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Автор: Орлов В.А. Никифоров Г.Г. Фадеева А.А.
Теги: физика учебное пособие
ISBN: 5 7805-0538-1
Год: 2000
Текст
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УДК 53 '
ББК 22.3я721
Ф50
Издание подrотовлено ведущими специалистами ИнСтитута общеrо cpeAHero образования
:<Ро с qppазоваtrия
Авторский"кол.IIcЖfив:
профессор, кандидат педarorических YK В. А.' Орлов (раздел .Механика» )
кандидат педаrorических наук r. r. Никифоров (раздел .Механика» )
кандидат педаrоrических наук А. А. Фадеева (раздел .Молекулярная физика. TepMO
динамика», .fеометрическая оптика» )
кандидат мических наук Н. К. Ха'Ншшов (раздел .Электростатика и постоянный ток»)
про ссор, доктор педаrоrических наук Ю. А. Сауров (раздел .Электромаrнитные KO
лебания и волны. Оптика»)
доктор педаrоrических наук. кандидат физико математических наук О. Ф. Ka6ap
дин (раздел .Физика атома и aToMHoro ядра» )
ФНЗИlCа: Школьный курс. М.: АСТ ПРЕСС, 2000. 688 С.: ил.
Ф 50 ( . Универсальщ>е учебное пособие.). '.
ISBN 5 7805 0538 1
Это учебное пособие универсально как по структуре, так й по назначению.
Краткое изложение каждой темы завершается обучающими и информационными
таблицами, позволяющими обобщить и систематизировать получе ые по теме зна
ния. Лабораторные, самостоятельные, практичесхие работы это' обучающий про
цесс и проверка знаний на практике. Контрольная' работа осущесТlJЛЯе'r тематический
обобщающий контроль. Творческие задания позволяют учесть индивидуальность
. каждоro ученика, развивают .akТйllНОСТЬ'шК0Льниаа. '
Все теоретические понятия подкреплены npaктическими заданиями. Четкая пос
ледова1ельность видов учебной деятельности при изучении каждой темы nOMoraeT
любому ученику освоить материал, развивает умение самостоятельно приобретать и
применять знания, учит наблюдать, объяснять, сопоставлять, экспериментировать.
Работать с универсальным учебным пособием с одинаковым успехом MOryт и
школьники, И учителя.
ф 4306021200-008
8Ш9(03)-2000
УДК 53
ББК 22.3J1721
ISBN 5 7805 0538 1
@ АСТ ПРЕСС., 2000
о
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.
,
",
Предисловие
о о О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О О 'о о 23
Механика
Механические явления и 10
метод'" их исследований,
Механические явления, величины, закономеРНОС1Jl о о о о о о о О О О О О О О О О 26
Конспект, таблицы, схемы'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . ...28
Движение тел .......... ...,....... ........ .........:... ........:...
... ...28
Взаимодействие тел: силы и энерrия взаимодеЙствия". . . ... . .. . .. . . . .28
. ".' .
. Энерrия взаимодеиствия .......................... .,. .... . ... ........30
Экспериментальные исследованuя .. .
.. .','.. .. . ; . . . . . . "'
""" ...........31
. Исследование силы-тренИЯ ......................................... .31
. Иоследовакме 'СИЛЫ упруrости .... :". . . . . . .' . . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
'Сaмocтoяrneл:ь
'
.;...:....................................... .33
:I<oнtnpoлъная.
.:..................................
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
2. Методы фнзичеСICВX ИCC,1lедОВ8НИЙ .. о . о о о о . о о о о о о о о о о о о о о о о о о о о . 37
Конспект, таблицы, схе;мы . ................. .,............................ .37
Научный мeroд fалилея .', . , .. ... . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
'Экcпepuменпи2ЛЬные.исследО6анuя........................................39
Свободное'nадение .'............................ '" ..,................ .39
30 Измерение
основа эксперимента о о о о о о о о о о о о о 0,0 . : . о . . о о о . о о о о . 41
'конспект,'тaблuцы, схемы........................... .'. >,'.;. .'0......... .41
Виды и методы физических измерений. Причины
поrpeшностей. Измерение времени и расстояний ....................46
Прямые однократные измерения. Косвенные ИЗМерения ..............52
Случайные поrpeшности .........................................;...54
Са.мост
тельнаяработа ..............................................56
296
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raaa. KaKoBa KOHl
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. c
MOJIeKYJI MeTaHa? Macca MOJIeKYJIbI MeTaHa paB-
Ha 26;6 .10- 27 Kr. I'
7. MOX<HO JIH rOBopHTb 0 KOHI.1eHTpanHH npHMeHH-
TeJIbHO K O,lJ;HOH MOJIeKYJIe? .
8. MOX<HO JIH roBOpHTb 0 TeMrrepaType O,lJ;HOH HJIH
HeCKOJIbKHX MOJIeKYJI?
CaMOCTOJlTenbHaJl pa60Ta 2.2
(BbinOIlHfleTC:fI AOMa, paCCI.fHTaHa H8 25 MHHYT)
1. KHCJIopo,lJ; MaCCOH 0,32 Kr 3aHHMaeT OObeM 2 .10-3 W.
PaCC'lHTaHTe KOHneHTpal1HIO MOJIeKYJI.
2. Pacc':lHTaHre ,lJ;aBJIeHHe, OKaabIBaeMoe MOJIeKYJIaMH
3.3OTa Ha CTeHKH COCYM CCJIH cpeJJ;HHH KBaJq>aT CKO-
M 2
. ,POCTH ,lJ;BJ{x<eHHSI ero MOJIeKYJI v 2 = 0,5 .10 6 2'
. C
I<r
ITJIOTHOCTb aaOTa paBHa 1,25 3".
M
3. TeMrreparypa raaa 30°C. KoaueHTpanHSl Mo:neKY
10 25 M- 3 . ITO,lJ; KaKHM ,lJ;aBJIeHHeM HaxO,lJ;HTCSI raa?1
4. Macca MOJIeKYJIbI 030Ha paBHa 80 .10- 27 Kr. Pac
c':IHTaiiTe Cpe,lJ;HIOIO KBa,npaTH':IHYIOCKOpOCTh Mol
JIeKYJI SToro raaa rrpH 27°C. \
CaMoCTOJlTenbHaJl pa60Ta 3.1
(BblnollHfleTcfI B Kllacce, pacCI.fHTaHa Ha 80 MHHYT)
1. Ha pHC. 50 H306pax<eHbI rrponeCCbI H3MeHeHw4
COCTOSlHHSI orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHOH MacCbI raaa. '
p
3
4
2
o
,
,
,
T
. PRC. 50
MCrrOJIb3YSI PHCYHOK,
a) HaaOBHTe rrponeCCbI;
6) HarrHlliHTe ypaBHeHHe MSI rrponecca 2 - 3;
B>. H306pa:3HTe rpa$HKH rrponeccOB B CHCT
Max'
KOOp,lJ;HHaT p - V H V - T.
2. Ha pHC. 51 H306pax<eHbI rrponeCCbI H3MeHeHHSI
COCTOSlHHSI orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHOH MaCCbI raaa.
p
2
1
o
v
PRc.51
MCrrOJIb3YH PHCYHOK,
a) HaaOBHTe rrponeCCbI;
.6) HaTIHIIIHTe ypaBHeHHe,lJ;JISl rrponecca 3, - 1;
B) 11306paaHTe rpa$HKH rrponeCCOB B cHcTeMax
KOOp,lJ;HHaT p - T H V - T.
301
KHHeTll'I CKaH TeOpHH raaOB
3. Ha rpacl>HKe (pHC. 52) H306paiKeHa H306apa KHC-
JIopo.n;a. KaKoMY .n;aBJieHHIO OHa COOTBeTcTByeT,
eCJIH Macca KHCJIOpp,lta 0,1 Kr?
3
V,M
0,6
0,4
'---'
0,2
o
100 200 300 T, K
'PRC. 52
4. IIpH KaKOM .n;aBJIeHHH 1 MOJIb H.n;eaJIbHoro ra3a
HMeeT TeMneparypy 177 DC? 06'beM raaa 1 JI.
5. (YpoBeHh 6). TeMneparypa nOBepXHOCTHoro CJIQjI
COJIHIJ;a (cl>oTOccl>epbI) OKOJIO 6000 K. <I>oToccl>epa
B OCHOBHOM COCTOHT 113 aroMoB Bo.n;opo.n;a. CM<;>-
ryr JIH Bce aTOMbI Bo.n;opO,lta YJIeTeTb C nOBepXHoc-
TH ,COJIHIJ;a? BTOpaH KOGMll'IeCKaH CKOpOCTh .n;JIH
M
COJIHIJ;a paBHa 6,1.1 OS - .
c
6. (YpoBeHh 6). Haii.n;HTe OTHOmeHHe Cpe.n;HHX KBa.n;-
paTllQHbIX cKopocTeH MOJIeicYJI reJIHH He H a30Ta
N 2 npH O,ltHHaKOBbIX TeMneparypax.
7. B 6aJIJIOHax .n;JIH aKBaJIaHra HaxO.n;HTCH B03.n;yX npH
30 DC H .n;aB.neHHH 150.1OS IIa. IIpH norpYiKeHHH
aKBaJIaHrHCTa B Mope, r.n;e TeMneparypa 5 DC, TeM-
neparypa B03.n;yxa B 6aJIJIOHax nOHH3HJIaCb H CTa-
JIa paBHoH TeMneparype oKpyX<aIOlIteH Cpe.n;bI. Pac-
C'IliTaHTe .n;aBJIeHlle B03.n;yxa B 6aJIJIOHax npH aroH
TeMneparype. 06'beM B03.n;yxa c'IllTaHTe nOCTOHH-
HbIM.
8. IIpH C)KCiTHH B03.n;yxa B KOMnpeccope TeMneparypa
nOBbICHJIaCb OT 300 K .n;o 380 K, a .n;aBJIeHHe B03-
I . , ' poCJIO B 2,5 pa3a. PaCC'IHTaHTe CTeneab C)KCiTliH
, B03.n;yxa (OTHOmeHHe Ha'IaJIbHoro olTheMa B03.n;y
xa K KOHe'IHOMY).
9. Co .n;Ha Bo.n;oeMa nO,ltHHMaeTCH nyabIpeK B03,ltYxa.
i Y IJPBepXHOCTH ero 06'beMOKaabIBaeTcH B 3 pa3a
[60JIbme, qeM Ha nHe. KaKoBCl my6HHa Bo.n;oeMa?
1: ATMOC epHoe .n;aBJIeHHe C'IliTaTb HOpMaJIbHbIM,
I,
r
,
"
; . ..
TeMneparypy B Bo.n;oeMe Ha paaJIH'IHOH rJIy6HHe -
nocToHHHOH.
10. IIMeeTcH .n;Ba (:ocy.n;a C ra30M: O,ltHH BMeCTHMOC-
ThIO 3 JI, .n;pyroH - 4 JI. B nepBoM cocy.n;e raa Ha-
XO.n;HTCH no.n; ,ltaBJIeHHeM 2 aTM., a BO BropOM -,I
aTM. TeMnepaTypa 060HX COCy.n;OB o.n;HHaKOBa.
IIo,lt KaKliM .n;aBJIeHHeM 6y.n;eT Haxo,ltHTbCH raa,
eCJIH cocY.n;bI coe.n;HHHTb Me)l(,Z{y C060H?
11. (YpoBeHh B), B cocy/1.e HaxO.z(llTCH MOJIeKYJIHp-
HbIH a30T N 2 npH TeMnepaType 27 °C. Cocy.n;
HarpeBaIOT .n;o TeMIIeparypbI 1500 DC. IIpH aTOH
TeMneparype 30% MOJIeKYJI aaOTa .n;HCCOIJ;HHpO-
BaRO Ha aTOMbI. Bo CKOJIbKO p<i3 B03paCTaeT .n;aB-
JIeHHe B cocy.n;e npH ero HarpeBaa H?
12. (YpoBeHh B).'B'IJ;eHTpe 3aKpbITOH: C TQpIJ;OB TPy-
6bI MHHOH 2l HaXO.n;HTCH rtopmeHb MaccoH m H
IIJIOIIta.ZJ;bIO Ce'IeHHH S, KOropbIH Mox<eT 6e3 TPC-
HHH nepeMetnatbcHrro' Tpy6e. CJIeBa H cnpaBa OT
nopmHH HMeeTCH ra3. ,ZtaBJIeHHe, OKa3bIBaeMOe ra-
30M, paBHO p. Tpy6y pacKpyqHBaIOT B ropH30H-
TaJIbHOH nJIOCKOCTH BOKpyr OCH, npOXO,ltHlIteH
'Iepe3 ee IJ;emp. 'PaCC'IHTaHTe yrJIOByio CKOpocTh
1 ..,...
BPameHHH' eCJIH nopmeHb CMecTHJI H Ha "2' J. eM-
neparypy raaa C'IHTaHTe nOCTOHHHOH. MaCCOH
raaa CJIe.n;yeT npeHe6pe'Ib.
CaMOCTOATenbHaA pa60Ta 3.2
(BbmOnHJleTCJI AOMa)
1. B Ta6JIHIJ;e npHBe.n;eHbI,3Ha'Iemffi napaMeTpOB co-
croHHHH raaa. Onpe.n;eJIHTe He.n;OCTaIOIItHe napa-
MeTpbI.
m,Kr M, p,n. M3 T,K
Kr /Monb
1 2,4 0,040 - 0,4 200
2 0,3 0,028 8,3 ,10. - 280
3 0,16 0,004 6,0 .1()4 0,83 -
2. qeMY paBHa cpe.n;HHH KBa.n;paTll'lHCUI CKOpocTh xa-
OTH'IeCKoro .n;BHiKeHHH MOJIeKYJI a30Ta npH ,7 DC?
3. Ha pliC. 53 H306pIDKeHbI npOIJ;eCCbJ H3MeHeHHH
COCTOHHHH onpe.n;eJIeHHOH MaCCbI raaa.
,302,
MOJIEKYJI.HPHA.H -<I>1I3IIKA. TEPMOJJ:IIHAMIIKA
v
o
),/
T
PHC. 53
IICIIOJIb3YIt PHCYH:OK,-
a) Ha30 HTe-npOIJ;eCCbI;
6) HaIIHIIIlfTe ypaBHeHlle,ZJ;JIH npOIJ;ecca 1 - 2;
B) 11306pa3HTe rpacl>llKU ripoIJ; CCOB B CHCTeMe KO-
, op.n;lmaTp - Tllp - V.
4. Ha pliC. 54 H306paJKeHa H30xopa. KaKOMY 06'beMY
.' raaa OHa COQTBeTCTByeT, eCJIli Macca Bo.n;opo.n;a 8 Kr?
5 '
p.10 , na
3
2
- -- r=E J- -r --'i-- 1
--- --ll: f-----!
-f---.1 ' ---L j --__I
I J I I 1 !
-1- -,/--t----+---+---1
!,/ 1 i i I.!
-+- -- 1- ' i-[-'.-i
,/! I \ : \
o
200 400 600 K
PRc;-54
5. oe KOJIll'IecTBa BelIteqBa co.n;epiKHTCH a ra3e,
, eCJIli npll MBJieHll1l200 KIIa H TeMrreparype'240 K
. ero 061.eM paBeH 40 JI?
6. 06'beM Bo.n;OPQ.lla npH 0 °C H .n;aBJIeHRH 10 5 ITa
paBeH2 . 10- 3 M 3 . KaKOH 06'beM 6y.n;eT 3aHliMaTb Ta
>Ke Macca Bo.n;opO,lta rrpll TeMnepaType 50°C ll.n;aIi- '-
JIeHllll 0,98 . 10 5 ITa?
7. ' PaCC'IliTaHTe .cpe.n;HIOIO KBa.n;paTH'IHyIO CKOpOCTb
'MOJIeKYJI raaa, eCJIliliMeH Macey 6 Kr, OH 3aHHMaeT
06'beM 4,9 M 3 rrpR .n;aBJIeHllll 200 KIIa.
8. Jla' pHC. 55 11306paiKeHbI 113MeHeHHH COCTOHHHH
.- 'onpe.neJieHaoH MaCCbI'ra3a. 1I306pa311Te rpaq;HKH
npoI1eCCOB B CliCTeMax Koop.nllHaT p - T H V - 1'..
p
2
3
1
4
o
v
PHC. 55
KtJNlfilro. lIA
,
KOHTponbHaA pa60Ta N!1
(YPoBeHb A, paCC4HTaHa Ha 40 MHH)
BapMaHT 1
1. HO'IbIO npll TeM eparype 5 °C .n;aBJIeHlle B KaMep ':
KQJIeCa aBTOM06HJ1H 6bmo 2,00 .1OS ITa KaKHM 6y..!
.n;eT .n;aBJIeHHe B mHHe .n;HeM npH TeMIIepaType 25°C?'
06'beM mllHbI npll'1l3MeHeHllll TeMneparypbI C'Ill- .
TaHTe HeH3MeHHbIM.
,
<
l
2. KOHIJ;eHTpaIJ;HH MOJIeKYJI raaa B cocy.n;e YMeHbmll-
JIaCb B 4 pa3a, a cpe.n;HHH l<llHeTH'IeCKaH aHeprll
nocTyIlaTeJIbHoro .n;BlliKeHHH MOJIeKYJI yBeJIH'Ili.
JIaCb B 2 pa3a. 1I3MeHHJIOCb JIll ,llaBJIeHHe ra3a?
OTBeT 06ocHYHTe.
3. Ha pliC. 56 306paiKeH rrpOIJ;eCC H3MeHeHHH COCTO-
HHHH orrpe.n;eJIeHHOH MaCCbI ra3a.
p
1
------- 1 .
2
.
o
v
PHC. 56
IIcnOJIb3YH pRCYHOK,
a) Ha30BHTe npOIJ;ecc;
6) HaIIHmH ypaBHeHHe CBH3H MeiK.n;y napaMeT-
paMH;
B) H306paaHTe rpacl>HKR npOIJ;eCCOB H3MeHeHHH
raaa B CHCTeMaX Koop.nHHaT p - TH V - T.
"\
( \
KHHeTH'IeCKaH'TeopmI raaOB
. 30,3 i
4. 06'bHCHHTe clloc06HOCTb ra3a 3aHHMaTb BeCb npe-
.n;ocTaBJIeHHbIH 06'beM.
BapMaHT 2
1. :r!eMY paBHa MaCCa 10 22 MOJIeKYJI 03oHa?
2. IIpll H306apHoM IIpOI1eCCe KOHI1eHTpaI1HH ra3a B
cocy.n:e YBeJIH'lHJIaCb B IIHTh pa3. Bo CKOJIbKO pa3
M3MeHHTCH cpe.n;IDIH KHHeTH'IeCKaH aHeprnH MOJIe-
KYJI? OTBeT 06ocHYHTe.
3. Ha pRC. 57 R306paJKeH IIpoIJ;eCC H3MeHeHHH cocro-
HHHH onpe.n;eJIeHHOH MaCCbI ra3a.
P
o
21 5.
1, '4
,
,
V
PHC, 57
I1cnoJIb3YH pHCyHOK,
a) Ha30BH1e npOIJ;eCC;
6) Ha: IHIIIHTe ypaBHeHHe CI!H3H MeiK.n;y napaMeT-
paMH;
t B) H306pa3 HT e rpacl>HKH npOIJ;eCCOB H3MeHeHHH
! ra3a B CHCTeMaX KOOp.n:HHaT P ...:... TH V - T.
r
!' 4. 06'bHCHHTe cnoc06HocTb ra3a OKa3bIBaTb .n;aBJIe-
f
' HHe Ha CTeHKH cocy.n;a.
f
t
r
f;
.
KOHTponbHaA pa60Ta HI 2.
(YPOBeHb 6, paCC4HTaHa Ha 40 MHHYT)
8apMaHT 1
1. Hacoc C 3aKpbITbIM BbIXO.n:HbIM OTBepCrneM co.n:ep-
, iKHT no.n: nopmHeM B03.n:yX 06'beMOM 80 CM 3 npH
,l(aBJIeHHH 760 MM pT. CT. H TeMIlepaType 7°C. IIpH
6bICTpoM CiKarnH B03.n;yxa .n:o 38 CM 3 1'er.-mepaTypa
IIO,ZJ;HHJIaCb .n;o 28°C. KaKoBo .n;aBJIeHlle ciKaToro
B03.n;yxa? \
2. Kor.n:a H3 6aJIJIOHa BbmycTHJIH HeKOTopoe KOJIH-
.,. \leCTBO ra3a, .n;aBJIeJ{lle B HeM YUaJIO Ha :: 0,35p;
a TeMIlepaTYPa nOHH3WIacJ> Ha AT:: 0,15 T (3.n:ecb
P II T - Ha'laJIbHbIe .n;aBJIeHHeH TeMI1CpaTypa).
KaKaH 'IaCTb ra3a OCTaJIaCb B 6MJIOHe?
3. LJ:Ba cocy.n:a, HaIlOJIHeHHbIe B03.n;YXOM IIO.n; .n;aBJIe-
HHeMPI:: 8.10 5 IIa HP 2 :: 6.10 5 IIa, HMeIOT 06'bCM
VI :: 3 JI H V 2 :: 5 JI. Cocy.n:bI coe.n;HHHIOT Tpy6KOH,
06'beMOM KOTOpoH MO)KHOnpeHe6pe'Ib no cpaBHe-
HHIO C 06'beMaMH COCy.n;OB. PatC'IHTaHTe YCTaHO-
BHBmeeCH ,t(aBJIeHHe B cocy.n;ax, eCJIH TeMnepaTY-
pa B03.n;yxa B HHX 6bIJIa o.n;llHaKOBa H nOCJIe yCTa-
HOBJIeHHH paBHOBeCHH He H3MeHHJIaCJ>.
4. Pacc'IHTaiiTe n,JIOTHOCTh KHCJIOpO.n;<;I; IIPli TeMnepa-
Type 300 K H .n;aBJIeHHH 1,6.10 5 a. IIJIOTHOCTb
, Kr
KHCJIOpo.n;a IIPH HOpMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBMH 1,43 3"",
M
HOpMaJIbHoe aTMoccl>epHoe .n;aBJIeHHe 1,013.1()5 IIa.'
lI.n:eaJIbHbIM ra3 Y'lacTBYeT' B HeKoropoM npOIJ;ecce,
H306paJi<eHHoM' aa pHC. 58 B Koop.n;HHaTaX p .J. V.
1I306pa3HTe 3TH IIpOIJ;eCCbI B Koop.n;HHatax p - T
HV-T.
Pi 2
I
. . 1 t - t
3'
0
V
PHC. 58.
BapMaHT 2
1. CKOJIbKO 'IaCTHIJ; B03.n;YXa Haxo.n:HTCH B KOMIiaTe
IIJIOIIta.n;bIO 20 M 2 H BbICOroH M npH TeMneparype
17°C H .n;aBJIeHllH 752 MM pT. CT.? .
2. B 6aJIJIOHe BMeCTHMOCTbIO V::t 6,5 JI Ha O,ltHTCH rag
MaCCOH m :: 13,4 r nolI, .n:aBJIeHHeM 240 KIIa. Pac-
C'IHTaHre cpe,nHIOIO KBa.n;paTH1IHyIO CKOPOCTh'MO-
JIeKYJI ra3a.
3. LJ:Ba, cocy.n;a C 06'beMaMH VI = 40 JI H V 2 = 20 JI co-
. .n:epiKaT ra3' npH o.n;llHaKOBOH TeMnepaTYpe, HO paa-
HbIX .n;aBJIeHHHX. TIocJIe Coe.n;mreHHH COCy.n;OB B HIfX
YCT:moBHJIOCb ,ltaBJI HHe p '1 MJIa. KaKOBO 6bIJIO
Ha'IaJIbHOe .n;aBJ!e lle ,ra3a Pt B 6 eM co<;y,lte.
, eCJIH B MeabmeM OHO bI{lO paBHO P 2 =r OO l;Ia?
TeMnepaTYPY raaa C'IHTaHTe nocTOHIHIO t: ,"
304
,
I
MOJIEKY JI.HPHA.H <I>113MKA. TEPMO,lJ;IIHAMIiKA
4. nap006paaOBaHHe npH KHneHHH npoHCx9&mT:fum '
nOCTOHHHOH TeMnepaType, a IIapo06p33P
npH HCnapeHHJ:I - C nOHHiKeHHeM TeMUepa }' ,
eM aTO 06YCJIOBJI:HO? OTB T 060ctiy T){"a,
c;>cHoBe KHHeTll'leCKOH TeopHH raaOB. " , i
i.
5. Ha pUC. 59 H306paJKeHO 113MeHeHHe COCTOHHHH
H.n;eaJIbHOrO ra3a B CHCTeMe Koop.n;HHaT p - V.
1I306pa3llTe rpacl>HKll npol{ COB H3MeHeHHH COCTO-
i.lHHH raaa B CHCTeMe KOOJ>AHW P TH ¥'- To ;
. . ,.". I .'
." ,\
P 2
1
o
v
PRC. 59
elljuJ
'JltUtpU
HeKOTOpble nOCTOAHHble, Mcnollb3yeMbie B
MOneKYIiApHOM .M3MKe M TepMOAMHaMMKe
IIOCTOHHHaH ABora.n;po N A = 6,022 .10 23 MOJIb -I ""
"" 6 .10 23 MOJIb- l .
IIoCTOHHHaH OOJIbIJ;MaHa k = 1,3807.10- 23 ""
"" 1,38 .10. 23 .
,
MOJIHpHaH raaOBaH nOCTOHHHaH R = 8,314 K ""
MOJIb .
""8,31 K '
MOJIb .
HOpMaJIbHbIe YCJIOBHH: '
aTMoccl>epHoe .n;aBJIeHHe Po = 101325 ITa"" 10 5 IIa;
TeMnepaTypa t = 0 °C.
06'beM MOJIH H,lteaJIbHorq faaa nPH HOpMaJIbHbIX
3 .
YCJIQBHHX: V", = 2,4 .10- 3 '.
MOJIb
, 3 Kr
MOJIHpHaH Macca B03.ltYxa: M = 29 .10- ---.:-.
, " MOJIb
Ta6JIRIIa 1. p,UtlMemp "1J
,,,"
, , PfJ3JlU14HbIX
, " ) XMMM'leCKUI '
cIJoPMyna d..,o--,M '"
A30T N, 3,7 "
<
Bo,Qa H,O 3,0 ,,',
BoAOPOA H, 2,8 .!..
KMcnOpoA 0, 3,6 )
0K0tA pbl (IV) SO. 3,4 "
XiIop CI, 3,7
<
T 6JIRQa 2. PaCCmOSlHWI. Me3ICdy
6 PfJ3JlU14HbIX
Beaq8CT80 , X=KUI' PaCCTORHHe M8)W,qJ,
na .TOMaMM R.1o-", M ':
A30T N, " 1,09
BoAOPOA H, 0;7
.K....cnOpoA 0, 1.21
Cepa (napbl) .S 1,89 ...
.'i ' ,
Xitop CI,. ,1,99
+
Ta6JIRIIa 3. MacCbl amOM06 U
He1ComOpbIX
XMMM'leCKUI Maca ' .'
HUNMM. cIJoPMyna m..1O-27, ICI"
ATOMbl
A30T N 23.2
AnIO ""H""M AI 44,8
BoAOpoA H 1,67
>Keneao Fe 92,8
K....cnOpoA 0 26,6 ..
MeAb Cu 105,0
Pryrb Hg 333
YrnepoA C 19,9
><nap CI 58,9
MoneKynbl
A30T N. 46,5
AMM....aK NH 3 28,3
8oAOpoA H 2 3,3
Bo3,qyx - 48,1
Kap60HaT Ka/J HJJ CaCO] 166,0
K....cnOpoA 0, 53,2
XnoPHA Ha1"pHJJ NaCI 97,0
Ha<f>Tan....H C,n H . 216,0
. ..... ,.I'){' ,,'/1
" ':.?rt' t: .'\""ti.\,..
} .., . ".. -11., "_:" ' ...-
. '- ' : ,", , -, jj\i:. .,; ...
.. ' '. . j i r
,1;;J.j' , ' }
t t' . 11\, .
..' ,;-'
,;!" 4- I"",.
"\ .
, , . ,
. J4. ' .. t«"tI;i' j I ' 1t{
..,. \.- , "-
/
.,'.- : :;o!\ 1 ' i i- j H j. ..' - ', --
.< #"'\. ,\. M".- U;I f +; fi 'r...
, , ,;, i . , ,. , ; ': ' " ". r. ' : '/.ii ',
"-' F; f ': ;i.1:-: ?;:;; ;
f.-;: 1/
. 't .. " ",,":
. . I
'.
(
t
r
'
\
,
OCJ-lOBbi
r T.
i ' ;,;3"1 ,J,-", i!
.\\ . \ '1 I
j': ";
"",. ' ,; 'I
,," r ·
. .
/ r1 ' , ' --: 1 ' -. .' .... ""; -,- - '.: '.: (
,-:- ... ....
" . J . ... ', {"
. '. / .; . .
.,
I v' ).. -,.
..,!,!,
'r"
!
!
-.
M3Y"MB 3T'/ TeMY,
: .. Bbl n03HaKoMHTecb.C 3aKOHaMH TepMOAHHaMHKH, ypaB-
/ . HeHHeM rennOBOro 6anaHca, ypaBHeHHSlMH 8,AHa6aTbl;
. Y3HaeTe 4x>PMynbf paC4eTa BHytpeHHeH 3HeprHH IiIAe-
MbHOrora3a, PaOOTbi npH toI306apHOM np0t.4ecce, KnA
. TeMOBoro ABHraTenSl;"
'. Ha}'1fHTecb npl4MeHSlTb nepBblH 3aKOH TepMOAHHaMHKH
(. K Tenl10BblM npo4eccaM, pewaTb rpa4>H4ecKHe H pac-
( . .. 4eTHbie 3aA84H.
f
'K4 .
6i . exu.,
. 'fepMo.n;HHaMll'IeCKH'H MeTO.n; n03BOJIHeT '1l3Y'IaTb
'C}loHCTBa BelIteCTB, He paCCMaTpHBaH HX BHYTpeHHee
C1'pgeHHe. B ero OCHOB JIeX<aT 3aKOHbI aHepreTll'leC-
, ox npeBpmneHllH.
C}'MMa ::mepmll xaoTH'IeCKoro (TeIIJIOBOro) .n;BH)Ke-
HHH Bcex qaCTHIJ; TeJIa H aHepmH B3aHMoneHCTBHH
, amx 'IacmIJ; Ha3bIBaeTCH BJlYTPeHHeA 3Mepl'HeA.
,
IU=Ep+EKI
............::'"
-. f;{ ;:;. ,
:' \. ...-- , ,,\
'_.'.A.', ,,,,
:1! z;_
-- >
"
OCHOBHbI. nOHATMA:
· BHyTpeHHM 3HeprHSI Pa60Ta npH Hso6aptlOM nper.
4ecce · KnA TennOBOro ABHraTenSl,. Ml4a6aTHbIM
npo4ecc
,l{JIH peaJIbHoro raaa 6HYmpeHHJISl. 3HeplUR -ljJYU1a4 Wl
meMnepamyP1:Jt u o .
U= U(T, V)
,l{JIH H,lteaJIbHoro raaa BHympeHHJISl. B'HeplUR -ljJ!fH7C-
14Wl meMnepamypbl.
u= U (1)
BHYTpeHHHH aHepmH H,lteaJIbHoro raaa paCC'IHTbIBa-
i m
eTCH np cl>oPMYJIe U ="2' M . RT , r.n;e: ;)
3.06,
MOJIEKYJI.HPHA5I <I>1I3IIKA. TEPMOJJ:HHAMMKA
p p P
1 2. 2 1
, /. ---- '
..
/. /. /. /;'
/; .'
- A
'WJ.
0 V 1 V 2 "v O' V 2 V 1 V. 0- V 1 V 2 V
a) 6) 8)
P P P 1
1 2 2 -;i" 1
j
1
j
0 v 2 v 1 V 0 v 1 v 2 V 0 v 2 V 1
2) 8) e) j
J
PHC. 60
I
...-010
- -- -- -"
i = 3 - .n;JIH o.z:i:HoaToMHoro ra3a;
, I'
i = 5. :- .n;JIH .n;ByxaToMHoro, ra3a;
i = 6 - .n;JIH MHorOTOMHbIX ra30B;
1I3MeHeHHe'BHYTpeHHeH aHepnm o.n;HoaTOMHoro H,lte
aJIbHOro ra3a onpe.n;eJIHeTCH IIO cl>oPMYJIaM: .
