3THJleHnpOnHJleHOBYe KayqYKH
6YTHJlKayqYK . . . .
nOJlHH306YTHJleH .
AKpHJlaTHye KaY'lYKH .
3nHXJlOprH.llpHHOBye KaY'lyKH
nOJlHCYJlblJlH.llHye KayqYKH
4>TopKayqYKH ..........
4>TopCO.llep)f(aU1.He HHTp0303J1aCTOMepY (HHTp030KaY'IYKR)
CHJIOKCaHOBYe KayqYKR . .. ....
XJIOPCYJlb!JIHpoBaRHYA nOJIH9THJleH
JIHTepaTypa


87
92
96


100
1()2
1()3
108
109
117
120


r JI a B a 7. 6.II0K-conOJlHMepw, TepMONaCTOnJlaCTW
JIHTeparypa
r JI a B a 8. )l(R.I(KHe KaY'IYKH (OJIHroMepw) H pe3H.... Ha HX OCHOBe .


121
124
125


YpeTaHOBye KayqYKH . . . . . . . . . . 126
YrJIeBO.ll0p0.llHye OJIHrOMepY ,C KOHueBYMH IJIYHKUHoHaJlbHYMH rpynnaMH 131
KpeMHH!lopraHRqeCKRe )f(H.llKHe KaY'lYKH . . . . . 132
JIHTepaTypa 134


r JI a B a 9. COBMelQ,eHHe KaY'IYKoB 135
CMecH KayqYKoB . . . 135
CMecH Ka)"IYKOB H nJlaCTHKOB 136
JIHTepaTypa 142


q ACT b III. HHrPE,AHEHTW PE3HHOBWX CMECER H HX HA3HAtJEHHE 143


r JI a B a 10. BYJlKaHH8YJOIQ,He BelQ,ecTBa 146
BYJIKaHH8aURJI . . 146
Cepa . . . . . 152
OpraHH'lecKBe nepeKHCH . . 156
4>eHOJIlJlopMaJIb.llerB.I(Hye CMOJIY . . 158
BYJIKaRH8ytOU1.He Bew.eCTBa .l(pyrRX THDOB 160
MOHH3HpytOU1.He H8JIyqeHHJI 162
JIHTep8Typa 163


r JI a B a II. YCKOPHTeJlH H 8KTHBaTOpw BY.llKaHH3a1{HB, aaMWBTe.IDI 00.1(-
BYJIKaHH3a
HH . 164
. YCKOPHTeJIH BYJIKaHH3aUHH 167
AKTHBaTOpy BYJlKaHH3aUHH 192
3aMe.llJlHTeJIH DO.llBYJlKaHH8aUHH 194
JIHTeparypa 196


r .1 a B a 12. npOTBBOCTaplITe.IB 198
CTapeHHe . . 198
npOTHBoCTapRreJIH . . 203
3aU1.HTa pe3HH npH CTapeHHH 217
JIHTep8Typa 226


r JI a B a 13. n.llaCTHclJHKaTopw 227
nJlaCTHIJIHKauu Jl 227


4




nJlaCTHIJIHKaTopbl H MRr'lHTeJlH 230

bl60p nJlaCTHIJIHKaTopoB .!lJlR pa3JJH'IHblX KaY'IYKOB 239
JIHTep8Typa . . . . 240


r JI a B a 14. HanOJlHHTeJJH 241
YCHJleHHe Kayq)'KOB . . . . . 242
TeXHHqeCKHIl yrJlepo.!l (yrJlepO.!lHaR ca)f(a) 245
HeopraHHqecKHe HanOJlHHTeJlH 258
OpraHHqecKHe HanOJlHHTeJlH 266
KpaCRID,He Bew.ecTBa 267
JIHTepaTypa 273


q ACT b IV. OCHOBHYE npOUECCY PE3HHOBoro npOH3BO,IJ.CTBA . 274


r JI a B a 15. XpaHeHBe, TPaHcnopTHpoBaHHe H .l(03HpOBaHHe MarepHaJlOB 275
CKJla.!lbl 06w.ero HaSHaqeHHR 275
CKJla.!lCKOe XpaHeHHe KayqYKoB . . . . . . . . 277
CKJla.!lbl 6ecTapHoro xpaHeHHR nopowKo06pa3Hblx MaTepHaJlOB 279
npHeM H xpaHeHHe )f(H.!lKHX npO.!l)'KToB . . . . . . 282
'!:PaHcnopTHpoBaHHe MaTepHaJlOB . . 284
JJ.03HpoBaHHe MaTepHaJIOB . . . 286
TeXHOJlOrH'IecKaR xapaKTepHcTRKa aBTOMaTK'leCKHX .l(03aTOpOB 293
JIHTepaTypa 294


r JI a B 8 16. n..aCTHKaItHR KayqyKoB 295
MexaHH3M DJIaCTHKaURH Kayq)'KoB . . . . . 295
nJlaCTHKaUHR Kayq)'KOB C .!l06aBJleHHeM XHMK'leCKHX nJlaCTHIJIHKaTopoB 299
TIO.!lrOTOBKa KayqYKoB . . . . . . . . 299
TexHHqeCKHe CDoc06bl DJIaCTHKaUHH Kayq)'Ka . 304
rpaHYJIHpOBaHHe Kayq)'KOB H pe3HHOBblX cMecell 313
JlHTepaTypa 316


r JI a B a 17. npHroToueHHe pesHHOBItIX cMeceA
KOHTpOJIb KaqecTBa pesHHOBblX cMecell
CMeweHHe Ra BaJlbuax. .
CMeweHHe B saKpblTblx pe3HHocMecHTeJIRX . . . .
M3roTOBneHHe cMecell B MaWHHax HenpepblBHoro .!leIlCTBHR
OXJla)f(.!leHHe H OqHCTKa pe3HHOBblX cMeceii
JIHTep8Typa


317
319
321
325
340
'342
343


r JI a B a 18. +opMOBaHHe pesHHOBWX cMeceii
KaJIaH.!lpOBaHHe
KJlaCcHIJIHKaUHII KaJlaH.!lpOB .
BcnoMoraTeJJbHble npHcnoc06J1eHHR
nHTaHHe KaJIaH.I(pOB . . . . . . . . . .
JIHcToBaHHe H 06'beMHOe npo4JHJlHpOBaHHe pe3HHoBblX cMecell
KanaH.!lpOBblll 3clJ4>eKT . . . . . . .. ..
06KJ1a.!lKa TKaHeii pe3HHOBoii CMecblO Ha KaJIaH.!lpax
npoMa3Ka TKaHell . . . . . . . . .
C.!lBaHBaHHe (.!ly6J1HpoBaHRe) KaJlaH.!lpOBaHHblx JIHCTOB
nYTH nOBblweHHR KaqecTBa KaJIaH,IQ)oBaHHItIX sarOTOBOK


344
345
347
352
354
355
356
359
363
364
365
5




npOKJla.ll.OqHble TKaHH H .!lpyrHe MaTepHaJlbl
WnpHu.eBaRHe . . . . . . . .
npouecc wnpHueBaHHR . . . . . .
lJepBR'IHble MaWHHbl. "
PerYJlRpOBaHHe H KOHTpOJlb npouecca wnpHueBaHHSI
OCHOBHble npHeMbl paCKpOR 3arOTOBOK
JIHTepaT)'pa


r JI a B a 19. BY,lIKaHH3aUIUI pe3HH08WX H3AeJlHA


TenJloIJIH3HqecKHe xapaKTepHcTHKH KayqYKOB H pe3HHOBblX CMeceH
XapaKrepHcTHKH TenJlOHOCHTeJIeA .
BYJIKaHH3auHR TOJlCTOCTeHHblX H3.!lenHH
Bbl60p pe)f(HMa BYJlKaHH3aUHH
BYJIKaHH3aUHR B KOTJlaX . . . . . . .
BYJlKaHR3aUHR B npeccax (IJIopMoBaR BYJlKaHH3aUHR)
BYJlKaHH3aUHR B HH.I(HBH.!lyaJIbHblX BYJlKaHH3aTopax .
BYJlKaHH3aUHSI B aBTOKJIaB-npeccax . . . .
BYJIKaHH3aUHR B annapaTax HenpepblBHoro .!lellcTBHR . . . . .
HenpepblBHaSi BYJlKaHH3aUHSI wnpHuoBaHHblx .!lJlHHHOMepHblx pe3HHoBblX
H3.!leJIHA . . . . . . .. ...
BYJlKaHH3alJ,HR pe3HHOBblX cMecell B none TOKOB BblCOKOH '1aCTOTbl
JIHTepaT)'pa


r JI a B a 20. H3roTOBJleHHe pesHHOBbiX H3D.enH" JIHTbeM no.!l AaBJIeHHeM
Texllo.lorH'IeCKOe ocpopMneHHe npouecca JlHTbSl no.!l .!laBJIeHHeM
npOH3BO.!lCTBO pe3HHoBblX H3.!leJlHIl MeTO.!lOM )f(H.!lKOrO IJIopMoBaHHR
JIHTepa-rypa


r JI a B a 21. PesHHoBwe MeH


PaCTBOpHTeJIH .!lJlR pesHHOBblX KJleeB . . .
HeKoTOpble cBollcTBa KJleeB H MeTO.!lbl HX HcnblTaHHR
M3rOTOBJIeHHe pe3HHOBblX DeeB . .
060pY.!lOBaHHe D..
R H3rOTOBJleHHR KJleeB
BH.!{bl KJIeeB . . . . .
Ilpope3HHHBaHHe TKaHeA KJleRMH
Y JlaBJlHBaHHe pacTBOpHTeJleH .
JIHTep8Typa


r JI a B a 22. KpenJleHHe pesHHW K MeTaJIJlaM, TKaHRM H .!lpyrHM MaTepRa./IU'


365
366
366
370
373
375
378


379
380
382
383
384
386
391
399
404
406
4((
412
413'


415
419
428
429


430
430
434
436
437
440
442
444
445


446


nO.!lrOTOBKa ne:>BepxHocTH MeTaJlJlOB, pe3HH H .!lpyrHx MaTepHaJlOB 447
KpenJIeHHe pe3HHbl K MeTaJlnaM . . . . . . . " 448
KpenJleHHe pe3HHbl K TKaHSIM H HHTRM Ha OCHOBe CHHTeTHqecKRX H HC-
KycCTBeHHblX BonOKOH 457
JIHTep8Typa 460


r JI a B a 23. H3rOTOB.IIeHHe HSAeJlHA HS .IIareKCa
CBoiicTBa JIaTeKCOB . . . .
KORueHTpaTbl HaT)'panbHoro JlaTeKCa
OCHoBHble THnbl CHHTeTRqeCKHX JlaTeKCOB
MHrpe.!lHeRTbl JlaTeKCHblX cMecell
Cnoc06bl nepepa60TKH JlaTeKCa
JIHTep8Typa


6


461
461,
463
464
464
469
472




r JI a B a 24. PereHepauHSI peaHHw 473
MeTO.!lbl pereHepaUHH pe3HHbI 475
OueHKa Ka'leCTBa pereHepaTa 478
npHMeHeHHe pereHep8Ta B pe3HHoBbiX CMecSiX 478
nHTep8Typa 480


q ACT b V. PE3HH.. PA3J1H'IHOrO HA3HA'IEHHSI . 481


r JI a B a 25. OrHecroAKHe pe3HHW H pe3HY..., paGoTalOlQ,He B YCJlOBHRX 1110-
nH'IecKoro KJlHMan 482
OrHecToAKHe peHHbI 482
Pe3HHbI .!lJlR 3KCDJlyaTaURH 8 YCJlOBHSlX TpOnH'IecKoro KnHMaTa 484
nHTep8Typa 485
r JI a B a 26. TBepD.We peHHW (SliOHHT) 486
BYJlKaHR3aUHR 360HHTOBbiX cMeceA 488
BH.!lbl 360HHTOB 489
nHTepaTypa 491


r JI a B a 27. nOpHcTwe pe3HHbI 492
PacTBopHMOCTb R .!lH<l><l>Y3HSI ra30B B KayqYKe H pe3HHe H ra30npoHHuae-
MOCTb . . . . . . . . . 493
nop006pa3YlOUlHe (BcneHHBaIOUlHe) BeUlecTBa 495
YCJlOBHSI nOJlyqeHHR nopHcTblX pe3HH 499
nHTep8Typa 502


r JI a B a 28. CneUHaJlbHWe peaHHW 503
PeHTreH03aUlHTHYe peHHbI 503
3J1eKTpOnpOBO.!lRUlHe pe3HHbI 504
MarHHTHbie pe3HHY 506
nHTep8Typa 509


r JI a B a 29. repMeTHaHpYlOlQ,He MaTepH8JlbI (repMeTHKH) 510
TeXHHqecKHe Tpe60BaHHR K repMeTHKaM H MeTO.!lbl HX H3rOTOBJleHRSI 512
MeTo.ltbi HCDhlTaHHR repMeTHKOB 517
nHTeparypa . . . . . . . . . . . 517
CooTHomeHRR MeJK.lty eJl.HHRUaMH H3MepeHHR CH H eJl.R'HHuaMH .!lpyrHX
CRcreM III BHecRcTeMHblM'II e.!lRHHuaMH 518
npe.!lMeTHbiA }'K83areJib . 519




nPE,D.HCJIOBHE
KHHra c06lUafl TeXHDJIDrHSI pe3HHbI», HanHCaHHaSi npDeCCO'PDM
MDCKOBCKOrO HHCTHTYTa TDHKDH XHMHtJeCKDA TeXHDJIDrHH HM.
M. B. JIOMDHocDBa <1>. <1>. KDWeJIeBblM, BnepBble BblWJIa B CBeT
B 1951 r.
B nOCJIeJ1YlOlUHx H3J1aHHSlX 3TDH KHHrH HaXDJ1HJIH DTpa>KeHHe .lI.D-
CTH>KeHHfl HaYKH H TeXHHKH B D6JIaCTH H3HKH H XHMHH nDJIHMepDB,
cblpbeBDA 6a3b1 pesHHoBDA npDMblWJIeHHDCTH, MexaHH3aUHH H aBTD-
MaTH3aUHH TeXHOJIDrHQeCKHX npDueccDB npDH3BO.ll.CTBa pe3HHDBblX
H3.l1.eJIHH 3a cooTBeTeTBYlOlUHA nepHDJ1.
BD 2-M H 3-M HS.lI.aHHflX KHHrH pa3.l1.eJI COcHDBHhle npDueccbI pe3H-
HDBDro npOH3BD.lI.CTBa» HanHcaH C YtJacTHeM H. C. KJIHMDBa.
npH nO.ll.roTDBKe K tJeTBepTDMY H3.l1.aHHIO B KHHry 6b1JIH BBe.ll.eHbI
HDBble pa3.l1.eJIbI, a npe>KHHA MaTepHaJI cYlUecTBeHHo nepepa6DTaH H
.lI.DnOJIHeH A. E. KDpHeBblM H A. M. BYKaHDBblM.
B nepBDH tJaCTH KpaTKo paccMDTpeHbI CBDAcTBa pe3HHbI, Dnpe.ll.e-
JISilOlUHe ee npHMeHeHHe, c4>DPMYJIHpDBaHD nDHSlTHe pe3HHbI KaK MHD-
rDKDMnDHeHTHDH CHCTeMbI, .lI.aHa D6lUaSi cxeMa npDH3BD.lI.CTBa pe3HHD-
BblX H3.l1.eJlHH.
BD BTOpDH tJaCTH npe.ll.CTaBJIeHa xapaKTepHcTHKa KaYQYKDB D6lUerO'
H CneUHaJIbHDrD Ha3Ha'leHHSI, TepMD3JIaCTDnJIaCTDB, cMeceH KaYtJYKDB
H nJIaCTMacc. B DT.lI.eJIbHDH rJIaBe pac<"MDTpeHbI CBDHcTBa DJIHrDMe-
pDB - C>KH.lI.KHX KaY'IYKDB» ,H nDJIYtJeHHe pe3HH Ha HX DCHDBe.
TpeTbSl tJaCTb nDCBSIlUeHa DnHcaHHIO HHrpe.ll.HeHTDB, npHMeHSIeMblx
B pe3HHoBblX CMecSiX H pe3HHax, H HX Ha3Ha'ieHHIO. H3JID>KeHbI DCHDB-
Hble npe.ll.CTaBJIeHHSI 0' MexaHH3Me BYJIKaHH3aUHH, .lI.eHCTBHH YCKDpHTe-
JIeH H aKTHBaTDpoB ByJIKaHH3aUHH, nJIaCTH4>HKaTO'PDB H ,HanDJIHHTe-
JIeH, 0'6 YCHJIeH,HH 3JIaCTDMepOB, cTapeHHH H cTa.()HJlH3aUHH pe3HH.
B tJeTBepTDH tJaCTH paccMDTpeHbI TeXHDJIDrHtJeCKHe npDueccbI pe-
3HHDBDrD npDH3BD.lI.CTBa: xpaHeHHe, TpaHcnDpTHpDBaHHe H .lI.D3HpDBa-
HHe MaTepHaJIDB, nJIaCTHKaUHSI KaYtJYKDB, npHrDTDBJIeHHe pe3HHDBblX
cMecel, HX 4>opMDsaHHe MeTD.lI.aMH KaJIaH.lI.pDBaHHSI, wnpHueBaHHSI H
npeccDBaHHSI, TeXHHtJeCKHe CnDCD6b1 BYJIKaHH3aUHH pe3HHoBblX H3.l1.e-
JIHH, HX H3rDTDBJIeHHe MeTD.lI.DM JIHTbSl nD.lI. .lI.aBJIeHHeM. npHBe.ll.eHbI
OCHDBHble CBe.ll.eHHSI 0' pe3HHDBblX KJIeSlX, KpenJIeHHH pe3HHbI K pa3-
JIHtJHblM MaTepHaJIaM, MeTD.lI.aX H3rDTDBJIeHHSI H3.l1.eJIHH H3 JIaTeKCDB
H pereHepaUHH pe3HHbI. OCD6De BHHMaHHe npH HanHcaHHH 3TDH tJaCTH
Y.lI.eJIeHD aHaJIH3Y 4>H3HKD-xHMHtJecKHx SlBJIeHHH, npDHCXD.lI.SlllI.HX B npD-
8

uecce nepepa60TKH 3JIaCTOMepOB, H reoperHQeCKHM OCHOBaM npou.ee-
CDB nJIaCTHKaUHH, CMeweHHfl, 4>opMoBaHHfl H BYJlKaHHsaUBH. B 3TOH
tJaCTH KHHrH coxpaHeHbI HeKaTOphle MaTepHaJlbl, HanHcaHHhle
H. C. KJlHKOBhlM.
B nSlTDH tJaCTH H3JIO>KeHbI DCHDBHble npHHUHnbl CDCTaBJIeHHSI pe3H-
HDBblX CMeceH pa3J1HQHOrO Ha3HaQeHHSI. TaKDrO' pOJ1a CBeJ1eHHfl B Kyp-
ce D6lUeA TeXHDJIDrH,H pe3HHbI Heo6xoJ1HMbI BCJIe.ll.CTBHe 60JlbWDro
MHDrD06pa3HSI Tpe6DBaHHH, npeJ1'bSlBJISleMhlX K pe.aHHe H pe.aHHDBblM
H3.l1.eJIHSlM.
ABTDphl Bblpa>KalOT rJIy6DKYIO 6JIarO.ll.apHOCTb tJJI.-KDpp. AH CCCP
B. <1>. EBCTpaTDBY, npD4>eccOPY B. H. KpaCDBCKOMY, corpY.lI.HHKaM
Ka4>e.ll.pbl XHMHH H TeXHDJIOrHH nepepa60TKH 3JIaCTOMepOB MHTXT
HM. M. B. JIDMoHDcDBa, Ka4>e.ll.phl TeXHDJIDrHH peSHHhI JITH HM. JIeH-
CDBeTa, a TaK>Ke CDTpY.lI.HHKaM HMM WHHHOH npDMblWJleHHDCTH 38
CDBeTbI H ueHHble 3aMeQaHHfl, BhlCKa3aHHhle npH npOCMDrpe PYKonHCH.

llacTb I
061I(HE nOHnTHn
nDHSlTHe «pe3HHa» D6'be.ll.HHSleT 6DJIbWYlO rpynny KDMnD3HUHDHHblX
MaTepHaJIDB, cnDCD6HblX JIerKD J1e4>DpMHpDBaTbcSI nD.lI. .lI.eHCTBHeM He-
6DJIbWHX HarpY3DK H BDCCTaHaBJIHBaTb CBDIO 4>DPMY nDCJIe BeCbMa
3HaQHTeJIbHbIX .lI.e4>DpMaUHH. npH paCTSI>KeHHH CT3JIH JIYtJWHe ee CDpTa
CDxpaHSIIOT CBDH ynpyrHe CBDHCTBa npH .lI.e4>DpMaUHSlX, D6b1tJHD He
npeBbiwalOlUHx 1 %. Pe3HHa >Ke cnDCD6Ha, He pa3pywaSlcb, 6e3 3aMeT-
HhlX DCTaTD'IHblX .lI.e<PDpMaUHH BbI.lI.ep}KHBaTb MHDrDKp3THble paCTSI-
}KeHHfl Ha 500-1000%. 3TD CBDHCTBD pe3HHbI nDJIytJHJID Ha3BaHHe
8blCOK08AaCTUtlHoCTU. npH paCTSI>KeHHH CTaJIbHDrD 6pycKa B .lI.Ba pa-
3a (npH .lI.DnYlUeHHH, UD npH TaKDH J1e4lDpMaUHH DH He pa3pYWHTCSI)
nD1'pe6DBaJIDCb 6b1 YCHJIHe DKDJID 10 5 Mna, 3 .lI.JISI paCTSI>KeHHSI pa3-
JIHtJHblX pe3HH - DT 5 .lI.D 10,0 Mna. WHpoKDe npHMeHeHHe pe3HHbI
Dnpe.ll.emleTCSI, KpDMe TDfD, H pflJ1DM .lI.pyrHx ee cneUH4IHQeCKHX DCD-
6eHHDcTeH. Pe3HHa He SlBJISleTCfl H.lI.eaJIbHD ynpyrHM TeJIDM, H npH ee
JI.e4lDpM3UHH H nDCJIe.ll.YlOlUeM BDCCTaHDBJleHHH 4>DpMbI pacceHBaeTCSI
.lI.DBDJIbHD 6DJIbWDe KDJIHtJeCTBD 3HeprHH. 3TD nD3BDJISIeT npHMeHSlTb ee
B KatJeCTBe aMDpTH3HpYlOlUerD H 3BYKDnDrJIDlU81OlUerD MaTepHaJIa.
Ba>KHDH xapaKTepHCTHKDH pe.aHHbI HBJISleTCSI ee M3JIaSi TBep.ll.DCTb
(nO' cp3BHeHHIO e .zr:pyrHoMH TBep.ll.blMH TeJIaMH) B CDtJeTaHHH C JIOKaJIb-
HblMH J1e4>DpMaUHSlMH ynpyrDrD xapaKTepa. 3TD J1eJIaer pe3HHY He3a-
MeHHMblM M3TepHaJIDM .lI.JIH H3rDTOBJIeHHH BaJIHKDB nHWYlUHX MaWH-
HDK, netJaTHblX H DT>KHMHhlX BaJIDB H .lI.p.
MHDrHe D6JIaCTH npHMeHeHHH pe3HH - DT D6b1QHblX CTHpaJIbHblX
pe3HHDK .lI.D 4>PHKUHDHHblX KOJIeu H TDpMD3HblX .lI.HCKDB - D6ycJIDBJIe-
HhI BblCOKHM KD4I4IHUHeHTDM TpeHHH. npH 3TDM pe3HH3 MD>KeT D6JIa-
J1aTb DtJeHb BblCDKDH H3HDeDCTDAKDCTblO (npDTeKTDpli WHH, nD.lI.DWBbI
06YBH) HJIH 6b1Tb JIerKD HCTHpalOlUHMCSI MaTepHaJIDM (CTHpaJIbHble
pe3HHKH) .
BblCOKaSi BD.lI.D- H r.a3DHeo.pDHHuaeMOCTb, CTDH'KDeTb K .lI.eACTBHIO
ueJIDrD pSl.ll.a arpeCCHBHblX cpeJ1, DTJIHQHble 3JIeKTpDH3DJISlUHDHHbIe
CBDHCTBa D6YCJIDBHJIH npHMeHeHHe pe3HHbI BD MHDrHX H3.l1.eJIHSlX.
IO

fJIaBa 1
npOH3BO).l.CTBO PE3HHOBbiX H3).1.EnHA
ACCDpTHMeHT pe3HHDBblX H3.l1.eJIHH nDCTDSlHHD pacwHpSleTcSI H B Ha-
CTDSllUee BpeMfl npeBblwaer 60 TblC. HaHMeHDBaHHt OKDJID nDJIDBHHbI
06'beMa npDH3BD.lI.CTBa pe3HHDBDH npDMblWJIeHHDCTIl CDCTaBJISIIOT aBTD-
MD6HJIbHble WHHbI, 6DJIee TpeTH - pe3HHDBble TeXHHtJeCKHe H3.l1.eJIHSI,
HDMeHKJIaTypa KOTDpblX DCD6eHHD MHDrDD6pa3Ha. OKDJIO D.lI.HOH .lI.ecSI-
TDH D6'beMa npDH3BD.lI.CTBa pe3HHDBDH npDMblWJIeHHDCTH CDCTaBJISIIOT
pe3HHDBaSi D6YBb H .lI.pyrHe H3.l1.eJIHfl HapD.lI.HDrD nDTpe6JIeHHSI (Me.ll.H-
UHHCKHe H3.l1.eJIHSlt-JlrpywKH, cnDpTHBHble npHHa.ll.JIe>KHDcTH).
OCHDBHblM nDTpe6HTeJIeM pe3HHDBblX H3.l1.eJIHH SlBJISleTCSI cDBpeMeH-
HblH TpaHcnDpT - aBTDMD6HJIbHblH, BD3.l1.YWHblH, >KeJIe3HD.lI.DpD>KHblH.
TaK, B cDBpeMeHHDM aBTDMD6HJIe HaC'IHTblBaeTCSI DKDJID 600 .lI.eTaJIeH
H3 pe3HHbI D6lUeH MaccDH 90 Kr.
113 PTI1 HaH6DJIbWHH D6'beM CDCTaBJISIIOT TpaHcnDpTepHlie JIeHTbI,
npHBD.lI.Hble peMHH, pyKaBa, CJID>KHble .lI.eraJIH MaWHH H3 pe3HHbI HJIH
pe3HHbI C MeTaJIJIaMH H TeKCTHJIbHblMH MaTepHaJIaMH, npDpe3HHeHHble
TeXHHlJeCKHe TKaHH H H3.l1.eJIHSI H3 HHX, TDpMD3Hble KDJID.lI.KH H .lI.p.
K pe3HHaM, npHMeHSIeMblM .lI.JISI H3rDTDBJIeHHSI H3.l1.eJIHH, npe.ll.'bSlB-
SleTCSI Dnpe.ll.eJIeHHblH KDMnJIeKC Tpe6DBaHHH B CDDTBeTCTBHH C KDH-
KpeTHblMH YCJIDBHSlMH 3KCnJIyaTaUHH. ,D.Hana3DH Tpe6yeMblx CBDHCTB
O'leHb WHpDK - MexaHHtJeCKafl npDtJHDCTb, >KeCTKDCTb, 3JIaCTH'IHDCTb,
CTDHKDCTb npH BblCDKHX HJIH HH3KHX TeMnepaTypax, CTDHKDCTb K .lI.eH-
CTBHIO pa3JIHtJHblX BelUeCTB (CMa3DtJHhlX MaTepHaJIDB, TDnJIHBa, KHC-
DT, lUeJID'IeH, KHCJIDpD.lI.a, aueTHJIeHa H MHDrHX .lI.pyrHX), 3JIeKTpDH3D-
JIHpylOlUHe CBDHCTBa HJIH 3JIeKTpDnpDBD.lI.HDCTb, UBeT, HeTDKCHtJHDCTb
H T. .lI.. 3TO CTaBHT nepe.ll. CneUHaJIHCTaMH BeCbMa CJID>KHble H HHTepec-
Hble 3a.ll.aIJH nO' CD3.l1.aHHIO MaTepHaJIDB C Hy>KHblM KDMnJIeKCDM
CBDiicTB.
PE3HHA KAK MHOrOKOMnOHEHTHAn CHCTEMA
Pe3HHa npe.ll.CTaBJISIeT CD6DH CJID>KHYIO MHDrDKDMnDHeHTHYIO CH-
CTeMY, CDCTDSllUYIO H3 nDJIHMepHDH DCHDBbI H pa3JIHtJHblX XHMHtJeCKHX
JJ.o6aBDK (HHrpe.ll.HeHTDB). ,D.JISI nDJIytJeHHSI pe3HHbI npHMeHSIIOT BblCO-
KDMDJIeKYJISlpHble nDJIHMepbl C HH3KDH (HH>Ke KDMHaTHDH) TeMnepa-
II

TypDA nepeXD.lI.3 H3 CTeKJIDD6pa3HDrD HJIH TBep.ll.DrD KpHCTaJIJIHtJeCKDrO'
CDCTDSlHHSI B BblCDKD3JIaCTH'IeCKDe - 3JIaCTDMepbl. 3JIaCTDMepbl, KDTD-
pble MOrYT 6b1Tb nepepa6DTaHbI B pe3HHY, D6b1tJHD Ha3b1BaIOTCSI KaYtJY-
KaMH. BDJIbWHHCTBD KaY'IYKDB qpeBpalUaerCSI B pe.aHHY npH BD3HHK-
HDBeHHH Me>K.lI.y HX M3KpDMDJIeKYJIaMH npD'IHblX nDnepeIJHblX CBSl3eA
H D6pa3DBaHHH npDCTpaHCTBeHHDA CeTKH. ,D.D 1932 r. npaKTHtJecKH
elJ.HHCTBeHHblM MaTepHaJIDM, H3 KDTDpDrD nDJIYtJaJIH pe3HHY, 6b1JI Ha-
TypaJIbHblA KaYtJYK (HK). YcnewHDe peweHHe npD6JIeMbI npDMblw-
JIeHHDrO CHHTe3a K3Y'IYKDB DTHDCHTCSI K '1HCJIY HaH6DJIee 3HatJHTeJIb-
HblX .lI.OCTH>KeHHH HaYKH H TeXHHKH XX CTDJIeTHSI.
CHHTe3 KaYtJYKa H3 6yra.ll.HeHa, oeYlUeCTBJIeHHblH B CCCP B 1932 r_
B KpynHDM 3aBD.lI.CKDM MacwTa6e, no cnDcD6y, pa3pa6DTaHHDMY
C. B. JIe6e.ll.eBblM, nOCJIY>KHJI HatJ3JIDM pa3BHTHSI HDBDH DTpaCJIH npD-
MblWJIeHHDCTH - npDMblWJIeHHDCTH CHHTeTHtJeCKDrD KaYtJYKa (CK)-
DCHDBHorD CblpbSl pe3HHDBDA npDMblWJIeHHDCTH. npe.ll.CKa3b1BaSi .lI.aJIb-
HeHwee pa3BHTHe npDH3BQ.lI.CTBa KaYIIYKDB, C. B. JIe6e.ll.eB rDBDpHJI:
«CHHre3 KaytJYKDB - HCTDIIHHK 6eCKOHe'lHDrD MHDrDD6pa3HSI. TeDpHR
He KJla.ll.eT rpaHHU 3TDMY MHDrDD6pa3HIO. A TaK KaK K3>K.lI.blA HDBblH
KaYtJYK SlBJISleTCSI HDCHTeJIeM CBDeH DpHrHHaJIbHDA WKaJIbI CBDHCTB.
TO' pe3HHDBaSi npDMblWJIeHHDCTb, nDJIb3YSlCb H3pSlJ1Y C HaTypaJIbHblMIf
TaK>Ke H CHHTeTHtJeCKHMH KaYtJYKaMH, nDJIYtJHT He.ll.DCTalOlUYIO eA ceH-
tJac WHPDKYIO CB06D.lI.Y B Bbl6Dpe HY}KHblX .cBDHCTB. ,D.JISI D.lI.HDrD K3Y-
QYKa xapaKTepHa 6DJIbWaSi MexaHHtJeCKaSi npDtJHDCTb, .lI.JISI .lI.PyrDrD-
CDnpDTHBJIeHHe HCTHpaHHIO, .lI.JISI TpeTberD - CTDAKOCTb npH nDBblWeH-
HbiX TeMnepaTypax H T. .11. BDT nDtJeMY CeHIJaC e nDJIHDH YBepeHHDCTb}()
MD>KHO YTBep>K.lI.3Tb, liTO' pe3HHDB3S1 npDMblWJIeHHDCTb He.ll.aJIeKDre>
6Y.lI.YlUerD 6Y.lI.eT 6a3HpDBaTbCSI H3 HeCKDJIbKHX KaYtJYKax - HaTyp3JIb-
HDM H CHHTeTHlJeCKHX».
,D.eHcTBHTeJIbHD B HaCTOSIlUee BpeMSI K3YIJYKH SlBJISIIOTCSI D.lI.HHM H3
HaH60JIee WHpOKD paenpOCTpalleHHHX BHJ10B nOJIHMepHHX MarepHa 4
JIDB. Hx MHpDBDe nOTpe6JIeHHe Y>Ke B 1974 r. npeBblCHJID 10 MJIH. T.
a accDpTHMeHT BeCbM3 pa3HDD6pa3eH H HenpepblBHD pacwHpSleTcSI.
KpDMe K3YtJYKDB npH H3rOTDBJIeHHH pe3HHDBblX H3.l1.eJIHH npHMeHSI-
IOTCSI pa3JIHtJHble KDMnDHeHTbI (HHrpeJ1HeHTbI), KDTDpble He06xD.lI.HMbJ
KaK J1JISI DCYlUeCTBJIeHHSI XHMH'IeCKHX npeBpalUeHHH KaYtJYKoB B npD-
ueccax HX nepepa6DTKH (noBblweHHe nJIaCTHIJHDCTH, nDnepeIJHDe CWH-
BaHHe H .lI.p.), TaK H .lI.JISI npH.lI.aHHSI pe3HHDBblM H3.l1.eJIHSlM Dnpe.ll.eJIeH-
HblX CBDHCTB.
nO' eBDeMY .lI.eACTBHIO HHrpe.ll.HeHTH pa3J1eJISIIOTCSI Ha BYJIKaHH3YIO-
lUHe areHTbI, YCKDpHTeJIH H aKTHBaTOpH BYJIKaHH3au,RH, HanOJIHHTeJlH.
nJIaCTH4>HKaTDpbl, npDTHBOCrapHTeJIH H J1p. OHH OTHOCSlTCSI K pa3JIHtJ-
HbIM KJIaCC3M XHMHlleCKHX COe.ll.HHeHHH: DT 3JIeMeHTapHDH cepbl H DKCH-
.lI.DB MeTaJIJIDB .lI.D DpraHHIJeCKHX BelUeCTB BeCbMa CJID>KHDrD CTpDeHHSI;
UX CD.lI.ep>KaHHe KOJIe6JIeTCSI DT .lI.DJIeA .lI.D .lI.eCSlTKDB npDueHTOB OT CD-
J1ep}KaHHSI KaYIIYKa. ,D.JISI YJIYtJweHHSI 4>H3HKo-MexaHHtJeCKHX CBDHCTB
peaRH: RSHoeOCToAKOCTH, npOIlHDCTH, TBepJ1DCTH H pSl.ll.a .lI.PyrHx-
npHMeHSIIOT 6DJIbWHe KDJIHtJeCTBa TOHKD.lI.HCnepCHDrD TeXHHttecKorc
yrJIepO.ll.a (ca>KH).
12

f)O.'1bWHHCTBD pe3HHOBblX HS.lI.eJIHH H3rOTDBJIeHO He H3 O.ll.HDH pe3H-
Ubi, a l:D.lI.ep>KHT TeKCTHJIbHble HJIH MeTaJIJIHtJeCKHe apMHPYlOlUHe Ma-
TepHaJlbl. K HHM DTHDCSlTeSi BDJIDKHa, HHTH, npOBOJIDKa, MeTaJIJI. B Ka-
tfeCTBe opHMepa MO}KHD npHBeCTH CDBpeMeHHYIO aBTOMD6HJIbHYIO
WHHY, B KDTDPDH TeKeTHJIbHble MaTepHaJIbI (KDP.ll.) CDCTaBJISIIOT 15-
35% MaCCbI.
B pe3HHDBDH npDMblWJIeHHDCTH npHMeHSIIOT KaK npHpDJ1Hble, TaK
H XHMHqeCKHe BDJIOKHa - HCKyccTBeHHble H CHHTeTHqeCKHe. npHpD.lI.-
Hble BDJIOKHa HeYKJIDHHO BblTeCHSIIOTCSI XHMHqeCKHMH, pe3KD YBeJIHqH-
BaeTCSI npOH3BD.lI.CTBD H npHMeHeHHe CHHTeTHtJeCKHX BDJIDKOH, pacwH-
pSleTCSI HX aCCDpTHMeHT. OCHOBHYIO J1DJIIO CHHTeTHqeCKHX BOJIDKDH CD-
CTaBJISIIOT nDJIHaMH.lI.Hble H nDJIH34>HpHble.
Cblpbe H MaTepHaJIbI CDCTaBJISIIOT rJIaBHYIO qaCTb Bcex 3aTpaT "PH
npOH3BO.ll.CTBe pe3HHDBblX H3.l1.eJIHH, npHqeM BblCDKaSi MaTepHaJIDeM-
KDCTb npOH3BD.lI.CTBa npHBO.ll.HT K 6DJIbWHM 3aTpaTaM Ha TpaHCDDpTH-
pDBaHHe CblpbSl H xpaHeHHe erD Ha CKJIa.ll.ax.
OB" CXEMA npOH3BO.D.CTBA PE3HHOBbiX
H3.D.EJlHR
CYtUecTBeHHOH H OTSHQHTe.JIbHOA oe06eHHOCTblO npDHSBD.lI.eTBa H3-
J1eJIHH HS pe.aHHbI SlBSSleTeSi Hepa3pblBHDe CDqeTaHHe B HeM MeXaHHqe-
CKHX H XHMHqeCKHX npOu.eeeOB.
npDH3BD.lI.CTBO HaqHHaeTCSI C npHeMKH H CKJIa.ll.HpDBaHHSI MaTepHa-
JIDB, a TaK>Ke HX npe.ll.BapHTeJIbHDA nD.lI.rDTDBKH. nepe.ll. nepepa6DTKDH
HeD6xo.ll.HMD DCBD6D.lI.HTb HX OT Tapbl, a HeKDTDpble, HanpHMep KPH-
CTaJIJIH3YIOIUHecSi KaYtJYKH, npe.ll.BapHTeJIbHD nporpeTb - iJeKpucTall-
IlU30BaTb. MHDrHe KaY'IYKH nD.lI.BepralOT CneUHaJIbHDH MexaHHtJeCKDH
D6pa6DTKe - nllaCTUKal4UU - C ,ueJIblO npH.lI.aHHSI HM HeD6xD.lI.HMblX
.lI.J1S1 nepepa6DTKH TeXHDJIDrHqeCKHX CBDHCTB.
,D.JISI nOJIyqeHHSI pe3HHbI C Sa.ll.aHHblM KDMnseKCOM CBDAcTB rDTDBSlT
pe3uHosglO CMeCb - KOlln08B1UJJO X8yqys:OB H HHrpeJI.HeHTOB onpeJ1e-
JIeHHOrD COCTaBa. .l.JlSI qero Tpe6yeTcSI TOqHDe J1D3HpDBaHHe npHMeHSle-
MblX MaTepHaSOB, oeYlUeeTBSSleMOe B OCHDBHDM nDCpe.ll.eTBOM pa3-
BeCKH.
lJ,e.JIbJO npouecca CMeweHHSI SlBJISleTCSI paBHDMepHDe pacnpe.ll.eJIeHHe
HHrpe.ll.HeHTOB B epeJ1e nOSHllepa. KaY'lYS:H .110 06paaOBaHHSI Me}K.lI.Y
HX MOJIexysaMH nOnepeqHblX CBSIseH B onpe.ll.e.JIeHHblX YCJIDBHSlX Haxo-
.lI.SlTCSI B BSisKoTeKyqeM CDCTDHHHH H 06JI8J1a1OT nJIaCTH'IeCKHMH CBDA-
CTBaMH. T. e. cnDCD6HoeTblO K MeXaHHqeCKH HeD6paTHMblM .lI.e4lDpMa-
UHSlIl. eBolcTBeHHblM BSl3KHM }KH.lI.KOeTSIM. HHrpeJ1HeHTbI B Macce Kay-
tfYKOB p8CDpeJ1e.JISiIOTCSI nDJ1 .lI.eHeTBHeM J1e<PDpMaUHA C.lI.BHra, BD3HH-
KalOlUBX DPH 06pa6DTKe K8yqYKOB H HHrpe.ll.HeHTDB B cneUHaJIbHblX
MaWHH8X. npH ClieweBHH X8yqys:OB C HHrpeJI.HeBT8MB npoHcxOAHT He
TDJIbKD nepeMeWHBaHHe KOMnOHeHTOB, HO H pSlJ1 CJIO}KHblX 4>H3HKD-
XHMHqeeKHX H XHMHqeeKHX HBJleHBH: eTpys:TypHble npeBpalUeHHSI nDJIH-
MepOB nDJ1 J1eAeTBHeM MeXaHHqeCKHX HanpSl}KeHHH; B3aHMD.lI.eHCTBHe
13

Me>K.lI.Y KDMnDHeHTaMH pe3HHDBDH CMeCH H .lI.p. XapaKTep 3THX SlBJIeHHH
onpe.ll.eJISleTCSI YCJIDBHSlMH nepepa6DTKH, nD3TDMY pe3HHDBble CMeCH
O.ll.HHaKDBDrD CDCTaBa MDrYT HMeTb pa3JIH'IHble CBDHCTBa.
nD3TDMY pe>KHMbI npHrDTDBJIeHHSI pe3HHDBblX CMeceH CTpDrD per-
.1aMeHTHpYIOTCSI nO' pa3JIHtfHblM napaMeTpaM.
Pe3HHDBble CMeCH SlBJISIIOTCSI DCHDBHblM nDJIY4>a6pHKaTDM, H3 KOTD-
pDrD H3rDTDBJISIIOT pe3HHDBble H3J1eJIHSI. Pe3HHDBble CMeCH, KaK H Kay-
tfyKH, D6JIa.ll.alOT nJIaCTH'IeCKHMH CBDHCTBaMH, nD3TOMY npH Dnpe.ll.eJIeH-
HblX YCJIDBHSlX OHH nD.lI.BepralOTCSI 4>DpMDBaHHIO pa3JIH'IHblMH MeTD.lI.a-
H C ueJIblO nDJIYtfeHHSI npe.ll.BaHTeJIbHblX 3arDTDBDK.
113 pe3HHDBblX CMeceH MDrYT 6b1Tb nDJIY'IeHbI .lI.J1HHHDMepHble npD-
4>HJIH MeTD.lI.DM wnpHueBaHHSI, rJIa.ll.KHe HJIH npD4>HJIbHble JIHCTbI MeTO-
lJ.DM KaJIaH.lI.pDBaHHSI, CJID>KHble 3arDTDBKH MeTD.lI.DM npeCCDBaHHSI H .lI.p.
Pe3HHDBble CMeCH MDrYT 6b1Tb TaK>Ke HaHeceHbI Ha TKaHH, MeTaJIJIHtfe-
CKHe H .lI.PyrHe nDBepXHDCTH. OT.lI.eJIbHble npDC'tbIe 3arDTDBKH 'H J1eTaJIH
U3 HHX, nDJIYtfeHHble pa3HblMH cnDCD6aMH, cD6HpalOTCSI B CJID>KHble pe-
3HHDBble H3.l1.eJIHSI D6b1tfHD nDCpe.ll.CTBDM CKJIeHBaHHSI. HanpHMep, aBTD-
MD6HJIbHaSi nDKpblWKa B 3aBHCHMDCTH DT pa3MepDB cD6HpaeTCSI 6DJIee
tJeM H3 20 .lI.eTaJIeH (3arDTDBDK).
3aBepwalOm.HM H Ba>KHeHWHM npDueCCDM B npDH3BDJ1CTBe pe3HHD-
BblX H3.l1.eJIHH SlBJISleTCSI 8YAKaHU3aUJl. B npDuecce BYJIKaHH3aUHH
npDHCXD.lI.HT CDe.ll.HHeHHe MaKpDMDJIeKYJI KaYtfYKa nDnepe'lHblMH XHMH-
tteCKHMU CBSl3S1MH B npDcTpaHcTBeHHYIO BYJIKaHH3aUHDHHYIO ceTKY,
B pe3YJIbTaTe tferD nJIaCTH'IHaSi pe3HHDBaSi CMeCb npeBpam.aeTCSI B BbI-
COKD3JIaCTHtfHYIO pe3HHY.
TaKHM D6pa3DM, B npDuecce nepepa60TKH Ha CTaJ1HH BYJIKaHH3a-
UUH npOHCXD.lI.HT HeD6paTHMDe cym.ecTBeHHDe H3MeHeHHe CBDHCTB ne-
pepa6aTblBaeMDrD MaTepHaJia.
npOcTpaHcTBeHHaSi ceTKa D6pa3yeTcSI, KaK npaBHJID, B pe3YJIbTaTe
aKTHBHpDBaHHblX TenJIDM XHMHqeCKHX peaKUHH Me>KJ1Y MDJleKYJlaMH
KaY'lYKa H KDMnDHeHTaMH BYJIKaHH3YIOlUeH rpynnbl (BYJIKaHu3YIOm.H-
MH areHTaMH, YCKDpHTeJISlMH H aKTHBaTDpaMH BYJIKaHH3aUHH).
PeaKUHSI cepbl C HaTypaJIbHblM KaytfyKDM, KDTDpaSi npDTeKaeT no.ll.
.lI.eHCTBHeM TenJIa H B pe3yJlbTaTe KDTDpDH KaY'lYK npeBpalUaeTCSI
B pe3HHY, T. e. ByJIKaHH3aUHSI, 6b1JIa DTKpblTa B 1842-1844 1'1'. aMepH-
KaHueM tJapJIb3DM fYJ1bHpDM H aHrJIHtfaHHHDM TDMacDM f3HKDKDM.
3TD Ba2KHeHWaSi Bexa H npaKTH'IeCKH Ha'laJID pa3BHTHSI pe3HHDBDH
npDMblWJIeHHDcTH.
B npDMblWJIeHHDCTH npH BYJIKaHH3aUHH c4>DpMDBaHHble 3arOTDB-
KH H3 pe3HHDBDH CMeCH, KaK npaBHJID, HarpeBalOT nD.lI. J1aBJIeHHeM
B annapaTax ,pa3JIH'IHDrD THna. B HeKDTDpblX cJIY'laSix npDueccbI 4>Dp-
MOBaHHSI H npDueccbI ByJIKaHH3aUHH CDBMem.aIOT.
HapSl.ll.Y C Tpa.ll.HUHDHHblM TeXHDJIDrH'IeCKHM 'npDueccDM npDH3BD.lI.-
CTBa pe3HHDBblX H3.l1.eJIHH H3 «TBep.ll.DrD» KaytfYKa B pe3HHDBDH npD-
MblWJIeHHDCTH .lI.DBDJIbHD WHpDKD pacnpDcTpaHeHD nDJIyqeHHe H3.l1.eJIHH
"3 BD.lI.HblX .lI.HCnepCHH KaY'lYKDB - AaTeKC08.
B nDCJIe.ll.HeM CJIY'lae 3HeprDeMKHH npDuecc npHrDTDBJIeHHSI pe3H-
HDBblX CMeceH 3aMeHeH npDueCCDM npUrDTDBJIeHHSI JIaTeKCHblX CMeceH,
14

npe.ll.CTaBJISIlOlUHX CD6DH KDJIJIDHJ1Hble CHCTeMbI. npH 9TDM OpDHCXD.lI.HT
.lI.HCOeprHpDBaHHe HHrpe.ll.HeHTDB B MaJIDBSl3KDH BDJ1HDH cpe.ll.e, H 00'-
3TDMY DTCYTCTBylOT 3aTpaTbI 6DJIbWDrD KDJIH'IeCTBa 3HeprHH. CnDCD-
6b1 4>DpMDBaHHSI H3.l1.eJIHH nO' 3TOH TeXHDJIDrHH CDBepweHHD cneUH4>Htf-
Hbl. OHH DCHDBaHbI Ha pa3pyweHHH JIareKCHDH CMeCH BblCYWHBaHHeM
HJIH J1eHCTBHeM paCTBDpDB 3JIeKTpDJIHTDB. nDCJIe 4>DpMDBaHHSI ODJIY-
4>a6pHKaT cywaT, a 3aTeM BYJIKaHH3YIOT. npHMeHeHHe JIaTeKCDB nD3-
BDJISIeT nDJIY'laTb HeKDTDpble H3.l1.eJIHSI, KDTDpble He MDrYT 6b1Tb H3rD-
TDBJIeHbI H3 paCTBDpD TBep.ll.DrD KaytfYKa.
lllHpDKDe pacnpDCTpaHeHHe B pe3HHDBDH npDMblWJIeHHDCTH HaXD-
.lI.SlT paCTBDpbl pe3HHDBblX CMeceH B DpraHHlleCKHX paCTBDpHTeJISlX-
pe3UH08e KAeu. Pe3HHDBble KJIeH npHMeHSIIOTCSI .lI.JISI KpenJIeHHSI pe-
3HH K J1pyrHM MaTepHaJIaM, a TaK>Ke npH npDH3BDJ1CTBe H3.l1.eJIHH, Ha-
npHMep npDpe3HHeHHblX TKaHeA, nep'laTDK H .lI.p.
B HacTOSIruee BpeMSI pa3pa6DTaHa H HaXD.lI.HT Bce 6DJIee WHpDKDe
npHMeHeHHe B npDMblWJIeHHDCTH nepepa6DTKa KayqyKDB H pe3HHDBblX
CMeceH B TDHKD.lI.HCnepCHDM BH.lI.e - TaK Ha3b1BaeMaSi «nDpDWKDBaSl»
TeXHDJIDrHSI H3rDTDBJIeHHSI pe3HHDBblX H3.l1.eJIHH. TaKaSi TeXHDJIDrHSI
nD3BDJIHT aBTDMaTH3HpDBaTb HaH6DJIee TpY.ll.DeMKHe CTa.ll.HH H3rDTDB-
JIeHHSI pe3HHDBblX H3J1eJIHH - pa3BecKy H CMeweHHe, CHH3HTb 3HeprD-
3aTpaTbI Ha HX np0'8e.ll.eHHe H np,HMeHHTb 'HeKDTDpble HDBble TeXHDJIDrH-
'1eCKHe DnepaUHH.
,D.pyrHM HDBblM H nepcneKTHBHblM HanpaBJIeHHeM B npDH3BD.lI.CTBe
pe3HHDBblX H3.l1.eJIHH SlBJISleTCSI nepepa6DTKa «>KH.lI.KHX KaytfyKDB»-
HH3KDMDJIeKYJISlpHblX DJIHrDMepDB Ha DCHDBe J1HeHDB, DJIe4>HHDB H HX
CDnDJIHMepDB.
npHMeHeHHe >KH.lI.KHX KaY'lYKDB nD3BDJIHT CD3J1aTb TaKyIO TeXHO-
JIDrHIO, npH KDTDPDH B DJ1HDH CTaJ1HH 6YJ1YT D6e.ll.HHeHbI npDueCCH
CMeweHHSI, 4>DpMDBaHHSI H BYJIKaHH3aUHH. 3TD CD3J1aCT npHHUHnHaJIb-
Hble BD3MD>KHDCTH .lI.JISI nDJIHDH aBTDMaTH3aUHH npe.ll.npHSlTHH pe3HHD4
BOH npDMblWJIeHHDCTH.
KDHetfHblM BbI'I1YCKaeMblM npD.lI.YKTDM SlBJISleTCSI H3J1eJIHe. B 6DJIb-
WHHCTBe CJIYtfaeB - 3TD .lI.eTaJIb MaWHHbI, lITO' C6JIH>KaeT pe3HHDBYlO
npDMblWJIeHHDCTb, XHMH'IeCKYIO nO' CyrueCTBY DCHDBHblX TeXHDJIDrHtfe-
CKHX npDueCCDB, C DTpaCJISlMH MaWHHOCTpDeHHSI.
MHDrDcTyneH'IaTblH MexaHDXHMH'IeCKHH npDuecc npDH3BDJ1CTBa pe-
3HHDBblX H3.l1.eJIHH DcyruecTBJISleTCSI Ha pa3HDD6pa3HDM D6DpY.ll.DBaHHH,
npH'IeM 6DJIbWYlO '1aCTb CDCTaBJISIIOT CJID>KHble 3HeprDeMKHe MaWHHbI
H annapaTbI, J1JISI D6cJIY>KHBaHHSI KDTDpblX HeD6xD.lI.HM BblCDKDKBaJIH-
4>HuHpDBaHHblH nepCDHaJI.
nDBblweHHe Ka'leCTBa H3J1eJIHH, MexaHH3aUHSI H aBTDMaTH3aUHSI
npDH3BO.ll.eTBeHHblX DnepaUHH - nDBCeJ1HeBHaSi sa.ll.a'la pa'6DTHHKDB pe-
3HHOBOA npOMblWJIeHHDCTH. MHDrDD6pa3Hble, elUe cyruecTBYlOruHe py'l-
Hble TexHOJIOrH'IeCKHe DnepaUHH, Tpe6YlOlUHe npHMeHeHHSI 3Ha'lHTeJIb-
HDrD KDJIHlleCTBa pa6D'IeH CHJIbI, .lI.DJI>KHbI BblTeCHSlTbCSI MexaHH3HpD-
BaHHblMH H aBTOMaTH3HpDBaHHblMH, 6DJIee CDBpeMeHHblMH TeXHDJID-
rH'IeCKHMH npDueccaMH C HCDDJIb3DBaHHeM BblCDKDnpDH3BD.lI.HTeJIbHDrD
D6DpYJ1DBaHHSI. KDMnJIeKHaSi MexaHH3aUHSI H aBTDMaTH3aUHSI .lI.DJI*-
15

Hbi D6eeneqHTb nDBblweHHe npOH3BDJ1HTeJlbHDeTH TPYAa, BblCDKYIO TDtJ-
HDCTb npOBeAeHHSI npDH3BD.lI.CTBeHHorD npDueeca. BeeCTopDHHHH H He-
npepblBHblA erD KOHTpOJIb, a TaK>Ke nDBblCHTb pe,RTa6eJIbHDCTb npDH3-
BDJ1CTBa.
JI HTepaTypa
POMllHOsa O. B., RlC06coH. B. Po. OpraHR3aUHSI 8 unaBHpOBaHBe OpeADpBJlTBSI
. peaRROBOA opoMllUlJ.lleRHOCTB. M., cBwemaSi IDKOJIP, 1970. 217 Co
3KOHOMua pelBROBOA npOMWlDJleRJIOCTB. no.. pe.I{. A. .n. Wua. M., cBwemall
WKOJIa:., 1977. 328 Co
JIeneT06 B. A. PeaHHoBwe TexRJI1IecKIIe d"MllII. HI... See, Beap. 11.. cXuour:..
1976. 440 c.

r JIaBa 2
TEXHOJlOrHQECKHE H .H3HKO-MEXAHHQECKHE
CBOACTBA KAYQYKOB H PE3HHbI
.- '."
i / ,.
06lUaSi J1e<PDpMaUHSI nDJIHMepDB MD2KeT paccMaTpHBaTbcSI KaK cYMMa
Tpex eDCTaBJISlIOIUHX: ynpyrDH, BblCOKD3JIaCTHqeCKDH H nJIaCTH'IeCKDH.
JlJISI KaytJYKDB H pe3HHDBblX cMeceH npH D6b1QHblX TeMnepaTypax H
CKDpDCTSIX HarpY2KeHHSI .lI.DJISI ynpyrDH J1e4>DpMaUHH BCer.ll.a MSJIa, nD-
3TDMY HX CJIe.ll.yeT DTHeCTH K ynpye08Jl3KUM MaTepHaJIaM.
B DTJIH'IHe DT KayqyKDB H pe3HHDBblX cMeceH B BYJIKaHH3DBaHHDH
pe3HHe 6JIarD.lI.apSi D6pa3DBaHHIO npDcTpaHcTBeHHDH ceTKH cyw.ecTBeH-
HD CHH>KaeTCfl .lI.DJISI nJIaCTH'IeCKDH HeD6paTHMDH CDCTaBJISIlOlUeH .lI.e-
cpDpMaUHH, H J1e4>opMaUHSI npHD6peTaeT npeHMyUJ,ecTBeHHD BblCDKD3JIa-
CTH'IeCKHH D6paTuMblH xapaKTep B WHpDKDM HHTepBaJIe TeMnepaTYp.
nD3TDMY pe3HHY DTHDCSlT K 8Jl3KoynpyeuM MaTepHaJIaM.
npH .lI.e4PDpMHpDBaHHH C 6eCKDHe'lHD MaJIDH CKDpDCTblO Kay'lyK
H pe3HHDBble CMeCH nO' CBDHM CBDHcTBaM nDJ1D6HbI 2KHJ1KOCTH, HanpSl-
2KeHHe B HHX npH6JIH>KaeTCSI K HyJIIO, B TO' >Ke BpeMSI pe3HHa Be,ll,eT
ee6J1 KaK TBepJ1De ynpyrDe TeJID, B KDTDPDM HanpSl>KeHHe CDxpaHSIeT
KDHe'lHDe 3Ha'leHHe. TaKHM D6paSDM, CBDHCTBa, xapaKTepHble .lI.JISI Kay-
'1YKa H peSHHDBblX CMeceH, B 3HaQHTeJIbHDH CTeneHH onpe.ll.eJISIIOT ux
nOBeAeHHe npH nepepaQDTKe, liTO, B CBDIO D'IepeJ1b, BJIHSleT Ha Katfe-
CTBD rOTDBDro H3J1eJIHSI.
fipH npDBe.ll.eHHH HcnblTaHHH KaY'lYKa H pe3HHbI CJIe.ll.yeT YQHTbI-
BaTb HeKDTO'Pble xapaKTepHble DCD6eHHDCTH 3THX MaTepHaJIDB. Ba>K-
HeHlUeH SlBnSleTCSI cyruecTBeRHaSi 3aBHCUMDCTb MeXaHH'IeCKHX CBDHCTB
DT npO.ll.DJI2KHTeJIbHDCTH J1eHCTBHSI CHJIbI, CKDpDCTH .lI.e4>DpMHpDBaHHSI H
DT TeMnepaTYPbl. HeD6paTHMDe H3MeHeHHe MeXaHHQeCKHX CBDHCTB
MD2Ker npDHCXD.lI.HTb B pe3yJIbTaTe BD3.l1.eHCTBHSI pSl.ll.a BHeWHHX 4>aKTD-
PDB, cnDco6HblX BnHSlTb H8 CtpyKTypy MaTepHaJIa. K HX '1HCJIY CJIeJ1yeT
B nepBYIO DQepeJ1b O'THeCTH MexaHHtJeCKHe .lI.e$DpMaUHH, BblCDKHe TeM-
nepaTypbl, CBeT, D3DH, KHCJIDpD.lI. H J1p.
YCJIDBHSI pa6DTbI pe3HHDBblX H3.l1.eJIHH DtJeHb pa3HDD6pa3HbI. CBDR-
C'TBa pe3HHDBblX CMeceH H pe3UH 3aBHCSlT DT 6DJIblUDrD tJHcna pa3JIUQ-
HblX 4>aKTDpDB. ,D.JISI D6ecneQeHHSI Ha.ll.e>KHDrD KDH1'}>DJISI npDH3BDJ1CTBa
H BD3MD2KHDCTH npDrHD3HpDBaHHSI nDBeJ1eHHSI pe3HHbI B peanbHblX YC-
nDBHSlX 3KCnJIyaTaUHH, a TaK>Ke J1JIfl BblSlBJIeHHSI BJIHSlHHSI CDCTaBa H
cnDCD6a npDH3BDJ1CTBa pe3HHbI Ha ee CBDHCTBa nDMHMD D6lUenpHHSI-
2-2397 } 7

TbiX Dnpe.ll.eJIeHUH 4>H3HtfeCKHX XapaKTepHCTUK CYlUecTByeT MHDro
CTpDrD perJIaMeHTHpDBaHHblX MeTDJ1DB 4>H3HKD-MeXaHH'IeCKUX HcnblTa-
HUH KaYtfYKDB H pe3HH.
nD.lI.aBJISIlOlUee 6DJIbWHHCTBO 4>H3HKD-MeXaHHtfeCKHX xapaKTepH-
CTUK KaY'IYKDB H pe3KH npe.ll.CTaBJISIeT CD6DH YCJIDBHble nDKa3aTeJIH,
CDnDCTaBJIeHHe KDTDpblX BD3MD2KHD JIHWb npH CTpDrDH YHH4>HKaUHH
HcnblTaTeJIbHDH annapaTypbl, YCJIDBHH H MeTD.lI.UK HcnblTaHHH. Ha Bce
BH.lI.bI HcnblTaHHH, npHHSlTbiX B npDMblWJIeHHDCTH, HMelOTCSI D6lUero-
CY.lI.apCTBeHHble CTaH.lI.apTbI (fOCTbI), TeXHHtfeCKHe YCJIDBHSI H HDpMa-
JIH. B CTaH.lI.apTaX Ha HcnblTaHHSI KaY'IYKDB H pe3HH D6S13aTeJIbHD 4>HK-
CHPylOTCH 4>opMa H pa3Mepbl 06pa3UDB, CKDpDCTb HJIH BpeMH BD3.l1.eH-
CTBHSI J1e4>DpMHPYlOlUeH Harpy3KH, TeMnepaTypa.
HeKOTDpble CBDAcTBa KaYtfYKDB H pe3uHDBblX cMeceH nDMDralOT
npe.ll.CKa3b1BaTb nDBe.ll.eHUe MaTepHaJIDB npH nepepa6DTKe H xapaKTe-
PH3YIOT TeXHDJIDrHtfeCKHe CBoHcTBa 3THX MaTepHaJIDB.
TEXHOJlOrHqECKHE CBORCTBA KAyqYKOB H PE3HHOBbiX CMECER
Ba>KHeHWHMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH TeXHDJIDrUtfeCKHX CBDHCTB Kay-
tfYKDB U pe3HHDBblX cMeceH SlBJISIIOTCSI nJIaCTD3JIaCTHtfeCKHe H a.ll.re3U-
DHHble (KJIeHKDCTb) CBDHCTBa, a AJISI pe3HHDBblX CMeceH elUe H cnD-
cD6HDCTb K BYJIKaHH3aUHH (BYJIKaHH3yeMDCTb). ,
,D.JISI DueHKH nDBe.ll.eHHSI KaY'IYKDB H pe3HHDBblX cMeceH B npDuec-
cax CMeweHHSI H 4>DpMDBaHHSI DJ1HHM H3 Ba>KHeHWHX nDKa3aTeJIeH SIB-
JISleTCSI CDDTHDweHue nJIaCTHtJeCKDH H BblCDKD3JIaCTHtfeCKDH CDCTaB-
JISilOlUHX B D6lUeH .lI.e4>DpMaUHH, HJIH nllaCT03AaCTUtteCKue CBDHCTBa.
nDJ1 nAaCTUttH.OCTblO MaTepHaJIa nDHHMalOT JIerKDeTb J1e4>DpMHpDBa-
HUSI H cnDCD6HDCTb CDxpaHSlTb 4>DPMY nDCJIe CHSITHSI .lI.e4>DpMupYIOw.eH
HarpY3KH. 3JIaCTH'IeCKHe CBDHCTBa Q6b1tfHD xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI D6paTU-
MDH .lI.e4>DpMaUHeH MaTepHaJIa, HJIH 3AaCTUIleCKUM BOCCTaH.OBAeH.ueM.
CDnpDTHBJIeHHe HeD6paTHMDMY H3MeHeHHIO D6pa3ua D6ycJIDBJIeHD BSl3-
KDCTblO KaYtfYKDB H pe3HHDBblX CMeceH. nDJIHDe npe.ll.CTaBJIeHUe 0' nJIa-
CTD3JIaCTHtfeCKHX CBDHCTBax MaTepHaJIDB MD>KHD DDJIY'IHTb, paCCMaT-
pHBaSi HX H3MeHeHHSI B 3aBHCHMDCTH DT TeMnepaTypbl H 'CKDpDCTU .lI.e-
4>DPMaUHH. CYlUeCTB'eHHDe H3MeHeHHe nJIaCTHQHDCTH B 3aBHCHMDCTH
DT TeMnepaTYPbl YKa3b1BaeT Ha TepMonAaCTUIlH.OCTb H cnDCD6HDCTb Ma-
TepH8JIDB K 4>DpMDBaHHIO.
B npDuecce BYJIKaHH3aUHH pe3HHDBDH CMeCH npDHCXD.lI.HT YMeHb-
weHHe nJIaCTHtfeCKHX H yseJIH'IeHHe BblCDKD3JIaCTH'IeCKHX CBDHCTB. nO'-
3TDMY DT H3MeHeHHSI nJIaCTD3JIaCTH'IeCKHX CBDHCTB npH HarpeBaHHH
pe3HHDBDH CMeCH 3aBUCHT BYJIKaHu3yeMDcTb pe3HHDBblX CMeceH.
npH nepepa6DTKe Ha TeXHDJIDfH'IeCKDM D6DPYJ1DBaHHH H xpaHeHHH
pe3HHDBblX CMeceH B YCJIDBHSlX nDBblweHHblX TeMnepaTYP BCJIeJ1CTBHe
B3aHMD.lI.eHCTBHH KaY'IYKa C BYJIKaHH3YIOlUHMH areHTaMH MD>KeT npDH-
3D"TH He>KeJIaTeJIbHDe H3MeHeHHe 'nJIaCTD3JIaCTU'IeCKHX CBDHCT@, KDTD-
pDe Ha3b1BaIOT npe:JICaeBpeMeH.H.OU BYAKaH.U3aUeu HJIH nOaBYAKaH.U3a-
ueu.
CKJIDHHDCTb K nDJ1BYJIKaHH3aUHH, HJIH cnDCD6HDCTb K npe>K.lI.eBpe-
MeHHDH BYJIKaHH3aUHH, xapaKTepH3YIOT BpeMeHeM, B Te'leHHe KDTopDrD
18

pe3HHDBaSi CMeCb, HarpeBaeMaSi npH J1aHHDH TeMnepaType (D6b1tfHD
npH 100 °C), cDxpaHSIeT HeH3MeHHble nJIaCTD3JIaCTHtfeCKHe CBDHcTBa.
npHMeHSIeMbie B H3CTDSlw,ee BpeMSI MeTD.lI.bI DueHKH nJIaCTD3JIaCTH-
'1eCKHX CBDHCTB nD3BDJISIIOT Dnpe.ll.eJIHTb nJIaCTH'IeCKHe CBDHcTBa MaTe-
pHaJIa B cTpDrD DrpaHH'IeHHblX YCJIDBHSlX (CKDpDCTSIX CJ1BHra H TeMne-
paTypax), KaK npaBHJID, B YCJIDBHblX e.ll.HHHuax.
nJIaCTD3JIaCTHtfeCKHe CBDHcTBa KaytfYKa H pe3HHDBblX CMeceH Due-
HHBalOTCSI B DCHDBHDM cJIeJ1YlOlUHMH cnDCD6aMH:
DO' H3MeHeHHIO BblCDTbI D6pa3ua npH
C>KaTHH Me>K.lI.Y nJIDCKDnapaJIJIeJIbHblMH
nJIHTaMH HJIH nJIDlUa.ll.KaMH;
nO' CDnpDTHBJIeHHIO .lI.e4>DpMaUHH C.lI.BH-
ra Me>KJ1Y nD.lI.BH>KHDH H HenDJ1BH>KHDH nO'-
BepXHDCTSlMH;
nO' CKOpDCTH HCTetJeHHSI nD.lI. J1aBJIeHHeM
'1epe3 KaJIH6pDBaHHble DTBepCTHSI;
nO' CKOpDCTH B.lI.aBJIHBaHHH B MaTepHaJI
nD.lI. HarpY3KDH TBep.ll.DrD HaKOHe'lHHKa.
MHDrHe MeTD.lI.bI DueHKH nJIaCTD3JIaCTH-
'1eCKHX CBOHCTB CTaH.lI.apTH3HpDBaHbI.
npH DnpeJ1eJIeHHH nJIaCTHtfeCKHX
CBDHCTB nO' H3MeHeHHIO BblCDTbI D6pa3ua
npH C>KaTHH Me>KJ1Y nJIDCKDnapaJIJIeJIbHbI-
MH nJIHTaMH D6b1'1HO 3a.ll.alOTCSI nDCTDSlHHbI-
MH 4>DpMa H pa3Mepbl D6pa3UDB .lI.JISI Hcnbl-
TaHHSI, TeMnepaTypa H npD.lI.DJI>KHTeJIbHDCTb
HcnblTaHHSI, a TaK>Ke 3Ha'leHHe C>KHMalO-
w,eH HarpY3KH HJIH .lI.e4>DpMauHH. O.ll.HHM
H3 HaH6DJIee pacnpDCTpaHeHHblX SlBJIHeTCSI
MeTD.lI. Dnpe.ll.eJIeHHSI nJIaCTH'IHDCTH KaytfYKa
H HeBYJIKaHH3DBaHHblX pe3HHDBblX CMeceH
Ha C>KHMalOlUeM nJIaCTDMeTpe.
CTaH.lI.apTHblH C>KHMalOlUHH nJIaCTDMeTp (pHC. 1.1) eDCTDHT H3
.n.BYX nJIHT: HH>KHeH HenD.lI.BH>KHDH 1, BepxHeH nD.lI.BH>KHDH 2 - H
CTep>KHSI 3. Ha CTep>KHe YKpenJIeHbI rpY3 5 H MHKpDMeTp 4. 06w.aSl
Macca BepxHeH nJIHTbI, CTep2KHSI H rpY3a paBHa 5 Kr. 06pa3eu Kaytfy-
Ka HJIH pe3HHDBDH CMeCH nDMelUalOT B ueHTpe HH>KHeH nJIHTbI C nD-
MDW,blO YCTaHDBDtfHDH PY'lKH 6.
nDJ1rDTDBJIeHHble UHJIHH.lI.pH'IeCKHe D6pa3Ubl .lI.HaMeTpDM 16 + 0,5 MM
H BblCDTDH ho= 10 MM nDCJIe TepMDcTaTHpDBaHHSI B TetfeHHe 3 MHH
npH 70°C nD.lI.BepralOTcSI npH 3TDH >Ke TeMnepaType C>KaTHIO Me>K.lI.Y
nJIDCKOnapaJIJIeJIbHbIMH nJIaCTHHaMH nD.lI. HarpY3KDH 50 H B Te'leHHe
3 MHH. Onpe.ll.eJISIIOT BblCDTY D6pa3ua nD.lI. HarpY3KDH hI H tfepe3
3 MHH nDCJIe CHSITHSI Harpy3KH H BDCCTaHDBJIeHHSI h 2 (pHC. 1.2). ,lJ.JISI
Bblpa>KeHHSI pe3yJIbTaTDB HcnblTaHHSI BbltfHCJISIIOT MJlefCOCTb S:
ho -hi
S = ho + hi
2.
PHC. I.L CTaH.llapTHbJA C)f(H-
MalOw.HH nJiaCTOMeTp:
/, z- DJlHTbI; 3 - cTepmeHb; 4-
MHKPOMeTp; 5 - rpY3: 6 - YCTa-
HOBOqHali pYQKa.
19

H BOCCTaHaBAUBaeMOCTb R - DTHDWeHHe DCTaTD'IHDA J1e4>DpMaUHH
K D6lUeH J1e4JDpMaUHH C>KaTHSI:
R _ ho-h.
- ho - hI
nJIaCTHtJHDCTb P anpeJ1eJISleTCSI KaK yCJIDBHaSi BeJIH'IHHa:
ho - hs
P = SR = ho + hI
H MD>KeT U3MeHSlTbCSI B npe.ll.eJIax DT 0 .lI.D 1. ECJIH TeJID a6CDJIIOTHO
nJIaCTHtfHOe, TO' h 2 =h l =0 H P=1.
nJIaCTUtfHDCTb KaY'IYKDB H pe3HHDBblX CMeceH nepepa6aTblBalOIIJ.HX-
CSI, Ha npaKTHKe, BapbHpyeTcSI DT 0,03 .110' 0,85. MaTepHaJIbI C nJIaCTH'I-
rl t SOH 
!,,=J- (t:h ' '
P'JIIC. 1.2. CXelMa OiII'pe.lleJI8fILSlIIIJl8ICTHIf.IIOCTH.
HDCTblO 0,03-0,25 C'IHTaIOTCSI C)I{eCTKHMH», a e nJI8CTH'IHDCTblO CBbI-
we 0,5 - CMSlrKHMH».
npH oueHKe nJIaCTD3JIaCTH'IeCKHX CBDHCTB KaY'IYKDB H pe3HHDBblX
CMeceH nO' cDnpDTHBJIeHHIO D6pa3ua DceBDMY C>KaTHIO .lI.D 3a.ll.aHHDH
.lI.e4>DpMaUHH H nO' BDCCTaHOBJIeHHIO erD QDCJIe pa3rpY3KH Dnpe.ll.eJISIIOT
YCHJIHe, HeD6xD.lI.HMDe J1JISI C>KaTHSI B Te'leHHe 30 C o6pa3ua J1HaMeTpDM
10 MM H BblCDTDH ho= 10 MM .lI.O BblCDTbI hi =4 14M Me)l{.lI.Y J1HCKaMH
J1HaMeTpDM 10 MM (pHC. 1.3). npDrpeBaHHe D6pa3ua nepeJ1 C>KaTHeM
B Te'leHHe 20 MHH H nDCJIe.ll.YlOlUee C>KaTHe npDH3BD.lI.SlT npH TeMnepa-
Type 80°C. ,D.JISI O1IpeJ1eJIeHHSI aAaCTU'leCKOeO BOCCTaHOBAeHUJI, (3,D.)
H OCTaTO'IHOH J1e4>DpMaUHH D6pa3eu nDCJIe C>KaTHSI pa3rpY>KalOT H tfe-
pe3 30 C 3aMepSilOT erD BblCDTY (h 2 ).
OceBDe YCHJIHe, HeD6xD.lI.HMDe .lI.JISI C)I{aTHSI D6pa3ua, xapaKTepH-
3yeT >KeCTKDCTb nO' ,D.e4>D ()I(,D.), a BeJIHqHHa (h 2 -h l ) - 3JIaCTHqeCKOe
BDCCTaHDBJIeHHe KaYtfYXDB H HeBYJIKaHH3DBaHHblx pe3HHOBblx cMeeeH.
HooblTaHHe npOBD.lI.SlT Ha nJIaCTDMeTpe C nepeMe'HHDA HarpY3'KQH.
nJIaCTDMeTp C nepeMeHHDA HarPY3KDA (pRC. 1.4) CDC'JIOHT H3 KDp-
nyca 1, MHKpoMeTpa 4 H pbl'lara 7 .lI.JISI rpY3a. Pblqar HMeeT WKaJIbI
C .lI.eJIeHHSlMH: DT 3 .110' 15 H, DT 15 .lI.D 50 H H DT 50 .lI.D 200 H. Ha Pbl-
tfare C D.lI.HDH CTDpDHbI YKpenJISIIOT nepe.ll.BH1KHDH rpY3 6. pa3JIHtJHblH
.lI.JISI Ka>K.lI.DrD H3 Tpex .lI.Hana3DHDB HarpY30K, C J1PyrDH CTOpDHbI - npD-
THBDBec 8 c YCTaHDBD'IHDH raHKDH. ,
,D.JISI H3MepeHHSI MaJIblX 3Ha'leHHH >KeCTKDCTH nO' ,D.e(j)D (.110' 3 H)
HCnOJIb3YlOT CTep>KeHb 5, npDXD.lI.SlUlHH tJepe3 Ha>KHMHDH CTep>KeHb;
20

Ha CTep2KeHb 5 HaKJIa.ll.blBalOT pa3HDBecbI. HarpysKY H pa3rpysKY npD-
H3BD.lI.SlT nD.lI. J1eHCTBHeM pblqara 8.
06pa3eu npDrpeBalOT B npH60pe B Te'leHHe 20 MHH, 3aTeM nDMe-
w.alOT Me2K.lI.Y J1BYMSI Ha2KHMHblMH .lI.HCKaMH H HarpY2KalOT C nDMDllI.blO
'.5H +H
t!t-t6 Qtr.
+4 5 #
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.
P'II'C. 11.3. C'XeMa onpe.D.eneHHSI )f(ecmOCTH 'H enacTH'Iea<wO
BOOCTaalOIBneIHHSI lKayqyKa 011 pe3'HOBbiX cMeceA.
pbltfara 8. lJepe3 30 C 3anHCblBalOT nDKa3aHHe MHKpDMeTpa, 3aTeM Pbl-
'1arDM 8 YJ1aJISIIOT rpY3 H Qepe3 30 C 3aMepSilOT 3JIaCTH'IeCKDe BDCCTa-
HDBJIeHHe.
PItIC. 1.4. nJI8'CTOIMfII'p C .nepeMelHofiOA H8I'PYaKoA 1(llte!JloMetp) .!lJlft onPe.D.eJle.HHSI JKeCT-
'K0C1\H H snaCTll"leoKOI'O 'BOIOCTaHOIIMeHHSI Ka'Y"lYK09 H uesyn'K8'IIH3OB8'llHblX pe3HHOIBblX,
'i:MeceA:
I - Kopay<:; 2 - ,uepu.a AJI!! 88rpY3KH; 3 - apoTHBoBec; 4 - MHKpOMeTJI; 5 - CTepJICeHb AJI!! Ha-
rpYSKB AO 3 H; 6 - rpys; 7 - plllq8r AJI!! rpyaa; 8 - YAepJICHB81OU/,BA pblQ8r.
B HaCTDSlwee BpeMSI B pe3HHDBDH npOMblWJIeHHDCTH J1JISI OueHKH'
CDnpDTHBJIeHHSI J1e4>DpMauHH C.lI.BHra Me2KJ1Y nDJ1BH2KHDH H HenDJ1BH>K-
HDH nDBepXHDCTSlMH HaH6DJIee tJaCTD HCnDJIb3YlOT npH6Dpbl THoa e.ll.BH-
rDBDrD pDTaUHDHHDro J1HCKDBDrD BHCKD3HMeTpa YHH. B npH6Dpax
9TDro THna HCDblTyeMblH MaTepHaJI HaXD.lI.HTCSI B 3a3Dpe Me2KJ1Y BHYT-
peHHeH nDBepXHDCTblO KaMepbl J1HaMeTpDM 51 MM H BblCO'TDH 10,6 MM,
HMelOweH pH4>JIeHble CTeHKH, H HapY>KHDH pH4>JIeHDH nOBepXHDCTblO'
pDropa J1Ha'MerpDM 38,1 MM H BblCOTDH 5,54 MM. B O'TJ1eJIbHblX CJIyqaSlx
MD2KeT npHMeHSlTbCSI MaJIblH pDTDp .lI.HaMerpDM 30,5 MM. npH HcnblTa-
21

HHH Dnpe.ll.eJISIIOT MDMeHT CDnpDTHBJIeHHSI BpalUeHHIO pDTDpa B MaTe-
pHaJIe (M) B 3aBHCHMDCTH DT npDJ1DJI>KHTeJIbHOCTH HCnblTaHHSI npH
'1acrDTe BpalUeHHSI 2 D6/MH'H JI npJl ,nOCTDSI'H'HOH, Sa.ll.aJlHDH TeMnepaType.
MDMeHT conpDTHBJIeHHSI Bblpa>Ka-
* 5 6 lOT B YCJIDBHblX e.ll.HHHUaX H Ha3b1-
BalOT CBSl3KOCTblO nO' MYHH».
CxeMa pDTaUHDHHDrD BHCKD3H-
MeTpa THna MYHH npHBe.ll.eHa Ha
pHC. 1.5.
B KaMepy, o6pa3yeMYIO .lI.BYMSI
pa3'beMHblMH tfaCTSlMH 7 H 8, nDMe-
w.alOT pe3HHDBYIO CMeCb 3. CTeHKH
KaMepbl HMelOT 3JIeKTpHtfeCKH" 0'60-
rpeB. TeMnepaTYPY B KaMepe MO>K-
13 R HD perYJIHpDBaTb. ,D.aBJIeHHe B Ka-
-, Mepe nD.lI.lJ.ep>KHBaeTCSI nDCTDSlH-
HbiM C nOMDlUblO nJIYH>KepDB 4 H 5,
KDTDpble B.lI.aBJIHBalOTCSI B CMeCb C
nDMDlUblO KaJIH6pDBaHHblx npy-
>K aH.
BHYTPH CMeCH Bpaw.aeTcSI po-
TDp 6. PDTOp HaXD.lI.HTCSI Ha BepTH-
KaJIbHOM BaJIY C '1epBSltfHblM KDJIe-
COM 12, CuenJIeHHblM C '1epBSlKOM
13. 1.JepBSlK 3aKpenJIeH Ha BaJIY 16,
npHBO.ll.HMDM BO Bpaw.eHHe OT
3JIeKTpO.ll.BHraTeJISI tfepe3 cHcTeMY
wecTepeH 15.
YCHJIHe, BD3HHKalOlUee Me>K-
J1.Y tfepBSltfHblM KOJIeCDM H '1epBSI-
KDM npH BpalUeHHH pDTDpa, npD-
nDpUHOHaJIbHD BSl3KDCTH pe3HHoBDH
CMeeH. 3TD YCHJIHe Bbl3b1BaeT n-
J1.DJIbHDe nepeMelUeHHe BaJIa 16 H
npHBD.lI.HT K J1e4>DpMaUHH nJIaCTHH-
tfaTDH npY>KHHbI 17. ,D.e4>DpMaUHSI
npY>KHHbI H3MepSleTcSI nO' HH.lI.HKa-
TOPHDMY MHKpDMeTPY 14. nDKa3a-
HHSI HH.lI.HKaTDpa nYTeM npe.ll.BapH-
TeJIbHDH TapHpDBKH nepeBe.ll.eRbI B
3Ha'leHHSI BSl3KDCTH CMeCH.
npY>KHHa 17 nD.lI.D6paHa TaKDH
ynpyrDcTH, tfTD npH J1eHCTBHH Ha
porop 'Bpaw.alOlUerQ MOMeHTa 8,4 H. 14 DHa J1.e4>apM'HPyeTCSI Ha I MM.
TO'lHOCTb nDKa3aHHH HHJ1HKaTopa 0,01 MM. Pa3HHua Me>KJ1Y Bpaw.alO-
IUHM'H MQMeHTaMH pDropa H C,KDpOCTb BpalUeHHSI nQ.lI.06paHbI H3 pac-
'1eTa, lITO' QJ1HD J1eJIe'HHe HH.lI.HKaTopa CDDTBeTcTByeT e.ll.HHHue BSl3KDCTH
nO' MYHH.
2
1<4
""
R
f'
floRR
1 g
PHC. 1.5. HP.H1H'U1lIllH08JIbIII8SI cxeMa ,pOTa.
UHOHHoro BHCK03HMeTpa THna MYHH
(BP-2) :
I - wecTepHII; 2 - YKa3aTeilb; 3 - pe3HHO-
Ball cMeCb; 4, 5 - nilYHmepbl; 6 - pOTOp; 7.
8 - qaCTII KaMepbl; 9 - Bail; 10 - KO-
IIHqeCK811 wecTepHII; 11 - MY<!>Ta; J2 - 4ep.
BII4Hoe Koneco; 13 - 4epBIIK; J4 - MHKpO-
MeT»; 15 - npHBO.D,Hali wecTepHII: 16 - Ban;
17 - npymHRa.
22
f*
13
/s
/8
17

3JIaCTIItfeCKDe BDCCTaHDBJIeHHe CMeCH DnpelJ.eJISleTCSI C nDMDlUblO
CneUHaJIbHDrD YKa3aTeJISI 2, KDTDpblH CDeJ1HHeH C DCHDBHblM BaJIDM
MY4>TDH CuenJIeHHSI 11, KDHH'IeCKDH wecTepHeH 10 H BaJIDM 9. npH6Dp
HMeeT .lI.Be CTpeJIKH - Be.ll.YlUYIO H Be.ll.DMYIO.
YrJIDBaSi CKDpDCTb Be.ll.YlUeH CTpeJIKH npH6Dpa YBeJIH'IHBaeTCSI
B 10 pa3 npH nDMDlUH wecTepeH 1. npH BpalUeHHH pOTDpa B CMeCH
BeJ1YIUaSi CTpeJIKa yKa3aTeJISI YBJIeKaeT 3a cD6DH Be.ll.DMYIO H nDKa3b1-
BaeT yrJIDBYIO CKDpOCTb BpalUeHHSI pDTDpa, YBeJIH'IeHHYIO B 10 pa3.
npH nDMDlUH MY4>TbI CuenJIeHHSI 11 BepxHSlSI nDJIDBHHa BepTHKaJIb-
HDrD BaJIa pDTDpa DTCDeJ1HHSleTCSI DT HH>KHeH, T. e. DT npHBD.lI.a. BCJIe.ll.-
CTBHe 3JIaCTH'IeCKDrD BDCCTaHDBJIeHHSI CMeCH, nD.lI.BepralOlUeHcSI npH
BpalUeHHH B HeH pDTDpa .lI.e4>DpMaUHH C.lI.BHra, DCBD6D>K.lI.eHHblH pDTDp
nDBDpatfHBaeTCSI B CTDPDHY, 'D6paTHYIO TDH, B KDTDpDA npDHCXD.lI.HJIO
erD npHHY.lI.HTeJIbHDe Bpaw.eHHe OT MDTDpa. YrDJI D6paTHDrD nDBDpD-
Ta pDTDpa npDnDpUHDHaJIeH TeH.lI.eHUHH CMeCH K BDCCTaHDBJIeHHIO.
npH D6paTHDM nDBDpDTe pDTDpa Be.ll.DMaSi CTpeJIKa DCTaHDBHTCSI.
a Be.ll.YlUaSi nDBepHeTcSI Ha Y.lI.eCSITepeHHblH yrDJI. Pa3HHua B nDKa3a-
HHSlX CTpeJIDK 6YJ1eT npDnDpUHDHaJIbHa 3JIaCTH'IeCKDMY BDCCTaHDBJIe-
HHIO CMeCH.
06b1'1HD HcnblTaHHSI npDBD.lI.SlT npH TeMnepaType 100 HnH 120°C.
3a BSl3KDCTb nO' MYHH npHHHMaeTcSI BeJIH'IHHa MHHHMaJIbHDrD CTaUHD-
HapHDrD 3Ha'leHHSI M, .lI.DCTilraeMaSi '1epe3 4-6 MHH C MDMeHTa HaqaJIa
BpalUeHHSI pDropa B KaMepe. npH Bblpa>KeHHH pe3YJIbTaTDB HenblTa-
HHH D6b1'1HO 3nHcblBalOT 3HaqeHHe BSl3KDCTH nO' MYHH, xapaKTepHcTH-
KY npHMeHSleDrD pDTDpa, npD.lI.DJI2KHTeJIbHDCTb npDrpeBa MaTepHaJIa
B KaMepe npH HenD.lI.BH>KHDM pDTDpe, npD.lI.DJI>KHTeJIbHDeTb BpalUeHHSI
pDTDpa Ii TeMnepaTYPY"HCnblTaHHSI.
HanpHMep
6OMBI-5-100
r.lle 60M - '1H.c.nO e.ltKIIIW. BSl3KOOTH 110 MylJfH; ,5 - 6onbWoA poTOP; 1 - npo.non)f(IH-
TenblllOCTb .npe.ll.'BapiHTeJIbIII01'O n.po.r,pe&a, MmI; 5 -III'po..!l0n1K1rrenbillOlCTb BpaU1eJ1HSI po-
Topa, MHH; 100 -Temepa-rypa 1I1CIIblT8'HHSI. °c.
Ha npaKTHKe nepepa6aTblBaeMbie MaTepHaJIbI e BSl3KDeTblO nO'
MYHH npH 100°C .lI.D 35 YCJI. eJ1. D6b1'1HD C'IHTaIOTCSI CMSlrKHMH»,
a CBblwe 70 YCJI. e.ll.. - c>KeCTKHMH».
CnDCD6b1 DueHKH nJIaCTD3JIaCTH'IeCKHX CBDHCTB nO' CKDpDCTH HCTe-
tfeHHSI nDJ1 J1aBJIeHHeM '1epe3 KaJIH6pDBaHHble OTBepcTHSI B HaCTDSlw.ee
BpeMH HaXD.lI.SlT wHpDKDe npHMeHeHHe B HaY'IHblX HCCJIeJ1DBaHHSlX .lI.JISI
Dnpe.ll.eneHHSI BSl3KDCTH MaTepHaJIDB npH pa3JIH'IHblX TeMnepaTypax.
HanpSl>KeHHSlX H CKDpDCTSIX CJ1BHra.
BCJIe.ll.CTBHe pa3JIH'IHSI YCJIDBHH npDBeJ1eHHH HcnblTaHHH He CYlUeCT-
ByeT DJ1HD3Ha'lHDrD CDDTBeTCTBHSI Me>KJ1Y nDKa3aTeJISlMH DueHKH nJIa-
CTD3JIaCTH'IeCKHX CBDHCTB, nDJIY'IeHHblX pa3JIHQHblMH MeTOJ1aMH, HD
KatJeCTBeHHDe eDDTBeTCTBHe MD2KeT 6b1Tb HaHJ1eHD. HanpHMep, '1eM
MeHbwe nJIaCTH'IHDCTb, TeM 6DJIbWe >KeCTKDCTb nO' ,D.e4>o H BSl3KDCTb
nO' MYHH.
23.

CKJIDHHDCTb pe3HHDBblX CMeCeH K nD.lI.ByJIKaHH3aUHH D6b1tfHD Due-
HHBalOT nO' CTeneHH H3MeHeHHSI nJIaCTHtJHDCTH, >KeCTKDCTH HJIH BSl3-
KDCTH nO' YHH B 3aBHCHMDCTH DT .lI.JIHTeJIbHDCTH HX npDrpeBa npH
TeMnepaTypax 100--125°C.
B HaCTDSlUJ,ee BpeMSI .lI.JISI DueHKH CKJIDHHDCTH pe3HHDBblX CMeceH
K nD.lI.BYJIKaHH3aUHH HaH6DJIbWee npHMeHeHHe HaXD.lI.SlT PDTauHDHHble
BHCKD3HMeTpbl. CKJIDHHDCTb K nD.I1BYJI-
KaHH3aUHH xapaKTepH3YIOT BpeMeHeM
HatJaJIa nDJ1ByJIKaHH3auHH 'ts. 3a KDTD-
pDe BSl3KDCTb D6pa3a nO' YHH npeBbI-
CHT MHHHMaJIbHDe 3HaqeHHe MMBH Ha
5 YCJI. e.ll.. npH .lI.aHHDH TeMnepnype HC-
nblTaHHSI (pHC. 1.6). nO' BD3pacTaHHIO
M nDCJIe HaqaJIa nD.I1BYJIKaHH3aUHH
MD>KHD DueHHTb CKDpDCTb BYJIKaHH3a-
UHH, KDTDpaSi Dnpe.ll.eJISleTCSI pa3HDcTblO
('tc--'t's), rJ1e 'tc - BpeMSI, 3a KDTDpDe
BSl3KDCTb nO' YHH D6pa3a npeBbicHT
MMRB B.lI.BDe (2 MMJIB)' B npDuecce BYJI-
KaHH3aUHH cDnpDTHBJIeHHe MaTepHaJIa
.lI.e4>DpMHpDBaHHIO pe3KD nDBblwaeTCSI. H
DH TepSieT cnDcD6HDeTb K HeDrpaHHtJeH-
HDH .I1e4>DpMaUHH (TeqeHHIO). 3TD Drpa-
HHtfHBaeT BD3MD>KHDCTb npHMeHeHHSI pO'-
TaHDHHblX BHeKD3HMeTpDB .lI.JISI DueHKH
ByJIKaHH3yeMDcTH pe3HHDBblX cMeceH.
,D.JiSI 3TDH ueJIH npHMeHSIIOTCSI npH6D-
Pbl, B KDTDpblX MD>KeT DCYlUeCTBJISlTbCSI .lI.HHaMHqeCKaSi .lI.e<J)opMaUHSI
C.lI.BHra C MaJIDH aMnJIHTY.lI.DH C.lI.BHrDBDrD CMelUeHHSI. eTD.lI. Dnpe.n.eJIe-
HHSI KHHeTHKH BYJIKaHH3auHH Ha BYJIKaMeTpe nO' cDnpDTHBJIeHHIO 0'6.
pa3uDB pe3HHDBblX cMeceH cHMMeTpHqHDMY 3HaKDnepeMeHHDMY C.lI.BH-
ry npH 3a.ll.aHHDH aMnJIHTY.lI.e CTaH.I1apTH3DBaH.
06pa3Ubl pe3HHDBblX CMeceH (nJIaeTHHbI) nDMeIUalOT Me>K.I1Y 0'60'-
rpeBaeMblMH nDBepxHDcTSlMH napaJIJIeJIbHblX 3a>KHMHblX nJIDlUaJ1DK.
B BYJIKaMeTpe npH TeMnepaType, ByJIKaHH3auHH Dcym.eeTBJISleTCSI MHO'-
rDKpaTHaSi C.lI.BHrDBaSi .lI.e4>DpMaUHSI D6pa3ua C aMnJIHTY.I1DH DKDJID 40%
DTHDCHTeJIbHDH J1e4>DpMauHH H qaCTOTDH He 60JIee 2 UHKJIDB!MHH.
3anHcblBalOlUee YCTPDHCTBD npH6Dpa 4>HKcHPyeT KPHBYIO H3MeHeHHSI
YCHJIHH C.lI.BHra BD BpeMeHH, xapaKTepH3YIOlUyIO KHHeTHKy BYJIKaHH3a-
UHH (pHC. 1.7).
3a HatJaJID nD.lI.BYJIKaHH3aUHH H BYJIKaHH3aUHH 'tc npHHHMalOT
BpeMSI, npH KDTDPDM YCHJIHe C.lI.BHra nDCJIe npe6b1BaHHSI CMeeH B BSl3-
KDTeKY'leM CDCTDSlHHH HaqHHaeT paCTH (T. B). OnTHMaJIbHDe BpeMSI
BYJIKaHH3aUHH 'to cDDTBeTcTByeT MDMeHTY, npH KDTDPDM YCHJIHe C.lI.BH-
ra npaKTH'IeCKH nepeeTaeT MeHHTbCH Ha Y'IaeTKe r P. (MoMeHT 3a.
sepweHHSI DCHDBHDrD npDuecca D6pa3DBaHHH CTpyKTYPY).
OJ1HHM H3 DCHDBHblX He.ll.DCTaTKDB BYJIKaMeTpDB HBJISleTCSI HaJIHtJHe
OTKpblTDH HcnblTaTeJIbHDH 4>DpMbI, B KDTDpDH HeJIb3S1 nDJIyqHTb D6pa3-
"0


 30
i

 20


 10


:l
I
I
,l
1 J 'j 7 9 j '
flpIJtJO./lJl(Ume./lbIfOCmb,Mulf
1:c
o
PII'C. 1.6. 3aeHCHMOCTb 8S134(OCTH
no M)'II/IH pe31LllOBOIi CMeCH OT
np0.llOJl)f(,HTeJIYlOCTH IIIICIIlYT8t1Kft.
4
-
""



Ubi 3a.ll.aHHblX pa3MepDB H 4>DpMbI. nDMHMD CJID>KHDCTH H3rDTDBJIeHHj1
D6pa3UDB .I1PyrHM HeJ10CTaTKDM SlBJISleTCSI nDJIyqeHHe MaJID BDC'DpDH3 o
BD.lI.HMblX nDKa3aTeJIeH: C.lI.BHrDBblX HarpY3DK. nD3TDMY npH nDMDlUR
BYJIKaMeTpDB HeJIb3S1 Dnpe.ll.eJIHTb BSl3KDCTb MaTepHaJIDB, HeCMDTpH Ha
DTCYTCTBHe 3aMeTHDrD HCKa>KeHHSI KHHeTHKH BYJIKaHH3aUHH.
3TH X HeJ1DCTaTKDB JIHWeHY npH6Dpbl, B KDTDpblX, KaK H B BHCKD3H-
MeTpax THna MYHH, D6pa3eu HcnblTbiBaeTCSI nD.lI. J1aBJIeHHeM B 3aKpbl-
TDH: KaMepe. O.ll.HHM H3 HaH6DJIee CDBepweHHblX npH6DpDB 3TDrD THna
SlBJISleTCSI BH6paUHDHHblH peoMeT.p 4>HpMbI «MDHcaHTD». B 3TDM npH-
6Dpe 6HKDHHtJeCKHH: J1HCK CDBepwaeT KDJIe6aTeJIbHble .I1BH>KeHHSI B pa-






Jl
,.,
"'HOKC
Hoed
"'onm
..
M no tJ6
MHI/H
I
I
I
I
...1

P,HIC. 1.7. 3a181!1C'H'M0IC'Tb }"CHJlHJI IQQIBlIJI'a OT II/P'OAOJIJKHTeJJMlOCTJI .yJl'KIIIIII8INU1H pe3H-
Hoooii iOMeIC1I np1l MOObtTaHiIIH ilia BYJl'Ka,Menpe,
PHC. 1.8. 3aSHCH1MOCTb MOMeRTa 1::aD'pOTHlBJlElHHSI lllelJlopl68QHH M OT npO.ltOJloX<HTeJlb-
HOCTH ..YJI1Ca.HH3aUHH 't' ,pe:mJloOlBoii CMeoH lI1iM1 :H'CJllbiTBumr JIB I81I6panHClH'HO'M peOMe-rpe-
«MOCIICSIIITO:t.
6DtJeH: KaMepe Ha 1,3 H 50 C tJacTDTDH 100 KDJIe6aHHH B MHHYTY. TeM-
nepaTypa pa6DqeH KaMepbl perYJIHpyeTcSI C nDMDlUblO 3JIeKTpHtfeCKDrO'
D6DrpeBa DT 100 .lI.D 200 °c.
npH HcnblTaHHH 4>HKCHPYIOTCSI 3HatJeHHSI MDMeHTDB CDnpDTHBJIeHHSI
MaTepHaJIa .lI.e4>DpMHpDBaHHIO (npDnDpUHDHaJIbHDrD MD.lI.YJIIO C.lI.BHra)
B 3aBHCHMDCTH DT npD.lI.DJI>KHTeJIbHDCTH. cl>DpMa THnHtJHDH KPHBDH, TID-
JIYtJeHHDH Ha BH6paUHDHHDM peDMeTpe, npe.ll.CTaBJIeHa Ha pHC. 1.8.
B pe3YJIbTaTe HcnblTaHHSI D.lI.HDrD D6pa3ua MD>KHD Dnpe.ll.eJIHTb
YCJIDBHble nDKa3aTeJIH pa3JIHtJHblX CBDHCTB pe3HHDBblX CMeCeH: H pe3H-
HbI: Muc% xapaKTepH3yeT HCXDJ1HYIO BSl3KDCTb pe3HHDBDH: CMeCH, TIDMe-
lUeHHDH: B KaMepy npH6Dpa; MMDB - cDDTBeTcTByeT MHHHMaJIbHDMY
3HatJeHHIO BSl3KDCTH npH TeMlIepaType HcnblTaHHSI; nO' DTHDWeHHI()
Muc%/MMDB MQ>KHD CY.l1HTb 0' TepMDnJIa.cTHqHOCTH pe3HHDBDH: eMecH.
BpeMSI DT HatJaJIa HcnblTaHHSI, 3a KDTDpDe MMDB YBeJIHqHTCSI TK.
tfTD CTpeJIKa nepeMecTHTcSI Ha D.lI.HD .lI.eJIeHHe WKaJIbI npH6Dpa, xapaK-
TepH3yeT CQIDPDTHBJIeHHe peaHHDBblx CMeH 'OoD.lI.BYJIKa'HH3aUHH 't'nO,lJ;a.
25

MM8KC - MDMeHT CDnpDTHBJIeHHSI .n.e4>DpMHpDBaHHIO, CDOTBeTCTBYlOlUHii
MaKCHMaJIbHDii CTeneHH BYJIKaHH3auHH. fipHHSlTD CqHTaTb BeJIHtfHHY
M 1IIIIB +0,9 (MYaKC-MMBB) MOMeHTDM CDnpDTHBJIeHHSI .n.e4>DpMHpDBa-
HHIO, COOTBeTCTBYlOlUHM DDTHMaJIbHDH BYJIKaHH3aUHH MODT' a BpeMSI
QT HaqaJIa HcnblTaHHii .110' J1DCTH>KeHHSI M ODT - DnTHMaJIbHblM BpeMe-
HeM BYJIKaHH3aUHH 'fonT' Pa3HDCTb 't'OIIT-'t'DOAB XapaKTepH3yeT CKDpDCTb
npDueCea BYJIKaHH3auHH, a nO' BpeMeHH, 3a KDTDpDe MaKCHMaJIbHDe
3HatJeHHe MOMeHTa CDnpDTHBJIeHHSI J1e4>DpMHpDBaHHIO YMeHbWHTCSI .n.D
0,98 M yaHc , CYJJ.SlT 0' HacTynJIeHHH peBepcHH 't'pea.
/(lleaKOCTb, T. e. cnDCD6HDCTb K 'DpD1fHDMY CDe.n.HHeHHIO Me>K.n.y CD-
6DH J1BYX KDHTaKTHPYlOlUHX D6pa3UDB, SlBJISleTCSI DJJ.HHM H3 Ba>KHblX
CBDHCTB, DDpeJ1eJISilOlUHX TeXHDJIOrH'IeCKHe KaqeCTBa pe3HHDBblX CMe-
ceH. OHa Dnpe.n.eJISIeT BD3MD>KHDCTb npDBeJJ.eHHSI TeXHDJIDrH'IeCKDrD
npDuecca H3rDTDBJIeHHSI H3.n.eJIHii H3 DT.n.eJIbHblX HeBYJIKaHH3DBaHHblX
.lI.eTaJIeH ('KDH4>eKUHIO H3JJ.eJIH). B pe3YJIbTaTe KDRT8KTa Me>K.n.y
.n.BYMSI nDBepXHDCTSlMH BD3RHKaeT aJJ.re3HDHHaSi eBSl3b, JlBJISIlOlUaSiCSI
CJIe.n.eTBHeM .n.eiieTBHSI Me>KMDJIeKYJISlpHblX CHJI,
KJIeHKDeTb MaTepHaJIa 3aBHeHT He TDJIbKD DT CBDHCTB nDBepXHDCTH,
Hd Dnpe.n.eJISleTCSI TaK>Ke BD3MD>KHDCTblO nJIDTHDrD KDHTaKTa Me>K.lI.Y
nDBepXHDCTSlMH CKJIeHBaeMbiX D6pa3UDB, T. e. ynpyrDBSl3KHMH xapaK-
TepHCTHKaMH. BpeMSI, 3a KDTDpDe J1DCTHraeTCSI npe.n.eJIbHDe 3HaqeHHe
npDtJHDCTH CKJIeHBaHHSI, TeM 6DJIbWe, qeM 6DJIbWe BSl3KDCTb KDHTaK-
THPYIOIUHX CHCTeM. BHeWHSISI CKJIeHBalOUJ,aSl cnDCD6HDCTb, D6YCJIDB-
JIeHHaSi eHJIaMH, nDCpe.l1CTBDM KDTOpblX CuenJIJlIOTeSi pa3HDpDJ1Rble Te-
JIa, Ha3b1BaeTCSI aoeesuea. B CJIY'Iae D.n.HHaKDBDH npHpD.lI.bI CDnpHKa-
calOlUHXCSI DDBepXHDCTeH roBDpSlT 0'6 a!lToeesuu. /(DeesuR - cuenJIe-
HHe MDJIeXYJI DJ1HDrD pDJ1a nDJJ. .n.eHcTBHeM CHJI npHTSI>KeHHSI. KDre3HDH-
HaSi npDqHDCTb KaYtJYKDB H peaHHDBblx cMeceH SlBJISleTeSl Ba>KHDii Tex-
HDJIDrHqeCKDH xapaKTepHcTHKDH H Dnpe.n.eJISIeT B 3HaqHTeJIbHDii Mepe
BD3MD>KHDeTb HX nepepa6DTKH B H3J1eJIHSI. AYTDre3HDHHaSi npDqHDCTb
D6h1'1HD HH>Ke KDre3HDHHDii, TaK KaK 3aBHCHT -O'T YCJIDBHH KDHTaKTa,
D.n.HaKD npH .n.JIHTeJIbHDM cDnpHKDcHDBeHHH DJ1HHaKOBblX nDBepxHDcTeii
H YCTaHDBJIeHHH B 3DHe KDHTaKTa CTPYKTypbl, xapaKTepHDH .n.JISI JII06Dii
TDtfKH B D6'beMe TeJIa, npD'IHDCTb aYTDre3HDHHDrD CDe.n.HHeHHSI npH-
6JIH>KaeTCSI K KDre3HDRHDii npDqHDCTH MaTepHaJIa.
AYTDreaHSI nDJIHMepDB, HaXDJ1S1lUHXCSI B BSl3KDTeKyqeM HJIH BblCDKD-
3JIaCTHqHDM CDCTDSlHHH, D6b1qHD D6'bSlCHSleTcSI B3aHMHDii J1H4>4>Y3HeH
3JIeMeHTDB HX MaKpDMDJIeXYJI H3 CJIDSI B CJIDH '1epe3 nDBepXHDCTH CD-
npHKDCHDBeHHSI..
Onpe.n.eJIeHHe KJIeHKDCTH KayqYKDB H pe3HHDBblX cMeceH B DCHDB-
HDM 3aKJIIO'IaeTCSI B H3MepeHHH CHJIbI, HeD6xDJ1HMDH J1JISI pa3J1eJIeHHsr
(paeCJIaHBaHHSI) D6pa3UDB, J1y6JIHpDBaHHblX nDJ1 DnpeJ1eJIeHHDH Ha-
rPY3KDH B TeqeHHe 3a.n.aHHDro BpeMeHH.
ItH3HI(O-MEXAHHqECKHE CBORCTBA PDHHY
Ba>KHeHWeH DeD6eRHDCTblO, DnpeJ1eJISlIOIUeH B 3HaqHTeJIbHDH CTe-
neHH MeXaHH'IeCKHe CBDHCTBa pe3HHbI, SlBJISIeTeSl peJIaKCaUHSI HanpSl-
>KeHH.SI, npDSlBJISlIOIUaSiCSI B nDCTeneHHDM cna.l1e HanpSl>KeHHSI B D6pa3-
26

ue npH HeU3MeHSlIOUJ.eMCH BD BpeMeH'H 3Hatfe'HHH .lI.e4>opMaUHH
(pHC. 1.9). H3MeHeHHe HanpSl>KeHHSI BD BpeMeHH .lI.JISI pe3HH npDHcxD-
HT D HeKDTDpDrD KDHetJHDrD 3HaQeHHSI, Ha3BaeMDrD pasHoseCHbtM
HanpR.eHueM. YpDBeHb erD DnpeeJISleTCSI B DCHDBHDM rycTDTDH BYJI-
KaHH3aUHDHHDH ceTKH B pe3HHe. CKDpDCTb peJIaKCaUHDHHblX npDuec-
CDB 3aBHCHT DT CDDTHDweHHSI 3HeprHH Me>KMDJIeKYJISlpHDrD B3aHMO-
.lI.eikTBHSI B ,nDJIHMepe If 3HeprHH TanJIO'BDrD 'BH>KeHHSI MDJIeKYJI. tIeM
Bblwe TeMnepaTypa, TeM 3HeprHQHee TenJIDBDe BH:H<eHHe MDJIeKyJl.
reM 6b1CTpee npDTeKalOT peJIaKCaUHDHHble
npDuecc. nOBeeHHe pe3HH npH MexaHHtJe- <f
CKHX e4>DpMauHSlX 6Y.lI.eT DnpeeJISlTbCSI KaK
ee ynpyrHMH CBDiicTBaMH npH paBHDBeCHH,
TaK H CKDpDCTblO YCTaHDBJIeHHH 3TDrD paBHD-
BeCHSI. nDCKDJIbKY YCTaHDBJIeHHe paBHDBeCHH
Me>KY e<t>DpMaUHeii H HanpSl>KeHHeM npDHC-
XD.lI.HT DTHOCHTeJIbHD MeAJIeHHD, pe3HHa D6b1tJ-
HD pa6DTaeT B HepaBHDBeCHDM CDCTDSlHHH, H
HanpSl>KeHHSI, BD3HHKalOUJ.He npH e4>DpMa-
UHH pe3HH C nDCTDSlHHDH CKDpDCTblO, 6YYT
3aBHceTb DT CKDpDCTH e<t>DpMHpDBaHHSI.
ECJIH D6pa3eu pe3HH .lI.e<t>DpMHpDBaTb C
6eCKDHetJHD MaJIDH CKDpDCTblO, npH KDTDPDH
6YYT ycneBaTb npDXD.lI.HTb peJIaKCaUHDHHe
npDueCCbI, TO' npH 3HatJeHHSlX e4>DpMaUHH .110'
200% o6HapY>KHBaeTCSI 3aBHCHMDCTb HCTHHHDrD HanpSl>KeHHSI DT e-
<t>DpMaUHH, 6JIH3KaSi K npSlMDH:
00::> = Eoof!,
t'
PII'C, 1.9. 3S18HCKMOCTb 'IIS-
npR)f(eHHSI 0 OT BpeMeRH
'C B pacTSIHYTOM Ha nOCTO-
ftH'HYIO BeJI'II"IIIIH'Y pe3HJfO-
80M 06pa3ue l(peJIaaGCa,UHSI
H,3'IlpR)f(eHRSI) .
BeJIHtJHHa E<:1O' Ha3BaeMaSi pasHoseCHbtM Moay/£eM. pe3HHbI HJIH
MD.lI.YJIeM BCDKD3JIaCTHtJHDCTH, He 3aBHCHT DT BpeMeHH H npeCTaB-
JISieT CD6DH KD34><I>HUHeHT npDnDpUHDHaJIbHDCTH Me>Ky HCTHHHblM
Ha'OpSl>KeHHeM peaHH 0'<:10 B paBHDBeCHDM CDCTDSlHHH H COOTBeTCTBYIO-
UJ,eA DTHDCHTeJIbHDH e4>DpMaUHeH 8= (l-lo)/lo.
Plo
E -
0::> - So (1-10)
l1.IIe P -.ua.rpYo3IKa 'Ha 06pa3eu; So - II'CXOII(mIaR nnow.slAb n()npe'lHO.ro lCe'IeHHSI 06.pa'3-
ua; 10 - 'IIa'laJlb'HaSi JJ.JI'II1H,a 06ps'3ua; l -lIWIlIIHa AeIJIOpMHlpo.B3iHlHorO 83ua.
PaBHDBeCHH MDYJIb pe3HHbI xapaKTepH3yeT rYCTDTY npDCTpaHCT-
BeHHDH BYJIKaHH3aUHDHHDH ceTKH:
E _ 3pRT
0::> - Mc
r,/(e p -IIL/JO'J1H<JICTb nOJI'H1Me.pa; Me - ,MOJIeKynSl'pHaR 'M31OCa 0'1;pe3oKa MlI3{poMOJIeKyl/lbi.
38KJlJOIIeJiIII'Ol'O MexQY )'3J1a'MH npOlCT,p8H'CTBeHlHoA Ce'J'IKR; R - ra3CIBaR notTOlIIHI,IUI;
T - s6cooiO'J'Ra,R TeMlllepaTY'Ps. '
21

,D.JISI YCTaHDBJIeHHSI HCTHHHDrD paBHDBeCHSI B pe3HHe Tpe6yeTcSI
BeCbMa .D.JIHTeJIbHDe BpeMSI. nD3TDMY D6b1'1HD DnpeJ1eJISiIOT YC./lOBHD-
paBHOBeCHa MDyJIb nyreM H3MepeHHSI HanpSleHHSI npH 3aAaHHDH
CTeneHH .D.e4>DpMaUHH nDCJIe 3aBepweHHSI DCHDBHblX peJIaKeaUHDHHblX
npDuecooB (qepea 1 'I npH 70 0c). YCJIOBHD-paBHQBeeHblH MD.D.YJIb MD>K-
HD TaK>Ke O'npe.D.e.JIHTb nyreM H3MepeHHH .D.eOpMaUHH o6pasua npH
38'JJ.aHHDH HarpY3'Ke nOCJIe 3aBepweHHSI nD./lsgtleCTu. nDJI3Y'1OCTb -
YBeJIHqeHHe J1e4>DpMaUHH D6pa3ua npH 3aAaHHDH HarpY3Ke, Y BYJlKa-
HH3aTDB DHa YCJIDBHD .lI.OCTHraeT DDCTDSlHHDfD
3HaqeHHSI npHMepHD qepe3 16 MHH nDCJIe Ha-
rpY>KeHHH.
fipH 3KenJIYaTaUHH H3.11e.JIHH peaHHa, KaK
npaBHJID, He nD.I1BepraeTeSi 6DJIbWHM .lI.e4>Dp-
MaUHSlM, npH6JIH>KalOUJ,HMeSi K pa3pblBHblM,
HD B JIa6DpaTOpHDA npaKTHKe HcnblTaHHSI pe-
3MHbI Ha pa3pblB npHMeHHIOTCSI D'IeHb WHPD-
KD, TaK KaK B 3TH X yeJIDBHSlX HaH6DJIee Ha-
rJISlJ1HD npDSlBJISIIOTCSI ee cneUH4>HQeCKHe
CBDAeTBa.
3aBHCHMDCTb HanpSleHHH, BD3HHKalOlUerD
B pe3HHe, DT J1e4>DpMaUHH C nDCTDSlHHDA CKD-
pDCTblO HMeeT eJIDHhlA xapaKTep H DnpeAe-
JISieTeSi CDeraBDM peaHHbI (pHC 1.10). ECJIH
TDJIbKD QTD .I1e4>DpMHpDBaHHblH D6pa3eu pe3H-
HbI nD.I1BeprHYTb nDBTDpHO'A J1e4>DpM8UHH, TO'
Ha6JIIOJ1aeTCSI eHHeHHe HanpSleHHA B HeM
npH 3aAaHHblX CTeneHSIX Ae4>DpMaUHH, CBDe-
D6pa3HDe «pa3MSlf'leHHe, nDJIYQHBWee Ha3Ba-
HHe 3cfJcfJe1CTa naTpU1CeeBa-Ma./l./lUHca. 3TD
HBJIeHHe CBH3h1BaIOT e paSPYWe.HHeM B pe3H-
, He THKCDTpDnHblX CTPYKTYP, a TaK>Ke C H3Me-
HeHHeM KDH4>HrypaUHH ueneA nDJIHMepHDA eerKH, Bbl3BaHHblM cMeIUe-
HHeM Y3JIDB B npDuecce Ae4>DpMaUHH H HX 3aMeJ1JIeHHblM nDCJIeJ1YIO-
lUHM BD3BpalUeHHeM B HCXDJ1HDe CDCTOSlHHe.
TaK KaK Ha eBDAcTBa pe3HH npH paCTSI>KeHHH DKa3b1BaeT BJIHSlHHe
6DJIbWDe QHCJID 4>aKTDpDB, TO .lI.JISI Dnpe.l1eJIeHHSI npDqHDCTH npH paCTSI-
eHHH H DTHDeHTeJIbHDfD YJ1JIHHeHHH 6b1JI CTaH.I1apTH3DBaH MeTD.lI.,
3aKJIIOQalOIUHHCSI B paCTSIeHHH D6pa3uDB e nDCTDSlHHDH CKDpDCTblO
npH 3aJ1aHHDA TeMnepaType .110' pa3pblBa. Ha npD'IHDCTb pe3HHbI 6DJIb-
WDe BJIHSlHHe D1{a3b1BaeT MaCWTa6HblA 4>aKTOp - 4>DpMa H pa3Mepbl
D6pa3ua. t.!eM MeHbwe HenhlTyeMblH D6pa3eu, TeM 60JIbwe 3Ha'leHHe
npDQHDCTH H paCXD.I1eHHSI Me>KJ1Y pe3YJIbTaTaMH napaJIJIeJIbHblX HC-
nblTaHHH. n03TOMY npH onpe.l1e.JIe1I'HH npDQHDCTH Ha pa3pblBHblX Ma-
WHHax npe.l1YCMaTpHBaereSi D.lI.HDKpaTHDe paCTSIeHHe CD CKDpDCTblO
500 MM/MHH D6pa3UDB B BHAe )J.BYXCTDPDHHHX JIO'naTDK CTpDro 3aJ1aH-
HblX pa3MepDB.
n pOtlHDCTb pe3UH npu pacTJlXeHUU BbI'IHeJISIIOT KaK DTHDWeHHe
HarpY3KH P p , Bbl3BaBmeA pa3phlB D6pa3ua, K nepBDHa'laJIbHDH nJIO-
28
6
PRC. 1.10. 3aBHCHMOCTb
4I8IIpmKeHRB (J ar lItel)lolp-
)411Q.'1fH 8 "PH p8ICTDteRRB
peSIIIHOBbiX 06p08:
J - ReB8DOJISeSRIli peaBR8
88 OCROBe HI{; Z - petSS8
88 OCSOBe HK. COAep.811I
20 M8CC. .. TeXH8'1eCKOro yr-
nepOA8 lIapca "IJ.r-l00; 3-
pesSRI HI OCBOBe HK. COAep'
.81. 60 118ce. .. TeXRll'le-
ClKoro yrnepoA8 M8PKS
"IJ.r.l00.
t

lUaJ1H nDnepeqHDrD ee'leHHSI D6pa3ua So B YtJaCTKe pa3pblBa
.!2.
fp = So
OTHOCUTe/lbHOe YOAUHeHue npu paspbl.8e 8p Bhlpa)J(81OT OTHDwe-
HHeM nplipalUeHHSI J1JIHHbI pa6D'IerD Y'laCTKa D6pa3ua B MDMeHT pa3-
pblBa Ip K nepBDHaqaJIbHDH ero ,I1JIHHe 10:
_ I p -10 Ioo ol
I!p- 10 - 70
OTHDCUTe/lbHDe OCTaTD'lHOe YO/lUHeHUe pe3HHbI nDCJIe pa3pblBa
Op BblqHCJISIIOT KaK DTHDweHHe H3MeHeHHSI .lI.JIHHbI pa6DqerD yqaCTKa
O'6pa3Ua nDCJIe pa3pblBa K nepBDHatJaJIbHDH .lI.JIHHe:
8p = "'° 10 -100%
YC/lOBHOe HanpR3lCeHue npu saoaHHOM YO/lUHeHUU fa, xapaKTepH-
3YIOlUee >KeCTKDCTb pe3HHbI npH paCTSI>KeHHH, Bblpa>KalOT 3HaqeHHeM
HarpY3KH npH 3TDM YJ1JIHHeHHH P a, DTHeceHHDH K e,l1HHHue nJIDlUaJ1H
nepBDH8QaJIbHDrD Ce'leHHSI D6pa3ua So:
Pa
fa =s;-
06b1'1HD BblQHeJISIIOT YCJIDBHble HanpSl>KeHHSI npH ,I1e<PDpMaUHSlx
100, 200, 300 H 500%. B npaKTHKe HX qaCTD Ha3b1BaIOT MD.lI.YJISlMH
pe3HHbI npH 3aJ1aHHDH CTeneHH .lI.e4>DpMaUHH.
,D.DnDJIHHTeJIbHDH xapaKTepHCTHKDH pe3HHbI SlBJISleTCSI UCTUHHaJl.
T!-pO'lHDCTb npu paCTR3ICeHUU O'p,paCCQHTaHHaSi C YQeTDM H3MeHeHHSI
nJIDUJ,aJ1H nDnepeqHDrD CetfeHHSI D6pa3ua K MDMeHTY pa3pblBa, HCXD-
J1S1 H3 YCJIDBHH HeH3MeHHDCTH D6'beMa .lI.e<PDpMHPyeMDrD D6pa3ua:
Op =fp( 1% + I)
BCJIe.ll.CTBHe CYlUecTBeHHDrD H3MeHeHHSI eBDHCTB pe3HHbI B 3aBHCH-
MDCTH DT TeMnepaTypbl WHpDKD npHMeHSIIOT Dnpe.ll.eJIeHHe pa3JIH'IHblX
nDKa3aTeJIeH npH nDBblweHHblX HJIH HH3KHX TeMneparypax. B 3TDM
CJIYtJae DTHDweHHe JII06DrD Bbl6paHHDrD nDKa3aTeJISI, Dnpe.ll.eJIeHHDrD
npH nOBblweHHDH HJIH HH3KQH TeMnepaType, K TOMY >Ke nDKa3aTeJIIO,
nDJIY'IeHHDMY npH KDMHaTHDH TeMnepaType, Ha3h1BaIOT KDat/Jt/JUijUeH-
TDM Tefl.llDCTDiJ.KDCTU HJIH MOPOSOCTOiJ.KDCTU pe3HHbI eDDTBeTCTBeHHD.
,D.JISI Dnpe.ll.eJIeHHSI KD34>4>HUHeHTa TenJIDCTDHKDCTH D6b1'1HD HCnDJIb3Y-
lOT QTHDWeHHSI 3Ha'leHHH npDtJHDCTH npH paCTSI>KeHHH H DTHDCHTeJIb-
HblX YJ1JIHHeHHH, a .lI.JISI Dnpe,l1eJIeHHSI KD34>4>HuHeHTa MDpD3DCTOHKD-
eTH - DTHDweHHe 3Ha'leHHH paCTSI>KeHHH, Bbl3b1BaeMblX D,I1HHaKDBDH
HarpY3KDH:.
)].JISI DueHKH pa3PyweHHSI D6pa3UDB pe3HHbI npH HaJIHqHH MeeTHblX
nDBpe>KJ1eHHH, B 3DHe KDTDpblX npH .lI.e4>DpMaUHH D6pa3UDB KDHueHT-
PHPYIOTCSI HanpSl>KeHHSI, npOBD,I1S1T HcnblTaHHe 06pa3UDB Ha CDnpDTHB-
29

JIeHHe pa3.l1.Hpy. nDKa3aTeJIeM SlBJISleTCSI pa3pblBHaSi HarpY3Ka, DTHe-
ceHHaSi K TDJIlUHHe Ha.ll.pe3aHHDrD D6pa3ua cneUHaJIbHDH 4>DpMbI, npH
CKDpDCTH .lI.ecpDpMaUHH 500 MM/MHM. TDJIlUHHa H 4>DpMa D6pa3ua.
rJIy6HHa Ha.ll.pe3a CTaH.lI.apTH3DBaHbI.
IllHpDKD pacnpDcTpaHeHbI MeTD.lI.bI Dnpe.ll.eJIeHHSI TsepaDCTU pesuHbL,
nD.lI. KDTDpDH nDHHMalOT cnDcD6HDCTb pe3HHbI npDTHBDCTDSlTb BHe.ll.pe-
HHIO B Hee TBep.ll.DrD HH.lI.eHTDpa nD.lI. .lI.eHcTBHeM Dnpe.ll.eJIeHHDH CHJIbi.
npH DnpeJ1eJIeHHH TBep.ll.DCTH pe3HHbI TBep.ll.DMepDM TlllM-2 H3MepSilOT
rJIy6HHY nDrpy>KeHHSI CTaJIbHDfD wapHKa .lI.HaMeTpDM 5 MM, HaXD.lI.SllUe-
fDCSI nD.lI. HarpY3KDH 10 H B TetJeHHe 30 c, B HcnblTyeMblH D6pa3en
pe3HHbI TDJIlUHHDH He MeHee 6 MM.
HaH6DJIbWee pacnpDCTpaHeHHe nDJIytJHJI MeTD.lI. Dnpe.ll.eJIeHHSI TBep-
.lI.DCTH pe3HHbI TBepJ1DMepDM TM-2. 3TDT MeTD.lI. 3aKJIIOtfaeTCSI BD B.lI.aB-
JIHBaHHH CTaH.lI.a'pTHDH HrJIbi B HcnblTyeMblH D6pa3eu pe3HHbI nD.lI. .lI.eH-
CTBHeM npY>KHHbI, 'paCCtJHTaHHDH Ha Dnpe.ll.eJIeHHDe YCHJIHe. Pe3YJIbTa-
TbI HcnblTaHHSI Bblpa>KalOTCSI .nD WKaJIe B YCJIDBHblX e.ll.HHHuaX DT 0
'.lI.D 100. npH DtJeHb BblCDKDH TBep.ll.DCTH (nDKa3aTeJIb paBeH 100) HrJIa
He nDrpY>KaeTCSI B D6pa3eu. TBep.ll.DCTJ> pe3HHbI -(B YCJI. e.ll..) nO' TM-Z
KDJIe6JIeTCSI B WHpDKHX npe.ll.eJIax:
O'leHb MSirKaSl .
MSirKaSi . . .
Cpe.llHSISI . . .
TBep.llaSi. . .
O'leHb TBep.llaSi .
15-30
30-50
50-70
70-90
>90
B HacTDSlUJ,ee BpeMSI npHHSlT MeTD.lI. Dnpe.ll.eJIeHHSI TBep.ll.DCTH, peKD-
MeH.lI.DBaHHblH Me>K.lI.YHapD.lI.HDH DpraHH3au.HeH nO' cTaH.lI.apTH3aUHH
(HCO). npH O'npeJ1eJIeHHH TBep.ll.DCTH nO' .lI.aHHDMY MeTD.lI.Y Y'IHTbI-
BalOTCSI peJIaKCaUHDHHble npDueccbI H TpeHHe. TBep.ll.DCTb DueHHBaeTcSI
nO' pa3HDcTH rJIy6HH nDrpY>KeHHSI B D6pa3eu wapHKa .lI.HaMeTpDM
2,5 MM nD.lI. .lI.eHCTBHeM KDHTaKTHDH (0,30 H) H DCHDBHDH (5,50 H) Ha-
rpY3DK. fJIy6HHa nDrpY>KeHHSI H3MepSleTCSI B Me>K.lI.YHapD.lI.HblX e.ll.HHH-
u.ax IRHD HJIH B CDTblX .lI.DJISIX 14M: 3HatJeH'He «0» B Me>K.lI.YHapD.lI.'HbiX
e.ll.HHHuaX CDDTBeTcTByeT TBep.ll.DCTH MaTepHaJIa C MD.lI.yJIeM IOHra
(BeJIHtJHHa, 6JIH3KaH K MD.I1YJIIO BblCDKD3JIaCTHtJHDCTH), paBHblM O.
«100» - C MD.lI.YJIeM IOHra, paBHblM 00. nDKa3aTeJIH TBep.ll.DCTH B Me>K-
.lI.YHapD.lI.HblX e.l1HHHUaX 6JIH3KH K YCJIDBHblM e.ll.HHHuaM, Dnpe.ll.eJISIeMbIM
Ha TBep.ll.DMepe TM-2.
TBep.ll.DCTb SlBJISleTCSI Ba>KHeHWeH 3KCnJIyaTaUHDHHDH xapaKTepH-
CTHKDH pe3HHbI H pe3HHDBblX H3.l1.eJIHH, 8 J1JISI HeKOTDpblX H3 HHX (Ha-
npHMep, .lI.JISI O'6pe3HHeHHblX BaJI0'8 nellaTHhlX ,MaWHH) - rJIaBHDH.
Onpe.ll.eJIeHHe TBep.ll.DCTH WHpDKD HCnDJIb3yeTcH J1JISI KDHTpDJISI KatJe-
CTBa pe3HHbI, TaK KaK 3aHHMaeT MaJID BpeMeHH. B TO' >Ke BpeMSI 3TDT
MeTD.I1 lIYBCTBHTeJIeH K H3MeHeHHIO eDeT8Ba pe3HHbI H TeXHDJIDrH'Ie-
CKDrD npbueeca.
,D.JISI TDrD '1TD6b1 .I1e4>DpMHpDBaTb D6pa3eu pe3HHbI, HeD6xD.lI.HMD CD-
BepWHTb pa6DTY aecfJopM.al.fuu, KDTDPYIO MD>KHD Qnpe.ll.eJIHTb, H3MepHB
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30

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31

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32

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33

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34

JlHTepa-rypa
HSpaeAUT r. Ill. MexaHHqeCKHe HCDblTaHHSI peaRRbI H Ka)"lyKa. M. - n., foc-
XIINR3.1taT, 1949. 455 c. .
PesHUICOSCICU(l M. M., JJgICOMCK.a!& A. H. MexaHlfllecKHe HCDblTaHBJI K8Y'1yxa H
pesRHbI. M., cXHNHH, 1968. 500 c.
PeaRRa. MeTo.ltbi HCDblTaHHA. C60PRHK rocy.ltapCTBeBBblX CTaMaP'fOB. M. Mua-
TeJJbCTBO CTaH.ltaP'fOB, 1968. 331 C.
CK.OTT p''JIC. P. cJ)H3H'IeCKHe HcnblTaHHR KaY'IYKa B pesRHbI. M., CXHMHSI:&, 1968.
315 c.
J/gICOMCK.a!& A. H., EBCTpaToB B. CPo OcnOBbi np0I'II0311poBaHRft NexaHIfllec:KOrO
IIOBe.I(eHHSI Kayqyi(OB H peaRH. M., CXHMHSI», 1975. 360 c.

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«TpeyrDJIbHHK», «KaY'IYK», «BDraTbIpb», «np'DBOJ1HHK» H J1p.
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BD3pDCJIa nOTpe6HDcTb B KaY'IYKe, D6JIaCTH npHMeHeHHSI KOToporo Bce
6DJIbWe paCWHpSlJIHCb.
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nDJIY'IeHHSI CHHTeTHQeCKOrD KaY'IYKa. OrpDMHoe 3Ha'leHHe J1JISI pewe.
HHSI 3Toro BDnpDca HMeJIH pa60TbI M. <I» ap a.ll.eSl, f. BHJIbSiMCa, f. By-
wap.ll.a, B. fHJIbJ1eHa, nOCBSIlUeHHbIe YCTaHDBJIeHHIO XHMH'IeCKOH CTPYK-
Typbl HaTypaJIbHOrO KaY'IYKa.
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B. B. Bbl30B. Pa6DTbI C. B. JIe6e.ll.eBa, nDKa3aBwero B 1909 r. cnDcD6-
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36

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npOH3BO.ll.CTBY CK no cnoc06y, npe.ll.JIO>KeHHDMY C. B. JIe6e.ll.eBbIM
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37

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39

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r.lle f) -IUI31ro1CTb; MIo) - -qpeJIIHeUaiOCO'BaSi MoneKyJfSlj)1l8S1 Mo8IOCa; K H a -ICOIIICT8RTbI,
n.pH'IeM OObllJlllO a-3,4, a K 3a&H1CHT OT J11PHpatlbl non'lIIMepa.
YBeJIH'IeHHe M KaYtfYKa .110 onpeJ1eJIeHHDrO 3Ha'leHHSI cnoco6cTByeT
nOBbIWeHHIO H3HOCOCTOHKOCTH, npO'lHOCTHblX H ynpyrorHcTepe3HCHblX
CBDHCTB pe3HH Ha erD OCHDBe.
4.

BeJIH'IHHa MOJIeKYJISIpHOH MaCCbI nDJIHMepa B 3HatfHTeJIbHOii CTe-
neHH Dnpe.ll.eJISIeT ero cnDc06HDCTb K nJIaCTHKaUHH (J1eCTPYKUHH no.ll.
J1eHCTBHeM MeXaHH'IeCKHX HanpSl>KeHHii).
B pe3YJIbTare HCCJIe.ll.DBaHHSI BJIJUIHHSI MMP, XapaKTepH3YIOUJ,erocSi
OTHDweHHeM CpeJ1HeM8CCDBOii MOJIeKYJISIpHOii MaCCbI K Cpe.ll.HetfHCJID-
BDH, Ha CBOHCTBa nOJIHMepa nOKa3aHO, liTO YBeJIH'IeHHe nOJIH.lI.HCnepc-
HDCTH KayqYKOB npH .lI.aHHDH CpeJ1HeMaCCDBOH MOJIeKYJISlpHOH Macce
npHBDJ1HT K YJIY'IWeHHIO TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKHX CBOHCTB KaY'IYKOB JIHHeii-
HOH CTpYKTypbl H B TO >Ke BpeMSI YXY.lI.WeHHIO 4>H3HKo-MeXaHH'IeCKHX
CBDHCTB pe3HH Ha HX DCHDBe: CYU1eCTBeHHOMY YMeHbweHHIO 3JIaCTH'I-
HOCTH, YXYJ1WeHHIO rHCTepe3HCHbIX CBDHCTB H CHH>KeHHIO HanpSl>KeHHH
npH paCTSI>KeHHH. AHaJIDrHtJHoe BJIHSlHHe Ha CBoHcTBa nOJIHMepa OKa-
3bIBaeT H pa3BeTBJIeHHOCTb MOJIeKYJISlpHbIX ueneH. nD3TDMY cTpeMSlTcSI
cHHTe3HpDBaTb TaKHe KaYtfYKH e Y.lI.DBJIeTBDpHTeJIbHblMH TeXHOJIDrHtJe-
CKHMH cBoifcTBaMH, Ha OCHOBe KOTOpbIX MO>KHD 6bIJID 6b1 'nOJIY'IaTb
pe3HHbI C xepDWHMH 4>H3HKD-MexaHHtJeCKHMH CBDHCTBaMH.
B DTetfeCTBeHHDH TeXHH'IeCKOH JIHTepaType TepMHH «KaYtfYK» npH-
MeHSleTCSi .lI.JISI D6D3Ha'leHHSI KaK '1HCTDrO nOJIHMepa, TaK H TeXHHtfe-
CKDrD npOJ1YKTa, CD.lI.ep>KaU1erO pa3JIHtfHble npHMeCH, CDCTaB KOTOpblX
3aBHCHT OT YCJIOBHH nOJIY'leHHSI, H HeKOTDpble CneUHaJIbHD BBeJ1eHHbIe
..1D6aBKH. npHMeCH H .lI.D6aBKH MorYT OKa3bIBaTb CYlUeCTBeHHoe BJIHSI-
HHe Ha nOBeJ1eHHe KaYtfYKa npH nepepa60TKe. TaK, HanpHMep, .lI.a>Ke
O'tfeHb He3HatJHTeJIbHbIe npHMeCH CDJIeH MeTaJIJIOB nepeMeHHoii BaJIeHT-
HDCTH cymecTBeHHO YCKOPSIIOT npoueccbI CTapeHHSI KaYtJYKa H pe3HHbI.
HaJIHtJHe rH.lI.P04>HJIbHbIX npHMeceii YXY.lI.WaeT ){H'3JIeKTpHtfeCKHe CBDH-
CTBa pe3HH. Ha 3aKJIIO'IHTeJIbHbIX CTa.ll.HSlX nDJIYtfeHHSI B KaYtfYKH .lI.JISI
3alUHTbI OT CTapeHHSI BBDJ1S1T npOTHBDCTapHTeJIH, KOTDpble B 3aBHCHMO-
CTH OT XHMHtfeCKOii npHpDJ1b1 MorYT H3MeHSlTb OKpaCKY UBeTHbIX pe3HH.
YtfHTblBaSl, tJTD CBDiicTBa KaYtfYKOB B OCHOBHOM xapaKTepH3YI01
TDJIbKO HX TeXHDJIOrH'IeCKHe CBOHCTBa H 'npaKTHtfeCKH He OTpa>KalO1
3KCnJIyaTaUHoHHbIX CBOHCTB pe3HH, Ha npaKTHKe npH6eralOT K OueHK€
KayqYKDB no CBOHCTBaM BYJIKaHH3aTOB cTaHiJapTHbtX pe3UH08btX CMe.
cea. C:raHJ1apTHaSi pe3HHO'BaSi ClMecb xapaKTepH3yeTcSI CTporo onpe.ll.e'
JIeHHbIMH CDCTaBOM H cnDCD60M H3rOTOBJIeHHSI. OHa .lI.OJI>KHa o6ecne,
'lJHTb nOJIYtJeHHe pe3HHbI C OOTHMaJIbHblM, THnHtfHbIM .lI.JISI .lI.aHHDr<
iKaYtfYKa KDMTIJIeKCOM CBDHCTB.
CJIO>KHOCTb nO.ll.60pa peuenTypbl CTaH.lI.apTHoii CMeCH .lI.JISI Ka>K.lI.OrC
I<ayqYKa COCTOHT B TOM, liTO OHa J1DJI>KHa n03BOJIHTb HaHJIYtJWHM o6pa
30M BblSlBHTb ero B03MO>KHOCTH, onpeJ1eJISiSI 60JIbWDe '1HCJIO nOKa3a
Te.JIeH, H TOHKHe pa3JIHQHSI Me>KJ1Y OTJ1eJIbHblMH napTHSlMH KaYtJYKOl
()TJIHQalOI1{HMHCSI CpOKOM H3rOTOBJIeHHSI, Ka'leCTBOM CblpbSl, CD.lI.ep
JKaHHeM pa3JIHtJHbIX npHMeceH. B peuenType CTaHJ1apTHOH CMeCH Bcer
.lI.a DTpa>KaIOTCSI oCD6eHHOCTH COCTaBa peaHH J1JISI .lI.aHHblX KaYtfYKD
.B TeXHHtfeCKHX CMecSiX (HanpHMep, HaJIH'IHe YCHJIHBalOlUerD HanOJl
HHTeJISI, BH.lI. ,H COJ1ep>Ka'HHe BYJIKaHH3YIOIUHX areHT0'8 H T. .11.).
.D.JISI TorD 'IT06b1 CDCTaBHTb 060CHOBaHHoe npeJ1CTaBJIeHHe 0 paUHC
HaJIbHOCTH Bbl60pa Toro HJIH HHoro KaY'IYKa B Ka>K.lI.OM KOHKpeTHO!
CJIYtJa pe3YJIbTaTOB oueHKH CTaHJ1apTHbIX CMeceH 06bI'IHO He.ll.OCT

TDtfHD. ,D.JISI 6DJIee nDJIHDH xapaKTepHCTRKH KaY'IYKDB Heo6xo.ll.HMD 3Ha-
HHe TaK>Ke J1Pyrnx xapaKTepHCTHK - MeXaHH'IeCKHX, 4>H3HQeel{.HX, Tex-
HDJIDrH'Ie.:'KHX.
3HaSi CBDHCTBa KaK caMHX KaY'IYKDB, TaK H CTaH.lI.apTHbIX CMeceH
Ha HX OCHDBe' H YtfHTblBaSi peaJIbHble YCJIDBHSI 3KCnJIyaTaUHH TDro HJIH
HHDro H3J1eJI, HSI Dnpe.!1eJISIIOT CDCTaB .lI.JISI KDHKpeTHbIX npOH3BO.ll.CTBeH-
HblX CMeceH. BDJIbWDe BJIHSlHHe Ha BbI6Dp KaY'IYKa .lI.JISI npDH3BD.lI.CTBa
TDrD HJIH HHDrD H3J1eJIHSI DKa3bIBalOT 3KDHDMHtJeCKHe C006pa>KeHHSI.
JlHTepaTypa
/1oeaa"uH 5. A. XHMHSI 9J1aCTOuepoB. M., CXHMHSI:&, 1972. 392 c.
KUpnU'IHUKOB H. A., ABepKO-AHTOHOBU'I /1. A., ABepKO-AHTOHOBU'l /0. O. XH-
MHSI H TeXHOJlOrHSI CHHTeTH'IeCKOrO KayqYKa. Hu. 2-e, nepepa6. n., CXRNRSI:&, 1975.
479 c.
3HUHKJIOne.llHSI nOJIHUepoB. M., CCOBeTCK8SI 9HUHKJlOne,llHSI», T. I, 1972, 1224 C.
T. 2, 1974, 1032 c. ,
fY/lb B. E., KYAeSHeB B. H. CTpYKTypa H MeXaHHqecKHe cBoi\cTBa nOJlHMepoB.
H3D.. 2-e, nepepa6. H D.on. M,. «BblC1lI3S1 1lIKOJl3». 1972,320 c.
CHHTeTHqeCKHH K3Y'IYK. no.ll Pe,ll. H. B. rapMoHoBa. n., CXHMHft», 1976. 752 c.

f JIaBa 4
HATYPAJlbHblA KAyqYK
I1CTDQHHKDM nDJIYtfeHHSI HaTypaJIbHOrO KaYtJYKa (HK) SlBJISleTCSI COK
KaYQYKDHOCHblX pacTeHHH. KaY'IYKH, nOJIYtfaeMble H3 .lI.HKOpacTYlUHx
TpOnHtfeCKHX KaYtJYKDHDCDB, Ha3bIBalOTCSI JIeCHbIMH. JIecHbIe KaYtJYKH
B 6DJIbWOM KOJIHtfeCTBe 6bIJIH BBe3eHbI B EBpDny BnepBbIe B 1827 r.
B HaCTOSilUee BpeMSI HX J1D6bI'Ia COCTaBJISIeT Bcero 1-2% 06lUero KO-
JIHtfeCTBa HaTypaJIbHOrO KaY'IYKa, KOTOpblH npaKTHtJecKH BeCb no-
JIYtfalOT C nJIa'HTaUHH 6pa3HJIbCKQH reBeH (Hevea Brasiliensis), pac-
nDJID>KeHHblX rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M B TponHtJecKoH IOrD-BoCTD'IHOH A3HH.
feBeSi - BeCbMa MDUl.Hoe pacTeHHe, .lI.DCTHralOIltee 30 M B BbICOTY H
2,5 14 B D6xBaTe.
06lUaSi nJIDlUa.ll.b nOJ1 nJIaHTaUHSlMH HK ceHtJac npeBblwaeT
3,5 MJIH. ra. fYCTOTa nDCaJ1DK - npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO 500-760 (B cpe.ll.-
HeM 600) KaY'IYKoHDCHbIX .lI.epeBbeB - Ha Ira, HD nDCJIe Y.lI.aJIeHHSI
CJIa6bIX pacTeHHH DCTaeTCSI He 60JIee 250 .lI.epeBbeB. COBpeMeHHbIe cno-
C06bI CeJIeKUHH pacTeHHH, npHMeHeHHe CTHMYJISITOpDB pOCTa D6ecne'lH-
BalOT c60p KaY'IYKa Ha HeKoTDpblX nJIaHTaUHSlX .lI.O 2 TbIC. Kr/ra.
npOH3BO.ll.CTBD HK B 1975 r. COCTaBHJIO OKDJIO 3,5 MJIH. T, K 1980 r.
O>KH.lI.aeTCSI YBe.IlHtfeHHe .lI.D 5 MJIH. T.
JlATEKC
JIaTeKc - MJIetfHbIH CDK KaY'IYKOHDCHblX pacTeHHH - npe.ll.CTaBJISI'
eT C060H BD.lI.HYIO J1HCnepCHIO KaYtfYKa, CD.lI.ep>KaHHe KOTDporD .!I.DXD.lI.H1
.lI.D 40%. '
KaY'IYK B JIaTeKCe HaXDJ1HTCSI B BH.lI.e MeJIbtfaHWHX tfaCTHU wapo.
06pa3HDH HJIH rpyweBH.lI.HDH 4>OPMbI, Ha3bIBaeMbIX D6bltJHD rJID6YJIaMH
Pa3Mepbl rJID6YJI HeD.lI.HHaKOBbI, OHH HMelOT .lI.HaMeTp OT 0,05 .lI.D 3 MKM
B 1 rpaMMe 40%-Horo JIaTeKCa CO.ll.ep>KHTCSI DKOJID 5.10 13 tfaCTHl
KaYtfYKa co Cpe.ll.HHM pa3MepoM OKDJID 0,26 MKM. BcSI Macca tfaCTHl
HaXD.lI.HTCSI B 6pOYHDBCKDM .lI.BH>KeHHH. BHYTpeHHlO1O tJaCTb rJI06YJIb
COCTaBJISIeT yrJIeBO.ll.OpDJ1 KaYtJYKa. HapY>KHbIH (a.ll.cDp6UHOHHblH) 3a
IltHTHbIH CJIOH CD.lI.ep>KHT npHpOJ1Hble 6eJIKH (npoTeHHbI), JIHTIH.lI.bI I
MblJIa >KHpHblX KHCJIDT.
f JID6YJIbI HaTypaJIbHDrD JIaTeKCa 3apSl>KeHbI DTpHuaTeJIbHO, nDTeH
u,HaJI 3apSl.ll.a B 3aBHCHMDCTH OT KOHueHTpaUHH JIaTeKCa H pH Cpe.ll.b
I<DJIe6JIeTCSI OT 40 ,J10 100 MB. nJIOTHOCTb JIaTeKCa 3aBHCHT OT ere
43

KDHueHTpaUHH (UJIDTHDCTb KaYtJYKDBOH 4>a3b1 914 Krf.M 3 , AHcnepcHDH-
HDH cpeJ1b1 - cePYMa - 1020 Kr/M 3 ).
JIaTeKc, BblTeKWHH H3 .lI.epeBa, HMeeT CJIa6DUJ,eJIDIIHYIO peaKUHIO
(pH  7,2) H DCTaeTCSI cTa6HJIbHblM B TetJeHHe HenpD.lI.DJI>KHTeJIbHDrO
BpeMeHH; 3aTeM HallHHaeTCSI nDHH>KeHHe pH J1D 6,9-6,6, nDCJIe tJero
npOHCXD.lI.HT KDarYJISlUHSI - BbI.lI.eJIeHHe KaYIIYKoBDH 4>a3b1 H3 cepYMa.
KDarYJISlUHSI JI aTeKca Bbl3b1BaeTCSI KHCJIDTaMH, KDTDpble D6pa3YIOTcSI
nDJ1 .lI.eHCTBHeM 4>epMeHTDB, nDCTDSlHHD npHcYTcTBYIOUJ,HX B JIaTeKce.
JJ.JISI npe.ll.ynpe>K.lI.eHHSI caMDKDaryJISlUHH K JIaTeKcy Ha nJIaHTaUHSlX .lI.D-
6aBJISIIOT 0,5% aMMHaKa; TDJIbKD npH pH Bblwe 10 JIaTeKC DCTaeTCSI
cTa6HJIbHblM B TetJeHHe .lI.JIHTeJIbHDrD BpeMeHH. '
CDcTaB H CBoHcTBa JIaTeKCa MoryT H3MeHSlTbCSI B 3aBHeHMDeTH DT
BD3pacTa .lI.epeBbeB, 'YCJIDBHH npDH3pacTaHHSI, nDrO.ll.bI H MHDrHX J1PY-
rHX 4>aKTDpoB. B JIaTeKCe CDJ1ep>KaTCSI (B %):
BO.lla . . . . . 52,3-67' CMOJlbl.....
KayqYK. . . . . 37,3-29,5 npOTeHHbI (6eJJKR)
. Caxapa. . . .. 4,2-1,2 30Jla. " .'. . .
3,4-1,0
2,7-0,9
0,2-0,4
CTa6HJIH3HpDBaHHblH aMMHaKDM JIaTeKC HCnDJIb3YIOT .lI.JISI nDJIYtJe-
HHSI KayqYKa HJIH .lI.JISI H3rDTDBJIeHHSI pe3HHDBblX H3.l1.eJIHH, npDnHTKH
TKaHeH H .lI.PyrHx ueJIeH. TaK KaK B nJIaHTaUHDHHblX JIaTeKCax CD.lI.ep-
>KHTCSI MHDrD BD.lI.bI, TO .lI.JISI peHTa6eJIb'HOCTH 'rpaHcnDp1'HpOBaHHSI HX
nDJ1BepralOT KDHtJ,eHTpupDBaHUIO pa3JIHtJHblMH cnDCD6aM,H - eHTpH-
4>yrHpDBaHHeM, BblnapHBaHHeM, DTCTaHBaHHeM, 4>HJIbTpDBaHHeM, 3JIeK
TpD.lI.eKaHTaUHeH. HaH6DJIbWee npDMblWJIeHHDe npHMeHeHHe HMelGT
.aBa nepBblX cnDCD6a.
BCJIe.ll.CTBHe pa3JIHtJHSI nJIDTHOCTeH KaYtJYKDBDH 4>a3b1 H cepYMa
B CDDTseTCTBHH C 3aKDHDM CTOKca npDHCXD.lI.HT DTCTaHBaHHe JIaTeKca.
CKDpDCTb nDJ1'beMa tJaCTH V TeM 6DJIbWe, tJeM 6DJIbWe HX pa.ll.HYC
(nD9TDMY BepXHHH CJIDH JIaTeKCa - «CJIHBKH» - D6DI:alUaeTCSI rJID6y-
JIaMH KpynHDrD pa3Mepa):
2g (Pc - PK) r'
V= 9fJ
r.lle V -lOKopOlCTb 1II(IID.'beMa '181CTan; g - )'ICIKopeIIHe (906Q10r0 lIueHIIUI; Po - OJlOT-
ilOCTb ceJl'YlMa; PH -IILIJOWl1OlCTb q8'Cll1lll K8'Y"fytta; , - eKTlliBHbI .p8ARYC qaiCTHd1;
T) -IBSl3KOCTb cepY'M08.
npDuecc caMDnpDH3BDJIbHDrD CJIHBKOOTAeJIeHHSI npDHCXDAHT DtJeHb
Me.ll.JIeHHD, HD erD MD>KHD YCKDPHTb JIH6D J1D6aBKDH CneUHaJIbHblX
CJIHBKDD6pa3YIOw,HX areHTDB, enDco6cTBYIOW,HX arJIDMepaUHH rJID6YJI
KaytJYKa, JIH6D npHMeHeHHeM eneUHaJIbHblX MeTDJ1DB.
np.H KDHueHTpHpDBaHH'H JIaTeKca ueHT,plf$yrupoBa'HHeM JIaTeK'C 0'6-
pa6aTblBalOT B CneUHaJIbHblX eHTpD6e>KHblX cenapaTDpax e lIaeTDTDH
BpaIUeHHSI ueHTpH4>yrH .lI.D 18000 D6/MHH. PeryJIHpySl CKDpDCTb nD.lI.a-
tJH JIaTeKCa B cenapaTDp, D6ecnellHBalOT erD pa3.l1.eJIeHHe Ha .lI.Be 4>paK-
UHH - KDHueHTpaT C D6w,H:M cOJ1ep>KaHHeM CYXHX BelUeCTB DKDJID 60%
H cepYM C CDJ1ep>KaHHeM cyxorD Bew,eCTBa 10-15%. B KDHueHTpaTe
CDJ1ep>KHTCSI 3Ha'lHTeJIbHD MeHbwe BO.ll.DpaCTBDpHMblX H aAcop6uHDH-
oW

HblX 3aIUHTHblX BeIUeeTB, TaK KaK DH D6DraUJ,eH rJID6YJIaMH KaYtJYKa'
60JIbWHX pa3MepDB, HMelOlUHX He6DJIbWYIO Y.lI.eJIbHYIO nDBepXHDCTb.
BblnapHBaHHe JIaTeKCa C UeJIblO ero KOHueHTpHpDBaHHH DCYlUeCT-
BJISleTCSI nYTeM HarpeBaHHSI, npHtJeM .lI.JISI yeKDpeHHH Y.lI.aJIeHHSI BD.lI.bI
npHMeHSIIOT BaKYYM, rDpSltJHH BD3.l1.YX, nepeMeWHBaHHe H .lI.PyrHe npHe-
Mbl. )J.JISI nDBblweHHSI YCTDHIIHBDCTH naTeKca npH BblnapHBaHHH B HerD
.lI.OnDJIHHTeJIbHO BBOJ1S1T cTa6HJIH3HpYIOlUHe .lI.D6aBKH (KOH, MblJIa
>KHpHblX KHCJIDT, aM-MHaK). npH BblnapHBaHHH Bce BD.lI.DpaCTBDpHMble
H 3alUHTHble BelUeCTBa DCTalOTCH B JIaTeKCe, H nD9TDMY KDHueHTpaT
6Y.lI.eT cyIUTBeHHD OTJIHtJaTbCSI nO' CDCTaBY DT KDHu,eHTpaTa, nDJIY-
tfeHHDrO u,eHTpH<PyrHpDBaHHeM:
CO,ltepX<88ue, %
UeBTpa4JyrupoB8B8e
KOeBTpar. cepyar"
60,0 7.5
SY08pHB8-
Rae...
KaY'IYK . .
HeKayqyKOBbie COCTaBJllllOlURe B paC'IeTe ua cyxoe
BelUeCTBO
aueTOHOBbiA 3KCTpaKT
BO.llHblA 3KC-TpaKT
CBIISaHObiA aSOT .
sOJla .
KOH.
68,0
3,5 11,0
1,5 35,0
0,3 2.5
0,4 3,0
6,0
II ,5
0,6
5,5
1,5
· Cyxoe 'Bew,ecTBo 62%.
.. Cyxoe Bew,ecTBo 11,5%.
... Cyxoe Bew,ecTBO 75%.
nJiAHTAUHOHHblE KAyqYKH
npDMblWJIeHHble nJIaHTaUHDHHble KaytJYKH nDJIytJalOT H3 JIaTeKCa
B DCHOBHDM .lI.BYMH CnDCD6aMH.
I. KDarYJISlu,HSI JIaTeKCa C nDCJIe.ll.YlOlUHMH npDMblBKDH H CYWKDH
nDJIYtJeHHDrD KaYtJYKa. npH KDarYJISlUHH 6DJIbWHHCTBD paCtBDpHMblX
CDCTaBHbix '1aCTeH JIaTeKCa nana.ll.aeT B DTXD.lI.bI. B HaCTDSllUee BpeMH
3TD DCHDBHDH <:nDcD6 nDJIY'IeHHH nJIaHTau,HDHHorD Kay'IYKa.
2. H-cnapeHHe BOJ1b1 H3 JIaTeKca. nDtJTH see COCTaBHble '1aCTH JIa-
TeKca B 9TDM CJIYtJae DCTalOTCH B KaY'IYKe. CnDcDo .lI.aeT B03MD>KHDCTb
nDJIYtJaTb nDpDwKDD6pa3Hble KaYtJYKH.
KpDMe TDrD, nepepa6DTKe nDJ1BepraeTcSI H nDJIeBDH KDarYJIIOM-
KaYtJYK, nDJIYtJHBWHHCH eaMDnpDH3BDJIbHDH KDarYJISlu,HeH.
B 3aBHCHMDCTH DT cnDCD6a nDJIYlleHHH nJIaHTau,HDHHble KaYtJYKH
HDCSlT pa3JIHtJHble TDprDBble HaHMeHDBaHHSI.
CDrJIaCHD 'Me>K.lI.ynapD.lI.HDH KJIaOCcH<pHKa'UHH HK nO.ll.pa3.l1.eJISiIOT
Ha 8 THnDB H 35 CDpTDB. THn HK Dnpe.ll.eJISleT<:SI HCXD.lI.HblM cblpbeM H
MeTO.ll.DM nDJIYtfeHHH, CDpT - Ka'leCTBDM, KDTDpDe DueHHBalOT Ha DCHD-
BaHHH BHeWHerD DCMDTpa H CDnDCTaBJIeHHSI C 9TaJIDHHblM D6pa3u,DM.
Ba>KHeHWHMH THnaMH HK, nDcTynalOUJ,HMH Ha DTetJeCTBeHHe 3a-
BO.ll.bI, HBJISIIOTCH pH4>JIeHblH CMDKe.ll.-WHTC (Ribbed SmDked Sheets) H
CBeTJIblH Kpen (Pale Crepe Rubber).
C M 0' K e .lI.-W H T C. ,D.JISI nDJIYlleHHSI CMDKe.ll.-WHTca JIaTeKC <p HJIbT -
PYIOT tJepe3 CHTa .lI.JIH DTJ1eJIeHHSI 3arpSl3HeHHH H eryeTKOB KaYIIYKa,
45

oopa3DBaBWHXCSI B pe3YJIbTaTe CaMDnpDH3BDJIbHOH KoarYJISlUHH, pa3-
6aBJIHIOT J1D 15-17%-HDH KDHueHTpaUHH H CMeWHBalOT C I %-HDH yK-
eYCHDH KHCJIDTDH B CnelJ,HaJIbHblX .lI.epeBSlHHblX eMKDCTSIX.
nDJIyqeHHblH KDarYJIIOM D6pa6aTblBalOT Ha BaJIbuaX C D.lI.HHaKDBDH
qaCTDTDH BpaUJ,eHHH BaJIKDB. npH 3TDM tfaCTb cepYMa, 3aXBaqeHHDrO
KoarYJIIOMDM, DT>KHMaeTCH, H KaytJYK CHHMalOT C BaJIbUDB B BH.lI.e JIHC-
TDB TDJIIUHHDH 6 MM. 3TH JIHCTbI npDnycKalOT O.ll.HH pa3 '1epe3 .lI.pyrHe
BaJIbUbI, HMelOlUHe peopHCTYIO nDBepxHDCTb, D6pa3YIOIUYlO Ha JIHCTaX
KaY'IYKa CDDTBeTCTBYIOIUHH DTTHCK. 3aTeM JIHCTbI BblMatJHBalOT B Te-
qeHHe 10--15 q J1JIH YJ1aJIeHHSI BD.lI.DpaCTBDpHMblX qaCTeH JIaTeKCa H
CJIeJ1DB yCYCHDH KHCJIDTbI, DDCJIe tJerD pa3BewHBalOT B cywHJIKe-KDn-
THJIbHe. TaKaSi cywHJIKa D6b1tJHD nDMeIUaeTCSI B .lI.BYX9Ta>KHDM HJIH
TpeX9Ta>KHOM 3.l1.aHHH, B BepxHeH '1aCTH KDTDpDrD pa3BewHBalOT JIHCTbI
KaYtJYKa, a BHH3Y Ha DtJare C>KHraIOT CKOpJIyny KDKDCDBblX DpexDB H
cblpDe .lI.epeBD, npH 3TDM KaytfYK CYWHTCSI H D.llHDBpeMeHHD KonTHTCSI.
KDntfeHHe npD.lI.DJI>KaeTCSI DT 7 .lI.D 10 CYT npH 40-45°C. 06paaYIOUJ,He-
CSI npH rDpeHHH 4>eHDJIbI KDHcepBHpYIOT KaytJyK; 3TD J10BOJIbHD XDPDWD
npe.llDXpaHSIeT erD DT J1eHCTBHH MHKpDDpraHH3MDB npH xpaHeHHH.
PH4>JIeHblH CMOKe.ll.-WHTC BblnycKalOT HeCKDJIbKHX CDpTDB. CDpT
IX RSS -- KaytJYK BblcwerD KatJeCTBa, OH J1DJI>KeH 6b1Tb paBHDMepHD
npOKDnqeH H He HMeTb nHTeH, nY3b1peH H nDCTDpDHHHX BKJIlOqeHHH.
KpDMe TDrD, BblnycKaeTcH 5 CDpTDB KayqYKa (.N'2 1 RSS -.N'2 5 RSS),
KDTDpbIe xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI YBeJIHtfeHHeM pa3JIHqHblX .lI.e4>eKTDB (cJIe.ll.bI
nJIeCeHH, p>KaBtfHHa, nY3b1PbKH, qaCTHUbI KDPbl H T. .lI..).
JIHCTbI KaytJYKa npeCCYIOT B KHnbl MaCCDH DT 101,5 .lI.D 113,0 Kr, KD-
TDpble OODpatfHBalOT JIHCTaMH KaytJYKa TDrD >Ke HJIH ODJIee BblCDKDrD
CDpTa.
C BeT JI bI H K P e'n. KaYtJYK CBeTJIblH Kpen BblnYCKalOT B BH.lI.e
TOJICTblX H TDHKHX JIHCTOB qeTblpeX eDpTDB Ka>K.lI.OrD. npH H3rDTDBJIe-
HHH CBeTJIDrD Kpena B pa36aBJIeHHblA JIaTeKC BBDJ1S1T 1% -HblH paCTBOp
cepHHCTDKHCJIDrD HaTpHSI (10 D6'beMDB pacTBopa Ha 100 DO'beMDB JIa.
TeKca). TaKHM D6pa3DM ,"pe.ll.OTBpaIUaeTcSI nDTeMHeHHe KayqYKa, TaK
KaK BbI.lI.eJISlIOIUaSICSI npH KDarYJISlUHH JIaTeKCa cepHHcTaH KHCJIDTa DT-
OeJIHBaeT npD.lI.YKTbI DKHCJIeHHSI. KpDMe TDro, cepHHCTaH KHCJIDTa CJIy-
>KHT KDHcepBHPYIOIUHM Cpe.ll.CTBDM: B ee npHcYTcTBHH npeKpaIUaeTcH
pa3BHTHe 6aKTepHaJIbHblX npDueccDB.
nD.lI.rDTOBJIeHHblH JIaTeC (c .lI.D6aBKDH 1 %-HDrD paeTBDpa Na2S03
HJIH oe3 HerD) KDarYJIHpYIOT 1 % -HblM pacTBDpDM ,YKCYCHOH KHCJIDTbl H
TIUaTeJIbHO nepeMeWHBalOT. KaK TDJIbKD JIaTeKC HatfHHaeT rycTeTb,
B pe3epByap, r.ll.e npDHCXD.lI.HT KDarYJISlUHSI, BCTaBJISIIOT MHDroceKUHDH-
"YIO peweTKY (B Ka>K.lI.DH KJIeTKe .lI.DJI>KHD 6b1Tb npHMepHD D.lI.HHaKDBDe
KDJIHtfeCTBD KayqYKa).
nOJIYtfeHHble KYCKH KDarYJIIOMa npDMblBalOT BD.lI.DH Ha arperaTe, CD-
cTDSlIUeM H3 Tpex BaJIbUDB. nepBble H BTDpble BaJIbUbI HMelOT 4>PHK-
lJ,HIO H BaJIKH C p,H<I>JIeHOH nDBepxHoCTblO (rJIy6HHa pH4>JIe'HHSI J1D 3 MM)
"I,.IISI JIytJwerD pa3pblXJIeHHSI H paCTSlrHBaHHSI npDMblBaeMDrD KaYtJYKa;
Ha 3TH X BaJIbuaX 'OpDMblBaIOT KayqYK H DT>KHMaIOT DT DCTaTKOB cepy-
Ma. TpeTbH BaJIblJ,bI C rJIa.ll.KDH nDBepXHDCTblO He HMelOT 4>PHKUHH:
46

C HHX BblXD.lI.HT pDBHaSi nDJIDCa Kpena. nDJIyqeHHble JIHCTbl pa3BeWHBa-
lOT H cywaT npH 30-35°C B TetJeHHe 2-3 He.ll.eJIb.
CBeTJIblH Kpen .lI.DJI>KeH 6b1Tb pDBHDro OeJIDrD U,BeTa 6e3 mlTeH;
nSiTHa >KeJITDrD H KpaCHDBaTDrD DTTeHKa CBH.lI.eTeJIbCTBYIOT 0' nDSlBJle-
HHH 6aKTepHH. KaYtJYK He .lI.OJI>KeH CD.lI.ep>KaTb HHKaKHX MexaHHtJeCKlfX
BKJIlOlteHHH, .lI.a>Ke B BH.lI.e MeJIKHX >KeJITblX TDtJeK: TaKHe :rDtJKH npe;J.-
CTaBJISIIOT CD6DH DCTaTKH KDpbl, He YJ1aJIeHHble H3 JIaTeKCa BCJIe.ll.CTBHe
nJIDXOrD npDue>KHBaHHSI erD nepe.ll. KDarYJISlUHeH. CBeTJIblH Kpen Bbl-
nYCKalOT KHnaMH MaCCDH DT 72,5 .lI.D 101,5 Kr.
KaYtJYKH Tpa.ll.HUHDHHblX CDpTDB (cMDKe.ll.-WHTC, pa3JIHtJHble KpenbI)
06JIa.ll.alOT 3aMeTHDH HeD.lI.HDpD.lI.HDCTblO CBDHCTB, KDTDpaSi 06'bSiCHHeT-
CH HecDBepweHcTBDM TeXHDJIDrHH H DTCYT.cTBHeM TeXHDJIOrHtJeCKDrD
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H3BD.lI.CTBa HK. KaYtfYKH, BbInyIUeHHble nO' HDBDH TeXHDJIDrHH, CDp-
THPYIOTCSI nO' TeXHHtJeCKHM CTaHJ1apTaM, a He BH3yaJIbHD. KatJeCTBo
TaKHX KaYtfYKDB DueHHBaeTcSI nO' CHCTeMe SMR (CTaHiJapTHbta Ma/laU-
3UaC/CUa /CaYIlY/C) , BKJIIO'IalOlUeH HOpMbI C0J1ep>K3HHSI HeKaYtfYKDBblX
BelUecTB J1JISI HK Tpex CDpTDB.
npH nDJIytfeHHH KaytJYKDB CDpTDB SMR Hepa36aBJIeHHblH JIaTeKC
nD.lI.KHCJISIIOT MypaBbHHDH KHCJIDTDH .lI.D pH 4,8-5,2. nDJIYtJeHHblH KDa-
rYJI 10 14 , a TaK>Ke nOJIeBDH KDarYJIIOM H3MeJIbtJalOT C nDMDUJ,blO rpaHY-
JISlTDpDB, MDJIDTKDBblX MeJIbHHu, HJIH Ha BaJIbu,ax B npHcYTcTBHH He-
ODJIbWDrO KDJIHtfeCTBa KacTDpDBDrD MaCJIa (0,7 %). nOJIytfeHHYIO
KpDWK-Y npDMblBalOT B npDTD'IHDH BDJ1e, eywaT rDpSlqHM B03.llYXDM
npH TeMnepaType 100-11 0 °C H npeccYIOT B 6pHKeTbI Ma-CCDH 33,3 Kr
H pa3MepDM 570X380 MM HJIH 700X350 MM. BpHKeTbI Y'DaKDBblBaIOT
B nDJIH3THJIeHOBYIO nJIeHKY TDJIIUHHDH 0,3 MM C TeMnepaTYPDH nJIaBJIe-
HHH 109°C, tJTD HeD6xo.ll.HMD ytfHTblBaTb npH nepepa6DTKe KayqYKa.
,D.JISI 9THX KaytJYKDB KDHTpDJIHPYIOT TaKHe nDKa3aTeJIH, KaK 3DJIb-
HOCTb, cD.lI.ep>KaHHe a3DTa, JIeTYtJHx BeUJ,eCTB H .!J.P. CDpT KayqYKa
Dnpe.ll.eJISleTCSI CD.lI.ep>KaHHeM B HeM 3arpSl3HeHHH. HanpHMep, KaYtJYK
CDpTa SMR 5 CD.lI.ep>KHT He 6DJIee 0,05% nDcTDpDHHHX npHMeceH,
DCTalOIUHXCSI Ha CHTe C DTBepCTHSlMH .lI.HaMeTpDM 44 MKM nDCJIe 4>HJIb-
TpoBaHHSI paCTBDpa Kaytf}"Ka B yaHT-onHpHTe. KayqYK HH3wero cDpTa
SMR 50 CD.lI.ep>KHT .lI.O 0,5% npHMeceH.
COCTaB H XHMH'IeCKOe cTpoeHHe HuypaJlbHoro KayqYKa. B CDCTaB
KaytJYKa BXD.lI.SlT: yrJIeBD.lI.DpDJ1 KaYtJYKa (DcHDBHaSi tJacTb), BJIara, Be-
UJ,eCTBa au,eTDHDBoro 3KcTpaKTa, a3DTCD.lI.ep>KaIUHe BelUeCTBa (rJIaB-
HblM D6pa3DM npDTeHHbI), 3DJIa (HeDpraHHtJecKHe BeIUecTBa). CD.lI.ep-
>KaHHe 3THX BeUJ,eCTB B KaYtfYKax KDJIeOJIeTCSI B WHpDKHX npe.ll.eJIax
B 3aBHCHMDCTH DT MHDrHX npHtJHH, HaHODJIbIlIee 3HatJeHHe H3 KDTDpblX
HMeeT cnDcD6 npHrDTDBJIeHHSI KaytJYKa.
OCHDBHble CBDHcTBa TeXHHtJeeKDrD KaYtJYKa DnpeJ1eJISiIOTCSI HaJIH-
qHeM B HeM BblCDKDMDJIeKyJISIpHOrD yrJIeBD.lI.DpD.lI.a COCTaBa (CsHs)n.
YrJIeBD.lI.DpDJ1 KaYtJyKa CD.lI.ep>KHT H3DneHTeHDBble rpynnbl
CH 3
--CHa=CH-CHa-
41

D6pa3YIOIUHecSi npH nOJIHMepH3au,HH H3DnpeHa.
HaTypaJIbHblH KaYtfYK npe.ll.CTaBJISIeT CD6DH nDJIHH3DnpeH, B MDJIe-
KYJIaX KDTopDrD 3BeHbSl CDe.ll.HHeHbI B nDJID>KeHHH 1,4-t{uc:
HaC H H 8 C H
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Ha! 'k
KaYtfYK H3 reBeH He nDJIHDCTblO HBJISleTCSI 1,4-t{uC-H3DMepDM, HD
CD.lI.ep>KHT DKDJID 2% CTPYKTypbl 3,4. Henpe.ll.eJIbHDCTb KaYtJYKa - 95-
98 % DT TeDpeTHtJecKDH. B CBe>KeM KaYtfYKe HMelOTCSI TaK2Ke aJIbJ1e-
rH.lI.Hble rpynnbl, KDJIHIJeCTBD KDTDpblX 3HatJHTeJIbHD KDJIe6JIeTCSI B 3a-
BHCHMDCTH DT npOHCXD>K.lI.eHHSI KaYtfYKa; DHH Bbl3b1BaIOT CHJIbHDe
CTPYKTypHpDBaHHe H YBeJIH'IeHHe BSl3KDCTH KaY'IyKa npH xpaHeHHH.
Cpe.ll.HSISI MDJIeKYJISIpHaSi Macca HK B JIareKCe paBHa 1,3.10 6 npH
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paKTepH3yeTcSI CJIa6DBblpa>KeHHblMH nHKaMH B HH3KDMDJIeKYJIHpHDH
(105) H BblCDKDMDJIeKYJIHpHOH (6DJIee 2.10 6 ) D6JIaCTSIx.
B KaYtJYKe CO.ll.ep>KHTCSI HeKDTDpDe KDJIHtJeCTBD HepacTBDpHMDrD
MHKpDreJISI. MDJIeKYJISIpHaH Macca, MDJIeKYJISlpHD-MaccDBDe pacnpe.ll.e-
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paSi SlBJIHeTCSI D.lI.HHM H3 Ba>KHeHWHX napaMeTpOB ero TeXHDJIDrHtJeCKHX
CBDHCTB.
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HCXD.lI.HT CTPYKTypHpoBaHHe KaYtJYKa, npHBD.lI.SllUee K nDBblweHHIO erD
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CTPYKTypHpDBaHHSI H D6pa3DBaHHH J1DnDJIHHTeJIbHDrO KDJIHtJeCTBa MHK-
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HeHHH.
B KaYIJYKax, nDJIY'IaeMblX HcnapeHHeM BD.lI.bI H3 JIaTeKCa, DCTaeTCSI
3HatJHTeJIbHaSi IJaCTb BD.lI.DpaeTBDpHMbIX BeIUeCTB H CDJ1ep>KaHHe 6eJI-
KDB 6DJIbWe, tfeM B KaYtJyKax, nDJIYtfeHHblX KDarYJISlu,HeH; BCJIe.ll.CTBHe
npHCYTCTBHSI rHrpOCKDnHtJeCKHX BeIUeCTB 3TH KaY'IYKH BCerJ1a CDJ1ep-
>KaT 6DJIbWee KDJIHtJeCTBD BJlarH. CO.ll.ep>KaHHe (B %) HeKaY'IYKDBblX
KOMnDHeHTDB B HK pa3HblX THnDB npeJ1CTaBJIeHO HH>Ke:
1(8yqyK.
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BO.llOpaCTBOpHMble BelUecTBa
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1,50-3,50
2,20-3,50
0,3-0,85
0,15-0,85
lO,2-O,90
2,2--3,45 3,6--5,2
2,40--3,80 4,2-4,8
0,20-0,40 5,5-1,2
0,16--0,85 1,5-1,8
0,20--0,90 1,0--2,5
48

B CDCTaB BeIUeCTB aueTDHO'BDrD 9KCTpaKTa BXDJ1S1T: 51 % >KH'PHblX
KHCJIDT (DJIeHHDBaSI, JIMHDJIeBaSI H cTeapHHDBaSl), SlBJISIlOlUHXCSI aKTH-
BaTDpaMH BYJIKaHH3au,HH pe3HHDBblX cMeceH, 3% HX 34>HpDB, 7% rJIIO-
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rHe OpraHHtfeCKHe BelUeCTBa.
B au,eTDHDBDM 9KcTpaKTe CD.lI.ep>KaTCSI KapDTHH H HeKDTDpble Be-
w.eCTBa DCHDBHDrD xapaKTepa, KDTDpble 3aUJ,HUJ,aIOT KaY'IYK DT CBeTD-
BDrD cTapeHHSI, a TaK>Ke CDeJ1HHeHHSI C27H420S H C 2o H 30 0 (0,08-
0,16%), SIBJISIlOlUHeCSI HHrHQHTDpaMH DKHCJIeHHSI HK.
A3DTCD.lI.ep>KalUHe BeIUeCTBa - 3TD B DCHDBHDM OeJIKH H npD.llYKTbI
HX pa3JID>KeHHSI (aMHHDKHCJIOTbI). BeJIKH yeKDpSIIOT BYJIKaHH3aUHIO
KaYtJYKa, 3aUJ,HlUalOT erD DT qapeHHSI, nDBblwalOT Ha6yxaHHe pe3HH
B BDJ1e, pe3KD CHH>KaH npH 9TDM J1H3JIeKTpH'IeCKHe CBDHCTBa. ·
nDCKDJIbKY npSlMDro cnDCDoa KDJIHtfeCTBeHHDrD anpe.lleJIeHHSI oeJI-
KDB HeT, 0' KDJIHtJeCTBe HX CY.ll.SlT nO' CD.lI.ep>KaHHIO a3DTa. A3DT B Kay-
QYKe onpe.ll.eJISIIOT no .MeTD.lI.Y K'beJIb,ll;aJISI. np'HHHMaIOT, liTO sce a3DT-
eD.lI.ep>KalUHe BelUeCTBa B KaytJyKe DTHDCSlTCSI K KJIaccy npDTeHHDB; nD-
JIytJeHHDe cO,3.ep>Ka'HHe a3QTa YMHD>KaIOT Ha KD9<fxIJHU:HeHT 6,25, CDDT-
BeTcTBYIOUJ,HH CD.lI.ep>KaHHIO a3DTa B npDTeHHax*.
B eDeTaB 3DJIbI, KDTDpblH 3aBHCHT DT cnOCDODB BblJ1eJIeHHSI KaYtJY-
Ka, BXDJ1S1T CDeJ1HHeHHSI HaTpHSI, KaJIHSI, KaJIbUHSI, MarHHSI, IpDc4>Dpa,
a TaK>Ke CJIe.ll.bI MeTaJIJIDB nepeMeHHDH BaJIeHTHDCTH - >KeJIe3a, Me.ll.H,
MapraHua, SlBJISIlOlUHXCSI CHJIbHblMH KaTaJIH3aTDpaMH npDu,ecca DKHC-
JIeHHSI KaYtfYKa. .
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CTaH.lI.apTHblX MaJIaH3HikKHX KaYtfYXDB SMR npe.ll.CTaBJIeHD HH>Ke:
CoAepl«8RBe. %. He 6cmee SAA EQ SMR5 SMRIO SMR20 SMR50
3arpll3HeHHR (pa3Mep qaCTHU
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30Jla. . . . 0,50 0,60 0,75 1,00 1,50
A30T. . . . 0,65 0,65 0,65 0,65 0,65
JIeTY'IRe BelUeCTB8 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
Me.llb . . . 0,0008 0,0008 0,0008 0,0008 0,0008
MapraHeu 0,0001 0,0001 0,0001 0,0001 0,0001
f Y T Tan e p II a. PD.lI.CTBeHHaH HaTypaJIbHDMY KaytJYKy rYTTanep-
qa - TBepJ1IiA, KD>KenDJ1D6HblH npOJ1YKT KDaryJISlUHH MJIe'lHDrD COKa
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BXD.lI.SlT yrJIeBD.lI.DpOJ1 (rYTTa) H pa3JIHtJHble CMDJIbI.
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* oIlpOTeHlHbI oCOt.llep)f(8T: 50-55% y,rJlepo.lla; 6,5-7,3% .llopo,l{a; 21-24% DC-
JlopO.lla; 15-18% a30Ta; 0-2,4% cepbl H He60JlbUloe KOJIRqeCTBO 30Jlbl. MOJIeKYJlSlp'
HaSi MlroCa nTemrOB 6J1l13'Ka I< 3400. npu rHJtpoJll1lae lIIopO'fel1'll fl1O\/JyqalOT 8MBHO-
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4-2397
49

CD.lI.ep>KaHHe TpaltC-3BHbeB 98-100%. MDJIeKYJISIpHaSi Macca 36-
50 TblC. nDJIHMep HMeeT BblCDKYIO CTeneHb KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH (36%) H
KpHCTaJIJIH3yeTcSI C 6DJIbllIDH CKDpDCTblO. nDJIynepHDJ1 KpHCTaJIJIH3a-
nHH npH 45°C CDCTaBJISIeT 96 MHH.
rYTTaneptJa DtfeHb TepMDnJIaCTHtJHa: npH TeMnepaType 20°C 3TD
npDtJHblH BblCDKD3JIaCTHtJHblH npD.lI.YKT, KDTDpblH CTaHDBHTCSI xpynKHM
npH -30°C H nepeXD.lI.HT B BSI3KDTeKYQee COCTDSlHHe npH 50-70°C
BCJIe.ll.CTBHe nDJIHDrO HctJe3HOBeHHSI KpHCTaJIJIH'IeCKDH 4>a3b1. OHa BYJI-
KaHH3yeTcSI TeMH >Ke BYJIKaHH3YIOUJ,HMH areHTaMH, tJTD H HK, npH 3TDM
nDJIYtJalOTCSI BYJ1KaHH3aTbI C BblCDKHMH MexaHHtJeCKHMH CBDHCTBaMH.
06JIa.ll.aSl nDJIHDH BD.lI.D- H ra3DHenpDHHlJ,aeMDCTblO, a TaK>Ke .lI.PyrHMH
UeHHblt4H TeXHHtfeCKHMH CBDHCTBaMH, rYTTaneptJa DCD6eHHD DTJIHtfaeT-
CSI BblCDKHMH .lI.H3JIeKTpHtJeCKHMH CBDHCTBaMH, tJTD onpe.ll.eJISIeT DCHDB-
HYIO D6JIaCTb ee npHMeHeHHSI (caMDCTDSlTeJIbHD HJIH B KDM6HHaUHH
C HK): H3DJISllJ,HSI nO.ll.BD.lI.HblX H nD.lI.3eMHblX Ka6eJIeH, a TaK>Ke B 3JIeK-
TPD- H pa.ll.HDnpOMblIlIJIeHHDCTH.
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HDrD xpaHeHHSI npH TeMnepaType DT 10°C H HH>Ke KpHCTaJIJIH3yeTcSI.
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-25°C. BHewHe KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHSI Bblpa>KaeTCSI B TDM, tJTD JIHCTbI
KaYtJYKa TepSiIOT npD3patJHDcTb H TBep.ll.elOT. KaytJYK nJIaBHTCSI npH
TeMnepaType 40°C. nJIaBJIeHHe 3aKpHCTaJIJIH3DaHHDrD KaytJYKa CD-
npDBD>K.lI.aeTCSI nDrJIOUJ,eHHeM TenJIa (17 K,D.>K/Kr). KaytJYK KpHCTaJIJIH-
3yeTcSI B YCJIDBHSlX KDMHaTHDH TeMnepaTypbl npH paCTSI>KeHHH D6pa3-
UDB 6DJIee tJeM Ha 70%, a ero BYJIKaHH3aTbI-;:'" npH paCTSI>KeHHH 6DJIee
tfeM Ha 200%.
B pe3YJIbTaTe MHDrDKpaTHD nDBTDpSlI01UHXC 3aMDpa>KHBaHHH H3-
MeHeHHH 4>H3HQeCKHX H XHMHtJeCKHX CBDHCTB KaytJYKa He DTMetJaeTCSI.
npH TeMnepaType 40°C H aTMDc4>epHDM .lI.aBJIeHHH pacTBDpHMDCTb
KHCJIDpD.lI.a B 1 I' CMDKe.ll.-WHTCa CDCTaBJISIeT 17,8.10- 5 1', tJTD CDCTaBJISI-
eT npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO 13% (0'6.).
Ba>KHeHWHe 4>H3HtfeCKHe CBDHcTBa HK npHBe.ll.eHbI HH>Ke:
nJl011HOCTb, Kr/M 3 . . . .
TeMnepaTypa CTeKJlOBaHHH, °C . . ,
TepMH'IeCKHH Ko34>IJIHuHeHT 06'beMHOro
paCWHpeHHH (B HHTepBaJle 0-85°C),
IrC . . . . . .
TenJlonpOBO.llHOCTb*, BT/(M.K) . .
TenJlOT3 cropaHHH, M.lI.)f(/Kr. . .
Y.II.eJlbH3H TenJloeMKocTb K.lI.)f(/(Kr.K)
nOK33aTeJlb npeJlOMJleRRSI**
CBeT JlblH Kpen .
CMOKe.ll.'WHTC . .
yr.1eBO.llOpO.ll KaY'IYKa. . . . .
nOJlynepHO.ll KpHCTaJlJlH3aUHH HepacTSlHY'
Toro KayqYKa npH -25°C, 'I . . .
.lI.H9J1eKTpHqeCKaH npoHHuaeMocTb (npH '1ac-
TOTe KOJle6aHHH 1000 ru/c) . . . .
KaY'IYK pa3J1H'IHblX COpTOB
yrJleBO.ll.OpO.ll. KaY'lYKa .
TaHreHC yrJla .llH9J1eKTpH'IeCKHX nOTepb
50
913
-70-;--72
656.10-'
0,14
45,2
1,88
1,519-1,525
1,519-1,521
1,519-1,522
2-4
2,40-2,70
2,37
1,6.10- 8

Y.lleJIbHOe 06'beMHOe 9J1eKTpHqeCKOe COnpOTHB'
JleHRe, OM' M
CBeTJlljlA Kpen .
CMOKe.ll-WHTC .
yr JleBO.llOpO.ll KayqYKa . . . .
napaMeTp paCTBOpHMOCTR, (M.lI.)f(/M 3 ) 112 .
5. (OIl
3.10 11
3. (015
16,6
· TenJlonpOBOAHOCTb pe3RHY CJl8r8eTCJI 8A.D.RTRBRO R3 TenJlO-
npoBoAHocTe!! RRrpeAHeHTOB. BXOARUI,RX B ee COCT8B.
o
.. H3MepeHbI AJIR CBeT8 C AJlHHO!! BOJIHY 5893 A (cpe.!lHee 3H8-
'IeHHe AJIR ABOilHO!! JlHHHR H8TpHR).
3BYKDH3DJISlUHDJlHble CBDHCTBa MSirKOH pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe HK xa-
paKTepH3yIOTCSI CKDpDCTblO paCnpDCTpaHeHHH 3ByKa B pe3HHe, paBH6ii
37 M/C npH 25°C; npH nDBblweHHH TeMnepaTypbl CKDpOCTb pacnpD-
CTpaHeHHSI 3BYKa B pe3HHe YMeHbwaeTCH.
KaYIJYK paCTBDpHM B aJIH<paTHIJeCKHX H apDMaTHtJecKHx yrJIeBD.lI. O -
pD.lI.aX, XJIDpD<pDpMe, tJeTblpeXXJIDpHCTDM yrJIepD.lI.e, cepDyrJIepD.lI.e.
KaytJYK BbI'na.ll.aeT H3 pacTBDpDB npH .lI.06aBJIeHHH K HHM cnHpTa HJIH
au,eTDHa.
TeXHOJlOrH'IeCKHe CBOHCTlia. ,D.JISI HK D6b1tJHblX THnDB, KatJeCTBD
KDTDpblX DueHHBaeTCSI B DCHDBHDM BH3yaJIbHD, nDKa3aTeJIH nJIaCTD3JIa-
CTHtJeCKHX CBDHCTB He HDpMHpylOTCSI H MorYT 3HatJHTeJIbHD KDJIeOaTb-
CSI. nDMHMD peaKUHH CTPYKTYPHpDBaHHSI nO' aJIb.ll.erH.lI.HblM rpynnaM
Ha BSl3KDCTb OKa3b1BaIOT BJIHSlHHe TaKe DKHCJIHTeJIbHble npDueCCbI,
npHBD.lI.SlIlI.He K .lI.eCTpYKu,HH HJIH CTPYKTYPHpDBaHHIO MaKpDMDJIeKYJI
KaYtJYKa. Cpe.ll.HHe 3HatJeHHSI BSl3KDCTH no YHH npH 100°C KDne6-
JIIOTCSl DT 95 YCJI. e.ll.. .lI.JISI CMDKe.ll.-IlIHTCa I-I'D copTa H SMR 5 .lI.D
75 e.ll.HHHU, .lI.JISI SR 50.
OopaoDTKa JIaTeKCa nepeJ1 BbI.lI.eJIeHHeM KaYtfYKa CDJISlHDKHCJIblM
rH.lI.pDKCHJIaMHHDM, npenSlTcTBYlOllI.HM CTPYKTypHpDBaHHIO MaKpDMDJIe-
KYJI nO' aJIb.ll.erH.lI.HblM rpynnaM, npHBD.lI.HT K nDJIYtJeHHIO KaYtfYKa (CDpT
SMR 5CV), HMelOIlI.erD npH xpaHeHHH nDCTDSlHHDe 3HatfeHHe BSl3KDCTH
nO' YHH 605 YCJI. e.ll..
HaTypaJIbHblH KaYtJYK, DObltJHD npHMeHSIeMblH B pe3HHDBoM npD-
H3BO.ll.CTBe, He.ll.OCTaTDtJHD nJIaCTHtJeH H, KaK npaBHJIO, nD.lI.BepraeTcSI
npe.ll.BapHTeJIbHDH MexaHHtJecKDH nJIaCTHKaUHH Ha BaJIbu,ax (npH 40--
70°C) HJIH TepMDOKHCJIHTeJIbHDH .lI.eCTPYKU,HH B pe3HHDcMeCHTeJISIX
HJIH Cneu,HaJIbHblX tJepBSlIJHblX nJIaCTHKaTDpax (npH 100-150 0c). l{JISI
CDKpallI.eHHSI npDJ1DJI>KHTeJIbHDCTH nJIaCTHKau,HH tfaCTD npHMeHSIIOT
CneUHaJIbHble YCKDpHTeJIH nJIaCTHKaUHH (HeKDTDpbfe MepKanTaHbI, .lI.H-
CYJIb<l>H.lI.bI H .lI.p.).
CKDPDCTb nJIaCTHKaUHH HK, a TaK>Ke erD CTDHKDCTb K DKHCJIeHHIO
nD.lI. .lI.eHCTBHeM CDJIHeIJHblX JIYtJeH H BblCDKHX TeMnepaTYP B 3HatfHTeJIb-
HDH CTeneHH Dnpe.ll.eJISIeTCH CDCTaBDM HeKaYtJYKDBbIX KDMnDHeHTDB, H3-
MeHSIlOllI.HMCSI B 3aBHCHMDCTH DT YCJIOBHH BbI.lI.eJIeHHSI KaYtJYKa.
,D.JISI Du,eHKH CTDHKOCTH KaYtJYKa K 3THM <paKTDpaM npe.llJIaraeTCSI
nOKa3aTeJIb - U-HiJeKc cDxpaHeHUJl nAaCTUIlHDCTU PRI. 3TDT nDKa3a.
TeJIb Dnpe.ll.eJISleTCSI KaK npDu,eHTHDe DTHOllIeHHe nJIaCTHtJHDCTH D6pa3-
u,a KaYtJYKa nDCJIe 30 MHH HarpeBaHHSI npH 140°C K HCXD.lI.HDM nJIa-
CTHtJHDCTH. Onpe.ll.eJIeHHe nJIaCTHtfHOCTH npDBD.lI.SlT Ha OblCTpD.lI.eHCT-
4-
51

