Автор: Alexander Lipson   Steven J. Molinsky  

Теги: russian  

ISBN: 0-89357-040-0

Год: 1977

Текст
                    A RUSSIAN COURSE
by
Alexander Lipson
in cooperation with
Steven J. Molinsky


A RUSSIAN COURSE by Alexander Lipson in cooperation with Steven J. Molinsky 2nd preliminary edition Volume I 1977 Slavica Publishers, Inc. Columbus, Ohio
For a list of some other Slavica books, see the last three pages of this book. To obtain an up-to-date catalog, with price and ordering information, write to: Slavica Publishers, Inc. P. 0. Box 14388 Columbus, Ohio 43214 ISBN: 0-89357-040-0 Copyright © 1974, 1977 by Alexander Lipson; all rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America by LithoCrafters, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
1 INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND PRELIMINARY EDITION The Second Preliminary Edition is being published in two volumes. The first volume was divided into two parts in the first printing, but in this printing everything is in one cover. The publisher will be interesting in hearing from users whether they prefer the single larger volume or the smaller two parts. Comments and suggestions concerning this book and the Teacher 's Manual will be very much appreciated. The final revision of this book is now taking place, but material received by Dec. 1, 1977 can still be incorporated into the revised book which will appear in the late spring of 197 8. Comments concerning the book should be addressed to: Alexander Lipson Larsen Hall Harvard University Cambridge, Mass. 02138 Comments concerning the Teacher's Manual should be addressed to: Steven J. Molinsky Boston University Boston, Mass. 02215 WHAT THE BOOK COVERS Volume 1 covers all of the basic noun, adjective, pronoun, and verb forms, and prepares students to read simple graded texts. It normally requires about two college semesters of a 3-hour a week course, about one and one-half semesters of a 5-hour a week course. High schools should complete it in two years. Volume 2 adds the grammar needed for reading ungraded texts. Much attention has been devoted to the principles of word building — prefixation and suffixation. It normally requires one additional semester of a 3-hour a week college course, about twice that for high school courses. For classes that would like to start reading ungraded texts as early as possible, an appendix has been added to Volume 1. This appendix, selected from grammatical material of Volume 2, contains the essentials of imperatives, subjunctives, comparatives and superlatives, participles, and verbs of motion. It will require about six hours of a college course to complete. Note that a list of misprints discovered so far in Volume 1 is appended to this printing, immediately following the indices (pages 611-612).
11 -THE OVERALL STRATEGY- GRAMMATICAL STRATEGY In the first chapters, a wide range of grammatical forms have been introduced in simple form. This is to give students an opportunity to feel comfortable with as much of the basic grammar as possible early in the course. By the end of Chapter 3, the book has introduced nominative, accusative, genitive, and prepositional cases; gender; number; present, past, and future tenses; verb aspects; and relative clause formation. In later chapters, grammar is developed with more attention to detail and more extensive drills. STORY MATERIAL The early chapters have large numbers of short stories with interconnected plots and repetition of vocabulary. Later chapters have fewer stories with more complex plot development. -TEACHING AND LEARNING AIDS- ANSWERS TO EXERCISES Answers have been provided to all drills and exercises. They appear on pages 542 to 578. Answers to the translations at the end of each chapter have not been provided. TEACHER'S MANUAL A Teacher 's Manual is available. It contains detailed instructions for teaching each lesson of the book and includes lesson plans, additional drills, sample tests, and answers to the translation exercises at the end of each chapter. It is available free to teachers at schools which have adopted this text; individuals may purchase it for $6.95 from the publisher (Box 14388, Columbus, Ohio 43214). TAPES Tapes are available from: James Geddes Jr. Language Center 685 Commonwealth Ave., Room 540 Boston University Boston, Mass. 02215 Attn: Mr. Miller There is no separate student workbook, since the workbook forms an integral part of the textbook itself. Volume 2 is available only in a (preliminary version; inquiries should be sent to: Prof. David Hanson, Dept. of Germanic & Slavic, Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass. 02154.
The Russian Alphabet Letter Transcription used in this book a A 6 B B B r r e E e E m E 3 3 H H H H K K ji JI M M H H o 0 n n P P c C T T y y ci> $ x X hi m £ bl bl b b 3 3 iO 10 fl H a b. V 4 je or ,e jo or ,o zh z_ ji or ,i i k 1 m JX 0 £ L s t. u I X ft ch sh_ shch j_ c ju or ,u j_a or j_a The alphabet and transcription system is treated in detail in Chapter 1.
The alphabet arranged according to sound groups: Russian on the left, transcription on the right Vowels SH Dentals Labials Velars \ SH Voiced Ml M! Ml Mi Mi Pai 1} e_ red consonants r ni M{ m ji [| Mi Unpaired consonants Hard Soft )K in - u - H - m - H - zh sh ft. ch. shch i y\ u K) j - Voiceless Ml M! M* Mi Ml Ml h)1 Signs b - soft sign rb - hard sign
V. TABLE OF CONTENTS STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page CHAPTER 1 YjiapHHKK 1 Be3Jf,eJIbHHKH 2 WK:* Sounds and Spelling 6 KyjibTypHHe jho^h 13 HeKyJibTypHbie jikak 13 WK: Soft Sign 15 Rit:** Ax, npocTHTe! 18 WK: ± 18 Community N 22 WK: k/t/x + _i 25 ToBapHm BopoflHH 27 Pronunciation of unstressed 29 "0" and "a" WK: Unpaired Consonants 31 Rit: y sac ecTb Bonpoc? 34 Bjihhck 3? PaaroBdp: 3flpaBCTByftTe! 39 Appendix to Chapter 1 The Russian Alphabet 41 Handwriting k2 Rito = Ritual - explained on p. 17
STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page. CHAPTER 2 ITapK flupe'KTOpa Bopo^HHa . , 45 WK: e/e o 46 Pronunciation: Unstressed "e" and "h" 47 Introduction to Present Tense. 48 r,ae acusyT TKrpn? 51 Rit: KaKan sto oinridKa? 53 Introduction to Plurals 53 B aoona'pKax 55 HeHopMajibHHM tiejioBeK b napice TOBapHna BopoflHHa 57 WK: C onsonant + ,j 59 ToBa'pHtn; BopofiteB 62 But: a and ho 63 WK: The Structure of Nouns..,. 64 Rit: Bh yKpajiH moh KaDaH^a'm 72 Introduction to Infinitive Formation „ 72 BopofiteB! rio^eMy? 74 Mojiojioh y^apHHK 75 Turp 76 iPHJidcodb 77 XyjiHraH 7R Adjective Endings: Nominative and Accusative 79 AjieKcaHflp HBaHOBHq 82 Rit: Kaicoro po'^a cjiobo o_e_3? 84 Pronunciation of Voiced and Voiceless Consonants 85 ripotbeccop 3ojiotob 87
VI1 . STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page CHAPTER 3 WK: Fundamentals of Conjugation 91 Mh He ajifiaHUH 9B Gender 99 Rit: MeM oKaH^HBaeTca cjiobo .ho'ktop? 104 BeTOH 105 Ham 33.B0JI 10? Haraa 6pHra',na OTflHxaeT 108 Haraa 6pHra.ua iHTaeT 110 Rit: Kan cKa.3aTt no-pyccKH? Ill Introduction to Past Tense Ill Hejio BpayHa: Ha'ma 6pnra,na j^ejiaeT 6ojitmyio omHo'Ky 114 Introduction to Future Tense... 115 ripocfeccop Ulyjibn; 119 Jly^fflHH flpyr SeTOHmnica 124 Rit: KaK nwrneTCH cjio'bo poj? 125 PasroBo'p: KaK sac 30ByT? 126 CHAPTER 4 Rit: 4 ways to avoid answering a question „ 131 Noun Gender: Review....00..... 132 WK: Spelling Adjective Endings »..,,<,. 133 Pronominals 1 36 Nominative Plural.......„..„.„ 142 WK: Stress Patterns in Nouns.. 14? Hbsih MBakoBHq h Bopnc Bophcobh^i 1^3 CMOTpe-t- and nnca+ 155
VI 11 STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page MajieHtKaa Gohh 156 Kpmja-t- and MOJwa-t- 157 B nepBOM KJiacce 15^ WK: ht-verbs and er- verbs 160 Rit: MeM OKStH^HBaeTCH rjiaroji jito6h+ '?..... 16? Genitive Singular Masculine / Neuter. 168 Kit: HeJit3H 3flecb KypHTt! I73 3anaflHbifi h Bocto^hhS Bjihhck 17Z4. MocKBa h JleHHHrpafl I77 CHAPTER 5 Rits 0 kom bh roBopHTe? 180 Verbs in nii+ 180 Prepositional Case of Nouns 181 Short-form Adjectives. 185 JlnHrafto'HHNM Ka6nHeT 186 B napice KyjitTypu h OTflbixa I87 PyfiKHH, JlapHHa h Moe 30.noTo'e h6jioko 189 3tot and 9to 191 Accusative Singular: All Genders „. 193 Rit: h'cho? I98 Rit: noHHJiH? 198 WK: Stress in Consonant-Stem Verbs „« 199 WK: Stress in Vowel-Stem Verbs 205 Rit: Tfle bh 6hjih? 211
IX. STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page Location and Motions Hfl+ and exa+ Hec+ and Be3+ 212 ^TO Ta.K0'e M3Hb? 213 Rit! H npeflno^ieji 6h o noji^THKe He cndpHTb 214 Aspects Past Tense 215 CboM 222 HeHopMajibHan aceHDjHHa 223 Rit: npuBeT! 224 Case Reviews Kottu, Acc, Gen., and Pren 22 5 CHAPTER 6 Rits y Bac ecTb rpaMManfqeoKHl? Bonpoc? 228 Prep. Sg. of Adjectives and Pronominals 22 8 Possession: y MeHH, y hpto', etc 232 Fem. in £: Nom. and Acc. Sk„,.., 234 Whether 236 ctoh+ and xot<;+ 237 Khh3B Afiflyji, paKeTHaH aceHmHHa h aMepHKa'HCKHft kob6o'k JJhchm 238 Rit: Kowiy? MHe? 241 Dative Singular: Masc./Neut 241 ITpa'3j[HHK 244 KoTo'puft 245 WKs V+V Mutation in «t- verbp, „ 24? Rit: 3to cjihiekom mhoto 2 54 Be'jiHan Ksth 255
X. STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page The Cocktail Party 2.58 A6,n,yji h ero o6pa3o'BaHHa.tf jidma;n,i> 260 CHAPTER 7 Poems 263 Instrumental Singular: Masculine/Neuter 266 Mobile Vowel Z70 WK: V+V Mutation in Stems Ending in a or o 271 Rit: Hafl KeM bh CMeerecb? 277 Location-Motion: Rev'sw 280 Preposition Review 282 Aspect: Future Tense 284 Riti nonpofiyHTe! 2.89 CBepxyejiOBex 290 CHAPTER 8 Rit: How to Avoid Answering a. Question: Advanced Level „ ........ 316 The Feminine Singular «<,.... JI7 WK: Present Tense of Stems in OBa+, hh+ and uii + 323 JleHB poscfleHHH 329 Rit: T^e bh Hay^iHjiHCb roeopHTt no-pyccKH? 333 HyaceH 333 Cfl Verbs. . .. 0. „ 335 ITeTp MnxafijiOBH^i MypaBteB, ero dbiBmaii xeHa h CTapman cecTpa bbiBmeH weHb'i I 338
XI . STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page Rit: Kaicatf cerdflHH norofla? 341 Apyr spyra 341 Accusative of Time 341 Genitive as Direct Object of Negated Verbs 342 Word Order 342 Reported Statements 3^3 ITeTp MHxaHjiOBmj MypaBteB, erd dbiBman acena h CTapman cecTpa 6 bi Bin eft aceHbi II 334 WKj Summary of the Present Tense 34? Personal Pronouns! Summary 351 Vocabulary Entries! How to Show Case Requirement 352 CHAPTER 9 The Plural of Nouns anc' Adjectives. .. „ 356 Rit« HeM OKaniHBaeTCH hmh cymecTBHTejifeHoe? 359 Mobile Vowel in the Genitive Plural 360 Adjectives with Noun Meaning.... 362 Prepositional Case in y 363 Possession* Past Tense 363 TpH cecTpbi 364 Rit: JI3 ^ero coctoht? 369 WK » Verb ?:' .ructure 0 . 370 WK: Past and Infinitive of Consonant Stems. .. „ 375 Stress Patterns in Nouns 380
xii. STORIES AND RITUALS GRAMMAR Page. JIpy3bfl 6e^HoM KaTepHHH 383 b_ and H_3,Haand _c_ 387 ITOCJieflHHe OTKpNTHH H3BdcTHOrO y^eHoro Bopo6beBa 392 WK: Past and Infinitive of Ob-Stems 395 CHAPTER 10 Case Names in Russian 412 Rit: KaKoro na^eaca' TpeSyex? 412 BocTO^Han EBpona 413 CTpaHHoe noBe^e'HHe cTy^eHTa CojiOBbeBa 41 5 KoTopuM clauses 418 RpaTbH h cecTpbi cTy^eHTa CojiOBbeBa 421 WK: Summary and Review of Pronominals 423 Nouns in ^ 429 The i-Ueclension 431 Adverbs 435 Impersonal. Constructions 435 AcnHpaVtT h cob'aKa 43? BepnaH aceHa 43H Hits KaK BaM HpaBHTCH? 440 Veros of Notion 441 ITepBaH jiroboBb 444 CoBeTCKKM rpa^jiaHMH BCipeiaeT aMepHKaHCKoro TypHCTa 446 Topoji FyfiKHHrpa^; 44P WK: Summary of Con.iupa.ti on 453 WK: Stem Deduction 459
XI11 APPENDIX Page A. Stem Prediction 470 B . Imperative 472 C . Deverbal Nouns 476 D. Gerunds 478 E. Active Participles 485 b\ Passive Participles 490 G. Ueverbals: Summary 499 H. Determined - Non-Determined 504 I. . Subjunctive 507 J . Comparatives and Superlatives 510 TABLES A. Nouns and Adjectives 1. Table of Endings 517 2. Noun Paradigms 51 '^ 3. Adjective Paradigms 519 4. Irregular Nouns , 520 5. Noun Stress Types 521 B. Personal Pronouns 523 C . Pronominals 5-3 1. Chart of Endings 524 2 . Parad igms 52 5 D. Prepositions 527 E . Numbers 528 1. Declension of Numbers.... 529
XIV. Page F. Time Expressions 1. V ocabulary o . . e 530 2. Chart 530 3. Te] 1 ing Time „ 531 4. Dates 531 G. Verbs 1. Stem Types. 532 ?.. bindings and Suffixes 533 3. V+V Mutation 534 4. Verb Paradigms.... 534 5. Irregular Verbs.... 53^ 6. Prefixes 541 ANSWER bOOK 542 GLOSSARY .Russian-English 579 English-Russian 592 IN LIE X Grammatical. . . „ 6°2 R i tual s 607 Workbooks „ 608 People, Places and Concepts »... 609
-1- CHAPTER 1 Shock-Workers fTapel KaK JKHByT y^apHHKH? y^apHHKH acuByT xoponio'. How do shock-workers live? Shock-workers live well. Y'fl,e ohh pado'TaioT? Ohk pado'TaioT Ha aaBo'^ax. KaK ohh paSbraioT? OHH pa60Ta,KT C 3HTy3Ha3MOM. Where do they work? They work in factories. How do they work? They work with enthusiasm, O 9« ^to ohh £eJiajoT b napKax? B napnax ohh flywiaioT o m'3Hh. What do they do in parks? In parks they think about life. °}$b c 0 KaKOH 3KH3HK? 0 KH3HH Ha saBo'^ax. BOT KaK WHByT y^apHHKF.! About what life? About life in factories. That's how shock-workers live! yjapHHK: defined as "a leading worker of socialist industry, one who overfulfills the norms, masters the machinery, and sets examples of industrial discipline."
Ee3fleJIbHHKH Loafers I Tape J v'*"' KaK JKHByT 6e3fleJIbHHKH? How do loafers live? £ Ha pafiore ohh Kpa^yT KapaHflamH. At work they steal pencils. B napKax ohh Be#yT ce6a njio'xo. In parks they conduct themselves badly. .Ha, TOBapninH. Bot KaK KHByT Sesfle'jifeHHKH! Yes, comrades. That is how loafers live!
-3- cf 11 x3L Symbols: - factory - park - work (hammer and sickle) - think (a person thinking) O- <5* - about life steal (2 hands) conduct oneself badly (a person stamping on flowers) HOW TO PREPARE THE STORIES IN CHAPTER 1 Stage 1: Learning to repeat the sentences. Use the tape to learn to repeat the sentences in the story. (1) The word or group of words is read on the tape. (2) During the pause repeat what you hear. (3) The word or group of words is read a second time. Compare this to what you have just said. Stage 28 Learning to produce the sentences. This is the opposite of stage 1, i.e., first you will produce the sentence, and then listen to the sentence on tape. Specificallyj (1) Looking at the English sentence, say it in Russian as well as you can. (2) Listen to the tape. (3) During the pause, say the Russian sentence again. (4) Then listen again.
-)4- Bonpocbi - Questions Below are questions about the stories on pp. 1 and 2. Directions t Pause Answer it in Russian. 1st reading - Questions Listen to the question. Question words Ka.K - how r^e - where mto - what o ieM - about what 2nd reading - Answers Compare your answer to the answer on the tape. Tape 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. ?. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. & KaK JKHByT y^apHHRH? Pfle ohp' pafioTaioT? f I Ka.K ohh pa66TaioT? (PjJ Mto ohh flejiaioT Ha saBojax? y£^ Hi6 ohh ^eJiaioT b na'pKax? (§£ 0 M6M ohh flyVaioT? s-^^J 0 KaKOH SCH3HR OHH flyMaiOT? Pfle ohh flyMaroT o xhshh Ha saBOAax' Mto fleJiaioT 6e3,ne.n£>HHKH Ha pafioTe? P/te ohh Kpa^yT KapaHflamw? Vfl,e ohk se^yT ce&n njioxo? <^ !•> KaK ohh sejiyT ce6« b napKax? Mto ohh flejiaioT b napKax? ^_ KaK JKHByT OeSfleJIbHHKH? KaK acHByT yjiapiiKKH?
-5- In this book, grammatical material is usually introduced in two stages. (1) The first occurrence of a grammatical point is usually made in the form of a simple, brief description accompanied by a few short drills. Following this brief introduction, the grammatical point is illustrated in stories and conversations to give you the opportunity of using the structure and coming to feel comfortable with it. (2) In a subsequent lesson - often several weeks later in the course - there is a thorough-going treatment with detailed discussion and extensive written exercises. These sections are called Workbooks. The Workbooks are designed to give a coherent and integrated explanation of a given topic. How to Use the Workbooks The Workbooks are self-instructional. Each Workbook unit contains a grammatical statement, accompanied by exercises. Answers to the exercises are provided in the Answer Book. Check your answers as you go rather than at the end of the exercise. This will help you discover your mistakes as early as possible in the exercise. The Workbook material in Chapters 1 and 2 of the book will teach you! (1) How to pronounce the sounds of Russian, i.e., how to read, and (2) How to represent the sounds of Russian, i.e., how to write.
-6- WORKBOOK: AN INTRODUCTION TO RUSSIAN SOUNDS The Russian alphabet is an excellent system for representing the sounds of the Russian language. However, just as one English letter may represent more than one English sound (e.g., "c" in cat and ac,e, "a" in fat and fate), so one Russian letter may represent more than one Russian sound. Therefore, learning the alphabet involves more than simply learning a list of letters. It means learning how the alphabet works, so you can know which pronunciation of a letter to use in a given word. To help you do this, in the first two chapters of the book, we will employ a transcription, i.e., a representation of Russian sounds using English letters. The transcription will occasionally be used in later chapters as well to show underlying grammatical regularities. To help distinguish transcription from Russian letters, transcription will always be underlined. We are concerned here only with the major phonetic facts of Russian. For many people, the best way to learn how to make these sounds is to imitate the speaker on the tape. For those who are interested in phonetic description, we have included additional information in brackets. 1. Soft and Hard Consonants Russian contains two kinds of consonants - soft and hard. A soft sound is made with the tongue flat against the roof of the mouth, and has a "y" -like quality; a hard sound does not. Soft consonants are often referred to as "palatalized" consonants, since in their articulation the tongue is raised to the hard palate. In the transcription, soft consonants are written with a cedilla - "t"s hard consonants without one - "£". 2. Paired Consonants Most consonant sounds are paired, i.e., come in sets of two, one hard and one soft: j?/jL l/L Vi etc. In English the consonant sounds p,t,k are often followed by a puff of air (called aspiration). Test this by putting your hand in front of your mouth and pronouncing: £a, jtar, car Now pronounce the words: s;p_a, s_tar, sc.ar In these words, p, t, k are not followed by a puff of air. This is the pronunciation of Russian £, t, k.
-7- 3. Vowels There are five vowel sounds: i Ui e.» i- a is pronounced approximately as in English father. o " " " " " " bought. u " soon. e. " ' " m£t. i. is more difficult and will be discussed below. English "u", as in soon, is actually a diphthong, i.e., a combination of u + w. Test this by saying soon slowly and notice that your lips move while articulating "u", Russian u is a pure vowel and has no "w" following it. Each syllable During 1st Listen to while look (1) l - i da da do 4o 'du 5i (6) L " JL pa PQ pu RU SI Pronunciation will be read twice reading the ing syllable, at the book (2) *.- i tu tu ia to 12. te (7) JL" I. vut Y^d ves YOt Exercise :, with a pause between readings. During pause Rej . hes Tape 1 jeat what ir. (3) z - z -k. zu za zo (8) £ " 1 fa fu cnnt iniien ) . you During Listen (4) ± " i se fa sa s_u (9) k " JL kak kot ku ke 2nd reading again. (5) b_ - £ ba I bus £u (10) J.-J. gan gon 11
The Consonant xt Pronounced approximately like the German "ch" in doch-, Scottish "ch" in loch; Hebrew 77 in o^, Pronunciation Exercise |Tape| x - \ Distinguish xa xa xo ka xu xul xo kul xe k/| - kot xot ke xe x/x The Consonant rt Pronounced as in Spanish, Italian - NOT as in French or German. The sound is a trilled dental, i.e., a trill made just oehmd the teeth. Pronunciation ra_ ro rot re [Tap r - 2) r Exercise ru 'rum
_9- 6. The Vowel Sound i has two pronunciations: (1) After soft consonants it is pronounced approximately as in English teeth. _ English "i", as in teeth, is actually a diphthong, i.e., a combination of i + y. Russian i is a pure vowel, and has no "y" following it. Test this by saying teeth slowly and notice that your tongue moves in the mouth while saying "i". In Russian the tongue does not move. (2) Its pronunciation after hard consonants has no equivalent in English. It is pronounced somewhat like the "i" in B_ill; however, the tongue is drawn further back in the mouth. Im- pressionistically, it has a dull, hollow sound. i. is the only vowel whose pronunciation after hard consonants differs significantly from its pronunciation after soft consonants. Pronunciation Exercise di s ii !Tape| vi mi ni VI mil rl xi IT bi WORKBOOK; AN INTRODUCTION TO RUSSIAN SPELLING ALPHABET Vowels Hard vowel letter: a Soft vowel letter: -a }» u * i}± i)i ;}a Paired Consonants jetter Transcription Letters that are like English: t_ t { k -±_ m m
10- Letter Transcription Letters that do not resemble English: z z &_ ^_ P. 1 f. £ 1 Letters that look like English, but are pronounced differently: { { { P v. v n. n _s_ s x X T_ r h vowel sound is represented by one of two vowel letters: a is represented by the letter a or a. h consonant letter represents one of two consonant sounds: t represents the sound t or t. I Soft vowel letters are written after soft consonants, Hard vowel letters are written after hard consonants.
-11- ta is written ra - hard consonant + vowel a. ta is written th - soft consonant + vowel a. mu is written My - hard consonant + vowel u.. mu is written mk> - soft consonant + vowel u. Therefore, the vowel letters have two functions: (1) They show vowel sound: a and # represent a. y and 10 represent u. (2) They show the quality of the preceding consonant sound: a and y show that the preceding consonant is hard, a and k> show that the preceding consonant is soft. Exercise 1 Write in Russian. (The letters 1. ta 2. i^a_ 3. to 4. to 5» tu T, k,m are 6.tu -"— 7.te ■"— 8.te 9.ti 10.ti 1 ike English.) 11. 12. 13. 14. . 15. M kot tak ki mi 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. ,,i mu -*— mu me kto Exercise Write in 2 Rus (The letters 1. da 2. za 3. za 4. ba 5. dama s ian. r, 3, 6, a > n, (li, ji 6. dut 7. du 8. gde 9. bot 10. bez are not like 11. bomba 12. pi 13. pi 14. plo x5- i£ English 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. .) del dul fakt flot futbol
-12- Exercise Write in Jl Russian. (The letters quite di 1 . vi 2. vi 3. vut k. vod 5. Yed 6. ni ?. ni 8. se 9. su 10. su B,H, C fferentiy. ,x,p ) 11. 12. 13. Ik. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. look like XXX xi ■"— krad rabot ra *— do do na na -"— vot Engl ish, but are pronounced 21. 22. p -5 2k. 25. 26. _ 27. 28. 29. 30. pi oxo gde park rabote v parkax kradut oni na zavodax vedut seba udarniki Exercise k Write the following sentences in Russian. 1. Udarniki ne kradut na zavodax. -7— Ik. b — it.,, ' — —-' ■■ "■"- -■«■!■ ■" 1— (Shock-workers don't steal in factories.) 2. 0jji_ _ne_ yedut geba ploxo v parkax. (They don't conduct themselves badly in parks.)
-13- KyjibTypHbie jiio^h Cultured People Tape YfldpHHKH qacTO KyjibTypHHe JIIOflH Shock-workers are often cultured people. KyjifcTypHbie jik5ji;h ^HTaioT khhth. OOO Cultured people read books. c> h H OHH MOIOTCH KaJKflblft fleHb. And they wash every day. HeK.yjibT.ypHbie jik>,hh*- Uncultured People fTapel Be3flejibHHKH qacTO HeKyjibTypHHe Loafers are often uncultured people. i>' HacKOjibKO h 3Haio, HeKyjibTypHHe jiro^H He mo'btch. HnKor,na? Ha, ohh HHKor^a He moiotch. <y H OHH JIK)6.HT KypHTb B Tpojijieft6ycax. nrr Ht? As far as I know, uncultured people don't wash. Never? Yes, they never wash. And they like to smoke in trolleybusses. Boors, rather than just uncultured people. Beating one's wifec talking loudly during a concert, dropping candy wrappers, blowing one's nose with the fingers, are all "uncultured". A sign in the Gorky Park of Culture and Rest in Moscow reads! "Rest Culturally, Comrades!"
-lU- 6 Symbolsi - read (a book) cultured (wearing glasses) S - wash (a faucet) -0--O-0- - every day (3 suns) <? Q - uncultured (unkempt) - like (heart) smoke (cigarette) - trolleybus Bonp6cu Two additional question-words KaKiie - which, what sort of Kor^d - when Tape 1. Mto .ne'jiaioT KyjibT/pHbie JiroflH? 2. KaKHe jikuih moiotch keukahh jeHb? ^K) 3. Kor,na moiotch KyjibTypHbie jikW? 0-00 4. Kor^a moiotch HeKyjibTypHHe Jiioflu? ^ 5. KaKne jiio'^h HHKor^a He moiotch? /rftk 6. Pfle ohh jiioSht KypHTb? f_\ 7. ^to ohh jhoSht fle'jiaTb b TpoJiJie'Mdycax? 8. KaKHe jho'^h He JiiodHT KypHTb b TpoJiJiefiSycax? {00 „*^
-15- WORKBOOKs THE SOFT SIGN ( b ) Hard and soft consonants may occur without vowels following them. Soft kurit naskolko Hard luljat sdelal_ In such cases, the letter b (the soft sign) is written after soft consonants; no b is written after hard consonants. Soft KypHTfc HaCKQJIbKO Hard jhoCht c^eJiaji Pr onun Final hard at at nos nos kus ku§ gas. kut kut kuti vs. ciatio |Tape soft n Exercise 1 consonant nuti nut l2it tjit bit bit on an_ un un 1 - la lu lin lin fuET JaXa lis Jis. lus pul 1 kul Pul kul kult kult aia ala skol skoj. kul kuj.i kul Exercise 1 Write in Russian. 1. at 5. 2. at 6. 3. kul 7. 4. kul 8. kult rit rit kurit 9. skol 10. skol 11• naskolko 12. den , V K " ' 13. Ik. del bezdelnik
16- Exercise Write in 1. nul _ 2. nula 3. nulu ^. nulom 5. nuli 2 Russian. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. zavod zavoda zavodu zavodom zavodi Exercise 3 Subtract the final vowel sound. Write what remains in Russian. Ex. HejeJiH : He^ejib (nedeja) (nedel) * V - t. U i, final vowel sound is a 1. CJIOBO k. flHHH 2. CTHJlfl 5, KHH3K) 6. *nBy KOMHaTa Exercise ^ Add the sounds a, u, omf i, ax. Write in Russian. Ex. TpojiJiettdyc -t- a : TpojuiefiQyca a u .om 1. 1. TpoJiJieftdyc: ax 2 . h yji b 3o cnopTCMPH :
-17- RITUALS A ritual is a set of patterned responses; whenever you hear a line of a ritual you are to say the next line. Rituals contain grammatical material introduced before the rules they exemplify. Their purpose is to make these rules meaningful before you reach them. For example, Ritual 1 below exemplifies: (1) Past tense formation (2) Perfective aspect (3) Feminine accusative of adjectives and nouns (4) Verbal agent suffix (5) Noun-adjective agreement When these points of grammar are treated in later chapters, rituals will help you understand and remember the rulet' covering them. You are learning the examples before the rules. To be effective, a ritual sentence must be an automatic response to the preceding sentence; e.g., "Excuse me!" might be your automatic response to, "Ouch! You stepped on my toe!" Similarly, "Ax.npoeTirre, ;ioporoM ytjuTejib! "(line 2 below) should be your automatic response to "Kone^Ho, HeT!" (iine 1 below) "Stage directions", which are given in square brackets[ ], are whispered by the group to announce the attitude °? the speaker, usually before his last line. In the ritual below, [tenderly] shows that the teacher is tolerant and forgiving, that his apparent hostile attitude is softened. Turning the rituals around: Initially the teacher says the first line, a student the second. But the rules of rituals are such that if a student confronts a teacher with the first line, the teacher is obliged to answer with the second. For example, in the following ritual, the teacher would apologize to the student. Symbols used in rituals: '- J - stage directions. / / literal translation. Thus, the word rpybyro , which is translated as "terrible", literally means "coarse" or "vulgar". ( ) - feminine forms. In the ritual below, c^e'jia.Ji is masculine, c^eJiajra is feminine.
-18- Ritual 1 Tapej KoHe'^HO, HeT! Ax, npocTKTe, .noporoM yqHTejib ( floporaa y^HTejibHwua) • rio-qeMy? Ht6 bh c^e'jiajin? fl cueJiaji (a ) rpyfiyro orandKy. [jiacKOBo] Hn-qero. * - Of course not! — Akh, forgive me, dear teacher! - Why? What have you done? — I've made a terrible /coarse, vulgar/ error, - [tenderlyj That's all right /nothing/. r is pronounced v in this word. WORKBOOK: THE CONSONANT j 1. The soft vowel letters h, ro, h, e, e (a) When immediately preceded by a consonant letter they show that the preceding consonant is soft: jikSht - lubat (where ro and h represent tu_ and ta) . (b) When not immediately preceded by a consonant letter, they show the presence of j: 3Haro - zna.iu h - ja. KyjibTypHbi_e - kulturnije (where m,R,e represent ju., ja, je) . t + vowel in: K,yp_WTb - kurit jikjCht - lubat + vov/el in: Moe - moj o jyMaroT - dumaju.t ecTh - jer-t
-19- Exercise 1 A. Which of the underlined soft-vowel letters in the words below are not immediately preceded by a consonant letter? (Write numbers.) B. Transcribe 1. MO_e 6. jnoflO_e^ 11. A3hh 16. mo_h 2. H_ec 7° jiioSht 12. oh_h 17 • T_Hrp 3. HeT 8. H3UK 13• Kpafl_eM 18. edb 40 CBO_eft 9» KyxHH 14. nojJT 19« rpydyio 5. fl_eJiaioT lOcbM 15. jor 20. pjoMKa 2. Letters —» Transcriptiom Recognizing j The presence of j. is revealed in the spelling by: (a) The presence of the letter ft: KaacflHft, Tpojuie.ft.6yc (b) The presence of a soft vowel letter which is not immediately preceded by a consonant letter: a, jjyMaioT, ecTb, Moe, moh Exercise 2 A. Which of the words below contain j? (Write numbers)_ B. Transcribe. 1. HOBaS 5. KOHb 9. MOH 2. HOBHft 6. TpoHKa 10. Tpoji jieft 6yc 3. Be,neT 7. cejia 4. moh 8. Moe
20- 3« Transcription -» Letters: Writing i j is written as: (a) Soft vowel letter, when followed by a vowels znaju^ - 3Haio ; nekulturnije_ - HeicyjibTypHHe, (b) ft when not followed by a vowelt trollejbus - Tpojuie_i6yc Therefore, i - ft , but j_ + vowel - h, io, e, e, h. Exceptions ja at the beginning of a word represents i, not j_Ls _i (and) - jL MBaH - I_van Initial i. is always written h. ili - hjih Exercise 3 A. Which j.'s are followed by a vowel? B. Write in Russian. 1. o.ja 6. mo.i _ 11. j_o . 2. oj. 7. mo.i a 12. pj. . 3. u.iu 8. mo.ii 13- _> 4. jj_ 9. stro.i 14. ,io.i . 5. vu.i 10. stro.i i 15. i ei o Exercise 4 Write in Russians 1. jama ________ 2. jeri 3. idot 4. mo.i 5. \igr 6. iskal 7. siskal 8. pisatel 9. ni 10. i 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. russkij drugije mai obrazu.i obrazu.i te u k "———
-21- Exercise 5 Transcribe* MOft KOHb MOfl KOHfl MOK) KOHB MOgM KOHeM MOH KOHH MOeft KOHeH Exercise 6 Subtract the final vowel. Write in Russian. Ex. MOK) - MOft 1. HKpa 5. e,n;y 9. nojm _ 2. kohh 6. .nyMaio 10. ace'Hbi _ 3. dOH 7. NieCTO 11. KVXHH k, JIK>6jIK) 8. 3^aHHH 12. napTHH Exercise 7 Add a, u, .om, !• Write in Russian. Ex. KflOJi + a. : H^ojia a u gm i. 1. nfloji: 2. Hyjib: 3. moK :
-22- KQTopbie - (who, that) as a relative. JIioflH, KOTopue padoTaioT Ha 3aBo'flax, (people who work in factories) Drill; Community N G.G. Gubkin, in a psycho-sociological study of Community N, has shown an interesting correlation between mass transit behavior and the relation of the individual to his total environment. Gubkin's studies have isolated two predominant subgroups! (1) 4- 7r~CT Jlrojn, KOTo'pHe -qHTaioT b Tpojuieftdycax: Stable individuals, well-adjusted to their environment. (2) ■ \ ~d 0 JIiojh, KOTopue mo'iotch b Tpojuie'ftdycax: Compulsive individuals with inner conflicts, often characterized by by an inability to concentrate. below we summarize the results of his penetrating study. [Tape JHOflH, KOTOpbie. qnTaioT b TpojiJieftfiycax a moiotch b TpojiJieKOycax -g~. "D C" b napKax 0* .nyMaioT JIK)6flT KypHTb Ha 3a.B6^ax ttr: paddTaioT
-23- Listen and/or read the Qt Ex. KaKHe jikuih jyMaioT b napKax? Bonpocbi Answer during pause JIlOflH, KOTO'pHe qHTaiOT b TpojuieMdycax. Listen | Tape 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. P,. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 12 KaKHe P^e oh KaKHe %d oh KaKHe MtO oh Hto oh KaKHe Hto oh . Ffle o . KaKiie . KaKHe jii6,ii;h jiio6ht KypHTb b napKax? H JHOdflT Kyp-HTb? jik^h flyMaioT b napKax? h £e'jiaroT Ha 3aBdflax? JHOflH He padOTaiOT C 3HTy3Ha3M0M? h flejiaioT Ha saBO^ax? h jik>6ht flejiaTb b napKax? jnoflK He JirodHT KypnTb b napKax? h fleJiaioT b napKax? HH pa60TaK)T C 3HTy3Ha,3MOM? jiio^h He qHTa'ioT b Tpojuiefidycax? jiioflH He mo'iotch b t pojuieftdycax? P.P. Papirosin, a student of Gubkin, has extended the stuay to include transients in Community N. He has designated this groupi -4- ~D—U JIiojh, KOTopbie acHByT b TpojiJiefi6ycax. Papirosin has found some suggestive correlations between their behavior and that of the two groups described in Gubkin's earlier study (i.e., subgroup 1 C G and subgroup 2 m ). Papirosin's studies show that subjects in this third group display behavior patterns both typical on the one hand and atypical on the other of both groups above respectively? specifically: JlroflH , KOTOpbie, -5= i <5£> 11 XQ *"~ BonpocH \Tape\ cff *9 1. 2, 3. T^e Jiro6flT KypHTb JiroflH, KOTopbie acHByT b Tpojijiefldycax? KaK ohh pado'TaioT? Tfle? * Symbol; live (an amoeba)
-2U- Combinine the results of the two sets of studies, we findt JIMflH,^ KOTo'pbie Bonpocm tnj- b napxax Oh 0^ Ha saBOflax c ^ Tape) 41 1 flywiaior jim6ht KypHTb JIK)6flT KypHTb pa66TaMT pa6oTaMT 1. KaKHe JiroflH paooTaioT Ha saBOjax c 3HTy3Ha3Mowi? 2. KaKHe JiidflH jiio6ht KypHTb b napKax? 3. KaKHe Jii6flH He jik6ht KypHTb b na'pKax? 4. KaKHe ju6,hh jho'6ht ^ypnTb b na'pnax, ho (but) He pa.6oTaioT na SaBOAaX C 3HTy3H8l3M0M? / b. KaKHe jto,h,h paSoTaioT Ha saBo'aax h ayMaiOT b napKax? 6. KaKHe jik^h patioTaioT c 3HTy3Ha.3M0M Ha aaBO^ax, ho (but) He flywiaioT b na'pKax?
Now that you know most of the letters of the alphabet, it will not be too difficult to learn how to write what you have learned to say. Exerciser Using the English translation as a cue, write out the stories on pp 1, 2 and 13. You will encounter the following letters which have not yet been treated: Letter Transcription As in... in sh xopomo Zh SCHByT, KaSCflblH , XH3HH ch tjacTo, ^HTaioT Tthe word mo is, untypically, pronounced shto) HI Shch TOBapHHJH WORKBOOK! VELARS + j> Velars (k, g, x) + i The consonants k, g, x are called velars. The vowel i. always softens preceding velars. Softening of velars will not be shown in the transcription, since such softening is fully automatic; ki = "ki", £i = "gi", xi = "xi" It follows that the letter h will never be written after velars. The spellings kh, rbi, xh do not exist. Spelled Pronounced Transcribed "udarniki" udarniki KHKra "knigi*" kmgi y^apHMKH xhmhk "jtimik" ximik i£t£»2 are always hard before the vowels a, ,0, u. ]ja, ko, ku etc. do not occur in Russian. It follows "that the letters a, e,» will never occur after velars.
-26- Exercise Write in 1. ki 2. gi 3. xi 4. park 1 Russian. L 5. 6. 7. 8. xixikat dorosim sovetskij velikije Exercise 2 Join jL. Wri Ex. ctoji - 1. Bonpoc 2. rrapK 3« flopor ^ • THrp te in R CTOJIH ussian • 5. 6. 7. 8. rpex nHcaTejtb $KJI0C0($ yflapHHK A Note on the Letters e and 9 The letter 9 is rare in Russian words; e appears instead. 3 is limited to: (1) some foreign words ( noaT - poet, 3HTy3na3M -enthusiasm) (2) a few exclamations (3x! 3M! ) (3) forms of the word 9T0T - this/that. This means that the vowel sound e. causes preceding consonants to soften. te does not occur in Russian words - only te (Te )
-27- ToBapum BopojHH Comrade Borodin TTape] ToBapnin BopoflHH - xopdmnH rpaacflaHHH. Kpa^eT jih BopoflHH KapaHflamn? KoneiHO, Hei! j£T r& ^to oh .ne'jiaeT KaxflHit jeHb? On pafioTaeT Ha saBoje C 9HTy3Ha.3M0M. rio^eMy? IIOTOMy WO OH HaCTOHmHH y^apHHK. Comrade Borodin is a good citizen. Does Borodin steal pencils? Of course not! What does he do every day? He works at the factory with enthusiasm. Why? Because he is a real shock-worker. ToBapunj Bopo^HH yeJiOBeK. - o'leKb KyjibTypHHft rK <y O O Comrade Borodin is a very cultured person. IToaTOMy OH UfHTaeT KHHTH. H h flyMaio, wo oh MoeTCH Kaacflbift fleHb. JIk6HT JIH OH KypHTb B TpojijieH6yce? KoHeiHo,HeT! Oh 3HaeT, ito sto He xopomo, a nJidxo. Therefore, he reads books. And I think that he washes every day. Does he like to smoke in the trolleybus? Of course not! He knows that that is not good, but bad. Symbolj c - good (a halo)
-28- BonpocH Two additional question words: kto - who KaKoit - which, what sort of (Tape 1. Kto TOBapnm Bopo^HH? @) 2. Kpa^eT jih Bopo^HH KapaH^amH? 3. r^e paSoTaeT TOBapnm Bopo^HH? |__J 4. Korfla oh pa6oTaeT? 0 0"O 5. Hto oh .ne'jiaeT Ha saBOfle? ^^L 6. rioqeMy? @ 7. KaKoft rpaacflaHHH padoTaeT c 9HTy3Ha'3M0M? @) S. KaKOH rpaxflaHHH TOB^pum Bopo,n,HH? @> ;■*. KaK Be^eT ceSa TOBa'pHin; BopoflHH?^ 10. Hto oh fle'jiaeT b napKe? (@j 11. Kor^a moktch HenyjibTypHHe jik^h? /£ 12. Kor^a MoeTCH TOBapum EopoflHH? -Q^rC> 13. rio^eMy? 14. Hto iHTaei TOBapHm; EopoflHH? {£} 15. KaKHe jho^h jib6ht KypHTb b TpojuiefiSycax? <(® 16. KaKMe jikah He jhoSht KypHTB b TpojuieHdycax? (v0 (gpj 17. KaKOH tienoBeK TOBapum Bopo^HH? (w) 18. r^e oh He jik>6ht KypHTB? Q\ 19. rio^eMy oh He jik6ht KypHTb b Tpojuie'fiSyce?
-29- Note the following singular-plural contrasts! Singular Plural oh Be,n,eT oh pafioTaeT oh flyMaeT oh flenaeT oh iHTaeT oh Kpa^eT OH MOeTCfl ohh Be^yT ohh pa6oTaiOT ohh flyMaMT ohh fle'jiaioT OHH tiHTSLIOT ohh Kpa^yT ohh mobtch oh jim6ht OHH JIM6hT Ha 3aBOfle b napne b TpojuienSyce KyjibTypHbiM tiejiOBen KaKOH yejioBeK Ha nr-3BO,nax b nap^ax b TpojrjieHSycax KyjtbTypHHe JIMflH Kanne jhohh These endings will be treated in the next chapter, "is/are" "Is/are" is expressed by a short pause, which is sometimes represented in writing by a dash. For all practical purposes, there is no word for is/are. ToBa'pHm Bopo^HH - xopo'mHH rpaxcflaHHH. Ohh - yflapHHKH. PRONUNCIATION OF UNSTRESSED "o" AND "a" Many vowels are pronounced one way when stressed and another way when unstressed. The pronunciation of the sounds represented by unstressed letters "o" and "a": (a) One syllable before the stress, "o" and "a" are both pronounced like short "a". Ex.» Bonpo'c is pronounced approximately "vapro's"
-30- Pronunciation Exercise 1 During 1st reading: iTapel During pauses During 2nd readings Listen, while looking Repeat what you Listen again, at the book. hear. 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. Bonpoc HHKOr^a T_OBapHm np_ocTHTe tiejIOB^K TpojiJieftSyc 7 . KOTOpbie 8. xopo'mHH 9. MOTO'p 10. HaCKOJIbKO 11. padOTaeT 12. TajiaHT (b) In all other unstressed positions, "o" and "a" are both pronounced "uh", approximately as in English around, about. Pronunciation Exercise 2 after stress 1. njidx£ 2. saBo^ax 3. isicto 4. HaCKO'jlBKO 5. Tpojuie^MSycax 6. JiaCKOB£ 7. napKax [Ta£e] two or more syllables before stress 1. xoponrd' 2. Bo_poflHH 3. iKmeiviy k. rpascflaHHH 5 • KapaH^aniH Pronu Underline the unstressed 0 or a0 1 . OH - OHH 2. BOflHT - BOKy 3. ho'cht - Homy h. roBop - roBopio nciatior lTap« Read 1 Exercise 3 aloud 0 Listen0 5« xopomHH - xopomo/ °» npo'do - npocToft 7« njidxo - njioxo'fi 8* saBO^ax - ropo^ax
-31- WORKBOOKt UNPAIRED CONSONANTS Six Russian consonants are unpairedi 3 are always soft, 3 are always hard. Since the softness or hardness of these six consonants is automatic, it will not be shown in the transcription. In other words, no cedilla will appear under any of these consonants in the transcription, even when they are phonetically soft. j, which is always soft in pronunciation, has already been discussed. The other five are: always hard always soft U Transcribed sh zh ch shch Pronounced sh zh ts ch shch Approximately as in English shoe azure cats cheap fresh cheese Hard sh and zh do not exist in English. In pronouncing English sh and zh, the tongue is close to the hard palatej in Russian, the tongue is more concave. During Listen while book. sha zha tsa sho zho fso 1st read to the s Pronunciation Exercise ins yllable looking at the hard zhu shu fsu t"se zhe she During Repeat hear. | Tape soft cha she ha che shche cho shcho chu shchu pause what you During Listen hard sha cha zhu shchu tse che zhe and 2nd reading againo soft she shche chu zhu shchu tl3U shu
-32- After hard unpaired consonants, the sound i has the same sound as after other hard consonants. This is the sound normally represented by the Russian letter h. Pronunciation shi zhi tsi chi shchi Tape Exercise shi chi zhi shchi tsi Spelling Vowels after the Unpaired Consonants After paired consonants the vowel letters have two functions! (1) They show the vowel sound; (2) They show whether the preceding consonant is hard or soft. After unpaired consonants, the vowel letters have only one function: they show the vowel sound. They lose their second function here, since the unpaired consonants are already either hard or soft. The spelling of vowels after unpaired consonants does not reflect their soft or hard characters. The following spelling conventions determine how vowel sounds are spelled: a u i o e. m, 3K, n, y, m After all 5 of these consonants, both the 3 hard ones m, sc, n and the 2 soft ones n, nj - a and u, are written a, y i» 2.t §. are written H,e,e a is spelled a: 2_acro (often) ~ map (sphere) u is spelled y: anrpnaji (magazine) *jryMa (plague) i is spelled Hi WHByT (live) HacToaigHH (real) jo is spelled e : xc£JithM (yellow) ti£pHHft (black) e. is spelled ex ^ejtOBeK (person) _i^ejiHH (whole)
-33- Exceptions t (1) In a few words, unpaired consonant + o is spelled "o" rather than e , as in xopomo'. (2) ts + i is sometimes spelled ijh . This spelling will b~e treated later. Exercise Write in 1 • sha 2. zha 3. tsa 4. cha 5. shcha 6. shi 1 ;tssian. 7. zhi 8. tsi 9. chi 10. shchi 11. bolshim 12. sochi 13. Ik. 15. 16. 17. ulitsam tovarishchi xuzhe zhon chom 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. chest oshibku zhuk karandashi nastojashchij Exercise 2 Add ii, ijt, at. Write in Russian. u j/fc 1. !j.ezh 2. konch 3. slish 4. smotr 5. govor 6. gishch at
-3U- Exercise Using the English translation as a cue, learn to write the story on p. 27 in Russian. _ — - — " — - — - Ritual 2 (Tape \ y Bac ecrfe Bonpocu? y MeHH o^hh Bonpoc. riojinTHnecKHH? HeT, rpaMMaTHnecKHM. noaca'jiyHCTa, CTy^e'HT 3o'jiotob ( CTy,n,eHTKa 36jiOTOBa ). Do you have questions? /By you are-there questions?/ I have one question. /By me there-is one question./ Political? No, grammatical. Please, student Zolotov. Beginning with Ritual 2, learn to write each ritual in Russian, just as you have done each story. This means going back to p. 18 for Ritual 1. YES - NO QUESTIONS A yes-no question is one whose answer may start with "yes" or "no", e.g., "Are you going?", "Do you know?" Questions with interrogatives are not yes-no questions, e.g., "Who is it?", "What did he say?", "How will she take it?" In Russian, yes-no questions are commonly identical to direct statements, differing only in intonation. Statement: ToBapum Bopo^HH paSo'TaeT1. (Comrade Borodin works.) Question: ToBapmn, Bopo&HH pa6oTaeT?(Does comrade Borodin work?) (with a question intonation) Yes-no questions may also be formed by: (1) placing the verb first in the sentence, and then (2) inserting the particle jih after it. The rest of the word order remains the same.
-35- Statement: ToBapnm BopojuiH iHTaeT. Question : HnTaeT jih TOB&pHm BopojjHH? Statement: Ohh jjyMaioT b na'picax. Question s HyMaioT jih ohh b napKax? JIh questions normally express doubt, and the speaker usually assumes a negative answer to his question. Drill Convert to yes-no questions, using Jin. 1. JIj6jj;h acHByT b napKax. 2. BOPO^HH JIK)6hT KypHTb. 3. Ohh jik)6ht KypHTb b Tpojijie'M6ycax. h. Oh imaeT khhth. 5# HeKyjibTypHbie juo'jih mo'iotch b neojcax. Answers 1. }KHByT jih jhojj,h b napKax? 2. JIk>6ht jih Bopojj,HH KypHTb? 3. J1io6ht jih ohh KypHTb b TpojTJieH6ycax? k. ^HTaeT JIH OH KHHrH? 5. Moiotch jik HeKyjibTypHbie jii6jj,h b napKax? Drill l Tape 1 Convert the statements which you will hear on the tape to yes-no questions, using jih. Kx. Tare Ohh paooTaioT. Sav during pause PaSOTaiOT JIH OHH? Listen
-36- QUESTIONS CONTAINING QUESTION-WORDS Questions containing question words do not have jih. KaK acuByT yflapHHKH? We have had the following question wordsi r,ne tiTO KaK Korj;a kto KaKofl KaKHe Drill Tape Form a question with the question-word which is appropriate to the underlined word in each statement below. Ex. Statement: Ohh paSo'iaioT Ha 3aBQ,gax, Question : r,n,e ohh pa6o'TaroT? 1. Ohh JiicfetfT KypHTb b TpojiJieft6yce. 2. Oh acHBeT njio'xo. 3. Oh .nyMaeT. 4. Oh ^ywiaeT b napxe. 5. Oh MoeTCH Kaac^biM fleHb. 6. XopdmHfi rpaacffaHHH patSdTaeT c SHTy3na.3MOM. 7. HeKyjibT.ypHbie JiidflH HHKor^a ne mobtch. 8. KyjibTypHbift nejiOBeK MdeTCH Kaacflbift ,n,eHfe. 9. Oh BefleT ce6fl xopomo, 10 o ToBStpum BopQjiHH - xopo'nmft rpaxcflaHHH. 11. B TpojijieM6ycax ohh nHTaioT. 12. Ohh nHTaioT khhth. 13. JIidflH, KOTopbie mojotch b t pojiji eK6ycax, jh66ht KypHTb b na'pnax. STRESS Most Russian words are stressed, i.e., they contain a stressed vowel. The stress will be marked in words of more than one syllable to show which syllable is stressed. MByr is stressed on the second syllable ia'cTO is stressed on the first syllable Russian books do not mark stress. The word ^to has two meanings and two pronunciations, (1) It may mean "what", as in "Hto oh ^e'jiaeT?" in which case it is pronounced "shto". (2) It may mean "that , as in "H flywiaro, mo oh anaeT." in which case it is pronounced "shtuh". To distinguish these two words, we have marked stress ov\r the first and not over the second.
-37- Pre-Translation - This exercise will prepare you for the English - Russian translation on p. ko. In the blanks translate symbols into Russian words. 1. Ohw -&s 2. Mto ^e'jiaioT 3. <§><#$. 4. Oh Q? 5- Tfle ^0> j^~ 6. Oh h. 7. 8. Bopo^HH 9. Ohh' 10. Oh ^ 11. Ohh 09^ 12. ^^^ £$ HHKor.ua He "^ c tf'tf' W# /rlfiv-^ 0f cfT- JUOflH? £<><>
-38- Comprehension Drill > Bjihhck* Listen to the story on tape until you can answer the questions below. New Vocabularyi You are not responsible for learning new words found in Comprehension Drills. They will appear as vocabulry items in upcoming lessons. ropoji, KaK H3Be'cTH0 B BjlHHCKe Tosce .naace Bonpocbi: - city - as is well-known - in Blinsk - also - even ixejiBiM - whole qwcTbifl: - clean, pure ax! - a sign of emotion (in this case, ecstasy) Tape 1 1. FIo^eMy Bjihhck KyjibTypHHfl ropojj? <§&> dg&> 2. FIo^eMy KyjibTypHHe jijo^w XHByT b BjiHHCKe? 3. JIk>6ht jih ohh KypHTt, Ha 3aB0,nax? 4. IlotieMy? 5. JIkSht jih ohh jcypnTfe b na'picax? 6. no^ewiy? 7. JIk6ht jih ohh KypHTfe b TpojiJie'ft6ycax? 8. FIotieMy? 9. Mto ohh jj;e'jiaioT u,e'jiHH jj;eHb? ~CT s2. t$t 10. Ffle ohh mojotch? 1-^- jj;a3Ke: r=p 11. Jlaace b TpojuieH6ycax?! Background notes Trolleybusses in the imaginary city Blinsk are outfitted with individual faucets at each seat.
-39- Pa3roBo'p ( Tape - 3flpa.BCTByKTe! KaK bh noacHBaeTe? — Xopomd, cnacKgo. A bh? - Toace xoporao, cnacHgo. [HeJio'BKaH na'y3a] - Hy, MHe nopa hath. HO CBHflaHHfl, - HO CBHflaHHH. A Conversation - Hello. How are you? — Fine, thanks. And you? - (I'm) fine, too, thank you. [awkward pausej - Well, it's time for me to go. — Good-bye. - Good-bye /for-me it's time to- go/
-Uo- Translation Translate the following sentences into Russian. Mark stress. 1. What do shock-workers do in factories? 2. As far as I know, they work with enthusiasm. 3. Comrades, what do cultured people do in parks? k. They, of course, conduct themselves very well. 5. They know that he reads. They don't know what he reads. 6. Why does he steal pencils at work? 7. Because he doesn't know that that is not good, but bad. 8. What kind of citizen is comrade Borodin? 9. What does a good citizen do at the factory? He works with enthusiasm. 10. A real shock-worker never conducts himself badly in the park. 11. I don't think that he likes to smoke. 12m People who read books wash every day. 13.I don't think that they like to smoke in parks. 14. What sort of people live in trolleybusses? 15. They think about live in parks. 16. Does he live in the park? I don't know.
Chapter }. - Appendix -hl~ Russian Alphabet a 6 B r A e e X 3 H ft K JI M H 0 n Name A B B r fl E E }K 3 H ft K JI M H 0 n of lei a 6s B9 T9 A3 e e xe 33 H tter a, A~ 0 b 4$ % T <i°*d oB * S e £ xc Jt 1-2- U- IX h KpaTKoe -i 6^ Ka 9JB 3M 9H 0 119 ■jc X, ot jL uju ^t-£. H U D 0 ^(JT p c T y $ X n q m 4 •b u h 9 » « Name P C T y $ X u h m m t H b 9 B fl of letter 9p 9C T9 y 9$ xa ne ie ma 14a frp a C ■7TL WV #JL Qb&> x x ^4. 1 fc u^UL jmJJ^ TBepflblft 3HaKo epw be iiarKHfi 3HaK 3 £- a oSopoTHoe/i. J? C? BO H wic SL& Literal translation of letter names, 1 short "i" 2 hard sign 3 soft sign k backwards "e'
-1*2- HANDWRITING 1. Tall letters; 6 - <f b - ■£■ a - 9 jiio6ht - jUnfuM. scHBeT - MILvtifL p,a - 2cl^ 2. NOT tall letters: a - yL u - 61 ijejibift - U,LAULC 3. Below the line: A - _^_ 3 - n^ p - n_ y - u, $ - ch, 4. Above the line: 3 - 3 Y - V (capital letters) 5. Preceded by a hook: ji - </l m - UO h - J>t This hook is less pronounced when the letter is joined to a preceding one. jho£h - uLHTtlOC' ^ejiaioT - QCMltfrftL' h - & roBopHT - Ifi^irnJliM- MOioTCfl - MMtWUi $aMHjiKH - Cp<LM-lLUL^- 6. Joining letterst All letters are joined on both sides, except: (a) 0 and U are not joined to the following letter 6aji - QOJL %a. - &CL, (b) (,/LiUUiJ^ are not joined after o oji - (X/L om - Cjll oh - CJL 7. Do not confuse: (a) r ( X ) and n ( -t, ), r has a rounded top, q has a squared top like English^, r^e - 1Cj£, Kor^a - XC%&0- qejioBeK - AJL>U>Mtt (t>) m (j^c ) and h ( ct )! h has no preceding hook. (c) The long tail in y ( iy ) and the short ones in u,( t£ ) and ^ ( cq. ). a63au,- Ctffiyiq, TOBapHni - mH'^fUCC^ flyMaio - OiLlUl^r 8. Difficult to make: (a) 3K (")4C) "spread out": (b) $ (gfcL) "spreaa out": (X? &hjioco(|) - (hlL/UC/ytTp-
-1*3- (c) a(JL) "spread out" t J^ jik)6ht - (d) 9(9) First 0 , then - oto - Sifut 9. Optional» (a) The lines above t (m. ) and below m( UL ) are optional, but common. riHmHTe - TUiaUUTU- OR yuuiULWA- There is no line below m ( U^ ) « TOBapum - 1?l£v&/UlUg (b) A and £? are both common ways of writing # . You may use either, #a- ^kl .or ^L-
—UU- CHAPTER 2 POSSESSIVES For most of the nouns which we have had so far, the possessive (geni. tive case) is formed by ioining as napKa (of the park) saBo'^a (of the factory) TOBapuma (of the comrade) yMHTeJifl (of the teacher) b napice TOBapnina HBaHQBa (in the park of comrade Ivanov OR in comrade Ivanov's park) Dr Tr; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ill 1 anslate into Russian the director the director of of the the i [director factory __ ^ park comrade Petrov's Dark in comrade Petrov's the director Gladkov) of park Gladkov' __, _ ._ — - flHpe'lCTOp] — ....—.. .. ■ .~..~- (in the park of. s factory (...of ——., ._ —,— ..)_ the „ . „, _~ , -_. factory -— ., . of H°.w. .?^...Prepax§„.AtSrJ£e.§„-.i,n JLhJL§_B^o.ok THE INSTRUCTIONS BELOW APPLY TO ALL REMAINING STORIES IN THE BOOK. §JLaJL*LJLt Before 11 steni'ng to the tape, read the story out loud, mistakes and all. This is to give you a general idea of the story and to su?ffest some of the things to listen for in Stage 2. Refer to the English translation when needed. Stage_2: Using the tar>e, listen and repeat one sentence or phrase at a time. Create your own pauses by starting and stopping the tape. Be sure you understand what you are saying. §_tag.e.„J2' The opposite of Stage 1. Proceeding one sentence at a time, (1) Look at the English; (2) Say the sentence in Russian; (3) Play the tape to hear if you have Ksi-i it correctly.
»"I -U5- Stage kt Answer the questions on tape. This step prepares you to understand and use the sentences of the story in the environment you will encounter in class, i.e., as answers to questions. Stage 5» After working with the tape, write the story out in Russian to be sure you can spell what you can say, i.e., make a written translation from English to Russian and check as you go. IlapK flHpe'KTopa EopOflUHa Tape ToBa'pHm BopoflHH - flupe'icrop napica. Jlio,nn HHKor,zi;a He Be^yT ce6a ruio'xo b napice flupejcropa Bopo^HHa. IloMeMy? IIOTOMy ito ohh 3HaioT, ito Bopo^HH - aKTHBHCT.l J!a, hh He BefleT ce6n njidxo b napice flupe'icTopa BopoflHHa'.* KTO * flaace 6e3ReMhttHKM. Be^yT ce6i xopomd b napice flupeicTopa Bopo^HHa. The Park of Director Borodin Comrade Boroqlin is the director of a park. People never conduct themselves badly in director Borodin's park. Why (not)? Because they know that Borodin is an activist. Yes, nobody conducts himself badly in director Borodin's park.* * Even loafers conduct themselves well in director Borodin's park. Bonpocu: Tape 1. Kto EopoflHH? ; p 2. KaK Be^yT cedii 6e3flejibHHKH?^ 3. KaK ohh( Be^yT ce6fl b na'pice flHpe'icropa BopOflHHa'? 4. rioweMy? 5. Kto Be.neT ce6^ ruioxo b na'pne ^upe'icTopa BopOflHHa? 1 "A member of the most progressive, politically steeled and active section of the (Communist) party or other social organization." (Quote from a Soviet dictionary.)
-H6- WOMB_OOKj„ e/e When not stressed, the letter e is written without the two dots. Trans c r ip t i_on Iol/ vodu . ot zna.jot tJishot ["sis ay"] [u3HaeT"] ['nHineT'3 Russian B6JI Bew Kpa^eT 3Ha'eT nwrneT We will sometimes refer to the letter as e/e, to remind you to spell it "e" when unstressed. Whenever you see "e " in a word, you know that it is stressed; if it were not, it would be written "e". Kpa^eT is necessarily stressed on the last syllable; if it were not, it would be written"KpafleT" For that reason, words that contain the spelling " e" do not require and will not have a stress marki acuBeT, not 'acHBeT' Exercise Jl A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. B. In the following w ords, the missing vowel is e/e. Put in the correct spelling, i.e., e or e, depending Kpa,n, t CTaH T 3CHB ' T naj '__t o^eH t pa66ia t njiaM t Which of the above stress marks? Why? on the stress. 8. num t 9 • ac h 10. x Ha 11. c *"*' CTpa 12. c ^_CTpu 13« c Jid 14. c |_Jia words do not require
.!.7_ PRONUNCIATION :. UNSTRESSED,''e'1.. AND .",* " The sounds represented by the letters "e, a " are pronounced like short Pr onunc iati on Exercise Purine; 1st reading BHXins_.ESJi§s. During 2nd reading Listen, while look- Repeat. Listen again, ing at the book. (Reduced e and a are underlined) 1. 2. '3. i, **•. 5. 6. 7. Be«y Hecy CTaHeT 3HaeT flejiaeT He flyMaio He 3HaeT Tape 8. He 3Ha'eTe 9« Te'jio; Tejia' 1°« p^kh; p_eK H» chhji; chh. 12. TJiHyji "" 13- Md'eT l^' H3^K INTRODUCTION TO. VERB CONJUGATION IMJitt™* For almost every verb of Russian there is a form from which ail other forms of the verb can be predicted. This form, called _the stejri, will be employed throughout this book as the basic form of "the verb. The stem will be followed with "+" to show that endings must be joined to convert it into an occurring word of the language. Stems ending in consonants are called consonant stems; stems ending in vowels are vpwel stems? all the verbs we have encountered except juo6h+- (like) and KypR+"Xsmoke) are consonant stems. Remember that M is a consonanto Below is a list of all the consonant stems we have encountered. Befli- Kpa^i- paSo'Tawi .n.e'jiaftf 3HaM+ ,nyMaft+ qnTafi-*- KHB-P (conduct) (steal) (work) (do) (know) (think) (read) (live) In grammatical endings,"h" is pronounced "juh"
-H8- THE PRESENT TENSE OF CONSONANT STEMS The present tense of consonant stems is formed by .ioining y» eaib, pt eM, eTe. vt "^ the stem* Singular a xhb -► y-* XHBy (I live) th xhb -► emb—* acuBenib* (you live) OH/oHa xhb -*■ eT—* acHBeT (he/she lives) * The b here does not change the pronunciation of the preceding m. It is merely a spelling convert trior, found in this ending. Plural mh jkhb + eM-» XHBeM (we live) bh xhb + eTe—* acHBeTe (you live) ohh xhb •♦• yT—» schb^t (they live) You th and bh are both rendered in English as "you"; grammatically, th is singular, bh is plural. 1. When referring to more than one person, bh must be used. T0Bapnmn! Bh 3HaeTe. 2. When referring to one person, either th or bh mav be used. th is informal: (like French tu) MaMa! Th 3Haemb. bh is nots (like French vous) ToBa'pum Bopo^HH! Bh 3HdeTe. In general, use th when addressing (a) a child, (b) members of your own family, (c) a close acquaintance, (d) an animal. A good rule of usage is to answer as addressed. Stems ending in ft h 3Haio mh 3Ha'eM th 3Ha'emb BHSH^eTe OH/OHa 3HaeT OHH 3HaK)T
— i+9— Stems ending in the consonant ft differ from other consonant stems in the following ways: 1. Spelling Since j + vowel is spelled as a single vowel letter, the a of the stem is lost in the spelling. Transcription: znaj + u—* zna.iu Russian: 3HaM + y—* 3Haio 2. SJxesjs Stems ending in h * are stressed on the stemj stems ending in other consonants are stressed on the ending. Note that endings which contain e are spelled with e whenever the endings are not stressed. Compare the stems and the spelling of e/e in: 3Haft* 3KHB+ audio acuBy 3Haemb MBeib 3HaeT XHBeT The stem Be;m- In the forms of the verb introduced so far, the stem vowel has been unstressed and has therefore been written e. B_eaeT, Be_,nyT However, it is important to know that the verb stem is sefl+, so that when a stressed form does occur (e.g., Ben- he conducted), you will know to spell and pronounce it as e. 3• Rendition into English The present tense in Russian corresponds to the English simple present and present progressive. oh pado'TaeT - he works, he is working * As are stems in h, discussed later.
50- Drill 2 Translate into Russian. 1. thev live 2. we 1 ive _„___„__ . _._ _... 3. you live ( bh ) __,_. _._,.„.„ k. you live ( iu )__ ._ __ 5. he steals 6. I steal 7. they work 8. I am working 9. he works ___„, „,_ .__„__ 10. we know 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 20. you think ( bh ) you know ( th ) . . , I read she is reading., you conduct yourself badly ( BH )___ „ . . __. I do he does we do they do Numbers | Tape Listen and Repeati OflHH, 1 Tpn, 3 ^eTHpe, 4, 4 nHTb, 5 mecTb, 6 1, 2 3, 4 3, 4 5, 6 3, 4, 5, 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Fje xhb.vt thtph? Tape MaMa, rfle XHByT( THrpbi? THrpH XHByT B AWh. fl XHBy B A'3HH? HeT, TH He MBeib B A'3HH. A th h nana, bh scHBeTe b A'3hh? HeT, MH He KHBeM B A3HH. KaK TaK? TaK Kax mh He THrpH. Where Do Tigers Live? Mommy, where do tigers live? Tigers live in Asia. Do I live in Asia? No, you don't live in Asia. And you and Daddy, do you live in Asia? No, we don't live in Asia. How come? /how so?/ Because (inasmuch as) we're not tigers.
-52- Yj.?,b,,,Cj?nJLU^aj^pji_DrJJ.l & ^ $v 4»t 3CHB+ Kpa^+ Befl+ ce 6d Sxmb^gJLs nji6xo 1^ S c AyMaS+ pa6oTaS+ MHT8lft+ Tape Answer in Russian during the pause. The number will identify the question; do not repeat the number. Ex. Tape h$3¥?JzL„J^]LiQ£.JB31i3jL O^h'h. ^to oh ^e'jiaeT? ^^ Oh Kpa^eT. Listen 3. ^% •5. -^ 6. ^k. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. K2/ 2. Q *. /Si 6. A^l 1. 5. 6. Xbl 1. ^>£ k. <^ 5' \/$l 6- (3
-53- Ritual 3 Tape KaKaH oto omndica? _ 9to frpyfiaji 1 |rpaMMaTH^ecKasj HaHBHas THnHMHatfl (JOHeTHtiecKas nojiHTHtiecKan - What kind of mistake is that? omH6Ka.* — That is a {terrible naive typical grammatical! phonetic political mistake. Combine any adjective from the fir^t column with any from the second. PLURALS The (nominative) plural of most nouns is formed by joining i. Remember that i is spelled w or h , depending; on the preceding consonant. §„in£Ul5£ Plural 3aBOJ Bonpdc napic y^apHHK TOBa'pum 3aBOflU Bonpo'cH napKH y^a'pHHKH 6e3fle'jIBHHKH TOBapHmH 2. Nouns ending in -op usually join stressed a» ?. Exceptions flHpeKTOp HHCne'KTOp ^ejiOBeK AHpeKTopa * HHcneKTopa MK>RH notei plurals anpeicropa possessives .nnpeicropa
-5U- Plural Drill Tape Convert from singular to 1. 3aBO,n, 2. TpojiJieSdyc 3. napK 4. flHpeKTop 5. HHcn^KTop He Kpa^eT. 6. Me^oBeK pa6o'Taef. plural. 1. 2. 3. k. .5. y^apHHK paSo'TaeT. KoHfl,yKTop 3HaeT. ToBapnm Be^eT ceda xopomo'. Mid oh fleJiaeT? Oh He 3HaeT, mto oh Be^eT ceda njidxo. The relative KOJIoguiL (who/thatch ich|« (sg) KaacflHfi iieJioeeK, KOTopfaift qniaeT b na'pKe... (pi) JIio'flH, KOTopue ^ht^iot b na'pKe...
-55 vC<^ (# 1 /f / i Z^> B 3Qona'pKax Tape T^e WHByT THTphl, KOTOpHe He aCHByT B A'3HH? HaCK(5jIbKO Mbl 3HaeM, THrpH, KOTOpHe He SCHByT B A'3HH, aCHByT B 30ona'pKax. ToBa'pHm Bopo^HH - HHCne'KTop b 30ona'pKe. ToBapnm: 3o'jiotob - To'ace HHcneKTop b 30ona'pice. Mt6 3TO 3Ha',MKT? 3'tO 3Ha*IHT, 1TO TOBapHH5H BopOflrfH H 3d-HOTOB - HHCneKTOpa B 30onapKax. OflHH THrp acHBeT b 30onapKe TOB^pnnja Bopo,HHHa. Hpyroii THrp raBeT b 30ona'pKe TOBap«ma 3o'jioTOBa. I'iip jiioSflT acHTb THrpH? JIk)6ht jih T«rpH scHTb b soona'pKax? KaK «3BecTHo, 30onaDK TOBapnma Bopo^HHa qrfcTHfi h KyjibTypHitrf. 3oonapK TOBapnma 3ojiOTOBa He o'^eHb iihcthh h He oVeHb KyjibTypHwfi. Il03TqMy THrp, KOTdpafl acHBeT b 30ona'pice TOBa'pnma 3o'jioTOBa, He jh66ht acHTb b 30ona'pKe TOBapHnja 3o'jioTOBa. 0 ^ieM flyMaioT THrpH, KOTo'pne acHByT b 30onapKax? THrp, KOTopHH acHBeT b 30onapKe TOBa'pHma 3o'jioTOBa, flywaeT o sh3hh b 30onapKe TOBapnnja Bopo^HHa. Twrp, KOTopbiM acHBeT b 30ona'pKe TOBa'pnnja BopoflHHa, .ny^aeT o acH3HH B A'3HH.
-56- Where do timers live who don't live in Asia? As far as we know, timers who don't live in Asia live in soon. Comrade Borodin is an inspector in a zoo. Comrade Zolotov is also an inspector in a zoo. What does that mean? That means that comrades Borodin and Zolotov ar*5 inspectors in zoos. A certain tiger lives in comrade Borodin's zoo. Another tiger lives in comrade Zolotov's zoo. Where do tieers like to live? Do tigers like to live in zoos? As is well-known, comrade Borodin's zoo is clean and cultured. Comrade Zolotov's zoo is not very clean and not very "mil-tured. Therefore, the tieer who lives in comrade Zolotov^s zoo doesn't like to live in comrade Zolotov's zoo. What do tigers who live in zoos think about? The tiger who lives in comrade Zolotov's zoo thinks about life in comrade Borodin's zoo. The tiger who lives in comrade Borodin's zoo thinks about life in Asia. BonpocH [Tape] 1. F#e acHByT tj'tu, KOTcSpae He scHByT b a'shh? 11\\ \\\\ 2. r^e acHByT TrirpH, KOTopae He acHByT b 30onapKax? C^P 3. Mh THrpH, KOTo'pue He acnisev b aWh? r#e mh acwBeM? QJJ |TH 4. H Turp, koto'phh He acHBeT b 30ona'pKe. Tfle a acHBy? Cp 5. KTO TOBapHIH BopOflHH? 6. Kto TOBapnn 3ojiotob? 7. ^TO STO 3HOTHT? 8. H TOBapnm BopoiHH. r -\e .h paSo'Taio? QT\ 9. Bh TOBa'nvrg 3ojiotob. F^e bh pafio'TaeTe? jjjjj 10. Kto acHBeT b 30onapKe TOBapuma BopoflHHa? <iS^S7l Ccontinued)
-57- 11. Kto scHBeT b 30ona'pKe TOBapHma 36jioTOBa? <£2>0Il_ 12. Hen 30onapK yn'cTbift h KyjibiypHbiK? *g [j]j ( neft _ whose) 13. HePi 30onapK He o'^eHb mhcthB h He o'^ieHb KyjibTypwwH? fjjl Gp 14. Kto He jik>6ht schtb b 30onapKe TOBapHma 3o'jioTOBa? H 15. rioqeMy? 16. 0 ueM oh flyMaeT? SU" *' 17. 0 qeM fl^Maei THrp, KOTo'pbift scuBeT b 30ona'pKe TOBapnma BopoflHHa? /""^ HeHopMajibHHfi qeJiQBeK b napne TOBapuma. 5opo,nnHa Tape ToBapHm BopoflHH - ^Hpe'KTop napKa. O^hh 6e3fle'jibHHK jik)6ht napK TOBapHma Bopo^HHa. IIooTOMy oh XHBei b napxe TOBapHma Bopo^HHa. KaKo'M HeHopMa'jibHbiM ^eJioBe'ic! Kax B3Be'cTHO, to'jibko HeHopMajibHHe jiioflH JiiddflT XHTt b napxax. HacKo'jibKO mh 3Ha'eM, 6e3fle'jibHHKH, KOTopwe acHByT b nappcax, Be^yT ce6n njidxo. IIo9TOMy 6e3^e'jibHHK, KOTopbiM KHBeT b nappce TOBapnqa Bopo^HHa, BefleT ceda njidxo. 3HaeT mw BopoflHH, ^to 6e3fle'jibHHK acHBei b na'pKe? - BopoflHH, 3HaeTe jih bh, ^to b na'pKe acHBeT 6e3^e'jibHHK? — Ha, a 3Haio. - M 3HaeTe jih bh, uto des^e'jibHHK, kotq'phh mbSt b na'pKe, Be^eT ceda njidxo? — Jla, a 3Haro. H 6e3^e'jibHHK 3HaeT, *ito h 3Haio.
The Abnormal Person in Comrade Borodin's Park Comrade Borodin is the director of a park. A certain loafer likes comrade Borodin's park. Therefore, he lives in comrade Borodin's park. What an abnormal person! As is well-known, only abnormal people like to live in parks. As far as we know, loafers who live in parks conduct themselves badly. Therefore, the loafer who lives in comrade Borodin's park conducts himself badly. Does Borodin know that a loafer is living in the park? - Borodin, do you know that a loafer is living in the park. — Yes, I do. /Yes, I know./ - And do you know that the loafer who is living in the park conducts himself badly? -- Yes, I know. And the loafer knows that I know. BonpdcH Tape | 1. KTO TOB^pHm BopOflHH? 2. KaK6M tie-noBe'ic mbSt b napice T0Bapnma BopojjHHa? 3. rio^eMy oh xcHBeT b napice TOBapnma Bopo^HHa? 4. KaKHe jho^h jho'Sht shtb b napicax? 5. Kax BeflyT ce6n 6e3^ejibHHKH, KOTopue acHByT b na'picax? 6. Ka,K BefleT ceda 6e3^e'jibHHK, koto'phk acHBeT b na'pKe TOBapnma BopojjKHa? 7. IIoyeMy Be^eT ce6n njio'xo 6e3,nejibHHK, KOTopaft acHBeT b napKe TOBapnma BopoflHHa? 8. SnaeT jih Bopo^HH, *ito b napKe XHBeT 6e3Jj;e'jibHHK? 9. 3Haei jih Bopo^HH, *ito 6e3fle'jibHHK, koto'phM mbSt b na'pKe, Be^eT cedn njidxo?
-59- ^Q?MOPKj„.CpjS£NAN.T...±_.j j is usually found after vowels (zna.iu - 3Haio , mo.io - Moe) or initially (.jes-fc - ecTb * ja - a ) It may also occur after consonants. 1 • Letters—* Trans ctjjd ti on i „Rje c_ogn i &i rig__c .on so nan t _ +_J± We have noted that the soft vowel letters fl,io,e etc. may represent one of two things: (1) Immediately after a consonant letter, they show soft consonant + vowel, Tii - ta (2) ?lap«.vhere, they show ,i + vowel fl - ja moh - mqia The soft sign 7 fc ) and hard sign ( i> ) are not consonant letters. Therefore fe or % + soft vowel letter represents j + vowel. Consonant letter + fl = a Tfl - ta Any..i.hi,rig.,.e_lse•_+ _ fl j= j_a (nothing; + fl ) fl - ja (vowel letter + fl) aa - aj,a ( fc+ fl) Tbfl - t.ia ( ■h + fl) tt>h - jtja £> shows that the consonant preceding j is soft or unpaired; % shows that it is hard? .§.&£.£ consonant + .i» BopodbeB - vorob.jov nbio _ pju flbflBOji - diavol unpajLr ed._.c gn^onarit^jt. ..2J. conibeM - soshj,om pyscbe _ ru?.hjp *ifcfl - c£ia hard, consonant + _,i: 0Tbe3fl - o_tj_e_zd oSteM - ob j pm Btexaji - vj^ejcal In short, when you see a soft vowel letter without an immediately preceding consonant letter, j is present. It is often true that consonants preceding "e> are now pronounced soft. In such cases, the choice of fc or t is conventional, not phonetic. Certain grammatical forms have i> , others h . See p. g^ below.
-6o- Exercise 1 A. Which of the unde below are immedia (Write numbers) B. Transcribe. 1. Te 6. 2. e 7. 1. oe 8. 4. Tbe 5. Ti>e 9. 6. rline tely IlbK) ior TK) aro TT>K) d pr soft eced< vowe 3d by 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1 letters in the words a consonant letter? e_ Te Tt_e Tbe 16. me 17.mbe 18. ^bio 19 • *m 20. acbfl Exercise 2 Transcribe. 1. Kpa.neT _ 2. no.n.'beM _ 3. CTaTbH _ 4. naMHTH _ 5. flflflfl 6. ^.bHBOJI 7. tiyflo _ 8. IlbK) 9o aceH 10. pyacbe 2. Transcription —» Letters When you see a consonant + j. in transcription, be sure to write h or t before the soft vowel letter. Ma s]vj_a .flbtf ffl"bfl hard C + j fsoft C + ,i (.unpaired C + ,i Exercise 3 Transcribe. 1. tia . t1' ^___^——— 2. dio 3. t.ia . . . . 4. d.io 5. chia 6.cha 7. da 8. da 9. d.ia ... 10. d^a _ __ 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. penija pen? a > .,t ,._ vol ■- ob ,i om zhit.io .
1-61- Exercise k I What is the final consonant of the following words. Write the consonant in transcription. Ex. flHHfl - n 1. MOftKa 4. CTaTbH 7 • MHTbe 2. Cama 5» 3^opoBi>fl: 8, nojiro 3» He^ejiH 6. 3flaHHH 9» Bece-nfcio 3- The^,,function of i> The letter % is used when adding prefixes ending in a consonant to stems beginning in j,i e.g., H3 + hchh - ijz + jasni If H3 were followed directly by hchh, the first consonant of the stem - X - would be lost in spelling! h3hchh - izasni The letter t keeps this from happening! H3-biiCHH - jz.jasni Exercise 5 Write in such a way that the first consonant of the stem is not lost. Ex. pod + exa-f - no^iexat (a) £gd+ (b) i_z+ (c) ob+ (d) v+ 10 exat 1. Seraftr 1. hchh+ 1. xojh+ 2. nacat 2. hchh+ 2. pa6QTafi+- 2.e,n+ 3. HHMafl-t- 3. MeHH+ 3. odmHf 3.hihM+ 4. eMt 4. esfft _____ 4. eMt 4.exa+
-62- ToBapum Bopo6beB Tape ToBa'pum BopodbeB, KaaceTca, - mioxoS ^ejioB^K. BopoSbeB h MypaBbeB - HHcneKTopa. HHcne'KTop BopoSbeB Kpa^eT KapaH^araH. Oh KT>a,EclT KapaH^aniH .naace Ha CBoeM 3aBo'^e. JIa, yipoM oh Kpa^eT KapaHsamii Ha CBoeM 3aBo'fle. A Be^epoM oh Kpa^eT KapaH^amri Ha 3aBo',ne nHcneK?ot?a MypaBbeBa. Ho MypaBbeB, xaaceTCH, o^ieHb .nofipbift ^eJioBeic, ho njioxoM HHCneKTop. Oh He xd^eT .nyMaTb, *ito jihj^h Kpa^yT. MypaBbeB, KaaceTCH, ^e'jiaeT omiib'Ky. Comrade Voro^jov Comrade Vorobjov, it seems, is a bad person. Vorob.jov and Murav.iov are inspectors. Inspector Vorobjov steals pencils. He steals pencils even at his own factory. Yes, in the morning he steals pencils at his ovm factory. And in the evening he steals pencils at inspector Murayjov's factory. But Murayjov, it seems, is a very kind man, but a bad inspector. He doesn't want to think that people steal0 Murav.iov, it seems, is making a mistake.
-63- Bonpo'cH [Tape" 1. KaKoft MeJioBeK TOB^pnm BopodbeB? 2. IloqeMy h rju3.k>, uto oh njioxoM qeJioBeV? -^6 3. Kor^a oh Kpa.neT KapaHflamH Ha cBoeM 3aBo^e? 'p>-- ** 4. Kor.ua oh Kpa^eT KapaHsanK Ha 3aBo'^e HHcneKTopa MypaBbeBa? *(f* 5. Kor#a Kpa^eT HHcne'fCTop MypaBbeB? ^/^ 6. Kaxyio omnSKy ^ejiaei MypaBbeB? BUTi a and ho Both "a" and " ho" correspond to English "but". a is often used when contrasting: He Ha 3aB0fle, a b napKe (not in the factory, but in the park) It is sometimes translated as( "and": Ytpom oh padoTaeT Ha 3aBO^e, a Be'^epoM b napice. (In the morning he works at the factory, and in the evening in the park.) ho is stronger, and^ has the meaning of "however". Ho MypaBbeB o'^eHb flo'6pHti ^ejioB^K. (But Muravjov is a very kind person,,)
■6k- WORKBOOK: THE STRUCTURE OF NOUNS A. Cases Russian words appear in one of 6 cashes, of which we have encountered four. The form of these four cases in the word saBo'fl are: Nominative. Accusative Genitive Er.§JP^.?l.'tijonal Singular, 3aBOfl 3aBOfl 3aBojta 3aBOfle Plural 3aBOflH 3aBOflH [ ] not yet treated 3aB0flax " 3aBo'fl " is said to be in the nominative or accusative singular, " 3aBO^a " in the genitive singular, etc. ?iPP.il!iLiive_casie t The forms a word takes when it serves as the subject of the sentence. 3aBOJ, - tjHCTHM. 3aBO,gH - IHCTHe, (The factory is clean.) (The factories are clean.) Accusative case: [identical in this word to the nominative case] The forms which a. word takes when it serves as the direct object of a verb. Oh jiio6ht jsaBojj. Oh ji»6ht saBdflbi. (He likes the factory.) (He likes the factories.) Genitive? case i Has possessive meaning, and may be translated "of". AHpeKTop 3aBoja (director of the factory) Prepositional case: found after certain prepositions. Two of them are Ha and b. Ha aaBOfle Ha 3aBd,n,ax b napKe b nat)Kax (in/at the factory) (in/at the factories) (in the park) (in the parks) iL
-65- P Il4 i.n£ s_ an_d_,_ S_te m 1 • EjidjLngs. The a in 3aB0fla is called the genitive singular ending, the i in 3aB0,n,H the nom. and ace. pi. endings, etc. Endings will be written in transcription whenever they are dircussed as such. Like all transcription, they will be underlined. 2« §_te_m. The word 3aB0,n,bi consists of two part*?! 3aBOfl + _i. (Notice that the ending has heen written in transcription.) 3aB0fl+ is the part of the word that means "the noun .£a&£ojry in "the abstract" - before it has been specified as to case and number, i.e., before endings have been ioined. Such an abstraction is called a stem, and as with verbs, is followed by "+". + shows that endings must be added. A word is a combination of stem + ending* Spelling rules determine whether hard or soft vowel letters are used to represent the endings. Exe rej.se 1 Join a to the following stems. napK KHH3b_ Mafi (prince) (Mav) Join i to the following stems, cafl_ napK MaM (srarden) KapaHflam Answers napKa KHH3H Man caflbi napKH Man KapaHflamH A stem is an abstraction from all the forms of a given word, is the common element that all the forms share0 It ?j£sr.?i^^ 2_ Abstract stems garden ca^,H caflax ca^a Stem: Answers^ ca#+ fr om the following wrijter nncaTe.nn nHcarejiHX nHcaxejifl _„._—— nHcaTejib+ se ts of wj^rds. hero repoH repoHX repoH —— repoft+
-66- Zero In the word 3aBOfl , nominative-accusative singular is conveyed by the absence of an ending, i.e., by the presence of nothing. Nothing may convey information. The failure to have an ending in the above word conveys the information "nominative-accusative" and "singular". The nothing which conveys information is called "zero" and will be written with the symbol $. Thus t Nominative Accusati ve Genitive Pre£OS-lii ona 1 e i — Plural. saBoj + i 3aBOfl * % [ ] 3aBo'fl ■+• ax Singular 3aBOfl ♦ £$ 3aBOfl + ^ 3aBo'fl •*■ a 3aBOfl 3aBo'fl+ is a sjtem with the meaning "factory in the abstract"; 3aBOfl+ ^ is a word with the meaning "nom.-acc. sg. of factory". The direction analyze meansi represent a word with + after stem and with endings in transcription, e.g., analyze 3aBo',n;H - 3aBOfl + i analyze 3aBo',n; - 3aBOfl + £ Exe^r c i_se_ j, _. Analyze the rather than Norn. sg. Gen, sg, Norn.. pi. Pre£.f_,J).l. S tem t words in the repeating the (question) Bonpoc Bonpoca Bonpocbi BOPDOCaX spaces to stem. the (zero) Hyjib HyjiH HyjiH Hyjiflx riff ht. Use ditto marks (c owb oy) KOBSofi KOBdOH KOB60H kob6ohx In Russian words, the vowel e always softens preceding paired consonants.
-67- Answersi Bonpoc - ii _ n _ n _ Bonpoc+ i a ax Hyjib- ii _ ii _ n _ Hyjib+ t a i ax KOB6oft- £ " - a " ~ i " - ax KOBdoft-t- The symbol "£" distinguishes the nom. sg. and the stem of these words. D» The Purpose of Transcription A paired consonant letter may represent either a hard or a soft consonant sound. You cannot tell which without reference to the subsequent letter. Exercise k Transcribe the underlined as either 1 or \, Answers 1. *a i 2. j£h i 3. a£b l 4. aji i A soft vowel letter may represent either a preceding j or a preceding paired soft consonant. You can tell which with reference to the preceding letter. Exercise 5 Transcribe letters as 1 . MOH 2. TH 3. HT 4. HTH the eitl underlined ier ,a or ja0 Answers ja .a la ,a These ambiguities (j = 1 or 11 a = ja, or ,a) present no problem in reading, for the sound of a Tetter can always be determined by reference to the following or to the preceding letter. Ambiguities arise only when describing parts of words - stems or endings; or, in other words, when analyzing grammar. Transcription resolves these ambiguities and permits economical description of stems and endings. The examples below illustrate the purpose of transcription in grammatical analysis. Do not attempt to memorize the forms used in the examples.
-68- Example_ 1. - The genitive jxLjj rja 1 Nouns whose nominative singular ending is a vowel form their genitive plural an follows! (science) (word) (desert) (party) (assignment) Norn. sg. Hayna cjiobo nycTtJHH napTHH saj^HHe* Gen. pi. HayK cjiob nycTHHh napTMH 3aja.HHfi Exerci.se 6 Analyze the above words. Nom. sg. Gen. pi. Answerst HayK + a cjiob + £ nycTHHb+a HayK+^ cjiob-*-^ nycTHHb-t-^ napTnfi+a na'pTuM-t-^ 3aflaHHH-t»£ 3aflaHHft»^ Compare the two descriptions of the genitive plural below, the first using transcription and the second using Russian alphabet letters. Description 1: Using transcription The genitive plural of all these words is j6 and is formed by dropping the final vowel. Description 2; Using Russian letters lo If the nom. sg. ends in a hard vowel letter, drop the vowel letters Hay'ica cjio'bo HayK cjiob 2. If the nom. sg. ends in a soft vowel letter, drop the vowel letter and add " b"t nycTHHH nycTHHb However, if the nom, sg. ends in a soft vowel letter which is preceded by "h ", drop the vowel letter and add "fl ". nap-run na-pTHft 3aflaHHe sajaHHK The genitive plural is clearly more simple to describe in transcription than in Russian alphabet letters. The letter e in this word is actually an unstressed e - not important for the point being made here.
-69- Example 2 - The masculine singular Nouns whose nom. sg. ends in £ may form their gen. sg. as followst Nom. sg. 3aBo'fl ryct ipaMBafi Gen, sg. 3aB0.ua ry'cn TpaMBaa Description using transcriptionj The gen. sg, of all these words is formed by joining a. to the stem. Description using Russian alphabet letters 1. If the nom. sg. ends in a consonant letter, join "a"« 3aB0fl 3aBo'fla 2. If the nom. sg. ends in "b " or "M ", drop the final letter and substitute h: rycb xpaMBaft ryca TpaMBaa Again, the same phenomenon is simpler and clearer when described in transcription. Example 3 - Recovery of stems and roots Below are various case forms of the word "May". The Russian alphabet obscures the common element of these words, i.e., the stem. Transcription exposes the stem. Exercise 7 Write in transcription. MaS Mas Man' Manx In alphabet letters, the common element appears to be "i?a " and the endingsj a, h, h, hx. The transcription shows the common element to be mgj» Answers, maja mail maiax
-70- A root is the element common to a set of related stems, as the stem is the element common to a set of related words. Exercise 8 The following stems contain the root "build". Write in transcription. CTpon+ (build) CTpoeH* (built) CTpoHTejib* (builder) CTpoeHHM-*- (building) cTpofit- (order) Answers: str o j i+ s_t£pj,en+ stroii^el-*- s__r__T_e^_y+ stro'|+ Transcription shows that the root - the element common to all of these stems is stro A« In alphabet letters, the root appears to be " CTpo-"» since the final consonant of the root is obscured by the spelling. The analysis of Russian grammar in terms of alphabet letters yields a description which is« (1) Compli.cated, for it multiplies the number of noun types, endings, and ways of joining endings. (2) Urmatural, for it creates complications which do not exist "in "the spoken language,, We may assume that native speakers of a language understand its structure in terms of ground, patterns rather than in terms of written symbols. If that is true, then complications which are created by the alphabet are unnatural ones. (3) Misle.adinff, for it yields a description of roots, stems and endings "which is intuitively erroneous. The Russian alphabet is an adequate tool for representing wjards, but this may be extremely cumbersome for representing parts of words. This is especially true of nouns and adjective endings. For that reason, when grammar is being discussed as such, noun and ad.iective endings will be written in transcription.
-71- §ujJJl§rZ._ilf^nAiDgi„J^hiph-.i{3-YS, Beerj Treated Ss. PI. nom. 3.CC • gen. prep. -A -a -e -A* (not vet treated) -ax * a(for nouns in -op ) Drill.. Trans1 3 ate Assume 1. of 2. of 3. of 4. of 5. of 6o of 7. in 8. in 9. in 10. in the the the the the insi the the the the into Russian. Mark stress. New Vocabulary: museum - My3efi writer - nuca'rejib "in" - b except that ' nark , „ ___.,. 12. trolleybus___„. 13. comrade,, ., 1^. wr i t e r___ .. 15 • museum . 16. Dec tor Petrov _.._ ... 17 o park ... .... _._.„ _„ 1B« trolleybus _.._ 19• museum 20. factory. ... ...... 21 0 11. trollevbusses . _ ... 22. 'in the factory/ factories" - Ha 3aBo,n;e/3aBc0iax factories „.._,„_ ^ _ parks ...__.. _ „._..,.. ._ ., .,„ .. _ comrades . _...... _.„.. writers _, ..,.__. . _ _ museums _ . _.. „.„_. ... ..... inspectors , . ..................... people . ..___„ _ ...... in narks ... . _ in museums . in trollevbusses in factories ..
-72- Ritual i± Tape Bu yicpajiH Moft KapaH^am. noMeMy? IIpocTO Tan. fl jik)6jiio KpacTb KapaH^amH. Ho tieM ace a byfly nucaTb? 3'to He Moe flejio, a Bane. [c OTBpameHHeM] Kaicoe 6e3o6pa3He! You stole my pencil. Why? Just because/simply so/. I like to steal pencils. But whaj; will I write with/but with-what I will write/? That's not my affair, but yours, [with disgust] What outrageous behavior! INFINITIVE The infinitive is formed by joining- the ending- -tb to the verb stem. When -Tb is joined to a stem ending in a consonant, the final consonant of the stem drops. C + C tfc 3CHB ■+ Tb flyMafi + Tt pago'Taft + Tb aCHTb ^yMaTb paSoTaTb (to live) (to think) (to work) Two verbs we have had do not follow this pattern, Kpafl + Tt—* KpacTi Befl+ Tb—* BeCTH (to steal) and not "KpaTb" (to conduct) and not "BeTb" The infinitives of these two verbs will be explained later.
Infinitive Drill 1 Listen and repeat. 1. 2. Tape 1st 1. 3H^K 2. flyMaio 3. acHBy 4. paSdTaio 5» tiHTaro 6. fle'^aro Kpa^y se^y inf. 3HaTb .nyMaTb XHTb paddTa-rb tJHTaTb ^ejiaTb KpaCTb BeCTH Infinitive Drill 2 Tape | A. B. Look at the clue and During the pause, listen to the tape. answer the question. --—Aft ^ Hto oh fle'jiaeT? Oh flyWeT. cpa-3 ITotieMy oh fl^MaeT? Oh jik'Sht flyMaTb 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (g§^ d n§>\ ^a ■£ C. Listen to the answer,
-7U- BopodbeB! IIo^eMy? Tape I - Bopo6beB! no tie My bh BefleTe cedn mioxo? Bh jiodHTe BecTii cedfl njio'xo? ( ^ / no^eMy bh Kpa^eTe KapaH^araii? Bh jh66ht6 KpacTb KapaHflanm? Ilo^eMy bh He acHBeTe KaK Bee flpyrwe? Bh He jutfdnTe xhtb KaK Bee .npyrrie? — H He jimSjim BecTH eeda ruio'xo. O^hh 6or* 3HaeT, no^eMy h Be^y ce6n' njio'xo. fl He njioxoM ^eJiOBe'ic. [njia^etj Vorobjovl Why? Voro^.iovS Whv do you conduct yourself badly? Do you like to conduct yourself badly? Why do you steal pencils? Do you like to steal pencils? Why don't you live like everybody else /all the others/? Don't you like to live like everybody else? I don't like to conduct myself badly. God only knows why I steal. I'm not a bad person. [he weeps] BonpdcH [Tapel 1. BopodbeB! Bh Ji»dHTe Becni ce6A njio'xo? 2. Bh jiradnTe KpacTb? 3. rio^eMy bh Bejeie ce6n moxo? r in this word is pronounced x.
-75 Mojiojofi yjtapHHK Kto bh? fl MOJIOflOft y^apHHK. ^T6 9T0 3HSWHT? 3'tO 3H£IUHT, HTO H pafiOTaK) C 9HTy3Ha3M0M. riyfijiHKa xd^ieT 3HaTb, no^eMy bh pa6oTaeTe c 3HTy3na3M0M. fl JlYi6jlK pafiOTaTb C 9HTy3Ha3MOM. fl MOJIO^dft y^a'pHHK. The Young Shock-worker Who are you? I am a young shock-worker. What does that mean? That means that I work with enthusiasm. The public wants to know why you work with enthusiasm. I like to work with enthusiasm. I am a youne shock-worker.
Turp Kto th? fl THrp. Ffle th acHBemb, Turp? fl acHBy b A'3HH. nyfiJiHKa xd^eT 3HaTt>, fl JIK)6jlib MTb B A3HH. ncmeMy th acHBemb b A3HH. fl THrp. The Tiger Who are you? I am a tiger. Where do you live, tiger? I live in Asia. The public wants to know why you live in Asia. I like to live in Asia, I am a tiger.
-77- (frHjiocoffi KTO BH? H $hjio'co$. HTO 9TO 3HaMHT? 9'to sHa^iHT^ mo a .nyMaro. 0 MeM bh xywaeTe"? fl ^yMaio o acHSHH. n,^6jiHKa xoueT 3HaTB, noMeMy bh .nyMaeTe o XH3HH. fl jho6ji» xyMaTb o x»3HH. H $HJud"cc>$. 3Lhe. JPhiJL o!£2Eil§r Who are you? I am a philosopher. What does that mean? That means that I think. What do you think about? I think about life. The public wants to know why you think about live, I like to think about life. I am a philosopher.
XyjmraH * Tape l/v/~ Kto bh? t fl xy.iHraH. Ht6 3TO 3Ha*IHT? 3to shmht, ^to x Be,n,y ce6a o'^eHb n-noxo. riy6^HKa xo^eT 3HaTb, no^eMy bh Be^eTe ce6i njioxo. IlpocTO Taic. fl jooSjik BecTH ce6a njioxo. fl xyjinraH. The Hooligan - Who are you? — I'm a hooligan. - What does that mean? -- That means that I conduct myself - The public wants to know whv you badly. •- Just /simply/ so. I like to conduct myself badly. I'm a hooligan. very badly, conduct yourself xyjinraH: Hooliganism is defined as "behavior exhibiting disrespect for the social order. "
-79- Bonpocu |Tape 1. Kto pa6oTaeT c »HTy3Ha3M? ££n 2. no^eMy? ^^^L 3. Pfle th acHBenib, THrp? C^ 4. ItoieMy? <$ (^) 5. Kto xoueT 3HaTt? 6. 0 neu flyMaeT $kjio'co$? A-/ 7. IloMeMy? <? $"^ 8. IloMeMy xyjiHraHH Be,nyT ce6n njioxo? Q?\rC 9. Kto xo'veT 3HaTb? §§$ SMiS^nyA^QI^^iJSM^^IMnM,.and. accusative 1, For most of the nouns encountered in this chapter,* the relevant ad.iective endings are: sg. -ij P.l. -ije KyjIbTypHHfi MeJIOBe'K ^66pijH MeJioBe'K K.yjIbT.V'pHHe JIK3AH .Ho'SpHe jiio^,h Spelling -ij. and -ije Rules for spelling i apply here. (a) after hard consonants, i is sneli-pd h. flo'Sptift, %66-pue (b) after velars, i is snelled h. rpaMMaTjfaecKtfft, rpaMMaTHtiecioie (c) after unpaired consonants, i is spelled k. xopo'mHfi, xopoume Specifically, masculine nouns.
| ) p i i 1 4 F ill in 1 . HOB__ ? , HOB the ending!-*. (new) rpojijietfoyc saBo'^hi 7. rpaMMaTH^ecK _____ Bonpoc U-. rpaMi AiTHwecK Bonpocw , 5. 6. xopom __ __ XO 00 in iidop .norip _ 3aB0£ HHCneKTOD HHcneKTopa 2. Th«' ending; o.;_ Whe^ the sinfrular ending i~ stressed, i ,j '"han.q-ps to nj KaKo'M nJioxoft The plura] endinsr -i^p ir iin^.^fec^ea t MOJIO^He Kanrfe njioxne Dri 1 Fill 1. 2. 7. 4. 5. .1 5 in the MOJioa MO.IOfl __ CTan CTap KaK _____ endincp. yaapHHK y^apHMKM (old) TpojijieH6yo TpojiJiefloycw Mft.lOBeK 6. ?. 8. 9. 10. KaK njiox njiox_ HOB / HOB 1 1 1 1 JIJO^H i naoK napKH rpojuieftoyc TDOjuieftoycufl 1
Ad i^cti ve Dri11 \ v I ' UH (a halo) A A (horns) Symbol r,: HOBHtf ■?Tar-Kif XOpOfflHH njioxoH - new - old - food - bad Tane Answer in Russian during the paur-e. Ex. 0 0 0 TTT4 A /\ 4- o lis ten KaKOK? KSKWPY 2- 0 0 '•0 0 Paune HOBHH HO*Bbie A A 5- Q /\ A A A 2- 0 0 4- 33
-82- AjieKcaHflP MBa'HOBHM Tapef AjieKcaHflp HBaHOBH^ - KOH,B;yKTopl b TpojijieftSyce. Bee flpyrne TpojuieMSycH HOBHe h xopdmne. Ho TpojuieMSyc AjieKcaH^pa HBaHOBH^a o'^eHb crapbiM h njioxoft, A.neKcaHji,p Hb^hobh^i Ry'uaeT: "y MeHH CTaptrit TpojiJie86yc. HHMero'. H jno6jn6 Moit CTapHft Tpojuie^Syc. [jiacKOBo] CTa'pHe Tpojuiefidycu - CTa'pbie TOBapninn. fl CTapwB ^ejioBeK. H noHHiuaio CTdpue Tpojui^fidycu. H CTapbie TpojiJi^KSycH noHHMaioT MeHH." Mokct 6htb, AjieKca.H,np Hbsihobhm - flo'SpbiM MeJiOBeK. Ho a .ayMaio, ito oh d^eHt, njioxoM $hjio'co(|). : pojijieftoycbi uvmero He noHHMaioT. KaK H3BeCTHO, TpojiJiefifiycH He jik^h, a MamHHH. Aleksandr Ivanovich Aleksandr Ivanovich is a fare-collector in a trolleybus. All the other trolleybusses are new and e:ood. But Aleksandr Ivanovich's trolleybus is verv old and bad. Aleksandr Ivanovich thinks: "I have an old trolleybus. That's all risrht. (Literally: It's nothing.) I love my old trolleybus. [.tenderly] Old trolleybusses are old comrades. I'm an old man. I understand old trolleybusses. And old trolleybusses understand me." Perhaps Aleksandr Ivanoyich is a kind person. But I think that he's a very bad philosopher. Trolleybusses don't understand anything;. As is well-known, trolleybusses are not people, but machines. fare-collector (not a driver)
BonpocH Tape 1. HePi (whose) Tpojrjie'ft6yc CT^pbiK h njtoxdft? ^ , , , ( ( 2. Bee j'.pyrHe Tpojuieif6ychi crapbie h njioxrfe? y~\ Q 3. KaKHe TpojrjieSo'ycK noHKMaeT AjieKca'Hjip HBaHOBHM? q Q 4. novreMy? w < ws 5. iloveMy oh jtoQht crapHe Tpojsjieft6ycH? ( 6. HTO DOHHM3I0T CTapHe T pOJ1JI6H 6,VCH? 7. no<ie«y? Qfl^Msa 8. KaKofi cjbHJidco* AjieiccaHJip HBanoBmi? 4***» l<W Hh- Words Vnmtiv« worris wros^ first element ir hh- take r^rstive verb?: hkkto He 3HaeT - nobody knows 3T0 HHqero He 3HaMHT _ J ''-° - '" — '0,'101-'1"^ ithp,t doesn't mean anything; hh- words generally come before the verb; if there is more than one, they all come before the verbs Hhkto hhkow Himero ne ^e'jtaeT. Nobody ever does anything".
-Ph- HH-Uord Drill 1 Ta.T>e \ The answers to the following questions are "nobody", "never", or "nothing:". Ex, listen. Answer during pause 'i^ten Kto scuseT b naptce? Hmkto He jkhbct b napice. 1. Kto HCHBeT b TpojuieHPyee? 2. Kto MHTaeT b napxe? 3. Kor^a woeTcn BopooteB? 4. Kor,na .nyyator HeKyjtbTypHue juoah? 5. Hto 3Ha»T HeKyji'faiypHKe jikSah? 6. Hto 3HaeT RnpoSbeB? Here is a "hm- " word vou have not yet had. See if vou can figure it out. fite ohh KpajtyT? Ritual. ..5 Tape'\ - KaKoro po',na cjto'bo Pes? My^cK.oro t«o'.j»b? Jla MTO Bbl TOBOpHTe! KaK H3B6CTH0 KMjoMy raKOJitHHKy, cjio'bo 6e3 - n p e ,n ji o'r . y Hero Her vdfl,a. - Ax, npocme, joporwe CTy&e'HTU. . „. back to Ritual 1 - Of what gender is the word bea. Of the masculine sender? -- But what are you sayinfcS As is well-known to every sehoolohilri, the word he7, is a nrenosition. It doesn't have sender. ~~ " - Akh, torsive me, dear students.
-85- PRONUNCIATION OF VOICED AND VOICELESS, CONSONANTS Voiced consonants are those that cannot be made without vibration of the vocal chords. Vibration of the vocal chords may be felt by press- ins finders to the throat and saying 3. Now say c - no vibration. 3 and c are voiced/voiceless counterparts. Below is a list of voiced/ voiceless counterparts. Voiced.. 3 JK B r Voiceless. c ra * T K n !• Unvoicing; Rules At the end of a word, voiced consonants are unvoiced, i.e., are pronounced like their voiceless counterparts. 6er? iP pronounced "bes," saBdfl is pronounced "zavdt" However, in 3aBo'.na " js, " is afrain pronounced "d.", since it is no longer at the end of the word. Pr Pr 1 . 2, 3. 4. «5. 6. 7, 8. 9. 10. 11. &IIWDjQiJL'y^Il~^ZtIlcJ_&S_J. 1 Tape1 onounce the following;: 6e3 po^a, pofl 3aBo'fla, 3aB0fl ropo^a, ropo^ npe^Jiora, npe^Jior cnefra, CHer BopoQbeBa, Bopo6beB rapaaca, rapaac H03C0M, H03K xjie6a, xjieb cjiaQbiH, cjiafi
-86- 2. Assimilation Rulet Consonant clusters (groups of consonants not separated by vowels) assimilate to the final consonant of the cluster. If the final consonant is voiceless, all other consonants of the cluster are unvoiced! if voiced, all are voiced. omHSicy Cflejiaji C„LusJbej-.„ij3_ ;prmouriced t £d_ (s -* £ 1> Unstressed prepositions are pronounced as part of the following; word, and the assimilation rule applies. b napne f£ Pr Pr 1 . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. onunciation Tape onounce the Exercise 2 '1 following; b napKe b TpojiJieft6yce B flOMe Bee Cge'jiaji c rop OT ro'pfl nofl ctojiom Taxace MyaccKoro
-87- Comnrehersion Drill t npo$eccop 3ojiotob Tape Listen to the story on tape until, you can answer the nuestions below. New vocabulary: npo(f>eccop - professor cjiyma8+ - listen to jieKijHH ('pi.)- lectures yp6*c - lesson Ha ypo'xax cauHH - the most tifeH (pi.) - whose BonpocH | Tape 1. KaK Be^yT ce6a CTy^eHTH npo$eccopa 3o'jiOTOBa na ypoxax npo$e'ccopa? 2. flo^eMy? 3. Hto ^e'jiaeT npo$eccop 3o'jiotob? 4. Mto jje'jraioT cTy^eHTbi Ha ypo'xax? 5. Kor,na ohh 9to ^djiaioT? 6. MbH KapaHflamH Kpa^yT CTyfle'HTH npo$eccopa 3o'jiOTOBa? 7. Kto, KpoMe cty^eHTa Bopo,HHHa, CJiyraaeT ji^khhh? (Kpoiwe - except for) 8. Hto ^ejiaeT caMUl ruioxo'fi CTy^e'HT?/ 9. KaKjrio onw6Ky ^e'jiaeT npocjbeccop Sojiotob?^ 10. 3HaeT jih 3o'jiOTOB, <ito CTy^eHTH He CJiymaiOT jieKixnu, KOTOpue oh ^HTaeT?
-88- 1. Citizen Murav.iov! Why do you live in a trolleybus? Do you lik<= to live in a trolleybus? 2. I understand why a g-ood person likes to conduct himself well at work, but I don't understand why a bad person likes to conduct himself badly. 3. People who live in Ivanov's city often think about life in Gladkov's city. (city - ro'po^ ) 4. - Mommy, do you know why Daddy works with enthusiasm? — Of course, Sasha. Daddy likes to work with enthusiasm. He is a young- shock-worker. 5. We know that abnormal inspectors often steal pencils in the morning;. 6. As far as I know, Petrov's house in not new but old. (house - aom ) 7. Do you know what I do in the evening:? Perhaps nobody knows. 8. What does that mean? I don't know, but I think that every philosopher knows. 9. The public wants to know why nobody ever does anything: at comrade Vorobjov's factory. 10. Why don't bad people live in zoos? God only knows. 11. As is well-known, ljj*r&n^s_ji\a#soleMm is located in the center of the city. (Lenin - Jle'HHH , mausoleum - MaBsojieM , ^s located - Hax6j.HTCH center - aeHTp ) 12. Even I know that new trolleybusses are very g;ood machines. 13. We are very cultured people. Therefore, we read books. 14. - All the other young; tigers, it seems, live in Asia. Why don't we live in Asia? — Because we live in the zoo. Tana.
Pj?iLB.4P±.„ ly.Qg.gkV.-l^.rY.l' Chapters 1 and__2 jik^k - people KHHrH - books uamKHU - machines TiFTKyJbTypHHH - (un)cultured xopdnmft - frood ruioxdM - bad jl66phiH - kind spyrofi - other, another HOBbift - new MOJIOflOH — VOun.o- CTapufi - old HeHopMa'jibHHft - abnormal Kascji,uft - evpry, each HacTOHmHH - req] [isolated forms] Npuns Verbis y^lpHHK - shock-worker *hb+ 6e3^ejibHHK - loafer Ae'jiaM-t- 3aBo'fl - factory Kpa^+ napK - park Befl+ xyjwraH - hooligan pa6oTaH+ TpojiJieflSyc - trolleybus 3HaM+ TOBapHm- comrade noHHMaM+ rpasc,naHHH - citizen ,nyMaH+ KapaH^am - ppneil yHTaft-t- leJioBeK - person #eHb - day SHpeKTOpl'a)*- director pasroBop - conversation moiotch Bonpdc - question Mo'eTca soona'pK - zoo KypHTb aKTHBHCT - activist BeCTH nHcneKTop(a)*- inspector KpacTi KOH^yKTop(a)*- fare-collector 3HayHT ny6jiHKa - public xoieT dor - God ruisweT o^hh 6or - God only jiioSjiio (JiHjio'coit) - philosopher jikjSht uaua- mommy jn66nTe nana - daddy jho6ht THrp - tiger live do steal conduct, lead work know understand think read (thev) wash themselves (he) washes himself to smoke to conduct, lead steal means (he) wants (he) cries, weeps (T) like, love (he) likes, loves (you) like, love (thev) like, love Personal Pronouns fl - TH - OH OHa - MH - BH - OHH - i vou (informal) he she we vou thev (a) = stressed a in nom. pi.