I U= ' .R T I
2 M" ",
HJIli
I U=%' 'RT.I.
Pa60TY npH H306apHoM npOIJ;ecCeMoX<Ho pacc'ItnaTh
no cl>O PMYJIaM:
I A=:t P V A'=:t m .R T A=:t Am , .RT /
' , 'M ' M
fpacl>H'IeCKH pa6OT.a B TepMo.n;HHaMHKe onpe.n;eJIHeTCH
IIJIOIIta,ZJ;bIO cl>HrypbI, 3aKJIIO'IeHHOH Mex<.n;y JIHHlleH
rpacl>HKa, OCbIO a6CIJ;HCC H lI,BYMH op.n;HHaTaMH.
Ha pHC. 60, a H 60 6 npe.n;CTaBJIeH H306apHbIH npo-
I,tecc, Ha pHC. 60 8, 60 l, 60 i) H 60 e - npOI1eCC He H30-
6aPHbIH. '
!
3aKOHbI Te'pMOAMHaMMKM 1
.HYJIeBoe. Ha'IaJIO TepMo.n;HHaMHKH onpe.n;eJIHeT cy- 1
lIteCTBOBaHHe TeMIIepaTypbI - napaMeTpa, e,l(llHoro:
.n;JIH BceH CHCTeMbI, Haxo.n;HlIteHCR B TepMo.n;HHaMH'leC- 1
KOM paBHOBeCHH.
Depooe Ha'IaJIO 1'epMoJUlHBMHRH (nepBbI:H 3aKOH Tep- :
t
Mo.n;HHaMHKll - "3aKOH coxpaHeHllH ::mepnm .n;JIH CHC- ;
TeM, B KOTOpbIX cylIteCTBeHHYIO pMb HrpaIOT TenJIO-
BbIe npOIJ;eCcbI): U3.M.elleUUe euympeulleii fmepluu'
cucmeMbl npu nepexoi)e ee 1.1:3 Oi)1l0l0 CocmOSl'H;UR e i)py- 1
loe pae1l0 cYMMejJa60mbl 81lel mUX CWl u KOllUv.ecmea '
mertllOmbl, nepei)a1l1lOl0 ctlcme e.
, AU=.A.H.e..T Q
!J.U - H3MeHeHHe BH)'TpeHHeH aHep'rHH; ,
A OB.e - pa60Ta BHe!llHHx CHJI,
Q - KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIOTbI, nepe.n;aHHoe CliCTeMe.
OcaOBbI TepMO.n;HHaMHKH
307
BMecTO pa60TbI BHemHHX C:HJI lia,lt CHCTeMOH 'IaCTO
p CCMaTpliBaeTCH pa60Ta caMOH CHCTeMbI (ra3a, napa)
Ha,ZJ; BHemHHMH CHJIaMH (A CHCT . ). Pa60TbI paBHbI no
a6cOJIIOTHOMY 3Ha'IeHHIO, HO npOTlfBpnOJIOiKHbl no
3HaKY. Ilo .n;orOBopeHHOCTH:
A CHCT . > 0
ABH.C.< O.
A =-A
CBCT. BH.C.
Y'IHThIBaH aTO COOTHomeaHe, 3aIlHmeM nepBbIH 3a-
, KOH repMo.n;HHaMllKH B CJIe,ZJ;yIOlIteM BH,lte:
. 1 Q = U + A CHCT . I '
, KoJiU'IleCm80 merulOm'bl, nepeoml1loe CUCTneMe, uoem Ha
U3MellellUe ee 81lympe1l1leu 31leplUU U Ha c08epWellUe
i cucmeMou pa60m'bl HOO 81leWHUM:U CWltl.MH.
l BTOpoe Ha'IaJIO repMO,ZJ;HHaMHKH: He803.M.OJICe1l npo-
ecc, npu 'KOmOpOM merulOma nepexooUJla 6'bl CaMonpo-
' U38011'b1l0 om m,eJ1. 6011ee XqllOOH'b1X K mellaM 6011ee Hd-
\ lpem'blM (cl>oPMYJIllpOBKa P. KJIaY3Hyca).
I
!' He803Mo:JICHo ,nocmpaum'b nepuoou'Ilec'Ku oeucm8YIO-
i'
t, WJJIO MaWUllY, 8CR OeRmell'b1l0Crrt'b 'KomopOU C800UJlaC'b
I 6'bl 'K C08epWe1lUIO MeXaHU'IleC'KOU pa60m'bl U coom8em-
t cm8Y1OUlfJMY OXlla:HCOellUIO me'fll1080l0 pe3ep8yapa -
f cl>oPMYJIHpOBKa Y. KeJlbBHHa (ToMCoHa).
, 3HTponMA
CylIteCTByeT cl>YHKIJ;HH COCTOHHHH CHCTeMbI - ee 3H-
.1'pOIIHH S, nplipalIteHlle KOTOpOH S npH 06paTHMOM
, C0061IteHHH TenJlOTbI paBHO:
IM=A I
< (3ro BbIpaiKeHlle HBJIHeTCH 061IteH cl>OPMYJIHPOBKPH
. tlTOpOro Ha'IaJIa repMo.n;HHaMllKH.)
nA TennOBOM MaWMHbI
:"Koacl>cl>HI(HeHTOM nOJIe3Horo .n;eHCTBHJI (KIll)) T JI-
{IOBOro .zumraTeJIH Ha3bIBaeTCH OTHOmeHHe aHepnm,
'JrcnOJlb30BaHIJOH .n;JIH BbIIIOJIHeHHH nOJIe3HOH pa60-
:;.tbI' .n;BlfraTeJIeM, KO BceH aHeprHH, nOJIytfeHHOH npH
;cropaHllH roIIJIliBa.
I =A-.I
Q38Tp
i- . t;
,,' e3H -: nOJIe3HaH pa60Ta;
I
Q.,a'rp - aHeprHH, nOJIyqeHHaH IIpH crOpaHlili TOIIJIHBa.
TaK' KaK AnOJle3H. = I Ql I - I I, a A 3aTp . = Q1' TO cl>op-
MYJIa paC'IeTa KII,n: MOiKe'I," 6bITb 3aIlHeaHa TaK:
11 = IQII 1Q21
IQ,I
,n:JIH H,lteaJIbHoro TenJIOBoro .n;BHraTeJlH (pa60'Iee TeJIO
- H,lteaJIbHbI:H ra3): ,
,-T2
11=-
T j - eMnepaTypa HarpeBaT H;
T 2 - TeMnepaTypa XPJIO.n;HJIbHHKa.
TeopeMa KapHO
K03if)(fJuup.ellm nOlle31l0l0 oeiJ.cm8Wt 8CR'KoU me'fll1080U
MaWU1l'bl He MOJICem npe8ocXoiJum'b 'K()3ifJifJu ueHm no-
lle31l0l0 oeiJ.cm8UJl UOel1Jl'bHOU MaUtUH'bl, pa60malOU4UM:
no U1CJly Kapllo C meMU JlCe CaM'blMU meMnepamypa-
MU Halpe8amellR U XOllOOUJl'bllU'Ka.
11 ;: IQ,I-IQ21 < -1;
IQ,I - .
AAMa6aTHbiM npoqecc
IlpoIJ;ecc, npH KOTOpOM CliCTeMa He nOJIyqaeT TenJIO
H3BHe H He OT.n;aeT ero, Ha3bIBaeTCH aoua6am1l'blM
npo eCCOM (OT rpe'IeCKoro CJIOBa adiabatos - 1lene-
peXOOUM:'blU). '
YpaBHeHM8-.8AMa6aTbf (ypaBHeHMe
nyaccOHa)
a) B nepeMeHHbIX p, V:
c
'Y - nOKaaaTeJIb a,ZJ;Ha6aThI: 'Y = J!... .
c"
I p' VY = canst I
6) B nepMeHHbIX T, V:
!T.VY-' = canst I
; "4 _
8) B nepMeHH bIX T, p:
I TY . pY-' = canst I
308
MOJIEKYJI.HPHA.H <I>1I3IIKA. TEPMO,n:IIHAMMKA
. ,J :'
YpaBHeHMe TennOBOrO 6anaHca
I B CHCTeMe" COCTO.HIIt H H3 HeKOTOpo O 1lHCJIa TeJI, He
: nciliy'Iiuo eH TeIbIb 'H3BHe (Q ='iQ) II He COBep aIO- .
· IQeA pa60TbI np )'nlB BHemHlfX CHJI, (A = 0), ypaBHe-
Hlle nepBoro Ha'IaJIa repMo.n;HHaMMKH HMeeT BH,lt:
.1.U = O.
nOJIyqeHHoro WIH ltaHHOro aMH; T tJU =-G",[
TOcy a KOJlWreem8 me,v"ombl, tlomomio. :
H'bIX meJlaMU npu '(Tl8'fVlo06.MeHe, pa6Hd''HgJl1O: 'IIOST "
" - "
MY nepBbIH 3aKOH TepMo,nHHaMHKH aanHc:&inaeTcH s 'f
BH.n;e TaK Ha3bIBael'4oro ypaBHeHHJI Tew.OBoro 6a S
"1-:
JIaHca: i,
; B TaKOH a,ZJ;Ha6atHoH 3aMKHyroH CliCTeMe He MOiKeT
: npoTeKaTb'HHbIX npOIJ;eCCOB, KpOMe TemI006MeHa. B
npOIJ;eCce TemI006MeHa 'BHYTpeHHHH aHeprn O.n;HHX
; TeJI YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH, II.Pyntx.- YMeHbmaeTCjJ. MepoH
aTHX H3MeHeHHH HBJIHeTCH KOJIH'IeCTBO TeIIJIOTbI Q,
n
LQ=O
;=1
0(;:
y!
Q > a - nOJIyqeHHbIe Te,JIaMll,
Q < 0 - OT,ltaHHbIe TeJIaMli.
-'
."
, nPMMEHEHME nEPBOrO 3AKOHA TEPMOAMHAMMKM K TEnnOBbiM npOI.\ECCAM
M3MeHeHMe CDM3MllecKMii,
HUBaHMe rpacIJMK 3anMCb BHYTpeHHeM CMblcn 3anMCM
npoqecca 3aKOHa nepBoro 3aKOHa
_ 'e .. , 3HeprMM
TepMOAMHaMMKM
" " ,
"
p ;
BHyrpeHHl111 3HeprHI1
,1
, I1U = Q. I1U> 0 rcua YBellH4HBaeTCI1 3a .
I ,
o v , <:tIeT nOABOAHMoro Tenna
;
HarpeBaHHe
M30XOPHblM Q> 0, A = 0
V= canst.
p BHyrpeHHl111 3HeprHI1
rcua YMeHbWaeTaI, 3a
2, I1U = - Q I1U < 0 <:tIeT T ro, 4TO rcu OT,AaeT
I
o V Tenno OKpy>KaIOLqeH
, cpeAe ,
;
" oxna>K,l\eHHe
: Q < 0, A = 0
I
OCHOBbI TepMO,ltHHaMliKH
309
f
nPMMEH£HME nEPSOrO 3AKOHA TEPMQAMHAMMKM K T nnOBbiM nPOLlECCAM (nPOAOJlJICeHMe) /
HU....M. M3MeHeHMe Cl»M311'1eCKMI CMIIICII
rpacIJMK 3anMCIl _KOHa BttyrpeHHeii _nMCM nepBOrO 3aKOHa
npolleeca 3HeprMII' ""'MICM
p Bee nepeAaHHoe ra3)'
Q=Ar I:1U = 0 Tenno 11,AeT Ha
COBepWeHMe 11M >Ke
o V pa60Tbl
paCWl1peHl1e
M30T8pMMlleeKMii A > 0, Q> 0
T = const
p npl1 cosepweHl111 paOOTbi
A =-Q I:1U ='0 BHeWHI1MI1 Cl1naMl1 raa
BH,C OT,qaer Tenno
o V cpe,qe
OKaTHe
A < O. Q < 0
P }___; ..' '; . r1oABOAHMOe.K ra3)' Tenno .
I1AeT Ha YBeJ1I1"1eHl1e ero
Q = I:1U + Ar I:1U > 0 BHyTpeHHeH 3HeprHl1 11 Ha
o V cosepweHl1e rUOM
HarpeBaHHe (pacwl1peHl1e) paOOTbl
Mao6apH..ii A > 0, Q> 0
p = const, p t--- 2 .'; . '" BH}lTpeHHAA 3HeprHA
-,
YMeHbWaeTCSI 38 C\4er '
I:1U = - Ar - Q I:1U < 0 TOro, 'fTO HilA ra30M
cosepwaeTCA pa60Ta 11
o V
raa OT,qaer Tenno
oxna>K,QeHl1e (OKaTHe) OK CpeAe
A < 0, Q < 0
p ,
BHyrpeHHAA 3HeprHA raaa
,, : onst YMeHbUJaerCA 38 C\4eT '
, ---. 2 I:1U= -A I:1U < 0 Toro. 'lTO caN ,faa
r COBepwaeT pa6oryo raa
0 V
paCWHpeHHe OXJ1a>K,QaeTCA
AAMa6aTH..ii A >0
Q=O \
, p
, , Pa6ara BHewHI1X cl1n I1AeT
............ 1
-- I:1U = A I:1U> 0 Ha YBeJ1H"IeHl1e
BH,C. BMyTpeHHe 3HeprHI1 ra3a
0 V
OKaTH'
A <0
r: ,.
t
I,
>
;I
f
,.,
\
3,10
MOJIEKYJI.HPHAA <I>1I3IIKA. TEPMO)J;IIHAMI1KA
Ca.lUJCl/i().fulie.t,NbII
jtaQolIibt
CaMOCTOATenbHaA pa60Ta 1.1'
(Bblnon,HSleTcSI B Knacce)
1.- MOiKHO JIll onpe.n;eJIHTb BHYTpeHHIOIQ aHeprHIO
1 MOJIH KI1CJIOpo.n;a, :HCnOJIb3YR cl>OPMYJIy.n;JIH pac-
'IeTa BHYTpeHH H 3HepUIH 9.n;HoaToMHoro H,lteaJIb-
HOro raaa? OT eT 06 HYHTe.
2. B 6aJIJIOHe HaxO.n;HTCH 5 Kr aprOHa npH TeMnepaTY-
pe 300 K. qeMY paBHa BH)"!PeHHHH aHepmH raaa?
3. Cpe.n;HHH KBa.n;paTH'IHaH CKOpoCTb MOJIe YJITeJIHH
paBl;Ia 400 M . PaCC'IHTaHTe :BHYTpeHHIOIO aHepmIO
c
IMMHmaa. .
4. O,ZJ;HOaTOMHbI:H H,lteaJIbHbI:H ra3, HaXOMIItHHCH npH
o °C, HarpeJIH Ha 27°C. Ha CKOJIbKO npOIJ;eHTOB
B03poCJIa ero BHYTpeHHHH aHepmH?
5. KaKyIO pa60TY COBepmllJI B03.n;yX MaCCOH 2 Kr npH
ero H306apHoM HarpeBaHHll Ha 10 K?
p'1<f, na
: 1Gf 1} l!:i
> !J+i
'---i- -"-1
,' 4 w j--j
. I : .
___l____. .
: ! !
4
\
2
o
PHc.61
,
6. KaKYIO pa60TY COBepmaeT H,lteaJIbHbIH raa 3a O.n;HH
IJ;IIKJI, Ha06paJKeHHbIH Ha pHC. 61?
7. lI.n;eaJIbHbIH ra3 nepeBo.n;HTcH H3 COCTOHHHH 1 B
COCTOHHlle 3 TpeMH cnoc06aMH (pIiC. 62):
1 - 2 - 3;
1 - 4 - 3;
1-5-3.
IIcnOJIb3YH rpacl>HK, onpe.n;e!lHTe:
a) KaKHM COCTOJlHllHM ra3a COOTBeTCTBYIOT HaH-
60JIbmaH TeMnepaTypa; HaHMeHbma$I TeMnepa-
Typa; OlI,HHaKOBbIe TeMnepaTYPbI?
6) B KaKOM cJIyqae COBepmaeTCR MeHbmaH pa60mJ
qeMY OHa paBlia? ' '.
p'1<f, na
3
10
8
6
4
2 ;
0 2
4
11
4 6 8 10 V,M 3
PHC. 62
8. PacC'IHTaHTe BHYTpeHHIOIO aHeprHIO CMeCH ra3a,'
COCTOHlIteH 113 m 1 == 20 r reJIllH H m 2 = 10 r HeOHa'
npH TeMnepaType T = 300 K. .
CaMOCTOATenbHaA pa60Ta 1.2
(BbInOnHSleTcSl AOMa)
1. BHYTpeHHHH :mepmH H,lteaJibHoro o.n;HoaToMHoro
ra3a, Haxo.n;HlIterocH npH TeMnepaType 27°C, pa.B-
Ha 15 K)J;iK. PaCC'IHTaHTe KOJIH'IeCTBO MOJIeti: B ,ZJ;aH-
HOM ra3e.
2. fa3 npH nocroHHHOM .n;aBJIeHHH 3,0.10 6 ITa C)KaJIH
Ha 2,0 M 3 . PaCC'IHTaHTe pa60TY BHemHHX ClfJI B-
aTOM npoIJ;ecce.
3. KaK)'IO pa60TY cOBepmHJI HeoH MaccoH 3 Kr npll
H306apHoM HarpeBaHHH Ha 15 K?
4. Bo.n;opo.n; II KllCJIopo,lt paB1iOH MaCCbI, B3HTbIe npH
O.z:(HHaKOBbIX .n;aBJIeHllHX, 11306apHo OXJIaiK.n;aIOTC$I
Ha 10 K. O.n;HHaKOBaJil JIll pa60Ta cOBepmaeTcR rrpH
aroM? ITO'IeMY?
5. Ha'IaJIbHOe COCTOHHHe ra3a.xapaKTepH3yeTcH
napaMeTpaMllPl11 VI (CM. pHC. 63). ITpli KaKOM pac-
, mHpeHHll, H30TepMll'IeCKOM HJIH H306apHOM.n;0 V 2 ,
ra3 COBepmHT 60JIbmyIO pa6OTY? .
OCHOBbI TepMO.n;HHaMliKH ,
311
p
Ii
1
o
V 2
V 1
v
..
PHC. 63
l 6. O.n;HH MOJIb raaa IIepeBo.n;HTCjf H3 COCTOHHHH 1 B
r COCTOHHHe 3.n;BYMH eIloc06aMH (pHC. 64):
1-2-3;
1-4-3.
p o 1d, na
:--['T::-'[::[: L:r:::!.- :r J
i 11' f i I I I 12! !
-- . --.. .4-----4
! I! I 1 f" I
--'j- - -- t--t --t--t--r----t--I
' -- - t-+'-+--l-- r - - --+---i
,--+-. --+--+-+-m/----f---- L--i
ii' 'I I i
- t... " ---'l-."-'- I
14. !' i i i ! ,3 i I
..--:---+---+-, j..,..-\---+--+-_..I...+..__J
! ! I I ! I ! i 1.1
i'
l
,
[
.'
! ,.-
.
0,3
0,2
0,1
;, t>
o
3
V,M
10
PHC. 64
IIcrrOJIb3YH rpacl>HK, orrpe.n;eJIHTe:
:: .! 'a) B KaKoM H3 aTHX CJIyqaeB cOBepmaeTCH 60JIb-
, maH pa6OTa? OTBeT 060CHYHTe.
{!J' ,6) " Bo CKOJIbKO pa3 O ll'lalOTCjf 3HaQeUHH pa60T?
"-l{" '
:;; i' i aMocToATenbHaA pa60Ta 2.1
,,:,' (BblnOnHJleTCJI B Knacce)
:::1r faa HaxO.n;HTCH B cOcy,lte rro.n; .n;aBJIeHHeM 2,5.10 4 ITa.
f;f" , ITpH cOO61IteHHH raay 6,0.10 4 .lJ.,K TenJIOTbI OH H30-
t',)J6aPHO paCIIIHPHJICH Ha 2,0 Mi. Ha CKOJIbKO H3Me-
l\?'mfJIaCb BHYTpeHHIDI aHepmH raaa? KaK H3MeHH-
" JIaCb TeMrrepaTypa raaa?
CI
,
Ii -
2. B 3aKpbITOM 6aJIJIOHe HaxO,ltHTCH ra3. IIpH OXJIaJK" .
.n;eHH ero BHYTpeHHHH aHepmH YMeHbmllJIaCb Ha
525 .lJ.x<. COBepmaeT JIH raa pa60TY? KaKoe KOJIH-
'IeCTBO TerrJIOTbI OTJraJI raa?
3. IIpH 6bICTpOM cx<aTHH raaa B itHJIHH,ZJ;pe erQ TeM-
rrepaTypa iIOBbIlIlaeTCH. 1I3MeHHeTcH JIH npH aTOM
BHYTpeHHIDI aHepmH raaa? HarrHmHTe ypaaHeHAe
rrepBoro 3aKOHa TepMO.z:(HHaMHKH ,nJIH aToro CJIY-
'IaH. f.n;e HamJIO npHMeHeHHe aTO HBJIeHHe B Tex-
HHKe?
4. Ha pHC. 65 rrOKaaaHbI npOIJ;eCCbI li3MeHeHHH cocro" '
HHHH H,lteaJIbHOrO raaa.
P o1cr , na.
4
3
2
o
4
V,M 3
1
3
2
Pnc. 65
IIcrrOJIb3YH PHCYHOK, BbIIIOJIHllTe 3a aHHH H
OTBeTbTe H;a BonpocbI.
1) HaaOBHTe npoIJ;eCCbI.
2) B KaKOM H3 HHX COBepmaeTCH MeHbmaH pa60-
Ta? OTBeT 06dCHyHTe.
3) IIo.n;c'IHTaHTe pa60TY rrpH H306apHoM rrpo-
uecce.
4) B npoIJ;ecce H306apHoro pacmHpeHHH raay
rrepe.n;aHO 6.10 6 .lJ.x< TerrJIOTbI. Pacc'I1l1aHTe
H3MeHeHHe BHYTJ>eHHeH aHepmH raaa. -q TO rrpo-
H30mJIO C raaOM: HarpeJICH OH JIH OXJIa.n;HJICH?
5. lI.n;eaJIbHbIH raa nepeBo.n;mcH 113 COCTOHHHH 1 B
COCTOHHHe 3 paaJIll'IHbIMH cnoc06aMH (pHC, 66):
1 - 2 - 3;
1 - 4 - 3.
12
MOJIEKYJI5{PHAA, <1>1I3IIKA. TEPMO,lJ;IIHAMIiKA
P
0 "" 3,,__ T2
\, 2 ------
, '
,
"" 4
1 " ,
"'r,--------
o
v
PHC. 66
CpaBHHTe:
a) pa60ry raaa B YKa3aHHbIX CJIyqaHX;
6) H3MeHeHHe BHYTpeHHeH aHeprHH;
B) KOJIJI'IeCTBO TenJIOTbI, rrepe.n;aHHOe ra3Y.
6. O.n;HH MOJIb O.n;HoaToMHoro ,H.n;eaJIbHOrO ra3a Ha-
,xO.n;HTCH B 3aKpbIToM 6aJIJIORe rrpH TeMnepaTYPe
27 °C. - KaKoe KOJIH'IeCTBO TeIIJIOTbI He06xo.n;HMo
C0061ItHTh ra3Y, 'IT06bI rrOBbICHTb ero .n;aBJIeHHe B
TPH pa3a?
"
7. C O.n;HHM MOJIeM H,lteaJIbHOro o.n;HoaTOMHoro raaa
cOBepmaIOT npoIJ;ecc 1 2 - 3 - 4, rrpe CTaBJIeH-
HbIH Ha rpacl>HKe (pHC: 67). Ha yqacTKe 3 - 4 K
ra3Y rro.n;Bo.n;HT 2740 ,lJ;)K TeIIJIOTbI. HaH.n;HTe OTHO-
meHHe pa60TbI, cOBepmeHHoH raaOM B xo.n;e Bcero
npouecca, K rrOJIHoMY KOJIll'IeCTBY TenJIOTbI 3a BeCb
, npoIJ;ecc 1 - 2 - 3 - 4. To = 100 K.
P
3
2
4
,0
------- :::'-'-'
10
210
PHC. 67
310 T,K
CaMOCTOATenbHaA pa60Ta 2.2
(sblnonHlleTclI AOMa)
1. faa HaxO.n;HTCjf B cocY,lte rro,lJ;- JJ;aBJIeRHeM 50 Mlla.
IIpH C006lIteHllH raay 60 M,lJ;x< TerrJIOTbI OH H30-
6apHo paCnmpHJICH Ha 0,5 M 3 . Ha CKOJIbKO H3Me-
HHlIaCb BHYTpeHHHH aHeprHH raaa? KaK H3MeHH-
JIaCb TeMrrepaTypa ra3a? '
"
-
2. IIpH H30XOpHOM OXJIaiK,lteHHll raa OT,ZJ;a.?l4.10 7 ,lJ;
TenJIOTbI. PaCC'IHTaHTe H3MeHeHHe BHYTpeHHe "
aHeprHH raaa.
3. Ha pRC. 68 H306pa.>KeH rrpOIJ;ecc H3MeHeHllH COCTO
HJI.HH H,ZJ;eaJIbHOrO raaa.
p'UT, na
4
I T-ri--'--r--r-!
-'---+- H 1 ---j-+-+-t-
i' I I J ! I
--,+ ' -+-+-1---,
-1--- + 1 -- ----l-4--- I I-J
1 '1 I 1 1 I
--i--\- l ----!--+-+.....J
. I . . I 1 ' 1
+- '--- 1---- --T-- m-I--_L__J
I I' -, ! i : I I
-i- -- t---+- l '--+-,
I j 1 r 1 I,
+__ _ __ _ __I I
I I
_L __ + J--LJ.--
I , I I I
i
i
3
2 1
1
o
4
V,M 3
3
1
2
PHC. 68
IIcrrOJIb3YH pHCYHOK, BbIIlOJIHHTe 3a,ZJ;aHHH.
1) Ha30BHTe npoIJ;ecc. OTBeT 06ocHYHTe.
2) Orrpe.n;eJIHTe,pa60TY, cOBepmeHHYIO :UHemH MH:
CHJIaMH, eCJIli :u aTOM IIpoIJ;ecce faa OT,ltaJI\
6.1 Q3 ,lJ;)K TenJIOTbI. ,
. )
4. B npoIJ;ecce a,ZJ;lla6aTHoro CiKaTHH Ha,ZJ; raaOM cOBep-;
maeTCH pa60Ta, paBHaH 3 M,lJ;)K. PacC'IHTaii're'H3-:
MeHeHHe BHYTpeHHeH aHeprHH ra3a. KaK H3MeHH,..,
JIaCb TeMnepaTypa raaa? "
5. B rrpOIJ;eCce H306apHoro pa:cmHpeHHH raay nepe-
MHO 6 M,lJ;x< TenJIOTbI. IIpH aTOM ra3 COBepmHJI,
pa60ry, paBHYIO 1,2 M,lJ;)K.1I3MeHHJIaCb JIH BHYT-'
peHHHH 3HeprHH ra3a? HarpeJiCH raa HJIH OXJIa,ZJ;H3I-
CH?
6. O.n;llH MOJIb O,ltHOaToMHoro H,lteaJIbHoro raaa COB p-
mae'r npoIJ;ecc 1 - 2, H306pa.>KeHHbIH Ha pHC. 69.
PaCC'IHTaHTe pa60ry raaa H H3MeHeHHe ero BHYT- ,
peHHeH aHeprHH.
7. HeKoTopoe 1COJI ecTBO aproHa HaxO,ZJ;llTCH B 3aKpbI-
TOM cocYl1.e 06'beMOM 10 JI rro.n; ,ltaBJIeHHeM 50 KlJa,
Bo CKOJIbKO paa B03paCTeT .n;aBJIeHHe raaa, eCJIli eMY
C0061ItHTb 1500,lJ;x< TenJIOTbI?
OCHOBbI TepMO.n;HHaMHKH
313
p,Kna
200
100
200 400
T,K
PHC. 69
- CaMOCTOATenbHaA pa60Ta 3.1
(BblnOnHJlerCIi B Knacce)
1. fOpH'IHii: nap IIOCTyIlaeT B Typ6HHY npH TeMnepa-
iType 500°C, a BbIXO,nllT npH TeMnepaType 30°C.
"
t C'IHTaH napoBYIO MallIliHy H,lteaJIbHOH, BbI'IHCJIH-
c Te ee KII,lJ,.
I'
. Kll)]; H,ltea;:IbHoro TenJIOBoro ,ltBHraTeJIH paBeH
! 30%. faa IIOJIyqHJI OT HarpeBaTeJIH 10 K):{X< TeIIJIO-
Tbl. PacC'IHTaHTe TeMIIeparyPY HarpeBaTeJIH, ecJIH
r1TeMIIeparypa XOJIO.n;HJIbHHKa 20 DC. KaKoe KOJIH-
l ". 'IecTBO TenJIOTbI OT.n;aHO XOJIO.n; bHHKY? .
'
' . ,T eMIIeparypa HarpeB3;TeJIH H,lteaJIbHOii_ TenJIOBOH
-'" MamHHbI 207°C, a XoJ;rO.n;HJIbHHKa 17°C. Ex<ece-
i j<yH.n;HO MaIIIllHa IIonyqaeT'oT HarpeBaTeJIH 5.10 4 l()K
, 'TeIIJIOTbI. PaCC'IliTaHre KII):{ TenJIOBOH MallIHHbI,
_ KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIOThI, oT.n;imaeMoe KaiKAYIO ceKYH-
. Wi XOJIO,ltHJIbHllKY.
;., ,.1
, ' 5 IJ;HJIHH.n;pe ,ltll3eJIbHOrO .n;BHraTeJIH TeMIIepaTypa
<"' paBHa 40°C, a ,ltaBJIeHlle .n;o C)KaTHH ern -
: 8.1()4 IIa. ,PaCC'IHTaHTe TeMIIeparypy CiKaToro B03-
' . ,/\YXa. ecJIH B KOHIJ;e CiKaTHH ,ltaBJIeHHe BH}'TpH IJ;HJIHH-
a B03pOCJIO .n;o 35.10 5 IIa, a IIepBOHa'IaJIbHbIH
:\ !->fu.eM YMeHbllIHJICH B 15 pa3 (CTeIIeHb C THH).
:...0.....
Ir>()1poBeHb '8). Ha pHC. 70 11306paJKeHbI .n;Ba IJ;HKJIa:
't.:iA,.- 2 - - 1 H 1 - 3 - 4 - 1. 06a :U;HKJIa npoBe-
it JIbI C O.n;HHM MOJIeM p:.n;e<l!lbHoro Q,ltHoaToMHoro
\ a. Y KaKOI'O H3 IJ;HKJIOB KII):{ 60JIbme H BO
[aoJI opa3? ,
-;-\
{
t'; '
p
------------ ? 1 1 3
------------- .---------------.
1: : 4
I I
I I
I I
2
a
Yo
3\1j
v
PHC. 70
6. B IJ;HJIHH,ZJ;p .n;BHraTeJIH BHYTpeHHerocropaHHH B a-
cbIBaeTCjf aTMoccl> pHbIH B03,ltyX npH TeMnepaType '
17°C, a 3aTeM CiKHMaeTCjf .n;o .n;aBJIeHHH 40.1 ()5 IIa.
PaCC'I TaHTe CTeneHb ciKaTIDI B03.ZJ;yXa B IJ;HJIllH.ltpe
, l(BC, eCJIH TeMneparypa OKaToro B03.n;yxa paBHa
527°C. IIepBoHa'IaJIbHoe .n:aBJIeHHe BHYTPH IJ;H-
JIHH.n;pa paBHo 10 5 IIa.
7. B03MOX<HO JIH, HCIIOJIb3YH B Ka'IeCTBe HarpeBaTe-
JIH BO.n;y OKeaHa C TeMneparypoH 20°C, a B Ka'Ie-
CTBe XOJIO.n;HJIbHHKa - JIe.n;HHoH aHc6epr, IIOCTPO-
HTb TenJIOBYIO MaumHY C KIIl( 6 %.