BylOweM nJIaCTDMeTpe YDJIJIeCa. nJIaCTHtJHDCTb HK, DnpeJ1eJIeHHaSi nO'
YDJIJIecy (Po), CBSl3aHa C BSl3KDCTblO nO' MYHH DnpeJ1e.JIeHHblM KDppe.
JIHUHDHHblM Bblpa>KeHHeM:
BSl3KDCTb nO' MYHH = 5,06+2,25 P o -O,OOI pg
HHJ1eKC PRI SlBJISleTCSI tJYBCTBHTeJIbHblM nDKa3aTeJIeM, xapaKTe-
PH3YlOWHM KatfeCTBD HK. ,D.JISI CMDKe.ll.-WHTCa I-I'D copTa PRI paBeH
80-90, J1JISI SMR 5 - He MeHee 60, .lI.JIH SMR 50 - He MeHee 30. 4eM
BblllIe 3HatJeHHe PRI, TeM MeHbwe CKDpDCTb nJIaCTHKau,HH HK H TeM
Bblwe conpDTHBJIeHHe BYJIKaHH3aTDB H3 3TDrD KaytJYKa CTapeHHIO H
YTDMJIeHHIO.
HaTypaJIbHblH KaYtJYK XDPDWD CMeWHBaeTCSI C HHrpe.ll.HeHTaMH
B pe3HHOCMeCHTeJISIX HJIH HB BaJIbu,ax. Pe3HHOBble CMeCH Ha erD DCHDBe
xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI BblCDKDH KJIeHKOCTblO, XOPDWHMH KaJIaHJ1PyeMDcTblO
H WnpHu,yeMDcTblO, BblCOKOH KDre3HDHHDH npDtJHDCTblO.
BYJlKaHH3aHft. OCHDBHblM BYJIKaHH3ylOlUHM areHTDM J1JISI HK SlB-
JISleTCSI cepa (.lI.D 3 Macc. tJ.). B Ka'leCTBe YCKopHTeJIeH cepHDH ByJIKa-
HH3aUHH HCnDJIb3YIOTCSI rJIaBHblM D6pa3DM TMa3DJIbI, cYJIb<peHaMH.lI.bI,
THypaMbI.
KatJecTBD KaytJYKa DueHHBalOT nO' CBDHCTBaM BYJIKaHH3aTDB CTaH-
.lI.apTHDH pe3HHDBDH CMeCH C MepKanTD6eH3THa3DJIDM. PeuenT eTaH-
.lI.apTHDU pe3HHDBDH CMeCH npHBeJ1eH HH>Ke:
Co",ep1K8-
B8e.
M8C. q.
H8TypaJlblllblii KaY'IYK 100.0
Cepa . . . . . . 3,0
MepKanT06eH3THa30Jl 0,7
OKCH.ll UHHK3 . . . . 5,0
CTeapHH TeXHHqeCKHA _ . 0,5
Pe3HHa, H3rDTDBJIeHHaH nO' 3TDMY peuenTY, He HBJISleTCSI DnTHMaJIb-
HDR nO' KDMnJIeKCY <pH3HKD-MeXaHHQeCKHX nDKa3aTe.JIeA, HO '1YBCTBH-
TeJIbHa K H3MeHeH'HIO CDCTaBa KaYQY'Ka.
CMeCb npHrDTDBJISIIOT Ha JIaODpaTDpHblX BaJIbu,ax (AHaMeTp BaJIKDB
160 14M, AJIHHa 320 MM), HarpeTblX .lI.D 70-80C, 3arpy3Ka 800 r,
npDJ1DJI>KHTeJIbHDCTb CMeweHHSI 18 MHH. nDCJIe.ll.DBaTeJIbHDCTb BBe.ll.e-
HHSI HHrpeJ1HeHTDB CMeCH cJIe.ll.YlOwaSi (MHH):
KayqYK . . . . . .. 0 OKCR.ll UHHKa H MepKanTO-
CTeapRH. . . . . .. 8 6eH3THa30Jl . . . .. 12
Cepa . . . . . . .. 15
Ha 17-R MHH YMeHbwalOT 3a3Dp Me>K.lI.y BaJIKaMH AD 1 14M (npD-
nYCK CMeCH «Ha TDHKYIO»). BYJIKaHH3aUHIO CMeCH npOBDJ1S1T npH
143 °C.
nDKa3aTeJIH <pH3HKD-MexaHHtJecKHx CBOHCTB BYJIKaHH3DBaHHoA CMe-
CH (BYJIKaHH3aTa) J1DJI>KHbI Oblb CJIe.ll.yIOWHMH:
npOqHOCTb npH paCTSI)f(eHHH, Mna, He Me.
Hee. . . . . . . . . .
OTHOCRTeJIbHOe Y.llJlHHeHHe, %, He MeHee
npe.lleJlbl onTRMYMa BYJlKaHH3aURR, MHH
23
700
20-30
52

CBOHCTBa H OOJlaCTH npHMeHeHHH BYJlKaHH3aTOB. CKJIDHHDCTb HK
K KpHCTaJIJIH3au,HH OOYCJIDBJIHBaeT BblCDKYIO npDtJHDCTb npH paCTSI>Ke-
HliH Ka'K HeHanDJIHeHHblX pe3HH H3 HK, TaK H pe3HH Ha erD DCHDBe
CD.l1ep>Kaw.HX HeaKTHBHble Ha'DDJIHHTeJIH. npH BBe.ll.eHHH aKTHBHblX Ha-
nDJIHHTeJIeH 3HatJHTe"JIbHD nDBblllIalOTCSI HanpSl>KeHHSI npH Y.lI.JIHHeHHSlX,
TBep.ll.DCTb H CDnpDTHBJIeHHe HCTHpaHHIO pe3HHbl. Pe3HHbI xapaKTepH-
3)'IOTCH XDpDllIeH 9JIaCTHtJHDCTblO, MDpD30CTDHKDCTblO, BblCDKHMH .lI.H-
HaMHtJeCKHMH CBDHCTBaMH, H3HDCDCTDHKDCTblO, HD DOJIa.ll.alOT MaJIDK
CTDHKDCTblO K BD3.l1.eHCTBHIO arpeCCHBHblX cpeJ1, CHJIbHD Ha6yxalOT
B yrJIeBD.lI.DpDJ1a H BCJIe.ll.CTBHe BblCDKDH Henpe.ll.eJIbHDCTH 6b1CTpD no.ll.-
BepralOTCSI CTapeHHIO.
CotJeraHHe XOpDIlIHX TeXHDJIDrn'leCHX CBDikrs pe3HH08b1X CMe-
ceii C KDMI:\JIeKCDM ueHHblX TeXHHtfeCKHX CBDHCTB BYJlKaHH3aTOB D6yc-
JIDBHJID WHpDKDe npHMeHeHHe HK KaK caMDCTDSlTeJIbHO, TaK H B KDM-
6HHaUHH C .lI.pyrHMH KaYtJYKaMH J1JIH npDH3BD.lI.CTBa aBTDMDOHJIbHblX
WHH H pa3HD06pa3HblX pe3HHDBblX TeXHHtJeCKHX H3.l1.eJIHH (aMDpTH3a-
TDPDB, npDKJIa.ll.DK, ynJIDTHHTeJIeH H .llpyrnx .lI.eTaJIeH). Ha DCHDBe HK
H3rDTDBJISIIOT KJIeH, 36DHHTbI, ry6QaTble H3.l1.eJIHH. Ba>KHble DOJIaCTH
npHMeHeHHSI HK - pe3HHDBble H3.l1.eJIHH caHHTapHH, Me.ll.HUHHCKDro
nHw.eBDrD, 6b1TDBDr6 H cnDpTHBHDrD Ha3HatJeHHSI.
JlHTepa-rypa
CnpaBO'lHHK .pe3HHIUHKa. M., «XHMHSI», 1971. 608 C.
BUuut!&tcOB H. H. «WHHHaSi npOMblWJleHHOCTb». 3Kcnpecc-HHlJlopMau,HSI. M.
ll.HMMT3He4!TexHM, 197>4, Nt 6, c. 8-39.
P'eBUP14 3. H. HOBOe B 06JJaCTH HaTypaJlbHoro KayqyKa. TeMaT. o63op. Cep..
«npOII3BO.llCTBO PTM H ATM». M., ll.HMMT3He4!TeXHM, 1974.52 C.
Ho6Ab P. P'3I&. nareKC B TeXHHKe. n., rOCXHMB8.1taT, 1962. 896 c.

r JIaBa 5
CHHTETHIJECKHE KAYlJYKH OSUJ.EfO HA3HAIJEHH,.
1f30nPEHOBbiE KAYIfYKH
BblcoKHe MeXaHHqeCKHe H 3JIaCTHtfeCKHe CBDHcTBa HK nDCJIY>KHJIH
DCHDBaHHeM JISI pa3pa6DTKH cnDcD6DB CHHTe33 H30npeHa H CD3.l1.aHHSI
oCHHTeTHtJeCKHX H3DnpeHDBblx KayqYKoB.
npHMeHeHHe HDBblX' KOMnJIeKCHblX KaTaJIH3aTDpDB cTepeocneUH<pH-
tteCKDH nOJIHMepH3aUHH B pacTBOpHTeJIHX nD3BDJIHJID nDJIYtJHTb CHHTe-
THtJeCKHe cTepeDperYJIHpHble H3DnpeHDBble KaYtJYKH, npH6JIH>KalOlUHeCSI
nO' CTpYKType H CBDHcTBaM K HK.
npHMeHeHHe JIHTHeBblX KaTaJIH3aTDpDB aeT 'BD3MO>KHDCTb nDJIY-
'tIaTb KaY'lYKH THna CKHJI CD cpeJ1HHM cOJ1ep>KaHHeM t4uc-l,4-3BeHbeB,
 HCnDJIb3DBaHHe KDMnJIeKCHblX KaTaJIH3aTDpDB Ha DCHDBe npDH3BO'
HbIX THTaHa H aJIIOMHHHSI - KaYtJYKH THna CKH-3 C BblCDKHM CDep-
)KaHHeM t4uc-l,4-3BeHbeB.
CTPYKrypa H XHMH'IeCKHH COCTaB H3DnpeHDBblX KaYtfYKDB npeA-
CTaBJleHbI HH>Ke:
Cl<HJI CI(H-3
CO.llep)f(aHHe 3BeJlbeB, %
ijuc-I,4
TpaHc-l,4 .
1,2
3,4 . . .
Henpe.lleJlbHOCTb, % . . .
Cpel1HeBI!3KOCTH1! M3CC3, TblC,
COJ1ep)f(aHRe, %
30.1b1, He 60Jlee . . .
.1eTYQHX BemeCTB, He 60Jlee
. )f(Me33, He 60.1ee .
MeAH, He 60Jlee
THT3H3, He 60.1ee
CT36H.1H33TOP3 .
65-94
0-25
0-3
5-7
95-98
800-3000
0,1
0,5
0,002
0,0003
0,5-1,0
92-99
0-4
0-2
1-3
94-98
350-1300
0,7
0;7
0,006
0,0003
0,08
0,6-1,3
CHHTeTH'IeCKHe H3DnpeHDBbIe KayqYKH DTJIHtJalOTCSI DT HK MeHee
perYJISlpHDH CTPYKTYPDH nDJIHMepa, MeHbWHM COep>KaHHeM HeKaYQY-
KOBblX KDMnDHeHTDB, a TaK>Ke DTCYTCTBHeM <PYHKUHDHaJIbHblX rpynn
B MDJIeKYJISlpHbIX uenSix nDJIHMepa. CHHTeTHtJeCKHe H3DnpeHDbI Kay-
tJYKH HMelOT Y3KDe MDJIeKYJISlpHD-MaCCDBDe pacnpeJ1eJIeHHe (Mw/Mn 
::::: 1,2). KaYtJYK CKM-3 cDJ1ep>KHT D 30% reJIb-<ppaKuHH.
Ll.JISI 3alUHTbI KaYtJYKDB DT CTapeHHSI npH xpaHeHHH H nepepa6DTKe
HX 3anpaBJISIIOT npDTHBDCTapHTeJIHMH (cTa6HJIH3aTDpaMH): HeDKpaWH-
4

BalOlUHMH (HanpHMep; 2,6-.!I.H-rper-6YTHJI-4-MeTHJI<peHDJI) HJIH DKpa.
WHBalO!UHIMH (4)eHHJI--Ha<l>THJIaMH'H H ,lI,H<peHHJI-n-<peHHJIeH.lI.HaMHH).
MapK3 KaY'IYKa, 3anpaBJIeHHDrD HeDKpaWHBalOlUHM npDTHBDCTapHTe-
JleM, D6D3Ha'laeTCSI CKH-3C.
"'H3HtJeCKHe cBoAcTBa. <l>H3HtJeCKHe CBDHCTBa CKH nD.!I.D6HbI CBDH-
CTBaM HK. H3DnpeHDBble KaytJYKH KpHCTaJlJIH3YIOTCH TIPH -25°C, HO
nO' cpaBHeHHIO C HK xapaKTepH3YIOTCH MeHbllIeH CKDpDCTblO (nDJIyne-
pHD,a KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH HepacTHHYTDrD CKHJI npH -25°C COCTaBJlHeT
6DJIee 300 tJ, CKH-3 - 6DJIee 20 tJ, HK - 2,3 tf) H MeHbweH CTeneHblO
KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH (MaKCHMaJIbHDe CD.lI.ep>KaHHe KpHCTaJlJIHtfeCKDH <pa3b1
B CKHJI - 25%, B CKH-3 - 30%, B HK - 30-35%. 3TD D6'M1C-
HHeTCSI rJIaBHblM D6pa3DM MeHbllIeH perYJIHpHDCTblO MDJIeKyJISlpHblX
Ilene".
Pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe CKH MeHbwe KpHCTaJIJIH3YIOTCH npH paCTH>Ke-
HHH. HaHMeHbwee DTHDCHTeJIbHDe Y.lI.JIHHeHHe, npH KDTDPDM Ha6JIIO-
.lJ.aeTCSI D6pa3DBaHHe KpHCTaJIJIHtJecKDH <pa3b1 npH 20°C, CDCTaBJlHeT
.lJ.JISI pe3HH Ha DCHDBe CKHJI 600-800%, Ha DCHDBe CKH-3 - 300-
400%, Ha DCHDBe HK - 200%.
napaMeTp pacTBDpHMDCTH CHHTeTHqeCKHX H3DnpeHDBblX KaYtJYKDB
6 p paBeH 16,8 (M,D.>K/M 3 ) l/a. CKH pacTBDpHIOTCH B Tex >Ke pacTBDpH-
TeJISlX, qTD H HK.
TeXHOJIOrHtJecKHe CBOHCTBa. KaYtfYKH THna CKH-3 BblnyeKalOT C 3a-
.lJ.aHHDH BH3KDCTblO (BH3KDCTb nO' MYHH ,CKH-3 I rpynnbl CDCTaBJISIeT
71-85 YCJI. e.ll.., CKH-3 II rpynnbl- 50-60 YCJI. e.ll..). OpH nepepa-
6DTKe B DTJIHtfHe DT HK DHH He Hy>K.lI.aIOTCH B npe.ll.BapHTeJIbHDH nJIa-
CTHKaUHH, H nJIaCTD3JIaCTHtfeCKHe CBDHCTBa nDJ1D6HbI CBDHCTBaM nJIa-
CTHKaTDB HK; D.lI.HaKD BCJIe.ll.CTBHe 6DJIbWDH CKJIDHHDCTH CKH K .lI.e-
CTPYKUHH npH nepepa6DTKe HeD6xDJ1HMD CTpDrD cD6JIIO.lJ.aTb TeMTIepa-
TypHble pe>KHMbl CMeweHHSI, pa3DrpeBa H <pDpMDBaHHSI.
OCHDBHblM He.ll.DCTaTKOM CKH, CBSl3aHHblM C DCD6eHHDCTSlMH MDJIe-
KYJISlpHDH CTPYKTypbl H MMP, SlBJISleTCSI fiDHH>KeHHaSi KDre3HDHHaSi
npDqHOCTb pe3HHDBblX CMeceH Ha HX DCH0'8e. Ta-K, npD'IHDCTb np,H
paCTSI>KeHHH pe3HHDBDH CMeCH Ha DCHDBe HK CDCTaBJISIeT 1,5-
2,0 Mna, Ha DCHDBe CKH-3 - TDJIbKD 0,2-0,4 Mna, .lI.JISI cMeceH Ha
DCHDBe CKHJI 3T3 BeJIHqHHa elUe MeHbwe. nD3TDMY npH c6DpKe He-
<pDpMDBblX, KJIeeHblX H J1pyrHx H3.l1.eJIHH (HanpHMep, Ha DCHDBe CKH-3)
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a .lI.JISI CIqI. I rpynnbl C 60JIee WHpDKHMH MMP - DT 0,51 .lI.D 2,0 MM.
,lJ.JISI YJIY'IWeHHSI TeXHDJIDrHtJeCKHX CBDHCTB Ha 3aKJIIOtfHTeJIbHblX CTa-
J1HSlX npDH3BD.lI.CTBa CK.D. B HerD MD>KHD BBD.lI.HTb ,!I.D 50 Macc. tJ. BblCD-
KDapDMaTH'IeCKHX yrJIeBD.lI.DpD.lI.HblX MaCeJI. BBe.ll.eHHe MaCeJI cYlUecT-
BeHHD 'nOHH>KaeT BSl3KDCTb KaYtJYKa (npHMepHD Ha 1 YCJI. e.ll.. nO' MYHH
npH BBeJ1eHHH 1 Macc. 'I. MaCJIa nH-6), H .lI.JISI nDJ1.lI.ep>KaHHSI BH3KDCTH
Ha .lI.DJI>KHDM ypDBHe HCXD.lI.HblH nDJIHMep .lI.DJI>KeH HMeTb 6DJIbWYIO M
(HJIH BSl3KDCTb nO' MYHH, npHMepHD paBHYIO 60-110).
MaCJIDHanDJIHeHHble 6YTa.ll.HeHDBble KayqyKH (HanpHMep,
CK,D.-M-25, rJ1e tlHCJID nDKa3b1BaeT cD,!I.ep>KaHHe MaCJIa B nDJIHMepe
B .npoueHTax), D6JIa.ll.alOT YJIYtlWeHHblMH TeXHQJIDrH'Ie'CKHMH c-BDHCT-
BaMH H HaXDJ1S1T Bce 6DJIbWee npHMeHeHHe B npDMblWJIeHHDcTH. OTCYT-
CTBHe HH3KDMDJIeKYJISlpHblX <ppaKuHH npH.lI.aeT CK,D. BCDKYIO cnDCD6-
HDCTb K HanDJIHeHHIO MaCJIDM H TeXHHtJeCKHM yrJIepD.lI.DM.
H3-3a nJIDXHX TeXHDJIDrH'IeCKHX CBDHCTB cTepeDperyJlHpHble 6YTa-
J1HeHDBble KaYtlYKH D6b1tJHD npHMeHHIOT B CMeCH C HK, CKH HJIH 6YTa-
,!I.HeH-CTHpDJIbHblMH (BCK) KaY'lYKaMH. MaKCHMaJIbHDe KDJIHtJeCTBD
CK.lI. II rpynnbl, npHMeHHeMDrD B CMeCH C J1pyrHMH KaY'lYKaMH, CD-
CTaBJISIeT 30-40 Macc. 'I., a CK,D. I rpynnbl - 40-50 Mace. 'I.
BYJlKaHH3aUHSI. nO' CKDpDCTH BYJIKaHH3aUHH 6YTa.ll.HeHDBble KaYtly-
KH JIHWb HeMHDrD YCTynalOT HK H CKH. OHH BYJIKaHH3YlOTCSI B OpH-
CYTCTBHH cepbl H D6b1'1HD npHMeHSIeMblX YCKDpHTeJIeH BYJIKaHH3aUHH.
HaH6DJIee 3$<peKTHBHbI B CMecSiX C 6YTa.ll.HeHDBblMH KaytJYKaMH CYJIb-
$eHaMH.lI.Hble YCKDpHTeJIH.
TaK KaK BYJIKaHH3aTbI 6YTa.ll.HeHDBblX KaY'lYKDB He cnDCD6HbI
KpH'CTHJIJIH3DBaTbCSI npH J1e<pDpMaUHH, TO' 6e.a YCHJIHB810IUHX HanDJI-
HHTeJIeH DH" HMelOT HH3KHe nDKa3aTeJIH MeXaHH'IeCKHX CBDHCTB. nD-
3TDMY B peuenTypax CTaH.lI.apTHblX CMeceH CDJ1ep>KHTCSI B KatJeCTBe
YCHJIHBalOIUerD HanDJIHHTeJISI TeXHH'IeCKHH yrJIepD.lI.. HH>Ke npHBe,!l.eHbI
peuenTypbl CTaH.lI.apTHblX CMeceH Ha OCHDBe 6YTa.ll.HeHOBblX 'KaytJYKOS:
60
i'
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COAep)l(8HHe. M8CC. q.
CK.lI. . 100
CK5. . . . . . . 100
Cer;. . . . . . . 2,0 1,5
N- HKJlOreKCHJl6eH3THa30JlHJI-
cYJl b lJleH3MH.ll ( cYJlblJleHaMHJ1 0,7
U). . .
MepKanT06eH3THf30Jl 1,8
OKCHJ1 UHHKa . . 5,0 5,0
CTeapHHoB3S1 KHCJlOT3 2,0 2,5
Py6paKc. . . . 5,0 6,0
TeXHHqecKHA yrJlepo.ll MapKH
nM-75. 50,0
TeXHH'IeCKHH yr JlepOJ1 M3PKH
J].r-IOO 60,0
CMeCH rDTDBSlT Ha JIa6DpaTDpHblx BaJIbuaX npH TeMnepaType 30-
40°C B TetJeHHe 23 MUH J1JISI CKB H 30 MUH .lI.JISI CK.ll.. BYJIKaHH3YIOT
npUrDTDBJIeHHble CMecu npu TeMnepaType 143°C B Te'leHHe 40-
60 MUH. BYJIKaHH3aTbI Ha O'CHDBe CK,D. II rpynnbl H CKB .lI.DJI>KHbI
HMeTb CJIe.ll.YlOlUHe xapaKTepHcTHKU,
CJ<.lI. CI<6.25 CKB-60
(II rpymI8)
npO'lHOCTb npH paCTSI)f(eHRH, Mn3, He MeHee 19,0 14,5 12,5
HanpSl)f(eHHe npH Y.llJlHHeHRH 300%. Mn3, He 7,0
MeHee . . . . . . . . .
OTHOCHTeJlbHOe YJ1J1HHeHHe, %, He MeHee . 470 500 650
OCT3TO'lHoe YJ1J1HHeHRe. %, He 60Jle8. . 50 70
3J13CTRqHOCTb no OTCKOKY, %, He MeHee , 49 30-35
npH DTCYTCTBHH B peuenType TeXHHtJeCKDrD yrJIepD.lI.a (B HeHanDJI-
HeHHblX CMecSlx) nDJIytJalOTCSI BYJIKaHU3aTbI C npe.ll.eJIOM npD'IHDCTH
npUpaCTSI>KeHHU He Bblwe 3,0 Mna.
CBOHCTBa BYJlKaHH3aTOB. Pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe CKB OTJIHQalOTCSI He-
BblCDKHMH npD'IHDCTHblMH CBDHcTBaMH H YCTynalOT nO' 3TDMY nOKa3aTe.
JIIO pe3HHaM Ha DCRDBe J1pyrHx CHHTeTH'IeCKHX KaY'lYKOB.
BCJIe.ll.CTBHe MaJIDI'D CDJ1ep>KaHHSI .lI.BDHHblX CBSl3eH B DCHDBHDH ue-
nR MaKpDMOJIeKYJI nDJIHMepa pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe CKB xapaKTepH3YIOT-
CH BblCDKHM CDnpDTHBJIeHHeM TenJIDBDMY CTapeHHIO H npHMeHSIIOTCSI
6JIarDJ1apSi 3TDMY CBDHCTBY J1J1S1 npDH3BD.lI.CTBa pSl.ll.a CneUHaJIbHblX Tex-
HHtJeCKHX H3.l1.eJIHH, YTpaTHB CBDe 3HaQeHHe KaK KaY'lYKH D6w.erD Ha-
3HatJeHHSI. AHaJIDrHtJHblMH CBDHCTBaMH D6JIa.ll.alOT pa3BeTBJIeHHble Kay-
tJYKH paCTBDpHDH nDJIHMepH3aUHH CKBCP. BOJIbWDe 3Ha'leHHe HMelOT
TaK>Ke HaTpHH-6YTa.ll.HeHDBble KaY'lYKH .lI.JISI npDH3BDJ1CTBa H3.l1.eJIHH,
npHMeHSIeMblX B nHlUeBDH H MeJ1HUHHCKDH npDMblWJIeHHOCTH.
Pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe CTepeDperYJISlpHblX 6YTa.ll.HeHDBblX KaytJYKDB
CK,D. H CK)J.JI DTJIHtJalOTCSI pSl.ll.OM ueHHblX CBOHCTB H npe>KJ1e BcerD
BbI'COKOH 3JIa'CTH1fHOCTblO, 'MOpD30CTDHKOCTblO H H3HOCOCTDHKOCTblO.
B 3aBRCHMDCTH DT YCJIDBHH HocnblTaHHSI pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe CK,D. npe-
BOCXDJ1S1T nO' H3HDCDCTDHKDCTH pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe HK, CKH.3 H BCI(
B 1,5-2 pa3a. CJIeJ1yeT. DJ1HaKO, Y'lHTblBaTb, tJTD )J.JISI pe3HH Ha DCHDBe
CK)J. xapaKTepeH HH3KHH KD3<P<PHUHeHT TpeHHSI. CDBMel1{eHHe CK)J.
61

C PyrHMH KaYQYKaMH npHBD.lI.HT K nDJIYtJeHHIO pe3HH C BblCDKDH H-
HaMHtfeCKDH BblHDCJIHBDCTblO H H3HDCDCTDHKDCTblO. TaKHe pe3HHbI Ha-
XDSlT WHpDKDe npHMeHeHHe B WHHHDH npDMblWJIeHHDCTH, a TaK)Ke
.lI.JISI npDH3BD.lI.CTBa KDHBeHepHblX JIeHT, KJIHHDBblX peMHeH, H30JISlUHH
Ka6eJIeH H pSl.ll.a .lI.PyrHx H3eJIHH TeXHHtJeCKDrD Ha3HatJeHHH. He6DJIb-
wlie D6aBKH CK,D. npHMeHSIIOTCSI B pe3HHax Ha DCHDBe nDJIHDHblX
KaYtJYKDB .lI.JISI npH.lI.aHHSI HM MOpD3DCTDHKDCTH.
6nA.D.HEH-CTHPOJlbHblE I(AyqYI(H
HaH6DJIee pacnpDCTpaHeHHblMH KaYtJYKaMH D61UerD Ha3HatJeHHH
SlBJIHIOTCSI 6YTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHble (6YTaHeH-a-MeTHJICTHpDJIbHble) Kay-
tfYKH (BCK), BblnYCKaeMble B WHpDKDM aCCDpTHMeHTe H 6DJIbWOM
D61>eMe, tJTD D61>SlCHSleTCSI DTHDCHTeJIbHOH J1DcTynHocTblO HCXDJ1HblX
,MDHDMepDB (6YTaHeHa H CTHpDJIa), BblCDKDH D.lI.HDpD.lI.HDCTblO CBDHCTB
H XDPDWHM KatJeCTBDM nDJIY'IaeMOrD nOJIHMepa, a TaK>Ke DCBDeHHDH
TeXHDnDrHeH npDH3BD.lI.CTBa.
OCHDBHaH Macca BCK nDJIYtJaeTCSI 3MYJIbCHDHHOH CDnDJIHMepH3a-
UHeH 6YTa.ll.HeHa H CTHpDJIa (HJIH a-MeTHJICTHpDJIa).
B 3aBHCHMDCTH OT YCJIDBHH nDJIHMepH3aUHH H CO';TaBa npHMeHSle-
MblX KOMnDHeHTDB BblnYCKalOT OYTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHble KaY'IYKH, pa3-
JIHtfalOIUHeCH nO' CDCTaBY H CBDHCTBaM.
Pacnpe.ll.eJIeHHe 3BeHbeB 6YTa.ll.HeHa H CTHpDJIa (a-MeTHJICTHpDJIa)
B MaKpDMDJIeKYJIe nDJIHMepa - HeperYJISIpHOe, CTaTHCTHtJeCKDe:
--CH,-CH=CH-CHs-CH.-CH-CH.-CH-CH.-CH- -
6 ' tH=CH. 0 1
-  I  I
_It
KayqYKH BblnYCKalOT C CDJ1ep>KaHHeM CBSl3aHHorD CTHpDJIa (HnH
a-MeTHJICTHpDJIa) 10, 30 HJIH 50%.
3MYJIbCHDHHYIO nDJIHMepH3aUHIO npDBD.lI.HT npH BblCDKDH (50°C-
«rDpSl'laJl» nDJIHMepH3aUHSI) H npH nDHH>KeHHDH (5°C - «XDJID.lI.HaH»
nDJIHMepH3aUHSI) TeMnepaType.
CHH>KeHHe TeMnepaTypbl nOJIHMepH3aUHH npHBDJ1HT K YMeHbweHHIO
CDep>KaHHSI B KaY'IYKe HH3KOMDJIeKYJISlpHblX <ppaKUHH, YMeHbweHHIO
CTeneHH pa3BeTBJIeHHDCTH H YBeJIHtJeHHIO perYJISlpHDCTH CTPYKTypbl
nDJIHMepa, liTO', B ueJIDM, npHBD.lI.HT K YJIY'IWeHHIO KatJeCTBa nDJIHMepa.
CTPYKTypa nDJIHMepDB, nDJIY'IeHHblX npH pa3JIH'IHDH TeMnepaType,
npe.ll.CT8BJ1eH8 HH)Ke:
CoAepIK8B8e, %
'I'eIIIIepftJPa -.-pIlUII,IIK
&Gee II"C
. 14,0--18,3 7,0--12,3
. 62,0--65,3 71,8--72,0
. 16,3-23,0 15,8-21,0
IfUC- I ,4 .
TpaHC-I,4 .
1,2
MD)KHD nOJIyqHTb nDJIHMep 33.l1.aHHDH CpeJ1HeH MDJIeKYJISlpHDH Mac-
Chi, KDTDPYIO perYJIHpYIOT B npDuecce nOJlHMepH3aUHH BBe.ll.eHHeM pe-
&2

rym1TDpoB, DCYIUecr'BJIHlOlUHX nepe,ll.atfY u.enH. C YBeJ1HtfeHHeM CD.lI.ep-
.>KaHHSI perYJISlTDpDB MDJIeKYJISIpHaSi Macca nDJIHMepa nDHH>KaeTCSI.
B Ka'leCTBe 3MYJIbraTDpDB, HeD6xD,lI.HMblX J1JISI nDJIYtfeHHH YCTDHtJH-
BblX 3MYJIbCHH MDHDMepDB, a TaK>Ke rDTDBblX npDJ1YKTDB nDJlHMepH3a-
UHH - JIaTeKCOB, npHMeHHIOT HaTpHeBble HJIH KaJIHeBbie MblJIa CHHTeTH-
.qeCKHX >KHpHblX KHCJIDT (napa<pHHaTbI), J1HCnpDnDpUHDHHpDBaHHDH
HJIH rH.lI.pHpDBaHHDH KaHH4JDJlH, a TaK>Ke COJIH CYJIb<PDKHCJIDT HJIH aJI-
KHJICYJIb$DHaTDB. '
npH BbI.lI.eJIeHHH KaY'IyKa KDarYJISlUHeH JIaTeKCa paCTBDpaMH XJID-
pH,lI.a HaTpHH H cepHDH KHCJIDTbI tJaCTb 3MYJIbraTDpDB B BH.lI.e CBD6D,],-
HbiX >KHpHblX HJIH CMDJISlHblX KHCJIDT DCTaeTCH B KaY'IYKe. B JIaTeKC
BBD,lI.SlT npOTHBDCTapHTeJIH, KDTDpble npH KDaryJISlUHH TaK>Ke nepeXD-
.lI.SlT B KaYQYK.
B CCCP 3MYJIbCHDHHble 6YTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHble KaY'IYKH D6D3Ha-
1.faIOTCSI CKC, a 6YTa,ll.HeH-MeTHJICTHpDJIbHble - CKMC. lI.n<PPbl B 0'60'-
3HatfeHHH MapKH KayttYKa DTpa>KalOT CD,lI.ep>KaHHe CTHpDJIa HJIH a-Me-
THJICTHpDJIa (B Macc. tJ.) B 100 Macc. tf. nDJIHMepa. BYKBa A YKa3b1Ba-
-eT Ha HH3KDTeMnepaTypHYIO nDJIHMepH3au.HIO. BYKBa P D6D3HattaeT,
1.fTD nDJIHMepH3aUHSI npDBD,lI.HJIaCb B npHCYTCTBHH perYJIHTDpDB nDJIH-
MepH3aUHH. BYKBbI n, K H C YKa3b1BaIOT Ha npHMeHHBWHecSi B npD-
u,ecce nDJIHMepH3aUHH 3MYJIbraTDpbl - CDDTBeTCTBeHHD . napa$HHaTbI,
CDJIH ,lI.HCnpDnDpu,HDHHpDBaHHDH HJIH rH.lI.pHpDBaHHDH KaHH<pDJIH H aJI-
!{HJICYJIb<pDHaTbI. BYKBa H YKa3b1BaeT Ha TO', ttTD nDJIHMep 3anpaBJIeH
HeDKpaWHBalOIUHM npDTHBDCTapHTeJIeM.
HanpHMep, KaYtJYK CKC-30APKnH CD.lI.ep>KHT DKDJID 30 Macc. tJ.
CBH3aHHDrD cT1:IPDJIa, nDJIYtJeH XDJID,lI.HDH nDJIHMepH3auHeH B npHCYT-
CTBHH CMecH 3MYJIbraTDpDB - MbiJI >KHpHblX KHCJIDT H KaHH<pDJIH-
H 3anpaBJIeH HeTeMJ:lelOlUHM npDTHBDcTapHTeJIeM.
BYKBa ,D. B MapKe KaYtJYKa D6D3HatJaer, tJTD DH npe.ll.Ha3Ha'leH .lI.JISI
npDH3BD.II.CTBa H3.l1.eJIHH C nDBblweHHbIMH .lI.H3JIeKTpH'IeCKHMH CBDHcTBa-
MH H CD.lI.ep>KHT DtJeHb He3HatfHTeJIbHDe KDJIHtJeCTBD BD.lI.DpaCTBDpHMblX
KDMnDHeHTDB 3a C'IeT KDarYJISlUHH JIaTeKCa B npHCYTCTBHH CDJIeH aJIIO-
MHHHSI.
B HaCTDSlIUee BpeMSI nDJIytteHbI 6YTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHble KaY'IYKH Me-
TD,lI.DM paCTBDpHDH nDJIHMepH3aUHH B npHCYTCTBHH JIHTHHDpraHH'IeCKHX
CDe.ll.HHeHHH. npH J1D6aBKax nDJISlpHblX CDe,ll.HHeHHH B uenH Ha6JIIO-
.ll.aeTCSI CTaTHCTHtJeCKDe pacnpe.ll.eJIeHHe 3BeHbeB 6YTa.ll.HeHa H CTHpDJIa.
CTPYKTypa TaKHX CDnDJIHMepDB 6Y.lI.eT CYUJ,eCTBeHHD DTJIH'IaTbCSI DT
CTPYKTYPbl 3MYJIbCHDHHblX KaY'IYKDB. YMeHbwaeTCSI '1HCJID 3BeHbeB 6y-
Ta.ll.HeHa, npHCDeJ1HHeHHblX B nDJID>KeHHH 1,2 (J1D 10%) H rpaHc-l,4,
HD YBeJlHtJHBaeTCH CD.lI.ep>KaHHe 3BeHbeB CD CTPYKTYPDH t4uc-l,4 (.lI.D
40%). B CCCP pacTBDpHble 6YTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHble KaYQYKH O'6D3Ha-
ttalOT ,D.CCK H UH<ppaMH YKa3b1BaIOT CD.lI.ep>KaHHe npHCDe.ll.HHeHHDrD
CTHpDJIa.
B 3aBHCHMDCTH DT YCJIDBHH nDJIHMepH3aUHH 6YTaJ1HeH-CTHpDJIbHble
KaY'IYKH 6Y.ll.YT DTJIH'IaTbCSI nO' XHMH'IeCKDMY cDcTaBY (Ta6JI. 11.2).
CD.lI.ep1KaHHe nDJIHMepa B 3MYJIbCHDHHblX KaYtJYKax CDCTaBJIHeT
OKDJlO 92-95%, a B pacTBDpHblX - OKDJlD 98%.
63

T a 6 J1 H U a 11.2. XHMH'IecKHA COCTaB HeKoTopwX 6yT8.ltHeH-CTHpoJl......
(a-MeTHJICTHpOJIbHWX) KayqyKoB


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B 3aBHCHMDCTH DT ycJIDBHH nDJIY'IeHHSI cpeJ1HSISI M 9MYJIbCHDHHblX
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CTaTD'IHD 6DJIbWDA pa3BeTBJIeHHDCTH ueneH. PacTBDpHble KaYtJYKH HMe-
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4»H3HlfecKHe CBOHcTBa. Bce 6YTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHble KaYtJYKH 3MYJIb-
CHDHHDH nDJIHMepH3aUHH, a TaK>Ke CTaTHCTHtJeCKHe KaY'IYKH pacTBDp-
HDH nDJIHMepH3aUHH SlBJISlI01'CSI nDJIHDCTblO aMDp<pHblMH nDJIHMepaMH.
CBDHcTBa nDJIHMepDB pa3JIH'IaIOTCSI B 3aBHC'HMDCT'H DT CD.lI.ep>KaHHSI
B nDJIHMepe CBSl3aHHDrD CTHpDJIa. HH>Ke npe.ll.CTaBJIeHbI <pH3H'IeCKHe
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64




C IJIDBblWeHHeM CD.lI.ep1KaHH" B nDJIHMepe npHCDeJ1HHeHHDro CTH-
pDJIa YBeJIHtJHBaeTCSI nJIDTHDCTb, TeMnepaTypa CTeKJIDBaHHSI H .lI.H3JIeK-
TpH'IeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH.
PaCTBDpHMDCTb KHCJIDpDJ1a B CKC-30APK npH 40°C H aTMDc<pep..
HDM J1aBJIeHHH CDCTaBJISIeT 12,5.10 r B 1 r KaYQYKa HJIH 7,5% (0'6.).
BYTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHble KaY'IYKH paCTBopSiIOTCSI B Tex 1Ke pacTBDpHTe-
JISlX, tJTD H H3DnpeHDBble.
TeXHOJlOfHtJeCKHe CBOHCTBa. ByraJ1HeH-CTHpDJIbHble KaYQYKH, nOJIY-
tJeHHble 3MYJIbCHDHHDH nDJIHMepH3aUHeH npH MaJIDM CDJ1ep1K3HHH pee'
rYJISlTDpa (HeperYJIHpDBaHHble), xapaKTepH3YlOTCSI BblCDKHMH 1KeCT-
KDCTblO (1KeCTKDCTb nO' ,D.e<pD 20-35 H), BSl3KDCTblO nO' MYHH (Bblwe
100 YCJI. e.ll..) H 3JIaCTHtJeCKHM BDCCTaHDBJIeHHeM (3JIaCTH'IeCKDe BDC-
CTaHDBJIeHHe 'nO' ,D.e<pD 4-5 MM). TaKHe KaY'IYKH <: TpYJ1DM ,nD.lUI.aIOTCSI
D6pa6DTKe. ,D.JI" CHH1KeHHSI BSl3KDCTH H YJIY'IWeHHSI D6pa6aTblBaeMDCTH
DHH nD.lI.BepralOTcSI TepMDDKHCJIHTeJIbHDH .lI.eCTpYKUHH B BD3.l1.YWHDH
cpeJ1e npH 130-140°C nD.lI. .lI.aBJIeHHeM 0,3-0,33 Mna B TetJeHHe 35-
40 MHH. npH 3TDM HX >KeCTKDCTb 'na.ll.aeT .lI.D 3-4,5 H.
B HaCTDSllUee BpeMSI DCHDBHYIO Maccy CK(M)C CDCTaBJISIIOT pery-
JIHpDBaHHble KaYtJYKH, KDTDpble B 3aBHCHMDCTH DT Tpe6DBaHHH MD>KHD
nDJIYtJaTb <: pa3JIH'IHDH >KeCTKDCTblO H BSl3KDCTbIO. 06b1'1HD HX BSl3KDCTb
nO' MYHH CDCTaBJISIeT 30-60 YCJI. eJ1., a 1KeCTKDCTb J1D ,D.e<pD paBHa
4-8 H, npH'IeM nO' BSl3KDCTH HJIH 1KeCTKDCTH DHH DD.lI.pa3.l1.eJISIIOTCSI Ha
rpynnbl. HanpHMep, KaY'IYK CKC-30APK I rpynnbl HMeeT BSl3KDCTb nO'
MYHH 44-52, a KaY'Iy.K II rpynnbl- 50-58. Y perYJIHpDBaHHbix Kay-
'1YKDB HeCKDJIbKD .oDHH>KeHHDe nO' cpaBHeHHIO C HeperYJIHpDBaHHblMH
3JIaCTHtJeCKDe BDCCTaHDBJIeHHe (2,2-3,5 MM) 3a C'IeT MeHbweH pa3BeT-
BJIeHHDCTH MDJIeKYJISlpHblX ueneH.
B DCHDBHDM peryJIHpDBaHHble CK(M)C XDpDWD Dopa6aTblBalOTcSI
Ha.D6b1'1HDM D6DpYJ1DSaHHH, npHMeHSleMDM npH npDH3BD.lI.CTBe pe3HHD-
BblX H3J1eJIHH. Hx DCD6eHHDCTblO nO' cpaBHeHHIO C H3DnpeHDBblMH Kay-
'1YKaMH SlBJISleTCSI nDBblweHHDe TeDJIDD6pa3DBaHHe H 6DJIbWHH paCXDJ1
3HeprHH QPH CMeweHHH, tJTD DO'bSlCHSleTcSI Me>KMDJIeKYJISlpHblM B3aHMD-
.lI.eHCTBHeM MDJIeKYJISlpHblX ueneH. nDBblweHHDe 3JIaCTH'IeCKDe BDCCTa-
HDBJIeHHe CMeceH DnpeJ1eJISieT DTHDCHTeJIbHD 60JIbWYIO yca.ll.KY 3arDTD-
BDK npH <pDpMDBaHHH. nDJIY'IeHHble 3arDTDBKH BCJIe.ll.CTBHe BblCDKDA
TepMDnJIaCTHtJHDCTH KaytJYKa XDPDWD cDxpaHSIIOT <PDPMY (cMecH HMe-
lOT XDPDWYIO «KapKaCHDCTb»).
Pe3HHDBble CMeCH Ha QCHDBe CK(M)C xapaKTepH3YlOTCSI HeBblCD-
KDH KJIeHKDCTblO, liTO' 3aTpY.lI.HSleT H3rDTDBJIeHHe CJID1KHblX H3.l1.eJIHH BS
OT.lI.eJIbHblX J1eTaJIeH.
BYTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHble KaYtJYXH paCTBDpHOH nDJIHMepH3aUBH
(,D.CCK) H3-3a Y3KDrD MMP D6JIa.ll.alOT XYJ1WHMH TeXHDJIDrHtJeCKHMB
CBDHCTBaMH nO' cpaBHeHHIO C 3MYJIbCHDHHblMH. OHB HMelOT MaJIYIO KD-
re3HDHHYIO npD'IHDCTb, He.ll.DeTarotJHYIO KJIeHKDCTb, Y3KHH TeMnepaTYP-
HblH HHTepBaJI KaJIaHJ1pDBaHHSI H wnpHueBaHHSI.
He.ll.DCTaTKH TeXHDJIDrH'IeCKHX CBDAcTB ,D.CCK (nDBblweHHDe renJID-
D6pa3DBaHHe lIPH CMeweHHH, HeBbleDKaSi KJlenDCTb eMeceH) B 3Ha'lH-
TeJIbHDH' CTeneHH YCTpaHSIIOTCSI nYTeM npaBHJIbHDrD Bbl6Dpa peuenry-
5-2397 65

pbl - J106aBJIeHHeM HK HJIH CKM, nJIaCTH<pHKaTDpDB, nDBblJ,UalOUJ,HX
KneHKDCTb, H .lI.PyrHMH cnocooaMH.
BCJIeJ1CTBHe 6DJIbwero CD.lI.ep}KaHHSI nDJIHMepa H MeHbwerD CDJ1ep-
}KaHHSI HH3KDMDJIeKYJISlpHblX 4>paKUHH B ,D.CCK MD>KHD BBDJ1HTb 60JIb-
WHe KDJIH'IeCTBa HanDJIHHTeJIeH II nJIaCTH<pHKaTDpDB nO' cpaBHeHHIO
C 3MYJIhCHDHHblMH .c CDxpaHeHHeM BblCOKHX 'nOKa3aTeJIeH «>.H3H'KD-Mex'a-
HHqeCKHX CBDiicTB pe3HH. 3TD .lI.aeT BD3MD>KHDCTb CHH3HTb CTDHMDCTb
pe3HHDBblX CMeceH.
MaC3IOHanOJIHeHHble KaY"YKH. Pe3HHbI, nDJIY'IeHHble Ha DCHDBe BbI-
CDKDMDJIeKYJISlpHblX KayqYKDB, npeBDCXD.lI.SlT pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe HH3KD-
MDJIeKYJISlpHblX KaY'IYKDB nO' .lI.HHaMH'IeeKDH BblHDCJIHBDCTH H H3HDCD-
eTDHKDCTH, xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI MeHbWHM TenJIDDOpa3DBaHHeM. O.ll.HaKD
DHH DOJIaJ1aIOT BblCDKDH >KeCTKDCTblO (H BSl3KDCTblO) 'H TpY.lI.HD D6paoa-
TblBaIOTCSI. ,D.JISI DDHH>KeHHSI BSl3KDCTH BblCDKDMDJIeKYJISlpHDfD KaY'Iyxa
. B HefD Ha CTa.ll.HH JIaTeKCa .lI.D HJIH B npDuecce KDafYJISlUHH BBDJ1S1TCSI
He<pTSlHble MaCJIa. HaHJIY'IWHM KDMnJIeKCDM eBDHCTB D6JIaJ1aIOT Kay-
QYKH, HanDJIHeHHble BblCDKoapDMaTH3HpDBaHHblMH MaCJIaMH TH-
na nH -6.
B CCCP BblnYCKalOT KaY'IYKH MapDK CK(M)C-30APKM-15 H
CK(M)C-30APKM-27, CD.lI.ep>KaJ1J.He CDaTBeTC11Be'HHQ 15 H 27% Mac-
JIa. MDJIeKYJISIpHaSi Macca (>KeCTKDcTb) HCXDJ1HblX nDJIHMepDB J1DJI>K-
Ha 6b1Tb TeM 6DJIbWe, '1eM Bblwe CDJ1ep>KaHHe MaCJIa B TDBapHDM Kay-
QYKe. CDDTHDweHHe 3TH X 'I1OKa3aTeJIeH .lI.JISI TOBapHbIX KaYtJYKDB
e }KeCTKDCTbIO nO' ,D.e4>D 6-8 H :ODKa3aHD HH>Ke:
CO.llep)f(aHRe MaCJIa Ha
100 Macc. 'I. KaY'IYKa,
M.8CC. 'I. '" . . . .
Cpe.llHeMaCCoBaSl MOJIeKY'
JISlpHaSl Macca RCXO.llHO-
ro nOJIRMepa . . . .
)l(eCTKocTb no .nelJlo HC-
XO.llHorO fiOJIHMepa, H
o
20-25
37,5
2,13.10&
6-8
2,76.10'
9-10
3,31.10'
20
3aMeHa '1aCTH ,JJO'JIHMepa 6DJIee .lI.eWeBbliM MaCJIDM npH YJIY'IWeHHH
TeXHDJIDfH'IeCKHX eBDHCTB KaYtJYKDB H CDXpaHeHHH Ha BblCDKDM YPDB-
He TeXHH'IeCKHX CBDHCTB pe3HH Ha HX DCHDBe .lI.aeT 3Ha'lHTeJIbHblH 3KD-
HOMHtJeCKHH 3<p<peKT. HaMe'laeTCSI TeH.lI.eHUHSI K J1aJIbHeHweMY YBeJIH-
qeHHIO CDJ1ep>KaHHSI MaCJIa B 'KaY'IYKe.
KaY"YKH, HanOJIHeHHble Ha CTa)J.HH JIaTeKCa TeXHHqeCKHM YfJIepo-
AOM HRH APYfHMH HanOJIHHTeJIJIMH. CMeweHHe KaY'IYKa Ha CTaJ1HH JIa-
TeKca C TeXHH'IeCKHM yrJIepD.lI.DM H nDCJIe.ll.YIOIUaSi CDBMeCTHaSi KDary-
JISlUHSI nD3BDJISIIOT CYlUeCTBeHHD YJIYtJWHTb pacnpeJ1eJIeHHe HanDJIHHTe-
JISI B KaYtJYKe 6e3 6DJIbWHX 3HepreTH'IeCKH.X 3aTpaT, tJTD npHBD.lI.HT
K CHH>KeHHIO paCXD.lI.a 3JIeKTpD3HeprHH npH npHrDTDBJIeHHH pe3HHDBblX
CMeceH (B CpeJ1HeM Ha 30%) H n0'8b1WeHHIO KYJIbTypbl npDH3BD.lI.CTBa.
OTcYTCTBHe J1ecTpYKUHH nDJIHMepa, KDTOpaSi HMeeT MeCTD npH DObl'l-
HDM MeTDJ1e CMeweHHSI, H YJIY'IWeHHe J1HCnepfHpDBaHHSI npHBD.lI.SlT
K nDBblweHHIO <l>1I3HKD-MeXaHH'IeCKHX eBDHCTB pe3HH, DCD6eHHD H3HD-
66

CDCTDHKDCTH (Ha 10-20%). TexHH'IecKHH yrJIepDJ1 MD>KeT 6b1Tb BBe-
J1eH B JIaTeKC B 'BH.lI.e 5-6%-HD8 BD.lI.HD8 cyoneH3HH, npHrDTDBJIeHHDH
6e3 .lI.HCneprHpYIOUJ,HX areHTDB (J1HCneprHpDBaHHe B BDJ1e neperpeTblM
napDM), HJIH B BH.lI.e 10-20%-HD8 BD.lI.HDH .lI.HCnepCHH, npHrDTDBJIeH-
HDH C J1HCneprHpYlOlUHMH areHTaMH (HaTpHeBblMH CDJISlMH KaHH<pDJIH,
lUeJID'IHDrD cYJIb<l>aTHDrD JIHrHHHa, aJIKHJIcYJIb<pDHaTDB H J1p.). HaR-
6DJIbWHH 34>$eKT .lI.aeT CMeweHHe 6e3 npHMeHeHHSI .lI.HCneprHpYIOUJ,HX
areHTDB.
BblCOKHH 3<1><l>eKT .lI.aeT CDBMeCTHDe Be.ll.eHHe B KaYtJYK Ha CTa.ll.HH
JIaTeKCa MaCJIa H TeXHHtJeCKDro yrJIepD.lI.a. KpDMe TeXHH'IeCKDrD yrJIe-
pDJ1a 6YTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHble KaY'IYKH MDrYT 6b1Tb HanDJIHeHbI Ha CTa-
.lI.HH JIaTeKCa meJID'IHblM cYJIb<paTHblM JIHrHHHDM, TDHKD.lI.HCnepCHhtM
DKCH.lI.DM aJIIOMHHHSI H HeKDTDpblMH J1pyrHMH HanDJIHHTeJISlMH.
BYJIKaHH3aUHJI. BJIarDJ1apSi HenpeJ1eJIbHDCTH 6YTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHblX
KaY'IYKDB pe3HHbI Ha HX DCHDBe XDPDWD BYJI'KaHH3YIOTCSI cepDH B npH-
- cYTeTBHH DpraHH'IeCKHX YCKDpHTeJIeH. HaHODJIee 3<l><peKTHBHblMH SlB-
JISiIOTCSI cYJIb<peHaMH.lI.Hble YCKDpHTeJIH. MeHbwee <:D.lI.ep>KaHHe .lI.BDHHblX
CBSl3eH nO' cpaBHeHHIO C HX CD.lI.ep>KaHHeM B H3DnpeHDBDM H '6YTaJ1He-
HDBDM KaY'IYKax, a TaK>Ke DTHDCHTeJIbHD blcDKDe CDJ1ep>KaHHe DpraHH-
'1eCKHX KHCJIDT B 3MYJIbCHDHHblX ,6YTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHblX KaY'IYKax D6yc-
JIDBJIHBalOT HX 6DJIee 3aMe.ll.JIeHHYIO BYJIKaHH3yeMDcTb H MeHbwYIO
CKJIDHHDCTb B nD.lI.BYJIKaHH3aUHH. ,D.JISI D6ecne'leHHSI HDpMaJIbHDH CKD-
pDCTH BYJIKaHH3aUHH HeD6xDJ1HMD YBeJIH'IHBaTb CD.lI.ep1KaHHe YCKDPH-
TeJIeH.
BCJIeJ1CTBHe DTCYTCTBHSI B CDCTaBe ,D.CCK DpraHH'IeCKHX KHCJIDT
DHH BYJIKaHH3YIOTCSI C 6DJIbWeH CKDpDCTblO. BD3MD>KHa BYJllKaHH3aUHSI
6yraJ1HeH-CTHpDJIbHblX KaY'IYKDB <peHDJI$DpMaJIb.ll.erH.lI.HblMH CMDJIaMH,
DpraHHtJecKHMH nepeKHCSlMH H HeKDTDpblMH .lI.PyrHMH BYJIKaHH3YIOUJ,H-
MH areHTaMH. TaK KaK 6YTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHble KaYtJYKH He KpHCTaJI-
JIH3YIOTCSI npH .lI.e<PDPMaUHH, .lI.JISI nDJIY'IeHHSI BYJIKaHH3aTDB C BblCDKH-
MH MeXaHH'IeCKHMH CBD8CTBaMH HeD6xD.lI.HMD BBD.lI.HTb B KaY'IYK yCH-
JIHBalOUJ,He HanDJIHHTeJIH.
PeuenTypbl CTaH.lI.apTHblX CMeceH npHBe.ll.eHHbI HH>Ke:
. a
Co,qepJK8HHe, M8CC. q.
CK(M)C-30APK. . . 100
CK(M)C-30APKM-15 . 100
CK(M)C.30APKM-27 . 100
CKC-30APKn . 100
Cepa . . . . . . . 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0
.l{H6e H3THa30JIHJI.llHCY JIb. 3,0
IJIH.ll. . . . . . . 1,5 2,75 1,75
.l{RlJleHHJIrY8HH.llHH . . 0,3
OKCR.ll URHK8 . . . . 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0
CTeapRHOB8S1 KRCJIOT8 . 1,5 2,0
TexRH'IeCKHA yrJIepo.ll
MapKR .l{r.lOo 40,0 50,0 40,0 40,0
npD.lI.DJI1KHTeJIbHDCTb npHrDTDBJIeHHSI pe3HHDBblX CMeCeH Ha JIa6D-
paTDpHblX BaJIbuaX '"PH TeMnepaType 50:1::5 °C KDJIeOJIeTCSI DT 25 MHH
 

(.lI.JISI CMeceH Ha DCHDBe CKC-30APKM-27) J1D 36 MHH (J1JIH CMeceH Ha
DCHDBe CKC-30APKM-.15); TeMnepaTypa BYJIKaHH3aUHH 143°C; npD-
J1DmKHTeJIbHDCTb BYJIKaHH3aUHH 40-100 MHH.
MeXaHHqeCKHe CBDHcTBa BYJIKaHH3aTDB CTaHJ1apTHblX cMeceH Ha
DCHDBe CK(M)C npeJ1CTaBJIeHbI HH>Ke:
Cl«M)c-30APK Cl«M)c-30API(M-15 C1«M)C-30APKM.27 Cl<c-30API(l1
npO'lROCTb R paCT!!'
)f(eHHR, M a, He Me- 26,5
Hee. 28 24 22
OTHOCRTeJIbRoe Y.llJIR'
HeHHe, %, He MeHee 550 550 550 550
OCTaTO'lHOe Y.llJIHoHe-
HRe, %, He 60JIee 20 30 20 22
3JIaCTH'IHOCTb no QT-
CKOKY, %, He MeHee 37 27 28 35
CBOHCTBa BY.IIKaHH3aTOB. Pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe BCK npH BBeJ1eHHB
B HHX aKTHBHblX HanDJIHHTe.JIeH xapa'KTepH3YIOTCSI BblCDKDH MeXaHH'Ie-
CKDH npDqHDCTblO H XDpDweH H3HDCDCTDHKDCTblO.
OHH YCTynalOT BYJIKaHH3aTaM Ha DCHDBe H3DnpeHDBblX KaytIYDB
nO' 3JIaCTH'IeCKHM CBDHCTBaM, CDxpaHeHHIO npD'IHDCTHblX CBDHCTB npH
nDBblweHHblX TeMnepaTypax, .lI.HHaMH'IeCKDH BblHDCJIHBDCTH H HMelOT
6DJIbWee TenJIDD6pa3DBaHHe, a BYJIKaHH3aTaM Ha DCHDBe CTepeDpery-
.nSlpHblX 6YTa.ll.HeHDBblX KaY'lY'KDB DHH YCTynalOT nO' TenJIDCTDHKDCTH H
H3HDCDCTDHKDCTH. MaCJIDHanDJIHeHHble pe3HHbI HMelOT HeCKDJIbKD nD-
HH>KeHHYIO 3JIaCTH'IHDCTb H MeHbWYIO npD'IHDCTb nO' cpaBHeHHIO C He-
HanDJIHeHHblMH, HD CDxpaHSIIOT 3TH CBDHCTBa Ha J1DCTaTO'IHQ BbleOKDM
ypOBHe.
Pe3HHbI Ha DCHDse ,D.CCK nO' cpaBHeHHIO C pe3HHaMH Ha DCHDBe
3MYJIbCHDHHblX KaYtIYKDB HMelOT 6DJIee BblCDKHe 3JIaCTHtIHDCTb H H3HD-
C0CTDHKDCTb H npH6JIH>KaIOTCSI nO' 3THM nDKa3aTeJISIM K pe3HHaM Ha
DeHDBe 6YTaJ1HeHDBblx KaY'lYKDB.
npH YBe.JIH'IeHHH B nDJIHMepe CBSl3aHHDrD CTHpDJIa npD'IHDCTHble
CBDHCTBa H H3HDeDCTOHKDCTb pe3HH Ha erD DCHDBe HeCKDJIbKD YBe.JIH-
'1HBaIOTCSI, HD CYlI(eCTBeHHD CHH>KaIOTCSI 3JIaCTH'IHDCTb, J1HHaMH'IeOKHe
eBDHCTBa H MDpD3DCTOHKOCTb. .
Byr8J1HeH-CTHpDJIbHble K8Y'lYKH DqeHb WHpOKD HCnOJIb3YIOTCR
B WHHHOA .npDMblWJIeHHDCTH, DCDoeHHD npH npDH3B0J1CTBe JIerKDBblX
WHH, KOHBeHepHblx JIeHT H PYKaBDB, pe3H'HDBDH DOYBR, nDJ1DWB H Ka6-
.nYKDB, B Ka6eJIbHDA npDMblWJIeHHDCTH.
KaY'lYKH C He6DJIbWHM CDJ1ep>KaHHeM CBSl3aHHDro CTHpDJIa (THns
CKMC-IO) npHMeHSIIOTCH .lI.JIH npDH3BD.lI.CTBa MDPD3DCTDHKHX H3J1eJIHH,
a .KaY'IYKH C nDBblweHHblM eD.lI.ep>KaHHeM CTHpOJIa - J1JISI npDH3BDJ1-
CTBa H3J1eJIHH C nDBblweHHblMH J1H3JIeKTpH'IeCKHMH eBDHCTBaMH, CTDA-
KHX K arpeCCHBHblM cpeJ1aM, a TaK>Ke npH npDH3BDJ1CTBe 300HHTDB.
IIIHpDKHH aCCDpTHMeHT TDprDBblX MapDK nD3BDJIHeT Bbl6HpaTb Kay-
QYK, HaH6DJIee npHrDJ1HblH J1JISI KDHKpeTHhlX ueJIeH.
68

KAyqYKH 06IQ.ErO HA3HAqEHHn HOBbiX BH.D.OB
HeCMDTpSl Ha .lI.DCTH>KeHHfl B D6JIaCTH npDH3BD.lI.CTBa H3DnpeHDBblX
KaYtJYKDB, npH6JIH>KalOUJ,HXCSI nO' CBDHCTBaM K HaTypaJIbHDMY, nDCJIe.ll..
HHH nO' PSlJ1Y CBDHCTB npeBDCXD.lI.HT Bce H3BeCTHble CK DOUJ,erD HaSHa.
tJeHHSI. B CBSl3H C 3THM Be.ll.YTCSI pa6DTbI nO' cHHTeay HDBblX KaY'lYKDB.
HaH6DJIee HHTepeCHblMH nDJIHMepaMH C ueHHblM KO'MDJIeKCDM CBDHCTB
flBJISIIOTCSI TpaHC-nDJIHneHTeHaMep H aJIbTepHaHTHble CDnDJIHMepY 6y-
TaJ1HeHa H npDnHJIeHa.
OOJlHneHTeHaMepbl - HeHaCbllUeHHble nDJlHMepbl, nDJIyqaeMye nD-
JlHMepH3aUHeH UHIKJlDneHTeHa C paCKpblTHeM UHMa B paCTBDpe Ha
KDMnJIeKCHblX KaTaJIH3aTDpax UHrJIepa - HaTTa. B saBHCHMDCTH DT
npHMeHSleMDH KaTaJIHTH'IeCKDH CHCTeMbI MD>KHD DDJIY'laTb nDJIHMepY
C pa3JIH'IHblM CTpDeHHeM uenH. HaH6DJIbWHH HHTepec HS HHX npe.ll.-
eTaBJISIeT TpaHC-DDJIHnel\TeHaMep (TnA) , DTJIH'IalOlUHHCSI D'IeHb BY-
eDKDH JIHHeHHDCTblO MDJIeKYJIJlpHDH uenH:
-HC-
n H.b &. - [ / 1
'ctI: -CH. cFt: CH.-
- 1_
B KaqeqBe KaTaJIH3aTDpDB HCnDJIb3YIOT CDe.ll.HHeHHSI BDJI&<ppaMa H
aJIIOMHHHSI.
nDJIHMepbl MDrYT 6b1Tb nDJIY'IeHbI C pa3JIH'IHblMH M H MMP.
nJIDTHDCTb nDJIHMepa 870 Kr/M 3 , TeMnepaTypa CTeKJIDBaHHfl
-97°C. TpaHC-nDJIHneHTeHaMep JIerKO KpHCTaJIJIH3yeTcSI npH DXJIa>K-
.lI.eHHH H paCTSI>KeHHH, npH'IeM CKDpDCTb KpHCTaJIJIH3-8UHH 3aBHCHT DT
perYJISlpHDCTH CTPYKTypbl uenH. npH cDJ1ep>KaHHH TpaHc-cTpYKTYPbl
83% nDJIynepHD.lI. KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH npH O°C paBeH BcerD 0,3 q, a npH
CDJ1ep>KaHHH 75% TpaHc-cTpYKTYPbl - 45 'I. TeMnepaTypa nJIaBJIeHHSI
KpHCTaJIJIHQeCKDH <pa3b1 20°C. .
TpaHC-nDJIHneHTeHaMep XDPDWD D6pa6aTblBaeTcSI Ha TexHDJIDrH-
qeCKDM D6DpY.lI.DBaHHH H JIerKD CMeWHBaeTCSI C HHrpeJ1HeHTaMH pe3H-
HDBblX CMeceH. KpHCTaJIJIH3yeMDeTb nDJIHMepa DnpeJ1eJISIeT BblCDKY
KDre3HDHHyIO npD'IHDCTb cMeceH, KDTDpble, KaK H B eJIY'Iae HK, caMO-
YCHJIHBalOTCfl npH paCTfl>KeHHH. CD'IeTaHHe WHpDKDro MMP H KPH-
CTaJIJIH3yeMDcTH D6YCJIDBJIHBaeT xDpDwHe aJ1re3HOHHble CBDAcTBa. nO'
KJIeHKDCTH TnA npeBDCXDJ1HT J16DA J1pyroH KaY'IYK D6UJ,ero Ha3Ha-
qeHHSI. MaJIDe 3JIaCTH'IeCKDe BDCCTaHDBJIeHHe, DnpeJ1eJISleMDe BblCDKDA
JIHHeHHDCTblO MDJIeKYJISlpHblX ueneH, H J1DCTaTD'IHO 60JIbWaSi TepMD-
nJIaCTH'IHDCTb D6ecne'lHBalOT XDPDWYIO <l»DpMyeMDeTb pe3HHDBblX CMe-
ceH H KapKaeHDcTb nDJlY'IeHHYX 3arDTDBDK. CneuH<pHqecKHM CBDHCT-
BDM TnA SlBJISleTCSI cnDcD6HDCTb K HCKJIIO'IHTe.JIbHD BblCDKDMY HanDJI-
HeHHIO TeXHH'IeCKHM yrJIepDJ1DM H MaCJIDM, liTO CBSl3b1BaT C DCD6eH-
HDCTSlMH erD MDJIeKYJISlpHDH eTPYKrypbl.
TpaHC-nDJIHneHTeHaMep JlerKD BYJlKaHH3yeTcSI ,D6Y'IHYMH BynKa..
HH3YIOUJ,HMH areHTaMH, a, MeHbwee nO' cpaBHeHHIO e nOJlH6yra.ll.HeHO'M
69

H nDJIHH3DnpeHDM CD.lI.ep1KaHHe .lI.BDHHblX CBSl3eH B DCHDBHDH uenH D6y-
CJIDBJIHBaeT MeHbWYIO nDTpe6HDCTb B YCKDpHTeJISIX BYJIKaHH3aUHH.
K J1DCTDHHCTBaM 3TDfD KaY'IYKa DTHDCHTCH DTCYTCTBHe peBepCHH npH
BYJIKaHH3aUHH npH nDBblweHHblX TeMnepaTypax, B TetJeHHe J1JIHTeJIb-
HDfD BpeMeHH.
BYJIKaHH3aTbI Ha OCHO'Be TnA nO' KQMnJIeKCY CBOHCTB iIPH6JIH-
1KaIOTCSI K pe3HHaM Ha DCHDBe HK., a nO' 3JIaCTH'IeCKHM CBDHCTBaM H
H3HDCDCTDHKDCTH HX npeBDCXD.lI.SlT. LlDCTDHHCTBDM nDJIHMepa SlBJISleTCSI
DDBblweHHaSi D3DHDCTOHKDCTb H 'CTDHKDCTb K TenJIDBDMY CTapeHHIO.
K '1HCJIY HeJ1DCTaTKDB CJIeJ1yeT DTHeCTH HeY.lI.DBJIeTBDpHTeJIbHylO MDPD-
3DCTDHKDCTb pe3HH H3 TnA BCJIe.ll.CTBHe nDBblweHHDH CKDpDCTH KPH-
CTaJIJIH3aUHH.
A.IIbTepHaHTHbie COOO.llHMepbl TpaHc-6YTa.ll.HeHa H OpOOH.IIeHa CD
CTpDfHM '1epeJ1DBaHHeM 3BeHbeB nDJIY'IaIOT paCTBDpHDH nDJIHMepH3a-
UHeH B npHcYTcTBHH KaTaJIH3aTDpDB lI.HfJIepa - HaTTa, CDJ1ep>KalUHX
CDe.ll.HHeHHSI BaHa.ll.HSI H THTaHa.
BeJIH'IHHa 3JIeMeHTapHDrD 3BeHa B aJIbTepHaHTHDM CDnDJIHMepe
3Ha'lHTeJIbHD 6DJIbWe, '1eM B l{uc-l,4-nDJIHH3DnpeHe, H D6YCJIDBJIHBaeT
3aMeJ1JIeHHe erD KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH.
(-CH2-01=CH-OI2-CH2J:t
TeMnepaTypa MaKCHMaJIbHDH CKDpDCTH KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH -40+
- 50°C, MaK:CH'MaJIb'HaSi CTeneHb KpHCTaJIJIHtJiHDCTH OKDJID 10%. TeM-
nepaTypa CTeKJIDBaHHSI CDnDJIHMepDB -79+-81 °C. nDJIHMepbl DTJIH-
'1aIOTCSI xDpDweH Dopa6aTblBaeMDcTblO Ha D6DpY.ll.DBaHHH. npDuecc
BYJIKaHH3aUHH cepDH B npHcYTCTBHH YCKDpHTeJIeH xapaKTepH3yeTcSI
BblCDKDH CKDpDCTblO H DTCYTcTBHeM peBepcHH.
AJIbTepHaHTHble CDnDJIHMepbl D6ecne'lHBalOT nDJIY'leHHe pe3HH, He
YCTynalOlUHx nO' npD'IHDCTHblM CBDHCTBaM pe3HHaM Ha DCHDBe l{uc-l,4-
nDJIHH3DnpeHa H npeBDCXO.ll.SlUJ,HX HX nO' 3JIaCTH'IHDCTH, H3HOCDCTDHKD-
CTH, MDpD3DCTDHKDCTH H CTDHKDCTH K TenJIDBDMY cTapeHHIO. HaJIH'IHe
cblpbeBDH 6a3b1 Dnpe.ll.eJISIeT xDpDwHe nepcneKTHBbI npDH3BDJ1CTBa 3THX
nDJIHMepDB.
JlHTepaTypa
CnpaBO'lHHK pe3HHIUHKa. M., eXHMRSI», 1971. 608 c.
P.eBupq 3. fl. CTepeoperYJl!lpHbJe KayqYKR CKH-3 R CI<.lt B npOH3BO.llCTBe
PTH. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. CnpOH3BO.llCTBO PTH HATH». M., UHHHT3He$TeXRII,
1973. 56 c.
Paa"eHICO H. H. u iJp. BYT8.!lHeH-CTRpOJIbHbJe R 6y!a.llReH-MeTRJICTRpOJIbRye
KayqYXB. TeM8T. o63op. Cep. CnpOH3BO.llCTBO CK» M., UHHHT3HelJlTeXHII, 1969.
84 c. .
PUBUH 3. M., JIUTBUH O. D., CTPa:HC A. r. CRHreTR'lecKRe KayqYKH 06IUero Ra-
SHa'leHH!I. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. CnpOH3BO.llCTBO CK». M., UHHHT3HelJlTexHM, 1971.
99 c.
70

JJUTBUH O. E. OCHOBbi TexHOJIOrRB CHHTe3a KayqYKOB. H3.!l. 2-e, nepepa6. R ..on.
M., CXHMHft», 1972, 526 c.
KUpnu'lHUICOB n. A" AsepKO-AHTOHOBUfl A. A" ABepIW-AHTOHOBUfl 10. O. Xa-
MHII H TeXHOJIOrRII CRHTeTRqecKOrO KayqYKa. H3.ll. 2-e, nepepa6. n., eXRMRII», 1975.
479 c.
CRHTeTHqecKBA Ka}"lYK- nO.ll PeJl. H. B. fapMoHoBa. n., eXHMHII», 1976. 752 c.
. 'lepHeHICO r. M., TUTOB B. B., KapMUH. E. K. CWHHH811 npOMbllWleHHOCTb».
3Kcnpecc-HRIJIOPM8URII. M., UHHHT3He$TexRM, 1974, Nt 4, c. 10-32-
cl>B3R'1ecKHe cBoACTBa SJlaCTOMepoB. nO.ll PeJl. A. H. MapeB. n., cXBMBII», 1975.
136 c.
p'oeaa"UH. E. A. XHMHII 9JIaCTOMepoB. M., CXHMHII», 1972. 390 c.

rJlaBa 6
KAYIJYKH CnEIJ.HAJlbHOrO HA3HAIJEHH1I
SYfAAHEH-HHTPHJlbHblE KAyqYKH
BYTaJ1HeH-HHTpHJlbHblH KaY'IYK (BHK) SlBJISleTCSI npD.lI.YKTOM CDnDJIH-
MepH3auHH 6YTaJ1HeHa H HHTpHJIa aKpHJIDBDH KHCJIDTbI. nDJIHMepH3a-
UHH npDBD.lI.HTCSI B BD.lI.HDH 3MYJIbCHH. MeHSISI CDDTHDweHHSI KDMnDHeH-
TDB, MD>KHD cYlUecTBeHHD H3MeHHTb eBDAcTBa nDJIy'IaeMblX nDJIHMepDB.
nDJIHMepH3aUHSI MD1KeT oCYlUeCTBJIHTbCSI KaK npH BblCDKHX, TaK H npH
HHSKHX TeMnepaTypax. -,
OCD6eHHDcTblO npDH3BDJ1eTBa 6YT8.l1.HeH-HHTpHJIbHblX Kay.,YKDB
HBJlSleTCSI HeD6xD.lI.HMDeTb BD3MD1KHO 60JIee nDJIHDro YJ1aJIeHHSI npH
KDarYJISlUHH 3MYJIbraTDpDB, npHMeHHBWHXCSI npH nDJIHMepH3aUHH.
B TDBapHblX KaY'IYKax, KpDMe nDJIHMepa, .lI.DnYCKaeTCH He60JIbWDe
CD.lI.ep1KaHHe MHHepaJIbHblX BeUJ,eCTB, DnpeJ1eJISIeMblX B BH.lI.e 3DJIbI (He
6DJIee 1 % BMeCTe e DnYJ1pHBalOlUHMH BeUJ,eCTBaMH) H JIery'lHX (He 60'-
Jlee 1 %). KaY'IYKH npH nDJIY'IeHHH SanpaBJISIIOTCSI DKpaWHBalOJ1J.HMH
(2-3% <peHHJI--Ha<pTHJIaMHH) HJIH HeDKpaWHBaIOUJ,HMH (1,2-2,0'
aJIKHJI3aMelUeHHble 6Hc<peHDJIbI) npDTHBDcTapHTeJISlMH.
MaKpDMDJIeKYJIa CDnDJIHMepa nDcTpDeHa H3 CTaTHCTH'IeCKH tJepe-
J1YIOJ1J.HXCSI 3BeHheB 6YTa.ll.HeHa H HHTpHJIa aKpHJIDBOH KHCJIDTH
(HAK) :
[ -cHs-CH_CH-OI..-CHs-CH-OIa-CH-OIa-CH- ]
N H=CH8 tN n
3BeHbSl 6YTaJ1HeHa, npHCDeJ1HHeHHble B nDJID>KeHHH 1,4, HMelOT npeH-
MYUJ,ecTBeHHD TpaHc-KDH<pHrypaUHIO; CDJ1ep>KaHHe 3BeHbeB oYTa.ll.HeHa,
npHCDeJ1HHeHHblx B nDJID>KeHHH 1,2, He npeBblwaeT 10% H YMe}l1)WaeT-
CSI C YBeJIH'IeHHeM CDJ1ep>KaHHSI npHCDeJ1HHeHHDrD HAK.
Cpe.ll.HeMaCCDBaSi MM 6YTaJ1HeH-HHTpHJIbHblX KaY'IYKDB CDCTaBJIHeT
100-300 TblC. npH WHpDKDM MMP. 3TH KaY'IYKH aMDp<pHbI H He KPH-
CTaJIJIH3YIOTCSI HH npH xpaHeHHH, HH npH paCTSI>KeHHH.
B CCCP BblnYCKalOT nDJI8Mepbl C HH3KHM (17-20%), Cpe.ll.HHM
(27-30%), BblCDKHM (36-40%) H DtJeHh BblCDKHM (50%) CDJ1ep>Ka-
HHeM HAK, KDTDpble CDDTBeTCTBeHHD DOD3Ha'laIOT: CKH-18, CKH-26.
CKH-40, CKH-50. K D6D3Ha'leHHIO KaYtJYKa, 3anpaBJIeHHDrD HeDKpa-
WHBalOUJ,HM npDTHBDcTapHTeJIeM, .lI.D6aBJISleTCSI 6YKBa H, HanpHMep
CKH-18H.
4»H3HQeCKHe CBOHCTBa. <l>H3H'IeCKHe CBDAcTBa BHK CYlUeCTBeHHO
3aBHCSlT DT cD.a.ep1KaHHH HAK:
72

CI<H-18 Cl<H-26 C!<H.40
nJIOTHOCTb, KT/M 8 . . . 943 962 986
TeMnepaTypa CTeKJIOBaHHSI, °C -65 -42 -32
,nR9JIeKTpH'IeCKa!l npoHRuae- 6,4 10,2 12,0
MOCTb . . . . . . .
Y.lleJIbHOe 06'beMHoe 9JIeKTpR'Ie. 6,5.1OS 3.10 7 I.lm
CKoe conpOTRBJIeHRe, OM'M .
TaRreuc yrJIa .llH9JIeKTpHqecKBX
nOTepb. . . . . . ! 0.206 ',810 0,815
napaMeT eaCTBOpRMOCTJI. 19 19,4 .,1
(M,n)f( M. ) 1/ 2 . .. . i
BYTa.ll.HeH-HHTpHJIbHble KayqyKH XDPDWD paCTBopSiIOTCSI B KeTDHax,
apDMaTHqeCKHX H XJIDpHpDBaHHblX yrJIeBD.lI.DpD.lI.aX, CJID>KHblX s<pHpax
H D'IeHb nJIDXD - B aJIH<I>aTH'IeCKHX yrJIeBD.lI.DpDJ1aX H cnHpTax.
C YBeJIH'IeHHeM CD.lI.ep>KaHHSI B nDJIHMepe CBSl3aHHDrD HAK CYlUeeT-
BeHHD YBeJIH'IHBaeTCSI Me1KMDJIeKYJISlpHDe B3aHMD.lI.eHCTBHe Me>K.lI.Y ue-
DBMH nDJIHMepa H nJIDTHDCTh, nDBblwaeTCSI TeMnepaTypa CTeKJIDBaHHSI,
CHH1KaIOTCSI ..!1H3JIeKTpH'IeCKHe CBDHCTBa, YMeHbwaeTCSI paCTI)DpHMDCTb
B apDMaTH'IeCKHX paCTBDpHTeJISiX H YBeJIHqHBaeTCB CTDHKDCTb K Ha-
6yxaHHIO.B aJIH<paTH'IeCKHX yrJIeBD.lI.DpD.lI.a.
TeXHOJIOrHlfeCKHe CBOHCTBa. B 3aBHCHMDCTH DT YCJIDBHH perYJIH-
pDBaHHSI npDuecca nDJIHMepH3aUHH BHK BblnYCKalOT C pa3JIHtJHblMH
DJIaCTD3JIaCTH'IeCKHMH CBDHCTBaMH: D'IeHb >KeCTKHe (TBep.ll.ble)-
C 1KeCTKOCTblO nO' .D.e<pD 21,5-27,5 H HJIH BSl3KDCTblO nO' MYHH Bblwe
120 YCJI..e.ll..; >KeCTKHe-c 1KeCTKDCTblO nO' ,D.e<pD 17,5-21,5 H HJIH
BSl3KDCTblO nO' MYiHH 90-120 YCJI. e.ll..; MSirKHe - C >KeCTKDCTblO nO' ,D.e-
cl>D 7,5-11,5 H HJIH BSl3KDCTblO nO' MYHH 50-70 YCJI. eJ1. B CDDTBeT-
eTBHH C 3THM K D6D3HatJeHHIO KaY'IYKa .lI.D6aBJISIIOT 6YKBY T - .lI.JIB
OqeHb >KeCTKHX KaY'IYKDB "JIH M - J1JIB MSlrKHX. ,D.JIB KaY'IYKDB, nDJIY-
lfaeMblX B npHcYTcTBHH aJIKHJIcYJIb<pDHaTDB B Ka'leCTBe 3MYJIbraTDpDB,
K DOD3Ha'leHHIO KaY'IYKa J1D6aBJISleTCB 6YKBa C. HanpHMep, CKH-18MC
DOD3HaqaeT, liTO' KayqYK CDJ1ep>KHT DKDJID 18% CBSl3aHHDrD HAK, MSlr-
KHH (3a C'IeT nDHH>KeHHDH MDJIeXYJISlpHDH MaccbI), nDJIY'IeH B npHcYT-
CTBHH 6HDJIDrH'IeCKH pa3JIaraeMDrD aJIKHJIcYJIb<pDHaTHDro 3MYJIbraTDpa.
nepepa6DTKa BHK 3aTpY.lI.HeHa H3-3a BblCDKDH >KeCTKDCTH, DOYC-
JIDBJIeHHDH 6DJIbWHM Me>KMDJIeKYJISlpHblM B3aifMD.lI.eHCTBHeM. 06pa-
6aTblBaeMDcTb KaY'IYKDB pa3JIH'IHblX MapDK 3aBHCHT DT HX HCXDJ1HDH
BSl3KDCTH, a TaK>Ke DT CDJ1ep>KaHHSI HHTpHJIbHblX rpynn. .D.JISI Bcex Kay-
QYKDB 1KeCTKHX THnDB HeDOXD.lI.HMa npe.ll.BapHTeJIbHaSi nJIaCTHKaUHSI,
npHqeM HaH6DJIee 3<1><I>eKTHBH8 MexaHHtJeCKaSi nJIaCTHKaUHSI Ha BaJIb-
uax npH TeMnepaTypax 3O-40°C.
nO' CKDpDCTH nJIaCTHKaUHH BHK MDrYT 6b1Tb paCnDJID>KeHbI B CJIe-
J1YlOlUHH PSlJ1: CKH-40>CKH-26 >CKH-18. TepMO'DKHCJI1fTeJIb'HaSi .lI.e.
eTPYKuHSI BHK MaJID3<P<I>eKTHBHa H He HaXDJ1HT npaKTH'IeCKDrD npHMe-
HeHHSI. CYlUeCTBeHHble TPY.lI.HDCTH BD3HHKalOT npH H3rDTDBJIeHHH pe3H-
HDBblX CMeceH Ha DCHDBe ,BHK B pe3HHDCMeCHTeJISlX, TaK KaK npH
9TDM BCJIeJ1CTBHe nDBblweHHDrD TeOJIDDOpa3DBaHHSI pa3BHBalOTeSi BblCD-
KHe TeMneparypbl, KDTDpble npHBD.lI.SlT K nDBblweHHIO >KeCTKDCTH CMe-
ceH H3-3a nDJ1BYJIKaHH3aUHH HJIH TepMDcrpYKTypHpDBaHHSI KayqYKDB.
73

06h1'1HD OpHMeHBIOTCB MHDrOCTaJ1HAHhle pe2KHMhI eMemeHHB e DX"
JI82KJ1eHHeM H BhlJIe2KKDA M8TO'IHhlX eMeeeA Me2KJ1Y CT8J1HBMH.
Pe3HHDBhle eMeeH H8 DeHDBe BHK D6JIa.llaIOT He.3Ha'lHTeJIbHDA KDH-
<peKUHDHHDH KJIeHKDeTblO. q>DpMDBaHHe eMeeeA 3a'rpY.llHeHD BCJIeJ1eTBHe
BhleDKO'A 2KeeTKDeTH H 6DJIbWDrD 3JIaeTH'IeCKDro BDeeTaHDBJIeHHB.
KayqYKH, nOJIY'leHHble HH3KDTeMnep8rypHDA nDJIHMepH3aUHeA,
HMelOT JIY'IWHe TeXHDJIDrH'IeeKHe eBDAeTBa nO' epaBHeHHIO e KaY'lYKa-
MH «rDpSlqeA» nDJIHMepH3aUHH.
BYJlK8HH38I(HB. ByraJ1HeH-HHTpHbHhle KayqyKH MDryT BYJIKaHH3D-
BaTbeSi cepDA B npHeyreTBHH yeKDpHTeJIeA eepHDA BYJIKaHH3aUHH,
a TaK2Ke THypaMDM, DpraHHqeeKHMH nepeKHeBMH, aJIKHJI<peHDJI<pDpM"
aJIbJ1erHJ1HhlMH eMDJIaMH, XJlDpDpraHHqeeKHMH eDeJ1HHeHHBMH. BYJI"
KaHH3aUHIO npDBDJ1S1T npH TeMnepaTypax 140-190°C. TIpH BYJIKaHH-
3aUHH Ha6JIIOJ1aeTcSI 60JIbWDe nJIaTD BYJIKaHH3aUHH. C nDBhlweHHeM
eDJ1ep2KaHHB CBSl3aHHDrD HAK eKDpDcTb' BYJIKaHH3auHH yseJIH'IH-
BaeTeSi.
TaK KaK BHK He KpHeT8JIJIH3YlOTeB ,npH J1e<PDpMaUHH, HeHaODJI-
HeHHble pe3HHbI Ha HX DeHDBe xapaKTepH3YlOTeB HH3KHMH npD'IHO'eT-
HhlMH nDKa3aTeJISlMH H npaKTHqeCKDrD 3Ha'leHHB He HMeIOT. .
Ka'leeTBD KaY'lYKDB DueHHBalOT nO' eBDHeTBaM BYJIKaHH3aTDB CTaH-
J1apTHhlX pe3HHDBblX CMeeeH eJIeJ1YlOlUerD CDCTaBa:
COAepIK8IIIIe. M8Ce. q.
CKH-18. . . .
CKH-26. CKH-40 .
Cepa . .
OKCR.ll URRKa . .
MepKanT06eR3THa30Jl . . . . .
TexRR'IecKRii yrJlepo.D. MapKH .af- 100
CTepRRoBaSi KRCJlOTa .
100,0
2,0
5,0
1,5
50,0
1,5
100,0
1,5
5,0
0,8
45,0
1,5
KaYtJYK C HHrpeJ1HeHTaMH CMeWHBalOT Ha JIa6DpaTDpHblX BaJIbuaX
npH TeMnepaType BaJIKDB 30-40°C. 06lUaSi npDJ1DJI>KHTeJIbHDCTb eMe-
weHHSI 41 MHH, H3 HHX B TeqeHHe 15 MHH npDBDJ1S1T nJIaeTHKaUHIO Kay-
'1YKa. npDJ1DJI>KHTeJIbHDeTb BYJIKaHH3aUHH pe3HHDBblX eMeeeA, npHro-
TDBJIeHHblX nO' CTaH.lI.apTHDMY peueD1:y npH 142:1:l o C, eDeTaBJISIeT
50-60 MHH. nDJIyqeHHble BYJIKaHH3aThI J1DJI>KHhI HMeTb eJIeJ1YlOlUHe
xapaKTepHcTHKH:
CI(H.J8
(CI(H.J8M)
npO'lROCTb npR paCTSI)f(eHRR, Mna.
He MeHee . . . . . . . 25 (23)
OTROCRTeJlbROe Y.llJlRReRRe. %. Re
MeRee. . . . . . . . 500
Ha6yxaRRe B CMeCR 6eR3RR - 6eH-
30Jl (3: I) B Te'leRRe 24 'I. % . 60-70
npeJ1eJI npDtJHDCTH HeHanDJIHeHHblX BYJIKaHH3aTDB CTaHJ1apTHhlX
eMeceH He npeBblwaeT 5-6 Mna.
CBoiicTB8 BYJlKaHH38TOB. OeHDBHhle eBDAeTBa pe3HH Ha DeHDBe
BHK 3aBHCSlT DT CDJ1ep>KaHHSI B HHX eBSl3aHHDrD HAK. C YBeJIHtJe-
74
Cl<H.26 CI(H-40
(CI(H-40M)
28 30 (29)
625 550
30-38 14-20

'HHeM CDJ1ep>KaHHSI nDBhlWalOTCSI npD'IHDCTHble CBDHCTBa, TBepJ1DCTb,
H3HDCDCTDHKDCTb, CTDHKDCTb K Ha6yxaHHIO B aJIH<paTHtJeCKHX yrJIeBD-
J1DpDJ1aX H CTDHKOCTb K TenJIDBDMY CTapeHHIO. B TO' >Ke BpeMSI CYlUeCT-
BeHHD CHH>KaIOTCSI 3JIaCTHQHDCTb H MDpD3DCTDHKDCTb, nDBblwaeTCSI Ten-
JIDD6pa3DBaHHe npH MHDrDKpaTHblX J1e<pDpMaUHSlX. HeKDTDpble CBDH-
eTBa pe3HH Ha DCHDBe BHK, npHrDTDBJIeHHblX nO' CTaHJ1apTHDH peuen-
Type, npe.ll.CTaBJIeHbI HH>Ke:
ConpOTRBJleRRe pa3.ItH'Py, KH/M
TBep,llOCTb no TM-2 . . .
3JIaCTR'IROCTb no OTCKOKYt % . .
HCTRpaeMOCTb, M 3 /T):l)f( (MM 8 /K.l()f() .
TeMnepaTypa xpynKOCTR. °C. . . .
K091J11J1RUReRT TenJIOCToiiKOCTH npR 100 °C
no npO'lROCTH npR paCTSI)f(eRRR .
no OTHOCRTeJIbROMY Y.llJIRReHRIO. .
Ha6yxaRRe B 6eR3RRe B Te'leHRe 24, % .
CI(H.18 CI(H-26 CI(H-40
46-65 65-85 72-85
69-72 75-78 72-76
40-45 30-35 :5-20
. 82-90.'1.' 55-68 41-55
.-58+ -60 -48+ -50 -23+ -25
. 0,3-0,4
. 0,5-0,6
22-24
0,3-0,4
0,5-0,6
7-8
0,3-0,4
0,55-0,65
0,5-1,0
Pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe BHK DTJIH'IaIOTCSI BblCDKDH CTDHKDCTblO K Ha-
6yxaHHIO B aJIH<paTHtJecKHX yrJIeBDJ1DpDJ1ax, >KHpaX H paCTHTeJIbHblX
MaCJIaX, HD CHJIbHD Ha6yxalOT B nDJISlpHblX, apDMaTH'IeCKHX H XJIDPCD-
J1ep>KalUHX DpraHH'IeCKHX CDeJ1HHeHHSlX.
Pe3YJIbTaTbl Ha6yxaHHSI BYJIKaHH3aTOB BHK H HK B pa3JIHtJHhlX
pacTBDpHTeJISIX H MaCJIaX B TetJeHHe 8 HeJ1eJIb npH 20°C npeJ1CTaBJIeHbI
HH>Ke:
H86yxunte. % H86yxaRRe. %
(:pe./18 CI(H-26 HI< (:peA8 Cl<H-26 HI<
BeR3HR CKHnR.llap . 41,7 260,0
JlerKHii 18,2 , 137,3 OJleRROBaSi KHCJIOTa 53,0 230,0
TSI)f(eJIbdi 37,5 196,5 AueToR . 85,2 10,4
MacJIo CifoyrJlepo.ll . 120,8 409,6
napalJlRHoBoe 3,5 121,7 O. CHJlOJl . . 174,0 292,2
TpaHclJlopMa- 4,4 128,6 TeTparH.llpOHalJlTa- 177,3 323,5
TOp Roe JlRR
.llR3eJIbROe 12,2 100,0 BeR30Jl . 180,0 3C9,6
JlbRSlHOe . 15,7 88,6 lJeTblpeXXJlOpRCTblii
yrJlepo.ll . 192,2 583,6
O.ll.HHM H3 cYlUecTBeHHblx npeHMyecTB pe3HH Ha DCHDBe BHK nO'
cpaBHeHHIO C pe3HHaMH Ha DCHDBe HK, CKH-3, CKC-30 SlBJISleTCSI HX
6DJIee BblCDKaSi CTDHKDCTb K TenJIDBDMY cTapeHHIO, tJTD D6DSlcHSleTcSI
D6pa3DBaHHeM npH DKHCJIeHHH npDMe>KYTD'IHblX npDJ1YKTDB, SI BJI SlIO-
HXCSI HHrH6HTDpaMH DKHCJIeHHSI.
Pe3HIJbI Ha DCHDBe BHK HMelOT XDPDWYIO a.ll.re3HIO K JIaTYHHpD-
BaHHDMY MeTaJIJIY H npH6JIH>KaIOTCSI B 3TDM DTHDweHHH K pe3HHaM H3
HK. npDtJHDCTb KpenJIeHHSI HX K aJIIOMHHHIO H erD CnJIaaM, CTaJIH, '1Y-
ryHY, JIaTYHH, 6pDH3e, UHHKY, MarHHIO Bblwe npDtJHDcTH caMDrD BYJI-
KaHH3aTa.
BHK MD>KHD npHMeHSlTb B KDM6HHaUHH C HaTypaJIbHblM, H3Dnpe-
HDBblM, 6YTaJ1HeHDBblMH H 6YTaJ1HeH-CTHpDJIbHblMH KaYtJYKaMH, KDTD-
pble BBDJ1S1TCSI J1JIH YJIY'IJUeHHH TeXHDJIDrH'IeeKHX CBDHCTB cMeceH H nD-
75

BblweHHSI MDpD30CTDHKDCTH BYJIKaHH3aTDB. CDBMeeHHe HX e 9THJIeH-
OpDnHJIeHDBblMH H XJIDpDnpeHDBblMH KayqYKaMH YJIY'lwaeT D3DHDCTDA-
KDeTb H eTDHKDCTb K TenJIDBDMY CTapeHHIO, a eDBMeUJ,eHHe e THDKDJIa-
MH, nDJIHBHHHnXJIDpHJ1DM, <pTDpKaY'IYKaMH H <peHDJI<pDpMaJIb.ll.erH.lI.HbI-
MH eMO'JIaMH YJIyqWaeT MaCJID- H 6eH3DCTDAKDeTb, D3DHDeTDHKDeTb H
HeKDTDpble J1PyrHe CBDHCTBa.
npHMeHeHHe. BJIarDJ1apSi BhleDKDA eTDHKDCTH K J1eACTBHIO MaeeJI
H J1pyrHx arpeceHBHblX areHTDB BHK HaWJIH WHpDKDe npHMeHeHHe
J1JISI H3rDTDBJIeHHSI pa3JIH'IHblX MaeJID6eH3DCTDAKHX pe3HHDBblX TeXHH-
'1eeKHX H3.l1.eJIHH - npDKJIa.ll.DK, PYKaBDB, eaJIbHHKDB, 6eH3DTaphl H J1p.
KaYtJYKH HenDJIb3YIOTeSi J1JISI npDH3BDJ1CTBa H3DJISlUHDHHblX H 3JIeK-
TpDnpDBDJ1S1UJ,HX pe3HH, Ka6JIYKDB H nDJ1DWB D6YBH, KJIeeB H 96DHHTDB,
nDKpblTHH, eTDHKHX B arpeeCHBHblX cpeJ1ax. KaY'IYKH C HeTDKeH'IHblM,
HeDKpaWHBalOUJ,HM cTa6HJIH3aTDpDM ynDTpe6JISIIOTCSI J1JISI H3rDTDBJIe-
HHSI MaCJIDCTDHKHX pe3HHDBblX .lI.eTaJIeH ADHJIbHblX annapaTDB.
KAP60KCHJlATHbiE KAYQYKH
BBe.ll.eHHe B MDJIeXYJIY KaYtJYKa .lI.a>Ke He6DJIbWHX KDJIH'IeCTB Kap6-
QKCHJIbHblX rpynn <paKTHtJeCKH He H3MeHSIeT CDCTaB H eTPYKTYPY MD-
JIeKYJISlpHDH uenH, HD DKa3b1BaeT 6DJIbWDe BJIHSlHHe Ha KDMnJIeKC erD
eBDHCTB.
Kap6DKCHJICD.lI.ep>KalUHe (Kap6DKCHJIaTHble) 6YTaJ1HeHDBble, H3D-
npeHDBble, 6YTaJ1HeH-CTHpDJIbHble, 6YTaJ1HeH-HHTpHJIbHhle KayqYKH
nDJIYtJalOT MeTDJ1DM 3MYJIbCHDHHDH COnDJIHMepH3aUHH CDDTBeTCTBYIO.
HX MDHDMepDB e HenpeJ1eJIbHblMH Kap6DHDBblMH KHCJIDTaMH - aKpH.
JIDBOH, HTaKDHDBDA H, rJIaBHblM D6pa3DM, MeTaKpHJIDBDH KHCJIDTDA
(MAK) npH TeMnepaType nDJIHMepH3aUHH 5-60 °C.
HaH6DJIbWee 3Ha'leHHe B opaKTHKe npHD6peJIH KaYtJYKH, CDJ1ep>Ka-
UJ,He 1-2% MAK. B TaKHX CDnDJIHMepaX CD CTaTHCTH'IeCKHM pacnpe-
J1eJIeHHeM 3BeHbeB C Kap6DKCHJIbHblMH rpynnaMH DJ1Ha Kap6DKCHJIbHaSi
rpynna npHXDJ1HTCSI Ha 200--300 aTDMDB yrJIepD.lI.a B rJIaBHDH uenH.
CTpDeHHe Kap6DKCHJIaTHDrD, HanpHMep, 6YTaJ1HeH-CTHpDJIbHDrD, Kay-
tJYKa MD>KeT 6b1Tb H3D6pa>KeHD <PDPMYJIDH:
CH 3
"""-CH.-t-
OOH
-CH.-CH=CH-CH.-OI.-CH-CH 2 -CH-
t I
t 0
CH. _ n
CHs
-CH.-t-"V\.oo
tOOH
J1JISI D6D3HatJeHHH Kap6DKeHJIaTHDrD KaY'IYKa K MapKe DCHDBHDro
KaYtJYKa J1D6aBJISIIOT HHJ1eKC, nDKa3b1BalOlUHH CDJ1ep>KaHHe MAK. Ha-
npHMep, CK,D. -1 D6D3Ha'laeT 3MYJIbCHDHHblH 6YTaJ1HeHDBblH KaY'lYK
c eDJ1ep>KaHHeM MAK DKDJID 1 %; CKC-30-5 - Kap6DKeHJIaTHblH «Sy-
TaJ1HeH-eTHpDJIbHblH KaYtJYK C cDJ1ep>KaHHeM MAK DKDJID 5%.
Kap6DKCHJIaTHble KaY'IYKH aMDp<pHbI H He KpHeTaJIJIH3YIOTCH npH
paCTSI>KeHHH. OHH BblnYCKalOTeH e pa3JIHQHDH CpeJ1HeH MM H, eDDTBeT-
76

CTBeHHD, BB3KDeTbIOODJIHMepa. Ha CTa.ll.HH BIIIJ1eJIeHHB H3 JI8TeKCa
B Kap6DKeHJIaTHble KaY'IYKH BBDl{BT npDTHBDeTapUTeJIH. Kap60'KeHJIb-
Hille rpynnbl KayqYKDB cnDCD6HbI K XHMH'IeCKDMY B3aHMDJ1eHeTBHIO
e DKCHl{aMH H fHJ1pDKeHJ1aMH MeTaJIJIDB, aMHHaMH, CDHpTaMH, <peHDJIa-
MH H J1PYfHMH CDeJ1HHeHHSlMH.
npH MexaHH,tJeCKDH D6pa6DTKe, eMeweHHH H <pDpMDBaHHH Kap6DK-
eHJIaTHble KaY'IYKH nDJ1D6HbI aHaJIDrH'IHblM HCXD.lI.HblM KayqYKaM, DJ1Ha-
KD npH nepepa6DTKe DHH xapaKTepH3YIOTeB 6DJIbWeH MexaHHtJeeKDii H
TepMDDKHCJIHTeJIbHDA YCTDH'IHBDCTblO MDJIeKYJIBpHIIIX ueoeA.
OTJIH'IHTeJIbHDH DeD6eHHDCTblO Kap6DKCHJIaTHblX KaYtJYKDB SlBJISleT-
eSi HX cnocD6HDeTb K BYJIKaHH3aUHH DKeHJ1aMH H fH.lI.pDKeHJ1aMH nDJIH-
BaJIeHTHblX MeTaJIJIDB. npH B3aHMDJ1eHCTBHH Kap6DKCHJIbHblX rpyno
C ZoO, MgO, Ca (OHh H J1PyrHMH D6pa3YlOTCSI epe.ll.HHe CDJIH. HDHHble
CDJIeBble eBSl3H Me>KJ1Y Kap6DKCHJIbHblMH rpynnaMH H HDHaMH MeTaJI-
JIDB Q6pa3YlOT nDnepe'lHble MDeTHKH:
o 0
n u
"""'-C-O-Me-o-C-""'"
,.
3Ta peaKUHSI npDTeKaeT D'IeHb 6b1eTpD, DCD6eHHD B npHCYTCTBHH
BnafH, H nD3TDMY Kap6DKCHJIaTHble KaYtJYKH D6JIa.ll.alOT nDBblweHHDH
eKJIDHHDCTblO K nDJ1BYJIKaHH3aUHH. CTDHKDCTb K nDJ1BYJIKaHH3aUHH
MD>KHD nDBblCHTb .lI.D6aBKDH B pe3HHDBble CMeCH DpraHHtJeeKHX KHeJIDT
(6eH3DHHDii, <pTaJIeBDH H J1p.) H aHfH.lI.pH.lI.DB, a TaK>Ke BelUeCTB, CBSI-
3b1BalOUJ.HX BJIary. PeKDMeH.lI.yeTcSI H3rDTDBJIeHHe pe3HHDBblX eMeceH
B J1Be eTa.ll.HH C D6pa6DTKDH MaTD'IHDH CMeCH npH BblCDKDH TeMnepa-
Type. ,
HeHaODJIHeHHble BYJIKaHH3aTbI Kap6DKCHJIaTHblX KaYtJYKDB, ODJIY-
tJeHHble npH HX BYJIKaHH3aUHH DKeH.lI.aMH J1BYXBaJIeHTHblX MeTaJIDB
(TaK Ha3b1BaeMaB «CDJIeBaSl» BYJIKaHH3aUHSI), D6JIaJ1aIOT BblCDKHMH
npDqHDCTHblMH H 3JIaCTHtJeCKHMH CBDHCTBaMH npH HDpMaJIbHblX TeMne-
paTypax. 3TD D6'bSlCHSleTCSI JIerKDH neperpynoHpDBKDA HDHHblX eDJIe-
BblX CBSl3eH Ha nDBepXHDCTH '1aCTHU DKCH.lI.DB MeTaJIJIDB, B pe3YJIbTare
qerD npDHCXD.lI.HT nepepacope.ll.eJIeHHe HanpSl>KeHHH Me>KJ1Y uenSlMH
nDJIHMepa. nDCJIe.ll.HHe npH .lI.e<pDpMaUHH cnDc06HbI D6pa3DBblBaTb BbI-
eDKDDpHeHTHpDBaHHYIO <pa3Y, HaJIHqHe KDTDPDH ODJ1TBep>KJ1aeTCSI peHT-
reHDrpa<pH'IeCKHMH HCCJIe.ll.DBaHHSlMH.
HH>Ke npHBeJ1eHbI MeXaHH'IeCKHe CBDAcTBa HeHanDJIHeHHblX BYJIKa..
HH3aTDB* Kap6DKCHJIaTHblX KaY'lYKDB:
CI<.n.3
(3% MAl()
npOQROCTb npH paCTSI)f(eRRR, Mna 28-33
HalIpSl)f(eRRe IIPR y.llJIHHeHRI! 300%,
Mna . . . . . ' . . . 8
OTROCRTeJIbHOe Y.llJlHReRHe, % . 800
OCTaTO'IHoe Y.llJIRHeRHe, % . 20
3JIaCTRqROCTb no OTCKOKY, % 72
Cl<C-30-1.5
(1.5% MAK)
30-40
3-4,5
850
24
67
CJ(H-26-3
(3% MAK)
40-50
5-7
700-800
10-20
45
· BynK8RRsYIOIII.BIt 8reBT - M&D.
-77

npH nDBblWeHHH TeMnepaTyphl (Bblme 120°C) eBSl3H HDHH3HpDBaH-
HblX Kap6DKeHJIbHblX rpynn c nDBepxHDcTblO '1aeTHU DKeH.lI.a DCJIa6-
JISiIOTCSI H npD'IHDeTb BYJIKaHH3aTa pe3KD YMeHbmaeTeSi. TaKHe CDJIe-
Bble BYJIKaHH3aTbI CKJIDHHbI K TetJeHHIO npH BhlCDKHX TeMnepaTypax
nDJ1 J1eHCTBHeM C.lI.BHrDBblX HanpSlmeHHH H MDrYT paccMaTpHBaTbcSI
KaK UOHHble TepM03/laCTOTl.l1.aCTbl. Hx MD>KHD <pDpMDBaTb npH BbleDKHX
(DKDJID 180°C) TeMnepaTypax. BeJIeJ1eTBHe BDeCTaHDBJIeHHSI BYJIKaHH-
3aUHDHHDH ceTKH nDCJIe DXJIa>KJ1eHHSI H3J1eJIHB H3 3TH X MaTepHaJIDB
D6JIaJ1aIOT ueHHblM KDMnJIeKCDM eBDAcTB, xapaKTepHblM .lI.JISI pe3HH
83 Kap6DKeHJIaTHhlX KaY'lYKDB.
,D.JISI nDJIYtJeHHSI BYJIKaHH3aTDB e BbleDKHMH MeXaHH'IeeKHMH CBDAcT-
8aMH H nDBblweHHDH TenJIDCTDHKDCTblO D6b1'1HD CD'IeTaIOT CDJIeBYIO H
cepHYIO BYJIKaHH3aUHH. BBeJ1eHHe B pe3HHDBble CMeCH aKTHBHDrD Tex-
HHtJeCKDrD yrJIepD.lI.a nDBblwaeT CDnpDTHBJIeHHe pa3.l1.Hpy H H3HDCDeTDH-
KDCTb BYJIKaHH3aTDB Kap6DKCHJIaTHblX KayqYKDB.
PeuenTYPbl CTaHJ1apTHblX pe3HHDBblX CMeceH (B Mace. 'I.) Ha DCHD-
Be Kap6DKCHJIaTHblX KaYtJYKDB npeJ1CTaBJIeHhI HH>Ke:
CalecR
Re118DOII1IeB8811 R8DMRellR8JI
KaY'IYK. . . . . . .
TeTpaMeTHJlTHypaM.llHCYJIbIJIH.It .
OKCH.ll MarHHSI .
OKCH.ll URHKa
Py6paKc . . .
CreapHHOBaSi KHCJIOTa . . .
TeXHH'IeCKHH yrJlepo.ll .ar.IQO .
100
2,0
10,0
1,0
5,0
2,0
100
3,0
3,0
1,0
5,0
2,0
30,0
npD.lI.DJI>KHTeJIbHDCTb CMeWeHHSI Ha JIa6DpaTDpHblX BaJIbuaX HanDJI-
HeHHDH 'CMeCH 35 MHH. OKCHJ1b1 UHHKa H MarHHSI BBDJ1S1T B KDHue npD-
ueeea eMeweHHSI. npD.lI.DJI>KHTeJIbHDCTb BYJIKaHH3aUHH 80-100 MHH
npH 143°C. BJIarDJ1apSi HaJIH'IHIO CDJIeBblX BYJIKaHH3aUHDHHblX cBSl3eH
HeHanDJIHeHHble BYJIKaHH3aTbI HMelOT 6DJIee BblCDKYIO npDqHDCTb, a
HanDJIHeHHble - JJDBblWeHHble TBepJ1DCTb, CDnpDT'HBJIeHHe pa3J1Hpy, H3-
HDcDeTDHKDcTb H .lI.HHaMHtJecKYIO BblHDCJIHBDCTb nO' cpaBHeHHIO C pe3H-
HaMH Ha OCHDBe KaY'lYKDB, He.cDJ1ep>KalUHX Kap6DKCHJIbHblX rpynn.
OeD6eHHDcTblO pe3HH H3 Kap6DKCHJIaTHblX KaYtJYKDB SlBJISleTCSI nD-
BhlweHHaSi CTDHKDCTb K TenJIQBDMY cTapeHHIO, D'IeHb BblCDKDe cDnpD-
THIBJIeHHe pa3pacTaHHIO TpelUHH (6DJIbWe 300 TblC. UHKJIDB) H BblCDKaSi
8.l1.re3HSI K MeTaJIJIaM It TeKCTHJIbHblM MaTepHaJIaM.
CKJIDHHDCTb K nDJ1BYJIKaHH3aUHH flBJISleTCSI CYlUecTBeHHhlM npe-
nSlTCTBHeM K WHPDKDMY npHMeHeHHIO Kap6DKCHJIaTHhlX KayqyKDB B pe-
3HHDBDH npDMblWJIeHHocTH. OJ1HaKD DHH HCnDJIb3YIOTeSi B BH.lI.e JIaTeK-
CDB B KaqeCTBe DCHDBbI npDnHTD'IHblX CDCTaBDB .lI.JISI nDBblweHHSI npD'I-
HDCTH CBSl3H pe3HHbI. C TKaHSlMH Ha DCHDBe CHHTeTH'IeCKHX H HCKYC-
CTBeHHblX BDJIDKDH, J1JISI nDJIyqeHHSI HeTKaHblX MaTepHaJIDB H BblCDKQ-
npDtJHblX H3J1eJIHH H3 JIaTeKCDB. B BH.lI.e pacTBDpDB Kap6DKCHJIaTHble
!KaYYKH npHMeHSIIOTCSI B CDCTaBe KJIeeB.
CDnDJIHMepbl, CDJ1ep>KaUJ.He BMeeTD Kap6DKCHJIbHblX rpynn CJID>KHD-
3<pHpHble, D6JIaJ1aIOT .lI.DCTDHHCTBaMH, npHcyUJ.HMH Kap6DKCHJIaTHblM
78.

KaY'lYKaM, HD He HMelOT npHCYUJ.erD 'nDCJIeJ1HHM He.ll.DCTaTKa - nDBbI-
weHHon CKJIDHHOCTH K nD.lI.BYJIKaHH3aUHH.
HaHJIY'IWHH KOMnJIeKC CBDAcTB HMelOT CDDDJIHMepbl, B KDTDpblX
MeTaKpHJIDBaSi KHCJIDTa 3aMeHeHa Ha H3DnpDnHJIKap6DKeHMeTHJIMeT-
aKpHJIaT HJIH 3THJIKap6DKCH6YTHJIMeTaKpHJIaT
CH. CH 3 CH.
II I II
CH 3 -C-C-0-0I.-C-0-CH CH 3 -C-C-Q-(CH.),-C-0-C,H.
II II I II II
o 0 CH 3 0 0
BSOnponB.llK8p6oKcBMeTBIIMeT8KPM8T !lTBllK8p60KCR6yTanMeT8KPM8T
,D.JISI KaYtJYKOB CD CJID>KHD3<pHpHblMH rpynnaMH npHHSlTbI D603HatJe-
HHSI, xapaKTepH3YIOUJ.He HX eOCTaB. HanpHMep, KaY'IYK BH3c!>-26-4H-
CDnDJIHMep 6YTaJ1HeHa C 26% HAK H 4% H3DOpDnHJIKap6DKCHMeTHJI-
MeTaKpHJIaTa, KaYtJYK BCac!>-30-53 - CDnDJIHMep 6YTaJ1HeHa C 30%
CTHpDJIa H 5% 3THJIKap6DKcH6YTHJIMeTaKpHJIaTa.
06pa30'8aHHe COJIeBblX cBSl3eH B CJID>KHD3<pHpHblX KaY'IYKax npD-
HCXO.ll.HT B pe3YJIbTare rHJ1pDJIH3a CJID>KHD3<pQPHblX rpyrrn npH TeMne-
paType 160-170°C B npHcYTcTBHH CDJIe H rHJ1pDKCHJ1DB UJ.eJIDQHD-
3eMeJIbHblX MeTaJIJIOB (KaK npaBHJID, Ca (OHh) H .lI.HrHJ1paTa cepHo-
KHCJIOrD KaJIbUHSI. JIYtJWHM KDMnJIeKCDM CBDHCTB D6JIa.ll.alOT BYJIKaHH-
3aTbI, CDtJeTalOlUHe CDJIeBble H KO'BaJIeHTHble cepHble CBSl3H.
6YTA.D.H EH-(METHJI) B liH HJI n HP H.D.H HOBbiE I(AYIJYKH
BYTaJ1HeH-BHHHJInHpHJ1HHDBble KaY'IYKH nOJIY'IaIOTCSI 3MYJIbCHDHHDA
CDnDJIHMepH3aUHeH 6yra.ll.HeHa C BHHHJI'nHpH.lI.HHaMH HJIH HX aJIKHJInpD-
H3BD.lI.HblMH. HaH6DJIbWee npHMeHeHHe HMelOT CDDDJIHMepbl 6YTaJ1HeHa
H 2-MeTHJI-5-BHHHJInHpH.lI.HHa. npH CDnOJIHMepH3aUHH npDHCXDJ1HT eTa-
THCTH'IeCKDe '1epe.ll.DBaHHe MOHDMepHblx 3BeHbeB
- -CH.-OI=CH-OI.-OIa-CH-CHa-CH--CH.-CH--
6 t.6
&3 &3 _ n
nDJIY'laIOT Ta'K>Ke T.pDHlHble CODDJlHMepbl 6YTa.ll.HeHa, 2-'MeTHJI-5-1BH-
HHJInHpHJ1HHa H CTHpDJIa HH HHTpHJIa aKpHJIDBDH KHCJIDTbI.
MapKH 6yraJ1HeH- MeTHJIBHHHJInHpHJ1HHQBblX KaYtJYKDB (CKMBn)
D6D3Ha'laIOTCSI 'nD.D.D6HD MapKaM 6YTa.ll.HeH-CTHpDJIbHblX KaYtJYKO'B. Ha-
npHMep, CKMBn-15APn 06D3HatJaeT ,6YTa.ll.HeH-MeTHJIBHHHJInHpHJ1H-
HDBblH KaY'IYK C 15% MeTHJIBHHHJInHpH.lI.HHa, nDJIYtJeHHbln XDJIDJ1HDH
ODJIHMepH3aUHeH (+5 0c) C 'HCODJIb3DBaHHeM perYJISlTDpDB MOJIexy-
JISlpHDA MaCCbI B npHCYTCTBHH B Ka'leeTBe 3MYJIbraTDpDB eDJIeH eHHTe-
THtJeeKHX >KHpHblX KHCJIDT.
H3 TpDHHhlX eDnDJIHMepOB HaH6DJIee H3'8eCTHbI CKC-25-MBn-
5APK - CDnDJIHMep 6YTa.ll.HeHa C 25% CTHpDJIa H 5% MeTHJIBHHHJInH-
pH.lI.HHa H CKH-15MBn-15A.
79

nDJIHMepbl HMelOT MDJIeKYJISIpHYIO Maeey 50-200 Tble. DPH WHPD-
KOM MMP. TexHH'IeeKHe KaYtJYKH D6h1'1HD eDJ1epx<aT npDTHBDeTapH-
TeJIb (J1D 3,0 Maec. q. 4>eHHJI--Ha<pTHJIaMHHa) H >KHpHhle KHeJIDTbI (He
60JIee 1,5 Macc. 'I.).
BYTaJ1HeH-MeTHJIBHHHJInHpHJ1HHoBble KaYtJYKH aMDp<pHbI H He KpHC-
TaJIJIH3YIOTeSi npH J1e<pDpMaUHH, XDPDWD paCTBDpHMbI B aJIH<paTHqe-'
CKHX H apDMaTHtJeCKHX paeTBDpHTeJIBX. HeKDTDpble CBDHeTBa MeTHJI-
BHHHJInHpHJ1HHOBblX KayqYKDB npeJ1eTaBJIeHbI HHx<e:
CKMBn.15 Cl<C25-MBn.5
908 925
-68 -52
17
nJlOTHOCTb, Kr/M a . . . . . .
TeMnepaTypa CTeKJlOBaHHII, °c. . .
napaMeTp paCTBopHMOCTH, (MJJ.)f(/M 8 ) l/a
nepepa6DTKa 6YTa.ll.HeH-MeTHJIBHHHJInHpHJ1HHDBblX KayqYKDB He
HMeeT HHKaKHX cneUH<pH'IeCKHX oCD6eHHDCTeH nO' cpaBHeHHIO C BCK
DJ1HHaKDBoH BSl3KDeTH. BJIarOJ1apB HaJIHqHIO DHpHJ1HHDBblX rpynn DC-
HDBHDrD xapaKTepa, KaY'IYK CKMBn-15 HMeeT nDBblweHHYIO CKJIDH-
HDCTb K nDJ1BYJIKaHH3aUHH H BhlCDKYIO eKDpDeTb BYJIKaHH3aUHH. nO'
STDH npHtJHHe OHH D'IeHb nJIDXD eDBYJIKaHH3YIOTCB e KaY'IYKaMH D6lUe-
rD Ha3Ha'leHHSI. npH BYJIKaHH3aIlHH HCnDJIb3yIOT He6DJIbWDe eDJ1epx<a-
HHe cepbl (1-1,5 Macc. 'I.) H yeKDpHTeJIB (CYJIb<peHaMHJ1 BT-0,5-
0,8 Macc. 'I.). HeHanDJIHeHHbIe BYJIKaHH3aTbI HMelOT HH3KHe npD'IHDeT-
Hble nDKa3aTeJIH. Pe3HHbI, cD.lI.ep>KalUHe B KaqeCTBe yeHJIHBalOlUerD Ha-
DDJIHHTeJISI aKTHBHblH TeXHHqeCKHH yrJIepDJ1, D6JIaJ1aIOT BblCDKHMH
npOtfHDCTHblMH CBDifcTBaMH, npeBDCXDJ1S1IIlHMH nO' YPDBHIO CBDHCTB pe-
3HHbI Ha DCHDBe BCK.
BJIaro.ll.apSi HaJIH'IHIO B nHpHJ1HHDBDM KDJIbue a3DTa CD CBD6DJ1HDH
9JIeKTpDHHDH napDH, nHpHJ1HHDBble rpynnbl 6YTa.ll.HeH-MeTHJIBHHHJInH-
pH.lI.HHDBblX KaY'lYKDB cnDCD6HbI B3aHMD.lI.eHCTBDBaTb C CHJIbHhlMH MH-
HepaJIbHblMH KHeJIDTaMH (CDJISIHOH, <PDC<pDpHOH), C raJIDHJ1DpraHH'Ie-
CKHMH COe.ll.HHeHHSlMH C D6pa3DBaHHeM tJeTBepTHtJHblX CDJIeH, C COJISlMH
HeKDTDpblX MeTaJIJIDB (XJIDpHJ1aMH UHHKa, KaJ1MHSI, x<eJIe3a H .lI.p.)
C D6pa3DBaHHeM KDMnJIeKCHblX CDe.ll.HHeHHH. B3aHMD.lI.eHCTBHe C MHHe-
paJIbHblMH KHCJIDTaMH B npHCYTCTBHH DKCH.lI.DB MeTaJIJIDB (rJIaBHblM
Dopa3DM DKCHJ1a UHHKa), a TaKx<e e CDJISlMH MeTaJIJIOB DPHBD.llHT
K pe3KDMy' H3MeHeHHIO CBDHCTB KaY'lyKDB BCJIe.ll.CTBHe D6pa3DBaHHSI
KDMnJIeKCHblX CDeJ1HHeHHH, CJIyx<aIIlHX cneUH<pHqHblMH Y3JIaMH MDJIe-
KYJISlpHDH ceTKH e nDJ1BH>KHblMH CJIa6b1MH KDDp.ll.HHaUHDHHblMH CBSI-
3S1MH.
npH eDqeTaHHH KDDpJ1HHaUHDHHhlX H KDBaJIeHTHblX eepHblX eBB3eH
MO>KHD nDJIyqaTb HeHanDJIHeHHble pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe CKMBn-15
e BblCDKHMH npD'IHDCTHblMH CBDHeTBaH. KaytJYKH, CDJ1ep>KalUHe <pDC-
<PDPHYIO KHCJIDTY, HMelOT nDHH>KeHHYIO rDplO'IeCTb.
HaH60JIbWHH HHTepec npeJ1CnBJISIeT B3aHMD.lI.eAeTBHe 6YTaJ1HeH-
MeTHJIBHHHJInHpHJ1HHDBblX KaY'lYKDB C HeKDTDpblMH raJIDreHCD.lI.ep>Ka-
lUHMH CDeJ1HHeHHSlMH (TpHXJIDpTDJIYDJIDM, reKCaXJIDpnapaKeHJIDJIDM,
TeTpaXJIDpXHHDHDM), KDTDpDe DObl'lHD npDHCXD.llHT B npDuecce BYJI-
KaHH3aUHH. HanDJIHeHHble TeXHHtJecKHM yrJIepD.lI.DM cepHble BYJIKftHH-
80

saTbI CKMBn-15 e raJIDreHeDJ1ep>KalUHMH CDeJ1HHeHHSlMH (5-
20 Maec. 'I.) npH BbleDKHX npDqHDCTHblX cBDHeTBax D6JI8J1aIOT XDPD-
meH eTDHKDcTblO K Ha6yxaHHIO B aJIH<paTHtJecKHx yrJIeBDJ1DpDJ1aX,
CJID>KHhlX s<pHpax H rH.lI.paBJIHtJeeKHx >KH.lI.KDCTSIX npH nDBblweHHhlX
TeMnepaTypax (150-200 0c) H >KeeTKHX J1HHaMH'IeCKHX YCJIDBHHX
SKenJIyaTaUHH. Ha6yxaHHe TaKHX BYJIKaHH3aTDB B 6eH3HHe CDCTaBJIB-
eT 8-10%, B rH.lI.paBJIH'IeCKDii >KHJ1KDeTH AMr-4 -1-2%, B J1H6y-
THJIee6aUHHaTe -15-25%. Pe3HHbI Ha DeHDBe TpDAHblX CDnDJIHMepDB
6YTa.ll.HeHa, 8KpHJIDHHTpHJIa H MeTHJIBHHHJInHpHJ1HHa, ODJIYtJeHHble
B npHcYTcTBHH raJIDreHCD.lI.ep>KalUHX DpraHHtJeeKHx eDeJ1HHeHA, ope-
BDCXDJ1S1T nO' MaCJIDCTOHKDCTH pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe Beex J1pyrHx H3BeeT-
HblX nDJIHMepDB H eOnDJIHMepDB .lI.HeHDBblX yrJIeBD.lI.DpDJ1DB. ,D.HraJIDHJ1-
Hble CDeJ1HHeHHH enDeD6HbI DKa3b1BaTb BYJIKaHH3YlOlUee J1eHCTBHe Ha
CKMBn.
nOM HMO' npDH3BDJ1eTBa pe3HHDBblX TeXHHtJeCKHX H3.l1.eJIHH, npeJ1-
Ha3Ha'leHHblX .lI.JISI pa6DTbI B cpe.ll.e CJID>KHblX 3<pHpOB H J1PyrHx Dpra-
HH'IeKHX eDeJ1HHeHHH npH TeMoepaTypax DT --55°C J1D 150--180°C,
6YTa.ll.HeH-MeTHJIBHHHJInHpHJ1HHDBhle KaYtJYKH npHMeHSIIOTCSI B KJIeeBhlX
KDM'OD3HU'HSIX '.ZlJIH K}>eDJIe'HHH pe3H'HbI e MeTaJIJIDM, B BH.lI.e JIaTerocOB
J1JISI npDnHTKH WHHHorD KDp.ll.a H TKaHeH Ha DCHDBe CHHTeTHtJeCKHX
H HCKyccTBeHHblx BDJIDKDH .lI.JISI YBeJIHtJeHHH npD'IHDeTH HX KpenJIeHHSI
K pe3HHe.
XJlOPOnPEHOBbiE KAyqYKH
XJIDpDOpeHoBble KayqYKH SlBJISIIOTCSI npDJ1YKTaMH nDJIHMepH3aUHH
XJIDpDnpeHa CH 2 ==CCI-CH==CH 2 (xJIDp-2-6yraJ1HeH-l,3) HJIH eDnD-
JlHMepH3aUHH erD C .lI.pyrHMH MDHDMepaMH. OCHDBHblM HCXDJ1HblM
ChlpbeM .lI.JISI nOJIYtJeHHSI XJIDpDnpeHa HBJISleTCSI aueTHJIeH. B HaeTDSllUee
BpeMH DCBaHBaeTCSI npOH3BDJ1eTBD XJIDpDnpeHa nYTeM XJIDpHpDBaHHSI
6YTa.ll.HeHa. ,
Pa3JIH'IHble THnbl nDJIHXJIDpDnpeHa nDJIytJalOT nYTeM 3MYJIbCHDHHDH
nDJIHMepH3aUHH. npDuece nDJIHMepH3aUHH perYJIHpyeTcH UK, '1TD6b1
nDJIY'lHJICH HeCWHTblH, Hepa3BeTBJIeHHblH nDJIHMep (TaK Ha3b1BaeMblH
a-ODJIHMep) .
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCJIDBHH nOJIHMepH3aUHH, perYJISlTDpa, npDTH-
BDCTapHTeJISI H .lI.pyrHx <paKTDpDB BblnYCKaeTCSI 6DJIbWDe '1HCJID pa3-
JIH'IHblX XJIOpDnpeHDBblX KaytJYKDB. B CCCP TaKHe KaytJYKH Ha3b1-
BalOTCSI HaHpHTbI, 'B CIlIA - HeDnpeHbI.
MHDrotJHeJIeHHble pa3HDBH.lI.HDeTH XJIDpDnpeHDBblX KaY'lYKDB nO' HX
CTpDeHHIO H Dco6eHHDCTSIM CBDAcTB MO>KHD pa3J1eJIHTb Ha .lI.Be 6DJIbWHe
rpynnbl:
1. K nepBDH rpynne DTHOCSlTCSI nDJIHMepbl, He CDJ1ep>KalUHe B eBDeM
CDCTaBe cepbl. Hx nDJIytJalOT C npHMeHeHHeM B Ka'leCTBe perYJISlTDpDB
DDJIHMepH3aUHH B O'CHDBHDM MepKanTaHDB.
2. KD BTDPDH rpynne DTHDCHTCH XJIDpDnpeHDBhle KayqYKH, CD.lI.ep-
>KalUHe cepy B BH.lI.e nDJIHcYJIb<PH.lI.HhlX MDeTHKDB B MDJIeKYJISlpHDH ue-
DH. npH HX nOJIytJeHHH B KaqeCTBe peryJISlTDpDB nDJIHMepH3aUHH npH-
MeHSIIOT cepy HJIH cepy C MpKa'OTaHaMH.
6-2397
81

CTpDeHHe uenH nDJIHMepa, He eDJ1epx<aerD eepy:
( -OI.-CH-OI.-l
CTpDeHHe uenH nDJIHMepa, perYJIHpDBaHHDrD cepDH:
[ -OI.1CH-OI.- ]S[ -OI.1CH-OI.- L S v-
ue n 'H m PaBHbI 80-110, a x oJ{ g d)8tBlllbi 2-6.
CTPYKTypa nDJIHXJIDpDnpeHa npHBe.ll.eHa HH>Ke:
Co,ltepJK8-
Rae. %
85-87
10-13
1-2
I,4-TpaHC .
1,4-tfuc .
1.2 H 3,4 .
H3MeHeHHe YCJIDBHH nDJIHMepH3aUHH (B '1aCTHDCTH TeMnepaTYPS)
npHBDJ1HT K HeKDTQPDMY H3MeHeHHIO CO'DTHDWeHHSI H3DMepHblx 3BeHbeB
B nOJIHMepe.
BblCDKaSi perYJISlpHQCTb CTPYKTYP.bI nDJIHMepa D6YCJIDBJIHBaeT erD
KpHCTaJIJIH3yeMocTb npH TeMnepaType xpaHeHHSI 10-20 °C H npH He-
60JIbWHX eTeneHSIX paCTSI>KeH'HSI (200-300 %). B COnOJIH'MepaX XJIDpO'-
npeHa C 'H3DopeHoM H J1PyrHMH MDHDMepaMH perymlpHDcTb CTPYKTypbl
HapyweHa, BeJIeJ1CTBHe 'IeI'D KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHB 3aMe.ll.JISleTCSI.
B CDCTaB XJIDpDnpeHDBblX KaY'IYKDB BXDJ1S1T OCTaTKH 3P4YJIbraTDpDB,
opHMeHSlBWHXCSI B npDuecce nDJIHMepH3aUHH ('1alUe BcerD KaHH<pDJIb),
H npDTHBDCTapHTeJIb (06b1tIHD J1D 2% <peHHJI--Ha<pTHJIaMHHa). nDJIH"
Mephl cepHDro H KDMnJIeKCHDrD perYJIHpDBaHHSI cQJ1epx<aT 1,0-2,4 % '
TeTpaMeTHJITHypaM.lI.HcYJIb.pHJ1a (TMT,D.), HCnDJIb3yeMDrD J1JISI perYJIH-
pDBaHHSI M.
'CpeJ1HeBSl3KocTHaSi MDJIeKYJISIpHaSi Macca XJIDpanpeHDBblx Kay'IY-
KDB CDeTaBJISIeT 100-200 Tble. npH WHpDKDM MMP. nDJIHXJIDpDnpe-
HbI, HeCMDTpSl Ha BblCDKYIO HenpeJ1eJIbHDeTb, DTJIH'IaIOTeB BbleDKDH XH-
MH'IeCKDH CTDHKDCTblO H CTDAKDCTblO K pa3JIH'IHhlM BH.lI.aM cTapeHHB.
aTD CBB3aHD e TeM, tITD 3JIeKTpDDTpHuaTeJIbHhlA aTDM XJIopa, HaXDJ1B..
UJ,HHCSI DKDJID aTDMa yrJIepDJ1a, HMelOlUerD J1BDHHYIO CBSl3b, DTTBrHBaer
3JIeKTpOHHoe D6JIaKD n-CBSl3H, YMeHbwaSi TeM caMblM 3JIeKTpDHHYIO
nJIDTHOCTb J1BOUHDH CBSl3H, liTO' npHBO.ll.HT K CHH>KeHHIO peaKUHOHHDH
cnDCD6HDCTH nDCJIe.ll.HeH. npH 3TOM caM aTOM XJIDpa TepSieT ODJ1BH>K-
HDCTb H peaKlJ:HDHHDCOOCD6HOCTb. AKTHBHblM DCTaeTCSI XJIDp (aJIJIHJIb-
HblH XJIDp) B 3BeHbSlX, npHeDe.ll.HHeHHblX B ODJID>KeHHH 1,2 H 3,4, cnD-
C06HblU DTlUenJISlTbCSI npH nDBblweHHblX TeMnepaTypax, oCD6eHHD
B npHcYTeTBHH DKCHJ10B MeTaJIJIDB.
HaJIH'IHe XJIDpa B nDJIHXJIDpDnpeHe npHJ1aeT eMY HerDplOtIeeTb,
a nDJISlpHDCTb nDJIHMepa - CTDHKDCTb K Ha6yxaHHIO B aJIH<paTHtIeCKHX
yrJIeBD.lI. Q PDJ1aX H BhlCDKYIO aJ1re3HIO K MeTaJIJIaM.
82

B DTe'leCTBeHHDH npDMblWJIeHHDeTH BhlnyeKaeTeB HeCKDJIbKO pa3-
HDBHJ1HDCTeH XJIDpDnpeHDBhlX KaY'IYKDB, H3 KDTDpblX HaH6DJIbWee pac-
opDCTpaHeHHe HMeIOT:
KaYtIYKH eepHDrD perYJIHpDBaHHSI: HaHpHT HT - KaY'IYK HH3KD-
TeMnepaTypHDH nDJIHMepH3aUHH, DTJIH'IalOlUHHCSI BblCDKOH, eKDpDCTblO
H eTeoeHblO KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH H npHMeHSlIOHAcSi J1JISI H3rDTDBJIeHHB
KJIeeB; HaHpHT CP MapDK 50, 100 H K (.lI.JISI Ka6eJIbHDA npDMblWJIeH-
HDeTH), pa3JIH'IalOlUHXCSI nJIaCTH'IHDCTblO:
BIISKOCTb
no M)'IIII, ltII8CTBqROCTb
YCII. eA-
40-80 0,65-0,72
81-110 0,58-0,65
0,55-0,65
CP-50 .
CP-Ioo
CPK .
:.
KaY'lYKH KDMTIJIeKCHDrD peryJIHpDBaHHSI - HaHpHTbI KP, MapDK 50
H 100, nO' eBDHCTBaM nDUH aHaJIDrHtIHble KaY'lYKaM CepHQro perYJIH-
pDBaHHSI;
KaYtIYKH MepKanTaHDBQrD peryJIHpOSaHHSI: HaHpHT HTI - KaY'IY.K
HH3KDTeMnepaTypHoH nDJIHMepH3aUHH J1JISI H3roTOBJIeHHSI KJIeeB; HaH-
pHT nHK - eDODJIHMep XJIDpDnpeHa e APyrHMH MDHDMepaMH (CTHpD-
JIDM, J1HXJIDp6YTaJ1HeHDM, H3DOpeHO'M H .lI.p.), OTJIH'IalOHHCB BblCDKDH
eTa6HJIbHOCTblO npH x.paHeHHH H MaJIDH CKJIDHHDCTblO K KpHCTaJIJIH3a-
IlHH; HaHpHT n MapDK A, B H B, DTJIHtIalOHXCB BSl3KDeTblO nO' MYHH:
BII8KOCTb
MapKa no MYIIH.
YCII. eA-
A . 405
B . 5O5
B . 655
"
>KHJ1KHH KaYtIYK: HaHpHT )1(, npHMeHSIeMblH' .lI.JISI H3roTDBJIeHHSI
BhleDKDBSl3KHX KJleeB H oaCT J1JISI aHTHKDppD3HDHHblX nDKpblTHH, 3a-
Ma3DK H rep'MeTHKDB;
COODJIH'Mep XJIDpanpeHa ,e J1PyrHMH XJIDpCDJ1ep>KalUHMH MDHO'Mepa-
MH: HaHpHT Hr, DTJIHtIalOHH'CSi nDBblweHHDH DrHeeTOHKDCTblO, He3Ha-
'1HTeJIbHDH KpHCTaJIJIH3yeMDcTblO H bleOKHMH J1H3JIeKTf))fQeCKH'MH
CBDHCTBaMH.
Cl»H3HlfecKHe cBoAcTBa. HeKDTDpble <pH3H'IeCKHe CBDHCTBa XJIDPD-
npeHDBblX KaY'IYKDB npe.ll.CTaBJIeHbI HH>Ke:
TIJlOTHOCTb. Kr/M 8 . . . .
TeMnepaTypa CTeKnOBaHHSI, °C. . .
Ter.mep8Typa MaKCHMaJlbHOA C.KOpOCTH
KpHcTannH3aUHH. °C . . . . .
TeMnepaTypa nnaBneHHSI KpHCTaJlJIHqe-
CKoA IJIa3b1, °C . . . .
COD.ep)f(aHHe KpHCTaJlJIH'IecKoA IJIa.
3b1, %
KayqYK cepHoro perYJlHpOBaHHSI
npH 6-7°C. . . .
npH 2O°C . . . ,
6-
11240
-40
-10
40-65
29
o
83

xayqyx MepxanTaHOBoro peryJIHpO-
BaHBSI (HaupHT TI)
npu 6-7°C. . . .. 35
npu 20°C . 20
K031J1HuHeHT TenJlO'l1pOBOD.HOCTH,
BT/(M.K).... . . .. 0,18
Y D.eJIbHaSi TenJIOeMKOCTb, .l{)f(/ (Kr' K) 2171
Y.lteJlbHOe 06DeMHoe 3JIeKTpU'IeCKOe co-
npOTHBJIeHHe,OM'M . . . . . 4,4. lOS-I. IOU
.l{U3JleKTpH'IeCKaSi npOH'HuaeMOCTb.. 6,4
TaHreHc yrJIa .llH3J1eKTpU'IecKHX nOTerb 0,203
TIapaMeTp paCTBOpHMOCTH (M.l{)f(/M 3 ) ,. 19,2
fa3DnpDHHuaeMDcTb nDJIHXJIDpDnpeHa B J1Ba-TpH pa3a HH>Ke ra30-
npDHHuaeMDcTH HK. nDCJIe HenpDJ1DJI>KHTeJIbHDA MeXaHH'IecKDH Dopa-
ODTKH nDJIHXJIDpOnpeH paCTBDpSleTCSI B apDMaTH'IeCKHX H XJIDpCDJ1ep-
>KaIUHX DpraHH'IeCKHX paC11BDpHTeJISlX, B CMecH oeH3HHa C 3THJIa-ueTa-
TDM H HeKDTOpblX J1pyrHX.
TeXHOJIOrHQeCKHe cBoAcTBa. npH xpaHeHHH XJIDpDnpeHDBDrD Kay-
qYKa npDHCXDJ1HT erD KpHTaJIJIH3aUHSI H 3aTBepJ1eBaHHe. LlJISI YCTpa-
HeHHSI 3TDrD SlBJIeHHSI KaY'IYK nepeJ1 CMeweHHeM DObltIHD pa3DrpeBaeT-
CSI. nDCKDJIbKY B KaY'IYKax cepHDrD perYJIHpDBaHHSI npH xpaHeHHH
npDHCXDJ1S1T npDueCCbI CTPYKTypHpDBaHHSI, TaKHe Ka'lYKH nepeJ1 CMe-
weHHeM J1DJI>KHbI nDJ1BepraTbCSI npeJ10BapHTeJIbHDA nJIaCTHKaUHH. BBe-
J1eHHe MepKa'nTDoeH3THa'3DJIa, J;l.HOeH3THa3DJIHJIJ1HCYJIb<pHJ1a H J1H<peHHJI-
ryaHH.lI.HHa (.lI.D 0,5% DT MaCCbI KaYtIYKa) cnDcDocmyeT YCKDpeHHIO
MeXaHHqeCKDH nJIaCTHKaUHH.
B CBSl3H C nDBblweHHDH '1YBcTBHTeJIbHDCTblO nDJIHXJIDpDnpeHa K
TenJIDBblM DopaoDTKaM HeoOXD.lI.HMD MaKCHMaJIbHDe DXJIa>KJ1eHHe 0'00'-
p.yJ1QB3tHHSI npH CMeWf,'HIJfH. TeMJIeparypa CMeweHHSI He J1O'JI>KHa npe-
BblwaTb 120°C. XJIDpDnpeHDBble KaY'IYKH xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI B. DCHDB-
HDM XDPDWHMH TeXHDJIDrH'IeCKHMH CBDHCTBaMH H BnDJIHe YJ1DBJIeTBD-
pHTeJIbHD nepepaoaTblBalOTCSI Ha DOblqHO'M DODpYJ1DBaHHH. CBe>KenpH-
rDTDBJIeHHble pe3HHO'Bble CMecH DOJIaJ1aIOT xDpDweH KJIeAKDCTblO, KD-
TDpaSi npH xpaHeHHH nDHH>KaeTCSI B pe3YJIbTaTe KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH
KaY'IYKa.
XJIDpOnpeHDBble Kay'IYKH 'CO'BMelUaIOTCSI CD MHDrHMH nDJISlpHblMH
H HenDJISlpHblMH KaY'IYKaMH, npHJ1aBaSi CMeCSIM nDBblweHHYIO D3DHD-
H aTMDc<pepDCTDAKDCTb.
BYKaHH3aUHSI. BYJIKaHH3YIOlUHMH areHTaMH J1JISI KayqYKDB cep-
HDrD perYJIHpDBaHHH B DCHDBHDM SlBJISIIOTCSI pa3JIHQHble DKCH.lI.bI Me-
TaJIJIDB, H3 KDTDpblX HaHODJIbWee pacnpDCTpaHeHHe nDJIYQHJIa KDMOH-
HaUHSI DKCHJ1a UHHKa (5 Macc. 'I.) H DKCHJ1a MarHHSI (4-7 Macc. 'I.).
npH B3aHMDJ1eHCTBHH DKCHJ1a UHHKa C aTDMa'MH xJIapa, HaXDJ1S1IUH-
MHCSI B MDHDMepHblx 3BeHbSlX, npHCDe.ll.HHeHHblx B nDJIO'>KeHHH 1,2.
MD>KeT npDHCXDJ1HTb Dopa3DBaHHe nDnepe'lHblX eBSl3eA B CDDTBeTCTBHH
CD cxeMDA
2R-Cl + ZoO -- R-O-R + ZoCl.
PDJIb OKCHJ1a UHHKa H MarHHSI npH BYJIKaHH3aUHH XJIDpDnpeHDBDrD
KaYQYKa D'IeHb eJID>KHaSi. OKCHJ1 UHHKa MD>KeT B3aHMDJ1eAcTBDBaTb
84

C nDJISlpHblMH rpynnaMH DOJIHMep8, D6pa3YH eJIa6ye eBH3H H8 no-
BepXHOCTH '1aeTHU; D6pa3DBaBWHAcH XJIDpHJ1 UHHK8 yeKDpHeT DTlUen..
JIeHHe XJIDpHCTDrD BDJ1DpDJ1a DT MDJIeKYJI nDJIHMepa, a TaK>Ke CnDCDo.
cTByeT D6pa3DBaHHIO -C-C- CBH3eA, HBJIHSleb KaTaJIH38TDpDM peaK"
UHA THna Cl>pHJ1eJISI - Kpa<pTea. XJIDpHJ1 UHHKa cnDeD6eH D6pa3DBbI-
BaTb J1DcTaTDIIHD npDtIHble KDDpJ1HHaUHDHHble C8S13H e aTDMaMH XJIDpa
B nDJIHXJIDpanpeHe.
OKCHJ1 MarHHSI 38MeJ1JISIeT npDueec CTPYKTypHpDBaHHSI B npHcyTcT-
BHH DKcHJ1a UH8'Ka, pearHpYH B nep'BYIO DllepeJ1b C nD,lJJBH>KHbI'MH aTD-
MaMH XJIDpa H DTlUenHBwHMcH XJIDpHCTblM BDJ1QPDJ1DM, npenSlTCTBYJI
D6pa3DBaHHIO XJIDpHJ1a UHHKa H D6ecnetIHBaH D6pa3DBaHHe HaH6DJIb-'
werD DTHDCHTeJIbHDrD cDJ1ep>KaHHH cBH3eA -C-O-C-.
HaHpHTbI MepKa'IITaHDBDrD perYJIHpDBaHHH Tpe6YIOT npHMeHeHHJI
CneUHaJIbHblX YCKDpHTeJIeA BYJIKaHH3auilH, H3 KDTDpblX HaH6DJIbWee
pacnpDC1"paHeHHe nDJIYIIHJIH 2-MepKa'nTDHMHJ1a3DJIHH (3THJIeHTHDMDlle-
BHHa), J1H-O-TDJIHJIryaHH.lI.HHDBaSi CDJIb J1HnHpDKa'TeXHH.()DpaTa H .lI.p.
,D.JIH HHX MDrYT npHMe.HSlTbCH TaK>Ke D6b1I1Hble BYJIKaHH3YIOlUHe rpyn-
\Obi (cepa iC YCKDp,wreJISlMH), HCnDJIb3yeMble npH B'YJIKa'HH3aUHH HeHa-
cbllUeHHblx KaY'lYKDB. Bce XJIDpDnpeHOBble KaYIIYKH BYJIKaHH3YIOTCSI
DpraHH'IeCKHMH nepeKHcSlMH, DDJIHaMHHaMH, CHHTeTH'IeCKHMH CMDJIa-
MH (aJIKHJI<peHDJI<pDpMaJIb.ll.erHJ1HblMH, 3nDKCHJ1HblMH) , HeKDTDpblMH
XJIDpHJ1aMH MeTaJIJIDB. BYJIKaHH3aUHIO XJIDpO'l1'peHDBblX KaY'lyKDB npD-
BDJ1HT np H TeMneparype 143-190°C.
PeuenTYPbl CTaH.lI.apTHblX pe3HHDBblX cMeceA npH'BeJ1eHbI HH>Ke
(B Macc. II.):
KayqYK . .
OKCHD. MarHHSI
OKCH.It UHHKa. . . . .
Cepa . . . . . .
TerpaMeTHJITHypaM.ltBcYJIblJlR.lt
)1HlJleHHJIryaHR.ltHH
nQIIHXJloponpea. perynapo_a
cepol lIepIWITUIlI8
100 100
7,6 ..
5 5
1
1
I
CMeeH rDTDBSlT Ha JIa6DpaTDpHblX ,BaJIbuaX npH TeMnepaType 40-
60°C; npDJ1DJI>KHTeJIbHDCTb CMeweHHSI 10-12 MHH. TeM'nepaTypa BYJI-
KaHH3aUHH pe3HH, npHrDTDBJIeHHblX nO' CTaH.lI.apTHDMY peuenTY, 143::1::;
:f:2°C, npDJ1DJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb BYJIKaHH3aUHH 30 MHH.
nDJIY'leHHble BYJIKaHH3aTbI J1DJI>KHbI HMeTb cJIeJ1YlOlUHe xapaKTepH-
CTHKH:
npO'lHOCTb npH paCTSI)f(eHHH. Mna, He MeHee
KaY'IYK cepHoro perYJIHpOBaHHSI . . . 22
KaY'IYK MepKanTaHoBoro perynHpoBaHHSI 17
OTHocBTenbHoe Y.llnHHeHBe, %, He MeHee. . 800
OCTaTOqHoe Y.llJJ.RHeHBe, %, He 60nee. . . 20
CBOHCTBa BYJlKaHH3aTOB. YCHJIHBalOlUHe HanDJIHHTeJIH He YBeJIH"
tIHBalOT 'npD'IHQCTH BYJIKaHH3aTDB Ha DCHDBe nDJIHXJIDpanpeHa, HD DHH
WHpOKD HOIIDJIb3YlOTCH J1JISI YJIY'lweHHH TeXHDJIQrH'IeCKHX CBDHCTB.
n0'8b1WeHHSI MaCJID- H Ten""OCTDAKDCTH, HanpH>KeHHA npH YJ1JIHHeHHH.
85

T a 6 n H U a 11.3. 4tpHKG-MeXAHH'IecKBe cBoAcTBa pesHR
Ha OCHOBe XJlOponpeHOBoro KayqYKa
nOKUllTenB
HeH8ROIIIIeIIIIYe pel_
B8 OCBOIIe K8Y'IYKI.
pelYmqJ088IIIIOI'O
cepoA I Me1*8DTIB8II 
COCTaB CMeCU, MClCC. II,
KayqYK
OKCH.It MarBRSI
OKCRD. URHKa
2-MepxanTOBMB.ltOa30JIHH
CTeapHHoBaSi KRCJIOTa
TexHH'IecKRA yrJIepo.lt MapKR
fIM.-15
100
7
5
100
4
5
0,5
CBOaCTBa Bg/lKaHU3aTOB
OnThMaJIbHOe BpeMSI BYJIKa-
HH3aUHH npH I43°C, MHH
TIpO'lHOCTb npH paCTSI)f(eHHH,
MTIa
npH 25 °C
npH 100 °C
HanpSl)f(eHBe npH YD.JIBHeHHH
300%, MTIa
OTHOCHTeJIbHOe Y.llJIHHeHHe,
%
npH 25 °C
npH 100°C
OCTaTOqHOe Y.llJIHHeHHe, %
ConpOTHBJIeHHe pa3.llHpy,
XH/M
TBep.ltOCTb no TM-2
3J1aCTHqHOCTb no OTCKOKY,
%
npH 25 °C
npH 100 °C
K031J11J1HuHeHT conpOTHBJIeHHSI
TenJIOBoMY cTapeHHIO npH
100 °C B TeqeHHe 120 'I
no npO'lHOCTH npH pacTSI-
)f(eHHB
no OTHOCHTeJIbHoMY YD.-
JlHHeHHIO
TeMnep8Typa xpynKocTR, °C
OCTaTOqHaSi .llelJlopMaUHSI
(C)f(aTHe Ha 20% B re'leHHe
120'1 npH 70°C), %
Ha6yxaHHe B CMeCH 6eH-
3HH - 6eH30JI (3: I) B Te-
qeHHe 24 q, % (Macc.)
20-30
20-30
24,0....;..28 ,0 21,0-23,0
13,0--le,0 12,0--15,0
1,0--1,5 1,9--2,3
880-1100
550-700
10-20
30-45
45-50
40--42
60-62
0,80
0,72
--37
73-75
70-80
780-900
500--680
10--15
25-35
37-42
40-42
67-70
0,85-0.92
0,78-0,86
-37-;---39
23-28
70-75
HanOllllellllHe 1'eXJlB1lecKBII
yrnepoAOM pel_ B8 OCBOBe
KIY'lYK8, perynllJ)OJl8RBOI'O
c:epoI I MKPKlDTIB8IIB
100
7
5
0,5
40
15--20
15,0--17,0
7,5-9,0
450-850
320-400
10-20
55-70
63-70
32--35
51-54
0,90
0,73
-37+--39
73
49-52
100
4
5
0,5
0,5
40
15-30
19,5-22.0
7,0-9,0
16.8-17,6
450-550
300-400
10-15
55--65
60-65
38-40
56-58
0,90-0,94
0,78-0,86
-37..;-39
20-23
40-42

TBepJ1DCTH, CanpDTHoBJIeHHSI HCTHpaHHIO HJIH npHJ1aHHSI pe3HHaM cneuH-
<pH"IecKHX CBOHCTB. <l>H3H'KD-'MeXa'HH'IecKHe CBQHCTlBa peaKH Ha DC,HOBe
XJlopDDpeH0'8b1X KaYIIyKDB npeJ1CTaBJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 11.3.
BYJIKaHH3aTbI XJIDpDnpeHDBblx KaYllYKDB 06JIaJ1a1OT npeKpacHDA
aTMoOc<pepD-, D3DHD-, MaCJI06eH3DCTDHKOCTblO, CTDHKOCTblO K J1eHCT-
BHIO pa3JIH'IHblX arpeecHBHblx oepeJ1, HerDplO'IeCTblO.
BYJIKaHH3aTbI KaY'lYKDB MepKailITaHDBDrD peryJIHpOSaHHSI xapaK-
TepH3YlOTeH cywecTBeH'HD 6DJIbWHM CDnpDTH'BJIeHHeM HaKDnJIeHHIO
OCTaTD'IHblX .J1ecpDpMauHA H JIytIweA cTa6HJIbHDCTblO CBDHCTB.
npHMeHeHHe. nDJIHXJIDpDnpeH C 6DJIbWHM ycnexDM MD1KeT 3aMe-
HSlTb HaTypaJIbHblH KaytIY'K B H3.D.eJIHHX, KOTopble J1QJI>K:HbI 06JIaJ1aTb
BblCDKDH 3JIacTH'IHocTblO H CTDHKDCTblO K MaCJlai'M H 6eH3.HHY. OCD6eH-
HD ycnewHD nDJIHXJIopoopeH HOODJIb3ylOT .lI.JISI H3rDTOBJIeHHH npDKJIa-
.lI.QK H J1Ha<pparM HacaCOB, pyKaBDB .lI.JISI 'nepeKa'lHBaHHSI He<pTenpD-
.lI.YKTOB, a TaK>Ke B npDMa3D'I'HblX CMecHX J1JISI peMHeBblx maHeH H
B pe3HHDBblX KJIeHX pa3HDD6pa3HDrD Ha3Halle.HHSI. OH WHpDKD npHMe-
HSleTCSI B Ka6eJIbHQA npDMblWJIeHHDCTH J1JIH HapY>KHblX D6DJID'IeK rH6-
KHX Ka6eJIeH, a Ta>Ke B npDH3BDJ1CTBe npDpe3HHeHHblx TKaHeA npH
H3rDTDBJIeHHH CKJIaHblX eMKDeTeH AJISI xpaHeHHH He<pTenpDJ1YKTOB H
.lI.pyrHx >KHJ1KHX H CblofiytIHX MaTepHaJI0'8.
He.ll.OCTaTKaMH XJIDpOOpeHoBblx KayqyKQB SlBJISIeTCH HX BbI'CDKaSi
nJIDTHDCTb, HeJ10cTaTD'IHaSi MDPD3OCTDHKOCTb, HeBblCDKaSi TenJIDCTDA-
KDCTb.
3THJlEHnpOnHJlEHOBbiE KAyqYKH
aTHJIeHnpOnHJIeHDBble KayiJyKH - CO'nDJIHMepbl 3THJIeHa C npDnHJIe-
HDM - nDJIY'laIOTCSI pa'CTBDpHQA 'ODJIHMepH3aUHeH B npHcyrcTBHH
KDMlDJIeKCHblX KaTaJIH3aTDpOB, COCTDSlWHX H3 aJIKHJfnpDH3BDJ1HblX aJIIO-
MHHHSI H raJIDreHnpDH3BOp'HblX BaHaJ1HH. nDJIHMepH3aUHSI MD>KeT npD-
BD.lI.HTbCH B aJIH4>aTHtIeCKHX pacTBDpHTeJISIX HJIH B cpe.ll.e >KH.lI.KDrD
npDnHJleHa.
npH cO'J1ep>Ka1iHH B UeoH nDJIHMepa CBblwe 15% npOOHJIeHa CDnD-
JIHMepbl 3THJIeHa H npDnHJIeHa npDSlBJIHIOT .lI.DCTaTO'IHD BblCDKHe 3JIaC-
THtIeCKHe CBDHCTBa BeJIeJ1CTBHe 3a'l'pYJ1HeHHSI KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH, KDTD-
paSi Ha6JIIOJ1aeTCSI npH nDJIY'leHHH nDJIHMepDB Ha DCHDBe 3THJIeHa. npH
cDJ1ep>KaHHH B uenH nDJIHMepa 30-50% (MDJI.) iIIpDD-HJIeHa nDJIHMep
CTaHDBHTCSI IIDJIHDCTblO 8Mop<pHblM H D6JIa.ll.aeT HaHlx>JIee BblCDKDH
3JIaCTHIIHOCTblO. .
B CDnDJIHMepaX He Ha6JIIO.lI.aeTCSI perYJISlpHDrD tIepeJ10'8aHHSI 3BeHb-
eB 3THJIeHa H npDnHJIeHa. MDJIeKYJISlpHble uenH CDCTDSlT H3 '1epe.ll.YIO-
lUHXCSI KDpDTKHX 6JIDKDB (no 8-12 MDHDMepHblx 3BeHbeB) 3THJIeHa H
l1'pooHJIeHa:
- ( CH
"-""-(-CH.-CH.)m- -t.H.-) n-'V¥
06pa'3DBaHHe 6DJIbW1f'X 6JIDKOB H3 3THJIeHDBblX rpynn MD1KeT BbI-
3BaTb '1acTH''1HYIO KpH'CTa,/fJIH3aUHIO, DTpHuaTeJIbHD BJIHSlIOWYIO Ha
87

-
9J1aeTHlleCKHe CBDHCTBa pe3HH H8 DCHO'Be 3THX 'DDJlHMepDB. 06pa3DBa-
HHe 6DJIbWHX 6JIDKDB H3 npDnHJIeHO'BblX rpynn YXYJ1W8er MexaHHlle-
CKHe H 9JIaCTHlleCKHe CBDHCTBa BYJIKaHH3aTOB. ,lJ.BDHHble eDnDJIHMepbl
9THJIeHa H npOnHJIeHa nDJIHDCTblO H8CblmeHbI H He BYJIKaHH3YlOTCSI
06YIIHbl'MH cepHblMH BYJIKaHH3YIOmHMH eHeTeMaMH.
,D.JIH DDJIY'IeHHSI nOJIHMepDB, cnOCD6HblX BYJIKaHH3DBaTbeH cepDH,
9THJIeH H npO'nHJIeH COnDJIHMepH3YlOT e J1HeHO'BblM MO'HDMepO'M, nDJIY-
lIaH TpO'HHble 3THJIeHnpDnHJIeHDBble IK8yqyKH. B Ka'leCTBe TpeTbHX 140'-
HDMepDB HCnDJIb3YIOT HeConpH>KeHHble JIHHeHHble H UHKJIH'IeCKHe .lI.He-
HbI, H3 KDTDpblX HaH6DJIbWee npHMeHeHHe HaWJIH J1HUHKJIO'neHTaJ1HeH,
3THJIHJ1eHHop 6DpHeH, reKe8.l1.HeH-l,4, U'HKJIDDKTaJ1HeH-l,5:
/:CH
HC I -CH
II CH 2 I 1/
HC /CH /CH
CH 'cH 2
,ll, 11 l\HKJIOneHT3,11,HeH
.,,/';CH
HC 7'C=CHCH a
II CH 2 I
HC/CH2
CH
3THnl1,11,eHHOp6opHeH
B npDueece nDJIHMepH3aUHH HeCDnpSl>KeHHble J1HeHbI, KaK npaBHJID,
paCXDJ1YIOT DJ1HY J1BDHHYIO CBH3b, npH 3TDM D6pa3YIOTCSI nDJIHMepbl
c nDJIHDCTblO HaCblmeHHDH DCHDBHDH uenblO H HenpeJ1eJIbHDCTblO B 60'-
KDBblX uenHX:
CH a
I
-( -CHz-CHa-)x-f-CHa-CH-)y -CH-CH-
/ "
CH-CH 2 .......CH
'cH-
61 2 I
bff=CH
,D.JISI nDJIYlleHHH TpDH>HDrD 3THJIe1InpOD'HJIeHOBDro K8Y'1YKa HCnOJIb3YIOT-
CSI Te >Ke CHCTeMbI ilIDJI'HMepH3aUIIH, liTO' H J1JISI J1BDHHO'rD CDnDJIHMepa.
B CCCP .z(BO'H'Hble 3THJIeHnpDnHJIeHDBble KaYIIYKH nDJIYtIHJIH Ha3BaHHe
CKan, a 'rpDHHble - CKanT.
CD.lI.ep>KaHHe TpeTberD MDHOMepa B nDJIHMepe CDCT3iBJISIeT 0,3-2%
(MO'JI.). C yseJIHlleHHeM CD.lI.ep>KaHHSI HenpeJ1eJIbHDCTH B nDJIHMepe
'BD3paCTaeT CKDpDCTb BYJIKaHH3aUHH H npD'IHOCTb BYJIKaHH3aTDB. ,D.JIH
O'6ecne'leHHSI BD3MD>KHOCTH nDJIYlleHHSI OnTHMaJIbHDH BYJI'KaHHS8I(H-
OHHDH CTPYKTypbl npH cepHDH BYJIKaHH3aUHH Ba>K'HD nDJIYllaTb nDJIH-
Mepbl C paBHO'MepHbI'M pacnpe.ll.eJIeHHeM TpeTberD MDHDMepa B uenH,
liTO' cywecTBeHHD saBHCHT DT ero npHpD.lI.Y. HaH6DJIbWYIO eKDpOCTb
BYJIKaHH3aUHH H nDJIYlleHHe BYJIKaHH3aTDB e HaHJIY'lWHM KDMnJIeKCO'M
eBDHCTB D6ecnellHBaeT npHMeHeHHe 3THJIHJ1eHHDp6DpHeHa, CTO'H'MOCTb
'KDTDpDrD, D.lI.HaKD, J1DBDJIbHD 'BblCO'Ka, liTO' DTpa>KaeTeSi Ha 3KO'HOMH'Ie-
88

eKHX nDKa3aTeJIHX Kay'IYKa. 3KDHO'MHtJecKH BblrDJ1eH, a nDTDMY WHpD.
KD npHMeHSleTCSI J1HUHKJIO'neHTaJ1HeH. O.ll.HaKD TpDHHble CDnDJIHMepH
C HHM xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI Me.ll.JIeHHO'A <;epHDH 'BYJIKaHH3aUHeA. Bblnyc-
KalOTCH nDJIHMepbl, pa3JIHtJalOlUHecSi nO' cpe.llHeA MDJIeKYJISlpHDH Macce
H CDDTBeTCTBeHHD BSl3KOCTH.
B CCCP BblnYC'KalOT CKan H CKanT C BSl3KDCTblO nO' MYHH npH
100 0 C DT 30 J1D 80 YeJI. eJ1. (cDDTBeTCTBeHlHD 06D3IHallalOlUHeCSI
CKan-30, CK3n-40, CKanT-30, CKanT-50, CKanT-80 H T. .lI..).
KaY'IYKH c 3THJIHJ1eHHDp6DpHeHDM B Ka'leCTBe 'rperberD MDHDMepa
HMelOT D6D3Ha'leHHe CKanT-a-40, CKanT-a-50 H T. 11..
Cpe.ll.HSlSI M 3THJIeHnpOnHJIeHDBblX KaYllyKDB 80-250 TblC. B CD-
CTaB TeXHH'IeCKDrD KaYIIyKa BXDJ1S1T DCTaTKH KaTaJIH3aTDpO'B (MaKCH-
MaJIbHO'e CDJ1ep>KaHHe 3DJIbI 0,5%, B TOM '1HCJIe BaHaJ1HSI He 6DJIee
0,01 %, Me.Zl:H - 0,0004%, >KeJIe3a - 0,01 %), a Ta'K>Ke OneUHaJIbHO
BBeJ1eHHble npDTHBocTapHTeJIH. CO'J1ep>KaHHe npDTHBDcTapHTeJIeB
B n-peJ1eJIbHblX KaY'IYKax OKDJID 0,2%, a B HenpeJ1eJIbHblX 0,3-0,5%.
B flDJIHMepaX MOryr COJ1ep1KaTb.CSI HeKDTDpble BelUec1'Ba, D6JIerllalOlUHe
TeXHDJIDrH'IeCKHe npDueocbl nDJIHMepH3aUHH H BbI.lI.eJIeHHSI (aHTHarJID-
MepaTDpbl - CDJI,H >KHpHblX KHCJIDT), 3'KCTparHpyeMble cnHpTDTDJIYDJIb-
HDH CiMecblO.
MDrYT BhinYCKaTbCSI MaCJIDHalllDJIHeHHble 3THJIeH'IlpOOHJIeHDBble
Ka.YtJYKH C CD.lI.ep1Ka'lfHeM MaCJIa AD 50 Macc. 'I. Ha 100 Macc. tJ. Kay-
IIYKa.
.H3HQeCKHe CBOHCTBa. <l>H3HtJecKHe CBDAcTBa 3THJIeH.npOnHJIeHDBblX
KayqYKDB 3aBHCSlT DT CDDTHDweH'HH B nDJIHMepe 3THJIeHa H npO'nHJIeHa
H npaKTH'IecKH He 3aJBHCSlT DT HaJIlH''1HSI 'rpeTberD MO'HOMepa. Bblnyc-
K8eMble n-pO'MHWJIeHHble KaY'lYKH CO'J1ep>KaT 30-40% npDnHJIeaa H
HBJISIIOTCSI nDJIHDCTblO aMDp<pHblMH nDJIHMepaMH, He KpHCTaJIJIH3YIO-
mHMHCSI HH npH xpaHeHHH, HH npH J1e<pDpMaUHH. HeKDTDpble <pH3Hlle-
eKHe CBDAcTBa 3THJIeH'OpDnHJIeHOIBblX KaYllYKDB npHBe.ll.eHbI HH>Ke:
!lu3JJeKTpHqecKaSi
npOUUuaeMOCTb 2.1--2,2
TaHreHc yrJla D.H-
SJleKTpUqeCKHX
nOTepb . . . . 1.1()-8-2.1Q-11
TIapaMeTp pacTBo-
pHMOCTH. 1/
(M!l)f(/M S ) ... 16.4
KaYtJYXH XDPDWD pacTBDpHMbI B apDMaTH'IecKHX H aJIH<paTH'IeCKHX
yrJleBD.lI.OpDJ1ax, a TaK>Ke B XJIDpD<pDpMe H '1eTblpeXXJIopIfiCTDM yrJIe-
pDAe.
TeXHOJlOrHtJeCKHe cBoAcTBa. BDJIbWDe BJIHSlHHe Ha D6pa6aTblBae-
MO'CTb 3THJIeHnpDnHJIeHDBblX KaytJYKDB DKa3b1BaIOT HX nJIaCTD3JIaCTHlle-
CKHe CBDfrcTBa, KOTDpble 3aBH'CSIT DT CpeJ1HeH M H MMP. aTH KaY'lYKH
YCTOA'IHBbI npH MexaHHllecKDH H TepMDOKHeJIHTeJIbHDA nJIaeTHKaUHH.
nDJIHMepbl C BH3KDCTblO nO' MYHH 30-70 YCJI. e.ll.. BTIDJIHe YADBJIeTBO-
pHTeJIbHD CMeWHBalOTCSI e HHrpe;nHeHTa'MH Ha 06b1I1HDM CMOCHTeJIbHDM
O'6DpYJ10'8aHHH. npH BSl3KOCTH nOJIHMepa nO' MYHH 6DJlbWe 80 YCJI. e.ll..
TIJIOTHOCTb, Kr/y8 .
TeMnep8Typa CTeK-
JIOBaHDSI, °C . .
Y.lteJJbHoe 06DeMHoe
3JIeKTpHqeCKOe
COnpOTBBJIeHHe
npH 20°C, OM'Y
850-810
--58+ -65
10 1 .
89

Ha6JIIO.lI.alOTCH TPYJ1HDCTH npH H3'I'DT0'8JIeHHH C'MeceA H8 BaJIbuaX. Pe-
3H'HDBble CMeCH D6JIa:.ll.alOT xDpoweA <pDpMyeMDCTblO. BCJIeJ1CTB.ue BbI-
CDKDH TepMOOJIacrHII'HDCTH Ka'Y"lYKa <pDp'MOBa'HHble 3arDTOBIrn XDPDWD
CDxpaHSIIOT <PDPMY.
HenpeJ1eJIbHble KaY'IYKH nO' cpaBHeHHIO C npe.ll.eJIbHblMH xapaKTepa-
3YIOTCSI HeCKDJIbKD JIY'ImHMH TeXHDJIDrHllecKHMH eBDHCTBaMH, liTO' 0'6,&-
SlCHSleTCSI HX HeKDTDpDH pa3BeTBJIeHHDCTblO H HaJIHIIHeM reJISI. KaY'IYKoH
D6JIa.ll.alOT cnoc06HDcTblO K BblCDKDMY HanDJIHeHHIO nJIaCTH<I>HIKaTDpa-
MH H TeXHHtIecKH'M yrJIepDJ1DM.
CYUJ,eCTBeHHhlM HeJ1oc't$iTKDM TeXHDJIDrHllecKHx C'BDAcTB 3THJIeH-
npOnHJIeHDBblX KaYIIYKoB SllBJISleTCSI HX HH3KaSi KJIeAKOCTb, lITO' 3aTpYJ1-
HSieT H3rDTOBJIeHHe MHDrOCJIDAHblX H3J1eJIHH. aTDT He.zr.OCTaTOK JIHWb
B He3HatIHTeJIbHDH CTaneHH MD>KeT 6b1Tb ycTpaHeH TeXHDJIDrHlleCKHMH
cnDcD6aMH H nDJ160pDM CO'CTa'Ba peuenTypbI pe3H'HDBblX cMeceH.
BYJlKaHH3aI.\HSI. ,D.BDAHble ConDJIHMepbl, He HMelOWHe .lI.BDAHblX CBH-
3eA B nDJIHMepe, MDrYT o6pa3O'BblBaTb npOCTpaH'CTBeHHble 'rpeXMepHble
CTPYKTypbl B npDuecce pa.ll.HKaJIbHDA nepeKHCHDA BYJIKaHH3aUHH C npH-
"MeHeHHeM B Ka'lecTBe ByJIIKaHH3YIOlUHX CDe,n.HHeHHA DpraHHIIHX
nepeKHeeH, Ka:K caMOCTDSlTeJIbHD, TaK H B KOM,6HHauHH C 10-15%
cepbl (cIIHTaSi Ha B3S1TYIO nepeKH'cb). OCHO'BHbl'MH nepeKHCSlMH, npH-
MeHSIeMbI'MH .lI.JISI BYJIKa'HH3aU:HH, SllBJISIIOTCSI nepeKH'CH 6eH3DHJIa, J1H'KY-
MHJIa H J1HTpeT6yrHJI'nepeKHcb. ,D.JISI o6ecnelleHHSI BblCDKOA' CKO'PO'CTH
nepeKHcHDH BYJIKaHH3aUHH nDJIYllalOT COnDJIHMepbl C He6DJIbWHM eO'-
Aep>KaHHeM [0,3-0,6% (MDJI.)] J1BDAHblX cBSl3eA (KaY'I)'iK CKan-2).
BYJIKaHH3aUHSI ocyweCTBJISIeTeSi npH 150-180°C B Te'leH'He 10-
60 MHH. TpDHHble CDnDJIHMepbl CKanT BYJIKaHH3YIOTCSI D6b1tIHblMH
MeT.lI.aMH C npHMeHeHHeM cepbl, YCKDpHTeJIeH BblCDKDH aKTHBHDCTH H
aKTHBaTDpaB. TeMIDepaTypa H npD.lI.DJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb BYJIKaHH3auH'H
Ta'KHe 1Ke, KaK Y CK3.n. BH.lI. TpeTberD IMDHoMepa DKa3b1BaeT cYlUecT-
BeHHDe BJI,HSlHHe Ha CKOpDCTb BYJIKaHH3aUHH.
,D.JISI onpe.ll.eJIeHHSI C'BDHcTB BYJIKaHH3aTDB 3THJIeH'lIpOOHJIeHO'BblX
KaYIIyKDB npHMeHSIIOT eTaH.lI.apTHble C'MeCH CJIe.zr.YlOwerD CO'CTaB8
(Macc. II.):
Cl<3n Cl<3nT Cl<3n Cl<3nT
KayqYK. " . 100,0 100,0 MepKanT06eH3THa-
Cepa. . . . 0,40 2,0 SOJI . . . . 0,5
TIepeKHcb .llHKYMH- OKCHD. UHHKa 3,0 5,0
JIB  . . . . . 3,0 CreapHHoBaSi KHC-
TeTpaMeTHJITHypaM- JIOTa . . . 1,0
.!lBcYJIblJlM. . . 1,5 TeXHHqeCKUH yr JIe-
pOD. nM-75 . 50,0 50,0
CMOCH rDT0'8HT Ha JIa6DpaTDpHblX BaJIbuaX npH TeM1nepaType BaJIKDB
55-65 °C. npDJ1DJI>KHTeJIbHDCTb CMeweHHH 25 MHH J1JISI eMeceH Ha
DCHOBe CKan H 30 MHH J1JIH CMoceH Ha DCHDBe CK3TIT.
npH TeMnepaType 151:1:1°C BYJIKaHH3YIOT pe.aHHDBble eMOCH Ha
OCHDBe CK3nT B TelleHHe 20-30 MHH .H Ha OCHO'Be CKan B Te'leHHe
30-60 MHH.
90

BYJIKaHH3aTbI CTaHJ1apTHblX CMeeeH .lI.DJI>KHbI II'MeTb CJIe.ll.YIOUJ,He xa-
paKTepHCTH1<H:
Cl<3n-30 Cl<3n-60 CI(3OT.30 Cl<anT.70
npO'lHOCTb npH paCTSI)f(eHHH, (Mna) , 18 22 18 22
He MeHee 10 . .. .. .. .. .. .
OTHOCHTeJIbHoe Y.I(JIHHeHHe, %. He Me- 400 400 350 350
Hee ., .. .. .. ..
OCTaTO'lHoe Y.I(JIHHeHHe, %, He 60Jlee 24 20 35 28
3JIaCTH'IHOCTb no OTCKOKY, %, He MeHee 40 44 36 40
CBOAcTBa BYJlKaHH33TOB. HeHanDJIHeHHble BYJIKaHH3aTbI CKan
H CKanT, nD.lI.D6HD BYJIKaHH3aTa'M 6DJIbWHHCTBa HeKpH'CTaJIJIH3YIO-
lUHXCH KaY'IYKOIB, H'MeIOT HH3KHe MeXaHHllecKHe CBDAcTBa (npDtfHDCTb
IlIpH paeTSI>KeHHH CO'CTaBJISIeT 2-3 Mna). ,D.JISI JIDJIY'IeHHSI TeX'HH'IecK'H
ueHHblX BYJIKaHH3aTO'B B pe3HHOBble CMecH BBDJ1S1T YCHJIH'BaIOWHe Ha-
nO'JIHHTeJIH. nDJIHaSi HaCblUJ,eHHOCTb DCHDBHDA uanH Dnpe.neJISIeT BblCD-
KylO CTDAKOCTb pe3HH Ha OCHDBe CKan H CKanT K D30HHDMY H Ten-
JIDBDMY CTapeHHIO, a TaK>Ke K .lI.eHCTBHIO arpeccHBHblx cpe.ll. (KHCJIDT H
DCHDBaHHH) 'npH CDx'paHeHHH XDPDWHX npDtIHDCTHblX H 3JIaCTH'IecKHX
CBDHCTB. nOBblweHHaSi CTDi%'KDCTb K Ha6yxaHHIO B BDJ1e H DTJIH'IHble
J1H3JIeKTpHtIecKHe CBDHCTBa npeJ1CTaBJISIIOT HeCDMHeHHblH HHTepec .lI.JISI
HCnOJIb3O'BaHHH pe3HH B Ka6eJIbHDH H 3JIeKTpDTexHHlleCKO'H npDMblW-
JIeHHOCTSIX. Pe3'8HbI Ha DCHDBe CKan HMelOT HeCKO'JIbKD 6DJIee BbleD-
KYIO CTDHKOCTb K TenJIDBDMY CTa-peHHIO H HaKOOJIeHHIO OCTaTO''IHDH .lI.e-
<pDpMaUHH npH C>KaTHH npH nDBblweHHblX TeMnepaTypax nO' cpaBHe-
HHIO C pe3HHaMH Ha O'CHDBe CKanT.
CKanT XDPDWD cDBYJIKaHH3yeTCSI C 6YTHJIKaYIIY'KO'M, YJIYllwaSi
TeXHDJIDrH"IeCKHe CoBDH'CT'8a, TenJID- H Mopo3DCTOHKOCTb pe3HHoBblX
cMeceH H pe3 1 HH Jla erD DeHOBe. .
,D.D6aBJIeHHe J1D 30 'Maoc. 'I. CKanT K BblcDKDHenpe.ll.eJIbHblM Kay-
'1YKaM (HK, CKH.3, CKH, CKC) npHBD.lI.HT K eYlUecTBeHHDMY nOBbI-
weHHIO CTDHKOCTH pe3H'H Ha HX DCHO'Be K D3DHHDMY paCTpeCKHBaHHIO,
D.lI.HaKD npH 3TOM 3Ha'lHTeJIbHD CHH>KaIOTCSI HX npD'IHDCTHble CBDHCTBa
H3-3a nJIDXDH CDBYJIKaHH3aUHH KaY'IYKDB.
CYlUecTBeHHblM HeJ1DCTaTKO'M pe3HH Ha OCHDBe 3THJIeH'npOOHJIeHD-
BblX KaYIIYKo'B SIIBJISleTCSI HX MaJIaSi npoQHOCTb CBSl3H e MeTaJIJIaMH
H TKaHSlMH.
npHMeHeHHe. Pe3HHbI Ha DCHDBe CKan H CKanT HaXD.lI.SlT WHPD-
KDe npHMeHeHHe npH H3rDTDBJIeHHH H3.l1.eJIHH, 3KCnJIyaTHpYIOlUHXCH
B arpeccHBHblX cpe.ll.ax B YCJIaBHSlX ,BblCDKHX TeMnepaTyp (.lI.D 150 0c).
I1x HCnDJIb3YIOT B npDH3BD.lI.CTBe npope3HHeHHblx TKaHeH, PYKaBaB,
TenJIDCTDHKHX KDHBeHepHblx JIeHT, <pO'pMDBblX H He<pO'pMOBblX .lI.eTaJIeH
MaWHH, H3DJISlUHH Ka6eJIeH.
PacwHpeHHIO D6JIaCTeH npHMeHeHHSI 3THJIeHnpOnHJIeHDBblX KaYtIY-
KDB npenSlTcTByeT MaJIaSi KDH<peKuHO'HHaSi KJIeAKDCTb CMeeeH Ha HX
DCHDBe, 3a'Me.ll.JIeHHaSi BYJIKaHH3aUHSI, DrpaHHlleHHaH CDBMeCTHMDCTb
C .lI.pyrHMH KayllY:KaMH, MaJIaSi npDIIHDCTb CBSl3H C MeTaJIJIaMH H TKa-
HSlMH.
91

SnHJlKAyqYK
BYTHJIKaY'IyK (BK) - npD.lI.YKT CDBMeCTHO'A nDJIHMepH3aUHH H3D6y-
THJIeHa H H3O'npeHa. COOTHDWeHHe H3DnpeHa H H3D6yrHJIeHa anpe.ll.e-
JISieT Henpe.ll.eJIbHDCTb nDJIHMepa. nDJ1 HenpeJ1eJIbHOCTblO BK nDHH-
MaeTCSI Bblpa>KeHHDe B % (MDJI.) KDJIH'IeCTBD oH3DnpeHOBblX 3BeHbeB,
npHXD.lI.SlWHXCSI Ha 100 3BeHbeB CCI'IIDJIHMepa.
npaKTH'Ie'CKH Henpe.ZJ.eJIbHOCTb BK KOJIe6JIeTCSI DT 0,6 J1D 2,5%
(MDJI.), liTO' CDCTaBJISIeT DT 1 .lI.D 5% HenpeJ1eJIbHDCTH HK. B DT.lI.eJIb-
HblK CJIYllaSiX BbJ1n}'ICKalOT KayqYKH H C 6DJIee BblCO'KDA HenpeJ1eJIb-
HDCTblO.
.nOJIHMepH3aUHIO CMecH H3O'6YTHJIeHa H H3DnpeHa npDBDJ1HT B >KHJ1-
KDH <pa3e InpH TeMnepaType DKO'JID -100°C. KaTaJIH3aTDpaMH nDJIH-
MepH3aUHH CJIy>KaT <pTO'pHCTblH 6DP, XJIDpHCTblA aJIIOMHHHH H .lI.p.
CTPYKTypHaSi <PDPMYJIS 6YTHJl'KaY'lYKa:
- CH. CH. - CH. ' - CH. CH. -
-t-CH..l-Ol a - -OIs.l=CH-CH:- -t-CHs-t-Ol a -
_ &8 &8 _n _ &. &.
_m
B nDJIHMepaX He Ha6JIIOJ1aeTCSI npaBHJIHDrD qepeJ1DBaHHSI H3Dnpe-
HDBblX rpynn C H306YTHJIeHDBblMH. MDJIeKYJISIpHaH Macca BK 200-
400 TblC. npH DTHOCHTeJIbHO' WHpDKDM MMP (M ID /M n -2,5-3).
XHMH'IecKHe cBDHCTBa BK Dnpe.ll.eJISIIOTCSI erD MaJIDH Henpe.ll.eJIb-
HDCTblO H HaJIHqHeM qeTBepTH'IHblX aTDMO'B yrJIepD.lI.a B uenH nO'JIH-
Mepa. BCJIeJ1oC'J!BHe MaJIDA HenpeJ1eJIbHDCTH BK CTDeK K .lI.eHCTBHIO KHC-
JIDpD.lI.a, D3DHa H MHDrHX DKHCJIHTeJIeH. nO' CTDHKOCTH K D3DHHDMY pac-
TpecKHBaHHIO OH 'HeCKDJIbKD YCTynaeT 3THJIeH'fipDDHJIeHDBblM K,ay'lY-
KaM, He HMelOWHM J1BDHHblX CBH3eH B O'CHO'BHOA UeDH. OSDHOCroAKOCTh
BK BD3'paCTaeT C YMeHbweHHeM HeHaCbllUeHHDCTH.
BhIIJ1yeKalOT BK HeCKDJIbKHX MapOK, DTJIHllalOlUHXCH nO' Henpe.ll.eJIb-
HDeTH H M, a CJIeJ10'8aTeJIbHD, H nO' BSl3KDCTH. B D6D3HatIeHHSlX Ma-
pO'K BK YKa3a'Ha erO' HenpeJ1eJIb'HOCTb H BSl3KDCTb nO' MYHH, a TaK>Ke
BHt. npDTHBO'CrapHTeJISI, BBeJ1eHHDrD B 'Kay'lyK. HanpHMep,
BK-I040T - 9TD MapKa 6YTHJIKayqyKa c HenpeJ1eJIbHOCTblO 1,0%
(MDJI.), BSl3KOCTblO nO' MYHH 40, 3a'llpaBJIeHHOro TeMHelOlUHM (T)
npDTHBDerapHTeJIeM <peHHJI-f}-Ha<pTHJIaMHHDM; BK-2045H - 'MapKa
6YTHJIKaY'lyxa C HenpeJ1eJIbHOCTblO 2,0% (MO'JI.), BSl3KDCTblO nO'
MYHH 45, 3anpasJIeHHDrO' HeTeM'HelOlUHM (H) npDTH'BDCTapHTeJIeM
2,2-Me.THJIeH-6HC- (4-MeTHJI-6-TpeT-6YTHJI<peHO'JIDM). BblnyeKalOTeH BK
eneUHaJIbHblX MapDK e nDBblweHHblMH .lI.H3JIeKTpHtIKHMH oCBDH<:TBaMH
AJISI Ka6eJIbHO'A npDMblWJIeHHDCTH, D6D3HatIaeMble HH.lI.eKCDM ,D. H eD-
Aep>KaWHe MeHbwee nO' cpaBHeHHIO e D6b1qHblMH MapKaMH KO'JIHqeCTBD
BDJ1DpaCTBO'pHMblX BeweCTB. XapaKTepHCTHKH BK 'HeKoTDpblX MapDK
DpeJ1CTaBJIeHbI HH>Ke:
92

B«.0845T,A B«.I03OT B«-I675T B«-2046H B«-2055T,lt
Henpe.lleJJbHocTb, 0,8::1:0,2 1,0::1:0;2 1,6::1:0,2 2,0::1:0,2 2,0:f::O,2
% (MOJI.). . .
BSl3KOCTb no MYUH 45::1:4 75::1:5 45:!:4 55:!:5
npH 100°C. . . 32::1:5
COD.ep)f(aHHe, %
30Jlbl, He 60JIee
(B TOM qHene
BO.l(OpaCTBO- . 0,35 (0,05) 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,35 (0,05)
pHMOii)
JleTyqHX npH
105 °C, He
60JIee . 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,1
)f(eJIe3a, He 60- 0,025 0,025 0,025
JIee . 0,025 0,025
Me.llH, He 60JIee 0,0003 0,0003 0,0003 0,0003 0,0003
CTeapaTa KaJIb- 1,2 1,5 1,2 1,2 1,2
UBSI .
npoTHBOCTapa- 0,1-0,3 0,1-0,3 0,1-0,3 0,3-0,5 0,1-0,3
TeJJSI . . .
4»H3HQeCKHe CBOHcTBa. npDUece KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH BK npOTeKaeT
D'IeHb MeJ1JIeHHD, HecMDTpH Ha DTHDCHTeJIbHD BblCDKYIO perYJIHpHDCTb
MDJIeKYJIHpHblX ueneA. OCHOBHaSi Dco6eHHDcTb KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH pe3HH
Ha DCHDBe BK - '1pe3BbI'IaAHD CHJIbHDe BJIHHHHe Ha Hee HanpH>KeHHH,
npHBD.lI.Slmee K TDMY, liTO npH paCTSI>KeHHH CBblwe 400% KpHCTaJIJIH3a-
nHSI Ha6JIIOJ1aeTcH npH KDMHaTHDH H 6DJIee BblCDKDA TeMnepaTypax
H cDnpDBD1K.lI.aeTcSI CHJIbHblM BbI.lI.eJIeHHeM TenJIa.
HH>Ke npHBeJ1eHbI OCHDBHble <pH3H'IeCKHe eBDAcTBa BK:
nJlOTHOCTb, Kr/M8. . . . 910
TeMnepaTypa CTeKJIOBaHHSI. °C. . . OT -67 .1(0 -70
Y.I(eJIbHOe 06'beMHOe 9J1eKTpH'IeCKOe co-
npOTIfBJleHlfe npH 20-75 °C, OM' M I ()l'
.l1.1f9JIeKTpH'IeCKaSi npOHlfuaeMOCTb.. 2,3
TaHreHc yrJIa .llH9JIeKTpHqeCKHX nOTepb
npH 'IaCTOTe I Kfu-1300 Mfu . . 4.10-'-9.10-'
napaMeTp paCTBOpHMOCTH. (M.l1.)f(/M 3 )1/1 16,6
BYTHJIKaYIIYK HMeeT BblCDKHe .lI.H3JIeK'rpH'IecKHe csoAeTBa, KDTDpble
He MeHSIIOTCSI J1a>Ke B DtIeHb BJIa>KHDA cpeJ1e B CHJIY MaJIDA eop6nHH
KaY'IYKDM BD.lI.bI (cDp6UHDHHaSi cnocD6HOCTb BK B 3-4 pa3a MeHbwe
cDp6uHDHHDH cnDcD6HDCTH HK).
ByrHJIKaY'IYK XDPDWD pacTBDpSleTcSI B yrJIeBO'J1DpDJ1ax, npH'IeM
nYllwe B aJIH<paTH'IeCKHX, tIeM B apDMaTH'IeCKHX, XJIDpo<pDpMe, lIerbl-
peXXJIDpHCTDM yrJIepD.lI.e.
OeD6eHHocTblO BK SlBJISleTCSI HH3KaSi ra3DnpDHHuaeMoeTb, KDropaH
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eOKDA nJIDTHOCTblO HX y.naxaBKH. K03cpcpuu,ueHT 2Q30npoHuu,ae.MOCTU
kv Bblpa>KaeTCH D6'beMDM ra3a npH HDMaJIbHblX YCJIDBHHX, npoweJ1-
werD B e.ll.HHHuy BpeMeHH qepe3 1JJIDwa.ll.b MeM6paHbI TOJIWHHDA B eJ1H-
HHny ,ltJIHHbI npH eJ1HHH'IHDH pa3HDcTH .lI.aBJIeHHA ra3a. HH>Ke npeJ1-
eTaBJIeHbI KD3<P<PHUHeHTbI ra3DnpDHHuaeMDcTH HeKDTopblX KayqYKDB
npH 20°C J1JIH paSJIH'IHblX raSOB (k v dO I8 , M 2 /C.na):
93

J<8yqyK Na Oa H. co.
H30npeHOBbiA. . . 57 154 335 950
BYTa.llHeH08biA (CKB). ., 37 I IS 261 970
BYTa.llHeH-CTHpOJlbHbiA (CKC-30) 38 103 244/ 1120
BYTa.llHeH-HHTpRJlbHbiA (CKH-18) 7 26 88 305
XJlOpOnpeHoBbiA 7 24 79 148
BYTHJlKaY'IYK 2,4 9,6 53 52
TeXHOJlOrHlfeCKHe CBOHCTB8. BYTHJI'KaY'IYK npH MeXaHH'IeCKOM oopa-
60TKe nJIaCTHUHpyeTCJI OtfeHb He.3Ha'lHTeJIbHD. CMeeH Ha erD OCHDBe
MO>KHO roTOBHTb Ha 06b1'1HOM o6opYJ10BaHHH, npHMeHSIeMO'M B Pe.3H-
HOBDH npOMblWJIeHHDCTH (BaJIbUbI, 3a'KpblTbI'e pe3H'HaC'MecHTeJIH) . OHH
J10BDJIbHO JIerKO' nOJ1.ll.alOTCSI <popMOBaHHIO, HMelOT YJ1DBJIeTBOpHTeJIb-
HYIO KOH<peKUHOHHYIO KJIeHKDCTb. CYlUeCTBeHHblM He.ll.OCTaTKO'M BK
BJISleTCSI eI'D MaJIaH TepMDnJIaCTH'IHOCTb, KDTopaSi DnpeJ1eJISIeT BblCO-
KYIO XJIaJ1OTeKY'IOCTb nOJIHMepa H CMeceH. <1>DpMDBaHHble 3aroTDBKH
nJIDXO coxpaHSIIOT <POp MY, BCJIeJ1CTlBHe MaJIOH Kap'KaCHDCTH.
,D.JISI YJIY'IWeHHSI TeHDJIOrH'IecKHx CBDHeTB pe3HHOBble CMecH no.ll.-
BepralOT BblCDKOTeMnepaTY'pHOH 06pa6DTKe, BCJIe.ll.CTBHe '1ero Y;MeHb-
waeTCSI Te'leHHe eMeceH B XDJID.lI.HOM CDCTOSlHHH H nOBblwaeTCSI HX
npD'IHOCTb, a T3K>Ke YJIY'IWaIOTCSI <pH3HKO-MeXaHH'IeCKHe CBOHCTBa
SYJIKaHH3aTOB: HaJlIpSl>KeHHSI npH J1e<popMaUHH, 3JIaCTH'IHOCTb, H3HOCO-
eTDHKOCTb H Y.lI.eJIbHDe 3JIeKTpH'IecKoe conpDTHBJIeHHe.
TepMD06pa60TKa CMeceH IIIpOBD.lI.HTCSI J1BYMSI nyrSlMH:'
1) MaTD'IHble eMecH, COCTOSllUHe H3 BK H TeXHH'IecKoro yrJIepo-
J1a, nporpeBalOT B KO'TJIe napoM npH TeMnepaType 160°C B Te'leHHe
30 MHH C nDCJIeJ1YlOlUHM BaJIbu.e,saHHeM B Te'leHHe 5 ,MHH;
2) KayqYK CMeWHBalOT C HanDJIHHTeJIeM B pe.3HHocMecHTeJIe npH
BblCOKOH TeM'IlepaType B Te'leHHe 15-20 MHH; TeMiIIepaTypa CMeweHHH
H3MeHSIerCH B 3a,BHCHMOCTH DT THna HanDJIHHTeJISI, HO D6b1'1HO KDJIe6-
JIeTeSi B npeeJIax 175--230°C (J1JIJI TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepo.ll.a MapKH
,D.r-IOO - 230 °C, J1JIJI MapKH nM-70 - 190°C).
nocJIe TaKDH o6pa60TKH CMeCb DXJIa>K.lI.aIOT J1D 95-105°C J1JIJI
npeJ1DTBpaUJ,eHHJI 06pa3DBaHHSI nop, a 3aTeM B Hee BBOJ1S1T OCTaJIbHble
HHrpeJ1HeHTbI. nOBblCHTb 3<p<peKTHB'HOCTb BblCDKDTeMinepaTypHDH 06-
pa60TKH npH O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO'M YMeHbweHHH ee .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH MD>KHD
nYTeM BSeJ1eHHSI OOeUHaJIbHblX CTPYKTypHPYIOUJ,HX areHTDB, YJIY'IwalO-
lUHX B3aHM0J1eHCTBHe nDJIHMepa C HanOJIHHTeJIeM, THna .lI.H6eH3-n-xH-
HDHJ1HOKCHMa HJIH N ,4- J1HHHTpD3D- N-MeTHJIa'HHJIHHa (3JIaCTooapa ).
nDCJIe.ll.HHH 3Ha'lHTeJIbHD CHH>KaeT BHYTpeHHee TpeHHe BYJIKaHH3aToB.
BYTHJIKayqYK nJIOXO cDBYJIKaH3yeTcSI C Henpe.ll.eJIbHblMH KayqYKa-
MH, J1a>Ke HX He3Ha'lHTeJIbHble npHMecH .opHBO'.lI.SlT 'K pe3KoMY 3aMeJ1-
JIeHHIO BYJIKaHH3aUHH H CHH>KeHHIO MXaHHqeCKHX CBDHCTB pe3HH.
nO' 3TOM np'H'IH'He i1IpHOOTOBJIeHHe oMeceM Ha DeHOBe BK HeoOxD.lI.HMO
npDBO.ll.HTb Ha OOeUHaJIbHD BbI.lI.eJIeHHblX arperaTax HJIH Ha OODpYJ10Ba-
HHH, TIUaTeJIbHO O'lHlUeHHOM nOCJIe nepepaODTKH Ha HeM Henpe.ll.eJIb-
HblX KaY'lYKDB.
BYJlK8HH38IJ,HH. BYJIKaHH3aUHSI BK BCJIeJ1CTBHe ero MaJIDM Henpe-
AeJIbHOCTH SlBJISleTCSI J1JIHTeJIbHblM npDueccDM. BeJIH'IHHa Henpe.ll.eJIb-
HOCTH pe3'KO OTpa>KaeTCSI Ha CKOpDCTH BYJIKaHH3aUHH CMeceH. YCTa-
t4

