacy b mKOJiy.
I go to/attend school.
There is a specific
destination, but it is
a repeated, habitual
act.
JIk>,hh Ky^a-TO ejyT.
People are driving
somewhere.
JlBflH e3aHT,.
People are driving.
Mu JieTHM Ha JiyHy.
We are flying to the
moon.
There is a specific
d e s t i nati on-Kyjja-t o,
Ha JiyHy - and the
implication that it is
happening only one time,
IIthijh jieTaioT Has ropo,n,OM.
Birds are flying over the
city.
The action is happening one
time, but no destination is
specified or implied.
Exercise 1
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1.
2.
3.
b.
5.
6.
7.
I alwavs walk to the factory.
He alwavs carries a briefcase.
I often walk. Todav I am riding to work.
Where are you going ( A- )? I'm going to the bank. I am
carrying a briefcase there.
He alwavs drives his brother to work.
Todav he is driving his sister to work.
Thev often drive to Leningrad.
(continued)

506-
i. She always takes (by foot) her brother to school. ( nucojia. )
9. Today she is taking (by foot) her sister to school..
We are limiting our discussion, of determined and non-determined imper-
fectives to the present tense.
Verbs of motion which are in the present tense are either determined
ro non-determined imperfective. They are never perfective, since
there is no perfective present. Verbs of motion in the past or
future tenses are either perfective or imperfective-determined ro imper-
fective-non-determined.
Present
Det. Non-Det.
HfleT X6flHT
PastJ
Fut:
Perf."
nomeji
nofi,ii;eT
Past/Future
ImperJTective
Detr" ^^Non-Det.
meji xo^rfji
6y,neT hjth 6y,neT xoflHTb
Examples!
Past perfective:
Past Imp.-Det:
Past Imp.-non-Det:
Future perfective:
Future Imp.-Det.:
Oh nomeji ^omoS.
He went home.
fl BCTpe'THJi ero, Kor.ua oh meji flOMofi.
I met him while he was walking home.
Oh Bcer.ua xoffriji homo's.
He always walked home.
Oh noe^eT b 6aHK.
He is going to drive to the bank.
Kor.ua mh 6y^eM exaTb b Hapo'^HHH 6aHK, ohh gy'jyT
exaTb b C0103 naTpHOTOB.
While we will be driving to the national bank,
they will be driving to the Union of Patriots.
Future Imp.-non-Det: Ohh 6yflyT e'3,HHTb b 6aHK ksm^uPl ^eHt.
They will drive to the bank every day.

-507-
I. THE SUBJUNCTIVE
1. Form
Unlike many other languages, the Russian subjunctive does not have
its own set of endings. Instead, it uses the particle 6h in
conjunction with past tense forms.
fl npe,nno*ieJi 6h (I would prefer)
dcJiH 6u a 3Haji (if I knew)
2. Meaning
Softening
Used as the English "would" to soften assertions0
H npeflno^HTaK) H npeflno^eJi 6h
( I prefer) (* would prefer)
fl xo^y S xoTe'ji 6h
(I want) (I would like)
Contrary to Fact
Used to express a hypothetical and contrary-to-fact situation.
.Haace e'cJin 6h oh 3Haji, oh He cica3aji 6h.
(Even if he knew, he wouldn't tell.)
The tense of a subjunctive verb (i.e., whether past, present, or
future) is simply not expressed in Russian. The past tense form does
not necessarily convey past tense meaning.
Ecjih 6h OHa paSo'Tajia b MocKBe'.. .
can mean either!
(1) "If she were working in Moscow..."
(2) "If she had been working in Moscow..."
or (3) "If she were to be working in Moscow..."
Context shows which tense is meant,
context indicates •presents
OHa He pafioTaeT b Mockb^, ho
e'cJiH 6u OHa' pafiOTajia b MocKBe'...
(...if she were working in Moscow...)
context indicates past t
context indicates futures
OHa He pafioTajia b MocKBe, ho
e'cjin 6u OHa padoTajia b MocKBe'...
(...if she had been working in Moscow.)
OHa" He 6yseT pa6o'Ta.Tb b MocKBe, ho
ecJin 6h OHa' pa6oTajia b MocKBe'...
(...if she were to be working in
Moscow...)

-508-
3. Word Order
Bh (which may be shortened to 6 ) is generally placed after the verb,
or if ecjin appears in the clause, after e'cjiH.
a A^Maji 6h
e'cjin 6h oh 3Haji
(I would think)
(if he knew)
But it may occur in other positions!
a 6u He CKa3aji (I wouldn't say)
k, If-clauses
Not all clauses with e'cjin are subjunctive.
Not Subjunctive
Ecjih oh 3HaeT,
oh HaM He CKaaceT.
(If he knows, he won't
tell us.)
implying that he might
know, but might not
Ecjih BejxtMM cymecTByiOT,
ohh onacHH.
(If witches exist [and
I don't know whether
they do or not] they are
dangerous.)
Subjunctive
Ecjih 6h oh 3Haji,
oh HaM He cjca3aji 6h.
(If he knew, he wouldn't
tell us.)
implying that he does not
know
Ecjih 6u Be'fltMH cymecTBOBajiH,
ohh 6hjih 6h onacHHMH.
(if witches existed [which they
don't], they would be dangerous.)
The past form of "is "is 6hji , Therefore, a form of 6hji corresponds
to "is" in a non-subjunctive sentence.
1
3. Oh flOKTop.
(He is a doctor.)
eCJIH 6bL OH 6bIJI flOKTOpOM
(if he were a doctor)
k, Ohh oTKpHTH.
(They are open.)
ecjiH 6h ohh 6h'jih otkphthmh
(if they were open)
Nouns and adjectives serving as the predicate of 6hji often appear
in the instrumental case. (This is discussed in Volume II.)

-b09-
Exercise 1
A. Change from statement of fact to contrary-to-fact.
Ex. Oh 3Haji, r,ne OHa acHBeT, noa'TOMy oh HaM cKa3a"ji.
* Ecjih 6h oh 3Haji, r^e oh^ acHBeT, oh HaM cKa3sbi 6u.
1. Ohh d^ieHt MHo'ro iibiot, noaTOMy ohh He iacTO 3aHHMaioTCH.
2. Oh jnieHHM, noaTOMy oh Bee 3HaeT.
3. BejjBMtj onacHH, nooTOMy ohh Bac HHTepecyioT.
4. Befl&MH cymecTByioT, nooTOMy h hx 6010'cfa.
BeflbMa - witch onacHNft -dangerous cymecTBOBa*- exist
Exercise 2
Translate the following sentences into Russian. Some are contrary
to fact, others are not.
1. If he were a good student, he would study (3aHHMaii-t-. .en) all
day.
2. If he is a good student, the teacher will give ( noci^Bn+ )
him a "5" (nflTepica ),
3. If we knew, we would tell them.
^. If they were living in Leningrad they would "be working there.
5. If they love each other, then why don't they live together?
6. If they loved each other, then they would live together.
7. She would like to live in London.

510-
J. COMPARATIVES
Comparative adjectives are of two sorts - simple and compound.
Simple Comparatives
Simple comparatives are used in the same way as short-form adjectives'
as the predicate of "be".
Kto KpacriBee Bcex? Oh cmibHe'e,ueM c^muS chjishuM jiokomothb.
3to Jiy^qme.
(This is better.)
A. Simple comparatives are formed as follows:
Rule 1 '. Suffixed Adjectives - generally join ee.
KpacriBHfl : KpacHBee (prettier)
If the stem consists of only one syllable, stress usually shifts
to ee»
cJioacHHM : cjioacHee (more complicated)
To'^Huft : To^iHee (more precise)
Exercise 1
Form simple c
1. HHTepe'cHbtft
2. chjibhhM
3. flJIHHHHM
omparatives.
Mark stress.
k, ajiera'HTHHft (elegant)
5, vmhuM (intelligent)
Rule 2 : Radical Ad.iectives (i.e., those with no suffix)- generally
join e, with V+V mutation.
npocTofi : npome (simpler)
MOJiOflo'fi : MOJioace (younger)
floporoft : .noposce (dearer, more expensive)
Some adjectives in -k or -ok drop these suffixes in forming the
comparative. As a result, they become radical and join e rather
than ee.
HH3KHH : Hn'ace (lower)
BHCo'KHft : Bume (higher)
As an exception to Rule 2, there is a small group of common radical
adjectives that join ee, rather than the expected e. We have had:
hobhS : HOBe'e, rjiynuS : rjiyne'e, cJia6H& : cjiadee, CMejiuS : cMeJie'e

-511
Exercise 2
Form simple comparatives.
1, T HXHft
2. 6oraTbift (rich)
1. IHCTHfi
ij-. kotdo'tkkM (drop k)
(short)
"?. flopor6M
Mark stress.
6. rpoMKHM (loud)
7 . Mfl'rKHft
8. bhco'khH (drop ok)
(high)
Q. npocToM
10. iuhpo'kkS (drop ok)
(wide)
The following common comparatives are irregularly formed.
xopo'mnft : jiy^me ("better)
ruioxoft : xy^xe (worse)
SojibraoH : fio'jibme (bigger, more)
Ma'jieHtKHH: MeHbBe (smaller, less)
paHHHM : paHtme (earlier, previously)
CTapHM : daprae (older)
,n,ajieKnM : ^ajibrae (further)
flemeBHft : ,n,eme'Bjie (cheaper, less expensive)
no3flHHM : no'3ace (later)
Comparative Adverbs
Comparative adverbs are identical to the corresponding comparative
adjective.
xopomHfti JI^ime
xopomo J
to^ihhS
TO^IH
HH 1
° J
To^iHee
Examplest
Oh jiynrae roBopuT,
Toraee roBopH
(He speaks better.)
(speaking more precisely)
The comparative of MHoro (much) is fiojibme
msljio (little) is MeHtme
(NOT do'jiee, MeHee)

512-
Exercise 3
Form simple
1 i flJIKHHHft
2. KpacHBhiM
3» Sora'Tufi (
^. xopomo
5» ho'bkh
6. ^ajieKKit
7« .nemeBHit (
8. t hxhS
9« njioxofi
10. CTa'pHft
comparatives,
rich)
cheap)
Mark stress.
11. MHrKHft
12. 6ojibmofl
13. mhoto
14. xikcthM
1^. mojioxoM
16. bhcokhM
17. JioporoM
18. rpOMKHH
19. HHTepeci
20. rJiynHH
(high)
(loud)
ihS
B . Use
1. "Than" is expressed by *ieM plus nominative case.
He is stronger than Ivan. Oh cKJibHe'e, veii Hbsih.
They live worse than I. Ohk acHByT xysce, <ieM a.
It may also be expressed without ven by placing the second member
of the comparative in the genitive case.
Africa is bigger than Europe. AtJpHKa So'jifame EBponH.
2. "Much X-er" - ropa3flO + comparative
much better - ropa'3,no Jiymne
much more interesting - ropa3.no HHTepe'cHee
3. "Somewhat X-er" - prefix no
somewhat better - nojiymne
4. "The X-er... the Y-er"
The older he became the worse he understood.
HeM cTapme oh daji, TeM xyace oh noHHMaji.

-513
Exercise k-
Translate into Russian.
1. Natasha is much prettier than Vera._
2o Ivanov writes much better than Gladkov..
3. The younger the stronger.
4. The cheaper the "better.
5. As far as I know, Rockefeller is richer than Professor Schultz,
6. Capitalism is older than socialism. (KanHTajiH3M : con;najiH3M)
7. A little louder, please,
8. Write less and think more.
9. He is younger than I.
10. The first sentence is more complicated than the last.
Compound Comparatives
Compound comparatives are used attributively, i.e., they modify a noun.
They are formed with eo'jiee/Me'Hee plus declined adjective.
Compound Simple
Oh syMaeT o fio'jiee cjiqschom Bonpoce. 3tot Bonpoc cjioacHee.
(He is thinking about a more complicated (This question is more
question.) complicated.)
Oh BejieT So'jiee KHTepe'cHvio acH3Hb. Ero M3hb HHTepe'cHee.
(He leads a more interesting life.) (His life is more inter-
esting.)
(1) The compound comparative modifies a noun.
The simple comparative does not.
(2) The compound comparative is declined.
The simple comparative is not.

-51U-
Exercise 6
Translate into Russian.
1. This machine is more complicated. I understand the less
complicated machine.
2. This is simpler. This is a simpler question.
3. The book that you were reading is more interesting than I
thought.
4. He's thinking about a more interesting book.
There is a small, very common group of attributive comparatives which
are not compound, i.e., are formed without 6ojiee.
lt CTa'prnnft/MJiaflrnHH (elder, senior)/(younger, junior)
2, Jiy^mnii/xyflniHfi (better)/(worse)
3, BHcmHft/HH3mHft (higher)/(lower)
They have superlative meanings as well.
Oh b jiyMmeM yHHBepcHTeTe. (He is in a better university.)
OR j ( the best " " .)
Exercise 6
Translate into Russian. Vocabulary;
education - o6p^30Ba'Hne
buy - Kynn*
university - yHHBepcHT^T
1. Higher education interests me.
2. My older brother speaks Ukranian much better than my younger
brother.
3. We bought the more expensive books. i
4. What do you know about the better universities?

SUPERLATIVES
-515-
There are two ways of forming superlatives.
(1) Compound Superlative
ca-MHft + ad.i.
HHTepe'cHHft : caMHft HHTepe'cHbift
KpacriBHH : Ca'MHft KpaCIl'BHH
Tajia'HTJiHBbrii: caWfi TajiaHTjiHBHft
(2) Simple Superlative
ad.j. stem + -eftmHft
HOBbrii : HOBeftmuft
flJIHHHhjft : flJIHHHeftfflHft
HHTepecHHfi : HHTepe'cHeftmHft
rjiynaft : rjiyneftmuft
K + eftmnft —» H ■+■ aftmnft
BejiHKHH : BejiH^aftrauft
Tiixuft : Tumaftmuft
rjiy6oKHft : rjiyeo^aftmuft
(deep)
Meaning;
The compound superlative has only the meaning, "the most". The simple
has the meaning of either:
a. "the most"
b. "very, extremely"
Hence, caMHH ho'bh# jom (the newest house)
HOBeftmuft ,hom (the newest house)or(a very new house)

TABLES
A. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
i. Table of Endings 517
2. Noun Paradigms 518
3. Adjective Paradigms 519
k. Irregular Nouns 520
5. Noun Stress Types 521
B. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 523
C_. PRONOMINALS 523
1. Chart of Endings 524
2. Paradigms 525
D. PREPOSITIONS 527
E. NUMBERS 528
1. Declension of Numbers 529
F. TIME EXPRESSIONS
1. Vocabulary 530
2. Chart 530
3. Telling Time 531
k. Dates 531
G. VERBS
1. Stem Types 532
2. Endings and Suffixes 533
3. V+V Mutation 53J4,
k. Verb Paradigms 53J4,
5. Irregular Verbs 538
6. Prefixes 541
* - treated in Volume II
t - not treated in the book

-517-
A. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
1. Table of Endings
MyaccKoft
Cpe^HHft
JKe'HCKuM
MHoacecTBeHHoe
HucJid
HMeHi*TejIbHH#
BHHHTejIbHHft
POBHTeJIbHUft
HaTeJifcHuft
IIpeflJIOXHHft
TBOpHTejIbHHft
• • •Jul*
../
• •. o ,i o.• *o_
...ovo...a
• •. omu.. ._u_
...om...e_* (jr)
•••im•••om
• • . a j a. • . a
•. .u ju• • ..u
• • 'SA* • 'X
» • •on• • • e
.3
.. .oj... ,oj.
I
A
X
iu
/ 4
...i,je...i/a
... ix.. .^/e.i/ov3
••.im.•.am
..«ix* *.ax
...imi...ami
*Sterns in jj.« i.i+e—» ij+i
(1) ij—* oj when stressed <
(2) Some masc. nouns have stressed y. Some common ones are : jiecy,
rofly, cafly
(3) alternates .oju are largely restricted to written Russian
(M a int neuter plural ( cjio'bo: cjiOBa) ,
certain M nouns ( flOKTop: .noKiopa)
(5) nouns ending in a vowel have gem pl« p ( KOMHaia: KOMHai )
(He^eJiH: HefleJib )
f ( napTHH*. napTHft )
nouns ending in /, have gen. pi.
\
e.j if the stem consonant is
soft or H: t
( nucacTejib: nHcaieJiefi )
( HO^Jb: ho^^M )
ov otherwise.(3aB0fl: saBO^OB)
(m^chd;: Me'cnueB)
(repoft: repoeB)

518-
2_. Noun Paradigms
There are three spelling variations for each set of endings. The spelling
is automatic and depends on whether the final stem consonant is hard, soft
or j .
Hard
M
3a.B0Jl _ fact
M.
B.
P.
R.
n.
T.
3aB0Jl
3aBo,n
3aB0,na
3aB0,ny
3aB0ji;e
3aB0fl0M
M
ory
3aBO^H
3aBOJJ,K
3aB0jj,0B
3aBO,naM
3aBO^ax
3aBO^;aMH
riMcaTejIb _ writer
H.
B.
P.
R.
11.
T.
nHca'ieJib
nucaTeJiH
nucaiejiH
nHcaTejiio
nuc.aTejie
nHc.aTejiM
nHcaiejiefi
nHcaiejiefl
nHcaiejiHw
nucaTejiHX
C
CJIOBO _ word
H
B
P
R
11
T
nHcaieJieM nucaTejiHMH
, CJIOBO
. CJIOBO
. cjioBa
cjiOBy
. cjiOBe
. CJIOBOM
CJiOBa
cjioBa
CJIOB
CJIOBaM
cjioBax
CJIOBaMH
Soft
c
M<?pe - sea
M. Md'pe
B. Mope
P. Mdpn
R. M6pio
n. Mo'pe
T. MopeM
MOpH
Mopn
Mope'ii
MOpHM
MOpjfX
MOpHMH
A
KOMHaTa - room
H
B
P
R
11
T
KOMHaTa
KOMHaTy
. KOMHaiH
KOMHaTe
, KOMHaTe
K6MHaTOft
}K
KOMHaTH
KdMHaTH
KOMHaT
KOMHaiaM
KOMHaTaX
KOMHaTaMH
Hejj;ejIH_ veek
M. Heji,ejiH
B. Heji;ejiio
P. He^ejiM
R. He^eJie
n. He^eJie
T. Hejj,e'jieft
Heji,ejiH
Hejiejin
Hejiejib
Hejj,ejiHM
HeJiejiHX
Heji;ejiHMH
M
repoH _ hero
H.
B.
P.
JU
n.
T.
repoft
repoH
rep6a
repoio
rep6e
repdeM
repoM
repdeB
repoeB
repoHM
repoHX
repoHMH
COqHHeHHe -composition
-
$OTOrpa$HH _ photograph
H. (JioTorpatnH $OTorpa$ni'
B. $OTOrpa$nio (JiOTorp^hHi'
P. $OTorpa$HH (fOTorpa^Hi1
R. (JOTOrpa&HH tfioTorpa\finj;v
n. cfioTorpa$HH (j)OTorpa$nj;x
T. coqHHeHHeM COTHHeHMMH T. $OTOrpatj)Heft $OTorpa$HflVR
i-declension
H. COTHHeHHe
B. co^HHeHne
P. CO^HH^HUfl
R. coquHeHHio
II. CO^HHeHHH
COTHHeHHfl
COIHHeHHfl
COTHHeHHH
CO^IHH^HHHM
COTHH^HHflX
There are no spelling variants to the i-declension.
3KH3Hb _ ]_ife
M. 3KH3Hb
B. JKH3Hb
P. 3KH3HH
R. 3KH3HH
II. XCH3HH
T. JKHSHblO
3KM3HH
5KH3HH
3KH3HeM
3KH3HHM
3KH3HHX
3KH3HHMH

HWUHtfaiTOOlI
WHHffaiTOOLI
XHHffaifOOU
waHffairoou
*LI
•tr
•a
•a
wuHtfairoou
j^waHtfairoou
XHHffe'lfOOU
Hantfairoou
ojaHtfairoou
Jr
t
MM Htf 8 IT 0 0II
4-
■f
SHHtfSIfOOII . KHHffaiTOOII aSHtfaifOOU tjHHtfaifOOU "K
•HW
w
0-830-131 'O-S^X
0 W
- gHHffairooii
HWHfflpdOX
XHfflOdoX
WHfflOdOX
XHfflOdOX
t
aumodox
>
>.
Haraodox
cmCinodox
irempdox
WHinodox
wamodox
iCwamodox
Qjamodox
t
aampdox
HHfflOdOX
•u
•tr
•a
*a
*H
P°°3 -|jHmodox
HWUHOO-Ald
XHHOO^d
WHHOOA'd
xnHOOA"d
I
aHHOOA"d
V
*
yoHoo^d
orA'HooyM
KtJHOO^d
WHHOOA'd
woxooA'd
AlwoHooA'd
OJOXOOA'd
t
aon:oo^d
t
#HXOOiCd
•I
•II
•ir
•a
•a
•H
'HW
K
W
ueissng - HHHOOA'd
HWHHOH
XHHOH
WHS OH
XHHOH
I
9HHOH
/
K
HOHOH
" 1
ma'soh
reaoH
WHS OH
i
WOSOH
/
a"wohoh
OJOSOH
' 1
t
1 1
80S0H
T
1 *■
HHHOH
■HW
3K
M
A9U UHSOH
SUlSTpBXej 3AXq.03L'pV *F
-6TS-

520-
4. Irregular Nouns t
1. Masculine and Neuter plurals in ,j
A small number of Masculine and Neuter nouns insert j_ in the plural.
.singular plural
| OpaT (opaTbtf
Russian
Transcription I brat I bratja
The genitive plural is either or or _ with an inserted e_.
Russian j*6pa.TbeB 0 ,npy3eft
Transcription I bratjev I druzej
The singular of these nouns is regular, and is given below for comparison with
the plural.
6paT (brother)
H. 6paT 6paTbH
B. 6paTa 6paTbeB
P. 6paia 6paTteB
H. epa'iy dpaTBHM
II. dpaTe 6pa'TbH:x
T. dp^TOM dpaTBHMH
flPyr (friend)
H. flpyr ^py3bH
B. spyra .npyseft
P. flpyra ,npy3e'ft
J[. spyry ,npy3bHM
n. apy're ^pysb^x
T. flpyroM ^pysbHMH
Other examples:
(chair) CTyJi: CTyJIbfl
(tree) fle'peBo: ^epeBbtf
(pen) nep6: nepbH
Other examples:
(husband)
(son)
Myx: MyacbH
chh: chhobbh
2 . .Nouns in an in
ryax.Aa.HKH (citizen)
K. rpax^aHHH rpaac^aHe
B. rpaacnaHHHa rpaac^aH
P. rpaac^aHHHa rpaac^aH
H. rpax^aHHHy rpaac^aHaM
n. rpaac^aHMHe rpaac^aHax
T. rpaac^aHHHOM rpaac^aHaMH
Other examples:
(Englishman) aHrjiH^aHHH: aHrjHmaHe
(Slav) cjiaBHHHH: cjiaBHHe

3. MaTb M (mother)
MaTb
flQ^fc Ut (daughter)
-521-
H. MaTb
B. Maib
P. MaTepn
H. MaiepH
n. MaTepn
T. MaTepbio
MaTepH
MaTepefi
Maiepeft
MaiepbHM
MaTepbHX
MaiepbHMH
M.
B.
P.
fl.
11.
ROHb
flO^b
JOTb
flO^epH
^o^epn
SoyepH
flotiepn
^o^epeH
flo^epeH
^oyepaM
flO^epHX^
T. flo'^epbio flOiepbMH
i+. Heuters in-MA
speMH (time)
H. BpeMa BpeMeHa
B. BpeMH BpeMeHa
P. Bpe'MeHK speMeH
J[. BpeMeHH BpeMeHaM
II. Bpe'MeHH BpeMeHax
T. BpeMeHeM BpeMeHaMH
5. nyTb (road, path, journey)
Other examples:
HMfl (name)
3HaMH (banner)
H.
B.
P.
n.
T.
The only
nyib
nyTb
nyTH
nyTH
nyTH
nyieM
masculine
nyTH
nyTH
nyTe'n
nyTHM
nyTHX
nyTHMH
£. Noun Stress Types
no shift
KHHra
CTOJI
shift between
sg. and pi.
aceHa
CJIOBO
shift within
peica
(pl-x ) (sg.* , pl*
iTe- [common]
quency:
[common]
[uncommon]
common m
i-decl.
nouns
uncommon

-522-
Summary of Symbols
- no shift
* over a noun- shift between sg. and pi.
( " ) in parenthesis after a noun- shift within sg. or pi.
No Shift
stem-stress
KHiira (book)
H. KHHra
B. KHHry
P. KHHTH
Jl. KHiire
n. KHrfre
T. KHHrofi
KHHTH
KHHTH
KHHT
KHu'raM
KHHrax
KHHraMH
end-stress
ctoji (table)
H. CTOJI CTOJIH
B. CTOJI CTOJIH
P. CTOJISL CTOJldB
£. CTOJiy CTOJISCm
IT. CTOjid CTOJiax
T. CTOJIOM CTOJiaMH
Shift between sg. and pi.
H.
B.
P.
Jl.
n.
T.
Ending
-M&H&
aceHa
aceHy
XeHH
aceHe
aceHe
aceHOft
to stem
(wife)
aceHH
aceH
aceH
aceHaM
aceHax
aceHaMH
Shift within sg.
H.
B.
P.
Jl.
n.
BO^a (s
BOjj,a
bo^
BOJJ.H
BOjje
BOje
g. X ) (wat er)
BdflH
b6p,u
BOJ
BOjaM
bo flax
T. BO,n6ft BOflaMH
Stem to ending
CJIO*BO (word)
H. cjiobo cjiOBa
B. cjiobo cjiOBa
P. CJIOBa CJIOB
JJ. cjio'By cjiOBaM
II. cjidBe cjiOBax
T. CJIOBOM CJIOBSLMH
Shift within pi.
MHfflb (pi.* ) (mouse)
H. MHfflb MblfflH
B. MHfflb MHme'ft
P. MHfflH MHffleft
JJ,. MHfflH MHinaM
IT. MHfflH MHfflaX
T. MHfflblO MHfflaMH
Shift within sg. and pi.
pexa (§g.x ,vl.* ) (river]
H. pexa
B. pexy
P. peKH
JJ. peKe
II. pexe
T. peKOft
peKH
P^KH
peK
pexeiM
pexax
peKSLMH

-523
B. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
H.
B.
P.
fl.
n.
T.
H
Menfl
MeHH
MHe
MHe
MHOH
TH
Te6fl
Tede
Te6e
Te6e
to6oh
oh/oho
ero
ero
eMy
HeM
HM
OHa
ee
ee
eft
Heft
eft
MH
Hac
Hac
HaM
Hac
HaMH
BH
Bac
Bac
Ba.M
Bac
BaMH
OHH
HX
HX
HM
HHX
HMH
none
ceda
cedn
cede
cede
codoft
C. PRONOMINALS
possessives: Moft
TBOft
cboM
Ham
Bam
indeclinable: ero'
ee
HX
2. demonstrativesj 3tot
tot
3. interrogatives: kto
wo
Me8
4. others:
OflHH
Becb
TpeTHH
caM
my)
your)
one's own)
our)
your)
his)
her)
their)
this/that)
that)
who)
what)
whose)
one)
all)
third)
oneself)
5. surnames in ob and hh
General feature: noun-like endings in the direct cases (nom-acc)j
adjective-like endings in the oblique cases

52)+-
1. Table of Endings
M
JK
Mh.
H.
B.
P.
J[.
n.
T.
4.
r
t
0
i
1
ovo
omu
_om_
1m.
_a^
iL
-°J_
■*■
i
I
ix
im
ix
imi
•
Adjustments
1. Special nom. sg. masc. forms:
o,H(H)H, TpeT(H)H, insert
B (e) Cb, q( e )H, insert e
9T(0T ), T (OT), add OT
K(TO ), U(TO )r add TO
2. Endings in i:
(a) ^TOT, tot, KTO, ^5To: i_^ e
(BCeM,Bcex, Te, Tex,...)
b
3. oj-
all other pronoininals : i_ softens preceding consonants
VO^HHM, 9THM, 3TH,..J
after soft consonants and j, feminine oblique oj-*> ej
(mo eft, Been,... )

MOft TBOit, CBOft
M 0
}K
2.. Paradigms
Bara Ham
Mh.
H.
B.
P.
I.
n.
T.
MO it
1
1
Moe
1
1
1
Moero'
Moewiy
MOeM
MOHM
MOH
MOK)
mo eft
1
MOH
3
MOHX
MOHM
MOHX
MOHMH
M
K
Mh.
H.
B.
P.
n.
n.
T.
Bam
I
i
t
Bame
i
1 ,
Bainero
BameMy
BaraeM
BaraHM
Bama
Bamy
Bameit
V
BamH
A
BaiUHX
BaiHM
BSUHHX
BamHMH
3T OT)
Stem: 3T +
TOT Stem: T +
M
'£
Mh.
M
M
Mh.
9TOT
1
t
3TO
|
I
9T0T0
9TOMy
3TOM
3THM
3Ta
9Ty
9T0H
'
i
9TH
I
s'thx
s'thm
9THX
9THMH
H.
B.
P.
fl.
n.
T.
TOT
1
J
4
TO
1
I
'Tord
TOMy
TOM
TeM
ia
Ty
TOfi
s
'
ie'
1
Tex
TeM
Tex
TeMH
MiiUS
Stem: OflH +
b( e )cb
Stem: BCB+
M
OflHH
f
4
t
0
OflHO
I
1
1
OflHoro
OflHOMy
OflHOM
OflHHM
I
oflHa
OflHy
OflHOH
'
■
Mh.
OflHH
J
OflHHX
OflHHM
OflHHX
OflHHMH
IA.
B.
P.
JI.
n.
T.
M
Beci.
1
1
C
BCe
1
si
1
Bcero
BceMy
BCeM
BCeM
I
BCH
BCK)
Bceit
>
'
Mh.
Bee
t
Bcex
BCeM
Bcex
BCe'MH

526-
q(e)fl
stem« ^fcft
M 0
H.
B.
P.
Jl.
n.
T.
1
t
UBe
1
i
1HBerd
^tBewiy
HBeM
HbYiM
m
ubfl
UfeK)
UBeft
>
r
MHi
MBH
J
^BHX
MBHM
IbHX
MBKMK
Tpei(h)ft
stenu TpeTB
M
H.
B.
P.
Jl.
n.
T.
TpeTnit
1
f
it
0
i
i >
TpeTBero
TpeiBeMy
ipeTBewi
TpeTbHM
}H
TpeTbH
TpeTBK)
ipeibeit
y
Mh.
TpeTbH
I
TpeTbHX
Tp^TbHV
TpeTbHX
TpeTbHMi
T
ca.M
k( TO )
Stemt K
q( TO )
H.
B.
P.
Jl.
n.
T.
M
caM
1
t
0
ca.Mo
i
1
•caMoro
caMOMy
CaMHM
CaMOM
1
cawia
cawiy *
caMoft
>
'
MH.
CaMH
I
CaMHX
CaMHM
CaMKX
CaMHMH-
H.
B.
p.
Jl.
n.
T.
KTO
koto'
koto'
KOMy
KOM
KeM
UTO
1TO
uero'
*ie My
ueM
ueM
*also- cawioe
Surnames in ob and HHare also pronominal except in certain M. sg.
forms (starred).
M
}K,
Mh.
M
}tt
Mh.
B
P
Jl
30JIOTOB
*3oJioTOBa
n
T.
4*
*3ojioTOBy
*3oJioTOBe
3dJIOTOBHM
3ojioTOBa
3ojiOTOBy
3o'jIOTOBOit
30JIOTOBU
-f
30JIOTOBHX
30JIOTOBHM
30JIOTOBHX
M.
B
p.
Jl.
n.
30JIOTOBHMt T. IlymKHHHM ^
IJymKHH QyiDKHHa
+
ny'mKHHy
IlymKHHa
riymKHHoit
riyniKKHy
*nymKKHe
nymKHHU
4-
riymKHHHX
riyniKHHUM
IlyniKHHblX
IlyillKHHHMH