CaMocToATenbHaA pa60Ta 3.2
(BblnOnHJleTCJl AOMa)
1. TeIIJIOBOH .n;BHraTeJIb nOJIY'IaeT OT HarpeBaTeJIH
0,4 Ml(x< TeIIJIOT:bt H OT.n;aeT XOJIO.n;HJIbHHKY
0,1 Ml(x<. qeMY paBeH KIIl( TaKOrO ,ltimraTeJIH?
/ j
2. TeMnepaTypa HarpeBaTeJIH H,lteaJIbHOrO TeIIJIOBoro
,l];BHraTeJIH paBHa 425 K, a XOJIO.n;HJIbHHKa 300 K.
):{BHraTeJIb IIOJIyqaeT OT HarpeBaTeJIH 4.10 4 l(x<
TenJIOTb . PaCC'IHTaHre pa60ry, cOBepmeHHyIO pa-
60'IHM TeJIOM .n;BHraTeJIH.
3. . KIIl( H.n;eaJIbl:lOrO TeIIJIOBOrO .n;BHraTeJIH paBeH
35 %. faa nO.,1IyqHJI OT HarpeBaTeJIH 70 Kl(x< TeII-
JIOTbI. KaKoe KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIOTbI OT.n;aHO XOJIO-
.n;HJIbHHKY?
4. Kill( H,lteaJIbHoro TeIIJIOBoro .n:BllraTeJIH paBeH
45 %. PaCC'IHTaHTe TeMIIepaTYPY HarpeBaTeJIH,
eCJIH TeMnepaTypa XOJIO.n;HJIbHHKa 5 DC.
CaMOCTOATenbHaA pa60Ta 4
(ypoaeHb 6, BblnoJ1HJMm:llBKnacc-e'HAOMa)
1. B Me.n;HOM cocYAe MaccoH 2 Kr HarpeBaeTcH.n;o pac-
nJiaBJIeHllH 0,8 Kr OJIOBa OT 22°C .n;o '232°C. KaKoe
KOJIll'IeCTBO TenJIOTbI IIOTpe6yeTcH MH aToro, eCJIH
314
MOJIEKYJI.HPHA.H <1>1I3IIKA. TEPMO,lJ;IIHAMIiKA
C'IHTaTb Ha'IaJIbHYIO H KOHe'IHYIO TeMrrepaTypbI
cocy.n;a H OJIOBa O,ltHHaKOBbIMH?
2. C KaKoH BbICOTbI .n;OJIiKeH 6bIJI6'bJ rralI,aTh rpa.n; C
TeMrrepaTypoH 0 DC, 'IT06bI rpa.n;HHKll npH Y.ztape 0
3eMJIIO paCIIJIaBHJIHCb? COrrpOTllBJIeHHe B03.n;yxa
He yqHTbIBaTb. .
3. KYCOK CBHHIJ;a y.n;apHeTcH 0 IIpenHTCTBHe co CKO
M
pOCThIO 350 -. KaKaH 'IaCTb CBHHIJ;a paCIIJIaBHT-
c
CH; eCJIH Bce TeIIJIO, BbI.n;eJIHeMOe rrpH y.n;ape, rro-
rJIOIIJ;aeTCH CB HIJ;QM? TeMrrepaTypa CBHHIJ;a rrepe.n;
y apoM 27 DC.
4. HarpeTaH x<eJIe3HaH 60JIBaHKa MaccoH 3,3 Kf CTa-
BHTeH Ha rroBepXHOCTh JIb.n;a,HMeIOlItero TeMrrepa-
TYPY 0 DC. IIocJIe OXJIID{(,ZJ;eHIDI ,60JIBaHKH ,lt0 0 DC
rro.n; HeH paCIIJIaBHJIOCb 460 r JIb.n;a. KaKoBa 'feMrre-
paTYPa HarpeTOH 60JIBaHI}H? acceHBaHHe TeIIJIa
B oKpYiKaIOIItyIO cpe.n;y He yqHTbIBaTh.
5. B cocy,lt, co.n;epx<aIItHH 0,6' Kr BO.n;bI IIPH TeMnepa-
Type 10 DC, onycKaIOTO,8 Kr JIb,ZJ;a, B3HT0ro npH -20 DC.
IIpeHe6peraH TenJIo06MeHOM C OKPYiKaIOlIteH cpe- .
.n;OH II TenJIoeMKocTbIO cocy.n;a, onpe.n;eJIHTe TeMIIe-
paTYPY H COCTaB CO,ltepiKHMOro B cocy.n;e.
6. B BeAPe Haxo.n;HTCH CMeCb BO.n;bI co JIb.n;OM MaccoH
10 Kr. Be.n;po BHeCJIH B KOMHaTYH cpaaY)Ke CTaJIH
H3MepHTb TeMrrepaTYPY CMeCH. IIoJIY'IHBmaHcH '
3aBHCHMOCTb TeMnepaTypbI CMeCH OT BpeMeHH
H306paJKeHa Ha pHC. 71. Orrpe.n;eJIHTe Maccy JIb.n;a
B Be,ltpe, Kor,n:a ero BHeCJIH B KOMHaTY. TeIIJIOeM-
KOCThIO Be.n;pa npeHe6pe'Ib.
I, .C
2
" -""""- i ----r-----r-,---r--' -T---- -----;
, I ' I I . , I ' j ,
-+--"L--+--1---j- -..L--L-j -:-- , ----1---- __..1 1
Ii' .1 i ! i lit i
" ,I -+ i ! : 1 _
.. .: , I l ' I ' I ; I I I
'-_-+--- + _ + -- -, +- -----+-+-----1--+_ -1
,I I I , I I I I I
I ' I ' ! I ' 1 I 1 i
1 + -t-+--+--..-I,-- - --
U I,: I I! I ,:
-- ----f--,L--L__.L_+-_ -----Lj - '1--- 1
i I ! Ii! 1 Ii! ! I
o
20 .
40
PHC. 71
60 ''t, MHH
Ca OCTOATen"HaA pa60Ta 5
(ypoBeH..&, BblnOnHJle;rCSl B KI1acce H AOMa)
1. HeKoTOpoe KOJIH'IeCTBO reJIHH pacllIHpHeTcH: CHa-
'IaJIa - a.n;Ha6aTHq, a 3aTeM - H306apHo. KOHe'I-
HaH TeMnepaTypa raaa paBHa Ha'IaJIbHOH, rrpH a.n;Ha- ;
6aTHOM pacmu:peHHH ra3 COBepllIHJI pa60Ty 3 K.l{iK. :;
IIocTpoHTe npHMepHbIH rpacl>HK IIpol(ecca B CHC-
TeMe Koop.n;HHaT p - V H orrpe.n;eJIHTe pa60Ty raaa
rrpH H306paHOM npoIJ;ecce.
2. O.n;HH MOJIb H.n;eaJIbHOrO raaa HaxO.n;HTCH B IJ;HJIHH-
.n;pe rro.n; nopmHeM rrpH TeMrrepaTYPe'T t . raa Harpe-
BaIOT rrpH rrOCTOHHHOM .n;aBJIeHHH .n;o TeMrrepaTY- ':
phi T 3 .lIocJIe amro raa OXJIaiK.n;aIOT IIPH rrOCTOHH- '
HOM 06'beMe H IIPH rrOCTOHHHOM .n;aBJIeHllH TaK, 'ITO
ero 06'beM IIa.n;aeT .n;o nepBOHa'IaJIbHoro 3Ha'IeHHH
(pHC. 72). PaCC'IHTaHTe pa60Ty, cOBepmeHHYIO ra-
30M 3a I1HKJI, ecJIH H3BeCTHO, 'ITO TO'lKH 2 H 4 JIe- '
'.:>KaT Ha O.n;HOH H30TepMe.
p
I
\
\
R. ---- --
2 ,2
3 T3
,
,
,
,
,
"
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................. -'
""'-_ 4
P, m----t,-:
o I
VI
: --..._-
I
V 2
V
PHC. 72
3. Ha.n; O.n;HHM MOJIeM H.n;eaJIbHOrO ra3a cOBepmaeTCjf "
IJ;HKJI, H306pa)KeHHbm Ha pRC. 73. KaKYIO pa60Ty
cOBepmHJI ra3 BO BpeMH aToro rrpoIJ;ecca?
a - rrOCTOHHHlliI BeJIll'IHHa.
P p=aVf'
#\ ---------------- i
P, ----m C :
1: / 3 :
I ;,...' :
, ' I
" I I
.,.' I I
...,' I I
o
,
4
I
;
)
J
,
J
j
1
4. Ha pHC. 74 npHBe.n;eH IJ;HKJIH'IeCKHH npoIJ;eCC B CH-
CTeMe KOOp.n:HHaT V - T. 1I306paaHTe .n;aHHbIHnpo- i
IJ;ecc B CHCTeM Koop.n;HHaT p - V. PaCC'IHTaHre
KII,lJ; IJ;HKJIa. Pa60'lee TeJIO - H.n;eaJIbHbIH O.n;HO-
aTOMHbIH ra3.'
T I
T 2
T
PHC. 73
,
OcaOBbJ TepMO.ltHHaMHKH
, ,
315:
I
I
I
V I
. )
,,': ;;............ :
, ...'" I
.........I I ,
o
To
3To
T
PRC. 74
5. 'B IJ;HJIHH,ZJ;pH'IeCKOM cocy.n;e IIO.n; nopmHeM Haxo-
. .n;I1TCH 1 MOJIb HJ{eaJIbHOrO OJ{HoaTOMHoro raaa.
Macca nopmHH ml' IIJIOIIlaAb Ce'IeHHH nopmHH S.
KaKoe KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIOTbI Ha.n;O nO,ltBo.n;HTb K
ra3Y B e.n;HHHIJ;y BpeMeHH, 'IT06bI nopmeHb }J;BHraJI"'
CH paBHoMepHo BBepx co CKOpoCThIO v? ATMoccl>ep-
Hoe .n;aBJIeHHe PO' TpeHHeM MeiK.n;y nopmHeM H
CTeHKaMH cocy.n;a npeHe6pe1Jb.
,
i 6. PaCC'IHTaHTe pa6OTY, cOBepmeHHYIO 1 MOJIeM H,lte-
aJIbHOrO ra3a B l(HKJIe, COCTOHlIteM H3 J{BYX yqacT-
KOB JIHHeii:HoH 3aBHCHMOCTI1 .n;aBJIeHHH OT 06'beMa
H H30XOpbl (pHC. 75). TO'IKH 2 H 3 JIeiKaT Ha H30-
TepMe, npHMaH 3 - 1 npoxo.n;HT 'Iepea Ha'IaJIO KO-
Op.n;HHaT. 3a.n;aHbI TeMnepaTypbI T 1 H T 2 = T3'
p
2
3
---------
o
v
PHC. 75
,7. Ha pHC. 76 H306pa)KeH I1J{eaJIH3HpOBaHHbIH l(HKJI
6eH3HHoBoro .n;BHraTeJIji BHYTpeHHero cropaHHH.
Y'!aCroK 1 - 2 cooTBeTcTByeT a.n;Ha6aTHoMY CiKa-
THIO rOpIO'IeH CMeCll; Y'IaCTOK 2 3 - H30XOpHO-
MY cropaHHIO TOnJIHBa, KorJ{a pa60'Iee TeJIO nOJIY-
'!aeT KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIOTbI Q; yqacToK 3 - 4 COOT-
:BeTcTByeT a.n;Ha6aTHoMY paclllHpeHHIO pa60'Iero
-TeJla; Y'lacTOK 4 - 1 - H30XOPHOMY BbIIlYCKY OT-
,'-'pa60TaHHbIx ra30B. BbIpaaliTe KII.lI. .n;BHraTeJlH
.\ V.
''Iepea CTeneHb CiKaTHH ra3a x =...1. .
p
3'
Qf'
o
.
I 1
V 1
V 2 .
v
PI1c.76
8. lI.n;eaJIbHbIH ras IIepeBeJIH H3 COCTO.flHHH C .n;aBJIe-
HHeM P 1 = 150 KlIa H 06'heMOM V 1 = 20,S JI B cocTO-
HHHe C .n;aBJIeH11eM P 2 = 400 KIIa 'H 06'beMOM
V 2 -=4,5 J:!-. PaCC'IllTaHTe MaKCHMaJIbHYIO TeMnepa-
TYPy raaa B aTOM npOIJ;eCCe,eCJIll1l3BecTHO, qTorpa-
cl>HK 113MeHeHHH COCTOHHHH ra3a B Koop.n;HHa:rax
P - V (pIiC. 77) npe,ltCTaBJIHeT ,co60H, rrpHMylO JII1-
HHIO. KOJIH'IeCTBa :aeineCTBa v= 0,75 MOJIb.
p
Po '-'-,
p. ---_::-
2
,
,
I
I
,
,
I
:
u____-:_'___________________, _,_
I I ..........
o
V 2
v,
v
PHC. 77
9. HI1iKHHH KOHeIJ; BepTHKaJIbHOH Y3KOH Tpy6im .D;JIH-
HOH 2L 3aIlaHH, a BepXHHH OTKpbIT B aTMoccl>epy.
B HHX<HeH nOJIOBHHe Tpy6KH (pHC. 78) Haxo.n;HTCH
ra3 npH TeMnepaType To, a BepXHHH nOJIOBHHa
Tpy6KH 3anOJIHeHa I>TYTbIO. Tpy6KY Ha'IHHaIOT
Me.n;JIeHHO HarpeBaTb. 110 KaKOH MHHHMaJIbHOH
TeMnepaTypbI HYiKHO HarpeTb! raa B Tpy6K€, 'IT06bI
OH BbITecHRII BCIO PTYTh? BHemHee .n;aBJIeHlle Po'
H3MepeHHoe,B MM pT, CT:, paBHO L.
PHC. 78
ru
311'
MOJIEKYJI.HPHAH <I>M3MKA. TEPMO,lJ;MHAMIiKA
"""'"
KOHTponltHaA pa60ta NI1
(YPO"HIt A, pacc4HTaHa Ha 40 MHHyr)
BapMaHT1
1. B 6aJIJIOHe liaxO.lUlTCJI 2 Kr HeOHa npH TeMnepary-
pe 3.00 K. qeMy paBHa BH)7TPeHHHH 3HeprnH raaa?
2. KII,l{ H.Z1 Horo TenJIOBOro ,ZJ;BHraTeIDI paBeH 40 %.
fa3 nOJIy'IWI OT HarpeBaTemr 5 K,l{iK TenJIOTbI. Ka j
Koe KOJIH'IecTBO TenJIPTbI OT.l¥lHO XOJIO.zurnbHllKY?
3. IIpH nepe,ltaqe H,ZJ;eam.HOMy l'a3y 2.10 4 .l!)K TenJIO-
ThI OH COBepIIIHJI pa6OTy, paBHYIO 0,5-10 5 .lJ.x<. Ha
CKOJIbKO H3MeHHJIaCb BHYTPCHHHH aHeprHH raaa?
qTO npoH30illJIO C raaOM: oxJIaiK,lteHlle HJIH J{arpe-
BaHlle? .
4. faa nepeBO,ZJ;HTCH H3 COCTOHHHH 1 B COCTOHHHe 3,ZJ;By-
MH pa3JIH'IHbIMH CIIoc06aMH (pHC. 79):
1-.:..2-3;
1-4-3.
p-uf, na
12
8
4
1
10 20
. PHC. 79
30 V. J
B KaKOM 113 aTHX CJIyqaeB coaepmaeTCJI 60JIbmasI
pa6OTa? KaKOMy COCTOIDIHIO COOTBeTCTByeT HaH-
MeHbmaH TeMneparypa? OTBeT 06 uyii:Te.
BapHaHI 2
1. lI,lteaJIbHbIH TenJIOBOH .n;BHraTeJIb IIOJIyqaeT OT Ha-
rpeBaTeJIH 0,6 M.lJ.x< TenJIOTbI H qr.n;aeT fOJIO.n;llJIb-
HHKY 0,2 M.lJ.)K TenJIOTbI. qeMy paBeH KII.lJ. TaKO-
ro .n;BHraTeJIH?
2. PaCCtiliTaHTe BHyTpeHHIOIO aHeprnIO 1 MOJIH reJIHH,
HaxONllIterOCH IIPH TeMneparype 127 DC.
3. KaKYIO pa60TY COaepmHJI BO.n;OPO.n; MaCCOH 3 Kr
npH H306apHOM HarpeBaHlili Ha 10 K?
4. Ha pHC. 80 nOKa3aH nepexo.n; raaa H3 CoCTOHHHH1'
B COCTOHHlle 2. Ha30BllTe STOT npoIJ;ecc II Harm i
mHTe ypaBHeHHe, nepBoro 3aKOHa TepMO.n;HHaMH-'
Kll MH 3TOro npoIJ;ecca.
p
2
1
rMnep60na
o
v
PRC. 80
KOHTpoliltHaA pa60Ta Nt 2
(ypoBeHIt 5, paCC4HTaHa Ha 40 MHHyr)
,
BaPHaHT 1
1. CKOJIbKO MOJIeKYJI reJIHH 6bIJIO B 3aKpbITOM cocy-
lie, eCJIH IIPH HarpeBaHHH Ha O DC , BHYTpeHHHH
aHeprnH raaa YBeJIH'IHJIaCb Ha 2 K,l1X\?
2. B H,lteaJIbHOH TenJIOBOH MamHHe 3a C'IeT KaiK,ltOrO
KHJIO,ltiKOYJIH aHeprnH, IIOJIyqaeMoH OT HarpeBaTe-
JIH, COBepmaeTCH pa60Ta 300 .lJ.x<. Onpe,lteJIHTe
KII.lJ. MamHHbI H TeMneparypy HarpeBaTeJIH, eCJIH
TeMneparypa XOJIO,ltHJIbHHKa paBHa 7 DC.
3. B03.n;yx IIPH 0 DC H .n;aBJIeHllH 184 KIIa 3aHHMaeT B
l111JIHH.n;pe no.n; IIopmHeM 06'beM 0,2 M 3 . KaKOBa
pa60Ta, cOBepmeHHaH B npOIJ;ecce H306apHoro pac-
/ IIIHpeHHH B03,ltyxa npH HarpeBaHHH ero Ha 30 K?
KaKOBO IIOrJIOlIteHHoe npu aTOM Kon:H'IeCTBO Ten-
JIOTbI?
4. Haii.n;HTe KII.lJ. H306paJKeHHoro Ha pHC. 81 IJ;HI<JIa.
Pa60'Iee TeJIO - H,lteaJIbHbIH O,ltHOaTOMHhIii ra3.
p
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, I
, I
, I
, I
2p
o
o
3V o
5V o V
V o
PHC. 81
OCHOBbI TepMO.n;HHaMHKH
317
BapMaHT 2
1. PaCC'IHTaHTe pa60ry pacmHpeim}l 20 JI ra3a .npH
ero H306apHoM HarpeBaHHH OT 300 K ,lt0 393 K.
.lJ.aBJIeHlle raaa npHMHTe paBHbIM 80 KIIa.
2. TeMIIepaTypa HarpeBaTeJIH H,lteaJIbHOH TenJIOBOH
MamHHbI paBHa 117°C, a XOJtO.n;UJIbHHKa 27°C.
KoJlli'IeCTBO T nJIOTbI, IIOJIyqaeMoe MamMHOH OT
HarpeBaTeJIH 3a 1 C paBHO 60 K.lJ.x<. BbNHCJIHTe
KII.lJ. MamHHbI, a TaKx<e KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIOTbI,
OT.n;aBaeMoe XOJIO.n;HJIbHHKY B i c.
3. B IJ;HJIHH,ZJ;pe C IIJIOIIta.n;bIO OCHOBaHHH 0,25 M 2 no.n;
IIopmHeM HaxO.n;HTCH 0,022 Kr Bo.n;opo.n;a rrpH OOC
H .n;aBJIeHHH 250 KIIa. faa H306apHo HarpeBaIOT,
co061ItaH eMY 17,2 K.lJ.x< TenJIOTbI. PaCC'IHTaHTe
cOBepmeHHYIO npH aTOM pa60ry, aTaKiKe H3MeH -
Hlle TeMIIepaTypbI B ' JIHH,ZJ;pe.' . .
4. HaH.n;HTe KILZJ: H306paJKeHHoro Ha pHC. 82 IJ;HKJIa.
Pa60'Iee TeJIO - H,l.{eam.HbIH o.n;HoaroMHbIH ra3.
p
2po
1
2
Po
I
I
I
I
I
I
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: 3:
I I
I I
I I
o
3V o
PHC. 82
5V o V
V o
1
bU4
IIi#1cJ1i
TeCT no pUAeny MoneK,YIIApHaA
c1JM3MKa, TenpMoAMHaMMKa»
(paCCI.fHTaH Ha 40 MHH)
BapMaHT 1
'IacTIt A
I. B npoIJ;ecce ,ltllcl>cl>Y3HH...
o A. MOJIeKYJIbI (aToMbI) O.n;Ho"ro BelIteCTBa rrpo-
HHKaIOT B MeX<MOJIeKYJIHpHOe (Mex<atoM-
Hoe) npoCTp<iHcTBO APyroro BelIteCTBa.
o o. MOJIeKYJlbI (aTOMbI) O,ltHOro BelItecTBa npo-
HllKaIOT B Mo.neKY.1Ibi:(aTOMbI) .n;Pyroro Be-
lIteCTBa.
'"'>,
0' R MOJIeKYJIbI (aTOMbI) BeIIleCTBa Haxo.n;HTCH B
COCTOHHHH nO OH.
o f. 'MOJIeKY.7J:bI (aTOMbI) B lIte TBa YBeJIJ:I'Ill a-
IOTCH B paaMepax.
'2. KaKOH. BH,lt TenJIOrrepe.n;a'IH c rrpOBO)K.n;aeTcH ne-
peHOCOM BelIteCTBa? '
o A. TOJIbKO TeIIJIOnpoBo.n;HOCTh.
o o. TOJIbKO KO BeKIJ;HH.
o B. TOJIbKO H3JIy'leHlle.
o f. TenJIOnpoBo.n;HOCTb H H3JIyqeHHe
3. KaKoH 13M TerrJIOO6MeHa B OCHOBHOM orrpe.n;emieT
nepe.n;a'IY aHepmH OT COJIHIJ;a I< 3eMJIe?'
o A. KOHBeI<l( }I.'
o '0. 1I3JIyqeHHe.
o B: T enJIOrrpOBo.n;HOCTb.
o f. TeIIJIOnpoBo.n;HoCTb Ii KOHBeKIJ;HH
4. Ha KaKo H3 rpacl>uKoB - A, 0, B HJIH f - MOX<HO
HaHTH yqacToK, cooTBeTcTBYIOIItHHKpHCTaJIJIH3a-
IJ;HH pTyrn (CM. pHC. 83)?
'5. IIpn YBeJIH'IeHHH TeMrreparypbI ra3a B 3 pa3a cpe.n;-
HHH KHHeTll'IeCKaH aHepmH MOJIeKYJI... '
o A. YBeJIll'IllBa CH B 3 pa3a.
o o. YMeHbmaeTcH B 3 paaa.
o B. He H3MeHHeTCH.
o f. YBeJIll'IHBaeTCH B 9 pa3.
6. fro CX<aJIll, cOBepmHB pa60ry, paBHYIO 3,6 K.lJ.x<. B
I rrpOl(ecce cx<aTHH B oKpyx<aIOIItYIO cpe,lty 6bIJIO
nepe.n;aHo 3 K.lJ.x< TeIIJIOTbI. 1I3MeHeHHe BHYTpeH-
HeH sHepmH raaa'paBHo...
o A. 3,6 K.lJ.Ji<.
o o. 0,6 .lJ.x<.
o B. 3 K.lJ.x<:
o f. 6,6 K.lJ.x<.
'7. HarpeTbIH KllprrH'I MaccoH 4 Kr, OXJIaJK.n;aHCb B BO
Ha 2°C, OT.n;aeT eH 7040 .lJ.x< aHepmH. qeMY pa Hia
y.n;eJIbHaH T nJIO MKqcTb KllprrH'Ia?
o A. 880 c "
, ,l];)f(
o o. 56320 Kr 0c .
J.f.'
MOJIEKY JI.HPHA5I <I>H31I;KA. TEPMO.n;IIHAMIiKA
t, .C
10
, i i I I , ! : I \'
-,- , ..-t---i--+---' I '---+---+'---+-- --: " -'i'"
, " 'i I '
--..j--,-j---+---i,--+--...i.--t---- L A ",,-
Iliiii:i
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-+-'-:-----!---r-"'+--..L , ' -- I ' f I
I I : ,I :" ..L
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! ! ! i j ! I j ' ! I !.
.!--+----t--- j ---+---I--+'''-- ,-'-'t----'---' _1_____
I ! i I I ii' I ! i
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" 1 , ! ! Iii : 1 I i
,. , -----j---+---+--r'- \----.1'----+.. --1 m -.
I : I ! I ! i I ' ,I --t..,
.+ "I,--+.-,'---'I----T'-r--"'-r- , '
! I J ! I ! t ! ! ! ___L__
._._..-t ---7----.'..-.".--". .t"- .-."r.'. -..- .(---- ---.-.r. f
: ' Iii ' I i I I I
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i I ,I : 1 i , i ! i
..--t----+ --t----l--.t-----I" -...t--'-I' .-;.... r',--'--
I I ' I , I ' I ' :.,
-r'+' +--+-+-,...-1-.'+' .+---. r---I" , '
I I . i I : ! I ! I :
- J J .l- I -.t.=t t t--: J .. -!- ---t.:.,
t 1 ! ! j ! ! ! 1 i
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-311L9 i :: ': I I ,
--':(---...-- --- '
.C '.
t, "I I I ' I , : : : j
: : I Ii I I (;:\ :
30 ..-1 - --t--t- -- ....., --..,.. - i--'- t-., - -
- ---L ----! -- :. f -.; ; ,. ., E:. . j '
I I . : ' I :' U
20 .. r - i-...t...[. -'( -:1 -1 - -I-"J '.. f".
"'f "j' :--. i': 1 ! T 1 i I
10 ,! 1.mLL.1" -.; ...1':',.""",.[....,..1
f .J l--i,.J.. ',L...!.:..-LL...j....--j
! t I j !: 1 Iii '
_,: Ij-;-j: ,-it T +-j- :
't, MHH
30
20
o
-10
't, MHH
t, .C I ! i i ! :
30 t . .'-;-+'-;'Ty---=j
:lit -jl1c;fj1
o
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't, MHH
i
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.+....
----;'----_. --
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I
.. j
!
..j
j
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1
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-40
- 30
t. ;:ltiJ-H ! tt=1 :1
10 ...L_L-L '.-.]....j..-.1.. L ,L.-L--r.J
- I! i : ! 'i i i i fill
- I- __1 -- --.-;-- -+---- t L - 1-- 1- --. -- _t-
+ ! I I I ! i i i ! ! I
20 . + -I .,J --t ---....... j.---..j.- ..,.. ,.. :.... --' .....
- I '::i'i i
___L_ m_ _ _ - - ----+--t---- _. I _
i i : ! i I !; B
: -'i' --t.. t -i ....[,...-y---t\ D {-..
- "1'---,--- ..........1---- -.,. -!- mf.-.-. -r 'l---
138, 'i I i-I i I Iii
-40
't, MHH
PHC. 83
,AJK
DB."" 0,001 Kr0C '
,AJK
o f. 3520 Kr0C '
8. KaKyIO Maecy cnnpTa He06xo.ltHMo CJKC'Ibj 'IT06bI
BbIlI,eJIHJIOCb 5,4.10 7 .n;JK TeIIJIOTbI? Y.n;eJIbHaH Ten-
JIOTa CropaHliH cnHpTa 2,7.107 ,AJK
Kr
o O. 0,5 Kr.
o B. 2 r.
o f. 2'Kr.
o A. 14,6,10 14 Kr.
9. KpHCTaJIJIll'IeCKOe TeJIO IIJIaBHTCH npH nocrojllf-
HOH TeMnepaType. IIpH aTOM no.n;Bo.n;HMaH K TeJIY
aHeprHH npe06paayeTCH...
o A. B MexaHH'IecKYIO aHeprllIO TeJIa.
OcHOBbI TepMO.n;miaMHKH
319
o
,0
O.
o. BO BHYTpeHHIOIO aHeprnlO TeJIa.
B. B KHHeTH'IeCKYID aHeprnIO TeJIa.
KaKoe KOJIH'feCTBO T nJIOTbI nOTpe6yeTcH .n;JIS!
TOro, 'IT06£I npeBpaTHTh B IIap 300 r IJ;HHKa npH
TeMIlepaType KMneHHH? Y.n;eJIbHaH TenJIOTa napo-
, ,l(JK
06Pa30BaHHH l(HHKa paBHa 1 800 000 -.
Kr,
o A. 5,7.10 7 LI)K. 0 o. 5,4.10 5 LI:>iC.
o B. 6000 LIx<. 0 f. 6.10 6 LIx<.
11. KaK MO:>iCHO 06eCne'IHTb H30Tep H'IHOCTb npo- -
IJ;eCCOB B raae?
o A. faa Ha.n;0 O'IeHb 6blCTpo HarpeTh.
o o. faa Ha.n;0 O'IeHb 6bICTpO OXJIa.n;HTh.
o B. faa .n;OJDKeH HaxO.n;llTbCH B TenJIOBOM paB-
HOBeCHH C OKpYiKaIOlIteH cpe.n;oH.
,0 f. faa .n;OJI)KeH HeorpaHH'IeHHO pacllIHpHTb-
CH.
, 12.
faa' nepexo.n;HT H3 COCTOHHHH 1 B COCTOHHHe 2.
KaKoH H3 rpacl>HKoB: A, ,0, B HJIH f (pHe..--&)- -
HBJIHeTCji rpacl>HKoM H30XOpHOro HarpeBaHHH?
11
p
1
p
2
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v
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5
p
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4
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p
2
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v
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B
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PHC. 84
13., KOHIJ;eHTpaIJ;ll}J MOJIeKYJI raaa'npH ieMnepaType
200 K H .n;aBJIeHHH 138 KIIa paBHa...
o A. 1,45 M- 3 .
o o. 690 M- 3 .
o B.2,76.10 7 M- 3 .
o f. 5.10 25 M- 3 .
V 4 .
fOpH'IHH nap nOCTy"aeT B TYp6HHY npH TeMne-
paType 500 DC, a BbIXO.ltHT npH TeMneparype 30 DC.
C'IHTaH, napOBYIO MamHHY' H,Z(eaJIbHOH, OIJ;eHHTe
ee KIILI.
o A. 160 %.
o B.94%.
Do.
Of.
106%.
60%.
15. t.JeMY paBHa pa60Ta npH nepexo.n;e ra3a H3 CO<;TO-
HHHH 1 B COCTOHHlle 2 (pHC. 85)?
P .10\ na
:]'. J :_T:T:-[]-l I, :;:' 'J
i ! i ! : Iii I :
4 -'+-1"+"+";"'-'-'+' {u_j"..j
I Ii! ! ill ! !
.+. '.i!-1 ....+- , 1...1.... i. I
i : : i 2 i i : i' i I
3 --!---+- : '"."I,.+..j......i....,.j
I I!!:!!
I.t'r "r...!...-tnmjj'!
2'1:.1..J:'.1].j.'J--. LJ
, I ; I : :
: :! I : ! I t
+- . i i '-!-..,..{..,.. . .... .,';
i : i 1 I ! ! ! J i
--r"..'.. -+---, _-_N .h_. r.""-.-"i ----t -----t- ---
! I ! i i !
0 1 2 3 . 4 V, 3
PHC. 85
0 A. 3 KLIiK.
0 o. 6 KLIiK.
0 B. O.
0 f. 2 KLIiK.
'Iacn 6
16. Ha pHC. 86 B CHCTeMe KOOp.ltHHiiT p - V H306pa-
. )KeH rpacl>HK H30TepMll'IecKoro.npoIJ;ecca H,lteaJ:rb....
Horo raaa.