HOBJIeHO, qTD npH nOBblWeHHH Henpe.ll.eJIbHOCTH BK DT 0,8 J1D 2%
(B % DT Henpe.ll.eJIbHOCTH HK) CKOpOCTb BYJIKaHH3aUHH BD3pacTaeT
nD'lTH B '1eTblpe pa3a.
MaK<:HMaJIbHDe cOJ1ep>KaHHe cepbl, npHoCOeJ1HHSllOlUeikSi K BK, CD-
CTaBJISIeT 0,6-0,72%, npH'IeM .lI.a>Ke ,npH nOJIHOM HaCbllUeHHH J1BDH-
HblX cBH3eH D6pa3YIOTCJI 3JIaCTHtlHble pe3HHbI.
B CMecSiX C BK 3<P<I>eKTH'BHbI TOJIbKO YCKDpHTeJIH BbloCDKDH aKTHB-
HOCTH, TaKHe KaK TeTpaMeTHJITHypaMJ1HcYJIb<pH.lI., J1H6YTHJIJ1HTHOKap-
6aMaT UHHKa, MepKanTo6eH3THa30JI COBMeCTHD C TeTpaMeTHJITHypaM-
J1HCY JIb<l>H.lI.DM.
Tef'Depa1'Ypa BYJIKa I HH3aUH.u cMoceH Ha OOHDBe BK 150-200°C;
npH 60JIee HH3KHX TeMnepaTypax npO'lHDCTb nOJIyqalOlUHxcSI BYJIKaHH-
3aTDB pe3KO CHH>KaeTCSI.
. ,D.JISI nDBblWeHHJI CTDHKDCTH pe3HH K CTapeHHIO npH nOBblweHHDH
TeMnepaType WHpOKO 'npHMeHJleTCSI BYJIKaHH3aUHSI aJIKHJI<peHOJI<pDp-
MaJIb.ll.erHJ1HblMH CMDJIaMH. B 3TDM cJIyqae B Ka'leCTBe a'KTHBaTOp0'8
HCnOJIb3YlOT XJIopcOJ1ep>KalUHe nDJIHMepbl - i1IOJIHXJIDpOnpeH HJIH XJlDp-
CYJIb<l>HpoBaHHblH nDJIH3THJIeH, a TaK>Ke XJIDpHJ1b1 MeTaJIJIO'B. ,D.JISI !JIO-
JIY'leHHSI TepMDcTDHKHX BYJIKaHH3aToB BD3MD>KHa BYJIKaHH3aUHJI CMe-
ceH Ha OCHOBe BK J1HHHT}>030Coe.ll.HHeHHSlMH HJIH nXHHDH.lI.HOK<:HMOM.
BYTHJIKayqYK cosepweHHO HeCOBYJIKaHH3yeTCSI C BblCOKOHenpe.ll.eJIb-
HblMH KaY'lYKa'MH, 3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM JIOJIHXJIDpDnpeHa.
HeHanOJIHeHHble BYJIKaHH3aTbI DK, BBH.lI.Y ero cnoc06HOCTH KPH-
CTaJIJIH30BaTbC5I npH J1e4><>'PMaUHH, 06JIaJ1a1OT J1DCTaTO'lHD BblCOKHMH
MeXaHH'IeeKHMH CBOHCTBaMH. npH BBeJ1eHHH YCHJIHBalOlUHX HanOJIHH-
TeJIeH CYUJ,eCTBeHHoro nDBblweHHSI npOtlHOCTH He npOHCXOJ1HT, OJ1HaKD
YBeJIH'IHBaIOTCSI HanpSl>KeHHe 'IIPH J1e<popMaUHH; conpDTHBJIeHHe pa3.l1.H-
PY H HCTHpaHHIO.
PeuenTypa CTaH.lI.apTHDH pe3HHDBDH CMeCH Ha OCHO'Be BK npHBe.l1e-
Ha HH>Ke:
KaY'IYK
Cepa . . . . .
MepKanT06eH3THa30Jl .
TeTpaMeTHJITHypaM.llH-
CYJlblJlH.ll 1,3
CMeCH rOTOBSIT Ha JIa60paTDpHblX BaJIbuaX npH TeMnepaType BaJI-
K0'8 40-50°C. npD.lI.DJI>KHTeJlbHOCTb CMeweHHSI 30 MHH. BYJI'KaIJlH3a-
UHIO npDBo.ll.SlT npH TeMnepaType 143::1:: 1 °c B Te'leHHe 30-50 MHH.
BYJIKa'HH3aTbI CTaH.lI.apTHblX cMeH .lI.DJI>KHbI HMeTb CJIe.ll.YIOUJ,He xa-
paKTepHcTHH:
CoAepXC8HOe,
Macc. q.
100
2,0
0,65
OKCH.ll UHHKa .
CTeapHHoBaSi KHCJIOTa
TeXHH'IeCKHH yrJIepo.ll
,Llr-IQO .
CoAel»K a 8Be,
Mace. q.
5,0'
3,0
50,0
npO'lHOCTb npH paCTSI)f(e-
HHH. Mna, He MeHee
HanpSl)f(eHHe npH Y.llJIHHe-
HHH 400%. Mna, He Me-
Hee. . . . . .
OTHOCHTeJIbHOe Y.llJIHHe-
HHe, %, He MeHee. .
OCTaTOQHOe y.ltJIHHeHHe,
%, He 60JIee . . ..
5K.I03OT
5K.I646T
5K.I676T
5K.2055T
17
18
, 19,5 18
8 7,5
600 . 600
60 65
95
700
70
600
60

,D.JIJI YBeJIH'IeHHSI CKDpOCTH BYJIKaHH3aUHH, YJIYtfWeHHSI aJ1re3HDH-
HblX CBDHeTB H eO'BMeCTHMOCTH C J1PyrHMH KaY'IYKaMH, a TaK>Ke .lI.JIft
nOBblweHHSI CTDHKDCTH BK K TenJIOBDMY CTapeHHIO H H3HOCOCTOHKD-
eTH BK nDJ1BepralOT raJIOreHHpDBaHHIO.
npH raJIDreHHpOBaHHH (XJIDpHpOBaHHH H 6pDMHpOBaHHH) npDHC-
XDJ1HT npHCDeJ1HHeHHe aTOMOB raJIOreHOB rJIaBHblM 06pa30M B a-nOJIO-
>KeHHH K J1'BOH'HblM CBSl3S1M H30npeHOBblX 3BeHbeB, 6JIarDJ1apSi tfeMY
aJIJIHJIbHble aTOMbI raJIOreHDB O'leHb nDJ1BH>KHbI H CYlUeCTBeHHO YCKO-
pSiIOT BYJIKaHH3aUHIO. n03TOMY raJIOreHHpOBaHHble KaY'IYKH onoc06HbI
COBYJIKa'HH3DBaTbCSI C Henpe.ll.eJIbHblMH KaY'IYKaMH.
CBOHCTB8 BYJlK8HHS8TOB. Pe.3HHbI Ha DCHDBe BK D6naJ181OT BhlCD-
KOH TenJID- H 03DHOCTOHKDCTblO, ra30HenpDHHuaeMOCTblO, CTDHKOCTblO
K arpeCCHBHblM CpeJ1aM H Ha6yxaHHIO 'B 'BD.lI.e, BblCOKHMH J1H3JIeKTpH'Ie-
CKHMH CBOHcmaMH. nD3TDMY DHH npHMeHSIIOTCSI npH npDH3B0J1CTBe
e3J1DBblX KaMep .lI.JISI aBTOMD6HJIbHblX WHH, BapD'IHblX KaMep H J1Ha<l>-
parM <pDpMaTOpOB-'BYJIKaHH3aTDpDB, 'npope3HHeHHblX TKa'HeH, TenJID-
CTOHKHX TpaHCDopTepHblX JIeHT H PYKaBOB, a TaK>Ke B Ka6eJIblHOH npD-
MblWJIeHHOCTH J1JISI H3DJISlUHH IDpOBD.lI.DB H Ka6eJIeH. Pe3HHbI, He CDJ1ep-
>KaUJ,'He <pH3HDJIOrH'IeCKH Bpe.LJ:HblX BelUeCTB, npHMeHSIIOTCSI B MeJ1HUHH-
CKOH H nHUJ,eBDH npOMblWJIeHHOCTH. CYUJ,eCTBeHHblM HeJ1DCTaTKDM HX
SlBJISleTCSI MaJIaSi 3JIaCTH'IHaCTb (3JIaCTH'IHOCTb nO' OTCKOKY 8-10%
npH 20 0c), BblCDi<He fHcTepe3HcHble nOTepH npH .lI.HHaMH'IecKHX B03-
J1eHCTBHSlX, HH3KaJl aJ1reaHSI K MeTaJIJIY.
H3 XJIOpHpDBaHHDro (cD.lI.ep>KaHHe XJIDpa 1,1-1,3%) HJIH 6pDMH-
pOBaHHoro (cDJ1ep>KaHHe 6poMa 2-3%) BK IJIpHrOTOBJISIIOT npOMe>KY-
TO'lHble H KJIeeBble npOCJIDH'KH MHOrOCJIOHHblX pe3H'HoBblX H3J1eJIHH,
a TaK>Ke KJIeH J1JISI KpenJIeHHSI pe3HH Ha DCHDBe BK K MeTaJIJIY.
nOJlHH30SYfHJlEH
nOJIHH3D6YTHJIeHbI (nHB) - BblCDKDMO'JIeKYJISlpHble CDeJ1HHeHHSI,
He eDJ1ep>KaIUHe .lI.BDii1HblX C'BSl3eH. CnDCD6b1 HX nOJIY'IeHHSI aHaJIOrH'IHbI
cnocD6aM nOJIY'IeHHSI BK.
TeXHH'IOCXYIO ueRHDCTb J1JISI pea'HHDBDH I1IpDMblWJIeHHOCTH npe.ll.-
CTaBJISIIOT ,nDJIHMepbl C '1HCJIDM 3BeHbeB MOHDMepa CBblwe 2000, D6JIa-
J1alOUJ,H'e 3JIaCTH'IeCKHMH CBDHcTBaMH.
XapaKTepHCTHKoH CBOHCTB nHB CJIY>KHT MDJIeXYJISIpHaSi M8cca.
B npOMblWJIeHHOCTH 'BblnYC'KaeTCSI nHB CJIeJ1YIOUJ,Hx MapDK:
MalIK.
n.200
n-155
n.((8
n-85. . . .
n.20 ()f(H.llKHA) .
MOIIetcyMP8U ..acca
225000-175000
175000-135000
135000- 100000
100000-70000
25000-15000
CO.ll.ep>KaHHe 3DJIbI B nDJIHMepe J1Dn)IICKaeTCSI He 6DJIee 0.15%, CD-
.lI.ep>KaHHe JIeTY'IHX .seIUeCTB J1JISI n-2oo, n-155, n-1l8 - He 60JIee I%,.
;I.JISI n-85 - He ,6DJIee 1,5%. .
96

nOJIHH300yrHJIeHbI - Hepa3'8eTBJIeHHble nOJIHMepbl perYJISlpHDrD
CTpDeHHSI. BCJIe.ll.CTBHe f)TCYTC'JIBHSI Henpe.ll.eJIbHaCTH DHH npOSlBJISIIOT
66JIbWYIO X'RMHqecKYIO HHepTHOCTb.
fipH D6b1'1HOH TeMlnepaType nHB 'B Te'leH1Ie ;I.JIHTeJIbHDrD BpeMeHH
BbI.lI.ep>KHBaeT J1eHCTBHe nepeKHCH BD.lI.OpOJ1a, a3DTHDn H XJIOPCYJIO-
HDBDH KHCJIOT, 030Ha, KHCJIOpD.lI.a. CHJIbHDe pa3PyweHHe Ha6JIIO.lI.aeTCSI
npH HarpeBaHHH nHB .lI.D 120-130°C B npHcYTC1\BHH KHCJIopO.ll.a BD3-
.lI.yxa. Y JIbTpa<l>HOJIeTDBDe H3JIY'IeHHe YCKDp.SleT .lI.eCTpYKUHIO nOJIHMepa.
BbfCDKOMOJIeXYJISlpHble nRB npe.ll.CTaBJISIIOT CD60H ynpyrylO Mac-
cy 6eJIOrD IJ;BeTa, npD3pa'lHYIO B TDHKHX nJIeHKaX, 6e3 331naxa. OHH
CDxpaHSIIOT 3JIaCTH'IecKHe CBDikrBa npH TeMnepaTypax DT -50 .lI.D
100°C. npH HarpeBaHHH Bblwe 100°C nHB TepSiIOT 3JIaCTH'IeCKHe
CBoHcTBa H CTaHDBSlTCSI nJIaCTH'IHblMH; npH 180-200°C JIefKO <l>op-
MYIOTCSI, pacTBDpSllOTCSI nHB B Tex >Ke paoCTBOpHTeJISlX, liTO H BK.
HeKOTDpble <pH3'H'IecKHe CBDHCTBa BblCOKOMDJIeKYJISlpHblX fiRS
npHiBe.ll.eHbI HH>Ke:
nJIOTHOCTb, Kr/M S . . . .
TeMnepaTypa CTeKJIOB84fHSI, °C .
TeMnepaTypa p83JIO)f(eHHSI, °C. . .
Ko3CjllJlRUHeHT npeJIOMJIeHHSI . . .
Y,ZleJIbUoe o61.eMuoe 9JIeKTpH'IecKoe co.
npOTHBJIeHHe, OM'M . . . . .
.l1H9J1eKTpH'IecKaSi npOUHuaeMOCTb npH
60-1000 fu. . . . . . .
TaHreHc yrJIa .ltH9JIeKTpH'IeCKHX nOTepb
npH 'I8CTOTe 60-10 10 fl1. . . .
np06HBHoe HanpS)f(eHHe. KB/MM
930
-65..... -77
,.....,350
1,55
101.
2,2-2,4
0.0002-0,0005
16-20
,CYlUeCTBeHHblM HeJ10CTaTKOM BblCO'KOMDJIeXYJISlpHblX nRB JlBJISleT-
CSI HX Te1<y'lecTb no.ll. .lI.eHCT!meM nocTDSI'HHDH HarpY3KH: TaK, HaHeceH-
Hbln Ha TKa'Hb nHB MD>KeT Te'lb Ha H3fH6ax. fipH paCTSI>KeHHH nRB
HarpeBalOTcSI, a npH cOKpameHHH aXJI8>KJ1aIOTCSI. B HepaCTSIHYToM CO-
CTDSlHHH HMelOT aMop<pHYIO CTPYKTY'PY, tIPH paCTSI)KeHHH - KpHeTaJI-
JIHtIecKyIO.
no.ll. .lI.eHCTBHeM pacceSllHHorD CBeTa nDJIHH3D6yrHJIeHbI He H3Me-
HSiIOTCSI, npSlMble >Ke COJIHeqHhle JlY'lH Bbl3b1BaIOT J1eIIDJIHMepH3anHIO,
tfTO SlBJISIerCSI npH'IH'HOH CHH>KeHHSI npDIIHDCTH nDJIHMepa H nDSlBJIeHHSI
JIH!TFKDCTH. CseTaCTOHKOCTb nDJIHH306yrHJIeHDB ysenH'IHBaeTCSI TIPH .lI.D-
6aBJIeHHH KpaCHTeJIeH, HanOJIHHTeJIeH, BOCKa H J1H6yrHJI.lI.HDKCH.lI.H<pe-
HHJICYJIb«>H.lI.a.
UpH Bse.ll.eHHH TeXHH'IecKofO yrJIepOJ1a npDqHOCTb nRB )'IBeJIHtfH-
BaeTCSI, DTHOCHTeJIbHDe Y.lI.JIHHeHHe CHH)KaeTCSI:
npO'lHOCTb npH p8CTH)f(eHHH. Mna .
OTHOCHTeJIbHoe YD.JIHHeHHe, % . .
OCTaTO'lHOe YD.JIHHeHHe. % . "
3JIaCTHQHOCTb no OTCKOKY. %
TSep.llOCTb no TM.2
7-2397
Co,aePIK8I111e TeX8Ii'IeCKOI'O yNepI),lta
J1r-100, ..... ..
o 6 '0 25 SO
6 7 8.5 9.5 10.5
1000 950 900 790 730
4 5 6 9 14
12 II 10 9 8
35 35 39 43 45
97

nOJIHH3D6YTHJIeH MO>KHO o6pa6aTblBaTb Ha 06b1'1HDM OODpY.lI.DBa-
UHH, n'pH'MeHSleM'OM .lI.JISI o6pa6DTKH KaY'IY,KOB. nJIa'CTH'KaUHSI nDJIHH3D-
OYTHJIeHa npH 130°C H Bblwe nO'lTH He Bbl3b1BaeT H3MeHeHHSI erD
npD'IHOCTH H BSl3KOCTH paCTBopDB erD B oeH3HHe, nJIaCTHKaUHSI >Ke npH
TeMnepaType HH>Ke 100°C conpoBo>K.l(aeTCSI 3Ha'lHTeJIbHDH .lI.eCTpYKUH-
eH nDJIHMepa H Bbl3b1BaeT pe3KOe yMeHbweHHe BSl3KDCTH pacTBDpDB.
nJIaCTI«lmKaTDpbl Bbl3b1BaIOT nOHH>KeHHe npO'lHOCTH nliB. TOJIbKD
py6paKc npH CD.lI.ep>KaHHH J1D 10 Mac<:. tf. Ha 100 Macc. 'I. nHB He
YXY'J1WaeT ero CBOHCTB.
C HarypaJIbHblM, 6yra.ll.HeHCTHpOJIbHblM H 3THJIelfnpOnHJIeHOBblM
KaY'IfYKa'MH nHB CMeWHBaeTCSI BD 'Bcex OTHoweHHSlX.
BYJIKaHH3aTbI CMeceH nHB C KaytIYKaMH 60JIee CTOHKH npH '1a-
CTOT'HblX .lI.e<PDpMaUH'SIX, '1eM caM nHB.
110JIHH'306yrHJIeH HCnOJIb3yeTcSI 'B .npOMblWJIeHHDCTH .lI.JISI nDJIY'Ie-
HHJI aHTHKoppD3HDHHblX nOKpblTHH, a TaK>Ke J1JISI BbI.pa6oTKH TeXHHtfe-
oCKHX H3J1eJIHH H TKaHeH, CTDHKHX K .lI.eiiCTBHIO XH'MH'IOCKHX BeUJ,eCTB.
ErD npHMeHSlIOT (CDBMeCTHD C HaTypaJIbHblM HJIH 6YTa.ll.HeH-CTHpOJIb-
HbiM KaY'lYKOM) J1JISI H3DJISlU'HH Ka6eJIeH. Oco6eHHD nO'JIe3'HO BlBe.ll.eHHe
nHB B pereHepa11Hble CMeCH, KDTOPbl'M DH IDpH.lI.aeT xopawHe 3JIa-
CTH'IeoKHe CBOH'CTBa H <l>DpMyeM'OCTb npH BYJIKaHH3aUHH. Ha OCHOBe
nHB, CDBMeUJ,eHHorD C MHHepaJIblHblM MaCJIOM H nopDWKDD6pa3HblMH
HanDJIHHTeJISl'MH, rO'TOBSIT HeBblCblxalOIUHe 3aMa3'KH H .lI.pyrHe COCTa,BbI
1I.JISI repMeTH3au.HH.
HH3KDMOJIeKyJISlpHble nHB npHMeHSIIOTCSI KaiK 3arYCTHTeJIH .lI.JIJI
H3rDTDBJIeH'HSI MItHepaJIbHblX CMa3D'IHblX MaCeJI, HOOO'JIb3YlOTCSI B KatIe-
CTBe >KH.lI.KHX .lI.H3JIeKTpHKOB, SlBJISIIOTCSI COCTaBHbI,MH qaCTSlMH KJIeeB,
aHTH'KOpp03HOHHblX nDKpblTHH H .lI.p.
AKPHJlATHbiE I(AYQYI(H
A1<pHJIa'l1Hble Kay.qyKH SlBJISIIOTCSI o'ConDJIH'MepaMH HeKOTDpblX 3Q>HpOl8
aKpHJIOBOH HJIH MeTaKpHJIO'8OH KHCJIOT C HHTpHJIOM a.KpHJIDBDH KHCJIO-
TbI H HeKDTopblMH J1pyrHMH BHHHJIOBblMH MOHDMepaMH, nDJIY'laeMblMH
3MYJIbCHDHHOH nDJIHMepH3aUHeit
npH CDnDJIHMepH3aUHH CMewaHHblX MOHOMepOB nDJIY'laIOTCSI
aMDP<l>Hble nOJIHMepbl C nDJIHOCTblO HaCblllJ.eHHDH OCHDBHDH uenblO.
B CCCP BblnYCKalOT KaytIYK BAK-12 - CDnOJIHMep 6YTHJIaKpHJIa-
1'a C HHTpHJIOM aKpHJIDBDH KHCJIDTbl B CDDTHoweHHH 88: 12 H
BAKX-7 - CDnOJIHMep 6YTIfJIaKpHJIara, HHTpHJIa aKpHJIDBDH KH'CJIOTbI
(9-12%) H -XJIOp3THJIMeTaKpHJIaTa (5-7%). nDJIY'laIOT TaK>Ke
COnDJIHMepbl 3THJIaKpHJIaTa, 3TDKCH3THJI3'KpHJIaTa H 'XJIDp3THJI.MeTa-
KpHJIaTa B CODTHoweHHH 63: 32 : 5 (3AKX). PacnpeJ1eJIeHHe MOHO-
MepHblX e.ll.HHHU B uenH nDJIHMepa CTaTHCTH'IeCKDe:
. CHI
"V"V_(-CHa-CH-)n-( -CHa-CH-)m-(-CHa-t-)p_-VV
=O 'N t-O-CHa-CHzCt
I "
O-C 4 H, 0
BAKX-7

HeKDTDpble eBOUcTBa BblrnYKaeMblX nDJIHMepOS npHBeJ1eHbI HH)f{e:
MOJIeKYJISlpH8S1 MaCC8 , . 700-1700
nJIOTHOCTb. Kr/M3 . . , . . . 1020-1050
TeMnepaTYP8 CTeKJlOB8HHSI. °C. . . -32+ -35
BSl3KOCTb no MYHH "pI! 100 °C. yC.1. e.ll. 25-40
nOJIH,Mepbl 06JIa.ll.alOT BblCOKOH' ra3DHenpO'HHuaeMOCTblO. BBH.lI.Y
CKJIDHHOCTH aKpHJIaTHbiX KaY'IYKDB K MeXaHH'IecKoH J1eCTpYKUHH npH
o6pa6oTKe Ha XOJI<Y.lI.HblX BaJIbuaX, peKOMe'H.lI.yeTcSI npOSOJ1HTb CMeWe-
flHe C HHrpe.ll.HeHTaMH npH TeM'OepaTy.pe OKOJID 70°C. KaYtJY'KH XDpO-
wo CMeWHBalOTCSI C HHrpe.ll.HeHTa'MH, HD J1D BBe.ll.eHHSI HanOJIHHTeJISI
CHJIbHO npHJIH'nalOT K 06DPYAoBaHHIO npH o6pa6oTKe, BCJIe.ll.CTBHe '1ero
TeMnepaTYPY cMeceH npH <PoPMoBa'HHH Heo6xo.ll.HMD nO.ZJ..ll.ep>KHBaTb
B Y3'KHX npeJ1eJIax. HaHJIY'IWHM KOMiIIJIeKCOM TeXHOJIOrHtJe'OKHX CBOHCTB
D6JIaJ1aeT nOJIHMep TH'I1a 3AKX C nOBblweHHoH BSl3KOCTblO nOJIH,Mepa
nO' MYHH ,(38,45 YCJI. e.ll..).
,D.JISI nDJIY'Ie'HHSI BYJI'KaHH3aToB C .lI.OCTaT()1IHO BbI'CDKHMH 4>'aSHKD-
Mexa.HH'Ie:CKHMH nDKa3aTeJISlMH Heo6xDJ1HMO npH'MeHSlTb aKTHBHble Ha-
nOJIHHTeJIH. npe.Zl:nO'lTHTeJIbHee HOOO'JIb3DBaTb lUeJIO'lHble HJIH HeuT-
paJIbHble H3InDJIH1ITeJIH, YCKDpSlIOIUHe IIIPDUecC CTPYKTypHpOlBa'HHJI.
,D.JISI 'BYJIKaHH3a'UHH nOJIHOCTblO HaCbllUeHHblX a'KpHJIaTHblX Kay'IY-
KDB MO>KHD npHMeHJlTb OpraHH'IeCKHe nepeKHcH, DJ1HaKD tJalUe HCnDJIb-
3YIOT CT'PY'KrypHposa'HHe B'CJIe.ll.'CTBHe rlflJ1pOJIH3a a<pHpHblx rpYmI. BYJI-
KaHH3YIOUJ,HMH areHTaM'H MorYT 6b1Tb aMHHHble COe.ll.HHeHHSI B roeTa-
HHH C cepoH - TpH3THJIeHTerpaMHH, .lI.HCTeapaT- HJIH .lI.HaueTaTreKca-
MeTHJIeH.lI.Ha,MH'H, a TaK>Ke aJIKHJI<PeHDJIo$-opMaJIb.ll.erH.lI.Hble CMOJIbI B'Me-
CTe C HeKoTDpblMH XJIDpH.lI.aMH MeTaJIJIDB, rHApDKCHJ1b1 AByxBaJIeHTHblX
MeTaJIJIOB.
A&pHJIa11Hble KaY'IYKH THIOa BAKX-7 H 3AKX, cDJ1ep>KaIUHe BbI'CD-
KDaKTH'BHble <PYHiK'UHOH8JIbHble rpynnbl (onocD6Hble K OTIUenJIeHHIO
aTOMDB xJIopa), BYJIKaHH3YIOT MblJIaMH >KHpHblX KHCJIDT (3-6 Mace. 'I.
cTeapaTa KaJIHJI) B CDqeraHHH C cepDH (0,3-1 Ma:cc. 'I.).
PeKDMeH.lI.yeMble peuenrypbl cMeceH npH'Be.ll.eHbI HH>Ke:
CO,ltepJK8B8e. Mace. q.
pel(enT I peAem' II
100 100
0,5
2,0
KaY'IYK .
Cepa. . . . . . .
TpH3THJIeHTeTpaMHH. . .
AJlKHnlJleHonlJlopManb.llerH.llH8S1
CMOJla. . .
XJ10pHoe )f(ene30. .
CTeapIIHOB8H KHCJIOTa . .
TeXHH'IeCKHA yrnepoD. nM-75
2,0
2,0
1,0 1,0
50,0 50,0
BYJIIKaHH3aUHIO CMOCeU npDBD.lI.SlT npH 150 OC B TeqeHHe 30-
80 MHH.
nDCJIe I8YJIKaHH3aUHH lUeJIOtfHbI,MH COJISlMH >KHpHblX KHCJJOT B npec-
ce peIroMeH.lI.yeTcSI TepMDCTaTHpOBaTb IIIOJIY'IeHHble pe3HHbI npH 150°C
B Te'leHHe 24 tf. '
7*
99

BYJIKa.HH3aTbI Ha OC'HOBe 6YTHJIaKpHJIaTHblX KaytfYKDB, nOJIytfeHHble
nO' .peKDMeH.lI.yeMoH peuenType, .lI.OJI>KHbI HlMeTb CJIe.ll.YlOlUHe xapaKTepH-
CTHKH:
npO'lHOCTb npH paCTS!)f(eHHH, Mna. He MeHee 10
OTHOCHTeJIbHOe y.ltJIRHeHHe, %, He MeHee 280
OCTaTO'lHOe y.ltJIHHeHHe. %, He 60JIee . 50
HOCJIe HaepeBaHU!& Ha B03agxe npu 150°C
B Te'leHUe 3 CgT
npO'lHOCTb npH paCTS!)f(eUHH, Mna, He MeHee 9
OTHOCHTeJIbHOe Y.!lJIHHHe. %. He MeRee. ISO
BCJIeJ1CTBHe orcYTCTBHSI J1BOHHblX CBSl3eH B OCHDBHDH UeDH nOJIH-
Mepa aKpHJIaTHble KaY'IYKH YCTDH'IH'BbI K .lI.eHtcTBHIO 03DHa H KHCJIO-
pOJ1a. nO' YCTDH'IHBO'CTH K BblCOKOH TeMineparype pe3HHbI Ha OCHose
aKpHJIaTHblX KayqYKOB npesDcXDJ1S1T pe3HHbI Ha O'CHOBe 60JIbWHHC1'Ba
CHHTeTH'IeCKHX KaY'IyKoB (3a HCKJIIO'IeHHeM <pTOpKaY'IYKa H CHJIHKO-
HOBblX). Hx MO>KHO' J1OCTaTO'I,HO J1JIHTeJIbHD npH'MeHSlTb npH TeM'IIepa-
Typax 180-200 °C.
HaJIH'IHe nO'JISlpHblX CJIO>KHoa<lmpHblx H HH1"pHJIbHblX rpynn o6yc-
JIOBJIHBaer BbI'COKYIO CTOHKOCTb pe3HH K ,Ha6yxaHHIO B yrJIeBO.ll.OpO.ll.HblX
MaCJIaX npH nOBblweHHblX TeMlnepaTypax, ,B TDM '1H'CJIe H MaCJIaX, co-
lJ.ep>KalUHX ce.py, WHpOKO HOOOJIb3yeMblx B aBTOM06HJIb'HOH 'npoMblw-
JIe1IHaCTH.
HaH60JIbWeH CTOHKOCTblO K Ha6yxaHHIO B CMeCH 6eH3HH - 6eH-
30JI (3: 1) xapaKTepH3YlOTCSI pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe 3AKX (30 %) H pe-
3HHbI Ha OCHOBe BAK-55 (80%).
CYlUecTBeHHblM He.ll.O'CTaTKOM aKpHJIaTHblX KaY'lYKoB SllBJISleTCSI
60JIbWaSi np0J10JI>KHTeJIbHDCTb BYJIKaHH3aUHH, BblCOKaSi a.ll.re3HSI K Me-
TaJIJIY <PoP'M I1'pH BYJIKaHH3a'UHH, a TaK>Ke HH3KaSi MOpD3OCTOHKDCTb.
KDMnJIeK<: ueHHblX TeXHH'IecKHX CBOHCTB onpeJ1eJISIeT J10BDJIbHO WH-
pOKoe HODOJIb30BaHHe pe3HH Ha OC'HOBe aKpHJIaTHblX KaY'IYKDB B aBTO-
MD6HJIbHOH npDMblWJIeHHDCTH B Ka'leCTBe MaCJIOCTOHKHX yIIJIDTHHTeJIeH
.lI.JISI pa'60TbI npH nOBblweHHblX TeMnepaTypax.
B HeKDTopblX cJIY'IaSix OHH npH'MeHSIIOTCSI B 3JIeKTpOTeXHH'IKOH
npDMblWJIeHHOCTH H npDMblWJIeHHOCTH C'rpDHTeJIb'HblX MaTepHaJI0'8.
anHXJlOprHJJ.PHHOBbiE KAyqYKH
3InHXJIOprHJ1'PHHOBble KaYtIYKH nDJIY'IaIOT pacTBDpHOH nDJIHMepH3a-
UHeH 3nHXJIoprH.lI.pHHa
0:
/'-
CH.-CH-CH,Cl
HJIH COnOJIHlMepH3aUHeH ero C DKH'CblO npOnHJIeHa B pa3JIH'IHblX COOT-
HoweH'HSIX. nO'JIY'lalOUJ,HocSi nOJIHMepbl HMelOT JIHHeHHOe cTpDeHHe H
6JIaroJ1apSi HaJIH'IHIO KHCJIDpOJ1HOrD a<pH,pHDro MOCTHKa B OCHOBHOH
MOJIeKYJISlp'HO'H UeJIH 06JIa.ll.alOT J1OCraTO'lHO BblCOKOH rH6KDCTblO MaK-
pOMOJIeXYJI, Drpa,HHtfeHHYIO, D.ZI:HaKD, HaJIHtIHeM CHJIbHD nDnSlpHblx aTO-
MOB XJIDpa.
100

BblnYOKalOTCJI KaYtfYKH: CK3Xf-100 -. rOMOnOJIHMep
nHXJIOprlfJJ.-
pHHa H CK3Xf -200 - COnOJIHMep 3'nHXJIOpf'H.lI.pHHa H OKH'CH .npOnHJIe-
Ha B COOTHoweHHH, (SJIH3KO'M 1 : 1:
[ -OIs-CH-O- ] [ --CHs-TH-O-CHa-CH-O- ]
biaCI It CHaCI
H8 It
CK3XpiOO CK3X


nOJIHMepbl HMelOT .lI.OBOJIbHO BblCPKYIO nJIOTHOCTb: CK3Xf -100 -
1360 Kr/M 3 , CK3Xf-200 -1270 Kr/M 3 . TeMnepaTypa CTeKJIOBaHHSI
CK3Xr-l00-'28°C, CK3Xr-200-42°C. CO.ll.ep>KaHHe xJIopa
B CK3Xr-l00 - 35-38%. KaY'IYKH aMop<pHbI H He KpH'CTaJIJIH3YIOTCSI
"PH paCTJI>KeHHH.
,D.JIJI nOJIY'IeHHJI BbI'COKOnpO'lHblX BYJIKaH'H3aTOB He06xo.ll.HMO BBe-
.lI.eHHe B pe3HHOBble CMeCH aKTHBHblX HanOJIHHTeJIeH.
3rOHXJIOprH.lI.pHHOBble KaY'IyKH xapa'KTepH3YIOTCSI BnOJIHe YJ10BJIeT-
BOpHTeJIbHblMH TeXHOJIOrli'lecKHMH CBOHCTBaMH, XOPOWO' nepepa6aTbI-
BalOTCSI Ha 06b1'1HOM o60.pY.lI.oBaHHH pe3HHOBOTO np, OH3BO.lI.CT,Ba JIerKO
CMeWHBalOTCSI C HHrpe.ll.HeHTa'MH.
nOCKOJIbKY .lI:BOHHble CBSl3H B 3nHXJIOprH.lI.pHHOBO'M KaY'IYKe arCYT-
CTBYIOT, ByJIKaHH3aUHSI MO>Ker oCYIUeCTBJISlTbCSI 3a C'IeT HMelOUJ,HXCSI
B OOJIHMepHOH ueOH XJIOpMeTHJIb'HblX rpynn, KOTO'Pble 'MorYT pearHpo-
BaTb C aMHHaMH, THOMO'leBHHOH Ii ee npOH3B0J1HblMH, HeKOTDpblMH OK-
CH.lI.a'MH MeTaJIJIOB. nOClKOJIbKY npouecc BYJIKa'HH3aUHH
HXJIOprHJ1pH-
HDBarO' KaY'IYKa COnpOBO'>K.lI.aeTCSI arlUeIIJIeHHeM XJIopa ar XJIDpMeTH-
JIeHDBblX rpY'IDn, He06xo.ll.HMO npHcyrc'JIBHe DKCHJ10B MeraJIJIOB, Hr-palO-
UJ.HX pDJIb aKUeDTOpa XJIOpHCTOro B O' .lI. O' POJ1a.
PeKOMeH.lI.OBaHHaSi peUe<Drypa CMeCH ('Macc. 'I.) Ha DCHOBe 9IIHXJIOp-
rH.lI.pHHDBblX KaY'IYKOB npHBe.ll.eHa HH>Ke:


CoAel»KaB8e.
Macc. q.


KayqYK. . . 100
3THJIeHTHOMO'leBHHa 2
OKCH.!{ lUfHKa . 5
OKCHD. MarHHS! . . . . 2
TeXHHQecKHA yrnepo.ll. nM-75 50
CreapaT UHHKa . 1
BYJIKaHH3aUHIO npOBOJ1S1T 'npH TeM'nepaType 150°C B Tetfe1lHe 40-
60 MHH.
BYJI'Ka'HH3aTbI J10JI>KHbI HMeTb CJIe.ll.YlOlUHe xapaKTepHcTHKH:
Cl<3Xf.100 CI<&Xr.200


npO'lHOCTb npH paCTS!)f(eHHH,
Mna. He MeHee . . ., 18 17
OTHOCHTeJIbHoe y.ltJIHHeHHe. %.
He MeHee. . . . . . 400 450
OCTaTO'IHOe Y.!lJlHHeHHe. %. He
60JIee. . . . .. 25 25
3J1aCTH'IHOCTb no OTCKOKY, %. (0 20
HaKOnJleHHe OCTaTO'IHOii .!lelJlop-
uaUHH npH C)f(aTHH Ha 20%
npH 100 °C Qepe3 ,24 'I, %, He
6oJlee. . . . . .. 20 15


tOI




BJiarO.!l.apH TIOJl.uOH HaCIiw,eHHOCTH MOJleKYJlSlpHIiX u.eneH KaYtJYK8
pe3HHIi Ha ero OCHOBe xapaKTepH3YIOTC5I BhlC'OKOH 030HOCTOHKOCTbJO,
CTOHtKOCTblO K AeH.cTBHIO CBeTa H TepMJfi1ICCKOMY CTapeHHJO ().o 135 0c).
HaJIHtJ'He nOJlHpHIiX rpYlI10 B 1IJ0JIHMepe onpe.!l.eJlHeT HX BIiCOKYIO Mac-
JIO- H 6eH3OCT'OHKOCTb. BlicoKoe cO.!l.ep)f{aHHe xJlopa ,B nOJlHMepe ,LJ.eJla-
eT pe3HHbI HerOpIOIIHMH. no ra30HenpOHHu.aeM'OCTH OHH npaKTH'IecKH
lie YCTynalOT pe3HHaM Ha OCHOBe 6YTHJIKaYtJYKa. CK3Xr 06ecne'lH-
BaJOT ,BblCQKYJO 8;lJ.re3HIO .pe3H'H K MeTaJIJIa'M.
He,LJ.OCTaTKO'M pesHH Ha OCHOBe 3UHXJIOprHAPHHOBbiX KaYIIYKOB
HBJlHeTCH HX cpaBHHTeJIbHO HeBblC'OKaH MOp030CTOHKOCTb H BbiCOKa51
nJIOTHOCTb.
BJIaro,LJ.apSl OTJlHIIHOMY K'OM'nJleKCY CBOHCTB 3'nHXJIOprH,LJ.pHHOBbie
KaYIIYKH npHMeHHJOTCH B npOH3BO,LJ.CTBe npOKJIa,LJ.OK ,LJ.JIH MaCJIHHblX
6aKOB, ,LJ.JIH H3rOTOBJIeHHH PYKaSOB, ynJIOT-HHTeJlbHblX KOJIen, nOKpblTHH
M ,LJ.PyrHx H3,LJ.eJIHH.


nOnHCYnb4»H
HblE KAYQYKH
nOJIHCYJIhcI>H.!I.Hlie KaYtJyKH, H3BeCTHhle nOA iHa3BaHHeM THOKOJIOB.
'lJOJIy'IaIOT B pe3YJlbTaTe nOJIHKOH:neHcanHH 'nOJIHCYJlbcpHAOB weJIO'lHblX
MeTaJIJIOB H AHraJIOreHHAOB yrJIeBO,LJ.OpO,LJ.'OB,
HpOB H ,LJ.PyrHx COe,LJ.H-
HeHHH. ,lI,JI5I nOJIYlIeHHH THOKOJIOB HaH60JIee ,LJ.OCTynHhlMH XJI'OpnpOH3-
BO,LJ.HblMH H'BJIHIOTC5I CH'MMerpJfi1lHblH .lI.HXJIOpnaH, .!I.HXJIOprH.!I.pHH rJIH-
nepHHa, p"r-,LJ.HXJIOP.!l.H3THJlOBblH 3cpHp. .lI.HXJIOp3THJIcpopMaJib H ,LJ.p.
npH nOJlHKOH;lI.eHCanHH 06pa3YIOTCH nOJIHMepbl C 8KTHBHbI'MH KOHne-
BblMH cpYHKnHOHaJIbHIi'MH rpy>nlOaMH:
"",-(CHs-CHs-o-CHa-CHs-S-S-)n-""'-SH


B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT M BbPnYCKalOT >KH)l.KHe THOKOJIbi (c M 1-4 TblC.)
H TBepAbie (c M 200-500 TbI
.). H3 TBepAhlx KaYIIYKoB HaH60JIbWee
paC'DpOCTpa'HeHHe nOJIY<tIHJI TH'OKOJI .D.A, nOJlYlleHHhlH H3 .!I.HXJIOP.ll.H3TH-
JIOBOro 3cp,Hpa. HeKoTopble xapaKTepHcTHKH KaYIIYKa 'lJpHBe.ll.eHbI
HH}Ke:


nJlOTHOCTb, Kr/y8 . 1370
TeMnepaTypa CTeK-
JlOBaHHH, °C . . -43
COJ1epJKaHHe cepbl,
%. . . . . . ....,47
BJIaro.!l.apSl 60JIbWOMY cO.!l.ep}KaHHJO cepbl THOKOJlbl nOJI5IpHbI.
TBep.!l.ble THOKOJIbi OTHOCHTeJIbHO JIerKO CMeWHBaIOTC5I C TeXHHlle-
CKHM y.rJIepO'AOM H .lI.pyrHMH HHrpe.!l.HC>HTaMH Ha 06h111HOM o60PY)l.oBa-
HHH, npH'MeHHeMOM B npOH3BOACTBe pe3HHO'BbiX H3.l1.eJIHH. npH nOBbl-
weHHH TeMlllepaTypbl CMeWeHH5I H cpopMOBaHHH Moryr BbI)l.eJISlTbCSI
CJIe30TOQHBhle ra3b1. ,lI,06a'BKa B pe3HHO'Bbie CMeCH npH nepepa60TKe
,LJ.H6eH3THa30JIHJI)l.HCYJlbcpH)l.a, .!I.H.cpeHHJIryaHH)l.HHa npHBo.!l.HT K 06paTH-
MOMY pa'3pli.BY nOJlHCYJIbcpH.!I.HblX cBSl3eH B Ma'KpOMOJIeKYJlaX nOJIHMe-
pa, CHH>KeHHIO M H YJIYllweHHJO cpopMyeMocTH pe3HH'OBliX cMeceH.


napaMeTp paCTBO-
pHMOCTH
(M.lI.x</M 3 ) 1/ 2 . .


18,4-19,2


102




THOKOJIbI COBMeInaJOTCH C XJIOpOnpeHOBblMH, BHK H ,!(pyruMH nomlp-
HblMH KayqyKaMH. He60JIbIllHe .lI.06aBKH HK YJIYlJIllaJOT o6pa6o'J>KY pe-
3HiHOBblX cMeceH Ha OCHOBe THOKOJIOB, HoMeJOInHX MaJIYJO KJIeHKOCTb.
BJIarO.ll.apH HaJIHqHIO KOHneBbiX aKTHBHbJX cpYHKnHOHaJIbHblX rpynn,
THOKOJIbi MOryT BYJIK3HH30BaTbCft OK
H.lI.aMH nHHKa, MarHHH Il HeKOTO-
pblMH .lI.pyrHMH 'lJpH TeM'nepaType 135-145°C. ,lI,JIH oneHKH cBolkrB
BYJIKaHH3aToB npHMeHHIOT CMecb cJIe.ll.YIOInero COCTaBa:


COAeplKaHHe.
Mace. q.


THOKOJI .lI.A .
OKCHA UHHK8 . .
TeXHHtJeCKHi!: yrJlepoA
.lI.r-lOO .
nM-15. . .
CteapHHOBaH KHCJlOTa


100
10
20
30
I


BYJTKaHH3aTbi .lI.OJI}KHbI HMeTb CJIe.ll.YIOInHe XapaKTepHCTHKH.
DpOtJHOCTb npH paCTHJKeHHH, Mna. He MeHee 3,5
OTHOCHTeJIbHOe YAJlHHeHHe, %, He MeHee. . 250
OCT8TOtJHoe YAJlHHeHHe. %, He 60Jlee . . 24


BCJJe.ll.CTBHe nOJIHOH HaCblIneHHOCTH MOJIeKYJIftpHblX ne'IJeH KayqYKa
pe3HHbI Ha OCHO'Be THOKOJIa xapa'KTepH3YIOTe51 BblCOKOH CBeTO-, 030HO-
I{ noro.ll.OCTOHKOCTblO. OHH y.cToif1JHBbI K Ha6yxaHHIO. B 6eH3HHe H yrJIe-
BO.ll.OpO.ll.HblX MaCJIax. no ra30HenpoHHnaeMOCTH npeBOCXO.ll.51T 6YTHJl-
KayqYK.
He.lJ.OCTaTKa'MH pe3HH Ha OCHO'Be TBep.ll.blX THOKOJlOB ftBJIHIOTCSI HX
OqeHb MaJIaft 3JlaCTH'1IHOCTb, nJlOXaH MOp03OCTOHKOC'Fb., BblCOKaH nJlOT-
HOCTb; TBep.ll.ble THOKOJlbl HOOOJlb3YlOTCH .lI.JJH H3roTOBJleHH5I MacJl06eH-
3OCTOHKHX pYKaIBOB, npOKJla.ll.OK H HeKOTOpblX .lI.pyrHx H3.l1.eJlHi\. OH'H
TaiK>Ke nplfMeHHIOTCH .lI.JlH nOBblIlleHHH MacJlo6eH3<>CTOHKOCTH H YJlyq-
IlleHHH TeXHOJlOrHqeCKHX CoBOHCTB CMoceH Ha OCHOBe BHK.
>KH.lJ.KHe THOKOJlbl, COCTaBJlHIOInHe OCHOBHYIO Maccy (80%) BbJlnyc-
KaeMblX nOJlHCYJlbcpH.!J.HblX nOJl'HMepOB, cnoc06HbI K BYJliKaH'H3anHH npH
HH3KOH TeM>nepaType 3a CqeT OKHCJleHHH KOHneBblX THOJlbHblX rpynn
B npH
YT.cTBHH HeopraHHqeCKHX OKH
JIHTeJIeH (Mn02, Pb0 2 H .!J.p.).
BJlarO.ll.apH onoco6HocTH K BYJI
aHH3anHH npH HH3KHX TeM
epaTY'
pax npaKTHqecKH 6e3 yca.ll.KH H BblCOKOA CTOHKQCTH K Ha6yxaHHIO
B yrJleBO.ll.OpO.ll.ax >KH.lI.KHe THOKOJlbl HaXO.ll.HT IllHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe
B KaqecrBe OCHOBbI .lI.JIH repMeTHKOB, HCnOJIb3yeMblx B aBHaU:HoHHoH,
cY.lJ.OCrpOHTeJIbHOH H .lI.pyrHx oTpacmlx npOMblIllJleHHOCTH, a TaK}Ke
B crpoHTeJlbCTBe.


4»rOPI(AYQYKH


He06xo.lJ.HMOCTb C03.l1.a'HHH 3JlaCTHlfHblX 'MaTepHaJlOB, BbI.lI.ep)f{HBalO-
InHX HH3KHe H BbiCOKHe TeMlne,paTypbl, 06Jla.ll.alOWHX CTOHKOCTblO K pa3-
JI'H'IHbI'M KOpp03HOHHblM cpe.ll.a'M, pa.ll.HanHH, 030HY H aTMoccpepHblM
B03.l1.eAcTBHHM 06YCJlOBHJla HCCJle.ll.OBaHHH B 06JlaCTH CHHTe3a BblCOKO-


103




nOJIHMep'OB, CO.ll.ep>Kaw,HX B CB'OeM COCTaBe «POCCPOp, a30T, 60p, cpTOp H
.!I.pyrHe 3JIeMeHThI. HaH60JIee WHpOKOe npO'MhlWJIeHH'Oe npHMeHeHHe
nOJIYtJHJlH cpTOpCO.ll.ep}H)aUJ;He BhlCQKOMOJleKYJI5IpHble nOJIHMephl. ATOM
cpTo,pa, 3a ' MeHHIOW'HH aTOM BO.!l.QPO.ll.a B aJIHcpaTHtJecKoH yrJIeBO.!l.OpO.!l.-
H'OH nenH, 06YCJIOBJIHBaeT OqeHb BbliCOKHe TepMHtJecKYIO H XHMHlIeOKYIO
cTa6HJIbH'OCTb nOJIHMepa. Ta'KHe Heo6b1tJHble 'CBOH'CTBa cpT'OplIlOJIH'MepOB
3aBHCSIT OT B'HYTpHaT'OMHblX H Me>KMOJIeKYJIH,PHhlX CHJI, pa3MepOB M'O-
JleKYJI H CTepHtJeC
HX cpaKTopOB.
,3HeprHH CBH3-H BHYTPHMOJleKYJlSl'pHblX CHJI Me}K.lI.Y aTOMaMH C-F
(OT 394 .lI.O 504 K.lI.)f{!MOJib) HaMHoro Bblwe 3HeprHH CBH3H C-C}
(or 277 .!I.O 306 K,lI,>K/MOJlb) H cywecTBeHHo Bblwe 3HeprHH OBH3H C-C
( '"'" 336 K,lI,)f{/'MOJIb) B yrJIeBO.ll.OpO.ll.ax. HaJIH'lHe aTOMOB cpTopa 100BbI-
waeT 3HeprHIO CBH3H Me}K.lI.Y cpTopHpOBaHHbI'M'H aTOMaMH yrJIepO.lJ.a
(.lI.O 356 K,lI,}K/MOJIb B 'nepcpTopyrJIep'O.lI.ax H AO 377 K,lI,}K!MOJIb B no-
JIHTerpacprop3THJleHe) .
Pa.HIHYC aroMa cpTopa (0,64 A) MaJi no cpaBHeHHIO C pa,nHycaMH
aT'OMOB .lI.'PyrHx raJIOreHOB (y Cl OH paBeH 0,99 A) H JIHWb He'MHOrO
MeHbwe nOJlOBHHhI Me
aTOMHoro paCCTOHHHH CBH3H C-C B napacpH-
'Ha;x (1,54 A). BJIarOJl3lpH 3TOM'Y Moryr cywoc'l'BOBaTb nepcpTopyrJIe-
pO.!l.bI, Ha'npHiMe,p nOJI'HTeTpa«pTOp3THJIeH, r.!l.e aTOMhI cpTopa, nJIOTHO
paonOJIaraHCb BOx-pyr aTOMOB yrJIepO.ll.a, 9KpaHHpyJOT HX.
OBH3b 'Me>K.lI.Y yrJIepo.ll.'O'M H cpTOPOM X'OTH H nOJlH'P'Ha, HO MaJIO no-
JIHpH3yeMa. OOJIee Toro, no Mepe Ha'KODJIeHH5I aTO'MOB «pTopa B MOJIe-
KYJle ee nOJI5Ip'HOCTb YMeHbUlaerC5I. O.!l.HOBpeMeHHo YMeHbwaeTCH .lI.JIH-
Ha CBH3H C-F (OT 1,42 A B MOHOcpTopH.!I.aX .!I.O 1,35 A B OOJIHcpTOpH-
Aax) H YBeJIHIIHBaeTCH ee 3HeprHH Ha 33-42 K,lI,>K/MOJIb. 3HeprH5I
CBH3H C-F BecbMa BCJloHKa (498 K,lI,m!MOJIb), BCJIe,ZJ.1CTBHe lIero nep-
cpTopyrJlepO.!l.bI KpaHHe Y'CTOHtJHBhI XHMHllecKH H TepMHtJecKH.
>MemMOJleKYJIHpHhle CBH3H BaH-.!I.ep-BaaJIbCa 3Ha1lHTeJIbHO CJla6ee,
qeM BHY11P'HMOJleKYJlSlpHhle, HO OT HHX 3aBHCHT 'KaK cpH3HtJecKHe caOH-
CTBa nOJIHMepa (BSl3KOCTb, TeMnepaTypa nJIaBJIeHHH, pacTBopHMOCTb
H a.ll.re3H5I), Ta'K H MHorHe MexaHHtJecKHe CBoHcTBa (HanpHMep, npo'l-
HOCTb H OCTaT'OqHble .lI.e«Po,pManHH). 3HatJHTeJII1Hlie Me}KMOJIeKYJIHpHble
B3aHMO.!l.eHcTBHH H nOBhlweHHoe 3HaqeHHe 3HepreTH1IecKoro 6apbepa
cBo60.ll.Horo spaInBHHH :BOK1pyr npocToH -yrJle-po.ll. - yrJlepo,n,HoH
CBSI'3H (AJIH -CH 2 -CF 2 - 15,5 K,lI,)f{!MOJIb, .lI.JIH -CH 2 -CH 2 -
- 11,8 K,lI,>K/'MOJIb) npHBO.!l.HT K TOMY, liTO cpTopKayqYXH 3Ha1lHTeJIbHO
MeHee 3JIaCTHIIHbI, lIeM .!I.pyrHe KaYIlY'KH.
,lI,JIH nOJI)lRleHHH cpTopKaytJyxoB C pa3JIH1IHliM KOMnJIe
COM CBOHCTB
MO}KHO HOOOJIb3OBaTb pa3HOo6pa3-Hbie cpTopHpoBaHHble 'MOHO'Mepbl.
HaH60JIbwee IIIpHIMeHeHHe HaX'OAHT nOJI'HMepbl cpTOpOJl
HHOB, a TaiK-
}Ke con'OJIHMepbl cpTopOJIecpHHoB C nepcpTopBHHHJIOBhlMH 3cpHpaMH.
<l>TopKaYIIYKH ,B OCHOBHOM ,nOJlYtJaIOT MeTO.ll.OM 3'MYJIbCHOHHOH nOJIHMe-
pH3anHH. B CCCP BbI'nYC'KaIOTeH cpTopKaYtJYKH HeOKOJIbKHX BH.lI.OB:
CK<I>-32 - conOJIHiMep BHHHJIH.lI.eH4>TopH.lI.a H TpHXJIOpcpTop3THJIeHa;
CK<I>-26 - COnOJIHMep BHHHJIH.lI.eHcpTOpH.!I.a H reK'CacpTopnponHJIeHa;
CK <1>-260 - 'CODOJlHMep BHHHJIH.lI.eHcpTopH.!I.a H nep<lrroPMeTHJIBHHHJlO-
BOro 3cpHpa ,H .!I.p. .
104




TOpKayqYKH CK<I> - JlHHeHHble npe.!l.eJIbHlie ConOJIHMephl, B neoH
KOTOpblX He Ha6JIIO.lI.aeTCH onpe.ll.eJIeHH'Oro lIepe)l.OBa'HHH MOHOMepHhlX
3BeHbeB:
{ -CHs-CFs-CFs-CFCl-]n
[-CHs-CFs-CFs-Cf-]n
, !F a
CKcI>-32 CKcI>-26
[ s-CFs-CFs-CF- ]
6-CF s n
CKCI>-260
B TeXHHlIeoKHX KayqyKaX .lI.OnYC'KaeTCH CO.!l.ep>KaHHe BJIarH He 60JIee
0,5%, >KeJIe3a - He 60JIee 0,0007%. i<!aYIIYKH .nOJl)KHhI HMeTb TepMo-
cTa6HJIbHOCTb (n'OTeplO Ma{:CbI nOCJIe 3 II nporpeBa npH 300°C .lI.JIH
CK<I>-26 H CK<I>-260 H n,pH 270°C .!I.JIH CK<I>-32) He 60JIee 0,4%.
MOJIeKYJISlpHaH Matta CK<I>-32 - 60JIee 1 MJIH., CK<I>-26 - OOJIee
250 TbJIC.
cl»H3H'IeCKHe CBOHCTBa. <l>TopKaYIIYKH HBJIHIOTCH aMopcpHblMH nOJIH-
Mepa'MH. ,lI,JISI H,HX xapaKTepHa rJI06YJIHpHaH CTpYKrypa. HeKoTopble
H3H'IeoKHe xapaKTepHCTH'KH cprop1<ay.IIYKO'B npeAiCTaBJIeHhI HHme:
CK4>.32 CK4>.26
nJlOTHOCTb, Kr/M 3 . . . . ., .f 11820 1830
TeMnepaTypa CTeKJlOBaHHH, °C .. .' -18 -22
BOAOnOrJlOUleHHe (24'1 npH 20°C), % . .1 t 0,02 o
YAeJIbHOe 06'beMHOe 3JleKTpHtJecKoe conpOTHB-
JleHHe,OM'cM . . . . . .' 2,S.1()l0
TaHreHC yrJla AH3.1eKTpHtJeCKHX nOTepb . 0,02
TeMnepaTypa Ha'laJia pa3J10JKeHHH, °C. 310-320
napaMeTp paCTBOpHMOCTH, (M.lI.>KfM3) I'. . 19.9
1,4.10 10
0,02
350-370
19,9
TeMlnepaTyp.a CTeKJIOBaHHH KaY'IYiKa CK<I>-260 paBHa -38°.c. nOJIH-
Mepbl paC11B'OpHJOTCH B KeTOHax H CJIO>KHblX 3cpH.pax.
TeXHO.llOrH'IeCKHe cBoikTBa. <l>TopKaY'IYKH HMelOT BblOOKYJO M, AJlH
HHX xapaKTepHo CHJlbHOe Me>KMOJIeXYJIHpHOe B3aHMO)l.eHCTBHe H BblCO-
KaH BH3KOCTb no MYHH npH 70°C -110-145 YCJI. e.!l.. npH MexaHH-
tJeCKOH 06pa60TKe KaYIIYKH He nOABep}KeHbI .lI.eCTpYKnHH H HX BSl3-
KOCTb He MeHHeTCSI.
HecMOTPH Ha TO, liTO cpTOp'KaYIIY'KH }KeiCTKHe, OHH Y.!I.O'BJIeTBOpH-
TeJIbHO BaJIb'nYJOTCH H {:paBHHTeJIbHO JIel'KO nO.ll.pe3alOTCH Ha BaJIbnax.
nOBblIlleHHaH }KOCTKOCTb 06Y.CJIOBJIHBaeT B03HHKHO'BeHHe 60JIbWHX
paonopHhlX YCHJI'HH H 60JIbWOrO ,pacxo.na 3HeprHH 'npH CMeweHHH, no-
nOMY BeJIHqHHa 3arpY3KH cpTOp'KaYIIYKa Ha BaJlbnbl, no cpaBHeHHJO
C 06b1ttHbfMlH KaYIIY'KaMH, )l.OJImHa 6b1Tb 3Ha<tlHTeJIbHO M6Hbwe. ,lI,JlSI
npHrOTOBJIeHHH 60JIbWOH MaCCbI CMeeH He06xo.ll.HMO OOenHaJIbHOe 060-
py.noBaHHe nOBblweHHoH MOInHiOC'T1H, cHa,6}KeH'H'Oe 3cpcpeKTH'BHblM
OXJIa}K)l.eHHeM. npH nQBblmeHHblX (cBbFwe 100°C) TeM,nepaTy,pax nepe-
pa60TKH CMeceH C aKTHBHbI'M'H Ha,n'OJIHHTeJIHMH Ha6Jl1'O.lI.aeTCH CYW.ecT-
BeHHoe YBeJIHtJeHHe BH3KOCTH C'MeeeH, KOTopoe CBH3b1BaIOT C B3aHMO-
JJ.eWcTBHeM nOJIHMepa c. HanOJIHHTeJIeM, a TaK}Ke C pa3PyweHHeM
105

rJI06YJIHP,HOH CTPYKl'ypbl Ka'Y'IfYKa iIIO.!l. .lI.eH'CTBHeM lHa'nOJIH'HTeJI5I. ,lI,onOJI-
HHTeJIbHOe nO'BblWeHHe BH3'KOCTH CMeceH 3aTPY.!I.HHeT nponeocbl cpOpMO-
BaHHH, KOTopble npOBO.ll.HT pH TeMinepaTypax 70-90°C. Heo6xOJl.HMQ
HMeTb 060pYJl.OBaHHe nOlBblweHHoH MOWHOCT,H. ,lI,JI5I nOJIYtJeHHH TO'lHblX
3arOTOBOK npH cpopM08aHHH He06xowMo YIIHTblBaTb BblCOKHe 3Hae-
HHH ycaKH nOJIHMepa npH BaJIeBaHHH H KaJIaH.lI.p08aHHH.
BYJIK8HH3aHH. BYJI'KaHH3anHIO cpTOpKaYtJYKoB MomHO ocywecT-
BJIHTb nOCpeJl.CTBOM OpraHH'IeCHX nepeKHceH H npH .lI.eH'CTBHH Ha no-
JIHMep HOHH3HPYJOInHX H3JIYlleHHH. BYJIKaHH3anHH cpTop'&aytJYKO'B npo-
TeKaeT no pa)l.HKaJIbHoM.y MeXa'H'H3'M'Y, IIT'O C'BH3aa10 C OTpblBOM BOJl.O-
pOJl.a OT nOJIHMepH'OH ne'IIH H nocJIe.ll.YJOWHM B3aHMO.!l.eikTBHeM'IJIOJIH-
MepHblx paJl.oHKaJIOB.
OCHOBHblM H HaH60JIee paonpOCTpaHeHHblM onoco60M BYJlKaHH3a-
nHH cpTopKaYllYK'OB HBJIHCTCH BYJIKaHH3aHH .lI.HaMHHaMH H HX cpYHK-
nHOHaJIbHblMH npOH3BO.ll.HbI!MH. npe.ll:nOJIaralOT, liTO no.!l. )l.eHcTBHeM
3MHHQB npOHCXO)l.oHT OTU{enJIeHHe cpTopToro BO.ll.opO.!l.a C 06pa30Ba-
HHeM )l.BOHHblX CBH3eH H 'lJOCJIC'.lI.YlOwee npespaweHHe HX B nonepetJ-
Hble npH ,!{aJIbHeH'WeM B3aWMOJl.eHCTBHH C .!I.HaMHHaMH (HJIH HX npo-
H3BO,!{HblIMH). Ba}l{'HeHIWHMH BYJIKaHH3YlOutHMH areHTa'MH H'BJIHJOTCH
J1.JIH CK<I>-26 - 6H'C4>YPCPYPHJIH)l.eHreKOaMeTHJleH.lI.HHMHH; J1.JIH
CK<I>-32 - BHYTPHKOMillJIeKCH'Oe COe)l.HHeHHe CaJIHUHJIaJIbH'MHH MeJl.H;
.lJ.JIH CK<I>-260 - ,M-.cpeHHJIeH'AHMaJIeHMH.lI.. ,lI,JIH CBH3b1BaHHH BbI.lI.eJIHJO-
werOCH 'npH BYJIKaHH3anHH cpTopHCToro BO)l.'OpOAa B pe3HHOBbie C'Me-
CH BBO)l.HT OKCH.lI.bI MeTaJIJIOI8.
PenenTypbl (Mace. 11.) CTaH.lI.apTHbiX pe3HHO'BhlX eMCCeH Ha OCHOBe
cpTopKaY'IYKOB npHBe)l.eHhI HH}Ke:
KaytJYK. . . . . . . . .
6HC$YP$YPHJlH.!I.eHreKcaMeTHJleHAHHMHH
OKCH.l1 MarHHH. . .
CaJlHUH.1aJlbHMHH Me.!l.H
OKCH.!I. UHHKa . . . . .
TexlIHtJecKHH yr.1epOA nrM.33
nepeKIICb 6eH30HJla . . . .
KO.MOH.l1HaH KpeMHeKHCJlOTa Y -333
CI< <1>-32
100
CI<4>.26
100
5
15
CI< <1>-260
100
5
10
15
15
10
3
30
Pe3HHOBbie CMecH rOTOBHT Ha JIa.60paTOpHblX BaJIbnaX npH TeM'nepa-
Type BaJI'KOB 35-40°C .lI.JIH CK<I>-260, 55::1::5°C .lI.JIH CK<I>-32 H 60-
65°C .lI.JIH CK<I>-26. npO.ll.OJI}KHTeJIbHOCTb CMeweHHH 17-:-21 MHH.
BYJI'KalHH3anHH pe3HH lHa OCHOBe cpropKayqY'KoB nposO.ll.'HTCH B J1.Be
CTaJl.HH. Ha nepBOH CTa)l.HH cpopMoBaHHhle 3arOTOBKH BYJIKaHH3YIOT
B npecce noJl. J1.a'BJIeHHeM npH TeMnepaType 151::1::3°C, npHlIeM TeMne-
paTypa ilJOJl.HHMaeTCH .oOCTeneHHO .!I.O TeMlOepaTypbl ByJJ'KaHH3anHH
B TelleHHe 15 MHH. npO.!l.'OJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb BYJl1aHH3anHH n'PH TeMlnepa-
Type 151°C J1.JIH pe3HHOBbiX cMeeeH Ha OCHOBe CK<I>-26 H CK<I>-260
COCTaBJIHeT 30 MHH, a .lI.JIH eMeeeH Ha OCH'OBe CK<I>-32 - 60 MHH.
nOCJIe lIero npOHCXO.!l.HT OXJIam.ll.eHHe cpOpM no.ll. .lI.aBJIeHHeM .lI.O TeM,ne-
paTyphl 30°C. Ha neplBoH CTaJl.HH BYJIKaHH3aUHH, iKa'K npaBHJIO, ewe
He npOJIICXOJl.HT 06pa30BaHHH He06xo.ll.HMOH 'BYJl1KaHH30aHOHIIOH CTPYK-
106

TYPbl; BTOpaH CTaAHH - TepM'OCTaTHpOBaHHe B Te1leHHe 24 'I npH
200°C. TeMlIIepaTYPY B B03.!1.YWHQM TepMocTaTe, KY.!I.a .nO'Mew.aIOT BYJI-
KaHH3yeMbie H3.l1.eJIHH, nOBliwalOT nocreneHHo B TetJeHHe 3 II. npH
3TOM npOHCXO.ll.HT OKOH'IIaTeJIb'HOe 06pa30'BalH'He BYJlKa'HH33U:IOOHHOH
CTPyKryphl, npHtJe'M Ba>KHYIO pOJIb HrpaeT nponecc pa3pyweHHH rJIO-
6YJIHpHOH crPYKTY.pbl cpTopKaYllyxa H npeBpaweHHe ee B cpH6pHJIJIHp-
"YJO. npH TepMOCTaTHpoBaHHH IIJpOHeXO.!l.HT TaK>Ke Y.lI.aJIeHHe JIeTyqHx
KOMInOHeHTOB, 06pa3QBaBwHx'CH B pe3HHe npH BYJI'KaHH3aIkHH. ,lI,JIH pe-
3HH Ha OCHOBe CK<I>-32 TepMOCTaTHpoBaHHe Heo6H30aTeJlbHO. nOJlYlleH-
Hble no CTaH.lI.apTHbiM penenTypaM pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe cpTopKaYllyoKOB
.lJ.OJl}KHbI HMeTb CJle.ll.YJOInHe cpH3HKOMeXaHHIIKHe xa'Pa'KTepH'CTH'KH:
CK4>.32 CK4>-26 CK4>.260
npOtJHOCTb npH paCTHJKeHHH, Mna, He Me.
Hee. . . . . . . . . . 20
OTHOCHTeJIbHoe YAJlHHeHHe, %, He MeHee 120
OcraTotJHoe Y.!I.JlHHeHHe, %, He 60.lee.. 8
13,5
100
8
18
200
10
CBOHCTBa BYJlK8HH38TOB. CBOHcTBa pe3HH Ha OCHOBe cpTopKaYllYKOB
3a'BHCHT OT npHpO.ll.bI BYJIKaH,H3YJOWHX areHTOB H npHMeHHeMbiX Ha-
nOJIHHTeJIeH (Ta6JI. 11.4). BbI'COKaH npollHOCTb BHYTpHMOJIeKYJIHpHblX
cBH3eH onpe.ll.eJlHeT Tep'MocToHKOCTb pe3HH H,a OCHOBe cpTOpKaYIIYKoB,
a XHMHlIeCKaH HHepTHocTb - 60JlbWYJO CTOHKOCTb K B03.l1.eiicTBHIO 030-
Ha, KOHneHTpHpOBaHHblX KHCJlOT H ,nPyrHx arpeCCHBHblX cpe.!l., B TOM
'1HCJIe TaKHX CHJIbHblX OKHCJIHTeJIeH, KaK KOHneHTpHpOBaHHaH a30T-
HaH KHCJIOTa. nOJlHpHOCTb H CHJIbHOe Me}KMOJleXYJIHpHOe B3aHMO-
AeHCTBHe cpTOp'Kay"tlYKOB 06Y.CJIOBJlHBalOT H'CKJIJOIIHTeJlbHYJO CTOHKOCTb
pe3HH K Ha'6yx,aHHIO B yrJIeBO.ll.Op'OAHblX Ma'CJIaX H paCTBOpHTeJIHX. Pe-
3Hl:fbl Ha OCHOBe CK<I>-32 MorYT .lI.JIHTeJIbHO 3KOnJIyaT'HpOBaTb'CH npH
TeMIDepaType 200°C, a pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe CK<I>-26 H CK<I>-260 - .lI.JIH-
TeJIbHO npH TeMinepaType 250°C H KpaTKoBpeMeHHo (.lI.O 100 tJ) npH
T a 6 JI H U a 11.4. CBoikTB8 pe3HH H8 OCKOBe CK 4»-32.H CK 4»-26
CK4>-32 CK4>-26
nOKaS8TMH nepeKHCb canH- V'H3/IY' nepeKHCb 6HC$ypcjlyPH' V'H3I1Y-
6eHSOHna nam.HMHH 'IeHHe 6eJiSOHna nH.lteHJ'eKCaMe . 'IeHHe
MeAH THneHAHHMHH
npO'IHOCTb npH I
MCTHx<eHBH,
n8 . . . 26-30 27-35 20-30 16-20 14-19 16-18
OTHOCHTeJIbHOe YA'
JlHHeHHe, % 250-300 110-160 2W-300 400-450 120-160 350-450
OCTaTotJHoe YAJlH-
HeHHe, % 2-10 2-5 2-5 10-15 2-5 5-10
COnpOTHBJleHBe 80-100 40-60 40-60 25-30
pa3AHpy, KH/M - -
TaepAocn. no TM-2 70-75 70-80 I 70-72 65-75 70-80 65-75
3J1aCTHtJHoCTb no
OTCKOKY, % 6-8 5-8 6-7 6-10 5-8 6-8
107

TeMlnepaType 250-300°C. ,QJIH HHX xapalKTepHo MaJIOe HalKonJleHHe
OCTaTOIIHOH .!I.ecpOpManHH -npH .lI.JIHTeJIbHOM npe6b1BaHHH B HallJpH}KeH-
HOM COCTOHHHH, npHlleM JIYllwHe nOK,a3aTeJIH H'MeIOT pe3HHbI Ha OCH'O-
Be CK-26, BYJIKaHH30BaHHble npH nOM'OInH OCHOBaHHH lllHcpcpa (Ha-
npHMep, 6HCcpypcpYPHJlH.!I.eHreKcaMeTHJleH.lI.HHMHHa): 34% npH 200°C
B TetJeHHe 24 'I H 83% B TelleHHe 240 II. MOp030CTOHKOCTb pe3HH Ha
OCHOBe CK<I>-32 H CK<I>-26 onpe.ll.eJI5Ie'J>CH HX BbI'COKOH TeM.oepaTYPOH:
CTeKJIOBaHHH H HH)f{HHH TeMnepaTy.pHblH Inpe.ll.eJI 3K'C'I1JIyaTanHH cocraB-
JIHeT -20°C. Pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe CK<I>-260 coxpaHHJOT 3JIaCTH'IeCKHe
caoikl'Ba ,1(.0 -35°C. HaJIP'lIHe raJlorella 'B CTpYKTYpe ,nOJIHMepa onpe-
,!{eJiHeT HetopJOtJecTb pe3HH Ha OCHOBe <l>TopKayqYKOB, K'OTopble cpa3Y
npeKpawalOT ropeHHe npH Y.lI.aJIeHHH H3 nJIaMeHH. B HeKOTopblX CJIY-
lIaHX cpTopKaYIIYKH COBMewalOT C BHK HJIH CKan .lI.JI5I npH.lJ.aHHH;
nOCJIe.ll.HHM 60JIbWeH crOH1<'OCTH K TepMHllecKOMY CTapeHHIO.
npHMeHeHHe. HCKJIJOqHTeJIbHhlH 'KOMnJIeKC cBoii:cTB pe3HR Ha OCHO-
Be cpTopKaYtJY'KOB onpe.ll.eJIHeT ,l(.OCT3TOltHo WHpOl<oe npHMeHeHHe HX
B npOH3'BO.ll.CTBe p33JIH'IIHblX pe3HHOBbiX TeXH,HlleCKHX AeraJIeH .lI.JIH Ma-
WHH H a'rJlnaparOB (y\nJIOTHHTeJIeH, KJIa-naHOB), pa,60TaJOWHX npH ITO-
BblWeH'IIbIX Te'MnepaTypax npH .lI.eHtcT'BHH arpeec'HIBHblX cpe,n, HeCMOT-
pH Ha BbiCOKYJO CTOHMOCTb H CJIO}KHOCTb H3rOTOBJIeHHH H3.l1.eJIHH. H3
pe3HH Ha OCHOBe cpTopKaY'IYKOB H3rOTaIBJIHBalOT PyKa'Ba H WJIaHrR
.lI.JlH rOpHIIHX arpeCCHBHblX }KH.lI.KOCTeH H ra30B, a TaK>Ke H30JIHnHIO
'IlpOBO.ll.OB H Ka6eJIeH, 9KOnJIyaTHPyeMbix B ycJI'OBHHX BbI'COKHX TeMine-
paTY'P H ar.peooHB'HbiX ope.ll.. BaHiOH 06JIa'CTblO npH'MeHeHHH cpTOp.
KaYIIYKOB HBJIHeTCH aHTHKopp03HOHHaH 3aWHTa annapaTypbl.
4»TOPCOEP)I(A"'HE HHTP030anACTOMEPbI (HHTP030KAYQYKH)
COnOJIHMep TpHcpTOpHHTp030MeTaHa H TeTpacpTop3THJIeHa nOJIY'Ia-
JOT c'OnOJIHMepH3a'nneH CFsNO H CF4 B 3iK,BHMOJIbHblX COOTHoweHHHX_
nOJIHMep HMeeT JlHHeHHYJO CTPYKTYPY:
r - 7 - O -CF s -CF s - ]
CF a n
TeMnepaTypa CTeKJIOBaHHH nOJIHMepa -51°C, MOJIeKYJIHpHaH Mac-
ca CBblwe 1 MJlH. npH norpY}KeHHH B CMeCb H300KTaHa C TOJIYOJIOM
(70: 30) nOJIHMep Ha6yxaeT Ha 3% (06.) 3a 24 II; OH He paCTBopHM 8
aneTOHe, MeTHJI3THJIKeTOHe, TeTparH.lI.pocpypaHe H APyrHx paCTBopHTe-
JISlX, 3a HCKJIlOlIeHHeM cpTopCO.ll.ep}KaWHX.
npH HarpeBaHHH .lI.O 200°C B TetJeHHe 20 'I nOTel?H no Macce HI1'1-
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108

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0,5
0,0
85
55
20
35
1.7
8,0
7,5
6,0
400
1,0
0,5
65
62
56
38
30
n OCIle Ha2pe8aHUR npu 300 °C 8 TelteHUe 72 It
npOtJHOCTb npH paCTHJKeHHH,
Mna ., . . . . . . . xpynx.
OTHOCHTeJlbHOe YAJlHHeHHe,
% . . . . . . . . . . xPynK.
3,5
100
500
0,6
0,0
45
60
r-
58
40
xPynx. xpynK.
xpynx. xpynx.
8,5
600
1,0
0,8
50
57
52
38
30
3,5
100
Horo X03ftHCTBa (.lI.eTaJIH MaWHH, pa60TalOWHX npH BbiCOKHX H HH3KHX
TeMnepaTypax). UUHpOKoe npHMeHeHHe OHH HMelOT B 3J1eKTpOTeXHH-
'1eCKOH, pa.ll.H03J1eKTpOHHOH H Ka6e.nbHOH npOMhlWJleHHOCTSlX 6J1aro.ll.a-
pH BbiCOKHM .lI.H3JleKTpHlfeCKHM CBOHCTBaM, rH.!I.pOcp06HOCTH H 030HO-
CTOHKOCTH.
BJiaro.!l.apSl cpH3HOJlOrHlfeCKOH HHepTHOCTH, OTCYTCTBHIO BKyca, 3a-
naxa H cnOC06HOCTH K MHOrOKpaTHOH CTepHJlH3anHH pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe
CHJlOKCaHOBbiX KaY'lYKOB HCnOJlb3yIOTCSI B Me.!l.HnHHCKOH H nHllI.eBOH
npOMblWJleHHOCTH.
He.!l.OCTaTKOM pe3HH Ha OCHOBe 06b1I1HblX CHJlOKCaHOBbiX Kay'lYKOB
SlBJlfteTC5I HX MaJla51 MacJl06eH30CTOHKOCTb.
,lI,Jl5I pa60TbI B cpe.!l.e yrJleBO.!l.OpO.!l.OB CHHTe3HpOBaHbI CHJlOKCaHO-
Bble KaYIlYKH, B KOTOpblX yrJleBO.!l.OpO.!l.Hble pa.!l.HKaJlhl y aTOMOB KpeM-
HHH lIaCTH'IHO 3aMeHeHbI Ha cpTOp- HJlH a30TCO.!l.ep>KaWHe rpynnbl.
<l>TOpCHJlOKCaHOBbie KaYlfYKH no MaCJlOCTOHKOCTH H CTOHKOCTH K
Ha6yxaHHIO B rH.lI.paBJIHlIeCKHX }KH.lI.KOC't5lX 6J1H3KH K cpTopKaYIlYKaM.
114
38

a no CPH3HKO-MexaHHlleCKHM cBoAcTBaM, TepMOCTOHKOCTH H MOp030-
CTOHKOCTH - K .!I.HMeTHJlCHJlOKCaHOBbiM KayqYKaM. BblnYCKalOTC5I Me-
THJITpHcpTopnpOnHJlCHJlOKCaHOBbie KaY'IYKH C pa3J1HIIHblM CO.!l.ep}Ka-
HHeM cpTopa, HX CTpYKTypHble cpOPMYJlbI npHBe.ll.eHbI HH}Ke:
- <fHs - <fHs - <fHs
-Si- O -Si-O- - -Si-O
I I I.
CH s -C H s-CF3-n _ CH s _n _ CH a -C H a- CF 3-m
CKTcs.T.loo CKTcs.T-50 (m = 50%)


BbiCOKOH MOp030CTOHKOCTblO H MaCJJ06eH30CTOHKOCTblO OTJlHII3IOT-
Cft pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe nHaHaJlKHJlCHJlOKCaHOBhlX KayqYKOB CKT-CN
CH s CH s
I I
""'-Si- O Si -0-"'"
&s-CHs-CN
Hs
HH}Ke npHBO.!l.SlTCH HekoTopble CnenHaJlbHble CBOHCTBa pe3HH Ha OCHO-
Be MaCJJ06eH30CTOHKHX CHJIOKCaHOBbiX KayqYKOB:
CKT

50 CKT

IOO CK
CN
npOtJHOCTb npH paCTHJKeHHH,
Mna . . . . . .. 6,5 7.0 5,5
OTHOCHTeJlbHOe YAJlHHeHHe, % 250 200 250
K03<j><j>HUHeHT MOp030CTOi!:KOCTH
npH -50°C. 0,6 0,2 1.0
npH -70°C. 0,0 0,0 0,7
floelle Hazpe8aHUR 8 ICepoeUHe npu 150°C 8 Te'l.eHUe 3 eYT
npOtJHOCTb npH paCTH1KeHHH,
Mna . 3 5 3
OTHOCHTeJlbHoe YAJlHHeHHe,
%. . . 200 200 200
Ha6yxaHHe, % 25 10 25


nOJlHCHJlOKCaHbI c rnepoaToMaMH B OCHOBHOA u.enH. HapSl.ll.Y C MO-
D.HcpHKanHeH nOJlHCHJlOKCaHOB nyTeM 3aMeHbI MeTHJlbHblX rpynn y aTO-
Ma KpeMHHSI Ha .!I.pyrHe OpraHHqeCKHe rpynnbl, cYIneCTBylOT H .!I.pyrHe
cnoc06b1 MO.!l.HcpHKanHH. OHH H3MeHftIOT rJlaBHYIO nenb MOJIeKYJlbl no-
JlHCHJlOKCaHa 3a ClIeT BBe.!l.eHHSI B Hee B, AI, Ti, P, N, Co, Pb, Sn H
D.pyrHx 3JleMeHTOB (3). TaK KaK 3HeprHH CBH3H 3-0 60JIbWe 3Hep-
rHH CB5I3H Si-O, TaKHM cnoc060M nOJlyqalOTCft 60JIee TepMocToHKHe
nOJlHMephl H KOMn03HnHH Ha HX OCHOBe. HH}Ke npHBe.ll.eHbI 3HaqeHHH
3HeprHH E:Bft3H 3-0 .!I.Jlft HeKoTopblX 3J1eMeHTOB:


THn CBIISH 3He,g,11III CBIISH TII/1 CBII8H 3Hepl1lll CBII3H
(K ac/MOIIIo) (KD.ac/Monlo)
Si-O 375 P==O 750
8-0 520 Ti-O 672
P-O 610 AI-O 550
8- 115




KaK npaBHJlO, B 3J1eKTpOHHblX 060JlOIIKaX aTOMOB nepe'lHCJleHHblX
Bblwe 3J1eMeHTOB HMelOTCft cB060.nHble Op6HTbI HJlH HenO.!l.eJIeHHble na-
pbl 3J1eKTpOHOB. 3TO MO}KeT BJIHHTb Ha MexaHHlleCKYIO npOIlHOCTb, pac-
TBOpHMOCTb, a.!l.re3HOHHhle CBOHCTBa nOJlHMepOB, a npH BbiCOKHX TeM-
nepaTypax onpe.neJlHTb xapaKTep H HanpaBJIeHHe H3MeHeHHft HX
CBOHCTB. ,lI,a}Ke He60JlbWHe .!I.06aBKH 3J1eMeHTOB, BBe.!l.eHHblX B nenb no-
JlH.!I.HOpraHOCHJlOKCaHa, cywecTBeHHblM 06pa30M BJlHHIOT Ha CBOHCTBa
nOJlHMepOB.
HaH60JlbWee BHHMaHHe HCCJle.!l.OBaTeJIeH npHBJleKalOT nOJIHOpraHO-
60pCHJlOKCaHbI, KOTopble 06J1a.!l.a1OT cnoc06HOCTblO CaMOCKJIeHBaTbC5I.
YCTaHOBJIeHO, liTO BBe.neHHe He60JlbWHX .!I.06aBOK 60pa B CHJIOKCa-
HOBYIO nenb YJlYlIwaeT MexaHHlleCKHe CBOHCTBa, a.!l.re3HIO K pa3JIHII-
HbiM nOBepXHOCTftM H CTOHKOCTb K BhlCOKHM TeMnepaTypaM.
Pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe CHJlOKCaHOBbiX nOJlHMepOB, CO.!l.ep}KaInHX cpOC-
cpop B OCHOBHOH nenH, Ht,teIOT 60Jlee BhlCOKHe MeXaHHlIeCKHe nOKa3aTe-
JlH H TenJlOCTOHKOCTb no cpaBHeHHIO C TeMH }Ke CBoHcTBaMH pe3HH Ha
OCHOBe CKT.
B JlHTepaType onHcaHbI TaK}Ke CBOHCTBa H CHHTe3 nOJIHOpraHoKo-
6aJlbTCHJlOKCaHOB H CHJIOKCaHOBbiX nOJlHMepOB, cO.!l.ep}KaWHX B OCHOB-
HOH nenH aTOMbi aJiIOMHHHSI, OJlOBa, repMaHHH, }KeJle3a H a30Ta.
nOJlHMepbl, nenOIlKH KOTOphlX COCTOSIT H3 lIepe.nYJOWHXCft aTOMOB
KpeMHHft H a30Ta, npe.nCTaBJISlIOT 3HatlHTeJIbHhlH HHTepec, TaK KaK 6b1-
.'10 YCTaHOBJleHO, liTO CBH3b KpeMHHH C a30TOM cTa6HJlbHa npH BblCO-
KHX TeMnepaTypax.
r JlaBHaft nenb 3THX nOJlHMepOB MO}KeT 6b1Tb .!I.BYX BH.nOB:
. . .-Ji--b-Ji--b-...
I I I I
CIIJIRMB1IOBllII
.. .-Ji--!i-k-i-...
I I I
C1U1838HOBaIi
Oc06eHO HHTepeCHbi 3TH nOJIHMepbl CBoeH cnoc06HOCTblO CWH-
BaTbCft '1epe3 TpHcpYHKnHOHaJlbHblH aTOM a30ra. B 3TOM CJlYllae MorYT
nOJlYIIHTbCH BYJlKaHH3aTbI, OTJlHIIHble no CBOHCTBaM OT BYJlKaHH3aTOB,
nOJlYllaeMhlX nocpe.nCTBOM CWHBaHHH lIepe3 TpHcpYHKnHOHaJlbHblH H
TeTpacpYHKnHOHaJlbHblH aTOM KpeMHHft. nOJlHMepbl C CHJla3aHOBOH
rJlaBHOH nenblO YCTOHIIHBbI B HHepTHOH cpe.!l.e .!I.O 400--450°C H Me.!l.-
JleHHO OKHCJlHIOTCH KHCJlOpO.noM B03.nyxa npH 250-270°C. He.!l.OCTaT-
KOM CHJla3aHOBbiX nOJlHMepOB ftBJlSleTCH OTCYTcTBHe rH.npOJIHTHlIeCKOA
CTOHKOCTH, KOTOPYIO, o.nHaKO, MO}KHO nOBblCHTb nYTeM npHcoe.nHHeHHH
K a30TY MeTHJlbHOrO pa.!l.HKaJla.
06WHpHblM H MHoroo6ewalOWHM KJlaCCOM KpeMHHHOpraHHlIeCKHX
nOJlHMepOB HBJI5IIOTC5I nOJlHMepbl C lIepeAYIOInHMHC5I CB5I3S1MH KpeM-
HHA - yrJIep'O.!I., npHlIeM yrJlepo.n MO}KeT npHHa.!l.JIe>KaTb KaK aJlHcpaTH-
lIecKoMY, TaK H apoMaTHlIecKoMY pa.nHKaJIY. BBe.!l.eHHe Kap60n:enHblx
YllacTKoB B CHJlOKCaHoBYIO nenb npHBo.nHT K YBeJIH'IeHHIO Me}KMOJle-
116

KYJl5IpHOrO B3aHMO.n.eHCTBHH, TepMHlIeCKOH CT36HJlbHOCTH. B pft.n.e'
pa60T OnHCaHO nOJlYlIeHHe H CBOHCTBa nOJlHMepOB C cpeHHJICHJlOKCaHO-
BblMH H cpeHHJleHOBhlMH nenHMH MOJleKYJI. HaH.n.eHO, '1TO nOJIHOpraHO-
cpeHHJleHCHJlOKCaHbI HMelOT 60JlbWYIO TepMOCT36HJlbHOCTb H BblCOKHe'
MeXaHH'IeCKHe nOKa3aTeJIH. TeMnepaTypa pa3J10}KeHHft cpeHHJleHCHJlOK-
caHOB Ha 120-160°C Bblwe, '1eM Y aJIKHJlCHJlOKCaHOB, o.n.HaKO CTOH-
KOCTb HX K OKHCJleHHIO HH}Ke.
nOJlHMep nOJlYlIaeTCH H3 HCXO.n.HblX npo.n.YKTOB A H B nYTeM HX:
KOH.!I.eHcanHH
CH s
HO-Ji-OH
&,
A
CH 3 CH 3
HO-i-o-Ji-OH
&3- &3
B
HaHJlYIIWHMH CPH3HKO-MeXaHHlIeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH (oPOqHOCTb.
npH paCTSI}KeHHH 14,0-35,0 Mna, OTHOCHTeJlbHOe Y.!I.miHeHHe 200-
500%) 06J1a.n.aeT nOJlHMep, COCTOSlWHH H3 lIepe.n.YIOWHXCSI 6JIOKOB on-
THMaJlbHOH .!I.JlHHhI: .
(AAAA)n-(BBBBB)m-(AAA)x-(BBB)g H T. A.
TaKoH 6J10K-COnOJlHMep nOJlY'lalOT B npHcyTcTBHH KaTaJlH3aTOpOEr
n-reKCHJlaMHH - 2-3THJlreKCOaTa HJlH TeTpaMeTHJlryaHH.n.HH - .!I.H- 2-3THJI-
reKcoaTa.
B TO }Ke BpeMSI nOJlHMep CTpYKTypbl AABABBABAAAB HBJl5leTCSIi
aMopcpHblM H ,HMeeT HH3He cpH3HKO-MexaHHlleCHe cBOACTBa.
xnopc)'nb4»HPOBAHHblR nOnH9THnEH
HeKOTopble 3J1aCTOMepbl MO}KHO nOJlyqaTb Mo.n.HcpHKanHeH MOJleKYJl
TBep.n.blX KpHCTaJlJlHlIeCKHX nOJlHMepOB, YMeHbwaSl HX cnoc06HOCTb K
KpHCT3J1J1H3anHH. TaK, npH .!I.eHCTBHH Ha nOJlH3THJleH C MOJIeXYJl5lpHOH
MaCCOH OKOJlO 20000 (B pacTBope lIeTblpeXXJlOpHCTOro yrJlepo.n.a)
CI 2 ;If S02 HJlH S02CI 2 IH 06J1YlleHHH PTYTHo-KBapneBoA JlaMnoA nMY-
lIaeTCSI 3J1aCTHIIHblH MaTepHaJi - XJlOPCYJlbcpHpoBaHHhlH nOJlH3THJleH
(XCn3). OnTHMaJlbHOe co.n.ep}KaHHe xJlopa B MOJleKYJle - He Bblwe
27%, a cepbl (B BH.n.e S02) -OKOJlO 1,5%. 3TH rpynnbl npHcoe.n.HHH-
IOTCH B OCHOBHOM KO BTOpHIIHblM aTOMaM yrJlepo.n.a. B Cpe.!l.HeM OAHK
aTOM xJlopa npHXO.!l.HTCft Ha 7 aTOMOB yrJlepo.n.a, a o.n.Ha rpynna XJlO-
pHCToro CYJl&cl>oHHJla Ha Ka}K.!I.ble 90 aTOMOB yrJlepo.n.a.
XJlOPCYJlbcpHpOBaHHblH nOJlH3THJleH HMeeT npH6J1H3HTeJIbHO cJle.n.y-
IOInYIO CTPYKTYPY:
"'" -( -CHa-CH.-CH.-CH-CH.-CH.- h.-CH.-CH- - "'"
I Jo.
I
CI _11
111

B nOJlHMepe .!I.OJl}KHO cO.!l.ep}KaTbCSI ,26-30% Cl H 1,3-1,9% cepbl.
IIoJlHMep cTa6HJlH3HPYIOT 3nOKcH.!I.HOA CMOJloA (cO.!l.ep}KaHHe OKono
.5%).
fl)H3H..ecKHe cBoAcTBa. nJIOTHOCTb xcna 1l20:t20 Icr'/M 3 . OH XO-
pOwo paCTBopSleTCft B XJIOpHpOBaHHblX H apOMaTHlleCKHX yrJleBO.!l.OpO-
]l.ax. TeMnepaTypa HallaJia pa3J10}KeHH5I CTa6HJlH3HpOBaHHoro nOJlHMe-
pa .!I.OJl}KHa 6b1Tb He HH}Ke 155°C. nOJlHMep xapaKTepH3yeTcH BbiCOKH-
:MH .!I.H3JIeKTpH1IeCKHMH cBoAcTBaMH, npOSlBJlSleT cnoc06HoCTb K KpHC-
TaJIJlH3anHH npH xpaHeHHH H .!I.ecpopManHH.
TeXHOJlOrH..ecKHe cBoACTBa. HaHJlYllmHMH TeXHOJlOrHlleCKHMB cBOA-
'CTBaMH 06J1a.!l.a1OT 3J1aCTOMepbl C BSl3K'OCTblO n'O MYHH npH 100 °C 30-
40 YCJI. e.n. xcna 06pa6aTbiBaeTcft Ha 06b11J;HOM 3aBo.nCK'OM 060py-
.lI.OBaHHH, H.o BJle.!l.CTBHe Bbl3h1BaeM'OH HM KOppo3MH ,He06xo.nHMO, IITO-
.obi BaJiKH BaJibneB .If KaJlaH.npoB, a TaK}Ke BYJlKaHHs.anHoHHble cpop-
Mbi 6b1J1H XpoMHpoBaHHhlM'H. OH He Tpe6yeT npe.!l.Bap'HTeJlbHOA nJlac-
THKanHH: TeMnep3Typa npHrOTOBJIeHH5I CMeceH .!I.OJI}KHa 6b1Tb 6JIH3-
xa K 40°C.
KaJIaH.!I.pOBaHHe HaH60Jlee }KeJIaTeJlbHO npOBO.!l.HTb npH TeMnepary-
pe He 60Jlee 60°C, XOTH npH nOBblweHHH TeMnepaTypbl.!l.O 100 °C
xcna HaH60Jlee nJiaCTHlIeH. OH CMeWHBaeTCH co BceMH BH.naMH Kay-
qYKOB, npH.!I.aBaH HM nOBblweHHoe cOnpOTHBJIeHHe .!I.eHCTBHIO 030Ha.
BYJlKaHH3aI.{HSI. BYJlKaHH3YlOWHMH BeweCTBaMH .nJlH xcna ftBJlH-
lOTCH OKCH.nbl MeTaJlJlOB (PbO, MgO, ZnO), HX rH.!I.P, aTbi cTeapaTbI,
a6HeTHHaTbI, HacpTeHaTbI, aJr.HcpaTHltJeKHe H a'poMaTHllecKHe .nHaMHHbI,
MOlleBHHa H THOMOlleBHHa, aMH.!I.bI H THOaMH.!I.hI, Kap6aMaTbi H THoKap-
-6aMaTbI, ryaHH.nHHbI, 3TaHOJlaMHHbI H .np. OpraHHlIeCKHe BYJlKaHH3YIO-
1ll.He BeweCTBa npHMeHHIOTcH B npHcYTcTBHH MgO - aKnenTopa BbI.!I.e-
JlHIOInerOCH HCI. BYJlKaHH3anHH H.neT 3a C'IeT rpynnbl -S02Cl HJlH
xJlopa (B nenH) HJlH }Ke BCJle.!l.CTBHe pa3MblKaHH5I .!I.BOHHblX CB5I3eH,
.06pa3YIOInHXCft npH OTInenJleHHH HCI.
BYJIKaHH3anHH .nHaMHHaMH npOHCXO.!l.HT BCJJe.nCTBHe 06pa30BaHHSI
CYJIbcpoHaMH.!I.HbI?, rpynn. OHa 3HallHTeJIbHO YCKopfteTCH B npHCYTCTBHH
BJIarH, n03TOMY B CMeCH BBO.nHT, HanpHMep, rH.!I.paTUpOBaHHble COJIH.
J136b1TOK BJIarH MO}KeT Bbl3BaTb npe}K.!I.eBpeMeHHYIO BYJlKaHH3anHIO
(no.nBYJlKaHH3anHIO) pe3HHoBbiX cMeceH B nponecce HX H3rOTOBJIeHHH
H npH cpopMoBaHHH.
PeKOMeH.!I.OBaHHaH penenTypa pe3HHoBoH CMeCH Ha OCHOBe xcna
npHBe.neHa HH}Ke:
CoAeplKalf1le.
Mace. q.
xcn3 .
KaHH<j>0,1b .
OKCHA MarHHH .
MepKanT06eH3THa30.1
JlH<j>eHHJlryaHHAHH .
100
2,5
20,0
2,0
0,5
CMeCb rOTOBHT Ha Jla60paTopHblX BaJibnaX npH TeMnepaType BaJl-
KOB He Bblwe 40°C B Te'leHHe 15 MHH. 06pa3ubl .nJlH HcnblTaHHH BYJl-
118

KaHH3YIOT npH 143°C B Te'leHHe 30 MHH. BYJIKaHH3aTbi .!I.OJl}KHbr
HMeTb CJle.ayIOWHe xapaKTepHcTHKH:
npOtJHOCTb npH paCTHJKeHHH,
Mna, He MeHee . . . . 16
OTHOCHTeJlbHOe YAJlHHeHHe, %.
He MeHee. . . . . . 350
OCTaTotJHoe YA.1HHeHHe, %, He
60.1ee . 20
CBoAcTBa BYJlKaHH3aTOB H npHMeHeHHe. Pe3HHbI H8 OCHOBe xcn
H3-3a OTCYTCTBHSI Henpe.!l.eJIbHblX CBH3eH 06J1a.!l.a1OT BbiCOKHMH 030HO-
CTOHKOCTblO H CTOHKOCTblO K TenJlOBOMY CTapeHHIO. BYJlKaHH38Tbl p
co.nep}KaWHe aKTHBHble HanOJlHHTeJlH, xapaKTepH3yJOTCSI nOBblweHHbl-
MH conpOTHBJleHHeM HCTHpaHHIO H .nHHaMHlleCKOH BblHOCJlHBOCTblO. He-
KOTopble CBOHCTBa pe3HH Ha OCHOBe xcna npe.nCTaBJleHbI HH}Ke:
npOtJHOCTb npH paCTHJKeHHH, Mna
OTHOCHTeJlbHOe YllJlHHeHHe, % .
ConpOTHBJleHHe pa311Hpy, KH/M .
HCTHpaeMOCTb, M 3 /TJJ.JK (MM 3 /KJJ.JK)
3J1aCTHQHOCTb no OTCKOKY, %
TBepAOCTb no TM-2 . . .
TeMnepaTypa xpynKocTH, °C .
16,0-20,0
400-500
40-50
16,5-33
20-30
65-70
-40
floelle HaepesaHuR npu J/8°e s re'leHUe 7 eyr
npOtJHOCTb npH paCTHJKeHHH, Mna
OtHocHTe,1bHoe Yll,1HHeHHe, % .
16,0-20,0
200-400
Pe3HHbI H8 OCHOBe xcna 06J1a.naIOT .!I.OCTaTOIIHO BhlCOKHMH 3J1eK-
TpOH30JlSlnHOHHblMH cBoiicTBaMH H CoOC06HhI coxpaHSlTb HX npHMepHO
.!I.O 120 °c, 8 n03TOMY npHMeHHIOTCft .!I.JlH H30JIHnHH Ka6e.neH. OHH
npHMeHSlIOTCSI TaK}Ke .!I.JlSI H8PY}KHOH 06KJIa,nKH TOnJlHBHhlX eMKOCTeH.
Pe3HHbI xap8KTepH3yJOTCft XOPOWHM conpOTHBJleHHeM HCTHpaHHIO.
'1TO 06YCJlOBJlHBaeT .nJlHTeJIbHyJO pa60Tocnoc06HOCTb H3.ne.nHH.
BCJle.nCTBHe BbiCOKOH CTOHKOCTH nOJlHMepa K arpeCCHBHblM cpe-
.n8M H3 pe3HH Ha ero OCHOBe H3rOTaBJIHBalOT pYK8Ba, npe.!l.Ha3HalleH-
Hble .nJl51 nO.!l.a'lH KHCJlOT H .npymx 8rpeCCHBHblX cpe.n.
,lI,OCT8TOIIHO BblCOK8H TenJIOCTOHKOCTb H XOPOW8H COBMeCTHMOCTb
C .!I.pyrHMH K8y'lYKaMH n03BOJIftIOT npHMeHHTb pe3HHbI H3 XJlOPCYJlbcpH-
pOB8HHoro nOJlH3THJleHa AJIH 06JI8.l1.KH TpaHcnopTepHblX JleHT H nepe-
MeIneHHH H8rpeTbiX M8TepHaJIOB. PeKOMeH.nyeTcH npHMeHHTb xcna
.nJIH H3rOTOBJleHHH TenJIOCTOHKHX ynJloTHHTeJleH H npOKJIa.nOK .!I.Jl5I
npeCCOB H ry6Q8TblX H3.!1.eJIHH.
BeCbM8 nepcneKTHBHO npHMeHeHHe paCTBopOB H3 xcna .nJl51 Ha-
HeceHHH nOKpblTHH H8 TKaHH, MeT8JIJlbI, .!I.epeBO. JIaKH H3 3Toro KaYllY-
Ka HcnOJlb3YlOT .lJ.JlH nOJIY'IeHHH m6KHX 6J1eCTHInHX nOKpblTHH. HaH-
60JIbWee npHMeHeHHe Haxo.nHT pe3HHbI H8 OCHOBe xcna .nJISI H3.lJ.e-
JlHH 8BTOM06HJlbHOH npOMblWJleHHOCTH, B npOH3Bo.nCTBe 06YBH H H3-
.neJIHH 6b1TOBOrO H83H8I1eHHH.
119

JlHTepaTypa
COpaBOtJHHK pesHHII{HKa. M., eXHMHH», 1971. 608 c.
p'e8up14 3. H. BYTaAHeH-HHTpHJlbHble KayqYKH, CBoi!:cTBa H opHMeHeHHe. Te-
'MaT. 0630p. Cep. cI!POH3BOACTBO PTI1 H ATI1». M., IJ.HI1I1T3se4n'exHM, 1972. 111 c.
Kupnu"HUK08 n. A., A8epKo-AHTOH08U" /1. A., A8epKO-AHTOH08U" 10. O. XiI-
'MHH H TeXHOJlOrJIH CHHTetHtJecKoro KaYtJYKa. .H3J(. 2-e, oepep86. n., eXHMHJI», 1975.
479 c.
p.oeaiJlCUH B. A. XHMHH 9J1aCTOMepoB. M., eXHMHH», 1972.390 c.
r080po8a O. A., rtlAU/I-OUbi. t/J. A., 3aICup08a M. A. Axplfn8TRble K8)"1yJU1.
TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. e[1pOH3BOACTBO PTI1 H ATI1». M., IJ.HI1I1T3He$TeXHM, 1972.
27 c.
CyxoTUHa T. M., 60puc08a H. H. CBoiicTB8 S'l'WleH-npOOWleHOBbIX K8yq)'KOB B
pesHH Ha HX OCHOBe. TeMaT. o63op. Cep. enpOH3BOJ(CTBO pm H ATI1». M.,
UHI1I1T3sect»TeXHM, 1973. 87 c.
ra.ltUA-Oubi. t/J. A., H08UKOB /1. C., HyiJe.ltbMO.H 3. H. OpK8)"1)'KH H pesHHbI
tla HX OCBOBe. M., eXHMHH», 1966. 235 c.
Kpanuxq,e.ltbiJ /1. H., Op.ltOSU" T. M., XaaeH /1. 3. KpeMHHAopr8HJI1IecKHe pesH-
SbI B Ka6enbHoA TexHHKe. M., BHI1119M, 1966.91 c.
Kap/tUH A. B. U iJp. CHJlOKCaSOBble Kayq)'KH. TeuaT. 0630p. Cep. CnpOH3BOJ(CT-
'DO CK». M., IJ.HI1I1T3He/{)teXHM, 1970. 115 c.
IlluT14 M. CHJlHKOHOBblA KaYtJYK. nep. C tJeWCK. n., eXHMHH», 1975. 192 c.
POHICUH r. M. CBOi!:CTB8 H OpHMeHeHHe 6yrB.BK8y<1yK8. Teu8T. 0630p. Cep.
-CnpOH3BOJ(CTBO WHH». M., IJ.HI1I1T3He$teXHM, 1969. 96 c.
ra.ltu/t-Oe.ltbl. t/J. A. B KH.: .lI.ocTHx<eHHH HayKH H texHO.BOrHH B 06J18CTH pesR-
oHbI. M., eXHMHH», 1969, c. 51-69.
CHHTetHtJecKHA KayqyK. nOJ( peA. 11. B. r8pMOHOB8. n., eXHMHH», 1976. 752 c.

rJlaBa 7
5J10K-COnOJl HMEPbl, TEPM03J1ACTOnJlACTbI
BOJlbWHHCTBO npHMeHfteMhlx B npOMblWJIeHHOCTH 3J1aCTOMepoB npe,n-
CTaBJIftlOT C060H roMonOJlHMepbl p83J1HIIHOH CTpYKTypbl, CTaTHCTH'Ie-
CKHe UJiH aJlbTepHaHTHhle COnOJlHMepbl.
OC06b1H HHTepec npe.!l.CTaBJISlIOT 6AoK-COnO.AUMepbl. - COoOJlHMephl.
MOJIeKYJlbI KOTOpblX COCTOSIT H3 lIepe.!l.YlOwuxCH 6J10KOB rOMOnOJlHMe-
pOB HJlH (H) CTaTHCTHlleCKHX COnOJlHMepOB, pa3JIHllalOWHXCH no COC-
TaBY H CTpoeHHIO. MO}KHO nOJlYlIaTb 6J10K-COnOJIHMepbl caMoro pa3-
JlHIIHOrO CTpoeHHSI, COCTOHWHe H3 OTHOCHTeJIbHO KOpOTKHX 6J10KOB,
lIepe.!l.YIOw.HXCSI Me}K.!I.Y C060H, HJIH H3 OTHOCHTeJIbHO .!I.JlHHHblX 6JIOKOB,
pacnO.f!o>t'feHHblx B onpe,neJIeHHOM nopSl,nKe.
Oc06eHHOCTblO CTPYKTyphl 6J10K-COnOJlHMepOB SlBJISleTCH TO, liTO
B nponecce UX nOJlYlIeHHSI HJlH npH .!I.aJIbHeHWeH nepepa60TKe H,neT
MHKpOpaCCJlOeHHe nOJlHMepa, COnpOBO}K,naIOIneeCH 06pa30BaHHeM MHK-
p006J1aCTeH C 6J10KaMH o,nHHaKOBOH XHMHlleCKOH npHpO.!l.bI. BJI8rOAapSi
H8JIH'IHIO MHKp006J18CTeH, 060raweHHblX TeM HJlH HHblM nOJIHMepHblM
KOMnOHeHTOM, 6J10K-COnOJlHMepbl DO CBOHCTB8M cyw.eCTBeHHO OTJlH-
'1alOTCSI OT CTaTHCTHlleCKHX COnOJIHMepOB Toro }Ke C'OCTaBa. OHH xa-
paKTepH3YIOTCft H8J1'H1JIHeM HecKOJlbKHX TeMnepaTYP CTeKJIOB8HHSI (To).
COOTBeTCTBYIOWHX T c HH.!I.HBH.!I.yaJlbHblX nOJlHMepOB, COCT8BJlSlIOInHX
6J10KH. TeMnepaTypa HX nepeXO.!l.a B BH3KOTeKY1Iee T UR COCTOSlHHe
COOTBeTcTByeT MaKCHMaJlbHOH H3 TeMoepaTYP nJlaBJleHHSI HH,nHBH.!I.Y-
8J1bHblX nOJIHMepOB, COCTaBJI5IIOWHX 6JIOKH.
BBe,neHHble B 6J10K-COnOJlHMepbl HH3KOMOJleKYJI5IpHble KOMnOHeHTbI
pacnpe.!l.eJlSlIOTCSI B MHKp006J1aCTHX, 06pa30BaHHblx TeMH 6JIOKaMH, B
KOTOphlX OHH JIYllwe paCTBOpSlIOTC5I. npH nOJlYlleHHH 6J10K-COnOJlHMe-
pOB, COCTOSlWHX H3 6JIOKOB TepMOnJIaCTH'IHblX H 3J1aCTHIIHhlX nOJIHMe-
pOB, nOJlYlI3lOTCH M8TepHaJIbi C HHTepeCHbiM KOMnJIeKCOM CBOHCTB.
,lI,Byx6J10IlHble nOJlHMepbl THna AB (r.!l.e A - oO.!l.Bep}KeHHhlH
CTeKJlOBaHHIO HJlH CHJlbHOH KpHCTaJlJIH3anHH 6J10K TepMOnJiaCTa, a
B-6J10K 3J1aCTHIIHOrO nOJlHMepa) npOftBJI5IIOT CBOHCTBa JIH60 TepMO-
nJI8CTHIIHblX KaYIIYKOB, JIH60 Y.!I.8pOnpOIlHblX nJIaCTMaCC B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT npe06J18.!1.8JOwero CO.!l.ep}KaHHH KaKOrO-JIu60 H3 KOMnOHeHTOB H OT
CTPYKTYPbl 6JIOK-COnOJlHMep8. H8JIH1IHe B K8YIIYKax KOpOTKHX 6JIOKOB
TepMOnJIaCTa, cnoc06Horo 06pa30BblBaTb MHKp006J1aCTH, HMelOInHe
nOBblweHHble no cpaBHeHHIO C KaYIIYKOM T c HJlH T DR, npH.!I.aeT KaYIIY-
KaM nOBblweHHYIO TepMOnJl8CTHIIHOCTb, YCTpaHHeT XJl8.!1.0TeKYlleCTb H
YJIYllwaeT HX TeXHOJIOrHlleCKHe CBOHCTB8 npH nepepa60TKe.
121

HaH60JIbWHH HHTepeC npe.ll.CTaBJISlIOT Tpex6JIo'lHble nOJIHMepbJ TH-
na A-B-A, r.ll.e KOHneBble 6JIOKH A - TepMOnJIaCTbI, a Cpe.D.HHH
6JIOK B - 3J1aCTJftfHblH nOJIHMep. np.H onpe.ll.eJIeHHOM COOTHoweHIHH
KOMnOHeHTOB H npH TeMnepaTypax HH}Ke Tc nOJlHMepa, 06pa3YlOwero
6JIOK A, 3TH nOJIHMepbl nO.ll.06HbI BYJlKaHH3aTaM - 06JIa.ll.alOT .lI.OCTa-
1'OtfHO BblCOKOH npOtfHOCTblO, 3J1aCTH'{HOCTblO H HH3KHM oCTarotfHblM
Y.lI.JIHHeHHeM, a np" TeMnepaType Bblwe Tc 6JIOKOB A 6JIOK-COnOJIHMep
nepeXO.!l.HT B Bft3KOTeKY'lee COCTOHHHe H npH06peTaeT cnoc06HOCTb K
4>opMoBaHHIO pa3JIHtJHblMH MeTO.ll.aMH, npHMeHfteMblMH B npOH3BO.ll.CTBe
nJiaCTMacc.
BbJCOKaft npOtJHOCTb nOJIHMepa H OTCYTCTBHe TeKYtJeCTH npH TeM-
nepaTypax HH}Ke T(! HJIH Tun 6JIOKOB A onpe.ll.eJIftlOTCH HaJIH'IHeM
MHKpocpa30BblX 06pa30BaHHH (oo-JIaCTeH, .lI.OMeHOB) nOJIHMepa A, BbI-
nOJIHHIOWHX CP)'IHrou'HH cpH3H1IOOKHX Y3JI()18 Ce1'KH, npe.nSlTC11BYIOWHX Te-
tfeHHIO 3J1aCTHIIHOrO nOJlHMepa, 6JIOKH KOTOpOro OKa3b1BaIOTCSI 3aKpen-
JJeHHblMH Me}K.lI.Y .lI.BYMH Y3JIaMH. Tpex6JIo1lHble nOJIHMepbl THna B-
A-B npOHBJIHIOT CBOHCTBa TepMOnJiaCTH'IHblX KaytJyKoB, TaK KaK
3JIaCTH1IHble 6JIOKH B OKa3b1BaIOTCH He3aKpenJIeHHblMH Me}K.lI.Y Y3J1a-
MH ceTKH.
nOBblWeHHaH TeKYlleCTb 6J10K-COnOJIHMepOB THna A-B-A Bblwe
T c HJlH Tun 6JIOKOB A, JIerKaSl cpopMyeMocTb, BbiCOKaft npOIlHOCTb npH
HOpMaJlbHOH TeMnepaType 6e3 XHMHtfeCKOrO CTPYKTypHpOBaHHH H 06-
paTHMOCTb nepeXO.ll.a OT paCnJIaBa K H3.l1.eJlHIO HBJlHIOTCH 06WHMH C
TepMOnJiaCTaMH. BblCOKaH 3JIaCTHtfHOCTb H cnoc06HOCTb K 60JIbwHM
06paTHMblM .lI.ecpOPJ.fanHftM no.ll. .lI.eHCTBHeM He60JlbWHX HarpY30K aHa-
JIOrH'IHbI CBOHCTBaM pe3HH H onpe.ll.eJIHIOT OOJIaCTH npHMeHeHHH 6JIOK-
COnOJIHMepOB, Tpa.ll.HnHOHHble .lI.JIft pe3HH. BJiarO.ll.apB HaJIHtfHIO TaKoro
KOMnJIeKCa CBOHCTB Tpex6JIo1lHble COnOJIHMepbl THna A-B-A nOJIY-
tfHJlH Ha3BaHHe TepM03AaCTonAaCToe (TaD).
Cpe.ll.H Tan HaH60JIee H3ytfeHHblMH H HaH60JIee npHMeHHeMblMH
BJIHIOTCft H30npeH-CTHpOJIbHble (HCT) H 6YTa.ll.HeH-CTHpOJIbHble
(.lI.CT) Tpex6J1o'lHble 6JIOK-COnOJIHMepbl. TepM03JIaCTOnJIaCTbI .lJ.CT H
HCT C .lI.OCTaTO'lHO BbiCOKHMH npOIlHOCTHblMH CBOHCTBaMH nOJIytJalOTCft
npH CO.ll.ep}KaHHH CTHpOJIa OT 20 .lI.O 60% (npe.ll.nO'ITHTeJlbHO 30-
40%), npH KOTOpOM B03MO}KHO 06pa30BaHHe HenpepbJBHOH cpa3b1
3J1aCTHtJHoro nOJlHMepa. CTHpOJI npH 60JlbWeM cO.!l.ep}KaHHH o6pa3yeT
HenpepblBHYIO cpa3Y, H 6J10K-COnOJIHMepbl HMelOT CBoHcTBa nJIaCTMacc.
TIpH cO.ll.ep}KaHHH CTHpOJIa CBblwe 40% cywecTBeHHo YBeJlH'IHBaeTcH
OCTaTOtfHOe Y.ll.JIHHeHHe nOJIHMepoB.
KOHneBble nOJIHCTHpOJIbHble 6JIOKH .lI.OJI}KHbI HMeTb npHMepHo O.ll.H-
HaKoBblA pa3Mep, B 3TOM cJlytJae 06JIer1laeTCH 06pa30BaHHe nOJIHCTH-
pOJIbHblX .lI.OMeHOB H OHH HMelOT 60Jlee npaBHJIbHYIO CTPYKTYPY. MOJIe-
Ky.iIftpHaH Macca nOJIHCTHpOJIbHblX 6JIOKOB .!I.OJI}KHa 6b1Tb .lI.OCTaTOtJHO
BblCOKOH, IIT06b1 06ecnetJHTb Tun .lI.OMeHOB Bblwe +60 °C. TepM03JIaC-
TOnJIaCTbI C HaHJlYtfWHM "KOMnJIeKCOM CBOHCTB nOJIytfalOTCH npH COtfe-
TaHHH }KeCTKHX 6JIOKOB nOJlHCTHpOJIa C M OT 10 .lI.O 45 TblC. H 3JIaCTHtJ-
HbiX 6JIOKOB nOJIHH30npeHa HJIH nOJIH6yra.lJ.HeHa C M OT 35 .lJ.0 15 TbiC.
06lJitJHO Tan nOJIytJalOT paCTBopHOH nOJIHMepH3aUHeH B npHCYT-
122

CTBHH JIHTHiiopraHHtJeCKHX COe.ll.HHeHIfH B KatJeCTBe KaTaJIH3aTOpOB.
nOJlHMepbl OTJIHtJalOTCft BbiCOKOH tJHCTOTOH H npaKTHtJeCKH He CO.ll.ep-
}KaT nOCTopOHHHX npHMeceH. npH BbI.lI.eJIeHHH H3 paCTBopOB B HHX .lJ.0-
6aBJIftIOT, KaK npaBHJIO, HeOKpaWHBalOWHe npOTHBOCTapHTeJIH.
nepepa60TKY T3n OCYIneCTBJIHIOT npH TeMnepaTypax 100-200°C,
npHtJeM npH .lJ.JIHTeJIbHOH nepepa60TKe npH TeMnepaType HH}Ke 100°C
Ha6J1IO.lI.aeTCH MeXaHO.ll.eCTpYKnHft nOJlHMepOB H CHH}KeHHe npotJHocTH
MaTepHaJlOB. HCT npH BblCOKHX H nOHH}KeHHblX TeMnepaTypax no.ll.-
BepralOTCft 60JIbWeii .lI.eCTpYKnHH, tJeM ,lJ.CT. nepepa60TKa B H3.l1.eJIHH
Tan MO}KeT npOH3BO.lJ.HTbCH MeTO.ll.aM'H wnpHneBaH'HH, KaJIaH.lI.pOBaHHH.
npeccoBaHHft, JIHTbH no.ll. .lI.aBJleHHeM. ,lJ.JIft nOJIyqeHHH H3.l1.eJlHH CJIO}K-
Horo npocpHJIft H3 Ts,n MeTO.ll.aMH npeCCOBaHHft H JIHTbft no.ll. .lJ.aBJleHH-
eM HX B OTJIHtJHe OT nOJIytJeHHH H3.l1.eJIHH H3 CMeceH Ha OCROBe Kayqy-
KOB He06xo.ll.HMO OXJIa}K.lJ.aTb B cpopMe .lI.O TeMnepaTYPbl 40-60°C.
npH HOpMaJlbHOH TeMnepaType Tan HMelOT BblCOKHe npOqHOCTHble
CBoHcTBa, OTHOCHTeJIbHOe Y.lI.JIHHeHHe, TBep.ll.OCTb, 3JIaCTH1IHOCTb H co-
npOTHBJleHHe HCTHpaHHIO.
HH}Ke npHBe.ll.eHbI HeKOTopble cBoiicTBa ,lJ.CT H HCT:
COAepJKaHHe CTHpOJla, % (Macc.). . .
HanpsnKeHHe npH YAJlHHeHHH 300%, Mna
npOtJHOCTb npH paCTH>KeHHH, Mna . .
OTHOCHTeJlbHOe YAJlHHeHHe, %. .
OCTaTotJHoe YAJlHHeHHe, %
3J1aCTHtJHoCTb no OTCKOKY, %
TBepAocTb no TM-2 . .
TeMnepaTypa XpynKOCTH, °C
.lI.CT.30
30
2,5
25,2
850
20
63
70
-98
.lI.CT.50
52
8,4
38
670
86
40
95
HCT-30
25
1,2
38,4
1050
7
54
60
-53
MaJloe CO.ll.ep}KaHHe HeKayqYK'OBHX npHMeceA 06ecneqHBaeT BblCO-
KHe .lI.H3JIeKTpHtJecKHe CBoHcTBa, B TOM IIHCJle H nOCJle BbI.lI.ep}KKH B
BO.ll.e. ,lI,H3JIeKTpHtJeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH HCT-30 npHBe.ll.eHbI HH}Ke:
l1..o
HCnwTaHHII
YAeJlbHoe 06'beMHOe 3.1eKTpHtJe-
CKoe conpOTHBJleHHe, OM' M . 1.10 13
TaHrell'C yrJla AH3J1eKTpHQeCKHX
nOTepb. . 0,0006
)XH3J1eKTpHtJecKaH npOHHuae.
MOCTb. . . . . . . 2,2
3J1eKTpHtJecKaH npOtJHOCTb, MB/M 31
nacne
BYAeplKKH
B BOAe
IIPB 20.C
B Te'leHII8
14 C"fT
8.1()1'
0,002
2,3
25
CywecTBeHHHM He.ll.OCTaTKOM Tan HBJIfteTCH HX M8J1aH TenJlOCTOii-
KOCTb. npH nOBHweHHH TeMnepaTypH .!I.O 50-70°C HX npOqHOCTHble
cBoiicTBa cywecTBeHHo nOHH>KaIOTCft H npH nOCT'OftHHOM HanpH}KeHHH
HallHHaer npOHBJlHTbCH TeKYtJeCTb. HeKoToporo nOBblweHHft TenJIO-
CTOHKOCTH MO}KHO .lJ.06HTbCH CTPYKTypHpoBaHHeM nOJIHMepa, HanpH-
Mep B03.l1.eHCTBHeM pa.ll.H03KTHBHblX H3J1ytJeHHii. rIpHMeHeHHe 06b1I1HblX
123

EyJIKaHH3YIOWHX CHCTeM YCTpaHfteT npeHMywecTB8 T3n nepe.ll. Kay-
tfYKaMH.
,lI,JIft YJIYtJweHHft 3KOHOMUtJeCKHX nOKa3aTeJIeH B T9n CJIe.ll.yeT
BBO.ll.UTb HanOJIHHTeJIH H nJIaCTHcpHKaTopbl. Bbl60p nJIaCTHcpUKaTopOB
He06xo.lJ.HMO OrpaHHtfHTb MaTepHaJiaMH, paCTBopHIOWHMHCSI B 3JIaCTO-
'MepHOH cpe.ll.e H He Bbl3b1BaIOInHMH pa3pyweHHe nOJIHCTHpOJIbHblX .lJ.0-
MeHOB. HaHJlytJWHM nJiaCTHcpHKaTopOM HBJIHeTCft Ba3eJIHHOBOe MaCJIO.
BBe.ll.eHHe HanOJIHUTeJIeH Bbl3b1BaeT CHH)f{eHHe npOtJHOCTHhlX CBOHCTB
T3n, npHTOM TeM B 60JIbWeH CTeneHH, tJeM Bblwe UX .lI.HCnepCHOCTb.
TeM He MeHee npH BBe.ll.eHUH HeaKTHBHblX HanOJlHHTeJIeH (MeJl, OKCH.lI.
UHHKa) .lI.O 100 Macc. 'I. Ha 100 Macc. 'I. nOJIHMepa npOqHOCTHble CBOH-
CTBa coxpaHftlOTcft .lI.OCTaTotJHO BblCOKHMH.
H3-3a BblCOKOH Henpe.ll.eJIbHOCTH 3J1aCTHtfHblX 6JIOKOB .nCT H HCT
H3.l1.eJIUH Ha HX OCHOBe nO.ll.Bep}KeHbI 6b1CTp'OMY 030HHOMY, CBeTOBOMY
II aTMoccpepHOMY CTapeHHJO. 3TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO cywecTBeHHO orpa-
HHtJHBaeT B03MO>KHOCTH npHMeHeHHH 3THX MaTepHaJlOB.
KpOMe .QCT U HCT MO}KHO nOJIYtJaTb T3n C KOHneBblMH 6J10KaMH
nOJIHnpOnHJIeHa HJIH nOJIH3TUJleHa H Cpe.ll.HHM 3THJIeHnpOnHJIeHOBblM
JIaCTOMepHblM 6J10KOM. TaKue nOJIHMepbl 06J1a.ll.a1OT BhlCOKHM conpo-
THBJIeHHeM aTMoccpepHOMY, CBeTOBOMY H 030HHOMY CTapeHHIO H3-3a
MaJIOH Henpe.ll.eJlbHOCTH MaKpOMOJIeKYJI.
BCJIe.ll.CTBHe Y.ll.06CTBa nepepa60TKH, OTCYTCTBHft TOKCHtfHblX npH-
MeeeH H HHrpe.ll.HeHTOB, BblCOKUX MeXaHHtfeCKHX CBOHCTB npH HOpMaJIb-
HOH H nOHH}KeHHOH TeMnepaTypax T3n npHMeHHIOTCH B npOU3BO.ll.CT-
Be pe3HHOBOH 06YBH, HrpyweK, Me.ll.UnHHCKUX H3.!1.eJlHH, M8rHUTHblX
BCTaBOK .lI.JIft ynJIOTHHTeJleH XOJIO.lJ.HJIbHHKOB, PYKaBOB H .lI.pyrHx H3e-
JIHH.
BJiarOAapH BbiCOKOH KJleHKOCTH H nOBblweHH'OH npO'lHOCTH nJIeHKH
MCT HCnOJlb3YIOTCft B BU.lI.e paCTBopOB B np'OH3BO.lJ.CTBe a.ll.re3HBOB H
H30JlHnHOHHblX JIeHT. OHH MorYT npUMeHHTbCSI KaK 3cpcpeKTHBHble
.lI.06aBKH .lI.JIH YJlYllweHHft TeXHOJIOrHtJeCKHX CBOHCTB pe3HHOBblX CMe-
ceH, a TaK}Ke KaK MOp030CTOHKoe CBH3YIOwee B accpaJlbT06HTYMHblX
KOMn03HnHHX .lI.JIft .lI.OpO}KHOrO CTpOHTeJlbCTBa.
nRTepaT)'pa
PosuHOep fl. M. U op. BYT8.11.HeH-CTHpOJlbHble TepM09J18CTODJl8CTLl, COnOJlHMe-
pLl H 6nOK-CODOJlHMepbl. TeM8T. 06sop. Cep. «npOMLlWJleHHOCTb CHHTeTHqeCKOrO
K8YQYK8». M.t IJ,HIUfT3He$TeXHM, 1969.65 c.
Moucees B. B. u op. CT8peHHe H CTa6HJ1H381UUI TepM03J18CTODJl8CTOB. TeM8T.
o6aop. Cep. cnpoMLlwneHHOCTb CHHTeTHtJeCKoro K8yqyxa». M., UHIUfT3He4>TeXHM,
1974. 52 c.
lOoUH B. n. u iJp. CHHTe3, CBoACTB8 H npHMeHeHHe HSoDpeR-CTHpom.HLlX H 6y-
T8.1U1eR-CTHpOJlbRLlX -repM03J18CTODJlaCTOB. Tear8T. o6aop. Cep. cnpoMLlwneR1l0CTb
CHHTeTHQeCKoro KayqYX8». M., U,HHHTSBe4»TeXHM, 1975. 61 c.

fJlaBa 8
)l(HJ].KHE KAY"IYKH (OJlHfOMEPbI)
H PE3HHbI HA HX OCHOBE
COBpeMeHHoe npOH3BO.ll.CTBO pe3HHoBblX H3.l1.eJIHH, OCHOBaHHoe rJIaB-
HblM 06pa30M Ha nepepa60TKe BblCOKOMOJIeKYJIftpHblX TBep.ll.blX Kay'IY-
KOB, xapaKTepH3yeTcH MHOrOCTa.ll.HHHOCTblO, BblCOKOH 3HeproeM-
KOCTblO, 60JIbWHMH 3aTpaTaMH TpY.lI.a, '1TO CBH3aHO C He06xo.ll.HMOCTblO
nepepa60TKH BblCOKOBft3KHX MHorOKOMnOHeHTHblX CHCTeM.
O.ll.HUM H3 B03MO}KHblX nYTeH cOBepweHcTBoBaHuH npOH3BO.ll.CTBa
HeKoTopblX H3.l1.eJlHH HBJIfteTCH npHMeHeHHe }KH.lI.KHX KaYtJyKoB - OJlH-
rOMepoB, T. e. nOJIHMepOB C M, npH6JIu}KalOweHCH no 3HaQeHHIO K M
cerMeHTa MaKpOMOJIeKYJlbI. npH TaKOH M OJIHrOMepbl He npOftBJIHIOT
BblCOK03J1aCTHtJeCKUX CBOHCTB H HMelOT cpaBHUTeJIbHO HeBblCOKYIO
Bft3KOCTb. PeaKUHOHHocnoc06Hble OJIHrOMepbl n03BOJISIIOT COBMeCTHTb
B O.lJ.HOH onepanHH nponeCCbI nOJIyqeHUH BblCOKOMOJIeKYJIHpHOrO 3JIaC-
TOMepHoro MaTepHaJIa C H3rOTOBJIeHHeM H3.l1.eJIHSI 6e3 npHMeHeHHH BbI-
COKHX .lI.aBJIeHHH, HanpHMep, }KH.lI.KHM cpopMOBaHHeM.
nOnblTKH nOJlYtJeHHH BblCOKOKaqeCTBeHHblX pe3UH H3 }KH.lI.KHX Kay-
'1YKOB Ha OCHOBe ,nHeHOB HJIH COnOJIHMepOB .!I.HeHOB C OJIecpHHaMH
C M OT 1 .lI.O 15 TbiC. He .lI.aJlH nOJIO}KHTeJIbHblX pe3YJIbTaTOB, TaK KaK
npH BYJlKaHH3anHH TaKHX KaYtJYKOB nOJlytJaeTCft OtJeHb HeperYJIftpHaft
BYJIKaHH3anHOHHaSl ceTKa C BblCOKHM cO.!l.ep}KaHUeM HeaKTUBHOH tJaCTH
(KOHnOB nOJIHMepHhlX MOJIeKyJI, He BOWe.!l.WHX B ceTKY). BYJlKaHH3a-
TbI, CO.ll.ep}KaWHe B KatJeCTBe YCHJIHBalOwero Han'OJiHUTeJIH TeXHHtJec-
KHH yrJlepo.ll., HMelOT npe.ll.eJl npOtJHOCTH npu pa3pblBe He Bblwe
10 Mna npH HH3KOM (100-200%) OTHOCHTeJlbHOM Y.lI.JIHHeHHH H co-
npOTHBJleHHH HCTHpaHHIO. TaKHe }KH.lI.KHe KaYtJYKH MO}KHO HCnOJIb30-
B8Tb B KatJeCTBe HeBblMblBalOWHXCH H HeMHrpHpYIOWHX nJIaCTHcpHKa-
TOpOB .!I.JIH HaTypaJIbHOrO H CHHTeTHtJeCKHX KaytJYKoB, .!I.JIH H3rOTOBJIe-
HHft 360HHTa, npH npOH3BO.ll.CTBe repMeTHKoB, 3aMa30K H .lI.p.
HaH60JIbWHH HHTepec npe.ll.CTaBJIHIOT OJIHrOMepbl, cO.ll.ep}KaWHe aK-
TUBHble KOHneBble cpYHKnHOHaJIbHble rpynnbl. HaJlHtJue TaKHX cpYHK-
UHOHaJIbHhlX rpynn n03BOJIHeT YBeJIHtJHTb M nOJIHMepa npH nOMOWH
CneUHaJIbHhlX CTPYKTYPHPYIOWHX areHTOB H ocywecTBHTb HX CWHBa-
HHe C 06pa30BaHHeM npocTpaHcTBeHHoH CTPYKTYPH C perYJlHpHblM
pacn'OJlO>KeHHeM nonepetJHblx CBH3eH H OTCYTCTBHeM HeaKTHBHoH qaCTH
CCTKH.
TaKHe OJlHrOMepbl WHpOKO npHMeHHIOTcft npH CHHTe3e ypeTaHOBblX
KayqyK'OB.
125

YPETAUOBbiE KAYIJYI(H
YpeTaHOBHe KaytJYKH nOJIytJalOT 06b1tJHO nYTeM B3aHMO.ll.eiicTBHSI
npOCTblX HJIH CJIO}KHblX nOJIH3cpHpOB C M, paBHoii 1000-5000, cO.ll.ep-
}KaWHX KOHneBbie rH.lI.pOKCHJIbHble rpynnbl, C .lI.HH30UHaHaTaMH. CBOH-
CTBa ypeTaHoBblx KaY'lYKoB 3aBHCftT OT cTpoeHHft H CBOHCTB HCXO.ll.HblX
MaTepHaJIOB.
OCHOBHOH XHMH'IeCKOH peaKnHeii npH nOJIytJeHHH ypeTaHoBblx Kay-
QYKOB HBJIfteTCft B3aHMO.lJ.eHCTBHe rH.lI.pOKCHJIbHblX H H30nHaHaTHblX
rpynn, KOTopoe npOHCXO.ll.HT C BblCOKOii CKOpOCTblO no cxeMe:
O
R-N=C==O + HO-R' _ R-N-C.
I - "O-R'
H
CJIO}KHble nOJlH3cpHpbl C KOHneBblMH rH.lI.pOKCHJIbHHMH rpynnaMR
nOJIYtJalOT nOJIHKOH.lI.eHCaUHeii .lI.BYXOCHOBHblX KHCJlOT (HanpHMep, a.ll.H-
.nHHoBoH) H rJIHKOJIeii (HanpHMep, 3THJIeHrJIHK'OJISI, npOnHJleHrJIHKOJIH
HJIH HX cMeceii) c He60JlbWHM H36b1TKOM rJIHKOJIH. Oro JIerKOnJIaBKHe
TBep,nble BeweCTBa HJIH }KH.lI.KOCTH C Bft3KOCTblO npH 75°C OT 400 .lI.'O
1200 MTIa.c.
J.b npOCTblx nOJI'HH'J>O:B HaH'60JIbWUii HHTepeC .lI.JIft npoH3-
BO.ll:oCma ypeT3-00BbI.X 'KaYtJ'YiKOB npe;ll.CTa18JIH'IOT nOJIHMephl OKHCH
npOnHJleHa H-[-O-GH-OH 2 -]n-OH H Te11p arH.lI.po4>Y'p aHa
I
CH,
H- r -0 (OH 2 ) 4] n-OH. 3ro - }KH;ZI.KOCTH C BSl13JroCTblO, pa:8HOii npH
25°C' 300-500 Mn8' c. .
113 .lI.HH30nH8HaTOB HaH60JIbWee npHMeHeHHe H8XO.ll.HT:
CH a
_c-o
I
N=C=O
2,4'TOJI)'IUIeJWIH8OIUIaHaT
0==C==N-  2- 0 -N=C=0
4.4'AHcjlemlnMeTIIIfAIIHSOII,H8K8T
O=C=N
I
CO I
 #
I
N==C-O
1,5-K8+rMeJfAlIJIIOII;8III8T
CHHTe3 yperaH'OBHX 3J1aCTOMep'OB M'OZer 6HTb ocyweCTBJIeH KaK
O.ll.HOCTa,nHAHhlM, T8K R .lI.BYXCT8.l1.HiiHhlM cnoco60M, npRtJeM nOCJIe.nHHii
HaXO.!l.HT HaH60JlbWee paCnpOCTpaHeHRe. fi'O 3TOMY cnoc06y Ha nep-
126

BOH CTa.ll.HH CHHTe3a npH MOJIHpHOM COOTHOWeHHH .lI.HH30UHaHaT:OJIH-
r03cpHp2 06pa3YIOTCH HH3KOMOJIeKYJIftpHble nOJIHMepbl C BblCOKOpe-
aKnHOHHOCnoc06HHMH H30UHaHaTHblMH rpynnaMH, TaK Ha3b1BaeMble
npenOJlHMephl (HJIH cpOpnOJIHMephl):
o
II
HO""'Rl""'OH + 2OCN-R"-NCO __ OCN-R"-NH-C-O"-"-'
o
II
"-"-'Rl"-"-'O=C-NH-R" -NCO
TaKHe nOJlHMepbl, nOJlYtJeHHble Ha OCHOBe CJIO}KHblX 3cpHpOB, He-
cTa6HJlbHbI npH XpaHeHHH H .lI.OJI)f{HbI 6b1Tb 6b1c'tpo nO.ll.BeprHYThI BYJI-
KaHH3aURH (OTBep>K.lI.eHHIO). O.ll.HaKO HX MO}KHO cTa6HJIH3HpOBaTb,
BBO.ll.H KHCJIhle areHTbI. npen'OJlHMepbl Ha OCHOBe npOCTblX nOJIH3cpHpOB
npH xpaHeHHH 60JIee CTaOHJIbHbI. 1-13-3a OTHOCHTeJIbHO MaJlOH cToii-
KOCTH npenOJIHMepOB HX Y.lI.06Hee nOJIYtJaTb Ha npe.ll.npHftTHHX, H3ro-
TaBJIHBalOWHX H3.!1.eJIHH. 113 npenOJIHMepOB MorYT 6HTb nOJIYlIeHhI
pe3HHOBble H3.!1.eJIHH MeTO.ll.OM JIHTbft. OHH MorYT 6b1Tb OTBep}K.lJ.eHbI Ha
BTOpqH CTa.ll.HH CHHTe3a BBe.ll.eHHeM HH3KOMOJleKYJlHpHblX TpHOJIOB (Ha-
npHMep, rJIHuepHHa, TpHMeTHJlOJInpOnaHa H .lI.p.) HJIH npH HaJIHtJHH
H36b1TKa B npenOJIHMepe .lI.HH30nHaHaTa - .lI.HaMHHaMH. fipH' BBe.ll.eHHH
TpHOJIa B npenOJIHMep npOHCXO.ll.HT O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO Y.lI.JIHHeHHe nenH
H 06pa30BaHHe npOCTpaHCTBeHHoii CTPYKTYPhl:
R"'
I
3""'R-NCO + HO-CHa-C-CHa-OH --
I
OH
npeIIO./IIII(ep TPBOJI
Ra
I
-- ""'R-NHCOO-CHa-C-CHa-OOCNH-R"'"
"'" R-HNc06
CIDHTWIl nOllBMep
npH OTBep}K.lI.eHHH npenOJIHMepOB .lI.HaMHHaMH nponecc ocywecT-
BJIHeTCH B .lI.Be CTa.ll.HH: CHatJaJla npOHCXOHT Y.lI.JlHHeHHe nenH C 06-
pa30BaHHeM MOtJeBHHHblX CBft3eii
""'R-NCO + HaN-R' -NH a __ ""'RNHCONH-R' -NHCONHR"'"
npH HaJlRtJHH H36b1TKa .!I.HH30UHaHara (HJIH npH He60JlbWOM He.ll.O-
CTaTKe RaMHHa) npOHCXO.ll.HT 06pa30BaHHe 6HyperoBblx nOnepeQHblX
cBH3eit:
"""RNHCONH"'" + OCN-R' -NCO -- ""'RNCONH"'"
I ,
O==C-NH-R -NH-C=O
I
""'RNCONH"'"
127

113 )J.HaMHHOB HaH60JlbWee paCnpOCTpaHeHHe .lI.JIH OTBep>K.lI.eHHjI
npenOJIHMepOB n'OJlYIIHJJ 3,3' -,nHXJlop-4,4' - .!I.HaMHHO.ll.HcpeHHJIMeTaH
CI CI
H,N  NH,
O.ll.HOCTa.!l.HHHblH cnoc06 3aKJIIOtJaeTCH B O.ll.HOBpeMeHHoM CMeweHHH
Bcex KOMnoeHTOB CHCTeMbI (nOJIH3cpHpa, .lI.HH30nHaHaTa, OTBep.ll.HTe-
JIH) C nOCJIe.ll.YIOWHM HX OTBep}K.lI.eHHeM.
Ha CBoHcTBa ByJIKaHH3aToB ypeTaHoBblx KaytJYKOB 60JlbWOe BJIHH-
HHe OKa3b1BaIOT npHpO.lJ.a H M npHMeHHeMblX nOJ1H3cpHpOB, npHpO.ll.a
.lI.HH30nHaHaTOB H CTPYKTypHPYIOWHX areHTOB, HX COOTHoweHHe, YCJIO-
BHSI nOJIY'IeHHft BYJIKaHH3aTOB H MHorne .lI.PyrHe cpaKTopbl. BYJIKaHH3a-
TH, n'OJlytJeHHble .!I.BYXCTa.ll.HiiHblM cnoc060M. HMelOT JlYIIWHe cBoAcTBa.
HanOJIHHTeJIH nJIOXO .lI.HCneprHPYIOTcH B }KH.lI.KHX nOJIHypeTaHax, Ha-
pywalOT npou.ecc OTBep}K.!I.eHHH H CHH}KaIOT npOIlHOCTHble cBoiicTBa
pe3HH, n03ToMY npH npOH3BO.lJ.CTBe H3.l1.eJIHii H3 JIHTbeBHX nOJIHypeTa-
HOB OHH He npHMeHHIOTCH.
BOJIbWaH perYJISIpHOCTb MOJIeKyJIHpHhlX u.eneii onpe.ll.eJlfteT CKJIOH-
HOCTb ypeTaHoBblX KaytJYKOB K KpHCTaJIJIH3anHH, a BblCOKaH nOJIHp-
HOCTb 3JIeMeHTOB, COCTaBJIHIOWHX MOJleXYJIHpHhle nenH, onpe.ll.eJIHeT
BblCOKoe Me}KMOJIeKYJlftpHoe B3aHMO.ll.eiicTBHe Me}K.lI.Y HHMH. nOJIHype-
TaHbI Ha OCHOBe npOCThlX nOJIH3cpHpOB '06J1a.!l.alOT MeHbweii CKJlOH-
HOCTblO K KpHCTaJlJIH3anHH. napaMeTpbl paCTBopHMOCTH ypeTaHoBhlX
KaytJYKOB B 3aBHCHM'OCTH OT HX CTPYKTYPH K'OJle6JJIOTCH 'OT 20 .lI.'O
25 (M.lJ.}K/M 3 )t/a.
n'OJIHypeTaHbI .lI.'OBOJlbHO cToiiKH K .!I.eiiCTBHIO yrJleB'O.!I.OpO.ll.HblX pac-
TBOpHTeJIeii, HO Ha6yxalOT B 60JIbWHHCTBe nOJlHpHblX pacTBOpHTeJIeii
(.lI.H'OKcaHe, aneTOHe, .lI.HMeTHJlcpopMaMH.lI.e H .lI.p.).
ByJlKaHH3aTbi ypeTaHoBblx KaYtJYK'OB OTJlHlIalOTCH otJeHb BblCOKH-
MH npOIlHOCTHhlMH cBoiicTBaMH npH HOpMaJIbHhlX TeMnepaTypax. HH)f{e
npHBe.!l.eHhI cBoiicTBa pe3HH Ha OCHOBe JlHTbeBblX ypeTaHoBbiX Kayqy-
KOB: CKY-6 - Ha OCHOBe CJlO}KHOrO nOJIH3cpHpa H TOJIYHJIeH.lI.HH30UHa.
HaTa. CTPYKTypHpOBaH HH3KOMOJleKYJlHpHblMH .lI.HOJIaMH H TpHOJIaMH;
CKY-7 - Ha OCH'OBe CJlO}KHOrO nOJIH3cpHpa H TOJlYHJleH.lI.HH30UHaHaTa.
CTPYKTypHp'OBaH .!I.HaMHHOM; CKY-:ncJ>JI - Ha OCHOBe npOCTOro nOJIH-
3cpHpa H T'OJlYHJIeH.lI.HH30nHaHaTa, CTPYKTYPHpOBaH .lI.HaMHHOM.
Cl(V.6 CIO'-7 Cl(V.n4tJl
1210 1250 1200
-35 -30 -75
40 50-60 40-50
of 10 30
450 550 450
2210
30 60 100
60 85 96
30 37 38
14 14 14
3-5 3-5 20-30
nJlOTHOCTb, Kr/M 8 . . .
TeMnepaTypa xpynKoCTH, °c . .
npOQHOCTb npH pacTHx<eHHH, Mna . .
HanpRx<eHHe npH YJlJtHHeHHH 300%, Mna
OTHoarrem.aoe YJlJlJl8eHHe, %. . . .
OCTaTOtJHoe YAJiHHeHHe, %. .
ConpOTHBJleHHe pa3AHpy, KH/M
TBepAOCTb no TM-2 . . .
3J1aCTHQHOCTb no OTCKOKY, %. . . .
MCTHpaeMOCTb, M 8 {fJl.x< (MM 8 /KJl.x<) . .
rHApOJlHTHtJecKaH CToAKOCTb npH 100°C,
CHHx<eHHe npotJHocTH Ha 50%, CYT
128

BYJIKaHH3aTbJ, nOJIYtJeHHble OTBep}K.lI.eHHeM npenOJlHMepOB .lI.HaMH-
HaMH, XapaKTepH3YlOTCH 60JIee BblCOKHMH 3Ha'leHHftMH TBep.ll.OCTH, Ha-
npft}KeHHH npH Y.lI.JIHHeHHH H COnpOTHBJleHHft pa3.l1.Hpy no cpaBHeHH
C nOKa3aTeJIftMH npenOJIHMepOB, OTBep}K.!I.eHHblX TpHOJIaMH, '1TO 06'bHC-
HHeTCft 60JIbWHM Me}KMOJleKYJlHpHblM B3aHMO.ll.eHCTBHeM MOtJeBHHHblx.
H 6HypeToBbiX rpynn no cpaBHeHHIO C ypeTaHOBblMH.
Ba}KHOH OTJIHIIHTeJIbHOH oc06eHHOCTblO BYJIKaHH3aTOB Ha OCHOBe
nOJIHypeTaHoB ftBJlfteTCft HX OtfeHb BblCOKaft H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb, npeBOC-
XO.!l.SlInaH H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb pe3HH Ha OCHOBe Bcex H3BeCTHbiX Kay-
qYKOB. OTCYTCTBHe Henpe.ll.eJIbHOCTH onpe.ll.eJIHeT BblCOKoe conpOTHBJIe-
HHe TenJIOBOMY CTapeHHIO.
He.ll.OCTaTKaMH pe3HH Ha OCHOBe ypeTaHoBbiX KaytJYKOB ftBJIftlOTCSI
HX CKJIOHHOCTb K rH.lI.pOJIH3Y H pa3pyweHHIO no.ll. .lI.eHCTBHeM BO.ll.HHOrO
napa H rOpHtfeH BO.ll.IJi, nOBblweHHoe TenJIo06pa30BaHHe npH MHor'O-
KpaTHblX .lI.ecpopManHHX, cpaBHHTeJlbHO HeBblCOKaH TenJIOCTOHK'OCTb,
MaJIaH MOp030CTOHKOCTb (pe3HH Ha OCHOBe CJIO}KH03cpHpHblX nOJIHype-
TaHOB), a T8K)f{e Hecnoc06HOCTb K COBYJIKaHH3anHH C ,npyrHMH Kay-
IIYKaMH.
HaJlHtJHe neHHoro KOMnJIeKCa CB'OHCTB: BhlC'OKOH npO'lHOCTH, TBep-
.lI.OCTH, conpOTHBJleHHSI HCTHpaHHIO, CTOHKOCTH K Y.ll.apHblM HarpY3KaM.
MacJl06eH30CTOHK'OCTH, CTOHKOCTH K TenJIOBOMY CTapeHHIO, a TaK}Ke
B03MO)KHOCTb JlerKOH nepepa60TKH MeTO.!l.OM JlHTbH 6e3 npHMeHeHHH
BblCOKHX .!I.aBJleHHH 06YCJI'OBJlHBaIOT paCWHpeHHe 06J1aCTeH npHMeHe-
HHH JlHTbeBhlX yperaH'OBhlX KayqyKOB. OHH HcnOJlb3YlOTCH .lI.JlH npo-
H3BO.IJ.CTBa MaCCHBHblX WHH .lI.JlH npOMblWJleHHOrO TpaHcnopTa, n'O.lI.OWB
H Ka6J1YKOB .!I.JlH 06YBH, pOJIHKOB .lI.JlH BpaweHHH rpOXOTOB, cpHJlbTpOB
6eTOHOMeWaJlOK, r.!l.e Tpe6yeTcH BhlCOKaSi H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb H CTOH-
KOCTb K Y.ll.apHblM HarpY3KaM, .lI.JlH npOH3BO.!l.CTBa KpaC'OtJHHX H neUT-
HblX BaJlHKOB B nOJlHrpacpHtJeCKOH npOMhlWJleHHOCTH, .!I.JlH pa3JIHtJHhlX
.lJ.eTaJleH MaWHH H .!I.p.
Pe3HHhI Ha OCHOBe JlHTbeBblX ypeTaHoBhlX KaYIlYKOB 06J1a.!l.a1OT
neHHhlM KOMnJleKCOM CBOHCTB, O.!l.HaK'O H3.l1.eJlHH Ha HX OCH'OBe MO}KHO
nOJlytJHTb, TOJIbKO npHMeHHH CnenHaJlbH'Oe '060pY.ll.OBaHHe .!I.JIH }KH.lI.KO-
ro JlHTbH. ,lI,JlH 06ecnetJeHHH B03MO>KHOCTH nepepa60TKH ypeTaHoBbfX
KaytJYKOB Ha 06b1tJHOM 060pY.lJ.OBaHHH pe3HHOBOH npOMblWJIeHHOCTH
CHHTe3HpOBaHbI BaJibuyeMble nOJiHypeTaHbI. Mx CHHTe3 npOBO.ll.HT, OT-
Bep}K.lI.aH HH3KOMOJIeKYJIftpHblMH .lI.HOJlaMH npenOJlHMephl Ha OCHOBe
CJIO}KjJhlX HJIH npOCThlX 3cpHpOB C KOHneBhlMH H30nHaHaTHhlMH rpyn-
naMH, C TaKHM paCtJerOM, tJT06b1 OTHoweHHe rpynn -NCO H -OH
6b1J1o 6J1H3KO K 1. B nOM cJIYtJae nOJIYtJalOTCH JlHHeHHhle HeCWHTble
nOJlHMepbl, cnoc06Hble nepepa6aTblBaTbcH '06b1tJHblMH MeTO.lJ.aMH, npH-
MeHHeMblMH B pe3HHoBoH npOMhlWJleHHocTH. ,lI,JlH Toro IIT06h1 HX MO}K-
HO 6h1J1o BYJlKaHH3'OBaTb cepoH, B nenb nOJlHMepa BBO.ll.HT .!I.BoHHble
CBSl3H, HCnOJIb3YH .lJ.JlH Y.!l.JlHHeHHH nenH Henpe.ll.eJlbHblH .lI.HOJl, HanpH-
Mep, a-MOH08JIJlHJlOBHA 3cpHp rJIHnepHHa
CH.-CH-CH 2 -O-CH 2 -CH==CH 2
6H 6H.
9-2397
129

B CCOP B npOMblWJIeHHOM MaCWTa6e BblnYCKalOT npeAeJIbHhle
. ypeTaHoBble KaytJYKH Ha OCHOBe CJlO}KHblX n'OJlH3cpHpOB CKY-8 H
CKY-8nr, Henpe.ll.eJIbHHH ypeTaHoBblii KaYtJYK Ha OCHOBe CJlO}KHblX
nOJIH3cpHpOB CKY-50, a TaJOKe HenpeAeJlbHHii ypeTaHoBblH KaYIlYK
Ha OCHOBe npOCThlX nOJIH3cpHpOB - CKY-n<l>. .
BYJlKaHH3anHIO npe.ll.eJIbHblX ypeTaHoBhlX KaytJYKOB MO>KHO ocy-
weCTBJlHTb npH nOMOWH .lI.HH30UHaHaTOB (06b1I1HO HCnOJIb3yeTcH .!I.H-
Mep T'OJlYHJleH.!I.HH30nHaHaTa) HJIH nepeKHceii, a Henpe.ll.eJIbHblX KpOMe
TOro npH nOMOWH .cepbl H opraHHtJeCK'HX YCKopHTeJIeii BYJIKaHH3an'HH.
,U.JIH YJIYllweHHH npOtlHOCTHblX CBoiicTB pe3HH Ha OCHOBe BaJIbnye-
MblX nOJIHyperaH'OB, oc06eHHO BYJlKaHH3yeMblx nepeKHCHMH HJIH ce-
pOH, B pe3HHOBble CMeCH BBO.ll.HT yCHJIHBalOWHe HanOJlHHTeJIH - Tex-
HHQeCKHH yrJlepo.ll., KOJlJIOH.lI.HYIO KpeMHeKHCJIOTY. YCHJIHBalOwee .!I.eii-
crBHe HanOJIHHTeJIeii HpKO npOftBJIHeTCH B y-peTaHOBblX KaytJYKax,
nOJlytJeHHblX Ha OCH'OBe npOCThlX nOJIH3cpHpOB.
HH}Ke npUBe.ll.eHH penenTypbl pe3HHOBblX CMeceH Ha OCHOBe BaJIb- .
nyeMhlx nOJIHyperaHOB:
CoAeplKlIIIHe. Mace. 'I.
CRY.8. . 100
CRY-Snr 100
CRY-50 . 106
CRY-neI> . 100
Cepa . 1,5
.lI.HMep To.'YHJleHAHH30UHaHaTa 12
TH9TaHOJlaMHH . . . . . 0,5-1
nepeKHcb AHKYMHJla. . . . .5
.lI.H6eH3THa30JlHJlAHCYJlb!\>HA . 4 3
MepKanT06eH3THa30Jl . . 2 I
IJ:HHK-XHHOJlHHOBlllit KOMnJleKC 0,7 0,4
OKCHA UHHKa . . 5
CTeapHHoBaH KHCJlOTa 0,5 0,5
CTeapaT KaAMHH. .
TeXHHtJeCKHi!: yrJlepoA
nM-15 . 50 40
nM-70 . 30
.lI.r-loo . 40
CBOHCTBa pe3HH Ha OCHOBe B8J1bnyeMhlx n'OJiHypeTaHOB npe.ll.CTaB-
JIeHH HU>Ke:
CKY-8 clO'-snr CI<Y-50 CIO'-n4t
BH3KOCTb no MYHH npH 100 °C,
YCJI. eA. .... _ 5 34 .0 70
TeMnepaTypa xpynKocTH, °C -35
npOQHOCTb npH paCTH)J(eHHH,
Mna . . . . .. 35 22 40 32
OTHOCHTeJlbHoe YAJlHHeHHe, % 650 350 570 540
OCTaTOQHOe YAJlHHeHHe, %. 14 4 28 25
ConpOTHBJleHHe pa3AHpy, KH/M 86 60 85 90
TBepAocTb no TM-2 . . . . 75 65 75 70
3J1aCTHQHOCTb no OTCKOKY, %. . 24 36 20 35
MqHpaeMocTb, M 8 /T.lI.)J( (MM 8 /1<,l{)J() 21,7 14 22 19,3
no CB'OHCTBaM pe3HHhI Ha 'OCH'OBe BaJibuyeMhlx ypeTaHOBblX Kay-
IIYK'OB nO.!l;06HhI pe3HHaM Ha 'OCHOBe JlHTbeBblX nOJllfypeTaHoB, npe-
B'OCX'O.!I.H HX n'O TenJlOCTOHKOCTH H3-3a HaJlHIIHH 60JIee npotJHblx no-
nepellHHX CBHseH.
100
-35
120
-75
130

npH OTBep}K.lI.eHHH npenOJIHMepOB, CO.ll.ep}KaWHX .lI.HH30nHaHaT.
HU3KOMOJleKYJlHpHblMH .!I.HOJIaMU, B3HTblMH B H3DhlTKe (HeCKOJlbKO MO-
JIeH Ha 1 MOJIb npenOJIHMepa) npH 06weM MOJIbHOM COOTHoweHHH
-NCO: -OH 1 nOJlYtJalOTcH JIHHeHHble nOJIHypeTaHbI, BKJllOtJalO-
Inue B nenb }KeCTKHe yperaHoBble 6J10KH. TaKHe nOJIHMepbl 6Y.ll.YT
06JIa.ll.aTb CBOHCTBaMH TepM03JIaCTOnJIaCTOB 6J1arO.ll.apH TOMY, tJTQo
}KeCTKHe ypeTaHoBble 6JIOKH 06pa3YlOT Me}K.lI.Y C060H npotJHble CPH3H-
qeCKHe CBH3H, KOTopble pa3pywalOTc1I npH BblCOKHX TeMnepaTypax.
(100-120°C) H BOCCTaHaBJlHBalOTCH npH nOHH}KeHHH TeMnepaTypbl.
npu HOpMaJIbHblX YCJIOBHftX 3TH nOJIHMepbl HMelOT BblCOKHe npOtJHO-
CTHble CBOHCTBa H conpOTHBJIeHHe HCTHpaHHIO, xapaKTepHhle .lI.JlH pe-
3HH Ha OCHOBe yperaHoBhlX KaYtJYKOB. OHH MorYT 6b1Tb nepepa60TaHbI
B H3.l1.eJIHft MeTO.ll.aMH JIHTbH npH BhlCOKHX TeMnepaTypax (180-
200°C) De3 BYJlKaHH3auHH.
yrnEBOJJ.OPOJJ.HblE onHrOMEPbI C KOHlI.EBblMH
4»YHKlI.HOHAnbHblMH rpynnAMH
3cpHpypeTaHoBble KaytJYKH He MorYT cnY}KHTb OCHOBOH .lI.JIH WHpO-
Koro pa3BHTHH TeXHOJlOrHH }KH.lI.KOrO cpopMOBaHHH H3-3a He.!l.OCTaTKOB.
npHCYWHX pe3HHaM Ha HX OCHOBe, a TaK>Ke H3-3a BhlCOKOH CTOHMOCTH
OJIHr03cpHpOB. BOJlbwoii HHTepec npe.!l.CTaBJISIIOT 'OJlHrOMepbl yrJleBo-
.lI.OpO.!l.HOH npHpO.ll.bI C KOHneBblMH cpYHKnHOHaJlbHhlMH rpynnaMH H.
npe>K.lI.e Bcero, oJlHr'06YTa.ll.HeH-. OJIHrOH306yrHJleH- H 'OJlHr'OH30npeH-
.lI.HOJIH. KOT'Ophle Moryr 6HTb nOJlYlleHH n'OJlHMepH3anHeii. a TaK>Ke
030H'OJlHTH1IeCKOii .lI.eCTpYKnHeH BHC'OKOM'OJleKYJlHpHHX D'OJlHMepOB.
XapaKTepHCTHKH HeKOTophlX OJlHro.!l.HeH):{HOJl'OB npHBe.ll.eHbI B
Ta6J1. 11.7.
BYJJKaHH3aThI Ha HX OCHOBe M'O}KHO DOJlyqaTb TaK >Ke. KaK Ha OC-
HOBe OJlHr'03cpHp'OB C KOHneBHMH rH.!I.pOKCHJlbHhlMH rpynnaMH - DOCJle-
.lJ.OBaTeJlbHhlMH peaKnHHMH C .lI.HH30nHaH8TaMH, a 3aTeM C .lI.H- HJIH
TpHaMHHaMH HJlH TpH'OJiaMH. BapbHp'OBaHHe MOH'OMepHor'O C'OCTaBa H
M OJlHr'O.lI.HeH.lI.HOJlOB, a TaJOKe npHMeHeHHe CTPYKTYPHpy.oWHX areH-
TOB pa3J1HIIH'OH npHp'O):{hI n'03B'OJiHIOT n'OJlYllaTb JlHTbeBHe HeHaChlweH-
HbJe 3JI,acroMepbl iC <WHPQKH'M .!I.'HaiOaSOHOM CB'OAtcm.
On&ro6yraAHeH.
M n -2000
TeMnep8TYP8 CTeKJIOB8'IIHH, °C . . .
npOQHOCTb npH p8CTHx<eIUlH, .MIl8 . .
H8.npHJKeHHe UpH YAJlHHeHHH, 100%, Mn8
OTHOCHTeJlbHOe YAJI1IHeHHe. %
OCT8TOQHoe YAJlHHeHHe, % .
ConpOTHBJJeHHe P8SJlllpY, KH/M
3J18CTHQHOCTb no OTCKOKY, %
TBepAOCTb no TM-2
-75
15-17
7-8,5
300-400
10
20-30
45-50
80-85
OmIroJl3Onpes.
M n -2000 M n -3000
-65 -65
16-18 9-11
5-6 3-4
300-400 400-500
10 5
35-45 25-35
48-53 60-65
75-80 55-60
· C'I'JIYKTYPRPYIORII 8reHT -TPR8NHH.
B OTJIHtJHe OT scpHpyperaHoBhlX 3JIaCTOMepOB TaKHe 3J1aCTOMephl
ODJIa.ll.alOT 01leHb BblCOK'Oii rH.lI.pOJlHTHtJeCKOH YCTOHtJHB'OCTblO H JlyqweA
9*
131

T a 6.q H U a 11.7. XapaKTepHcTHKH OJlHfO)l.HeH)l.HOJlOB
Y CIIOlIHoe o6oSHa- 1
..ene OIIHroMepoB
MOHOMepbl
M
111 npa 5 .C.' Tc' .C
OH,lI,-lOOO H30npeH 1000 1,5 -58
OH,lI,-2000 2000 3,5 -60
0H.ZJ.-4000 4000 8,0 -65
OB,lI,-lOOO BYT8)1.HeH 1000 2,5 -75
OB,lI,-2000 2000 10,0 -78
OB,lI,-3000 3000 15,0 -80
OBH,lI,-1500 BYT8.1l H eH, H30npeH (20%) 1500 1,0 -75
OBH.ZJ.-3000 3000 3,0 -85
OBH,lI,-5000 5000 4,0 -83
OBH,lI,-14 BYT8.1lHeH, aKpH.QOHHTPHJI 1500 44,0 -59
(14%)
MOp030CTOHKOCTblO, HX MO}KHO YCHJIHBaTb aKTHBHblMH HanOJIHHTeJIHMH.
BYJIKaHH3aTbi C TeXHHlleCKHM yrJIepOAOM HeCKOJIbKO npeBOCXO.lJ.HT He-
HanOJIHeHHhle BYJIKaHH3aTbi no npOIlHOCTHhlM cBoikTBaM, HO xapaKTe-
PH3YlOTCH MeHbweH 3JIaCTHIIHOCTblO H TBep.lJ.OCTblO. OHH MorYT npHMe-
HSlTbCSI npH npoH3Bo,ncTBe pa3JIHIIHhlX pe3HHOBbiX H3.lJ.eJIHH MeTO.lJ.OM
>KH.lJ.KOro cpopMOBaHHSI.
3cpcpeKTHBHblM cnoc060M YJlYllweHHH CBOHCTB pe3HH Ha OCHOBe
OJlHrOMepOB C KOHneBhlMH cpYHKnHOHaJIbHhlMH rpynnaMH SlBJlSleTCH CO-
tleTaHHe npH HX nOJIYlleHHH nOJIH3cpHpHblX H ,nHeHOBbiX OJIHrOMepOB.
3TO n03BOJISIeT yaeJIHqHTb rH.lJ.pOJIHTHqeCKYIO CTOHKOCTb TaKHX pe3HH,
nOBblwaeT HX MOp030CTOHKOCTb H 3J1aCTHIIHOCTb H pacwHpSleT 06JIaCTH
HX npHMeHeHHH.
KPEMHHROPfAHHqECKHE )KHAKHE l(A}'q}'KH
llIHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe B pa3JIHIIHblX 06JIaCTSlX npOMhlWJIeHHOCTH
HaXO.lJ.SlT H'H3KOMOJleKYJlSlpHble KpeMHHfi:opraHHlleCKHe KayqyKH C MO-
JleKYJIftpHOH MaCCOH OT 10 ,no 80 ThlC. HaH60JlbWee pacnpocTpaHeHHe
nOJlYIIHJlH .lJ.HMeTHJlCHJlOKCaHOBhle KaYIIYKH C KOHneBhlMH rH,npOKCHJIb-
HhlMH rpyonaMH - nOJlH.lJ.HMeTHJlCHJlOKCaH- a, 0)- .lJ.HOJlhl. B GCCP Ta-
KHe KaYIIYKH BhlnYCKalOTCSI no.lJ. 06WHM HaHMeHOBaHHeM CKT.H B BH.lJ.e
HeCKOJIbKHX MO.lJ.HcpHKanHH, pa3JIHllalOWHXCH no BH3KOCTH:
MapKa Cl<TH
A
B
BIISKOCTb. na.c
1,500-2,500
2,501-4,000
MapKa Cl<TH
B
r
BIiSKOCTb. na.c
4,001-10,000
10,001-16
nJlOTHOCTb 3THX nOJIHMepOB 960-1230 Kr/M 3 , MOJIeKYJlHpHaft Macca
20-65 .:1'blC., OHH nOJIHOCTblO pacTBopHMhI B 6eH30Jle.
OTBep>K,neHHe TaKHX HH3KOMOJleXYJlSlpHhlX KaYIIYKoB MO>KHO npo-
BO,nHTb npH KOMHaTHoH TeMnepaType B npHcYTcTBHH KpeMHHHopraHH-
132

lIeCKHX COe.lJ.HHeHHH, COAep>KaWHX aKTHBHhle cpYHKnHOHaJIbHhle rpyn-
Ubl, no cxeMe:
CH s CHa CH a
I ............. I ............., I
""""-Si-OiH + X -Si-:X + HiO-Si-"'"
tH s ,........... 1*: .._......... &s
1+ CH
iH, a
...... I
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&3
06b1'1HO HH3KOMOJleKYJlHpHble KpeMHHHopraHHlleCKHe KaYIIYKH npH-
MeHHJOTCSI B BH.lJ.e KOMn03HnHH, B COCTaB KOTOphlX BXOASIT pa3JIH'IHhle
HanOJIHHTeJlH (KOJlJIOH,/{H3S1 KpeMHeKHCJIOTa HAp.), TepMOCTa6HJIH3H-
PYJOWHe A06aBKH, CTPYKTypHpYJOWHe areHTbI, KaTaJlH3aTOphl OTBep-
1K.lJ.eHHSI. KOMn03HnHH BblnYCKaJOTCft B BH,ne O,nHO- H .lJ.BYXKOMnOHeHT-
HblX COCTaBOB.
OTBep>K,neHH OAHOKOMnOHeHTHhlX KOMn03HnHH npOXO.lJ.HT B npH-
CYTCTBHH BJIarH B03.lJ.YX, n03TOMY OHH ,nOJl>KHhI xpaHHTbCSI B repMe-
THIIHblX KOHTeHHepax. B KalleCTBe CTPYKTypHPYIOWHX 3reHTOB B 0.lJ.-
HOKOMnOHeHTHbiX KOMn03HnHSlX HCnOJIb3YJOT MeTHJlTpHaneTOKCHCHJIaH
(CH3) Si (OCOCH 3 )a, 3CPHPhl O-THTaHOBOH KHCJlOTbi Ti (O<4H s ), npo-
.lJ.YKTbI HX HenOJIHOrO rH.lJ.pOJlH3a H .lJ.p. CKOpOCTb BYJlKaHH3aUHH TaKHX
KOMn03HnHH JIHMHTHpyeTCSI .!I.HcpcpY3HeH nalpOB BO.lJ.bl B rJly6b CJIOeB.
n03TOMY npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH 3THX KOMn03HUHH B KalleCTBe a.lJ.re3HOH-
HbiX nOKpblTHH TOJlWHHa CJlOSl COCTaBJISleT HeCKOJIbKO MHJIJlHMeTpOB.
,lI,BYXKOMnOHeHTHhle KOMn03HnHH COCTOSIT H3 ,nBYX 'IaCTeH: nepBYJO
COCTaBJISlIOT oOJlHMep. HaoOJIHHTeJIb H APyrHe HHrpe,nHeHThI, a BTO-
PylO - KaTaJIH3aTOp OTBep1KAeHHSI. 06e '1aCTH CMeWHBalOTCH nepe.lJ.
HcnOJIb30BaHHeM KOMn03HnHH. B KalleCTBe BYJlKaHH3YIOwero areHTa
B OCHOBHOM HCnOJlb3yIOT TeTpa3TOKCHCHJlaH [Si (OC 2 Hs) 4] HJlH npo-
AYKTbI ero HenOJIHOrO rH.lI.pOJIH3a, a KSTaJIH3aTOpaMH OTBep>K,neHHH
CJlY>KaT MeTaJlJIOOpraHHlleCKHe COe.lJ.HHeHHSI - aJIKHJIanHJInpOH3BO.lJ.Hble
OJIOBa, CBHHna, nHHKa, THTaHa H ,nPyrHX.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT npHpOAhI H COAep}KaHHH npHMeHSleMhlX BYJlKa-
HH3YIOWHX areHTOB H KaTaJIH3aTOpOB OTBep>K.lJ.eHHe MO>KeT npOAOJl-
>KaTbCSI OT HeCKOJIbKHX MHHyr .lJ.0 HeCKOJlbKHX '1aCOB. nOCJIe OTBep>K.lJ.e-
HHH nOJlYllalOTCSI BYJlKSHH3aThI, C npOIlHOCTbJO npH paCTH}KeHHH 1-
3 Mna H OTHOCHTeJIbHblM YAJIHHeHHeM OT 100 .lJ.0 250%. OHH MOryT
3KCnJIyaTHpoBaTbcSI .lJ.JIHTeJIbHOe BpeMSI B HHTepBaJIe TeMnepaTYP OT
-60 .lJ.0 +300°C, 06J13,nalOT rH,npocp06HOCTblO, XOPOWHMH .lJ.H3JIeKTpH-
qeCKHMH CBOHCTBSMH, 030HOCTOHKH. npHMeHHIOTcH KaK TepMo- H BJla-
rOCTOHKHe 9JIeKTpOH30JIHpYlOWHe 3aJlHBKH .lJ.JIft pa60llHx Y3JIOB M3-
WHH, MeX3HH3MOB H opH60pOB, KaK TepMo- H BH6pocToHKHe npOKJla,n-
KH ,nJISI paSJlHIIHhlX YCrpOHCTB, a TaK}Ke B KalleCTBe npoTHBoKOpp03H-
OHHblX nOKphlTHH B nHweBoH, 6YMa>KHOH, cpapManeBTHllecKoH :H ,npy-
{'ux OTpaCJIHX npOMhlWJleHHocTH.
133

JJHTep8Typa
HUKUTUH /0. H., KOnbt.A08 E. fl. HH3KOMOJleKYJlHpHble nOJlH./lHeHbI H COnOJlHMe-
pbl JlHeHOB C BHHHJlOBblMH MOHoMepaMH. TeMaT. 0030p. Cep. CnpOH3BO./lCTBO CK».
M., LI.HI1I1T31IeIjlTexHM, 1972. 61 c.
Yper8HoBbie 3J1aCTOMepbl. no,/( pe./l. H. n. AnYXTHHOit, n. B. M03JKyxHHoit n.,
cXHMHH», 197'1. 206 C.
CUHJl2UH B. H. CBoHcTBa BaJlbu.yeMbix ypeTaHoBbix KaytJYKoB H peaHH Ha HX
OCHOBe. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. «npOH3BOACTBO PTI1 H ATI1». M., LI.HI1I1T3HeIjlTexHM,
1975. 65 c.
fleTpo8 r. H. U ap. CHHTe3 H npHMeHeHHe 3J1aCTOMepoB Ha OCHOBe yrJleBoAO-
pOAHblX OJlHrOMepOB C KOHu.eBblMH IjIYHKUHOHaJlbHblMH rpynnaMH. TeMaT. 0030p.
Cep. CnpOMblWJleHHOCTb CK». M., LI.HI1I1T3HeIjlTexHM, 1971. 67 c.
KOtPMaH /I. C., fleTpo8 r. H., KaAayc A. E., )KBXO HM. .lI.. 11. MeHAeJIeeBa.
1974, T. 19, N2 6, c. 676-685.
PauT n., KaMMuHe A. nOJluypeTaHoBbie 3J1aCTOMepbl. nep. C 8HrJl. nOA pe./l.
K. n. AnYXTHHOH. n., cXHMHH», 1973.304 c.
P.oAe08 O. H., BOPOfUC08 M. r., rpuH6AaT M. H. KpeMHHHOpraHHqeCKHe JKHA-
KHe K8Y"YKH H MaTepH8J1b1 Ha HX OCHOBe. n., CXHMHH». 1975. 112 c.
134

r JIaBa 9
COBMEU(EHHE KAYIJYKOB
HeCMOTpH Ha 60JIbWOe IIHCJIO HOBhlX KaYIIYKOB, CHHTe3HpOBaHHhlx B
nOCJIeAHee BpeMSI, Ka>K,nhlH H3 HHX B OTAeJIbHOCTH He MO>KeT B oOJlHOH
Mepe Y.lJ.OBJleTBOpHTb pa3Ho06pa3HblM Tpe60BaHHSlM K pe3HHSM, npH-
MeHSIeMbiM B pa3JIHIIHblX 06JIaCTHX npOMhlWJleHHOCTH.
,lI,JISI YJlY'IWeHHH TeXHOJIOrHlleCKHX CBOHCTB pe3HHOBhlX CMeceH,
YJlYlIweHHSI TeXHHlleCKHX CBOHCTB pe3HH, a TaK)f{e H3 3KOHOMHlleCKHX
C006pa>KeHHH WHpOKO npHMeHHeTCSI COBMeweHHe pa3JIHIIHhlX Kayqy-
KOB, a TaK}Ke COBMeweHHe KaYIIYKOB C nJIaCTHKaMH.
MHorHMH HCCJIe,nOBaHHHMH nOKa3aHO, '1TO B a6COJIIOTHOM 60JIb-
WHHCTBe nOJIHMepbl TepMOAHHaMHlleCKH HeCOBMeCTHMhI H npH CMewe-
HHH HepaCTBopHMbI ,nPyr B ,nPyre. CMeCH nOJIHMepOB npe,nCTaBJISlIOT
C060H, KaK npaBHJIO, MHKporeTeporeHHble CHCTeMhI H MorYT paCCMaT-
pHBaTbCSI KaK .lJ.HCnepCHH O.lJ.HOrO KOMnOHeHTa B cpe.lJ.e .lJ.Pyroro, npH-
lIeM nOJlHMep, 06pa3YIOWHH HenpepblBHYIO CTPYKTYPY, 6y,neT SlBJlSlTb-
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nepCHOH cpasOH. CBOHCTBa TaKHX .lJ.HCnepCHH onpe.ll.eJIHIOTCSI CBOHCTBa-
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3aBHCHT OT MHO}KeCTBa cpaKTopOB. npH BBe.lJ.eHHH B CMeCH nOJIHMepOB
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BO.lJ.HT TaK>Ke K cywecTBeHl:IoMY H3MeHeHHIO CTPYKTYPbl H CBOHCTB
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MeCTHMOCTb HK H CKB, a TaK>Ke CKH-40 H nOJIHBHHHJIXJlOpH.lJ.a.
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KaYIIYKOB H nJiaCTHKOB.
CMECH KAY1IYKOB
npH nOJIYlleHHH pe3HH Ha OCHOBe CMeceH KaYIIYKOB 06b1I1HO HCXO-
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135

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a.lUl.HTHBHblX, npH'IeM H3MeHeHHe pa3JIHIIHblX CBOHCTB npOHCXO.lJ.HT He-
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140

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141

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HIHI 030HOCTOi!:KHX n0,l1HoMep08. TeM8T. 0630p. Cep. «npOH380.1.CTBO UlHH». lv\.,
IJ.HHHT3HTexHM, 1972.57 c.
1lI8ap1.4 ;;'1. r., p'uH36ypz B. H. COBMeIUeHHe K8yqYKOB C D.'J8CTHKaIlUl It CHHTe-
THtJeCKHMH CMOJIaMH. M., cXHMHH:t, 1972. 224 c.
Cnp8BotJHHK Pe3HHWHK8. M., eXHMHH:t, 197,1. 608 c.
Jloce8 H. n.. TpOCT!lHCKa!l E. B. XHMHH CHHTeTH'leCKHX nOJlHMepoB. I1sA. 3-e.
M., CXHMHH:t, 1971. 615 c.
CnpaBotJHHK no nJl8CTHtJeCKHM M8CC8M. Hs.D.. 2-e. nepep86. H Aon. B ABYX TO-
M8X. T. I. nOA peA. B. 'M. K8T8e88, B. A. nonOB8, B. H. C8JKHH8. M., eXHMHH:t,
1975. 448 c.
142

tIacTb III
HHrPEJJ.HEHTbI PE3HHOBbiX CMECER
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no KOJIHtJeCTBO nOtJTH nOJIHOCTblO HCnOJIb3yeTcH .!I.JIH H3roTOBJIeHHH
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144

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K BYJlKaHH3YlOWHM BeweCTBaM OTHOCHTCH KOMnOHeHTbI pe3HHOBblX
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pOMOJIeKYJI KaY'IYKa B npOCTpaHCTBeHHYIO CTPYKTYPY. K HHM OTHOCHT-
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148

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IOTCH OnTHMaJIbHble HJIH 6JIH3KHe K HHM nOKa3aTeJIH, HOCHT Ha3BaHHe
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152

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6H'IeCKOH.
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nHH 125-165°C ynpyrocTb napoB cepbl BeCbMa 3Ha1lHTeJIbHa. TOHKO-
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154

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158

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cy, KOTOpylO nepe.ll. npHMeHeHHeM Heo6xo.lJ.HMO H3MeJIbtIaTb. CO.lJ.ep}Ka-
HHe CMOJI B pe3HHOBhlX CMecSlX COCTaBJIHeT 06b1'1HO 5-12 Macc. 'I.
TeMnepaTypa BYJIKaHH3anHH 140-180 °c.
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KHX C-C H C-O-C nonepellHblx cBH3eH pe3.HHbI, nOJIYlIeHHhle C HC-
nOJIb30BaHHeM CMOJI B KatJeCTBe BYJIKaHH3YIOWHX BeweCTB, HMelOT BbI-
COKYIO TenJIOCTOHKOCTb H CTOHKOCTb K TenJIOBoMY cTapeHHIO.
CMOJIbi HaWJIH wHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe .lI.JISI BYJIKaHH3anHH 6YTHJI-
KaYIIYKa, a TaK}Ke ero cMeceH C ,cK3I1T npH npOH3BO.!l.CTBe .lJ.HacpparM
H BapOtIHblX KaMep, HCnOJIb3yeMblx npH BYJIKaHH3anHH aBTOM06HJlb-
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pa3JIH1IHblX BYJlKaHH3YIOWHX BeweCTB, 60JIbWHHCTBO H3 KOTOpblX-
COe.lJ.HHeHHSI, pacna.lJ.alOWHeCSI Ha cB060.!l.Hble pa.lJ.HKaJlbl, HJIH 6HcpYHK-
UHOHaJIbHble OpraHHlIeCKHe Coe.!l.HHeHHH.
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KaJIbi H CoOC06HblX oTphlBaTb OT MOJIeKYJI KayqYKoB aTOMbi BO.lJ.OpO.!l.a,
HaXO.lJ.SlWHeCSI B a-oOJIO>KeHHH DO OTHoweHHIO K .lJ.BOHHOH CBB3H, 06pa-
3YIOTCSI MaKpOpa.ll.HKaJIhI oOJlHMepOB. 3TH MaKpOpa.!l.HKaJlbl B pe3YJIb-
TaTe peKOM6HHanHH 06pa3YIOT yrnepo.!l. - yrJlepO,ltHhle nOnepe'lHble
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COKOH TOKCH'IHOCTH He npHMeHHIOTCH.
160

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onpe.lJ.eJIHeT BbICOKYIO CTOHKOCTb K TenJIOBOMY CTapeHHIO nOJIYtIaeMbIX
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cpYPOJIa H reKCaMeTHJIeH.lJ.HaMHHa N,N'-6Hc-(cpYPCPYPHJIH.!I.eH)-1,6-reK-
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HHH 44-45°C.
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liHe BeIneCTBa npHcoe.lJ.HHHIOTCH K KayqyKY, 06pa3Y5I TepMOCTOHKHe
nOnepe'lHble CBH3H, cO.ll.ep}KaWHe rpynoy  C-N( . BH4>yprHH OPH-
MeHHeTCH B OCHOBHOM .lJ.JIH BYJIKaHH3anHH cpTOpKayqYKa THoa CK-26.
CO.lJ.ep}KaHHe BYJIKaHH3YlOwero BeweCTBa B CMeCH C'OCTSB.n5leT He
60JIee 5 Macc. 'I. ,lI,JIH CBH3b1BaHHH BbI.!I.e.nHIOw.erocSi HF BYJlKaHH3a-
nHIO npoBO.ll.HT B npHcYTcTBHH OKCH.lI.a MarHHH.
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BHYTpHKOMnJIeKCHOe coe.ll.HHeHHe - CaJIHnH.na.nbHMHH Me.ll.H (Topr'OBoe
HaHMeHOBaHHe CHM).
11-2397 161

HN=HC
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3TQ TeMHQ-3eJIeHblH KpHCTaJIJIH'IeCKHH nQPQWQK C TeMnepaTYPQH
OJIaBJIeHHH 207-,217 °C. CQ.!I.ep>KaHHe BYJIKaHH3YIOwerQ BeweCTBa B
CMeCH CQCTaBJI5Ier He 6QJlee 5 Macc. q.
HOHH3HPYIOlltHE H3JJY'lEHHR
npH .!I.eHCTBHH HQHH3HPYIOInHX H3JIY'IeHHH BblCQKQH 3HeprHH Ha
nOJIHMepbl npQHCXQ.!I.HT HX H'OHH3anHSI. B pe3YJIbTaTe p5l.!l.a npeBpaIne-
HHH nepBHIIHQ Q6pa3QBaBWHecSI HQHbI H cBQ6Q.!I.Hble 3JIeKTPQHbI npeQ6-
pa3YIOTC5I B pa.!l.HKaJIbI H HQH-pa.ll.HKaJIbI, B3aHMQ.!I.eHCTBHe KQTQPblX B
CBQIO Q'Iepe.!l.b npHB'O.!I.HT K CJIQ}KHhlM XHMHlIeCKHM peaKnHSlM - .!I.e-
ICTPYKnHH, CTPYKTypHPQBaHHIO, nHKJIH3a1l.HH, H3QMepH3a1l.HH, BblAeJIe-
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BHCHT QT npHpoAbI nOJIHMepa H HHrpeAHeHTQB, BXQ.!I.HWHX B CQCTaB
nQJIHMepHQH KQMnQ3HnHH. npeQ6JIa.!l.alOInHMH peaKnH5IMH nQ.!I. .!I.iicT-
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yrJIepQ.!I. - yrJIepQ.!I.Hble nQnepellHble CBH3H, nQ.!I.Q6Hble CBH3HM, Q6pa-
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CTOHKHe BYJIKaHH3aTbI.
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KaYIIYKH, CQ.!I.ep>KaWHe 6QKOBble BHHHJIbHble rpynnbl (HanpHMep,
CKB). BblCQKQH CnQCQ6HQCTblO K pa.!l.HanHQHHQH BYJIKaHH3anHH '06-
JIa.!l.alOT TaK}Ke 6YTa.!l.HeH-HHtpHJIbHble H CHJIQKCaHQBble KaY'IYKH.
Pa.!l.Ha1l.HQHHaH BYJIKaHH3anH5I MQ}KeT npQBQAHTbCSI 6e3 HarpeBa-
HHH H B QTCYTcTBHe BYJIKaHH3yIOInHX areHTOB. OAHaKQ )J.JIH Q6ecnelle-
HH5I KQMnJIeKCa TeXHQJIQrHlIeCKHX H 3KCnJIyaTa1l.HQHHblX CSQHCTB pe-
3HH B KaYIIYK BBQAHT HanQJI'HHTeJlH, nJIaCTHcpHKaTOpbl H np()THBQCTa-
pHTeJIH.
3cpcpeKTHBHQCTb pa.!l.HanHOHHQH BYJIKaHH3anHH QneHHBaerCH nQ Be-
JIH'tJHHe .!I.Q3b1 H3JIY'IeHH5I, npH KQTQPOH AQCTHralOTCH QnTHMaJIbHble
CBQHCTBa BYJIKaHH3aTQB. ,lI,JI5I nQJIYQeHH5I QnTHMaJIbHblX CBQHCTB pa-
.!I.UanHQHHblX BYJIKaHH3aTQB HeQ6xQ.!I.HMa nQrJIQweHHaH AQ3a 0,2-
0,5 M,lI,}K/Kr. ,lI,JIH BYJIKaHH3anUH CMeceH Ha QCHQBe CHJIQKCaHOBbiX
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BblweHHH 3cpcpeKTHBHQCTH pa.ll.HanHQHHOH BYJIKaHH3anHH B pe3HHOBble
CMeCH MQ>KHQ BBQ.!I.HTb ceHCH6HJIH3HPYIOWHe AQ6aBKH, COQCQ6CTBYIO-
1D.He CHH}KeHHIO BeJIHIIHHbI QnTHMaJIbHblX .!I.Q3 AQ 0,3-0,5 M,lI,}K/Kr.
K TaKHM .!I.QOaBKaM QTHOCHTCH BeIneCTBa, YBeJIH'IHBaIOInHe '1HCJIQ CBQ-
60.!l.HblX pa.!l.HKaJIQB, MeTaJlJIbI nepeMeHHoH BaJIeHTHOCTH, HX CQJIH H
162

QKCH.!I.bI, aJIHcpaTHlleCKHe nQJlHraJIQreHCQ.!I.ep>KaWHe CQe.ll.HHeHHH, a TaK-
>Ke BeIneCTBa, CnOCQ6Hhle Q6pa3QBaTb .!I.QnQJlHHTeJlbHYIO ceTKY B pe-
3y.nbTaTe pa.!l.HanHQHHQ-HHH1I.HHPQBaHHQA npHBHBKH K MQJleKYJIaM
KaYIIYKa - aKpHJIaTbI, .!I.HMaJleHMH.!I.bI H .!I.p.
Pa,IJ.HanHQHHa51 BYJIKaHH3anHH HaH6QJIee 3cpcpeKTHBHa .!I.JI5I nQJIyqe-
HHH pe3HH Ha OCHOBe npe.!l.eJIbHblX KaYIIYK'OB (cpTopKaYII)'IKH, CHJIOK-
CaHQBble, CK3n).
JIHTepaTypa
rOt/JMan B. BYJlK8HHS8UHH H BYJIK8HHSYJOBe 8reHThi. nep. CHell. noJt peA.
H. SI. nO.AJty6Horo. JI., eXHMHH:t, 1968. 464 Co
BYJlKaHH3aUBH 3J1aCTOMepOB. nOA pe.a.. r. MJlHrepa, H. CbeTYHa. nep. C aHrJl.
M., eXHMHH:t, 1967. 428 c.
P.oeai},cun B. A. XHMHH 3J18CTOMepoB. M., eXHMHH:t, 1972. 302 c.
KY3bMuH.CKUa A. C., Ka8yn C. M., Kupnu'le8 B. n. <l>H3HKo-xHMHtJecKHe OCHOBbi
nOJl}"leHHH, nepep860TKH H npHMeHeHHH 3J18CTOMepoB. M., cXHMHH:t, 1976. 368 Co
XHMHtJecKHe Jt068BKH K nOJlHMep8M. Cnp8BO'lHHK. M., cXHMBH:t, 1973. m c.
KYSbMUH.CKUa A. C., tPeiJocee8a T. C., MaxAuc tP. A. )KBXO HM. .D.. H. MeHAe-
JleeB8, 1973, T. 18, oM 3, c. 285-293.
Tapac08a 3. H., P.oeaiJKUH. B. A. B KH.: nHeBM8TH'IecKHe WHHbI. noJt pe.l1.
A. <1>. B8.11eHKOB8, B. <1>. EBCTp8TOB8, n. H. 38X8ptJeHKO. M., eXHMHH:t, 1969,
c. 243-262.
P.eeTe8a T. r. B KH.: .D.oCTH>KeHHH H8yKH H teXHOJlOrHB B 06J18CTH pesHHbI. M.,
eXHMHH:t, 1969, e. 131-153.
II.