D. PREPOSITIONS
-527
A few of the less commonly used prepositions have not been included
in the table. Prepositions which often take more than one case are
underlined.
Genitive
6e3-without
t b^ojib- along
t BMecTo-instead of
tBHe- outside of
tBHyipn- inside of
t B03Jie- beside
tBOKpyr- around
fljiH- for
flo- up to
K3- from
H3-3a- because of
fH3-nofl-from under
Kpo'Me- except for
mhmo- past
okojio- near
^ OT- from
no'cjie- after
tnp^oTHB- against
paflH- for the sake
*£" from
cpe^H- among
y- by, at
of
Accusative
j3- tO
3a- for
*3a-behind
Ha- to
*noj- under
t npo- about
tcKB03B- through
uepe3- through
Dative
t fijiaroflapa- thanks to
t BonpeKH- despite
k- to, towards
no- along, according to,
on the subject of
tcorjiacHo-according to
Prepositional
Instrumental
b_- m
Ha- on, at, in
~o]o6- about
t npn- at the time of,
in the presence of
,3a- behind
M^eac^y- between
Ha,n- over
nepefl- in front of, before
nofl- under
c- with

E. NUMBERS
1
2
3
k
5
6
7
8
9
10.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
30
31
40
50
60
70
80
90
one, two,...
"OflTlH
flBa/flBe
TpH/
ueTHpe
nflTb
mecTB
ceMB
BOCeMB
fle'CHTb
oflHHHamaTb
^BeHa.flu;aTb
TpHHa^n;aTB
ueTupHa^;ii;aTB
nflTHa^n;aTb
lecTHa^aTb
ceMHa'flii;aTB
BoceMHafflaTB
fleBHTHaso;aTb
^BaflnaTb
^Baj,D;aTB OflHH
,B;Ba^ri;aTb jBa
flBa'maTB Tpn
TpHflnaTB
TPHflqaTb OflHH
first, second....
nepBUK ~
BTopoit
TpeTHH
UeTBeTblft
nHTHfi
mecToft
CeflBMOH
BOCBMOft
,HeBJ$THft
^.ec^Tfaiit
o^HHHafln;aTuit
^BeHafln;aTuft
TpHHafln;aTHit
^eTbipHa,nn;aTHft
nHTHa'maTHtt.
mecTH^^maTHft
CDpOK
nHTb^ecHT
mecTbflecflT
CeMBfleCHT
BOCeMb^eCHT
fleBHHOCTO
100 o CTO
101•CTO OflHH
113 • cto TpHH^n;aTb
1^5 • CTO CO'pOK nflTb
200.flBecTH
300. Tpn'cTa
400 .^eTfaipecTa
500. IIHTBCOT
600. mecTBCOT
700. CeMBCOT
800, BOceMbCOT
900. fleBHTBC^T
1.000. THCHia
1.001. TbICflia OflHH
2,000. JBe THCHUH
5,000. nflTB IhlCHiJ
10,000. fl^CHTb THCH1
100,000. CTO THCflU
1,000,000; MHJIJIHOH
2,000,000. pa MHJijiHOHa
1,000, 000,000./MHJiJiHa'pfl
ceMHa,nriaTHft
BoceMHafluaTHH
fleBHTHa'flii;aTHH
ABafluaTHii
flBa.ana.TB nepBbiit
flBaflqaTB BTopoit
flBa^aTb Tpe'Tuft
TpHfln;a.THft
TpHfln;aTb ne'pBHft
COpOKOB6M
nflTHflecHTHit
raecTHflecHTuH
ceMHflecflTHM
BOCbMHfleCHTHH
fleBHHO'CTHH
co'thh
cto ne'pBuft
CTO TpHHa'flliaTHH
CTO COpOK IlflTHH
flByXCo'THH
Tpexco'THft
UeTbipeXCOTHH
nHTHCOTHfi
mecTHCo'THit
ceMnco'THit
BOCBMHCOTHH
fleBHTHCo'THH
THCHUHblH
THCH^a nepBbifl
flByXTHCaUHblft
nflTHTHCHUHblft
fleCHTHTHCHUHblH
CTO THCHUHHH
MHJIJIHO'HHUit
flByXMHJIJIHOHHHit
f MHJIJIHapflHHit
{ShJIJIHOH ( 6HJIJIHOHHHit

2,. Declension of Numbers'1'
JK
Mh.
H.I
B.
P.
Jl.
n.
T.
OflHH
i
OflHO
I
OflHoro
OflHOM.V
OJIHOM
O.HHHM
T—
o^Ha
o^Hy
OflHOH
OflHOH
opdfi
O^HOH
OJHH
t
OflHHX
O^HHM
OflHHX
OJHHMH
M-C
3K
JIBa
flse
flByx
flsyM
flsyx
ABVMH
TpH
Tpex
ipeM
Tpex t
TpeMH
-529-
yeTHpe
ueTbipex
MempeM
ueTbipex
UeTHpBMH
5,6,7,^,10
11-19
20 h 30
40
H.
B.
P.
Jl.
n.
T.
HHTb
IlflTb
nflTH
nHTH
n#TH
nHTbiO
BO'ceMb
BOCeMb
BOCbMH
BOCbMH
BOCbMH
BOCbMK)
ABeHa^uaTb
SBeHa^uaTb
flBeHa.fln;aTH
ABeHaflnaTH
^BeHafluaTH
ABeHaflnaTbio
flBaflii;aTb
^BafluaTb
ABaflnaTH
ABa^iiiaTH
^BafluaTH
^Baflii;aTbib
50-60
P.
Jl.
n.
T.
iraTb,nec.iiT
IlflTb fleCHT
naTa'jeCHTH
nflTH^eCHTH
nflTHfleCHTH
nflTbi6flecflTbio
H.
B.
P.
n.
11.
1'.
2.00
flBeCTH
flBeCTH
flByXCOT
AByMCTaM
AByxcTax
flByMHCTaMH
both
M-C M
70
ceMb^ecflT
ceMbflecflT
CeMHJI,eCflTH
CeMHfleCflTH
CeMHfleCHTH
CeMblO^eCflTbK)
900
TpHCTa
TprfcTa
Tpexco'i
TpeMCTa'M
ipexcTax
TpeMHCT
anH
H.
B.
P.
Jl.
n.
T.
o6a
o6o'hx
oSo'hm
o6o'hx
o6ohmh
o6e
ofie'nx
o6eHM
odenx
0 6eHMH
80
90
BOceMbjecfli
BdceMbfleCHT
BOCbMHfleCflTH
BOCbMH.HeC.HTH
BOCbMHfleCflTH
BOCbMIOfleCflTblO
fleBflHOCTO
fleBHHdCTO
^eBHHOCTa
1
I
CTO
CTO
CTa
1'
400
500-900
^eTupecTa
ueTbfpecTa
ueTHpexcoT
ueTHpeMCTaM
ueTHpexcTax
UeTbipbMflCTaMH
nflTbCOT
nflTbcdT
nflTHCo'l
namcTaM
nflTHCiax
II.STbIOCTa.MH
COJDOK
Co'pOK t
copoKa
100
collective numerals - "a group'
ABo'e (ipoe )
flBOHX
SB OHM
flBOHX
^BOHMH
ueTBepo
^eTBepbix
ueiBepHM
ueTBepbix
ueTBepHMH
1±
H-B:
P-Jl-n-T:
nojuopa
noJiyTopa
1.
2.
3-
150
nojiTopacTa
noJiyiopacTa
OflHH is a pronominal.
JlBa/flBe, tph, ueTbipe and co'poK, fleBAHo'cTO, cto are irregular.
All numbers ending in b are declined like i-declension nouns.
(5-20, 30, have final stress)
IlHTbflecHT, mecTbflecHT, ce'Mb^ecflT, Bo'ceMbflecHT are unusual in thati
a) nobat end; b) both halves are declined.

-530-
F. TIME EXPRESSIONS
1.. Vocabulary
Dav of Week
Monday- noHefle'jibHHK
Tuesday- btophhk
Wednesday- cpefla (sg. * )
Thursday- ^eiBe'pr
Friday- nnTHHija
Saturday- cyd6oTa
Sunday- BocKpeceHbe
Seasons
winter- 3HMa (
spring- BecHa
summer- jieio
fall- oceHb W
Months
January-
February-
March-
April-
May -
June-
July-
August-
September-
October-
November-
December-
HHBapb
(JeBpajib
MapT
anpeJib
Maft
HKJHb
HKJJIb
aBryci
CeHTflfipb
OKTflfipb
HOflfipb
flenafipb
2. Chart
on/in
Day Time of Day Week Month Season
b + ace. instr. Ha + prep. b+ prep, instr.
(1)
Year
B +urePi
this...
last...
next...
b cpefly
b 9Ty cpefly
b npomJiyio
cpe'fly
b Syaymyro
cpefly
yTpoM
ceroflHH
yipoM
B^epa
yipoM
3aBTpa
yTpoM
Ha 3ioit
HefleJie
Ha npomJioH
HefleJie
Ha 6y,nymeH
HefleJie
B OKTflfipe
B OKTH6pe
dToro ro'fla
B OKTHfipe
nponuioro
rofla
B OKTflfip^
Syflymero
rojia
JieTOM
3THM
JieTOM
npomjiHM
JI6T0M
SyflynHM
JieTOM
B 3T0V
rofly
b npon!.''.^
rofly
b fiyjjyi
rofly
(1) specific year is also B+prep. Only the last number is
declined.
in 1975 - B THcaia fleBHTbcoT ceMbflecaT nnTOM rofly

-531-
a. hour
■3>00
•5«00
!• Telling Time
Tpw uaca"
ILHTfe laCOB
b« ^ hour -3«30 nojioBHHa MeTBepToro
+c. i hour -5«15
-5«^5
td. minutes -5»05
-5«55
e. a.m.-p.m.
^eTBepTb mecTdro
6e3 ueTBepTH medb
tihtb MHHyT mecTdro
6e3 nflTH mecTb
7i00a,m. cewib ^acoB yTpa
2»00p.m. flBa laca jhh
7«00p.m. ceMB yacdB Be'Mepa
2»00a.m. flBa uacd. ho'ih
Day, month and vear»
^. Dates
a. the 22nd. of June, 1975 -
ABaOTaTfe BTopde hiohh
THCFma fleBHTBCOT Ce'MBfleCtfT
nHToro rcffla (abb« 22oe hiohh, 1975r.
b. on the 22nd. of June, 1975 - flBamaTb STopdro hiohh
THCOTa ^eBHTbCOT CeMbfleCHT
nHToro rdfla (abb« 22oro hhShh, iy?5 r.)

-532-
G. VERBS
Stems in»
ht -verbs
-H
-e
-ia
eT -verbs
-a
-0
-y
-c
1. Stem Types
Syllables
Non-Syllabics
Vowel-Stems C ons onant-S tems a £ h
all suffixed suffixed
roBopn +
cn,ne +
flepaca + >
HT- vbS.
fleJiaft +
KpacHeft +
radical
Resonant
nnca+ '
nopo +
Tpe6oBa +
npHBHKHy +
ineHHy^ +
-
eT- vbs.
XftB+
nftft-t-
Obstruent
acj,a + yMp+ HaiH+
fl/r: Bei +
3/c: Hec +
t/k: neK^t
6: rpe6 +
eT- vbs,
J

-533-
2. Endings and Suffixes
Z
O
M
<
O
S3
""3
o
o
HI -verbs
Present
(a)
(th )
(oh)
(mh )
(bh)
(OHi|
K)
Hfflb
HT
HM
me
AT
Imperative
Past
Infinitive
'ji, Jia, jio jih
TB
e'T -verbs
y
eniB
e'T
eM
e'Te
yT
1 rarely /
'rarely th, m
pp
>
g
Pres.Gerund
Past Gerund
Pres. Act. Part.
Past Act. Part.
Pres. Pass. Part.
Past Pass. Part.
a.
b (nm)
flnjHH, ymHit
Bfflfl
HM OM
I
eH
Suffixed
others
L
F
Radical
Res Ob
1 J.
t eHfc
-stems in Hy and o also have t ( TpoHy+ : TpoHyT, nopo +: nopoi)
- e'H- V+V mutation ( npeflCTaBH+ : npeflCTaBJieHne)
- eH^no V+V mutation ( noBe4+ : noBejeHHe)

-53h-
2.. V+V Mutation
De
A
3K
ntals -
T
*j
3
ac
-»H
c
m
CT
w.
Labials add Jib
6
BJIb
n
njib
B
BJIb
$
$JIb
M
MJIb
Velars—»H
K
n
r
ac
X
m
CK
m
Liauids soften
ji
jib
P
pb
V+V Mutation occurst
in ht -verbs
Con.iug.
1st. sg
only
in stems in
(whenever a
stem in a+
is joined to
a V ending or
suffix, i.e.)

throughout pres,
Imper.
no
Pres. Ger. Past Act. Part. Past Pass.Pti
& Deverbal K
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
^.. Verb Paradigms
Stress alternates are given in brackets,
When a form of the model verb does not occur, an example from a
similar type verb is given in parentheses.
TOBOpH-f
roBopio
rOBOpHfflb
TOBOpHT
TOBOpHM
roBopHTe
TOBOpHT
roBopH!
TOBOpHJI
roBopHJia
TOBOpHTb
TOBOpH
TOBOpHB
roBopa'inHH
rOBOpHBfflHH
(jik)6h'mhS )
( o6bHCHeHi
TcTaBH + ~|
CTarBJIIO
CTcLBHIHb
CTaBHT
CTSBHM
CTaBHTe
CTaBHT
CTaBb!
CTaBHJI
CTaBHJia
CTaBHTb
CTaBH
CTaBHB
CTa'BHIUHH
CTaBKBUHH
( JIK)6HMblfi)
-CTaBJieH
["npocH+ 1
npomy
npdcHinb
npocHT
npdcuM
npo'cuTe
npo'cHT
npocii!
npocHJi
npocHJia
npOCHTb
npocH
npocHB
npocHinHH
npOCHBfflHH
npOCHMblH
-npo'meH
CHfle +
CHacy
CHflMBIb
CHJJ.HT
CHJJ.HM
CHJJ,HTe
CHJJ.HT
jjep)Ka+
flepacy
flepacHnib
flepiKHT
flepacHM
flepacHTe
flepacaT
CHJJ.H!
CHjj,e'ji
CHjj,e'jia
CHJJ,eTb
(cmotph)
CHfleB
CHJJ.HIHHH
CHJJ,eBfflHH
flepscH!
jjepxcaji
flepaca'jia
jj,epacaTb
jj,epsca
flepscaB
jiiepscamHH
flepsca'BniHfi
( -CMo'TpeH) -jj,epscaH

-535-
nnca +
nniny
nilinemb
nHineT
nHiueM
nniueTe
niiinyT
mmk!
nHc.aJi
nHcajia
nHcaTb
(njia^a)
nncaB
nraymuft
nHcaBniHft
_
-rracaH
[njia.Ka +"]
njia^y
njiaqemi.
iuta^eT
njistaeM
iiJiaMeie
nJia^yT
nJia^b!
iuiaicaji
njianajia
njiaKaTb
njia^a
njiaxaB
njiswymnS
njia'KaBniHM
, ■* ,
( -nuc.aH )
nopo +
nopjo
ndpemb
nopeT
no'pewi
nopeTe
nopioT
nopri!
nopdji
nopo'jia
nopoTb
nopn
nopoB
ndpiomHfi
nopoBmnM
-
-nopoT
HHTepecoBa +
HHTepecyio
HHTepecyemb
HHTepecyeT
HHTepecyeM
HHTepecjreTe
HHTepecyioT
HHTepecyS!
HHTepecoBaji
HHTepecoBajia
HHTepeCOBaTb
HHTepecy'n
HHTepeCOB^B
HHTepecyjomHS
HHTepecoBaBmHM
(TpeSyeMHfl)
-HHTepeco'BaH
[TpeSoBa + ~1
Tpd6y» -'
TpeSyemb
TpeSyet
Tpe6yeM
Tpe6yeTe
TpeSyiOT
TpedyR!
TpedoBaji
TpeSoBajia
TpedoBaTb
Tpedya
TpedoBaB
TpefiyromHH
Tpe'SoBaBmHft
Tpe'SyeMbift
-TpedoBaH
npHBHKHy
npHBHKHemb
npHBHKHeT
npHBHKHeM
npHBHKHeTe
npHBHKHyT
npHBHKHH!
npHBHK
npHBUKJia.
npHBHKHyTb
npHBHKfflU
npHBHicmuft
(cBeprHyT)
menHy+
nienHy
menHemb
menHeT
menHewi
menHeTe
menHyT
menHH!
menHyji
menHyjia
menHyTb
menHyBmH
menHyBmHM
-menHyT
flejiaio
se'jiaemb
se'jiaeT
fle'jiaeM
fle'jiaeTe
fle'jiaioT
sejiaM!
fle'jiaji
fl^Jiajia
Ae'jiaTb
jejiafl:
fle'jiaB
fle'jiajomHH
fle'jiaBmHft
fle'jiaeMHH
-flejiaH
KpacHe3 +
KpacHeio
KpacHeemb
KpacHe'eT
KpacHeeM
KpacHeeTe
KpacHeiOT
KpacHeft!
KpacHe'ji
KpacHeJia
KpacneTb
KpacHea
KpacHeB
KpacHeiomHft
KpaCHeBmHft

-536-
3CHB +
3KHBjf
acHBemb
MBeT
acHBeM
MBeTe
acHByT
3KHBH !
iihh t
IlbK)
nbemb
nbeT
nbeM
nbeTe
nblOT
neH!
j"6Hfi-t-]
6bK)
6bemb
6beT
6beM
dbeTe
6bK)T
deft!
Mhlft +
M(5K)
Mdemb
M6eT
MdeM
MoeTe
m6iot
MOft!
3KHJI
acHJia
JKHJIH
3KHTb
nHji
nHJia
iihjio
nmiH
nHTb
6ilJl
dHjia
6HJIO
6HJIH
6HTb
MHJI
Mtijia
MHJIO
MbijIH
MHTb
3KHBH
KHBfflH
acHBymnH
aCHBfflHS
nHBfflH
nbK)ID;HH
nHBmnK
SHBfflH
6bj6m;HS
6HBmHS
MOH
MHBfflH
mo'kiuhH
MHBmHM
-2CHT
-nHT
-6HT
-MHT
B_efl_+_
Befly
Bejtemb
Befle'T
BefleM
BefleTe
Be^yT
Bep!
[Kpaj +■ ]
lKpaji;y
Kpa^emb
KpafleT
KpafleM
Kpa^eTe
KpasyT
Kpaflii!
MeT +
Meiy
MeTemb
MeTeT
MeTeM
MeieTe
M6TH
Be3 +■
Be3y
Be3emb
Be3eT
Be3eM
Be3eTe
Be3yT
Be3H !
[rpbi3 + 1
rpbi3y
rpH3emb
rpH3eT
rpu3eM
rpH3eTe
rpH3yT
rpH3H!
Hec»
Hecy"
Hecemb
HeceT
HeceM
HeceTe
HecyT
Hecnl
Beji
Bejia
Bejio
BejiH
BeCTH
Beflfl
BeflniH
BeflymnS
B^flfflHH
BeflOMblft
-BefleH
Kpaji
Kpaoia
icpajio
KpdjIH
KpacTb
KpaflH
KpaBfflH
KpaflyujHa
KpaBmHH
(BeflOMuS)
-Kpa^eH
MeJi
Mejia
Mejio
MejiH
MeCTH
(jcpaflH )
MeTfflH
MeTymHH
MeTfflHft
( BeflOMblM )
MeTeH
Be3
Be3Jia
Be3JI0'
Be3JIH
Be3TH
Be3fl
Be3fflH
Be3ym;HH
Be3IHH
Be3dMKS
-Be3eH
rpH3
rpH3Jia
rpbi3.n0
rpbl3JiH
rpu3Tb
1
rpbI3tf
rpu3mH
rpH3y'm;Htt
rpH3mHH
rpH30MuS
-rpu3eH
Hec
Hecjia
Hecjio
HeCJIH
HeCTH
Hecfl
HeCIH
Hecy'mufi
HeCfflHH
HeCOMUit
-HeceH

-537-
CTpnr+
CTpHry
CTpaacemb
CTpnaceT
CTpH2CeM
CTpHaceTe
CTparyT
ctphth!
CTpHT
CTpHTJia
CTpH'rJIO
CTpiirJiH
CTpH^b
CTpHrfflH
CTpHrymHS
CTprirmHS
-CTpHJKeH
[6eper + ]
depery
depeacemb
6epeaceT
SepeaceM
SepeaceTe
6eperyT
6epern!
6eper
SeperJia
6eper.no
SeperjiH
6epekb
Sepernm
Seperymuft
Sepermuft
-SepeaceH
neK +
nexy
ne^emb
ne^eT
neieM
ne^eTe
neKy^r
neKH
neK
neKJia'
neKJid
neKJiH
ne^jb
neKmH
neKymuft
neKmHft
-neieH
rpe6 +
rpe6y
rpedemt
rpedeT
rpe6eM
rpe6eTe
rpedyT
rpedn!
rpe6
rpe6.ua
rpe6.nd
rpeSjiri
rpecTH
rpeda
rpe6mH
rpeSymnK
rpefimufi
-rpe6eH
The following verb types are treated in Volume II.
acfla +
*fly"
acflemb
3KfleT
ac^eM
acjeTe
JKflyT
KflH!
acjaji
jieflajia
jKja'jio
acflajiH
ac^aTb
acjaB
acflj/mHS
acflaBniHfi
-ac^aH
Ha^iH +
Ha^Hy
HaiHemb
HaiHeT
HaiHeM
Ha^HeTe
Ha^HyT
Ha^HH!
Ha^aji
Ha^ajia
Ha^ajio
Ha^ajiH
HaiaTb
Ha^aB
( acMynjHS )
Ha^d.BfflHft
HaqaT
^MPt
yMpy
ywrpenib
yMpeT
yMpeM
yMpeTe
yMpyT
yMpn!
ywep
yMepjia
3fMep.n0
yMepjiH
yMepeTb
yMepmn
^TpymHS)
yMepmnK
(-TepT)
nOflHM+
noflHHMy"
noflHMMenib
noflHHMeT
no^HHMeM
no^HMMere
no^HHMyT
nOflHHMH!
no'flHflji
no^HHJia'
no'^HHJIO
nOflHHJIH
nOflHflTb
nOJHflB
-
nOflHHBmHK
nd^HHT
->
nOHM +
noftMy
noHMemb
noftMeT
noiiMeM
noMMeTe
noMMyT
noflMH!
n6HHji
noHHJia
nOHHJIO
nOHHJIH
nOHHTb
nOHHB
-
noHHBmnK
nOHHT

-538-
5. Irregular Verbs
Below is a list of common irregular verbs. Irregularities are
underlined.
Stemt
t 6eaca +
(run)
t 6pa +
(take)
Present
6ery 6eacHM
6eacHmb deacHTe
deacHT 6eryT
6£j>y 6e.peM
dapemb 6epeTe
6£.peT SepyT
Imp.
6erii!
6e_pH !
Past
Seaca'ji
deacajia
SescsuiH
6paji
6pajia
dpajiH
Inf.
SeacaTb
6paTb
63b-v
(be)
t B03BM +
(take)
t rHa +
(chase)
flafi +
(give)
(eat)
exa +
(Future) ^p+
6yfly SyfleM
dyflemb 6y"fleTe
Sy^eT SyflyT
B03bMy BOSbMeM
B03bMefflb B03bMeTe
B03bMeT B03bMyT
rOHK) TOHHM
roHHmb r^HHTe
TOHHT rOHHT
(go, drive)
t 3Ba +
(call)
flaM
4i,amb
flacT
emb
ecT
e'fly
exemb
ep,er
30By
30Benib
3C)BeT
flaflHM
japTe
flaflyT
emiu
ea^Te
eflaT
eAeM
eaeTe
ejiyT
30BeM
3£BeTe
3£ByT
6yj,b
B03bMH!
tohh!
flaS!
emb!
noe3acaft!
3£BH!
6hji
dujia
6bfjIH
B3HJI
B3HJia
B3HJIH
rHaji
rHajia
THa'jIH
jaji
flajia
jajiH
eji
eJia
eJiH
exaji
exajia
exajiH
3Baji
3Bajia
3BajIH
6bITb
B3HTB
raaTb
flaTb
eCTb
exaTb
3Ba.Tb

-539-
Stemt
(go, walk]
t Jie3 +
(climb)
t jier+
(lie)
Mor +
(be able)
neK +
(sing)
t npHHM +
(accept)
tpacT +
(grow)
t ceji; +
(sit
down)
t coca +
(suck)
(sleep)
Present
Hfly
1 n,nemb
HfleT
HfleM
HfleTe
HjyT
Imp.
h^h!
(stress is irregular)
Jie3y ji^3eM jie3b
jie'3emb jie'seTe
jie3eT jie'syT
jinry
jiHacemb
JIH»eT
jinaceM
jiHaceTe
jirfryT
(stress is irregu
Mpry MoaceM
Mo'acemb Mo'aceTe
Mo'aceT MoryT
now
noemb
noeT
npHMy
npHMemb
npftMeT
pacTy
pacTemb
pacTeT
CHfl.y
Cfl,nemb
OHfleT
(no, V+V
co_cy
coeemb
CO£eT
cnJiio
cnHmb
TTnHT
noeM
noeTe
noidT
npHMeM
nprfMeTe
npHMyT
pacTeM
pacTeTe
pacTyT
CHfleM
CHfleTe
CH,nyT
mutation)
co_ceM
coceTe
co_cyT
CnHM
cnHTe
CnHT
jiht !
lar)
nofi!
hPhmh!
pacTH!
Cflflb !
CO£H'.
cnn!
Past
meji
mjia
mjio
fflJIH
Jie3
jie3Jia
jie'3jiH
jier
jierjia
jierjiH
mot
Morjia'
MOTJIH
neji
ne'jia
ne'jiH
npHHHJI
npHHH.ua
npHHHJIH
poc
pocjia
POCJIH
ceji
ce'jia
ce'jiH
cocdji
coca'jia
cocajiH
cna.ji
cnajia
cnajiH
Inf,
HflTH
Jle3Tb
Jie^b
(Mo^b)-is found in
dictionaries
but in fact
never occurs
neTb
npHHfl"Tb
paCTH
CeCTb
COCaTb
cnaTb

r
-5U0-
Stemi
TKa +
(weave)
XOTe +
want)
Present
(no V+V
TKy
TKemb
TKeT
xo^y
xotiemb
xo^eT
' mutation)
TKeM
TKeie
TKyT
XOTHM
XOTHTe
XOTHT
Imp.
tkh!
Past
TKaJi
TKaJia
TKa'jIH
xoTeji
xoTejia
XOTeJIH
Inf.
TKaTb
XOTeTb

6. Prefixes (Treated in detail in Volume II)
-5U1-
Meaning
"into"
Latin Equivalent
in-
Examples
BTfeK ♦ flow in(to)
B3/B03
BH
£0
3a
H3
Ha
H&A
HH3
0/06
OT
nepe
nofl
npej
npo
p_as
c/co
y
"up"
"out of"
"as far as"
"behind, beyond"
"block"
"out of"
"onto"
"above"
"down"
"around"
"away from"
"back"
"across"
"re-"
"from under"
"underhandedly"
"before"
"through"
"past"
"apart"
"un"
"together"
"away"
jBJt
ex-
suver-
de-
circum-
dis-
re-
trans-
sub-
pre-
dis-
dis-
cpn-
B0 36yflH 4. arouse
BKCKa3a ^express, speak out
flomiTaM + read as far as
3aKfl +■ go behind, beyond
3aKpuK + close
H36e'rHy +■ escape, avoid
HansU+ attack
nojvmc£+ - superscribe,
autograph
CHH3oft,n + condescend
oSoftji; *■ circumvent, go
around
OTKpbift ♦ open, discover
0Tpa3H + reflect
nepejaft * transmit, handover
nepe^HTaa+ reread
no^^epaca + support
noflCJiymaS + eavesdrop
npeflCKa3a+ predict
npoTfeKt flow through
npoTeK* flow past
pacnafl-t- disintegrate,
...ch fall apart
pacKpHS+ discover,
disclose
coflepaca+ contain
ye'xa + go away, leave

542-
ANSWER BOOK
CHAPTER 1
iPage 111 Exercise 1
1. Ta
2 . TH
3« TO
4. ie
5. T,y
Page 11
1 • fla
2. 3a
3« 3H
4. 6h
5« flaMa
Page 12
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise
TK>
Te
T9
TH
TbI
2
BYT
flK)
rfle
6ot
6e3
_2
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
11.
12.
13-
14.
15.
KciK
KOT
TaK
KH
MH
doMda
nbi
nH
njio
jie
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Mbl
MK>
My
Me
KTO
fleji
syJi
$aKT
dpjIOT
(JiyTdoji
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
BH
Bbl
ByT
BOfl
sefl
H»
HH
ce
cy
CK)
11. xy
12. XH
13. Kpa.ii;
14. pa6oT
pa:
flo
fle
Ha
HH
BOT
15.
16,
17.
18.
19.
20,
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
njioxo
rfle
napK
paQoTe
b napicax
KpaflyT
OHH
Ha 3aB0flax
BeflyT cedn
yflapHHKH
Page 12 Exercise 4
1. YflapHHKH He Kpa.flyT Ha 3aB0fl,ax.
2. Ohh He BeflyT ceofl njioxo.
IPage 15l
1. aT
2. an
3« Kyji
^ • Kyjib
Exercise 1
5. KyjibT
6» pHT
7« pHTb
8« KypHTb
9-
10.
11.
12.
CKOJI
CKOJIb
HaCKOJIbKO
fleHb
n.
14.
fleji
6e3flejibHHK
Pages 11, 12, 15