KaKOH H3 rpacl>'HKoB, npe.n;cTaBJIeHHbIX Ha pHc..87:
A, 0, B HJIH f - COOTBeTcTByeT aTOMY npoIJ;eecy
B CHCTeMe Koop.n;HHaT p - T?
320
MOJIEKYJI.HPHA.H <D113IIKA. TEPMO.n;I1HAMI1KA
p
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PHC. 86
1
p
2
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p P 1
1 2 d/
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B r
PHC. 87
17. BHYTPeHHHH 9HeprnH H,lteaJIbHoro raaa IIPH a.n;ll-
a6aTHoM npoIJ;ecce, rpacl>HK KOTopOrOnpe,ltCTaB-
JIeH Ha pHC. 88,..
o A. He H3MeHHeTCH;
o O. YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH;
o B. YMeHbmaeTCH;
o f. CHa'IaJIa YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH, 3aTeM YMeHhma-
eTCH. -
18. l1.zteaJIhHbIii: ra3 OIIpeII.eJIeHHOH MaCChI nfWCBQZUIT-
CH H3 O,ltHoro COCTOSIHIDI B Jij>yI'Oe TpeM1l crroco6aMH:
(pHC. 89): 1 - 2; 1 - 3 H 1 - 4.
KaIofM COCTOHHHHM COOTBeTCTBYIOT O.n;HHBKoBhIe
TeMIlepa1YP bI ? ,
p
\
\
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1 ""'"""
"
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o
2
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PHC. 88
T
p -104 , nit
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4 1
3
2
1
o
3
2
4
PHC. 89
o A. 1 H 2.
o O. 1 H 3.
D B. '1 H 4.
o f. 2,3H4.
V19. BHYTPCHHHe CJIOH COJIHLta YCJIOBHO .n;eJIjJ:T Ha TPH
\ IIpHMepHo O,ltliHaKOBbIe no npOTHiKeHIfOCTH 'iac-
- Tll: 30Ha H,ltepHbIx peaKIJ;ItH, JIyqllCTaH 30Ha, KOH-
BeKTHBHaH 30Ha. B KaKoH H3 30H npoHcxo.n;HT
nepeHoc Be1IJ;ecTBa?
o A. B 30He H,ltepHbIx peaKIJ;HH.
o O. B JIyqHCTOH 3OHe.
o B. B KOHBeKTHBHoH 30He.
o f. Bo Bcex 30Hax.
20. Ha pHC. 90 npHBe,lteH rpa<pHK3aBHCHMOCTH B
peHHeH ::meprnH HeKoTopoH MaCCbI o,ltHOaToMHQ-
ro H,lteaJlbHOrO raaa OT TeMIIepaTypbI. MCIIOJIb3YH ;
rpacl>HK, onpe.n;eJIHTe KOJIll'IeCTBO MOJIeH B .lI;aH-
HOM ra3e.
, ""j
1_.',3
OCHOBbI TepMO,nHHaMllKli
32'1
u,
600
-.----r---,
! ! i ! !
__-!- _'_ _--!____-1u,_.._ U"
_LLJ_1 __,1___ 1
! ! ! I ! ·
--j--'-r--i -r--l----!
--4----1---+ J
1,/ j i ! I
'7t--- --t---1--..-t---
400
200
o
10
20
30
T,K
PHC. 90
D- A. 10 MOJIb.
D O. 200 MOJIb.
D B. == O, MOJIb.
D f. "" 1,6 MOJIb.
, BapMaHT 2
'1aCTIt A
1. KaKHe «I>1l311'IeCKlie napaMeTpbI ,ltOJIiKltbI 6bITb
O,ltHHaKOBbIMli Y TeJI, Haxo.n;HlItllXCH B TeIIJIOBOM
paBHoBecHH?
D A. JJ:aBJIeHlle.
D o. KOHIJ;eHTpaIJ;HH.
D B. TeMnepaTypa.
D r. OP1>eM.
. )J(eJIe3HbIH 6pYCOK npaKTll'IeCKli HeB03MOiKHO
. CiKaTb. 3TO 06DHcIDIeTcH TeM, 'ITO ppll CiKaTHli 'Ia-
CrnIJ;bI iKeJIe3a.:. r
I D, A. Ha'IHHaIOT HenpepbIBHo, xaoTH'ieclm .n;BU:-
raTbCH.
. ..
D o. Ha'IllHaIOT CHJIbHee npHTm'HBaThCH',ltpyr K
.n;pyry.
D B. llMeIOT o.n;HHaKOBYIO MaCCY H O.n;HHaKOBbIe
paaMepbI.
D f. Ha'IllHaIOT CHJIbHee OTTaJIKHBaTbCH .n;pyr.oT
.ltPyr a .
.- JJ:JIH o6orpeBa nOMelIteHll llCnOJIb3YIOTCH 6aTapeH
, IJ;eHTpaJIbHoro OTOnJIeHllH. 060rpeBY KOMHaTbI
npeHMylIteCTBeHHO cnoc06cTBYeT...
D A. T IIJIOnpOBO,ZJ;HOCTb.
D O. KOHBeKI.{HH.
D B. 113JIY'leHlle.
D f. 1I3JIyqeHlle II TenJ10npoBO,ZJ;HOCTb
4. B .npoIJ;ecce "IlJIaBJIeHllSl TBep,noro TeJIa Cpe,ltHHH
CKOpOCTh ,ZJ;BlliKeHHH MOJIeKYJI He YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH.
IIPOllCXO.n;HT JIH npH IIJIaBJIeHllll H3MeHeHHe BHYT-
peHHeH aHeprnH TeJIa?
D A. BHYTpeHHHH aHeprnH TeJIa He 113MeIDIeTCH.
o O. BHYTpeHHHH aHeprnH TeJIa YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH.
D B. BHYTpeHHHH aHeprnH TeJIa YMeHbmaeTCH.
D f. BHYTpeHHHH aHeprnH TeJIa llHor.n;a YBeJIll-
'IliBaeTCH, llHorlIa YMeHbIiIaeTCH. '
5. JJ:Ba o.n;llHaKOBbIX T ep,ltbIX TeJIa, HMeIOlItlie paa-
JIH'IHbIe TeMnepaTypbI, npliBeJIH B conpHKOCHOBe- .
Hlle TpeMSI cnoc06aMH TaK, KaK IIOKaaaHO Ha pn-
cyltKe 91. KaKoe H3 nepe'IllCJIeHHbIX HHiKe YrBep--
iKAeHHH HBJIHeTCH BepHbIM?
2 S1°e
10e 1
1
1°e
S1 0 e 2 '
/I
Puc. 91
III
D A. TenJIonepe,lta'Ia ocylItecTBJIHeTCH TOJIbKO B
nOJIOiKeHllH I OT TeJIa 1 K TeJIy 2. .
D o. TeIIJIonepe.n;a'Ia ocYIIteCTBJIHeTCH TOJIbKO B
nOJIOiKeHHH II OT TeJIa 2 K TeJIy 1.
D B_. TeIIJIonepe.n;a'Ia ocylIteCTBJIHeTCH TOJIbKO B
nOJIOiKeHHH III OT TeJIa 1 K TeJIy 2. .
,D f. B JII06QM nOJIOiKeHllH TeJI TeIIJIOnepe.n;a'Ia
ocylItecTBJIHeTCH OT TeJIa.2 K TeJIy 1.
6. IIJIaBJIeHlle BelIteCTBa IIpOllCXO,ltHT noroMY, 'lT0....
D A. 'IaCTHIJ;bI C JII06bIMH CKOpOCTHMll nOKll.n;a-
lOT TBep.n;ge TeJIO.
D o. 'IaCTllIJ;bI YMeHbmaIOTcH B paaMepax.
D B. paapymaeTCH KpliCTaJIJIll'IeCKaH pemeTKa.
322
MOJIEKY JI.HPHA.H <l>113IIKA. TEPMO,aIIHAMIiKA
D f. YMeHbmaeTCH nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHaH aHeprn}): 'Iac-
THIJ; TBep,ltoro TeJIa.
7. qeM 06ycJIoBJIeHo 6pOYHoBcKoe ,ltBHiKeHHe?
D A. CTOJIKHOaeHHeM MOJIeKyJI iKH.n;KOCTH (HJIli
raaa) ,ltPyr C ,ltpyrOM.
D o. CTOJIKHOBeHueM 'IaCTllIJ;, B3BemeHHbIX B
iKH.n;KOCTH (HJIli ra3e).
D B. CTOJIKHOaeHlleM MOJIeKYJI )KH.n;KOCTH (HJIli
raaa) C 'IaCnlIJ;aMll, B3BemeHHbIMli B HeH
'(HeM).
D f. HH O,ltHOH 113 YKaaaHHbIX npH'IHH.
8. 113 XOJIO,lUL7IbHHKa BbIHYJIH naKeT C 200 r Keqmpa
II nOCTaBHJIH Ha CTOJI. TeMnepaTypa B XOJIO,ltHJIb-
HHKe 4°C. KaKoe KOJUI'IeCTBO TeimoTbI nOJIyqHT
Ke<pilp npll HarpeBaHim .no KOMltaTHOH TeMnepa-
TYPbI 24 .C? Y,lteJIbHaH TenJIOeMKOCTb Kecl>Hpa paB-
Ha 3800 Kr 0c .
D A. 3040 ,aiK.
o o. 15,2 M,aiK.
D B. 15,2 K,aiK.
D f. 18240 ,aiK.
9. KaKoe KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIOTbI BbI.n;eIDIeTCH npH nOJI-
HOM cropaHllH 5 Ta]lTpaIJ;HTa? Y,lteJIbHaH TeIIJIOTa
V .
CropaHllH aHTpaIJ;HTa paBHa 3.10 7 -.
Kr
D A. 15.10 7 ,aiK.
D o. 15.10 10 ,aiK.
D B. 6.10 6/ ,aiK.
D f. 6.10 3 ,aiK.
10. Ha KaKOM 113 rpa<pllKoB (pHC. 92): A, 0, B HJIH f
- MOiKHO HaHTH Y'IacroK, COOTBeTCTBYIOIItHH KH-
'IIeHllIO iKH,ltKOCTH?
11. B npOIJ;eCce a.n;Ha6aTHoro CiKaTHSI Ha.n; raaOM co-
BepmaeTCH pa6OTa, paBHM 30 M,a)K. IIpH aTOM
BHYTpeHHHH aHeprnH raaa...
D A. CTaHOBHTCH paBHOH HYJIIO;
D O. YMeHbmaeTCH Ha 30 M,aiK;
D B., YBeJIH'IHaaeTCH Ha 30 M,aiK;
D f. MOiKeT YBeJIH'IHTbCH HJIli YMeHbm:tfTcH Ha
30 M,a)i(.
t, .C
t, .C
:1
j
;
o
o
't,MHH
't, MHH
A
6
t, .C
-.j
:;
;
i
t, .C
o
o
't,MHH
't, MHH
B
r
PHC. 92
12. faa nepexo.n;HT 113 COCTOSlHllH 1 B COCTOHHHe 2.
KaKoH 113 rpa<pllKoB (pHC. 93): A, 0, B HJIH f -
SlBJIHeTCH rpacl>llKOM H30xopHoro HarpeBaHHH?
p p ]
1 2
--- . .
1,
,
0 v 0 v
A 6
P [ P -
,
I
,
0 V 0 / V
B r
PHC. 93
OCHOBbI TepMO.n;HHaMHKH
32'3
13. qeMY paBHa TeMnepaTypa MOJIeKYJIHpHoro aaOTa
B 6aJIJIOHe BMeCTHMOCTbIO 8,3.10- 3 M 3 ? Macca, ra3a
140 r, ,l):aBJIeHHe paBHO 3,5 MTIa.
o A. 700 K.
o O. 273 K.
o B. -8 K.
o f. 70 K.
14. 1I3MeHHeTC.H JIH BHYTpeHHHH aHepmH ra3a npH
H30TepMH'IeCKOM pacHI peHHH?
o A. YBt:JIJf'lHBaeTcH.
o Ii YMeHbmaeTcH.,
o B. He H3MeHHeTC.H.
o f. BHy1peHHH.H aHepmH MOiKeT rrpHHllMaTb
JII060e 3Ha'IeHHe.
15. TenJIOBa.H MamliHa nOJIY"l1faeT OT .HarpeBaTeJI.H
0,4 Mj.{iK TeIIJIOTbI II OT,MeT XOJIO.n;HJIbHHKy 0, 1 Mj.{iK
TeIIJIOTbI. QIJ;eHHTe MaKCHMaJIbHOe 3Ha'leHlle KTI.n:
TeIIJIOBOH MamHHbI.
o A. > 100%.
o O. 1.00 %.
o B.80%.
o f. 75 %.
'1acTb Ii
16. KaK H3MeHHTCH Cpe,ZJ;HH.H KBa.n;paTH'IHaH CKOpOCTb
Mo.7IeKYJI aaOTa, eCJIH TeMnepaTypa raaa YBeJIll-
'IllTCH B d paaa? '
o A. YBeJIll'IHTCH B 4 paaa.
o o. YMeHbmHTCH B 2 paaa.
o B. YBeJIH'IHTCH B 2 paaa.
o f. He H3MeHHTCH.
17. TIpli H30TepMH'lecKoM npOIJ;eCce .n;aBJIeHHe He o-
ropOH MaCCbI raaa YMeHbmHJIOCb B 3 paaa. 1I3Me-
HHJIaCb JIH KOHIJ;eHTpaIJ;HH raaa 13 cocy.n;e?
o A. He H3MeHHJIacb.
o o. YBeJIH'IHJIaCb B 3 pa3a.
o B. YMeHbmHJIaCb B 3 paaa.
o f. YBeJIH'IH.7IOCb B 9 paa.
p
21
1,
,
o
v
PHC. 94
I
18.
BHYTpeHHHH aHeprHH M,Zi;eaJIbHOrO ra3a B npoI1ec-
ce, 11306paJKeHHOM Ha pliC. 94,..
o A. CHa'laJIa paCTeT, 3a'reM YMeabmaeTcH;
o O. YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH.
o B. YMeHbmat:TCH.
o f. He 113MeH}teTCH.
Bo.n;opo.n; II reJIHH paBHO MaCCbI, B3HTbIe IIpli O.n;ll-
HaKOBbIX .n;aBJIeHHHX, HarpeBaIOT Ha 30 K. O.n;HHa-
KOBaH JIll pa60Ta COBepmaeTCH rrpll aTOM?
o A. Pa60Ta, COBepmeHHaH BO,ltOpO.n;OM, B 2 paaa
60JIbme.
o O. Pa60Ta, COBepmeHHaH reJIHeM, B 2 pa3a
60JIbme.
o B. COBepmaIOTcH paBHbIe pa60TbI. '
o f. Pa6oTa, COBepmeHHaH BO,ltOpO,ltOM, B 4 paaa
Mea:r;.me.
l1.l(eaJIbHbIH ra3 nepeBO.n;HTCH H3 nep"Boro cocro-
HHHH BO BTopoe TpeMH cnoc06aMli (pliC. 95):
1 - a - 2;
1 - 6 - 2;
1 - 6 - 2.
19.
20.
p
fJ "" 2__.... 72 = canst
. a -..-
,
" "6
"'...... e
1 ',-_,
......-----------
r, = canst
o
v
PHC. 95
324
MOJIEKYJI5fPHAA <l>1I3l1-KA. TEPMO,aIIHAMIiKA
, M3MeHeHHe BHYTpeHHeH ,aHeprnli raaa IIPH nepe-
XO,lte ero H3 O,ll;HOrO COCTOHHHH B .n;pyroe y.n;OBJIeT-
BOpHeT COOTHomeHHIO...
D A. tJ.U la2 > MJ 162 > tJ.U lo2 '
D B. tJ.U ta2 < tJ.U t62 < tJ.U lo2 '
D B. tJ.U ta2 = tJ.U 162 = tJ.U to2 '
D r.- tJ.U ta2 = tJ.U t62 = tJ.U to2 = O.
;. ...
.' , .
, , .
'.
3
It MClfttJJIIUtbtU JMJt
· 3aKOHbi B3a MoAet1cTB SI HenOAB >KHbIX 3aps:lAOB
· HanpSl>KeHHOCTb 311eKTpW.leCKOrO n011S1
· nOTeHu, a11 311eKTp LleCKOrO nonSl
· Pa60Ta no pa3Ae11etl 1O 3apSlAoB. SAC
· KOHAeHcaT p. SHepr SI 311eKTp LleCKoro n011S1
· S11eKTp LlecK t1 TOK. HOC Te11 TOKa
· HanpSl>KeH e, conpOT B11eH e, 3aKOH OMa A11 YLlaCTKa u,en
· 3aKOH OMa A11S1 n011Hot1 u,en
· < PaCLleT conpOT B11eH t1, TOKOB HanpSl>KeH t1
· Ten110Boe Aet1cTB TOKa (3aKOH A>KOY11S1-neHu,a)
· MarH THoe n011e
· C 11bl AMnepa nopeHu,a
· rip MeHeH e 311eKTpOnp 6opOB B 6bll)' TeXH Ke
'", '; ''"' .'' ' \ '., j 1" ,
,c'.. , " ' '" < l.ti '. .","
'd; }-;Z;"::"; ',.:j . f;/ ; '.;,.. :)::.>
,:.: .2>' "':'<';':; ' ' ''. ","" I. ,.(
".f:;:; " ": .\;" ,.' It'''; .. ; " ' ; , i'1
."-' ' /"'..' I
pt. , . :!.:. : , '; , . ,', . .-;.;;" , ' :.
- . ! " '.. \ ,r ' *"_ -$, ': fi' ::"" _ ".,, . _<:.. __ 1'/'-
3 "',< , 1".' , ': !.;.,,,:.V, .., ; .', .! , .',....,.. , ,
a 'U OHbl B3. ' .1 'l' " ';, i "'.,j
" ' .. _.... . -. ;1."" _, -<, ... 'l.
.l' J . " .-..... ,\- -"" _--"" ....... _..." '".. ....... ..:.... ."'\0<.....__. ....."',.:..,,::;..;:.:;-A .
.. _ _ I 1 "-.- _ 7.'." :--;: '; _ ,_
, HenOABM)I(H blX 3apAAOB ",>,":' ::Li tf -
't ;, ir '" ); . ..
:' ..fI" '"'" .J'..,.
'(
,,' j 24.); ,1": :; , .-.-:;, :T." " .... ," ':: :;:..: i
",., ''),..';-' \£'i .' ,; l " ,,' 'f4i! .
'1 t ,F""' '- 7' t. \ ,. ' , , , . '\)""
....- ( r"'.::;,, '.' It.f: ....1fA,¥ -.:.Ji-1""1i' ..t\,f;f..-1 \
_ t, . . . ' ( , " f ... ! ..
""!'
.
" V
,. ,
.}i ,, ,,'
'\', lit '
,I>' t '
\ \ . ''' j
,'II "' . .
,-r', ; '" , '
'>'>IIi:> .
. .
'j'-., .
, k.;;"
-fJ.
'li.'t:
'
, *"...
H3Y'IMB 3TY TeMY,
+ Bbl Y3HaeTe 0 IIBJ1eHHH 3neKTpH3a HH TeJ1;
+ nOHMeTe, KaK 3neKTpH eCKHe cBOHcTBa TeJ1 CBII3aHbi C
HX CTpoeHHeM;
+ CMO>KeTe npHMeHIITb 3aKOHbi KynoHa, coxpaHeHHII 3a-
pllAa H npHH Hn cynepno3H HH p,1I11 pac eTa CHnbl B3a-
HMoAeHcTBHII TO'-Ie HbIX 3apliAOB
KoJlClllKlli .
.7Il'at£uIliflt .
, ibekrpH3aIJ;HH - <pH3H"'4eCKOe HBJIeHMe, KOTopoe YKa-
3bIBaeT Ha B03HllKHoBeHFIe B3aMMo,lteHCTBHH (IIpHTSI-
iKeHHH HJIM OTTaJIKllBaHHH) .n;BYX TeJI npM rrpMBe.n;e-
HHll HX B nJIOTHbIH KOHTaKT HJIli npll TpeHMH (cTeKJIQ
II KOiKa, rrJIeKCllrJIaC M mepcTb, pe311Ha M mepcTb).
06HapYiKeHo B .lI:peBHeH fpeI1MM rrpM TpeHHHHHTapH
(no-rpe'IeCKM -,3JlexmP01t) 0 mepcTh.
SJIeKTpH'IeCKHe CHJIbI - CliJIbI, B03HllKaIOlItlie npll
aJIeKTpM3aIJ;Hll.
3JIeK1'pWlecKHit 38pJl.lt (0603Ha'IaeTCH 6YKBOH q HJIH
Q) <pM311'IeCKaH BeJIM'IllHa, xapaKTepM3YIOlItaH
CBOHCTBO TeJI BCTy"aTb B aJIeKTpH'IeCKOe B3aMMo,lt H-
cTBHe.1I3MepH TcH B KYJIOHax (1 KJI). E.n;HHHI a H3Me-
l..
-l, . -..
'J;JJ'
....
t
.... :;c....... .
OCHOBHble nOHATMA:
3neKTpH3a HII. 3!1eKTpH ecKHH,3apIiA + 3HaK3apllAa
+ T o e HbIH 3apliA + npoBOAHHK H AH3neKTpHK + 3ne-
MeHTapHblH 3apliA + 3neKTpoH + 1010H + nOnllpH3a HII
+ 3aKoH coxpaHeHHII 3apllAa + 3aKOH KynoHa + npHH.
Hn cynepno3H HH
peHHH HaaBaHa B 'IeCTb cl>paHIJ;Y3cKoro MCCJIe.n;OBaTeJISI
llIapJIH KYJIOHa. B CII onpe.n;eJIHeTCH 'Iepe3 CBOHCTBa
JJ:BMiKYIJ.(MXCH 3apHJJ:oB (CM. TeMY 3JIeKTpM'IecKuii
roK, HOCHTeJIli TOKa B cpe.n;ax ). 3apH,ZJ; B" 1 KJI HaKo
nMTb nYTeM aJIeKTpM3aIJ;HM Ha O,l(HOM TeJIe HeJIb3H, TaK
KaK OIl OqeHb BeJIMK. .lI:Ba TeJIa C TaKMM 3apH,ZJ;OM Ha
paccToHHllM 1 M npMTHrMBaJIMCb (MJIM OTTaJIKMBa-
JIHcb) 6bI ,ltPyr OT .n;pyra C CMJIOH npMMepHo 10 10 H.
3apH,l( MOiKeT pacnpe.n;eJIHTbCSI ( paCTeKaTbCH ) no -
,ltBYM TeJIaM, eCJIli MX npMBecTli B conpMKocHoBeHMe
(HanpMMep, no JJ:BYM MeTaJIJIM'IeCKMM mapMKaM), M
OHM OTTaJIKllBaIOTCSI JJ:pyr OT .n;pyra. ECJIH ,ltBa MeTaJI'- .
JIH'IeCKliX mapa o.n;MHaKOBoro pa3Mepa, O.n;MH M3 KOro
3aKOHbI B3aHMO,lteHCTBHH HenO,ZJ;BlliKHbIX 3apMOB
327
pbIX 3apHiKeH, npliBeCTH B COnpliKOCHOBeHlle, TO
3apM pacrrpe,lteJIH CH nOpOBHY MeiK,l];y ,ltBYMH mapaMH.
t O,lJ;HOHMeHHbIe aapSl.ltbI cnoc06CTBYIOT OTTaJIKHBa-
HHIO ,ZJ;BYX 3apHiKeHHbIX TeJI. Pa3HOHMeHHbIe 38PSl.ltbI
cnoco6cTBYIOT rrpHTHiKeHHIO ,ZJ;BYX 3apHiKeHHbIX TeJI
(pHC. 1).
+ -
+
PHC, 1
llOJIO)JCHTeJIbHbIA 38pJl,lt ( + ) - 3apH.n;, KOTOpbIH
rrpll06peTaeT CTeKJIO npH TpeHllH 0 HaTypaJIbHbIH
m,eJIK HJIli KOiKY.
:.
, OTpHnaTeJIbHblA 38pJl,lJ; (<<- ) - 3apM, KOTOPbIH
IIpll06peTaeT HHTapb, ITJIeKCllrJIaC (oprCTeKJIo) npll
!J>CHHH 0 mepcTb.
! TO'Ie'IHbIli: a8pJl,lJ; - 3apM, pacnpe,lteJIeHHbIH Ha TeJIe,
!, pa3MepbI KOToporo 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO MeHbme, 'IeM JIr06bIe
I. . .
". paccToHHHH MeiKAY B3aHMO,lteHcTBYIOIItHMH TeJIaMli B
'- ,qaHHoH 3a.n;a'Ie - y.n;06HaH MO,lteJIb peaJIbHbIX 3apH-
", iKeHHbIX TeJI.
., SJIeK1'pocKon - np1l60p, n03BOJIHIOlItliH 113MepSlTb
;- SapH,lt, nOMelIteHHbIH Ha IJ;eHTpaJIbHbIH CTep)KeHb
;' SJIeKTpOCKona (pliC. 2). IIpHHIJ;Hn .n;eHcTBHH np1l60-
:{pa OCHOBaH Ha OTTaJIKHBaHllH OT eTepiKHH CTpeJIKll,
: :..npH06peTaIOlIteH TOT iKe 3apM, 'lTO.lf CTepiKeHb. no
t,yrJIY OTKJIOHeHIDI CTpeJIKH MOiKHO cy.n;llTb 0 3apH.n;e,
006IIteHHOM aJIeKTpOCKony.
...
,
f ;'
L
f
:-: "(
.
. ;.
,,I
.::',
'1 ''' )
..
>
', :.
, ¥
,i'?'t
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PHc.2
:{{' ,
:\IpoBO.n;HHK - MaTepHaJl, BelIteCTBO, no KOTOPOMY 3a-
juI.n; MOiKeT Coo6o.n;HO nepeMelItaTbCH OT 3apHiKeHHoro
.
;
i
TeJIa K HeaapHiKeHHOMY HJIH OT TeJIa K TeJIY, rrpH paa-
HOHMeHHbIX 3apH.n;ax Ha HHX (MeTaJIJIbI, yrOJIb, rpa-
<}>llT, CneIJ;HaJIbHbIe nOJIliMepbI, paCTBOpbI COJIeH, KHC-
JIOT, meJIO'ieH, BJIaJKHaH 3eMJIH, TeJIO 'IeJIOBeKa H T. ,It.).
H30JIHTOpbI HJDi ,lUI3JIeK1'pHKH - BelIteCTBa HJIH MaTe-
pHaJIbI, no KOTOpbIM aJIeKTpH'IeCKHH 3apH.n; IIPH 06bI'I-
HbIX YCJIOBHHX He MOiKeT nepeMelItaTbCH (ra3bI, Kepo-
CMH, MaCJIa, 'IliCTaH .nllCTHJIJInpOB HHaH BO,lta, pe3MHa,
CTeKJIO, rrJIaCTMaCCbI, cl>ap4>op II T.1lt.).
.9JIeMeHTapHbdi 38p3,lJ; (e) - MHHllMaJIbHaH nOpIJ;HH
3apH.n;a, KOTOpaH MOiKeT nepeaOCHTbCH OT O,ZJ;Horo TeJIa
K .n;pyrOMY.
I e = 1,6.10. 19 , ,I
.9JIeK1'pOH - 'IaCTllIJ;a, BXO,ZijlIItM:',B COCTaB Bcex aTO-
MOB, 113 KOTOpbIX COCTOHT BeII!eCTBa. UPli ()M aTOM
ISa)K.n;oro XHMH'IeCKOrO aJIeMeHTa COQTOliT H.n;pa,
llMeIO,lIterO 3apSl.n; +z.e(Z - HOMep aJIeM:eHT l3,rrepll-
o.n;U'IeCKOH cHcTeMe) HZ aJIeKTpoHoB,'TaI<HM06Pa30M,
aTOM aJIeKTpllQeCKli HeHTpaJIeH. 3JIeKTpOH llMeeT
Maccy me= 9,1.10'31 Kr H HBJISleTCH HOCHTeJIeM aJIeMeH-
TapHoro 3apMa. 3HaK 3apH.n;a MeKTpoHa - OTpHIJ;a-
T JIbHbIH. no cOBpeMeHHbIM nl'e.n;CTaBJIeHHHM, llMeH-
He) CBOHCTBaMli aJIeKTp0l!a 06'bHCHHIOTCH OCHOBHbIe
aJIeKTpH'IecKlie CBOHCTBa, BelIteCTB.
\
B 'IaCTHOCTll, aJIeKTpll3aIJ;HH TBep.lthIX TeJI - aTO ne-
peMelIteHHe aJIeKTpOHOB, BXO.n;HlItliX B COCTaB aTOMOB
O.n;HOro TeJIa, C O.n;HOtO TeJIa ita .n;pyroe. npll aTOM mi.
TeJIe, npll06peTaIOlIteM OTplln:aTe.7IbHbIH 3apR.n;; o6pa-
3yeTcH H36bITOK aJIeKTpOHOB, a Ha nOJIO,KHTeJIbHO 3a-
pHiKeHHOM TeJIe - He,ltOCTaTOK aJIeKTpOHOB no CPaB-
HeHHIO C ae3apHiKeHHbHd COCTOHHlleM TeJIa.
llpOBO,lJ;HMOCTb TBep,lJ;blX TeJI - aTO cnoc06HOCTb
aJIeKTpOHOB CB060,ZJ;H0 nepeMelItaTbCH nQ BceMY 06'be
MY TeJIa. TaKliM CBOHeT OM 06JI.alIaIOT, HanpliMep,
aJIeKTpOHbI B MeTaJIJIax.
llOJIJlpH38IJ;HJI - CMelIteHHe pa3HOHMeHHbIX 3apMOB,
BXO.n;HIItHX B COCTaB aJIeKTpH'IeCKli HeHTpaJIbHOr
TeJIa, MOJIeKYJIbI HJlll aTOMa, B npOTHBOnOJIOX<HbIe CTO-
pOHbI. nOAApH3aIJ;HH npOllcxo.n;HT 06bI'Iao no,lt ,lteHCT':
, BlieM BHemHero 3apMa. B peaYJIbTaTe nOJIJlpH3aIJ;Ull
aJIeKTpOHeHTpaJIbHOrO MeTaJIJIH'IeCKOrO mapa, HanpH-
Mep, IIpli nO,ZJ;HeceHHll K HeMY nQJIOiKHTeJIbHO 3apjJ-
iKeHHoro TeJIa, OH npH06peTaeT CIIoc06HOCTb npHTH-'
rMBaTbCH K IIO,ltHeceHHOMY 3apH,lty (puc. 3). 3TQ
06'bHCHHeTCH reM, 'ITO cB06o.n;HbIe aJIeKTpOHbI B,
eTaJIJIe nepeMelItaIOTCH II rrp1l6JIlliKaIOTCH K IIo.n;He-
328
3JIEKTPOCTATHKA II IIOCTO.HHHblit TOK
ceHflOMY nOJIOX<HTeJIbHOMY aapJJ4Y. B peaYJIbTaTe Ha
O,ltHOH cTopq e mapa, OOpa3yeTCJI OTpllIJ;aTeJIbHbIH
«IIOJIIOC*" a Ha npoTHBOnOJIOiKHOH - IIOJIOX<HTeJIb-
Hh1H, OTCIO.na Ha3BaHlie HBJIeHHH. IIocKOJIbKY pac-
CTOJlHHe OT no.n;HeceHHoro 3apH.n;a .no aTHX nOJIIOCOB
paaHoe, TO CHJIbI npHTHiKeHHH II OTTaJIKllBaHHH He
KOMneHCllPYIOTCH (CM. 3a'KOH KYJf,OHa), II HeHTpaJIb-
HbIH map IIpHTHqiBaeTCH K no.n;HeceHHOMY nOJIOX<H-
TeJIbHOMY aapH).ty.AHaJIOrH'IHoe npHTjl)KeHHe B03Hll-
KaeT II npn no,nHeceHllll OTpllIJ;aTeJIbHoro 3apH,lta K
MeTaJIJIll'leCKOMY TeJIY.
'.
....
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.," ':;',) ,' .
PliC. 3
nOJIHpH3aIJ,HeH MOJIeKYJI MOiKHO 06DHCHllTb H IIpll-
TIDKeHlle MeJIKHX ,ltllSJIeKTpH'IeCKHX 'IaCTHIJ; (KYCO'I-
KOB 6YMarH, HarrpHMep}K 3apIDJ(eHHoMY TeJIY.