-90- Other Kan - how mo - what *ito - that HH^ero' - nothing; t that's all ri^ht Kor^a / - when HHKor^a - never r^e t - where HHr^e - nowhere KTO - Who hhkto - nobody noyeMjr - why noTOMy *ito - because Toy.e - also Ha pa6oTe - at work c 3HTy3Ha3M0M - with enthusiasm KaaceTca - it seems s^paBCTByHTe^ - hello icaic bh noatHBaeTe? - How are you? cnacHfio - thank you, thanks Hy - well MHe nopa hath - it's time for me to go AO cbhaslhhh - good-bye Hejio'BKaji naysa - awkward pause Bee Apyrne - all the others o lieu - about what Ge6ii - Aa HeT / - HaCKOJIbKO - kohs'iho - o'tjeHb - 3 TO - OAHH - ABa TpH , qeTHpe riHTb - mecTb - oneself yes no, not as far as of course very that, that is a certain one, two three four • five six KaK H3BecTH0 - as is well-known npo'cTO Tax - just because /simply so/ even therefore - badly - well often Ha CBoeM saBdAe - at his own factory Aaace n03T0My ruioxo , xopomo tacTO yTpoM Be^epoM BCe MOft M6HH in the morning; in the evening- all my me MoaceT 6biTb - perhaps, maybe B A3HH KaK Tax - TaK KaK - O XH3HH - BOT KaK - KOTOpHH 1 _ KOTOpbie J H - a - ho - in Asia how so inasmuch as about life that's how who/that (relative) and and, but but
-91- CJHAPTER_..3 WORKBOOK«. FUNDAMENTALS OF CONJUGATION A. The_FuLl^S_te.m For almost every verb of Russian there is a stem from which all forms of the verb and their stress can be predicted. Sometimes this stem resembles the present tense stripped of its endings: 3chb - resembles MBy minus y 3Haft - resembles 3Haio minus y Sometimes it resembles the past tense or infinitive stripped of its endings: CMOTpe -resembles cMOTpeTb minus ti> Mojma -resembles MOJwaTb minus ti Sometimes it contains elements of both: Be,n -contains the jj of bjjji and the ^ of Be^y Mbift -contains the h of mutb and the ft of MOI0 (mo.iu) Such stems, called fjiLlJitenis, will be employed throughout this book as the basic form of the verb. Procedures for determining: the full stem will be considered in a later chapter. B, Definitions and Conventions *• SteiD. The full stem. The stem will be followed with "+" to show that endings must be .ioined to convert it into an occurring word of the language. Qj3n£!3niLnJL_^"tjem« A stem ending in a consonant: jkhb+ Bfe'^+ 3Haft + VjWiJLjLteHLi. A stem ending in a vowel: cMOTpe+ M0Jma+ roBopn + 2. Endi-ilgSjL Cpnspn.anJ__endings. Endings beginning in a consonant: jiaTpast fern.) tb (infinitive) X5F&L.enotings.o Endings beginning- in a vowel: y (1st Ders. sg„) ht (3rd pers. pi.) h (imperative)
Endings beginning in a soft-vowel letter begin in a vowel, not in j+vowel, and show that the preceding consonant is softenedt -at, -h are vowel endings representing -.,_a -, i not "-ja, -ji" Exercise 1 A. Which are consonant stems? (write numb Which are vowel stems? Remember that ft is a consonant 1. CHfle + 3» 2. Hec+ b. B. Which are consonant endines? ■ KHCHy+ jj;eJiaM+ ers) 5. 6. MOJIMa+ nnft + Which are vowel endines? 1. ji ^. 2. HT 5« 3. y 6. HM H HT 7. 8. 9. T B yT C. How to Join Endings C= consonant V=vowel 1, Vowel endines are joined directly to consonant stemst C+v Consonant endings are joined directly to vowel stems* V+C 1 C+V V+C KHB+ y—» XHBy (live) CMOTpe+ tb—» CMOTpeTb (watch) daH+ y—» cTaHy (become) MOJma+ Tb-> MOJwaTb (be silent) Such direct joining is called addition. 20 Consonant endings are not joined directly to consonant stemst C+C Vowel endings are not joined directly to vowel stemst V+V
-93- Instead the first of the two consonants or vowels is dropped. KHB + Tb —} aCHTfe CMOTpe +■ HT—»• CMOTpHT CTaH + Tb -> CTaTb MOJI^a 4- HT—♦• MOJmHT Such dronningr is called trunera_ti„qn. 3. Addition and truncation are symbolized as follows: 4ddiJl5B Trju,nj5a,ti,on C+V-fr CV C+C-*. j/C V+C-» VC V+V-* /V The left side of the arrow represents stem + ending before joining-, the right side— after. AjWjJnjm .Trjunj^.tion KJia.ii; +■ e'T —* Kjia,neT KJia,n •* ji --» KJiaji (put) CHje + ji —» CHfleJi CHfle + ht—j> ch^ht (si"w ExejrcJLse_^ A. Classify as C+Ct.__„ c+v«.„..„ V+C !____ V+Vi„ B0 Join. lo nJiHB + Tb (swim) 2. iuibiB + y 3. roBopa + n (talk), 4. TOBOpH + HT 5. TOBOpH + Tb 6. TpoHy + yT (touch)_ 7. TpOHy + ji 8. JKjja +Tb (wait)„__ 9. xfla + y (continued)
-9h- Hyj»pjh.etlcal,.„stem,s 10. KOHe + Tb „,_„_. 1.1. KOHe + 10 „,__„, _„ 1?. cos +y ,„__ „„....,. 13. C Ofl + JI _______„__ 1^. BJia +ji__ 1 5. BJia + eT 4, Spelling rules treated in Chapters 1 and 2 are relevant here, a. ^+■ u^a are spelled ^y, ^a: MOJiia + 10—► Mojmy M= q,m,in,x Mojma + at—* MOjmaT Exe.rcX§e„3 Join -H),-ht f -ht to the following stems. 10 jit_ 1. noMHH+ (remember)__„ _.„„ _. „ _„. „ 2. cjiyacH+ (serve) ____ „ ... _. ..__ 3. Jieaca+ (lie) HT b. Unstressed e is spelled "e"t ctsih + eT-* CTaHeT Exercise k I. Join -eTto the following stems. on the spelling of e. t. nJiHB + end-stressed (swim) 2. ofleH +■ stem-stressed (dress) 3. Jie3 +■ stem-stressed (climb) 40 Be3 +■ end-stressed (transport) Note stress and its effect — c. J + vowel is sDelled with a soft vowel letters 3Haft + y—* 3Haro
Exercise. 5 Join -y to the following stems. 1 . 2CHB + „_____„ „: 2. flejiaft+ _ __ 3. daH+ (become). 4. Jian+ (laja+) (bark). 5. Tpony+ (touch), 6. rpeft+ (warm)_ __ 7. rpe6+ end-stressed (row)_ Traditional orthography obscures the similarity of 3Ha#+— 2chb+. xhb + y^ acHBy 3Haft+- y—* 3Haro C+C 2CHB •+ Th^-* 3CHTB 3Hafi + Tb-* 3HaTb The letter y in acHBy represents the ending y. The letter ro in 3Haio represents the stem consonant 8 + the ending y. The consonant #, being an unpaired soft consonant, is neither hardened by hard vowel ending (-y, -yT) nor doubly softened by soft-vowel endings ( -eT, -e^ . The softening effect of softening endings is irrelevant after # — or any other unpaired consonant. Transcription klad+u zna,i+u klad+ ,ot zna,i + . ot (softening irrelevant) Russian_1etters (line separates stem + ending) Kjiafl 3Hai(5 KJiafl 3Ha<!T eT The letter y in KJia^y = the ending _u_. The letter join 3Haio = the stem consonant j_ + the ending u. The letters eT in KJia.neT = the softening ending ,ot. The letters eT in 3HaeT = the stem consonant J_ + the ending ot (where j_ is irrelevant). Thus eT/ei in Kjia^;eT a«d 3HaeT represent ,_ot and jot respectively.
E,xerci,se.„.6 Join -y and -eT. 1. na.fl + end-stressed (fall)__ 2. rpea + stem-stressed (warm) "3, cnac + end-stressed (save) k, Jiafl+ stem-stressed (bark) 5. HrpaS+ stem-stressed (play) eT E_xercjLse,..,7 Join stem and endinars. Stre for snelline; 1. 2. 3. k. 5. 6. 13. U. 15. 16. 17. 18. Befl +ji (lead )____,„___ Befl+ Jia Be^+ eT fleH+ Tb(pUt) fleH+ y _ „ . .._ RSH+ ST ss has been marked where reauired 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. SjPAih§ijjcaal jieft+ y jieft* tb HeT+ y HeTH- JI HeT+ Jia / HeT+ eM 19. 20. 22. 23. 2k. flpoacai- K) ( sha ke) __ , ,__ flP02Ca+ HT rpeM+ y (warm) rpeft-f eT rpeft+ tb nnfi+ Tb (drink) ^sterns cyH+ eM CVH+ Tb cyacH-^ ht cyacH+ K) cyacH+ ht cyacn+ Tb
-97- Verb Stems in H + have the following: present tense endings» 1st. Sg. -K) 2nd. sg. -nib 3rd. sg. -ht 1st. Pi. -HM 2nd. pi. -me 3rd. pi. -ht Learn the conjugation of the following stems. Since stems in H+ end in a vowel, and the present tense endings "begin in a vowel, V+V -^ yv occurs: roBopn-t- 10—*> roBopio jiio6h+ ht—» jik>6ht roBopg + (speak,say) h roBopio th roBopn'mb OH TOBOPHT MH TOBOPHM Bbl TOBOpHTe OHH TOBOpHT JIK)6H + jik)6jii6 jirofiHinb jiki6ht jiio6hm jirofiHTe jik56ht (like, love) Notes In the stem jiio6h+ (1) ji is inserted in the 1st sg. ( jirodjno) ; (2) there is a stress shift, marked by * on the stem. x over a verb stem means« stress falls on the ending in the 1st nerson singular, and on the stem in all other forms of the present tense.
-98- Mh He aji6aHUH I Tapef MaMa, Ha KaKOM ksuk4 tobopht octo'hijh? 3CTOHUH TOBOpHT IIQ-3CTQ'hCKH . Ha KaKo'M H3HKe roBopHT anfiaHnju? ■ Ajifia'Hijbi roBopHT no-aji6a'HCKH. Si roBopio no-ajidaHCKH? HeT, th He roBoprfinb no-aji6aHCKH. A th h nana, bh rosopHTe no-aji6akcKM? HeT, mh He roBopHM no-aji6akcKH. KaK iaK? TaK KaK mh He ak6aHixu.* We're Not Albanians Mommy, what language do Estonians speak? Estonians speak Estonian. What language do Albanians speak? Albanians speak Albanian. Do I speak Albanian? No, you don't speak Albanian. And you and daddy, do you speak Albanian? No, we don't speak Albanian. How come? Because we're not Albanians. * A few other useful expressions might bet roBopH-f no-pyccKH speak (in) Russian roBopn+ no-aHrjiHftcKH speak (in) English
GENDER Nouns belong to one of three genders— Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. The gender of a noun is usually predictable from the nominative singular ending. Nouns whose 3aBOfl Nouns whose nominative (zavjpd + & nominative singular ends in gf repoft singular end 6pHra,na(brie;ad + a) kjtxhh Nouns whose CJIOBO nominative (sljov + _o) singular end Mo'pe 1 (jproj s in a are + £> l are (kuxn + a) s in q are mor + o)* <■ — of of of the masculine gender: yWiejib (uchitel + /6) the feminine gendert A'3Hh (ajij + a) the neuter gender« a^aHHe (zdanii + o)* *Nqtet unstressed e is spelled without the two dots. Thereforei Transcription / _ SjaeJLAing moj* ■*■ £ "Mope" Mope zdani.i + o "3,naHHe" 3flaiwe As it turns out, after soft paired consonants and j, the neuter ending is rarely stressed. For that reason, the spellinsf"e " is rare in soft neuter nouns.
-100- APJECTIVES Adjectives have the nominative singular ending -ij (-oj when stressed) when modifying nominative singular masculine nouns: HOBHft 3a.BQ,H xopo'mHft 3aBOfl ruioxoft 3aBo',n ( HOB+ y) ( xopom+ It) ( njiox + 0jJ Adjectives have the nominative singular ending -aja when modifying feminine nouns: HOBaa 6pHra.ua xopoman 6pnra.fla njioxaji SpHra^a (hob+ aja) ( xopom V'aja) ( TUIOX+ aia) Adjectives have the nominative singular ending -oje when modifving neuter nouns: HOBOe CJIOBO xopo'mee cjiobo ruioxde cjiobo ( HOB+ gje) ( xopom+ oje,) ( nJiox + gje) M F N Adj. HOBHK HOBafl HOBOe —«"-^™-- Noun 3aBOfl SpHra^a CJIQB£ MI- ij aja Sje Noun & a O Adjectives will be cited in their nom. se. masculine form. The adjective stem is determined by subtracting this ending. hobhh: hob+ "ndings are added to the adjective stem, (Fern.) (Neut.) hob+ aja. = hob+ oje = HOBM HOBOe
-101- Drill 1 Vocabulary! (new)- hobh# (old)- CTapHft (big)- Sojibmdft (little)- MjpieHbKHft (great)- BeJiHKHft (concrete)- QeTo'HHbift Put the following adjectives 1 . 2. 3. k. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10, 11 , 12, 13- 14, 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 big; everv voung everv voung concrete concrete everv good everv great every great _ „ bad b ad , . __ best . old little ..,.,. , new 1 i t tl e _, best , everv new little , gr e a t __ _„„ ,._.„ _.„_,__ , concrete„_ „„„_„_ _™„ . . good _ , , , .. - ,..,-._ . bad old . everv good into — _,,. —— , _ „„. _.—„ —__„ (young)- MOjiofloii (best)- Jiymnnfi (good)- xopo'niHH (bad)- mioxoft (every)- Kaacflbift the correct form. _ . .„ - 6pHra^a (bri_ado^ r 6 e t 6 h m h k (male concrete- „_ _ 6eTOHinHua (fern, concrete- 3aBdfl ManiHHa MamHHa .... _ M°Pe ( sea) 3aBOfl MaraHHa _, „ „ cjiobo (word) _ _ Wyr (friend) SeTOHmfma 6eT0H0MeraajiKa (( ___________ wecTO (place) 6pnrkfla 6eTOHOMema,JiKa „„ .„_. fle,JI° (task) KapaHflam flejio ___ _____ MeCTO KHHra (book) -worker) -workerj Doncrete- nixer)
-102- Gender Drill *=> A A Tape Symbolsj (a halo) = xopomufi (horns) = njioxoft Ex. Tape 93 3 Bjihhck KaxaH 6pHrajj;a b BjiHHCKe? KaKan SpHra^a b IIlMHHCKe? Pause Answer during the pause A A IIlMHHCK Listen B BjiHHCKe xopomaa: dpnra^a. B IIlMHHCKe ruioxan 6ptfra.jj;a, 1. -S6ft Bjihhck QpHra^a (brigade) A TO IIlMHHCK Bjihhck Mope (sea) IIlMHHCK -e> deTC^HmMK (m. concrete-worker) A A Bjihhck IIlMHHCK (continued)
4. Bjihhck 6eT0Hm*ma (f. concrete-worker) A A UlMHHCK 5. A A A Bjihhck THrp (tiger) HlMHHCK 6. A. " um Bjihhck CJIOBO (word) HlMHHCK 7. d Bjihhck QeTOHHHH 3aBOJJ, (concrete plant) A A IflMHHCK A A J Bjihhck SeTOHOMema'jiKa (concrete-mixer) -^ [IlMHHCK
-ioU- Ritual 6 Tape Heu OKammBaeTCH cjio'bo fjoktop "\ ? < 6-pHra.ua \ \_ CJIOBO J — Oho OKaH^HBaeTCH HyjieM Ha a Ha o - B TaKOM cjiytjae, oh6 KaKdro po'^a? — B TaK6M cjiyuae, oho /' Myaccicdro po^a j 1 xe'HCKoro po'^a I [_ cpe,n,Hero p6,na I - OTKy^a bh 3HaeTe? — [b BOCToprej HacKOjibKO mu 3HaeM, Bee CJioBa', KOTopHe OKa'H'qHBaioTCH C HyjieM,— vtyaccicoro po",na 1 j Ha a, — xeHCKoro po'fla V 1 Ha £, — cpe,n;Hero pd^a J - Mojio,nei;! — j"KpacHefl:1 Ha ito bh! What does the word f .hoktop "\end in? /in-what ends...?/ J 6pnra,na I I >pnrajt CJidBO — It ends tin zero "j In that case, of what render is it? In that case, it's of the masculine fender' of the feminine sender of the neuter sender ■ How do you know? ■ [in ecstasy] As far a« we know, all. words that end (■ in zero are of the masculine sender| \ in a are of the feminine sender !■ j in o are of the neuter sender J _ ■ Well doneS • blushinsl Aw, so on! ~n-
BeTOH -105- Tape 6apa6a.HH: [thxo] MyaccKOH xop: [He thxo] 6eTOHniHKH: [rpoMKo] MyaccK&fi xop: 6eT6HmHn;H: OeTo'HmHKH: 6eTOHmHn;H: 6eTOHHlKKH H 6eTOHmnn;bi BMecTe: MyaccKoft xop: [th'xoj TapaM ra TaM TapaM Ta TaM TapaM TapaM TapapaM Ta TaM BeTo'H, SeTti'H, 6eTOH, deTOH 6eTo'H, SeTo'H, 6eTOH, deTo'H Ham 3aBo's - SeTo'HHbiM 3aB6,n. Hama SpHrajta - deTo'HHaji. Ham 3aBgfl- - fieTOHHHfi 3aBo,n. Harae-To^se'jio" - deTo'H! BeTOH, 6eTOH, 6eT0H, 6eTOH! BeJIHKHM, BeJIHKHfi deTOHHHft 3aBOfl! BeJiHKas Hama 6pHra,na! KaKoe ace fle'jio SeTo'HHoe flejio? BeTo'HHoe fle'jio — KOHKpeTHoe^ejio; BeTo'HHoe fle'jio - KyjibTypHoe Reno; BeTOHHoe fle'jio - BejiHKoe .ne'jio. BeJiHKoe ne'jio _ 6eTOH, 6eTo'H; BejiHKoe .nejio - 6eTOH! BeTOH, 6eTo'H,6eTdH,6eTOH 6eTOH, SeTOH, 6eTOH, 1 In English, the noun "concrete", as in " a piece of concrete" is changed into an adjective, as in "a concrete factory" simply by placing; it before another noun. In Russian, position isn't enough) an ad.iective must have adjective endings as well. as a noun This is concrete. This is Blinsk. 3to 6eTOH. 3to Bjihhck. as an ad.iective the concrete plant- 6eTo'HHbift 3aBo',n the Blinsk Sea- SjiHHCKoe Mope 2 T0 and ate are unstressed particles that emphasize the words that immediately precede them. 3 A single Russian word often has no one English equivalent. For examnle, depending on the context, Aejio may meant task, thing, affair, concern, business, question. 3to He Moe ^ejio, - That's not my concern Hejio Bopo,nnHa. _ The Borodin affair. The adiective c_oncr-ejte has two meanings in Enelishs 1. the building material, translated in Russian as SeTo'HHuft (its concrete meaning), 2. the abstract meaning, is in "concrete auestion", "concrete DroTDosal", translated in Russian as KOHKpe'THbift,
-106- drumsi [quietly] male chorus: [not quietly] male concrete- workers« [loudly] male chorus» Concrete Taram ta tarn taram ta tam taram taram tararam ta tam... Concrete, concrete, concrete, concrete, concrete, concrete, concrete, concrete Our plant is a concrete plant. Our brigade is a concrete one0 Our plant is a concrete plant And our task is concrete. Concrete, concrete, concrete, concrete female concrete- Oh, great concrete plant! workers» Oh, great brigade of ours! male concrete- workers t male-concrete- workers« What sort of task/thing/affair/concern/business/ question is the concrete task/thing etc.... The concrete task is a concrete(nrecise) task. The concrete task is a cultural task. The concrete task is a great task. male and female A great task is concrete, concretej concrete-workers A great task is concrete. together: male chorust Concrete, concrete, concrete, concrete [quietly] concrete, concrete, concrete Bonpocu Tape Kaicoft Ham 3aBO,n? KaKFui Hama SpHra^a? KaKoe Harae fle'jio? Kaicoft 3aBOfl SeTOHHufi 3aBo',n? Kana* 6pHrafla deTOHHan Spuria? KaKo'e fle'jio geic-Woe fle'jio?
-107- Ham 3aBQj, (Tape) Mh pado'raeM Ha deTo'HHOM 3aBO,n,e. r^e HaxdflHTca Ham deTOHHHft 3aBo,n? Ham SeTOHHHM 3aB6,n Haxd^HTCH b BeTOHorpa^e. Kan pado'TaioT ^Ha deTOHHOM 3aB0,ne? Kaac^HM de'TOHnjuK pado'TaeT c 3HTy3Ha3M0M. KaVnas deTOHinima pado'TaeT c 3HTy3Ha'3M0M. Bot Kan pado'TaioT Ha deTo'HHOM 3aBo',n,e! s/ Our Plant We work at a concrete plant. Where is our concrete plant located? Our concrete plant is located in Betonosxad. How do people work at the concrete plant? Every (m) concrete-worker works with enthusiasm. Every (f) concrete-worker works with enthusiasm. That's how people work at the concrete plants i 1. r^e mh padoTaeM? 1.2. Pfle Haxo'flHTCtf Ham 3aBoV? 1.3. Kan pado'TaeT Kasc,n,H# deTo'HmHK? |"4. KaK pado'TaeT Kaacflas 6eTo'Hm.Hu;a? 1 The 3rd person plural ( padoTaroT ) wi thout a subject conveys: "one works", "people work". KaK pado'TaKT Ha deTo'HHOM 3aBo',ne? (How do people work/how does one work at the concrete plant?) r^e jirodtfT KypHTb? (Where do people/does one like to smoke?) FOBOpKT, tlTO OH HaCTO^'mHfi y^apHHK. (They say/people say that he is a real shock-worker.)
-108- Hama gpara^a OT^bixaeT Tape) r,ne oTjtuxaeT Hama SpHra^a? Mh OT^bixaeM b BjiHHCKe. IIoieMy mh jiio'6hm OT^HxaTb b BjiHHCKe? KaK H3BecTH0 Kak^oMy mKOJibHHKy, TaM Haxo'sHTCH BejiKKoe BjiHHCKoe Mo'pe. H KaKHe flo'6pue jik^h scuByT h pa6o'TaioT b BjiHHCKe! ,Jl,a, TypwcTH Bcerjta roBopjiT: 'To'pofl Bjihhck- 6'iieHb xopdmee Me'cTO." 3aBTpa Hama fipHra^a 6y,neT b BjiHHCKe. Ypa! Our Brigade Relaxes Where does our brigade relax? We relax in Blinsko Why do we like to relax in Blinsk? As is well-known to every schoolchild, the Great Sea of Blinsk is located there. And what kind people live and work in Blinsk! Yes, tourists always sayt "The city Blinsk is a very good place." Tomorrow our brigade will be in Blinsko Hurrah! Bonpo'cu 1. F,ne OT^uxaeT Hama 6pHra,na? 2. noueMy mh oTjHxaeM TaM? c? 3. IlotieMy? KaKde Mdpe Hax6flHTcn TaM? 4. KaKiie jik^h acuByT h padoTaioT TaM? 5. ^to Bcerxa roBop^T TypncTH? 6. Kor^a' 6y^eT Hama Spwra^a b BjiHHCKe? 1. Ka:<og. in Questions! "which, what kind of" In exclamationsi "whatl" cf. Kano'e 6e3o6pa3He!
-109- IJH i is swelled h after all unpaired consonants, including ^^ jieKijHH- lectures uhpk - circus However, in grammatical endings, the combination Vs + i. is spelled uh, not an. 6eTOHmHu;u ttrj Add 1. 2. 3. 4. 5- 11 the ending rapax KapaH,nam Bpar dopm, otd; i to the f 311 owing stems. Answers. H H H H H The Nominative Plural The nominative plural of both masculine and feminine nouns is i. Spelling rules determine whether that will be spelledh or w. liQ.rn.j3jr, MaraHHa deTOHOMemajiKa 6eTo'HmnD;a MamHHH SeTOHOMema'jiKH deTo'HmHubi Notei Endings are joined to stems, not to other endings. Therefore, MamHH + \, not MaraHHa + _i. The Preposition o (about) The preposition o (about) is followed by the prepositional case. H uH-raio o 6eT6ne. ^ i read about concrete. Oh flyMaeT o TpojiJieft6ycax. He thinks about trnl levbu^Res.
Hama 6pnra,ga MHTaeT (Tape Mto ,n;e'jiaeT Hama 6pnra^a, Kor#a mh KOHua'eM paSdraTb? Mh qHTaeM scypHajibi b KJiySe 3aBO,na. 0 'q'eM mh •qH-raeM? Mu uHT^eM o SeTo'He. KaKHe acypHajiH mh xjHTaeM? Mojio,nHe 6eTOHmHn;u ^htsiiot jKypHaji "Mojio^aH 6eTo'Hmnua". Mojio^ie 6eTo'HmHKH mhteiiot acypHaji "Mojio^dfi 6eTo'HmHK". HacKOJiBKO h 3Haio, b KJiy6e 3aBd#a Ha'ma 6pHra,n,a He o'tieHb •qacTO •qH-raeT jKypHa'jiu "HbiocyHK", "TaftM" h "PH^epc HaM^acecT", He roBopn yace o acypHajie "Bofic JIafi$". Our Brigade Reads What does our brigade do when we finish working? We read magazines in the club of the plant. What do we read about? We read about concrete. Which magazines do we read? The young female concrete-workers read the magazine, Young Female Concrete-Worker. The young male concrete-workers read the magazine, Young Male Concrete-Worker. As far as I know, in the club of the plant our brigade does not very often read the magazines, Newsweek. Time, and Reader's Digest, not to mention the magazine, Boy's Life. Bonpocu 4t6 fle'jiaeT Hama 6pHra.ua b KJiy6e 3aBo'^a? Kor^a? 0 neu mh tiHTaeM? KaKoft acypHaJi xiHTaioT MOJiOflue 6eTo'HmHn;H? KaKoft acypHaji •qH-raioT MOJio^ne ^6eTo'Hm.HKH? KaKHe acypHajiH mh He o'ueHb uacTo uHTaeM?
-111- Rjtual 7 Tape KaK CKa3,a.Tb no-pyccKH " triple T>lay"? fl He 3Haio. A ecjiH 6h bh 3HajiH? Haace eoin 6u n 3Haji(a), to He CKa3aji(a) 6u, fl o'tieHb o6H3KeH(a)! - How do you say in Russian "triple play"? — I don't know. - And if you knew? — Even if I knew, then I wouldn't tell. - I'm very insulted! PAST TENSE OF VERBS Past tense endings begin in ji V+C-^VCi roBopn-t- ji-h» roBopuJi When joined to C-stems, C+C-* &C i ■qH-raft-t- ji-* xiHTaJi The past tense endings are: Therefore, when joined to V-stems, /t when the subject is masculine oh * I (m) TH J deTOHnjuK ^yMaji ot when the subject is neuter a« when the subject is feminine h: when the subject is plural OHO OHa * 7 (f) TH J SeTo'HmHi^a BH * MH OHH JIKflH j;yMajio flyMajia xyMaJiH *BHis grammatically plural, even when addressing only one person.
-112- Past Tense Drill Symbols used in the foil roBopii+ o 6eTOHe .nyMaM-t- o 6eTOHe owing drill are: pa6oTaa+ Ha 3&B6&e 0T^HxaM+ m tjHTaftt- acypHaji it B BjIHHCKe Ex., JjtE§ xii6 oh ^e'jiaji? ®^ uto oh flejiaji? (§)<&*•* 2- df 4. 4^ Answer during pause Oh roBopiiji o SeTo'He. Hto QHd jte'jiajia? Listen ^t6 a je'jiaji? 1. 3. ?flr 4. 2. ((p 3« ^_A 1^1 5. (^Jew«< 4. @ifev^ 5. i^a
-113- Drill 2 Translate into Russian: 1. The fare-collector knew. 2. The (f) teacher was working.. 3. We were thinking about concrete.. 4. I was talking about the magazine., 5. Mama, were you relaxing in Blinsk?. 6. They loved concrete.,.,, „__.„.„___„ 7. Were you speaking about Blinsk? 8. They were working with enthusiasm. ___ 9. He was living in Blinsk. PERFECTIVE AND IMPERFECTIVE: SINGLE VS. REPEATED ACTS Some of the verbs which you have learned up to now have two past tense forms — one to denote a single act in the past, and another to denote repeated acts. The two forms are called the "perfective aspect" and "imperfective aspect" respectively. The imperfective and perfective aspects will be treated in detail later in the book, and the treatment below is intended as a brief, simplified introduction to one of the distinctions between imperfective and perfective aspects. For the verbs "do" and "steal", the two aspectual forms aret Imperfective (Repeated acts) Kpa^-t- Ex. %-o oh ffe'jiaji Ka»,nhift .neHb? Kasc,n,HH fleHb oh Kpaji KapaH,n,amH. p§^£e£iiYe. (Single act) cfle"jiafi+ yicpa>f fl cje'jiaji rpydyro omn'6Ky. Oh yicpaji mo$ KapaHfla'm. The following story has several examples.
~llh~ He'jio BpayHa; Hama 6pHra\na fleJiaeT gojibmyro ornHfiKy I Tape 1 PaHbme aHrjiHftcKHft HHxeHe'p BpayH pado'iaji Ha deTOHHOM 3aBO,ne. Kaac^biM deTo'HmHK .njMaji, *ito BpayH - o'^eHb xopomuM qejiOBex. Kaac^aa 6eTOHmHu;a ^y^Majia, *ito Epa'yH - o'^eHb .nodpHft ^eJiOBeK. "Rch Hama 6pHra,na .nyMajia, ^ito aHrJiriMcKHft HHaceHe'p EpayH- jijfamuM flpyr 3aBO,na. Ho hhkto He 3Haji, mo BpayH mimcm. Hto ^e'jiaJi BpayH? Kaac^Hft^ ^eHb, Kor^a mh pa60Tajin, BpayH Kpaji aeypHajiu b KJiyde 3aB0.ua. H B*iepa, Kor,na Hama 6pHra,na oT^uxajia b BjiHHCKe, aHrjiiiMcKHft HHaceHep BpayH yxpaji Bee Hama deTOHOMema'jiKH. Kaxo'e 6e30Qpa3He! Ax, BpayH! ^Ito bh cj;e'jiajiH! ^to bu cj;eJiajin? ! Mh jik6hjih Bac. Mh ^yMajiH, mto bh Ham Jiymnuft ji;pyr. Hama dpHra^a, KaaceTCH, cuejiajia Sojibmyio omHSjcy. SM..grown. Affair.: Our Brigade Makes A Big Mistake Formerly English engineer Brown worked at the concrete plant. Every (m) concrete-worker thought that Brown was/is/ a good person.* Every (f) concrete-worker thought that Brown was/is/ a kind person. Our whole brigade/all our brigade/ thought that English engineer Brown was/is/ the best friend of the plant. But nobody knew that Brown was/is/a spy. Every day, while we were working, Brown stole(used to steal) magazines in the club of the plant. And yesterday, while our brigade was relaxing in Blinsk, English engineer Brown stole all our concrete-mixers. What outrageous behavior! Akh, Brown! What have you done! What have you done! We loved you. We thought that you were/are/ our best friend. Our brigade, it seems, has made a big mistake. * Note that English uses a past tense here, while Russian uses present.
-115 Bonpocu [Tape 1 1. Kto paHbrae padoTaJi Ha 6eTOHHOM 3aBo',ne? 2. uto ^yMaji Kaac,nHM deTo'HmHK? 3. ^to ayMajia Kaac^aa o"eTOHm.Hu;a? 4. %6 ^yMajia bch Hama dpHra,na? 5. Kto 3Haji, ^to Bp^yH mnnoH? 6. ^to .ne'jiaji BpayH Kas:,nHft jeHB? 7. Kor^a oh 9to ^e'jiaji? 8. ^to c^eJiaji BpayH B*iepa? 9. Kor^a oh 9to c^e'jiaji? t 10. KaKyio omH6Ky c.ne'jiajia Hama 6pHra,na? THE FUTURE TENSE I A form of 6y,n+ (will) plus imperfective infinitive: h 6y,ny roBopHTb t th 6yj;efflb roBopHTb oh dy^eT roBopHTb MH 6y^eM TOBOpHTB bh 6y,neTe roBopHTb ohh 6y,nyT roBopHTb Nptet 6y,n+ has irregular stress. Although it ends in a consonant other than M, it is not end-stressed. Drill.,? Translate into Russian. 1. We will work. 2. She will relax in Blinsk., 3. We will know what you will do.„ k. They will talk about concrete., 5. I will be relaxing in Blinsk._
-116- Future Tense Drill Tat>e Symbols used in the following drill arei (ffi*°* roBopn-t o 6eTOHe pa6oiaM+- Ha 3aBO,ne tiHTa&+ acypHajr xyuaPi-t- o 6eTOHe OT^UXaft+ B BjIHHCKe Ex, Tape Answer during pause Listen Mto oh 6y,neT .neJiaTb? Oh 6y,neT roBopHTb o 6eTOHe. Mto oh 6yj;eT j;ejiaTb? 1# ®^&* 2. S- fof*** 4. (^T5 5. <^ Hto" ohh 6ynyT j;e"jiaTb? Hto h oyjty je'jiaTb? i. ^ i. rrfl m 3. ^L_i 4. L<9-l 4. l($+QWW 5. i. &\
-117- Drill k Translate into Russiant Vocabulary: all- f Becb (m) Asia- A3hh t jBCH(f) Europe- EBpona j see (plural) world- mhp 1. The whole world (all the world) is talking about concrete. 2. The whole brigade(all the brigade) was talking about the trolleybus. 3. Mommy, were you talking about concrete? 4. All Asia is talking about pencils. 5. All Europe will be talking about comrade Petrov's park. 6. All the other rtarks are old and bad. „ ,
-118- NEGATIVE CONTRAST not . . » but i He « « < , a TpoJiJieftdycH He juo,h,h, a MamHHU. (Trolleybusses are not people, but machines.) Any member of the sentence may be contrasted. Oh pagQTaeT Ha 3aBORe. Oh: He oh, a OHa pa6pTaeT Ha 3aBo',ne. pa6oTaet; Oh He paSdiaeT, a ^HTaeT Ha 3aBo',ne. Ha 3aboae: Oh pa6oTaeT He Ha 3aBo",ne, a b na'pice. H 6y,ny roBopHTb He o KapaH^amax, He o TpoJiJieft6ycax, a o SeTo'He. (I will talk not about pencils, not about trolleybusses, but about concrete.) oh/ OHa!/ oho'/ ohh ££"" replaces masculine nouns| QHa- feminine nouns? oho'- neuter nouns? ohh -plural nouns. When not referring to people,oh/ OHa/ oho = English "it"„ Supply the correct (A) 3aBo',n dojibmoM. MaaiHHa, dojibmaji. CJIO'BO HOBOe. T^e KapaH^aniH? form of the (B) pronoun in B. SoJibmoH. 6oJibma.H. HOBOe. ? (It is (It is (It is (Where bis.) bie-.) new.) are the An V?) swers OH OHa' OHO OHM
-119- Ilpojieccop fflyjibu; ~Tape 0 ven Bee roBopHT cero^HH? Cero'flHH Bee deTOHmHKH Ha deTOHHOM 3aBO,n,e tobopht o BH3HTe npo$eccopa fflyjibna. Bce 6eTOHmnD[H Ha deTOHHOM 3aB0,ne roBopHT o BH3HTe npo$eccopa Myjibiia. Ha, bch Hama dpnra,na roBop&T o BH3HTe npotjefccopa lllyjibija. IIcmeMy Bce roBopHT tojibko o B«3HTe npo<J>e/ccopa IIIyjibn.a? Ilpo$eccop Illyjibu; - dojibmoft cneunajiricT. Oh dojibmoM cneu,najiHCT no deTOHy. 3aBTpa npo$e'ccop niyjibu, 6yjj;eT roBopHTb b KJiyde 3aBo'jj;a. KascflHfi deTdHnjuK xd^ieT 3HaTb, o *ieM oh dyjieT roBopHTb. Kaacjjaa: deTOHnjHija xo'ijei 3HaTb, o tie'M oh dy,neT roBopHTb. Bch Hama dpura'^a xd^eT 3HaTb, o ^e'M oh dy,neT roBopw'Tb. A.bot npo$eccop Ulyjibu,! - ftpotjeccop IHyjibn., o *ieM bh dyjjeTe roBopHTb b KJiyde 3aBo,na? OflHH ^.yMaioT, *ito bh dy,u,eTe roBopHTb o KapaH^amax. — HeT, r He dy^y roBopHTb o KapaH,namax. - JJpyrHe jjyMaioT, *ito bh dyjj;eTe roBopHTb o TpoJiJieMdycax. — HeT, h He dy^y roBopHTb o TpoJiJieftdycax. - 0 qeM ace bh d^.u.eTe roBopHTb? — H dy#y roBopHTb He o KapaHjj.ama'x, He o Tpojuieftdycax, a o deTone. EeTOH Bgepa, cero^HH h 3a.BTpa ToBapum, .nnpe'iCTop! ToBapHmn HHaceH^pu! TOBa'pHmH deTOHmHKH H deTo'HmHUtl! BeTOH! TOBapHffl,H, qTO SHa'tlHT CJIOBO deTOH? Cjiobo deTOH - He HOBoe cjio'bo. 0h6 o'veHb CTa^oe. Ha, cjiobo deTOH He HOBoe, a CTapoe cjiobo. BeTOH - CTapoe ajidaHCKoe cjiobo. PaHbrae To'jibKo ajidaHuH h 9Ctohi^h 3Hajin cjiobo deTOH. Aji6aHii;H jj;yMajiH, mo cjiobo deTOH 3Hsi*iht "KapaH^,am", a 9Ctohd;h ,nyMajin, ito cjiobo deTOH 3Ha^HT He "KapaHflam" a "TpoJiJiefldyc". Hy, TOBapumH, bot Kax B^iepa noHHMajin cjiobo deTOH. [anjio^HCMe^iTu]
-120- Cero'flHH. Kto 3HaeT deTo'H cero'flHH? Cero'^HH He to'jibko ajida'Hitfj vl 9Cto'hij;h, ho bch EBpona, Ashh, AiJpHKa h A&xe AMe'pHKa 3hsik>t deTOH. [anJi o ^hc MeH t h] A 3a.BTpa? Hto 6y&eT 3aBTpa? i » 3a.BTpa, He tojibko EBpdna, A3HH, A$pHKa h AMe'pHKa, ho h Beet. MHp dy,neT 3HaTb deTo'H.^ [dypHHe anJio^HCMeHTH] TOBapHmH SeTo'HIIlHKH H 6eTo'HmHn.u! B 30ona'pKax 6y,n,yT okhtb deTOHHue THrpH. B TpoJiJieMdycax dy,nyT padoTaTb deTo'HHue KOH,nyKTopa. [b BOCTdpre] , i BeTOHHue jik>,hh dy,nyT vmaTb deTOHHue khhth. Hamn 6eTOHHbie .ne'TH dy,nyT 3HaTB bgjihkhh, hobuM Map. Mnp deTOHa...deTOHHuft MHp. [njia^ei] [nay sa] BeTOH. Hto TaKoe deTOH? [jiacKOBo] BeTo'H, 9T0 BH,... 9T0 OHH,... 9TO H,... 9TO MU... BeTOH, TOBapHnjH, - ^to HCTdpun ^eJioBe'Ka! [oBa.U,HH~] * h - (here) also to ecTb, EBpdna, A3hh, A$pnKa, AMepHKa, ABCTpajiHH, ApKTHKa h AHTapKTHKa.
-121- Professor Schultz What is everybody talking about today? Today all the (m) concrete-workers at the concrete plant are talking; about the visit of Professor Schultz. All the (f) concrete-workers at the concrete plant are talking about the visit of Professor Schultz. Yes, our whole brigade is talking about the visit of Professor Schultz. Why is everybody talking only about the visit of Professor Schultz? Professor Schultz is a big specialist. He is a big specialist on the subject of concrete. Tomorrow Professor Schultz will speak in the club of the plant. Every (m) concrete-worker wants to know what he will talk about. Every (f) concrete- worker wants to know what he will talk about0 Our whole brigade wants to know what he will talk about. And here's Professor Schultz! - Professor Schultz, what will you talk about tomorrow in the club of the plant? Some think that you will talk about pencils. — No, I will not talk about pencils. - Others think that you will talk about trolleybusses. -- No, I will not talk about trolleybusses. - Then what will you talk about? — I will talk not about pencils, not about trolleybusses, but about concrete. Concrete- Yesterday, Today,..and Tomorrow Comrade director, Comrade engineers, Comrade concrete-workers! Concretel Comrades, what does the word concrete mean? The word cj>ncrejt.e is not a new word. It is very old. Yes, the word concrete is not a new, but an old word. Cjoncre..te is an old Albanian word. Formerly only the Albanians and Estonians knew the word concrete. The Albanians thought that the word concrete meant/means7~"pencil", and the Estonians thought that the word concrete meant not "pencil", but "trolleybus"„ .o.Well, comrades, that is how they understood the word concrete yesterday. [applause] i
-122- Today, Who knows concrete today? Today not only the Albanians and the Estonians, but all Europe, Asia, Africa and even America know concrete. [applause] / And tomorrow. What will be tomorrow? Tomorrow, not only Europe, Asia, A-frica, and America, but also the whole world will know concrete„ [stormy applause] Comrade male and female concrete-workersI In the zoos will live concrete tigers. In the trolleybusses will work concrete fare-collectors, [in ecstasyj Concrete people will read concrete books. Our concrete children will know a great new world. A world of concrete... a concrete world, [he weeps] [pause] Concrete. What is concrete? [tenderly] Concrete- it's you... it's them... it's me,0. it's us... Concrete, comrades, (it) is the history of man. [ovation] that is, Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia, Arctic and Antarctica.
17 -123- Bonpocu | Tape 1. 0 neu Bee roBopHT cerd^HH? 2. noueMy Bee roBopHT o BH3HTe npocjpe'ccopa IHy'jibija? 3. Mto oh 6y#eT ^e'jiaTt 3a.BTpa? 4. Mto' xoqeT 3HaTt bch Hama 6pnra\na? 5. Mto ^yMaioT ojhh? (oj&^^L 6. Mto syMaioT ,npyrne? (fUfLJ ) 7. 0 qeM oh dyjj;eT roBopHTb? 8. BeTOH - HOBoe cjiobo? 9. Kto 3Haji cjiobo deTOH paHtme? 10. Mto' zywanu aJidaHiju? ' -gZ? 11. %o ^yMajiH 9ctohu;u? L^j 12. Kto 3Ha'eT deTOH cerdjjHH? 13. Kto dyjjeT 3Hait deTOH 3dBTpa? 14. KaKHe THrpn dy,nyT mchtb b 30onapKax? 15. KaKHe KOH^yKTop'a dyjjyT padoTaTb b TpojiJieftdycax? 16. KaKHe khhth dyjjyT tiHT&Tb deTOHHHe jiio'^h? 17. KaKoM MHp dy^yT 3HaTb Hcuhh deTOHHHe je'iH? 18. Mto TaKoe deTOH?
-12U- JlymnHH jpyr 6eT0HmnKa y Hac deTOHOMemajiKa. OHa He HOBaH. Ona cTa-oan h MaJieHticaa. Ho OHa pado'iaeT. Ilpotfeccop niyjibu, flyMaeT, mto deTOHOMemajiKa xopoman MamHHa. TA npocfeccop Iflyjibn ieicto tobopht: "BeTOHOMemajiKa - xopo'inan MamHHa." rtpott-eccop Iflyjibn jyMae-r, mto 6eTOHOMema.JiKa JiymnHft flpyr 6eTOHmnKa. A npocheccop Ulyjibn iacTO roBopHi: "BeTOHOMemajiKa - JiymnMH flpyr deTOHmnica." Ho Haia 6pnraxa .syMaeT, *ito He deTOHOMemajiKa, a npotte'ccop Hlyjibn- jiymnHH .apyr QeTOHmHKa. Vl Hama 6pHra,na ud.cTO roBopnT: "He oe-roHOMemaJiKa, a npocoeccop LHyjibu - jiyqmHH flpyr deTOHmHica. The Concrete-Worker's Best Friend We have a concrete- mixer. It isn't new It isn't big It's small and old. But it works. Professor Schultz thinks that the concrete-mixer is a good machine, And Professor Schultz often sayst "The concrete-mixer is a eood machine." Professor Schultz thinks that the concrete-mixer is the concrete- worker's "best friend. And Professor Schultz often says: "The concrete-mixer is the concrete-worker's best friend." But our brieade thinks that not the concrete-mixer, but Professor Schultz is the concrete-worker's best friend. And our brigade often saysi "Not the concrete-mixer, but Professor Schultz is the concrete- worker's best friend."
Bonpocu *? -125- Tape 'ill* 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. KaKa'fl y Hac deTOHOMemajiica? »H>|* KaK bh ^yMaeTe, Y.lyjihu,, KaKaa MamHHa SeTOHOMemajiKa? ' Hto bh qacTO roBopnie? KaK bh flyMaeie, Ulyjitn;, kto jiy*miHH flpyr SeTOHmHKa? Mto bh qa'cTO roBopHTe? Hto' ^yMaeT Hama opurafla? He tot > a © MTO MH UaCTO TOBOpHM? Learn the names of the letters of the alphabet. See d. 41. Ritual 8 OTBe'ThTe, noxajiyftcTa, Ha cjie'^yiomHe Bonpocbi! KaK nnnieTCH cjiobo pojj? Oho' nn'ieTCH "op-o-flo". KaK npoH3Ho'cHTCH cjiobo, KOTopoe nHmeTCH "op-o-jio"? Oho npOH3Ho'cHTCH "£o_t_ "• IlepeBeflHTe cjio'bo "poj" c pyccKoro Ha aHrjiHHCKwM! Pofi 3HMHT " gender, birth, sort, kind, a i.p,.".* - Please answer the following auestion^. How is the word po,g spelled? — It is spelled "op-o-flo". - How is the word which is spelled "op-o-flo" -pronounced? — It is pronounced "Cot". - Translate the word _J0p,5 from Russian into English. — Pofl means "gender, birth, sort, kind, etc." * a t.jj;,. abbreviation for h Tan jjajiee- and po forth
-126- Pa3roBop Tape) - Kan Bac 30ByT? , — MeHH 3osyT f AjieKcaH^p^ - A Ka,K Bame omedBO? — (JTUeCTBO - ( MHXSIHJIOBHU") \ MHxafijiOBHa) - A $aMHJIHfl? — Mod $aMHJiHa (IleTpdB "1 {lleTpoBa j - CfaeHb npHHTHO, j AJieKcaH^p MnxaftjioBH^l |_Co'(fbH MHxaftjioBHa J, — OieHb npHHTHO. [HeJio'BKaa nay3a] - Hy f AjieKcaH^p MuxaftjioBH^l , KaK .neJia? 1 Cdcfcba MHxaMjiOBHa J — Bee HfleT HH^erd. - A (aceK^lH jeTH KaK? [uyx. ) To'ace HH^erd. - OflHHM CJIO'BOM, BCfe' HOpMajIbHO. [HejiOBKaa nay3a] - A noro^a KaK? - IToro^a Toace Humero'. BooSme', Bee HHierd. - Hy, cjiymaftTe, J AjieKcaH^p MuxaftjioBHU 1 , MHe nopa |_Cd(J)bH MHxaftjioBHa ) 3Ha^HT, Bail nopa, fla? Tor,na #o CBKflaHHH, Hy, jo CBHji,aHHa. omecTBo- (patronymic)- formed from the father's first name by joining the suffixes oyich for males, ovna for females. from HBaH: MBa'HOBH^/ HBaHOBHa from CepreM: Cepre'eBHm/ Gepre'eBHa Of all the ways of addressing: people, the first name and patronymic is the most common»
-127- A Conversation - What is your name? /How do they call you?/ — Mv name isjAleksandr)„ 1 Sofia J - And what is your patronymic? • - (My) patronymic is (Mixajlovichl . [Mixajlovna J - And (your) last name? — My last name is ( Petro^v 1 I Petro'va j. - It's very pleasant (to meet you), (Aleksandr Mixa jloyichj ( Sofia Mixajlovna * ) — It's very pleasant (to meet you). [awkward pause] - Well, / Aleksandr Mixajloyich) how are things? ISof.ia Mixajlovna * ) — Everything is going all right /nothing-/, - And how are (your) [ wife land children? ^husband) — Also all riffht. - In a word, everything is O.K. [awkward muse! - And how is the weather? ■- The weather is also all right. In general, everything is all righto - Well, listen, ( Aleksandr Mixajloyich/, it's tirne for me to go. \ Sofia Mixajlovna " J — That means it's time, right? Then, good-bye. - Well, good-bye.
n -128- Translation. MARK STRESS. 1. What laneuaee do you speak? She speaks English,, I sneak Russian. Only Albanians, it seems, speak Albanian,, 2. Every English tourist thinks that the Great Estonian Sea is a very good place. Where is it located? 3. Our big brigade often relaxed there. 4. Comrade director, I have one specific/concrete/ question. What will the kind young (f) concrete-worker Pavlova speak about tomorrow at the concrete plant? 5. Estonians never talk about tourists. Why do Albanians always talk about spies? 6. We don't often read documents about concrete, not to mention document about cement. (jOKyMeHT - document ) ( neuenT - cement) 7. Our history is the history of the world. 8. [in ecstasy] Comrades! Yesterday (f) student Pavlova worked all day with enthusiasm. [stormy applause] 9. The whole world knows that our concrete plant is the concrete center of Betonograd. ( neHTp - center ) 10. Our best friend never listened when I talked about the concrete plan:, (cjiymaa+ listen) 11. Our dear children understand our great task. 12„ Mommy, do you like big concrete-mixers? Little Kata likes only little concrete-mixers. 13. Some think that Africa is an old Albanian word, and others think that Africa is an old African word. ( atJpuKa'HCKHft _ African) 140 [quietly] They say that every day she stole magazines in the club. 15. He is not a professor. He is a spy0 That is9 he is not a -professor, but a spy.
-129- CjiOBapt. Nouns M 6eTOH- concrete 6eTOHmHK-(m) concrete-worker TypricT- tourist Apyr- friend rypHa'ji - magazine KJiy6- club uraeHep- engineer rannoH -spy npo(fre'ccop(a) professor BH3HT - Visit cneipajracT - specialist Map -world xop -chorus ropofl (a) - city fleno - business, task, thing: Mope- sea MecTO - place cjidBO - word 6eTO,Hm;Hna (f) concrete-worker fipurafla - brigade EBp6na- Europe A'3hh - Asia AMe'pHKa - America A'dipHKa - Africa AHTartKTHKa - Antarctica A'pKTHKa - Arctic hctophh - history SeTOHOMemsuiKa - concrete-mixer OBa'nHH - ovation Mamma - machine Plo jem - children 9ctohuh - Estonians ajifiaHUH - Albanians anJio^HCMeHTH - armlause Adjectives deTdHHHft - concrete BejiHKHM - great jiyumnft - best octohckhK - Estonian aJi6a.HCKnM - Albanian aHrjiHttcKHft - English dojihmdfi - big; Ma'jieHBKHtt - little, small Adjectives (cont.) SypHHft - stormy Hejio'BKHft - awkward SjihhckhM - Blinsk KOHKpe'THuM - concrete, nreclse, specific Verbs roBopii + say, speak JirodH + love, like OTflbixaft + relax, rest KOHua.fi + finish 6y,5+ will be Other BMe'CTe- together t^c5mko - loudly thxo- quietly Ham/ Haraa/ Haine/ Hamn - our Ha KandM H3HKe - (in) what language Ha 6eT0i-fH0M 3aB0fle- in/at the concrete plant y Hac _ we have roBopn +j no-3CTOHCKH - /in/ Estonian no-aj^a'HCKH - /in/ Albanian no-pyccKH _ /in/ Russian no-aHrjiHficKH -/in/ English TaM _^ there Bcer.ua, - always cero^HH^ today Buepa . yesterday 3aBTpa _ tomorrow bot _ here is mto TaKde x? - what is X? ° + prep, case -about He rOBoprf yxe' o + prep, case - to say nothing of/ not to mention pa^Hbme - formerly KaaceTCH - it seems Bech - (m) all bch - (f) all ojhk - some To'jibKo - only ypa!- hurrah! Bac - (accusative) you Bca Hama SpHra^a - our whole brigade «e7- unstressed particle that emphasizes to J what precedes,, to eCTb - that is (to say) b BOCTo'pre - in ecstasy HaxdflHTCH- is located no SeTdHy - on the subject of concrete ( rin this word is pronounced v )
-130- Other (continued) KaK Bac 30ByT?- What's your name? /how do they call you?/ oTiecTBO - natronymic cjpaMHJiHH- last name npHHTHO - pleasant KaK ,n,ejia?- how are things? H^eT - goes sceHa - w^.fe oflHHM cjiobom - in a word Bee HopMajibHO - everything is O.K. noro'ja- weather Boofinje' - in general CJiyraattTe! - listen? Torfla- then
-131- CHAPTER k Ritual 9 Four wavs to avoid answering a question Tape( -HeM OKaHiHBaeTCfl cjiobo jqktqp? (1) — IloBTopHTe nocjie'.nHHii Bonpdc, no:*eUiyScTa! -"nocjie'sHHtt Bonpdc,noscaJiyHCTa" —Xa-xa-xa! (2) H He 3HSIK). -A eCJIH 6U BH 3HajIH? ...PHTyaji HOMep 7. (3) —rMM? -rpdawe, noxajry&CTa. — Tmmm. -A tTO 9T0 3Ha'iIHT? , —3'to 3Ha'wHT, wto r 3&6hji { a) nocjieAHKii Bonpoc. (4) —TaKHe '6aHaJibHHe BonpdcH He HHTepecyiOT uenA. HazBHwe HenHTepe'cHHe -What does the word jqktqp end in? (1) --Re-neat the last question, pleasel -"the last question, please". —Xa-xa-xal (2) —I don't know. -And if you knew? ...Ritual Number 7 (3) —Hmm. -Louder, please! ——Hmmm. -And what does that mean? --That means that I forgot the last question. (k) —Such [banal questions do not interest me. \naive [uninteresting
-132- GENDER OF NOUNSi REVIEW Nouns belong to one of three classes arbitrarily called masculine gender (abbreviated M for vryxcKoft pox), feminine gender(abbreviated 'M. for HceHCKHg pox ), or neuter gender (abbreviated C for cpexHuM pox ) The gender of a noun is usually predictable from the nominative singular ending. Genderi Endingj M £ E a 0 0 Ex. 3aBOx dpHraxa cjiobo y^zTeJib KyxHH Mo'pe rep6fi A*3HH co^HHe'Hne NOMINATIVE SINGULAR OF. MjJECTIVES Adjectives have the endingst ■Li* when modifying M-nouns §J_a when modifying H-nouns oje. when modifying C-nouns *o,i when stressed as l.nt HOBHP* 3aBOX HOBaa 6pHraxa H6Boe cjio'bo mojtoxoS ^eJioBeK Summary, M 3K SiLLs. Hi • • •.Li* • • £ Mi*. Hi ...ai_a.. .a adit Ui • • •„Qi® • ♦ «o
-133- The nominative singular adjective endings aret m- XA 3K- a ja C- oje Spelled h# or h# an or hh oe or ee The spelling of adjective endings is dictated by spelling rules which we have already discussed and drilled. 1. The Spelling of ij» IfTs spelled either hM or nfl depending on the preceding consonan if preceded by a hard paired consonant, i± is spelled [SB] : HOBhift, KyjibTypHHft. Otherwise, it is spelled |nMl. i.e., (1) after soft paired consonantst nocneflHHM (2) after k,r,x:pyccKnft (3) after ac,Ti,m,m: xopo'mzM Ejcercise__J._ Join ij, to the following adjective stems and spell in Russian, e.g. hob + : ho'bhS 1. Kpa'cH + (red)___ ..,_„„ ,„ „_, 6« CBe'sc + (fresh) „_ 2. orpo'MH + (enormous) 7. Kpy'rji + (round) 3. cpe^Hb + (middle, neuter), ,_ 8. ctpot + (strict)„. „ ,_ 4. HacToa'm + (real) „_„___________ 9* £°6P + (kind)„ _. 5. aMephkaHck + (American)_„„ _„._ 10« nocjie^Hb+(iast)_ „ When stressed, the nominative singular masculine ending is oj. Ixe.r.cise_2 Join either ij or oj, to the followine: adiective stems and snell in Russian. e.g. KpacH+ : Kpa'cHbift (stressed on stem) jiecH+': jiecHo'ft (stressed on ending) (continued)
131*- 1. hob+ (new) i 2. mhpob+'(world)t 3. bhco'k +(tall) « k. TaK+'(such)t 5. ;n,opor+(<iear) « 6. jieTHB +(summer) t 7. tSmh +(dark)» 8. jiecH+'( forest) t 2. The Spelling of aiai a.ja is always spelled faF| except flalafter soft paired consonants. Exercise 3 Join aja and 1. HOB +| 2. xopom +1 3. pyccK + t 4. ,H,opor+'i 5„ nocjie'^Hb + spe t 11 —,_ in Russian. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. KyjiBTypH +, jiecH+'i cpe',n,H& + , TaK+', CTpor + , 3« The Spelling of o.iet oje is spelled |oe]', HOBoe, pyccKoe; except feel after (1) soft paired consonants : nocjie'flHee (2) »c,v,in,m: xopdmeel Exercise k Join o.je and spell in Russian. 1. 2. 3- 4. HOB + I e>. pyccK + t 6. flopor+'t 7. jiecH+'j 8. CBew + i cpe'flHb +t CTpor -ft MOJIOfl+'i After soft paired consonants andmsc,^,ni, "the vowel p i* spelled e/e (i.e., ewhen stressed, e when unstressed). As it turns out, the neuter ending is rarely stressed after these consonants, and is therefore spelled ee. Exceptioni 6ojibmoM, 6ojibmo'e -where stressed o is spelled o, not e.
-135 Exercise 5 Form masc, fern., 1. KyjibTypH + 2. nocjieflHb + 3. xopoin + 4. MajieHbK + 5. floport / and neuter from the following stemsi M JK C Adjectives are cited in dictionaries in the nominative singular masculine form. When that ending is spelled hPl , you must look at the preceding consonant to determine how to spell the other endings Exercise. 6 Form feminine and neuter nominative singular. 1. KpacHHM (red) „ , 2. aHrjiHftcKHM (English) ., „ 3. cBe'acHM (fresh) _ , 4. cpe#HHft (middle,neuter) Note that all adjective stems which end in soft paired consonants end in soft Hb , In fact.Hb is the only soft paired consonant in which adjective stems end. The small group of adjectives in hb describe relative time or position, e.g. nocjie'.n.HHft- last cpeflHHM- middle, neuter jieTHHfl- summer
-136- PRONOMINALS1 Some common pronominals arei possessive pronounsi moM ( my),TBoft (your) [informal) ), Ham (our) Bam (your) ^efi (whose) o^hh (one, a certain) Becfc (all) In the nominative case, pronominals have the same endings as nouns. They have the endings» i£ when modifying M-nouns a when modifying 3K-nouns o when modifying C-nouns As in.« moM KapaHflam moh 6pHra,n,a Moe ^e'jio (my) M- moM jK- MOfl C- Moe Stem: moM + Transcription reveals the underlyingstern to be mpj+ l.oJa mo,i + Similarly, tboM (your [informal] ) (your) M- Bam 3K- Bama C- Bame Similarly, Ham (our) (3rd person) M- oh 3K- OHa C- OHO Three pronominals have an inserted element in the masculine form, (one, a certain) M- OflHH }K- o,n,Ha C- OflHo' Stemi o^h + (h inserted in M) 1. The term PILQjTo.mi.nal. refers to a class of words in Russian which are declined like nouns in certain ease forms and like adjectives in certain other case forms. They are called BT-OnominEls since most are pronouns (e.g., my, your, all, whose, a certain). However, there are some pronominals that are not pronouns (e.g. TpeTHft-" third" )j also, the personal pronouns (I, you, etc.) are not pronominals.
-137- (all) M- Becb C- Bee Stem: Bcb + (e inserted in M) (whose) 1- ^bH C- ^te Stemt nh& + (inserted e in M) Transcriptien che.i ch,ja 11 fiwi—■ JfcJL' in. chj+ Compare Russian and Transcriptiont ft is written in the masculine to show j with no following voweli b is written in the feminine and neuter to shows ch+i+V Drill Write 1. 2. 3. 5. OJCH+ 1. 2. 3. . i+. 5. 1 the correct form Tpojijiefi6yc CJIOBO ManiHHa KapaH^am fleJio MamHHa ^ejiOBeK / CJIOBO THrp KHHra of the pronominal. Bam + 1. dpHrajia 2. ,_ ne'jio 3- __„ 4. 5. BCb + 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. _____ 3aB6,n, KHHra _ Mope ti3v1.fi MHp jje'jio epnra'jj.a jjenb ^bfi + 1. 2. 3. 4. . 5. KapaHflam fle'jio MamHHa „ 3aB6fl CJIOBO
-138- 3K C Summary Table Pronominal Adjective Noun A a o XI or J8Li aja oi§. £ a C[ Bam hobhM 3aBOfl Bama Ho'Ban MamHHa Bame HOBoe ,n,ejio Drill 2 Put the pronominals and adject !• (iy)M 2» (my) 3« (mv) **-• (vour) 5 o (our) 6• (our) ?• (vour) 8» (whose) 9c (whose) 10.(whose)__ 11»(one) 12.(0ne) ^ 3"(one) l^.(all) 15.(all) 16.(all) (new) (new) (old) (good),, (last) (Russian) (Russian) (old) (new) (good) (bad) (good) (new) (our) MHT) ^ejio ives into the correct form. 3aBO,n MamHHa Me'cro V^IHTeJIb YMHTeJIb apvr MamHHa MamHHa 3aBOfl CJIOBO MamHHa xe'jio 3aBC$B 6pHraxa
-139- FEMININES IN 6 A large group of nouns in ^ are feminine. Such nouns will be entered in vocabularies/ with the mark 3K . jromaflb M - horse Since these words are feminine,adjectives modifying them have the ending aja. Nouns ending in £ are masculine unless so designated. Drill Give the gender of 1. MHTb 'M. 2. KHH3fa 3. acH3Hb 'M 4. CTHJIb 5. rji5rnocTb "£ 6. KdMHaTa the following ■ words. Answers Hi A M NUEBERS 7-10 Tape ceMb, 7 BoceMb, 8 ^e'BHTb, 9 ^e'cHTb, 10 7,8 9,10 7,8,9,10 7,8,9,10 1,2,3,4,5,6 5,6,7,8 5,6,7,8,9,10 1,2,3.4,5 1,2,3,4,5 6,7,8,9,10 6,7,8,9,10 1,2,3,^,5,6,7,8,9,10 All numbers except "1" require special case endings for the objects counted, e.g., in the phrase "2 pencils", the word "pencils" will have a case ending to be introduced in a later chapter. For the present, restrict your use of numbers to simple counting and do not attempt to say "2 men", "3 lessons", etc..
-ll+O- Gender Drills Symbols! I/is** *^ 0 3aB0'fl KapaHjam nyjib (zero) wk (-M—ll^ i CJIOBO 60JI0T0 (swamp) COTHHeHHe (composition) v~o 1*1 *£%■ MamHHa (car) $oTorpa$M (photograj jioma^b ^ (horse) Tape! Ljsten to the question Answer^urXng,,Jfche,,paus.e Che^k^our„answers Reneat each drill until your answers are all correct. Instructor's,! xopdmHH §Ju^en,tj3j_ iijioxoh r 'T *^ <t> (Mi) fiX^tU^ I ^/N I « fi «%% Tape, A. Exi MeM saBo'jj, 6ojibmo'M? ^tbH MamHHa Ma'jieHbKan? 1. Bam 3aB^fl 6ojibmoH. 2. MOH 3aBOJI M^JieHbRHH. 3. Ba'rae cjiobo Sojibmo'e. 4. Moe cjio'bo MajieHbKoe. 5. Bama MamHHa dojibman. 6. Moh MamHHa MajieHbican. 7. Moh' df)OTorp4(tiHH MajieHbKaH. 8. Ba'ma $oTorpa<J)HH dojibmaa. 9. Bama jio'majj,b Ma'jieHbxas. df C^ 0 M*ta c" ~-S SJ Q* 6 02^? AIlswer^luri.ng.goaiyise TJien._eh^ck_beifl| Bam 3aB0ji dojibmoM. Moh MamHHa MajieHbKan. 10. Moh Jiomaflb dojibman. 11. Bame 6ojioto MajieHbKoe. 12. Moe 6ojioto SoJibmo'e. 13. Moe COTHHeHHe MajieHbKoe. 14. Ba'me co^iHHe'HHe 6ojibmoe. 15. Bam KapaHjiam MajieHbKHM. 16. Moh KapaHjjam 6ojibmoH. 17. Moh Hyjib eojibmo'ft. 18. Bam Hyjib MajieHbKHM.
-ll+l- imHHa :ar) iTorpatfHi ■hotograf >'ma,Hb X. horse) I 1 Tape EXo HfeH 3TO MaiBHHH? (Whose cars are these?) Answer during the pause OflHa Mamiraa moh, a flpyrafl~MamHHa Ba'raa. 1. OflHa MaraHHa moh, a flpyraa ManiHHa Ba'ma. 2. O^ho cjio'bo Moe, a flpyroe cndBO Bane. 3. OflHa jio'inaflb moh, a ^pyran jio'ma.n.b Ba'ma. 4. O^hh KapaHflam moM, a ^pyrdfi KapaHflam Bam. 5. 0,hh6 6ojioto Moe, a flpyro'e 6oji6to Bame. 6. Ojma $oTorpa$HH moh', a ^pyran $OTorpa$HH Ba'raa. 7. 0js,k6 co^HHe'HHe Moe, a ^pyroe co^HHeHHe Bame. OflHH 3aBO,n moM, a flpyroM 3aBO^ Bam. i C. Principle! Mine (instructor's) are good, because they're mine, and vice versa. swers iape , g^ ^eg 3aB($£ xopo'raHft? IIoqeMy? Answer during pause Bam 3&B6ji, xopo'mnM. IIoTOMy tjTO oh Bam. 1, Bain 3aBo'^ xopo'mnM. ITo-roMy ^ito oh Bam. 2. Moft 3 a bo jo; ruioxoM. IIoTOMy^TO oh moS. y 3i Moh' MamHHa nJioxaa. IIoTOMy ito ohsl moh. 4. Bain KapaH^am xopo'mHM. IIoTOMy ^to oh Bam. 5. Moe co^HHe'HHe mioxoe. noTOMy *ito oho' Moe. 6. Moe Sojioto njioxo'e. IIoTOMy *ito oho' Moe. 7. Bame cjio'bo xopo'mee. IIoTOMy ^to oho' Bame. 8. Moh $OTorpa<t>Hfl nJioxaa. IIoTOMy ^to ohsl moh. 9. MoM Hyjib njioxoM. IIoTOMy *ito oh moM. 10. Bame co^HHeHne xopo'mee. IIoTOMy *ito oho' Bame. ; below
-ll+2- NOMINATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS 1. Neuter nouns have nominative plural in -a. (swamp) (composition) nom. sg. 6ojioto co^HHeHHe nom. pi. SoJioTa co^HHeHHH (sochinenii+a) Many neuter nouns have stress shift from the singular to the plural, Such nouns will be entered with the stress mark x . Stress may shifti a) from the stem in the sg. to the ending in the pi. cjiobo: cjioBo-cjioBa (word) b) from the ending in the sg. to the stem in the pi. okho: oKHO-oKHa (window) Drill 3 Form the nominative plural. 1. imcbMo (letter) 2. 3,n,aHHe (building). 3. npstBo (right)_„ ^. mo p e ( s e a) „_„„_„„. 5. co^HHeHHe (composition). 2o A small group of masculine nouns have nominative plural in stressed a. nolo sg<, .hoktop ^om (house) nom. pi. ^OKTopa Roud Such nouns will be entered with (a) in parentheses! ,n;dKTop( a), ,hom( a) 3. All other mouns have nominative plural _i. nom. sg„ Bonpo'c MamHHa $oTorpa'$HH nom. pi. BonpocH MamHHfei $oTorpa$HH (f otograf i,i+i)
-H*3- Drill k Form the 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. nominative plural. CTVfle'HT 6-pnra.na X MeCTO K.yxHH (kitchen) ro'poafa) 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. < CJIOBO TOBapHIU (J)OTorpa$HH 3j;aHHe (building) y^HTejib (a) Nominative Plural Summary Nom. Sg. Nom. PI. 0 anvthing else* i ♦except some nouns in f&—* a NOMINATIVE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES Adjectives have only one nominative plural ending— ije. Nom. Sg. M HOBhlM CTVfleHT K HOBaa SpHra^a C H6BOe CJIOBO Nom. PI. Ho'Bhie CTyfleHm HOBHe 6pHra,n,H H6Bue cjiOBa The ending ije is spelled| ue\or (ne|t depending on the preceding consonant. Drill 5 Write the nominative plural of the following adjectives. 1. KyjibTypH +1 2. rpaMMaTH^ecK + < ,„______-______„ 3. xopom +t _ __ ^. nocJieflHb +» __.____________„__ 5. MOJIOfl+l
.Ikk- NOMINATIVE PLURAL OF PRONOMINALS Pronominals have the nom. pi. ending -i.« mascosg. nom. pi. MO ft Bam qefi MOH BamH Transcription (mo.i-mo.ji) (vash-vashi) (che.j-ch.ji) The pronominal ending i softens preceding consonants whenever possible, and is therefore always spelled h , never h. OH / OHH / OflHH OflHH (one, a certain) (some, certain) (on-oni) (odin-odni) The pronominal Becb has the nom.pl. ending -e» Becb : Bee (yes - vse) Bee flpyrne TpojuiefiSycH... Drill 6 Wri 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. .te the c< MOfi + 0^H + MaiiHHa ManiHHH apyr ^ejioBeK ManiHHa 1. 2. 3. 1. 20 3. Ham + BCb + ^ejio Spnrafla TOBa'pumH SpHra^a MHp JIK^H 1. 2. 3. tlbft + KapaHxas COMHHe'HiU CO^HHeiUf
-1^5- SUMMARYt NOMINATIVE PLURAL Pronominal Ad-ie£tiX£ Noun •Hi -i.ie i/ a Change the following phrases from the nom. sg. to the nom. pi. It MOH H^BblM SaBOfl, ,____, 2. Baraa xopdmaa SpHra^a _____ ___^_ „______ __ _ _ 3t nam ^o'fipHft y*HTejib( a) ___ __ _____ _„__ __ 4. MOe HOBOe CJIOBO 5o *ie8 rpaMMaTHqecKHH Bonpoc _____ _______ 6. o^hh .noporoM KOH^yKTop (a) ______ ^_ _____ _ 7. Baffle nocne'flHee co^HHeHHe ____________ _ _ _ 8. Beeb njiaH (plan)_ _ „_ „ ,._,_ ___ 9. Harae Sojibmoe okho (window)„_ _ __ _ __ — -—.- syMMIi.J-ME_Np>n^Ajiyj_CASE Pronominal Adjective Noun Jj^jffilei MOH HOBHH 3aBOfl MOH HOBafl MalHHa Moe HOBoe fleJio MOH HOBHe 3aBOflU MOH HOBHe JOMa MOH HOBHe MafflHHbl moh HOBue .nejia JL a 0 j. ii aja 222. & a 5 ii.e 1 i/a
Drill 8 Translate into Russian. 1. our old trolleybusmv_ 2. our old trolleybusses, 3. my good car , 4. my good cars 5. my good word 6o whose good words. 7, whose new teacher_ 8, whose Russian car_ 9. all our concrete brigade. 10. all young (M) concrete-workers. 11. your last photograph 12. your last photographs 3T0 this/that is 3to- these/those are 3to KapaHflam. This/ that is a pencil. 3to Mamma. This/ that is a car. cSto cjio'bo. This/ that is a word. 3 to KapaH,naniH. These/ those are pencils. 3to MamHHN. These/ those are cars. 3to cjiOBa. These/ those are cars. Drill 9 Translate into Russian» 1. This is ray old comrade. 2. These are ray old comrades. 3. Those are our new cars. 4. That is your last composition.
-l!+7- WORKBOOKt STRESS PATTERNS OF NOUNS Nouns have one of three types of stress« 1. stem-stress 2. end-stress 3. mobile-stress 1. Stem-Stresst the stress never moves from the stem. Ex. (nom. 3aBOfl sg. .prep. 3aBO,ne fnom. Iprep. /nom. saBO^H Pi. prep. saBO^ax Entryt the stress mark is over the stem. saBOfl 2, End-Stressi stress is on the endings. Ex. [nom. qepTa (trait) sg. Cprep. qepTe ^epTbJ {nom. prep. prep. tiepTax KapaH^ain KapaH flame' KapaHflamH KapaHflama'x The word KapaHflam is stressed on the endings in all forms except the nominative singular. This does not result from a shifting stress, but from phonetic necessity. The ending £ cannot be stressed because it has no sound, and therefore the stress moves back one syllable by phonetic default. Entryt for words ending in a vowel, the stress mark is over the endingi qepTa for words ending in &, the stress mark is over the final consonant letter t KapaH.n,ara
-1^8- j l 3. Mobile-Stresst different stress in singular and plural. | a. shifts from stem in the sg, to endings in the pi. Ex. (word) (soup) (nom. cjiobo cyn ' prep. cjiOBe cyne : (nom. cjioBa prep. cjiOBa? cynH pl.{ iax cynax b. shifts from ending in the sg. to the last syllable of the stem in the pi. Exo (window) (sausage) KOJifiaca sg.,' inom. okho prep.OKHe KOJifiace' Inom. oraa KOJifiacH prep.OKHax KOJifiacax Entryt * over syllable which is stressed in the singular. cjiobo, cfn okho, KOJifiaca Unstressed e Note the vocabulary entry ste'Ha (wife) with unstressed e. From the nominative singular form aceHa', it is not possible to tell whether the stem vowel is e or e . Without this information the plural cannot be formed c©rrectly<, For that reason, we have written the two dots over the e, even though this vowel is not stressed in the singular, to tell you that the plural is xeHU and not "xeHbi" Distinguish; aceHa -the nom. sg. form as it appears in sentences of the book; * aceHa -the nom. sg0 as a vocabulary entry Similarlvt (star)„ 3Be3.ua - the nomc sg. 3Be3^a - the nom. sg. as a vocabulary entry
-11+9- Exercise 1 Form the nom. pi. of the following nouns. Mark stress. 1 • THrp_ 8, ofijiaKO (cloud). 2. JieHTa (tape). 9, cecTpa (sister). 3. CTpaHa (country). 4. cejio" (village) 5. Tejio (body) . 6. yc (moustache). 7. ctoji (table) 10. 3a^aHne (assignment). 11. rapasc (garage) 12. rHes^o (nest) 13. SBes.na' (star) 14. pexa (river) , Exercise 2 1. Stress the following nouns. A. Bpar f Bpar i < Bpara 1 Bpary ( Bparn % BparoB .BparaM 2. A and B above X B. 6aji 6aji 6ajia 6aJiy 6ajiH SajiOB SajiaM are both end- different reasons. A 1 B 1 secauset becauset 1 are singular, C. nJiaH D . njiaH njiaHa nji&ny njiaHH njiaHOB njiaHaM stressed in the 2 are plural. rapaac rapax rapaxa rapaxcy rapaxH rapaxceft rapascaM nom. pi., E. but AOJir flojir AOJira AOjiry flojirn ^ojiroB ^ojiraM for k, A group of masculine nouns have stressed _a_ rather than i in the nominative plural. Ex. flOKTop : ^OKTopa Such nouns always have a shift in stress from the stem in the sg. to the endings throughout the plural. These nouns will be entered in vocabulary lists with (a) in parentheses. * will not be written, since stress shift is automatic.
-150- Exercise 3 Form the nominative plural. 1. ro'poj (a) 2. xHTejib (inhabitant)^ 3. yiHTejib (a) k. ctoji (table). 5. MecTo 6. cefljio (saddle). 7. jom (a) (house)_ Exercise k Enter the nominative singular of the following words, using the correct stress mark. l.qex>Ta- trait 2.caji- garden I nom. ^epTa' caj; sg, vl.< ^prep. ^epTe nom. ^epTH prep. MepTax ca^e ca^H cajax 3.ctoji- table CTOJI CTOJI e' CTOJIH ctoji ax 4.TpaBa- grj TpaBa' TpaBe / TpaBH TpaBax sg. pi. 5.Hflpo- nucleus G.TeJio- body nom. a^pd Te'jio prep, flflpe Te'jie 'nom. flflpa TeJia [prep. Hflpax TeJiax 9. cecTpa- sister fnom. cecTpa" 7.rHe3ao- nest 8.Be^ep- even! sg, pl.J prep. cecTpe nom. cecTpH prep. cecTpax rHes^o' rHes^e rHe3.ua rHe3^ax 10. yqHTejib- teacher yqrfTeJib y^HTejie yMHTejiH yqHTeJi^x J Be^ep Be^epe Bevepa' Beqepax
SUMMARY -151- ?XEe Notation Example Stem-Stressj End-Stress» Mobile-Stressj / over stem t over ending or over final consonant * over syllable which is stressed in the singular saBOfl, MamHHa, co^HHeHHe qepTa, KapaHflam yc, xeHa, okho, cjiobo
-152- C-ender-Number Drill. * ' i I = new i\\ \ - old C^ 3aB0£ KapaHjxam y^HTeJib (a) Hyji'b © X B Utk jihuo (face) MeCTO COMHHeHHe CJIOBO Q 6 J V «£?- MamHHa cfroTorpa^HH seHa (wife) jio'majib )K Tape Listen, to the question Answer during^ the pause Qh,eck__yqur answer Ex, MbH 3to saBOflH? BojibmoM HOBbift 3aBOfl Bam, a MajieHbKHe CTa'pHe 3aBOflu MOH. Instructor'ss Student'si c3 V 1 1 // '0' ». 1 ( / © <-*4 S *** £1 ^ I \ i Ov 6 nftM \ 1 » ' <P<pp ©e© VX' cut* v V 1 II, 666 x ( » / <. S * f 5 "S3" 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 12 BojibmoH ho'bhh 3aB0jj Bam, a MajieHbKHe CTa'pHe saBOjjH moh. Bojibmo'e HOBoe jihuo Bame, a Ma'jieHbKHe cT^pue jiHua. moh. Bojibman HOBan MamHHa Bama, a MajieHbKHe CTa'pHe MamHHH moh. MajieHbKHe CTapue KapaHflamn Banm, a 6ojibmoft hobhh KapaHjjam moh. MajieHbKHe CTapue Mecia Banm, a 6ojibmo'e HOBoe MecTO Moe. MajieHbKaa cTapaa $oTorpa$HH Ba'ma, a gojibmne HOBHe $OTorpa<J)HH moh. BojibmoH ho'bhh y^HTeJib Bam,^ a MajieHbKHe CTaptie y^HTeJin moh. Bojibmoe HOBoe co^HHeHne Bame, a MajieHbKHe ciapbie cowHeHKH moh. MajieHbKSua cTa'paa xeHa Bama, a 6ojibmHe HOBue aceHH moh. . BojibmoH ho^bhM Hyjib Bam, a MajieHbKHe CTapue HyjiH moh. . BoJibmne HOBHe cJiOBa Bamn, a MajieHbKoe CT?Cpoe cji6bo Moe. / . Bojibmaa HOBaa Jiomaflb Bama, a MajieHbKHe CTapue jiomajjH moh.
"t,T -153- HBaH HsaHOBHti h Bopn'c Bophcobhm Tape HBSLH HBa'HOBHiI Q, BopHC BopHCOBHq H.H. B.B. H.H. B.B. H.H. B.B. H.H. B.B. H.H. B.B. H.H. B.B. H.H. B.B. H.H. B.B. H.H. B.B. H.H. B.B. H.H. -BopHC BopHCOBHq, BH BHflejIH MOH HOBbie $OTOrpatf)HH? -HeT, HBa.H HBaHOBiw, He BHxeji. -Bbl XOTHTe BHfleTb MOH HOBbie <$OTOrpa<|)HH? -He ocoSeHHO. -Bot ne'pBaa (JjOTorpacjbHH.' -3'to He njioxan (f)OTorpa(f)HH. Tmm... 3'to napK, #a? -Hy, fla. 3'to napK. -^to 3to b napKe? 3to Bama cTapaa MamHHa, npaB^a? -[xdjio^Ho] He toiho, Bopnc BopHCOBH^. -A, KOHe'^HO. 3'to He Bama CTapaa MamtfHa, a Ba'ma deTOHOMema'jiKa, npaB^a? -He To'qHO, Bopnc Boph'cobh^. , , 3to He moh CTapan MamHHa. 3to He Most SeTOHOMemajiKa. 3to moh x.ena. [HejiOBKaa naysa] -Bot icaic! Ctaa TaKaa KpacHBan aceHmHHa. -[KpacHea^ Bojibmde cnacndo! 3to, KOHe^HOj He oieHb xopdman $OTorpa<i'HH. -fla mt6 bu roBopHTe! 3to otieHb xopdman $OTorpa$HH. KaKaa KpacHBan aeHmHHa! Kaicde MOjioflo'e jihijo! -HsBHHHTe, Bopric BopHcoBHq, ho 3to He ee MOJioflde jihu,6, a ee CTapan mjinna. J^HejioBKaH naysa] - [icpacHeflJ Hy, HBaH HBaHOBHq, MHe nopci h^th. -H bot BTppas <j)OTorpa$ntf! -Tmm. .. 3to Toxe Bama KpacHBas aceHa, npaB^a? -[xdjIOflHo] He Td^IHO, BopHC EopHCOBHtl. 3'to He moh KpacHBaa sceHa, a moh CTapaa MamHHa. I^HejioBKan naysaj -Hy, HBaH HBaHOBHI, £0 CBH^aHHH. -JIO CBH^aHHH. •**
-15U- Ivan Ivanoyich and Boris Borisovich I.I. -Boris Borisovich, have you seen my new photographs? B.B. —Noi Ivan'lvanovich, I haven't. I.I. -Do you want to*see my new photographs? B.B. —Not especially. I.I. -Here is the first photograph. B.B. —That's not a bad photograph. Hmm... That's a park, right? I.I. -Well, yes. It is a park. B.B. —What's that in the park? It is your old car, right? I.I. -[coldly] Not exactly, Boris Borisovich. B.B. — Ah, of course. It's notyour old car, but your concrete-mixer right? I.I. -Not exactly, Boris Borisovich. It's not my old'car. 'It's not my concrete-mixer. It's my wife. [awkward pause3 B.B. —You don't sayl She's such a pretty woman. I.I. -[blushing] Thank you very much. It's of course not a very good photograph. B.B. —But what are you sayingl It's a very good photograph. What a pretty womani What a young facel I.I. -Excuse me, Boris Borisovich, but that's not her young face, but her old hat. Lawkward pause3 B.B. —[blushing3 Well, Ivan Ivanoyich, it's time for me to go. I.I. -And here is my second photograph. B.B. —Hmm... That's also your pretty wife, right? I.I. -[coldly] Not exactly, Boris Borisovich. That's not my pretty wife^ but my old car. [awkward pause] B.B. --Well, Ivan Ivanoyich, good-bye. I.I. -Good-bye.
-155- The Verbs CMQTpe* and nnca+ Learn the present tense of these two verbs. (Tape 1 cMOTpe-f (watch., look at) nHca +(write) H GMOTpiO TH CMo'TpHfflb oh cmo'tpht MH GMOTpHM BH ^MOTpHTe OHH CMOTpHT h nnmy mh nHmeM th nHmemfe bh nrfmeTe oh nrfnieT ohh nn'myT Remember. over a verb stem meanst stress falls on the ending in the lsjt person singular, and on the stem in all other forms of the present tense. Infinitive and Past Tenset GMOTpeTb: CMOTpeji, ^MOTpejia, CMOTpe'jio, CMOTpe'jiH nucaiTfe: nncaji, nncajia, nncajio, nncajiH A note on the meaning of cmqtjde £_ CMOTpe+ "watch, view as a spectator' OHa cmo'tpht TejieBH3op. CMOTpe + Ha + accusative -"look at" OHa cmo'tpht Ha co^HHeHHe. (She is watching television^ (She is looking at the composition)
-156- MajieHbKaa Cohh [ Tape MajieHbKan Cohh nncajia co^iHHeHHe. OHa nncajia 6e3 6ojibmoro 9HTy3na'3Ma. C6hh CMOTpe'jia Ha co^iHHeHHe, KOTo'poe OHa nnca'jia. fl CMOTpro Ha co^HHeHHe, KOTopoe h iinmy. KaKan KaTacTpodha! 3to o'^ieHb njioxoe cotiHHeWe. Bee .npyrHe nnmyT c 6ojibmnM 9HTy3na3MOM. OhA C SOJIbmHM 9HTy3Ha3M0M CMOTpHT Ha COtJHHeHHH, KOTOpHe OHk nrimyT. 3to 3Ha^inT, mto ohh nn'myT o^eHb xopdnme coiHHeHHH. Bee, KpoMe MeHH. ( H KpoMe Bopo^HHa, KOTopuM CMOTpeJi Ha co*inHeHne, KOTdpoe nnca.Jia MajieHbKaH Cohh ) Little Sona *■ Little Sona was writing a composition. She was writing without great enthusiasm. Sona was looking at the composition which she was writing. "I am looking at the composition which I am writing. What a catastropheI This is a very bad composition. All the others are writing with great enthusiasm. They are looking with great enthusiasm at the compositions which they are writing. What does this mean? This means that they are writing very good compositions. All except me." (And except Borodin, who was looking at the composition which little Sona was writing.)
-157- BonpocH Tape\ 1. Ha mo CMOTpe'jia Ma'jieHbKas Co'hh? / 2. Ha vt6 CMOTpejm no^TH (almost) Bee jjpyrne? KaK nncajia Ma'jieHbKaH Cohh? KaK nnca'jiH Bee jjpyrHe? KaKHe co^HHeHHfl nn'myT jiiojih, KOTopue nnmyT c 6ojibmHM9HTy3Ha3MOM? KaKHe co^iHHeHHH nnmyT jho^h, KOTOpHe nnmyT 6e3 6oJibm6ro 9HTy3«a3Ma? Bopo^HH nrimeT c 6oJibnraM 9HTy3na.3MOM. Ilo^eMy oh nraeT nJioxde CO^HHeHHe? The verbs Kpmia* and MOJiqa+ Learn the present tense of these two verbs. Kpnga + (shout)y i KptiSy mh KpH^n'M TBI KpH^Hmb BH KpH^HTe )H KpH^IHT OHH KpH^aT [TapeJ Mojma + (be silent) Ltl H MOJUiy" MH MOJmHM BH MOJUIHTe ThI MOJUIHmb OH MOJUIHT OHH MOJiqaT HJIH. . . HJIH hjih- either hjih. . .hjih. .. either.. .or... Bee h'jih KpngaT. h'jih roBopflT. (Everybody is either shouting or talking.)
-158- B nepBOM Kjiacce Tape PpOMKO KpH^aT MajIb^HKH. Jle'BO^KH TOBOprfT C SOJIbmrfM 9HTy3Ha'3M0M. BCe HJIH KpH^iaT, HJIH rOBOpaT C SOJIbrnHM 9HTy3Ha3MOM. Bce,KpoMe MeHH. fl He icpmiy. fl He TOBOpiO C fiOJIbmHM 9HTy3Ha'3MOM. fl Mojniy. Ohh 3HaiOT, tJTO ohh Bcejra nnca.jin xopomne co^HHeHHa, Ohh cKopo 6yayT bo btopom KJiacce. Bot no^ieMy Ma'jib^iHKH Kpn^iaT! Bot ncmeMy a^boikh rOBopHT c SojibmHM 3HTy3na'3MOMt A h HHKor.ua He Sy'jiy bo btopom KJiacce fl Bcer,na 6^y b ne'pBOM KJiacce. Ha'ace Bopo^HH SyjieT bo btopom KJiacce. Bee, KpoMe MeHH. ^°?o^h h Bee In The First Grade The boys are shouting loudly. The girls are talking with great enthusiasm. Everybody is either shouting or talking with great enthusiasm. Everybody except me. I am not shouting. I am not talking with great enthusiasm. I am silent. They know that they have always been writing good compositioas. They will soon be in the second grade. That is why the boys are shouting. That is why the girls are talking with great enthusiasm. But I will never be in the second grade. I will always be in the first grade. Even Borodin will be in the second grade. Everybody except me.
IT -159- Bonpocu 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ?. Mto .nejiaioT Majib^HKH? Mto aejiaioT seBO^KH? fl meuimhk. Ht6 h .ngjiaio? fl fleBO^Ka. ^to h ^ejiaio? <J/R\ Mto jteJiaeT Cohh? </• O* IloyeMy Majib^HKH KpH^iaT? |;5| IlOqeMy fleBOVKH TOBOpHT C SOJUjIEh'm 9HTy3Ha3MOM? I£ A CoHfl?
l6o- WORKBOOKJ .ht_-VERBS AND eT -VERBS 1. Stems ending in -h+, -e +, and Ha + ( i.e., *ia, aca, ma, n;a ) are ht- (coniugation II). All others are eT-verbs (conjugation I). ver H +J e + j Ha + t ht- verbs jiio6h + (like) BKje + (see) Mojma + (he silent) jieaca + (lie) CJiuma + (hear) nnma+ (squeal) const o + s yt« a + i (not"~Ha eT- verb«? (all others) schb + (live) Be,n + (lead) ^ejiait + (do) kojio + (stab) naxHy + (smell) rnnca + (write) )LTpe6oBa + (demand) 2. The basic present, past and infinitives are: V-endings ht- verbs K> Hint HT HM HTe HT eT- verbs y emb eT eM eTe yT G-endines Givf>n the full stem it is now possible to determine which endings to join ( ht or eT ) and how to join them (addition or truncation).
I acHB + ijoenn't end in~n+ ,-e+,-Ha+. Therefore, eT -verb. Jonsonant stem (C) + present endings (V)« C+V t MHB+ y—» acHBy acHB+ ei-» acHBeT Consonant stem (C) + past/inf. endings (C) = (/+C : acHB + ji—•» acHJi 2CHB +Tb—* 3KHTB MQjma+ uoes end in-n+,-e+, -Ma + , Therefore, ht -verb. •owel stem (V) + present endings (V) —» /+V s MOJiya +ji—* MOJiyaji MOJiqa+ Tfe—» MOJI^aTb "iwel stem (V) + present endings (V)= /+Vj uojma+ 10—» Mojniy MOJI^a+ HT-* MOJI^HT Exg.rcis,e_.l Are the following kt or eT -verbs? (Write numbers) ht: eT: 1. noMor +(help) 2. Hc^e3Hy +(disappear) 3. cjiuma +(hear) 4. cjiyman +(listen to) 5. CHje +(sit) 6. nun +(drink) 7. noMHH +(remember) 8. njiaxa +(cry) 9. Tan +(melt) 10. nopo +(unstitch) |Hypothetical..StemsT) 11. cy*3+ 12. 60JI3H + 13. TecHy + 14. cjiyma + 15. cjiyae + 16. Myft + 17. Myx + 18. 3aa +
-162- Stress mark on final stem vowel or consonant shows end stresst roBopH + rOBopio ; 3chb'+ scHBy Stress mark elsewhere remains on stressed voweli CTa.H + craHy j koh^h + KOH^y MARK STRESS IN ALL FUTURE EXERCISES Exercise 2 Form infinitive and 3rd person singular. INFINITIVE 1. TpoHy +(touch) 2. kooth +(finish) ?rd SG. 3. BH3xa +(screech)_ 4. rope +(burn) 5. cjihiB +(pass for) 6. KpHtia' +(shout) 7. SoJie'+Churt) 8. xyaeit +(become thin) 9. CHjie +(sit) 10. nnnia +(squeal) 11. rn6Hy +(perish). 12. MeHHi! +(change)_ 13. o^'h +(put on)_ 14. 3BeHe" +(ring) 15. BT>e3seajt +(drive in) 16. x.rsl +(wait) 17. Jian +(bark) 18. Jiesca+(lie) (continued)
-163- Hypothejtica_l infinitive 3rd sg. 19. MyS + , ., , , 30. My'n + _____ ; ; ____„ , __„_ 31. njiyH + . „____., _ , 22. naqa + _____ „_ „ __ , „ 23. na^iafi + ._._.„, ^ , , . _, 24. nojiHy + ___ , _ „. . , — 25. nojie + __ ._„_„_, .... ^xerfiise^J Form 1st sing, and 3rd plural. !§:L_sgJ Jrd-JLL. 1. noMHH + (remember) __,._ _. _ „ __ 2. 0Kpyac6 +( surround) __, 3. acyacaca +(make a bee-like _____ . __.„__ ..._~__ - sound) 4. 3BeHe +(ring) ___ „ _ „_ „ „ 5. Be3 +(transport) .,„„._ „_. . - _. _ ~— 6. flyit +(blow) _ _ _. „. ___ 7. naxHy +( smell)_______ ._ __ _.„. _,_.„ „„„_ _. ._- . Hypothetical 8. 3y» + ___, ,
-l6h- The Basic Form jof the Verb The infinitive is traditionally taken to be the basic form of the verb, and verbs are classified as "verbs in aTB "f "verbs in eTB ", etc. But verbs with similar and even identical infinitives may have quite different -presentsi Present IpXiritiYJ?. 6ojie + (hurt) (Sojikt 6oJie'TB 6ojiett+ (be sick) 6oJieeT 6oJieTb Exercise k Give infinitive and 3rd person sine:, present. IP..f,il)itive 1. pBa -t-(tear) , . _.,_ . _ 2. cjibiraa +(hear) 3. CJiyraaM +(listen) ,.__ _ _„_.,.... _ 4. CTaH +(become) _ , _ , „.__.__ Hypothetical 5. jih^si + ___ _ __ 6. jiK^iafi + _ ______ __ _., 7. jiK^iaH + 3,rd Sg;, „ -. .. „— — -., _.. _. - — ••- _^, ^ .,*_.„o^... - — — ■ - - - - - ---- ■ - - - „«_. -,._~- . ... . .- .. ... .. _.^. * - _ - „.. All of the above are "verbs in -aTB". From their infinitives alone it would have been impossible to form the present tense correctly. It would not have been possible to predict that "CJibiraaTB' « iR an KT -verb, but " cJiy'maTB"ifi a eT -verb; that " pBaTB" drops its final vowel in the present,, but " cTaTb does r.ot? that " CTaTB" inserts an h and " cJiymaTb" inserts a ft. On, the other hand, verbs with similar presents may have auite different infinitives.
-165- Pi§rc_iS.§-_5 [Give the 3rd person singular and infinitive. ' _£dJ5__ IrXinLtiXP 1. OKypacH + (surround) ___.„ ___._. . — ■-- 2. spoxa + (tremble) _____ „,_„„„. _.„ . -■-. - 3. 3BeHe + (ring) _ _ __________ _____ __„__,,., » ....„. Hypothetical 14, capflH + ___ _^ _____ _„. . .„. „ '!! 5i nopsca + ____ __ _ _ , _ ill , / 6. nop6e + __.».„ -- .-_. Therefore it is not always possible to predict the present from the infinitive nor the infinitive from the present. But both the infinitive and the present are predictable from the , full stem. m —— —— Exercise 6 Form the infinitive and ^rd person singular. Note how bracketed .-r-.3, though similar in their infinitives, have quite different T^centSo Infinitive .3£_L-S___ ' '. pima. +(shout) !. . OHtiaM +(finish) „____„_ _ ____ i ■ W +(sit) ____ ______ _ ________ ■ . "yfleM + (become thin) __ _ _ __ _____ ■ uma +( squeal) ____ __ . pomaM +(forgive) ___ _____ ' . obtophM +(repeat) ___ ______ _____ '. ■ -An +(bark) ___ _ _______ _ ____ _ , ■■ iBeHe +(rinff) __.„.._._ ... _„ '.". . KpacHeft +(blush) _ _ '". Jieaca + Ilie"' ." . Bte3scaft +(drive in) _ (continued)
-166- Infinitive 3rd.j£»„ 13. CTpa^aM +(suffer). 14. acfla + ( wail) ilY.P^ibje.tica.l 15. MyHe + QJ^.er..Stejm_(3haT]!£es Stem changes other than truncation may occur in joining stems and endings, e.g.j consonant mutations ( Be^y, BecTH: jikShji, JiroSJiro ) vowel mutations ( w^ji, mo.io ), stress shift fjiioejiro, jiioSkt: khji, schjisi, »:«i Such changes are fully predictable from the stem. In general, it is the case thati Stem changes occur in the environments C+C and V+V, but not in the environments C+V and V+C. C+V, V+C are sJab1e enyironments. C+C, V+V are unstable environments, Stable,, Present of C-S terns (C+V) Past/inf. of V-Sterns (V+C) Unstable Past/inf. of C-Sterns (C+C) Present of V-Sterns (V+V) The changes which occur in unstable environments will be discussed in future chapters. i
Ritual 10 |Tape| -HeM OKaHiHBaeTCH rjiaroji £io6-h_+__? Ha rJiacHuft rfjiH Ha corJiacHbiM? -Oh oKaHMHBaeTca Ha rJiacHbiM. -Ha KaxoM rjiaCHbift? -Ha rJia'cHbiM n.* -B TaKOM cjiy^ae oh HT-rjiaro'ji h'jih eT-rJiaroji? -B TaKOM cjiyxiae oh eT-rjiardji. -Ha,n,o Bac n03^pa'BKTB. -H CTaparocB. -Mojicne'n;! * variant for stems in -a« -Hto ctokt ne'pe^, a? -What does the verb iJJ9£K„+ end in? In a vowel or a consonant? -It ends in a vowel. -In what vowel? -In the vowel jj .* -Tn that case, is it anHT -verb or eT-verb? -In that case, it is an HT-verb. -One must congratulate vera, -I do my best, /I trv./ -Well done I *variant for stems in a: -What stands before a?
-168- GBNITIVE SINGULAR t MASCULINE ANDJ_E UJTEjR Masculine and neuter nouns join a to the stem^ with appropriate adjustments in the spelling. nominative nap^K y^KTeJiB rep6ft (hero) cjio'bo Mope COMHHe'HKe genitive napica y^HTejiH repoH CJio'Ba MOpfl COMHHe'HKH Adjectives and pronominals join the ending ovo (v is spelled r in this ending) adjjs_rtiyej3 KyJiBTypHoro nocjie^,Hero BejiHKoro xopo'mero 6oJibmdro pronominals Moero Bamero oporo BCero' (tooj ,_+. oyo) (vaVh^ + qyo) fodn._ + _oyd), vs + ovo) The prepositions 6e3 (without) and KpoMe (except) are followed by the eenitive case. 6e3 Sojibmo'ro 9HTy3na.3Ma without exeat enthusiasm KpoMe cTaporo HHcne'KTopa except the old inspector Drill 10 Translate into Russian. 1. director of our new factory^ 2. the best friend of every good student 3. my best friend's pencil (the pencil of my best friend) k. without your concrete factory..^ 5. except the bad student Zolotov_ 6. without the Great Blinsk Sea
-169 Genitive Drill |Tap( Answer the following questions, using the diaerams as clues. ix.£ Heft 3aBo',B, 6ojibmo/M? 3aBo'^ cTa'poro HHCne'KTopa Tjia^KOBa cTapHH HHcneKTop TjiajtKdB —tCr^ \ j /» / wo Mojio,n,6fi HHcneKTop rjia^.Kd'B "... Men 3aBO^, SoJiBmo'M? ■!. Men 3aBO^ MaJieHbKHH? 1. MbH MaraHHa HOBaa? '. Hbfl MaraHHa cTapaa? . Mbfl seHa KpacHBaa? Ham xopomHft yqHTeJib ^ -^/ Ham njioxoH yqnTejib m . Kto pafio'TaeT c dojibraHM DHTysna'sMOM? ■ Hte cotiHHeHHe xopomee? . Kto oT^bixaeT Beet jeHb? ■ Mte cotiHHe'uHe ruioxoe? (continued)
170- JX MOJIOJtba flOKTOP IleTPOB jiyxjinHH jipyr o t> 10. Kto iHTaei? 11. Mba aceHa b napxe? 12. Kto pado'iaeT? 13. Hba MamHHa HOBai? 14. Mbh MamHHa CTapan? 15. Kto .nyMaeT? 16. Kto oijHxaeT? 17. MbH aceHa b Tpojuieft6yce? Bee, xpoMe. 18. KaKHe Mopfl njioxwe? 19. KaKHe saBo'^H MajieHbKHe? ifT er cr 20. KaKvfe na'pKH HeKpacHBbie? J. CTapHH joKTop IleTpo's jiynrnHH jp- /v /I BeJiHKoe BjiHHCKoe Mo'pe rif Ham 66t6hhhh 3aB6,n M 3j? $=£ ^ I moh MajieHbKHfi napK ^
-171 His. Her. Their ero (his)* 1 ee (her) r do not change form to agree with the following hx (their) J noun. * r in ero is pronounced v. but ero'/ee/HX KapaH^a'ra moM KapaHflam erd/ee/HX Mami^Ha uoA ManiHHa ero/ee/nx cjio'bo Moe cji6bo ero/ee/nx MamHHH moh MamHHH Drill 11 Translate 1. (my) 2. (his) 3. (your) the words in parenth 3aBOfl 3aB6fl jihijo eses 4. 5. 6. into Russian. (her) (our) (their) JIHIJO 3aBo,n 3a.Bo'fl Ht- Verbs Symbols O) roBopw + (big mouth) KpH^a + ( a bigger mouth) Qj) Mojma + (no mouth) d> BHjie + (an eye) (see) ^f>-> CMOTpe + (an eye looking at something) •O i ctpoh + (strong-man) TT"^ (build) \Q-y. Jiexa + (someone lying on abed) ™ (lie) \2a CH^e' + n (sit) (someone nitting on a chair)
BHfle + , CH^e + , 1st s£. BHJKV CHScy The change a—*■ « be explained late but BH^Mb, BHjJHT. . . CH^Hmb, CHJHT... in the 1st person sg. r. of these verbs will Ht- Verb Conjugation Drill fTapT Answer in Russian during the pause. ^ % Hto bh Mt6 oh ^.eJiaeT? 1. © 2-@ 3. © 4. <a>-? 5. £j 6. ^ '•ft 8. <i> .n.e'jiaeTe? Hto' ohh 1. ® 2.© 3.© 4. <jC^> 5. JjL, 6. i^ssj 7-1% 8. <£> Ans fl fldjiaroT? wer during pause c t ptfio. Mt<5 bh fldjiaeTe? i. <a>-^ 2.® 3. © *. © 5-*J 6. ft ?.£r 8. <§> Listen Mixed 1.1% 2.^, 3. <S> k, Gb 5»© 6.© 7. <|>^ 8. <I>-^ 9. $i 10. $1
-173- Ritual 11 Tape -HeJib3fl 3^ecB KypHTB! -Ho bh Beflt KypHTe. -MHe mo'jkho Kyp^HTB. fl y^HTeJiB. -Bee flpyrrie KjrpHT. ) -Hm mo'jkho KypHTb. Ohh ^B3pocJiHe. -Qc rpycTBio] Bee, Kpo't/ie MeHH. •It's forbidden to smoke here! •But you're smoking. -I'm allowed to smoke, /to-me it's-permissible to-smoke/. I'm the teacher. -All the others are smokinc. -They're allowed to smoke. / to-them it's-permissible to- They are adults. smoke/, -[with sadness] All but me. /everybody except me/. Prepositions 1. In addition to 6e3 and Kpo'Me . three other prepositions are followed by the genitive case. OKOJIO (near) okojio ro'po^a (near the city) y (by) y Mo'pH (by the sea) ot (from) as in: jzajieico ot (far from) 2. The preposition Ha .najieKo' ot Mo'pn (far from the sea) Basic meaning "on" - Ha njiHace(on the beach) with certain nouns it has the meaning "in/at": Ha 3aBd,n,e( in/at the factory)
-17^- 3anajj;HhiH h BocToqHHft Bjihhck [Tape! Mto Tax6e fleKaji,eHTCTBO? HeKajjeHTCTBO-dTO jiesaTb Ha rum'sce y BejiHKoro Bjimhckoto 6oJiOTa h cMOTpeTb TeJieBH3op. B cMOKrarax. BejiHKOe BjiHHCKoe 6ojioto BejiHKoe BjiHHCKoe Mdpe 3anaflHHft Bjihhck BocTo'gHHft Bjihhck 3ana^Hbifi Bjihhck jieacHT o'kojio dojiOTa. Okojio KaKoro SojiOTa? Kan H3Be'cTHO KaacflOMy raKOJibHHKy, 3ana,nHbiH Bjihhck jiewHT o'kojio BejiHKoro Bjihhckoto dojio'Ta. A BocTo'gHHH Bjihhck? Tjj,e JieacHT Bocto'^huh Bjihhck? BocTdgHUH Bjihhck JieacHT He o'kojio dojiOTa, a dKOjio Mopa — o'kojio BejiHKoro Bjihhckoto mo'ph.1 y dojiOTa njiHac. MTd jjejiaioT acHTejiH 3ana^Horo BjiHHCKa Ha rrjiflace? Ohh ctpoht 3aBdflH? Ohh ctpoht Typda3H? HeT. ^hh HH^ero He ctpoht Ha njirfwe. Cc oTBpameHHeM ] Becb jjeHb ohh jieacaT Ha njiflace h cmo'tpht TejieBH3op.2 KaKo'e .neKajjeHTCTBo! A KHTejiH BocTogHoro^ BjiHHCKa! Becb p,eHb ohh chrht y Mo'pa. Ha ^deTOHOMeraa'jiKax. £_ jislckoboJ Ohh ctpoht mflpocTaHUHH. KaKo'e c^acTbe! Be^epoM acHTeJiH 3a'na,HHOro BjiHHCKa chjjh't b KJiyde "Xe'HKH-neHKH". Ohh cjxymaioT p'khB flacas 3ana^Horo BjiHHCKa h KpngaT: "Kyji, mgh, Kyji!" KaKde desodpa'sne! Mhtcjih BocTo'^Horo BjiHHCKa ch^ht He b KJiyde "X^HKH-ne'HKH", a b KJiyde "MojiofldS CTpoHTejib"! Ohh cjiymaioT He jjhkhH ,H*a3, a HHTepe'cHbie jieKijHH npocjbe'ccopa IHyjibu;a. KaKa'n KyjibTypa! MHTejiH BocTo'^HOro BjiHHCKa cmo'tpht Ha .neKafleHTCTBO 3a^najj;Horo BjiHHCKa c OTBpame'HHeM. }KHTeJiH 3ana,n,Horo BjiHHCKa cmotpht Ha cgacTbe BocTdtiHoro BjiHHCKa 6e3 dojibmo'ro 9HTy3Ha3Ma. Mto TaKde cgacTbe? CgacTbe— oto cw^eTb y BejiHKoro Bjimhckoto mo'ph H CTpOHTb THJI,pOCTaHllHH. 1 To ecTb, ^ajieKO ot BejiHKoro Bjikhckoto dojio'ia. 2 B cMOKHHrax. 3 npofte'ccop Iflyjibu; -caMufl H3Be"CTHUH rpaagi,aHHH BocTdgHoro BjiHHCKa,
-175- .W§j_t, and East._Bj.in.sk i - i What is decadence? Decadence is to lie on the beach by the Great | Blinsk Swamp and watch television. In tuxedos. West Blinsk lies near a swamp. Near what swamp? As is well-known to every schoolchild, West Blinsk lies near the Great Blinsk Swamp. And East Blinsk? Where does East Blinsk lie? East Blinsk lies not near a swamp, but near the sea— near the Great Sea of Blinsk.*■ By the swamp is a beach. What do the inhabitants of West Blinsk do on the beach? Do they build factories? Do they build tourist bases? No. They don't build anything on the beach* [with disgust] All day they lie on the beach and watch television. What decadence! And the inhabitants of East Blinsk? All day they sit by the sea. On concrete-mixers. [tenderly] They build hydroelectric power stations. What happiness? In the evening the inhabitants of West Blinsk sit in the "Hanky- Panky Club". They listen to the wild jazz of West Blinsk and shout "kul.men, kul!". The inhabitants of East Blinsk sit not in the "Hanky- Panky Club", but in the "Young Builder Club". They listen not to wild jazz, but to the interesting; lectures of Professor Schultz.'' What culture! The inhabitants of East Blinsk look ut>on the decadence of West Blinsk with disgust. The inhabitants of West Blinsk look upon the happiness of East Blinsk without great enthusiasm. What is happiness? Happiness is to sit by the Great Blinsk Sea and build hydroelectric power stations. 1 That is, far from the Great Blinsk Swamp. 2 In tuxedos. 1 Professor Schultz is the most famous citizen of East Blinsk.
176- Bonpocbi: 1. P^e jieacHT 3ana,HHHH Bjihhck? 2. To ecTb...? 3. Tp,e jieactiT Bocto^ihhh Bjihhck? 4. To ecTb...? 5. T^e njinac? 6. Mto ctp6ht acHTejin 3ana^Horo BjiHHCKa Ha njinace? 7. Mto' ohh ^djiaioT Ha njinace? 8. Mto TaKoe ^eKa^eHTCTBO? 9. T^e HaxoflHTca 6eTOHOMem?£jiKH? 10. T^e CH^flT HCHTeJIH BOCTO^HOrO BjiHHCKa? 11. Mto' ohh ^ejiaioT Becb ,neHb? 12. Mto' TaK6e ciacTbe? 13. Pfle chrAt acHTejiH 3ana,nHoro BjiHHCKa Be^epoM? 14. Mto" ohh fle'jiaroT? 15. Tfle cHjrfT acrfieJiH BocTO^Horo BjiHHCKa BenepoM? 16. Mto' ohh fle'jiaroT? 1?. Ha ito acHTejiH Bocto^hoto BjiHHCKa cMdTpHT c oTBpameHHeM? 18. A acHTejiH 3a'na^Horo BjiHHCKa?