-5U3-
[Page 161
1. Hyjib
2. HyjiH
3. HyjiK
4. HyjieM
5, Hyjw
|Page 16
Exercise.
6.
?.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise
_2
3aBO^
3aB0fla
3aBOfly
3aB0fl0M
3aBOflbI
4
|Page 161
1 , CJIOB
2. CTHJIlfa
3. KOMHaT
Exercise
4.
5.
6.
_2
flhlHb
KHH3b
3KHB
1. TpojuieH6yca TpojuieMdycy TpojuieftdycoM TpojuieMdycH TpojiJiefifiycax
2. HyjiH HyjiK HyjieM HyjiH Hyjinx
3. cnopTCMeHa cnopTCMeHy cnopTCMeHOM cnopTCMeHH cnopTCMeHax
(Page 19} Exercise 1
A. Not preceded by a consonant letter: 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19.
mo.jo
nos
1.
2.
3. nef
4. svo.je.j
5. delajut
6. ludojed
?. luTgat
8. .jazik
9. kuxna
10. Aziji
11. Aziji
12. 'oflj
13. kradot
14. po.jot
15« jug
16. mo.j i
1?. iigr
18- Jest
19« grubu;iu
20. rumka
|Page 19] Exercise 2
A. Contain ±t 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10.
• 1 • nova .j a
2. novi.j
3. vedot
4. mo.i
5. kon
6. tr 0 .i ka
7. §ola
8. meg 0
9. mo.ii
10. trollejbus
[Page 261 Exercise 3
A. Followed by vowel: 1, 3, 4, ?, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15.
B. 1. oh
2. oh
3. yro
4. K)
5. ByH
6. MOH
?. MOH
8. MOH
9« CTpOH
10. CTDOH
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
e
OH
0
eft
ee
Pages 16. 19, 20

_5UU-
\Page 20l Exercise 4-
1. HMa
2. epH
3» M|i;eT
4. moM
5. Turp
6. HCKajr
?. CHCKajI
8. nucaTeJife
9. hh
10. vs.
11. pycCKHfi
1?.. ,npyrne
13. MaM
14. o6pasyM
15. oopa3yMTe
Page 211 Exercise 5
1.
moi
moja
mo.ju
mo.jom
moi i
mo.je.i
2. kon
kona.
k o'qu
konom
kOQl
kone,i
Page 21] Exercise 6
1. hkp
2. KOHfc
3. 60M
4. jikSjib
5. ea
#yMa8
6.
7. MecT
8. 3XaHHH
9. noJib
10. sceH
11. KyxHb
12. napTHH
jPage 2l] Exercise 7
1. HflOJia H^OJiy HXOJIOM HflOJIbl
2. Hyjifl Hyjiio HyjieM Hyjin
3. MOfl MOB MOeM MOH
[Page 25[ Exercise 1
1 . KH
2. TH
3. XH
i\. napKH
5, XHXHKaTb
6. ^OpOTHM
7, COBeTCKHfi
8. BeJiHKne
iPage 2 5i Exercise 2
1, BonpocH
2, napKH
3, flOpOTH
50 rpexH
6. nucaTejiH
7. $HJIOCO(|)H
8. y,napHHKH
Page 331 Exercise 1
1.
2.
3.
40
5.
ma
sea
ua
^a
ma
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
mH
3KH
UH
^H
tHH
ll.SOJIbfflHM 16.3C6H
12.comh 17.ieM
l3,yjiHUaM is.^ecTb
1/|, TOBapuraH 19, omn6Ky
15.xyace 20.*yK
21. Kapa.H,n,afflH
22. HacTOflmutt
[Page 33l Exercise 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
jiescy
KOH^y
cjibimy
CMOTpK)
roBopro
numy
JieXHT
kohiht
CJIHIIIHT
CMOTPHT
rOBOpHT
numuT
xesaT
KOH^aT
cjibimaT
CMOTPHT
TOBOpHT
numaT
Pages 20, 21, 25,33

-5^5-
Pa,g;e 37| Pre- Translation
1. Be,nyT ce6n njio'xo - b TpoJijieM6ycax
2. yji,apHHKH - Ha saBO^ax
3. HeKyjibTypHHe jik!,ii,h - moiotch
k. jik>6ht KypwTb - Ha saBO^e
5. acHByT SeafleJibHZKH
6. Mo'eTGH - s Tpojuiett6yce - Kascjiuii xeHb
7. KyjibTypHHe JiroflH - ^iHTaioT
8. KyjibTypHHft xieJioBeK
9. .nyMaioT - o acH3HH Ha saBO,n,ax
10. pado'iaeT - Ha 3aBo,n,e
11. jik>6ht KypMTb - b napKax
12.. KpajiyT jih
13« xopo'in^fi rpax^aHHH - Be^eT ce6n nJidxo - b napKe
CHAPTER 2
Page 441 Drill 1
1 . X^^"^ *&&."^^
2. ^HpeKTop rrapjca
3. napK TOsapHnja JlerpoBa
5. ^Hpe'KTop saBo'^a fjia^KOBa
Page 46 Exe
A. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Page
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
50l Dri
1. OHH SCHByT
2 . Mfal
3. Bbl
4. TH
5. OH
6. H
HCHBeM
MBeTe
XHBMb
SCHBeT
Kpa,ny
rcise
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
11 2
7. ohh pafioTaroT
1
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
B. Do not requi
1» 3, 4f
The letter e
h paSo'Taio 15.
OH
Mbl
BH
TH
pa6oTaeT 16.
3HaeM 17.
fl^Maeie 18.
sH^emb 19.
H ^HTaiO 20.
OHa MHTaeT
re stress marks:
9, 12, 14
is always stressed.
bh Be,n,eTe ce6H njioxo
h .nejiaro
oh .neJiaeT
mh fle'jiaeM
bh jr.e'jiaeTe
ohh .nejiaroT
Pages 37, 44, 46, 50

5h6-
Page 60\ Exercise 1
A. Not immediately preceded by a consonant letten
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 1?, 18, 20
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
i£
-LP.
0.10
tio
t.io
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
aju
t.iu
11.
12.
13-
14.
15.
23.
tie
tie
■*t.Ui ...
o.ie
16. sho
17. sn.io
18. chju,
19. zhi
20. zhia
Page 6o| Exercise 2
kradot
•p od i om
statji
pamati
dada
6. djavol
7 • chudo
8. chju
9« zhon
10. ruzh.jo
Page 60) Exercise 3
1 . Tbfl
2. ^be
3. T"bfl
4. Xbe
5. ^ba
6.
7.
8.
9.
10,
Ma
m
flbfl
^■bH
11. neHra
12. neHbfl
13. Beji
14. o6"beM
15. acHTbe
Page 6l| Exercise 4
1.
2.
3.
is
sh
1.
^ 1
6. n
8. ^
9. X
jPage 6l1 Exercise 6
(a)
1 • nofli>exa+
2. no^nnca+
3« noxHHMa8+
i+» no^eM+
(b)
1. H36eraii+
2. H3T>HCHH+
3" H3MeHH+
^' H31>e3flH +
(c)
1. 06T>flCHH +
2. o6pa6oTafi+
3. 06061HH+
4. o6-beM+
(d)
1 . BXO.HH+
2. Bi>e3,+
3. Bmnfti-
4. Bi>exa+
jPage 7ll Drill 3
1. napKa ^ 8,
2. TpojiJieM6yca 9,
3. TOBapuma lo,
4. nucaTejiH 11,
5. Mysefl/ 12.
6. HHcne'KTopa 13,
IleTpo'Ba 14.
7. b na'pKe 15.
16.
b Tpojijieftdyce
b Mysee
Ha saBo'xe
TpojiJiefi6ycu
3aBOJI,H
na'pKH
TOBapHIHH
nuc^Tejin
Myse'H
17. HHcneKTopa
18. jiioxh
19. b napicax
20. b Myseax
21. b TpojiJieiifiycax
22. Ha saBOflax
1 Pages 60, 61, 71

•!s*i%^l mf
-5^7-
Page 80 Drill
1.
2.
3.
k.
5.
6.
7.
8.
HOBblfi
HOBHe
4
rpaMMaTH^ecKHH
rpaMMaTH^ecKHe
xopomuM
xoROinne
fldSpbiM
fl66pue
iPage 80 Drill 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CHAPTER 1
MOJIOflOft
MOjioflue
CTapuM
CTapHe
KaKo'ft
Karae
njioxoft
njioxne
hobhM
HOBHe
IPage 92J Exercise 1 A. B.
Consonant stems: 2, kt 6 Consonant endings: 1, 5, 7, 8
Vowel stems : 1, 3, 5 Vowel endings : 2, 3, l\, 6, 9
Page 93l Exercise 2
C+C: 1, 13
C+V: 2, 12
V+C: 5, 7, 8, 10, 14
V+V: 3, ^, 6, 9, 11, 15
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-
6.
7.
njIHTb
nJibiBy
roBOpro
TOBOpHT
rOBODHTb
TpOHyT
TpOHyjI
8. acxa-Tb
9 • xfly
10. KOHeTb
11. KOHK)
12. cofly
13» coji
lk, Bjiair
15. BjieT
Page 9^-1 Exercise 3
lo nOMHK)
20 CJiyacy
3. Jiexy
nOMHHT
CJiyXHT
jieacHT
nOMHHT
cjiyacaT
jieacaT
IPage 9k\ Exercise 4-
1«, njiHBeT
2. ojie'HeT
3. Jie^eT
h, BeseT
Page 951 Exercise 5
1. sen By
2. flejiaro
3. CTaHy
k. Jiaro
5. TpoHy
6. rpeio
7. rpe6y
(Page 96
1• najy
2. rpeio
3« cnacy
4. jiaro
5« wrpaio
Exercise 6
na^eT
rpeeT
cnaceT
jiaeT
nrpaeT
Pages 80, 92, 93,9^, 95
_

5U8-
£age_26j 3x.eEfiipe._Z
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Beoi
Bejia
Be^eT
fleTb
fleHy
fleHeT
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
flpoacy
ApoacaT
rpero
rpe'eT
rpeTb
nHTb
13. Jieio
14. jieTb
15. HeTy
16. Heji
17. Hejia
18. HeTeM
19.
20.
21.
22.
2j.
24.
cyHeM
cyTb
cyscHT
cyscy
cyscaT
cyacHTb
[Page lOl] Drill 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
SoJibraan
KaxxMfi mojio,hoh
Kaxxaa MOJio,n,atf
6eTOHHblfi
SeTOHHaa:
Kaacflaa xopoman
Kaacfloe BejiHKoe
KS_«JI,I_fi BejIHKHM
njioxan
. njioxoe
. Jiy^iniKH
12. cTapaH
13. MajieHbKan
14. HOBOe MajieHbKoe
15- Jiy^maH
16. Kascflaa HOBaa MajieHbican
17. BeJiHKoe
18. SeTOHHbifi
19. xopo'mee
20. njioxoe crapoe
21. Kaacflan xopomaa
Page 113 Drill 2
1. KOHflyKTOp 3HajI. ,
2. y^HTejibHHua pafioTajia.
3. Mh xyMajiH o 6eTOHe.
4. fl roBopHJi/a/ 0 acypHa'jie.
5° MaMa, th oTXMXa'jra b BjiHHCKe?
6. Ohh' jikShjih 6eTo'H.^
7. Bh roBopHJiH 0 BjiHHCKe?
8. Ohh pa6o_ajiH c 9HTysna'3MOM.
9. Oh acHJi b BjiHHCKe.
[Page 115l Drill 3
1. Mh Sy^eM pafioTaTb.
2. OHa 6yxeT OT,n,HxaTb b BjiHHCKe.
3. Mh 6yfleM 3HaTb, ^to bh 6y',n,eTe flejiaib.
4. Ohh pyxyT roBopHTb 0 6eTOHe.
5« fl 6y,ny OTflHxaTb b BjiHHCKe.
Page 117 Drill 4
1. Becb mhp roBopHT o 6eTOHe.
2. Bch SpHra^a roBopHJia o TpojuieM6yce.
3. Ma'jaa, th roBopHJia o SeToke?
4. Bch A'spwt roBopHT o KapaHflamax.^ ^ /
5. Bch EBpdna 6y,neT roBopHTb 0 na'pxe TOBapuma neTpoBa.
6. Bee .npyriie na'pKH CT^pne h ruioxne.
Page 96, 101, 113, 115,
112

-5^9
CHAPTER k
I Page 1331 Exercise 1
1. KDaCHHH 6. CBekHft
2. orpoMHuM 7. Kpjfrjiufi
3- cpe^HHM 8. CTpdrnfi
4. HacTOHmwM 9. x<56pHfi
5. aMepuKa'HCKHMlO.nocJie^HuM
(_Page 133-13.4) Exercise 2
1. HOBHH
2. MHpOBOM
3. BHCOKHft
k. TaKOfi
5. .noporoM
6. JieTHHfi
7. TeMHblfi
8. JiecHdft
[Page 13^-1 Exercise 3
1. hobm
2. xopoman
3. pyccKan
k. ^oporaji
6. KyjtbTypHas
7. JieCHSLH
8. cpe'iiHflfl
9. TaKaH
5. nocjiexHHH 10. cTporan
IPage 13^1 Exercise k
1, HOBoe
2, pyccKoe
3, xoporoe
4, jieCHo'e
5, CBeacee
6. cpe'^Hee
7, CTpdroe
8. MOJio^oe
Page 135
1.
2.
1.
'1.
s.
Pag
1.
2„
3.
k.
Pag
1.
2.
3.
k.
5.
KyjibT
y'pi
nocJiexH
xoponraft
Exercise 5
ibiM KyjibTypHaa
^H
MajieHbKHfi
XoporoH
e 135
KpacH
an
nocjieji,HHH
xopdraan
MajieHbKaa
floporaH
Exercise 6
KpacHoe
aHrjiHHCKaa
cBeacan
cpe^HHH
e 137
MOH
Moe
MOH
MOH
Moe
aHTJIHKCKOe
CBeacee
cpe^Hee
Exercise 1
1. Baraa
2. name
3. Bam
4-. sama
5. Bame
KyjibTypHoe
nocJie^Hee
xo
pomee
MaJieHbKoe
floporoe
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MeB
Mbe
Mbfl
^efi
Mbe
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
opa
OflHH
O^HO
0,B,HH
OflHsl
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
BCH
Becb
Bee
BCH
Becb
Pages 133, 13^. 135, 137

-550-
Page 138 Drill 2
• MOH HOBHH
• MOH HOBM
• Moe CTapoe
• Bam xopomtfft
5» Hani nocJieflHHH 9, ^eM ho'bhh
6. Hani py'ccKHH 10. ^be xopdmee
7. Bama pyccKaa
8. iibH CTaiDan
11. o,n,Ha ruioxan:
12. OflHO xopdmee 16. see
1 3. OflHH HOBHH
l4., bch Hama
15. sect
|Page 1421 Drill 3
1. nncbMa
2. 3^aHHfl
3« npaBa
4. MopH
5» COVHHeHM
Page 143 Drill 5
1. jcyjibTypHbie
2. rpaMMaTK^ecKne
3« xopomne
4. nocjie^HHe
5. MOJiOflbie
Page 1451 Drill 7
iPage 1431
Dr
1, CTy^eHTH
2. 6pHraflbi
3, MeCTa
4. KyxHH i
5. ropofla
[Page 144! Drill 6
1, moh 1. Harae
2. moh 2. Hama
3. moh 3, HamH
1.
2.
3.
ill
^eM
Mbfl
^ibe
4
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
cjiOBa'
TOBapHmH
dfcOTorpacfiHH
3^;aHHH
, yMHTejia
1. OflHH
2. OflHH
3. O^H3
1. BCh
2. Be->>
3.Bce
1. MOH HOBHe 3a.B0'ji;bI
20 BaniH xoponiHe dpHra^H
HaniH flofipHe ywTejiK
MOH HOBbTf CJIOBa
t?bH rpaMMaTHuecKHe Bonpocu
oj,hh .noporne KOH^yjcTopa
Ba'mH nocjie^HHe coMHHeHHH
Bee rtJiaHH
HaniH gojibmne OKHa
3.
4.
5°
6.
7.
8.
9.
Page 146) Drill 8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Ham cTapbiS TpojiJieftdyc
HamH cTapbie TpoJijie'MSycu
moh xopoman Mairaa
moh xopdmne MamHHH
Moe xopdmee cjiobo
mbh xopdmne cjiOBa
•qp.y ho'bhh yqnTeJib
'•fbH pyccKan MamHHa
bch Hama deTdHHan 6pHra,n,a
Bee MOJio^bie deTOHniHKH
Bama nocJie'^HAH ctoToriDa^HH
Barnn nocjieflHHe cfioTorpadhHH
Pages 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146

-551
Page 1461 Drill 9
1. 3to MOft cTapbift TOBapum.
2. 3to moh cTapbie TOBapHnju.
3. 3to Haran HOBbie ManiHHu.
h. 9'to Bame nocjie,n,Hee ooiHHeHHe,
|Page 1491 Exercise 1
1, THrpbi
2, JieHTbl
3, CTpSLHH
l\, ceJia
5. Tejia.
6. ycti /
7. CTOJIH ,
8. o6jiaKa
9. cecTpbi
10. sa,n,aHHfl
11. rapaacH
12. rHSs.ua
13. 3Be3flbI
14. peKH
iPage 1*1-91
1. BPar,
Bpara
Bpary
Bparn
BparoB
BparaM
Exercise 2
6aji
6ajia
6aJiy
6a.jibi
6ajiOB
6ajiaM
njiaH
njiaHa
nJiaHy
njiaHU
njiaHOB
njiaHaM
rapaac
rapaaca
r apaacy
rapaatH
rapaacen
rapaacaM
flo^Jir
jj,ojira
AOJir^
jj,0JirH
flOJiroB
flOJiraM
2. A. because it is end-stressed.
B. because it has mobile-stress
iPage 15Q| Exercise 3
1.
2.
ropojj,a
acHTejiH
3.
4.
jrqHTeJiH
CTOJI bl
5. MecTa
6. ce^Jia
7. jova
Page 150
1, MepTa
5. ■sflP<3 x
9. cecTpa
Page 161
Exercise 4
2. c&K
6. t^jio
10. yMrfTejib(a)
Exercise 1
3-
7°
CTOJI
THe3Jj;o'
4.
8.
TpaBS
BeMep(a
mt: 3, 5, 7, 12, lit, 15, 17
eTi 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, U
Pages 146, 149, 150, 161

552-
iPage 1621
1 . TpOHyTh
2. KOH^HTb
3. BHsacaTb
k. ropeTb
5« CJIHTb
6. KpH^a'Tb
7. 6ojieTb
8. xy^eTb '
Exercise
TpOHeT
KOH^HT
BH3HCHT
ropHT
CJIHBeT
KpH^HT
60JIHT
xy^eeT
2
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
CH^eTb
nHnjaTb
THgHyTb
MeHHTb
0,H,eTb
3BeHeTb
Btesiaib
KXaTb
CHflHT
nnmHT
rHy6HeT
MeHfleT
ofleHeT
SBeHHT
B'hes'x.s.ei
acfleT
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
2k.
25.
JiaHTb
JieacaTb
MyTb
MyHTb
nJiyTb
naM^Tb
na^aTb
nojiHyTb
nojieTb
jiaeT
)
jiexHT
MyeT
MyHT
njiyHeT
natiHT
na^aeT
nojiHeT
nOJIHT
iPage 163
1 , nOMHK)
2. OKpywy
3. acyacacy
k. SBeHK
5. sesy
iPage 16^1
Exercise
nOMHHT
OKpyacaT
acyaoK^T
3BeHHT
Be3yT
Exercise
3
6.
?.
8.
9.
10.
4
xy'ro
naxHy
syro
yfly ,
Tecy
ay,roT
naxHyT
3yK)T
yxyT
TecyT
11.
12.
13.
Ik.
jiyHio /
Kopmy^
npem^
napHio
jryHHT
KopmaT
npemaT
napHHT
1. pBa^b pBeT
2. cjiHmaTb cjiHmHT
3. cJiymaTb cjiyraaeT
k, CTaTb CTaHeT
5, JIH^a.Tb JIHtlHT
6, jiH^aTb JiH^aeT
7, jiH^aTb jin*iaHeT
iPage 1651 Exercise 5
1. OKpyacHT OKpyacHTb 3. 3BeHZT
2. xpoacHT .upoacaTb k. cap^HT
SBeHeTb 5. nopscKT nopacaTb
cap^HTb 6. nop6HT nopSe'Tb
[page 1651 ■ Exercise 6
I1'
L2.
P'
u.
16!
II:
KpHtiaTb
KOH^aTb
CHfleTb
xy,n,eTb
numa'Tb
npoma'Tb
BeHeTb 3BeHHT /17 - KOSC^Tb
118.
KOH^aeT tlo. KpacHeTb KpacHeeT £18. KoacaTb
CHflHT (11. jiescaTb JiescHT |19« BjiaTb
xy,n,eeT {,12. BtesscaTb B^esac^eT j20. BjiaTb
rmmHT^ (13. CTpa^aTb cTpa,u,aeT 1.21. BJiaTb
npomaeT [Ik. ac^aTb
noBTopHTB rroBTopHeTA 5« MyHeTb
jiaaTb JiaeT U6. MyHeTb
ac^eT
MyHHT
MyHeeT
K02CHT
KoacaeT
BJiaHeT
BjiaeT
bjiSt

-553-
|Page 168J Drill 10
1. flHp^KTop naraero hoboto 3aBo',n,a
2. jiytimnii ,npyr Kax^qro xopo'mero CTy^eHTa
3. KapaHfla'm Moerd jiyumero flpyra
4. 6es Ba'mero 6eTOHHoro 3aB0,na
5» KpoMe nJioxoro cry,neHTa 3ojiOTOBa
6. 6es BeJiHKoro Bjihhckoto Mo'pa
IPage 17ll Drill 11
1 • moM
2. erd
3# Barae/TBoe
4. ee
5> Hani
6. hx
Page 1821 Drill 1
1. o 6pHra^i,e
2. o Spura'flax
3. b MocKB^e
4. B POCCHH
5.
6.
7.
8.
CHAPTER 6
Ha ypoKe
Ha CTOJie
o 6ojioTe
06 yuHTejie
9. oo Ashh 13,
10. 0 re'HHH 14-.
11. o reHHHX _ 15,
12. b Jia6opaTopHHxl6.
b jia.6opaTopHH
B BjIHHCKe
Ha 3aB0,n,e
O COIHHeHHH
Page 182
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mu
Oh
6ujlt
6hji
Dr
1 Ha
B A
OHa 6ujia' b
F^e bh
Lll 2
saBo'^e.
3HH.
napKe.
6hjih?
('Page 192( Drill 3
1 . 3 TO
2. 3Ta
3. s'tot
U,. 3TO
5, 3TO
6. 3TH
7 . 3TOT
8. 3TH
9 . 3 TO
10. 9TO
Page 1941 Drill k
1. SeTOHHblM SaBOfl
2. MOJioji,6ro HHsceHepa
3. BejiHKoe BjiHHCKoe Mope
4. CTa'pyro 6a6ymKy JIapHHy
5. CTapyro (hoTorpaiMio
6. OHa noMHHT CTa'poro HHCne'KTopa IleTpo'Ba.
7. Mu iio'mhhm MOJiOflyio sceHy CTa'poro HHcneKTOpa IleTpoBa.
8. Bu BHxHTe Ho'Byio MaratiHy?
9« Bu BHflHTe h6buh TpoJiJieftQyc?
10. Bu no'MHHTe xopdmee couHHeHHe?
Pages 168, I7I, 182, I92, 19h

55^-
|Pap
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Pap
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7-
e 1951 Drill 5
MOH 3aBOfl
Moero flpyra
Hame cowHeHHe
Bamy aceHy
mok) MamHHy
Bamero mojioaoto
flpyra
mok) KpacHByio aceHy
Bam Tpojuieii6yc
e 1961 Drill 7
OHa MeHH jik>6ht.
Mh hx jho'Shm.
Ohh Hac jhoSht.
Mh Bac/Te6H bhjhm.
Bh BHflHTe moi6 6eTOHOMema'jiKy?
Ohh ndMHET Bam
Kto Bac jik)6ht?
3aBOJI,?
l£ag
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
e 195
Drill 6
9Ty xe'HiijHHy _
9TOTO
opor
o^Hy
BCK) 6
KOHeMHO,
KoHe^HO, ohh ero
MeJioBeKa
6 ,n;o'KTopa
MamHHy
pHra^y
k ee Brfacy.
nOMHHT.
Koro bh jiidSHTe?
[Paj
1.
2.
3.
4.
5o
bo
7«
se 199/
Be 3^
CTHHy
3pero /
nJieTy
KjiyHy^
KjiyTy
KJieio
Page 20l|
1.
2.
3.
iPa
1 .
2.
3.
Kjia^+
n;BeT-t-
njiHB-i-
sce 20ll
na,n+
nftK-*
MeT-t-
Exercise 1
Exercise 3
KJiajr KJiajia
ijBeJi
njiHji
ijBeJia
nJiHJia
Exercise 4
4, kphM+
5.
6.
JIHH-*
njieT*
Page 2001 J
1.
2.
3-
4.
5.
6.
/.
KJiajio
n;BeJio
nJiHJio
rpeio
CTapeio
CKpe6y
CTaHy
KopTa'io
MepeBy
ruiero
KJiajiH
n;BejiH
njiHjiH
Pase 202! j
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pa
Mh acn'jiH
OHa XHJia
Oh 6hji b
OHa 6HJia
Ohh nHJiH
Oh^ nnjia
ges 195,
Sxercise 2
KJia^y^
ijBeTy^
nJiHBy
Exercise 5
B BjIHHCKe.
b^ BeTOHorpa,ne
A3HH.
b napice.
Man.
BCfflKy.
196, 199, 200,
KJia^eT
UBeTeT
njiHBeT
.
201, 202

-555-
iPage 206] Exercise 1
A. Stem-stress: 2, 6, 12
End-stress: k, 9, Ik
Mobile-stresst 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13
B,
1. xBajiio
2. KOHqy
3. CMOTpiO
k. 3BeHK)
5. yny
6. cto'io
7. CTOHy
XBajiHniB
KOHtlumfc
CMOTpHffli,
3BeHHini>
yqmnb
CTOHHIb
CTOHemb
XBajIHT
KOHqaT
cmo'tpht
3BeHHT
yqaT
CTOHT
CTOHyT
8. TOHy
9. cypio'
10. CHJIK)
11. KpoHy
12. curHy
13. nymy'
Ik, pOK)
TOHemi,
cypitmb
CHJIHfflfc
KpoHemb
cu'rHerab
n^mHfflb
porimb
TOHyT
cypHT
CHJIHT
KpOHyT
CHrHyT
nymaT
POHT
Page 207| Exercise 2
1. fluma-t-
2. flpoaca*-
3. na'xHy+
^. ueHHt-
5, cjiuma-t-
6. rope-*-
7« KJie'm-
8. THHyt-
9« meiiHy-t
10. MytiH-i-
11 • MOHH-t-
12. cyHe-t-
13» JiyqH+
Ik. MHfflHf
15. C0Hy+
16. jioHy-t-
17. pamtl-t-
18. capH-t-
iPage 2121 Drill 8
1. T^oh MBei? B MocKBe.
2. Ky^a ohh e^yT? B MocKBy.
3. Ky^a bh Hjeie? B napK.
k. Tfle ohh chaht? B napice.
5. P^e ^Bhi *HBeTe? B rdpo^e.
6. Kyfla bh e'fleTe? fl e'ay b rdpofl.
Page 213l Drill 9
1„ H Hjy^ Ha 3aBo'ji,. fl Hecy MajieHbkne naKe'TH Ha 3aBo',n.
2. OHa e^eT b MocKBy. Ctaa' Be3eT SojibmHe naKem b MocKBy,
iPage 220| Drill 11
1. nncajia
2. Hannca'jia
3. nHca'jia t 11.
k, Hannca'jia,HanHcajiaL2.
5. npo^HTa'j^ a )
6. ji.e'jiajiH
7. c,u;ejiajiH 15.
8. CTpomia
9„ MHTa'ji(a)
10. npoMHT^Ji (a)
npoqHTaji, HanHcaji
nOCTpOHJIH
13. mht4ji
Ik. KpaJi
yKpajiH
16. CTpOHJIH
Pag;e 2211 Drill 13
1.
2.
3.
TOBOpHJI
CKa3a'jia
TOBOpHJIH
CKa3ayJin, roBopHJia
Pages 206, 207, 212, 213, 220, 221 [

556-
iPage 222] Drill 14
1. Mu noHHMaeM ero dpaTa.
2. MBaH noHHMaei CBoerd dpaTa.
3. HBaH noHHMaeT ero' dpaTa.
4. Harama itomhht cBoero Myaca.
5. H noMHio ee Myxca.
6. HaTama iio'mhht ee Myaca.
7. Bee HHXeHe'pH 3hsliot hx 3aBO,HH.
8. Bee HHaceHe'pH 3HaioT cboh 3aBOflu.
Page 229 | Prill 1
1. BameM mojio^om .noKTope
2. nJIOXOM COMHHeHHH
3# otom 3a6HTOM ro'po,ne
14., CBoeM 3aBdfle
5. MoeK Ma'jieHbKoH MaiHHe
6. otoM KpacHBoH sceHmuHe
7. MoeM Jiy^raeM .npyre
8. CojibinoH nycTHHe
9. 3tom xopomeM Mecre
10. flajieKoH ApaBHH
11. dojibfflOM CTOJie
12. CBoeft jiadopaTo'pHH
CHAPTER 6
iPage 2 32 Drill 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Hero'
ero 3aB0.ua.
y ero yv^Tejia ( edb)
y Hee
y ee Myaca( ecTb)
HX
HHX
Page 2 341 Drill 3
1 • 9T,y xopo'myio aceHmHHy
2. QTy xopo'myio KHHry
s'xy CTapyro Jio'maflb
stoto xopdmero rpaat^aHHHa
3'tot xopomHH napK
3Ty CTa'pyio ,n,Bepb
3.
4.
5.
6.
Page 242\ Drill 4
1. KoMy OHa nnnieT?
2. OHa nnmeT ^eHop^Ma'jTbHOMy MOjioji;oMy HHKeHepy ^JfeaHo'By^
3. OHa Bcerja MKia'eT cboh co^HHeHHa MoeMy HanBHOMy Myxy.
4. fl Macro roBopid MoeM^ jiy'^meMy flpy'ry: "MHe Bee paBHo." r
5. KaK H3BecTHo OTOMy BejiHKOMy nHcaTeJiio, o6pa30BaHHbie jikdah jik6ht
ero khhVh
6. OHa nrfmeT nncbMO Ha'meMy ^HpeKTopy^
7. fl nnm,y o^HOMy TOBa'pKm;y, a He ^pyro'My.
8. Oh K3Be'cTHHft cneaHajiHCT no AHKoi/iy 3anaflHOMy #xa3y.
Pages 222,229,232,234,242

-557-
Page 2^4| Translation
npa3j;HHK
CeroAHH SojibinoM npa3flHHK. Ha SeTOHHOM 3aBo',ne hhkto He paSo'TaeT. B
KJiy6e 3aBo'^a HanHcaHo:
Cer6flHH
ITo^-roMy
MesuyHa
6eTdHHH
3aBTpa oh 6y,n,eT
pdflHHM 6
ft 3aBc5^
OTKpUT.
eTOHHHft
3aKpHT.
fleHb.
/
J!,npeKTopa
B iieHTpe BeTOHorpa^a ecTb napK KyjibTjrpH h OTflHxa. Cero'flHH b napKe
KyjitTypn K oTRbixa ^ent KOJiJieKTwaa OeioHHoro 3aBdfta. ftvip^Kiop HBaHOB,
H3BecTHHft cneawajiHCT no 6eTo'Hy, qHiaeT jieKuwro HameMy KOjurceKTrfBy. Mu
jik)6hm h yBaac^eM Ha'iero .nnpe'KTopa, h mh 6y>,eM noMHHTb Kasjoe ero cjio'bo.
- ToBapmnH 6eTOHmHKH h 6eTOHmHn;H!
KaK H3Be'cTHO Kaacji,OMy micojibHHKy, cerd,n,Hfl Me«flyHapo>HuM BeTOHHHH
HeHb.
[anjioji,HCMeHTH]
- KaK H3BecTHO Ka'acji,OMy rpaac^aHHHy BeTOHorpa,na, Ham rdpofl -
6eTOHHHft n;eHTp Bcero MHpa.
anjioflHCMeHTH]
- Ham BeJiHKuM ropos nepe^aeT 6paTCKnft npHBeT BceMy nporpeccHBHOMy
MeJiOBeMecTBy.
[■
]
anjioflHCMeHTu
- H Bee nporpeccHBHoe MeJiOBeiecTBo nepesaei opaTCKHK npHBeT
HameMy BeJiHKOMy ro'po,ny.
|6ypHHe amiOflHCMeHTHl
- CeroflHH, TOBapHmH, mh roBopHM BceMy MHpy:
CjnaBa 6eTOHy!
OjiaBa HameMy BeJiHKOMy ropo,£,y!
CjnaBa HameMy BeJiHKOMy SeTOHHOMy 3aBo',n,y!
OBaUHH
]
page 2kk