HOH - aTOM, nOTepHBmllH O.n;HH, .n;Ba II T.,lt. 3JIeKTpOHa
HJIH HMelOJUliH H36b1TOK'3JIeKTpoHOB, no cpaBHeHHIO
C HOpMaJIbHbIM'CBOHM COCTOJlHlleM (pliC. 4). Harrpll-
Mep- Na +. - atoM HaTPHH, -cnOTePJlBUlHH. O.n;llH aJIeK-
TpOH; Na- --'-,'aTOM' Ha.TpllJl, npll06peTmllH O,ltliH
1136bITO'IHbIH aJIeKTpoH, Fe 3 + - IIOJIOiKHTeJIbHO 3apH-
iKeHHbIH 1l0H :.!KeJIe3a, 06pa30BaBlIIHHC$I 3a C'IeT nOTe-
pH, OT,l\a'Ili ,ltPyrOMY aTOMY TpeX SJIeKTpOHOB.
8
Li+
Li
PHc.4
ibeK1'pOCTaTHKa - Hay a, ,H3Y'IaIOIItaH Heno.n;BHiK-
Hble 3apH,lth111 HX B3aHMo,lteHCTBHe.
3aKOHbI 3neKTpoCTaTMKM ,
3KcnepllMeHTaJIbHOe HCCJIe.n;OB<UIHe aapHiKeHHbIX TeJI ,
B Te'IeHl'le .n;BYX C JIHmHHM TbICH'IeJIeTHH n03BOJIHeT K f
HaCTOHlIteMY BpeMeHll ccl><>PMYJIHpOBaTb 1'pll 3iu<oHa,
KOTOpbIM no.n;'IHHHeTCH IIOBe,lteHife TaKliX TeJI.
1. 38KOH COXpBHeHHJI38pJl,lta. B 3Jf,e1CmpU'IleC1CU 3Q.M.-..
mymou cucmeMe l1JlZe6paUtteCKaH. (mo ecm'b C yv.e- I
mOM 3Ha'(06) cYMMa 3apSliJ06 He Me1IJl.emCSl.
qt + q2 +... + q = q't + Q'2 + ... + q'n, rl(e
q III q'l .- 3apH,ltbI o.n;Horo TeJIa CliCTeMbI,ltO H nOCJIe
B3aHMO,lteHCTBHH ero C .ltPyrnMH TeJIaMH CliCTeMbI.
SJIeKTpH'IeCKH SaMKHyTaJi CHCTeMa - aTO Hec-
KOJIbKO TeJI, kOTopbIe MOryT 06MeHHBaTbCH 3apH-
.n;aMH MeiKAY C060H; HO I( KOTOpbIM He nocryIlaIOT
3apH,ZJ;bI H3BHe II C KOropbIX He YXO,ltHT 3apH,ltbI. 3TO
H,lteaJIH3HpOBaHHaH MO,lteJIb, .KOTqpaH MOiKeT OIlH-
CbIBaTb peaJIbHYIO CliCTeMY B, Te'IeHHe HeKOToporo
BpeMeHll H C HeKOTOpOHTO'IHQCTblO. TaK, .n;Ba'3apH-
iKeHHbIX mapa, no.n;BemeHHbIe Ha HHTHX H3 H3OJIH-
Topa B Boa.n;yxe - aTO aJIeKTpOH30JIllpOBaHHaH B
. Te'IeHHe KaKorO-TO BpeMeHll CliCTeMa, ec.7IH 3apH-
.n;bI UlapOB BeJIHKH IIO cpaBHeHHIO C 3apH,ltOM aJIeK-,
TpOHa, HaIlpliMep B MHJIJIHap,lt paa. O.n;HaKO b HIQ:
eiKeceKYH.n;HO y.n;apHIOTCH MHJIJIllap,ltbI MOJIeKYJI
B03.n;yxa, KOTopbIe MOryT, OTCKaKHBaH, HHor.n;a 3ax-
BaTbIBaTb C C060H H36bIro'IHbJe aJIeKTpOHbI. TaKHM
06paaOM, 'Iepe3 HeKOTOpoe BpeMH mapbI IIOTepH-
, lOT CBOH 3apHA. .lI:Ba aTOMa, CTOJIKHYBmHecH B BaKY- -
YMe 3JIeKTpOH30JIHpOBaHHaH CHCTeMa, eCJIH npll
cOY,ltapeHHll OT HHX He OTJIeTeJI aJIeKTpoH.
2. 3aKoH KYJIOHa. MOdyll'b CWl'bl £12 63aUMoiJeiicm6Wl
MeJICdy mO'lltf'llH'blMU 311eK1TlpU'lleC1CUMU 3apSliJtlMU q 1
U q2 nponopu.UOHaJleH npoU36eiJeHUIO a6C01l1OmH'bIX
31lfJfWHUU 3mux 3apSliJ06, U 06pamHO nponopu.UOHa-
lleH K6aiJpamy paccmOSlHUSl R t2 MeJICiJy HUMU.
MOdyll'b CWl'bl £12 63aUMOiJeii<;m6Wl 3apSliJ06 3aeu-
cum om cpeiJbl, 6 'Komopou 63aUMOiJeucm6Y1Om 3a-
PSliJbl.
.lI:JIH KaiK.n;OH Cpe,ltbI CYlIteCTByeT Koacl><PllIJ;HeHT,
KOTOpbIH HaablBaeTCH ,ZJ;H3JIeK1'pH'IeCKOA npOHH- .
aeM CTbIO cpe,lthl e.II.U311eKmpU'IleCKaH. npoHuu,a-
eMocm'b cpeiJbl n01W.3'bl6aem, 60 C1COJl'b'KO paa cUlla
63aUMoiJeiicm6Wl iJ6YX 3apSliJ06 6 cpeOe Me1t'bWe, "tte.M
66a,,!/YMe.
CWIa B3allMo.n;eHCTBHH HaIlpaBJIeHa no JlHHHll, CO-
e.n;HHHIOlIteH am 3apHAbI.
3aKOHbI B3aHMO,lteHCTBHH HenO.n;B iKHbIX 3apHAOB
329
F _ klqlllq21
12 - £R 2
12
3,lteCb k - KOacl>cl>llIJ;HeHT npOnOpIJ;HOHaJIbHOCTH,
n03BOJIJlIOIItHH, 83MepSJH 3apH.n;bI B KYJIOHaX, a
paCCTOHHlle B MeTpax, nOJIY'IllTb CllJIY B HbIOTO-
Max.
I k=9.109 I
B Y'Ie6HllKax MOiKHO BCTpeTllTb II ,ltPyro;ii: BH.n;
Koacl><1>llIJ;lleHTa.
r"
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l
k = , £0= 8,85.10- 12 ,KJI 2 2
41t£o H'M
B Ta6JIllI1aX MlipOBbIX KOHCTaHT OH HaabIBaeTCH
3JIeKTpH'IeCKOA nOCTOJlHIWA - He nynlTb C £1
.lI:llaJIeKTpH'IeCKaH IIpOHllIJ;aeMOCTb Cpe,ltbI MH
BaKyyMa £ = 1, MH B03lJ:yxa £ "'" 1, .n;JIH KepOCliHa
£ "'" 2 H T. .n;. (pliC. 5).
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PRc.5
HaIlpaBJleHHe cHJi:1>I BbI6npaIOT llCXO.n;H 113 3HaKa
, } 3apH.n;oB. He cJIe,ZtyCT 3a6bIBaTb 0 TPC1'beM 3aKOHe
HbIOToHa B npHMeileHim K aJIeKTpH'IeCKllM'CHJIaM
, 11 IIOHllMaTb, 'ITO,' C KatwH CHJIOH BTOpOit 3apHA
.neHcTByeT Ha nepB.bIH, C TaKoH iKe CllJIOH, HO
, HanpaBJIeHHOH IIpoTHBOnOJIO)KHO, nepBbIH aapHA
.n;eHCTByeT Ha BTOpOH.
. .i{2 = -itl
, 3aKOH KYJIOHa BepeH TOJIbKO MH ro'Ie'IHbIX 3apH-
, ',ltOB, T. e. MH 3apHiKeHHbIX TeJI, KOTopbIe B ,ltamlOH
,," 3a.n;a'Ie MOiKHO C'IliTaTb TO'Ie'IHbIMH aapHAaMH. aK,
. 3apHiKeHHbIe mapllK II IIJIacTliHY Ha paccroJmllHx,
. ,
>-tcPaBHllMbIX c pa:rnepaMH mapliKa II nJIaCTllHbI,
.'
,
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HeJIb3H paccMaTpliBaTb KaK TO'Ie'lHbIe 3apH,ltbI H
npHMelUlTb MH HHX 3aKOH KYJIOHa: (pHC. 6i
PHc.6
3. pHHIJ,Hn cynepn03 .. !:e3Jjllbmu PY1O !'IfR CWlli
R, iJeUcmey1OUJ,aR Ha Oal;lH'blU 3apSld q 1 co cmopo-
H'bl HeC1€Ollb1CUX 3apSld06 q2 ... qn' p Ha zeOMempu-
'l/.eCKoU cyMMe CWl .i{2,...,i;n, iJeucm8!f1OUJ,1!XHa daH'-
H'blU 3apSld co cmciPOH'blKa:Hcdozo U3 3apSldo8.
R= 2 +...+ i;n/
B cl>HJIOCOcl>CKOM CMbICJIe aTOT 3KCIIepHMeHTaJIb-
HbIH cl>aKT 03Ha'laeT, 'ITO TpernH 3apHA HHKaK He
BJIHHeT Ha B3aHMO,lteHCTBlie ,ltaHHOH IIapbI 3apHAOB.
B npaK1'H'IeCKOM CMbICJIe IIpHHWIII cy"epn03HQHll
,ltaeT rrpaBHJIO MH paC'IeTa CHJIh(, .neHCTByIOlIteH Ha,
;ZJ;aHHbI:H 3apH.n; co CropoHbI, HaIlpHMep, ,l(BYX .l1PY-
mx 3apHAOB. He06xo.n;HMQ no 3aK()HY KYJIOHa'pac-
C'IHTaJ'b CHJIbI, .n;e;ii:cTBY)OIIJ;He Ha nepBbIH3apHA co
CTOpOHbI BToporo H TpeTbero,. a 3aTeM .HaHTB
peaYJIbrnpyIOiLtyro CHJIY (pHC. 7) no rrpaBHJIaM CJIO-
iKeHHH BeKTopOB (npaBH;1IOnapa.1I.lIeJlO IDUf
CJIOiKeHHH npOeKIJ;HH llCXO,ZJ;HhlX BeKTOpoB,ZJ;JIH Ha-
XOJKJ{eHHH npoeKIJ;H cYMMapHoro BeI<TOpa HCi BhI6-
paHHbIe OCll).
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, ,
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330
3JIEKTPOCT A TIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbItf TOK,
1:
3aKOHbI B BMAe cIJoPMyn
3aKOH coxpaHeHHfI' 3apflAa
ql + q2 +... + q" = q'l + q'2 +... + q'"
3aKOH KynoHa
F 12 = F 21 = I q1 11tbl 2
41tEoERI2
k lq111q21
ER;2
b - - O q,
F 12 F,.1
.
, - ,
, R 12 ,
, ,
, ,
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3
31l9aI4/4.R
1. M3Y'IeHMe 311eK1'pM3aqMM Tell
, (BblnOnHfleTCfI AOMa)
U e JI b: YCTaHOBJIeHMe 3HaKa 3apH.n;OB, 06pa3YIO-
IItMXCH IIpli aJIeKTp1l3aIJ;Hll TeJI TpeHMeM.
06 0 p Y .n; 0 B a H II e M MaT e p II a JI bI : .n;ep)KaTeJIb,
HHTh, KYCO'IeK neHOnJIa<;Ta, JIllHeHKa M3 oprCTeKJIa,
IIOJIMaTMJIeHOBbIH nakeT, KYCOK pe311HbI, KYCOK 6YMa-
r ; KYCOK mepCTHHOH TKaHH.
B H II M A H II E I Ha xo.n; npoTeKaHHH onbIroB MO-
iKeT BJIHHTb 60JIbmaH BJIa)KHOCTb B03.n;yxa B KOMHaTe
ll'HaJIH'IMe OCTaTO'lHOrO 3apH.n;a Ha rrpe.n;MeTaX, IIoaro-
MY iKeJIaTeJIbHO nepe,lt npOBe,lteHMeM pa60TbI npOBeT-
pllTb KOMHaTY II KaJK.n;bIH paa nepe,lt MeKTpll3aIJ;HeH
npe.n;MeTO;J TpeHHeM 6bICTpO npol:lOCMTb HX Ha.n; ropH-
lIteH ra30BOH ropeJIKOH (OCTOpOiKHO C 6YMarOH!).
0603HalteHMA BeJlMItMH, eAMHM14b1 M3MepeHMA B CM,
CnpaBOItHble 3HaitettMA KOHCTaHT
q" - 3J1eKTpH4eCKHH 3apI'IA nOA HOMepOM n
EAHHHLla H3MepeHHfI 3af)flAa - 1 KJ1 (KynoH)
3neMeHTapHblH 3apfiA e = 1,6.10- 19 KJ1
3apflp. npOToHa q = +1,6,10- 19 Kn
p , ,
3apfiA a,-4acTHLlbl CIa = +3,2.10- 19 KJ1
J
F 12 - CHJ1a, C KOTOpOH nepBblH 3apfiA ,a.eHcTByer Ha
BTOPOH
EAHHHLla H3MepeHHfI CHl1bl - 1 H (HbIOTOH)
E - AH3neKTpt.14ecKafi npOHH4(leMOCTb cpeAbl -
6e3pa3MepHafi BenH4HHa.
4HtnOBafi KOHCTaHTa 1t "" 3,14 K.rr
3neKTpH4ecKafi nOCTOflHHafI E o = 8,85.10- 12
M 2
K03qxpHLlHeHT nponopLlHOHaJlbHOCTH B 3aKOHe KYJ10Ha
k=9.10 9 H'.M
KJI2
j
"
Xo.n; pa60TbI 1
;
1. IIo.n:BecbTe C nOMOlItbIO HMTM He60JIbmOH KycO'leK1
neHOnJiaCTa ("" 1 CM X 1 CM X 1 CM) Ha .n:epJKa.TeJIe. j
IIM MOiKeT CJIy:>KMTb nepeKJIa.n;llHa CTYJIa, HOiKKa .j
HaCTOJIbHOH JIaMnbI MJIH .n;epeBHHHaH JIHHeHKa, j
npHiKaTaH KHMrOH M HaBHCaIOlItaH Ha.n; KpaeM CTO-
JIa (pHC. 8). 3ro 6y.n;eT Balli MH.n;MKaTOp 3apH,l];a.
KHHra
nHHeHKa
neHonnaCT
PRc.8
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3aKOHbI B3aMMO.n;eHCTBHH HenO.n;BHiKHbIX 3apH,ZJ;OB
331
2. TIOTpMTe JIMHeHJ<Y M3 oprCTeKJIa 0 KYCOK pe3MHbI.
1I3 BEe THO, 'ITO QprCTeKJIO npM aTOM,3apH-
iKaeTCH nOJIOiKMTeJIbHO. TIepeHecMTe 'IaCTb aToro
3apH.n;a C JIMHeHKM Ha KYCO'IeK no.n;BellIeHHoro
II HOHJIaCTa. TIOCJIe KacaHHH OH .n;OJIiKeH OTTaJIKH-
BaTbCH OT JIMHeHKM, TaK KaK nOJIyqHJI 3apH.n; Toro
iKe 3HaKa, 'ITO ,M JIMHeHKa.
3. Y6e.n;MTecb, 'ITO KYCOK pe3MHbI, 0 KOTOpyIO Tep.fIH
oprCTeKJIO, 3apH.n;MJICH npM aTOM OTpMIJ;aTeJIbHO,
T. e. rrpMTHrMBaeTCH K neHOnJIacTY/ 3apHiKeHHOMY
nOJIOiKHTeJIbHO. H E .n: 0 TI Y C K AnT E Kaca-
HHH pe3MHbI H neHOnJIaCTa!
t ;4. Onpe.n;eJIHTe 3apH,ZJ;bI, B03HHKaIOlItMe Ha TeJIaX npM
f MX nonapHOM TpeHMM .n;Pyr 0 .n;pyra. Pe3YJIbTaTbI
OIlbITOB 3aHeCMTe B Ta6JIMIJ;Y.
i
r B bI B o.n; bI . Ocl>opMMTe B BH.n;e YIfBepiK.n;eHMH.
I: .A TIpM aJIeKTpM3aIJ;MM TpeHMeM nOJIOiKMTeJIbHbIH
I . 3apH.n;, TO eCTb He.n;OCTaTOK aJIeKTpOHOB Ha TeJIe
f B03HMKaeT:
Ha
Ha
npM TpeHHM 0
npM TpeHMM 0
;0. TIpM aJIeKTpM3aIJ;MM Tp HMeM ()TpMIJ;aTeJIbHbIH
t . ,
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HMKaeT:
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Ha
npM TpeHMM 0
rrpM TpeHMM 0
B. TIpM TpeHMM
o
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JJ:pyroe M TeJIa He 3ap iKaIOTCH.
JaJ'ojuUlitJjuuM
patJoJlibl
1. M3YLleHMe 3aKOHa coxpaHeHMA 3aPAAOB
M npO.OAMMOCTM MaTepManOB
(BbInOnHJleTCJI B Jqtilcce)
:u: e JI b: cpaBHeHHe npOBo.n;MMOCTM MaTepHaJIOB H
npOBepKa BbIIlOJIHeHHH 3aKOHa COXpaHeHHH 3apH.n;oB;
o 6 0 p y .n; 0 B a H He: .n;Ba o.n;HHaKOBbIX aJIeKTpOCKO-
na, napa TeJI .n;JIfI: 3JIeKTpM3a Mn TpeHMeM (a60HHTO
BM naJIO'IKa H llIepcTb, CTeKJIO M.llIeJIK), cTepiKHM HRH
llIHYPbI M3 CTeKJIa, XJIOnKa, oprCTeKJIa, Me.n;H, aJIIOMH
HMH, a60HMTa M T. .n;. (p c. 9).
PHc,9
x o.n; B bIJI OJI H e HM Hp.a6 0 TbI
1. HaaJIeKTpM3YHTe a6oHMToBYIO na]) O'IKY «- H
3apH,ZJ;MTe O.n;MH aJIeKTpOCKon. Y6e.n;MTecb B npa-
BMJIbHOCTli ero mKaJIbI. .n:JI ,noro npHBe.n;HTe ero
IJ;eHTpaJIbHbIH CTepiKeHb (HJIM llIapHK, eCJIJt: Ha
KOHIJ;e CTepX<HH IJ,I<ijJ ),B.CQnpI::IKOCHOB HlJe co CTep-
iKHeM BToporo He3apHiKeHHoro aJIeKTpOCKona.
TIOCKOJIbKY Ha BTOpoH aJIeKTpOCKon CTe'IeT nOJIO-
I MaTepMan' MaTepMaJI 3neKTpM308allCR npM TpeHMM 06
3neKTpM3yeMbix 6YMary
Ten oprCTeKno pe3MHY nonM3'JMneH
OprCTeKno +
Pe3MHa -
nonM3TMneH -
6YMara
WepCTIt
:
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t
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332
3JIEKTPOCTATl1KA 11 IIOCTO.HHHbIt\ TOK
1
1
,BHHa3ap a, B,bI YBM.n;HTe (no 'IHCJIY .n;eneHHH), TO
nepBbIH nOKa3bIBaeT 3apH.n; B .n;Ba pa3a MeHbllIe.
MoX<HO PCi3PH.n;U;Tb BTOpOH aJIeKTpoCKO)J, CHHB C
Hero' 3apM PYI<oii UJIli 3a eMJIHB er 0 6aTapeIO
. OTOnJIeHHJI HJIH Bo.n;onpoBo.n;HbIH KpaH, Jl 3aTeM
onHTb ne].teJIHTb nOnOJIaM apH,ZJ; nepBoro aJIeKT
. pOCKona.
,2. 3JIeKTpH YH O.n;HH aJIeI<TpOCKon, npoBepbTe MaTe
pHaJIbI npQBo.n;OB, HHTeH cTepiKHeH H3 pa3HbIX
MaTepHaJIOB Ha IIpOBOIUIMoeTb (CM. pHC,. 9). .lL.1J.H
aToro .n;OCTaTO'IHO 3apH.n;llTb O.n;HH aJIeKTpoCKOIl II
coe.n;llHHTb ero CTepiKeHb co CTep)l{HeM BTOpOro He
Henocpe.n;CTBeHHbIM KOHTaKTOM, a npOBo.n;OM HJIH
HHTbIO. 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHIJ;Y.
npoaoAHHKH
p'H3neKTpHKH (H30nI1TOpbl)
3. 3apHx<aH aJIeKTpOCKonbI 3apH.n;oM O.n;HOro 3HaKa
(a60HliToBOH naJIO'IKoH) HJIli O.n;HH H3 HHX OTpH-
IJ;aTeJIbHbIM, a .n;pyroH nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIM (cyxoell
CTeKJIO mi:IOc HaTYPaJIbHbIH llIeJIK) 3apH.n;oM, y6e-
11.0 CQeAHHeHHI1 3J1eKTpocK()nOB
3aPl1A ,..a nepBOM 3aPI1A Ha BTOpoM -
3neKTpocKone q1 3neKTpocKone q2 q1 + q2
.qenaHHH LUKaJ1bl AeneHHH WKMbl
nocne C<>eAHHeHH 3JleKTpocKonos
3aPI1A H8 nepBOM 3aPI1A Ha BTOpoM
3JleKTpocKolie q 3neKTpocKone q q + q
,AeneHHH WKMbl ; AeneHHH WKMbl
,
"
,
AHTeCb, llro aJIre6pall'IecKaH cYMMa 3apH,ZJ;OB :iIByx
aJIeKTpocKonoB paBHa 'cYMMe 3apH.n;oB Ha 060H1f '
npH60paX nOCJIe coe.n;HHeltHH HX npoBO,ZJ;HllKOM.
3aIlOJIHJ{Te Ta6JIHny.
BbIBO.lJ;bI.
1. M30JIHTOpaMH HBJIHIOTCH:
2. IIpoBo.n;HHKaMH HBJIHIOTCH:
3. CYMMa 3apH,ZJ;OB Ha aJIeK1pocKonax IIpH HX coe.n;H-
HeHHH
,e "{"'NIM
Juuf4JIiM
3aKOH COXpaHeHMA 3neKTpM'IeCKOrO
3apAAa
npMMep peweHMA 38AaliM
3apHiKeHHaH KaIlJIH pTyrlf C 3apH,ZJ;oM +3.10-8 Kn
paaJIeTaeTCH Ha .n;Be KaIIJIH, o.n;Ha H3 KOTOpbIX OKa-
3bIBaeTCH 3apHiKeHHoH .n;o 3apH,ZJ;a +4.10-8 KJI. Ka-
KOB ,3apH,ZJ; BTOpOH KanJIH?
,l(aHo: ql=+3.1O- 8 KJI
q2= +4.10-8 KJI
q3=?
P e m e H He. 1I3 3aK0!la coxp;meHHH aJIeKTpH'IeC- .
I<oro 3apH,ZJ;a CJIe.n;yeT, 'ITO 3ap Ha KaIIJIe.n;o ee pac-
na.n;a paBeH CYMMe 3apH,ZJ;0I3 Ha 06pa30BaBIIiHXcH KaIl.
JIHX:
ql=q2 + q3;
q3=ql ..:...- q2;
q3 = +3.1O- 8 KJI - (+4.1<r8KJI) = -10-8KJI
o T BeT: 3apH.n; Ha BTOpOH KaIIJ,Ie -1 -8 KJI.
YpoBeHb A
1. ,l(Ba o.n;HHaKOBbIX MeTaJIJIll'IeCKHX mapa, O.n;lfH lf3
KOropbIX HeceT 3apH.n; B 3.10- 8 KJI, a .n;pyroH He3a-
pHx<eH, npl:IBo.n;HT B COIlPllJ<OCHOBeHlfe. KaKOBbI
6Y!l.YT 3apH.n;bI Ha KaiK,ZJ;OM H3 mapoB?
\ .
2. ,l{Be,KaIIJIH MaCJIa CJIHBaIOTCH B 0.n;1IY. 11.0 CJIWlHWI
3apH,ZJ; nepBoH H3 HHX 6bIJI + 3.10- 9 KJI,-a Bropoii;r;
-2.10- 9 KJI. KaKoB aapH.n; 06paaoBaBmeHCH KaIlJIlf?
"-J
r-
>
t
t
" 3aKOHbI B3aHMO.n;eHCTBHH HeIlO,ZJ;BHX<HbIX 3apH.n;OB
333
3. 3apHiKeHHaH KaIlJIH PTYm C 3ap .n;OM +3.10- 8 KJI
pa3JIeTaeTCH Ha .n;Be ,KaIIJIH, o.n;Ha H3 KOTOpbIX OKa-
3bIBaeTc 3apHiKem,IOH .n;o 3apH.n;a -1.10- 8 KJI.
/ KaKoB'aapH.lt BropoH KarrJIH?
4. Onpe.n;eJIHTe 3apH.lt B KYJIOHax HOHa C02+.
5. AJIbcl>a-'IaCTHIJ;a H aneKTpOH CTaJIKHBaIOTCH H CJIH-
BaIQTCH, 06pa3YH HOH. 3HaH aapH.ltbI CTaJIKHBaIO-
IItHXCH 'IaCTHI1, onpe.n;eJIHTe 3apH.n; TaKoro HOHa.
t YpoBeHb 6
f 6. I1pH COIlpHK,OCHOBeHHH .n;BYX o.n;HOHMeHHO aapH-
iKeHHblX MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHX llIapoB pa3Horo paaMepa,
" . 3apH.lt IIepepacnpe.n;eJIHeTCH TaK, 'ITO Ha O.n;HOM H3
._,' HHX OKa3bIBaeTCH 3apH.n; B 3 paaa 60JIbllIHH, 'IeM Ha
'f:,. .n;Pyr6M. KaKOBbI apH.ltbI Ha llIapax nOCJIe conpH-
)',. '; - 'KocHoBeHH , eCJIH .n;o Hero KaiK.n;bIH H3 HHX HMeJI
aapH.n; B 10- 8 KJI?
';j, ,j.' - .' .,.
7.' CK()JIbKO' aneKTpOHOB H B KaKOM HarrpaBJIeHHH qe-
peMeCTHJIOCb npH COIlpHKOCHOBeHHH .n;BYX o.n;HHa-
KOBbIX MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHX llIapoB, eCJIH. OHH HMeJIH '
3apH.n;bI 3.10- 9 KJI H -1.10- 8 KJI, cooTBeTcrtleHHO?
/8. llIap aJIeKTpOCKOIJa 60M6ap.n;HPYIOT nOTOKOM aJIb-
, ' ,', cl>a-'IaCTHIJ;. 3a MHHYTY JIeneCTKH aJIeKTpOCKon;;l
';',n
OnaJIH HaCTOJIbKO iKe, HaCKOJIbKO OHH onaJIH 6bI
IIPH IIepeHeceHHH Ha -Hero 3apH.n;a B 3.10- 9 KJI.
,} KaKoBa HHTeHCHBHOCTb nOTQKa aJIbcl>a 'IaCTHIt, BbI-
paJKeHHaH B 'IaCTHIJ;ax B ceKYH.ltY?,
;/1
?
r-9. KaIIJIH pTyTH, HMeIOlItaH 3apH,A +3.1O- 8 KJI, paaJIe-
; "', TeJIaCb Ha TPH KarrJIli. 3apH.ltbI pacnpe.n;eJIllJIHCb B
:i:' cOOTHo eHHH 1 :,2: 4, H 3apH.n; O,ZJ;HOH H3 HHX CTaJI
1":' 'OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHbIM. aKOB 3apH.lt Ha Ka)K,ZJ;OH KaIIJIe?
'
\
3aKOH KynoHa
',; pMMep peweHMA 38AaliM
llocTpoiiTe rpacl> K 3aBHCHMOCTH MOAYJIH CHJIbI
f: :B3aHMo.neiicTBHR .nByx mapHKOB C aapRJ(aMH OT
1__
paCCTOHHHH M :>K.ny HX IJ;eHTpaMH B ,ltHana3 )He 0'1'
l " Q,l.n;D. 0,5 M. 3apH.n;bI mapHKOB: qt = +2.W;, KJI'H
Q2=-1.10-6KJI. PaaMepllIapHKOBOKOJIO 1 cM. HaH-
" 'AHTe no rpacl>HKY, Ha KaKOM npHMepliq pacCTOJl-
J: HHll MeX<.ny llIapaMH CHJIa B3aHMo.n;eHCTBIDI 6y.n;eT
":;""p<1Blia no OOJIH'lHHe 0,5 H. '
, re m e H He. BeJIll'IliHa CHJIbI B3aHMo.n;eHCTBIDi ,ltBYX
;', ' pJl,n()B npH paCCTOJlHllH t MeiK.l(y HHMll paCC'IHTbI-
Qrno 3aKOHy KYJIOHa,.l{mI r= 0,1 M llMeeM:
. ' ,
,
9' .,6 -6
F = k"ql 'q2 = 9.10 .2.10' -10' =18.10- 1 = I 8 ( H )
r 2 ' 10- 2 , ' , ,
PaCC'IHTbIBaH CHJIY B3aHMo.n;eHCTBID{ 3apH.n;OB ,ltJIH
.n;Pyrnx paCCTOHHHH, COCTaBJIHeM Ta6JIHU;Y.
r, M 0,1 0,2 0,3 .0,4 ' 0,5
F, H 1,8 0,45 0,2 0,11 0,072
Ha OCHOBe Ta6JIH'IHbIX 3Ha'IeHHH F H t CTpOHM rpa-
cl>llK (pHC. 10).
F,H
2,0
1,6
1,2
0,8
0,4
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 1; M
PRC. 10
Ha OCHOBe rpacl>HKa JIerKO YCTaHOBHTb,,'ITO F= 0,5H
npHr=0,18M.' .
YpoBeH A
10. Bo CKOJIbKO p YBeJUf';lHTCjl CHna B3aHMO,lteHCT-
. "..,.')
BHH .n;Byx TO'Ie1IHbIX 3apH.ltOB,B BaKyyMe,cCJIH, He
MeHHH paccToHHHH MeiK.lty HHMH, y&eJIll'IHTb 3a-
PH.ltbI B 10 paa?
11. Bo CKOJIbKO paa H KaK H3MeHHTCH CHJIa B3allMO-
.n;eHcTBHH .n;BYX TO'Ie'IHbIX 3apJl.n;oB B BaKYYMe,
eCJIH, He MeHHH 3apH.ltOB, H3MeHllTb paCCTOJlHHe
MeiK.lty HHMll B'3 pa3a?
12. C KaKOH CHJIoA .npHTJlr aIOTeH ABa TO'IC'IHbIX
3apH.lta +2.10-9 J,<.7J..ll -5.t()-9 KJI! HaxO,lUlIl1HeCH
B03.n;yxe Ha paCC,TOHHHll 0,3 M? B KepocHHe!la 1'01'4
iKe paccToHHHH? ." .
13. I10JIOX<HTeJIbHbIU 3.apM qt B3aIJMo.n;euq::Byet Ie
OTpHIJ;aTeJlbHbIM 3apH.n;oM q2 C CHJIOH F 12 , KaK no-
KaaaltOHa'pHc; f1a.' .., , "
,334
,3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA If IIOCTO.HHHbtA TOK
Ha KaKOM H3 PHCYHKOB, 11 6 - 0 npaBHJIbHO
nOK(i3aHa CliJIa, C KOropOH aapH.n; q 1 .n;eHCTByeT Ha
3apH.lt ql
+0-14 0
q, q2
0)
+ 0 .,+0 {, 0
q, q2 q, q2
6) 8)
+0 -o--L +0 J-o-
q, q2 q, q2
2) 8)
PRC. 11
14. PaCC'IHTaTb CI1JIbI B3aHMo.n;eHcTBHH JJ:BYX O.n;HO-
HMeHHO 3apHiKeHHbIX MeTaJIJIll'IeCKHX Ky6HKOB C
- pe6POM 0,01 M, eCJIH HX I1eHTpbI HaxO.n;HTCH Ha
paccroHHHH 0,5 M H 0,02 M. 3apH.n;bI TeJI paBHbI
5.10-6 KJI Ii 1.10- 5 KJI COOTBeTCTBeHHO. 1I306pa-
3HTe Ha pHcYHKe CHJIbI B3aHMo.n;eHcTBllH 3apH.ltOB
B MaCIIITa6 1 CM = tH.