-177- Comprehension Dri11: MocKBa_ h JleHHHrp^a,^ (Moscow and Leningrad) l^apel J Listen to the comprehension drill on tape until you can answer the auestions below. Loca.pjula.ry i crojiHn;a -capital < aflMHHHCTpaTHBHHM -administrative bsukhhS -important , ueHTp -center b MocKBe - in Moscow * BaraHHrTOH -Washington pa^no - radio napnac -Paris HHor^a - sometimes J Phm -Rome rpygOBaTO - a little vulgarly j JldHflOH -London | To'kho -Tokyo mhoVo -much ,| b Pocchh - in Russia cjiaBa 6o'ry! -Thank Godl /elory to God/ BonpocH Tape .^TO 3HcfanT CJIOBO CTOJIHIia ? .Hto AyMaiOT jho^h, KOTtfpbie acuByT b JleHHHrp'afle? .KaK Be^T ce6^ jii6,hh, KOTdpue XHByT b MocKBe? .IToyeMy? . POBOpHT JIH OHK "npOCTHTe" H "H3BHHHTe ! "? .A jiio^h b JteHHHrpa^e? .Tloveuy jiio'^h acHByT b Mockb6? .no^eM^ jikwh KHByT b JleHHHrpa^e?
-178- Translajtion I. -Little-boy! You will soon be in the second grade. —Hurrah! 20 My children watch television all day. They think that spies are heroes. (hero - repo'fi ) 3. The youne: woman who is sitting in the park is my very pretty wif< Natasha. 4. -Where do you like to relax? —T sit near a little old garage and listen to uninteresting lectures about trolleybusses. (garage- rapai: ) *>. The inhabitants of my city build big hydroelectric power stationr by the Great Blinsk Sea. Is that happiness? Not exactly. 6, Except for old inspector Gladkov, all our brigade knows that the wild swamp is located far from our well-known eastern ISMSSliBU, (museum- My3eft ) 7, Why do you always shout? I never shout. I am always silent. 8. The student who is writing the first composition is writing- with mreat enthusiasm,, 9. - Those are either tourist bases or hydroelectric power stations, — No, those are their new houses, (house - AOM (a) ) 10c "The New Russian Word" is a New York Russian newspaper . (Russian- pyccKHft , New York Ladi] Hbio-frdpKCKHH newspaper-ra3eia ) II. We are builders of a new world. 12. You are such a pretty little-girll They are such pretty little-girls! I am such a kind person! 13. Do you see her face? It's like a photograph ... an old photograph 14. I was looking at their sJiajjeJLy. young bodies and was thinkinsri "What gorgeous squirjrelsj! " (shaoely-CTpofiHHfi , body- TeJio , gorgeous- npeicpacHNii squirrel- Qe'jiica)
CjiOBapb -179- Nouns M Majib^HK- little-hoy njira- beach Te^eBH3op-television set cmokhht- tuxedo jKHTejib- inhabitant ,pca3- iazz CTpoMTejib- builder Mam^Ha- car, machine cfiOTorpaepHH- -Dhotogranh rajiana- ha t npaB,na- truth (after a statement: "risrht?") xeHci,- wife'' KeHmHHa- woman KaTacTpo$a- catastrophe se'BO^Ka- little-girl rfijipocTaHUHH-hvdroelectric nower station jieKiiHH- lecture KyjibTypa- culture Typ6a3a - tourist base -x jikuO*- face co^HHe'HHe— coirmosition jeKajieHTCTBO- decadence 6ojioto— swamt) CMacTbe- happiness AdjectiYSS ne'psbift- first btopoh- second sdnaAHbifi - west, western B0CTO*iHbra-east, eastern AHKfiM- wild HHTejpe^Hbift- interesting H3BecTHHft- well-known caMbiS- most TanoM- such KpacHBuS- tirettv See p.l48for an exnlanation of unstressed e. Verbs bhV+ - see CMOTpi +- watch Ha + ace. - look at nHc£ +-write Kpmia +- shout Mojma +- be silent CTpoH ■*■- build jiexad +- lie cHfle +- sit {re go sit ions oe3-without KpdMe- except 1 o'kojio- near y- by Of- from + cen. case PrpnominaIs Moft- my, mine TBOfi- your, yours (informal) Ham- our, ours Bam- your, vours o,hhh- one, a certain secb- all ^eS-whose Numbers ceMb-V Bo'ceMb-8 fle'BHTb-9 ji,e'cHTb-10 o-thgr, bh xoTHTe- vou want He ocddeHHO- not especially xo'jio^ho- coldly He to'^ho- not exactly H3BHHHTe!- excuse me bot ksk!- OhS you don't say! 6ojibmo'e cnaciifio- thank you very much c dojibm™ 3HTy3Ha3MOM-with great enthusiasm b ne'pBOM Kjia'cce-in the first grade bo btopom KJiacce-in the second grade HjiH- or h'jih. . . hjih. . .- either... or Bcer.na- always cko'po- soon ero- his eg- her, hers hx- their, thojrs flajieKd1- far
-180- CHAPTER ^ — - " -- - — Ritual J 2 j Tape] 0 KOM Bbl TOBOpHTe? 060 MHe? HeT, HeT, HeT! He o Bac, o #pyroM. 0 KOM? 0 qgM? 0 Heit, o hhx, o HeM, 060 BceM. Who are vou talking about? About me? No, no, noS Not about vou, about someone/ something else.. About whom? About what? About her, about them, about him, about everything:. VE^^ STEMS_IN. j£._.+ Verb stems in aft + droo their stem vowel before vowel endings. pi.i + pii + u—► p.iu pij + at-* n.iot "gTT + ut BiUt nHi* -t-(drink) nbio nbeT nbK)T C+C-* &C, as in all other consonant stems. pii + lf-» Pit pTT + 1-* oil IIHTb nmi 0jiH+(beat) 6bK) 6b'eT 6bK)T OHTb 6HJI
-181- PREPOSITIONAL CASE ,1 The prepositions b ( in), Ha1 ( on), 06/0 (about) take the prepositional case, i.e., nouns following them have Drepositional case endings. The endings are: singular - e. plural - a% 2 regardless of ?endero Examples: npnu__j£o napK njinac ManiHHa nnca.Tejib prepe sgp b na'pice Ha njina:^ b MamMe 0 nucaTejie prep, nip b napxay Ha njiH«ax b Mammax 0 nMca.TejiHX The.major exception; In nouns whose stems end in -ij+, the singular ending e changes to i. nom. sg. prep, sg. (genius) re*HHH Cgenij + j6) 0 reHHH ^ ( o ^etii.i + _i) (composition) eoqnHfene(sochineni.i+o)o coqnHeH»H(o sochinenij+i) (Arabia) Apa.BHfl(araYi,i + a) b ApaBHH (v arayij + i) Formulai ii+e- i.i+i .16/0; od before vowels- 06 yMHTejie 06 A'3HH o before_consonants o SeTOHe 0 CO^IHHe'HMH 1 With certain nouns, Ha is used to designate "in, at". na 3aBO,a;e ( in/at the factory) Ha ypo'ice (at the lesson) Ha pafiOTe (at work) Such nouns will be entered a^ follows: vpoic [Ha] 2 The ending i in the phrase 0 xh3hh will be explained in Chanter 10, For those who are curious9 see p. 431.
Drill! vocabularyt Moscow- MocKBa. Russia- Pocchh lesson ypoK [Via] Translate into Russian, 1. about the brigade 2o about the brigades 3, in Moscow 4. in Russia 5. at the lesson 60 on the table ?o about the swamp 8o about the teacher table- ctoji «renius- re'HHfi laboratory- jiadopaTo'pHH 9. about Asia 10. about the genius 11. about the geniuses, 12. in laboratories 13« in the laboratory.. 14. in Blinsk 15« in the factory_ 16, about the composition Was/ were: 6hb + OH 6bUI oh4 6HJia OHO 6bijI0 OHH 6l5jIH (note stress on ending) Drill 2 Translate into Russian. 1. We were at the factory^. 2, He was in Asia._ r, 3o She was in the park0_ 4, Where were you?
-183- Prepositional Case Drill Tape 1. 6e3fleiEBHHK Kpa^-i pa6c^Ta [Ha] Tape Hto flejiaioT 6e3,n;ejibHHKH? ^ Tje ohh Kpa^yT KapaH^aran? Bh Kpa^eTe KapaH^amn Ha pa6oTe? j fl Kpa^y KapaH^aniH Ha padoie? KaK TaK? SCHB-f A3HH td tC KpacHeM* (blush) jia6opaTo'pHH HeKyjibTy'pHHfi qejiOBeK Be^-t- ce6n itji^xo KajIH$6pHHH jS *\ r.Baraa cecTpa s. % 'cMOTpe+ TejieBH3op rapasc (garage) During pause sav Then listen BesflejibHHKH Kpaflyr KapaHflamri. Ohh Kpa^yT KapaH^amii Ha pa6dTe. HeT, h He Kpaay KapaH^ama Ha pafioTe. HeT, bh He Kpa#eTe ^KapaH^aniH Ha. pa6dTe> Tax KaK mh He desflejibHHKH. Tiirpbi xHByT. Ohh KHByT b A3Hh. HeT, H. He SCHBy B A3HH. HeT, bh He acHBeie b A'smh. TaK KaK mh He Tnrpn. CTy^e'HTKH KpaCHeioT. Ohh KpaCHeioT b jiadopaTd'pHH. HeT, h He KpacHeio b jiadopaTopHH. HeT, bh He KpacHeeie b jiadopaTopnH. TaK KaK mh He CTyseHTKH. HeKyjibTypHHe jiioflH Be^yT ce6a nji6xo. Ohh Be^T ce6k nji6xo b KajiH$6pHHH. HeT, h. He Be,ny cedn njioxo b KajiH$6pHHH. HeT, bh He Befleie ce6n itjioxo b KajiH$6pHHH„ TaK KaK mh He HexyjibTypHbie jho^h. MOH Ce'CTpbl CMOTpHT TejieBH30p. Ohh cm^tpht TeJieBH30p b rapasce. HeT, h He CMOTpro TeJieBH3op b rapaace. HeT, bh He CMdTpHTe TeJieBH3op b rapasce. TaK Kax mh He moh ce'CTpn.
(ocean) p,yua&* kht (whale) Khtn flyMaroT. Oh^ p,-yua.K>T 06 OKeaHe. HeT, a He flyMaro 06 OKeaHe. HeT, bu He ^yviaeie 06 OKeaHe. TaK KaK mh He khth. XHxiiKafi-t- (giggle) ypoK [Ha] (lesson) JJeBO^KH XHXHKaiOT. Ohh XHXHKaiOT Ha ypoKe. HeT, k He XHXHKaio Ha ypoKe. HeT, bh He xHXHKaeTe Ha ypo'Ke. TaK KaK mh He ^e'BOMKH. reHHfi (genius) Htio-Hd'pK TeHHH njirayT. Ohh nrfrayT b Htio-Bo'pKe. HeT, a He nHiny b Htro-MopKe. HeT, bh He nnraeTe b Htio-HopKe, TaK KaK mh He reHHH. aKaqHH (acacia) ijBeT+ (bloom) njioxoM ^ejioBe'K nnit+ ajiKorojiBHHe HanHTKH (alcoholic beverages) AKaUHH IJBeTVT. Ohh uBeT/T b ApaBHH. HeT, h He UBeiy b ApaBHH. HeT, bh He UBeTeTe b ApaBHH. Tax KaK mh He aKanjun. IlJioxne JiioflH ntioT. Ohh nbiOT ajiKorojifcHne HanHTKH. HeT, a He ntio ajiKor6jibHhre HanHTKH. HeT, bh He nteTe ajiKorojibHHe HanHTKH TaK KaK mh He njioxne jh6ah.
-185- SHORT-PORM ADJECTIVES 1, Adjectives which serve as the predicate of "be" {6, Ghji, 6yjiy ) are called short-form adjectives. They have the special nominative forms j X PI. 2. 3. a i Examples« 3aBOfl 6yseT 3aKpuT. OKHO 3aKpHTO. noMTa dHJia. 3aKpHTa. 3aB6flH 3aKpHTH. The factory will be closed. The window is closed. The post office was closed. The factories are closed. "Be" governs the nominative case. Since short-form adjectives are by definition predicates of "be", they have no forms other than the nominative. 2. Subjectless expressions are grammatically neuter. b napKe 6hjiq HanncaHO in the park ["^-subject! was written Comparet no subject, hence neuteri 6tbio_ Hann'caHO KHKra 6hji4 HanncaHa the book was written subject! KHKra hence fem.i dHJia HanHcaHa Th.^.^rxe^uJLar_^erb_j«or+ (can, "he able) a Mory tu Mo'acemt oh Moacet mh MoaceM bh MoaceTe ohh Moryt Note stress shift in present. Is m There, is "Is/are" are not expressed in Russian« 9to CKaMtH. "There is/there are" are expressed with ectt. (This is a bench) B napxe ecTt CKaMta. B napKe eCTt cKaMtn. In the nark there is a bench. In the nark there are benches,
JlHHraftOHHHM Ka6HHeT [Tape] nc«r <e.rh, 4» f^r (ftfeir i'«-fj- y JlHHra^OHHHH KaSHHeT 6bUI 3aKpHT. Ha CTeHe 6hjio HanwcaHo: JlHHra&o'HHKH KafiHHeT 3aKpbIT Ha(peMOHT. MosceT 6htb, oh 6y,n,eT OTKpb"iT 3a.BTpa. A MoaceT Shtb, h He 6yfleT. flnpeKTopa The Language Laboratory The language laboratory was closed. On the wall was written* The language laboratory is closed for repair. Maybe it will be open tomorrow. And maybe it won't be. The Directors
-187- B napKe icyjibTypH h QTflHxa B napKe KyjitTypH vs. o'T^bixa HanticaHo: ToBa'pHmn, jieacaTt Ha TpaB^ b napice KyjitTypH h oijbixa HeKyjiBTypHO. UnpeKTop ndpKa Kyjib Typhi a OTflnxa Bjia^HMHp jieacHT Ha TpaBe b napne KyjiBTypH a o'Tfluxa. Uoneuy oh jieacHT Ha TpaBe? lie 3HaeT jih oh, ito jieaca/TB na TpaBe HeKyjiBTypHO? Oh 3Ha'eT, ho eMy Bee nasHo'. Oh jik>6ht JiexaTB Ha TpaBe w. js.yua.Tb o M3HH. UnpeKTop napKa: Bjia^HMHp: JlapeKTop: BjiajiHMHp: UnpeKTop: Bjia^viMHD: UnpeKTop: BjiaflHMHp: Ka'jifcHHK, noMeMy th jieacHmB Ha TpaBe? Th BejiB 3Ha'emb, f?o TyT ecTt CKaMtrf. ToBa.pnm SopojitfH cn,n,KT Ha CKaMte. fl cuacy Ha cKaMte. Bee, KpoMe Teda, chaht Ha CKaMBHX. [nay3a, nona BjiajiHMHp jjyMaeTJ IvlHe see paBHO. H He Mory cmeTt. IIoMeMy th He Mo'acemfc. fl cjia6, TosapHin flwpe'KTOp, cjia6 ot HejoejaHna. 3HaeT jih tboM OTe'u., mto th cjia6 ot HejoejaHHA? OTe'u 3Ha'eT, ho eMy Bee paBHO. BecB jsewb oh jieacHT Ha jHBaHe h nteT ajiKorojiBHbie HanHTKH. [c OTBpamenHeMj Kaicdft acecTOKHft MejiOBe'K! re rpycTtio] ToBapHm flnpeKTop, hhkto He jik)6ht MeHH. Hhkto He noHHMaeT MeHH. H ojs,Ah. fl ojihh. JlHceKTop njia'.MeT.
-188- J.H. jhe_Park. .of, Cul.ture ard^Re.st In the nark of culture and rest is written: Comrades, to 1 is uncultured. ie on the grass Director in of the nark the Park of of culture Culture and and rest Rest Vladimir is lying- on the prass in the nark of culture and rest. Why is he "lying on the grass? Doesn't he know that it's uncultured to lie on the grass? He knows, but he doesn't care/ to-hitn it's-all the-same/. He likes to lie on the grass and think about life. Director: Little-boy, why are you lying on the grass? After all, you of the know that there are benches here. Comrade Borotjin is nark sitting on a bench. I'm sitting on a bench0 Everybody excent you is sitting on benches, pDRuse, while Vladimir thinks] Vladimir: I don't care, / to-me it's-all the-same/. I can't sit. Director: Whv can't -"ov" Vladimiri I'm weak, comrade director, weak from malnutrition. Director: Does vour father know that you're weak from malnutrition? Vladimir: (My) father knows, but he doesn't care. All day he lies on couch and drinks alcoholic beverages„ Director: [with disgust] What a cruel man! Vladimir: [with sadness] Comrade director, nobody loves me0 Nobody understands me. I'm alone. I'm alone. The director weens0 "Bonp6cbi; 1. rje jieacHT Bjia^HMHp? 2. rto^eM.y? 3. He 3HaeT jih oh, -qTO jiejsaTfc Ha TTOBe HeKyJibTypHo? 4. 0 ieM oh jyMaeT? 5. ^Td .npyrn'e je'jiaioT? ^. IIoueMy? 7. !Io CJiosa'M BjiaflHMHpa (in the words of Vladimir/ according to Vladimir noneuy oh He wokeT cn,neTi>? 8. rto cjiobsm BjiajwMHpa, ni6 seJiaeT OTeu Becb jeHB? 9. Ho cjiobslm BjiaflHMHpa, ot ner6 oh cjia.6. 10. Flo cjioBaM BjiajMMHpa, kto er6 jik>6ht? 11. BjiasHMHp roBopHT npaBfly?
[Tape Kto o'th jiiojh? CTapafi jOKTop Ty6KHH Bbi noMHHTe CTaporo flOKTopa Ty6KHHa? Koh^mho, h erd ndMHio. Bee noMHHT CTa'poro ^o'KTopa rj6Knna,. Oh h cfiHJio'co$, h nHcaTeJifc, h BeJiHKHft HHsceHep. Hhkto He pa6o'TaeT Tan mhoVo, KaK CTa'puS ao'ktop TySKHH. 3'tot uejiose'K - nacToAm,VLft 3HTy3nacT. CT^.paH 6a6ymKa JIapHHa Bbi noMHKTe CTapyio 6a6ymK.y Jla'pRHy? KoHeMHo, h ee no'MHio. t Bee no'MHHT CTapyio 6a'6ymKy JIa'pHHy. $Ta aceHnjHHa - HacTOHuaa 3HTy3nacTKa. o MTO 3TO? Moe 30Jio'Toe h6jioko Bbi ndMHHTe Moe 30jiOTo'e h6jioko? KoHe'uHO,H erd itomhio. Bee noMHHT Bame 30JiOToe h'6jioko. 3to h6jtoko He HacToAmHH dhpyKT.
-190- WJio„,arje__thjj^_pepnle? 9.1 d. PQc tpr„ Gybkin Do vou remember old Doctor Gubkin? Of course I remember him. Everybody remembers old Doctor Gubkin. He is both a Philosopher and a writer and a great engineer. Nobody works as much as old Doctor Gubkin. That man is a real enthusiast. Old Grandmother Larina Do you remember old grandmother Larina? Of course I remember her. Everybody remembers old grandmother Larina. That woman is a real enthusiast. What is this? MY_G_olp^en„Apple Do you remember my giolden apple? Of course I remember it. Everybody remembers your golden apple, That apple is not a real fruit.
-191- 9TOT - 9TO A• ilPlLAl^L il?l.Jl?,.--.this/thajj„the,s_e/thpse 1. 9tot ^eJiOBeK this/that man 2. 9Ta. ace'HqHHa this/that woman 3. oto £6jioko this/that apple 4. 3th jii6ji;h these/those people The stem is dt +j (m) 3T-+OT (f) 9Tfa (n) 3T + 0 (plo)9T+H 3« 3tq ,- this/ that is> these/.ihose_,are. 1. 3to ^ejiOBeK. This/ that is a man. 2. 3to jK^Hn?KHa. This/ that is a woman, 3. ^to ASjioko. This/ that is an apple. 4. 3to jiioflH. These/ those are neople. Note the distinctions between (A) and_(B) aboveo 1. The pronominal 9'tot (this/that) aerees with the noun it modifies, as in A above, and has four nominative case forms,, 2o The oto which has the meaning "this/that is, these/those are" is not declined, although it may refer to one or many words of any render, as in B above. In A, gtot m_odyML.es the subject and agrees with it in gender and number. In B, 3T0.is the subject,, and doesn't change form0 The oto in A3 and B3 are homonyms - that is, they look alike, but have different meanings„ The first is declined, the second is not.
-192- Dr ill 3 Translate the words in parentheses into Russian. 1. 3. 5. 6. B. 9o 10 (This is) 6oJU>mafl rna-DOCTaHUHfl. (This) THJipOCTaHUHH 60JIbmaH. (This) THrp moh. (This is) moh THrp. (These are) pyccKHe CJioBa. (These) cjioBa pvccKHe. (This) 3aBoa OojibmoM. (These) 3aBOHu 6oju>mHe. (This is) 3aB0Ji. , (These are) 3aBo.aH. SUBJECT AND DIRECT OBJECT In the English examples below, the subject is underlined once and the direct object twice. The young doctor remembers the old doctor. The old doctor remembers theyoungdoctor. The old grandmother remembers the old car. Everybody remembers the old grandmother. In Russian, the subject is in the nominative case and the direct object in the accusative case. ANIMATE AND INANIMATE Animate refers to people, animals, names, titles and professions, animate^ #pyr, MeJiOBe'ic, THrp, Fy6KHH, .ho'ktop... inanimate» KapaH^am, 3aB0fl...
THE ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR -193- Parj.dlgms noirw acco MranifflE.*?- CTapHH flOKTOP CTaporo .no'icTopa MzJJ&TiiES&L CTapHH 3aB0fl CTapHfi 3aBdfl s. CTapoe cjidBO CTa'poe cjio'bo _ cTdpas MamHHa ctapyro MaraHHy h' CTaporo flo M-animate 'KTOpaj Chart of _Endina;s 1-inanimate JtC nom. !: anc. • • o i J . • • p 4- • • • A j, • • • El i • • »°ie» • '2. * • • Q-,1 ^ • • • 5: o. • u iy... u object eerw ». .ovo.. .a Masculine and Neuter borrow the endings of other cases for the accusative feminine has its own endings. 1< M-animate.: borrows the genitive endings. Mojio^o'H ao'ktop noMHHT CTaporo flo'KTopa. (The young doctor remembers the'old doctor.) CTapHM flo'KTOp nOMHHT MOJIOflOTO ^O^KTOpa. (The old doctor remembers the young Doctor.) •• M-inanimatejt borrows the nominative endings. Ohh jik>6ht CTapufi 3aBQ,n. (They love the old factory.) ^ M.?uterj_ borrows the nominative endings. Bee noMHHT CTapoe cjiobq. (Everybody remembers the old word.) 4, Fem_.inine.i_ has its own accusative endings | .»»u__ju.. .u CTapan 6a6ymKa. noMHHT CTa'pyio MamtiH.y. (The old grandmother remembers the old car.) Bee noMHHT CTapyio 6a6ymKy. (Everybody remembers the old grandmother.) Bbi cflejiajiH rpy6yio omH6K,y. (You've made a terrible mistake.)
-19U- Drill k [noMHH + - remember] Put the words in parentheses into the accusative case. 1. Oh noMHHT (6eT6HHHft 3aBos ) ... _ _ „.„,, , 2. Bee jik$6ht ( mojiojj;6h HHaceHep ) .__.._ ,_ ._ , 3. Bh noMHHTe (BejirfKoe BjiKHCKoe Mope) __ ' 4. H noMHB (cTapan 6a6ymKa Jla'pnHa \__ 5. Ohh noMHHT (cTa'pan tibOTorpaftntf ) _ __ Translate into Russian. 6. She remembers old inspector Petrov. 7. We remember old inspector Petrov's young; wif*. 8. Do you see the new car? „_ .. „_„. „__ 9. Do you see the new trolleybus?, _ _ 10. Do you remember the /rood composition? „ ACCUSATIVE, OF. PRONOMINALS Pronominal? have noun endings both in the nominative and accusative, excent for the M-animate which borrows the e-enitive ending;. [e;enc Paradjgtns nom. ace. M-animate MOM flo'KTOp Moer6 ^o'KTOpa M~ JJ3STlil53i.te_ MOfi 3aB0fl MOS 3aB0fl Q. Moe cjio'bo Moe cjio'bo & MOH MaiDHHa mok) MamtiHy Moero flOKTopa*] Note the stress of Moero'.
-195- M-animate r.om. ace. en. 4 Chart, of Endings M-inanimate 3K [' ovo u Drills Put the words in parentheses into the accusative case, 1. Oh noMHKT (moS 3aBd,a; ) _______ , 2. Ohh jho6ht (moS flpyr)____ _ _____ ___ ____, 3. Ohsl ito'mhut (Hame coqHHeHHe) _____ 4. Mh no'MHHM ( Bama aceHa.) 5. TH nOMHHMB (MOH MaiHHa ) „...__.„ ... _ . ,..' 6. Mh jno6™ (Bam mojio^oh .Jtpyr) _ 7. Oh 3HaeT (mok Kpac^BaH aceHa)_ 8. Mh noMHHM (Bam Tpojrjre86yc) A small number of nronominals have an added or inserted element in the nominative singular masculine. Three very common ones aret §iejni but 3T+ ( 3TOT, 3TO, 3Ta... ) OflH+ ( OflHH, OflHO',. OflHa...) BCfc+- ( B£Cb, BCe, BCfl...) 2Eill_6 1. Mh noMHHM ( 3Ta ace'HmnHa ) 2. Oh 3HaeT ( 3tot vejioBe'k) 3. Oh ito'mhut ( ofltfH fldicTop ) 4. Mh noMHHM ( OflHa Mams-ma ) 5. Mh jik>6hm ( bcs Spwra^a) *™^...- , ^..*^,^t. _ .. ., ... • — . .,- — . - - • _-™..-.w,.—~ ~~ _«--. u.™ ^»..._™.. _™... -, — . ,^. *
196- Nora. Ace. THE ACCUSATIVE CASE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS a MeHH TbI Te6i oh/oho' ero OHSL ee' Mbl Hac Bhl Bac OHH HX CTapbie Tpojure'fl6ycbi nOHHMa»T uenA. (Old trolleybuses understand me^} Ax, BpayH? Mh jik>6hjih Bac. (Oh, Brovml We loved you.) Interrogative? His and him Her and her They and them ! are homonyms in Russian. KTO Kord ^TO ^TO erd and ero' ee and ee hx and m ero aeHa (his wife) fl no'MH» .ero. (i remember him.) ee s^th (her children) H j3e noMH». "fi remember her) nx saBOfl (their factory) H hx no'MHK). "XT remember them.) Unlike English word order, the accusative pronouns may precede the verb. KoHe^HO, h erd no'MHio. Pi!. Tr; 1. 2. 3o 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ill .2 mslate into Russian. She loves me. We love them. , They love us._ „____.. We see you. Do you see ray concrete Do they remember your Who loves you? Who(m) do you love? .—_ -mixer? factory? . Yes, Yes ,. I see they ,_ ,. - „„ -- — — ■- it. remember it.
-197- Accusative Case Drills f Tape! A. Listen to column I, say column II. B. After you hear column II on the tape, say column III. Ex- A. Listens uoA $0T0rpa$HH Say: Bh no'MHUTe Moid <fcOTorpa<pnio? B. Listens Bh nOMHHTe mok> $OTorpa$mo? Savi KoHe'^HO a ee itomhio. Col. I Col^II Co.L._III 1. moh $OTOrpa$HH Bh nOMHHTe mob5 $OTorpa4>nio? KoHe^HO^ a ee ii6mhk>. 2. moh flpyr ero 3. Moe coiHHeHHe ero 4. MOH CO^HHe'HHH HX 5. uoA KHKra (book) ee 6. a _ t Bac 7. CTapbiH flOKTop Fy6KHH ero 8. CTapan 6a6ymKa JlapnHa ee 9. CTapan Mockb4 ee 10. CTapafi JleHHHrpajj;^ ero' 11. moh KpacHBan aceHa ee 12. 9Ta ace'HmnHa ee 13. Moe h6jioko ero Tape Say during pause 1. CTapbiH .ho'ktop Py6KPiH nOMHHT Bac. H h noMHio CTaporo ^OKTopa FydKHHa. 2. M h ndMHio CTa'pyio 6a6ymKy JTapHHy. 3. MajieHbKyio Co^hio. 4. floporo'ro yMHTeji.a. 5. floporyio y^HTeJifeHHiiy. 6. CTapyto MocKBy. 7. cTapnfl JleHUHrpas. 8. hx. 9. ee. 10. ero. 11. Kaacfloro qejiOBeKa b Mockb^. 12. Kaac^yio acemjjHHy b JleHHHrpase. 13. Kaacfloro T^rpa b A'3hh. 14. s'toto yaapHHKa.
-198- THE NOMINATIVE PREDICATE The predicate of is/are is in the nominative case (as in suDer-correct Enelish "it is I") . 3to oh. r^e CTStpafl Mamma? Oh fldKTop. Ohh yj;d.pHHKH. B-.Ltug.l_I3 (Tape I - HCHO? rfcHO. - Is it clear? — Yes. /it's clear/ Ritual 14 Tane ITOHflJIvI? ndHHJi (noRKJia) Did you understand/s:et it? Yes. /I got it. /
-199- WORKBOQKt STRESS IN CONSONANT-STEM VERBS 1. Present Tense The present tense has vowel endings. C+V -4 CV When joined to consonant stems, a stable environment results and no stem change occurs: xhb + y—* acHBy 3Hafi 4- y —* 3Haro Stress t Stress in stable environments is easy to predict. All C-stems are end-stressed in the present tense, except those in ft and h, which are stem-stressed. acHBy, Kpa^y but 3Ha"», CTaHy Exercise 1 Form the 1st ser. of the following- verbs. Mark stress. 1. Be3 +(take) 2. cthh+(freeze) __ 3. 3peft+( mature) ___ 4. njieT+( plait)_ Hypothetical 5. KJiyH+ : __ ,_ 6. KjryT+ „ ?. KJieft+: As you have seen, it was possible to stress these verbs correctly without any stress information for each individual verb0 In fact, no stress mark is required for determining the nresent stress of C-Stems, except that. Stems in ft which are polysyllabic (more than one syllable) must be marked to show which stem vowel is stressed„ All such stems end in -aft + or -eft+0 ^yMaft+( think) - where the stress mark shows it is not "flyMaftt-" KpacHeft+(blush) - where the stress mark shows it is not "KpacHeft+"
-200- ExercisjB 2. Form the 1st s<?. of the following verbs. Mark stress. 1. rpeM + (heat)__ . 2. CTapeM + Cgj-ow old). 3. CKpe6 + (SCraT)e) .__ 4. CTaH + (become) ._ „ tt_YP P$.h? t^c al_ 5. KopTaft+ _ _ _ _ __ ™ 6. ^epeB+ _ __ ___ 7. njieM + 2« Fasi-..TfiP-.s.e The past tense has consonant endines. C+C-* £c When ioined to consonant stems, an unstable environment results and truncation occurs: 5KHB+J1—*■ SCHJI 3Hait+Ji—* 3Haji Stress: Stress in unstable environments is complicated. There are three types of stress in the past tense of C-stems. ^£rar§Jtress; stress remains on the stem vowel throughout. 3Haft+: 3HaJi, 3Hajia, 3Hs'.jio, 3Hajin Kpa^+: Kpaji, xpajia, kp^ljio, KpajiH Ej)dr?t]^efLS.» stress falls on the ending's except in the M„ where the endinp has no vowels , Bes+: Be'ji, BeJia', Bejio', BejiH Mi^ijLe-Sj^_e^j3» stress remains on the stem excent in the feminine, 5KHB+: 3KHJI, XHJld, 3KHJI0 , 5KHJIH 6kb+: 6hji, 6hjisC, 6i£jio, etfoiH
-201- As we have shown, the stress mark in C-stems is not needed to show present tense stress. Instead, we will use the stress mark to show nast tense stress. (1) Stress mark on the stem vowel shows past stem-stresst 3HaM+, Kpdfl-t-, ^e'jiaft+ (2) Stress ^mark on the final consonant shows T>ast end-stress» (3) ~* over the stem shows past mobile-stress (i.e. stem-stress, excent feminine) *i?B+, 6SB+ Exercise 3 Write the full Mark stress. t. KJiafl +{nut) ?. UBeT+(bloom ?„ ruii?B+( swim)_ nast tense masc.. .— .. i .„, , „ and nresent PA^T fem. —„_ .„... __. . tense neut. -- ...^ ^ _~™_^, 1st ELs. —... _ ^..«—.——. and ird person 1st. .... «. _.._,—.. Sff. PRESENT Sff. ^,._ 3rd -— .^11__„. .££• , l'ne: ^X^T!£i_s,e__4 Enter with the proper stress marki Ex. 6hji, 6HJia% 6uxta 6hb-*- 1 . naji, najra, na'jin (fall) 2o nKJi,nKJia, iimjih (drink) 3o mSji, MeJia, MejiH (sweep) 4o Kpbur, Kpajra, KpbbiH (cover) *>. jthji, JiHJia, jthjih (pour) 6o nJieJi, miejia', njiejiK (braid) : : ' : - naj + nnfi + mSt + Kpafi + nJieT + Polysyllabic stems in 8 all turn out to have the same stressed syllable in the nresent and cast. Therefore, the stress mark which was uspd to show ^refent tense ^tres1? shows nast tense stress as well o flejiaM*-: .ne'jraio. . . fle'jraji, ^e'jiajia, ^ejiajiH
202- E_xercise $ Translate into Russian. 1. We lived in Blinsk. 2. She lived in Betonofrad._ 3. He was in Asia. 4. She was in the park. _,._ 5. They drank teat. ( ^aM)..._, 6. She drank y„od.ka..( BOflKa)_ NUMBERS 11-3.0 11-1Q are comnosed of: X ■+Ha + flnaTb=X + onto + ten (-waTbis a. contraction of aecHTt. ) . Tape Listen and reneat (11) ojKHHajuaTb (12) ABeaaRiiath (1 3) TpHHafliiaTb (14) qeTbipHafliraTt (15) nflTH^uaTb (16) mecniAp.na.ib (17) ceMHawaTb (18) BOceMHcuraaTb (19) ^eBHTHajmaTb (20) flBajmaTb (2 tens) (21) flBa'fl.naTb o,e.£h (22) flBa'.naaTb flBa (30) TprffliiaTb (3 tens) Mejmorv Aids: 1. All but 11 and 14 are stressed on - Ha- 2. 2 in 12 here is flBe, not £Ba 3. 4 in 1.4 drons fi^al "e" 4o All dron final "b" of first element
-203- Accusative Case Drill: Kto 3Hajr koto? Kto iiomhhji koto? Tane Koro - whom HHKord - nobody ndqia [HaJ- nost-office Symbols: 77 3Haji nOMHHJI Kaac^HM qejiOBe'K, KOTdpnff pafidTaji, BeqepoM: Befl+ ce6A njidxo crapuM flOKTop Tjf6KHH CTa'paa ea'eymKa JldpHHa MOJio^dfl ^dKTop P^6khh The tane contains two narratives describing some aspects of this diagram. Following each narrative are the answers to the questions below, introduced by the word "Bonpdcu ". Answer each Question, then listen to the correct answer on the tane. Reneat each set of answers until your answers are identical to the tare.
-20ij~ A. Bonpocbi 1. MHaceHe'p Sojiotob padOTaji Ha 3aBo'^e. Kord oh 3Haji? 2. Koro' oh ndMHHJi? 3. HBaHOB h Tjia^KOB padoTajiH Ha no^Te. Kord ohh 3HajiH? Kord ohh ndMHHJi/ 4. KaTepHHa IlaBjioBHa padoTajia b da'HKe. Kord OHa 3Hajia? Kord OHa noMHHjig 5. Kto 3Haji CTaporo ^o'KTopa FydKHHa? 6. Kto He TOjibKO 3Haji, ho h ndMHiiJi CTaporo ^OKTopa Ty'dKHHa? ,' 7. Kord 3Haji cTapuM ao'icTop FydKHH? 8. Kto 3Haji h noMHHJi cTa'pyio dadynmy JlapHHy? ] 9. Kord 3Hajia h noMHHJia CTapaa dadjrmKa JIa"pHHa? ^ < 10. Kto 3Haji Kaxc^oro ^ejioBeKa, koto'phh padOTaji Ha 3aB0^e? 11. Koro 3Haji Kaac^uft MejioBe'K, koto'phh padOTaji Ha 3aBo'^e? i 12. Kord no'MHHJi kslk^hh qejiOBe^K, koto^hh padOTaji b daHKe? j 13. Kto noMHHJi KeuK,noro ^eJiOBe'Ka, KOTOpufi padOTaji b daHKe? 14. Bopo^HH 3Haji Kaac,Horo ^ejiOBeKa, (KOtophh padOTaji Ha nd^Te, CTapyio I dadynmy Jla'pHHy h mojioaoVo ^oKTOpa FydKHHa. Tfle padOTaji BopoflHH? 15. Kak^HH ^ejiOBeK, koto'phh padOTaji b oaHKe, 3Haji Mojio^yio yqHTeJibHHuy MBaHo'By. F^e padoTajia MOJio^aa yqHTejibHHija HBaHOBa? 16. Kto 3Haji Kaac^oro ^ejiOB^Ka, kotophh padOTaji Ha 3aBO^e? 17. Kord noMHHJi cTapHH ^oktop TydKHH? B. Bonpo'cH j 18. 3o'jiotob BeJi ceda njidxo Be'^epoM. F^e oh paodTaji? i 19. MBaHo'B h Fjia^KOB paddTajin Ha no'iTe? Mto ohh Be^epoM fle'jiajin? 20. KaTepHHa IlaBjioBHa paSdTajia b daHKe. Hto OHa' Be'^epoM fle'jiajia? 21. Mama noMHHJia CTaporo fldKTopa rjfdKHHa. ^Td oh4 Be'^epOM flejiajia? 22. EeTp HBakoBH^ 3Haji CTapyio dadymKy JlapHHy. Mto oh Be'^epoM fle'jiaji? ^ j 23. MapHH IlaBjioBHa 3Ha.Jia CTa'poro ji;dKT0pa FydKHHa. ^Td OHa Be^epoM ^e'jiaji^ 24. Ho OHa noMHHJia tojibko CTapyio dadynmy Jla'pHHy? T^e OHa padoTajia? ' 25. %d ^e'jiajiH Be'^epoM jib5^h, KOTopne 3HajiH ee? 2o. AWa IlaBjioBHa 3Hajia Mojiofldro flOKTopa TydKHHa. Mto OHa Be'^epoM ^ejiaJia? Write out answers to 27-35 (not on tape). Mark stress. 27. HoKTopa ^e'xoBH 3HajiH MOJiOfldro ^o'KTopa TydKHHa. HTd ohh Be'^epoM ^ejiajiH? 28. Ho ohh noMHHJiH TojibKO CTapyio dadymKy JlapHHy. Kto hx 3Ha,ji? 29. Kord ohh' 3HajiH? 30. Bh padoTajiH Ha 3a.BO^e. ^Td bh Be^epoM ^ejiajiH? 31. Kto Bac 3Ha.Ji? 32. Koro bh 3HajiH?^ 33. fl padOTaji b daHKe. Ht6 a Be^epoM flejiaji? 34. Kord a noMHHJi? 35. Kto MeHa 3Haji?
-205- WORKBOOKi STRESS IN VOWEL-STEM VERBS OMHHJIHr' OMHHJia'! !• Present Tense Joining The present tense has vowel endings. v+v -» yv When .ioined to vowel stems, an unstable environment results and truncation occurst CMOpTe-HO—* CMOTpK) roBopn+ro—♦ roBopro k> io^hh? Stress (1)Stem-stress (2) Bnd-stress ndMHH + (remember) roBopa + (speak) nOMHK) nOMHHfflb no'MHHT nOMHHM no'MHHTe ndMHHT roBopro roBoprimb rOBOpHT TOBOpHM roBopHTe TOBOpHT (l)Mobile~stress CMopTe^ (watch) CMOTpK) CMO/Tpnmb CMOTpHT CMOTpHM CMOTpHTe CMOTpHT 1? naji? , 3M flejiaif" a a? OM apOM Definitionst Present-stress is of three kindst (!) Stem-Stresst Stress in all forms remains on the stem, as in riOMHH+. (2) End-Stresst Stress in all forms falls on the first syllable of the ending, as in roBopn+. ("?) Mobile-Stress t Stress falls on the ending in the first person singular and on the syllable preceding the ending in the other persons, as in CMOTpe+. The mark x shows mobile-stress, Notet This pattern of stress shift is the only one possible in the present tensej any verb with present tense stress-shift has this stress shift. Therefore, the stress mark x , by showing that stress shift takes place at all, shows the pattern of the shift. KypH + (smoke) can only raeani Kypio, Kypumb, k/pht, KypuM, KypHTe, KypnT
206- ?2i£Tcji.se___/l A. Which of the verbs below have st^m-stre^s, end-stress, or mobile stress? Mark numbers. Stem-Stressi ; End-Stress:_________ __ _ t _ Mobile-Stress« B. Form and stress the 1st sg., 2nd sg., and 3rd pi. 1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd pi. 1. xBajiH + (praise) 2. ko'h^k+ (finish) 3. CMOTpe+ (watch) k, 3BeHe+ (ring) 5. yqn+ (teach) __ 6. ctoh+ (cost) 7. cTOHat (moan) 8. TOHy+ (drown) Hypothetical 9. cypn+ 10. CHJie+ 11. KpOHy+ 12. curHy+ 13. nyma+ 14. pOH+
-207- Exercise Determine st 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. In. 17. 5m with TQi 2 the stress of the verbs below and mark the the correct stress mark. —*■ .UNiny, ,n;HinnmB (breathe jpoacy, na'xHy, ueHio, cjiHiny, ropio, KJiero, THHy, raenHy, Mytiy, Apo)KHniB (shake) naxHeniL (smell) ueHHEiB I value) cjiHniMmb (hear) ropiinib (burn) KJieHnib (stick) THHenib (draa:) ienHemb (whisper) My^nnib (torture) Hypo thejt.ic.al MOHK), CyHK, Jiy^y, MHmy, coHy, JiOHy, panjy, capio, MOHHHIB CyHHfflb jiy^Hfflb MHrnnniB cOHenib jiOHeniB pamnnib capnfflb Stejn )flHina+ since this is mobile- stress Stem ^posca* naxHy+ neHn+ cjiHma+ rope+ KJien+ THHy+ meriHy+ My^H+ MOHH+ cyHe+ jiy^H+ MHHIH+ COHV+ jioHyf pami«- capw- I
r -208- Cpns pnan_t_. C han£;e_s In certain stems, consonant changes take place. We have seen: 6—» 6jit> jim6h+: jik)6jiio, jhoShihb, jii66ht... ,g-» ac cHfleV: cuacy, cwmb, ch^ht... BH^e-t-: bhXv> bh^kihb, bhaht... in rmca+: riHniy, rmniemt>, nrimeT, The^e changes are fully predictable and will be explained in Chapter 6. 2 . Past Tens ej nd T nf i n i t iy e The past ten^e and infinitive have consonant endings. V+C-* VC When ioired to vowel stems, a stable environment results and no stem changes occur: CMOTpe+JI—> CMOTpejI CMOTpe+Tb-> CMOTPeTB Stress: Stress remains on the same syllable throughout the na^t, nOMHH+: no'MHHJI, no'MHHJia, nOMHMJIO, nOMHHJIK, nOMHHTb roBopH+: roBOpHJi, roBopHJia, roBoprfjio, roBOpn'jiH, roBopn CMOTPe-*-: CMOTpe'jI, CMOTp^Jia, CMOTpe'jIO, CMOTPe'jIH, CMOTpeTb (The x in CMOTpe+ shows stress shift in the present, not in the past; however, the place of x shows which syllable is stressed in the past.) I
-?09- C ON J UGA TT O.N . DR ILLS Learn the symbols for the foil owinp- HT-verb stems: HT- S tern-Stress: r nOMHH+ Bn^e+ / CTPOH+ End-Strpss! ) ro&opH+ Kpw^a+ MOJi^a + jiexaV cH^e+ Mobi1e-Stre ssJ x CMOTpe+ Kypn+ „verbs a> * s~+± ® © © \^ A c? <I» ^*^ (li?ht bulb) (a cigarette) Drill 1: ht.verbs | Tape] Using: only th^se svmbols as clues, answer the Questions which vou will hear on the tape„ ._ Tar>p Answer durinp; pause L is ten Ex. © Mto bh ^.e'jiaeTe? H roBopi6. 19. © 20. (3 21. ■<!> 22.<r> 23.-^^ 24. - 1.® 2.® 3-^ 4. ft 5.|SL, 6.1^ 1-V a/Q' 9. <K>-? 10.<§>9 11. ^»*~ 12. /^ 13.* 14. £1 15. C? 16. <? 17. @ 18.®
-210- Learn the symbols for the following eT-verb stems: ^HTaS+ FTP] Ayua,pL+ (^ cjiymaft+ G(vp pa6oTaft+ KpacHeft+ vg$ XHXHKaft+ ^^) eT-yerbs OT^uxa.S+ ggl, lt Kpa#+ Befl+ce6fl njidxo HCCTB + &S nnca+ 1 : | 1 (a nencil) Drill 2i 1-33 2. (^ 3. cC^J ^. AH 5. <g^ i.(S> 2. <D- 3.^' ^. <gfj> 5. *=^ 6.^i eT-verbs _ht -verbs... 7. 8. 9. 10, 11 12 and eT vw »*— * ./* .fli . <*> |Taj: 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 -vei [Ta^ 'el @> (%>. w ^ ££> ft rbs 1 13. 1^. 15. 16. 17. 18. a i> c&> ® c? ^ 11. *^ 12.*^ 13. «^ 15. 19. 4? 20.-^ 21. /^ 22. A 23. & 2^. A
-211- Ritual 1 ^ Ffle Bbi 6hjih? Ky^a bh HfleTe? Kyjia-TO. Where were you? Somewhere. Where are vou p^oirip-? Somewhere, IV Verbs vtfi+ and. exa + nn+ fro (bv foot), walk exa.+ fro (by vehicle), drive, ride Symbol s« 62 Con.iufjatiom VLR credent, terse is regular: H#y, H^emb, wt... -.5,0+ terse is irregular and will beytreated in Chapter 10, irf\«itive i" h^th ( V.ne nopfi hatii. - It'sti^e for me to p^o) exa +s nreseTit stem is efl + e^y e'flemb e'^eT e^eM e'fleTe eflyT past and infinitive are regular: exaji, e'xajia, e'xajiw, e'xaTB
212- LOCATION VS. MOTION in/at Location is denoted by the prepositional case. Oh cuflHT b napKe. Oh iHTaeT Ha 3aBO,ne. Oh «HBeT b MocKBe. Oh .nyMaeT Ha pa66Te. He is sitting in the park, He reads in the factory. He lives in Moscow. He thinks at work. (in)to Motion is denoted by the accusative case. Where? Oh n^eT b napic. Oh e'^eT Ha 3aBo'fl. OHrf e'flyT b MocKBy. Ohi^ H^yT Ha paSoTy. r,ge - location He is going to the nark. He is driving to the factory. They are driving to Moscow. They are walking to work. P,n,e oh scuBeT? 3 IviocKBe. Where does he live? In Moscow, Kyaa - motion Ky^a. oh e'^eT? B MocKBy. Where is he going-? To Moscow. Translate into Russian. 1 . Where does he live? In Moscow. _____ 2. Where are they going? (Q) To Moscow. . 3. Where are you going? (<V) To the park. . ,.... k. Where are they sitting? In the park. 5. Where do we live? In the city. , , „ , 6. Where are vou going? (££) I'm going to the city. Th,e_, verb s. _h e c_+__and„B e 3.. + Para.LleJ . jto._t_. Hec+ carry, take (by foot) Hfl+ Be3+ carry, take (by vehicle) e'xai- go carrv A Hfl-t- Hec+ Q e'xa+ Be3+
-213- Dril1 .9 Translate into Russian, 1, I'm p-oing (A- 1 to the factory. I'm carrying little packages to the factory. ( naKei)_ . _ _._ _._ ™ , 2, Slip's driving- to Moscow, She's carrying big nackages to Moscow, ___., ___, , „ Mto TaKoe «H3Hb? [Tape Hto TaKoe xh3hb? Kto Taicae jho^h? H xoqy 3HaT>, ^to TaKoe *ai3Hb. fl CHxy na KpHme rapaaca. IIo^eMy a cnxy Ha KpNme rapaaca? Hto6h Jiy-qme BH^eTb. Mto6h jiytime BH^eTb ^ito? Hto6h Jiyqme BH^eTb, ^to jeaaioT jn6jsjs.. BHH3y JiMflH. Ojhh ^Kyfla-To HfljT, flp^rrfe Ky^a-To e'ayT. JIkjih, KOTophte Ky^a-TO HflyT, necyT nopTtfcejiH. Kyaa ^ohiS Hjn;yT? Ky.ua ohh HecyT 9th nopT($ejiH? Ka paOcJTy. Ka'scHbift qejioBeK HeceT nopT^Jib Ha pa6o'Ty. HoieMy ohh HecyT nopTtjbeJiH? rio^eMy ohh H,nyT Ha pafioTy? Ohh He 3HaioT noieMy. Hpyrne Ky.na.-TO e'^yi. JIbjih, KOToptie Kysa-TO e'jyT, Be3yi 6ojibinHe naKe'TU. B.y^a ohh ^.nyi? ^ Ky^a ohh Be3yT s'th 6ojibmHe naK^THV Toace Ha pa6t5iy. rio^eMy ohh e^yi Ha pafidiy? Ohh He 3HeboT noqeMy. HejiajieKo'^t MeHH MypaBbH. Ohh Ky^a-TO noJi3yT.^ Ky^a' ohh noji3yT? Ohh noji3yT b rapaac. ITo^eMy b rapaac? B rapaace HaxoflHTaa MypaBeHHHK. MypaBbH HecyT Anna b MypaBeHHHK. KaacjuHH MypaBeft ^eceT ojs,h6 hhu.6 b MypaBefeHK. IIoqeMy ohh noji3yT b rapaac? no^eMy ohh necyT jiHua b MypaBefeHK? Ohh He 3Ha'ioT noqeMy. %6 TaKo'e »tH3Hb? Kto TaKiie jimah? JlioflH - MypaBbH, h acH3Hb - MypaBeSHHK. Heu KOH^aeTCH aa*3Hb? ,>!iH3Hb KOHqa'eTCfl HyjieM.
2Dl- What is Life? What is life? What are people? I want to know what life is. I'm sitting: on the roof of the garage. Why am I sitting: on the roof of the g-arage? In order to se» better. In order to see what better? In order to see better wha+ people are doing"/do. Below are people. Some are walking somewhere, some are riding- somewhere, The people who are walking somewhere are carrying briefcases. Where are thev going;? Where are they carrying; those briefcases? To work. Every -person is carrying: a briefcase to work. Why are they carrying: those briefcases? Why are they going to work? They don't know why. Others are riding- somewhere. The people who are riding; somewhere are carrying- (by vehicle) big packages. Where are they riding. Where are they carrying- those big packages? Also to work. Why are they going (bv vehicle) to work? They don't know whv. Near me are ants. They are crawling somewhere. Where are they crawling They're crawling: into the garage. Why into the g-arage? In the garage is located an anthill. The ants are carrying- eggs into the anthill. Every ant is carrying; one ease into the anthill. Why are they crawling: into the parage? Why are they carrying: eg-gs into the anthill? They d on't kn ow why. What is life? anthill. What are people? People are ants, and life is an Tn what does life end? Life ends in zero. Ritual 16 Tape Kaicdro BH.ua rjiardji HanHca+? CoBepmeHHoro hjih HecoBepm^HHoro bhjt-'" fl npe^noqeji 6u ( npejuio^jia 6h ) o nojiKTHKe He cnopHTB. JT,e'jio He b nojiHTHKe, a b rpaMMa'THKe. B TaxdM cjiyMae, a. npe^no^eJi 6u ( npe,u;noyJiFi 6u) o rpaMMaTHKe He cnopHTB. Of what aspect is the verb Hairnet +? Of the perfective or the imperfective aspect? I'd prefer not to argue about politics. It's not a auestion of politics, but of grammar. /The affair is not in politics, but in grammar./ Xn %\vvt case, T'd rather not a^ffue about grammar,
315- ASPECT A. Tense Both Russian and English have three tenses - present, -oast, and future. In English there are several forms of each tense. Presentt I work, I am working;, I do work, I have worked... Past: I worked, I was working, I did work, I had worked... Future: I will work, I'm going to work, I will be working, will have been working,.. In Russian, each verb this), one past tense is simnler than Engl is notions are represente denoting perfective as aspect. (The meaning discussed immediatelv tense. Schematically: Present has only one present tense (some even lack and one future tense. In this sense, Russian h. Unlike English, however, most verbal d by a pair of verbs, one member of the pair pect, and the other denoting imperfective of "perfective" and "imperfective" will be below.) perfective verbs have no present Imperfective Perfective „ r.„ „. X X none X X Past Future Prefix and Aspect A Prefix is an element joined to the beginning of a word. For verbs introduced so far, perfective verbs are prefixed, imperfective are unprefixed. For example. Perfective Aspect coBepme'HHbiM bhj c,neJiaM+ HanHca-t- yKpafl-t- / npotiHTaft+ nocTpoH-t- Imperfective Aspect HecoBepm^HHHft bh,h ^ejiafi+ nwca+ Kpa^-t- ^HTafi-t- CTpOHf Entry c/rn;e'jiaft-t- Ha/nHca+ y/Kpa,n+ t npo/miTaHi no/cTpoH-t- C, Vocabulary Entry c/,nejiaft + Ha/nHca" + means« perfective cfnejiafi+i{ , imperfective j,ejiaS+ means: perfective Hannca + , imperfective nHca'+ Meaning The difference in meaning between perfective and imperfective, though in itself simple, is difficult to express in English, This is because English does not make this distinction, and as a result, no English definition is fully adequate. The definitions below will be of some help, but only continued use will make the distinction between perfective and imperfective sharp and clear. In this chapter we will deal with past perfective and imperfective. Future perfective and imperfective will be discussed in Chapter 7,
216- Two conditions must hold for a verb to be perfective. (1) There must be a single act referred to; (2) The focus ,must be on the result or completion of that act. If either of these conditions is not met, then the verb is .imperfective, Examples« Ha/nnca+ 1. Oh TOJbKQ mo Hanncaji nHCbMQ. (He ,iust wrote a letter.) is perfective because it describes a single act with focus on the result or.completion. 2. Kaacfluft p,enh oh nnca'ji nncbMo. (Every day he wrote/ used X write a letter.) is imperfective because, even though there is focus on result or completion, it is not a single act. 1. Oh cufleJi h nucaji. (He sat and wrote/ he was sitting and writing.) is imperfective because, even though there is a single ac: referred to, focus is not on result or completion, but" rather on the activitv as such. Examples» npo/miTaft-*- !• fl yace' npomiTa'ji 3th acypHajm. (I've already read those magazines.) is perfective because it describes a single act with focu? on the result or completion. 2. fl qacTO qHTaJi acypHajm. (I often read magazines.! is imperfective because, even though there is focus on result or completion, it is not a single act. 3« fl qHTaji Becb fleHb. (I read all day.) is imperfective because, even though there is a single act referred to, focus in not on result or completion, but rather on the activity as such. Schemati c al JLy Perfective I a single act with focus on result or completion Imnerfective not a single act focus in not o- OR result or completion Imperfective has been defined as not a single act or not having focus on result or completion. To state this in a more positive wayi Imperfective (1) refers to a repeated or habitual act, not a single or,"! (2) has focus on the activity or process, not on the resulH or completion.
r -217- t. ectivo, ter. J focus used tc Perfecjtive . " T""\ a single act with focus on result or completion Imperfective habitual act focus on activity or process More examplesi Pi novelty bh yKpajiH ero KapaH^amH? (Why did you steal his pencil^*?] I-repeatedt Oh lacTO KpaJi KapaHflanw. (He often stole/used to steal pencils. I-activity 1 Becb jieHb oh kphji KapaH^amn. (All day he stole pencils.) wan . art Pi e cus ) £l an Mm nocTpoKJitf hobuH 3aso,n. (We built/have built a new factory.) I-repeatedi Ohh Bcerja ctpohjih xopomne 3aB0jiH. (They always built/used to build pood factories.) T-activity: Mh ^ojiro ctpohjih 3aBo'^. (We we^e building the factory for a long; time, i.e., we spent a Ion a; time building the factory.) $• Ijperfe.ctj.ve_ Sjgjials 1. Repeated or habitual acts are often signalled by a word or nhrase such as Ksbcflhift fleHb (every day), Bcerjta (always), yac-ro (often): KdacflHil jeHt oh nucaji nucbMo'. (Every, .day he wrote a letter.) 2. Focus on activity or process is often sip-nailed by the following a. a stated length of time, e.g,, Becb £eHb (all day), jtojiro (for a long time); Oh nHca'ji nHCbMa Becb jeHb. (He wrote letters all da"y7 Oh jojito ^Hiaji xcypHaji. (He read the magazine a long time.) b, a conjunction such as Kor.ua,noica(while) which shows that the act serves as a background for another« FIOKa oh nHca'ji rrncbMo, oh jiyuan o HeM. (WJhdle he wrote/was writing the letter, he thought about her.) i 1 Lt
-218- c. lack of an ob.iect after a transitive verb: Oh nHcaji. (He wrote/was writing.) d. A progressive ("ins" form) in English must be rendered by an imperfective in Russian. Oh nHcaji nwctMO. (He was writing- a letter.) Sometimes none of the above signs are present and yet the verb is imperfective. For example, Hto bh B^epa fle'jiajin? (What did you do yesterday? i.e., How did you snend your time?) as contrasted witht Mto bh c^,e'jiajiH B^epa? (What did you do yesterdav? i.e.. What did you fret done yesterday?) F• Finished vs. Completed There is an important difference between "finished" and "completed", All past tense actions are f_i_ni^h^, i.e., no longer happening. But only perfective ones are necessarily completed. 1 \\) Ohsl nwcajia nHCbiio. (2) OHa Hanwcajia nHCbMo. is completed but not perfects is completed and perfective. A transitive verb is a verb which could take an ob.iect. An intransitive verb could not, iui^Ka-t- (cry)
-219- P.rill JO Translate orally into English for classroom discussion. vocabulary noKa - while no'cjie Toro, xax - after to'jibko mo - iuRt jojiro - for a 1 cmr time yace - already 1. 'Byepa'. ohsl HanHcajia coiHHeHHe. 2. IToKa oHa nuceuia coimeHHe, OHa miaKaJia. (ruia'Ka-i- - cry) 3. Kaac^HH jeHb ohsl nncajia coqHHeHne. 4. fl TOJibKO mo yKpaji ero KapaH,naniH. 5. H lacTO xpaji erc5 KapaHrn;a.niH. £>. OHa yace npo^HTa'jia Bane nHCbMO. (nncbMO - letter) 7. flocjie toto', KaK h npo^HTaji nncbMo MBaHo'Ba, k npo^HTaji nucbMo Pjia^KOBa. 8. OHa ^HTajia secb ,neHb. 9. Kor;i;a h uhtsiji nHCbMO, FjiajKo'B yKpaji moM KapaH^am. 10. ^Td" oh B^epa je'jiaji? 11. Ohm Bcerja ^eJiajiH rpaMMaTH^eCKHe onwdKH. 12. iKHTeJiH BocTd^Horo BjiHHCica ctpohjih rnjipocTaHijHH. 13. H mhoto ^e'jiaji B KajiH$dpHHH. 14. H mhoto caejiaji b KajiHcFopHHH. 15. Ohh jdjiro CTpoHJiH 3a,Bdj. Id. Ohh cH^e'jiH b KJiyde h ^htsljih "Eohc JTaM*". 17. fl yxe npo^HTELJi "AWy Kape'HHHy". 18. Mh nocTpoHJiH dojibmyro xopo'myio TH^pocTaHnHio.
Ur i l.L, 11 ^11+ the missing Russian verb into the correct nast tense form. 1. KsuKflbiH fleHb HaTama (wrote) _ _ H^Boe co^HHeHne. 2. B^epa oHa (wrote) n _ _ coiHHeHHe o KajiHcbo'pHHH, 3. rioKa OHa (was writing). „ comiHeHHe, OHa njiaxana. 4. ndcjie Toro, Kaic 0Ha*(had written) ne'pBoe coimeHHe, OHa' (wrote) __ Apyroe. 5. fl TOJibKO «o (rpad) _ , _ Bamy KHu'ry. 6. Ohh Bcer^a (wade) _ _ ohihSkh. 7. Bh To'jibKO mo (made) _ _ HaHBHyio onradicy. R. Moh cecTpa (was building) _ rH^poCTSiKUHio. 9. fl ^acTO (used to read) . Be^epoM. 10. fl yace (read) . . otot xypHaJi. 11. Oh (rftad) _ xypHaji h noTOM (then) oh( wrote) _. .,„„._ hhcbmo'. 12. Mbi TOJibKO uto (binlt)_ _. , __ „ HOByio rH^pocTaHti;Hio. 13. Oh (was reading) ___^ __ KH^ry. 14. IIoyeMy oh Bcer^a' (stole) „KapaH,naniH? 15. noueMy bh (<?toie> _ mok) $OTOrpa$HK>? 16. Ohh jio'jiro (bi?i"" ±\____ _ 3aBo^ • (i.e., thev spent a lone- time building the factorv.)
-221- cica.3a+ and roBopm- Sometimes the perfective and imnerfeotive have entire]y different stems. For example: imperfect!ve roBo™+ ( pneak, talk"* nerfective CKa3fi+ (sav, tell) - i.e. completion of a qi'io-le act of sneaking or talking-. "Bqepa oh roBopHJi b KJiy6e 3aBo^a. (Yesterday he spoke in the cluh of the factory.) Oh CKa3a'.Ji, *ito Ha'me BejiHKoe £ejio - deTOH. (He said that our preat task is concrete.) Tra 1 . 2. 3. 4. 11 1.2 nslate 0 ueM M.TO OI OHa ci into English. OHa roBopKJia? -isi CKa3ajia? <a3ajia, uto Tn'r Tnrp CMOTpeji Ha Hac, pH He nOKa KHByT B Rbio-fi.c OHa roBopHJia. pice. Drill 13 Put the missing Russian tense form. 1 . Oh ( spoke) 2. "Kto 9'to ?" (said) 3. Ohh (snoke) : 4. Ohh (said) (used to speak) verb into the correct nast. o THrpax. OHa. _ no-pyccKH. , ito oh4 no-aji6a.HCKH.
-222- Si^/?.l_e_ Aspect. Verts 'l'hpi"p are many verbal notions which cannot be conceived of as a single comnleted act and are intrlnsicallv imnerfective. pa6oiaM+ (work) sc^B-h (live) Such verbs do not have corresnondin^ nerfectives. 1. CBoft may renlace mok, tboh, Ham, Bam to exnress "one's own". 2. cbok mu^t re-olace erd, ee, hx when subiect and possessor are identic Oh jik>6ht cboio aceny. his (i.e., his own wife) Oh juoSht ero aceny. his (i,e.,"ompbndv "Ise's) Ona jih)6ht cboh jom. her (i.e., her own house) OHa jii66ht ee jom. her ( i .e., somebody else's) Ohh noMHHT cboio Mami-my. their (i.e., their own car) Ohm noMHHT mx MamHHy. their (i.e.,somebodv else's) Drill 1U [brother - SpaTJ Translate into Russian. 1 . We understand his brother. _ _ 2. Ivan understands his brother, (his own) ^. Tva.n understands hi^ brother, (i.e. Vladimir's) k. Natasha remembers her husband, (her own) 5. I remember hen husband. _ _ _.__ 6. Natasha, remembers ^er husband, (i.e. Tamara's) 17. All the engineers know their factories, (the factories of the. comnetinp" engineers) B. All ti->e engineers know their factories. ( the ones in which the^ work}
HeHQpMajTfcHag aceHinHHa Tape H HeHopMajibHaH aceHUHHa. Moh ^oporo'M uyx. jik56ht cbokj xeHy. Ecjih t6u oh 3H3,ji, ^Td 6h oh CKa3aji?! Moh jjoportie &4tvl jijoSht cboio MaVy. Ecjih 6h OHH 3Ha.JIH, MTO 6bT OHH nOflyMajIH? ! 3HaeTe jih bh, rj^e h cerojHH 6bijia? H 3HaeTe, ^TO jjejiajia? B ropofle ecTb ojj;hh mHK^pHbift pecTopaH. H 6biJia. iaM n;e'jibiM jeHb. TaM 6hjih h1 flpyrue aceHinHHbi. Ohh iihjih qaM h Boofime BejiH cedn xopomo. A h nmia BOjJiKy h Boofime BeJia ceda o'ieHB Hexopomo. Ohh cjiyraaJin KJiaccnqecKyio My3HKy, noKa k CHje'jia nofl ctojiom h xypnjia eojibmne qepHbie cnrapn. IloK^ ohh roBopHjiH o KyjibType h 3KH3HH, h yicpaJia Bee hx TycJiJiH. a noKa a Kpajia hx TydbJin, a njiakajia. IloMeMy? no^eMy k Bee oto cjjejiajia? H He xoTejia BecTH ceSn nJioxo. H He xoTejia KypHTb eojibrane yepHbie cwra'pH. H He xoTejia KpacTb Bee hx TydbjiH. Bo'sce moM, jjo'ktop (Uyjibi^! rioqeMy? FIoyeMy ace? I'm an abnormal woman. My dear husband loves his wife. If he knew, what would he say?! My dear children love their mommy. If they knew, what would they think''! Do vou know where I was today? And do you know what I did? In the city therp is a chic restaurant. I was there the whole day. Other women were there as well. They drank tea and, in general, behaved well. I drank vodka and, in general, behaved very badly. They listened to classical music while I sat under the table and smoked big black ciears. While they spoke about culture and life, I stole all their shoes. And while I stole their shoes, I cried. Why? Why did I do all that? I didn't want to behave badly. I didn't want to smoke big black cigars. I didn't want to steal all their shoes. My God, Dr. Schu] t".l Why? Why? h - here, "as well, also"
Ritual 17 Tape - IlpHBe/r. — IlpHBeT. - Th Ky#a?* t — fl Ty^a. A th Ky^a? - fl crofla. / fl oTTy^a h cio^a. — Ah OTCiofla h Ty^a. - MHe ^opa. rioKa'. — noKa. - Oreetino-s, — — rirppfiy."!1!, - You where (are g-oin?)? — T there (am <?oin<r). And vou where fare ffoinp-^? - I here (am coming-). I from there to here (am coming-). — And I from here to there(am p-ni^p-) . - It's time (to sro) . So Ion?! -- So 1 or\pl * Sometimes the verb ^o is omitted in Russian.
-225- CASE REVIEW Norn. Arc . Gen. Prep. M • • * "! "* • • • 1? . ..„ T C ...oje...o ) i ' . ..oyo,..a • • • l ) • • e I i i iEH3 t t iH . . . u 2,u •••!■? ( ) • ••V / » » • y • 4 * ( t Eli • .11? • • • seetfoc i • V ) • • « i/a tnote ) ax ij+e -» i.i+i ( )-endings not yet treated 1e have now introduced four cases: nominative,aeci^tive, genitive, and DrenoPitional . The two remaining cases (dative and instrumental) will 3e treated in the next two chapters. Cases have two functions. Primary: their use without ^repositions Secondaryt their use as objects of prepositions. Primary Func.tion Nominative: subject of a verb; after is/ are Accii'satj ve: direct object of a verb Genitive: possession -v [Prepositional: used only with certain prepositions (see below)] Secondary Function Each ^reposition is assigned one (or more) cases(s) to serve as it<* object in prepositional phrases. Since there is no obvious connection between the meaning of the preposition and the case it demands, it is necessary to learn individually the case demanded by each preposition. Norniria.tiye: no preposition demands the nominative case. Accui^jtiye: b, Ha(to) when indicating motiono ~ " (Ha in the phrase CMOTpeV Ha _ is really an example of this.) Genitive: 6e3(without), oT(from), y(by)f KpoMe (except), o'kojio (near) Er.?-P-0§J-iiPD.al « o(about), b( in), Ha(on, in/at) The accusative plural borrows its endings either from the nominative or, as we shall see in Chanter 9, from the genitive.
-226- Translatjpn 1. Did you say that you were in Asia? Do you remember old Asia? Were you speaking about Asia? 2. I just read a book about hooligans who lived in the nark. They generally conducted themselves badly, stole, and never listened to the young director. (jus+ -TOJibKO mto , book -KHifra ) 3. Of course I remember her. Everybody here remembers that young woma' She is a real enthusiast. She used to build hydroelectric power- stations. 4. Who(m) does your grandmother like? Who likes your grandmother? Grandmother, do you like them? *>• Does he like his grandmother? His grandmother doesn't like anybody. 6. She loves her dear former husband. (former - SkbiehS ) ?. My fathf*1" thinks thPt we remember that great writer. 8. Youne- director Tvanov's wife was smoking cigars and drinking alcoholi beverages in the nark of culture and rest. Do vou smoke? Do you drink? 9. My Pi.ster_R said that the language laboratory will not be open tomor" It will be nln^0^. T don't care. (sister - cecTpa) 10. They are at work. We are going ( A- ) to work. She was at the concrete factory. 11. We are going to Leningrad. ( <£3 ) Where are they goinp-'? Somewhe 12. - What is life? — Either a golden epp or a red apple0 (red- KpacHbift) 1 3o Every day that little-boy wrote a composition about life in Califor, 14-. The ants are looking at the-real tiger who is sitting on the roof of the garageo l*i. All day our stepmother sat in the room, beat up,, and drank vodka. My God! She's, an abnormal wom»n, (stepmother - Ma/qexa room - Ko'MHaTa beat - 6hh + > 16. Do you see that pretty little-girl. She is carrying books to school . (school - mKOJia) 1 ?. This is a woman. This woman is mv wife.
-227- CjioBapb Nouns V rapasc - parage nucaTeJib - writer fsyKT - fruit K-iSHHeT ~ office, studv jiHHrachOHHbiM KadHHe'T - lanruaffp laboratorv v.yx - husband MVDaBeHHHK - anthill Mai! - tea 9HT,y,3nacT - enthusiast HanHTOK - beverap-e '.r1 .HanHTKH ) iioKTO|)(a) - doctor nompenb - briefcase nanei - nacka^e M.ypaBeM - ant (nnm.nl.MypaBbH ) cecTopa'H - restaurant OTe'ij - father IHBaH - OOUCh oaOymica - grandmother CTeHa - wall TraBa - grass cpMbH - bench BO^Ka - vodka 3HT,y3nacTKa _ ( f eTTial e) en thus i a s t. cnrrf.ua - ei?3r T ,'/<!; Jlil - shOP Kpbima _ roof pafioTa [Ha} - work M3Hb )K - 1 i f p My3HKa - music C hSjiqko - annl e flitno - ep'p- Adjectives aJiKorojibHbiff - alcoholic tiepuhiM - black xeciOKHH - cruel qejibift - who] e mwca'pHHfi - chic KJiaccriqecKHH _ classical Short-^orm Adjectives 3aKpbiT/a/o/H - closed OTKpt.iT/a/o/bi - onen HanHcaH/a/o/H - written ndMHH+ remember niiM + drink mot+ can, be able 6hb+ was/were Kypfi+ smoke nJia/Ka+ cry n^+ ^o (on foot) walk exa+ fo (bv vehicle) drive, ride Hec+ carrv. take bv foot Be3+ carrv, take bv vehicle noji3+ crawl CKa3a+ say. tell Other / TaK MHoro, KaK- as much as Ha. peMOHT - for repair napK ?:yjibTypbi h o'T^Hxa - nark of culture and rDst eMy Bee paRHe' - he doesn't care (tn-him it's-all the-same) MHe Bee paBHo' - T don't care, do'ace moM!-Mv God! CJia6 ot HejjoeflaHHH - weak from malnutri ti on noKa - while nofl ctojio'm - under the tab! e *iTo6b; - in order to jiyqme - ^better KTO TaKHe JlIOflH? - wH+ nirr- -pponle? Bejib - after all (unstressed narticle) n...n... - both.,, and... t yT — hssv*^ ecTb - there is/there are Ky^a - (tcO where K.yjia-TO - ' ~n^ somewhere BHH3y - be!ow cboM - one•s own KOHqaeTCH,- end ( in a general sense) cf. OKaHMHBaeTCH' - end (in a grammatical sense)
-228- CHAPTER f- R\tual 1R Tane y Bac ecTb rpaMMaTMtiecKHK Bonpoc? y MeHH Hei HHKaKoro Bonpoca, He roBopA yace o rpaMMaiH^ecKOM Bonpdce. Do von have a grammatical auestion? I don't, have anv kind of ouestion, to nothinsr of a grammatical ouestion. sav PREPOSITIONAL SINGULAR OF ADJECTIVES AND PRONOMINALS maso.-neuter: pm feminines oi Examples |Tape~} na 6eTOHHOM(3aBOje o mojio,ho'm reHHH b moSm xopomeM ro'po,ne B 3T0M SOJIblHOM SoJIOTe o BaieM Spare o cTa'pofl jse'HmHHe B 3T0ft MSlJieHbKOH ManiHHe o Bameft hoboh jia6opaTopnH at the concrete factorv qbont the vouhf f^i'1" in my eood city in this hie swamn about your brother about the old woman in this Iittle r^r about vour new laboratory In nronominals, instead of the exnected stressed fWi-i-'-.e eft, the enriv- is eft. M.ogft.^.CBpea, NOT Moeft, cBoeft b Moeft MamHHe (in mv mr)
TT' -229- tv^_ Put the words in T^rentheses into the prepositional case. 1. Mbi TOBOpHJIH O (Bam MOJIOJIOM .HOKTOp ) ___ „ 2. Oh ^yMaeT o ( njioxoe cowHHeHHe ) _,.... . .... , .. 3. Mbi MBeM b ( 9tot 3a6biTHH " forgotten" ro'po,n). 4. Oh Kpa;n,eT KapaH^anw Ha ( cboh 33b6^) 5. ¥u chjA 3 ( moh MajieHbKaa MamnHa > 6. Ohh roBopHJiH 06 (ara KpacHBan ace'nmHHa) __ ?. Ohh jyviaJiH o ( moM Jiyynwft flpyr )___ _ 8. Ohh jkhjih b ( 6ojibmaa nycTHHH "desert") 9. Ohh ,n,yMaK)T 06 ( s'to xopo'mee Mecro)___ _ 10. Ohh jkhjih b ( flajiexaa Apa'BHH- "distant Arabia")... 11. KapaH^ara JiescHT Ha ( SoJitmoM ctoji-"ta^i «") _ ..._.. 12. Oh a MHTaeT b ( cboh Jia6opaTopnH ) ___ _ ._ Non. Ace. Oen, Pren. 9h^Vt^f.,IiD^XPIi!?! undated jvi C M "" "■■ 1 i t ...Oi^P.. .0 1 1 • • "Pvo. , .a. • • • 2m • ••$* « »319 • • id , mU 1U • • »U ( ) • • pj/ • •£* PI. i i • 1 1 G o o • i /a X ( • • • i ' • « ) •M *l i + p—> i i + i
-230- Dri 11« rjie chjht roBOPHmnB TapaKaHl vocabulary ^ajieKHH - (distant,) 3a6biTbiH - ( f orp-ottpr"1) 3aKpbiTUH - (closed) roBopHra.HH _ (tal ki^fl ctoji _ (tahle) TapanaH _ (pnckroach) Listen to the tape. Answer the questions, which are based on the above diagram
-231- D^ill: MaJieHbKKH HHKOJian, MajieHbKan CoHa h jn6,gn, KOTOpne pa66TaioT Ha SeiOHHOM 3aBdj:e h b paK^THQH JiaSopaTopHH jTane Lipten to the narrative on tane. Then answer the nuesti on'- which fol 1 ow. \ JII06 jieHb (day < A + H 0? Symbols 1 nnca+ coiHHeHHfl 0 V HO^b and ni ocabularvi .nyMaS-t yd paKeTHaa Jia6o ght) (rocket 0 (^ paic-'pHa laboratory) / MaJieHbKHH }{MKOXaH •&> D '<—^?- 0 MajieHbKaa Cohh rt- 6eTOHHblk 33BOfl JCL ±L ^^ psKeTHan JiafiopaTopHH
232- POSSESSION 1. Possession is expressed bv y + genitive, y Moerd flpyra (ecTb) sonpo'c. Mv friend has [Literally! ""by mv friend there-is"] a Question. ecTfc may be omitted. 2. The frenitive of personal pronouns is identical to the accusative. Norn. Ace/Gen. /"''■' ■•'- fi'.' •/ 1. Whenever a form of oh/ohc5, OHa, ohh is followed'"tfy a preposition, a MeHfl TbI Te6a OH ero OHa' ee' MH Hac BH Bac OHH HX h is ioined to the pronoun, ii Similarly: "y ero" —* y Hero' "y ee" —* y Hee "6e3 kx" —• 6e3 hhx "KpdMe ee" -*■ KpoMe Hee The indpcl inables erd, ee,Hx (his, her, their) do not '"in +hisH Contrast; V Herd hobhh flOM. He has a new house. y erd flpyra hobhM ^om. His friend has a new house. 6e3 Hee 6e3 ee_ KapaHflama without her without her pencil D.rJ 1.1 .? Translate the words 1 . 2. i. b. e>. 6. •?. H SCMBJJ flaJieKO OT Ohk acHByi ^ajiend (His (m) teacher (She has) .. (Her husband has' y (the^r) __ y (them) in (h OT parenth im) (his has) . .. — _ ... fao . .... — eses into — ■ ~- - torv) — .. — ^ - — - — - fflpyra Russian. „ . .._ — - • — • • xopoman MamHHa. JHHTepeCHHH HHTepe'cHUH Bonpoc.. Bonpo'c. doJifcma'H MamHHa.. dojibinaH MamHHa.
-233- i. ecib - HeT The negative of ecTb(there i«0 in HeT (there is not). The nrerlioate of ecTb jp nominativei y MeHH ( ecTb ) Bonpdc. (Literallv: "By me there-is a Question.") The Dredioatp of HeT is senitive: y MeHH Hex Bonpo'ca. (Literallv: "Bv me there-isn't a nue^tior.") In the ^ow construct! on, ecibmav be omitted, but HeT may not. Notei Therp are two Hei's in Ruc-ian. (11 The exclamation "no"! (?) The negative of ecTfe. Ta y 1. 2, 3. 4. 5. 6. 7# ne Drill TaneJ Say duri-np- na.n^e Listen Bac ecTb rpaMMaTiiyecKHH y MeHH HeT HHKaKoro Bonpdca (fren)? Bonpoc? He roBopH yace' o rpaMMaTH^ecKOM Bonpoce (pren), y MeHH HeT HHKaKoro KapaH^ama, He roBopa yace o hobom KapaH^arae'. y Herd flpyra jiymneM apyre. y hhx qppyKTa HacTOHqeM cbpyKTe. y MeHH KapaHflama BaieM KapaHflame. y MeHH KaoaHflama MoeM Kapan^ame. y Hee TapaKaHa KpacHOM TapaKane. y Hero Tpojuiendyca cBoeM Tpojuieft6yce.
-23*+- ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR OF FEMININE NOUNS IN 4 Both nominative and accusative have the ending /. NOTTW 3KH3Hb ACC. «H3Hb Examples: Norn. Kaicaa c^acuiiiBaa atH3Hb! (What a haxmv lifel) Ace. Mh BejieM cvacTJiHByTO acH3Hb. (We lead a hapnv life.) DrJ.1T .?. voca^ulavyt horse - Jioraa^b 'A door - flBepb d Translate the words in parentheses into Russian. !• H noMHB (this soo6, woman) _ ?• OHa vHTaeT (this p-ood nook) T« KaK h jik)6jik) (this old horse) ^« Bee jiioSht (this ^ood citizen) . . .. . 5« Bee noMHHT (thi «* food nark) .,......- 6. Bu BHflHTe (this old door) . Chart of Endinp-st undated Nom. Acn. Oen. Pren. K ...ii...ft 1 4 C ...OiP. | .0_ 1 ...ovo... a ...om,.,e* I « • « EL i 3. » • • 3. • • 'HJ-li' • #Ii ( ) ...oi...e* . . • ft ... ft ( ) ( ) PI. • • . i_ ip. • «i /a t ( • * .( ). ) . .av *ii + e -* ii + i
-235- Drills TT^BogKa, Majib^HK h Jiomajb Tape Based on the narrative which vou will hear on tape, answer the T!e~tions which follow. oIp : jik>6h+ ,_)£_> H6HaBHjie+ (hate)
r -236- Whether OHH He 3HSLI0T, SCHB^T JICT JHOflH Ha JiyHe. (They don't k^ow whether neon]e live on the moon.) EMy Bee paBHO, moiotch jih ohm Kaa^HH jeHb (He doesn't care whether thev wash everv dav. ) "Whether" is expressed in Russian by a statement followed r>y a "ves -r Question. Word Order: Tn a sentences, and hence in whether rlauseR, the verb is normally placed first, followed directly by Jin and then the subject. A. 1. 2. ?. 4. S. R. Drill Tape I Princinle s You don't care. IviHe Bee pa.BHO, (main verb*1 «v-. (subieot).., Listen Say during pause Tjia^KOB noHHMaei. MHe Bee pa.BHO, noHHNiaeT jih PjiajxKOB Gy^eT noHHMaTb. Karon CTyjieHTH noHHMaioT no-pyccKH. Jij6jih KHByT Ha JiyHe. J^flH by^yT scHTb Ha jiyne'. Principle: You don't know. Same as above, with h He instead of Mne Bee paBud. 1 Listi- rjia^KOB. 3HHK)
-237- PREPTX AND ASPECT It most of the verb aspectua.1 pairs which we have had, the re^-p^ctive is prefixed and imperfective not. Perfective hanhc1+ nnca+ ,ne'jia8+ V op^bii 1 a.ry .Entry Ha/riHca> c/,ne/Jia3+ .'.'ov/ever, in manv aspectual pairs, both members are prefixed. Where f.is happens, the two verbs differ in their suffixes, i.e., in the final portion of the verb. ?$?factive nOBTCpH+ (reneat) (master) noBTopj^M+ y„Q5apulary En.try noBTopw+ / noBTOp.a:Bi H3yMaH-+ #n3y^H+ / H3y^aft+ (make a study of) Note that the aspectual difference in Russian is rendered by two different verbs in English. As we shall see in Volume II, it is almost alwavs possible to predict the imperfective of such pairs from the perfective. In the meantime, it will be necessarv to learn both members of such nairs. Two irregular verbs: ctoh+ and xoiet don* (be standing) CTOib ctou'm CTOKfb CTOHTe CTOMT CTO^fT It is an HT-verb, although a is preceded bv i, ^ther than *, v, JD,flJ xoie+ (want) xqyy xomm xquemfe xo'ueT XOTHTe XOTHT 2nd and ^rd pf, are irregular MASCULINE NOUNS IN 3 Jnuns denoting male persons are alwavs of the masculine p,ender, sven those ending; in a. MajieHbKHH Came little Sa^h^ (a name) Xi66-pup!. flflw ki^d uncle ■i;ch nouns will be entered with the mark M. Cama M Sap ha JH^h M uncle NiyawHHa IV! a mpn
238- ,aoe MajieHbKHH Gama: H apaocKHH khh3E AQxyji. tf o'to moh' floportie ace'HU. Mh acKBeM b jtajieKoM ApasHH. Kam £omhk ctoht b apaScKOH nycTUHe. "eJiHF BeHb a Jieay b apaSc.KOH nycTHHe h jtyMaio o sk'shh. Moh aceHbi pagoTaroT Ha paneTHOM 3aBO£e. ToJibKo moh JirodHMaa aceHa, $aTHMa, He pa6oTaeT Ha paKeTHOM 3aB6jie. Ona' chjiht b HameM jtoMHKe h roTOBHT cyn c rpH6aMH. Bdace moh, KaK a jik>6jik> cyn c rpndaMn! Mh se^eM cqacTJtHByro M3Hb 3,necb b apa6cKOH nycTHHe. MaJieHbKag Gohh: fi jOKiop scex HayK. H yace H3y^HJia qbH3HKy, toiio- JiorKK h acTpo6HOJidrnio. Beaynjue npo&eccopa noBTopaioT Bee, ^to a roBopid. hanpuMen, B^epa a CKasajia: "IvaTeMaTHKa - uapnua HayK." Cer^flHH see Be^ymne npocjeccopa xiobtoph'iot: "MaTeMaTHKa - uaptiiia HayK." H padOTaio b paKeTHoft jiadopaTdpHH. 3,necb mh HsyqaeM KK3Hb Ha jiyHe. Mh xotk'm y3H£lTb, scidByf jih jiioah Ha JiyHe'. KajieHbKHH BaVia: Bax, 6ax, oax! fl av.epHKa'HCKHH kob6oh Hjkhm. M s'to moh roBopnmaa Ji6ma,nb, Ba'jibjiopcp. U,eJiHH jeHi mh e^jiuM h KypHM. ( ?o ecTib, Kypio a. KaK H3BecTHo, Jio"ma^H He KypaT.) Be^epoM mh chjjchm b apnsoHCKOH nycTHHe h nrpaeM aa rHTa'pe. Mh oco'SeHHo juoShm necHH o »ch3hh b apHSOHCKOH nycTHHe. fl yBaacaio mok> Jioma;ib Ba'jitfloxxp, h, HacKOJibKO a 3h4k>, Ba'jib^op$ yBaacaeT MeHH. Gohh: &e nopa' h^th. ^Tarna: Ky^a" bh ajeie, paKeTHaa ace'HmHHa? C_3aa: fl ceftqac H,ny b rapaac, KHH3b Adjiyji. B rapaace HaxojtHTca moh paKeTa. Gama; Koh aceHH xotht 3Ha.Tb, KaKcia y Bac paKe'ia. Ko ohh nOHHMaiOT To'jibKo no-apadcKH. Co'kh : OHa HOBas h KpacHaa, KHH3b Aojjyji. 'j&etiu KHH3H AQ^yjia; Mid oaa cxasajia? Gama: OHa CKa3ajia, <jto y Hee hob as h KpacHaa paKeia. Moh menu Toxe xotht 3naTh, xyga bh JieTHTe. Gohh: fl Jie^y fia Jlyny. Gama: Bot KaK! y hhx erne oji;hh Bonpoc. IIoqeMy bh xoTHTe nojseTe'Tb Ha JlyHy? Cohh: Mto6h y3Hatb, acHByT jih jiio^h Ha JiyHe. Cama: Moh sceHH rosopa'T: "C*iacTJiHBoro nyTH, paxe'THaa ateHmnHa!" BaHH: Hayxa He HHTepecyeT Hac. ~ JKeHmHHH He HHTepecyioT Hac. "A HaM Bee paBHO, acHByT jih yjii6flH Ha JiyHe. Eoi>^eM, B^jib^op<|)! B nycTHHio!
-239- Little Sashai I am Arabian prince Abdul. And these are my dear wives. We live in distant Arabia. Our little-house stands in the Arabian desert. All day I lie in the Arabian desert and think about 1 ; f e . My wives work at the rocket factory. Only my favorite wife, Fatima, doesn't work at the rocket factory. She sits in our little-house and prepares soup with mushrooms. My God, how T ]ike sour with mushrooms! We lead a happy life here in the Arabian desert. Little Sonai I am a doctor of all the sciences. I have already studied physics, topology and astrobiology. The leading: professors repeat everything that I say. For example, yesterday I said: "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences." Today all the leading professors reneatt "Mathematics is the queen of +he sciences." I work in the rocket laboratory. Here we are studying- life on the moon. We want to find out whether people live on the moon. Little Vanai I am American cowboy Jim. And this is my talking horse Waldorf. All day we ride and smoke. (That is, I smoke. As is well- known, horses don't smoke.) In the evening we sit in the Arizona desert and play on the guitar. We esreci al ], y l.jke c0ncrc. phont life in the Arizona desert. I respect my horse Waldorf, and as far as T know, Waldorf nesnects me. It's time for me to go. Where are you going, rocket wom^n? Right now I'm going to the garage, prince Abdul. In the garage is located my rocket. My wives want to know what sort of a. rocket you have. But they only understand Arabic. It's new and red, prince Abdul. Wives of prince Abdult What did she say? Sashai She said that she has a new red rocket. My wives also want to know where you are flying. Sonai I am flying to the moon. Sashai You don't say! They ha.ve one more/still one/ ouestion. Why do you want to fly to the moon? Sonai In order to find out whether people live on the moon. Sashai My wives sayi "Bon voyage, rocket wontsn! " Vanai Science doesn't interest us. """ Women don't interest us. And we don't care whether ^eople live on the moon. Let's go, Waldorf! Into the desert! i S ona i Sashai S ona i Sashai Sonai
2l+0- Boitcock , , : ami | MajieHbKMft Gama 1. Kto Cama? 2. Kto 3 th xeHBjHHK? .- 3. Tjie ohh' XHByT? J_J 4. Tfle CTOHT JOMKK? 5. Tjte JieacviT Apflyji ueJiuH jeHb? 6. 0 ie?M oh flyMaeT? 7. Tje pafio'TaroT ercf scbhu? 8. Kto He padoTaeT TaM? 9. Hr6 OHa fleaaeT ire'jiHH jieHb? 10. KaKyro sn3Hb ohh bba^tV ManeHbKag Cohh 1. Kto Cohh? 2. ^to OHa c^ejiajia yace? 3. Mto flejiaioT BejtyniHe npo$eccopa? 4. Hi 6 c*.a.3&Jia BHepa Gdna? 5. Hto ceroRHH noBTopnroT BejyinHe npoa>eccopa? 6. TloTteuy ohh 3T0 jeJiaiOT? ?. r,ne paOo'xaeT Cohh? 6. "to H3.yqaiOT TaM? 9. Hrd ohh xotht y3HaTb? MaJteHbKHft Ba'nn 1. Kto Ba'HH? 2. Kto B^JibjojxJ)? 3. Mto' ohh fleJiaioT u^jihh j^eKb? 4. Ffle ohh ckji;ht Be^iepoM? 5. Mto ohh Tavt .neJiaioT? 6. KaKHe necHH ohh ocoSeHHo jik)6ht? 7. Kord yBa:*a'eT aMepHxaHCKHft kobSoh Hkhm? 8. Kord yBaxaeT Bajibflop$? Bee 1. Kyaa' KjieT Cohh? 2. Ro^ieMy? 3. Kanaa y Hee panera? 4. IIo^eMy aceHH khh3h Ad^yjia He noHHMaiOT, *nd roBopKT Co'hh? 5. Kyfla' jreTH? Cohh? 5. Ilo^eMy? f ?. Hto' roBopHT aceHH?
-21.1- B.Ltual._12 1 Tape / -[HepBHo] Kouy? — Her, HeT, HeT! - MeMy? KoMy ? — Eff, Mne? He eMy, hm, BceM, - [nervouslv] To -- No, - To — To BaM, BceMy whom? T no, no! Not to you, what? To whom? her, to him, to everything to • them. a jpyroMy. • o me? but to another. to evervbodv, DATIVE SINGULAR MASCULINE-NEUTER ...pmu.•.u JMf;__of t.h e_ Dative« 1. Indirect obiect after a verb, answering the question "to whom", "to what". Tt is oft^n found after vr^» expressing; "communicate" or "Vive". Verbs which we have had which may take an indirect obiect ares CKa3a>, roBopHt-, Ha/nwcaV, npo/*iHTa.ft+. In the following- examples, the direct ob.ieot is underlined once and the indirect obiect twice. Ok a nvtme-r mcbMo, CTsCpoMy ffQKTopy ryojCHHy. (She is writing a letter to old Doctor Gubkin.) OHa CKa.3a.Jia 3TQ _CBO[eM^_^£OJ^JMy___M1^5^. (She said that to her dear husband.) 2 . In impersonal ( flubiectless) expressions. Kan HSBecTHo KaacjioMy niKo'jifeHHKy. . . (As [^-subjectJ is well-known to every schoolchild...) ?, A small group of prepositions take the dative case. We have seen no (on the subject of). Oh SojibmoH cneuHajwcT no oeTOHy. (He is a big- specialist on +he subject of concrete.)
-2te- Drill 4 Tr; 1 . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. vocabulary* to whom - komv letter - nucbMO anslate into Russia^. To whom does she write? /Who does she write to?/ She writes to the abnormal voun? engineer Ivannv. She always reads her oomrosition« to my naive husband. I often say to my best friend, "I don't care." As is well-known to this great writer, edu^cateji people love his books. (educated - o6pa3o'BaHHH# ^ She is writing our director a letter / a letter to our director/. I am writing to ore comrade and not to the other. R. He is a well-known specialist on the subiect of wild western iazz. M Chart of Endings? updated }K Norn. Ace. Gen. Dat. Prep. ■ • ••ii. • • £ f I ...o i e... o \ •..ovo...a • • • omu.. .u. • •.pjn.. .e* t • • 3 1 3. ♦ • #3- . ..u^u...u ( ) ( ) • • • QJ, • • • ®. L A ( ) ( ) ( ) i,i+e-* i.i+i PI. • • * -L^,!^ • * . i/a [1 • 1 ( ( • • • V / • * ) 1 ) 1 .ax I
-2^3- Drilli Mto H3BecTH0 KOMy? The left-hand column contains several assertions. The right-hand column contains several people or things. Your task: decide which assertion is best known to which person ,or thing. For example; The fact that "cTy^eHTKH KpacHeroT b jia6opaTo'pnn" is probably best known to "Kaayurf Mexa'HHK b Jia6opaTdpHn" . Therefore, To, ^to (the fact that) CTy^eHTKH KpacHe»T b jiadopaTo'pnn, nsBe'cTHo xaacflOMy Mexa"HHKy b jiaSopaTopHH." 1. CTy^eHTKH KpacHe'ioT b jia6opaTopnM. 2. He BCe Tn'rpbi JKHByT b A'3hh. 3. CTapHH .flOKTOp PyfiKHH - H9CT0HEIMK reHHil. 4. KeHa HBaHa HBaHOBHMa. He CTapan wacKna. 5. EjIHHCK - 60JIbfflOH nOJIHTHtieCKHfi neHTp. '">. MOH CeCTDbl CMOTpflT TeJI6BH30p B rapaace'. ?. "MojioaaH SeTOHiuHua" - ue dqeHb CKaHflajibHMH acypHajr. 8. Kaacjoe pyccKoe cjio'bo OKaH^HBaeTCH H.yjieM. 9. JIoma^H tobodht He o^jeHb qacTO. 10. Bo^Ka BTOporo cdpTa (0f +hp ?nd sort- "2nd rate vodka") - o'yeHb njioxaa. 11. KoMapu ( mn^^iii +.<"if»<3) — He Hainn tobfip^ifm, 12. JleKa^e'HTCTBo - sto cjiyinaTb jhkhh jxa3 3anajiHOro BjuiHCica. 13. He BCe 3CTOHCK«e ^OKTopa tobodht nO-9CTOHCKH. 14. BeTOHHoe h6jioko - He HacTOtfmnn d'pyKT. 15. Khthi Tene'pb OT^bixatoT Ha minxe y ^ejiHKoro nJiHHCKoro modh. lr>. TooJiJiexGycbi - He jlwrh, a ManwHH. IV. f/jofl oeTOHOMeradjiKa - moh jiyvm/ji £pyr. J CTapblH flOKTOp TySKHH * KajK^biM MexaKHK b jia,6opaTopnn TOJIbKO MBaH HBaHOBHq -L KdM.fl.hUA THTp, KOTOPblH JtCHBBT B A'^pMKe moh aBTOMOb'Kjib ( a111omobi ] e) KsuKabifl rannoH b BsraHnrToiie (Washington) & K'aX.fl.hlV. MOJIOfloM KOBbOH B ApH3 0He,. frf KajKjibiH qejioseK, koto'dkk nbeT so';iKy BTopo'ro co'cTa Moe CTpofiHoe ( wp! 1-hni "1+) MOJio^oe TeJio (bodvl KajK^bia cry^eHT, kotokh GJiyraaeT .le'KHHH 6c a 6ojibm<5ro 3Hry3na3Ma & < KaxjtbiK qnTaTejib (rpader) Tkypnajia "Mo.io^^h SeTOHmHua" ^ Ka'jKflblft MejIOBeK, KOTOpK? pan brae Jiexaji Ha njia'jfce y BejitiKoro Bjihuckoto Mdpn ^ Ka»:;tbiM KHTejib Bocto'mhoto bj:xHcr--a, koto'phh xo'ne? cjiy.oaTc .hhkhJ* ,nxa3 KMJIblK 3CT0HCKHH JIOKTOD, KOTOpblK rOBOOKT !10-3CTtJHCKH KSLXflb'.i* HaCTOHIIIHH ifpyKT t TO.rbKo ko;1' rrcHXnarp (■pRynhiat^i ^t) KaH^biW TpojiJie'^Syc, Koropwii XO^eT TOBOOHTb
-2HH- Translate the following passage into Russian. New vocabulary for th^ translation. (You a^p. . not responsible for learning; this vocabulary.) holiday - npa3^HHK , hrn+^erlv - SpaTCKHM international-Meac^yHapoAHbtii grefitings - npHBeT center - iieHTp f progressive - nporpeccKBHHi> collective - kojijickthb mankind - 'qeJioBeqecTBO sends (3rd sg.)- nepe^aeT glory (to) - cjiaBa (+ dative1 See p. 557 for the answer to this translation. Thf;„Hol.Lda^ Today is a big holiday. At the concrete factory nobody is working. Tn the club of the factory is writtent Today is International Concrete Day. Therefore, the concrete factory is closed. Tomorrow it will be open. The Directors In the center of Betonograd there is a park of culture and *-e<~ + . Tod?.-; in the park of culture and rest is the day of the collective of the cc' crete factory. Director Ivanov, a famous specialist on concrete, is reading a lecture to our collective. We love and respect our director and we will remember his every word /every his word/. - ^o"ir«de (Tn"* avd (f) coTr»+e-workPrs! 4s \<* wel 1-k'^own t.o ev°i"v school chil d, todav is T ntpr-nation'1 Concrete Dav. [applause] - As is well-known to every citizen of Betonograd, our city is trs concrete center of the whole world. [applause"] - Our great city sends brotherly greetings to all progressive mankind. [applause! - And all progressive mankind sends brotherly greetings to our great city. [stormy applause J - Today, comrades, we say to the whole world: Glory to concrete! Glory to our great city! Glory to our great concrete factory! [ovation]
_2^_ ™L RELATIVE KOTOPHff Kot6phh agrees in number and gender with the noun it refers to. Its case depends on its use in its own clause. For example, KaoKflbift ^ejioBeK, koto'phh MBeT b JIeHHHrpa\ne, padoTaeT c 3HTy3Ha.3M0M. (Every person who lives in Leningrad works with enthusiasm.) KoTopbift: singular, masculine because qejioBeK is singular masculinp. nominative because it is the subject of the clause. J Subject of its clause: nominative case Kasc^aH xeHniHHa, KQTdpan MBeT b JleHHHrpa^e. .. (every woman who lives in Leningrad...) Kaac^oe cjiobo, KQTopoe oicaH^HBaeTCH Ha o_... (every word which ends in o...) Bee cjioBa, KQT6pbie OKaHtiHBaioTCH Ha a.. . (all words which end in a...) Direct object of its c1ause» accusative case yejioBelc, KOTQ~poro a iiomhio. .. (the person who(m) I remember...) ac^HmHHa, kotopyp h jiioSjiio. . . (the woman who(m) I 1ove...) co^iHHe'HHe, KQTopoe OHa' nHmeT... (the comnosi ti on^hich she is writing...) (f)OTOrpd(flHH, KOTOpHe H nd'MHK). . . (the photographs which I remember...) Indirect object of its clause: dative case tiejiOBe'K, KOT^poMy h nnmy (the person to whom I am writing...) Object of a preposition / pecTop^H, b KOTdpoM h padoTaio... (the restaurant in which I work...) tieJIOBe'K, O KQTOPOM H TOBOpHJI... (the person about whom I was speaking...) napK, o'kojio KQToporo h acHBy... (the park near which I live...)
Drill 5 Translate into Russian. 1. The woman who worked at the factory is Gladkov's wife. 2. The woman whom I remember always sroke with rv^^.t enthusiasm. 3. The engineer whom she loves doesn't love her. k. The word which I remember ends in a. 5. The boy to whom she often writes lives near me. 6. The factory at which I work is very big-. 7. The doctor without whom she cannot live doesn't love her. R. The engineer who loves her doesn't love me. 9. The compositions which I am writing ar^ very pood. 10. The Dark in which I am sitting is the cleanest, -park in the city in which we live.
WORKBOOK: V+V MUTATION TN HT-VERBS Certain consonants may "be regularly replaced by others. Substitution of this kind is called consonant mutation. It occurs in such English nairs as: facp - facial (s—* shT~, rite - ritual (t—*■ ch) erode - erosion (d-*>zh) .Christ - Christian ( st—» shch) . Consonant mutation i^ similarly regular and predictable in Russian. In Russian, however, consonant mutations are spelled as well as pronounced. Various types of consonant mutation occur in Russian. The names assigned to them will refer to the environments in which thev occur. The type of mutation occurring: in tne em ir OTvmervt V+V — ax\d hence in the prespnt tense of vowel-stems— will be called V+V_jmutati.on. 1 • Wb\oV'._ consonants undergo V+V mutation For purposes of V+V mutation, consonants and consonant groups may be classified as: Dent.al_s - made by bring!ne to"mie to or near teeth. R t 3 c and the cluster ct Labial_s - made with one or both lins. 6 n b (|) m The following mutations onc-n^ |n y+V mutation: Dentals mutate to M Labia.ls add Ji Djental^s Labials 6 6ji n nji B BJI $ dbJi M MJI A jK T ^ 3 5K C in CT m V+V mutation occurs onlv in the environment V+V, but it does not piwnys occur in that environment. In the present tense, mutable con- ^"Tnts (+^Q^e in the ton row of the above table) mutate under the following conditions; V+V mutation in ht-verbs: V+V mutation" occurs in the 1st person singular and onlv, the 1st person singular. jik)6h4- jik)6jij6, jiK>6Hmb, jik>6ht, jik>6hm, JiK)6HTe, jik6ht CHJie+ CHSC^, CHBHfflb, CH.HHT, CHpM, CHflHTe, CHIHT
Exercise 11 U<?n_t a 1 _s Form the 1st s^. and 1st r>l . MARK STRESS 1. cjieBH+ (follow) 2. npocTH* (forp-ive) ?. B03H+ (transport) , ^ HOCH+ (carry) _ c;, ogH^e-t- (insult) 6# TpaTH+ (waste) _____ _____ 7. rpycTH+ (he sad) _ B, JieTe"+ (fly) 9. rpy3^+ (load) , , Hyp o th etica1 10. np0 3f+ _____ __ U. JiacH+ __ 12. Mncre+ __ IT, MHTe> 1 k . cpy^H+- ___ £ xjsr_c_i.se.___ 2-J. _Labj a_l js Form the 1st se, and 2nd ser. i^^. ?T_d._sf. 1. 3HaK0MH+ (acouaint) ?. py6H+ (chon) _ „. 1. xpaner (snore) _.__., . k. roTOBH+ (prepare) __ _ „ _. ., t). rpadfiH+ (lirp) ... 6. ct4bh+ (put) _,.._,„ 7, 05khbh+ (enliven) , R. JioMHi- (break) • „ ,., 9, Kpenn+ (strenp-then) ,._ . „ (continued)
Hypothetical 1 pt pp-. ?nrj s^. 10. M^BH-t- 11. HHMe+ I?.. ponm IT. Jiadhn-* 14. Mop6e+ >w Kxercise 1 Mixed Form infinitive, 1st person singular, and 3rd person plural. Note that the infinitive of V-stems is formed by simple addition, V+C. Consequently, no changes of any kind occur in stress or consonant. inf. 1 St <zp. Tv-r) rO . 1. KopMH-f (nourish1) , „.„1_...7.„L_ / . . ?. rperaH+(sin) __ _.. T. Kpacw+ (paint"* , k. tiHCTH+ (clean) __ 5. rjiHBe+ (flanoe) , , __ 6. Jieaca+ (lie) . ____ . . 7. yTotiHH-t- (make preci rrT 8. Beji^+ (order) 9. oTBeTHt (answer). 10.BHce+(hane) 11 . nojioacH-t- (put) _ 1 ?.. bo,hi£+ (lead) 1^. BH^e+ (see) 14. nycTH+ (permit).,. 1 5. xpaHHt (save) 1 6. y^n+ (tp».ch) _ 17.hbh+ (appear) (continued)
-2 50- Hypothetical 18. JiacH+ 19. pyne+ K 20. nop3H+ 21. ryacm- 22. COH6+ 23. npycTH+ 24. KyMH+ 25. 3yBe+ 26. rjiacTe+ 27. My$m- inf. 1st Sff. 3rd p).. n^
-251- HT-Verb Inventory V-V TOBOpHf Kpmia-r r 'J mojuish- *$*,' fiP°x6+ (shake) Cj/ ' nOMHH + <3D-> CMOTpe-+ ■£ CTpOH+ «V A K.ypH+ Y.+X. .ITLU ta t j. on_, rn JLs.t... §£. ^-■^ BH4e+ pi) CH^eV (V}y myT&+- I Hoke) [a wr^on -okinp-f ^^> JieT4-(flir) [an airnTaneJ ^m tiHCTH+- Mclean) [a shiny surface] Cy JlK)6iHr ^-^^ pydH+ (chon, hack) [a knife] cgr^ roTOBH-t- (nrenare) [a howl of sour] LxSF^ xpane-*- (?,nore) fa T>ersnn <=morvnpj
252- P.rilL. *> Translate the following symbols into the correct m-e^ent tens'* Russian vp^ form, vocabulary:(cabbage)- Kanycra (fear) - CTpax (mushroom) - rpn6 1. IloMeMy bh IVpyrne He ., 2. fl ct> 3. Tjie bh |Sj( 4. 0 KOM BH 5. IlotieMy bh Q^. Ha Bac. 6. Ohh &i. ?. fl C^> 8. OhhjSl fl HHtiero He <^!5> 9. ohhH^" ^t+^iu ———— fl <"o,,« 10. Ohh ^2=- 11. Ohh ill' fl ^ll' 12. Bbi (j£) 13. OH^^f _, MTO BH ? fl fl He »<** KanycTy. b na.pKe. o Bac. Ha MeHH? fl He <J>> HOBHH 3aBOfl. _KanycTy. Ohh HHtiero He QJ? xopo'mHH cyn. ot cTpaxa. ot He,noe,]i;aHn,H. y QojioTa. fl HHrje ne CBOH MafflHHbl. rpH6bi. fl HHKor.ua He &) ^ jieKUHH. fl HHKor.ua He \!s=^ _ , KOTR& npotfieccop ['Jyjibu; iHTaet 14. Ohh 15. Bh v<^S'' 16. Ky.ua bh _Ha KaTepHHy. fl He Moe hSjioko? KoHe^Ho^a ero \( _? fl ^^ Ha JiyHy.
-253- Verb_ V£ca_bulary Drill Write the n-fc«*m which corresponds to each symbol. Then check p. 251. 1 • C? 6. ^ _ ii. / ^ 16. f% _ 2. £ 7. <g) _ I2.<i> _„ ..__17.S^. ?-^- 8'^'" - 13<^> — 18.© .._ *>.-^_ 5. <Th> 9. <£> iv&::, 10. ow 15. Verb _C an jwa t u?n__T)r _iJLJL Usinp onlv these symbols a? clues, nut the following verbs into the correct wsent tense fortr^. ^to oh jejiaeT? i. <X> 2. ft 3. v° ' 6. (3D III 10. 11. v"~ 12-£ 14. <v? 15. ^ 16.*^*. lio a ffe'jiaio? 1. ^-^~ 3. 1% 4. »j o »" * QP R. ^£^ 9. ^ io. <a> U.^ 12. Cffl» 13. ^.i:/ 16. Mto bh je'jiaeTe? 1. <j> 2. ft 3. >' ' '
I -2 5 h- — - — - " __ - — - — Ritual 90 m„p„| Ha cJie,EyromnS pa3 npuroTOBbTe Beet. ypoK! OTO CJIHmKOM MHOTO. He flJiH MeHH. fl He TaKoft reHHH, ksk bh. TeM xyxe jyia Bac. [".itpoxca] ^3Bepr pdjta qeJioBe^ecKoro! For next timp viTpvibvp tnp. whole lesion! Th^t'^ too mnoh. Not for me. T'm 'not f ?eTiinc' 1 ikp vou. /T'm not ,--;(->^ So Tnnoh t.hp worse for vou. fphflkvn"""- Monster of the human rn<~-pl Hcho? Is that clear? " ^pniiiR ;is voi',/
-255- Beji.Haa KaTa [Tape PecTopaH "Jlpyxda" - caMbift niHKapHHH peCTopaH b HanieM rdpo#e. B otom HMKapHOM pecTOpaHe chjht jik^h. Kto o'th jikjh? H BHacy, mo out? ca.Mbie ^uasoBaHHbie jikwh Hamero rdpoja. Be^b ohh CHjaT h roBopaT o con.uojidrHH, o TOi^„^rHH H 0g 9THOJio'rnH. KaKaa KyjibTypa! Iloqevy ohh ch^ht ^ riecTopaHe, b kotopom a paddTaro? KaK H3BecTHO KaamoMy ™DHTe™ xopoinero cyna, ^ K0T^U^'a rOTO'BJ1I0, ji^inHM cyn b rdpoje. Becb fleHb a ctob b rane pecTopaHa * „ ^ Kan^CTy. H KOr M H He 6jlio KanycTy, a ynmy rpndbi. Becb #eHb a pydjiro vr-.^/ ' H pyojrib Bee i roBopaT c 9HTy3Ha'3M0M o KanycTe, KOTo'pyro a py6JiK>. ^^~rxTmrpA^ici_fisiJibm!iM | SHTysHasMOM o rpn6ax, KOTopHe a qHmy. Ho hx 3HTy3Ha'3M He "'iTepecyeTMeV' Hx anjioflHCMeHTH He HHTepecyioT MeHa. KanjfcTa He KHTepecjfeT MeHH, [c rpycTbio] He roBopa yace o rpudax. fl He xoqy qpicTHTb. fl He xoqy pydHTB. H xo^y cn^e'Tb b pecTopane h KaK Bee oSpasoBaHHbie jikUh roBopHTb o couaojidrnn, o TonoJidrnH h 06 OTFo^drHH. Ho a Heodpa30BaHHaji fleVyinKa, KOTo'paa HH^ero He sHa'eT. fl de#Haa ^e'BymKa, KOTo'paa pydHT KanycTy h ih'ctht rpn6bi Beet p,euh. R pecTOpaHe t arose ch^ht moh He^o'dpHe cecrpH. Ohh Himerd He pydaT. Ohh HHqero He ^hctht. Becb ,n,eHb moh He£Odpbie cecTpbi myTaT h xHXHKa»T. H MHny h pydjiro, a ohh myraT h XHXHKaioT. Ojma cedpa nbeT ajiKordjibHbie nannTKH. Jf,pyraa cecTpa. jie*:HT no£ ctojiom h xcanHT. 06pa3OBaHHbie jiio^h CMOTpaT Ha Hee c OTBpauie'HHeM. Bce 3HaioT, ito xpane'xb b mnKa'pHOM pecTOpaHe o'qeHb HeKyjibTypHo. 0, a BHscy KHKry, KOTdpaa jie^HT Ha cTOJie'. Hhkto He cmotpht na Mena. MdsceT dHTb, a dyXy MHT3Tb HeMHdro o couhojiothh, o TonojidrHH h od OTHOjrdr'HH. Bo'xce moh, Ka.K a xo^y ^HTaTb o cohhojio'thh, o TonojidrHH h 06 othojiothh! CecTpa Co'hh kphmh't: "Kelta! Hto th iHTa'eub?" M Apyra'a cecTpa Toxe kphmh~t: "KaTa! Uoneuy Tbi He pydHmb?" fl Apoacy ot CTpa'xa. I Hoporn'e cecTpbi, Becb fleHb bk inyTHTe h xHXHKaeie. fl He my^y h He XHXHKaio. Becb jeHb bh nteie, a a HHKor^a ne nbro. Becb J fleHb bh KpHMHTe Ha MeHa. fl HKKorfla He Kpn^y Ha Bac. Hoporrfe '; cecTpH, a d^eHb pa^a pydnib Bamy KanycTy h MHCTHTb Baron rpHdti. Ho Kor^a a pydjiro, a xoiy MHTaTb o cohhojiothh, o Tonojidrnn H^od ■ othojiothh. Bce jcpyrne jteByniKH ^HTaioT o couhojiothh, o TonojiorHH h od gthojiothh. Bce, KpoMe MeHa. Ohh He cjtymaKT MeHa. Hhkto He cjiyraaeT MeHa. Hhkto He jik>6ht uev.A. fl 3a6biTa. fl o,5Hci. He to^ho, KaTa. Mo'xeT dbiTb,TH o^H.a, ho He sadbiTa. Kaac,n;b!H JirodviTejib xoporaero cyna noMHHT o Tede.