558-
(Page 2461 Drill 5
1. JKeHmHHa., KOTppas paSoTajia Ha 3aBd^e, aceHa rjia^KOBa.
2. KeHmHHa, KOTopyio h iio'mhk), Bcer^a roBopHJia c 6ojibmHM 3HTy3na'3M0M.
3. HHSceH^p, KOToporo oh^. jik>6ht, He jik)6ht ee.
4. Gji6bo, KOTdpoe a noMHio, OKaH^HBaeiCfl Ha a.
5* Ma'jibMHK, KOTdpoMy OHa tmcro nn'meT, acHBeT okojio MeHH.
6. 3a.Boji,, Ha kotopom h pa6dTaio, d*ieHb dojibmdft.
7. Ho'ktop, 6e3 KOTo'poro OHa He MdaceT acnTb, He jis56ht ee.
8. HHaceHe'p, KOTdpuft jiio'6ht ee, He jik56ht uend.
9. CoMHHe'HHfl, KOTo'pue h nniny, o^eHb xopo'mne.
10. IlapK, b KOTdpoM h cwacy, caMHM mhctbiS napK b ropo,ne, b kotopom
MH StHBe'M.
Page 248J Exercise 1
1.
2.
3°
4.
5.
6.
?.
cjiescy
nponjy
Boacy
Homy
o6n'acy
Tpa^y
rpymy
|Page 2481
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
CJieflHM
npocTHM
B03HM
HOCHM
o6h,h,hm
TpaTHM
rpycTHM
Exercise 2
3HaKOMJIK), 3HaKOMHfflb
py6Jiio,
xpanjiro
TOTOBJIK
rpa$jiio
CTaBJIK)
03KHBJ1K
py6Hfflb
xpanniDb
TOTOBHIb
rpa$Hfflb
CTa.BHfflb
OaCHBHfflb
8.
9.
lo.
11.
12.
13.
14.
jie^y
rpyacy,
npoacy
jiamy
MHmy^
MH^y
cpyacy
JieTHM
rpy3HM
npo3HM
JiaCHM
MHCTHM
MHTHM
cpy^HM
8. JIOMJ1IO
9« Kpenjiro
10. MeBJIK)
11. HHMJIH)
12 . ponjiio
13. jia$jiK>
14. Mopdjno
JIOMHfflb
Kpenrimb
MeBHfflb
HHMHfflb
pqnnnib
Jiatjunib
MdpfiHfflb
Page 249 1 E
1.
2.
3-
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
i J.
KOpMHTb
rpenwTb
Kpa.CMTb
tlHCTHTb
TJlSlJ'.eTh
jieacaTb
yTO^HHTb
BejieTb
OTBeTHTb
BHCBTh
nojioacHTb
BOflHTb
BHJteTb
xercise 3
KOpMJIK)
rpemy
Kpamy
MHiny
rjitfxcy
jieacy
yTOtlHK)
BeJiro
OTBetiy
Sumy
nojioacy
Boacy
BHacy
KOpMHT
rpemaT
KpaCHT
<!HCTHT
rjiH^HT
Jieacai
yTOtlHHT
BeJIHT
OTBeTHT
BHCHT
nojioacaT
BOflflT
BHflflT
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
2%
z6.
27.
Pag
nycTFTb
XpaHHTb
y^KTb
HBHTb
JiaCHTb
pyfleTb
nop3HTb
rystHTb
COHeTb
npycTHTb
KyMMTb
3yBeTb
rjiacTeTb
MytfiHTb
ss 246,248
nynjy
xoaHK)
y^y
HBJIK)
jiamy
py*y /
nopacy
ryacy
COHK)
npymy
KyMJIK)
3yBJIK>
rjnamy^
My$J!K)
' 249 1
nycTHT
xpaHHT
y^aT
HBHT
JiaCHT
pyjyiT
nop3HT
ryaca.T
COHHT
npycTHT
KyMHT
3yBHT
rjiacTHT
MyrjbHT

-559
Page 2^2
Drill 6
1• KypHTe -j Kyp» -
2. BHJKy - py6nTe
3« CHjHie - CHacy
^. roBopHTe - roBopio
5« CMdTpHTe - CMOTpiO
6. CTpdHT
7. JIK)6jlH) - JliOdflT
8. TOTOBHT - rOTOBJIK)
KypHT
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
li+.
15.
16.
.HpoacaT
jieacaT
qKCTflT
rayTHTe
xpanaT
Kpn^aT
noMHKTe
jieTHTe
ji;poacy
jieacy
tin'my
myqy
xpanjiio
KpHtiy - MOJiqy
iiomhk)
jie^y
CHAPTER 7
Page 2671 Drill 1
1. TOBapumeM
2. 6opmOM
3. jihijo'm
4. co'jiHn;eM
Page 268 1 Drill 2
1. flymeM
2. rapaacoM
3. MjhceM
4. KapaH^amoM
Page 268 Drill 3
1. MeM oh nameT?
2. KaKHM KapaHflamoM oh nraeT?
3. C KeM oh paSo'iaer?
**•• Oh paSo'TaeT c mohm floporHM 6pa.TOM.
5. Oh cto^ji nepe^; mKKa'pHbiM pecTopa'koM.
6. Oh Ma'meT csoeMy CpaTy nofl 6ojh>hihm okhom.
7. Mh TdjitKO wo nocTpomiH ruflpoCTaHumo Me«^y HamHM CTa'pHM rapaacoM h
BamHM HOBHM SaBOflOM.
8. Bee ctiHTaioT ero xopo'mHM qeJioBe'icoM.
9. Bopiic CTaji H3Be'cTHUM nnca'TeJieM.
10. rio^eMy oHa chp't 3a rapascoV?
Page 270 I Drill k
Page 27II Exercise 1
1. ajiSa'mja aji6aHn;u
2. JHfl flHH
3« HanHiKa HanHTKH
^• ropo^Ka ropoflKH
1. njia^yT
2. TH^yi
3 • na'myT
^. njne'myT
5» CHqyT
6. TypacyT
7. HemyT
8. jiamyT
Pages 252,267,268,270,271

560-
Page 272 1 Exercise 2
1. rjio^aTb
2. memaib
3. pe'sa-rb
h. CHnaTb
5« ruiaicaTb
rJioaceT
memei
pe'aceT
CHnjieT
miafaeT
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
HCKaTb
rocaTb
jiecKaTb
jieji,aTb
jioSa'-rb
nmei
romeT
JiemeT
jieaceT
jiofijieT
I.Page 273 | Exercise 3
1. nopio nopeT
2. 6opid 60'peT
3, nojiio nojieT
Page 2
5L
Exercise 4
1. qecaji
2. npocHJi
3. peniHJi
4. HCKaJi
5. KpeCTHJI
6. nojioji
7. npaBHJi
8. menTaji
Memy
npomy
pemy
niny /
Kpemy
nojiio
npaBjiio
men^y
MemeT
npocHT
pemHT
HnjeT
KpeCTHT
nojieT
npaBHT
me'nieT
9. myTHJi
10. cpHMeJi
11. cphmh'ji
12. cpHMaji
13. JIOCTHJI
14. Tpyxaji
15 • Jiemaji
my <iy
CpHMJIK)
CpHMJIK)
CpHMJIK)
Jionjy
Tpymy
Jiemy
myTHT
CpHMHT
CpHMHT
CpHMJieT
JIOCTHT
TpyraeT
jien^HT
iPage
288
Drill 6
1. 6y,ny miTaTb 13.
2. yKpa^y Ik.
3. cjj^JiaeTe ; , / 15«
4. 6y^eTe fle'jiaTb, 6ypj roioBHib 16.
5. 6y,n,eT roBopHTt 17.
6. CKaacy, npc-MHTaio t 18.
7. npHroTOBHji, Hanzcaji 19.
8. 6y,ny nnca.Tb 20.
9« HanncaJi, Hanniny 21.
10. nc-BTopi6 22.
11. 3BOHHJia 23«
12. n03BOHK)'
n03BOHHJia
6y^,y 3B0HHTB
nod^eM, yxpa^y
yBH^eJia
noe'xajin
6yxyr exaTb, Sy'fleM exaTb
nocTporo
noHeceM
npeflCKa'3biBaji
npeflCKa3a'jia, yHHMToacuT
yHHtjToacajia
Page 318
Drill 1
1. BameM KpacHBoft cecTpu
2 . CTapoM AJi6aHHH
3. CBqeS o6pa30BaHHoM aceHe
4. Moeft CTapmeM cecTpoft
CHAPTER
5» CTapoM ManiHHofi - hoboM SeTOHOMemajiKO'.'
"• aHrjIHHCKOH HCTOpHH
?• KaTepHHy, HattBHOH HceHnjHHoft
"• Ha'meM yqHTeJU>HHu;e - pyccKOft rpaMMaw;
Pages 272,273,27^,288,318

-561-
Page 3231 Exercise 1
1. JHKTOBaib
2. pa^oBaTb
3. pHCKOBSlTb
4-. TpeSoBaTb
flHKTyK)
paayio
pHCKyio
TpeSyio
5. JIHTOBaTb JIHTyK)
6. JIHTOBaTb JIHTyK)
7. nOJIH3HpOBaTb nOJIH3HpyK)
8. KOTH30Ba'?b K0TH3yK>
Page 3241 Exercise 2
\t CKa^eT
2. 6yHTyeT
jt o6Ma.HeT
i)., nycTHT
5, JIOMHT
6. KpHMHT
7. 6a3npyeT
8. HiqeT
9. 3epyeT
10. KJia^eT
11 . KJiaTHT
12. KJiaTZT
13. KJiaTyeT
14. Kjian^HT
15. 3nryeT
16. njiaqeT
17. nJiacKyeT
Page 325 1 Exercise 3
A. HT-verPst 4,6,13
B.
1. KpoeT
2. 6beT
3. rpe'eT
4. TaHT
5. BoeT
6. CTOHT
7, Jibei
8, flyeT
9, fflbgT
10. 3oeT
11. 3beT
12. 3yeT
13. 3yHT
Page 326 Exercise 4
A. V+Vi 2,3,6,7,13,15,16,17
Ke~>Me: 1,4,9,10,12,18
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Teicy
CKa^y
ABHxy /
CTpnry
Hecy
njia^eT
HOCHT
pyraeT
CTepeaceT
TeMemb
CKaMemb
^Bnacefflb
CTpHXCefflb
Hecemb
TenyT
CKa^yT
flBHSCyT
CTpHryT
Hecyi
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
ceieT
HHTpHT
TeaceT
ToaceT
3o6y f
306J110
3o6jii6
3aacy
3ory
ye
r
3o6emb
306Hfflb
3o6jienib
3aacemb
3oacenib
3o6yT
3o6ht
306JIK)T
3aacyT
3oryT
[Page 3341 Drill 2
1. HyaceH
2. HyatHO
3. HyacHa'
4. HyatHa'
5.
6.
HyaceH
HyacHH
7. HyacHO
Page 1341 Drill 3
1. MHe HyaceH ctoji. /
2. Eft HyacHH HOBbie Ty$JiH.
3. HaM HyaceH hobhh flHpe'KTop.
4. EMy HyacHH fleHbrn.
5. Hm HyacHa Ho'Baji MamHHa. ^ /
6. MajieHbKoft CoHe HyacHH hoW HrpyniKH.
Pages 323, 324, 325, 326,
33^-

562-
JPage
"Tf5
TV<-1 Drill k
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
He needs them.
She needs him.
We need her.
She needs us.
He doesn't need me.
We need you.
Page 3151 Drill 6
1 . Oh eft HyaceH.
2. Eft HyaceH KapaH^am.
3. OHa eMy HyacHSl.
k. EMy HyxeH KapaHflam.
5. EMy Hyaena MamHHa.
6. Emjt He HykeH KapaH^a'm,
7. OHa' eMy He HystHa.
8. KoMy HyacHH MamHHH?
9. OHH HHKOMy He HyXCHH.
[Page wi\ Drill 6
A.l. He says that he wants to go.
2. He said that he wanted to go.
3. He said that he had wanted to go.
k. We live in Moscow.
5. We lived in Moscow,
6. He thought that we lived in Moscow.
?. He thought that we had lived in Moscow.
B.l. Ohei He 3Hajia, *jto bh flOKTop.
2. Hhkto' He 3Haji, ^to BpayH imihoh.
3. OHa cKasaJia, mto oh^ jik>6ht ero'.
k. Aji6a.HU,H syMajiH, qTo cjio'bo 6eTQH 3hs«ht "KapaH^am."
Pages 33^, 335, 3^3

IPage 348] Exercise 1
A. ht - verbst 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 12
eT - verbs: 2, 5» 6, 7, 10, 11
a. 1. .
2. CKaacy
3. cBHmy
4. rjiascy
6.
Page 3491 Ex
1. KJia^y
2. 3peio
flepacHTe
CKa'aceTe
CBHCTHTe
rjia^zTe
coxHeTe
flOHxyaHCTi
ercise 2
3. npe3Hpaio
4, JIbK)
Page 350 Exercise 3
1. BbK)
2
J
k
b
6
y
8
y
u
rposy
xpanjiio
poio
BK33Ky
npHBHKHy
CTpury
njiaqy
TaHqyio
).npnBJieKy
BbeT
rp03HT
xpanuT
poeT
BH33CHT
npHBHKHeT
CTpH^eT
mia^eT
TaHn;yeT
npuBjieMeT
jyftTe
5.
6.
HOK)
7. KOJIK)
8. KOHKy
9. cextf /
10. jiyacy
11
12.
7
CTpHry 8
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
iy.
18.
19.
cpeicy
Komy,
jieacy
rjioio
Tuacy
CMbK)
BeKy t
Ky6jiio
TpHKyio
KOjieTe
KO^HflHTe
ce3HTe
jiyaceTe
^eniHTe
. xojiofleio
. CTaHy
cpeqeT
KOCTHT
jieaceT
rjioeT
TH3CHT
CMbeT
Be^eT
Ky6HT
TpHKyeT
CHAPTER 9
Page 357 \ Drill 1
1, SeTOHHHe 3aBOflH
SoJibfflHe flOMa /
HHTepe'cHHe $OTorpa$nH
ajidaHCKHe cjioBa.
nJIOXHe COMHHeHHH
2. H3BeCTHHM ydopmHKaM
xopomHM nzcaTeJiHM
apH30'HCKHM KOB60HM
o6pa30BaHHHM fle'BymKaM
3. Ji;o6pHX y^HTeJibHnn;ax
H3BeCTHHX IIHCaTeJIHX
hobhx Tpojui^ftSycax
XOpomHX COqHHeHHHX
4. 6eT0'HHHMH 3aBOflaMH
H3BeCTHHMH nHCaTejIHMH
SeflHbiMH fle'ByniKaMH
CojIbmHMH 3Ji;aHHHMH
Pages 348, 349, 350, 357

-56U-
(Page 3 591 Drill 2
1. MceHnjuH
2. Myx
3« COMHHeHHS
4. $aMHJiHM
5. Heflejib
6. 3aB0'fl0B
7. reHneB
8. nojpTtfe'jieS
9. KKTejieS
10. Hoacew
Accusative: 1, 2, 7, 9, 15
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
BonpdcoB
MamKH
flOMKKOB
$OTorpa$HH
MeflBefleM
Page 3601 Drill 3
1. acH3HeS
2. rapaxe'ft
3. cjiob
4. Bne^aTJieHHS
5. TOBapumefi
6. MHCJieS
7. nuposcKo'B
8. floco'K
9. flHeS
10.6a6ymeK
11. CTaieS
12. 6paTCTB
13. otu,o'b
14. nofla'pKOB
Page 361 Drill 4
(only gen. pi. given)
1. hobhx MamHH
2. HSBe'cTHHX nucaTejieM
3. 6eTOHHNX KapaHflamett
4. HblO-fiopKCKKX reHHeB
5. HHTepecHHX na'ceM
6. XOpoWx COTHHeHHH
7. flo'gpHx 6a'6ymeK
Page 3631 Drill 5
1.
2.
3-
4.
5.
y Hee ctoji.
y Hee 6hji ctoji.
y Hee He' 6hjio CTOJia'.
y Hero' 6huih $OTOrpa$KH.
y Hero He' 6hjio $OTOrpa4)HM,
Page 370 I Exercise 1
A. Could not "be roots:
2,4,7,9,10,13,16
B. They end in a vowel.
C. CVC: 1,3,5,11,12
CVCVC: 6,17
CC: 8,15
VC: 14,18
IPage 372 1 Exercise 2
1 . MHCT-H+
2. Rad.
3. zyu- a&+
4, Rad.
5. sea- a+
6. noji- 0+
7. naK- OBa-*
8. ctoH- a+-
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
CTpoM- K+
JiaS- a+
Rad.
TOBOp- H+
hck- a+-
Rad.
Rad.
flOS- K+
Pages-359,360,361,363,370,372 \

-565-
[Page 374"! Exercise 3
!• hck- a+
2, qHT- aM+
3. Ob
k. R
5. Ob
6. rpe6- OBa+
7. Ob
8. R
9» ax- Hy+
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
TaM- a-t-
KJieft- h-
Ob
R
R
R
Ob
jiaS- a-*-
CTOH- H
Page 376
Exercise 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
cjiHJia
mHjia
jinjia
KpNJia
jje'jia
BHJia'
njiHJia
npHJia'
npiijia
npbum
npHJia'
npHJia
CJIHJIO
fflKJIO
JIHJIO
KpHJiO
jje'jio
BHJIO
nJiNJio
npH/io
npNJio
irpnjio
npn'jio
npn'jio
CJINJIH
mHjiH
JIKJIH
KpHJIH
fle'jiK
BHJIH
nJIHJIH
npHJiH
npujiH
npNJiH
npHJiH
npn'jiH
Page 377
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
noji- o+
R
R
Ob
JIbCT- H+
BOfl- H+-
Ob
Ob
R
Ob
Exercise 2
1 . CJIHBeT
2. mbeT
3. Jibe/r
4. KpoeT
5. fleHei
6. BbeT
7. njiHBeT
Page 378 I Exercise 3
Page 3791 Exercise 4
1.
2.
3-
k.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10,
11,
jjoruiHJi
jjo'xhji
jjocTaji
npofiHJi
nponnji
3aniHji
3aCKJI
3aCHJI
npo'cHJi
npHCHJI
npHCHJI
flonjiHjia
floacujia
flOCTajia
npodHJia
nponHJi^
3amHjia
3acnjia
3acHJia
npocHJia
npucHjia
npucNJia
JJOIUINTb
flOSCHTfc
npoSKTb
nponHTb
3amHTb
3aCHTb
3aCHTb
npOCHTb
npKCHTb
npHCNTb
flonJiMByT
flOKHByT
flocTaHyT
npofibioT
nponbioT
3amKHyT
3aCbI0T
3acbioT t
npocHByi
npwcHByT
npHCblHyT
A. R-stems:
1,3,4,6,8,12,13,15
B. Stressed in fem. past:
1,3,8,12,13,15
C. Stressed on prefix in
non-fern, past:
3,8,13
D. Present tense stress
shift:
2,5,7,16
E. Present-tense end-
stress:
1,8,9,12,13
Pages 374,376,377,378,379

566-
IPage 381 I
1 • Tejia ,
2. CTOJIH
3. noe3fla
4. cyira
5. Me'CHUH
Accusative
Dr
as
ill 6
Teji
CTOJIOB,
noe3flOB
cynoB
MecHueB
well: 7,
9,
10
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
flOMa'
MHfflH
HO^H
jniHTejIH
jioma;ii,H
flOMOB
MNmeft
HO^eM
y^KTe
jiomafl
Page 3821 Drill 7
1,
2,
3.
4,
5.
6,
7.
H jik)6jiio MHineM.
Mhihk jiio6ht peKH h ropu.
H flyMaio o MNmax.
H He Mory xchtb 6e3 MHmeS.
Mhhih Ha ropax.
Tfle mnihh? Meacfly ropaMH h peKaMH.
Tfle ropH? Meacfly peica'MH h MHmaMH.
T^e peKH? O'kojio rop? HeT? Ohk o'kojio MHineM,
Page 396l Exercise 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
MeJi
CKpe6
ceK
ceK
KJiaji
CTeper
ce3
cur
paji
peJi
Jie6
jieK
Mejia
CKpeejia'
ce'KJia
ceKJia
KJiajia
CTeperjia"
ce3Jia
cn'rjia
pa'jia
peJia'
jiefijia
jieKJia
Meiy
CKpe6y
ceKy
ceKy
KJiafljf
CTepery
ce3y
cury
pasy
peT^
jie6y
jieKy"
MeTeT
CKpeQeT
ce^eT
ce^eT
KJia^eT
cTepeaceT
ce3eT
CHSCeT
pafleT
peieT
jie6eT
jie^eT
Page 3971 Exercise 2
1. njieT +
2. 6eper+
3. Tpac+
4. noji3 +
5. ce'K +
6. BJieK-i-
7» u,BeT+
ft '
°* rpH3+
9« Hec+
10. nafl+
Page 3981 Exercise 3
A. Not radical: 1,4,8,9,12,16
B. Not eT- verbs: 4,8,12
C. Present shift: 12, 16
D. End-stressed in present: 2,4,5>6,7,10,11,13,14,15,18
E. Stressed onpast plural ending: 2,6,14, 18
Pages: 381,382,396,397,398

-567-
Page 398 I Exercise
F
no^cJiymajia
nepeBejia
nepeCTajia
II03B0HKJia
nepeacmia
c6eper.ua
noflcTpwrjia
yBH^ejia
npomyMejia
1 (continued)
noflCJiyinaeT
nepeBe^eT
nepecraHeT
II03B0HHT
nepeacHBeT
cfiepeaceT
noflCTpHweT
yBliflHT
npomyM^eT
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
nepenJiHJia.
norpH3Jia
y^aBKJia
nponiHJia
npHflyrjia
npefle'jia
3aKy6ajia
noflCTKnjia
nepenjiHBeT
norpH3eT
yflaBHT
nponiHBeT
npuflyaceT
npe^eieT
3aKy6jieT
flOTbeT
noflCTHneT
Page 399 1 Exercise 4
A. Ob-stems: 1,3,6,7,9
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
HaneK+
3aCTMH4-
nonoji3+
nonjiHB+
npojinM+
Hanaj+
npHHec+
CMhlft +
flOBeflV
3aBHft+
3aBHH+
age 401 I Exercise 5
1.
2.
3-
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
KJia\jia
6pejia
noJi3Jia
TeKJia.
jierjist
cejia
CKpeSJia'
BJieKJIcl
UBe.ua'
TpHCJia
KJiaCTb
6pecTH/
IT0JI3TH
Te^b
jie^b
CeCTb
/
CKpeCTH
BJie^b
U,BeCTH
TpaCTH
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
16.
18.
19.
20.
jiecjia
jie3Jia
jiH^Jia
jieKaa'
jiyrJia
jiyjia
jiyjia
jiyjia
jiHfijia
Jienjia
JieCTH
Jie3TH
JIH3TB
Jie^b
jiyub
JiyCTb^
JiyCTn'
JiyCTH
JIHCTH
JieCTH
Page 402 1 Exercise 6
1, KJia,neM
2, noji3eM
3, CKpe6eM
\ir% JIH3eM
5*t JiyfleM
6. -"yflSM
Page 404 1 Exercise 7
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
OTBepr
MHXHyjI
c6eper
nac
HCTe3
JIHK
JIHK
JIHKHyjI
JIOX
OTBe'prjia
^HXHyjia t
cfieperjia
nacjia
HCMe'3Jia
jiHKJia
jiHKjia
jiHKHyjia
jidxjia
>
OTBeprHyib
MHXHyTb
cfiepe'^b
nacTK
HC^e'3HyTb
JIHMb
JIHKHyTb
JIH^HyTb
JIOXHyTb
Number 2 ( maxHyrbK
is necessarily Hy
since Hy are all
root-stressed.
Pages; 398, 399, *K>1, 402, 404

568-
Page 407 1 Exercise 8
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10,
11,
12,
13.
14,
15.
16,
17.
18,
Stress-mark irrelevant
C
for present of all radicals.
neK+
Ob neueT
CTpur+Ob CTpnaceT
jiob-$+ jio'bht
ApeM-aU ^peMJieT
Kjiaa+ Ob Kjia^eT
rji_a.fl-n-+ rJia'^HT
fleH+ R jeHei
u,BeT+ Ob n,BeTeT
npo*-6nH+ R npofibeT
, 0-SCHB-H-* OSCKBH't
, njiuB+ R
. rjDe6+ Ob
BHH-+ R
HB-H+
ceK-t- Ob
njiaic-a+
ceK-t- ^Ob
c-nac+Ob
njiHBei
rpefieT
BbeT
ABUT
njia^eT
ce^ieT
cnacei
D. Past F.
Neut.
Inf.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8,
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
neKJia
CTpKTJia
KJia\jia
fle'Jia
ijBejia"
npofiHJia
njiHJid,
rpefijia'.
BHJia
c^KJia
ceKJia'
cnacjia
neKJi6
CTpHTJIO
Kjiajio
flejio
ilBejid
npo"6Hjio
ruiiijio
rpefijio
BHJIO
ceKJio
ceKJio'
cnacjio'
neib
CTpHtlb
KJiaCTb
fleTb
IJBeCTH
npofiHTb
nJIHTb
rpeciri
BHTb
ce^ib
ce^ib
cnacTH
IPage 40lH Exercise 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
JO-Be3t
no-Tpnc+
npo-nnft+
nepe-nSfi+
B03-jBHra;
y-npeKHy-t-'
nofl-MeTf
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
y-nas+ /
y-6eper+ t
no^-cKpe6+
B-CTSLH-f
BC-KpHKHyt
o-cjienHy+1
CHAPTER 10
[Page 419
Drill 1
HeB.ymKa, KOTOpyio h jhoSjik, xnBeT b BejiopyccHH.
JIk5ah, KOTdpNX mn pakbine 3HajiHtj Tenepb acHByi b PyMMHHH.
r^e ctoji, Ha koto'pom jieacHT moh ra3eTa?
4. JKeHfflHHa, KOTd'pOH H To'jIbKO MTO n03B0HHJI, He XOTejia pa3T0Ba'pHBaTb
. CO MHOH.
5. JIjOflH, C KOTo'pHMH MH HCHJIH, Tenepb aCHByT B ^eXOCJIOBaKHH.
6. MajIbMHK, KOTO'porO MH nOMHHM, He nOMHHT HaC.
CTyneHTN, koto'phm a nHiny, HHKorja He OTBe^iaioT MHe.
8. Majib^KK, MaTb KOTo'poro pafiOTaeT Ha SeTOHHOM 3aBd,ne, jiioSht nrpa/rb
Ha a'pcje.
9„ HeByniKa, 6paT KOTo'poft ne^eT nupoxKH, acuBeT o'kojio vieHH.
10. fl HanHiny nucbMO TdJibKO cTyfle'HTy, (jaMtf'jiHH KOTo'poro Ha^HHa'eTCH
Ha B.
1.
2.
3
7
Pages 407, 408, 419

-'369-
Page 419-201
1„ -aft -oe
-oro
-oMy
-OM
-HM
Drill 2
-hh -oe
-oro
-OMy
-OM
-KM
-hh -ee
-ero
-eMy
-eM
-KM
-hh -ee
-ero
-eMy
-eM
-HM
2o -an
-yio
-oft
-as
-y»
-oft
-as
-yio
-eft
**fi.n.
-K)K)
-eft
IPage 4241 Exercise 1
(a
(b
(c
(d
(e
(f
(g
(a
(b
(c
(d
(e
(f
(g
Moft rpojuieftdyc 3. (a)
Moero 6pa?a (b)
9Toro TOBapHnja (c)
STy xopomyio ace'HmHHy (d)
bck) 6pnrafly (e)
OflHH $aKT (f)
OflHoro' Spa'Ta
o BameM 6paTe 4.
06 d'tom saBo'fle
o CBoeM 6pa'Te
06 ojhom napKe
O CBOHX COt!HHeHMX
06 oflHoft ManiHHe
o mohx TOBa'pHm,ax
mohx TOBapnmeft
3T0H ace'HmHHH
ee SeTOHOMemajiKH
Bcero' oipHfla
o^Hdft aceHmHHH
Hamero flHpe'KTopa
(a) MO KM 6p^LT0M
(b) BdmHMH cecipaMH
(c) CBOHM TOB^pHEjeM
(d) OflHoft aceH^HHoft
(e) 3toh fipHra'^oft
5,(a)BameMy TOBapHiny
(b)s'TOMy tieJiOBe'Ky
(c)BceMy OTpafly
Page 4261 Exercise 2
(a) 9THM 3aB0fl0M
(b) Moeft aceHoft
(c) 3THMH 3aB0flaMH
(d) cbohm 6paTOM
(e) OflHHM 3flaHHeM
(f) BceM KJia'ccoM
(g) Bceft 6pHra.floM
2. (a) Bameft cecrpu
(b) Bceft SpnraflH
(c) BCeX 3THX 3£eHm,HH
Page 4261 Exercise 3
M C 3K mh
B
P
fl
n
T
MOH
-^y
Moe
■ *—
Moero
MoeMy
MOeM
MOHM
MOH
MOK)
Moeft
si
MOH
*
MOHX
MOHM
MOHX
MOHMH
M
3T(OT
1
C
3T0
\t
SToro
9'TOMy
3TOM
9THM
E
STa
3Ty
3'tOH
\
'
Mh
3TH
•»
9THX
3THM
3THX
3THMH
M
BeCb
1)
C
Bee
\
r /
Bcero
BceMy
BCeM
BceM
1
BCfl
BCK)
Bceft
\
'
Mh
Bee
*
BCex
BCeM
Bcex
BCeMH
Pages 419, ^20, 424, 426