15. IIocTpoHTe rpacl>HK 3aBHCHMOCTM MOAYJI5I CHJIbI
B3allMOL(eHcTBHH .n;Byx IIIapliKoB C 3ap5I2taMH OT
paCCTOHHHH MeiK.ZXy HX IJ;eHTpaMH B JJ:HaIIc JOHe OT
0,05 .n;o 0,4 M. 3apHJJ:bI mapHKoB: -5,10 6 KJI H
_+0,4.10- 6 KJI. Pa3Mep IIIapHKoB OKOJIO 1 CM. HaH-
,ltHTe no rpacl>HKY, Ha KaKOM npHMepHO paCCTOH-
HHJ!: MeiK,ZJ;y TeJIaMH GH 4 JIa B3aHMo.n;eHCTBHH 6y.n;eT
paBlia 0,5 H.
YpOBeHb 6
16. HapHc.12npHBe.n;eHaaKcnepHMeHTaJIbHaH3aBH-
CHMOCTb MO.nYJI5I CliJibI npHTHiKeHHH .n;BYX 3apH-
.n;QB OT paCCTOHHHH Me)K,ll;y HHMH. TIepecTpoHTe
1
rpacl>HK B KooPAHHaTax 1;2 - 2" H onpe.n;eJIHTe H3
r .
Hero BTOpoii 3apHJJ:, eCJIH nepBbIH HMeeT 3Ha'Ie-
HMe -5 MKKJI. KaKOB 3HaK BTOpOro 3apH.lta?
17. ,l(Ba 3apH.n;a B3aHMo.n;eHCTBYIOT C CHJIOH 16 H.
KaKoBa 6y.n;eT CHJIa B3aIiMO.n;tiifcTBllH nim YMeHb-
,IIIeIfHH sapH.n;OB H paCCTOHHHH MeiK.n;y HHMH B
2 pa3a?
F,H
2,0
0,5 r,M
1,6
1,2
0,8
0,4
PHc.12
18. CHJIa B3aHMo.n;eHcTBHH .n;BYX nOJIoX<I;ITeJIbHO 3a-j
pH eHHbIx IIIapHKOB Ha paccToHHHH 1M paBHa 1
5,4 H. TIpH nepeHeCeHHH C O.n;Horo 113 HHX 3apH-
.n;a2.10- 5 KJI' Ha .n;pyroH CHJIa B3aHMo.n;eHcTBHH !
YMeHbmHJIaCb B 1,5 pa3a. KaKoBbI HCxo.n;HbIe J
3apH.ltbI Ha IIIapHKax? ;
19. ,l(Ba o.n;HHaKOBbIX TO'Ie'IHbIX' 3apH,ZJ;a Ha paCCTOH-
HHM 20 CM B3aHMo.n;eHCTBYIOT C CHJIOH O,lH.
Onpe.n;eJIHTe aTH 3apHJJ:bI.
20. 3apH.ltbI B 100 H 200 HKJI B .n;HCTHJIJIHpoBaHHoH
Bo.n;e (.n;HaJIeKTpH'IeCKaH npoHHIJ;aeMOCTb BO.n;bI
pa,BHa 81) OTTaJIKHBaIOTCH C CHJIOH 0,002 H. Ha
KaKOM paCCTOHHHH OHM HaxO.n;HTCH?
COBMeCTHoe npMMeHeHMe 3aKOHa
.
COXpaHeHMA 3neKTpM'IeCKOrO
3apAAa M 3aKOHa KynoHa
npMMep peweHMA 3a.qa'lM
,l(Ba pa3HoHMeHHbIx 3apH.n;a q H -3q Haxo.n;HTCH Ha
o.n;HHaKOBbIX no paaMepy MeTaJIJIll'IeCKMX IIIapax
Ha paccToHHHH, n03BoJI5IIOll1;eM C'IMTaTb HX TO'Ie'I-
HbIMH. KciK H3MeHHTCH CHRa HX B3aMMo.n;eHCTBHH,
eCJIH, He MeHHH paCCTOHHHH MeiK.n;y HHMH, Ha-
KopOTKoe BpeMH coe.n;MHMTb HX npOBOJJ:HHKOM?
P e III e H He. IIo YCJIOBHIO 3apH.n;bI npHTHrMBaIOTCH
U E 3q2 C u
.n;pyr K .n;pyry C CHROH 1 = . YMMapHbIH 3apH,ll; Ha
r
.n;BYX mapax paBeH q + ( 3q) = -2q. IIocJIe coe.n;HHe
HH5I mapOB npOBOJIOKOH OH pacrrpe.n;eJIMTCH nopOBHY
MeiK,ZJ;y HHMH. T?KHM 06pa30M, Ha Ka:>K.n;OM H3 HliX OKa-
3aKOHbI B3aHMO.n;eHCTBHH HenOlI,BHiKHbIX 3apH.n;OB
:335
.H<eTCH 3apH.n; paBHbIH -q, M OHM Ha'IHYT OTTaJIKMBaTb- .
, q2
'C5I .n;Pyr OT .n;pyra C CMJIOH = 2" .
r
F.
OTHOllIeHMe -1.. = 3 .
F 2 '
: 0 T BeT: CHJIa B3aMMo.n;eHCTBHH H3MeHHT HaIlpaBJIe-
HMe Ha npoTMBOIIOJIOiKHoe M YMeHbllIMTCH B 3 pa3a.
YpoBeHb A
21. O.n;MHaKoBbIe MeTaJIJIH'IeCKMe llIapllKM, HMeIOIItMe
aapH.n;bI +4.1O- 5 KJI H -2.1O- 5 KJI npHTHrMBaIOTCH
Ha paccToHHMM 1 M C CHJIOH 7,2 H. C KaKOH CHJIOH
OHH 6y.n;YT B3aHMo.n;eHcTBoBaTb, eCJIH HX Ha
KopOTKoe BpeMH coe.n;HHMTb npOBo.n;HHKOM, a
3aTeM IIpOBO.n;HMK y6paTb? MOiKHO JIH YTBepiK-
.n;aTb, 'ITO OHH no npeiKHeMY 6y.n;YT IIpHTHrM-
, BaTbcH?
YpOBeHb 6
22. ,l(Ba O,ZJ;HOHMeHHbIX 3apH.n;a q M + 2q Haxo.ztHTcH Ha
O,ZJ;HHaKOBbIX 110 pa3Mepy MeTaJIJIll'IeCKMX llIapax
Ha paCCTQHHHM, .II03BOJIHIOII1eM C'IHTaTb HX TO'le'I-
HbIMH. Ha CKOJIbKO npOIJ;eHTOB H3MeH,nTcH Clma
HX B3aMMo.n;eHCTBHH, eCJIM, He MeHHH paCCTOHHMH
MeiK,ZJ;y HHMH, Ha KopoTKoe BpeM5I coe.n;MHHTb HX
npOBOJJ:HHKOM? .
23. ,l(oKaiKHTe, 'ITO eCJIM .n;Ba o.n;HHaKOBbIX llIapMKa
3apHiKeHbI o.n;HOllMeHHO, TO npll coe,ltMHeHMH HX
IIpOBO.n;OM 6e3 M3MeHeHMH paCCTOHHHH MeiK.n;y
'.u;eHTpaMH CHJIa:'B3aHMo.n;eHCTBliH acer.n;a 6y.n;eT
YBeJIH'IH:eaTbCH.
npMHLlMn cynepn03MI.IMM
pMMep peweHMA 38A8'1M
Onpe.n;eJIHTe IIOCTpoeHHeM MO.n;YJIb CHJIbI F , .n;eH-
CTBYIOlIteH Ha aapH.n; Q, H ee HaIlpaBJIeHHe, eCJIM ero
nOMeCTHJIH B IJ;eHTp paBHOCTopoHHero TpeyroJIb-
HHKa, B BepllIHHaX'KOToporo paCnOJIaraIOTCH O.n;H-
HaKOBbIe 3apH.n;bI q. PaCCMOTpHTe CJIY'laH, Kor.n;a
ABa 3apH.n;a q - rtOJIOiKHTeJI HbIe, a TpeTMH q M Q
: - OTpHl1aTeJIbHbIe (pHC. 13).
','
'. e m e H Me. TaK KaK B BepllIHHax TpeyrOJIbHHKa Bce
OJUfHaKOBbI, TO CHJIbI, .n;eHCTBYIOIItMe Ha 3apH.n;
e, IIO BeJIH'IHHe 6y.n;YT O.n;HHaKOBbI. TIOCKO.!lbKY
OpbI H i; paenOJIO.H<eHbI no.n;, yrJIOM 1.20°, HX
opHaH CYMMa paBHa .n;JIHHe BeKTopa F3' TaKMM
06pa30M, pe3YJIbTHPYIOII.{HH BeKTop R B .n;Ba 'pa3a
,,ZJ;JIHHHee H HaIlpaBJIeH BHH3.
qr=-q
ql=+q
q2=+q
PHC. 13
YpOBeHb A
t
24. BeJIH'IHHa CHJIbI, .n;eHcTBYIOlIteH Ha 3apH,ZJ; q3 co
CTOpOHbI 3apH,ZJ;a ql' paBHa 1 H, a co CTOpoHbI 3a-
pH.n;a q2 - 2 H (pHC. 14).
.-------------.----------------------------- -
ql
q2
%
- PHC. 14
IIepepMcYHTe B TeTpa.n;b paCnOJIOiKeHHe 3apH,ZJ;oB
B npocTpaHcTBe H HaH.n;HTe pe3Y JIbTHPYIOlItyIO ,
cJIJIY, .n;eHcTBYIOlItyIO Ha 3apJi.n; q3 c CTOpOHbI
.n;BYX 3apH,ZJ;OB B CJIe.n;YIOIItHX CJIytiaHx:
a) Bce aapH.1J;bI nOJIOiKMTeJIbHbI;
6) Bce 3apH.n;bI OTpHIJ;aTeJIbJjJ>I;
B) qt' q 2 - nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbI, q 3 -;- OTplluaTeJIeH;
r) qt' q3 - nOJIOX<HTeJIbHbI, q2 - oTpHqaTeJIeH.
25. Onpe.n;eJIHTe nOCTpoeHHeM MO.n;y JIb CHJI F;/
.n;eHCTBYIOlIteH Ha 3apH.n; Q, H ee HanpaBJIeHlle,
eCJIH ero nOMeCTHJIH B IJ;eHTp paBHOCTopoHHero
TpeyroJIbHHKa, B BepmHHax KOToporo pacnOJIa-
raIOTCH o.n;MHaKOBbIe no BeJIH'IliHe 3apH,ZJ;bI q. Pac-
CMOTpHTe lI,Ba CJIyqaH:
a) q M Q - nOJIOX<MWJlbHbIe 3apH,ZJ;bI;
6) q - nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIe, a Q - OTplfIJ;aTeJIbHbIH;
B) .n;Ba 3apH.n;a q - nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIe. a TpeTHH,q
HQ -;- OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHbIe.
BeJIM'IHHY CHJIbI B3aMMQ.n;eHCTBll51 MeiK,ZJ;y'q H Q
M306pa3HTe CTpeJIKOH .n;JIHHOH 1 CM. '
33"6
29.
; , ' 1
r
-'
'j
.n;pyr OT .n;pyra B B03.n;yxe. Ha:H.n;HTe ft'OJJo),f( i-i
,.TP'IKH C, KOTOpoji clf7Ia, .n;eHCTB IIt?!,l O,CTO- I
pO.HbI .n;aHHhU{ 3qpH,ltOB H<,\, T,peTHH 3 pSl,ll;, paBHa
HY IO. ,oy.neT JIll'nOJIO),f(eHHe TO'IKH C'3aBHCeTb
OT 3HaKa TpeTbero 3apH.n;a? ..
qeTbIpe O.n;HHaKOBbIX 3apH,lta no 100 HKJI )KeeTKO
3aKpenJIeHhI B BepmllHax KBa.n;paTa co CropoHOH
20 CM. qeMY 6y.n;eT paBHa CHJIa, .n;eHCTByIOlItaH Ha .
3apH.lt -200 HKJI co CropoHbI aTHX 3apH.ltOB, eCJIH
ero paCnOJIO)KllTb Ha cepe,ltHHe O.n;HOH H3 CTOpoH
KBa.n;paTa.
3JIEKTPOCTATHKA M nOCT05tHHbI TOK
YpoBeHb &
26. 3ap q.. q2' Q3' q. paCnOJIOiKeHbI B B pmllHax
KB3,l1paTa H .n;eHCTByIOTHa 3apH.n; Q, paCnOJIOiKeH-
HbIH B IJ;eHTpe KBa.n;p3Ta, C CHJIaMH 1, 2, 3, 4 H,
COOTBeTCTBeHHO. Ky.n;a HaIlpaBJIeHa H 'IeMY paB-
Ha paBHo.n;eHcTByIOlItaH CHJIa, .n;eHcTBYIOlItaH Ha
3apH.lt Q?
PaCCMOTpeTb CJIyqall, Kor.n;a:
a) Q H Bce OCTaJIbHbIe 3apH.ltbI nOJIoX<HTe.7J:bHbI;
6) Q OTpllIJ;aTeJIeH, a Bce OCTaJIbHbIe aapH.ltbI no-
JIOX<HTeJIbHbI;
B) Q, qh q2 nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbI, a q3, q. - OTpHIJ;a-
TeJIbHbI.
COBMeCTHoe npMMeHeHMe 3aKOHa
KynoHa M npMH14Mna
cynepno3M14MM
Y K a 3 a H He. Bo Bcex 3a.n;a'Iax He06xo.n;HMO C nOMO-
IIthIO 3aKOHa KYJIOHa HaHTli MO,Zty.1iH C.HJI, .n;eHCTByIO-
. IIJ;llX Ha BbI6paHHbIH 3apH.n; co CTOpOHbI Ka)K,ZJ;Oro H3
OCTaJIbHbIX 3apH.ltOB, a 3aTeM BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH npHH-
IJ;HnOM cy"epn03HI1HH MH HaXOiK.n;eHHH paBHo.n;eH-
CTBYIOlI1eH Bcex CHJI.
YpoBeHb A
27. HaH,ltHTe ,MO.nYJIb HHanpaBJIeHHe CHJIbI F, .n;eH-
CTBYIOlIteH Ha 3ap .n; Q::;: -1.10- 6 KJI, co CropoHbI
3apH.n;oB q t = +2.10- 6 KJI H % = -3.10- 6 KJI, KOTO-
pbIe pacnOJIO)KeHbI B ro'IKax A H E Ha paCCTM-
HHH 0,2 M .n;pyr OT .n;pyra B B03,ZtyXe. Bce 3apH.ltbI
C'IHTaTb 'to'Ie'IHblMH. PaccMoTpeTb CJIe,ltYIOIItHe
CJIyqall paCI1OJIox<eH:MH 3apMa Q:
a) Ha OTpe3Ke AE. Ha o.n;HHaKOBOM paccToHHHH OT
060Hx aapH.n;OB;
6) BHe OTpe3Ka AE Ha JIHHHH, COe.n;HHHIOlIteH 3a-
PH.ltbI, Ha paCCTOHHHH 0,1 M OT IIepBoro;
B) BHe OTpe3Ka AE Ha JIHHHH, coe.n;HHHIOlIteH 3a-
pH.n;bI, Ha paccroHHHll 0,1 MOT BTOporo;
r) BHe OTpe3Ka AE Ha paCCTOHHHH 0,2 M OT KaJK-
,ltoro H3 aapH.n;OB.
YpOBeHb &
28. To'l'e'IHbIe3apH.ltbI ql = +1.10-6KJI H q2 = -4.10-6KJI
3aKpeIIJIeHbI B TO'IKax A H B Ha paccToHHHH 0,2 M
,1
1
1
j
j
1
.
Y K a 3 a H He. He06xo.n;HMO" C nOM0lIthlO\ 3aKoHaj
KYJIOHa H npHHIJ;Hna cy"epn03HIJ;1l1l paeC'IHTa1? aJIeK- -1
u' .
TpOCT3TH'IeCKHe CHJIbI, .n;eHCTByroIItHe Ha 3apHiKeHHoe 1
TeJIO. 3aTeM H306paaHTb Ha pHCYHKe Bce CHJIh1, .n;eH- i
CTByIOJ1(He Ha .n;aHHoe TeJIO, H3BeCTHbIe H3 MeXaHHKH
(CHJIa THiKeCTH, HaTH eHHH HHTeH H T. .n;.), II npllMe-'"
HHTb H3BeCTHbIH 3aKOH HbIOTOHa 0 TOM, '11'0 eCJIli TeJIO
nOKOHTCSI, TO reOMeTpH'IeCKaH (BeKTOpHaH) CYMMa
Bcex CHJI, .n;eHCTByIOIItHX Ha TeJIO, paBHa HYJIIO. npH
aTOM MOX<HO JIll60 BOCnOJlb30BaTbCH npHMbIM BeKTOp- ,
HbIM CJIOiKeHHeM no npaBHJIy napaJIJIeJIorpaMMa (ecJIH ' 1
CHJI .n;Be HJIH TpH), JIH60 BbI6paTh OCH KOop,ltliHaT H \
aaIlHCaTb paBeHCTBO HYJIIO npOeKIJ;HH Ha aTH oca Bcexj
CRJI, .ne:HCTByIOrnHX Ha TenD. 1
1
YpoBeHb A 1
30. llIapHK C 3apH.n;oM 10- 7 KJI MaccoH 0,002 Kr BHCHT j
Ha HHTH B' B03.nyxe. KaKOBa 6y.n;eT CHJta HaTHiKe-
HHH HHTH, eCJIH CHH3Y K aTOMY mapHKY Ha pac-
CTOHHHll 0,1 M nO.n;HeCTH TaKoH *e mapm< C TaKllM
iKe 3apH.n;oM (pHC. IS)? KaK H3MeHHTCH CHJIa Ha .
TH)KeHHH, eCJIH 3apH.n; mapHKa H3MeHHTCH Ha
M
npOTHBOnOJIOX<HbIH? (g = 10 2"" )..
C '/'
COBMeCTHoe npMMeHeHMe 3aKOHOB
3neKTpoCTaTMKM M MeXaHMKM
+
uu<f)
PHC. 15
-
,,3aKOfibI B3aHMOJ(eAcTBHH HenOABH)KH X 3apH.n;OB
3,37
YpoB8H.. 6
, . .
3L.n:Ba MeTaJIJIll'leCKHX mapliKa MaccaMli 1 r BHCHT
-, 'ita BepTHKaJIbHbIX HHTJlX, KaCasiCb .n;pyr ,ltpyrn.lIx
3apH)KaIOT a6<>HHTOBOH IIaJIO'IKOH, H OHM 'pacxo-
.n;HTCH TaK, 'ITO HHTli 06paayIOT yrOJI 30° C BepTM-
KaJIJ>IO. KaKOH 3apH.n; 6bIJI C0061IteH KaiKAOMY
mapllKY, eCJIH .n;JIMHa HHTH .50 CM (pHC. 16)?
,
PRC. 16
32. TPH mapHKa CBH3aJIH nonapHO HHTHMH MHHOH
L H C006IUHJIH KaiK,ZJ;OMY 3apH.n; q. KaKoBa CHJIa
HaTHiKeHwI HHTeH, eCJIli mapHKll JIeX<aT Ha rJIa.n;-.
KOM ropH30HTaJIbHOM CTOJIe H3 .n;HaJIeKTpHKa
(pHC. 17)?
(
I,
PHC. 17
,: :33.
C KaKliM YCKopeHHeM Ha'IHYT .n;BHraTbCH HOHbI
Cu 2 + H CI-, pacIlOJIox<eHHbIe B BO,lte Ha paCCTOH-
Hlill 100 8M? 'Cmry THiKeCTH Heyq TbIBaTb.
1I1IUUl
JlatftJIIia
(
: YpOBeHb A (pacc4HfaHa Ha 45MHH)
; 't.
KaruIH, llMeIOlItaH nOJIOX<HTeJIbHbIH 3apH.n; +e, npH
OCBelIteHHll IIOTepHJIa o.n;llHaJIeKTpOH. KaKliM CTaJI
3apH.n; KaIlJIM?
tJ A. O.
o O. -2e.
0- B. +2e.
o f. Cpe,ltM OTBeTOB A-B HeT npaBHJIbHoro.
t
>
;
.
:
J,
-
2. KaK H3MeHllTCH MOAYJIb CHJIbI KYJIOHO CKoro,B3a-, 11
HMOl1eHCTBHH ,ltayx TO'Ie'IHbIX 3apJl.n;OB, eCJIH pac-
CTOSlHHe Me)K,1J;Y HliMli YBeJI Tb B' 2 'paaa? .,:..:.-
D A. YaeJIH'IHTCH B 2 paaa, ,
0, o. YMeHbmMTcH B 2 paaa.
o B. YBeJIH'IHTCH B 4 paaa.
D f. YMeHbmllTcH B 4 paaa.
3. CHJIa B3allMO,lteHCTBHH Me>K.n;y .n;BYMH TO'Ie'IHbIMH ! 1
3ap:RiKeHHbIMli TeJIaMli paBHa F. qeMY'CTaKeT paB-
Ha CHJIa B3aHM0l1eHCTBII:R MeiK.n;y 'T aMH, eCJIH
KaiK,ltbIH 3apH.n; Ha TeJI(;\X YBeJIll'IHTb B 3 paaa?
o A. YBeJIll'IHTCSI B 3 paaa.
o o. YMeHbmHTcH B 3 paaa.
o B. BeJI1f'IHTCH B 9 paa, .
D f. YMeHbmllTc B 9 p .
4. KaKoe H3 BbIpaJKeHMH, npHBe,lteHHbIX HlliKe, BbIpa-
X<aeT B CM cHJIy B3aHMo.n;eftcTBHH TO'Ie'IHbIX 3apH-
.n;OB +ql II -,-q2' paCnOJIOiKeHHbIx Ha paccToHHHH r
.n;pyr OT .n;pyra B BaKYYMe? npHTHrHBaIOTCH OHH
HJIM OTTaJIKllBaIOTcH?
o A. q\ }2 , npHTSImBaIOTcH.
r
o
o
6 q\'q2
. , OTTa.7IKHBaIOTCH.
r
( 1 ) q\ . q2
B. _ 4 --r- , -npHTHrHBaIOTCR.
1t£o r
D f ( 1 ) Q\'Q2
, . _ 4 2' OTTaJIKHBaIOTCH.
1t£o r
5. KaK HaIlpaBJIeHa YJIOHOBC aH CHna F, .n;eHcTBY-
IOlItaH Ha nOJIO)KHTCJlbHbIH TO'Ie'IHbIH apR.n, nOMe-
lIteHHbIH B IJ;eHTpKBa.n;paTa (pHC. 18), B YrJIax KO-
TOPOro HaxOMTCH 3apH.n;bI: +q, +q, -q, -q?
+q ........... / .
//> : ......
+q
-q
q
PRC. 18
338
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHblti TOK
o A. BnpaBO. 0 o. BJIeBo.
o B. BBepX. 0 f. BHH3.
6. C KaKOH CHJIOH .n;Ba TO'Ie'lHbIX 3apH,ZJ;a, paCrrOJIOiKeH-
HbIe Ha paCCTOHHHM 0;1 M .n;pyr OT .n;Pyta, .n;eHcT-
BYIOT Ha TpenrH 3apH,ZJ; , KOTOpbIH pacrrOJIaraeTCH
Ha O.n;HOH JIHHMM C rrepBbIMH .n;BYMH 3apH,ZJ;aMM, HO
IIpaBee 3apH,ZJ;a q2 Ha 0,1 M? BeJIM'IHHbI3apH.n;oB:
qt= +2.1O- 6 KJI; q2 = -2.10- 6 KJI; % = +3.1O- 6 KJI.
I
Bce 3apHJJ:bI rrorpYiKeHbI B iKH,ltKOCTb C ,.n;HaJIeKT- ,
pH'IeCKOH npOHHIJ;aeMocTbIO £ = 6.
YpOBeHb 6 (paCCI-IHTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1. KaK HSMeHHTCH MO.n;YJIb CMJIbI B3aHMo.n;eHcTBMH
.n;BYX O.n;HHaKOBbIX MeTaJIJIll'IeCKHX mapoB, MMeIO-
IItMX 3apH,ZJ;bI +qt H +FJ 2 , eCJIH mapbI IIpHBecTM B
conpHKocHoBeHMe M pa3.n;BHHYTh Ha npeiKHee pac-
cToHHHe?
o A. He H3MeHHTCH. 0 o. YBeJIH'IHTcH.
o B. YMeHbllIHTCH.
o f. OTBeT Heo.n;H03Ha'IeH.
2. KaK H3MeHHTCH MO.n;YJIb CMJIbI F B3aHMo.n;eHcTBHH
.n;BYX TO'Ie'IHbIX 3apH,ZJ;OB, eCJIIf paCCTOHHHe MeiK.n;y
HHMH YMeHbmHTb B 2 pa3a, a O.n;HH H3 3apH,ZJ;oB YBe-
JIH'IHTb B 2 pa3a?
o A. YMeHbllIHTCH B 2 pa3a.
o o. YBeJIll'IHTCH B 8 pa3.
o B. Y BeJIll'IHTCH B 4 pa3a.
o f., He H3MeHHTCH.
3.- KaK HarrpaBJIeHaKy.n;oHoBcKaH CHJIa F, .n;eHcTBYIO-
lItaH Ha OTpHl1aTeJIbHbIH TO'Ie'IHbIH 3apH.n;, IIOMe-
lIteHHbIH B I1eHTp KBa.n;paTa -(pHC. 19), B YfJIax KO-
TOpOro Haxo.n;HTCH 3apH.n;bI: +q, +q, -q, -q?
o A. BrrpaBo. 0 o. BJIeBo.
o B. BBepx. 0 f. BHM3.
+q +q
-q
" " Q
,/ ,,/ ,,,-,::-,,,,,,,,,
-q
. .....
PRC, 19
4. HaH.n;HTe CMJIY HaTHiKeHHH o.n;HHaKOBbIX HIfTeH
.n;JIMHOH 10 CM, KOTOpbIMH CBH3aHbI 'IeTbIpe llIapM-
Ka, JIeiKalItMe Ha rJIa.n;KOM CTOJIe, eCJIM KaJKlJ;brn H3
HHX HeceT 3apH,ZJ; 5.10- 7 KJI. llIapMKM CBH3aHbI TaK,
'ITO OKa3bIBaIOTCH B BepllIHHax KBa.n;paTa.
, 5. ,l(Ba o.n;HHaKOBbIX MeTaJIJIM'IeCKHX 3apHiKeHHbIx
rnapHKa no.n;BellIeHbI Ha HHTHX OJUfHaKOBOH .n;JIlf-
HbI. . OTTOJIKHYBmMcb, llIapMKH OTXO.n;HT .n;pyr OT
.n;Pyra Ha yroJI 60 0 . IIx npHBo.n;HT B corrpMKOCHOBe-
HHe H oTrrYCKaIOT, IIOCJIe 'Iero OHH CHOBa pacxo-
.n;HTCH TaK, 'ITO yroJI MeiK.n;y HHTHMM paBeH 90 0 .
KaKHe 3apH,ZJ;bI 6bIJIM Ha llIapHKax nepBOHa'IaJIbHo?
3apH,ZJ;bI C'IMTaTb TO'Ie'IHbIMH"Macca llIapHKoB 0,5 r,
.n;JIMHa HMTM 40 CM.
,
.JIlBoft'leCl&l4e ,
3artaiUI.R
YpOBeHb A
1. COCTaBbTe pecl>epaT Ha TeMY «)Kn3Hb llIapJIH Ky-
JIOHa H ero onbITbI no B3aHMo.n;eHCTBMIO 3apH.n;OB .
YpOBeHb 6
1. COCTaBbTe pecl>epaT Ha TeMY «Pa3BHTHe npe.n;CTaB-
JIeHMH 'IeJIOBe'IeCTBa Ha npMpo.n;y aJIeKTpM'IeCKoro
3apH,ZJ;a OT .n;peBHHX rpeKOB.n;o cepe.n;HHbI XX BeKa .
2. TIpH,ltYMaihe YCTPOHCTBO, KOTopoe MOrJIO 6bI rro-
MO'Ib 06HapYiKHTh HepaBHoMepHocTb pacnpe.n;eJIe-
HMH :;mpH,ZJ;a Ha TeJIe. 'Onpe.n;eJIHTe C nOMOIl{bIO Hero
pacnpe.n;eJIeHMe 3apH.n;a Ha nJIaCTMaccoBoif JIHHeH-
e .n;JIHHOH 30 CM, KOropyIO nOTepJIM 6YMaroH.
MOiKHO JIH C nOMOlItbIO Barnero YCTpOHCTBa nOKa-
3aTb, 'ITO npH rrpM6JIHiKeHHH K MeTaJIJIll'IeCKoMy..
He3apHiKeHHOMY npOTHiKeHHOMY rrpe.n;Mery 3apH-
.H<eHHoro TeJIa Ha P.<i3HbIX KOHIJ;aX MeTaJIJIll'IeCKO-
ro TeJIa 06HapYiKHBaeTCH 3apH.n; paaHoro 3HaKa?
3. TIpn KOHCTpYMpoBaHHM Mo.n;eJIHaTOMa B Ha'IaJIe
XX BeKa BCTaJI Bonpoc, KaK .n;OJliKHbI 6bITb pacno-
JIOiKeHbI B aTOMe nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIe 3apH,ZJ;bI M aJIeK-
TpOHbI, 'IT06bI aTOM 6bIJI YCTOH'IlfB. ITpe.n;JIOiKMTe
CHCTeMY nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIX H OTpHl1aTeJIbHbIX 3apH-
.n;OB, CYMMa KOTOpbIX paBHa HYJIIO M CHJIbI B3allMo-
.n;eticTBHH KOTOpbIX CKOMneHCMpOBaHbI. oy.n;eT JIM'
TaKoe paBHOBeCMe YCTOH'lHBbIM?
HAIIOMIIHAEM: paBHOBeCHe YCTOii'IMBO, ecJIH
rrpH CMelIteHHH o.n;Horo H3 TeJI CHCTeMbI B03HH-
KaIOT CHJIbI, B03BpalItaIOlItMe ero B Mcxo.n;Hoe nOJIO-
iKeHMe,.
";; :::;';>' \:tUW, .,;-." , } .';' , --"" --..;.,,<.
....",". t 1,\...,: .," 'Y II,J;IJII'-)l-o / - .,..,.>.
;;' , , , ' "<'';;{ :2 :, ' _ II .. " -f1 f
',., '"",, jj . J.
, , " Ji ! .;
....'''''.JU . -. . .
'_ l' r'- " "_. i f; 1,\
Hanp 8 .J, 4t{;\
"r .' ' ::::: : - \
,-".-.-
i
. .:.+
"'pt.",
>...:.::>
...
-" , - 'C'.. '"
"' '. *,":;-:: .t; "
'II'.:.!
,.......---" ;';""-.t'.
.. . '" ...."....:-" .0>_...,- .t
,,' ," : :y"', , :<"""" 1 ' '"
r jI 4,";. J" ct .
- ..,':' ;..V t p - t
f' If,'" .'
. f I L .
'\1 1..',"
'f! \i
. 3neKTpM&feCKOrO nonfl --' ,.
.,. 'f ;, , ! ' \.....
,. \ ' !, ,- dIJ )f,
\\t ; :/- ' _:1\'t -i. ;, ":: . , ', : , : . ' . ','. ' , ' ' 1:1, I( , , '
,;/<'';;.-::J;f:-.''': ' ' ; ' 11 '''''[; ! :,1 f" [- I ' ' /" , I""'\
L,:;:' , ;a.; >', _ _ \ M' · ';p.:r,.,i\'" '
, : < -' '. /I " \ ( , - - \ . ' , 1,/ . 't-...:
+ \ct:-' . t.,.. ¥" ;,: . r .:;
. , ...., "'-I.:j,t '.'H' is-or- f; t.. 1 .