2^6- P.Qor_.Jl?jte The restaurant "Friendshin" is the most chic restaurant in our city, this chic restaurant are sitting: people. Who are these people? I see that they are the most educated people of our city. After all, they pp. talking- about sociology, topology, and ethnology. What culturel Why are thev sitting- in the restaurant in which T work? As f-^ "f'^1" known to everv lover of o-ood noun, +h<=> "oir which I pr©i,Qte 1F; ^e ^ef! soup in town. All «ifv I stand in the kitchen of t.i-c ^staurant and chop cabbag-e. And when I'm not chopping: c^^^'"1 clean mushrooms. All day I chop " and clean clean anJ cf*"" Everybody speaks with enthusiasm about ttc caDDage whiah-J Chop. Everybody speaks with enthusiasm about the mushrooms—"+rrtrff I clean. But their enthusiasm doesn't interest me. Catba^e doesn't interest me, [with sadness] to say nothing- of mushrooms I don't want to clean. I don't want to chop. I want to sit in the restaurant and, like all educated people, talk about sociology, topolo and ethnology. But I'm an uneducated girl who doesn't know anything. I'm a poor girl who chops cabbage and cleans mushrooms all day. In the restaurant also sit my unkind sisters. They don't chop anythin They don't clean anything. All day my unkind sisters ,ioke and giggle. I clean and chop, and they ,ioke and *n,ggle. One sister is drinking alcoholic beverages. The other sister is lying under the table and snoring. The educated people look at her with disgust. Everybody knows that it is very uncultured to snore in a chic restaurant. Oh, I see a book which is lying on the table. Nobody is looking at me. Perhaps I'll read a little about sociology, topology, and ethnology. My God, how I want to read about sociology, topology, and ethnology! Sister Sona screams, "Kate! V/hat are you reading?" And my other sister also screams, "Kate: Why aren't you chopping?" I shake from fear. Dear sisters, all day you joke and giggle. I don't joke and giggle. All day you shout at me. f never shout at you. Dear sisters, I'm very happy to chop your cabbage and clean your mushrooms. But when I chop I want to read about sociology, topology, and ethnology. All the other girls are reading about sociology, topology, and ethnology. Everybody except me. They aren't listening to me. I'm forgotten. I'm alone. Nobody listens to me. Nobody loves me. Not exactly, Kate. Perhaps you're alone, but not forgotten, lover of good soup remembers you /about you/. Every
-257- Bonpocbi: Tape 1. B KaKOM pecTopane pa66iaeT 6e,HHaa Kaia? 2. KaKHe jiwrvl chjjht iaM? 3. 0TKy,na bh 3HaeTe? 4. ricmeMy ohh chjht b pecTopane, b kotopom pa66TaeT KaTH? 5. Fjie CHflHT KaTH? jra ^£ f>. Mto OHa TaM ^eJiaeT? ^^P~(^9 ^1L Q i» "7. KaTH, *iTO th fle'jiaenib? 8. KaTH, nno th xo'^enib .neJiaTb? 9. IIo^eMv? <ya 10. Hto .nejiaioT He,E,d6pbie cecTpu? 11. Hto ^e'jiaeT oflna cecTpa? LJ5 12. Mto fleJiaeT jjpyran? |gy&g>| 13. Ilo^eMy cecTpbi Kpn^aT Ha KaTio? fm 14. OT^ero .uposcht KaTH? 15. 0,n,Ha jih KaTH? lr>. 3a6h'iTa jih KaTH? 17. no^eMy?
-2S8- PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUMMARY Norn. Ace. Gen. Dat. Pren. fl ueH& MHe MHe TbI Te6« Te6e Te6e oh/oho ero eizy hSm ona ee eft Heft MH Hac HaM Hac Bbl Bac BaM Bac OHH HX HM HHX R.f *?.<? X.QK Q. .QJiPJ" eJ3.PI)q ? JXO Read the following: for meaning (if von can find anv). Be able to account for the ap.nect of the underlined vprtn. You are not resnonsi- ble for lenrninjj tKe new vocr^uIi^v, vocabulary: TOJIbKO "TO - iust nocJie^HHfi - latent CTpaHHHft - stran?e <tipa'3a - sentence B,upyr - suddenly xoTe+ CKa3aTb - mean ( Ht6 Bbl S'THM X0TKT6 CKa3aTb? Whit do vou mean by that?) orpoMHbift - e"ormouc; kocmoc - cosmos caivta - myself (-fern) 6biBinnft - former npaBHjibHo - correct!v njiaHeTa - nlanet npeKpacHbift - fine hh...hh... - neither...nor HH^ycTpH^JibHHH - industrial jiiooo'Bb 3K - love Note imnerfective: ona noHHMajia ("under^t^od", i.°,, in the sense of bein^ in a state of knowing;) OHa noHHMajia no-pyccKH. (°he irndp^pt.nod Ruffian) ■perfective: oud noHHJia ("pxasned, realized"') OHa' noHHJia, md oh xot^ji cjcasa'Tb. (She realized/erasned what he meant.) The difference in form between the imnerfective and nerfectiv- stem? will be explained in a later chanter.
-259- - HaBHHKTe! Bh He H3BecTHHH nncaTeJib n.n. noMH^o'poB? — J[a, 9T0 h - IleTp na'.BJioBHti IIOMHjopoB, H3BecTHHfi nHcaTejib. - A a Cdif'bfl CeMeHOBKa CaMOBapoBa. fl To'jibKo ^to npo^HTajia Bamy nocjieVHioro KHHry. Bh Hannca'jiH o'^eHb xopo'myio KHHry. ToBapnm. noMH^dpoB, dojitmde cnacrido! ~ [KpacHen] Ha mo bh! - IloKa a ^HTajia Ba'my KHHry, a njiaKajia. Ha, njiaKajia, noTOMy mo a BH^ejia ceda, Co'tfibio CewieHOBHy CaMOBapoBy, b KHHre. CTpaimafl, flHKafl aceHm,HHa, KOTo'paa acnjia y dojio'Ta - oto a. Mojiojcan aceHnjHHa, KOTopaa CTpoHjia rn^pocTaHUHio, noKa .npyrne sce'HmHHbi cjiymajiH jih'khh sana^HHH ^aca3 - d'to Tosce a. ^ Hoporo'M IleTp IlaBJioBHti, h 3Haio, mo Kor^a bh nncajiH KHHry, bh .nyMajin 060 mhs. Kaxjcaa <irpa.3a, Kaaqioe cjio'bo, KascflHH rjiardji, He roBopn yace o npejuidrax - o'to a. — fl He noHHMaio, o qeM bh roBopHTe. - "Rtjepa a qHTa-na Becb ^enb. MHTajia h miaicajia. . . , njiaKajia h ^HTajia. "A Kor.ua h npo^HTaJia Bdray KHHry, a B^pyr noHAJia, ito bh xoTejin CKa3aTb. , OrpdMHoe a'6jioko, KOTo'poe cHflejio b OKeaHe, He HacToamnM *pyKT. HdJioKo, kohctho, Ham kocmoc, He npaBfla jih? — Kocmoc? HdjiOKo? KaKoe orpoMHoe adjioKO? - fl TaK h flyi/ajia, IleTp FlaBJiOBH^. H caMa tiacTO roBopnjia MoeMy dHBmeMy My»y; "Kocmoc, BaHA, - g'to a6jioko, orpoMHoe hSjioko." — Hoporaa Cottba CeMeHOBHa, Bb^MdsceT dHTbtHe noHHi/a'eTe, ^ito... - H Bee noHHMaio. B KHHre bk mhoto tobophjih 0 TtfYpax, KOTo'pne jieacaT Ha ruiascax. Bh np&BHJibHO CKasajin. ^to mh Bee MBeM "ksk thYph Ha ruiaace". Bce,^TO bh roBopHTe o THrpax, h3B6ctho Ka'wji,OMy o6pa30- BaHHOMy ^ejioBe'Ky Ha Ha'raeM nJiaHe'ie. Ax, IleTp IlaBJioBH^, sto tbk npeKpacHO - "thtph Ha njinace". — Tnrpn? IIjihok? Kanne THrpu? KaKOH ruiaw? - Ho no^eMy Baran th'tph j,ejrajiH rpydne rpaMMaTH^ecKHe omndKH? 1t6 BH 9THM XOTejIH CKa3a.Tb? ^TO THrpH - He JIIOflH? HTO THTpH He TOBOpflT no-pyccKH? Hjih *ito? — Jlopora'a Coc^bfl CeMeHOBHa, BH,KasceTca, flejiaeTe omndKy. fl o THrpax HHKorfla ne nncaji. HHKorfla He nnmy h HHKorji,a He dy^y nucaTt. fl IleTp na'BJiOBHti IlOMHfldpoB, H3BecTHHH nHcaTejib. Ho H nnray hh o THrpax, hh o (JipyKTax, a 00 HHflycTpnajibHoM couhojiothh, to ecib od ysapHHKax, KOTOpne padOTaioT Becb jieHb c 9HTy3Ha'3M0M h OT^HxaioT b na'pKax KyjibTypH h oTjuxa. MdaceT dHTb, bh sHaeie mow nocjie^HMw naddT.y, "AH3Hb h jiroddBb na rwji,pocTaHUHflX". [oieHb HejioBKafl nay3al - H3BHHHTe, TOBapnm IloMH^opOB! NlHe nopa hath. Ho CBHfla'HHA.
-260- Conrnrehension Drill t X6p$3i w er6 odpasdBaHHag jiomaflb Read the Questions for Part I, then listen to the tane and answer the the questions. Do the same for Part IT. The following new words are introduced* Namej?« B.B. AHjjpeeB, Haritfca, Ha3HMa, Me^HHa English, cognates; KHCTHTyT, ^OKyMe'HT, $>aKT, npnMHTHBHHM,$Hrypa rpynna. (Mote the last two end in a) Alf-Ql coijHOjidrHH (of sopiologv) yBH^HM (we'll see) BepoHTHO (probablv) no^TH (almost) TonoJio'rHH (of topology) |Tape\ Part I 1. Ffle Haxo'flHTCH rdpofl Me^HHa? 2. F^e HaXo'flHTCfl HHCTHTyT COUHOJTO'rHH? 3. Kto B. B. AHflpeeB? 4. F^e oh paSoTaeT? 5. Hto HHTepecyeT ero? 6. Hid oh Tene'pb nayider'? 7. no^eMy1 oh Tene'pb He H3y^aeT apadcKyro acH3Hb b ro'po.ne? 8. Tfle Haxo^HTCH %6miK B. B. AH^pe'eBa? 9. y Hero ecri, MamHHa? 10. OTKy^a bh 3HaeTe? 11. Kto HedoJibmaa $Hrypa b nycTtrae? 12. Kto $aTma? 13. Hto ^ejiaji A6,nyji? 14. Hto ^e'jiajia $aTHMa? 15. KaK bh flyviaeTe? rio^eMy Jio'ma^b KuAaa. AS^yjia He Kypmia? 16. Mto HeceT AH^peeB b nopT$eJie? 17. Kto CKa3aji oioBa: "Hama *H3Hb He npHMHTHBHan h He cqacTJiHBan"? JI,oraflaHTecb! (guess) Part.. II* 1. Kto <baTHMa? 2. Mto H3yqaeT 3>aTHNia? 3. rio^eMy CKa3ajia <&aTHMa, ^ito OHa He 3HdeT, KaKoro po'^a CJidBo "rpynna"? 4. Ffle padoTaeT Tenepb HaH<|ia? 5. %o ee HHTepecyeT? 6. Kor^a totobht HaH$a cyn c rpHdaxiH? 7. Korjta bh^ht Ad^yji Hari$y? 8. Ht6 bh'jht B. B.^ AH^pee$ h KHH3b Ad^yji? 9. Ky^a JieTHT Ha3HMa? 10. Uonewp 11. IIoxieMy .ny^MaeT B.B. AH^pe'eB, "Jto Ha3HMa CTpaHHaa aceHmHHa? 12. ncqeMy .nyxiaeT Adjiyji, tno Ha3HMa ctpaHHaa xe^HmHHa? 13* KaKjho acH3Hb Be^eT KHH3b A6;n,yji, no MHeHHio (in the B.B.AHflpeeBe" 14. A6^yji? tiTO TaKoe acH3Hb? opinion of) 15. rio^ieMy?
-26l- I t, He has a question. He wants to know who my dear sisters are writing: i to/to whom/ and what thev are writing about/about what/. ! 2. I'm sitting in a chic restaurant '" which are si+.+vncr very educated neotile. 3. I wrote a Ls.Si§E. to mV "favorite American writer. In the letter I spoke about our new hydroelectric station. [Tetter - nHCMo] k, Thp ,ian,iJ;jor about whom T was reading cleans benches in the little nark of culture and ''est which is located not far from this eastern city. [janitor - yQo'pmHK] 5. Thev are shaking from fear. Why? Just because, Thev like to shake from fear. You're iokin.fr? I never joke. 6. On the wall of the concrete factory was written: .5Jj?X.X_..tP every lover of concrete! [fflory to - cjiaBa+ dative] 7. Why are those cowboys shouting" at poor Svetlana? R, My talking horse knows evervthi-r about cjDnjbempprjary ethnolop-v, not to mention tonology. But she doesn't know anything about me. [contemporary - coBpeMe'HHHft] 9. Everybody here sneaks with great enthusiasm about the red eabbap-e / which I chon. I 10. All dav T prepa.re soun in my kitchen, chop tomatoes, and clean mushrooms. You don't clean anything? you don't prepare anything. I cannot resnect you. [tomato - noMn,n,6pj 11. We want to find out whether they lead a happy life. 12. A leading professor said to his best friend: "Astrobiology is the aueen of the sciences." 13. He esneciallv likes Albanian sonfs about life in the distant Arabian r> p c p v +\m 14,-Everythine- interests mv sister. For example, she has already studied all life on .the, earth.. She is now studying- life on the moon, [earth - 3eujiS\ — You don't sayl fi. They are now flying- to a distant planet in their bis: new r-ed rocket. Bon voyagreS [planet - njiaHeia]
262- CjioBapb Nouns M KHH3b - nrince cyn - soup KOB66ft - cowboy Jiio6rfTeJib - lover rpH6 - mushroom Ao'mhk - little-house CToi - table CTpax - fear M Ap^BHH - Arabia nycTHHH - desert pane'Ta - rocket diH3HKa - physics TonoJidrHH - tonolopv acTp^o6nojiornH - astrobiology uapijua -queen JiyHa - moon necHH - song rHTapa - guitar jiaSopaTopnH - laboratory jio'raa^b "M. - horse flpyac6a - friendship couhojiothh - sociology othojiothh - ethnology KanycTa - cabbage ^e'ByiflKa - girl (post-puberty) jeBOTKa - li ttle-p-irl cecTp^ - sister KHiira - book KyxHK - kitchen HayKa - science Adjectives apadCKHfl - Arabian ,n,ajieKnft - distant paKeTHHH - rocket jho6h'muH - favorite, beloved c^acTJiHBHM - happy BeflymHft - leading aMepHKaHCKHft - American roBopHnjHM - t^l king o6pa30BaHHHM - educated Heo6pa3o'BaHHbift - uneducated He^ofipufi - unkind apn30HCKnS - Arizona KpacHHft - red caMHM - most SenHuK - poor ^hort-^form adjectives pa^a/o/u - happy 3a6HT/a/o/H - forgotten instrument! Ha+prep) Verbs OTOH-t- - be standing npn/roTdBH+ - prepare H3y^iH+ / H3y^dfi+ - Tosaster/study noBTopn-t- / noBTopHft+ - repeat e3p,vi+ - ride nrpa«+ - piav (on an yBa«a«+ - respect py^H+ - chop, h*ck qiiCTH+ - clean rayTH+ - joke XHXHKaM+ - srip-fiile xpan<^+ - Rnore KpHq4+ (Ha+ ace) -shout (at) Apo*a-t- - shake y3Hdft+^ - find out (perfective) no/jieTeV - fly Other , c rpiTSa'MH - with mushrooms 3flecb = TyT (here) Bcex Hayn - 0f all the sciences Bee, tiTO - everything that HanpHMe'p - for example bot KaKl-Well, Well! von H0"'t s^v! c^acTJiHBoro nyTH! - bon voyage! HHTepecyeT/HHTepecyioT - interest(s) noft^eMi- let's go! ceflna'c - now, right now, rierht ^w=iv enje - still Taicace - also (in the sense of "in addition") HeMHdro -a little
ITape I Mama nameT nojie miyroM. C ypyroM. Masha is plowing a field with a plow. With a friend. llama Ma'meT Qpaiy nofl 6ojh>hihm okhom. Bockobhm KapaHjamdM. Pasha is waving to his brother under a big window. With a wax pencil. | Tojig memieT TaftH.y b TejieffoH. -► Oh mnHc5H~J To^a is whispering a secret into the telephone. He is a spy.
-26h- Maina naxajia h llama Maxaji, A mnHo'H b Tejie$>o*H TSffiHy meniaji. Masha was plowing and Pasha was waving, And the spy into the telephone a secret was whispering. J
-265- Meacgy ct.vjiom h ctojiom Peacei 3A£hh hoc HoactfM7 Ilepe^ 6paT0M h otijcSm. 3'tO p'qeHb CTpdHHHft JOM. Between the chair and the table Zhena is cutting (his) nose with a knife, In front of (his) brother and father. This is a very strange house. AHHa JIK)6HT MHThCfl Qe'jIKTM MeJIOM. Bee cgHTsboT s'to cm^jihm j^jio'mT Anna likes to wash with white chalk. Everyone considers that a daring deed. y BjiHHCKoro Mo'pa oh njiaqeT ot ropa, a b jiohjqhckom Mopre oh npo'cro b BocTopre. By the Sea of Blinsk, he cries from grief, but in the London morgue he is simply in ecstasy.
-266- INSTRUMENTAL SINGULAR MASCULINE - NEUTER ••• lm.•.om Norn. Ace. Gen. Dat. Prep. Instr. M Chart of Bndingsi updated C X 1 t • • *92JL • • • 9. i i T •.. oyo...a • • • J2IM • • • M . ..pjn.. .e,* •. • ijn... om * • • St 11 St • * • St ...uiu.•.u ( ) ( ) • • * ,Pj]. • *» g ( ) L JL ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) PI. • • lie.. •iA' t ( ( • • ( .( ).. ) ) .ax ) *ii+e-> _u+i 1• Primary function of the instrumental caset "by means of" Oh nn'ineT 6ojibmHM xapaHjamoM. (He writes with a big pencil.) Mama naraeT nojte njr/roM. (Masha is plowing the field with a plow.) 2• Several prepositions take the instrumental case. a) c - with (in the sense of "accompanied by") Mama nameT nojie miyroM. C j,pyroM. (Masha is plowing the field with a plow. With a. friend.) Ohsl pafidTaeT c mohm 6paTOM. (She works with rny brother.) b) 5 prepositions form a semantic group. nepe,n (in front of) sa (behind) Mexfly (between) Haj (over) nofl (under) c) Some verbs have objects in the instrumental case. 1. CTaH+ (become) Oh CTaJI H3BeCTHbIM flOKTOpOM. (He became a well-known doctor.)
-267- 2, ciHTaft+ (consider) takes 2 objects! accusative - instrumental, ciHTaM-*- A - B (ace.) (instr.) Bee cuHTaioT s'to c-MejiHM ^ejtOM. (Everybody considers that a_ daring deed.) fl c^HTaio Tjia^KOBa ctpsihhhm qeJiOBexoM. (I consider Gladkov a^„stranp;e_, person ,) H = x, i, in, m As we have seen, ^ or u + o is snelled e/e, i.e., e when stressed, e w^e^ "i+.i Stressed o xeHH ) <i|M "J lepHHM J Unstressed Ha'raeM xeHa However, in stressed Noun/Ad iective endings, xi or u, + o is spelled o Stres_se_d KapaHjamoM otuo'm Un s tr e_s s e d MyxeM Me'omeM (month) Onlv one common adipctiv" - SojifcmoM , hannens yto have M + o: Sojifcrao'M xopo'ineM DH 11 1 ■Toin on). 1 , TOBapHm^ p, 6opm ?. Jinn ' ^. COJIHIX
268- Drill 2 Form the instrumental singular of the following nouns. 1. xym (shower). 2 • rapa* 3« Myac b, KapaH^ara. Drill 3 Translate the following sentences into Russian. 1. What is he writing with? /with-what.../ 2. What kind of pencil is he writing with? 3. Who does he work with? k. He works with my dear brother.. 5. He was standing in front of the chic restaurant. 6. He is waving ( MameT ) to his brother under a big window. ( okho ) 7. We just built a hydroelectric power station between our old garage and your new factory. 8. Everybody considers him a good person.. 9. Boris became a well-known writer. 10. Why is she sitting behind the garage?.
Note the following locations -269- Has ® no,n, ® nepex 3a 5 MBWfly 1. 5. 6. 7. Ex. © Tape CTOJl' I 1 I 1 5 h ho h ® dyji Preposition Drill Tape Answer during pause Hax CTOJIo'm 8. 9. lb 1 @ 1 10. (—1 12- t© I4- h©| 1 Listen JOJIbmOfi CTOJI MajieHbKHfi CTyjt
-270- MOBILE VOWEL In the masculine singular of certain nouns and pronominals, the vowel o or e is inserted between final consonants. OTeu (father) ropo^OK (town) This vowel is not found in other formsi OTUOM TOpOflKH Since this vowel "moves", i.e., appears in only one form, it is called the "mobile vowel". In vocabulary entries, such nouns will be entered with o or e in parentheses. QTeu(e) ropoji;oK(o) Nom.sg. oTeTn" ropoj;dK Gen.sg. OTua ropo^Ka Instr.sg. otuo'm ropo^KOM Nom.pl. °TH" ropo^KH Prep.pl. otuslx ropo^Kax Another example we have encountered« Becb(e) Nom.sg.m. Becb Nom.sg.f. bch Nom.sg.n. Bee Without this mobile vowel, the nominative singular would end in a difficult consonant clusters "om", "ropoflic", or contain no vowel at all "BCb". Dri Joi lo 2. 3. 4. .11 k .n a and i. to aJiSaHen; (e ) xeHb( e) HanHTOK( 0) ropo^OK(o) the foil owing words. The e in *iefi and MypaBeft are mobile vowels, although Russian spelling may obscure this. Russian Spelling left HbVL MypaBefi MypaBbH Transcription chei ch.ii murayej muravji
-271- WORKBOOK: V+V MUTATION IN STEMS ENDING IN a OR o A, Steins in a; nnca-verbs Stems in a, where a is not preceded by H, are §t -verbs. The term Mnnca -verb" will be used to designate this group. Ilnca -verbs have V+V mutation before all vowel endings, and hence throughout the present tense. nHca+y—» numy" nHca+enib—» niiieib nnca+yT—♦ niiinyT This contrasts with V+V mutation in HT-verbs, where only the 1st person singular mutates. jik>6h+io—* jik>6jik> jno6n+Hfflb—* jiioSHinb JH06&+HT—* JI166.HT As it turns out, HT-verbs never have K ( k, r, x, ck ) as the final consonant of the stem, but iinca -verbs do. Since K consonants undergo V+V mutation, we must add them to the chart of mutations. K q r ac X in CK m (cry) njiaica+y—* njia'^iy njiciKa+einb—» njtaqeinb (wave) Maxa+y—* Many Maxa+emb—* M^raenib njiaKa+yT—* miaqyT Maxa+yT—* MamyT Exercise 1 Form the 3rd plural verbs. 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. njiaica-t- TUKa-t- naxa+ njtecKa-+ Hvpothe CHKa+ TypraV HecKa+ jiaxa+ (cry) (poke) (plow) (shake) tical of the foil owing
-272- K consonants are called "velars" because they are produced in the back part of the roof of the mouth, called "the velum". I Summary of V+V mutations Dentals Labials Velars R ac T vi 3 X c ra CT m 6 6ji n nji B BJI $ $JI M MJI K q r ac X ra CK H Exercise 2 Form the infinitive 1. rjioja+ (enaw) 2o menTa+ (whisper) 3. pe3a+ (cut) 4. craa+ (strew) 5. njiaica+ (crv) 6o hcksh- (seek) Hypothetical 7. rocaH- and Jrd person singular, inf. 3rd sg. 8. JiecKa-t- 9. Jie,na+ 10. jio6a+
-273- When labials mutate, they join a: 6-*6ji,etc. BpeMa-t-y-* JipeMJiro XpeMa+emb—» .upeMjiemb ApeMa^yr-*- jjpeMJiioT Note that the ^ produced by this mutation is soft, since it yields ApeMJiKi , NOT "xpeMJiy" . This was not significant for HT~verbs, where the endings are already soft ( 10, Hmb, at), but it is for ei -verbs, where the 1st sg. and 3rd pi. are normally y and vt. For that reason, we must now specify that in mutating, labials add a soft ji: 6-* 6jib, etc. The V+V mutation chart is nowi A ■ Dentals T q 3 X c in CT m 6 6Jib Labials n njib B BJIb $ $JIb M MJIb K q Velars r X X ID CKj n stems in o+ Russian has only 5 stems in o+, of which only one - 6opo+...CH (fight) is really common. (the ca is treated on p.335) o is always preceded by ji or p (called "liquids") and ji—> jib, p-» ph. KOJioVy —* kojiio (NOT "KOjiy" ; hence p mutates to pb, not to p ) KOJio+emb- KOJienib KOJIO+yT-* KOJIKT Exercise Form the 1. nopo* 2. 6opoV 3. nojio+ 1 1st sg. and the 3rd sg. 1st se. (thrash) (weed) 3rd sg. 1
_27>+- A Review of V+V Mutation V+V mutation occurs! (1) In HT-verbs: in the 1st person singular of the present tense j (2) In stems ending in a+ or o+t whenever V endings are joined, and hence throughout the present tense. Exercise 4 Form the past masculine (V+C), 1st sg. and 3rd sg. Past Masc. 1st sg. 3rd sg. 1. Hec&+ (comb) 2. npocn* (ask) 3. pernio- (decide) 4. HCKa+(seek) 5. KpecTHt-(baptize) 6. nojio-t- (weed) 7. npaBH* (drive) 8. meni^* (whisper) 9. rayTHf (joke) Hypothetical 10. cpuMe-t- 11. cpuMH* 12. cpHMa+ 13" JIOCTH+- 1*4-. Tpyxa+ 15 • Jiema+
Learn the symbols for the following verbst < HHCat pe3a+ meinat Maxa+ < naxa+ nJiaKa+ (write) (cut) (whisper) (wave) (plow) (cry) c^ * ©* F1 >^ n (a pencil) (a scissors) (someone whispering) (a flag) (a plow) (someone crying) Conjugation Drill> nnea -verbs. Tapej 1. tC^" 2. 5. p 6. -^> 7. ©W 8- $> 9. ^ 10. £^ 11. p 12. ^ 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. ^ ti -*> &u P ® 19. Q> 20. $S 21. jcS^" 22. ^si>" 23. gt^ 24. <Qu\
-276- Conjugation Drill> ht-verbs and Tinea-verbs [Tape\ 1- ©^ 2. ^IU 3. 5. <& 6. cS> 7. <S> 8. © 9. ^^ 10. ^ 11. fo 12. & 13. & Ik. <^ 15. « 16. ^> 17. P 18. p 19. $1 20. A (Las - Ha* — Hex - Ha* — Ha* - Who — No, - At \ — At t of K6M , HeT KeM? Heft, are no, whom"? her, Ritual 21 the "o kom...KOMy |Tape| bh CMeeTecb? Ha*o ' series.) MHO ft? , HeT! He Ha* BaMH. Ha* *pyrHM. Ha* <jeM? * Ha* hum, Ha* hhmh, Ha*o BceM. you laughing at / noS Not at you. At what? at him, at them, over/? Me? At someone/some at everything. thing else. Note that the preposition Ha* takes the form Haflo before mhoS and BceM.
* T I -277- Verb Inventory You should know the symbols for the following verb stems; eT-verbs / T0BOpH+ nOMHH*- ji»6h+ BHfl,e+ no/cMOTpe jieaca+ Kyp«+ ht -verbs (3) v- <y <E> t <I^» ^ — ""■' CHje+ & no/cTp6n+ i?p KpHia+ Mojraa* ApoacEH- myTH+ MHCTH+ py6&+ npH/roT^BH xpan£+ © Hi Q »■• \ > ' ; npo/^HTai!+- (?IH3 j,yMaH+ cjiymaft+ pa6o'TaH+ A^V y/Kpa^+ -^^ Bej{+ cedf KpacH Ha/nHca+ xSb+ XHXHKa8+ OTflHXafit ienTa+ pe3a+ Maxa+ naxl+ njianat •** i njioxo ^X*/ & <^ £> <£3> "SSL* (Sxm a* p ^ ® Q jieTe+
278- Present Tense Conjugation Drills {Tape A. ht- verbs Hto ohh .nejiaioT? Hto' bu ^e'jiaeTe? i. /vot i. (3) 2. 3. <ty* 5. «#„ > 6. ^ 7- <J> 8. <©, 9. & 10. 11. ©> 12. 13. :Q'" u. CO 15. i 16. © ) / 5- "tf 'III 6. e? 7. 9. & 10. 11. 12. ^ 13. ^^ ik. CD 15. ill' 16. 0 Mixed, persons« i- ® *• <g> 3. ® k. ^ 5. ^ 6.—^ 7. C? 8. C? 9. 9P 10. Q? 11. IQ„, ".;;e; 13. «S> u.<& 15. c© 16. ^ 17.^ 18. J^! ^ " 19. V 1 'I 20. ^-— 21. |^ 22. $\ 23. <i>^ 2^. <£>-> 25. (g) 26. © 27- ® 28. (J) 29. ^ 30. -"^
-279- eT -verbs 2. ^% 3. 5 6. v/^ . £ 9. ^ io. @/tf C. ht -verbs and eT -verbs '• i. (S) 2. j^ 3. & 5. 6. (3D 7- (g 9- <i>^ 10- $ 11. 12. 13- Ik. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. o> ft © a ©^i © 0? ^ g. (© ii. 12. 13. Ik. 15. > S^ Z& @ <'''- 2L V 22. 23. P 25. -^ 26. (J) 27. ©4U 28. , 'Ix'^-- 29- 30. (fA \i ' i
-280- Present/Past/Future Tense Drill 1. %^> 2. ^> 3. t^ 4. ©-MX 5. O 6. 7. 8. <a 9. Q> io. Q> 11. 0? 12. Q? 13. 1% 16. <!>-> 17. <p-» 18. p 19 ■F3 21 22 iy-^ K*- 20. 23. 2k. 25. 26. 27. 28. ^^ 29. 4^ 30. iJ^" LOCATION - MOTION; REVIEW Location - prepositional case Oh paSo'iaeT Ha SeToWoM 3aBQ,n,e. He works at the concrete plant. Mh scHBeM b apaScKoft nycTHHe. We live in the Arabian desert. Motion - accusative case Oh h^St Ha deTOHHbiM 3aBo',n. He is walking to the concrete plant. Mh e'fleM b apadcKyio We are driving to the Arabian desert. nyCTUHK).
Location "where" "here" "there" "home" Motion -281- r^e TyT/3,n,ecb Tai« rows. Ky^a ciofla Ty^a AOMOft Ffle OH SCHBeT? (Where does he live?) Oh paSo'iaeT 3,necb/TyT. (He works here.) Oh TaM scHBeT. (He lives there.) Oh ch,hht r6m&. (He's sitting at home.) Ky^a oh H^eT? (Where is he going?) Oh H^eT cio^a. (He is coming here.) Oh Ty^a H^eT. (He's going there.) Oh e',n,eT jOMOft. (He's driving home.) Location - Motion Drill [Tape (£) = T^e? H> = Ky^a? Ex. *£ MaJieHbKHft napK Tape Kyfla? Answer during pause b M^jieHbKOM napKe. b MajieHbKHfi napK. ^1_? Listen 3. JL' deidHHHM 3aBdfl 4. Hama KoWaTa (room) 6. ~W\ 7. tT- ^ ® paneTHaH jiaSopaiopHH 8. -H (continued)
-282- 9. c~® io.-^d _J IJIHKOe DJIMtlCKOC urofo 11. dojibfflo'e 3^aHHe (building) 12. -* 13. *V^ flajieKan KajiH$opHHfl 14. 15. © 1 flOM 16. ~~^L_J 17. C3D 3fleCb 18. 3flecb 19. TaM 20. CD TaM Ha^ © iro 3 & flajieKO ot Preposition 1 1 ® nepe,n 1 ® 1 B/Ha (location) Review 1 h 1 1 Mewl 1 —W j—1 OKOJIOl 1 B/Ha (motion) Ha _&.
?83- Preposition Drill Symbols: ri 6ojibraoft Same ^% O MaJieHbKHfi Mysefi (museum) # t Ham napK 1 dojibmofi 1 CTOJI Ex. Tape r«e? (J) Answer during pause b doJitmoM 6^HKe Listen Hi _3! i6.©^[ 17. J5 '• F^ ©- © 21 26.» 13.® IB. « 23.->e ib 9. ^.i?®c3 25. £z& .Li 27-j^i 28?<*j 29.ifti*if 30. m 31.®i—i 32. r®i 33. i i <S> 3^- I h 35.^ { 1 36. p-, ^1 .11. «) J^2 37.m© 38. R§>( 39. a ^°- \lf\ kh. \ (*>> k5. ®
-28^- ASPECT A. FUTURE TENSE 1. Form* The future tense is formed as followsj Perfective perfective stem + present tense endings Imperfective a form of 6y^+ (will) plus the imperfective infinitive a. Hanmny th HanHmemb oh HanHmeT mh HanrfmeM bh HanHmeTe ohh HanriniyT Ha/nneat h 6y,ny nacaTb / th dy^emt nncaTb oh 6y,neT racaTb mh 6y,u,eM nHcaTb bh dy^eTe nnca.Tb ohh 6y,nyT nncaTb Similarly. h npo^jHTaio npo/^HTaftf h 6y,ny ^HTaTb H3,yqH+/H3,yTia.HH h H3yMy h 6y',ny H3y^jaTb 2. Meaning. The meanings which we have seen for the past tense of perfective and imperfective verbs apply to the future tense as well. Perfective - the projected completion of a single act in the future. fl 3Haio, mto a Cfl^aaK) ornHdicy. (I know that IJm going to make a mistake.) Oh HainameT eft nncbMo. (He will write her a letter.) fl npuroTOBJio ypoK, Kor,na a npo^jHTaio KHu'ry. (I'm going to prepare the lesson when I re ead the book.j English expresses future after "when" with the present tense (when I read the book), while Russian uses the future ( Kor,na x npo^HTaro KHHry )
-285- Imperfective - may have one of 2 meanings (1) Focus on activity as opposed to its completion fl 6yjy roTOBHTb ypo'K. (I will be preparing the lesson.) 3aBTpa a 6yjy tHTaTt KHHry. (Tomorrow I will be reading a book.) Oh gyjex nHca/rb Beet fleHb. (He will be writing all day.) CBOH 3aBTpa noKa a 6yjy nncaTb racbMa, ohh 6yjyT roTo'BHTb/ypoKH. (Tomorrow while I write letters, they will be preparing their lessons. (2) Repeated or habitual acts Kaac^Hft Renb a 6yjy MHTaTb Ho'Byro KHHry. (Every day I will read a new book.) fl BaM ^jelcto 6y^y nncaTb. (I will write to you often.) The fact that something has not happened does not necessarily mean that it will not be completed. A verb can be both future and perfective. Oh HanHmeT nncbMO. (He's going to/will write a letter.) The writing has not yet taken place - hence, future tense| the speaker is stating that when it does, it will be completed - hence, perfective aspect. Oh .ndjiro 6y,neT nncaTb nHCtMO. (He's going to spend a long time writing the letter.) Here the speaker does not explicitly state that it will be completed - hence, it is imperfective aspect. B. INFINITIVE The same distinctions apply to the infinitive. Perfective: fl xo*jy eMy HanHcaxfc nHCbMO. (I want to write him a letter.) Imperfective» fl xo*jy nacaTb nncbMa tojibko no-pyccKH. (I want to write letters only in Russian.)
-286- C. ASPECT - CHART OF FORMS Inf. Past Pres. Future Perfective Aspect ( CoBepmeHHHft bh,h ) Imperfective Aspect ( HecoBepm^HHHft bh,h) cuejiaib c^ejiaji cuejiajia CneJia.no c^eJiajiH none cj,ejiaio Cfle'jiaemb etc. flejiaTb ^ejiaji ^ejiajia aejiajio $eJiajiH .nejiaio flejiaemt etc. 6-y^y fle'jiaTb 6yp,emh ^ejiaTb etc. Note that perfective verbs have no present tense, D. PERFECTIVE/IMPERFECTIVE PAIRS 1. For most verbs which have been introduced so far, the perfective i? prefixed and the imperfective is not. Here is a list of such pairs-' to date. Perfective npo^HTaft-t- Hannca.-*- yKp^fl-t- cne'jiaft+ nocMOTpe* nocTpom- npHroTOBH+ VBHfle-t- noftfl-*- noexa+ noHec+ noBe3+ Imperfective ^HTaK+ linear Kpsm-t- .ne'jiaft-t- CMOTpl+ CTp6n-»- TOT6BH+ BHfle+ e'xa* Hec* Be 3+ Entry npo/^HTaft+ Ha/nnca-»- y/Kpafl+ c/fle'jiaft+ no/cMOTpe+ no/cTpoH-t- npH/rOTOBH+ y/BHfle-t- no/fijt* no/e'xat no/Hec+ no/Be3+ The stem ftfl+ will be explained in a later lesson.
-287- 2. A difference in suffix also distinguishes perfective-imperfective pairs. To date we have had* Perfective Imperfective Entry H3ytiH+ H3yt*aM+ H3y*iH+/H3yqaft*- nOBTOpH+- IIOBTOpflft+- nOBTOp6+/nOBTOpHM+ In the following story we will addt yHH^jToacH-*- yHH^jToacaft+ yHH*jToacm-/yHmjTO)Kaft+ (destroy) npeflCKa3a-f npe^CKa3biBaft+ npe,n,CKa3aV/npe,B;cKa3HBaft-»- (predict) 3. The pair cica3a+/roBopH+ is exceptional in that the two stems are entirely different. E. RENDITION INTO ENGLISH A difference in Russian aspect is sometimes best conveyed by two different English verbs. (P) H3y^i5+ - master (I) H3y^aM+ - make a study of (P) yBH,ne+ - catch sight of (I) Biifle-t- - see F. THE PREFIX 3A The prefix 3a , when it has the meaning "begin", forms perfective verbs that have no imperfectives. 3anjiaKa+ (burst out crying) 3a,npo3ca-f (begin to shake) 3annca.+ (begin to write) Px ill 5 Translate orally into English for classroom discussion. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. fl yace npo^jHTaji 9Ty KHHry. fl npo^HTaro 9Ty KHiiry 3aBTpa. 3aBTpa a 6y,ny ^HTaTb Beet jeHb. fl npo^jHTaio Banie co*jHHe'HHe, Kor,na bh ero' HannmeTe. IIOKa. BH 6y,neTe nHcaTt co^jHHeHHe, a 6yfly roTOBHTb cboh ypoicn. Kor,na a 6y,ny b MocKBe, fl 6y%y tiHTaTb TOJibKO pyccicne scypHajiH. (continued)
288- 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14 15. 16 17 fl yxpafly saw KapaHflam. fl ^acTO fle'jian oiiih6kh. fl 3Haio, *jto a cfl^Jiaio omndKy. 0 ^jeM oh 6y^eT roBopHTb? fl BaM He CKaacy. C KeM oh roBopHji? Hto oh CKa3aji? fl yace noBTopHJi gtot Bonpoc. fl nOBTOpK) 9TOT BOnpOC. Oh Bcer,na noBTopa'ji BonpdcH. fl xo^y npo^HTaTb same co^HHeHHe. Oh xd^eT nHTaTb TdJibKO no-apadCKH. ^to' a eMy CKaacy? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Drill 6 Translate the words in parentheses vocabulary. no/3BOHH+ - call up (+ dative) yHHtJTO)KH+/yHmiTosaft+ - destroy npeBCKa3U+/npe^cKa/3UBaft+ - predict 3aBTpa a (ffoine to read) fl (will steal) fl 3HaK>, ^T0 BH (will make) Hto bh (will be doing) (will be preparing) Oh (will be speaking) fl BaM (will tell) , nHCbMO. Oh (prepared) IIHCbMO. fl BaM (will write) into Russian. y/BHJii,e+ - see (perf: "catch sight of", no/exa+ - g0 (by vehicle) no/Be3+ - carry (by vehicle) no/Hec+ - carry (by foot) Beet JieHb. Rrfmy Mamuuy. cepbe3Hyio omndicy. 3ciBTpa, noKa. a MOH ypOKH. 060 MHe. , Kor.ua a ( will read) CBott vpOK. H (wrote') TC-'jIbKO nO-aHTJIHftCKH. (continued)
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. H eMy (wrote) saBTpa. H (will repeat) OHa (called) fl Bail (will call) OHa To'jifeKO mo eMy (called) fl BaM ^ja'cTO (will call) Mh (will go) ( will steal) OHa (caught sight of) OHH TOJIbKO tJTO (went) IIOKa ohk (will be going <^5 ) MM (will be going s^p2> ) fl (will build) Mbi (will carry) Oh BCer.ua (predicted) OHa TOJIbKO tuo (predicted) (will destroy) B^je MHe B r^,e bh dHjiH, Korw oroHb (fire) (was Ham 6eTOHHKft 3aBo,n? -289- pa, k h eMy (will write) Bonpoc. Kaac^HH jeHb. 3aBTpa. • • KajiH$opHHio, Kor^,a h nJiaHH. MeHH. B BpaSHJIHK). Ha 3aBo,n, B 6aHK. HOByro paneTy. ero flOMoft. KaTacTpocfcH. tiTo do'Mfia Ham 6eTOHHbiH 3aBOJt. destroying) Ritual 22 Tape rtonpofiyftTe! Ho h Be^b cfle'jiaio onrffiKy. He decnoKofiTecb! fl BaM noMory. [B CTo'pOHy] y"BH^,HM. - Tryl — But I'm going to make a mistake. - Don't worry! I'll help you. -- [aside] We'll see.
-290- OHO. 0 \ Tap i
-^ti| -"r {-4i ,-r g|n^g\fel(9 -291- .—©>*>— OICwreAw ropofta wawyT ceoeny Apyiry w KfW&r: Mb, £ - —^ 47 /0 Or^a oh? 14 irow€My oh J\eraer
OneHb AauAevco or Hautero Mupa II- 1Z 13 9rot trpep^^aTeab 15 lAnocua oh npej\cKa3t>i&«M ■* v TaM 3CHA OAWH v\3gecTHbin TrpefCKa3aTeag TftecTb, iHdJio&eK., Koropw* Trpeplcica3bv6'deT) n6 6vjf\er 3aerpa n rai< .Aa'^ee, l* tAnorAa ok TTpencKa3bieaA i. 16 0^Ha7K.AW oh TrpeACKa3d«AomH^ ?3a&rpa T^MHwe c&aw ^Hv\HT03(caT wa«uy TMaHeiy] 20 $Mr^tATUarterbi Bee ^aflpoma^ u or crpaxa.. , %L 3Baft, htd 3a6Tpa efoeT Koneu, frvvpa. 3ierpa tfjfler WHen **pa /
r-— -293- 1 12 ^ £. £-2' OTei^ceep^eaDG&a V3HJ\ Off $TOM. 23 i Beweporvv b floM<i c&tpx- H- 6 ^ fro sasifa reMHbtt CMAb, ' * CBejpLpBKeTy, Koropan no&e^r^ TeG% hi flpyryw 7W3«<?Vy, J ^^a^l^ifflimTatlV^ #> (fame <AH>m\ raw %mjr 3*1
-29U- Q'-uccaeccCt' m 40 W3a 3MeptAK-5HtKV»J\ QgpS3 3/043 Ht4. OTeU,V\M3TV> C.6epXM^bH^*<a BepXMSAbHvuo 5pa,3H3(MTo 0H^er^THa3^AiA*o Haecer/ji cosaKa ceep^-MaUbWa
-295- tf ff\t-TO HA CTpaHHOiA, A«K0k\ TUanere. Haxqq wrc</\ 4tf 6 3fOM M3AeHbifoM,CTroiC0C\HoM K€HTH - 60 £ftH)- I i I ^\ » 47 HO I 'PC HI OflHaVflw KorAd A9\Q'a lATera KfiHTM naxaUw n&At rwyroM 49 (c flpij'roM), ■a: -?> A so A L^J B paKere 6bM fi W T3K K3K V HWX HeT CblHl, OHM HeCVfT 2TfM^> MaUbHMKa $
-296- 5H M&AWl\K CK^po CT3A 04efctt> CvUbWblM. 60 Tom wee, oh cra.\ cMbH^Hw CaMblVv CtUbHblK ^AOKoMoTUB M T2r<A K^HT 6fcUa 6 60CTp|Mj
-IV- -297- 1 /*< giua ).13 f» a.ma 00.).! .i.j.ii /NT Fjqe-to 6 popoae tte^korpiqe ^ # ''tlmera-dMaa voeccfHaa camera b 8<Mi/iKorpajqe. 74 •v. klAapK kewr o'Mewb AHxrwT 'fl gauiftn pepo'e, fieep- ntAMkt* Uro aeAdA. 3a 0AMM CTO.A0A1 CMflMT &4a6blft, ))Ca^KWw ( HVAMtojiCHbiK % CWAWT fTpekpSCHOft xtLjpi+ajiucrkaj 7^ Ho oHa oMTaisT era CMfawM,, W&AMH, M \MHT6XMbtM HUb&6m ' ^T Bppqr foap* KenrcK^u 84 TTOA 9TWM KOCTtf/HOM ap*jr«0& KOCTH>M - KOCTKW C ffOAbUMM KpacHbtM C 85 .-* KiABpK KeHf eraA
-298- 87 4tO OH v|6VAA^A C&OtAM -V- -8!L 8? Ev\r-3«A 1 ll^M w!&i ^^"A*0^ Cttpjftr tuaflxa <\36ecrHoro 6anAwra $er-jWKa Qrpaawt <fo JT/efo'tHifi 9t3 r^QKa«,or6parturc*Ab»ta^flfavAKa 91 Hy,(|>er'fl)iLdi<, fbi irpnrora&nu?j o* 9* 91 npwro-roBiu u °n> %Vk VQ&UXty WfXMMiy ftH^MTlJ £f T 6 faun? 95" % • Ho, (ptr-fttLttt, tw aa«£i, fito A&t<bfM K&wo XMi&tftj 97 H« 13 Hap^QHtHM 63HK, a».« £? ^>.*—A 98
?99- PA* mvo, ^ (6"te W &HAVtTbl, B He 001-—^^ v. mm nai 102 TTdTpVldrog, KoTfl'^aft CTOi*T TTfi'pefl 3A3HWeM. 102 t wa crane j \ Offpa3 XM3HM I " fc K*pft HaTduia.TroKabur-^ (S5JJT) W TToJST^C^VAXopPiMf. flOA(5v\. G5I Tbi 1071 f ^pi+autferN "TT43Herbi"rToifli)f '6 "Cort3 rrarptiorcG* > 4rD^tj3Hdrb,kro73/w Bege'r \u6b TtAOtO. MM. > orBpaTiAteJibHbie mm4a j "~*~"v»» >6" ^ we CMnra*> 4to TTiAiHO/M, fliJpdK / 3to He BCCb 77^3^1, 113 TTo*ca ohm <5ijf\y h&Tb) % "Com in nVn-V
-300- li5 P0£OAa •
-301- fKorA^OH^TOCMOTpvvT Hd M3*AeHbKVl^ natf£T KpWTTTOrtuTa.., 330 Oh crawer (Ma^blM, K3K Tb! \A <a , 131 VMM! M ) < // ) || ; / ) i , / 132 Boa mai\Ka TUaMeT ot socTopra m r&\ 3to KOHe'i^ CBepxvduoBC/ra P £c^\w oh CTaner CAaeww, xcalAKWH va HWMTOXHbiM, |<3K BCe Ap<We « • • Kto 6-tjmr ^opdTbCft 3a Mi4p; 3a c^acTbe 3a <5-pafrcjBo, 3a ftpyfurij va 3a npa&r^ ^' (He. rosop* y^ 06- awepwiofacKoM o<ypa36 Whva) 5rtjT j\\A JVVOAtA )Kvm> CnDK0iAHO; 3Ha9\, 4T0 TTXAbKO TTTvAL^bl \A CalACU&Tbi JietaVOT
SUPERPERSON Over the city is flying a small figure. 2. 3. 7. The the the. inhat city )itan1 wave Lr friend ;s of to and shout« 9. 10. Who is this Where is he And why over doe the Supe from s he city? rperson? ? fly
-303- 11. Very far from our world was a planet Krypton. II. 12. 13. That soothsayer used to predict catastrophes. There lived a certain well-known soothsayer,* * that is, a man who predicts what will be tomorrow, and so forth. 14. Sometimes he predicted serious catastrophes. 15. Sometimes he predicted not very serious catastrophes. 16. Once he predicted a very serious catastrophe. ■What kind of' catastrophe? 20. 21. The inhabitants of the planet all began to shake from fear... knowing that tomorrow would be the end of the world.
30l|- 22. The father of Super- person (more precisely, Superboy) found out about this. In the evening in Superboy*s house, (his) father and mother were sitting and talking... ►What kind of people live there?
■305- 37. rYoxi will become the) ^strongest person on) (that strange, wild^ V planet^ 39. 4o. for for peace truth for brotherhood and for for happiness the American way of life. for friendship w. 1*2, © oom! <^ Booml J^ While dark forces were destroying the planet Krypton... kk, Superboy's father and mother burst out crying from grief, knowing that he was /is/ flying to Earth forever. Lajka is Superboy's beloved dog.
306- 45. 46. Somewhere on strange wild is located a quiet town. the planet little III. 47, In that little quiet town lived Pa and Ma Kent /Aunt and Uncle Kent/- weak, pitiful, insignificant, but kind people. 48. Once, when Pa and Ma Kent were plowing a field with a plow 49 (with a friend), they suddenly- caught sight of a little rocket. 50 There was a little- boy in the rocket. 51. 52. 53- And since don't they littl have carry e-boy they a son, this home. At home they sit and think. ^Dear, what will his] name be? 54. 55. _^-^-^ 56, (His name will be Klark. Jtfhat a nice^ name 1.
-307- 57- 58. En a word,... Klark Kent., 59. 60. The boy soon became very strong. 61. More precisely, he became more powerful than the most powerful locomotive. Ma Kent was in ecstasy when she realized that. 63. And she said to little Klarki 6k, Well, Klarkie, you*v^ n become (already) (SUPERBOY. And soon ^you'll become *--. SUPERPERSON. /So what!/ 66 /You will live under the guise of a weak, pitiful, insignificant but kind .-Journalist, Klark Kent. for \ peace\ for 67. brotherhood for\happiness for Ifriendshipland for Itruth I, (to ( of \way say the ' Of nothing \ Americans lifel J 'Nobody will know] that Klark Kent is really not Klark Kent...
308- 71. 72, Somewhere in the city Bigtown is located "The Planet" building.* 74. * "The Planet" is the most famous newspaper in Bigtown. 75. Klark Kent loves journalist Lejn very much. IV. 73. At the ins one table weak, pit ignificant kind journali Kent. sits iful , but st Klark But she considers him a weak, pitiful, and insignificant person. At the other table sits the gorgeous journalist Lois Lejn. 76. /^Lois, what are^ you reading in the paper? About whom? About what? 77. 78 ^Abou't your hero sSuperperson? What did your her< today? 79. Today he fought for friendship] for for \ happiness brotherhood & 81. 82 Suddenly Klark Kent said» 83. In the corridor Klark Kent takes off his suit. 8k. Under that suit is another suit - a suit with a big s. red 85. Klark Kent has become SUPERPERSON.
-309- 86. Why did he do that? 87. What did he catch sight of with his supereye? V. In a little old building which is located very far from "The Planet" building... 89. Natasha Fat-Jack Stravinsky Big-Al Little-George sits the gang of the well-known bandit, Fat-Jack Stravinsky. 90. This vile, loathsome gang is preparing an operation. 93. rAs is well-known to every bandit in Big-1 town, the money of every inhabitant of fl knowwnat I said. Tomorrow
-310- 100. 101. /* I" s >IdiotJ Nobody said that 102- Big-Al, you wil > steal the big photograph of the patriots > that stands in front f the building. ..__/ 103 We're going toN ADk. /And Little-George} >you will write on C the wall« "Down with the American way of lifer r'%rid_?Ja ta s ha, .while Big-Al is /will be/ stealing the photograph, and while Little-George is writing on the .> wallc-- <—' 105 106. ^ou will call that weak, pitiful, insignif-x icant journalist, Klark Kent. 108. .And suddenly all the> police and all the 'jounalists of "The Planet" will drive to "The Union of Patriots", "to find out who is y ^.conducting themselves^/ <badly there. ^ >~-J 109. 107, ^You will te] >. him that bandits'^ are conducting , ^ themselves badly, in the building y of "The Union ofi Patriots". 110. But, they it's Fat •11 us. Jack, find out } Everybody knows our vile, loath- faces. 111. 112. 113. a While they are V driving to "The Union of Patriot
-311- 1H. 115* ^ There we will steal the money of every inhabi .tant of our 11? It's the money Y every inhabitant 118. (We don't care \ /how they will Vlive. After all, (we are not \ philanthropists^) .. r—\ «*» **• - 119. \r ^ here will we o when we steal^ the money? :o New York? L California?^ 120. Twe will go not t(r New York, not to ^California, but rto Brazil, 121. 122 /^-^■'-™-y'—"^—"*—^ AAnd there in Brazil we will live J!APPLAUSEI! What 125. i-Tomorrow we willN take to the 'national bank a little package of 126. Kryptonite? What is Kryptonite?, 127. 128 Kryptonite is a strange element that can...
-312- 129. 130, kHe will become weak, pitiful, and insignificant, ►like you and me! 13U. ii STORMY APPLAUSE!! That's really a very vile loathsome plan. 132.. The whole gang cries from ecstasy. Is this the end of Superperson? If he becomes weak, pitiful, and insignificant like all the others... Who will fight for peace, for happiness, for brotherhood, for friendship, and for truth? (to say nothing of the American way of life) Will people live calmly, knowing that only birds and planes are flying over them??
Translation 1. Even fools know that birds who live on this planet like to fly. 2. My father knows a soothsayer who never used to predict anything. 3. He will soon become the most famous man on Earth. k. Once a simple man predicted that a soothsayer would /will/ predict that a bomb would /will/ destroy our city, (bomb - 6o'M6a ) 5. Tomorrow my mother is going to the Soviet Union. Bon voyage! (Soviet - CoBeTCKHfi ) 6. I'm going to carry that weak little-boy home. We don't have any little-boy at home, not to mention a weak little-boy. 7. I will fight for peace, friendship, etc. between your small nation and our large nation. Thank God! (nation - Hapd,n ) 8. Do you consider our way of life primitive and simple? In a word, yes. (primitive - iiphmhthbhh# ) 9. Why did you steal that money? Are you a bandit or something? 10. She is a very strong woman. All day she plows the field without a plow and without a friend. 11. Nobody knows what really destroyed him. 12. - Somewhere lives a man with a wax locomotive. — So what! 13. She was simply in ecstasy over ("from" - ot ) him. Ik. What is ("how" - KaK ) your first name? What is (icaic ) your last name? 15. She caught sight of a small insignificant figure in the dark corridor. 16. My son didn't know that an airplane is stronger than a bird. 17. I don't know anything about the national police in Brazil. 18. What's that building called? That building is called "The Club of Philanthropists". 19. He stood in front of us and screamed vile loathsome words in Arabic. 20. They are waving to me. They whispers "Farewell!" They are crying from grief. 21. I love my dog. She has such gorgeous eyes!
CjiQBapb N ouns jar~ dpaT - brother njiyr - plow MeJi - chalk caMOJieT - airplane npeji;CKa3a'TeJib - soothsayer (literally: "predicter") KOHeii(e)- end OTeu;(e) - father chh - son rAzk M - uncle jiokomothb - locomotive BHfl- look noji; bhjom - under the guise Kopn^dp - corridor koctkm - suit rJia3^a)- eye daH^HT - bandit aypaic - fool, idiot cok)3 - union naTpwo'T - patriot naTpHOTOB - gen. pi. (JiHjiaHTpo'n - philanthropist repoft - hero GJieMeHT - element cTyji - chair flOM (a)( - house ropoflOK(o)- town acypHajiHCT - journalist njiaH - plan dame - bank TeJie$OH - telephone Hoac - knife H TaflHa - secret $nrypa - figure nTHaa -bird nJiaHeTa - planet (gen sginJiaHeTH CHJia - force, power MaTb & - mother 3eMJiH - earth (ace. sg. stem stress 3eMjiio) ■reTH - aunt ra3eTa - newspaper maftKa - gang nojmiyifl - police Bpa3HjiHH - Brazil acypHajincTica - female journalist (JmMHjiHH - last name onep,au;HH - operation codaica - dog » There is a small group of neuter given on p. 521. Nouns I * - I nojie - field I ro'pe - grief I dpaTCTBO - brotherhood I sjiaHHe - building I hmh *- first name 1 /P1. ] fleHbrw - money 1 Adjectives I BOCKOBOH - wax I de'jmM - white I cue'jiuPi - bold, daring ] jio'h.hohckhK - London I cnoKoftHHM - calm '] ■reMHHM - dark I cjiadbift - weak I acaJiKHft - pitiful I HmiToacHNft - insignificant ] CHJibHHfl - strong, powerful I nppcTofi - simple I ra'flKHft - vile I OTBpaTHTeJibHHfl - loathsome I HapoflHHft - national, people's I cepbe3HHM - serious I npeicpaCHHft - beautiful, gorgeous j CTpaHHHft - strange j Verbs j nji£[Ka+- - cry naxa> - plow J Maxa+ - wave meiiTa-*- - whisper \ y/BH^e* - catch sight of/see pe'sat- - cut jieTaft+ -fly (with no specific destin' ) npeflCKa3a.-t-/npeflCKa.3HBaM-»- - predict I yHHtiT0'acH+/yHHqTOacaMt- - destroy | CTaH*- - PERFECTIVEi become [+instr.] ctiHTaft-t- - [+ ace ^ [+ instr.] consider X to be Y iio/3bohh+ - [+ dative] call up no/cMOTpe+ Ha [+ ace] look at no/e'xa-t- -go (by vehicle) drive, ride no/Be3+ -carry, take (by vehicle) no/Hec+ - carry, take (by foot) 3anjiaica«- - burst out crying 3a,npo3ca+ - begin to shake CHHMafl+ - take off nouns in -mh . Their declension is
Other MHTbCH - tO wash 3h4h - knowing HaMH - instrumental of mh h TaK^ajiee/ h t.r. - and so forth HHor^a - sometimes oflHaK^H - / once KaK Ha3HBaeTCH X ?- What is X called? SopoTbCH 3a - [+ ace] to fight for dopojiCH-past masc. 66pa3 XH3HH - way of life nponjaft! - farewell! %6ua - at home (adverb) flOMOft /- (to) home (adverb) CHJibHee neu - [+nom.] stronger than itojih -... or something? flojioft -[+ accJ} down with cjiaBa 6o'ry! - Thank Godl (literallyi "glory to God") B,npyr - suddenly HaBcer.ua - forever CKopo - soon Hy Tax tito' x ! - so what! 3a ctojiom -at the table (literallyj "behind the table") Ha caMOM se'jie - really Tyjja - (to) there cjiaBa - [+ dat^ glory ToqHee - more precisely The following prepositions take the instrumental casei nepefl - in front of nofl - under 3a - behind c - with Ha,n - over uexpy - between
CHAPTER 8 Ritual 21 How to avoid answering a nuestiont Advanced Level [Tat>e\ Focno^HH TI.acoHc! (Pocnoxa JbtoHc!) Kanaa pa,3HHn,a Me'sc^y npeflJioroM "b" h npeflJio'roM "Ha"? Boodnje roBopa, moscho CKa3aTb, mto KaK npaV-uio, 9to Sdjiee hjih M^Hee. . . . Mto bh cnpocHJm? O^HHM cjiobom, rocnoflrfH ji,acoHC , ( rocnosca H,kohc ) bh He noMHMe. Hejio He b tom, ito h He ndMHio,a b iom, mto h 3a6HJi(a) H,oBOjibHo! H cnpomy Kord-HH6y^b spyroro. [xo'jojho] KaK BaM yrd^Ho. Mr. Jones (Miss Jones!) What's the difference "between the -orenosition b_ and the ^reposition Ha? Generally speak ins-, one miffht say ,that as a rule, it's more or less.... What did you ask? In a word, Mr. Jones (Miss Jones), you don't remember. It's not that /the affair is not in that, that/ I don't remember, but that I forrot. Enoup-h! I'll ask somebody else. i [coldly] As vou wi^-v-, i
T -317- Feminine Singular Norn. Ace. Gen. Dat. Pren. Tnstr. « . .a i_a_... a • • • UJ JA • • • U ...qj..•i .. . oj... .e* • • • oj • • • P...] Paradigm HOBafl HOBy» HOBOft HOBOH HOBOft MaiHHa ManiHHy MamHHH Mairae MamHHoft *ii+e-* i i + i lemorv Aidst 1. The adjective ending is oj in all cases but +vip pom. and ace. 2. The dative and nrenositional endings are the same. Pronominals Paradi p-ms 9Ta ManiHHa 3T,y MamHHy 9T0H 9TOif 9TOH 9'toh MamHHH MamHHe MamHHe ManiHHoft ;— MOH C MOK) ( Moeft Moefi MoeS Moeit $OTorpac()Hfl fiOTorpaftiHK (JtoTorpailiHH dfioTorpa$nn cl)OTorpad)HH (JororpadiHeS *o.i-> e.i after i i e.g. MoeM, TBoeM, CBoefi In both nouns and adiectives, the inst^. sg. oj may annear as oiu. The alternate pju is fairly common in vrUtpn, but not in snoken Russian.
318- Examplesi *= new in this chapter • vf-.,J3 ft- • • * Q N om. Ace. *Gen. *Dat. Prep. *Tnstr. , u i u . . . u .oi... 1 ,0_i» • '?- . .01 . 1 •.oi...e •.„_..._ . . oi..,oi Tape 3to moh CTapas MamHHa. (This is my old car.) fl jiioSjik) Bamy_ CTapyio MamHH,y_. (I like vour old car.) Oh ctoht o'kojio Baiefi CTapofi MamHHH. (He is standing near vour old car.1! H numy Moefi flddpoft dadymice. (I write to my kind PTandmother.) Oh cneuHaJiHCT no pyccKofi comtojirirHH. (He is a specialist on Russian sociology.] Oh CHfl^T b cBoefi MajieHbKQH MamHHe. (He is sitting in his small car.) Oh roBopHT od 9to| CTapoB c(ioTorp4cf)HH. (He is talking about this old photosranh.) Oh ctoht 3a oflHofl xopomeft MamKHoft. (He is stand ins- behind one food car.) IlTHua. jieTaeT Haj apadcKofi nycTbmefi. (A bird is flying over the Arabian desert.) Put the words-in parentheses into the correct case forms. 1. 6e3 ( Bama KpaCHBaa cecipa) ........ _. _. 2. o ( CTapas Ajr6aHn.ii) _ ?. Oh narneT (cboh odpa30BaHHas sceHa) k. nepefl (moh CTa'praaa [older] cecTpa) e>. Mescsy (cTapaa MamHHa) h (HOBaa deTOHOMemajiica) 6. Oh cnennajiHCT no ( aHrjiwflCKaH hctophh) 7. fl ctiHTaio ( KaTepHHa) (HanBHaa sceWHa) 8. Ohh nn'myT ( Hama yMHTejitHHua) __ _ _ o (pyccKan rpaMMaTHKa) ......... •
■"IP M c ac ated Nom. Ace. Gen. Dat. Prep. 1 I Tristr, I • • • JUL • • • J? 1 J t • • • o.j£. • • o I i 1 • • • Qvo... a. ... Omi l • • . U . . .om.. .e.* ... ijn... pjm • • • QJ1Q • • • ™ • •.uju. • .u • • • ill • • • .1 • • • -rL*! • • • ,S. .. .pj.. .pj 6. £ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) * ii+e-* ii+i ■519- • • ( ( ( • • ( PI. .Lie. • • I ( U. •i/a ) ) ) .ax ) Preposition Review Hafl(g) ^ajieKO ® 1 1 OKOJIO <S? @ nepefl ® B/Ha (location) 5 3a B/Ha (motion) Mexfly $ Ha J2L
-320- Prevo^i t? on Drj 11 "Tanej Symbols: Sojibmaa njiHTa (stove) flddpaH da6ymica c k—" apH3(5HCKaH nycTHHH MJia^fflaH cecTpa (younger) Ex. Tape r#e? Answer during pause b dojibmoM njinre Listen 1 ) f£S£. 2) ® dSBZEl q) ^fegn* l1 5) ^ *] <dk&=> "Xfcft-*-^ p) f%> ^-^1— -. in) ® ® ii) 12) ® 13) U) 15) 16) 17) ® 18) |g ® '"«9» 2°>
-321 Drill» TeTH Cohh h ee eecTPH CTapmuft - older MJiaflmuft - younger x ^ y = the x of y /^ i^U CTapmaa cecTpa Jiy^mHit flpyr KpacHBaa aceHa r MJia^niHfl 6paT KpacHBas aceHa t MJiaflmHit 6paT N Mjiaflmaa cecTpa JijfamHH flpyr KpacHBaa aceHa' T MjiaflniHfl 6paT Tape ^Ito flejiaeT CTapmaa cecipa tSth CdHH? OHa chaht Ha CKaMbe. A qTo'^e'jiaeT jiyqmHfl flpyr cTapmen cecTpH TeTH Co'hh? Oh oTflHxaeT b napKe. Kto ch,hht Ha CKaMbe? ( CTapmaa cecipa TeTH Cohh) Kto OTflhtxaeT b napKe? (JiytiinHH ^pyr cTapmefi cecipH TeTH Co'hh ) Answer the questions which follow.
-322- JQrJLllJ Mto He H3Be'cTHQ KOMy? Match each statement in the left hand column with the person (or thin?) in the right hand column to whom that fact is probably not known... and if it were known, would turn out to be a big surprise. For example, To, "iTO ecTb acecTOKHM mrp b KJiy6e QeTOHHoro 3aB0ja, He H3Be'cTH0 HameM CMacTJiHBoft 6pnra,ne. 1. Ectb acecTOKHfl THrp b KJiy6e QeTOHHoro 3aB0.ua. 2. ToBapum Bopo,i[HH o'tieHb, o'tieHb fiojibmoft tiejioBeK. 3. B,eHbrH xaac^oro xHTejiH BeJiHKorpa.ua JieacaT He b HapdflHOM daHKe, a b Coi03e naTpwoTOB. 4. HHKOJiafl HHKOjiaeBH^ jiio6ht KaTepHHy IlaBJioBHy. 5. He SeTOHOMemajiKa, a npoc^e'ccop lUyJiBU, - jiy^mafl ,npyr SeTOHmHica. P>. Hhkto He jirodHT cyn, KOTopuM totobht MajieHbKan K4th. 7. Cohh Toace na'meT nojie iuiyroM. C apyroM. 8. 3to He nTHua, a CBepxMejioBe'K. 9. H,npeKTop Hamero 3aBO.ua HHKor^a He Mo'eTca. o^Ha raflKaa, oTBpaTHTejibHaa maftica Hama c^acTJiHBaH 6pHra.ua MaJieHbKan CKaMba, Ha KOTopoft xd^eT CHjetb Bopo#HH MHjiaa (nice, dear)M^ma Haraa SeTOHOMema'jiica deflHaa aceHa HHKOJiaa HHKOJiaeBHqa rjiynaa iiTHiia, KOTopaa JieTaeT Haj r6po#OM MajieHbKaa KaTa flo'6paa se'BymKa, KOTopaa xo^eT CHjeTb o'kojio ^HpeKTopa Hamero 3aB0.ua
-323- WORKBOOKt THE PRESENT TENSE___ ADDITIONAL STEM TYPES A. Stems in QBa+ Steins in 0B3.+ change to yM before all vowel endings, and hence throughout the present tense. Stress is either: (1) on the vowel, in which case it falls on y#» or (2) on some syllable preceding yft , in which case it remains on that syllable. (1) HHTepecc-Ba'-f (interest) (2) anjiojapoBa-t- (applaud) HHTepecyro anJTofliJpyio" HHTepecyenib anJio^Hpyenib HHTepecyeT anjiofliipyeT HHTepecyeM anjio^wpyeM HHTepecyeTe anjio^iipyeTe HHTepecyioT anjioflsipyioT This change will be symbolizedt | QBa+ V —» y8t V Exercise 1 Form the infinitive (V+C) and the 1st person singular. i.nf,ini.Jive 1 s t _s£. 1. flHKTOBa+ (dictate) 2. pa,noBat- (bring joy) 3. pwcKOBa+ (risk) 4. Tpe'6oBa+ (demand) Hypot h e tj_c aj_ 5. jihtobIT" " _ ____ _ __ 6. JIHTOBa+ _ 7. nojiK3HpoBa+ 8. K0TH30Bci.-t
32h- Exercise 2 Form the 3rd person singular. 1. cKaicaV (gallop) . 2. dyHTOBai- (revolt). 3. odMaHy+ (deceive). 4. rrycTH+ (release)_ 5. jiomh+ (break) 6. Kpn^a+(shout) 7. 6a3HpoBa+ (base). 8. HCKa-t- (seek) Hypothetica1 9. 3dpoBa+ 10. KJiaia+ 11. KJiaie+ 12. KJiaTH* 13. KJiaTOBa+ _. 14. KJianja-h 15. 3nroBa+- 16. njiacKa+ 17. rrjiacKOBa+ 3rd s.g... B• Stems in hS and_ afi There are two important exceptions to the p-ener^lit." that stem changes do not occur in the environment C+V. !• Stems in ... hS + cha^^e h to o before vowels, and hence throughout the present. Like all stems in ft, they are stem-stressed in the present. MHfi + (wash) MHfi + y * wdb Mfclft + efflb-> MO'efflb mhM + yT—* MdioT This change will be represented: 1hM+ V—» oft+ "\T) (But h remains before C-ending-s, and C+C-* (?Ri MHft + Tb-J» MHTb, Mhlft + JI—¥ MHJl) There are five stems in Hfi . They are: MHfi+ (wash) KpnH+ (cover) bhS+ (how]) pnft+ (die-) HHfi+ (whine)
-W|» -325- 2. Sjtejms_iTx._Hfi dron h before vowels, and hence throughout the present. nHH + (drink) In transcription PjLj. nHH + y—¥ nhK) pi.i + u-»- pju nHH ■+ emb—► nbenib pi i + os_h-* Pjosh nHH + yT—* nbioT pi.i + ut-*- pjut This chans-e will be representedj Hft + V-* iff + V (But h remains before consonant endiners, and. C+0-* g'C s nHH + Tb—* nHTb nHH + JI—* nHJI There are five stems in hh . They are: nnH+ (drink) 6hh+ (hit) bhh+ (twist) jihh+ (pour) mHH+ (sew) ^ye^cise 3 A. Which of the verbs below are HT-verbs? (Distinguish the consonant h and the vowel h ): B. Form the Ird singular of the following verbs. Mark stress, Hx3?.ot_het_ical 1. KphiMi- (cover) _. 1.0. 3HH+ ?. 6HH+ (hit) . 11. 3HH + 1. rpen+ (warm) 12. 3yfi+ 4. Tan+ (hide) _ __.... 13. 3yH-» *!. bhh+ (howl)__ _ _...„_ 6, ctoh+ (cost) _ ..,...„. 7. jihh+ (pour)..___ „. P. flyn-h (blow) _ ...._. 9. nraM-t- (sew) _
-326- C. KE/rB The combinations "ice" and "re" do not occur anywhere in Russian,for ^ "-'-'" This replacement will 'ace' tbey are always replaced bv "qe" and "-*■£" be representedt Ke- He where K = k or r As a result, stem.?; in k and r change to v and x before ending bep-in- nin)j in e — but not before ending befrinnina- in other vowels, rreK + (bake) neKy, neiemt, rre^eT, ne^eM, rre^eTe, rreicyT CTpwr + (clip) CTpury, CTpuxemb, cTptiaceT, CTpHXeM, cTpraeTe CTpHryT N_ote» Ke-+. He differs from V+V mutation in that: Ke-» He occurs Whenever e follows K in any Russian word. In verbs, Ke occurs throughout the present of stems in K except before the endings -v and -yT. affects The consonants K and r y+y_jn.ii t?ii o;r Onlv in certain specified environments, e.P"., 1st singular of ht -verbs; present of stems iri a and o. AH mutable consonants. Exercise. Ji A. Which of the foil owinp; hav» V+Vs ?_ Ke—» He B. Give 1st singular, 2nd =H~p-ular« "*rd plural of items 1 throue-h ^ and 14-1 P. Give the "Vd singular of the remaining- i terns. 1st s e-, 2nd rc, ^rd Pi 1 , T§K+ ( flow) ? . CKaKa+ (iumn) ?. ^Bnra+ (move) k, CTpnr+ (shear) <,. Hec+ (ca.rrv) (continued)
^ ^T f -327- 6. ruiaKa-+ (crv) 7. HOCK+ (carry) 8. pyraft+ (swear) 9. CTeper+ (scuard) 1.0. ceK+ (cut) 11. KHTpnroBa+ (intrigue) Hypothetical
-328- Con in prat ion Drill Svrnbols t P y neKt (a stove1) 4TJj mhW+ (f^nret) & CTpnr+ (hairl /*^\ anjioflHpoBa+(hands nl amninp") Ex. Tape Sav during pause Listen ^to oh ^ejiaeT? (" "U oh ne^eT i. SI 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. "? V ^ •^ • ^ 15-^ R.
HeHb PoacjeHHa -329- |Tape\ Cero^HH moh ,neHb pox^eHHH. fl qyBCTByio 3anax CBeacefi KanycTH h KamH. 0, JiiodHMbie 3anaxK! Moh cedpH ctoh't b KyxHe nepe,n njiHTOH h neKyT nnpOKKH. CTa'pmaa cecTpa ne^eT nnpoacKH c KanycroH. Mjia'.ninaji ne^eT j nnpoKKH c Ka'meft. Bdace moh, KaK a jik>6jik> nnpoacKH c KanycToft, He roBop.fi yace o nupoacKax c Kameft! H ohh Bee s'to jjeJiaioT ajih MeHH, b iecTb Moerd jihh poac^eHKH. KaK a TpoHyT! Bee, Kpo'Me TaHH. CecTpa TaHH HH^erd ajih MeHH He .ne'jiaeT. OHa ch,hht o'kojio njiHTH h cTpnacei cboh bo'jioch. fl BHXoxy 03 KyxHH. fl MyBCTByio 3anax cBexero MHjia. Ax, Kaxdn npuHTHufi 3anax! Moh dpaibH ch^ht 3a rapascoM h moiot moh JirodHMbie nrpymKn. CTapmHft 6paT MoeT moh TpojuiendycHK. Mjia,nmHH - MoeT mok deTOHOMemajio^Ky. Ohh Bee 9to A^JiaioT rjih MeHa, 3HaH, mo k Jirodjiro MHCTHe HrpymKH. Boace moh, KaK h Tpo^Hyi! TaHH HH^ero He ne^eT h HH^er6 He MdeT. fl d^eHb odnaceH. 3Ha^HT jih 3to, mto OHa He jik)6ht MeHH? HeT, He MdaceT Smb. Bee jik>6ht MeHH. fl cnacy b Moeft KOMHaTe h JjyMaio o TaHe. OHa Tanas 3Jian jeBOMKa, fl ee fio'jibme He jiio6jik). JJa, OHa noacajie'eT od 9tom noxajie'eT xpan.. xpan xpan xpan.... xpan xpan xpan xpan Ha yjiHn;e h cjibimy My3bncy. fl OTKpHBaio dojibmne OKHa h Btixoacy H3 KoWaTH Ha dajiKOH. BHH3y TaHijjfioT mojiyi. Ohh, Ka'aceTCH, y3HajiH, mo cerd^HH moh fl^Ht poac^e'HHH. Ohh TamryioT b iecTb 3ioro CMacrjiHBoro ahh. KaK h Tpo'HyT! Bflpyr otiA bh^ht MeHH h me'nMyT: "3T0 OH. BOT OH Bhlxd^HT H3 CBOeft KOMHaTH Ha daJIKOH!" JIio'flH KOHMa'ioT TaHi^eBa'Tb h Ha^HHaioT anJio^npoBaTb. "C flHeM poxfle'HHn!" kphms't ohh. "C .hhSm poxfleHHH, floporoM AjieKcaH^p Hca'aKOBH^, jiymnnH jrpyr KyjibTypbi h HayKn! Ypa'-a-a! * fl ctoio Ha daJiKo'ne h anJio^npyio MoeMy jiiodHMOMy Hapd^y. Ho kto 3'ia MajieHbKan cfinrypa, KOTo'pan ctoht OflHa.? He TaHH jih 9to? OHa He TaHnyeT. OHa' He anjio^npyeT. Hapdji; cmotpht Ha Hee c SojibniHM OTBpanie'HHeM. ii # In the Soviet Union, when a speaker is applauded, it is customary for him to respond by applauding; to the audience.
330- Hapo,n: A th EJia TBoerd dpa/ra. HHiero He neMetnb, Hmero He Moemb' Th erd He JiK56nmb, hto jih? TaHH: Ax, rrpocTHTe, .nopordft Hapdfl! fl cue'jiajia rpydyio onwdicy. Ho, MOKeT 6biTb, He nd3,HHO eme. Hapo,n: HeT, TaHK. Tene'pb yace" no3,nHO. TboPi 6paT ot Teda HHien He xcfaeT. Oh Teda do'jibme He JiiodHT. Ta.Ha: MoxeT dbiTb, a eme Mory Hapo^: Tmmm! OH HaMMHaeT roBopHTb. fl HaMHHa'io roBopHTb: "MoH jiiodHMHft Hapofl, floporne dpaTba h cecTpbi' fl dieHb TpdnyT. Bh. bto Bee ,nejiajin ,n,Jia MeHa - TaHueBajin, mhjih moh HrpymKH, h t.,h. fl jnodjiro Ka'x,noro H3 Bac. A TaHio, KOTopaa, Ka'xeTca, 3adbijia Kaxofi cero^Ha jeHb, a npom,aio. TaHa HauHHaeT njianaTb.
-331- The Birthday Today is my birthday. In the kitchen I smell /feel the aroma of/ fresh cabbage and cereal. Oh, beloved aromas! My sisters are standing in the kitchen in front of the stove and baking pirozhki. (My) older sister is baking pirozhki with cabbage. (My) younger one is baking; pirozhki with cereal. My God, how I love pirozhki with cabbage, to say nothing of pirozhki with cereal. And they are doing all this for me, in honor of mv birthday. How touched I am! Everybody except Tana. Sister Tana isn't, doing anythingfor me. She is sitting next to the stove and clipping her hair. I walk out of the kitchen. I smell fresh soap. Akh, what a pleasant smell! My brothers are sitting behind the garage and washing my favorite toys. (My) older brother is washing my little-trolleybus. (My) younger one is washing- my little-concrete-mixer. They are doing- all of this for me, knowing that T like clean toys. My God, how touched I am! Tana isn't baking anything and isn't washing anything. I'm very insulted. Does that mean that she doesn't likeme? No, (that) can't be. Everybody likes me. I sit in my room and think about Tana. She is such an evil little- girl. I don't like her any more. Yes, she'll be sorry about this... she'll be sorrv snore snore snore....^nore.•.snore..snore.snore.snore I hear music on the street. I ot>en the big- windows and go out of /from/ my room onto the balcony. People are dannin^ below. It seems they have found out that today is my birthday. They are dancing in honor of this happy day. How touched T am! Suddenly they see me and whisper\< "It's him. Here he comes out from his room onto the balcony!" The neonle stop dancing and begin to applaud. "Hapny birthday!" they shout. "Happy birthday, dear Aleksandr Isaakovich, the best friend of culture and science! Hurrah-ah-ah!" I stand on the balconv and applaud my beloved public. But who is that little figure standing alone? Isn't that Tana? She isn't dancing. She isn't applauding. The public looks at her with disgust. Public: "Aren't you baking or washing anything for your brother? Is it that you don't love him? Tanai "Akh, forgive me, dear public! I have made a terrible mistaV-p. But perhaps it's still not late." Publics "No, Tana. It's already late now. Your brother doesn't want anything from you. He doesn't love you any more." Tanai "perhaps I still can...." Public: "Shhl HE is beginning- to speak." T beg-in to sneak: "My beloved public, dear brothers and sisters I I am very touched. You have done all this for me'- danced, washed my toys, etc. I love each of you. And Tana,who it seems forgot what day today was, I forgive." Tana ^e^ins to cry.
-332- BonpoctJ Tape\ ^s>o a 1. KaKHe 3a'naxH nyBCTByeT msuibmkk b KyxHe? (Jff) &z3 2. Hto ^ejiaioT ev6 cecipH? 3. KaKHe rrnpoacKH neiei CTapmaa cecTpa? \^^]}} 4. KaKHe nnpoacKH ne^eT MJia^maa cecTpa? CfpJU-j^ 5. IIOMeMy MaJIbMHK TaK TpOHyT? £±}j 6. Mto ^e'jiaei cecTpa TaW? 4^j5P{f5J 7. r^,e CHflHT dpaTbfl? [!gg*U ^ 8. KaKoM 3anax ^yBCTByeT Majib^HK 3a rapaacoM? //) 9. Mto flejiaioT 6paTba? ^ "$■$ 10. Mto Mo'eT cTdpmHH 6paT? ft 11. Mt6 Mo'eT MJia^rnHH 6paT? v^« 12. noqeMy? Q? g»^ 13. IloMeMy Majib^HK oSnaceH? 14. Hto" cjiuhiht Ma'jibMHK Ha yjiHn;e? ## 15. Hto JiibflH BHH3y fleJiaioT? SS* 16. IlOMeMy? Q 17. Korfla. HaiHHaeT Hapo,zi arrjio^HpOBaTb? P;»SP 18. Ht6 kphmht Hap6,n? © 19. KoMy anjioflKpyer Majib^HK? <X$£$ 20. IloMeMy Hapofl kphm^t Ha TaHio? <gy ^sdt VaWift
-333- R vtua.1. ?k General directions: Execute with p-reat speed and flawless pronunciation. Mojioflen;! T^e bh Hay^HjiKCb roBopHTb rro-pyccKH? fl 3aHHMaK)Cb pyCCKHM H3HK0M BCerO To'jIbKO 0£KH TO^ c nojioBHHoft, TaK mto k enje He npHBHK(Jia) Bupa^Tb cboh mhcjih no-pyccKM. npocTHTe MeHH 3a njioxdM H3HK h HenpaBHJibHoe npoH3HomeHHe! Ho cBH,naHHH h Bcerd xopomero! [yderaeT] Well doneJ Where did you learn to speak Russian? I've been studying Russian in all only one and one- half years, so that I haven't become accustomed to expressing- my thoughts in Russian. Porscive mv bad Russian and incorrect pronunciation. Good-bye and good luck! [flees] HyaceH, HyacHa, hpkhq, hvjkhh - "needed" 1. X needs^Y is expressed in Russian asi "to X is needed Y" X + HysceH/ HyacHa'/ HyacHo/HyatHH + Y [dative] X , Y Ma'jibMUKy HyaceH KapaHj;am. " HyacHa' Mamma. " H^-)KHO MbljIO . " HyacHiS KapaHj;amH, [nominative] The boy needs a pencil. (Literally" "To-the-boy is-needed a Pencil.") The boy needs a. car. soap„ pencils. Y (i.e.,KapaH^am, MamwHa, etc.1 i^ the subieot, even though it is usually at the end^ and HysceH agrees with it in number and render.
33U- Drill 2 Fill in the correct form of HyxeH. 1. IlHc^Tejiio KapaHflam. 2. y6o'pmnKy ( janitor) mhjio. 3. Bo.HHTejiio (driver) MamnHa. k. KaacfloS MamHHe yjinija. 5. JKHTeJiio ropo^a ro'pofl. 6. "BejiHKOMy $vLji6co$y BeJiHKne mncjih. 7. KaacflOMy TypHCTy BejiHKOe BjiHHCKoe Mope. Drill ■) Translate into Russian. 1. I need a table. 2. She needs new shoes. 3. We need a new director. L±. He needs money. 5. They need a new car. 6. Little Sona needs new toys. 2. X needs Y. when both X and Y are pronouns, is expressed ast "Y to X is needed". Y + X + HyaceH/HyxH^/HyacHo/HyacHH [nom.] [dat,] Oh eft HyaceH. ("He to-her is needed" - i.e., She needs him.) Ctaa" eMy HyacHa. ("She to-him is needed" - i.e., He needs her.) Translate into English. 1 . Ohh eMy HyxHH. 2. Oh eM HysceH. ^_ 3. Ohsi HaM HyacHa. k. Mm eft HyacHH. 5. H eMy He HyaceH. 6. Bbl HaM HyXHbl.
Pr. 11.1. i Translate into Russian. 1. 2. T. ^. 6. 7. 8. 9. She needs him. She needs a pencil. He needs her. He needs a pencil . He needs a car. He doesn't need ^ pencil. He doesn't need her. Who doesn't need her. (careful Nobody needs them. (careful!) «J -.- Ha,no- necessary "X K?_s-i2 do something" is expressed in Russian as: X + Haflo + infinitive [dat.] MHe HaflO pa6oTaTb. (I have to work.1 MHe Haflo Tene'pb MHTb moh nrpy'mKn. (I have to wash my toys now.) CH VERBS a. Lprm CH -H cb after vowels Presents fl MOIOCb TbI MOembCH OH MOeTCfl Mbl MOeMCfl BH MQeTeCb OHH MOIOTCfl Past* MblJICH, MblJiaCb, MHJIOCb, MNJIHCb Infinitive: MbiTbca
B. Meaning ch , ioined to verbs, is historically a contraction of ce6n (oneself), and sometimes retains that meaniner. Ohh moiotch. -They wash (themselves). H MOiocb. - T wash (myself). Usually it has other meanings. Amonf the meanings of ch aret (1) one's self Mbift-*- ... ch (wash oneself) Ohh HHKOrfla He moiotch. They never wash. in contrast with« muS+ Ohh mokt HrpymKH. They are washing the toys. (2) one another BHfle+ ... ch (see one another) OHrf ^acTO BH^eJiHCb. They often saw one another. in contrast withi BHfle* Oh ee BHfleji. He saw her. (3) passive nnca+ ...ch (be written) KaK nrfraeTCH 3to cjiobo? How is that word spelled y (written)? in contrast with» nnca+ Oh nraeT 3to cjiobo. He is writing that word. (^) intransitive Ha^nHaK+ ...ch (bep;in) - intransitive (i.e., it oannot , , take an object) YpoK Ha^HHaeTCH.The lesson is beerinrinf.* in contrast with: Ha^HHaft+- _ transitive (i.e., it may Oh HaiHHaeT tin-raTb take an nbieet) acypHaji. He begins to read the maeasine. Sometimes the pair of transitive/intransitive verbs in Russian is translated with a single verb in English as in "the lesson is bee-inning" and "begins to read" above. Similarly: Trans. Oh ocTaHOBHJi noe3jj,.(He sto^ned the train.) In trans. Ilo'e3jj, 0CTaH0BHjicH(The train stopped.) # ypo'x does not bescin somejthing, it iust begins,.
-337- Corsider the sentences! (a) They fathered mushrooms. (b) They fathered. Which sentence would be translated into Russian with a - ch verb: (a) or (b)? Answer: (b)* ( ^) HO. Tneaninf 6oh+...ch [+gen] - (be afraid of) cMefl+...CH Has [+ instr.] (laugh at) 6opo-t-...cfl 3a [+ ace .J - (fight for) Cfl, as a contraction of ce6n , wa=! originally the direct object of all such verbs. As a reflexion of its orifina.l status, ch is formallv the direct obiect, of all ch verbs, and none of them mav take direct object^ i" the accusative case. Of the five meanings given above, (3) and (k) are by far the most cotw>". Meanings (^1-) and ( c,) are difficult to distinguish without more exnerience with Russian vocabu- 1 anv. Drill Which meaning of ch is illustrated in each of the sentences below? Identify as (1) one's self (2) one another (3) passive (k) intransitive 1. We took leave of one another. Mm- npocTHJinci>. 2. The lesson is conducted in Russian. Ypdic Be^eTCfl no-pyccKH. 3. I hid myself from the sun. / fl vkphjich ot cdJiHija. k. The lecture is ending. JleKiinn KOHV^eTCfl. 5. He prepared himself for the exanu Oh roTOBHjiCH k 9K3aMeHy. 6. They gathered in the park. Ohh cognpaJincb b napice. 7. This planet is called 3'ra nJiaH^Ta Ha3UBaeTCH "3eMJiH". "Earth*. Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. (2) (3) (1) W (1) CO (3) (a) Ohh codnpaji/i rpHfibi. M Ohh co6npajincb.
-338- rieTp MuxafijiOBOT MypaBbeBt ero SbiBmag xeHa h CTapmaa cecTpa 6HBmeH aeHH I. fTape ITeTp MuxaftjioBHti MypaBbeB pa6oTaeT yfio'pmnKOM b TjiaBHOM mock<5bckom rocy^apcTBeHHOM HHCTHTyTe $n3HtiecK0ft KyjibTypH HMeHH $. rjia^KOBa (KOTopHH HHor.ua npdcTO Ha3UBaeTca "rjiaBMocroc$H3KyjibT" ). Ero 6HBmaH sceHa h ciapraaH cecTpa fibiBmeft seHH Toxe pafioTaioT b 9tom HHCTHTyTe. BbiBmaa seHa pafiOTaeT ySopmHiieft, a CTapman cecTpa dHBmeft ieHH pafiOTaeT rjiaBHHM HHxeHe'poM. MoaceT jivl npocTdM yfio'pmHK HaftTK ciawbe b rocysapcTBeHHOM HHCTHTyTe (fiH3HtiecK0H KyjibTypw, b koto'pom CTapmaa cecTpa fiuBmeS xeHH paQoTaeT rjiaBHHM HHxeHepoM? Ybhahm. MypaBbeB .nyMaeT, *ito cTapman cecTpa ero' SNBmeft seHbi He jik>6ht er6. H, Ha caMOM fle'jie, OHa He jik>6ht ero. no npaB^e roBopn, OHa npe3npaeT erd. IIOMeMy npe3HpaeT? OHa, oieHb 3^op6buS h cHjibHbift nejiOBeK, CMHTaeT ero cjiafibiM. FIpa'Bfla jih gto, mto oh cuaSuS? KaK MypaBbeB caM la'cTO roBopHT: "Jlejio He b tom, ito h cjiadbift, a b tom, *ito h He npuBHK Bupajca'Tb cboh mncjih," HsUo CKa3aTb, *ito cecTpa nbeT KyMtic h HrpaeT b cfcyTddji, & oh nbeT nencH-KOJiy h wrpaeT b KapTu. riodTOMy MoxeT dbiTb ohei c^HTa'eT erd cjia'fiHM. Tpy,HHO CKaaaTB. KaacflHS ^eHb eMy Ha^o mhtb ee' MamHHy h mhcthtb ee KadtfHeT. Kor.ua' oh ee BCTpe^aeT ( a oh ee BCTpe^aeT Ka!acflufl jjeHb ) , OHa CMeeica na^ hum, roBopn: "Hy, KaK ^ejia, MajieHbKuft ieMnnoH?" ( OHa' Ha3HBaeT ero' "Ma\neHbKHM yeMnHOHOM". ) MypaBbeB Bcerja ctoh't h aposcht, ho oh Hmierd eS He OTBe^a'eT. IToMeMy oh Hmierd eft He OTBe^ideT? Oh Soh'tch ee? He'jio He b aroM, tjTO oh ee Soh'tch, a b tom, *ito oh He npuBHK BbipascaTb cboh mncjih. OflHa'xflH oh BCipe'THji ee b KOpn,ndpe HHCTHTyTa h cnpocHji o cbo^S dbiBmeft xeHe. - "KaK OHa' acHBeT 6e3 MeHH?" CecTpa 3acMeHJiacb h eMy oTBeTHJia: — "Tboh SbiBraaH ieHa, KasceTca, acuBeT 6e3 Tedn HenJio'xo. y Hee HOBbie HHTepe'cHHe flpy3bn: aKajeMHKH, $Hjidcoc£)N, mhhhctph, hhxgh- e'pH, h T.fl. Ho, Mo'xeT 6HTb, th He cjibimaji, *ito OHa' HaytiHjiacb HrpaTb Ha apc^e a CTajia h3b^cthoM apTHCTKOH b mock6bckoM $hji- apMc^HMH? H Kaac^HS Be'yep OHa nbeT maMna'HCKoe y H3BecTHoro npoc|)eccopa Illyjibna. Ha, ToBapH^ Pom^o, OHa XHBeT 6es Te6n o^eHb xopomo'. O^hhm cjiobom, th 6o"jibme eft He HjfxeH. MypaBbeB ctoh'ji h njia'Kaji, syMan o tom, ito oh Qojibme He HyaceH CBoefi SbiBmeM xeHe. "Mto moxho ^e'jiaTb fljia aceHinHHH, KOTopaa Hrpa'eT b mockob- ckoS $njiapMOHHH h ,ii,a:xe nbeT maMnaHCKoe y HSBecTHoro npo$e'ccopa Illyjibna?"
-339- fotr Mixa.ilovich Murayjov. His Former Wife, and His Former Wife's Older Sister I fotr Mixajloyich Murayjov works as a janitor in the F. Gladkov Main Moscow State Institute of Physical Culture (which is sometimes simply called "Glavmosgosfizkult"). His former wife and (his) former wife's older sister also work in this institute. (His) former wife works as a washerwoman and (his) former wife's older sister works as the chief engineer. Can a simple ,ianitor find happiness in a state institute of physical culture in which (his) former wife's older sister works as the chief engineer? We shall see. Muravjov thinks that his former wife's older sister doesn't like him. As a matter of fact, she doesn't like him. To tell the truth, she despises him. Why despises? She, a very healthy and strong: person, considers him weak. Ts it true that he is weak? As Murayiov himself often says» "It's not that T'm weak, but that I'm not accustomed to expressing my thoughts." It's necessary to say that the sister drinks koomiss (fermented mare's milk) and plays soccer, and he drinks Pensi- Cnla and plays cards. Maybe that's why she considers him weak. It's difficult to say. Every day he has to wash her car and clean her office. When he meets her (and he meets her every day), she laughs at him, saying: "Well, how are thingrs, little champ?" (She calls him "little champ.") Muray.iov always stands and shakes, but doesn't say (answer) anything to her. Why doesn't he say anything to her? Is he afraid of her? It's not that he's afraid of her, but that he isn't accustomed to expressing; his thoughts. Once he met her in the corridor of the institute and asked about his former wife: - "How is she setting; along /living-/ without me?" The sister burst out laughing; and answered him: — "Your former wife, it seems, is not living badly without you. She has new, interesting friends: academicians, philosophers, ministers, engineers, and so forth. But perhans you haven't heard that she has learned how to play the harp and has become a famous artiste in the Moscow Philharmonic? And every evening she drinks champagne at the home of the famous Professor Schultz. Yes, comrade Romeo, she is living very well without you. In a word, she doesn't need you any more." Murayjov stood and cried, thinking-/about the fact/that his former wife"didn't need him any more. "What can you do for a woman who plays in the Moscow Philharmonic and even drinks champagne at the home of the famous Professor Schultz?"
-3^0- Tape BonpocH 1. KeM padoTaeT: (a) MypaBbeB? (6) SbiBman xeHa MypaBbeBa? (b) CTapman cecTpa SbiBineft aceHH MypaBbeBa? 2. r^e ohh pado'TaioT? i 3. Kajcyio pojib (role) arpa'ioT yfiopmHKH h ygopmnuu b HHCMTyTax (|)H3H^eCKOH KyjIbTypH? i i ' I ( \ i i "c\ £> H T.fl. 4. OTKyfla bu 3HaeTe, mo cecTpa 6NBmea xeHH 3flop6BHS h CHjibHtift vejioBe'K? (a) (6) Limbic (nHH-f) fnrpaS+) 5. KeM OHa c^HTaeT MypaBbeBa? P>, ITo^eMy? (a) (<^ (HHH+) ( 6) PT^iS^*' ^ nrpaii+) 7. rio^eMy MypaBbeB Tax ia'cTO BCTpe^aeT cecTpy CBoeS 6biBinea sceHbi? i ' < I ' i 8. Boktch jih MypaBbeB ceCTpbf fibiBmeS xeHH? (Jlejio He b tom,...) 9. rio^eMy MypaBbeB ^yMaeT, *jto oh 6ojibme He HyxeH CBoefi SbiBmeft xeHe? (a) (6) (b) 4»«
Eiti'sJLJi pTape^ - KaKaH cero'^HH — /HfleT floxji,b. IHfleT CHer. Hy h fleHb! norofla - What is the weather — (It's rainin?. I It's snowing. What a day! ? today? jtpyr .gpyra - one another A. flpyr flpyra G. " D. flpyr .apyry P. I. ^pyr ^pyroM wi$)i a preposition 'flpyr Ha flpyra flpyr ot flpyra ^pyr k * ,npyry ^pyr o ^pyre flpyr c ^pyroM 1 p flpyr (not declined) + flpyr " ( declined like a masculine noun) Prepositions are placed before flpyr . Ohh jik>6ht flpyr flpyra. Ohh syMaioT ^pyr o spyre. (They love one another.) (They think about one another.) Accusative of Time The accusative designates the period of time an action is carried He writes every day. He writes every week. Oh nwraeT Kaac^hift^eHb. Oh nwraeT K^x^yj^Hje^enio. (week - Hefl^jiiil The preposition k will be introduced later in the book.
-3*+2- Genitive as Direct Ob.iect of Negated Verb The direct ob.iect of a negated verb is often genitive. He didn't see that letter. Oh He BHfleJi 9Toro nucbMa. Russians often do not agree themselves about when to use the genitive and when to use the accusative as direct object of a negated verb, and therefore it is difficult to establish a rule. It is probably best to simply note that both accusative and genitive occur and to be Trenared for either. Word Order Normal word order in Russian is very much like English, except for pronouns which are often placed before the verb. fl eft cKa3aJi. fl erd 3Haio. Three maLjor exceptionst (1) Emphasis When one of the parts of the sentence is emnhasized, it is taken out of its usual order. fl b rdpojie paSo'iaio. (I work in the city.) B ropoje pa6oTaio h. (T_ work in the city.) Kypi6 a. (i smoke. ]J_m the one who smokes.) (2) Emotional or poetic speecht iiapHiia xh3hh MoeM (queen of my life) TH 3KH3Hb MOH (you are my life) (3) Questions Verb and subject are often inverted in questions, Mto c;nejia.na moh cecTpa? (What did my sister do?t
-3U3- Reported Statements InEnerlish, reported statements (e.g., "He said that,...," "She thought that...") change their tense to aprree with the main verb. original statement: *'.Tohn 'knows." reported statement: He said that John knew. .feT-Ow** knew to a?ree in tense with sa.id, even though the original statement was present. In Russian, reported statements retain their original tense. "IfeaH 3HaeT." Oh CKa3aji, mo HBaH 3HaeT. Tf the original statement was past, it remains so. OHa He 3a6Hjiaerd. She didn't forget him. Ohei nucajia, ^to OHa He 3a6bijia ero. She wrote that she hadn't forgotten him. PrillJ?. A. Translate into English 1. Oh tobopht, mo oh xo^eT h^th. p. Oh CKa3aji, mo oh xd^eT h^th. i -3. Oh CKa3aji, mo oh xotcji hath. 4, Mbl XHBeM B MOCKBe. c;. Mh xhjih b MocKBe. , 6. Oh jtyMaji, mo mh khb^m b MocKBe. ■7. Oh fljrMaji, mo mh schjih b MocKBe. B • TriLQi?!5-tL1?? into Russ jjm . 1. She didn't know that vou were a doctor. 2. Nobody knew that Brown was a spy, 3. She said that she loved him. h. The Albanians thought that the word cjjnj^rjrte meant "pencil".
-3UH- fleTp Mhx4Mjiobhm MypaBbeB, erd 6biBmaa aceHa h CTapmaa ceCTpa 6uBmeti xeHbi IT. Tape\ MypaBbeB eme jiio6ht cboio 6HBmyio aceHy. KaacjjbiH pa3, Korjja ohh BCTpe^aioT spyr flpyra, oh KpacHeeT. Oh xo^ieT eft CKa3aTb: - "0, napnua 3KH3HH Moefi! 3Haio, ito a Te6e 6ojibme He HyateH Ho a Te6a d^ieHb jho6jii6. Th - xcH3Hb Moa. Kaac^yio Hejj,ejiio, Kasc^uft ^eHb, Kaacfl,HK *iac, Kctacayio ceKyHJjy, a xoqy 6HTb c to6oh." A ^t<5 roBopHT oh Ha ca'MOM fle'jie? - "Jlofipoe yTpo, KaTepHHa MBaHOBHa. CerojjHa HjjeT ,noac,nb." Ojj,hhm cjiobom, MypaBbeB He npHBHK BHpaacaTb cboh mhcjih. M.ena To'ace KpacHe'eT. OHa xo^eT eu$ CKa3aTb: - "Jloporoft ^ejiOBeK! H,opor6ft Myac! ( To ecTb, jjoporoft 6HBmHft Myac! ) Kaacjj,Hft Be'^ep cnacy a jj,OMa. H, K?laceTca, Te6£ 6c5jibme He HyacHa. CecTpa, MHe noBTopijia ra^Kne cjiobei, KOTopne th eft roBopnnib. Ohe( MHe CKa3a,jia, KaK th xyjiHraHHmb b napKax KyjibTypn h oTjjHxa, KaK th Kypumb, nbemb h xpannmb. Ho, MHe Bee paBHO. H Te6a em,e jiioSjiio." A ^t(5 OHa, Ha celmom jjejie, euy OTse^a'eT? - "Ha, IleTp MnxaftjiOBH^, Hjj,eT ,n,oac,nb. Hy h ,neHb!" Ojj,hhm cjiobom, ohh paSoTaioT Jjpyr c Apy'roM, ^yMa»T flpyr o jjpyre, juobaT eme flpyr spyra. Ho, KaaceTca, ohh He npHBHKJiH Bbipaaca'Tb cboh mh'cjih. OHa acHBeT y cecTpn, a oh y jjpyra. Ecjih ohh TaK Jiio6aT Jjpyr ,npyra, to noueMy ace ohh He acHByT BMe'cTe? Bee 3to H3-3a cecTpu, KOTopaa, KasceTca, o'^ieHb xopomd BbipaacaeT cboh mucjih. B oahh npeKpacHHft jj,eHb 6biBmaa aceHa Hannca'jia nncbMo 6e'jj,HOMy MypaBbeBy. B nHCbMe' ohsi nncajia, *ito eme jik>6ht ero, *ito oh eft o'^eHb HyaceH, h ona ne 3a6buia ero, h t.jj,. KaK bh jjyMaeTe, floporoft MHTaTeJib? Mto cjjejiaji MypaBbeB, Kor^a oh npoMHTsbi nncbMO? 3acMeajtca?/ 3axHXHKRji? 3anjia'KaJi? Oh HHtiero' He jje'jiaji, noTOMy *ito oh HHKorjja He BHjjejt 9Toro nncbMa. KaK 6to MdaceT 6biTb, ^ito oh 9Toro He BH^eji? CecTpa 6biBineft aceHH yBH,n,ejia nncbMO, OTKpHJia ero, npoMHTajia, 3acMe^jiacb h yHHMToacHjia. 0, ra'^Kaa ace'Hin,HHa! 0, H3Bepr pd^a ^ejiOB^tiecKoro! M3-3a Hee, MypaBbeB He y3Haji, mto ero 6biBmaa aceHa ero eme Jiid6HT. Y3HaeT jih MypaBbeB, mto dbiBmaa aceHa, Hanncdjia eMy nncbMO? HannmeT jih OHa jj,pyroe nncbMO'? OTKpo'eT jih cecTpa nncbMO? Ilpo^HTaeT jih OHa ero h yHHMToacHT? MoaceT 6biTb. A, MoaceT 6HTb, h HeT.
-3^5- Potr Mixa.jlovich Muravjov. His Former. Wife. and His. Jjgrmer Wij'.e.'.s .6ld"er_S'ister II Murav.i ov still loves his former wife. Every time (when) they meet one another, he "blushes. He wants to say to her: - "Oh, queen of my lifeJ I know that you don't need me any more. But I love you very much. You are my life. Every week, every day, every hour, every second I want to be with you." And what does he really say? "Good morning, Katerina Ivanovna. It's raining today," In a word, Muravjov isn't accustomed to expressing his thoughts. (His) wife also blushes. She wants to say to hinu - "Dear person! Dear husband! (That is, dear former husband!) Every evening I sit at home. But you never call your former forgotten wife. It seems you don't need me any more. (My) sister repeated to me the foul words that you sa" to her. She told me how you act like a hooligan in the parks of culture and rest, how you smoke and drink and snore. But I don't care. I still love you." And what does she really answer him? - "Yes, Potr Mixajloyich, it's raining. What a day!" In a word, they work with one another, think about one another, and still love one another. But, it seems, they aren't accustomed to expressing their thoughts. She lives at her sister's, and he at a friend's. If they love each other so, then why don't they live together? All of this is because of the sister, who, it seems, expresses her thoughts very well. One fine day the former wife wrote a letter to poor Murayriov. Tn the letter she wrote that she still loved him, that she needed him very much, and she hadn't forgotten him, etc. What do you think, dear reader? Did he burst out laughing? Burst out giggling? Burst our crying? He didn't do anything, because he never saw that letter. How can that be that he didn't see it? The former wife's sister caught sight of the letter, opened it, read (it), bur^t out laughing, and destroyed (it). Oh, vile woman! Oh, monster of the human racei Because of her, Muravjov didn't find out that his former wife still loved him. Will Murayjov find out that his former wife wrote him a letter? Will she write another letter? Will the sister open the letter? Will she read and destroy it? Maybe. And maybe not.
-3^6- Tape BonpocH 1. rioyeMy roBopHT MypaBbeB rjiynue cJiOBa, Kor^a. oh BCTpe^aeT SbiBmyio aceHy? 2. Hto oh xo'^eT CKa3aTb? 3. ITo cjiobelm cecTpH, MTdjveJiaeT MypaBbeB? 4. IloyeMy MypaBbeB HHKor.ua He BH^eJi nucbMa 6HEmeK sceHH? 5. Ilo^eMy cecTpa 3acMeHJiacb, Kor^a OHa npoymajia nncbMO?
WORKBOOK: SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT TENSE Vowel Stems h: e: ^a a: o: oBa: Hy: TOBOPH+- cH,neV MOJi^a+ J nnca+ KOJIO+ anJiosupo naxHy+ ' HT - > Ba+ \ verbs eT-verhs Q.° nfPJ2.§Bi..Stems : et__ 1 srecial proups hM: mhM+ hM: nHft+ K: neK+ CTpnr+ Tn the present tenses A. Vowel Stems: V+V- Vv Vowel stem? may have stress shift and V+V mutation. 1. SJres^t stem ( ii6mhh+ ) end ( roBopn-O mobile ( KypH+) 2• V+V mutation' a. Which consonants mutate? Dentals Labials K ac T M. 3 ac c in CT m 6 6jib n nJib B BJIb <t> (JlJIb M MJIb V K M el r ac srs X in CK m b. Where does it occur? 1. In the 1st nerson sf. of HT-verbs: CH,ne+ : cuacy, cn,HHmb, ch#ht... 2. Throughout the present of stems in a and oi nnca+ : numy, nfimemb, nn'meT... KOJI<5+ : KOJ1K), Ko'jiefflb, KOJieT... c. OBa ■»■ v —* yfi+ Vs anjiOflHpoBa* y-* anjio^Hpyro d. Hy- no snecial difficulties: naarfiy*- : naxHy, naxHemb .. .
3U8- Exercise 1 A. Which of the verbs below are ht -verbs and which are eT-verbs» kti . eT|__ B, Form the 1st person sg. of the verbs below which have V+V mutation in that form. Form the 2nd person pi. of all the verbs below. 1st sy, 2nd pi. 1. flepxa+ (hold) 2. CKa3a+ (tell) _, 3. CBHCTe* (whistle) k. rjia,nn+ (smooth) 5. coxHy+ (become dry) 6. ,noH»cyaHCTBOBa+ __^ (be the Don JuanT" 7. KOJio+ (stab) ____ Hypothetical 8. KOH,ne+ _____ _____ 9. ce3H+ 10. jiy,na+ _______ 11. 3HJIOBa+ 12. ,nema+ __ ______
-3U9- B« Consonant, Stems» V+C-^ VC Consonant stems have neither stress shift nor V+V mutation. 1. Stress Stems in ft and h are stem-stressed; all others are end-stressed, 3HEIK), CTaHV but, acHBy, Hecy Stress mark is used to show past stress instead. ?• Htt +, Y-» oft + Vi mhh -*■ y—* m6k> Hft + V-^ b8 + V i nun ■*■ y-* nbK ^' Ke -s> He neK + eT—* ne^eT CTpjir •»- e?-» cTpHxeT ?.. xe_rc_i s: e_2 Form the 1st ners on sp;. of the following verbs. Tfrnore the stress mark, since it shows nast tense stress. (Exception! stems of over one syllable like fleJiaft-t- ) 1. , KJia,n+ (-out) 2. 3peft+ (mature) ?, npe3npaft+ (despise) . 4. JiHftt- (pour) . <!, HHft+ (whine) „ 6. CTp«r+ (clin) 7. xojio,neft+ (grow cold) R, CTaH+ (become) _ _
-350- 3? x.RXQ i J!\e_J? Form the 1st and 3rd person sp. of the following- verbs. 1 of, p_<T_. 2HlL..5£Ll 1. . b?M+ (wind) _____ 2. rpo3H+- (threaten) ____ __ I. xpane-t- (snore) __ _ 4. pbifi-i- ^isr) _ .. .. =;. BH3Ka+ (squeal) ____ 6. npHBHKHy-»- (be accustomed to) 7. dpnr+ (clip) 8. nJia.Ka+ (cry) _ _ Q. TaHn;eBa+ (dance) 10. npnBJieic+ (attract) ... Hypothetical II. cpeK + ,_._ 12. KocTe+ _.. , ..,._ _ .._. 13. Jie3a+- _.._ ___ ___ __ __ _____ 14. rjiHH-i- ___ _ _ 15. THaca+ 1 6, cmhM+ 17. seK+ .._.._ _ ___.. 1B. Ky6n+ _..„... .__ 19. TpHKOBa-t .._„_.