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pUTeJIH). TaKue CMecu MO}KHQ xpaHHTb B TelleHHe npQ.lJ.OJI}KUTeJIbHOrO
BpeMeHH. ,lI,JIH JIY'IwerQ .!I.HCneprHpoBaHHH nQPQwKQ06pa3Hblx YCKQ-
pUTeJleH nQJIe3HQ npH6aBJIHTb B CMeCb KaQJIHH, cnoc06cTBYIOWHH ne-
peTHpaHHIO YCKopHTeJIeH H Q6JIer'lalOInHii AHcneprHPQBaHHe.
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ca BYJIKaHH3anHH. OT THoa opHMeHHeMQrQ YCKQPHTeJI5I 3aBHCHT AJIH-
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(pHC. II 1.8) .
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Mace. q.); 2 - MepKaoT06eHSTHaSO.ll
(0,7 Mace. 'I.); 3 - TeTpaMeTH.IITHypaM-
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'OT,ZleJIbHblX erQ '1acreii OQ3BQJI5IeT .lI.OCTHraTb paBHOMepHQii BYJlKaHH-
3anHH Bcero H3.!1.eJIH5I. 3TO Ba>KHO H 1.{Jl5I CnJlQWHblX MaCCHBHblX H3Ae-
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rue HanOJIHHTeJIH, QC06eHHO TeXHHlIeCKHH yrJIepo.!l., KOJIJIOH,ZlHaH KpeM-
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YBeJIHqHBaTb CQAep>KaHHe nQCJIeAHHX B pe3HHOBbiX CMeCHX.
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3QBaHHH cMeceii YCKQPHTeJIeH Ha6JIIOAaeTC5I yseJIH'IeHHe HHAYKnUQH-
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170

B rJIaBHOM nepHO.ll.e. I1x npHMeHeHHe nQ3BQJIHeT TaK>Ke B HeKQTQPblX
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BalOInHX erQ paCTBQPHMQCTb.
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'TOB. Y CKOpHTeJIH pa3JIHtlHblX THnOB nQ pa3HQMY BJIHHIOT Ha npHPQ.!I.Y
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paCT5I>KeHHH H Y.!I.JIHHeHHH BYJlKaHH3aTQB B Tpe6yeMblx npe.ll.eJIax.
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.lI.bI, ryaHH.lI.HHbI, npO.ll.YKTbI KOH.lI.eHCanHH aJIb.ll.erH.lI.OB C aMHHaMH, KcaH-
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OJIY'IHTb cooTBeTcTBYIOWHe .lI.HTHOKap6aMaTbi. XapaKTepHcTHKa HaH-
60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHblx B KalleCTBe YCKopHTeJIeH BYJIKaHH3anHH
npOH3BO.ll.HblX .lI.HTHOKap6aMHHoBoH KHCJlOTbi npHBe.ll.eHa B Ta6JI. 111.4.
Bce .!I.HTHOKap6aMaTbi 51BJl5IIOTC5I YJIbTpaycKopHTeJI5IMH. KpHTH'Iec-
KaSl TeMnepaTypa .lI.eHCTBHH B CMecSlX Ha OCHOBe HK COCTaBJISleT OKOJIO
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nHSI npOBO.ll.HTCSI npH TeMnepaType BblIlle 115-125°C, TO Ha6Jl1o.ll.aeT-
CSI 6b1CTpa51 peBepCHSI CBOHCTB BYJIKaHH3aTa. B 3TOM CJIY'lae He06xo-
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172

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npOH3BO.ll.CTBe MaKaHblX H3.l1.eJIHH H3 JIaTeKCOB. Hx MO}KHO npHMeHHTb
npH BYJIKaHH3anHH TOHKOCTeHHblX H3.l1.eJIHH B BO.!l.e npH TeMnepaType
90-95°C, '1aCTb YCKopHTeJIeH norJIOwaeTCH KaYQYKoM H3 BO.ll.HOrO
pacTBopa.
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na SlBJIHeTCH npO.lJ.YKTaMu KOHlleHcaUUH aHHJIHHa HJIH ero rOMOJIOrOB
C aJIbAerHAaMH )l{HpHOrO pH,lI.a - cpopMaJibAerHAoM, YKCYCHhlM, MaCJISI-
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aHHJIHHY.
npH KOHlleHcanHH aMHHOB C aJIbAerH.l1aMH B 3KBHMOJIeKYJIHpHblX
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TOB KOHAeHcanHH B03paCTaeT; npOllYKTbI KOH.lI.eHCaUHH renTHJIOBOrO
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191

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cpTaJlHMH,n.
.9<IJcpeKT ero .!I.eHCTBHH 06'bHCH5IeTCH CBH3b1BaHHeM MepKanT06e1l3TH-
a30JIa B CMecSlX, liTO npHBO.ll.HT K BblBeAeHHIO nOCJle.ll.HerO H3 nponecca
BYJlKaHH3anHH. O.!l.HOBpeMeHHO B CMeCH 06pa3yeTcH nHKJIOreKCHJlAH-
TH06eH3THa30Jl, 51BJlHroWHHCSI 3cpcpeKTHBHhlM YCKopHTeJleM, 06eCnellH-
BalOWHM BYJlKaHH3anHIO C HH,nYKnHOHHblM nepHO.!l.OM.
XapaKTepHCTHKa 3aMe.!l.JlHTeJleH BYJlKaHH3anHH npHBe.ll.eHa B
Ta6J1. II 1.12.
JlHTepaTypa
rOt/JMaH B. BYJlK8HHS8UHH H BYJlK8HHsYlOII1He 8reHTbI. TIep. C HeM. TIoJl. .
If. SI. TIoAAy6Horo. n., CXHMHH», 1968. 4&4 C.
BYJIK8HHS8UHH 3J18CTOMepoB. TIo,u: pe,u:. r. AJlJlHrep8, H. CbeTYH8. nep. C 8HrJl.
M., cXUMHH», 1967. 428 c.
P.o8aaKUH B. A. XUMHH 9J18CTOMepoB. M., cXUMHH», 1972. 392 c.

KY3bMUHCKUU A. c., Ka8YH C. M., KUpnU'Ie8 B. n. cJ>1I3HKO-XHMHtJeCKHe OCHOBbi
1I0JlY'IeHHH, nepepa60TKH H npHMeHeHHH 9J1aCTOMepOB. M., «XHMHH:', 1976. 368 C.
BAOX r. A. OpraHHtJecKHe YCKOpHTeJIH BYJlKaHH3aUHH KaytJYKoB. 113A. 2-e, nepe-
1>a6. H .11.00. n., «XHMHH:', 1972. 559 c.
4Je/ibaUlTeiJ.H M. C. U ap. B KH.: nHeBMaTHtJecKHe WHHbI. M., «XHMHH:'. 1969.
392 c.
4JeJlbaUlTeuH M. C. B KH.: XHMHH H TeXHOJlOrJIH BblCO/WMOJICKy.qHPHblX coeAH-
HeHHit T. 6. M., BI1HI1TI1. 1975, c. 109-126.
XHMlltJecKHe A06aBKH K nOJlHMepaM. CnpaBotJHHK. M., «XHMHH», 1973. 272 c.
KaMeHCKaJ/. C. A., AHapee8 JI. B., 3uTuHeoH H. H. HOBbie 3aMe.ll.JlHTeJIH npeJK-
eBpeMeHHoA BYJlKaHH3aUHH. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. «npOH3BOACTBO WHH». M.,
UHI1I1T3He4>TexHM, 1975. 28 c.

fJIaBa 12
npOTHBOCTAPHTEJlH
CTAPEHHE


npH .lI.JIHTeJIbHOM xpaHeHHH IfJIIf 3KCnJIyaTanHH KayqYKoB, pe3lfH If pe-
3HHOBblX H3.l1.eJIHH H3MeHHIOTCH HX cpH3HlIeCKHe, XHMHlleCKHe H Mexa-
HHlIeCKHe CBoHcTBa. TaKHe H3MeHeHHH CBOHCTB nOJlYIIHJIH Ha3BaHHe
CTapeHuR. BblHcHeHlie MeXSHH3Ma nponecca cTapeHHH H H3b1CKaHHe
Cpe.ll.CTB 3aWHTbI KaYIIYKoB H pe3HH OT cTapeHHH HBJIHIOTCH Ba>KHeH-
WHMH np06JleMaMH XHMHH H TeXHOJIOrHH pe3HHbI.
, B HaCTOHwee BpeMH He Bhl3b1BaeT COMHeHHH, QTO OCHOBHOH npHIIH-
HoA TaKHX H3MeHeHHH CBOHCTB HBJlHeTCH OKHCJleHHe KaYIIYKOB H pe-
3HH. B03.l1.eHCTBHe TenJla, CBeTa, H3J1YlleHHH, MexaHHlleCKHX .lI.ecpopMS-
nHH H npHCYTCTBHe KaTaJIH3aTOpOB OKHCJIeHHSI (COJleH MeTaJIJlOB ne-
peMeHHoA BaJIeHTHOCTH) aKTHBHpYIOT H YCKOPHIOT OKHCJleHHe KaYIIY-
KOB H pe3HH.
B CBH3H C TeM liTO POJIb cpaKTopOB, aKTHBHpYIOWHX OKHCJleHHe,
MeHHeTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT lIpHpO.ll.bI H COCTaBa nOJlHMepHOro MaTe-
pHaJIa, pa3J1HlIalOT B COOTBeTCTBHH C npeHMymecTBeHHblM BJIHHHHeM
OAHoro H3 cpaKTopOB CJle.ll.YJOWHe BH.lI.bI cTapeHHH:
1) TenJIOBOe (TepMHllecKoe, TepMOOKHCJlHTeJIbHoe) cTapeHHe B pe-
3YJlbTaTe OKHCJleHHH, aKTHBHpoBaHHoro TenJlOM;
2) YTOMJleHHe -- cTapeHHe B pe3ynbTaTe YCTaJlOCTH, Bbl3BaHHoA
.lJ.eACTBHeM MexaHHlleCKHX HanpH>KeHHH H OKHCJlHTeJlbHblX nponeccoB.
aKTHBHpoBaHHhlx MexaHHlleCKHM B03.l1.eHCTBHeM;
3) OKHCJIeHHe, aKTHBHpoBaHHoe MeTaJlJlaMH nepeMeHHoH BaJleHT-
HOCTH;
4) CBeTOBoe cTapeHHe -- B pe3YJlbTaTe OKHCJleHH5I, aKTHBHpoBaHHo-'
ro YJlbTpacpHOJleTOBblM H3JIYQeHHeM;
5) 030HHoe cTapeHHe;
6) pa,nHanHoHHoe cTapeHHe no.ll. .lI.eACTBHeM HOHH3HPYIOWHX H3J1Y-
lIeHHH.
OKHCJleHHe KaYQYKoB H pe3HH. Pe3ynbTaThI H3YlIeHH5I nponecca
OKHCJIeHH5I KaYIIYKa H BJlHHHHSI Ha Hero pa3J1HIIHblX 4>aKTOpoB, H3JIO-
>KeHHhle B pa60Tax aKa.ll.eMHKa H. H. CeMeHoBa, n03BOJlSllOT CIIHTaTb
OKHCJleHHe KaYIIYlCa aBTOKaTaJIHTHlleCKHM nponeccoM C BblpO>K.lI.eHHbI-
MH pa3BeTBneHHHMH.
nepBHIIHblMH npoAYKTaMH OKHCJleHHH KaYIIYKa 51BJlHIOTCSI nepeKH-
, CH. no TeopHH A. H. Baxa 06pa30BaHHe nepeKHCeH MO>KeT npoHcxo-

HTb BCJle.ll.CTBHe 3KTHBaUHH MoneKYJlSlpHOrO KHCJlOpO.ll.a 3a ClIeT CBO-
60.ll.HOH 3HeprHH ,nBOHHblX cBH3eH COe.ll.HHeHHSI, YlIaCTBYlOwero B peaK-
198




UH'H, If npeSpaweHHSI M6IIeKYJlbl KHCJIopOAa 0=0 B l'pyDD}" -0-0-

TCTaHOBJleHO, liTO npe.ll.eJlbHble COe.ll.HHeHHSI npaCOe.ll.HH5IIOT aKTHBHpO-

aHHble MOJIeKYJIbI KHCJIOpO.ll.a B OCHOBHOM K aTOMaM yrJlepO,l8 MeTH-
JIeHOBblX rpynn B a-nOJIO}KeHHH K .lI.BOHHOn CBSl3H, 06pS3YSI rH.lJ.pOne-
peKHCH:
""'-OHa-CH==CH-CH a -"'" + Oa -- ""'-CH-CH==CH-CH a -"-"-'
I .
OOH
TaKHe nepeKHCHble COe.ll.HHeHHH B HeKOTOpblX YCJIOBHSlX MOryT OHTb
BeCbMa YCTOnqHBbI. npH OCBeweHHH HK YJlbTpacpHOJIeTOBhlMH JlyqaMH
B YCJIOBNHX HH3KHX TeMnepaTYP 80-90% nOrJlOweHHOro KaYIIYKOM
KHCJIOpO.ll.S B nepBoH CTa.ll.HH OKHCJIeHHH HaxoAHTCSI B BH.lI.e rH.lI.ponepe-
KHCHblX COe.ll.HHeHHH.
HaKOnJleHHe rH.lI.pOnepeKHcen ROOH, HBJIHIOWHXCH rJlaBHblM npo-
Me}KYToqHblM npO.ll.YKTOM OKHCJleHHH, npoHCxo.ll.HT npH nOJIYlleHHH H B
nponecce npe,nBapHTeJlbHOH 06pa6oTKH KaYIIYKOB.
nepeKHcH SlBJIHIOTCH aBTOKaTaJIH3aTOpaMH nenHon peaKnHH OKHC-
JIeHHH. IJ.enHHe peaKnHH npOTeKalOT B TPH CTa.ll.HH: HHHnHHpOBaHHe,
liJIH 06pa30BaHHe HaqaJlbHblX aKTHBHblX neHTpOB, pOCT nenH H 06pblB
nenH.
npH nOBhlweHHblX TeMnepaTypax, no.ll. .lI.eHCTBHeM CBeTa H .lI.PyrHx

aKTopOB OpOHCXOAHT UHuquupo8anue OKUCAenUR KaYIIYKOB, COCTOH-
wee B 06pa30BaHHH pa.ll.HKaJlOB, npHlIeM rJlaBHYIO pOJIb B HHHnHHpO-
BaHHH HrpalOT nOJlHMepHble rH.lI.pOnepeKHCH ROOH, KOTopble pacna-
,naIOTCH HJlH B3aHMOAeHCTBYIOT C MOJIeKYJlaMH nOJlHMepa RH: .
ROOH -- RO. + .OH
2ROOH -- RO. + RO a +HaO
ROOH +RH -- R. + RO. + HaO
Pa38UTUe U pa38eT8Aenue qenu npOHCXO.ll.HT B pe3YJIbTaTe B3aHMO-
.lI.enCTBH5I 06pa30BaBWHXCH nOJlHMepHhlX pa.ll.HKaJlOB C KHCJlOpO.ll.OM
. .
(R. + 02
R02), a TaK}Ke B pe3yJIbTare B3alfMOAeHCTBHH nepeKHC-
HbiX nOJlH'Mep.1IblX paAHKaJIOB C HOBblMH MOJIeKyJlaMH KaYIIYKa H OTpbl-
80M OT HHX aTOMQ,B BOAopO.ll.a, HaXO.ll.HWHXCH B a-MeTHJleHOBOH no OT-
HOWeHHIO K .It;BOnHOH CBH3H .rpynne, C 06pa3OBa,HHeM HOBblX nOJIHMep-
HblX pa.ll.HKaJlOB.
06pbl8 ijenu MO>KeT npOHCXO.ll.HTb BCJIe.ll.CTBHe B3aHMO.ll.enCTBHH pa-
.lI.HKaJIOB .lI.Pyr c l1PyroM, B pe3YJlbTaTe lIero 06pa3YIOTCH HeaKTHBHble
BeweCTBa.
npo.ll.YKThI peaKnHH OKHCJleHHSI KaY'IYKa pa3JI006pa3HbI; B H!lX 06-
HapY>KeHhI OpraHHlIeCKHe coe.ll.HHeHHH CJle.ll.ylOIUHx KJlaCCOB: rH.lJ.pOne-
peKHcH "'" C-O-OH' cnH p TbI ' C-OH; KHCJIOThI -C
 ;
/ '/
H
eno""'... >4>HP" -cER: a.....""'.. -c



H KeTOHbI C=O;


1"




3nOKCH.!I.bI >C-C<, npOCTble 3cpHphl, nepeKHCH >C -C< H .!I.p_
1_0_1 1 I
0-0
CKOpOCTb OKHCJleHHH KaYIIYKOB, a TaK>Ke pa3BHTHe BTOpHIIHblX
npoueCCOB cTa6HJIH3anHH pa.!l.HKaJIOB 3aBHCHT OT HX CTPYKTYPbl. Ha-
JIHtJHe B nenH aTOMOB HJIH rpynn, OKa3b1BaIOWHX nOJIO}KHTeJIbHblH HJIH
OTpHuaTeJlbHhlH HHAYKnHOHHblH 3cpcpeKT Ha aTOMIi BO.!l.OpO.!l.a COCe.Zl.HHX
C HHMH C-H-rpynn, 6Y.!I.eT 3aMe.Zl.JIHTb HJIH YCKOPHTb OKHCJIHTeJIbHble
nponecchl.
fpynnbl -OH, -Cl, -CN, -CeHs, 06JIa.!l.aJOWHe oTpHnaTeJIbHblM
HH.ZI.YKnHOHHblM 3cpcpeKToM, 6Y.!I.YT 3aMe.!l.JIHTb OKHCJIeHHe, a rpynnli
-CH s , = CH 2 , 06JIa.!l.aJOWHe nOJIO}KHTeJIbHblM HH.ZI.YKnHoHHblM 3cp-
cpeKTOM, YCKOPHIOT OKHCJIeHHe.
C YlleToM BJIHHHHH 3aMeC1\HTeJIeH B uenH MaKpOMOJleKYJI .lI.HeHOBhle
KaYIIYKH pacnOJIaraJOTcH no YMeHbweHHJO CKOpOCTH OKHCJIeHHH B CJIe-
.!I.YIOWHH pH.!I.: H30npeHoBhle> 6YTa.!l.HeHoBble> 6YTa.!l.HeHCTHpOJIbHble>
> 6y1'a.!l.HeH-HHTpHJIbHhle>xJIOpOnpeHoBbie. KaYIIYKH C MaJIOH Henpe-
.!I.eJIbHOCTblO H npeAeJIbHble KaYtJYKH OTJIHllalOTCH BbiCOKOH CTOHKOCTblO
K OKHCJleHHIO.
B pe3YJlbTaTe OKHCJIeHHH B KaYIIYKax npOHCxO.!l.HT CJIO}KHble H3Me-
HeHHH, npHBoAHWHe K .!I.eCTpYKnHH H CTPYKTypHpoBaHHJO, npHlIeM npe-
06JIa.ll.aHHe Toro HJIH .!I.Pyroro nponecca 3aBHCHT OT npHpO.!l.bI KaY1IYK3
H cO.Zl.ep>KaWHXCH B HeM KOMnOHeHTOB.
npeHMyweCTBeHHaH .!I.eCTpYKnHH Ha6JIIO.!I.aeTCH B 3JIaCTOMepax.
CO.!l.ep>KaWHX B uenH 3aMeCTHTeJIH C nOJIO}KHTeJIbHblM HHAYKUHOHHblM
3cpcpeKTOM (H30npeHOBhle KaYIIYKH, 6YTHJIKaYIIYK, nOJIHH306YTHJIeH).
TaK, B HaTypaJIbHOM H H30npeHOBliX KaYtJYKax B HallaJIe nponecca
OKHCJIeHHH nOHBJIHeTCH JIHnKOCTb, nOBblWaeTC5I paCTBopHMOCTb BOp-
raHHlIeCKHX paCTBOpHTeJI5IX, CHH}KaeTCH BH3KOCTb paCTBopOB H B5I3-
KOCTb caMoro nOJIHMepa, YBeJIHIIHBaeTCH ero nnaCTHIIHOCTb. B .!I.aJlb-
HeHweM JIHnKOCTb MO}KeT HClIe3HYTb, 06pa3YIOTC5I TBep.!l.ble xpynKHe
npO.!l.YKTbI (BCJle.!l.CTBHe KOHAeHcanHH nOJI5IpHhlX rpynn), H KaYtJYK MO-
>Ke1 nOTepHTb 3JIaCTHIIHOCTb.
B 6YTa.Zl.HeHOBbiX KSYIIYKax npe06JIa.!l.alOT nponeccbI CTPYKTypHPO-
BaHHH, 0 lIeM CBH.!I.eTeJIbCTByeT YBeJIHlleHHe reJIb-cppaKnHH, YMeHbwe-
HHe paCTBopHMOCTH nOJIHMepa, 3aTBep.!l.eBaHHe.
HanpaBJIeHHe nponeCCOB 3aBHCHT OT YCJIOBHH OKHCJIeHHH (TeMne-
paTYPhl H .!I.aBJIeHHH B03.!1.yxa). I1poneccbI OKHCJleHHH KaYIIYKOB MorYT
6h1Tb 3aMe.Zl.JIeHbI BBe.Zl.eHHeM CnenHaJIbHblX 3aWHTHbiX .lI.06aBOK -
cTa6uAusaTop08 (HHrH6HTopOB, npOTHBOCTapHTeJIeH, aHTHOKCH.ZI.aH-
TOB).
H.!I.eH npHMeHeHHH 3awHTHbiX BeweCTB .lI.JIH KaYIIYKa B03HHKJIa
ewe B 1895 r. KOr.Zl.a 6b1JIO YCTaHOBJIeHO, liTO nOCJIe 3KCTparHpOBaHHSI
aueTOHOM H3 HaTypaJIbHOrO KaYIIYKa CMOJIbi yrneBO.!I.OpO.Zl. KayqYKa
JlerKO pa3PywaeTcH nOA .ZI.eHCTBHeM KHCJIopO.!l.a.
KHHeTHKa nOrJIOweHHH KHCJIOpO.!l.a KaYIIYKOM (pHC. II1.11) xapaK-
TepH3yeTC5I HCHO Bhlpa}KeHHhlM HH.!I.YKU.HOHHIiM nepHO.!l.6M, BO BpeMR
KOToporo He Ha6JIIO.!I.aeTCH BH.ZI.HMOrO npOTeKaHHH peaKnHU B3aHMO.!l.eH.-
200




HaH60Jlee mHpOKO npHMeHSIIOT MeTO.l1 onpe.l1e.neHHSI YC.nOBHo-paBHOBec-
Horo MOAY.nSl. H3MeHeHHe YC.nOBlio-paBHOBeCHoro MO.l1Y.nSl 06pa3UOB
pe3"H, nO.l1BepraeMbiX CTapeHHIO B HeHanpSl>KeHHOM CQCTOSlHHH, 06yc-
.nOB.neHO npoueccaMH AeCTpYKuHH H CTPYKTypHpOBaHHSI. H3MeHeHHe
YC.nOBH.-paBHOBeCHoro MOAY.nSl 06pa3UOB npH CTapeHHH B HanpSl1KeH-
HOM COCTOSHHH onpeAe.nSleTCSI TO.nbKO npoueccaMH .I1eCTpYKUHH (HO-
Bbie CWHBKH, 06pa30BaBmHecSi B npouecce CTapeHHSI B Hanp1l>KeHHOM
06pa3ue He BocnpHHHMalOT HanpSl>KeHHSI).
CK9POCTb pe.naKcaUHH HanpSl>KeHHSI pe3"H DPH nOBb1meHHblX TeM-
nepaTypax B BaKYYMe H.nH B HHepTHOH cpe.l1e M6>KeT XapaKTepH30-
BaTb CTeneHr. H3MeHeHHSI CBOHCTB pe3HH 3a CqeT npoueCCOB TepMO-
CTapeHHS.
B.nH.HHe COJleH MeTaJlJlOB nepeMeHHOH BaneHTHOCTH Ha CTapeHHe.
OKHc.neHHe KayqYKOB H pe3HH KaK CB060.l1HOe, TaK H HHrH6HpOBaHHoe
3HaqHTeJIbHO YCKop.eTCSI CO.nSlMH MeTaJl.nOB nepeMeHHoA Ba.neHTHOCTH
(Me.l1H, K06a.nbTa, >Ke.ne3a, THTaHa, MapraHua H .I1p.). Mx Ha.nHqHe B.
KaYQYKax MO>KeT 61J1Tb 06yc.nOB.neHO OCTaTKaMH KaTa.nH3aTopOB H HHH-
UHaTopOB, npHMeHSlBmHXCSI npH CHHTe3e, a B pe3HHax npHMeCH TaKHX
coneA MorYT cO.l1ep>KaTbCSI B HHrpe.l1HeHTax.
KaTa.nHTHqeCKOe .I1eHCTBHe MeTa.n.nOB nepeMeHHoA BaneHTHOCTH OC-
HOBaH. Ha HX aKTHBHOM B3aHM0.l1eA:cTBHH C rH.I1pOnepe
HCHhlMH rpyn-
n8M"H KayqYKoa H HHHU,oHHpOB8HHSI npouecca oKHcneHHSI:


ROOH + Me* _ ROO. + Me+ + H+


ROOH + Me+ - RO. + Me* + otr


AKTHBHOCTr. MeTa.n.nOB nepeMeHHoA BaneHTHOCTH 3aBHCHT OT npH-
pO.l1h1 KayqYKa H OT BH.I18 COe.l1HHeHHSI, B KOTOpOM HaXO.l1HTCJI MeTa.nJI
B KayqYKe. TaK, FeCb .I1a>Ke npH cO.l1ep>KaHHH 0,02'10 (OT MaCCbI Kay-
qYKa) OKa3h1BaeT CH.nbHoe pa3pymalOw,ee .I1eACTBHe Ha BynKaHH3aTbI, B
TO BpeMSI KaK FeSO. YC&OpSieT cTapeHHe BynKaHH3aToB TOJlbKO npH
c0.l1ep>K8HHH 0,8% H 60Jlee. ConH >KHpHIJIX H CMO.nSlHhlX KHC.nOT pac-
TBOpHMhI B yr.neB0.l10p0.l1HblX no.nHMepax H HX .I1eHCTBHe npOSlB.nSleTCSI
B cyw,eCTBeHHO 60.nbmeH CTeneHH, qeM .I1eA:cTBHe HepaCTBOpHMIJIX OK-
CH.I10B Toro >Ke MeTa.n.na. .lI..nSl HK H CKM BJlHSlHHe co.neH nonHBaneHT-
HbiX MeTannOB CKa31J1BaeTCSI npH HX CO.l1ep>KaHHH, paBHoM 10-3-
10-. %. .
CTapeHHe BCK no.l1 BJIHSlHHeM co.neA: TS>Ke.nblX MeTan.nOB iIpOHCXO-
.l1HT B 20-40 pa3 Me.l1neHHee cTapeRHSI HK.
J{eAcTBHe MeTannOB nepeMeHHoA Ba.neHTHOCTH B KayqYKax H Pe3H-
Hax MO>KeT 6h1Tb nO.l1aBJIeHO .I106aBKaMH Bew,eCTB, 06pa3YIOw,Hx C Me-
T8nnaMH HeaKTHBHhle COe.l1HHeHHSI. TaKHMH Bew,eCTBaMH SlB.nSlIOTCSI He-
KOTopble YCKOpHTeJ1H BynKaHH3aUHH, B qaCTHOCTH AHTHOKap6aMaTbi H
THypaM,!{Hcy.nb<l>H.I1h1, cnoc06Hhle 06pa30BhlBaTb C MeT8.n.n8MH He.lllHC-
COUHHpYIOw,He KOMn.neKCbI, a TaK>Ke HeKOTopble mHp.KO npHMeHSleMhle
. npOMwm.neHH9CTH npOTHBOCTapHTe.nH.
2t2




npOTHBOCTAPHTEnH


3aMe.l1.neHHe npouecca OKHC.neHHH, HCXO.l1S1 H3 MeXaHH3Ma peaKUHH,
MO>KeT H.I1TH no .I1BYM HanpaB.neHHSlM: HHrH6HpOBaHHe HHHUHHpOBaHHH
H HHfH6HpOBaHHe pa3BHTHH H pa3BeTB.neHHSI uenH. B COOTBeTCTBHH C
9THM, npOTHBOCTapHTe.nH (cTa6H.nH3aTopbI, HHfH6HTOpbI, aHTHOKCH.I1aH-
TbI) Moryt 61J1Tb n0.l1pa3.11e.neHIJI Ha .I1Be 60.nbmHe fpynnlJl: npOTHBO-
CTapHTeJ1H, HHfH6HpYIOw,He HHHUHHpOBaHHe (npeBeHTHBHlJle npOTHBO-
CTapUTe.nH) 3a CqeT pa3.n0>Ke:HHSI fH.llpOnepel{H(:eH, nor.now,eHHSI CBe-
TOBoro H3.nyqeHHSI, .I1e3aKTHBaUHH HOHOB MeTa.n.nOB nepeMeHHOH Ba-
JleHTHOCTH, H npOTHBOCTapHTe.nH, 06pbIBalOw,He uenH.
AKTHBHOCTb HHrH6HTODOB 3aBHCHT OT 'UX CT.DoeHHSI. MHorHe coem-
HeHHSI (MepKanTaHbI, Cy.nb
H.I1IJ1, .I1HTHOKap6aMaTbI, . .I1HTHO
OC
aTIJI,
3
HplJl <l>OC
OpHCTOH KHC.nOTbI H .I1p.) MorYT HHrH6HpOBaTb OKHc.neHHe
3a CqeT B3aHM0.l1eHCTBHH C fH.I1pOnepeKHCHMH C 06pa30BaHHeM HeaK-
THBHIJIX npO.l1YKTOB H SlB.nHlOTCH npeBeHTHBHbIMH npOTHBOCTapHTeJISlMH.
HaH60.nee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIMH npOTHBOCTapHTe.nSlMH, KOTOplJle 06-
plJlBalOT uenH, CBSl3bIBaSi nepeKHcHbIe pa.l1HKa.nIJl, SlB.nHIOTCH <l>eHo.nbI
II aMHHlJI, cnoc06HlJle .nerKO OT.I1aBaTb B0.l10p0.l1:
ROO.+AH - ROOH+A.
3aw,HTHoe .I1eHCTBHe npoTHBocTapHTe.nSl 6Y.l1eT Onpe.l1eJ1S1TbCSI eta-
.
6H.nbHOCTblO pa.l1HKa.na A, KOTOplJlA: MO>KeT B .I1a.nbHeHmeM pearHpoBaTb
C .I1PYfHMH CB060.l1HIJIMH pa.l1HKa.naMH, B03HHKalOw,HMH npH oKHcneHHH
KayqYKa, C 06pa30BaHHeM HeaKTHBHIJIX npO.l1YKTOB
R. +A. - RA RO. +A. - ROA
ROO. +A. - RooA A. +A. _ AA
II TaKHM 06pa30M 3a.l1ep>KHBaTb oKHcneHHe H.nH B3aHM0.l1eHCTBOBaTb co
cTa6HnbHhlMH MoneK)'naMH C 06pa30BaHHeM HOBIJIX pa.l1HKa.noB, KOTO-
plJle 6Y.l1YT ocyw,eCTBJISlTb nepe.l13qy uenH
A. +RH - R. +AH
A. +0. - Aoo. +RH _ AOOH+R.
II COOTBeTCTBeHHO YCKOPHTb oKHcneHHe.
HecMoTpH Ha TO, liTO CTapeHHe KayqYKa BbI31J1BaeTCSI r.naBHbIM 06-
pa30M .I1eHCTBHeM KHC.nOpO.l1a, e.l1HHOrO YHHBepca.nbHoro npoTHBocTapH-
Te.n
 HeT. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Ha3HaqeHHH pe3HHoBbIX H3.11e.nHH, YC.nOBHA:
IIX 3Kcn.nyaTauHH (.I1HHaMHqeCKaSi pa60Ta, .I1eHCTBHe CBeTa, Ten.na, 030-
Ha), Ha.nHqHSI B By.nKaHH3aTax Me.l1H, MapraHua H .I1pyrHx TSI>KeJIIJIX
MeTa.n.nOB npHMeHHIOT pa3.nHqHbIe npOTHBOCTapHTe.nH H HX CMeCH.
BbI60p npOTHBOCTapHTe.nH 3aBHCHT OT MHOfHX
aKTopOB: nPHpO.l11J1
no.nHMepa, CTeneHH efO qHCTOTIJI H npHpO.l11J1 npHMeceH (HanpHMep,
Ha.nHqHe COe.l1HHeHHA: MeTa.n.nOB nepeMeHHoA: Ba.neHTHOCTH), )'C.nOBHH
nonyqeHHSI KayqYKa, paCTBopHMOCTH npOTHBOCTapHTeJ1S1 B KayqYKe, ero
TOKCHqHOCTH, CTOHMOCTH. He06xo.l1HMO, qT061J1 B YC.nOBHHX nO.'1yqeHHSI
H BbI.I1eneHHH KayqYKa, npOTHBOCTapHTe.nb He nO.l1Bepfa.ncSi fH.I1pO.nH3Y
II He BIJIMIJIBa.ncSi B BH.I1e pl;JCTBOpHMbIX co.neH H T. .11.


203




Do.nbmoe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT paCTBOpHMOCTb npOTHBOCTapHTeJIeA: a
KaYIJYKe. HaH60.nbmHe 3aTpY.l1HeHHSI BIJI31J1BalOT npOTHBOCTapHTe.nH, XO-
pomo paCTBopHMbIe npH nOBbImeHHbIX TeMnepaTypax H Ma.no paCTBO-
pHMlJle npH 061J1qHOH TeMnepaType; TaKHe Bew,eCTBa MHrpHpYIOT Ha
nOBepXHOCTb pe3HHhI.
J{.n npaBH.nbHoro BIJI60pa npOTHBOCTapHTe.nSl H oc06eHHO .I1.n co-
xpaHeHHSI ero B KayqYKe H pe3HHe He06xo.l1HMO 3HaTb .neTyqeCTb npo-
THBOCTapHTeJ1S1 B ycnOBHX cymKH H nepepa60TKH KayqYKa, Y'lHTbIBaTb
ero <l>H3HqeCKOe COCTOHHe H TeXHo.norHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa (ycnoBHSI .110-
3HpOBaHHSI, .I1HCneprHpyeMocTb H .I1p.), B.nHSlHHe Ha CBoA:cTBa pe3HHO-
BOH CMeCH (CK.nOHHOCTb K n0.l1By.nKaHH3aUHH, n.naCT03.nacTHtJeCKHe
CBOHCTBa H .I1p.), BnHSlHHe Ha CKOpOCTb By.nKaHH3aUHH H TeXHH1JeCKHe
cBoikTBa By.nKaHH3aTa. He06xo.l1HMO BIJI6HpaTb TaKHe COe.l1HHeHHSf, KO-
TOplJle He OKa&bIBa.nH 61J1 cyw,eCTBeHHoro B.nHSlHHSI Ha .I1eHCTBHe .I1pyrHx
HHrpe.l1HeHTOB (ffanpHMep, He OKa3bIBa.nH B.nHSlHHSI Ha .I1eikTBH'e By.nKa-
HH3YIOw,eA: rpynnb:).
O.l1HHM H3 Ba>KIH,(X <l>aKTopoB, onpe.l1e.nSlIOw,HX BIJI60p npOTHBOCTa-
pHTeJ1S1, B.nSleTCSI ero B.nHHHe Ha H3MeHeHHe OKpaCKH pe3HH B npo-
uecce CTapeHHSI. no 9TOMY npH3HaKY npOTHBOCTapHTe.nH n0.l1pa3.11e.nH-
lOT Ha OKpamHBalow,He H HeOKpamHBalOw,He. nOc.ne.llHHe MorYT npH-
MeHSlTbCSI npH npOH3B0.l1CTBe UBeTHbIX H3.11e.nHH, a OKpamHBalOw,He
061J1IJHO Hcno.nb3yroT B pe3HHax qepHOrO UBeTa, HanonaeHHhlX TeXHHqe-
CKHM yrJIep0.l10M.
KaK npaBH.no, npH YBeJ1HqeHHH CO.l1ep>KaHHSI npOTHBOCTapmenSi B
KaytJYKe HnH pe3HHOBOH CMeCH 9<1><I>eKTHBHOCTb ero .I1eHCTBHH B03-
paCTaeT.
O.l1HaKO .I1.nSl MHorHX npOTHBOCTapHTeJleii CYIUecTByeT onTHMa.nbHaSl
KOHueHTpaUHSI, BlJlme KOTOpOA: 3<1><I>eKTHBHOCTb HX .I1eHCTBHSI He YBeJ1H-
qHBaeTCH, a HHOr.l1a .I1a>Ke na.l1aeT. ODTHMa.nbRoe CO.l1ep>KaHHe npOTH-
BOCTapHTeJ1S1 YCTaHaB.nHBaeTCSI C yqeTOM ycnOBHH 9Kcn.nyaTaUHH pe3H-
HOBbIX H3.11e.nHH H 3KOHOMHqeCKHX C006pa>KeHHH'. B 60.nbmRHCTBe c.ny-
tJaeB CO.l1ep>KaHHe npOTHBOCTapHTeJ1eH, .Il06aB.neHHbIX npH no.nytJeHHR
. KayqYKa, COCTaBJIHeT 1-2%, a BBe.l1eHHhlX B pe3HHOBlJle CMeCH (B 3a-
BHCHMOCTH OT HX Ha3HaqeHHSI) - 01' 0,5 .110 5%. npHlfeM 60JI'bU1ee co-
.I1ep>KaHHe npoTHBocTapHTe.neH .I10mKHO 6h1Tb B CMecSiX .I1.nH H3.11eJI'HH
9Kcn.nyaTHpyrow,HXCSI npH nOBlJlmeHHOH TeMnepaType, B ycnOBHHX MHO'-
rOKpaTHIJIX .I1e<l>opMaUHA: H .I1p. .lI..nSl npe.l10TBpaw,eHHSI BhlUBeTaHHH npo-
THBOCTapRTeJ1eA: npH HX CO.l1ep>KaHHH, npeBbIlUalOlO,eM npMen pacTBo-
pHMOCTH, a TaK>Ke .I1nSl nOBhlmeHHSI 9<1><I>eKTHBHOCTH, lUHpOKO npHMeHR-
IOTCSI KOM6HHaUHH npOTHBOCTapHTe.neH.
HaH60.nee pacnpOCTpaHeHHIJIMH npOTHBOCTaptfTe.nSlMH .I1.nSl Kayqy-
KOB H pe3HH HB.nSlIOTCSI 3aMew,eHHlJle <l>eHo.nbI H apOMaTHtJeCKHe aMH-
HIJI. KpOMe HHX B KaqeCTBe npOTHBOCTapHTe.neH, Hcno.nb3YIOT cOe.l1R-
HeHHH .I1pyrnx MaCCOB.
AMHHbI. npHMeHeHHe aMHHOB B KaqeCTBe npOTHBOCTapH:reJIeH onpe-
.I1e.neTCSI HX cnoc06HOCTblO B3aHM0.l1eHCTBOBaTb C no.nHMepHIJIMH pa.l1H-
KanaMH, 06pa3YIOw,HMHCSI npH pacna.l1e rH.I1pOnepeKHceA, 3a CqeT OTplJl-
Ba aTOMa B0.l10p0.l1a aMHHHoH rpynnlJl. 9Ta cnOCQ6HOCTb, a TaK>Ke CTa-
204

6H.nbHOCTb 06pa3YIOw,HXCH npH 3TOM pa.l1HKa.nOB npOTHBOCTapHTe.nSl
3aBHCHT OT ero CTpyKTYPIJI.
H3YQeHHe MexaHH3Ma .I1eHCTBHSI HHrH6HTopOB OKHc.neHHSI KayqYKa,
TaKHx, KaK <l>eHH.n-p-Ha<l>TH.naMHH (I) Hero npOH3B0.l1Hhle a-MeTH.n<l>e-
HH.n-p-Ha<l>TH.naMHH (II) H TpeTHqHIJIA: MeTH.n<l>eHH.n-p-Ha<l>TH.n-
aMHH (III)
H
00 1 -- O
 
I
H <[Ha
())- -o
II
CHa
( - -o
>->-A
III
nOKa3a.no, qTO npH 3aMew,eHHH B0.l10p0.l1a B a-nOnO>KeHHH H npH 3aMe-
w,eHHH B0.l10p0.l1a aMHHorpynnhi aKTHBHOCTb HHrH6HTopOB pe3KO CHH-
>KaeTCSI.
Ha nO.l1BH>KHOCTb 0.l10p0.l1HIJIX aTOMOB 6eH30.nbHoro Ko.nbua CH.nb-
Hoe B.nHSlHHe OKa31J1BaeT 3aMeCTHTenb, CTOSlW,HA: B n-no.nO>KeHHH.
npH cpaBHeHHH npOH3B0.l1HIJIX <l>eHH.n.,p-Ha<l>THnaMHHa (I, II, III)
H npOH3B0.l1HIJIX C pa3.nHqHIJIMH 3aMeCTHTeJ1S1MH B n-nOnO>KeHHH TaKH-
MH, KaK n-oKcH<I>eHH.n-p-Ha<l>TH.naMHH (IV), n-x.noP<l>eHHn-p-Ha<l>TH.n-
aMHH (V) H n-To.nH.n-p-Ha<l>TH.naMHH (VI):
N-r\--'"'H 00 1 _N_ r\ -CI
I'=T""  I'=/
H ' H
IV v
00- 1  N -o  -CHa '
  I -
H
VI
6bI.n0 YCTaHoB.neHo, qTO MeTH.nbHaSi rpynna B n-no.nO>KeHHH nOHH>KaeT
aKTHBHOCTb <l>eHH.n-,p-Ha<l>TH.naMHHa, a no.l1 B.nHSlHHeM 9.neKTpooTpHUa-
Te.nbHbIX 3aMecTHTe.neH OH H CI aKTHBHOCTb ero nOBbImaeTCSI. Cyme-
CTBeHHO nOBlJlmalOT aKTHBHOCTb BTOPHqHhlX apOMaTHqeCKHX aMHHOB
3.neKTpOH0.l10HOpHlJle rpynnlJl y aTOMa a30Ta. TaK, aKTHBHOCTb 3aMe-
w,eHHoro apOMaTHqeCKOrO aMHHa
O -NH-R
B 38BHCHMOCTH OT R MeHSIeTCH cne.l1YIOw,HM 06pa30M:
.AxTIIBHoc:Ta. a_.
R yen. eA. R
40
15
104
6-Ha<flTHJI
IhOPHQHblA 6YTRJI
AKTHBHOCTb SMRRS.
yen. eA.
80
10000
H
CH s
a.H3<f1TH.'1
Ha6.nIO.I1aeTCSI KOppe.nHUHSI Me>K.I1Y aKTHBHOCTblO cTa6H.nH3aTOpa H
ero OKHc.nHTe.nbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTe.nbHIJIM nOTeHUHanOM. .lI.JISI 3<1><I>eKTHB-
205

HIJIX npOTHBOCTapHTeJ1eA: aMHHHOrO THna 3HaqeHHR eKHC.nHTe.nbHO-BOC-
CTaHOBHTeJ1r.Hro nTeHUHana HaXO.l1S1TCR B npe.aeJIaX 0T 0,35 .110
0,95 B.
nepBHqH&le aMHHIJI H.nH npoTHBoCTapHTeJ1H, HMelOw,He nepBUqHYIO H
BTOPHqHYIO aMHHorpynnlJl, OKHcnSlIOTCSI (qaCTHqHo) Mo.neKynSlpHblM
KHc.nOpOAOM. TaKaSi aKTHBHOCTb HHrH6HTopa 06ycnoB.nHBaeT ero He-
npoH3BOAMTeJIbHhlA: pacxo.l1; KpoMe Toro, caM HHrH6HTOp, OKHcnSlSlCb
Jlerqe yr.neBO,IJ.opO.l1a ,KayqYKa, MO>KeT HrpaTb ponb KaTa.nH3aTopa OKHC-
JleHHH KayqYKa.
HaH60.nee 9<1><I>eKTHBHIJIMH npOTHBOCTapHTeJ1S1MH RB.nSlIOTCSI BTOPHq-
HlJle apOMaTHqeCKHe aMHHIJI.
OHH He OKHcnSlIOTCSI MOJIeKYJISIpHIJIM KHC.nOp0.l10M HH B CYXOM BH-
.I1e, HH B paCTBopax, HO OKHC.nSlIOTCSI nepeKHCSlMH KayqYKa B npouecce
Ten.nOBoro CTapeHHSI H npH .I1HHaMHqeCKOH pa60Te, BIJI31J1BaSi 06pbIB ue-
nH. TaK, <l>eHH.n--Ha<l>TH.naMHH, .I1H<I>eHH.naMHH, N,N'-.I1H<I>eHH.n-n-<I>eHH-
.lIeH.I1HaMHH npH .I1HHaMHqeCKOM YTOM.neHHH H.nH Ten.nOBOM CTapeHHH
pe3HH paCXO.l1YIOTCSI nOqTH Ha 90%. npH 9TOM H3MeHHeTCSI TO.nbKO co-
J(ep>KaHHe rpynn NH, cO.l1ep>KaHHe >Ke a30Ta B pe3HHe OCTaeTCSI HeH3-
MeHHIJIM, qTO YKa3h1BaeT Ha npHcOe.l1HHeHHe npoTHBoCTapHTeJ1S1 K yr-
JleB0.l10p0.l1Y KayqYKa.
npaKTHqeCKH Bce aMHHhI, npHMeHReMhle B KaqeCTBe npoTHBocTapH-
TeJ1eA, H3MeHRIOT oKpacKY BynKaHH3aTOB npH cTapeHHH, n09TOMY HX
He peKOMeH.I1yeTcR npHMeHSlTb B UBeTHIJIX pe3HHax.
n e p B H 'I H IJI e a p 0 MaT H q e C K H e a M H H hi. B HacTOSlw,ee Bpe-
MSI nepBHqHhle apOMaTHqeCKHe aMHHIJI H3-3a HX He OqeHb BIJICOKOH
s<l><I>eKTHBHOCTH npHMeHSIIOTCSI .I1.nSl 3alO,HTIJI pe3HH OT CTapeHHSI .110-
BOJlbHO orpaHHqeHHO. SIBJISlSlCb CH.nbHIJIMH OCHOBaHHHMH, OHH cyw,eCT-
BeHHO nOBlJlmalOT By.nKaHH3aUHOHHYIO aKTHBHOCTb YCKopHTe.neH Knac-
COB THa30.nOB, THypaMcy.nb<l>H.I10B H .I1HTHOKap6aMaTOB H MorYT B CMe-
CSiX C 3THMH YCKopHTe.nSlMH BIJI3BaTb n0.l1By.nKaHH3aUHIO pe3HHOBbiX
cMeceA:. HaH60nee pacnpOCTpaHeHHIJIM nepBHqHhlM aMHHOM SlBJISleTCSI
4,<4'- .I1HaMHHO.l1H<I>eHHnMeTaH (.I1HaMeT, TOHOKC), KOTOplJlA: no.nyqalOT
KOH.I1eHCaUHeA: aHH.nHHa C <l>opMa.nb.l1erH.I10M B npHcYTcTBHH CO.nSlHOH
KHC.nOTIJI.
2H aN -Q +CH a O -:o HaN -Q -CH a -Q -NH 2
B qHCTOM BH.I1e 9TO 6eJ1IJ1H KpcTa.n.nHqeCKHA: nopomOK C TeMnepa-
TYPOH n.naB.neHHSI 90-91 °C. TeXHHqeCKHA: npO.l1YKT 06b1qHO npe.l1CTaB-
JlSleT C060H TeMHO->KeJ1TYIO H.nH KOpHqHeBYIO BOcKo06pa3HYlO Maccy C
TeMnepaTypoA: n.naB.neHHSI 73-86°C H n.nOTHOCTblO 1120 Kr/M3. ,lJ.Ha-
MeT 3aw,Hw,aeT pe3HHIJI OT Ten.nOBoro CTapeHHH, a TaK>Ke B HeKOTopOH
CTeneHH OT CBeTO-030HHoro CTapeHHSI H YTOM.neHHSI, naccHBHpyeT Me-
Ta.n.nbl nepeMeHHoA: Ba.neHTHOCTH.
B TOp H 'I H IJI e a p 0 MaT H " e C K HeM 0 H 0 a M H H IJI. 9TO mHpo-
KO pacnpecTpaHeHHaSi rpynna npOTHBOCTapHTe.neH .I1JISI KaYtfYKOB H
pe3HH.
Hx xapaKTepHcTHKa npHBe.l1eHa B Ta6.n. 111.13.
206

M3 BTOPHqHIJIX apOMaTHqeCKHX MOHOaMHHOB HaH60.nee mHpOKoe
onpHMeHeHHe HMeeT <l>eHHn-
-Ha<l>TH.naMHH, KOTOpbIH nO.nyqalOT KOH.I1eH-
<.'aUHeH
-Ha<l>TO.na C aHH.nHHOM:

yyOH +H
- O
 _ (( - I yNH- O

 _ -HtO
 .

OR npHMeHSleTCSI KaK OKpamHBalOw,HH cTa6H.nH3aTOp .I1.nSl 60.nbWHHCT-
88 CHHTeTHqeCKHX KayqYKOB (OT 0,5 .110 1,5%) H KaK npoTHBocTapH-
Te.nb .I1.nSl pe3HH.
n-OKcHHe030H npHMe.HSle'J1CSI B OCHOBHOM COBMeCTHO C He030HOM J]..
Ero 3<1><I>eKTHBHoCTb B Heno.nSlpHIJIX KayqYKax npoSlB.nSleTcSI Y>Ke npH
cO.llep>KaHHH OKono 0,05%. OH OqeHb Ma.no pacTBopHM B Heno.nSlpHbIX
KayqYKax H BbIUBeTaeT H3 HHX npH cO.l1ep>KaHHH 0,3-0,6 %. PacTBopH-
MOCTb ero cyw,ecTBeHHo nOBlJlmaeTCSI C YBe.nHqeHHeM no.nSlpHoCTH Kay-
'IYKOB.
- 0 pacTBopHMOCTH BTOPHqHIJIX apOMaTHqeCKHX MOHoaMHHOB B Kay-
olfYKax npH 22°C MO>KHO CY.I1HTb no c.ne.l1YIOw,HM .I1aHHbIM (r/l00 r no-
.nHMepa) :


HeoSOH n-OKCH' He080H n.OKCH-
A He080H A Heo80H
<::1<.11-3 . 0,78 0,048 CKH-18 12,1 9,81
CKlI. . 1,19 0,059 CKH-26 22,1 23,0
'CKC-30APK . 1,56 0,076 CKH-40 23,9 29,6
HaHpHT CP-50 . 3,12 0,43 CK3nr . 0,43


BTOpHqHlJle apOMaTHqeCKHe MOHOaMHHIJI OKa3bIBalOT He3HaqHTe.nb-
Hoe aKTHBHpYIOw,ee .I1eA:cTBHe Ha YCKOpHTeJ1H By.nKaHH3aUHH.
B TOp H 'I H IJI e a p 0 MaT H q e C K H e .11 HaM H H IJI. npOTHBOCTapH-
Te.nH 9Toro K.nacca 06.na.l1a1OT OqeHb BbICOKHM 3aw,HTHHIM .I1eHCTBHeM
OT Ten.nOBoro H 030HHoro CTapeHHSI, ytOM.neHHSI, naCCHBHpYIOT MeTa.n-
.nbI nepeMeHHoii Ba.neHTHOCTH.
XapaKTepHCTHKa npOTHBOCTapHTe.neH 9TOA rpynnhl npHBe.l1eHa
6 Ta6.n. 111.14.
Bo.nee BIJICOKOe 3aw,HTHoe .I1eA:cTBHe .I1HaMHHOB no cpaBHeHHIO C
MOHoaMHHaMH 06'bSlCHSIeTCH HanHqHeM B HX Mo.neKY.ne .I1BYX aKTHBHbIX
ueHTpOB. O.l1HHM H3 mHpOKo pacnpocTpaHeHHIJIX npe.l1CTaBHTe.neH 9TOA:
rpynnlJl npoTHBoCTapHTeJ1eii SlB.nSleTCH N,N'-.I1H<I>eHH.n-n-<I>eHHneH.I1H-
8MHH, KOTOpbIH no.nyqalOT KOH.I1eHCaUHeA: rH.I1pOXHHOHa C aHH.nHHOM:
2H o-Q- OH+ Q- NH 2
 O -NH- O -NH-Q
llHa<l>eH CI>CI> mHpoKO npHMeHSIercSi COBMeCTHO C Heo30HOM .lI. .I1.nSl CTa-
()HnH3aUHH CHHTeTHqeCKHX H30npeHoBbIx, 6YTa.l1HeHOBlJlx, a TaK>Ke 6y-
'f a.l1HeH-cTHpO.nbHIJIX KayqYKOB.
HaHnyqmHM npoTHBoCTapHTeJ1eM no 3aw,HTe pe3HH OT Ten.nOBoro
It 030HHoro cTapeHHSI, a TaK>Ke OT YToM.neHHSI SlBJISleTCSI .I1Ha<l>eH Cl>n,
O.l1HaKO OH OT.nHqaeTCSI CP(!BHHTeJ1bHO BIJICOKOA: .neTyqeCTblO H .nerKO
4!mI




XHHO.n 3.lI. B CMeCH C .I1Ha<l>eHoM $n npOHB.nHeT OtleHb BIJICOKYIO
aKTUBHOCTb npH 3aw,HTe pe3HH OT 030HHoro CTapeHHH.
n P0.l1YKTIJI KOH.I1eHCaUHH aMHHOB C a.nb.l1erH.I1aMH H.nH aueTOHOM
cO.nep>KaT CB060.l1HlJle aMHHIJI (aHH.nHH, .I1H<I>eHH.naMHH, Ha<l>TH.naMHH)
U n09TOMY aKTHBHpYIOT npouecclJI BynKaHH3auHH.
llIHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe .I1.nH 3aw,HTIJI OT Ten.nOBoro CTapeHHSI uBeT-
HbiX pe3HH, oc06eHHO By.nKaHH30BaHHIJIX B npHCYTCTBHH THypaM.I1H-
Cy.nb<l>H.I10B H Kap6aMaTOB, HaXO.l1S1T MepKanT06eH3HMU.lJ.a30.n (>Ke.nTO-
BaTo.6eJIIJIH nopomOK C TeMnepaTYPOH n.naB.neHHH 290°C) Hero UHH-
KOBaSi CO.nb:


N
ex >C-SH
N
A
MepKBnTo6eHSHMRABSOJI


N N
0( 1 'C-S-Zn-S-C#


 N/ 'N

A A
II.HHK0B811 COJIb MepKBnTo6eHsHIIHAa3OllB


3aMew.eHHble $eHo.nlJl. TaK >Ke KaK H .I1.nJl aMHHOB 3<1><I>eKTHBHOCTb
,lJ,eHCTBHSI 3aMew,eHHIJIX cpeHo.nOB onpe.l1e.nJleTCJI cnoc06HOCTblO B3aHMO-
,lJ,eHCTBOBaTb C no.nUMepHIJIMH pa.l1HKa.naMH H Onpe.l1eJ1HeTCSI .nerKOCTblO
orp
Ba aTOM a B0.l10p0.l1a <l>eHo.nbHOH rpynnlJl H cTa6H.nbHOCTblO 06pa-
30BaBwerocSi pa.l1HKa.na.
npu u3ytleHHH aKTUBHOCTU 3aMew,eHHIJIX MOHo<l>eHo.noB THna
OH

''(y

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3aw,HTe pe3"H OT TepM"lIeCKOro CTapeHHH, HBnSlSlCb npeBeHTftBHblMH
:218

npOTHBocrapHTenSlMH. 3THM MO>KeT 06'bHCHHT&CH BIJICOKaH CTOHKOCTb-
K TepMHqeCKOMY CTapeHHIO nonyqeHHblX By.nKaHH3aTOB.
Cyw,eCTBeHHOe BJIHHHHe Ha TepMHqeCKOe CTapeHHe OKa31J1Baer npH-
pO.l1a By.nKaHH3auHoHHoA: CeTKH. npH YMepeHHOA TeMnepaType (.110'
iO °C) CB060.l1HaH cepa H nonHcynb<l>H.I1HlJle nOnepeqHlJle CBH3H aaMe.l1-
.n5IIOT oKHcneHHe. O.l1HaKO npH nOBIJIWeHHH TeMnepaTyplJl neperpynnH-
pOBKa no.nHCYJIb<l>H.I1HIJIX CBH3eH, B KOTOPYIO MO>KeT BOBneKaTbCH H CBO-
60.l1HaH cepa, npHBO.l1HT K YCKopeHHOMY OKHc.neHHIO By.nKaHH3aTOB..
KOTOplJle OKa31J1BalOTCH B 9TH X ycnOBHHX HeCTOHKHMH. n09TOMY He06-
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30BaHHe CTOHKHX K neperpynnHpoBKe H OKHcneHHIO nOnepetfHblX CBSI-
3eii: (ManaH Cy.nb<l>H.I1HOCTb, yrnepo.l1- yr.nepo.l1Hble H .I1p.) t
npa 9Kcn.nyaTaUHH pe3HHIJI B cpe.l1e Mace.n, BO.l1IJ1 H npH nOBIJIWeH-
HIJIX TeMnepaTypax MO>KeT Ha6.nIO.I1aTbCH y.neTyqHBaHHe H BbiMIJIBaHHe
npOTHBOCTapHTeJ1H H3 By.nKaHH3aTa. HaH60nee 9<1><I>eKTHBHIJIM cnoco-
60M npe.l10TBpallI.eHHH 9THX HBJIeHHii: B npouecce 9Kcn.nyaTaUHH HB.nSl-
eTCH npHMeHeHHe npOTHBOCTapHTeJIeH, <l>HKcHpOBaHHIJIX Ha no.nHMep-
HIJIX uenSIX. 3TO MO>KeT .I10CTHraTbCH BBe.l1eHHeM B pe3HHOBlJle, CMeCH
n-HHTp030<l>eHo.nOB H n-HHTp030aMHHOB, KOTOplJle B npouecce By.nKaHH-
3aUHH CnOCQ6HIJI pearHpOBaTb C Ma'IqJOMoneK)'na,MH.
YTOM.neHHe pe3HH DPH MHorOKpaTHbiX .u.e4»opMaIJ.HSlX. OCHOBHlJle
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HeHweH 9KOHOMHqeCKOH 3a.l1aqeii: npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH KayqYKa, pe3H-
HIJI, CHHTeTHqeCKHX BonOKOH H n.naCTHqeCKHX Macc.
KaK H npH CTapeHHH B CTaTHqeCKHX yc.nOBHSlX, npH YTOMJIeHHH OC-
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OKHc.nHTe.nbHIJIX npoueCCOB, KOTopaH YBe.nHqHBaeTCH C pOCTOM aMn.nH.
TY.l1IJ1 MeXaHHqeCKOH .I1e<l>opMaD.HH.
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HbiX npoueCCOB.
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MH .I1aHHIJIMH:
20
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OT CTOHKOCTH nOJIHMepa, a OT CBOHCTB .I1pyrHx HHrpe.l1HeHTO», KOToplJle
MorYT BlJlcTynaTb B ponH CBeTo<l> HnbTpOB, HHrH6HTopOB H.lt' ceHCH6H-
nH3aTopOB.
OqeHb XOPOWHM cBeTo<l>HJIbTPYIOW,HM .I1eHCTBHeM 06.na.l1a i TeXHH-
qeCKHH yr.nepo.l1, KOTOplJlH nonHOCTblO nor.nOw,aeT BH.I1HMIJIA: BeT H
CH.nbHO OTpa>KaeT y.nbTpa<l>HoneToBlJle JIyqH. Pe3HHbI, HanonHeHHble
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HOH 3aw,HTe OT .I1eii:cTBHH CBeTa.
3HaqHTe.nbHIJIM cBeTo<l>HnbTpYIOw,HM .I1eHCTBHeM 06.na.l1a1OT TaKHe
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O.l1HaKO, BIJI31J1BalOT 06eCUBeqHBaHHe KpaCHTeneH.
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31J1BalOT HeKOTOplJle WHpOKO npHMeHHeMlJle npOTHBOCTapHTe.nH, B qaCT-
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HeHO npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH pa3.nHqHIJIX Bew,eCTB, OKa3IJ1BalOw,HX CBeTO-
<l>H.nbTpYIOw,ee .I1eHCTBHe.
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maeTCH 3aw,HTa OT .I1eHCTBHH CBeTa KaK OKpaWeHHIJIX B pa3.nHqHble
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npH .I1eHCTBHH 030Ha Ha HepaCTHHytYIO pe3HHY HJlH KayqYK nOSlB-
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3TOM He HaOJIIO.I1aIOTCSI.
CTOHKOCTb pe3HH K .I1eHCTBHIO 030Ha xapaKTepH3)nOT BpeMeHeM .110
nOHBJIeHHH Tpew,HH HJIH BpeMeHeM HH.I1YKD.HOHHoro nepHO.l1a 'r., H Bpe-
MeHeM .110 pa3pymeHHH oopa3ua 'rp.
C YBeJIHqeHHeM .I1e<l>opMauHH oopa3UOB.I10 onpe.l1eJ1eHHOro .I1JIH
Ka>K.I10H pe3HHIJI «KpHTHqeCKoro» 3HaqeHHSI 'r. H 'rp YMeHbmaIOTCH.
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MepHoe pacnpe.l1eneHHe HHrpe.l1HeHTOB B KayqYKe .I1nH YCTpaHeHH9
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paTYPY CTeKJIOBaHHH nonHMepa. cTapeHHe npaKTHqeCKH nOJlHOCTblO
npeKpaw,aeTcH.
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ycnOBHHX 9KCnJIyaTaUHJI H3.11eJ1HA, yqHTHIBaH BYmeCKa3aHHoe, onpe.l1e-
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Ha H B HHTepBane TeMneparyp, npH KOTOphiX pa60TaeT H3.11eJ1He.
Cne.l1yeT OTMeTHTb, qTO KOHueHTp.aUHH 030Ha y 3eMHOH nOBepXHO-
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CK3nT, aaapHT . . 60Jlee 1460
BpeIIS AO DOJlBlleBIUI TJ)eQtllll
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6e3 3aw,HTHHIX .I106aBOK.
.lI.JlSI 3,aWJH11bI OT .I1eACTBHSI 030Hla IDpiHMeHSiIOT OOBMeC11HO ctm3Hqec-
KHe ,H X,",MHqecHe ,I1IpOT:HBOO301Hocrnp&TeJI!II (aHTUOSOHaHTbl).
XHMHqeCKHe aHT.H030HaHTHI cnOC06CTBYlOT KaTanHTHQeCKOMY pa3-
JlO>KeHHIO 030Ha Ha nOBepXHOCTH pe3HRhI, BCTynalOT BO B3aHM0.l1eH-
CTBHe C nepeKHCHhlMH pa.l1HKanaMH, nepeKHCHMH a .I1pyrHMH np0.l1YK:fa-
M.H B3aHM0.l1eHCTBHH KayqYKa C 03OHOM H cnoc06CTBYlOT CTPYKTYP'HPO-
BaHHIO .I1eCTpYKTHpOBaHRIJIX npH 030HHpOBaHHH MOJIeKyn nOJlHMepa.
H3 XHMHqeCKHX aHTH030HaHTOB BhlCOKOH aKTHBHOCTblO 06JIa.l1alOT
aJIKJI.n- oR apHJI3aMew,eHRHe n-<I>eHKJIeR.I1HaMHHa, nyqmHM.H H3 KOTO-
phiX RB.nRIOTCH N-H30npOnHJI-N'-<I>eHHJI-n-<I>eHHJIeH.I1HaMHH (.I1Ha<l>eH
4>n), a TaK>Ke np0.l1YKTIIIKOH.I1eHCaUHH aHHJIHHa HJIH n-3TOKCHaRHnu-
223

Ha C aueTOHOM (XHHUJI 3.lI. ;H aueTOHaHH.n). B npOMHImneRHOCTH C
OqeHb XOpOmHM 3<1><I>eKToM mH,pOKO npHMeHHIOT CMeCH 9THX KOMnOHeH-
TOB (1 Mace. q. .I1Ha<l>eHa <l>n+2 Macc. q. XHHo.na 3.lI. HJIH aueTOHaHH-
JIa) .
.lI.JIH 3am,HTHI UBeTHHIX pe3HH npHMeHHIOTCH <l>eHOJICYJIb<l>H.I11J1 (Ha-
npHMep, THOaJIKo<l>eH on). oOJIee 3<1><I>eKTHBHoA HBJIHeTCH TPH6YTH.n-
THOMOqeBHHa
(c.H9)2N-C-NH(C.H9)
II
5
tleHcTBHe <l>H3HqeCKHX aHTH030HaHTOB OCHOBaHO Ha HX MHrpaUHH
K nOBepxHocTH pe3HH H 06pa30BaHHH Ha HeH 3aw,HTHoA nneHKH, npe-
nSlTcTBYIOw,eH B3aHM0.l1eHCTBHIO 030Ha C KaY'IYKoM.
OCHOBHhlMH <l>H3HqeC&HMH aHTH030HaHTaMH HB.nHIOTCH npe.l1eJIbHhle
H Ha<l>TeHOBlJle yrJIeB0.l10p0.l1h1, no CBOHCTBaM n0.l106Hhle BocKaM, CO-
.I1ep>Kaw,He B uenH 20-50 aTOMOB yrnepO.l1a.
JIHHeHHlJle yrJIeB0.l10p0.l1h1- napa<l>HHhI- 06JIa.l1alOT BhlCOKOH CKO-
pOCTblO BIJIII,BeTaHHH Ha nOBepXHOCTb pe3HHhI ill 06pa3YlOT Ha ReA
KpynHoKpHCTaJIJIHqecKYIO xpynKYIO nneHKY.
YrJIeB0.l10p0.l1h1 H30cTpoeHHH - uep.e3HHhI, 030KepHT - 3HaqHTeJIb-
HO Me.llJIeHHee BhlUBeTalOT Ha nOBepxHocTb H 06pa3YlOT MHKpOKpHC-
TaJI.nHqecKYIO n.neHKY. 3<1><I>eKTHBHOCTb 3aw,HTHoro .I1eHCTBHH BOCKOB,
06pa3YIOw,Hx MHKpoKpHCTanJIHqecKyro n.neHKY, Bhlme, qeM BOCKOB, 06-
pa3YIOw,Hx KpynHoKpHCTanJIHqecKYIO nJIeHKY, TaK KaK nocne.l1HHH 06-
na.l1aeT MeH,bmeH nJIOTHOCTblO H OTJIHqaeTCH nOBhlmeHHOH xpyn-
KOCTblO. HaH60.nbmeH 9<1><I>eKTHBRoCTblO 06na.l1alOT CMemaHHhle BOC-
Kono.l106Hhle npO.l1YKThI, co.l1ep>Kaw,He CMeCb nHHeHHhlx H H30napa<l>H-
HOB, OT.nHqalOw,HeCH BhlCOKoA CKOpOCTblO BhlUBeTaHHH H 06pa3YIOw,He
Ha nOBepXHOCTH pe3HH MeJ1KOKpHCTaJInHqecKYIO n.neHKY.
MaKCHManbHoe 3aw,HTHoe .I1eACTBHe BOCKa 'npH 030HHOM CTapeHRH
pe3HH Ha6JIIO.I1aeTCSI npH OnTHMaJIbHOH TeMnepaType ero BhlUBeTaHHH,
KOTopaH 3aBHCHT OT npHpO.l1h1 yrneB0.l10p0.l1a, ero Mo.neKYJIHpHoA Mac-
Chi H TeMnepaTyphi nnaBJIeHHH. OnTHMaJIbHaH TeMnepaTypa BhlUBeTa-
HHSI BOCKa HH>Ke ero TeMnepaTyphi n.nas.neRHH npHMepRO Ha 20-
30°C. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 9THM, .I1JIH pa3.nHqHhlX TeMnepaTYP 9Kcn.nya-
TaQHH 'pe3HH cne.ll.yeT Bhl6HpaTb pa3JIHqHlJle BOCKH.
XapaKTepHcTHKa HeKoTophiX <l>H3HqeCKHX aHTH030HaHTOB (BOCKOB)
npHBe.l1eHa B Ta6JI. 111.18.
3aw,HTHoe .ll.eH'CTBHe BOCKa B pe3HHoBoH CMeCH YBeJ1HqHBaeTCH npH
nOBhlmeRHH ero cO.l1ep>KaHHSI .110 on pe.l1e.neHHoA BeJIH'lHHIJI (2-
3 Macc. '1.), a npH .I1anbHeHmeM YBeJ1HqeHHH cO.l1ep>KaHHSI 3a1D.HTHOe
.I1eHCTBHe CHH>KaeTCH, npH 9TOM cyw,ecTBelLHo YXY.l1malOTCH npOqHOCT-
Hhle H .l1HHaMHqeCKHe CBoHcTBa pe3HH.
YBeJIHqHTb TO.nW,HHY n.neHKH <l>H3HqeCKOrO aHTH030HaHTa Ha no-
BepxHocTH pe3HHhI MO>KHO MeT0.l10M BOCKOBa,HHH - nOKphlTHeM no-
BepxHocTH i113.11eJI,HH pacn.naBJIeHHhlM BOCKOM nYTeM nynbBepH3aUHH.
HaH60JIbmHH 9<1><I>eKT 3a1D.HTHI pe3HH .I10CTHraeTCH npHMeHeHHeM
CMeCH XHMHqeCKHX H <l>H3HqeCKHX aHTH030HaHTOB, npHqeM .I1eHCTBHe
224

T a 6 JI H II. a HU8. XapaKTepHcTHKa cJIH3H'IecKHX aHTH030HaHTOB (BOCKOB)
CoAepmBHue yrJle.1 BpeMIi AO nOlianeHBIi TpeUl,HH
OnTHMBJlI.- B peSUHe H8 OCBOse
TeMnep8' BO,I10PO)10B, % C!<MC.30pn
Typ8 BBI! TeM-
THn BOCK8 lIJIBane- nep8TYPB I
BUlI,oC BblII,BeTB' JlHHell'l HSOCTJ>Oe.1 23 °C. 50 "C"
HUR. °C HbiX UBII
napa4>HH 52,0 23 87 13 25 (TpeUl,HH HeT) 4
CI1JI3B 38-1 49,0 23 60 40 To me 4
COJIaB AcI>-1 64,0 35 34 66 » IS
030KepHT 60 64,8 35 45 55 » 9
LI.epe3HH 80 77,8 50 45 55 6 72 (TpeUI,HH HeT)
napaJlaih 17 66,4 35 67 33 25 (T;:WHH HeT) 72 (TpeUI,HH He r)
napa30H II 78,8 50-70 57 43 14 72 (Tpew.HH HeT)
Be3 BOCKa - - - - 2 4
· KOBII,eBTpBD.B1I OSOH8 B K811epe 6.10-4" (oG.).
.. KOBII,eaTpBII,HII OSOHB B KBMepe 5.10-'% (06.).
TaKHX KOMn03HUHA 60nbme a.l1.l1HTHBHOrO .I1eHCTBHH 060HX KOMnOHeH-
TOB. 3TO 06'bSiCHHeTCSI TeM, qTO npH HaJIHqHH nneHKH BOCK a Ha no-
BepXHOCTH pe3HHIJI YCKopHeTCH MHrpaUHH K nOBepXHOCTH XHMHqeCKOrO
aHTH030HaHTa. nOBIJICHTb 030HOCTOAKOCTb pe3HH Ha OCHOBe Henpe-
.I1enbHIJIX KayqYKOB MO>KHO TaK>Ke HX COBMew,eHHeM C KayqYKaMH Ma-
.nOH Henpe.l1e.nbHOCTH, HanpHMep, CO cK3nT, nonHxnoponpeHOM H.nH
xnop6YTHnKayqYKOM.
ATMoc4>epHoe CTapeHHe pe3HH. B peaJIbHIJIX aTMoc<l>epHhlX ycnoBH-
HX 3KcnnyaTaUHH pe3HHIJI nO.l1BepralOTCSI COBMeCT,HOMY .I1eACTBHIO 030-
Ha, KHCnOpO.l1a, CBeTa, Ten.na, BJIa>KHOCTH H MeXaHHqecKHX HanpSl>Ke-
HHA. .lI.eHcTBHe Bcex 9THX <l>aKTOpOB nOpO>KllaeT MHOrOqHCneHHhle 0.11'
HOBpeMeHHO npoTeKalOw,He XHMHqeCKHe peaKUHH, KOTOplJle, KaK npa
BHno, OKa31J1BalOT B3aHMOYCHnHBalOw,ee .I1eACTBHe Ha CKOpOCTb pa3py-
meHHH pe3HH.
ATMocepOCToAKOCTb xapaKTepH3y'eTCH H3MeHeH.HeM pa3n,HqHhlX
CBoAcTB npH 9KCnOH'HpOBaHHH 06pa3UOB B eCTeCTBeHHhlX ycnOBHHX.
ECTeCTBeHHO, qTO aTMoc<I>epocToHKOCTb pe3HH 6Y.l1eT 3aBHceTb OT reo-
rpa<l>HqeCKOH mHpOTIJI H ycnoBHA 9KcnOHHpOB3.HHH. n09TOMY .I1JIH no-
JIyqeHHH pe3HH, CTOHKHX K 8TMoc<I>epHhlM B03.11eHCTBHHM, He06xo.l1HMO
06eCneqHBaTb HX 3aUlHTY OT CTapeHHH C yqeTOM ycnOBHA 3KCnJIyaTa-
D.HH KOHKpeTHoro pe3HHOBoro H3.11eJIIISI.
CTapeHHe pe3HH DO.l1 .I1eA:CTBHeM HOHH3HPYlOII(HX H3nY'leHHii. no.l1
.I1eACTBHeM HOHH3HpylOW,HX H3.nyqeHHA B pe3HHe npOHCXO.ll.SlT cnO>K-
Hhle npouecchl .I1eCTPYKllHH H CTPYKTypHpOBaHHH, KOTOplJle np'HBO.l1S1T
K cyw,eCTBeHHOMY YXY.l1meHHIO <l>H3HqecKHX H <l>H3HKo-MeXaHHqeCKHX
CBoAcTB pe3HH.
CToAKOCTb nOJIHMepOB K .I1eiiCTBHIO ,HORH3HPYIOW,HX H3nyqeHHA on-
pe.l1enHeTCSI B OCHOBHOM oc06eHHOCTblO ero B3aHM0.l1eAcTBHH C qaCTH-
UaM'H HnH KBalHTaMH HOHH3HpYIOw,ero H3nyqeHHSI. nO-.BH.I1HMOMY B 3a-
BHCHMOCTH OT BH.I1a H3.nyqeHHSI, CToAKOCTb 6Y.l1eT pa3JIHqHa. npH
.I1eACTBHH y-,H3nyqeHHSI HeKOTophie rpynnhl, B qaCTHOCTH <l>eHH.nbHye,
15-2397 225

cnoc06HIJI pac.ceHBaTb 9HeprHIO H T8KHM 06pa30M nOBhlmaTb CTOH-
KOCTb K HOHH3HpYIOw,eMY H3JIyqeHHIO nOJIHMepOB. HecToHKHMH 6Y.l1YT
no.nHMeplJl, y KOTOphiX npH .I1eH.cTBRH Jl3JIyqeHHH CHJIbHO npeBaJIHpyeT
KaKOH-JIH60 O,lI,HH npouecc - .I1eCTpYKUHH HJIH CTPYKTypHpoBaHHH. He-
CTOHKH K .I1eHCTBHIO H3JIyqeRHH pe3.HHhI Ha OCHOBe .I1eCTpYKTJlpYIOw,ero-
H 6YT'HJIKayqYKa H CHJIbHO CTPYKTYPHPYIOW,HXCSI CHJIOKCaHOBhlX H
<l>TopKayttYKOB, a TaK>Ke XJIOpOnpeHOBoro KayqYKa.
HaH60JIbmeH CTOHKOCTblO K 06JIyqeHHIO 06JIa.l1alOT pe3HHhI 1Ia OC-
HOBe KayqYKOB, B KOTOphiX npouecchl .I1eCTpYKnHH '" CTPYKTypHpOBa-
HHH npOXO.l1HT C 6JIH3KHMH CKOpOCTSlMH (H30npeHOBbIe, 6YTa.l1HeH-CTH-
pOJIbHlJle, 9THJIeHnpOnHJIeHOBhle, ypeTaHoBhle H .I1p.).
npH 06JIyqeHHH nOJlHMepOB B HHX 06pa3YlOTCH CB060.l1HlJle nOJIH-
MepHhle pa.l1HKaJIIJI, KOTophie MorYT B3aHM0.l1eHCTBOBaTb oC KHC.nOp0.l10M.
npH 3TOM H3MeHeHHe CBOHCTB OT .I1eACTBHSI H3JIyqeHHH 6Y.l1eT .I1onon-
HHTbCSI oKHcneHHeM. KpOMe Toro, Ha B03.11yxe H8 npouecc CTapeHHH
pe3HH no.l1 .I1eACTBHeM H3JIyqeHHH MO>KeT HaK.lla.l1IJ1BaTbCSI .I1eACTBHe
030Ha, 06pa3ylOw,erOCH B pe3y.nbTaTe HOHH3aUHH B03.11yxa. OqeBH.I1HO,
'qTO CKOpoCTb CTapeHHSI 6Y.l1eT 3aBHceTb OT MOW,HOCTH .I103h1 06.nyqe-
HHH, KOTopaH 6Y.l1eT onpe.l1e.nHTb .I1.n,HTeJ1bHOCTb 06.nyqeHHSI H RHTeH-
CHBHOCTb 030HHpOBaHJlSI, OT TeMnepaTyplJl H cpe.l1h1, B KOTOpOH npOHC-
XO.l1HT 06JIyqeHHe. TaK KaK conytCTBylOw,He .I1eHCTBHIO H3.nyqeHHH
<l>aKTOplJl (OKHCJIeHHe, 030H H .I1p.) 6Y.l1YT pa3JI,HqHIJIM 06pa30M BJIHHTb
Ha pa3Hble KayqyKH, TO B 3aBHCHMOCTJI OT ycnOBHH 06JIyqeHHSI HX .I1eH-
CTBHe ,Ha pe3HHY 6Y.l1eT OqeHb cneUH<I>HqHIJIM.
TaK KaK npH CTapeH,HH no.l1 .I1eHCTBHeM HOHH3HPYIOW,HX H3JIyqeHHH
60JIbmaH POJIb npHHa.l1.ne>KHT pa.l1HKa.nbHhlM npoueccaM, TO cyw,eCT-
BeHHoe BJIHSlHHe 6Y.l1YT OKa3h1BaTb 3aw,HTHHIe .I106aB&H, cTa6HJIH3HPY-
IOw,He .cB060.l1HlJle pa.l1HKa.nhl. Cpe.l1H TaKHX .I106aBOK - aHTJlpa.l10B -
OK83aJIHCb 9<1><I>eKTHBHYMH BTOpHqHhle apOMaTHqeCKHe aMHHhI JI .I1H-
aMHHhI. Cyw,eCTBeHHO nOBhlwaTb CTOHKOCTb K 06nyqeHHIO MO>KeT Tex-
H,HqeCKHH yrJIepo.l1, oc06eHHO CO.l1ep>Kaw,HH Ha nOBepXHOCTH nOBhlmeH-
Hoe Ko.nHqeCTBO apOMaTHqeCKHX COe.llHHeHHH.
Bhl60p pe3HH, CTOHKHX K .I1eHCTBHIO HOHH3HpyroW,HX H3JIyqeHHA:,
3aBHCHT TaK>Ke O,T YC.nOBHH 9KCnJIyaTaIUlH.
JlHTepaTypa
CTapeHHe H CTa6HJlH3aUHSI DOJIHMepoB. no.n PeA. A. C. KY3bMHHCKoro. M., eXH-
MHSI», 1966. 212 c.
P'oeaa/(UH B. A. XHMHSI 9J1aCTOMepoB. M., cXHMHSI», 1972. 392 c.
3yes 10. C. Pa3pymeHHe nO./lHMepOB nOA AeAcTBHeM arpecCHBHYX CPeJt. H3'"
2-e. nepepa6. H Aon. M., CXHMHSI», 1972. 232 c.
KY3bMUHC/(UlJ. A. C., Kasgn C. M., Kupnuqes B. n. cJ>H3HKO-XHMJI1IecKHe OCROBY
nOJl}"leHHSI, nepepalSoTKH H npHMeHeHHSI 9./1aCTOMepoB. M., CXHMHSI», 1976. 368 c.
AneepT JI. T. B KH.: ,D,oCTH>KeHHSI HaYKH H TeXHOJlOrHH B 06J1aCTH peaHHbI. M.,
CXHMHSI», 1969, C. I l'I-130.
p'eeTesa T. r. B KH.: ,D,ocTH>KeHHSI HaYKH H TeXHOJIOrHH B 06J1aCTH peaHHbI. M.,
CXHMHSI», 1969, C. 131-1'53.
Bopucosa H. H., Pe6U3osa B. r.. KocenlCOsa A. C. BJlHSlHHe cIIaKTOpoB TPODH-
qecKOrO KJlHMaTa Ha cBoiicTBa KayqyKoB H peaHH. TeM. o6aop. Cep. CnpOH3BOACTBO
PTH H Ani». M., UHHHT3He<l»'rexHM, 1976.32 c.
XHMHqeCKHe .n06aBKH K DOJlHMepaM. CnpaBOqHHK. M., cXHMHSI», 1973. C. 272.
226

rJlaBa 13
nJ1ACTH.HKATOPbI
nJiACTH...HKAII.HSI
nO.nyqeHHe nOJlHMepHhlx MaTepHanoB C onpe.l1eJIeHHhlM KOMnJleKCOM
CBoiicTB CBH3aHO He TOJIbKO C CHHTe30M nOJIHMepOB pa3J1HqHOrO XHMH-
qeCKOrO CTpoeHHH. O.l1HHM H3 Ba>KHeHWoHX MeT0.l10B MO.llH<I>HKanHH no-
JlHMepoB SlJBJI,HeTCH nAaCTutjJUKatfUR. Cyrrb ee CQCTOIHT IS tH3MeHeH'H1H
CBOikTB .oOJIiH'MoeopoB nyreM 8!BeJleHtJHI !B IIIIHX i.II,06a,BOiJ{ 1H:H3KoMoneKYJI'Sltp"
HbiX 1BeW,e-cT,B - nAaCTutjJUKaTop08, 1Jf3MeHISlI01IJJHX DH3'KOoCTb CHCTeMlJI,
nH6xoCTb MOJI'eKYJI, 1II0IlIJBtH>K 1 HJOCTh 1H 1 a.l1'MOJI'€'KYJIHplHhlX CI!pyrcr}1). nJIa-
CTH<pHKiaroP'1JI BoBO;lJ.HT :B nOJlHMep'bI C U.eJ1blO TIOtB'lJIm'eHlHSI ox 9JI,acrHq-
tHOC1'lH tHJI:H n:n'aO'f.HtflHOC11H n,ptH nt3601'rre ill nrJIa1'l8UHIH.
.lI.eAcTBHe nJIaCTH<I>HKaTopOB OqeHb MHoroo6pa3HO. B npHMeHeHHH
K nOJlHMepaM, ,HaXO.l1H1D.HMCH B 3aCTeK.IIOBaHHOM COCTOSlHHH, nJIaCTH-
<l>HKaUHIO 061J1qHO 'CBSl31J1BalOT C nOHH>KeHHeM TeMnepaTyphi CTeKJIOBa-
HHH H (HJlH) TeMnepaTyplJl TeKyqecTH. npH nJiaCTH<I>HKaulUI KayqYKOB
H3MeHSIIOTCSI TeMnepaTyplJl CTeKJIOBaHHH, BH3KoTeKy'tHe H HeKOTophie
.I1pyrHe cBOAcTBa, Onpe.l1eJ1HIOm,He nepepa60TKY cMeceA, a TaK>Ke 9.nac-
T,HqeCKHe H .I1pyrHe cBoAcTBa By.nKaHH38TOB.
B CBH3H C nOHH>KeHHeM BH3KO'CTH npH BBe.l1eHHH nJiaCTH$HKaTopoB
YMeHbmaIOTSI 3aTpaTHI 9HeprHH npH CMemeHHH KayqYKOB C HHrpe.llH-
eHTaMH H npH <l>opMoBaHHH pe3'HHOBIJIX CMeceH, CHH>KaeTCSI TeMnepa-
Typa nepepa60TKH H, CJle.l10BaTeJ1bHO, YMeHbmaeTCSI onaCHOCTb npe>K-
.I1eBpeMeHHoA BYJIKaHH3aUHH. KpOMe Toro, YMeHbmeHHe BH3KOCT-H pe-
3HHOBOA CMeCH n03BOJIHeT YBeJIHqHBaTb CO.l1ep>KaHHe B HeA
Hano.nHHTeJIeA H, TaKHM 06pa30M, CHH>KaTb ee CTOHMOCTb.
HeKOTopble nJiaCTH<I>HKaTophi OKa31J1BalOT cneUH<I>HqeCKOe BJlHHHHe
Ha CBOHCTBa pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceA - nOBlJlmalOT K.IIeAKOCTb, YMeHbmalOT
yca.l1KY np'H <l>opMoBaHHH H By.nKaHH3aD.HH. BBeAeHHe n.naCTH<I>HKaTo-
pOB cyw,eCTBeHHO H3MeHHeT CBOHCTBa BYJlKaHH3aTOB H B HeKOTophiX
cJlyqaHX n03BonSieT YBeJlHqHBaTb HX .I1HHaMHqeCKYIO BIJIHocnHBOCTb, co-
npOTHBJleHHe pa3JIHqHhlM BH.I1aM CTapeHHH, CToAKOCTb K Ha6yxaHHIO B
BO.l1e, HerOplOqeCTb 'H .I1p. B TO >Ke BpeMSI npH BBe.l1eHHH nJIaCTH<I>HKa-
TOpOB npaKTHqeCKH BO Bcex CJIyqaHX CHH>KaIOTCH npoqHOCTHHIe CBOH-
CTBa, HanpSl>KeHHSI npH Y.l1JIHHeHHH II TBep.l10CTb pe3HHIJI.
Bew,eCTBa, xopomo COBMew,alOw,HecSi C KayqYKaMH, nOHH>KalOw,He
HX BSl3KOCTb H TeMnepaTYPY CTeKJIOBaHHH H YJIyqmalO1D.He 9.naCTHqeC-
KHe CBOHCTBa H MOp030CTOAKOCTb pe3HH, 06Yq,H0 OTHOCHT K c06CTBeH-
HO nJiaCTII<I>HKaTopaM.
15-
227

Bew,eCTBa, KOTOplJle 06JIerqalOT nepepa60TKY, CHH>KaIOT TeMnepa-
TYPY TeKyqeCTII H YMeHbmalOT BH3KOCTb pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceA, a TaK>Ke
c006w,a1OT HeKOTOplJle cneUH<I>HqecKHe CBOHCTBa pe3HHaM, HO He B.nHSI-
lOT ,Ha HX Moopo3OCTOAKOCTb, 061J1'11HO Ha31J1BalOT MIl2ttUTe/l1lMU.
06H3aTeJ1bHblM ycnosHeM, on:pe.l1eJIHIOUJ.IHM B03IMO>KIHOCTb JIIpaKTH-
qeCKoro mpHMeHI€HiHSI 'H'H3KOMOJIeKY.nRptHOro Bew,ecTBa ,B KaqecTBe nJIa.
C'r.H<I>H, KaTOp.a H'BJIHeTCH ero .cOBMec11HMOCTb C nOJIHMepoM, 1'0 eCTb
cnOCOOHOCTb IpaCTBOpTbCH B nMe C oQpa30BmHeM HCTHHHOro
paCTBopa.
COB'MeCTHMOCTb nOJIiHMapa C nJIaC11H<I>,HK.aropo:M AOCT,HraeTCH B TOM
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CTH<pHKaropoM JlOC11Hr.a'eTCSI ,B roM cnyqae, 'KOr.llla aJI:re8JHqeCKaH
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a.l1JHa6aTHqecKoM Jllpouecce MO>KoeT TOJIb'KO B03'paC113Tb.
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Orplll CMemeRHH.
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I:1H>O, 180 ,a6COJIlO11HaH BeJIHIIIHHa TS>I:1H.
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AH = V m (6 1 -6,)"CP1'CP.
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f/>. 1f cp. - 'JIIX OO'beM'Hbie AOJlH.
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flptH CMemeJmH ,rroJISi:ptHIJIX nOJIHMepoB C InOJIfliptH'hIIMH ,p.aCTBOIpowre-
JIHMIH q,acro iHa6JIIO.I1.a'eTCSI rroJIOHTeJIbHIJlii: 'I'enJIOBOA 3<1><t>eKT CMe-
meHJHH (H <0) 3.a C'qJeT B3a I HJM0.l1eA'CT.SHH nH,ptHIJIX npyo'lII IroJIIHMe-
pa H 'paC'DoopoHTeJISI (COJIbB'aTaD.'HH OoOJI:HM'e'pa), qro 6JI1aroIllpHfl:Tcm)"eT
CO.B'MeCT.u.MOCT,H KO MnlOiHeJl'l'OB.
228

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M'eC1\H:M. 310 IItptOOCXOtlliHT ,niPH )'ICJIOJmH
3p = 6s. . cp. + 6 s , CP,
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B OMeOil.
n pH OTCYTCTBHH B3aHM0.l1eAcTBHSI no.nHMepa C nJIaCTH<I>,HKaTopOM
B CJIyqae .I10CTaTOqHOrO pa3JIHqHSI napaMeTpOB paCTBopHMOCTH MO>KeT
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eTCSI C .oOBIJIWeHHeM TeMnepaTyplJl 3a ,CqeT B03paCTa.HHSI T8.8. BBe.l1e-'
HHe OrpaHHqeHHO COBMeCTHMIJIX nJIaCTH<I>'HKaTopOB B KOJIHqeCTBaX CY-
w,eCTBeHHO Bhlme npe.l1eJIa HX .cOBMeCTHMOCTH, KaK npaBH.no, He peKO-
MeH.I1yeTcH, TaK KaK 9TO npHBO.l1HT K BIJIUBeTaHHIO H36h1ToqHOrO
KOJIHqeCTBa TaKHX n.naCTH<I>HKaTopOB Ha nOBepXHOCTb nOJIHMepOB H
MO>KeT OKa31J1BaTb cyw,OCTBeHHoe BJIHHRHe Ha TeXHOnOrHqe.cKHe CBOH-
CTBa CMeceH H ,HeKOTophie 9KCnJIyaTaUHoHHlJle cBoAcTBa pe3HH.
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HX B CMeCb YMeHbmaeTCH npHJI'HnaRHe pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceA K nOBepXHO-
CTH 060pY.l10BaHHH, 06JIerqaeTCH <l>opMOBaRHe H YJIyqmaeTCH nOBepx-
HOCTb <l>opMoBaHHoA pe3HHOBoA CMeCH. B OT.I1eJIbHIJIX CJIyqaHX TaKHe
n.naCTH<I>HKaTophi 06JIerqalOT .I1HCneprHpOBaHH>E! HHrpe.llHeHTOB B Kay-
qYKe.
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CTBa KayqYKOB H pe3HHOBIJIX CMeceH, He CY1D.eCTByeT 06w,ero MeTO.l1a
oueHKH 9<1><I>eKTHBHOCTH HX ,zteACTBHH.
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nJIaCTH<I>HKaTopOB pa3JIHqHO. EC.n'H BBO.llHMlJle n.naCTH<I>HKaTophi no-
JIHpHhI BJIB JIerKO nOJIHpH3YlOTCH H CO.l1ep*aRHe HX OTHOCHTe.nbHO He-
BeJIHKO (He 60JIee 15% MacCIJI nOJIHMepa), nOHH>KeHHe (cMew,eHHe)
TeMnepaTyphi CTeKJIOBaHHSI no.nHpHhlX nOJIHMepOB T c, B COOTBeT-
CTBHH C npaBHJIOM C. H. )l(YPKoBa, nponopUHoHanbHo MO.nbHOA: .I1o.ne
BBe.l1eHHOrO nJIaCTH<I>HKaTopa:
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B3aHM0.l1eAcTBHSI no.nHpHIJIX MOJIeKYJI nnacTH<I>HKaTopa C no.nHpHhlMH
rpy.nnaMH ,nOJIHMepa. UpH 9TOM Ka>K.I1aH MOJIeKYJIa JlJIacTmpHKaTOpa
6JIOKHpyeT O.l1HY nOJIHipHYIO rpynny nOJIRMepa, 9K1paHHpYH HX B3'3H-
M0.l1eAoC11BHe .I1pyr C .lIIpyroM. TaKHM 06pa3QM, .I1JISI O.l1H1HaJroBoro CHH-
>KeHIfSi TeM'nepaTYPHI CTeKJIOBa'SHH He06xo.l1HMO BBeCTH B iIIOJIHMep
o,ztHHaKOBoe qHCJIO MO.neA nJIacTH<I>.HKa1Opa.
229

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HCnOJIb30BaHHH B KaqeCTBe nJIaCT,H<I>HKaTopOB nOJISlpHhlX HH3KOMOJIe-
KYJIflpHIJIX Bew,eCTB .I10BOJIbHO npOCToro CTpoeHHH.
B ,HenOJISIpHIJIX O.l1HOpO.l1HhlX no COCTaBY nOJIHMepaX JII060e MeCTO
uenH 3HepreTHqeCKH paBHoueHHO, H n09TOMY qeM 60.nbme nOrJIOw,eHO
nJIaCTH$HKaTopa, TeM 60JIbme yqaeTKOB nOJlHMepHbIX ueneA 6Y.I1eT
BIJIKJIlOqeHO H3 B3aHMOAeAcTBHH .I1pyr C .I1pyroM U TeM JIerqe nepeMe-
w,eH,He cerMeHTOB MaKpOMOJIeKYJI.
B 9TOM CJIyqae CnpaBe.l1JIHBhlM OKa31J1BaeTCH npaBHJIO KaprHHa-
MaJIHHCKOro, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOMy BBe.l1eHHe paBHbIX 06'beMOB pa3.nHq-
HhiX nJIaCTH<I>HKaTopOB nOHH>KaeT TeMnepaTYPY CTeK.IIOBaH'HH nOJIHMe-
pa Ha O.l1HY H TY >Ke BeJ1HqHH'Y:
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lJ:aw,e Bcero (oc06eHHO .I1JISI COnOJIHMepOB), Ha6JIIO.I1aeTCH OTKJIOHeHHe
OT 9THX npaBH.n Bc.ne.l1CTBHe O.l1HOBpeMeHHoro .I1eACTBHSI yqaCTKOB ue-
neA eHcTeM, cO.l1ep>Kaw,Hx nOJISlp,Hhle H Heno.nHpHlJle rpynnhl. H3 3TUX
npaBHJI KaK 6Y.l1TO 61J1 <CJIe.l1yeT He3aBHCHMOCTb n.naCTH<I>HKaUHH OT XH-
MHqeCKOH npHpo.l11J1 nJIaCTH<I>HKaTopa. O.l1HaKO no Mepe H3yqeHHH
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BH3KOCTH H TeMnepaTyphi CTeKJIOBaHHH.
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COBMeCTHMOCTblO C nonHMepoM;
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OTCYTcTBHeM HenpHHTHoro 3anaxa;
MHHHMaJIbHIJIM H3MeHeHHeM BSl3KOCTH npH H3MeHeHHH TeMnepa-
TYP IJI;
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230

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pOBaJIHCb H npaKTHqeCKH He H3MeHH.nH cBoA,CTBa BYJIKaHH3aTa.
TaK KaK .I1eHCTBHe n.naCTH<I>HKaTopOB pa3JI'HqaeTCSI B 3aBH<:HMOCTH
OT npHpO.l1h1 nOJIHMepa, TO 061J1qHO nJIaCTH<I>HKaHH B pe3RHOBIJIX CMe-
CSiX H pe3HHax Onpe.l1eJIHeTCH nYT6M cpaBHeHHH CBOHCTB pe3HHOBhlX
cMeceA H BYJIKaHH3aTOB Ha OCHOBe .I1aHHOrO KayqYKa 6e3 nJIaCTH4>'HKa-
opa H C pa3.nHqHhlM ero CO.l1ep>KaHHeM.
4HCJIO npO.l1YKTOB, npHMeHHeMhlX B KaqeCTBe nJIaCTH<I>HKaTopOB,
OqeHb BeJIHKO. Bo.nbmJlHCTBO nJIaCTH<I>HKaTopoB OT,HOCHTCH K np0.l1YK-
TaM OpraHHqeCKOrO npOHCXO>K.I1eHHH H HMeeT BeCbMa cnO>KHhlA COCTaB.
B pe3HHOBOA npOMlJlmJIeHHOCTH HaHooJIee pacnpOCTpaHeHa K.IIacCH-
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npO.l1YKTHI nepepa60T&H He<l>TH;
npO.l1YKTHI nepepaOOTKH KaMeHHoro yr.nH JI rOplOq'HX cnaHueB;
npO.l1YKTHI. paCTHTeJ1bHOro H >KHBOTHOro npOHCXO>K.I1eHHH;
CHHTeTHqeCKHe Bew,eCTBa.
npO.l1YKTbI Depepa60TKH aeclJTH. Pa3JI,HqHhle npo.l1YKTHI nepepaOOT-
KH He<l>TH - Ma3ytbl, rY.l1pOHbI, pa3JIHqHlJle MaCJIa, He<l>TSlHhle 6HTYMhI,
napa<l>HHIJI H uepe3HHhI - HB.nHIOTCSI :HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHhlMH
MHnHTe.nHMH, npHMeHSleMhlM,H B pe3HHOBoA npOMhlmJIeHHOCTH. B 3a-
BHCHMOCTH OT 'HcroqHHKa H cnoc06a nOJIyqeHHSI, OOCTaBa H 4>H3Hqe-
CKHX CBOHCTB OHH cyw,eCTBeHHO pa3JI,HqalOTCH no CBoeMY .I1eA<:TBHIO H
npHMeHeHHIO B pe3HHOBIJIX CMeCHX.
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H3 He<l>TH .nerKOKHnHHX 6eH3HHOBoA H KepOCHHOBOA <l>paKHA H co-
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>KHpHOrO, apOMaTHqeCKOrO H Ha<l>TeHOBOrO pSl.l10B, nOJIytBep.l1h1e no-
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TOHKO.ll;HCnepCHOM COCTORHHH, a30THCTHIe OCHOBaHHH H .I1pyrHe npo.l1YK-
Thi. COCTaB H KaqeCTBO Ma3YTOB Onpe.l1eJISieTCH COCTaBOM He<l>TH. npaK-
mqeCKH OHH n0.l1pa3.11eJ1S1IOT,CSI Ha napa<l>HHHCTbIe H Henapa$HHHCTHIe.
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TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHe cBoAcTBa cMeoeA H 06JIerqalOT CMemeHHe KayqYKOB
C HanOJIHHTeJIHMH. Bc.ne.l1<:TBHe nepeMeHHoro COCTaBa JlX BJIHHHHe Ha
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r Y.l1 P 0 H hi - pa3JI,HqHhle BIJICOKOMo.neKYJIHpHhle BH3&He OCTaTOq-
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Cpe.l1CTBeHHoro npHMeHeHHSI B KaqeCTBe MHrqHTeJIeA, TO nYTeM OKHC-
.neHHH HX npeBpaw,alOT B 6HTYMhI, KOTophie .I10BOJIbHO WHpOKO Hcno.nb-
3YlOTCH B pe3HHOBoA npOMhlwneHHOCTH.
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Ka A) H 135-150°C (MapKa B), C cO.l1ep>KaHHeM ac<I>a.nbTeHoB 32-
40% H CMO.n - 15-23%. fIpH BBe.l1eHHH py6paKca BH3KOCTb pe3HHo-
231

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KapKa.cHOCTH CMeCH.
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p0.l10M, BBO.l1HT 5-10 Macc. tJ. py6paKca, KOTOplJlH HBnSleTCH pa36a-
BHTe.neM (TaK KaK Y.MeHbmaeTCH cO.l1ep>KaHHe KayqYKa 3a CqeT .I1eme-
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Cyw,ecTBeHHblM He.l1OCTaTKOM He<l>THHblX 6HTYMOB HB.nHeT.cH TO, tJTO
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TYMOB B BH.I1e rpaHY.n, onY.l1peHHblX .I1nSl npe.l10TBpaw,eHHH cnHna.H.HH
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pa3.nHqHOH BSl3KOCTblO, oT.nHtJalOW;HecH no cOCTaBY cO.l1ep>KaW;HXCH B
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.I10B npOH3B0.l1HT pa3.nHqHblMH MeTO.I1aMH (xpOMaTorpa<l>HSI, ceneKTHB-
Hoe OCa>K.I1eHHe, no <l>H3HtJeCKHM cBoAcTBaM - BH3KOCTH, n.nOTHOCTH H
K09<1><I>HUHeHTY npeJ10MneHHH, 'H .I1p.). IIIHpoKO npHMeHHeTcH XapaKTe-
pHCTHKa MaCeJ1 no aHH.n'HHOBOA roqKe, KOTopaH onpe.l1e.nSleTCH no TeM-
nepaTYpe Haqa.na pa.ccnoeHHH CMeCH paBHblX 06'beMOB aH'H.nHHa U Ma.c-
.na noc.ne HX no.nHOH B3a,UMHOH pacTBopHMOCTH np'H nOBblw.eHHOH TeM-
nepaType. 4eM 60.nbme cO.l1ep>KaHUe B Ma'c.ne apOMaTUqeCKUX coeH-
HeHuH, TeM H:H>Ke 6Y.l1eT TeMnepaTypa pacc.noeHHSI H aHH.nHHOBaSi TOtl-
Ka (aHH.nHHoBaH TotJKa .I1.nH MaCeJ1' B KOTOplJlX npe06.na.l1alOT apoMaTH-
qeCKUe yr.neB0.l10p0.l1IJ1, paBHa 35-50°C, a .I1JIH Mace.n C npe06.na.l1a-
HHeM napa<l>HHoBbix yr.neB0.l10p0.l10B - Bblme 85 0c). He<l>THHble Mac-
.na; pa3.nHtlalOUJ:uecSi no rpynnoBoMY cocTaBY, OT.nHqaIOTCSI .H no CBoe-
MY .I1eHCTBHIO B pe3HHax.
ApOMaTHqeCKHe yr.neB0.l10p0.l1b1 (6 p  8,0), KaK npaBHJIO, xopomo
COBM,ew,aIOTCSI C HeHacblw,eHHblMH Heno.nHpHblMH KayqYKaMH (CKH,
eKE>, E>CK), YMepeHHO :nOHH>KaIOT BH3KOCTb pe3HHOBbiX cMeceH, YBe-
.nHqUBaIOT HX K.neHKOCTb, He3HaqUre.nbHO 'H3MeHHIOT npOqHOCTHbie
CBOH'CTBa By.nKaHH3aTOB .I1a>Ke npH 60.nbWOM (.110 30 Macc. q.) cO.l1ep-
>KaHH.H. O.l1HaKO 9TH Macna YMeHbmalOT 9.naCTHqeCKHe .cBOHCTBa pe-
3UH, oc06eHHO npH HH3KHX" 1'eMnepaTypax, nOBbimalOT Ten.n006pa30Ba-
HHe np'H MHorOKpaTHIJIX .I1OpMaUHHX, a TaK>Ke H3MeHHIOT OKpaCKY,
n09ToMY HX He.nb3S1 npHMeHSlTb B UBeTHbiX pe3uHax. ApOMaTUqeCKUe
Mac.na WUpOKO ucno.nb3YIOTCSI npH npOH3B0.l1CTBe Mac.nOHano.nHeHHblx
KaytJYKOB H KaK pa36aBHTeJ1H pe3HHOBIJIX CMeceH.
Mac.na C npe06.na.l1aHH.eM napa<l>HHoBbiX yr.neB0.l10p0.l10B (6p7,5)
HMelOT OrpaHUqeHHblH npe.l1e.n COBMeCTHMOCTH C KayqYKaMH 06w,ero
Ha3HaqeHHH, npH BBe.l1eHHH B 60.nbmHX KonHtJeCTBax (20 Macc. 'I.)
nOHH>KaIOT npOtlHOCTHbie CBOHCTBa pe3HH. OHH cnoc06CTBYlOT CHU>Ke-
H1I1O BH3KOCTH H YMeHbmeHHIO K.neHKOCTH pe3HHoBbiX cMeceH. BBe.l1e-
232

H'He TaKHX MaCe.n cnoc06cTByeT y.nyqmeHHIO 9na'CTHqeCKHX CBoAcTB pe-
3HH ocooeHHO np'H nOHH>KeHHblX TeMnepaTypax H CHH>KeHHIO Ten.n006-
pa30BaHHSI npH .I1HHaMHqeCKHX HarpY3Kax. 3TH Maena, KaK npaBH.no,
He BIJI31J1BalOT ,H3MeHeHHSI OKpaCKH UBeTHbiX pe3HH.
ac.na c npe06.na.l1aHHeM Ha<l>TeHoBbiX yr.neB0.l10p0.l10B no BoeMY
.I1eHCTBHIO B pe3HHax 3aHHMalOT npOMe>KYTOqHOe no.nO>KeH.He Me>K.I1Y
napa<l>HHOBIJIMH H apOMaTHqecKHMH MaenaMH. CBOHCTBa yr.neB0.l10p0.l1-
HbiX Mace.n, mHpOKO npHMeHSIeMbiX B KaqeCTBe MSlnHTeJ1eA, npHBe.l1e-
Hbi B Ta6.n. 111.19.
T a (') JI H I.J, a II 1.19. CBoHCTBa yr JleBo.nopo.nHblX MaCeJJ
M8MO -
M8MO IUII"IlI"re.IIb
B83eJ1H1100 CT06M- Cr06HJI- M8MO AllII pesu.
nOK88BTeJJU ROe M8MO AI(. 15 oilJl 18 nJl8CT 62 nH-6w BOBOil '
(8BTOII 18) npoMhlw,
JleHROCTB
nJlOTHOCTb, ErIK' 875-890 - 890-900 860-870 960-980 -
BSl3KOCTb npR loo.Co 2,0 BoJibWe 11 5 35-40 6-8 (npa
MM"le' 15 50 0c)
TeMnepnypa 3acrblBa- HlDKe-20 -5 -15 -15 HlDKe -36 HlDKe-60
HHIl, .C
TeMnepnypa BcnblW- 120 215 218 198 Bblwe 230 Bblwe 120
0, .C
norepR MacCbl Dp.
180.C, %, B TeqeHRe
10 II11II 2-3 - - - 0,14-0,2 -
5'1 40,0 - 3,5 4,8 - -
AHHJlRHQBaSi TO'lK8, .C 72-85 98 I 96 55-67 -
Co,!{ep>KaHRe, % 67-73 36 10-12
na paRHO-HaTe- 75 82 -
HOBbiX yrJleBoAo-
pOAOB
apOMaTRqecxax
yrJleBoAopOAOB 7-19 31 14 10 18-20
' Jlenarx -
cpeARRx 8-10 17 8 7 55-65 -
TIlJKeJlbIX 2-10 II I - - -
CMOJI 1-2 5 2 0,5 4 -
nap a <I> H H bI Hue p e 3 H H bI - npe.l1e.nbHlJle BbiCOKOMo.neKY.nSlp-
Hble yr.neB0.l10p0.l11J1 He<l>TH, BIJIKpHCTa.n.nH30BblBalOw,H.ecSi npH ox.na>K.I1e-
HHH napa<l>HHHcTblX .I1HCTH.n.nSlTOB. 3TO .nerKon.naBlme KpHCTa.n.nHqeC-
KHe npO.l1YKTbI (TeMnepaTypa n.naB.neHHSI napa<l>HHoB BlJlme 50°C, ue-
pe3HHOB - Bblme 57°C) CBeT.nOH oKpacKH. OHH OqeHb OrpaHHqeHHO
(.110 2-3%) OBMew,aIOTCH C KayqYKaMH 06w,ero Ha3HaqeHHSI. Hc-
no.nb3YIOTCH B pe3HHax B KaqeCTBe <l>'H3HqeCKHX aHTH030HaHTOB, a
Ta,K>Ke .I1.nSl YMeHbmeHHH npH.nHnaHHSI pe3HHOBbiX cMeoeH K MeTa.nJJ.H-
tteCKHM nOBepx.HocTSIM 060PY.l10BaHHSI. npH nOBblmeHHOM cO.l1ep>KaHHH
cyw,eCTBeHHO CHH>KaIOT K.IIeHKOCTb pe3HHOBbiX cMeceH H <l>H3'HKO-Me-
XaHHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa p;e3H. npH OqHCTKe MaeJ1 OT BbiCoKoMo.neKY-
233

mlpHblX npe.l1eJ1bHIJIX yrneB0.l10pOJlOB nOnY1falOT nerpOnaTYM - CMeC
napaq>HHa, uepe3HHa H M8'cen (.110 50%), KOTOpblA: I1I'HpOKO npHMeHH-
eTCH B pe3HHOBbiX CMeCHX BMeCTO napa<l>HHa 'H uepe3HHa (.110
3 Macc. 1f.).
K npO.l1YKTaM mepepa60TKH oHe<l>TH OTHOCSITCH TaK>Ke XJI 0 P nap a-
<I> H H bI - npO.l1YKTbI X.nopHpoBaH,HSI napa<l>HHOBIJIX yrneB0.l1op0.l10B C
pa3.nH1fHIJIM cO.l1ep>KaHHeM XJlopa.
X.nopnapa<l>HHbI C cO.l1ep>KaHHeM XJIopa OKono 25% (>KH.I1KHA
Xn-333) xopomo cOBMew,aIOTCSI C 6YTa.l1HeH-HHTp'H.nbHIJIMH ill x.nopo-
npeHoBblMH KayqYKaMH, YMeHbmalOT BSl3KOCTb pe3HHoBbiX cMeceA:, a
TaK>Ke nOBbimalOT MOp030CTOAKOCTb H 9.naCTH1fHOCTb pe3HH Ha ,HX oc-
HOBe.
X.nopnapa<l>HHbI C cO.l1ep>KaHHeM xnopa He MeHee 70% (TBep.l1b1A
Xn-lI00) npHMeHSIIOTcH B pe3HHax Ha OCHOBe KaY1fYKoB 06w,ero Ha-
3HaqeHHSI, 6YTa.l1HeH-HHTp'H.nbHblX H x.noponpeHoBbix KayqYKoB JlnSi no-
BIJIWeHHH HX HerOplOqecTH. .
npO.l1YKTbI DepepaooTKH KaMeHHoro yr JUl. K a M e H H 0 Y r 0 JI b H bI e
C M o.n bI npe.l1CTaB.nSlIOT C060H CMeCb TBep.l1lJ1X H >KH.I1KHX yrneB0.l10-
p0.l10B, B KOTOpblX .I1HCnpr.upoBaHo 3Ha1fHTe.nbHoe Ko.nH1feCTBO CB060.l1-
Horo yr.nepo.l1a (12-30%); no.nyqalOTCH KaK n0601fHIJIA: npo.l1YKT KOK-
COBaHHSI yr.neH.
3TH CMO.nbl npH BBe.l1eHH-H B pe3HHOBlJle CMeCH paCTBOpSiIOT cepy,
3a.l1ep>KHBaSi TaKHM 06pa3o.M ee BbiUBeTaH,He. OH," 061J11fHO CO.l1ep>Ka1'
HeKoTopoe Ko.nHqeCTBO 3aMer.u.eHHblx <l>eHonoB, 6naro.l1apJl qeMY CMeCH
.u.ocTaTOqHO CTOHKH npoT'HB cTapeHHSI. CMOJIIJI OKpamHBalOT pe3HHH
B TeMHo-6ypblA: UBeT, H nOToMY np'HrOJ1.HbI TO.nbKO .I1.nH TeMHblX pe3HH.
H3-3a nepeMeHHoro coCTaBa, n.nOXHX TeXHo.norHqeCKHX CBOHCTB
(HeY.l106cTBO .I103HpOBaHHSI), a TaK>Ke B03MO>KHOrO npHcYTcTBHH KaH-
ueporeHHblx npHMeceH 9TH CMO.n1Jl pe.l1KO npHMeHHIOTCH B pe3HHOBoA
npOMblm.neHHOCT.u.
HaH60.nee mHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeH-He H3 npO.l1YKTOB nepepa60TKH
Ka'MeHHoro yr.nSl no.nyqH.nH H 08 .11 e H-oK Y'M a'P 0 HOB bI e C M 0 .n bI -
npO.l1YKTIJI no.nHMepH3aUHH Henpe.l1e.nbHblX COe.l1HHeHHH KCH.nonbHoA:
<l>paKUHH (TeMnepaTypa KHneHHH 160-180°C) - KYMapoHa, HH.I1eHa.
cTHpo.na H HX rOMo.norOB.
HJlAea
CD
o
KYM8POH
00
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTeneHH H yenoBHH IOOJIHMepH3aU;HH no.nyqalOTCH
npO.l1YKTbI pa3.nHqHOH oKpacKH C TeMnepaTypoA nnaB.neHHH OT 60 .110
140°C. B pe3HHoBoH npOMlJlm.neHHocTH npHMeHHIOTcH CMonbi C TeM-
neparypoH pa3MSlr1fe'HHSI 90,80, 70°C (coO'fIBeTCmeHHo THoIIbI r,.lI., E).
BBe.l1eHHe iIIH.I1eH-KYMapoHoBIJIX CMon cyw,ecTBeHHo nOBlJlmaeT KJIeA4
KOCTb pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceH, HX a.l1re3HIO K Meran.naM H TKaHHM. C no-
HH>KeH'HeM TeMnepaTyplJl pa3MHr1feHHSI CMO.n YMeHbmaeTcH BH3KOCTb
234

pe3HHOBbiX CMeCeH npH O.l1HHaKOBOM CO.l1ep>KaHHH CMOJIIJI 'H YXY.l1maIOT-
CH <l>H3HKo-MeXaHHqeCKHe CBOnCTBa By.nKaHH3aTOB. CMO.nbl, OC06eHHO
HH3KOMO.neKy.nSlpHble, HB.nHIOTCSI Henpe.l1e.nbHIJIMH npO.l1YKTaMH, npHCO-
e.l1HHSlIOT cepy 0 HeKo.nbKO 3aMe.l1.nHIOT npouecc By.nKaHH3aUHH. np'H
cOJJ.ep>KaHHH .110 5 ,Macc. q. SlB.nSlIOTCSI pa36aBHTe.nSlMH pe3HHOBIJIX CMe-
cen Ha OCHOBe KayqYKOB o6w,ero Ha3HaqeHHH.
AHa.norHqHIJI no .I1eHCTBHIO HH.I1eH-KYMapoHoBbiM CMo.naM >KH.I1KHe
CTHpO.nbHo-HH.I1eHOBbie CMO.nbl- n060qHble npO.l1YKTIJI npH nepepa60T-
Ke Ky60Bbix OCTaTKOB CblpOro 6eH30.na (cMo.na T<!>.lI.), a TaK>Ke TBep-
.I1lJ1e He<l>Teno.nHMepHble CMO.nbl - npO.l1YKTIJI nOJI,HMepH3aUHH oCTHpona,
RH.I1'eHa, KYMapoHa H HX rOMOJIOTOB, cO.l1ep>Kaw,HxcSI B yrJIeoo.l1opO.l1HIJIX
<l>paKUHSlx nHpo.nif3a He<l>TSlHoro cblpMi. 3TH npO.l1YKTIJI HapSl.l1Y C HO-
.I1eH-KYMapoHoBblMH CMo.na.MH Hcno.nb3YIOTCSI .I1JISI nOBlJlmeHHSI MenKo-
CTH pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceA:. '
npO.l1YKTbI paCTHTeJlbHOrO DPOHCXO>KAeHHB. M3 npO.l1YKTOB paCT,H-
TeJ1bHOrO npOHCXO>K.I1eHHSI B pe3HHOBoA npoMblm.neHHOCl'H npHMeHSIIOT-
CH KaHH<I>o.nb, oCOCHOBaSi cMo.na, a TaK>Ke HeKOTopble paCTHTeJ1bHlJle
Mac.na H npO.l1YKTIJI HX nepepa60TKH.
K a H.u <I> o.n b - np03paqHaH xpynKaSi CTeK.no06pa3HaSi Macca, C
TeMnepaTYPOH pa3MSlrqeHHH 60--70°C, no.nyqaeMaH B OCTaTKe nocne
OHOHKH .nerKo.neTyqHX npO.l1YKTOB H3 >KHBHUhl (COCHOBOA CMOJIbI).
no XHMHqeCKOMY COCTaBY KaHH<I>o.nb npe.l1CTaB.nHeT c060A: CMecb
iH30MepHblx CMOJJSlHblX KHcnOT, ,HMelOw,HX 06w,ylO <l>opMyny C20H3002,
H He60.nbmoro Ko.nHqeCTBa (6-8% OT MaCCIJI) HeHTpanbHhlx npo.l1YK-
TOB. B COCTaB KaHH<I>o.nH BXO.l1S1T a6HeTHHoBaSl, .I1eKCTpo.nHMapOBaSi H
.I1pyrHe KHC.nOTbI, OT.nHqalOw,'HecSi no.nO>KeHHeM .I1BOHHblX CBSl3eH B
CTpYKType:
HaC COOH
.
"ai a
a6HeTIIIIOBBli KHCJlora
HaC COOH
V

,l(eKCTpoRHMapoBBIi KHCJlOTa
npH BBe.l1eHHH B pe3HHOBlJle CMeCH .110 5 Macc. q. KaHH<I>o.nH
YMeHbmaeTCSI HX BSl3KOCTb, cyw,eCTBeHHO nOBbimaeTCSI K.IIeHKOCTb ill
Bc.ne.l1CTBHe ee KHc.noro xapaKTepa 3aMe.l1.nHeTCSI n0.l1By.nKaHH3aU:HSI.
B npHcYTCTBHH KaHH<I>o.nH y.nyqmaeTCSI .I1HoCneprHpOBaHHe nopomKo06-
pa3HIJIX HHrpe.l1HeHTOB H coxpaHSIIOTCSI BIJICOKHe 9.naCTHqeCKHe H .I1H-
HaMHqeCKHe CBonCTBa pe3HH.
5.naro.l1apSi Ha.nHqHIO COnpH>KeHHblX .I1BOHHIJIX CBSl3eH KaHH<I>o.nb
.nerKO OKHc.nSleTCSI H cnoc06cTByeT oKHcneHHIO KayqYKa H pe3HHbI. .lI..nH
YCTpaHeHHSI Toro ,He.l10CTaTKa KaHH<I>o.nb nOJlBepralOT rH.I1pHpOBaHHIO
H.nH .I1HCnpOnopUHOHHpOBaHHlO, B pe3y.nbTaTe qero 06pa3YlOTcH apo-
MaTHqeCKHe H no.nHOCTblO Hacblw,eHHble COe.l1HHeHHSI.
235

MO.l1H<I>HUHpoBaHHaH--rH.I1pHpOBaHHaH HnH .I1HCnponopuaoHHpOBaH-
HaH KaHH<I>o.nb He YCKopSieT CTapHHSI KayqYKa H pe3HHIJI H mHpOKO
npHMeHSleTCSI B KaqeCTBe 9MynbraTopa npH npOH3BO.I1CTBe CK 9My.nb-
C'HOHHOH no.n'HMepH3aIJ..HH.
Co C HOB a SI C M 0 n a - no.nyqaeTCH B BH.I1e OCT8TKa npH cYXc;>A
neperoHKe COCHOBOH .I1peBCHHIJI; Bce npHMecH, KHnHlU,He ,HH>Ke 150°C,
.I10.n>KHIJI 6b1Tb OTor-naHbI. CMo.na npe.l1CTaBnHeT c060A BSl3KyIO TeMHYIO
>KH.I1KOCTb, B COCTaB KOTOpOH BXO.l1S1T >K'IJPHlJle H CMo.nSlHlJle KHC.nOTIJI,
HeHTpa.nbHlJle BbicoKoMoneKy.nHpHlJle Bew,eCTBa (neK) H .I1p.
BBe.l1eHHe COCHOBOH CMO.nbl B pe3'HHOBbie CMeCH cyw,ecTBeHHo nOHH-
>KaeT HX BSl3KOCTb H nOBblwaeT K.IIeAKOCTb. 5.nar0.l1apH BIJICOKOMY co-
p.ep>KaHHIO KHC.nIJlX npO.l1YKTOB OHa 3aMe.l1.nHeT n0.l1By.nKaHH3aUHIO H
3a.l1ep>KHBaeT By.nKaHH3alJ;HIO.
BBH.I1Y HeO.l1HOpO.l1HOro nepeMeHHoro COCTaBa npHMeHeHHe COCHO-
BOH CMO.nbl B pe3HHOBbiX CMCHX YMeHbmaeTCH. O.l1HaKO OHa mHpOKO
npHMeHHeTCH npH no.nyqeHHH pereHepaTa.
)l(H.I1KHe Henpe.l1e.nb,HlJle paCTHTenbHlJle Mac.na
(nbHSlHoe, cypenHoe H .I1p.), npHMHHeMbie B 960HHTOBbiX CMeCHX .I1.nSl
CHH>KeHHH yca.l1KH 960HHTa np'" By.nKaHH3aUHH, HaXO.l1S1T npHMeHeHHe
B BH.I1e <l>aKTHCOB.
<!> a K TH C IJI - npO.l1YKTbI B3aHM0.l1eACTBHSI p,aCTHTe.nbHIJIX Henpe-
.I1eJ1bHblX Mace.n C cepOH H.nH X.nOpHCTOH cepoA. B COCTaB cepHblx <l>aK-
THCOB BXO.l1HT .110 25% CplJl, a x.nopcepHblX-.I10 15% X.nOpHCTOH ceplJl.
npH B3aHM0.l1eHCTBHH cepbl H.nH X.nOpHCTOH ceplJl C Henpe.l1e.nbHbI-
MH Mac.naMH npOHCXO.l1HT HX CTPYKTyp'HpOBaHHe C 06pa30BaHHeM MSlr-
&HX 9.naCTHqHIJIX npO.l1YKTOB TeMHOH (B c.nyqae B3aHM0.l1eHCTBHH C ce-
pOH) H.nH CBeT.nOH (B c.nyqae B3aHM0.l1eHCTBHSI C X.nOpHCTOH cepoA)
oKpacH. npH BBe.l1eHHH $aKTHcoB B pe3HHoBbie Mec.u YBe.nHq,HBaeTCH
HX KapKacHocTb H YMeHbwaeTcH ya.l1Ka, qTO npHBO.l1HT K y.nyqmeHHIO
npoueccoB nepepa60T'KH. npHMeHeHHe <l>aKTHcoB n03BOJISIeT no.nyqaTb
pe3HHIJI C OqeHb HH3KOH TBep.l10CTblO (.110 30 e.l1. no TM-2) H ManoA
n.nOTHOCTblO. no xapaKTepy AeAcTBHH <l>aKTHCIJI Cn.I1yeT paCCMaTpH-
BaTb He KaK n.naCl'H<I>HKaTopbl, a KaK 9.naCTHqHble Hano.nHHTeJI,H.
)l(HpHble KHCJlOTbi. )l(HpHble KH.nOTIJI nonyqalOT OMIJI.neHHeM pac-
THTe.nbHblX .Mace.n H >KHBOTHbiX :>KHpOB, npe.l1CTaB.nHIOw,HX oo60H TpH-
r.nHuepH.I1b1 pa3.nHqHIJIX >KHpHIJIX HcnOT - CTeapHHOBOH, OJIeHHOBOH H
.I1p.
C Tea p H HO B a H KH c.n 0 T a (C 17 H 35 COOH) - nopomoK HJIH
x.nonbSl 6e.noro, ceporo 'HnH cBeTnO-KOpHqHeBOrO UBeTa C TeMnepaTY-
pOH n.naB.neHHSI 69°C H n.nOTHOCTblO 850-990 Kr/M3.
OJI elH,HO,B a SI KIM .n 0 T a (uc-o..neH'HQBa'SI, C 17 H 33 COOH)-
Mte,lUIO->KeJ1TaSi 'H.n:n >KeJI:ro-'K!paOH,aH >KoU..I1KOCTb C TeMI1Ie!p'aTypOH n.naB-
neHlHSI 14°C iH n.nOTHOCTblO 890-910 'KrfM 3 .
B pe3.HHOBbiX .cMCSlX >KHptH'lJIe 'KH<CJIOT.bI 'C y.r.neBOf.nJOpo.l1IHIJI,M ,}>a.l1H-
&a.nOM C 13 -C 21 HB.nSlIOTC.H 8'KTH'BaTo}>a'M'H BYJI,K1aH:H3Ia, 1I)H1H a TalK>Ke
cnoco6CTBYlOT .nyqmeMY JI.'HCnepomllpoBaH1H1O nqpomKoo6:pa3&HIJIX HiHlr,pe-
.1IIHoffiITOB, ''110 06ycnOB.n'€tHO .lIJH<pHJI:bIH'IJIM xa}>aKTepooM 'HX Mo.neKYn 'H no-
se.pXHOC11HO- a'KT,H'BoH'blMH OBOHoCT.Ba'M H.
236

)l(HpHlJle KHcnOTlJI, OC06eHHO npe.l1eJ1bHhle, OqeHb He3Ha1JHTeJ1bHO
paCTBOpHMIJI B KayqYKaX, CK.nOHHIJI K BbiUBeTaHHIO Ha nOBepXHOCTH,
HX O.l1ep>KaHHe B pe3HHOBbiX CMeCHX COCTaBnHeT 0,5-3 Macc. q. npH
BBe.l1eHHH >KHpHIJIX KHcnOT YMeHbwaeTcSI BSl3KOCTb H ynyqmaeTCSI 06-
pa6aTIJIBaeMOCTb pe3HHOBIJIX CMeceH.
Henpe.l1e.nbHlJle >KHpHlJle K'HcnOTbi (HanpHMep, OJIeHHoBaSl) cnoc06-
CTBYIOT YCKopeHHIO cTapeHHH pe3HH, n03TOMY HX peKOMeH.I1yeTcSI BBO-
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KaqeCTBO C)I(K.
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B KaqeCTBe 9My.nbraTopoB H .I1HCnepraTopOB HHrpe.l1HeHTOB, a TaK>Ke
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a TaKe aH.TUadee3UBOB I npenSlTCTBYIOW,HX c.nHnaHHIO <l>opMoBaHHIJIX
3arOTOBOK H3 pe3HHOBIJIX CMeceH B npouecce nepepa60TKH. PaCTBOpSl-
SlCb npH nOBIJIWeHHIJIX TeMnepaTypax B pe3HHOBbiX CMecSlX, TaK'He conH
(oc06eHHO CTeapaT IJ..HHKa) He YMeHbmalOT npOqHOCTH CBSl3H Me>K.I1Y
9.neMeHTaMH B MHoroc.nOHHIJIX pe3H,HOBIJIX H3D.enHHX.
CHHTeTHqeCKHe nJiaCTH4»HKaTopbl. B pe3HHOBbiX CMecSiX B KaqeCTBe
n.naCTH<I>HKaTopOB, nOHH>KalOw,HX TeMnepaTYPY CTeK.nOBaHH}I KayqYOB
H nOBIJIWalOw,HX MOp030CTOHKOCTb pe3HH (oco6eHHO Ha OCHOBe no.nSlp-
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.I1YKTIJI, B OCHOBHOM C.nO>KHIJI 9<1>HPbl. npH BBe.l1el!HH oHX B pe3HHOBlJle
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3aToB. XapaKTepHCTHKa HaH60.nee pacnpOCTpaHeH.HIJIX CHHTeTHqeCKHX
n.naCTH<I>HKaTopOB, npHMeHSIeMIJIX B pe3HHOBoA npOMlJlm.neHHOCTH,
npHBe.l1eHa B Ta6.n. 111.20.
CHHTeTHqeCKHe n.nacTH<I>HKaTOplJl pa3.nHqa1OTCSI no COBMecTHMOCTH
C KayqYKaMH, no neTyqeCT,H, no 9<f><I>eKTY B.nHSlHHSI ua TeMnepaTypy
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napoB npH 150°C. 3<1>HPbl, no.nyqeHHble lia OCHOBe a.nH<I>aTHqeCKHX
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npH.I1alOT pe3HHaM HerOplOqeCTb.
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Mep, 6YTH.neHOM), KOTopble cyw,eCTBeHHO ynyqmalOT TeXHOnOfHqeCKHe
CBOH(:TBa pe3'HHOBIJIX cMeceA:.
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npOCTble 9<1>HplJl C KOHueBIJIMH HJIH perynHpHo qepe.l1YIOw,HMHCH aKpH-
.nOBIJIMH rpynnaMH (HanpHMep, nonyqeHHble npH KOH.I1eHCaUHH <l>Tane-
Boro aHrH.I1pH.I1a, 6YT.HJIeHrnHKonSi H MeTaKpHnOBoH KHcnOTIJI) C Mo.ne-
Ky.nHpHOA: MaccoA: OT 300 .110 1500. BY.l1yqH nOnSipHIJIMH, onHro9<1>HpaK-
p'HJIaTIJI xopomo cOBMew,aIOTCSI C nOJISIpHIJIMH KayqYKaMH (6YTa.l1HeH-
HHTpHnbHIJIMH, xnoponpeHOBIJIM), CHH>KaIOT BH3KOCTb pe3HHOBIJIX
CMeceH H y.nyqmalOT HX TeXHo.norHqecKHe cBoAcTBa. B npouecce Byn-
KaHH3aUHH B03MO>KHa no.nHMepH3auHH O.3A, KOTopaSi MO>KeT npHoo-
.I1HTb K .MO.l1H<I>HKauHH cBoAcTB pe3HH (nOBlJlmeHHe TBep.l10CTH, HanpSl-
>KeaHA: npH Y.I1JI'HHeHHH, oonpoTHB.neHHH pa3.11Hpy).
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Bbl60p THna H cO.l1ep>KaHHSI nnacTH<I>HKaTopoB B pe3HHOBIJIX CMe-
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3HaqeHHH pe3HHIJI, npHpo.l1b1 KayqYKa 'H ero BSl3KOCTH, creneHH Hanon-
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CTH<I>HKaTopoB YXY.l1walOTcH MexaHHtfecKHe CBOHCTBa pe3HH, oc06eHHO
npH nOBblmeHHH TeMnepaTyplJl. .lI..nH 06eCneqeHHSI pa3Ho06pa3Hhlx
Tpe60BaHHH, npe.l1'bSlB.nHeMIJIX K pe3HHOBIJIM CMeCHM ,H BynKaHH3aTaM,
a TaK>Ke .I1.nSl CHH>KeH'HSi HX CTOHMOCTH mHpoKo npHlMeHHIOTCH KOMno-
3'HUHH n.nacTH<I>HKaTopoB.
npH BBe.l1eHHH n.nacTH<I>HKaTOpO!8 IS Kp:Hcra.n.nH3YIOw,HecH KayqYKH
(HK, CKM, x.noponpeHOBIJIH) cyw,ecTBeHHO YMeHbmaeTcH HX KpHC-
Ta.nnH3yeMocTb, qTO C'Ka3IJ1BaeTCH Ha npOqHOCTHbiX cBoAcTBax pe3HH.
n09TOMY 061J1qHO .I1nSl 06JIerqeHHH CMemeHHH ill <l>opMoBaHHH pe3HHo-
BIJIX cMeceA H npH.I18H.HH HM cneUHanbHIJIX cBoAcTB (nOBlJlmeHoHSi HnH
nOHH>KeHHSI K.IIeAKOCm H .I1p.) B MHX BBO.l1S1T He60.nbmHe Ko.nHqeCTB8
n.nacTH<I>'HKaTOpOB (.110 10% OT MaCCIJI KayqYKa).
B pe3HHax Ha OCHOBe Heno.nSlp.ahlX KayqYKOB Hcnonb3YlOTCH, KaK
npaBHno, nnacTH'<I>HKaTOplJl He<l>uHoro npOHCXO>K.I1eHHH, a B pe3HHax
Ha OCHOBe no.nHpHIJIX KayqYKOB (xnoponpeHOBIJIX, BHK H Jlp.) - CHH-
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nOBlJlmalOT MOp030CTOHKOC1b pe3HH H y.nyqWalOT Tex.HOJIOrHqeCKHe
239

cBoAcTBa pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceA. Co.l1ep>KaH'He nnacTH<I>HKaTopOB B BIJICO-
KOBH3KHX KayqYKaX MO>KeT 61J1Tb .110 50 'H 60nee Macc. q.
npH BIJI60pe n.naCTH<f>.HKaTopoB .I1nH KayqYKoB C ManoA Henpe.l1e.nb-
HOCTblO (fiK, CK3nT) cne.l1yeT yqHTIJIBaTb, qTO HeHachlw,eHHlJle co-
e.l1HHeHHSI CH.nbHO 3aMe.l1.nSlIOT, a B HeKoTopblX cnyqaHX nonHOCTblO no-
.I1aB.nSlIOT By.nKaHH3aUHIO 9TH X KayqYKOB. M3 npo.l1YKTOB nepep860TKH
He<l>TH HaH60.nee mHpOKoe nP'llMeHeHHe B CMeCHX Ha OCHOBe 9THX K8Y-
qYKOB HaXO.l1S1T Ba3eJ1HHOBOe MaCJIO, CT06Hnoiin 18, a TaK>Ke napa<l>HH.
.lI..nSl nOBblmeHHH MOp030CTOAKOCTH H nOBblmeHHH 9naCTHq,HOCTH MO>K-
BO npHMeHSlTb .I1HOKTHJIce6aU'HHaT.
npH Bbl60pe nnacTH<I>HKaTopoB .I1nH CK3n He06xo.l1HMO yqHTblBaTb
B03MO>KHOe B.nHHHHe n.nacTH<I>HKaTopa Ha CKOpOCTb nepeKHcHoA BynKa-
HH3aUHi!. B pe3HHOBbiX CMeCHX Ha OCHOBe 9Toro 'KayqYKa np,HMeHSIIOT
cneUHa.nbHO cHHTe3HpyeMlJle nnacTH<I>.uKaTophi - anKHn6eH30nlJl H no-
.nH::ITH.neHf.nHKo.nb C MOJleKy.nHpHOH MaCCOH OKO.nO 4000.
B pe3HHOBIJIX CMeCHX Ha OCHOBe TepMOCToAKHX KayqYKOB (aKpH-
naTHIJIX, CH.nOKcaHOBIJIX, <l>TopKayqYKOB) n.naCTH<I>HKaTOplJl 06b1qHO He
npHMeHSIIOTCSI, TaK KaK CHH>KaIOT Ten.nOCTOHKOCTb. .lI.nSl ynyqllleHHH
TeXHo.nOfHqeCKHX CBoAcTB TaKHX no.nHMepoB MO>KHO no.nb30BaTbCSI HH3-
KOMo.neKy.nHp,HIJIMH (>KH.I1KHMH) KayqYKaMH.
nHTepaTypa
Kap2uH B. A., CJlOHUMCICUa f. n. KpaTKHe OqepKH no I}>H3HKO-XHMHH nOJIHMe-
pOB. M3.11.. 2-e. M., CXHMHSI», 1967, 232 C.
TlUep A. A. iIIH3HKO-XHMHSI nOJlHMepoB. M3A. 2.e, M., cXHMHSI», 1968. 536 c.
BOlOqlCua C. C. Kypc KOJlJlOH.nHOA XHMHH. M3.n. 2.e. M., CXHMHSI:', 1975. 512 Co
J[UT8uHo8a T. B. nJiaCTH4IHKaTOpbl j)e3HHOBbiX cMeceA. TeMaT. o6aop. Cep.
CnpOH3BO.nCTBO WHH, PTM H AtM:.. M. UHHHT3He$TexHM, 1971. 87 c.
J[UT8uHo8a T. B. u iJp. nOCJle.nHHe JlOCTH>KeHHSI B 06J1aCTH C03.naHHSI HOBbiX
DJiaCTHI\>HK3TopoB JlJlSl pe3HHOBbIX cMeceii. TeMaT. o6aop. Cep. CnpOH3BO.nCTBO WHH,
PTM H ATM». M., UHMMT3He$TeXHM, 1976.48 C.
HUICUTUH /0. H., KonblAo8 E. n., fae8a P. JI. BH.II.bI. cBoAcTBa H npHMeHeHHe
l\>aKTHcoB. TeM3T. 0630p. Cep. CnpOH3BOJlCTBO PTM H ATM:.. M., UHMMT3Hel}rre-
XHM, 1974. 47 c.

r.naBa 14
HAnOJlHHTEJlH
O.l1HHM H3 9<1><I>eKT'HBHblX cnoc060B MO./1-H<I>HKauHH cBoAcTB nonHMep-
HbiX MaTepHa.noB HB.nSleTCSI HX Hano./tHeHue - BBe.l1eHHe TBep.l1lJ1X,
>KH.I1KHX H.nU ra3006pa3HIJIX Bew,eCTB - HanOnHHTeJIeA, K010plJle P8B-
HOMepHo pacnpe.l1e.nSlSlcb B 06'beMe no.nyqalOw,eHcSI KOMn03HIJ"HH, 06pa-
3YlOT qeTKO BlJlpa>KeHHYIO rpaHHUY pa3.11eJ1a C no.n,HMepHoH cpe.l1oA.
HaH60.nbwee npaKTUqeCKOe npHMeHeHHe nOJIyqHJIH TBep.l1lJ1e TOH-
KO.l1Hcn.epcHbie nopowKo06pa3Hble HanOJIHHTeJIH OpraHHqeCKOrO 'HnH
HeOpraHHqeCKOrO npOHCXO>K.I1eHHH.
BBe.l1eHHe' Hano.nHHTeJ1eH cnoc06cTByeT y.nyqmeHHIO <l>H3HKo-Mexa-
HHqeCKHX ,H TeXHOnOrHqeCKHX cBoAcTB no.nHMepoB, a TaK>Ke YBeJ1.uqe-
HHIO 06'beMa MaTepHana (pa36aBJIeHHe nOJIHMepa), T. e. CH'H>KeHHIO
ero CTOHMOCTH. KpoMe Toro, HanOnHHTeJ1H npHMeHSIIOT .I1.nSl H3MeHeHHH
oKpacKH no.nHMepa.
.lI.eHcTBue Hano.nHHTe.nSl onpe.l1e.nSleTcSI MHO>KeCTBOM <l>aKTopoB-
<l>opMOH H pa3MepoM qaCTUU, oco6eHH9cTSlMH B3a.HM0.l1eAcTBHSI 'C no.nH-
MepoM, oc06eHHOCTHMU B3aHM0.l1eHCTBHSI Me>K.I1Y qaCTHuaMH Hano.nHH-
TeJ1S1 B cpe.l1e no.nuMepa, Ko.nHqeCTBOM HanonHHTe.nSl H JlpyrHMH.
Ec.nu pac<:MaTpHBaTb Hano.nHeHHblA no.n,HMep KaK KO.n.nOH.I1HYIO CH-
CTeMY, B KOTOpoii no.nHMep SlB.nSleTCSI .I1HCnepCHoHHOH Cpe.l10H, a lJIanon
'HHTe.nb .I1HCnepCHoH '4>a30A, TO npH OT<:YTCTBHH cneUH<I>HqeCKoro B3aH-
MO.l1eHCTBHSI Me>K.I1Y nonHMepOM H Hano.nHHTe.neM npH mapo06pa3HOH
<l>opMe ero qaCTHU, B COOTBeTCTBHH C H3BeCTHIJIM ypaBHeHHeM 3A:H-
WTeHHa, BIJIBe.l1eHHblM H3 rH.I1p0.l1HHaMHqeCKHX C006pa>KeHUH, C YBe.nH-
qeHHeM CO.l1ep>KaHHSI HanO'nHHTeJ1S1 .I10.n>KHa YBeJ1HqHBaTbCH BH3KOCTb
11 (U.nH nOBlJlmaTbCSI MO.l1y.nb C.I1BHra G) TaKoA CHCTeMbI:
11=1)o(t+aC); G=G o (1+cxC)
...ne C - OO'beMJHaSi oKOIIUeH1'pa.u.HSI ,"3III'OJbH1Jf1'eJlSl; 1)0 - oBMJroICTb .nHoCJleptHOH'llOH C'peulbl;
a - K031j>Ij>HuHeHT. 38BHCSlUlHH OT 1j>0pMbI '1aCTHU HanOJlHHTeJlSl; Go - MO.nYJlb c.nBHra
.nJlSl HeHa.nOJlJlleHQIOi'O 1II0JlH1Me'pa.
.lI..nSl KOHueHTpHpOBaHHIJIX .l1.HcnepCHbiX CHCTeM, CO.l1ep>Kaw,HX qac-
THUIJI mapoo6pa3HoA <l>OpMbI, B3aHM0.l1eAcTBYIOw,He CO cpe.l10A H Me>K-
.I1y C060H, .I10CTa1OqHO 060CHOBaHO ypaBHeHHe rYTa H ro.n.l1a:
'I = 1)0 (1 + 2.5C + 14,lca)
q = Go (1 + 2.5C + 14.1C2)
16-2397
241

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XHMHqec&oe B3a'HM0.l1eHCTBHe Ha rpaHHue .I1BYX <l>a3. 3TO B3aHM0.l1eA:-
CTBHe TeM CHJIbHee, qeM 60JIbme nOBepXHocTb KOHTaKTa nOJI'HMepa c
Hano.n,HHTe.neM, T. e. qeM MeHbme pa3Mep qaCTHU HanOJIHHTeJISI IJI, co-
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Koe B3aHM0.l1eHCTBHe Ha rpa,HHue pa3.11eJIa <l>a3 cyw,eCTBeHHO 3aBHCSlT
OT np'llpO.l1h1 nOJIHMepa H HanOJIH'HTMSI, OT CBOHCTB nOBepxHOCTH ,Ha-
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OT YCJIOBHH CMemeHHSI no.nHMepa C Hano.nHoHTeJIeM.
BBe.l1eHHe HanOJIHHre.neH npoHBO.l1HT K H3MeHeHHIO npaK1'HqeeKH
Bcex CBOHCTB nOJIHMepHhlx MaTepHa.noB. Ho HaH60JIee Ba>KHOA 000-
6eHHocTblO B.noHSlHHSI HanOJIHHTeJIeA Ha 9JIaCTOMephi SlBJISleTCSI ,HX YCH-
JIeH'He.
YCHJlEHHE KAYKOB
YCH.neHHe KayqYKoB 3aK.lllOqaeTCSI B TOM, qTO npH BBe.l1eHHH TOHKO-
.l1'HCnepCHHIX HanOJIHHTe.neA B pe3HHOBhle CMeCH npOHCXO.l1HT cyw,eCT-
BeHHoe YBe.nHqeHHe npOqHOCT-H 'H YJIyqmeHHe 'HeKOTophiX <l>H3HKo-Me-
XaHHqeCKHX CBoAcTB BYJIKaHH3a1OB B BhlCOK03JIaCTHqeCKOM CO'CTOSlHHH:
conpOTHB.neHHSI HCTHpaHHIO H pa3.11Hpy, MO.l1y.neA H T. n.
Hano.nHHTe.nH, y.nyqmalOw,He MeXaHWleCKHe cBOAcTBa pe3HH, Ha31J1-
BalOTCSI aKTHBHIJIMH, HJI,H YCHJI,HBalOw,HM'H. HanOJIHHTeJIH, He H3MeHSlIO-
IUHe CBOHCTB pe3HH Ha31J1BalOTCSI HHepTHhlMH (HHOr.l1a HX Ha3h1BaIOT
TaK>Ke pa36aBHTe.nSlM'H).
3TO .I1eJIeHHe Ha aKTHBHhle H 'HHepTHlJle HanOJIHHTeJ1H OqeHb YCJIOB-
HO, TaK KaK Be.nHqHHa YCHJIHBalOw,ero 9<1><I>eKTa 3aBHCHT OT np.HpO.l1h1
3.naCTOMepa 'H xapaKTepa ero B3a.HM0.l1eAcTBHSI C HanOJIHHTeJIeM.
nP.H YBeJIHqeHHH CO.l1ep>KaHHSI aKTHBHoro' 'HanOJIHHTeJ1S1 B KayqYKe
.110 onpe.l1eJIeHHOrO npe.l1eJIa npOQHOCTHlJle cBoAcTBa BYJIKaHH3aTOB
YJIyqmalOTCSI, a npH .I1aJIbHeiimeM YBeJIHqeHHH npOqHOCTH npH paCTH-
>KeRHH, conpOTHB.neHHe pa3.11Hpy H HCT-HpaHHIO ,HaqHHaIOT y,MeHbmaTb-
CSI, B TO BpeMSI KaK >KeCTKOCTb (MO.l1YJIH) H TBep.l10CTb np0.l10JI>Ka1OT
nOBhlmaTbCSI. TaK'HM 06pa30M npH YCHJIeHHH 3JIaCTOMepOB cyw,eCTByeT
onTUMYM HanOllHeHUIl - Ta'KOe tCO.l1'€1p>Ka:H'He iRanOJIJIIHTeJ1:S1, ,J1tP!H 'KOTO-
poN ,lJ,tOCTHraIOTCSI IMJallOOH'MaJIblHlble t1Ip01JIHOCToHlble :na3aTe"lH. OnTD-
MY'M iHlano.nlHeHHSI JJ:JISI rp'a3JIiHtJH!bIX iBYJIiK.atHlH3aroB 'He O,lJJRHa'KOB 'H ,B03-
paCTaeT C nOlBllJlme.HiHeM TeMnepaTYp'1JI iH,CIWTa.HlHSI.
Ba>KJHeHmH'M <l>aKTopoM, on:pe.lI.IeJISIlOlUM'M YCH..mH,BalOw,e<e .I1eACTBlHe
H'anon,HIHTeJIeH, SlBJIlHeTCSI HX aUcnepCHOCTb, xapa,K'TEIpH3ye-M'aSi pa3Me-
pOoM qaCTHU iO.n:H y:noeJ1hiHoA OOBep'XlHocTblO.
242

.lI.JI:SI YiCHJIeHiHSI '&ayqYK'a :MOrYT ,n;ptHMeHSlTb'CSi mnOJIiHlHTeJIH C ,p'a3-
MoepOM qatCTHU OT 5 ..110 1000 iHlM, DJpIHqoeM l}f,a,n,600iblUJHMlH yOOJliHB3IO-
W,H'MH .cBOACT.BaMH 06JI.a.n:aIOT iJIIanOJIIH1iTeJ1'H tC Ipa3oM'epOM 1Itacr:uu OT
10.110 50 EM. C Y,Mo€IHbmeHIHeM p'a3MepoB q'aCTHU :H'aoO'OJIiHlHTe.nSl
(C YBeJIHqeHHeM .OX Y.I1eJIbHoA nOBepXHOCTH) YBeJIBqHBaeTCSI B03MO>K-
HaSi nOBepXHOCTb ero KOHTaKTa C 9JIaCTOMepOM III, COOTBeTCTBeHHO,
B03MO>KHOCTb B3a'll'M0.l1eAcTBHSI .Ha rpaHHue KOHTaKTa. npH pa3Mepax
'1aCT,HU HanOJIHHTeJISI MeHbme 25-30 HM npOHCXO.l1HT HX arnoMepa-
UHSI, qTO BIJI31J1BaeT cyw,eCTBelLHlJle 3aTpY.I1HeHHSI B nOJIyqeHHH O.l1'HO-
pO.l1HIJIX .I1HCnepCHIJIX CHCTeM. Ont.HMa.nbHoe CO.l1ep>KaHHe ,HanOJIHHTe-
JISI, KaK npaBHJIO, YMeHbmaeTCSI C YMeHbmeHHeM pa3Mepa ero qaCTHU.
B3aiHM0.l1eAiC'J18He 3JI,aCOOMepa C 'Hla'DOJllH!HTeJI1eM O.D]1JoeI,!J.eJ1 I S1eTCSI
npupoaou HanOIlHUTell1l .uJIIH xapaKTepoM e20 noeepXHOCTU. tJeM 6oJlb-
me no.nSlpHoCTb caMoro Hano.nHHTeJ1S1 'HnH ero nOBepXHOCTH, TeM MeHb-
me 0.8 B3aHM0.l1eHcTByeT C HenOJlSlpHIJIMH 9JIaCTOMepa'M,H, H Ha060pOT.
CBoAcT'Ba nOBepXHOCT'H HanOJIHHTeJISI MO>KHO iH3MeHSlTb a.l1COp6nHeH
nOBepXHOCTHo-aKTHBHhlX Bew,eCTB HJIH npHBHBKOH Ha nOBepXHOCTb on-
pe.l1e.neHHIJIX <l>YHKUHOHaJIbHhlX rpynn. tJeM 60JIbme B3aHM0.l1eikTBHe
9JIaCTOMepa C ,Hano.nHHTeJIeM, TeM, KaK npaBHJIO, Bhlme 3<1><I>eKT YC.H-
JIeHHSI.
no YBe.nHqeH,HIO npOqHOCTH npH BBe.l1eHHH aKTHBHhlX HanOJIHHTe-
J1eH KayqYKH pa3JIHqalOTCSI Me>K.I1Y c060A. Ha'H60JIbmee YBeJIHqeHHe
npOqHOCTH (B 10--12 pa3) .I10CTHraeTCH B pe3HHax Ha OCHOBe HeKpHC-
Ta.n.nH3YIOW,HXCSI KayqYKOB. npOq'HOCTb BYJIKaHH3aTOB .ua OCHOBe
Kp:HTaJIJIH3YIOW,HXCSI KayqYKOB MO>KeT He YBeJI,HqHBaTbCSI npH BBe.l1e-
RH'H HanOJIHHTeJIeH flJIH B03paCTaTb He3HaqHTeJIbHO (B 1,1-1,6 pa3)
no cpaBHeHHIO C HeHano.nHeH.HIJIMH. O.l1HaKO npH BBe.l1eHHH YCHJIHBalO-
fUHX Hano.nHHTe.neH B TaKHe KayqYKH cyw,eCTBeHHO YBeJ1HqHBaeTCSI co-
npoTHBJIeHHe HCTHp.aHHIO H HanpSl>KeHHSI npH Y.l1JIHHe.HHSlX BYJIKaH'H-
3a1OB. .lI.JISI )lOCTH>KeHHSI MaKC'HMaJIbHorO 9<1><I>eKTa YCHJIeHHSI B KP.HC-
TaJI.nH3YIOIllHecSi KayqYKH 'CJIe.l1yeT BBO.l1HTb MeHbme HanOJIHHTeJISI, qeM
B HeKpHCTaJIJIH3YIOw,HecSi.
Cyw,ecTByeT HeCKOJIbKO TeopHA YCHJIeHHSI KayqYKa, B KOTOplJlX 9<1>-
<l>eKT YCHJIeH'HSI 06'bSlCHSleTCSI .I1eiiCTBHeM Tex 'HJIH HHhlX <l>aKTopOB.
TaK, COrJIaCHO B-HraH.I1Y, npH OnTHMaJIbHOM HanOJIHeHHH pe3HHO-
BhlX CMeceH KayqYK 06pa3yeT B CMeCH He HenpeplJlBHYlO, a .I1HCKpeT-
HYIO <l>a3Y, COCTOSlW,YIO .u3 OT.I1eJIbHIJIX CTPYKTYPHIJIX e,Zl,RHHU, 66JIbmHX,
qeM qaCTHUIJI YCH.nH'BalOw,ero H.anOJI,HHTeJISI (TeXHHqecKOro yrJIepO.l1a).
HanOJIHHTeJIb OKpY>KaeT Ka>K.I1YIO MaKpOMo.neKY.ny KayqyKa, 06pa3YSl
KOMn.neKCIJI KayqYK - HanOJIHHTe.nb, CBSl3aHHlJle Me>K.I1Y c060ii nOBepx-
HOCTHIJIM'H CHJIaMH np:HTSI>KeHHSI. 06pa30BaHHe TaKHX TPYKTYP B03-
MO>KHO, KOr.l1a pa3Mep MaKpOMOJIeKYJI 3HaqHTe.nbHO 60.nbme pa3Mepa
qaCTHU YCH.n.HBalOw,ero oHano.nHHTeJ1S1. .lI.ono.n,HHTe.nbHoe BBe.l1eHHe Ha-
nOJIHHTeJIH 3anOJIHSleT «nYCTOThI» Me>K.I1Y KOMn.neKcaMH KayqYK - Ha- ,
no.nHHTeJIb. 3TOT .I106aBJIeHHlJlii HanOJIHHTeJ1b .I1eiicTByeT paCK.nHHHBalO-
UJ.:HM 06pa30M, pa3.11BHraH KOMn.neKCIJI H YMeHbmaSi 9<1><I>eKT YC.HJIeHHSI.
B npe.l1CTaB.neHHHX, pa3BHTIJIX B. A. .lI.ora.l1KHHIJIM, 60.nbmoe 3oHa-
qeHHe npH.I1aeTCSI HenppIJlBHOA CTpYKType HanOJIHHTeJ1S1, 06pa3YIO-
16* 243

w,eAcSi B KayqYKe. B CMeCSIX KaYtJYKa C TeXHHtJeCKHM yrJIep0.l10M MOrYT
cyw,eCTBOBaTb CTPYKTYplJl .l1'ByX THnOB:
qaCTHUIJI TeXHpqeCKOrO yrJIepO.l1a HJI'H ,ox arperaTlJI, 6ecnopSl.l10qHO
paCnpe.l1eJIeHHlJle B MaCCe KayqYKa H H30JIHpOBaHHlJle .I1pyr OT .I1Pyra
60JIee 'H.nH MeHee TO.nCTIJIMH (B 3aBHC,HMOCTH OT CTeneHH HanOJI,He-
HHSI) npoc.nOHKaMH KaYtJYKa; qaCTHUhI aKTHBHIJIX HanOJIHHTe.neH, KO-
TOplJle COe.l1HHSlSlCb, 06pa3YIOT ceTKY, npOHH31J1BalOw,ylO BCIO Maccy
KaYtJYKa B pa3JIHqHIJIX HanpaBJIeHHSlX, T. e. HenpeplJlBHYIO CTPYKTYPY_
B oopa30BaiHHH ceTKH MorYT npHoHHMaTb yqaCTHe Bce tJaCTHUIJI aK-
THBHoro Hano.n,HHTe.nSl H.nH qaCTb HX. no Mepe Hano.nHeHHSI CMeceH
YBe.nHIHBaeTCSI KO.nHqOC1'BO CTPyK1'Y'P .B'TOporo THna.
npH BIJICOKOH CTeneHH HanonHeHHSI He Bce qaCTHUIJI HanOJIHHTeJIft
06pa3YIOT uenOqKH; HeKOTOplJle H3 HHX OCTalOTCSI B BH.I1e OT.I1eJIbHIJIX
qaCTHU .u.n'H ar.nOMepaToB. TaKHe BKpanJIeHHSI CHH>KaIOT MeXaHHqecKYIO
npOttHOCTb By.nKaH'H3aTOB. 3THM rJIaBHIJIM 06pa30M '" 06'bSlCHSleTcSI
YMeHbmeHHe npOtJHocTH npH paCTSI>KeHHH H conpOTHBJIeHHSI pa3.11Hpy
By.nKaHH3aTOB npH HanOJIHeHHH HX BIJIWe onTHMYMa. tJeM BlJlme .I1HC-
nepcHocTb Hano.nH'HTeJ1s:r, TeM 60.nbme ero qaCTHU CO.l1ep>KHTCSI B e.l1H-
HHue 06'beMa, H n09TOMY 06pa30BaHHe HenpephlBHOH <l>a3h1 HanOJIHH-
Te.nSl B03MO>KHO npH ero MeHbmeM KOJIHqeCTBe.
MHorHe 06'bSlCHeHHSI 9<1><I>eKTa YCHJIeR-HSI OCHOBaHIJI Ha npe.l1no.no-
>KeH,"H 0 TOM, qTO BOKpyr tJaCTHU Hano.nHHTeJISI 06pa3YIOTCSI CJIOH
9.naCTOMepa, CBOHOTBa KOTOplJlX OTJIHtJalOTCSI OT CBOHCTB OCHOBHOA
cpe.l1 b1 .
3TH C.nOH npe.l1CTaB.nSlIOT C060H 06.naCTH nOJIHMepa C YMeHbweHHOH
Mo.neKy.nSlpHOH nO.l1BH>KHOCTbIO 'H H3MeHeHHOH nJIOTHOCTblO ynaKOBKH.
B TaKHX 06.nacTSIX oco6eHHO YBeJIHqHBaeTCSI pOJIb uenOqeqHIJIX CTPYK-
TYP Hano.nHHTe.nSl, HBJISlIOW,HXCSI MaTpHueH, ,Ha KOTOpOH OpHeH1'HpOBa-
HIJI MaKpOMo.neKy.nbl. tJeM 60nbme pa3'BHTa uenOqeqHaSi CTpYKTypa
TeM B 60.nbweH CTeneHH npOSlBJISleTCSI ee opHeHTHpYIOw,ee :H ynpOqHSI-
lOw,ee .I1eHCTBHe.
no npe.l1CTaB.neHHSlM A. n. AJIeKCaH.I1pOBa H 10. C. J1a3YPKHHa Me-
xaHH3M YCHJIeHHSI 9JIaCTOMepOB aKT'HBHIJIMH HanOJLHHTeJISlMH 3aKJIlOqa-
eTCSI rJIa8HIJIM 06pa30M B TOM, qTO qaCTHUIJI HanOJIHHTeJ1S1 cnoc06CTBY-
lOT BlJlpaBHHBaHHIO Ha npSl>KeHHH B 9JIaCTOMepe. n pOCTpaHCTBeHHaSi
MaKpOMOJIeKYJISIpHaSi ceTKa 9.naCTOMepa nOCTpoeHa Hepery.nSlpHO, H
n09TOMY npH .I1e<l>opMaU;HH B HeKOTOplJlX MeCTax ee B03HHKalOT 3HatlH-
TeJIbHhle . nepeHanpSl>KeHHSI, npHBO.l1S1UJ.'He K pa3plJlBY MaKpOMo.neKY.n;
60.nbwaSi >Ke qaCTb ceTKH npH nOM JIH60 BOBce He HanpSl>KeHa, .nH60
HanpSl>KeHa OqeHb cna60.
B KayqYKe, CMemaHHOM C aKTHBHIJIMH HanOJIHHTeJ1S1MH, 3HaqHTeJIb-
HaSi tJaCTb Mo.neKYJI a.l1COp6HpOBaHa Ha nOBepxHocTH qaCHU Hano.nHH-
TeJISI, npHqeM CH.na CBSl3H MaKpOMOJIeKYJI C qaCTHueH Hano.nHHTeJ1S1
60JIbme, qeM CHJIa B3aHM0.l1eHCTBHSI MaKpOMOJIeKYJI Me>K.I1Y c060A:, H
MeHbme, tJeM ax npOqHOcTb. BJIaro.l1apSi TaKoA npOMe>KYTOtJHOH BeJIH-
qHHe CHJI CBSl3H nepeHanpSl>KeHHSI, B03HHKalOUJ,He B ceTKe npH .I1e<l>op-
MaUHH, He MorYT 6WTb 60JIbme a.l1COp6UHOH'HIJIX CHJI. KaK TOJIbKO ne-
peHanpSleHHe Ha KaKOM-JIH60 yqaCTKe 9JIaC1OMepa CTaHeT paBHhlM
244

CH.ne a.l1COp6UHH, Ha'I'HHaeTCSI .I1eCOp6UHSI HanpSl>KeHHhlX MaKpOMOJIe-
KYJI, Bcne.l1CTBHe qerO npH .I1aJIbHeHmeH .I1e<l>opManHH HanpSl>KeHHe,
npHXO.l1S1w,eeCSI Ha Harpy>KeHHYIO MaKpOMOJIeKYJIY, He B03paCTaeT.
CJIa60 >Ke HanpSl>KeH,HlJle '" HeHanpSl>KeHHlJle uenH COp6HpyroTCSI 'lac-
THuaMH HanOJIHHTeJISI H npHHHMalOT Ha ce6S1 .I10JIIO HanpSl>KeHHSI.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npH .I1e<l>0p.Mau,.HH HanOJIHeHHOro KayqYKa 06w,ee
HanpSl>KeHHe 3HatJHTeJIbHO paBHOMepHee paCnpe.l1eJ1S1eTCSI Me>K.I1Y 3J1e-
MeHTaMH npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH ceTKH 9JIaCTOMepa, tJTO npHBO.llHT K YBe-
.n'HqeHHIO HanpSl>KeHHH npH Y.I1JIHHeHUH ,H npOqHOCTH npH paCTSI>KeHHH.
Pa3pblB HacTynaeT TOr.l1a, KOr.l1a Bcne.l1CTSHe .I1eCOp6U'HH B03MO>K.HOCTb
BlJlpaBHHBaHHSI HanpSl>KeH.HU HCqepnlJlBaeTCSI.
KpHCTa.nJIHTHI KayqYKa :nrpalOT TaKYIO >Ke pOJIb, KaK qaCTHUIJI Ha-
no.nHHTe.nSl, HO B 3TOM CJIyqae BMeCTO nOBepXHOCTHOA COp6UHH npo-
HCXO.l1HT npe06pa30BaHHe ueneu MaKpOMOJIeKY.n KayqYKa B KpHCTaJI-
JI'HTIJI. nOBIJIWeHHe npOqHOCT'H 06'bSlCHSleTCSI caMOYCUJIeHHeM KaYtJYKa.
KpHCTa.nJIHTIJI KayqYKa paBHOMepH'O .I1,HCneprHpOBaHIJI B pe3HHe H BeCb-
Ma TeCHO CBS!3aHhI C a.Mop<l>HOH <l>a30H. C.na60e BJIHSlHHe aKTHBHIJIX Ha-
no.nH'HTe.neH IHa npOqHOCTb pe3HH H3 KpHCTaJIJIH3YIOW,HXCSI KayqYKOB H
06yc.nOB.neHO TeM, qTO K MOMeHTY pa3plJlBa, 6JIaro.l1apSi TaKOMY caMO-
YCH.neHHIO, pe3HHa CO.l1ep>KHT 6JIH3KOe K OnTHMaJIbHOMY HanOJIH.eHHIO
KOJIHtJeCTBO KpHCTaJl.nHTOB. n03TOMY .I10nOJIHHTeJlbHOe BBe.l1eHHe aK-
THBHIJIX HanOJIHHTeJ1eA: cyw,eCTBeHHO He BJI'HSieT Ha YBeJIHtJeHHe npotJ-
HOCTH pe3HH, O.l1HaKO npHBO.llHT K YBe.nHtJeHHIO HanpSl>KeH'HH npH Y.l1-
JIHHeHHSlX pe3HHIJI, conpOTHB.neH'HSI pa3.11Hpy H HCTHpaHHIO.
B HeKOTOplJlX TeopHSIX YCHJIeHHSI 60JIbWOe 3HaqeHHe np'H.I1aeTCSI 06-
pa30BaHHIO XHMHqeCKHX CBSl3eH Me>K.I1Y tJaCTHuaM'H Hano.nHHTeJISI H
KaytJYKoM, O.l1HaKO 3TH npe.l1CTaB.neHHSI He 06'bSlCHSIIOT CYW,HOCTH SlBJle-
HHH, XOTSI iH BHOCSIT .HeKOTopoe .I10no.nHeHHe B nOH'HMaHHe ycn.neHHSI H
KOMnJIeKCa nputJHH, Bhl3IJ1BalOW,HX era.
MHoro06pa3He n0.l1X0.l10B K 06'bSlCHeHHIO 9<1><I>eKTa YCHJIeHHSI CBH-
.I1eTeJIbCTByeT 0 60JlbmOH cnO>KHOCTH paCCMaTpHBaeMoro SlBlIeHHSI.
BK.na.l1 <l>aKTopOB, BIJI3IJ1BalOUJ:HX YCHJIeH'He KayqYKa pa3JIHqHIJIMH Ha-
no.n,Te.nSlMH, 3aBHCHT OT np'HpO.l11J1 3.naCTOMepa H HanOJIHHTeJ1S1 H OT
ycnOBHH .I1e<l>opMaU;HH pe3HHhI.
HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHIJIM YCHJI'HBalOw,HM ,HanOJIH'HTe.neM SlB.nSl-
eTCSI TeXHHqeCKHU yrJIepo;n.
TEXHHqECKHR yrnEPOJ]. (yrnEPOJ].HASI CA)I(A)
TeXHHtJeCKHH yrJIepo.l1 Sls.nSleTCSI OCHOBHIJIM YCH.nHBalOw,HM Hano.n-
HHTe.neM pe3HHOBIJIX CMeceu; npH BBe.l1eH,HH ero B CMeCH YBe.nH'l'HBa-
eTcH npOttHOCTb pe3HH, <:onpOTHB.neHHe HCTHpaHHIO H pa3.11Hpy. B OCO-
6eHHOCTH Be.n'HKa pO.nb TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepO.l1a H .I1pyrHx you.nHTe.neu
.I1JISI BYJIKaHH3aTOB Ha OCHOBe CHHTeTHqeCKHX HeKpHCTa.nJIH3YIOLUHXCSI
KaytJYKOB, KOTOplJle 6e3 n0.l10600H MO.l1H<I>HKau,.HH MeXaH,HqeCKHX
CBOUCTB He MorJIH 61J1 no.nytJHTb TaKoro W'HpOKOrO npH.MeHeHHSI.
KaK OCHOB.HOH YCH.nHTeJIb KayqYKa TeXHHtJeCKHA yrJIepo.l1 (ca>KY)
HaqaJlH npHMeHSlTb <: 1918 r., rJIaBHIJIM 06pa30M B npoTeKTopHhlX pe-
245

3HHax .I1JISI mHH. C nepeX0.l10M pe3HHoBoA: npOMHImneHHOCTH Ha CH,H-
TeTHqeCKHe KayqYKH nOTpe6JIeHHe TeXHHqeCKOro yrJIepo.l1a 3HaqHTeJIb-
080 YBeJlHqHJIOCb. B HaCTOSllIJ.ee BpeMSI 90% npOH3BO.llHMOrO TeXHHtJ.ec-
Koro yrJIepo.l1a nOTpe6JISleTCSI pe3HHoBoH npOMhlWJIeHHOCTbIO.
TeXHHqeCKHH yrJIepo.l1 npe.l1CTaBJISIeT c060A TOHKO.l1HCnepCHoe no-
powKo06pa3Hoe Bew,eCTBO, cocToSlw,ee iU3 yrJIepo.l1a, nonyqeHHOe C>KH-
raHHeM HJIH TepMHqeCKHM pa3JIO>KeHHeM ra3006pa3HIJIX H.nH >KH.I1KHX
yrJIeB0.l10p0.l10B.
B CBSl3H C He06xo.l1HMOCTblO nOJIyqeHHSI pe3RH C pa3Ho06pa3HIJIMH
<l>H3HKo-MeXaHHqeCKHMoH CBOHCTBaMH nOTpe60Ba.nOCb C03.11aHHe pa3JIHq-
HbiX BH.I10B TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepO.l1a. BlJlnYCKaeTCSI 6onbmoe qHC.nO pa3-
JIHqHIJIX MapOK TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepO.l1a, pa3JIHqalOw,HXCSI cnoco60M
npOH3B0.l1CTBa, BH.I10M HcnOJIb3yeMoro ClJlpbSl, <l>H3HKO-XHMHqeCIrnMiU
xapaKTepHCTHKaM'H H 9JIeMeHTHIJIM cocTaBOM, a TaK>Ke pa3MepOM qac-
THO., KOTOplJlH xapaKTep'H3yeTcSI Y.l1e.nbHOH nOBepx.HOCTblO - 06w,eH no-
BepXHOCTblO Bcex qaCTHU, ,HaXO.l1S1w,'HXCSI B eJI.oRHHue MaCCIJI.
npH .llH<I><PY3HOHHOM cnoc06e TeXHHqeCKHH yrJIepo.l1 no.nyqalOT npH
, Heno.nHOM cropaHHH npHpO.l1KOro ra3a H.nH ero CMeCH C MacnoM (Ha-
npHMep, aHTpaueHOBIJIM) B rope.notJ.HblX KaMepax, cHa6>KeHHIJIX w'eJ1e-
BIJIM'H rope.nKaMoH. nOJIyqeHHIJIH 'H3 .I1H<I><I>Y3JfOHHOrO nJIaMeH:H TeXHHqe-
CKHH yrJIepo.l1 Oca>K.I1aeTCSI ,Ha MeTa.nJIHqeCKHX mBeJIJIepax (KaHaJIax).
npH neqHOM cnoc06e TeXHHqeCKHH yrJIepo.l1 nOJIyqalOT npH Heno.n-
,HOM cropaHHH .H TepMHqeCKOM pa3JIO>KeHHH paCnlJlJIeHHhlX >KH.I1K'HX
apOMa11HqeCIrnX yr.neB0.l10p0.l10B (MaCeJ1) H.nH HX CMeC'H C npHpO.l1HIJIM
ra30M B cneUHa.nbHIJIX peaKTopax (neqax). nOJIyqeHHIJIH TeXHHqeCHH
yr.nepo.l1 BhlHOCHTCSI H3 peaKTopa B BH.I1e a9p030.nSl npO'.I1YKTaMH rope-
HHSI H OXJIa>K.I1aeTCSI B0.l10A.
TIpH TepMHqeCKOM cnoco6e TeXHHqeCKHH yrJIepo.l1 nOJlyqalOT Tep-
MHqeCKHM pa3.n0>KeHHeM np.HpO.l1HOro ra3a HJIH aueTHJleHa B -cneUH-
a.nbHIJIX peaKTopax 6e3 .I10cTyna B03.11yxa.
npH Ka>K.I10M cnoc06e npOH3B0.l1CTBa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH.I1a np:u-
MeHSIeMoro CblpbSl H YC.nOBHH TeXUOJIOrHqeCKOrO npouecca MO>KHO nO'-
nyqaTb TeXHHqeCKHH yrJlepo.l1 pa3JI'HqHhlX MapOK, OTJllHqalOw,HXCH
Y.l1eJ1bHOH nOBepXHOCTblO H HeKOTophlMH .I1pyrHMH cBOAcTBaMH,
B COOTBeTCTBHH C KJIaCcH<I>HKaUHeH, np'HHSlTOA B CCCP Ha3BaHHe
MapKH TeXH.HqeCKOrO yrJIepO.l1a <l>opM'HpyeTcSI cne.l1YIOUJ,.HM 06pa30M.
nepBaSi 6YKBa 0603HaqaeT cnoc06 ero npOH3B0.l1CTBa (.lI. - .I1H<I><I>Y3H-
OHHIJIA, n - neqHOH, T - repMHqeCK.HH), cne.l1ylOw,He O,ll,Ha HJIH .I1Be
6YKBIJI - BH.I1 HCnOJlb30BaHHoro ClJlpbSl (M - >KH.I1KOe Chlpbe - Macno,
r - ra3006pa3Hoe ClJlpbe - ra3, Mr - CMeCb .I1BYX BH.I10B ClJlpbSl),
UH<I>PIJI B HaHMeHOBaH'RH COOTBeTCTBYIOT ero Y.l1eJIbHOH nOBepXHOCTH.
HanpHMep, MapKa nrM-30 03HaqaeT, qTO TeXHHqeCKHH yr.nepo.l1 nOJIY-
qeH nelJoHIJIM cnoc060M H3 CMeCH ra3006pa3HIJIX H >K.H.I1KHX yrJIeB0.l10pO-
.I10B H HMeeT Y.l1e.nbHYIO nOBepxHocTb 30 M 2 fr. Bo3MO>KHIJI .I10nOJIHH-
TeJIbHlJle 0603HaqeHHSI MapKH, YTOqHSlIOUJ.He 'HeK01OplJle xapaKTep'Hc-
THKH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepo.l1a.
CTpoeHHe TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepoJJ.a. C nOMow,blO peHTreHOBCKOro
aHaJIH3a 61J1.n0 YCTaHOBJIeHO, qTO CTPYKTYPHIJIMH 9JIeMeHTaMH qaCTHU
246

TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a SlBJISIIOTCSI nJlOCKHe pemeTKH, COC'J1OSlIIJ.He as
WeCTHqJIeHHIJIX yr.nepO.l1HIJIX U'HK.nOB (aHaJlOrUqHIJIX 6eH30nbHIJIM no
pacnOJIO>KeHHIO yrJIepO.l1HhlX aTOMOB), B KOTOpyX 8TOMht yrnepO.l1a
CBH3aJl1bl CHJI'aM1H r.naBIHIJIX lB.an'6H11HOCTeH (.ptHoC. 111.14, a). nplHtM
3-7 i-aKHX napa.n.ne.nbHIJIX n.nOCKHX pemeToK, pacno.nO>KeHHhtX He
TOIIIHIO O.ll.:}f,a :8 l a.l1 Jl.'pyrOH, '&aK .B I1pa<l>HTe, a c'ew,eHJHhlX ilf4J'Yr OO'\HIOCH-
TeJ1b'HO .ll.P'Yra, OOtp.a3YIOT 3.neMelH'r.apIHblH 'KlPO'CTanJIHT pMe. 111.14,6).
On.nb1, C8S13IJ1B'alOw,lRe ytfJIejpQAlHJble aTO:M.1JI .I1BYX 1118'paJIJleJIbHNX OoJlOC-
KHX peweToK, cJlaoee qeM CHJlIJI Me>K-
.I1y aTOMaMH, 06pa3YIOw,HMH TaKYIO
peweTKY.
PaccToSlHHe Me>K.I1Y 6.nH>KaHmHMH
yrJlepO.l1HblMH aTOMaMH B peweTKe
1,41 A, a Me>K.I1Y yr.nepO.l1HblMH aTO-
MaMH B Y3.nax .I1BYX napa.n.ne.nbHblx
pemeTOK 3,6-3,7 A.
,B COCTaB 3.neMeHTapHoro KpHcTa.n-
.nHTa BXO.l1HT OT 100 .110 200 aTOMOB
yr.nepO.l1a. BecnopSl.l1oqHO, HO KOM-
naKTHO pacno.nO>KeHHlJle 3.neMeHTap-
HlJle KpHCTaJIJIHTbI 06pa3YlOT nepBHq-
HYIO qaCTHUY TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a
(pHC. 111.14,8). tIHcnO KpHcTa.n.nH-
TOB B qaCTHue Onpe.l1eJ1S1eT ee pa3Mep.
TaK, lIaCTHUIJI TeXHHlleCKoro yrJIepo-
.I1a MapKH .lI.f-l00 cO.l1ep>KaT 5-
10 TIJIC. KpHcTa.n.nHToB, a qaCTHUIJI
TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepo.l1a Tf-l0 - He-
CKO.nbKO MHJI.nHOHOB KpHcTa.nJIHToB.
COBpeMeHHlJle MeTO.l11J1 Hcc.ne.l10Ba-
HHSI n03BOJIHJIH C .I10CTaTOIIHoH .I10CTO-
BepHocTblO YCTaHoBHTb, qTO qaCTHUIJI TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepo.l1a HMelOT
c<l>epHqecKYIO H.nH O.nH3KYIO K c<I>epHllecKoH <l>opMe.
npH o6.pa300aHIH'H TeXJHJH'lIeC'KiOro yr.nepo.l1a B Dlpouooce ipocl1a qac-
THO. rnpoH.cXO.l1HT 'HX CTOJI'KlHO:BeiHIHSI B lpe.a'KUHOHIHOH oe, B pe3YJIbTa-
re qero OHH MOI'YT cpaC11aTbCSI, 0l5fP'a3YSl ,DlpOtJIHbIe arperaTlJI, 1HJ331J1Bae-
Mlble nepPMtJlHl>IJMU (I»>IC. 111.14,2). Ha.nHIIHe netpBlH'IliHIJIX ar:per8TOB, lUX
p'a3iMp :H <t>o.pMa oI5YCJIOB.1lIH<8aIOT CBOHCT'BO rex.HlHlleCKOI'O yr.ne;po.l1a,
:8'a3bt'8aeMOe CTpYKTypnocTb1O.
Yr.nepO.l1HlJle aTOMIJI B Y3.nax BHemHeH yrJIepo.l1HoA peweTKH (Kpae-
Bble aTOMIJI), Bc.ne.l1CTBHe Heno.nHoH HX Hacblw,aeMocTH, cO.l1ep>KaT npH-
COe.l1HHeHHlJle K HJiM yrneB0.l10p0.l1HlJle uerm. OH'H SlBJISIIOTCSI ueHTpaMH
OKHCJIHTe.nbHIJIX npoueccoB, npHBO.l1S1W,HX K 06pa30BaH'H1O Ha nOBepx-
HOCTH qaCTHU pa3.nHIIHhlX XHMHqeCKHX rpynn, B TOM q.HCJIe TaKHX aK-
T'HBHhlX rpynn, KaK f'H.I1pOKcu.nbHlJle, Kap60KCHJIbHlJle, Kap60H'H.nbHlJle
H .I1p.
KpOMe yr.nepO.l1a, B TeXHHqeCKOM yrJIepO.l1e CO.l1ep>KaTCSI (Ta6n.
111.21) B0.l10p0.l1 H cepa" KOTOplJle nepeXO.l1S1T B Hero H3 ChlpbSl H pac-
247
a
I
d
z ..
 . ..
.- .
PHC. 111.14. CTPYKTypa qaCTHIJ, Tex-
Hll"leoKOI'O yu'JlepoAa:
a - nJlOCKBIi yrJlepoAUBIi peWeTKB KPH-
CTBJlJlHTB; 6 - pacnOJlOJKeHHe yrJlepo)l,-
HbiX peweToK B KpHCTBJlJlHTe; 8 - nep-
BH'IRali 'IaCTHII,a; z - nepBHqUBIi CTPYK'
TypB.

npe.l1eJlSlIOTCSI no BceMY 06'beMY qaCT.HUIJI; KHcnOpO.l1, KOTOphiH nona.l1a-
eT B TeXHHqeCKHA yrJIepo.l1 npH ero oKHcneHH'H H KOHueHTpHpyeTcSI
npeHMyw,eCTBeHHO B nOBepXHOCTHOM cnoe qaC11HUhI, a TaK>Ke MHHe-
pa.nbHlJle Bew,eCTBa, KOTophie MorYT nonaCTb B TeXHHqeCKHA yrJIepo.n
npH ero ox.na>K.I1eHHH B0.l10H B npouecce npOH3BO.I1CTBa. HaJlHqHe Ha
nOBepXHOCT'H qaCTHU KHcnOpO:nCO.l1ep>Kaw,HX <l>YHKUHOHa.nbHIJIX rpynn
Onpe.l1eJ1S1eT KHcnylO peaKUHIO BO.l1HOH cycneH3'H:H Tex,HHqeCKOro yrJIe-
pO.l1a, a MHHepaJIbHhlX Bew,eCTB - c.na(5o W,eJIOqHyro.
T 3 I) JI H n 3 111.21. 9011eMeHTHbii COCTaB TeXHH'IecKoro
yrollepoAa HeKoTopwX MapOK
CoAepJK8BHe. %
MBpKa TeXecKoro I MHBePaJlbRW:-
yrJlepo,1ta yrJlepo,1t oIOAOPOA KUCJlOPOA cepB
OCTaTOK
.u.r-loo 94,8 0,9 4,2 <0,1 <0,1
TIM-75 97,3 0,5 1,2 0,8 0,2
TIM-50 98,6 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,2
nrM-33 98,9 0,4 0,6 <0,1 <0,1
TIM-30 98,4 0,7 0,3 0,4 0,2
TIM-15 99,0 0,5 0, I 0,3 0,1
Tr-IO 99,3 0,5 0, I <0,1 <0,1
XapaKTepHCTHKH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepo,ll.a. OCHOBHIJIMH xapaKTepH-
CTHKaMH TeXHHqeCKorO yrJIepO.l1a SlB.nSlIOTCSI .I1HcnepCHOCTb, CTPYKTYP-
HOCTb, nJIOTHOCTb.
.lI. H C n e p C HOC T b. CTeneHb .I1HCnepCHOCTH OUeH'HBaeTCSI no cpe.l1-
HeMY .llHaMeTpy qaCTHU (B A HJIH HM), Y.l1eJ1bHOA: nOBepXHOCTH, a TaK-
>Ke no Y.l1eJIbHOMY qHCJIY qaCTHU, KOTopoe xapaKTep.lf3yeTcSI qHCJIOM
qaCTHU, CO.l1ep>KaIUHXCSI B e.llHHHue ,MaCChi HRH OO'beMa.
Pa3Mep qaCTHU OOlJlqHO onpe.l1eJISIIOT MeT0.l10M 3JIeKTpOHHOH M:HK-
pOCKonHH. nOCKOJIbKY qaCTHUIJI TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepO.l1a pa3JIHqalOTCSI
no pa3Mepy, TO OOlJlqHO paCCqHTIJIBalOT Cpe.l1HeapH<I>MeTHqeCKHH .I1'Ha-
MeTp qaCTHU.
Y.l1e.nbHYIO nOBepXHOCTb TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepO.l1a MO>KHO onpe.l1e-
JIHTb no .I1aHHIJIM 3.neKTpOHHO-MHKpOCKOO'HqeCKOrO aHaJIH3a. npH 3TOM
npHHHMaeTCSI, qTO <l>opMa qaCTHU c<I>epHqeCKaSl, a nOBepXHOCTb -
.u.n.eammo r.n.a)JjKaSi. npH lp3cqere nOJIy-q'aIOT zeOMeTpU'leCKYKJ yiJe/tb-
HYKJ nOlBepx,HOCTb Sr:
6
Sr == - D
P n
r.ne p -lJ'JlOT.HOCTb reXIHH'Ieco<oro )'II'Jlelpo.n3; Dn -lCpEUllHenO'BE!lpX!HOC11Hblii ,!1'IIalMemp
( D = niD' )
n np,
248

Y.l1oeJDb1HYIO nQBeI»XlHOCTb 'MO>K.HO onlpe.zr.en'HTb TiaK>Ke .no BeJ1HqHl8e
aJlCOpOU1IH IH'H3'KOMo.neKYJIlSI.plHrblX 'B<eW,ec'f.B ,Ha OOBelpXdlOCTH TeXlHlHqec-
KOro yrJIepo.l1a. Ha\H6wIee WH'pO'KO nOJIb3YIOTCSI 'MeTOI!I.OM 8Jl'OOp6nHili
a30Ta npH TeMnepaType ero KHneR-HSI (MeTO.I1 B3T), a TaK>Ke a.l1cop6-
U,lHH <l>euOJIa ill 'HO.l1a '"3 PI3.cT.BO,POB.
.lI.ml aill.OOIp6UHH !H'H3KOMone.KYJIHtpHblX iBew,eCTB .I1OCTyDHI8 iBCSI 100-
£IoepX.HOCTb qa'C11HUIJI c yqe'J'OM e-e IH€ijJOB.HOCTeH iH yq,aC'IiKOIB Clp.aCTaIHHSI
qaCTHU B nepBHtJ'HIbJX 'a llPel'aT,ax. Y.I1eJ1b1Hl8S1 nOoBep.XlHOCTb, ;paCiCqHTaH-
IHI8S1 no ,atll.OOp6nHH ilfH3KOIM<A1IeKy.nSltp.HIJIX ,Bew.ecrn, IH;a31J1B1aeTCSI aacop6-
t4UOHHOU Sa.
3IH,aqeHJWI Y.lleJIb'HOH aJJ:oo:pOlIJMOHIHOH no.sepx.HOCT.u, nOJIytJeHlHble no
8JlOOp6II.1H.H pa3.niHlJ,HblX 'Bew,TB, iHec'KOJIKO 'P,a3JI,Hq:aIOT.cSl oMe>K.l1Y co-
60H, TaK KaK Me.nKHe noplJl Ha nOBepXHOCTH MorYT 6h1Tb He.l10cTynHhI
MOJIoeKYJI.a'M OOJIee IK!pynnrol'O !p'a3Mepa.
OrHomeHHe a.l100p6U;HOHHOA )'I,!I,enbHOH nOIBepiXlHOCl1H K tf1OOMeT,pHqe-
CKOH 'nOKa3brB,aeT CTen6Hib mepoXO.B1aTOCTH OOOOpXlHOC'f.H qaC11HU. Ta'K
aK Ipa3Mep.b1 Ma.Klpo'MOJIeKYJI laY'qY'K'a OOhltJIHO .3IHl3qH11eJ1bHO 60.n bIJre ,
qeM pa3MeJn>1 yrJIYOOeH:HH iH:a lIO'Boe.»XlHOC11H 'I a CT,H,U. B y,rJIyo.nerHlHSlx
.MorYT 'a.l100.pOHpo8laTb(:SI 'KOMnOHelHrrlJl fBYJI'KailfJl{3YIOw,eH I'pynnlJl, '11'0
BJI'HSI:eT lH'a BYJI KiaH1H3'a IJ;HIO.
C T P Y 'K T Y 'P IH 0 iC T b TeX!H.uqe.cKoro y'rJIepo,!l,a O:I1q)e.D.eJISleTCSI CTe-
neHblO pa3BHTOCTH nepBHqHIJIX arperaTOB. CTeneHb pa3BHTHSI uenoqeq-
.HoA iCl1PY'KTY'plJl 3a,BHOHT orr cnocooo OOJIy'qeHiHSI TeXflfHtJeC'Koro yr.ne-
Ipo.l1a H OT iHCnOJIb3yeMO'I'O CbrP'bSi. Ooo6e1LHO 6JI'aron'ptHwreH .I111I1H 06pa-
30BalHlHSI .nep'8Hq,HIbIX I8lipeparoB lIIeqHoA cnoco6 oopoH3'BO.I1C1"Ba. Bo3H'H-
KialOW,'He oM,e>K.I1Y qa'C11HlJ;aMH XlH'MHqecKIHe CBSl3:H yr.nepo.n - yr.ne:poJI.
06.ytCJIOB.nHBaIOT IB'IJI.cOKYIO mpotJ:nOCTb ne.pBHq,HIbIX al1poeraTOB. Ko.niHqe-
CTBO 3JI'eMeurr:alptH'blX :noerpIBIlftJIHblX q,aC11HU :B T3JKHX ,ar,per.aTaX KOJIeOOeT-
CSI or 2-3 tD..n,SI IH'H3'KOC11PY'KTYPlll'bIX ,M,a,POK TeXIILH1JIetC.KOtrO yrnetpoJla, .110
200-600 J1.,nSl BIJI:COKOCTlP'YKTy,PIHIJIX.
nepBHtJHlJle arperaTlJI, conpHKacaSlcb, 06pa3YlOT MeHee npOqHble
BTOpHqHlJle CTPYKTYPbl. npOqHOCTb BTOPHqHOH CTPYKTYplJl Ko.ne6.neTcSI
B 3aB'HCHMOCTH OT npOqHOCTH CBSl3eH - OT cJJa61J1x BaH.I1epBaaJIbCOBbiX
.110 cpaBHHTeJIbHO npOqHIJIX B0.l10p0.l1HIJIX. OHa, KaK npaBHJIO, TeM 60.nb-
me, qeM MeHbwe pa3Mep qaCTHU, tJeM 60JIbWe wepoxoBaTocTb H co-
.I1ep>KaHHe KHC.nOpO.l1HblX rpynn Ha HX nOBepXHOCTH.
BTOpHqHaSi CTpYKTypa, .I1a>Ke Han60.nee npotJHaSl, npH BBe.l1eHHH
Tex.H'HqeCKOrO yr.nepo.l1a B pe3HHoBYlO CMeCb pa3pymaeTcSI, HO MO>KeT
06pa30BIJIBaTbCSI BHOBb npH CMemeH'HU, xpaHeHHH, BYJIKa.HH3aU'HH, a
TaK>Ke npH OT.I1b1Xe By.nKaHH30BaHHoH pe3.HHIJI.
npSlMIJIM MeT0.l10M onpe.l1e.neHHSI CTPYKTypHOCTH TeXHHqeCKOrO yr-
JIepo.l1a SlB.nSleTCSI 3.neKTpoHHaSi MHKpocKonHSI; KOCBelLHhlM MeT0.l10M
onpe".I1e.neHHSI CTPYKTYPHOCTH SlB.nSleTCSI MeTO.l1 MaCJISIHOrO q.uCJIa.
MaCAIlHblM ttUCAOM, IHJIiH a6cop6t4ueu MaCAa, iH'a3bJ1Baerosr 'KOJlHq'e-
BO (B M.n) He.neTytJeH >KH.I1KOCTH (HanpHMep, JIbHSlHOro Macna HJI'H .I1H-
6YTH.n<l>Ta.naTa), XH'MHqOCKH He B3aHM0.l1eHCTBYIOw,eH C TeXHHqeCKHM
yr.nep 0 .l10M, nor.nOw.aeMoe I r TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepO.l1a npH paCTHpa-
HHH (.110 06pa30BaHHSI «.nenemKH»).
249