, d
M3Y'IMB 3TY TeMY,
Bbl Y3HaeTe 0 HOBOM MaTepHMbHOM 06beKTe - 3neK-
i' TpH<4eCKOM none;
nOHMeTe, <4TO Ha6nlOAeHHJI H 3KcnepHMeHT ClIY>f(aT oc-
HOBOH AllJI rHnOTe3 H HaY<4HbIX'TeopHH;
i',: Ha}'1fHTeCb Bbl4HCnJlTb cHny, AeHCTBYIOUJ.YIO Ha 3neKT-
, pH4ecKHH 3apJlA B 3neKTpH4eCKOM none H onpeAenJlTb
BHA ABH>KeHHJI 3apJl>KeHHOH 4aCTH4bl.B 3neKTpH4eCKOM
" non'e;
If: CMO>KeTe npeAbJlBnJlTb HHQ>OPMa4HIO 06 3neKTpH4ec-
. KOM none, OKpy>t<alOlJ.IeM 3apJl>KeHHble'Tena
,JI " _
/(oHCJli!lellj .
.
(,' eKTpMllecKoe none
...r t
",,' ' JIHHCKHH yqeHbli-i MaHKJI cI>apa.n;eH .n;aJI HBJIeHHIO
, ' o.n;eHCTBHH aJIeKTpll'IeCKHX 3apH.n;OB CJIe.n;yIOlItee
." KOBaHHe: KaiK.n;bIH 3apH.n; C03.n;aeT BOKpyr ce6H\
:;"eKTpll'IeCKOe nOJIe, KOTOpoe .n;eHcTBYeT Ha .,n;pyroH
, , , BHeceHHbIH BvaTo nOJIe. 3JIeKTpll'IeCKOe nOJIe -
';,,;' "MaTepHaJIbHbIH 06'beKT, HenpepbIBHbIH B npo-
", . . HCTBe, npoHBJiHIOIItH:HCH B TOM, 'ITO .n;eHcTByeT Ha
}'Ynie aJIeKTpll'IeCKHe 3apH.n;bI.
OCHOBHble nOHATMA:
3neKTpH4eCKoe none · HanpJl>KeHHOCTb 3neKTpH4ec- ,
Koro nonJl'. OAHopoAHoe none . nHHHH Hanpsl>KeH-
HOCTH 3neKTpH4eCKoro nonJl . none T04e4Horo 3apJl-
Aa, wapa, nnOCOCTH
TeopMM A8IIbHOAeMCTBMA M 6nM3KOAeiiCTBMA
B HaCTOHlItee BpeMH C'IHTaeTCH, 'ITO B3allMo.n;eHcTBHe
MeiK.n;y 3apH.n;aMH npaBHJIbHO onHCbIBaeT TeOpHJI
6JIH3Ko,neHCTBHJI. COrJIaCHO aToH TeopHll, JII060e B3a-
HMo.n;eHcTBHe ocylIteCTBJIHeTCH C nOMOlItbIO npoMeiKY-
TO'IHbIX areHTOB H pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH C KOHe'IHOH CKO:
pOCTbIO, B OTJIll'IHH OT TeopHH ,n8JIhHo,neAcTBHJI, no
KOTOpoH O.n;HO TeJIO .n;eHcTByeT Ha .n;pyroe Henocpe.n;-
CTBeHHO 'Iepe3 nycToTY, H aTO .n;eHcTBHe nepe.n;aeTcH
340
,3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbIt\ TOK
MrHOBeHHO. 3JIeKTpH'IeCKOe nOJIe paerrppCTpaHHeTCH
B npOCTpaHCTBe C 60JIbIIIOH, HO KOHe'IHOH CKOpOCTbIO
M '
C = 3.10 8 - . ECJIH npe,lJ;CTaBHTb, 'ITO C nOMOIl{l>IO 3apH-
C
x<eHHoH OOOHliTOBOH naJIO'lKll, HaxoMlIteHcH Ha 3eM-
JIe, B03.n;eHcTBYIOT aa 3apHiKeHHbIH IIIapHK a BeHepe
(r=< 60MJIH.KM), H 3aTeM y.n;aJIHIOT naJIo y B CTOPOHY
OT BeHepbI, TO mapHK B aTOM rnnOTeTHQeCKOM onbITe
«nO'IYBCTByeT YMeHbmeHHe CHJlbI B3allMo.n;eHCTBHH
roJIbKO 'Iepe3 3,5 MHH. COrJIaCHO TeopHH .n;aJIbHo.n;eH-
CTBHH, aTO .n;OJIiKHO 6bIJIO 6bI npo1l30Hrn MrHQBeHHO.
HanpA)f(eHHOCTb 3neKTpM'I8CKOrO nonA
H JlXCeHHOCTh 3JIeKTpH'IeCKoro nOJIJI (He nYTaTb
C aJIeKTpH.'IeCKHM HaIlpHiKeHHeM) - cl>H3ll'IeCKM Be-
JIll'IliHa E , paJmaJI OTHOJIIeHHIO' CHJIbI F , .n;eHCTByIO-
lIteH Ha np06HbIH TO'Ie'IHbIH no.nOX<HTeJIbHbIH 3apM
q (pHC. 20), K BeJIH'IHHe aTOro 3apMa:
-
+/F
q
Q
BJ
- F
E=q
PHC. 20
HanpHiKeHHOCTb aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIH Ha3bIBaIOT
CUJL060U xapmcmepucmU1wu nOJlSl. KaK nOKa3bIBaeT
onbIT, aTa BeJIH'IHHa H 3aBltCHT.'OT npo61j0ro 3apMa
q, a onpe.n;eJIHeTCH 3apH.n;aMH, c03.n;aIOIItHM nOJIe.
TaK, B3aHMo.n;eikTBHe .naYX'3aPMOB C CHJIOH F K = k Qr"
r
MOiKHO ,TOJIKOBaTb KaK B3aHMo.n;eHcTBHe np06Horo
3apH,ZJ;a q C aJIeKTpll'IeCKHM nOJIeM, C03.n;aHHbIM 3apH-
,ltOM Q. Tor.n;a HaIlpHiKeHHocTb aToro nOJIH orrpe.n;eAA-
eTCH TOJIbKO 3apMOM Q, ,C03.n;aIOIItHM rrOJle, H He 3a-
BHCHT OT IIp06HOro 3apH.n;a q:
E=!i=k Q .
q r 2
:f:,ltHH'HneH H3MepeHHH HaIlpHiKeHHOCTH B CII HBJIH-
, H B
eTCH - HJIH - (CM. «TIoTeHIJ;HaJI aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO
Krr M
OAA ).
OAHopOAHQe 3JJetcTpU1IeCKOe OJIe- ::p'Q e -
'IecKoe nOJIe, HaIlpHiKeHHOCTb KOTOporo B JII060ii>TO -
Ke O,ltliHaKOBa.
CHJIOBBJI JIHHHJl3JIeKTpH'IecKO,r:O n JI - :::ITO JIllHHH, ,
KaCaTeJIbHaH K KOTOpOH B KaiK.n;OH TO'IKe COBna.n;aeT C
BeKTopOM HaIlpIDIteHHocTH nOJlsr E . CHJioBbIe JIHHHH
(JIllHllll HanpHiKeHHOCTH) nOJIH B aJIeKTpOCTarnKe Ha-
'IHHaIOTCH Ha nOJIOXCllTeJIJ>HbIX 3apH,ltax H 3aKaH'IHBa-
IOTCH Ha OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHbIX.
npHHJUUI cynepnoamnm nOJIeA. ECJlU 6 iJaH1lOU m()ll-
1Ce npocmpaHcmea pa3H'6le 3apSlObt c030arom nOJlJl HO,-
np.R:JICeHHOcmu Et, E 2 ..., in (pHe. 21), mo CYMMaJfH.OJl
HanpsP1ceHHocmb rl,0JlJl 6 iJaHHou :rrjoq.1Ce pa8Ha 6etemop- 1
HOU cy.M.Me OmOeJlbHblX Hanp.R:JICeHHocmei1:j
'j
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PHC. 22
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HanpHiKeHHOCTb aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro nOJIH
341
1lanpJDKeHH0CTb 3JleR1'pH'IecKOI'O nOJIJl38pmrcelOlOl'O
map8:
a) Ha paCCTOHHllHX r » R (pa.n;nyc mapa) map MOX<-
ito C'IliTaTb TO'IetfHbIM 3apH,ZJ;OM;
6) BHe paBHOMepHoaapHiKeHHoro mapa KaPTHHa CHJID-
BbIX JIllHllH aneKTpHtJeCKoro nOJIH nOJIHOCTbIO COB-
na.n;aeT C Kap1"llHOH .11HHHH TO'Ie'IHoro aapH,ZJ;a, noa-
TOMY npH r ;) R
HanpHiKeHHOCTb nOJIH O.n;HHaKOBa, HanpaBJIeHa nep-
neH,ltllKYJIHpHO IIJIaeTliHe H paBHa:
E = 11- = 21m/a!
12££0 £
Q
r.n;e (J = S - nJIOTHOCTb sapH,ZJ;a Ha nJiaCTHHe.
E=k.JgJ.;
£r .
B) BHYTpH MeTaJIJIll'IeCKoro mapa E = 0, TaK KaK .n;BH-
,
X<eHHe CB060.n;HbIX 'SJIeKTpOHOB B MeTaJIJIe 6y.n;eT
! . npOnOJI)KaTbCH .n;o TeX nop, nOKa aTO YCJIOBHe :He
!,' 6y.n;eT BbIIIOJIHeHO.
HanpmrcelOloCTh 3JIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIJl pBBHOMepHO
. ,aapJlxceHHoA nJiaCTHHhI. MOX<HO nOKasaTb, 'ITO
B6JIH3H paBHOMepHO pHiKeHHOH IIJIaCTllHbI (pHC. 23)
PRC. 23
3aKOHW B BMAe cIJoPMYIi
0603HalfeHMJ1 BeIIMIfMH, eAMHMI4W M3MepeHMR B CM, cnpaBOlfHwe
3HalfeMMR KOHCTaHT
- F
£::-
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E - HanpA>KeHHOCTb 3neKTpH'fecKOro nonfl,
H B
OnpeAeneHHe Hanpfl>KeHHOCTH
-=-
Kn M
i - CHJ1a, AeHCTBYIO Ha nP<>6HblH 3apllA q
£=kM= M
£f 2 , 41t£0 £?
£ - MOAynb BeKTOpa Hanpf1>KeHHOCTH nonfl, C03.Q,aBaeMOrO T()I.Ie&fHblM
aapllAOM Q HCl paCCTOflHHH r B cpe.Q,e C .Q,H3nel<TpH'fecKoH
npoHH eMOCTblO £
,
k=9.10' H'M 2
Kn2,
npHH4Hn cynepn03H4HH noneH
Ei = Et + E 2 +...En
-
if. - cyMMapHafI Hanpfl>KeHHOCTb nonll, C03.Q,aHHOro n aapll,Q,aMH, B
,Q,aHHOH T()I.IKe npocrpaHCTBa, i
En - Hanp >KeHHOCTb nonl!. C03.Q,aHHOrO n-biM aapllAOM
,
none aapf1>KeHHOH nnaCTHHbl
.:f
£=11
2££0
(J = - nnoTHOCTb aapf1,Q,a Ha nnaCTHHe ( )
Q - 3apHA Ha nnaCTHHe, C03.Q,aIOL4eH none
;
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(
342
3JIEKTPOCTATMKA 11 IIOCT05IHHbIti TOK
.Jam>jlaNJfIRbte
paoollibt
1. OnpeAeneHMe HanpaBneHMSI BeKTopa .
HanpSl)l(eHHOCTM 3neKTpM'IecKoro nonSi
II: e JI b P a 6 0 T bI. IIOCTpOHTb aKcnepHMeHTaJIbHO
KapTliHY pacnpe.n;eJIeHHH nOJIH B rrpOCTpaHCTBe BOK-
pyr 3apHiKeHHoro TeJIa H y6e.n;RTbcH, 'ITO HaJIH'IHe
nOJIH B .n;aHHOH TO'IKe npOCTpaHCTBa H HaJIH'IHe 3apH-
iKeHHoro TeJIa pH.n;OM C aTOH TO'IKOH npOCTpaHCTBa He
Bcer.n;a COBna,ZJ;aIOT.
o 6 0 p y ,It 0 B a H He: .n;Be nJIaCTMaCCOBbIe JIHHeHKH,
neHOnJiaCT pa3MepOM npHMepHO 0,5 x 0,5 CM Ha HHTKe,
.n;epiKaTeJIb, HrJIa, KYCOK nOpOJIOHa, mapHK. OT mrnr-
nOHra HJIH nJIaCTMaCCOJ;3bIH mapHK npMMepHo TOro iKe
pa3Mepa, cl>OJIbra, JIHCT 6YMam. .
XO,lt pa60Tbi.
1. M3roToBbTe HH.n;HKaTopbI aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro nOJIH
Tpex BH.lJ;OB.
11 e p B bI H BbI y:>Ke H3roT<lBJIHBaJIH H3 KYCO'IKa ne-
HOnJiaCTa, no.n;BemeHHoro Ha HHTR B JIa60paTop-
HOH pa60Te 1 no TeMe 3aKoHbI B3aMMo.n;eHcTBHH
Heno.n;BHiKHbIX 3ap5I,Zl;0B:». 3apH,ZJ;HTe mapHK nOJIO-
iKHTeJIbHO, nOTepeB CTeKJIHHHbIH CTaKaH 0 meJIK
HJIR oprCTeKJIO 0 nOJIRaTHJIeH.
B TOp 0 H RHlI,H TOp MOiKHO H3rOTOBRTb, BbIpe-
3aB R3 cl>OJIbrM He60JIbmyIO CTpeJIKY H aKKypaTHo
nOJIOX<HB ee Ha TynoH KOpeIJ; HrJIbI, BOTKHYTOH Bep-
THKaJIbHO B IIOpOJIOH (pi [c. 24). MH YCTOH'IHBOC-
TH KOHIJ;bI CTpeJIKH HY)l(HO CJIerKa onycTHTb, a B
IJ;eHTpe, y KOH'IHKa llrJIbI, IIaJIbIJ;aMH c.n;eJIaTb He-
60JIbmOe yrJIy6JIeHHe. Y6e.n;HTecb 'ITO CTpeJIKa JIer-
KO BpalItaeTC BOKpyr cBoeH OCH.
CTpeJ1Ka H3 Q>onbrH
o
Hrna
o 0 0 0 0
o 0 0 0 0
noponoH
CTon
PHC. 24
,l{eHcTBHe aToro HH,lI;HKaTOP OCHOBaHO Ha nOJIH-
pH3aIlHH MeTaJIJIa B6JIR3H 3apHiKeHHoro TeJIa.
CTpeJIKa rrpH06peTaeT 3apH.n; npOTMBOnOJIO
3apH.n;y ieJIa 3HaKa R npRTHrMBaeTCH K TeJIY.
'T peT H H HII):(HKaTOp MOiKHO BbIlIOJIHllTb H3 cyx :
JIerKOH 6YMarH aHaJIOrH'IHO BTOpoMY, nocKoJib,
.n;HaJIeKTpRKH TOiKe MorYT nOJIHpH30BaTbCH n
.n;eHCTBHeM BHemHero nOJIH.
2. 1I3roToBbTe 3apHiKeHHbIH MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHH m
,l{JIH aTOro 06epHHTe mapHK OT nHHr-nOHra cl>o
rOH. MOiKHO TaKiKe nOKpbITb ero rpacl>HTOM (rp.
cl>eJIeM MHrKOrO npOCTQro KapaH.n;ama). I10JIO >
Te ero Ha KYCOK nopOJIOHa HJIH .n;pyroro H30JIHTO ,
'IT06bI OH He Mor nepeMelItaTbCH. 3apMHTe e
IIOTepeB nJiaCTRKOBbIH Kopnyc PY'lKM 0 mepcTb'
nepeHeCH 3apH.n; C PY'lKR Ha «MeTaJIJIH3MpOB
HbIH map.
3. 06HOC nepBbIH RH,lI;HKaTOp BOKpyr 3apHiKeHHOJj
map'a Ha paBHOM paCCTOHHRH OT ero aKBaTOp
3apRCYMTe HanpaBJIeHHe CHJIbI, .n;eHCTBYIOlIteH
nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIH np06HbIH 3apH.n;, Haxo.n; IItHii:cst
Ha neHOnJIaCTOBOM HH.n;HKaTOpe, no.n;BemeHHOM
HHTH, KaK nOKa.3aHO Ha pHC. 25.
3apA>KeHHblll
wapHK H3
neHonnaCTa
Aep>KaTellb
CTOn
PHC. 25
4. I1epeMelItaHTe HH,ZJ;HKaTOp BOKpyr mapa Ha 60JIb
mey y.n;aJIeHIDI OT ero IJ;eHTpa, OCTaBa Cb B ImOC1
KOCTH aKBaTOpa . M306pa3HTe Ha TOM iKe PllCYH :;i
Ke BeKTopbI CHJI, nOKa3bIBaIOlItHe HX COOTHomeHHEk
npH nepBOM H BTOpOM 06xo.n;e. I1poBe.n;HTe He:
CKOJIbKO CHJIOBbIX JIHHHH aJIeKTpll'leCKOrO nOJI . ii
. 5. C nOMOlItbIO BToporo H TpeTberO HH.n;MKaTOpoB yre,.;;
.n;HTeCb, 'ITO OHH nOBOpa'IHBaIOTCH npH nepeMelIte"'k!
HHHHxBoKpyrmapaB.n;OJIbHanpaBJIeHHHCHJIOB
JIHHHll aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro IIOJIH. ;'!
. q
6. IIoBepHYB map Ha nOpOJIOHe, C nOMOIlthIO HH.n;HKa.;;(
Topa y6e.n;HTeCb, 'ITO KapTHHa pacnOJIOiKeHHH BeK":'
TOpoB HanpHiKeHHocTH nOJIH OCTaeTC CHMMeTPMQ"',
HOH B «aKBaTOpHaJIbHOH nJIOCKOCTH. .
-
[
'HanpHiKeHHOCTb aJIeKTp:l1'IeCKoro nOM
343
7. CHHMHTe cl>oJlbry C nJIaCTMaccoBoro llIapHKa, 3a-
pMHTe TOJIbKO O.n;HY TO'IKY llIapHKa B «aKBaTO-
pHaJIbHOH nJIOCKOCTH. MCCJIe.n;YHTe KapTHHY
aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro nOJIH B aTOM CJIY'Iae. 3apH yihe
ee B TeTpa,ZJ;b.
, 8. 06epHHTe cl>oJIbroH JIHHeHKY, nOJIOiKHTe ee Ha H30
JIHTOp, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 26, H 3apMHTe, noc-
JIe 'Iero HCCJIe.n;yHTe KaPTHHY nOJIH B.n;OJIb JIHHeHKH.
3apHcYHTe CHJIOBbIe JIHHHH aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro nOJIH.
! CT p en04HblM
HHAHK8TOp
00
noponOH 0
o 0
eTon
PHC. 26
t.
f 9
l .
.
t.
C nOMOlItbIO BTOpOro HJIH Tpe'f.be HH.n;HKaTopa
rrpoCJIe.n;nre, KaK CTpeJIKa pearHpyeT Ha npOHece-
HHe MJIMO Hee 3apHiKeHHoH nJiaCTMaCCOBOH PY'IKH.
3aIlHllIHTe HaOJIIO.n;eHHH. KaK MeHHeTC rrOBe.n;eHHe
CTpeJIKH, ecJIH MCiKlI,Y llH,ZJ;HKaTOpOM H 3apH)KeHHOH
PY'IKOH nOMeCTHTb JIHCT 6YMam, KYCOK IJ;eJIJIYJIO-
H,lta, :fIJIOCKHH JIHCT cl>oJlbm, 3epKaJIbIJ;e (pHC. 27)?
.OnHllIHTe Ha6JIIO.n;eHHH.
(:
I
i
f
t
r
f
CTpen04HbiM
HHAHKaTOp
3aplI>KeHH8JI '
'"" I
p)"IKa
cponbra (nHCT 6YMarH)
PHC. 27
10. OOIlpocHTe KOro-HH6y.n;b rro.n;epiKaTb 3apHiKeH-
HYIO PY'IKY 3a Henp03pa'IHbIM aKpaHoM H3 6YMa-
m HJIH TKaHH H C rrOMOlItbIO HH,lI;HKaTOpa 06Ha-
PYiKbTe, B KaKoH ro'IKe rrpocTpaHcTBa no .n;PyryIO
CTOPOHY aKpaHa aJIeKTpH'IeCKOe rrOJIe HMeeT MaK-
CHMaJIbHYIO HaIlpHiKeHHocTb.
11. Ocl>opMHTe BbIBO.n;bI.
1. BeKTop HarrpH)KeHHOCTH E aJIeKTpll'leCKoro
nOJIH BOKpyr MeTaJIJIll'leCKoro mapa HanpaB-
JIeH (ypoBeHb A) H C YBeJIH'IeHHeM'
paCCTOHHHH HanpH)KeHHOCTb nOJIH
(ypoBeHb 0). '
2. BeKTop HarrpHiKeHHOCTH. aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO
rrOJIH B6JIH3H nJIOCKOCTH HarrpaBJIeH
(YPoBeHb A).
3. HanpHiKeHHocTb rrOJIH 3a aKpaHoM H3
paBHa HYJIIO, HeCMOTpH Ha rrpHCYTCTBHe pMOM
3apHiKeHHoro TeJIa (ypoBeHb A), TaK KaK
(YPoBeHb 0).
CfU40CIIio.JuIi4UaNaA
ftadollia
06Y'laIOIqMM TeCT
1. KaK Y3HaTb, 'ITO B .n;aHHoH TO'IKe npocTpaHcTBa
cYlIteCTByeT aJIeKTpll'leCKOe nOJIe?
o A. OOMecTHTb B aTY TO'IKY MarHHTHYIO CTpeJI-
KY H rrocMoTpeTb, opHeHTHpyeTcH JIH OHa.
o O. IIoMecT Tb B aTY TO'IKY 3apH.n; H nOCMOT-
peTb, .n;eHcTByeT JIH Ha Hero CHJIa.
o B. OOMeCTHTb B aTY TO'IKY JIaMny HaKaJIHBa-
HHH H nOCMOTpeTb, 3aropHTcH JIH OHa.
o f. 3TOro HeJIb3H' orrpe.n;eJIHTb aKcrreplIMeH-
TaJIbHO, TaK KaK rrOJIe He .n;eHcTByeT Ha HallIH
opraHbI 'IYBCTB.
2. HarrpaBJIeHHe BeKTopa HanpHiKeHHOCTH aJIeKTpH-
'IeCKoro rrOJIH COBrra,ZJ;aeT C HarrpaBJIeHHeM CHJIbI,
.n;eHcTBy:r.olIteH Ha ...
o A. He3apHiKeHHbIH MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHH llIap, nOMe-
lIteHHbrn B rrOJIe.
o O. OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHbIH np06HbIH 3apM, nOMelIteH-
HbIH B nOJIe.
0' B. rrOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIH np06HbIH 3apH,lt, nOMe-
lIteHHbIH B nOJIe.
o f. OTBe'ta HeT, TaK KaK HanpHiKeHHOCTb nOJIH -
CKaJIHpHaH BeJIH'IHHa. .
3. CHJIa, .n;eHcTBYIOlItaH B rrOJIe Ha' 3apM B 0,00002 KJI,
paBHa 4 H. HarrpHiKeHHocTb rrOJIH B aTOH TO'lKe
paBHa:
344
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA 11 IIOCT05IHHbIti TOK
H
o A. 200000 KIT '
B
o O. 0,00008 -.
M
H
o B. 0,00008 KIT '
-fiKIT
o f. 5.10 "H'
4. Ha 3apHlI, q co CTOpOHbI 3apHlI,a Q .n;eHCTByeT CHJIa
npHTHiKeHHH F. C TO'IKH 3peHHH TeopHH 6JI1l3KO-
.n;eHcTBHH aTO npOHcxo.n;HT nOToMY, 'ITO...
o A. 3apH.n;bI Q H q O.n;HOro 3HaKa.
0,\ o. nOJIe, C03.n;aHHoe 3;;1.pH,ltOM Q, B3aHMo,lteH-
, cTByeT'c rrOJIeM, C03.n;aHHbIM 3CipHlI,OM q.
o B. 3apHlI, q C03.n;aeT rrOJIe, KOTopoe B3aHMO,lJ;eH
cTByeT C 3apHlI,OM Q.
o f. 3apHA Q C03.n;aeT rrOJIe, H 3apHA q B3aHMO-
.n;eHcTByeT C aTHM nOJIeM.
5. Ha TO'Ie'lHbIH 3apHlI, q co CTOpOHbI TO'le'IHoro 3apH-
.n;a Q ,lteHcTByeT CHJIa npHTHiKeHHH F. 3apHA q YBe-
JIH'IHBaIOT B 4 pa3a. HarrpHiKeHHocTb nOJIH, C03-
aeMoro 3apHAOM Q B TO'lKe rrpocTpaHcTBa, r.n;e
paCnOJIOiKeH 3apH.n; q,..
o A. He H3MeHHTCH.
o O. YBeJIH'lHTCH B 4 pa3a.
o B. YMeHbIIlHTcH B 4 pa3a.
o f. aTO 3aBHCHT OT paccToHHHH Me)K,ZJ;y 3apH-
.n;aMH. .
6. Ha TO'Ie'IHbIH 3apHA q co CTOpOHbI TO'Ie'lHoro 3apH-
.l(a Q .n;eHcTByeT CHJIa rrpHTHiKeHHH. PaCCTOHHHe
MeiK.n;y HHMH yBeJIll'IHBaIOT B 4 pa3a. HarrpHiKeH-
HOCTb nOJIH, C03.n;aBaeMoro 3apHAOM QB TO'IKe rrpo-
cTpaHcTBa, r.n;e pacnOJIo)J<eH 3apHA q,..
o A. He 113MeHHTC .
o O. YBeJIH'IHTCH B 4 paaa.
o B. YMeHbmHTCH B 4 pa3a.
,0 f. YMeHbmHTc B 16 pa3.
7. .n;Ba O.n;HHaKOBbIX pa3HOHMeHHbIX 3apHAa pacnoJIo-
iKeHbI B BepmHHax paBHocTOpoHHero TpeyroJIbHHKa
1 H 2. Ha KaKOM H3 PHCYHKOB npaBHJIbHO rroKCl3aH
cnoc06 HaXOiKlI,eHHH cYMMapHoH HarrpHiKeHHOCTH
rrOJIH B BepmHHe 3? '
, \
PRC. 28
2 2
II j '\", II j \\
I -+ '\ " '.. -..
+q ," E, \"3 +q ," ", 3 E,
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a)
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+q .('-------
1 3 ...
E,
6)
-q ,2
,-' ", ....
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+q.(------ -
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o A. Ha pHC. 28 a.
o 6. Ha pHC. 28 6.
o B. Ha pHC. 28'6.
o f. Ha pHC. 28 l.
z)
I
4
.7/iaeuU'iJilC,!-1l11iJ j
.JfVI
J,
OnpeAeneHMe HanpA)I(eHHotTM
3neKTpMlteCKOrO nOnA
i:
" j
npMMep peWeHMA 3a.qa'lM
B ropH30HTaJIbHOM O.n;HOpO,ltHOM nOJIe MaJIeHbKHii :
3apHiKeHHbIH mapHK (q = 100 HKJI) MaccoH 100 Wi "
no.n;BeilieH Ha HHTH, KOTOpaH COCTaBJIHeT C BepTll- j
KaJIbIO 45°. KaKoBa HaIlpHiKeHHocTb aJIel<TpH'IecJ )
Koro noM?
PHC. 29
...
F3J1
-
mg
.n;aHO:
m = 100Mr= 1O- 4 JCr;
HaIlpHiKeHHOCTb aJIeKTpHtJeCKoro nOJIH
345
a= 45°;
q = 100 HKJI = 10- 7 KJI;
E-?
P e m e H He. Ha mapHK .n;eHCTBYIOT CHJIbI: co CTOpO-
Hhf ::meKTpOCTaTll'IeCKOrO nOJIH F ,,'" = qE, CHJIa THiKeC-
m,mgH cHJla HaTHiKeHHH HHTH T, BeKTOpHaH CYMMa
KOTOpbIX paBHa 0 (pHC. 29).
F
'J<aK BH,ltHO 113 pHcyHKa, tga = ---!!!=>
mg
F"iJJ(=mgtga=qE.
:n03TOMY:
E - mg.tia _10-4 .10.1 =10 4 ( B )
q 10- 7 M .
YpoBeHb A ,
r,
l .n:JIH YCTaHOBJIeHHH HanpHiKeHHOCTH aJIeKTpH'IeC-
KOro nOJIH B HeKoTOpyIO TO'li<y npOCTpaHCTBa no-
MelItaIOT np06HbIH 3apH.ZJ: q = 2 MKKJI. BbIHclliIeT-
CH, 'ITO Ha Hero .lteHcTByeT CHJIa 0,04H. qeMY paBHa
HanpHiKeHHOCTb nOJIH B aTOH TO'IKe?
I
\ KaKOH 3apH.ZJ: nOMelItaIOT B TO'lKY nOJIH C HanpH-
" B '
, iKeHHOCTbIO E = 400 -, eCJIH Ha Hero .n;eHCTByeT
M
clf1Ia 2.10- 4 H?
KaKaH cRiIa Ha'lHe ,neHtTBoBaTb Ha nbIJIHHKY co
,'CTOpoHbI aJIeKTpll'leCKOrO 'nOJIH C HarrpHiKeHHoc-
K8 , ?
, ThIO 200 -, eCJIH 3apH.ZJ: nbIJIHHKH 2 HKJI
r; M
Hb&
,.lJ:;m YCTaHOBJIeHHH HaIIpHiKeHHOC'm aJIeKTp ecKo-
ro nOJIH B HeKoTopyIO TO'IKy npocTpaHCTBa nOMelIta-
lOT npo6HbIii: 3apH.ZJ: q; KaKHe orpaHll'IeHIDI.n;OJIiKHbI
6bITh BbIIIOJIHeHbI, IJT06bI, 3HaH CHJIY, .n;eHCTBYIOIItYIO
,Ha aTOT aapH.ZJ:, MOiKHO 6bIJIO paCC'lHTaTh HaIlpHiKeH-
'HOCTh B ,ltaHHOH TO'IKe npocTpaHCTBa?
B ropll30HTaJIbHOM o.n;JlOpO.n;HOM nOJIe MaJIeHbKHH
aapHiKeHHbIH mapHK (q = 200 HKJI) MaCCOH 50 Mr,
nO,ltBemeH Ha HHTH, KOTOpaH COCTaBJIHeT C BepTll-'
ICaJIbIO yroJI 30°. KaKOBa HanpHiKeHHOCTh aJIeKT-
p1I'IecKoro nOJIH?