570-
Page 4271 Exercise 4
H
B
P
fl
n
T
MTO
MTO
Mero
tieMy
ieM
ieM
KTO
koto
koto
KOMy
KOM
KeM
IPage 42^1 Exercise 6
, (a) cbok) CTapyro 6a'6ymKy
(b) 9T0T0 KHH3H
(c) s'thx 6a6ymeK
(d) 9T0T 3aB0^
(e) oflHHX TOBa'pHmeft
(f) Bcex ace'HinHH
(g) pee
(h) bck) fipura'.njr
(i) Bee $OTOrpa(|)HH
,(a) cbohm 6paTOM
(b) cbohmh cecTpaMH
(c) 9THM 3flaHHeM
(d) BceM Hapo^oM
(e) Bceft SpHra^oft
(f) HamHM TpojuieM6ycoM
(g) 9THMH JKeHmHHaMH
(h) Bce'MH 6a6yraKaMH
l£age 4311 Drill 3
1 . BepHOCTH
2. nucaTejra
3. Hyjia
4. ho'iih
Page
(a)
(b)
lo)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
427
koto'
KOMy
ieM
O KOM
0 MfeM
C KeM
MTO
Exercise
5
3i(a) 06 9T0M KHH3e
(b) o Bauieft cecipe
(c) 06 o#hoh aceHmuHe
(d) 06 ojjhhx ace'HmHHax
(e) o erd 6paie
4. (a) Bamero jjo'KTopa
(b) Haraero 3aB0,na
(c) s'thx na'pKOB
(d) Bcex npocfieccopoB
5. (a) BamKM $OTOrpa(J)HflM
(b) BceM 6a'c3yinKaM
(c) H^niHM rpn6aM
(d) 3^oft aceHinHHe
5. nopT$ejiH
6. roiynocTH
I Page 4321 Drill 4
1. y Fjia.nKd'Ba roBOp^maa Jio'ma.nb.
2. rjnaflico'B jiio'Sht cbokj roBopamyio Jio'majtb.
J. Oh nnieT CBoefi roBopameS Jio'ma,n;H.
4. Oh pasroBa'puBaeT co cbo^M roBOpameM jiomaflbio.
5« KaK npaBHJio, ohh tobopht o KH3HH rOBopflnjeft jio'majJH.
6. Bee xpyrHe jiowaflH roBopjfT o roBOpameH jiomaflH rjiajjKb'Ba.
(Page 436 [ Drill 5
1. MHe TpyjjHO roBopHTb no-pyccKH.
2. O'^eHb npHHTHO BHfleTb BaC .
3. Ha.M o'^eHb npuHTHO BH^eTb hx.
4. O^eHb xojio^ho.
5. MHe o'ueHb xdjiOflHO.
6. Ba.M HeJIb3H KypHTb!
7« Co6a'Ke npntfTHO a Tenjid no;n, ctojio'm.
\ Pages 427.431.432.436 \

-571-
Page 449 1 Preposition Drill
1.
2.
3.
k.
5.
6.
7.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
ILnomaflb ryfiKHHa 27.
Ha ILndmaflH ryfiKHHa 28.
k TySKHHCKoS njidma^H 29.
qepe3 ry6KHHCKy» njionja,nb 30.
dkojio ryQKHHCKofi ruio'inajiH 31,
Ha TydKHHCKOft y'jiHu,e
Meacfly/ ryfiKHHCKOft iuiomajjbio h 32.
Bjih'hckoh nJiomaflbio 33.
k 3anaflH0My BjiHHCKy 34.
k BeTo'HHOft luio'nja^H
Ha BeTo'HHoS njioma^H 35.
b 6eTo'HHoS 6H6jiHOTeKe 36.
Meacjjy QeTOHHHM 3aB0^0M h 37.
SeTo'HHOft jiafiopaTopneH 38.
OKOJIO 6eTOHHHX 3aB0^0B
Ha 6eTOHHbix 3aBOflax 39.
b SeTOHHOfi jiaSopaTo'pHH 40.
o'kojio JlyHHoro npocneKTa 41.
B T6MHOM JieCjf / 42.
Ha JlyHHOM npocne'KTe 43.
k KocMH^ecKoM njionja^H
Ha KocMH^ecKoS ruiomaflH 44,
Ha paKeTHHX 3aBo',nax/ 45.
OKOJIO paKeTHHX 3aB0fl0B
o'kojio paKe'THhix rapaaceft
o'kojio paKeTHHX jia6opaTo'pnfi
b paKeTHbix rapascax
c KocMH^iecKoM iuio'majiH Ha
BojioTHyio njio'ma^b
k Bojio'thoh njion^ajjH
Ha Bojio'thoh njibma^H
3a rjia'BHoft rnflpocTa'Hri,HeH
k rjiaBHofi rHflpocTaHUHH
Meat^y BeJiHKHM Bjihhckhm 6ojiotom
h Bojio'thoh njio"maflbio
npOCneKT MOJIOJJHX aKTHBHCTOB
b ijeHTpa'jibHOM 30onapKe
b u;eHTpajibMOM na'pKe KyJibTypa m
OTflNXa HMeHK TyfiKHHa
Tpy6a,3HHft SyjibBap
Ha Typ6a.3HOM SyjibBape
k Bjih'hckoh Typ6a3e
H3 ueHTpajibHoro 30ona'pKa b
BjiHHCKyio Typ6a'3y
OKOjio Bjih'hckoh Typ6a3H
b BejiHKOM Bjihhckom Mope
b Bjih'hckoh Typ6a'3e
k Bjihhckhm ropaM
Mescjry JBjihhckoh Typ6a30H h
Bjih'hckhmh ropaMH
Ha Bjihhckhx ropax
c ^Bjihhckhx rop b BeJiHKoe BjiHHCKoe
Mo'pe
[?oiHee roBopa]
c Bjihhckhx rop, mh'mo HHCTHTyTa pen,
tiepe3 BjiHHCKyio Typ6a^y, ^iepe3
rijidmaflb TyfiKHHa, uepe3 Bojio/THyio
njio'maj^b, MHMO TJiaBHOH rHflpOCTaHIIHH,
b BeJiHKoe BjiHHCKoe Mope
Page 46l\ Exercise 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
nojiy^a.H+
BH3Jta+
nepecTaH+
3BeHe+
xojiojie'H-*-
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
OfleH+
Jiafl*
6acTOBa-f
nojiyiH-*-
. xpaHH+
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
BepH+
CJIHB-*
np3acHB+
H3»CHBi-
rp0 3H+
16. JieTe+
17. rjiojja-t-
18. nop<5+
19. CKaKa^+
Page 463 1 Exercise 2
1. npH,n;+
2. cTeper+
3« CKpe6+
4. nporpN3+
5. BJiekV
6. tphc+
Page 4641 Exercise 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Tonn+
npHBH3a+
npHnajj*-
pyraft+... ch
OCTaH+...CR
MOJi^a-t-
rjiHji;e+
8.
9.
10
11
12
13
14
MOJIO,HeH+
npeHefiper'i
npHBHH+
BHH+
npHKHB+,
npHiuieT*
yKOpOTH+
Pages* 449,461,463,464

-572
APPENDIX
|Page k70
1.
2.
3-
4.
5.
KOpMH-t-
Exercise
KpHTHKOBa+
menHy-t
KOJIO+
BnOJI3+
iPage 471
A.
Exercise
Unambiguous! 1
1
2
,3,
Ambiguous! 2,4,5,8,10,12,14,15,17,18
B. When ambiguous, actual stem is underlined.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
KpHKHy+
6ojiTa&+
6ojiTa+
npH6pocH-+
TOJICTeft-*-, TOJICTe+
HCKafi-*-, HCKa*
TeppopH30Ba-*-
o6n,ne8+ o6H,ge-»
npnnoji3-»-
KJiajt-, KjiaT+, KJiac-t,
lO.nojio-t-
11. CBHCTaft+,
xpaHH-t-
CBHCTa+
KJia6+
12.
13-
14.
15.
16.
17.
TOJIOT+, TOJIOK-t-
BJier+, BJier+, Bjie'K-*-, BjieK-*
ncnopTH*
CK.ysaft-*-, CKjrqa-f
npnnjiefl+,-nJiefl+, -njieT, -mieT,
-n^ec+,-njie6-t-, njie6-»-
[Page 4731 Exercise 1
1. C-StHCHHTe!
2. KpiniHTe!
3. jiioSHTe!
4. OTBeTbie!
5. nodaBbTe!
6. py6HTe!
7. wcTHie!
8. yKpa^HTe!
9. npon3HocHTe!
10. HrpaftTe!
Page 4741 Exercise 2
1. nocMOTpHTe! 5.CKaacHTe!
2. anjioflHpyftTe! 6.pa6o'TaftTe!
3. 3aKp6MTe! 7.nocTa'BbTe!
4. num^Te! 8.noMorHTef
9.
10.
11.
12.
npHBHKHHTe!
OTKpOHTe!
o6pa3yiiTe!
noBTOpHTe!
13.
14.
15.
16.
npuroToBBTe!
nepeBeflHTe!
njia'ubTe!
nepecTa'HBTe!
Page 475[ Exercise 3
1. OTBeTbTe ime!
2. He OTBe^aflTe eMy!
3« IlHinrfTe MHe Kak^yio Heae'jiio!
4. HannniHTe nocjie'flHee cjidBo!
5. IlHinrfTe C 60JIbfflHM 9HTy3Hdl3MOM!
g, OTKpoftTe okho!
7. IIpHroTOBbTe cJie'flyromHfi ypo'ic!
8. CKaacHTe eMy! He rOBOpHre efi!
fPagest 470,471,473,474,475~

■573-
fPage 4771 Exercise 1
A. -eHneJ
-Hue
-THe r
-eHue*
1,5,7,8,12.18,20
3,4,9,1^,19
2,15
6,10,11,13,16,17
B. 1. 3Ha^Hne
2. pacKpHTHe
3. TpedOBaHne
4. CTpa^aHHe
5. npoH3Home'Hne
6. cnaceHne
7. npomekne
8. noBTopeHHe
9. noHHMaHne
10. noBefleWe
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
yrHeieHHe
H3y^eHne
naj^HHe
3H^HHe
OTKpMTHe
TeieHHe
cfiepeaceHne
o6i)flCHeHHe
npeflCKasaHne
npuroTOBJie'HKe
iPage 47~9l Exercise 1
1.
2.
3.
TOTOBfl
BeflH
Kpa^H
4. flpoaca'
5. noflHHMaa
6. CMOTpa
7. BHXOflfl
8. anjioflnpya
9 • fldjiaa
10. nepeflyMHBas
Page 480 1 Exercise 2
1. ^HTan, « AyMaio.
2. ^htslh, h flyMaji.
3« Mmafl, a 6yfly aywaTb.
Page 4801 Exercise 3
1. Leaving the room, he saw her.
2. Raising (her) hands, she shouted.
3. Embracing,his wife, he looked at me,
4. FoTdBH ypoKH, OHa cjiyraajia ujsuKy.
5. fl CKacy Ha yjiHu,e, ^poaca ot CT/paxa.
6. OTKpoBeHHO roBopa, k He xo^ty xhtb
y Sojio'ia.
IPage 48ll Exercise 4
1 • OTBeTHB/mH
2. noKpacH^B/mn
3« aaB/niH
**• yBH^eB/niH
5« nocMOTpeB/niK
"• CKa3aB/mn
?• npoMKTaB/ran
8« nepeflyMaB/niH
Page 4811 Exercise 5
1. cnpocHB/mn cnpamnBaji
2. nepenncaB/niH nepenncHBaa
3. OTKpHB/fflH OTKpHBSLH
^* npH^rOTOBHB/inH rOTOBfl
I* Ofle'B/fflH
°* 3apa6o'TaB/mH
OfleBan
3apa6^.TNBaH
Pages: 477, ^79, 480, 481

57*+-
Page 482 1 Exercise 6
1. Having given her the book, he got into the trolleybus.
2. Having looked,at him, she said, "My God!"
3. While looking at me, he got into the trolleybus.
4. Not knowing that everybody was listening to him, he said
that he wanted to go.
5« yBH^eB ee, oh 3anjiaicaji.
6. Cica3aB ^to, OHa' acnesjia,
7. Ohh MorjiH cnaTfc cnoKo'MHO, 3Haa, ito flofepbie iithuh jieTaW Has ropoflOM.
tPage 4831 Exercise 7
1. HanHCaB iihcbmo
2. CKa3aB 9TH ^JIOBa
3. OTBeTHB eMy
4. nocjie Toro, KaK OHa OTKpHjia nncbMO
5. nocjie Toro, KaK oh nocMOTpeJi Ha Hee
|Page 4871 Exercise 1
1. JieacamHH
2. BesymHH
3. cjie'flyromHM
4. roBopHmHii
5. CHflHIUHH
6. acHBymuM
7. OTflejIHK>mHH
8. nrpaionpM
9. KpacHeiomHH
10. HiqyinHfi
11. npHB03H'mHH
12. ctoh'^hh
|Page 4881 Exercise
1. CToameH 3.
2. Beflymero 4.
[Page 4881 Exercise
1. jieaca'BiDHM 4.
2. roBopHBinHM 5.
3. HanncaBrauM 6.
IPage 489 Exercise
2
acHBymyio
CToa'meft
_2
acHBrnuM
Hrpa'BinHfi
oTpajKaBnwft
4
5. jieacaineM
6. oTflejiaiomyio
7, roBopnmeMy
7. cnpocHB^rauM lo. paccKa3UBaBniH8
8. npoyHTa'BnmM
9. pa3roBapHBaBinHM
1. jieacaBrayio 3. nrpaBrayio
2. paccKa3HBaB- 4., ac^BinHe
niHM
(Page 49ol Exercise 1
1. 3a6biBaeMHft
2 . BHflHMhlfi
3. rpU30MUH
4. CJiuniHMuS
o6pa3yeMHH
Pagesj 482,483, 487, 488, 489, 490

-■>T>
Page 4911 Exercise 2
1. HeoTfleJiHMuM
2, nenpoxoflHMhiH
3. HenoflpaacaeMbift
4. HecpaBHHMUH
5. HeoS^HCHHMUli
IPage 49ll Exercise 3
1. CjIUraHMOCTb 2. CKJIOHHeMOCTb 3» fleJIHMOCTb
4. CMeHaeMocTb
[Page 493 1 Exercise 4
1. ncno'pueH
2. H3y^eH
3. Oe-feHCHeH
4. KynjieH
5. 6po'meH
ncnopneHa
H3y^eHa
ofi-bacHeHa
KynjieHa
SpomeHa
|Page 495 I Exercise 6
1. pa3BHT
2. y6HT
3. nepeBefleH
i+, c6epeaceH
5. npHBe3eH
pa3BHTa
y6HTa
nepeBefleHa
cSepeaceHa
npHBe3eHa/
Page 495\ Exercise 7
A. h + , 1,5,9 B
other suffix:
2,6,10
R 1 3,7
Ob : 4,8,11
(Page 4931 Exercise 5
1. cKa3aH
2. noflCjiymaH
3. noKa3aH
4. npo^HTaH
CKa3aHa
noflCJiymaHa
noKa3aHa
npoyHTaHa
pas^BHTH
y6HTH
nepeBefleHb
cfiepexeHH
npHBe3eHU
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
KynjieH
HanncaH
3a6uT
yKpa'seH
6pomeH
CfleJiaH
3aKphlT
nepeBeseH
OKpyaceH
noflepacaH
npnBe3eH
KynjieHa
HanHcaHa
3adHTa
yKpaseHa
Spo'meHa
cfleJiaHa
3aKpuTa
nepeBefleHa
oKpyxeHa
noflepacaHa
npHBe3eHa
KynjieHU
HanHcaHH
3a6biTU
yKpafleHu
Spo'meHU
cfleJiaHU
3aKpUTH
nepeBefleHH
OKpyaceHU
noflepacaHU
npnBe3eHU
Page 496 | Exercise 8
1. KHHra 6ujia'HanncaHa cneuHajiHCTOM.
2. Moh KapaHflaniH yKpa'fleHbi.
3. Moa daJiajiaftKa npHBeseHa H3 flnoHHH.
h,, c(Ta ne'cHH nepeBefleHa c aHrJiriftCKoro.
5. 3th nofl^pKH 6hjih KynjieHU b SojibinoM ropofle.
6. 3tot flOM cfle'jiaH H3 CTapbix K0Ji6ac.
7. Ham ro'pofl 3a6HT.
8. 0h4 6yfleT 6pdraeHa.
Pages: 491,493,495,496

576-
Page 497( Exercise 9
1. Oh flyMaeT 06 ypoice, o6rbRCH'enHOu y^HTejievi.
2. Oh iHTaeT khhth, HanHcaHHue cneuHajiHCTaMH,
3. fl jtro6jtK> cyn, npuroTOBjieHHNH KaTepHHoft.
4. fl xo^y BH,neTb KHHry, npo^HTaHHyio Hb^hom.
Page 498| Exercise 10
1. Mofi KapaHflara yicpa'fleH.
2. Tfle yKpafleHHbie KapaHflamn?
3. OHa' KHBeT b ropofle, 3a6HTOM mh'pom.
4. OHa HrpaeT Ha rurrape, cfl^JiaHHoM «3 cTapNX ra3e'T.
5. Hx rHTa'pu cue'jiaHU H3 SeTOHa.
6. fl jiio6jii6 nofla'pKH, KynjieHHHe b JIOHflOHe.
7. F^e 6hji KynjieH gtot nojjapoK?
8. fl, jik>6jik> necHH, nepeBeseHHue c pyccKoro.
9. 3Ta ne'cHH Sy'fleT nepeBeseHa.
10. Ham 3aBo'j OKpyxceH He3a6y,HKaMH.
11. Mh pa6oTaeM Ha 3aBo';a;e, OKpyaceHHOM He3a6yflKaMH.
12. fl nbio Bo'jjKy, npHBe3eHHyio H3 IIojibmH.
13« H3 KaKoM CTpaHH BBe3eHa sua Bo'jjKa?
Page 5001 Exercise 1
TOTOBH
roTOMpB
rOTOBHM(HH)
IHTaff
yHTa.I0m.HH
^IHT^eM (HH )
npurc-TOB (mn)
npHrOTOBHBfflHH
npnroTO/BJieH (huh )
npo^HTaB(ran)
npo^HTaBmHH
npoiHTaH(huh)
3« roBopn CKa3aB(iH)
roBopam,HH cKasaBmnM
rOBOpHM(UH) CK^3aH(HHH)
(Page 5021 Exercise 2
1.
2.
3-
4.
5.
OTKpUTHe
3H3.qeHHe
npoH3HoraeHHe
TeqeHHe
Tpe6oBaHHe
6,
7.
8.
9.
10.
oicpysceHHe
neieHHe
Te^eHHe
npeflCTaBJieHHe
"IlpecTynjieHHe
Pages 4-97. ^98, 500, 502

-577
iPage 50~3~1 Exercise 3
1. npHroTOBHB(mH) 3.
2. totobh h.
npnroTOBJieHHe
rOTo'BHT
5. roTOBamyio
[Page 505\ Exercise 1
1. fl Bcerfld. ^oacy Ha 3aBOfl.
2. Oh Bcerfla hocht nopTcjpe'jib.
3. 51 iacTO xoacy. fl ceroflHH esy Ha pafio'Ty.
k. Ky.ua bh HfleTe? fl Hfly b 6a.HK. fl Hecy Tysa nopT$e'jib.
5. Oh Bcerja bo'sht cBoerd 6pa.Ta Ha paSo'Ty.
6. Oh Be3eT cero'flKH cbok cecTpy Ha pafioTy.
7. Ohh qacTo e'sflflT b JleHHHrpa'ji.
8. OHa' Bcerja' bcjaht CBoero' 6paTa b niKOJiy.
9. CeroflHa OHa Be#eT cbok cecTpy b nmdjiy.
\Page 5091 Exercise 1
1« IJcjIH 6U OHH MHOrO IIHJIH, OHH He qaCTO 3aHHMajIHCb 6bl.
2. Ecjih 6h oh 6hji yqeHHM, oh Bee 3Haji 6h.
3" 3CJIH 6U Be'flbMH 6HJIH OnaCHNMH, OHH BaC HHTepeCOBaJIH 6bl.
4« Ecjih 6h Be'flbMH cynjecTBOBajiH, a hx 6onjicH/6oaJiacb 6u.
(Page 5091 Exercise 2
1.
2.
3-
4.
5.
6.
7.
^cjih 6u oh 6uji xopo'mHM CTyse'HTOM, oh 3aHHMa'jiCH 6a Beet #eHb,
Ecjih oh xopdmHft cTy#e'HT, ytHTejib eviy nocTaBHT rraTepicy.
Ecjih 6h mu 3hsijih, mu hm cicasa'jiH 6h.
Ecjih 6h ohh hchjih b JleHHHrpajje, ohh pa6oTajiH 6h TaM,
Ecjih ohh jhoSht jjpyr spyra, to no^eMy ohh He xHByT BMe'cre?
Ecjih 6u ohh jikShjih flpyr jjpyra, to ohh hchjih 6h BMecTe.
OHa" xoTe'jia 6u acHTb b JIOHflOHe.
[Page 510\ Exercise 1
1. HHTepecHee
2. CHJibHee
3. flJiHHHee
k, 9JieraHTHee
5. yMHee
(Page
1.
2.
3.
k.
5-
5111
/
THme
fiora^ie
^H^e
Kopo^ie
flopoace
Exercise 2
6. rpo'Mie
7. Mary e
8. Bume
9. nponje
10. mn'pe
Pagesj 503,505,509,510,511

578-
iPaee 5121 E
1. ,n,jiHHHee
2. KpacHBee
3. Gora^e
4. Jiymne
5. HOBee
xercise
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
3
flajibme
fleraeBJie
THme
xyace
CTapme
11.
12.
13-
14.
15.
Mflr^e
Sojibrae
Sdjibine
^Hine
MOJioace
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
BHme
jjopoace
rp^M^e
HHTepecHee
rjiynee
|Page 5lTi Exercise k
1. HaTama rppa'sflo KpacHBee Be'pH/ ieM Be'pa.
2. HBaHOB nn'meT ropa3flo Jiymne FjiaflKoaa/ qeM FjiaflKOB.
3. HeM Mojioace, TeM cnjibHee.
4. HeM fleme'Bjie, TeM jiy^ine.
5. HacKo'jibKO h 3Haio, PoKtJie'jiJiep Cora'^e npoife'ccopa HIyjibu;a / *ieM n. IKyjibua.
6. KanHTajiH3M CTa'prae cou;najiH3Ma/ new cou;HajiH3M.
7. norpdM^e, noacajiyftcTa!
8. riHrni^Te MeHbme a flyMaMTe dojibine!
9. Oh MOJioace uqhk/ v.eu k. i
10. riepBas $pa'3a cjioscHee nocjieflHeM/ ^eM nocne'rhsw.
|Page 5lM Exercise 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
3/ra ManiHHa cjipxHee. fl noHHMdio MeHee cnoacHyio MamHHy.
3to npo'me. 9to 6o'jiee npocTdft sonpoc.
KHHra, KOTo'pyio bh UHTajiH, HHTepe'cHee, neu a ayMaji.
Oh flyMaeT o So'jiee HHTepecHOH KHiSre.
Page 5141 Exercise 6
1. BHcraee o6pa30BaHne HHTepecyeT MeHH.
2. Mott CTa'pniHH 6paT roBopHT no-yicpaHHCKH ropa'3jj;o jiyMme Mjia'flinero 6paTa/
MeM MJiaflmHH 6paT.
3. Mh KynHJiH 60'jiee jjoportie KHHrH.
k. Mto bh 3HaeTe o Jiynmnx yHHBepcuTeTax?
Pages: 512,513.514|

-579
RUSSIAN - ENGLISH GLOSSARY
The number of the chapter in which the word or expression is first
used is given in parentheses.
Idioms and Phrases
Listed under the first word of the phrasej
Ha caMOM sejie under Ha
TaKHM o6pa30M under Taicoft
Verb Entries
1. Aspectual pairs are entered twice:
1. Perfective, then imperfective; separated by a slash. Where
identical except for prefix, only the prefix is entered for
the perfective.
Ha/nHca-t-
Where not identical, both are entered.
H3yMH-»-/H3y^afi-t-
2. Imperfective, (I), followed by perfective, (P).
nuca-t- (i), Hannca+ (p)
H3yjaft+ (i), H3yyft+ (p)
2. Stress: * shows mobile stress in present tense of vowel stems.
KypH-t-: Kypio, Kypurab, KypuT
-+ shows mobile stress in past tense of consonant stems.
ECHB+: acHji, acHjia, khjih
Noun Entries
1. Gender unless otherwise noted:
Nouns in £ are assumed to be M (masculine) jom, khh3b
Nouns in p. are assumed to be C (neuter) cjiobo, 3,E,aHHe
Nouns in a are assumed to be H (feminine) omttSica, KyxHa
Deviations are marked:
xH3Hb 3K - ends in j6, yet is feminine (a large group)
flHflfl; M - ends in a, yet is masculine (a small group)
nun C _ ends in,a, yet is neuter (a small group)

-580-
2. Stress
x stress shift from singular to plural
CJIOBO: PI • CJIOBS(, CJIOBaM ...
aceH^: PI. aceHH, xeHaM...
(a) - nom. pi. a and plural end-stressed
flOKTOp (a) PI. flOKTOpa, flOKTOpa'vi. . .
(pi * ) - shifting stress within the plural
MHmb (pi* ) PI. MHmH, MHrae'ft, MumaM...
3. Mobile Vowel
Nouns with mobile vowel are entered with the mobile vowel in
parentheses.
,u;eHB(e) : jeHb^ jhh, ahio. ..
omH6ica(o) : omn'SKa, omiidKH, (gen. pi.) ohihSok
4. Prepositional y
Nouns with stressed y in the prepositional singular are entered
with (y ). ,
rofl(y) (prep. sg. rosy )
Pronominal Entries
All four nominative forms are given.
MOft/MOJi/MOe/MOH
Case Requirement
Case requirement is shown by the appropriate form of ^to or kto
in square brackets.
o \jneu) _ the preposition "o" demands
the prepositional case
Tpe6oBa-r [iero] _ the verb Tpe6OBa+demands
the genitive case

-581-
RUSSIAN - ENGLISH GLOSSARY
A
a - and,, but (2)
aBTOMo6mib -automobile (6)
aBTopyMKa(e)- fountain pen (10)
a'36yica - alphabet (10)
A'3HH - Asia (3)
aKa,neMHK - academician (8)
aKaiiHH - acacia (5)
aKTHBHCT - activist (2)
aji6aHeu(e)- Albanian (3)
ajidaHijH - Albanians
aji6a.HCKHH - Albanian (adj) (3)
no-aji6aHCKH - in Albanian
ajiKorojibHbift - alchoholic (5)
AMe'pHKa - America (3)
aMepHKaHCKHH - American (6)
aHrJtHftcKHH - English (3)
no-aHrJiHftcKH - in English
AHTapKTHica - Antarctica (3)
anjiofliipoBa+ OeviyJ - applaud (8)
anjioflHCMe'HTH - applause (3)
apa6cKH# - Arabian (6)
ApaBHH - Arabia (5)
apH30HCKnft - Arizona (adj) (6)
A'pKTHKa - Arctic (3)
apTHCTKa(o)- artiste (8)
apcfta - harp (8)
acnHpaHT - graduate student (10)
acTpognojiorna - astrobiology (6)
acTpoHOMmecKHH - astronomical (9)
AdbpHKa - Africa (3)
GeTOHmnK - concrete worker (m) (3)
6eTOHmnn;a - concrete worker (f) (3)
6n6jinoTeKa - library (10)
6jiaro,n,apHOCTb jk - thanks,
gratitude (10)
6jihhckkh - Blinsk (adj) (3)
6or - God (2)
cjiaBa 6o'ry - thank God (5)
6o>e moh - my God (5)
BojirapHH - Bulgaria (10)
6ojirapcKHH - Bulgarian (9)
6o"jiee - more (8)
6ojioto - swamp (4)
6o'jibffle Bcerd - more than
anything (9)
66jihme He - no more, no longer (8)
6ojibmoft - big (3)
6opoV ...ca 3a [htoH -
fight for (7)
Bpa3HJina - Brazil (7)
6paT - brother (7)
6paTbH _ brothers (10)
SpaTCKHft - brotherly (6)
dpaTCTBO - brotherhood (7)
6pnra;na - brigade (3)
Gy'fl* will be (3)
gy^ymee - future (9)
6yjibBap - boulevard (10)
6ypHHH - stormy (3)
ohb-*- - was, were (5)
6uBmaPi - former (6)
B
b(o) Meu - in (1)
b TaKOM cjiyuae -
in that case (3)
BSDKHhiH - important (4)
BaM - (dative of bh) (6)
beimh - (instr. of bh) (7)
sac - (gen-acc,prep of bh) (4)(5)
Bam/Bama/Bame/BamH -
your, yours (4)
BamnHrT6H - Washington (6)
Bflpyr - suddenly (6)
BeflymHfi - leading (6)
Beflt - emphatic particle (4)
BejtHKHft -great (3)
BeHre"pcKHfi -Hungarian (10)
BeHrpufl - Hungary (10)
BepHOCTb 3K - loyalty (10)
BepHHH - loyal, faithful (10)
BepoflTHO - probably (6)
Becb/Bca/Bce/Bce - all (4)
E ,
6aoyiaKa(e)- grandmother (5)
6ajiKOH - balcony (8)
6a.HaJibHHfi - banal (k)
baHflHT - bandit (7)
Same - bank (7)
6apa6aH - drum (3)
Se^HbiH - poor (6)
6e3 [^ero] - without (2)
6e3flejibHHK - loafer (1)
6e3o6pa3ne - outrage, disgrace (2)
Kaxde 6e3o6pa3fie -
what an outrage
dejiKa(o)- squirrel (9)
BejiopyccHH - Byelorussia (10)
6ejiopyccKHH - Byelorussian (10)
6ecnoKon+ ...ca - worry (7)
6eTOH - concrete (3)
oeTOHHHK - concrete (adj) (3)
6eTOHOMemajiKa(o)- concrete-mixer (3)
6eTOHOMeinajio^Ka(e) - little
concrete-mixer (8)