-351 Personal Pronouns : Summary Norn. Ace. Gen. Pat. Prep. Instr. Interrogatives Norn. Ace. Gen. Pat. Prep. Instr. KTO Koro Kovty KOM KeM qiO TITO qero qeMy qeM qeM Reflexive a. MeHH MHe MHe mho8 TH Te6a ie6e xede To6ofi oh/oho er6 ewy HeM HM OHa •• ee e8 He8 eft MH Hac HcLM Hac HS.MH BH Bac BaM Bac BaMH OHH HX HM HHX , HHMH none ce6a ce6e' ce6e/ co6oft Notes to chart: 1. The reflexive ce6a has no nominative form. 20 The case forms of th andcefia rhyme. 11 11 11 11 MU n BU 11 3. Preposition + h + 3rd person pronoun: 6e3 Hero (without him) dKOJIO HHX O HeM C HUM (near them) (about him) (with him) etc. (a) Note that an 0 is joined to prepositions in the following prepositional phrases: HaflO MHOH CO MHOH (over me) (with me) (b) Exception: 060 MHe (about me) 2. > 22\ and aTso adds 2.
352- Vocabularv Entries» How to Show Case Requirement Following the practice in Russian dictionaries, case requirements will be shown by entering the appropriate form of **T0 or kto (in square brackets). o JjieV] means: the preposition "o" demands the prepositional case. Has [lew] means: the preposition "Has" demands the instrumental case. 6oH+...ca [iero] means: the verb "6oa+...ca" demands the genitive case. Hrpafi+ Ha [ieM] means: the verb Hrp^fl+ demands either * bo fciToi] na + the prepositional case or b + the accusative case Bois a form of n which appears before *ito.
-353- fr.sns.Isjt.i.p.'o 1. I smell fresh cabbage somewhere in my room. 2. The lecture is beg-inninp-. Why are vou still nlaying- cards? 3. Why are you lauphinsr at me? Why do you call me "little fool?" I never lausti at vou. k. Her older brothers are dancinp- on the main street in honor of her birthday. They are atvDlaudinp- her. w^w touched she is! ■J. To tell the truth, I don't hear you because I'm not listening to you. I'm washing. 6. Every time (when) he meets his older sister he shakes from fear. ?. She burst out crying and said: "I'm clipping- vour hair. I answered her coldly: "You'll be sorry about this." fi. One fine day he met her in the "F. Gladkov State Institute of Albanian Music'.' 9. She needs him, but he no longer needs her. 10. She works as a simple washerwoman. Where did. she learn to sneak Albanian so well? (so - Tan) 11. Every week he opens my letters. He iust opened the letter which my former wife wrote to me. Will he oDen the letter which she's ffoinp; to write to me tomorrow? 1?.. Thev think about one another, work wi th one another, and write to one another. Nobody knows that they desni.se one another. 13. He's standing- in front of the stove and bnkinp- pirozhki with cabbage. Why is everyone walking out of the kitchen? 1^. Who needs money? We need it (them). 15. Because of my youne-er sister, my husband is living at his younger brother's. 16. My friends in the Moscow Philharmonic consider Natasha a more or less educated woman. 17. He told us that he wrote to my younger sister every week.
-35U- CjioBapb M qac -t hour Ka6nHer - office, study 3anax - smell, aroma TpojijieftgycHK -little trolley- 6aJiKOH - balcony bus ygo^mHK - janitor KyMHc -fermented mare's milk aKa^eMHK - academician mhhhctp - minister ^HTareJib - reader Be^ep(/a) - evening qeMnHOH - champion, champ $yT6o'ji - soccer mhcjib - thought Hap6,n -the people, the public poac^e'HHe - birth jjeHb poac^eHHH - birthday mhjio - soap yrpo - morning .notfpoe yrpo - good morning maMnaHCicoe - champagne (a neuter adjective, with noun meaning) 3K Kama - cereal a'ptja - harp miHTa - stove qecTb - honor b qecTb - in honor Hrpymica - toy geTOHOMeraajrotiKa - little concrete-mixer KOMHara - room yjimja - street y6dpmnija - washerwoman $njiapMOHHH - philharmonic apTHCTKa - artiste HeaejiH - week ceKjrH^a - second Ka'pra - card Ad.iectiyes npHHTHHS - pleasant CB^acHft -fresh CTapmnfl - older MjiaflmHH - younger 3Jioft - evil rjiaBHHfl - main, chief mockobckhS - Moscow (adj.) rocy^apcTBeHHHfl - state $H3HqecKHft - physical 6HBniHfl - former 3^op6BHfl - healthy Short-form adjectives T^OHyr/a /o/u - touched HyaceH, HyacHa, HyacHO, HyacHH - needed Verbs qyBCTBOBa+ - feel qyBCTBOBa-*- 3dnax - smell CJiHina-t- - hear ne'K+ - bake CTpHr+ - clip mhh+ ...ch - wash (oneself) HaqHHaft+...ch - begin TaHijeBan- - dance an.no,niipoBa+ [qeMyJ - applaud npe3Hpafl+ - despise Ha3HBaii+ Qito] [ieM] - call 6ohi-...ch frero] be afraid of (an HT-verb) xyjinrdHH* - act like a hooligan bhxo^+ H3 C^ero] walk out no/sca-n^ft-* - be sorry BHpaacaft+ - express Hrpaft* - play (a) instrument*. Ha [mSm] Hrpaft-t- Ha ap$e, Ha rnra'pe (6) a game« bo [ito] nrpafl+ b $yT6o'ji, b KapTH np^BHKHy* (be accustomed) PaStinpHBHK, npHBHJIKa, npHBHKJIH Plural b6jioch - hair gparbfl - brothers ^py3b« - friends nuposcKH - pirozhki (stuffed fried dumplings) nHpoatOK(o) sg. * formation of the past tense will be treated in Chapter 10
-355- Note the following perfectives in 3a . where 3a has the meaning "begin to..."t sacMefl+...CH - burst out laughing 3axnxHKaft+ - burst out giggling Other H3 L^ero] - t out of c ,HHeM poac^eHHH - happy birthday no3flHO - late (idjibme He - no more, no longer HMeHH - of j the name MOxeT HaftTH - can find no npaB,n;e roBopa - to tell the truth H3-3a [qero] - because of, due to Tpywo CKa3aTb - it's difficult to say caM - oneself Ha^o - necessary y [koto] - at the home of (French "chez") b o^rfH npeKpacHHfi x&Hb - one fine day Mo'aceT 6utb h Her - maybe not BMe'cTe - together e'cjiH... to - if... then KaXnuft pa3 - every time flyman - thinking eme - still
356- CHAPTKR 9 THE PLURAL There is no gender distinction in the plural, except for the nominative. Nom. Ace. Gen. Dat. Prep. Instr. .., i j e... i/a I treated below ...jlm.. .am « * » IX* i 19.X ..,imi...ami i_ - masculine and feminine a - neuter; also certain masculine ~ nounstflOKTopa, rJia3a Paradigm Nom. Ace. Gen. Dat. Prep. Ins tr. HOBHe HOBUe 3aBO#H 3aBOflH t HOBHM HOBHX 3aB0^aM 3aBO,nax HOBHMH 3aBO^aMH MamHHH, cjiOBa, ^OKTOpa
Drill 1 Put the words in parentheses into the correct plural forms 1. 3TO (SeTOHHHfi 3aBO,H ) (6oJibffl6fi ,noM(a)) (HHTepe'cHas $OTorpa$HH ) (ajiSaHCKoe cjiobo) (njioxoe coMHHe'HHe) 2. fl numy (H3Be'cTHHii y6o'pmHK) ( xopomuft nHcaTejib) (apH30HCKHii KOBSoft )_ (o6pa3o'BaHHaa .neBymica) 3. fl flyMaio o (^o6paa y^mejibHuija ) (n3Be'cTHHii nncarejib) (hobhS Tpojrjiefi6yc) (xopomee coMHHeHne) _ 4. fl ctok) nepefl (SeTOHHHfi 3aBo',n) _ ( H3BeCTHHfi IIHCaTeJIb ) (6e,n;HaH fleBymKa) ( 6ojibmoe 3JiaHHe)
-358- THE GENITIVE PLURAL . ix.. .^/ej/ov With few exceptions, every noun has one £ form, either in the nominative singular or in the genitive plural. 1. If the nominative singular does not have the ending j£ (i.e., hap p_ or a) then the genitive plural does. Note spelling! Transcription Russian Nom. Sg. nauka slovo pustina zdani.jo laboratoriia Gen. PI. nauk 6 siov y> pustin 6 zdani.i p laboratorij j6 Nom. Sg. Ha^Ka CHOBO nycTHH« 3,naHne jia6opaTopna Gen. PI. HayK CJIOB^ nycTHHB 3^aHHit jiaSopaTopHfi If the nominative singular has the ending £, then the genitive plural has the ending* eji if the stem ends in a soft consonant or H Nom. sg. nHcaiejib KapaH^am * MHinb (mouse)* Gen, pi. nncaTejieit KapaHflameft Mumefi ovt if the stem ends in a hard consonant, u or ft. naTpHcfa Meafm KOB(56ft Schematically! naTpHOTOB MecHijeB KOB6oeB Nom. sg. Gen, pi. a or o e.] ov (soft cons, H)(hard cons,U,ft ) After paired consonants,b shows softness of preceding consonantsi after 4" it has no phonetic value at all and is used to show gendert words ending in 4" are masculine words ending in Mb are feminine.
-359- THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL The accusative plural is like the nominative, if inanimate} like the genitive, if animate - unlike the singular, where only masculine animate is like the genitive. fl BHHCy HOBHe 3SLB0\u, MamHHH. fl BHSCy HOBHX SeTOHmHKOB, SeTOHUlHIJ;. Drill 2 Form the geni answers are a a/o 1. aceHniHHa 2. Mvxa 3. coMHHeHHe 4. $aMHJIHH 5. HeaeJiH tive plural of the following ccusative plural as well? ' & 6. 3aB^Ji 7. reHHM 8. nopTdbe'jib 9. ac^Tejib 10. Hoi T, nouns. Give nu 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Which of your mbers) Mixed BonDo'c ManiHHa jio'mhk *o to rpacbn.fr MejiB^ih Ritual 26 1 Tape| HeM OKaHKHBaeTca hmh cymecTBHTejibHoe Oho OKdHMHBaeTCH fHyjieM^ \ \ Ha rJiacHHft.) Ha KaKofi corJiacHuii OKaHMHBaeTcn ero ocHOBa? Ero' ocHdBa OKaH*iHBaeTCfl C Ha TBepjiHK corjiacHuft" < Ha KarKHfl corJia'cHHii (. Ha rnHnnmnit. Kaic 6yp,eT OKOHMaHHepo^HTeJibHoro na^eaca MHoacecTBeHHOro qHcna? OKOH^aHHe 6y^eT / -ov ~ -% What does the noun It ends in ( zero end in? / zero 7 i a vowel.) What kind of consonant does its stem end in? Its stem ends ( in a hard consonant J in a soft consonant |_ in a sibilant (i.e., x,M,m,m )y What will the genitive plural ending be? The ending will be I -ov > I*
-360- MOBILE VOWEL The ending jrf may cause a word to end in a consonant cluster. In such cases, o or e is often inserted before the final consonant. In masculine nouns the £ form is the nom. sg. non-/ ending if-ending flHH, JHB "flHb" — fleHb aMepHKamja, aMepnicaHiiy "aMepHKaim" — aMepHKaHeij MypaBbH, MypaBbio "MypaBbft" — MypaBe'S (murayja, muravju) (murayj — murayej) In feminine and neuter nouns the £ form is the gen, pi. omrftSica, oniHtSKy "omn6K" — ohw6ok nncbMO, nncbMy MnncbM" — nrfceM fle'ByniKa, fle'Bymicy "^eBymK" — ^eBymeK cKaMbi, CKaMbro "cKaMbfi" — cKaMefi (skamja, skamju) (skamj — skamej) Vocabulary entries with mobile vowel in the £ form will be followed by o or e in parentheses. You must learn which vowel (p. or e.) is inserted. (1) ,neHb(e) (2) omH6Ka(o) The nom. sg. ending of ( 1) above is £, so it is the form listed in the vocabulary which contains the mobile vowelj the parenthetical e. is dropped in other case forms. The nom. sg. ending of ( 2) is a j therefore, it is the gen, pi. which contains the mobile vowel .0. Drill 3 Form the genitive 1. aCH3Hb 2. rapaac 3. CJIOBO 4. BneiaTJie'HHe (impression) 5. TOBapHm 6. MHCJIb 7. nnpoHcoK(o) plural of the following nouns. 8» ,nocica(o) (blackboard) 9« ,neHb (e) 10. 6a6ymKa(e) 11. craTbfl(e) (article) 12. 6paTCTBo 13» OTeij(e) 14• noaapoK (0 ) (gift)
-361- (Yape y Bac ecTb KaKHe-HH6y^b rpaMMaTH^ecKHe Bonpo'cH? y Meka HeT HHKaKHX Bonpo'cOB, He roBopH yace o rpaMMaTH^ecKHX Bonpo'cax. Do you have any grammatical questions? I don't have any questions, to say nothing of grammatical questions. Drill 4 Tape Using the above pattern, substitute for rpaMMaTHqecKHe BonpocH the correct forms of the words whose nom. sg. forms are« 1. hobm MamHHa 2. H3Be'cTHHft nncaTe;ib 3. SeTOHHHii KapaHflam 4. HbK-fio'pKCKHfi reHHfi 5. HHTepecHoe nncbMO( e ) 6. xopdmee co^HHeHHe 7. flddpaa 6a6ymica(e) M Chart of Endings> Updated c ac Nom. Ace. Gen. Dat. Prep. Instr. PI. • • • ^ ' • • p 1 \ 1 .•.030...0 < \ 1...ovo...a ...omu..«u . •. om. • ,e_* ...im.••om • • % 3, j 3. » • • 3. .. .u.iu.. .u • • • 0 3 • • • 1 • • * ^'1 * • * ^ • • *°.i * • •2J, L £ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) • • • 1J6 • • •1/3. t ...ix.•./rf/ej/ov • • • im.' • »am • •.ix..»ax ...imi••.ami l.i+e-» ij_+i_
-362- ADJECTIVES WITH NOUN MEANING Certain adjectives have noun meanings. yqeHHfi - a scholar, a scientist acHBOTHoe - an animal Even though they have a noun meaning, they are still declined as adjectives. H 3h4io 3toi*o ygeHoro. H jik)6jii6 scmbo'thux. (I know that scholar.) (I love animals.) Such adjectives are historically contractions of adjective-noun phrases which have deleted the noun. They take their gender from the now-absent noun, given in brackets below. VMfeHHii [qejiOBeV] - a learned [person] rjiacHHH [3Bvk] - vowel [sound] Bspo'cJiHfi [qejiOBeic] - a grown-up [person] Syaymee [Bpe'MH] - the future [time] (a neuter noun) acHBOTHoe [cymecTBo}- an animal [creature] crojio'BaH [KOMHaTa] - the dining [room] They will be listed under nouns in the vocabulary. Stems in t/k plus Consonant Endings Past Consonant stems in t/k have past tense £, jia, jio, jih end-stressedt Mor»: mot, Morjia, motjio', MorJin" neK+: neK, neiui^, neKJid", neKJiH stem-stressedt cTpn'r+: CTpHr, CTpn'rJia, crpHrjio, ctphtjim Infinitive Consonant stems in t/k have infinitive 11. In addition, e changes to e. neic+ ne^b: neK, neKJia, neKJio', neKJiH^ TeK+ Teib: TeK, TeKJia', TeKJio", TeKjm t CTPHT+ CTpHMbt CTpHr, CTpHrJia, CTprfrJIO, CTpHFJIH
-363- PREPOSITIONAL CASE IN yi A few masculine nouns have prepositional case in stressed y_ after the prepositions B/Ha but not after other prepositions. b Jiecy Ha flOHy - in the woods - on the Don buti butt o Jiece o R6ne - about the woods - about the Don Such nouns are all otherwise stem-stressed in the singular. be entered in vocabulary lists with (y) in parentheses: (woods) They will n. a. g. d. P. l. Jiec (y) jiec Jiec Jieca jie'cy jie'ce jiecoM BUT b Jiecy POSSESSION! PAST TENSE y Hero' 6hji jqm y Herd 6HJia" MamiiHa. iom. (He had a house.) (He had a car.) y Herd etfJio nncbMO. (He had a letter.) y Herd 6hjih KapaHflamri. (He had pencils.) But when negated! h£ 6hjio + genitive y Hero He' 6hjio .hoW. (He didn't have a house.) y Herd h? 6ujio MamHHH. (He didn't have a car.) y Herd h? 6hjio nuchuA. (He didn't have a letter.) y Herd He "Hhjio KapaH,nameft.(He didn't have pencils.) Drill ■> Translate into Russian. 1. She has a table. 2. She had a table. 3. She didn't have a table. 4. He had photographs. 5. He didn't have photographs.. OflHH H3 + gen. - one of OflrfH H3 MOHX THrpOB OflHa H3 MOHX MaiHH Oflfid H3 ^THX CJIOB o^hh H3 Ha'iHX TOBapumeft (one of my tigers) (one of my cars) (one of these words) (some of our comrades) OHa OflHa H3 caMHX KpacHBHX fleBymeK b rdpo^e. (She is one of the prettiest girls in town.)
Tape I B oflHOM ua'pcTBe, b oahom rocyaapcTBe acnjin ipn cedpbi. Ohh kh'jih b MajteHbKofi de'jioft H3de', KOTo'paa HaxdflHTCs b Te'MHOM Jiecy, jajieKo' ot Bcex dojibmiix ropoflo'B. CTa'prnaa cecTpa dHJia o'^eHb KpacHBaa ^e'ByniKa - mo'scho cxasaTb, OMa H3 caMHx KpacHBHX fle'BymeK b ijapeTBe. / y Hee dHJin ^JiHHHHe, sojiOTbie bo'jioch - M03KHO CKasaTb, OflHH H3 CaMHX flJIHHHHX, 30JIOTHX BOJIo'c B TOCyflapCTBe. ,HeHb h HOib oh4 CH^eJia ne^ep, 3e'pKajiOM h CTpn'rJia cboh flJiHHHbie sojioTbie bojioch. Bojibine Bcero' b acH3HH, ^OHa" jnodrfjia CTpntib cboh flJiHHHHe 30JiOTHe bojioch. t H BpeMH ot Bpe'MHHH OHa cnpamHBajia y 3^picaJia: "3epKajio, 3e'pKa:io Ha CTeHe", Kto KpacHBee Bcex Ha 3eMJie?" H 3epKaJio Bcerfla ^TBeqaJio CTapmeft cedpe: "fl npe^noHJio 6h o nojiHTHice He cndpHTb." KaKde o6pa30BaHHoe h TaKTHtiHoe 3e'pKajio! Cpe'flHaH cedpa dHJia opa H3 caW TajiaHTJiHBHX .ne'BymeK b u,apeTBe. JJeHb h Hoyb ohsi neKJia caWe BKycHHe nHpoacKH b rocy^a'pcTBe. Ha saBTpaic OHa neKJia nupoacicH c macov; Ha yscHH OHa neKJia rmposcKH c KanycToft. Ho do'jibme Bcerd OHa JiiodHJia ne^b nHpo^KH c de'jiHMH rpudaMH. Kaicafl TajiaHTjinBaa fleBymKa! A MJiaflmaH cecTpa, dejjHaa KaTepHHa,dHJia oieHb flo'dpan, ho npocTaa .neBymKa - mo'scho CKasaTb, opa' H3 caMHX .uddpbix, ho npocTHx fle'BymeK b rocy^a'p- CTBe. OHa' He dHJia" ocddeHHO TaJi^HTJinBaa, h HmcaKHX nuposcKo'B He neKJia', He roBopa yace o nnpoxKax c de'jiHMH rpnda'MH. OHa' He dHJia ocddeHHO Kpac- HBaa. ^ no upaBjj^ roBopi, y Hee Ha rojiOBe" He' dnjio HHicaKHX bojio'c, He roBopa ysce' o flJiHHHbix, 30jiothx BOJiocax. Ho OHa dHJia o'yeHb npocTaa, h fleHb h HO^b CH^e'jia nepejj, Hsdo'ft h JiOBHjia Myx. Boletus Edulus
-365- CeCTpn 6e^Hofi KaTepHHH c^HTajiH ee rJiynoft. Ho acHBOTHHe, KOTOpae mchjih b Jiecy, jno6rfjiH ee o'qeHb. Bpe'MH ot Bpe'MeHH k HeS npHXOflHjiH ee flpysba - mhdih, 6eJiKH, THrpa, Me^BeflH, bojih, h T.fl. OHa' Hsy^HJia hshkh JKHBOTHHX H pa3T0BapHBaJia C HHMH OTOM, 0 CeM. Bee aCHBOTHHe JIK)6HJIH ee h c^HTajiH flodpoft h rrpocTofl (KpoMe, KOHe'^HO, Myx, KOT6pHe c^HTa'jiH ee npocTo'fi, ho He ocddeHHO .no'dpoft ). / OflHaxflu cedpH y3HaJiH, qio mojioaoh n,apeBHti HnKOJiaft HmeT ce6e aceHy. da'pnas cecTpa CKassuia: "OH BJIl6dHTCH B MeHfl, KaK TO'jIbKO OH nOCMOTpHT Ha MOH flJIHHHHe , 30JIOTHe Bo'jIOCH." CpeflHHH cecTpa CKa3a.ua: / "OH B MeHH BJUodHTCfl, KaK TOJIiKO OH nOCMOTpHT Ha MOH BKyCHHe IIHp- oacKH c 6e'jiMMH rpHda'MH." A SeflHaa KaTepHHa HH^erd He CKa3a.ua. OHa CHfle'jia nepes HsSdft, jioBHJia Myx h pa3roBapHBajia c khbo'thmmh, xyu&at mo ijapeBHti b Hee HHKak He CMo'aceT bjhoSh'tbch.^ HeKOTopHe HHTepe'cHHe $aKTU 0 mojioaom n,apeBHqe: 1. Oh He o'yeHb JHodHJt nnpoacKH c mhcom h c Kany'doM. Ho Me'Hbine Bcero' b xch3hh oh jnodHji napoacKH c de'jibiMH rpndd.MH. KaK oh caM qado noBTOpaji: "IlHp03KKH, nHpOSCKH! Kto ne^eT hx? .HypaKn! " 2. Oh flyMaji, ito bo'jioch - caMaa: OTBpaTHTeJibHa.H yacTb Te'jia. KaK oh caM la'do noBTopa-n: "Jlyqme jh6,]*hm Ha 3eMjie', EHTb de3 bojio'c Ha roJiOBe! " 3. Hshkh oieHb HHTepecoBa'jiH ero', ocddeHHO h3hkh xchbothhx. KaK oh caM tiacro nOBTopa'ji: "fl3HK xhbothhx d^eHb HyaceH, H Ha 3a'BTpaK, h Ha yacHH." 4. Bojibine ,Bcero' H,ape'BHq Jirodnji jiobhtb Myx. Bcio cbo» acH3Hb oh HCKaji fleByniKy, KOTdpaji To'ace JiiodHJia 3tot bha cndpia.
-366- The Three Sisters In a certain kingdom in a certain state lived three sisters. They lived in a little white hut located in the dark woods, far from all the big cities. The older sister was a very pretty girl-one might say, one of the prettiest girls in the kingdom. She had long golden hair - one might say, some of the longest, most golden hair in the state. Day and night she sat in front of the mirror and clipped her long golden hair. More than anything in life she loved to clip her long golden hair. And from time to time she would ask of the mirror» "Mirror, mirror, on the wall, Who on the earth is prettiest of all?" And the mirror would always answer the older sisteri MI*d prefer not to argue about politics." What an educated and tactful mirror! The middle sister was one of the most talented girls in the kingdom. Day and night she baked the most delicious pirozhki in the state. For breakfast she baked pirozhki with meat, for supper she baked pirozhki with cabbage. But^more than anything she liked to bake pirozhki with white mushrooms. What a talented girl! The younger sister, poor Katerina, was a very kind but simple girl - one might say, one of the kindest but simplest girls in the state. She was not especially talented, and did not bake any kind of pirozhki, to say nothing of pirozhki with white mushrooms. She was not especially pretty. To tell the truth, she did not have any hair on (her) head, to say nothing of long, golden hair. But she was very simple, and day and night she sat in front of the hut and caught flies Poor Katerina's sisters considered her stupid. But the animals who lived in the woods loved her very (much). From time to time her friends would come to (see) her - the mice, the squirrels, the tigers, the bears, the oxen, etc. She had mastered the languages of the animals, and used to converse with them about one thing and another. All the animals loved her and considered (her) kind and simple (except, of course, for the flies, who considered her simple but not especially kind). Once the sisters found out that the young prince Jyikolaj was looking for a wife for himself. Boletus Edulus
-367 The older sister saidt "He will fall in love with me as soon as he looks at my long golden hair." The middle sister saidt "He will fall in love with me as soon as he looks at my delicious pirozhki with white mushrooms," And poor Katerina did not say anything. She sat in front of the hut catching flies and conversing with the animals thinking that the prince couldn't possibly fall in love with her.2 ^Certain interesting facts about the young princei 1. He didn't much like pirozhki with meat and with cabbage. But less than anything in life did he lite piroz.hki with white mushrooms. As he himself would often repeat! "Pirozhki, pirozhkii Who bakes them? Fools!" 2, He thought that hair was the most disgusting part of the body. As he himself would often repeat: "It is better for people on the earth To be without hair on their head!" 3. Languages interested him very (much), especially the languages of the animals. As he himself would often repeat* "The language of the animals is very necessary, Both for breakfast and for supper." k. More than anything, the prince liked to catch flies. All his life he had been looking for a girl who also liked this kind of sport.
368- BonpoCH [Tape) 1. Tfle HaxdflHTCH uapCTBO? {j-oc^fcr^) 2. Tfle mchjih TpH cecTpu? "f^y 3. r^e Haxd,n,HTca 036a? ffi-T-fl^ „, 4. KaKaa ^eByniKa 6Hjia CTapmaa cecTpa? m 5. To^He'e? (oRrta vVS...) 6. KaKHe bojioch 6hjih y Hee? 7. TotiHee? (0A«K *3«--)* 8. Tfle OHa cn^ejia? 9. Mto OHa jie'jiajia? lO.noxiewy? QQ 11. Mto OHa' cnpa'mHBajia y 3e'pKajia? 12. Kor.ua OHa jje'jiajia 3to? 13. ^t6 OTBe^aJio 3epKajio? 14. Ilo^eMy? 15. KaKaa fleBymica dnjia cpe,n,HHfl cecTpa? 16. Mto' OHa jje'jiajia jjeHb h homb? Q 17. ^Td OHa JirofiHjia jje'jiaTb 6o'xbme BCero' b acH3HH? tj 18. KaK^ji seBymKa 6hjisi MJiajjmafl cedpa? (o) ho (SB\ 19. TouHee? (Oftt+a'W3.-0 20. KaKHe nupoacKH OHa neKjia.? ■"^S^p" 21. KaKHe bojioch oh4 CTpnrjta? ^tf-?" 22. no^eMv? /£©*) . 23. Mto OHa .nejiajia seHb h hoib? (S| t-I 24. Kaxofi seByniKofi ctiH'rajiH ee' cecTpa? 25. Kto ee flpysba? fS Vu <£^> ^g Ccontinued)
-369 26. C KeM OHa pa3r0BapHBa.ua? 27. 0 qeM? 28. Oncyfla OHa" 3Ha'jia, KaK roBopHTb c xhbothhmh? 29. KandM fle'BymKOH c^ht^jih ee acHBo'iHHe? (o) \a 30. flaace Myxn c^HTajiH ee TaKofi? 31. Kor.ua cecipa y3HSUH, ito moxo^oh u;apeBHq Hhkoji4h HnjeT ce6e sceHy, 1TO OHH flyMajIH*. (a) CTapmaH cedpa? fSQfi <^>J*(jffi (6) cpeflHHH cedpa? ""C&i <&*<=>■ (b) 6e',n;Hatf KaTepHHa? *fi£ 32. noueM^ 9T0 pjuajia de^Han KaTepHHa? (a) (cd> (6) 2&>t? (b) @<f<&?% Ritual 27 Tape H3 yerd coctoht cndBo npeflCKa'saTb? Oho coctoht H3 ocho'bh npe,gCKa3a> h OKOH^aHHA Ti. H3 qero cocto'SIF ocHdBa npeacxasa*? OHa coctoht H3: npncTaBKH npe^ KO'pHfl CKa3 h cy$$HKca a. ocHOBa - stem OKOH^aHHe - ending npHCTaBKa - prefix Ko'peHb(e") - root cy$$HKC - suffix What does the word npe^CKasaTi. consist of? /of what consists...?/ _, It consists of the stem npeflCKa3a» and the ending Tt. What does the stem npe,B;CKa3a> consist of? It consists oft the prefix npea the root cKa3 and the suffix a.
370- WORKBOOKt VERB STRUCTURE Verb stems consist of* 1. Zero or more prefixes. 2. Root: xofl- line- ,neJi-..« 3. Zero or ©ne verbal suffix: m- e+ a-t- aft+... 1. Roots. The typical Russian root is a monosyllable of the form CVC, where C is one or more consonantsi SCHB- CTaH- CMOTp- Permitted departures. (a) Roots may contain more than one syllable* CVCVC depe'r- roBop- Only borrowed roots contain over two syllables* aHajiH3- aMepnicaH- (b) Roots may begin in a vowel* VC Hrp- (play) hck- (seek) yK- (teach) (c) Roots may lack a vowel* CC afl-(wait) 6p-(take) Absolute restraint. Every root ends in a consonant. Thus xo^h- nuca- could not possibly be roots. Exercise 1 A. Which of these could not be roots? 1. nafl- 7. cKa3a- 2. nopo- 8. acr- 3. dpafl- 9« fla- 4. yflH- 10. CTpOH- 5« npocT- 11. CTpofi- 6. ropofl- 12. flaft- B. Whv not? Write number only. 13. Pfle- 14. yM- 15• Mp- 16. 6pa- 17• deper- 18. HCK- C. Classify those that are roots as* CVC* CVCVC« CC* VC*
-371- 2. Stems. Every verb stem contains a root. A majority of stems also contain a suffixj a minority of stems do not. (a) Suffixed verb-stems. The verb suffixes are: h+ e+ a+ 0Ba+ o+ hv+ afi+ efi+ There are no other verb suffixes I Therefore, all suffixed verbs end in one of the above suffixes. (b) Radical verb-stems Verb stems consisting of a root without a suffix are called "radical verb-stems." For such verbs, root and stems are identical. suffixed radical Verb Stem XOflH+ cn;n;e+ nnca+ 3KHB + Befl+ mhS+ consists of Root and Suffix XOfl- CKX- IIHC- jeji- 3KHB- Bex- MUfl- H+ e+ a+ aft* __ — __ 3. Identifying stems. (a) Radical stems. Since radicals have identical root and stem, the same features which describe roots describe radical stems« All end in consonants. Further, all but two are monosyllables, (the two are 6eper+ (protect) and CTeper+-(guard) ). Stems ending in vowels are necessarily suffixed, since no root, and hence no radical stem, may end in a vowel. (b) Suffixed stems. Suffixed stems all end in one of the suffixes listed above in 2(a). Since all the suffixes except aft+ and efi+ end in vowels, all suffixed verb stems except those in afii-and eft+end in vowels. Schematically suffixed Vowel stems XOfl-H + CHfl-e + jieac-a ■+ nuc-a ■+ Tped-OBa + nax-Hy + suffixed radica [ Consonant stems fleji-afl + KpacH-eii + HCHB+ mot+
-372- Note that: All vowel stems are suffixed. Most consonant stems are radical. Only those in afi+ and eft+ are suffixed. Exercise 2 Identify each of the stems suffixed, separate root anc Examples i cn,n,e+ Kpa,n> 1. qHCTH+ (clean) 2. neK+ (bake) 3. flyMa8+ (think) ^. kphS+ (cover) 5. x*a-> (wait) Rad. below as radical or suffixed. If I suffix. If radical, write Rad. + 9. ctpoh+ (build) 10. Jiaa+ (bark) 11. deper* (protect) 12. roBopH+( talk) 13. HCKa+ (seek) 6. nojio+ (weed) l2+« CTpur* (shear). 7. naKOBa* (pack) 1^' K^* (blow) 8. CT0H+ (stand) l6« fl°H+ (milk) CAREFUL1 4. Distribution. There are only about 80 radical verb stems (and their prefixed compounds). But they are more important than their small number would indicate, fori (a) They have very fundamental meanings (live, go, drink, carry, lead, etc. ) and are therefore extremely common. (b) They characteristically form large prefix families. For example t npH-Bea* lead to nepe-Bea+ translate y-BeAt lead away npo-Be;m- lead through B-Be,n+ introduce npo-H3-Be,n,+ produce BH-Befl+ deduce 3a-Be,n,+ initiate and some 20 other stems built from Bea*.
-373- 5. The Classification of Radical-stems. (a) R and Ob Consonants. The consonants! ft and b (semivowels) h and m (nasals) p and ji (liquids) are called resonants. Symbol* R All other consonants are called obstruents. Symbol« Ob. (b) Radical stems are classified by final stem consonant. Those ending in R consonants are called R-stemst nHft-t- acHB-t- ciaH+ Those ending in Ob consonants are called Ob-stems» Befl+ neK+ Hec-t- Therefore, verb stems are either suffixed or radical. If radical, they are either R-stems or Ob-stems. Schematically: Suffixed Stems Ob-stems Examples! xofl-m- (walk) CHfl-e+ MOJi-tia+ koji-o+ (stab) nac-at naK-0Ba+ (pack) nax-Hy+ (smell) 2CHB+ KpHft+ (cover) y-Mp+ (die) CTaH+ 2cm+ (grasp) neft+ (sing) nnft+ Kpa^+ y-rHeT+(persecute) CTpHT+ neK+ Bfe3 + Hec+ rpe6+ (row)
Exercise 3 If suffixed, separate root and suffix. If radical, write R or Ob. Examples i flejiaM-*- fleji-aM+ mhS+ R Kpa^+ Ob 1. HCKa+ (seek) 2, MHTaM+ (read). 3. mSt+ (sweep)_ 4. cTan+ (become). 5, neK+ (bake) 6. Tpe6oBa+ (demand). 7. Be3+ (transport)_ 8. 6nM+ (hit) 9. axny+ (say akhL 10.Taa+ (melt) 11, Kjien+ (paste). 12. CTeper+ (guard). 13. fly8+ (blow) 15. njiNB* (float) 16. rpu3t(gnaw) 17. Jiaa+ (bark) 18. ctoh+ (be worth) 19. nojio+ (weed) 20. np+ ( shove)._ 21. km+ (grasp) 22. acr-*- (burn) 23. jibcth+ (flatter) 24. BOflH+ (lead) 25. Bgfl+ (lead) 26. rpe6+ (row) 27. nmflf (Sew) 14. Kpuft+ (cover) 28. mt+ (count)
-375- WORKBOOK» THE PAST AND INFINITIVE OF CONSONANT STEMS As we have seen, the past and infinitive endings begin in consonantst Pastt Ji» Jia> Jio, jih Inf.i tb Therefore, joining them creates a stable environment in V-stems (V+C) and an unstable environment in C-stems (C+C) C+C C-endings are joined to C-stems with stem changes of various kinds, including stress shift. The type of change depends on whether the stem is suffixed or radical and, if radical, on whether it is an R- stem or an Ob-stem. Therefore, C-stems are divided into three groups. I. Suffixed, i.e., stems in aM+or eM+ II. R-stems III. Ob-stems I. The Past and Infinitive of Suffixed C-Stems C+C-* JZ'C. No other stem changes of any kind occur. All these stems are polysyllabic. Therefore, a stress mark is necessary to show which stem vowel is stressed in the present tense (see p. 201 ). The past and infinitive stress of these stems is on the same syllable as in the present, so the stress mark serves to show past and infinitive stress as well. flejiaM-*- .ne'jiaio, flejiaji, fle'jiaTb y KpacHeft* Kpacne'io, KpacHeji, KpacneTb Therefore, the past and infinitive of all suffixed stems - both those in vowels and those in afi+ or efi+ is unproblem- atical. V+C or C+C-* tfC occurs, with no stress shift of any kind. The past and infinitive of radical stems is often problematical, and is the subject of the following two units. II. The Past and Infinitive of R-stems As with suffixed stems, truncation occurs when past and infinitive endings are joined. CTan+ CTaji, cTajia, ^Tajio, CTajiH, ciaTB imfi* nmi, nnjia, nmio, nHjin, nuTb (pres. nbio) XHB+ 3KHJI, XHJia., xAjlO, XHJIH, KHTb
376- Unlike suffixed stems, stress shift may occur in the past tense. Where it occurs it follows the pattern! feminine end-stressed, other forms stem-stressed. XHBt XLVU1, XHJia', XHJIO, XHJIH ni?M+ naji, nnjia, najio, iihjih Otherwise stress is on the stemi cTa.H+ CTaji, CTajia, daJio, ciaJiH 6hM+ 6hji, 6HJia, 6hjio, 6hjih (live) (drink) (become) (hit) In R-stems the mark "♦ shows that the past tense has a stress shift, as in hhb+, n^M* above. The mark ' shows that the past tense has stem stress, as in ct£lh+ , 6fift+ above. Exercise 1 Give the past fern.,neuter, and plural! fem. neut. 1. cjiuB-t- (pass for) Eii 2. idhM+ (sew) 3. jmft+ (pour) 4. Kpufi-h (cover) 5« fle'H-* (put) 6. bhS+ (twist) 7. iuii$b+ (swim) Hypothetical 8• npSB+ 9» npHH+ 10. npuM-*- 11. npaft+ 12. npnM+
-377- Note that the present stress of C-stems is determined without reference to any stress mark, by the rule; Stems in ft and h are stem-stressed; all others are end-stressed. The stress mark in the above stems is relevant only for past stress. Exercise 2 Form the 3rd person singular present of the following stems. (Rememberi hM + V-* bM + V or aft + V-* oft + V) 1. cjihb+ (pass for) 2. miia-t- (sew) 3« jihM+ (pour) **• KpuH-t- (cover) 5« fleH+ (put) 6. bh8* (twist) ?• iuihb+ (swim) Shifting R-stems may have prefix-stress in the non-feminine past. Where this is the case, ** will be entered on the prefix. (In the stems below, prefix and root are separated by a dash.) Prefix-stress» np<?-a:HB-* (live a certain period of time) npcfomi, npoxHJia', npcfacwjio, np&KHJiH Not Prefix-stressi H3-raB+ (overcome) H3XHJI, H3KH.Jl£, H3XiblO, H3XJIJIH * / Infinitives are never stressed on the prefixi npoacHTb Exception* As will be shown, the prefix bu is always stressed in perfective verbs; , ThUSI BHIIHTfe, BHMHTb, BUrOBOpHJI, BHIMmy, etc.
-378- Exercise 3 Form past masculine, feminine, infinitive, 3rd pi. lal ill 1. Jio-njn!iB-»- (swim up to) present, inf. 3rd v.l 2. ^io-xhb+ (live uv to) T. BO-CTaH+ (get) k. npo-diifi-*- (beat out) <;. npo-nufi- (drink uv) HvDOthetical 6. sa-niHH+ „,, 7 - sa-CHft+ _ R. 3Jl-Cnft+ Q. npo-cHB+ 10- IIPH-CHB+ 11. npa-cHH+ SUMMARY Suffixed (1) Vowel Radical (2)Cons. (aft+,eft+) (3)R-stems (4)0b-stems We have now treated the past and inf. formation of (1), (2) and (3) at) ove, Joining In (l)i V+C-* VC In (2) & (3)1 C+C-^C Stress in the past tense» In (l)i The stress mark shows which vowel to stress. No stress shift occurs. In (2)i Present and past stress are identical, and no stress shift occurs. In (3)1 Stress is problematical.
-379- Present. Determined by final consonants fi or h on stem ro all others on ending. Therefore, the stress mark is used to show past stress. Past. Either stem-stressed ( CTaH+) or shifting ( 2c3b+). if shifting and prefixed, non-feminine stress is either on root ( H3-k3b+) or on prefix ( npo'-acHB-t' ). Notei The stress mark is used to show the present-stress of suffixed stems and the past-stress of radical-stems, of which R-stems are one group. Exercise 4 Which of the stems belowi A. Are R-stems? (see p. 373 for R and Ob consonants) B. Are stressed on the feminine in the past tense? C. Are stressed on the prefix in the non-feminine past? D. Have present-tense stress shift? E. Are end-stressed throughout the present? 1. npo-iuiHB+ (swim through) 2. npo-HOCH+(carry through) 3. 3a-nHM+ (drink to excess) 4, 3a-KpbiM+ (cover) 5, 3a-nHca+ (take notes) 6. o-fle'H-*- (dress) 7. no-py6H+ (chop) 8. o-schb+ (revive) 9. o-khbhV (animate) 10. no-MOJio,neM+ (grow a bit Hypothetical 11. flO-cjiHBaM-t- 12. IO-CHB+ 13. flO-CUB-t- 14. j;ocb[Hefi+ 15. flO-CHft+- 16. flO-CHHH+ younger)
-380- STRESS PATTERNS IN NOUNS We have studied three types of stress patterns in nouns. They are reviewed below. 1. Stem-stressi Stress on stem throughout singular and plural. Notationi stress mark over stem 3aBOfl sg., pl« (nom.) 3aB0fl 3aB0flH (prep.) 3aBo'fle saBo'sax 2. End-stressi Stress on endings throughout singular and plural. Notationi stress mark over final vowelj it is over the final consonant if the word ends in j6. qepTa (line) ctoji sg. £lA/ se^. pJU.^ (nom.) ^epTa' ^epTu ctoji ctojih (prep.) ^epTe' ^epTa'x CTOJie CTOjia*x 3. Mobile-stress* Stress on one syllable throughout the singular and on some other syllable throughout the plural, Notationi x over the syllable that is stressed in the singular. X CJIOBO SEjl (nom») cjio'bo (prep.) cJio'Be 3a. flOKTop-tvoe stress: SU cjiOBa cJiOBax ££jl OKHd' OKHe OKHO eU o'KHa o'lCHax A small group of masculine nouns with the nom. pi. in stressed aj these nouns are stem-stressed throughout the sg. and end- stressed throughout the pi. Notationi (a) (nom.) (prep.) flOM(a) S£j. flOM js,6ue SLm. flOMa flOMax sg. flOKTOp flOKTOpe flo'KTop(a) pi. flOKTOpa flOKTopax
-381- 4, Stress shift within the plural. In addition to the above three types of stress, a large number of nouns have stress shift within the plural. Notation! (pi.x ) peKa (pi* ) (river) Pi. peKH I peK peK^LM peicax penaMH Whenever stress-shift occurs within the plural, it is of the pattern: nom. pi. — stem-stressed elsewhere — ©nd-stressed The ace. pi., of course, is like either the nom. or gen. Mblmb Nom. Ace. Gen. Dat. Prep. Instr. (pi* ) (mouse) Pi. MUHIH t , MHEefl MHiaM Mbimax HUiaMd Drill 6 Form the nominative and genitive plural of the following nouns. Indicate which genitive plurals are accusative plurals as well. NOM.PL. GEN.PL. 1. t!"jio 2. CTOJI 3. noe3ji(a) (train) 4. cyn 5. Mecjm (month) 6. flOM (a) 7. Mumb (pi* ) (mouse) 8. HO*ib (pi* ) (night) 9. yxiHTejib(a) 10. Ji0ffla,nb.(pi* )
382- Drill 7 Translate the following sentences into Russian. vocabulary! MHinb (pi* ) - mouse peica (pi * ) _ river ropa (pi * ) - mountain 1. I like mice. , 2. Mice like rivers and mountains. 3. I think about mice. k, I can't live without mice. ._ 5« The mice are on the mountains. 6. Where are the mice? Between the mountains and the rivers? 7. Where are the mountains? Between the rivers and the mice. 8. Where are the rivers? Near the mountains? No, they're near the mice.
Drill t Hpy3bH 6£jHoft KaiepKHbi -383- vocabulary dpaHa - country flaBaTb - to give tjHJioJio'rHH - philology (ona AaeT - she gives) po,n - genus no,na'poK (o) - gift ncHxojiorHH - psychology ciopnpH3 - surprise cnji^THHK - gossip 300Jio'rHH - zoology Hpy3bH 6eflHoM KaTepHHH - acHBOTHue us Bcex cTpan - BbeTHaMCKHe bojih, TaMBaHCKHe THrpu, SojirapcKHe 6ejiKH, ndjibcKHe nTHUN, MOHrojibCKHe Me^B^flH H MOHTO'jIbCKHe MHDIH. 1. KAK H3BECTH0 KMJXMY CTYJIE'HTy COUHOJIOrHH, KHBOTHHe acHByT rpynnaMH. BbeTHaMCKHe bojik h TaftB^HCKHe Trfrpw acHByT BMe'cTe, ^noTOMy hto OKOH^aHHe po^HTeJibHoro nafleaca MHoacecTBeHHoro ^hcjisi - ov . IlojibCKHe nTHHH h 6ojirapcKHe 6e'jiKH acHByT BMe'cTe, noTOMy hto hx OKOH^a'nHe - £, H T.fl. Bonpoc; [answers are given below] a. C KeM acHByT MOHrtfJiiCKHe Me^BeflH?
38U- 2. KAK H3BECTH0 KATOOMY CTYflEHTy SHJIOJIOrHH^ Kaxflhift pofl schbothoto roBopni Ha CBOeM H3HKe. MOHTOJIBCKHe MHfflH rOBOpHT He Ha MOHTdJIBCKOM H3HKe, a Ha H3HKe MOHro'jIBCKHX MHfflefi. TafiBaHCKHe THrpH TOBOpHT Ha H3HKe TaflBaHCKHX THrpOB, H T.fl. Bonpo'c: 6. Ha KaKOM H3HK^ roBopHT noJiBCKHe nTHU,M? 3. KAK H3BECTH0 KMCHOMY CTYJlEHTy ^CHXOJldrHH, acHBOTHHe - SojiBDiHe cnjieT- HHKH. KaK npaBHJIO, OHH TOBOpHT 0 XHBOTHHX, C KOTOpHMH OHH JKHByT. n03TOMy BBeTHa'MCKHe BOJIH TOBOpHT 0 TaftBaHCKHX THTpaX, MOHTo'jIbCKHe MHfflH TOBOpHT 0 MOHrrfjIBCKHX MeflBe'flHX, H T.fl. Bonpo'c; B. 0 KOM TOBOpHT no'jIBCKHe nTHUH? 4. KAK H3BECTH0 K&KHOMy CITEUHAJIHCTy 110 flEBYIHKAM: 1 flo'dpue fleB^ymKH jik!6ht flaBaTB noflStpKH. 2 IIpocTHe aeByniKH jihd6ht cropnpHSH. IIo3TOMy Ha fleHB poacfleHHH TaftBaHCKHx thtpob; 1 KaTepHHa flaeT nofla'pKH, 2 ho He TaHBaHCKHM larpaM, a BbeTHaMCKHM BOJiaM ,ii;jih TaHBaHCKHX THTPOB. Bonpoc: r. Koviy ohsl ^aeT nofla'picH Ha fleHB poacfleHHH MOHro'jIbCKHX Mbime'H? Answers» a, C MOHTOJIBCKHMH MHHiaMH 6. Ha H3UK^ no'jIBCKHX IITHU; b. o 6oJira.pcKHX Seaicax T. MOHTOJIBCKHM MeflBe'flHM
roro ro to to to ro ro H'i-'H't-kH'i-'i-'i-'H-*i-k n a a (T> O O X A A V (0 (D o -o M W X P 5S "3 a P a a n o> H a o n a » r * s s Sv "J >d a> s a P a b ft - - -■ - o o o.p p S d b <<0> tr" « « a o i» i» a •■& a o.Ov . pv was O p (B a * i « « a> o^p p g « b v o S ft 2 O w ft o M CO 03 W ft EC a E &K ak ok o'S o « O •*3 (D O 0) a> ►d a o o a -t o tu o >d a- a "j u o « a a> s CD W (IK a "3 i=i q a ft » 0) H 03 CO <d: « a*E E n a> a S « O OJ=lKh bob « ft S o <<< s s o o ►i a OvP •o a o x a p,P ►d 9! a o B) a o p "ri a a a IT" ►d o M a a » s o a b « a g a (0- (0 * "3 M O a- P ►d a p * o 3=1 Pv o a o w o >d a- .-J o B) o ►d S^ n B) tr" co n a 0K s o « a B> o b BU "3 p re: a o n P- *d « a a s» >i (T> a tr" *d o M >i a a ft a c\ b tr o w a x a a a wao o o X A # <<nCD O .« .a n pvp Sc X B) S o»> <d:k « o a o >i p. ►d « a *d a e p •-3 u o a o v *d ft. >d n o N o X CDvBJ a b1 a ft a S Pv o a o b B< o « a X a a- OffiO tD (B p « « O « (S3 S P w « Ovl O-. S O g U ft O »d co >d co avE ft.E n « n « <B- <BS O Ol "3 O oowwoo f» p ft p *d a- a 0) a p ft u E « p St B) o « a a> »d o B) b P^ •d o w a ® o\ a •v) B) W a (S X M <B <B £ P 0) S S « X K oNOvM a s s a 0«<^ft ft =<-=< ►d n 03 03 i-a i-a fts.EE n n W W S P (KtKO s sc a O W 1 1 1 a p-o o i a u B) CKO O O BJ V (0 Ox a b pv ® a< EvE a 3> a « 'dw o o a ft^ftx?! w n n a a n a &) o^s b> Scb EvO u er1 B b a « o a 1-3 P >d a e^ •v) -O a at a n as 1 E >r3 -^3 E
rnpe3HpaeTl Kto[ yBaacaeT j KOr°? CHJIbHHH TafiBSLHCKHe THrpH <^^J^V MOHTOJIbCKHe MeflBeflH BbeTHaMCKHe BOJIH nojibCKne hthijh 6ojirapcKHe 6ejiKH MOHTOJIbCKHe MH1HH KAK H3BECTH0 KAJiqOMy CTyHEHTy 300JI0rHH, TaiiBaHCKHe THrpH CHjibHee>^eM MOHrojibCKHe MeajBe'^H, MOHrdjiiCKHe MejiBejiH CHJibHee, ieM BbeTHaMCKHe bojih, h t.,h. IIo9TOMy TaiiBaHCKHe THrpH npe3HpaioT MOHrdjibCKHx MeflBdaeH,a MOHrojibCKHe MeflBe^H yBaacaioT TaHB^HCKHX THrpOB, H T.JW BonpocH 1. Tape \ 1. Koro' yBaacaioT MOHrdJibCKHe Me^Be'jtH? 2. Koro yBaacaioT MOHrojibCKHe mhih? 3. Kord npe3Hpa»T TafiBaHCKHe THrpH? 4. Kord yBax4»T SoJira'pcKHe 6&JIKH? 5. Kord yBaacaioT BbeTHaWKHe bojih? 6. KTO npe3Hp^eT BbeTHa'MCKHX BOJIO'B? 7. IloqeMy? 8. Koro npe3Hpa»T no'jibCKne iithijh? 9. Koro yBaacaroT no'jibCKne iithijh? 10. Koro npe3HparoT dojirapcKHe dejiKH? 11. Kord yBaaca»T MOHrojibCKHe Mbimn? 12. Kord npe3Hpa»T MOHrojibCKHe mhbih? 13. Kto hx yBaxaei?
-387- Location b and 03, Ha and c lotion to Motion from b or Ha b KOMHaie b napKe - b jiecy - b MocKBe - Ha jiyHe - Ha floHy - Ha ypoKe - Ha 3aBOfle +prep. - in in in in on on at - at b or Ha B KOMHaTy b napK - b Jiec - B MOCKBy - Ha JiyHy - Ha J[oh - Ha ypoK - Ha 3aB0,n - +acc - (in)to (in)to (in)to (in)to (on)to (on)to (at)to (at)to H3 or c + H3 KO^HaTH ■ H3 napica - H3 Jidca - H3 MOCKBH - C JiyHH - c JOHa - c ypoKa - c 3aB6ji;a - gen. - from from from from from from from from (out of) (out of) (out of) (out of) (off of) (off of) (out (at)) (out (at)) Words that express location with b + prep, case (b KOMHaie ), express motion to with b + ace. case (b KOMHaTy ), and express motion from with H3 + gen. case (H3 KdMHaTH ). Words that express location with Ha + prep, case (Ha JiyHe' ), express motion to with Ha + ace. case (Ha JiyHy ), and express motion from with c + gen. case ( c jiyHH ) . Schematicallvt as B is tO H3 Ha is to c b or Ha ? b + prep, case generally corresponds to English "in"; Ha + prep, case to English "on,at". Because of this difference in meaning, most words are associated with either b or Ha , and consequently with H3 or c. Cities are "b -words"j b MocKBeV b MocKBy/ H3 Mockbh Meetings, performances, etc. are " Ha -words"i Ha KOHue'pTe/ Ha KOHije'pT/ c KOHije'pTa Mountains^ are usually " Ha -words"« ropa (pl"< ) - mountain Ha ropax / Ha rdpH/ c rop
However, some words are either " b" or " Ha -words" nam a - stove b nJiHTe - in Ha mime - on b nJiHTy ^ - into Ha njiHTy - onto H3 nJIHTH C IDIHTH -from inside of - from off the surface of Ha ft_ Ha. ®; £- .03 Sometimes there is no obvious reason why b or Ha is used, e.g. Ha 3aB0Ae Location - Motion Drill [Tape Symbols; CM> s rfle<i •>=. Ky.ua? i^-> = OTKy.ua? Answer the following questions on tape. Ex. ^TcTQC Tape Answer -** MocKBa Kyfla? B MOCKBy 1. a. 2. a. MocKBa c (& j> JleHHHrpaa 3. a. jiyHa 6. MQ. MocKBa 6. ->< -tfft- JleHHHrpafl JiyHa B. B. {jS&ty. JleHHHrpafl 6 JiyHa
-389- 4. a. ar IS 6. SeTOHHHfi 3aBOfl 5. a. 6. HepHoe Mope 6. a. r°i2i(pi.* ) -> A/\A mountain A ^ ypajibCKHe ropH ?. a. 6. -> ft 6. TeMHufi jiec Jtr 6eTOHHH8 3aBOfl B. B. MepHoe M6pe A A ' B. jtr 6eT6HHHft 3aB0'fl HepHoe Mope A A A®A1 „ A A ypajiBCKHe r6pa ypajibCKHe ropa TeMHHfi aec B. tm TeMHHii jiec 3. a. ^—®—> 3^;ecb y • 3. • 6. B. 3^eci, 3flecb B. -?< ■> TaM TaM TaM
-390 A A ropo,na P^KH ropH MOpH KaHajiH JIOflKH - ° \ - >*J - AAA - & - St, - & {_ ypaOi bCKHe ro yjIBHHOBCK 71* A A A A A A A fA JB*. PPAJI fA30BCK0E MOPE KYEAHb k->i"K^CIIH»BKOE \- mopec ^{{qEm.QE/Mop^y.vc^v 'rJIOflKa-r. A KaBKa3CKH« c: JIo^KaV \ A A a ii^-1 ^WUL
Map Drill -391- BonpocH Answer the questions below, re Tape Answer the questions below, referring to the map on p. 390. The answers for the first few questions are given. Vocabularyt ropa peK^ TeK+ flow (pi. * ) mountain (pi.* ) river l.Kyjja Te^eT Ypaji? 2. OTKyjja Te^eT Ypaji? 3. OTKyfla h Ky^a TeneT ypaji? 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 Answer Ypaji TeieT Ypaji Te^eT ypaji Te^eT Mope. b KacnHiiCKoe Mope. c ypajitcKHX rop. c ypajibCKHX rop b KacnHHCKoe 4. Ky^a Te^ieT .Djienp? 5. Kyfla Te^eT Hoh? KaKHe pe'KH TeKyT b A3o'BCKoe Mope? OTKy^a Te^eT KydaHt? OtKy,na h Kyjja. Te*ieT Ky6a.Ht? Ky,na Te^eT KaMa? 0TKy.ua TeweT KaMa? 0TKy.ua h Ky^a le^eT ypaJi? Vocabularyt mhmo [wero] - past 12. Mhmo KaKHX ropo&OB TetieT flHenp? flHenp TetieT mhmo Kn'eBa h CMOjieHCKa. 13. Mhmo Karax ropo^bB le^eT Bo'jira? Vocabularyt Jio'^Ka(o) - boat no [yeMyJ - along njiHB+ - float 14. Ilo KaKoft peKe njiHBeT jio'flKa A? JldjjKa A nJiUBeT no Bdjire. 15. Ilo KaK68 peice" njiHBeT jiojjKa B? 16. Ha KaKOH peK^ ctoht KneB? 17. Ha Kaic6fl peKe' njiHBeT jidflKa B? 18. Ha KaKOH peKe ctoht PocTOB-Ha-floHy? 19. no KaKOMy Mo'pio njiHBeT aopa r? 20. Kyjja TetieT JI,Henp? 21. Ha KaKOM Mope ctoht Cowh? 22. Kyjja TetieT Bo'jira? _ 23. Ha Kax6M Mope ctoht BaKy? 24. no KaKOMy Mo'pio njiHBeT jio'flKa JJ? 25. Ky^a TeueT KaMa? 26. Ha KaKofi peKe ctoht KajiHHHH? 27. Mex^y KaKHMH peKaMH HaxdjjHTCH J^oh? 28. Me'aCfly KaKHMH ropOflS^MH HaxdjJHTCfl yjIfefl'HOBCK? 29. Me'sc,H,y KaKHMH mophmh Haxd .hatch KaBKd3CKHe ro'pa? Vocabularyt Bojja (piA f - water 30. T^e HaxoflHTCH KaHaji HMeHH Mockbh? ( Meacjjy...) 31. OTKy^a TeKyT bo^h KaHcbia HMeHH Mockbh? ( hjih. . .hjih) 32. Pjj;e HaxdjjHTCfl B6jiro-floHCKOH KaHaji? ( Meacjjy... ) 33. 0TKy,H,a h Kyjja TeKyT b6,hh B6jiro-jj,OHCKdro KaHajia? ( hjih...hjih ) The singular stress of BOjj;a is treated in Volume II.
IlocjieaHHe otkphthh H3BecTHoro ygeHOro Bopo6beBa | Tape H3BecTHNfi y^eHbrit Bo;po6beB - npo$e'ccop reo$H3HqecKOft HayKH. Hto HHTepecyeT 9Toro HSBecTHoro yqeHoro? To'pH HHTepecyioT erd. JlyHH HHTepecjneT erd. ro'pH JtyHH HHTepecyioT ero'. Ho Sdjibme Bcero HHTepecyioT ero' peKH h hx TeqeHHa. IIo cJiOBaM aToro H3Be'cTHoro yMeHoro, OnHT noKa3HBaeT, *jto TeieHHe peK^ - ofoeHb caoxHoe ae'jio. OHO 3aBHCHT OT pa3HHX CJIOXHHX $aKTOpOB. OT KaKHX $aKTOpOB? Boo6me' roBopn, oho' 3aBHCHT, KaK npasHao, ot pa3Hbix cjioxhhx $H3HtiecKHx, reo$H3HqecKHX h, moscho cKasaTbj acTpoHOMHtecKHX $aKTOpOB.^ HanpHMep, ypaji cerd^HH TeieT c ypajibCKHx rop b KacnaiicKoe Mo'pe. O^hsiko, dnHTH noKa3HBa»T, v.10 paHbme3 oh Ten He c ypaabCKHx rop b KacnHHCKoe yMdpe, a Haodopo'i, H3 KacnaiiCKoro mo'ph Ha ypaabCKHe ro'pn. flajibme sth o'iihth noKa.3HBa»T, nro b 6y^ymeM^ oh CyjieT eme pa3 Teib H3 KacnHftcKoro Mopa Ha ypajibCKHe ropH. Moh nocjie^HHe otkphthh, Ha caMOM ^e'jie, noKci3HBaioT, ito Bee peKH EBponn TeKJiH h dyayT Teib TaKiiM 6dpa30M. HeKoiopNe y^eHHe He noHHMaioT, hjih He xotht noHHTb sjtot npociOH $aKT. Ohh o6MaHHBaioT cedrf HaHBHHMH TedpnaMH, ito pe'KH Bcer^a TeKJiH h Bcer^a 6y,u;yT Teib c rop b Mdpe. Ho r^e Hay^HHe flOKa3StTejibCTBa? y hhx HeT HHKaKHx ,noKa3aTejibCTB, He roBOpn yae- 0 Hay^Hbtx ,noKa3aTeJibCTBax. 1 H HeKOTOpblX SPyrHX XHflKHX TeJI ^ CMOTpHTe MOB) pa6o'Ty: "0 H^KOTOpHX $H3HMeCKHX, reO$H3HqeCKHX H aCTpOHOMH^eCKHX $a"KTOpaX B H3y^e'HHH Te^eHHH peK, KaHaHOB h He'KOTopHX Apyrax 3khjb;khx Tea." ABa - Tpn ro.ua TOMy Ha3a,n iepe3 .usa _ TpH ro'aa
-393- The Latest Discoveries of the Well-Known Scientist/Scholar Vorobiov The well-known scientist/scholar Vorobjov is a professor of geophysical science. What interests this famous scholar? Mountains interest him. Moons interest him. Mountains of the moon interest him. But more than anything, rivers and their flow(s) interest him. In the words/according to the words/ of this famous scientist! Experience/experiment shows that the flow of rivers is a very complicated affair. It depends on various complex factors. On what factors? Generally speaking, it depends as a rule on various complex physical, geophysical, and one might say astronomical factors. For example, the Ural today flows from the Ural Mountains into the Caspian Sea. However, experiments show that previously-5 it flowed, not from the Ural Mountains into the Caspian Sea, but on the contrary, from the Caspian Sea onto the^Ural Mountains. Further, these experiments show that in the future it will again flow from the Caspian Sea onto the Ural Mountains. My latest discoveries in fact show that all of the rivers of Europe did and will flow in this manner. Certain scientists do not understand, or do not wish to grasp this simple fact. They deceive themselves with naive theories that rivers always have and always will flow from the mountains into the sea. But where are the scientific proofs? They have no proofs, to say nothing of scientific proofs. and of certain other liquid bodies 2 See my work* "On certain physical, geophysical, and astronomical factors in the study of the flow of rivers, canals, and certain other liquid bodies." J 2 or 3 years ago m 2 or 3 years
_39U- Tape Bonpocu: 1. Mt6 HHTepecyeT Bopofibgsa? 2. rio^eMy? 3. Mto HHTepecyeT erd 6o'jibme BCero? 4. OTKy.ua TexyT cerd^HH peKH? 5. HeM o6MaHHBa»T ce6a HeKOTopue yneHHe? 6. KaKHe Hay^HHe .uoKasaTeJibCTBa ecTb y hhx? 7. Ot KaKiix (ja'KTopoB 3aBHCHT Te^ieHHe sch,ukhx Tea? IIo TedpHH BopofiteBa: 8. 0TKy,ua h Ky.ua Te^e'T KySa'Hb? 9. A paHbme? 10. A b dy'.uym.eM? 11. 0TKy.ua h Ky.ua. Teie'T Ypa'ji? 12. A paHbme? 13. A b 6y.uym.eM? 14. Kor.ua b 6y',uyffl,eM? 15. 0TKy.ua h Ky.ua Te^e'T KaMa? 16. A b 6y.uym.eM? 17. A paHbme? 18. Kor.ua paHbme? 19. ripaB.ua jih BCe 3to? 20. Ilo^ieMy a. roBoplfe Henpasfly?
_395- WORKBOOK» THE PAST AND INFINITIVE OF OB-STEMS 1. Ob -Stem classification The past and infinitive formation of Ob -stems depends on the final consonant of the stem. The possible final consonants of Ob -stems are i 3CflT6nrKX Changes that apply to voiced consonants (3, a, 6, r ) apply to their corresponding voiceless consonants as well (c,T,n, k and x). Therefore, the Ob -stems are classified as follows: Stems ending in« "jj/r (dental stops) 3/c (dental continuants) 6/n (labials) t/k/x (velars) Note> No Ob -stems happen to end in n or x. Their inclusion here will be explained in 4 below. 2, Past tense of Ob-stems (a) Stems in s/t have C+C —» &C, i.e., a/t is dropped. Be'fl-t- BeJi, Bejia, Be.no, Beam (lead) Me'T+ Meji, MeJia, Me.no', mchh (sweep) (b) All other Ob-stems retain the final stem consonant. The past masc. is identical to the stem; the other past forms are joined to the stem without truncation of the stemi Be'3+ Be3, se3Jia, Be3Jio', Be3JiH (transport) rpe6+ rpe6, rpefijia, rpedJio', rpe6jiH (row) neK-t- neK, neKJia, neicjio', neKJiH (bake) Stress Ob-stems are either stem-stressed or end-stressed in the past. They never have past-tense stress shift. Since present tense is automatic (none end in ft or h , hence all are end-stressed), the stress mark will be used to show past stress. The stress mark is irrelevant and misleading for the present tense. Convention A stress mark on the stem vowel shows stem stress. A stress mark on the final consonant shows end-stress. Therefore, the two possible stem patterns of Ob-stems are«
-396- End Be/+ lead) Beji BeJia BeJio BeJiH neK+ (bake) neK neKJia neKJio neKJiH Be3+ (transport) Be3 Be3Jia Be3JI0 Be3JIH Kpa,n+- (steal) Kpaji icpa\jia Kpajio KpajiH CTPHT+ (shear) CTpnr CTpurjia CTprfrjio CTpHTJIH rpu3+ (gnaw) rpH3 rpu3Jia rpu^jio rpM3JIH Stem But note that all are end-stressed in the present, since all end in a consonant other than ft or h t Be,ny,neKy,Be3y AND Kpafly,CTpHry,rpu3y. Exercise 1 Form past masc, fem., 1st person sg. and 3rd person sg. Ke^* We ) Past M Past F 1st sg. 1 . MeT+ (sweep) (Remember 3rd sg. 2. CKpe'6-r (scrape) 3. ceK-f (thrash) 4. ceic+ (cut) 5. miaVf (lav) (watch 6. CTeper+ over) Hvpothetical 7- ce3+ / R. CHT+ , , Q. psui+ 1.0. peT-f 1.1.. Jte'6+ , , , 12. JieK+
-397 Exercise 2 Enter the stems of the following verbs, including the correct stress mark. The past masc. is identical to the stem, except for those in a/t j The past fem. shows the stress. Examples: neicy neK, neKJia (bake) Masc. shows stem is ne'K*^ Fem. shows stress is ne'K+- THeTy rHe'ji,rHeJia (oppress) Masc. shows stem is me plus some consonant. Present shows that that consonant is"t". Fem. shows stress is thSt* Present 1. njieTy 2. depery 3. Tp«cy 4. noji3y 5. °eKy 6. BJieicy 7. UBeTy 8. rpu3y 9. Hecy 10. na^y Past noieji, njieJia (braid) deper, 6eper.ua (protect) Tp«c, Tpacnsi (shake) noji3, noji3Ji^ ceK, ceKJia BJieK, BJiemia u;BeJi, njBeoia rpu3, rpu3Jia Hec, HecJia naji, naaa (crawl) (thrash) (attract) (flower) (gnaw) (carry) (fall) Entry Compare the past-stress patterns of R and 0b-stems» R-stems Ob-stems either root cram- or mobile x3b+ either root icpa,n+- or end Be^+ R-stems are never end-stressed in the past, Ob-stems are never mobile-stressed in the past.
-398- Exercise 3 Which ©f the following stemsi A. Are not radical? B. Are not eT verbs? C. Have present-shift? D. Are end-stressed in the present? E. Are stressed on past plural ending?. F. Form past feminine and 3rd person singular present. Past F. 3rd sg. present 1 • nofl-cJiymafi+ 2. nepe-Befl+ 3« nepe-CTa.H+ 4. II0-3B0HH+ 5» nepe-acHB-f 6. c-6eper+ __ \ 7. nos-CTpur-t- «. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. y-BH,n,e+- npo-myMeft+ nepe-njiHB+ no-rpH3+ y-j,aBH+ Hvpothetical npo-mifB+- npH-^yr-* npe-,n,eT+ 3a-Ky6a+ ,H,0-THM-h nofl-CTHn+
-399 Exercise 4 A. Which of the following radicals are Ob-stems (see final consonant of present tense.) B. Form stem. Remember« R-stems have either stem or mobile stress, Ob-stems have either stem or end-stress. Stemi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10, 11 Ha-neny 3a-CTHHy no-noji3y no-njiHBy npo-Jibio Ha-na^y npn-Hecy C-MOK flo-Be^y 3a-BfeK> 3a-BOK Hane'K, 3acTuji nonoji3, nonjiHJi npo'jiHji Hana^n npHHec HaneKJia , 3acTujia nonoji3Ji^ nonjiHjia npojiHjia Han^Jia npHHecjia CMHJI, CMHJia flOBe'Ji, 3aBHJI, 3aBHJI, .n.OBejia' 3aBHJia 3aBbiJia (bake many) (freeze) (crawl) (swim) (pour) (fall on) (bring) (wash off) (lead to) (curl) (begin to howl) 3. Infinitives of Ob-stems (a) The ending is t_h if the stem is end-stressed ti> if the stem is stem-stressed (b) Joining The following stem changes occur in joining the consonant t to Ob-stemst
-Uoo- End-stress Stem-stress 3/c f t—»3/c ■*• t i.e., t is joined directly to stems in 3/c. Be^ +■ th-> Be3TH (transport) rpu3 + ti-+ rpbi3Tb (gnaw) a'ed + th—* HecTH (carry) j/t + t—» ct Bei -* th—» BecTH (lead) na,n + tb-* nadb (fall) MeT ■♦• th-* MecTH (sweep) 6 + t-» ct (no Ob-stems end in n) rpe6 + th—» rpecTH (row) r/K + t—» q ( no Ob-stems end in x) The infinitive of all stems in r/ic is *ife regardless of stress. ceic + th-* ce^b (cut) ceK + tb-*- ce^b (thrash) CTpnr + Tb-> cTpHMb (shear) ( c ) e-» e In radical verbs, the root vowel e-* e in the infinitive, e is never found in the infinitive of radical verbs. neK+ neMb (not "neib") (bake) 6eper+ 6"epej?b (not "6epe^b") (protect)
Exercise 5 Form past feminine and infinitive. Past F. Infinitive 1. 2. 3- 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Ik. 15- 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. KJia,n+ flpgi+ noji3+ TeK-r jier+ cefl-t- j CKpe6-r BJieK-r ijBeT+ Hvooth jied-t- jie^+ JIH3+ jieK+ JiyV+ •nya-*- Jiyfl+ •nyr-t JIH6+ jierf+ (put) (stroll) (crawl) (flow) (lie down) (sit down) (scrape) (drag) (bloom) (shake) etical
-1+02- Note that present stress is automatic, and that the stress mark is irrelevant in determining present stress. Exercise 6 Form 1st person pi. 1. KJta,n+ (put) present. 1st -person t>l. 2. H0JI3-* (crawl) 3. CKpe6-h (scrat>e) Hypothetical k, JIJf3+ 5. nj&+ 6. Jiya-t- Summary of Ob-stems Past masc. Inf. t/k IB 3/e TH 6 ( c)th */"£ JI (C) TH 1. Stress is either end ( Befl+) or stem Hcpa^* ) 2. th inf. in stressed stems tb inf. in unstressed stems 3. In the infinitive, e -* e
4. Stems in Hy + HyJ Some stems in Hy+- lose their suffix in the past tense and become radical, others do not*, Those that do will be called Hyl verbs, those that do not— hjt verbs. The roots of Hy1 verbs always end in Ob-consonants. Therefore, upon dropping Hy+ in the past tense they become Ob-stems and form their pasts exactly as do Ob-stems. All Hy1 verbs are root stressed, i.e., none are stressed on the Hy-*-: Hy1 Mep3Hyx+ Mep3 Mep3Jia Mep3JIO Mep3JIH forms past tense like (freeze) Ob-stems rpu3+ (gnaw) rpu3 rpu3Jia rpu3Jio rpu3JiH flO-CTHrHy1* (attain) flOCTBT .HOCTn'rJia .HOCTHrJIO flOCTHrJTH CTpnr-*- (shear) CTpnr CTpiirjia CTpHTJIO CTpHTJIH Although no Ob-stems happen to end in the consonants n or x, some Hyl stems do. Those that do form their pasts as expected, i.e., like the other labial-stems (6 ) or velar-stems (t/k) respectivelyi xpniray1-*- (grow hoarse) xpnn, xprfnjia etc. naxHy1* / (smell) nax, naxjia etc. like rpe'6+(row) rpe'6, rpe^Jia, etc. like CTp6r( shear) or ce'ic-t- (thrash) CTpHr, CTpnrjia, ceK,ceKJia etc. etc. Hy l verbs retain uep^Hj1 Hy in the infinitive and present: Pastt Mep3, Mep3Jia, Mep3Jio, Mep3JiH Inf. Mep3HyTB Pres. Mep3Hy ( Mep3Hy + y ) Mep3Hemb (Mep3Hy + emfe ) etc.
—1+0-U— Hy1 and Hy2 Unlike Hy1, hjt verbs« (1) Never drop Hy+ (2) Are not necessarily root-stressed meimj^ (whisper) menHyji, menHyjia, menHyjio, menHyjiH As will be shown in a later chapter, Hy*and Hy2are totally unrelated! they have different conjugation rules, truncation rules, stress patterns and meaning. Ext A. 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. B. srcise 7 Form past masculine, feminine and Past M 0T-Be'prHy*+ (reiect) uhxhv2+ (sneeze) e-6eper+ (save) nac+ (pasture) Hc-ue/3Hy1+ (disappear) Hypothetical i 1 jLSKHy-1--* ' 2 JIHKHy'i+ / 1 JioxHy^-t- Judging form the infinitive was necessarily Hy , Which infinitive: Past F alone, one of one and why? the above Inf, Hy- s terns Note: Some unprefixed Hy1 stems may retain Hy in the past masculine (but never in the other forms of the past). Thusi MepsHy1-*: Mep3 OR Mep3Hyji, MepsJia, Mep3Jio, Mep3JiH
-■U05- SUMMARY A. Definitions Suffixed-stemst Stems which end in a suffix, i.e., stems which consist of root plus suffix. The verb suffixes aret H-t-, e+, a*, o+, OBa+, hv+, aft-*, eft* Radical-stems» Stems which do not contain a suffix, i.e., stems for which the stem is identical to the root. Radical- stems are of two typesi R-stemst Stems ending in one of the resonant consonants! B,fi,p,JI,M,H Ob-sternst Stems ending in any other consonant. (No roots, and hence no radical stems, end in m/ac/^/m or in soft consonants.) Suffixed Radical Vowel Examplet roBopm- Consonant ( aS-t- eS+ ) j,eJiaS+ R 3CHB+ Ob Befl+ In joining consonant endings (past and inf.)« suffixed stems-present no difficulty R-stems - present difficulty only in stress Ob-stems - present difficulty in both stress and in stem changes of other kinds. B. Joining C-endings Except for Ob-stems» C-endings are joined to the stem with V+C- or C+C-* $C. Ob-stemst The following changes occuri t/k s/c 6 a/t Past Inf. VC qb TH ( C) TH JI ( C) TH
-1+06- End-stressed Past Inf. neKf neK(jia) neqfe Be3+ Be3(jia) Be3TH rpe6+ rped (Jid) rpecTH Befl+ BeJt(a') BeCTH Root-stressed None in CTpHr+ rpH3+ o/n Kpa,n+ Past Inf. CTpHr(jia) CTpH^b rpH3 (.na) rpH3Tb Kpa\n(a) KpaCTb 1. th in end-stressed stems = tb in stem-stressed stems 2.e -* e in the infinitive. C. Stress 1. The possibility of a stress-shift Stress-shift may occur only in the unstable environments, i.e., thl present of V-stems (V+V) and the past of C-stems (C+C). Therefore* * in hoch+ shows present shift, not past. -* in x3b* shows past shift, not present. I 2. The stress of radical stems i Present* All radicals are C-stems (and none are polysyllabic in ft ). Therefore, present stress is determined by the rule i Radicals in fl and h are stem-stressed. All other radicals are end-stressed. Since present stress is predictable without a stress- mark, the stress mark is used to show past stress. Pastt Two possibilities for R-stems and two for Ob-stemsi R-stems Ob-stems stem ctsih+ stem Kpa,n> mobile x&b+ end B'e£+ Both may have stem-stress. R-stems may also have mobile-stress and Ob-stems — end-stress.
-1+07- The Stress-mark Present stress is fully predictable, past stress is not. The stress mark is used to show past. NOT present stress. The stress mark of radicals is irrelevant and even misleading for assigning present stress. acHB+ is end-stressed throughout the present. It has stress shift only in the past. Kpa^+ is also end-stressed throughout the present. It has stem-stress only in the past. D. Hyi Certain stems in Hy-t-, designated Hy + verbs, drop Hy+ in the past, thus becoming radicals. Since their roots always end in Ob-consonants, they become Ob-stems in the past. ALL Hy1* are root-stressed, none are stressed on the Hy-t-. Exercise 8 A. In the stems belowi (1) If suffixed, separate root and suffix (2) If radical, give root followed by R or Ob. Example« xo,n,H+ xo,n,-H+ Be,n+ Be\n,+ Ob. B. For which of the following stems is the stress mark irrelevant for determining present stress? Give a general answer, now a list. C. Form 3rd sg. pres. of all the stems below. D. Form past fem., neuter and inf. of all radicals. (Number 9 is tricky) D# Past F. ~~Neut. Inf. A. 1. neK+ (bake) 2. CTpHr+ ( shear)_ 3. jiobh-4- (catch)_ 4. flpeMa* ( snooze)_ 5. KJia.fl+ (put) 6. rjia.flH+ (smooth) C. (continued)
U08- — 7. 8. 9o 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Jl4ll+ (put) iiBeT+ (blossom) np<5-6HH-»- (beat out) o-acHB-H-* (resuscitate) nJiHB+ (swim) rpe6+ (row) bhh+ (twist) HBH+ (display) ceK+ (thrash) njiaKa+ (cry) ceK-f(cut) c-nacV (save) £• _. Past F. Neut. ___ I 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I Jl Exercise 9 Give stems of the verbs below. Mark stress. 1. ^0Be3y jOBes, jj,0Be3Jia 2. noTpHcy noTp.sc, noTp.nc.iia 3. nponbio nponnji, nponnjia k. nepenbio nepennJi, nepenHJia 5. B03flBHrHy B03JBHr, B03flBHrjia 6. ynpeKHy ynpeKHy'ji, ynpeKHyjta 7. noflMeTy nojjMeJi, no^MeJia 8. yna^y yna'ji, ynajia 9. yfiepery yfieper, y6eper.ua 10. noflCKpe6y nojjcKpeS, nojj,CKpe6jia (scrape) 11. BdaHy Bdaji, Bda'jia (get up) 12. BCKpHKHy BCKpHKHyjt, BCKpHKHyjia (cry out) 13. ocjieHHHy ocjien, ocJie'nJia (grow blind) (drive to) (shake) (drink up) (drink too much). (raise) (reproach) (sweep up) _____ (fall) (preserve)
-1+09- Translation 1. Grandmother, you are one of the dearest grandmothers with long white hair in this kingdom. 2. Scientific experiments show that cannibals consider boys and girls delicious, (cannibal - juofloe"fl ) 3. He always asks (of) the mirrors Why doesn't the Kuban flow from the Azov Sea "to the Caucasus? The mirror never answers him. k. Leading scholars have scientific proof of life on the moon. 5. My latest discoveries show that more than anything, rivers like to flow from the mountains to the sea. 6. He didn't have a best friend. 7. According to my theory, nobody knows that a river flows past the Arabian desert because nobody lives in the Arabian desert except the Arabian animals, 8. From time to time they washed in the Polish rivers, canals, and other liquid bodies. 9. Everybody wants to know who will fall in love with our beautiful middle sister. She is looking for a businessman with a brilliant future. (businessman - 6H3HecMeyH, brilliant - 6jiecT.sinnft ) 10. What did they bake for breakfast? Comrade Blinov baked delicious pirozhki with meat. His wife didn't bake any kind of pirozhki, to say nothing of delicious pirozhki. 11. Do you want to meet him on the bridge? That depends on him. (bridge - moct( y) ) 12. He was sitting in the dining room and (was) eating a sausage, (dining room - cTOJioBas, eat - e^-*-, sausage - KOJi6aca) 13« Less than anything he liked to clip his dog's long golden hair. Ik. Previously (two, three years ago) the Volga flowed out of the Caspian Sea; in the future (in two, three years) it will once again flow out of the Caspian Sea. 15. Do you remember the strange psychiatrist Murayjov? Day and night he conversed with the talking mice. About what? About one thing and another, (psychiatrist - ncuxnaTp ) 16. People deceive themselves with the naive theory that insects don't talk. Insects deceive themselves with the naive theory that people don't fly. They have no proofs of these naive f theories, to say nothing of scientific proofs, (insect - HaceKOMoe,
-1+10- CjioBapb N ouns / M bhj, - kind, typej aspect cno'pT - sport jie'cfy) (a) - woods MeflB^b - bear BOJI - OX uape'BH^i - prince(son of tsar) $a.KT - fact 3aBTpaK - "breakfast ystHH - supper o'nuT - experience, experiment $a'KTop - factor yqeHHS - scholar u,apcTBO - kingdom rocyaapCTBo - state, government 3eSpKa.n0 - mirror Mflco - meat Tejio - body Te^HHe - flow H3yqeHHe - study OTKpHTHe - discovery fl0Ka3a.TejibCTB0 - proof 6y>ymee - future MBOTHoe - animal E H36lb - hut Myxa - fly 6e/JiKa( o) - squirrel Bo^a - water ropa (pi* )-mountain peK^ (pi * ) - river rojroBa (pi* ) - head MHmb a (pi/. ) - mouse hoii. & (pi* ) - night yacTb ffi (pi* ) - part jto'^Ka(o)- boat Teo'pHH - theory Verbs T'etf.*- - f 1 ow jiOBHt- - catch npnxoflfi* - come k HeS - come to her Hcxa* - search, look for BJIK)6h+. . .Cfl BO t»ITO] ^fall in love noKa3a+/noKa.3HBafi* - show 3aBHce+ ot [^erol - depend on mibiB+ - float o6MaHHBafi+ - deceive c/Mor-t - can, be able cnpocfi+/cnpainHBaS-t- [xoro], y ("Koro] - ask pa3roBapHBaSt- c CKeM] talk, speak, converse (with) Adjectives. 64jiuPl - white fljiHHHHfi - long 30JtOTofi - golden TaKTHnHtift - tactful cpeflHHfi - middle, neuter TajiaHTJiHBHS - talented BKycHHfi - delicious, tasty He'icoTopNfi - certain reo$H3H^ecKHS - geophysical XHflKHft - liquid cjicokhnS - complicated, complex acTpoHOMHqecKHfi - astronomical HayMHNft - scientific nocjie'flHHft - latest, last (pl) b6jioch (pl >t ) - hair * The singular of these nouns has a stress pattern which will be discussed in Volume II.
-1*11 Other * TpH cecTpH - three*sisters qepe3 pa - TpH ro'fla - within two or three years BpeMH ot BpeMeHH - from time to time KpaCHBee Bcex - prettier than all o tom, o ceM - about one thing and another, about this and that. KaK To'jibKO (+ future tense) - as soon as hhk^k - in no way CMOTpHTe! -see (imperative) HaoSopoT - on the contrary fla'jibine - further eqe pa3 - once again TaKHM o'6pa30M - in this manner Sdjibme Bcer6 - more than anything Me'Hbme Bcero' - least of all oflHaKO - however mhmo Oero] - past TOMy Hasaji - ago noHHTb - to grasp, realize cecTp6, rd^a-gen. sg. This construction will be explained in Volume II.
CHAPTER 10 THE CASES Tape nominative case accusative case genitive case dative case prepositional case- instrumental case - HMeHHTejibHHM na^e'ae BHHHTeJibHHS name's poflHTeJibHiiS na^eac A^TeJibHufi name's: npe^Jio'acHHft name's: TBopHTeJibHHfi name's: Singular - Plural singular - e^HHCTBeHHoe uhcjio plural - MHOxecTBeHHoe iihcjio Ritual 28 Tape KaKoro naj;eaca Tpe6yeT npe^jior "no"? IIpeflJi6r "no" Tp^SyeT ^aTejibHoro na^eaca. KaKoro na^escd TpeSyeT rJiar6ji "Tpe6oBa+M? Tjiardji "TpedOBa-t-" Tpe6yeT po^HTejibHoro na^eaca. What case does the preposition " no " demand? The preposition " no " demands the dative case. What case does the verb " Tpe'6oBa+ " demand? The verb " Tpe6oBa+- " demands the genitive case.
BOCTOHHAH EBPOnA BOCTOHHAfl T rEPMAHHH1 BapmaBa HeMen;KHft ** BepjiHH nOJIbDIA nOJIbCKHg ( KamyQcKHft) iHEXOCJIOBAKHfl Ilpara tie'mcKHft CJIOBaUKHtt Byjape'inT BEHrPHflj BeHr^pcKHfiiJty |K)rOCJIABHfll cep6cKH8 3 Befrp^ XOpBaTCKHH CJIOBeHCKHfi MaKeflo'HCKHfl -1+13- POCCHfl pyccKHit MocKBa Mhhck lEEJIOPyCCHH CpejiopyccKHft /-' C0B6TCKHtt 0 0103 KaeB YKPAHHA Cna] yKpaHHCKHfl |pyMHHKH| pyMHHCKHfi** ByxapecT iBOJirT?^" 6ojirapcKHft C0$Hfl ** HeCJiaBHHCKHfi H3hfoc ( BCe flPym'e H3HKH CJiaBflHCKHe ) 1. repMaHCKas HeMOKpaTHtiecKas PecnjfSjiHica 2. C0163 CoBeTCKHx Cou.HajiHCTH'qecKHx PecnygjiHK ( CCCP ) 3. Ce'pfiCKHfi H3HK H XOpBaTCKHfi H3HK, Ha CaMOM fle'jie, OflHH H3HK. Ce'p6cKHft Hapoj, HagNBaeT i^tot h3Uk "ce'pScKHM" hjih "cep6o- XOpBaTCKHM"; XOpBaTCKHft HapOfl Ha3UBaeT ^TOT H3HK "XOpBaTCKHM" hjih "xopBaTOcepficKHM". CepScKHfl Hapoj, niimeT KnpHjuinn;eS ( KHpHJiJiHnia - Cyrillic alphabet « the basic alphabet used in Russian) xopBaTCKHfi Hapdfl nameT JiaTHHHn;e8 ( jtaTHHHija- Latin alphabet).
Tape I Bonpocu; CTpaHa - country CTOJiHija- capital 1. B KaKdft CTpaHe roBopHT Ha SojirapcKOM a3HKe? 2. B KaKolt CTpaHe roBopa'T Ha nojibCKOM a3HKe? 3. KaKda ro'po,n CTOJiHn.a IIo'jifcniH? 4. Ha KaKOM a3UK^ roBopHT b EeJiopy'ccHH? 5. r,n;e rosopaT Ha yKpaHHCKOM a3NKe'? 6. Ha KaKHX a3HKax roBopaT b *lexocjioBaKHH? 7. KaKoft r6pos CTOJiHija ^exocnoBaKHH? 8. Ha kslk6u asHKe7 roBopaT b PyMHHHH? 9. KaKofi ro'po,n; CTOJiHna PyMHHHH? 10. B KaKofi CTpaH^ roBopaT Ha HeueijKOM asmce? 11. Ha KaKHX a3HKax roBopHT b BrocjiaBHH? 12. B KaKdJi CTpaHe' roBopaT a Ha pyccKOM.H Ha yKpaHHCKOM,h Ha 6e*opyccKOM H3KKe? 13. B KaKHX CTpaHax boctoihoh EBponH roBopaT Ha HecnaBaHCKHx H3HKaX?
-1*15- CTpaHHoe noBej;e/HHe cTyjeHTa CojioBbeBa I Tape! 0 neu mh 6y,neM roBopHTb cero'jjHfl:? CerdjjHH mh 6yjj,eM roBopHTb o CTpaHHOM noBe^eHHH CTyjje'HTa CojioBbeBa. CojioBbeB H3y^aeT cjiaBHHCKHe h3hkh b Mockobckom rocyjjapeTBeHHOM hhctht- yie cjiaBHHCKHX h3hko'b HMeHH A. CMHpHHijKoro. Oh H3jrti^eT no^TH Bee Baac- Hbie CJiaBSHCKHe H3HKH! TO eCTb pyCCKHfi H3HK, no'jIbCKHH, tl^fflCKHfi, CTapO- cjiaBHHCKHfi h T.fl. O^hhm cjiobom, oh cTyaeHT no^TH Ka^Kjjoro B^scHoro cjiaBHHCKoro H3biKa, KpoMe KamyScKoro. (MdxceT Shtb, KamydcKHH H3bfK, no Ba'raeMy MHeHHio, He £3hk, a roBop no'jitcKoro £3HKa. fl npejjno^eji 6u o KamydcKOM H3HKe He cndpHTb. Ilo-Mo'eMy, KamydCKHft He H3UK, a roBop.) CojioBbeB jik>6ht racaTb nricbMa. Ha KaKHX H3HKax oh nrfmeT? Oh nHmeT noiTH Ha Bcex ejiaBHHCKHX H3biKax. To ecn, oh nHmeT Ha pyccKOM H3UKe', Ha yKpaHHCKOM h TaK ^ajiee. Ho ddjibme Bcero' oh jiioSht nnca'Tb Ha dojirap- ckom H3HKe. KaK H3b6ctho, b SojirapcKOM H3HKe HeT hh po^HTejibHoro na^exca, hh flsiTejibHoro naflexcei, He roBopA yxce' o TBopHTeJibHOM na.a.eace'. KoMy nHmeT CojioBbeB g'th nncbMa? Kaac^yio He^ejiio oh nnmeT naoiiia no^TH BceM cTy^eHTaM b HHCTHTyTe. Oh nnmeT no cjieAyromeMy nJiaHy: KaXflOMy CTy^eHTy, $aMHjiH.H KOTo'poro HaiHHaeTCH Ha B, oh nHmeT Ha Sojira'pcKOM A3HKe; KascflOMy CTyHe'HTy, $aMHjiHji KOTOporo Ha^HHaeTCH Ha C, oh nHmeT Ha CTapocjiaBHHCKOM £3HKe ( h'jih Ha caoBeHCKOM H3HKe ) , h TaK .n^jiee. (3to 3HawHT, mto CojioBbeB HHKorja' He nHmeT CTyjjeHTy KapnoBH^iy h d^ieHb qacTO ^HEeT CTyHe'HTy EyjiraHHHy. ) HeM nnmeT CojioBbeB? Oh nameT KapaH^am^MH. CTyHe'HTy Byjira"HHHy oh nHmeT 6eJiHM (h'jih doJibmHM) KapaHJjamoM: CTyHe'HTy ycTHHOBy oh nHmeT ynpyrHM KapaH^amoM. (Mto TaKoe "ynpyrHft KapaH^am"? fl, Ha ca'MOM ae'jie, He 3Haio.) O^Ha'KO, CTyHe'HTy nerpoBy oh nrimeT He KapaH^amo'M, a nepdM. KaK^M nepo'M? fljiacTM^ccoBNM nepdM. CTy^e'HT ByjiraHHH H3y*iaeT, CKasceM, noJibCKHft h3uk. HacKOjibKO k 3Ha.ro, OH HHKaKHX JjpyrHX CJiaBHHCKHX H3HKdB He 3HaeT. Il03T0My CTyfleHT ByjiraHHH He roBopHT, HHKorjja He roBoprfji h HHKorfla. He SyjjeT roBopHTb no-6ojira'pcKH. TeM xyace ,b,jih CTy^e'HTa EyjiraHHHa. CojioBbeB nHmeT no njiaHy. EMy Bee paBHd', 3HaeT jih ByjiraHHH dojirapcKHfl H3HK.
-Hl6- The Strange Behavior of Student Solovjov What are we going to talk about today? Today we are going to talk about the strange behavior of student Solovjov. Solovjov is studying Slavic languages in the A. Smirnitskij Moscow State Institute of Slavic Languages. He is studying almost all the important Slavic languages, that is, Russian, Polish, Czech, Old Church Slavic, etc. In a word, he is a student of almost every important Slavic language, except Kashubian. (Perhaps in your opinion Kashubian is not a language, but a dialect of Polish. I'd'prefer not to argue about Kashubian. In my opinion, Kashubian isn't a language, but a dialect.) Soloyjov likes to write letters. In which languages does he write? He writes in almost all the Slavic languages. That is, he writes in Russian, in Ukrainian, and so forth. But more than anything, he likes to write in Bulgarian. As is well-known, in Bulgarian there is neither a genitive case nor a dative case, to say nothing of an instrumental case. To whom does Solovjov write these letters? Every week he writes letters to almost"all the students in the institute. He writes according to the following plant to every student whose last name begins in B he writes in Bulgarian? to every student whose last name begins in S he writes in Old Church Slavic (or Slovenian), and so forth. (That means that Solovjov never writes to student Karpoyich and writes to student Bulganin very often.) With what does Solovjov write? He writes with pencils. To student Bulganin he writes with a white (or big) pencil; to student Ustinov he writes with an elastic pencil. (What is an "elastic pencil?" I don't really know.) However, to student Petrov he writes not with a pencil, but with a pen. With what kind of pen? A plastic pen. Student Bulganin is studying, let's say, Polish. As far as I know, he doesn't know any other Slavic languages. Therefore, student Bulganin doesn't speak, never spoke, and will never speak Bulgarian. So much the worse for student Bulganin. Solovjov writes according to plan. He doesn't care whether Bulganin knows Bulgarian.
~kn cry^eHT ByjiraHHH 6ojirdpcKHft H3i5k 6e'jiHfi ( hjih OoJifemoH ) KapaH^am CTyJteHT MeJbHHKQB MaKe^dHCKHH H3iiK Ma'jieHfeKHH KapaH^ra S) i l CTy.ne'HT Cmhpho'b C^pSCKHH H3lbc CTaphiH KapaH^a'm CTy^eHT ^aftKQBCKHH U^fflCKHH H3iSK uepHHii KapaH^am CTy^eHT yCTHHOB yKpaHHCKHft H3bfK ynpyrnS KapaHflam CTyfleHT IleTpoB ndjIbCKHH H3bfK njiacTMacooBoe nep6 CTyj;eHT KapnoBnu BonpocH; Tape 1. KaKiae H3HKH H3yyaeT CojioBteB? 2. r,ne? 3. KaKo'ro H3HK4 He 3HaeT CojroBfceB? 4. KaK no BameMy MHeHHio: Kamy^CKHH-ro'Bop hjih £3hk? 5. KoMy nHmeT CojiOBteB Ha Sojira/pCKOM H3HKe'? 6. noueM^? 7. HeM oh eMy nHmeT? 8. Ha KaK6M H3HKe' oh nrfmeT CTyjjeHTy CMHpHo'By? 9. qeM? 10. Oh nHmeT CTyjje'HTy IleTpoBy KapaH^amoM? 11. HeM oh euy nHmeT? 12. Ha KaKo'M H3HKe? 13. IlotieMy? 14. KoMy oh nHmeT ^epHHM KapaHflamoV? 15. Ha KaicdM H3HKe? 16. MeM oh nnmeT MaaeHbKHM KapaHflamoV? 17. Ha KaKOM HsaKd? 18. IloueMy? 19. KaK^M KapaHflamo'M nHmeT CoJiOBfcfeB, Kor^a oh nHmeT Ha yKpaHHCKOM H3HKe? , 20. KoMy oh nnmeT Ha yKpaHHCKOM a3HKe? 21. KoMy oh jiio6ht nnc^Tfc Sdjibme Bcero? 22. noMeMy? 23. KoMy oh HHKorfla He nnmeT? 24. no^eMy?
-1*18- KOTOPHH CLAUSES The gender and number of kotophS is determined by the noun which it refers to. Its case is determined by its use within the clause. ace'HmHHa, KOTo'pag acHBeT b MocKBe... bhe woman who lives in Moscow.,. the KoTdpaa is feminine and singular since it refers to xeHmnHa , it is nominative since it is the subject of its clause. Further examples» direct object - acemnnHa, KQT^pyio k iio'mhio... the woman whom I remember.,. Majib^HK, KOTo'poro mh jiio6hm. .. the boy whom we love,.. jik>,]i;h, kotq'phx a Jiytinie 3Haio... the people whom I know best... indirect object- uejioBe'ic, KOTo'poMy k nHmy... the man to whom I write... object of - aceHnjHHa, o KOTopofi oh uacTO roBopnT... preposition the woman about whom he often speaks,., JUOflH, C KOTOPHMH K JHOfijIK pa3rOBa'pHBaTb. . . the people with whom I like to converse... Note the construction! CTy^e'HT, $aMHJinfl KOTo'poro Ha^HHaeTCH Ha B the student whose last name begins in B. literallyj "the last name of whom" Myac, aceHa KOTo'poro scHBeT b ^tom ro'po^e. .. the husband whose wife lives in this city... sceHa', Mys: KOTo'poft pa6oTaeT fleHb h hoib... the wife whose husband works day and night.,.
~^f -1+19- Drill 1 Translate the following sentences into Russian. 1. The girl whom I love lives in Byelorussia. 2. The people whom we formerly knew now live in Rumania. 3. Where's the table on which my newspaper is lying? 4. The woman whom I just called didn't want to speak (converse) with me. 5. The people with whom we used to live are now living in Czechoslovakia. 6. The boy whom we remember doesn't remember us. 7. The students to whom I write never answer me. 8. The boy whose mother works at the concrete factory likes to play the harp. 9. The girl whose brother bakes pirozhki lives near me. 10. I'm going to write a letter only to the student whose last name begins in B. Drill 2« Review of 1. H P n T H P n T „ Decline the masc adjectives. Ka«a Kaxfl Kax^ Kaxfl / * nocjie^H i nocjie'jH nocjieflH noCJre,HH_ nocJie^H Adjective Spelling: ulinc H P n T iocjie' > - neuter sin M C -JUL -oje -ovo -omu -om_ -lm pyceK p^cc flH — pilar of the following pyccK xopo'm xopom k xopdm pyccK xopdm pyccK xopo'm pyccK xopom * SOft H
1+20- 2, Decline the feminine singular of the following adjectives, H B P fl n T -aja -uju -oj * H B Kaac^_ Kaacj_ Kaacfl pyccK_ pyccK pyccK_ xopoin_ xop6m__ xopora nocji^flH_ nocjie',n,H_ nocjieflH EpaT (brother) forms its plural irregularly by inserting ± after the stem. H Cpar B-P dpaTa fl fipa'iy II Spa'ie T fipaioM MH. CpaTbfl fipaibeB GpaTbHM SpaTbHX Spa'TbHMH Transcription bratja bra^jev bra^jam bra^jax bra-fejami Except for the nominative ending a, the plural endings are regular. From - a personi ot - a placet H3 ot 6paTa H3 MOCKBH -from (my) brother -from Moscow
-U21 Drill: EpgiTKg h ceCTpa CT.yjeHTa CpjiOBbeBa vocabularyt aBT05ywKa(e) - fountain pen AGKJiafl - report 3anricKa (o ) - note aadypa. - alphabet no^apoK(o) - gift BpaTba h ceOTpn cTy,ne'HTa CojroBbeBa padoTaioT b pa3HHx CTpaHax boctouhoS EBpdnH. BpaT Bjia^HMnp ( hmh KOTo'poro HauHHaeTCH Ha £ ) h ceCTpa BapB^/pa ( hmh KOTdpoft To'xe Ha^HH^eTCH Ha jj ) padoTaioT b BeHrpHH. BpaT Bopnc h ceCTpa B3Ji.ua padoTaioT b Bojira'pHH, h t.,b,. Bonpocbi: QTBeTbi 1. r,B,e paSoTaeT 6paT FedprnH? (a) B Bpa3HJIHH (6) b HbKxJayH^JieHfle ( b) b TepMaHHH ( b ) 2. Kto padoTaeT b rio'jibme? ( a ) TeTfl KeHT ( 6 ) apadcKHfi KHH3b Adjjyji ( b ) 6paT IleTp ( b ) EpaTbfl h cecTpu ^aioT CojioBbeBy no^apKH Ha ero' ^eHb poacfle'HHH. KaKHe no^apKH? 3Han, KaK oh jik>6ht nHca/rb, dpa^rbfl ^aio'T eMjf KapaHflamH, h cecrpH - aBTopy^KH. BjiaflrfMnp, ero "BeHr^pcKHfi 6paTM, flaeT eMy KapaH^am H3 BeHrpHH, to ecTb "BeHre'pcKHH KapaHjj^m". Bajuia, erd "eojirdpcKas cecTpa", ^aeT eM^ "dojirapcKyio aBTopymcy" h t.a. Bonpocbi; OTBe'Tbi 1. KaKofl KapaH^ara ^aeT eMy dpaT MnxaHJi? ( a ) raHBaHCKHH KapaHjjam ( 6 ) Hbio-ao'pKCKHH KapaHflain ( B ) MaKeflOHCKHH KapaHfl^ffl ( B ) 2. KaKyio aBTopy^Ky jjaeT eMy ceCTpa PycJiaHa? ( a ) $paHU,y3CKyio aBTopy^Ky ( 6 ) KamydCKyro aBTopy^iicy ( b ) pyMHHCKyio aBTopy^Ky ( b ) 3. OTKy^a ndjibCKas aBTopyiKa? ( a ) H3 JloHraSjieHfla ( 6 ) H3 ToHr-KoHra ( B ) H3 ndjIbfflH ( B ) CojiOBbeB cfaeHb jik>6ht cbohx cecTep-'- h dpaTbeB, h Kaacjjyio He.ne.nio oh njiiHeT o^hh AOKJidp, Kaac^oMy dpaTy h o.HHy' 3aniicKy Kaac^ofi cecTpe\ BpaTbHM oh nHmeT o rjiardjiax; cecTpaM oh nameT 06 asSyKax. The genitive -accusative plural of cecTpa has e inserted.
1+22- HanpHMep; Kaac^yio He^ejiio CoJioBbeB nHmeT BeHrepCKHft flooa'^. KoMy? BeHre^pcKowy 6paiy 0 we'M? o BeHre^pCKQM rjiarojie / qeM? BeHr^pcKHM KapaH^amoM Ot Kord 3tot KapaH,H,am?OT BeHr^pCKOro dpa'ia Kaacflyio Heflejiio CoaroBbeB nnmeT BeHre'pcK.yK) 3anHCKy. KoMy? BeurdycKoM cecrpe. 0 ^Sm? o BeHrepcKofl a^dyxe. ^eM? BeHrepcKoft aBTopy^Koft. Ot Kord 3Ta aBTopy^Ka? ot BeHre"pcKoft ceCTpH. 1TO flOKJia^, 3anricKa KOMy CJ< 6paT t^y/ cecTpa o ieM rjiardji a36yKa ieM KapaH^aifi aBTopy^iKa OT KOTO $S 6PaT £^ cecTpa BonpocH | Tape"] 1. KoMy^ oh nnjueT bosrapcKHft joicaafl? 2. KoMy oh nHmeT eojirap^CKyio sanHCKy? 3. 0 qeM oh nHmeT 6o.nrapcKoft cecipe? 4. 0 *ieM oh nnmeT OoardpcKOMy 6paty? 5. HeM? , / , 6. MeM oh naneT SojirapcKOH cecTpe? 7. Ot koto 6oara.pcKaa aBTopysica? 8. Ot koto 6oarapcKH8 KapaHflam? 9. Kto IleTp? 10. 0 *ieM oh eMy nHmeT? t 11. 0 *ieM oh nHmeT ndjifeCKOft cecrpe? 12. ^to ^h na'aeT no'jtBCKOfi cecTpe? 13. A no'jifcCKOMy 6paTy? 14. ^6M? 15. Ot koto? 16. Ot koto nqjiBCKaa aBTopy^Ka? t 17. KoMy oh nHmeT o HeMei^KOM rjiaroae? 18. KoMy oh naraeT o HeMe'mcoft a36yKe? 19. Ot Koro HeMe'mcHH Kapan^am? 20. Ot Koro HeMenKaa aBTopy^Ka? / 21. 0 *ieM oh nnmeT MaKeacfacKHM KapaHflamoM? 22. 0 tieM OH HHHteT MaKefldHCKOH aBTOpyHKOH? 23. KoMy? 24. Hto oh eft nnaieT? / t 25. KoMy oh niiraeT MaKeflo'HCKHft soKJiafl? 26. HeM? 27. qeM^OH nnmeT pyMHHCKHft aokz&ji,? 28. KOMy? 29. Ot Koro pyMHHCKHft KapaH^am? 30. HeM oh nrfmeT pyMHHCKyio 3anHCKy? 31. KoMy? > 32. Ot kot6 pyMHHCKan aBTopywKa?
!"*n| - -»(23- WORKBOOKj SUMMARY AND REVIEW OF PRONOMINALS Common Pronominals t possessives mo8 - my TBoft - your CBoft - one's own Ham - our Bam - your [indeclinable^ ero' - his ee - her hx - their demonstratives ^tot - this/that tot - that interrogatives kto - who ito - what ueg - whose others o,hhh - one Becb - all Chart of Endings Several of the above pronominals are declined in full on pp. 525-526, The following chart summarizes the case endings. H B P R n T M -A. C i 1 1 -ovo -Pray -om -im_ I -a -u_ -£i Mh. -± I -ix -im -ix -imi Direct cases f Oblique cases General Features 1. Direct - Oblique The term direct case refers to the nominative and accusative; The term oblique case refers to all others. Pronominals have noun-like endings in the direct cases. Moft , like KapaHflSLm ,has £ moh f like MamHHa , has a etc. "that" - relatively remote from the speaker The pronominal ipe'infi (third) is not treated in this chapter. See p.S26.
H2H- Pronominals have adjective-like endings in the oblique cases, 3Toro , like hoboto, has ovo 3Toft i like ho'boS , has o.i etc. 2. Animate Accusative Just as in nouns, the singular animate accusative masculine and the plural animate accusative of all genders is like the genitive. Ohh 3HaioT Hamero TOBapnna. H^mnx TOBapninefi. Ha'iHHX cecTep. 3. Special masculine nominative singular forms a. o,n(n) h inserts h b. B(e) cb, q(e)fi insert e c. 9t (ot ) t( ot )add ot d. k(to) m(to) add to Exercise 1 Translate the words in 1. Oh iio'mhht... (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) 2. Oh roBopuT o ..(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) parentheses into Russian. my trolleybus) my brother) this comrade) this good woman) the whole brigade) one fact) one brother) your brother) this factory) his [own] brother) one park) his compositions) one car) my comrades) .( $aKT ) (continued)
3. k. 5. fl He Mory xhti Oh ch^ht nepe,n Ohh im'myT... 6e3 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) • • • (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) • •• (a) (mv comrades) (this woman) (her concrete-mixer) (the whole detachment) (one woman) (our director) (a) (my brother) (vour sisters) (his comrade) (one woman) (that brigade) (vour comrade) (this person) (one nerson) (this person) ( OTpifl ) -U25- Adjustments in the Chart of Endings 1. Endings in i - instrumental singular masculine-neuter, all plural endings. a. i-»n » endings in i soften preceding consonants. 3THM, 3TH , l^THX, # OflHHM, OPH, OJHHX, etc. b. i-» ei in four pronominals, 4, is always replaced by e. sg. T)l. (instrumental) Becb: BceM Bee, Bcex... tot: TeM Te, Tex... kto: Kew (nQ plurals) tiTo: ^teM 2« o.1-» e.it after stems ending in a soft consonant or j, oblique feminine o.i—» e.j. / BceH, Moefi, CBoefi... but - STOfi, OflHOH... * In BamH, moh, "ibH, etc. i must in any case be spelled h.
-1+26- Exercise 2 1. Oh chaht nepe^... (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) 2. fl He Mory acHTb 6e3... (this factory) (mv wife) (these factories) (his brother) (one building) (the whole class) (the whole brigade) (a) (your sister) (the whole brigade) ( Kjrarir: ) (c) (all these women) M B P fl n T Exercise 3 Decline moh, gtot, Beet moh M C H Mh. H B P fl n T H B P fl n T B(e)cb M C I Mh. 9T( OT ) M C 3K Mh.
-!|27- Exercise 4 Decline kto (what), *ito (who), kto has animate ace, m( to) k( to) H B P H n T Exei (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) -cise 5 fl 3Haio, (whom) Oh 3HaeT,(to whom) (With what) Oh 3HaeT,(about whom) Mh 3HaeMf (about what) 3HaeTe jih bh, (with whom) Mh 3HaeM,(what) BH JIJ06HTe. bh immeTe. a 6vav nnca'Tb? OH TOBOPHT. OH TOBOPHT. oh pa6oTaeT? bh .ne'jiaeTe. Exercise 6 1. OHa cmotpht Ha... (a) (her old grandmother). (b) (this prince) (c) (these grandmothers) (d) (this factory) (e) (some comrades) (f) (all the women) (g) (everything) (h) (the whole brigade) _ (i) (all the photographs) (continued)
-1*28- r- ' 2, Ohh ctoht 3a... (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) 3. OHa roBoprfT 0/06... 4, Mh XHBeM He^ajieKO ot 5. CnaBa... (a) (your ] (b) (all tl (c) ( our mi (d) (this \ their brother) their sisters) that building) 'the whole nation) the whole brigade) our trolleybus) 'these women) 'all the grandmothers) [a) (this prince) b) (vour sister) (c) (one woman) Cd) (some women) (e) (his brother) ... (a) (your doctor) (b) (our factory) (c) (these parks) (d) (all the professors) photographs) tie grandmothers) tishrooms) woman) ■ i 1 1 1 1 i
-i+29- NOUNS IN 6 Definition "Noun in /£" means "noun whose nominative singular does not have a visible ending". The final letter of the nominative singular may be either a consonant or b . flOM andyMHTejib both end in £, Gender Nouns in / are either masculine or feminine. If the final letter of the nominative singular is a consonant, they are masculine. If the final letter of the nominative singular is b , they may be either masculine or feminine. Nouns Exi Final letter is a consonant All M flOM Final letter is b ,M , F yiHTejifc jio'ma^b Marking Gender The gender of nouns whose final letter is fe will be shown as follows! If the noun is feminine, ^ (for sce'HCKHft po,n ) will follow the vocabulary entry: jio'ma^b }K If the noun is masculine, no 3K will follow the vocabulary entryi yMHTejib Examples po,n is masculine because it ends in A. not written with b. KH«3b is masculine because it ends in j£_ written with b , but is not followed by 3K. pojib E is feminine because it ends in £. written with t and is followed by 3K.
!+30- Drill What is the gender Write M or F. Ansv 1- pOJI 2. nucaTejib 3. BepHOCTb 3K k. HVJIb 6. HO^b SC 6. nopT$e'jib 7. MOOT 8. rjivnocTb SC of vers the are following nouns, on the right. Answers M M F M F M M F In fact, the gender of most nouns in t/ is predictable by the following rules: ; those in Tejib are M» yuHTejib, nucaTejib those in octb are F: Be'pHOCTb, rjiynocTb those in ^b are Fi MHmb, HOMb Since H consonants are intrinsically either hard ( m, m,n) or soft ( n, m), the b has no effect on pronunciation. Its function here is to show gender, MHmb is F KapaHflam is M This leaves a small, but very common group of nouns in b whose gender must be memorized. Drill Write M or F for nouns Write "?" for those 1. poji t 2. nucaTejib 3. rjivnocTb k. HVJIb 6. acHTeJib 7. Be'pHOCTb 8. KOHb 9. cJiymaTeJib 10. nopT$e"jib wh wh ose ose gender gender is Answers M M F ? F M F ? M is predictable. not.