TeOpeTHqeCKH KOJIHqeCTBO a6cop6HpOBaHHOrO Macna ,nOJl>KHO co-
OTBeTCTBOBaTb 06'beMY npOMe>KYTKOB Me>K.I1Y qaCTHuaMH nOpOWKa npH
npe.l1e.nbHO n.nOTHOH -UX ynaKoBKe H no.nHOM Y.l1aJIeHHH B03.11yxa. tJeM
60JIbme pa3BHTa nepBHqHaSi CTpYKTypa TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepO.l1a, TeM
B MeHbmeH CTeneHH B03MO>KHa nJIOTHaSi ynaKoBKa qaCTHU npH CMaqH-
BaHHH ox Mac.nOM.
nOMHMO 3ano.nHeHHSI npOMe>KYTKOB Me>K.I1Y arperaTaM:H, qaCTb Mac-
JIa a.l1COp6HpyeTcSI HX nOBepXHOCTblO. 3Ta qaCTb MaCJISIHOro qHcna
nponopUHOHa.nbHa a.l1COp6UUOHHOH Y.l1e.nbHOH nOBepXHOCTH TeXHHqeC-
Koro yrJIepO.l1a. TaKHM 06pa30M, MacnSlHoe q'Hcno SlBJISleTCSI KOMnJIeKC-
HIJIM nOKa3aTe.neM: OHO YBeJ1HqHBaeT<:SI C pOCTOM Y.l1eJ1bHOH nOBepx-
HOCTH H C nOBlJlmeHHM ypOBHSI CTPYKTYPHOCTH. MapKH TeXB.HqeCKoro
yrJIepO.l1a, xapaKTepH3yeMlJle nOBIJIWeHHhlM ypOBHeM CTPYKTYPHOC'NI,
0603HaqalOTCSI 6YKBOA B, CToSlw,eA nocne qHCJIa, YKa3h1BalOlIJ.ero
Y.l1eJ1bHYIO nOBepx,HOCTb. HH3KOCTPYKTYPHlJle 0603HaqalOTCSI 6YKBOA: H.
n .n 0 THO C T b. nJIOTHOCTb qaCT,HU TeXHHqecKoro yrJIepO.l1a MO>K'HO
onpe.l1eJIHTb nHKHOMeTpHqeCKHM cnoc060M.
MOJIeKYJIIJI >KH.I1KOCTeH, <KOTophie HCnOJIb3yroT .llJISi onpe.l1eJ1eHHH
nJIOTHOCTH (cnHpT, aueTOH H .I1p.), CJIIHWKOM BeJLHKH H 'He MorYT npo-
HHKHYTb B Me.nrrne npOMe>KYTKH Me>K.I1Y qaCTHuaMH ,if yrJIy6JIeHHSlMH
S8 nOBepXHOCTH qaCTHU TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepO.l1a. n.nOTHOCTb, onpe.l1e-
nSieMaSi TaKHM MeT0.l10M, HaXO.llHTCSI B npe.l1eJ1ax 1800-1900 Kr/M 8 .
npH onpe.l1eJleHHH, nJIOTHOCTH B >KH.I1KOM reJ1H'H, MOJIeKYJIHI KOToporo
npoHHKalOT BCIO.I1Y, OHa COCTaBJISIeT 1900-2000 'Kr/M 3 . nJIOTHOCTb,
paCCqHTaHHaSi no KOHCTaHTaM KpHCTaJIJI'HqeCKOA pemeTKH, KOJIe6JIeTCSI
B npe.l1eJ1ax OT 2130.110 2160 Kr/M 3 .
nJIOTHOCTb TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepo.l1a KaK MaTepHaJIa, cocToSlw,ero
,H3 OT.I1eJ1bHhlX qaCTHU HJI'H arperaToB, npOMe>KYTKH Me>K.I1Y K010phlMH
3anOJlHeHIJI B03.11YXOM, xapaKTepH3yeTcSI HaClJlnHOH nJIOTHOCTblO. H8"
ClJlnHaSi nJIOTHOCTb TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepo.l1a COCTaBJISIeT 50-300 Kr/M 8 ,
npHqeM qeM 60.nbme ero CTPYKTYPHOCTb, TeM MeHbme HaClJlnHaSi nJIOT-
HOCTb.
npH TaKOH MaJlOH oHaCHInHOH nJIOTHOCTH TpaHcnopTHpOBaH:He H ne-
pepa60TKa TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepo.l1a OqeHb 3aTpY.llHHTeJIbHIJI.
.lI.JISI Y.l1aJIeHHSI H3 TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepo.l1a nocTopoHH'HX npHMeceH,
a TaK>Ke .I1JISI YBe.nHqeRHSI ero HaCHInHoA nJlOTHOCTH :H YJIyqmeHHSI Tex-
HOJIOrHqeCKHX CBOHCTB OD nO.l1BepraeTcSI CneU;HaJlbHOA o6pa6OTKe.
nO,ll.rOTOBKa TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlep0.l18. nO.l1rOTOBKa Tex,H,HqeCKOrO
yr.nepo.l1a 3aK.lllOqaeTCSI B Y.l1aJIeHHH H3 Hero nOCTopOHH'HX npHMeceA H
yn.nOTHeHHH.
TeXHHqeCKHH yrJIepo.l1, nOJIyqeHHhlH JII06h1M cnoco60M, MO>KeT co-
.I1ep>KaTb nOCTopOHHHe BK.lllOqeHHSI: rpHT (cneKW'HecSi qaCTHUIJI yrJIepo-
.I1a) H OKaJIHHY (OT MeTaJIJIHqeCKHX qacTeA annapaTYPIJl). 3TH npHMe-
CH 3HaqHTeJIbHO YXY.l1WalOT MeXaHHqeCKHe CBOHcTBa pesHH, oco6eHHO
.I1HHaMHqeCKyro npOqHOCTb.
.lI..nSl Y.l1aJIeHHSI OKaJIHHhI TeXH.HqeCKHA yrJIepo.l1 nponYCKalOT qepe3
MarHHTHHIe cenapaTOplJl, a .I1J1S1 YMeHbmeHHSI pa3MepOB qaCTHU rpHTa
nponYCKalOT qepe3 M'HKpOH3MeJIbqHTeJ1H, B KOTOphiX KpynHhle qaCTHUIJI
250

.I1pol5S1TCSI .110 pa3MepOB MeHee 0,05 MKM. B HeKOTOplJlX cJIyqaSlx nOCTO-
pOHHHe BKJIlOqe.HHSI Y.l1aJISIIOTeSi nYTeM OTBeHBaHHSI.
HaH150JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHIJIM cnoco60M ynJloTHeHHSI TeXRHqeCKOrO
yr.nep o .l1 a , 3Haq'RTeJIbHO YJIyqmalOw,HM ero TeXHo.norHqeCKHe cBOAcTBa,
SlB.nSleTCSI rpaHy.nHpoBaHHe.
npH rpaHy.nHpoBa,H'HH, KOTopoe npOBO.I1S1T MOKplJlM :HJIH CYXHM cno-
col5aMH, npOHCXO.l1HT arJlOMepaUHSI nopomKoo15pa3Horo TeXHHqeCKoro
yrJIepo.l1a B Me.nKHe c<I>epHqeCKHe qaeTHUIJI - rpaHYJIIJI. .lI.JISI ol5ecne-
tleH'HSI xopomHx TeXHOJIOfHqeCKHX CBoAcTB TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepo.l1a He-
Ol5xO.l1'HMO, qTOl51J1 rpaHYJIIJI 'RMe.nH Y3KHH <l>paKUHOHHIJIA COCTaB no
pa3Mepy. n03TOMY nocne OKOHqaH.HH npouecca rpaHYJlHpoBaHHSI rpa-
HYJIIJI Ol5lJ1qHO npoceBalOT qepe3 C.HTa .I1J1S1 oTl5opa <l>paKUHH Tpel5ye-
Moro pa3Mepa (Ol5lJ1qHO 0,5-1,5 MM). Bo.nee KpYILHhle H 150JIee MeJ1-
KHe rpaHy.n1Jl nocTynalOT Ha .I1pol5JIeHHe H CHOBa B03Bpaw,aIOTCSI Ha
ar JIOMepaUHIO.
rpaHy.n1Jl .I10.n>KHhI HMeTb onpe.l1eJIeHHYIO npOqHOCTb, pa3JIHqHYlO
.I1.nSl pa3HIJIX MapOK TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepO.l1a. C YBeJ1Hqe.u,HeM pa3MepOB
nepBHqHIJIX qaCTHU H C YBeJIHqeHHeM crPYKTYPHOCTH rpaHYJIHpoBaHHe
TeXHHQeCKorO yr.nepO.l1a 3aTpY.l1HSleTCSI, a no.nYQalOw,HecSi rpaHy.n1Jl
HMelOT MeHbmylO npOqHOCTb.
rpaHy.nHpOBaH'He Tex,HHqeCKOrO yr.nepO.l1a ol5ecneqHBaeT nOBlJlme-
HHe ero HaClJIlLHOH nJIOTHOCTH OT 50-300 .110 350-450 Kr/M3, yMeHb-
waeT nlJlJIeHHe, ol5JIerqaSl TpaHcnopTHpoBKY H .I103HpOBaHHe, H YMeHb-
maeT BpeMSI CMemeH'HSI C KaYQYKoM.
XapaKTepHcTHKa TeXHHqeCKoro yrJIepo.l1a OCHOBHIJIX MapoK, npHMe-
HSieMbiX B pe3HHoBoH npoMhlm.neHHocTH, npHBe.l1eHa B TaI5JI. 111.22.
B Tex,HHqeCKOM yrJIepo.l1e .I10nycKaeTcSI C0.l1ep>K3HHe 30JIHI He 150-
.nee 0,1-0,45%, BJiarH He 150Jlee 0,5-2,5% .I1JISI pa3JIHQHIJIX MapoK.
T 36 JI H 11. a 111.22. XapaitTepHCTHKa TeXHHqecKoro yrJlepoAa OCHOBHblX MapoK
CpeAHe. YaenbHBli noaepx.
MapK8 Tex. apHtj!MeTa- ROCTI>, M2/r MaCJIlluoe HaCblDUBIi T1JJOT-
qeCKHIl pH BOAHOil
UHqeeKoro AU/lMeTP qHCJlO. MOTUOCTb. HOCTb. cycneHsHH
yrJlepoA8 'IBCTHII,bI . reoMeTJ>H'1 8ACOP6U.U' MJI/IOO r Kr/M3 Kr/M3
8M qeCK811 OHHal! I
.lJ.r-lO<* 30-33 93-103 130-160 75-85 330 1800 3,5-4,5
nM-lOB 29-32 95-105 <115 97-105 330 - 7-9
nM-90 29-32 85-92 95-105 115-125 320 - 6-8
nM-75 38-42 75-82 <85 95-105 330 1860 7-9
IlM.75H 36-40 75-85 75-85 70-80 - - 7-9
IlM-50 50-65 45-60 40-55 96- 110 330 1870 7-9
IlM.30B 88-100 20-26 18-25 100-120 300 1820 8-9
nrM-33 85-100 32-38 32-38 60-80 400 1880 7-9
IlM-15 155-210 12-18 10-20 85-105 300 1820 8-9
Tr-IO 250-300 12-16 12-15 25-35 300 1900 7-8
ATf-70* 35-40 75-85 60-70 130-150 - - 7-8
· ATr.70 - TeXUHqecKHII yrJlepoA, nOJlyqeuHblii aBTOTepMHqeCKHM cnoc060M HS all,eTHJleHa.
251

TeXHHqeCKHA yr.nepO.l1, nOJlyqeHHIJIA .nH<I><I>Y3HOHHIJIM CnOC060M, xa-
paKTepH3yeTcSI BblCOKOA .I1HCnepCHOCTblO, HH3KOA CTPYKTypHOCTblO, no-
BIJIWeHHOA CTeneHblO WepOXOBaTOCTH H OKHc.neHHOCTH qaCTHU.
Tex.HHqeCKHH yrJlepO.l1, nOJlY'leHHIJIA TepMH'IeCKHM cnoc060M H3
npHpO.l1HOrO ra3a, XapaKTepH3yeTcSI KpynHIJIM pa3MepOM '1aCTHU H
H'H3KOA CTPYKTYPHOCTblO, a nOJlY'IeHHIJIA H3 aueTH.neHa (MapKa
A Tf -70) OqeHb BIJICOKOA CTPYKTypHOCTblO H .I1HCnepCHocTblO.
HaH60Jlee nporpeCCHBHIJIA neqHoA cnoc06 npOH3B0.l1CTBa n03BOJlSl-
eT nOJlY'IaTb TeXHH'IeCKHA yrnepo.l1 <: pa3JlHqHIJIM pa3MepoM '1aCTHU '"
pa3HoA CTPYKTypHOCTblO. B OCHOBHOM MapKH TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepo.l1a,
nOJlY'IeHHOrO ne'lHIJIM cnocoooM, xapaKTep'H3yroTCSI MaJloA oKHcneH-
HOCTblO H 3HaqeHHeM pH BO.l1HOA cycneH3Hn 7+9.
Pa3paOOTaHIJI cnocoolJI oKHcneHHSI nOBepxHocTH '1aCTHU ne'lHOrO
TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepo.l1a (a30ToHoA KHCJlOTOA, O3OHOM H .I1p.), n03BOJlSl-
IOw,He nOJlyqaTb TeXHH'IeCKHA yrJlepo.l1, n0.l106HIJIA .ltH<I><I>Y3HOHHOMY
(MapKa nMO-85H H nMO-I01H - ne'lHoA H3 >KH.ltKOrO ClJlpbSl, OKHC-
neHHIJIA HH3KOCTPYKTYPHIJIA).
CMeweHHe TeXHHqeCKOrO yr nepo.l1a C KayqYKoM. O.l1IUfM H3 yCJlo-
BHH YCHJI'HBalOw,ero .I1eH<:TBHSI Tex.HH'IeCKOrO yrJlepo.l1a SlBJlSleTCSI ero
MaKCHMaJlbHOe .11 H C n e p r.H p 0 B a H H e B pe3HHOBoA CMeCH. YJlY'lwe-
HHe .I1HCneprHpOBaHHSI OKa31J1BaeT o.naronpHSITHoe .I1eHCTBHe Ha 9J1aC-
TH'IHOCTb H npO'lHOCTb BYJlKaHH3aTOB npH paCTSI>KeHHH, a TaK>Ke Ha
conpOT,HB.neHHe HCTHpaHHIO. 4eM OH .nyqwe .I1HCneprHpOBaH, TeM OOJlb-
me ero nOBepXHOCTb KOHTaKTa C KayqYKOM ,H TeM CHnbHee B3aHM0.l1eii-
CTBne Me>K.I1Y HHMB, npHBO.l1S1w,ee K YCH.neHHIO.
O.l1HaKO .ltHCneprHpOBaTb TeXHHqeCKnH yrJlepo.l1 MO>KHO npaKTH'IeC-
KH .no OIII}>e.l1'e.neHHoro n!poetZleJ1a. noJl. npeae/lbHbtM aucnepzup08aHueM
nOHHMalOT pacnpe.l1eJleHHe TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a B CMeCH B BH.I1e
qaCTHU n.nH nepBHqHIJIX arperaTOB npH nOJIHOM pa3pymeHHH BTOPHq-
HIJIX arperaTOB (CTPYKTYP). B npOMIJIWJleILHIJIX CMecSiX '1aCTb TeXHH-
qeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a HaXO.l1'HTcst B BH.I1e KOMOqKOB H, cne.l10BaTeJlbHO, pe-
aJlbHaSi nJlow,a.l1b KOHTaKTa MeHbwe ero Y.l1eJ1bHoA nOBepXHOCTH.
3HeprHSI, 3aTpaqHBaeMaSi npH AHcneprnpOBaHHH TeXHH'IeCKorO
yrJlepO.l1a, paCXO.l1yeTcSI r.naBHIJIM 06pa30M Ha npe0.l10JleUHe B3aHMO-
.I1eHCTBBSI Me>K.I1Y '1aCTHuaMH H nepBHttHIJIMH arperaTaMH. 4eM MeHb-
me pa3Mep '1aCTHU, TeM 60JlbWe B3aHM0.l1eAcTBHe Me>K.I1Y HHM'H H TeM
OOJlbWe paCXO.l1 9HeprHH.
fpaHYJlSlunSi TeXHH'IeCKoro yr.nepO.l1a 3aTpY.l1HSleT .llHCneprHpOBaHHe
Bb1COKO.l1HCnepCHIJIX MapOK TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a C HH3KOA CTPYK-
TypHOCTblO, oopa3YIOw,HX HaHOOJlee npO'lHlJle rpaHYJlIJI.
B npouecce CMeWeH'HSI npOHCXO.l1HT a.l1COpOUHSI 9J1aCTOMepa Ha no-
Bepx.HOCTH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a, npHqeM a.l1COpOHpOBaHHIJIA 9.nac-
TOMep He MO>KeT OIJlTb nOJIHOCTblO Y.l1aJleH c nOBepXHOCTH qaCTHU .I1eii-
CTBneM paCTBopHTe.neA. 3TO CBH.I1eTeJ1bCTByeT 0 xeMocopOUHH nOJlH-
Mepa Ha qaCTHuax TeXHH'IeCKorO yrJlepO.l1a. Oopa30BaHHIO npO'lHIJIX
CBSl3eH Me>K.I1Y MaKpOMOJleKYJlaMH KayqYKa H qaCTHuaMH HanOnRHTeJISi
cnOCOOCTBYIOT npouecclJI MeXaHO.l1eCTpyKuHH, npOTeKalOID.1Ie B npoI(ec-
ce CMemeHHSI H COnpOBO>K.I1alOw,HecSi B03HHKHOBeHHeM CBOOO,ZUIIJIX p-
252

JI.HKa.nOB, KOTOplJle MOrYT B3aHM0.l1eHCTBOBaTb C TeXHHqeCKHM yrJlepo-
)l,OM. B pe3y.nbTaTe npH CMemeHHH KayqYKa C TeXH'HqeCKHM yrJlep0'.l10M
06pa3yeTcSI HepaCTBOp:HMIJIA re.nb (Ca>Ke-KayqYKOBOrO reJlb) H CO.l1ep-
)KaHHe B 9TOM reJle CBSl3aHHOrO KayqYKa 3aBHCHT OT CO.l1ep>KaHHSI TeX-
HHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a B CMeCH, OT, ero MapKH (.I1HoCnepCHOCTH, CTPYKTYP-
HOCTH H CBoACTB nOBepXHOC'JIH), a TaK>Ke OT npHpO.l11J1 9.naCTOMepa H
YC.nOBHH CMemeHHSI. KaK npaB:HJlO, qeM 60Jlbme YCHJI'HBalOw,ee .I1eikT-
BHe TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepO.l1a, TeM 60Jlbme 06pa3yeTcH HepaCTBopHMoro
re.nSl (Ta6J1. 111.23).
T 36.1 H U 3 111,23. BJlHflHHe MapKH TeXHHlfecKoro yrJlepo,ll,a
Ha oopaaoBaHHe CaJKe-KaYlfYKOBoro reJJfI
H CBSl3aHHoro KaYlfYKa CI(MC-30API(
MapKa TelCllllqecKOro
yrJlepoA8
CoAepIKaRHe TeXllllqee-
Koro yrJlepoAa, Macc. q.
Ha 100 Macc. q. KayqyKa
CoAepJKBHHe CoAepJKBUUe CBllsaH.
CIUKe-KayqyKOUOro BOrG KaY'f}'Ka. %
1'e.IIII, %
M-IOO 50 55,5 33
I1M-IOOB 50 51,9 27,6
l1M-loo 50 51,0 26,5
11M-75 50 46,8 20
11M.75 60 55,4 28,S
11M-75 80 68,3 43
[1M.75 100 77,7 55
11M-50 50 41,8 12,7
B npouecce CMeWeHHSI TeXHHlleCOro yrJlepO.l1a C KayqYKOM OCHOBHoe
BpeMSI paCXO.l1yeTcSI Ha ero .I1HCneprnpoBaHHe B CMeCH. Pa3J1'HqaIOT ne-
pHO.l1 BBe.l1eHHSI ero B CMeCb 'H nepHO.l1 .I1HCneprHpOBaH.HSI HeCMOlleHHIJIX
ar.nOMepaTOB TeXHHqeCKoro yrJlepO.l1a B CMeCH.
OCHOBHIJIM <l>aKTopoM, 06ycnoBJlHBalOw,HM CKOpOCTb BBe.l1eHHSI Tex-
H,HqeCKOrO yr.nepO.l1a B KayqYK, SlB.nSleTCSI CTeneHb ero ynJloTHeHHSI.
4eM 60Jlbme .I1HCnepoCHOCTb TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a, TeM Me.l1JIeHHee
OH BBO.l1HTCSI B CMeCb. BOJlee CTPYKTypHlJle MapKH BBO.I1S1TCSI Jlerlle,
qeM MeHee CTPYKTypHlJle, 080 ToA >Ke .I1HCnepcHocm. .
CKOpOCTH Hcnepr'HpOBaHHSI pa3J1HqHIJIX MapOK TeXHHqeCKOrO yrne-
pO.l1a cyw,eCTBeHHO pa3J1HqaIOTcSI. 4eM 60.nbme CTeneHb .I1HcnepCHOCTH
TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepO.l1a, TeM TpY.l1Hee OH .I1HCneprHpyeTCSI. BIJICOKO-
oCTPYKTYPHlJle MapKH .llHCneprHpYIOTcSI Jlerqe, lleM RH3KOCTPYKTypHlJle.
CKOpOCTb ,llHCneprHpOBaHHSI TeM BlJlme, qeM 60Jlbme >KeCTKOCTb CMeCH.
BJlHHHHe TeXHHQeCKOrO yrJlep0.l13 H3 cBoAcTBa pe3HHOBYX cMeceA.
npH BBe.l1eHHH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a B pe3HHOBlJle CMeCH HX B Sl3-
K 0 C T b cyw,eCTBeHHO YBeJlHqHBaeT<:SI 3a ClleT fH.I1p0.l1HHaMHqeCKOrO
3<1><I>eKTa, a TaK>Ke B pe3YJlbTaTe B33HM0.l1eACTBHSI 9J1aCTOMepa C Tex-
HHlleCK-HM yrJlep0.l10M. C YBeJlHqeHHeM Hcnepe.HOCTH 'H CTPYKTypHOCTH
TeXHHlleCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a BSl3KOCTb cMeceA YBeJlHqHBaeTCSI. BJlHSlHHe
pa3.nHqHIJIX MapOK TeXH.HqecKoro yrJlepO.l1a H8 BSl3KOCTb no MYHH pe-
253

3HHOBIJIX CMeCeH Ha OCHOBe OYTa.l1HeH-CHponbHoro KayqYKa nOKa3aHO
Ha pHC. 111.15.
KpoMe 'Toro, BH3KOCTb pe3:HHOBOA CMeCH 3aBHCHT OT npHpO.l11J1 9.na-
cToMepa ill OT ocooelLHocTeH ero B3aHM0.l1eAcTBHSI C TeXHHqeCKHM yrne-
p0.l10M (pHC. 111.16).
n n aCT 0 3 n aCT 'H 'I e C K," e C B 0 H C T B a. nnaCTHqHOCTb CMem
HaXO.l1HTCSI B oopaTHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ee BSl3KOCTH: qeM Bblme BSl3-
KOCTb cMeceA, TeM MeHbme HX nnaCTHqHOCTb.
C YBe.nHqeHHeM CO.l1ep>KaHHSI TeXHHqecKoro yrnepo.L\a B oCMeCH CHH-
>KaeTCSI ee 9.naCTHqeCKOe BOCCTaHOB.neH'He H YMeHbmaeTCH yca.l1Ka npH
1,5
1,0
<t::>1f0
'"
100

. 80

;:),
 80

'fO
...
 20

II:::i a
1 2

,so
20 '10 60 80 100 120
CoiJcp:JICaHUe meXHlJ.'1e-
CHOZO I/ZJIepotla,Hacc.'1.
o 20 M 60 80 100
CotJep:JICaHlJ.e meXHU'Ie-
CHOZO f/Z.Jlepotla Hacc. ".
PHoC. 111.15. 33.BHCHlMOCTb IB!l3lKOCTH :no tMY1l1H npH 100 OC pe3llllH01IblX cMeceA H8
OCH08e OI<iC-30AAK OT tCQltepoK3HHjI TeJOllGNeclKOOO ymneIXU,3 p33J1I\111111b1X 'M3pOO<:
1 - .I1r.JOO; 2 - DM.75; 3 - nM.30; 4 - Tr-JO.
"cMeeH
PHt. I:IU6. 331Bm:ltMOICTb '01'IHotHTeJlbHOii 'II!II3IKOCM '1. =:;--- ipe31m10BWt CMeceA
.,KaJ'!
H3 OCIHOBe 1»33J1H'l!HblX 'K3Y'IfYIKOB OT 1CWJ:ep?K3'RHSI B HHX TexJlllHqecxOCO yr.nepO.ll3 M,ap-
K'H ,IlM-75:
1 - CKMC.30 APK; 2 - CK.l1; 3 - CKanT.40; 4 - CSYTHIIKayqYK.
mnpHueBaHHH pe3HHOBhlX cMeceA (pHC. 111.17), np:nqeM rnaBHhlM <l>aK-
TOpOM, onpe.l1enSlIOw,HM yca.l1KY pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceA: nplll wnpHueBaHHH
SlBnSleTCSI CTPYKTypHOCTb TeXHHqecKoro yrnepo.l1a. C YBen.HqeHHeM
CTPYKTypHOCT,H, onpe.l1eneHHOH no ,MacnSlHoMY qHcny, 9naCTHqeCKoe
BOCCT8HOB.neHHe H yca.l1Ka pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceA YMeHbmalOTcSI. CRu>Ke-
HHIO yca.l1KH pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceA cnocoocTByeT oopa30BaHHe HenpeplJlB-
HOH uenOqeqHOH CTPYKTYplJl HanonHHTenSl, tlTO ocooeHHo BlJlpa>KeHO
.I1.nSl BIJICOKOCTpYKTypHblX MapoK TeXHHqeCKOrO yrnepo.l1a.
n0.l1BynKaHH3aUHSI H BynKaHH3aUHSI pe3HHOBIJIX
C M e C e A. BnHSlHHe TeXHHqeCKorO yr.nepo.l1a Ha BynKaHH3aUHIO pe3H-
HOBIJIX cMeceH 06ycnaBnHBaeTcSI 3HaqeHHe pH BO.l1HOA: cycneH3HH.
B 3aBH,CHMOCTH OT pH cpe.l1lJ1 TeXHHqeCKHA yrnepo.l1 MO>KeT 3aMe.l1-
nHTb H.nH yCKOpHTb npouecc BynKaHH3aUH'H 9naCTOMepOB cepoA B np'H-
CYTCTBHH pa3.nHqHIJIX YCKopHTe.neH BynKaH.H3aUHH. KHcnaSi cpe.l1a, Co-
254

3.11aBaeMaSi TeXHHqeCKoUM yrJlep0.l10M, nOJlyqeHHIJIM JIIH<I><I>Y3HOHHblM
cnOC060M, YBeJlH'IHBaeT BpeMSI n0.l1BYJlKaHH3aUHH H Bpt!MSI .I10CTH>Ke-
HHSI OnTHMYMa BYJlKaHH3aUHH (pH,C. 111.18), ocooeHHo B npHcYTcTBH'H
YCKopHTeJleA OCHOBHoro xapaKTepa. TeXHHQeCKHA yrJlepo.l1, nOJlyqeH-
HlJlii neqHIJIM cnocoooM, HMelOw,HA Ha nOBe.px.HOCTH MHHepaJlbHlJle
np'HMecH ,H C03.11alOUJ..'HA w,eJlOqHYIO Ope.l1Y, BIJI3blBalOT cyw,ecTBeHHYIO
onaCHOCTb n0.l1BYJlKaHH3aHH pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceA.
<I> H 3 H K 0- M e X a H H 'I e.c K H e C BoA <: T B a B Y JI 'K 3 H H 3 a T 0 B.
npH BBe.l1eHHH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a B pe3HHOBlJle CMeOH cyw,eCTBe.a-
60 -
50
*:. If 0

 30

20
10
o ZO If 0 00 80 100 1Z0
Cotlep.7fCl2HlJe me.rHIJ'IeCHO'
zo gz.nepooa,HaCc. 'I.

i:
>:I'
50



30



c!$ 10
(},
70
If 8
pH
12
_PII'C. II.LI7. \3aHCIIIMOC'I'b }"CaJIJKH III'PH umpHQ,eeaHDf'H !pe3HQ1OBbiX CMeceii Ha OOHOBe
CKC.30AiPtK 'OT lOO.llepoK8IHoliSi TeXliUlltlelCKOI'O }'If'Jlej)Olll.a p.83J1H'IJHbI.X MapOK:
1-Tf-IO; 2-.I1r-IOO; 3- nM.75; 4-11M.IOO. .
PHoto HIJIB. 3aIBHOliMOCTb OIIITIIJM1Y'M03 t&YJlKaIllH3a'l(HH tpi3H11OBbiX C'Meceii Ha OOHOBe
HK or pH TeJOHUIJecKoro ya'Jlepo.Aa, IS IDJ!GI'C'Y11CTBHH M6pt(8IJ1'TOI6eoH'STHa30'Jla.
HO IIOBIJIWaIOT<:SI .HanpSl>KeHIHSI npH y.l1J1HHeHHSlx ,H TBep'.I10CTb BynKaHH-
3aTOB, CHH>KaIOTCSI OTHOCHTe.nbHoe Y.l1.nHHeHHe H 9J1aCTHqHOCTb, a npoq-
oHOCTb npH paCnl>KeHHH, conpOTHBJleHHe pa3.llHpy H HCTHpaHHIO npoxo-
.I1S1T qepe3 MaKcHMyM, onpe.l1eJlSlIOw,HA onTHMYM HanOJlHeHHSI
(pHC. III.l9,a, 6, 8, e).
4eM BlJlme .I1HCnepCHocTb (qeM MeHbme pa3Mep q3C1'HU), TeM
oo.nbwe nOBblmaeTCSI HanpSl>KeHHe npH Y.l1J1HHeHHSlx H TBep.l1OCTb BYJI-
KaHH3aTOB C YBeJlHqeHHeM C0.l1ep>K3HHSI TeXHHqeCKOrO yrnep0.l13 B
CMeCH H TeM 3HaQHTeJlbHee nOHH>KaeTCSI 9J1aCTHq,HOCTb 111 OTHOOHTeJlb-
Hoe Y.l1nHHeU'He. AHaJlOrHq,HOe B.nHSlHHe OKa31J1B3eT ill CTPYKTypHOCTb
HanOJlHHTe.nSl- qeM BlJlme CTPYKTYPHOCTb, TeM 60JlbWe HanpSl>Ke-
HHe npH Y.l1J1HHeHHH H TBep.l10CTb, TeM MeHbme 9naCTHqHOCTb H OTHO-
CHTeJlbHOe Y.l1.nHHeH'He.
TeXHHqeCKHA yrJlepo.l1 C HaHoo.nbmeA .l1'HCnepCHOCTblO OOeCne'lH-
BalOT nOJlyqeHHe BYJlKaH'H3a1OB C oOJlee BIJICOKHMH npOqHOCTHIJlMiH no-
Ka3aTeJlSlM'H B onTHMYMe HanonHeHHSI. O.l1HaKO nocJle .I10CTH>KeRHSI on-
THMYMa ,HanOJlHeHHSI 60nee .I1HCnepCHbie MapKH TeXHH'IeCKOrO yrnepo-
..na CH.nbHee CHH>KaIOT n,pOqHOCTb npH paCTSI>KeHHH.
255

CTpYKTypHOCTb TeXHHlleCKOrO yrnepO.l1a OKa31J1BaeT CYU1eCTBeHHOe
BnHSlHHe .ua H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb pe3HH. C nOBlJlmeHHeM CTPYKTypHOC1\H
H3HOCOCTOAKOCTb nOBblWaeTCSI.
np:n BBe.l1eHHH TeXHHtJeCKOrO yrnepO.l1a B pe3RHOBlJle CMeCH YBe-
niHqHBaeTCSI Tenno06pa30BaHHe npH MHOrOKpaTHIJIX .I1e<l>opMaHSlX Byn-
KaHH3aTOB. CTOHKOCTb K pa3pyweHHfO npH MHOrOKpaTHIJIX .I1e<»OpMa-
UHSlX 3aBHCHT OT OqeHb 60nbwOrO tJHC.na <l>aKTopoB, rnaBHIJIM 06pa-
u 0
}: 23 .
, . --..L-"' .
It,O _____
1200
 1000

 800
I 600
  ItOQ
 
IZOO
o. ZO '10 DfJ 80 100 IZ0 I'f{; c:s  0
CQtlej17lCOHue meXHuveCH020
, !/z.nepoOa, Haec. If.
, -
 ZO
::;, 16.0
 IZ.o

 40



o
d
.ft#]
:IZ
 10,
"",
 80
10'
'60
.
 'to

z


20 ItO 60 60 100 120 1110
CotlepJffOHUe meXHUlfQCHOZO
{/Z./lepOOO,HOCC. 'I.
P,HC. LlI.l9. 3a1B1\ICH'MOCTb Mexa.HK"IeoKltX csoAx:18 IpeSHQI 'Ka QlCl/fO'Be OK,C.30APK orr
CO.a.p.>K3IHHSI TeXIIIH'IecKOTO Yi!' Jlepo.ll-<l :pa3JJK"IHbIDt M8JPOK:
a - Ranpl!JKeHHe npH YAJlHHeHHH 300%: 6 - T8epAOCTb DO TM.2: B - npoqHOCTb DpB paCTI!JKe'
HHH; II - OTHOCHTeJlbHOe YAJlHHeHHe npB paspyae; 1- nM-75; 2 - .I1r-lOO; 3 - nM.30;
4 - Tr.IO; 5 - nM-lOO; 6 - nM.50. .
30M OT pe>KRMa HCnlJlTaHHA, cO.l1ep>KaHHSI, .I1HCnepCHOCTH.u CTPYKTYP-
HOCTH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrnepO.l1a.
n)JIH HCnlJlTaHHH B ycnoBHSlX nOCTOSIHHOA Harpy3KH Ha 06pa3eu pe-
3HHIJI C 60nee BblCOKHM HanpSl>KeHHeM nPfl y.l1nHHeHHH MeHbme .I1e<l>op-
MHpylOTCSI H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO 06.na.l1a1OT oonbmeH pa60TOCnoc06-
HOCTblO. TaK KaK pa3pymeHHe npH MHOrOKpaTHIJIX .I1e<l>0pMaUHSlX 3a-
BHCHT OT npOqHOCHhlX CBOHCTB BynKaHH3aTa, TO Ha'H60nbmylO BIJIHOC-
niHBOCTb nOKa3b1BarOT pe3HHIJI, CO.l1ep>Kaw,He OnTHMa.nbHOe KO.nHlleCTBO
TeXHRlleCKOrO yrnepO.l1a.
npH HCnblTaHHH BynKaHH3aTOB B ycnOHX nOCTOSlHHOA .I1e<l>opMa-
URH 60.nee >KeCTKHe pe3HHIJI (C 60.nbmHM HanpSl>KeH'HeM npiH Y.l1.nHHe-
HHSlX) pa60TalOT B 60.nee TSI>KenIJlX ycnOBJfSlX H 61J1CTpee pa3pywalOT-
CSI, O,ll,HaKO y.nyqmeHHe npOIlHOCTHbiX CBoAcTB OKa3b1BaeT nOnO>KHTenb-
HOe B.nHSlHHe H B 9TOM c.nYllae.
256

TBep.l1lJ1e CneKmHeCSI KpynHlJle qaCTHUIJI yr.nepO.l1a (rpHT), KOTO-
plJle MorYT OKa31J1BaTbCSI B TeXHHqeCKOM yrJlepO.l1e, CU.nbH(} pa3pywafOT
By.nKaHH3aTIJI npH MHOrOKpa'mfIJlX .I1e<l>0pMaUHSlX:
CO.nepx<aHHe rpHTa, %. . " 0 0,01 0,02 0,04
BblHOCJJHBOCTb pe3HHbI npH MHO'
rOKp3THOM paCT!lx<eHHH, % . 100 85-90 75 60
BOKpyr KpynHlJlx qaCTHU rpHTa C03.11alOTCSI OqarH KOHueHTpaUHR
HanpSl>KeHHH H pe3HHa HaqHHaeT pa3pymaTbcSI C OOJlbmeH CKOpOCTbfO,
Bbl60p MapKH TeXHH'IeCKOrO yrJlepo.l1a. BlJloop MapKH H CO.l1ep>Ka-
HHSI TeXHHqecKOrO yr.nepO.l1a Onpe.l1e.nsleTCSI r.naBHblM 00pa30M OC06eH-
HOCTbfO paOOTIJI pe3HHOBOrO H3.11e.nHSI, TeXHOJlOrHeH ero npOH3B0.l1CTBa
H 9KOHOMHqeCKHMH COOOpa>KeHHSlMH. TaK KaK TeXHHqeCKHA yrJlepo.l1
.I1emeB.ne KayqYKa, TO, eCTeCTBeHHO, nOBIJIWeHHe ero CO.l1ep>KaHHSI B
pe3HHe oY.l1eT OJiarOrrpHSITHO OTpa>KaTbCSI Ha ee ce6eCToHMOCTH, npH-
qeM MapKH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a C OOJlbmHM pa3MepOM qaCTHU
HMelOT, KaK npaBHJlO, MeHbmylO CTOHMOCTb.
MapKH neqHOrO TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepO.l1a C BIJICOKOH Y.l1e.nbHOH no-
BepXHOCTblO (nM-IOO, nM-75) npHMeHSIIOTCSI .I1J1S1 H3rOTOBJleHHSI Ta-
KHX H3.11eJI:IIA, OT KOTOplJlX TpeoyeTcSI OCQoeHHO BIJICOKaSi ,H3HOCOCTOH-
KOCTb, npOqHOCTb H conpOTHB.neHHe pa3.11Hpy (npOTeKTOplJl aBTOnOKphl:-
meK, HapY>KHlJle OOKJIa.l1KH T,paHcnOpTepHIJIX J1eHT, KaOJlYKH H n0.l10m-
BIJI 06YBH H .I1p.). Pe3HHOBble CMeCH, CO.l1ep>Kal1l'He TeXHH'IeClmA yrJle-
po.l1 9THX MapOK, oo.na.l1alOT BIJICOKOH >KeCTKOCTblO, BIJICOKHM TenJlO-
'oopa30Ba'HHeM npH CMeweHHH H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, BIJICOKOA CKJlOH-
HOCTbfO K n0.l1BYJlKaHH3aUHH,
Tt'XHHqeCKHH yrJlepo.l1 MapKH .lI.r-100 06eCneqHBaeT nOJlyqeHHe pe-
3HH C oo.nee HH3KHM:H HarrpSl>KeHHSlMH npJf Y.l1J1HHeHHSlX, qeM nM-IOO
H n-75 H C OOJlbmHM OTHOCHTeJlbHIJIM Y.l1J1HHeHHeM, n09TOMY npH,Me-
HHeTCH B OOK.na.l10'lHIJIX pe3HHaX Bcex WHH H npOTeKTopax OOJlbme-
rpY3HblX WRH. OH TaK>Ke YBeJlHqHBaeT npOqHOCTb CBSl3H pe3HHIJI c
TKaHbfO H npHMeHSleTCSI B pe3HHOTKaHeBIJIX H3.11eJlHSlX.
.lI..nH H3rOTOBJleHHH OTBeTcTBeHHIJIX H3.11eJ1HA, KOTOplJle .I10Jl>KHIJI 00-
.na.l1aTb y.nyqWeHHblMH .I1HHaMHqeCKHMH cBoAcTBaMH, npHMeHHeTCSI Tex-
HHqeCKHH yr.nepo.l1 MapOK nM-50 H nrM-33, npH'IeM TeXHHqeCKHA
yr.nepo.l1 MapIrn nrM-33 C MeHbweH CTpyKTYPHOCTblO npH.I1aeT Pe3H-
HaM oO"'1ee BblCOKHe 9.naCTHqeCKHe nOKa3aTe.nH H MeHbWYfO >KecTKOCTb_
)J..nSl npOH3B0.l1cTBa pe3HHOBIJIX H3.11e.nHA, B KOTOplJlX HCnOJlb3yIOT
60.nbwoe Ko.nHqeCTBO TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a - pYKaBa, mJlaHrH,
pa3.nH'IHlJle yrr.nOTHHTe.nH, HapY>KHble H BHYTpeHHHe .I1eTa.n.H OOYBH-
WHpOKO npHMeHSleTCSI TeXHHqeCKHii yrJlepo.l1 MapOK nM-15 H nM-30.
MapKH TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepO.l1a, no.nyqeHHOrO TepMHqeCKHM crrOCOOOM,
C MaJlOH Y.l1e.nbHOH nOBepXHOCTblO H 01IeHb MaJlOH CTPYKTypHOCTblO HC-
no.nb3YIOTCSI B npOH3B0.l1CTBe H3.11eJlHH, r.l1e B03MO>KHO BIJICOKOe Hanon-
HeHHe npH coxpaHeHHH BIJICOKHX 9J1aCTH'IeCKHX nOKa3aTeJleA H MaJloA:
TBep.l10cTH (yn.nOTHHTe.nH, OOKJla.l1KH XHMHQeCKOA annapaTyplJl H HeKO-
TOpblX BH.I10B oopeHHeHHIJIX Ba.nOB H .I1pyrHe H3.11eJIHSI TeXHHqeCKorO
Ha3HaqeHHSI). J
17-2397 257

.LI..nSl nO.nyqeHHSI H3.11eJl'HH, OO.na.nalOw,HX nOBIJIWeHHOA 3J1eKTpOnpO'-
BO.l1HOCTblO 'HJlH aHTHCTaT.HqeCKHMH CBOH-cTBaM.H, npHMeHSIIOTCSI MapKH
TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepO.l1a lIOBlJlmeHHOH CTPYKTypHOCTH (A Tf -70,
nM-90B). OqeHb WHpOKO B npOH3B0.l1CTBe pe3HHOBIJIX 'H3.11e.nHH npH-
MeHSIIOTCSI KOMoHHaUH'H pa3.nHQHIJIX MapoK TeXHHqeCKOro yrJlepo.l1a.
Co..eTaHHe pa3HIJIX MapoK n03Bo.nSleT no.nyqaTb pe3HHIJI C nOBlJlmeH-
HblM cO.l1ep>KaHHeM TeXHHqeCKOrO yr.nepo.l1a oe3 YXY.l1meHHSI OCHOBHblX
9Kcn.nyaTaUHoHHIJIX CBOHCTB H C lIOBIJIWeHHOH .I1HHaMHqeCKOH BIJIHOC-
.nHBOCTblO.
HEOprAHH'IECKHE HAnOJlHHTEJlH
K HeOpraHHqeCKHM JlanOJlHHTeJlSlM OTHOCSlTCSI KaK MHHepaJlbHlJle
HanOJlHHTeJ1H npHpoHoro npOHCXO>K.I1eIUfSl - MeJl, KaOJlHH H HeKOTO-
plJle .I1pyrne, TaK H CHHTeTHqeCrme MHHepaJlbHlJle HanOJlHHTeJlH - KOJl-
JlOHD.HaSi KpeM,HeKHc.noTa, OKcH.I11J1 H cu.nHKaTIJI pa3J1HqHIJIX MeTaJlJlOB.
, npHpO.l1Hble MHHepaJlbHble HanOJlHHTeJlH. MHHepaJlbHble Hano.nHH-
Te.nH np'HpO.l1HOrO IIp OHCXO>K.I1eH'HSI , KaK HHrpe.l1HeHTIJI pe3H.HOBIJIX CMe-
ceH, C caMoro Haqa.na pa3BHTHSI pe3HHOBOH npOMlJlm.neHHOCTH HaWJlH
WHpOKoe IIp'HMeHeHHe. XOTSI OHH :H .H3MeHSI.nH <l>H3HqeCKHe CBOHCTBa
ByJIKaHH3aTOB, npH.I1aBaSi HM pSl.l1 no.nO>KHTeJlbHIJIX CBOHCTB, HO OCHOB-
HoA ue.nblO HX npHMeHeHHSI OIJlJlO CHH>KeHHe CTOHMOCTH pe3lHHOBIJIX H3-
.I1eJlHH. 0HH TaK>Ke npHMeHSI.nHCb .I1.nSl no.nyqeHHSI UBe1'HIJIX pe3HH Ha
OCHOBe HaTypa.nbHoro KayqYKa.
C pacmHpeHHeM npOH3BO.I1CTBa CHHTeTHqeCKoHX KayqYKOB B03HHKJla
HeOOXO.l1HMOCTb B npHMeHeHHH YCHJlHBalOW:HX HanOJlHHTeJleH, KOTOplJle
OIJl .I1aJlH B03MO>KHOCTb no.nyqaTb BIJICOKonpoq,HlJle UBeT,HlJle pe3HHIJI Ha
OCHOBe HeKpHCTa.n.nH3YIOW,HXCSI KayqYKOB (6YTa.l1HeHOBIJIX, 6YTa.l1HeR-
CTHpOJIb'HIJIX H .I1p.). Pa3paOOTKa TepMOCToAKHX CHHTeTHQeCK:HX Kay-
QYKOB (CUJlOKCaHOBoro, <l>TopKayqYKa) nOTpeOOBaJia C03.11aHHSI HOBIJIX
Hano.nHHTeJleA, OOeCneqHBalOw,HX BIJICOKYIO TepMOCToAKOCTb, CTOHKOCTb
K pa3.nHQHIJIM arpeCCHBHIJIM Cpe.l1aM, ,HerOplOqeCTb 'H .I1pyrne CBOHCTBa.
B ,HacToSlw,ee BpeMSI HMeeTCSI .I10CTaTOqHO mHpOKHA accopTHMeHT
M'HHepaJlbHIJIX HanOJlHHTeJ1eA, KOTOplJle npHMeHSIIOTCSI .I1J1S1 nOJlyqeHHSI
pe3HH C CaMIJIM pa3HOOOpa3HIJIM KOMnJleKCOM CBOHCT Ha OCHOBe pa3-
.nHqHblX CHHTeTHqeCKHX KayqYKOB.
Me JI. npHpO.l1HIJIH MeJ1 COCTOHT npeHMyw,ecTBeHHo H3 CaC0 3 , co-
.I1ep>KaHHe KOToporo .I10CTHraeT 97-99%. nOCTOpOHIUfMH npHMecSlMH
SlBJlSlIOTCSI no.nYTopHble OKCH.I1IJ1 (Fe 2 0s, A1 2 0 s ) 'H neCOK.
nJlOTHOCTb Me.na COCTaBJISIeT OT 2500 .110 2730 Kr/M s ; <t>oPMa Qac-
THO. B OCHOBHOM c<I>epHqeCKaSl, HO pa3Mep H <l>opMa qaCTHU MorYT Me-
HSlTbCSI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ClIocooa oopaOOTl<Jf clJlporo MeJia.
Cpe.l1HHH .I1HaMeTp qaCTHU MeJia pa3HIJIX COpTOB (B MKM):
MOJlOTbiA . . . . . . 5-20 OCa}\(.u.eHHblH., 0,4
.lI.e3HHTerpHpOB3'HHblH . . 5-8 AKTHBupoBaHHblH OC3}\(-
OTMyqeHHblA . . , . . 2-5 .neHHblH . . . . . . 0.04
B pe3HHOBOH npOMlJlmJleHHOCTH MeJl np'HMeHSleTCSI He TOJlbKO KaK
.I10CTYlIHIJIA H .I1eWeBIJIH Hano.nHH1'eJlb, HO H KaK aHTHa.l1re3HB .I1J1S1
258

onY.I1pHBaHHSI pe3'HHOBIJIX CMeceH. npH BBe.l1eHHH MeJ1a B pe3HHOBlJle
CMeCH HX BSl3KOCTb H3MeHSleTCSI He3HatJHTeJ1bHO.
Pe3HHOBlJle CMeCH, .uanOJlHeHHlJle MeJ10M, .nerKO KaJlaH.I1PYIOTCSI H
WnpHUYIOTCSI, HMelOT POBHYIO nOBepXHOCTb, xopomo 3anO.nHSlIOT
<l>OPMIJI.
npOqHOCTHlJle H 3.naCTHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa pe3HH Ha OCHOBe KpHCTaJl-
.nH3YIOW,HXCSI KayqYKOB C YBe.nHqeHHeM CO.l1ep>KaHHSI MeJia nOCTeneHHO
YXY.I1malOTCSI, He3HaqHTeJl&HO YBeJ1HqHBaeTCSI TBep.l10CTb. B pe3HHax
Ha OCHOBe HeKpHCTa.nJl'H3YIOW,HXCSI KayqYKOB MeJ1 He OKa31J1BaeT YCH-
.nHBalOw,ero .I1eHCTBHSI.
Me.n mHpOKO npHMeHSleTCSI TaK>Ke npH H3rOTOBJleHHH rYO'laTIJIX pe-
3HH. CO.l1ep>KaHHe ,MeJia B pe3HHOBIJIX CMecSiX MO>KeT .I10CTHraTb
200 Macc. 'I.
MOJlOTIJIA MeJl nOJlyqalOT nYTeM pa3OJla npHpO.l1HOrO KOMOBoro
MeJia. 3TO - rpyolJlii Hano.nHHTe.nb co BceMH npHMecSlMH npH£O.l1HOrO
MeJia. CO.l1ep>KaHHe CaCOs B HeM .I10Jl>KHO OIJlTb He MeHee 971'0.
.lI.e3H'HTerpHpOBaILHIJIH MeJ1 nOJlyqalOT pa3Mo.noM npHp0.11HOrO MeJia
Ha .I1e3HHTerpaTopax. nOMO.n Ha 9THX MamHHax 3HaqHTeJ1bHO TOHbme,
'IeM Ha Bcex .I1pyrHx .I1POOSlW,HX annapaTax. no COCTaBY .I1e3IHHTerpH-
pOBaHHIJIA MeJl COOTBeTcTByeT npHpO,ltHOMY MeJ1y.
Pa3.11eJleHHeM cyxoro pa3.11pOOJleHHOrO MeJ1a B03.11ymHoA cenapa-
UHeH Ha <l>paKUHH no.nyqaeTCSI OTBeSlHHIJIA MeJ1.
OTMyqeHHIJIA MeJl npHrOTOBJISIIOT nYTeM B3.MYq,HBaHHSI Mo.nOToro
Me.na C B0.l10H H nponYCKaHHSI cycneH3HH no >KeJ100aM 'Iepe3 pSl.l1 oac-
celiHDB, B KOTOplJlX npOHCXO.l1HT <l>paKIJ,iHOHHOe OTCTaHBaHHe MeJia.
B pa3HIJIX OTCTOHU'HKax nOJlyqaeTCSI MeJl pa3J1HlJHoA .I1HCnepCHOCTH-
OT rpyolJlx qaCTHU B nepBIJIX oacceHHax .110 TOHKO.l1HCnepCHIJIX B noc-
ne.l1HHX.
npH OTCTaHBaHnH Y.l1aJlSleTCSI 3HaqHTeJ1bHaSi qaCTb npHMeceH, B
TOM qHc.ne neCKa, n09TOMY no COCTaBY oTMyqeHHIJIA MeJl OTJlH'IaeTCSI
OT npHpO.l1HOro. CO.l1ep>Ka'HHe CaCOs ,lJ.JlSI MeJia nepBoro copTa .I10CTH-
raeT 98,5%.
OCa>K.I1eHHIJIA MeJl no.nyqaeTCSI oopa60TKoA rameHoA H3BeCTH ,lLH-
OKCH.lI:OM yr.nepo.l1a, pa3Mep ero ltJaCTHU Jl,OC'I1H'raeT 0,04 MKM. EC.nH oca-
>K.l1eHHe npOBO.I1H1\CSI iB npHcY'I'CTiB'H'H 'He6o.nbmHx Ko.nHqeCTB (1-2'%).
MHorOaTOMHIJIX cnHpTOB H 3aw,HTHIJIX KOJlJlOH.I10B (>KHpHblX KHCJIOT,
cTeapaTa KaJlbUHSI .n .I1PYl'Hx), no.nyqaeTCSI aKTHBHpOBaHHIJIH OCa>K.I1eH-
HIJIA MeJl.
AKT.HBHpOBaHHblH Me.n CO.l1ep>KHT .110 99,9% CaCOs. npH ero BBe-
.I1eHHH B pe3HHoBYlO CMeCb YBeJ1H'J:HBaeTcSI npO'lHOCTb, ynpyrocTb, co-
npOTHBJIeHHe By.nKaHH3aToB pa3.11Hpy H 'HcmpaHHIO. Pe3HHOBlJle CMeCH
npHoopeTalOT xopomHe TeXHo.norHqeCKHe cBoAcTBa, a BYJlKaHH30BaH-
HaSi pe3HHa - oapxaTHcTocTb.
AKTHBHpoBaHHlJl1i OCa>K.I1eHHIJIH MeJ1 SlBJlSleTCSI YCHJlHTeJleM 6YTa-
.lI:HeHOBbiX H OYTa.l1He.H-CTHpOJlbHIJIX KayqYKoB. npH BBe.l1eHHH 60-
70 Macc. q. aKTHBHpOBaHHoro MeJia Ha 100 Macc. q. KaY'lYKa npo'l-
HOCTb BYJlKaHiH3aToB .I10CTHraeT 8,0-10,0 Mna npH BIJICOKOM OTHOCH
Te.nbHOM Y.l1J1HHeHHH. npHM;eHSleTCSI COBMeCTHO C TeXHH'IeCKHM yrJlepo-
17*
259

.!lOM npH npOH3B0.l1CTBe pa3.nHqHblX TeXHHlJeCKHX H3.11e.nHH B KaOeJlbHOA
npOMlJlw.neHHOC1'H, a TaK)f{e npH npOH3B0.l1CTBe UBeTHIJIX pe3'HHOBIJIX
H3.!le.nHH Ha OCHOBe CHHTeTHqeCKHX KayqYKOB.
K a 0 JI H H. npHpO.!lHIJIH Kao.nHH - a.nIOMOCHJlHKaT oow,eH <l>OpMy.nbl
A1 2 0 3 . 2Si02' 2H 2 0, CO.l1ep>Kaw,HH B CBoeM COCTaBe OOJlbmOe KOJlHtte-
CTBO npHMeceH, KOTOplJle Y.l1a.nSlIOTCSI H3 Hero OOOraw,eHHeM.
TaK KaK KaOJlHHbI .nerKO .I1HCneprHpYIOTCSI B BO.l1e, .lI.nSl HX 060ra-
meHHSI C ycnexoM MO>KeT OblTb npHMfHeH MeTO.l1 OTMYltrlBaHHSI, KOTO-
plJlH n03Bo.nSleT Y.l1a.nSlTb KP) "Hble nplfMeCH, a TaK)f{e pa3.11e.nSlTb Kao-
JlHH Ha <l>paKUHH no pa3Mepy qaCTHU.
OOOraw,eHHIJIH Kao.nHH COll€"j))f{Hr 32-33% Si0 2 , 55-56% AhOs,
11-12% CBSl3aHHOH BO.l1IJ1 H OlJeHb He60JlbmOe KOJlHqecTBO npHMeceH
B BH.I1e OKCH.I10B MeTa.n.nOB (.110 1 % Fe 2 0s).'
Kao.nHHIJI pa3.nHqHIJIX MeCTOpO)f{.I1eHHH pa3.nHqa1OTCSI no HeKOTOplJlM
<l>H3HqeCKHM CBOHCTBaM (HanpHMep, HX n.nOTHOCTH MorYT Ko.neoaTbcSI
OT 2600-2670 .110 2470-2540 Kr/M S ). LJacTHUIJI Kao.nHHa - MeJ1KHe
KpHcTaJl.nbl n.nacTHHqaTOH <l>OpMIJI pa3MepoM OT 0,5 .110 10 MKJ, pH
BO.l1HOH cycneH3HH 4,5.
Kao.nHH SlB.nSleTCSI .I1OCTynHIJIM, .I1emeBblM MaTepHa.noM.
npH BBe.l1eHHH B KayqYK OH nOBIJIWaeT BSl3KOCTb pe3HHOBIJIX CMe-
ceH, YBe.nHlJHBaeT KapKaCHOCTb H CHH>KaeT HX yca.l1KY.
Kao.nHH aKTHBHO a.l1COpoHpyeT YCKopHTeJlH ByJlKaHH3auHH H npo-
THBOCTapHTe.nH, liTO c.ne.!lyeT yqHTIJIBaTb npH COCTaB.neHHH peuenTyplJI
cMeceA.
B.naro.l1apSi aHH30TponHOH CTpYKType qaCTHU KaOJlHHa, pe3HHOBlJle
CMeCH H By.nKaHH3aTbI, cO.l1ep>Kaw,He HX, npH06peTaiOT aHH30TponHIO
CBOHCTB.
npH HanpaB.neHHIJIX MeXaHHlJeCKHX B03.11eHCTBHSlX, HanpHMep npH
KaJlaH.I1pOBaHHH H WnpHu,eBaHHH, qaCTHu,1JI aHH30TpOnHIJIX HanOJlHHTe.
JIeH opHeHTHpYIOTCSI B.I10Jlb 60.nbmHx oceA B HanpaB.neRHH D.eACTBHSI
CH.nIJl. AHH30TponHaSi cTpYKTypa OCTaeTCSI nOqTH HeH3MeHHOH H B BYJl-
KaHH3aTax, B OTJlHtfHe OT aHH30TponHH KayqYKa, B03HHKalOw,eH B pe-
3YJlbTaTe Ka.naH.tJ.pOBoro 9<1><I>eKTa.
BYJlKaH'H3aTbI, cO.l1ep>Kaw,He aHH30TpOnHlJle HanOJ.lHHTeJIH, 'HMelflT
pa3.nHq'HlJle MeXaHHqeCKHe CBoHcTBa npH onpe.l1e.neHHH H B.I10.nb II
fIepneH.I1HKYJlSlPHO OCH <l>opMoBaHHSI pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceA (pa3J1HlJHaSl
.I1e<l>opMaUHSI, HanpSl>KeHHSI npH Y.l1.nHHeHHH, npOqHOCTb, conpOTHB.neHHe
pa3.11Hpy H .I1pyrHe), a TaK>Ke nOBlJlmeHHlJle OCTaTOqHlJle .I1e<l>opMaUH'H.
Kao.nHH OKa31J1BaeT HeKOTopoe YCH.nHBalOw,ee .I1eACTBHe npH BBe-
.I1eHHH B KayqYK B Ko.nHqeCTBe 20-30 OO'beMH. 11. npH BBe.l1eilHH Kao-
.n'HHa nOBIJIWalOTCSI HanpSl)f{eHHSI npH Y.l1J1HHeHHH, TBep.l10CTb H conpo-
TBJleHHe .HCTHpaHHIO By.nKaHH3aTOB.
KpOMe 3Toro, KaOJlH,"bI nOBlJlmalOT .I1H3J1eKTpHqeCKHe nOKa3aTe.nH,
MaCJlO- H oeH30CToAKOCTb, a TaK>Ke K'HcnOTOCTOAKOCTb pe3HH. Pe3HHIJI,
Hano.nHeHHble KaOJlHHOM, 'HMeIOT HH3Koe conpOTHBJleHHe pa3.11Hpy H3-
3a aHH30TpOOHH ero qaCTHU. Oc06eHHO 9<1><I>eK11HBHO np'HMeHeHHe Kao-
Ji'HHa COBMeCTHO C TeXHH\I.eCKHM yr.nep0.l10M B CMecSiX Ha OCHOBe He-
KpHCTa.!l.nH3YIOW,HXCSI KayqYKOB. nOJlyqaeMaSi H3 HHX pe3'HHa npIHOO-
260-

peTaeT nOBblWeHHOe COnpOTHBJleRHe pa3pymeHHIO npH MHOrOKpaTHIJIX
.ae!j>OpMaUHSlX.
I<aO.nHH HaXO.l1HT WoHpOKoe npHMeHeH'He B KaqeCTBe aJITHa.l1re3HBa
npH CYXOM onY.I1pHBaHHH AnSI npe.l10TBpaw,eHHSI CJlHnaHHSI .nHCTOB pe-
3HHOBIJIX CMeceH H <l>opMOBaHHblX no.ny<I>aopHKaTOB. OH SlB.nSleTCSI TaK-
JKe O.l1HHM 'H3 r.naBHblX KOMnOHeHTOB aHTHa.l1re3HOHHIJIX cycneH3HH,
npHMeHSIeMblX .I1.nSl H30JISlIJ"HH OT c.nHnaHHSI rpaHYJlHpOBaHHblX pe3HHO-
BblX cMeceA.
Be H T 0 H H T - a.nIOMOCH.nHKaT, HeCKOJIbKO oT.nHqalOlUJHHCSI OT Kao-
JI'HHa no XHMHqeCKOMY COCTaBY H CTpoeHHIO qaCTHU. 4acTHUIJI oeHTO-
HHTa (AI 2 0 s .4Si0 2 . 2H 2 0) COCTOSIT H3 TOHroHX nJiaCTIfJHOK, oopa3YIO-
W,HX naLJKH, B KOTOpblX 3TH n.naCT.HHKH OTCTOSIT .I1pyr OT .I1pyra Ha pac-
CTOSlHHH .110 100 HM. no.l1 eHcTBHeM BO.l1bl qaCT.HUIJI 6eHToHHTa pac-
na.l1alOTCSI Ha OT.I1eJlbHlJle n.naCTHHKH, KOTopble oopa3YlOT uenOqeqHlJle
CTPYKTYplJl H TaKHM oopa30M cnocoocTBYIOT oopa30BaHHIO T.HKCOTpOn-
HblX .I1HCnepcHH. DJiarO.l1apSi 9TOMY CBOHCTBY oeHTOHHT np'HMeHSleTcSI B
JIaTeKCHIJIX CMecSlX, npenSlTcTBYSI OCe.l1aRHIO HHrpe.l1HeHTOB H HeCKo.nb-
KO YBe.nHLJHBaSl BSl3KOCTb JlaTeKCHIJIX cMeceH; OH TaK>Ke oo.na.l1aeT He-
KOTOplJlM YCH.nHBalOw,HM .I1eAcTBHeM.
BeHToHHT MO>KeT npHMeHSlTbcSI B pes.HHoBblX CMecSlX, OKa31J1BaSi
.aeAcTBHe, aHa.nornIJJHOe KaOJlHHY (npaB.I1a, HeCKo.nbKO oo.nee YCHJlHBa-
lOw,ee). Pa3Mep qaCTHU oeHToHHTa 0,2-2,0 MKM, ero n.nOTHOCTb-
1900-2400 M'/M s , pH BOAHOA CYOOeH3U'H 4-6. H3-3a nOBblweHHoH a.l1-
COPOUHOHHOii cnocooHoCTH 'H KHCJlOrO xapaKTepa oeHToHHTa B pe3:H-
HOBble CMeCH c.ne.l1yeT BBO.l1HTb oo.nbmHe Ko.nHqeCTBa ceplJl H YCKOPH-
Te.neH By.nKaHH3aUHH.
.lI.'H a TOM H T. np'HpO.l1HIJIH MaTep.HaJi (HH<I>Y30pHaSi 3eMJISI, KH3eJ1b-
ryp, Tpene.n), OCHOBHblM KOMnOHeHTOM KOToporo SlBJISleTCSl OKCH.ll
KpeMHHSI (Si0 2 -81,5-83%, AbOs-5,8-6,35 % , F 2 0 S -2-3%,
MgO -1 %, H 2 0 CBSl3aHHaSi - 10%). AMop<l>Hble qaCTHUIJI .I1HaTOMHTa
pa3MepoM 3-5 MKM 'HMeIOT 3epHHcToe cTpoeHHe. Ero nJlOT;HOCTb-
2150-2300 Kr/M s , pH BO.l1HOA cycneH3HH 7-9,9.
.lI.HaToMHT - .I1eWeBIJIH HanOJlHHTeJlb pe3'HHOBIJIX cMeceH, oOeCneqiH-
BalOw,HH xopomHe TeXHOJlOrnqeCKHe CBoHcTBa, nOBlJlmalOU1HA KapKac-
HOCTb H CHH2f.{alOW,HH yca.l1KY. 06.na.l1aeT. HeKOTOplJlM YCHJliHBalOw,HM
.I1eiiCTBHeM, nOBblmaeT HanpSl>KeH'H,e npH Y.I1J1HHeHHSlX H TBep.l10CTb pe-
3H".
B a p H T. npHpO.l1HIJIH oapHT npe.l1CTaBJISleT COOOH -cYJlb<l>aT 6apHSI
BaS04, cO.l1ep>Kaw,HH B KaqeCTBe npHMeceH COe.l1HHe"HSI CBHH.r,xa H >Ke-
Jle3a, OT KOTOplJlX 3aBHCHT ero UBeT; nJlOTHOCTb 4450-4530 Kr/M 3 , Ha-
CblnHaSi nJloTHocTb-2500-2650 Kr/M s .
B pe3HHoBoA npOMlJlm.neHHocTH npHpO.l1HIJIA 6apiHT np'H,MeHSleTCSI
KaK HHepTHIJIA XHMHqeCKH. CTOHKHH Hano.nHHTe.nb A.nSl KHC.nOTO- H
w,eJIOqeCTOHKHX peaHH. nepe.l1 BBe.l1eHiHeM B pe3HHoBYIO CMeCb oap,HT
npe.l1BapHTe.nbHo ,H3Me.nbqaIOT (OOlJlqH0.l10 qaCTHU pa3MepoM 5,5-
6 MKM).
B HeKoTopblX cJlyqaSlx B KaqeCTBe ycu.nHBalOw,ero HanOJlHHTeJ1S1
CHHTeTHqeCKHX KayqYKoB opHMeHSleTcSI OCa>K.I1eHHIJIA oapHT (OJlaH-
261

<pHKC), npH.I1alOw,HH BYJlKaHH3aTaM BIJICOKOe COrrpOTHBneHHe pa3.11Hpy.
Pa3Mep qaCTHU OCa*.I1eHHOrO 6apHTa B Cpe.l1HeM 0,9-1,1 MKM. OnTH-
MaJlbHOe CO.l1ep>KaHHe - 20 06'beMH. q. Ha 100 06'beM.H. q. KayqYKa.
OCa>K.I1eHHIJIH 6apHT no.nyqalOT H3 npHpO.l1HOrO 6apH.Ta nYTeM BOC-
CTaHOBJleHHH ero yrJleM .110 BaS ,H nocJle.l1YIOw,ero pa3J10>KeHHH <I>.HJlbT-
poBaHHoro paCTBopa BaS cepHoA K'HcnOTOit .
Cyw,ecTBeHHIJIM He.l10CTaTKOM npHpO.l1HOrO H. OCaJK.I1eHHOrO 6apH.Ta
HBJlHeTCH ero BIJICOKaH nJlOTHOCTb.
f H n c. fHncoM Ha31J1BalOT WHpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHHIJIH B npHpO.l1e
MHHepaJl COCTaBa CaS04.2H 2 0. npH HarpeBaHHH .110 130°C rHnc Te-
pHeT qaCTb BO.l1IJ1 H nepeXO.l1'HT B 2CaS04' H 2 0, Ha3b1BaeMIJIH nOJlYBO.l1-
HIJIM rH.I1paTOM; npH HarpeBaHHH .110 2000(;: rHnc nepexO.l1HT B 6e3B0.l1-
BYIO COJlb CaS04, KOTopaH OqeBb Me.l1J1eHHO npHCOe.l1HHHeT BO.l1Y.
B pe3HHoBoH npOMIJIWJleHHOCTH npHMeHHeTcH rJlaBHIJIM 06pa30M nOJlY-
BO.l1HIJIH rHnc (nJlOTHOCTb 2200-2400 Kr/M3), K.OTOplJlH CBH31J1BaeT cJle-
.I11J1 BJlarH, BIJI.I1eJlHIOw,eHcH B npou.ecce BYJlKaHH3aU;HH 'H npe.l10TBpa-
w,aeT 06pa30BaHoHe nop B pe3HHe.
n e M 3 a. neM3a npHMeHHeTCH KaK HanOJlHHTeJ1b B 960HHTOBIJIX H
MHrKHX pe3HHax, KOTOplJle .I10Jl>KHIJI 61J1Tb XOPOWHMH .llH9J1eKTpHKaMH,
a TaK>Ke KaK MaTepH3J1 .llJIH WJlH<I>oBaHiHH pe3HHOBIJIX H3.11eJl'HH. KaK
HanOJlHHTeJlb neM3a HaXO.l1HT WHpOKoe npHMeHeHue B CTHpaTeJlbHIJIX
pe3HHKaX.
neM3a HB.nHeTCH npO.l1YKTOM BynKaHHqeCK.OrO npOHCXO>K./1eHHH.
HMeeT BOJlOKHiHCTYIO nopHCTYIO CTPYKTYPY. XHMHqeCKHH COCTaB neM3b1
seCbMa pa3J1HQeH, OCHOBHOH ee COCTaBHOH qaCTblO HBJlJleTCH KpeMHe-
3eM (OT 50 .110 80%), a TaK>Ke w,eJlOqHO-3eMeJ1bHlJle ,MeTaJlJlIJI (OT 5 .110
15%), BO.l1a (.110 2%), OKCH.I1IJ1 >KeJ1e3a, a HHOr.l1a MeTanJIHqeCKOe >Ke-
ne30.
. npHMe&HeM'Y1O B pe3HHOiBOM npOH3S0.l1C11Be neM3y npe.l1BapHTeJ1b-
HO pa3MaJlIJIBalOT B TOHKO.l1HCnepCHIJIH nopowoK (.110 nonHoro npOXO}K-
.lI:eHHH qepe3 CHTO C 1670 OTBepCTHHM'H Ha 1 CM 2 ). nnoTHocTb MOJlOTOI
neM31J1 2400 Kr/M 3 .
UBeT neM31J1 OT CBeTJlO-Ceporo .110 6yporo; B pe3HHoBoA: rrpOMIJIW-
JleHHOCTH 061J1qHO npHMeHSIeTcH neM3a cBeTno-ceporo D.BeTa. CO.l1ep-
>KaHHe >KeJle3a B nepeCqeTe Ha Fe203 .I10nYCKaeTCH He 60Jlee 1 %; B
neM3e, npe.l1Ha3HaqeHHOH .I1J1H BBe.l1eH,HH B .I1H9J1eKTpoHqeCKHe pe3H.H1JI.
MeTaJlJlHqeCKOe *eJle30 .I10Jl>KHO nOJlHOCTblO OTCYTcTBoBaTb.
T a JI b K. np.npO.l1HIJIH TaJlbK - CHJlHKaT MarHHH 06w,eH <l>opMynH
3MgO.4Si0 2 .H 2 0 CO.l1ep>KHT 63,5% Si0 2 , 31,7% MgO, 4.8% H 2 0,
a TaK>Ke HeKOTopoe KOJlHqeCTBO Fe203.
OH HMeeT qewYHQaTYIO <l>OPMY qaCTHU pa3MepoM 5-40 MKM, nJlOT-
HOCTb 2600-2800 Kr/M3, HaClJlnHaH nJlOTHOCTb - 1250 Kr/M 3 .
TanbK npHMeHHeTcH KaK HanOJlHHT:eJlb pe3HHOBIJI,X cMeceH, KOTO-
plJle nocne ByJlKaHH3au.,HH .I10n>KHIJI HMeTb BIJICOKHe 9neKTpOH30JlHIJ,JH-
OHHlJle HJlH TenJlOH30JlHUHOHHlJle nOKa3aTeJ1," a TalOKe B KaqeCTBe aH-
THa.l1re3HBa - onY.I1pHBalOw,ero MaTepHaJla .I1nH np.e.l10xpaHeH'HH JlHC-
TOB pe3HHOBIJIX CMeceH OT CJI.HnaHHH. liHOr.l1a B TaJIbKe npOBO.l1HT Byn-
KaH.1t3aUHIO pa3J1HqHIJIX TeXHHqeCKHX H3.11en'HH..
262

npH BBe.l1eHiHH B KayqYK npH.I1aeT pe3HHaM CHJlbHYIO aHH30TponHIO
CBOHCTB.
B pe3HHOBOH npOMIJIWJleHHOCTH np:HMeHHeTCH TaJlbK nepBoro H
BToporo COpTOB C rapaHTHpOBaHHIJIM XHMHtJeCKHM COCTaBOM. Ta.nbK
nepBoro copTa ynoTpe6.nHeTC5I KaK Hano.nHHTeJlb pe3HHOBIJIX CMeceH,
BToporo copTa - .I1J1H onY.I1pHBaHHH. npH CKJIeHBaHHH no.nY<l>a6pHKa-
TOB TaJlbK .I10Jl>KeH 61J1Tb Tw,aTeJIbHO CMIJIT C nOBepxHOCTH pe3HHOBOH
CMeCH, TaK KaK OH MO>KeT nocnY>K'HTb npHqHHOH paCCJlOeHHH CKJleeH-
HIJIX nosepXHOCTeH'H paCXO>K.I1eHHSI WBOB.
CHHTeTHlfeCKHe MHHepaJlbHble HanOJlHHTeJIH. K 0 JI JI O,H .11 H a 51
K P e M H e K ,H C JI 0 T a, HJI'H BIJICOKO.l1HCnepCHIJIH OKCH.I1 KpeMHHH, nOJlY-
qaeTCH pa3J10>KeHHeM qeTlJlpeXXJlopHCToro KpeMH'HH B cpe.l1e neperpe-
Toro napa npH TeMnepaType BlJllUe 1000°C (nHporeHHIJIH npouecc)
SICI. + 2H.0 _ SIO. + 4HCI
R.nH «MOK'plJl'M» cnoco60M - OCa>K;lI.eHHeM iOKCH.I1a KpeMIHHH 183 BO.l1HO-
ro pa'C1'Bopa CH..nHKaTa Ha'PpHH ,!J.IB'YOKHCblO yrJlepO.l1a, .nHOO BO.I1HIJI,MH
pa'CTBOpaMH KHC.nOT. B 3a'BHCHMOCTH OT cnoc06a nOJlyqeHHH H TeXHO-
JlOrHqecKHx ilIapaMeTpOB nOJlytfalOTiCH BIJICOK'O.I1H'CnepCHlJle HaUOJIHH-
TeJlH, pa3.nHtfalOw,HeCH pa3MepOM qaCTRU, CTPYKTypHOCTblO, npHp0.l10H
nOBepXHOCTH H HeKOTOplJlMH .I1pyrHMH CBOHCTBaMH. XapaKTepHCTHKa
OCHOBHIJIX MapOK KOJl.nOH.I1HOH KpeMHeKHCJlOTlJI, npHMeHHeMOH B pe3H
HOBOH npOMIJIWJleHHOCTH, npHBe.l1eHa B Ta6.n. 111.24.
T 3 6 JI H U 3 111.24. XapaKTepHCTHKa KOJlJlOH.nHOA KpeMHeKHCJlOTbi
(a9pOCHJJa) Pa3J1HQHblX MapoK
COAepJKaHHe, %
MapKa Cnoc06 OKCH'
upocHJIa npoUS- SiO. 1/)11
BO,1ICTBa lIeTBJI- BOAa
JlOB
A-380 nHpo' 99,8 - <3 (aAcop6.)
reH-
HbiA
A-300 To *e 99,8 - <3 (aAcop6.)
A.I75 » 99,8 - 3 (aAcop6.)
6C-120 MOK- >86 <0,5 6,5
6C-l00 pblA r
To *e >86 <1,0
6C-50 » >75 7,O 6,5
6C-30 »  1,5 6,5
Y -333 » 5,0
'iI.uenWWl
PaSMep noaepJS- pH BOAHoiI flnOTHOCTb.
qaCTUII,. HOCTb a1/.- cycneHsuH Kr/1l3
8M cop6u,Hu,
MB/r
3-15 380:1:40 3,6-4,2 2420
5-20 300:1:30 3,6-4,2 2400
10-40 175:1:25 3,6-4,2 2400
22 120:1:20 8-9,5 2040-2150
27 75-100 7-8,5 2040-2150
54 45:1: 10 9-10,5 2040-2150
00 35:1:10 8-10 2I50
40-50 7-9 2040-2150
BIJICOKO.l1HCnepCHlJle MapKH KOJl.nOH.I1HOH Kp.eMHemHcnoTIJI (a9pOCH-
JlIJI A-175, A-300, A-380) HCnOJIb3ylOTCSI rnaBHIJIM 06pa30M KaK aKTJlB-
HlJle HanOJlHHTeJ1'H CHnOKca.HOBIJIX KayqYKOB, KOTOplJle 6e3 YCHJI.HBalO.
I1I.HX Hano.nHHTeJleH xapaKTepH3YIOTCH MaJlOH npOqHOCTblO (0,2-
0,5 Mna)_ npH BBeJJ.eHHH a9pOCHna A-380 (35-50 Macc. 'I.) npoq-
263

HOCTb pe3HH npH paCTH>KeHHH nOBblwaeTCH .110 8-12 Mna. BBe.l1eHoHe
nHporeHHoA KOJl.nOH.I1HOH KpeMHeKHCJlOTIJI 60Jlee 9<1><I>eKTHBHo, qeM KHC-
JlOTIJI, nOJlyqeHHOH «MOKPIJIM» cnoc060M. B npHcYTcTBHH nHporeHHoro
OKCH.I1a KpeMHHH pe3HHIJI Ha OCHOBe CHJlOKCaHOBIJIX KayqYKOB HMeT
60Jlee BIJICOKYIO MOp030CTOHKOCTb H .nyqWMe .I1H3.neKTpHqeCKHe CBOH-
CTBa.
M3-3a He3HaqHTeJlbHOH BH3KOCTH CHJlOKCaHOBIJIX KayqYKOB .I1HCnep-
rHpOBaHHe Hano.nHHTeJleH B HliX CH.nbHO 3aTpY.l1HeHO, n09TOMY CH.nOK-
caHOBble KayqYKH BblnYCKaT B BH.I1e HanOJlHeHHIJIX CMeceH, KOTOplJle
nOJlyqaT .I1.nHTeJ1bHIJIM nepeMeWHBaHHeM 3J1aCTOMepa C HanOJlHHTe-
.neM B CneUHaJlbHIJIX CMeCHX. rH.I1pOKou.nbHlJle rpynnlJl, npHCYTCTBYIO-
W,He Ha nOBepXHOCTH HanOJlHHTeJlH, XHMHqeCKH B3aHM0.l1eHCTBYlOT C
no.nHMepOM (B <:OCTaBe KOToporo TaK>Ke .HMeTCH OH-rpynnbl), B pe-
3YJlbTaTe qero npOHCXO.lJJHT CTPYKTypHpOBaHHe pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceii; npH
9TOM OHH TepHIOT TeKyqe'CTb :H cnoc06HOCTb K nepepa60TKe nocJle:
KpaTKOBpeMeHHoro Xpa.HeHHH. .lI.JlH npe.l10TBpaw,eHHH 9Toro HB.neHHH
HanOJlHHTeJ1b 06pa6aTIJIBalOT pa3J1HqHIJIMH cnHpTaMH (HaH60Jlee 9<1>-
<t>eK11HBeH 6YTHJlOBIJIH), KOTOplJle CBH3IJ1BaT rH.I1pOKOHJlbHlJle rpynnlJl
HanOJlHHTeJlH H YBeJ1HqHBaIOT rH.I1po<l>06HOCTb ero nOBepXHOCTH. .lI.JlSI
YCTpaHeHHSI CTPYKTypHpoBaHHH WHpOKO HcnoJlb3yeTcH BBe.l1eHHe B pe-
3HHOBlJle CMeCH npH HX iH3rOTOB.neHHH CneUHaJlbHIJIX aHTHCTpYKTypH-
PYIOW,HX .I106aBOK. HaH60Jlee H3BeCTeH .l{H<I>eHHJlCHJlaH.I1HOJl, KOTOplJlA
BBO.l1HT B pe3HHOBlJle CMeCH CHJlOKCaHOBIJIX KayqYKOB C a3pOCH.nOM B
Ko.nHtleCTBe .110 10 Macc. q.
AH'fIHCTPYKTypHpYIOw,He .I106aBKH YJlyqWalOT CBOHCTBa BynKaHH3a-
TOB Ha OCHOBe CHJlOKCaHOBIJIX KayqYKOB.
KOJlJlOH.I1HaH KpeMHeKHCJlOTa, nOJlyqeHHaH «MOKPIJIM» cnoc060M,
.I10BOJlbHO WHpOKO ,HcnOJlb3yeTcSI B KaqeCTBe YCHJlHBalOw,ero HanOJlHH-
TeJlH pe3HH Ha OCHOBe KayqYKOB 06w,ero H CneUHaJlbHOrO Ha3HaqeHHH.
OHa n03Bo.nHeT nOJlyqaTb UBeTHlJle pe3HHIJI Ha OCHOBe HeKpHCTaJlJlH3Y-
IOW,HXCH KayqYKOB, no npOqHOCTHIJIM CBOHCTBaM He YCTynalOw,He pe-
3H.HaM, CO.l1ep>Kaw,HM TeXHHqeCKHH yrJlepo.l1 O.l1HHaKOBOH Y.l1eJlbHOH no-
BepXHOCTH. OnTHMaJlbHOe CO.l1ep>KaHHe KOJlJlOH.I1HOH KpeMHeKHCJlOTHI B
pe3HHax 40-60 Macc. q. Ha 100 Macc. q. KayqYKa.
BYJlKaHH3aTIJI, cO.l1ep>Kaw,He BIJICOKO.l1HCnepCHIJIH OKCH.I1 KpeMHHSI.
no cpaBHeHHIO C BYJlKaHH3aTaMH C TeHHqeCKHM yrJlep0.l10M HMelOT
MeHbWHe ,HanpH>KeH,HH npH Y.l1J1,HHeH:HHX H 60Jlee BIJICOKYIO TBep.l10CTb,
3J1aCTHqHOCTb H OTHOOHTeJ1bHOe Y.l1J1HHeHHe. OHH 06J1a.l1a1OT BIJICOKHMH
.I1H3.neKTpHQeCKHMH nOKa3aTeJl)lMH.
Ha [!OBepXHocTH qaCTHU KOJlJlOH.I1HOH KpeMHeKHCJlOTIJI cO.l1ep>KaTCR
no.nHpHlJle rpynnlJl, KOTOplJle 9<1><I>eKTHBHo a.l1COp6HPYIOT YCKopHTeJlH
BYJlKaHH3aUHH. Bc.ne.l1CTBHe 3Toro BIJICOKO.l1HCnepCHIJIH OKCH.I1 KpeMHHSI
He06xo.l1HMO BBO.l1HTb B pe3HHoBbie CMfCH B Ko.nHqeCTBe Ha 30-50%
60.nbweM, qeM B CMec.a _C TeXHHqeCKHM yrJlep0.l10M. .lI.JlSI YMeHbweHHSI
KOJlHqeCTBa YCKopHTeJleH BYJlKaHH3aUHH ,H BYJlKaH>H3YIOUJ.'HX areHTOB B
CMecSlX, cO.l1ep>Kaw,Hx KOJlJlOH.I1HYIO KpeMHeKHcJlOTY, npHMeHHIOT HeKO-
TOplJle aKTHBaTOplJl - aMHHbI H rJlHKOJlH. npH BBe.l1eHHH aKTiHBaTOpOB
(1,5-4,0 Macc. 'I.) YMeHblUaeTcH BH3KOCTb pe3HHoBbIX CMeceH H YCKO-
264

,
pHeTCH BYJlKaHH3aUHH. B KaqeCTBe aKTHBaTOpOB BIJICOKYIO 9<1><I>eKTHB-
HOCTb npOHBJlHIOT .I1H- H TpiH3TaHOJlaMHHIJI, .I1H6YTHJI- H UHK.IIOreKCHJI-
3MHH, rJlHuepHH, 3THJleHrJlHKOJlb, .I1H3THJleHrJlHKO.nb '" .I1PyrHe. 8<1><I>eK-
'f.HBHOCTb .I1eHCTBHH aKTHBaTOpOB 3aBHCHT OT npHpO.l11J1 nOJlHMepa H
BH.I1a KOJlJlOH.I1HOH KpeMHeKHcnoTIJI.
BIJICOKO.l1HCnepCHIJIH OKCH.I1 KpeMHHH (oc06eHHO CHJlbHOrH.I1paTHpO-
BaHHblH MapOK BC-IOO, BC-120) WHpOKO Hcnonb3yeTcSI B pe3HHOBIJIX
CMeCHX, .HanOJlHeHHb1X TeXH,HqeCKHM yrJlep0.l10M, KaK .I106aBKa (5-
20 Macc. '1.), YJlyqWalOw,aH a.l1re3HIO pe3'HHIJI K CHHTeTHqeCKHM BOJlOK-
HaM, TKaHHM Ha HX OCHOBe H MeTaJl.naM.
C H JI H KaT bI K a JI bun H H a JlIO M H HUH. BIJICOOJ1.HCnepCHlJle
CH.nHKaTbi KaJlbUHH H aJlIOMHHHH no.nyqalOT B3aHM0.l1eHCTBHeM BO.I1HIJIX
paCTBopOB CYJlb<l>aTa aJlIOMHHHH .u.nH XJlOpH.I1a KaJlbUHH C CHJlHKaTOM
HaTpHH C nOCJle.l1YIOu:(HM BlJI.I1eJleHHeM HepaCTBOpHMIJIX CHJlHKaTOB. no
CBoeMY YCHJI,"BaiOw,eMY .I1eHCTBHIO CHJlHKaTIJI MaJlO OTJlHqalOTCH OT
KOJlJlOH.I1HOH KpeMHeKHCJlOTIJI np.u O.l1HHaKOBOM pa3Mepe qaCTHU. npu
HX ,HCnOJlb30BaHHH He Tpe6yeTcH npHMeHeHHH YBeJl.HqeHHOrO KOJlHqe-
CTBa YCKopHTe.neH BYJlKaHH3alJ,iHH H aKTHBaTopOB. OH.H npHMeHHIOTCH
npH npOH3B0.l1CTBe UBeTHIJIX pe3HHOBbiX H3.11eJlHH Ha OCHOBe HeKpHC-
TaJl.nH3YIOW,HXCH CHHTeTHqeCK.ux KayqYKOB.
OK C 'U.I1 Mar H H H (>K>KeHaH MarHe3HH, 'HJlH MarHe3HH YCTa) no-
JIyqaeTCH nYTeM TepMHqeCKOrO pa3J10>KeHHH OCHOBHoro yr .neKHcnoro
MarHHH npH TeMnepaType CBeTJlOrO KaJleHHH:
MgC03.Mg(OH)2 = 2MgO + CO 2 + H 2 0
no <l>H3HqeCKOH CTpYKType pa3.nHqalOT .I1Ba BH.I1a OKCH.I1a MarHHH:
TH>Ke.nblH H JlerKHH. HaclJlnHaH n.nOTHOCTb JlerKorO BH.I1a OKCH.I1a Mar-
HHH 190-200 Kr/M 3 , TH>KeJlOrO - 1000 Kr/M3; HaMeTp qaCTUU OT 1,69
.no 2,47 MKM, nJlOTHOCTb - 3130-3650 Kr/M 3 .
OKCH.I1 MarHHH npHMeHHeTcH KaK HeOpraHHQeCKUH YCKOPHTeJ1b BYJI-
KaHH3aUHH B 360HHTOBbiX CMeCHX, a B pe3HHOBIJIX CMeCHX H3 no.niH-
x.noponpeHa KaK By.nKaHH3YIOw,HA: areHT COBMeCTHO C OKCH.I10M UHHKa
H KaK Bew,eCTBO, HeHTpa.nH3YIOw,ee HCI, oTw,en.nHIOllJ,HHCSI OT nOJlH-
xJlOpOnpeHa B npouecce By.nKaHH3aUHiH. .lI..nH HeHTpaJlH3aUHH BIJI.I1eJlH-
lOlll,erOCH HCI OKCHJI. MarH'HH BBO.l1S1T BO ,Bce CMeCH, CO.l1ep>Kaw,He «xo-
JIO.l1HIJIH» <l>aKTHc. B pe3HHOBlJle CMeCH Ha OCHOBe <l>TopKayqYKOB OKCH.I1
MarHHH BBO.l1HTCH (.110 10 Macc. 'I.) .I1J1H CBH3b1BaHHH BIJI.I1eJ1HIOw,erOCH
B npouecce By.nKaH.u3aD.HH <l>TOptHCTOrO B0.l10p0.l1a.
CMeweHHe OKCH.I1a MarHHH C KayqYKoM npe.l1CTaBJlHeT 3HaqHTeJlb-
Hble TPY.l1HOCTH, TaK KaK OH 3aHHMaeT 60JlbWOH 06'beM H OqeHb nJlo-
xo CMa'IHBaeTCH KayqYKoM. npH CMeweHHH OKCH.I1a MarHHH C CHHTe-
THqeCKHMH KayqYKaMH He06xo.l1HMO BBO.l1HTb >KHpHlJle KHCJlOTbI, KaHH-
<l>OJlb UJI," BIJICOKOMoJleKYJlHpHlJle CijHpTIJI.
B pe3HHax Ha OCHOBe yrJleB0.l10p0.l1HIJIX KayqYKOB OKCH.I1 MarHUH
npOHBJIHeT cJla60e YCHJlHBalOw,ee .I1eHCTBHe - HeCKo.nbKO nOBIJIWaeT
HanpH>KeHHH npH Y.l1J1HHeHUHX, TBep.l10CTb H npOqUOCTHlJle CBoA:cTBa.
CHH>KaeT TenJlo06pa30BaHHe B pe3HHax npH MHorOKpaTHIJIX .I1e<l>opMa-
QHSlX.
265

OK C H.I1 II. H H K a (TexHHqeCKOe Ha3BaHHe - UHHKOBlJle 6enHna)
npe.l1CTaBJHleT C060H 6eJ11J1A: nopOWOK nJlOTHOCTblO 5500-5600 KrfM8
CopTa OKCH.I1a UHHKa, npHMeHHeMoro B pe3HHoBoH npOMIJIWJIeHHOC'fiH,
HMelOT Cpe.l1HHA: pa3Mep qaCTHU OT 0,1 .110 0,3 MKM. nonyqaeTCSI C>KH-
raHHeM MeTaJlJl'HtfeCKoro D.HHKa B cneUHanbHIJIX My<l>eJ1bHIJIX netfax.
B pe3HHoBoM npOH3B0.l1CTBe Hcnonb3yIOT UHHKOBlJle 6eJ1'HJIa MapoK
M-l H M-2:
M.I M.2
OKCH.n LlHHKa, %. He MeHee. . . . . . . 99,5 99,0
CBltHeLl (B nepeC'IeTe Ha OKCH.n CBHHna), %, He 60-
Jlee. . . . . . . . . . 0,02 0,30
nOTepH npH npOKaJlHBaHHH. %, Be 60nee . . . 0,3 0,5
HepaCTBopHMble B COJlSlBoA KHCJJOTe DpHMecB. %.
He 60Jlee . . . . . . 0,008 0.015
npoceB 'Iepea CHTO 1600 OTB/cyl nOJlHblA npoceB
OKCH.I1 UHHKa B pe3HHOBIJIX CMeCHX HrpaeT BeCbMa Ba>KHyIO' pOJlb:
OH HB.nHeTCH aKTHBaTopoM YCKopHTeJ1eH, YCHnHBalOIUHM HanOnHIHTeJ1eM
.I1J1H HaTypaJlbHoro KayqYKa, BynKaH,H3ylOIu,.HM areHTOM .I1J1H nOJlUXJIO-
ponpeHa H THOKOJlOB f 6eJ1IJ1M KpaCHTeJleM H TenJlOnpOBO.I1Hw,HM Ha-
nOJlHHTeJleM .I1J1H pe3'HH '83 BCeX BH.I10B' KayqYKOB, CHH>KalOw,HM TenJlO-
06pa30BaHHe npH MHorOKpaTHIJIX .I1e<l>opMaUHHX.
CO.l1ep>KaHHe OKCH.I1a U,HHKa B pe3HHOBIJIX CMeCHX: 1-2% Macc. tf.
(OT MaCCIJI KayqyKa) .I1J1H aKTH"aUHH y.nbl"paycKopHTeJIeH, 5% Mace. q.
.I1nSl YCKopHTeneA: Cpe.l1HerO H Me.l1J1eHHOrO .I1eHCTBHH, 10-30% Macc q.
np'H np'HMeHeHHH ero KaK TenJlOnpOBO.l1Hw,ero Hanon.uHTeJIH .I1nSl pe-
3HH.
<I> TOp H.I1 K a JI b II. H SI. B npHpO.l1e fl>TOPH.I1 KaJIbUHH (CaF 2 ) BCTpe-
qaeTCH B BH.I1e nJlaBHKOBoro wna-Ta. 3TOT MHHepaJl cnY>KHT HCTOqHH-
KOM nOJlytfeHHH Bcex coe.n.HHeHHH <l>Topa. CHHTeTHqeCKHH CaF 2 nOJlY-
qaeTCH .I1eHCTBHeM pacTBopa NH4F Ha pacTBOp CaCI 2 :
2NH.F + CaC1 1 _ CaF. + 2NH.CI
<l>TOpH.I1 KaJlbU;HH, nOJlyqaeMIJIH no 9TOMY cnoc06y, npe.l1CTaBJlHeT co-
60H 6eJlIJIH nopowOK C pa3MepaMH qaCTHU 0,01-0,1 MKM, nJlOTHOCTblO
3180 Kr/M3, nOKa3aTeJ1eM npeJ10MJleHHH 1,4339, Y.l1eJlbHoA: nOBepx-
HOCTblO 25-30 M 2 fr.
<l>TOpH.I1 Ka.nbD.HH npHMeHHeTcH B CMeCHX Ha OCHOBe <l>TopKayqYKOB
H B CMeCHX .I1J1H nOJlyqeHHH pe3HH, 06J1a.l1alOW;HX nOBIJIWeHHoA: Ten.no-
CTOHKOCTblO.
Cyw,eCTBeHHoe BJlHSlHHe Ha <l>H3JfKO-XHM'HtfeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH '8
CBOHCTBa nOJlyqeHHOrO <l>TopH.I1a KaJlbD.HH KaK HanOJlHHTeJlH OKaSIJIBa-
eT TeMnepaTypa cymKH. C nOBlJllUeHHeM TeMnepaTyplJl CYWKH nOJlyqa-
eTCSI 60Jlee KpHCTaJlJlHqeCKHA: H MeHee .I1HCnepCHIJIH np0.l1YKT.
<l>TOp:H.I1 KaJlbUHH, BlJlcyweHHIJIH npH 85-90°C, 06J1a.l1aeT 60JlblUeA:
aKTHBHOCTblO, qeM BlJlcYlUeHHIJIH npH 400°C.
OPfAHHIJECKHE HADonHHTEnH
K OpraHHqeCKHM HanOnHHTeJlHM OTHOCSITCH W,eJIOqHOH cYJlb<l>aTHhlA:
n'HrHHH. a TaK>Ke pa3J1HqHlJle CHHTeTHqeCKHe BlJlcoKoMoneKYJlHpHlJle co-
e.l1HHeHHH - CMOJlIJI H nnaCT.HKH.
266

Ill. e JI 0 tf 'H 0 A: C Y JI b <I> aT H bI A: JI H r H H H. JIHrHHH - BIJICOKOMO-
neKYJlHpHIJIH npO.l1YKT, HBJISlIOW,HA:CH KOMnOHeHTOM .I1peBeCHHIJI. Ero co-
.I1ep>KaHHe B .I1peBeCHHe COCTaB.nHeT 20-30%.
OH MO>KeT 61J1Tb BhI.I1eJ1eH KaK n060'IHIJIH npO.l1YKT npH nOJlyqeHHH
83 .I1peBeCHHIJI UeJ1mOJl03b1, 06pa60TKOH ee w'eJ10qblO (HJlH W,eJ10tfblO
COBMeCTHO C CYJlb<l>aToM HaTpHH) npH nOBIJIWeHHOH TeMnepaType C
nOCJle.l1YIOw,HM nO.l1KHcneHHeM qepHOrO w,eJ10Ka, CO.l1ep>Kaw,ero paCTBOp
JlHrHHHa, .I1BYOKHCblO yrJlepO.l1a HJlH KHcnoTaMH.
EcnH w,eJlOqHOH paCTBOp JlHrHHHa CMelllaTb C HaTypaJlbHIJIM HJlH
CHHTeTHqeCKHM JlaTeKCOM H COBMeCTHO ocaJJ.HTb KHCJlOTOA: HJlH paCTBO-
paMH 9J1eKTpOJlHTOB, TO nOJlyqaeTCH JlHrHHHOHanOJlHeHHIJIH KaytfYK, B
KOTOpOM JlHrHHH HBJlHeTCH 9<1><I>eKTHBHIJIM YCH.nHBalOw,HM Hano.nHHTe-
JleM. .
npH CO.l1ep>KaHHH 30-50 Macc. q. JlHrHHHa pe3HHIJI Ha OCHOBe 6y-
Ta.llHeH-CTHpOJlbHOrO KayqYKa no npOtfHOCTHbiM CBOHCTBaM CTaHOBHTCH
nOXO>KHMH Ha pe3HHIJI, CO.l1ep>Kaw,HMH B KatfeCTBe Hano.nHHTeJ1H aKTHB-
Hble MapKH TeXH,HqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a.
BYJlKaHH3aTIJI JlHrHHHOHanOJlHeHHIJIX KayqYKOB H,MeIOT BIJICOKYIO
TBep.l10CTb H HH3He HanpH>KeHHH npH Y.l1J1HHeHHHX. OHH OTJlHqalOTCH
XOPOWHM conpOTHBJleH'HeM TenJlOBOMY CTapeHHIO. Ha OCHOBe JlHrHHHO-
HanOJlHeHHOro KayqYKa MorYT 61J1Tb nOJlyqeHIJI UBeTiHlJle pe3HHIJI.
B KatfeCTBe OpraHHqeCKHX YCHJlHBalOW,HX HanOJlHHTeJleH KayqYKOB
MorYT npHMeHHTb HeKOTOplJle BIJICOKOMOJleKYJlHpHlJle COeJ1;HHeHHSI-
no.nHCTHpOJl, no.nHBHH,"JlXJlOp'H.I1 H .I1pyrHe.
KPACUJ.HE BEUJ.ECTBA
.lI..nH nOJlyqeHHH OKpaWeHHIJIX pe3HH B pe3HHOBlJle CMeCH BBO.l1HT
KpacHw,He Bew,eCTBa. no CBoeR npHpO.l1e OHH .I1eJlHTCH Ha HeopraHH-
tfeCKHe KpacSlw,He Bew,eCTBa (nHrMeHTIJI) H opraH,"qeCKHe KpaCHW,He
Bew,eCTBa (KpaCHTeJlH).
HeOpraHHQeCKHe nHrMeHT. KpaCHll1aH cnoc06HOCTb nHrMeHTOB
saBHCHT OT CTeneHH HX .I1HCnepCHOCTH H cnoc06HOCTH .I1HCneprHpOBaTb-
CH B KayqYKe. C YMeHbwe.HHeM pa3Mepa qaCTHU nHrMeHTa HHTeHCHB-
HOCTb OKpalllHBaHHH pe3HH B03paCTaeT.
Pe3H.HIJI OKpaWHBalOT B 6e.nble, KpaCHble, >KeJ1TlJle, 3eJleHlJle UBeTa
H pe.l1KO B CHHHe. CTapeHHe pe3HH no.l1 .I1eHCTBHeM CBeTa B 3Haq'HTeJ1b-
HOH CTeneHH 3aBHCHT OT OKpaCKH pe3HHIJI. HaH60JlbWYIO <l>oT03aw,HTY
.I1alOT 6eJ1IJ1H, >KeJlTIJIH H 3eJ1eHIJIH UBeTa; OKpaCKa B CHHHe UBeTa YCKO-
pSieT CTapeHHe. 3TO HB.neHHe CBH3aHO C rtorJlOw,eHHeM HJlH OTpa>KeHH-
eM onpe.l1eJleHHOR qaCTiH cneKTpa.
YCTaHOBJleHO, qTO qeM 60.nbllle pa3.nHqHe Me>K.I1Y nOKa3aTe.nHMH
npe.nOMJleH,HH KayqYKa H nHrMeHTa, TeM HHTeHCHBHee nHrMeHT OKpa-
WHBaeT KayqYK H TeM MeHbllle ero Ha.l10 BBO.l1HTb B CMeCb. De.nlJle nHr-
MeHTbI Jlyqwe Bcero 3aw,Hw,aIOT pe3HHIJI OT CTapeHHH, TaK KaK OH," OT-
pa>KalOT 60JlbWYlO qaCTb cneKTpa.
HHTeHCHBHOCTb GenOH OKpaCKH pe3HHbI 3aBHCHT OT nOKa3aTeJleA:
npe.nOM.neHHH KayqYKa H ,6eJloro nHrMeHTa, a TaK>Ke OT pa3Mepa H
267

<l>OpMhI ero qaCTUU. tJeM ooJlblUe pa3JIHque B nOKa3aTeJISIX npenOMne-
HUSI, TeM pe3tfe BIJICTynaeT 6eJlaSi OKpaCKa. Ha HHTeaOHBHOCTb 6enoA
OKpaCKH OKa3h1BaIOT cyw,eCTBeHHoe BJlHSlHHe BXO.l1HW;Ue B pe3HHOBYIO
CMeCb HHrpe.l1HeHTIJI.
H.H>Ke npHBe.l1eHIJI nOKa3aTeJlH npenOMneHHH pa3JIHtfHIJIX KayqYKOB,
HeKOTOplJlX Hano.nHHTeJ1eA H nHrMeHTOB.
KaY'IYKu
H3TYP3J1bHblH. . .
6YTa.nHeHOBblH. . .
6YTa.nHeHHHTpHJJbHblH
nOJlHXJlOponpeu . . . .
nOJlHH306YTHJJeH, 6YTHJJ-
KaY'lYK. . . .
nOJlHBHHHJlXJlOpH.n (npH
40°C) . -. . .
OKCH.n JKeJIe33 . . . .
Cep3 . . . . . . . .
63pHT (MOJIOTblA) npH-
pO.nHblH
T aJlbK. . . . . .
Cmo.n3 . . . . .
nl!
1,52
1,51-1,52
1,52
1,56
1,51
1,56
HHepeaueHTbl
n
3,08
1,95-2,24
1,64
1,57
1,56-1,59
flUeMeHTIJI
JIHTonoH (30% ZnS+ 70% B3S0.)
OKOO.n THT3H3 (IV)
3H3T33
PYTHJI. . .
OKCHll TRTaH3 (IV)
YrJleKHCJl3S1 M3rHe3HSI .
CHJ10KcaHOBblH (npH
6YTallHeH-cTHpOJlbH&lH
25°C)
C 10% CTHpOJl3 .
C 30% CTHpOJl3 .
C 50% CTHpOJl3 .
let
nD
1,40
25°C)
(npH
1,53
1,535
1,55
2&
ng
KOJlJlOHllHaSi KpeMHeKHCJlOT3
K30JlHH .
K3HHlj>OJIb
BOCK . .
fHnc
1,55
1,54
1,54
1,54
1,53
n
2,30-2,47
2,55
2,76
1,9
1,5-1,53
OKpaCKa pe3JHH B .I1pyrne UBeTa npOH3B0.l1HTCH no 6eJlOMY <l>OHY, B
npoTHBHOM c.nyqae nOJlyqalOTCH 6J1eKJIhie TOHa, TaK KaK BYJlKaHH3aTIJI
KayqYKa caMH HMelOT OKpacKY OT CBeTJlO- .110 TeMHO-KOpHqHeBoA.
OCHOBHoe Tpe60BaHHe, npe.l1'bHBJlHeMOe K KaqeCTBY nHrMeHTOB, OT-
CYTcTBHe npHMeceA:, KOTOplJle npH BYJlKaH,H3aUHH MOfJlH 61J1 H3MeHSlTb
UBeT oKpaweHHblx ChlplJlX pe3HH. TaK, nplu HaJlHqHH B nHfMeHTe TaKHX
MeTaJlJlOB, KaK cBHHeu, BUCMYT (KOTOplJle, peafHpYH C cepoA:, .I1alOT
TeMHO-OKpaweHHhle YJlb<l>'H.I1IJ1), HpKO-6eJllJle, KpaCHlJle, >KeJlTlJle clJlplJle
CMeCH nocJle BYJlKaHH3aU;HH TeMHeIOT. HeKOTophie nHrMeHTIJI (HanpH-
Mep, OKCH.I1 IJ..HHKa) MorYT OKa31J1BaTb B.nHHHHe H,a <l>H3tHtfeCKUe CBOHCT-
Ba BYJlKaHH3aToB. .
De.n IJI e n H r M e H T IJI. .lI.JlH npH.I1aHHH pe3HHaM 6eJlOfO UBeTa npH-
MeHHIOT THTaHOBlJle 6eJlHJla, JlHTOnOH, OKCH.I1 UHHKa, cepHiHCTIJIH UHHK,
OKcH.I1 THTaHa (IV) .
268

OK C H.I1 T H T a 'i a (IV) BCTpeqaeTCH B npHpO.l1 B BH.I1e .I1ByX KpI'
TaJl.nHqeCKHX MO,lJ,i1tPrlKaUHH: aHaTa3 H PYTHJI. Cpe.llHHH pa!Mp ';dC.
THO. - 0,3-0,4 MKM, IIJlOTHOCTb aHaTa3a - 3900, PYTHJla-VOO Kr/M 3 .
AHaTa3 npH.I1aeT pe3HHaM rOJly60BaThiH OTTeHOK, a PY1HJI - KpeMOBa-
TIJIH.
.lI.JlH npH.I1aHHH pe3HHaM 6e.nOH oKpacKH OKCH.I1 THTaHa (IV) BBO.l1HT
B pe3HHOBlJle CMeCH B KOJlHqeCTBe 10-30 Macc. q.
T H T a HOB IJI e 6 e JI H JI a npe.l1CTaBJlHIOT C060H 9KBHMOJlbHYIO
CMeCb OKCH.I1a THTaHa Ti0 2 C cYJlb<l>aToM 6apHH BaS04 (26,5% Macc.
Ti0 2 H 73,5 % Macc. BaS04); nJlOTHOCTb 3900-4300 Kr/M3; KpaCSlw,aSl
cnoc06HOCTb TaKOH CMeCH He YCTynaet KpaCHLUeH cnOC06HOCT.H qHCTO-
ro OKCH.I1a THTaHa (IV), nOKa3aTeJlb npeJlOMJleHHH THTa.HOBIJIX 6eJlHJI,
paBHIJIH 2,8, BIJIWe nOKa3aTeJleH npeJlOMJleH'HSI Ti02 H BaS04.
THTaHoBlJle 6eJlHJla npH.I1alOT pe3'HHaM CTOHKyro K .I1eHCTBHIO CBeTa
qHCTYIO 6e.nylO OKpaCKY, He .I10CTHraeMYIO npH npHMeHeHHH .I1pyrHx 6e-
JlIJIX KpaCHTe.neH.
JI H Ton 0 H - 6eJlhlH nopomOK, nJlOTHOCTblO 3800-4220 Kr/M3, Ha-
chinHoH nJlOTHOCTblO 1630-1650 Kr/M 3 . OH npe.l1CTaBJlHeT C060H CMeCb
cepHHcToro UHHKa C CepHO&HCJlIJIM 6apHeM, nOJlyqaeMyro no peaKUHH
BaS + znS0 c -- znS + BaS0 c
KpaCHw,aH cnoc06HOCTb JlHTOnOHa BeCbMa BIJICOKa, O.l1HaKO Ha CBe-
TY 6e.naH oKpacKa MeHHeTCH, nOHB.nHIOTCH >KeJlTlJle TOHa. CMeWeH'He
JlHTOnOHa  KayqYKoM npe.l1CTaBJlHeT 3HatfHTeJlbHlJle TpY.I1HOCTH Bc.ne.l1-
CTBHe nJlOXOH CMaqHBaeMOCTH JlHTOnOHa KaYtfYKoM, a TaK>Ke 60JlbwoA
CK.IIOHHOCTH ero qaCTHU K arJlOMepaUHH. .lI.JlH nOJlyqeHHSI 6eJlOH oKpac
KH peKOMeH.I1yeTcH BBO.l1HTb 30-50 Macc. q. nHrMeHTa Ha 100 Macc. q.
KayqYKa.
C e p H H C T IJI H II. 'H H K ZnS (nJlOTHOCTb 3500 Kr/M 3 ) 06J1a.l1aeT BIJI-
COKOH KpacHw,eH cnoc06HOCTblO; OH npH.I1aeT pe3HHe 6e.nylO OKpaCKY,
He MeHHIOw,YIOCH HH npH BYJlKaHH3aUHH CMeceH, HH npH .I1.nHTeJlbHOM
xpaHeHHH By.nKaHH3aTOB. CpaBHHTeJlbHO BIJICOKaH CTOHMOCTb 'H MaJlaSi
KHCJlOTOCTOHKOCTb cepHHCToro UHHKa OrpaHHqHBalOT ero npHMeHeHBe.
3aMeHHTeJleM CepH.HCToro UHHKa HBJlHeTCSI JlHTonOH.
K pac H bI e. n," r M e H T hi. .lI..nH OKpaCKH pe3HH B KpaCHIJIA: UBeT
npHMeHHIOTCSI cepHHCTaH cypbMa, OKCH.I1 >KeJle3a, CeJleHO-Ka.l1MHeBlJle
cOe.l1HHeHHH, KHHOBapb. .
C e p H H C T a H C Y P b M a. H3BeCTHIJI .I1Ba TeXHHqeCKHX BH.I1a nHr-
MeHTOB: nHTHcepHHCTaSi cypbMa H TpexcepHHCTaH cypbMa.
nH11HcepHHCTaH cypbMa no.nyqaeTCH paCTBopeHHeM npHpO.l1HOH
TpexcepHHcToA: CypbMIJI B N a 2 S5. 06pa3YIOw,aHCH HaTpHeBaH COJlb
N a 2 SbS 4 npH 06pa60TKe cepHOH KHC.nOTOH .I1aeT CMeCb nSlTHcepHHCTOH
CypbMIJI Sb 2 S 5 , TpexcepHHCTOH CypbMIJI Sb 2 S 3 H CB060.l1HOH cephl (15-
20%). Pa3Mep qaCTHU HeKOTOplJlX COpTOB nHTHcepHHCTOH CypbMIJI
6J1H30K K pa3Mepy qaCTHU TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.l1a; nJlOTHOCTb-
2900-3300 Kr/M 3 . nHTHcepHHcTaH cypbMa 06J1a.l1aeT xopomeA: KpacH-
w,eH cnoc06HoCTblO; CMecHM Ha OCHOBe HaTypaJlbHOrO KayqYKa OHa
269

npH.I1aeT BbiCOKoe conpOTHB.neHHe CTapeH'HIO. .lI.JIH nOJIyqeHHH HaCIJI-
w,eHHoro TOHa OKpaCKH npHMeHHIOT 15-20 Macc. q. DSlTHcepHHcToA
CypbMIJI Ha 100 Macc. q. KayqYKa. npH BBe.l1eHHH DHTHcepHHcToii Cypb-
MIJI nOJIyqalOTCH pe3uHbI npeHMyw,ecTBeHHo CBeTJIO-OpaH>KeBOrO UBeTa.
TpexcepHHcTaH cypbMa npe.l1CTaBJIHeT c060ii CMeCb TpexcepHHCToii
CypbMIJI C cepOOKCH.I10M CypbMIJI; nOJIyqaeTCSI .I1eHCTBHeM THocYJIb<l>aTa
HaTpHH Ha pacTBop TpeXXJIOpHCTOii CypbMIJI. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TeM-
nepaTyplJl, npH KOTOpoii 61J1JIa nOJIyqeHa TpexcepHHcTaH cypbMa, OHa
.I1aeT pa3JIHqHlJle KpaCHlJle OTTeHKH; .I1JIH OKpaCKH pe3HH npHMeHHeTCH
COBMeCTHO C nHTHcepHHcToA: CYPbMOii.
Oc06eHHOCTblO .I1eiiCTBHH cepHHCTIJIX, a TalOKe OKC'H.I1HIJIX COe.l1HHe-
HHA: CypbMIJI Ha pe3HHOBlJle CMeCH, HBJIHeTCH npiH.I1aHHe pe3JfHaM 60nb-
moA nJIOTHOCTH; npH BBe.l1eH,UH B CMecH TaKUX coe,lUfHeH'Hii He Ha6JIIO-
.I1aeTCH .I1a>Ke cne.l10B nopHCTOCTH pe3HHIJI.
npHMeHeHHe cep,HiHCTOH CYPbMIJI Bcex BH.I10B B03MO>KHO TOJIbKO B
npHCYTCTBHH OrpaHHqeHHOrO 'lHcna YCKopUTeJIeA: - reKCaMeTHJIeH-
TellpaMUHa, AH<PeJDHJIrYlaiH1HJIMH'a, .l1'U-O-TOJIHJIry'3IHiH.n:u.H'a; oce OIpoQ,He
YOKOIpHTeJ1H H3MeHHIOT o.KpaCKY pe3JIIH
K pac H IJI A: 0 K C ,H.I1 >K e JI e 3 a. KpaCHlJle >KeJ1e3HlJle nHrMeHTIJI
H3BeCTHIJI no.l1 Ha3BaHHeM >KeJ1e3HlJlii CYPHK, TypeUKaH KpaCHaH, pe-
.I10KcaA:.I1 ;H .I1p. Bce OHH npe.l1CTaBJIHIOT c060A: noqm qUCTlJlii OKCH.I1
>KeJ1e3a Fe203 nJIOTHOCTblO 5150 Kr/M 3 .
HaH60JIee ueHHIJIM nHrMeHTOM HBJISIeTCH ,HCKyccTBeHHaH MYMHH,
nOJIyqaeMaH 06>KHrOM >KeJIe3HOro Kynopoca. B 3aBUCHMOCT,H OT TeM-
nepaTyplJl 06>Kura, MYMHH nOJIyqaeTCH pa3JIUqHIJIX OTTeHKOB - OT
CBeT.nIJlX, .I1a>Ke >Ke.nTIJIX (npH H.H3KHX TeMnepaTypax), .110 TeMHIJIX,
nyHuoBbix (np'H BIJICOKHX TeMnepaTypax).
)l(eJIe3HlJle O'HrMeHTIJI HBJIHIOTCH .I1eWeBIJIMH KpaCHW,HMH Bew,eCTBa-
MH; OHH oKpaWHBalOT pe3HHIJI B KpaCHIJIA: UBeT.
Ha'H60JIee HPKYIO oKpacKY 9JIaCTHqHIJIM pe3HHaM npH.I1aeT OKCH.I1
>KeJIe3a COBMeCTHO C JIHTOnOHOM. .lI.JISI CHH>KeHUSI CTOHMOCTH pe3HHo-
BbiX CMeceH JlHTOnOH MO>KeT 61J1Tb 3aMelIeH MeJIOM, npH 9TOM HpKOCTb
OKpacKH YMeHblUaeTcSI. H3 pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceii, cO.l1ep>Kaw,Hx 30-35%
Macc. q. OKCH.I1a >Kene3a (OT MaCCIJI KayqYKa), nOJIyqalOTCH pe3HHIJI
.I10CTaTOQHO HpKOH OKpacKH.
C e JI e H O-K a.l1 M He B bI e n H r M e H T bI B nOCJIe.l1Hee BpeMH Ha-
m.nH npHMeHeHHe .I1JIH OKpaCKH 360HHTa; .I1JIH OKpaCKH MHrKHX CMeceH
OHH npHMeHHIOTCH pe>Ke BCJIe.l1CTBHe BIJICOKOii CTOHMOCTH. CeJIeHO-Ka.l1-
MHeBlJle DHrMeHTIJI OTJIHqalOTCSI 60JIbmoA CBeTO- 'H TepMOCToiiKOCTblO;
OHH np.H.I1alOT pe3UHaM BIJICOKyro nJIOTHOCTb.
HaH60JIee npOCTIJIM cnoc060M nOJIyqeHiHH 3TH X nurMeHToB HBJIHeT-
CH COBMeCTHoe npOKaJIUBaHHe yrJIeKHCJIOrO Ka.l1MHSI, ceplJl H CeJIeHa.
nHrMeHTlJI, cO.l1ep>Kaw,He 50% CdS H 50% CdSe, OKpaWHBalOT CMecu
B TeMHO-BHWHeBlJle UBeTa.
no .I1pyroMY cnoc06y CeJIeHO-Ka.l1MoHeBlJle nHrMeHTIJI .H3roTOBJIHIOT
cneKaHHeM YKCYCHOKiHCJIOro Ka.l1MHH, CeJ1eHa II ceplJl npH 600°C; Ha,H-
60nee HpKHe UBeTa nOJIYQalOTCSI npH cO.l1ep>KaHHH B nHrMeHTe 50%
YKCYCHoKHCJIOrO Ka.l1MHH, 32% S H 9% Se.
270

K H HOB a p b npe.l1CTaBJlHeT c060A nOqTU QHCTyro np'HpO.l1HYIO H.nH
HCKYCCTBeHHYIO CepHIJICTYIO PTYTb. npHMeHeHHe ee B npOMhlmJleHHOCTH
BeCbMa OrpaHHqeHO Bcne.l1CTBHe BIJICOKOA CTOHMOCTH H 60JlbwoA n.nOT-
HOCTH (8200 Kr/M3); OHa npHMeHHeTCH B OCHOBHOM npH 083roTOBJleHHU
UBeTHIJIX 960HHTOB.
)I( e JI T IJI e n H roM e H T IJI. K >KeJ1TIJIM nHrMeHTaM OTHOCHTCH cep-.
HHCTIJIH Ka.l1M'HH, Ka.l1MHeBIJIA: JlHTOnOH, UHHKOBaSi >KeJlTaH H >KeJ1TlJle
OXPIJI.
C e p ,H H C T IJI H K a .11 M ,H H CdS - HaH60nee' ,uHTeHCHBHO OKpamH-
BalOUJ:HH >KeJlTIJIA DHrMeHT; nOJlyqaeTCH OCa>K.I1eHHeM CepOB0.l10p0.l10M
pacTBopHMhlX co.neH Ka.l1MHH B KHcnOM pacTBOpe; nJlOTHOCTb 4550-
4580 Kr/M 3 . npHMeHSIeTcH .I1J1S1 oKpacKH H3.11eJ1'HA:, nO.l1BepralOw,HxcSI
.I1eHCTBUIO npHMoro COJlHeqHOrO CBeTa.
K a .11 M ,H e B IJI A n,u Ton 0 H npe.l1CTaBJlHeT c060A cepHHCTIJIH Ka.l1-
MHO, OCa>K.I1eHHIJIH 'Ha cepHOKHCJlOM 6ap,uH; COOTHOlUeH'He KOMnOHeH-
TOB: 30-35% CdS H 70-65% BaSO.; nJlOTHOCTb 4420-4450 Kr/M 3 .
U.BeT JlHTOnOHa OT JlHMOHHOro .110 30JlOTHCTO->KeJlTOro. npiHMeHHeTcH
.l1JIH oKpacKH npope3HHeHHIJIX TKaHeH H HeKOTOplJlX xHpyprUqeCKUX 083-
.I1eJlHH.
U. H H K 0 B a H >K e JI T a H (KpOH) - XpOMOBOKHCJIIJIA UHHK ZnCrO.,
n.nOTHOCTb 3980 Kr/M3; UBeT CBeTJlO-JlHMOHHIJIA. npHMeHelLHe 9Toro
nHrMeHTa BeCbMa OrpaHHqeHO BCJle.l1CTBHe HeBIJICOKOH KpacH1D.eA cno-
C06HOCT,H.
Ox P IJI - r.nHHhI, cO.l1ep>Kaw,He pa3J1HqHlJle KOJlUqeCTBa (OT 12 11.0
20%) rH.I1pOOKCH.I10B >KeJ1e3a; nJlOTHOCTb 3000-3120 Kr/M 3 . 3TO Becb-
Ma .I1eWeBhle nHrMeHTlJI, HO 06J1a.l1alOw,He cna60H KpaCSlw,eH cnoc06-
HOCTblO; KpoMe Toro, OHH MorYT BIJI31J1BaTb YCKopeHHoe CTapeHHe.
3 e JI e H IJI e n 'H r M e H T IJI. fpynna 3eJleHIJIX DHrMeHTOB .I1J1H pe3HH
HeBeJlHKa; TeXHHqecKYIO ueHHOCTb npe.l1CTaBJlHeT TOJlbKO OKCH.I1 xpo-
Ma (cHHe-3eJleHIJIH UBeT). CO.l1ep>KaHHe Cr03 B TaKOM nHrMeHTe 061J1q-
HO COCTaBJlHeT 98-99%; nJlOTHOCTb 4950 Kr/M3; nHrMeHT OTJIHqaeTCSI
OqeHb 60JlbWOH XHMHqeCKOH CToAKOCTblO. OKCH.I1 xpOMa npHMeHHeTcSI
r.naBHIJIM 06pa30M .I1.nH OKpaCKH pe3HH, Hcno.nb3yeMhlx .I1J1H CBeTocToA:.
Koro nOKplJlTHH TKaHeH.
elM H Hen H r Me H T IJI. Pe3HHIJI BeCbMa pe.l1KO OKpamHBalOT B ca-
HHH H rOJly60H UBeT BCJle.l1CTBHe He.l10CTaTOqHOA CBeTOCToAKOCTU 9THX
nHrMeHTOB H 61J1CTpOrO CTapeHHH TaKHX pe3HH Ha CBeTY. .lI.JlH OKpaCKH
B CHHHA UBeT npHMeHHeTCH TOJlbKO YJlbTpaMapHH, BIJI.I1ep>KHBalOw.uA:
TeMnepaTYPY BYJlKaHH3aU'HH 6e3 H3MeHeHHH UBeTa. nJlOTHOCTb YJlbT-
paMapHHa 2350 Kr/M 3 .
YJlbTpaMapHH nOJlyqalOT .H3 CMeCH KaOJlHHa, .I1peBeCHoro yrJlH, ce-
phi H CO.l1IJ1; B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TeMnepaTyplJl npouecca H COOTHoweHHSI
KOMnOHeHTOB MO>KeT nOJlyqaTbCH YJlbTpaMapHH CaMIJIX pa3J1,HqHIJIX OT-
TeHKOB.
OpraHHlfecKHe KpaCHTeJlH. OpraHHqeCKHX KpaCHTeJleA:, npHrO.l1HIJIX
.I1.nH oKpacKH KayqYKa, .I10BOJlbHO MHoro, OHH npHHa.l1.ne>KaT K CaMIJIM
pa3J1HqHIJIM KJlaCCaM OpraHHqeC&HX COe.l1HHeHHH. HaH60Jlee MHOrOqUC-
JleHHhI KpaCHlJle a30KpacI;ITeJlH B BH.I1e 6apHeBhlx HJlH KaJlbD.HeBIJIX Jla-
271

KOB. H3 CHHHX KpaCHTe.neH HaH60.nee CTOHKHM,H npH By.nKaH.H3aUHH H
SlpKHMH no OKpaCKe SlB.nSlIOTCSI HH.I1eHTpeHOBlJle KpaCHTeJIH H HeKOTO-
plJle npOH3B0.l1HlJle HH.I1Hro.
.lI..nSl OKpaCKH pe3HH HaH60.nbwee npHMeHeHHe no.nyqH.nH cne.l1YIO-
w,He OpraHHqeCKHe KpaCUTe.nH.
JI a K 60 P .11 0 eK - Ka.nbUHeBaH CO.nb a30KpaCHTeJ1S1, no.nyqaeMO-
ro COqetaHHeM .I1Ha30THpoBaHHoA a3ypHHoBOA KHCnOTIJI C a-Ha<l>TH.n-
aMHHOM.
JI a K 0 P a H >K e B IJI H - 6apHeBaSi CO.nb a30KpacHTe.nSl, no.nyqaeMO-
ro COqeTaHUeM ,lI,Ha30THpoBaHHoA aHH.nHHcynb<l>oKHcnoTbi C -Ha<l>To-
nOM.
K pan .n a K - a.nIOMOKa.nbUHeBaH CO.nb a.nH3apHHa KpaCHoro
(1,2- .I1HOKCHaHTpaxHHoHa) .
n H r M e H T 3 e.n e H IJI H - >Ke.ne3HaSi CO.nb HHTp030--Ha<l>To.na.
n H r M e H TOp a H >K e B IJI H - a30KpaCHTeJ1b, no.nYUMIJIH COqeT8-
HHeM .I1Ha30THpOBaHHoro TpHx.nop6eH3H.I1HHa C ,lI,BYMH Mo.neKynaMH
l-<I>eHH.n-3-MeTH.n-5-nHpa30.noHa.
n H r M e H T r o.n y 6 0 A <l>Ta.nouHaHHHOBIJIH (<I>Ta.n01J,HaRHH Me.l1H)
no.nyqaeTCSI H3 <l>Ta.neBoro aHnH.I1pH.I1a, Kap6aMH.I1a H X.nOpHCTOH Me.l1H
B cpe.l1e x.nop6eH30.na.
n H r M e H T C H H'H H K no.nyqaeTCSI COqeTaHHeM .I1Ha30THpoBaHHoro
.I1HaHH3H.I1HHa C aHH3H.I10M 'oKcHHa<l>ToHHoA KHC.nOTIJI.
n H r M e H T C,If H H H aHTpaxHHOHOBIJIH H nHrMeHT KpaCHIJIA.
OpraH'HqeCKHe KpacHTe.nH ,lI,.nH pe3HHIJI BlJlnycKalOT B BH,lI,e nopom-
KOB, naCT H ,lI,HCnepcHH: K TaKHM KpaCHTeJ1S1M npe.l1'bSlBJIHIOTCH cne-
JJ.YIOw,He Tpe60BaHHH:
YCTOHqHBOCTb K .I1eHCTBHIO nOBIJIWeHHOH TeMnepaTyplJl (.110 160°eL
napa, B03.11yxa, rOpHqeH BO.l1IJ1, w,e.nOqeH, ceplJl, YCKopHTe.neH, n.naCTH-
<l>HKaTopoB; cBeTocTOHKOCTb; OTCYTCTBHe MHrpaUHH B pe3HHOBIJIX CMe-
CSiX (H3yqeHHe MHrpaUHH KpaCHTe.nH npOBO.llHTCH Ha rpaHHue OKpa-
meHHIJIX H HeOKpaWeHHIJIX ClJlplJlX H.noM By.nKaHH30B3HHIJIX pe3HH); OT-
CYTCTBHe YCKopSlIOw,ero .I1eHCTBHSI Ha ctapeHHe pe3HH.
.lI..nSl oKpacKH pe3HH ynoTpe6.nSlIOT taK Ha31J1BaeMlJle .naKOBlJle H
O:HrM,e.H'T.HIJI'e Kp'aCHTeJI'H. JI aK08blMU KiplaCoHTeJIHlMH ,Ha3'blBaIO'OCSi lHpaoC-
TBOpHMlJle CO.nH KHC.nOTHIJIX H OCHOBHIJIX KpaCHTe.neH; nUZMeH.TH.blMU-
Hepa'CTBOOpHMlJle KYOOBlJle Kp<3CHTeJIH H a30KlpaCHTeJ1H.
npH OKpaCKe pe3HH .I1.nH TOHKHX npOCBeqHBalOw,HX H3.11e.nHA: KpaCoH-
Te.nb .I10.n>KeH paCTBopSlTbCH B KayqYKe, KpaCHTeJ1b ,lI,.nSl Henp03paqHIJIX
pe3HH He .I10.n>KeH paCTBopSlTbCH B KayqYKe.
KpaCHTe.nH BBO.l1S1T B pe3HHOBYlO CMeCb oHenOCpe.l1CTBeHHO ,".nH B
BH.I1e npe.l1BapHTeJIbHO npHrOTOB.neHHOH MaTOqHOH CMeCH; nocne.l1HHA:
cnoc06 HMeeT HeCOMHeHHlJle npeHMyw,eCTBa H n03Bo.nSleT 60'.nee paBHO-
MepHO p.acnpe.l1e.nHTb KpaCHTenb B pe3HHOBoA CMeCH. Ko.nHqeCTBO BBO-
.I1HMIJIX OpraHHqeCKHX KpaCHTeJ1eH 061J1qHO. COctaB.nHeT 1-2% OT Mac-
CIJI pe3HHOBOH CMeCH.
272

JlBTepuypa
BOI014/Cua C. C. Kypc KOJlJlOHAHOA XHMHH. 113A. 2-e, nepepa6. H Aon; M., eXH-
MH!!», 1975. 512 c.
JIunaTos /0. C. CIIH3I1KO-XHMHSI HanOJlHeHHblX nOJlHMepoB. KHeB, CH3)'KOB3
AYMKU, 1967.233 C.
BUtuHJI/COS H. H. B KH.: XHMHSI H TeXHOJlOrHSI BbiCoKoMoJleKYJlSlpHblX coe.nHHe-
HHA. T. 6. M., BI1HI1TI1, 1975, c. 130-148.
YCH.neBHe SJl3croMepoB. TIoA pe.n. .lbK. Kp3Yca. TIep. C aBr.n. TIOA peA.
K. A. TIeqKoBcKoA M., CXHMHSI», 1968. 484 c.
ne'l/Cosc/CaJl K. A. C3m3 K3K YCHJIHTeJlb K3YQYK3. M., cXHMHSI», 1968. 216 c.
3yes B. n.. MuxaiiAos B. B. TIpOH3BOACTBO camH. 113A. 3.e. M., eXHMHSI»,
1970. 318 c.
rU/lJl3eTaUHOS JI. n. npOH3BO.nCTBO neqHblX C3m H3 m!IAKOrO yrJleBoAopoAHoro
CblpbSl 33 py6emOM. AHaJi. 0630p. Cep. CnpOH3BOACTBO WHH, PHi H ATI1». M.,
UHI1I1T3He<\>TexHM, 1968. 79 c.
rOptu/Cosa P. A., rO/lbaMaH a. H., Ac/JaHacbesa JI. K. MeTOAbi aH3J1H33 H HC-
nbiTaRHSI yrJlepo.nHblx C3m. M3n. 0630p. Cep. cTIpOH3BOACTBO WBH, PTI1 H ATI1».
M., UHI1I1T3He<!>TexHM, 1968. 85 c.
rOptu/Cosa P. A., A/leHUH O. C. HOBbie THnbl C3m AJiSI WHHHoA npoMbilWIeHHo-
crn. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. «TIpOH3BO.nCTBO liHM». M., U,HliI1TSHe<\>TexHM, 1975. 54 c.
EpoxuHa 3. A. U ap. MTH3Are3HBbI H HX npHMeHeHHe B pe3HHOBOA npOMYlIJ-
.neHHOCTH. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. cTIpOH3BOACTBO PTI1 H ATI1». M., UHI1I1T3HectlTe-
XHM, 1974. 29 c. .
TeXHOJlOrHJI CHHTeTHQeCKHX MHHepaJlbHblX H3nOJlHHTeJJeit, 3Acop6eHTOB H K03ry-
JlSlHTOB. C60pHHK cTaTeii Hl10XliM no.n pe.n. M. B. 3eJJHKHH3. n., CXHMHSI», 1970.
120 c.
182397

4aCTb IV
OCHOBHblE npOI1ECCbl
PE3HHOBOrO npOH3BO,lJ.CTBA
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TOKaMH (nO.l1rOTOBKa H pa3BeCKa KaytlYKOB, pa3BeCKa HHrpe.l1HeHTOB.
npHrOTOB.neH'He pe3HHOBIJIX CMeceH, nO.l1rOTOBKa TKaHeH H HX 06pe3H-
HHBaHHe H T. .11.).
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Heco.nbKO OCHOBHIJIX npoueCCOB:
npHeM, xpaHeHHe H TpaHcnopTHpOBaH.ue MaTepHanOB;
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pa3BeCKY '" .I103HpOBaHiHe MaTepHanOB;
npHrOTOB.neHHe pe3HHOBIJIX cMeceA:;
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npOH3B0.l1HTe.nbHIJIM H CKOpOCTHIJIM 060pY.l10BaHHeM, npH Hcno.nb30Ba-
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3Kcn.nyaTaUHoHHlJle 3aTp8TIJI 61J1.nH MHHHMa.nbHIJIMH.
274

r.nasa 15
XPAHEHHE,TPAHCnoPtHP08AHHE
H .n.03HPOBAHHE MATEPHAnOB
CKnA.D.bI 06IUEfO HA3HAqEHHjI
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woe pa3Ho06pa3He Hcnonb3yeMlJlx B npOH3B0.l1cTBe MaTepiHanOB, no-
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CKHX CK.na.l1CKHX nOMew,eHHSlX, KaK TBep.l1h1e mTYQHlJle rpY3b1.
Bce MarepHa.nIJl, nOCTynalOIllHe B npOH3B0.l1CTBO, cTporo OTBeQalOT
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Bce BH.I1IJ1 pa60T Ha CK.na.l1aX, CBH3aHHlJle C npHeMoM, xpaHeHHeM
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BaHlJI, a HeKOTOplJle H3 HHX .I1OJI>KHIJI BK.nIOQaTbCH B 06UU1H UHK.n KOMn-
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8alOT HX TpaHCnOpTHIJIMH ra.nepeHMH. 06h1QHO B ra.nepeHx pacno.nara-
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276

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277

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KayqYKH HeKOTOplJlX MapoK BblnycKalOT B BH.I1e py.nOHOB MaccoH
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78

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nOPOWK006PA3HblX MATEPHAnOB
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j{.nSl nepeCTpOHKH pHTMa npOH3B0.l1CTBeHHoro npouecca He06xo.llH-
MO HMeTb npH60pb1 ynpaB.neHHSI, n03Bo.nSlIOw,He H3MeHSlTb ero B 3apa-
Bee YCTaHOB.neHHblX np e.l1e.n ax.
.lI..nSl no.nYQeHHH BblCOKHX 3KOHOMH'leCKHX nOKa3aTe.neH, a TaK>Ke
C03.11aHHS1 KOMnaKTHb1X YCTaHOBOK He06xo.l1HMO CTpeMHTbCSI K TOMY,
qT06bl rpY30nOTOKIf npOXO.l1H.nH no KpaTqaHmHM nYTSlM H no B03MO>K-
HOCTH He nepeKpew,HBa.nHCb H He C03.11aBa.nH 06paTHblX nOTOKOB, T. e.
CTapaTbCSI pa3pa60TaTb nOTOqHYIO .nHHHIO no npHHUHny «caMOTeKa».
Bb160p TpaHCnOpT.HpYIOW,HX MeXaRH3MOB npe>K)],e Bcero 3aBHCHT
'()T nOCTaBneHHOH uenH H ycnOBHH pa60Tbl. .lI.nSl nepeMew,eHHSI MaTe-
pHa.nOB B arperaTe R.nH B nOTOKe Tpe6yeTcSI YCTaHaB.nHBaTb MexaHH3-
Mb1 Henpepb1'BlHOrO .I1eH'CT1BHSI (KOHiBeHe.pbl), B TO BpeMSI KaK .I1.nSl no-
,naqH MaTepHa.nOB CO CK.na.l10B B npOMe>KYTOtHIble eMKOCTH MO>KHO npH-
MeHSlTb MexaHH3Mbl nepHO.l1HQeCKOrO )],eHCTBHSI.
..284

npH Bb160pe TpaHCnOpTHpYIOW,HX Cpe.l1CTB He06xo.l1HMO yttHTb1BaTb:
BH.I1 rp)'3a; qaCOBYIO npOH3B0.l1HTe.nbHOCTb (T/q H.nH M 3 /q); XapaKTep
nepeMew,aeMOrO MaTepHa.na (a6pa3HBHOCTb, B.na>KHOCTb, CK.nOHHOCTb
K C.ne>KHBaHHIO U.nH C.nHnaHHIO, 3.neKTpH3aIJ.HS1 H T. .11.); HanpaB.neHHe
nepeMew,eHHSI (rOpH30HTa.nbHOe, BepTHKa.nbHOe, HaK.nOHHOe H.nH KOM-
6HHHpOBaHHOe C neperH6aMH no ropH30HTa.nH H BepTHKa.nH); B03MO>K-
HOCTb no.nyqeHHS1 HaH60.nee BbiCOKHX 3KOHOMHqeCKHX nOKa3aTe.neH,
He60.nbWHe 3aTpaTb1 Ha npH06peTeHHe H YCTaHOBKY, Ma.nblH paCXO.l1
3.J1eKTp03HeprHH H MexaHH3aUHH norpY30IlHo-pa3rpY30IlHb1X pa60T;
Ha.n.emHOCTb pa60TbI MexaHH3MOB; XOPOWYIO repMerH3aIJ.HIO TpaHcnop-
THPYIOW,HX CHCTeM, HCK.nlOqalOw,ylO 'BbI.I1eneHHe nbl.nH, napOB H ra30B
B pa60qHe nOMew,eHHSI.
B npOH3B0.l1CTBe npHMeHSIIOT pa3nHIIHble MaTepHa.nbl: TBep.l1lJ1e
mTyqHble, HaCbrnHble nopomKo06pa3Hble, rpaHy.nHpOBaHHble, BSl3KHe,
>KH.I1KHe C pa3HblMH TeMnepaTypaMH nnaBJIeHHH H .I1p.
npll TpaHcnopTHpOBaHHH WT.yqHIJIX rpY30B B TapHOH ynaKoBKe Y'lH-
TbiBalOT Maccy O.l1HOH WTYKH H.nH TapHoro MeCTa, <l>OPMY H ra6apHT-
Hb1e pa3Mepb1 MeCTa, BH.I1 TaplJl (MemKH, Ky.nH, 60qKH, <l>aHepHlJle 6a-
pa6aHbI, KOHTeHHepbl), a npH TpaHcnopTHpOBaHHH cblnyqHX H rpaHY-
.nHpOBaHHblX MaTepHaJIOB - HaCblnHYIO n.nOTHOCTb; yrOJI eCTeCTBeHHO-
ro OTKoca npH CB060.l1HOM CCb1naHHH MaTepHa.na; K03<1><I>HIJ.HeHT Tpe-
HHS1 B nOKoe H .I1BH>KeHHH no pa3HblM MaTepHaJIaM; n.nOTHOCTb; CKO-
::'O'=Tb BHTaHHS1, npH KOTOpOH qaCTH'IKH HaXO.l1S111CS1 BO B3BemeHHOM CO-
Cl0HHJofH B BeprHKa.nbHOM B03.11YWHOM nOTOKe, B.na>KHOCTb, a6pa3HB-
HOCTb, fHrpOCKOnHqHOCTb, nHnKOCTb, cnoc06HOCTb K 06pa30BaHHIO
3.neKTpOCTaTHqeCKHX 3apH.I10B H nOS1B.neHHIO HCKpbl.
.lI..1S1 6e30naCHoro nepeMew,eHHSI >KH.I1KHX MaTepHaJIOB He06xo.l1HMO
3HaTb n.nOTHOCTb, TeMnepaTypbl HX KHneHHSI H n.naBJIeHHSI, BcnblmKH
H Bocn.naMeHeHHS1, BSl3KOCTb 'H npe.l1e.nbl B3pb1BaeMOCTH.
.lI..nS1 TpaHcnopTHp9BaHHSI MaTepHa.nOB npHMeHSIIOT .neHTOqHble,
n.naCTHHqaTlJle, cKpe6KOBble, KOBWOBlJle, JIIO.neqHble, no.nOqHble, BHHTO-
Bble H .I1pyrHe KOHBeAepbl. IlIHpoKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe nOJIyqHJIH no.l1-
BeCHbie KOHBeHepbl, n03BonHIOw,He nepeMew'aTb rpY3b1 B ropH30HTa.nb-
HOH H BepTHKa.nbHOH n.nOCKOCTH B pa3nHqHOM HanpaBJIeHHH, T. e. B
JII06ylO TOqKY pa60qero npOCTpaHCTBa.
TS1>Ke.nb1e rpY3b1 Ha He60.nbWHe paCCTOHHHH nepeMew,alOT nO.l1'beM-
HblMH KpaHaMH H po.nbraHraMH, .nerKHe, HMelOw,He MeHbWYIO Mac-
cy, - no MOHope.nbcaM. B IJ.exax HHOr.l1a npHMeHS1IOTCS1 TpaHcnOpTeplJl
C TOJIKalOw,HMH Te.ne>KKaMH, KOTopble .I1BH>KYTCS1 no HenO.l1BH>KHb1M Ha-
npaB.nSlIOw,HM npH nOMow,H THroBoro 9JIeMeHTa (KaHaTb1, IJ.enH). 3TOT
THn KOHBeHepa n03Bo.nS1eT COqeTaTb HenpepblBHOCTb .I1BH)KeHHS1 Te.ne.
meK C nepHO.l1HqHOCTblO npoue<:ca.
)KUD.KHe H .nerKon.naBKHe MaTepHa.nbl TpaHcnopTHpYIOT no CHCTe-
Me Tpy60npOB0.l10B no.l1 .I1aBJIeHHeM. .lI..nS1 nO.l1.l1ep>KaHHS1 He06xo.l1HMOH
TeMnepaTypb1 B Tpy60npOB0.l1aX npHMeHS1IOT napOBOH H.nH 3.neKTpHqe-
CKHH 060rpeB.
.lI..nSl TpaHcnopTHpOBaHHSI Cb1nYQHX MaTepHa.nOB Hcno.nb3YIOT nHeB-
MaTHqeCKHe CHCTeMbi no aMKHYTOMY HnH pa30MKHYTOMY UHK.ny.
285

.D.03HPOBAHHE MATEPHAnOB
B pe3HHOBOH npOMlJlm.neHHOCTH .I1.nSl H3rOTOBneHHH H3.11e.nHH npH-
MeHHIOT pa3.nHtfilbIe pe3HHOBbIe CMeCH, B COCTaB KOTOpbIX BXO.ll:HT
60.nbmoe qHC.nO KOMnOHeHTOB.
B 60nbmOM KOnHqeCTBe B pe3HHOBbIX CMeCHX CO.l1ep>KaTCH Kayqy-
KH, Men, Kao.nHH, TeXHHlleCKHH yr.nepo.l1 ,H .l1pyrHe HHrpe.l1HeHTb1; co-
D.ep>KaHHe YCKopHTe.neH BYJIKaHH3aUHH, npOTHBOCTapHTeJ1eH, 3aMe.l1-
.nHTe.neH n0.l1By.nKaHH3aUHH He3HaIlHTenbHO.
.lI..nSl no.nyqeHHSI pe3HHOBIJIX IH3.11eJIHH BbICOKoro KaqeCTBa KOMno-
HeHTbI He06xo.l1HMO Tw,aTe.nbHO B3BemHBaTb, TaK qT061J1 CO.l1ep>KaHHe
HX B pe3HHOBOH CMeCH COOTBeTCTBOBa.no 3a.l1aHHOMY. .lI.03HpOBaHHe
KOMnOHeHTOB npOH3B0.l1HTCSI C TOqHOCTblO ::1::3%. C npHMeHeHHeM CKO-
pOCTHbIX cMecHTe.neH np0.l10n>KHTeJ1bHOCTb H3rOTOBJIeHHH pe3HHOBOA
CMeCH cOKpaTH.nacb .110 1,5-2,5 MHH; CKOpOCTb .I103HpOBaHHSI KOMno-
HeHTOB .I10.n>KHa COOTBeTCTBOBaTb CKOpOCTH npHroToB.neHHH pe3HHoBblx
cMeceH.
CMIJIH npocToH cnoc06 .I103HpOBaHHSI- pyqHaSi (qaCTHqHO Mexa-
H3HpoBaHHaSl) pa3BecKa; ero npHMeHHIOT Ha cpaBHHTeJIbHO Me.nKHX
npe.l1npHHTHSlX, He HMelOw,HX Mow,Horo CMeCHTenbHOrO 060pY.l10BaHoHSI.
KOMnOHeHTbI pe3HHOBOH CMeCH B3BeWHBalOT Ha pa3.nHqHIJIX Becax
H, KaK npaBH.no, B OTKpbITOH Tape nO.l1alOT Ha yqaCTOK CMemeHHSI c no-
MOW,blO 9.neKTpOKapOB HJIH pyqHbIX TeJ1e>KeK. TaKaSi pyqHaSi CHCTeMa
pa3BeCKH 'HMeeT cyw,eCTBeHHbIe He.l10CTaTKH; HH3Kyro npOH3B0.l1HTe.nb-
HOCTb, OTCYTCTBHe KOHTpOJISI 3a TOqHOCTblO B3BemHBaHHSI, HeY.l10BJIeT-
BOpHTeJIbHlJle caHHTapHO-rHrHeHHqeC&He ycnoBHSI TpY.l1a H 60JIbmHe
nOTepH HHrpe.l1HeHTOB 3a CqeT pacnhlneHHH.
PyqHaSi pa3BeCKa nOBceMeCTHO BIJITeCHHeTCH nonyaBTOMarnqeCKH-
MH H aBTOMaTHqeCKHMH CHCTeMaM'H .I103HpoBaHHH. Bce BH.I1h1 aBTOMa-
THqeCKOrO .I103HpOBaHHH npe.l1CTaBJIHIOT c060A .I10BOnbHO cnoatHhle cu-
CTeMIJI.
CHCTeMbi aBTOMaTH'IeCKOrO A03HpOBaHHSI. CHCTeMhI aBTOMaTHqeC-
Koro .I103HpOBaHHSI npHMeHHIOT Ha npe.l1npHHTHHX C accopTHMeHTOM
BbInYCKaeMbIX O.l1HOBpeMeHHO H3.11eJ1HH He 60nee 20-25; npHqeM qHC-
.no nOCTOHHHO paCXO.l1yeMlJlx HHrpe.l1HeHTOB, BXO.l1S1W,HX B COCTaB pe-
3HHOBblX cMeceH ..l1.nH 9THX :H3.11eJ1HH, He .I10n>KHO npeBlJlmaTb. 40-50
HaHMeHOBaHHH. CHCTeMIJI aBTOMaTHqeCKOrO .I103HpOBaHHSI nonY1Wna
WHpOKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe Ha npe.l1npHSlTHSIX no npOH3B0.l1CTBY aBTO-
M06H.nbHbIX WHH. OHH MorYT BlJlnOnHSlTbCSI no pa3nHqHhlM cxeMaM.
HAHBH.o.yaJlbHaH aBTOMaTH'IeCKaH CHCTeMa A03I1pOBaHHSI. 9Ta CHC-
TeMa npe.l1ycMaTpHBaeT YCTaHOBKY 6YHKepOB H eMKOCTeH C aBTOMa-
THtJeCKHMH BecaMH, .I103aTOpaMH H TpaHcnopTHpYIOW,HMH MexaHH3Ma-
MH .I1.nSl Bcex MaTepHa.noB, nocTynalOw,HX Ha CMemeHHe B pe3HHocMe-
CHTenb.
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3HHOBOH CMeCH C HH.l1HBH.I1ya.nbHoH aBTOMaTHqeCKOA pa3BecKoH nOKa-
3aHa Ha pHC. IV.8.
.lI..nSl Toro qT06bI 06eCneqHTb TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHe KayqYKa, ero
nlpe.l1iBa.ptHTeJ1b1HO fp'a'Hy.nHlpYIOT. rlpt3IH'ympoBailtH'bIe 'KayqyK.a 183 6Y1R-
286

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POB (HB cxelole He nOKasaHbI); 9 - eMKOCTH AJlI! nJiaCTHIj>HKaTopOB; 10 - 9J1eKTpOMarHHTHbie BeH-
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pbl H YCKopHTeJlell; 18 - nblJleclSopHHK; 19 - KOHTeilHep; 20 - WJlI030BOil saTBop; 21 - WHeKo-
BbiA nHTBTeJlb; 22 - ISYHKepB AJlI! cblnyqHX XHMHKaJlHII; 24 - sarpysoqHblll JleHTOqHblll TpaHcnop-
Tep. 25 - [(HKJlOH; 26 - P8cxoAHble lSyHKepa AJlI! rp8HYJlHpoBaHHblx KByqYKOB; 28 - Becbl C
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15 qepe3 eclJI 16 .H n:poMie>K}'TO'IIHYIO eM'KOCTb 17. ITptH 'H300TO'BcJl.eJHiHH
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qYKIH III pereHJeP'aT B3'BeDmBaIOT IHla Beoax 1M .I1a.nee 1Hanlpa!BJI'SiIOT ,8<a 3ta-
np.y30qHIJIA JIerrroqawH Tp30HlC!1QptreP' 24. nb1.nb c06H1p'aIOT B nbl.ne-
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3BTOMaTHqeCKHX BeCOB. ORH BK.nlOqaIOTCSI B 06w,ylO CHCTeMY .I103HpO-
287

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B.pyqHYIO, O.l1Ha'KO OIHIH 011J>ery.nH'pOBaHb1 TaK:HM 06pa30M, '11'0 J{'!lOqa-
IOTCSI B pa60TY 1O.nbKO TOI'JlJa, KOr.l1a KO.n,HtleCT'BO MaTepHaJla .,a BeCaX
JIPCTHr.HeT onpe.n.eJIeH1HOH HOpMbI.
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KIi, ,HO H BeCb UHK.n CMemeHHSI. YnlP,a:BJI'eHHe o:yWeC'I'B.nSleTCSI cneUH-
a.nbH'b1M ::meKT,poHHblM BbIqHC.nHTe.nbH'bIM YCTpoOiicT,BOM, 3neMHTbl !KO-
roporo YCTaHOB.neHbl Ha llLHTax 1 H 2.
BeJ1.HtJHHa 'HaBeCI)1<, nOIHUI,OK B3BemHBa.HHSI Ii BeCb ipe>K.HJM CMeme-
HHSI 3a.l1alOTCSI Ha cneu.na.'IbHblX neP'<l>oKd,ptI'ax, KOTop.ble OOMew,alOT B
KOMaH)J.HO-BbllJ.H(;.nUTe.nbJIOe ycrpoHCT,Bo. CHcTeMa nipe.l1YcMa11p'HBa'eT
B03MO>KtHOCTb .I10KYMeHTaJIbH01'0 H 'BH3yaJIbHoro .KOIH'I1pOJISi 3a ,n1pouec-
COM .I103UJpoBalHlHSI 11 CMeweHHH. .lI.JIS1 YBeJ1lHqeHUSI rH'6tKOoCTIH yn1p,a'B.ne-
HIIUI, B03'MO>KJHOC'I'H 'BHt3y.a.nbHoro !H,a6.nIO,.l1eH'H'Si 3a XOJlOM TeXIHOJIomqe-
CKOro nlpou.eC(;a, OCBOeBipeMoe.H1HOro IIIpe.l1y.o.pe>K;lI.re.HiHSI ,aBa,pHu,HlbJX OHTY.a-
UHH .c.H'CTeMa o601p'y.I1Y.eT1CSI MIH:eMocxeMOH TeXiHOJIOnH1I'eCKOro npouecoa
C CtlH1HaJIiH33>U:HeH 0 nOJIO>KMHIH H COCTOSllHiHJH :p'a60Tbl IMrexalH'H3'MOB IH C
n:pre,u,yn,peJI.'H'I'e.nbJIOH H OB1eTo,BOH CHnHaJI/U3a lIIHeH, 06ecneqiHBalOw,<eH
6b1CTpOe HaXO>K.I1eHHe nOBpe>K.I1eHHblX yqaCTKoB. CHcTeMa .I10nycKaeT
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80HISI .H CMemeH:HS1. np'H '.HCno.nb30,B3IH1H:H iHtHJwuJJUlya.nblHJblx aiB/rOM,aTIJflle-
CKlHX 'CHCTeM .I103H.po:sa!H,H'H mpeD.yoMa'f1PtHBaeTCSI OCH:aw,eHlHe Ka>K.I10rO
pe3'HHOCMeCHTeJ1H 6wJbIltHlM tJlHcnOM 6}'iH'K€'pOiB, 'BeooB 'H TfP'a.ucnoP'f\H-
P'YIOLlI.'HX 'MeXaJlIH3MO'B, '110 3-H081J'Hre.nb/HO 31arporMo.)K.I1aeT nOMew,eHlHe.
no YoCJlOBHSlM KOMnOlHOB 0i6'b11fJHO /HI(! Y'.lII3eTC'Si )"C1131H0B0H'Tb OiKOno
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opa!HIHqH'BaeT B03'MO>KdlOC'J1H nlpHMelHeHlHH TaK.HX lCHoCTeM.
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pY.l10BaH:He )],.nH pa3BecKH KOMnOHeHTOB CMecH npH ueHTpanH30BaHHoM
cnoc06e .I103HpOBaHHSI SlBJIHeTCSI 06LD.HM .I1nSl HeCKo.nbKHX cMeCHTe.neH
H YCTaHaB.nHBaeTcSI Ha OT.I1eJ1bHOM yqaCTKe. npH 9TOM cnoco6e pa3-
BeCKH Henocpe.l1CTBeHHoe OCHaLD.e8oHe .c.MeCUTe.nbHblX arperaToB 6YHKe-
paMH, BecaMH H .I1pyrHM BcnOMOraTeJ1bHblM 060pY.l10BaHHeM He 06H-
3are.nbHO.
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p,ax ('pHC. IV.9). Ha:BeCKIH roTOoBHT ,Ilia yq.aCT.Ke E UetJr.rp'a.nH30B8lHJloA
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K03<1><I>RUHeHT HCnOJIb30BaHHSI 060pY.l10BaHHSI. KpOMe Toro, ynpowaeT-
CSI CHCTeMa aBTOMaTHqeCKOrO ynpaBneHHH.
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rpY30nOJ1.'beMHOCTH J1.nSl B3BemHBaHHH nopowKoo6pa3HIJIX, KYCKOBIJIX
H >KH.I1KHX MaTepHaJIOB. npH BIJI60pe BeCOB He06xo.l1HMO yqHTIJIBaTb
BH.I1 MaTepHaJIa, ero HaclJlnHYIO nnOTHOCTb, npe.l1eJ11J1 B3BeWHBaHHH 0.11-
HOR: nopuHH, 06'beM BeCOBoro 6YHKepa HJIH 6aqKa .l1JIH >KH.I1KHX Ma-
TepHaJIOB, npOJ1.0JI>KHTeJIbHOCTb B3BeW'HBaHHH O.l1HOH nopuHH H .I1 on yc-
KaeMYIO norpemHocTb.
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BlJle MHKpOBIJIKnlOqaTeJ1H, 06eCneqHBalOw,He cBoeBpeMeHHIJIA nycK BnB
OCTaHOB DHTaTeneH H pa3rpY30qHIJIX MexaHH3MOB. YnpaBJIeHHe Beea-
MH npOH3B0.l1HTCSI C 06w,ero nYJIbTa. B cneUHanbHoA UH<I>ep6n8THoA
ronOBKe BMOHTHpoBaH MexaHH3M .llHCTaHUHoHHOH HacTpoAKH BeCOB.
PIJIQaR<HaSi CHCTeMa BeCOB HaXO.l1HTCH B 3aKplJlTOM wKa<l>Y, 3aw,Hw,alO-
w.eM te OT nhiJISlWHX HHrpe.l1HeHTOB.
· KOMno3ulfueil H3t3b100eT,cSl ClI'CTeM3. COC1'O!lW3S 1f3 HeOKOJlbKHX KOMIJIOllleHTOB,
K3JK.!tblH H3 KOTOpblX HQlepTeIII DO OTHOWeHBJO K .a,py.Mf.M; IJII'CJJO KOMllOOeHTOB paBllo
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293

KpOMe O.l1HOKOMnOHeBTHIaIX BeCOB BlJlnYCK810T 8BTOM8THQeCKHe Be-
CIJI, n03BOnHIOI1f.:He OTBemHBaTb qeThipe KOMnOaeHT8 B O.l1HY npHeMHyro
eM KOCTb. np0.l10n>KHTeJ1baOCTb B3BemHBaHHH aa 9TBX Becax 60nbme.
Hcnonb3yroT T8K>Ke .I10SaTOphl, npHRUHO .I1eACTBHJI KOTOplalX OCHo-
BaH Ha H3MepeHHB 06'beM8 Jl03HpyeMoro M8Tepaan8 (eIiKOCTB H Mep-
HHKH, cHa6>KeHHhle '1eTKHIlB H Y.l106HIJIMH .ILllJI Ra6nIO.I1eBHH 'WKana-
MH). HaH60nee QactO 06'beMHlJle .I1038TOplJl npHMeHHIOT .l1JIH B3BemH-
BaHHH >KH.I1KHX MaTepU8nOB. K HHM OTHOCHTCH HaCOCIaI-.I10SaTOPIaI
nnYH>KepHOrO H .I1pyr.ax THnOB. TOQHOCTb .I103HpOBaHHH 061a1qHO HeBhI-
COK8.
npH HenpepblBHIJIX MeTO.l1ax CMemeHHJI HcnOnbsYIOTCH nHTaTeJ1H.
nO.l1alOw,He MaTepHaJIIJI C nocToSlHHOH CKOpOCTblO, qTO n03BOJISIeT .I103H-
pOBaTb KOMnOHeHTIJI no BpeMeHH.
JlRTepaT)'Pa
AtdJpaUlHwcoB B. H. ABToMaT8Sal1lll1 npOl1eccoB nplll'OTOBJIeRBS peaHBo8wx
CMtceA. M., cXUMIIS», 1969. 224 c.
AHOpaUlHWCOB B. H. MexaRual1Bs R aBTOMaTHSanRS B npoHSBoJ{CTBax WUR H
peaBHOBYX TexHBQecKJIX U3J{e.IIRA. M., cXHMSS», 1972. 512 c.
n PUICAOHCtcaR H. B., Ctcall1COB A. C. CKOpOCTHye MeTOJ{Y npHrOTOBJleHBS peaR-
HOBbiX cMeceA. M., fOCXIIMH3J{aT, 1963. 420 c.
CICall1COB A. C., JIeBuH C. 10. 060PYJ{oBaRBe npeJ{npBsTRA peaHRoBoA npoMYW-
JleHHOCTH. M., eBblCW8S1 WKona», 1968. 348 C.
M3WRHbI R annapaTY peauRoBoro np0H3BoJ{CTB3. nOJ{ peJ{. 11.. M. BapcKoBa.
M., eXHMHII:., 1975. 600 C.
CUOOpOB H. H. B KH.: 11.0CTRzeRRs H8yxB H TeJl:HOJlOrHH B o6JJaCTB peaHRY.
M., eXHMHSI», 1969, c. 304-317.
rYTMaH JI. H., KUplOUlUH A. B., CUOOpOB A. T. MexaRR3al1BSI BRYTPHl1exOBYX
R MeJKueXOBhlX TpaHCDOpTRYX onep311BA R3 WHHHblX aaBOJ{ax R saBOJ{ax peaHHOTex.
RH'leCKHX Ha.neJJBA. AR3J1. o63op. Cep. enpoR3BOJ{CTBO WHH, PTH R A TH». Mo.
llHHHT9HTexRM, 1968.80 c.
MapUUlIC B. H. U op. ABTOM3THQecKoe nporp3MMHpyeMoe ynj!aBJleHHe nOTOQHO-
aBToM3TRQeCKBMH nHBRIIMH npRI'OTOBJleHHSI peaRRoBhlx cMeceA (CAI1.). TeMaT. 06-
sop. Cep. CnpOR3BOJ{CTBO WRR, PTH R ATH». M., llHHHT9uTeXRM, 1972. 38 c.
BeICuH H. F., IlIaHuH H. n. OISoPYJ{oB3HRe aaSOJ{OB peaHBoBoi't npOMbllDJleHSG-
CTH. JI., cXHMHS», 1969. 376 c.

fnaBa 16
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I. 4 - CKH-18; 2. 5 - CKH-26; 3. 6 - CKH-40.
PIIIC. IV..16. BJlHlIBiHe D-IIOTHiBOCT8.pHTeJJeii (1,0 MaC<:. II.) iH3 1l$MeHeJlRe MOJle.K}'JlSlptHoA
M'3ICCbI M/Mo 0I<iI1-3 '8 IIJIIIOl1eoce 'II3I8'CT1l'K3'1Q1l'H OpH 130 OC ('KplIBbie /, 2, 8) 'H 30 "C
('KJI'HBble 4, 5, 6):
I, 4 - AHtlIeHBoII.n'4!eHHneHABBIIBH: 2. 5 - tlIeHBn'Ii'HB4ITHnB
HH; 3. 6 - CKH-3 6ea IIpOTHBOCTB'
pBTen!!.


HlHq.eCKOH 06p.a6oTKe 1Ji>8 'Banb
aX B ape.l1e ;a30T,a IJI3IMeHHeTCSI ,He3IH,aqH-
11eJ1bHO, ,a is cpe.l1e iB03.ll.Yx'a, KRCJlOPO.l1>8 H O3OHIH'posamroro iB03.l1.yxa-
cyw,ecTBeHlHo. npiH nOHlH>KeHIHIbIX TeMnepaty,pax JleCTlpYKU:HSI rronHMepa
IItptH ero MeXatHfHtIeOl<oA oopa60TKe ,MO>KeT 9<1><I>eKTHBlHO mpoHCXOAHTb III
B lHdIeJYl1HoA cpe.l1e (,pHC. IV.14).
CKOIpoCTb nJI,aCT,HKaIJ,:HH cyw.ecTBeHIHO 3as.aOHT OT .I1lpH'PO.ll.hI nonR-
Mepa ('P'HC. IV.15). npoBe.l1eHBe I1Ipou.eoca nJIaC'J'lH
a
HH c oo.nbmoA
298




CKOpOCTblO
8tpaKTepHO .I1nSI H3000peHOBIJIX H XnOpO'l1'peHOBbIX Kay':.lY-
ROB Cepaoro perynHJX>8aBWI. KpoMe KIH'CJI0poAa lHa CKopoCTb IOnaCTIII-
&aUHH cHnbHoe BJIHSlJHlHe 0K83b1B3lOT HeKOTOpbIe iHJH3'K01roJIeKYnSllpIH'bIe
)J,06aBKH. HII'I'H6HTOp'bI OKHcneHIHH 38MeJJ.nSIIOT nn.aCTlHKaIJ.RIO, oco6eH-
HO npH DOBhlmeHlHhlX TeMOOp8TY,pax, KOr.l1a 'B OCHOBIHOM JIIPOHCXO
HT
rep,MoMexaBlllqeCKaH .I1eCTpYKIWH (pIIC. IV.16).
MeX8B,H3MIJI IHH3KOTeMnep.aTY'P'HoA ,H .BIJlOOKOTeM.nep8Ty,pIHOA MeX-a-
H'HqeCKOA nn8CTHKall!HH HK III MoneKynH.ptHO-MaCCOBOe pacmpe.lleJIeHHe
B TaKUX DJIaCTHKaTaX OJUlH8'KO'B1JI. O.!llH3KO nPH :BbI.ooKO'J'IeMnep,aTY'pJloA
nnaCTHKaUHH BCJIe.l1CTBHe nOBlJlmeHIIfOTO OKlHcneHtHH xayqy&a SnaCTH-
qeCKHe cBoikTBa BynKaHH3aTOB YXY.l1maIOTCSI.


nnACTHKAU.fUI KAV'IVKOB C ,D.06ABnEHHEM
XHMH'IECKI1X nnACTHftHKATOPOB
B
w'ecTBa - aKuenroplJl c.B060.zr.,HblX pa.zmKanOB, - YCKo.pSlIOWiHe
n'P0[J
cc nnaCTHK8UH'H, nOnY1lHJIH lH,aSB8BHe YCICOpUTeAea nAaCTUlCatfUU
UAU XUMUtteCKUX nAaCTUt/JUlCaTOp08. Hx JleACTBHe 8 OOHOBiHOiM CBO.I1HT-
CSI K CT::.I6HnH3aUHH nOJlIHMepHIJIX ,pa.llHKanOB, 06pa3YI01IIiHXiCH O'PH Me-
Xa,HHqecKoA ,HnH TepMooKHcnlHTeJ1bHOA AeCT,pYKUHH M,aKpoMone.KYn
KayqYK8:


Ka-I(a - Ka- + Ka-
Ka- + RSH - KaH + RS-
Ka- + RS- - KaSR
B pesynbT8Te yBenHqHBaeTCSI 9<1><1>eKT nnacTHKaUHH, TaK K8K npe.l1-
o'JIBpaw,aIOToCSI pe'KoM6HHaUHSI pa.l1Hl\anoB H HX B3aHM0.l1eH,cTBHe C MO-
neKynaMH nOnHMepa. B KaqOC'l'Be YCKopHTeneA 'nnaCTHKaUHH mHpoKoe
rrpHMeHeiHHe HaXO.l1HT HeKoTophie .a'pOMaTHqecK'He MepKanTaHIJI H .I1H-
cynb<f>H.!1bI (Ta6n. IV.!). 3<f><f>eKTHBHIJIM YCKopHTeJIeM nnaCTHKaUHH
SIBnKeTCSI!MepKanToOeH3THa30n.
npH Hcn,onb30uaiHHH YCKopHTeneH nnaoCTHKaUHH YBenHIIIHBaeTcH
CKOpOCTb .I1ecTPYKUHH 'HaTYpanbHoro KayqYKa KaK npH HH3KHX, TaK
H npH 'BbI'COKHX TeM'DepaTypax; HaH60nbmylO aKTHB'HOCTb OHfl npoSIB-
JISiIOT npH TeMTIepaTY'pe BbImc 80°C. Ha 100 Mace. q. KayqYKa UPHXO-
.nHTCSI O,I-(),3 'Mace. q. YCKopHTeneH IOnaCTHKaUHH.
.lI.nSI xnoponpeHoBbIx KayqYKoB eepHoro peryn
poBaHHSI (HaHpHT
CP H KP) 9CJ»«peKTH'BHhlMH XHMHqeCKHMH unacTH<f>HKaTopaMH SlBnH-
IOTCSI YCKopHTenH cepHoA BynKa'HH3auHH yrneBOD.OpOD.HhlX KayqYKOB
(Mep K8mo6eH3THa30n, .I1H 6eH3TH a30nHn.ZIiH cy nb<f>H.I1, .I1 H <}>eHHnryaiH}J-
.I1HH).


nO,D.fOTOBKA KAV'IVKOB
.lI.nSl MexaHH3aUHH H aBTOMaTH3aUHH .I103HpOBaHHH KayqYKoB. no-
cTynal0w,Hx B BH.I1e KHn, 6pHKeToB HJIH pynOHoB, .IIIX rpaHynHpYIOT HnH
pe>KYT Ha Mt'nKHe KYCKH onpe.neJ1eHHIJIX <f>OPM H MaCChi.


299




»<
:I
Q,
o
""
o
III
41
III
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(, e
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ell 41

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io I<: I<:
t:;'" 0" 0
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Ii I I 1
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g} II: :=
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0-
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i - l' U.s 1'
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I I
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41 -
:= U
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:=
0 8' U I ""
= Q..
"" t:; _ 0
Q, >< U t:;
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t:; Q, '"
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:= :c
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f-o


t:f


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II
o
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t:;
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300




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'" 41
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a: u
10: ""
= 41
0 ell
0 S =
.. 0 0
0 Q, ..
Q, 0 0
41 C'" ell
U
(, a: t 41
:c
t 5:!
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III
&Ie Q,
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0 :cO ;!
t: Q,o;
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i


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,


::r
III> t.CIc-I
g- uc-l
8't :c:c 0;

g 41 0 0
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o:c :cc :c
11141 :&41 t
1-0.. <t: «(
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:c u >'0
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t:(
301




npH XpaHeHHH KayqYKH HeKOTOplJlX BH.I10B C perynSipHoA CTPYK-
TypOH MoneKyn (HaTypanbHIJIH, xnOpOnpeHOBIJIA) KpHCTannH3YlOTCSI,
'1TO npHBO.llHT K nOBlJlmeHHIO HX >KeCTKOCTH H 3aTpY.l1HHeT pe3K)' H
.I1anbHeAmylO nepepa6OTKY. n09TOMY KHnlJl HnH 6pHKeTIJI 3aKpHCTan-
JIH30BaBWoHXCSI KayqYKOB pa30rpeBalOT (paCnapHBaIOT) .I1nH nnaBne-
H:USI KpHCTannHqeCKOA <f>a3h1. npH .I1eKpHCTannH3aUHH KayqYKH pa30-
rpeBalOT .110 40-50°C. np0.l10JI>KHTeJ1bHOCTb npouecca 3aBHCHT OT
pa3MepoB KYCKOB KayqYKoB H qaCTHqHO OT npHpO.l11J1 nonHMepa. MHor-
.I1a .I1nSl YCKopeHHSI nporpeBa KHnlJl KayqYKoB npe,!l,BapHTeJ1bHO pa3pe-
3alOT Ha HecKonbKo qacTeA.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KonHqeCTBa nOTpe6nSleMoro Ha 3aB0.l1e KpHC-
TanJIH3ylOw,erocSi KayqYKa npHMeHSIIOTcH pa3nHqHlJle cnoc061J1 .I1eKpHC-
Tann,H3aU;HH. EcnH KOn
qeCTBO nOTpe6nH.eMoro KpHCTannH3YIOw,erocSi
KayqYKa HeBeJ1HKO, TO .I1eKpHCTannH3aUHIO npOBO.l1S1T B paCnapOqHIJIX
KaMepaX nepHO.l1HqeCKOrO .I1eACTBHSI pa3MepOM 5X6X5 M; KaMeplJl
060rpeBalOT rOpSlqHM B03.11YXOM. KHnlJl HaTypanbHorO KayqYKa npo-
rpeBalOT B TaKHX KaMepaX npH TeMnepaType rOpSlqerO B03.11yxa 50°C
B TeqeHHe 7
 'I 3HMOA .H 50 'I neTOM, a npH TeMnepaType B03.11yxa
70°C B TeqeHHe 35-50 q. npO.l1on
HTeJ1bHOCTb nporpeBa npe.l1BapH-
TeJIbHO pa3pe3aHHhlx KHn cOKpaw,aeTcSI .110 10-24 q. KaMeplJl TaKoro
THna HecnO>KHhI no KOHCTPYKUHH H npOCTIJI B 06cnY>KHBaHHH. O.l1HaKO
npH HX Hcnonb30BaHHH He06xo.l1HMO HMeTb 60JIbmOH 3anac KayqYKoB.
KpoMe Toro, B 9THX KaMepax He 06eCneqlfBaeTCH paBHOMepHIJIA pa30-
rpeB KHn KayqYKa no Bcen Macce H npOHCXO.l1HT OKHcneHHe KayqYKa C
nOBepXHOCTH.
npH 60nbWOM nOTpe6neHHH HaTypanhHoro KayqYKa ero .I1eKpHC-
TannH3YlOT Ha cneUHanbHIJIX YCTaHOBKax B none TOKOB BIJICOKOA 'lac-
TOTIJI. npH nOMew,eHIUI KHn KayqYKa B BIJICOKOqaCTOTHOe 9neKTpHqeC-
Koe none C nepeMeHHoA qaCTOToA 20-75 Mru. Teono reHepHpyeTcH
no BceA Tonw,HHe KayqYKa. np0.l10n>KHTeJIbHOCTb pa30rpeBa KHn Kay-
qYKa .110 40-50 °C COCTaBJISIeT 25-50 MHH. MOW,HOCTb BIJICOKOqaCTOT-
HIJIX reHepaTopoB 10-30 KBT. H3BecTHIJI YCTaHoBKH .I1nH .I1eKpHCTaJI-
JIH3aUHH KayqYKa TOKaMH BIJICOKOA qaCTOTIJI HenpeplJlBHOrO H nepHo-
.I1HqeCKOrO .I1enCTBHH. YCTaHoBKH HenpeplJlBHOrO .I1enCTBHH COCTOHT H3
HeCKonbKHX nocne.l10BaTeJ1bHO pacnOnO>KeHHIJIX KaMep, qepe3 KOTOplJle
no cneUHanbHOMY TpaHcnopTepy .I1BH>KytCH KHnlJl KayqYKa, a YCTaHoB-
KH nepHO.l1HqeCKOrO .I1eACTBHSI - H3 o.l1HoA KaMeplJl. CTeneHb .I1eKpHC-
TannH3a
HH KayqYKa npoBepHIOT norpY>KeHHeM B KHny cnenHanbHoA
MeTannHqeCKOn HrnlJl npH nOCTOSlHHOM .I1aBJIeHHH. ECJIH KayqYK He .I1e-
KpHCTanJ1H30BanCH. TO Hrna He CMO>KeT npOKonOTb KHny 3a onpe.l1e-
neHHoe BpeMH, H TaKaH KiHna nocTynaeT Ha nOBTopHYIO .I1eKpHCTannH-
38D.H1O.
KayqYKH, pa3pe3aHHlJle Ha K)'CKH. 061J1qHO .I1eKp'HCTannH3yIOT B pac-
nap01lHIJIX KaMepax HenpeplJlBHOrO .I1eACTBHH, 060rpeBaeMIJIX rOpHqHM
B03.11YXOM (pHC. IV.!7).
KHn'bI HK Iponbru.roM 7 nOJl.alOT 00 CK.ll08.11a 'K llIfJI.opa'8JIlllqecmM
HO>KaM 6 'Beptl1RK,anbHoro TRJlla I}f ,pe>KYT lHa meCTb qacreA. POnlbNJl£l'&M
5 Ipa3pe33ILHlble KYC&H HK no.zr.,alOT I1t8 nOJl.'BeCHOA nlOne'IIHHA KOIHBeAep
302




2 In )J,anee qepe3 BXQ,ZQHoe oTBepcTHe 3 B .pa30rpeBaTeJ1bH)'1O K.aMepy 1.
Tpacca Ko,HBeHepoa .pacnonaraeTCJI B KaMepe B HeCKOJIbKO xPYOOlB.
Pa30ppeThIe KYoCK1I iIJ!POXO.llSiT BCIO KaMepy H C6paCblBalOTCSI Ha neRToq-
'H'bIH TpaHCIro(>'l'ep 9 AnSI nocne.aYIOw,eA HX nepepa6oTKH. I1poAo.n>KH-
TeJ1bHOCTb pa30PpeBa B &aMepe 3aBHCHT OT TeMne:paTY.pN B areA Jt 3a-
&ptHC'J1anniH3o,BaIH!HlQC11H KayqYKa. npo.l10JDKHTeJ1bHOoCTb 'p830r.poeaa lHa-
TypanbHoro KayqYKa npn 100 °c COCTaBnSl
T 4-6 'I, a xnoponpeHoBoro
IlIp:H 60-70°C - OKOOO 6-8 q.
BpHKeTHI H KHnlJl KayqYKOB pe>KYT cneUHanbHhlMH HO>KaMH pa3"
nHqHOH KOHCTPYKUHH. DonbwHe THnhl HK 06h1qHO pe>KYT Ha BepTH-


D


m


a


a 7


t


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IZI


PHC. IV.l7. B03J1YW:HaSi xa'Mepa lJIenpepblBHoro i.Ile8c:nlHSI AnSI A
pHcrannH3au.HQI HK
(nn3;J1):
1 - TenJlOH30JlBPYIO\1tHe CTeRKH KBuepbI; 2 - DOABecROil KOHBeilep; 3 - BXOAHOil H BblXOAROI
npoeMbi AJlI! KORBeilepB; 4 - HBTI!JKRBI! CTBHII,RI! KOHBeilepB; 5. 7 - pOJlbrBRMI; 6 - BepTRKBJlb.
Rble ROJKH AJlI! pesKH KByqYKB; 8 - HBPYJKHBI! BeTBb KORBeliepB; 9 - o'fCSOPOqRblii JleHTOqHbll
TPBHcnopTep; 10 - nOMe\1teHHe AJlII YCTBHOBKH BeHTRJlIITOPOB. C03ABIO\1tHX TenJlOBYIO SBBecy.


Kanb!lhlX nnn rop.u3OHTanbHhlX MaWBHaX C rH.I1paBJI'HqeCKHM np-HBO-
.I1oM.'B HeKOTOplJlX cnyqaSlX TaKHe MamHHhI HMelOT MHoronyqe
lJIe ro-
JIOBKH, B KOTOpblX 3aKpenneHO HeCKOnbKO pa.l1HanbHO paCnOJIO>KeHHIJIX
Jle3BHH. MawnHIJI C T,aKHMH rOnOBK3>MH pa3'pe3aIOT KHny KayqYKa
O.l1HOBpeMeHHO Ha 6; 8 HJIH 10 K)'CKOB. YCHnHe, C03.11aBaeMOe HO>KOM.
.n.OCTHraeT 1000 KH.
.lI.nSl pC3KH 6pHKeTOB H pynoHoB CHHT€THqeCKHX KayqYKoB mHpoKO
npnMeHSIIOT .I1HCKOBlJle HO>im. TaKHe HO>KH HMelOT .110 qeTlJlpeX pe>KY-
W,HX .llHCKOBIJIX YCTpoAcTB. MOW,HOCTb npHBO.l1a HO>KeI .I10CmraeT
14 KBT.
.lI.nH 06nerqeHHH nocne.l1YIOw,eA pa3BecKH KayqyKoB 6pHKeTY H
pynOHY CHHTeTHqeCKOrO KayqYKa pe>Kyt Ha K)'CKH onpe.l1eJ1eHHIJIX <f>op-
Mhi H MaCCIJI. B 3TOM cnyqae arperaTY 113 HeCKOJIbKHX HO>KeA ooopy-
.n.YIOT CneUHanbHIJIMH 3aKpennHIOw,HMH 'H nOBOpOTHIJIMH MeXaH'H3Ma-
MH, <f>HKCHPYIOW,HMH nOnO>KeHHe 6pHKeTa HJIH ero qaCTeA npH nO.l1aqe
Ha pe3KY. HanpHMep 6pHKeT 6YTa.l1HeH-CmponbHoro KayqYKa pa3Me-
pOM 205X 460X815 MM pe>KYT: Ha K)'CKH no 5 Kr pa3MepOM 200X
X450X135 MM, Ha KYCKH no 2 Kr pa3MepoM 200X135X90 MM H Ha
KYCKH no 0,2 Kr pa3MepoM 130X90X40 MM.


303




B HaCTOSIwee BpeMSI CTaH.ZJ.apTHhlH MaJIaH3HAcKHH .HaTypaJIbHhlA
KaY'IYK BhlnYCKalOT B BH.ZJ.e 6pHKeTOB, 3aBepHYThlX B nOJIHSTHJIeHOBYIO
nJIeH,KY H Y.ZJ.06HhlX .ZJ.JISI pe3KH.


TEXHHlfECKHE cnOC06bI nnACTHKA
HH KAYlfYKA


Bhl60p cnoc06a H 060PY.ZJ.OBaH8S1 AJISI nJIaCTHKaQRH xayqYKOB H
TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKHe YCJlOBHSI HX 06pa60TKH 3aBHCSlT OT DPRPOAhI Kayqy-
Ka, Ha3HaqeHHSI pe3HHOBhlX B3.ZJ.eJIHA H He06xoAHMOA DpOH3BO
TeJIb-
HOCTH npOIJ.ecca.
HeKOTophle KaY'IYKH C IJ.eJIblO o.nacrHKaIJ.HH nOABepralOTCSI B03-
.ZJ.eACTBHIO TenJIa B KHCJlOpO.ZJ.a B03.ZJ.yxa (TepMOnJIaCTtHXaIl.1lSl).'&O 60JIb-
IUHHCTBO cnoc060B OCHOBaHO .&a aKTHBHOM B03AeAcTBHH MeXaH-RQeCKOA
SHeprHH (MeXaHHQeCKaSi DJIaCTHKaIJ.HSI).
MeXaHH'IeCKaSi nJIaCTHKaIJ.HSI KaY'IYKOB
BU r MO>KeT npoBo.ZJ.HTbCSI B QepBSlqHhlX, pOTOp-
'18 _ HhI,X H BaJIKOBhlX MaWHH8X. lJacTO npo-
::t: uecc nJlaCTHKaUHH, oc06eHHO .I1JISI CHHTeTH-
c:t 36 '1eCKOrO H30DpeHOBoro KaYQYKa H nOJIH-

 xJlOpOnpeHa, COBMewaeTCSI C npoueccoM
2'1 CMeweHHSI.
TepMOnJIaCTHKaIJ.HR KayqYKoB. YMeHb-
WHTb BSl3KOCTb HeKOTOphlX KaY'IYKOB H YBe-
JIH'IHTb HX nJIaCTHqHOCTb B03MO>KHO B pe-
3YJIbTaTe TepMOOKHCJlHTeJIbHOA .ZJ.eCTpYKUHH
npH nOBhlweHHoA TeMnep8Type B npHCYT-
CTBHH KHC'JIOpO.ZJ.a B03.ZJ.yxa, KOTopaSi nOJlY-
'1HJl8 Ha3BaHHe TepMOn/laCTufCaquu. npH
npaBHJIbHOM Bhl60pe OnTHMaJIbHhlX TeMne-
paTyphl H .ZJ.aBJIeHHSI B03.ZJ.yxa npouecchl
.ZJ.eCTPYKUHH MorYT npe06JIa.ZJ.aTb Ha.ZJ.
CTPYKTypHpOBaHHeM. HanpaBJIeHHe npo-
IJ.eCca B 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOA creDeHH onpe-
.ZJ.eJISleTCSI npHpoAoA nOJIHMepa (pHC.
IV.18) .
B OCHOBHOM TepMOnJIaCTHKaIJ.HH nOABepralOT >KeCTKHe BhlCoKoMoJleKY-
JlSlpHhle (HeperYJISIpHOrO CTpoeHHSI) 6YTa.ZJ.HeH-CTHpOJlbHhle KaY'IYKH
CKC-tO, CKC-30 H .ZJ.p. npouecc npOBO.ZJ.SlT B KOTJIaX npH 120-140°C
It D.aBJIeHHH B03.ZJ.yxa 0,25-0,30 Mna. KaY'IYK paCKJl8AhlB81OT B BH.ZJ.e
Y3KHX nOJlOCOK Ha MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHe npOTHBHH, nOMewaeMhle B KOTeJl.
npH TepMOnJIaCTHKaIJ.HH npOHCXO.ZJ.SlT rJIy60Koe OKHCJIeHHe H .ZJ.eCTPYK-
UHSI nOJIHMepa C YBeJIH'IeHHeM cO.ZJ.ep>KaHHSI HH3KOMOJIeKYJISlpHhlX
<J>paKIJ.HA, B TO BpeMSI KaK npH MeXaHH'IeCKOH nJlaCTHKaUHH H86J11O-
.ZJ.aeTCSI pa3phlB HaH60JIee .ZJ.JIHHHhlX MOJIeKYJI npeHMywecTBeHHO B
cpe.ZJ.HeA '1aCTH, npH'IeM cO.ZJ.ep>KaHHe HH3KOMOJIeKYJISIpHOA <J>paKUHH He
YBeJlH'IHBaeTCSI (Ta6JI. IV.2).
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a TenJlo06pa30BaHHe B HeM 60nee 3HallHTeJIbHoe.
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HHeM YCKOpHTeJISI nnaCTHKau.HH. B pe3HHOCMeCUTeJISiX npoH3Bo.ZJ.S1T
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100°C). B HeKoTophlX CJlY'IaSix nnaCTHKau.HIO' KaY'IYKoB B CKOpOCTHhlX
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6 - 3JleKTpOABHraTeJJb lIexaHH3Ma perYJlHpOBaHHII 383opa; 7. 9 - npaaall H JleBali TpaaepCbI;
8 - TpOC lIexaH.HSMa aBapHAHoro OCTaHOBa; 10 - npHBoAHble WeCTepHH (60Jlbmall B lIaJlall):
11 - KOX<YX npeAoxpaHHTeJlbHblA; /2 - IlB<I!ep6J1aT YKa3aTeJlII 3a30pa; 13 - BaJlKOBbie nOAmHnBH' _
KH; 13 - <l!YHA8MeHTHali nJlHTa; 16 - TpaHcMHccHOHHblA npHBoAHOA BaJl. 17. 18 - DepeAHHA "
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UJ,HXCSI MaTepHaJIOB C pa60'leH nOBepXHOCTH. TeMnepaTypHhlA pe>K.HM
Ha BaJlKaX nO.ZJ..ZJ.ep>KHBaIOT C nOMOUlblO CHCTeMhI BO.ZJ.S1HOrO oxna>K.ZJ.e-
H'HSI (TeMnepaTypa BO.ZJ.h1 4-25°C) nYTeM opoweHHSI BHYTpeHHHX no-
BepXHOCTeH BaJlKOB (pHC. IV.21). Ll.JISI nO.ZJ..ZJ.ep>KaHHSI He06xo.ZJ.HMOA
3<»<»eKTHBHOCTH OXJla>K.ZJ.eHHSI BHYTpeHHHe nOBepXHocnl BaJlKOB AOJI>K-
HhI cO.ZJ.ep>KaTbCSI B 'IJICTOTe.
CMa3KY BaJlKOBhlX nO.ZJ.WHilIHHKOB npOH3BO.ZJ.SlT UeHTpaJlH30Ba.HO
no.ZJ. .ZJ.aBJIeHHeM. HH>KHHe '1aCTH npHBO.ZJ.HhlX H <»PHKUoHOHHhlX weCTe-
peH, a TaK>Ke 'IepBSI'IHhlX nap norpY>KeHhI B MaCJISlHhle BaHHhI.
BaJIbUhI H3rOTaBJlHBalOT HJIH C rpy.nnoBhlM, HJlH HH.ZJ.HBH.ZJ.yaJIbHhlM
npHBo.ZJ.oM. npHMeHeHHe rpynnoBoro npHBo.ZJ.a ueJleC006p83HO npH Ha-
J1H'IHH B npou.ecce nHKOBhlX HarpY30K, TaK KaK B STOM CJIY'Iae CHH>Ka-
eTCSI CYMMapHaSi MOWHOCTb 3J1eKTpO.ZJ.BHr8TeJISI, nOBhlwaeTCSI K03<»<»H-
UHeHT MOUJ,HOCTH 3J1eKTpOCeTH, COKpaUJ,aeTCSI 3aHHMaeMaSi YCTaHOBKoA
nJlOUJ,a.ZJ.b.
HH.ZJ.HBH.ZJ.yaJlbHhlH npHBO.ZJ. BaJlbUOB ocyweCTBJlSleTCSI OT SJleKTpO-
.ZJ.BHraTeJISi '1epe3 .ZJ.ByxcTyneH'IaThlH KOHH'IeCKO-U'HJIHH.ZJ.pH'IeCKHH pe-
.ZJ.YKTOP Ha npHBO.ZJ.HYIO weCTepHIO 3a.ZJ.Hero BaJlKa, a OT nOCJIeAHerO K
nepe.ZJ.HeMY '1epe3 <»PHKUHOHHhle weCTepHH. BaJIKH CMeCHTeJIbHhlX
309




SaJIbu,OB, Ha KOTOphlX TaK>Ke npOH3BO.ZJ.SlT nJIaCTHKaI1RIO, BpaW810TCSI C
$pHKI1HeH 1 : 1,08-1 : 1,17.
De30nacHocTb pa60ThI BaJIbl10B 06eCneqHBaeTCSI aBTOMaTH'IeCKHM
aBapHHHhlM YCTpoiicTBOM, BhlKJlR?'1aIOWHM SJIeKTpo.ZJ.BHraTeJlb H BKJlIO-
qalOUJ,HM TOpMO>KeHHe, np'H'IeM np06er BaJIKOB C MOMeHTa BhlKJllOqe-
HHSI He npeBhlwaeT 1/. 060pOTa nepe.ZJ.Hero BaJIKa. .lJ.HcTaHI1HOHHOe H
3BTOMaTH'IeCKOe ynpaBJIeHHe npHBOJ1HhlM SJIeKTpO.ZJ.BHraTeJIeM H Mexa-
HH3MOM perYJIHpOBaHHSI 3a30pa npOH3BO.ZJ.HTCSI C nOMOUJ,blO M8rHHTHhlX
2 I


floRR


PH'C. IV.21. PamoJ!OOKeHHe TPY() 80 'BoRYTpetlllleii flOJlOCTH lBaJiKOB AJI" HX OXJJa>Klle<HH":
1- BBilKH; 2 - TJ>y6b1; 3 - conJla 4!OPCYHKH; 4 - BOpOHKB AJlII MHBa; 5 - Tpy60npoOOJI JlJlII BOo
AbI; 6 - OTpax<aTMbHbliI K03b1peK.


CTaHUHH H naHMeH ynpaBJleHHSI. B Ta6JI. IV.3 npHBe.ZJ.eHa TeXHH'IeC-
KaSi xapaKTepHcTHKa BaJIbUOB, -H3rO.TOBJISleMhlX B CCCP.
COBpeMeHHhle YCTaHoBKH BaJlbl10B OCHawalOT pa3J1HqHhlMH npH60-
paMH KOHTpOJISI TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKOrO npouecca: MeC,I103aMH .ZJ.JISI H3Mepe-
HHSI pacnopHhlx YCHJlHA Me>K.ZJ.Y BaJlKaMH; perHCTpHpYIOWHMH ,H YKa-
3h1BalOUJ,HMH npH60paMH .ZJ.JISI 3aMepa TeMnep8TYP Bxo.ZJ.S1weH 'II oTpa-
60TaHHoH oXJla>K.ZJ.alOweH BO.ZJ.h1, pa60'lHX nOBepxHocreA BaJIKOB H pe-
3HHOBOA CMeCH, BaJlKOBhlX nO.ZJ.WHnHHKOB H .ZJ.p.; npH60paMH ,I1J1S1 KOHT-
pOJISI .ZJ.aBJIeHHSI BO.ZJ.h1; npH60paMH l1eHTpaJIH30BaHHoH CMa3KH; pacxo-
.l10MepaMH .ZJ.JISI BO.ZJ.h1, SJleKTp03Hepr.HU; npHoopaMH, KOHTpOJlHpYIOUJ,H-
MH 3a30p Me>K.ZJ.Y BaJlKaMH.
B 3a30pe Me>K.ZJ.Y BaJlKaMH H nepeA HHMH (B KpYTSlweMcSI 3anace)
BCJle.ZJ.CTBHe .ZJ.e<»opMaI1HH CJI0eB KaY'IYKa C pa3HoH CKOpOCTblO B03HH-
KalOT 60JIbWHe 'HanpSl>KeHHSI C.ZJ.BHra, npHBo.ZJ.S1WHe K .ZJ.ecTpYKIJ..HH MaK.
pOMOJleKYJI. DJlaro.ZJ.apSi TOMY 'lT0 06J1aCTb, B KOTOpoA npoHcxo.ZJ.S1T
C.ZJ.BHrOBhle .ZJ.e<»opMauHoH, HeBMHKa, a nOBepxHocTb OXJIa>K.ZJ.eHHSI BaJI.
KOB 60JlbWaSl, npouecc MO>KHO npoBo.ZJ.HTb npH HeBhlcoKoH TeMnepaTY-
310




T a 6.11 H U a IV.3. TexHHlfecKaR xapaKTepHcTHKa BaJlbUOB,
H3rOTaBJlHBaeMbiX B CCCP


OcHOBHbIe paallepbl OKpyX<Bble
BanblUol pa(SoqHx noaepXJlOc:TeA CKOJ!OCTH
BaJlKOB. l1li BaJlKOB. II/IIU
MollJ,llOCTb
,1IB8IIeTP
PIIKQIIII 9JleKTpo-
nepeA- pHnrremI
BalQleBOlaJIHe lIaPKa AIIHBa all,1lllBA KBT
neJJeA°18lA- BHA
BHA BHA
160 320 1,66- 5,12- I: 1 ,07 7,1-10,5
1a60p8TopHble JIB 320 160 160 160
4,95 2,56
1:1,27
1:1,50
.10ll.orpeBa. n.n. 630 315 315 315 630 14,3 17,9 I: 1,25 22
.eJlbHble 315 12,8 I: 1 ,37
>ra}l(Hbie
10.J.orpeBa- n.n. 800

 550 550 800 28,7 37,0 I: 1,29 75
TeJlbHble
660 660 660 1500 27,1 34,6 I: I ,28 132

o }l(e n.n. 1500 660
660 660 2130 28 34,2 1:1,22 180
» n.n. 2130 660 660
'>aIj>HHHPYIO' Pel> 800 :: 490 610 800 27,5 70,0 1:2,55 75
Il(He
J.p06HJlbHble P 400 490 610 800 14,5 37 1:2,55 75
.n. 800 610


n p Bile q a B B II: I. B woaHatleHBB lIapKB 6yKBbI YKaSbl88IOT HaaHnena
OB' "eo-
)ble IlB4!Pbl - .....'BHy pa60tleA noaepxHocTH; qBeJlBTe1Ib Apo(SB - AHa lIeTP nepeARero, . 8H811e-
iaTellb - aaAHero BaJlKOB. 2. CllecBTeJlbHo'JlBCToBa.nbBble Ballbll,Y HMelOT T8KYIO Jlte lIapupoaK1.
650 _ 660
"TO B nOAorpeBUellbHble (CII 800 550' CII 1500 6iiO; CM 2130 660 ); 4!PBKllBIi saBOB COCTl8-
:ReT 1:1.08. 3. 50JlbWHHCTBO BaJlbll,OB BMeeT 1"1IaAKYlO noaepXBOCTb pa6o'leA tlaCTB: Ballbll,liI
490 490


 800 6iO - rJlaAKYIO 60116HpOBaHHYlO nOBepXHOCTb BaJlKOB; BallbUb; .ZJ.p 800 6iO- VH<!>1I41<
iylO nOBepXHOCTb BaJlKOB.