582-
Be^ep ( a ) - evening (8)
Be^epoM - in the evening
sei-f (I), noBefl+ (P) -
lead, conduct (1)
Best (I), noBe3V (P) -
carry (by vehicle), take (5)
B3rjiH,n - view (10)
B3pocJiHft - adult (4)
Biifl - aspect, §uise (5)
Biifle+ (I), yBrf,ne-t- (P) -
see, catch sight of (4)
BH3HT - visit (3)
BHHHTejibHtjM - accusative (10)
BKycHHH - delicious (9)
BJiaseft-h fqeM] - control, master (10)
BJIK)6K[-t-. . .CH BO [jJTO]-
fall in love (9)
BMe'cTe - together (8)
BHH3y - below (5)
BOfla - water (9)
Bo,i;Ka(o)- vodka (5)
box - ox (9)
bo'jioch (pi* ) _ hair (8)
Boofiine - in general, generally (3)
Bonpo'c - question (l)
BOceMHa^uaTb - eighteen (5)
BdceMb- eight (4)
bockoboS - wax (7)
BOCTo'pr -ecstasy (3)
bocto^hhS - east, eastern (4)
bot - here is (1)
bot KaK - Ohl You don't say! (4)
Bne^aTJieHHe - impression
BpeW - time (g)
BpeMH OT BpeMeHH -
from time to time (9)
Bee - everybody (2)
(pi. of Beet)
Bcerja - always (3)
Bcero - in all (8)
Bcerd xopo'mero - g00d luck (8)
see (neuter of BecB)- everything (6)
BCTpeTH-r/BCTpe'-iafif - meet (8)
BCTpe^a0r (I), BCTpeTH+ (P) -
meet (8)
BTopoft - second (4)
B^epa r yesterday (3)
bh - y.ou (plural and formal) (2)
BbipaacaM* (l),Biipa3H+ (P) - ,
/ express (8)
Bupa3n+/Bupaaca.H+ - express (8)
BHXOflHt - go OUt (8)
r
ra^KHfi - vile (7)
ra3e'Ta - newspaper (7)
rapai: - garage (5)
r^e - where (1)
rfle-TO - somewhere (5)
reHHM - genius (5)
reorpacpiiji - geography (9)
reo$H3HyecKHM - geophysical (9)
TepMaHHH - Germany (10)
repoH -^hero (7)
THflpocTaHUHH - hydroelectric
power station (4)
rHTapa - guitar (6)
rjiaBHhiM - main, chief (8)
rjiaro'ji - verb (4)
rjia3( a)- eye (7)
rjia'cHbiM - vowel (4)
rjiyfioKo' - deeply (10)
rjiynocTb )K - stupidity (10)
ro'Bop- dialect (10)
TOBOpH-r (I), CKa3aV (P)-
,say, speak (3)
roBopninHfi - talking (6)
rofl(y)/- year (8)
rojiOBa (pi * ) - head (9)
ropa (pi* ) - mountain (9)
ro'pe - grief (7)
ropofl(a)- city
ro^poflOK^o)- town (7)
roptKHH - bitter (10 )
rocnoflHH -Mister (8)
rocnoaca' - Miss, Mrs. (8)
rocysa'pcTBeHHufi - state (adj) (8)
rocjrflapcTBO - state, government (9)
rOToW ( I )}npHrOTOBH-r (P) -
prepare (6)
roTOBHf...cfl k C^eviyl -
prepare oneself for (10)
rpajKflaHHH - citizen (m) (1)
rpaacfla'HKa(o)- citizen (f) (10)
rpaMMaTHKa - grammar (5)
rpaMMaTri^ecKHfi - grammatical (1)
rpH6/- mushroom (6)
rpoMKO - loudly (3)
rpo'M^e - louder (4)
rpy6bift - vulvar, coarse (1)
rpy6aa omnfiKa -
terrible mistake (1)
rpynna - group (6)
c ) rpycTbio - with sadness (4)
rpH3-c - gnaw (10)

-583-
fla - yes (1)
jaate - even (1)
Aa qTo bh - Aw, _go on! (3)
A a ^to bh roBopHTe! - But what are
flajieKo' - far (k) you saying (2)
ja'jtbme - further (9)
jaTejibHHM - dative (10)
flBa - two (2)
.HBegmaTb - twenty (5)
.HBeHsgmaTb - twelve (5)
jeBO^Ka( e)- little-girl
fleByniKa(e)- girl (post puberty)
seBHTHafli^aTB - nineteen (5)
.He'BHTb - nine (4)
fleKa^eHTCTBO - decadence (4)
flejiafi+ (I), c,nejiaM+ (P) - go, make (
.neJierauna - delegation (10)
;nejio - affair, business, task (2)
KaK fleJia? - How are things? (3)
fleHb(e)- day (1)
Hy h fleHt! - What a day! (8)
flep^BHfl(e) (pi*) - the country (10)
jecflTb - ten (4)
.ne'TH - children (3)
^aca3 - jazz (4)
jHBaH - couch (5)
flHKHft - wild (4)
flKpe'KTop(a)- director (2)
fljiHHHbift - long (9)
fljifl t^ero] - for (6)
fldgpbift - kind (2)
flOBOjibHO - enough (8)
Roxib - rain
HfleT .noacflb - it»s raining (8)
AOKa3aTejibCTBO - proof (9)
flOKJiafl - report (10)
flo'jtro - long time (5)
fldjirHe ro'ji,H - years to come (10)
flOJioM [uto]- down with (7)
flOM(a)- house (?)
flo'Ma - at home (7)
flOMoft - (to) home (7)
flOMHK - little-house (6)
flopo'ra - road, highway (10)
floporoM - dear (1)
^0 CBHflaHHH - good-bye (1)
flpoaca+- - shake (6)
flpyr - friend(3),(pl) flpysbH (8)
flpyr flpyra - one another (8)
Apyroft - other (2)
xpy':«6a - friendship (6)
Wiiafir - think (1)
flyMaji - thinking
flypan - fool, idiot (7)
flHAH M - uncle
E
EBpona - Europe (3)
ero - his (acc/gen of oh/oho) {k)
eflHHCTBeHHHft - singular (10)
ee - her, hers (acc/gen ofoHa) (4)
eft - (dat, instr, prep of OHa)
,(5) (6) (7)
euy - (dative of oh/oho) (6)
ecHH - if
ecjiH...T0 - if...then (8)
exa+ (I),noexat (P) -
go (by vehicle), ride, drive (5)
eme - still (4)
eme He - not yet (8)
eme pa3 - once again (9)
)
I
acajieft-t-(l), noacaji6ft+ (P) -
be sorry (8)
acajiKHft - pitiful (7)
*e - emphatic particle (3)
sceHa - wife (3)
steHOKHft - feminine (3)
xeHinHHa - woman (4)
m!b+ - live (1)
xhb6tho6 - animal (9)
sctiflKHH - liquid (9)
3KH3Hb E - life (1)
acHTejib - inhabitant (4)
xypHaji - magazine (3)
xypHajiHCT - journalist (m) (7)
5icypHajiHCTKa(o)- journalist (f) (7)
3
3a ^ieMl- behind (7)
3a6uB-r/3a6uBaKi- ^- forget (4)
3a6HBaft+(l), 3a6HBr (P) - forget (4)
safiHT/a/o/bj - forgotten (6)
3a6^TbiK - forgotten (6)
3aBHcei- ot [iero] - depend on (9)
3a.Bo'fl [Ha] - factory, plant (l)
3aBTpa - tomorrow (3)
3aBTpaic - breakfast (9)
3a,npo3Kai- - begin to shake (7)
saKpuT/a/o/H - closed (5)
3aKpHTbift - closed (6)
3aHHMaflt-.. ,ch [ueM] - be
/occupied, study (8)
3anaflHbiK - west, western (4)
3anax - smell, aroma
*iyBCTBOBa+ 3anax - smell (8)
3anHCKa(o)- note (10)
3anjiaKa-»- - burst out crying (7)

-58U-
3acMefli-. . .ch - burst out laughing
3axnxHKafi+ - burst out giggling (
3Ba-*- - call
KaK Bac 30ByT? -
What's your name? (3)
3B0HH-r (l),no3BOHH+ (P) L^eMy]
call (7)
3flaHHe - building (7)
3flecb - here (4)
3flopo'BHft - healthy (8)
3flpaBCTByftTe - hello (1)
3eMJiH - earth (7)
(ace. sg. 3eM.mo)
3epKajio - mirror (9)
3JioM - evil (8)
3HaM-r - know (1)
shsLs - knowing (1)
3HaqnT - means (2)
30JioT6ft - golden (9)
300JidrnH - zoology (9)
30ona'pK - zoo (2)
H
h - and (1)
k...h - both...and (5)
h TaK flajiee (h t.ji,.)-
etcetera, and so forth (3)
Hfl'-t- (I), noiU+ (P)-go (on foot),
Hrpaft-r - play (8) walk (5)
B(o)[MeMl - play a game
Ha [^eM] - play an instrument
HrpymKa(e)- toy (8)
H3 Cuero] - out of, from (8)
H36a - hut (9)
H3Bepr pd.ua Me-noBe^ecKoro -
monster of the human race (6)
HSBe'cTHHK - well-known
KaK HaBecTHO - as is well-
known (2)
K3BHHHTe! - excuse me (4)
H3-3a L^ero] - because of, due to (8)
H3yMaMr (I), H3yyH* (p) _ make a
study of, (P) master (6)
H3yq^HHe - ^study (9)
H3ymWH3yt4aftf make a study of,
(P) master (6)
hjih - or (4)
HJIH...HJIH - either... or (4)
av - (dative of ohh ) (6)
HM^HHTejifcHbiM -nominative (10)
h'mm - (instr. of ohh ) (7)
hmh (C) - name ^(7)
hmh cymecTBHTejibHoe -
noun (9)
HHflycTpHajibHbifi - industrial (6)
) HHaceHep - engineer (3)
HHor.ua - sometimes (7)
MH0CTpa.Hen(e) - foreigner (rn) (10)
HHOCTpaHKa(o) - foreigner (f) (10)
HHCne'KTop (a ) - inspector (2)
HHCTHTyT - institute (6)
HHTepe'cHHft - interesting (4)
hcksh- - search, look for (9)
hcto'phh - history (3)
HC^e3aM-*- (I) (Hcye'sHyl^. (P)
disappear (10)
ncqe3Hy-t-1/HCMe3afi+ - disappear (10)
i'.x - theirs (acc-gen of ohi) (4)
K
KaSHHe'T -office, study (5)
KakflHM - every, each (1)
KaaceTCH - it seems (2)
KaK - how (1)
KaK Bac 30ByT? -
What's your name? (3)
KaK bh noacHBaeTe? -
How are you? (1)
KaK .ne.ua? - How are things? (3)
xaK TaK - how so? (2)
KaK to'jibko - as soon as (9)
KaKoft - which, what kind (1)
KajiH(t)0/pHHH - California (5)
KanycTa - cabbage (6)
KapaH^am - pencil (1)
KaTacTp6$a - catastrophe (4)
Kama - cereal (8)
KamybcKHH - Kashubian (10)
KeM - (instr. of kto) (7)
kht - whale (5)
Kjia'cc - grade, class (k)
KjiaccH-qecKHft - classical (5)
KJiy6 - club (3)
KHHra - book (1)
KHH3b - prince (6)
kob66h - cowboy (6)
Kor^a - when (1)
koto' - (acc-gen of kto) (*0
KOjuieKTHB - collective (6)
kom - (prep, of kto) (5)
KOMap' - mosquito (6)
KOMHaTa - room (8)
KOMnjiHMe'HT - compliment (10)
KOMy - (dat. of kto) (6)
KOHrpe'cc - congress (10)
KOHflyKTop(a) - fare-collector (2)
KOHeS; (e) - end (7)

-585-
KOHe^HO - of course (l)
KOHKjje'THHft - concrete, precise (3)
KOHMafi*...ch - finish, end (5)
Ko'peHb (e) - root (9)
KopHfldp - corridor (7)
kocmoc - cosmos (6)
Ko'cTb K (plK) - bone (10)
koctiom - suit (7)
koto'pnS - who,which, that (relative
Kpafl-r (i)5yKpafl^ (P) -
steal (1)
KpacHBHfi - pretty (4)
KpacriBee Bcex -
yprettier than all (9)
KpacHeft-f- - blush (5)
^KpacHe'fl - blushing (3)
KpacHHfi - red (6)
KpH-qa-t- - shout (k)
KpH-qa-H Ha [>Toi - shout at
KpoBa'Tb 5K - bed (10)
Kpoi/ie [-qeroj- except (4)
KpHma - roof (5)
kto - who (1)
Kysa - (to) where (5)
Kysa-TO - (to) somewhere (5)
Ky.nfeT;ypa - culture (k)
KyjibTypHHft - cultured (1)
KyMHc - fermented mare's milk (8)
KypH+ - smoke (2)
KyxHH - kitchen (6)
JI
jiapopaTo'pHH - laboratory (5)
jia"cKOBO - tenderly (1)
.nescaV - lie (k)
jie'KUHH - lecture (2)
JleHHHrpafl -Leningrad (5)
Jiec(y) ( a) -woods (9)
jieTafti- - fly (with no destination)
jieTe-i- (I), nojieTe-i- ( P) - fly (6) /
jrHHra$OHHbifi KadHHeT - language lab
jihuo - face (4)
jiOBH-t- - catch (9)
jio'flKa( o) - boat (9)
jiokomothb - locomotive (7)
jio-'haohckhM -London (adj) (7)
jiomaflB M (pi*) - horse (4)
jiyHa - moon (6)
jiy-qmug - best (3)
jik)6h* - love, like (1)
JH06HMHH - favorite, beloved (6)
jirodHTejib - lover (6)
jito6oBh( o) H - love (10)
ji»flH - people (1)
M
MaKeflOHCKHM -Macedonian (10)
MajieHbKHft - little, small (3)
Majib^HK - boy (4)
MaMa - mommy (2)
Maib H - mother (7)
Maxl+ - wave (7)
MamHHa - machine, car (2)
MeflBeflb - bear (9)
Meatfly [-qeMl - between (7)
MejKflyHapo'flHHft - international (6)
Meji - chalk (7)
MeHee - less (8)
Me'Hbme Bcero' - less than anything (9)
MeHH - (acc-gen of a) (2)
MecTO - place (3)
MecHi} - month (10)
MHjiuft - dear, nice (8)
mhmo^ [-qero] -past (9)
mhhh'ctp - minister (8)
MHp - world, peace (3)
uJia.p,mviPi - younger (8)
MHe - (dat, prep of h) (i*) (5)
MHe nopa hjth - it-s
time for me to go (1)
MHeHHe - opinion (10)
no BameMy MHeHHM -
in your opinion
MHoro [-qero] - much, many (4)
MHoacecTBeHHHft - plural (9)
Mor+ (I),cMorr ( P) - can, be able(5)
MooiceT dbiTb - maybe, perhaps (2)
mo'scho - it's possible, permissible(4)
Mofi/MOfl/Moe/MOK - mv. mine (4)
McnoflerU - well done! (3)
MOJiOfleacb M -youth (10)
MOJiofloM - young (2)
MOJiwa-i- - be silent (4)
MO^HrojibCKHM -Mongolian (9)
s MO*pe - sea ( 3)
' Mockbsl - Moscow (4)
mockobckhA - Moscow (adj) (8)
Mysc - husband (5)
MyaccKbft - masculine (2)
My3HKa - music (5)
MypaBeft(e) - ant (5)
MypaBe'ftHHK - anthill (5)
MypaBbe'fl - ant-eater (10)
My'xa - fly (9)
mh - we (2)
MbiMt- - wash (8)
Mbifti-...CH - wash oneself (1)
Mbijio - soap (8)
Mbicub - thought (8)

586-
Munife (pi* ) - mouse (9)
MHTKHH - SOft (9)
mhco - meat (9)
H
Ha [-qeM] - in, at, on (1)
Ha cslmom fle'-ne - really (7)
HaBcerfla - forever (7)
Has C^eMl - over (7)
Ha'jo - necessary (8)
Ha3HBaftf LhtoI teeM]- call (8)
Ha3HBaS+...ch - be called (7)
HaHBHHft - naive (2) ,
hslmh - (instr. of ohh ) (7)
HaodopoT - on the contrary (9)
Ha/nHca-t- - write (k)
HanncaH/a/o/H - written (5)
HanHTOK(o)- beverage (5)
HanpHMep - for example (6)
Hapo'fl - nation, people (8)
HacKOJibKo - as far as (1)
HacTOHmuft - real (1)
HayKa - science (6)
HayMH-*-. . . ch - learn how (8)
HayMHHfi - scientific (9)
HaxojHTca - be located (3)
Ha^iHHaMi-. . .ch - begin (8)
Ham/Hama/Hame/Hamn - our, ours (3)
He - not
He...a - not...but (2)
He.ne.nH - week (8)
He,n66pHft - unkind (6)
He'acHHft - tender (10)
He3a6yflKa(0)- forget-me-not (10)
He3adHBaeMHft - unforgettable (10)
HenHTepecHHft - uninteresting (k)
HeM - (prep, of ohsl) (5)
HekoTopHft - certain (9)
HeKVJiBTypHHf! - uncultured (1)
Hejro/BKHtt - awkward (1)
He.iB3H - it is forbidden (M
HeMe'nKHR - German (10 )
HeMHo'ro - a little (4)
neHaBHfle-f - hate (6)
HeHopMajibHHfl - abnormal (2)
Heo6pa30BaHHHfi - uneducated (6)
HejipaBHJibHHS - incorrect (8)
HepBHO - nervously (6)
HecoBepmeHHNft - imperfective (5)
HeT - no (1); there is not (6)
HeM - (prep, of, oh/oho ) (5)
Hec't (i)f noHec-t- (P) -
carry (by foot), take (5)
HHrfle" - nowhere (2)
hh...hh - neither...nor (6)
HHKaK - in no way (9)
HHKaKOft - no kind (6)
HHKorfla - never (1)
hhkto - nobody (2)
hhx - (prep, of ohh ) (5)
HH-qToacHHH - insignificant (7)
ho - but (2)
ho'bhh - new (2)
H03K - knife, (7)
( Bee) HopMa'jibHO -
everything is O.K. (3)
HO*ib (pi * ) - night (6)
Hy - well (3)
Hy h fleHb! - What a day! (8)
Hy TaK mto ac! - So what! (7)
HyaceH/HyacHa/HyacHo/HyjKHU - needed (8)
Hyjib - zero (3)
HbK-Ho'pK - New York (5)
0
0/06 ^eu] - about (3)
0 tom, 0 ceM -
about this and that (9)
o6i*keH/a/o/bi - insulted (3)
odMa'HHBaft-i- - deceive (9)
o'6pa3 acH3HH - way of live (7)
o6pa3o'BaHHHft - educated (6)
OBa'uHa - ovation (3)
orpoMHHft - enormous (6) (pi)
oflijH/oflHa/oflHd/oflHH - one,/some (k)
OflHHHa^uaTb - eleven (5)
OflHaacflH - once (7)
OflHaKO - however (9)
OKaHiHBaH+...cfl Ha [mto] - end in (3)
OKeaH - ocean (5)
okojio [?ero^ - near (4)
OKOHqaHHe - ending (9)
oh - he (1)
OHa - she (2)
OHrf - they (1)
oho" - it (3)
onepa'iiHH - operation (7)
o'nuT - experience, experiment (9)
ocHOBa - stem (9)
ocdfieHHO - especially (4)
ot fqerol - from (k)
OTBeTH^/oTBetiaSf C^eMy] - answer (8)
-Ha Bonpo'c - answer a question (3)
OTBeq4fi-t- (I),oTBe''TH*(P) C^eMyl-
answer (8)
oTBpaTHTejibHHM - loathsome (7)
oTBpameHHe - disgust (2)
o't^hx- rest (5)
oTflHxaMt - relax, rest (3)
OTeu( e) - father (7)

-587-
oTKpHBafti-(l) ,OTKpHft+ (P) -open
oTKpiift-*-/oTKpHBaft-t- -open (5)
oTKpHT/a/o/H - open (5)
oTKpHTHe - discovery (9)
oTKy^a - from where (3)
OTKyfla bh 3HaeTe? -
How do you know? (3)
otjictho - excellently, splendidly(l
OTCioaa - from here (5)
OTTy^a - from there (5)
oTuecTBO - patronymic (3)
o'ieHb - very (1)
omH6Ka(o) - mistake, error (1)
n
naj+/(l),nonaj+ (P) - fall (10)
na^ex - case (9)
naiceT - package (5)
nsiMHTHMK - monument (10)
nana - daddy (2)
napeHb( e) (pi* ) - lad, boy (10)
napK - park (1)
naTpHo'T - patriot (7)
nay3a - pause (1)
naxa-r - plow (7)
nepBHft - first (k)
nepeBe^i- - translate (3)
nepe^taeMl- in front of (7) /,
nepe^aeT - (3rd sg)hand over, send
nepo - pen (10)
ne'cHH - song (6)
neKt- - bake (8)
nnft-t- - drink ( 5)
nupoacoK (p) -pirozhok (8)
nnca> (I),HanHca-+- ( P) - write (4)
nHc4Tejib -writer (5)
nHCbMO - letter (6)
nHtneTCH - written (3)
njiaKa-t- - cry (7)
nJia'H - plan (7)
nJiaHeTa - planet (6)
nJiacTMa'ccoBHft - plastic (10)
nJiHTa - stove (8)
njioxo/ - badly (1)
nJioxotf - bad (2)
njioma^b 3K (pi**) - square (10)
njiyr - plow (7)
nJiuB-t- - float (9)
nJiHSc - beach (k)
no [xieMyl-according to, along l 3)
noBe^HHe -behavior (10)
no/Befl-t- - lead, conduct (1)
no/Be3/-t -carry (by vehicle) , take
noBTopH+-/noBTopHH-t- - repeat (6)
nOBTOpHMt- (I), nOBTOpH-f (?) -
repeat
noro'sa - weather (3)
nofl^-qeMl - under (7)
noflapoK( o ) - gift (9)
no/exat - go (by vehicle) drive (5)
no/acajieft* - be sorry (8)
noacajiyftcTa - please (1)
no/3BOHH+- ( -qeMjJ - call (7)
0no'3flHq - late (8)
no3flpaBH+ - congratulate (4)
no/H^-f - go (on foot) walk (5)
noftfleM! - Let's goS (6)
noKa -^ while, so long (5)
noKa3a-t-/noKa.3HBaft-*- - show (9)
noKa'3HBaft+ (I), noKa3a+ ( P)- show (9)
nojie -^ field (7)
no/jieTe-t- - fly (6)
noji3-*- (I), nonoji3V ( P ) - crawl (5)
nojiHTHica - politics (5)
nojiHTH-qecKHM - political (1)
nojiHUHH - police (7)
no.noBHHa - half (8)
ndjibCKHM - Polish (9)
no\nfema - Poland (10)
noMHH* - remember (5)
noMor+/noMoraK+ [qeMy"] - help (7)
no-Mo'eMy - in my opinion (10)
no/Hect - carry (by foot) take (5)
noHHMaft-*- - understand (2)
no/na^-r - fall (10)
no/noji3V - crawl (10)
nonpodySTe! - try (7)
nopT(f>eJife - briefcase (5)
nocJie'flHHft - last, latest (4)
ndcjie Toro,KaK - after (5)
no/cMOTpe+ - watch,
- Ha [^Tol - look at (4)
no/cTpoHi- - build (4)
noTOMjr mto - because (1)
no^ewiy - why (1)
no"-qTa [Hal - post office (5)
no-qTH - almost (6)
noD^OMy - therefore (1)
npaBfla - truth (k) /
no npaB^e roBopn -
t to tell the truth (8)
npaBHjio - rule (8)
npa'3flHHK - holiday (6)
npefljior - preposition (2)
npefljioacHbift - prepositional (10)
npe^no-qeji/qjia 6h -would prefer (5)
npe^cKa3ct+ (P), npe,a,CK£i3biBa$*i- (I) -
predict (7)
npe«CKa3aTejib - soothsayer (7)
npe,a.CKa3biBaft-f (I), npe#cica3a-r ( P ) -
) predict (7)
npe3Hpaft-i- - despise (8)
npeKpa'cHHfi - fine, gorgeous,
beautiful (6)

588-
npHBeT -greetings (5)
npHBHKHy -W be accustomed (8)
npHMHTHBHHft - primitive (6)
npncTaBica (0) - prefix (4)
npHHTHO -pleasant (3)
nporpeccHBHHfi - progressive (6)
npoH3HO-ycHTCH - is pronounced (3)
npon3HomeHne -pronunciation (8)
npoHcxoacfleHHe - origin (10)
npocneKT - avenue (10)
npocTH+/npomaH- - forgive (8)
npocTHTe! - forgive me (1)
npocro - simply (2)
npocToM - simple (7)
npo$eccop(a) - professor (2)
npo/^KTaS--- -read (1)
npomjiHft -last, previous (10)
npomaft! - farewell, (?)
npom;aft+ (I), npocTH-f (p) -
forgive (8)
n'cHxnaTp - psychiatrist (.6)
ncnxojidrHH -psychology (9)
nTHna - bird (7)
ny6.nnKa - public (2)
nycTHHH - desert (6)
iLHTHaflijaTi. -fifteen (5)
nflTb - five (2)
P
pa6oTa[Ha~] - work (1)
pado'TaMi- - work (1)
(Bce)paBHO - anyway (5)
MHe Bee paBHO -I don't care (5)
pas/a/o/bi - happy (6)
pa'flK [nero] - for the sake of (10)
pa3roBapnBa3+ c [KeM]-
talk, converse with (9)
pa3roBo'p - conversation (1)
pa3HHu;a - difference (8)
paneTa - rocket (6)
paKeTHHH - rocket (adj) (6)
paHbme - formerly (3)
pe3a+- - cut (7)
pena(pi * ) - river (9)
peMdHT - repair
Ha peMOHT - for repair (5)
pecnydJiKKa - republic (10)
po'A -gender, births sort, kind (2)
poflHTeJibHbiS - genitive (9)
poac^eHHe - birth
fleHb poacjeHH^ - birthday
c peM
poxfle'Hunhappy birthday (8)
Pocch'h - Russia (i|)
pydz-h - hackf chop (g)
PywhiHHH - Rumania (10)
pyMHHCKHH -Rumanian (10)
pyccKHH - Russian (3)
no-pyccKH - in Russian
C
c C^eM] -with (7)1 c [Hereofrom (9)
caM - oneself (6)
caMO.neT - airplane (7)
caMHK - most (2)
CBescHft - fresh (8)
G BepxqejiOBeK -Superman (7)
CBoK/CBOfl/cBoe/cBOH - one's own (5)
c/flejiaftf - do, make (1)
cedfl - oneself (l)
cerdflHH - today (3)
ceMqa'c -now, right away (6)
ceicyHfla - second (8)
ceMHafluaTb - seventeen (5)
ceMb - seven (4)
ce'pdcKHft - Serbian (10)
cepbe3HHft - serious (?)
cecrpa - sister (5)
cnrapa - cigar (5)
CHfle-r - sit (k)
CKJia - force, power (7)
CKJibHbift - strong, powerful
^cHjibHee, neu - stronger (7)
CKaaceM - let's say (10)
CKa3a-e/roBopH+ - say, speak (3)
CKaMbfl(e) - bench (5)
CKaH^ajibHHH - scandalous (6)
cKdpo - soon (il-)
cjiadbift - weak (8)
cjiad ot HejoejaHHfl - weak from
malnutrition (5)
cjiaBa C-qeMyl - glory to (6)
cnaBa dory - thank God (7)
cjiaBHHCKHfi -Slavic (10)
cne'fljrtomHH - following (6)
cjre3a (pix ) _ tear (10)
CHHIKKOM - tOO (6)
cjiOBauKHfi - Slovak (10)
cnoBeHCKHft - Slovenian (10)
cii5bo - word (2)
,0|;hhm cjidBOM - in a word (7)
cjioacHbift - complex (9)
cjiym&Pir- - listen to (k)
cjibimat- - hear (8)
cuenuR -bold, daring (7)
CMea+...cfl Ha^ [^eM^ -
, laugh at (?)
c/Mort- -can, be able (5)
CMOKHHr - tuxedo (^)x
CMOTpe-i- (I), nocMOTpe* ( P) -
watch
— Ha. Tuto] - look at (4)

-509-
cHer - snow (8)
HfleT CHer - it's snowing
chhmot+ -jtake off (7)
coBepmeHHHH - perfective, complete
coBeTcrafi - Soviet (10)
corjiacHHH - consonant (4)
coctohi- -^ consist (9)
couHajizcTH-qecKHM - socialist (10)
couKOJiorHH - sociology (6)
coiiHHeHHe - compostion (h-)
coro'3,- union (7)
cnacHdo - thank you, thanks (1)
cnei],HajiHCT - specialist (3)
cnjieTHKK -gossip (9)
cnopn+ - argue (5)
cno'pT - sport (9) . , ,r
cnpamHBaft* (I), cnpocH-* (P)[Koroj
yLKoroJ -ask (8)
cnpocH-t-/cnpaniHBaft+ Ckoto], y[KoroJ-
,ask (8)
cpeflHHft- neuter, middle, average (3)
ctslh* [ieM] - (p) become (7)
CTapafi*...ck - try (k) (10)
CTapocjiaBHHCKHH - old Church Slavic
CTapnwS - older (8)
cTapHH - old (2)
creHa(pi " ) - wall (5)
cto'ht -is worth, costs (10)
ctoji - table (6)
CTOJiHua - capital (10)
cTopoHa' (pi ^ ) - side
b cTopoHy - aside (7)
CTOH+^be standing (6)
CTpawa - country (9)
cTpaHHhifi -strange (?)
CTpax - fear (6)
CTpiir* - clip (8)
CTpow-r (i)nocTp(5H-^ (P)-build (k)
CTpoHTeJib '- builder (4)
CTyseHT - student (M) (l)
CTyaeHTKa (o) - (f) (l)
cryji - chair (7)
cyn - soup (6)
cydMbHKC - suffix (9)
cqacTJiHBHS^ - happy, (6)
cqacTJin'Boro nyTH - Don voyage (6)
ctia'cTbe - happiness {k)
. consider X to beY (7)
chh - son (7)
crojia - (to) here (5)
ciopnpHs - surprise (9)
T
TaftBaHCKHM - Taiwan(adj) (9)
Tafea - secret (7)
TaK - so (2)
TaK KaK - in as much as (2)
TaK MHo'ro, KaK - as much as (5)
TaKace - also (in addition) (6)
TaKo'ft - such (^)
TaKHM 0'6pa30M -
in this manner (9)
TaKTH-qHbiM - tactful (9)
TajiaHTJiHBuft - talented (9)
TaM - there (3)
TamjeBaV - dance (8)
TapaKaH - cockroach (6)
TBep^bifi - hard (9) /
TBoM/TBon/TBoe/TBOH - your, yours
TBopHTeJibHHft - instrumental (10)
Te6e - (dat, prep of th )(5) (6)
Te6fl - (gen-acc of Tb) (8)
TejieBH3op - television set (k)
Tejie$OH - telephone (7)
Te\no - body (9)
Teo'pHH - theory (9)
Tene'pt. - now (k)
Tenjio - warm (10)
TeqeHHe - flow (9)
Teitf - flow (9)
TeMHbiR - dark (7)
t§th - aunt (7)
THrp - tiger \'£)
THnHtiHbifi - typical (2)
thxo - quietly (3)
to - emphatic particle (3)
T060M - (instr. of th) (8)
TOBapum - comrade (1)
to ecTb - that is (to say) (3)
Tosce - also (1)
to'jibko -only (3)
KaK tojibko - as soon as (9)
TOJIbKO qTO - jUSt (6)
TOMy Ha3afl - ago (9)
Tonojio'rHH - topology (6)
toiho - / exactly, precisely (^)
TcqHee - more precisely
TpaBa - grass (5)
Tpe'doBa-*- [-qero] - demand (10)
TpH - three (2)
TpHflnaTb - thirty (5)
TpuHsumaTb - thirteen (5)
TpoJiJieS6yc - trolleybus (1)
TpojijiendycHK - little-trolleybus
TpoHyT/a/o/n - touched (8)
Tpy^HO - difficult (8)
T.y#a - (to) there (7)