-1+31- The i-declension Feminines in £ are declined differently from feminines in _a_. jio^maflb 3K Transcription B. P. n. T. jio'maAfc Jio'maflH Jidma^bio This declension is called "the i-declension" because of the frequency of "i_" as a case ending. Drill 3 Give the genitive following nouns. 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. BepHOCTb nrfcaTejib Hyjffe Ho'tife 2C nopT$ejib raynocTb K 3iC singular of the
U32- Drill 4 Translate into Russian. 1. Gladkov has a talking horse. 2. Gladkov loves his talking horse. 3. He writes to his talking horse. 4. He converses with ("co") his talking horse. 5. As a rule they talk about the life of a talking horse. 6. All the other horses are talking about Gladkov's talking horse. We have now completed the declension of Russian nouns. H. B. P, n. T. Complete Chart of Endings MCI Mh. ...ij.. %p 1 1 1 ...ovo.••& ... onvu. •. u ••.om»..e* .•.im.•.om • • • 3. J £L • • • cL • • •___• • •". . • •___• • •_. ... o.i... e .. •__• • .£_ _ £ i ju_ • • • ___-• • * ^-/a t .. ,_x.. .j_7_i/ov ...im... am ...ix...ax ...imi...ami ij+e-* i_+_
-^33- MOJiOfleatb 3K - youth Drill t Ha MeacflyHapoflHOM KOHrpecce MOJioaeacn HejierarpiH oh^it TaKHM o'6pa30M: BeHrepcKaa MOJioji;exb i 1 nojibCKaa MOjiofleacb 1 1 ©a© cjiOBanKaa MOJtojjexb <r* 4T\ pyccKas MOJicneacfe 6ojirapcKaa Mojio^eacb yKpaHHCKas MOJioflexb SeJiopyccKaa MOJIO^eJKb cjioBeHCKaa MOjiojteacb xopBaTCKaa MOJioflexb I MaKeflcfHCKaa MOJio^eacb PyccKaa MOJiojjexb ch^ht okojio yKpaHHCKOft MOJioflexn. Tjje chjiht pyMHHCKas MOJio^eatb? J\a.jieK6 ot 6ojirapcK08 MOJiojje'xH. BonpoeH iTapej 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 0. TJte Fae Tfle Kto Tae Tfle Kto r*e Kto Tfle ch,h;ht CHflHT CHflHT CHflHT CHflHT CH.HHT ch,hht CHflHT CHJIIT CHflHT -* —. CoJirapcKan MOJiosexb? pyMHHCKas MOJiojjexb? yKpaHHCKaa MOJio^exb? OKOJIO yKpaHHCKOft MOJIOJjeXH? cepficKaa MOJiofleacb? xopBaicKaa MOJiojjeacb? flaaeKo ot BeHrepcKoft MOJio^exH? BeHrepcKaa MOJiojjexb? OKOJIO no'jIbCKOfl MOJIO^eXH? nojibCKaa MOJioA^xb? [ o'KOJto/flajieKd OT/Me'xfly ]
U3U— Drill; Mojioaeacb Tape The questions on the tape are based on the diagram below. C? Symbolst jiroStf-t- [koto] (£3/ b B0CT°Pre 0T [koto] >/ (in ecstasy over) ^^~/\ nepe^aeT npHB^T [KOMy] C^-^~^ (send greetings) fn) roBopH+ o [kom] £& TpoHyia heu] <¥/ L £-*>. (touched lay)
-1+35- AD VERBS Most adverbs are identical to the short-form neuter (i.e., adjective stem + .0). Adiective HHTepe'CHHft TpyflHHft (difficult) irfxHfi (quiet) xojio'^HHi! (cold) TenJibifi (warm) xopo'mHft njioxdft Adverb HHTepe'CHO T^VflHO THXO XOJTO^HO Tenjid xopomo njioxo IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS Contrast such sentences as« (a) It is located in the eity. (the factory) It is in the garage, (the car) It is well written, (the composition) It is necessary to go. (b) •( It's pleasant to see you. It's difficlut to say. Oh HaxoflHTCH b ropofle, OHa b rapaace. 0h6 xopomo HanHcaHO. Ha^o hath. IlpHHTHO BHfleTL BaC. Tpy'flHO CKa3£lTb. In sentences (a), "it" is a pronoun, i.e., it takes the place of some noun understood by the speaker. In Russian, "it" would be rendered "oh " " OHa H and moho' ", depending on the gender of the antecedent. In sentences (b), "it" is used to satisfy the requirement of English that some word precede the verb. Russian has no such requirement. Therefore, TpyflHO - it is difficult. Since there is no subject expressed in Russian, these are termed impersonal constructions. Impersonal constructions have adverbs as their predicates. TpyflHo - it is difficult npHHTHO - it is pleasant Tenji6 - it is warm xo'jioflHO - it is cold Certain adverbs are used exclusively in impersonal constructions. Ha,no - it is necessary ; ^ Similar in meaning* HyxHO - it is necessary/needed moxho - it is possible HeJib3H - it is forbidden/impossible Distinguish HyacHo -adverb HyxHO acHTb 3flecb. H.yacHO - neuter short form of HyxHuii (necessary) JIom HyaceH. MamHHa HyxHa. HSjioko HyxHO.
1436- The subject in impersonal constructions is expressed by the dative MHe TpyflHO padoTaTb. It is difficult for me to work. case. HaM HaflO hath. It is necessary for us to go./We have to go. Codaice npHj^THO h Tenjio TaM. It is pleasant and warm for the dog there. EMV XOJIOflHO. (It is cold for him.) He is cold. Dr Tr 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. ill 5 anslate into Russian. It is difficult for me to speak Russian. It's very pleasant to see vou. It's verv pleasant for us to see them. It's very cold. I am verv cold. You can't smoke. It is pleasant and warm for the dog under the table. The past and future of impersonal constructions is expressed with 6hjio and 6y.neT. Codaice 6hjio npHHTHO h Tenjio TaM. (It was pleasant and warm for the dog there.) MHe H^flo dy^eT padoTaTb 3aBTpa. (I will have to work tomorrow.)
Practice with verb stems ending in3/c -!+37- Pasti ^, Jia, jio, jih r pa 3+ (gnaw) rpbi3, rpbbjia, rpH3Jio, rpbfajm noji3+- (crawl) noji3, noji3Jia, noji3Jid, noJi3Jiii Hec+ (carry) Hec, HecJi^, HecJid, HecJiH Infinitivet the ending is joined directly to the stem. th if end-stressed noji3+ : noji3TH ib if stem-stressed rpH3+ : rpH3Tb Root H e in the infinitive Be3t : Be3T^ Hed+ : HecTH AcnHpaHT h co6a.Ka Tape Ilofl KpoBaTbio CH^djia codaica h rpH3Jia koctb. CoSaice 6h'jio npHHTHo h Tenjrd TaM. Ha Kposam Jieacajr acnnpa'HT h rpM3 KapaH^am. Codaica rpH3jia koctb, noTOMy ^to coSa'KH jik'Sht rpH3Ti ko'cth. Ohh" cuH-raioT k6ctyi BKycHHMH. AcnHpaHT rpH3 KapaH^am, noTOMy uto oh toto'shjich k 9K3aMeHy. HacKo'jibKO a 3Haio, acnnpa'HTH He c^HTdioT KapaHaamri BKycHHMH. The Graduate Student and the Dog Under the bed was sitting a dog and gnawing a bone. It was pleasant and warm for the dog there. On the bed was lying a graduate student and gnawing a pencil. The dog was gnawing the bone because dogs like to gnaw bones. They consider bones delicious. The graduate student was gnawing a pencil because he was preparing (himself) for an examination. As far as I know, graduate students do not consider pencils delicious. BonpocH j'J'apel 1. T^e CHfleJia cofiaKa? I" © I 2. IIo^eMy? 3. Hto' fle'jrajia codaica? 0=0 4. no<ieMy/? Q? 5. IloueMy? & 6. Tfle Jieacsui acnHpaHT?^ 7. Hto oh ae'jiaji? o=Ot^ 8. no^eMy?
-^38- Non-Syllabics in a+ Verbs whose stems do not contain a vowel are called non-syllabic verbs. Non-Syllabic Syllabic sc,H-a-i- (wait) nnc-a+ Non-syllabics in a+ do not have V+V mutation. fl ac^y. t>ut nHmy Oh aCjgeT. nilmeT Non-syllabic verbs will be treated in detail in Volume II. BepHag aceHa MypaBeft noJi3 b rapaac. 3a hum noji3Jia ero aceHa. Ho^eMy Haflo dbijio hm noji3Tii b rapaac? EMy He Ha'flO fibfoio noji3TH b rapaac. Oh npdcro xoTejr noji3Tii b rapaac. Oh flyMaji, sepoHTHO, ito b rapaace ac^yT ero TOBapnm,n. 3Hajr jih oh, uto b rapaace ac.neT ero' MypaBbe'fl? 3a hum noJi3Jia erd aceHa. Oh^l 3Hajia, BepoHTHO, ^to b rapaace' atfleT hx MypaBbe'fl. Ohsl CKa3eUia, sepon'THO, Myacy: - "Pa^H 6o'ra, He noji3H b rapaac! TaM ac^eT Hac MypaBbe'fl." Ho oh Bee paBHO noJi3 b rapaac, a OHa 3a hum. IloueMy Ha^o 6hjio eft hqjisth 3a hhm b rapaac? Eft He Ha^o Shjio. KaK6ft rjiyimft Mypase'fi! KaK^H Be'pHaa aceHa! KaKaa rjiynocTb! KaKa.ii Be'pHOCTb! MypaBe'ft ncue3 b rapaace; 3a hum Hc^esjia ero' aceHa. fl cn^eji Ha Kpbime rapaaca h th'xo njia^caji.
-h39- The Loyal Wife An ant was crawling to the garage. Behind him was crawling his wife. Why did they have to crawl to the garage? He didn't have to crawl to the garage. He simply wanted to crawl to the garage. He probably thought that (his) comrades were waiting for him in the garage. Did he know that an ant-eater was waiting for him in the garage? Behind him crawled his wife. She probably knew that an ant-eater was waiting for them in the garage. She probably said to her husband» - "For God's sake, don't crawl into the garageJ An ant-eater is waiting for us there!" But he crawled to the garage anyway/ all the same/ and she behind him. Why did she have to follow him/crawl after him/ to the garage? She didn't have to. What a stupid ant! What a loyal wife! What stupidity} What loyalty! The ant disappeared in the garage; after him disappeared his wife. I sat on the roof of the garage and quietly wept. Bonpocbi i_Tap_e 1. ^to fle'jiaji MypaBe'ft? 2. Ky^si noji3Jia ero' aceHa? 3. no^eMy Ha,u,o 6hjio eMy /ioji3TH Ty^a? 4. IIoueMy oh noji3 b rapaac? 5. IIo^eMy OHa noJi3Jia 3a hum? 6. ^Td TaKo'e acH3Hb? 7. MeM OHa KOH^ae-rca? i / 8. nouewiy cuHTaeT imcaTejib MypasbH rjiynHM? 9. IIoqeMy c^HTaeT imcaTejib ero' aceHy Be'pHofl? 10. no^eMy th'xo njiaicaji imcaTejib?
Ritual 29 Tape - KaK BaM HpaBHTCH "g'tot rdpofl Hama CTpaHa uoA TeTH Moe nepo' KaK BaM CKa3aTb? Tpy^HO BHpa3HTb see, «o h> uyBCTsyio. OH/oHa/oHd OKa3aji/a/o Ha MeHa orpoMHoe h He3adHBaeMoe BneuaTjie'HHe.. .sne^aTJie'HHe, KOTopoe TJiy60K6 H3MeHHJIO MOH B3TJlfip,U H MHe'HHfl. . .H3MeHrfjIO, 6htl MdaceT, HaBcerja. na'MHTb o a 6y^y flo'jirne ro'flbi xpaHHTb h ijeHHTB. ,\ - How do you like | this city our country my aunt .my pen How can I put it? /how to tell you?/ It is difficult to express everything I feel. It has made an enormous and unforgettable impression on me... an impression which has deeply changed my views and opinions...changed (them) perhaps forever. The memory of (about) I will keep and cherish for years to come/for long years/.
Aki The Verb Hfl+ The past tense and infinitive are irregular. Pas.tt oh meJi, ohsl mjia, oh6 mjio, OHii hijih Inf. i HflTrf VERBS OF MOTION ( TJIArOJIH flBHMEHHH ) Verbs of motion often have no-as their perfective. We have hads Hfl-t- go on foot e'xa-»- go by vehicle HecV carry by foot Be3+ carry by vehicle Bei;+ lead noji3+ crawl jieTe'+ fly Oh nose 3 ee b flepe'BHio. He took her to the country. With these verbs, the prefix no-sometimes denotes the beginning of motion. Ohh nomJiH b jiec. They started out for the woods. Conjugation Drills Obstruent Stems Svmbolsi Kpafl + Befl + UBeT + noJi3 + Be 3 + Hec' + nei£ + CTpar + ^ % 3> K* XT D^ *> ^p m (s.o. leading s.o.) (a flower) (an ant) (a package in a car) (s.o. carrying a package) (pirozhki) t (hair)
It 1*2- 1 fJape-| 1. Present Rememb 1-^fe -^ 3-fc *• % 2. Past Te !..> 2. .^& '"ft *'% 5. ^ 6. f 7. # 8. # ; Te nse A/' 3/C r/i nse all are eT -verbs no V+V mutation ice—* ue 5- 6 7. 8 r 4> 9. £P 4^ ii ^ 12 M H C ji t jra jra JIO JIO 9. £> 10-^ 1U4S 12. <^j 13. £d -• % 15' 4?> 16. £ £ £P> ■43 • 9> ■ 2> Mh. JIH JIH C + nc 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24-. 13. #0 Ik. ^7 15. # 16. $£ c-+ tfc C+C-* #C op J& & i € ^ 9° %
3. Present and Past Tense • $d ,. *0 17. % 2* fr 3- ^ *• ^> 5. ^> 6- ^^ 7- ^7 8. 4^ . Infinitive Vt (C) TH "• <£> "' 4^ 12-<^> "• % »■# 15- # -• ^ 3/c r/K TH Ub 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 2k. 9, & & O <P <3p £p> when unstressed th- root e—* e Tb Listen 1. IloqeMy OHa rpH3e"T koctb? Eh Hajo rpH3Tb koctb. 2. " oh^l noJi3eT b napK? 3. " OHa' HeceT KHHry? 4. " mh HeceM naiceT? 5. " bh sefleTe cefia xopomo? 6. " r se^y ce6a xopomo? f 7. " HhkojicIh Kpa^eT KapaH^amH? 8. " cecTpa CTpnaceT cboh fljiHHHHe bojioch? 9. " cecTpa neueT nupoacKH? 10. " 9ia He3a6y^,Ka ijBeTeT? (forget-me-not)
IlepBaH jnodo'Bb Tape C ypoKa rajia ^e'ByraKa. t 3a Heft meji napeHb. Oh Hec ee khkth. Ha'^o Sbijio eMy HecTH ee khhth? Ax, Hex! Oh xoTe'ji HecTH ee KHHrn. Oh jik>6hji ee. Ky^a oh Hec ee khhYh? B MamHHy. Ohh exajm, e'xajiH... H3 ro'pofla b flepeBHio. Oh noBe3 ee b Tri'xoe m^cto b .nepe'BHe. IlOMeMy oh noBe3 ee b ^epeBHio? Ha'^,0 6hjio eMy Be3TH ee b ^epe'BHio? Ax, HeT! Oh xoTe'ji Be3TH ee b ^epe'BHio. IIo^eMy OHci exajia c hhm b ^epeBHio? Ha^o Su'jio eft exaTb c hhm b .nepe'BHio? Ax, HeTt OHa xOTe'jia e'xaTb c hhm b flep^BHio. 0, HeacHaa JiroSoBb! 0, MMjias xepe'BHa! Ohh nonuiH b jiec. B jiecy UBeJia nocjie^HHH He3a6jf;n,Ka ro'^a. OHa" nocMOTpeJia Ha He3a6y^Ky h 3anjidKajia. - "He njia^b, MHjiaa! He nJia^b, floporas! rioieMy mia^emb? Hto' CJiy^HJiocb? HtcS h cfle'jiaji? ^t6 CKa3a'ji?" — "F^e He3a6^,5KH nponuiofi He^e'jiH? Ohh uBejin, u,BejiH... h Ten^pb Bee Hcie'3JiH. ^epe3 He,n,ejno HCie3HeT a * a'Ta nocJie'^Haa; HesaSy^Ka. Bee Hcie3aeT. H Hama jiK>66Bb, KOTOpan UBeTeT, KaK He3a6y^Ka, - ^epe3 Mecau;.. .qepe3 ro^. .. Hcie'sneT h* OHa.. IIo ee MHJioMy jihii;^ tckjih rdpbKHe cjie3H. Ee ropbKHe cjie3bi nonajin Ha He3a6y^Ky h HC^esJiH. Ax, nepBaa jiioSo'Bb! Ax, HeacHaa jnofiOBb! h - to show emphasis
First Love A girl was going from class. Behind her went a young lad. He was carrying her books. Did he have to carry her books? Oh, nol He wanted to carry her books. He loved her. Where was he carrying her books? To the car. They drove and drove...from the city to the country. He drove (transported) her to a quiet place in the country. Why did he drive her to the country? Did he have to drive her to the country? Oh, nol He wanted to drive her to the country. Why did she go with him to the country? Did she have to go with him to the country? Oh, nol She wanted to go with him to the country. Oh, tender love! Oh, dear countryl They set out on foot for the woods. In the woods the last forget-me-not of the year was blooming. She looked at the forget-me-not and burst out crying. -"Don't cry, honeyl Don't cry, dearie! Why are you crying? What happened? What have I done? What have I said?" —"Where are the forget-me-nots of last week? They blossomed, blossomed...and have now all disappeared. In a week, this last forget-me-not will also disappear. Everything disappears. And our love, which blossoms like a forget-me-not...in a month...in a year... it too will disappear." Bitter tears flowed along her dear face. Her bitter tears fell onto the forget-me-not and disappeared. Oh, first lovel Oh, tender love! BonpocH Tape 1. OTKy^a mjia fle'Bymica? 2. IIo^eMy OHa He Hec.ua cbohx khht? 3. IIo^eMy Hajo 6ujio eu$ HeCTH ee KHiirH? 4. IIo^eMy oh nee hx? 5. Kyfla^ oh Hec hx? 6. IIo^eMy Hajo Shjio eMy HeCTH hx b MamHHy? 7. Ky^a OHrf noe'xanH? 8. IkmeMy Ha^o 6h'jio efi exaTb b ^epeBHio? 9. Ky.ua ohh nonum? 10. Pfle UBejia He3a6y,mca? 11. r,ne flpyrae He3a6y^KH? 12. IIoieMy ohh hc^3Jih?
-UU6- CoBeTCKufi rpaacjaHHH BCTpeuaeT aMepHKaHCKoro T.ypHCTa Tape) Bot mh Ha KpacHoft njidma^H! CoBe'TCKHfi rpaac^aHHH BCTpe'ja'eT aMepHKaHCKoro TypHCTa. CoBeTCKHft rpaac^aHHH1 : dcaacrfTe, noacaJiyHCTa, bh He HH0CTpa.Heii?2 KaK Bama $aMHJiHfl? AMepHKaHCKHfi Typn'cT^ : Moh/ $aMHjiHH flacoHC. C: ri03Bo'jibTe npe^CTaBHTbCfl! MeHH 30Byr AjieKcaH^p HBa'HOBHq rjia^Ko's. 4 A: CfaeHb npHHTHO II0 3HaKo'MKTbCfl. C: CfaeHb pa,n,. A: H Tdace. C: CKaxcHTe, rocnoflHH HacoHC, KaK BaM HpaBHTCH MocKBa? A: KaK BaM cKa3aTb? Tpy^HO Bbipa3HTb Bee, mo a. ^yBCTByio. OHa' OKa3ajia Ha MeHH orpoMHoe h He3adHBaeMoe BneiaTJieHHe... BneiaTJidHHe, KOTdpoe rJiydoKO H3MeHHJio moh bstjih^h h MHe'HHH... H3MeHHJio, dHTb MoaceT, HaBcer,n;a. IlaWTb o Mocbk^ h dy^y fldjirne ro'^H xpaHHTb h ijeHHTb. C: r^e bh HayiiijiHCb roBopHTb no-pyccKH? Bh, KOHerao, cjiaBHHCKOro npoHcxoac^dHHH. A. Ha *rvd bh! H 3aHHMa'iocb pyccKHM h3Hkom Bcer6 TOJibKO o^hh ro,n, c nojiOBHHOH, TaK hto H eqe He npHBHK BHpaaca'Tb cboh iWcjih no- pyccKH. IIpocTHTe MeHH 3a njioxdfi fl3HK h Henpa'BHJibHoe npon3- HomeHHe! C: A, Hao6op6T! Bh otjihiho BJia^e'eTe pyccKHM H3HK0M. A: CnacHdo 3a KOMiuiHMeHT! C: He ctoht dJiarofla'pHOCTH. Female counterparts: ^rpaac^aHKa 2HH0CTpa.HKa TyprfcTKa AjieKcaH^pa HBaHOBHa TJia^KOBa pa^a
A Soviet Citizen Meets An American Tourist Here we are on Red Square. A Soviet citizen meets an American tourist. Soviet Citizen: Tell me, please, aren't you a foreigner? What's your name? American Tourist: My name is Jones. S: Allow me to introduce myself. My name is Aleksandr Ivanovich Gladkov. A: It's very pleasant to make your acquaintance, S: I'm very happy (to meet you). Ai Me, too. (I also) S: Tell me, Mr. Jones, how do you like Moscow? A: How can I put it? It is difficult to express everything I feel. It has made an enormous and unforgetable impression on me.,,an impression which has deeply changed my views and opinions... changed them perhaps forever. The memory of Moscow I will keep and cherish for years to come. 3i Where did you learn to speak Russian? You are of course of Slavic origin. A« Aw, go onl I've been studying Russian in all for only a year and a half, so that I still haven't become accustomed to expressing my thoughts in Russian. Forgive my bad Russian and incorrect pronunciation. S« But, on the contrary! You speak Russian very fluently /you splendidly control the Russian language/. A: Thank you for the compliment. Si You're welcome. /It's not worth thanks/ "for" is rendered either %jm or 3a. ,5Ji.H - means "for" in the sense of "for the benefit of" 3to no^apoK ^jin Bac. 3a - means "for" in the sense of "in exchange for" cnacrieo sa KOMnjiHMeHT
-UU8-
-«mm i«p -1*1*9- Preposition Drill : ro'po^; FydKHHrpa^ Vocabulary« Momajb K - square yjiima - street npocneKT - avenue fiyjibBap - boulevard flopo'ra - road, highway naWTHHK [KOMy] - monument 6n6jinoTeKa - library oficepBaTo'pHH - observatory flOM-My3^fi* - home-museum Symbolst Me'acxy [ieM] o'kojio [iero] Be>t k [ieMy] (lead towards) iepe3 [ito] (through) Answer the following questions based on the map on p.448.Check your answers on p. 571, 1. ■ ' ' 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9. 10 11 Kafcaff njioma^b - ueHTp rdpo^a? r^e ctoht naWTHHK PyfiKHHy? Ky^a BejeT rySicHHCKHft SyjiBBap ? Ky,nd H^,eT TpojuieftSyc HOMep 1? T,ne ctoht ^0M-My3efi TydicHHa? / P^e PlHCTHTyT CJiaBHHCKHX H3UKOB? T^e PydKHHCKaa jfjiHua? Ky^a BefleT BjiHHCKaa .nopo'ra? Ky.ua Be^eT BeTOHHas y\nHu;a? , P,ne ctoht naMHTHHK Iflyjibiiy? Txe m6)kho HaflTH nocjie'flHHe KHHrn o SeTOHOMemajiicax? I 12. Mexjuy KaKHMH z^hhumh HaxdRKTca CeTo'HHaa 6n6jittOTeKa'? ^ 13. P^e ctoht SeTOHOMemajiKH? * 14. T^e pa6c$TaK>T deTo'Hm.HKH h 6eTo'Hm,Hu;H? 15. Ffle paSoTaji npofje'ccop Ulyjit>n,? 16. T^e TeMHHfi jiec? 17. Tfle h364? 18. Pxe CTOrfT JlyHHaa odcepBaTo'pHH HMeHH PaiceTHOH He'HmHHH? 19. Ky^a seflei JlyHHHH npocne'KT? 20. P^e ctoht paxeTHHe 3aBo'flH? / 21. P^e paS^TaioT paxeTHHe HHacenepH? 22. P^e flOMa paiceTHHX HHaceHe'poB? 23. P^e paKe'THbie JtadopaTdpHH? 24. T^e paxeTHHe rapara? 25. T^e MaiHHU paice'THHx HHaceHe'poB? It is common in the Soviet Union to convert the living quarters of famous men into museums, e.g., flOM-My3e'g HagKo'BCKoro, KBapTHpa-My3efi (apartment-museum) riymKHHa, and even capaS-wyse'S (barn-museum) and majia'in-My3eH (haystack-mus.) Jle'HHHa, where he was in hiding from the tsarist police in 1917*
-ij-50- 26. OTKyfla h icyM HfleT Tpojureft6yc HdMep 11? 27. Kya^i Be^eT BojidTHaa y\HHu;a? 28. r^e peciopaH ".Hpyxda"? 29. 3a KaKHM 3^aHHeM HaxoflHTCH Bejn6coe BjMHCKoe Gojio'to? 30. Ky^a Be^ei BojidTHHft npocnekT? 31. r^e Haxo^HTCH ruflpocraHijHH? 32. Kaic68 npocn^KT BeaeT k ijeHTpajibHOMy ndpicy KyjibTypH h OTflbixa liweHH Ty6KHHa? 33. T^e xhbjtt Trirpbi? 34. r^e Haxd^HTCH soona'pK? 35. Kaicdft SyjiBBap Be^eT k BjiHHCKoft Typd^se? 36. r^e Haxd^HTCH ndqTa? 37. Ky,a;a Be^eT Typda^HHft dyJibBSip ? 38. OTKy^a h Kyfld n^ei Tpojui^ftdyc HdMep 7? 39. Tfle BejiHKOe EjiHHCKoe Mdpe? 40. Tfle XHByT kht6? 41. r^e OT^HxaroT TyprfcTH? 42. Kyja Be^ei PopHbifl npocn^KT? 43. r,ne Haxd^H^CH HHCTHiyT peK, KaH^Jios, h flpyrrfx acrf^KHX Tea? 44. r,ne iihk IHyjii»u;a? 45. OTKy^a h Ky^a Te^eT Bjihh?
WORKBOOK! SUMMARY OF CONJUGATION A. Chart Vowel-Stems all suffixed rOBOpH- ] nT_vbs. flepaca+ J nHc#-v- nopo-»- Tpi6oBa+ npHBHKHyl menHy+ eT-vbs. A/i 3/c t/k 6 Consonant-Stems Suffixed ^ejiafi+ KpaCH^fi-t- Radical Resonant aci?B+ MHH+ Obstruent : Be^t+ : Hec+ • neK+ : rped+- B. Symbols Vj vowel; Cj consonant Rt resonant consonants ( Pi, b,p,ji,m,h) Ob« obstruent consonants (fl,T,3,c,6,n,r,K,x ) R-stem» a stem ending in a resonant consonant Ob-stemt a stem ending in an obstruent consonant Suffixed: a stem with a suffix Radicals a stem with no suffix +1 end of stem Mi in s 1 m Ki k r x ck (Unstressed e is spelled ei BeJi—BeJia; acHBe'T—CTaneT )
-1*52- C. Endings V-endings H TbI OH MH Bbl OHH (present HT-verbs 1» nmfa HT HM HTe 1 HT and future perf eT-verbs 2 enib eT 6M eTe 2 yT 1. After H , ro and a are spelled y and at moji^h-ho/ht-* mojii^, mojitoi 2. 8 +y is contracted to » » ^yMaSw-y—*• .nyMaro C-endings Pasti ji, jia, jio, jih Inf.» Tbexcept Ob-stems which have TH or Tb i depending on the stress. D. Joining Rules 1. Addition. V-stems join endings beginning in consonants (past/ infinitive) by simple addition, represented by the formula 1V+C-»VCM « . roBopn+ji—* roBoprfji: nuca+Tb-* racaTb C-stems join endings beginning in vowels (present) by simple addition, represented by the formula lfe+V-£rCVh acuB+y—»■ acHBy: .ne'-ttaft-t-y-*- .ne'jiaio 2. Truncation. V-stems join endings beginning in vowels (present) by dropping the final stem vowel, represented by th- formula 1V+V-* W1 t roBoprf+io—* roBopifi MOJUia+HT—*• MOJI1HT na'xHy* ei-* naxHei nHca^yT—»• nrimyT C-stems join endings beginning in consonants (past/ infinitive) by dropping the final stem consonant, represented by the formula IC+C-» #C 1 J .ne'jiaH-t-Ji—» .ne'jiaji 2CHB*Tb—* XHTb Be^tJi—* Be-tt nilfitTb-* nHTb
-1)53- Thereforei Past & Infinitive endings are joined to V-stems directly are joined to C-stems with accompanying truncation Present endings are joined to consonant stems directly are joined to vowel stems with accompanying truncation 3. Departures from the joining rules. (l) Stems in OBa + -» yg before vowel endings 1 TpeSoBa ■+ y-* Tpe'SyS ■*■ y = Tpe6y» V+C—► VC nuca+Tb—»■ nHca'Tfc C+C-* #C aci?B-+Tb-* aCHTfe C+V—* CV acHB+y- :a>j nnmy KHBy V+V-* yV nHcaVy-* OBa yft (2) Some stems in Hy(calledHy ) drop Hyin the past tense, and are then treated as if they ended in consonantst npHBHKHy + past tense -* npHBbiK + past tense, dphbuk is treated like any stem in k ( npuBHK, npHBbbcjia, i.o, jih ) (3) Stems in Hftdrop h before vowel endings« iihh + y—» nfcg+ y written ntio fltft .» y _» hfi ■» y ' {k) Stems in h8 change h to 0 before vowel endings 1 mhB ■+ y—» moh ■» y written udio uPi 08 (5) Ob-stems undergo the following changes before consonant endings All» root ei -*• e in the infinitive: Be3+TH —» Be3TH Stems inrA t Inf. qfe past jij jia, jio, jih 6eper+ 6epe/n>: 6eper, SeperJia, Seperjio', SeperJirf Stems ins/ct Inf. th past j£, jia, jio, jih Be3+ b^3Th: Bes, Be3Jia, Besjso', Be3JiH Stems in j/t: Inf. th and preceding cons.—* c; Past C+C-* (Z'C B'ep+ B_ecTH: Bfeji, BeJi^i, BeJid, sejiH Summarized"by the following chart: Inf. Past t/k Ife JL 3/c TH L a/t ( c)th JI When unstressed (see par. F k below TH—^ Ti Stems in Hyl become radical in the past tense, and form past tense as do Ob-stems.
-U5U- E. V+V Mutation In the environment V+V (vowel stem + present ending), the final consonant of the stem may mutate as follows: Liquids Dentals -» H Labials add Jib Velars —» M soften A X. T U 3 ac c m CT m 6 6jlb n njib B BJIb * $JIb M MJIb K ^ r 3C X m CK I! JI m | jib P Pb Endings. Such mutation occurs: (1) When joining 1st person singular ending to ht-verbs* (2) When joining any vowel ending to nuca -verbs (defined as stems in a+ not preceded by H-or ob- and as stems in o+). All consonant groups mutate in naca- verbs. Dentals: naca+ numy, nHmemb,... Velars: njiaKa+ ~n]id^yf~"nji^ei,.. . Labials: ,npeMa+ jypeMJiio, ypeMjiemb, ♦.. Liquids: nopo+ nopio, ndpemb, ... Velar and liquid mutation is irrelevant for ht -verbs because: (1) no HT-verbs have velar as final stem consonant (2) liquids are already soft ( roBopn-t-, Bejie-^ and the products of liquid softening and mutation are identical. F. Stress 1. C+V stress. Stress is fully automatic in the present of consonant stems. (a) Stems in # and h are stem-stressed in all persons.** 3HaS+ 3Haro, 3Haemb,... dam- CTa'Hy, CT^Hemfc,... (b) Stems in any other consonant are end-stressed in all persons. Kpajj-*- Kpasy, Kpajjemb,... Where stress mark is entered for consonant stems, it does not show present stress, but past stress. Ignore the stress mark in assigning present stress of consonant stems. 1. V+V mutation also occurs in stems ending in h+: (a) when joining imperfective suffixes ( treated in Volume II) (b) when joining past passive participle suffix and the noun formed from it (see Appendix) 2. CS stems have the mutation %-*■ am and t-*> m, (treated in Volume II 3. Ke does not exist in Russian, and He appears instead. Thus, neKy,nV «ieT is not the result of V+V mutation, but of a general mutation affecting all words of Russian. ** Stems in nft+ which lose their stem vowel in the present, are necessarily end-stressed in the present: nHftt ntio, nhemb,... They remain so even when prefixed: nponnft+ nponbi6, nponbemb, ...
-!+55- Following each section on stress there is a short exercise for illustrative purposes. The answers are given. Exercise 1 Give 1st person singular. 1. noji3-f 2. rpH3+ 3 • nji3B+ Mark stress. ^. nepeacHB-t- 5« Ofl^H+ Answers 1. noji3y k. nepeacHBy 2. rpH3y 5. cueHy 3. nJiHBy 2. V+C stress. Stress may not shift in the past of vowel stems. The mark x , which shows stress shift, has no relevance in stressing the past of vowel stemst xojS+ xoflHJia; imca+ nucajia; CMOTpl+ CMOTpe'jia. 3. Stress shift. (a) Stress shift may occur only in environments where truncation may also occur, i.e., C+C and V+V. Therefore, it may occur only in the past of C-sterns and the present of V-stems. (b) Stems with stress-shift in the past are entered with the mark -* . Stems with stress-shift in the present are entered with the mark * . (c) Past shift takes the form: feminine end-stressed, other past forms stressed on root or prefix. acHB-f : acuji, acHji^, schjio, acftjin BUT scHBy, acuBemb, .. . npoacHB* : npoatuji, npoacujia, np6acHjio, np6acmin BUT npoacHBy, npoacuBemb, . Present shift takes the forms 1st sing, end-stressed, other persons shift stress to preceding syllable. xoflS+ xoacy, xo'flHinfe, xo^ht... BUT xo^hji, xo^HJia, xo^hjio... No other stress shift patterns occur. Therefore: In vowel stems, the mark x shows present shift. Moreover, it shows which vowel is stressed in the past/infinitive. In consonant stems, the mark •*■ shows past shift. It has no relevance at all for the present tense, and must be ignor- ed in assigning present stress. For polysyllabic stems in P& T~a,ejiaH + , ^HTaft* ), the stress mark shows which vowel of the stem is stressed in both present and past. None have stress shift.
Exercise 2 Give 1st and 3rd person 1st se. 1. JIOBH+ singular, fern. "3rd s£. and neuter past. fern, past neut. » past 2. CJIHB-* 3. nepescuB* ^. xoxoTa-*- - Answers 1. 2. 3. k. JIOBJIK), CJIHBy nepeacHBy, xoxo^iy, JIOBHT, JIOBHJia, cjiuBeT, cjiHJia, nepe»CHBeT, nepe^njia', xoxd^ieT, xoxoTajia, JIOBHJIO CJIHJIO ne'peacmio XOXOT^JIO Ob-stem stress. Ob-stems do not have stress shift; consequently, they are never entered with -* . Their past tense forms may be either end-stressed (with inf. th ) or stem-stressed (with inf. u.:, If end-stressed in the past, final consonant has stress mark; if stem-s,tressed in the past, root vowel has stress-mark. Be^+ BeJi, BeJia, Bejid, Bejin': BecTH Kpafl* Kpaji, Kpajia, Kpajio, Kpajin: KpacTb Remember; Present forms are end-stressed regardless of stress mark. Kpa^y, Kpa^enib Exercise 3 Give 1st and 2nd person sing.; 1st eg. 2nd sg. !• noaMeTf , masc, fern., and neuter past. m. past f. past n. past 2. npona,n,+ 3» npoacHB+ 4. ycne"K+ 5» npopy6H+ I ____^^__^_______ Answers 1. 2. 3. k. 5. no,nMeTy , noflNieTemb, nonwea, no^MeJia, npona^y, npona^emb, npon^ji, npona'jia, npoxHBy, npoHCHBemb, npdscHji, npoacnjia\ ycneio, ycn^emb, ycneji, ycne'jra, npopy6jii6, npopy6Hrab, npopySHji, npopy6rfjia, nop,ueji6, nponajio, npdacHJio, ycneio, npopy6rfjio,
•smm ^# -1)57- G. The Stem-Types Suffixed roBopH+. Stems in n + , Mutationi V+V mutation in 1st person sing. Stressi Mobile ( Kyp#+), stem ( CTaBH+) or end (roBopH + ). cHae+. Stems in e+. Mutationi V+V mutation in 1st person singular. Stresst Almost all are end-stressed. MQjma+. Stems in Ha+. Mutationi None, since H does not mutate. Stressi Almost all are end-stressed. nnca+. Stems in a+ but not Ha+ or OBa +. Mutationi V+V mutation before any vowel ending. Stressi Most have mobile stress ( nnca"+) , Some are stem-stressed ( nji^Ka+) , None are end-stressed. nopo +. Stems in o+. 5 stems, all of whose final cons, is p or -n Mutationi V+V mutation before any vowel ending. Stressi All have mobile stress. Tpe6oBa+. Stems in OBa+, Mutationi OBa -*■ yft before any vowel ending. Stressi End ( naKOBa+) or root ( Tpe/6oBa+) . npnBHKHy+. Stems in Hy1. Mutationi Hy drops in past, and )6,Jia,jio,jih are joined to stem. Stressi All are root-stressed. mPTTHy+. Stems in Hy2. Mutationi None. Stressi End ( menHy +) or root ( TpdHy+). jejiaM+. Stems in afi+. No mutation or stress shift. KPacHeM+. Stems in eft +. No mutation or stress shift. Radical - Present stress is automatic R-stems. Stems in ft, b, m, h, p, ji Mutationi None, except 2 special groups below. Past stressi Mobile ( :sci?B+) or root ( mh8+) . If mobile, may be on prefix ( ne*peacnB +)
-1*58- Two special groups of R-stems iihh+. Stems in hh+. Mutationi hh—4 feft before vowel endings. mhh+. Stems in hh + . Mutationi hh-* oft before vowel endings. Ob-stems. Stems in t/k, 3/c, ,h/t, 6. Mutation: In infinitive, root e —> e. Past stress: End-stressed (6eper+ Be 3V B'e&+ rpe6+) Root-stressed (CTpHr+ rpu3+ Kpa^+ ) Sub-types 6eper+. Stems in v/k (6eper+, CTpHr+, neK+- ) Inf.1 qb replaces t/k Past: _£,jna,jio,jiH added to stem. (Present:Ke —* He everywhere in Russian. Thus 6epe«eT, ne^ieT ) _jBe_3+. Stems in 3/c ( Be3+, rpH3+, ne6+ ) *Inf.a th or tb added to stem. Past: jf, jia,jio,JiH added to stem. Befff. Stems in a/? (Bei-c, Kpa,n,+ , Nief+ ) *Inf.: th or ti 1 a/t -* c. Past: ji, Jia, jho,jih with C+C truncation. rpe6 + . Stems in 6. *Inf.: th or Tb j 6—* c. Past: j!>, jia, jio,.iih added to stem. * th- if the past is end-stressed,
WORKBOOKt STEM DEDUCTION Dictionaries enter verbs by their infinitives. Unfortunately,the infinitive rarely supplies enough information for producing all of the other forms. For example, the infinitive MemaTb - "to hinder" could have a present NiemaeT (like cjiymaeT ) or MemHT (like cjnimHT ), depending on whether the stem is Niemaft + or Mema +, The stem is in fact Niemann- and the present is therefore NiemaeT , Another example» the infinitive npaiaTb - "to hide" could have a present npHTaeT (like HmaeT) , or np^neT (like me'iraeT ), depending on whether the stem is npiTaft + or np«Ta +, The stem is in fact npaTa + and the present is therefore npn^eT. For this reason, learner's dictionaries will often give several forms in addition to the infinitive. They almost always give too much information to memorize. For example, nucaTb, numy, nHmemb, nrimyT, nnca.n, nHcajia jiiodHTb, jho6jiio, JnoQumb, jh66ht, jik6hji, Jno6H.ua scuTb, acuBy, acHBenib, schb^t, xhji, scujia From the many forms which are given, there is a single stem form, from which all other forms can be deduced. 1. How to determine the stem (a) cut off -Tb from the infinitive: nnca|Tb JIK)6H|Tb XI^Tb (b) cut off the 3rd pl0 ending» nwdyT jikC aT acnEyT (c) compare the two variants« iinca jhoQh IH IIHC JIK>6 KHB Regular dictionaries give only the infinitive«, This problem will be dealt with in the Appendix,
-U6o- (d) the longer of the two is the stemt hence imca*-, jiio6h+, 3chb+. The mutations c-*> m and 6-* 6jii> are fully predictable from the rules which you have learned.2 More examples Dictionary entry> cuacy CHpnb ch^(ht cn.ne.ii CHflejia Stem (the longer of the two)« cn,ne+ Dictionary entry» HCMe3Hy)Tb Hc^e3H,y HCie3Heib HCMe3HlyT Kcies nc^e3Jia Stem In this case there are three possible stems. The longer of the three is: Hcqe3Hy+ For verb forms ending in "aiOT" or "eioT" the ending is always vjr, preceded by fi: Stem "^KTaft + yT KpacHe|Tb, KpacHe^T "KpacHeM + yT" KpacHeftf (the longer of the two) Why is it that the longer of the two variants is the stem? In most verbs there is truncation in some forms. The longer variant (e.g., naca , jik)6h,:khb) is the one that has not been truncated and hence is the stem (called "the full stem" in the linguistic literature). Since mutation occurs only where there is truncation, the longer forir will always be the unmutated one.
-U6i- Exercise 1 Deduce the stem from the following sets of verb entries. Mark stress. Stem 1. nojiyqaTb, nojiy^aro, nojiy^aerab, noJiy^aioT, nojiy^aJi, nojiy^^Jia (receive) 2. BH3SCa/Tfe, BH3acy, BH3*Hinb, BH3X4T, BH3KajI, BH3ac^jia (squeal) 3. nepedaTb, nepecraHy^ nepecTaHemb, nepeciaHVT, nepecT^Ji, nepecrajia (stop) 4. SBeHeTb, 3BeHl6, 3BeHHfflb, 3BeHHT, 3BeJiejI, 3Bejie'jia (ring) 5. xojiOfle/Tb, xojio^eio, xojiofle'emb, xoJio^eioT, xojiofleji, xojiofl^Jia (grow cold) 6. ofl^Tb, OfleHy, o^eHemb, o^e'HyT, or4ji, o^eJia (put on) 7. jiaaTb, jiaio, Jiaemb, jiaioT, jiami, JiaaJia (bark) 8. 6acT0BaTb, 6acTyio, dacTyemb, 6acryioT, 6acT0Baji, dacTOBsLna (strike) Pay particular attention to the stress of the following verbs in entering the stems. 9. nojiy^HTb, nojiy^iy, nojiy^nmb, nojiyuaT, noJiy^HJi, nojiyqHJia (receive) 10. xpaHHTb, xpaHi6, xpaHHmb, xpaHHT, xpamfji, xpaHHJia (save) 11. BepnTb, Bepio, BepHfflb, Be'paT, Be'pmi, Be'pujia (believe) 12. CJIMTb, CJIMB^, CJIHBemb, CJIHBy'T, CJIbLH, _____ cjiHjia', cji_f.nn (be reputed) 13. npoxHTb, npoacuBy, npoacHBemb, npoacuByT, npdxHJi* _^ npoacujia, npo'acmiH (live a certain period of time) 14. H33CHTb K3MB^, H3-KHBeiHb , H3JKHByT, H3X.YUI, H3KHJia (overcome) (continued)
U62- In stems where consonant mutation occurs, the longer variant always contains the non-mutated form. Stem 15. rpo3HTb„ rpoacy, rpo3Hmb, rpo3HT, rpo3HJi, rpos&Jia (threaten) 16. JieT^Tb, Jie^y, jieTiiinb, JieTHT, JieTe"ji, •neTe'jia (fly) 17. rjio^a'Tb, rjioacy, rjioacerab, rJidacyr, rjioflaji, rjio^ajia (gnaw) 18. nopdTb, nopio, ndpemb, ndpKT, nopoji, nopojia (thrash) 19. CKaKan, CKaqy, CKskemb, cicaqyT, CKaicaji, dcaicajia (jump) 2. If the verb is an Ob-stem, an alternative method is used for determining the stem. Ob-stem infinitives are easy to spot. Unlike all other verbs, their infinitives do not end in a vowel + Tb. KpacTb (infinitive ends in a consonant +tb ) BecTH (infinitive ends in th ) ne^ib (infinitive ends in vb ) For Ob-stemsj (a) Stem-consonant The stem consonant can always be deduced from the 3rd pi. Dictionary entry: KpacTb, Kpa^y, Kpa^emb, KpajjyT, icpaji, Kpsijia, icpajiK Sjtejn 1 Kpaj!,+ CTpa^b, CTpwry, CTpHacerab, CTpnr|yT, CTpHr, CTpnr.ua, CTprfrjiH Stem: cipnr+ (b) e or e If the stem contains the letter "e" look at the past masculine to determine whether this represents e_ or j§. Dictionary entry: BecTH, Be^y, Bejemb, BefflyT, BeJi, Bejia', BejiH Stemt Be,n+ '~~ Be^yT shows that the stem consonant is a, BeJi that the stem vowel is e. Dictionary entry: ce^ib, ceicy, ceqenib, ceKJyr, ceK, ceKJia, ceK.nn Stem: cent
-Ii63- (c) Stress Any form of the past tense other than M shows whether the past tense is end-stressed or stem-stressed. Dictionary entry: KpacTib, Kpasy, Kpaflemb, Kpaj^yT, Kpaji, Kpa'jia, Kpa"jiH S tern» Kpaj;-* Dictionary entryt BecTii, Besy, Be^erab, BejajyT, Ben, BeJia\ BejiH Stemt Be^+ Alternatively, the infinitive can also be used to determine stresst th shows past end-stress; ih shows past stem-stress. But -ib is ambiguous as to past stress. Problemt Dictionary entrva MecTif, wTeiy, MeTemb, ueT^r, u'eji, Mejia, MeJiH (sweep) (a) what is the final stem consonant? (b) is the stem vowel e, or _e? (c) is the past stem- or end-stressed? (d) enter the stems (a) t (b) e (c) end- Cd) MeT- Exercise 2 Deduce the stem from the following sets of verb entries. Mark stress. Stem 1. npacTb, npn^y, npH^emb, npa^yT, npHJi, np/jia, npAjiH (spin) 2. CTepe'^ib, cTepery, CTepeacemb, CTeperyT, deper, creperjia, cTeperjiH (guard) 3. CKpecTii, cKpe6y, cicpedemb, CKpefiyT, CKped^cicpeSJia, CKpedjiH (scrape) 4. nporpH3Tb, nporpH3y, nporphi3enib, nporpH3yT, nporpH3, nporpu3.ua, nporpbi3JiH (graw through) (continued)
h6h- Stem 5. BJie^b, BJieKy, BJie^emb, BJieicyT, BJieic, BJieKJia, BJieKJiH (drag) 6. TpflCTH, TpflCy, TpHCefflb, TpHCyT, TpHC, TpHCJlSL, ,. tphcjih (shake) The five stems in -kh+ (and their compounds) can be recognized by the alternation inf -h- /nj pres -oh- (e.g., mhtb, m6k ) The five stems in -hh+- (and their compounds) can be recognized by I'b" in the present tense. (e.g., nHTb,nbio ) Exercise 3 Deduce stems. Mark stress. Stem I. tohhti, TonjiK, Tonumb, t6hht, toiihji, Tonn'jia (sink, flood) 2. npHBH3a/Tb, npHBnac^, npHB^acemb, npHBHacyr, npHBH3^Ji, npHBH3ajia (bind) 3. npHna'cTt, npnna,ny, npHnaji;emb, npHna^yT, npHna'ji, npuna'jra, npnna'jiH (press oneself to) 4. pyraTbCH, pyraiocb, pyraembcn, pyraroTCH, pyraJicn, pyra'jiacb (swear) 5. ocTaTbCH, ocTaHyct, ocTaHembcs, ocraHyTCH, ocTaJias ocTajiacb (stay, remain) 6. MOJi^aTb, MOjmy, MOJiMHmb, MOjmaT, Mojmaji, MOjnjajia (be silent) 7. rjiH^eTb, rjinacy, rJiHflHmb, tjih^h't, rjin^eji, rJiH^e'jia _____ (glance) 8. MOJio^eTb, wojio^e'io, MOJio^eemb, MOjicudioT, MOJio.ne'ji, ___ MOJio^e'jia (grow young) 9. npeHeSpe^t, npeHeSpery, npeHe6peacemb, npeHeSperyT npeHeSper, npeHe6perJid, npeHe6perjiil (neglect) 10. npHBHTb, npHBti6, npHBbemb, npHBbicfa, npHB^Jt, npHBHJia_ npHBHjiH (innoculate) II. 3aBHTb, 3aB0'K), 3aB0eib, 3aBOKT, 3aBHJI, 3aBHJia (begin to howl) (continued)
-U65- Stem 12. npnacHTt, npHKHBy, npHacHBemt, npnacHByT, npaacHJi, npnacmia, npHJKHJiH (beget) 13. npumiecTH, npuruieTy, npunjieTenib, nprnuieTyT, npHnJieJi npHnJieJia, npHiuiejiH (implicate, drag in) " 14. yKOpOTHTt, yKOpOMy, yKOpOTHmfe, yKOpOTHT, yKOpOTHJl, ^ yKopoTHJia (shorten)
h66- Translation 1. As a rule, graduate students consider the genitive case one of the most important cases. 2. I don't know whether she knows that there is no plural number in the Japanese language. ( gnoHcrafi ) 3. We laughed and giggled while we were walking to ballet school. ( dajie'THan micd-na ) k. Albanian youth is in ecstasy over Estonian youth. ( MOJio,ii;eacfe ) 5. Igor splendidly controls (speaks very well) the Chinese language. He is of course of Chinese extraction. ( KHTattcKHfi) 6. What happened? He saved us? (save - cnacV / cnacafi+ ) 7. In your opinion, what is the difference between stupidity and loyalty? 8. Why was that forget-me-not blooming on Red Square? Did it have to bloom there? 9. Within a year or perhaps within a month one of these beautiful forget-me-nots will disappear. 10. It's difficult for us to understand why your former husband was gnawing that big bone. Did he have to gnaw it? In my opinion, he likes to gnaw big bones. 11. In which Slavic countries do they speak Slavic languages? ( CTpaHa*) 12. Their brothers' and sisters' friends lived in the quiet country, far from all the big cities. 13« He probably took his dog to Czechoslovakia. 14. My wife disappeared while we were driving to Bulgaria. 15« I'd prefer not to argue about your strange behavior. 16. She suddenly burst out crying while she was preparing for an examination on (the subject of) Ukrainian history. Her bitter tears fell onto her new Hungarian tablecloth. ( cicaTepTb 1 ) 17. The dative singular /dative case of the singular number/ is my favorite case. 18. Christ has arisen. ( Xphcto'c, BOCKpecHy1+- /BocKpec£ft+ ) 19• I will keep and cherish the memory of /about/ the instrumental case forever. It has made an enormous and unforgettable impression on me.
CjiOBapb Nouns roVop - dialect acnHpaHT - graduate student MypaBbeji; - ant-eater napeHb (e)(pl<) - lad roji;(y) - year Me'cHii - month HHOCTpa.Hen;( e) - foreigner B3rjiHfl - view ypdK [Ha] - lesson KpoBa'Tfc 'M. - bed koctb H (pi"-) - bone rJi^nocTb 3K - stupidity Be'pHocTb )K - loyalty ^»6oBb(o) )K - love ^epe'BHH -(plx.) - the country (vs. "the city") He3a6yflKa(o) - forget-me-not cue 3a (pi * )- tear njio'ma^b M (pi") - square rpaac^aHKa(o)- (fem.) citizen naMHTb )K - memory C noBefle'HHe - behavior mhcjio - number nepo - pen MHeHHe - opinion npoHCXoac^eHHe - origin, extraction Bne^aTJie'HHe - impression Verbs rpH3-t- - gnaw roTOBH+...ofl k CMeMy] prepare oneself for (towards) acji;a+ - wait (for) no/noji3+ - crawl nctie'3Hyl+-/Hc^e3aft+ disappear tjBeT+ - bloom no/naV - fall BJiafleft* [^eM] - control, master 0Ka3a-t- - (P) render 0Ka3a+ Bne^auieHHe Ha [^to] - make an impression on H3MeH$+ (P) - change xpaHH-t- - keep ueHH+ - cherish Bupa3H+/BHpaxaft+ - express -U67- Ad.jectives BaacHHfi - important cJi^flyromHfi - following ctp^hhhK - strange cjiaBHHCKHft - Slavic CTapOCJiaBHHCKHtt - Old Church Slavic ynpyrnft - elastic njiacTMaccoBHH - plastic BepHHft - loyal, faithful THXHft - quiet H<bcHHft - tender mkjihPi - dear, nice npomJiHK - iast (previous) nocjieflHHM - last (final) ropbKHK - bitter HMeHHTejibHHS - nominative BHHHTejibHHfi - accusative po,ii;HTeJibHHft - genitive saTejibHHft - dative npefl^6«HHtt - prepositional TBOpHTejibHHfi - instrumental ejHHCTBeHHHfi - singular MHo'acecTBeHHuft - plural orpdMHHfi - enormous He3a6biBaeMNft - unforgettable 6ejiopyccKHfi - Byelorussian yKpaimcKHft - Ukrainian no'jibCKHfi - Polish Kam/dCKHfi - Kashubian HeMe'ijKHft - German le'iCKHfi - Czech cjiOBa'uKHS - Slovak BeHre'pcKHft - Hungarian ce'pdcKHS - Serbian xopBaTCKHft - Croatian cjiOBe'HCKHfi - Slovenian MaKe^OHCKHfi - Macedonian pyMHHCKHfi - Rumanian 6oJira'pcKHfi - Bulgarian r/iynuH - stupid
1+68- Other hh,..hh... - neither...nor.., Tenjio' - warm rjiy60Kd - deeply flo'jirHe rdflH - for years to come /long years/ noiTH - almost no BameMy MHe'HHio - in your opinion no-Mo'eMy - in my opinion qepe3 [^to] - within; through Bee paBH6 - anyway He nJia^ib! - don't cryl mto cjiy^HJiocb? - what happened? CKa'aceM - let's say BepoHTHO - probably paflH [^ero3 - for the sake of He noji3H! - don't crawlJ no3BOJibTe npe^cTaBHTbCH - allow me to introduce myself o'tieHb npHHTHO nosHSLKdunTbca - it's very pleasant to make your acquaintance cnacH6o 3a KOMiuiHMe'HT - thanks for the compliment He ct^ht 6jiaroji;apHOCTH - you're welcome (it's not worth thanks) KaK BaM HpaBHTCH...? - how do you like...? otjih^ho - excellently, splendidly
-1*69- APPENDIX page A. Stem Prediction... 470 B. Imperative 472 C. Deverbal Nouns. 476 D. Gerunds 478 E. Active Participles 485 F. Passive Participles 490 G. Deverbals: Summary 499 H. Determined - Non-Determined.... 504 I. Subjunctive.... 507 J. Comparatives and Superlatives.. 510
-1+70- A. STEM PREDICTION Dictionaries other than learner's dictionaries enter verbs by their infinitives alone. They do not usually give any other forms of the verb. From some infinitives it is possible to predict the stems from others it is not. Unambiguous Infinitive -HTb -OBaTb -yTb -OTb -3Tbl in: Stem ends in« -H + -OBa+ -y+ -0+ -3 + Exercise 1 Predict the stem from the foil stress, since it cannot always 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. KOpMHTb (feed) KpnTHKOBsiTb (criticize) menHyTh KOJIOTb ( BII0JI3TK (let out a whisper) prick) (crawl into) owing be pr infinitives: edicted. Do not mark Ambiguous Infinitives in: Stem usually ends in either: -ait -eTb -Tib -CTb/-CTH t { { r -aM-»- -a+ -eM + -e + -r-»- -K + -fl + -T + -C-t- -6 +
-UTl Examples: (actual stem is underlined) infinitive possible stems MOJmaTB MOJiiaHt, MQjma-t- CHHeTb CHHeft*-, CHHe> 3anpn^B _3anp_HT+, 3anpHK+ rpecTH rpeji;+, rpefl+, rpeT+, rpe-r-*-, rpec+, rpect-, rpe&V, rpe6+ Exercise 2 A. Which of the following infinitives are unambiguous and which ambiguous as to the underlying stem? Unamb i gu ou s t ___ , Ambiguous t B. If unambiguous, predict the stem. If ambiguous, give all possible stems. 1. KpuKHyTb (let out a shout) 2. 6ojiTaTb (chatter) 3. npuSpocnTB (throw to) 4. TOJideTb (grow fat) 5. HCKaTB (look for) 6. TeppopH30BaTb (terrorize) 7. oSufleTb (insult) 8. npnnoji3TH (crawl to) 9. KJiacTb (put) 10. nojiOTb (weed) 11. cBHCTaTb (whistle) 12. xpaHHTb (save) 13. TOJio^b (pound) 14. BJie^b (drag) 15. HcnopTHTb (spoil) 16. CKytiaTb (be bored) 17. npnnjiecTH (implicate, drag in)
-1+72- B. THE IMPERATIVE The imperative is formed by joining h to the stem. The form corresponding to th has no endingj the form corresponding to bh has the ending Te. Hfl-t- : h,ii,h! or HflHTe! - Come J 3chb+ : khbh! acHBHTe! - Live! Vowel truncation occurs when stems end in vowels; V+V—» ,/V. KpHia* : Kpn^ri! KpH^HTe! - Shout! CMOTpe-t- : cmotph! cMOTpHTe! - Look! noBTopH-»- : noBTOpn! noBTopme! - Repeat! "!" is always written in imperative sentences. 1. Stress The stress of the imperative is the same as the 1st person singular. When the 1st person singular is stressed on the ending, the imperative is stressed on the suffix 1st sg. Imperative cnpocH+ cnpomy cnpocHTe! When the 1st person singular is stressed on the stem, the imperative suffix h drops. Its effect upon the final consonant remains- i.e., softening. Stem Imperative cTaBH-t- h (put) "cTaBn/Te"—* CTaBb/ie! OTBeTHf H "OTBe'TH/Te" —*■ OTBeTt/Te! ^HTaft-t- h "TOTaa/Te" —* ^HTaftTe!^ (Transcription) _ch_itaj_+ i "chita,ji/l;e" -*■ chitaj/t;e> After two or more consonants, h remains even when unstressed. ito'mhh> : noMHH/Te! npHBifKHy+ : npuBHKHn/Te! 1 i.e., the imperative of stems in afl+and eft+ looks like the stem.
-*<73 Exercise 1 Form imperatives from the following stems. Use -Te forms. 1. OStHCHH-t- 2. kphmsh- 3. jik6h+ 4. OTBeTH+ 5« nodaBH+ (put) 6. py6n+ 7. ^hcth+ 8. yKpa"fl+ 9. npoH3HocH+ (pronounce) 10. Hrpa8+ Notes to Exerciset In end-stressed ht- verbs, the imperative is the same as the 2nd pi. 2nd pi. Imperative roBopn-t- : roBopHTe roBopftTe! In mobile-stressed HT-verbs, the imperative and 2nd pi.differ in stress. myTH-t- myTHTe myTHTe! 2. Joining Rules The suffix w. is joined as if it were a vowel ending. As a result, all of the changes which result when forming the present tense occur when forming the imperative. These changes are« 1. truncation; Kptma-t- h —> Kpn^n/ie! 2. OBa + V—» yft +Vi TpedOBa* h —* Tpe6yft/Te! 3. hh + V—* oft +V: mhh+ h —♦ Mofi/Te! * 4. V+V mutation occurs with stems in a+ and only stems in a+t nHca+ h —* uwmii/'Tel njiaKa-t- h —* njia^ib/Te! ( b is written afters although phonetically unnecessary) Stems in hM+ have imperatives in eft: nnft-t : nefl/ie!
■ hlk- Exercise 2 Form imperatives. 1 . nOCMOTTDe-+ 2. anJio.HHpoBa+ 3« 3aKpufi+ 4. nuca-t- 5» CKa3a+ 6. pa6oTaft-r 7. nociaBH+ (put) 8. noMor* (help) 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. npnBhiKHy-f | OTKpNft-4- j| oSpasOBa-f (form) j| nOBTOpH+ ij npHTOTOBH-l- nepeBe3+ njiaKa* nepecrajn- (st0p) 3. Imperative and Aspect Aspect in imperative corresponds to its use in other forms of the verb. Therefore, Perfective is used to denote a single, specific command: HaimmHTe cbok> $aMHjiHio! (Write your name.) CicaacHTe MHe r^e bu acHBeTe! (Tell me where you live.) npo^RTTaftTe nocjieflHioK) $pa3y! (Read the last sentence.) Imperfective is used in general commandst riHniHTe MHe iacTo! (Write, me often.) , Bcer^a roBopHTe npaB^y! (Always speak the truth.) HHTaftTe rpoMie! (Read louder.) The imperfective is generally used in negative commands. fl no3BOHK> TBoeMy OTijy. He 3BQHHTe eMy! (I'm going to call your father. / Don't call him!) fl eMy CKaacy 06 9tom. He roBopHTe eMy! (I'm going to tell him about that. Don't tell him!)
Exercise 3 Translate into Russian. QTBeTH-t-/oTBeqaft+- 1. Answer me". 2. Don't answer him. Ha/nnca+ p. Write me every week. \k. Write the last word. l5» Write with great enthusiasm. QTKpHft-*-/0TKpHBatt-»- 6. Open the window. npn/roTOBH-»- 7. Prepare the following lesson. CKa3a-»-/roBopn-»- 8. Tell himl Don't tell herl
1+76- C. DEVERBAL NOUNS Nouns formed from verb stems are called deverbal nouns. Form. Deverbal nouns are formed from verb stems by joining a suffix ending in He (jy_ + neuter ending o) . 1. Stems in h join -eHHe with accompanying V+V truncation and V+V mutation. Stress is normally on e, regardless of the stress of the verb stemt (smoke) Kypn +• eHHe —* KypeWe (smoking) (express) BHpa3H + eHHe —=» BNpaaceHHe (expression) (present)npeflCTaBH + eHHe—=► npeflCTaBJie'HHe (presentation) Only stems in h have V+V mutation. 2. Other suffixed stems join -HHe. Stress is as in the underlying verb stem. (tremble) flpoaca + HHe —+ flpoacaHHe (trembling) (sit) cHfle •»- HHe —» cH^eHHe (sitting) (demand) TpedoBa -t- HHe —* Tpe'doBaHHe (a demand) (listen) cjiyman + HHe —*• cji^maHHe (hearing, an (C-t-C —» 0C ) audition) ' 3« R-stems join -THe with accompanying C+C truncations (close) 3aKpHfi + THe —» 3aicpNTHe (closing) 4. Ob-stems join -eHHe without V+V mutation. (conduct) Befl •+ eHHe —» BefleHHe (conducting) Stems in k/t mutate to ti/ac. (flow) TeK + eHne —» Te^eHHe (flow) However, this is not V+V mutation, just as tSk ■+ eT —» Te^eT, but it is a variant of Ke—? Te and will be discussed on p. 501. There are actually two eHHe suffixes: one is joined to stems in h and causes V+V mutations the other is joined to Ob-stems and does not cause V+V mutation. We will call the first eHHe1 and the second eHHe2. Schematically: Verb Stems Suffixed Radical jT all others R 0_b -eHHel -HHe -THe -eHHe2
-1+77- Meaning. Deverbal nouns generally have abstract meaning. They may have concrete meaning as welli BNpaxeHne - "expression, the act of expressing," and "an expression," as in, "an idiomatic expression." Il0Ka3aHHe - " showing," as well as "testimony." Entry. Since deverbal nouns are regularly and predictably formed from verb stems, their basic form is the verb stem itself. If you know the underlying verb, you need not learn its deverbal noun as a separate vocabulary item. Exercise 1 A. Which of the following (Mark numbers) eHuel: -■rue : B. Form deverbal nouns 1. 3HaiH+ (mean) 2. pacKpH8+ (disclose) 3. Tpe6oBa-t- 4. CTpa,u,aa-t- (suffer) 5. npOH3HOCH-t- 6. cna6-t- (save) 7. npociH+ / 8. nOBTOpH-*- 9. noHHMa8+ 10. noBe^-t- fr stems Dm the joir -HKe -eHH( foil 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. -eHuel, -Hue, -me, -eHHe^? 32: .owing stems. Mark stress. yrHeT+ (persecute) H3y^H+ nsCn+ 3Hafii- OTKpHft-l- ■reio c6eper+ (save) o6mchh+ npeflCKa3a+ npHTOTOBH-t- ,
1+78- D. GERUNDS Gerunds are deverbal adverbs, i.e., adverbs which are derived from verbs. They are formed by joining the suffixes h(present gerund) and b or bmh (past gerund) to verb stems. Gerunds are rarely used in everyday spoken Russian, but are very common in the more formal written language. A. The Present Gerund 1. Meaning and Use Like other'adverbs, gerunds modify verbs, i.e,, they describe when, how, under what conditions the main verb of the sentence occurred. Compare the two sentences: i—; ; * , 06HHMaa aeeH.y, oh CMOTpeji Ha cpjiar. (Embracing his wife, he looked at the flag.) -' * ' Oh jojiro CMOTpeji Ha $jiar. (He looked at the flag for a long time.) Both oSHHMaji* and flo'jtro modify CMOTpe'ji, i.e., they both describe under what conditions or when he looked at the flag. Both are adverbs. Present gerunds correspond to English "-ing", where "-ing" is adverbial, i.e., has such meanings as "while"."because", "under the condition of". "while": OdHUMag aceHy, oh CMOTpe'ji Ha $jiar. "because": Mh MoaceM acn-rb cnoKoftHO, 3Haa, ^T0 oh jieiaeT Hafl HaMH. (We can live calmly, knowing that he is flying over us.) / ' ' "under : OHa cHfle'jia Ha yjiime, ropbKo mia^a. the condi- (She was sitting on the street, crying bitterly.) tion of" Form The present gerund is formed by joining h to the verb stem. (a) Joining: The vowel suffix a is joined as if it were a vowel ending, as in the present tense and imperative. (b) Stress: Stress is as the 1st sg. e.go KypH+ : KypH Stress is like Kypro (NOT like KypHnib ) More precisely, it is the entire adverbial phrase, o6HHMafl aceHy, which modifies the verb.
-1*79- (c) Aspect: Normally formed from imperfective stems only, as is the present tense. ffxamples fl is joined as in the first person sg. Rule JKHB f y —» iKHBy fle'jiaM ■+ y —» fle'jiaio roBopH + ro —» roBopro xork + ro —t xoacy flpoaca + ro —t flpoxy TpefioBa + y —> Tpe^yro miaKa + y —> njiany SCHB fle'jraft TOBOpH XOflH flpoaca Tpe6oBa njiana ■»- +• + -t- -t- + +■ H H H H H H H _» —* —* —» —► —* —» JKHBH .nejiaa TOBOpH XOflH flpoaca1 Tpe6ya ruiatia1'"^ C+V C+V V+V V+V V+V OBa-t-V a+V -» CV -4 CV -» yv —» yv -» yv —> yH * v . causes V+V mutation Exercise 1 Form present y 1. TOTOBH+ 2. Bgfl+ 3. Kpafl-*- 4. ^poaca+ 5t noflHHMaM-*- (raise) gerunds fr om the follov 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 zing stems. CMOTpe+ J' bhxo,hh+ anjio^wpoBa-t- flejiaH+ , nepeflyMUBaM+ (change one's mind) 3. Relative Present Present gerund should be understood as "relative present", i.e., present in relation to the verb it modifies. For example, in the sentence: OHa cH,nejia Ha yjinije, rdpbKO njiaqa. " ITjia^a" is occurring in the past, but is present relative to cn^ejia. "Simultaneous gerund" would be a better term. SP rule: ^ + n written Ma o " The joining of any vowel to a nuca -type verb causes V+V mutation: present: Maxa + y —» Mamy imperative: iraca •*■ h —» niunr* gerund: miaica t h —> mia^ia
1+80- Exercise 2 Change the underlined phrase to a gerund. 1. Kor,a;a a qHTaK), a flyMaro. 2. Kor,n;a a mutrji, a flyMaji. 3» Kor,a;a a 6y,gy iHTaTt, a 6y^;y flyMaTb. Exercise 3 Translate into English. Vocabularyt noflHHMaft-t- - raise o6HHMa8-t- - embrace 1. Bbixo,ii,a H3 KOMHaiH, oh yBH^eJi ee. ________________ 2. IIoflHHMaa pyxH, ohsi Kpmiajia. 3. OSHHMaa aceHy, oh nocMOTpeji Ha MeHa. Translate into Russian. k. While preparing lessons, she was listening to music. 5. I'm sitting on the street, shaking from fear. 6. Frankly speaking, I don't want to live by a swamp. (frankly - oncpoBeHHo) B. Past Gerund 1. Meaning The past gerund has the meanings "having X-ed", "after X-ing". Having said that, she disappeared. CKa3aB 3to, OHa Hc^e^Jia. After arriving in the Soviet Union, he'll call you up. IIpHeXaBmH B COBe'TCKHft COK)3, OH BaM II03BOHHT.
-1+81- Form The past gerund is formed by joining _b or biiih to the verb stem. For most practical purposes, b and buh are interchangeable. (a) Joining: The consonant suffix b ( mn ) is joined as if it were a consonant ending, as in the past tense and infinitive. (b) Stress: Stress is as in the infinitive. (c) Aspect: Formed from either aspect, but usually from perfective stems. Examples b (mh ) is joined as in infinitive Rule cnpocn + b (nm ) —* cnpocHB( mn) cnpocn -t- u> —» cnpocmb V+C —» VC pa3^afl + b (nra) —* pa3^aB( nra) pa3,naH t Tb -» pa3^aTb C+C —► pfc CTaH + b (inn) —* craB( nm) CTaH + ti> ~t ciaib C+C —» 0C Exercise 4 Form past gerunds 1, OTBeTH-*- 2. noKpacHeM-*- 3. ^aa+ (give) k. yBHflet- fr om the foil owing stems. 5.nocMOTpe+ 6.CKa3a+ 7.npo^HTaH* 8. nepeflyMaft-*- Cchange one's mina) Exercise 5 Form past gerunds from the perfective, the imperfective. * ' cnpocH-p/cnpamnBaS-*- 2* nepenHca+/nepenHCHBaH+- (rewrite*) 3« 0TKpUH-t-/0TKpHBaft+ present gerunds from Past Pres. ^» npn/roT^BH-*- 5- ofleW/cneBaa-*- (put on) "• 3apa6oTa8-i-/3apa6aTHBafi + (par.n)
1+82- 3. Relative Fast v Past gerund should be understood as "relative past", i.e., past in relation to the verb it modifies. In the examplei IIPHeXaBinH B COBeTCKHH COI03, OH BaM nOSBOHHT. IIpHexaBniH occurs in the future, but is past in relation to n03BOHHT. Exercise 6. Translate into English. Vocabulary; flaftf - give BomeJi - he went in/got in 1. flaB eVi KHHry, oh BomeJi b TpojiJie'ft6yc. 2. IIocMOTpeB Ha Hero, OHd CKa3ajia: "Boace moh!" 3» Cmotph Ha MeH.6, oh BomeJi b TpojiJieftSyc. 4. He 3h4h, mo Bee cjiymajiH ero', oh CKa3aji, xito oh xo'^eT h^th. Translate into Russian. 5. Having caught sight of her, he burst out crying. 6. Having said that, she disappeared. 7. They could sleep calmly, knowing that kind birds fly over the city._ , In the meaning, "after X-ing", the past gerund is equivalent to the phrase, "ndcjie toto', KaK..." npotiHTaB KHHry = no'cjie toto, KaK oh npo^HTaji KHHry...
-1*83 Exercise 7 Change the underlying phrase to a gerund. 1. Ilo'cjie Tord, KaK oh Hanncsui jihcbmo, oh ^aji erd me. 2. ndcjie Tord, KaK OHa cKa3suia ^th cjiOBa, ohs( 3anJiaKaJia._ 3. ndcjie Tord, KaK OHa OTBe'THjia eMy, OHa' 3aKpmiaJia. Change the gerund to a phrase in nocjie lord, KaK... 4. Ohsi noKpaCHejia, otkphb nucbMo. 5. IIocMOTpeB Ha Hee, oh Bomeji b TpoJiJieftSyc. FOR REFERENCE ONLY Most past gerunds are easy to form. The only ones which present difficulties are obstruent and Hyl-stems, which in any case are not very numerous. ANNOYING DETAILS: Obstruent-Stems (j£) Obstruents and Hy1 join bdih , never b. They form past gerunds as they form their past tense. Those which drop ji in the past drop b in the past gerund. past tense« tSk ■+ ji —> TeK ji drops past gerund: tSk +• bihh —s> TeKiH b drops past tense: -BHKHy -r ji —* -bhk ji drops past gerund: -BHKHy + bihh —* -bnkihh b drops past tense: Be3 ■>■ ji —* Be3 ji drops past gerund: Be3 ♦■ bihh —t Be3mn b drops Those which drop A in the past drop r in the past gerund. past tense: Kpafl +• ji —* Kpaji / past gerund: Kpa^ +■ bm —* KpaBmn Two important exceptions in which A remains and e —* e: Be,n ■+■ BniH —» Be^fflH Hfl ■*• BIHH —♦ m^fllEH
_usu— MORE ANNOYING DETAILS« Cfl Verbs @© Gerunds may be formed from en-verbs, in which caset (a)BfflH never b, is used as the past suffixt n03HaK0MH+...CH : nOSHaKO'MHBfflHCb (b) ch necessarily takes the form ct since it follows either h or h BHpaacaS-t-.. .ch : BHpascancb BHpa3H-t-. . . CH : BHpa3HBfflHCb To summarize! Bran rather than b is joinedi (a) in ch verbsj BHpa3HBniHCb (b) in Ob-stems« TeicmH Otherwise, either may be joined. STILL ANOTHER ANNOYING DETAIL8 Ferfectives -l-fl @©g) fl is joined almost exclusively to imperfective stems. However, h may be joined to perfective Ob-stems, in which case past gerund meaning results: npHHecfl' - having brought = npuH^ecmn BoSflH - having entered = Borae'^niH
-U85- E. ACTIVE PARTICIPLES There are 4 participles in Russian - 2 active and 2 passive. Active Passive Present Past Present Past They are very common in scholarly and official prose, but not very common in everyday spoken Russian. Participles are deverbal adjectives, i.e., adjectives which are derived from verbs. They are formed by joining special adjective suffixes to verb stems. Unlike other adjectives, adjectives derived from verbs normally follow the nouns they modify. Participle (Deverbal Adj.) MejiOBe'ic, BejffimHH Msuifequica b mKOJiy (the man leading the boy to school) njiaH, cocTSiBJieHHufi b MocKBe (a plan formulateT"in Moscow) Other Adjective xopomnfi MejiOBe/K (the good man) cTpaHHufi njiaH (a strange plan) But, like other adjectives, participles may also precede the noun they modify. BeflynjuS npotje'ecop (a leading professor) cocraBJieHHHH njiaH (a formulated plan) A. The Present Active Participle 1. Meaning This participle replaces KOTOphiH+present tense. H36ymKa, KOTopaa ctoht Ha rope' = H36ymKa, CTonman Ha rope (a hut which stands on a mountain) (a hut standing on a mountain) Be'flbMa, KOTopaa acuBeT b H36ynnce (the witch who lives in the hut) Be,n;bMa,acHBynaH b H36ymKe (the witch living in the hut) 2. Form The present active participle is formed by joining the suffixes ymuft or flmHft to the verb stem.
_1j86- (a) Joining: -ymuft is joined to ei- verbs -HmnS " " " ht- verbs They are joined as if they were vowel (i.e., present) endings. xhb + ymnS —» acHBymHfi roBopH + hiiihS —* roBopHmuft (b) Mutation: only in nuca- type verbs (since the joining of any vowel to a nuca-type verb causes V+V mutation) nuca -t- ymafi —» nHinymnft (c) Stress: usually as in the first person singular XHBy : acHBymwft Kypio : Kypflmwa fle'jiaio : flejiaiomuft (d) Aspect: formed from imperfective stems only (as is the present tense). Examples ynwfi/flmHft are joined as in the 1st person sg. Rule xhb + ymuft —» acHBymHfi ^e'jiaft + ymuft —* fleJiaromHft xo,n;^ + hh(hS —> xoflnmafi flpoxa^ -•- heihh —* flpoaca'maS^ niicik + ymHft —* nHmynptH A convenient alternative statement: Join 3rd person pi., substituting -mufi for -t: xHByT : acHBymufi xo'^ht : xo^amnfi (But remember that except for stems in a+t stress is not as in the 3rd pl.t but as in the 1st sg.) 3CHB fleJiaft XOflH ,n;poaca nuca ■♦- + + + ■4- y -* y -> K) —> K) —» y -> SCHBy" ^ejiaio xoscy flpoacy numy C+V -* C\ C+V -» C\ V+V -* /\ V+V -» /'. a+V causr- V+V muta tion 1 Exception: Stems in a+ are stressed on the root instead: n«ca+ : numymnS 1 + a is written Ha
-1+87- 3. Use Like other adjectives, the present active participle agrees wi/th the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case. Unlike KOToptift, which also agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, a participle takes its case from its own clause. Ex. 1. OHa' acuBeT b H3 6ymKe, KOTopaa ctoht Ha rope. (She lives in a hut which stands on a hill.) KOTOpafl; fern., sg., but nominative Ohsi acHBeT b H36yniKe, CTQg'meg Ha rope. (She lives in a hut standing on a hill.) CTonmeft: fern., sg., and prepositional 2. fl 3Haio BejtbMy , KOTOpaa MBeT b H36ymKe. (I know i'he witch who lives in the hut.) KOTdpaaj fern., sg., but nominative fl 3Haio BeflbMy, acHB.ymyro b H36ymKe. (I know the witch living in the hut.) acHBymyio : fern., sg., and accusative k. Punctuation Both koto'phM- clauses and participial phrases are set off by commas. Be'flbMa, KOTOpaa scHBeT b H36ymice, ecT MajibqmcoB h fle'BOMeic. (The witch who lives in the hut eats boys and girls.) Be'flbMa, acuBymaa b H36ymKe, ecT Ma'jibqHKOB h ^BoqeK. (The witch living in the hut eats boys and girls.) Kxercise 1 Form present active participles from the following verb stems. 1. jieaea-i- 7. OTfleJiaft-i- (separate) 2. Bejf 8. nrpaft+ 3« cjiejioBa-*- (follow) 9. KpacHeft+ ^« roBopH+ 10. HCKa+ 5. CH^e-t- 11. npHB03m- (bring). 6 aCHB+ 12. CTOH+
Exercise 2 Substitute present active participles for the underlined KOTo'pnft+ verbo (oTflejiflfi -t- separate) l. OHa senBeT Ha rope, KQTopag ctoht b jieey. 2. fl 3HSLK) qejiOBeKa, kotophj BegeT MajibMHKa aomoS. 3« fl 3Haio Be'flbMy, KOTC^pag acHBeT b H36yniKe. b» OHa acuBeT b H36yniKe, KOTO^ag cto6t Ha rope. _ 5» Oh acuBeT b Jieey, KQTo'pHft jieacHT y peKH. 6. fl Bn'acy pe'icy, KQTo'paH OT,fl,e.gfleT Hac ot ro'pofla. ?• fl numy qeJiOBeicy, kotophS tobopht no-ajiSa'HCKH, B. The Past Active Participle Meaning The past active participle replaces kotophM+ past tense. qeoiOBeK, KOToptiS paSoiaji = qejiOBeie, pa6o'TaBiunH 6a6ymKa, KOTo'paH Hrpajia = 6a6ymKa, HrpaBmas 2. Form The past active participle is formed by joining the suffix -Bumft to the verb stem. Joining rules and stress are just as in past gerunds, i.e., the suffix is joined in the same way as the infinitive and past suffixes, TOBOpH -1- BIHHS —> rOBO^HBfflHfi jieaca + biiihS —^ jieacaBniHH nHca ■+■ BmnS —» nHca/BranS Tpe'dOBa +■ BniHS —* Tpe'6oBaBimifi M.KB •* BHIHfi —* aCHBIBHft ( C+C -*j/C ) cnpocH + bhihS —* cnpocHBinHtt CTciH -*■ Bmnii —* CT^BmnS (C+C ~-» j2C) Exercise 3 Form past ac 1 o Jieaca-t- 2. roBopn+ 3° HanHcat 5> nrpaft+ tive part iciples fr om the following verb stems. 6. OTpaaoaft+ (reflect) < 7. cnpocn+ 8. nnoqnTaa+ 9. panroBapHBaSi- 10. paccKa,3HBaM+(tell, re late)
-1+89- Exercise 4 Substitute past active participles for the underlined verb. 1. fl noMHio co6aKy, KOTo'paji jreacaja Ha neiKe. 2. fl pa3roBa'pHBaji c tiejiOBeKOM, kotophS paccKa^3HBaji MSuieHBKOft H3 6yinKe. 3« fl 3Haro 6a'6ymKy, KOTC^paa nrpajia Ha ruTape. k, JIio^h, KOTo'pbie acHJH b flepeBHe, ndMHHT Hac. ANNOYING DETAIL , © Obstruent and Hyl+ stems form past active participles just as they form past gerunds. (See p. 483 ) tSk + bihhS —* rev.mw.Vi -BHK + BEIHtt —» -B^KmnS BBe3 + BfflHfi —i> BBe3DIHft BUT ynpafl •+ BmHft —♦• yicpaBinHa Two important exceptions, in which fl remains and e —* e: Befl ■*• bihhS —» Be^raHfi h^ + behS —* meflniHS ANOTHER ANNOYING DETAIL > ©© When active participles (both present and past) are formed from ch verbs, ch, never cbf is joined - regardless of whether a consonant or vowel precedes. ( aepeBHH - village) flepeBHH, KOTC^paa Haxo^HTcn = ^epe^HH, HaxoflflmaacH b flepeBHe, KOTopaa HaxoflHTca = b flepeWe, HaxoflaVeltcfl ^epeBHH, KOTo'pHe Haxo,n;HjiHCb = flepe'BHH, HaxoflUBmnecfl B .HepeBHfl'x, KOTOpHe HaXOflHJIHefe = B flepeBHHX, HaXOJHBIUHXCfl
-1+90- F. PASSIVE PARTICIPLES Passive participles have both short-forms (predicate adjectives) and long-forms. The Present Passive Participle 1. Form The present passive participle is formed by joining the suffixes -om or -hm to verb stems. (1) Joining; -om is joined to eT-verbs -hm " " " HT-verbs They are joined as if they were vowel (i.e., present) endings. (2) Stress; Stress is as in the 1st person singular. (3) Aspect; They are usually formed from imperfective stems only (as in the present tense). "is being" om/hm are .joined as in the present tense Rule led Befl ■+ om —» Be^OM Be/ -»■ y —? Be^y c+V - - respected yBaacaS -t- om —* yBaaca'eM yBaacaS + y —* yBaacaio c+V -*'' attacked aiaKOBa + om —* aTaicyeM- aiaKOBa + y —? aTaicyio * liked jiioQh ■+ hm —* jik)6hm jljo6& + H) —» jnodjii© V+V -*? * OBa + v —* yft + V (4) Long-forms; BeflOMbifi, yBajKa'eMbiM, aTaicyeMHft, jho6hmhS 2. Meaning; Short-form; 3tot Majib^HK jik)6hm yiHTejieM. (This boy is liked by the teacher.) Long-form; Oh 3HaeT MajibiHKOB, jnoen'Mux yvn'iejieM. (He knows the boys liked Cwho are liked] by the teacher.) Exercise 1 Form long-form present passive participles. 1. 3a6HBaft+ (forget) (which is being forgotten) 2. BHje+ (see) (which is being seen) 3. rpH3+ (gnaw) (which is being gnawed) h. cjibima+ (hear) (which is being heard) 5. o6pa30Ba+ (form) ^ (which is being formed)
-1+91- 3, Occurence The present passive participle is the least common of all the participles, although two of its derived forms are quite common. (1) Prefixed with "He- " they form adjectives with the meaning "un...able". He3a6HBaeMHft - unforgettable ( 3a6aBaH4- ) HeBHflHMHft - invisible (BHfle-f ) (2) Suffixed with " -octi>"( they form nouns with the meaning "-ability/-ibility." BHflHMOCTb - visibility This participle is usually formed only from prefixed imperfectivesj ( yBaacaeM ) or from stems in -OBa+ ( aiaicyeM- ) . Forms like jiioShm are rare. Exercise 2 Form adjectives prefixed with He- with the meaning "-able." 1. inseparable (separate - OTflejiH+ ) 2. impassable (pass - npoxoflH+ ) 3. inimitable (imitate- noflpaacafi+ ) 4. incomparable (compare - cpaBHH+ ) 5. inexplicable (explain - o6t>hchh+ ) Exercise 3 Form nouns in -ocTb with the meaning "-ability/-ibility." 1. audibility (hear - ejiHma-t- ) 2. declinability (decline - ckjiohhS-i- ) 3. divisibility (divide - flejim- ) k, removability (remove - CMeHnft+ )
-1+92- The Past Passive Participle Past Passive Participles are the most commonly used participles. Unfortunately, they are also the most difficult to form. 1. Meaningt They are usually equivalent to English M-en" or "-ed." T6qHO cocTSiBjieHHufi njiaH (a precisely formulated plan) 3a6HTHfi ropo,n; (a forgotten city) Ha cieHe 6hjio HanncaHO (on the wall was written) 2. Form: There are k different suffixes used in forming this participle. Their distribution is the same as that of the deverbal noun suffixes -eHue -Hue, -me, and -eHue . H ei Su i1 ff ixed all "other H Each of the 4 different suffixes has different joining and stress rules. There are two stages in forming this participle. (1) Determine the suffix-type of the underlying verb: Mother suffix, R, or Ob (2) Apply the correct joining and stress rules. STEMS IN H+ Suffix: -eHl Joining Rules: V+V mutation V+V -* yV Stress: as in the non-1st person singular present. Thus the mark * is relevant* - if end-stressed, all forms of the participle are end-stressed. OKpyatu* (surround): oicpyaceH, OKpvsceHa', OKpyweHo", OKpyaceHH (surrounded) - if mobile- or stem-stressed, all forms of the participle are stem-stressed. cnpocn-t (ask)s cnpomeH, cnporaeHa, cnpo'nieHO, cnpo'meHbi (asked) cocTaBH+ ( formulate, compose)!cocTaBJieH, cocTaBJieHa, cocraBJieHo COCT^BJieHH
.1+93- Exercise 4 Form past pa 1. nenopTH+ 2. H3yqn+ 3. OStflCHH-t- 1. * 4. Kynn-t- 5. 6pocn+ ssive participle— M (spoil) (studv) (explain) (buv) (abandon) M and F. F (spoiled) (studied) (explained) (bought) (abandoned) OTHER SUFFIXED STEMS Suffixi h Joining Rules» joined directly to the stem (as in infinitive and past) Stresst never on the final syllable. If the stem is end-stressed, stress shifts back one syllable,, o6pa3QBa-t- (form)s , o6pa3dBaH, o6pa3d"BaHa, o6pa30BaHO, 06pa3dBaHH (formed) HanHca-t- (write) : , , HanifcaH, HanrfcaHa, HarrncaHO, HanncaHH (written) If the stem is not end-stressed, stress does not shift. cuejiafi-* (dp) i f , cfle'jiaH, efleJiaHa, cflejiaHO, cueaaHH (done) Exercise 5 Form past passive participles- Masculine and Feminine. M F 1. CKa3a+ (say) 2. no.ncjiy'maH-* (overhear) 3» noKa3a-c (show) 4» npoqnTaM+ (read) (said) (overheard) (shown) (read)
U9U- R-STEMS Suffix; t Joining Rules: C+C —* jZ'C Stressi as in the past tense 1 Past Tense Similarly 3ajC]DHH+-_: 3aKpblT ,-a, -0, -H 3aKpHT, 3aKpHTa, 3aKpHTO, (close) 3aicpi&TH (closed) Stems in o+ and Hy+- also join t to the stem. 3aMKHy+ (close) - 3aMKHyr, -a, -o, -u (closed) nopo- (thrash)- no'poT, -a, -o, -h (thrashed) OB-STEMS Suffix: eH Joining Rules: C+V —* CV No V+V mutation (as distinguished from eH^) Stress: as in the past tense yKpaff-t- (steal): yKpa'fleH, yKpa^eHa, yicpa'fleHO, yicpa'fleHH (stolen) nocTpnr-H (clip); nocTpHaceH, nocTpnaceHa, nocTpnaceHO, (clipped) rrocrpraeHH Here r —# ac is the expected re/Ke —>• ace/^e^ not V+V mutation. Non-syllabic R-stems (treated in Volume II): HatiH-h : Havaji, -a, -o, -h HSwaT, Ha^aTa', HaqaTO (begin) HMam (begun) noMH-t- : noHHJi, -a, -o, -h noHHT, nOHaia, noWro, (grasp) ndHHThi (grasped)
_1)95- Exercise 6 Form past pa 1.pa3BHft+ 2. ySnfl-t- 3.nepeBefl+ 4. c6eper-r 5. npHBe3+ ssive participles- M, F, M. (develop) (kill) (translate) (protect) (import) and PI. F. PI. (developed) (killed) (translated) (protected) (imported) Ex< A. B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 srcise 7 Identify < H-t- : Rj Form past Kynn+ Hannca+ / 3a6HB+ / yKpafl+ 6pOCH+ cflejiafi+ 3aKpjaft-t- nepeBe,n+ OKpyacH-t- . noflepaca+ . npnBe3+ sach as k , othe passive partici M. (buy) (write) (forget) (steal) (abandon) (do) (close) (translate) (surround) (use) (import) r suff other pies - ix, R suff M,F, # or "ix: Ob: and Ob. PI. PI. (bought) (written) (forgotten) (stolen) (abandoned) (done) (closed) (translated) (surrounded) (used) (imported)
-1+96- 3. Use Short-form past passive participles are used as are any short-form adjectives: they serve as the predicate of "is" - /, "was" - 6hji or "will be" - dy^ei . When used with past passive participles, "/ - is" may be rendered "is" or "has been." Non-Deverbal Adj. Pres. OHa crcada. (She is weak.) Past OHa dHJia crcada'. (She was weak.) Future OHa' 6y^eT cJiada. (She will be weak.) Past Passive Participle KHHra HanHcaHa. (The book is/has been written. KHHra dHJia HanncaHa. (The book was written.) KHHra 6y^eT HanncaHa. (The book will be written.) ,1 Exercise 8 Translate into Russian. [After past passive participles, "by" is rendered with the instrumental case.] 1. Hannca+ The book was written by a specialist. 2. ynpafl-t- My pencils have been stolen. 3. npHBe3-c My balalaika ( dajiajiaHKa ) is imported from Japan. ( flnOHHH ) 4. nepeBefl+ This song has been translated from English. 5. KynH+ These gifts were bought in the big city.. 6. c^eJiaH-t- This house is made (out) of old sausages.. 7. 3adHB+ Our city is forgotten. 8. 6p6"cn+ She will be abandoned. This may seem like a "present perfective," but it is not. It means: "The book is in the state of having-been written." Although the sentence is present, the passive participle is not. Contrast: Pres. passive Fdpofl OKpyacaeM(The city is being surrounded.) Past passive F6pofl 0KpyaceH.(The city is/has been surrounded.; In general, most passive participles are past passive; the present passive is rare.
-1+97- k. Long-form Largely restricted to written Russian, they are formed from the M of the short-form by joining adjective endings, h but not £ is doubled. ' Short-form Long-form HanncaH HanHcaHHHft 3a6HT 3a6HTHfi They function as any other long-form adjective, modifying a noun. Short-form Long-form Past Passive KHHra HanncaHa. fl 3Haio KHiiry, HanHcaHHyro Participle (The book is/has been cneijuajitfcTOM. written.) (I know the book written by the specialist.) Other Ad.iective fleBymica cJia6a. fl 3Ha.ro cJiaSyio fle'ByniKy. (The girl is weak.) (I know the weak girl.) As with other long-form participles, the past passive normally follows the noun it modifies. Exercise 9 Translate int 1. 06tHCHH+- 2. HanHcat 3. npnroioBnt 4. npoMHTaH+ d Russian. He's thinking about the lesson explained by the teacher. He reads books written by specialists. I like the soud prepared bv Katerina. I want to see the book read by Ivan.
Exercise 10 Translate into Russian. Vocabularyi buy - Kynn+ y translate - nepeBefl* surround - OKpyjKii+ import - npHBe3+ 1. My pencil has been stolen. 2. Where are the stolen pencils? 3. She lives in a city forgotten by the world. 4. She plays on a guitar made of old newspapers. 5. Their guitars are made of concrete. 6. I like gifts bought in London. '. Where was this gift bought? 8. I love songs translated from Russian. 9. This song will be translated. 10. Our factory is surrounded by forget-me-nots. 11. We work in a factory surrounded by forget-me-nots. 12. I'm drinking vodka imported from Poland. _ 13. From which country is this vodka imported?
_lt99 G. GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLESi REVIEW Gerunds Participles Active Passive's short long Present a ymHH/tfmHa om/hm OMHft/HMHfi Past B ( fflH) BfflHS eHl/H/T/eH^ eHHfcra/HHHft/THft A. Form The following generalizations apply to all participles except the past passive. 1. Suffixes: Present gerund and participles join V-suffixes. Past " C-suf fixes. 2. Joining Rules> Normal joining rules apply, as. in conjugation. V+C -» VC V+V -* yV C+V —» CV C+C -» #C roBopn +• BinH —» roBopHBmuM roBopH ■+• a —* roBopn 3kSb -*• H —» 3KHBH »c3b t- Bun —► khbiih iuia'Ma a + V causes V+V mutation: / nJiaica t- h njiaKa + ymnS —* njia^ymuM Obstruents drop " b " in joining sum and BmHfl HeC + BfflH Be3 1- BfflHS HecmH Be3fflHM 3. Stress; V-suffixes are usually stressed as the 1st person sg.. C-suffixes as the infinitive. JIK)6H-»- : JIK6JIK), JII06nTb h : jik>6A npoacHB-*- : npoacHTfa, npoacmi, npoacmia b : npoacHB BinHM : npoacMBmuft
Past Passive Participles Suffixed « Otfter eH* h t eH*- 1. Normal joining rules apply, as in conjugation. V+C -^ VC Hanuca •*• h —f HanHcaH V+V —■* Yy cocTaBH f eH —> cocraBJieH C+V —» C'V yKpafl t en -» yKpa^eH C+c —» ^C 3'aKpMft + t —» 3aKpiiT eH1 causes V+V mutation: cocraBH + eH —t cocTaBJieH eH^ does not : npHBe3 +■ en —i npHBe3eH (NOT npHBeaceH) 2. Stress is complex (See pp. 4-92 through 494 ). 3. Long and Short Forms The passive participles have both long and short forms. The active participles have only long forms. Exercise 1 Form both gerunds for present forms which have both 1 1. 2. 3. npH/rOTOBH+ Gerund Active Passive npo/MHTaS+ Gerund Active Passive * / ■ t CKaaat/roBopn+ Gerund and all 4 participles, using the imperfective , the perfective for past. For participles ong and short forms, give both. Part. Part. Part. Part. Present Past Active Part. Passive Part.
-501- Present and Past In gerunds and active participles: "present" means "simultaneous" - at the same time as the main verb, "past" generally means "relative past" - prior to the main verb. Examples 06hhmsLh Co'hio, oh cjiymaji pa^HO. Pres. Gerund Past Gerund (While)embracing Bona, he listened to the radio. Pres. Act. Part. Past Act. Part. 06hhb aceHy, oh nomeJi Ha paddiy. fl BH^eji ^eJiOBe'ica, o6HHM^.iomero xeHy. fl BHfleji MejioBeKa, Embracing (after embracing) his wife, he went to work. I saw a man embracing his wife. I saw the man (who had been) MHTaBmero "Bohc JIaH$'; reading "Boy's Life". The present passive is rare. Passive participles are almost always past passive. D. Deverbal Nouns in He 3Ha^eHHe (meaning) from 3Ha'iH+ (mean) 3aicpHTHe (closing) from 3aKpbrfi+ (close) Deverbal nouns in -He were treated on p. i+76. We can now relate them to past passive participles. Deverbal nouns are,in fact, derived from past passive participles by joining-He to the short forms of past passive participles. Suffixed Radical npH/rOTO'BH+ ppp npn-roTOBJieH noun npH-roTOBJieH He Other Ha/nHCjtt- Ha/nncaH nncSiH He 3aKpHH- 3aicpHT 3aKpHT ne Ob no/Befl-t- noBeseH noBejeH ne
-502- They differ from past passive participles in the following ways: 1• Stress Stress generally falls on the syllable before -He. noBefleHne, rmcaHne, 3aKpHTne 2. Aspect Formed from either perfective or imperfective verbs, while past participles are usually formed from perfective verbs only. HanHcan, but nucaVe1 and HanucaHHe Exercise 2 Form deverbal nouns in -He. You have already encountered deverbal nouns formed from the following verbs: 1. OTKpNH+ 2. 3Ha^H+ These are new; 5. Tpe6oBa-t- 3. np0H3H0CH+ 4. TeKt 6. 0KpyacH+ (surr ound). 7. neK+ 8. iHTaft-i 9. npeflCTaBiw- (present). 10. The title "Crime and Punishment; consists of ™ ^h^&i- nouns, from the verbs: npecTynttt- (break the law) ana HaKa3a+ (punish). +-+lQo What is the Russian title!1 The eH of the past passive participle changes to eH in the deverbal noun. noBejeH but noBeajiHHe This is a particular instance of the general rule that before soft consonants,e —* e. This accounts for such diverse phenomena ass the infinitive of obstruent verbs: neic+ but ne^b (NOT ne^b feminine ending of pronouns: 3Tofi but Moeft (NOT Moeft ) CBOeH TBO^M The significant exceptions to this rule ares 1, The ver"b ending -eie 2. The instrumental singular of soft feminine nouns is always seMjieS, ceMfeeM eft:
-503- E. English "-ing" English "-ing" may correspond to Russian... A. Gerunds 1. Present Opening the window,,I caught sight of a trolleybus. OTKpflgaH okho, h yBHfleji TpojiJieHoyc. 2. Past (After) opening the window, he went out of the room. OTKpUB OKHO', OH BHffleJI H3 KOMHaTH. B. Active Participles 3. Present The man opening the window is a spy. HeJiOBeK, OTKpHBaro^HS okho - mnaoH, k. Past The man opening the window has gone. HejiOBeK, OTKptJBraHg okho', ymeji. C. Deverbal nouns in ~ne The opening of a new era. OTKpHTKe HOBOM o'pfcj. D. Present Tense He is opening a new era. Oh OTKptJBaeT Ho'Byio 3py. Exercise 3 Translate the underlined word only. (prepare - npn/roTOBnt) 1. Preparing a new plan (after preparing), he went to sleep. 2. He fell asleep preparing (while preparing) a new plan. 3. Preparing plans is not difficult. [use perfective] k. They are preparing a new plan. 5. I see the woman preparing supper.
50U- H. THE VERBS OF MOTION» DETERMINED AND NON-DETERMINED IMPERFECTIVES A small group of common verbs have two imperfectives, called determined and non-determined. All of these verbs denote motion, i.e., "walk, drive, swim, crawl, carry, drag," etc. They are sometimes called "verbs of motion" ( rjiaroJiH flBHxe'HHfl ) . Most Verbs Perfective Hanaca-v Imperfective nnca+ Verbs of Motion Perfective Imperfective Determined Non-De terminer noexa* e'xa-t- e/3flH+ Among the most common ones aret Determined e'xa+ Hec't Be34 Be #♦ jieTe-»- Non-Determined x XOflH+ e'3 fln+ B03H+ BOflH + jieTaft+ go by foot = walk go by vehicle = drive transport on foot = carry transport by vehicle = drive lead fly The Non-Determined Imperfective describes actions which are (a) repeated or (b) without a destination (a) Repeated He drives to work every day. Oh e"3flHT Ha pado'Ty Kdac^HH jeHB. He often walks to the bank. Oh *iacro xoaht b 6aHK. She, drives her, children to ^school, OHa B0'3HT CBOHX fleT^ft B DIKOJiy. (b) Without a Destination He walks a lot. Oh mhoto xo'^ht. He is riding in a trolleybus. Oh e'3flHT b TpoJiJieSdyce.
-505- The Determined Imperfective is used to describe actions which (a) happen either one time or a specific number of times and (t>) have a specified destination. Determined Non-Determined fl Hfly b mKOJiy. I am going to school. There is both a specific destination - b mKOJiy - and the implication that it is happening only one time. fl xoacy b mKOJiy. I go to/attend school. There is a specific destination, but it is a repeated, habitual act. JIk>,hh Ky^a-TO ejyT. People are driving somewhere. JlBflH e3aHT,. People are driving. Mu JieTHM Ha JiyHy. We are flying to the moon. There is a specific d e s t i nati on-Kyjja-t o, Ha JiyHy - and the implication that it is happening only one time, IIthijh jieTaioT Has ropo,n,OM. Birds are flying over the city. The action is happening one time, but no destination is specified or implied. Exercise 1 Translate the following sentences into Russian. 1. 2. 3. b. 5. 6. 7. I alwavs walk to the factory. He alwavs carries a briefcase. I often walk. Todav I am riding to work. Where are you going ( A- )? I'm going to the bank. I am carrying a briefcase there. He alwavs drives his brother to work. Todav he is driving his sister to work. Thev often drive to Leningrad. (continued)
506- i. She always takes (by foot) her brother to school. ( nucojia. ) 9. Today she is taking (by foot) her sister to school.. We are limiting our discussion, of determined and non-determined imper- fectives to the present tense. Verbs of motion which are in the present tense are either determined ro non-determined imperfective. They are never perfective, since there is no perfective present. Verbs of motion in the past or future tenses are either perfective or imperfective-determined ro imper- fective-non-determined. Present Det. Non-Det. HfleT X6flHT PastJ Fut: Perf." nomeji nofi,ii;eT Past/Future ImperJTective Detr" ^^Non-Det. meji xo^rfji 6y,neT hjth 6y,neT xoflHTb Examples! Past perfective: Past Imp.-Det: Past Imp.-non-Det: Future perfective: Future Imp.-Det.: Oh nomeji ^omoS. He went home. fl BCTpe'THJi ero, Kor.ua oh meji flOMofi. I met him while he was walking home. Oh Bcer.ua xoffriji homo's. He always walked home. Oh noe^eT b 6aHK. He is going to drive to the bank. Kor.ua mh 6y^eM exaTb b Hapo'^HHH 6aHK, ohh gy'jyT exaTb b C0103 naTpHOTOB. While we will be driving to the national bank, they will be driving to the Union of Patriots. Future Imp.-non-Det: Ohh 6yflyT e'3,HHTb b 6aHK ksm^uPl ^eHt. They will drive to the bank every day.
-507- I. THE SUBJUNCTIVE 1. Form Unlike many other languages, the Russian subjunctive does not have its own set of endings. Instead, it uses the particle 6h in conjunction with past tense forms. fl npe,nno*ieJi 6h (I would prefer) dcJiH 6u a 3Haji (if I knew) 2. Meaning Softening Used as the English "would" to soften assertions0 H npeflno^HTaK) H npeflno^eJi 6h ( I prefer) (* would prefer) fl xo^y S xoTe'ji 6h (I want) (I would like) Contrary to Fact Used to express a hypothetical and contrary-to-fact situation. .Haace e'cJin 6h oh 3Haji, oh He cica3aji 6h. (Even if he knew, he wouldn't tell.) The tense of a subjunctive verb (i.e., whether past, present, or future) is simply not expressed in Russian. The past tense form does not necessarily convey past tense meaning. Ecjih 6h OHa paSo'Tajia b MocKBe'.. . can mean either! (1) "If she were working in Moscow..." (2) "If she had been working in Moscow..." or (3) "If she were to be working in Moscow..." Context shows which tense is meant, context indicates •presents OHa He pafioTaeT b Mockb^, ho e'cJiH 6u OHa' pafiOTajia b MocKBe'... (...if she were working in Moscow...) context indicates past t context indicates futures OHa He pafioTajia b MocKBe, ho e'cjin 6u OHa padoTajia b MocKBe'... (...if she had been working in Moscow.) OHa" He 6yseT pa6o'Ta.Tb b MocKBe, ho ecJin 6h OHa' pa6oTajia b MocKBe'... (...if she were to be working in Moscow...)
-508- 3. Word Order Bh (which may be shortened to 6 ) is generally placed after the verb, or if ecjin appears in the clause, after e'cjiH. a A^Maji 6h e'cjin 6h oh 3Haji (I would think) (if he knew) But it may occur in other positions! a 6u He CKa3aji (I wouldn't say) k, If-clauses Not all clauses with e'cjin are subjunctive. Not Subjunctive Ecjih oh 3HaeT, oh HaM He CKaaceT. (If he knows, he won't tell us.) implying that he might know, but might not Ecjih BejxtMM cymecTByiOT, ohh onacHH. (If witches exist [and I don't know whether they do or not] they are dangerous.) Subjunctive Ecjih 6h oh 3Haji, oh HaM He cjca3aji 6h. (If he knew, he wouldn't tell us.) implying that he does not know Ecjih 6u Be'fltMH cymecTBOBajiH, ohh 6hjih 6h onacHHMH. (if witches existed [which they don't], they would be dangerous.) The past form of "is "is 6hji , Therefore, a form of 6hji corresponds to "is" in a non-subjunctive sentence. 1 3. Oh flOKTop. (He is a doctor.) eCJIH 6bL OH 6bIJI flOKTOpOM (if he were a doctor) k, Ohh oTKpHTH. (They are open.) ecjiH 6h ohh 6h'jih otkphthmh (if they were open) Nouns and adjectives serving as the predicate of 6hji often appear in the instrumental case. (This is discussed in Volume II.)
-b09- Exercise 1 A. Change from statement of fact to contrary-to-fact. Ex. Oh 3Haji, r,ne OHa acHBeT, noa'TOMy oh HaM cKa3a"ji. * Ecjih 6h oh 3Haji, r^e oh^ acHBeT, oh HaM cKa3sbi 6u. 1. Ohh d^ieHt MHo'ro iibiot, noaTOMy ohh He iacTO 3aHHMaioTCH. 2. Oh jnieHHM, noaTOMy oh Bee 3HaeT. 3. BejjBMtj onacHH, nooTOMy ohh Bac HHTepecyioT. 4. Befl&MH cymecTByioT, nooTOMy h hx 6010'cfa. BeflbMa - witch onacHNft -dangerous cymecTBOBa*- exist Exercise 2 Translate the following sentences into Russian. Some are contrary to fact, others are not. 1. If he were a good student, he would study (3aHHMaii-t-. .en) all day. 2. If he is a good student, the teacher will give ( noci^Bn+ ) him a "5" (nflTepica ), 3. If we knew, we would tell them. ^. If they were living in Leningrad they would "be working there. 5. If they love each other, then why don't they live together? 6. If they loved each other, then they would live together. 7. She would like to live in London.
510- J. COMPARATIVES Comparative adjectives are of two sorts - simple and compound. Simple Comparatives Simple comparatives are used in the same way as short-form adjectives' as the predicate of "be". Kto KpacriBee Bcex? Oh cmibHe'e,ueM c^muS chjishuM jiokomothb. 3to Jiy^qme. (This is better.) A. Simple comparatives are formed as follows: Rule 1 '. Suffixed Adjectives - generally join ee. KpacriBHfl : KpacHBee (prettier) If the stem consists of only one syllable, stress usually shifts to ee» cJioacHHM : cjioacHee (more complicated) To'^Huft : To^iHee (more precise) Exercise 1 Form simple c 1. HHTepe'cHbtft 2. chjibhhM 3. flJIHHHHM omparatives. Mark stress. k, ajiera'HTHHft (elegant) 5, vmhuM (intelligent) Rule 2 : Radical Ad.iectives (i.e., those with no suffix)- generally join e, with V+V mutation. npocTofi : npome (simpler) MOJiOflo'fi : MOJioace (younger) floporoft : .noposce (dearer, more expensive) Some adjectives in -k or -ok drop these suffixes in forming the comparative. As a result, they become radical and join e rather than ee. HH3KHH : Hn'ace (lower) BHCo'KHft : Bume (higher) As an exception to Rule 2, there is a small group of common radical adjectives that join ee, rather than the expected e. We have had: hobhS : HOBe'e, rjiynuS : rjiyne'e, cJia6H& : cjiadee, CMejiuS : cMeJie'e
-511 Exercise 2 Form simple comparatives. 1, T HXHft 2. 6oraTbift (rich) 1. IHCTHfi ij-. kotdo'tkkM (drop k) (short) "?. flopor6M Mark stress. 6. rpoMKHM (loud) 7 . Mfl'rKHft 8. bhco'khH (drop ok) (high) Q. npocToM 10. iuhpo'kkS (drop ok) (wide) The following common comparatives are irregularly formed. xopo'mnft : jiy^me ("better) ruioxoft : xy^xe (worse) SojibraoH : fio'jibme (bigger, more) Ma'jieHtKHH: MeHbBe (smaller, less) paHHHM : paHtme (earlier, previously) CTapHM : daprae (older) ,n,ajieKnM : ^ajibrae (further) flemeBHft : ,n,eme'Bjie (cheaper, less expensive) no3flHHM : no'3ace (later) Comparative Adverbs Comparative adverbs are identical to the corresponding comparative adjective. xopomHfti JI^ime xopomo J to^ihhS TO^IH HH 1 ° J To^iHee Examplest Oh jiynrae roBopuT, Toraee roBopH (He speaks better.) (speaking more precisely) The comparative of MHoro (much) is fiojibme msljio (little) is MeHtme (NOT do'jiee, MeHee)
512- Exercise 3 Form simple 1 i flJIKHHHft 2. KpacHBhiM 3» Sora'Tufi ( ^. xopomo 5» ho'bkh 6. ^ajieKKit 7« .nemeBHit ( 8. t hxhS 9« njioxofi 10. CTa'pHft comparatives, rich) cheap) Mark stress. 11. MHrKHft 12. 6ojibmofl 13. mhoto 14. xikcthM 1^. mojioxoM 16. bhcokhM 17. JioporoM 18. rpOMKHH 19. HHTepeci 20. rJiynHH (high) (loud) ihS B . Use 1. "Than" is expressed by *ieM plus nominative case. He is stronger than Ivan. Oh cKJibHe'e, veii Hbsih. They live worse than I. Ohk acHByT xysce, <ieM a. It may also be expressed without ven by placing the second member of the comparative in the genitive case. Africa is bigger than Europe. AtJpHKa So'jifame EBponH. 2. "Much X-er" - ropa3flO + comparative much better - ropa'3,no Jiymne much more interesting - ropa3.no HHTepe'cHee 3. "Somewhat X-er" - prefix no somewhat better - nojiymne 4. "The X-er... the Y-er" The older he became the worse he understood. HeM cTapme oh daji, TeM xyace oh noHHMaji.