Ie (50-60°C) B YCJlOBHSlX, Kor.ZJ.a npOHCXOAH r MeX3HH'IeCKaH nJlaCTH-

aUHSI. npH nJlaCTHKaUHH Ha BaJIbl1ax 06h1'1HO He npHMeHHIOT XHMH-
JeCKHX nJlaCTH<»HKaTopOB.
nplieMbi DJiaCTHKaltHH KayqYKa Ha BaJlbuax. nJlaCTHKaUHIO Kay'IY-


 Ha BaJlbuaX 3KOHOMH'IeCKH ueJleC006pa3HO OpOBO.ZJ.HTb npH MaJlhlX
.tacwTa6ax npOH3BO.ZJ.CTBa. B H8'1aJle npOBe.ZJ.eHIiSi npOlteCca XOJIO.RHhle
J<aY'IYKH 06JIa.ZJ.a1OT BhlCOKOH SJlaCTH'IHOCTblO, \I BTHrHBaHHe HX B 3a-
30p Me>K.ZJ.Y BaJIKaMH 33TPYllHHTeJIbflO. B nOM cJlyqae He06xo.ZJ.HMO
npOH3BO.D.r\Tb 3arpY3KY KayqYKoB M3J1b1MH nOpItHSlMH, npH MaJIOM 3a-
311




30pe Me>K.ZJ.Y BaJlKaMH H no B03MO>KHOCTH 6J1H>Ke K npHBO.ZJ.HhlM 3y6'1a-
ThlM KOJleCaM. npH 3anpaBKe Hepa30rpeThlX KaY'IYKOB Ha HX 06pa-
.()OTKY paCXO.ZJ.yeTcSI 60JlbWOe KOJlHlleCTBO SHeprHH. BCJIe.ZJ.CTBHe '1ero
KaY'IYK oH BaJlKH CHJlbHO HarpeBalOTCSI. TeMnepaTYPHhlH pe>KRM H npo-
..n.OJl>KHTenbHOCTb nnaCTHKaUHH YCTaHaBnHBalOTCSI onhlTHhlM nyreM B
.3aBHCHMOCTH OT CBOHCTB HCXO.ZJ.HOTO ChlpbSl H Toro, KaKHMH cBoAcTBa-
1dH .ZJ.OJl>KeH 06J1a.ZJ.aTb nonyqeHHhlH nnaCTHKaT. qeM >KeCTqe KaY'IYK
H '1eM HH>Ke ero TeMnepaTypa, TeM 60JlbWe
3aTpa'lHBaeTCSI MeXaHH'IeCKOH 3HeprHH Ha
ero .ZJ.e<»opMaUHIO.
.lJ.J1S1 nOJlY'IeHHSI nJlaCTHKaTa O.ZJ.HOPO.ZJ.-
Horo Ka'leCTBa npH nJlaCTHKaUHH Ha BaJlb-
uax npHMeHSIIOT CJle.ZJ.YIOWHe npHeMhI o6pa-
60TKH:
I. HenpephlBHaSi 06pa60TKa KaY'IYKa
CHa'laJla npH He60JlbWOM 3a30pe (1-3 MM)
B Te'leHHe 3-5 MHH, a 3aTeM npH 3a30pe
5-10 MM B TeqeHHe 10-15 MHH.
2. Ll.BY- HJlH TpexKpaTHaSi nJlaCTHKa-
UHSI C OXJla>K.ZJ.eHHeM nJlaCTHUHpyeMoH Mac-
Chi Me>K.ZJ.Y nOCJle.ZJ.OBaTeJlbHhlMH onepa-
UHSlMH.
3. «Pa3MaJlhlBalOUJ,aSl» nJlaCTHK8UHSI -
nOCJle.ZJ.OBaTeJIbHhle nponycKH KaY'IYKa 'Ie-
pe3 TOHKHH 3830p (1-3 MM) C nocJle.ZJ.YIO-
UJ,HM OXJI a >K.ZJ.eH HeM nJlaCTHUHpyeMoH MaCChi .ZJ.O 30-40°C.
B CJIOSIX B03.ZJ.YX8, oKpY>KaIOWHX nOBepxHocTb KaYIIY_Ka, npoHcxo-
.ZJ.HT HOHH3aUHSI KHCJIOpo.ZJ.a, '1TO YCKopSieT 06pa30BaHHe nepeKHceA H
.ZJ.ecTpYKUHIO MOJleKyn KaY'IYKa, a CJIe.ZJ.OBaTenbHO, YBeJI.H'IHBaeT nnac-
TH'IHOCTb H nOHH>KaeT BSl3KOCTb pacTBopoB KaYIIYKa.
BCJIe.ZJ.cTBHe BeCbMa HHTeHCHBHoro TpeHHSI 3a.ZJ.Hero BanKa 0 nJlac-
THUHpyeMhlH KaY'IYK H 3HallHTenbHoro .ZJ.aBneHHSI B 3a30pe Ha BaJlKaX
o6pa3YIOTcSI H HaKanJl-HBaIOTCSI 3apSI.!J.h1 CTaTH'IeCKOrO sneKTp'H'IeCTBa
BeCbMa BhlCOKoro nOTeHIUfana (OT 5000 .ZJ.O 15000 B). B CYXOM OKPY-
)l{alOweM B03.ZJ.yxe npoHcxo.ZJ.SlT pa3pSl.ZJ.h1, npocKaKHBalOT CBeTSlUJ,HecSi
HCKphl; BO BJla>KHOM B03.ZJ.yxe Ha6J1IO.ZJ.aeTcSI nOCTeneHHoe CTeKaHHe
o6pa3YIOWHxCSI 3apSl.ZJ.oB.
HaH60JlbWee YBenH'IeHHe nJlaCTH'IHOCTH Ha6nlO.ZJ.8eTcSI B nepBhle
.ZJ.eCSlTb MHHYT, .ZJ.aJlee OHa ,H3MeHSleTCSI KpaHHe Me.ZJ.neHHO (pHC. IV.22).
Pacxo.ZJ. 3HeprHH, 3aTpa'l.HBaeMOA Ha npeo.ZJ.oneHHe ynpymx .ZJ.e<»op-
MaUHH -H Ha MeXaHH'IecKYIO .ZJ.ecTpYKUHIO MaKpoMoneKyn KaY'IYKa, 3a.
'BHCHT OT 06'beMa MaCChi B pa60'leH 30He H .ZJ.aBJIeHHSI B 3a30pe. Bo
iBpeMSI 06pa60TKH KaYIIYK.a nOBhlwaeTCSI ero TeMnepaTypa, a TaK>Ke
YMeHbwalOTcSI BSl3KOCTb H K03<»<»HUHeHT TpeHHSI, liTO npHBO.ZJ.HT K CHH-
JKeHHIO paCXO.ZJ.yeMoH 3HeprHH.
Ll.J1S1 nonY'IeHHSI 60nee O.ZJ.Hopo.ZJ.Horo no Ka'leCTBY nJlaCTHKaTa cne-
AyeT npoH3Bo.ZJ.HTb ero nO.ZJ.pe3KY. npH 3arpY3Ke KaY'IYK8 Ha BanbUhI
He06xo.ZJ.HMO CJIe.ZJ.HTb 3a TeM, '1T06h1 KaY'IYK 6h1n He 3aMOpO>KeHHhlM


60



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PIIiC. IV.22. IbMeHeRHe IBH3-
KOC1'.H 1'J 1 % -tHoro paCl18()pa
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312


50




(STO MO>KeT Bhl3BaTb nOJlOMKY BaJlbUOB) H He BJla>KHhlM, ,HHaqe YXY.ZJ.-
waeTCSI 3aXBaT KaY'IYKa BaJlKaMH; KYCKH ynpyroro KaY'IYKa MorYT OT-
CKaKHBaTb OT BaJlKa 'H TpaBMHpOBaTb pa60'lHX.
CTporo BocnpeLUaeTCSI nO.ZJ.aBaTb HJlH nO.ZJ.TanKHBaTb KaY'IYK B 3a-
30p PYKaMH.
Ll.nSl nonY'IeHHSI nJlaCTHKaTa n-l (nnaCTH'IHOCTb 0,21-0,30) HaTY-
paJlbHhlA KayqYK He06xo.ZJ.HMO nnaCTHUHpoBaTb OKono 12 MHH np»
50-55°C.
nJlaCTHKaT n-2 (nnaC1'H'IHOCTb 0,31-0,40) nOJlY'IaIOT nOBTopHOA
nJlaCTHKaUHeH OXJla>K.ZJ.eHHoro nnaCTHKaTa n-1.
B HeKoTophlX cnY'IaSlx .ZJ.nSl nonyqeHHSI cMeceH C BhlCOKOH nnaCTHq-
HOCTblO KaY'IYK nO.ZJ.BepralOT TpexKpaTHoA nJlaCTHKaUHH (nnaCTHKaT
n-3 HMeeT nJlaCTH'IHOCTb 0,41-0,50).
Ha Banbuax npoH3Bo.ZJ.SlT nnaCTHKaUHIO !5YTa.ZJ.HeH-IWTpHnbHhlx Kay-
'1YKOB, KOTophle He Y.ZJ.aeTCSI nnaCTHUHpOBaTb .ZJ.PyrHM'H MeTO.ZJ.aMH, H
XJlOpOnpeHOBoro KayqYKa.
"
fPAHynHPOBAHHE KAYlfYKOB H PE3HHOBMX CMECER
Ll.nSl 06J1er'leHHSI .ZJ.03HpOBaHHSI HaTypaJlbHOrO H CHHTeTH'IeCHX
KaY'IYKOB HX rpaHynHpYIOT C nOMOWblO cneUHanbHhlX MaWHH (rpaHY-
JlSl1'OpOB). Ha H60nee WRpoKO -Il'ptHMeHiSlIOT rp.8IH:ymrrophl '1ep'BSl1IIH0ro
mna (ptH'C. IV.23). Ha CTa,H!RHe 1 YCTaHOBJIeH paoo'HIA UiHJIIHJH,ZfjJ> 9,
BHYTlptH 'Koroporo 3oan:peCCO'BaMa r.unb3a 22 H3 H'3IHooocroAKOA C'J'IaJlH.
B U,'HJlRHJJ.pe oeCTb 3ar,pY301fIHOe OTBepC'f.Hoe IH IPy6aw- ,.!J.JI,SI no.zr,a'lH xo-
JlO.llJHOH 'RJliD rop'S11JeH '8OAhI. B ,pa60'leH 30iHe '1eptBSfK 23 H,MeeT OJQHos.a-
XO.ZJ.IH:YIO .aape3.KY C nepeM'eHHIblM waroM. npH TaKOH lH,a'pe3'Ke qEIPBSlKa
06eCne'llHBaJ011CSI XOIpoW'HH 3aX'BaT MaTepnaJl'a B 3'al'pl}"30'IIHOA SORe 'II
MeHbwoee TenJlOBhI.ZJ.eJIeH'He B pa60qeH SOHe.
01UK)weHlHe .ZJ.JI'HlHhI pa60'loeH '1,aCTH '1e.pBSlKa K AHaMeTpy ,pa8lHO
3,5. 3a30p Me>K.ZJ.Y rpe6HSlMH '1epBSlKa H BCTaBHOH rHJlb30H paBeH
0,45 M,M.
B.uTKH qep'BSIa H'MeIOT 3'aKaJleRHYIO n0'8ep'XIHOCTb r;peOHeH 'UnH 'Cne-
LIIHaJlb:HI}"1O HanJl08BKY IH3 TBt!<plllhlX CDJlaBOB. Ha KOHue '1ep8S1Ka ycra-
HOBJIeHa CMeHuaSi ,HaCa.!l,Ka 21, 06ecneQH,BalOwaSi 'p'a:BHoMepHYIO no.ZJ..a-
'1Y KaY'IYKa (HnH HOBOH 'CMeoH) nOA .ZJ.aBneHHeM a nep<J>opHpo-
Ba,","ylO nJlaCTHIHY. HaC8.ZJ.Ka 'HMeeT .lI.BYX3aXO.ll.HYIO Hape3KY C 6oJlb-
WoHM yrJlOM nO.ZJ.'beMa BHoHTOBOH JI,HilWH. 3a3Oip Me>K.ZJ.Y fH1aca.lI:KOH '1ep-
BSiKa H nep<J>opHpoBa.HlHoH nJla.cTHiHOH COCTaBJISIeT 1,5-2 MM.
Ll.J1S1 OXJIa>K.ZJ.eH:HSI BO BHYT.pe.HIHlOlO nOJlOCTb '1pBSlKa no 11Py6e 7
nO.l1aeTCSI XOJlO.ZJ.Hi3S1 BO.ZJ.a. XBOCTOBaSi q,aCTb 4, pa'CnonO>KoeHlHla,S1 B s.a.ZJ.-
HeM II:Hn,HH.ZJ.pe, YCTaoHOBJleHa .ua .pa.ZJ.HaJlbH'h1X 'POJlHKOBhlX nO.ZJ.UlIIU1IJ1IH-
Kax 6 ;H CHa6>KeH,a y.oOptHhI'M :nOAlli:HnIH:H.KOM 2. Ha X'8OCTOBYIO '1,aCTb
q'e.pBSlKa IHaCa>KeHa 6oJlbw.aSl ,np'HBOAHaSi WecT-€lptH'Si 3, KOTOtpaSi ,BXO.ZJ.HT
B 3au.enJleHHe C wec1'e!ptHeH Ipe.u.YKTOp'a .nptHBO.ZJ.a MamHHhI. lJacTOT.a
Bpaw.eHHSI '1epBSlKa B s.aBHCH,MOCTH OT 'pa3Me.pa M,aWIfjH:bI 20-30
06/MH.H.
313

Ha.ZJ. 3arpY30tLHblM OTBepc11HeM .poaoo'lero IJJHJlH1HJI:pta YC1'8H.a'BJloHBa-
eTCSI oop<>:H'Ka 8 C I1iHteBMa11H'IeCImM 1'OJI;KaTeJJeM (1ID8 ,p1lcYH'Ke iHe nORa-
331H). TO'JI'KaTeJIb 'I1IpeAHa3lH'aqoea )J.JlSI 06ecne'l'eHIB.SI ,p8B1HOMepIHOA nO,ll.a-
'1,H aY'lYKa H npe.ZJ.O'TBpoaWe.JfIHSI CKOJIb>KeHlHSI ero 00 '1epBSI'KY, '11'0 no-
BblWaeT ,K03<»<»,HUHeHT nO'Jle3IHOI'O AeHCTB'HSi ,M,aWHHIbI. PaOOTa TOJI,Ka-
TenSi a BTOMaTJls,H,poBaiHIa , CHnHlaJl nOAaeTCSI <»o1'03J1eK11p1l'leCKBM yo-
p.aBJlSlIOWHM Mexa03MOM.
Ha Iro.Hlue IJJHJllJftH:lIJpta .M'8U1\HJRbl 1JIptH nOMoWM oaAOOIe11HO'OO sa1'BO'J>a
3aKpenSI'e'f,C'SI roJlO'BKa. B KOpnyce roJlO'BKJH, SI,BJlSllOweM'CSi npoAOJJ'>Ke-
.
PH-t. IV.ro. r,paIHYJlSI'TOp '1epoB!l'lHOJ'o 'NI1IIa:
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qepBIIKa; 5 - Ca.llbHHKOBoe YDJloTHeHHe; 6 - POJlHKOBbiA nOAWHnHHK; 7 - TPy6a; 8 - sarpyaoqHali
BopoHKa; 9 - pa60quA HJlHHAP; 10 - DHeBllaTHqeCKHA UJlHHAP; J.1 - pesaTeJJbHble HOX<H;
/2 - KOX<yX AJlII npHella rpaHYJl; 13 - peAYKTOp; 14 - peMeHHali nepeAa'la; 15 - SJleKTpOABRra-
TeJJb; 16 - DpuBoAHoe YCTpoAcTBo; 17 - rOJlOBKa; /8 - nOJlblA BpaalOHAcli BaJl; 19 - HenOA'
BHX<HblA BaJl; 20 - nep4!opHpoBaHHali maA6a; 21- CMeHHali HacaAKa; 22 -CMeHHali rHJlb3a;
23 - 'IepBIiK. '
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6
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K8Y'IYKa nepeCbln810TCSI B OnOpO>KHeHHYIO ceKUHIO. nOCJIe.ZJ.YIOWHe ceK-
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n810TCSI 83 O.ZJ.HOH CeKL(oHH B APyrylO.
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Heo6xo.ZJ.HMOCTblO npe.ZJ.ynpe>K.ZJ.eHHSI CJlHn8HHSI rp8HYJI no.ZJ. .ZJ.eHCTBHeM
co6CTBeHHoro Beca.
M8cca rp8HYJI B Ka>K.ZJ.oA ceKUHH npH xpaaeHHH B TeqeHHe 2 If He
.ZJ.OJl>KHa npeBblw8Tb 800-900 Kr, a np" xpaHewlH B TeqeHHe 6 '1-
600 Kr.
B38MeH JleHTO'lHblX Tp8HcnopTepoB .ZJ.JlSI CYWKH rp8HYJI 'H ceKUHOH-
HblX 6YHKepoB AJISI HX xpaHeHHSI HCnOJlb3yroT H8KJ10HHble BpaW81O-
w.HecSI 68pa6aHhI, B KOTOpblX npoHcxoAHT MeHbwee CJIHn8HHe rp8HYJI.
J?apa6aHbl HMelOT npo.ZJ.OJlbHO Hanp8BJleHHble H30rHYThle pe6p8 AJISI
3aXB8T8 H nO.ZJ.'beMa rpaHYJI, a T8K>Ke BHHToo6pa3Hble pe6p8 .ZJ.JISI npo-
.ZJ.OJlbHOrO nepe.ZJ.BH>KeH.HSI rpaHYJl. HaH60Jlee pacnpocTp8HeHbl 6ap8-
6aHHble 6YHKepa .ZJ.HaMeTpoM 1,8 M H .ZJ.JlHHOA 9 M.
K8Y'lYKH H pe3HHoBble CMeCH UeJIeC006p83HO rpaHyJlHpoBaTb Ha
Tex npe.ZJ.npHSlTHSlX, r.ZJ.e HcnOJlb3yeTcSI He6oJlbWoA 8CCOpTHMeHT K8YQy-
KOB H pe3HHoBblX CMeceH npH 60JlbW<HX 06'beMaX npOH3BoACTB8, Ha-
npHMep B WHHHOH npOMblWJleHHocTH.
nHTepaTypa
J!.oeaalCUH B. A. XHMHH 3J1aCTOMepOB. M.. CXHMHII:t, 1972. 391 c.
BapaM60aM H. K. MexaHoxHMHH BbiCOKOMOJleKYJlllpHblX COell.HHeHHA. Mall.. 2-e,
nepepa6. H 1I.0n. M., CXHMHH:t, 1971. 364 c.
HapaUlHUlco8 B. H. ABTOMaTH3aUHII npoueccoB npHfOTOBJIeHHH pe3HHoBbiX CMe-
ceH. M., CXHMH!I:t, 1969. 224 c.
AHapaUlHUIC08 B. H. MexaHH3aUHH H aBTOMaTH3aUHH B npOH3BOll.CTBaX WHH H
pesHHOBbiX TeXHuqecKHX H311.eJlHH. M., CXHMHH:t, 1972. 512 c.
KYSbMUHCICUa A. C., KasYH C. M., Kupnu.re8 B. n. H3HKO.xHMH'IeCKHe OCHOBbi
nOJlY'IeHHII, nepepa60TKH H npHMeHeHHH SJlaCTOMepoB. M., dHMHH:t, 1976. 368 Co
TopHep P. B. OcaoBHble npoueccbI nepepa60TKH nOJlHMepoB. M., CXHMHH:t, 1972.
456 C.
BeICuH H. r., l/J(JH.UH, H. n. 060PYll.OBaHHe 3aBOll.OB pesHHOBOH npOMblWJleHHO-
CTH. n.. CXHMHH:t, 1969. 376 c.
MawHHbI H annapaTbi pesHHoBoro npOH3BOll.CTBa. noli. PeA. .n. M. BapcKoBa,
M., CXHMHH:t, 1975. 600 c.
noaay6Hbta H. R. X<BXO HM. .n. H. MeHAeJleeBa, 1974, T. 19, Nt 6, Co 638-650.
rpUH6epe A. A.. q,ealOICUH J!.. JI. MexaHoxHMHH npoueccoB nJiaCTHKaUHH KaY'IYKa
II CMemeHHII Kayqyxa C cameH. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. CnpOH3BOll.CTBO PTH HATH:..
M., UHHHT3He4lTexHM, 1974.60 c.
npUICAOHCICflJl H. B., CICfl'l1C08 A. C. CKopoCTHbie MeTOll.bI npHfOTOBJleHHH CMe-
ceA. M., rOCXHMHS1l.8T, 1963. 420 c.
Kpaco8cICIla B. H., BoclCpeceHclCUa A. M. C60pHHK npHMepoB H 3811.aQ no TeX-
BOJlOrHH nepepa60TKH nOJlHMepoB. MHHCK. cBblcwaH UlKOJl8:t, 1975. 320 C.

rJlaBa 17
nPHfOTOBJlEHHE PE3HHOBbiX CMECEH (CMEWEHHE)
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319

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<J>H3H'IeCKOrO COCTOSlHHSI 3arpY>KaeMblX MaTepHaJlOB.
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3aBHCHMOCTH OT CBOHCTB CMeCH; OHa He .ZJ.OJl>KHa npeBhlwaTb TeMne-
paTYPY, npH KOTOpOH npOHCXO.ZJ.HT aKTHBaUHSI BYJlKaHH3YIOIlleH rpyn-
79°C
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pbl pe3l1'H080ii CMec.u n;pH CMewe-HRH Ha
BaJIbuax.
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21*
323

nbl. TeMnepaTYPY 3allHerO BaJIKa ue.'leC006pa3HO nO.ZJ..ZJ.ep>KHBaTb He
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Ii pa60'lHX nOBepxHocTeH BaJIKOB KOHTpOJIHPYIOT '1awe Bcero HrOJlb-
'1aTOH Ii JIY'IKOBOH TepMonapaMH.
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MaJIOM 3a30pe Me>K.ZJ.Y SaJlKaMH, KOTOphlH 3aTeM YBeJlH'IHBaIOT.
Ll.JISI nOBhlweHHSI s<J><J>eKTHBHoCTH CMeweHHSI He06xo.ZJ.HMO: 60Jlee
paBHoMepHo pacnpe.ZJ.eJISlTb 3arpY}KaeMhle cblDY'IHe H >KH.ZJ.KHe HHrpe-
.l1HeHThI no BceH .ZJ.J1HHe nepe.ZJ.Hero BaJlKa;
. npoH3Bo.ZJ.HTb 60Jlee '1acTYIO
nO.ZJ.p.e3KY CMeCH nocJle BBe.ZJ.eHHSI
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XaHH'IeCKHMH HO>KaMH;
nponyoKaTb nOJlOTHO CMeCH 'Ie-
pe3 .ZJ.onOJlHHTeJlbH
n BaJlHK .ZJ.J1S1
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3arpY>K8Tb HHrpe.ZJ.HeHThI, BBO-
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CTBaX,
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Macce CMeCH.
Ba>KHOe 3HaqeHHe npH CMewe-
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Ha BaJlbUhI 3arpY>KalOT KaY'IYK H
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nOCTeneHHO npH6aBJlSlIOT 60Jlee
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areHThI (>KHpHhle KHCJlOThI), YCKopHTeJlH H aKTHBaTophl BYJlKaHH3a-
UHH. BOJlbWOe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT nopSl.ZJ.oK 3arpY3KH TeXHH'IeCKOrO yrJle-
pO.ZJ.a H nJlaCTH<J>HKaTopOB. Ll.J1S1 J1Y'Iwero .ZJ.HcneprHpoBaHHSI HanOJlHH-
TeJlH, KaK npaBHJlO, 3arpY>KalOT oT.ZJ.eJlbHblMH nopUHSlMH. TaK KaK
nJlaCTH<J>HKaTophl CHH>KaIOT BSl3KOCTb pe3HHOBOH CMeCH H HanpSl>KeHHSI
c.ZJ.BHra npH ee .ZJ.e<J>opMaUHH, HX 06h1qHO BBO.ZJ.SlT nocJle HanOJlHHTeJleH.
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cMeCH, pacxo.ZJ.a SHeprHH H pacnopHhlx YCHJlHH Me>K.ZJ.Y BaJlK3MH nJlac-
TH<J>HKaTophl .ZJ.06aBJlSlIOT B CMeCH nocJle BBe.ZJ.eHHSI B HHX HeKOTopon
'1aCTH HanOJltHHTeJleH. Bo H36e>KaHHe nO.ZJ.8YJlKaIHH3aUH,H iBYJlKaHH3YIO-
WHe are.HThI 06h1qtHO BiBO.ZJ.SlT B pea'H'HOBYIO CMecb ,B KOHue n'pouecca
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324




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B 3a30p Me>K.ZJ.Y BaJlKaMH B .ZJ.PyrOM MeCTe). HaH60Jlee xopOWHe pe-
3YJlbTaTbI .ZJ.OCTHr3IOTCSI, eCJlH PYJlOH CMeCH HanpaBJleH B 3a30p nep-
neH.ZJ.HKYJlSlpHO BaJlKaM, T. e. KOHUOM PYJlOHa B 3a30p.
H3MeHeHHe nocne.ZJ.OB3TeJlbHOCTH BBe.ZJ.eHHSI KOMnOHeHTOB npH CMe-
weHHH MO>KeT npHBeCTU K CYUleCTBeHHOMY H3MeHeHHIO TeXHOJlOrH'Ie-
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(.50 Macc.). no nepBOMY cnoc06y HanOJlHHTeJlb BBO.ZJ.HJlH B npe.ZJ.BapH-
TeJlbHO COBMeUleHHhle KaY'IYKH, no BTOPOMY H TpeTbeMY cnoc06aM Bce
H3nOJlHHTeJlH 8BO.ZJ.HJlH B O.ZJ.HH U3 KaY'IYKoB, a 33TeM nOJlY'IeHHYIO Ma-
TO'lHYIO CMeCb pa36aBJlSlJlH .ZJ.PyrHM K3Y'IYKOM, a no qeTBepToMY cno-
c06y npe.ZJ.BapHTeJlbHO H3rOT3BJlHB3J1H MaTOqHhle CMeCH Ha OCHOBe
K3>K.ZJ.oro KaY'IyK3 C paBHhlM cO.ZJ.ep>K3HHeM HanOJlHHTeJlSl, nocJle qero
3TH MaTO'lHbIe CMeCH COBMeUlaJlU .ZJ.Pyr C .ZJ.PyrOM.
OnTHMaJlbHhlH pe>KHM CMeweHHSI onpe.lIeJlSlIOT .ZJ.J1S1 Ka>K.ZJ.oro CO-
CTaBa pe3HHOBOH CMeCH U 3aHOCSIT B TeXHH'IeCKYIO .ZJ.OKYMeHTaUHIO.
npOH3BO.ZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb n (Kr/'1) BaJlbUOB npH CMeweHHH, KaK H J11O-
60H MawHHhI nepHO.ZJ.U'IeCKOrO .ZJ.eHCTBHSI, 3aBHCUT OT e.ZJ.HHOBpeMeHHOH
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rlle p - iDJlO11HOCTb 'MaTepHaJla, 1cr'/1M 3 ; a - 'KoacM>UUHeHT lfICII1o.t1b3CJIBaHHft M3-lUIftIIIIOI'O
apeMeHH, p3-BHblH 0,8-0,9.


CMEWEHHE B 3AKPblTbiX PE3HHOCMECHTEnnX


B HaCTOSiUlee BpeMSI .ZJ.OBOJlbHO WUpOKO npHMeHSlIOT pOTopHhle 3a-
KphlThle CMeCHTeJlH nepHo.ZJ.H'IeCKOrO .ZJ.eHCTBuSI, HMelOUlHe 60JlbWYIO
npoH3Bo.ZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb U 06eCneqUBalOWHe nOJlyqeHHe cMeceH BhlCOKO-
ro Ka'leCTBa 6J1aro.ZJ.apSi Mex3HH3auuH U aBToMaTH3aUHH npouecca.
POTopHhle CMeCHTeJlH 6e30nacHhI B pa60Te, KpoMe Toro, npH HX HC-
nOJlb30BaHHH CTaHOBUTCSI B03MO>KHhlM c03.ZJ.aHHe XOPOWHX C3HHTapHO-
rurueHH'IeCKHX YCJlOBHH TpY.ZJ.a.
HaH60JlbWee pacnpOCTpaHeHue B pe3HHOBOH npOMhlWJleHHOCTH
HMelOT CMeCUTeJlH (pHC. IV.32) C pOTopaMH OBaJlbHOH <J>OPMhI (Tuna
«BeH6epH»), TaK KaK OHH 06eCneqHBalOT BhlCOKoe Ka'leCTBO pe3UHO-
BhlX CMeceH npH MeHbweH npO.ZJ.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTU HX 06pa60TKu. MaTe-
pHaJlhl B KaMepy CMeCUTeJlSl 3arpY>KalOT qepe3 BOPOHKY, pacnOJlO>KeH-
HYIO BBepxy, a nOJlyqeHHhle CMecu BhlrpY>KalOT tJepe3 HH>KHee oTBep-
CTHe (CKOJlb3S1UlYIO .ZJ.Bepuy HJlH wapHHpHhlH 3aTBop).


325




MaTepHaJl 06pa6aThlBalOT BHYTPH pa60'leH KaMephl ABYMSI Bpawa-
IOUJ,HMHCSI HaBCTpe'lY .ZJ.pyr .ZJ.pyry pOTOpaMH. Pa60'laSi KaMepa COCTO-
UT U3 .ZJ.BYX HenOJlHhlX U.HJIHH.ZJ.POB (KOpnYCOB), COe.ZJ.HHeHHblX B O.lI.HO
u.eJloe .ZJ.BYMSI 60KOBHHaMH. B 60KOBHHaX YCTaHOBJleHbI '1eTbIpe onop-
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O.ZJ.HH U3 KOTOpblX 60Jlee .ZJ.J1HHHblH C yrJlOM HaKJlOHa 300; KOpOTKHA
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BoA ABepllbi.


pacnOJlO>KeHhI TaK, '1T06h1 OCeBbie CHJlhI, B03HHKalOUJ,He B rpe6HSlX, 6b1-
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Ha 3 MM MeHbwe AHaMeTpa UHJlHH.ZJ.pH'IeCKOR KaMephl; 3a30p l) Me>K.ZJ.Y
rpe6HeM H CTeHKOH KaMephl paBeH 1,5 MM. npH H3Hoce rpe6HeH H CTe-
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pa CBblwe 6 MM; 3a30p Me>K.ZJ.Y rpe6HSlMH pOTOpOB 3 MM. POTOpbl HMe-
lOT <J>PHKUHIO I: 1,18. MaTepHaJlhl 06pa6aThlBalOT B qeTblpeX 3a30pax
Me>K.ZJ.Y rpe6HSlMu pOTOpOB H HenO.ZJ.BH}KHhlMH CTeHKaMH KaMephl. DJla-
rO.ZJ.apSi BHHTo06pa3HoH <»opMe rpe6HeH C03.ZJ.aeTCSI BHeWHee .ZJ.aBJleHHe
Ha 06pa6aThlBaeMhlH MaTepHaJl, HanpaBJleHHOe no HOpMaJlH K ero no-
BepXHOCTH. 3TY HOpMaJlbHO HanpaBJleHHY
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326




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HHe Ha Kopnyc qepe3 MaTepHaJl, OKPY>KHYIO P H oceBYIO A. OKPY>KHOe
YCHJlHe, .ZJ.e<»OpMHPYSI MaTepHaJl, cnoc06cTByeT ero JlaMHHapHOMY HC-
Te'leHHIO qepe3 3a30phl, a oceBoe YCHJlHe Bhl3h1BaeT MeCTHble Typ6y-
JleHTHhle 3aBHxpeHHSI (nepeMeweHHe MaTepHaJla K ueHTPY KaMepbl),
'1TO cnoco6CTByeT J1yqWeMY .ZJ.HcoeprHpOBaHHIO KOMnOHeHTOB.
npH 3anOJlHeHHH 06'beMa pa60qeH KaMephl Ha 53-65% rpe6HH
pOTOpOB HecyT H36h1TOqHhlH MaTepHaJl, He npowe.nWHH '1epe3 3a30phl,
K BepXHeH '1aCTH KaMepbl H K BepXHeMY 3aTBOpy pe3HHOCMeCHTeJlSl.
3.ZJ.eCb nOTOKH BCTpe'laIOTCSI, npH 3TOM C03AaeTCSI .ZJ.aBJleHHe, 3a C'IeT
KOToporo BepXHHH 3aTBOp (npH He.ZJ.OCTaTOqHOM nHeBMaTH'IeCKOM .ZJ.aB-
J1eHHH) nO.ZJ.HHMaeTCSI, H MaTepHaJl BXO.ZJ.HT B 3arpY30'lHOe OKHO, Bhl6h1-
BaSI H3 06wero npouecca CMeweHHSI. LJT06h1 H36e>KaTb TaKoro He>Ke-
J1aTeJlbHOrO SlBJleHHSI, He06xo.ZJ.HMO CJle.ZJ.HTb 3a nHeBMaTHqeCKHM AaB-
JleHHeM Ha BepxHHH 3aTBop. BCTpe'lHhle nOTOKH H nHeBMaTH'IeCKOe
.ZJ.aBJleHHe Ha BepxHHH 3aTBop B STOH 30He 06eCneqHBalOT S<»<J>eKTHB-
Hoe nepeMeWHBaHHe. Ll.BH>KeHHeM rpe6HeH B ueHTpaJlbHOH qaCTH Ka-
Mepbl MaTepHaJl nepeMeUlaeT'CSI BHH3 H B 3a30pax Me>K.ZJ.Y rpe6HSlMH po-
TOpOB nO.ZJ.BepraeTCSI .ZJ.onOJlHHTeJlbHOH 06pa60TKe. OceBble CHJlhI OT
rpe6HeH C03.ZJ.a1OT MeCTHhle Typ6YJleHTHhle 3aBHxpeHHSI. npH .ZJ.aJlbHeii-
weM nepeMeUleHHH MaTepHaJl BCTpe'laeT HenO.ZJ.BH>KHhlH rpe6eHb 4
CKOJlb3S1UleH .ZJ.BepUhl, pacnOJlO>KeHHhlH napaJlJleJlbHO OCSIM pOTOpOB H
HMelOUlHH KOHTyphl IJ.HJlHH.ZJ.pHqeCKOH nOBepxHocTH KaMephl. 3TOT rpe-
6eHb pa3.ZJ.eJlSleT 06WHH nOTOK Ha .ZJ.Ba, Ka}K.ZJ.h1H H3 KOTOpblX HanpaB-
J1eH B cooTBeTcTBYIOWHH Kopnyc KaMepbl. B STOH 30He B MaTepHaJle
pa3BHBalOTcSI C.ZJ.BHrOBhle SlBJleHHSI, YCHJlHBalOWHecSi npH HaJIHqHH
<»PIIKUHH Y pOTOpOB.
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BeTCTBeHHO CMeweHHe npoHcxoASIT BO BceM 06'beMe MaTepHaJla H BO
Bcex '1aCTSIX KaMephl.
npOXO.ZJ.Hble Ce'leHH$I B KaMepe CMeCHTeJlSl H3MeHSIIOTCSI OT 1,5-
4 MM Me>KAY cTeHKoH KaMephl H nJlOUla.ZJ.KoH rpe6HSI J10naCTH .ZJ.O
240 MM Me>K.ZJ.Y BaJlKaMH pOTOpOB. npH STOM .ZJ.J1S1 CMeCHTeJlSl C 06'b-
eMOM KaMephl 250 JI npH '1aCTOTe BpaweHHSI pOTOpOB 40 06/MHH OKpy-
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QTO 06YCJlOBJlHBaeT H3MeHeHHe CKOpOCTH C.ZJ.BHra B BeCbMa 60JlbWHX
npe.ZJ.eJlax H CJle.ZJ.OBaTeJlbHO pa3J1H'IHYIO HHTeHCHBHOCTb .ZJ.HcneprHpo-
BaHHSI HHrpe.ZJ.HeHToB B pa3J1H'IHhlX '1aCTSIX CMeCHTeJlSl.
B OCHOBHOM npouecc .ZJ.HcneprHpoBaHHSI npoHcxo.ZJ.HT B 3a30pe Me>K-
.ZJ.Y rpe6HeM pOTopa H CTeHKaMH KaMephl, r.ZJ.e Ha6J1IO.ZJ.aeTcSI HaH60Jlb-
waSl CKOpOCTb C.ZJ.BHra.
npOH3Bo.ZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb pe3HHocMeCHTeJlSl 17 xapaKTepH3yeTcSI ero
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no ypaBHeHHIO


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xo..a. 3HElp'I'HH. Sa'B!IJC!lUlHH OT K)BoAcm nepepa:6al'J'blJBaeMbiX lMarrepHaJlOB H iKO'HC'J1Pyt«{HH


327




cMecwreJIII; 't -lCpelDlHee ICJI!Bllll'OIBOe 'IIaJllpmKellHe. q>aaBJllBalOIlleecft B npH.rpa:lIJ1"1HO.
K CTedliKe 'K3IMepbl cJloe CMecH B npOll(ecce ee lI3roTOBJJeH'JIft; n - qaCTOTa BpaWeH'HII
pOTopa; V -In<lMlblH OO'beM iKaMepbl CJMecHTeJlSl; A. - <ie3Q)a:Nep'ilblH 4{<l34>IJ>HuHeHT,
xapa'KTep'll3]'IOW'IIH lCTeneoHb COOIepWeHcr'Ba IKOH1C11pytK.UHH 'QMecHTeJlbH()ro Mexa'HH3Ma 11
CTeneHb 3aIl10Jl'HeHHSlIK3IMepbl. pmeH 0,2-0,6. .


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TOBHTeJlbHhlX onepaUHH npH cMeweHHH, a TaK>Ke ycoBepweHcTBoBaTb
KOHCTPYKUHIO CMeCHTeJlSl.
Pacxo.ZJ. sHeprHH B eAHHHUY BP:MeHH (MOlltHOCTb) npH CMeweHHH
N 3aBHCHT OT CKOpOCTH C.ZJ.BHra (y), 06'beMa .ZJ.e<J>opMHPyeMoH CMeCH
(V), HanpSl>KeHHSI C.ZJ.BHra ('t) H s<J><»eKTHBHOH BSl3KOCTH
4!:


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JleHHhlX CMeCHTeJleH 360-432 MLI.>K.
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.ZJ.BHraTeJlSl, TpaHc<»opMHPyeTcSI B Mac-
ce nepepa6aThlBaeMoro MaTepHaJla B
TenJlO, KOTopoe OTBO.ZJ.HTCSI '1aCTH'IHO
C BblrpY}KaeMOH CMeCblO (40-60%),
a '1aCTH'IHO cHcTeMoH OXJla>K.ZJ.eHHSJ
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B CBOIO Oqepe.ZJ.b, npHBO.ZJ.HT K cYllteCT-
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CMeCH. TeMnepaTYPY CMeCH MO}KHO
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all npOAOJlX<HTeJlbHOCTb UHKJla
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CHTeJleH C KaMepoH 250 JI npH qaCTOTe BpaweHHSI pOTOpOB 40 06/MHH
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npH .ZJ.aJlbHeHWeM YBeJlH'IeHHH Y.ZJ.eJlbHOrO Beca nO.ZJ.rOTOBHTeJlbHhlX
onepaUHH C YMeHbweHHeM npo.ZJ.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTH CMeWeHH$I 3a CqeT no-
BhlweHHSI qaCTOThI BpaweHHSI pOTopa peHTa6eJlbHOCTb npouecca
YMeHbwaeTcSI, a TaK>Ke cYUlecTBeHHo YBeJlH'IHB8IOTCSI 3aTpaTbI H8 BHe-
.ZJ.peHHe 6h1CTpo.ZJ.eAcTBYlOwero aBTOMaTH'IeCKOrO 060PYAoBaHHSI .ZJ.J1S1 no-
Aa'lH HHrpe.ZJ.HeHToB B CMeCHTeJlb H oT60pa pe3HHoBhlX cMeceA.
nOBhlCHTb s<»<»eKTHBHoCTb CMeweHHSI B03MO>KHO, eCJlH YMeHbwHTb
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cTH<J>HKaTopoB B KaMepy no.ZJ. .ZJ.aBJleHHeM 6e3 ,nOA'beMa 3aTBopoB.
npH nOBhlweHHH '1aCTOThI BpaweHHSI pOTOpOB CMeCHTeJlSl He06xo-
.ZJ.HMO YBeJlH'IHTb .ZJ.aBJleHHe BepxHero 3aTBopa Ha CMeCb, TaK KaK B
9TOM cJlY'Iae 06Ulee .ZJ.aBJleHHe B KaMepe YBeJlHqHBaeTcSI.
TaK KaK npH CMeweHHH TeMnepaTypa CMeCH He .ZJ.OJl>KHa npeBhI-
waTb onpe.ZJ.eJleHHhlX npe.ZJ.eJlOB, TO HHTeHCH<»HKaUHSI npouecca CMewe-
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nOBhlCHTb npOH3BO.ZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb CMeCHTeJleH B03MO>KHO, YBeJlH'IH-
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npH YBeJlH'IeHHH 06'beMa KaMephl CMeCHTeJlSl TaK>Ke B03HHKalOT TPYA-
HOCTH C OXJla1K.ZJ.eHHeM, TaK KaK TenJlo06pa30BaHHe B03paCTaeT npo-
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B03paCTaeT npOnOpIJ.HOHaJlbHO KBa.ZJ.paTY J1HHeHHOro pa3Mepa.
npOH3BO.ZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb H KaqeCTBO CMeweHHSI B 3HaqHTeJlbHOH CTe-
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(Ha 5-10%).
B cOBpeMeHHblx CMeCHTeJlSlX npHBO.ZJ. pOTOpOB npoH3Bo.ZJ.HTCSI OT
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329




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· 06
HA 06'beM KOMnOHeBTOB 303.6 .II; cTeueHb ,aDonHeHHII KaMepbl 128%.
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CMeweHHSI. 06bI'IHO CTeneHb 3anOJlHeHHSI 06'beMa CMeCHTeJlbHOH Ka-
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ca CJle.ZJ.yeT HeCKOJlbKO yseJlH'IHTb 06'beM 3anOJlHeHHSI CMeCHTeJlbHOH
KaMepbI.
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CKoe H3MeHeHHe TenJlOBOrO H SHepreTH'IeCKOrO pe}KHMOB CHCTeMbI
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nO.ZJ.a'leH 3HeprnH N'f C 6h1CTpbIM HapacTaHHeM MOWHOCTH N nocJle 3a-
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weHHeM 3<J><»eKTHBHOH BSl3KOCTH C nOBhlweHHeM TeMnepaTypbI.
B Ha'laJlbHbIH nepHo.ZJ. CMeweHHSI npou.ecc He06xo.ZJ.HMO BeCTH B a.lI.H-
a6aTH'IeCKOM pe>KHMe .ZJ.O .ZJ.ocTH>KeHHSI onpe.lI.eJleHHOH, OnTHMaJlbHOH
.ZJ.J1S1 .ZJ.aHHoro nOJlHMepa TeMnepaTypbI, a 3aTeM B H30TepMH'IeCKOM pe-
>KHMe. 3TO C.lI.eJlaTb npH nepHo.ZJ.H'IeCKOM pe>KHMe CMeweHHSI He Y.ZJ.aeT-
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CTOSlHHO H B Ha'laJle npou.ecca CMeweHHSI, Kor.ZJ.a He06xo.ZJ.HM nporpeB
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s<J><J>Hu.HeHT nOJle3HOrO .ZJ.eHCTBHSI CMeCHTeJlSl. CMeCHTeJlH C pa3J1H"IHhlM
06'beMOM KaMephl, T. e. C pa3J1H'IHbIM OTHoweHHeM nOBepXHOCTH OX-
J1a}K.ZJ.eHHSI K 06'beMY CMeCH, BCJIe.lI.CTBHe HeO.lI.HHaKOBOH HHTeHCHBHOCTH
OXJla>K.ZJ.eHHSi OTJlH'IalOTCSI .ZJ.pyr OT .lI.pyra no TaKHM nOKa3aTeJISlM, KaK
KnLl. H Y.ZJ.eJlbHbIH paCXO.lI. 3HeprHH npH CMeweHHH, npH'IeM .ZJ.J1S1 CMe-
CHTeJleH 60JlbWHX pa3MepOB noc.'1e.ZJ.HHH MeHbwe.
O.lI.HHM H3 He.ZJ.OCTaTKOB npHrOTOB.lJeHHSI pe3HHOBbIX CMeceH B pe-
3HHOCMeCHTeJle SlBJlSleTCSI TO, '1TO rOTOBhle CMeCH nOJlY'lalOTCSI B BH.lI.e
6ec<J>opMeHHbIX r J1bI6. t.J:T,06h1 YCTpaHHTb 31'0T He.ZJ.OCTaTOK, pOTopHhle
331




CMeCHTeJlH arperHpYIOT C BaJlbuaMH HJlH C qepBSlqHhlMH MaWHHaMH.
HMelOWHMH J1HCTOBaJlbHYIO HJlH rpaHYJlHpylOWYIO rOJlOBKY. CxeMa ar-
peraTa npHBe.ZJ.eHa na pHC. IV.36.
CMOCH1eJlb C npHOO.ZJ.OM YCTaHOBJleH 'H3 9CT3Ka.ZJ.e, a Henocpe.ZJ.CTBeH-
HO no.ZJ. HHM (no.ZJ. SCTaKa.ZJ.OH) - BaJlbuhl HJlH '1epBSI'IHaSi MaWHHa. H3


PHe. IV.34. Pe3H1HOcMe'C.:IITe,.b ; )0.40:
a - nonepe'lHblA pa3pe3 'Iepe3 p
c:.;)qylO KaMepy: 6 - BHew-
HHA BHA pe3HHocMeCHTeJlII C 9J1t" , pOABHraTeJleM H peAYK-
TOpOM; 1 - B03Jl.yWHbJA IlHJlHHilp. ': - BepxHHA
aTBOp; 3-
3arpY30'lHali BopoHKa; 4 - ClleCIITeJlbHali KaMepa. 5 - po-
TOpbJ; 6 - CKOJlb311
all ABeplla; 7 - ropH30HTaJlbHbJA BOS-
AyWHblA IJ,HJlHHAP pasrpY30'lHoro YCTPoAcTBa; II - <\!YHAa-
MeHTHali nJlHU; 9 - 9J1eKTpOABHraTeJlb: 10 - ypoyrall My4!-
u; II - 6J10K.pe.ll",Top; 12 - wapHHpHble MY«!>T ".


STHX MaWHH pe3HHOBhle CMeCH BblXO.ZJ.SlT B BH.ZJ.e J1HCTOB, HenpephlBHhlX
nOJloc HJlH rpaHYJI. npH 06pa60TKe Ha BaJlbLtaX HJlH B qepBSI'IHOM CMe-
CHTeJle npOHCXO.ZJ.SlT .ZJ.onOJlHHTeJlbHOe CMeWeHHe H .ZJ.HcneprHpOB3HHe
dHrpe.ZJ.HeHTOB B CMeCH.
CywecTBeHHblM He.ZJ.OCTaTKOM pe3HHOCMeCHTeJleH SlBJlSleTCSI TO, '1TO
npH CMeWeHHH B HHX pa3BHB3eTCSI BhlCOKaSi TeMnepaTypa, KOTopaSi
MO>KeT npHBeCTH K npe>KJJ.eBpeMeHHOH BYJlKaHH33UHH. nOSTOMY BYJI-
K3HH3YIOUlHe areHThI BBO.ZJ.SlT B CMeCb, KaK np3BHJlO, B nOCJle.ZJ.HHH MO-
MeHT nepe.ZJ. BhlrPY
KOH H3 CMeCHTeJlSl HJlH Ha BaJlbuax. Pe3HHOBhle
332




'MeCH OC06eHHO Ha OCHOBe >KeCTKHX KaY'IYKOB C npHMeHeHHeM BhI-
:OKoa
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MeCHTeJlSlX rOTOBHTCSI MaTOqHaSl CMeCb, cO.ZJ.ep>KaUlaSi KayqYKH, Ha-
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:Jle qero MaTO'lHble CMeCH OXJI a>K.ZJ.a lOT. YCKopHTeJlH BYJlKaHH3aU HH H
3VJlKaHH3VIOUlHe areHThI BBO.ZJ.S1T Ha nOCJle.ZJ.YIOWHX CTaAHSlX, npH 06.


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'0 rnpouecca CMeweHHiI B pe3HHOC'MecHTeJle:
- TeMnepaTypa CMeCH 'c ; 2 - TeMnepaTypa pe3HHocMecHTenll; 3 - 3HTaJlbnHII qK MeTaJlJlOKOHCT-
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'TBOAHMOA qepe3 cHcTellY OXJlaX<AeHHII. H 9HTaJlbnHH qc (q.+q c); 7 - y.neJlbHali 9HTaJlbnHII CMe-
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all npOAOJlX<HTeJlbHOCTb IlHKJla cMeweHHH; 't c - OpOAOJlH<HTeJlbHOCTb CMeweHHII
IpH onYllleHHoM BepxHeM 3aTBope


"Ja60TKe MaTO'lHOH CMeCH B THXOXO.ZJ.HblX CMeCHTeJlSlX npH KOpOTKHX
IHKJlaX CMeWeHHSI. 06pa60TKa BblCOKOBSl3KHX CMeCeH Ha BTOpOH CTa-
.:lHH CMeWeHHSI cnOc06cTByeT YJlyqWeHHIO nepBOHaqaJlbHOrO .ZJ.HCneprH-
'OBaHHSI HHrpe.ZJ.HeHTOB.
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'PH H3rOTOBJleHHH CMeCeU Ha OCHOBe HH3KOBSl3KHX KaY'IYKOB HJlH CMe-
:eH C MaJlOaKTHBHbIMH HanOJlHHTeJlSlMH, KaK npaBHJlO, B CMeCijTeJlSlX
: MaJlOH '1aCTOTOH BpaUleHHSI pOTOpOB (20 HJlH 30 06/MHH .ZJ.J1S1 CMeCH-

eJleH C 06'beMOM KaMepbI 250 J1). npH TaKOM cnoc06e CMeweHHSI B
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'pH'IeM cepy .ZJ.06aBJlSlIOT B CMeCH 06b1'1HO Ha J1HCTOBaJlbHblX BaJlbuaX
-fJlH BBO.lI.SlT B pe3HHOCMeCHTJlb 3a 30 C .ZJ.O OKOHqaHHSI IJ.HKJla CMewe-
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- 333




B MaJlblX KOJlH'IeCTBaX, BBO.ZJ.SlT B BH.ZJ.e MaTO'lHblX CMeCeH, naCT HJlH
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HHSI HHrpe.ZJ.HeHTOB, TeMnepaTypHblH pe>KHM H CJle.ZJ.HTb 3a nOJlO>KeHHeM
sepXHero 3aTBopa B KaMepe CMeCHTeJlSl. Pe>KHM CMeweHHSI pa3pa6a-
TblBaeTCSI onblTHblM nYTeM TeXHOJlOraMH COBMeCTHO C pa60THHKaMH
Jla60paTopHH, KOTopble YCTaHaBJlHBalOT KOHTpOJlbHble nOKa3aTeJlH
SYJlKaHH3aTOB rOTOBOH CMeCH (nJlOTHOCTb, KOJlbueBOH: MO.ZJ.YJlb, TBep-
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11l3mo1lC


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L_ ______---_ 6",

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PHC. IV.36. Allperar, COC'TOSlll(lHH H3 pe3I1'HOCMe'CHTeJJSI 'H BaJibucm:
1 - 6YHKepa; 2 - 8BTOM8TH'IeCKHe BeCbI; 3 - pe3HHocMecHTeJlb; 4 - 9CTaKaAa; 5 - BaJlb
bI;
6 - BepTHK8J1bHbli! peAYKTop; 7 - 3J1eKTpOABHr8TeJlb.


Ll.J1S1 Ka>K.ZJ.OrO THna CMeCH YCTaHaBJlHBaeTCSI HH.ZJ.HBH.ZJ.yaJlbHblH pe-
>KHM CMeWeHHSI, O.ZJ.HaKO cywecTByeT onpe.ZJ.eJleHHaSi nOCJle.ZJ.OBaTeJlb-
HOCTb BBe.ZJ.eHHSI HHrpe.ZJ.HeHTOB, KOTOpOH CJle.ZJ.yeT B OCHOBHOM npH.ZJ.ep-
>KHBaTbCSI npH H3rOTOBJleHHH .'1106b1X CMeceH. TaK, eCJlH B CMeCb BXO.ZJ.SlT
pereHepaT H npOTHBOCTapHTeJlH, HX CMeWHBalOT C KaY'lYKOM B nep.
BYIO O'lepe.ZJ.b. O.ZJ.HOBpeMeHHO BBO.ZJ.SlT .ZJ.HcneprHPYIOWHe areHTbI (>KHp-
Hble KHCJlOTbI) H .ZJ.PyrHe MeJlKHe HHrpe.ZJ.HeHTbI (3a HCKJllO'IeHHeM cepbl
H YCKopHTeJleH). 3aTeM B CMeCb .ZJ.06aBJlSlIOT YCHJlHBalOWHe HanOJlHH-
TeJlH. TaK KaK J1Y'Iwee .ZJ.HcneprHpOBaHHe Ha6J1IO.ZJ.aeTCSI B 60Jlee BSl3-
KOH cpe.ZJ.e, >KH.ZJ.KHe nJlaCTH<J>HKaTOpbl, CHH>KaIOWHe BSl3KOCTb pe3HHO-
BblX CMeceH, BBO.ZJ.SlT 06bl'lHO B KOHue CMeWeHHSI KaY'IYKa C YCHJlHBa-
IOWHMH HanOJlHHTeJlSlMH. Ll.J1S1 CMeCeH: Ha OCHOBe >KeCTKHX KaY'IYKOB
(HanpHMep, CKH) nJlaCTH<J>HKaTopbl MO>KHO BBO.ZJ.HTb .ZJ.O BBe.ZJ.eHHSI Ha-
nOJlHHTeJleH. B HeKoTopblX cJlY'IaSix npH HcnOJlb3OBaHHH HanOJlHHTeJleH
334




C MaJlOH HaCblnHOH nJlOTHOCTblO, HanpHMep TeXHH'IeCKOrO yrJlepO.ZJ.a
aKTHBHblX MapOK, HX 3arpY>KalOT HeCKOJlbKHMH nOpUHSlMH: CJlerKa
npHnO.ZJ.HHMaIOT TpaM60BKY BepXHero 3aTBOp8 H B 3830p Me>K.llY TP8M"
60BKOH H pOTopaMH 3arpY>KalOT TeXHH'IeCKHH yrJlepo.ZJ.; >KH.ZJ.KHe MSlr-
'1HTeJlH 06b1'1HO BBO.ZJ.SlT B 3aKpblThlH CMeCHTeJlb no.ZJ. .ZJ.aBJleHHeM H3 <J>op-
CYHOK. npH CMeweHHH BepXHHH 3aTBOp pe3HHOCMeCHTeJlSl .ZJ.OJl>KeH
6b1Tb onyweH H HaXO.ZJ.HTbCSI no.ZJ. .ZJ.aBJleHHeM C>KaTOrO B03.ZJ.yxa. npH-
MepHblH pe>KHM npHrOTOBJleHHSI 06KJla.ZJ.O'lHOH CMeCH Ha OCHOBe HaTY-
paJlbHOrO KaY'lYKa B pe3HHocMeCHTeJle 250-30 npHBe.ZJ.eH HH>Ke:
Bpellll or
....Jla
cueweHHII.
MBB


3arpY3Ka HHrpe.llHeHTOB
KayqYK H qaCTb HHrpe.llHeHTOB
(ycKopHTeJlH, npOTHBOCTapHTeJlH, .IlHCnepra-
TOpbl, aKTHBaTopbl H .Ilp).. . . . .
TeXHHqeCKHii yrJlepo.ll MapKH nM-75. . .
)l{H.IlKHe MSlrqHTeJlH (nH.6, cneu6HTYMbi
H .Ilp.) .
cepa . .
BblrpY3Ka CMeCH


o
0,5


3,5
5,5
6,0


HHor.ZJ.a ueJleC006pa3Ho .ZJ.J1S1 YCKopeHHSI npouecca CMeweHHSI BBO-
.ZJ.HTb B pe3HHocMeCHTeJlb «3aTpaBKy» - KYCOK paHee npHrOTOBJleHHOH


--

I

I
.Ltr--


 T'.!'_
.J!. _JL..

____'% L______J[1IT
I

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1


PH<:. IV.37. Pe3HiHocMecllTeJlb o.IIJHOCTa.llHHHOrO C'MeWeHHSI, arper,upOBa.H\JIblH C qepBI1'I-
HOH lMaWHHOH:
1 - pe3HHocMeCHTeJlb; 2 - 'IepBII'IHali MaWHHa C JlHcTYlOlQeA rOJloBKoil; 3 - JleHTO'lHblA TpaHcnop-
Tep; 4 - OXJlaX<AalOlQall KaMepa; 5 - YCTpoilcTBO AJlII cAYBaHHII BOAbI; 6 - BaHHa AJlII CMaSKH;
7 - BeHTHJlIITOp; 8 - KOMneHcaTop; 9 - TIIHYIQHe POJlHKH; 10 - pOTa
HoHHblA HOX<; 11 - npHell-
HbiA TpaHcnopTep; 12 - YKJlaA'IHK; /3 -
enHoA MexaHH3M. nOAalOIQHiI nOAAOHbI; 14 - nYJlbT
ynpaBJleHHII,


CMeCH MacrOH 1,5-2 Kr (6e3 cepbI). npH o.ZJ.HocTa.ZJ.HHHoM CMeweHHH
.ZJ.J1S1 npHeMa pe3HHoBoH CMeCH MO>KHO HCnOJlb30BaTb '1epBSI'IHYIO MaWH-
HY C J1HcTYIOI1I.eH rOJlOBKOH (pHC. IV.37).


335




JJ.BYXC13J1HHH{le CMeWeHHe. .lJ.BYXCTa.llHHHOe CMeweHHe WHpOKO
npHMeHSlIOT npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH MaTO'lHblX CMeceH H CKOpOCTHblX CMe-
,cHTeJleH. npHrO'JlOBJleHHe MaTO'loHblX ;()MeCeH 'Ha OCHOBe 'HaTypaJlbHOrO
;KaY'IYKa Hepe.llJK1O OO'be.ZJ.HHSlIOT C ero nJlaCTH'KaUH.eH.
.!J.BYXCTalJ.1a"IHoe ('
I€iUeHHe npOBO.ZJ.SlT HJlH B .ZJ.BYX CKOpOCTHblX pe-
.3HHOCMe
.Jt reJISJA IIJJH B t:'WPOCTHOM (nepBaSl CTa.ZJ.HSI) H THXOXO.ZJ.HOM
(BTopaSi CTa;IHSI) ('MeCHT€J1S1X; l'pO.ZJ.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb CMeweHHSI B Ka>K-
.ZJ.OM H3 pe3HHOt:MeCIHeJleH COl' f aBJISleT 2-4 MHH.
npHHUHnbl pa3pa OOTKH l'eiKHMoB .ZJ.ByxcTa.ZJ.HHHoro CMeweHHSI Ta-
.KH
 >Ke, KaK .ZJ.J1S1 o.ZJ.HocTa.ZJ.HHHO!O. HH>Ke npHBe.ZJ.eH pe>KHM .ZJ.ByxcTa-
.llHHHoro CMeweHHSI 06KJlall.nQnOi! CMeCH Ha OCHOBe KOM6HHaUHH Kay-
IJYKOB CKC H CKH-3 B CKOpOCTHOM CMeCHTeJle:


Bpellll
OT naqua
CllemeHBII.
IIBR
flep8aJl cTaiJUJI (14aCTOTa 8paU4eHUJI pOTOp08 40 06/MUH)
3arPY3Ka HHrpe.llHeHTOB
KayqYKH (CKC, CKH.3), npOTHBOCTapHTeJlH,
.IlHCnepraTopbl, aKTHBaTopbl, 5/6 qacreH Tex-,
HHqeCKOrO yrJlepo.ll3 . . . . . . . 0
)l{H.IlKHe MSlfqHTeJlH (MaCJlO nH.6 H .Ilp.) HOC'
TaJlbHaSl qaCTb TeXHHqeCKOro yrJlepO.lla I
BblrpYSKa MaTOqHOH CMeCH . " . ',' 2,5
BTOpaJl cTaiJUJI (14aCTCYta SpaU4eHUJI pOTOpOS
3006/MuH)
3arpysKa MaTOq'HoH CMeCH, YCKopHTeJleH, cepbl,
3aMe.llAHTeJleH nO.llBYJlKaHHsaUHH 0
BblrpY3Ka CMeCH . 2-2,5


Ha BTOpO
 CTa.ZJ.HH CMeweHHSI npouecc C'IHTaIOT 3aKOH'IeHHblM npH
.ZJ.OCTH>KeHHH onpe.ZJ.eJleHHOH TeMnepaTypbl B KaMepe CMeCHTeJlSl; B He-
KOTOpblX cJlY'IaSix OKOH'IaHHe CMeweHHSI onpe.ZJ.eJlSlIOT no KOJlH'IeCTBY
H3paCXO.ZJ.OBaHHOH 3HeprnH Ha O.ZJ.HH UHKJI. Ha pHC. IV.38 H IV.39 no-
Ka3aHbI nOTO'lHble J1HHHH .ZJ.ByxcTa.ZJ.HHHoro CMeweHHSI B O.ZJ.HOM H .ZJ.BYX
pe3HHocMeCHTeJlSlx.
Ll.J1S1 npHrOTOBJleHHSI pe3HHoBblX CMeceH C nOBblweHHOH BSl3KOCTbIO
C 60JlbWHM 3<J><J>eKToM npHMeHSIIOT 3aKphlTble pe3HHocMeCHTeJlH C
OBaJlbHblMH pOTopaMH THna «HHTepMHKc» (pHC. IV.40). Oc06eHHo-
CTblO TaKHX CMeCHTeJleA SlBJlSleTCSI KOHCTPYKUHSI B3aHM03auenJlSlIOI1I.HX-
CSI pOTOpOB, KOTopble HMelOT UHJlHH.ZJ.pH'IecKYIO nOBepxHocTb, C O.ZJ.HHM
60JlbWHM BHHTOBblM BblcTynoM H .ZJ.BYMSI BHHTOBblMH BblCTynaMH MeHb-
wero pa3Mepa. KJlHHoBH.ZJ.Hble J10naCTH O.ZJ.Horo pOTopa BXO.ZJ.SlT BO Bna-
.ZJ.HHbI .ZJ.Pyroro; 3a30p Me>K.ZJ.Y HHMH paBeH npHMepHo 3 MM. OKPY>KHble
CKOpOCTH Ha nOBepXHOCTH Bna.ZJ.HH H BblcTynoB HeO.ZJ.HHaKOBbI, '1TO 06y-
CJlOBJlHBaeT B03HHKHOBeHHe <»PHKUHH B 3a30pe Me>K.ZJ.Y pOTopaMH H co-
3.ZJ.aeT He06xol1HMblH 3<J><J>eKT CMeweHHSI. 06pa60TKa MaTepHaJla npo-
HCXO.ZJ.HT B OCHOBHOM B 3a30pe Me>K.ZJ.Y pOTopaMH, a He Me>K.ZJ.y pOTO-
paMH H CTeHKaMH KaMepbl.
336




npH TaKOH KOHCTPYKUHH pOTOpOB nOSlBJlSleTCSI B03MO>KHOCTb BbI-
nOJlHHTb HX MeHee TOJlCTOCTeHHblMH, '1TO YJlY'IWaeT YCJlOBHSI OXJla>K.ZJ.e-
HHSI. B CMeCHTeJlSlX «HHTepMHKC» OXJla>K.ZJ.aIOTCSI TaK>Ke 60KOBble CTeH-
KH KaMepbl, '1TO n03BOJlSleT CHH3HTb TeMnepaTYPY BblrpY>KaeMOH CMeCH
H TeM caMblM npe.ZJ.OTBpaTHTb onaCHOCTb ee nO.ZJ.BYJlKaHH3aUHH.


PHC. IV.38. nOTOqHaSl aBTOMaTHqeCKaSl JlHHHSI ,U,ByxcTall.HHHOrO H3fOTOBJleHHSI pe3HHo-
BbiX C'MeceH B O,U,HOM pe3I1111OCMelCHTeJle:
1 - 6YHKepa AJlII TeXHH'Ieacoro yrJlepoAa; 2, 5. 6. 9. 10. 13. 25, 29 - aBTOM8TH'IeCKHe BeCbI; 3. 7.
26 - c60pHble eMKOCTB; 4 - ellKOCTH AJlII DJlaCTH4!HK8TopoB; 8 - 6YHKepa AJlII XHIIHK8TOB; II.
n - UHKJlOHbI; 12 - pacxoAHble 6YHKepa AJlII rpaHYJlHpoBaHHblx KaY'lYKoB; 14. 16 - sarpyso'lHblA
H peaepcHBHblii JleHTO'lHble TpaHcnopTepbl; 15 - CKopocTHoA pesHHOCMetHTeJlb; 17 - 'IepBII'IHali
lIaWHHa C rpaHYJlBPYlOlIleA rOJlOBKOA; 18 - BH6pa
HoHHblA TpaHcnopTep; 19 - 9J1eBaTOp; 20 - xo-
1I0AHJlbHO.CywHJlbHali Kallepa AJlII rpaHYJI; 21 - npHellHHK AJlII rpaHyJI; 22 - rpaHYJlOnpOBOA;
23 - BeCbI; 24 - 6YHKepa AJlII Cepbl H YCKopHTeJleil; 28 - 6YHKeP AJlII rpaHYJlHpOBaHHblx M8TO'l-
flblX cMeceil; 30 - BaKYYII,ycTaHoBKa Ha JlHHHH nHeBMaTH'IeCt:oro TpaHcnopTa; 31. 32 - IIlHTbI aB'
TOMaTHQeCKOrO H pY'lHoro ynpaBJIeBHII COOTBeTCTBeHHO; 33 - nblJlec6opHHK.


KOHTpO
b npoQecca npHrOTOB
eHHR pe3HHOBWX CMeCe" B pe3HHo-
CMeCHTe
RX. npH nOTO'lHOM a'BTOMaTH3",pOBaHHOM npOu.ecce npHrOTOB-
JIeHHSI pe3HHOBblX CMeCeH B 3aKpblThlX CKOpOCTHblX CMeCHTeJlSlX He06-
XO.ZJ.HMO CTpOrO C06J1IO.ZJ.aTb 3a.ZJ.aHHblH pe>KHM H nOpSl.ZJ.OK BBe.ZJ.eHHSI HH-
rpe.ZJ.HeHTOB B pe3HHOCMeCHTeJlb. B npouecce KOHTpOJlHPYIOT H aBTOMa-
TH'IeCKH perYJlHPYIOT TeMnepaTYPY CMeWHBaeMblX MaTepHaJlOB, npo-
.ZJ.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb CMeWeHHSI, AaBJleHHe C>KaTOrO B03.ZJ.yxa, nO.ZJ.aBaeMO-
ro B UHJlHH.ZJ.p gepXHerO H HH>KHerO 3aTBOpOB, H pacxo.ZJ. OXJla>K.ZJ.alO-
weH BO.ZJ.b1.
K 0 H T po JI b n p O.ZJ. 0 JI >K H T e JI b HOC T H C Mew e H H SI. npo-
ueCCOM CMeweHHSI B nOJlHOCTblO aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHOH CHCTeMe ynpaB-
J1S1IOT C nOMOI1l.blO 9BM. Pe>KHM pa60TbI 3a.ZJ.alOT Ha neP<J>opHpOBaH-
HblX KapTax HJlH .ZJ.PyrnMH 3J1eMeHTaMH.
B nOJlyaBToMaTH3HpOBaHHbI
 CMeCHTeJlbHblX YCTaHOBKax ynpaBJle-
HHe npoueCCOM B 60JlbWHHCTBe CJlY'IaeB npOH3BO.ZJ.HTCSI KOMaH.ZJ.HblM
3J1eKTpOnHeBMaTH'IeCKHM npH60pOM (K9n). nocJle OnOpO>KHeHHSI Be-
COB oro HJlH npOMe>KYTO'lHOrO 6yHKepa nO.ZJ.aeTCSI HMnYJlbC .ZJ.J1S1 npOBe-


22-2397


337




t7 33
PHC. IV.39. nOTO'IHaH aBTOMaTHqeOK03H JHIJIIHH .D:8Y'X'C'Ta.JJ.HUH()fO H3rOTOBJle'HHH peJHHO-
BbiX OMeceH B !lIIBYX pe3HIHOOMeOOTeJlmt:
1 - 6YHKepa lI,JlII TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepoAa; 2, 6, 9, 10, 13. 25. 29 - aBTOMa1'll'leCKHe BeCbI; 3, 1,
26 - c60pHble eMKOCTB; 4 - eMKOCTH AJlII nJlaCTH(j>HKaTopoB; 5 - !lJleKTpOMarHHTHblii BeHTHJlb; 8,
24 - 6YHKepa AJlII cblnyqBX BHrpeAHeHToB: 11. 27 - HKJlOHbI 12, 28 - pacxoAHble 6yHKepa AJlII
rpaHYJlHpoBaHHblx KaY'lyxoB H lIaTO'lHblX clleceil; 14 - Becbl; 15, 30 - sarpyso'lHble JleHTO'lHble
TJ)aHcnopTepbl; 16, 31 - CKOpocTHbie pesHHocMecHTeJlH; 17, 32 - peBepcHBHble TpaHcnopTepbl;
18 - 'IepBII'IHali lIamHHa C rpoaHyJlapYIOeil rOJloBKoil; 19 -1IH6paHOHHblA TJ)aHcnOpTep; 20 -!lJle-
B8TOP; 21 - XOJIOABJlbHO-cywH1IbHali Kallepa; 22 - npHeMHHK AJlII rpaHYJl; 23 - rpaHYJlonpoBoA;
33 - BaKYYM'ycTaHoBKa JlHHHH nHeBMaTH'IeCKOrO TpaHcnopTepa; 34, 36 - HTbI aBTOMaTH'IeCKOrO
ynpaBJleHHII; 35, 37 - HTbI pyqHoro ynpaBJIeHHII; 38 - DblJlec60PBBK.
2
,
Poc. IV.40. Pe3HIHOCM6CHTeJlb 'C B3aHM03a'11enJiHIOIUII'MHH pOTopaMH (TlI'I1a H'HTep-
1M H'KoC:t ) ;
1 - POTOPbl; 2 - KJlHHOBHAHble JlOnaCTH; 3 - nOJlOCTH AJlII OXJlaX<AeHHII H HarpeBaHHII pOTOpOB;
4 - 60KOBHHbI; 5 - Kopnyc cMecHTe.1bHoil KaMepbl
338

AeHHSI .ZJ.03HpOBaHHSI CJle.ZJ.YlOweH HaBeCKH MaTepHaJlOB. Pa3rpY3Ka
B3BeWeHHblX KOMnOHeHTOB B pe3HHOCMeCHTeJlb, 3arpY30'lHblH TpaHC-
nOpTep HJlH KOBW npOH3BO.ZJ.HTCSI npH nO.ZJ.a'le HMnYJlbCa OT CneUHaJlb-
Horo npH60pa, ynpaBJlSlIOI1I.erO pe>KHMOM CMeweHHSI no BpeMeHH.
B HeKOTophlX CHCTeMax ynpaBJleHHe 06I11.HM UHKJlOM CMeweHHSI OCY-
weCTBJlSleTCSI no BpeMeHH CMeweHHSI H C nOMOWblO npH60pOB, aBTO-
MaTH'IeCKH BKJllO'IalOWHX pa3rpY30'lHblH MexaHH3M pe3HHOCMeCHTeJlSl,
H no TeMnepaType CMeCH. ECJlH TeMnepaTypa CMeCH He .ZJ.OCTHrJla 3a-
.ZJ.aHHoro 3Ha'leHHSI, TO pa3rpY3Ka npOH3BO.ZJ.HTCSI no HMnYJlbCY OT K3n
no 3a.ZJ.aHHOMY BpeMeHH CMeweHHSI.
K 0 H T P 0 JI b T e M n e paT y p b1. npH CMeweHHH MaTepHaJlOB B
pe3HHOCMeCHTeJle BbI.ZJ.eJlSleTCSI 60JlbWOe KOJlH'IeCTBO TenJla, npH 3TOM
TeMnepaTypa CMeCH YBeJlH'IHBaeTcSI. .lJ.J1S1 nOJlY'leHHSI pe3HHoBblX CMe-
ceH BblCOKoro Ka'leCTBa He06xo.ZJ.HMO cTporo C06J1IO.ZJ.aTb YCTaHOBJleH-
HblH TeMnepaTYPHblH pe>KHM, oc06eHHO npH nOBblweHHblX '1aCTOTe
BpaI1l.eHHSI pOTOpOB H .ZJ.aBJleHHH BepXHero 3aTBopa pe3HHOCMeCHTeJlSl,
Kor.ZJ.a npO.ZJ.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb CMeweHHSI He3Ha'lHTeJlbHa (1,5-2,5 MHH).
,lI.J1S1 3TOH ueJlH npHMeHSIIOT KOHTpOJlbHO-H3MepHTeJlbHble npH60pbl, KO-
Topble npH .ZJ.OCTH>KeHHH 3a.ZJ.aHHoH TeMnepaTypbl B CMeCHTeJlbHOH Ka-
Mepe nO.ZJ.alOT HMnYJlbC K aBTOMaTH'IeCKOH CHCTeMe ynpaBJleHHSI pe3H-
HOCMeCHTeJleM Ha Bhlrpy3KY CMeceH (Ha OTKpblTHe HH>KHero 3aTBopa).
TeMnepaTYPY CMeCH H3MepSiIOT CneUHaJlbHOH TepMonapoii:, pacnoJlo-
eHHoH B Kopnyce cMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMephl.
Ll.J1S1 06eCne'leHHSI Ha.ZJ.e>KHOrO KOHTaKTa rO.'10BKH TepMonaphl co
'CMeCblO ee YCTaHaBJlHBalOT HJlH B BblcTynalOI1I.eM pe6pe HH>KHerO 3a-
TBopa HJlH B BblcTynalOweH '1aCTH BepxHero 3aTBopa. npH TaKOH YC-
TaHOBKe 06eCne'lHBalOTCSI 60Jlee Ha.ZJ.e>KHblH KOHTaKT TepMonap co
CMeCblO H 60Jlee TO'lHOe H3MepeHHe TeMnepaTypbl.
npoBe.ZJ.eHHe npouecca CMeweHHSI COrJlaCHO YCTaHoBJleHHoMY pe-
>KHMY B03MO>KHO npH npaBHJlbHOM Bbl60pe CHCTeMbI OXJla>K.ZJ.eHHSI CMe-
CHTeJlSl H npH60poB ynpaBJleHHSI, a TaK>Ke npH 06eCne'leHHH CBoeBpe-
MeHHoro H nOCTOSlHHoro OTBO.ZJ.a TenJla OT CMeCH. 3<J><J>eKTHBHoCTb .ZJ.eii:-
CTBHSI CHCTeM OXJla>K.ZJ.eHHSI 3aBHCHT OT Ha'laJlbHOH TeMnepaTypbl oXJla-
>K.ZJ.aIOI1I.eH BO.ZJ.b1, ee pacxo.ZJ.a H nepena.ZJ.a TeMnepaTypbI BO.ZJ.b1 Ha BXO.ZJ.e
H BbIXO.ZJ.e CMeCHTeJlSl.
BOJlbWHHCTBO pa3J1H'IHhlX Y3J10B MaWHHbI OXJla>K.ZJ.aIOT pa36phl3rH-
BaHHeM (OTKpblTblM MeTo.ZJ.oM), npH nOM BO.ZJ.a CB060.ZJ.HO CTeKaeT C
OXJla>K.ZJ.aeMblX nOBepXHOCTeH. npH TaKOM MeTO.ZJ.e OXJla>K.ZJ.eHHSI HaH60-
Jlee Y.ZJ.06HO npHMeHSlTb .ZJ.H<»<J>epeHUHaJlbHble perYJlSlTopbl TeMnepaTY-
pbl; KJlanaH perYJlSlTopa pacnOJlO>KeH Ha J1HHIlH nO.ZJ.a'lH BO.ZJ.b1 K CMe-
CHTeJlIO. Pacxo.ZJ. BO.ZJ.b1 Ha Ka>K.ZJ.b1H Y'laCTOK OXJla>K.ZJ.eHHSI 3a.ZJ.aeTCSI
onepaTopOM C nOMOI1l.blO BeHTHJleH. Ll.J1S1 60Jlee TO'lHOro C06J1IO.ZJ.eHHSI
TeMnepaTypHoro pe>KHMa O'leHb Ba>KHO CJle.ZJ.HTb 3a '1HCTOTOH OXJla>K-
.ZJ.aIOI1I.HX nOBepXHOCTeH H npOBO.ZJ.HTb CBoeBpeMeHHYIO O'lHCTKY HX OT
BCSlKHX 3arpSl3HeHHH.
K 0 H T P 0 JI b .ZJ. a B JI e H H $I C >K a Tor 0 B 0 3 .ll Y x a. Ll.J1S1 npOBe-
.ZJ.eHHSI npOII.eCca CMeweHHSI COrJlaCHO TeXHOJlOrH'IeCKOMY perJlaMeHTY
B nHTalOweH ceTH He06xo.ZJ.HMO C03.ZJ.aTb nOCTOSlHHoe .ZJ.aBJleHHe C>KaTO-
22*
339

ro B03.ZJ.yxa (0,6-0,8 Mna). .D.aBJleHHe C>KaTOrO B03.ZJ.yxa KOHTpOJlH-
PylOT caMonHwYWHMH npH60paMH. npH HepaBHoMepHoM nOTpe6J1e-
HHH C>KaTOrO B03.llyxa B03MO>KHbI KpaTKoBpeMeHHble H3MeHeHHSI .ZJ.aB-
J1eHHSI. Ll.J1S1 nO.ZJ..ZJ.ep>KaHHSI 3a.ZJ.aHHoro .ZJ.aBJleHHSI B nHTalOweH ceTn
YCTaHaBJlHBalOT B03.ZJ.YWHhlH aKKYMYJlSlTOp. EMKOCTb aKKYMYJlSlTOpa
.ZJ.OJl>KHa 6b1Tb He MeHee .ZJ.BYKpaTHoro MaKCHMaJlbHOrO ceKYH.ZJ.Horo
pacxo.ZJ.a C>KaTOrO B03.ZJ.yxa; aKKYMYJlSlTOp .ZJ.OJl>KeH HMeTb 06paTHhlH
KJlanaH, npenSlTCTBYIOI1I.HH na.ZJ.eHHIO .ZJ.aBJleHHSI B ceTH npH ero nOHH-
>KeHHH Ha coce.ZJ.HHX Y'IaCTKax.
J].PyrHe cnoco6b1 KOHTpOJUI npouecca npHrOTOBJleHHR pe3HHOBbiX
cMeceii. 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHO 6b1J1o YCTaHOBJleHO, '1TO UHXJI CMeweHHR
MO>KHO 3a.ZJ.aBaTb He no BpeMeHH H TeMnepaType, a no KOJlH'IeCTBY 3a-
Tpa'leHHOH 3HeprHH Ha O.ZJ.HY 3anpaBKY. B Ka'leCTBe KOHTpOJlbHOrO H
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'1HK. no nOKa3aHHSlM perHCTpHpYlOwero H YKa3b1BaIOI1I.erO BaTTMeTpa
MO>KHO OUeHHTb HHTeHCHBHOCTb CMeweHHSI, a TaK>Ke npH onpe.ZJ.eJleH-
HblX napaMeTpax pe>KHMa YCTaHOBHTb npO.ZJ.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb UHKJla CMe-
weHHSI. C'IeT'IHK, HMelOI1I.HH .ZJ.aT'IHK, OrpaHH'IHBaIOWHH KOJlH'IeCTBO 3a-
Tpa'lHBaeMOH 3HeprHH, BKJllO'IaeT pa3rpY30'lHblH MexaHH3M no HCnOJlb-
30BaHHIO 3a.ZJ.aHHOH 3HeprHH.
nocJle OKOH'IaHHSI CMeweHHSI KOHTpOJlHPYIOT Ka'leCTBO pe3HHOBblX
CMeceH. ECJlH KOHTpOJlbHble nOKa3aTeJlH CMeceH He COOTBeTCTBYIOT 3a-
.ZJ.aHHblM HopMaM, TO TaKHe CMeCH 6paKYIOT H HX .ZJ.aJlbHeHWee HCnOJlb-
30BaHHe onpe.ZJ.eJUleTCSI 3aBO.ZJ.CKOH J1a60paTopHeH.
H3fOTOBnEHHE CMECEFI B MAWHHAX
HEnPEPblBHOfO .lJ.EFlCTBHjI
npH HenpepblBHOM npouecce CMeweHHSI B OTJlH'IHe OT nepHO.ZJ.H'Ie-
CKoro He npOHCXO.ZJ.HT pe3KHX UHKJlH'IeCKHX H3MeHeHHH, MOWHOCTH H
TeMnepaTypbl. KpoMe Toro, nOSlBJlSleTCSI B03MO>KHOCTb HCnOJlb30BaTb
OTBO.ZJ.HMYIO H3 30H HHTeHCHBHoro TenJlo06pa30BaHHSI 3HeprHIO .ZJ.J1S1
npe.ZJ.BapHTeJlbHOrO HarpeBaHHSI HHrpe.ZJ.HeHToB, nocTynalOWHx B 30RY
3arpy3KH, '1TO n03BOJlSleT 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO nOBblCHTb KnLl. 060PY.ZJ.oBaHHSI,
06eCne'lHTb cTaUHoHapHocTb TeMnepaTypHoro pe>KHMa CMeweHHSI n
nOJlY'IeHHe cMeceH C O.ZJ.HHaKOBblMH CBoHcTBaMH, a TaK>Ke COBMewaTb
npoueccbI CMeweHHSI H <»opMoBaHHSI pe3HHoBblX cMeceH.
B 60JlbWHHCTBe CJlY'IaeB pe3HHocMeCHTeJlH HenpephlBHoro .ZJ.eHcT-
BHSI HMelOT TaKYIO >Ke KOHCTPYK'UHIO, '1TO H MaHHbI tJepBSI'IHOrO THna
C O.ZJ.HHM HJlH HeCKOJlbKHMH pOTopaMH ('1epBSlKaMH).
HHTeHcHBHaSi .ZJ.e<J>opMaUHSI H nepeMewHBaHHe MaTepHa.'10B lI.OCTH-
ralOTCSI B .ZJ.BYX'IepBSI'IHblX CMeCHTeJlSlX HenpepblBHoro .ZJ.eHcTBHSI, B KO-
TOphlX '1epBSlKH pacnOJlO>KeHbI TaK, '1TO BHTKH Hape3KH H nepeMewH-
BalOWHe 3J1eMeHTbI O.ZJ.Horo '1epBSlKa BXO.ZJ.SlT B cooTBeTcTBYIOWHe npo-
cTpaHcTBa Hape3KH .ZJ.Pyroro '1epBSlKa. 1.JepBSlKH C nepeMeHHblM warOM
Hape3KH HMelOT 30HbI C 06paTHoH Hape3KoH, B KOTOpblX TOpM03HTCSI
.ZJ.BH>KeHHe CMeCH K pa3rpY30'lHOMY oTBepcTHIO H YBeJlH'IHBaeTCSI .ZJ.e-
<J>opMaUHSI c.llBHra.
340

Ha pHC. IV.41 npHBe.ZJ.eH .ZJ.BYX'IepBSI'IHhlH pe3HHOCMeCHTeJlb. np8K--
THtieCKOe npHMeHeHHe .ZJ.J1S1 HenpephlBHoro CMeweHHSI HMelOT o.ZJ.HO'lep-
BSI'IHble CMeCHTeJlH THna «TpaHc<J>epMHKC». B STHX CMeCHTeJlSlX Hape3-
Ka C nepeMeHHhlM warOM HMeeTCSI He TOJlbKO Ha '1epBSlKe, HO H Ha.
Kopnyce, npH'IeM B Tex MeCTax, r.ZJ.e Ha Kopnyce CMeCHTeJlSl HaH60Jlee-
rJly60KaSi pe3b6a, a Ha '1epBSlKe MeJlKaSl, H Ha060pOT. B. pe3YJlbTaTe
3Toro CMeCb nepeXO.ZJ.HT C BHTKOB pe3b6h1 pOTopa B pe3b6y Kopnyca
H T. .ZJ.. npH nepexo.ZJ.e CMeCH C O.ZJ.HOH Hape3KH Ha .ZJ.pyrylO B MaJlOM
3a30pe Me>K.ZJ.Y BHTKaMH 06ecnetJHBalOTCH HHTeHCHBHoe nepeMewHBa-
HHe H rOMoreHH3aUHSI CMeCH.
, 4 J $


7


PRe. IV.4.1. .lJ.lByx.qeplul'lHblH pe3HHOOMelCHTeJlb:
1 - ynopHblll nOAWHnHHK; 2, 5 - paAHaJlbHble nOAWHnHHKH; 3 - Kopnyc; 4 - 'IepBIIKH; 6 - pac-
npeAeJlHTeJlbHali Kop06Ka; 7 - peAYKTop; 8 - 3J1eKTpOABHrneJlb; 9 - nJlHTa.


B CCCP BblnYCKalOT CMeCHTeJlb HenpepblBHOrO .ZJ.eHCTBHW
PCHLI..380/450-1 THna «TpaHC<J>epMHKC». Ero npOH3BO.ZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb CO-
CTaBJlSleT 5-8 T/'1. tJepBSlK C nepeMeHHblM .ZJ.HaMeTpOM (380/450 MM)
HMeeT '1aCTOTY BpaweHHSI 10-40 06/MHH. Kopnyc CMeCHTeJlSl pa3.ZJ.e-
J1eH Ha weCTb 30H peryJlHpoBaHHSI TeMnepaTypbl. MOWHOCTb 3J1eKTpO-
.ZJ.BHraTeJlSl 800 KBT. npHHUHn .ZJ.eHCTBHSI H eXeMaTH'IeCKHH pa3pe3 CMe-
CHTeJlSl HenpepblBHoro .ZJ.eHCTBHSI THna «TpaHc<J>epMHKC» npe.ZJ.CTaBJleHbI
Ha pHC. IV.42, a, 6.
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BaHHSI HHrpe.ZJ.HeHTOB. KpoMe Toro, CMeCHTeJlH HenpepblBHoro .ZJ.eHcT-
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pa3J1H'IHOrO COCTaBa, TaK KaK HX npHxo.ZJ.HTCSI '1aCTO nepeHacTpaHBaTb.
OHH MorYT C ycnexoM npHMeHSlTbCSI .ZJ.J1S1 npHeMa H .ZJ.opa60TKH cMeceH
H3 pe3HHocMeCHTeJleH nepHO.ZJ.H'IeCKOrO .ZJ.eHcTBHSI, a TaK>Ke .ZJ.J1S1 npo-
Be.ZJ.eHHSI BTOpOH CTa.ZJ.HH CMeweHHSI.
llIHpoKo Be.ZJ.YTCSI HCCJle.ZJ.OBaTeJlbCKHe pa60TbI no HCnOJlb30BaHHIO
.ZJ.J1S1 npouecca CMeweHHSI nopowKo06pa3Hblx KaY'lYKoB, KOTopble J1er-
KO H 6e3 60JlbWHX 3aTpaT 3HeprHH Mc>rYT 6b1Tb CMewaHhI C nopowKo-
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wKo06pa3HblX KaY'lYKOB XopOWO <J>OPMYIOTCSI B '1epBSI'IHbIX npeccax
HJlH B J1HTbeBblX MawHHax. TaKHe KOMn03HUHH MO>KHO nepepa6aTbI-
BaTb Ha BaJlbuaX HJlH B CMeCHTeJlSlX nepHO.ZJ.H'IeCKOrO H HenpepblBHoro.
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IIBII: 1 - UPBIIK; 2 -
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aO'lH811 BOpoRKa; 4 - pe.u.YKTOp.


.ZJ.eHCTBHSI. npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH «nopOWKOBOH TeXHOJlOrHH» nOSlBJlSleTCSI
B03MO>KHOCTb aBTOMaTH3HpOBaTb npoueccbI npHrOTOBJleHHSI pe3HHO-
BblX CMeceH, a TaK>Ke YMeHbWHTb 3aTpaTbI Ha HX H3rOT0!3.neHHe.
OXnA>K,nEHHE H O'lHCTKA PE3HHOBbiX CMECEA


nOcJle CMeweHHSI pe3HHOBble CMeCH He06xo.ZJ.HMO OXJla>K.ZJ.aTb, TaK
KaK BO BpeMSI xpaHeHHSI npH nOBblweHHOH TeMnepaType B03MO>KHa
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CTbI pe3HHOBblX cMeceH 06pa6aTblBalOT aHTHa.llre3HBaMH. npH HaH60-
J1ee npocTOM cnoc06e OXJla>K.ZJ.eHHSI cMecb, cpe3aHHYIO C BaJlbUOB B
BH.ZJ.e J1HCTOB, 3arpY>KalOT B BaHHY C BO.ZJ.OH, B KOTOPYIO .ZJ.06aBJlSlIOT
aHTHa.ZJ.re3HB. 3aTeM 3arOTOBKH H3BJleKalOT H3 BaHHbI, CKJla.ZJ.b1BaIOT
B KHnbI H TpaHcnopTHpYIOT Ha CKJla.ZJ.. He.ZJ.OCTaTKaMH noro cnoc06a
S1BJlSleTCSI He06xo.ZJ.HMOCTb npHMeHeHHSI PY'IHOrO TpY.ZJ.a H nJlOXHe ca-
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.ZJ.eHHSl J1H'CTOB pe3HHOBOH CMeCH OOpbl3rHBaHHeM HX KaOJlH!HOBOH
cycneH3HeH C nOCJle.ZJ.YIOWHM 06.ZJ.YBOM B03.lI.YXOM; J1HCTbI HaBeWHBalOT
Ha KplO'IKOBhlH TpaHcnopTep, nOMeweHHhlA B CneUHaJlbHOH .ZJ.yweBoH
YCTaHOBKe. K He.ZJ.OCTaTKaM TaKoro cnoc06a OXJla>K.ZJ.eHHSI OTHOCSlTCSI
PY'IHble 3arpY3Ka H pa3rpY3Ka KplO'IKOBOrO TpaHcnopTepa.
C03.ZJ.aHbI YCTaHQBKH, B KOTOpblX HenpepblBHaSi J1eHTa pe3HHOBOH
'CMeCH, BhlXO.ZJ.SlI1I.aSl C BaJlbUOB HJlH H3 J1H'CTOBaJlbHOH rOJlOBKH '1epBSI'I-
HOH MaWHHbI, aBTOMaTH'IeCKH pe>KeTCSI Ha KYCKH, HaBeWHBaeTCSI Ha
pOJlHKOBblH TpaHcnopTep, 06pbl3rHBaeTCSI paCTBopOM aHTHa.ZJ.re3HBa
342




(06h1'1HO CTeapaTOM HJlH OJleaTOM KaJlHH), OXJla>K.ZJ.aeTCSI H YKJla'.ZJ.h1-
BaeTCSI B KHnbl.
BOSMO>KeH OT60p peSHHOBblX CMeceH B OXJla>K.ZJ.aIOWHe KaMepbl B
BH.ZJ.e HenpepblBHOH WHpOKOH J1eHTbI HJlH B Blf.ZJ.e YSKHX J1eHTO'leK, cnH-
p8J1bHO HaMOTaHHblX Ha KaTYWKH.
Pe3HHOBble CMeCH, npe.ZJ.HaSHa'leHHble .ZJ.J1S1 H3rOTOBJleHHH TOHKO-
CTeHHblX HS.ZJ.eJlHH, O'lHwalOT Ha '1epBSI'IHblX <J>HJlbTp-MaWHHax (CTpeH-
Hepax) OT paSJlH'IHOrO pO.ZJ.a BKJllO'IeHHH H Hep8spa60TaHHhlX arpera-
TOB HHrpe.ZJ.HeHTOB. OTHoweHHe .ZJ.J1HHbI HapeSKH '1epBHKa K ero .ZJ.Ha-
MeTpy COCTaBJlSleT 5,5-6,0; KOHCTPYKUHSI BblnycKHoH rOJlOBKH HSMe-
HeHa, no cpaBHeHHIO C rOJlOBKOH '1epBH'IHOH MaWHHbI.
Ll.J1S1 O'lHCTKH pesHHoBhI'X CMeceH HCnOJlbSYIOT MeTaJlJlH'IeCKHe ceT-
KH C '1HCJlOM oTBepcTHH OT 1600 .ZJ.O 3600 Ha I CM 2 . CeTKH YCTaHaB"'IH-
BalOT Me>K.ZJ.Y peWeTqaTblMH .ZJ.HCKaMH B BhlXO.ZJ.HOH '1aCTH pa60'leH Ka-
Mepbl. Ll.HaMeTp OTBepCTHH .ZJ.HCKa 4-8 MM, nJlOli!a.ZJ.b Bcex oTBepcTMH
B .ZJ.HCKe He .ZJ.OJl}KHa npeBblwaTb 0,4-0,5 nJlOwa.D,H .ZJ.HCKa (waH6b1).
a .ZJ.HaMeTp .ZJ.HCKa .ZJ.OJl>KeH 6b1Tb paBeH 1,6-1,8 Hapy>KHOro .ZJ.HaMeTpa
'1epBSlKa. npO<J>HJlbTpOBaHHYIO pesHHoBYIO CMeCb cpe3alOT CneI.I.HaJlb-
HhlM HO>KOM C MeXaHH'IeCKHM npMBO;J,OM.
Ll.J1H YCKopeHHSI H 06J1erqeHHSI CMeHbI ,sarpSlsHeHHoH ceTKH B rOJlOB-
Ke '1epBSI'IHYIO <J>HJlbTp-MawHHY cHa6>KalOT 6h1CTpo.ZJ.eHcTBYIOli!HM 6aH-
OHeTHblM saTBopOM.
MOWHOCTb 3J1eKTpo.ZJ.BHraTeJleH qepBH'IHblX <J>HJlbTp-MawHH Ha 10-
1-5% 60JlbWe MOWHOCTH 3J1eKTpO.D.BHraTeJleH '1epBSI'IHblX MaWHH, npe.ZJ.-
HaSHa'leHHblX .ZJ.J1S1 wnpHueBaHHSI cMeceH.


nBTepaTYpa
MaIC'/(eJl8U P.. M. nepepa60TKa nOJlHMepOB. nep. C aHfn. M., CXHMHSI:t, 1965.
444 c.
/(YSbMUHCICUtl A. C., Ka8gH C. M., /(upnU'Ie8 B. n. <l>H3HKO'XHMHQecKHe OCHO-
BbI nOJlyqeHI4S1, nepepa60TKH H npHMeHeHHSI 3J1aCTOMepoB. M., CXHMHU, 1976. 368 c.
MawHHbI H annapaTbi pe3HHoBofO npOH3BOll.CTBa. noli. PeJ{. .n. M. EapCKOBa.
M., CXHMHSI:t, 1975. 600 c.
AHapalUHuIC08 E. H. ABToMaTH3aUHSI npoueccoB npHrOTOBJleHHSI pe3HHOBbiX CMe-
ceii. M., CXHMHB:t, 1969. 224 c.
n PUK.IIOHCICaJl H. B., CICa'lIC08 A. C. CKOpocTHbie MeTO.llbi npHfOTOBJleHHSI pe3H-
HOBbiX cMeceii. M., rOCXHMH3.1laT, 1963. 420 c.
Ee6puc K. 0.. U ap. HeKoTopble oc06eHHocTH npouecca H3rOTOBJleHHSI pe3HHo-
BbiX CMeceH. TeMaT. 0630p Cep. «npOH3BO.llCTBO WHH, PTl1 H A TYI». M.,
U,Hl1l1T3HeIj>TexHM, 1969. 57 c.
BocrpoICHyr08 E. r., H08UK08 M. H. COBpeMeHHble npe.llCTaBJleHHSI 0 MexaHH3-
Me CMeweHHSI KayqYKOB C HHrpe.llHeHTaMH pe3HHOBbiX cMeceil. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep.
CnpOH3BO.llCTBO WHH, PTl1 H ATl1:t. M., U,Hl1l1T3HeIj>TexHM, 1971. 75 c.
ry6ep (j). E., TaMapICuH B. (j). nepcneKTHBHble npoueccbI pesHHocMeweHHSI a
npOHSBO.llCTBe PTl1. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. CnpOH3BO.llCTBO WHH, PTl1 H ATl1:t. M..
U,Hl1l1T3Helj>rexHM, 1974. 70 c.
fla.llbMZpeH r. Europ. Rubb. J., 1974, v. 156, Nil 5, p. 30-44; Nil 6, p. 72-88;
clllHHHaSl npOMblWJleHHOCTb:t. 3Kcnpecc'HHlj>opMauHSI. M., U,Hl1l1T3HeIj>TexHM, 1975.
Nil 2 (13-25), c. 10-29.
lJIuxupe8 H. H., ry6ep (j). E., nono8a C. r. CnpOH3BO.llCTBO WHH, PTl1 H ATl1:t.
1975, Nt 1, c. 15-18. '
H08UIC08 M. H. U ap. CnpOH3BO.llCTBO WHH, PTl1 H ATl1», 1975, Nil 10, c. 11-14.
31aaAbl408 B. B., BUHOICYP08 H. H. cK.ayqYK H pe3HHa:t, 1976, Nil 4, c. 21-23.


343




fJl313a 18
4»OPMOBAHHE P£3HHOBbiX CMECER


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OCHOBHhlMH cnoc06aMH <»opMoBaHHSI peSHHOBhlX cMeceA H .ZJ.pyrHx
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TOJlWHHe, He06xo.ZJ.HMO, '1T06h1 nJlaCTH'IHOCTb H TeMnepaTypa nOCTY-
nalOweH B KaJlaH.ZJ.p pe3HHOBOH CMeCH 6h1J1H nOCTOSlHHbI, a nO.ZJ.a'la paB-
HOMepHOH. HaHJlY'lWHM cnoc060M nHTaHHSI SlBJlSleTCSI aBTOMaTHtJeCKaSi
HenpephlBHaSi sarpY3Ka KaJlaH.ZJ.pa peSHHOBoii CMeCblO. .lJ.J1S1 3Toro Ha
KOHue nepe.ZJ.Hero BaJlKa nHTaTeJlbHhlX BaJlbUOB YCTaHaBJlHBalOT HO>K,
cpesalOWHH nOJlocy peSHHOBOH CMeCH, KOTOPYIO saTeM TpaHcnopTepOM
nO.ll.alOT B KaJlaH.ZJ.p. lliHpHHa cpesaeMoii J1eHThI saBH'CHT OT CKOpOCTH
K8J18H.ZJ.pa H TOJlWHHhI KaJlaH.ZJ.pyeMoro MaTepHaJla. B pa60tJeii SO He
Me>KAY B8J1KaMH, KY.ZJ.a 3arpY>KalOT peSHHOBYIO CMeCb, YCTaHaBJlHBalOT
OrpaHHqHTeJIbHhle nepe.ll:BH>KHhle CTpeJIKH HS .ZJ.OCTaTOqHO MSirKoro Ma-
354




TepHaJla, He OCTaBJlSllOwerO CJleAOB H8 BaJlKe, .ZJ.OBOJlbHO npOqHOrO,
TPY.ZJ.HO HCTHpaeMoro, a TaK>Ke J1erKO OqHwalOwerocSi OT pe3HHOBoii
CMeCJI (.ZJ.epeBO, aJlIOMHHHH, CnJlaB aJlIOMHHHSI H KpeMHHSI H .ZJ.P,), liTO-
6h1 Hs6e>K8Tb nona.ZJ.aHHSI peSHHOBoii CMeCH Me>K.ZJ.Y BaJlKaMH H CTaHH
HOH KaJlaH.ZJ.pa, WHpHHa KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHhlX J1HCTOB AOJl>KHa 6h1Tb Ha
6-10 CM MeHbwe .ZJ.J1HHhI BaJlKOB. KpoMe Toro, B npouecc
 KaJlaH.ZJ.
o'
BaHHSI OT J1HCTa C KpaeB cpesalOT KpOMKH WHpHHOH 4-10 CM, TOJlWH-
Ha KOTOphlX OTJlHqaeTCSI OT YCTaHOBJleHHOrO KaJlH6pa KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaH-
Horo J1HCTa. J{JlSI nOJlyqeHHSI KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHOH peSHHOBoii CMeCH B BH-
.ZJ.e Y3KHX nOJloc YCTaHaBJlHBalOT HeCKOJlbKO CnHpaJlbHhlX HO>Keii, YCT-
poeHHhlX aHaJlOrHqHO HO>K8M .ZJ.J1S1 06pe38HHSI KpOMOK. HapesaHHhle no-
J10Chl HaMaTblBalOT Ha BaJlKH, pacnOJlO>KeHHhle nOOqepe,nHO cnepe.ZJ.H
H csa.ZJ.H KaJlaH.ZJ.pa. HHorAa HO>KH YCTaHaBJlHBalOT T8KHM 06pa30M,
qT06h1 Me>K.ZJ.Y nOJlOCaMH peSHHOBoii CMeCH BhlpeSaJlHoCb Y3KHe KpOMKH
WHpHHOii 10-12 MM, HaMaTbl'BaeMhle Ha OTBO.ZJ.SlWHe BaJlKH; Hape3ae-
Mhle nOJlOChI saK8ThlBalOT Ha BaJlKaX B TKaHb.


JlHCToB8HHe H 06'beMHOe npocIJHJlHpOB8HHe
pe3HHoBhlX cMecd
B npouecce JlHCTOBaHHSI pasorpeTaSi pesHHoB8S1 CMeCb <»opMyeTcSI
B TOHKHe J1HCThI npH npoK8ThlBaHHH ee qepes BaJlKH KaJlaH.ZJ.pa. CxeMhI
nepeMeU1eHHSI pesHHoBoH-cMecH Ha KaJlaH.ZJ.pax npH J1HCTOBaHHH nOKa-
saHhI Ha pHC. IV.49 (a, 6). npH STOM J1HCThI KaJlaHApOBaHHoro MaTe-
pHaJla .ZJ.OJl>KHhI 6h1Tb O.ZJ.HHaKOBOH TOJlWHHhI no BceH nJlOwa.ZJ.H J1HCra,
a B HeKOTophlX cJlyqaSlX 06J1a.ZJ.aTb rJla.ZJ.KOH nOBepXHOCTblO (HHor.ZJ.a .ZJ.O
6J1ecKa). npH onpe.ZJ.eJleHHH .ZJ.onYCKOB no TOJlWHHe yqHThlBalOT TeXHH-
qeCKOe HaSHaqeHHe KaJlaH.ZJ.pyeMoH CMeCH H HCXO.ZJ.S1T HS SKOHOMHqe-
CKHX C006pa>KeHHii.
OTKJlOHeHHe TOJlWHHhI KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHoro J1HCTa OT BeJlHqHHhI 3a30-
pa 06YCJlOBJleHO SJlaCTHqeCKHM BOCCTaHOBJleHHeM peSHHOBOH CMeCH.
KOTOpoe, B CBOIO oqepe.ZJ.b, saBHCHT OT COCTaBa CMecH. BSl3KOCTH }I npH-
PO.ZJ.h1 nOJlHMepa, TeMnepaTyphl BaJlKOB KaJlaH.ZJ.pa H CMeCH. a TaK>Ke
CKOpOCTH KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHSI. CHH>KeHHIO SJlaCTHqeCKOrO BOCCTaHOBJleHHSI
B pe3HHOBhlX CMecSiX cnOC06CTByeT BBe.ZJ.eHHe CWHThlX KayqYKOB, cO.ZJ.ep-
>KaWHX .ZJ.OCTaTOqHO nJlOTHhlii MaKpOreJlb, HJlH <»aKTHCOB, 8 TaK>Ke Ha-
nOJlHHTeJleH H nJlaCTH<»HKaTopOB. OqeHb Ba>KHO npaBHJlbHO peryJlHpo-
BaTb TeMnepaTYPY BaJlKOB KaJlaH.ZJ.pa.
A.ZJ.reSHSI K MeTaJlJlY HaTypaJlbHoro H HsonpeHOBoro KayqYKOB YBe-
J1HqHBaeTCSI C nOBhlweHHeM TeMnepaTyphl, npHqeM KaJlaH.nPyeMhle CMe-
CH Ha HX OCHOBe J1er'le nepeXO.ZJ.S1T Ha 60Jlee HarpeThlH BaJlOK. .l(J1S1
60JlbWHHCTBa .ZJ.pyrux CHHTeTHqeCKHX Kayqyl{OB a.ZJ.reSHSI K MeTaJlJlY
YBeJlHqHBaeTCSI npH nOHH>KeHHH TeMnepaTyphl, H KaJlaH.npyeMhle CMe-
CH Ha HX OCHOBe J1erqe nepeXO.ZJ.SlT Ha 60Jlee XOJlO.ZJ.HhlH BaJlOK. Bhl60p
TeMnepaTyphl KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHSI saBHCHT OT COCTaBa peSHHOBOH CMeCH
H ee KoreSHOHHhlX CBoiicTB. npH BhlCOKOii TeMnepaType npOqHOCTb Ka-
J1aH.ZJ.pOBaHHoro J1HCTa MO>KeT CTaTb HaCTOJlbKO MaJloii, qTO ero HeBOS'-
MO>KHO 6Y.ZJ.eT npHHSlTb Ha 'J'paHcnopTep. TeMnepaTypHhlH pe>l(HM Ka-


23*


355




J1aH.ZJ.pOBaHHSI .ZJ.J1S1 pe3HHOBbiX CMeCeH paSHhlX THnOB onpe.ZJ.eJlSleTCSI
onhlTHbiM nYTeM. 06h1'1HO KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHe npOH3BO.ZJ.SlT B HHTepBaJle
TeMnepaTYP 60-110 °C.
nOJlyqeHHe KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHhlX J1HCTOB C r J1a.ZJ.KoH nOBepxHocTblO H
6es BOS.ZJ.YWHhlX BKJllOqeHHH (nY3h1peH) BOSMO>KHO TOJlbKO AJISI cpaB-
HHTeJlbHO He60JlbWHX TOJlWHH pesHHoBhlX cMeceH; npH HHSKHX CKO-
pOCTSIX KaJlaH.ZJ.poBaHHSI. Ll.a>Ke npH KaJlaH.ZJ.poBaHHH Ha caMbiX TO'lHhlX
KaJlaH.ZJ.pax, A06pOKaqeCTBeHHYlO pe3JfHoBYlO CMeCb MO>KHO nOJlY'lHTb
JlHWb npH KaJlH6pe J1HCTa He MeHee 0,15 MM H He 60Jlee 1,2 MM. 3TH
I


P,IfiC. IV,49. OxeMbi l1e.peMelneHH!! IMaTelpHaJlOB lMe>Klll.Y 1BaJN<8IMH IItPH It&roTOBJletIJII;JI
Jl1IC1'OB'OA HJJ1H JIIpOllj>HJlb1loA pe3l1'HOsoA CMeeH ,Ha KaJlIlllf,npe 3.500.1250 (a), trpH fia.
({JI.aJQKe npOCJloeK Ha Ka'Jl3III
'Pe 3.500-1250 H 06pe3H1HJI1B3IIIHH 4<O))III.a Ha KaJlaHill:pe
0- 710"1800 (6); nplll H3TOT0IBJI€lHHH rnpo.lj>HJlblHOA pe3H1HOIBOA GleeH 1Ia KaJlaH,,!tpe
4-'500-1250 (8); npH ',nIBYoXICrotJ'O'HlHeA OOKJl3(lQKe Y'3'KHX 'T3<3IIIeA ilia IKa\lla1l;npe 4.500-1'250
4,e); ITpH nYoXiCT<JIP0H:H&f 06p
JIJJI1II1BalllHIH 4<<I\PI!la lIa lKaJla'H,npe 4.710.1800 H ,000Jl34l'Ke
AJI!! pe3HlroIBbiX sa'fO.TOIBOIK Tpa'HOOIIopTepHblx JlelHT 111<3 IKaJlaHp!pe 4-950-1800 (0):
/, 2, 3, 4 - BaJlKH KaJl8HApa; 5 - HanpaBJlIlIO
HA BaJlHK,


npe.ZJ.eJlhl SaBHCSlT OT CBOHCTB peSHHOBhlX cMeceH, B Oc06eHHOCTH OT
CO.ZJ.ep>KaHHSI B HHX KayqYKa. C YBeJlHqeHHeM cO.ZJ.ep>KaHHSI KayqYKa B
CMeCSIX 60Jlee peSKO npOSlBJlSlIOTCSI HX ynpyrHe CBOHCTBa, B peSYJlbTa-
Te 3aTpY.ZJ.HSleTCSI BOSMO>KHOCTb nOJlyqeHHSI rJla.ZJ.KHX J1HCTOB 6es BKJlIO-
qeHHH BOS.ZJ.yxa.
TaK, B saBHCHMOCTH OT CO.ZJ.ep>KaHHSI KayqYKa B CMeCH MO>KHO no-
J1yqHTb Ka'leCTBeHHhle KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHhle pe3HHOBhle CMecH TOJlWHHOH*
(MM): 0,5-0,6 (85-75), 0,7-0,75 (60-55), 1,0-1,2 (40-35).
Oc06eHHocTH, xapaKTepHhle .ZJ.J1S1 J1HCTOBaHHSI, Ha6J1IO.ZJ.aIOTcSI H npH
ot5'beMHoM npo4>HJlHpOBaHHH pesHHOBhlx cMeceH, KOTopoe npoBo.ZJ.HTCSI
Ha npo<»HJlbHhlX KaJlaH.ZJ.pax, HMelOWHX O.ZJ.HH BaJlOK (nocJle.ZJ.HHii) C
npo<»HJlbHhlM PHCYHKOM. Ll.J1S1 npo<»HJlHpOBaHHSI 06h1'1HO HcnoJlbsYIOT
OqeHb nJlaCTHqHhle pesHHoBhle CMecH C MaJlOH YCa.ZJ. KoH .


l(an8H.n.poBblii
..eKT
TlpH KaJlaH.ZJ.poBaHHH pesHHoBhlX cMeceH H MHorHX KayqYKono.ZJ.06-
HhlX MaTepHaJlOB Ha6J1IO.ZJ.aeTCSI SlBJleHHe aHHsoTponHH; STO SlBJleHHe
H3BecTHo no.ZJ. HaSBaHHeM opueltTaquoltltozo HJlH ICaitaltap080Z0 at/J-
t[JeICTa. OTJlHqHTeJlbHhlM npHsHaKoM pesHH, 06J1a.ZJ.aIOWHx KaJlaH.ZJ.po-


. B OKo6Ka,x )'IKa38lH() cO',II.epH<3IHHe IKayq)'IKa (%) IB IQM
.


356




.3h1M S<»<»eKTOM, S1BJlSleTCSI paSJlHqHe HX MeXaHUqeCKHX CBOHCTB B H
-
:IpaBJleHHH KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHSI nepneH.ZJ.HKYJlSlpHO BaJlKaM H B nepneH-
J.HKYJlSlpHOM K He MY HanpaBJIeHHH (napaJlJleJlbHO BaJlKaM). npH STOM
lPOqHOCTb npH paCTSI>KeHHH J1HCTa pe3HHOBOH CMecH B nepBOM HanpaB-
leHHH Bhlwe, qeM BO BTOpOM, OTHOCHTeJlbHoe >Ke Y.ZJ.JlHHeHHe, Ha060-
JOT, MeHbwe B HanpaBJleHHH KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHSI.
KaJlaHApOBhlH s<»<»eKT 3aBHCHT OT TeMnep8Typhl KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHSI,
:KOpoCTH H <»PHKUHH BaJlKOB, a TaK>Ke OT CBOHCTB pe3HHOBOH CMeCH.
.: nOBhlweHHeM TeMnepaTyphl KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHSI KaJl8H.ZJ.pOBhlH s<»<»eKT
'MeHbwaeTCSI (Ta6J1.IV.7).
:' a 6 JJ H U a IV.7. 3aBHcHMocTb KaJlaHAPOBOrO slj>Ij>eKTa
IT TeMnepaTypbl BaJlKOB


npo'llJlOCTb IIPB paCTllJlteBBB. Ml1a I OnrOCHTeJlIolloe YAII_He, %
TellllepaT)'Pa TOII
BBa I I
B8IIKOB, °C "'HCTa, MIl nepneQIIKYNlpllo napa.n.neJJbBO uepneJI,ABKYlIRPUO nap&NJeJJbBO
BMKall BBJlKaII DMKaII _



 1,00 1.17 0,237 140 497
.:s 1.00 0,849 0,165 ,164 514
.,5 0,95 0,628 0,153 237 558
55 1,10 0,328 0,142 271 564
65 1,10 0,233 0,138 453 472
80 1,10 0,171 0,143 485 500


npH HarpeBaHHH pe3HHOBOH CMecH npH YCJlOBHH, qTO .naHHaSi CMeCb
)OJla.ZJ.aeT KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBhlM s<»<»eKTOM, Ha6J1IO.naeTCSI C>KaTHe J1HCTa B
ianpaBJleHHH KaJlaHApOBaHHSI, npH STOM wHpHHa ero H TOJlWHHa YBe-
.1HqHBaIOTCSI. TaK, Kpyr, BhlPy6J1eHHhlH H3 nHCTa peSHHOBOH CMecH,
ofMelOweH KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBhlH s<»<»eKT, .ZJ.OBOJlbHO 6h1CTpO npeBpawaeTcSI B
?JlJlHnC, MaJlaSi OCb KOToporo COBna.ZJ.aer C HanpaBJleHHeM KaJlaHApO-
3aHHSI. 3TO MO>KHO 06'bSlCHHTb HaJlHqHeM OCTaTOqHhlX HanpSl>KeHHH B
ianpaBJleHHH KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHSI H CHH>KeHHeM HanpSl>KeHHH B nonepeq-
iOM HanpaBJleHHH. npH YMeHbweHHH TOJlWHHhI peSHHOBoii CMeCH Ka-
laH.ZJ.pOBhlii s<»<»eKT BospaCTaeT.
nOSlBJleHHe KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBoro s<»<»eKTa B peSHHOBhlX CMecSiX 06YCJlOB-
.1eHO opHeHTaUHeH MOJleKYJlSlpHhlX ueneii nOJlHMepa B.ZJ.OJlb HanpaBJle-
°iHSI KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBaHHSI BCJle.ZJ.CTBHe HanpaBJleHHOH .ZJ.e<»opMaUHH. Ll.J1S1
'
aY'IYKOB C paSBeTBJleHHOH CTPYKTYPOH H He60JlbWoii MOJleKYJlSlpHOii
,faccoii KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBhlH s<»<»eKT HeSHa'lHTeJleH. .lJ.J1S1 CHSITHSI KaJlaHAPO-
30ro s<»<»eKTa CMeCH 06h1qHO HarpeBalOT. O.ZJ.HaKO .ZJ.J1S1 peSHHOBhlX CMe-
:eH, cO.ZJ.ep>KaWHX aHHSOTponHhle HanOJlHHTeJlH, qaoCTHUhI KOTOphlX HMe-
OT nJlaCTHHqaTOe HJlH HrOJlbqaTOe CTpoeHHe, KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBhlii s<»<»eKT He
,,fO>KeT 6h1Tb YCTpaHeH HarpeBaHHeM CMecH. TaKoii BH.ZJ. KaJlaH.ZJ.poBO-
'0 s<»<»eKTa HaShlBaeTCSI SepltUCTbtM. at/Jt/JeICTOM.; oc060 pesKo OH npo-
lBJlSleTCSI B pesHHoBhlX cMecSlx, HanOJlHeHHhlX TaJlbKOM, yrJleKHCJlOH
farHe3Heii, npHpo.ZJ.HhlM 6apHTOM, KaOJlHHOM.
Ll.J1S1 nOJlY'IeHHSI oc060 >KeCTKOH pe3HHhI, nJloxo paCTSlrHBalOweiicSi
3 O.ZJ.HOM HanpaBJleHHH, CneUHaJlbHO npHMeHSIIOT aHHSOTponHhle Ha-
10JliHHTeJlH.


357




06KJl8.J1,K8 TUHd pe3HHOBOA CMtCblO H8 K8J18H.JI,p8X
Ll.J1S1 06KJla.ZJ.KH TKaHH peSHHOBOH CMeCblO npHMeHSIIOT KaJlaH.ZJ.pbl,
BaJlKH KOTOpblX BpawalOTCSI C O.ZJ.HHaKOBOH qaCTOTOii. 06KJl8.ZJ.KY TKa-
HeH C O.ZJ.HOH CTOpOHhI MO>KHO npOHSBO.ZJ.HTb sa O.ZJ.HH nponYCK Ha Tpex-
BaJlKOBOM KaJlaH.ZJ.pe (CM. IV.49, 6), C .lIiByx CTOpOH sa O.ZJ.H-H npo-
nycK - Ha qeThlpeXBaJlKoBoM KaJlaHApe (CM. pHC. IV.49, Z H a) HJlH sa
.ZJ.Ba nponycKa - Ha TpeXBaJlKOBoM.
06KJla.ZJ.Ka TKaHH pesHHoBoA CMeCblO npoHcxO.ZJ.HT CJleAYIOWHM 06-
pasoM. CHaqaJla qepes KaJlH6pOBOqHhlH sasop Me>K.ZJ.Y BaJlKaMH npo-
nycKalOT 6ec<»opMeHHYIO pesHHoBYIO CMecb. .lJ.aJlee nOJlyqeHHhlH TOH-
KHii J1HCT ee onpe.ZJ.eJleHHOH TOJlWHHhI HanpaBJlSlIOT B npeccYIOWHH sa-
30p Me>K.ZJ.Y BaJlKaMH, KY.ZJ.a TaK>Ke nO.ZJ.alOT TKaHb.
KaqeCTBO .ZJ.y6J1HpOBaHHSI .ZJ.BYX pasHopoAHhlX MaTepHaJlOB saBHCHT
OT paBHoMepHocTH HaHeceHHSI pesHHoBoH CMeCH Ha TKaHb H rJlapHhlM
06pasoM OT npOqHOCTH HX CuenJleHHSI, TOJlUJ.HHhI pe3HHoBoro J1HCTa H
\lpeccYlOwero YCHJlHSI.
C YBeJlHqeHHeM npeccylOwero YCHJlHSI .ZJ.O onpe.ZJ.eJleHHOrO SHaqeHHSI
yseJlHqHBaeTCSI r J1y6HHa npoHHKHoBeHHSI pesHHOBoH CMeCH B TKaHb.
npH OnTHMaJlbHOM SHaqeHHH npeccYIOWHX YCHJlHA npoHcxo.ZJ.HT MaK-
CHMaJlbHOe SanOJlHeHHe nOJlOTHa CMeCblO, nocJle KOToporo, HecMoTpSl
Ha YBeJlHqeHHe npeccYIOWHX YCHJlHH, npoHcxo.ZJ.HT YMeHbweHHe npoq-
HOCTH CBSISH. 3TO 06'bSlCHSleTCSI CHH>KeHHeM nocTynJleHHSI pesVHoBoii
CMeCH B nOJlOTHO t TaK KaK C YBeJlHqeHHeM npeccYIOWHX YCHJlHH YMeHb-
waeTCSI npeCCOBOqHhlii 3asop, a CJle.ZJ.OBaTeJlbHO, Hero nponYCKHaSi
COOC06HOCTb. npH STOM He npowe.ZJ.waSi qepe3 npeccoBOqHbIH 3asop pe-
SHHOB8S1 CMeCb c06HpaeTCSI nepe.ZJ. 3asopOM, qTO npHBO.ZJ.HT K paspywe-
HHIO TKaHH. KaqeCTBO 06pe3HHHBaHHSI saBHCHT B OCHOBHOM OT nJlacTO-
SJlaCTHqeCKHX CBoiicTB CMeCH, TeMnepaTyphl H CKOpOCTH KaJlaH.ZJ.pOBa-
HHSI, BJla>KHOCTH, CTPYKTYPhl H XHMHqeCKOii npHpO.ZJ.h1 BOJlOKOH TKaHH.
.lJ.J1S1 YJlyqWeHHSI npOqHOCTH CBSl3H C peSHHOH TKaHH Ha OCHOBe HCKYC-
CTBeHHhlX H CHHTeTHqeCKHX BOJlOKOH npe.ZJ.BapHTeJlbHO 06pa6aThlBalOT
aAre3HBaMH. nepe,n 06KJ1a,nKOH TKaHb HarpesalOT, npH STOM BJla>K-
HOCTb ee He ,nOJl>KHa npeBhlwaTb 2%. PesHHoBaSi CMeCb .ZJ.OJl>KHa HMeTb
HH3KYIO BSl3KOCTb .ZJ.J1S1 J1yqwero npoHHKHoBeHHSI ee B TKaHb, XOPOWYIO
a.ZJ.reSHIO K TKaHH H nJloxylO - K MaTepHaJlY BaJlKOB KaJlaH.ZJ.pa.
IKaqeCTBO 06KJlaAKH saBHCHT TaK>Ke OT AHaMeTpa, 60M6HPOBKH,
06P86OTKH nOBepxHocTH BaJlKOB, <»PHKUHH H .ZJ.Pyrux <»aKTopoB.
06KJlaAKY TKaHeH, HCnOJlbsyeMhlx B OqeHb 60JlbWHX KOJlHqeCTBaX
(wHHHoro Kop.ZJ.a), npoBo.ZJ.SlT Ha CJlO>KHhlX KaJlaH.ZJ.poBhlX J1HHHSlX co
CKOpOCTblO .ZJ.O 90 M/MHH.
lliHpOKO npHMeHSIIOT KaJlaH.ZJ.poBhle J1HHHH C ABYMSI TpeXBaJlKOBhlMH
KaJl8H.ZJ.paMH 3-710-1800 HJlH C O.ZJ.HHM qeThlpeXBaJlKoBhlM KaJlaH.ZJ.poM
4-710-1800. 3TH KaJl8HAphl 06eCneqHBalOT TOqHOCTb KaJlH6pa
0,2 MM.
KaJlaH,npOBhle JlHHHH COCTOSIT HS arperaTOB: nponHTKH Kop.ZJ.a C
BhlTSI>KKOH H nOCJleAYlOweH CYWKOH t TepMo06pa60TKH C SOHaMH BhI-
TH>KKH H HOpMaJlH3aUHH, 06peSHHHB8HHSI KopAa Ha KaJlaH.ZJ.pax C
npe.ZJ.BapHTeJlbHOH ero CYWKOH H nOCJle.ZJ.YIOWHM OXJla>K.ZJ.eHHeM. Ka>K-
358




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nepaTypHoro pe>KHM8 KaJl8H.ZJ.p8, Hep8BHOMepHhlMH nO.ZJ.8'1eH H no.ZJ.o-
rpeBOM peSHHOBOH CMeCH, 8 TaK>Ke HenOCTOSlHHOH ee nJl8CTH'IHOCTblO.
HaH60Jlee X8paKTepHhlMH BH.ZJ.8MH 6paK8 npH J1HCTOB8HHH SlBJlSlIOTCSI:
Her J18.ZJ.K8S1 nOBepXHOCTb, BOS.ZJ.ywHhle BKJllO'IeHHSI (nYShlpH), PHCYHOK
B BH.ZJ.e «eJlKH» H8 nOBepXHOCTH peSHHhI. B Tex CJlY'IaSlX, Kor.ZJ.a peSHHhI
npe.ZJ.HaSH8'18IOTCSI .ZJ.J1S1 HS.ZJ.eJlHH, BYJlKaHHsyeMhlx He<»opMOBhlM MeTO-
.ZJ.OM, Bpe.ZJ.HhlM SlBJlSleTCSI KaJl8H.ZJ.pOBhlH 3<»<»eKT. B T8KHX peaHH8X H
nocJle BYJlK8HHSaUHH coxpaHSleTCSI 8HHSOTponHOCTb, BCJle.ZJ.CTBHe '1ero
OHH J1erKO paS.ZJ.HpaIOTCSI.
npH H8pyweHHH TeMnepaTypHoro pe>KHMa BOSMO>KHhI cJle.ZJ.YIOWHe
BH.ZJ.h1 6paK8: BCJle.ZJ.CTBHe He.ZJ.OCT8TO'lHOrO paaorpeB8 peSHHOBOH CMeCH
HJlH B8J1KOB K8J18H.ZJ.p8 - HerJl8.ZJ.K8S1 nOBepXHOCTb, PHCYHOK B BH.ZJ.e
«eJlKH»; B peaYJlbT8Te neperpeB8 nOCJle.ZJ.Hero B8J1K8 - BOS.ZJ.YWHhle
BKJlIO'IeHHSI, 8 npe.ZJ.nOCJle.ZJ.Hero B8J1K8 - nYShlPH C OTpOCTK8MH «cJles-
KH». 1.JHCJlO BOS.ZJ.YWHhlX BKJllO'IeHHH MO>KeT Boap8CTH, ecJlH OTpeS8e-
Mhle npH KaJl8H.ZJ.pOB8HHH KpOMKH 6Y.ZJ.YT BOSBp8W8TbCSI Henocpe.ZJ.CT-
BeHHO H8 K8J18H.ZJ.p. n03TOMY >KeJlaTeJlbHO nponYCK8Tb KpOMKH CH8-
'1aJl8 '1epea nO.ZJ.orpeBaTeJlbHhle B8J1bUhl, a a8TeM p8BHOMepHhlMH nop-
UHSlMH .ZJ.06aBJlSlTb KO BHOBb npHrOTOBJlSleMOH peSHHOBOH CMeCH.
Y J1Y'IWHTb Ka'lecTBO K8J1aH.ZJ.pOB8HHhlX a8rOTOBOK, YMeHbWHTb '1HC-
J10 nyshlpeA, YBeJlH'IHTb TOJlWHHY K8J18H.ZJ.POB8'HHhlX J1HCTOB 6es .ZJ.y6-
J1HpOBaHHSI H nOBhlCHTb npOHSBO.ZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb nppueCC8 MO>KHO, npH-
MeHSISI CneUH8J1bHble KJlHHOBhle YCTpOHCTBa, YCTaH8BJlHBaeMhle B
sasope B8J1KOB H YBeJlH'IHBaIOWHe HHTeHCHBHOCTb MeX8HH'IeCKOH 06-
pa60TKH pesHHoBoH CMeCH.
DpOKJla.D.OqHhle TKaHH H APyrHe MaTepHaJlY
.lI.J1S1 npe.ZJ.oxp8HeHHSI HeBYJlK8HHSOB8HHhlX K8J18H.ZJ.POB8HHhlX J1HCTOB
HJlH nOJlOTeH npopeaHHeHHhlx TK8HeH OT CJlHn8HHSI npHMeHSIIOT npo

KJl8)J.O'lHhle TK8HH, B -KoTophle HX S8K8ThlB81OT no BhlXO.ZJ.e C K8J1aH.n.p8'.
'3&5




4T06b1 YMeHbWHTb npHJlHn8HHe 'CMeceH, OTJlHq81OWHXCSI 60JlbWOH
J1HnKOCTblO K TK8HH, H npe.ZJ.OTBp8THTb nOSlBJleHHe H8 K8J18H.ZJ.POB8HHhlX
J1HCT8X OTne'l8TK8 nepenJleTeHHSI OCHOBhI H YTK8, npOKJla.ZJ.O'lHhle TK8-
8H nponHThlB81OT p8SJlH'IHbIMH COCTaB8MH. BJl8rO.ZJ.8pSl T8KOH 06p8-
60TKe YBeJlH'IHB8eTCSI CpOK CJlY>K6b1 H npOQHOCTb npOKJl8.l1.0K, 06J1erQ8-
eTCSI npouecc saK8TKH H paCK8TKH TK8HeH npH KaJl8H.ZJ.pOBaHHH, p8C-
Kpoe H c60pKe, '1TO BnOJlHe oKyn8eT CTOHMOCTb HX .ZJ.onOJlHHTeJlbHOH
06P860TKH.
Ll.J1S1 YBeJlHqeHHSI CpOK8 CJlY>K6h1 npOKJl8.ZJ.OQHhlX TK8HeH HX CJleAY-
eT nepHOAH'IeCKH qHCTHTb werKaMH H nhlJleCOC8MH C ueJlblO Y.ZJ.8J1eHHSI
onY.ZJ.pHBaIOWHX MaTepH8J10B CJle.ZJ.OB cephl, H8K8nJlHB81OWeHCSI B TK8-
HH B peSYJlbT8Te ee MHrp8UHH HS peSHHOBhlX CMeceH, a T8K>Ke .lI.PY-
rHX 3arpSlSHeHHH. KpOMe Toro, npOKJI8.ZJ.O'lHhle TK8HH npOrJl8>KH-
BaIOT.
B K8'1eCTBe npOKJl8AO'lHOrO MaTepHaJl8 MO>KHO HCnOJlb30B8Tb p8S-
JlH'IHhle nOJlHMepHhle nJleHKH (H8npHMep, nOJlH3THJleHOBhle). OHH B
MeHbweH CTeneHH 38rpSl3HSlIOTCSI, '1eM TKaHH, H He OCTaBJlSlIOT OTne-
'18TKOB H8 nOBepXHOCTH KaJlaH.ZJ.pOB8HHhlX J1HCTOB.
WnPHEBAHHE
LUnpue8aHueM (aKCTpY3ueu) H8ShlBaeTCSI npouecc <»OpMOB8HH
sarOTOBOK onpe.ZJ.eJleHHOrO npo<J>HJlSI nYTeM npOA8BJlHB8HHSI pasorpe-
TOH pe3HHOBOH CMecH nOA A8BJleHHeM '1epe3 npO<»HJlH'PylOwee OTBep-
CTHe (MYHAWTYK).
IlInpHueB8HHe OCYWecTBJlSlIOT B '1epBSI'IHhlX M8WHH8X - wnpHU-
M8WHH8X XOJlO.ZJ.Horo H ropSl'lero nHT8HHSI, B KOTOphlX peSHHOB8S1 CMeCb
C nOMOWblO Bp8w81OwerocSi '1epBSlK8 BhlA8BJlHB8eTCSI '1epe3 npO<»HJlb-
Hoe OTBepCTHe roJlOBKH, H B wnpHu-npecC8X, B KOTOphlX peSHHOB8S1
CMeCb npO.ZJ.8BJlHB8eTCSI nJlYH>KepOM '1epe3 MYH.ZJ.WTYK nOA .ZJ.8BJleHHeM,
B03HHK81OWHM B peSYJlbT8Te BOS.ZJ.eHCTBHSI nJlYH>Kep8 H3 H8XOASlWHH-
CSI B pesepBY8pe M8TepH8J1. IlInpHu-npecchI B OTJlH'IHe OT wnp H U- M8 -
WHH OTHOCSlTCSI K 8nn8p8T8M nepHO.ZJ.H'IecKoro .ZJ.eHCTBHSI. OHH XOTSI H
06ecneqHB81OT BhlXO.ZJ. CMeCH HS rOJlOBKH C nOCTOSI'HHOH CKOpOCTblO, O.ZJ.-
H8KO He n03BOJlSlIOT C03A8Tb HenpephlBHhlH npouecc.
BJl8rO.ZJ.apSi npOCTOTe ynpaBJleHHSI H H8.ZJ.e>KHOCTH B pa60Te '1epBSI'I-
HbIe M8WHHhI MO>KHO KOMnJleKTOB8Tb B 8rper8ThI H cos.ZJ.8BaTb Mexa-
HH3HpOBaHHhle H 8BTOMaTH3HpOB8HHhle nOTO'lHhle JlHHHH (npOTeKTOp-
Hhle, K8MepHhle HAP.).
npH mnpHueB8HHH pe3HHOBhlX 3arOTOBOK C nOMOWblO .ZJ.BYX '1ep-
BSI'IHbIX M8WHH B OAHY roJlOBKY MO>KHO nOJlyqHTb CJlO>KHhle npo<»HJlb-
HbIe S8rOTOBKH HS peSHHOBhlX CMeceH p83J1H'IHOrO COCT8Ba.
npou:ecc wnpHu:eB3HHSI
38 BpeMSI npe6h1B8HHSI B '1epBSI'IHOA M8WHHe M8TepH8J1 nperepne-
BaeT cywecTBeHHhle HSMeHeHHSI. no AJlHHe H8pe38HHoH '18CTH '1epBSI-
Ka MO>KHO YCJlOBHO BbIAeJlHTb TPH 30HhI: nHT8HHSI (npHeMHYIO). CJK8-
36S

HSI H nJlaq:'HKaUHH (pa60'lYIO) H HarHeTaHHSI (BhlnYCKHYIO, HJlH aOHY
"'BJleHHSI) .
'TepHaJl 06pa6aThlBaeTCSI B KaHaBKax HapeaHOH '1aCTH '1epBSlKa
1 BOSAeHCTBHeM BHeWHHX CHJI (KPYTSlwero MOMeHTa).
'10He nHTaHHSI MaTepHaJl HS aarpyaO'lHOH BOpOHKH aaXBaThlBaeT-
.:r:\oeSKOH '1epBSlKa, nepeMewaeTCSI B.ZJ.OJlb UHJlHH.ZJ.pa H ynJlOTHSleT-
1eaVJlbTaTe conpOTHBJleHHSI CO CTOpOHhI roJlOBKH, a TaK>Ke BCJle.ZJ.-
VMeHbweHHSI 06'beMa BHHTOBOH KaHaBKH '1epBSlKa.
,
V' q
a
5
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laMMbI OKOip'OICTeil reqeHHSI M03repHaJia B oKa'HalBKe Harpe3HOH qaoCTH qepaSlKa no Ra-
IpalBJleHHIO OCH XX H AeifcTBYlOUleir OHIIIbI N cI(A, P H R) (6):
- Jl,Harpalllla eKOPOCTH BblHYX<JI,eHHOro (nOCTYnaTellbHoro) TeqeHHII; /I - Jl,HarpaMlla eKOpOCTH
"JpOTHBOTOKa (yeJlOBHall); //1 - peaYJlbTHpYIOall CKOpOeTb; D H . D BH - HapYX<HblA H BHYTpeHHHA
HalleTpbl qepBIIKa; D n' Dq - Jl,Ha'lIeTpbl nOJlOCTB H IJ,HJlHHJI,pa; b ep- cpeJl,H1I1I WHpHHa HapeaKH;
. - rny6HHa KaHaJla HapeaKII; 6 - paJl,HaJlbHOIA aaaop; 5, - Jl,JlHHa pasaepHYToA BHHTOBOA JlH-
HRH; (- - -) - MeeTHbie IlHPKYJllIllHOHHble TOKH.
B SOHe C>KaTHSI H nJlaCTHKaUHH H.ZJ.eT npouecc nepeMeWHBaHHSI, CO-
npOBO>K.ZJ.aeMhlH nOBhlweHHeM TeMnepaTyphl.
B aOHe HarHeTaHHSI '1epBSlK BhlnOJlHSleT <»YHKUHIO BHHTOBoro Ha-
coca.
qepBSlK pacnOJlO>KeH BO BHYTpeHHeH nOJlOCTH pa60'lero UHJlHH.ZJ.pa
(HJlH B UHJlHH.ZJ.pH'IeCKOM cTaKaHe); pa.ZJ.HaJlbHhlH aasop Me>KAY BHew-
HeA nOBepXHOCTblO '1epBSlKa H BHYTpeHHeH nOBepxHocTblO UHJlHH.ZJ.pa
l) paBeH 0,1-2 MM, T. e. 0,002-0,005 D.". KaHaBKa C onpe.ZJ.eJleHHhlM
npo<»HJleM HapesKH pacnOJlO>KeHa no BHHTOBOH J1HHHH; yroJl nO.ZJ.'beMa
BHHToBoA J1HHHH HapeaKH f} aaBHCHT or wara t HapeaKH. Pa60'l'HH
06'beM OrpaHHqHBaeTCSI npo<»HJleM HapeaKH, BHYTpeHHeA nOBepxHO-
CTblO UHJlHH.ZJ.pa H .ZJ.JIHHoA BHHTOBOH JlHHHH Ha pa60'leH '1aCTH '1ep-
BSiKa.
Ha pHC. IV.56 .ZJ.aHa pasBepHyraSi BHHTOBaSl JUfHHSI 8 1 OAHoro BHT-
nD
Ka HapesKH npH O.ZJ.HOM 060pOTe '1epBSlKa 8.= ---ir.
, coo t'
qH'CJlO pa60'lHX BHTKOB z npH nOCTOSlHHOM ware MO>KHO onpe.ZJ.e-
J1HTb Ha ypaBHeHHSI
L q mD q m
=-r= kD q =T
367

r.D;e L.. - '.D;JlllJlla 'ilape3oK'H oqeumllKa no ero OICII; t -!W3/I' HaH; m - 011HOWeHHe
JtJJHtHbi H3Ipe3'KH oK JtK3IMeTlpY qepBlIIKa (II1pHlIIMae11CSI pamrbIIM 3-16); k=ntg,p -11(0-
scM>/llUHeWT, 3a'811fCSIIlUI'H oOT 'YI' Jla 'HaJKJlOHa BHtHroBOH Jl'HtHIIIII 1H81>e3dCH; D.. -Il(H8iMeTP
'Iep.BSllKa ('B "IepIBSI"IIIbllX 'MawH'HalX O'pIJlMElKSlIOT ItIIJlHH.lIO>HqeoJ('He qepIBSllKH HaMeTpOM
32, 63, 90, 125, 160, 200, 250 1MlM).
Ll.J1HHY H8peSHOH '1aCTH 'IeppSlK8 L." p8CC'IHThlB8IOT no <»opMYJle
L, - mD.
Ll.J1HHY p860'lero KaH8J18 S no BHHTOBOH J1HHHH H8peaKH MO>KHO onpe-
AeJrHTb no <»opMYJle
m nD q m
8=8 1 T= cosp 'T
X8p8KTep TeXHOJlOrH'IeCKOrO npouecca aaBHCHT OT npO<»HJlSI H8pes-
KH, rJly6HHhI Ular8, WHpHHhI rpe6HSI H p8.ZJ.H8J1bHOrO a8aop8 6, 8 T8K-
>Ke OT peoJlOrH'IeCKHX CBOHCTB M8TepH8J18, TeMnep8TypHoro pe>KHM8,
K09<»<»HUHeHTOB TpeHHSI npH .ZJ.BH>KeHHH MaTepHaJl8 B.ZJ.OJlb CTeHKH P8-
60qero K8HaJl8 H .ZJ.PyrHx <»8KTOpOB. CeKYHAH8S1 nO.ZJ.a'l8 M8TepH8J18
npH Y'CT8HoBHBweMcSI npouecce BO Bcex aOH8X 0.ZJ.HH8KOB8. B a8BHCH-
MOCTH OT H8npaBJleHHSI Bp8WeHHSI '1epBSlK8 0.ZJ.H8 Ha CTeHOK npo<»HJlSI
H8peaKH OK8ahlB8eT .ZJ.8BJleHHe H8 M8TepH8J1 HOpMaJlbHO K cBoeH no-
BepxHocTH C CHJlOH N c . P8SJlO>KHM 3TY CHJlY Ha TP!1 COCT8BJlSlIOWHe:
oceBYIO A, OKPY>KHYIO P H paAHaJlbHYIO R. 3H8S1 yrJlbI H8KJlOH8 BHH-
TOBOH J1HHHH f} H npo<»HJlSI H8pesKH a, STH CHJlhI MO>KHO Bhlp8SHTb
8H8J1HTH'IeCKH:
A =QcosP; P =Qsinp; R = Qtgct.
rp.e Q = N e cos ct..
. CYMM8 Bcex COCT8BJlSlIOWHX 1:A, !'P H 1:R .ZJ.8eT paBHO.ZJ.eAcTBYIO-
UlYIO.
B COBpeMeHHhlx '1epBSI'IHhlX M8WHH8X npHMeHSIIOT UHJlHHApH'Ie-
CKHe '1epBSlKH C nepeMeHHhlM W8rOM H nocToSlHHOH rJly6HHoA H8peaKH
HJlB C nOCTOSlHHhlM W8rOM H y6h1B8lOweH rJly6HHon H8pesKH. nocTe-
neHHoe y6h1B8HHe W8ra UJiH rJly6HHhI H8peaKH npH nocroSlHcTBe war8
HaahlB8eTCSI CTeneHblO C:JICaTUR 'l.ep8R"a. CTeneHb C>K8THSI qepBSlK8 HS-
MeHSleTCSI OT 1,2 .ZJ.O 2,0.
OKpY>KHOe YCHJlHe Pcp MO>KHO onpe.ZJ.eJlHTb no <»opMYJle
I02N
Pcp=- y
CP
r.a;e N - 'pacxo.a;yeMaSl MOO/:HOICTb, KBT; Yep - OIqp)'?KIHaSl C'K'Opoc1'b lHatpe3KH qepIB lIIKa ,
oM/C.
3H8S1 Pcp, MO>KHO onpe.ZJ.eJlHTb oceBoe YCHJlHe A H8 qepBSlKe H P8-
.ZJ.H8J1bHOe YCHJlHe R.
IlI8r OK8ahlB8eT 60JlbWOe BJlHSlHHe Ha COOTHoweHHe CHJI P, A H R.
npH YBeJlH'IeHHH war8 BoapaCT81OT oceB8S1 nO.ZJ.8'18 M8TepH8J18 S8 O.ZJ.HH
060POT H OKpY>KHOe -YCHJlHe P, B TO BpeMSI K8K OCeBOe YCHJlHe A H
npO.ZJ.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb npe6h1B8HHSI M8TepH8J18 B p860'leH aOHe YMeHb-
W8IOTCSI. npH npSlMoyrOJlbHOM npO<»HJle H8peaKH yro.JI a H p8AHaJlb-
368

HaSi CHJla R paBHhI HYJlIO, '1TO YMeHbwaeT Typ6YJleHTHOCTb Te'leHHSI
MaTepHaJla.
Ha pHC. IV.56,6 .ZJ.aHhI .ZJ.HarpaMMhI CKopocTeit: Te'leHHSI. no AHar-
paMMaM CKopocTeH Te'leHHSI MaTepHaJla MO>KHO YCTaHOBHTb pacnpe-
.ZJ.eJleHHe CKopocTeH np" Te'leHHH CMeCH, nepeMewaeMoH '1epBSlKOM, co-
BepwalOWHM o.!J.'HoBpeMeHHo nocTynaTeJlb'HOe H Bpaw.aTeJlbHOe ABH>Ke-
HHe. npH BpaweHHH '1epBSlKa C03.ZJ.aeTCSI BhlHY>K.ZJ.eHHhlH nOTOK (I),
CKOpOCTb KOToporo, a CJle.ZJ.OBaTeJlbHO, H npOHSBOAHTeJlbHOCTb Bospa-
CTalOT nponopUHOHaJlbHO '1aCTOTe BpaweHHSI '1epBSlKa. npH nOBhlwe-
HHH CKOpOCTH npOTHBOTOKa CKOpOCTb BhlHY>KAeHHOro nOTOKa yMeHb-
waeTCSI (I I) 3a C'IeT npoTHBo.ZJ.aBJleHHSI npo<»HJlHpYIOWeA rOJlOBKH.
.l1.HarpaMMa III nOKa3h1BaeT SHa'leHHe pesYJlb1'HPYIOWeH CKOpOCTH. _
06'beMHYIO npoHsBo.ZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb V 0 6 '1epBSI'IHOH MaWHHhI MO>KHO
onpeAeJlHTb H3 cJle.ZJ.ylOwero COOTHoweHHSI:
. -


V06 = V B - Vnp =a.nFd-- F p - L
'1341 q
rAi! VB -npoll!3i8OJlHTeJJtIOOCTb dI'!>H BbfH
emroM lI01'OKe; V up -nOTepH IqIOJ\IS!BOII1H-
1 1
reJlb1lOCTH BCJlet!I/C1'&Jli! n,pOTJltlOTOKa; a == '2 . n'J.D
 h sin -Ii 100S p;
 = '2nD.h3 sin 2 p-
xapaJKTepJIICTJIIK'H, Y''lJITbilSaJOU1He re<>MeTp'II.qecKHe pa3Meq>bI I'IepiB!Id<a (3.1le'Cb h -I'Jlyi6H-
Ha -KaHaJia Hape3KH qepBSlKa); n - qaCTOra s.palUeHHH qepSHKa; F d, F p - Ij>opM'4>aK-
TO!J>bI (IKOI3'</Jt4IH1I1HeHTbI, Y"I'HTbI'8alOlUHe 01'HOWe&l-He rJlyl6J1011b1 K3IHallla Hape30KH Qep.BJI1I<a
K ee tW-HpHlHe); t)3c1> - 311j>$eKTH1BiHaH lBH'3IKQICTb pe31f'HOBOH OMecu; Pr -illaSJlElHHe pi!3'II-
iIICiB'O H OM eoH 18 II'OJIOIBIKe.


B,3aHM03aMeHSIeMOCTb '1epBSlQHhlX MaWHH
MYJle:


onpe.ZJ.eJlSlIOT no <»op-


D 1 n 1 = DaTit
rAe D.. D'J, - ,[lH3IMe11pbl qepiB6LK()I8; nl, n2 - qacrorrbl HX
paUJ.eHHH.


npO.ZJ.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb npe6h1BaHHSI MaTepHaJla B pa60'leM UHJlHH.ZJ.-
pe '1epBSI'IHOH MaWHHhI T MO>KHO onpeAeJlHTb no <»opMYJle
60 m
T=n'T


r.lle n - qaeroTa .spaLUeHHH qeq>.BSlKa .n-PH 1/10CTOJldllllOM ware.
npH nepeMeWeHHH peSHHOBOH CMeCH B '1epBSI'IHOH MaWHHe OHa
pa30rpeBaeTCSI, ynJlOTHSletCSI H rOMoreHHsHpyeTCSI. CTeneHb pasorpe-
Ba CMeCH H AaBJleHHe Ha BhlXO.ZJ.e 3aBHCSlT OT .ZJ.J1HHbI '1epBSlKa, ero .ZJ.H-
aMeTpa, C03.ZJ.aBaeMOH HM CTeneHH C>KaTHSI, BSl3KOCTH CMecH H .ZJ.pyrHx
<J>aKTopOB.
B wnpHU-MaWHHax C paSJlH'IHbIM .ZJ.HaMeTpOM '1epBSlKa (Lq/Dq=
='5,5) npH nepepa60TKe peSHHOBbIX CMeceH OAHoro COCTaBa COS.ZJ.aeTCSI
onpe.ZJ.eJleHHOe .ZJ.aBJleHHe:


.ZJ.HalleTp qepBlIHa, MM
60 125 200 250


MaKCHMaJlbHOe .IlaBJIeHHe npH 3aKpblToH roo
JIOSKe, Mna. . . 44 42 34 15
Pa60qee .a.aBJleHHe, Mna 8-15 10-15 7-10 6-9


24-2397


369




Ll.aBJleHHe nOBhlwaeTCSI C YBeJlH'IeHHeM BSl3KOCTH CMeCH H AJlHHb.
'1epBSlKa. npH HHTeHCHBHOM pa30rpeBe CMeCH B '1epBSlQHOH MaWHH

BOSMO>KHa ee npe>KAeBpeMeHHaSi BYJlKaHH3aUHSI. n03TOMY '1epBSlK .
UHJlHHAP MaWHHbI OXJla>K.ZJ.aIOT BO.ZJ.OH. npH YCTaHOBHBweMCSI pe>KHM

'1epBSlqHaSi MaWHHa pa60TaeT no npHHUHny cB060.ZJ.HOro OT nYJlbCaUHE
.ZJ.aBJleHHSI Hacoca, nOAalOwero TepMH'IeCKH OAHOpO.ZJ.HhlH MaTepHaJl npI
nOCTOSlHHOM .ZJ.aBJleHHH C nOCTOSlHHOH npOH3BOAHTeJlbHOCTblO.
'IepBSlQHWe Ma
HHW
KOHCTPYKUHSI '1epBSI'IHOH MaWHHhI nOKasaHa H8 pHC. IV.57. B UF
J1HHApH'IecKOM Kopnyce, CMOHTHpOBaHHOM Ha CTaHHHe, 3anpeCCOBaH,
HSHOCOCTOHKaSi rHJlbSa, B KOTOpOH BpawaeTCSI '1epBSlK. qepBSlKH Hfo-
pe.ZJ.KO HSrOTaBJlHBalOT COCTaBHhlMH HS ABYX '1aCTeH: pa60'leH H XBO(.-
TOBOit 3TO 06'bSlCHSletCSI TeM, '1TO XBOCTOBaSi '1aCTb, 06eCne'lHBalOwaf
onoPY '1epBSlKa B pa.ZJ.HaJlbHhlX H ynopHoM nO.ZJ.WHnHHKax, HcnhlThlBae'!


PHIC. IV.57. q
"1ofamll'lla:
1 -IlHJlHHJI,P; 2 - qepBIIK; 3 - nOJlOCTH B IJ,HJlHHJI,pe (JI,JlII HarpeBaHBIi H oXJlaX<JI,eHBII); 4 - 3"
rpY90'1Hoe OKHO; 5 - DpHBoJl,Hali WecTepHII; 6 - Kop06Ka CKopocTeA; 7 - ynpyrall Ny4!TI:
8 - 9J1eKTpOJl,BHoraTeJlb.


3Ha'lHTeJlbHhle HanpSl>KeHHSI KpY'leHHSI H H3rH6a H MaTepHaJl ero .ZJ.O/'
>KeH 06J1a.ZJ.aTb .ZJ.OCTaTOqHhlMH npO'lHOCTblO H BSl3KOCTblO. Pa60'lYl<
'1aCTb '1epBSlKa (Hape3HYIO) H3rOTaBJlHBalOT H3 BhlCOKOKaqeCTBeHHOJ
CTaJlH; ee nO.ZJ.BepralOT TepMH'IecKOH 06pa60TKe .ZJ.O TBep.ZJ.OCTH nOBepj(
HOCTH HRC 78-82 H WJlHij>YIOT AJISI CHH>KeHHSI K09<»<»I:I'UHeHTa Tpt-'
HUSI.
qepBSlK npHBOA
T'CSI BO BpaLUeHHe OT 9J1eKTpOABHraTeJlSl nOCTOSib
Horo TOKa '1epes pe.ZJ.YKTOp. 3J1eKTpO.ZJ.BHraTeJlb n03BOJlSleT npOBO.ZJ.HTc
6eccryneH'IaTOe perYJlHpOBaHHe qaCTOThI BpaweHHSI. B MaJlOMOWHhI:"
370




.JepBSI'IHhlX MaWHHax perYJlHpOBaHHe '1aCTOThI BpaweHHSI npOHSBO.ZJ.HT-
S1 C nOMOWblO Kop06KH CKopOCTeH, coe.ZJ.HHSleMOH c a'CHHxpOHHhlM KO-
J01'KOSaMKHYThlM 9J1eKTpO.ZJ.BHraTeJleM nepeMeHHoro TOKa KJIHIHOpe-
.deHHOH nepeAa'leH. HHor.ZJ.a npHMeHSIIOT '1eThlpeXCKopOCTHOH 3J1eKTpO-
BHraTeJlb nepeMeHHoro TOKa. TeMnepaTYPHhlH pe>KHM B '1epBSI'IHOH
daWHHe nO.ZJ.Aep>KHBaeTCSI C nOMOWblO OXJla>K.ZJ.alOweH BOAhI HJlH na-
,)a, nO.ZJ.aBaeMbIX B nOJlOCTH Kopnyca, '1epBSlK3 H rOJlOBKH, H perYJlH-
JyercSi aBTOMaTH'IeCKH TepMoperYJlSlTOpaMM H TepMonapaMH. KpoMe
coro, BOaMO>KHO PY'IHOe perYJlHpOBaHHe TeMnepaTyphl npH nOMOWH
3eHTHJleH.
B Ha'laJle pa60ThI '1aCTH MaWHHhI nOAorpeBalOT, 3 npH YCTaHOBHB-
.:ueMCSI pe>KHMe 06h1'1HO OXJla>KAaIOT; TOJlbKO B SOHe aarpYSKH UH-
IHH.ZJ.pHqeCKHH Kopnyc nO.ZJ.orpeB3lOT napOM.
1.IepBSI'IHbIe MaWHHhI B aaBHCHMOCTH OT OTHoweHHSI .ZJ.J1HHhI Hapes-
'iOH '1aCTH K HapY>KHoMy .ZJ.HaMeTpy '1epBSlKa nO.ZJ.paS.ZJ.eJlSlIOT Ha Ma-
.1IHHhI ropSl'lero (M4T) nHTaHHSI (L'I/D'I=3,5-4 npH D'I= 160-
;100 MM H L'I/D'I=5-10 npH D'I=32-120 MM) H XOJlOAHOrO (M1.IX)
IHTaHHSI (L'I/D'I= 10-16 npH D'I=63, 90, 125 MM).
1.IepBSI'IHhle MaWHHhI ropSl'lero H XOJlO.ZJ.HOro nHTaHHSI BhlnY'CKaIOT C
3aKYYM-oTCOCOM (M1.ITB H M4XB). B Ta6J1. IV.8 .ZJ.aHa TeXHH'IeCKaSi
apaKTepH'CTHKa HeKoTophlX '1epBSI'IHhlX MaWHH, npHMeHSleMhlx .ZJ.JlSI
DopMoBaHHSI pesHHoBhlX cMeceH.
:' a 6 JI H U a IV.8. TeXHHqecKaSl xapaKTepHcTHKa HeKoTopblX qepBSlqHblX MaWHH,
.1pHMeHSleMbix AJiSI cJIopMoBaHHSI pe3HHoBbiX cMeceii
MOHOCTb
Tua .ZJ.HalleTP OTHoweHHe lfaCTOTa CreneHb cx<aTRII 9JleKTPOo npoH3BOAHTeJlbo
qepBll1lBoA 'IepBHKa. Lq/Dq BpaeHRII, qepBIiKa ABHraTeJlII BOCTb. Kr/q
lIamHHbI MM 06/IIHH npHBOJI,a,
KBT
"tiT 32X5 32 5 20-100 1:2; 1: 1,55 4,5 10-20
"tiT 63x5 63 5 20-100 1:2; 1:1,48 14 40-140
,\\IT 90x5 90 5 20-70 1:2; 1:1,5 25 120-330
t\tlT 90x 10 90 10 20-70 1:2; 1:1,5 32 120-330
"tiT 125x5 125 5 14-70 1: 1 ,99; 1: 1,51 32 240-750
t\\IT I60x4 160 4 12-50 1:1,72 55 300-900
t\tlT 2OOX4 200 3,8 25-85 1:1,32 75 500-1 000
t\\IT 250x3 250 4,24 25-85 1: 1,27 125 750-1 500
t\tlT 4OOx3 400 4,38 12-48 1:1,5 320 3000-10 000
t\tlX.63 63 10 20-70 - 21,4 -
t\tlX-90 90 10 20-70 - 44,4 -
-t\tlX.I25 125 10 20-70 - 57,4 -
t\\IXB-63 63 16 20-70 - 25 -
t\tlXB-90 90 16 20-70 - 55 -
't\tlXB-I25 120 16 20-70 - 75 -
t\tlXB-I60 160 16 4-48 - 125 -
t\tlXB-250 250 22 10-40 - 350-400 -
B '1epBSI'IHOH MaWHHe XOJlO.ZJ.HOrO nHTaHHSI peaHHOBaSi CMeCb B BHAe
leHThI nO.ZJ.aeT'CSI HenpephlBHO B sarpyaO'lHOe OTBepcTHe. 1.IepBSlK, Bpa-
.uaSlcb, aaXBaThlBaeT MaTepHaJl H nepeMewaeT ero B CTOPOHY rOJlOBKH
i npO<»HJlHpYlOwero HHCTPYMeHTa. npH 9TOM MaTepHaJl nOABepraeTCSI
4.
37

HHTeHCHBHhlM Ae<»opMaUHSlM, rJlaBHhlM 06pa30M C.ZJ.BHrOBoro xapaKTe-
pa, HarpeBaeTCSI H pa3MSlr'laeTCSI. npH HCnOJlbSOBaHHH TaKHX '1epBSI'I-
HhlX MaWHH nOSlBJlSleTCSI BOSMO>KHOCTb OTKasaTbCSI OT nO.ZJ.orpeBaTeJlb-
HhlX BaJlbUOB, YMeHbWHTb pacxo.ZJ. 3J1eKTp03HeprHH H BO.ZJ.h1 AJISI nHTa-
HHSI BaJlbUOB, ynpocTHTb 06CJlY>KHBaHHe '1epBSI'IHhlX MaWHH, aBTOMa-
TH3HpOBaTb npouecc HX nHTaHHSI, 06eCne1JHTb nOJlY'IeHHe 3arOTOBOK
BhlCOKoro Ka'leCTBa H nOCTOSlHHbIX paSMepOB, YJlY'IWHTb YCJlOBHSI pa-
. 30rpeBaHHSI H 06eCne'lHTb nOCTOSlHCT-
BO TenJlOBOrO pe>KHMa wnpHueBaHHSI.
.lJ.JlSI YMeHbweHHSI TenJlOBhlAeJle-
HHA, npHBO.ZJ.SlWHX K nOABYJlKaHHSa-
UHH pe3HHOBhlX CMeceH, YJlY'IWeHHSI
HX CMeweHHSI B wnpHU-MaWHHax XO-
J10AHOrO nHTaHHSI YBeJlH'IHBaIOT rJlY-
OHHY Hape3KH '1epBSlKa, a Ha caMOM
'1epBSlKe HaHOCSlT .ZJ.OnOJlHHTeJlbHYIO
Hape3KY.
qepBSI'IHhle Ma1Il1fHhI XOJlOAHOrO
nHTaHHSI C BaKYYM-OTCOCOM npHMeHSI-
lOT .ZJ.J1S1 H3rOTOBJleHHSI 6ecnopHCThlX
npO<»HJlbHhlX HS.ZJ.eJlHH, BYJlKaHH3ye-
MhlX npH aTMoc<»epHOM AaBJleHHH, II
.ZJ.er,a3aUHH peSHHOBhlX cMeceA.. B 3O'He
BaKYYMHpOBaHHSI TaKHX MaWHH Ha-
peSKY '1epBSlKa .ZJ.eJlalOT 60Jlee rJly60-
KOH .ZJ.J1S1 06eCne'leHHSI 3anOJlHeHHSI
SOHhI pe3HHoBoH CMeCblO He 60Jlee '1eM Ha 50%. YMeHbweHHe 06'beMa
3anOJlHeHHSI .ZJ.OCTHraeTCSI TaK>Ke YCTaHoBKoH Ha '1epBSlKe CneUHaJlbHO-
ro paS.ZJ.eJlHTeJlbHOrO KOJlbUa, OrpaHH'IHBalOwero nocTynJleHHe CMe-
CH HS sarpysO'lHOH SOHhI. B SOHe BaKYYMHpoBaHHSI C nOMOWblO Ba-
KYYM-Hacoca nOMep>KHBaeTCSI OCTaTO'lHOe .ZJ.aBJleHHe nopSl.ZJ.Ka
23 Kna.
npO<»HJlHpOBaHHe pe3HHoBhlX cMeceH npOHcxOAHT B <»opMYlOweH
roJlOBKe (pHC. IV.58). MYH.ZJ.WTYK npe.ZJ.HaSHa'leH .ZJ.J1S1 npHAaHHSI pesH-
HOBOH CMeCH onpe.ZJ.eJleHHOH <»OpMhI, a .ZJ.OpH - .ZJ.J1S1 nOJlY'IeHHSI BHYT-
peHHen nOJlOCTH B sarOTOBKe. 3arOTOBKH nocJle BhlXO.ZJ.a H3 rOJlOBKIl
HecKOJlbKO HSMeHSIIOT CBOH paSMephl BCJleACTBHe 3J1aCTH'IeCKOrO BOC-
CTaHOBJleHHSI peSHHOBOH CMeCH, qTO Y'IHThlBaIOT npH KOHCTPYHpOBaHHH
npO<»HJlHPYIOWHX waH6. ,
Ha npaKTHKe npHMeHSIIOT rOJlOBKH pa3Hoo6pa3HhlX KOHCTPYKUHH.
npH T-06pa3HoA HJlH KOCOH <»opMe rOJlOBKH, CMeCb nocTynaeT nOA yr-
J10M KOCH AopHa, '1TO nOSBOJlSleT HaHOCHTb ee Ha cn.eUHaJlbHhle .ZJ.OpHhI
npH npOHSBO.ZJ.CTBe PYKaBOB HJlH B BH.ZJ.e peSHHOBOH 060JlO'lKH Ha npo-
BO.ZJ.a "PH npOH3BOACTBe Ka6eJleH.
npOH3BO.ZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb '1epBSI'IHOH MaWHHhI n (Kr/'l) onpeAeJlSlIOT
no <»opMYJle
G'; 8
PJIIC. IV.58. <!IopMYJOwaH I"OJlOIB.
lKa 1Ji?I!)1""'HoA MaWl\IHbI:
I - Kopnyc 1"01I0BKR; 2 - MYHJI,WTYK;
1- Jl,OPH; 4 - ynopHaII raAKa; 5-
l{eHTpHpYIOHA (SOJlT; 6 - Jl,0pHOJl,ep.
)l(aTeJlb; 7 - KopDyC QHJlHBJI,pa; 8-
HHOOMb Jl,JlII nOJl,aqH BOSJI,yxa C
TaJlbKOM.
nDcp
n = 60 COS Il F cPinp'A.
372

o.+D BR - D D
r.lte Dcp ... 2 - CpeJl:HHH lI.H3IMeTg> "IepBB4<a, M. ('3.ltecb .'" BB -flapY<>K-
tlblH 'II IBtHY'llpeHfl'llH lI.H3IMe1Ipbl qepoBIIIKa); F r,p .. br,p h -1II00etnll()e 'Ce<!elHHe KalHa!BIKK
qeplUlKa, 1M 2 (S.llecb hr,p - wHIP'Hdla KatlaBKM DO oCpeJllHeMY .llHaMeTPY, 1M; h -I'Jly6Hd1a
K3'HI\IBIKH, M); i - '1HICJlO 3aXQ,II,()B 'lepIBSllKa (ID.JUI <llltlftOO8JXO\ZIIHOCO i= 1, a .llJlSl lI.'8y.x-
3aXOt.ll'lloro i = 2); n - q,aoCroTa BlPalUeH,Hft, 0I6/1M'JfR; p -1IIJ10THOCTb pe3J1Q101BOH aMelCH.
KrfM 3 ; A - KoIj>HuHeHT 3anOJlHeHHSI o61.eMa KaHa'BKH qet>BSlKa pe3HHoBoH CMe<:blO,
pa:BeH 0,05-0,3.
CTeneHb SanOJlHeHHSI 060eMa KaHaBKH '1epBSlKa CMeCblO aaBHCHT
OT ee COCTaBa H peOJlOrH'IeCKHX CBOHCTB, a TaK>Ke OT KOHCTPYKUHH
rOJlOBKH H '1epBSlKa, CKOpOCTH wnpHueBaHHSI H .ZJ.PyrHx <»aKTopOB.
npOHSBO.ZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb '1epBSI'IHbIX MaWHH npSlMO nponopUHOHaJlbHa
'1aCTOTe BpaweHHSI '1epBSlKa. npH nOBhlweHHH npOTHBO.ZJ.aBJleHHSI B:
npO<»HJlHPYIOUJ.eH rOJlOBKe CHH>KaeTCSI npOHSBOAHTeJlbHOCTb MaWHHhI.
Onpe.ZJ.eJlHTb K03<»<»HUHeHT aanOJlHeHHSI 060eMa KaHaBKH npe.ZJ.cTaB-
J1S1eTCSI AOBOJlbHO TpYAHhlM; nOSTOMY npOHaBOAHTeJlbHOCTb '1epBSI'IHOK
MaWHHbI '1aCTO paCC'IHThlBaIOT no Macce BhlnYCKaeMoA aarOTOBKH:
n = 60VG
r.lle V -,K:II<O'POCTb ,BbliXOilI.a 38fro1\OM<H H3 rOJlO'BKH, M/MH'H; G - Matta 1 M 3arOTOIBKH.
PerYJlHpOBatlHe H KOHtpOJlb npou:ecca wnpHu:eBaHHS!-,
OCHOBHOH aaAa'leH npouecca wnpHueBaHHSI SlBJlSleTCSI BhlnycK sa-
rOTOBOK peaHHOBhlX cMeceH cTporo onpeAeJleHHOrO npO<»HJlSI. npH
wnpHueBaHHH B npO<»HJlHPYIOUJ.HX OTBepcTIISIx rOJlOBKH paSBHBalOTCSI
BbICOKHe CKOpOCTH H HanpSl>KeHHSI c.ZJ.BHra. Bhlxo.ZJ.SlwaSi HS npO<»HJlH-
PYlOwero OTBepcTHSI sarOTOBKa HSMeHSIeT C8010 <»OPMY: YBeJlH'IHBaeT-
CSI B Ce'leHHH H cOKpawaeTcSI B AJlHHY, T. e. AaeT yca.ZJ.KY no AJlHHe.
npH OqeHb BhlCOKHX CKOpOCTSIX wnpHueBaHHSI nOSlBJlSleTCSI onaCHOCTb-
BOSHHKHOBeHHSI SJlaCTH'IeCKOH Typ6YJleHTHOCTH, peaKO HCKa>KaIOWeH
npO<»HJlb HS.ZJ.eJlHSI.
Ll.J1S1 YMeHbweHHSI yca.ZJ.KH npO<»HJlHPyeMoH aarOTOBKH He06xo.ZJ.HMO
nOBbICHTb TeMnepaTYPY pe3HHOBOH, cMecH, yaeJlH'IHTb .ZJ.JlHHY npo<J>H-
J1HpYlOwero OTBepCTHSI H CHHSHTb CKOpOCTb wnpHueBaHHSI. HSMeHSISI
TeXHOJlOrHqeCKHe napaMeTphl npouecca (TeMnepaTYPY H CKOpOCTb-
wnpHueBaHHSI), MO>KHO perYJlHpOBaTb yca.ZJ.KY aarOTOBOK.
Yca.ZJ.Ka, onpeAeJlSleMaSi BhlCOK03J1aCTH'IeCKOH COCTaBJlSlIOUJ.eH 06-
weA Ae<»opMaUHH, cywecTBeHHo aaBHCHT OT COCTaBa pesHHoBoA CMeCH
H SHa'lHTeJlbHO CHH>KaeTCSI npH YBeJlH'IeHHH CTeneHH HanOJlHeHHSI pe-
SHHOBhlX CMeceH; 8 TaK>Ke npH BBe.ZJ.eHHH B HHX .ZJ.06aBOK (<J>aKTHCOB,
CWHThlX KaY'IYKOB, «Me>KCTpYKTYPHhlX» nJlaCTH<»HKaTopOB H .ZJ.p.), YC-
KOPSIIOWHX CTPYKTypHYIO peJlaKCaUHIO.
, CMeCH, 06J1aAa1OWHe He60JlbWOH 3J1aCTH'IHOCTblO, MO>KHO wnpuue-
BaTb C nOBhlweHHOH CKOpOCTblO.
37

CKOpOCTb WnpHUeBaHHSI YMeHbWaeTCSI npH BBeAeHHH B peSHHOBhle .
CMeCH KOMnOHeHTOB, nOBhlwalOWHX ee aAre3HIO K MeTaJlJlY (6HTYMOB
H CMOJl).
Ll.JISI 06eCne'leHHSI BhlCOKHX CKopOCTeH wnpHueBaHHSI BhlCOKOBSl3KHX
.cMeceH HCnOJlbSYIOT npHBOAhI 60JlbWOH MOWHOCTH, npH STOM BOSMO>K-
HO nOBhlweHHe TenJlo06pa30BaHHSI, a CJleAOBaTeJIbHO, H nOABYJlKaHH-
.3aUHSI pe3HHOBhlX CMeceH, '1TO OrpaHH'IHBaeT npHMeHeHHe BhlCOKHX
.eKopOCTeH npH wnpHueBaHHH BhlCOKOBSlSKHX CMeceH.
J(J1S1 nOJlY'IeHHSI wnpHuyeMhlx HSAeJlHH C rJlaAKOH nOBepXHOCTblO
He06xOAHMO nOAAep>KHBaTb OnpeAeJleHHYIO TeMnepaTYPY B SOHax '1ep-
BSI'IHOH MawHHhI H npaBHJlbHO Bhl6paTb MyHAWTYK. rJlaBHhlMH npH'IH-
HaMH nOJlY'IeHHSI sarOTOBOK C wepOXOBaTOH nOBepXHOCTblO SlBJlSlIOTCSI:
nOHH>KeHHaSi TeMnepaTypa UHJlHHApa HJlH MYHAwTYKa (sarOTOBKa
JfMeeT BOJlHHCTYIO nOBepXHOCTb);
CJlHWKOM BhlCOKaSi TeMnepaTypa UHJlHHApa HJlH MYHAWTYKa (Ha
nOBepXHOCTH wnpHuyeMoro HS.ZJ.eJlHSI 06paSYIOTCSI uapanHHhI H Ha.ZJ.-
phlBhI) .
r J1a.ZJ.KOCTb nOBepXHOCTH pe3HHOBOH Sal'OTOBKH BO MHorOM saBH-
eHT OT <»OpMbI BHYTpeHHeH nOJlOCTH MYHAWTYKa; BhlcTynhl H oCTphle
yrJlhl SHa'lHTeJlbHO saTpYAHSIIOT npOXO>KAeHHe peSHHOBhlX cMeceH. J(J1S1
npe.ZJ.OTBpaweHHSI BOJlHHCTOCTH BhlXOAHoe OTBep'CTHe MYHAWTYKa AOJl-
.>KHO nJlaBHO CY>KHBaTbCSI.
B wnpHuOBaHHhlX sarOTOBKax Ha6J1IOAaeTCSI opHeHTaUHOHHhlH (Ka-
J1aH.ZJ.pOBhlH) 3<J><J>eKT, KOTOphlH YBeJlH'IHBaeTCSI C nOBhlweHHeM CKOpO-
CTH wnpHueBaHHSI H YMeHbweHHeM TOJlWHHhI sarOTOBKH.
IlInpHuOBaHHhle sarOTOBKH BhlCOKoro Ka'lOCTBa MO>KHO nOJlY'IHTb
'IIPH CTporOM C06J1IOAeHHH TeMnepaTypHoro pe>KHMa (no SOHaM) '1ep-
BSltfHOH MaWHHhI.
B wnpHu-MaWHHax ropSl'lero nHTaHHSI TeMnepaTYPY perYJlHpYIOT
B Tpex SOHax: nHTaHHSI (B sarpY30'lHOH '1aCTH Kopnyca), C>KaTHSI (ne-
pe.ZJ.HeH '1aCTH Kopnyca) H HarHeTaHHSI (B rOJlOBKe). B MaWHHax XO-
.TIO.ZJ.Horo nHTaHHSI perYJlHpOBaHHe TeMnepaTyphl ocyweCTBJlSleTCSI B nSl-
TH (weCTH) SOHax; nHTaHHSI, C>KaTHSI, nJlaCTHKauHH, BaKYYMHpOBaHHSI
H HarHeTaIfHSI. TeMnepaTypa B rOJlOBKe (B SO He HarHeTaHHSI) nO.l1.ZJ.ep-
.>KHBaeTCSI aBTOMaTH'IeCKH B npe.ZJ.eJlax 30-140°C C TO'lHOCTblO AO
=I: 1°C; B APyrHx SOH ax - BPYtfHYIO C nOMOWblO BeHTHJleH, Y'CTaHOBJleH-
HhlX Ha MarHCTpaJlSlX nOAa'lH XOJlO.ZJ.HOH BO.ZJ.h1 H napa. KOHTpOJlb H pe-
rYJlHpOBaHHe TeMnepaTyphl npOHSBOASlTCSI C nOMOWblO TepMonap.
TIpu60phl TenJlOBOrO KOHTpOJlSl H aBTOMaTHKH paSMeweHhI Ha cneuH-
aJlbHOM WHTe ynpaBJleHHSI npoueCCOM.
Ha HeKOTophlX MaWHHax Y BXOAHoro OTBepCTHSI YCTaHaBJlHBalOT
TIHTaTeJlbHhle BaJlKH, pacnOJlO>KeHHhle napaJlJleJlbHO OCH '1epBSlKa, '1TO
TIOSBOJlSleT 06eCnetfHTb paBHOMepHoe nHTaHHe MaWHH npH nOCTOSlHHOM
sasope Me>K.ZJ.Y BaJlKaMH H HaJlH'IHH sanaca peSHHOBOH CMOCH.
npH YCTaHOBKe nHTaTeJlbHhlX BaJlHKOB npOHSBOAHTeJlbHOCTb Ma-
mHHhI npH OAROH H TOH >Ke CKOpOCTH qepBSlKa nOBhlwaeTCSI npH6-
.TIH3HTeJlbHO Ha 15% no cpaBHeHHIO C npoHsBo.ZJ.HTeJlbHOCTblO npH nH-
-Ta.HHH BPY'IHYIO.
:374

CywecTBeHHoe BJlHSlHHe Ha npouecc wnpHueBaHHSI OKa3h1BaeT TeM-
nepaTypa peSHHOBOH CMeCH, no.u.aBaeMOH B wnpHU-MaWHHY. npH HS-
MeHeHHH TeMnepaTyphl nHTalOweH CMeCH HapywaeTcSI pe>KHM wnpH-
ueBaHHSI, '1TO npHBo.u.HT K nOJl)l'leHHIO sarOTOBOK HenpaBHJlbHOrO npo-
<»HJlSI. B '1epBSI'IHhlX MaWH'HaX XOJlo.u.Horo nHTaHHSI peSHHOBhle CMeCR
no.u.alOT npH TeMnepaType 18-23°C, STO SHa'lHTeJlbHO 06J1er'laeT pe-
rYJlHpoBaHHe TeMnepaTypHoro pe>KHMa B STHX MaWHHax.
Ka'leCTBO wnpHuoBaHHhlx sarOTOBOK KOHTpOJlHPYIOT HenpephlBHhlM'
HX BSBeWHBaHHeM Ha BecOBOM TpaHcnopTepe HJlH HSMepeHHeM pasMe-
pOB.. KOJle6aHHSI MaCChi sarOTOBOK onpe.u.eJleHHOH .u.J1HHhI He .u.OJl>KHbI!
npeBhlwaTb 2-3%.
nOTO'lHhle J1HHHH .u.J1S1 MaCCOBoro BhlnycKa wnpHuoBaHHhlx 3aro-
TOBOK onpe.u.eJleHHOrO npo<»HJlSI (npoTeKTopHhlX, KaMepHhlx H .D.p.) co-
CTOSIT HS pasorpeBaTeJlbHhlX H nHTa1'eJlbHhlX BaJlbUOB, '1epBSI'IHhlX
MaWHH, OT60po'lHhlX H BeCOBhlX 'i'paHcnopTepoB, YCTPOOCTB .ZJ.JISI ox-
J1a>K.u.eHHSI HenpephlBHoro wnpHuoBaHHoro npo<»HJlSI H paspesaHHSI ero
Ha sarOTOBKH onpe.u.eJleHHhlX .u.J1HHhI HJlH MaCChi. UlHpOKoe npHMeHe-
HHe nOJlY'lHJlH HenpephlBHhle nOTO'lHhle J1HHHH .u.J1S1 wnpHueBa-HHSI H
BYJlKaHRSaURH .u.J1HHHOMepHhlX np<»HJlbHhlX Hs.u.eJlHH (pa3J1H'IHhlX yn-
J10THHTeJleH, Ka6eJleH, pYKaBOB H .u.p.).
OCHOBHME nPHEMM PACKPOji 3ArOTOBOK
BOJlbWOe '1HCJlO pesHHOBhlX Hs.u.eJlHH HSrOTaBJlHBalOT MeTo.u.oM KOH-
<J>eKUHH (C60pKH) HS pacKpoeHHhlx .u.eTaJleH. 3TH 3arOTOBKH Ha nep-
BOH cTa.u.HH 06pa60TKH nOJlyqalOT HS pesHHOBhlX cMeceH wnpHueBa-
HHeM HJlH KaJlaH.u.pOBaHHeM. npH nocJle.u.YlOweH 06pa60TKe 3aroTOB-
KH paCKpaHBalOT Ha paSJlH'IHhlX peSaTeJlbHhlX MaWHHax (npo.u.OJlbHO-,
nOnepe'lHO- H .u.HarOHaJlbHO-pe3aTeJlbHhlX MaWHHax H CneUHaJlbHhlx.
CTaHKax) npH nOMoWH nJlOCKHX, .u.HCKOBhlX, CnHpaJlbHhlX H J1eHTO'lHhlX
HO>KeH HJlH Bhlpy6alOT (WTaMnYIOT) Ha Bhlpy6HhlX WTaMnOBO'lHhlX
npeccax H .u.pyrHx cneUHaJlRSHpOBaHHhlX MaWHHax npH nOMOWH pas-
Hoo6pasHhlX no <»opMe WTaHueBhlx HO>KeH, HMelOWHx saMKHYThlH KOH-
TYp.
PacKpoA npope3HHeHHblx TKaHeA. TKaHH MO)l(,HO IpaCKpaHBaTb
B.u.OJlb HJlH nonepeK OCHOBhI HJlH '110 .u.HarOHaJlH no.u. onpe.u.eJleHHhlM'
yrJlOM. Ye.IlOM paCKpOJl npH paspesaHHH sarOTOBOK Ha .u.HarOHaJlbHO-,
peSaTeJlbHOH MaWHHe HaShlBalOT yroJl Me>K.u.y J1HHHeH OTpe3a H nep-
neH.u.HKYJlSlPOM K HanpaBJleHHIO HHTeH OCHOBhI. YroJl paCKpoSI npope-
SHHeHHhlX MaTepHaJlOB saBHCHT OT KOHCTPYKUHH H3.u.eJlHSI H HaSHa'le-
HHSI sarOTOBKH (B WHHHOM npOHsBo.u.cTBe KOP.u. paCKpaHBalOT no.ZJ. yr-
J10M 25-3]0, a .u.pyrHe TKaHH - no.u. yrJloM 45°). Y CHJlHSI pesaHH
BO Bcex Tpex HanpaBJleHHSlX Heo.ZJ.HHaKoBhI; HaH60JlbWee YCHJlHe Tpe-
6yeTcSI npH paspesaHHH OCHOBhI B nOnepe'lHOM HanpaBJleHHH, HaH-
MeHbwee - B .u.OJleSOM. YCHJlHe pesaHHSI saBHCRT OT THna HO>Ka, CKO-
pOCTH pesaHHSI, a TaK>Ke OT YCJlOBHH pesaHHSI (Heno.u.BH>KHaSi HJln-
,llBH>KywaSicSi TKaHb).
3750

YCHJlHe pe3aHHSI nOBhlwaeTCSI C YBeJlH'IeHHeM CKOpOCTH ABH>KeHHSI
TKaHH. 06h1'1HO TKaHb nepeMewaeTCSI co CKOpOCTblO 20-25 M/MHH;
npHMeHSIIOT H 60Jlee BhlCOKHe CKOpOCTH. OKPY>KHaSi CKOpOCTb AHCKO-
Boro HO>Ka 20-30 M/c, a CKOpOCTb J1eHTO'lHOrO HO>Ka 16-20 M/c.
TKaHH BAOJlb OCHOBhI pe>KYT Ha npo.ZJ.OJlbHO-peSaTeJlbHhlX CTaHKax,
nonepeK OCHOBhI - Ha pOTauHoHHhlX HO>KaX, no AHarOHaJlH - Ha ro-
pHSOHTaJlbHhlX HJlH BepTHKaJlbHhlX .ZJ.HarOHaJlbHO-peSaTeJlbHhlX MaWH-
Hax. BOJlbWeH '1aCTblO peSaTeJlbHhle MaWHHhI arpernpYIOT C paCKaTO'l-
HOH CTOHKOH, KOMneHcaTopoM H npHeMHhlM YCTpOHCTBOM (Tp
Hcnop-
TepoM, SaKaTO'lHhlM MexaHHsMoM). J(J1S1 paspesaHHSI TKaHH B npo-
,llOJlb'HOM HanpaBJleHHH '1aCTO npHMeHSIIOT KOMnJleKT AHCKOBhIX HO>KeH,
YCTaHOBJleHHhlX Ha BpawalOweMcSI BaJlKe, B arperaTe C KaJlaH,llpoM.
TOpHSOHTaJlbHaSi AHarOHaJlbHO-peSaTeJlbHaH MaWHHa B arperaTe C
,60JlbWHM npHeMHhlM TpaHcnopTepoM saHHMaer SHa'lHTeJlbHYIO nJlo-
:wa.ZJ.b H "MeeT He60JlbWYIO npOHSBOAHTeJlbHOCTb (AO 16 oTpesoB B MH-
Hyry). TKaHb pe>KeTCSI .ZJ.HCKOBhlM HO>KOM, pacnOJlO>KeHHhlM Ha KapeT-
Ke, npH .ZJ.BH>KeHHH. HO>Ka TOJlbKO B O.ZJ.HOM HanpaBJleHHH (pa60'lHH XO,ll
HO,>Ka); np" 3TOM TKaHb npHnoAHHMaercSi CneUHaJlbHOH J1anKOH, Ha-,
npaBJleHHOH B OAHY CTOPOHY. YnpaBJleHHe arperaToM AOBOJlbHO CJlO>K-
HO, TaK KaK ero npHBoA ocyweCTBJlSleTCSI OT HeCKOJlbKHX 3J1eKTpOABH-
raTeJleH: AJISI saKaTKH npOKJlaAO'lHOrO XO
CTa H nO.ZJ.a'lH paspe3aeMo-
ro MaTepHaJla; nepeMeweHHSI KapeTKH C HO>KOM (pe'8epCHBHhlH 3J1eKT-
p0.ZJ.BHraTeJlb); BpaweHHSI AH'CKOBoro HO>Ka; npHBeAeHHSI B .ZJ.BH>KeHHe
npHeMHoro TpaHcnopTepa (3J1eKTpo.ZJ.BHraTeJlb HJlH nHeBMaTH'IeCKHH
npHBo.ZJ.). Pa60Ta Bcex SJleKTpo.ZJ.BHraTeJleH npHBoAa .ZJ.OJl>KHa 6h1Tb CHH-
XpOHHOH. B arperaTax, BKJllO'IalOWHX ropHSOHTaJlbHhle .ZJ.HarOHaJlbHO-
1>esaTeJlbHhle MaWHHhI, .ZJ.J1S1 paspesaHHSI 3arOTOBOK npHMeHSIIOT ABYX-
CTopoHHHe nJlOCKHe HO>KH, '1TO nOSBOJlSleT nOBhlCHTb npoHsBo.ZJ.HTeJlb-
HOCTb MaWHHhI .ZJ.O 30-40 oTpesoB B MH'HYTY H ynpocTHTb npHBo.ZJ. Hhle
YCTpoHcTBa. 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO MeHbwylO nJlOwa.ZJ.b saHHMaeT arperaT C
-sepTHKaJlbHOH .ZJ.HaroHaJlbHO-peSaTeJlbHOH MawHHoH, npoHSBOAHTeJIb-
HOCTb KOTOpOH COCTaBJlSleT .ZJ.O 40 oTpesoB B MHHYTY. YnpaBJleHHe ar-
1>eraTOM 60Jlee npoCToe, TaK KaK ero npHBo.ZJ. ocyweCTBJlSleTCSI TOJlbKO

T ABYX SJleKTpo.ZJ.BHraTeJleH (O.ZJ.HH .ZJ.J1S1 paCKaTO'lHOH CTOHKH, a .ZJ.PY-
rOM .ZJ.J1S1 peSaTeJlbHOH MawHHhI). Ha BepTHKaJlbHOH MaWHHe TKaHb
pe>Kyr nJlOCKHM HO>KOM, SaKpenJleHHhlM B KapeTKe, .ZJ.BH>KyweAcSi BOS-
-spaTHo-nocTynaTeJlbHO no nOnepe'lHOH TpaBepce (OT KpHBowHnHo-wa-
TYHHoro MexaHHsMa). TKaHb nO.ZJ.aercSi K pt>>KyweMY YCTPOHCTBY BTO-
phlM KpHBowHnHo-waTYHHhlM MexaHHSMOM C nOMOWblO nHTaTeJlbHOrO
-6apa6aHa. 06a MexaHHSMa pa60TalOT CHHXpOHHO OT O.ZJ.Horo SJleKTpo-
.ZJ.BHraTeJlSl: pa60'lHH XO.ZJ. HO>Ka COBna.ZJ.aeT C XOJlOCThlM XOAOM Mexa-
HHSMa nO.ZJ.a'lH TKaHH, a pa60'lHH XO.ZJ. MexaHHsMa"":'" C XOJlOCThlM xo-
.ZJ.OM KaperKH. TKaHb npH>KHMaeTCSI K TpaBepce CneUHaJlbHOH nJlaH-
KoA, '1T06h1 He HapywaJlaCb npaBHJlbHOCTb OTpesa. Pes.aTeJlbHYIO Ma-
lIIHHY BKJllO'IalOT nocpeACTBOM KOHH'IeCKOH <»PHKUHOHHOH My<J>ThI.
TIpH HCnOJlbSOBaHHH pOTaUHOHHoA .ZJ.HaroHaJlbHO-peSaTeJIbHOH
aWH-
HhI'AOBOJlbHO J1erKO MexaHHSHpOBaTb npouecc paCKpoSI TKaHeH no
.ZJ.HarOHaJlH, a CJleAOBaTeJlbHO, H 06eCne'lHTb HenpephlBHOCTb H. nOTO'l-


376




HOCTb npouecca. HeCMOTpSl Ha STH npeHMyni.ecTBa, poniUHOHHhle pe.
SaTeJlbHhle MaWHHhI He nOJlY'IHJlH WHpOKoro pacnpOCTpaHeHHSI BCJle.ZJ.-
CTBHe CJlO>KHOCTH HSrOTOBJleHHSI CnHpaJlbHhlX HO>KeA H TPY.ZJ.HOCTH ne.
pexo.u.a OT o.u.Horo paSMepa H yrJla pesaHHSI sarOTOBOK K .u.pyrOMY.
Pac.Kpoii .u.eTaJleii H3 JlHCTOBOii CMeCH. .lJ.J1S1 pacropoSi J1HCTOBaHHOw.
peSHHOBOH CMeCH WHpOKO npHMeHSIIOT J1eHTO'lHhle HO>KH; npH STOM HS:
J1HCTOB peSHHOBOH CMeCH c06HpalOT MHOrOCJlOHHhlH HaCTHJI (.ZJ.0 20--
30 CJlOeB), KOTOphlH H nO.ZJ.alOT Ha CTOJI J1eHTO'lHOrO HO>Ka. HO>K npe.ZJ.-
CTaBJlSleT C060H 6ecKoHe'lHYlO CTaJlbHYIO J1eHTY C pe>KyweH KpOMKOH.
Ha.ZJ.eTYIO Ha WKHBhI; TOJlWHHa HO>Ka 0,1-0,6 MM, WHpHH8 8-12 MM..
.ZJ.J1HHa 4-5 M.
TOJlWHHa HaCTHJla saBHCHT OT BhlJleTa J1eHTO'lHOrO HO>Ka, T. e. OT
paccToSlHHSI Me>K.ZJ.Y pa60'leH H XOJlOCTOH BeTBSlMH J1eHTO'lHOrO HO>Ka
(B nJlOCKOCTH CTOJla).
Ll.ByxocHbIe MaWHHhI C .u.BYMSI WKHBaMH HMelOT BbIJleT .ZJ.O 0,8-
1,0 M, TpexocHhle C TpeMSI WKHBaMH -.ZJ.O 1,5-1,8 M. Pe>KywaSi KpOM-
Ka CTaJlbHoro HO>Ka 3aTatlHBaeTCSI BO BpeMSI pa60ThI MaWHHhI Ha cne-
UHaJlbHOM npHcnoc06J1eHHH, nepHo.u.H'IeCKH BKJllO'IaeMOM npH ee sa-
TynJleHHH.
3arOToBKH pacKpaHBalOT 06bI'IHO no MeTaJlJlH'IecKoMY wa6J1oHY;.
'1eM .u.OCTHraeTCSI npaBHJlbHOCTb <J>OpMhI H TO'lHOCTb HX pasMepoB.
Pac.Kpoii .u.eT8JJeii Ha Bblpy6HblX opeccax. Ha Bhlpy6HhlX n,peccax
HSrOTaBJlHBalOT pesHHoTKaHeBhle H pesHHoBhle .u.eTaJlH pasHo06pa3Hhlx
<»OpM H pasMepoB.
J(eTaJlH Bblpy6alOT, y.u.apSiSI BepxHeH nO.ZJ.BH>KHOH TpaBepcoH npec-
ca no wTaHueBoMY HO>KY, pacnOJlO>KeHHoMY Ha MHOrOCJlOHHOM HaCTH-
J1e pesHHoBoH CMeCH HJlH TKaHH; HaCTHJI nOMeweH Ha CTOJle npecca.
IIITaHueBhle H01KH, HMelOWHe saMKHYTYIO KOH<»HrypaUHIO, COOTBeTCT-
BYIOWYIO <»opMe .u.eTaJlH, HSrOTOBJlSlIOT HS CTaJlH TOJlWHHOH 6-8 H
WHpHHOA 55-70 MM. BHYTpeHHSlSI nOJlOCTb HO>Ka paCWHpSleTCSI KBep-
xy Ha 2-3 MM .u.J1S1 60Jlee cB060.u.Horo npoxo.ZJ.a Bhlpy6J1eHHhlx .ZJ.eTa-
J1eH. JIesBHe HO>Ka 3aTa'lH8alOT C HapY>KHOH CTOpOHhI Ha BhlCOTY 25--
30 MM.
llT06h1 J1eSBHe HO>Ka He TynHJlocb npH Y.ZJ.apax, Ha CTOJI YKJl3.ZJ.h1-
BalOT MSirKYIO TOPUOBYIO .u.OCKY (nO.ZJ.YWKY).
Ll.J1S1 YMeHbweHHSI OTXO.ZJ.OB npH BhlPy6Ke, a TaK>Ke .ZJ.J1S1 60Jlee nOJl-
Horo HCnOJlbSOBaHHfl nOBepxHocTH HaCTHJla Ha HeH '1aCTO .ZJ.eJlalOT"
npe.ZJ.BapHTeJlbHYIO pasMeTKY npH nOMOWH CneUHaJlbHhlX Tpa<»apeToB.
npH nO.ZJ.rOTOBKe HaCTHJla .ZJ.J1S1 Bhlpy6KH .u.eTaJleH HeJlbSSI .ZJ.onycKaTb
06pasoBaHHSI CKJla.u.OK Ha J1HCTaX HJlH TKaHH, a TaK>Ke YKJla.ZJ.h1BaTb
J1HCThI C HepoBHhlMH KpoMKaMH H .ZJ.pyrHMH .u.e<J>eKTaMH, npHBo.ZJ.SlWHMH
06h1'1HO K YBeJIH'IeHHIO OTXO.u.OB H 6paKa.
HeKoTophle .u.eTaJlH (no.u.OWBhI, wnophl .ZJ.J1S1 pesHHoBoH 06YBH, pas-
J1H'IHhle npOKJla.ZJ.KH H KOJlbua .ZJ.J1S1 pesHHoBhlX TeXHH'IeCKHX H3.u.eJlHH)
pacKpaHBalOT Ha CneUHaJlbHhlX nO.ZJ.OWBO-, wnopo-, nOJlOCKOpeSaTeJlb-
HhlX MaWHHax H .u.pyrHx aBTOMaTH'IeCKHX CTaHKax.
TeXHOJlOrHSi C60PKH MHOrOCJlOHHhlX HS.ZJ.eJlHH saBHCHT OT HX BH.ZJ.a,
MacwTa60B npoH3Bo.ZJ.CTBa H TeXHOJlorH'IeCKHX CBOHCTB npHMeHSleMhlx
377




MaTepHaJlOB. npH c60pKe HcnoJlbsylOT CneUHaJlbHYIO OCHaCTKY - RO-
J10.ZJ.KY AJISI 06YBH, AOpHhI .ZJ.J1S1 pYKaBOB HAp., a TaK>Ke CneUHaJIbHOe
060PYAOBaHHe - C60pO'lHhle CTaHKH .ZJ.J1S1 aBTonOKphlweK, KJlHHOBhlX
peMHeH, OnJleTO'lHhle, HaBHBOtlHhle H KOM6HHaT-MawHHhI .ZJ.J1S1 pYKaBOB
H .ZJ.p. B npouecce C60PKH AJISI nOJlY'IeHHSI MOHOJlHTHhlX HS.ZJ.eJIHH HS
OT.ZJ.eJlbHblX AeT8J1eH H sarOTOBOK H nOBhlweHHSI HX a.ZJ.reSHH .ZJ.pyr K
.ZJ.pyry He06xo.ZJ.HMO nOBhlwaTb .ZJ.aBJleHHe B MeCTax KOHTaKTa OTAeJlb-
HhlX AeTaJleH, a B HeKOTophlX cJlY'laSix OCBe>KaTb HX paCTBOpHTeJlSlMH
HJlH npOMaShlBaTb paCTBopaMH 3J1aCTOMepOB (peSHHOBhlMH KJleSlMH).
JlHTepaTypa
"
Malc.Ke.JIBU p,. M. nepepa60TKa nOJlHMepoB. nep. c aHrn. M., eXHMBH:t, 1965.
444 c.
nepepa60TKa TepMOnJiaCTHQeCKHX MaTepHaJlOB. noli. pell.. 3. BepHXapll.Ta. nep.
.c aHrn. noli. pell.. r. B. BHHOrpa.llOBa. M., rOCXHMH3.1laT, 1962. 747 c.
· Topltep P. B. OCHoBHble npOl1eccbI nepepa60TKH nOJlHMepOB (TeopHH H MeTO.llbi
paCqeTa). M., eXHMHH», 1972. 456 c.
BelCult H. r., lllanun H. n. 060PYll.OBaHHe 3aBOll.OB pe3HHOBOA npOMblW.IIeH-
HOCTH. n., eXHMHSI:t, 1969. 376 c.
KYSbMUItClCuil A. C., KaBun C. M., Kupnu'leB B. n. cJ>H3HKO-XHMH1fecKHe OCHO-
Bbi nOJlyqeHH!I, nepepa60TKH H npHoMeHeHH!I 3J1aCTOMepoB. M., «XHMH!I:t, 1969. 368 c.
MawHHbI H annapaTbi pe3HHOBOro npOH3BOll.CTBa. noli. PeJ1. .n. M. BapCKOBa.
M., eXHMH!I», 1975.600 C.
BOAHYXUIt B. H., BaiJeHICOB n. 41. 06pe3HHHBaHHe WHHHoro KOpll.a. TeM8T. 06-
.sop. Cep. CnpOH3BO.llCTBO WftH». M., l1HMHT3fte4'TeXHM, 1974. 58 c.
ClCa'lICOB A. C., JIeBuH C. /0. 060PYlI.oBaHHe npeJ1npHSlTHA pe3HHOBOA DpOMblW-
JlCHHOCTH. M., «BblcwaSl WKOJla», 1968. 347 c.
KpacoBclCua B. H., BOClCpeceHClCua A. M. C60pHHK DpHMepOB H sall.a1f no TeX-
HOJlOrHH nepepa60TKH nOJlHMepOB. MHHCK, CBblC1D8!1 WKona», 1975. 320 c.
BultOepaOOB r. M., MaAlCun A. fl. PeoJlOI'HSI DOJIHMepoB. M., eX.HMHSI:t, 1977.
440 c.

rJlaBa 19
BYJlKAHH3AIUUI PE3HHOBbiX H3)J.EJlHR


BYJlKaHH3auHSI SlBJlSleTCSI SaKJllO'IHTeJlbHhlM npoueccOM npH npoH3Bo.ZJ.-
CTBe pasHo06pasHhlx pesHHoBhlX Hs.u.eJlHH. B npouecce BYJlKaHH3aUHH
YMeHblUaeTcSI nJlaCTH'IHOCTb pesHHoBhlX cMeceH H nOCTeneHHO YBeJlH-
'1HBaeTCSI SJlaCTH'IHOCTb BYJlKaHHSaTa, YJlY'IWalOTCSI ero <J>HSHKO-Me-
XaHH'IecKHe CBOHCTBa, CHJlbHO BospaCTalOT npO'lHOCTb npH paCTSI>Ke-
HHH, OTHOCHTeJlbHOe y.u.J1HHeHHe, MOpOSOCTOHKOCTb, TenJlOCTOnKOCTb,
SJleKTpH'IeCKOe conpOTHBJleHHe, CHH>KaeTCSI cnoco6HOCTb BYJlKaHHSaTOB
Ha'6yxaTb B OpraHH'IeCKHX pa'CTBopHTeJlSlX H T. .ZJ.. B COCTaB -peSHHOBhlX
CMeceH BXO.ZJ.SlT BYJlKaHHSYIOWHe areHThI, .u.eH'CTBHe KOTOphlX npOSlB-
J1S1eTCSI npH nOBhlweHHhlX TeMnepaTypax. J(J1S1 Toro, '1T06h1 CBYJlKaHH-
SOBaTb -chlphle peSHHOBhle 'CMeCH, He06xo.ZJ.HMO nOBhlCHTb HX TeMnepa-
TYPY .u.0 onpe.u.eJleHHOrO SHa'leHHSI H BhI.u.ep>KaTb HS.ZJ.eJlHe npH STOH
TeMoOe.paType, B Te'leHHe BlpeMeHH, .ZJ.OCTaTO'lHOrO .ZJ.J1S1 nOJlY'IeJH'HSi BYJI-
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Hon CTffieHH CTpYKTY'pHpOBaHHSI SaiB'H'CHT OT COCTaBa peSHiHOBon CMOCH.
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npH BYJlKaHH3aUHH TOJlCTOCTeHHhlX HS.ZJ.eJlHH npouecc npOXO.ZJ.HT npH
HenpephlBHoM BospaCTaHHH TeMnepaTyphl BO BHYTpeHHHX CJlOSlX, T8K
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06eHx CTOpOH BCJle.u.CTBHe nepe)l.a'lH TenJla OT CTeHOK <J>OPMhI, HMelO-
WHX TeMnepaTYPy_ 190°C. CKOpOCTb HSMeHeHHSI TeMnepaTyphl BHYTPH
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npouecca saBHCHT aT TenJlO<»HSH'IeCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK <J>OPMhI H pas-
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l1pO.llOJl>KHTeJJbHOCTH HarpeBaHHSI '(sup npH t sarp ...190 °C OT HaqaJlbHOA TeMnepaTY-
pbl t o = 100 °C (KpHBaSlJ) H t o =20°C (KpHBaSi 2).