590-
Typ6a.3a - tourist base (4)
TypHCT - tourist (3)
TyT - here (5)
Ty&JiH - shoe (5)
tk you (informal)(2)
y £/qero] by, at the home of (4,8)
yderaftt- - flee (8)
ydopmHK - janitor (8)
ydo'pmHija - washerwoman (8)
yBaacaft-t- - respect (6)
y/BH^e* -see,(P) catch sight of (4)
yroflHO - pleasing (8)
KaK B3,M yrdflHO -
as you wish
y^apHHK - shock-worker (1)
yace - already (5)
yMH - supper (9)
y3Ha«+ (P) -find out (6)
y/Kpa.n-1- - steal (1)
ynpaHHa [Hal - Ukraine (10)
yKpaHHCKHH - Ukrainian (10)
yjmiia ^street (8)
yHH^TOSCaH-i- (l)_yHHMTOaCK+
destroy (7)
yHHt!TOXH-t-/yHH'qTOaca.W-r
ynpyrHft - elastic (10)
ypa - hurrah (3)
ypo'K Lnal - lesson (2)
yTpo - morning (8)
flodpoe yTDO - good morning
yrpoM - in the morning (2)
y-qeHHfi - scholar, scientist (9)
y^HTejib (a) - teacher (M) (1)
y*iHTejii>HHi|a - teacher (F) (1)
(P)~
destroy (7)
(8)
$
dhaKT - fact (6)
*4ktop - factor (9)
cfiaMHJiKH - last name (3)
dbHrypa - figure (6)
dr)H3HKa - physics (6)
<f)K3HtiecKziT- physical (8)
(JiHjiaHTpon - philanthropist (7)
$HjiapM6HHfl - philharmonic (8)
t^HJiocodh - philosopher (2)
(JioKeTH^ecKHH - phonetic (2)
(JOTorpadhtTH - photograph (4)
d.ipa3a - sentence (0)
$pyKT - fruit (5)
cbyT6o.n - soccer (8)
X
XHXHKaM*- - giggle (5)
xojiOflHO - coldly (k)
xdp - chorus (3)
xopBaTCKHft - Croatian (10)
xopo'niHfi - good (1)
xopomo - well (1)
xoTe-f - want (6)
xoTe-r cKa3a'Tb - mean (6)
xpaneV - snore (6)
xyace - worse (6)
xyjiHraH - hooligan (2)
xyaKrakm. - act like a hooligan (f
U
nape's pii - pr inc e (9)
uapriua - queen (6)
iiapcTBO - kingdom (9)
i|BeT+- bloom (5)
ne'jiHM - whole (5)
i^eHTp - center (6)
■qaft - tea (5)
■qac (y ) - hour (8)
*iacTo - often (1)
■qacTb '& - part (9)
^ePi/fiha/^b'e/^hvi - whose (k)
uejioBe^K - person (1)
■qejiOBe-qecKHft - human (6)
■qe-noBe'-qeCTBO - mankind (6)
^eM - (instr. of *ito) (7)
leMnKOH - champion (8)
Mewiy - (dat of <ito ) (6)
qepe3 L^ito]- through, within (9)
yecTb K - honor (8)
b -qecTb - in honor (8)
<ieTNpe - four (2)
qeTbipHajmaTi, - fourteen (5)
^exocjiOBaKHH - Czechoslovakia (10)
vemcKuPi - Czech (10)
ieM - (prep, of *ito ) (5)
qncjio - number (9)
tiHCTbm - clean, pure (1)
MHTag-r (i),npoT-iHT&K-i- (P ) - read (1)
^HTa'Tejib - reader (8)
^to - what (1)
mto jih? - ... or something? (7)
mto cjiy^HJiocb? -what happened?(10)
^ito TaKoe X? - What is X? (3)

-591-
vto - that (conjunction) (1)
titoOh - in order to (5)
^yBCTBOBa-*- - feel
■qyBCTBOBa+3anax - smell (8)
m
ma»Ka - gang (7)
maMnaHCKoe - champagne (8)
meniat - whisper (7)
mecTHa^uaTb - sixteen (5)
mecTb - six (2)
niHKa'pHHft - chic (5)
rnHnnmHa - sibilant (9)
mKOJibHHK - schoolchild (2)
niJinna - hat (k)
mnHOH - spy (3)
myTH-t- - joke (6)
3
DJieMeH^ - element (7)
3HTy3na3M - enthusiasm (1)
ocTOHen; (e) - Estonian (3)
sctohuh -Estonians
DCTOHCKHft - Estonian (adj)
no-DCTOHCKH - in Estonian (2)
DTHOJiorna - ethnology (.6J
oto - this is/that is (1)
sTOT/DTa/s'To/STH - this/that (5)
K)
IQrocJiaBHH - Yugoslavia (10)
H
h6jioko - apple (5)
H3HK - language (3)
Ha KaKOM H3HKe -
A in what language
Hftijo - egg (5)
hcho - clear (5)

ENGLISH - RUSSIAN GLOSSARY
A
abnormal - HeHopMajibHbift
about - 0/06 L^eM]
about this and that -
o tom , 0 ceM
acacia - aKau,na
academician - aKajeMHK
accusative - BHHHTejIbHblH
accustomed - npnBHKHyi+
activist - aKTHBticT
adult - B3pOCJIHH ^
affair, business, task - ^ejio
Africa - A$pHKa
after - no'cne Toro, KaK
ago - TOMy Hasaj
airplane - caMOJieT
Albanian (adj) - aji6aHCKnfi
in Albanian - no-ajidaHCKHft
alcoholic - aJiKoro'jibHHft
all - Becb/BCH/Bce/Bce
in all - Bcerd
almost - noiT^
alphabet - a3dyKa
already - ysce
also - Toxe
also (in addition) - Taxace
always - Bcerja
America - AMe'pHKa
American (-adj) - aMepHKancKHft
and - h , a
animal - aczBOTHOe
answer (noun) - oTBeT
(Vb)oTBeTH+-/oTBe,qaH+- QieMy]
ant - MypaBe'H (e)
ant-eater - M.ypaBbefl
Antarctica- AHTdpKTHKa
anthill - MypaBeftHHK
anyway - Bee paBHo'
applaud - an-no^HpoBat- [yieuy]
applause - anjio^HCMeHTH
apple - h'6jioko
Arabia - ApaBHa
Arabian (adj) - apadcKHW
Arctic - A'pKTHKa
argue - cnopH--
Arizona (adj) apHsdHCKuft
artiste(fem) - apTHCTKa
as far as - HacKOJibKO
aside - b cTc-'pony
as is well known -KaK H3BecTHO
as much as - Tax mhoto KaK
as soon as - KaK tojibko
as you wish - KaK BaM yroflHO
Asia - a'3hh
ask - cnpocHi-/ cnpa'nuiBaft-t. [Kor<
y /KoroT
aspect, guise - bkj
astrobiology - acTpodnojiorHH
astronomical - acTpoHOMnqecKHft
at, in, on - Ha [-qeivO
at the home of - y [koto^
aunt - TeTH
automobile - aBT^OModHjib
avenue - npocneKT
aw go on! - ^a ^ito bh!
awkward - Hejio'BKHft
B
bad - ruoxoft
badly - njipxo
bake - neK+
balcony - dajiKO^
banal - daHajibHbift
bandit - daHflHT
bank - 6aHK
beach - mm*
bear - Me^Bejb
because - noTOMy ^ito
because of, due to - H3-3a [ne
become - ctslht [leii] (P)
bed - KpoBaTb H
begin - Ha^HHaM-t- ...ck
behavior - noBeseHHe
behind - 3a [/qevf]
below - BHH3y
bench - CKaMbH (e)
between - Mex^y (^eM^
beverage - nanHTOK (0)
big - dojibmoft
bird - nTHi^a
birth - poacfleHHe
birthday - jeHb poacfle'HHH
bitter - rdpbKHft
Blinsk (adj) - 6jihhckh#
bloom - ijBeT+
blush - KpacHeft-t-
blushing - KpacHen
boat - ji6~rk& (0)
body - Tejio t
bold, daring - cMejibift
bone - KocTb H (pi * )
bon voyage/ - cqacTjiHBoro nyTH
book - KHHra
both... and... h. . . h
boulevard - dyjibBap
boy - Ma'jibqHK /
Brazil - Bpa3HjiHH
breakfast - 3aBTpaK
0,

-593-
briefcase - nopT$e'jib
brigade - dpHra'sa
brother - dpaT , , dpaTbH (pi)
brotherhood - dpaTCTBO
brotherly - dpStTCKHft
build - no/cTpoH-t-
builder - cTpoHTejib
building - 3#aHHe
Bulgaria - BojirapHH t
Bulgarian (adj) - doarapcKHM
but - a, ho
but what are you saying -
fla ito bh roBopHTe!
by - y Jiiero'] ,
Byelorussia - BejiopyccHH
Byelorussian (adj) -
deJiopyccKHM
cabbage - KanycTa
California - Kajin$6pHHH
call - no/3BOHHt OeMy]
be called - Ha3biBa'eTCH
calm - cnoKofiHHft
can, be able - c/mot+
capital - crojiHua
car - MaraHHa
care - X doesn't care -jjdat]-
Bce paBHO7
carry (by foot), take - no/Hec
carry (by vehicle), take -
no/Be3+
case - najesc
in that case - b TaKOM CJ15TO
catastrophe - KaTacTp6$a
catch - .noBH+
center - ne'HTp
cereal - Kama
certain - H^icoTopHft
chair - cryji
chalk - Me'ji /
champagne - maMnaHCKoe
Chic - fflHKapHHfi
children - fleTH ^
chop, hack - pydH+
chorus - xop
cigar - cnra'pa ,
citizen (M) - rpaacflaHHH
(f) - rpaacflaHKa
city - ropofl(a) ,
classical - KJiaccmiecKHH
clean - mhcthh
clear - hcho
clip- cTpn'r-t-
Closed - 3aKpHTHft
(short form) 3aKpHT/a/o/hi
club - KJiyd /
cockroach - TapaKaH
coldly - xo'jiOflHO
collective - KOJiJieKTHB
complex - cjioacHhiM
compliment - KOMiuiHMeHT
composition - comiHeHHe
comrade - TOBapHm;
concrete - deTo'H
concrete (adj) - deTOHHbift
(precise)- KOHKpeTHHft
concrete-mixer - deTOHOMemajiKa (o)
little concrete-mixer -
deTOHOMema'.no'qKa (e)
concrete worker (M) - deTOHmHK
(F) - SeTo'HmHija
congratulate " no3flpaBH*-/no3flpaBjiHft+
congress - KOHrpecc
consider X to be Y - ciHTaft-c [^to] f/qei/]
consonant - corjia'cHHft
control, master - Bjia^eft-t- [*ieM^
conversation - pa3roBop
converse - pa3roBapnBaft+ c [Keu]
correctly - npaBKJibHO
corridor - KopHfldp
cosmos - ko'cmoc
costs, isworth- cto'ht
COUCh - JHBaH ^
country - CTpaHa
(the) country - flepeBHH(e)
cowboy - KOBdoM
r crawl - no/noji3/+
Croatian - xopbsltckhM
cry - njtaica+
burst out crying - 3anjiaKat-
aeculture - KyjibTypa
cultured^ - KyjibTypHbift
cut - pe^a-t-
Czech - tiemcKuft
Czechoslovakia - ^exocjiOBSLKZH
D
daddy - nana
dance - TaHa;eBa+
dark - TeMHtrff
dative - #a'TejibHbift
day - jjeHb
what a day! - Hy k ^eHb!
dear - flopordft , (nj.ce)MHJiHft
decadence - fleKaseHTCTBO
deceive - odMaHHBaMt-
deeply - rJiydoKo'
delegation - fle.Jierau.nfl
delicious - BKycHbift
demand - TpedoBa^t friero]
depend on - saBKce+ ot C^ero]
desert - nycTHHH/
despise - npe3npaW-r t
destroy - yHH,qTdacH-*-/yHHqTOscaM+
dialect - ro'Bop

_59U
difference - pa3H«ua
difficult - TpyflHO
director - flHpeKTop^a)
disappear - nc^e3Hy-<-/Hc^e3aft-t-
discovery - OTicpHTue
disgust - oTBpame'HHe
do, make - c/fleOiaS*
down with - .nojioft hTol
drink - nHH+
drum - 6apa6^H
E
earth - 3eMJiH(acc sg)3e'Mjiio
east, eastern - boctomhhh
ecstasy - BOCTOpr^
educated - o6pa30-BaHHHH
egg - HHUOy
eight - BoceMb ,
eighteen - BoceMHaanaTb
either...or - hjih...hjih
elastic - ynpyrHH
element - oJievieHT
eleven - o^HHHamaTb
emphatic particle -
Beflb, ace, to
end (noun) - KOHeu(e)
English - aHrjiHHCKHft
in English - no-aHrjiHftcicnft
engineer - HHsceHe'p
enough - .noBo'jibHO
enormous - orpoMHHfi
enthusiasm - 3HTy3na'3M
especially - ocd6eHHO
Estonian - 3CTOHeu (e)
Estonian (adj) - octohckhh
in Estonian - iio-octo'hckh
etcetera, and so forth -
h TaK ^a'jiee £h t.,h.)
ethnology - othojiothh
Europe - jEBpo'na
even - .naace
evening - Be^iep (a)
in the evening - Be^epoM
every, each - KaacflUH
everything (neuter of Becb )
Bee
everything is O.K. -
Bee HopMa'jibHO
everything that - Bce^TO
evil - 3JioS
(for) example - HanpHMep
exactly - to^ho
excellent (ly), splendid(ly) -
OTJIH^IHO
except - Kpo'iie fqero]
excuse me - H3BHHHTe!
experience, experiment - dnui
express - BHpa3H»/BHpaacatt+
eye - rjia3(a)
-
face - jump
fact - $aKT
factor - $aKTop /
factory, plant - 3aBO,n £Ha]
fall - no/naflt x
fall in love - bjho6h+. . ,ch bo [h
far - .najieico
fare-collector - KOHflyicrop (a)
farewell - npomaS!
father - OTeu (e)
favorite, beloved - jno6HMbitt
fear - CTpax
feel - ^yBCTBOBa*
feminine - xe'HCKuft
field - ndjie
fifteen - nHTHafluaTb
fight for - 6op6+...cH 3a C^to}
figure - $nrypa
find out - y3Hafti-
fine, gorgeous, beautiful -
npeicpacHHft
first - nepBuft
five - nflTbt
flee - y6eraft+
float - njiuB^
flow - (noun) - Te^ieHHe
(verb) - Teic-f
fly - Myxa
fly - no/jieTe, — with no specific
destination - jieTattt-
f oil owing, next - cjie^yiomHfi
fool, idiot - BypaK
for - fljia [^ero]^ 3a (5T0I
for example - HanpHMep
for repair - Ha peMOHT
for the sake of - paflH j^ero]
(it is) forbidden - Hejib3H
force, power - cnjia /
foreigner (M) - HHOCTpaHen; (e)
(F) - HHOCTpaHKa (o)
forever - HaBeer,na
forget - 3a6uB-i-/3a6uBa.H-
forget-me-not - He3a6y^Ka(o)
forgive - npocTH-*-/npoman*
forgive me - npocTHTe!
forgotten - 3a6HTHH
short form - 3a6uT/a/o/u
former - 6hbiiihh
formerly - paHbme
fountain pen - aBTopy^Ka(e)
four - -qeTHpe

-595-
fourteen - HeTupKaAaaTb
fresh - CBeacufi
friend - flpyr (pi) flpy3bi
friendship - flPY*6a
from - ot £qeroJ,H3 foerol
from here - oTcro^a
from where - oTKyaa
(in) front of - nepea {jieu]
fruit - *pyKT
further - ^ajibme
future - 6yaymee
gang - mafiKa
garage - rapaac
gender, birth, sort, kind -
po'a
generally, in general, -
BOo6^e'
genitive - ^ poflHTeJibHbifi
genius - re'Huft
geophysical - reo(Jm3H^ecKHft
German - HeMe'uKHft
Germany - PepMaHHa
gift - noflapoK (o)
giggle - xnxHicaft-t-
burst out giggling -
3axHxraaK+
girl (post puberty) - aeBymica (
little girl - aeBom<:a (e)
glory (to),- cjia'Ba freMy]
gnaw - rpH3t
go (on foot), walk - no/Mfl+
go (by vehicle), ride, drive -
no/exa-f
go out - BHXOBH+ H3 faero)
God - 6or
my God - 6o'ace moH
thank God - cuaBa 6o'ry
golden - 30jiot6M
good - xopo'mnfl
good luck - Bcero' xopo'mero
goodbye - ao cBKjaHHH
gossip - cnjieTHHK
grade, class - KJiacc
graduate student - acnupaHT
grammar - rpaMwtaTHKa
grammatical - rpaHMaTHqecKHfi
grandmother - 6al5ymKa(e)
grass - TpaBa
great - BejiHKHft
greeting - npHBeT
grief - rope
group - rpynna
guitar - ruTapa
H
hack, chop - py6ff-f
hair - bo'jioch (pi * )
half - nojiOBHHa
hand over, send - nepe^aeT (3rd sg)
pafl/a/o/bi
c flHeM poacfleHHH
j>OMV]
ee
eft
eft
Heft
ero
eMy
MM
HeM
happy - c^acTjiHBbifi,
happy birthday -
happiness - cqacTBe
hard - TBepflbifi
harp - ap$a
hat - nuiHna
hate - HeHaBKje+
he - oh
head - rojioBa (pi *■ )
healthy - 3,nopoBHft
hear - comma*
hello - 3,npd.BCTByftTe!
help - rroMor-r/rroMoraftf
her (acc/gen of oHa) -
(dative) -
(instr.) -
(prep. ) -
here - 3flect , TyT
(to) here - cioaa
here is - bot
hero - repoft
him (acc/gen of oh )
(dative)
(instr.)
e) (prep.)
history - hctophh
holiday - npa3,nHHK
home, house - jom (a)
(at) home - flOMa, (to) home- floMo'ft
honor - iecTb }K
(in) honor - b ^ecTb
hooligan - xyjinraH
act like a hooligan - xyjiHraHH-t-
hour - ^ac(y)
house - jom (a)
little-house - ao'mhk
how - Kan
how are things - Kaic aejia?
how are you - icaic bh noacuBaeTe?
how do you know - oTKyaa bh 3Ha'eTe?
hOW SO - KaK T3K?
however - o^HaKO
human - ^ejioBe^ecKuft
humanity - -qejioBe'^ecTBo
Hungary - BeHrpua
Hungarian (adj) - BeHre'pcKHfi
hurrah - ypa
husband - wtyac
hut - H36a
hydroelectic power station -
ruflpocTa'HUHfl

596-
if - ecjiH
if. ..then - ecjin...TO
imperfective - HecoBepmeHHHtt
important - BaacHbiM
impression -Brte^aTJieHne
in - b(o) ^ieM
in a word - o$hkm cjrciBOM
in as much as - Taic KaK
in no way - HHKaic
in order to - tito6h
in that case - b TaKOM cjiyqae
laugh at - CMea+...CH Ha,n L^eM]
(burst out) laughing - 3acMeat-.
lead, conduct - no/Bej+
conduct oneself^ badly -
Befl+ ce6a njioxo
leading - Be^ymuM
learn how - Hay^^+.. .ch
lecture - JieKUKH
Leningrad,- JIeHHHrpa,n
less - Me'nee
less than anything
CE
_ MeHbme Bcero
in this manner-taKHM dfipasoM lesson - ypd* [Ha]
incorrect - HenpaBHJibHbift
industrial - HH,nyCTpnajibHHH
inhabitant - yniiejih
insignificant - hh^tcokhhh
inspector - HHCneKTop (a)
institute - HHCTHTyT
instrumental - TBopHTenbHHH
insulted - o6HsceH/a/o/bi
interesting- nHTepe'cHbm
international - MexflyHapoflHuM
it - oho
it seems - Kaaeica
J
janitor - y6o'pmnic
Japan - flnoHHH
jazz - jpcas^
joke - myTH-t-
journalist (M) - acypHajiHCT
let's go - noSfleM!
let's say - CKa'aceM
letter - rtncbM6
library - S^SjiHOTeica
lie - neaca*
life - }KH3Hb M
way of life - ddpas M3HH
liquid - mflKHK
listen to - cjiy'niaft*
little, small - uajieRhKaP.
a little - neHHOro
live - xkb+
loafer - 6e3RejihmiK
loathsome - oTBpaTHTejibHbift
(be) located - HaxdflHTcn
locomotive - jiokomothb
London (adj) - jio'H,noHCKHft
long - fljiiiHHHM
long time - .no'jiro
(F) - KypHajiHCTKa (o) look at - no/cMOTpeV Ha [ito]
jUSt - TOJIbKO *ITO
K
Kashubian - Kaay6cKHJ8
kind - flodpHfl
kingdom - ua'pcTBO
kitchen - Kyxi-m
knife - hok
know - 3HaM+
knowing - 3hslh
koomis - KyMbfc
laboratory - jiadopaTdpua
language laboratory -
jinHrac!)dHHbift KaSuHeT
lad, boy - napeHb (e) (pi" )
language - h3hk
in what language -
Ha KaKOK H3HK6
last, latest - nocneflHuM
last name - cjbaMHJiHH
late - no3jHo
loudly - rpo'MKO ^(louder) -rpovrae
love, like - jhoSh*-
love - JiioSo'Bb (o) H
lover - Jiio6n'TeJib
loyal, faithful - BepHbitt
loyalty - Be'pHocTb "&
M
Macedonian - MaKeflo'HCKHM
machine, car - Mairaa
magazine - scypHaji
main, chief - rjiaBHuft
mankind - -qejioBe^ecTBO
manner - o'6pa3
in this manner - TaKHM oSpasoM
mare's milk (fermented) - KyMbic
masculine - MysccKoft /
master/study - n3y^Hi-/n3yqaft-r
maybe, perhaps - MdxeT 6htb
me (acc/gen of a) - ueud
(dative) - Mae
(instr.) - mhoM
(prep.) - MHe

-597-
mean - 3Ha*ini-, xoTe-t- CKa3aTb
meat - mhco
meet - BCTpeTHf/BCTpeyaS+
minister - mhhhctp
mirror - 3e'pKajio
Miss, Mrs. - rocnosa
mistake, error - omn'6ica __
terrible mistake - rpySaa -
Mister - rocnopH
mommy - uaua.
Mongolian - MOHroJifcCKHft
monster of the human race -
H3Bepr pofla qejiOBe^ecKoro
month - MecHn;
monument - xna'RHTHHK
moon - jiyHa
more - 60'jiee
more precisely - TO^Hee
more than anything -
6o'jibme Bcerd
morning - yTpo
good morning - floSpoe yTpo
in the morning - yTpoM
Moscow - MocKBa
Moscow (adj) - mocko'bckhS
mosquito - KOMap'
most - caMHfl
mother - MaTb '&
mountain - ropa (pi*- )
mouse - uumh K/pl* )
much, many - mhoto
mushroom - rpn6'
music - My3HKa
my, mine - uoii/ uoR'/uoe/
MOH
N
naive - HaHBHbift
name (first) - hmh
(last) - (jbaMHUHH
my name is - MenK soByr
whafs your name? -
KaK Bac 30ByT?
nationB people - Hapd>,
near - okojio
necessary - helao ^ /
needed - HyxeH/HyscHa/HykHo/bi
neither..„nor - hh...hh
nervously - HepBHO
neuter, middle,average -
cpe^HKM
never - HHKorja
new - Ho'Bhift
New York - Hbio-Ho'pK
newspaper - rase'ra
night - Ho^b '£ (pi " )
nine - jeBHTb
nineteen - xeBATHaiuaTb
no, not - HeT
no kind - HHKaicofi
no more, no longer - do'jibme He
no one - hhkto
nominative - HMeHHTejibHbiM
not - He
not...but - He... a
not yet - eme He
note - 3anncKa (0)
nothing, that's all right - HHiero
noun - hmh cymecTBHTeJibHoe
now - Tenepb
now, right a,way - ceM^ac
nowhere - nwrfle
number - nucjio
0
ocean - OKean
of course - KOHeiHO
office, study - Ka6nHeT
often - iacTO
Oh! What do you say ! - bot KaK!
old - cTapufi
Old Church Slavic - CTapocnaBHHCKHft
older - CTapmuft
on the contrary - HaofiopoT
on the way to... - no #ope're k
once - ojHaajH
once again - en^e pa3_
one - opH/ojHa/ojHo'
(some) - oflHK
one another - apyr .npyra
one's own - cboM
oneself - caM, ce6n
only - TOJibKo
open - oTKpiitt-»-/oTKpHBatt-r ; adj -
(short-form) - oTKptiT/a/o/H
operation - onepauna
opinion - MHe'HHe
in my opinion - no-Mo'eMy
in your opinion - no BameMy mhc4hhio
or - hjih
...or something? - mo jih?
origin - npoHcxoxfleHne
other - flpyroM
our, ours - Ham/Hama/Hame/HamH
out of, from - H3 [nerol
outrage, disgrace - 0'e3o6pa3He
what outrageous behavior -
KaKo'e 6e3o6pa3ne!
ovation - obeluhh
over - Ha,n [weMl
ox - boji'
package - naiceT
park - napK
park of culture and rest -
napK Kyjibiy'pH h oT^Hxa

598-
part - ■qacTb 3K
past - mhmo [-qerol
patriot - naTpnoT
patronymic t- OTiecTBO
pause - nay3a
peace, world - mhp
people - JiipflH
pen - nepo
pencil - KapaHflanf
perfective, complete -
C0Bepme/HHbiM
perhaps - MOJKeT 6biTb
person - ■qejioBeK
philanthropist - $HJiaHTpon
philharmonic - $njiapMo'HHH
philosopher - $hji6co(|)
phonetic - dfJOHeTHqecKHfi
photograph - cjtoTorpaujHfl
physical - (|)H3HMecKnM
physics - $H3HKa /
pirozhok - nnpo«oK(o)
pitiful - ^aJiKHM
place - MecTO
plan - njiaH t
planet - njiaHeTa
plastic - njiacTM^ccoBuM
play - nrpaSf
a game - boJ>to]
an instrument - Ha (jqe'Ml
pleasant - npHHTHHft
please - noacajiyficTa
pleasing - yr6,n,HO
as you wish -
KaK BaM yroflHo
plow - naxa+,(noun) ruiyr
plural - MHoacecTBeHHHft
Poland - no'jibma
Polish - nojibCKHM
political - nojiHTHMecKHfi
politics - nojiHTHKa
poor - deflHhiM
(it's) possible, permissible -
Morao
post office - no^iTa [Ha]
precise - totoo
more precisely - TO^He'e
predict - npe^cKa3^+/npejtcKa3HB
(would) prefer - npejuio^eji/iijia.
prefix - npncTaBKa(o)
prepare - npH/roTOBn+-
prepare oneself for -
roTOBK+...CH k Ijieuy]
preposition - npefljidr
prepositional - npefljicoKHbiM
pretty - KpacHBNfi
prettier than all -
KpacHBee Bcex
primitive - iiphmhthbhhM
prince - KHH3b , ijapeBmi
probably - BepoflTHO
professor - npo$e'ccop (a.)
progressive - rtporpeccuBHuft
pronounced - npon3Ho"cHTCH
pronunciation - npon3HomeHne
proof - flOKa3aTejibCTBO
psychiatrist - rtCHXnaTp
psychology - ncHXOjiorHH
public - nydjiHKa
queen - uapnija
question -i Bonpoc
quiet - THKHit
quietly - tjixo
R
rain - .noscflb
it's raining,- H,n,eT .noacflb
read - npoAiHTafi*-
reader - *iHTaTejib
real - Hacroflmuft
really - ^a ceimom fle'jie
red - KpacHHM
relax, rest -x OT^HxaS*
remember - iiomhh-*-
(for) repair - Ha peMdHT
repeat - noBTopH+/noBTopflft-<-
report - roy.ji£.r
republic - pecnySjiHica
respect - yBaacaft-*-
rest - o'Tflbix
river - peica(pXx )
road, highway r- .nopoVa
rocket - paiteTa
rocket (adg) - paiceTHHft
roof - Kpbima
room - KOMHaTa
root - KopeHb (e)
rule - npaBHJio
Rumania - PyMHHHfl
Rumanian - pyMNHCKHft
Russia - Pocchh
Russian - pyccKHft
att+ in Russian - rto-pyccKH
6h
S
(with) sadness - c rpycTbio
say, speak - CKa3a-«-/roBopH-»-
scandalous - cicaHflajibHHft
scholar, scientist - ytieHtift
schoolchild - niKo'jibHHK
science - Hay'ica^
scientific - Hay^Hhitt
sea - Mope

-599-
search, look for - HCKa-
second - BTopdft
second - ceKyH#a
secret - TaftHa
see, catch sight of - y/BHfle-r
(it) seems - Ka'xceTca
sentence - cfypasa
Serbian - cep6cKnM
serious - cepbe3Hbift
seven - ceMb
seventeen - ceMHa^uaib
shake - .upoxca*
begin to shake - sa^poxca-t-
she - OHa
shock-worker - yaapHHK
shoe - Ty$JiH
shout - Kpnia+ f
shout at - KpH^at- na 1_mtoJ
show - noKasa^/noKasHBaH*
sibilant - nwiiHmHft
side - CTopoHa (pi * )
be silent - Moma+
simple - npocToM
simply - npoCTO
singular - e^HHCTBeHHbiM
sister - cecTpa"
sit - cHAe-*-
six - mecTb
sixteen - mecTHeUuaTb
Slavic - .cjiaBHHCKHft
Slovak - cjiosstuKiia
Slovenian - cjiOBdHCKuft
smell, aroma (noun) - 3anax
smelly (verb) -
iyBCTBOBa+ 3anax
smoke - Kypft-t-
snore - xpane*
snow - CHer
it's snowing - Wt CHer
so - TaK
so what -Hy TaK <ito x.
soap - Mbijio
soccer - $yT66ji
socialist - coijEiajiHCTH^ecKHH
sociology - couHOJitfrna
soft - mhtkhM
sometimes - HHor,na
somewhere - r,n,e-TO
(to) somewhere Kyaa-TO
son - chh
song - ne'cHH
soon - CKOpo
soothsayer - npe,ncKa3aTeJib
be sorry - no/acaneft-t-
soup - cyn
Soviet - cosdTCKHtt
specialist -> cneunajiHCT
spelled - numeTCH
(pl * )
CHJIbHblM
cmibHee new
sport - cnopT
spy - mnHOH
square - ruiomaflb 3K
be standing - ctoh-*-
state (noun) - rocy^apcTBo
state, governmental (adj)
rocy^apcTBeHKHH
steal - y/Kpa'^*
stem - ocHOBa
still - eme
stormy - dy'pHbift
stove - njiHTa
strange - cTpaHHbift
street - yjinu;a
strong,powerful -
stronger than -
student (M)- CTy^eHT
(F)- CTy^eHTKa (o)
study (noun) - Hsy-ieKHe ,A /
study, (P) master - H3yqn-r/H3y*iafi-r
study (be occupied) - saHHMaft-r . . . ch
stupidity - rjiynocTb 3K
such - TaKoS
suddenly -/ B^pyr
suffix - cy$$HKC
Suit - KOCTKM
Superman -/ Cfieux^ejioBeK
supper - yxHH
surprise - ciopnpn3
swamp - Sojioto
T
table - ctoji
tactful - TaKTHIHHH
Taiwan - TaMBaHCKHft
take off - CHHMafl+
talented - TajiaHTJiHBHft
talk, converse with -
pa3roBa'pHBatt+ c [xeMl
talking - roBopHnjufi
tea - n&ft
teacher (M) - yynTejib(a)
(F) - y^HTejibHHii;a
tear - cjie3a (pl *■ )
telephone - Tejie$OH
television set - TejieBH3op
ten - Ae'cHTb
tender - HexHbiS
tenderly - jia'cKOBO
thank God - cjiaBa 6dry
thank you, thanks - cnaciieo
thanks, gratitude - dJiarofla'pnocTb 3K
that (conjunction) - ^to
that's how - bot KaK
that is - 3to
that is to say - to ecTb
theirs - hx
■5eM"l