-513 Exercise k- Translate into Russian. 1. Natasha is much prettier than Vera._ 2o Ivanov writes much better than Gladkov.. 3. The younger the stronger. 4. The cheaper the "better. 5. As far as I know, Rockefeller is richer than Professor Schultz, 6. Capitalism is older than socialism. (KanHTajiH3M : con;najiH3M) 7. A little louder, please, 8. Write less and think more. 9. He is younger than I. 10. The first sentence is more complicated than the last. Compound Comparatives Compound comparatives are used attributively, i.e., they modify a noun. They are formed with eo'jiee/Me'Hee plus declined adjective. Compound Simple Oh syMaeT o fio'jiee cjiqschom Bonpoce. 3tot Bonpoc cjioacHee. (He is thinking about a more complicated (This question is more question.) complicated.) Oh BejieT So'jiee KHTepe'cHvio acH3Hb. Ero M3hb HHTepe'cHee. (He leads a more interesting life.) (His life is more inter- esting.) (1) The compound comparative modifies a noun. The simple comparative does not. (2) The compound comparative is declined. The simple comparative is not.
-51U- Exercise 6 Translate into Russian. 1. This machine is more complicated. I understand the less complicated machine. 2. This is simpler. This is a simpler question. 3. The book that you were reading is more interesting than I thought. 4. He's thinking about a more interesting book. There is a small, very common group of attributive comparatives which are not compound, i.e., are formed without 6ojiee. lt CTa'prnnft/MJiaflrnHH (elder, senior)/(younger, junior) 2, Jiy^mnii/xyflniHfi (better)/(worse) 3, BHcmHft/HH3mHft (higher)/(lower) They have superlative meanings as well. Oh b jiyMmeM yHHBepcHTeTe. (He is in a better university.) OR j ( the best " " .) Exercise 6 Translate into Russian. Vocabulary; education - o6p^30Ba'Hne buy - Kynn* university - yHHBepcHT^T 1. Higher education interests me. 2. My older brother speaks Ukranian much better than my younger brother. 3. We bought the more expensive books. i 4. What do you know about the better universities?
SUPERLATIVES -515- There are two ways of forming superlatives. (1) Compound Superlative ca-MHft + ad.i. HHTepe'cHHft : caMHft HHTepe'cHbift KpacriBHH : Ca'MHft KpaCIl'BHH Tajia'HTJiHBbrii: caWfi TajiaHTjiHBHft (2) Simple Superlative ad.j. stem + -eftmHft HOBbrii : HOBeftmuft flJIHHHhjft : flJIHHHeftfflHft HHTepecHHfi : HHTepe'cHeftmHft rjiynaft : rjiyneftmuft K + eftmnft —» H ■+■ aftmnft BejiHKHH : BejiH^aftrauft Tiixuft : Tumaftmuft rjiy6oKHft : rjiyeo^aftmuft (deep) Meaning; The compound superlative has only the meaning, "the most". The simple has the meaning of either: a. "the most" b. "very, extremely" Hence, caMHH ho'bh# jom (the newest house) HOBeftmuft ,hom (the newest house)or(a very new house)
TABLES A. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES i. Table of Endings 517 2. Noun Paradigms 518 3. Adjective Paradigms 519 k. Irregular Nouns 520 5. Noun Stress Types 521 B. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 523 C_. PRONOMINALS 523 1. Chart of Endings 524 2. Paradigms 525 D. PREPOSITIONS 527 E. NUMBERS 528 1. Declension of Numbers 529 F. TIME EXPRESSIONS 1. Vocabulary 530 2. Chart 530 3. Telling Time 531 k. Dates 531 G. VERBS 1. Stem Types 532 2. Endings and Suffixes 533 3. V+V Mutation 53J4, k. Verb Paradigms 53J4, 5. Irregular Verbs 538 6. Prefixes 541 * - treated in Volume II t - not treated in the book
-517- A. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 1. Table of Endings MyaccKoft Cpe^HHft JKe'HCKuM MHoacecTBeHHoe HucJid HMeHi*TejIbHH# BHHHTejIbHHft POBHTeJIbHUft HaTeJifcHuft IIpeflJIOXHHft TBOpHTejIbHHft • • •Jul* ../ • •. o ,i o.• *o_ ...ovo...a • •. omu.. ._u_ ...om...e_* (jr) •••im•••om • • . a j a. • . a •. .u ju• • ..u • • 'SA* • 'X » • •on• • • e .3 .. .oj... ,oj. I A X iu / 4 ...i,je...i/a ... ix.. .^/e.i/ov3 ••.im.•.am ..«ix* *.ax ...imi...ami *Sterns in jj.« i.i+e—» ij+i (1) ij—* oj when stressed < (2) Some masc. nouns have stressed y. Some common ones are : jiecy, rofly, cafly (3) alternates .oju are largely restricted to written Russian (M a int neuter plural ( cjio'bo: cjiOBa) , certain M nouns ( flOKTop: .noKiopa) (5) nouns ending in a vowel have gem pl« p ( KOMHaia: KOMHai ) (He^eJiH: HefleJib ) f ( napTHH*. napTHft ) nouns ending in /, have gen. pi. \ e.j if the stem consonant is soft or H: t ( nucacTejib: nHcaieJiefi ) ( HO^Jb: ho^^M ) ov otherwise.(3aB0fl: saBO^OB) (m^chd;: Me'cnueB) (repoft: repoeB)
518- 2_. Noun Paradigms There are three spelling variations for each set of endings. The spelling is automatic and depends on whether the final stem consonant is hard, soft or j . Hard M 3a.B0Jl _ fact M. B. P. R. n. T. 3aB0Jl 3aBo,n 3aB0,na 3aB0,ny 3aB0ji;e 3aB0fl0M M ory 3aBO^H 3aBOJJ,K 3aB0jj,0B 3aBO,naM 3aBO^ax 3aBO^;aMH riMcaTejIb _ writer H. B. P. R. 11. T. nHca'ieJib nucaTeJiH nucaiejiH nHcaTejiio nuc.aTejie nHc.aTejiM nHcaiejiefi nHcaiejiefl nHcaiejiHw nucaTejiHX C CJIOBO _ word H B P R 11 T nHcaieJieM nucaTejiHMH , CJIOBO . CJIOBO . cjioBa cjiOBy . cjiOBe . CJIOBOM CJiOBa cjioBa CJIOB CJIOBaM cjioBax CJIOBaMH Soft c M<?pe - sea M. Md'pe B. Mope P. Mdpn R. M6pio n. Mo'pe T. MopeM MOpH Mopn Mope'ii MOpHM MOpjfX MOpHMH A KOMHaTa - room H B P R 11 T KOMHaTa KOMHaTy . KOMHaiH KOMHaTe , KOMHaTe K6MHaTOft }K KOMHaTH KdMHaTH KOMHaT KOMHaiaM KOMHaTaX KOMHaTaMH Hejj;ejIH_ veek M. Heji,ejiH B. Heji;ejiio P. He^ejiM R. He^eJie n. He^eJie T. Hejj,e'jieft Heji,ejiH Hejiejin Hejiejib Hejj,ejiHM HeJiejiHX Heji;ejiHMH M repoH _ hero H. B. P. JU n. T. repoft repoH rep6a repoio rep6e repdeM repoM repdeB repoeB repoHM repoHX repoHMH COqHHeHHe -composition - $OTOrpa$HH _ photograph H. (JioTorpatnH $OTorpa$ni' B. $OTOrpa$nio (JiOTorp^hHi' P. $OTorpa$HH (fOTorpa^Hi1 R. (JOTOrpa&HH tfioTorpa\finj;v n. cfioTorpa$HH (j)OTorpa$nj;x T. coqHHeHHeM COTHHeHMMH T. $OTOrpatj)Heft $OTorpa$HflVR i-declension H. COTHHeHHe B. co^HHeHne P. CO^HH^HUfl R. coquHeHHio II. CO^HHeHHH COTHHeHHfl COIHHeHHfl COTHHeHHH CO^IHH^HHHM COTHH^HHflX There are no spelling variants to the i-declension. 3KH3Hb _ ]_ife M. 3KH3Hb B. JKH3Hb P. 3KH3HH R. 3KH3HH II. XCH3HH T. JKHSHblO 3KM3HH 5KH3HH 3KH3HeM 3KH3HHM 3KH3HHX 3KH3HHMH
HWUHtfaiTOOlI WHHffaiTOOLI XHHffaifOOU waHffairoou *LI •tr •a •a wuHtfairoou j^waHtfairoou XHHffe'lfOOU Hantfairoou ojaHtfairoou Jr t MM Htf 8 IT 0 0II 4- ■f SHHtfSIfOOII . KHHffaiTOOII aSHtfaifOOU tjHHtfaifOOU "K •HW w 0-830-131 'O-S^X 0 W - gHHffairooii HWHfflpdOX XHfflOdoX WHfflOdOX XHfflOdOX t aumodox > >. Haraodox cmCinodox irempdox WHinodox wamodox iCwamodox Qjamodox t aampdox HHfflOdOX •u •tr •a *a *H P°°3 -|jHmodox HWUHOO-Ald XHHOO^d WHHOOA'd xnHOOA"d I aHHOOA"d V * yoHoo^d orA'HooyM KtJHOO^d WHHOOA'd woxooA'd AlwoHooA'd OJOXOOA'd t aon:oo^d t #HXOOiCd •I •II •ir •a •a •H 'HW K W ueissng - HHHOOA'd HWHHOH XHHOH WHS OH XHHOH I 9HHOH / K HOHOH " 1 ma'soh reaoH WHS OH i WOSOH / a"wohoh OJOSOH ' 1 t 1 1 80S0H T 1 *■ HHHOH ■HW 3K M A9U UHSOH SUlSTpBXej 3AXq.03L'pV *F -6TS-
520- 4. Irregular Nouns t 1. Masculine and Neuter plurals in ,j A small number of Masculine and Neuter nouns insert j_ in the plural. .singular plural | OpaT (opaTbtf Russian Transcription I brat I bratja The genitive plural is either or or _ with an inserted e_. Russian j*6pa.TbeB 0 ,npy3eft Transcription I bratjev I druzej The singular of these nouns is regular, and is given below for comparison with the plural. 6paT (brother) H. 6paT 6paTbH B. 6paTa 6paTbeB P. 6paia 6paTteB H. epa'iy dpaTBHM II. dpaTe 6pa'TbH:x T. dp^TOM dpaTBHMH flPyr (friend) H. flpyr ^py3bH B. spyra .npyseft P. flpyra ,npy3e'ft J[. spyry ,npy3bHM n. apy're ^pysb^x T. flpyroM ^pysbHMH Other examples: (chair) CTyJi: CTyJIbfl (tree) fle'peBo: ^epeBbtf (pen) nep6: nepbH Other examples: (husband) (son) Myx: MyacbH chh: chhobbh 2 . .Nouns in an in ryax.Aa.HKH (citizen) K. rpax^aHHH rpaac^aHe B. rpaacnaHHHa rpaac^aH P. rpaac^aHHHa rpaac^aH H. rpax^aHHHy rpaac^aHaM n. rpaac^aHMHe rpaac^aHax T. rpaac^aHHHOM rpaac^aHaMH Other examples: (Englishman) aHrjiH^aHHH: aHrjHmaHe (Slav) cjiaBHHHH: cjiaBHHe
3. MaTb M (mother) MaTb flQ^fc Ut (daughter) -521- H. MaTb B. Maib P. MaTepn H. MaiepH n. MaTepn T. MaTepbio MaTepH MaTepefi Maiepeft MaiepbHM MaTepbHX MaiepbHMH M. B. P. fl. 11. ROHb flO^b JOTb flO^epH ^o^epn SoyepH flotiepn ^o^epeH flo^epeH ^oyepaM flO^epHX^ T. flo'^epbio flOiepbMH i+. Heuters in-MA speMH (time) H. BpeMa BpeMeHa B. BpeMH BpeMeHa P. Bpe'MeHK speMeH J[. BpeMeHH BpeMeHaM II. Bpe'MeHH BpeMeHax T. BpeMeHeM BpeMeHaMH 5. nyTb (road, path, journey) Other examples: HMfl (name) 3HaMH (banner) H. B. P. n. T. The only nyib nyTb nyTH nyTH nyTH nyieM masculine nyTH nyTH nyTe'n nyTHM nyTHX nyTHMH £. Noun Stress Types no shift KHHra CTOJI shift between sg. and pi. aceHa CJIOBO shift within peica (pl-x ) (sg.* , pl* iTe- [common] quency: [common] [uncommon] common m i-decl. nouns uncommon
-522- Summary of Symbols - no shift * over a noun- shift between sg. and pi. ( " ) in parenthesis after a noun- shift within sg. or pi. No Shift stem-stress KHiira (book) H. KHHra B. KHHry P. KHHTH Jl. KHiire n. KHrfre T. KHHrofi KHHTH KHHTH KHHT KHu'raM KHHrax KHHraMH end-stress ctoji (table) H. CTOJI CTOJIH B. CTOJI CTOJIH P. CTOJISL CTOJldB £. CTOJiy CTOJISCm IT. CTOjid CTOJiax T. CTOJIOM CTOJiaMH Shift between sg. and pi. H. B. P. Jl. n. T. Ending -M&H& aceHa aceHy XeHH aceHe aceHe aceHOft to stem (wife) aceHH aceH aceH aceHaM aceHax aceHaMH Shift within sg. H. B. P. Jl. n. BO^a (s BOjj,a bo^ BOJJ.H BOjje BOje g. X ) (wat er) BdflH b6p,u BOJ BOjaM bo flax T. BO,n6ft BOflaMH Stem to ending CJIO*BO (word) H. cjiobo cjiOBa B. cjiobo cjiOBa P. CJIOBa CJIOB JJ. cjio'By cjiOBaM II. cjidBe cjiOBax T. CJIOBOM CJIOBSLMH Shift within pi. MHfflb (pi.* ) (mouse) H. MHfflb MblfflH B. MHfflb MHme'ft P. MHfflH MHffleft JJ,. MHfflH MHinaM IT. MHfflH MHfflaX T. MHfflblO MHfflaMH Shift within sg. and pi. pexa (§g.x ,vl.* ) (river] H. pexa B. pexy P. peKH JJ. peKe II. pexe T. peKOft peKH P^KH peK pexeiM pexax peKSLMH
-523 B. PERSONAL PRONOUNS H. B. P. fl. n. T. H Menfl MeHH MHe MHe MHOH TH Te6fl Tede Te6e Te6e to6oh oh/oho ero ero eMy HeM HM OHa ee ee eft Heft eft MH Hac Hac HaM Hac HaMH BH Bac Bac Ba.M Bac BaMH OHH HX HX HM HHX HMH none ceda cedn cede cede codoft C. PRONOMINALS possessives: Moft TBOft cboM Ham Bam indeclinable: ero' ee HX 2. demonstrativesj 3tot tot 3. interrogatives: kto wo Me8 4. others: OflHH Becb TpeTHH caM my) your) one's own) our) your) his) her) their) this/that) that) who) what) whose) one) all) third) oneself) 5. surnames in ob and hh General feature: noun-like endings in the direct cases (nom-acc)j adjective-like endings in the oblique cases
52)+- 1. Table of Endings M JK Mh. H. B. P. J[. n. T. 4. r t 0 i 1 ovo omu _om_ 1m. _a^ iL -°J_ ■*■ i I ix im ix imi • Adjustments 1. Special nom. sg. masc. forms: o,H(H)H, TpeT(H)H, insert B (e) Cb, q( e )H, insert e 9T(0T ), T (OT), add OT K(TO ), U(TO )r add TO 2. Endings in i: (a) ^TOT, tot, KTO, ^5To: i_^ e (BCeM,Bcex, Te, Tex,...) b 3. oj- all other pronoininals : i_ softens preceding consonants VO^HHM, 9THM, 3TH,..J after soft consonants and j, feminine oblique oj-*> ej (mo eft, Been,... )
MOft TBOit, CBOft M 0 }K 2.. Paradigms Bara Ham Mh. H. B. P. I. n. T. MO it 1 1 Moe 1 1 1 Moero' Moewiy MOeM MOHM MOH MOK) mo eft 1 MOH 3 MOHX MOHM MOHX MOHMH M K Mh. H. B. P. n. n. T. Bam I i t Bame i 1 , Bainero BameMy BaraeM BaraHM Bama Bamy Bameit V BamH A BaiUHX BaiHM BSUHHX BamHMH 3T OT) Stem: 3T + TOT Stem: T + M '£ Mh. M M Mh. 9TOT 1 t 3TO | I 9T0T0 9TOMy 3TOM 3THM 3Ta 9Ty 9T0H ' i 9TH I s'thx s'thm 9THX 9THMH H. B. P. fl. n. T. TOT 1 J 4 TO 1 I 'Tord TOMy TOM TeM ia Ty TOfi s ' ie' 1 Tex TeM Tex TeMH MiiUS Stem: OflH + b( e )cb Stem: BCB+ M OflHH f 4 t 0 OflHO I 1 1 OflHoro OflHOMy OflHOM OflHHM I oflHa OflHy OflHOH ' ■ Mh. OflHH J OflHHX OflHHM OflHHX OflHHMH IA. B. P. JI. n. T. M Beci. 1 1 C BCe 1 si 1 Bcero BceMy BCeM BCeM I BCH BCK) Bceit > ' Mh. Bee t Bcex BCeM Bcex BCe'MH
526- q(e)fl stem« ^fcft M 0 H. B. P. Jl. n. T. 1 t UBe 1 i 1HBerd ^tBewiy HBeM HbYiM m ubfl UfeK) UBeft > r MHi MBH J ^BHX MBHM IbHX MBKMK Tpei(h)ft stenu TpeTB M H. B. P. Jl. n. T. TpeTnit 1 f it 0 i i > TpeTBero TpeiBeMy ipeTBewi TpeTbHM }H TpeTbH TpeTBK) ipeibeit y Mh. TpeTbH I TpeTbHX Tp^TbHV TpeTbHX TpeTbHMi T ca.M k( TO ) Stemt K q( TO ) H. B. P. Jl. n. T. M caM 1 t 0 ca.Mo i 1 •caMoro caMOMy CaMHM CaMOM 1 cawia cawiy * caMoft > ' MH. CaMH I CaMHX CaMHM CaMKX CaMHMH- H. B. p. Jl. n. T. KTO koto' koto' KOMy KOM KeM UTO 1TO uero' *ie My ueM ueM *also- cawioe Surnames in ob and HHare also pronominal except in certain M. sg. forms (starred). M }K, Mh. M }tt Mh. B P Jl 30JIOTOB *3oJioTOBa n T. 4* *3ojioTOBy *3oJioTOBe 3dJIOTOBHM 3ojioTOBa 3ojiOTOBy 3o'jIOTOBOit 30JIOTOBU -f 30JIOTOBHX 30JIOTOBHM 30JIOTOBHX M. B p. Jl. n. 30JIOTOBHMt T. IlymKHHHM ^ IJymKHH QyiDKHHa + ny'mKHHy IlymKHHa riymKHHoit riyniKKHy *nymKKHe nymKHHU 4- riymKHHHX riyniKHHUM IlyniKHHblX IlyillKHHHMH
D. PREPOSITIONS -527 A few of the less commonly used prepositions have not been included in the table. Prepositions which often take more than one case are underlined. Genitive 6e3-without t b^ojib- along t BMecTo-instead of tBHe- outside of tBHyipn- inside of t B03Jie- beside tBOKpyr- around fljiH- for flo- up to K3- from H3-3a- because of fH3-nofl-from under Kpo'Me- except for mhmo- past okojio- near ^ OT- from no'cjie- after tnp^oTHB- against paflH- for the sake *£" from cpe^H- among y- by, at of Accusative j3- tO 3a- for *3a-behind Ha- to *noj- under t npo- about tcKB03B- through uepe3- through Dative t fijiaroflapa- thanks to t BonpeKH- despite k- to, towards no- along, according to, on the subject of tcorjiacHo-according to Prepositional Instrumental b_- m Ha- on, at, in ~o]o6- about t npn- at the time of, in the presence of ,3a- behind M^eac^y- between Ha,n- over nepefl- in front of, before nofl- under c- with
E. NUMBERS 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 8 9 10. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 30 31 40 50 60 70 80 90 one, two,... "OflTlH flBa/flBe TpH/ ueTHpe nflTb mecTB ceMB BOCeMB fle'CHTb oflHHHamaTb ^BeHa.flu;aTb TpHHa^n;aTB ueTupHa^;ii;aTB nflTHa^n;aTb lecTHa^aTb ceMHa'flii;aTB BoceMHafflaTB fleBHTHaso;aTb ^BaflnaTb ^Baj,D;aTB OflHH ,B;Ba^ri;aTb jBa flBa'maTB Tpn TpHflnaTB TPHflqaTb OflHH first, second.... nepBUK ~ BTopoit TpeTHH UeTBeTblft nHTHfi mecToft CeflBMOH BOCBMOft ,HeBJ$THft ^.ec^Tfaiit o^HHHafln;aTuit ^BeHafln;aTuft TpHHafln;aTHit ^eTbipHa,nn;aTHft nHTHa'maTHtt. mecTH^^maTHft CDpOK nHTb^ecHT mecTbflecflT CeMBfleCHT BOCeMb^eCHT fleBHHOCTO 100 o CTO 101•CTO OflHH 113 • cto TpHH^n;aTb 1^5 • CTO CO'pOK nflTb 200.flBecTH 300. Tpn'cTa 400 .^eTfaipecTa 500. IIHTBCOT 600. mecTBCOT 700. CeMBCOT 800, BOceMbCOT 900. fleBHTBC^T 1.000. THCHia 1.001. TbICflia OflHH 2,000. JBe THCHUH 5,000. nflTB IhlCHiJ 10,000. fl^CHTb THCH1 100,000. CTO THCflU 1,000,000; MHJIJIHOH 2,000,000. pa MHJijiHOHa 1,000, 000,000./MHJiJiHa'pfl ceMHa,nriaTHft BoceMHafluaTHH fleBHTHa'flii;aTHH ABafluaTHii flBa.ana.TB nepBbiit flBaflqaTB BTopoit flBa^aTb Tpe'Tuft TpHfln;a.THft TpHfln;aTb ne'pBHft COpOKOB6M nflTHflecHTHit raecTHflecHTuH ceMHflecflTHM BOCbMHfleCHTHH fleBHHO'CTHH co'thh cto ne'pBuft CTO TpHHa'flliaTHH CTO COpOK IlflTHH flByXCo'THH Tpexco'THft UeTbipeXCOTHH nHTHCOTHfi mecTHCo'THit ceMnco'THit BOCBMHCOTHH fleBHTHCo'THH THCHUHblH THCH^a nepBbifl flByXTHCaUHblft nflTHTHCHUHblft fleCHTHTHCHUHblH CTO THCHUHHH MHJIJIHO'HHUit flByXMHJIJIHOHHHit f MHJIJIHapflHHit {ShJIJIHOH ( 6HJIJIHOHHHit
2,. Declension of Numbers'1' JK Mh. H.I B. P. Jl. n. T. OflHH i OflHO I OflHoro OflHOM.V OJIHOM O.HHHM T— o^Ha o^Hy OflHOH OflHOH opdfi O^HOH OJHH t OflHHX O^HHM OflHHX OJHHMH M-C 3K JIBa flse flByx flsyM flsyx ABVMH TpH Tpex ipeM Tpex t TpeMH -529- yeTHpe ueTbipex MempeM ueTbipex UeTHpBMH 5,6,7,^,10 11-19 20 h 30 40 H. B. P. Jl. n. T. HHTb IlflTb nflTH nHTH n#TH nHTbiO BO'ceMb BOCeMb BOCbMH BOCbMH BOCbMH BOCbMK) ABeHa^uaTb SBeHa^uaTb flBeHa.fln;aTH ABeHaflnaTH ^BeHafluaTH ABeHaflnaTbio flBaflii;aTb ^BafluaTb ABaflnaTH ABa^iiiaTH ^BafluaTH ^Baflii;aTbib 50-60 P. Jl. n. T. iraTb,nec.iiT IlflTb fleCHT naTa'jeCHTH nflTH^eCHTH nflTHfleCHTH nflTbi6flecflTbio H. B. P. n. 11. 1'. 2.00 flBeCTH flBeCTH flByXCOT AByMCTaM AByxcTax flByMHCTaMH both M-C M 70 ceMb^ecflT ceMbflecflT CeMHJI,eCflTH CeMHfleCflTH CeMHfleCHTH CeMblO^eCflTbK) 900 TpHCTa TprfcTa Tpexco'i TpeMCTa'M ipexcTax TpeMHCT anH H. B. P. Jl. n. T. o6a o6o'hx oSo'hm o6o'hx o6ohmh o6e ofie'nx o6eHM odenx 0 6eHMH 80 90 BOceMbjecfli BdceMbfleCHT BOCbMHfleCflTH BOCbMH.HeC.HTH BOCbMHfleCflTH BOCbMIOfleCflTblO fleBflHOCTO fleBHHdCTO ^eBHHOCTa 1 I CTO CTO CTa 1' 400 500-900 ^eTupecTa ueTbfpecTa ueTHpexcoT ueTHpeMCTaM ueTHpexcTax UeTbipbMflCTaMH nflTbCOT nflTbcdT nflTHCo'l namcTaM nflTHCiax II.STbIOCTa.MH COJDOK Co'pOK t copoKa 100 collective numerals - "a group' ABo'e (ipoe ) flBOHX SB OHM flBOHX ^BOHMH ueTBepo ^eTBepbix ueiBepHM ueTBepbix ueTBepHMH 1± H-B: P-Jl-n-T: nojuopa noJiyTopa 1. 2. 3- 150 nojiTopacTa noJiyiopacTa OflHH is a pronominal. JlBa/flBe, tph, ueTbipe and co'poK, fleBAHo'cTO, cto are irregular. All numbers ending in b are declined like i-declension nouns. (5-20, 30, have final stress) IlHTbflecHT, mecTbflecHT, ce'Mb^ecflT, Bo'ceMbflecHT are unusual in thati a) nobat end; b) both halves are declined.
-530- F. TIME EXPRESSIONS 1.. Vocabulary Dav of Week Monday- noHefle'jibHHK Tuesday- btophhk Wednesday- cpefla (sg. * ) Thursday- ^eiBe'pr Friday- nnTHHija Saturday- cyd6oTa Sunday- BocKpeceHbe Seasons winter- 3HMa ( spring- BecHa summer- jieio fall- oceHb W Months January- February- March- April- May - June- July- August- September- October- November- December- HHBapb (JeBpajib MapT anpeJib Maft HKJHb HKJJIb aBryci CeHTflfipb OKTflfipb HOflfipb flenafipb 2. Chart on/in Day Time of Day Week Month Season b + ace. instr. Ha + prep. b+ prep, instr. (1) Year B +urePi this... last... next... b cpefly b 9Ty cpefly b npomJiyio cpe'fly b Syaymyro cpefly yTpoM ceroflHH yipoM B^epa yipoM 3aBTpa yTpoM Ha 3ioit HefleJie Ha npomJioH HefleJie Ha 6y,nymeH HefleJie B OKTflfipe B OKTH6pe dToro ro'fla B OKTHfipe nponuioro rofla B OKTflfip^ Syflymero rojia JieTOM 3THM JieTOM npomjiHM JI6T0M SyflynHM JieTOM B 3T0V rofly b npon!.''.^ rofly b fiyjjyi rofly (1) specific year is also B+prep. Only the last number is declined. in 1975 - B THcaia fleBHTbcoT ceMbflecaT nnTOM rofly
-531- a. hour ■3>00 •5«00 !• Telling Time Tpw uaca" ILHTfe laCOB b« ^ hour -3«30 nojioBHHa MeTBepToro +c. i hour -5«15 -5«^5 td. minutes -5»05 -5«55 e. a.m.-p.m. ^eTBepTb mecTdro 6e3 ueTBepTH medb tihtb MHHyT mecTdro 6e3 nflTH mecTb 7i00a,m. cewib ^acoB yTpa 2»00p.m. flBa laca jhh 7«00p.m. ceMB yacdB Be'Mepa 2»00a.m. flBa uacd. ho'ih Day, month and vear» ^. Dates a. the 22nd. of June, 1975 - ABaOTaTfe BTopde hiohh THCFma fleBHTBCOT Ce'MBfleCtfT nHToro rcffla (abb« 22oe hiohh, 1975r. b. on the 22nd. of June, 1975 - flBamaTb STopdro hiohh THCOTa ^eBHTbCOT CeMbfleCHT nHToro rdfla (abb« 22oro hhShh, iy?5 r.)
-532- G. VERBS Stems in» ht -verbs -H -e -ia eT -verbs -a -0 -y -c 1. Stem Types Syllables Non-Syllabics Vowel-Stems C ons onant-S tems a £ h all suffixed suffixed roBopn + cn,ne + flepaca + > HT- vbS. fleJiaft + KpacHeft + radical Resonant nnca+ ' nopo + Tpe6oBa + npHBHKHy + ineHHy^ + - eT- vbs. XftB+ nftft-t- Obstruent acj,a + yMp+ HaiH+ fl/r: Bei + 3/c: Hec + t/k: neK^t 6: rpe6 + eT- vbs, J
-533- 2. Endings and Suffixes Z O M < O S3 ""3 o o HI -verbs Present (a) (th ) (oh) (mh ) (bh) (OHi| K) Hfflb HT HM me AT Imperative Past Infinitive 'ji, Jia, jio jih TB e'T -verbs y eniB e'T eM e'Te yT 1 rarely / 'rarely th, m pp > g Pres.Gerund Past Gerund Pres. Act. Part. Past Act. Part. Pres. Pass. Part. Past Pass. Part. a. b (nm) flnjHH, ymHit Bfflfl HM OM I eH Suffixed others L F Radical Res Ob 1 J. t eHfc -stems in Hy and o also have t ( TpoHy+ : TpoHyT, nopo +: nopoi) - e'H- V+V mutation ( npeflCTaBH+ : npeflCTaBJieHne) - eH^no V+V mutation ( noBe4+ : noBejeHHe)
-53h- 2.. V+V Mutation De A 3K ntals - T *j 3 ac -»H c m CT w. Labials add Jib 6 BJIb n njib B BJIb $ $JIb M MJIb Velars—»H K n r ac X m CK m Liauids soften ji jib P pb V+V Mutation occurst in ht -verbs Con.iug. 1st. sg only in stems in (whenever a stem in a+ is joined to a V ending or suffix, i.e.) throughout pres, Imper. no Pres. Ger. Past Act. Part. Past Pass.Pti & Deverbal K no no yes yes yes yes no ^.. Verb Paradigms Stress alternates are given in brackets, When a form of the model verb does not occur, an example from a similar type verb is given in parentheses. TOBOpH-f roBopio rOBOpHfflb TOBOpHT TOBOpHM roBopHTe TOBOpHT roBopH! TOBOpHJI roBopHJia TOBOpHTb TOBOpH TOBOpHB roBopa'inHH rOBOpHBfflHH (jik)6h'mhS ) ( o6bHCHeHi TcTaBH + ~| CTarBJIIO CTcLBHIHb CTaBHT CTSBHM CTaBHTe CTaBHT CTaBb! CTaBHJI CTaBHJia CTaBHTb CTaBH CTaBHB CTa'BHIUHH CTaBKBUHH ( JIK)6HMblfi) -CTaBJieH ["npocH+ 1 npomy npdcHinb npocHT npdcuM npo'cuTe npo'cHT npocii! npocHJi npocHJia npOCHTb npocH npocHB npocHinHH npOCHBfflHH npOCHMblH -npo'meH CHfle + CHacy CHflMBIb CHJJ.HT CHJJ.HM CHJJ,HTe CHJJ.HT jjep)Ka+ flepacy flepacHnib flepiKHT flepacHM flepacHTe flepacaT CHJJ.H! CHjj,e'ji CHjj,e'jia CHJJ,eTb (cmotph) CHfleB CHJJ.HIHHH CHJJ,eBfflHH flepscH! jjepxcaji flepaca'jia jj,epacaTb jj,epsca flepscaB jiiepscamHH flepsca'BniHfi ( -CMo'TpeH) -jj,epscaH
-535- nnca + nniny nilinemb nHineT nHiueM nniueTe niiinyT mmk! nHc.aJi nHcajia nHcaTb (njia^a) nncaB nraymuft nHcaBniHft _ -rracaH [njia.Ka +"] njia^y njiaqemi. iuta^eT njistaeM iiJiaMeie nJia^yT nJia^b! iuiaicaji njianajia njiaKaTb njia^a njiaxaB njiswymnS njia'KaBniHM , ■* , ( -nuc.aH ) nopo + nopjo ndpemb nopeT no'pewi nopeTe nopioT nopri! nopdji nopo'jia nopoTb nopn nopoB ndpiomHfi nopoBmnM - -nopoT HHTepecoBa + HHTepecyio HHTepecyemb HHTepecyeT HHTepecyeM HHTepecjreTe HHTepecyioT HHTepecyS! HHTepecoBaji HHTepecoBajia HHTepeCOBaTb HHTepecy'n HHTepeCOB^B HHTepecyjomHS HHTepecoBaBmHM (TpeSyeMHfl) -HHTepeco'BaH [TpeSoBa + ~1 Tpd6y» -' TpeSyemb TpeSyet Tpe6yeM Tpe6yeTe TpeSyiOT TpedyR! TpedoBaji TpeSoBajia TpedoBaTb Tpedya TpedoBaB TpefiyromHH Tpe'SoBaBmHft Tpe'SyeMbift -TpedoBaH npHBHKHy npHBHKHemb npHBHKHeT npHBHKHeM npHBHKHeTe npHBHKHyT npHBHKHH! npHBHK npHBUKJia. npHBHKHyTb npHBHKfflU npHBHicmuft (cBeprHyT) menHy+ nienHy menHemb menHeT menHewi menHeTe menHyT menHH! menHyji menHyjia menHyTb menHyBmH menHyBmHM -menHyT flejiaio se'jiaemb se'jiaeT fle'jiaeM fle'jiaeTe fle'jiaioT sejiaM! fle'jiaji fl^Jiajia Ae'jiaTb jejiafl: fle'jiaB fle'jiajomHH fle'jiaBmHft fle'jiaeMHH -flejiaH KpacHe3 + KpacHeio KpacHeemb KpacHe'eT KpacHeeM KpacHeeTe KpacHeiOT KpacHeft! KpacHe'ji KpacHeJia KpacneTb KpacHea KpacHeB KpacHeiomHft KpaCHeBmHft
-536- 3CHB + 3KHBjf acHBemb MBeT acHBeM MBeTe acHByT 3KHBH ! iihh t IlbK) nbemb nbeT nbeM nbeTe nblOT neH! j"6Hfi-t-] 6bK) 6bemb 6beT 6beM dbeTe 6bK)T deft! Mhlft + M(5K) Mdemb M6eT MdeM MoeTe m6iot MOft! 3KHJI acHJia JKHJIH 3KHTb nHji nHJia iihjio nmiH nHTb 6ilJl dHjia 6HJIO 6HJIH 6HTb MHJI Mtijia MHJIO MbijIH MHTb 3KHBH KHBfflH acHBymnH aCHBfflHS nHBfflH nbK)ID;HH nHBmnK SHBfflH 6bj6m;HS 6HBmHS MOH MHBfflH mo'kiuhH MHBmHM -2CHT -nHT -6HT -MHT B_efl_+_ Befly Bejtemb Befle'T BefleM BefleTe Be^yT Bep! [Kpaj +■ ] lKpaji;y Kpa^emb KpafleT KpafleM Kpa^eTe KpasyT Kpaflii! MeT + Meiy MeTemb MeTeT MeTeM MeieTe M6TH Be3 +■ Be3y Be3emb Be3eT Be3eM Be3eTe Be3yT Be3H ! [rpbi3 + 1 rpbi3y rpH3emb rpH3eT rpu3eM rpH3eTe rpH3yT rpH3H! Hec» Hecy" Hecemb HeceT HeceM HeceTe HecyT Hecnl Beji Bejia Bejio BejiH BeCTH Beflfl BeflniH BeflymnS B^flfflHH BeflOMblft -BefleH Kpaji Kpaoia icpajio KpdjIH KpacTb KpaflH KpaBfflH KpaflyujHa KpaBmHH (BeflOMuS) -Kpa^eH MeJi Mejia Mejio MejiH MeCTH (jcpaflH ) MeTfflH MeTymHH MeTfflHft ( BeflOMblM ) MeTeH Be3 Be3Jia Be3JI0' Be3JIH Be3TH Be3fl Be3fflH Be3ym;HH Be3IHH Be3dMKS -Be3eH rpH3 rpH3Jia rpbi3.n0 rpbl3JiH rpu3Tb 1 rpbI3tf rpu3mH rpH3y'm;Htt rpH3mHH rpH30MuS -rpu3eH Hec Hecjia Hecjio HeCJIH HeCTH Hecfl HeCIH Hecy'mufi HeCfflHH HeCOMUit -HeceH
-537- CTpnr+ CTpHry CTpaacemb CTpnaceT CTpH2CeM CTpHaceTe CTparyT ctphth! CTpHT CTpHTJia CTpH'rJIO CTpiirJiH CTpH^b CTpHrfflH CTpHrymHS CTprirmHS -CTpHJKeH [6eper + ] depery depeacemb 6epeaceT SepeaceM SepeaceTe 6eperyT 6epern! 6eper SeperJia 6eper.no SeperjiH 6epekb Sepernm Seperymuft Sepermuft -SepeaceH neK + nexy ne^emb ne^eT neieM ne^eTe neKy^r neKH neK neKJia' neKJid neKJiH ne^jb neKmH neKymuft neKmHft -neieH rpe6 + rpe6y rpedemt rpedeT rpe6eM rpe6eTe rpedyT rpedn! rpe6 rpe6.ua rpe6.nd rpeSjiri rpecTH rpeda rpe6mH rpeSymnK rpefimufi -rpe6eH The following verb types are treated in Volume II. acfla + *fly" acflemb 3KfleT ac^eM acjeTe JKflyT KflH! acjaji jieflajia jKja'jio acflajiH ac^aTb acjaB acflj/mHS acflaBniHfi -ac^aH Ha^iH + Ha^Hy HaiHemb HaiHeT HaiHeM Ha^HeTe Ha^HyT Ha^HH! Ha^aji Ha^ajia Ha^ajio Ha^ajiH HaiaTb Ha^aB ( acMynjHS ) Ha^d.BfflHft HaqaT ^MPt yMpy ywrpenib yMpeT yMpeM yMpeTe yMpyT yMpn! ywep yMepjia 3fMep.n0 yMepjiH yMepeTb yMepmn ^TpymHS) yMepmnK (-TepT) nOflHM+ noflHHMy" noflHMMenib noflHHMeT no^HHMeM no^HMMere no^HHMyT nOflHHMH! no'flHflji no^HHJia' no'^HHJIO nOflHHJIH nOflHflTb nOJHflB - nOflHHBmHK nd^HHT -> nOHM + noftMy noHMemb noftMeT noiiMeM noMMeTe noMMyT noflMH! n6HHji noHHJia nOHHJIO nOHHJIH nOHHTb nOHHB - noHHBmnK nOHHT
-538- 5. Irregular Verbs Below is a list of common irregular verbs. Irregularities are underlined. Stemt t 6eaca + (run) t 6pa + (take) Present 6ery 6eacHM 6eacHmb deacHTe deacHT 6eryT 6£j>y 6e.peM dapemb 6epeTe 6£.peT SepyT Imp. 6erii! 6e_pH ! Past Seaca'ji deacajia SescsuiH 6paji 6pajia dpajiH Inf. SeacaTb 6paTb 63b-v (be) t B03BM + (take) t rHa + (chase) flafi + (give) (eat) exa + (Future) ^p+ 6yfly SyfleM dyflemb 6y"fleTe Sy^eT SyflyT B03bMy BOSbMeM B03bMefflb B03bMeTe B03bMeT B03bMyT rOHK) TOHHM roHHmb r^HHTe TOHHT rOHHT (go, drive) t 3Ba + (call) flaM 4i,amb flacT emb ecT e'fly exemb ep,er 30By 30Benib 3C)BeT flaflHM japTe flaflyT emiu ea^Te eflaT eAeM eaeTe ejiyT 30BeM 3£BeTe 3£ByT 6yj,b B03bMH! tohh! flaS! emb! noe3acaft! 3£BH! 6hji dujia 6bfjIH B3HJI B3HJia B3HJIH rHaji rHajia THa'jIH jaji flajia jajiH eji eJia eJiH exaji exajia exajiH 3Baji 3Bajia 3BajIH 6bITb B3HTB raaTb flaTb eCTb exaTb 3Ba.Tb
-539- Stemt (go, walk] t Jie3 + (climb) t jier+ (lie) Mor + (be able) neK + (sing) t npHHM + (accept) tpacT + (grow) t ceji; + (sit down) t coca + (suck) (sleep) Present Hfly 1 n,nemb HfleT HfleM HfleTe HjyT Imp. h^h! (stress is irregular) Jie3y ji^3eM jie3b jie'3emb jie'seTe jie3eT jie'syT jinry jiHacemb JIH»eT jinaceM jiHaceTe jirfryT (stress is irregu Mpry MoaceM Mo'acemb Mo'aceTe Mo'aceT MoryT now noemb noeT npHMy npHMemb npftMeT pacTy pacTemb pacTeT CHfl.y Cfl,nemb OHfleT (no, V+V co_cy coeemb CO£eT cnJiio cnHmb TTnHT noeM noeTe noidT npHMeM nprfMeTe npHMyT pacTeM pacTeTe pacTyT CHfleM CHfleTe CH,nyT mutation) co_ceM coceTe co_cyT CnHM cnHTe CnHT jiht ! lar) nofi! hPhmh! pacTH! Cflflb ! CO£H'. cnn! Past meji mjia mjio fflJIH Jie3 jie3Jia jie'3jiH jier jierjia jierjiH mot Morjia' MOTJIH neji ne'jia ne'jiH npHHHJI npHHH.ua npHHHJIH poc pocjia POCJIH ceji ce'jia ce'jiH cocdji coca'jia cocajiH cna.ji cnajia cnajiH Inf, HflTH Jle3Tb Jie^b (Mo^b)-is found in dictionaries but in fact never occurs neTb npHHfl"Tb paCTH CeCTb COCaTb cnaTb
r -5U0- Stemi TKa + (weave) XOTe + want) Present (no V+V TKy TKemb TKeT xo^y xotiemb xo^eT ' mutation) TKeM TKeie TKyT XOTHM XOTHTe XOTHT Imp. tkh! Past TKaJi TKaJia TKa'jIH xoTeji xoTejia XOTeJIH Inf. TKaTb XOTeTb
6. Prefixes (Treated in detail in Volume II) -5U1- Meaning "into" Latin Equivalent in- Examples BTfeK ♦ flow in(to) B3/B03 BH £0 3a H3 Ha H&A HH3 0/06 OT nepe nofl npej npo p_as c/co y "up" "out of" "as far as" "behind, beyond" "block" "out of" "onto" "above" "down" "around" "away from" "back" "across" "re-" "from under" "underhandedly" "before" "through" "past" "apart" "un" "together" "away" jBJt ex- suver- de- circum- dis- re- trans- sub- pre- dis- dis- cpn- B0 36yflH 4. arouse BKCKa3a ^express, speak out flomiTaM + read as far as 3aKfl +■ go behind, beyond 3aKpuK + close H36e'rHy +■ escape, avoid HansU+ attack nojvmc£+ - superscribe, autograph CHH3oft,n + condescend oSoftji; *■ circumvent, go around OTKpbift ♦ open, discover 0Tpa3H + reflect nepejaft * transmit, handover nepe^HTaa+ reread no^^epaca + support noflCJiymaS + eavesdrop npeflCKa3a+ predict npoTfeKt flow through npoTeK* flow past pacnafl-t- disintegrate, ...ch fall apart pacKpHS+ discover, disclose coflepaca+ contain ye'xa + go away, leave
542- ANSWER BOOK CHAPTER 1 iPage 111 Exercise 1 1. Ta 2 . TH 3« TO 4. ie 5. T,y Page 11 1 • fla 2. 3a 3« 3H 4. 6h 5« flaMa Page 12 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Exercise 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Exercise TK> Te T9 TH TbI 2 BYT flK) rfle 6ot 6e3 _2 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 11. 12. 13- 14. 15. KciK KOT TaK KH MH doMda nbi nH njio jie 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Mbl MK> My Me KTO fleji syJi $aKT dpjIOT (JiyTdoji 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BH Bbl ByT BOfl sefl H» HH ce cy CK) 11. xy 12. XH 13. Kpa.ii; 14. pa6oT pa: flo fle Ha HH BOT 15. 16, 17. 18. 19. 20, 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. njioxo rfle napK paQoTe b napicax KpaflyT OHH Ha 3aB0flax BeflyT cedn yflapHHKH Page 12 Exercise 4 1. YflapHHKH He Kpa.flyT Ha 3aB0fl,ax. 2. Ohh He BeflyT ceofl njioxo. IPage 15l 1. aT 2. an 3« Kyji ^ • Kyjib Exercise 1 5. KyjibT 6» pHT 7« pHTb 8« KypHTb 9- 10. 11. 12. CKOJI CKOJIb HaCKOJIbKO fleHb n. 14. fleji 6e3flejibHHK Pages 11, 12, 15
-5U3- [Page 161 1. Hyjib 2. HyjiH 3. HyjiK 4. HyjieM 5, Hyjw |Page 16 Exercise. 6. ?. 8. 9. 10. Exercise _2 3aBO^ 3aB0fla 3aBOfly 3aB0fl0M 3aBOflbI 4 |Page 161 1 , CJIOB 2. CTHJIlfa 3. KOMHaT Exercise 4. 5. 6. _2 flhlHb KHH3b 3KHB 1. TpojuieH6yca TpojuieMdycy TpojuieftdycoM TpojuieMdycH TpojiJiefifiycax 2. HyjiH HyjiK HyjieM HyjiH Hyjinx 3. cnopTCMeHa cnopTCMeHy cnopTCMeHOM cnopTCMeHH cnopTCMeHax (Page 19} Exercise 1 A. Not preceded by a consonant letter: 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19. mo.jo nos 1. 2. 3. nef 4. svo.je.j 5. delajut 6. ludojed ?. luTgat 8. .jazik 9. kuxna 10. Aziji 11. Aziji 12. 'oflj 13. kradot 14. po.jot 15« jug 16. mo.j i 1?. iigr 18- Jest 19« grubu;iu 20. rumka |Page 19] Exercise 2 A. Contain ±t 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10. • 1 • nova .j a 2. novi.j 3. vedot 4. mo.i 5. kon 6. tr 0 .i ka 7. §ola 8. meg 0 9. mo.ii 10. trollejbus [Page 261 Exercise 3 A. Followed by vowel: 1, 3, 4, ?, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15. B. 1. oh 2. oh 3. yro 4. K) 5. ByH 6. MOH ?. MOH 8. MOH 9« CTpOH 10. CTDOH 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. e OH 0 eft ee Pages 16. 19, 20
_5UU- \Page 20l Exercise 4- 1. HMa 2. epH 3» M|i;eT 4. moM 5. Turp 6. HCKajr ?. CHCKajI 8. nucaTeJife 9. hh 10. vs. 11. pycCKHfi 1?.. ,npyrne 13. MaM 14. o6pasyM 15. oopa3yMTe Page 211 Exercise 5 1. moi moja mo.ju mo.jom moi i mo.je.i 2. kon kona. k o'qu konom kOQl kone,i Page 21] Exercise 6 1. hkp 2. KOHfc 3. 60M 4. jikSjib 5. ea #yMa8 6. 7. MecT 8. 3XaHHH 9. noJib 10. sceH 11. KyxHb 12. napTHH jPage 2l] Exercise 7 1. HflOJia H^OJiy HXOJIOM HflOJIbl 2. Hyjifl Hyjiio HyjieM Hyjin 3. MOfl MOB MOeM MOH [Page 25[ Exercise 1 1 . KH 2. TH 3. XH i\. napKH 5, XHXHKaTb 6. ^OpOTHM 7, COBeTCKHfi 8. BeJiHKne iPage 2 5i Exercise 2 1, BonpocH 2, napKH 3, flOpOTH 50 rpexH 6. nucaTejiH 7. $HJIOCO(|)H 8. y,napHHKH Page 331 Exercise 1 1. 2. 3. 40 5. ma sea ua ^a ma 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. mH 3KH UH ^H tHH ll.SOJIbfflHM 16.3C6H 12.comh 17.ieM l3,yjiHUaM is.^ecTb 1/|, TOBapuraH 19, omn6Ky 15.xyace 20.*yK 21. Kapa.H,n,afflH 22. HacTOflmutt [Page 33l Exercise 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. jiescy KOH^y cjibimy CMOTpK) roBopro numy JieXHT kohiht CJIHIIIHT CMOTPHT rOBOpHT numuT xesaT KOH^aT cjibimaT CMOTPHT TOBOpHT numaT Pages 20, 21, 25,33
-5^5- Pa,g;e 37| Pre- Translation 1. Be,nyT ce6n njio'xo - b TpoJijieM6ycax 2. yji,apHHKH - Ha saBO^ax 3. HeKyjibTypHHe jik!,ii,h - moiotch k. jik>6ht KypwTb - Ha saBO^e 5. acHByT SeafleJibHZKH 6. Mo'eTGH - s Tpojuiett6yce - Kascjiuii xeHb 7. KyjibTypHHe JiroflH - ^iHTaioT 8. KyjibTypHHft xieJioBeK 9. .nyMaioT - o acH3HH Ha saBO,n,ax 10. pado'iaeT - Ha 3aBo,n,e 11. jik>6ht KypMTb - b napKax 12.. KpajiyT jih 13« xopo'in^fi rpax^aHHH - Be^eT ce6n nJidxo - b napKe CHAPTER 2 Page 441 Drill 1 1 . X^^"^ *&&."^^ 2. ^HpeKTop rrapjca 3. napK TOsapHnja JlerpoBa 5. ^Hpe'KTop saBo'^a fjia^KOBa Page 46 Exe A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Page e e e e e e e 50l Dri 1. OHH SCHByT 2 . Mfal 3. Bbl 4. TH 5. OH 6. H HCHBeM MBeTe XHBMb SCHBeT Kpa,ny rcise 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 11 2 7. ohh pafioTaroT 1 e e e e e e e 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. B. Do not requi 1» 3, 4f The letter e h paSo'Taio 15. OH Mbl BH TH pa6oTaeT 16. 3HaeM 17. fl^Maeie 18. sH^emb 19. H ^HTaiO 20. OHa MHTaeT re stress marks: 9, 12, 14 is always stressed. bh Be,n,eTe ce6H njioxo h .nejiaro oh .neJiaeT mh fle'jiaeM bh jr.e'jiaeTe ohh .nejiaroT Pages 37, 44, 46, 50
5h6- Page 60\ Exercise 1 A. Not immediately preceded by a consonant letten 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 1?, 18, 20 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. i£ -LP. 0.10 tio t.io 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. aju t.iu 11. 12. 13- 14. 15. 23. tie tie ■*t.Ui ... o.ie 16. sho 17. sn.io 18. chju, 19. zhi 20. zhia Page 6o| Exercise 2 kradot •p od i om statji pamati dada 6. djavol 7 • chudo 8. chju 9« zhon 10. ruzh.jo Page 60) Exercise 3 1 . Tbfl 2. ^be 3. T"bfl 4. Xbe 5. ^ba 6. 7. 8. 9. 10, Ma m flbfl ^■bH 11. neHra 12. neHbfl 13. Beji 14. o6"beM 15. acHTbe Page 6l| Exercise 4 1. 2. 3. is sh 1. ^ 1 6. n 8. ^ 9. X jPage 6l1 Exercise 6 (a) 1 • nofli>exa+ 2. no^nnca+ 3« noxHHMa8+ i+» no^eM+ (b) 1. H36eraii+ 2. H3T>HCHH+ 3" H3MeHH+ ^' H31>e3flH + (c) 1. 06T>flCHH + 2. o6pa6oTafi+ 3. 06061HH+ 4. o6-beM+ (d) 1 . BXO.HH+ 2. Bi>e3,+ 3. Bmnfti- 4. Bi>exa+ jPage 7ll Drill 3 1. napKa ^ 8, 2. TpojiJieM6yca 9, 3. TOBapuma lo, 4. nucaTejiH 11, 5. Mysefl/ 12. 6. HHcne'KTopa 13, IleTpo'Ba 14. 7. b na'pKe 15. 16. b Tpojijieftdyce b Mysee Ha saBo'xe TpojiJiefi6ycu 3aBOJI,H na'pKH TOBapHIHH nuc^Tejin Myse'H 17. HHcneKTopa 18. jiioxh 19. b napicax 20. b Myseax 21. b TpojiJieiifiycax 22. Ha saBOflax 1 Pages 60, 61, 71
•!s*i%^l mf -5^7- Page 80 Drill 1. 2. 3. k. 5. 6. 7. 8. HOBblfi HOBHe 4 rpaMMaTH^ecKHH rpaMMaTH^ecKHe xopomuM xoROinne fldSpbiM fl66pue iPage 80 Drill 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5- 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. CHAPTER 1 MOJIOflOft MOjioflue CTapuM CTapHe KaKo'ft Karae njioxoft njioxne hobhM HOBHe IPage 92J Exercise 1 A. B. Consonant stems: 2, kt 6 Consonant endings: 1, 5, 7, 8 Vowel stems : 1, 3, 5 Vowel endings : 2, 3, l\, 6, 9 Page 93l Exercise 2 C+C: 1, 13 C+V: 2, 12 V+C: 5, 7, 8, 10, 14 V+V: 3, ^, 6, 9, 11, 15 1. 2. 3. 4. 5- 6. 7. njIHTb nJibiBy roBOpro TOBOpHT rOBODHTb TpOHyT TpOHyjI 8. acxa-Tb 9 • xfly 10. KOHeTb 11. KOHK) 12. cofly 13» coji lk, Bjiair 15. BjieT Page 9^-1 Exercise 3 lo nOMHK) 20 CJiyacy 3. Jiexy nOMHHT CJiyXHT jieacHT nOMHHT cjiyacaT jieacaT IPage 9k\ Exercise 4- 1«, njiHBeT 2. ojie'HeT 3. Jie^eT h, BeseT Page 951 Exercise 5 1. sen By 2. flejiaro 3. CTaHy k. Jiaro 5. TpoHy 6. rpeio 7. rpe6y (Page 96 1• najy 2. rpeio 3« cnacy 4. jiaro 5« wrpaio Exercise 6 na^eT rpeeT cnaceT jiaeT nrpaeT Pages 80, 92, 93,9^, 95 _
5U8- £age_26j 3x.eEfiipe._Z 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Beoi Bejia Be^eT fleTb fleHy fleHeT 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. flpoacy ApoacaT rpero rpe'eT rpeTb nHTb 13. Jieio 14. jieTb 15. HeTy 16. Heji 17. Hejia 18. HeTeM 19. 20. 21. 22. 2j. 24. cyHeM cyTb cyscHT cyscy cyscaT cyacHTb [Page lOl] Drill 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 SoJibraan KaxxMfi mojio,hoh Kaxxaa MOJio,n,atf 6eTOHHblfi SeTOHHaa: Kaacflaa xopoman Kaacfloe BejiHKoe KS_«JI,I_fi BejIHKHM njioxan . njioxoe . Jiy^iniKH 12. cTapaH 13. MajieHbKan 14. HOBOe MajieHbKoe 15- Jiy^maH 16. Kascflaa HOBaa MajieHbican 17. BeJiHKoe 18. SeTOHHbifi 19. xopo'mee 20. njioxoe crapoe 21. Kaacflan xopomaa Page 113 Drill 2 1. KOHflyKTOp 3HajI. , 2. y^HTejibHHua pafioTajia. 3. Mh xyMajiH o 6eTOHe. 4. fl roBopHJi/a/ 0 acypHa'jie. 5° MaMa, th oTXMXa'jra b BjiHHCKe? 6. Ohh' jikShjih 6eTo'H.^ 7. Bh roBopHJiH 0 BjiHHCKe? 8. Ohh pa6o_ajiH c 9HTysna'3MOM. 9. Oh acHJi b BjiHHCKe. [Page 115l Drill 3 1. Mh Sy^eM pafioTaTb. 2. OHa 6yxeT OT,n,HxaTb b BjiHHCKe. 3. Mh 6yfleM 3HaTb, ^to bh 6y',n,eTe flejiaib. 4. Ohh pyxyT roBopHTb 0 6eTOHe. 5« fl 6y,ny OTflHxaTb b BjiHHCKe. Page 117 Drill 4 1. Becb mhp roBopHT o 6eTOHe. 2. Bch SpHra^a roBopHJia o TpojuieM6yce. 3. Ma'jaa, th roBopHJia o SeToke? 4. Bch A'spwt roBopHT o KapaHflamax.^ ^ / 5. Bch EBpdna 6y,neT roBopHTb 0 na'pxe TOBapuma neTpoBa. 6. Bee .npyriie na'pKH CT^pne h ruioxne. Page 96, 101, 113, 115, 112
-5^9 CHAPTER k I Page 1331 Exercise 1 1. KDaCHHH 6. CBekHft 2. orpoMHuM 7. Kpjfrjiufi 3- cpe^HHM 8. CTpdrnfi 4. HacTOHmwM 9. x<56pHfi 5. aMepuKa'HCKHMlO.nocJie^HuM (_Page 133-13.4) Exercise 2 1. HOBHH 2. MHpOBOM 3. BHCOKHft k. TaKOfi 5. .noporoM 6. JieTHHfi 7. TeMHblfi 8. JiecHdft [Page 13^-1 Exercise 3 1. hobm 2. xopoman 3. pyccKan k. ^oporaji 6. KyjtbTypHas 7. JieCHSLH 8. cpe'iiHflfl 9. TaKaH 5. nocjiexHHH 10. cTporan IPage 13^1 Exercise k 1, HOBoe 2, pyccKoe 3, xoporoe 4, jieCHo'e 5, CBeacee 6. cpe'^Hee 7, CTpdroe 8. MOJio^oe Page 135 1. 2. 1. '1. s. Pag 1. 2„ 3. k. Pag 1. 2. 3. k. 5. KyjibT y'pi nocJiexH xoponraft Exercise 5 ibiM KyjibTypHaa ^H MajieHbKHfi XoporoH e 135 KpacH an nocjieji,HHH xopdraan MajieHbKaa floporaH Exercise 6 KpacHoe aHrjiHHCKaa cBeacan cpe^HHH e 137 MOH Moe MOH MOH Moe aHTJIHKCKOe CBeacee cpe^Hee Exercise 1 1. Baraa 2. name 3. Bam 4-. sama 5. Bame KyjibTypHoe nocJie^Hee xo pomee MaJieHbKoe floporoe 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. MeB Mbe Mbfl ^efi Mbe 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. opa OflHH O^HO 0,B,HH OflHsl 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. BCH Becb Bee BCH Becb Pages 133, 13^. 135, 137
-550- Page 138 Drill 2 • MOH HOBHH • MOH HOBM • Moe CTapoe • Bam xopomtfft 5» Hani nocJieflHHH 9, ^eM ho'bhh 6. Hani py'ccKHH 10. ^be xopdmee 7. Bama pyccKaa 8. iibH CTaiDan 11. o,n,Ha ruioxan: 12. OflHO xopdmee 16. see 1 3. OflHH HOBHH l4., bch Hama 15. sect |Page 1421 Drill 3 1. nncbMa 2. 3^aHHfl 3« npaBa 4. MopH 5» COVHHeHM Page 143 Drill 5 1. jcyjibTypHbie 2. rpaMMaTK^ecKne 3« xopomne 4. nocjie^HHe 5. MOJiOflbie Page 1451 Drill 7 iPage 1431 Dr 1, CTy^eHTH 2. 6pHraflbi 3, MeCTa 4. KyxHH i 5. ropofla [Page 144! Drill 6 1, moh 1. Harae 2. moh 2. Hama 3. moh 3, HamH 1. 2. 3. ill ^eM Mbfl ^ibe 4 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 cjiOBa' TOBapHmH dfcOTorpacfiHH 3^;aHHH , yMHTejia 1. OflHH 2. OflHH 3. O^H3 1. BCh 2. Be->> 3.Bce 1. MOH HOBHe 3a.B0'ji;bI 20 BaniH xoponiHe dpHra^H HaniH flofipHe ywTejiK MOH HOBbTf CJIOBa t?bH rpaMMaTHuecKHe Bonpocu oj,hh .noporne KOH^yjcTopa Ba'mH nocjie^HHe coMHHeHHH Bee rtJiaHH HaniH gojibmne OKHa 3. 4. 5° 6. 7. 8. 9. Page 146) Drill 8 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Ham cTapbiS TpojiJieftdyc HamH cTapbie TpoJijie'MSycu moh xopoman Mairaa moh xopdmne MamHHH Moe xopdmee cjiobo mbh xopdmne cjiOBa •qp.y ho'bhh yqnTeJib '•fbH pyccKan MamHHa bch Hama deTdHHan 6pHra,n,a Bee MOJio^bie deTOHniHKH Bama nocJie'^HAH ctoToriDa^HH Barnn nocjieflHHe cfioTorpadhHH Pages 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146
-551 Page 1461 Drill 9 1. 3to MOft cTapbift TOBapum. 2. 3to moh cTapbie TOBapHnju. 3. 3to Haran HOBbie ManiHHu. h. 9'to Bame nocjie,n,Hee ooiHHeHHe, |Page 1491 Exercise 1 1, THrpbi 2, JieHTbl 3, CTpSLHH l\, ceJia 5. Tejia. 6. ycti / 7. CTOJIH , 8. o6jiaKa 9. cecTpbi 10. sa,n,aHHfl 11. rapaacH 12. rHSs.ua 13. 3Be3flbI 14. peKH iPage 1*1-91 1. BPar, Bpara Bpary Bparn BparoB BparaM Exercise 2 6aji 6ajia 6aJiy 6a.jibi 6ajiOB 6ajiaM njiaH njiaHa nJiaHy njiaHU njiaHOB njiaHaM rapaac rapaaca r apaacy rapaatH rapaacen rapaacaM flo^Jir jj,ojira AOJir^ jj,0JirH flOJiroB flOJiraM 2. A. because it is end-stressed. B. because it has mobile-stress iPage 15Q| Exercise 3 1. 2. ropojj,a acHTejiH 3. 4. jrqHTeJiH CTOJI bl 5. MecTa 6. ce^Jia 7. jova Page 150 1, MepTa 5. ■sflP<3 x 9. cecTpa Page 161 Exercise 4 2. c&K 6. t^jio 10. yMrfTejib(a) Exercise 1 3- 7° CTOJI THe3Jj;o' 4. 8. TpaBS BeMep(a mt: 3, 5, 7, 12, lit, 15, 17 eTi 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, U Pages 146, 149, 150, 161
552- iPage 1621 1 . TpOHyTh 2. KOH^HTb 3. BHsacaTb k. ropeTb 5« CJIHTb 6. KpH^a'Tb 7. 6ojieTb 8. xy^eTb ' Exercise TpOHeT KOH^HT BH3HCHT ropHT CJIHBeT KpH^HT 60JIHT xy^eeT 2 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. CH^eTb nHnjaTb THgHyTb MeHHTb 0,H,eTb 3BeHeTb Btesiaib KXaTb CHflHT nnmHT rHy6HeT MeHfleT ofleHeT SBeHHT B'hes'x.s.ei acfleT 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 2k. 25. JiaHTb JieacaTb MyTb MyHTb nJiyTb naM^Tb na^aTb nojiHyTb nojieTb jiaeT ) jiexHT MyeT MyHT njiyHeT natiHT na^aeT nojiHeT nOJIHT iPage 163 1 , nOMHK) 2. OKpywy 3. acyacacy k. SBeHK 5. sesy iPage 16^1 Exercise nOMHHT OKpyacaT acyaoK^T 3BeHHT Be3yT Exercise 3 6. ?. 8. 9. 10. 4 xy'ro naxHy syro yfly , Tecy ay,roT naxHyT 3yK)T yxyT TecyT 11. 12. 13. Ik. jiyHio / Kopmy^ npem^ napHio jryHHT KopmaT npemaT napHHT 1. pBa^b pBeT 2. cjiHmaTb cjiHmHT 3. cJiymaTb cjiyraaeT k, CTaTb CTaHeT 5, JIH^a.Tb JIHtlHT 6, jiH^aTb JiH^aeT 7, jiH^aTb jin*iaHeT iPage 1651 Exercise 5 1. OKpyacHT OKpyacHTb 3. 3BeHZT 2. xpoacHT .upoacaTb k. cap^HT SBeHeTb 5. nopscKT nopacaTb cap^HTb 6. nop6HT nopSe'Tb [page 1651 ■ Exercise 6 I1' L2. P' u. 16! II: KpHtiaTb KOH^aTb CHfleTb xy,n,eTb numa'Tb npoma'Tb BeHeTb 3BeHHT /17 - KOSC^Tb 118. KOH^aeT tlo. KpacHeTb KpacHeeT £18. KoacaTb CHflHT (11. jiescaTb JiescHT |19« BjiaTb xy,n,eeT {,12. BtesscaTb B^esac^eT j20. BjiaTb rmmHT^ (13. CTpa^aTb cTpa,u,aeT 1.21. BJiaTb npomaeT [Ik. ac^aTb noBTopHTB rroBTopHeTA 5« MyHeTb jiaaTb JiaeT U6. MyHeTb ac^eT MyHHT MyHeeT K02CHT KoacaeT BJiaHeT BjiaeT bjiSt
-553- |Page 168J Drill 10 1. flHp^KTop naraero hoboto 3aBo',n,a 2. jiytimnii ,npyr Kax^qro xopo'mero CTy^eHTa 3. KapaHfla'm Moerd jiyumero flpyra 4. 6es Ba'mero 6eTOHHoro 3aB0,na 5» KpoMe nJioxoro cry,neHTa 3ojiOTOBa 6. 6es BeJiHKoro Bjihhckoto Mo'pa IPage 17ll Drill 11 1 • moM 2. erd 3# Barae/TBoe 4. ee 5> Hani 6. hx Page 1821 Drill 1 1. o 6pHra^i,e 2. o Spura'flax 3. b MocKB^e 4. B POCCHH 5. 6. 7. 8. CHAPTER 6 Ha ypoKe Ha CTOJie o 6ojioTe 06 yuHTejie 9. oo Ashh 13, 10. 0 re'HHH 14-. 11. o reHHHX _ 15, 12. b Jia6opaTopHHxl6. b jia.6opaTopHH B BjIHHCKe Ha 3aB0,n,e O COIHHeHHH Page 182 1. 2. 3. 4. Mu Oh 6ujlt 6hji Dr 1 Ha B A OHa 6ujia' b F^e bh Lll 2 saBo'^e. 3HH. napKe. 6hjih? ('Page 192( Drill 3 1 . 3 TO 2. 3Ta 3. s'tot U,. 3TO 5, 3TO 6. 3TH 7 . 3TOT 8. 3TH 9 . 3 TO 10. 9TO Page 1941 Drill k 1. SeTOHHblM SaBOfl 2. MOJioji,6ro HHsceHepa 3. BejiHKoe BjiHHCKoe Mope 4. CTa'pyro 6a6ymKy JIapHHy 5. CTapyro (hoTorpaiMio 6. OHa noMHHT CTa'poro HHCne'KTopa IleTpo'Ba. 7. Mu iio'mhhm MOJiOflyio sceHy CTa'poro HHcneKTOpa IleTpoBa. 8. Bu BHxHTe Ho'Byio MaratiHy? 9« Bu BHflHTe h6buh TpoJiJieftQyc? 10. Bu no'MHHTe xopdmee couHHeHHe? Pages 168, I7I, 182, I92, 19h
55^- |Pap 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Pap 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7- e 1951 Drill 5 MOH 3aBOfl Moero flpyra Hame cowHeHHe Bamy aceHy mok) MamHHy Bamero mojioaoto flpyra mok) KpacHByio aceHy Bam Tpojuieii6yc e 1961 Drill 7 OHa MeHH jik>6ht. Mh hx jho'Shm. Ohh Hac jhoSht. Mh Bac/Te6H bhjhm. Bh BHflHTe moi6 6eTOHOMema'jiKy? Ohh ndMHET Bam Kto Bac jik)6ht? 3aBOJI,? l£ag 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. e 195 Drill 6 9Ty xe'HiijHHy _ 9TOTO opor o^Hy BCK) 6 KOHeMHO, KoHe^HO, ohh ero MeJioBeKa 6 ,n;o'KTopa MamHHy pHra^y k ee Brfacy. nOMHHT. Koro bh jiidSHTe? [Paj 1. 2. 3. 4. 5o bo 7« se 199/ Be 3^ CTHHy 3pero / nJieTy KjiyHy^ KjiyTy KJieio Page 20l| 1. 2. 3. iPa 1 . 2. 3. Kjia^+ n;BeT-t- njiHB-i- sce 20ll na,n+ nftK-* MeT-t- Exercise 1 Exercise 3 KJiajr KJiajia ijBeJi njiHji ijBeJia nJiHJia Exercise 4 4, kphM+ 5. 6. JIHH-* njieT* Page 2001 J 1. 2. 3- 4. 5. 6. /. KJiajio n;BeJio nJiHJio rpeio CTapeio CKpe6y CTaHy KopTa'io MepeBy ruiero KJiajiH n;BejiH njiHjiH Pase 202! j 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Pa Mh acn'jiH OHa XHJia Oh 6hji b OHa 6HJia Ohh nHJiH Oh^ nnjia ges 195, Sxercise 2 KJia^y^ ijBeTy^ nJiHBy Exercise 5 B BjIHHCKe. b^ BeTOHorpa,ne A3HH. b napice. Man. BCfflKy. 196, 199, 200, KJia^eT UBeTeT njiHBeT . 201, 202
-555- iPage 206] Exercise 1 A. Stem-stress: 2, 6, 12 End-stress: k, 9, Ik Mobile-stresst 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13 B, 1. xBajiio 2. KOHqy 3. CMOTpiO k. 3BeHK) 5. yny 6. cto'io 7. CTOHy XBajiHniB KOHtlumfc CMOTpHffli, 3BeHHini> yqmnb CTOHHIb CTOHemb XBajIHT KOHqaT cmo'tpht 3BeHHT yqaT CTOHT CTOHyT 8. TOHy 9. cypio' 10. CHJIK) 11. KpoHy 12. curHy 13. nymy' Ik, pOK) TOHemi, cypitmb CHJIHfflfc KpoHemb cu'rHerab n^mHfflb porimb TOHyT cypHT CHJIHT KpOHyT CHrHyT nymaT POHT Page 207| Exercise 2 1. fluma-t- 2. flpoaca*- 3. na'xHy+ ^. ueHHt- 5, cjiuma-t- 6. rope-*- 7« KJie'm- 8. THHyt- 9« meiiHy-t 10. MytiH-i- 11 • MOHH-t- 12. cyHe-t- 13» JiyqH+ Ik. MHfflHf 15. C0Hy+ 16. jioHy-t- 17. pamtl-t- 18. capH-t- iPage 2121 Drill 8 1. T^oh MBei? B MocKBe. 2. Ky^a ohh e^yT? B MocKBy. 3. Ky^a bh Hjeie? B napK. k. Tfle ohh chaht? B napice. 5. P^e ^Bhi *HBeTe? B rdpo^e. 6. Kyfla bh e'fleTe? fl e'ay b rdpofl. Page 213l Drill 9 1„ H Hjy^ Ha 3aBo'ji,. fl Hecy MajieHbkne naKe'TH Ha 3aBo',n. 2. OHa e^eT b MocKBy. Ctaa' Be3eT SojibmHe naKem b MocKBy, iPage 220| Drill 11 1. nncajia 2. Hannca'jia 3. nHca'jia t 11. k, Hannca'jia,HanHcajiaL2. 5. npo^HTa'j^ a ) 6. ji.e'jiajiH 7. c,u;ejiajiH 15. 8. CTpomia 9„ MHTa'ji(a) 10. npoMHT^Ji (a) npoqHTaji, HanHcaji nOCTpOHJIH 13. mht4ji Ik. KpaJi yKpajiH 16. CTpOHJIH Pag;e 2211 Drill 13 1. 2. 3. TOBOpHJI CKa3a'jia TOBOpHJIH CKa3ayJin, roBopHJia Pages 206, 207, 212, 213, 220, 221 [
556- iPage 222] Drill 14 1. Mu noHHMaeM ero dpaTa. 2. MBaH noHHMaei CBoerd dpaTa. 3. HBaH noHHMaeT ero' dpaTa. 4. Harama itomhht cBoero Myaca. 5. H noMHio ee Myxca. 6. HaTama iio'mhht ee Myaca. 7. Bee HHXeHe'pH 3hsliot hx 3aBO,HH. 8. Bee HHaceHe'pH 3HaioT cboh 3aBOflu. Page 229 | Prill 1 1. BameM mojio^om .noKTope 2. nJIOXOM COMHHeHHH 3# otom 3a6HTOM ro'po,ne 14., CBoeM 3aBdfle 5. MoeK Ma'jieHbKoH MaiHHe 6. otoM KpacHBoH sceHmuHe 7. MoeM Jiy^raeM .npyre 8. CojibinoH nycTHHe 9. 3tom xopomeM Mecre 10. flajieKoH ApaBHH 11. dojibfflOM CTOJie 12. CBoeft jiadopaTo'pHH CHAPTER 6 iPage 2 32 Drill 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Hero' ero 3aB0.ua. y ero yv^Tejia ( edb) y Hee y ee Myaca( ecTb) HX HHX Page 2 341 Drill 3 1 • 9T,y xopo'myio aceHmHHy 2. QTy xopo'myio KHHry s'xy CTapyro Jio'maflb stoto xopdmero rpaat^aHHHa 3'tot xopomHH napK 3Ty CTa'pyio ,n,Bepb 3. 4. 5. 6. Page 242\ Drill 4 1. KoMy OHa nnnieT? 2. OHa nnmeT ^eHop^Ma'jTbHOMy MOjioji;oMy HHKeHepy ^JfeaHo'By^ 3. OHa Bcerja MKia'eT cboh co^HHeHHa MoeMy HanBHOMy Myxy. 4. fl Macro roBopid MoeM^ jiy'^meMy flpy'ry: "MHe Bee paBHo." r 5. KaK H3BecTHo OTOMy BejiHKOMy nHcaTeJiio, o6pa30BaHHbie jikdah jik6ht ero khhVh 6. OHa nrfmeT nncbMO Ha'meMy ^HpeKTopy^ 7. fl nnm,y o^HOMy TOBa'pKm;y, a He ^pyro'My. 8. Oh K3Be'cTHHft cneaHajiHCT no AHKoi/iy 3anaflHOMy #xa3y. Pages 222,229,232,234,242
-557- Page 2^4| Translation npa3j;HHK CeroAHH SojibinoM npa3flHHK. Ha SeTOHHOM 3aBo',ne hhkto He paSo'TaeT. B KJiy6e 3aBo'^a HanHcaHo: Cer6flHH ITo^-roMy MesuyHa 6eTdHHH 3aBTpa oh 6y,n,eT pdflHHM 6 ft 3aBc5^ OTKpUT. eTOHHHft 3aKpHT. fleHb. / J!,npeKTopa B iieHTpe BeTOHorpa^a ecTb napK KyjibTjrpH h OTflHxa. Cero'flHH b napKe KyjitTypn K oTRbixa ^ent KOJiJieKTwaa OeioHHoro 3aBdfta. ftvip^Kiop HBaHOB, H3BecTHHft cneawajiHCT no 6eTo'Hy, qHiaeT jieKuwro HameMy KOjurceKTrfBy. Mu jik)6hm h yBaac^eM Ha'iero .nnpe'KTopa, h mh 6y>,eM noMHHTb Kasjoe ero cjio'bo. - ToBapmnH 6eTOHmHKH h 6eTOHmHn;H! KaK H3Be'cTHO Kaacji,OMy micojibHHKy, cerd,n,Hfl Me«flyHapo>HuM BeTOHHHH HeHb. [anjioji,HCMeHTH] - KaK H3BecTHO Ka'acji,OMy rpaac^aHHHy BeTOHorpa,na, Ham rdpofl - 6eTOHHHft n;eHTp Bcero MHpa. anjioflHCMeHTH] - Ham BeJiHKuM ropos nepe^aeT 6paTCKnft npHBeT BceMy nporpeccHBHOMy MeJiOBeMecTBy. [■ ] anjioflHCMeHTu - H Bee nporpeccHBHoe MeJiOBeiecTBo nepesaei opaTCKHK npHBeT HameMy BeJiHKOMy ro'po,ny. |6ypHHe amiOflHCMeHTHl - CeroflHH, TOBapHmH, mh roBopHM BceMy MHpy: CjnaBa 6eTOHy! OjiaBa HameMy BeJiHKOMy ropo,£,y! CjnaBa HameMy BeJiHKOMy SeTOHHOMy 3aBo',n,y! OBaUHH ] page 2kk
558- (Page 2461 Drill 5 1. JKeHmHHa., KOTppas paSoTajia Ha 3aBd^e, aceHa rjia^KOBa. 2. KeHmHHa, KOTopyio h iio'mhk), Bcer^a roBopHJia c 6ojibmHM 3HTy3na'3M0M. 3. HHSceH^p, KOToporo oh^. jik>6ht, He jik)6ht ee. 4. Gji6bo, KOTdpoe a noMHio, OKaH^HBaeiCfl Ha a. 5* Ma'jibMHK, KOTdpoMy OHa tmcro nn'meT, acHBeT okojio MeHH. 6. 3a.Boji,, Ha kotopom h pa6dTaio, d*ieHb dojibmdft. 7. Ho'ktop, 6e3 KOTo'poro OHa He MdaceT acnTb, He jis56ht ee. 8. HHaceHe'p, KOTdpuft jiio'6ht ee, He jik56ht uend. 9. CoMHHe'HHfl, KOTo'pue h nniny, o^eHb xopo'mne. 10. IlapK, b KOTdpoM h cwacy, caMHM mhctbiS napK b ropo,ne, b kotopom MH StHBe'M. Page 248J Exercise 1 1. 2. 3° 4. 5. 6. ?. cjiescy nponjy Boacy Homy o6n'acy Tpa^y rpymy |Page 2481 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. CJieflHM npocTHM B03HM HOCHM o6h,h,hm TpaTHM rpycTHM Exercise 2 3HaKOMJIK), 3HaKOMHfflb py6Jiio, xpanjiro TOTOBJIK rpa$jiio CTaBJIK) 03KHBJ1K py6Hfflb xpanniDb TOTOBHIb rpa$Hfflb CTa.BHfflb OaCHBHfflb 8. 9. lo. 11. 12. 13. 14. jie^y rpyacy, npoacy jiamy MHmy^ MH^y cpyacy JieTHM rpy3HM npo3HM JiaCHM MHCTHM MHTHM cpy^HM 8. JIOMJ1IO 9« Kpenjiro 10. MeBJIK) 11. HHMJIH) 12 . ponjiio 13. jia$jiK> 14. Mopdjno JIOMHfflb Kpenrimb MeBHfflb HHMHfflb pqnnnib Jiatjunib MdpfiHfflb Page 249 1 E 1. 2. 3- 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. i J. KOpMHTb rpenwTb Kpa.CMTb tlHCTHTb TJlSlJ'.eTh jieacaTb yTO^HHTb BejieTb OTBeTHTb BHCBTh nojioacHTb BOflHTb BHJteTb xercise 3 KOpMJIK) rpemy Kpamy MHiny rjitfxcy jieacy yTOtlHK) BeJiro OTBetiy Sumy nojioacy Boacy BHacy KOpMHT rpemaT KpaCHT <!HCTHT rjiH^HT Jieacai yTOtlHHT BeJIHT OTBeTHT BHCHT nojioacaT BOflflT BHflflT 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 2% z6. 27. Pag nycTFTb XpaHHTb y^KTb HBHTb JiaCHTb pyfleTb nop3HTb rystHTb COHeTb npycTHTb KyMMTb 3yBeTb rjiacTeTb MytfiHTb ss 246,248 nynjy xoaHK) y^y HBJIK) jiamy py*y / nopacy ryacy COHK) npymy KyMJIK) 3yBJIK> rjnamy^ My$J!K) ' 249 1 nycTHT xpaHHT y^aT HBHT JiaCHT pyjyiT nop3HT ryaca.T COHHT npycTHT KyMHT 3yBHT rjiacTHT MyrjbHT
-559 Page 2^2 Drill 6 1• KypHTe -j Kyp» - 2. BHJKy - py6nTe 3« CHjHie - CHacy ^. roBopHTe - roBopio 5« CMdTpHTe - CMOTpiO 6. CTpdHT 7. JIK)6jlH) - JliOdflT 8. TOTOBHT - rOTOBJIK) KypHT 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. li+. 15. 16. .HpoacaT jieacaT qKCTflT rayTHTe xpanaT Kpn^aT noMHKTe jieTHTe ji;poacy jieacy tin'my myqy xpanjiio KpHtiy - MOJiqy iiomhk) jie^y CHAPTER 7 Page 2671 Drill 1 1. TOBapumeM 2. 6opmOM 3. jihijo'm 4. co'jiHn;eM Page 268 1 Drill 2 1. flymeM 2. rapaacoM 3. MjhceM 4. KapaH^amoM Page 268 Drill 3 1. MeM oh nameT? 2. KaKHM KapaHflamoM oh nraeT? 3. C KeM oh paSo'iaer? **•• Oh paSo'TaeT c mohm floporHM 6pa.TOM. 5. Oh cto^ji nepe^; mKKa'pHbiM pecTopa'koM. 6. Oh Ma'meT csoeMy CpaTy nofl 6ojh>hihm okhom. 7. Mh TdjitKO wo nocTpomiH ruflpoCTaHumo Me«^y HamHM CTa'pHM rapaacoM h BamHM HOBHM SaBOflOM. 8. Bee ctiHTaioT ero xopo'mHM qeJioBe'icoM. 9. Bopiic CTaji H3Be'cTHUM nnca'TeJieM. 10. rio^eMy oHa chp't 3a rapascoV? Page 270 I Drill k Page 27II Exercise 1 1. ajiSa'mja aji6aHn;u 2. JHfl flHH 3« HanHiKa HanHTKH ^• ropo^Ka ropoflKH 1. njia^yT 2. TH^yi 3 • na'myT ^. njne'myT 5» CHqyT 6. TypacyT 7. HemyT 8. jiamyT Pages 252,267,268,270,271
560- Page 272 1 Exercise 2 1. rjio^aTb 2. memaib 3. pe'sa-rb h. CHnaTb 5« ruiaicaTb rJioaceT memei pe'aceT CHnjieT miafaeT 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. HCKaTb rocaTb jiecKaTb jieji,aTb jioSa'-rb nmei romeT JiemeT jieaceT jiofijieT I.Page 273 | Exercise 3 1. nopio nopeT 2. 6opid 60'peT 3, nojiio nojieT Page 2 5L Exercise 4 1. qecaji 2. npocHJi 3. peniHJi 4. HCKaJi 5. KpeCTHJI 6. nojioji 7. npaBHJi 8. menTaji Memy npomy pemy niny / Kpemy nojiio npaBjiio men^y MemeT npocHT pemHT HnjeT KpeCTHT nojieT npaBHT me'nieT 9. myTHJi 10. cpHMeJi 11. cphmh'ji 12. cpHMaji 13. JIOCTHJI 14. Tpyxaji 15 • Jiemaji my <iy CpHMJIK) CpHMJIK) CpHMJIK) Jionjy Tpymy Jiemy myTHT CpHMHT CpHMHT CpHMJieT JIOCTHT TpyraeT jien^HT iPage 288 Drill 6 1. 6y,ny miTaTb 13. 2. yKpa^y Ik. 3. cjj^JiaeTe ; , / 15« 4. 6y^eTe fle'jiaTb, 6ypj roioBHib 16. 5. 6y,n,eT roBopHTt 17. 6. CKaacy, npc-MHTaio t 18. 7. npHroTOBHji, Hanzcaji 19. 8. 6y,ny nnca.Tb 20. 9« HanncaJi, Hanniny 21. 10. nc-BTopi6 22. 11. 3BOHHJia 23« 12. n03BOHK)' n03BOHHJia 6y^,y 3B0HHTB nod^eM, yxpa^y yBH^eJia noe'xajin 6yxyr exaTb, Sy'fleM exaTb nocTporo noHeceM npeflCKa'3biBaji npeflCKa3a'jia, yHHMToacuT yHHtjToacajia Page 318 Drill 1 1. BameM KpacHBoft cecTpu 2 . CTapoM AJi6aHHH 3. CBqeS o6pa30BaHHoM aceHe 4. Moeft CTapmeM cecTpoft CHAPTER 5» CTapoM ManiHHofi - hoboM SeTOHOMemajiKO'.' "• aHrjIHHCKOH HCTOpHH ?• KaTepHHy, HattBHOH HceHnjHHoft "• Ha'meM yqHTeJU>HHu;e - pyccKOft rpaMMaw; Pages 272,273,27^,288,318
-561- Page 3231 Exercise 1 1. JHKTOBaib 2. pa^oBaTb 3. pHCKOBSlTb 4-. TpeSoBaTb flHKTyK) paayio pHCKyio TpeSyio 5. JIHTOBaTb JIHTyK) 6. JIHTOBaTb JIHTyK) 7. nOJIH3HpOBaTb nOJIH3HpyK) 8. KOTH30Ba'?b K0TH3yK> Page 3241 Exercise 2 \t CKa^eT 2. 6yHTyeT jt o6Ma.HeT i)., nycTHT 5, JIOMHT 6. KpHMHT 7. 6a3npyeT 8. HiqeT 9. 3epyeT 10. KJia^eT 11 . KJiaTHT 12. KJiaTZT 13. KJiaTyeT 14. Kjian^HT 15. 3nryeT 16. njiaqeT 17. nJiacKyeT Page 325 1 Exercise 3 A. HT-verPst 4,6,13 B. 1. KpoeT 2. 6beT 3. rpe'eT 4. TaHT 5. BoeT 6. CTOHT 7, Jibei 8, flyeT 9, fflbgT 10. 3oeT 11. 3beT 12. 3yeT 13. 3yHT Page 326 Exercise 4 A. V+Vi 2,3,6,7,13,15,16,17 Ke~>Me: 1,4,9,10,12,18 B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Teicy CKa^y ABHxy / CTpnry Hecy njia^eT HOCHT pyraeT CTepeaceT TeMemb CKaMemb ^Bnacefflb CTpHXCefflb Hecemb TenyT CKa^yT flBHSCyT CTpHryT Hecyi 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. ceieT HHTpHT TeaceT ToaceT 3o6y f 306J110 3o6jii6 3aacy 3ory ye r 3o6emb 306Hfflb 3o6jienib 3aacemb 3oacenib 3o6yT 3o6ht 306JIK)T 3aacyT 3oryT [Page 3341 Drill 2 1. HyaceH 2. HyatHO 3. HyacHa' 4. HyatHa' 5. 6. HyaceH HyacHH 7. HyacHO Page 1341 Drill 3 1. MHe HyaceH ctoji. / 2. Eft HyacHH HOBbie Ty$JiH. 3. HaM HyaceH hobhh flHpe'KTop. 4. EMy HyacHH fleHbrn. 5. Hm HyacHa Ho'Baji MamHHa. ^ / 6. MajieHbKoft CoHe HyacHH hoW HrpyniKH. Pages 323, 324, 325, 326, 33^-
562- JPage "Tf5 TV<-1 Drill k 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. He needs them. She needs him. We need her. She needs us. He doesn't need me. We need you. Page 3151 Drill 6 1 . Oh eft HyaceH. 2. Eft HyaceH KapaH^am. 3. OHa eMy HyacHSl. k. EMy HyxeH KapaHflam. 5. EMy Hyaena MamHHa. 6. Emjt He HykeH KapaH^a'm, 7. OHa' eMy He HystHa. 8. KoMy HyacHH MamHHH? 9. OHH HHKOMy He HyXCHH. [Page wi\ Drill 6 A.l. He says that he wants to go. 2. He said that he wanted to go. 3. He said that he had wanted to go. k. We live in Moscow. 5. We lived in Moscow, 6. He thought that we lived in Moscow. ?. He thought that we had lived in Moscow. B.l. Ohei He 3Hajia, *jto bh flOKTop. 2. Hhkto' He 3Haji, ^to BpayH imihoh. 3. OHa cKasaJia, mto oh^ jik>6ht ero'. k. Aji6a.HU,H syMajiH, qTo cjio'bo 6eTQH 3hs«ht "KapaH^am." Pages 33^, 335, 3^3
IPage 348] Exercise 1 A. ht - verbst 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 12 eT - verbs: 2, 5» 6, 7, 10, 11 a. 1. . 2. CKaacy 3. cBHmy 4. rjiascy 6. Page 3491 Ex 1. KJia^y 2. 3peio flepacHTe CKa'aceTe CBHCTHTe rjia^zTe coxHeTe flOHxyaHCTi ercise 2 3. npe3Hpaio 4, JIbK) Page 350 Exercise 3 1. BbK) 2 J k b 6 y 8 y u rposy xpanjiio poio BK33Ky npHBHKHy CTpury njiaqy TaHqyio ).npnBJieKy BbeT rp03HT xpanuT poeT BH33CHT npHBHKHeT CTpH^eT mia^eT TaHn;yeT npuBjieMeT jyftTe 5. 6. HOK) 7. KOJIK) 8. KOHKy 9. cextf / 10. jiyacy 11 12. 7 CTpHry 8 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. iy. 18. 19. cpeicy Komy, jieacy rjioio Tuacy CMbK) BeKy t Ky6jiio TpHKyio KOjieTe KO^HflHTe ce3HTe jiyaceTe ^eniHTe . xojiofleio . CTaHy cpeqeT KOCTHT jieaceT rjioeT TH3CHT CMbeT Be^eT Ky6HT TpHKyeT CHAPTER 9 Page 357 \ Drill 1 1, SeTOHHHe 3aBOflH SoJibfflHe flOMa / HHTepe'cHHe $OTorpa$nH ajidaHCKHe cjioBa. nJIOXHe COMHHeHHH 2. H3BeCTHHM ydopmHKaM xopomHM nzcaTeJiHM apH30'HCKHM KOB60HM o6pa30BaHHHM fle'BymKaM 3. Ji;o6pHX y^HTeJibHnn;ax H3BeCTHHX IIHCaTeJIHX hobhx Tpojui^ftSycax XOpomHX COqHHeHHHX 4. 6eT0'HHHMH 3aBOflaMH H3BeCTHHMH nHCaTejIHMH SeflHbiMH fle'ByniKaMH CojIbmHMH 3Ji;aHHHMH Pages 348, 349, 350, 357
-56U- (Page 3 591 Drill 2 1. MceHnjuH 2. Myx 3« COMHHeHHS 4. $aMHJiHM 5. Heflejib 6. 3aB0'fl0B 7. reHneB 8. nojpTtfe'jieS 9. KKTejieS 10. Hoacew Accusative: 1, 2, 7, 9, 15 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. BonpdcoB MamKH flOMKKOB $OTorpa$HH MeflBefleM Page 3601 Drill 3 1. acH3HeS 2. rapaxe'ft 3. cjiob 4. Bne^aTJieHHS 5. TOBapumefi 6. MHCJieS 7. nuposcKo'B 8. floco'K 9. flHeS 10.6a6ymeK 11. CTaieS 12. 6paTCTB 13. otu,o'b 14. nofla'pKOB Page 361 Drill 4 (only gen. pi. given) 1. hobhx MamHH 2. HSBe'cTHHX nucaTejieM 3. 6eTOHHNX KapaHflamett 4. HblO-fiopKCKKX reHHeB 5. HHTepecHHX na'ceM 6. XOpoWx COTHHeHHH 7. flo'gpHx 6a'6ymeK Page 3631 Drill 5 1. 2. 3- 4. 5. y Hee ctoji. y Hee 6hji ctoji. y Hee He' 6hjio CTOJia'. y Hero' 6huih $OTOrpa$KH. y Hero He' 6hjio $OTOrpa4)HM, Page 370 I Exercise 1 A. Could not "be roots: 2,4,7,9,10,13,16 B. They end in a vowel. C. CVC: 1,3,5,11,12 CVCVC: 6,17 CC: 8,15 VC: 14,18 IPage 372 1 Exercise 2 1 . MHCT-H+ 2. Rad. 3. zyu- a&+ 4, Rad. 5. sea- a+ 6. noji- 0+ 7. naK- OBa-* 8. ctoH- a+- 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. CTpoM- K+ JiaS- a+ Rad. TOBOp- H+ hck- a+- Rad. Rad. flOS- K+ Pages-359,360,361,363,370,372 \
-565- [Page 374"! Exercise 3 !• hck- a+ 2, qHT- aM+ 3. Ob k. R 5. Ob 6. rpe6- OBa+ 7. Ob 8. R 9» ax- Hy+ 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. TaM- a-t- KJieft- h- Ob R R R Ob jiaS- a-*- CTOH- H Page 376 Exercise 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. cjiHJia mHjia jinjia KpNJia jje'jia BHJia' njiHJia npHJia' npiijia npbum npHJia' npHJia CJIHJIO fflKJIO JIHJIO KpHJiO jje'jio BHJIO nJiNJio npH/io npNJio irpnjio npn'jio npn'jio CJINJIH mHjiH JIKJIH KpHJIH fle'jiK BHJIH nJIHJIH npHJiH npujiH npNJiH npHJiH npn'jiH Page 377 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. noji- o+ R R Ob JIbCT- H+ BOfl- H+- Ob Ob R Ob Exercise 2 1 . CJIHBeT 2. mbeT 3. Jibe/r 4. KpoeT 5. fleHei 6. BbeT 7. njiHBeT Page 378 I Exercise 3 Page 3791 Exercise 4 1. 2. 3- k. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10, 11, jjoruiHJi jjo'xhji jjocTaji npofiHJi nponnji 3aniHji 3aCKJI 3aCHJI npo'cHJi npHCHJI npHCHJI flonjiHjia floacujia flOCTajia npodHJia nponHJi^ 3amHjia 3acnjia 3acHJia npocHJia npucHjia npucNJia JJOIUINTb flOSCHTfc npoSKTb nponHTb 3amHTb 3aCHTb 3aCHTb npOCHTb npKCHTb npHCNTb flonJiMByT flOKHByT flocTaHyT npofibioT nponbioT 3amKHyT 3aCbI0T 3acbioT t npocHByi npwcHByT npHCblHyT A. R-stems: 1,3,4,6,8,12,13,15 B. Stressed in fem. past: 1,3,8,12,13,15 C. Stressed on prefix in non-fern, past: 3,8,13 D. Present tense stress shift: 2,5,7,16 E. Present-tense end- stress: 1,8,9,12,13 Pages 374,376,377,378,379
566- IPage 381 I 1 • Tejia , 2. CTOJIH 3. noe3fla 4. cyira 5. Me'CHUH Accusative Dr as ill 6 Teji CTOJIOB, noe3flOB cynoB MecHueB well: 7, 9, 10 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. flOMa' MHfflH HO^H jniHTejIH jioma;ii,H flOMOB MNmeft HO^eM y^KTe jiomafl Page 3821 Drill 7 1, 2, 3. 4, 5. 6, 7. H jik)6jiio MHineM. Mhihk jiio6ht peKH h ropu. H flyMaio o MNmax. H He Mory xchtb 6e3 MHmeS. Mhhih Ha ropax. Tfle mnihh? Meacfly ropaMH h peKaMH. Tfle ropH? Meacfly peica'MH h MHmaMH. T^e peKH? O'kojio rop? HeT? Ohk o'kojio MHineM, Page 396l Exercise 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. MeJi CKpe6 ceK ceK KJiaji CTeper ce3 cur paji peJi Jie6 jieK Mejia CKpeejia' ce'KJia ceKJia KJiajia CTeperjia" ce3Jia cn'rjia pa'jia peJia' jiefijia jieKJia Meiy CKpe6y ceKy ceKy KJiafljf CTepery ce3y cury pasy peT^ jie6y jieKy" MeTeT CKpeQeT ce^eT ce^eT KJia^eT cTepeaceT ce3eT CHSCeT pafleT peieT jie6eT jie^eT Page 3971 Exercise 2 1. njieT + 2. 6eper+ 3. Tpac+ 4. noji3 + 5. ce'K + 6. BJieK-i- 7» u,BeT+ ft ' °* rpH3+ 9« Hec+ 10. nafl+ Page 3981 Exercise 3 A. Not radical: 1,4,8,9,12,16 B. Not eT- verbs: 4,8,12 C. Present shift: 12, 16 D. End-stressed in present: 2,4,5>6,7,10,11,13,14,15,18 E. Stressed onpast plural ending: 2,6,14, 18 Pages: 381,382,396,397,398
-567- Page 398 I Exercise F no^cJiymajia nepeBejia nepeCTajia II03B0HKJia nepeacmia c6eper.ua noflcTpwrjia yBH^ejia npomyMejia 1 (continued) noflCJiyinaeT nepeBe^eT nepecraHeT II03B0HHT nepeacHBeT cfiepeaceT noflCTpHweT yBliflHT npomyM^eT 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. nepenJiHJia. norpH3Jia y^aBKJia nponiHJia npHflyrjia npefle'jia 3aKy6ajia noflCTKnjia nepenjiHBeT norpH3eT yflaBHT nponiHBeT npuflyaceT npe^eieT 3aKy6jieT flOTbeT noflCTHneT Page 399 1 Exercise 4 A. Ob-stems: 1,3,6,7,9 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. HaneK+ 3aCTMH4- nonoji3+ nonjiHB+ npojinM+ Hanaj+ npHHec+ CMhlft + flOBeflV 3aBHft+ 3aBHH+ age 401 I Exercise 5 1. 2. 3- 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. KJia\jia 6pejia noJi3Jia TeKJia. jierjist cejia CKpeSJia' BJieKJIcl UBe.ua' TpHCJia KJiaCTb 6pecTH/ IT0JI3TH Te^b jie^b CeCTb / CKpeCTH BJie^b U,BeCTH TpaCTH 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 16. 18. 19. 20. jiecjia jie3Jia jiH^Jia jieKaa' jiyrJia jiyjia jiyjia jiyjia jiHfijia Jienjia JieCTH Jie3TH JIH3TB Jie^b jiyub JiyCTb^ JiyCTn' JiyCTH JIHCTH JieCTH Page 402 1 Exercise 6 1, KJia,neM 2, noji3eM 3, CKpe6eM \ir% JIH3eM 5*t JiyfleM 6. -"yflSM Page 404 1 Exercise 7 A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. OTBepr MHXHyjI c6eper nac HCTe3 JIHK JIHK JIHKHyjI JIOX OTBe'prjia ^HXHyjia t cfieperjia nacjia HCMe'3Jia jiHKJia jiHKjia jiHKHyjia jidxjia > OTBeprHyib MHXHyTb cfiepe'^b nacTK HC^e'3HyTb JIHMb JIHKHyTb JIH^HyTb JIOXHyTb Number 2 ( maxHyrbK is necessarily Hy since Hy are all root-stressed. Pages; 398, 399, *K>1, 402, 404
568- Page 407 1 Exercise 8 A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10, 11, 12, 13. 14, 15. 16, 17. 18, Stress-mark irrelevant C for present of all radicals. neK+ Ob neueT CTpur+Ob CTpnaceT jiob-$+ jio'bht ApeM-aU ^peMJieT Kjiaa+ Ob Kjia^eT rji_a.fl-n-+ rJia'^HT fleH+ R jeHei u,BeT+ Ob n,BeTeT npo*-6nH+ R npofibeT , 0-SCHB-H-* OSCKBH't , njiuB+ R . rjDe6+ Ob BHH-+ R HB-H+ ceK-t- Ob njiaic-a+ ceK-t- ^Ob c-nac+Ob njiHBei rpefieT BbeT ABUT njia^eT ce^ieT cnacei D. Past F. Neut. Inf. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8, 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. neKJia CTpKTJia KJia\jia fle'Jia ijBejia" npofiHJia njiHJid, rpefijia'. BHJia c^KJia ceKJia' cnacjia neKJi6 CTpHTJIO Kjiajio flejio ilBejid npo"6Hjio ruiiijio rpefijio BHJIO ceKJio ceKJio' cnacjio' neib CTpHtlb KJiaCTb fleTb IJBeCTH npofiHTb nJIHTb rpeciri BHTb ce^ib ce^ib cnacTH IPage 40lH Exercise 9 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. JO-Be3t no-Tpnc+ npo-nnft+ nepe-nSfi+ B03-jBHra; y-npeKHy-t-' nofl-MeTf 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. y-nas+ / y-6eper+ t no^-cKpe6+ B-CTSLH-f BC-KpHKHyt o-cjienHy+1 CHAPTER 10 [Page 419 Drill 1 HeB.ymKa, KOTOpyio h jhoSjik, xnBeT b BejiopyccHH. JIk5ah, KOTdpNX mn pakbine 3HajiHtj Tenepb acHByi b PyMMHHH. r^e ctoji, Ha koto'pom jieacHT moh ra3eTa? 4. JKeHfflHHa, KOTd'pOH H To'jIbKO MTO n03B0HHJI, He XOTejia pa3T0Ba'pHBaTb . CO MHOH. 5. JIjOflH, C KOTo'pHMH MH HCHJIH, Tenepb aCHByT B ^eXOCJIOBaKHH. 6. MajIbMHK, KOTO'porO MH nOMHHM, He nOMHHT HaC. CTyneHTN, koto'phm a nHiny, HHKorja He OTBe^iaioT MHe. 8. Majib^KK, MaTb KOTo'poro pafiOTaeT Ha SeTOHHOM 3aBd,ne, jiioSht nrpa/rb Ha a'pcje. 9„ HeByniKa, 6paT KOTo'poft ne^eT nupoxKH, acuBeT o'kojio vieHH. 10. fl HanHiny nucbMO TdJibKO cTyfle'HTy, (jaMtf'jiHH KOTo'poro Ha^HHa'eTCH Ha B. 1. 2. 3 7 Pages 407, 408, 419
-'369- Page 419-201 1„ -aft -oe -oro -oMy -OM -HM Drill 2 -hh -oe -oro -OMy -OM -KM -hh -ee -ero -eMy -eM -KM -hh -ee -ero -eMy -eM -HM 2o -an -yio -oft -as -y» -oft -as -yio -eft **fi.n. -K)K) -eft IPage 4241 Exercise 1 (a (b (c (d (e (f (g (a (b (c (d (e (f (g Moft rpojuieftdyc 3. (a) Moero 6pa?a (b) 9Toro TOBapHnja (c) STy xopomyio ace'HmHHy (d) bck) 6pnrafly (e) OflHH $aKT (f) OflHoro' Spa'Ta o BameM 6paTe 4. 06 d'tom saBo'fle o CBoeM 6pa'Te 06 ojhom napKe O CBOHX COt!HHeHMX 06 oflHoft ManiHHe o mohx TOBa'pHm,ax mohx TOBapnmeft 3T0H ace'HmHHH ee SeTOHOMemajiKH Bcero' oipHfla o^Hdft aceHmHHH Hamero flHpe'KTopa (a) MO KM 6p^LT0M (b) BdmHMH cecipaMH (c) CBOHM TOB^pHEjeM (d) OflHoft aceH^HHoft (e) 3toh fipHra'^oft 5,(a)BameMy TOBapHiny (b)s'TOMy tieJiOBe'Ky (c)BceMy OTpafly Page 4261 Exercise 2 (a) 9THM 3aB0fl0M (b) Moeft aceHoft (c) 3THMH 3aB0flaMH (d) cbohm 6paTOM (e) OflHHM 3flaHHeM (f) BceM KJia'ccoM (g) Bceft 6pHra.floM 2. (a) Bameft cecrpu (b) Bceft SpnraflH (c) BCeX 3THX 3£eHm,HH Page 4261 Exercise 3 M C 3K mh B P fl n T MOH -^y Moe ■ *— Moero MoeMy MOeM MOHM MOH MOK) Moeft si MOH * MOHX MOHM MOHX MOHMH M 3T(OT 1 C 3T0 \t SToro 9'TOMy 3TOM 9THM E STa 3Ty 3'tOH \ ' Mh 3TH •» 9THX 3THM 3THX 3THMH M BeCb 1) C Bee \ r / Bcero BceMy BCeM BceM 1 BCfl BCK) Bceft \ ' Mh Bee * BCex BCeM Bcex BCeMH Pages 419, ^20, 424, 426
570- Page 4271 Exercise 4 H B P fl n T MTO MTO Mero tieMy ieM ieM KTO koto koto KOMy KOM KeM IPage 42^1 Exercise 6 , (a) cbok) CTapyro 6a'6ymKy (b) 9T0T0 KHH3H (c) s'thx 6a6ymeK (d) 9T0T 3aB0^ (e) oflHHX TOBa'pHmeft (f) Bcex ace'HinHH (g) pee (h) bck) fipura'.njr (i) Bee $OTOrpa(|)HH ,(a) cbohm 6paTOM (b) cbohmh cecTpaMH (c) 9THM 3flaHHeM (d) BceM Hapo^oM (e) Bceft SpHra^oft (f) HamHM TpojuieM6ycoM (g) 9THMH JKeHmHHaMH (h) Bce'MH 6a6yraKaMH l£age 4311 Drill 3 1 . BepHOCTH 2. nucaTejra 3. Hyjia 4. ho'iih Page (a) (b) lo) (d) (e) (f) (g) 427 koto' KOMy ieM O KOM 0 MfeM C KeM MTO Exercise 5 3i(a) 06 9T0M KHH3e (b) o Bauieft cecipe (c) 06 o#hoh aceHmuHe (d) 06 ojjhhx ace'HmHHax (e) o erd 6paie 4. (a) Bamero jjo'KTopa (b) Haraero 3aB0,na (c) s'thx na'pKOB (d) Bcex npocfieccopoB 5. (a) BamKM $OTOrpa(J)HflM (b) BceM 6a'c3yinKaM (c) H^niHM rpn6aM (d) 3^oft aceHinHHe 5. nopT$ejiH 6. roiynocTH I Page 4321 Drill 4 1. y Fjia.nKd'Ba roBOp^maa Jio'ma.nb. 2. rjnaflico'B jiio'Sht cbokj roBopamyio Jio'majtb. J. Oh nnieT CBoefi roBopameS Jio'ma,n;H. 4. Oh pasroBa'puBaeT co cbo^M roBOpameM jiomaflbio. 5« KaK npaBHJio, ohh tobopht o KH3HH rOBopflnjeft jio'majJH. 6. Bee xpyrHe jiowaflH roBopjfT o roBOpameH jiomaflH rjiajjKb'Ba. (Page 436 [ Drill 5 1. MHe TpyjjHO roBopHTb no-pyccKH. 2. O'^eHb npHHTHO BHfleTb BaC . 3. Ha.M o'^eHb npuHTHO BH^eTb hx. 4. O^eHb xojio^ho. 5. MHe o'ueHb xdjiOflHO. 6. Ba.M HeJIb3H KypHTb! 7« Co6a'Ke npntfTHO a Tenjid no;n, ctojio'm. \ Pages 427.431.432.436 \
-571- Page 449 1 Preposition Drill 1. 2. 3. k. 5. 6. 7. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. ILnomaflb ryfiKHHa 27. Ha ILndmaflH ryfiKHHa 28. k TySKHHCKoS njidma^H 29. qepe3 ry6KHHCKy» njionja,nb 30. dkojio ryQKHHCKofi ruio'inajiH 31, Ha TydKHHCKOft y'jiHu,e Meacfly/ ryfiKHHCKOft iuiomajjbio h 32. Bjih'hckoh nJiomaflbio 33. k 3anaflH0My BjiHHCKy 34. k BeTo'HHOft luio'nja^H Ha BeTo'HHoS njioma^H 35. b 6eTo'HHoS 6H6jiHOTeKe 36. Meacjjy QeTOHHHM 3aB0^0M h 37. SeTo'HHOft jiafiopaTopneH 38. OKOJIO 6eTOHHHX 3aB0^0B Ha 6eTOHHbix 3aBOflax 39. b SeTOHHOfi jiaSopaTo'pHH 40. o'kojio JlyHHoro npocneKTa 41. B T6MHOM JieCjf / 42. Ha JlyHHOM npocne'KTe 43. k KocMH^ecKoM njionja^H Ha KocMH^ecKoS ruiomaflH 44, Ha paKeTHHX 3aBo',nax/ 45. OKOJIO paKeTHHX 3aB0fl0B o'kojio paKe'THhix rapaaceft o'kojio paKeTHHX jia6opaTo'pnfi b paKeTHbix rapascax c KocMH^iecKoM iuio'majiH Ha BojioTHyio njio'ma^b k Bojio'thoh njion^ajjH Ha Bojio'thoh njibma^H 3a rjia'BHoft rnflpocTa'Hri,HeH k rjiaBHofi rHflpocTaHUHH Meat^y BeJiHKHM Bjihhckhm 6ojiotom h Bojio'thoh njio"maflbio npOCneKT MOJIOJJHX aKTHBHCTOB b ijeHTpa'jibHOM 30onapKe b u;eHTpajibMOM na'pKe KyJibTypa m OTflNXa HMeHK TyfiKHHa Tpy6a,3HHft SyjibBap Ha Typ6a.3HOM SyjibBape k Bjih'hckoh Typ6a3e H3 ueHTpajibHoro 30ona'pKa b BjiHHCKyio Typ6a'3y OKOjio Bjih'hckoh Typ6a3H b BejiHKOM Bjihhckom Mope b Bjih'hckoh Typ6a'3e k Bjihhckhm ropaM Mescjry JBjihhckoh Typ6a30H h Bjih'hckhmh ropaMH Ha Bjihhckhx ropax c ^Bjihhckhx rop b BeJiHKoe BjiHHCKoe Mo'pe [?oiHee roBopa] c Bjihhckhx rop, mh'mo HHCTHTyTa pen, tiepe3 BjiHHCKyio Typ6a^y, ^iepe3 rijidmaflb TyfiKHHa, uepe3 Bojio/THyio njio'maj^b, MHMO TJiaBHOH rHflpOCTaHIIHH, b BeJiHKoe BjiHHCKoe Mope Page 46l\ Exercise 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. nojiy^a.H+ BH3Jta+ nepecTaH+ 3BeHe+ xojiojie'H-*- 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 OfleH+ Jiafl* 6acTOBa-f nojiyiH-*- . xpaHH+ 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. BepH+ CJIHB-* np3acHB+ H3»CHBi- rp0 3H+ 16. JieTe+ 17. rjiojja-t- 18. nop<5+ 19. CKaKa^+ Page 463 1 Exercise 2 1. npH,n;+ 2. cTeper+ 3« CKpe6+ 4. nporpN3+ 5. BJiekV 6. tphc+ Page 4641 Exercise 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Tonn+ npHBH3a+ npHnajj*- pyraft+... ch OCTaH+...CR MOJi^a-t- rjiHji;e+ 8. 9. 10 11 12 13 14 MOJIO,HeH+ npeHefiper'i npHBHH+ BHH+ npHKHB+, npHiuieT* yKOpOTH+ Pages* 449,461,463,464
-572 APPENDIX |Page k70 1. 2. 3- 4. 5. KOpMH-t- Exercise KpHTHKOBa+ menHy-t KOJIO+ BnOJI3+ iPage 471 A. Exercise Unambiguous! 1 1 2 ,3, Ambiguous! 2,4,5,8,10,12,14,15,17,18 B. When ambiguous, actual stem is underlined. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. KpHKHy+ 6ojiTa&+ 6ojiTa+ npH6pocH-+ TOJICTeft-*-, TOJICTe+ HCKafi-*-, HCKa* TeppopH30Ba-*- o6n,ne8+ o6H,ge-» npnnoji3-»- KJiajt-, KjiaT+, KJiac-t, lO.nojio-t- 11. CBHCTaft+, xpaHH-t- CBHCTa+ KJia6+ 12. 13- 14. 15. 16. 17. TOJIOT+, TOJIOK-t- BJier+, BJier+, Bjie'K-*-, BjieK-* ncnopTH* CK.ysaft-*-, CKjrqa-f npnnjiefl+,-nJiefl+, -njieT, -mieT, -n^ec+,-njie6-t-, njie6-»- [Page 4731 Exercise 1 1. C-StHCHHTe! 2. KpiniHTe! 3. jiioSHTe! 4. OTBeTbie! 5. nodaBbTe! 6. py6HTe! 7. wcTHie! 8. yKpa^HTe! 9. npon3HocHTe! 10. HrpaftTe! Page 4741 Exercise 2 1. nocMOTpHTe! 5.CKaacHTe! 2. anjioflHpyftTe! 6.pa6o'TaftTe! 3. 3aKp6MTe! 7.nocTa'BbTe! 4. num^Te! 8.noMorHTef 9. 10. 11. 12. npHBHKHHTe! OTKpOHTe! o6pa3yiiTe! noBTOpHTe! 13. 14. 15. 16. npuroToBBTe! nepeBeflHTe! njia'ubTe! nepecTa'HBTe! Page 475[ Exercise 3 1. OTBeTbTe ime! 2. He OTBe^aflTe eMy! 3« IlHinrfTe MHe Kak^yio Heae'jiio! 4. HannniHTe nocjie'flHee cjidBo! 5. IlHinrfTe C 60JIbfflHM 9HTy3Hdl3MOM! g, OTKpoftTe okho! 7. IIpHroTOBbTe cJie'flyromHfi ypo'ic! 8. CKaacHTe eMy! He rOBOpHre efi! fPagest 470,471,473,474,475~
■573- fPage 4771 Exercise 1 A. -eHneJ -Hue -THe r -eHue* 1,5,7,8,12.18,20 3,4,9,1^,19 2,15 6,10,11,13,16,17 B. 1. 3Ha^Hne 2. pacKpHTHe 3. TpedOBaHne 4. CTpa^aHHe 5. npoH3Home'Hne 6. cnaceHne 7. npomekne 8. noBTopeHHe 9. noHHMaHne 10. noBefleWe 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 yrHeieHHe H3y^eHne naj^HHe 3H^HHe OTKpMTHe TeieHHe cfiepeaceHne o6i)flCHeHHe npeflCKasaHne npuroTOBJie'HKe iPage 47~9l Exercise 1 1. 2. 3. TOTOBfl BeflH Kpa^H 4. flpoaca' 5. noflHHMaa 6. CMOTpa 7. BHXOflfl 8. anjioflnpya 9 • fldjiaa 10. nepeflyMHBas Page 480 1 Exercise 2 1. ^HTan, « AyMaio. 2. ^htslh, h flyMaji. 3« Mmafl, a 6yfly aywaTb. Page 4801 Exercise 3 1. Leaving the room, he saw her. 2. Raising (her) hands, she shouted. 3. Embracing,his wife, he looked at me, 4. FoTdBH ypoKH, OHa cjiyraajia ujsuKy. 5. fl CKacy Ha yjiHu,e, ^poaca ot CT/paxa. 6. OTKpoBeHHO roBopa, k He xo^ty xhtb y Sojio'ia. IPage 48ll Exercise 4 1 • OTBeTHB/mH 2. noKpacH^B/mn 3« aaB/niH **• yBH^eB/niH 5« nocMOTpeB/niK "• CKa3aB/mn ?• npoMKTaB/ran 8« nepeflyMaB/niH Page 4811 Exercise 5 1. cnpocHB/mn cnpamnBaji 2. nepenncaB/niH nepenncHBaa 3. OTKpHB/fflH OTKpHBSLH ^* npH^rOTOBHB/inH rOTOBfl I* Ofle'B/fflH °* 3apa6o'TaB/mH OfleBan 3apa6^.TNBaH Pages: 477, ^79, 480, 481
57*+- Page 482 1 Exercise 6 1. Having given her the book, he got into the trolleybus. 2. Having looked,at him, she said, "My God!" 3. While looking at me, he got into the trolleybus. 4. Not knowing that everybody was listening to him, he said that he wanted to go. 5« yBH^eB ee, oh 3anjiaicaji. 6. Cica3aB ^to, OHa' acnesjia, 7. Ohh MorjiH cnaTfc cnoKo'MHO, 3Haa, ito flofepbie iithuh jieTaW Has ropoflOM. tPage 4831 Exercise 7 1. HanHCaB iihcbmo 2. CKa3aB 9TH ^JIOBa 3. OTBeTHB eMy 4. nocjie Toro, KaK OHa OTKpHjia nncbMO 5. nocjie Toro, KaK oh nocMOTpeJi Ha Hee |Page 4871 Exercise 1 1. JieacamHH 2. BesymHH 3. cjie'flyromHM 4. roBopHmHii 5. CHflHIUHH 6. acHBymuM 7. OTflejIHK>mHH 8. nrpaionpM 9. KpacHeiomHH 10. HiqyinHfi 11. npHB03H'mHH 12. ctoh'^hh |Page 4881 Exercise 1. CToameH 3. 2. Beflymero 4. [Page 4881 Exercise 1. jieaca'BiDHM 4. 2. roBopHBinHM 5. 3. HanncaBrauM 6. IPage 489 Exercise 2 acHBymyio CToa'meft _2 acHBrnuM Hrpa'BinHfi oTpajKaBnwft 4 5. jieacaineM 6. oTflejiaiomyio 7, roBopnmeMy 7. cnpocHB^rauM lo. paccKa3UBaBniH8 8. npoyHTa'BnmM 9. pa3roBapHBaBinHM 1. jieacaBrayio 3. nrpaBrayio 2. paccKa3HBaB- 4., ac^BinHe niHM (Page 49ol Exercise 1 1. 3a6biBaeMHft 2 . BHflHMhlfi 3. rpU30MUH 4. CJiuniHMuS o6pa3yeMHH Pagesj 482,483, 487, 488, 489, 490
-■>T> Page 4911 Exercise 2 1. HeoTfleJiHMuM 2, nenpoxoflHMhiH 3. HenoflpaacaeMbift 4. HecpaBHHMUH 5. HeoS^HCHHMUli IPage 49ll Exercise 3 1. CjIUraHMOCTb 2. CKJIOHHeMOCTb 3» fleJIHMOCTb 4. CMeHaeMocTb [Page 493 1 Exercise 4 1. ncno'pueH 2. H3y^eH 3. Oe-feHCHeH 4. KynjieH 5. 6po'meH ncnopneHa H3y^eHa ofi-bacHeHa KynjieHa SpomeHa |Page 495 I Exercise 6 1. pa3BHT 2. y6HT 3. nepeBefleH i+, c6epeaceH 5. npHBe3eH pa3BHTa y6HTa nepeBefleHa cSepeaceHa npHBe3eHa/ Page 495\ Exercise 7 A. h + , 1,5,9 B other suffix: 2,6,10 R 1 3,7 Ob : 4,8,11 (Page 4931 Exercise 5 1. cKa3aH 2. noflCjiymaH 3. noKa3aH 4. npo^HTaH CKa3aHa noflCJiymaHa noKa3aHa npoyHTaHa pas^BHTH y6HTH nepeBefleHb cfiepexeHH npHBe3eHU 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. KynjieH HanncaH 3a6uT yKpa'seH 6pomeH CfleJiaH 3aKphlT nepeBeseH OKpyaceH noflepacaH npnBe3eH KynjieHa HanHcaHa 3adHTa yKpaseHa Spo'meHa cfleJiaHa 3aKpuTa nepeBefleHa oKpyxeHa noflepacaHa npHBe3eHa KynjieHU HanHcaHH 3a6biTU yKpafleHu Spo'meHU cfleJiaHU 3aKpUTH nepeBefleHH OKpyaceHU noflepacaHU npnBe3eHU Page 496 | Exercise 8 1. KHHra 6ujia'HanncaHa cneuHajiHCTOM. 2. Moh KapaHflaniH yKpa'fleHbi. 3. Moa daJiajiaftKa npHBeseHa H3 flnoHHH. h,, c(Ta ne'cHH nepeBefleHa c aHrJiriftCKoro. 5. 3th nofl^pKH 6hjih KynjieHU b SojibinoM ropofle. 6. 3tot flOM cfle'jiaH H3 CTapbix K0Ji6ac. 7. Ham ro'pofl 3a6HT. 8. 0h4 6yfleT 6pdraeHa. Pages: 491,493,495,496