,
PHC. IV.60. 3aBHCHMOCTb TenJlOBOrO slj>lj>eKTa ByJlKaHH3aUHH CMecH H8 OCHOBe HK
OT CO.llep>KallHSI ClBSl3aHHOH cepbl npH TeMnepa1'ype BYJlKaHH3au,HH 150°C.


TEnn04tH3H'IECKHE XAPAKTEPHCTHKH KAY'IYKOB
H PE3HHOBMX CMECER


TenJlO<»HSHQeCKHMH xapaKTepHeTHKaMH, onpe.u.eJlSlIOWHMH CKOpOCTb
nporpeB8 MaTepHaJla npH HarpeBaHHH SlBJlSlIOTCSI K03<»<»HUHeHThI Ten-
JlonpoBo.ZJ.HOCTH A, 06'beMHOA TenJlOeMKOCTH C p , TeMnepaTyponpoBO.ZJ.-
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nOBhlweHHe TeMnepaTyphl B MaTepHaJle npH nO.ZJ.Be.ZJ.eHHH K HeMY on-
pe.u.eJleHHOrO KOJlH'IeCTBa TenJla 06paTHO nponopUHOHaJlbHO ero 060-
eMHOH TenJlOeMKOCTH.
TenJlo<J>HSH'IeCKHe xapaKTepHcTHKH HeKOTophlX KaY'lYKoB npH pas-
J1H'lHhlX TeMnepaTypax npe.ZJ.cTaBJleHhI B Ta6J1. IV.9.
TenJlOnpoBo.u.HOCTb (H TeMnepaTyponpoBo.ZJ.HOCTb) KaY'lYKoB Ha He-
CKOJlbKO nOpSl.!l;KOB MeHbwe TenJlOnpOBo.u.HoCTH MeTaJlJlOB, '1TO cywecT-
BeRRO saTpY.ZJ.HSleT nporpeB peSHHOBhlX CMeceH npH BYJlKaHHsaUHH.
C HSMeHeHHeM TeMnepaTyphl TenJlo<J>HSH'IeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH Kay-
-qYKOB HSMeHSIIOTCSI HeSHa'lHTeJlbHO. npH BBe.ZJ.eHHH HHrpe.ZJ.HeHTOB B
KaY'lYK TenJlp<J>HSH'IeCKHe CBOHCTBa peSHHOBhlX CMeceH HSMeHSIIOTCSI B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT 060eMHoro co.u.ep>KaHHSI BBO.ZJ.HMoro KOMnOHeHTa.
TenJlOnpOBO.ZJ.HOCTb CHJlbHO BospaCTaeT npH BBe.ZJ.eHHH TeXHH'IeCKOrO
yrJlepo.ZJ.a (oc06eHHO, 06pasYIOm.ero uenO'le'lHhle CTPYKTyphl). HH>Ke
380




T a 6 JI H U a IV.9. TenJlocfJH3H'IecKHe XapaKTepHCTHKR ReKoTopblX KaY'IYKOB
TeMonpoBOAHOCTb, 06'beM1WI TeMoeII' TelinepatyponpodOA-
KOCTb, C p .lf)-3
"" BT/(M.IQ K.ZJ.m/(MS.K) BOCTb a.IOI, Male
MaTepRBJI 20 'C 160 "C 1120'C 20"'C 160'C 1120'C 20'C 160'C 1120'C
KayqYKH 0,15910,165 0,165 1,81 1,93 2,10 0,086 0,080 0,073
HaTypaJlbHblA
6YT8,I(HeHOBblH 0,195 0,195 0,195 1,72 1,85 1,97 0,110 0,106 0,096
xJlOpOnpeHo' 0,182 0,182 0,190 1,93 2,03 2,18 0,092 0,088 0,084
BbiA
BYTaAHeH'HHT- 0,200 0,200 0,200 1,97 2,06 2,18 0,098 0,094 0,087
pHJlbHblR
(CKH.18) 0,065 0,061
BYTHJlKayqYK 0,096 0,096 0,096 1,85 1,97 2,14 0,079
CTaJib 45,4 - - 3,66 - - 12,5 - -
Me.llb 384 - - 3,36 - - .114.5 - -
CBHHeu 34,9 - - 1,47 - - 23,6 - -
npMBe.ZJ.eHa TenJlOnpOBO.u.HOCTb peSHH Ha OCHOBe CKH-3, cO.ZJ.ep>KaWHX
60 Macc. 'I. TeXHH'IecKoro yrJlepo.ZJ.a paSJlH'IHhlX Map-OK:
MapKa TeXHH'IeCKOrO yrJlepo.lla IlM-50 IlM-75 nM.l00 .lI.r-100
K091j>lj>'HuHeHT TenJlOnpoBO.llHo'
OCTH, BT/(.M.K) 0,286 0,295 0,303 0,254
ECJlH npH BYJlKaHHsaUHH TeMnepaTypa Ha nOBepXHOCTH BYJlKaHHsye.
MOH 3arOTOBKH 6y.u.eT OCTaBaTbCSI nOCTOSlHHOH, TO .ZJ.J1S1 sarOTOBOK OT-
HOCHTeJlbHO npOCTOH <»OpMhI (nJlaCTHHa, UHJlHH.ZJ.P, wap) Ha OCHOBa-
HMH TeopHH HeCTaUHOHapHoii TenJlOnpOBO.ZJ.HOCTH MO>KHO paCC'IHTaTb
HSMeHeHHe TeMnepaTyphl BHYTPH sarOTOBKH B npouecce HarpeBaHHSI,
KaK <»YHKUHIO 6espaSMepHOH OTHOCHTeJlbHOH TeMnepaTyphl 6n B ueH-
Tpe sarOTOBKH OT TenJlOBOrO KpHTepHSI <I>ypbe
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3HaSi 6u, HS sa,BHCHMOCTH, npHIBe.ZJ.eHHOH HH>Ke, MO>K,HO B J11060H
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381

XAPAKTEPHCTHKA TEnJlOHOCHTEnER
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BHceTb OT K03<J><»HUHeHTa TenJlOOT.u.a'lH a (BT/M2.C) H paSHOCTH TeM-
nepaTYP Me>K.u.y rpelOweH cpe.ZJ.OH (TenJlOHOCHTeJleM) H BYJlKaHHsye-
MOH sarOTOBKOH. TenJlOOT.ZJ.a'la saBHCHT OT YCJlOBHH TenJl006MeHa H
<»HSH"IeCKHX napaMerpOB TenJlOHOCHTeJleH. HaH60Jlee WHpOKO B Ka-
'1eCTBe TenJlOHOCHTeJleH B peSHHOBOH npOMhlWJleH'HOCTH HCnOJlbSYIOT
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.ZJ.aBJleHHeM, paCnJlaBhI COJleH, TBep.u.h1e MaTepHaJlhl, HaXO.ZJ.SlWHecSi B
nce.B.u.OO>KH>KeHHOM COCTOSl-HHH, H HeKOTophle ApyrHe TeITJlOHOCHTeJlH.
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THBHhlX TenJlOHOCHTeJleH. HH>Ke npe.u.CTaBJleHa saBHCHMOCTb TeMne-
paTyphl HaChlweHHoro napa OT ero .u.aBJleHHSI:
llaBJleHHe, Mna 0,103 0,146 0,202 0,275 0,368 0,40 0,485 0,630 1,022 1,586
teMnepaTypa,
°c . . . . 100 110 120 130 140 143 150 160 180 200
He.ZJ.OCTaTKOM HachlweHHoro Bo.u.SlHoro napa &BJlSleTCSI HeB03MO>KHOCTb
cywecTBeHHoro nOBhlweHHSI TeMnepaTyphl 6es nOBhlweHHSI .ZJ.aBJleHHSI.
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sa C'IeT CHH>KeHHSI TeMnepaTyphl TenJlOHOCHTeJlSl. QT06h1 coxpaHHTb
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HYIO U,HPKYJlSlUHIO neperpeTOH BO.ZJ.h1 H ropSl'lero Bos.ZJ.yxa nYTeM YCTa-
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.ZJ.J1S1 ropSl'lero B03.u.yxa. neperpeThlH nap B npouecce TenJloo6MeHa
no.u.06eH ropSl'leMY BOS.u.yxy, eCJlH He OXJla>K.u.aeTCSI .u.o TeMnepaTypbl
HaChlweHHSI.
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MeHTaJlbHO HJlH BhlqHCneHhI HS COOTBeTCTBYIOWHX KpHTepHaJlbHhlX sa-
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HaCblw.eHHblA nap . 1200-17700
neperpeTasr BOll.8 293-17560
ropsr'lHA B03.1lYX . . . 0,12-48
nCeB.IlOO)KH)KeHHble ropsr'lHM B03.1lYXQ.M
TBep.llbie '1aCTHUbi pa3MepoM 0,05-0,9 MM 27
765
BCJle.ZJ.CTBHe He60JlbWHX KOs<J><J>Hu,HeHTa TenJlOOT.ZJ.a'lH H KOJlH'IecT-
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TennOHOCHTeneM.
HSMeHeHHe TeKyweH TeMnepaTyphl Ha nOBepXHOCTH HJlH B ueHTpe
t BYJlKaHHsyeMoH sarOTOBKH onpe.u.eJleHHoA <»OPMhI, nOMeweHHoii B
cpe.ZJ.Y TennOHOcHTMSI. MO)KHO paCCqHTaTb no <»opMYJle
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rll.e Ie, - TeMnepaTYpa Cpell.bI; Bi - KpHTepHA BHo, paBHblA .a.R./().. 311.ecb a - K091j>-
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opaTYIPbI 'llSAeJJHtI.
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OTBeT'CTBYIOWHM HOMorpaMMaM .u.J1S1 .ZJ.aHHOH reOMeTpH'IecKOH KOH<»H-
rypaUHH sarOTOBOK, MO>KHO HaHTH SHa'leHHSI 6espaSMepHoA TeMnepa-
Typhl Ha nOBepXHOCTH H B ueHTpe peSHHOBoro HS.ZJ.eJlHSI B saBHCHMOCTH
OT npo.u.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTH HarpeBaHHSI H onpe.u.eJlHTb TeMnepaTypy Ha
nOBepXHOCTH H BHYTPH peSHHOBoro HS.ZJ.eJlHSI. Pacnpe.ZJ.eJleHHe TeMne-
paTyphl BHYTPH H Ha nOBepXHOCTH pe-
SHHOBoro Hs.u.eJlHSI saBHCHT OT YCJlO-
BHH TenJlOOT.ZJ.a'lH (pHC. IV.61). npH
60JlbWHX SHa'leHHSlX KOS<»<»HUHeHTa
TenJlOOT.u.aqH (B
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Ha nOBepXHOCTH sarOTOBKH 6h1CTpO
nOBhllpaeTCSI H CTaHOBHTCSI paBHOH
TeMnepaType rpelOweH cpe.ZJ.h1 (pHC.
IV.63,a) H CKOpOCTb HarpeBaHHSI sa-

rOTOBKH B STOM cJlY'Iae 6Y.ZJ.eT onpe.ZJ.e-
J1S1TbCSI TenJlO<»HSH'IeCKHMH CBoHcTBa-
MH peSHHOBOH CMeCH. ECJlH KOS<»<»H-
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Bi-+O). TO CKOpOCTb S8rpeB8BBSI
nOBepXHOCTH, a CJle.ZJ.OBaTeJIbHO, H CKO-
pOCTb nporpeBaHHSI sarOTOBKH (pHC.
IV.63, 6) 6y.u.YT HeSHa'lHTeJlbHhlMH
BCJle.ZJ.CTBHe HeSHa'lHTeJlbHOro nepena.u.a TeMnepaTYP B ueHTpe H Ha
nOBepxHocTH HS.u.eJIHSI (MaJlhlH TeMnepaTYPHhlH Hanop).
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HSMepSiIOT TepMonapaMB.


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npO.D.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb HarpesaHHSI. CTeneHb BYJJKaHHSaUHH peSHHhI npH
nepeMeHHOH TeMnepaType 06h1'1HO oueHHBalOT no SKBHBaJleHTHOMY
BpeMeHH BYJlKaHHSaUHH ('taKB) - YCJlOBHOH npo.u.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTH BYJI-
KaHHsaUHH npH nOCToSlHHOH TeMnepaType taKB - KOTOpOe He06xo.ZJ.HMO
saTpaTHTb, '1T06h1 nOJlY'IHTb peSHHhI, C TaKHMH >Ke CBOHCTBaMH B YC-
JIOBHSlX nepeMeHHhlX TeMnepaTYP peaJlbHOrO npouecca BYJlKaHHsaUHH.
3KBHBaJleHTHOe BpeMSI BYJlKaHHSauHH MO>K-HO paCC'IHTaTb, eCJlH HSBe-
CTeH TeMnepaTypHhlH K03<»<»HUHeHT BYJlKaHHSaUHH K H HSMeHeHHe
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3KBHBaJleHTHOe BpeMSI synkaHHsaUHH paCC'IHThlBaIOT MeTO.ZJ.aMH rpa-
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Hs.u.eJlHH Bhl6HpalOT TaKHM, '1T06h1 SKBHBaJleHTHOe BpeMSI BYJlKaHHSa-
UUH paSJlH'IHhlX '1aCTeH BYJlKaHHsyeMoro HS.ZJ.eJlHSI COBna.u.aJlO C BpeMe-
HeM onTHMYMa BYJlKaHHsaJ.l,HH peSHHOBOH CMecH npH nOCTOSlHHoii TeM-
nepaType 'faKs,
06h1'1HO npo.u.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb BYJlKaHHSaUHH TOJlCTOCTeHHhlX HS.ZJ.e-
J1HH onpe.u.eJlSlIOT C nOMOWblO CneUHaJlbHhlX HOMorpaMM HJlH peOMeT-
pOB H BYJlKaMeTpOB C nporpaMMHhlM HSMeHeHHeM TeMnepaTyphl B CO-
OTBeTCTBHH C ee HSMeHeHHeM B peaJlbHOH TOqKe BYJlKaHHsyeMoro H3-
.u.eJlHSI.
npH BYJlKaHHSaUHH TeMnepaT)'phl Ha nOBepXHOCTH H B ueHTpe TOJl-
CTOCTeHHhlX HS.ZJ.eJlHH Heo.u.HHaKOBhI. ECJlH npo.u.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb npo-
uecca 6y.u.eT OOipe.u.eJlSlTbCSI Y'CJlOI8HSlMH, Heo6xO,!J;HMhlMH )1J1S1 06ecne-
'1eHHSI Sa)1aHHOH CTeneHH CTPYKTypHpOBaHHSI B ueHTpe HS.ZJ.eJlHSI, TO no-
BepX'HOC1'Hhle CJlOH, OCOOeH'HO IIPH 3<»<»eKTHiBHOH TenJlooepe.u.a'le, OKa-
>KYTCSI CHJlbHO nepeBYJlKaHHSOBaHHhlMH. nepeBYJlKaHHSaUHSI Hs.u.eJlHH
C nOBepXHOCTH TeM 60JlbWe, '1eM Bhlwe TeMliepaTypa BYJlKaHHSaUUH H
'1eM 60JlbWe TOJlWHHa HS.u.eJIHSI, TaK KaK CKOpOCTb nporpeBaHHSI HS-
.u.eJlHA HeSHa'lHTeJlbHO yseJlH'IHBaeTCSI C nOBhlweHHeM TeMnepaTyphl
TenJlOHOCHTeJlSl, a CKOpOCTb BYJlKaHHSaUUH O'leHb 6h1CTpO. .lJ.J1S1 YMeHb-
weHHSI HeO)1Hopo.u.HOCTH cBoAcTB npH BYJlKaHHSaUHH TOJlCTOCTeH'HbIX
Hs.u.eJlHH HX He CJle.u.yeT BYJlKaHHSOBaTb npH O'leHb BhlCOKOA TeMnepa-
Type., npH onpe.ZJ.eJleHHH npO.ZJ.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTH BYJlKaHHSaUHH TaKHX
Hs.u.eJlHH He06xo.u.HMO Y'IHThlBaTb, '1TO CTPYKTypHpOBaHHe oc06eHHO B HX
ueHTpe npo.ZJ.OJl>KaeTCSI HeKOTopoe BpeMSI H nocJle OKOH'IaHHSI HarpeBa-
HHSI sa C'IeT nOrJlOweHHOro TenJla. nOSTOMY He CJle)1yeT B npouecce
HarpeBaHHSI )106HBaTbCH nOJlHOH BYJlKaHHSaUHH sarOTOBKH no BceA
TOJlWHHe. .lJ.J1S1 YMeHbweHHSI HeO.ZJ.HOpO.ZJ.HOCTH nporpeBaHHSI CJle.ZJ.yeT
npOBo.u.HTb cTyneHqaThlA HarpeB HJlH npe.u.BapHTeJlbHO no.u.orpeBaTb pe-
SUHOBYIO CMeCb (CM. pHC. IV.59). .lJ.J1S1 HSrOTOBJleHHSI MHOroCJlOHHbIX
HS.ZJ.eJlHA, no-J1
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SHH0'8h1e CMeCH c paSJlH'IHOA KHHeTHKoA BYJlKaHHsaUHH. PesHHoBhle
CMecu, npe,D;Ha3JHa'le'HHhle )1J1S1 USrOTOBJleHHSI BHYTpeHHHx .ZJ.eTaJleH, .ZJ.OJl-
>KHhI 06J1a.u.aTb 60JlbWOH CKOpOCTblO BYJlKaHHsaUHH. npH onpe.ZJ.eJleHHH
BYJlKaHHSaUHoHHhlX xapaKTepHCTHK STHX cMeceA Y'IHThlBaIOT oc06eH-
HocrH nporpeBaHHSI Hs.u.eJlHSI.


BM60P PE)I{HMA BYnKAHH3A
HH


npH Bhl60pe pe>KHMa BYJlKaHHSaUHH CJle.u.yeT Y'IHThlBaTb BJlHSlHHe
OCHOBHhlX TeXHOJlOrHqeCKHX <»aKTopoB Ha STOT npouecc, T. e. CBOHCTB
cpe)1h1, TeMnepaTyphl H )1aBJleHHSI.
Cpe,ll.a BYJlKaHHsaUHH. PesHHoBhle HS.ZJ.eJlHSI BYJlKaHHsYIOT B MeTaJl-
J1HQecKHX <»opMax HJlH Henocpe.u.cTBeHHo B cpe.u.e TenJlOHOCHTeJlH. npH
Bhl60pe TenJlOHOCHTeJleA He06xo.ZJ.HMO sHaTb He TOJlbKO HX TenJlO<»H-
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npH KOHTaKTe C HHMH.
384




TaK, npH BYJlKaHHSaD.HH B cpe.u.e ropSillero Bos.u.yxa KHCJlOpO.ZJ. BhI-
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KaHHsyeMbIx HS.ZJ.eJlHH OT BJlarH, n03ToMY ee SaKpenJlSlIOT oc06eHHo
nJlOTHO H TwaTeJlbHO no KpaSlM. nO.ZJ.06HhlM cnoc060M 06MaThlBalOT H
HeKoTopbIe npope3HHeHHhle TKaHH, BYJlKaHHsyeMbIe Ha 6apa6aHax.
BYJlKaHHSallHSI B BOSAYWHOH cpe.u.e. B BOS.ZJ.YWHOH cpe.u.e 'H3.ZJ.eJlHSI
MC»>KHO BYJlKaHHSOBaTb npH nOBhlweHHOM .ZJ.aBJleHHH H HHSKOH TeMne-
. paType, H npH HHSKOM .ZJ.aBJleHHH H BhlCOKOA TeMnepaType, TaK KaK
TeMnepaTypa BOS)1yxa He CBSlsaHa C ero .u.a'BJleHHeM. npHMeHeHHe ro-
pSlqero BOS.ZJ.yxa B Ka'leCTBe BYJlKaHHsaUHOHHoA cpe.ZJ.h1 HJlH TenJlOHO-
CHTeJlSl OrpaHH'IeHO, TaK KaK KHCJlOpO.ZJ. BOS.ZJ.yxa npH BhlCOKOA TeMne-
paType aKTHBHO BsaHMO.ZJ.eA'CTByer C KayqYKaMH, BXO.ZJ.SlWHMH B COCTaB
peSHHOBbIX CMoceH, '1TO YXY)1WaeT MeXaHHqeCKHe cBoAcTBa BYJlKaHH-
saTOB. nOSTOMY B BOS.lI.YWHOH cpe.ZJ.e H3.u.eJlHSI npH Henocpe.u.CTBeHHOM
HX KOHTaKTe C BOS.ZJ.YXOM cJle.ZJ.yer BYJlKaHHSOBaTb npH TeMnepaType
130-132°C. Bos.u.yx 06J1a.ZJ.aeT O'leHb nJlOXHMH TenJlo<»HSH'IecKHMH
CBoHcTBaMH. BYJlKaHH3allHSI B B03.ZJ.YWHOH cpe.ZJ.e O'leHb .ZJ.J1HTeJlbHa, qTO
cywecTBeHHo CHH>KaeT npoHsBo.ZJ.HTeJlbHOCTb 060pY.ZJ.oBaHHSI. .lJ.J1S1 YJlyq-
weHHSI TenJlOnepe)1a'l'H He06xo.ZJ.HMa HHTeHCHBHaSl UHPKYJlSlUHSI BOS-
.ZJ.YWHOH cpe)1h1. B BOS.ZJ.YWHOA cpe.ZJ.e C TPY.ZJ.OM .ZJ.OCTHraeTCSI paBHOMep-
Hoe pacnpe.ZJ.eJleHHe TeMnepaTyphl.
B B03)1YWHOH cpe.ZJ.e BYJlKaHHSYIOT TaKHe HS)1eJlHSI, Ha CBOHCTBa KO-
TOphlX OTpHllaTeJIbHO CKaShlBaeTCSI .ZJ.eHCTBHe HaChlweHHoro napa H 06-
pasoBaBwerocSi npH BYJlKaHHsallHH B napoBoA cpe.ZJ.e KOH.ZJ.eHcaTa.
06h1'1HO B cpe.ZJ.e BOS.ZJ.yxa BYJlKaHHsYIOT UBe1'HbIe pesHHoBbIe HS.ZJ.eJlHSI,
HS)1eJlHSI C BOpCOBOH TKaHblO H HeKoTophle .u.pyrHe.
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>KeJlaTeJlbHO npHMeHSlTb aKTHBHbIe YCKopHTeJlH, oc06eHHo BbI.ZJ.eJlSlIO-
WHe cepy (THypaM, nOJlHcYJlb<»H.ZJ.h1 HJlH CMeCb THypaMa C npoHsBo.ZJ.-
HhlMH THaSOJlOB). BOJlee s<»<»eKTHBHO HCnOJlb30BaTb CBHHUOBhle H UHH-
KOBhle COJIH .u.HTHoKap6aMHHoBhlX KHCJlOT. BYJlKaHHsallHIO B cpe.ZJ.e ro-
pSl'lero B03.ZJ.yxa 6es )1aBJleHHSI npoBo.ZJ.SlT B paSJlH'IHhlX TepMocTaTax,
TYHHeJlbHbIx BYJlKaHHsaTopax H .ZJ.PYI'HX annapaTax. TepMocTaThI WH-
pOKO npHMeHSIIOT .u.J1S1 BTOpoA CTa.ZJ.HH BYJlKaHH3allHH HS)1eJlHH Ha oc-
HOBe CHJlOKCaHOBoro H <»TopKaY'lYKOB npH TeMnepaType B03.u.YWHOH
cp e .ZJ.h1 200-'250°C.
napo-Bos.o.yWHaR BYJlKaHHsaIlHB. .lJ.J1S1 HeKoTophlX HS)1eJlHH KOHTaKT
C napoM He.ZJ.onycTHM TOJlbKO B Ha'laJle BYJlKaHHsaUHH. HanpHMep, J1a-
390

KHpOBaHHYIO 06YBb .ZJ.J1S1 npe.ZJ.OTBpaweHHSI nOTYCKHeHHSI J1aKa, KOTopoe
MO>KeT npOH30HTH npH B03.ZJ.eHCTBHH napa Ha J1aKOBYIO nJleHKY, npH-
XO.ZJ.HTCSI BYJlKaHHSOBaTb B BOS.ZJ.YWHOH cpe.ZJ.e. O.ZJ.HaKO Ha nOJlY'IeHHe
YCTOH'IHBOH K .ZJ.eHCTBHIO napa J1aKOBOH nJleHKH (TeMnepaTypa BOS.ZJ.Y-
xa B KOTJle 100-125°C) SaTpa'lHBaeTCSI MeHbwe BpeMeHH, '1eM Ha
npOBe.ZJ.eHHe Bcero npouecca BYJlKaHHsaUHH. Y'IHThlBaSl CKasaHHoe BhI-
we, Ha'laJlH npHMeHSlTb KOM6HHHpOBaHHhlH cnoc06 BYJlKaHHSaUHH-
CHa'laJla B BOS.ZJ.YWHOH cpe.ZJ.e, saTeM B napOBOH. nocJle 3arpYSKH J1a-
KHpOBaHHOH 06YBH, KOTOPYIO 06h1'1HO paSMewalOT Ha CneUHaJlbHhlX
BarOHeTKax, B KOTeJl Ha'lHHalOT HanYCKaTb (06h1'1HO B TeqeHHe
10 MHH) BOS.ZJ.YX, nO.ZJ.orpeThlH .ZJ.O 120°C, .ZJ.O Tex nop, nOKa .ZJ.aBJleHHe
B KOTJle He nO.ZJ.HHMeTCSI .ZJ.O 0,25 Mna. npH JJ.aBJleHHH BOS.ZJ.yxa
0,25 Mna H TeMnepaType OKOJlO 125°C, nOJJ..ZJ.ep>KHBaeMOH C nOMOWblO
SMeeBHKOB, HS.ZJ.eJlHSI BYJlKaHHSYIOT B Te'leHHe 30-35. MHH .ZJ.O 06paso-
BaHHH Ha HX nOBepxHocTH 6J1eCTSIweH J1aKOBOH nJleHKH. 3aTeM B KO-
TeJl B Te'leHHe 15-20 MHH Ha'lHHalOT HanYCKaTb nap, H KorAa .ZJ.aBJle-
HHe B HeM .ZJ.OCTHraeT 0,3 Mna, BYJlKaHHSaUHSI HS.ZJ.eJlHA 6Y.ZJ.eT npoxo-
.ZJ.HTb B napo-Bos.ZJ.YWHOH cpeJJ.e npH HHTeHCHBHOH UHPKYJlSlUHH B Teqe-
HHe 15-20 MHH. Hs6b1TO'IHOe .ZJ.aBJleHHe H3 KOTJla c6pachlBalOT
npH6J1H3HTeJlbHO 15 MH'H, nocJle qero KOTeJl pasrpY>KaIOT. 06WHH UH'KJI
BYJlKaHHSauHH J1aKHpOBaHHoH 06YBH .ZJ.J1HTC 85-100 MHH.
B napo-Bos.ZJ.YWHOH cpeAe KpoMe J1aKHpoBaHHoA 06YBH MO>KHO BYJI-
KaHH30BaTb TaK>Ke UBeTHhle TOHKOCTeHHhle HS.ZJ.eJlHSI. 06WHH UHKJI
BYJlKaHHSaUHH, .ZJ.J1HTeJlbHOCTb H YCJlOBHSI npOBe.ZJ.eHHSI Ka>KJJ.oH CTa.ZJ.HH
npouecca saBHCSlT OT BH.ZJ.a HSJJ.eJlHSI, COCTaBa pesHHoBoH CMeCH, KOH-
CTPYKUHH KOTJla H HeKOTopblX .ZJ.Pyrnx <»aKropoB.
BYJlKAHH3AHSI B nPECCAX (.OPMOBASI BYJlKAHH3AHSI)
.lJ.J1S1 HSrOTOBJleHHSI peSHHOBhlX HS.ZJ.eJlHH CJlO>KHOH KOH<»HrypaUHH
C BhlCOKOH nJlOTHOCTblO H 60JlbWOH TO'lHOCTblO WHpOKO HCnOJlbSYIOT
<»OpMOBOH cnoc06 BYJlKaHHSaUHH B npeccax. npH STOM cnoc06e BYJI-
KaHHsaUHH o.ZJ.HoBpeMeHHo CO'leTalOT .ZJ.Ba npouecca - <»opMoBaHHe Me-
TO.ZJ.OM KOMnpeccHoHHoro npeccoBaHHH (sanpeccoBKH) pe3HHoBoA CMe-
CH B CneUHaJlbHhle npecc-<»oPMbI (pHC. IV.64) H nocJle.ZJ.YlOwylO ByJlKa-
HHsaUHIO no.ZJ. .ZJ.aBJleHHeM. B HeKoTopblX cJlyqaSlx STH npouocchl MO>K-
HO npoBo.ZJ.HTb pas.ZJ.eJlbHo.
3anOJlHeHHe npecc-<J>opMhI pesHHoBoH CMeCblO npoHcxo.ZJ.HT no.ZJ.
.ZJ.aBJleHHeM 6J1aroJJ.apH BSisKoTeKY'IHM CBoHcTBaM CMeCH. .lJ.J1S1 YJlY'Iwe-
HHSI TeKyqecTH cMeceH HX nO.ZJ.orpeBaIOT; pesHHoBbie CMeCH sanpecco-
BhlBaIOT, KaK npaBHJlO, B HarpeTYIO <»OPMY. npH STOM CJle.ZJ.yeT yqH-
ThlBaTb, '1TO B npouecce npeCCOBaHHSI nO.ZJ.BYJlKaHHSaUHSI peSHHOBOH
CMeCH He .ZJ.OJl>KHa npOHCXO.ZJ.HTb .ZJ.O MOMeHTa nOJlHOrO paCTeKaHHSI CMe-
CH (.ZJ.O 3anOJlHeHHH <»OpMhI).
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Ho06pasHeM. .lJ.J1S1 BYJlKaHHSaUHH HSAeJlHH B npeccax no.ZJ. AaBJleHHeM
npHMeHSIIOT <»OpMhI O.ZJ.HoMecTHble, a AJISI MeJlKHX H3.ZJ.eJlHA MHorOMeCT-
391

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nOBepxHocTH HX HarpeBa, a .ZJ.J1S1 Y.ZJ.06CTBa 06pa-weHHSI C HHMH - no
Macce. npH BbI60pe MaTepHaJla .ZJ.J1S1 H3roTOBJleHHSI <J>OPM He06xo.ZJ.HMO
Y'IHThlBaTb Tpe60BaHHSI, npe.ZJ.'bSlBJlSleMhle K HHM no npOqHOCTH, HS-
HOCOYCTOA'IHBOCTH, HeBhlcoKoA CTOHMOCTH, XHMH'IeCKOH CToAKOCTH,
npocToTe 06pa60TKH npH HaJlH'IHH BhlCOKOA TO'lHOCTH, xopoweA Ten-
J10npoBo.ZJ.HOCTH H .ZJ.PyrHM. TaKHM Tpe60BaHHSlM J1Y'Iwe Bcero Y.ZJ.oBJleT-
BOpSlIOT CTaJlH pa3J1HtJHblX MapOK. B oc060 OTBeTCTBeHHhlX cJlyqS1X
npliMeHSIIOT J1erHpOBaHHble CTaJlH.
npH KOUCTPyupOBaHhU <t>OPM he06xo.ZJ.HMO Y'IHThlsaTb xapaKTep
<»opMyeMoro MaTepHaJla, TenJlOBhle K03<»<»HUHeHThI pacwHpeHHSI H
yca.ZJ.KH, .ZJ.onycKaeMoe .l1aSJleHHe,
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HS <»OPMhI.
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KOnJlaBKHe MeTaJlJlhl (aJlIOMHHHA,
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BYJlKaHH3aUHOHHhle npeCCbI B
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HHSI npeCCOBaHHSI H BH.ZJ.a npHBO.ZJ.a nO.ZJ.paS.ZJ.eJlSlIOT Ha rH.ZJ.paBJlH'IeC-
KHe, rH.ZJ.pOMeXaHH'IeCKHe H phl'la>KHO-MeXaHH'IeCKHe C 060rpeBOM nJlHT
napOM, neperpeTOH BO.ZJ.oA no.ZJ. AaBJleHHeM HJlH SJleKTpH'IeCKHM TOKOM.
rH.ZJ.'paBJlHQOCKHH BYJlKa'HH3aUHOiHHhlH npeC'C COCTOHT HS rHJ1paBJI.u-
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TpaBepc, coe.ZJ.HHeHHhlx Me>K.ZJ.Y C060H )J.BYMSI HJlH HeCKOJlbKHMH paMa-
MH HJlH KpyrJlbIMH KOJlOHHaMH.
BHYTPH UHJlHH.ZJ.pa nepeMewaeTCSI nJlYH>Kep, Ha KOTOpOM YCTaHOB-
J1eH nO.ZJ.'beMHhlH pa60QHH CTOJI. HenO.ZJ.BH>KHaSl HarpeBaTeJlbHaSl nJlHTa
Kpel!HTCSI Ha BepXHeA TpaBepce, nO.ZJ.BH>KHaSl - Ha nO.ZJ.'beMHOM pa60-
'1eM CTOJle. Hepe.ZJ.KO npeCCbI 060pY)1ym npOMe>KYTO'lHhlMH nO.ZJ.'beMHhI-
MH nJlHTaMH, '1TO nOSBOJlHeT npOHSBO.ZJ.'HTb 3arpY3KY npecca B HeCKOJlb-
KO STa>KeH. Ll.J1S1 YMeHbweHHSI TenJlOnOTepb BepXHHe H HH>KHHe Harpe-
BaTeJlbHhle nJlHTbI HSOJlHpOBaHbI ac6eCTOBhlMH npOKJla)1KaMH. no-
BepXHOCTH HarpeBaTeJlbHbIX pa60'lHX nJlHT .ZJ.OJl>KHbI 6h1Tb TwaTeJlbHO
06pa60TaHhI H CTporo napaJlJleJlbHhI.
Ha pHC. IV.66 nOKasaH BYJlKaHHSau.HOHHhlA npecc C HH.ZJ.HBH.ZJ.yaJlb-
HhlM rH.ZJ.ponpHB0)10M.
.lJ.J1S1 nOJlY'leHHSI H3.ZJ.eJlHA BhlCOKoro Ka'leCTBa npH BYJlKaHHsaUHH
B <»opMax He06xo)1HMO nOMep>KHBaTb nOCTOSlHHhlA pe>KHM .ZJ.aBJleHHSI
B npecce H TeMnepaTyphl Ha nOBepXHOCTH nJlHT.
BYJlKaHHSaUHOHHhle rH.ZJ.paBJlHqeCKHe npecchl OCHaweHhI KOHTpOJlb-
HO-HSMepHTeJlbHhlMH npH60paMH - TepMoperYJlSlTOpaMH H perYJlSlTO-
paMH .ZJ.aBJleHHSI.
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PHIC. IV.64. Oxe'Ma npeccooa'Hft II'pH
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YnpaBJleHHe npeccoM ocyweCTBJlSleTCSI C nOMowblO CneUHaJlbHOH
Kop06KH (J1HCTPH6YTopa) BPY'lHYIO, nOJlyaBToMaTH'IeCKH HJlH aBTOMa-
TH'IeCKH.
ABTOMaTH'IeCKOe ynpaBJleHHe TeXHOJlOrH'IeCKHM pe>KHMOM npOHS-
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J1HqecKHM npeccoM C napOBhlM 060rpeaOM nJlHT npeACTaBJleHa Ha
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COB pa3J1H'IHOH KOHCTPYKUHH C paSMepOM nJlHT OT 250X250 MM .ZJ.O
1800X2000 MM C paSJlH'IHhlMH '1HCJlOM 3Ta>KeA, npeCCYIOWHM YCHJlHeM
H cnoc060M 060rpeBa nJlHT. 3Ha'leHHSI STHX napaMeTpOB BXO.ZJ.SlT B YC-
J10BHOe 060SHa'leHHe npecca. HanpHMep, rHApaBJlHqeCKHA BYJlKaHH-
aaUHOHHhlA '1eThlpeXSTa>KHhlH npecc C paSMepOM nJlHT .600X600 MM, C
napOBhlM 060l'pe8'OM H npoccyIOW'H'M Y'CHJliHeM 1,6 MH (160 TiC) H,Me-
eT 060SHa'leHHe 160-600. n4. npH SJleKTpH'IeCKOM 060rpeBe nJlHT
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<»opMe HS.ZJ.eJlHSI. ECJlH npeCCOBaHHe COBMewaeTCSI C BYJlKaHHSaUHeH,
sarOTOBKH nOMewalOT B HarpeThle <»OpMhI, KOTophle saTeM pacnoJlara-
JOT Ha HarpeBaTeJlbHhlX nJlHTaX H npeCCYIOT.
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.lJ.aBJleHHe npeccoBaHHSI COS.ZJ.aeTCSI H nO.ZJ..ZJ.ep>KHBaeTCSI npH BYJlKaHH-
sauHH nO.ZJ.a'leH B rH.ZJ.paBJlH'IeCKHH UHJlHH.ZJ.P >KH.ZJ.KOCTH BhlCOKoro .ZJ.aB-
J1eHHSI (12-20 Mna). B Ka'lecTBe rH.ZJ.paBJlH'IeCKOH >KH.ZJ.KOCTH '1awe
Bcero HCnOJlbsYIOT BO.ZJ.Y, KOTopaSi 06h1'1HO nocTynaeT H3 ueHTpaJlHSO-
BaHHhlX rH.ZJ.paBJlH'IeCKHX cTaHUHH. B MexaHHsHpoBaHHhlx H aBTOMa-
THsHpoBaHHhlx npeccax B Ka'lecTBe rH.ZJ.paBJlH'IeCKOH >KH.ZJ.KOCTH '1aCTO
npHMeHSlIOT MaCJlO, nO.ZJ.aBaeMoe B rH.ZJ.paBJlH'IeCKHH UHJlHH.ZJ.P HH.ZJ.HBH-
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'Mel'p nJlyur)Kepa IIJIpE!lC1Ca; S - dlJlOIll/ll.llb .cTbllKa n()J)YJCPopoM.
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paCK'))h1BaIOT, a saTeM CHOBa C6J1H>KaIOT nJlHThI. npH nO.ZJ.npeCCOBKax
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COBKa.
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HHSI, a TaK>Ke .ZJ.J1S1 npe.ZJ.OTBpaweHHSI npHBYJlKaHHSaUHH HS.ZJ.eJlHSI K
<»opMe, nepe.ZJ. SaKJla.ZJ.KOH sarOTOBOK BHYTpeHHHe nOBepXHOCTH npecc-
<»OpM CMaShlBalOT paCTBopaMH HJlH SMYJlbCHSlMH aHTHa.ZJ.reSHBOB (pac-
TBOphl MhlJla, 3MYJlbCHH CHJlOKCaHOBhlX >KH.ZJ.KOCTeH H .ZJ.p.). CMaSKa,
KaK npaBHJlO, npOHSBO.ZJ.HTCSI nYJlbBepHsaUHeH.
nJlHThI npecca 060rpeBalOTCSI HaChlweHHhlM BO.ZJ.SlHhlM napOM, nepe-
rpeTOH BO.ZJ.OH HJlH HMelOT SJleKTpH'IeCKHH 060rpeB. npH HCnOJlbSOBa-
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MepHhlH nporpes nJlHT npecca H BYJlKaHHSaUHOHHhlX <»OPM, npH'IeM
.ZJ.OCTaTO'lHO TO'lHOe perYJlHpOBaHHe TeMnepaTyphl ocyweCTBJlSleTCSI sa
C'IeT perYJlHpOBaHHSI .ZJ.aBJleHHSI napa, nO.ZJ.aBaeMoro B KaHaJlhl nJlHT.
BhlCOKaSi 3HTaJlbnHSI napa H 60JlbWOH K03<»<»HUHeHT TenJlOnepe.ZJ.a'lH
cnoco6cTBYIOT paBHOMepHOMY nporpeBY nJlHT Ha nOBepXHOCTH.


395




npH napOBOM 060rpeBe npecca B KaHaJlaX nJlHT 06pasyeTcSI KOH-
.ZJ.eHcaT, OCa>K.ZJ.aIOWHHCSI Ha CTeHKax KaHaJlOB B BH.ZJ.e nJleHOK HJlH Ka-
neJlb, qTO YXY.ZJ.waeT KOS<»<»HUHeHThI TenJlOnepe.ZJ.a'lH H HapywaeT paB-
HOMepHOCTb TeMnepaTyphl Ha nOBepXHOCTH nJlHT. .lJ.J1S1 Y.ZJ.aJleHHSI KOH-
.ZJ.eHaTa Ka!HaJlhl nJI:nT nepHO.ZJ.H'IeCKH I1JpO.ZJ.YBaIOT napOM.
npH nO.ZJ.aqe napa aBTOMaTH'IeCKH npOHSBO.ZJ.HTCSI cenapaUHSI KOH-
.ZJ.eHcaTa HS oTpa60TaHHoro napa H Y.ZJ.aJleHHe KOH.ZJ.eHcaTa HS CHCTeMhI.
a TaK>Ke aBTOMaTH'IeCKH nOAAep>KHBaeTCSI sa.ZJ.aHHaSi TeMnepaTypa
HJlH .ZJ.aBJleHHe UHPKYJlHPYlOwero napa.
I( He.ZJ.OCTaTKa'M npeCCOB C napOBhlM 060rpeBOM MO>KHO OTHeCTH
OqeHb HHSHH (OKOJlO 5%) TenJlOBOH K03<»<»HuHeHT nOJleSHOrO .ZJ.eHcT-
BHSI npecca, CHH>KeHHe TeMnepaTyphl H YXY.ZJ.weHHe paBHoMepHOCTH
060rpeBa nJlHT Hs-sa 06pasoBaHHSI HaKHnH B KaHaJlaX nJlHT, a TaK>Ke
He06xo.ZJ.HMOCTb CHJlbHOrO nOBhlweHHSI .ZJ.aBJleHHSI napa B TenJlOBOH ce-
TH .ZJ.J1S1 npoBe.ZJ.eHHSI BYJlKaHHSauHH npH nOBhlweHHhlX (160-220°C)
TeMnepaTypax.
· 060rpeB nJlHT npH HarpeBaHHH 3JIeKTpHQeCKHM TOKOM npoHsBo.ZJ.HT-
CSt C nOMOWblO CneUHaJlbHhlX TepM09J1eMeHTOB, pacnOJlO>KeHHhlX B
nJlHTaX; TeMnep8Typa Ha nJlHTaX aBTOMaTH'IecKH perYJlHPyeTcSI C TOq-
HOCTblO =l::3°C TepMoperYJlSlTOpaMH. npH 3J1eKTpH'IeCKOM 060rpeBe
nJlHT HX J1erKO HarpeTb .ZJ.O J11060H TeMnepaTyphl. npH He.ZJ.OCTaTO'lHO
TO'lHOH HacTpoHKe TepMH'IeCKHX peJle TeMnepaTypa Ha nOBepxHocTH
nJlHT CTaHOBHTCSI Heo.ZJ.HHaKoBoH, '1TO Bhl3h1BaeT YXY.ZJ.uieHHe KaqeCTBa
BYJlKaHHsyeMhlx HS.ZJ.eJlHii. He.ZJ.ocTaTKoM 3J1eKTp0060rpeBa SlBJlSleTCSI
OTHOCHTeJlbHO .ZJ.J1HTeJlbHhlH nepHo.ZJ. HarpeBaHHSI nJlHT, a TaK>Ke He-
CKOJlbKO 60JlbWHH, '1eM npH napoBoM 060rpeBe pas6poc TeMnepaTyphl
no nOBepxHocTH. PesHHoBaSi CMecb B npouecce <»OpMOBOH BYJlKaHHSa-
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O'lepe.ZJ.b nOJlY'IaIOT TenJlQ OT nJlHT npecca. BJlaro.ZJ.apSi BhlCOKOH Ten-
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3HHOBoro HS.ZJ.eJlHSI OTJlH'IaeTCSI OT pa3MepOB <»OPMhI, npHqeM BCJle.ZJ.CT-
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cpaBHeHHIO C MeTaJlJlOM paSMephl <»opMOBoro HS.ZJ.MHSI OKaShlBalOTCSI
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Bhlpa>KeHHYIO B npoueHTax HaShlBalOT CTeneHblO lIcaiJKu. CTeneHb
yca.ZJ.KH onpe.ZJ.eJlSleTCSI B OCHOBHOM'paSJlHqHeM TeMnepaTypHhlX K03<»-
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HOH HH>Ke:
S = AT (k 1 AA + k.AF + ksAH)
96

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AF - PUJroCTb MeDKiItY 1J{
HJD:HeHT8JMlI TeDnosorO 'P3IOIIIH'peHHSI ft8llJQlllBHTeJleH H
MaTepBua IJ>oipMbl; AH -lpa3HOOTb IM
Y KOI9IIj>IcIJllIUleHTaMtI TMJlOBOro pacmHpeHHSI
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BaJia lj>op'Mbi.
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CTaJib .


216.10-'
216.10-'
196. lo-e
200.10-'
. 194.lo-e
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L{J1S1 nOJlY'IeHHSI HSAeJlHH TOqHhlX p8SMepOB npH KOHCTpYHpOBaHHH
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nOJlY'IeHHhle <»OpMOBOH BYJlKaHHS8UHeH HS.ZJ.eJlHSI HMelOT Ha nOBepx-
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WHXCSI B MecTax pa3'beMa npecc-<»opM B peSYJlbTaTe HeCOOTBeTCTBHSl
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<»OpM. 38yceHuhI H BhlnpeccOBKH C H3.ZJ.eJlHH 06pesalOT H8 CneUH8J1b-
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HH, He06xo.ZJ.HMoro .ZJ.J1S1 nepesapSl.ZJ.KH npecc-<»opM npH H3BJIe'leHHH H3
H'HX rOTOBhlX H3.ZJ.eJlHH H SaKJl8,ltKH HOBhlX sarOTOBOK. npH HHTeH'CH<»H-
UHpOBaHHhlX pe>KHMaX BYJlK8HHSaUHH H nOBhlweHHhlX TeMnep8Typax
npO.ZJ.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb nepeS8pSl.ZJ.KH CTa1l0BHTCSI OCHOBHhlM nOKasaTe-
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.lJ.J1S1 COKpaweHHSI npO.ZJ.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTH BcnOMOr8TeJlbHhlX onepa-
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BOSMO>KHOCTH MexaHHSHpYIOTCSI. <I>OpMhI YCTaHOBJleHhI Ha BhI.ZJ.BH:>KHhlX
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MH HJlH MarHHTHhlMH paS'beMHHKaMH, a CHSITHe HS.ZJ.eJlHH C cep.ZJ.eqHH-
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THqeCKHMH YCTpOHCTBaMH. cl>OpMhI CMaShlBalOT C nOMOWblO nYJlbBepH-
saTopOB. npH TaKOM OCHaweHHH npeCCOB nOSlBJlSleTCSI B03MO>KHOCTb
nOJlHOCTblO aBTOM8THSHpOBaTb npouecc <»OpMOBOH BYJlKaHHsaUHH.
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npOHSBO.ZJ.CTBa peSHHOBhlX HS.ZJ.eJlHH, BhlnYCKaeMhlX B 60JlbWHX MaCIl.
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JlHHJI,p; 5 - rJlaBHblA IJ,HJlHHJI,P; 6 - I"HApaBJlH'IeCKHA OpHBOJI,; 7 - saX<HIIHoe YCTpOACTBO; 8 _ a.-
X<BIIHoe paCTIIX<Hoe YCTpoAcTBO; 9 - nYJlbT ynpaBJIeHHII.


He.ZJ.OCTaTKaMH <»OpMOBOH BYJlKaHHSaUHH SlBJlSlIOTCSI - BhlCOKar-
TpY.ZJ.OeMKOCTb npouecca; Heo6xo.ZJ.HMOCTb npHMeHeHHSI sarOTOBOK, Mat.
ca KOTOphlX npeBhlwaeT Maccy rOTOBoro H3.ZJ.eJlHSI, a CJle.ZJ.OBaTeJlbHc.,
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K8HH3aUHH TOJlCTOCTeHHhlX HS.ZJ.eJlHH; He06xo.ZJ.HMOCTb .ZJ.onOJlHHTeJlbHOH
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Ll.J1S1 BYJlKaHHSaUHH nJlOCKHX npHBO.ZJ.HhlX peMHeH H TpaHcnopTep-
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.lI.J1S1 BYJlKaHH3aUHH 6eCKOHe'lHhlX J1eHT HJlH peMHeH npHMeHSIIOT paM-
Hhle '1eJlIOCTHhle npecchl C nJlHT8MH pasMepoM .ZJ.O I 500 X 5000 MM.
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npecchl .ZJ.J1S1 BYJlKaHHSaUHH peMHeH COCTOSIT HS HeCKOJlbKHX co-
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TO'lHaSi CTOHK8, Ha KOropylO npH nOMOWH TeJlb<»epa YCTaHaBJlHBalOT
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walOWHMCSI pOJlHKOM .ZJ.J1S1 3aKaTKH BYJlKaHHSOBaHHoro H3.ZJ.eJlHSI. .lJ.J1S1
06eCne'leHHSI He06xo.ZJ.'HMOH TOJlWHHhI BYJlKaHHsyeMoro HS.ZJ.eJlHSI, npe-
.ZJ.OTBpaweHHSI BhI.ZJ.aBJlHBaHHSI peSHHOBOH CMeCH C nOBepXHOCTH TKaHH
H .ZJ.J1S1 nOJlY'IeHHSI pOBHhlX KpOMOK, Me>K.ZJ.Y nJlHTaMH npecca no KpaSlM
BYJlKaHH3yeMoro H3.ZJ.eJlHSI YKJla.ZJ.h1BaIOT MeTaJlJlHqeCKHe J1HHeHKH, on-
pe.ZJ.eJlSlIOWHe TOJlWHHY BYJlKaHH3yeMoro H3.ZJ.eJlHSI.
npH nO.ZJ.rOTOBKe H BYJlKaHHSaUHH peMHeH H rpaHcnopTepHhlX J1eHT
npOBO.ZJ.SlT CJle.ZJ.YIOWHe onepaUHH: I) npOTSlrH'BaHHe peMHSI C paCKa-
TOqHOH CTOHKH B npecc Ha .ZJ.J1HHy, HeCKOJlbKO MeHbWYIO, qeM .ZJ.J1HHa
nJlHThI npecca (Ha 200-400 MM), 2) Sa>KHM 060HX KOHUOB sYJlKaHH-
syeMoH qaCTH sarOTOBKH rOJlOBKaMH, 3) npe.ZJ.BapHTeJlbHYIO paCTSI>KKY
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HOro HaTSI>KeHHSI Bcex CJlOeB TKaHH, 4) Sa>KHM pacTSIHYTOH sarOTOBKH
H ee npeccoBaHHe Me>K.ZJ.Y nJlHTaMH npecca, 5) oCB060>K.ZJ.eHHe sa>KHM-
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7) CHSITHe rH.ZJ.paBJlHqeCKOrO .ZJ.aBJleHHSI H 3aKaTKY BYJlKaHH30BaHHoro
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UHH nOBTopSlIOTCSI. TaKHM 06pa30M, npouecc BYJlKaHHSaUHH peMHeH
H TpaHcnopTepHhlX J1eHT B npeccax SlBJlSleTCSI nepHO.ZJ.HqeCKHM. Bce
TeXHOJlOrH'IeCKHe npouecchl npH nO.ZJ.roToBKe H BYJlKaHHSaUHH peMHeH
H TpaHcnopTepHhlX J1eHT MexaHHSHpOBaHhI, ynpaBJleHHe npeccaMH
ocywecTBJlSleTCSI aBTOMaTH'IeCKH.


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paSMepOB, a TaK>Ke .ZJ.J1S1 BYJlKaHHSaUHH KaMep, 060.ZJ.HhlX J1eHT, TeXHH-
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no KOHCTPYKUHH BYJlKaHHsarophl nO.ZJ.paS.ZJ.eJlSlIOT Ha O.ZJ.HO- H .ZJ.BYX-
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KY HaTypaJIbHOrO KayqYKa H CyWKY ry6tJaTbIx H3,lJ.eJIHH H3 JIaTeKCOB,
a B nOJIe TOKOB cBepxBblcoKOH qaCTOTbI (c qaoCTOTOH 300-
300000 Mru) - npe,lJ.l8a 1 pHTeJIblHOe npOl'pE!IBalHHe 3arO'roBOK <l>OpMOBblX
oc06eHHo KpynHora6apHTHblx H3,lJ.eJIHA nepe,lJ. BYJIKaHH3aUHeH, a T8K-
JKe npe,lJ.BapHTeJIbHOe HarpesaHHe He<l>opMoBblX ,lJ.JIHHHOMepHbIx H3,lJ.e-
.IIHM C nOCJIe,lJ.YlOllleH ,lJ.OBYJIKaHH3auHeH HX B cpe,lJ.e ropHtJero B03,lJ.yxa.
JlHTeparypa
J1YKoMcKaR A. M.. 6aiJeHKo8 n. CP.. KenepUla J1. M. TennOBbie OCHOBbi BynKa.
HH3a1lHH peaHHOBbiX H3,11.eJIHH. M., eXHMHSI:t, 1972. 359 c.
BynKaHHSa1lHSI 9naCTOMepOB. no,ll, pe,ll,. r. MnHrepa H Ii. CbeTYHa. nep. C aHrn.
M.. eXHMHSlJt, 1967. 428 c.
rOt/JMaH B. BynKaHH3anHSI H BynKaHH3YIOw,He areHTbI. nep. C HeM. no,ll, pe,ll,.
11. 51. nOJUly6Horo. n., eXHMHSI», 1968. 464 c.
MamHHH H annapaTbi peaHHoBoro npoH3Bo,ll.cTBa. no,ll. pe,ll,. .lI.. M. BapcKoBa.
M., HMIfSl:t. 1975.600 c.
413

.neneT08 B. A. Pe3HHOBLIe TexHH'IeCKHe H3,11,eJlHII. H3,11,. 3.e. n., eXHMHII», 1976.
440 c.
CallTbtIC08 A. B. OCHOBLI cOBpeMeHHoH TeXHOJlOrHH aBTOM06HJlbHLlX WHH. H3,11,.
3-e nepepa6. H ,ll,on. M., eXHMHIIJt, 1974. 472 c.
6ellRe8a B. A. u iJp. TenJloIj>H3H'IeCKHe H BYJlKaHH3aHoHHLle xapaKTepHcTHKU
pe3HHoBLIX cMeceH H HX HCnOJlb30BaHHe B pac'IeTax pe)KHMOB BYJlKaHH3aHH. TeMaT. .
0630p. Cep. «npOH3BO,ll,CTBO PTH HATH». M., UHHHT3HeIj>TexHM. 1972. 81 c.
flon08 A. B. u iJp. HenpepLlBHall BYJlKaHH3aUHII ,ll,JlHHOMepHLIx pe3HHOBLIX H3-
,ll,eJlHH. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. enpOH3BO,ll,CTBO WHH, PTH H ATHJt. M., UHHHT9ReIj>Te-
XHM, 1969. 66 c.
flon08 A. B. u iJp. HenpepLlBHLle MeTO,ll,LI H3rOTOBJleHHII HeopMoBLIX npolj>HJlb-
HLiX H3,11,eJlHH. TeXROJlOrHII H peuenTypa. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. enpOH3BO,ll,CTBO PTH
HATH». M., UHHHT9HeIj>TexHM, 1972.66 c.
ralllle A. P., ropoiJHUQe8 /0. H., KaH.Zap08 r. C. H3rOTOBJleHHe MaCCHBRLlX
1j>0pMOBLIX H3,11,eJlHH. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. enpOH3BO,ll,CTBO PTH H ATHJt. M.,
UHHHT9HeTexHM, 1975. 66 c.
flon08 A. B. HenpepLlBHoe npOH3BO,ll,CTBO Helj>opMoBLIX pe3HRoTexHH'IeCKHX H3-
,ll,eJlHH. TeMaT. 0630p. Cep. enpOH3BO,ll,CTBO PTH HATH». M., UHHHT9HeIj>TexHM,
1976. 86 c.

rJIaBa 20
H3rOTOBJlEHHE PE3HHOBbiX H3)].EJlHA
JI HTbEM no)]. )].ABJlEHHEM
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B 3apaHee COMKHYTYIO IJ>OPMY qepe3 CneUHaJIbHOe JIHTHHKOBoe OTBep-
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pa3BHTHH JIHTbeBOH TeXHOJIOrHH HBHJICH MeTO,lJ. AUTbeBoeo UAU Tpnc-
cpepnoeo cpopMoeanUJl. no 9TOMY MeTO,lJ.Y pe3HHoBaH CMeCb 3aKJIa,lJ.bI-
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JIHH npOHCXO,lJ.HT B COMKHYTOH 4>opMe, QTO B 3HaQHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH
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cpOpMbI no,lJ. npeccoM pe3HHoBaH CMeCb no,lJ. ,lJ.aBJIeHHeM BblTeCHHeTCH
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PIIIC. IV.77. cfJopMa ,AIILK 'OJl}'lll'>KepH'OI'o JlRTbK (11PaHa4>epHoro 4'OPMosaHRK):
I _ CepAe1lRRK; 2 - R8DopR811 JlRTbeB811 K8Mep8; 3 - BepxRee KOJlbU.O; 4 - cpeJI.Ree KonbU.O;
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JlRTRRK.
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1 2
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pOM HJlH WHeKOM Bbl,lJ.aBJlHBaeTCH no,lJ. BblCOKHM ,lJ.aBJleHHeM qepe3 JlHT-
HHKOBoe OTBepCTHe B 3aKpblTYlO 060rpesaeMYlO IJ>OPMY, B KOTOpoA
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B JlHTHHKax, BDYCKHblX OTBepCTHHX H B olJ>opMJlHlOllleH no.nOCTH 1J>0p-
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416

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He DpeKpaTH.nOCb ee TetJeHHe.
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HHH CMeCblO «>OpMbl onpe,lJ.e.neHHblX pa3MepOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ,lJ.aB-
.neHHH .nHTbH H.nH no r.ny6HHe 3aTeKaHHH pe3HHOBOH CMeCH B IJ>OPMY
CO CDHpa.nbHblM KaHaJlOM (pHC. IV.79) B saBHCHMOCTH OT ,lJ.aBJleHHH

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BR3KOCT,blO no MYRH: '
J - 65 M5.1.4.90; 2 - 112 M5.1-4-60; 3 - 135 M5-I.4.50; 4 - 160 M5.1-4-38; 5 -12 M5.1.4.SS.
.nHTbH H npO,lJ.OJl)KHTe.nbHOCTH BnpblCKa. .l{JlH OueHKH JlHTbeBOH cno-
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npH .nHTbe pe3HHOBaH CMeCb pa30rpeBaeTCH BCJle,lJ.CTBHe Bbl,lJ.eJle-
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27-2397
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TEXHOJlOrHIIECKOE 04»OPMJlEHHE OPOUECCA
JlHTb,. 00.0. .D,ABJlEHHEM
Y Bcex JlHTbeBblX MaWHH, HeCMOTpfl Ha MHoro06pasHe HX KOH-
CTPYKUHH, MO.mHO Bbl,lJ.eJlHTb CJle,lJ.ylOlllHe OCHOB'Hbie Y3J1bl H MexaHH3-
Mbl: JIHTMBOA nHTaTeJlb, COCTOHlllHA HS HH>KeKUHOHHoro H MaTepHaJlb-
H(lrO IJ,oHJlH'Hp08; Y3eJl CMblKaHHH (npHeMHoe YC11pOHoCTBO), npe,lJ.HaS-
Ha.tJe-WHblH ,lI;J1H CoMblKalHHH <PoPMbI ,lJ.0 nOoCTyllIJleHHfI B Hee no,lJ. onpe-
,lJ.eJIeHHblM ,lJ.aIBJlE!>H'HeM pe3H'HOI8OH CMeCH H3 MaTepH8J1M10rO lJ.o'UJlHlHJJ..pa
H paCKpblTHH 1J>0PMbl nocJle BYJlKaHHSaUHH, 8 Ta'K1Ke ,lJ.JIH npe,lJ.OTBpa-
llleHHfI paCKpblTHfi 1J>0PMbl B Dpouecce JlHT&fI; npHBO,lJ. JlHTbeBoA Ma-
WHHhl H CHCTeMbl YDpaBJleHHH.
MaWHHbl ,lJ.JlH JlHTbfl no,lJ. ,lJ.aBJleHHeM MO>KHO KJIaCcHIJ>HUHpoBaTb
no 06'beMY OTJlHBKH; DO npHHUHny ,lJ.eHCTBHfI JlHT&eBOrO nHTaTeJIfi
(nJlYH>KepHble, WHeK-nJlYH>KepHble, WHeKOBble C npe,lJ.BapHTeJIbHOH
nJlaCTHKaUHeA H 6es Hee); no BH,lJ.Y DpHBO,lJ.a HH>KeKUHOHHblX H Dpec-
COBblX tJaCTeH (MexaHHtJeCKHe, rH,lJ.pOMeXaHHqeCKHe, rH,npa'BJlHtJOCKHe);
DO KomOUOBKe HH>KeKUHOHHOA H nlpeoooBoH qaCT-eH (ropHsOHTaJlb'Hble,
BepTHKaJIbHble H yr JlOBble); DO tJHCJIY npeCCOBblX Y3JlOB (O)1HO- H MHO-
rOD03HUHOHHble); no HaSHatJeHHIO (YHHBepCaJlbHhle H CneUHaJlHSHpO-
BaHHble) .
OCHOBHblMH napaMeTpaMH, onpe,lJ.eJIfllOlllHMH pa60TY JlHTbeBblX ar-
peraTOB, HBJlHIOTCH CJle,lJ.YlOlllHe:
1. MaKCHMaJlbHOe ,lJ.aBJleHHe JlHTbfl - MaKCHMaJlbHOe ,lJ.8BJIeHHe, KO-
Topoe MO>KeT 06ecnetJHTb J(aHHblH JlHTbeBoA 8rperaT npH BnpblcKe pe-
3HHOBOH CMeCH B IJ>OPMY. OT MaKCHMaJIbHOrO ,lJ.aBJleHHfI B 3HatJHTeJlb-
HOH CTeDeHH 3aBHCHT CKOpOoCTb BnphlcKa - 06'beM CMecH, npO,lJ.aBJlH-
BaeMOH B IJ>OPMY B e,lJ.HHHUY BpeMeHH.
2. 06'beM BnpblcKa - 06'beM pesHHoBoA CMeCH, BnpblcHYTblA B 1J>0p-
MY 3a UHKJI pa60TbI.
3. Oco6eH'Hoc11H pasoI'pE!l8a MaTepHana B JlHT&eBOM arperaTe nplf
ero pa60Te.
Pa60TY DpHeMHblx YCTpoAcTB oueHHBaIOT B OCHOBHOM no YCHJlHIO
CMblKaHHfI 1J>0PMbI DPH J1HTbe H BYJlKaHH3aUHH H cnoc06y 060rpeBa.
YCHJlHe CMblKaHHH 4>OpMbI saBHCHT OT ,lJ.aBJIeHHfI CMecH B 1J>0pMe
H DJlOlllaJ(H cetJeHHH H3roT'aBJlHBaeMOro HS,lJ.eJIHft B nJIOCKOCTH pa3'b-
27* 419

eMa. YtJHTbJBaH ,lJ.OnO.nHHTe.nbHOe ,lJ.aB.neHHe CMeCH BCJle,lJ.CTBHe TeMDe-
paTypHOrO paCWHpeHHH, MO)KHO ODpe,lJ.e.nHTb O>KH,lJ.aeMOe paCnOrHOe
YCHJIHe. Y CH.nHe CMblKaHHfl 1J>0PMbI ,lJ.O.n>KHO 6b1Tb 60.nbwe O>KH,lJ.aeM(lrO
paCDOpHOrO YCH.nHH, 'IT06bl npe,lJ.OTBpaTHTb 06pa30BaHHe BblDpeCCOBOK.
06.noH (BblDpeCCOBKH) SaBHCHT OT Y,lJ.E!JIbHOrO ,lJ.aB.neHHH B OpMe H
'IHCTOTbI oopa60TKH DOBepXHOCTH CTbIKa nOJlylJ>opM (pHC. IV.82).
Ha pHC. IV.83 DOKa3aHa D.nYH>KepHaH .nHTbeBaH MaWHHa. OHa CO-
CTOHT H3 .nHTbeBoro DHTaTe.nH H 1J>0PMbl (CHCTeMa ynpaBJleHHH Ha PH-
CYHKe He nOKasaHa). B KopDyce JIHTbe-
Boro nHTaTeJlH pacnOJIO>KeHa JlHTbeBaH
KaMepa C JlHTHHKOM 11. Pe3HHoBYlO
CMeCb 3arpY>KalOT B JlHTbeBYIO KaMepy
tJepes 3arpY30tJHoe oTBepcTHe 9, KOr,lJ.a
. DyaHcoH 10 OTBO,lJ.HTCH B.neBO (noKa3aHo
DYHKTHpOM) WTOKOM 7 H n.nYH)KepOM 6
rH,lJ.paBJlHtJecKoro UHJlHH,lJ.pa 5. KOPDYC
.nHTbeBoro nHTaTe.nH 8, rH,lJ.paBJIHtJecKHA
UH.nHH,lJ.p 5 no HanpaB.nHlOlllHM MorYT
6blTb OTBe,lJ.eHbl BJleBO WTOKOM C nJlYH-
)KepOM 3, pacno.nO>KeHHblM B rH,lJ.paBJlH-
tJeCKOM /1.HJIHH,lJ.pe. C nOMOw.blO rH,lJ.paB-
.nHtJecKoA: CHCTeMbI UHJlHH,lJ.pa 4 06ecne-
tJHBalOTCH He06xo,lJ.HMaH CHJla npH)K3THH
JlHTbeBOro DHTaTeJIH K JIHTbeBOH 1J>0pMe
H OTBO,lJ. ero OT 1J>0PMbI ,lJ..nH H3BJIetJeHHH
H3 Hee rOTOBoro H3,lJ.e.nHH. JIHTbeBoH
nHTaTE!JIb paCDOJlO)KeH Ha onopHOH DJIH-
Te 1.
JIHTbeBaH <l>opMa 06b1tJHo KpenHTcH
Ha DO.D.BH)KHOM CTOJle 12 (HJlH Ha Kapyce.nH). CTO.n Ko.nOHHaMH 13
COe,lJ.HHeH C BepxHeH HenO,lJ.BH)KHOH TpaBepcoH, Ha KOTOpOH YCTaHoB.neH
rH,lJ.paB.nHtJecKHA UHJlHH,lJ.p 19 C nJIYH)KepOM 18 H WTOKOM. <l>opMa
COCTOHT H3 nOJIYlJ>opM 14 H 16. BepxHHH DOJIYlJ>opMa 16 3aKpeD.neHa
Ha nO,lJ.BH>KHoA: TpaBepce 17 C HaDpaB.nHlOlllHMH (Ha tJepTe>Ke He no-
Ka33Hbl), 06eCDetJHBalOlllHMH TOtJHoe CMblKaHHe nOJlYlJ>opMbI, 3 HH>K-
HHH 14 Ha CTOJIe. npH DOAatJe rH,lJ.p3B.nH1JeCKOA >KH,lJ.KOCTH DO,lJ. ,lJ.aBJle-
HHeM B UHJIHH,lJ.P 19 06eCDe1JHBaeTCH He06xo,lJ.HMaSi CH.na CMblKaHHH DO-
JlYIJ>OPM, a npH nO,lJ.atJe rH,lJ.paBJlHtJeCKoA )KH,lJ.KOCTH no,lJ. D.nyH>Kep -
nO,lJ.'beM BepXHeA nOJlYlJ>opMbI.
PaCKpblTble 1J>0PMbl noc.ne OtJHCTKH CMaSblBalOT (nYJlbBepH3aUHeA)
H CMblKalOT ,lJ.JlH npOBe,lJ.eHHH Doc.ne,lJ.YlOll1ero UHK.na JlHTbH. 3J1eKTpO-
HarpeB DOJlYIJ>OpM H Kopnyca .nHTbeBoro arperaTa YDpaBJIHeTCft Tep-
Mopery.nHTopaMH.
nJIYH>KepHble JlHTbeBble arperaTbl 06eCDetJHBalOT OtJeHb BblCOKoe
,lJ.aB.neHHe JlHTbH (06bltJHO ,lJ.0 200 Mna), 'ITO DOSBo.nHeT npOBO,lJ.HTb
JlHTbe pesHHoBblX cMeceH, 06.na,lJ.alOlllHX BblCOKOA BH3KOCTblO (Bblwe
tOO e,lJ.HHHU DO MYHH npH 100°C), DPH BblCOKHX CKOpOCTHX BnpblcKa
(,lJ.0 100 CMs/C).
420

'"
.:;j
 10

't;j 6
 3
z 
o 0.50 1.0U 1.50 2,00
!lcu,Que CMb/lfOHUJ/ nOJ1!1ljJopM,MH
PII'C. IV.82. Matta 06J1Oft (BbI-
npeocOB<lK) DIp'lf JlHTbe B 4>OPMbI
B 3/IIBIHIClIIMo.c'J'IH .err r.!I.8IBJ/eH'HR H
Y'CHJlH!I ICMbI'Ka'H'R!I nOJlYo4>opM:
I, 2-AaBneHlle 120 Mna; 3. 4-
AaBneHHe 85 Mna; I. 2 - CTblKR DO-
ny<!lopM He 06pa60TaHbI; 3. 4 - CTbI-
KH Donyl\!opM xopowo npRTepTbi.

Pe3HHOBYIO CMeCb B .nHTbeBYIO KaMepy DO,lJ.aIOT DpOrpeTOA ,lJ.0 on-
pe,lJ.e.neHHOH (60--70°C) TeMDepaTYPW. .nH C03,lJ.aHHH ODTHMaJlbHWX
YC.nOBHH DpOueCCa JlHTbH H 06eCDetJeHHH HeOOXO,lJ.HMOrO nOBWWeHHH
TeMnepaTypbl DPH BnpblCKe He06xo,lJ.HMo DO,lJ.,lJ.ep)KHBaTb ODpe,lJ.eJIeHHbI-
MH ,lJ.aB.neHHe .nHTbH H CKOpOCTb BDpWCKa.
IZ 131415 IS 171619
a
d
Pilot. IV.83. CXeMaIllJl}.IIUKe.ptloli JI1HT&eBOA M84II8IIHbI:
a - JlH.beBoil nHTaTeJib (arperaT); 6 - DpBeMBoe yc-rpoACTBo: 1- ODopBaB MBTa JlRTbeBOJ'O
.arperaTa; 2 - KpoHwTeAH AJlI! nepeMell{eRRI! DOABR)I(ROro cTOJIa J1RTbeBOJ'O arperaTa R DpRxtRMa
MYHAwTYKa K <\IopMe; 3 - WTOK C D./IYB)I(epOM; 4 - ReDOABR)I(RbiA rIlAP8BJlRQec:KHA I{IIJIRRAP;
5 - rHApaBJIRQecKHA ItRJlRRAP AJlJI C03A8B1IJI AaBJIeRIIJI ayatlCOBa B JlBTbeBOIL KaMepe; 6 - MYR-
)Kep; 7 - WTOK; 8 - Kopnyc J1RTbeBoll KaMepbl; 9 - aarpyao'I'Boe OKHO; 10 - DyaBcOR; II - J1RTbe-
Ball KaMepa c J1RTRRKOM; 12 - DOABlI)I(HbiA CTOJI C saKpenJleRRblNR cjIopNaMD R MexaRR3MOM RX
nepe3apl!.IIKH; 13 - KOJIORRbI; 14 - RH)I(RIIII nOJly<\lopM8 (HeDOABR)I(R811); 15 - HSAeJlRe BRYTPR
<\IOPMbI; 16 - BepxRlI1I DOJly<\lopMa (DOABH)I(H8II); 11- DOABR)I(Rall TJlaaepca; 18 - nJlYH)I(ep co
WTOKOM; 19 - rRApaBJIIJ1lec:KRIl ItRJlRRAP nepesapliAItB <\IOPM.
CYll1eCTBeHHWM He.D.OCTaTKOM nJlYH>KepHYX JlHT&eBYX arperaTOB
BJIfieTCH HeY,lJ.06cTBO HX SarpY3KH, HeBOSMO>KHOCTb 06ecneQeHHJI paB"
HOMepHOro npOrpeBa CMeCH B KopDyce B pe3YJlbTaTe OTCYTCTBHfI ne-
peMeWH:BaHHH, a TalOKe OI1paHHtJeHIHOCTb (06'beMoM JlHTbeBoA Ka'Me-
pw) ,lJ.03W BnpblCKa.
JIJI 06JIerqeHHfI sarpysKH JlHTbeBOH KaMepbl nJlYH>KepHhle JIHT&-
eBble DHTaTeJIH COqeTalOT co WHeKOBWMH (pHC. IV.84) , B KOTOpblX
nO,lJ.aBaeMaH B JlHTbeBYIO KaMepy CMeCb nO,lJ.Bepr8eTCJI ,lJ.OnOJIHHTeJI&-
HOMy nepeMewHBaHHIO H paBHOMepHO HarpeBaeTCfI sa ClleT BHYTpeH"
Hero TpeHHJI H 060rpeBa OT CTeHOK KaMepbl. npH HCnOJlb30B8HHH
JIHTbeBblX nHTaTe.neA WHeKOBoro THDa (pHC. IV.85) nOflBJIfleTCfI BOS-
MO>KHOCTb 3HatJHTeJIbHO YBeJlHtJHT& ,lJ.03Y BnpYCKa pesHHOBOH CMeCH,
KpOMe Toro, sarpY3KY ee B BOpOHKY DpOBO,lJ.HTb HeDpepblBHO B BH,lJ.e
JIeHTbI. B TaKHX arperaTaX 06ecnetJHBaeTcfI nJIaCTHKaUHJI H nepeMe 4
WHBaHHe pe3HHoBoA CMeCH nepe,n BnpblCKOM, a CJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIbHO, H paB-
HOMepHYA nporpeB CMeCH. TeMnepaTYPY CMeCH MO>KHO peryJIHpOBaT&
421

060rpeBOM HJIH OXJIa>K.D.eHHeM Kopnyca. CYll1eCTBeHHblM He.D.OCTaTKOM
nHTbeBbiX arperaTOB UIHeKOBoro THna flBJIHeTCH HeBblcoKoe ,lJ.aBJIeHHe
JlHThfl (20-30 Mna), COS,lJ.aBaeMOe HMH. Ha TaKHX arperaTax BOS-
1 MO>KHa Depepa60TKa pesHHoBbIX CMe-
, ceA C MaJIoA Bfl3KOCTbIO (AO 40-50
e,lJ.HHHU no MYHH npH 100°C), npe,lJ.-
HaSHatJeHHblX ,lJ.JIfl HSrOTOBJIeHHH H3-
,lJ.eJlHH OTHOCHTeJlbHO HeCJIO>KHOA KOH-
HrypaUHH. npH Bh1COKOM conpoTHB-
.neHHH TetJeHHIO, KOTopoe Ha6JIIO,lJ.aeT-
Cfl npH tJaCTHtJHOM 3anOJlHeHHH 1J>0p-
MbI pe3HHoBoH CMeCblO, YBeJlHtJHBaIOT-
Cfl 06paTHblA nOTOK CMeCH DO BHTKaM
WHeKa H onaCHOCTb ee nO.D.BYJlKaHH-
saUHH. .lI.JIft DOBblweHHH ,lJ.aBJIeHHSI
JlHTbfl 11 YMeHbweHHSI 06paTHoro no-
TOKa CMeCH npHMeHfllOT WHeKOBble
JIHTbeBble nHTaTeJlH C 3y6tJaTblMH
weCTepHflMR, HaXO,lJ.fllllHMHCH B 3a-
uenJIeHHH co WHeKOM (pHC. IV.86). B
arperaTax TaKoro THna ,lJ.aBJIeHHe
JlHTbfl MO>KeT ,lJ.OCTHraTb 150 Mna.
BCJle,lJ.CTBHe CJlO>KHOCTH KOHCTPYKUHH H BOSMO>KHOCTH DO,lJ.BYJIKaHH3a-
UHH CMeCH npHMeHeHHe JlHTbeBblX MaWHH WHeKOBoro THDa B npoH3-
J
PBiC. IV.M. OxeM8 D)KepHiIf'O
Jl'llTbe8'OrO 8II1per8T8 co W'Betco-
.bIIl( BHT8TeJleM:
I - nRTbeaoA D.HnRRAP; 2 - lUIyR-
mep; 3 - cRJloaoA D.HnRRAp; ., - WRe-
KOBWA nRT8Tenb.
.
f'
PRC. IV.85. OXeMa \IIwrbeBOtro arp«8'1'8 UDIIeKOBoro TIIIIla:
I - Kopnyc; 2 - WBeK; 3 - K8TYWK8 C neRToA pe3HRoBoA CMecR; ., - peAyJCTOp; 5 - ABRrneJl1l.
#':
BO,lJ.CTBe peSHHOBblX H3,lJ.e.nHA MeTO.ll.OM JIHTbH nO,lJ. ,lJ.aBJIeHHeM orpa-
HHQeHO.
.nOCTOHHCTBaMH WHeKOBbiX H nJlYH>KepHhlX JlHTbeBblX DHTaTeJleA
06JIa.D.a1OT WHeK-nJIYH>KepHble JlHTbeBble nHTaTeJlH. llIHeK nJIYH>Kep-
422

RblH .nHTbeBOH DHTaTeJlb (pRC. IV.87) COCTOHT H3 BpalllalOlllerOCH
WHeKa 5, pacno.nO>KeHHorO B Kopnyce JIHTbeBOro URJlHH,lJ.pa 1, cHa6-
)KeHHOrO KaHaJIaMH 3 H 8 ,lJ.JISI TepMocTaTRpYlOllleA >KH,lJ.KOCTH, 3JIeKT-
pO,lJ.BRraTeJlH 10, pe,lJ.YKTopa 9 H CHJIOBOrO rH,lJ.paBJIHtJecKoro UHJIHH,lJ.-
pa 11, KOTOpblH 06ecnetJRBaeT oceBoe nepeMellleHHe WHeKa B Kopny-
ce JlRTbeBOro UH.nRH,lJ.pa. PesHHoBaSi CMeCb B BR,lJ.e JleHTbI C KaTYwKH
7 DO,lJ.aeTCH B sarpys01JHYIO BOpOHKy 6, r.D.e saXBaTblBaeTCSI BHTKaMH
WHeKa R nepeMelllaeTcSI B CTOPOHY saDopHoro KJ1anaHa 15 B nepe,lJ.-
HIOIO tJaCTb .nHTbeBoro UHJIHH,lJ.pa. npeO,lJ.OJleBaSi conpOTHBJIeHHe Ma-
naHa, pe3HHOBaSi CMeCb nop' ODpe,lJ.e.neHHblM ,lJ.aB.neHHeM, 06yc.noB.neH-
s '"
PHoto IV.86. C.XeMa JI'HTbeB'OII'O arpeT3Ta Ul'HeJroBOCO Tllllla C 38J110pHIA£H WeCTepllJUOI:
I - rOJlOBKa ./IRTbeBoro arperaTa; 2 - sanopRali wecTepRII; 3 - KaTYWKa C ./IeRTOIL pesRRoaoll
cMecR; 4 - WHn; 5 - KOpnyC.
HblM DpOTHBO,lJ.aBJleHHeM B CHJlOBOM rH.D.pOUHJIHH,lJ.pe H BXO.D.OBblM CO-
npOTHB.neHHeM JlHTHHKOBOro YCTpoAcTBa (conJIa) 2, HaKanJIHBaeTCSI B
Depe,lJ.HeH tJaCTR JlHTbeBoro UHJlHH,lJ.pa. npH 3TOM WHeK, no Mepe Ha..
KOnJleHHSI CMeCH B nepe,lJ.HeA 1JaCTH JIHTbeBOro UHJlHH,lJ.pa, .D.BH>KeTCSI B
oceBOM HanpaBJIeHHH, nepeMell1aSl WTOK 14 c nopwHeM 12. nOMe
HaKODJleHRSI B Depe,lJ.HeA tJaCTH JIHTbeBOro UHJIHHApa HeO<SXO,lJ.HMOH
nopUHR peSRHOBoR CMeCH Bpall1eHHe WHeKa npeKpall1aeTCSI. ,U.JISI
BnpblCKa peSHHOBoA CMeCH B JIHT&eBYJO OPMY, B rH,lJ.paBJIHtJeCKOM
CH.nOBOM UHJIHH,lJ.pe, C03,lJ.aeTCSI .D.aBJIeHHe, DO.Zl .D.eACTBHeM KOTOporo
WHeK, pa60TaSi KaK nJIYHmep, nepeMell1aSlCb B JIHTbeBOM UHJIHH.D.pe,
npO,lJ.aBJIHBaeT CMeCb tJepe3 JlHTHHKOBbie KaHaJIbl B DOJIDCTb JIHT&e..
BOH 1J>0PMbl. 3aDopHblH K.naDaH 15 (CM. pHC. IV.87) npenSlTcTByeT 06..
paTHoMY ,lI,BH)KeHRIO CMeCR no BHTKaM WoHeKa. 3Tanbl 3anOJlHeHHSI
OpMbI pe3HHoBoH CMeCblO C nOMOlllblO JlHTbeBOro nHTaTeJlH WHeK-
nJlyH)KepHOrO THDa DOKa3aHbl Ha pHC. IV.88.
B JlHTbeBbiX arperaTax WHeK-nJIYHmepHoro THna pesHHoBaSi
CMeCb DO,lJ.BepraeTcSI HHTeHcHBHoMY nepeMewHBaHHIO H HarpeBY sa
ctJeT TeDJIa CTeHOK UHJIHH,lJ.pa H BHYTpeHHero TpeHHSI. B WHeK-nJIYH"
>KepHbIX JlHTbeBblX nRTaTeJlSlX C03,lJ.aeTCSI BblCOKoe .D.aBJIeHHe JIHTbB
(,lJ.0 200 Mna). ,U.JISI paBHoMepHoro pasorpeBa CMecH H ee roMoreHH.
423

10


I.:


1*


PHC. IV.87. OxeMa JlHTbeBOro ao(\per81'a 1ll'HeK-GlJI)'IH>KeptllOl"O 1'IIiI1a:
/ - conno; 2 - nllTbeBOA D.HnRRAp; 3. 8 - KaRanw .0..1111 TepMOCTaTHPYlOlD.el :lKIIJI,IItOCTB; ., - KO)KYX; 5 - WBellt; 6 - sarpysOQBali BOpoRKa; 7-
KaTywKa c neBToA pesBHoBOA CMeCR; 9 7"" peAyitTOp; 10 - npHBoA; /1 - cHnOBoA D.BJlRHAp; /2 - nopweHb; /3 - YDOPHWA nOAWBDBIUC; /4 - WTOK;
16 - sanopawt JUlIll'".




aUHH peKOMeH,lJ.yeTcH npHMeHHTb tJepBBKH. (WHeKH) C nepeMeHHOR
"Jly6HHoH Hape3KH (CTeDeHb C>KaTHH tJepBHKa 1,1-1,5) H OTHoweHH-
M ,lJ.JIHHbl tJepBHKa K ero ,lJ.HaMeTpy 8-10. nHTbeBbie MaWHHbI WHeK-
:IJIYH>KepHorO THDa BblnycKalOT C paSJlHtJHblMH 06'beMoM OTJlHBKH H
:r.aBJIeHHeM .nHTbH, ,lJ.HaMeTpoM H tJaCTOToA Bpall1eHHB tJepBBKa. npH
fcno.nbSOBaHHH TaKHX MaWHH CTaHOBHTCH BOSMO>KHblM HsroTaBJIHBaTb
f::!HE!JIHfI JlI06blX pa3MepoB.
.. 'I
B 9 f

B S '
R
HC. IV.88. 3Tanbl 3anOJlHeHH!I 4>Opllbl pe3HHoBoA CMeCblO C nOMOlUblO JlHTbeBoro
lrperaT.a WHeK-fiJlYH1KepHoro Tlma:
 - BnplIICK (WReK ABR:lKeTCIi nOCTYn8TMbIIO): 6 - BY./lKaRR8allRII R8AeJlRII R Ra60p A08b1 (WReK
'Jpaw.aeTCII); 8 - R3BJJeqeJI8e H8Ae./lRII 88 I\!OPMbI: J -!\!OPMa: :/ - ./IRTbeaoll n8TBTeJlb (npB:lK8T K
DopMe); 3 - WReK; 4 - 8arpY30QRali 8OpoRKa: 5 - peaBBoBBII CMeCb: 6 - cBY./lKaRR80BaRROe R8-
e./lHe
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JIeneTo8 B. A. Pe3HHoBhle TeXHH'IeCKHe H3.l1.e.nHII. M3.n, 3-e, n., «XHMHII:', 1976.
440 c.
I118ap14 A. H. AH8Jl1I8 DpOU.ecc8 JlUTbeBOrO 4IOpMOB8HHII H Bhl60p OnTHM8J1hHbIX
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XHM, 1975. 98 c.
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MOBbiX H3.ne.nHH. TeM8T. 0630p. Cep. enp083BO.ll.CTBO pm H ATM». M., lJ,HMMT3-
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A TM». M., U.HMMT3He4!TeXHM, 1976. 85 c.
MOp0308 10. JI. u iJp. eXHMHII H TeXHOJlOrHII >KHD,KOro 4IOpMOB8HHII 06}'BH».
TeM8T. 0630p. Cep. enpOH3BO.ll.CTBO PTM H ATM». M., lJ,HMUT3He4!TexHM, 1975.
95 c.

rJlaBa 21
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431

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BHe TOKCHtJHOCTH H MaJIOH cTa6HJIbHocTH OH He HaWeJI WHpOKoro
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JlHtJHblX COOTHoweHHHX H KeTOHbI (aueToH, MeTHJI9THJlKeTOH H .D.p.).
XHMHllecKaH CTOHKOCTb. Ba>KHO, tJT06b1 paCTBOpHTeJIb B npouecce
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28-2397 433

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TetJeHHH ODpe,lJ.eJleHHOrO KOJIHtJeCTBa HcnblTblBaeMoro KJleH tJepe3 Ka-
JlH6poBaHHoe OTBepCTHe (06b1tJHO ,lJ.HaMeTpoM 5,4 HJlH 4 MM) H3 CDe-
UHaJIbHOH BOpOHKH (06b1tJHo eMKOCTblO 100 CM 3 ). BH3KOCTb KJIeH
Bblpa>KalOT B e,lJ.HHHuax BpeMeHH (c HJIH MHH). PacDpocTpaHeHHblM
cDoc060M HBJIHeTCH oueHKa BH3KOCTH DO BpeMeHH npOXOJK,lJ.eHHH DPH
CB060,lJ.HOM Da,lJ.eHHH wapHKa ODpe,lJ.eJleHHblX MaCCbI H pa3Mepa tJepe3
CJlOH KJIeH CTporo ODpe,lJ.eJleHHOH TOJIIl1HHbI.
no npOtJHOCTH CBH3H Me>K,lJ.Y CKJleeHHblMH MaTepHaJIaMH CY,lJ.HT 0
KJleHll1eA cDoc06HOCTH KJIeeB, T. e. 0 a,lJ.re3HOHHblX H Kore3HOHHblX
CBoHcTBax KJleeBoA DJIeHKH. 06b1tJHo KJleHw.ylO cDoc06HOCTb oueHH-
BalOT no CODpOTHBJIeHHIO paCCJIaHBaHHIO ,lJ.BYX nOJIOCOK CKJleHBaeMblX
MaTepHaJIOB (HaDpHMep, TKaHH) pa3MepoM 240X50 MM HJlH 100X
X25 MM, Ha KOTopble HaHOCHT onpe,lJ.eJIeHHOe KOJIHtJeCTBO KJleR, a 3a-
TeM DPocywHBalOT H ,lJ.y6J1HPYIOT npH 3a,lJ.aHHOM ,lJ.aBJIeHHH. .uy6J1Hpo-
BaHHble 06pa3ubl B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH.D.a H Ha3HaQeHHH KJIeH BbI,lJ.ep-
JKHBalOT He06xo,lJ.HMoe BpMH npH TeMDepaType 18-23°C HJIH DO,lJ.-
28.
435

BepralOT BYJIKaHH3aUHH. .LJ.y6J1HpoBaHHble 06pa3UbI paCCJIaHBalOT Ha
pa3pblBHoA MaWHHe co CKOpOCTblO 200:t20 MM/MHH H OOpe.D.eJIHIOT
MHHHMaJIbHOe SHatJeHHe OpOtJHOCTH CBH3H .D.BYX CKJIeeHHHX OOJIOCOK,
KOTopoe 06bIqHO Bblpa>KalOT B H/CM HJIH B H Ha WHPHHY OOJIOCKH.
T8KHM 06pa30M MO>KeT 6HTb onpe,lJ.eJleHa OPOQHOCTb CKJleHBaHHH
Me>K,lJ.Y CJIOHMH TKaHH, peSHHbI, npope3HHeHHblX TKaHeR HJIH pe3HHbI
C .D.pyrHMH MaTepHaJIaMH.
H3rOTOBJlEHHE PE3HHOBbiX KJlEEB
KJIeH rOTOBHT Ha OCHOBe qHCTblX KaYtJYKOB HJIH pe3HHOBoA CMeCH.
.LJ.JIH H3rOTOBJIeHHH HeHaOOJIHeHHblX KJleeB opHMeHHIOT HaTypaJIbHble
KaYtJYKH BblCWHX COpTOB (CMOKe.D.-WHTC, CBeTJIblH Kpen) HJIH XJIOpO-
npeHOBble KaYQYKH, KOTopble 6JIarO,lJ.apH CDoc06HOCTH K KpHCTaJIJIH-
3aUHH 06pa3YIOT DPOQHYIO KJIeeBYIO OJIeHKy.
)].JlH DOJIYtJeHHH KJlee
 Ha OCHOBe HeKpHCTaJIJIH3YIOIl1HXCH CHHTe-
TlftJeCKHX KaYtJYKOB opHMeHHIOT HaDOJIHeHHble pe3HHOBble CMeCH.
B cpe,lJ.e paCTBOpHTeJIH KaYQYKH H pe3HHOBble CMeCH BHaqaJIe Ha-
6yxalOT H TOJIbKO 3aTeM oepeXO.D.HT B paCTBOp, npHtJeM CKOpOCTb pac-
TBopeHHH DOJIHMepa TeM 60JIbwe, qeM MeHbwe ero MOJIeKyJIHpHaH
Macca. .LJ.JIH YCKopeHHH opOIteCca paCTBopeHHH H YMeHbweHHH BH3-
KOCTH KJleH BblCOKOMOJIeKYJIHpHHe KayqYKH (H8TypaJIbHHR, XJIoponpe-
HOBblA) OJIaCTHUHpYIOT. TIpH OJIaCTHKaUHH YMeHbmaeTCH MOJIeKyJIHp-
HaH Macca KaYQYKa, pa3pywaeTCH pHXJIaH opOCTpaHCTBeHHaH CeTKa,
06pa30BaHHaH DPH B3aHMO.D.eAcTBHH 4>YHKllHOHaJIbHHX rpyoo MOJle-
KYJI DOJIHMepa HaTypaJIbHOrO KaYQYKa C OpHpO.D.HHM 6eJ1KOM, OpH-
CYTCTBYIOIl1HM B HeM, HJIH B pe3YJIbTaTe OKHCJlHTeJlbHIiX npOIteCCOB,
tJTO 003BOJIHeT OOJIYtJHTb KJleA C BblCOKOA KOHueHTpaUHeH OpH HHS-
KoR BH3KOCTH. XOTH OpH HCDOJIb30BaHHH TaKHX KJleeB paCXO.D. pac-
TBOpHTeJlH 3HaqHTeJIbHO CHH>KaeTCH, OpOtJHOCTb KJleeBoA nJIeHKH
YXY.D.WaeTCH.
BH3KOCTb KJleH MO>KHO HeCKOJIbKO YMeHbWHTb, .D.06aBHB B Hero He-
60JIbwoe KOJIHtJeCTBO aCCOUHHpOBaHHblX >KH.D.KOCTeA (cnHpTOB, KeTO-
HOB), O,lJ.HaKO DPH 9TOM CHH>KaeTCH cTa6HJIbHoCTb KJleH.
Bo BpeMH xpaHeHHH KJleeB B03MO>KHO BblDa,lJ.eHHe H3 paCTBopa
KPYDHblX KpHCTa.JIJIOB cepbl. npH HCDOJlb30BaHHH TaKHX KJleeB, OCO-
6eHHo B DpOHSBO,lJ.CTBe Dpope3HHeHHblX TKaHeA, DpOHCXO,lJ.HT HepaB-
HOMepHaH BYJIKaHH3aUHH H3,lJ.eJlHA, 06YCJIOBJIHBalOw.aH HX YCKopeH-
Hoe CTa peHHe H nOBblweHHYIO ra300pOHHuaeMOCTb.
KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH cepbl B KJIeHX 3aBHCHT OT ee paCTBopHMOCTH B
KaYtJYKe H paCTBOpHTeJIe. C DOBblweHHeM TeMoepaTypH paCTBopH-
MOCTb cepbl B KaYtJYKe H 6eH3HHe YBeJIHtJHBaeTCH. HH>Ke OpHBe,lJ.eH8
paCTBopHMOCTb cepw B 6eH3HHe Bp-l OpH pa3JIHtJHblX TeMnepaTypax
TeMnepaTypa, °c . . . 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
PacTBopHMOCTb B 6eH3J1He.-%
MOJlOTOA cepbl . . 0,11 0,60 1,00 1,45 1,55 1,70 2,15
cepHoro UBeTa . . 0,09 0,40 0,85 1,20 1,35 1,60 2,00
PaCTBopHMOCTb cepbl B cepoyrJIepO.D.e COCTaBJIHeT 31,5% npH
22°C, B tJeTblpeXXJIOpHCTOM yrJIepo,lJ.e 1,87% npH 20°C H B 6eH30JIe
436




1,58% DPH 15°C. npH 20°C pacT80pHMOCTb cepbl B KaYtJYKe paBHw
1 %, a B 6eH3HHe (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH,lJ.a cepbl) 0,4-0,6%; C YBe-
JIHtJeHHeM TeMDepaTypbl OHa pe3KO B03paCTaeT. n09TOMY B opouecce-
H3rOTOBJIeHHH pe3HHOBOH CMeCH, a 3aTeM KJIeH (DpH TeMDepaType,
6JIH3KOH K 50-55°C) BCH cepa 06b1tJHO oepexO,lJ.HT B pacTBop, a 80>
BpeMH xpaHeHHH DPH Me,lJ.JIeHHOM OXJIa>K,lJ.eHHH KJIeH (DpH TeMoepaTY-
pe, 6JIH3KOH K 20-25°C) BbI,lJ.eJIHeTCH H3 Hero B BH,lJ.e ,lJ.OBOJlbHO
KpYDHblX KpHCTaJIJIOB. .
ECJIH CMeweHHe H DpHrOTOBJIeHHe KJleH DpOBO,lJ.HTb OpH TeMoepa-
Type 20-25°C, TO MO>KHO 3aMe,lJ.JIHTb paCTBopeHHe cepbl, a CJIe,lJ.OBa-
TeJlbHO, H 06paTHYIO ee KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHIO H3 KJIeH. O,lJ.HaKO DpOBe,lJ.e-
HHe Dpouecca B TaKOM TeMDepaTypHOM pe>KHMe CBH3aHO co 3HatJH-.
TeJIbHblMH TPY,lJ.HOCTHMH.
.LJ.JIH Dpe,lJ.YDpe>K,lJ.eHHH BblDa,lJ.eHHH cepbl B KJIeA peKOMeH,lJ.yeTCH!
BBO,lJ.HTb DOBepXHOCTHo-aKTHBHble Bew.eCTBa (CTeapHHOBYIO HJIH OJIeH-'
HOBYIO KHCJIOTbI). 3TH Bew.ecTBa 3a,lJ.ep>KHBaIOT 06pa30BaHHe Kpyn-
HblX KpHCTaJIJIOB cepbl, HO DOJIHOCTblO ero He YCTpaHHIOT, npHtJeM OHB'
aKTHBHbI TOJIbKO npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH KJIeeB DPH TeMoepaTypax Bblwe
70°C.
Pe3HHOBble CMeCH ,lJ.JIH HSrOTOBJIeHHH KJleeB He ,lJ.OJI>KHbI CO,lJ.ep>KaTb.
BblCOKoaKTHBHblX HaDOJIHHTeJIeA, COOC06CTBYIOW.HX 06pa30BaHHIO He-
pacTBopHMoro KaYtJYKoBoro reJIH, TaK KaK B 9TOM cJIYtJae 3aMeAJIHeT-
CH pacTBopeHHe cMecH, a TaK>Ke CHH)KaeTCH cTa6HJIbHocTb KJIeH OpH,
xpaHeHHH.
050PY.ll.OBAHHE .lI.JHI H3rOTOBJlEHHjI KJlEEB
KJIeH rOTOBHT B KJleeMeWaJlKaX pa3JIHtJHoro THDa. rYCTble KJIeH
(Ma3H) rOTOBHT DpeHMyw.ecTBeHHo B KJIeeMeWaJIKaX C ODPOKH,lJ.blBalO-
W.HMCH KOPDYCOM (KOpblTOM). KaYtJYK HJIH pe3HHoBYIO CMeCb C-
pacTBOpHTeJleM CMeWHBalOT B KJIeeMeWaJIKaX (eMKocTblO 10-800 JI).
.>  
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P.HoC. IV.94. B'H.lI. Z-0'6Pa.9HbI?, (a) H 'P0ropoHblX (6) Jloo3oCTeA.
C ,lJ.BYMH ropH30HTaJIbHblMH Z-06pa3HblMH HJIH pOTOpHblMH JlOnaCTHMIf.'
(pHC. IV.94); tJaCTOTa Bpaw.eHHH JIODaCTeA HeO,lJ.HHaKOBa. npH BbI-
rpYSKe KJIeH KOpblTO HaKJIOHHIOT Ha 90-110 0 CDeUHaJIbHblMH DO,lJ.'b-
eMHblMH (ODYCKHblMH) MexaHH3MaMH (MHorOXO,lJ.OBblM BIfHTOM, uen-
HOH JIe6e,lJ.KoA H ,lJ.p.). npH TaKOH KOHCTPYKUHH DpHBO,lJ.a JlonacTeA
,lJ.ODYCKaeTCH HX Bpaw.eHHe H B HaKJIOHHOM DOJIO>KeHHH Kopoyca, tJTO
06JIertJaeT BblrpY3KY rYCToro KJleH. Ha pHC. IV.95 OOKa3aHO YCTpoA-
CTBO rOpH30HTaJIbHOH JIODCTHOA KJIeeMeWaJIKH.
431"

)l(H,lJ.KHe KJIeH C HHSKOR BH3KOCTblO H3rOTOBJlHIOT opeHMywecTBeH-
HO B KJIeeMeWaJIKaX co CTaUHOHapHblM KOpnYCOM (pHC. IV.96) eM-
KOCTblO 125-2000 n; npHtJeM pa60tJaH eMKOCTb COCTaBJlHeT 60-70%
()T 06weH eMKOCTH anDapua. rOpH30HTaJIbHO pacnOJIO)KeHHble JlO-
DaCTH UHJIHH,lJ.pHtJecKoH 1!>0pMbI C ,lJ.BYMH HnH TpeMH He60JlbwHMH
KpblJlbHMH HMelOT O,lJ.HHaKoBYIO tJacToTY Bpaw.eHHH (25-40 06/MHH).
PHC. IV.95. .r.op.HGOHT8J1b1l8H JI'OIII8crJ18H iKJIeeMe.w8J11K8:
1 - cTaHHHa; 2 - WKHB; 3 - nonacTH; 4 - OnpOKHJl.blBalOw;eecli KOpblTO; 5 - KpblwKa; 6 - npo.
THBOBec; 7 - sy6'IBTali nepeJl.8'la; 8 - QepBIIQH811 nepeJl.a'IB.
PHC. IV.96. KJleeMeI1I8IIIK8 co CT8Q,HCOf8lplllbiM JropnycoM AJiH oJ1:pHrOTOOIJleH'HH >K1I!,IU(HX
ICJleeB:
/ - CTaHBHa; 2 - Kopnyc lUIeeMewanKB C Jl.BYMII nonaCTIIMH; 3 - 6eHsonpoBoJl.; 4 - sarpY30QHOe
OKHO; 5 - npHBOJI. BepxHeA MewanKB; 6 - BepxHlI1I nonaCTb nponennepHoro THna; 7 - npHBOJl. no.
nacTeA; 8 - ropH30HTanbHble nonaCTH pOTopHoro THna; 9 - HHJKHHA KnanaH; /0 - pasrpY30QHblA
nIOK.
JlJlH" YJlYtJWeHHH CMeWeHHH H UHPKYJIHU\iH paCTBOpHTeJIH, HMelOwerO
HH3KYIO DJIOTHOCTb H paCnOJIaralOwerOCH B BepXHeA 30He Kopnyca,
KneeMeWaJlKa cHa6>KeHa TpeTbeH nODaCTblO npODennepHOrO THDa,
YCTaHOBJleHHOA Ha BepTHKaJlbHOM BaJlY; JlODaCTb Bpaw.aeTCH C tJaCTO-
'ToA 100-140 06/MHH, CDeUHaJlbHblA MexaHH3M n03BOJIHeT H3MeHHTb
DOJIO>KeHHe nonaCTH no BblCOTe.
KneA BblrpY>KalOT H3 anDapaTa tJepe3 HH>KHHA KJlaDaH, B cnYtJae
3ae,lJ.aHHH KJIaDaHa ero MO>KHO BblrpY3HTb tJepe3 pe3epBHblA pa3rpy-
30tJHblA JIIOK.
KneH Cpe,lJ.HeH KOHueHTpaUHH rOTOBHT pa3Be,lJ.eHHeM rycTblx KJIeeB
B BepTHKanbHblx UHJlHH,lJ.pHtJecKHx KJleeMeWaJlKaX C BHHTo06pa3HblMIf
.JIODaCTHMH (pHC. IV.97) eMKOCTblO 50-500 n. KneeMewaJlKa COCTO-
HT H3 UHJIHH,lJ.pHtJecKoro KopDyca, B KOTOpblH oDyweHbI TPH BHHTo06-
pa3Hble JlOnaCTH, npHBo,lJ.HMble BO Bpaw.eHHe OT peBepcHBHoro DPH-
438

BO,lJ.a. rOTOBblA KJleA BblrpY>KalOT Qepe3 KJlanaH, paCDOJIO>KeHHblA B
HU>KHeA qaCTH Kopoyca. Bpall1alOw.HeCH BHHTo06pasHble JIOnaCTH CO-
S,lJ.aIOT HHTeHCHBHYIO UHPKYJlHUHIO MaCCbI KJleH, tJTO cooc06cTByeT
YCKOpeHHIO DpOueCCa CMeWeHHH. .
KJIeeMewaJIKH TaKOrO THna HHor.D.a HCnOJIb3YIOT B KatJeCTBe npo-
Me>KYTOQHblX eMKOCTeA ,lJ.JIH xpaHeHHH KJIeH. KJIeeMemaJIKH eMKOCTbJO
50-100 JI MorYT 6b1Tb Oepe,lJ.BH>KHblMH (HX YCTaHaBJIHBalOT Ha cne-
UUaJlbHOH nO,lJ.BH>KHOA nJIaT4>opMe).
a
6'
5
7
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PHoC. IV.97. BepToHIK8JlhlHaH U:llJiJHlJll.lldJefCKaH .K.IIeerMewaJIKa C B'llMro()o()pa3HYMH Ulona-
CTSI'MH:
/ - Kopnyc; 2 - KpblwKa; 3 - npHBoA; 4 - 3arpyaO'lH811 BopOHKa; 5 - nonaCTH; 6 - BepTHK8nb.
HblA B8.; 7 - CBII3H 1KeCTKOCTH; 8 - wTyep Anll BblrpY3KH.
npH nOJIYtJeHHH KJIeH C opHMeHeHHeM JIerKOBOCnJIaMeHHlOlllHXCH
paCTBOpHTeJIeA CJIe.D.yeT C06JIIO,lJ.aTb DpaBHJla oxpaHhl TpY.D.a H npOTH-
BOOO>KapHOA 6esonaCHOCTH.
Pe3HHOBble CMeCH nepe.D. 3arpYKoA B KJIeeMeWaJlKY He06xo,lJ.HMO
06pa60TaTb Ha BaJIbuaX H sarpY3HTb B aDDapaT B BH,lJ.e TOHKHX JIHCTOB.
L(aJlee SanOJlHHTb KJIeeMeWaJIKY Ha I/S paCTBOpHTeJleM H no Mepe Ha-
6yxaHHH CMeCH B ,lJ.Ba-TpH npHeMa HJIH HeDpepblBHO npH nepeMewHBa-
HHH ,lJ.06aBHTb OCTaJIbHOA pacTBOpHTeJlb.
npO,lJ.OJl>KHTeJIbHOCTb H3rOTOBJIeHHH KJIeH (3-6 tJ) saBHCHT OT
DJIaCTHtJHOCTH H COCTaBa pe3HHoBoA CMeCH, a TaIOKe OT eMKOCTH KJIe-
eMeWaJlKH. Ee MO>KHO 3HatJHTeJlbHO cOKpaTHTb, eCJIH OCTaBHTb KayqYK
npe,lJ.BapHTeJIbHO Ha6yxaTb B pacTBOpHTeJIe B TeQeHHe 12-24 tJ. npH
3TOM XOTH H YCJIO>KHHeTCH Dpouecc nOJIyqeHHH KJleH, O.D.HaKO nOHB-
JIHeTCH B03MO>KHOCTb YMeHbwHTb TeMnepaTYPY B KJleeMeWaJIKe. He-
KOTopble HHrpe,lJ.HeHTbI pe3HHoBblX cMeceA (YJIbTpaycKopHTeJlH H yc-
KOpHTeJIH BblCOKOA aKTHBHoCTH) BBO,lJ.HT B KJleA B npouecce ero npH-
rOTOBJIeHHH HeDOCpe,lJ.CTBeHHo B KJleeMeWaJIKY. CYlllecTBeHHo YCKO-
pHTb npHrOTOBJIeHHe KJleH CTaHOBHTCH B03MO)KHblM OpH HCnOJIb30BaHHH
nopowKo06pasHblx pe3HHoBblX CMeceH H MeWaJIOK Typ6uHHoro THna.
43

BH.o.bI KJlEEB
npH pa3pa60TKe COCTaBa KJleeB YtJHTblBalOT HX Ha3Ha1JeHHe. KJIeH,
l1pHMeHHeMble ,lJ.JlH HaHeCeHHH DOKpblTHH Ha TKaHH, rOTOBHT Ha OCHO-
Be pe3HHOBblX CMeceH, COCT3B KOTOpblX on p e,lJ.eJl 51 lOT, HCXO,lJ.H H3 Tpe-
,60BaHHA, Dpe,lJ.'bHBJIHeMblX K pe3HHOBOMY DOKPblTHIO. TaKHe KJleH CO-
,lJ.ep)KaT, K3K npaBHJlO, 60JIbwoe KOJlH1JeCTBO M3J10aKTHBHblX HaDOJlHH-
TeJleA (MeJl, TaJlbK, TeXHHtJeCKHA yrJlepo,lJ. MapOK Tf-lO, nM-l5 C He-
BblCOKOH Y,lJ.eJlbHOH DOBepXHOCTblO); HX rOTOBHT Ha OCHOBe KaytJYKOB,
.06J1a,lJ.alOw.HX BblCOKOA CToAKOCTblO K TeDJlOBOMY H CBeT0030HHOMY
CT3peHHIO (DOJI'HH300YTHJleHa, OYTHJIKaY1JYK3, XJloponpeHOBblX, CRJI-
oroC3HOI8blX H JJ.lPyrux K3Y1JYKOB). .llJlH DOJlYtJe-HHH M3cJIo6eH'3OCToHKHX
110KpblTHH DpHMeHHIOT KJleH Ha OCHOBe 6YTa,lJ.HeH-HHTpHJlbHblX KaYtJy-
ROB H THOKOJlOB, CO,lJ.ep>Kaw.HX 60J1bwoe KOJlHtJeCTBO npOTHBOCTapHTe-
.JIeH.
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JIJ,HM ,lJ.y6J1HpOBaHHeM TKaHeBblX CJlOeB, rOTOBHT H3 HaTypanbHoro Kay-
'1JYKa; OHH He CO,lJ.ep>KaT B CBoeM COCTaBe HanOJlHHTeJIeH, ,lJ.JlHTenbHoe
BpeMH coxpaHHIOT KJIeAKOCTb H 06eCDe1JHBaIOT BblCOKYIO npOtJHOCTb
CBH3H ,lJ.y6J1HpyeMblx MaTepHaJIOB (6e3 BYJlKaHHsaUHH).
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.Mep, xHpyprHtJeCKHX neptJaTOK) HCDonb3YlOT MeH Ha OCHOBe HaTY-
paJlbHOrO KaYtJYKa, CO,lJ.ep>Kaw.He He60Jlbwoe KOnHqeCTBO MaJlOaKTHB-
HblX HanOJlHHTeJleH H KpaCHTeJleA. OHH CO,lJ.ep)KaT 06b1tJHo BynKaHH-
3YlOlllHe areHTbI H YCKopHTenH BblCOKOA aKTHBHOCTH. 113,lJ.eJIHH, Dony-
'qaeMble H3 TaKHX KJleeB BblCYWHBaHHeM KneeBoA DJIeHKl:f Ha 4>opMe,
nocJle BYJlKaHH3aUHH B B03,lJ.YWHoA cpe,lJ.e 06na,lJ.alOT BblCOKHMH DPOtJ-
JlOCTHblMH CBOHCTBaMH.
KOH4>eKuHoHHble MeH, DpHMeHHeMble DPH c60pKe pe3HHOBblX
H3,lJ.eJlHA H3 HeBYJlKaHH30BaHHblX 3arOTOBOK (HanpHMep, KJleeHblX ra-
JlOW, pYKaBOB H ,lJ.pyrHX), rOTOBHT H3 M3J10HaDOJlHeHHblX pe3HHOBblX
eMeceA Ha OCHOBe HaTypaJIbHOrO KayqYKa H nOJlHXnOpOnpeHa, KneH
Jf3 HaTypanbHoro KaytJYKa nPHMeHHIOT npH c60pKe H3,lJ.eJlHA H3 HeDO-
JlHpHblX HeHaCblllleHHblX KaY1JYKOB, 3 KJleH H3 XJlOpODpeHOBoro Kay-
tJYKa - npH c60pKe H3,lJ.eJlHA H3 DOJlHpHbIX KaYtJYKOB (oYT3,lJ.HeH-HHT-
pHJlbHblX H XJlOpODpeHoBblx).
01JeHb 60JlbWHM pa3Hooopa3HeM COCTaBOB OTJlH1JaIOTCH KJleH,
:npHMeHHeMble ,lJ.JlH CKJleHBaHHH BYJlKaHH30BaHHblX pe3HH H ,lJ.nH Kpen-
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TO npOtJHOCTb KJleeBOrO Coe,lJ.HHeHHH YMeHbwaeTCH. TepMOCTOHKOCTb
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BOIoq1Cua C. C. Kypc KonnOHAHOR XHMRH. H3./t. 2-e, nepepa6. B Aon. M., eXR-
MHH», 1975. 512 c.
CnpaBOQHHK "'pe3HHUlHKa. M., eXHMRH», 1971. 608 c.
Kapaauw8 j/.. A. CHHTeTlf1IecKHe MeR. H3./t. 3-e, nepepa6. H Aon. M., eXHMHH»,
1976. 503 c.
KneH AnH KpenneHRH pe3HH. CnpaBOQHHK. M., UHHHT3HTexHM, 1969. 82 c.
MawHHbI H annapaTbi pe3HHOBOro npORSBOACTBa. nOA peA. .n. M. BapCKOBa.
M., eXHMRH». 1975.600 c.
5061C08 A. C., )/(ypa8Ae8 B. C. TexHHKa 6esonaCHOCTH R npOTHBOnO>KapH8JI
TeXHHKa B WHHHOR npOMblwneHHOCTH. M., eXHMHH», 1967. 288 c.
PesHHa. Me-rOAbi HCDblTaHHit M., HUaTeJJbcTBo CTaHAapTOB, 1968. 331 c.

fJIaBa 22
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29-2397
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KpenJIeHHe pe3HH K MeTaJIJIY tJepe3 CJlOH 360HHTa DpOBO,lJ.SlT CJIe-
.ztYIOlI.{'HM 06pa30'M. nOBepXHOCTb MeTaJIJIa, nO,lJ.'BeprnYTYIO neoCKocTPyA-
HOH 06pa,60rne, IIIpOMbmalOT 6eHs'H'HoM H cywaT. nOTOM Ha Hee
CHatJaJIa HaHOCSlT TPH CJIOSI paCTBopa 360HHToBoH CMeCH B 6eH3HHe
. (360HHTOBoro KJIeH) pa3JIHtJHOH KOHueHTpaUHH, cO,lJ.ep)Kaw.ero 20-
25% OKCH,lJ.a >KeJle3a (peAoKCaH,lJ.a), H cywaT, a 3aTeM CJIOH 60HH-
TOBOH pe3HHoBoA CMeCH C BblCOKHM CO,lJ.ep>KaHHeM cepbl. Ha CJIOH
360HHTOBOH pe3HHoBoH CMeCH HHor,lJ.a HaKJIa,lJ.bIBalOT DpOMe>KYTotJHblH
CJIOH pe3HHoBoH CMeCH, cO,lJ.ep>Kaw.eH He60JIbwoe KOJIHtJeCTBO cepbl,
,lJ.JIH 3a,lJ.ep>KHBaHHH MHrpHpYIOw.eH H3 960HHTOBOH pe3HHoBoH CMeCH
cepbl, a CJIe,lJ.OBaTeJlbHO, H Dpe,lJ.OTBpaw.eHHH DepeBYJIKaHH3aUHH 06-
KJla,lJ.otJHoro CJIOSI pe3HHOBOH CMeCH. nOBepx CJIOH 360HHToBoA CMeCH
('HJIH DpOMe>Ky-TotJHoro CJIOH pe3HHoBoH cMecH) HaKJIa,lJ.blBaIOT OCHOB-
HOH CJIOH pe3HHOBOA CMeCH H BYJIKaHH3YIOT DO,lJ. ,lJ.aBJIeHHeM.
\Iepe3 CJIOH 360HHTa pe3HHY MO>KHO KpenHTb K CTaJIH, tJyrYHY,
aJIIOMHHHIO H ,lJ.lOpaJIIOMHHHIO. 3TOT cDoc06 KpeDJIeHHH pe3HHbI HMeeT
CYllleCTBeHHble He,lJ.OCTaTKH, 06ycJIoBJIeHHble cneUHI!>HtJecKHMH CBOHCT-
BaMH 360HHTa. TaK, DPH DOBblweHHH TeMDepaTypbl, HatJHHaH C 60°C,
360HHT pa3MHf\laeTCH, tJTO CHH)KaeT npotJHocTb KpeDJIeHHSI B HeCKOJIb-
KO pa3. K031!>I!>HuHeHT pacwHpeHHH 960HHTa B 3-5 pa3 60JIbWe
K031!>I!>HUHeHTa paCWHpeHHH MeTaJIJIa, n03TOMY npH pe3KHX H3MeHe-
HHSlX TeMDepaTypbI 60HHT Hepe,lJ.KO OTCJIaHBaeTCSI OT MeTaJIJIa, a npH
nOHH>KeHHblX TeMDepaTypax pacTpecKHBaeTcH. npH 60JIbWHX ,lJ.aBJIe-
HHSlX Ha BYJIKaHH3yeMoe H3,lJ.eJIHe 360HHT pa3MHrtJaeTcH, B pe3YJIbTa-
'Te qero OH JIerKO cMew.aeTCH, a HHOr,lJ.a H BbI,lJ.aBJIHBaeTCSI.
ECJIH MaCCHB MHrKOH pe3HHbI HeBeJIHK, TO 360HHT BCJIe,lJ.CTBHe
-CBoeH XPYDKOCTH MO>KeT pa3pywHTbCH DPH 3KDJIyaTaUHH H3,lJ.eJlHSI
B YCJIOBHSlX ,lJ.HHaMHtJeCKHX HarpY30K 60JIbWOH tJaCTOTbI.
H3,lJ.eJIHH, DPH H3rOTOBJIeHHH KOTOpblX npHMeHSlIOT KpeDJIeHHe
pa3Hopo,nHblX CJIOeB MaTepHaJla tJepe3 360HHT, BYJIKaHH3YlOT B I!>op-
Max, B KOTJIaX DO,lJ. ,lJ.aBJIeHHeM B cpe,lJ.e HacbIw.eHHoro Dapa (06pe-
3HHeHHble BaJIbI) HJIH ropHtJeH BO,lJ.bI (rYMMHpoBaHHe XHMHtJeCKOH an-
napaTYPbl) .
BblcoKaH DpOtJHOCTb KpeDJIeHHH Qepe3 900HHT 06ycJIoBJIeHa Me>K-
MOJIeKYJIHpHbIM B3aHMO,lJ.eHCTBHeM DOJISlpHblX cepyco,lJ.ep)Kaw.Hx rpYDn
360HHTa C nOBepxHocTblO MeTaJIJIa, MaJIO" ,lJ.el!>opMHpyeMocTblO 960-
450

HHTOBoro CJIOSI H BbiCOKOH npotJHOCTblO CBH3H Me)K,lJ.Y 360HHTOM Ii
OCHOBHOH pe3HHOH B pe3YJIbTaTe COBMeCTHOH BYJIKaHH3aUHH.
KpenJleHHe KJleSlMH H3 TepMOnpeHa. TepMODpeH nOJIYtJalOT Harpe-
BaHHeM HaTypaJIbHOrO KaYtJYKa C CepHOH KHCJIOTOH, XJIOPCYJIbI!>OHO-
BOH KHCJIOTOH HJIH C OpraHHtJeCKHMH CYJIbl!>oKHCJIOTaMH. B TeXHHKe
Y,lJ.OOHee BCerO nOJIb30BaTbCH OpraHHtJeCKHMH CYJIbI!>OKHCJIOTaMH, H3
KOTOpblX oc06eHHo WHpOKOe npHMeHeHHe DOJIYtfHJIH n-l!>eHOJICYJIbI!>O-
KHCJIOTa H CYJIbl!>OKHCJIOTbI Hal!>TaJIHHOBOrO pH,lJ.a.
npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH TepMODpeHa BblDOJIHSlIOT CJIe,lJ.YIOw.He ODepa-
UHH. HaTypaJIbHblH KaYtJYK (eMOKe,lJ.-WHTC HJIH CBeTJIblH KpeD) CHa-
tJaJIa DJIaCTHUHpYIOT, a 3aTeM B nOJIYtJeHHblA nJIaCTHKaT BBO,lJ.HT
7,5 Macc. tJ. n-l!>eHOJlcYJIbl!>oKHCJIOTbi Ha 100 Macc. tJ. KaYtJYKa. .lI.JIB
06JIerqeHHSI CMeweHHH paCnJIaBJleHHYIO KHCJIOTY npe,lJ.BapHTeJIbHO
CMeWHBalOT C KO.'IJIOH,lJ.HOH KpeMHeKHCJIOTOH. .lI.JIH YJIYtfWeHHH a,lJ.re-
3HOHHblX CBOHCTB TepMoDpeHa B KaYtfYK ,lJ.06aBJIHIOT ,lJ.0 30% COCHO-
soA CMOJIbi. nOJIYtfeHHYIO CMeCb HarpeBalOT 4-8 tf npH 130-140°C.
PeaKUHSI 06pa30BaHHH TepMoDpeHa 9K30TepMHtJHa, D09TOMY npH npo-
Be,lJ.eHHH npouecca He06xo,lJ.HMO cTporoe perYJIHpOBaHHe TeMDepaTYP-
Horo pe>KHMa. H3MeHSISI cO,lJ.ep>KaHHe CYJIbI!>OKHCJIOTbI, MO>KHO MeHHTb
CKOpOCTb peaKUHH H KaqeCTBO DOJIYtJaeMoro TepMonpeHa - OT TBep-
,lJ.oro JIerKOrO DpO,lJ.YKTa ,lJ.0 DOJIY3JIaCTHtJHoro.
TepMoDpeH SlBJIHeTCH UHKJIH30BaHHblM nOJIHMepOM, cO,lJ.ep>KalUHM
nOJIHpHble rpymIbI, DJIO'DHOCTb. ero 6JIH3Ka K E!.lI.'HHHue. MoJIeYJISllpHaH
Macca TepMonpeHa MeHbwe MOJIeKYJIHpHOH MaCCbI HCXO,lJ.HOrO KaYtJY-
Ka, tJTO CBH,lJ.eTeJIbCTByeT 0 HeKoTopoH ,lJ.eCTpYKUHH KaYtJYKa DPH no-
JIYtJeHHH TepMoDpeHa. TepMoDpeH JIerKO pacTBopSleTcSI B 6eH30JIe.
HeCKOJIbKO xY)Ke B 6eH3HHe, 06pa3YH 3HatJHTeJlbHO MeHee BH3KHe
pacTBopbl, qeM KaYtJYK. TeMDepaTypa pa3MSlrtJeHHH TepMoDpeHa OKO-
JIO 60°C; DPH HarpeBaHHH Bblme 60°C TepMoDpeH CTaHOBHTCH DJIaC-
THtJHblM, H npotJHocTb CBH3H ero C MeTaJIJIOM YMeHbwaeTCH.
.lI.JISI DpHrOTOBJIeHHH KJIeeB Ha OCHOBe TepMODpeHa npHMeHHIOT
6eH3HH; KOHueHTpaUHH TepMonpeHa B 6eH3HHe COCTaBJIHeT 8-10%.
npH HaHeceHHH TepMoDpeHoBoro KJIeSl DOBepxHocTb MeTaJIJIa ,lJ.OJI>K-
Ha 6b1Tb cOBepweHHo CYXOH H tfHCTOH; ,lJ.JIH 3Toro MeTaJIJI nO,lJ.Bepra-
lOT MeXaHHtfeCKOH HJIH XHMHtJeCKOH 06pa60TKe.
.lI.JIH Dpe,lJ.OTBpaw.eHHH MHrpHpoBaHHH cepbl H3 CJIOSI pe3HHbI B
CJIOH TepMonpeHoBoro KJIeH Ha DOCJIe,lJ.HHH HaHOCHT CJIOH pe3HHoBoro
KJIeSl Ha OCHOBe HK (6e3 cepbl). He06xo,lJ.HMo OTMeTHTb, tfTO npH
npoHHKaHHH cepbl B TepMonpeH npOtfHOCTb KpenJIeHHSI pe3HHbI K Me-
TaJIJIY YMeHbwaeTCH.
TepMoDpeH BO BpeMH BYJIKaHH3aUHH pa3MHnaeTCH, n09ToMy BYJI-
KaHH30BaHHble H3,lJ.eJIHH nOCJIe OKOHtJaHHSI BYJIKaHH3aUHH OXJIa)K,na-
lOT no,lJ. ,lJ.aBJIeHHeM. BYJIKaHH3aUHIO CJIe,lJ.YeT npOBO,lJ.HTb TOJIbKO DP"
He60JIbWHX Y,lJ.eJlbHblX ,lJ.aBJIeHHHX, TaK KaK pa3MSlneHHblH CJIOH Tep-
MonpeHa MO>KeT BbI,lJ.aBJIHBaTbCSI.
tJepe3 CJIOH TepMonpeHa MO>KHO KpenHTb BYJIKaHH30BaHHYIO pe-
3HHY K MeTaJIJIY H ,lJ.epeBY. npOtfHOCTb CBH3H 06ycJIoBJIeHa Me>KMOJIe-
KYJISlpHblM BSaHMO,lJ.eHCTBHeM Me>K,lJ.Y nOJISlpHblMH rpYDnaMH TepMO-
29*
451

npeHa H MeTaJIJIOM H HeBblCOKa. n03TOMY KpeDJIeHHe pe3HHbI K MeTaJl-
JlaM C DOMOW.blO TepMODpeHOBblX KJIeeB HMeeT OrpaHHQeHHOe DPH-
MeHeHHe.
KpenJleHHe cneu.HaJlbHYMH KJleSlMH. .lI.JIH KpenJleHHH pe3HHbI K -Me-
TaJIJIY MeTO,lJ.OM JIaTYHHpOBaHHB He06xo,lJ.HMO npHMeHBTb CDeUHaJlb-
HYIO YCTaHOBKY ,lJ.JIH HaHeceHHH Ha MeTaJIJI CJIOH JI8TYHH. npH Kpen-
JIeHHH tJepe3 npOMe>KYTOtJHblH CJIOH TepMODpeHa HJIH 360HHTa COe,lJ.H-
HeHHe 06JIa,lJ.aeT He,lJ.OCT8TOtJHOH TepMHtJeCKOH CTOHKOCTblO. n03TOMY
HaH60JIee WHpOKoe paCDpOCTpaHeHHe DOJIyqHJIH MeTO,lJ.bI KpeDJIeHHH
pe3HHbI K MeTaJIJIY C nOMOw.blO CDeUHaJIbHblX KJIeeB.
KpeDJIeHHe pe3HHbI K MeTaJIJIaM CneUHaJIbHblMH KJIeHMH npOllle,
tJeM KpeDJIeHHe C DpHMeHeHHeM JIaTYHHpOBaHHH; npH 3TOM H8 OqH-
eHHYIO DOBepXHOCTb MeTaJIJIa HY>KHO HaHeCTH Bcero O,lJ.HH HJIH ,lJ.Ba
CJIOB KJIeH.
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MHHHIO, UHHKY H ,lJ.p.) MO)KHO npOH3BO,lJ.HTb C DOMOW.blO KJIeeB Ha
OHOBe XJlOpHpOBaHHblX H rH,lJ.pOXJIOpHpOBaHHblX KayqYKOB, a TaK>Ke
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peaKTHBHblX CMOJI H ,lJ.PyrHx BellleCTB. B HeKOTopblX CJlYtJaHX HCDOJIb-
3YIOTCB ,lJ.BYXCJIOHHble KJIeeBble COCTaBbl, O,lJ.HH H3 KOTOpblX 06eCDetJH-
BaeT BblCOKYIO npOtJHOCTb CBH3H Ha rpaHHue KJIeA - MeTaJIJI, a ,lJ.PY-
I'OH KJIeH - pe3HH8.
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npOtJHOCTb KpeDJIeHHB Ha OTpblB MHrKHX pe3HH K MeTaJlJIY DPH
DOMOIl1H H30UHaHaTHblX paCTBopOB COCTaBJIBeT He MeHee 4,0 Mna, a
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pacTBOpHTeJleH H TepMo- H MOp030CTOAKOCTb. npH KpeDJIeHHH 3THMH
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If BH6paUHH.
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>KaHHH cepbl B CMeCHX nOBblwaeTCH DpOtJHOCTb KpeDJIeHHH. He peKo-
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452

DJIaCTHI!>HKaTopbl, CO,lJ.ep>Kaw.He Kap60KcHJIbHble, rH,lJ.pOKCHJIbHble H
aMHHOrpYDDbI.
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HOB HOe BellleCTBO KOToporo CDoc06HO K caMODpOH3BOJIbHOH DOJIHMe-
pH3aUHH Ha CBeTY. KJIeH HaHOCHT Ha DOBepXHOCTb MeTaJIJIa MaKaHH-
eM, KHCTblO HJIH paCDblJIeHHeM, DpHtJeM DOBepXHOCTb MeTaJIJIa ,lJ.OJI>K-
Ha 6blTb TlllaTeJIbHO 06e3)KHpeHa H DO,lJ.BeprHYTa a6pa3HBHoH 06pa-
60TKe. CYWKa KJleeBOH DJIeHKH ,lJ.OJI>KHa DpOBO,lJ.HTbCH B CYXOM BOS-
,lJ.yxe B TetJeHHe 5-10 MHH DPH 40-50°C. ApMaTypa, nOKpblTaH KJle-
eM, MO)KeT xpaHHTbCSI B 3alllHllleHHOM OT BJIarH DOMellleHHH He 60-
JIee 6 tJ. ODTHMa.'1bHaH TOJIw.HHa KJIeeBOH DJIeHKH 3-5 MKM.
npOtJHOCTb KpeDJIeHHSI Ha rpaHHue KJIeA - MeTaJlJI 06YCJIOBJIeHa
XHMHtJeCKHM B3aHMO,lJ.eHCTBHeM H30UHaHaTHblX rpYDD C OKHCHblMH H
rH.D.pOOKHCHblMH rpYDnaMH Ha DOBepxHocTH MeTaJIJIa, a TaK>Ke 3aBH-
CHT OT 06pa30BaHHH npotJHblx Me>KMOJIeKYJIHpHblX H KOMnJleKCHblX
CBH3eH KJIeeBOH IIJIeHKH C MeTaJIJIOM. npOtJHOCTb CBSISH C pe3HHoH
ODpe,lJ.eJIHeTCH B3aHMO,lJ.eHCTBHeM H30UHaHaTHblX rpYDD C MOJIeKYJIaMH
KaYtJYKa, a TaK)Ke ,lJ.HI!>I!>Y3HeH H30UHaHaTa B CJIOH KayqYKa C ,lJ.aJlb-
HeHweH DOJIHMepH3aUHeH B HeM. npOtfHOCTb CBSl3H MeTaJIJIa C pe3H-
HOH Ha OCHOBe 6YTHJIKayqYKa HeBblCOKaH. H30UHaHaTbI tJYBCTBHTeJIb-
Hbl K BJIare, D03TOMy Bce pa60Tbl C KJleeM ,lJ.OJI>KHbl DpOBO,lJ.HTbCH B
DOMellleHHH C TeMDepaTYPOH B03,lJ.yxa 18-25°C H BJIa>KHOCTblO He
60JIee 65 % .
KpenJIelHe H30UHaHaTaMH MO>KeT npHMeHHTblCH I1IPH <Pop.M0.80H
BYJIKaHH3aU H H, a TaK)Ke DPH BYJIKaHH3aUHH B KOTJIe npH 3all1HTe
KJIeeBCH DJleHKH OT ,lJ.eHCTBHH napa.
. KJIeeM JIeHKOHaT MO>KHO COe,lJ.HHHTb C MeTaJIJIOM BYJIKaHH30BaH-
Hble pe3HHbl; KJIeeBOe coe.nHHeHHe ,lJ.OJI>KHO 6b1Tb uporpeTo npH 100°C
B TetJeHHe 40-70 MHH.
npH BBe,neHHH KJIeH JIeHKOHaT B pacTBopbl KaYtJYKoB (HaTypaJIb-
HOro, XJIOpODpeHoBoro, 6YTa,lJ.HeH-HHTpHJIbHoro H ,lJ.p.) 06pa3YIOTcH
KJIeeBble COCTaBbI, 06ecDetJHBalOlllHe Ha,lJ.e>KHOe COe,lJ.HHeHHe BYJIKa-
HH30BaHHblX pe3HH Ha OCHOBe nHX KayqYKOB npH XOJIO,lJ.HOM OTBep>K-
,lJ.eHHH KJIeeB.
CYllI.eCTBeHHblM He,lJ.OCTaTKOM KJIeH JIeHKOHaT HBJIHeTCH ero tJYBCT-
BHTeJlbHOCTb K BJlare, a TaK>Ke BblCOKaH TOKCHtJHOCTb.
KpenJleHHe KJleSlMH H3 XJropHpOBaHHYX KaY'IYKOB. .lI.JIH nOJIYtJe-
HHH KJleeB, 06JIa,lJ.alOw.Hx BblCOKOH TepMoDpotJHOCTblO, DpHMeHHIOT
pa3JIHtJHble XJlOpHpOBaHHble KaYtJYKH: HaTypaJIbHblH, H30npeHoBblH,
6YTa,lJ.HeH-cTHpOJlbHblH, XJIOpODpeHoBblH, 6YTa,lJ.HeH-HHTpHJII>HblH. HaH-
60JIbweA TepMoDpotJHOCTblO 06JIa,lJ.a1OT KJIeH H3 KaYtJYKoB, HMelOlllHX
MaKCHMaJIbHYIO CTeDeHb XJIOpHpOBaHHH. TaK, XJIOpHpOBaHHble HaTY-
paJIbHblH H H30DpeHoBblA KaYtJYKH cO,lJ.ep>KaT 65% xJIopa, 6YTa,lJ.HeH-
CTHpO.ilbHblH - 53%, XJIOpODpeHoBblH - 63-65%. B KatJeCTBe pac-
TBOpHTeJleH ,lJ.JIH XJIOpHpOBaHHblx KaYtJYKoB DpHMeHHIOT ,lJ.HXJIOp9TaH
H apoMaTHtJeCKHe yrJIeBO,lJ.0p0,lJ.bl (6eH30JI, KCHJIOJI), a TaK)Ke CMeCb
pacTBOpHTeJIeH 6eH3HH - nHJIaueTaT.
453

KJIeH Ha OOHOBe XJIopH'pOBaHHblX 'KayqYKOB HOnOJIb3yIOT II1P," rOpH-
tJeM KpeoDJIeHHH pe3HHbl K MeTaJIJIY. TalKHe KJIeH BbmYCKalOT KOtH-
ueHTpaUHeH 15-25 %. .lI.JIH nOBblweHHH 9JIa'CTHQHOCTH KJIeeBblX nJIe-
'"OK B KJIeA BBO,lJ.HT DJIaCTHI!>H'KaTOpbl (.,lJ.H,6YTHJlI!>TaJIaT 5-6% H3 pa-
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06ecDetJHBaeTcH BblCOKaH DpOtJHOCTb KpeDJIeHHH ,lJ.JIH pe3HH Ha OCHOBe
DOJIHpHblX KaYtJYKoB (4,0-6,0 IMna Ha OTpblB npH 20°C) H MeHb-
waH - ,lJ.JIH pe3HH Ha OCHOBe HeDOJIHpHblX KaYtJYKOB. C DOBblweHHeM
TeMnepaTypbl DpOtJHOCTb KpeDJIeHHH
yMeHbwaeTCH: npH 130-140°C OHa COC-
TaBJIHeT OKOJIO 20-30% DpOtJHOCTH
KJIeeBOrO COe,lJ.HHeHHH npH 20°C.
Ha pHC. IV.lOO DOKa3aHa 3aBHCH-
MOCTb DpOtJHOCTH CBH3H pe3HHbI co
CTaJIblO DPH KpeDJIeHHH pa3JIHtJHblMH
MeTO,lJ.aMH.
CYlUecTBeHHoe BJIHHHHe Ha DPOtJ-
HOCTb KpenJleHHH OKaSbiBaeT TOJIw.HHa
HaHocHMoH KJIeeBOH nJIeHKH, KOTopaH He
,nOJI>KHa DpeBblwaTb 6-10 MKM, a TaK-
)Ke COCTaB pe3HHoBoH CMeCH. HaH60JIee
BblCOKaH DpOtJHOCTb CBH3H xapaKTepHa
,lJ.JIH BYJIKaHH3aTOB C TBep,lJ.OCTblO He HH-
>Ke 60 (DO TM-2). HaH60JIbwee npHMe-
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weHHH DpOtlHOCTH KpeDJIeHHH pe3HH H3
HeDOJIHpHblX KaYtJYKoB K MeTaJIJIY KJIeH
Ha OCHOBe XJIOpHpOBaHHblX KaYtJYKOB
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C BHHHJIMeTHJIDHpH,lJ.HHOM (CKMBn-l0). DpOQHOCTb KJIeeBOrO COe,lJ.H-
HeHHH Ha rpaHHue KJIeA-MeTaJIJI ODpe,lJ.eJIHeTCH B3aHMO,lJ.eHCTBHeM
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KJIeH - pe3HHa - HX COBYJlKaHH3aUHeH. npOtlHOCTb CBH3H DPH KpeDJIe-
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MO)KHO DOBblCHTb, ,lJ.06aBJIHH B HHX Depe,lJ. YDOTpe6JIeHHeM He60JIbwoe
KOJIHtJeCTBO KJIeH JIeHKOHaT.
Ha OCHOBe KOMD03lfUHH XJIopCO,lJ.ep>KalUHX DOJIHMepOB H3BeCTHbI
KJIeH, WHpOKO DpHMeHHeMble 3a py6e>KoM ,lJ.JIH rOpHQerO KpenJIeHHH
pe3HHbl K MeTaJIJIaM. 3TH KJIeH BblDYCKalOT no,lJ. pa3JIHtJHblMH Ha3Ba-
HHHMH: «xeMOCHJI», «xeMJIOK», «TaH-DJIaH» H ,lJ.p.
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KOB K MeTaJIJIaM. OH Dpe,lJ.CTaBJIHeT c060H 10-11 % -HblH pacTBop
KaYtJYKa CKH-40 H l!>ypl!>YPOJIpe30pUHHOBOA CMOJIbI c1>P-l B I!>op-
MaJlbI'JIHKOJIe CH 2 -CH 2 , Dcpe,lJ.oCTaBJIHlOlUE!iM c.060H >KH.l1'KOCTb C
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OOJIbWa'H npOtJHQoCTb OBH3H AOCTHraeToCH IDPH KipeDJIeHHH pe3H'HbI K Me-
TaJIJlY, DOBepX1HOC1'b KOTOpOro DOCJIe 06e3:>K'HpHBaHHH 06pa601'aHa B
OO,lJ.HblX paC1100paX, cO,lJ.ep)KalllHX <Poc$aT ll'HHKa, a30T'H<JKHCJIblH H I!>TO-
pHCTblA Ha'Tlp'H'" TOHKaH .DJIeHKa 1!>0cl!>aToB, .o6pa3YIOlllaHCH Ha nOBepX-
BOCTH MeTaJIJIa DOCJIe 1!>0cl!>aTHpOBaHHH, 3aw.HlllaeT ero OT KOpp03HH,
qTO YBeJIHtJHBaeT npOtJHOCTb CBH3H MeTaJIJIa C KJIeeBblM coe,lJ.HHeHHeM.
KJIeH c1>3H-I WHpOKO DpHMeHHIOT B npOH3BO,lJ.CTBe I!>0PMOBblX pe-
3HHOMeTaJIJIHtJeCKHX H3,lJ.eJlHH. Ero TaK>Ke HCDOJIb3YIOT ,lJ.JIH KpeDJIe-
HHH pe3 1 HHbI K I!>ropOnJIaCTY. KJleelBoe COe,lJ.HHeHHe 06JIa,lJ.aeT BblCOKOH
oeH30- H MaCJIOCTOHKOCTblO, TeMDepaTYPOCTOAKOCTblO OT -50 ,lJ.0
+ 170°C, BJIarOCTOHKOCTblO H CTOHKOCTblO K TeDJIOBoMy cnpeHHIO.
MeTO,lJ.bI ou.eHKH npO'lHOCTH KpenJleHHH pe3HHbI K MeTaJlJlY. npotJ-
HOCTb CBSl3H pe3HHbI C MeTaJIJIOM onpe,neJIHIOT MeTO,lJ.aMH oTpblBa DPH
paCTH>KeHHH UHJIHH,lJ.pHtJecKoro 06pa3ua pe3HHbI, OCHOB8HHH KOToporo
npHKpenJIeHbl K MeTaJIJIHtJeCKHM ,nHCKaM; OTCJIaHBaHHH pe3HHoBoH 00-
JIOCKH OT MeTaJIJIHtJecKoH nOBepxHocTH; C,lJ.BHra OTHOCHTeJIbHO ,lJ.pyr
,lJ.pyra .If.oBYx MeTaJIJIHtJOOKHX DJIaCTHHOK, Me)K,ny KOTOpbloMH HaXO,lJ.H'TICH
06pa3eu pe3HHbI. HCDblTaHHH npOBO,lJ.HT DPH KOMHaTHoH H DOBblweH-
HOH TeMDepaTypax.
npOQHOCTb KpeDJIeHHH oueHHBalOT DO y,lJ.eJIbHOH HarpY3Ke, npH
KOTOpOH DpOHCXO,lJ.HT pa3pyweHHe MO,lJ.eJIbHblX 06pa3uoB,. H xapaKTe-
py pa3pyweHHSI (DO MaCCHBY pe3HHbI P, DO rpaHHue a,lJ.re3HB - pe3H-
Ha A, KJIeH - MeTaJIJI M, DO KJIeeBOH nJIeH'Ke K, CMewaHHoro xapaK-
Tepa C). no xapaKTepy pa3pyweHHH CY,lJ.HT 0 HaHMeHee npOtJHOH tJa-
CTH a.D.re3HOHHoro COe,lJ.HHeHHH.
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JleHHSI K MeTaJIJlY pe3HH Ha OCHOBe CHJIOKCaHOBblX KaYQYKOB (CKT,
CKTB, CKT3 H ,lJ.p.) DpHMeHHIOT KJIeH, cO,lJ.ep>KalllHe B KatJeCTBe oc-
HOBHoro KOMDOHeHTa CHJIOKCaHOBblH DOJIHMep C DOJISlpHblMH rpYDna-
MH y aTOMOB KpeMHHH (BHHHJIl!>eHHJICHJIOKCaHoBYIO CMOJlY C 3TOKCH-
MeTaKpHJIOBblMH rpYDDaMH), 06ecDetJHBalOlllHMH BblCOKYIO DpOtJHOCTb
CBH3H Ha rpaHHue KJIeH - MeTaJIJI. nJIeHKa KJIeH BYJIKaHH3YeTCH C
pe3HHoBoH CMeCblO Ha OCHOBe CHJIOKCaHOBoro KaYtJYKa nepeKHCSlMH.
KJIeeBoe COe,lJ.HHeHHe 06JIa,lJ.aeT TepMHtJecKoH CTOHKOCTblO npH TeMne-
paTypax ,lJ.0 300°C.
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JIO,lJ.HblM cDoc060M (DpH 25-30°C) HBJIHeTCH npaKTHtJeCKH He MeHee
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(rH,lJ.paBJIHtJeCKHX 3aTBopOB rH,lJ.pOCTaHll'HA, XHMHtJeCKOH aDnapaTypbl
H ,lJ.pyrux).
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cnocOOC'I1BYlOlllHe ero CTPYKTyp1fpOBaHHIO :IlpH Te.MDepaType 18-
23°C, npHtJeM OHH MorYT B'BO,lJ.HTbiCH B KJIeH Depe,lJ. ero HoC'DOJIb30-
BaHHeM.
455

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10,0-15,0 Mn8; KpenJleHHe OOJIa,lJ.8eT TepMHtJecKoH npotJHOCTblO npH
TeMnep8Typax ,lJ.0 70°C. .
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KJlOpOnpeHOBoro K8YtJYKa. BJIaro,lJ.ap51 BbiCOKOH CKOpOCTH KpHCTaJIJIH-
38UHH xJIOpOnpeHoBoro KaytJYKa KJIeH Ha ero OCHOBe 06ecnetJHBalOT
B HatJaJlbHblH nepHO,lJ. KpenJIeHHH ,lJ.OCTaTotJHO BblCOKYIO npOllHOCTb
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npOBO,lJ.HTb CTPYKTypHpoB8HHe KJleeBOH nJleHKH C nOMOll1blO HeKoTopblX
COe,lJ.HHeHHH npH TeMnepaType 18-23°C. HaH60JIee tJaCTO ,lJ.JIH xo-
JIO,lJ.Horo KpenJIeHHH npHMeHHIOT KJIeH Ha OCHOBe XJIOpOnpeHOBoro
K8YtJYKa THna KJIeH 88. 3TH KJIeH rOTOBHT Ha OCHOBe nOJIHXJIOpOnpe-
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OKCH,lJ. M8rlftlH H OKCH,lJ. UHHK8. .
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MeT8J1J18 06e3>KHpHB81OT H 3awepoxoBblB8lOT. KJIeH TOHKHM CJIOeM
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KJIeH 88 BBO,lJ.HT Coe,lJ.HHeHHH, CO,lJ.ep)KalUHe aMHHHble rpynnbl. BYJIKa-
HH30BaHHble pe3HHbI H HeKoTopble ,lJ.pyrHe MaTepHaJIbI CKJIeHBalOT
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456

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CKHX KaYtJYKOB (CKH-3, nOJIHXJlOpOnpeHa, CKH-26, CKMBn-I5 B
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aJlb,lJ.erH,lJ.Hble H ,lJ.p.
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(Macc. tJ.):
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liHU ee KJIeHMH Ha KJleenpoMa30tJHoH MaWHHe npotJHOCTb KpeDJIeHHH
()6YCJIoBJleHa B OCHOBHOM MexaHHtJeCKHM CuenJIeHHeM pe3HHbI C BO
JIOKHOM. JIYtJwee KpenJIeHHe xapaKTepHo ,lJ.JIH TKaHeH Ha OCHOBe npH
pO,lJ.HblX XJlOnKOBblX BOJIOKOH C pa3BHTOH nOBepXHOCTblO. O,lJ.HaKO
npOtJHOCTb KpeDJleHHH pe3HH K TeKCTHJIbHblM MaTepHaJIaM Ha OCHOBe
CHHTeTHtJeCKHX (nOJlHaMH,lJ.HblX, nOJIH3I!>HPHblX) H HCKYCCTBeHHblX
(BHCK03HblX, CTeKJIHHHblX) BOJIOKOH TOJIbKO 3a CtJeT MexaHHtJeCKoro
CuenJIeHHH He,lJ.OCTaTOtJHa. .
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MH MaTepHaJIaMH, 06JIa,lJ.alOlUHMH nOHH>KeHHOH a,lJ.reSHeH K pe3HHo-
BblM cMecHM, BOJIOKHa, oc06eHHo Ha OCHOBe HCKYCCTBeHHblX H CHHTe-
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457

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B 60JIbWOH CTeneHH 3aBHCHT OT ox COCTaBa. 4epe3 DJIeHKY a,lJ.re3HBa
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XaHHtJeCKHM cBoAcTBaM MaTepHaJIbI (pe3HHOBaH CMeCb H TeKCTHJlbHOe
BOJlOKHO). n03TOMY npH pa3pa60TKe peuenTypbl npODHTOtJHOrO COCTa-
Ba CTpeMHTCH nOJlYtJHTb DJleHKY a,lJ.re3HBa, HanpH)KeHHe npH 3a,lJ.aH-
HOM Y,lJ.JlHHeHHH KOTOpoA 6b1J1o 6b1 60JIbwe, tJeM ,lJ.JIH pe3HHbI, H MeHb-
we, tJeM ,lJ.JIH TeKCTHJISI.
LJ.JlH 06ecnetJeHHH npOtJHOCTH CBH3H a,lJ.re3HB - BOJlOKHO He06xo-
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HOBbI DponHTOtJHblX COCTaBOB HCnOJlb30BaTb JIaTeKCbI, CO,lJ.ep>KalUHe B
nOJlHMepe XHMHtJeCKH aKTHBHble I!>YHKUHOHaJIbHble rpynnbl (Kap6-
OKCHJlbHble, nHpH,lJ.HHOBble, 3nOKCH,lJ.Hble, MeTaKpHJIaMH,lJ.Hble). O,lJ.HaKO
. HX a nOJIHMpe JIaTeKCa He ,lJ.OJI>KHO 6b1Tb MHoro, tJ-r06b1 He YMeHbWH-
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BOJIOKHa.
B KatJeCTBe OCHOBbI npODHTblBalOll1HX COCTaBOB HaH60JIee WHpO-
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(.lI.MBn-lOx) H ,lJ.HBHHHJIOBblH Kap60KCHJICO,lJ.ep)KalUHH (CK,l{-l) ,JIa-
TeKCbI. HH)Ke npHBe,lJ.eH COCTaB JIaTeKCHOH CMeCH ,lJ.JlH npODHTKH
WHHHoro Kop,lJ.a:
CK.lI.-I (20%-H311 Jl3TeKCH311 .lI.HCnepcHII). .
.lI.MBn-IOx (23%-H311 Jl3TeKCH311 AHcnepcHII)
Pe30pu.HH<P0pM3J1bAerHAH311 CMOJl3 (2,8%-HblH
llleJlO'lHOH p3CTBOp). '. ...
TeXHH'IeCKHH yrJlepoA (20%-H311 AHcnepCHII)
CoAepJK8RHe
cyxoro ecTB8.
M8CC. q. R8
100 M8CC. q.
K8yqyK8
30
70
10-20
30-40
npH npoDHTKe HcnOJIb3YIOT JIaTeKCHble CMeCH 06lUeH KOHueHTpa-
UHeH 10-12%.
nponHTblBaeMYIO TKaHb HJIH KOp,lJ. nponYCKalOT lIepe3 BaHHY C JIa-
TeKCHOH CMeCblO, a saTeM - tJepe3 BaJIKH ,lJ.JIH OT>KaTHH H36b1TKa JIa-
TeKCHOH CMeCH, nOCJIe tJero cywaT. npH nponHTKe conpOTHBJIeHHe BbI-
,lJ.eprHBaHHIO OT,lJ.eJIbHblX HHTeH Kop,lJ.a, xapaKTepH3YIOlUee a,lJ.re3HIO
pe3HHbI K TKaHH, B03pacTaeT B HeCKOJIbKO pa3.
npHBec KOp,lJ.a npH nponHTKe JIaTeKCHblMH CMeCHMH HJIH ,lJ.HCnep-
CHHMH KaYtJYKa COCTaBJIHeT 5-6% OT MaCCbI TKaHH. CO,lJ.ep>KaHHe
BJIarH nOCJIe npOCYWKH He ,lJ.OJI>KHO npeBblwaTb 2%. .lI.JIH HHTeH "
'FKaHeA Ha OCHOBe CTeKJIHHHOrO BOJIOKHa npHBec ,lJ.OJI>KeH 6b1Tb 3Ha-
tJHTeJIbHO 60JIbWHM (12-25 %) .
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HHe 06b1tJHblX nponHTotJHblX COCTaBOB He,lJ.OCTaTotJHO 31!>I!>eKTHBHo.
458

HaHJlYtJWHe pe3YJIbTaTbI AOCTHralOTCH DPH npOnHTKe TKaHeH paCTBO-
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459

JlHTepaTypa
Bep/luH. A. A., BacuH. B. E. OCIfOBbi a.llre3HH nOJlHMepoB. M., eXHMHII», 1969.
320 c.
KapiJawo8 Po. A. CHHTeTH'IeCKHe KJleH. 113.11.. 3-e, nepepa6. H .Il0n, M., eXHMHII»,
1976. 503 c.
)[(epe6Ko8 C. K. KpenJleHHe pe3HHbI K MeTaJlJlaM. 113.11.. 2-e, nepepa6. H .Il0n. M.,
eXHMHII», 1966. 347 c.
BOlOl{KUa C. C. cJ>H3HKO-XHMH'IeCKHe OCHOBbi nponHTblBaHHII H HMnperHHpoBa-
HHII BOJlOKHHCTblX CHCTeM BO.llHblMH .IlHcnepCHIIMH nOJlHMepoB. J1., eXHMHII», 1969.
336 c.
TeXHOJlOrHSI o6pa6oTKH KOp.lla H3 XHMH'IeCKHX BOJlOKOH B pe3HHoBoH npOMblW-
JleHHOCTH. no.ll PeA. P. B. Y3HHOH. M., eXHMHII», 1973. 208 c.
KJleH .IlJlSl KpenJleHHII pe3HH. CnpaBO'lHHK. M., IJ.HI1I1T3He<pTexHM, 1969. 82 c.

fJIaBa 23
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464

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30-2397
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Ba pereu.ep'aTa. TaK, n,pH IHCnOJlb30Ba.H1IiH B 'KatJecTBe IMH'ftJlH1'eJI.eH 'R.e-
npe,lJ..eJIbH)blX BellleCTB H 'OOlllecTB, co,llp.>KalU,rHX OOOlptH>KeIH'Hble ,lJ.'BOH-
Bible CBH3IJf, cYlllecTBeH:HO YOKQPHIOTCH .fiIpou,ecCbI 'TIe'poMH'tJec.KOH iH Tap-
MOOKHCJIHTeJlbHOH ,lJ.eCTpYKUHH 3a ctJeT BOBJIetJeHHH B XHMHtJeCKHe npo-
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npHMe.H:HTb M51 r.tJ'HTeJIIH, DOJlYtJ,aeMble npoH nepe.pa601lKle .npeBOOlfJlI'bI
(CCHOBYIO IH r.a30reH:€!paTO'plfWIO CMOJIIbJ, 'K'a.HH«PoJlb), 'OOIQep'>KaIlIlHe lIfe-
npe)l.eJIbiHb/e U,HKJIHIJeCKHe CDe.llJHiHeHHH, :HMelOl./.l.die.B CJBOeM COlC1'aBe
p,a3JI:HtJlfilble 4>Y,H.KUHO'H,aJI'bIHble 'l1p.ynnbl. 3m M$I;f'lJlHTeJI'H B.CJIe,lJ.CT.BIHe iHX
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pe.pa60TKH ,H'E!I!>TH (M,a3yroM, 'HJe4>T,HHbIM MaoCJlOM, OCTaTOtJiHlbI,MoH n\po-
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AKTHBaTOpbl pereHepalJ,HH pe3HHbI 3HatJHTeJIbHO YCKOPHIOT npo-
lI.ecc pereHep,aUJHH :H .BJliHHIOT IHa oCBOHocTB'a ,pereH.e,paT.a. Ha:u6wIee 94>-
q>oeKTHOOi'blMoH ,H3 ,HHX H'BJI'HIO'TICH ,apoMamtJeOKH.e IH aJlH$amtJeCKIH.e IM.ep-
KanTa:Hbl fl )JJHJCYJI, b<j>iH,lJ.bJ D.HiH'KOBIbIlE! ICOJIoH MpKan.TallfOB, J/.IHCYJIbI!>H,llbl
aJIKHJI4>eHOJIOB H ,lJ.Pyrue XHMHtJeCKHe DJIaCTHI!>HKaTopbl. B OCHOBHOM
3TH COe,lJ.HHeHHH npOHBJIHIOT COOH KaK aKuenTopbl CB060,lJ.HbIX pa,lJ.HKa-
.'lOB, 06pa3YIOlllHXCH npH pa3pblBe MOJIeKYJlHpHbIX ueDeA H nODepetJ-
JlblX CBH3eA B pe3YJIbTaTe MexaHHtJeCKoro, TepMHtJeCKoro H OKHCJIH-
.Te"'bHoro B03,lJ.eHCTBHH Ha pe3HHY. ORH MorYT TaK)Ke HHHUHHpOBaTb
.,lJ.eCTPYKUHIO ,lJ.H- H nOJIHCYJIbI!>H.z(HblX CB5.l3eH, 06eCDetJHBaH Dpe06JIa-
)J.alOlllee pa3pyweHHe nonepetJHblX CBH3eA BYJIKaHH3aTa DPH pereHepa-
UHH. OpH HCnOJIb30BaHHH aKTHBaTopoB (0,15-3,00%) nOHBJIHeTCH
B03MO)KHOCTb CHH3HTb paCXO,lJ. MHrtJJ'lTeJIeH, a TaK)Ke YMeHbwHTb DpO-
,lJ.OJI)KHTeJIbHOCTb (HJlH TeMDepaTYPY) pereHepaUHH. 34>l!>eKTHBHoCTb
HX ,lJ.eIlcTBHH cYlllecTBeHHo 3aBHCHT OT DpHpO,lJ.bI pereHepHpyeMoA pe-
3HHbI H Bbloopa MeTO,lJ.a pereHepaUHH.
B ,npIHCYToCTBlH,H aKT,uBaropoB oCKOtpoCTb ,lJ.ec11pY,Ku,HH BYJliKa.H:H.3aroB
CHJIblHO Y.BeJIH,tJ'HB'aeTCH, Iro9TOMY nlpIH HX HCDlOoJlb30B.aIHlHiH a0006xo.nHMo
OOJIoee Tlll'aTeJI'bHO D,po,BtO.lI.'Hl'b oOOp.TH'poiB'KY pe3iHJt DO 111ma-M H co.ne.p-
>Ka'HHIO B 'H'HX xaytJYKOB.
Hp.H peOOH'epaU,rHtH IH,WfeuCHB;HO ,pa3tpywalOT.cH .c7!P'YKTY, pbI o6p,a3ye-
MbI,e T,eX.HIHtJeCKlHM yrJI.e.po,lJ.OM, a TaK>Ke ero CBH3'H C KaYtJytKOM.
no COCT.aBY H .c'PpYKTY'pe lpereJHE!ip'aT 3iH,atJIH1'eJI,b:HO OTJIHtJ,ae'TICH OT
pereHeptH,pyoeMOH pe3HlHbI. B IpereHepa'TIe CQ.net)JI>K.1iTCH 6oJlbw.e l8ellloecrn,
9KcTpampyeM'blx aueroHoM .B o,OHOBHoOM 3a 'CtJ.e-r noptH-MeJreHHH IMHrtJ'H-
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.474

uecce 'pereuea>all!HH 'MO)KeT ObITb OueHJeHJa 0000 ep*auHIO ;B pereHeJ>a-
Te Bellt'eCTB, 9oT,pallH'PyeMblx XJIOpolJ>o'PMOM. XnOp<>$OPoMIH'blH 3KCT-
pa'KT (30Jlb-<j>!p I 8lKUdiH IpereHe.paTa) CO.n.ep)KJfT 'Kayqy,KO'BOoe 'BellleCTOO
pereuepaTa, KOTOl}JOe B .pe3YJIbTaTe ,lJ.E!C11pryKUHH ,MOJIrE!KYJliH'ptHhlX ,uene"
H nODepoe'IIH'bIX oC:BH3eH Oa3b1B-aeT,CH ,H'eCBJl3'aHlH'bJM :C 06w.reA Oipoc1'pau-
CTBeHHOH CTPYKTYPOH BYJIKaHH3aTa. 4aCTHUbI XJIOpO$opMHoro 3KC-
TpaKTa HMelOT BblTHHYTYIO I!>OPMY, MOJIeKYJIHpHaH Macca HX OT He-
CKOJIbKHX TblCHtJ ,lJ.0 HeCKOJIbKHX MHJIJIHOHOB. CO,lJ.ep>KaHHe XJIOpO-
cpopMHoro 3KCTpaKTa B pereHepaTe MO)KeT ,lJ.OCTHraTb 25% (,lJ.JIH HC-
XO,lJ.HOro BYJIKaHH3aTa OKOJIO 1 %). HepaCTBopHMaH B XJIOpOI!>OpME!
reJlb-l!>paKUHH pereHepaTa coxpaHHeT DpOCTpaHCTBeHHYIO TpeXMepHYIO
cHcTeMy BYJlKaHH3aTa, CHJIbHO pa3pblXJIeHHYIO B pe3YJIbTaTe npouec-
COB ,lJ.eCTpYKUHH.
HeH:aCbJllleHoHiOCTb 'KaYtJ.yKa Ipereue,p.aTa M,aJlO OTJlHtJaeTCH OT :JreH'a-
ObIW.euIHOC11H 'KaYtJYK'a peptKp'yeMoH 'pe3HiHIbI (OOO6eH:HO ror.n:a, 'KoOr-
,lJ.a YCJI08lHoSI :per.eH't!Q)aUiHH l'a,KOIBbI,!fro He IH,aOJIIO.n:aeTCH CHJI.blHoro
OKIHCJIeHlHH .H Iitpo,lJ.QJI>K'HreJIbHOCTb mpoueoca iHe OtJeHb :BeJIiH'K3). CBH-
3 ' a,H:80OO 'KHCJlQPO.lJ.oa ,B .poereupa11E! co.nep.>KJHToCH .HiE!'MlHooo OOJIbwe, tJeM
B pe3lHiHe.
METO.ll.bI PErEHEPAUHH PE3HHbI
Mero,lJ.OB Iper.eHep'aU;H"H ,pe3lHlH'bI M:HOOO. HaHOOJlee WHlpOoKO D'PH'MeHSI-
lOT TepMOMeX8IHJH.tJlE!lCK'HA iH 'BO,lI,OoHeHT,p.aJIbH'blH 'Mero.nbl pereHep'aUHiH
HHOr,lJ.a pereHepaUHIO pe3HH DpOBO,lJ.HT DapOBblM MeTO,lJ.OM.
JlrplH oDeP'E!'PJaOOTKe WHH 'B ,poereuepaT (ptHC. IV.lOI, a) lUX OOIPT,HlPY-
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TOB, OT.MbI.BKH illHiH OT q)H3IH H neC'Ka 11 'IlOJI.CYIliKH lUX 'p,a3tpy6alOT Bla
,llBe-tJeTbJpe tJaCTH MexaHHtJeCKHMH HO)KHHuaMH, a 3aTeM H3MeJIbtJa-
lOT IRa WIHJHopea-e ,lJ.O nOJlYKOJIeU WHP'HHOA 10-40 -M'M. )J.aJIee nOJIY-
KOJIbUa )ljpoOHT DOCJIE!JI.08aTeJIblHQ CH'atJ,aJIa 11M ip'HcpJloeHJhIX (.nPOOHJIb-
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uHeH, aI1perH'poB8IHlHblX .C 1IIH,6ipaU1fOlHtHblMIH CeHJI'KaM'H. B nOJIYtJeHHOH
pe3IRHO'BOH 'Kpow,Ke (c tJa'CTrHua'MH p,a3lMepOM 1-2 'MM) IMO>KeT lCO,lJ.ep-
>KaTbCH 5-10% BOJIOKOH npH pereHepHpOBaHHH DO BO,lJ.OHeHTpaJIbHO-
MY -MeTOJI.Y IU ,He oOJlee 2% 'BOJIOKOHo - fllPlH IpereHe.p",pO'BaHH'H .010 1118-
poBOMY IU OCOOOHiHO rep'MOoM'eX,alHiHllecKoMY M:E!TOAa:M.
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fi'ptHME!HHIOT MOJIO'I)KOIB'ble .ll4po6HJIK'H, a-r.penHpoBa'HlHble c CeHJlIK,a'MH p , a3-
JIHtJHOA KOHCTPYKUHH, HJIH arperaT, COCTOHW.HH H3 HeCKOJIbKHX ,lJ.HC-
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CO,lJ.ealJliH,e 'B'BOJJiH'MblX M'HrtJIHreJIeA 3aB:HClHT OT mU3 ,pe3HiHIbi oK
BblOo.pla Me'I"O,lJ.a 'pereHepaIJ)HH, a 'TIa'K>Ke O:T Tlma .BBO,lJ.HMOroO a,KTH:a.aro-
pa IH MO>KeT ,lJ.OCTH,raTb 40-050 %. 1C'tJIUTaH IHa MacoCY fJ'E!3HIH'bI.
TaK, DPH pereHepaUHH TepMOMexaHHtJeCKHM MeTO,lJ.OM B pe3HHOBbIe
CMeCH 06b1tJHO ,lJ.06aBJIHIOT He 60JIee 10-15% MHrtJHTeJIeH, B TO Bpe-
MH KaK npH pereHepaUHH BO,lJ.OHeHTpaJIbHblM MeTO,lJ.OM - OKOJIO
30-40% .
475

no.,.H IpereuepaUHH napoBblM Me'TIO,lJ.OoM IpeylO :KptOULKY 06pa6a-
ThlB-alOT 18 'J'e1IIeIHIHe ,HecKOJIbK'HX 'l\aCO'.B OCTpbIJM OIalJX>M IllpoH .D.aBJIemH,H
S 'KOTJle ,lJ.0 0,8-1,0 Mna.
B CJIYtJ.ae BO,llOlHeHT,p'aJIbcHoro 'Mero,lla (:ptH.c. IV.l 0 1, 6) .J14poOJIeHYIO
pe3oH.HY IHa'l'peBalOT B .a'BTOKJI,aBe II1ptH 180-185 °C B OO,lJ.HOH <;pe,lJ..e B
-TetJoeHlHe 5-8 ,tJ. OCTaTK:H BOJlO'KH.a, CO,lJ.p)l{oaw.eJ1OoOH iB pe3lHiHOBOH
j{,POWKoE! D'PH 'poere.H-ep.au;u.H .BO,lJ.OHeH1'P'aJlb.HIbIM 'M, ero.l{OM ,pa3lprylli'alOT C
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PHOC. IV.lOI. C.xeMa npOH3B().lI!CTBa pereuepaTa B'OoJ1OHeiiTpaJlfllHbnf Mero.AOM:
a - CTaAHIi nepepa60TKH WHK B APo6neHYl() pe3KKY; 6 - CT8AHII pereHepallHK;
1 - nOABecHoli Kpl()qKOBbiA TpaHcnopTep; 2 - 6opTope3Ka; 3 - MeX8KHqecKKe KOJKHHlJ,bI; 4 - WK-
Hope3; 5 - Apo6HJlbHble IH PUMOJlbKble) BallbUbI; 6 - 3l1eBaTOp; 7 - BH6p8UHOHH811 cellllKa;
8 - 6YHKep 3anaC8 APo611eHoli pe3HHbI; 9 - nKeBMoTpaHcnopTep; 10 - 6YIIKep Ailli APo611eHoil
pe3HHbI; 11 - eMKOCTb Ailli MllrqHTellll; 12 - AOaaTopbl; 13 - 8BTOICIl8B; 14 - 6ytjlepHali eMKOCTb;
15 - cenaTblii 6apa6aH; 16 - qepBnKbllI npecc; 17 - pereKepaTopHo-cMecHTellbHble BallblJ,bI;
18 - nOJ1rOTOBHTellbHble patjlKHHp080QHble BallbUbI; 19 - cTpeliHep (tjlHllbTJ).npecC); 20 - BblnycK-
Hble pa(jJHHHpOBOQKbIe BallblJ,bI. 21 - cKllaA rOToBoli 0POAYKI(HH.
nOMOw.blO BO,lJ.OpaCTBOpiHM'blX ,KH'CJlOT, 1CO.lI.e:po)K,aw.HXoCH B 'HeKoropblx
M 51 rtJ lITeJl HX (B .C'MOJl,aX X'BOH.HblX DOIPO,lJ. .DJpeB<eOHIH.bI), XJIoplH..ll.a llHlHIKa
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P,ereHoep,aT OT DOCTOpoIH.HHX B.KJIlOtJe:HiHH IH ltJ,acT.H'U iH'eipeOOHeptHopoBa.H:HIOH
pe3lH.HbI OtJ'HwalOT Ha 'p'a4mHIHlpo.BO'tJ.H'blX 'OOJIbUax.
nplH pel'eHetp3lJJHH nalpOBblJM IH BO,lJ.O.Hefn1paJlbH'bI'M IMe'TIOJI'Ja'MH ,lI"eCT-
PYKUHH pe3HHbI npOllCXO.D.HT no,lJ. ,lJ.eHCTBlieM TenJla H KHCJlOpO,lJ.a. Han-
6oJl.ee HHT.etHoCH'B'HO OKHCJlIllTeJlbHbloe n:ptOuiE!tC'ObI npoHcXOAHT 'B na,poBOA
c,pe.!l.e. O)).,H'3KO p,er,etHoetp'ar, DOJIYtJOOHblA :na'ptO'BblM 'Mero.D.OM, Me.uoee 0)).-
HOptO.n.eH IH OOJl'3.!1iaer 6oJlE!e oH'H3KHMIH <pH3'H'Ko-.Mexa,HIHtJeCKHMH 'CSOACT-
B3M'H H OtJeHb DJIOX'HM'H TlE!X;HOJIOnHtJeCH'M,H cBOAcTBaMH no oOpa'BlHoE!:H'H1O
c ,per-eHetp.arOM, nOJIytJeH.HbIM BO.!I,O.HeHTp'aJl'blHblM Me'TIO,lJ.OM.
476

PereHepaUHIO TepMOMeXaHHtJeCKHM MeTO,lJ.OM (pHC. IV.l02) DpOBO-
.ZUIT B tJ.epBHtJ.H:bIX .MaWlHiHI8X II;ptH ,lJ.eHcrBHIH B'bllCOiKHIX TeMDe:paTY,p
(200°C) H MOID.HbIX 'MeX!alH!HtJeocK)HX 'B03>.D.eA.cTBlHHx, OIpIII 9TO.M IIJpO,llOlll-
:>K'HTe..'1b'HOCTb «,ll.eBYJI,K)aIH1II3aUIJIJH» 'pea:HaI!bI COCTaBJI.HeT 'BCero IH1E!CKOJlb'KO
MHiHYT. TaKoH ,pereHep.aT 6oJIoee O)l.lH()lPO,lJ.oeH H Dln,a:CTHlI{oE!IH no cp.aBoHe-
HHIO C pereHepaToM, nOJlY'tJeHiHblM BO,lJ.OHeHTpaJlb'HblM MeTO,lJ.OM.
Toep'MoMex'aH!HtJecKHH MeTO,ll 'pereu.e,paI.QRH ,pe3lR'H'bI Sl;BJloHeTCH Tex-
HoH'II'E!CH ,HlaHOOJlee OOrepme.HoHbl.M :H3 'BoceX .cY.lllecTBYIOlU,rHX iMeroJI.OB
6JIaroJI.a,p'H B03MO>KoHOCTIJI C03.l1:aTb IHenpeplbLBoHbIH npouooc H o6ecne-
.l'J{Tb nOlllill;V1O Mexa,HUSoaUHIO H 3.H l alJlHTeJlbHylO a'BTOMa11H3aUHIO.
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H<C, IV.102. CxeMa npOH3BQI.llCl'lla peTeHepa'Ta TejpMOlMexalllll"lecKH'M MeTO,llOM:
- 6YHKep Ailli APo611eKoil pesHHbI; 2 - eMKOCTb Ailli MllnHTellll: 3 - AOS8ropbl; 4 - CMeCHTellb
ienpepblBHoro AellcTBHII: 5 - QepBllqHblll AeBYIIK8HHSaT0P: 6 - p8<1>HHHPOBOQHble BallbbI;
- - CKII8A rOToBoil npoAYKUHH.
nepcnoeKTHBlHbIM H'BJloHerCH MeTO,ll n:poiH3BOJllCTBa Ipereu'E!pa1\a «.nHiC-
l'p'r.HpoBa'H:HeM», 3aKJIJOtJalOlllHHCH ;B ,M'eX-aiHIHtJOOKOM'iII3'MeJIbtJeHHIII pe-
;HH'bI ,lJ.0 1'OH'KO.llJHoCnlE!lplOHoro COCTOSIIHIH:H ,B piHiCYTCTBHH 8'KT.H'BaTOJ}oB
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1P1E!"LJ,e. npoueoc ,lJ.H.cnpnHpoBla.HJHH OCYllloecTBJlHe1'CSl mp'H 40-60°C,
J:ro -npoeJI.OTB'I)talllaleT Ipa3oB:H11H'E! OtK:HCJIH'TIeJI,b'HblX n'poueCCOB H iCnocoocT-
"YeT M'e.HbWeMY 'H3'M>E!.HeHJHIO 'KaY"l'Y'KOBOro Bew.eCTBa ,pe3IH!H:f>1 B .I1!pouec-
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B OCH08H()M IpereHepoaT OIOJIYtJ,aIOT IH3 !pe3:HJH' ,Hla OOHO.Be KaYtJYKOB
)oll1'ero ,Ha3H1atJeH!.IH (iH'aT}"p,aJIblHoro, H30IIopoeHtOBOro, 6pa,ll.oHeH-.cm-
JOJIbIHOro) III HX IKO'MOHiH'aUJdt B IHoe60JIbl1llHX Ko.JIlHtJOCTBax 'BIbI-n)'ICK3IOT
8'K)Ke 'pereHepaT !H3 ,pIE!3IHIH ilia O'OHooe oymJIlKaytty,K)a, nOJlIHXJIOpOnlpoe-
':ia IH ,H,HTptHJIb'HOro 'KaytJ,YK. Pe3H:H'bI IH'a OCROse OY'1'HJIIaY'tJYKa MoryT
477

6bITb D()Jl.B<epmYThl ipere.flJe(paUHH B03.D.>E!ikl'.8'HeM 'Y-IH3JIYtJeH.'HH, I1ipHtJeM
,B 9TOM rcJIytJ3e Jl.JIH lp.ereHiE!fp,aUHH !H'eo6H3a11eJl'biH0 D!poBO,lJ.IJITb Oipe,lJ.Ba-
pHTeJlbHOIE! Tw.a1'eJIbiHDe H3tMeJIbqeHIHe pe3lRH1ol.
OLl.EHKA KAqECTBA PEfEHEPATA
,l1.JLII OUeH'Kdi KaQiE!iCTBa .pereutep'aT no.n:sepl'alOT XiH'MIH1tJec.KOtMY aiH'a-
JIIHSY. KptOMe roro, D'ptOBO.ll.HT HCILbITaJrniH BYJI.Ka,u.HsaroB iH,a ero OCHO.Be
no TeXIHOJIOiI'HtJecKHM H Me8IHlJltJecR'M CB<OHCTB>8M.
npH npOBe.n.eHHH X'HMHtJecKoro a!HaJlH3a orrpe,lJ.E!J1HIOT B COCTaBe
pereHepaTa CO,lJ.ep>KaHHe B HeM JIeTYtJHX BellleCTB (npH 110 0c), SOJlbl,
TeKCTHJlH H MHrtJHTeJIeH, a TaK>Ke CTeDeHb ero ,lJ.eBYJIKaHHSaUHH, KHC-
JlOTHOCTb H w.eJIOtJHOCTb.
Ka,tJecTBO :peneu6poaTa DO BoHeWHfE!oMy B'HAy Ii TeXIHOJIOmtJecK)HrM
CBO.HCTB8'M OUeH'IiBaIOT .BlH3yaJl'hHO nyreM ,e,paBlHElHiH5I DOJIO'DH'8 ,pere.ue-
,p,aTa, .oHlH'M,aeMoro oC 'poa$JI1HHpoBO'tJd{'hlX BaJlbUOB, co 'Cl'aHJ.lI.a}>'l1H'bI'M 91'a-
J\OHOM. npH 9TOM YtJHThlBalOT DJIOTHOCTb, CTeneHb wepOXOBaTOCTH H
rJlHiHI.\>e:a:HTOCTb nO'B<ep'x.HOCT.H 'IroJIoma, a 11a'lOKIE! tJHeno BlKJIlOtJeHlHA }Ke-
CTI<IHX tJaoC11HU )l.eBYJlK)allm30BaHOOH ope3tH'JIIbI (KPYIt'bI). OAHO,P0,lJ.IMOCTb
pereHepaTa ompe.zr.eJ1.HIOT 1110 MHKptOlJ>o'TlOf\pa$HsrM qJe3O:B.
no n:JIacro3J1'aoC11HtJecKiHM C80Ac1'B'a,M x.a,paKTep'HSYIOT Tex.HOJlOl1HltJe-
CK,He CBOHCTB.a peI1eHIE!Ip'8Ta. nJlI8CTHtJIHOCTb, MHnKOCTb H 9J1,aCT.HtJectroe
BOCCTaIHO.BJI:e.HiH>E! B OCoHO'BHOM Ol1:pe.lI.eJ1'HIOT lM,a C>KHMaIOIU'HX !lIJlaoCTOMeT-
p,ax, a 'BHSKOCTb no MYHIll -18'a IpoTaI.QHOJIiHbIX B'HiCK03HMeTp'ax. H}Y.H
onpe,lJ.eJIeu.HiH BHS'KOCTiH no MY'HIH nOJItJlaIOTc.H 6oJIoE!e BOCDfptOH3'BOJtH-
MbIe pesYJlbTaTbI. ,BH3'KOCTb no MyoHIH cT,aoHJJ;atpTHlbIX Ma'poK peI'<€lHlelp'a-
T.a, ,0000ytJ.eHlMoro 'BO,lJ.ooeATpaJlbIHbI'M 'MeTO,lJ.OM, nop.H 100°C OOCTaBJIHeT
17-60 yen. e,lJ..
D.JIH oueH'KH Mex,aHHtJeCK)HX oCBOHtCT.B '8YJI'Ka:HJH3aTOB Ha OCHOBe pe-
reHep'aTa, cO,lJ.ep')Kaw.ero :KaYtJYKH O'olllero Jla3H,atJeH,HH, rOTO:BWf iCmiR-
,lJ.aplfJfYIO oCoM'OCb CJle,lJ.YIOw.ero cocra.Ba (Mace. tJ. H'a 100 ,Macc. 'I. pere-
He'p'a Ta ) :
PereHepaT . . . . .. 100,0 OKCH.ll UHHKa . . . . . 2,5
.LI.H6eH3THa30JlHJlp.HCYJlb<jlHP. 0,9 Cepa........ 1,5
BYJlKaHH3aUHIO CTaH,lJ.apTHOA CMeCH DpOBO.D.HT npH 143::!:: 1 °C B Te-
tJ.eH!He 15 'MRH'. nOJlYtJ'bIe ,BYJIaH!HSaThI Jl.OJI)K;HlbI oHMeTb ThpOtllHOCTb
DlptH pa.cTH>KoE!'HHiH ,He ,MeHee 5,0-7,0 Mna iH O'DHOOHTeJIbHDe Y.llJlIJIiH'E!Jf.He
He'Meuee 350% B Sa'B<HCHMOiCTH OT 'M>a'JmH ,pereue:p'aT.a. OJlJHa'Ko enoE!JJ.Y-
eT IHMeTb :B BH,lJ.Y, 'tJTO .D.JI'H o.Ueu'KH '&a'tJeCTB'a 'perE!iHJepaTa iH1e,.lI.OCTaro'tJ.HO
SHlaTb MeXaJl'HtJeCHe oCB<OHCTBa oCT,a'Ho.lI.8JpTtH'bIX cMeceH, Ta'K K8JK oC.BHSb
MoE!)KJI.Y Mex.a,H!HtJeCKHiMlH nOKa3la1'eJI,H'MH I8YJIK8IHlHSaTOB IpereHepaTa H
pe3:HHOBbIX ,cMeceH, co,lJ.ep>KaIllJHX ;pereuepaT, IHiE! y.cTaJfOBJIleH'a.
nPHMEHEHHE PEfEHEPATA B PE3HHOBbiX CMECX
HpiH B'Be,n.:E!iH\HiH ,pereHe,paT,a 'B ;pe3HiHoBlhle .cMeou yl8IE!JIHtJH.BaeTCH .cKO-
pocTb HX iCMeWeiHIJIH. H:po,lJ.OJI2KJHTeJlbHOCTb ITI}Y.HroTOBJI,eHJRSI 'CMeceH IH,a
B<aJl'bUaX IHJlH 'B sa'Kip1hlTOM OMeCiHTeJlrE! CO'Kpaw.ae1'CH lHIa HeOKOJl'bKO ,MH-
478

HryT, a B ,HoeKoropbIx .CJlytJ.aHX - B.,lliB<Oe. KpoM>E! wro, YMelHbWaeToCH
p'acXO.ll. 3oHepoP.HIH Il'piH 06pa60T,K>E! pere.uepaTa, TaK 'KaK O!H OOA
p)KHT

Hcnepr.u,poBoaiHJH'bIe HJH:l'pe.nIHIE!IH'I'bI 'H OOJIla.ll.aeT .lI.OC1'a1'O'tJ.HOH oOJI'aoCToH'tJ-
HOCTblO.
PoereIreJP'aT B :pe3lHlHOBbIX CMeCHX 'MO)KlHO IpaoecMaTptHBaTb KaK iCWiH-
TbIn nOJllJI.Moep, 'tJ'I'Q 06ycnoBJlH'B'aeT nOCTOSlJlrCTBO CBOHICTB ,pereHepa'DHblX
'CMeceH npH !HX nrepepa,OO'J)KoE!. PereH>E!paT,H'bIe oCMecH IH'MelOT Me.H'bWYIO
j'lCa.D.KY H OOJla.ll.aIOT xoapO'weH 'Kalp'KaOHOCTblO. IltpiH IBYJIIIQalHlH3'aUJlLH iIIS-
,lleJIJHH, oCO
ep'>KaW:HX iJ>ereHiE!tp.aT, 60es oO'piH'MeHeH'HH IjJo.pM .nE!lJ>opMaU,rHH
a-arOTOBKH ,He3<HI8tf:HTeJIbHa. UP'H nO:BroplHOM ,BaJl:bUE!BaiHIItH pereHe.p,aT-
H'bIre <:MeCH mlJa,C11HIJjHlPYIO'J1CJI 'B ,MeH'bWoE!H CTene.HH, tJ.eM OMeOH, !l1 1 pHfo-
TO'BJle.HIH'bIIE! II£a OOHOBie. oKayqYKa, T. e. ()IHJ}f ,Melree IIIY:BiC1'B'HTeJI,blHIbI 'K ne-
pE!DJIaC'mKaI.QHiH. Bc.ne,.lJJCT.BRe IHe60JIbworo TelLJIooOlpa3Ol8'aHlRH C'Meoen,
<:O.lI.e.p}KoaIJ.I..'HX pereH'epaT, OmaoCHOC1'b nO.ll.B.YJlKaJliHSaIIMH IIJ>'H o6pta60T-
Ke HX ,"'a BaJlbuaX, 'KaJI;aIH',!J.opax, .B CMecH1'eJ15IX ill wrupHU-oMallL'HJH,aX OHIH-
>Ka'eT.cH. HptH .BBoe.ll.WlLH 'B :p>E!3IHiHOBbIe C'MoE!ICH iP'E!reHepaTa 'MO>KlHO D'ptH-
MeJMTb oOOIBbIWeHlHbIe CKOpOC'J)H W1I11ptHueBaHiHH H 'KaJIaH:lIIpoBaamfH mpH
xopoweM oCOx:poaiHoE!:H'IfIH :D,po$HJI,H 4Jo,PMyoeMOH aam'TlO.B'KH. ifIpH'MeH'E!oHJHe
pereuoE!.poaT.a Q.tJe.Hb 3$<lJe'KTHBi!!0 ,B Ipe3lH1HOBblX CMrecHX, HiCnOJIbsyeMblX
.llJIH npOMa3KH TKaHH Ha KaJl a H.lI.P ax.
PereHepaTHble CMeCH >KeJlaTeJlbHO npHMeHHTb B npOHSBO.ll.CTBe
tPoPMOBblX iHS.lI.>E!JI!HA, OCOOeHIHO I60JlbUJJHX Ipa3'MiE!lpoB, Ta'K KaK OIHiH 'MeA-
JIeH,HO 'paoC1'eKalOTCH ill JIyq'We BblTeCIH:5IIOT IBOS.lI.YX H3 IJ>oPOM, tJro n,peA-
OT.B;paw.aeT OOpa30BaHiHoE! nYSbI'pen IH He.II.Ompec<:OBKH. .
npH H'cnOJIb'SOBa'H'H'H pe,reHepara MOIKeT 6b1Tb co
paw.eH pacxo.ll.
YiClKOtptH1'e.neA :H o,KC'".lI.a 'Uu.Hiroa. Pe
paT rupen:HToCTByeT 'taK>KoE! fpeB
.
CIlLH BYJIKa,H!H3aUHIH. K IJIHCJIY IHe.ll.OoCTaTIOOB pereHepar,a, OPPaiHrHqH'BalO-
IUjHX ero OIp!H,MeH-e.HJHe 'B 'peS:H'HOB'blX ICMecHX, OTJlOCHTCH YMe.HbweHHoE!
3J1laC'J)HtJIHOCTH peSHHI, MO.ll.YJIH, IIlpOtl'HOCTH mprH ,p'a, a.pbI:Be oon,po'11HBJlre-
RiBH 'pas
n.PY, !HC'J)Hlpoa,H'HIO iH YCTaJlOC'DHOH .ilIpotJ/HIOCToH.
npH H3rOTOBJleHHH pe3HHOBbIX CMeceH, CO.ll.ep)KalllHX pereHepaT,
CJ{laqaJl.a 'poa3.l1.eJIbiHO nrJI,a,CTHU,rHpYIOT 'KaYtJ,yK IH Ipere.ue.paT, .a S'a'TleM ax
CMew H.B.a lOT. Cepy H y.c'KOpHTeJlb .BBO.lI.HT 'B .cMeCb \HS jpalctJreTa lHa 06-
lllee cO.ll.epl>Ka'HlUoe nOJlIJIMepa (KaYtJYKa H K,aYtJY,Kororo ,sew.eCTBa 1ptE!-
reHepaTa). ECJlIH nOJlYtJla,eMaH Ipe3IHHa .lI.OJI>KiHa OOJI'a.ll.aTb lIIO.BblWeHlHbIM
COn.poT,HBJIeH,HeM IC'J)ape.HIHIO, 'Co.ll.ep')KaIHiHe oC>e!p'bl CHoH>KaIOT ,H.a 20-30%
no ,cpaBiHe.H'HIO oC OObIlJIHO DlpiH:H'HTbIM AJIH CMIE!CeH IH'a OOHOB<E! IKaytJYIQa.
AHTHOKCH.lla:HrrbI \H IHaDOJIoHHTeJlIJI BBO.lI.HT TOJlb'KO HS Ipa1ctJera lII'a .co-
.lI.ep2KaHH'e 'KaYtJYKa. 31'0 o6'bS1OHiHeroH TeM, 111'0 OIHIH mpaKTHtJeCIQH ,pa.c-
nrpe.ll.'E!JIHIOTiCH 'B KaYtJYKe; B tJ,aC11HlI:aX 'pereHetpaTa co.nep>KaTCH 'fOJlb'KO
Te !H'a, n<NIIHIHT.eJI:H IKOTOplble OIbIJIIH B iH.'CXO,ll,HOH i}>E!OOHe.ptHlpyeMoH IpeSHiHe.
CBOAcTBa p.eSHH, oe
e,p)Koall.lJHX 'p.er
paT, Mory" ObI1'b 3<H,a'tJHreJIb-
HO YJlyqWeHbl BBe.ll.eHHeM B CMeCH aKTHBHbIX YCHJlHBalOw.HX HanOJlHH-
TeJI,eH (TOH'KoAH.cnepcHoro Tex:HHtJeCKOro y'rJlepo.zr..a, BbIOOKO'MOJleKYJlH'p-
H'bIX CMOJl.).
P'ereHlf.paT n,p'HM:eHIjlIOT .B nlpoH3BOACTBe 'IllH,H, :peSHiHO'BbIX Tex.HIH-
'IecKHX H3,!J.oeJlIHH (Tpa:HCnoapT€lptHlbix JIelHfI', ;PYKa.BOB, mpOKJIa.ll.OIK, oClKKY-
.MYJlHW.ptHhI'X oaKoB), 'B np<JIHSBO.lI.oCT.Be ,pesH'Ho'BOH oOY'BrH. I1piH iHCnOJlb-
479




SOBaHHH p.ereHepaTa B ry6tJaThlX pe3HHaX CHH>KaeTCSI 9J1aCTHtJeCKOe
BOCCT3oHOBJIeHHe tOMeoeA IH Y'MoeHlbWaIOTCH 'KOJIeOaIHlHH B lp'as'Moepax DiOtp
DrpH 'BYJ}'Ka.HJHSaIUi'H.
C 1}>'aCTBOoptHTeJlH'MrH (OObItJ.HO B D'plHCY1'CTB.H.1i oCMOJl) poereuepoaT ,lJ.a-
eT ueHIH'bIe 'KJIeH C l8'bIOOKHiM OO,lJ.ep)KaiHlHE!M ayqYKO'BOro B<E!IIJ.OCTBa.
On .ll,iO'BOJIbHO JlerKO JJ.lJlcnoepmpyeToCJI B .BO.n.e ill B CMeOH C JfaTY'P'8J1'b-
H'blM iHJI:H CH.HTeTHllecKH'M JllareK'COM O.6ecniE!'tlHB l aeT nOJlYtJeHHe 'BbIOOKO-
Ka1lleCT.BE!HiHbIX a.n.re3Gf'BOB.
Hs O,lJ..Horo jpere1flE!lP'aTa .B OoOHOBlHOM roTOB'HT 1'O.JJ.bKO iHe<YI\8eTCTBeH-
Hhle HS.lI.eJIHSI: KOBphl, 6b1TOBbIe ,lJ.0P0)KKH, DOJlYTBep,lJ.hle Tpy6KH ,lJ.JIH
H3OJI'HURH, iCa,lJ.OBible pty'KaBa H .lI.'p.
JlHTepaTypa
PereHepaUHII H p.pyrHe MeTOp.bI nepep860TKH cTapofi peaHHbI. flop. pep..
B. E. fYJllI, fl. H. OpJlOBCKOrO, 11. A. llloxHHa. M., eXHMHII», 1966. 139 c.
. A.AbTSU14ep B. C., Muxa4408 B. A. flpOH3BOP.CTBO H npHMeHeKHe nOp'OWBeHHoro
pereHepaT8. M., cnerKall BBP.YCTPHII», 1968. 163 c.
P'POSiJo8CICUil B. <P. AxTHB8TOpbl pereKepa1l.HK peaKH. TeM8T. 0630p. Cep. enpo-
H3BOP.CTBO WHH, PTI1 H Anb. M., UHHHT3He4lTexHM, 1970.63 c.
P'POSiJo8CICUil B. <P., IOplfe8a T. B. cKayqYK H peaHHa:t. 1970, .Nt 1, c. 11-14.
CnpaBO'lHHK peaHHIU,HK8. M., cXHMBSI:t, 1971. 608 c.

llacTb V
PE3HHbl PA3J1HIJHOrO HA3HAIJEHHR


K Ipe3.HiHe IH .lpe:mHO.B'hI'M iH3.l1.eJlmiM iOJpe.lI.'bH'BJUIIOT OtJeHb BbIICOK&Ire TeX-
WIf1reCKHe 'TIpe60BalllH,H. 3m,M 'J1peOO.Ba.HIHlI I M tire Y.lI.OBJIeT.BG.piSllOT ceptHii-
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CK,l{, CKC) K<aYtJyKO'B.
O,lJ..HrHM H3 BaXGlJeAl1IIHx 1'pe60B<alHrHH, 11IpeA'bSIBJ1:HeMhlX iK pe3J11H1aM,
H'BJI'HeTCH .BhlCOKaH Te.II.IIOCTOehroCTb n:pH TeMoDetpuypax 250-350°C.
Pa3'8'H11He TeXoHlHiK1H Bb13IBaJIO llleo6x
,MOC1'b r003JJ:alHJHH coellRaJIb-
HhlX pe3HH, 06JIa.ll.alOlUHX BhlCOKRMH Macno-, MOp030- R orHecTOHKo-
CTblO, ,HiH\l{rHIJ><J>epeHmOCTbIO no O'DHOWeHJHlO K pa3JLHIlIHbI'M JDHMHtJecKIHM
a.J'e.HTaIM, 'Mex,aHiHtJecKoH mpoqaroCTblO ,Jf .llP'}'mMIH IOBOHiC'f.&a'MIH, 'a TalOKe
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HhlM CO,llep)KaIHiHeM 03OlHia.
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JI.eH'HH ,pe3H.HOBbIX oCMeceH pa3JIHtJlHoro H'a3iH,aqeHlHH.