600-
them (acc/gen of ohh) - kx
(dative) - hm
(instr.) - hmh
(prep. ) - hhx
then - Torfla
there - TaM
(from) there - OTTy.ua
(to) there - Ty.ua
there is not - HeT
therefore - nooTOMy
they - ohh /
think - no/flVMatt--
thinking - Ryuaa
thirteen - TpuHafluaTb
thirty - Tpsi.nH.aTb
this/that - OTOT/oTa/o'To/oTH
thought - Mhicjib
three - TpH
through, within - *iepe3 L^to]
tiger - THrp
time - Bpe'MH
it's time for me to go -
MHe nopa hjth
from time to time -
BpeMH OT Bp^M6HH
today - ceroflHH
together - BMe'cie
tomorrow - saBTpa
tOO - CJIHfflKOM
topology - TononorHH
touched - TpoHyT/a/o/bi
tourist - TypHCT
tourist base,- Typ6a.3a
town - ropoflo'K ( 0) ,
translate - nepeBefl-t-
trolleybus - TpoJiJieM6yc
little trolleybus -
TpojiJieft6ycnK
truth - rtpaB.ua
to tell the truth -;
no npaBfle roBopa
try - no/rtpo'6oBa-(-, CTapa8+-...ca
Turkey - Typ^rwa
tuxedo - cmokhht
twelve - BBeHasuaTb
twenty - ,HBa,nu;aTb
two - Asa
typical -
U
THITHVHH#
uncle - Ram M
uncultured - HeKyjibTypHbiM
under - no« OeM] /
understand - noHHMaii+
uneducated - Heo6pa30Ba.HHHH
unforgetable - He3a6biBaeMbift
uninteresting - HenHTepe'cHHH
union - cok)3 /
unkind - Heflo6pbiH
Ukraine - vKpanHa [Ha]
Ukranian - yxpaHHCKHM
verb - rjiaroji
very - oieHb
Vietnamese - BteTHaMCKHH
view - B3rjiafl
vile - ra^KHft
Visit - BH3HT
vodka - Bo'^Ka
vowel - rua'cHbiM
vulgar, coarse - rpy6bift
W
wall - cTeH^i
want - xot6*
warm - Tenjio
was, were - 6hb+
wash - MbiM-t-
wash oneself -mnh+..ch
washerwoman - y6opmnua
Washington - BamnHrTOH
watch - no/cMOTpe^
water - BO.ua
wave - Maxa-t-
WaX - B0CK0B0H
way of life - o6pa3 xch3Hh
we - mh
weak - cjiaSHH
weak from malnutrition -
cjiao" ot HeAoe^aHHH
weather - noro^a
week - Helena
well - xopomo' /
well known - H3BecTHbiM
as is well-known^ - KaK HSBecTHO
well done! - MOJiofleu;!
west, western - sana^HbiM
whale - kht
what (nom/acc) - ^to
(gen) - iero
(dat) - weMy
(instro) - ieM
(prep.) - ^eM
what happened - mto cjiyHHjiocb?
what is X? - Hto Taicde?
what is X called? - KaK Ha3HBaeTca X?
when - Korja
where - r,ne /
(to) where - Ky^a
while, so long - nona
whisper - mertTa+

hO - KTO
(acc/gen)
(dat)
(instr)
(prep)
-
-
-
-
Korc'
KOMy
KeM
KOM
who, wliich, that (relative) -
KOTOpblM
whole - uejibiM
whose - ueu/nhji/nhe/iihix
why - no^eMy
wife - xcena
Wild - JIMKHft
will be - 6y;t-
with - c L^eM'.]
without - ,<5e3 L^ero]
woman - acenmwHa
woods - Jiec (y) (a)
word - cjioko
in a word - o^hhm cjiobom
work (noun) - pa6oTa [Ha]
(verb) - paSoTafi*-
world, peace - wnp
worry - decnoKOH-t-... ch
worse - xyace
write - Ha/nwca+
writer - nnca.Te.Jib
written - HanHcaH/a/o/bi
Y
year - rojUy)
years to come - ROJirne ro'flbi
yes - Aa. ^
yesterday - B^epa
you (informal) - th
(acc/gen) - Te6n
(dat) - TeSe'
(instr) - ToSoft
(prep) - Te6e
you (formal) - bh
(acc/gen) - Bac
(dat) - BaM
(instr) - BaMH
(prep)x - Bac
young - mojio^oh
younger - MJisunmutt
your, yours -
TBoS/TBOfl/TBOe/TBOK
your, yours (formal) -
Bara/Bama/Bame/Baran
youth - MOJio^ejicb '&
Yugoslavia - TOrocjiaBHH
Z
zero - Hyjib
zoo - 30onapK
zoology - 300no'rHH

GRAMMATICAL INDEX
Accusative Case
singular, 193
of time, 3^1
plural, 359
with prepositions, 225, 527
Addition, 93
Adjectives
accusative singular, 193
accusative plural, 359
comparative of, 510
dative singular
masc.-neuter, 241
feminine, 3I7
dative plural, 356
genitive singular
masc.-neuter, 168
feminine, 3I7
genitive plural, 358
instrumental singular
masc.-neuter, 266
feminine, 3I7
instrumental plural, 356
nominative singular, 100, I32-I35
nominative plural, 143
paradigms, 519
plural cases, 356, 358
prepositional singular, 228
prepositional plural, 356
short-form, 185
with noun meaning, 362
See Declension, Chart of Endingsj
individual cases
Adverbs, 435
Alphabet, iii, 41
according to sound groups, iv
Animate, 192, 424
Aspect, 215-222, 284-289, 474
Assimilation, 86
At, 387
But, 63
Cases
function of, 64, 225
Russian names for, 412
See individual cases
Comparatives, 510
Conjugation
fundamentals of, 9I-96
summary of, 451
See Verbs
Consonants
hard, 6
j, 18, 59
soft, 6
unpaired, 31
Dative Case
feminine singular, 3I7
masc.-neut. singular, 241
plural, 356
use of, 241
with prepositions, 225, 241, 527
Declension,
chart of endings, 225, 229, 234,
242, 319, 361, 432, 517
See individual cases; Pronominals
Determined Imperfectives, 504-506
Deverbal Nouns, 476-477
Direct Object, 192
e/e, 46, 94, 267
eT-^erbs
endings, 160
Symbols, 210, 275, 277
V+V Mutation, 205-208
See Verbs
Endings
definition, 65
See Declension, Chart of Endings;
Verbs
Feminine, 99, 317
See individual cases;
Pronominals
Feminines in /
See i-declension
From, 387
Future Tense, 115, 284-285
Chart
see Declension, Chart of Endings

-603-
Gender, 99, 132
See individual cases;
Pronominals
Genitive Case
as direct object of negated
verb, 342
feminine singular, 31?
masculine-neuter singular, 168
plural, 358, j6o
use of, 168
with prepositions, 173, 225
Gerunds, 478-484
Handwriting, 42
Hard Sign, 59
Have
See Possession
i-Declension, 139, 234, 431
Imperative, 472-475
Imperfective Aspect, 113, 215-222,
284-289
Impersonal Constructions, 241, 43f
In, At, On, To, From, 387
Inanimate, I92
Indirect Object, 241
See Dative Case
Infinitive, 72
consonant-stems, 375
Ob-stems, 395
R-stems, 375-379
suffixed stems, 371
summary, 405- 4o6
vowel stems, 208
See Verbs
Instrumental Case
feminine singular, 317
masculine-neuter sing., 266
plural, 356
use of, 266
with prepositions, 266, 527
Irregular
nouns, 510-511
verbs 538-540
Is/Are, 29, 185
HT-Verbs
endings, 160
symbols, 1?1, 251, 277
V+V Mutation, 247-250
See Verbs
j, 18-21
KOTOpHft
see Relative KOTopatt
Location vs. Motion, 212, 281, 387
Masculine
nouns in &., 237
See individual casesj
Pronominals
Mobile Vowel, 270, 360
Motion, 212, 281, 387-388
verbs of, 441, 504-506
Mutation
Ke/re, 326
v+v, 247-250, 271-274, 534
See Verbs
Negative Contrast 118
Neuter
See individual cases
Hh-words, 83
Nominative Case
plural, 142, 356
predicate, I98
singular, 99, I09
Summary, 145
Non-Determined Imperfective,
504-506
Non-Syllabics
in _a, 438
paradigms, 537
Nouns
in 0, 39, 234, 429, 431
irregular, 510-511
masculine in_a, 237
paradigms, 518
stem, 65
stress patterns, 147-151, 38O
521-522

6oU-
Nouns (continued)
structure of, 64-70
See Declension, Chart of
Endings; individual cases
Numbers, 50, 139, 202, 528
declension of, 529
Obstruents
See Verbs: Ob-Stems
One another, 3^1
Participles
present active,485-488
present passive, 490-491
past active, ^88-^89
past passive, 492-498, 500
Past Tense, 111
consonant stems, 375
Ob-stems, 395
R-stems, 375-379
Suffixed stems, 375
Summary, 405-406
Vowel stems, 208
See Verbs
Patronymic, 126
Perfective aspect, 113i 215-222
284-289
Personal Pronouns, I96, 258, 351,
523
Plural, 53, 356
See Adjectives} individual
cases; Pronominals
Possession, 232
past tense of, 363
See Genitive Case
Prefix
and aspect, 215, 237
stress in R-stems, 377
verbal, 5^1
Prepositional Case
in y , 363
plural, 356
singular of adjectives, 228
singular of nouns, 181
use of, 225
Prepositions
review, 282, 3I9
summary, 527
taking accusative, 225,527
dative, 2*1-1, 527
genitive, 168, 527
instrumental, 267, 527
prepositional, 181, 527
Present Tense, 160-166
consonant stems, 48-4-9, 199-200
stems in h«, 180, 325
stems in K,r»x, 326
stems in OBa, 323
stems in bift, 324
Summary, 3*1-7-350
See Verbs; V+V Mutation,
Fundamentals of Conjugation
Pronominals
accusative singular, 19*4-
accusative plural, 359
adjustments in chart, 425
dative singular
feminine, 317
masc-neut, 2*4-1
genitive singular
feminine, 317
masc-neut, 168
genitive plural, 358
instrumental singular
feminine, 317
masc-neut, 266, 424
instrumental plural, 356
nominative singular, I36-I38
nominative plural, 144
paradigms, 525-526
prepositional singular, 228
prepositional plural, 356
summary and review, 423-428
with inserted element, 195, 424
Pronunciation
consonant £ , 8
consonant _x, 8
paired consonant + vowel, 6-7
unpaired consonants, 31
unstressed e and tf , 47
unstressed o and a, 29
voiced and voiceless consonants,85
vowel i, 9
Questions
containing question words, 36
yes-no, Jk

-605-
Reflexive verbs, 335-337
Relative KOTopuft, 245, 418
Reported Statements, 343
Resonants
See Verbs: R-stems
Rituals
explanation, 1?
See Index
Root
structure of, 370
Short-form Adjectives, 185
Singular
See Adjectives;
individual cases;
Pronominals
Soft Sign, 15
Stable Environment, 166
Stem
deduction, 459-465
definition, 65, 91
prediction, 470-472
Stress, 36
in nouns, 147-151, 380,
521-522
in verbs
consonant-stems, 199-201
summary, 406-407
vowel-stems, 205-208
Subject, 192
Subjectless expressions, 241
Subjunctive, 507-509
Superlative, 515
Cfl - Verbs, 335-337
There is/there are, 185
Third person plural without a
subject, 104
Time Expressions, 530-531
To, 387
Transcription
consonant + j, 59
j, 18
paired consonants, 9-10
purpose of, 6, 27
unpaired consonants, 31
velar + i, 25
*>. 15
*• 59
Truncation, 93
Unpaired Consonants, 31
Unstable Environment, 166
Velars, 25
Verbs
Consonant ending
defined, 91
Consonant stems
defined, 91
infinitive, 375
past, 375
stress, 199-201
§t -verbs
endings, 160
symbols, 210, 275, 277
V+V mutation, 205-208
Fundamentals of conjugation, 9I-96
Infinitive 72
consonant stems, 375
Ob-stems, 395
R-stems, 375-379
suffixed stems, 371
summary, 405-406
vowel stems, 208
Irregular 538-5^0
ht -verbs
endings, 160
symbols, I7I, 251, 277
V+V mutation, 247-250
xe /re, 326
(of) Motion. ^1. 504-506
Non-syllabics in a+, 438
Ob-stems, 373
infinitive, 395
past, 395
Paradigms, 53^-537
Past Tense, 111
consonant stems, 200, 375
Ob-stems, 395
R-stems, 375-379
suffixed stems, 375

606-
Past Tense (continued)
Summary, 14-05-14-06
Vowel-stems, 208
Present Tense, 160-166
consonant stems, 48-49, 199-200
stems in Hfi, 180, 325
stems in K,r, 326
stems in oBa, 323
stems in uft, 324
Summary, 347-350
Radical Stems, 371
see Ob-stems
R-stems
R-stems, 373
infinitive, 375-379
past, 375-379
Stem
deduction, 459
defined, 91
prediction, 470-472
■types, 532
Stems in
a, o, 271-274
6/n, 395
r/K/x, 362, 395
fl/T, 395
s/c, 395, 437
h, 97
hh. 180, 325
Hy1, 403, 407, 464
H,y2, 404
OBa, 323
Hft, 324
Stress
consonant-stems, I99-20I
summary, 406-407
vowel-stems, 205-208
Structure, 370-374
Suffixed Stems, 371
infinitive, 375
past, 375
Suffixes, 370-371
Summary of Conjugation, 451
of endings and suffixes,
533
V+V Mutation
in ht -verbs, 247-250
in stems in a & o, 271,274
summary, 534
Vowel-Endings
defined, 91
Vowel-Stems
defined, 91
infinitive, 208
past, 208
stress, 205-208
Vocabulary Entries:
showing case requirement, 352
Voiced Consonants, 85
Voiceless Consonants, 85
Where, 212
Whether clauses, 236
Word Order, 343
Workbooks
explanation of, 5
See Index
Yes-No Questions, 34
You, 48
Zero-ending, 66

-607
RITUALS
Page
Ritual Is Ax, npocTHTe! . . ^ 18
Ritual 2: y Bac ecTb BonpdcH? 34
Ritual 3« Kaxan i^to omrfSxa? . . . 53
Ritual 4 s Bh yxpajra moS xapaH.na.iii 72
Ritual 5j Kaxoro pd.ua cji6bo 6e_3? 84
Ritual 6s ^eM oxaH^HBaeTCH cndBo adxTop? 104-
Ritual 7 s Kax cxasaTb no-pyccxH? Ill
Ritual 8s Kax nrfmeTCH cjio'bo poj? 125
Ritual 9: Four ways to avoid answer a question 131
Ritual 10: HeM OKaH^KBaeTCH ^Jiardji jhoSih-? 167
Ritual 11« Hejib3H 3^ecb xypKTb! 173
Ritual 12 : 0, xom bh roBopHTe? 180
Ritual 13; Hcho? 198
Ritual 14: ndHHJiH? . 198
Ritual 15: T^e bh 6hjih? 211
Ritual 16: fl npeflno^eji 6u o nojiHTHxe He cno'pnTb 214
Ritual 17: npHBeT % 224
Ritual 181 y Bac ecTb rpaMMaTri^ecxnK Bonpdc? 228
Ritual 19» KoMy? fee? / 241
Ritual 20s 9'to cjihiuxom mhoVo 254
Ritual 21s Ha# xeM bh CMeeiecb? 276
Ritual 22s IIonp66yftTe! 289
Ritual 23s How to avoid answering a questions
Advanced Level 316
Ritual 24s T^e bh Hay^HjiHCb roBopHTb
no-pyccxH? 333
Ritual 25s Kaxaa ceroflHfl; noro.ua? 341
Ritual 26s HeM oxaHMUBaeTCH hmh cymecTBHTejibHoe? 359
Ritual 27s H3 ^erd ooctoht? 369
Ritual 28s Kaxdro na^eaca Tpe'dyeT? 412
Ritual 29s Kax BaM HpaBHTCH? 440

WORKBOOKS
Page
Introduction to Russian Sounds 6
Introduction to Russian Spelling 9
The Soft Sign 15
The C onsonant j • • • • 18
Velars + i 25
Unpaired Consonants 31
e'/e l\-6
C ons onant + j 59
The Structure of Nouns 64
Fundamentals of Conjugation 91
Spelling Adjective Endings 133
Stress Patterns of Nouns... 1^7
Ht -Verbs and eT-Verbs... 160
Stress in Consonant-Stem Verbs 199
Stress in Vowel-Stem Verbs 205
V+V Mutation in ht- Verbs 2^7
V+V Mutation in Stems Ending in a or o. 271
The Present Tense - Additional Stem Types 323
Summary of the Present Tense 3^7
Verb Structure 370
The Past and Infinitive of Consonant Stems 375
The Past and Infinitive of Ob-Stems 395
Summary and Review of Pronominals k23
Summary of Conjugation 451
Stem Deduction ^59

-609-
PEOPLE. PLACES AND CONCEPTS
page
Adflyji, apaficKHfl khh3B 283, 260
ajid^.HijH 98, 119
de3fl^JIbHHKH 2, 45, 57
deTOH 105, 110,
119
deToWbift 3aBO^ 107, 110,
114, 119,
231, 244,
448
BeTOHorpa'fl 107, 244
6eT<3HmHKH 107, 110,
119
deTdHmHUH 108, 110,
119
Bjihhck 38, 108,
448
Bjihhck, BocTo'^Hbift 174
Bjihhck, 3a'na,HHbift 174, 448
BopoflHH 27, 45, 55,
57, 187,
6p4tctbo 244, 294,
296, 297,
301
BpayH, aHrjiHttcKHtt
HHaceHep 114
6pHra.ua, Haraa 108, 110,
119, 124
Bajib^op$, Jio'maflb 238
BejiHKoe BjiHHCKOe 6ojioto. .. 174, 448
BejiHKoe BjiHHCKOe Mdpe ....108, 174,
243, 265,
448
BepHOCTb 438
BopodbeB, H3BeCTHblft
y^ieHHfl 392
BopodbeB, HHcneKTop 62, 74
BOCTo'pr 104, 120,
265, 296,
301
rjiynocTb 438
TydKHH, dapHfl #o'ktop ....189, 203,
243
TydKHHrpafl 448
fleKafleHTCTBO 174
JIacHM, aMepHKaHCKHH KOBdofl.238
Page
ac^HmHHa, HeHOpMajibHan. 223
aceHnjUHa, paice'THan. . . .238, 448
acH3Hb 213
3ojiotob, HHcneKTop. .. 55
3ojiotob, npocjie'ccop ..87
KaTepKHa, de^Haa 364,383
Ka'TH, de'flHaH 255
JlapnHa, CTapan
dadymxa 189, 203
jiHHra$dHHbift KadHHeT..186
Jirodo^b 444
jiroflH, Ky^bTypHHe 13
jiroflH, HexyjibTypHHe... 13
JiroflK, o6pa30BaHHbie. .. 155
MeflHHa 260
mhp 294,296,
301
MOJio^exb 433, 434
MypaBbeB, HHcneKTop..62
MypaBbeB, ydo'pmnK... .338,344
MypaBbii 213, 438
HHKOJiaft, MOjiofldfi
n;apeBH^ 36 5
nojiHTHKa 214, 364
noMHflopoB, n.n 259
npaiB^a 187,294,
296,301
pecTopaH "Hpyacda". .. .255, 448
CaMOBapOBa, Co'$bfl:
CeMeHOBa 259
CBepx^ejiOBex.. ^ 290
CojiOBbeB, CTyfleHT. .. .415,421
Co'hh, MajieHbKaa 156,158,
231
Cohh, TeTH 321
CTpaBHHCKHM,
c&eT-HaceK 298
cyacTbe 174, 294,
296, 297,
301

4-0-
THrpH 51, 55
76, 448
TypHCTH 108, 446
y^apHHKH 1, 75
<|)Hjioco$h 77, 82
xyjiHraHH 78
niyjibn;, npodbeccop 119, 124,
174, 338,
448
9HTy3HSL3M 1, 22,
27, 75,
107, 156,
158, 255
9Cto'hu;n 98, 119
hSjioko, MOe 30JioTOe 189

-611-
CORRECTIONS AND MISPRINTS IN VOLUME 1
page line or part
reads
should be
33
33
40
50
56
60
60
74
79
84
85
88
98
10 6
110
114
114
114
124
124
129
131
131
158
161
167
174
174
177
188
189
196
212
214
232
243
243
256
261
261
294
306
312
313
345
ex. 1, #13 ulitsam
ex. 2, #5 govor
#15 live
drill
BOnpOCfcJ A3HH?
ex. 1, directions below are immediately
ex. 3, directions Transcribe,
translation God only knows why I
steal
Bonpocu, #1 3HTyana3M
Ritual 5, last line CTyneHTH.
Pron. ex., #8
#6
line 12
line 15
last line
line 15
line 21 and 22
after line 25
rapaxa, rapax
in not
male-concrete
ulitsam
govor
life
add: 19. you do
A3HH.
below are not immediately
Write in Russian.
God only knows why I
conduct myself badly.
3HTy3Ha3MOM
CTyfleHTu!
rapa*a rapa* (stress)
is not
ajidaHUfca
female-concrete
("Concrete task is a concrete (precise) talk.")
xypHajin xypHajm
y-ro bh cfleJiajiH! qTO bbi cflejiaJiH?!
a good/a kind a very good/a very kind
insert: What did Brown do?
after line 4 (oHa He HOBas) add: OHa He eoJibiuan:
line 5 of English It's small and old.
other
(3)
(3) (English)
line 10
line 11
line 9
paragraph 4
paragraph 5,
Vocabulary
line 18
Bee - all (pi.);
It's old and small,
everybody
Tmm.
please.
Bcerfla
+ past endings (C) -+
...oh HT-rJiaroJi.
A KHTejTH B. BjlHHCKa?
after IilyjiBua.
V+C
add:
Tmm?
please!
Bcenra
+ present endings
...oh eT-rJiaroJi.
A XHTejiH B. EjiHHCKa!
last line add superscript
add: KaK - like
lies on
line 4 from bottom Moe 30Ji6Toe
line 10 They and them
Drill 8, #5 Where do we live?
line 6 some are riding...
#3 is followed by
glosses to be added: MexaHHK (mechanic) reuviVi (genius) cKaHflajiBHbiH
(scandalous) Tenepb (now)
lies on the
Moe 30JiOT&e
Their and them
Where do you live?
others are riding
is preceded by
6th line from bot- no-3CTOHCKH
torn, right-hand
column
line 12
#14
#15
last
#53
2nd from bottom
#11
4th paragraph
enthusiasm about the
mushrooms
add: (now - Tenepb)
nJiaHeia
CBepx-Majib^HKa
name
will
what
no-aji6aHCKH
great enthusiasm about
the mushrooms
njiaHeia (Ha)
CBepxMajib^HKa
first name
can
add;
(^to - neuter)
delete: "But you never call your former forgotten wife'.'

-612-
345 8th paragraph
346
347
351
354
#3
last line
instr. of ohh
verbs
355
other
356
359
364
369
379
385
391
402
410
410
411
Paradigm
Drill 2, #15
line 11
Ritual 27
Exercise 4,
#23
#17
Summary 2.
Verbs
Adjectives
Other
#14
415 4th paragraph
417 #16
425 #5c
425 #5d
427 Ex. 4, line 2
430 17 from top
430 18 from top
435 19 from top
449 #15
460 line 14 from
461 #4
463 last line
466 #4
467 M nouns
468 last line
542 p. 15, ex. 1,
543 p. 19, ex. 1,
544 three places
545 p. 50, drill
550 p. 144, row 3
551 p. 150, ex. 4
560 Drill 6, #23
562 Drill 5, #8
563 Exercise 1,
567 Exercise 5
571 Exercise 3, #
572 Exercise 2, #
584 line 14 from
587 line 2, left
insert after "dear reader?": "What did Muravjov
do when he read the letter?"
add gloss: no CJiOBaM cecTpu according to the sister
na"KHy+ na*XHy+
HHMH HMH
add: npocTfi/npoma'fi+ forgive; OTKp£ift/oTKpKiB£fi+ open;
HayiH+...cs learn how to; BCTpeTH/BCTpeiafl+ meet;
CMeH+...CH Han CyeMU laugh at; cnpocfi/
cnpauiHBaft+ C^toH , y C^eroU ask
add: Tendpb (now) k^*hhB H3 sac (each of you)TaK
(so) roBoptf (saying) mc5*ho it is possible, one can
$ (in genitive) h6bkix 3aBdflOB
add: (bear)
Bpe"MHHH Bpe"MeHH
npHCTaBKa npHCTaBKa(o)
p.ocuh6Pi+ flo-c£jHe'fi+
c KeM o kom
Ha no
th inf. in end-stressed stems
tb inf. in s_kejR-stressed stems
bjik)6h+ add: perfective
add: rjiyYibift stupid; pa*3Hbifi various
add: b ByaymeM in the future; no cnoBaM in the words/
according to the words no C^eMyJ along, according
to, on the subject of flBa-TpH rona TONiy H33afl 2 or
3 years ago
, last line ^HiueT
ieM
(one person)
(this person)
kto (what) , tito (who)
those in Hh
(m, m, u)
difficlut
paSoTaji
top longer
3BeJieJi, 3Bejieji
graw through
MOJIOflejfCb
add: sioaMeH examination
OTJIH^HO
#13 nen
#13 kradot
page 2 5
2, #5 oh *HBeT
#2 IbH
#7 rHe3fl6
yHH^TOKctJia
Hy*Hbi ManiHHbi
#6 ^OH*yaHCTByflTe
2nd #16
11 BfiH+
14 (p. 474) nepeBefl&Te!
bottom add: H3MenS+/aH+ change
column (5) (8)
riHiueT
KOMy
(the whole detachment)
delete
kto (who), ito (what)
those in ^b
(hi, >k, u)
difficult
longest
3BeHeJt, 3BeHeJia
gnaw through
MOJtofle>Kb ()K)
OTJIH^IHO
fleJib
kradorn
page 26
oh KpafleT
^IbH
x
THe3flO
yHH^iTO)KaJI
OHa He Hy>KHa
AOH)KyaHCTByeTe
#17
3aB6ifi+
nepeBeaiiTe!

For Notes

OTHER BOOKS FROM SLAVICA PUBLISHERS, INC.
Paul Debreczeny and Thomas Eekman, eds.: Essays on
Chekhov, 1978.
Alexander Lipson: Verb Workbook, revised edition, 1978.
F. V. Mares: Hospodine Pomiluj Ny , A Study of the
Language, Verse, and Origin of an Old Slavic Hymn, ca.
190 p., 1977.
Mateja Matejic and Dragan Milivojevic: An Anthology of
Medieval Serbian Literature, 1978.
Lawrence W. Newman, ed.: A Comprehensive Russian
Grammar by A. A. Barsov.
Charles E. Townsend: Czech Through Russian^ 1978.
Charles E. Townsend: The Memoirs of Princess Natal'ja
Borisovna Dolgorukaja: Original Text, Annotated,
with Facing English Translation and Historical and
Linguistic Commentary, ca. 200 p., 1977.
Susan Wobst: Russian Readings with Grammatical
Terminology, ca. 150 p., 1978.
Dean S. Worth: A Bibliography of Russian Word
Formation, xliv + 317 p., 1977.
Folia Slavica, a journal covering Slavic, Baltic, and
Balkan linguistics, philology, and poetics; first
issue 1977.

OTHER BOOKS FROM SLAVICA PUBLISHERS, INC.
Jan-L. Perkowski, ed. : Vampires of the Slavs (a collection
of readings), 294 p., 1976.
Lester A. Rice: Hungarian Morphological Irregularities,
80 p., 1970.
Midhat Ridjanovic: A Synchronic Study of Verbal Aspect in
English and Serbo-Croatian, ix + 147 p., 1976.
David F. Robinson: Lithuanian Reverse Dictionary, ix +
209 p., 1976.
Ernest A. Scatton: Bulgarian Phonology, xii + 224 p., 1976.
William R. Schmalstieg: Introduction to Old Church Slavic,
290 p., 1976.
Michael Shapiro: Aspects of Russian Morphology, A Semiotic
Investigation, 62 p., 1969.
Charles E. Townsend: Russian Word-Formation, corrected
reprint, xviii + 272 p., 1975.
D. N. Ushakov, ed. : Tojikobmh: cnoBapb pyccnoro H3HKa,
original edition in 4 volumes, Moscow, 1934-1940;
reprint (slightly reduced in page size, corrections
indicated throughout, 4 volumes bound in 3) 1974.
Papers from the First International Conference, Banff '74,
4 volumes:
Thomas F. Magner, ed.: Slavic Linguistics and Language
Teaching, x + 309 p., 1976.
Richard Freeborn, Charles A. Ward, Robin R. Milner-
Gulland, eds.: Russian and Slavic Literature,
xii + 466 p., 1976.
Don Karl Rowney and G. Edward Orchard, eds.: Russian
and Slavic History, ca. 300 p., 1977.
Ralph Carter Elwood, ed.: Reconsiderations on the
Russian Revolution, 279 p., 1976.
Victor A. Friedman: The Grammatical Categories of the
Macedonian Indicative, 1977.
Jules F. Levin: Reading Contemporary Russian, 1977.
Maurice I. Levin: Russian Declension and Conjugation: A
Structural Description with Workbook, 1977.

OTHER BOOKS FROM SLAVICA PUBLISHERS, INC.
Henrik Birnbaum: Common Slavic Progress and Problems in
Its Reconstruction, xi + 436 p., 1975.
Malcolm H. Brown, ed.: Papers of the Yugoslav-American
Seminar on Music, 208 p., 1970.
Catherine V. Chvany: On the Syntax of Be-Sentences in
Russian, viii + 311 p., 1975.
Frederick Columbus: Introductory Workbook in Historical
Phonology, 39 p., 1974.
Dina B. Crockett: Agreement in Contemporary Standard
Russian, iv + 456 p., 1976.
Charles E. Gribble: Medieval Slavic Texts, Vol. 1, Old
and Middle Russian Texts, 320 p., 1973.
Charles E. Gribble: Russian Root List with a Sketch of
Russian Word Formation, 56 p., 1973.
Charles E. Gribble: CnoBapHK pyccKoro H3t>iKa 18-ro Bena,
103 p., 1976.
Charles E. Gribble, ed.: Studies Presented to Professor
Roman Jakobson by His Students, 333 p., 1968.
Raina Katzarova-Kukudova & Kiril Djenev, Bulgarian Folk
Dances, 174 p., numerous illustrations, 2nd printing
1976 (1st printing, Sofia, 1958).
Demetrius J. Koubourlis, ed.: Topics in Slavic Phonology,
viii + 270 p., 1974.
Michael K. Launer: Elementary Russian Syntax, ix + 140 p.,
1974.
Alexander Lipson: A Russian Course, Revised Edition, 1978.
Kenneth E. Naylor, ed.: Balkanistica: Occasional Papers
in Southeast European Studies; 1(1974)_, 189 p., 1975;
11(1975), 153 p., 1976.
Vasa D. Mihailovich and Mateja Matejic: Yugoslav Literature
in English A Bibliography of Translations and Criticism
(1821-1975), ix + 328 p., 1976.
Hongor Oulanoff: The Prose Fiction of Veniamin A. Kaverin,
v + 203 p., 1976.