576- Page 497( Exercise 9 1. Oh flyMaeT 06 ypoice, o6rbRCH'enHOu y^HTejievi. 2. Oh iHTaeT khhth, HanHcaHHue cneuHajiHCTaMH, 3. fl jtro6jtK> cyn, npuroTOBjieHHNH KaTepHHoft. 4. fl xo^y BH,neTb KHHry, npo^HTaHHyio Hb^hom. Page 498| Exercise 10 1. Mofi KapaHflara yicpa'fleH. 2. Tfle yKpafleHHbie KapaHflamn? 3. OHa' KHBeT b ropofle, 3a6HTOM mh'pom. 4. OHa HrpaeT Ha rurrape, cfl^JiaHHoM «3 cTapNX ra3e'T. 5. Hx rHTa'pu cue'jiaHU H3 SeTOHa. 6. fl jiio6jii6 nofla'pKH, KynjieHHHe b JIOHflOHe. 7. F^e 6hji KynjieH gtot nojjapoK? 8. fl, jik>6jik> necHH, nepeBeseHHue c pyccKoro. 9. 3Ta ne'cHH Sy'fleT nepeBeseHa. 10. Ham 3aBo'j OKpyxceH He3a6y,HKaMH. 11. Mh pa6oTaeM Ha 3aBo';a;e, OKpyaceHHOM He3a6yflKaMH. 12. fl nbio Bo'jjKy, npHBe3eHHyio H3 IIojibmH. 13« H3 KaKoM CTpaHH BBe3eHa sua Bo'jjKa? Page 5001 Exercise 1 TOTOBH roTOMpB rOTOBHM(HH) IHTaff yHTa.I0m.HH ^IHT^eM (HH ) npurc-TOB (mn) npHrOTOBHBfflHH npnroTO/BJieH (huh ) npo^HTaB(ran) npo^HTaBmHH npoiHTaH(huh) 3« roBopn CKa3aB(iH) roBopam,HH cKasaBmnM rOBOpHM(UH) CK^3aH(HHH) (Page 5021 Exercise 2 1. 2. 3- 4. 5. OTKpUTHe 3H3.qeHHe npoH3HoraeHHe TeqeHHe Tpe6oBaHHe 6, 7. 8. 9. 10. oicpysceHHe neieHHe Te^eHHe npeflCTaBJieHHe "IlpecTynjieHHe Pages 4-97. ^98, 500, 502
-577 iPage 50~3~1 Exercise 3 1. npHroTOBHB(mH) 3. 2. totobh h. npnroTOBJieHHe rOTo'BHT 5. roTOBamyio [Page 505\ Exercise 1 1. fl Bcerfld. ^oacy Ha 3aBOfl. 2. Oh Bcerfla hocht nopTcjpe'jib. 3. 51 iacTO xoacy. fl ceroflHH esy Ha pafio'Ty. k. Ky.ua bh HfleTe? fl Hfly b 6a.HK. fl Hecy Tysa nopT$e'jib. 5. Oh Bcerja bo'sht cBoerd 6pa.Ta Ha paSo'Ty. 6. Oh Be3eT cero'flKH cbok cecTpy Ha pafioTy. 7. Ohh qacTo e'sflflT b JleHHHrpa'ji. 8. OHa' Bcerja' bcjaht CBoero' 6paTa b niKOJiy. 9. CeroflHa OHa Be#eT cbok cecTpy b nmdjiy. \Page 5091 Exercise 1 1« IJcjIH 6U OHH MHOrO IIHJIH, OHH He qaCTO 3aHHMajIHCb 6bl. 2. Ecjih 6h oh 6hji yqeHHM, oh Bee 3Haji 6h. 3" 3CJIH 6U Be'flbMH 6HJIH OnaCHNMH, OHH BaC HHTepeCOBaJIH 6bl. 4« Ecjih 6h Be'flbMH cynjecTBOBajiH, a hx 6onjicH/6oaJiacb 6u. (Page 5091 Exercise 2 1. 2. 3- 4. 5. 6. 7. ^cjih 6u oh 6uji xopo'mHM CTyse'HTOM, oh 3aHHMa'jiCH 6a Beet #eHb, Ecjih oh xopdmHft cTy#e'HT, ytHTejib eviy nocTaBHT rraTepicy. Ecjih 6h mu 3hsijih, mu hm cicasa'jiH 6h. Ecjih 6h ohh hchjih b JleHHHrpajje, ohh pa6oTajiH 6h TaM, Ecjih ohh jhoSht jjpyr spyra, to no^eMy ohh He xHByT BMe'cre? Ecjih 6u ohh jikShjih flpyr jjpyra, to ohh hchjih 6h BMecTe. OHa" xoTe'jia 6u acHTb b JIOHflOHe. [Page 510\ Exercise 1 1. HHTepecHee 2. CHJibHee 3. flJiHHHee k, 9JieraHTHee 5. yMHee (Page 1. 2. 3. k. 5- 5111 / THme fiora^ie ^H^e Kopo^ie flopoace Exercise 2 6. rpo'Mie 7. Mary e 8. Bume 9. nponje 10. mn'pe Pagesj 503,505,509,510,511
578- iPaee 5121 E 1. ,n,jiHHHee 2. KpacHBee 3. Gora^e 4. Jiymne 5. HOBee xercise 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 3 flajibme fleraeBJie THme xyace CTapme 11. 12. 13- 14. 15. Mflr^e Sojibrae Sdjibine ^Hine MOJioace 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. BHme jjopoace rp^M^e HHTepecHee rjiynee |Page 5lTi Exercise k 1. HaTama rppa'sflo KpacHBee Be'pH/ ieM Be'pa. 2. HBaHOB nn'meT ropa3flo Jiymne FjiaflKoaa/ qeM FjiaflKOB. 3. HeM Mojioace, TeM cnjibHee. 4. HeM fleme'Bjie, TeM jiy^ine. 5. HacKo'jibKO h 3Haio, PoKtJie'jiJiep Cora'^e npoife'ccopa HIyjibu;a / *ieM n. IKyjibua. 6. KanHTajiH3M CTa'prae cou;najiH3Ma/ new cou;HajiH3M. 7. norpdM^e, noacajiyftcTa! 8. riHrni^Te MeHbme a flyMaMTe dojibine! 9. Oh MOJioace uqhk/ v.eu k. i 10. riepBas $pa'3a cjioscHee nocjieflHeM/ ^eM nocne'rhsw. |Page 5lM Exercise 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 3/ra ManiHHa cjipxHee. fl noHHMdio MeHee cnoacHyio MamHHy. 3to npo'me. 9to 6o'jiee npocTdft sonpoc. KHHra, KOTo'pyio bh UHTajiH, HHTepe'cHee, neu a ayMaji. Oh flyMaeT o So'jiee HHTepecHOH KHiSre. Page 5141 Exercise 6 1. BHcraee o6pa30BaHne HHTepecyeT MeHH. 2. Mott CTa'pniHH 6paT roBopHT no-yicpaHHCKH ropa'3jj;o jiyMme Mjia'flinero 6paTa/ MeM MJiaflmHH 6paT. 3. Mh KynHJiH 60'jiee jjoportie KHHrH. k. Mto bh 3HaeTe o Jiynmnx yHHBepcuTeTax? Pages: 512,513.514|
-579 RUSSIAN - ENGLISH GLOSSARY The number of the chapter in which the word or expression is first used is given in parentheses. Idioms and Phrases Listed under the first word of the phrasej Ha caMOM sejie under Ha TaKHM o6pa30M under Taicoft Verb Entries 1. Aspectual pairs are entered twice: 1. Perfective, then imperfective; separated by a slash. Where identical except for prefix, only the prefix is entered for the perfective. Ha/nHca-t- Where not identical, both are entered. H3yMH-»-/H3y^afi-t- 2. Imperfective, (I), followed by perfective, (P). nuca-t- (i), Hannca+ (p) H3yjaft+ (i), H3yyft+ (p) 2. Stress: * shows mobile stress in present tense of vowel stems. KypH-t-: Kypio, Kypurab, KypuT -+ shows mobile stress in past tense of consonant stems. ECHB+: acHji, acHjia, khjih Noun Entries 1. Gender unless otherwise noted: Nouns in £ are assumed to be M (masculine) jom, khh3b Nouns in p. are assumed to be C (neuter) cjiobo, 3,E,aHHe Nouns in a are assumed to be H (feminine) omttSica, KyxHa Deviations are marked: xH3Hb 3K - ends in j6, yet is feminine (a large group) flHflfl; M - ends in a, yet is masculine (a small group) nun C _ ends in,a, yet is neuter (a small group)
-580- 2. Stress x stress shift from singular to plural CJIOBO: PI • CJIOBS(, CJIOBaM ... aceH^: PI. aceHH, xeHaM... (a) - nom. pi. a and plural end-stressed flOKTOp (a) PI. flOKTOpa, flOKTOpa'vi. . . (pi * ) - shifting stress within the plural MHmb (pi* ) PI. MHmH, MHrae'ft, MumaM... 3. Mobile Vowel Nouns with mobile vowel are entered with the mobile vowel in parentheses. ,u;eHB(e) : jeHb^ jhh, ahio. .. omH6ica(o) : omn'SKa, omiidKH, (gen. pi.) ohihSok 4. Prepositional y Nouns with stressed y in the prepositional singular are entered with (y ). , rofl(y) (prep. sg. rosy ) Pronominal Entries All four nominative forms are given. MOft/MOJi/MOe/MOH Case Requirement Case requirement is shown by the appropriate form of ^to or kto in square brackets. o \jneu) _ the preposition "o" demands the prepositional case Tpe6oBa-r [iero] _ the verb Tpe6OBa+demands the genitive case
-581- RUSSIAN - ENGLISH GLOSSARY A a - and,, but (2) aBTOMo6mib -automobile (6) aBTopyMKa(e)- fountain pen (10) a'36yica - alphabet (10) A'3HH - Asia (3) aKa,neMHK - academician (8) aKaiiHH - acacia (5) aKTHBHCT - activist (2) aji6aHeu(e)- Albanian (3) ajidaHijH - Albanians aji6a.HCKHH - Albanian (adj) (3) no-aji6aHCKH - in Albanian ajiKorojibHbift - alchoholic (5) AMe'pHKa - America (3) aMepHKaHCKHH - American (6) aHrJtHftcKHH - English (3) no-aHrJiHftcKH - in English AHTapKTHica - Antarctica (3) anjiofliipoBa+ OeviyJ - applaud (8) anjioflHCMe'HTH - applause (3) apa6cKH# - Arabian (6) ApaBHH - Arabia (5) apH30HCKnft - Arizona (adj) (6) A'pKTHKa - Arctic (3) apTHCTKa(o)- artiste (8) apcfta - harp (8) acnHpaHT - graduate student (10) acTpognojiorna - astrobiology (6) acTpoHOMmecKHH - astronomical (9) AdbpHKa - Africa (3) GeTOHmnK - concrete worker (m) (3) 6eTOHmnn;a - concrete worker (f) (3) 6n6jinoTeKa - library (10) 6jiaro,n,apHOCTb jk - thanks, gratitude (10) 6jihhckkh - Blinsk (adj) (3) 6or - God (2) cjiaBa 6o'ry - thank God (5) 6o>e moh - my God (5) BojirapHH - Bulgaria (10) 6ojirapcKHH - Bulgarian (9) 6o"jiee - more (8) 6ojioto - swamp (4) 6o'jibffle Bcerd - more than anything (9) 66jihme He - no more, no longer (8) 6ojibmoft - big (3) 6opoV ...ca 3a [htoH - fight for (7) Bpa3HJina - Brazil (7) 6paT - brother (7) 6paTbH _ brothers (10) SpaTCKHft - brotherly (6) dpaTCTBO - brotherhood (7) 6pnra;na - brigade (3) Gy'fl* will be (3) gy^ymee - future (9) 6yjibBap - boulevard (10) 6ypHHH - stormy (3) ohb-*- - was, were (5) 6uBmaPi - former (6) B b(o) Meu - in (1) b TaKOM cjiyuae - in that case (3) BSDKHhiH - important (4) BaM - (dative of bh) (6) beimh - (instr. of bh) (7) sac - (gen-acc,prep of bh) (4)(5) Bam/Bama/Bame/BamH - your, yours (4) BamnHrT6H - Washington (6) Bflpyr - suddenly (6) BeflymHfi - leading (6) Beflt - emphatic particle (4) BejtHKHft -great (3) BeHre"pcKHfi -Hungarian (10) BeHrpufl - Hungary (10) BepHOCTb 3K - loyalty (10) BepHHH - loyal, faithful (10) BepoflTHO - probably (6) Becb/Bca/Bce/Bce - all (4) E , 6aoyiaKa(e)- grandmother (5) 6ajiKOH - balcony (8) 6a.HaJibHHfi - banal (k) baHflHT - bandit (7) Same - bank (7) 6apa6aH - drum (3) Se^HbiH - poor (6) 6e3 [^ero] - without (2) 6e3flejibHHK - loafer (1) 6e3o6pa3ne - outrage, disgrace (2) Kaxde 6e3o6pa3fie - what an outrage dejiKa(o)- squirrel (9) BejiopyccHH - Byelorussia (10) 6ejiopyccKHH - Byelorussian (10) 6ecnoKon+ ...ca - worry (7) 6eTOH - concrete (3) oeTOHHHK - concrete (adj) (3) 6eTOHOMemajiKa(o)- concrete-mixer (3) 6eTOHOMeinajio^Ka(e) - little concrete-mixer (8)
582- Be^ep ( a ) - evening (8) Be^epoM - in the evening sei-f (I), noBefl+ (P) - lead, conduct (1) Best (I), noBe3V (P) - carry (by vehicle), take (5) B3rjiH,n - view (10) B3pocJiHft - adult (4) Biifl - aspect, §uise (5) Biifle+ (I), yBrf,ne-t- (P) - see, catch sight of (4) BH3HT - visit (3) BHHHTejibHtjM - accusative (10) BKycHHH - delicious (9) BJiaseft-h fqeM] - control, master (10) BJIK)6K[-t-. . .CH BO [jJTO]- fall in love (9) BMe'cTe - together (8) BHH3y - below (5) BOfla - water (9) Bo,i;Ka(o)- vodka (5) box - ox (9) bo'jioch (pi* ) _ hair (8) Boofiine - in general, generally (3) Bonpo'c - question (l) BOceMHa^uaTb - eighteen (5) BdceMb- eight (4) bockoboS - wax (7) BOCTo'pr -ecstasy (3) bocto^hhS - east, eastern (4) bot - here is (1) bot KaK - Ohl You don't say! (4) Bne^aTJieHHe - impression BpeW - time (g) BpeMH OT BpeMeHH - from time to time (9) Bee - everybody (2) (pi. of Beet) Bcerja - always (3) Bcero - in all (8) Bcerd xopo'mero - g00d luck (8) see (neuter of BecB)- everything (6) BCTpeTH-r/BCTpe'-iafif - meet (8) BCTpe^a0r (I), BCTpeTH+ (P) - meet (8) BTopoft - second (4) B^epa r yesterday (3) bh - y.ou (plural and formal) (2) BbipaacaM* (l),Biipa3H+ (P) - , / express (8) Bupa3n+/Bupaaca.H+ - express (8) BHXOflHt - go OUt (8) r ra^KHfi - vile (7) ra3e'Ta - newspaper (7) rapai: - garage (5) r^e - where (1) rfle-TO - somewhere (5) reHHM - genius (5) reorpacpiiji - geography (9) reo$H3HyecKHM - geophysical (9) TepMaHHH - Germany (10) repoH -^hero (7) THflpocTaHUHH - hydroelectric power station (4) rHTapa - guitar (6) rjiaBHhiM - main, chief (8) rjiaro'ji - verb (4) rjia3( a)- eye (7) rjia'cHbiM - vowel (4) rjiyfioKo' - deeply (10) rjiynocTb )K - stupidity (10) ro'Bop- dialect (10) TOBOpH-r (I), CKa3aV (P)- ,say, speak (3) roBopninHfi - talking (6) rofl(y)/- year (8) rojiOBa (pi * ) - head (9) ropa (pi* ) - mountain (9) ro'pe - grief (7) ropofl(a)- city ro^poflOK^o)- town (7) roptKHH - bitter (10 ) rocnoflHH -Mister (8) rocnoaca' - Miss, Mrs. (8) rocysa'pcTBeHHufi - state (adj) (8) rocjrflapcTBO - state, government (9) rOToW ( I )}npHrOTOBH-r (P) - prepare (6) roTOBHf...cfl k C^eviyl - prepare oneself for (10) rpajKflaHHH - citizen (m) (1) rpaacfla'HKa(o)- citizen (f) (10) rpaMMaTHKa - grammar (5) rpaMMaTri^ecKHfi - grammatical (1) rpH6/- mushroom (6) rpoMKO - loudly (3) rpo'M^e - louder (4) rpy6bift - vulvar, coarse (1) rpy6aa omnfiKa - terrible mistake (1) rpynna - group (6) c ) rpycTbio - with sadness (4) rpH3-c - gnaw (10)
-583- fla - yes (1) jaate - even (1) Aa qTo bh - Aw, _go on! (3) A a ^to bh roBopHTe! - But what are flajieKo' - far (k) you saying (2) ja'jtbme - further (9) jaTejibHHM - dative (10) flBa - two (2) .HBegmaTb - twenty (5) .HBeHsgmaTb - twelve (5) jeBO^Ka( e)- little-girl fleByniKa(e)- girl (post puberty) seBHTHafli^aTB - nineteen (5) .He'BHTb - nine (4) fleKa^eHTCTBO - decadence (4) flejiafi+ (I), c,nejiaM+ (P) - go, make ( .neJierauna - delegation (10) ;nejio - affair, business, task (2) KaK fleJia? - How are things? (3) fleHb(e)- day (1) Hy h fleHt! - What a day! (8) flep^BHfl(e) (pi*) - the country (10) jecflTb - ten (4) .ne'TH - children (3) ^aca3 - jazz (4) jHBaH - couch (5) flHKHft - wild (4) flKpe'KTop(a)- director (2) fljiHHHbift - long (9) fljifl t^ero] - for (6) fldgpbift - kind (2) flOBOjibHO - enough (8) Roxib - rain HfleT .noacflb - it»s raining (8) AOKa3aTejibCTBO - proof (9) flOKJiafl - report (10) flo'jtro - long time (5) fldjirHe ro'ji,H - years to come (10) flOJioM [uto]- down with (7) flOM(a)- house (?) flo'Ma - at home (7) flOMoft - (to) home (7) flOMHK - little-house (6) flopo'ra - road, highway (10) floporoM - dear (1) ^0 CBHflaHHH - good-bye (1) flpoaca+- - shake (6) flpyr - friend(3),(pl) flpysbH (8) flpyr flpyra - one another (8) Apyroft - other (2) xpy':«6a - friendship (6) Wiiafir - think (1) flyMaji - thinking flypan - fool, idiot (7) flHAH M - uncle E EBpona - Europe (3) ero - his (acc/gen of oh/oho) {k) eflHHCTBeHHHft - singular (10) ee - her, hers (acc/gen ofoHa) (4) eft - (dat, instr, prep of OHa) ,(5) (6) (7) euy - (dative of oh/oho) (6) ecHH - if ecjiH...T0 - if...then (8) exa+ (I),noexat (P) - go (by vehicle), ride, drive (5) eme - still (4) eme He - not yet (8) eme pa3 - once again (9) ) I acajieft-t-(l), noacaji6ft+ (P) - be sorry (8) acajiKHft - pitiful (7) *e - emphatic particle (3) sceHa - wife (3) steHOKHft - feminine (3) xeHinHHa - woman (4) m!b+ - live (1) xhb6tho6 - animal (9) sctiflKHH - liquid (9) 3KH3Hb E - life (1) acHTejib - inhabitant (4) xypHaji - magazine (3) xypHajiHCT - journalist (m) (7) 5icypHajiHCTKa(o)- journalist (f) (7) 3 3a ^ieMl- behind (7) 3a6uB-r/3a6uBaKi- ^- forget (4) 3a6HBaft+(l), 3a6HBr (P) - forget (4) safiHT/a/o/bj - forgotten (6) 3a6^TbiK - forgotten (6) 3aBHcei- ot [iero] - depend on (9) 3a.Bo'fl [Ha] - factory, plant (l) 3aBTpa - tomorrow (3) 3aBTpaic - breakfast (9) 3a,npo3Kai- - begin to shake (7) saKpuT/a/o/H - closed (5) 3aKpHTbift - closed (6) 3aHHMaflt-.. ,ch [ueM] - be /occupied, study (8) 3anaflHbiK - west, western (4) 3anax - smell, aroma *iyBCTBOBa+ 3anax - smell (8) 3anHCKa(o)- note (10) 3anjiaKa-»- - burst out crying (7)
-58U- 3acMefli-. . .ch - burst out laughing 3axnxHKafi+ - burst out giggling ( 3Ba-*- - call KaK Bac 30ByT? - What's your name? (3) 3B0HH-r (l),no3BOHH+ (P) L^eMy] call (7) 3flaHHe - building (7) 3flecb - here (4) 3flopo'BHft - healthy (8) 3flpaBCTByftTe - hello (1) 3eMJiH - earth (7) (ace. sg. 3eM.mo) 3epKajio - mirror (9) 3JioM - evil (8) 3HaM-r - know (1) shsLs - knowing (1) 3HaqnT - means (2) 30JioT6ft - golden (9) 300JidrnH - zoology (9) 30ona'pK - zoo (2) H h - and (1) k...h - both...and (5) h TaK flajiee (h t.ji,.)- etcetera, and so forth (3) Hfl'-t- (I), noiU+ (P)-go (on foot), Hrpaft-r - play (8) walk (5) B(o)[MeMl - play a game Ha [^eM] - play an instrument HrpymKa(e)- toy (8) H3 Cuero] - out of, from (8) H36a - hut (9) H3Bepr pd.ua Me-noBe^ecKoro - monster of the human race (6) HSBe'cTHHK - well-known KaK HaBecTHO - as is well- known (2) K3BHHHTe! - excuse me (4) H3-3a L^ero] - because of, due to (8) H3yMaMr (I), H3yyH* (p) _ make a study of, (P) master (6) H3yq^HHe - ^study (9) H3ymWH3yt4aftf make a study of, (P) master (6) hjih - or (4) HJIH...HJIH - either... or (4) av - (dative of ohh ) (6) HM^HHTejifcHbiM -nominative (10) h'mm - (instr. of ohh ) (7) hmh (C) - name ^(7) hmh cymecTBHTejibHoe - noun (9) HHflycTpHajibHbifi - industrial (6) ) HHaceHep - engineer (3) HHor.ua - sometimes (7) MH0CTpa.Hen(e) - foreigner (rn) (10) HHOCTpaHKa(o) - foreigner (f) (10) HHCne'KTop (a ) - inspector (2) HHCTHTyT - institute (6) HHTepe'cHHft - interesting (4) hcksh- - search, look for (9) hcto'phh - history (3) HC^e3aM-*- (I) (Hcye'sHyl^. (P) disappear (10) ncqe3Hy-t-1/HCMe3afi+ - disappear (10) i'.x - theirs (acc-gen of ohi) (4) K KaSHHe'T -office, study (5) KakflHM - every, each (1) KaaceTCH - it seems (2) KaK - how (1) KaK Bac 30ByT? - What's your name? (3) KaK bh noacHBaeTe? - How are you? (1) KaK .ne.ua? - How are things? (3) xaK TaK - how so? (2) KaK to'jibko - as soon as (9) KaKoft - which, what kind (1) KajiH(t)0/pHHH - California (5) KanycTa - cabbage (6) KapaH^am - pencil (1) KaTacTp6$a - catastrophe (4) Kama - cereal (8) KamybcKHH - Kashubian (10) KeM - (instr. of kto) (7) kht - whale (5) Kjia'cc - grade, class (k) KjiaccH-qecKHft - classical (5) KJiy6 - club (3) KHHra - book (1) KHH3b - prince (6) kob66h - cowboy (6) Kor^a - when (1) koto' - (acc-gen of kto) (*0 KOjuieKTHB - collective (6) kom - (prep, of kto) (5) KOMap' - mosquito (6) KOMHaTa - room (8) KOMnjiHMe'HT - compliment (10) KOMy - (dat. of kto) (6) KOHrpe'cc - congress (10) KOHflyKTop(a) - fare-collector (2) KOHeS; (e) - end (7)
-585- KOHe^HO - of course (l) KOHKjje'THHft - concrete, precise (3) KOHMafi*...ch - finish, end (5) Ko'peHb (e) - root (9) KopHfldp - corridor (7) kocmoc - cosmos (6) Ko'cTb K (plK) - bone (10) koctiom - suit (7) koto'pnS - who,which, that (relative Kpafl-r (i)5yKpafl^ (P) - steal (1) KpacHBHfi - pretty (4) KpacriBee Bcex - yprettier than all (9) KpacHeft-f- - blush (5) ^KpacHe'fl - blushing (3) KpacHHfi - red (6) KpH-qa-t- - shout (k) KpH-qa-H Ha [>Toi - shout at KpoBa'Tb 5K - bed (10) Kpoi/ie [-qeroj- except (4) KpHma - roof (5) kto - who (1) Kysa - (to) where (5) Kysa-TO - (to) somewhere (5) Ky.nfeT;ypa - culture (k) KyjibTypHHft - cultured (1) KyMHc - fermented mare's milk (8) KypH+ - smoke (2) KyxHH - kitchen (6) JI jiapopaTo'pHH - laboratory (5) jia"cKOBO - tenderly (1) .nescaV - lie (k) jie'KUHH - lecture (2) JleHHHrpafl -Leningrad (5) Jiec(y) ( a) -woods (9) jieTafti- - fly (with no destination) jieTe-i- (I), nojieTe-i- ( P) - fly (6) / jrHHra$OHHbifi KadHHeT - language lab jihuo - face (4) jiOBH-t- - catch (9) jio'flKa( o) - boat (9) jiokomothb - locomotive (7) jio-'haohckhM -London (adj) (7) jiomaflB M (pi*) - horse (4) jiyHa - moon (6) jiy-qmug - best (3) jik)6h* - love, like (1) JH06HMHH - favorite, beloved (6) jirodHTejib - lover (6) jito6oBh( o) H - love (10) ji»flH - people (1) M MaKeflOHCKHM -Macedonian (10) MajieHbKHft - little, small (3) Majib^HK - boy (4) MaMa - mommy (2) Maib H - mother (7) Maxl+ - wave (7) MamHHa - machine, car (2) MeflBeflb - bear (9) Meatfly [-qeMl - between (7) MejKflyHapo'flHHft - international (6) Meji - chalk (7) MeHee - less (8) Me'Hbme Bcero' - less than anything (9) MeHH - (acc-gen of a) (2) MecTO - place (3) MecHi} - month (10) MHjiuft - dear, nice (8) mhmo^ [-qero] -past (9) mhhh'ctp - minister (8) MHp - world, peace (3) uJia.p,mviPi - younger (8) MHe - (dat, prep of h) (i*) (5) MHe nopa hjth - it-s time for me to go (1) MHeHHe - opinion (10) no BameMy MHeHHM - in your opinion MHoro [-qero] - much, many (4) MHoacecTBeHHHft - plural (9) Mor+ (I),cMorr ( P) - can, be able(5) MooiceT dbiTb - maybe, perhaps (2) mo'scho - it's possible, permissible(4) Mofi/MOfl/Moe/MOK - mv. mine (4) McnoflerU - well done! (3) MOJiOfleacb M -youth (10) MOJiofloM - young (2) MOJiwa-i- - be silent (4) MO^HrojibCKHM -Mongolian (9) s MO*pe - sea ( 3) ' Mockbsl - Moscow (4) mockobckhA - Moscow (adj) (8) Mysc - husband (5) MyaccKbft - masculine (2) My3HKa - music (5) MypaBeft(e) - ant (5) MypaBe'ftHHK - anthill (5) MypaBbe'fl - ant-eater (10) My'xa - fly (9) mh - we (2) MbiMt- - wash (8) Mbifti-...CH - wash oneself (1) Mbijio - soap (8) Mbicub - thought (8)
586- Munife (pi* ) - mouse (9) MHTKHH - SOft (9) mhco - meat (9) H Ha [-qeM] - in, at, on (1) Ha cslmom fle'-ne - really (7) HaBcerfla - forever (7) Has C^eMl - over (7) Ha'jo - necessary (8) Ha3HBaftf LhtoI teeM]- call (8) Ha3HBaS+...ch - be called (7) HaHBHHft - naive (2) , hslmh - (instr. of ohh ) (7) HaodopoT - on the contrary (9) Ha/nHca-t- - write (k) HanncaH/a/o/H - written (5) HanHTOK(o)- beverage (5) HanpHMep - for example (6) Hapo'fl - nation, people (8) HacKOJibKo - as far as (1) HacTOHmuft - real (1) HayKa - science (6) HayMH-*-. . . ch - learn how (8) HayMHHfi - scientific (9) HaxojHTca - be located (3) Ha^iHHaMi-. . .ch - begin (8) Ham/Hama/Hame/Hamn - our, ours (3) He - not He...a - not...but (2) He.ne.nH - week (8) He,n66pHft - unkind (6) He'acHHft - tender (10) He3a6yflKa(0)- forget-me-not (10) He3adHBaeMHft - unforgettable (10) HenHTepecHHft - uninteresting (k) HeM - (prep, of ohsl) (5) HekoTopHft - certain (9) HeKVJiBTypHHf! - uncultured (1) Hejro/BKHtt - awkward (1) He.iB3H - it is forbidden (M HeMe'nKHR - German (10 ) HeMHo'ro - a little (4) neHaBHfle-f - hate (6) HeHopMajibHHfl - abnormal (2) Heo6pa30BaHHHfi - uneducated (6) HejipaBHJibHHS - incorrect (8) HepBHO - nervously (6) HecoBepmeHHNft - imperfective (5) HeT - no (1); there is not (6) HeM - (prep, of, oh/oho ) (5) Hec't (i)f noHec-t- (P) - carry (by foot), take (5) HHrfle" - nowhere (2) hh...hh - neither...nor (6) HHKaK - in no way (9) HHKaKOft - no kind (6) HHKorfla - never (1) hhkto - nobody (2) hhx - (prep, of ohh ) (5) HH-qToacHHH - insignificant (7) ho - but (2) ho'bhh - new (2) H03K - knife, (7) ( Bee) HopMa'jibHO - everything is O.K. (3) HO*ib (pi * ) - night (6) Hy - well (3) Hy h fleHb! - What a day! (8) Hy TaK mto ac! - So what! (7) HyaceH/HyacHa/HyacHo/HyjKHU - needed (8) Hyjib - zero (3) HbK-Ho'pK - New York (5) 0 0/06 ^eu] - about (3) 0 tom, 0 ceM - about this and that (9) o6i*keH/a/o/bi - insulted (3) odMa'HHBaft-i- - deceive (9) o'6pa3 acH3HH - way of live (7) o6pa3o'BaHHHft - educated (6) OBa'uHa - ovation (3) orpoMHHft - enormous (6) (pi) oflijH/oflHa/oflHd/oflHH - one,/some (k) OflHHHa^uaTb - eleven (5) OflHaacflH - once (7) OflHaKO - however (9) OKaHiHBaH+...cfl Ha [mto] - end in (3) OKeaH - ocean (5) okojio [?ero^ - near (4) OKOHqaHHe - ending (9) oh - he (1) OHa - she (2) OHrf - they (1) oho" - it (3) onepa'iiHH - operation (7) o'nuT - experience, experiment (9) ocHOBa - stem (9) ocdfieHHO - especially (4) ot fqerol - from (k) OTBeTH^/oTBetiaSf C^eMy] - answer (8) -Ha Bonpo'c - answer a question (3) OTBeq4fi-t- (I),oTBe''TH*(P) C^eMyl- answer (8) oTBpaTHTejibHHM - loathsome (7) oTBpameHHe - disgust (2) o't^hx- rest (5) oTflHxaMt - relax, rest (3) OTeu( e) - father (7)
-587- oTKpHBafti-(l) ,OTKpHft+ (P) -open oTKpiift-*-/oTKpHBaft-t- -open (5) oTKpHT/a/o/H - open (5) oTKpHTHe - discovery (9) oTKy^a - from where (3) OTKyfla bh 3HaeTe? - How do you know? (3) otjictho - excellently, splendidly(l OTCioaa - from here (5) OTTy^a - from there (5) oTuecTBO - patronymic (3) o'ieHb - very (1) omH6Ka(o) - mistake, error (1) n naj+/(l),nonaj+ (P) - fall (10) na^ex - case (9) naiceT - package (5) nsiMHTHMK - monument (10) nana - daddy (2) napeHb( e) (pi* ) - lad, boy (10) napK - park (1) naTpHo'T - patriot (7) nay3a - pause (1) naxa-r - plow (7) nepBHft - first (k) nepeBe^i- - translate (3) nepe^taeMl- in front of (7) /, nepe^aeT - (3rd sg)hand over, send nepo - pen (10) ne'cHH - song (6) neKt- - bake (8) nnft-t- - drink ( 5) nupoacoK (p) -pirozhok (8) nnca> (I),HanHca-+- ( P) - write (4) nHc4Tejib -writer (5) nHCbMO - letter (6) nHtneTCH - written (3) njiaKa-t- - cry (7) nJia'H - plan (7) nJiaHeTa - planet (6) nJiacTMa'ccoBHft - plastic (10) nJiHTa - stove (8) njioxo/ - badly (1) nJioxotf - bad (2) njioma^b 3K (pi**) - square (10) njiyr - plow (7) nJiuB-t- - float (9) nJiHSc - beach (k) no [xieMyl-according to, along l 3) noBe^HHe -behavior (10) no/Befl-t- - lead, conduct (1) no/Be3/-t -carry (by vehicle) , take noBTopH+-/noBTopHH-t- - repeat (6) nOBTOpHMt- (I), nOBTOpH-f (?) - repeat noro'sa - weather (3) nofl^-qeMl - under (7) noflapoK( o ) - gift (9) no/exat - go (by vehicle) drive (5) no/acajieft* - be sorry (8) noacajiyftcTa - please (1) no/3BOHH+- ( -qeMjJ - call (7) 0no'3flHq - late (8) no3flpaBH+ - congratulate (4) no/H^-f - go (on foot) walk (5) noftfleM! - Let's goS (6) noKa -^ while, so long (5) noKa3a-t-/noKa.3HBaft-*- - show (9) noKa'3HBaft+ (I), noKa3a+ ( P)- show (9) nojie -^ field (7) no/jieTe-t- - fly (6) noji3-*- (I), nonoji3V ( P ) - crawl (5) nojiHTHica - politics (5) nojiHTH-qecKHM - political (1) nojiHUHH - police (7) no.noBHHa - half (8) ndjibCKHM - Polish (9) no\nfema - Poland (10) noMHH* - remember (5) noMor+/noMoraK+ [qeMy"] - help (7) no-Mo'eMy - in my opinion (10) no/Hect - carry (by foot) take (5) noHHMaft-*- - understand (2) no/na^-r - fall (10) no/noji3V - crawl (10) nonpodySTe! - try (7) nopT(f>eJife - briefcase (5) nocJie'flHHft - last, latest (4) ndcjie Toro,KaK - after (5) no/cMOTpe+ - watch, - Ha [^Tol - look at (4) no/cTpoHi- - build (4) noTOMjr mto - because (1) no^ewiy - why (1) no"-qTa [Hal - post office (5) no-qTH - almost (6) noD^OMy - therefore (1) npaBfla - truth (k) / no npaB^e roBopn - t to tell the truth (8) npaBHjio - rule (8) npa'3flHHK - holiday (6) npefljior - preposition (2) npefljioacHbift - prepositional (10) npe^no-qeji/qjia 6h -would prefer (5) npe^cKa3ct+ (P), npe,a,CK£i3biBa$*i- (I) - predict (7) npe«CKa3aTejib - soothsayer (7) npe,a.CKa3biBaft-f (I), npe#cica3a-r ( P ) - ) predict (7) npe3Hpaft-i- - despise (8) npeKpa'cHHfi - fine, gorgeous, beautiful (6)
588- npHBeT -greetings (5) npHBHKHy -W be accustomed (8) npHMHTHBHHft - primitive (6) npncTaBica (0) - prefix (4) npHHTHO -pleasant (3) nporpeccHBHHfi - progressive (6) npoH3HO-ycHTCH - is pronounced (3) npon3HomeHne -pronunciation (8) npoHcxoacfleHHe - origin (10) npocneKT - avenue (10) npocTH+/npomaH- - forgive (8) npocTHTe! - forgive me (1) npocro - simply (2) npocToM - simple (7) npo$eccop(a) - professor (2) npo/^KTaS--- -read (1) npomjiHft -last, previous (10) npomaft! - farewell, (?) npom;aft+ (I), npocTH-f (p) - forgive (8) n'cHxnaTp - psychiatrist (.6) ncnxojidrHH -psychology (9) nTHna - bird (7) ny6.nnKa - public (2) nycTHHH - desert (6) iLHTHaflijaTi. -fifteen (5) nflTb - five (2) P pa6oTa[Ha~] - work (1) pado'TaMi- - work (1) (Bce)paBHO - anyway (5) MHe Bee paBHO -I don't care (5) pas/a/o/bi - happy (6) pa'flK [nero] - for the sake of (10) pa3roBapnBa3+ c [KeM]- talk, converse with (9) pa3roBo'p - conversation (1) pa3HHu;a - difference (8) paneTa - rocket (6) paKeTHHH - rocket (adj) (6) paHbme - formerly (3) pe3a+- - cut (7) pena(pi * ) - river (9) peMdHT - repair Ha peMOHT - for repair (5) pecnydJiKKa - republic (10) po'A -gender, births sort, kind (2) poflHTeJibHbiS - genitive (9) poac^eHHe - birth fleHb poacjeHH^ - birthday c peM poxfle'Hunhappy birthday (8) Pocch'h - Russia (i|) pydz-h - hackf chop (g) PywhiHHH - Rumania (10) pyMHHCKHH -Rumanian (10) pyccKHH - Russian (3) no-pyccKH - in Russian C c C^eM] -with (7)1 c [Hereofrom (9) caM - oneself (6) caMO.neT - airplane (7) caMHK - most (2) CBescHft - fresh (8) G BepxqejiOBeK -Superman (7) CBoK/CBOfl/cBoe/cBOH - one's own (5) c/flejiaftf - do, make (1) cedfl - oneself (l) cerdflHH - today (3) ceMqa'c -now, right away (6) ceicyHfla - second (8) ceMHafluaTb - seventeen (5) ceMb - seven (4) ce'pdcKHft - Serbian (10) cepbe3HHft - serious (?) cecrpa - sister (5) cnrapa - cigar (5) CHfle-r - sit (k) CKJia - force, power (7) CKJibHbift - strong, powerful ^cHjibHee, neu - stronger (7) CKaaceM - let's say (10) CKa3a-e/roBopH+ - say, speak (3) CKaMbfl(e) - bench (5) CKaH^ajibHHH - scandalous (6) cKdpo - soon (il-) cjiadbift - weak (8) cjiad ot HejoejaHHfl - weak from malnutrition (5) cjiaBa C-qeMyl - glory to (6) cnaBa dory - thank God (7) cjiaBHHCKHfi -Slavic (10) cne'fljrtomHH - following (6) cjre3a (pix ) _ tear (10) CHHIKKOM - tOO (6) cjiOBauKHfi - Slovak (10) cnoBeHCKHft - Slovenian (10) cii5bo - word (2) ,0|;hhm cjidBOM - in a word (7) cjioacHbift - complex (9) cjiym&Pir- - listen to (k) cjibimat- - hear (8) cuenuR -bold, daring (7) CMea+...cfl Ha^ [^eM^ - , laugh at (?) c/Mort- -can, be able (5) CMOKHHr - tuxedo (^)x CMOTpe-i- (I), nocMOTpe* ( P) - watch — Ha. Tuto] - look at (4)
-509- cHer - snow (8) HfleT CHer - it's snowing chhmot+ -jtake off (7) coBepmeHHHH - perfective, complete coBeTcrafi - Soviet (10) corjiacHHH - consonant (4) coctohi- -^ consist (9) couHajizcTH-qecKHM - socialist (10) couKOJiorHH - sociology (6) coiiHHeHHe - compostion (h-) coro'3,- union (7) cnacHdo - thank you, thanks (1) cnei],HajiHCT - specialist (3) cnjieTHKK -gossip (9) cnopn+ - argue (5) cno'pT - sport (9) . , ,r cnpamHBaft* (I), cnpocH-* (P)[Koroj yLKoroJ -ask (8) cnpocH-t-/cnpaniHBaft+ Ckoto], y[KoroJ- ,ask (8) cpeflHHft- neuter, middle, average (3) ctslh* [ieM] - (p) become (7) CTapafi*...ck - try (k) (10) CTapocjiaBHHCKHH - old Church Slavic CTapnwS - older (8) cTapHH - old (2) creHa(pi " ) - wall (5) cto'ht -is worth, costs (10) ctoji - table (6) CTOJiHua - capital (10) cTopoHa' (pi ^ ) - side b cTopoHy - aside (7) CTOH+^be standing (6) CTpawa - country (9) cTpaHHhifi -strange (?) CTpax - fear (6) CTpiir* - clip (8) CTpow-r (i)nocTp(5H-^ (P)-build (k) CTpoHTeJib '- builder (4) CTyseHT - student (M) (l) CTyaeHTKa (o) - (f) (l) cryji - chair (7) cyn - soup (6) cydMbHKC - suffix (9) cqacTJiHBHS^ - happy, (6) cqacTJin'Boro nyTH - Don voyage (6) ctia'cTbe - happiness {k) . consider X to beY (7) chh - son (7) crojia - (to) here (5) ciopnpHs - surprise (9) T TaftBaHCKHM - Taiwan(adj) (9) Tafea - secret (7) TaK - so (2) TaK KaK - in as much as (2) TaK MHo'ro, KaK - as much as (5) TaKace - also (in addition) (6) TaKo'ft - such (^) TaKHM 0'6pa30M - in this manner (9) TaKTH-qHbiM - tactful (9) TajiaHTJiHBuft - talented (9) TaM - there (3) TamjeBaV - dance (8) TapaKaH - cockroach (6) TBep^bifi - hard (9) / TBoM/TBon/TBoe/TBOH - your, yours TBopHTeJibHHft - instrumental (10) Te6e - (dat, prep of th )(5) (6) Te6fl - (gen-acc of Tb) (8) TejieBH3op - television set (k) Tejie$OH - telephone (7) Te\no - body (9) Teo'pHH - theory (9) Tene'pt. - now (k) Tenjio - warm (10) TeqeHHe - flow (9) Teitf - flow (9) TeMHbiR - dark (7) t§th - aunt (7) THrp - tiger \'£) THnHtiHbifi - typical (2) thxo - quietly (3) to - emphatic particle (3) T060M - (instr. of th) (8) TOBapum - comrade (1) to ecTb - that is (to say) (3) Tosce - also (1) to'jibko -only (3) KaK tojibko - as soon as (9) TOJIbKO qTO - jUSt (6) TOMy Ha3afl - ago (9) Tonojio'rHH - topology (6) toiho - / exactly, precisely (^) TcqHee - more precisely TpaBa - grass (5) Tpe'doBa-*- [-qero] - demand (10) TpH - three (2) TpHflnaTb - thirty (5) TpuHsumaTb - thirteen (5) TpoJiJieS6yc - trolleybus (1) TpojijiendycHK - little-trolleybus TpoHyT/a/o/n - touched (8) Tpy^HO - difficult (8) T.y#a - (to) there (7)
590- Typ6a.3a - tourist base (4) TypHCT - tourist (3) TyT - here (5) Ty&JiH - shoe (5) tk you (informal)(2) y £/qero] by, at the home of (4,8) yderaftt- - flee (8) ydopmHK - janitor (8) ydo'pmHija - washerwoman (8) yBaacaft-t- - respect (6) y/BH^e* -see,(P) catch sight of (4) yroflHO - pleasing (8) KaK B3,M yrdflHO - as you wish y^apHHK - shock-worker (1) yace - already (5) yMH - supper (9) y3Ha«+ (P) -find out (6) y/Kpa.n-1- - steal (1) ynpaHHa [Hal - Ukraine (10) yKpaHHCKHH - Ukrainian (10) yjmiia ^street (8) yHH^TOSCaH-i- (l)_yHHMTOaCK+ destroy (7) yHHt!TOXH-t-/yHH'qTOaca.W-r ynpyrHft - elastic (10) ypa - hurrah (3) ypo'K Lnal - lesson (2) yTpo - morning (8) flodpoe yTDO - good morning yrpoM - in the morning (2) y-qeHHfi - scholar, scientist (9) y^HTejib (a) - teacher (M) (1) y*iHTejii>HHi|a - teacher (F) (1) (P)~ destroy (7) (8) $ dhaKT - fact (6) *4ktop - factor (9) cfiaMHJiKH - last name (3) dbHrypa - figure (6) dr)H3HKa - physics (6) <f)K3HtiecKziT- physical (8) (JiHjiaHTpon - philanthropist (7) $HjiapM6HHfl - philharmonic (8) t^HJiocodh - philosopher (2) (JioKeTH^ecKHH - phonetic (2) (JOTorpadhtTH - photograph (4) d.ipa3a - sentence (0) $pyKT - fruit (5) cbyT6o.n - soccer (8) X XHXHKaM*- - giggle (5) xojiOflHO - coldly (k) xdp - chorus (3) xopBaTCKHft - Croatian (10) xopo'niHfi - good (1) xopomo - well (1) xoTe-f - want (6) xoTe-r cKa3a'Tb - mean (6) xpaneV - snore (6) xyace - worse (6) xyjiHraH - hooligan (2) xyaKrakm. - act like a hooligan (f U nape's pii - pr inc e (9) uapriua - queen (6) iiapcTBO - kingdom (9) i|BeT+- bloom (5) ne'jiHM - whole (5) i^eHTp - center (6) ■qaft - tea (5) ■qac (y ) - hour (8) *iacTo - often (1) ■qacTb '& - part (9) ^ePi/fiha/^b'e/^hvi - whose (k) uejioBe^K - person (1) ■qejiOBe-qecKHft - human (6) ■qe-noBe'-qeCTBO - mankind (6) ^eM - (instr. of *ito) (7) leMnKOH - champion (8) Mewiy - (dat of <ito ) (6) qepe3 L^ito]- through, within (9) yecTb K - honor (8) b -qecTb - in honor (8) <ieTNpe - four (2) qeTbipHajmaTi, - fourteen (5) ^exocjiOBaKHH - Czechoslovakia (10) vemcKuPi - Czech (10) ieM - (prep, of *ito ) (5) qncjio - number (9) tiHCTbm - clean, pure (1) MHTag-r (i),npoT-iHT&K-i- (P ) - read (1) ^HTa'Tejib - reader (8) ^to - what (1) mto jih? - ... or something? (7) mto cjiy^HJiocb? -what happened?(10) ^ito TaKoe X? - What is X? (3)
-591- vto - that (conjunction) (1) titoOh - in order to (5) ^yBCTBOBa-*- - feel ■qyBCTBOBa+3anax - smell (8) m ma»Ka - gang (7) maMnaHCKoe - champagne (8) meniat - whisper (7) mecTHa^uaTb - sixteen (5) mecTb - six (2) niHKa'pHHft - chic (5) rnHnnmHa - sibilant (9) mKOJibHHK - schoolchild (2) niJinna - hat (k) mnHOH - spy (3) myTH-t- - joke (6) 3 DJieMeH^ - element (7) 3HTy3na3M - enthusiasm (1) ocTOHen; (e) - Estonian (3) sctohuh -Estonians DCTOHCKHft - Estonian (adj) no-DCTOHCKH - in Estonian (2) DTHOJiorna - ethnology (.6J oto - this is/that is (1) sTOT/DTa/s'To/STH - this/that (5) K) IQrocJiaBHH - Yugoslavia (10) H h6jioko - apple (5) H3HK - language (3) Ha KaKOM H3HKe - A in what language Hftijo - egg (5) hcho - clear (5)
ENGLISH - RUSSIAN GLOSSARY A abnormal - HeHopMajibHbift about - 0/06 L^eM] about this and that - o tom , 0 ceM acacia - aKau,na academician - aKajeMHK accusative - BHHHTejIbHblH accustomed - npnBHKHyi+ activist - aKTHBticT adult - B3pOCJIHH ^ affair, business, task - ^ejio Africa - A$pHKa after - no'cne Toro, KaK ago - TOMy Hasaj airplane - caMOJieT Albanian (adj) - aji6aHCKnfi in Albanian - no-ajidaHCKHft alcoholic - aJiKoro'jibHHft all - Becb/BCH/Bce/Bce in all - Bcerd almost - noiT^ alphabet - a3dyKa already - ysce also - Toxe also (in addition) - Taxace always - Bcerja America - AMe'pHKa American (-adj) - aMepHKancKHft and - h , a animal - aczBOTHOe answer (noun) - oTBeT (Vb)oTBeTH+-/oTBe,qaH+- QieMy] ant - MypaBe'H (e) ant-eater - M.ypaBbefl Antarctica- AHTdpKTHKa anthill - MypaBeftHHK anyway - Bee paBHo' applaud - an-no^HpoBat- [yieuy] applause - anjio^HCMeHTH apple - h'6jioko Arabia - ApaBHa Arabian (adj) - apadcKHW Arctic - A'pKTHKa argue - cnopH-- Arizona (adj) apHsdHCKuft artiste(fem) - apTHCTKa as far as - HacKOJibKO aside - b cTc-'pony as is well known -KaK H3BecTHO as much as - Tax mhoto KaK as soon as - KaK tojibko as you wish - KaK BaM yroflHO Asia - a'3hh ask - cnpocHi-/ cnpa'nuiBaft-t. [Kor< y /KoroT aspect, guise - bkj astrobiology - acTpodnojiorHH astronomical - acTpoHOMnqecKHft at, in, on - Ha [-qeivO at the home of - y [koto^ aunt - TeTH automobile - aBT^OModHjib avenue - npocneKT aw go on! - ^a ^ito bh! awkward - Hejio'BKHft B bad - ruoxoft badly - njipxo bake - neK+ balcony - dajiKO^ banal - daHajibHbift bandit - daHflHT bank - 6aHK beach - mm* bear - Me^Bejb because - noTOMy ^ito because of, due to - H3-3a [ne become - ctslht [leii] (P) bed - KpoBaTb H begin - Ha^HHaM-t- ...ck behavior - noBeseHHe behind - 3a [/qevf] below - BHH3y bench - CKaMbH (e) between - Mex^y (^eM^ beverage - nanHTOK (0) big - dojibmoft bird - nTHi^a birth - poacfleHHe birthday - jeHb poacfle'HHH bitter - rdpbKHft Blinsk (adj) - 6jihhckh# bloom - ijBeT+ blush - KpacHeft-t- blushing - KpacHen boat - ji6~rk& (0) body - Tejio t bold, daring - cMejibift bone - KocTb H (pi * ) bon voyage/ - cqacTjiHBoro nyTH book - KHHra both... and... h. . . h boulevard - dyjibBap boy - Ma'jibqHK / Brazil - Bpa3HjiHH breakfast - 3aBTpaK 0,
-593- briefcase - nopT$e'jib brigade - dpHra'sa brother - dpaT , , dpaTbH (pi) brotherhood - dpaTCTBO brotherly - dpStTCKHft build - no/cTpoH-t- builder - cTpoHTejib building - 3#aHHe Bulgaria - BojirapHH t Bulgarian (adj) - doarapcKHM but - a, ho but what are you saying - fla ito bh roBopHTe! by - y Jiiero'] , Byelorussia - BejiopyccHH Byelorussian (adj) - deJiopyccKHM cabbage - KanycTa California - Kajin$6pHHH call - no/3BOHHt OeMy] be called - Ha3biBa'eTCH calm - cnoKofiHHft can, be able - c/mot+ capital - crojiHua car - MaraHHa care - X doesn't care -jjdat]- Bce paBHO7 carry (by foot), take - no/Hec carry (by vehicle), take - no/Be3+ case - najesc in that case - b TaKOM CJ15TO catastrophe - KaTacTp6$a catch - .noBH+ center - ne'HTp cereal - Kama certain - H^icoTopHft chair - cryji chalk - Me'ji / champagne - maMnaHCKoe Chic - fflHKapHHfi children - fleTH ^ chop, hack - pydH+ chorus - xop cigar - cnra'pa , citizen (M) - rpaacflaHHH (f) - rpaacflaHKa city - ropofl(a) , classical - KJiaccmiecKHH clean - mhcthh clear - hcho clip- cTpn'r-t- Closed - 3aKpHTHft (short form) 3aKpHT/a/o/hi club - KJiyd / cockroach - TapaKaH coldly - xo'jiOflHO collective - KOJiJieKTHB complex - cjioacHhiM compliment - KOMiuiHMeHT composition - comiHeHHe comrade - TOBapHm; concrete - deTo'H concrete (adj) - deTOHHbift (precise)- KOHKpeTHHft concrete-mixer - deTOHOMemajiKa (o) little concrete-mixer - deTOHOMema'.no'qKa (e) concrete worker (M) - deTOHmHK (F) - SeTo'HmHija congratulate " no3flpaBH*-/no3flpaBjiHft+ congress - KOHrpecc consider X to be Y - ciHTaft-c [^to] f/qei/] consonant - corjia'cHHft control, master - Bjia^eft-t- [*ieM^ conversation - pa3roBop converse - pa3roBapnBaft+ c [Keu] correctly - npaBKJibHO corridor - KopHfldp cosmos - ko'cmoc costs, isworth- cto'ht COUCh - JHBaH ^ country - CTpaHa (the) country - flepeBHH(e) cowboy - KOBdoM r crawl - no/noji3/+ Croatian - xopbsltckhM cry - njtaica+ burst out crying - 3anjiaKat- aeculture - KyjibTypa cultured^ - KyjibTypHbift cut - pe^a-t- Czech - tiemcKuft Czechoslovakia - ^exocjiOBSLKZH D daddy - nana dance - TaHa;eBa+ dark - TeMHtrff dative - #a'TejibHbift day - jjeHb what a day! - Hy k ^eHb! dear - flopordft , (nj.ce)MHJiHft decadence - fleKaseHTCTBO deceive - odMaHHBaMt- deeply - rJiydoKo' delegation - fle.Jierau.nfl delicious - BKycHbift demand - TpedoBa^t friero] depend on - saBKce+ ot C^ero] desert - nycTHHH/ despise - npe3npaW-r t destroy - yHH,qTdacH-*-/yHHqTOscaM+ dialect - ro'Bop
_59U difference - pa3H«ua difficult - TpyflHO director - flHpeKTop^a) disappear - nc^e3Hy-<-/Hc^e3aft-t- discovery - OTicpHTue disgust - oTBpame'HHe do, make - c/fleOiaS* down with - .nojioft hTol drink - nHH+ drum - 6apa6^H E earth - 3eMJiH(acc sg)3e'Mjiio east, eastern - boctomhhh ecstasy - BOCTOpr^ educated - o6pa30-BaHHHH egg - HHUOy eight - BoceMb , eighteen - BoceMHaanaTb either...or - hjih...hjih elastic - ynpyrHH element - oJievieHT eleven - o^HHHamaTb emphatic particle - Beflb, ace, to end (noun) - KOHeu(e) English - aHrjiHHCKHft in English - no-aHrjiHftcicnft engineer - HHsceHe'p enough - .noBo'jibHO enormous - orpoMHHfi enthusiasm - 3HTy3na'3M especially - ocd6eHHO Estonian - 3CTOHeu (e) Estonian (adj) - octohckhh in Estonian - iio-octo'hckh etcetera, and so forth - h TaK ^a'jiee £h t.,h.) ethnology - othojiothh Europe - jEBpo'na even - .naace evening - Be^iep (a) in the evening - Be^epoM every, each - KaacflUH everything (neuter of Becb ) Bee everything is O.K. - Bee HopMa'jibHO everything that - Bce^TO evil - 3JioS (for) example - HanpHMep exactly - to^ho excellent (ly), splendid(ly) - OTJIH^IHO except - Kpo'iie fqero] excuse me - H3BHHHTe! experience, experiment - dnui express - BHpa3H»/BHpaacatt+ eye - rjia3(a) - face - jump fact - $aKT factor - $aKTop / factory, plant - 3aBO,n £Ha] fall - no/naflt x fall in love - bjho6h+. . ,ch bo [h far - .najieico fare-collector - KOHflyicrop (a) farewell - npomaS! father - OTeu (e) favorite, beloved - jno6HMbitt fear - CTpax feel - ^yBCTBOBa* feminine - xe'HCKuft field - ndjie fifteen - nHTHafluaTb fight for - 6op6+...cH 3a C^to} figure - $nrypa find out - y3Hafti- fine, gorgeous, beautiful - npeicpacHHft first - nepBuft five - nflTbt flee - y6eraft+ float - njiuB^ flow - (noun) - Te^ieHHe (verb) - Teic-f fly - Myxa fly - no/jieTe, — with no specific destination - jieTattt- f oil owing, next - cjie^yiomHfi fool, idiot - BypaK for - fljia [^ero]^ 3a (5T0I for example - HanpHMep for repair - Ha peMOHT for the sake of - paflH j^ero] (it is) forbidden - Hejib3H force, power - cnjia / foreigner (M) - HHOCTpaHen; (e) (F) - HHOCTpaHKa (o) forever - HaBeer,na forget - 3a6uB-i-/3a6uBa.H- forget-me-not - He3a6y^Ka(o) forgive - npocTH-*-/npoman* forgive me - npocTHTe! forgotten - 3a6HTHH short form - 3a6uT/a/o/u former - 6hbiiihh formerly - paHbme fountain pen - aBTopy^Ka(e) four - -qeTHpe
-595- fourteen - HeTupKaAaaTb fresh - CBeacufi friend - flpyr (pi) flpy3bi friendship - flPY*6a from - ot £qeroJ,H3 foerol from here - oTcro^a from where - oTKyaa (in) front of - nepea {jieu] fruit - *pyKT further - ^ajibme future - 6yaymee gang - mafiKa garage - rapaac gender, birth, sort, kind - po'a generally, in general, - BOo6^e' genitive - ^ poflHTeJibHbifi genius - re'Huft geophysical - reo(Jm3H^ecKHft German - HeMe'uKHft Germany - PepMaHHa gift - noflapoK (o) giggle - xnxHicaft-t- burst out giggling - 3axHxraaK+ girl (post puberty) - aeBymica ( little girl - aeBom<:a (e) glory (to),- cjia'Ba freMy] gnaw - rpH3t go (on foot), walk - no/Mfl+ go (by vehicle), ride, drive - no/exa-f go out - BHXOBH+ H3 faero) God - 6or my God - 6o'ace moH thank God - cuaBa 6o'ry golden - 30jiot6M good - xopo'mnfl good luck - Bcero' xopo'mero goodbye - ao cBKjaHHH gossip - cnjieTHHK grade, class - KJiacc graduate student - acnupaHT grammar - rpaMwtaTHKa grammatical - rpaHMaTHqecKHfi grandmother - 6al5ymKa(e) grass - TpaBa great - BejiHKHft greeting - npHBeT grief - rope group - rpynna guitar - ruTapa H hack, chop - py6ff-f hair - bo'jioch (pi * ) half - nojiOBHHa hand over, send - nepe^aeT (3rd sg) pafl/a/o/bi c flHeM poacfleHHH j>OMV] ee eft eft Heft ero eMy MM HeM happy - c^acTjiHBbifi, happy birthday - happiness - cqacTBe hard - TBepflbifi harp - ap$a hat - nuiHna hate - HeHaBKje+ he - oh head - rojioBa (pi *■ ) healthy - 3,nopoBHft hear - comma* hello - 3,npd.BCTByftTe! help - rroMor-r/rroMoraftf her (acc/gen of oHa) - (dative) - (instr.) - (prep. ) - here - 3flect , TyT (to) here - cioaa here is - bot hero - repoft him (acc/gen of oh ) (dative) (instr.) e) (prep.) history - hctophh holiday - npa3,nHHK home, house - jom (a) (at) home - flOMa, (to) home- floMo'ft honor - iecTb }K (in) honor - b ^ecTb hooligan - xyjinraH act like a hooligan - xyjiHraHH-t- hour - ^ac(y) house - jom (a) little-house - ao'mhk how - Kan how are things - Kaic aejia? how are you - icaic bh noacuBaeTe? how do you know - oTKyaa bh 3Ha'eTe? hOW SO - KaK T3K? however - o^HaKO human - ^ejioBe^ecKuft humanity - -qejioBe'^ecTBo Hungary - BeHrpua Hungarian (adj) - BeHre'pcKHfi hurrah - ypa husband - wtyac hut - H36a hydroelectic power station - ruflpocTa'HUHfl
596- if - ecjiH if. ..then - ecjin...TO imperfective - HecoBepmeHHHtt important - BaacHbiM impression -Brte^aTJieHne in - b(o) ^ieM in a word - o$hkm cjrciBOM in as much as - Taic KaK in no way - HHKaic in order to - tito6h in that case - b TaKOM cjiyqae laugh at - CMea+...CH Ha,n L^eM] (burst out) laughing - 3acMeat-. lead, conduct - no/Bej+ conduct oneself^ badly - Befl+ ce6a njioxo leading - Be^ymuM learn how - Hay^^+.. .ch lecture - JieKUKH Leningrad,- JIeHHHrpa,n less - Me'nee less than anything CE _ MeHbme Bcero in this manner-taKHM dfipasoM lesson - ypd* [Ha] incorrect - HenpaBHJibHbift industrial - HH,nyCTpnajibHHH inhabitant - yniiejih insignificant - hh^tcokhhh inspector - HHCneKTop (a) institute - HHCTHTyT instrumental - TBopHTenbHHH insulted - o6HsceH/a/o/bi interesting- nHTepe'cHbm international - MexflyHapoflHuM it - oho it seems - Kaaeica J janitor - y6o'pmnic Japan - flnoHHH jazz - jpcas^ joke - myTH-t- journalist (M) - acypHajiHCT let's go - noSfleM! let's say - CKa'aceM letter - rtncbM6 library - S^SjiHOTeica lie - neaca* life - }KH3Hb M way of life - ddpas M3HH liquid - mflKHK listen to - cjiy'niaft* little, small - uajieRhKaP. a little - neHHOro live - xkb+ loafer - 6e3RejihmiK loathsome - oTBpaTHTejibHbift (be) located - HaxdflHTcn locomotive - jiokomothb London (adj) - jio'H,noHCKHft long - fljiiiHHHM long time - .no'jiro (F) - KypHajiHCTKa (o) look at - no/cMOTpeV Ha [ito] jUSt - TOJIbKO *ITO K Kashubian - Kaay6cKHJ8 kind - flodpHfl kingdom - ua'pcTBO kitchen - Kyxi-m knife - hok know - 3HaM+ knowing - 3hslh koomis - KyMbfc laboratory - jiadopaTdpua language laboratory - jinHrac!)dHHbift KaSuHeT lad, boy - napeHb (e) (pi" ) language - h3hk in what language - Ha KaKOK H3HK6 last, latest - nocneflHuM last name - cjbaMHJiHH late - no3jHo loudly - rpo'MKO ^(louder) -rpovrae love, like - jhoSh*- love - JiioSo'Bb (o) H lover - Jiio6n'TeJib loyal, faithful - BepHbitt loyalty - Be'pHocTb "& M Macedonian - MaKeflo'HCKHM machine, car - Mairaa magazine - scypHaji main, chief - rjiaBHuft mankind - -qejioBe^ecTBO manner - o'6pa3 in this manner - TaKHM oSpasoM mare's milk (fermented) - KyMbic masculine - MysccKoft / master/study - n3y^Hi-/n3yqaft-r maybe, perhaps - MdxeT 6htb me (acc/gen of a) - ueud (dative) - Mae (instr.) - mhoM (prep.) - MHe
-597- mean - 3Ha*ini-, xoTe-t- CKa3aTb meat - mhco meet - BCTpeTHf/BCTpeyaS+ minister - mhhhctp mirror - 3e'pKajio Miss, Mrs. - rocnosa mistake, error - omn'6ica __ terrible mistake - rpySaa - Mister - rocnopH mommy - uaua. Mongolian - MOHroJifcCKHft monster of the human race - H3Bepr pofla qejiOBe^ecKoro month - MecHn; monument - xna'RHTHHK moon - jiyHa more - 60'jiee more precisely - TO^Hee more than anything - 6o'jibme Bcerd morning - yTpo good morning - floSpoe yTpo in the morning - yTpoM Moscow - MocKBa Moscow (adj) - mocko'bckhS mosquito - KOMap' most - caMHfl mother - MaTb '& mountain - ropa (pi*- ) mouse - uumh K/pl* ) much, many - mhoto mushroom - rpn6' music - My3HKa my, mine - uoii/ uoR'/uoe/ MOH N naive - HaHBHbift name (first) - hmh (last) - (jbaMHUHH my name is - MenK soByr whafs your name? - KaK Bac 30ByT? nationB people - Hapd>, near - okojio necessary - helao ^ / needed - HyxeH/HyscHa/HykHo/bi neither..„nor - hh...hh nervously - HepBHO neuter, middle,average - cpe^HKM never - HHKorja new - Ho'Bhift New York - Hbio-Ho'pK newspaper - rase'ra night - Ho^b '£ (pi " ) nine - jeBHTb nineteen - xeBATHaiuaTb no, not - HeT no kind - HHKaicofi no more, no longer - do'jibme He no one - hhkto nominative - HMeHHTejibHbiM not - He not...but - He... a not yet - eme He note - 3anncKa (0) nothing, that's all right - HHiero noun - hmh cymecTBHTeJibHoe now - Tenepb now, right a,way - ceM^ac nowhere - nwrfle number - nucjio 0 ocean - OKean of course - KOHeiHO office, study - Ka6nHeT often - iacTO Oh! What do you say ! - bot KaK! old - cTapufi Old Church Slavic - CTapocnaBHHCKHft older - CTapmuft on the contrary - HaofiopoT on the way to... - no #ope're k once - ojHaajH once again - en^e pa3_ one - opH/ojHa/ojHo' (some) - oflHK one another - apyr .npyra one's own - cboM oneself - caM, ce6n only - TOJibKo open - oTKpiitt-»-/oTKpHBatt-r ; adj - (short-form) - oTKptiT/a/o/H operation - onepauna opinion - MHe'HHe in my opinion - no-Mo'eMy in your opinion - no BameMy mhc4hhio or - hjih ...or something? - mo jih? origin - npoHcxoxfleHne other - flpyroM our, ours - Ham/Hama/Hame/HamH out of, from - H3 [nerol outrage, disgrace - 0'e3o6pa3He what outrageous behavior - KaKo'e 6e3o6pa3ne! ovation - obeluhh over - Ha,n [weMl ox - boji' package - naiceT park - napK park of culture and rest - napK Kyjibiy'pH h oT^Hxa
598- part - ■qacTb 3K past - mhmo [-qerol patriot - naTpnoT patronymic t- OTiecTBO pause - nay3a peace, world - mhp people - JiipflH pen - nepo pencil - KapaHflanf perfective, complete - C0Bepme/HHbiM perhaps - MOJKeT 6biTb person - ■qejioBeK philanthropist - $HJiaHTpon philharmonic - $njiapMo'HHH philosopher - $hji6co(|) phonetic - dfJOHeTHqecKHfi photograph - cjtoTorpaujHfl physical - (|)H3HMecKnM physics - $H3HKa / pirozhok - nnpo«oK(o) pitiful - ^aJiKHM place - MecTO plan - njiaH t planet - njiaHeTa plastic - njiacTM^ccoBuM play - nrpaSf a game - boJ>to] an instrument - Ha (jqe'Ml pleasant - npHHTHHft please - noacajiyficTa pleasing - yr6,n,HO as you wish - KaK BaM yroflHo plow - naxa+,(noun) ruiyr plural - MHoacecTBeHHHft Poland - no'jibma Polish - nojibCKHM political - nojiHTHMecKHfi politics - nojiHTHKa poor - deflHhiM (it's) possible, permissible - Morao post office - no^iTa [Ha] precise - totoo more precisely - TO^He'e predict - npe^cKa3^+/npejtcKa3HB (would) prefer - npejuio^eji/iijia. prefix - npncTaBKa(o) prepare - npH/roTOBn+- prepare oneself for - roTOBK+...CH k Ijieuy] preposition - npefljidr prepositional - npefljicoKHbiM pretty - KpacHBNfi prettier than all - KpacHBee Bcex primitive - iiphmhthbhhM prince - KHH3b , ijapeBmi probably - BepoflTHO professor - npo$e'ccop (a.) progressive - rtporpeccuBHuft pronounced - npon3Ho"cHTCH pronunciation - npon3HomeHne proof - flOKa3aTejibCTBO psychiatrist - rtCHXnaTp psychology - ncHXOjiorHH public - nydjiHKa queen - uapnija question -i Bonpoc quiet - THKHit quietly - tjixo R rain - .noscflb it's raining,- H,n,eT .noacflb read - npoAiHTafi*- reader - *iHTaTejib real - Hacroflmuft really - ^a ceimom fle'jie red - KpacHHM relax, rest -x OT^HxaS* remember - iiomhh-*- (for) repair - Ha peMdHT repeat - noBTopH+/noBTopflft-<- report - roy.ji£.r republic - pecnySjiHica respect - yBaacaft-*- rest - o'Tflbix river - peica(pXx ) road, highway r- .nopoVa rocket - paiteTa rocket (adg) - paiceTHHft roof - Kpbima room - KOMHaTa root - KopeHb (e) rule - npaBHJio Rumania - PyMHHHfl Rumanian - pyMNHCKHft Russia - Pocchh Russian - pyccKHft att+ in Russian - rto-pyccKH 6h S (with) sadness - c rpycTbio say, speak - CKa3a-«-/roBopH-»- scandalous - cicaHflajibHHft scholar, scientist - ytieHtift schoolchild - niKo'jibHHK science - Hay'ica^ scientific - Hay^Hhitt sea - Mope
-599- search, look for - HCKa- second - BTopdft second - ceKyH#a secret - TaftHa see, catch sight of - y/BHfle-r (it) seems - Ka'xceTca sentence - cfypasa Serbian - cep6cKnM serious - cepbe3Hbift seven - ceMb seventeen - ceMHa^uaib shake - .upoxca* begin to shake - sa^poxca-t- she - OHa shock-worker - yaapHHK shoe - Ty$JiH shout - Kpnia+ f shout at - KpH^at- na 1_mtoJ show - noKasa^/noKasHBaH* sibilant - nwiiHmHft side - CTopoHa (pi * ) be silent - Moma+ simple - npocToM simply - npoCTO singular - e^HHCTBeHHbiM sister - cecTpa" sit - cHAe-*- six - mecTb sixteen - mecTHeUuaTb Slavic - .cjiaBHHCKHft Slovak - cjiosstuKiia Slovenian - cjiOBdHCKuft smell, aroma (noun) - 3anax smelly (verb) - iyBCTBOBa+ 3anax smoke - Kypft-t- snore - xpane* snow - CHer it's snowing - Wt CHer so - TaK so what -Hy TaK <ito x. soap - Mbijio soccer - $yT66ji socialist - coijEiajiHCTH^ecKHH sociology - couHOJitfrna soft - mhtkhM sometimes - HHor,na somewhere - r,n,e-TO (to) somewhere Kyaa-TO son - chh song - ne'cHH soon - CKOpo soothsayer - npe,ncKa3aTeJib be sorry - no/acaneft-t- soup - cyn Soviet - cosdTCKHtt specialist -> cneunajiHCT spelled - numeTCH (pl * ) CHJIbHblM cmibHee new sport - cnopT spy - mnHOH square - ruiomaflb 3K be standing - ctoh-*- state (noun) - rocy^apcTBo state, governmental (adj) rocy^apcTBeHKHH steal - y/Kpa'^* stem - ocHOBa still - eme stormy - dy'pHbift stove - njiHTa strange - cTpaHHbift street - yjinu;a strong,powerful - stronger than - student (M)- CTy^eHT (F)- CTy^eHTKa (o) study (noun) - Hsy-ieKHe ,A / study, (P) master - H3yqn-r/H3y*iafi-r study (be occupied) - saHHMaft-r . . . ch stupidity - rjiynocTb 3K such - TaKoS suddenly -/ B^pyr suffix - cy$$HKC Suit - KOCTKM Superman -/ Cfieux^ejioBeK supper - yxHH surprise - ciopnpn3 swamp - Sojioto T table - ctoji tactful - TaKTHIHHH Taiwan - TaMBaHCKHft take off - CHHMafl+ talented - TajiaHTJiHBHft talk, converse with - pa3roBa'pHBatt+ c [xeMl talking - roBopHnjufi tea - n&ft teacher (M) - yynTejib(a) (F) - y^HTejibHHii;a tear - cjie3a (pl *■ ) telephone - Tejie$OH television set - TejieBH3op ten - Ae'cHTb tender - HexHbiS tenderly - jia'cKOBO thank God - cjiaBa 6dry thank you, thanks - cnaciieo thanks, gratitude - dJiarofla'pnocTb 3K that (conjunction) - ^to that's how - bot KaK that is - 3to that is to say - to ecTb theirs - hx ■5eM"l
600- them (acc/gen of ohh) - kx (dative) - hm (instr.) - hmh (prep. ) - hhx then - Torfla there - TaM (from) there - OTTy.ua (to) there - Ty.ua there is not - HeT therefore - nooTOMy they - ohh / think - no/flVMatt-- thinking - Ryuaa thirteen - TpuHafluaTb thirty - Tpsi.nH.aTb this/that - OTOT/oTa/o'To/oTH thought - Mhicjib three - TpH through, within - *iepe3 L^to] tiger - THrp time - Bpe'MH it's time for me to go - MHe nopa hjth from time to time - BpeMH OT Bp^M6HH today - ceroflHH together - BMe'cie tomorrow - saBTpa tOO - CJIHfflKOM topology - TononorHH touched - TpoHyT/a/o/bi tourist - TypHCT tourist base,- Typ6a.3a town - ropoflo'K ( 0) , translate - nepeBefl-t- trolleybus - TpoJiJieM6yc little trolleybus - TpojiJieft6ycnK truth - rtpaB.ua to tell the truth -; no npaBfle roBopa try - no/rtpo'6oBa-(-, CTapa8+-...ca Turkey - Typ^rwa tuxedo - cmokhht twelve - BBeHasuaTb twenty - ,HBa,nu;aTb two - Asa typical - U THITHVHH# uncle - Ram M uncultured - HeKyjibTypHbiM under - no« OeM] / understand - noHHMaii+ uneducated - Heo6pa30Ba.HHHH unforgetable - He3a6biBaeMbift uninteresting - HenHTepe'cHHH union - cok)3 / unkind - Heflo6pbiH Ukraine - vKpanHa [Ha] Ukranian - yxpaHHCKHM verb - rjiaroji very - oieHb Vietnamese - BteTHaMCKHH view - B3rjiafl vile - ra^KHft Visit - BH3HT vodka - Bo'^Ka vowel - rua'cHbiM vulgar, coarse - rpy6bift W wall - cTeH^i want - xot6* warm - Tenjio was, were - 6hb+ wash - MbiM-t- wash oneself -mnh+..ch washerwoman - y6opmnua Washington - BamnHrTOH watch - no/cMOTpe^ water - BO.ua wave - Maxa-t- WaX - B0CK0B0H way of life - o6pa3 xch3Hh we - mh weak - cjiaSHH weak from malnutrition - cjiao" ot HeAoe^aHHH weather - noro^a week - Helena well - xopomo' / well known - H3BecTHbiM as is well-known^ - KaK HSBecTHO well done! - MOJiofleu;! west, western - sana^HbiM whale - kht what (nom/acc) - ^to (gen) - iero (dat) - weMy (instro) - ieM (prep.) - ^eM what happened - mto cjiyHHjiocb? what is X? - Hto Taicde? what is X called? - KaK Ha3HBaeTca X? when - Korja where - r,ne / (to) where - Ky^a while, so long - nona whisper - mertTa+
hO - KTO (acc/gen) (dat) (instr) (prep) - - - - Korc' KOMy KeM KOM who, wliich, that (relative) - KOTOpblM whole - uejibiM whose - ueu/nhji/nhe/iihix why - no^eMy wife - xcena Wild - JIMKHft will be - 6y;t- with - c L^eM'.] without - ,<5e3 L^ero] woman - acenmwHa woods - Jiec (y) (a) word - cjioko in a word - o^hhm cjiobom work (noun) - pa6oTa [Ha] (verb) - paSoTafi*- world, peace - wnp worry - decnoKOH-t-... ch worse - xyace write - Ha/nwca+ writer - nnca.Te.Jib written - HanHcaH/a/o/bi Y year - rojUy) years to come - ROJirne ro'flbi yes - Aa. ^ yesterday - B^epa you (informal) - th (acc/gen) - Te6n (dat) - TeSe' (instr) - ToSoft (prep) - Te6e you (formal) - bh (acc/gen) - Bac (dat) - BaM (instr) - BaMH (prep)x - Bac young - mojio^oh younger - MJisunmutt your, yours - TBoS/TBOfl/TBOe/TBOK your, yours (formal) - Bara/Bama/Bame/Baran youth - MOJio^ejicb '& Yugoslavia - TOrocjiaBHH Z zero - Hyjib zoo - 30onapK zoology - 300no'rHH
GRAMMATICAL INDEX Accusative Case singular, 193 of time, 3^1 plural, 359 with prepositions, 225, 527 Addition, 93 Adjectives accusative singular, 193 accusative plural, 359 comparative of, 510 dative singular masc.-neuter, 241 feminine, 3I7 dative plural, 356 genitive singular masc.-neuter, 168 feminine, 3I7 genitive plural, 358 instrumental singular masc.-neuter, 266 feminine, 3I7 instrumental plural, 356 nominative singular, 100, I32-I35 nominative plural, 143 paradigms, 519 plural cases, 356, 358 prepositional singular, 228 prepositional plural, 356 short-form, 185 with noun meaning, 362 See Declension, Chart of Endingsj individual cases Adverbs, 435 Alphabet, iii, 41 according to sound groups, iv Animate, 192, 424 Aspect, 215-222, 284-289, 474 Assimilation, 86 At, 387 But, 63 Cases function of, 64, 225 Russian names for, 412 See individual cases Comparatives, 510 Conjugation fundamentals of, 9I-96 summary of, 451 See Verbs Consonants hard, 6 j, 18, 59 soft, 6 unpaired, 31 Dative Case feminine singular, 3I7 masc.-neut. singular, 241 plural, 356 use of, 241 with prepositions, 225, 241, 527 Declension, chart of endings, 225, 229, 234, 242, 319, 361, 432, 517 See individual cases; Pronominals Determined Imperfectives, 504-506 Deverbal Nouns, 476-477 Direct Object, 192 e/e, 46, 94, 267 eT-^erbs endings, 160 Symbols, 210, 275, 277 V+V Mutation, 205-208 See Verbs Endings definition, 65 See Declension, Chart of Endings; Verbs Feminine, 99, 317 See individual cases; Pronominals Feminines in / See i-declension From, 387 Future Tense, 115, 284-285 Chart see Declension, Chart of Endings
-603- Gender, 99, 132 See individual cases; Pronominals Genitive Case as direct object of negated verb, 342 feminine singular, 31? masculine-neuter singular, 168 plural, 358, j6o use of, 168 with prepositions, 173, 225 Gerunds, 478-484 Handwriting, 42 Hard Sign, 59 Have See Possession i-Declension, 139, 234, 431 Imperative, 472-475 Imperfective Aspect, 113, 215-222, 284-289 Impersonal Constructions, 241, 43f In, At, On, To, From, 387 Inanimate, I92 Indirect Object, 241 See Dative Case Infinitive, 72 consonant-stems, 375 Ob-stems, 395 R-stems, 375-379 suffixed stems, 371 summary, 405- 4o6 vowel stems, 208 See Verbs Instrumental Case feminine singular, 317 masculine-neuter sing., 266 plural, 356 use of, 266 with prepositions, 266, 527 Irregular nouns, 510-511 verbs 538-540 Is/Are, 29, 185 HT-Verbs endings, 160 symbols, 1?1, 251, 277 V+V Mutation, 247-250 See Verbs j, 18-21 KOTOpHft see Relative KOTopatt Location vs. Motion, 212, 281, 387 Masculine nouns in &., 237 See individual casesj Pronominals Mobile Vowel, 270, 360 Motion, 212, 281, 387-388 verbs of, 441, 504-506 Mutation Ke/re, 326 v+v, 247-250, 271-274, 534 See Verbs Negative Contrast 118 Neuter See individual cases Hh-words, 83 Nominative Case plural, 142, 356 predicate, I98 singular, 99, I09 Summary, 145 Non-Determined Imperfective, 504-506 Non-Syllabics in _a, 438 paradigms, 537 Nouns in 0, 39, 234, 429, 431 irregular, 510-511 masculine in_a, 237 paradigms, 518 stem, 65 stress patterns, 147-151, 38O 521-522
6oU- Nouns (continued) structure of, 64-70 See Declension, Chart of Endings; individual cases Numbers, 50, 139, 202, 528 declension of, 529 Obstruents See Verbs: Ob-Stems One another, 3^1 Participles present active,485-488 present passive, 490-491 past active, ^88-^89 past passive, 492-498, 500 Past Tense, 111 consonant stems, 375 Ob-stems, 395 R-stems, 375-379 Suffixed stems, 375 Summary, 405-406 Vowel stems, 208 See Verbs Patronymic, 126 Perfective aspect, 113i 215-222 284-289 Personal Pronouns, I96, 258, 351, 523 Plural, 53, 356 See Adjectives} individual cases; Pronominals Possession, 232 past tense of, 363 See Genitive Case Prefix and aspect, 215, 237 stress in R-stems, 377 verbal, 5^1 Prepositional Case in y , 363 plural, 356 singular of adjectives, 228 singular of nouns, 181 use of, 225 Prepositions review, 282, 3I9 summary, 527 taking accusative, 225,527 dative, 2*1-1, 527 genitive, 168, 527 instrumental, 267, 527 prepositional, 181, 527 Present Tense, 160-166 consonant stems, 48-4-9, 199-200 stems in h«, 180, 325 stems in K,r»x, 326 stems in OBa, 323 stems in bift, 324 Summary, 3*1-7-350 See Verbs; V+V Mutation, Fundamentals of Conjugation Pronominals accusative singular, 19*4- accusative plural, 359 adjustments in chart, 425 dative singular feminine, 317 masc-neut, 2*4-1 genitive singular feminine, 317 masc-neut, 168 genitive plural, 358 instrumental singular feminine, 317 masc-neut, 266, 424 instrumental plural, 356 nominative singular, I36-I38 nominative plural, 144 paradigms, 525-526 prepositional singular, 228 prepositional plural, 356 summary and review, 423-428 with inserted element, 195, 424 Pronunciation consonant £ , 8 consonant _x, 8 paired consonant + vowel, 6-7 unpaired consonants, 31 unstressed e and tf , 47 unstressed o and a, 29 voiced and voiceless consonants,85 vowel i, 9 Questions containing question words, 36 yes-no, Jk
-605- Reflexive verbs, 335-337 Relative KOTopuft, 245, 418 Reported Statements, 343 Resonants See Verbs: R-stems Rituals explanation, 1? See Index Root structure of, 370 Short-form Adjectives, 185 Singular See Adjectives; individual cases; Pronominals Soft Sign, 15 Stable Environment, 166 Stem deduction, 459-465 definition, 65, 91 prediction, 470-472 Stress, 36 in nouns, 147-151, 380, 521-522 in verbs consonant-stems, 199-201 summary, 406-407 vowel-stems, 205-208 Subject, 192 Subjectless expressions, 241 Subjunctive, 507-509 Superlative, 515 Cfl - Verbs, 335-337 There is/there are, 185 Third person plural without a subject, 104 Time Expressions, 530-531 To, 387 Transcription consonant + j, 59 j, 18 paired consonants, 9-10 purpose of, 6, 27 unpaired consonants, 31 velar + i, 25 *>. 15 *• 59 Truncation, 93 Unpaired Consonants, 31 Unstable Environment, 166 Velars, 25 Verbs Consonant ending defined, 91 Consonant stems defined, 91 infinitive, 375 past, 375 stress, 199-201 §t -verbs endings, 160 symbols, 210, 275, 277 V+V mutation, 205-208 Fundamentals of conjugation, 9I-96 Infinitive 72 consonant stems, 375 Ob-stems, 395 R-stems, 375-379 suffixed stems, 371 summary, 405-406 vowel stems, 208 Irregular 538-5^0 ht -verbs endings, 160 symbols, I7I, 251, 277 V+V mutation, 247-250 xe /re, 326 (of) Motion. ^1. 504-506 Non-syllabics in a+, 438 Ob-stems, 373 infinitive, 395 past, 395 Paradigms, 53^-537 Past Tense, 111 consonant stems, 200, 375 Ob-stems, 395 R-stems, 375-379 suffixed stems, 375
606- Past Tense (continued) Summary, 14-05-14-06 Vowel-stems, 208 Present Tense, 160-166 consonant stems, 48-49, 199-200 stems in Hfi, 180, 325 stems in K,r, 326 stems in oBa, 323 stems in uft, 324 Summary, 347-350 Radical Stems, 371 see Ob-stems R-stems R-stems, 373 infinitive, 375-379 past, 375-379 Stem deduction, 459 defined, 91 prediction, 470-472 ■types, 532 Stems in a, o, 271-274 6/n, 395 r/K/x, 362, 395 fl/T, 395 s/c, 395, 437 h, 97 hh. 180, 325 Hy1, 403, 407, 464 H,y2, 404 OBa, 323 Hft, 324 Stress consonant-stems, I99-20I summary, 406-407 vowel-stems, 205-208 Structure, 370-374 Suffixed Stems, 371 infinitive, 375 past, 375 Suffixes, 370-371 Summary of Conjugation, 451 of endings and suffixes, 533 V+V Mutation in ht -verbs, 247-250 in stems in a & o, 271,274 summary, 534 Vowel-Endings defined, 91 Vowel-Stems defined, 91 infinitive, 208 past, 208 stress, 205-208 Vocabulary Entries: showing case requirement, 352 Voiced Consonants, 85 Voiceless Consonants, 85 Where, 212 Whether clauses, 236 Word Order, 343 Workbooks explanation of, 5 See Index Yes-No Questions, 34 You, 48 Zero-ending, 66
-607 RITUALS Page Ritual Is Ax, npocTHTe! . . ^ 18 Ritual 2: y Bac ecTb BonpdcH? 34 Ritual 3« Kaxan i^to omrfSxa? . . . 53 Ritual 4 s Bh yxpajra moS xapaH.na.iii 72 Ritual 5j Kaxoro pd.ua cji6bo 6e_3? 84 Ritual 6s ^eM oxaH^HBaeTCH cndBo adxTop? 104- Ritual 7 s Kax cxasaTb no-pyccxH? Ill Ritual 8s Kax nrfmeTCH cjio'bo poj? 125 Ritual 9: Four ways to avoid answer a question 131 Ritual 10: HeM OKaH^KBaeTCH ^Jiardji jhoSih-? 167 Ritual 11« Hejib3H 3^ecb xypKTb! 173 Ritual 12 : 0, xom bh roBopHTe? 180 Ritual 13; Hcho? 198 Ritual 14: ndHHJiH? . 198 Ritual 15: T^e bh 6hjih? 211 Ritual 16: fl npeflno^eji 6u o nojiHTHxe He cno'pnTb 214 Ritual 17: npHBeT % 224 Ritual 181 y Bac ecTb rpaMMaTri^ecxnK Bonpdc? 228 Ritual 19» KoMy? fee? / 241 Ritual 20s 9'to cjihiuxom mhoVo 254 Ritual 21s Ha# xeM bh CMeeiecb? 276 Ritual 22s IIonp66yftTe! 289 Ritual 23s How to avoid answering a questions Advanced Level 316 Ritual 24s T^e bh Hay^HjiHCb roBopHTb no-pyccxH? 333 Ritual 25s Kaxaa ceroflHfl; noro.ua? 341 Ritual 26s HeM oxaHMUBaeTCH hmh cymecTBHTejibHoe? 359 Ritual 27s H3 ^erd ooctoht? 369 Ritual 28s Kaxdro na^eaca Tpe'dyeT? 412 Ritual 29s Kax BaM HpaBHTCH? 440
WORKBOOKS Page Introduction to Russian Sounds 6 Introduction to Russian Spelling 9 The Soft Sign 15 The C onsonant j • • • • 18 Velars + i 25 Unpaired Consonants 31 e'/e l\-6 C ons onant + j 59 The Structure of Nouns 64 Fundamentals of Conjugation 91 Spelling Adjective Endings 133 Stress Patterns of Nouns... 1^7 Ht -Verbs and eT-Verbs... 160 Stress in Consonant-Stem Verbs 199 Stress in Vowel-Stem Verbs 205 V+V Mutation in ht- Verbs 2^7 V+V Mutation in Stems Ending in a or o. 271 The Present Tense - Additional Stem Types 323 Summary of the Present Tense 3^7 Verb Structure 370 The Past and Infinitive of Consonant Stems 375 The Past and Infinitive of Ob-Stems 395 Summary and Review of Pronominals k23 Summary of Conjugation 451 Stem Deduction ^59
-609- PEOPLE. PLACES AND CONCEPTS page Adflyji, apaficKHfl khh3B 283, 260 ajid^.HijH 98, 119 de3fl^JIbHHKH 2, 45, 57 deTOH 105, 110, 119 deToWbift 3aBO^ 107, 110, 114, 119, 231, 244, 448 BeTOHorpa'fl 107, 244 6eT<3HmHKH 107, 110, 119 deTdHmHUH 108, 110, 119 Bjihhck 38, 108, 448 Bjihhck, BocTo'^Hbift 174 Bjihhck, 3a'na,HHbift 174, 448 BopoflHH 27, 45, 55, 57, 187, 6p4tctbo 244, 294, 296, 297, 301 BpayH, aHrjiHttcKHtt HHaceHep 114 6pHra.ua, Haraa 108, 110, 119, 124 Bajib^op$, Jio'maflb 238 BejiHKoe BjiHHCKOe 6ojioto. .. 174, 448 BejiHKoe BjiHHCKOe Mdpe ....108, 174, 243, 265, 448 BepHOCTb 438 BopodbeB, H3BeCTHblft y^ieHHfl 392 BopodbeB, HHcneKTop 62, 74 BOCTo'pr 104, 120, 265, 296, 301 rjiynocTb 438 TydKHH, dapHfl #o'ktop ....189, 203, 243 TydKHHrpafl 448 fleKafleHTCTBO 174 JIacHM, aMepHKaHCKHH KOBdofl.238 Page ac^HmHHa, HeHOpMajibHan. 223 aceHnjUHa, paice'THan. . . .238, 448 acH3Hb 213 3ojiotob, HHcneKTop. .. 55 3ojiotob, npocjie'ccop ..87 KaTepKHa, de^Haa 364,383 Ka'TH, de'flHaH 255 JlapnHa, CTapan dadymxa 189, 203 jiHHra$dHHbift KadHHeT..186 Jirodo^b 444 jiroflH, Ky^bTypHHe 13 jiroflH, HexyjibTypHHe... 13 JiroflK, o6pa30BaHHbie. .. 155 MeflHHa 260 mhp 294,296, 301 MOJio^exb 433, 434 MypaBbeB, HHcneKTop..62 MypaBbeB, ydo'pmnK... .338,344 MypaBbii 213, 438 HHKOJiaft, MOjiofldfi n;apeBH^ 36 5 nojiHTHKa 214, 364 noMHflopoB, n.n 259 npaiB^a 187,294, 296,301 pecTopaH "Hpyacda". .. .255, 448 CaMOBapOBa, Co'$bfl: CeMeHOBa 259 CBepx^ejiOBex.. ^ 290 CojiOBbeB, CTyfleHT. .. .415,421 Co'hh, MajieHbKaa 156,158, 231 Cohh, TeTH 321 CTpaBHHCKHM, c&eT-HaceK 298 cyacTbe 174, 294, 296, 297, 301
4-0- THrpH 51, 55 76, 448 TypHCTH 108, 446 y^apHHKH 1, 75 <|)Hjioco$h 77, 82 xyjiHraHH 78 niyjibn;, npodbeccop 119, 124, 174, 338, 448 9HTy3HSL3M 1, 22, 27, 75, 107, 156, 158, 255 9Cto'hu;n 98, 119 hSjioko, MOe 30JioTOe 189
-611- CORRECTIONS AND MISPRINTS IN VOLUME 1 page line or part reads should be 33 33 40 50 56 60 60 74 79 84 85 88 98 10 6 110 114 114 114 124 124 129 131 131 158 161 167 174 174 177 188 189 196 212 214 232 243 243 256 261 261 294 306 312 313 345 ex. 1, #13 ulitsam ex. 2, #5 govor #15 live drill BOnpOCfcJ A3HH? ex. 1, directions below are immediately ex. 3, directions Transcribe, translation God only knows why I steal Bonpocu, #1 3HTyana3M Ritual 5, last line CTyneHTH. Pron. ex., #8 #6 line 12 line 15 last line line 15 line 21 and 22 after line 25 rapaxa, rapax in not male-concrete ulitsam govor life add: 19. you do A3HH. below are not immediately Write in Russian. God only knows why I conduct myself badly. 3HTy3Ha3MOM CTyfleHTu! rapa*a rapa* (stress) is not ajidaHUfca female-concrete ("Concrete task is a concrete (precise) talk.") xypHajin xypHajm y-ro bh cfleJiajiH! qTO bbi cflejiaJiH?! a good/a kind a very good/a very kind insert: What did Brown do? after line 4 (oHa He HOBas) add: OHa He eoJibiuan: line 5 of English It's small and old. other (3) (3) (English) line 10 line 11 line 9 paragraph 4 paragraph 5, Vocabulary line 18 Bee - all (pi.); It's old and small, everybody Tmm. please. Bcerfla + past endings (C) -+ ...oh HT-rJiaroJi. A KHTejTH B. BjlHHCKa? after IilyjiBua. V+C add: Tmm? please! Bcenra + present endings ...oh eT-rJiaroJi. A XHTejiH B. EjiHHCKa! last line add superscript add: KaK - like lies on line 4 from bottom Moe 30Ji6Toe line 10 They and them Drill 8, #5 Where do we live? line 6 some are riding... #3 is followed by glosses to be added: MexaHHK (mechanic) reuviVi (genius) cKaHflajiBHbiH (scandalous) Tenepb (now) lies on the Moe 30JiOT&e Their and them Where do you live? others are riding is preceded by 6th line from bot- no-3CTOHCKH torn, right-hand column line 12 #14 #15 last #53 2nd from bottom #11 4th paragraph enthusiasm about the mushrooms add: (now - Tenepb) nJiaHeia CBepx-Majib^HKa name will what no-aji6aHCKH great enthusiasm about the mushrooms njiaHeia (Ha) CBepxMajib^HKa first name can add; (^to - neuter) delete: "But you never call your former forgotten wife'.'
-612- 345 8th paragraph 346 347 351 354 #3 last line instr. of ohh verbs 355 other 356 359 364 369 379 385 391 402 410 410 411 Paradigm Drill 2, #15 line 11 Ritual 27 Exercise 4, #23 #17 Summary 2. Verbs Adjectives Other #14 415 4th paragraph 417 #16 425 #5c 425 #5d 427 Ex. 4, line 2 430 17 from top 430 18 from top 435 19 from top 449 #15 460 line 14 from 461 #4 463 last line 466 #4 467 M nouns 468 last line 542 p. 15, ex. 1, 543 p. 19, ex. 1, 544 three places 545 p. 50, drill 550 p. 144, row 3 551 p. 150, ex. 4 560 Drill 6, #23 562 Drill 5, #8 563 Exercise 1, 567 Exercise 5 571 Exercise 3, # 572 Exercise 2, # 584 line 14 from 587 line 2, left insert after "dear reader?": "What did Muravjov do when he read the letter?" add gloss: no CJiOBaM cecTpu according to the sister na"KHy+ na*XHy+ HHMH HMH add: npocTfi/npoma'fi+ forgive; OTKp£ift/oTKpKiB£fi+ open; HayiH+...cs learn how to; BCTpeTH/BCTpeiafl+ meet; CMeH+...CH Han CyeMU laugh at; cnpocfi/ cnpauiHBaft+ C^toH , y C^eroU ask add: Tendpb (now) k^*hhB H3 sac (each of you)TaK (so) roBoptf (saying) mc5*ho it is possible, one can $ (in genitive) h6bkix 3aBdflOB add: (bear) Bpe"MHHH Bpe"MeHH npHCTaBKa npHCTaBKa(o) p.ocuh6Pi+ flo-c£jHe'fi+ c KeM o kom Ha no th inf. in end-stressed stems tb inf. in s_kejR-stressed stems bjik)6h+ add: perfective add: rjiyYibift stupid; pa*3Hbifi various add: b ByaymeM in the future; no cnoBaM in the words/ according to the words no C^eMyJ along, according to, on the subject of flBa-TpH rona TONiy H33afl 2 or 3 years ago , last line ^HiueT ieM (one person) (this person) kto (what) , tito (who) those in Hh (m, m, u) difficlut paSoTaji top longer 3BeJieJi, 3Bejieji graw through MOJIOflejfCb add: sioaMeH examination OTJIH^HO #13 nen #13 kradot page 2 5 2, #5 oh *HBeT #2 IbH #7 rHe3fl6 yHH^TOKctJia Hy*Hbi ManiHHbi #6 ^OH*yaHCTByflTe 2nd #16 11 BfiH+ 14 (p. 474) nepeBefl&Te! bottom add: H3MenS+/aH+ change column (5) (8) riHiueT KOMy (the whole detachment) delete kto (who), ito (what) those in ^b (hi, >k, u) difficult longest 3BeHeJt, 3BeHeJia gnaw through MOJtofle>Kb ()K) OTJIH^IHO fleJib kradorn page 26 oh KpafleT ^IbH x THe3flO yHH^iTO)KaJI OHa He Hy>KHa AOH)KyaHCTByeTe #17 3aB6ifi+ nepeBeaiiTe!
For Notes
OTHER BOOKS FROM SLAVICA PUBLISHERS, INC. Paul Debreczeny and Thomas Eekman, eds.: Essays on Chekhov, 1978. Alexander Lipson: Verb Workbook, revised edition, 1978. F. V. Mares: Hospodine Pomiluj Ny , A Study of the Language, Verse, and Origin of an Old Slavic Hymn, ca. 190 p., 1977. Mateja Matejic and Dragan Milivojevic: An Anthology of Medieval Serbian Literature, 1978. Lawrence W. Newman, ed.: A Comprehensive Russian Grammar by A. A. Barsov. Charles E. Townsend: Czech Through Russian^ 1978. Charles E. Townsend: The Memoirs of Princess Natal'ja Borisovna Dolgorukaja: Original Text, Annotated, with Facing English Translation and Historical and Linguistic Commentary, ca. 200 p., 1977. Susan Wobst: Russian Readings with Grammatical Terminology, ca. 150 p., 1978. Dean S. Worth: A Bibliography of Russian Word Formation, xliv + 317 p., 1977. Folia Slavica, a journal covering Slavic, Baltic, and Balkan linguistics, philology, and poetics; first issue 1977.
OTHER BOOKS FROM SLAVICA PUBLISHERS, INC. Jan-L. Perkowski, ed. : Vampires of the Slavs (a collection of readings), 294 p., 1976. Lester A. Rice: Hungarian Morphological Irregularities, 80 p., 1970. Midhat Ridjanovic: A Synchronic Study of Verbal Aspect in English and Serbo-Croatian, ix + 147 p., 1976. David F. Robinson: Lithuanian Reverse Dictionary, ix + 209 p., 1976. Ernest A. Scatton: Bulgarian Phonology, xii + 224 p., 1976. William R. Schmalstieg: Introduction to Old Church Slavic, 290 p., 1976. Michael Shapiro: Aspects of Russian Morphology, A Semiotic Investigation, 62 p., 1969. Charles E. Townsend: Russian Word-Formation, corrected reprint, xviii + 272 p., 1975. D. N. Ushakov, ed. : Tojikobmh: cnoBapb pyccnoro H3HKa, original edition in 4 volumes, Moscow, 1934-1940; reprint (slightly reduced in page size, corrections indicated throughout, 4 volumes bound in 3) 1974. Papers from the First International Conference, Banff '74, 4 volumes: Thomas F. Magner, ed.: Slavic Linguistics and Language Teaching, x + 309 p., 1976. Richard Freeborn, Charles A. Ward, Robin R. Milner- Gulland, eds.: Russian and Slavic Literature, xii + 466 p., 1976. Don Karl Rowney and G. Edward Orchard, eds.: Russian and Slavic History, ca. 300 p., 1977. Ralph Carter Elwood, ed.: Reconsiderations on the Russian Revolution, 279 p., 1976. Victor A. Friedman: The Grammatical Categories of the Macedonian Indicative, 1977. Jules F. Levin: Reading Contemporary Russian, 1977. Maurice I. Levin: Russian Declension and Conjugation: A Structural Description with Workbook, 1977.
OTHER BOOKS FROM SLAVICA PUBLISHERS, INC. Henrik Birnbaum: Common Slavic Progress and Problems in Its Reconstruction, xi + 436 p., 1975. Malcolm H. Brown, ed.: Papers of the Yugoslav-American Seminar on Music, 208 p., 1970. Catherine V. Chvany: On the Syntax of Be-Sentences in Russian, viii + 311 p., 1975. Frederick Columbus: Introductory Workbook in Historical Phonology, 39 p., 1974. Dina B. Crockett: Agreement in Contemporary Standard Russian, iv + 456 p., 1976. Charles E. Gribble: Medieval Slavic Texts, Vol. 1, Old and Middle Russian Texts, 320 p., 1973. Charles E. Gribble: Russian Root List with a Sketch of Russian Word Formation, 56 p., 1973. Charles E. Gribble: CnoBapHK pyccKoro H3t>iKa 18-ro Bena, 103 p., 1976. Charles E. Gribble, ed.: Studies Presented to Professor Roman Jakobson by His Students, 333 p., 1968. Raina Katzarova-Kukudova & Kiril Djenev, Bulgarian Folk Dances, 174 p., numerous illustrations, 2nd printing 1976 (1st printing, Sofia, 1958). Demetrius J. Koubourlis, ed.: Topics in Slavic Phonology, viii + 270 p., 1974. Michael K. Launer: Elementary Russian Syntax, ix + 140 p., 1974. Alexander Lipson: A Russian Course, Revised Edition, 1978. Kenneth E. Naylor, ed.: Balkanistica: Occasional Papers in Southeast European Studies; 1(1974)_, 189 p., 1975; 11(1975), 153 p., 1976. Vasa D. Mihailovich and Mateja Matejic: Yugoslav Literature in English A Bibliography of Translations and Criticism (1821-1975), ix + 328 p., 1976. Hongor Oulanoff: The Prose Fiction of Veniamin A. Kaverin, v + 203 p., 1976.