31-2397




rJIaBa 25
OrHECTORKHE PE3HHbI H PE3HHbI,
PA60TAIOinHE B YCnOBHlIX TPODHIJECKOrO KnHMATA
orHECTORKHE PE3HHbI
OrHeCTo.AKHe pe3HHhI npHMeHftIOT p'JIft H3o.JIftUHH 3JIeKTpHqeCKHX Ka6e.
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rope1'b noe YAaJIeHlHft IUCTOtJllllJma iBOCILJII8IMeHeHHft.
HaH60JIee 'I'OiP'IOqeA 'qaCTbIO jpe3lHlHa.BOA CMecH ftM-fteTCft Kayq,yx.
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44 M.lI.*/Kr). HpIH pa3JIo)KeHIHIH lH'aT}'lpaJI,biHoro Kayqy.Ka (mpH 230°C)
BhlP.eJI:ftJOTCft JIeI'KOSOCnlll'a'MeH&ftIOIU;HecsI sew.eCTBa: :H30IIIJ>eH'. p'HIJteHTeR
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JIftJOTCft oCHaI)KeHtHe co..a;ep)I{.a.HIH,ft ,K'ayqyKia IH ,nJIaJCTIH4>H'Karo;poa ill OOCTa-
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p'OJI)KHo. npeBhlwaTb 20% (0.6.) Ha 100% (0.6.) CMeCH.
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K,UlM ,rmaocm-cpu,KaTO'pOM Sl:BJIfteTCJI. lII'a'mplUMtelp. tJ1}>'H,Ktpoe3IHJI<fIoc.paT; "'PH
ero ropeHlHill 11M IJJOBepooHOC11H 1U3P.eJIMft 06poa3yercft 'fOHIIm{A CJIaA c1Joc-
<JjopIHaA 'K:HCJIOThI. nrpeIIftToCTBYIOw.eA ,paoCI1IpOC1!P'alHeHHIO I'QpeH'Hft. Cy-
W,eCT.BeHJIO DOIH'H)KaIOT roproqecTb :poe3JfJR XJIOptI1la,p'aqmm.r, ooJJ..<ep*aw.He
50-80% XJIopa.
482

.lI.JUI- TIlpIH)J.o3tHJHH 'pte3H!H 1 8'M OnHecroiiKOCTH B CMecH BBO)J.HT cnelJ,lHoaJIlb-
Hble BeUleCTB8. Bwr.e.n.slI01IJjHe lHeropoJO'lllHe r83b1 H n8pbl BO)J.bI. KOTO'plbl'e'
npenHTCTBYIOT ropeltluo. .JIJIoH seW.ecT.Ba. JlerKO p8CnJI8BJIHIOW.HecH c
06p830B8HHeM :DOKIp'hlTHH. -mpenH'l'CT.BYIOw.ero p8Co.pOcTp.8.HeHtHlO rope-
HiHH (MOlleBHH8. I'H-nc. OO)J.€IP'8w,uA KptHCT8JIJIH38UHOtH1H)'IO BOAY. KIIC-
Jlblij BHHHOKHCJIblH Kl8JlbIJ,oHA, 6Y'P'8, .I.JjHIHIKOBble CO.1H 6opHOH KHCJIOTbI,
J1BOHHble aMMOHrHeBO-H.811lY.HeBble OOJIIH 4>oc(j>optHoA KHCJIOTbI). .lI.JIH Kay-
I,YKOB, CO)J.ep)K8InHX XJlOp (,HImlpIH'Mep. ;lI.JIlI nOJIHXJIopon.peH8), B K8-
lieCTBe 1aKHX Bew.eCTB o.p.HMeH-moT XJIOpMlpOB8:H.Hble .lI.HcpeH;JfJl H H'8<1>ra-
miH HJI'H HX CMecH.
HaU6oJIee" 3<1>(j>eKTHBHblMH A068BK8MH. nOHH)K81OW.HMH roplOllecTb
yrJIeBOllopo.J.%iX KaYI:JYKoB, SlBJlHIOTCH Cli'HeprHqeCKH-e CMeCH XJiOP!l!:l-
pa<pHHoB (5-10 M3C":. u. C CO.ae.p)K8IHiHeM oX.,,!op08  70%) HJI'H
APyrHx r8J10reHco)J.ep>KalliHX E:.ti'T9 B C01leT8HHH C OKCHAOM CYPb-
MbI (III) Sb 2 0 S (3-5 M8CC. 't.). BbLl..:_1fllOnUf.A'cH npH ropeHHH XJIO-
pHCTblA BOAOpOA B38HMo)J.eHcTByeT C OKC1!lI.OM CYPhMbI (III) C 06P8-
308HHeM XJIOpHA8 CypbMbI H KOHellHorO npoAYK'i'a - OKC" '.IVp .:,:: 'i
CypbMbI. B npHcYTcTBHH OKCHAOB CypbMbI raJIOreHCOAepE8WHe coe-
AHHeHRH B38HMOAeAcTBYIOT co CB060AHb'MH pa,lHlK8JIaMH, 06pa3YIO-
W.HMHCH DPH ueDHoA peaKU.HH ropeHHH. faJIOreHCOAep)KaDl.He coe..
AHHeHHH CypbMbI npeoslTCTBYIOT YTeqKe r8JIoreHOB H3 DJIaMeHH. H HX
TH)KeJIble n8pbl OKa3b1BaIOT 38rJIyw81Ow.HA 3(j>4>eKT DPH ropeHHH.
I< IIHCJIY Bew.eCTB, nOHH)K81OW.HX roplOQeCTb pe3HHoBblX cMeceA,
H8AO OTHeC1'H H CeJIeH. npH lO%-HoM cOAep)KaHHH KOToporo B CMeCH
pe3Ko CHH)K8eTCH ee rOplOqeCTb. -
.lI.JIH nOBblweHHH orHecToHKoCTH pe3HH B HHX BDOAHT B OOJIbWOM
KOJIHlIeCTBe H8nOJIHHTeJIH C M8JIoA TenJlOnpOBOAHOCTbJO: KaOJIHH, MO-
JIOTblA 8c6ecT. rHApoKcHA aJIIOMHHHH H OKCHA 8JIIOMHHHH, HeKoropHe
CHJIHK8TbI.
HanOJIHHTeJIHMH AJIH orHeCTOHKHX pe3HH HBJIHIOTCH KaOJIHH HnH
HH(j>Y30PH8H 3eMJIH; B CMeCH HX BBO)J.HT AO 40% (06.) Ha 100% (06.)
8yqYKa; B CMeCb )J.068BJIHIOT T8K)Ke AO 15-20% (06.) rHApoKcHAa
OKHCH 8JIIOMHHHH.
.lI.0 H8cTOHw.ero BpeMeHH HeT eAHHoro MeTOAa HCDblT8HHH pe3HH
H8 BOCnJI8MeHHeMOCTb H orHeCTOHKOCTb. OrHecTOAKocTb HHorAa 00"
pe.ll.eJISIIOT CJIe.ll.YIOl1J;H'M oopa30M. Oopa3eu DJIOIU,a,ll,blO 37.5 9M2 38H1pen.
JIHIOT H8 p8Me COOTBeTCTBYIOw.ero p83Mepa DOA yrJIOM 45 0 K ropH.
30HT8JIbHOA DJIOCKOCTH. nOA ueHTp8JIbHOA Q8CTbJO 06P83U8 YCTaHaB"
JIHB810T He60JIbWOH THreJIb, T8K Qro6H OCHOB8HHe ero 6HJIO Ha 2 CM
HH)Ke cpe.ll.HeA Q8CTH 06p83U8. B THreJIb H8JIHBalOT 3 MJI 86cOJIIOTH"
pOBaHHoro cnH'pTa H 38)KHr81OT cnHpT OT He60JIbWOrO HCroQHHK8
DJI8MeHH. KOTOpblA CP83Y YA8JIHIOT. B A8HHOM cnYQ8e CDHpT B HOP"
M8JIbHblX YCJIOBHHX ropHT 45 c, npH 3TOM 0TMeqalOT BpeMH H8Q8na
H KOHU8 ropeHHH, 38TeM H3MepHIOT 06yrJIHBwyJOcH Dnow.aAb oCS:-
paslla.
Pe3YJIbT8TbI HCDblT8HHH oueHHBl;ilOT cneAYIOw.HM o6pasoM. Ban"
JIOM 1 0003H8Q81OT HeBOCnJI8MeHHIODl.HeCH 06pasubI, T. e. 06p8SIIY, it
KOTOpblX 06yrJIHS8HHe Be 'paCDpOCTpaHHeTCll AO HHEHero Kp8st n
31*
48,1;

BepXHOCTH; 6aJIJIOM 2 - O'leHb M8JIO BOCnJIaMeHftIOw.HeCft oCSpa3uhI,
KOf)l.a 06yrJIHBaHHe He pacnpOCTpaHfteTCft 60J1ee qeM Ha 5 CII B no-
nepellHoM HanpaBJIeHHH; 6aJIJIOM 3 - MaJIO BOCnJlaMeHftIOw.HeCft 06-
pa3UhI, KOr)l.a 06yrJIHBaHHe pacnpOCTpaHfteTCft He 60JIee qeM H8
7,5 CM B nonepellHGM HanpaBJIeHHH.
OrHecToAKocTb nOJIHMepHhlx MaTepHaJIOB, B TOM IIHCJIe H pe3HH.
qaCTO oueHHBaIOT no ICUCAOpoihlbtM uHiJeICcaM 80CnAaMeHJleMOCTU-
no MHHHMaJIbHoMy CO)l.ep1KaHHIO KHCJIOpO)l.a B CMeCH ero C a30TOM,
He06xo)l.HMOMY )J.JIft Toro, QT06h1 nOJIHMepHhlA MaTepHaJI 3arOpMCft.
tleM 60JIbWe 3HalleHHe KHCJIOpO)l.HOrO HH)l.eKca. TeM MeHbwe roPIO-
lIeCTb nOJIHMepHOro MaTepHaJIa. I< TpY)l.HOCrOpaeMhlM OTHOCftTCft no.
JIHMepHhle MaTepHaJIbl C KHCJIOpO)l.HhlM HH)l.eKCOM BocnJIaMeHfteMOCTH
60JIee 0.4.
PE3HHbI .o.JljI 3KCnJlYATAu,HH B YCJlOBHjlX
TPOnH'IECKorO KJlHMATA
B YCJIOBHHX TponHllecKoro KJIHMaTa pe3HHoBhle H3)1.MHft nO)l.Bep.
raIOTCft HHTeHcHBHoMY )l.eACTBHIO CBeTa H BhlCOKHX TeMnepaTYp. TaK.
HanpHMep, B I1H)l.HH Cpe)l.HHe TeMnepaTyphl B03)1.yxa JIeTOM )l.OCTHra-
lOT 43-44 °C, a npH npHMoM COJIHeqHOM OCBew.eHHH 66-69 °c; pe
3HHOBhle H3)1.eJIHft lIepHoro UBeTa B 3TOM CJIyqae MorYT HarpeBaTbCft
)1.0 100°C. BCJIe)l.CTBHe 3Toro pe3HHhI, npe)l.Ha3HaqeHHhle )l.JIft 3KC-
nJIyaTauHH B TponHKax, )l.OJI1KHhI 06JIa)l.aTb oc060A cToAKOCTbIO K
TenJIOBOMY cTapeHHIO H cBeTocToAKOCTbIO.
I<poMe Toro, pe3HHhI H oc06eHHo TKaHH B pe3HHOTKaHeBhlx H3)1.e-
JIHftX pa3pywaIOTcH B 3THJt YCJIOBHftX pa3JIHqHblMH rpH6KaMH (nJIe-
ceHb) H HaceKOMhlMH (TepMHThI H )l.p.); n03ToMy Tpe6yeTCft cneUH-
aJIbHaft 6HOJIOrHlleCKaft 3aw.HTa pe3HHoBhlX H3)1.eJIHiL
ECJIH pe3HHbI 3KCnJIyaTHpYlOT B YCJIOBHHX TponlillecKoro KJIHMaTa
H npH 3TOM OHH 3aw.Hw.eHhI OT B03)1.eikTBHft npHMhlx COJIHeqHblX JIY.
ileA H aTMocclJepHblx OCa)l.KOB. TO CpOK CJIY1K6h1 )l.JIft HHX 6Y)l.eT 60JIb-
we. qeM )l.JIft pe3HH, pa60TaIOw.HX Ha OTKpblTOM B03)1.yxe no)l. Heno-
Cpe)l.cTBeHHhlM )l.eACTBHeM COJIHeqHOA pa)l.HaUHH. HaH60JIee YCToA-
IIHBhlMH ftBJIftIOTCH TenJI0030HOCToAKHe pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe 3THJIeH
npOnHJIeHOBhlX, c1JTOp- H CHJIOKCaHOBhlX KaYllYKoB H MeHee CroAKH-
MH - pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe XJIOpOnpeHOBblX KaYllYKOB.
.l1JIft 3aw.HThI pe3HH OT )l.eACTBHft MHKpoopraHH3MOB B CMeCH BBO-
AftT c1JYHrHUH)l.hI (0,5-4 % OT MaCChi KaYIIYKa), HeKOTophie CneUHaJIb-
Hhle nJIaCTH<I>HKaTopbl, a TaK:H<e nO)l.6HpaIOT COOTBeTCTBYIOw.He BYJI-
KaHH3YIOw.He Bew.eCTBa. HaH60JIbWee npHMeHeHHe nOJIyqHJlH CJIe)l.YIO-
w.He c1JYHrHUH)l.hI: TPH-, TeTpa- H neHTaXJIOpcIJeHOJIbI, n-HHTpocIJeHOJIbI.
aJIHD.HJIaHHJIHJJ.. nJIaCTHclJHKaTopOM B )l.aHHOM CJIYllae HBJIHeTCft aJIb.
HXTOJIb*; B CM6CH HX BBO.H.ftT )1.0 5% (-Macc.). 113 BYJIKaHH3YIOlItHX
. · TexDUr'lec1('HH aJlIl6HX'TOJIb no.rrY"lalOT O,PH nepep8l6011Ke c.lubHnea; HMaJlbH'8H
TeMnepaTypa KHneHHII aJlb6HXTOJl!l 151-160°C, .11.0 275°C neperOH!leTCH 95%. CO.D.ep-
?Ka'H'lle y COCTaBJIHeT He MeRee 8%, xnopa -ille 60Jlee 1 %.
484
, '

Bew.eCTB CToAKH K )J.eACTBHIO MHKpOOpraHH3MOB THypaMhI. nOJIHCYJIb-
<l>H.lI.hI H BCe YCKOpHTeJIH, CO.ll.ep)Kaw.He CYJIblj>rH.lI.pHJlbHYIO rpynny.
eCJIH OHH B npouecce BYJIKaHH3aUHH He npeBpaw.alOTCH B UHHKOBYID
HJIH KaKYIO-JIH60 .lI.pyrylO COJlb. 3aw.HTHoe .lI.eACTBHe lIaCTHQHO OKa3h1-
BaeT CBo6o.ll.HaH cepa. BBe.ll.eHHe B pe3HHOBYlO CMeCb TaKHX HHrpe.ll.H-
eHTOB, KaK MeJI. napalj>HH, KaHHIj>OJIb. )KHpHhle KHCJIOThI, cnoco6CTBY-
eT pa3BHTHIO MHKpoopraHH3MOB.
.lI.JIH 3aw.HThI pe3HH OT nOpa:H<eHHH TepMHTaMH H OTlIaCTH rphl3Y-
HaMH neJIeCOO6pa3HO BBO.ll.HTb B pe3HHOBhle CMeCH HJlH nponHThlBaTb
HX OTDyrHBalOw.HMH BeIUeCTBaMH - peneJIeHTaMH (Ha<l>TaJIHHOM.
KaMlj>opoA, XJIOpHpOBaHHhlMH Ha<l>TaJIHHaMH H .lI.pyrHMH XJIopCO.ll.ep.
:H<aIUHMH apOMaTHlIeCKHMH COe.ll.HHeHHHMH). HaHMeHee YCToAqHBhI K
nOBpe:H<.lI.eHHIO TepMHTaMH pe3HHhI H3 CHJIOKCaHOBhlX KaYIlYKOB, a
Ta,K:H<e pe34HHbI 83 HaTypaJlb'HOrO J<ayqYKa H OYTH1J],KayqYKOB.
npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH 3aw.HTHhlX .lI.06aBOK H npaBHJIbHOM Bhl60pe
peuenTyphl pe3HHOBoA CMeCH 06eCneqHBaeTCH )J.OCTaTOQHO Ha)J.e)KHaH
3aIUHTa nOBepXHOCTeA OT B03.l1.eHCTBHH npHMoA COJIHeqHOH pa)J.HaUHH
H oca.ll.KOB B TeqeHHe He MeHee 5-7 JIeT.
JlHTepaTypa
KOaOl108 B. H. fOplO'IeCTb H orHecToitKoCTb nOJlHMepHblX MaTepHaJlOB. M., «XH-
MH!I», 1976. 160 C.
ITOTeMICUH M. B., KupeeHICo8a J1. IT., «KaY'IYK H pe3Hlfa», 1966, N!! 9, c. 25.
rYCTo8a J/. IT. u ap. nOJlY'IeRHe orReeToilKHX H3.D.eJJHiI H3 JlaTeKca. TeMaT. 06-
sop. Cep. «npOH3BO.D.CTBO PTH HATH». M., UHHI1T3He4>TexHM, 1975. 54 c.
Bopuc08a H. H., Pe6u308a B. r., KoceHICo8a A. C. BJlH!lHHe 4>aKT9poB 1'ponll'le-
CKoro KJlHMaTa Ha cBoAcTBa KaY'IYKoB H pe3HH. TeMaT. o6sop. Cep. «npOH3BO.D.CTBO
PTH HATH». M., UHHHT3He4>TexHM, 1976.32 c.
'-,
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r JIaBa 26
TBEP.lI.blE PE3HHbi (360HHT)
TBep.n.hle pe3HHhI, 06h1tIHO Ha3h1BaeMhle 36oHHTaMH. npe.n.cTaBJUlloT
C060H 1KeCTKUA, Bft3KHH MaTepHaJI, o6JIa.n.alOuJ.HA HeKoTopoA 3JIaCTHtI-
HOCTblO H ru6KocTblO. TaK KaK B 36oHHTOBhlX CMecSiX CO.n.ep:H<HTCft
3HaQHTeJIbHO 60JIbWe npucoe.n.uHeHHoH cephl, tIeM B MftrKOA pe3uHe,
npo.n.oJI:H<HTeJIbHOCTb HX BYJIKaHH3au,HH 3HatIHTeJIbHO 60JIbwe.
360HUT ftBJIfteTCft npo.n.YKTOM nOJlHOrO HaChlw.eHHft cepoA .n.BoAHhlX
CBft3eH B MOJIeKYJIaX KaYtIYKa; .n.JIft cneu,HaJIbHhlX o.eJIeA MorYT npH-
MeHftTbCft 360HUThI C QaCTHtIHhlM HaChlw.eHHeM .n.BoAHhlX CBft3eA.
36oHHToBhle H3.n.eJlHft WHpOKO HCnOJIb3YIOT B aBTOM06uJIbHOA, XH-
MUtIeCKOA, 3JIeKTpO- U pa.n.HOTeXHUtIeCKOA npOMhlWJIeHHOCTH H .n.PyrHx
OTpaCJISIx. TaK KaK 360HHT SlBJIfteTCft npeBocxo.n.HhlM .n.H3JIeKTpUKoM,
XUMHtIeCKU uHepTeH H Bo.n.OCToeK.
360HHThI MorYT 6h1Tb nOJIYtIeHhI H3 HaTypaJIbHhlx. 6YTa.n.ueHo-
BhlX, 6YTa.n.HeH-CTHPOJIbHhlX H 6YTa.n.HeH-HHTpHJlbHhlX KayqYKoB. a
TalOKe H3 pereHepaTa.
nOBe.n.eHue HeBYJIKaHU30BaHHhlx 360HUTOBhlX cMeceA B npoo.ecce
HX H3rOTOBJIeHHft H opMOBaHHft xapaKTepH3yeTcH HX nJIaCTHtIHOCTblO.
KJIeHKOCTblO, npo.n.OJI:H<UTeJIbHOCTblO H TeMnepaTYPoH BYJIKaHH3au,HH.
a TaK1Ke yca.n.KoH npH BYJIKaHH3au,HH. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Ha3HatIeHHft
K 360HHTOBhlM H3.n.eJIUftM npe.n.'bftBJIftIOT Cneo.HaJIbHhIe Tpe60BaHUft. KO-
Tophle MorYT OhlTb o6eCnetIeHhI npH BBe.n.eHHU B 360HHToBhle CMeCH
pa3J1HtIHblX H.Hope.n.HeHTOIB. 360HHThI MO:H<iHO D'OJIyqaTb C pa3JIH'I'HhlMH
H3HKo-MeXaHHtIeCKHMH cBoAcTBaMH. H3MeHftft co.n.ep:H<aHHe B HHX ce-
phi, 360HHTOBOA nhlJIH, HanOJIHHTeJIeA, pereHepaTa. MaCeJI, BOCKa H
.n.pyrHx HH'l"pe.ll.HetH"roB. POJIb HJHI'pe;!1'HeiHTOIB B 360HHTOBhlX CMecftX
3HatIHTeJIbHO OTJIUtIaeTCSI OT HX pOJIH B MftrKHX pe3HHax.
BYJlK3HH3yaoanHe BeanecTB3. B KaQeCTBe BYJIKaHH3YIOw.HX Bew.eCTB
.lI.Jlft 360HHTOBhlX cMeceR npHMeHsHoT cepy, He CO.ll.ep:H<aw.ylO CB060p.-
IioR CepHHiC110H KIICJIOThI, D'PiH HaJlH:tJH-H KOropOH B CMeCftX ClHH:H<amCSI
H30JISlu,HOHHhle cBoRcTBa 36oHHTa.
YCKOpHTeJlH BYJlK3HH33HH. OHU B OTJlHqHe OT HX .n.eACTBHft Ha
MftrKHe pe3HHhI He3HatIHTeJIbHO YJIYQWalOT H3HQeCKHe CBOHCTBa
360HHTOB, HO cyw.eCTBeHHO COKpaw.a[()T npO.ll.OJI1KHTeJIbHOCTb BYJlKa-
HH3au,HH.
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qeCKHe YCKopHTeJIH. H3 OpraHHtIeCKHX YCKopHTeJIeH tIaw.e Bcero BBO-
486

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aJIb.ll.erH.n.OB C aMHHaMH, a T810Ke CYJlb4>eHaMH.n.bI; H3 HeopraHHlleCKHX
YCKopHTeJIeA - OKHCb KaJIbu,HSI H MarHHSI [3-5% (Macc.)], yrJIe-
KHCJlYIO MarHe3HIO; B MeHbweA CTeneHH npHMeHSIIOT rH.lI.pOOKHCb
KaJIbu,HSI.
OKHCb KaJlbu,HSI nor JIOlll.aeT BhI.lI.eJlSllOllI.HeCSI npH BY JIKaHH3au,HH
ra3h1, liTO n03BOJISIeT nOJIyqHTb 60JIee nJIOTHhlH 360HHT C nOBhlweHHhlM
conpOTHBJIeHHeM 3J1eKTpHqeCKOMY npo6olO.
DPOTHBOCTapHTeJIH. npOTHBOCTapHTeJlH B 36oHHTOBhle CMeCH He
BBO.n.SlT, TaK KaK OHH 06JIa.n.a1OT 60JIbWHM conpOTHBJleHHeM CTape-
HHIO; H3.l1.eJIHH H3 360HHTa coxpaHSIIOTCSI ro.n.aMH 6e3 3aMeTHhlX pa3-
pyweHHit JIHWb npH .n.eHCTBHH npSlMoro COJIHeqHOrO CBeTa H30JISlU,H-
OHHhle CBOHCTBa 360HHTa HeCKOJlbKO yxy.n.walOTCSI BCJIe.ll.CTBHe OKHC-
JIeHHH cephl H 06pa30BaHHSI cepHOH KHCJlOThI Ha OCBew.eHHhlX YllaCT-
Kax.
HanOJIHHTeJlH. HH O.ll.HH H3 H3BeCTHhlX HanOJIHHTeJIeH He YBeJIHqH-
BaeT npOIlHOCTH 36oHHTa; o.n.HaKO npH .n.o6aBJleHHH HanOJIHHTeJleH
MO)KHO H3MeHHTb TBep.n.OCTb 360HHTa H nOBhlCHTb TeMnepaTYPY ero
pa3MSlrlleHHSI, liTO OlleHb Ba)KHO npH 3KCnJIyaTaUHH 36oHHTOBhlX H3.n.e-
JIHH HJIH .n.eTaJIeH. Ba)KHeHWHM H3 T8KHX HanOJIHHTeJIeH SlBJIHeTCSI
a60H.UTOeaJl nblAb. 36oHHTOBYIO nhlJIb nOJIyqalOT pa3MOJIOM OTXO.ll.OB
360HHTa, HCnOJIb30BaHHhlX 36oHHTOBhlX H3.l1.eJIHH. a HHor.n.a H 360HH-
TOBhlX BYJIKaHH3aTOB, Cneu,HaJIbHO npHrOTOBJIeHHhlX H3 CMeCH pereHe-
paTa H cephl. B pereHepaT, CO.ll.ep)KaIll.HH .lI.O 80 Macc. q. KayqYKa,
npH6aBJIHIOT 25-35 Macc. tI. cephl H nOJIYlleHHYIO CMeCb BYJIKaHH3Y-
lOT B c1JopMe nJIaCTHH, KOTophle nOTOM pa3MaJIhlBalOT. npH .lI.06aB-
JIeHHH 360HHTOBOA nhlJIH B ChlPYIO HeBYJlKaHH30BaHHYIO CMeCb 06JIer-
qaeTCSI npou,ecc cMeweHHSI, YMeHbwaeTCSI yca.ll.Ka BYJIKaHH3yeMhlx H3-
.lI.eJIHH H CHH)KaeTCSI BhI.lI.eJIeHHe TenJla B npou,ecce BYJIKaHH3au,HH; B
pe3YJIbTaTe npH BYJIKaHH3au,HH .lI.a)Ke TOJICTOCTeHHhlX 36oHHTOBhlX H3-
.lI.eJIHH He npOHcxo.n.HT TaK Ha3h1BaeMOro ropeHHSI BYJlKaHH3aTa B pe-
3YJIbTaTe TenJIOBOrO 3c1JclJeKTa. KpOMe Toro. npH .n.o6aBJIeHHH 360HH.
TOBOH nhlJIH B CMeCH nOHBJISleTCSI B03MO)KHOCTb 3HaQHTeJlbHO COKpa
THTb pacxo.n. KaYllYKa. 36oHHTOBhle H3.n.eJlHSI MO)KHO Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO
H3rOTaBJIHBaTb npeCCOBaHHeM 36oHHTOBOH nhlJIH C nJIaCTHclJHKaTo-
paMH.
360HHTOBYIO nhlJIb BhlnYCKalOT nepBoro H BTOporo COpTOB C 30JIb-
HOCTblO COOTBeTCTBeHHO He Bhlwe 10% H 30%. B KalleCTBe HanOJIHH-
TeJIeH npHMeHSIIOT TaK)Ke MeJI, TaJIbK. neM3Y, KOJIJIOH.n.HYIO KpeMHe.
KHoCJlOTlY, KaOJIHlH, a'C,6ecTHT H yroJIbHYIO nbIJlb. 113 opraHHllecKHx HanOJI.
HHTeJIeA B 3OOHHTOtBhlX oCMeeSiX ,HaWeJI HaH60JIbWee pacnpocTpaHeHHe
nOJIHeTHlpOJI, DpiH BtBe;ll.eHHH K01'OpOrO 3HaQHTeJIbHlO nOBhlwaeToCSi Te-M.
nespaTY'pa pa3MSI,PtIelHHSI 36oJI1JiTa, a TaK)Ke KeporeH CJIaiHu,a.
TeXHHtIeCKOrO yrJlepo.n.a B 360HHTax CO.ll.ep)KHTCSI He 60Jlee 3-5%;
OH npe.ll.Ha3HalleH .n.JIH oKpacKH 360HHTOBhlX H3.l1.eJlHH B 60JIee rJly60.
KHH QepHhlH u,Be TaK KaK TeXHHlleCKHH yrJlepo.n. HBJIHeTCH npOBO.ll.-
HHKOM 3J1eKTpHtIeCTBa, TO npH BBe.ll.eHHH ero B 60JlbWHX KOJIHtIeCTBaX
MorYT YXy.n.WHTbCSI .lI.H3JIeKTpHlleCKHe CBOHcTBa 36oHHTOB.
481

D.IIaCTH4»HKaTopw OKa3h1BaIOT Ha S60HHTOBhle CMeCH TaKOe )Ke
,n,eHCTBHe, qTO H Ha MHrKHe pe3HHOBhle CMeCH. OHH CnOC06CTBYJOT o6
JIerqeHHIO 06paCSOTKH CMeeH Ha B8JIbD.ax H B CMeeHTeJIHX, 8 T8IOKe
YBeJIHqeHHIO KJIeHKOCTH ChlphlX CMeeen.
HeKOTopble nJIaCTH4»HKaTophl cneD.HclmqeCKH BJIHHIOT Ha CBOftCT-
Ba S6OUHTOB: TaK. ,n,JIH YiMeHbWetHHH yca,n,KH iBYJIKa'H'H3'aTOB 'B OMecH
BBO,n,HT nOJIHMepH30BaHHhle MaCJIa (JIbHHHOe HJIH cypenHoe) H aK-
THChI. ,n,JIH YJIyqmeHHH cnoc06HOCTH S60HHT8 nOJIHpOB8TbCH. - H8TY.
paJIbHblii BOCK. a ,n,JIH nOBblweHHH BO,n,OCTOHKOCTH - py6paKC.
O,n,HaKO TeMnepaTypa pa3MHrqeHHH s60HHTa CHH)KaeTCH no,n, BJIH.
-HHHeM nJIaCTHHKaTopOB; nosTOMy HX MO)KHO BBO,n,HTb B S60HHTOBhle
CMeCH B OrpaHHqeHHOM KOJIHqeCTBe. '
BYJlKAHH3AU,HjI 3BOHHTOBbiX CMECER
npH 06pa30BaHHH s60HHTa BhI,n,eJIHeTCH 3HaqHTeJIbHOe KOJIHqeCTBO
TenJIa H J1POHCXO,n,HT pe3Koe nOBhlweHHe TeMnepaTyphl. npouecc CO-
,npOBO)K,n,aeTCH BhI,n,eJIeHHeM cepOBo,n,opo,n,a. BCJIe,n,CTBHe nJIOXaH Ten-
JIOnpOBo,n,HOCTH KayqYKa B TOJICTOCTeHHblX H3,n,eJIHHX HaKanJIHBaeTCH
3HaqHTeJIbHOe KOJIHqeCTBO TenJIa. qTO MO)KeT npHBeCTH K 3aropaHHIO
BYJIKaHH3aTOB. nOSTOMY BYJIKaHH38nHH S60HHTa npe,n,CTaBJIHeT CO-
60H ,n,OBOJIbHO CJIOEHhlH H K TOMY :H<e Tpy,n,oeMKHH npouecc.
360HHTOBhle H3,n,MHH BYJIKaHH3YIOT B opMax B BO,n,HOH cpe.lle
Me)K,n,y JIHCTaMH OJIOBHHHOH OJIbrH (eCJIH Heo6xo,n,HMO nOJIyqHTb
rJIa.llKYIO nOJIHpOBaHHYIO nOBepXHOCTb) H OTKphlTblM cnoc060M. 06h1q..
HO npHMeHHIOT cTyneHqaThle pe:H<HMhI BYJIKaHH3auHH.
B Ta6JI. V.l npHBe.lleHhI pe)KHMhI BYJIKaHH3aD.HH S60HHTOBhlX
Crep)KHeH ,n,HaMeTpoM 50 H 55 MM C YKa3aHHeM npO.llOJI)KHTeJIbHOCTH
BYJIKaHH3aUHH H ,,n,aBJIeHHH napa B KOTJIe H8 pa3Hhlx CT8,n,HHX npo-
uecca.
Onpe,n,eJIeHHe onTHMyMa BYJIKaHH3aD.HH .llJIH s60HHTa 3aTpy,n,HeHo.
OH MO:H<eT 6h1Tb onpe,n,eJIeH no ,n,aHHhlM MeXaHHqeCKHX HcnhlTaHHH
BYJIKaHH3aToB: no cOnpOTHBJIeHHIO H3rH6y. no npOqHOCTH Ha cpe3.
no TBep,n,ocTH (no rJIy6HHe norpY)KeHHH wapHKa .llHaMeTpoM 5 MM
npH HarpY3Ke 500 H).
T a 6 JI H n a V.l. Pe]KHMIll BYJlKaHHSall,HH &60HHTOBIIIX cTep]KHei no CTaAHIiM
nlXlJ'O/IIKBTeJlbBOCTb &yollKaBII88IUI AllII CTepJKo
.1188/1ellJle napa. Mna CT8ABB BeA pasn_oro AJlllIIeTp8, 'I
50_ I 55 Mil
0,23 I I I 1
0,17 2 1 1
0,10 3 12 16
0,13 I 4 5 7
0.23 5 3 3
Bcero
5
22
28
488

BHAbi 3GOHHTOB
360HHTY HS HaTypUbHOrO KayqYKa. npH nOJlHOM Hachlw.eHHJr
cepoA BCeX ABOAHhlX CBft3eA HaTypaJlbHoro KayqYKa 06pa3YeTCft no-
JlHCYJIbcIJHA (5H8S)" cJleAYIOw.ero CTpOeHHft:
CH a CH a
.. .-CHI-!-CH-CHIHI.J:-CH-CH2-' . .
...-s- I-s-I I-s-...
nOJIHCYJIbcIJHA npeACTaBJIfteT c060A TBepAOe Bew.eCTBO OT TeMHO-KO.
pHtIHeBOrO AO rJIy60KO-tIepHOrO UBeTa. Ero K03c1JclJHUHeHT BYJIKaHH-
3auHH paBeH 47.1. 3TO 03HaqaeT. tITO B 100 Macc. q. CYJlbcIJHAa co'"
Aep1KHTCft 68 'Macc. tI. KayqYKa H 32 Macc. q. cephl. T. e. Ha
100 Macc. tI. KaYtIYKa npHXOAHTCft 47.1 Macc. q. cephl.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TeXHHqeCKoro HaSHatIeHHft 360HHTa H Tpe60Ba-
HHA, npeA'bftBJIfteMhlX K ero c1JH3HqeCKHM cBoAcnaM. K03c1JclJHUHeHT
BYJlKaHH3aUHH M01KeT H3MeHftTbCft OT 30 AO 47.1.
,D.JIft H3rOTOBJleHHft. 360HHTa MO:H<HO npHMeHftTb HaTYpaJlbHhlA Kay...
qYK Bcex COPTOB. HO He COAep1KaUJ.HA MexaHHqecKHX BKJlIOtIeHHA. TaK
KaK B 360HHTOBhlX H3AeJIHftX BCJIeACTBHe HX BhlKpaWHBaHHft B03M01K-
HO 06pa30BaHHe nop, a CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, H CHH:H<eHHe 3JIeKTpHqeCKOA
npOQHOCTH 360HHTa.
,D.Jlft nOJlYtIeHHft HaH60Jlee Bft3KaX BYJlKaHH3aTOB. HMeIOw.Hx He-
60JIbWYIO ycaAKY. npHMeHftlOT KaYtIYKH C nJIaCTHqHOCTbIO' 0.45-0,6.
06h1tIHO HCnOJIb3YIOT nJIaHTaUHOHHhle KaYtIYKH BTOpOro COpTa. KOTO-
phle JIerKO nJIaCTHuHpYIOTCft. CMecH Ha OCHOBe TaKHX KaYQYKoB 06-
JlaAaIOT AOCTaTOtIHOA KJleAKOCTbIO H Tpe6YIOT BBeAeHHft MeHbWHX AO-
6aBoK nJlaCTHclJHKaTopoB B OTJIHtIHe OT cMeceA Ha OCHOBe CMOKeA-
WHTca.
ECJlH 360HHT AOJl1KeH 6h1Tb oc060 Bft3KHM, K KaYQYKY A06aBnftIOT
nOJlHH306YTHJleH '[10-15% (Macc.)].
360HHT H3 HaTypaJlbHOrO KaYQYKa 06J1aAaeT BhlCOKOA MeXaHnQe-
CKoA npOtIHOCTbIO. 3HaQHTeJIbHOA Bft3KOCTbIO. xopowo nO.IUJ.aeTCft Me-
XaHHtIeCKOH 06pa60TKe (nOJIHpyeTCft), nJlOTeH H OAHopoAeH; OAHaK
TenJlOCTOHKOCTb ero HH:H<e TenJlOCTOAKOCTH 360HHTOB H3 CHHTeTHQe..,
CKHX KaYQYKoB. HH1Ke npHBeAeHhI MeXaHHtIeCKHe H AH3JIeKTpHtIeCKHe
cBoAcTBa 360HHTOB H3 HaTypaJIbHOrO KayqYKa:
npO'lHOCTb, Mna
npH paCT!I>KeHHB
npH R3rH6e . . . .
TBep.D.OCTb no 6pHHeJlJllO, Mna
O&beMHoe 3J\eKTpH'IeeKoe conpOTHBJleHHe,
OM'M . .
llH3J1eKTpH'IeCKa!l opOHHnaeMOCTb (npH
50 fu) . . . . . .
TaHreHc yrna .D.H3J1eKTpH'IeeKHX nOTepb (npH
50 fu) . '.' . . .
. 52,0-54.0
2,35
0.93
8,4.1()l1
2.9
0.0056
48g

360HUTill C aHaJIOrHIIHbtMH cBoikTBaMH MOrYT 6111Tb noJlyqeHIll
1Ia OCHOBe H30npeHOBoro KayqYKa.
360HHTbI H3 6YU.ll.HeH-CTHpO.llbHoro KayqYKa. 360UHTill MorYT
6111Tb nOJIYlleHIll H3 6YTaJ1.HeH-CTHpOJIbHIIIX KaYIlYKOB C pa3JIHqHblM' co.
Aep:H<aHHeM CTupo.na. C YBeJ:lHlIeHHeM COJ1.ep1KaHHft CTBpOJIa c1JU3UKO.
MeXaHHqeCKHe H .D.H3JIeKTpHqeCKHe cBoAcTBa 360HBTOB YJIYQWaIOTC1I.
BOJIee 3c1JclJeKTHBHO npHMeHeHHe 6YTa.D.BeB.CTHpOJIbHOrO KaYQYKa Map!'
XH CKC-50.
B 360HHTOBille CMecu .D.Jlft nOJIyqeHH1I TeXBUlIeCKUX B3AeJIuA BBO-
AftT .11.0 35% (Macc.) cepbl H .11.0 2-2,5% (Macc.) YCKopHTeJIeA BYJI4
xaHH3aUHH. B OCHOBHOM AHclJeHUJIryaHHAuH.
360HuToBille CMecu JIyqwe Bcero B3rOTaBJIUBaTb Ha BaJlbD.ax.
nOcJIe CMeWeHHft 360HHToBille CMecu BIIIAep>KBBaIOT 24 q. 360HUTO-
Bble CMeCH C 1KeCTKOCTbIO no .l1ecIJo 3-4 H BnOJIHe YAOBJIeTBOpUTeJIb 4
HO KaJIaHJ1.pYIOTCft npH HH3KHX TeMnepaTypax (30-35 0c).
360HHTbI H3 6yTaJ1.HeH-CTHpOJIbHIIIX KayqYKOB 60JIee KHCJlOTO..
. BJIaro- H TenJIOCTOAKHe, qeM 360HHTbI U3 HaTypaJlbHoro KayqYKa.
360HHTbI H3 6yuAHeH-HHTpH.IIbHoro KayqYKa. 360HHTill U3 6YTa-
:AHeH-HHTpHJIbHOrO KayqYKa (CKH-26 H CKH-40) no cpaBHeHHlo C
. 360HHTaMH Ha OCHOBe .lI.pyrux KayqYKoB 60JIee TenJIO- H MaCJIOCTOAKH
H 06JIa.D.a[()T JlyqWHMH MeXaHlPleCKHM'H, HO XY.ll.WHMH 3JIeKT.pOH30JlftLlH-
()HHblMH cBoAcTBaMH:
CI(H.26
npOqHOCTb, Mna
npH paCTII>KeHHH .
nPH H3rH6e . . . .
TBep.D.OCTb no 6PHHeJJJlIO, Mna
06'beMHoe 3J1eKTpH'IecKoe COnpOTHBJleHHe,
OM'M
npH CO.D.ep>KaHHH cepbl 24%. . .
npH cO.D.epx<aHHH cepbl 26% . . . .
.ltH3J1eKTpH'IeCK8!I npoHHuaeMocTb (npH 50 fn)
npH CO.D.epx<aHHH cepbl 24% .
npH CO.D.ep>KaHHH cepbl 26%. .
TaRreRc yrJla .D.H9JleKTpH'IecKHX nOTepb (npH
50 fn)
npH cO.D.ep)((aHHH cepbl 24% .
npH cO.D.ep)((aHHH cepbl 26% .
60,0-62,0
.11.03,8
0,95
2,6.I()lI
5,4.1()IJ
4,0
3,9
0,0014
0,0096
CI<H-40
60.0-67,0
.11.04.2
1,05
3,0.1()IJ
3.2.I()lI
4.2
4.1
0.0098
0,0093
npH xpaHeHHU 360HUT 0611i1lHO XOpOWO COXpaHfteTCft B TeqeHHe
nftTH JIeT. a lIacTO MHoro .lI.OJIbWe; npB 3TOM HBKaKHX H3MeueHHA B
HeM He Ha6Ji[().lI.aeTCft.
npu AJlHTeJlbHOM TenJIOBOM B03AeAcTBHH npOqHOCTb 360HUTa CHB.
1KaeTCft He3HaqHTeJIbHO, HO JlOMKOCTb ero YBeJ1UQUBaeTC1I. npB Harpe.
Ba8HH .lI.O 100°C npOHCXO.ll.HT pa3pyweHHe 360HHTa H npBQeM HaB-
60J1bWee no.ll. AeAcTBHeM CBeTa H oc06eHHO YJIbTpacIJHOJIeTOBIIIX JlyqeA.
npu 3TOM BHaqaJle 6b1CTpO H3MeHfteTCft OKpaCKa: 06blqHIIIA QepHIllA
LlBeT 360HHTa nepeXOAUT B HepOBHblA KOpHIIHeBblA H ,a.a1Ke 3eJIeHO-
B8TIIIA. npOLlecc pa3pyweHHft COnpOB01K,a.aeTCft BblJ1.e.neHHeM cepOBO-
.lI.opO.ll.a, KOTOpblii YCKOpfteTCH BO BJla:H<HOM B03J1.yxe.
4to

KaqeCTBO 360HHTa onpe.n.eJIft[()T no CJIe.n.y[()UJ.HM nOKa3aTeJIftM-
no YCJlOBHOA DIp()qlHOCTH npH p8.cTft)KeHHH, OTHOCHTeJIbHOMY Y.lI.JlH,He-
HH[(). XpYOKOCTH, onpe.n.eJIfteMoA H8 M8ftTHHKOBOM Konpe, conpOTHB-
JIeHH[() cpe3Y H CT8THQeCKoMy H3rH6y. TeMnep8TYPOCTOAK()CTH. TBep-
.n.OCTH. nJIOTHOCTH. HHor.n.8 conpOTHBJIeHH[() npo.n.aBJIHB8HH[(). B8)KHeA-
WHMH nOKa3aTeJIftMH 3JIeKTpHQeCKHX CBoAcTB 360HHT8 ftBJIft[()TCft no-
BepXHOCTHoe H 06'beMHOe 3JIeKTpHQeCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHft. T8HreHC yr-
JI8 .lI.H3JIeKTpHQeCKHX nOTepb. 3JIeKTpHQeCK8ft npOQHOCTb (np06HBH8ft
H8npft)KeHHOCTb 3JIeKTpHQeCKOrO nOJIft).
npH HCnOJIb30B8HHH 360HHTa B XHMHQeCKHX npOH3Bo.n.CTBax on-
pe.n.eJISI[()T ero CTOHKOCTb K .n.eACTBH[() ToR cpe.n.bI, B KOTOpoA OH 6y-
.lI.eT 3KCnJIyaTHpoB8TbCft.
JlHTepaTypa
OneHo8 r. A., llluUlICo8 H. CPo «KayqYK H pesHHa», 1963, Nt 8, c. 48.
Boeae8cICu4 A. n. u ap. «KayqYK H _pesHRa», 1964, Nt 1. c. 3.
3ClHeMOHet{ H. A., CPoeeAb B. H. «Kayqyx H pesHHa», 1959, Nt 2, c. 26.
rpo:J/taH E. M. u ap. PesHRbI H 960HHTbI B aHTHKoppOSBOHBOil TeXHHKe. TeMaT.
0630p. Cep. «npOH3BO.D.CTBO PHI H Anb. M., UHI1I1T3He4>TexHM, 1976. 68 C.

fJlaBa 27
nOPHCTblE PE3HHbI
nOpHCTI,re pe3HHhI 06J1aAa1OT XOPOWHMH TenJlO- H 3BYKOH30JlSlUHOH.
HhlMH cBoiicTBaMH. TaKHe pe3HHhI npHMeHSIIOT B aBTOM06HJlbHOH H
XHMH'IeCKOH npOMhlWJleHHOCTH, B XOJlOAHJlbHhlX YCTaHoBKax, B npo-
H3Bo.zr.CTBe H3AeJIHH caHHTapHH H rHrHeHhI, MeAHUHHCKHX npH6opoB.
cnopTHBHhlX TOBapoB, HJlbTpOB, a TaIOKe B Ka'leCTBe aMopTH3aUHoH-
HhiX MaTepHaJlOB, xopowo nOrJlOllI.alOlII.HX YAaphi. H AJISI TenJlOH30JlSl.
UHH.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH oT'cnoc06a nOJlY'IeHHSI H xapaKTepa 06pa3YlOlII.Hx.
CSI nop nopHcThie pe3HHhI nOApa3AeJlSlIOT Ha CJle.zr.YlOlII.He KJlacchI:
ry6'1aThie pe3HHhI C KpynHhlMH HJlH MeJlKHMH OTKphlThlMH (co06.
w,alOw,HMHcSI) nopaMH - H3rOTaBJlHBalOT BYJlKaHH3aUHeR pe3HHoBhlX
CMeceH B npeccax. B cpeAe napa HJlH B03.zr.yxa. K 3TOMY *e KJlaccy
OTHOCSlTCSI neHHCThie pe3HHhI, nOJly'laeMhle H3 JlaTeKCa MeXaHH'IeCKHM
BcneHHBaHHeM, BAYBaHHeM B03Ayxa HAp.;
OAHopoAHhle SI'IeHCThie pe3HHhI C 3aKphlThlMH (Heco06w,alOw,HMH.
CSI) nopaMH - SI'IeHCThie pe3HHhI- nOJlY'lalOT Hachlw,eHHeM pe3HHO.
BOH CMeCH ra30M HJlH BBe.neHHeM B Hee ra3006pa3YIOw,HX Bew,eCTB.
nOpHCThie pe3HHhI H3rOTOBJISIIOT MSirKHMH H TBepAhlMH (360HHTO-
Bhle). H3rOTOBJleHHe nopHCThiX pe3HH SlBJlSleTCSI TpYAoeMKHM npo-
ueCCOM.
CBOHCTBa nopHCThiX pe3HH 3aBHCSlT OT xapaKTepa nop (3aKphl.
Thle, OTKphlThle, CMewaHHhle), a TaK}Ke OT CTeneHH nopHCTOCTH. T. e.
pa3Mepa nop, TOJIW,HHhI HX CTeHOK, o.nHOPOAHOCTH nop H 3aHHMaeMO-
ro HMH cyMMapHoro 06'beMa. n03TOMY nopHCThie pe3HHhI oueHHBalOT
no HX CTpYKType H nJlOTHOCTH.
nOBeAeHHe nopHCThiX pe3HH npH AeopMaUHH nOJlHOCTblO 3aBH-
CHT OT xapaKTepa nop (pHC. V.I). npH C}KaTHH nopHCTOH pe3HHhI C
3aKphlThlMH nopaMH (KpHBaSi 1) ra3, 3aKJIIO'IeHHhlR B SI'IeiiKax. OKa.
3h1BaeT 3Ha'lHTeJlbHOe conpOTHBJleHHe C}KaTHIO. '
nOpHCThie pe3HHhI C OTKphlThlMH nopaMH (KpHBaSi 3) OKa3h1BaIOT
cJla60e conpOTHBJleHHe C}KaTHIO AO MOMeHTa. nOKa H3 SI'IeeK He 6YAeT
BhlTeCHeH BeCb B03AYX. ,UaJlbHeRwee HX nOBeAeHHe 3aBHCHT TOJlbKO OT
CBoRcTB caMoR pe3HHhI. nOpHCThie pe3HHhI co CMewaHHhlMH nopaMH
(KpHBaSi 2) 3aHHMalOT npOMe}KYT01JHOe nOJlO}KeHHe.
YnpyrocTb nopHcToR pe3HHhI onpeAeJlSlIOT no ee C}KHMaeMOCTH nOA
AeRcTBHeM OnpeAeJIeHHOR HarpY3KH HJlH HarpY3Koii. COOTBeTCTBYIO-
w,eR onpeAeJIeHHoMY C}KaTHIO.
492

Onpe,lf.eJleHHe nOJle3HOR ynpyrocTH (3J1aCTH'IHOCTH) nOpHCTOH pe.
3HHhI npOBO,lf.SlT Ha MaSlTHHKOBOM KOnpe. nOJle3HaSi ynpyrocTb nOpH.
CTOH pe3HHhI Onpe,lf.eJISleTCSI KaK OTHOWeHHe pa60ThI. B03Bpaw.eHHOR
,If.eOpMHpOBaHHhlM 06pa3UOM, K pa60Te. 3aTpa'leHHOH Ha 3TY ,If.e-
OpMaUHIO npH y,lf.ape.
)J.JISI onpe.neJleHHSI aMOpTH3aUHOHHOH CnOC06HOCTH nOpHCTOR pe-
3HHhI HcnhlTyeMhlH 06pa3eu C}KHMaIOT MeJK,lf.y napaJlJleJIbHhlMH nJlH-
TaMH, O.nHOBpeMeHHO y.napSiSl no o,lf.HoR HX HHX. npH 3TOM CneUHaJlb-
70
Poc. V.I. BJI'H!lJH1Ie xapau<Tepa
no.p H3 .D.ecpopManHIO nopllCTblX
pe3'll1l '"PH C'>Ka'nHll\:
I - OTKpblTbie nopbl; 2 - CMewaHHble
nopbl; 3 - saKpblTble nopbl.
 60
lIS'

 50

g,1tO

""
 30

 20


10
o
D,OZ 0.0" 0.05 0,08 0,111
lfazp!l3lfa, M/lO
HhiM npH6opOM perHCTpHpYIOT Ha ,If.pyroH CTOpOHe nJlHThi 3aTyxaHHe
KOJle6aHHR, Bhl3h1BaeMhlX y,lf.apaMH. XapaKTep nop MO}KeT 6h1Tb onpe-
,If.eJleH no pacxo,lf.y BO.nhl, norJlOw.aeMOH nopHCTOH pe3HHoR. SI'IeHCThie
pe3HHhI C 3aKphlThlMH nopaMH npaKTH'IeCKH He nOrJlOw.aIOT BO,lf.Y.
nOpHCTaSi pe3HHa C C006w.alOw.HMHCSI nopaMH MO}KeT 6h1Tb nOJlHO-
CTblO Hachlw.eHa BO,lf.oii.
PACTBOPHMOCTb H ,nH4»4»Y3H$I fA30B B KAyqYKE
H PE3HliE H fA30npOHHu,AEMOCTb
npOH3BO,lf.CTBO nopHCThiX pe3HH H3 KaY'lYKa OCHOBaHO Ha ero cno-
C06HOCTH a6cop6HpOBaTb ra3h1 Hero ra30npOHHuaeMOCTH.
PaCTBopHMOCTb a6cop6HpOBaHHhlX ra30B B KaY'lYKe 3aBHCHT OT
CBOHCTBa ra3a, ,If.aBJleHHSI H TeMnepaTyphi. qM Bhlwe KpHTH'IeCKaSi
TeMnepaTypa ra3a, TeM JlY'lwe OH paCTBopSleTCSI B KaY'lYKe. 3a HC-
KJllO'IeHHeM ra3006pa3HhlX yrJleBO,lf.0p0,lf.OB. npH nOBhlweHHH TeMne-
paTyphi paCTBopHMOCTb ra30B CHJlbHO YMeHbwaeTCSI; TaK. npH nOBhI-
Wel{HH TeMnepaTyphi OT 20 ,If.0 100°C pacTBopHMOCTb 60JlbWHHCTBa
ra30B CHH}KaeTCSI B ,If.Ba pa3a; ,If.JlSI ,If.BYOKHCH yrJlepo,lf.a - 60Jlee qeM
B TPH pa3a. PacTBopeHHe ra30B B KaY'lYKe - npouecc 3K30TepMH'Ie
CKHii. '
ra3h1 06pa3YlOT C KaY'lYKOM HCTHHHhle pacTBophi. n03TOMY pac-
TBOpHMOCTb ra3a MO}KeT 6.b1Tb Bhlpa}KeHa K03HUHeHTOM a6cop6-
493

UHH*. K03<p<pHUHeHThi a6cop6UHH HeKOTOphiX ra30B HaTypaJlbHhlM
KayqYKOM (B M3fM3) npHBe.neHhI HH)Ke:
Bo.D.opo.zr. . . . . . 0,010 renHA.......
KHCJlOpO.D. . . . . . 0.070 OKCH.D. yrJlepo.D.a (II)
MOT . . . . . . . 0,035 MeTaH......
OKCH.D. yrJlepo.zr.a (IV) 0,90 3THneH . . . . . .
AMMHaK. . . . . . 9,30 CepHHcTblA aHrH.D.pH.D.
(Heo6paTHMaH a6.
cop6nHH) . . .. 19,5
paCTBopHMOCTb ra3a nponopUHOHaJlbHa AaBJle
0.01
0,062
0,268
1,420
no 3aKoHy feHpH
HHIO.
faSOnpOftHu,aeMOCTb.
npH npOXO)KAeHHH ra3a qepe3 KayqYK npoHcxoAHT ero paCTBope-
HHe H AH<I><I>Y3HSI. npoueCC AH<P<PY3HH ra3a qepe3 KayqYK OTCTaeT BO
BpeMeHH OT npouecca paCTBopeHHSI; 3TO OTCTaBaHHe 3aBHCHT OT CKO
pOCTH AH<I><py3HH H TOJlllI.HHhI nJleHKH (CJlOSI KayqYKa). CqHTaIOT. qTO
npOXO)KAeHHe ra3a qepe3 KayqYK HaqHHaeTCH C Toro MOMeHTa, Kor.na
MOJleKYJIbi ra3a AOCTHralOT npOTHBOnOJlO)KHoA: nOBepXHOCTH nJleHKH,
XOTSI npH 3TOM ellI.e He npoHcxoAHT nOJlHOrO HaChllII.eHHH nOJIHMepa ra-
30M. n03TOMY ra30npOHHuaeMOCTb BcerAa MeHbwe paCTBOpHMOCTH.
COOTBeTCTBYlOlII.eA: paBHOBeCHOMY COCTOHHHIO.
fa30npOHHuaeMOCTb nponopUHOHaJlbHa pa3HOCTH napUHaJlbHhlX
.naBJleHUH, 06paTHO nponopUHOHaJlbHa TOJlllI.HHe CJlOSI H 3aBHCHT OT
K03<P<PHlme'HTOB paC1\BOpHMQC1'H H JJ.H<P<PY3HH; C nOBblweHHeM TeMnepa-
TYPbl OHa B03paCTaeT.
06'beM ra3a (M 3 ), npOXO.l1S1ll!HA: B 1 C qepe3 nOBepxHocTb nJlOll!3.L1.blO
1 M 2 npH TOJlll!HHe 06pa3ua KayqYKa I M npH nepena.ne napUHaJlbHblX
AaBJleHHH 1 na. Ha3b1BaeTCSI YAeJlbHoA: OO'beMHOH ra30npoHHUaeMo
CTblO r (HJlH K03<P<PHuHeHToM OO'beMHoA: npoHHuaeMocTH). KOTOpaft
onpeAeJlSleTCn no <popMYJle
KAAP
r=-r
r.D.e K - !KHIUHeHT .D.I«I*Y3HH; A - Ko3lCJlf4lHlUleII\T a6COp6u.HH (opocmopH1MOCTb);
AP - .paaHOCTb lOoIIpl(H8JllflIbiX ',II,3!8J\etI1IA raGa; 1- TOJR11'IIIRa nneHIKH (o6pasI(a 'Kay-
'lj'lK8) . ,
YAeJlbHaH ra30npoHHuaeMocTb B 3HaqHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH 3aBHCHT
OT npHpoAhi H CTeoeHHH KayqYKa. HH)Ke npHBeAeHbI ee 3HaqeHHSI
[f. 10 17 M2/(c.na)JAJlH BOAopoAa H OKCHAa yrJlepo.na (IV) npH npo-
XO)KAeHHH HX qepe3 nOJlHMepb1:
Kpen CBeTnblA. . . . . . .
6YT a .D.HeH,cTHpOJ\bRblA CKC-30 APK .
6YT8.lI.HeH-HHTpHJ\bHblA CKH-26 . .
nOJlHXJ\oponpeH
6YTHJ\KayqYK . . .
nOJlHBHHHJ\XJlOpH.D.. .
nOJ\HH306YTHneH n-200
TBOKOJI .l(A
BoAOPOA
37,4
30,5
12.5
10,3
5,5
8,0
5,5
1,0
OKCM yr.ne.
POA- (IV)
99,6
94
23.5
19,5
3,94
6
3
· K03cpcpHI(HeHTOM a6cop6nHH HaSbiBalOT OTHoweHHe 06'beMa a6cop6HpoBaHHoro
,raaa K 06'beMY xayqyxa IIJIH 8'I1M004IepHOM .D.alBJ\e'IIH'II 11 TeMlltepa,-ype 25°C.
494

TIpH BBe,ll.eHHH B (,MeCb HanOJlHHTeJleA:. a TaK2Ke C YBeJlH'IeHHeM co..
,lI.ep)KaHIUI B HeA: CBSl3aHHon cepbl ra30npOHHuaeMOCTb pe3HH OOJlbweA:
'IaCTblO nOHH)KaeTCSI H cyw.eCTBeHHO 3aBHCHT OT npHpo.nbI HanOJlHH-
TeJleH H nOJlHMepa.


nOP006PA3YIOinHE (BCnEHHBAIOInHE) BEInECTBA
XapaKTep 06pa3YIOw.HXCSI nop B 3Ha'lHTeJlbHOH CTeneHH 3aBHCHT'
OT OO.l1ep2KaHHH H npHpo.nbl nopoo6pa3YIOll!HX Bell.l.eCTB. TIopoo6pa-
3ylOw.He Bew.eCTBa M02KHO pa3.neJlHTb Ha CJleJJ.YIOw.He rpynnbl:
Bew.eCTBa, cnoc06Hble YJleTY'lHBaTbCH npH nOBblll!eHHOA TeMnepa--
-Type (BO,ll.a, cnHpTbI, 6eH30J1, TOJlYOJl, KCHJlOJlbl, 6eH3HH. aMHJlaueTaT.
'IeTbIpeXXJlOpHCTbIA yrJlepo,ll., napaJlb,ll.erH.n, napa
OpMaJlb,ll.erH.n H
,lI.p.) ;
Bew.eCTBa, B3aHMo.neHCTBYIOw.He Me)K,lI.y c060A C BbI,lI.eJleHHeM ra-
30B (CTeapHHOBaH, OJleHHOBaH, <l>TaJleBaSi KHCJIOTbi H MeJI; OJleHHOBaH
KHCJlOTa H MeTaJlJlH'IeCKHH TOHKO,ll.HCnepCHbiA UHHK, XJlOpHCTblH aM-
MOHHn H a30THCTOKHCJIblH HaTpHA);
ra3b1, paCTBopHMble B pe3HHOBoA CMeCH no,ll. BbICOKHM ,lI.aBJleHHeM
(B OCHOBHOM a30T. ,lI.BYOKHCb yrJlepo,ll.a H HHor,ll.a reJlHA, aprOH. HeOH);
Bew.eCTBa. pa3J1aralOw.HecSi C BbI,lI.eJleHHeM ra30B.
Ha npaKTHKe B Ka'leCTBe nopo06pa30BaTeJIH npHMeHSIIOT ,lI.ByyrJIe-
KHCJlblH HaTpHA, BBO,ll.HMblH B pe3HHOBbIe CMeCH B KOJlH'IeCTBe 10-
15% (Macc.); ,lI.JlSI YJly'lweHHSI nopoo6pa30BaHHSI B pe3HHOBbie CMeCH
,lI.06aBJIHIOT 5-10% cTeapHHoBoH HJlH OJleHHOBOH KHCJIOTbi.
. YrJleKHCJIbiA aMMOHHA B CMeCH C ,lI.ByyrJleKHCJIbiM aMMOHHeM. He.
CMOTpil Ha HeCTa6HJlbHOCTb. TaIOKe Haxo.nHT npHMeHeHHe KaK nopo-
06pa30BaTeJlb. OH cnoc06cTByeT 06pa30BaHHIO B pe3HHe KpynHbIx
nop; B pe3HHOBbie CMeCH pa3pewaeTCSI BBO,ll.HTb 10-15% (Macc.).
3TOT nopoo6pa30BaTeJlb MO)KHO .n06aBJlSlTb B CMeCH, BYJlKaHH3yeMbie
B npeccax HJlH B cpe,ll.e rOpH'IerO B03.nyxa, HO He B napOBOH cpe,ll.e.
A30THCTOKHCJIblH HaTpHA C XJlOpHCTblM aMMOHHeM HJlH a30THCTO-
KHCJIblH KaJlbUHA C cepHOKHCJIbiM aMMOHHeM 60Jlee aKTHBHbI B npH.
CYTCTBHH BO,ll.bI; O,ll.HaKO 06pa3YIOw.HecSi npH HX B3aHMo.neAcTBHH HaT-
pHeBbie COJIH Bbl3bIBalOT nOTeMHeHHe pe3HHbI. B HaCTOHw.ee BpeMSI"
3TH Bew.eCTBa npHMeHSIIOT TOJlbKO npH H3rOTOBJleHHH nOJlblX H3,l1.eJlHK
(MSI'IeH, cnpHHUOBOK H .npyrHX).
)J.JlSI YJIY'lweHHSI ,lI.HcneprHpOBaHHSI TaKHX nopoo6pa30BaTeJIeA

KaK HeopraHH'IecKIHe COJlH, 'HX 'BBO.nSlT B CMOCH B Blf.l1e naCT cJle.nylO-
w.ero COCTaBa: nopo06pa30BaTeJIb, nJlaCTH
HKaTOp, npOTHBOCTapH.
TeJlb, HHor,ll.a YCKopHTeJlb.
TIpH H3rOTOBJleHHH ry6qaTbiX pe3HH 'IaCTO nplfMeHHIOT a.ncop6eH-
Tbi - aKTHBHpOBaHHblA yroJlb H ,lI.pyrHe Bew.eCTBa, KOTopble 06J1er'la-
lOT .nHcneprHpOBaHHe nopo06pa30BaTeJIeH B pe3HHOBoA CMeCH.
B Ka'leCTBe nopo06pa30BaTeJleA: HcnOJlb3YlOT TaK2Ke pa3J1H'IHble
OpraHH'IeCKHe BelU,eCTBa (nopo<l>opbl). pa3JIaralOw.lfecSi C BbI.neJleHH-
eM ra30B. 3Ha'lHTeJlbHOe npeHMyw.eCTBO OpraHH'IeCKHX nopooopa30-
BaTeJleA (no cpaBHeHHIO <: HeOpraHHQeCKHMH) 3aKJlIO'IaeTCSI B TOM.
49&




'1TO OHH OOJla.u.aIOT BhlCOKHM ra30BhlM '1HCJlOM H XOpOWO .u.HCneprH.
PYIOTCH HJlH paCTBOpHIOTCH B KaY'IYKaX. 1Jro cnOcoocTByeT nOJlY1Je.
HHIO H3.neJlHR C paBHOMepHhlM pacnpe.u.eJleHHeM nop. HMelOT pa3-
JlH'IHhle TeMnepaTyphi pa3J10)KeHHH. '1TO .naeT B03MO}KHOCTb HCnOJlb-
30BaTb HX npH pa3J1H'IHWX TeMnepaTypax BYJIKaHH3aUHH. KpoMe TO-
roo npH HX npHMeHeHHH COKpawaeTCH npo.u.OJl)KHTeJIbHOCTb H3rOTOB-
JleHHH pe3HHOBhlX cMeceR.
HorHe OpraHH'IeCKHe nopooopa30BaTeJIH
He OKa3h1BaIOT OTpHuaTeJIbHoro BJIHHHHH Ha BYJlKaHH3YlOwylO rpyn.
ny. a HeKOTophie HBJlHIOTCH YCKOpHTeJIHMH ByJlKaHH3aUHH. CBoRcT.
sa OpraHH'IeCKHX nopooopa30BaTeJleR npe.nCTaBJleHbI B TaOJl. V.2.
Oo
eMHoe paCWHpeHHe pe3HHOBhlX cMeceR (BcneHHBaHHe) H X8-
paKTep nop 3aBHCHT OT co.nep)KaHHH BBe.neHHoro nopooopa30BaTeJIH.
TaK, S CJlY'Iae npHMeHeHHH 6eH30JlCYJlb
OrH.npa3H.na cBoiicTBa ryo'la.
ThiX pe3HH H3MeHHIOTCH CJle.u.YIOWHM 06pa30M:


BcneHHB,aHHe, %
XapaKTep nop .


Co.!tep>K8HHe 6eB30.
cYJlb4JoriW>as
8, Macc. q.
0,5 1,0 2.0 4.0
175 320 550 950
OqeHb YeJJKHe MeJlKHe Cpe.D.HHe KpynRble


.D.JlH onpe.u.eJIeHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHOA: CnOCOOHOCTH nopooopa30BaTe-
.ileA: K ra3000pa30BaHHIO npHMeHHIOT npHOOp. H300pa)KeHHhlA: Ha
pHC. V.2.


1,96
Z
1,68 1 J
1,'10

 I,fZ


CI,,' 0.8"
1J.56
0,28
0


P.HIC. V.2. [lpH'6op .D.J\H OIIIpeuteneIH'HH .CIIIocOOaOC'l'll nopoo6p330BaTeneA K ra3
P'8-
30'88JRHIO:
, - TepMoMeTp; 2 - CTaKaH; 3 - MaHoMeTp.
PHIC. V.3. faa006pasOlBa'llHe P fITpH p8i3J\O>KeHHH nqpoo6pa3YJOW'IfJX Bewecm:
, - 83OTHCTOKHCJlblii HaTpHII c xnopHCTblM 8MMORHeM; 2 - .o.Ba30aMHH06eHson; 3 - yrneKRCJlblii
8MMOHBiI; 4 - .o.ayyrneKHcnblii H8TPHiI; 5 - cTeapHHOB811 KHcnOTa c MenOM.


498




npH60p COCTOHT H3 60M6b1 eMKOCTblO 200 MJI C BHHTOBbiM 3aTBO-
'pOM, coe.nHHeHHblM C Ma'HOMe'l'pO'M. B 60M6y nOMew.alOT lOr nopo-
06pa30BaTeJlH H HarpeBalOT B TeqeHHe 2 q npH TeMnepaType 170°C.
Pe3YJlbTaTbI HcnblTaHHR H306pa)Ka1OT rpa<l>HqeCKH (pHC. V.3).
CMecb a30THCTOKHCJlOrO HaTpHSI H XJlOpJlCTOrO aMMOHHH npH TeMne-
paType, 6J1H3KOR K 80°C, pa3JIaraeT- 1
CSI CO B3pbIBOM (.naBJleHHe 60Jlee ZOO
7,0 Mna), .nHa30aMHH06eH30Jl 6YPHO 1:
pa3J1araeTCH npH 93°C; HaH60Jlee  ¥oo
YMepeHHoe ra3006pa30BaHHe xapaK- {
TepHO .l1J1H v 6HKap60HaTa HaTpHSI H  600
CTeapHHOBOH KHCJlOTbi C MeJlOM. He06- 
XO.l1HMO OTMeTHTb, qTO npH onpe.ne- 
JIeHHOM cO.lf.ep)KaHHH nopoo6pa30Ba-
TeJleR B pe3HHOBoR CMeCH Ha .nHar-
paMMax nOHBJlHeTCH MaKCHMYM .naB-
JleHHH. CJle.nOBaTeJlbHO, yBeJlHqHBaTb
co.nep)KaHHe nopo06pa30BaTeJleH He
Bcer.na 3<1><I>eKTHBHO BCJle.nCTBHe YCH-
JleHHH .nH<I><I>Y3HH ra3a.
Ha pHC. VA nOKa3aHa 3aBHCH-
MoeTb nJlOTHOCTH nopHcToR pe3HHbI OT
cO.l1ep2KaHHH nopo06pa30BaTeJlSl B
pe3HHoBoR CMeCH.
B npoH3Bo.ncTBe nopHcTblX pe3HH
qaCTO npHMeHSIIOT CMewaHHble nopo06pa30BaTeJIH (JleTYqHe Bew.eCTBa
B CMeCH C ra3006pa3YIOw.HMH). npH pa3J1HqHblX COqeTaHHHX TaKHX
nopoo6pa3osaTeJleR MO)KHO nOJlyqHTb nOpGIcTble peSH'Hbi pa3HOH
nJlOTHOCTH.
5.
P1I'C. VA. 3aBHCH1IOCTb oIIJlO'JII(JICTH
»e3IH'Hbi OT CQIlep>Ko8IHl!fJI nop.oo6pa.
301BaTeJJH:
/ - AH8S08MHB06eHSO.II; 2 - yrJleKHCJlYA
8MMOHHiI; 3 - AayyrJleKRCJlblA B8TpBil;
4 - aSOTHCTOKBCJlWI B8TJ)BA C XJlOPB-
CTYM 8MMOHHeN; 5 - CTeapHHOaali KHC-
nOTa C MenoM.
YCJl9BHSI nOJlY'lEHHjI nOPHCTblX PE3HH
npH npOH3BO.lf.CTBe nOpHCTblX pe3HH CJIe.lf.YeT C06J1IO.lf.aTb Onpe.lf.e-
JIeHHble YCJlOBHSI:
HeBYJlKaHH30BaHHaSi CMeCb .If.0:iJ)KH8 6HTb .If.OCTaTOqHO nn8CTHQHOH;
pa3Mep nop. a CJle.lf.OB3TeJlbHO H nJlOTHOCTb ry6KH. SlBJISleTCS <l>YHKD.Hv
elf nJIaCTHqHOCTH; CKOpOCTH nopo06p330BaHHSI (p 83.lf.YBa HHSI) H Byn v
KaHH3aUHH .nOJl)KHhI 6h1Tb corn3COB3HhI. H3HnYQmHe pe3ynbT8T1i no-
JIyqaIOTCH, eCJIH nopo06p330B3HHe H BYJIKaHHS8UHSI npOXO.lf.SlT S8Me.lf.-
JleHHO, HO He OTCT31OT .If.pyr OT .If.pyra no BpeMeHH. ECJlH CKOpOCTb
pa3.lf.YBaHHSI OTCT3eT OT CKOpOCTH BYJlK3HH33UHH. H3.lf.eJJHe nOJIyq3eT-
CSI MeJIKOnOpHCTHIM. C TOJICTOH H3PY)KHOH CTeHKOH; npH OTCT8B8HHH
CKOpOCTH BYJlKaHH33UHH OT CKOpOCTH P33.lf.YB8HHSI H3.lf.eJIHe nOJlyqaeT-
CH C HepaBHOMepHhlMH 60JIbmHMH nop8MII H C OQeHb TOHKOA H8PY)K-
HOH CTeHKOH;
npH nopo06pa30BaHHH BHYTpeHHee .If.8BJIeHHe .If.OJI)KHO 6h1Tb 6oJlb-
we H3PY)KHOro;
32. .
499

,Z1JISI YJIY'IWeHHSI TenJIOnpOBO.nHOCTH nOpHCTbIX pe3HH B CMeCH CJIe-
,Z1yeT BBO.nHTb TenJIOnpOBO,Z1S1U{He HHrpe,Z1HeHTbI; BYJIKaHH3aUH TaKHX
pe3HH JIY'Iwe npOBO,Z1HTb B napOB03,Z1YWHOH cpe,!l.e.
XapaKTep nop B 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH 3aBHCHT OT CO,Z1ep)KaHHSI
H CBOHCTB nopoo6pa30BaTeJISI, a T3K2Ke OT yCJIOBHH BYJIKaHH33UHH;
B CJIY'Iae BYJIKaHH3aUHH npH HH3KHX ,Z1aBJIeHHSlX xapaKTep nop, T. e.
06p330BaHHe 3aKpbITbIX HJIH OTKpblTbiX nop HJIH nop CMewaHHoro
xapaKTep3. 3aBHCHT OT BSl3KOCTH pe3HHOBOH CMeCH H OT CTeneHH ee
BY"'1KaHH3aUHH K MOMeHTY Ha'laJI3 nopoo6pa30BaHHSI.
nJiaCTH'IHOCTb H COCTaB pe3HHOBOH CMeCH. .lI.JISI nopHCTbI pe3HH
npHMeHSIT KaY'IYK C nJIaCTH'IHOCTb, 6JIH3KOH K COCTQSlHH TeKY-
QOCTH, ,Z1JIfi '1ero e,ro III.Q}J;BepraT nJI3CTHKanHH. ry6Q3'Tbie pe3HHbI
06bI'IHO H3rOTaBJIHBaT H3 CBeTJIOrO Kpena H CMOKe.n-WHTca C nJIa-
CTH'IHOCTb ;;;a.: 0,6, a TaK)Ke H3 MSlrKHX CHHTeTH'IeCKHX KayqYKOB C
nJIaCTH'IHOCTb ;;;a.:0,4.
npH COCT3BJIeHHH peuemyp nopHcTbIX pe3HH JIY'lwe HCnOJIb30-
BaTb HeaKTHBHbIe HanOJIHHTeJIH, TaKHe KaK MeJI, JIHTOnOH, 6apHT;
M02KHO npHMeHSlTb H TeXHH'IeCKHH yrJIepo,Z1, HO npH 3TOM nOJIY'laT.
CSI nopHcTble pe3HHbI cpe.nHeH nJIOTHOCTH. AKTHBHbIe HanOJIHHTeJIH
(ycHJIHTeJIH) 3aTpY,Z1HSIT o6pa30BaHHe nop, TaK KaK B 3TOM CJIY'lae
YMeHbwaeTcSI nJIaCTH'IHOCTb pe3HHoBbiX cMeceii.
B Ka'leCTBe Kp3CSlU{HX BeU{eCTB ,Z1JISI nopHcTbIX pe3HH HaH60JIee
wHpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe nOJIY'lHJIH BbiCoKo,!l.HcnepcH3S1 OKHCb 2Ke-
JIe3a, OKHCb xpoMa H YJIbTpaMapHH. .lI.JISI oKpacKH nopHCTblX pe3HH
M02KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb OpraHH'IeCKHe KpaCHTeJIH THna nHrMeHTa opaH-
)KeBOrO, TaK K3K OHH He3Ha'lHTeJIbHO H3MeHSIT UBeT npH B33HM0,Z1eii-
CTBHH C nopo06pa30BaTeJISlMH.
HaHJIY'IWHMH MSlr'lHTeJISlMH ,Z1JISI nopHcTbIX pe3HH SlBJISITCSI <l>aK-
THCbI, KyMapoH-HH,Z1eHOBbIe CMOJIbi (MSIrKHe) H He<l>TSlHbIe MaCJIa.
PeKOMeH,Z1yeMaSi nJIaCTH'IHOCTb pe3HHoBbiX cMeceii 0,4-0.7.
nOpHcTble pe3HHbI, oc06eHHo MSirKHe C OTKpblTblMH nopaMH.
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nopHcTblX pe3HH ,!I.OJI2KHO 6bITb B 2-3 p33a 60JIbWe, '1eM B 06hl'lHblX
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npH npOH3Bo,Z1CTBe nopHcTbIX pe3HH O'leHb Ba)KHO npaBHJIbHO Bhl-
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BYJIKaHH33UHH, '1To6b1 CTeHKH nop He ycneBaJiH oceCTb.
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500

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YCTaHOBJleHO. tlTO C nOBblweHHeM aKTHBHOCTH YCKopHTeJlSl 06'beM YBe.
JlHtlHBaeTCSI MeHee 3HatlHTeJlbHO. YCKopHTeJlH no-pa3HOMY BJlHSlIOT Ha
xapaKTep nop. MeHSISI YCKopHTeJlH. MO)KHO nOJlytlaTb nopHCTble pe-
3HHbI, HO pa3J1HtlHOii nJlOTHOCTH. TBepp.OCTH. C nopaMH pa3Horo pa3-
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B npeccax, aBTOKJIaBaX, KOTJIax. )J.JlH nOJlytleHHSI nopHCTOH pe3HHbI C
3aMKHYTbIMH nopaMH CHatlaJIa npOBO.lf.SlT tlaCTHtlHYJO BYJlKaHH3aUHIO
('Mec," no.n BbIOOKHIM .na.BJleHHeM. Ilipu 3TOM ra3bI, 06pa3YIOll!He<:H B
pe3YJlbTaTe pa3J10)KeHHSI nopoo6pa30BaTeJlH, paCTBopSiIOTCH B CMeCH.
npH nOHH)KeHHH .naBJleHHH npOHcxo.nHT BcneHHBaHHe pe3HHhI, KOTO-
PYIO 3aTeM .nOBYJlKaHH30BbIBaIOT npH nOHH)KeHHOM .If.aBJleHHH HJlH B
4>opMax C pa3MepOM rHe3.n 60JlbWHM, tleM npH npe.nBapHTeJIbHOA BYJl-
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06'beM pe3HHOBoR CMeCH C YtleTOM ee paCWHpeHHSI B nponecce nopo-
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pe3HH, OTJlHtlalOll!HXCH nOBblweHHoii aTMocepOCTOiiKOCTbIO. MaCJIO.
H 6H3OCTOHKOCTblO H HerOplOtlOCTbIO, npHMeHHIOT nOJlHXJlOpOnpeH.
ry6KH H3 3THJleH-npOnHJleHOBOro KayqYKa 06J1a.naIOT nOBhlweHHoR
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501

KJIaiB OXJI.a}KlI1aIOT H OHHmalOT .D.3I8JIe'HHe JJ.O a1'Moc4>epHOI'O. B pe3YJIb-
TaTe qero npOHCXO.D.HT HHTeHCHBHoe nopo06pa30BaHHe. HqeHCTHe pe-
3HHH .D.OBYJIKaHH30BHBaIOT B npecce HJIH B KOTJIe. TaKHe pe3HHH
MO}KHO TalOKe nOJIyqHTb C nOMOblO XHMHQeCKHX nopoo6pa30BaTe-
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JIBM OTHOCB'N:B .D.Ha30aMIH)Hooe.H30JI. &MHJIHII11pHT. CMecu XJIIOpH<CToro
aMMOHHB H a30THCTOKHCJIOrO HaTpHB H .D.p. 9TOT cnoco6 nOJIyqeHHB
OQeHb npOCT H .D.aT BnOJIHe Y.D.OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHHe pe3YJIbTaTH.
JlHTepaT)'pa
KgSbMUHCICIlt'l A. C., Kasun C. M., Kllpnu'lis B. n. CZlHSHKO-XHMH'IecKBe OCBOBY
nOJleHHSI, nepepa60TKH H npBMeHeHBSI 9J1aCTOMepoB. M.. cXBMBH». 1976. 368 c.
nOMB A. B. u iJp. HenpepYBHble MeTO.D.bI HSroTOBJIeHHSI HecbopMOBbIX Dpo4IBJlb-
HbiX B8.D.eJIBA. TexHoJloraSi B ptU{enTYPa. TeMaT. o63op. Cep. CnpOHSBO.D.CTBO PTH
HATH». M.. UHHHT3BecJlTexHM, 1972.67 c.
XHMH'IeCKBe .D.06aBKH K nOJIHMepaM. CnpaBOqHBK. M., «XBMH!I>, 1973. 272 c.
3slUIKJlone.u.sSI DOJIBMepoB. M.. cCOBeTCKaSi 9111tHKJ10ne.D.HH», T. 1, 1972. 1224 c.;
T. 2, 1974, 1032 Co

rJIaBa 28
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CKC-30APK 550 30 4 0,77 0,15 0.11
CKH-18 320 9,2 2,1 0,51 0,51 0,10
CKH-26 210 8,7 1,9 0,40 0,10 0,12
CKH-40 105 1,65 0,65 0,16 0,07 0,12
XJ10ponpeHoBblH 100 1,2 0,67 0,18 0,01 0.09
113 3THX aHHblx CJIeyeT, tJTO pe3HHbI Ha aCHOBe KaytJYKOB, CO-
.nepmalUHX 3HatJHTeJIbHOe QHCJIO nOJISlpHblX rpynn (CKH-40 H XJIOpO-
opeHOBbIn), OOJIaaIOT OOJIbWeH 3J1eKTpOnpOBOHOCTblO no cpaBHe-
HHIO C pe3HHaMH Ha OCHOBe MeHee nOJISlpHblX KayqYKOB.
Ha 3JIeKTpHtJeCKoe conpOTHBJIeHHe pe3HH OKa3b1BaIOT onpeeJleH-
Hoe BJIHSlHHe BYJIKaHH3aUH.OHHble CTPYKTypbl.
505

HHme npHBe.neHbI 3HaqeHHft Ptl (OM.M) ,ll,nft 3JIeKTpOnpOBO.n.SUJ.HX
pe3HH. cOJJ.epmalIJ,HX 50 Macc. q. TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepo.n.a MapKH
TA-70 H pa3JIHqHble YCKopHTeJIH, cnocoocTBYIOUJ.He 06pa30BaHHIO
MOHO-, .nH- H nOJIHcYJIb<j>H.nHblX CBft3eii:
Ton.aN MepK8DT06eH3.
WJY TH83OJ1
CKC-30 APK .
CKH-40 . . . .
0,47
0.41
0,29
0.15
.nIll\leBBII-
ryalllfA1lll
0.36
0,37
KaK MO)KHO 3a i MeTHTb, CMeCH >C TH'YpaMOM OOJIaJJ.aIOT J1OBblWe.HHblM
conpOTHBJIeHHeM. npH B3aHMO.D.eiicTBHH THypaMa C KayqYKoM 06pa.
3YIOTCft MaJIOno.nBH)KHble )KeCTKHe MOHOCYJIb<j>HJJ.Hble CBS3U, B pe-
3YJIbTaTe qero CHHmaeTCS B03MomHOCTb 06pa30BaHUft 3JIeKTpOnpoBo.
.n.SIIJ,HX enOqeK TeXHHqeCKoro yrJIepo.na.
CMecb 3 Macc. q. THypaMa C 1,5 Macc. q. UHHKOBblX, HHKeJIeBbiX
H oeYPb'MHUblX coJIeA a.HtHJI1f..lI:a iCaJIHHJIO'BOH iKUCJlOTbI ,cnoco6cmyeT
pe3KoMy CHHmeHHIO 3JIeKTpHqeCKOrO conpOTHBJIeHHft BYJIKaHH3aToB.
npH 3HaqHTeJIbHOM HanOJIHeHHH cMeceH TeXHHqeCKHM yrJIepo.n.OM no.
, BblwaeTCS' meCTKOCTb CblpblX cMeceH. ,nJIft nOJIyqeHHS cMeceii. npH.
ro.n.HblX K TeXHOJIOrHqeCKOii 06pa6OTKe. npH BbiCOKOH CTeneHH HanOJI.
HeHHs, co.n.epmaHHe nJIaCTH<j>HKaTopa B HHX He .n.OJImHO npeBblwaTb
30-50 'Maoec. q. Ha :100 ,Maoec. q. KayqyiKa. O.nHaKo 'C YBeJIHqeHHeM'
cO.D.epmaHHft nJIaCTH<j>HKaTOpa 9JIeKTpHqeCKOe conpOTHBJIeHUe He.
CKOJIbKO B03pacneT.
H3MeHftft COCTaB CMeCH MomHO nOJIyqaTb pe3HHbI, 06JIa.nalOlIJ,He
o.nHOBpeMeHHO 9JIeKTpOnpOBo.n.HOCTbJO H MOp030CTOHKOCTblO. TaKHe
pe3HHbI npe.n.Ha3HaqeHbI,ll,nS H3rOTOBJIeHHft ynJIOTHeHHH 3aTBOpOB
rHJJ.pOTeXHHQeCKHX coopymeHHii. pacnOJIOmeHHblX B ceBepHblX paHo.
Hax CCCP. 3JIeKTpHqecKHii TOK, npoxo.n.s qepe3 ynJIOTHeHHft, Harpe.
BaeT HX, qTO npe.nOTBpalIJ,aeT oOJIe.n.eHeHHe.
npHMeHeHHe MarHHTHoro nOJIS B MOMeHT <j>OpMHpOBaHHS CTPYK-
1'Ypbl n03BOJIHJIO nOJIYQHTb 9JIeKTpOnpOBo.n.fl1I1He nOJIHMepHble MaTe.
pHaJIbl. 06JIaJJ.alOlIJ,ue aHH3OTponHeii 9JIeKTpHQeCKHX CBOHCTB. TaKOr()
pOJJ.a MaTepHaJlbl npHMeHftJOT B pa.D.HOTeXHHQeCKOH npOMblWJIeHHoCTH.
3JIeKTpOnpOBO.D.ftIIJ,He pe3HHbI Haxo.n.ST wHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe ,ll,nSl
OTBOJJ.a 3apsJJ.OB CTaTHQeCKOrO 3JIeKTpHQeCTBa. r.D.e OHH HcnOJIb3YIOT.
Cft B KaqeCTBe nOKpblTHii nOJIOB npoH3Bo.n.cTBeHHblx nOMelI1eHHii, one-
pauHoHHblX. paOOqHX CTOJIOB H .n.pyrHx OO'beKTOB. Ha HX OCHOBe MO-
rYT 6b1Tb nOJIyqeHbI MHorHe pe3HHoBble TeXHHqeCKHe H3.n.eJIHft (TpaHc.
nopTepHble JIeHTbI, KJIHHOBble peMHH. pYKaBa, <j>opMoBbie .D.eTaJIH H
.D.p.). OOJIaJJ.aIOII1He aHTHCTaTHQeCKUMH CBoHcTBaMH. 3JIeKTpOnpoBo.
.D.ftlI1He pe3HHbI HcnOJIb3YJOT .D.JIft KOMnJIeKTaUHH Me.D.HUHHCKHX anna-
paTOB (HapK03HblX annapaToB, pe3HHoBblX 9JIeKTpo.noB H .n.pyrHx).
MAfHHTHhiE PE3HHbI
MarHHTHble pe3HHbI npHMeHslOT B pa.n.HoTeXHHQeCKOH npOMblWJIeH-
ROCTH, 9JIeKTpOHHOH H BblqHCJlHTeJIbHOii TeXHHKe H .n.pyrHx oTpacnsx
Hapo.n.Horo X03ftHCTBa. OHH OOJIa.n.aIOT CBoHcTBaMH, npHcYII1HMH no-
506

nynpOBOJJ.HHKOBblM MarHHTHbiM MaTepHanaM (KepaMHqeCKHM teppH-
TaM), H pe3HHaM, T. e. MarHHTHblMH H 3neKTpOH30nSlUHOHHblMH CBoA-
cTBaMH, a TaKme 3naCTHqHOCTblO. fH6KOCTblO, ManoH nnOTHOCTblO H
BHOpOCTOHKOCTblO.
npeHMYIUeCTBOM 3JIaCTHqHblX MarHHTHblX MaTepHanOB no cpaBHe.
HHIO C TBepJJ.blMH SlBJISleTCSI HX cnoco6HOCTb nepepa6aTblBaTbCR B H3.
AeJIHSI CJlOmHOH <j>OpMbI H nOBTopSlTb HepoBHocTH KOHTaKTHpYIOIUHX
C ,H'HMH nooepx'HOCTeH. K1p.oMe TOro, '"'PH 'pa3pe3aH'HH 3THX pe3HH aa
KyCKH JIIOOOH <j>OpMbI HX CBOHCTBa He H3MepSiIOTCR. MarHHTHbie pe.
3HHbI nOJJ.pa3JJ.eJJSlIOT H8 MarHHTHOMSlfKHe (3naCTHQHble MaTepHanbl,
OOJIaJJ.alOUJ,He BbiCOKOH MarHHTHOH npOHHuaeMOCTblO H He60nbwoA
K03pueTHBHOH cHnoA - OCTaTOQHOii HaMarHHqeHHOCTblO npH OTCYTCT-
BHH MarHHTHoro nOJISI) H MarHHTHOTBeP.D.ble (3naCTHqHble MaTepHanbl
C OOJIbWOH OCTaTOQHOii HHJJ.yKUHeH H K03pueTHBHoii CHnOH). KOTOpble
MorYT HCnOJIb30BaTbCR KaK nOCTORHHble MarHHTbI.
MarHHTHble CBOHCTBa pe3HH 3aBHCSlT OT MarHHTHblX CBOftCTB CO-
AepmaUJ,HXCSI B HHX HanOnHHTeJIeH. HaHnyqWHMH HanOnHHTeJIRMH,
OOeCneqHBalOUJ,HMH nonYQeHHe pe3HH C BblCOKHMH JJ.H3neKTpHQeCKHMH
nOKa3aTeJlRMH H xopomHMH MarHHTHblMH cBoiicTBaMH. RBnSlIOTCR <j>ep-
pHTbI - CHHTeTHqeCKHe OKCHJJ.Hble <j>eppOMarHHTHble nonynpOBOJJ.HHKH.
.npeJJ.CTaBnSlIOUJ,He C060H JJ.BOHHble HnH TpoiiHble OKHcnbl, 06pa3yeMHe
OKHCblO mene3a ,Fe20a C HeKOTopblMH OKHcnaMH JJ.BYXBaneHTHHX Me.
TannOB. OHH MorYT 6b1Tb nonYQeHbI npeCCOBaHHeM H 06X<HrOM !oIexa-
HHQeCKOH CMeCH OKHCJJOB HnH TepMHQeCKHM pa3nox<eHHeM TBepAoA
CMeCH coneH, nonyqeHHblX BblnapHBaHHeM H3 BOAHOfO paCTBopa HnH
COBMeCTHblM ocaX<JJ.eHHeM.
.LJ.J1Sl nOJIyqeHHR MarHHTHOMRfKHX pe3HH npHMeHRIOT <j>eppHTOBHe
nopOWKH. OCHOBHblMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH KOTOpblX RBnRIOTCR - XHMH-
qeCKHii COCTaB, YJJ.enbHaSi nOBepXHOCTb qaCTHU. fpaHynoMeTpHQeCKHA
COCTaB, YJJ.enbHaSi HaMarHHQeHHOCTb nopomKa. CTaTHQeCKaR MafHHT.
HaSi npOHHuaeMOCTb, K03pueTHBHaSi CHna (Ta6n. V.3)
T a 6 JI H 11, a V.3. CocTaB H cBoACTBa c!tePPBTOBWX HanoJlBHTeJleA
HHKeJlbltHHKOBOro 600HH H 200HH H MapraHen-
UHHKOBOro 6000HM .D.JlII MarHHTHOMSlrKRX pesHH
P8SMep q8CTBit cjlepPHToBblX H8DOJIHHTeJleA, IIKII
CocTaB B CSOICTBB 600HH 2000HH 6000HM
.no 100 I .no 2 I .no 0,2 .no 100 .no 100
XHMH'IeeKHA COCTaB, % (Macc.)
Fe203 . . . . 66 66 66 66 66
ZoO . . . . . 22 22 22 22 22
NiO BJIH MoO . . . . . . 12 12 12 12 12
Y.D.eJlbHaH nOBepxHocTb, M2/r. . 0,14 0,56 2,50 0,14 0,14
Y.D.eJlbHaH HaMarHB'IeRHOCTb Ha.
CblweHHH 10., T'M3/Mr . 61.7 61.7 48.8 60,0 60,0
507

.lI.JI nOJIYlIeHH MarHHTHOTBepJJ.blX pe3HH B KalleCTBe HanOJIHHTeJIeii
WHpOKO npHMeHIOT nopOWKH <j>eppHTa oapH, OCHOBHblMH xapaKTe-
pHCTHKaMH KOToporo BJIIOTC - XHMHlIeCKHH COCTaB, YJJ.eJIbHa no-
BepXHOCTb lIaCTHu, OCTaTOllHa HHJJ.YKUH, K03pueTHBHa CHJIa, Mar-
HHTHa 3oHepfH. TaK, JJ.JI nopOWKa <j>eppHTa 6apH, COCTOllJ,erO H3
85% Fe203 H 15% BaO, 3TH OBOHcrna H3MeHIOTC CJleJJ.YIOllJ,HM 06pa-
30M:
YAeJJbllBli nosepXHocTb, OcT8TOQHali KosPlleTHBHali CMa MarHHTHaIi 311epnm
..2/r HI/AYKIlHII, T (Tecna) 10-3, AIM 1.10"'3, TA/N
0.33 0,150 86,4 4,1
0,54 0,150 96,0 4.6
1,14 0,100 56,0 1,8
Bce <j>eopplHTOBble TIOpOWKH JJ.OBOJIbHO rp)'l60JJ.HcnepcHbi H 'He 06-
JIaJJ.alOT YCHJIHBalOllJ,HMH CBoHcTBaMH. npH BBeJJ.eHHH 60JIee 40%
. (Macc.) 3THX nopowKoB B pe3HHoBbie CMeCH Ha OCHOBe KpHCTaJIJIH3Y-
IOIIJ,HXC KaYlIYKOB pe3KO CHHmalOTCSI npOllHOCTHbie CBOHCTBa H OTHO-
CHTeJIbHOe YJJ.JIHHeHHe pe3HH. .lI.JISI pe3HH Ha OCHOBe HeKpHCTaJIJIH3y.
IOW,HXCSI KaYlIYKOB xapaKTepHO YMeHbweHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHOrO YJJ.JIHHe.
HHSI. npH 3TOM npOqHOCTHbie CBOHCTBa npaKTHlIeCKH He H3MeHSIIOTCSI.
C yMeHbweHHeM pa3Mepa qaCTHU <j>eppHTOBbiX HanOJIHHTeJIeH JJ.JISI
MarHHTHOMSlrKHX pe3HH Ha6JIIOJJ.aeTCSI yMeHbweHHe MarHHTHOH npo.
HHuaeMOCTH. .lI.JISI nOBblWeHHft MarHHTHon npOHHuaeMOCTH HeOOXOJJ.H-
MO npHMeHSlTb rpYOOJJ.HcnepCHbie HanOJIHHTeJIH C YJJ.eJIbHOH nOBepXHO-
CTblO 0,14-0,5 M2/r.
npHpoJJ.a nOJlHMepa OKa3b1BaeT He3HaqHTeJIbHOe BJIHSlHHe Ha Mar-
HHTHbie CBOHCTBa pe3HH. MarHHTHa npoHHuaeMocTb M8rHHTHOMr-
KHX pe3HH CHJlbHO B03pacTaeT npH YBeJIHlIeHHH cOJJ.epmaHH HanOJI-
HHTeJI CBblwe 60-80% (Macc.). HO He3HaqHTeJIbHO H3MeHSleTCSI OT
TeMnepaTypbl. npH BBeJJ.eHHH B CMeCH HanOJIHHTe.TIen 60JIee 45%
(o6'beMH.) nOJIYlIaIOTC MarHHTHOMSIrKHe pe3HHbI C 3JIaCTHQHOCTbIO
no ynpyroMY OTCKOKY, paBHoH 15-30%, MarHHTHOR npoHHuaeMo-
CTblO OoJIbWe '10 (tOpH K03'pueTHBHOH CHJIe OKiOJIO 10 2 AIM) H y;neJIb-
HbiM 3JIeKTpHlIecKHM conpOTHBJIeHHeM 6dJIbWHM 1 ()6 OM' M. .lI.JI Mar-
HHTHOMrKHX pe3HH xapaKTepHa cneUH<j>HlIeCKa 38BHCHMOCTb Mar-
HHTHOH npOHHuaeMOCTH or qaCTOTbi 3JIeKTpOM8rHHTHoro nOJISI. B 06-
JIaCTH HeKoTopblX lIaCTOT Ha6J1IO.l1aIOTC MarHHTHbie nOTepH. npHlIeM
lIeM Bblwe MarHHTHaSi npoHHuaeMocTb pe3HH, TeM MeHbwe lIaCTora.
npH KOTOpOH Ha6JIIOJJ.aeTc MaKcHMYM MarHHTHbiX nOTepb (OObillHO
B JJ.Hana30He 10 2 -1  Mru). MarHHTHoMSIrKHe pe3HHbI WHpOKO HC-
nOJIb3YIOT B paJJ.HOTeXHHKe. TeJIeBH.l1eHHH. TeXHHKe CBSl3H. B 3anOMH.
HalOllJ,HX YCTpoHcTBax 3BM.
MarHHTHoTBepJJ.ble pe3HHbI npHMeHSIIOT KaK 3JIaCTHlIHble MarHHTbI.
K03pueTHBHaSi CHJIa H MarHHTHa 3HeprH 3THX pe3HH 3aBHCSlT OT
pa3MepoB lIaCTHU HanOJlHHTeJISI H YBeJIHlIHBalOTCft npH YBeJIHqeHHH
ero cOJJ.epmaHHSI. HaHJIYlIwHH KOMnJIeKC MarHHTHbiX CBoiicTB ooecne-
lIHBaeTCSI npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH HanOJIHHTeJISI C Y.l1eJIbHOn nOBepXHO.
CTblO 0,5 M2/r B KOJlHlIeCTBe 90-92% (Macc.). iMarHHTHoTBepJJ.ble
pe3HHbI H8 OCHOBe HaTypaJIbHOrO KayqYKa. cOJJ.epmalIJ,He cl>eppHT 6a-
508

pHSI C YJJ.eJIbHOH nOBepxHocTblO 0.54 M 2 /r. HMelOT K03pu.eTHBHYIO CHJIY
96.10 3 AIM. npH 3TOM npOllHocTb pe3HH npH paCTSlmeHHH COCTaBJISIeT
4,3 Mna. a OTHOCHTeJIbHOe YJJ.JIHHeHHe JJ.OCTHraeT 30%.
JlHTepaTYpa
rYJlb B. E. u ap. 3J1eKTpOnpOBO.D.SlWHe nOJlHMepHble MaTepHaJibi. M., cXHMR!I»,
1968. 248 c.
)Kypa8Jle8 B. C., req:JTep n. J/. PaCqeT .D.OnycTHMoro 3Ha'leHH!I 9J\eKTpH'IecKoro
conpOTHBJleHH!I pesHHOBbiX aHTHCTaTH'IeCKHX BS.D.eJIRA. TeMaT. o63op. Cep. «npOB3-
BO.D.CTBO PTH». M., UHI111T3Recl>TexHM, 1973. 57 c.
)Kypa8Jle8 B. C., KopHe8 A. E., rYJlb B. E. B KR.: CTaTH'IeCKOe 9J1eKTpH'IeCTBO
B nOJIRMepax. n., «XRMHSI», 1968, c. 74-78.
KopHe8. A. E., BJlUH08 A. A., )Kypa8Jle8 B. C. «npOHSBO.D.CTBO WHH, PTI1 H
ATI1», 1969, N!! 10, c. 5.
AJleKCee8 A. r., KopHe8 A. E. 3J1aCTH'IRbie MarHHTHbie MaTepHaJibi. M., «XH-
MH!I», 1976. 200 c.

[naBa 29
fEPMETH3HPYIOlUHE MATEPHAJ1b1 (fEPMETHKH)
[epMeTH3HpYIOIIJ,He MaTepHanbl (repMeTHKH) npe.l1CTaBnftlOT co()oA
rpynny nonHMepHblx KOMn03Hu,Hii OT }f{H.l1KOTeKyqeA .l10 naCTOo()pa3.
Hoii KOHCHCTeHUHH, npe,nHa3HaqeHHblX .l1nft repMeTH3au,HH H 3alIJ,HTbI
OT,nenbHblX JJ.eTaneii. y3noB H U,eJIblX KOHCTpYKUHA pa3nHqHOA KOH«}»H"
rypau,HH H3 MeTanna, CTeKJIa. .l1epeBa. ()eTOHa H .l1pyrHx MaTepHanoB
OT aTMoc«}»epHoro B03.l1eiicTBHft. B03.D.eiicTBHft BblCOKHX H HH3KHX Te-
nepaTYP H arpeccHBHblX cpe.l1.
B KaqeCTBe HCXOJJ.Horo Cblpbft .l1nft npHroTOBneHHB repMeTHKoB
HaH60nee WHpOKO npHMeHftlOT CHHTeTHqeCKHe KayqYKH. CMonbl H HX
CMeCH. H3BecTHbI TalOKe repMeTHKH Ha OCHOBe npHpO.l1Hb1X MaTepHa.
JIOB. K HHM OTHOCHTCH 6HTYMbI, KaMeHHoyronbHble CMonbl, onH«}»bI M
JJ.pyrHe, KOTopble, KaK npaBHno. He o()na.D.aIOT BceM KOMnneKCOM nono-
}f{HTenbHblX CBoiicTB, xapaKTepHblX .l1nH CHHTeTHqeCKHX repMeTHKOB.
B HaCTOHlIJ,eii rnaBe p8CCMaTpHBalOTCft repMeTHKH TOnbKO Ha OC.
HOBe CHHTeTHqecKHX KayqYKOB HnH CHHTeTHqeCKHX KayqYKOS C He..
60nbWHMH .D.o()aBKaMH CHHTeTHqeCKHX H npHpO.l1HblX CMon.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT npHpOJJ.bI HCXO.l1HOrO nonHMepa repMeTHKH Ha
OCHOBe CHHTeTHqeCKHX KayqyKoB n0.l1pa3.l1eJIftIOT Ha JJ.Be OCHOBHble
rpynnbl: HeBblCblxalOlIJ,He H synK8HH3yJOlIJ,HeCft.
HeBblCblXalOIIJ,He repMeTHKH npe,nCTaBnftlOT co()oA TepMonnaCTHq-
Hble MaTepHanbl, KOTopble npH HarpeBaHHH pa3Mftrq81OTCft H nepexo.
JJ.HT npH onpe.l1eJIeHHOA TeMnepaType B Bft3KOTeKyqee COCTOHHHe.
C nOHH1KeHHeM TeMnepaTypbl OHH BOCCT8HaBJIHBalOT CBOH nepBOHa.
qanbHble cBoAcTBa He3aBHCHMO OT qHena UHKJIOB HarpeSaHHft H
oXJIa}f{.l1eHHft. 3TH repMeTHKH npHMeHHIOT B pa3nHqHOrO pO.l1a pa3'beM.
HblX coe.l1HHeHHftX HnH COe.l1HHeHHftX. nO.l1BepralOlIJ,HXCft nepHO.l1HqeCKO-
MY .l1eMOHTa}f{Y. TaK KaK B TeqeHHe Bcero nepHO.l1a 3KcnnyaT8UHH OHH
HaXO.l1ftTCft B nnaCTHqeCKOM COCTOftHHH.
npHMepOM TepMonnaCTHqHblX repMeTHKOB ftBnftlOTCft repMeTHKH
Ha OCHOBe nonHH30()YTHneHa. ()yTHn- H xnop()yTHnKayqYKOB, 3THneH-
nponHneHOBoro KayqYKa HnH HX cMeceii.
BynKaHH3YlOIIJ,HeCft repMeTHKH npe.l1CTaBnHIOT co()oA TepMopeaK4
THBHble MaTepHanbl, KOTopble no.D. B03.l1eiicTBHeM Tenna HnH cneu,H.
aJIbHblX XHMHqeCKHX areHTOB. BBO.l1HMblX HenOCpe.l1CTBeHHO nepe.l1
ynoTpe()JleHHeM, npeTepneBalOT Heo()p8THMble «}»H3HKO-XHMHQecrme HS-
MeHeHHH, T. e. BynKaHH3YIOTCft. nOCJIe BYJIKaHH3aUHH Ha o()pa6aTbI-
510

BaeMOH nOBepXHOCTH oopa3yeTcSI MOHOJIHTHOe 3JIaCTHlIHoe, pe3HHO.
nOJJ.OOHOe nOKpblTHe, OOeCnellHBalOUJ.ee repMeTHlIHOCTb KOHCTPYKUHii
Hepa3'beMHblX COeJJ.HHeHHii. K 3JIaCTHlIHblM repMeTHKaM OTHOCSlTCS
repMeTHKH Ha OCHOBe }KHJJ.KHX THOKOJIOB. HaHpHTa. HH3KOMOJIeKYJISp.
HOro KpeMHHHOpraHHlIeCKOrO KaYlIYKa CKTH, HH3KOMOJIeKYJISlpHblX
KapOOKCH.'1COJJ.ep*aU1HX KaYlIYKOB (npeHMYU1eCTBeHHO .D.HBHHHJI.
HHTpHJIbHblX) pa3JIHlIHblX <1>TOpCOnOJIHMepOB H JJ.PyrHX.
no YCJIOBHSlM BYJIKaHH3aUHH repMeTHKH nO.D.pa3JJ.emIIOT Ha caMO-'
BYJIKaHH3YIOU1l1ecSi (BYJIKaHH3YlOlUHeCSI npH TeMnepaType 15-30°C)
H BYJIKaHH3YIOU1HecSi npH nOBblweHHoH TeMnepaType (70-150 0c).
npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH caMoBYJIK8HH3YIOU1HXCS repMeTHKoB HCKJIlOqaeT.
Cft HeooxoJJ.HMOCTb npHMeHeHHs CneUHaJIbHOrO oOopYAoBaHHSI JJ.JISI HX
HarpeBaHHSI, liTO ocooeHHO YJJ.OOHO npH repMeTH3aUHH H3JJ.eJIHH OOJIb.
WHX raoapHTOB.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT lIHCJIa KOMnOHeHTOB. BBO.D.HMblX B COCTaB rep.
MeTHKOB, HX nOJJ.pa3JJ.eJISIOT Ha JJ.Be rpynnbl.
1. OAHOKOMnOHeHTHble, KOTophle cpasy nOCJIe nOJIyqeHHS C 3aBOJJ.a-
H3rOTOBHTeJIS MorYT npHMeHSTbCS DOTpeOHTeJIeM. OHH OOJIaJJ.aIOT AJIH.
TeJIbHOii (3-6 MecsueB) HJIH npaKTHlIecKH HeorpaHHlIeHHoii }KHSHe.
cnocooHoCTblO.
2. MHoroKoMnoHeHTHhle. COCTOSllUHe H3 JJ.BYX, Tpex H oOJIee KOM.
nOHeHTOB. CMeWHBaeMbiX HenocpeAcTBeHHo nepe.D. ynoTpeOJIeHHeM.
)KH3HecnocooHoCTb TaKHX repMeTHKoB B npHrOTOBJIeHHOM COCTOSHHH
OrpaHHqeHa (1-20 q). OCHOBHblM KOMnOHeHTOM B 3TOM CJIyqae SB.
JISleTCS repMeTH3HpYlOlUaSi naCTa. COCTOSU1as H3 nOJIHMepa. HanOJIHH-
. TeJISi H HeKOTopblX ApyrHx JJ.ooaBOK; JJ.pyrHMH KOMnOHeHTaMH SBJISI-
IOTCS: BYJIKaHH3YlOlUas DaCTa. YCKOpHTeJIb. 3aMeJJ.JIHTeJIb H JJ.pyrHe.
OAHOKOMnOHeHTHblMH MorYT OblTb He TOJIbKO HeBblCblxalOlUHe rep-
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areHT. npOSBJISlIOU1HH aKTHBHOCTb JIHWb B npHCYTCTBHH KHCJIOpOJJ.a HJlH
BJIarH B03JJ.yxa. .
no TenJIOCTOiiKOCTH repMeTHKH AeJISTCSI Ha: HeTenJIOCTOiiKHe (JJ.o
70°C); cpe.D.Heii TenJIOCTOiiKOCTH (JJ.0 130-150 0c) H TenJIOCTOiiKHe
(OT 200°C H Bhlwe).
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHCHCTeHUHH H MeTO.D.a HaHeceHHSI repMeTHKH
KJIaCcH<j>HUHPYJOT CJIeJJ.YIOU1HM oopa30M.
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OOJIaJJ.aIOT TeKyqeCTblO. OOYCJIOBJIeHHOii HaJIHqHeM B HHX }KHJJ.KHX
KOMnOHeHTOB.
Ha KHCTeBhle. KOTOphle HaHOCST KHCTblO; 3TH repMeTHKH nOJIyqa-
IOTCSI qalUe Bcero npH JJ.OOaBJIeHHH onpeJJ.eJIeHHoro KOJIHlIeCTBa COOT"
BeTCTBYIOU1ero paCTBOpHTeJISi.
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KaMH, wnpHuaMH C npo<j>HJIbHOii rOJIOBKOii pa3JIHqHOrO celleHHS. HO-
}KaMH. CTaMeCKaMH. MaCTepKaMH).
repMeTH3HpYlOlUHe MaTepHaJIbi Ha OCHOBe CHHTeTHlIeCKHX KaYllY-
KOB WHpOKO npHMeHSIOT B aBHaUHH JJ.JIS repMeTH3aUHH oeH300aKOB
H TonJIHBHblX OTceKOB, <j>3eJIs}Keii. B03JJ.YXOBOJJ.OB H KaOHH; B CYJJ.O"
511

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H CK06S1HblX qaCTeH, CTeKOJl HJlIOMHHaTOpOB. pa3J1HqHblX KOpnYCHblX
KOHCTPYKUHH (nepe60pOK. HaJJ.CTpOeK. BblrOpOJJ.OK. Tpy60npOBOJJ.OB
pa3J1HqHOro Ha3HaqeHHSI, WTYUepHblX COeJJ.HHeHHH MaCJIOnpOBOJJ.OB H
T. JJ..); B CTpOHTeJIbHOH TeXHHKe JJ.JISI repMeTH3aUHH OCTeKJIeHeHHSI H
CTblKOB B KpynHo6J1oqHOM H naHeJIbHOM CTpOHTeJIbCTBe. B CTeHOBblX
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nOCaJJ.OqHblX a3pOJJ.pOMHblX nOJlOc H JJ.p.; B paJJ.H03JIeKTpOHHKe H
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eMOB OT B03JJ.eHCTBHSI napOB. BJIarH. qY>KepOJJ.HblX Bem.eCTB B YCJIO.
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TeXHHKe JJ.JISI 3aw,HTbI XHMHqeCKOH annapaTypbl H JJ.pyrHx KOHCTPYK.
UHH OT B03JJ.eHCTBHSI arpeCCHBHblX cpeJJ. - KHCJIOT, w.eJIoqeA. MaCeJI H
aTMOC<j>epHblX B03JJ.eiicTBHii; B MaWHHOCTpOeHHH JJ.JISI repMeTH3aUHH
pa3JIHqHblX 60JlTOBblX, CBapHblX, 3aKJlenOQHblX, <j>JIaHueBblX H pe3b60.
BbIX COeJJ.HHeHHH; aBTOM06HJleCTpOeHHH JJ.JlSI ynJIOTHeHHSI BeTpOBblX
OKOHHblX CTeKOJl, 6eH306aKOB.
06J1aCTH npHMeHeHHSI repMeTHKOB HenpepblBHO paCWHpSlIOTCSI.


TEXHH'IECI(HE TPE60BAHH$I I( fEPMETHI(AM
H METOJ].bI HX H3fOTOBJlEHH$I
K repMeTHKaM npeJJ.'bSlBJISIIOT B OCHOBHOM cneJJ.YIOw,He Tpe60Ba.
HHSI. OHH JJ.OJl>KHbI 06eCneQHBaTb HaJJ.e>KHyJO repMeTH3aUHIO npH pa.
60QHX TeMnepaTypax B COOTBeTCTBYIOw.eii cpeJJ.e (B03JJ.yxe. BOAe. MaC.
JIe, 6eH3HHe H JJ.p.); 06J1aJJ.aTb xopoweii aJJ.re3HeA K repMeTH3HpyeMoii
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YJJ.OBJleTBopHTeJlbHblMH MeXaHHQeCKHMH cBoikTBaMH (06ecneqH.
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KpoMe TOro. OHH JJ.OJI}KHbI 06JIaJJ.aTb cneUH<j>HqeCKHMH CBoHcTBaMH.
TaKHMH KaK AH3JIeKTpHqeCKHe, 6eH30-, MaCJIO-, TOnJIHBO-, BOJJ.O-. aT-
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npOTHBJIeHHe pa3JJ.Hpy. TeMnepaTypa xpynKocTH H JJ.p.
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'IepHblM H UBeTHblM MeTaJlJIaM, MHHepaJIbHoMY H OpraHHQeCKoMY CTeK-
JIY, JJ.epeBY, 6eToHY, nJIaCTHKaM H pe3HHaM.
K repMeTHKaM npeJJ.'bSlBJISIIOTCSI MeHee }KeCTKHe Tpe60BaHHSI. qeM
K pe3HHaM, no OTHOCHTeJIbHOMY y JJ.JIHHeHHIO H npOqHOCTH H MeHee
>KeCTKHe, QeM K KJleSlM, no aJJ.re3HH. npH nOJIHOM OTCYTCTBHH HJIH
512




UpH HeJJ.OCTaTOqHOH aJJ.re3HH repMeTHKa K nOBepXHOCTH MorYT npH.
MeHSlTbCSI aJJ.re3HOHHble KJleeBbie nOJJ.CJlOH.
npHHUHn COCTaBJleHHSI peuenTYP repMeTHKOB Ha OCHOBe CHHTeTH-
qeCKHX KayqyKoB aHaJlOrHqeH npHHUHny COCTaBJleHHSI peuemyp pe-
3HHOBbiX CMeceH.
TaK KaK B KaqeCTBe HCXOJJ.Horo CblpbSl JJ.JlSI repMeTHKOB qaIIJ,e Bce-
ro npHMeHSIIDT pa3J1HqHble HH3KOMOneKyJlSlpHble HJJ.KHe KayqyKH
(MOJIeKyJlSlpHaSi Macca 1000-20000). npoqHOCTb HeHanOJlHeHHblX
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AHTb YCHJlHBaIDIIJ,He HanOJlHHTeJlH - TeXHHqeCKHH yrJlepoJJ. pa3J1HqHblX
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MeJI. KaOJlHH, ac6ecT, OKCHJJ. UHHKa, <pTOpHJJ. H CHJlHKaT KaJlbUHSI H
.llpyrHe JJ.06aBKH.
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THBHO npHMeHSlTb TeXHHqeCKHH yrJlepoJJ. MapKH nM-15, JJ.BYOKHCb TH-
TaHa H MeJl: JJ.JlSI KpeMHHHOpraHHqeCKHX - JJ.BYOKHCb THTaHa, KOJlJlO-
HJJ.HYID KpeMHeKHcJloTY H OKCHJJ. UHHKa; ,Z1J1S1 nOJlHH306YTHJleHoBblx-
ac6ecT, OKCHJJ. UHHKa H MeJl; JJ.JlSI repMeTHKoB Ha OCHOBe <pTopcono-
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.u.JlSI npH,Z1aHHSI repMeTH3HpYIDIIJ,HM MaTepHaJlaM aJJ.re3HOHHblX
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B KaqeCTBe BYJlKaHH3YIDIIJ,HX areHTOB JJ.JlSI repMeTHKOB B 3aBHCH-
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JJ.JlSI <pTopCOnOJlHMepOB - opraHHqeCKHe nepeKHCH, aMHHbI H HX
COJlH, JJ.HH30UHaHaTbi. .
npHMeHSlIDTCSI TalUKe CneUHaJlbHble YCKopHTeJlH BYJlKaHH3aUHH.
nJlaCTH<pHKaTopbl BBO,Z1S1T B repMeTH3HpYIDIIJ,He MaTepHaJlbl Ha OCHOBe
CHHTeTHqeCKHX KayqYKOB peJJ.KO, TaK KaK HX npHCYTCTBHe OTpHua-
TeJlbHO BJlHSleT Ha aJJ.re3HID.
.u.pyrHe HHrpeJJ.HeHTbI BBOJJ.SlT B repMeTHKH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Tpe-
60BaHHH, npeJJ.'bSlBJlSleMbiX K HX cneUH<pHqeCKHM CBOHCTBaM.
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COKOMOJleKYJlSlpHblX <pTopCOnOJlHMepOB H3rOTaBJlHBaIDT aHaJlOrHqHO
KJIeSiM. CHaqaJla Ha BaJlbuaX HJlH B pe3HHOCMeCHTeJIe rOTOBSIT pe3H-
HOBYID CMeCb, a 3aTeM B KJleeMeWaJlKe HJlH 3aKpblTOM CMeCHTeJle
npOBOJJ.SlT OKOHqaTeJlbHoe CMeweHHe pe3HHOBOH CMeCH C TaK Ha3b1Bae-
MbiM paCnJlaBOM (B cJlyqae npHrOTOBJleHHSI HeBblCblXaIDIIJ.HX repMeTH-
KOB) HJlH C paCTBopHTeSlMH (B cJlyqae npHrOTOBJleHHSI BYJlKaHH3YID-
33-2397
513

W.HXCSI repMeTHKOB). PaCnJlaB npeJJ.CTaBJISIeT c060ii CMeCb nJIaCTH4>H.
KaTOpOB.
fepMeTHKH H8 OCHOBe nOJlHH306YTHJleH8. nOJlHH306YTHJIeH npH-
MeHSlJOT B npOH3BOJJ.CTBe HeBblCblXaJOw.HX repMeTHKOB. TaKHe repMe.
THKH npeJJ.CTaBJlSlJOT c060ii BblCOKOHanOJIHeHHble CMeCH Ha OCHOBe no-
JlHH306YTHJleHa pa3J1HtJHblX MapOK. COJJ.ep}KaHHe nOJlHMepa B HHX He.
3HatJHTeJlbHO (5-15%). B KatJeCTBe HanOJlHHTeJIeii HCnOJIb3YJOT ac.
6ecT. MeJl, UHHKOBble 6eJIHJla, JlHTOnOH, KaOJlHH.
)J.JlSI npHJJ.aHHSI CMeCSIM 60Jlee }KHJJ.KOii KOHCHCTeHUHH B 3aMa3KH
BBOJJ.SlT pa3J1HtJHble MaCJIa (12-25 %) He4>TSlHoro npOHCXO}KJJ.eHHSI
(nH-6. npH60pHoe MBn, aBTOJl. Ba3eJIHHOBoe. BaKYYMHoe, BepeTeH.
Hoe, UHJlHHJJ.pOBoe H JJ.pyrHe). a JJ.JlSI npHJJ.aHH KJIeiiKOCTH - KaHH.
4>OJlb. 3nOKCHJJ.HYJO CMOJlY. nOJlHH306YTHJleHOBble repMeTHKH HeTenJIO-
CTOHKH; OHH 3KcnJlyaTHpYJOTCSI npH TeMnepaTypax OT -50 AO 70°C
npH JJ.eHcTBHH BblCOKHX TeMnepaTYP OHH BHaqaJIe pa3MSlnaJOTcSI. a
3aTeM CTaHOBSlTCSI xpynKHMH H pacTpecKHBaJOTcSI. npH pa60Te C rep-
MeTHKaMH HX npeJJ.BapHTeJIbHO nporpeBaJOT .no 30-50°C.
DJlH3KHMH no CBoHcTBaM H no npHMeHeHHJO SlBJUIJOTCSI repMeTHKH
Ha OCHOBe 6YTHJI-, XJlOp6YTHJIKaYQYKa H 3THJIeH-npOnHJIeHOBblX Kay.
tJYKOB.
fepMeTHKH H8 OCHOBe }KHJJ.Koro THO KOJI 8. fepMeTHKH Ha OCHOBe
}KHJJ.Koro THOKOJla nOJJYtJHJlH caMoe WHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe 6JI8-
rOJJ.apSi ueHHblM cBoikTBaM, KOTOpblMH OHH 06J1aJJ.aJOT KaK B CblpOM.
TaK H BYJlKaHH30BaHHOM BHJJ.e. B HCXOJJ.HOM COCTOSlHHH THOKOJlOBble
repMeTHKH HMeJOT BSl3KOTeKYtJyJO HJIH nacTo06pa3HYJO KOHCHCTeHUHIO.
tJTO npeJJ.onpeJJ.eJISieT JlerKOCTb HaHeceHHSI HX JlJ06b1MH cnoc06aMH
(wn8TeJleM, wnpHueM, KHCTbJO, 3aJlHBKOii H T. JJ..). npH 3TOM nepeXOA
H3 BSl3Koro nJIaCTHtJeCKoro COCTOSlHHSI B 3J1aCTHtJeCKoe pe3HHOnOA06.
Hoe npOHCXOJJ.HT npH 15-30 C npaKTHtJecKH 6e3 ycaJJ.KH. B BYJIKaHH-
30BaHHOM BHJJ.e THOKOJIOBble repMeTHKH OTJIHtJHO npoTHBoCTOSIT B03.
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3J1aCTHtJHOCTb npH TeMnepaTYpax OT -60 AO 130-150°C (KpaTKo.
BpeMeHHo JJ.O 175°C). THoKoJIoBble repMeTHKH OTJlHtJHO cOnpOTHBJISI.
lOTCSI TenJloBoMY H paJJ.HauHoHHoMY cTapeHHIO H CTOHKH K AeAcTBHIO
BOAbI. cJla6b1x KHCJlOT. w.eJIOlleH H pacTBOpHTeJIeii. npH HCnOJIb30Ba.
HHH CneUHaJIbHblX A06aBoK M01KHO nOJIYtJHTb repMeTHKH C yAOBJIeTBO-
pHTeJIbHblMH JJ.H3J1eKTpHtJecKHMH cBoiicTBaMH. T. e. C YJJ.eJIbHblM no.
BepxHocTHblM conpOTHBJIeHHeM 10 8 -10 10 OM. M H TaHreHCOM yrJla AH-
3J1eKTpHtJeCKHX nOTepb 0,01-0,005.
BYJIKaHH3aTbI Ha OCHOBe 1KHAKOro THOKOJIa 06JIaJJ.aIOT HeYAoBJleT-
BOpHTeJIbHOA aAre3Heii K pa3JIHtJHblM nOBepXHOCTSlM, n03TOMY HX Kpe.
nRT K JJ.pyrHM MaTepHaJIaM C nOMOw.bIO npOMe}KYTOtJHblX KJIeeBblX
nOACJIOeB, JlH60 B repMeTHKH BBOART aAre3HBbI.
B KatJeCTBe aJJ.re3HOHHblX KJIeeBblX nOACJIOeB tJaw.e scero npHMe.
HRIOT caMOBYJIKaHH3YJOw.HeCSI nOJlHXJJoponpeHOBble KJIeH. KaK aAre.
3HOHHble npHcaAKH B COCTaB THOKOJlOBblX repMeTHKOB A06aBJISIIOT 8
OCHOBHOM 3nOKCHAHble H 4>eHOJl4>opMaJibAerHJJ.Hble CMOJIbI.
514

fepMeTIiKH Ha OCHOBe }K,HJJ.KOro THOKOJla KOMnJIeKTYIOTCSI, KaK
npaBHJlO, H3 JJ.BYX HJlH TpeX KOMnOHeHTOB: OCHOBHOH repMeTH3HpyIO-
meH naCTbI, BYJlKaHIi3YIOI.U.eM naCTbI H YCKopHTeJlSl, KOTopble CMeWIiBa.
lOT lIenocpeJJ.CTBeHHO nepeJJ. ynoTpe6JIeHHeM; HX }K,H3HeCnoc06HOCTb He
npeBblwaeT 2-8 q.
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paTypbl H OTHOCHTeJIbHOH BJla}K,HOCTH oKpY}K,aIOI.U.eH cpeJJ.bI. OT cOJJ.ep-
2KaHHSI H aKTHBHoCTU' BYJIKaHH3YIOI.U.erO areHTa H YCKQPHTeJISi. npH
nOBblweHHH TeMnepaTypbl H OTHOCHTeJIbHOH BJla}K,HOCTH YMeHbwaeTCSI
npo.nOJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb BYJlKaHH3auHH. nOJIHblH npouecc BYJIICaHH3aUHH
THOKOJIOBbiX repMeTHKoB npH 18-30°C }J.JlHTCSI B TeqeHHe 5-10 cy-
TOK (oKOHqaHHe npouecca onpeJJ.eJISiIOT no onTHMYMY MeXaHHqeCKHX
CBOMCTB H Ha6yxaHHIO B 6eH30JIe). npeBpam.eHHe repMeTHKa B pe3H.
HonoJJ.06HblM 3J1aCTHqHblM MaTepHaJi C YJJ.oBJleTBOpHTeJIbHblMH MexaHH.
qeCKIiMH CBoHcTBaMH npoHcxoJJ.HT npH Tex }K,e TeMnepaTypax B Teqe.
HHe 1-2 CYTOK. .IJ.JlSI YMeHbweHHSI npoJJ.OJl}K,HTeJlbHOCTH BYJlKaHH3a-
UHH repMeTHKIi nporpeBalOT npH TeMnepaType He Bblwe 80 °C B Te-
qeHHe onpe.neJleHHoro BpeMeHH. .
B npOMblWJleHHOCTH OJJ.HOKOMnOHeHTHbie repMeTHKH Ha OCHOBe
}K,HJJ.Koro THOKOJla He HaWJlH WHpOKoro npHMeHeHHSI. TaK KaK HX BYJI-
KaHH3aUHSI npOHCXOJJ.HT B TeqeHHe 30 CYTOK H 60Jlee, a nOJlyqeHHble
BYJJKaHli3aTbI 06J1aJJ.aIOT HH3KHMH MeXaHHqeCKHMH nOKa3aTeJISlMH no
cpaBHeHHIO C MHorOKOMnOHeHTHblMH. OJJ.HaKo, HX npeHMYI.U.eCTBOM ne-
pe.n nOCJle.nHHMH SlBJlSleTCSI HeOrpaHHqeHHaSi }K,H3HeCnoc06HoCTb.
B03MO}K,HO nOJIyqeHHe nopHcTblX THOKOJlOBbiX repMeTHKoB BcneHH-
BaHHeM HX npH TeMnepaTypax (70-130°C) HJlH 18-23°C. B nep-
BOM cJlyqae nOJIyqalOTCSI MaTepHaJlbl 06J1erqeHHOrO THna nJlOTHOCTblO
700-1100 Kr/M3, BO BTOpOM cJlyqae - eI.U.e 60JIee JlerKHe nJlOTHO-
CTblO 250-600 Kr/M3. BcneHHBaHHe npoHcxoJJ.HT B npHcYTcTBHH op-
raHHqeCKHX nopo06pa30BaTeJIeH JlH60 BCJleJJ.CTBHe HX pa3JIO}K,eHHSI
npH nOBblweHHOM TeMnepaType HJlH XHMHqeCKOrO B3aHMo.neKcTBHSI C
2KHJJ.KHM THOKOJlOM npH 18-23°C.
fepMeTHKH Ha OCHOBe }K,HJJ.Koro THOKOJla SlBJlSlIOTCSI HaH60Jlee pac-
npOCTpaHeHHblMH.
fepMeTHKH Ha OCHOBe .TopKaY'lYKOB. fepMeTHKH Ha OCHOBe <t>TOp-
KayqYKOB npe.nCTaBJlSlIOT C060M .nBYXKOMnOHeHTHbie KOMn03HUHH.
nepBblM H OCHOBHblM KOMnOHeHTOM SlBJlSleTCSI paCTBOp pe3HHOBOM
CMeCH B OpraHHqeCKOM paCTBOpHTeJIe, qaI.U.e BcerO B UIiKJlOreKCaHOHe
HJlH MeTHJl3THJlKeTOHe. KOHueHTpaUHSI paCTBopa MO}K,eT 6b1Tb pa3-
JIHqHOH (40-80%) B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Ha3HaqeHHSI repMeTHKa. BTO-
pblM KOMnOHeHTOM SlBJlSleTCSI BYJIKaHH3YIOI.U.HH areHT.
B KaqeCTBe HanOJlHHTeJIeH B pe3HHOBYIO CMeCb BBOJJ.SlT JJ.BYOKHCb
THTaHa. <t>TOpHJJ. KaJlbUHSI, KOJlJIOH}J.HYIO KpeMHHHKHCJIOTY, KaK BYJlKa-
HH3YIOm.He areHTbI- aMHHbI (nOJlH3THJleHnOJlHaMHH) H HX <t>YHKUHO-
HaJIbHble npoH3BoJJ.Hble. KaK aKuenTopbl <t>TopHcToro Bo.nopoJJ.a -
OKCHJJ. UHHKa H OKCH}J. MarHHfI.
fepMeTHKH Ha OCHOBe <t>TopKayqYKOB 06J1aJJ.aIOT BbiCOKHMH Ten-
JIOCTOHKOCTblO H CTOHKOCTbIO K JJ.eHCTBHIO arpeCCHBHblX cpeJJ.. OHH
33*
515

CTOHKH K B03,Z1,eHCTBHIO B03,Z1,yxa, TonJlHBa H ero napOB B TetteHHe ,ZI,JlH-
TebHoro BpeMeHH npH 200-250°C H KpaTKOBpeMeHHO CTOHKH npH
300°C.
K He,Z10CTaTKaM repMeTHKoB Ha OCHOBe cpropKayqYKoB MO}KHO OT.
HeCTH: nOXHe TeXHOJlOrHqeCKHe CBoHcTBa, He06xo,Z1HMOCTb npHMeHe.
HHH pacTBopHTeJlH H npoBe,Zl,eHHH cTyneHtlaToro pe}KHMa BYJlKaHH3a-
UHH npH 130-150°C, 3HaqHTeJlbHaH yca,Z1Ka, HeBblCOKHe a,Zl,re30H K
MeTaJI.'laM H MOp030CTOHKOCTb (MHHYC 30-40 0c). .IJ.JlH nOJlyqeHHH
nacTo06pa3HoH HH BH3KoTeKyqeH KOHCHCTeHUHH repMeTHKH pac-
TBOpHIOT B 60JIbWOM KOJlHqeCTBe pacTBOpHTeJlH. n03TOMY cpTopopra.
HHqeCKHe repMeTHKH npHMeHHIOT TOJlbKO ,ZI,JIH nOBepxHocTHOH repMe-
TH3auHH, TaK KaK HX npHXO,Zl,HTCH HaHOCHTb B HeCKOJlbKO CJlOeB C no-
cJleAYIOw.eH CYWKOH Ka*,ZI,Oro CJlOH npH nOBblweHHOH TeMnepaType.
qTO C03,Z1aeT onpe,Zl,eJleHHble HeY,Zl,06cTBa H TPY,Z1HOCTH.
.IJ.JlH YCHJleHHH a,Zl,re3HH K MeTaJlJlaM repMeTHKH KpenHT qepe3 cne.
UHaJlbHble KJleeBble nO,Z1CJlOH.
repMeTHKH CneUHaJIbHOrO Ha3HaqeHHH npHMeHHIOT AJIH repMeTH.
.3aUHH TOnJlHBHblX OTceKOB H 6aKoB, Ka6HH cBepx3BYKOBblX CaMOJIe-
TOB, B 3J1eKTpOHHOH TeXHHKe H 3J1eKTpO,Zl,BHraTeJIHx.
repMeTHKH Ha OCHOBe CHnOKCaHOBYX KayqYKoB. nOnHCHJIOKCaHO-
Bble repMeTHKH Ha OCHOBe HH3KoMoJleKYJlHpHblX KayqYKoB nOA06HbI
repMeTHKaM Ha OCHOBe }KH,ZI,KOrO THOKOJla - OHH BYJIKaHH3YIOTCH npH
TeMnepaType 18-23 °C 6e3 yca,Z1KH, 3J1aCTHQIW B WHpOKOM ,ZI,Hana30-
He TeMnepaTYP, HCKJIlOqHTeJlbHO CTOHKH K ,ZI,eHCTBHIO CBeTa, 030Ha.
KHCJIOpO,Z1a H ,ZI,PYrHM cpaKTopaM CTapeHHH, BO,Zl,OCTOHKH. OHH 3HaqH-
TeJlbHO npeBOCXO,Z1T THOKOJlOBble repMeTHKH no TenJlOCTOHKOCTH (CO-
xpaHHIOT HCXO,Zl,Hble CBOHCTBa ,ZI,a}Ke npH TeMnepaTypax 250-300 0c)
H ,ZI,H3J1eKTpHqeCKHM CBoHcTBaM, HO 06J1a,Zl,a1OT 60JIee HH3KHMH CTOH-
KOCTblO K TOnJlHBaM. MaCJIaM H arpeccHBHblM Cpe,Zl,aM H npe,Zl,Ha3Ha-
ttalOTCH TOJlbKO ,ZI,JlH repMeTH3aUHH KOHCTPYKUHH. pa60TaIOIU.HX B KOH-
TaKTe C B03,Z1,YXOM H BnaroH.
nOnHCHJlOKCaHOBble repMeTHKH KOMnneKTYIOT. KaK npaBHno. H3
,ZI,BYX KOMnOHeHTOB: OCHOBHOH repMeTH3HpYIOIU.eH naCTbI H KaTaJIH3a-
Topa BynKaHH3aUHH (OJlOBOOpraHHtteCKHx COe,Zl,HHeHHH, pacTBopeHHblx
B TeTpa3TOKCHCHJlaHe).
BYJlKaHH3aUHH KpeMHHHOpraHHqeCKHX repMeTHKoB oCYIU.eCTBJIHeT.
CH B TeqeHHe 1-2 CYTOK; npH nOBblweHHH TeMnepaTypbl np0,Zl,OJl}KH.
TeJIbHOCTb npouecca COKpaw.aeTcH.
IlIHpoKo npHMeHHIOT TaK}Ke O,Zl,HOKOMnOHeHTHble repMeTuKH. no
CBoHcTBaM OHH npaKTHqeCKH He OTJlHqalOTCH OT ,ZI,BYXKOMnOHeHTHblX.
KpeMHHHOpraHHqeCKOe repMeTHKU 60Jlee nJlaCTHttHbI H n03TOMY OHH
Jlertte nO,Zl,BepralOTCH 06pa60TKe wnpHueBaHHeM, qeM THOKOJlOBble.
A,Z1re3HH repMeTHKOB K MeTaJIJlaM H ,ZI,pyrHM MaTepHaJlaM 06ecnettH-
BaeTCH, B OCHOBHOM, 3a CqeT npHMeHeHHH cneUHanbHblX nO,Z1CJlOeB XO-
nO,Z1'Horo HJlO ro.pHtlero 011Bep}K.iJ,eHlHH.
nOnHCHJlOKCaHOBble repMeTHKU MO}KHO HaHOCHTb WnaTeJIeM,
wnpHD.eM. 06BoaKHBaHHeM HJIH 3aJlHBKOH H3,Z1,eJIUH B cpopMax BPY'"
HYIO.
516

Ha OCHOBe }KH.I1KHX nOJlHCHJlOKCaHOB MO)KHO nOJIyqaTb neHorep.
MeTHKH. neHorepMeTHKH B HCXO.I1HOM COCTOSlHHH npe.I1CTaBJISIIOT co.
60" BSl3KoTeKyqHe KOMn03HUHH C XOpOWHMH 3aJlHBOqHblMH CBoHcTBa.
MH. TepMocToHKOCTb H 3J1aCTHQHOCTb neHorepMeTHKoB 06ycJloBJleHbI
XHMHQeCKOH npHpoJJ.oH KpeMHHHopr.aHHQeCKOrO nOJlHMepa. 06pa30Ba-
HHe nopHcTOH CTpYKTypbl npoHcxoJJ.HT BCJIe.I1CTBHe B3aHMoJJ.eHcTBHH
HCXOJJ.HblX KOMnOHeHTOB (18-23°C) B npHcYTcTBHH OJIOBOOpraHHQe-
CKHX coeJJ.HHeHHH. nJlOTHOCTb neHorepMeTHKoB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HX
COCTaBa H3MeHSleTCSI OT 400 .I10 700 Kr/M 3 . neHorepMeTHKH 06J1aJJ.aIOT
BbiCOKHMH JJ.H3J1eKTpHQeCKHMH CBoHcTBaMH, cTa6HJlbHblMH npH JJ.eHcT-
BHH BbiCOKHX TeMnepaTYP H BJlarH; XOPOWHMH TenJlOH30JlSlLtHOHHblMH
xapaKTepHcTHKaMH, QTO n03BOJlSleT npHMeHSlTb HX B KaqeCTBe TenJlO-
H30JISILtHOHHblX MaTepHaJlOB. .IJ.H3J1eKTpHQeCKHe CBoHcTBa nOJlHCHJI.
OKcaHOBbiX repMeTHKoB: YJJ.eJlbHOe nOBepxHocTHoe conpOTHBJleHHe--
10 12 OM' M; TaHreHC yrJla JJ.H3J1eKTpHtleCKHX nOTepb -- 0,008-0.005.
TenJlOTonJlHBOCTOHKHe BYJlKaHH3YIOw.HeCSI repMeTHKH nOJIYtlalOT
Ha OCHOBe }KH.I1KHX <j>TOpCHJIOKCaHOBblx KayqYKoB.
METOJ].bI HCDblTAHHSI fEPMETHI(OB
OnpeAeJleHHe }KH3HeCnoco6HoCTH. nO.I1 }KH3HeCTIOc06HOCTblO nOHH.
MalOT BpeMSI, B TeQeHHe KOTOpOro repMeTHK MO}KHO HaHecTH Ha no.
BepxHocTb, XopOWO pa3Ma3aTb mn8TeJIeM. a npH pa3BeJJ.eHHH pac-
TBopHTeJleM H8HeCTH KHCTblO.
no npHHSlToH B H8CTOSlw.ee BpeMSI MeTOJJ.HKe }KH3HeCnoc06HOCTb
repMeTHKOB onpe.I1eJlSlIOT CJIeJJ.YIOw.HM 06p830M. npHroTOBJIeHHYIO
Maccy repMeTHKa p83M83b1Ba1OT WnaTeJleM Ha MeTaJIJIHqeCKOH. CTeK-
JISlHHOH HJlH KaKOH-JlH60 .I1pyroH nJlaCTHHKe, npeJJ.BapHTeJIbHO 06e3-
}KHpeHHOH 6eH3HHOM HJlH aueTOHOM. )l(H3Hecnoc06HOCTb o npeAeJISI-
lOT Qepe3 Ka}K.I1b1e 30 MHH, npH reMnepaType 15-30°C.
OnpeAeJleHHe BSl3KOCTH. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHCHCTeHUHH BSl3-
KOCTb repMeTHKoB onpe.I1eJlSlIOT pa3J1HqHblMH MeTOJJ.aMH.
BSl3KOCTb )KHJJ.KHX repMeTHKOB (no aHaJlOrHH C KJIeSlMH) H3MepSi.
JOT B OCHOBHOM no MeTOJJ.Y HCTeQeHHSI, a nacTo06pa3HblX -- Ha npH60-
pax, npHHUHn JJ.eHCTBHSI KOTOpblX OCHOBaH Ha norpY}KeHHH HrJIbi. KO-
Hyca, wapa HJIH KaKorO-JIH60 .I1pyroro TeJla B HcnblTyeMblH MaTepHaJI
(nJlaCTOMeTpbl, neHeTpOMeTpbl, KOHYCbI norpY}KeHHSI H JJ.p.).
no aH8J10rHH C pe3HHaMU MeX8HHQeCKHe nOK838TeJIH BYJlK8HH30-
BaHHblX repMeTHKOB onpeJJ.eJlSlIOT CT8HJJ.8pTHblMH MeTOJJ.8MH, JJ.JISI qero
rOTOBSIT 06pa3UbI B CneUHaJlbHblX OTKpblTbiX HJlH 38KpblTblX cpOpM8X.
JlHTep3Typa
CMblcA08a P. A. fepMeTHKH Ha OCHOBe >KH.D.KOrO THOKOJla. TeMaT. 06sop. Cep.
enpOHSBO.D.CTBO PTI1 H ATI1». M., U.HI1I1T3HeTexHM, 1974. 84 c.
CMblcAo8a P. A., KOTAJlp08a C. B. CnpaBO'IHOe noc06He no repMeTHsHpYlOlllHM
MaTepHaJlaM Ha OCHOBe KaY'IYKOB. M., eXHMH!I:t, 1976. 72 c.
lIa6YTuH A. 1I., <PeaOpo8a H. C., MOHaxo8a K. C. AHTHKOPPOsHoHHble H rep-
MeTHsHPYlOlllHe MaTepHaJlbJ Ha OCHOBe >KH.D.KHX KaY'IYKOB. n., eXHMH!I:t, 1966,
c. 87-152.
CMblcAo8a P. A. repMeTHKH HeBbJCblXalOlllero THna. TeMaT. o6sop. Cep. enpo-
HSBO.D.CTBO PTI1 H ATI1:t. M., U.I1I1T3He4ITexHM, 19'ro. 52 c.

COOTHOWEHHSI ME)I()tY E)tHHHU,AMH H3MEPEHH$I CH
H E)tHHHU,AMH )tPYfHX CHCTEM H BHECHCTEMHblMH
aHHHu,AMH


..ZI.JlHHa
1 A....O,I HM"" 1.10- 10 M
.Q6'beM
1 n=I.10-3 M 3
nJlOTHOCTb
1 r/cM 3 = 1000 Kr/M s
'CuJla (cHJla T!I>KeeTH., Bee)
1 Krc=9,8067 H
 10H
I .D.HH=I.10-5 H
.):{aBJleHHe
1 Krc/cM 2 =98066,5 na
 0,1 Mna
1 MM p,T. CT.= 133,322 na
 133,3 na
I .D.HH/CM 2 =O, I na
Pa60Ta H 3HeprH!I
1 KBT''I=3,6.108 .lI.>K=3,6 M.lI.>K
1 Krc'M=9,8067 .lI.>K
 10 .lI.>K
M0ll1HOCTb
1 Krc'M/c=9,8067 BT
 10 BT
L{HHaMH'IeeKa!l B!l3KOCTb
I n=o,1 na.c
I Krc,c/M 2 =9,8067 na.c
 10 na.c
"KHHeMaTH'IeCKa!l B!l3KOCTb
I CT= 1.10-' M 2 /C
1 CCT= 1 MM 2 /C
'nOBepxHocTHoe HaT!I>KeHHe
1 .D.HH/CM= 1.10- 3 H/M"" 1.10- 3 .lI.>K/M'
1 Krc/M=9,8067 H/M=9,8067 .lI.>K/Y'
 10 HIM
 10 lI.>KfM 2
ConpOTHBJleHHe pa3.D.Hpy
1 KrC/CM= 10 2 KrC!M=980,67 H/M
KOJlHqeeTBO TenJlOTbI, BHYTpeHH!lH 3HeprHH
1 KaJl (Me>K.D..)
 4,19 .lI.>K
1 KKan (Me>K
.)
 4.19 K.lbc
-:{.)I,eJlbHaH MaCCOBaH TenJlOeMKOCTb
1 KKaJl/(Kr."C)
 4,19 K.lI.>K/(Kr.K)
TenJlOnpOBO.D.HOCTb
1 KaJl/(c,cM'°C)
 0,42 KBT/(M.K)
I KKaJl/('I'M'°C)
 1,2 BT/(M.K)
fa30npoHHnaeMocTb (o6'beMHa!l)
1 CM 2 /(c'Krc/cM 2 )
 10- 9 M'/(C.na)
ra30npOHHnaeMOCTb (MaCCOBaH)
I r/(C'CM'KrC/CM 2 )
 10- 8 Kr/(C'M.na)
K03

HnHeHT .D.H

Y3HH
1 CM 2 /C= 10-" M2/C
KO:;'

HnHeHT pacTBopHMOCTH
I CM 8 /(cM 3 'Krc/cM 2 )
 10- 5 M3/(M3.na)
.lI.03a H3J1yqeHH!I
1 pa.u.=O,OI .lI.>K/Kr



18




nPE.lI.METHblfi YKA3ATEJlb


A6pa3HBHblit H3HOC CM. 113HOC
ABTOKJlaB-npeccbI 404
ABTOMaTHqecKHe Becbl 293
A.lI.re3H!I 26, 75, 78
AKpHJlaTHbie KayqYKH 98-100
AKTHBaTop (bI)
BYJlKaHHSaUHH JlaTeKCHbiX cMeceA
468
- pesHHOBbix cMeceA 14, 95, 143,
144, 164, 192-194, 237
nJiaCTHKanHH 143
pereHepanHH pe3HHbI 474
AJlb.D.erM.lI.aMHHbI 186, 187
AnbTepHaHTHbie eOnOJlHMepbl 39, 40
Tpanc-6YTa.ll.HeHa H npOnHJle-
Ha 70
AMHHbI 204-212
BTOpHqHble 206-211
nepBHqHble .206
npO.ll.YXTbi KOH.lI.eHCanHH aMHHOB C
aJlb.ll.erH.lI.aMH HJlM aneTOHOM
210-212
AMnJlHTY.D.a
.D.e
OpManHH 219
Hanp!l>KeHH!I 32
AHH30TponH!I pesHH 356, 365
AHTMarJlOMepaTopbl 89
AHTHa.ll.re3HBbI 237
AHTHKoarYJI!lTOpbl 465
AHTH030HaHTbI 223--225
AHTHpa.D.bI 226
ApMHPYlOwHe MaTepHaJlbl 13
AYTore3H!I 26
A3pOeHJI CM. KOJlJlOH.lI.HaH KpeMHeKHC-
JlOTa


6apHT 261
6eHToHHT 261
6HypeToBbie eB!l3H 127, 129
BJlOK-COnOJlHMepbl 39, 121 CJI.
60M6HpoBKa BaJiKOB KaJlaH.lI.poB 348
6YTa.ll.HeH 72
6YTa.ll.HeH-(MeTHJI)BHHHJlnHp H .lI. HH oBbie
KaY'lYXH 79-81
BYTa.D.HeH-HHTpHJlbHble KaY'lYKH 72
7&
BYJlKaRHSanHR 74
Kap60KeHJlaTHbie Kay'lyxH CM. Kap6.
OKCHJlaTHbie KayqYKH
CBOHCTBa 73
- BYJIKaHH3aTOB 74, 75
eOCTaB H CTpYXTypa 72, 73
BYTa.D.HeHOBbie KayqYXH 58-62
BYJlKaHH3anH!I 50, 61
Kap60KCHJlaTHbie eM. Kap60KcHJlaT-
Hble KayqYXH
cBoitcTBa 59-61
- BYJlKaHH3aTOB 61, 62
CTpYKTypa 58, 59
6YTa.D.HeH-CTHpOJlbHble KaY'lYKH 62-68
BYJlKaHH3anHH 67, 68
Kap60KCHJlaTHbie CM. Kap60KCHJlaT-
Hble KaY'IYKH
HanOJlHeHHble 66
CBOHCTBa 64-66
- BYJlKaHH3aTOB 68
COCTaB H CTpYKTypa 62--64
6YT a .ll.HeH-CTHpoJlbHble CMOJlbl 139, 140
6YTHJlaKpHJlaTHbie KayqYKH 100
6YTHJlKaY'IYK 92--96
BYJlKaHH3anH!I 94-96
cBoiteTBa 93, 94


519




J>YTHJlKayqYK
- BYJlKaHH3aTOB 96
CTpYKTypa 92


Ba3eJJHHoBoe MaCJlO 59
BaJlbUeBaHHe 105
BaJlbnyeMocTb 60
BaJlblW 308-313
BapOQHaH KaMepa 400
BHcK03HMeTp pOTanHoHHblii 21, 22, 24
BOJlOKHa 13
BocCTaHaBJlHBaeMOcTb 20
BpeM!I HaqaJla nO.ll.BYJlKaHH3aUHH 24
BYJlKaMeTpbl 24, 25, 151
"BYJlKaHH3aTopbl
6apa6aHHble 407, 408
HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJlbHble 401, 402
TOHHeJJbHble 407
.
BYJlKaHH3anHoHHa!l ceTKa 14, 27, 148
BYJlKaHH3anH!I 14, 18, 146-152, 168,
379-413
8 aBTOKJlaB-npeccax 404
8 annapaTax HenpepblBHoro .aeiiCT-
BH!I 406
8 B03.nYWHOH cpe.ll.e 390
.lI.aBJleHHe 385
.lI.JlHHHOMepHblx H3.neJlHii 401
<8 HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJlbHblx BYJlKaHH3nopax
399
JlOHHSHpyrolllHMH H3J1Y'leHH!lMH 162
KHHeTHKa 150
KHHeTHqecKHe KpHBble 148-151
8 KOTJlaX 386

npe.ll.eJleHHe CKOpOCTH H onTHMYMa
150, 151
'onTHMaJlbHoe BpeM!I 24, 26
OnTHMYM CM. OnTHMYM BYJlKaHH3a-
nHH
OTKpblTbiM cnoc060M 389
6 napO-B03.nYWHOH cpe.ll.e 390, 391
8 napoBol! cpe.ll.e 388, 389
nepeKHC!lMH 156-158
nJlOCKHX H3.l1.eJlHH 407
8 nOJle TOKOB BbiCOKOii qaCTOTbi 412,
413
8 npeccax 391
8 paCnJlaBe COJleH 412


520


BYJlKaHH3au,H!I
pe>KHM 384
cepOH 155
CKOpOCTb 24, 26
CMOJlaMH 159
cpe.na 384, 385
8 TaJlbKe 389
TeMnepnypa 385
TeMnepnypRblH K03

HuHeHT 151
TeopHH 146, 147
8 TKaHH 389, 390
TOJICTOCTeHHblX H3.l1.eJJHA 383
8 cpopMax 406
360HHTOBbiX cMeceH 488
BYJlKaHH3yeMocTb 18, 24
BYJlKaHH3yrowHe BewecTBa 14, 52, 56,
143, 148, 152 CJI., 160-163
- CHCTeMbi 190, 191
aAJI JlareKCHbiX CMeceH 468
aAJI 360HHTOBbiX cMeceH 486
BbJCOK03J1aCTHqHOCTb 10
BbJUBeTaHHe
nJlaCTH
HKaTopoB 236
cepbl 155
YCKopHTeJJeii 171
B!l3KOCrb ,110 MYHJi 22, 23, 52, 65,
73, 89, 105


fa30npOHHnaeMOCTb 93, 99, 102, 103,
113,493-495
fepMeTHKH 510--513
B!l3KOCTb 517
Ha OCHOBe >KH.lI.Koro THOKOJIa 514
- ---: nOJlHH306YTHJleHa 514
- -CHJlOKCaHOBbiX KaY'lYKoB 516
- -
TopKayqYKoB 515
fHnc 262
fHcTepe3Hc 31, 32, 150
fHcrepe3HcHbie nOTepH 31-33
fpaHYJlHpoBaHHe 313--316
fpaHYJl!lToPbl 313, 314
fpHT 257
fyaHH.nHHbI 184-186
fy.npOHbI 231
fYTTanepqa 49, 50




JJ.eKpHCTaJlJlH3aUH!I KaY'IYKoB 13, 302
.LI.ecTPYKUH!I KayqYXOB 38, 51, 59, 65,
73, 299
.LI.eopManH!I
aMnJlHTY.ll.a 32, 33
pa60Ta 30, 31
.LI.HaToMHT 261
.LI.H6eH3THa30JlHJI.lI.HCYJlbH.lI. 67
2,6-.LI.H -TpeT-6YTHJI-4-MeTHJlcpeHOJI 55
.LI.HMeTHJlCHJlOKCaHOBbie KayqYKH CM.
KpeMHHHOpraHH"IecKHe
>KH.lI.KHe KayqYXH
.LI.HHaMHqecKa!l BblHoenHBOCTb CM. YCTa-
JlOCTHa!l BblHoenHBOCTb
.aHHaMHqeCKa.H YCTaJloeTb eM. YTOMJle-
HHe
.aHHHTp030COe.ll.HHeHH!I 160
.aHcnepraTopbl 66, 143, 465
.LI.HcneprHpoBaHHe HHrpe.ll.HeHTOB 14,
464
- RanOJlHHTeJIeH 252, 253
- YCKopHTeJJeH 72
.aHcnepcHocTb HanOJlHHTeJIeH 242 en.
.aHTHoKap6aMaTbi 172-175
.aHTHOJlbl 160
.aHeHHJlryaHH.D.HH 67
2,4- .aHeHHJlMeTaH.lI.HH30nuaHaT 126
.aHnHKJlOneHTa.D.HeH 88
.ao3aTopbl aBTOMaTH'IecKHe 293
- 06'beMHble 294
.a03HpOBaHHe MaTepHaJlOB 286
.aoMeHbI 122
.ay6J1HpOBaHHe KaJlaH.lI.pOBaHHblx JlHC-
TOB 364
)l(eJJaTHHH3anH!I JlaTeKCa 465, 471, 472
)l(eJlaTHHH3HpyroWHe BeweCTBa 465
)l(eCTKOCTb no .aeo 20, 23, 65, 73
)l(H.lI.KHe KayqYKH 15, 83, 125-134
)l(HpHble KHCJlOTbJ 236, 237
3arYCTHTeJlH 465
3aMe.ll.JlHTeJJH nO.ll.BYJlKaHH3anHH 143,
164, 192, 194-196
3epHHeTblH 3eKT 357
H nrpep,HeHTbI cMecei! 11-13
JlaTeKCHblX 464-469
pe3HHoBblX 143--261
360HHTOBbiX 486-488
M3HOC (HcTHpaHHe) 34
113HococToliKocTb 34, 75
M30npeHoBblH KaY'lYK 54-62
BYJlKaHH3anH!I 56
CBOHCTBa 55, 56
- BYJlKaHH3aToB 56-58
CTpYKTypa H COCTaB 54
M30npOnHJlKap60KCHMeTHJlMeTaKpHJlaT
79
I1Htl.eKc nJlaCTH'IHOCTH 51, 52
110HHoe OTJlO>KeHHe 470
I1cTHpaeMocTb 34
l(aJlaH.lI.pOBaHHe 14, 65, 345-366
.lI.ecpeKTbI 365
060py tl.OB3HHe 352-354 CM. TaK>Ke
KaJlaH.lI.pbl
TeMnepaTypa 355, 357
KaJlaHtl.pOBblH 3eKT 353, 356, 365
KaJlaHtl.pbl 347 en.
KJlaCCHHKanH!I 347
napaMeTpbl 347
npOH3BO.ll.HTeJIbHOCTb 346
nycK B pa60TY 350, 352
perYJlHpOBaHHe 3a30pa Me>K.lI.Y BaJl-
KaMH 349, 350
TeMnepaTypa nOBepXHOCTH BaJiKOB
350
KaHHcpOJIb 235
KaOJlHH 260, 261
Kap60KCHJlaTHbie KayqYKH 76-79
KapKacHocTb 65
KayqYK(H) 12, 36 CJ\.
aMopHble 72, 76, 89
BblnycKHa!l opMa 278
rpaHYJlHpoBaHHe 313--316
MaCJlOHanOJlHeHHble 66, 89
06wero Ha3Ha'leHH!I 54 CJI., 68 en.
nJiaCTHKaUH!I CM. nJiaeTHKaUH!I Kay-
qYKa
cBoi!CTBa 17-26
CneUHaJlbHOrO Ha3HaqeHH!I 72 CJ\.
CTpYKTypa 37 CJI.
521

KaY'lYX(H)
TepMODJlaCTHKanHH 304
xapaKTepHcTHKH 40, 41
- TenJlOHSHqeCKHe 380, 381
xpaHeHlfe 275-279
1(HHoBapb 271
KJleeMeWaJIKH 431-439
J(JleA 15,430-445
HSrOTOBJleHBe 436-439
JleAKOHaT 453
Ha OCROBe HSOUHaRaTOB 452, 453
- - Ka)"lYKa (OB)
6YTa.D.HeH-RHTpHJlbHOrO 441
HaTypaJibRoro 440
CHJlOKCaROBbiX 455
XJlOpHpOBaHHHX 453
XJlOpOnpeHoBbix 441, 456
cBoAcTBa 434, 435
CnenHaJlbHblA 452
us TepMOnpeHa 451
cl»3H-l 455
xpaHeHHe 436
88 H 88H 456, 457
1(JleAKOCTb 18, 26, 65, 74, 90, 91. 124
ROre3BORHa!l npOqROCTb cMeceA 53, 55,
56,65
1(Ore3HOHRblA BSROC CM. HSROC
KoresHH 26
ROJlJlOH.lI.R3H KpeMReKHCJlOTa 263-265
KOJIbneBoA MO.D.YJlb 320
RORCTaHTa npHTH>KeHHH 38
KOReKI{HH H3.D.eJJHA 26
1(o9HnBeHT
a6cop61U1B 493, 494
BYJlKaRHSanHH 489
raSonpoRHnaeMOCTH 93, 94
.D.HHaMHqecKoA BblROCJIBBOCTB 33
MOp03OCTOAKOCTH 29
TenJlOOT.D.a'lH 382
TenJlocTOAKOCTB 29
TpeHHH 10, 34, 61
1(paCHTeJ\H OpraHHqecKHe 271-272
KpeMHRAopraHHqeCKHe KayqYXB 132-
134
KpenJleHHe pe3HHbI K MeTaJlJlaM 446-
456
K TKaHHM 446, 457
KpHCTaJlJlHSanHH
522
KpHCTaJlJlH3anHH
KayqyxoB 40, 50, 55, 59, 82, 110.
302
cepbl 155
KcaHToreHaTbi 186
JlaK 272
JIaTeKc(bI) 14, 78, 81
KoaryJl!lnHH 44--46, 141
KORneRTpaTbi HaTYpaJlbHOrOJl8TeKCa
463
KOHneHTpHpoBaHHe 44
npHMeHeRHe 470, 471
cBoAcTBa 461--463
CHHTeTHqeCKHe 461. 464
cnoco6b1 nepepa60TKH 469
cTa6HJlHSanHH 44, 45
opMoBaHHe BS.D.eJJHA 15
nHrRHH 267
nHTHHKoBoe YCTpoAcTBO 423
nHTOnoH 269, 271
nHT&eBbie
MaWHHY (arperaTbI) 416, 419
nJlyH>KepHble 420, 421
npOHSBO.ll.HTeJJbHOCTb 427
TeMn pa60TbI 426, 427
WHeKOBbie 422, 423
WHeK-nJlYR>KepHble 423-425
OpMbI 419, 420, 425, 426
nHTbe no.D. .D.aBJleRHeM 415 en., 429
o6oPY.D.OBaRHe 419 en.
nOBe.D.eRHe pe3HROBHX cMeceA 411,
418
MaSYTbI 231
MaKaRHe 470
Maena Henpe.ll.eJJbHble paCTHTeJibHble
>KH.lI.KHe, 236
MacwTa6HblA aKTOp 28
MeJJ 258-260
MO.D.YJlb
BHYT»eHHero 1'peRHH 32
BbiCOK09J1aCTHqROCTH 27. 30, 147,
148
.lI.HHaMB'leCKHA 32, 33
yenoBHo-paBRoBecRYA 28

MO.ll.Y.Qb
IOHra 30
M!lrKOCTb 19
M!lrqHTeJlH 231 CJI., 468, 473


Ha6yxaHHe 148-151
Harap 397
HaHpHT CM. XJlOpOnpeHOBbie KayqYKH
HanOJlHeHHe 241 CJI.
HanOJlHHTeJJH 53, 55, 56, 50, 143,241-
267
JlaTeKCHbJX cMeceii 469
HeOpraHHqeCKHe 258--266
OpraHHqeCKHe 266, 267
TeXHHqecKHA yrJlepo.D. CM. TeXHHqe-
CKHA yrJlepo.D.
360HHTOBbJX cMeceH 487
Hanp!l>KeHHH 27, 28, 32, 147, 150, 152,
202
HaTypaJlbHblA KayqYK 43-53
BYJlKaHHSanHH 52
JlaTeKC 44 CJI.
OKHCJleHHe 278
nJiaCTHKaUHH 298
CBeTJlblH Kpen 46, 47
CBOHCTBa 50-52
- BYJlKaHHsaToB 53
CMOKe.D.-WHTC 45, 46, 278
COCTaB H cTpYKTypa 47----49
1,5-Ha
THJleH.lI.HH30u.HaHaT 126
HeonpeH CM. XJlOpOnpeHOBbie KayqYKH
He
THHble MaCJIa 232, 233
HHTpHJI aKpHJlOBOH KHCJlOTY 72
HHTposoKayqYXH 108, 109


06KJla.ll.Ka TKaHeH pe3HHOBOA CMecblO
358-363
06J10H 420
030HOCTOHKOCTb 222
OKHCJleHHe KayqYKoB H pe3HH 198-202
OKCH.lI. MarHHH 265
- THTaHa 269
- UHHKa 266
OJleHHOBa!l KHCJlOTa 236
OJlHrO.ll.HeH.lI.HOJlbl 131, 132
OJlHrOMepbl 125 CJI.
C KOHneBblMH
YHKnHoHaJlbHblMH


O.
HrOMepbJ
rpynnaMH 131, 132
OJlHr03
HpaKpHJlaTbJ 239
OnTHMYM
ByJlKaHH3anHH 149-151, 169
HanOJlHeHH!I 242
OCHOBaHH!I lllHcp
a 161
OXpbJ 271


naH.lI.YCbI 275
napaMeTp paCTBOpHMOCTH 38
KayqYKoB 51, 53, 59, 64, 72, 84, 89

93, 102, 105, 128
KOMnOHeHTOB peSHHOBbIX CMeceA 228
nJiaCTH
HKaTOpa 229
pacTBOpHTeJleA 431
napa
HHbI 233, 234
flaTpufCee8a-Ma./lUJl3a 3
clleKT 28
neMsa 262
nepeBYJlKaHH3anHH 149, 150. 190 CM.
TaK>Ke PeBepCHH BYJlKaHHSa-
UHH
nepeKHCH OpraHHqeCKHe 156--158
neTpoJiaTYM 233
nHfMeHTbI 267-271
6enble 268, 269
rOJly6oH 272
>KeJJTble 271
seneHble 271, 272
KpacHbie 269-271
OpaH>KeBblH 272
CHHHii 271, 272
nJiaCTHKaUH!I 41, 51, 73, 94, 98, 295-
316
Ita BaJibnaX 298, 308-313
8 3aKpbJTblX pe3HHOCMecHTeJlHX 308
MexaHH3M 295--299
8 npHCYTCTBHH XHMHqecKHX nJiaCTH-

HKaTopoB 299-304
npO.ll.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb 312
8 pa3J1HqHblX cpe.D.ax 298
«pa3MaJlblBarowaH:' 312
cnoco6b1 304
TeMnepaTypHblA pe>KHM 312
TepMOnJiaCTHKaUHH 297, 298, 304
8 qepB!lqHblX MaWHHax 305-308
3cp
eKT 299


523




TlJlaCTHKH 137--141
n.1acTHHKaTopbl 55, 143, 227-240
Bbl60p 239
CHHTeTHqeCKHe 237, 238
XHMHqeCIKHe 299 CM. T8a<>Ke Ya<opH-
TeJlH nJiaCTHKanHH
36oHHTOBbiX cMeceA 488
TlJlaCTHHKauHH 227 en.
TlJlaCTHqHOCTb 18-20, 51, 55, 59 en.,
295 CJI.
TIJiaCTOMeTp(bI) 19
c nepeMeHHoH HarpY3KoH 20, 21
C>KHMaroWHH 19
.v o./l./leca 52
TlJlaTO
BYJlKaHlf3aUHH 149, 168, 169
TIJlaTOpMbI norpysOqHye CM. PaMnbl
nJlOTHOCTb 3HeprHH Kore3HH 38
TIoBepxHocTHo-aKTHBHble BewecTBa 437
TIO.ll.BYJlKaHH3auH!I (npe>K.lI.eBpeMeHHaH
BYJlKaHH3anH!I) 18, 26, 67,
73,78
TIoJl3yqecTb 28
nOJlH6YT3.lI.HeH 39
nOJlHBHHHJlXJlOPH.lI. 140, 141
TIOJlH.lI.HMeTHJlCHJlOKCaH-a,W-.lI.HOJlbl CM.
KpeMHHliopraHHqeCKHe Kay-
qYKH
nOJlHH306YTHJleH 96-98
TIOJlHMepbl
.lI.eOpMaUH!I 17
onpe.ll.eJleHHe 37
napaMeTpbl 38
CBOHCTBa 39 en.
CHJla3aHOBbie 116
TepMocToiiKOCTb 37
xapaKTepHcTHKH 40, 41
3HeprH!I CBH3eH 37
TlOJIHOpraH06opCHJlOKCaHbI 116
nOJIHOpraHOK06aJlbTCHJlOKCaHbI 116
nOJlHneHTeH8Mepbl 69, 70
nOJlHCTHPOJl 139
nOJlHCYJlbH.lI.HbJe KayqYKH 102, 103
nOJlH3THJleH 137-139
Tlopoo6pa3yrolll,He BewecTBa 495-499
npenOJlHMepbJ 127-129
npecc BYJlKaHH3aUHoHHblH 391-399
npeccoBaHHe 14, 391-399
524
npeCC-OpMbJ
KOHCTPYKUH!I 391--393
o6orpeB 395, 396
npHeM MaTepHaJlOB 274
)KH.lI.KHX 282
JlerKOnJlaBKHX 283
npHcnoco6J1eHHH SaKaTOqHble 353
npoMa3Ka TKaHeH 363, 364
npope3HHHBaHHe TKaHeH KJle!lMH 442-
444
npOTHBOCTapHTeJlH 41, 55, 59, 92, 143,
202-226
a.ll..lI.HTHBHOCTb .lI.eHCTBHH 216
cHHeprH3M 217
npOqHOCTb BYJlKaHH3aToB 147 CJI.
PaBHoBecHbiA MO.ll.YJlb CM. MO.ll.YJlb
BbiCOK03J1aCTHqHOCTH
Pa3BecKa MaTepHaJlOB 293
PaMnbl 275
PacTBopHMOCTb ra30B B KayqYKe 493,
494
PaCTBOpHTeJJH .lI.JI!I pe3HHoBbiX KJleeB
430-434
PeBepCH!I BYJlKaHH3aUHH 26, 149, 190
PereHepaT 473, 478
PereHepaUHH
pe3HHbJ 473-480
MeTO.lI.bJ 475-478
. Pe.ll.OKcaH.lI. 450
Pe3HHbI 10 en., 274 en.
MarHHTHbJe 506-509
orHecToiiKHe 482-484
nopHcTble 492-502
pa3J1HqHOrO Ha3HaqeHH!I 481 CJI.
peHTreHo3aWHTHbie 503, 504
TBep.ll.bJe CM. 360HHT
TponHKocToiiKHe 484, 485
3J1eKTpOnpOBO.ll.!I111He 504-506
!IqeHCTble 501
Pe3HHOBa!l CMecb 13, 14, 337 CJI.
BYJlKaHH3aUH!I CM. TaK>Ke BYJlKaHH-
3au.HH
B!l3KOCTb 253
rpaHYJlHpOBaHHe 313
OAR H3rOTOBJleHH!I KJleeB 436, 437
KaJlaH.lI.pOBaHHe 345 en. CM. TaK>Ke

Pe3MHOBa!l CMeCb
KaJlaH.lI.pOBaHHe
KJleitKocTb 155 CM. TaK'>Ke KJleHKOCTb
JlHCTOBaHHe 355, 356
JlHT&eBa!l cnoco6HocTb 417, 418
HeHanOJlHeHHble 144
o6KJla.ll.Ka TKaHeR 258--363
OXJla>K.lI.eHHe 342
OqHCTKa 343
nJlaCTHqHOCTb 254 CM. TaK>Ke nJia.
CTHqHOCTb
nO.ll.BYJlK8HH3aUH!I 254
npHrOTOBJleHHe 317 CJI.
npOMa3Ka TKaHell 363, 364
peuenrypa 41, 144
CBOHCTBa 17-26
CMeweHHe CM. CMeweHHe
CTaH.lI.apTHa!l 41, 52, 56, 60, 61, 67,
74, 78, 85, 90
CTeneHb yca.ll.KH 396
opMoBaHHe 14 CM. TaK>Ke <IIOpMO-
BaHHe pe3HHOBbiX CMeceA
Pe3HHocMecHTeJJH
HenpepblBHoro .lI.eHCTBHH 340-342
nepHO.ll.llqecKoro .D,eACTBH!I 325-337
CTeneHb 3anOJlHeHH!I 330, 331
PeoMeTp BH6paUHOHHbJH (MoHcaHTo)
25, 151, 321
Py6paKC (HeTHHoH 6HryM) 231, 232
CaJlHUHJlaJib Me.ll.H 160
CBeTOCTa6HJlH3aTOpbl 220, 221
CeHCH6HJlHSaTOpY 162
Cepa 152-156
CepYM 43, 44
CIIJlaH.lI.HOJlbl 109
CHJlHKaTbJ KaJlbUHH H aJlIOMHHH!I 265
CHJlOKCaHOBbie KayqYKH 109-117
BYJlKaHH3aUH!I 112
c reTepoaToMaMH B nenH 115-117
CBoHcTBa 110-112
- BYJlKaHII3aToB 113
CHcTeMa .lI.Q3HpOBaHHH MaTepHanOB
aBTOMaTHQeCKa!l 286, 287
nOJlyaBToMaTHqeCKa!l 290-293
CKJla.ll.bI 275, 276, 279
CJlHBKOOT;1.eJleHHe 44, 463
CMa<IHBaroWHe BeweCTB8 465
CMeCHTeJlb
6eH6epH 325, 326
I1HTepMHKc 336, 337
TpaHcepMHKc 341
CMeweHRe 13, 15, 52, 56, 59, 65, 73,
89,98
Ha BaJibnaX 321--325
BpalnalOWHAc!I 3aaac 321
8 3aKpblTbIX pe3HHocMecHTeJl!lX
325-340
MexaHH3M 317--319
8 pe3HHOCMeCHTeJl!lX HenpepblBHoro
.lI.eACTBHH 340, 341
TenJlOBOA 3eKT 228
CMOJIa (bI)
HH.lI.eH-KYMapoHoBbie 234
K8MeHHoyroJlbHbJe 234
COCHOBa!l 236
CTHpOJlbHO-HH.lI.eHOBbie 235
COBMeweHHe KayqYKOB 53, 55, 50, 62,
66, 75, 91, 98, 135--142
u nJiaCTHKOB 135-142
u nJiaCTHHKaTopoB 228, 229, 237
u pacTBOpHTeJlell 431
COBYJlKaHH3anH!I 91, 94
COJlbBeHT-HaTa 431
COnOJlHMepbl
6YTIIJlaKpHJlaTa C HAK 98
BHHHJlH.lI.eHTOpH.lI.a C TpIlXJlOpTOP-
3THJleHOM, reKcaTopnponH-
JleHOM, nepTOpMeTHJlBHRHJlO-
BbiM 3HpOM 104
TpHTOpHHTpo30MeTaHa H TeTpa-
TOp3THJleaa 108
xJlOpOnpeHa C MOHoMepaMH 83
3nHXJlOprH.lI.pHHa H OKHCH npOnHJleHa
101
3THJlaKpHJlaTa, 3TOKCH3TIIJlaKpHJlaTa
II 'XJlOp3THJlMeTaKpHJlaTa 98,
99
CTa6HJlHSaTOpbl 465
CTa6HJlH3au.H!I
KayqYKa 48, 54
JlaTeKCa 44, 45
OpnOJlHMepa 127
cepbJ 155
525

CTapeHHe 198-202
aTMoc
epHoe 225
noa .lI.eliCTBHeM HOHH3HpyroWHX H3-
JlyqeHHi% 225
- - CBeTa 220
030HHoe 221-225
TenJlOBOe 217-219
CTeapHHOBaH KHCJlOTa 67,236
CTeneHb
KpHCTaJlJlH3aUHH 40
Ha6yxaHH!I 148
pa3BeTBJleHHOCTH 40, 60
cTepeoperYJl!lpHoCTH 39
CYJlb
H.lI.HOCTH 166
CWHBaHH!I 147, 148, 166
CTepeoperYJl!lpHbJe nOJlHMepbl 38, 39,
54
CTepeocneUH
HqeCKaH nOJlHMepHSaUH!I
38,54
CTOHKOCTb K nO.ll.BYJlKaBHSaUHH 26, 168
CTPYKTYPHpoBaHHe 38, 48, 51, 94, 128,
150, 156, 162
CYJI
eHaMH.D.bI 181-184
CYJlb
HUHPYIOWHA KOMnJleKC 166 .
CypbMa cepHHCT3H 269


TaJlbK 262
TBep.D.OCTb 30
TeMnep3Typa
KpHCTaJlJlHSaUHH 40
KPHTHqecKoro .lI.eACTBH!I YCKopHTe-
Jleit 167, 169
CTeKJlOBaHH!I 40
xpynKocTH 75
TenJlOHOCHTeJlH 382
TepMonnaCTHqHOCTb 18, 25, 65
TepMonpeH 451
TepMocTPYKTYPHpoBaHHe 73
TepM03J1aCTOnJlaCTbI 56, 121-134
HOHHble 78
TeTparH.lI.pOnHpHMH.lI.HHTHOHY 189
TeXHHqeCKHA yrJlepo.D. 12, 66, 245-258
BJlHHHHe Ra cBoAcTBa cMeceA 253 en.
rpaHYJlHpOBaHHe 251
.D.HCnepCHOCTb 248 en.
MaenHHoe 'IRenO 249
nJlOTHOCTb 250
CTPYXTYPROCTb 247 en.


526


THa30JlbJ 179-181
THOKOJlbJ. CM. nOJlHCYJlb
H.lI.Hble Kay.
<IYKH
THOMOqeBHHbI npOll3BO.ll.Hble 187-189
THTaHOBbJe 6enHJla 269
THypaMcYJI
H.lI.bI 176-179
TKaHH npOKJla.ll.OqHble 365, 366
2,4- TOJlYHJleH.lI.HH30UHaHaT 126
TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHe MaTepHaJlOB 284.
285
TpeHHe pe3HH 34
TpHa3HHTHOHbJ 189


YJlbTpaYCKOpHTeJlH 172
.v OMeca nJiaCTOMeTp 52
YnpyrocTb pe3HHY nOJleSHa!l 31
YpeTaHoBbie KayqYKH 126-131
YCHJleHRe KayqYKoB 242 en.
YCKOpHTeJJH
BYJlKaHH3aUHH JlaTeKCHbiX cMeceA
468
- pe3HHoBbiX cMeceA 52 en., 143.
164 en.
Bbl60p 191
cBoAcTBa 171, 172
CHCTeMbi 169, 170
- 36oHHTOBbiX cMeceH 486, 487
nJlaCTHKaUHH 51, 229

TCTaJlOCTHa!l BbJHOCJIHBOCTb 33
YCTaJlOCTHblH H3HOC CM. 113Hoc

TTOMJleHHe pe3HH npH .lI.ecpopMaUH!lX
32, 219-220


cj)aKTHCbJ 236
<IIeHHJI-
-Ha
THJlaMHH 55, 59, 64, 72
<IIeHOJl
OpMaJlb.ll.erH.lI.HbJe CMOJlbl 158-
160
<lleHOJlbl 3aMeweHHble 212-216
<II0pMaTopbl-BYJlKaHH3aTOpbJ 402, 403
<IIopMoBaHRe
B3.D.eJlHA 415, 428, 429
pe3HHoBbiX cMeceH 344-378
<IIopnOJlHMepbl 127

TOpB.lI. KaJlbUHH 266




<IITopKayqYKH 1 q3-1 08
BYJlKaHH3aUH!I 106, 1-07
cBoiicTBa 105, 106
- BYJlKaHRSaTOB 107, 108
<IITopCHJlOKCaHOBbie KayqyKH 114


XeMOCHJI 454
'XJla.ll.OTeKyqecTb 60
XJlOpOnpeH 81
XJlOpOnpeHoBbie KaYQYXH 81
BYJlKaHH3aUHH 84, 85
cBoiicTBa 83, 84
- BYJlKaHHSaTOB 85-81
CTpoeHHe H CTpYKTypa 80
Xnopcynb
HpOBaHHYH nOJlH3THneB
111-119
BynKaHH3aUHH 118
cBoAcTBa 111
- BYJlKaHH3aToB 119
XpaReHRe MaTepRaJlOB 215-284


U,epeSHRbI 233, 234
UHaRaJlKHJlCHnOKCaHoBbie Ka)"lyxH 115
URRK cepHHcTblA 269


'IepB!lK 361, 368, 313


4epB!lQRble MaWRHbJ 369-315



npHu-aBTOMaT 429
lllnpHueBaHHe 14, 65, 366-315


360HHT 53, 147, 236, 486-491
us 6YTa.ll.HeH-RHTpHJlbBoro KayqYKa
490
us 6YTa.ll.HeH-CTRpoJlbHoro KaYQYKa
490
us HaTypanbHoro KayqYKa 488
nHrMeHTbI .D.JlH OKpaCKH 260
36oHHToBbie CMecH 486, 488
3J1aCTHQecKoe BOCCTaHOBJleHHe 18, 20-
23, 55, 65. 14
3J1aCTHQHOCTb 31, 148
3MYJlbraTOpY 63, 12, 13, 465
3nHXJlOprH.lI.pHROBbie Ka)"lyxH 100-102
3THJleHnpOnRJleHOBbie Ka)"lYXH 87
BynKaRH3aURH 90, 91
CBOHCTBa 89, 90
- BYJlKaRHsaTOB 91, 92
CTpYXTypa 87-89
3THneRTHOMOQeBHHa 181
3THJIH.lI.eHHOp6opHeH 88
3THJlKap6oKcH6YTHJlMeTaKpBJlaT 79
3
Hpbl
OC
OpHCTOA KHCJlOTY 216




4>E,Z10P 4>E,D,OPOBHt-l KOWEJIEB.
AHATOJIHA E4>HMOBHtI KOPHEB.
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