,nOJIbIH IIJIaCTMaCCoBbIH mapHK npHKpenJIeH KOPOT-
,J;<O meJIKOBOH HHTbIO K MeTaJIJIH'IeCKOH IIJIaCTHHe,
./'lex<ameH Ha .n;He aKBapHYMa, 3aIlOJIHeHHOro Kepo-
CHHOM. Ha mapHKe 06'beMOM 50 CM 3 H MaCCOH 2 r
paBHoMepHo pacrrpe.n;eJIeH nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIH 3apsI,l(
25 MKKJI. B BepXHeH 'IaCTH aKBapHYMa ,napaJIJIeJIb-
HO HH:>KHeH IIJIaCTHHe YKpenJiHIOT BTOpyIO IIJIaCTll-
HY H no.n;KJIIO'IaIOT K aJIeKTpo<popHOH MallIHHe,. 'ITO
n03BOJIHeT C03.ltaTh Me:>K.n;y IIJIaCTHHaMli HanpHiKeH-
, B
HOcTb nOJIH 100 -. KaKOBO HaTHiKeHHe HHTH .n;o
CM
no.n;KJIIO'IeHHH aJIeKTpocl>opHOH MamHHbI; nOCJIe
no.n;KJIIO'IeHHH KTIJIaCTHHe noJioiKHTeJIbHOrO rrOJIIO-
ca aJIeKTpocl>opHoH MamHHbI; K ee OTpH aTeJIbHO-
- I<r
MY nOJIIOCY? IIJIOTHOCTb KepOCHHa 800 3'
M
none TO'leliHOrO 3apAAB
npMMep peweHMA 3aAaliM
Ha:H.n;HTe HanpHiKeHHOCTh aJIeKTpll'leCKoro nOJIH,
C03.n;aHHoro 3apHiKeHHbIM mapHKOM (q = 2 MKKJI)
pa,ZJ;HYCOM 1 CM B B03.n;yxe Ha paccToHHHH 20 CM OT
ero IJ;eHTpa (pHC. 30). KaK H3MeHH cH HaIlpHiKeH-
HOCTb nOJIH, eCJIH mapHK nOMeCTHTb B amJIOBbIH
cnHpT (.n;HaJIeKTpll'leCKaH npoHHu;aeMocTb cnHpTa
paBHa 24)?
PRC. 30
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E. - ? E 2 - ?
P e m e H He. IIoeR;oJIbKY PaAHYC mapa ropa3.n;0 MeHb-
me paCCTOHHHH OT IJ;eHTpa mapa .n;o TO'lKH nOJIH, B KO-
TOpOH CJIe.n;yeT H TH HaIlpHiKeHHOCTb, BOCnOJIb3yeM-
CH .n;JIH ee paC'IeTa cl>OPMYJIOH .n;JIH HaIlpHiKeHHOCTH
nOJIH TO'Ie'lHoro 3apH.n;a: ,
E = kq = 9.10 9 .2.10..{i =4S.10 5 ( B )
· Er 2 4.10- 2 ' M .
.l{JIH mapa, norpYiKeHHoro B cnHpT, HaIlpHiKeHHocTb
nnTrsr R F. = 2<1 n;! MPHJ.1TIP'
346
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA M IIOCTO.HHHbIfi TOK
E 2 = : 1,9'104 (: J.
YpOBeHb A
7. Haii.n;HTe HarrpHiKeHHOCTh aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro nOJIH,
c03J:taHoro 3apHiKeHHbIM mapHKoM (q = 4 MKKJI)
pa,ZJ;HYCOM 1 CM B B03.n;yxe Ha paccToHHHH 10 CM OT
ero IJ;eHTpa. KaK H3MeH,HTC HanpHiKeHHocTb nOJIH,
eCJIH mapHK nOMeCTMTb B KepocHH (.n;H3JIeKTpll'leC-
KaH npOHHIJ;aeMOCTb KepVCHHa paBHa 2)?
8. Ha l\aKOM paCCTOHHHH OT TO'Ie'IHoro 3apMa 10 HKJI,
HaIlpHiKeHHocTb nOJIH TaKaH iKe, KaK H Ha paccTo-
HHHH 20 CM OT ro'Ie'IHoro 3apMa B 20 HKJI?
YpOBeHb 6
9. PaCC'IHTaTb npH r= 5, 10, 15,20,25,30 CM H nOCT-
pOllTb rpacl>MK 3aBHCHMOCTM BeJIH'IMHbI HaIlpHiKeH-
HOCTH aJIeKTpOCTarn'IeCKOrO IIOJIH OT paCCTOHHHH
MH MeTaJIJIll'leCKoro mapa pa,ZJ;Hyca 12 CM, Hecy-
lItero 3apM 10- 5 KJI. Onpe.n;eJIHTb no rpacl>HKy' Ha-
npHiKeHHocTb nOJIH B 2 CM OT ero nOBepXHocTH.
I1pMHLlMn cynepno3MLlMM
/pOBeHb A
to. .l{Ba 3apMa C03.n;aIOT B TO'IKe, paCnOJIOiKeHHOH Ha
cepe.n;HHe coe.n;HHHIOlIterO HX oTpe3Ka, nOJIH
B H
HanpHiKeHHocTbIO 20 -:- H 30 -. M306 p a3HTe
M KIT
rpacl>ll'leCKH C C06JIIO.n;eHHeM MacmTa6a HanpH-
iKeHHOCTH nOJIH, C03.n;aBaeMbIe Ka)K.n;bIM H3 3apH-
.n;OB, H cYMMapHYIO HanpHiKeHHocTb B aToH TO'I-
Ke, eCJIH 3apH.n;bI 06a nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIe;' o6a
OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHbIe; pa3Horo 3HaKa.
1. .l{Ba o.n;HHaKOBbIX 3apMa paCnOJIOiKeHbI B BeplllH-
Hax npH OCHOBaHHH paBH06e.n;peHHoro TpeyroJIb-
HHKa co CTOpOH:lMH 10, 20 H 20 CM. HanpHiKeH-
HOCTb nOJIH, C03.n;aBaeMaH KaiK.n;bIM 3apH.n;OM B
TpeTbeH BepmHHe, paBHa 100 B . Ha:H.n;HTe nOCT-
_ M
poeHHeM, Ky.n;a 6y.n;eT HanpaBJIeHa cYMMapHaH
HanpHiKeHHocTb B CJIY'laHX, Kor.n;a 06a- 3apH.n;a
nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbI; 06a OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHbI; pa3Horo
3HaKa.
YpOBeHb 6
12. PaCC'IHTaHTe HanpaBJIeHHe H MO.n;YJIb BeKTopa
HanpHiKeHHOCTH B BepmHHe C TpeyrOJIbHHKa,
eCJIH .n;Ba o.n;HOHMeHHbIX (pa3HoHM HHbIX) 3apHAa
pacno{loiKeHbI B Bepmimax A H B H C03.n;aIOT
B
HanpHiKeHHocTH 200 H 300 -;;. .l{JIHHbI CropOH
TpeyroJIbHHKa AB, BC H AC paBHbI COOTBeTCT-
BeHHO:
a) 30,40H50CM
6) 50, 50 H 50 CM.
COBMeCTHOe npMMeHeHMe nOHATMA
. HanpA)I(eHHOCTM, cl>opMynbl AnA
HanpA)I(eHHOCTM nonA TO'le'lHOrO
3apAAa, npMHLlMna cynepno3MLlMM
noneM M 3HaHMM MexaHMKM
npMMep peweHMA 3aAaliM
TO'Ie'IHbIe 3apH.n;bI B +10- 8 , -2.10- 8 , +3.10- 8 H
-4.10- 8 KJI paCnOJIOiKeHbI B BepIIIJIHaX KBa,ZJ;paTa. "
co CTOpOHOH B 0,2 M. PaCC'IHTaHTe HaIlpHiKeHHOCTb
aJIeKTpll'leCKoro nOJIH B IJ;eHTpe aToro KBa.n;paTa.
KaK Tenepb onpe.n;eJIHTb CHJIY, .n;eHCTBYIOlItyIO Ha
3apM q = 5.1Q-8 KJI, nOMelIteHHbIH B aTY Tp'lKY?
.l{ a H 0 : Ql = + 10- 8 KJI;
(b -2.10- 8 KJI;
= +3.10- 8 KJI;
= -4.10- 8 KJI;
a = 0,2 M;
EI. - ? FI. - ?
P e me H He. KaiK,ZJ;bIH.H3 3apMOB Q C03.n;aeT B IJ;eHT-
pe KBa,ZJ;paTa aJIeKTpll'IeCKOe nOJIe He3aBlfCHMO .n;pyr
OT .n;pyra. PaccroHHHe OT KaJK,ltOro 3apMa .n;o IJ;eHl'pa
KBa,ZJ;paTa paBHO:
_ aJ2 _ a. 2 _ a 2
r---- r --
2 J2' 2 .
llepBbIH 3apM C03.n;aeT B eHTpe IIOJIe <; HaIlpHiKeH-
HOCTbIO:
E = kQ, = 2kQ, =4500 ( )
, r 2 a 2 M .
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347
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Bce 3ap.H1lbI C03lI,aIOT B IJ;eHTpe nOJIH C HanpjI)KeHHOC-
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: E 2 =2£1; £3=3E 1 ; E 4 =4E , .
:,
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npHiKeHHOCTH C Y'IeTOM 3HaKa 3apHAOB (pHC. 31).
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YA06HO HaHTH CYMMY BeKTOpOB HanpHiKeHHOCTH,
. CKJIa,ZJ;bmaH CHa'IaJIa n IiapHO HanpjI)KeHHOCTH E 1 + E3
H E 2 + E4 ' a 3aTeM nOJIY'IHBllIHeCH B peaYJIbTaTe BeK-
'TOpbI E '3 H E 24 . KaK BM,ZJ;HO H3 PHCYHKa, TaKoe CJIO-
')I(eHHe ,ltaeT E '3 = 2£1 H £24 = 2£,; MO.n;YJIb cYMMapHoro
BeKTopa HarrpHiKeHHOCTH, KaK CJIe.n;yeT H3 TeopeMbI
HHcl>aropa, paBeH:
E}; = .J8E 1 '" 12700.( : ).
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, .n;HHmolIteH 3apHAbI 2 H 1.
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" , nOMeIIleHHbIH B n;eHTp KBa.n;paTa, 6y.n;eT HMeTb TO
Y e HaIlpaBJIeHHe, TaK KaK q > O.
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F= q£x= 6,3.10- 4 (H)
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, . llOJIO)KHTe.rrbHbIe TO'IeqHbIe 3apHlI,bI B 20 H 30 MKKn
, pacnOJIOiKeHbI Ha paCCTOHHHH 0,5 M'B B03.n;yxe.
Haii.n;HTe HanpHiKeHHOCTb nOJIH Ha JIHHHH, coe.n;H-
_ HHIOlIteH aTH 3apHAbI B TO'IKaX, y.n;aJIeHHbIX Ha
0,25 M OT O.n;HOro, OT .n;Pyroro H OT 060HX 3 pH-
.n;OB?
'4. TO'le'lHbIe 3apH.n;bI B +2.10- 8 , -4.10- 8 , +6.10- 8 H
,1 -8.10-8 KJI paCnOJIOiKe.HbI B BepIIIHHax KBa,ZJ;paTa
,_. ,co CTOpOHOH B 0,2 M. PaCC'IHTaHTe HanpHiKeH-
HOCTb JIeKTpH'IeCKoro nOJIH B IJ;eHTpe aTOro KBa.n;-
paTa. KaK Tenepb onpe.n;eJIHTb CHJIY, JJ:eHcTBYIO-
lItyIO Ha 3apHA q = 1.10- 8 .KJI, nOMelIteHHbIH B aTY
TO'lKY?
YpOBeHb 6
15. TO'le'IHbIe 3apH.n;bI B +1.10- 8 , -2.10- 8 , +3.10- 8
H -4.10':'8' KJI paCnOJIOiKeHbI B BepllIHHax KBa,ZJ;pa-
Ta A, B, C, D COOTIieTCTBeHHo. CTopoHa KBa,ZJ;paTa
0,2 M. PaCC'IHTaHTe HanpHiKeHHocTb aJIeKTpH'IeC-
KOro nOJIH B cepe.n;HHe CTOpOH AB H CD KBa.n;paTa.
Ky.n;a Ha'lHeT .n;BHraTbCH nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIH 3apHA,
nOM'elIteHHbIH BaTH TOqKH; OTpHI1aTeJlbHbIH
3apH.n;?
16. PaCC'IHTaHTe HanpaBJIeHHe H MO.n;YJIb BeKTopa Ha-
npHiKeHHocTH B BepllIHHe C TpeyroJIbHHKa, eCJIH
.n;Ba o.n;HOHMeHHbIX (pa3H,oHMeHHbIx) 3apHAa no
10 H 20 HKJI paCnOJIOiKeHbI B BepllIHHax' A H B.
,l{JIHHbI CTOpOH TpeyroJIbHHKa AB, BC H AC paB-
HbI 30, 40 H 50 CM HJIli 50, 50, 50 CM, COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO. KaKaH CHJIa 6y.n;eT .n;eHCTBOBaTb Ha aJIeK-
TpOH, eCJIH ero nOMeCTHTb B BepllIimy C, H C
KaKHM YCKopeHHeM OH Ha'IHeT )J;BHI:aTbCH?
KJ>
patfollia
YpOBeHb A (pa c4HTaHa Ha 45 I\IIHH)
1. Ha 3apHA 0,01 KJI JJ:eHcTByeT CHJIa 2 H. HanpHiKeH-
HOCTb nOJIH B aTOH TO'IKe npocTpaHcTBa paBHam
B -
0 A. 0,02 -. I \
M
0 B -
O. 0,005 -.
M
0 B
B. 200 -.
M
0 B
f. 0,04 -.
M
2. OOJIOX<HTeJIbHbIH 3apH.n;, IIo.n;BellIeHHWH Ha HHTH,
OTKJIOHHJICH B O.n;HOpO.n;HOM nOJIe BnpaBO OT Bep-
THKaJIH. BeKTop HanpHiKeHHOCTH nOJIH MOiKeT
6bITb HaIlpaBJIeH...
o A, BepTHKaJIbHO BBepx.
o o. BepTHKaJIbHO BHH3.
o B. ropH30HTaJIbHO BnpaBO.
o f. rop1l30HTaJIbHO BJIeBO.
348
. 3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbI:A TOK
. 3. )J;Ba 3apH,ZJ;a 2.10- 9 KJI H -4.10- 9 KJI pacnOJIOiKeHbI
Ha paCCTQHHHH 0,1 M .n;pyr OT .n;pyra, OTpHIJ;aTeJIb-
HbIH np ee nOJIOX<llTeJIhHoro. Ky,lta HanpaBJIeH'
BeKTOp HanpHiKeHHOCTH nOJIH B TO'lKe, pacnoJIo-
iKeHHoH Ha JIllHHll, coe.n;HHHIOlIteH 3apH.n;bI, Ha 0,1 M
npaBee oTI>HIJ;aTeJIhHoro 3apHAa?
o A. BnpaBo.
o o. BJIeBo.
D B. PaBeH O.
D f. BepTHKaJIbHO BBepx.
4. CHJIOBaH JIHHHH aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOM - STO...
o A. JlHHHH, B.n;OJIb KOTOpoH B IIOJIe 6y.n;eT .n;BH-
raTbCH nOJIOX<llTeJIbHbIH 3apH,ZJ;.
D o. JIHHHH, B.n;OJIb KOTOpOH B nOJIe 6y.n;eT .n;BH-
, raTbCH OTpHltaTeJIhHbIH 3apH,ZJ;.
D B. CBeTHlItaHCH JIHHH}} B B03.n;yxe, KOTopaH
BH,ltHa npH 60JIbmOH HanpHiKeHHOCTli nOM.
D f. JIllHHH, B KaiK,ltOH TO'lKe KOTOpOH HanpH-
iKeHHOCTb nOM HaIlpaBJIeHa no KaCaTeJIb-
HOH.
5. TpH PaBUbIX aapH,ZJ;a +q, +q H -q paCnOJIOiKeHbI B
BepmHHax K, L H N IIpaBHJIbHOro TpeyrOJIbHHKa.
Ky.n;a HaIlpaBJIeHa HaIlpHiKeHHOCTb aJIeKTpH'IeCKO-
ro nOJIH B IJ;eHTPC TpeyrOJIbHHKa?
D A. B TO'lKy K.
D o. B TO'lKY L.
D B. B TO'IKY N.
o f. OT TO'IKH KB.n;OJIb Me.n;HaHbI, npoBe.n;eHHoH
H3 BepmHHbI K.
6. .n;Ba 3apH,ZJ;a 2.10- 9 KJI H -4.10- 9 KJI pacnOJIox<eHhI
Ha paccToHHHH 0,1 M .n;pyr OT .n;pyra, OTpHIJ;aTeJIb-
HbIH npaBee nOJIOiKHTeJIbHoro. qeMY paBHa HanpH-
iKeHHOCTh aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIH B TO'IKe, JIeX<aIIteH
Ha cepe.n;HHe oTpe3Ka MeiK,l{y aTHMH 3apH,ZJ;aM!I?
YpOBeHb & (paCCI.IHTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1. CHJIa, .n;eHcTBYIOlItaH B TO'IKe nOJIH C HaIlpHiKeH-
B .
HOCThIO 100 - Ha 3apM 0,04 Kn paBHa...
M
D A. 4 H.
o O. 100,04 H.
D B. 2500 H.
D f. 0,0004 H.
2. 3JIeKTpoH BJIeTaeT B O,ZJ;HOpO.n;Hoe SJIeKTpll'IecKoe
nOJIe. BeKTop ero CKOpOCTH Hanp BJIeH npOTHB
BeKTopa HaIlpHiKeHHocTli nOJIH. CKOpOCTb aJIeKT-
pO)la 6y.n;eT... ' , " "
D A. YMeHhmaTbCH.
o O. YBeJIHtJJ:iBaTbcH.
D B. OCTaHeTCH He1l3MeHHoH.
D f. Ha'lHeT KOJIe6aTbcH. I
B
3. B O.n;HOpo,nHOM nOJIe C HaIlpHiKeHHocTbIO 200 -; B' !
BaKYYMe .n;BHiKeTCH nbIJIHHKa MaccoH 0,1 Mr, Hecy-
lItaH 3apM 1 HKn. Y cKopeHHe nbIJlHHKH paBHo... '
M ' 1
D A. 2 c 2 .
M 1
D o. 20 2' i
C
1
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4. ,l(Ba 3apMa 2.10- 9 KJI H -4.10- 9 KJI paCnOJIOiKeHbI 'j
, I
. Ha paccTOHHHH 0,1 M .n;pyr OT .n;pyra, OTpHIJ;aTeJIb- i
HbIH npaBee nOJIOiKHTeJIbHoro. f.n;e paCnOJIOiKeHa
TO'lKa Ha nJIOCKOCTll, B KOTOpOH HanpHiKeHHocTb ;
aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIH, C03.n;aHHoro aTHMH 3apH.n;a-
MH, paBHa HYJIIO?
5. TpH paBHbIX 3apH.n;a +q, +q H -q pacnOJIOiKeHbI B
BepmHHax K, L H N npaBHJIbHOrO TpeyroJtbHHKa.
q = 2 HKJI. CTOpoHa TpeyrOJIbHHKa 10 CM. Ky.na
HaIlpaBJIeH BeKTOp HaIlpHiKeHHOCTH E aJIeKTpH-
'IeCKoro nOJIH B IJ;eHTpe TpeyroJIbHHKa, H KaKOB ero _
MO.n;YJIb?
M
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YpOBeHb A
1. IIpoBe.ltHTe HCCJIe.n;OBaHHe npOHCXOiK,l{eHHH Tep-
MHHOB CaJIeKTpH'IeCKOe nOJIe II CHanpHiKeHHOCTb
aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOM..
YpOBeHb 6
2. IIcnOJIh3YH 3aBHCHMOCTb HaIlpHiKeHHOCTli nOJIH OT
TO'Ie'lHoro 3apH,ZJ;a, C03.n;aIOlIterO nOJIe, H npHHIJ;1QI
cynepn03HIJ;llH nOJIeH, npOaHaJIH3HpyHTe KapTHHY
CHJIOBbIX JIHHHH BOKpyr .n;BYX O.n;llHaKOBbIX 3apH-
.n;OB npoTHBOnOJIOiKHoro 3HaKa +Q H -Q.
HanpHiKeHHOCTb 3JIeKTpWleCKOrO nOJIH
349
MCnOJIb3YH 3HaHHe KapTHHbI aJIeKTpll'IeCKIIX no-
JIeH B6JIH3H H BHYTpH MeTaJIJIll'leCKHX TeJI, npo-
aHaJIH3HpYHTe YCTaHOBHBmYIOCH KaPTHHY CHJIO-
BbIX JIHHHH B CHCTeMe TO'le'lHbIH 3apH.lt +Q -
He3apHiKeHHoe MeTaJIJIH'IecKoe nJIOcKoe TeJIO. qTO
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C He3apHiKeHHOH MeTaJIJIH'IeCKOH nJIOCKOCT;bIO?
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3. BbIBe.n;HTe 3aBHCHMOCTb, HanpHiKeHHocTH nOJIH
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BaIOTCH .n;pyr .n;pyry Hi eCJIH HM .n;an B03MOiKHOCTb .n;BH-
ranCH, Ha'IHYT C6JIHiKaTbCH. 3Ha'IHT, KaiK,ZJ;bIH 3apM
MOiKeT no.n;eHCTBOBaTb Ha .n;pyroH C CHJIOH F H nepe-'
MeCTHTb ero Ha paCCTOHHHe S, T. e. COBepllIHTb pa60-
TY. CJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO, pa3.n;eJIeHHbIe 3apH.n;bI 06JIa,ZJ;aIOT
3anaCOM aHepnrn:.
1:
' '
., .;.-:'" ... ....... '..
..'5iC I
'.
:l
)
.1.;'"
. ./
<1<;.,
: ; -
..... ,.- .. '-
."
.,
.,....:;.,
/.... ,'/".
-..
_ .'05
I, 1
-.f
,'-
'-, ,"
<IIi
i' 1
i I
i
.. [ji] Ill:
- L -;'.:, ,,' 1 1 ,.'P:: :;;; , J;/, " , , :'
,.,.,', _, ',' .. . .., )t
r ':c.:
-* k: . n "\'
f
.'}
OCHOBHble nOHATMA:
, .
q'
3HeprHSI pa3Ae/1eHHblX 3apS!AOB .' 3HeprHS! 3neKTpHr>.
4eCKoro nonS! · Pa60Ta CHn 3neKTp 4ecKoro nonS! ."
nOTeHLlHaJ1bHCUI 3HeprHS! 3apS!Aa B 3neKTpH4eCKON :
nO/1e · Pa3HOCTb nOTeHLlHa/10B · nOTeHLlHa/1 . 3KBH-.'
nOTeHLlHaJ1bHaS! nOBepXHOCTb
'I
, ,
'
.
3HeprMA 3neKTpM'IecKoro nonA,
MOiKHO OTBJIe'IbCH OT TOro, q O B3aMMo.n;eHCTByIOT .n;Ba
, 1
3apHiKeHHbIX TeJIa H roBOpHTh, 'ITO O,ZJ;HH H3 3apMOB.
Haxo.n;HTCH B aJIeKTpH'IeCKOM nOJIe, C03.n;aHHOM BTO- .
pbIM 3apMOM. Tor.n;a MOiKHO CKa.3aTb 0 CIIoco6HOCTH
aTOro IIOJIH COBepmHTb pa60TY, T. e. 06 aHepmH no.iJ: . 1
Pa60Ta JIeKTpOCTaTH'IeCKoro nOJIH IIO lIepeMelIteHll '
3apMa He 3aBHCHT OT cl>OpMbI TpaeKTopHH H IIPH lIe-
IIoTeHIJ;HaJI aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIH
351
peMemeHHH no 3aMKHYTOMY KOHTYPY paBHa O. TaKHe
nOJIH Ha3bIBaIOTCH nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHbIMH. TaK, B O.n;HOpO.n;-
HOM nOJIe (pnc. 32) pa60Ta rrpH rrepeMelIteHHH 3apH-
.n;a H3 TOqKH M B TO'IKY K H B.n;OJIb OTpe3Ka MK, H no
JIOMaHOH MNK paBHa Eqd, r.n;e Eq = F - CHJIa, .n;eH- .
CTBYIOlItaH Ha 3apH,ZJ; q B O.n;HOpO.n;HOM nOJIe HaIlpHiKeH-
HOCTH E; d - .n;JIlfHa oTpe3:Ka MN:
A MK = FMK.cosa = FMN = Eq.d;
A MNK = AMN + A NK = FMN + 0 = Eq.d.
.
/j K
M N
i'
;
:'
, PHC. 32
"
!nOTeHqM8nbHaA'3HeprMA 3 pAAa B
3neKTpOCTaTM'IeCKOM none
,B nOTeHI1 aJIbHbIX nOJIHX MOiKHO B ecTH nOHHTHe
JiOTeHIJ;HaJIbHOD: ::meprHH, T. e. 31leplUU, 3aeucRuwu
.. fnOllb1CO om 1COopi)ullambl 3apRiJa, nO.Me14e1l1lolo e 3mo
, nOlle. ECJIH rrpe.n;nOJIOiKHTb nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHYIO aHeprHIO
apH,ZJ;a B KaKoH-To TO'IKe 0 H3BecTHoH (W o ), TO no-
TeHIJ;HaJIbHaH aHepfHH B JII060H .n;PyroH TO'IKe x 6y-
,lteT paBHa pa60Te A, KOTOpyIO COBepmHT nOJIe no ne-
eMelIteHHIO 3apHAa H3 TOqKH x B TO'IKY O.
\
I W(x)=A +W o
OTeHIJ,HaJI 3JIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIJI B .n;8HHOD: TO'IKe
- aTO OTHOllIeHHe nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHOH aHeprHH nOJIO-
eJIbHOrO np06Horo 3apH,ZJ;a B aToH TO'IKe nOJIH K
J3eJIH'lHHe aToro 3apH,ZJ;a.
<p(x) = W(x)
q
. !
". e.n;eHHe nOHHTliH nOTeHI1HaJIa nOJIH B03MOiKHO 6JIa-
.' .n;apH TOMY, 'ITO aTO OTHOllIeHHe He 3aBHCHT OT rrp06-
. ,Qro 3apH,ZJ;a q. ,l.{JIH O.n;Hopo.n;Horo nOJIH aTa BeJIH'Ill-
'.a, KaK CJIe.n;yeT H3 Bf> llIeH3JIOiKeHHOro (pHC. 32)
BHa:
<p = <Po + Ed,
:n;e d - npOeKIJ;HH nepeMelIteHHH-MN. B Heo.n;HOpo.n;-
OM nOJIe BCIO Tp:ieKTOpHIO MOiKHO pa36HTb Ha Y'IaCT-
KH, Ha KaiK.n;OM H3 KOTOpbIX nOJIe npaKTH'IeCKH 'O.n;HO-
pO.n;HO, H CJIOiKMTb pa60TbI Ha aTHX Y'IaCTKax.
IIoTeHIJ;HaJI Ha3bIBaIOT 31leplemUtteC1COU xapa1Cmepuc-
mu1COU nOM ( cpaBHH: llanpR:JICe1fH.OCTnb - CUJloeaR xa-
- F
pllKmepUCmUKa noM E = - ). IIoTeHIJ;HaJI - CKaJIHp-
q
HaH BeJIH'IHHa.
. 1
E.n;HHHIJ;a H3MepeHllH nOTeHI1HaJIa: 1BoJIbT = 1Kn .
Pa3HOCTb nOTeHqM8nOB M pa60Ta nonA
Pa60Ta A 12 , COBepmeHHaH rrOJIeM no nepeMelIteHHIO
3apH,ZJ;a q H3 TO'IKH 1 B TO'IKY 2, paBHa:
A 12 = q( (/>1 - CP2).
ECllU nOlle nepeM.e14aem nOllo:J/CumellbllblU 3apRiJ U3
m01.f.1CU C 60llbUlU.M nome1l ullJlo.M e m()1.f.'KY C .MellbUlU.M
nomellUjUllJlo.M, mo pa60ma noM nOl103ICUme.n.'l;Jlla, no-
me1l UllJlbllaR 31leplWl W p 3apRiJa Y.Me1l'l>Ulaemcst, a
KUllemU1.f.eC1CaR WI( yeellU1.f.UeaemCJl. BeJIH'IHHa
L\<P12 = <P1 - CP2
Ha3bIBaeTCH pa3HOCTbIO nOTe H8JI0B Mexc.n;y TO'IKa-
MH 1 H 2, H B .n;aHHOM npHMepe OHa nOJIOiKMTeJIbHa. B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3HaK()B L\<p12 H q pa60Ta MOiKeT 6bITb
H nOJIOiKHTeJIbHOH H oTpHIJ;aTeJIbHoH.
B3aMMOCBA3b pa3HOCTM nOTeHqM8nOB M
HanpAHCeHHOCTM B OAHOpOAHOM none
B O.n;HOpO.n;HOM rrOJIe A 12 = qEd He3aBHCHMO OT TpaeK-
TOpHH ,ZJ;BHiKeHllH 3apHlIa, H B TOiKe BpeMH A 12 = qL\CP12' .
noaToMY:
L\CP12 = Ed,
r.n;e d - npOeKIJ;HH nepeMelIteHHH 3apH.n;a Ha CHJIOByIb
JIHHHIO.
IIOTeHD;H8JI TO'Ie'IHOrO 3apJl.n;a Q paCC'IHTbIBaeTCH
MeTo.n;aMH HHTerpaJIbHOrO HC'IHCJIeHHH:
<p(r)= kQ =-L
Er 41tEoEr
KaK BH.n;HO, OH nOJIOiKHTeJIeH MH nOJIOX<HTeJIbHOrO
1
3apH,ZJ;a H y6bIBaeT C paccToHHHeM no 3aKoHY - B OTJIH-
r
'IHe T HarrpHiKeHHocTH TO'Ie'lHoro 3apH,ZJ;a ( E - r 12 )-
IIoTeHIJ;HaJI TO'Ie'IHOrO 3apH,ZJ;a Ha 6eCKOHe'IHOCTH pa-
BeH HYJIIO.
352
3JIEKTPOCT ATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbItl TOK
nOTeHIPIU MeTannMlfecKoro wapa, M cclJeP'"
IIpH r> R (pa.n;HyC mapa) nOTeHIJ;HaJI paCC'IHTbIBaeT-
CJI no cl>oPMYJIe AIDI TO'Ie'IHOI'O aapHAa (KapTllHa no-
JIeH HAeHTH'IHa). IIpH r" R nOTeHIJ;HaJI paBeH nOTeH-
IJ;HaJIY Ha nOBepXHOCTH mapa, TaK KaK BHyrpH mapa
pa60Ta nOJIeM He COBepmaeTCH (E = 0).
DOTeHIUl8JI CHCTeMhl N 38p OB paDeH aJIre6paH'Iec-
KOH CYMMe nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB nOJIeD:, C03.n;aDaeMbIX KaJK-
.n;bIM H3 3apHAOB:
CJ>t = <PI + <Pu + ... + </>N.
9IanmoTemntBJlltHBJI nOBepmoCTh - nOBepXHOCTb,
B KaJl(JJ;OH TOt{Ke KOTOpoD: nOTeHIJ;MaJI HMeeT (>.n;HHa-
KOBOe 3I1a'IeHHe. HanpliMep, nOBepXHOCTb MeTaJJJIH-
'IeCKOrO TeJIa. 3KBHnOTeHnHaJIbHbIe nOBepXHOCTH
3atcOHW B BMAe 90PMyn
nOTeHLIIWI
3neKTpOCTant'4ecKoro
nanA
W (1)
<p] = q>(1) =-L-
q
PUHoc;Tb
nOTeHijHaJI
<P12 = <PI - <P2
(Wp(1)- W p (2»
<P12 = .
q
"In _ .4.2
£.1"'12 -
q
OAHOPOAHoe
none
<P12 = Ed
nOTeHqHaJI
TOLIe'4HOrO
3apAAa
q)(r)= kO =--E-
Er 47t£ o £r
,<p(oo)=O
, nOTeHq....ai1
npoBOAAU4ero
wapa .... C4>ePbl
kO 0
r<'R, <p(r)=<p(R)=-=-
ER 47t£ o ER
r > R; <p(r) = kO =---E-
£r 47t£ o £r
.
nOTeHq....an
C....CTeMbl N 3apAAOB
<p]; =<P] +<P2 +...+<PN
"
nepneH,ZJ;HKYJIHpHbI CllJIOBbIM JIHHHHM 3JIeKTpll'IeCK
ro nOJIH, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 33.
PRC. 33
0603HaloleHMJI BeIIMIoIMH, 8AMHMIIW M3MepeHMJI B CM,
cnpaBOlolHwe 3Halol8HMJI KOHCT8HT
<PI = <p(1) - nOTeHq....an nonA B TOLIKe 1
W(1) - nOTeHq....anbHCUI 3Hepr....A np06Horo aapAACl q B
p
TOLIKe 1 nanA
q - nOnO>K....TenbHbIH np06HblH 3apAA
E,o.....H....Ll8 ....3MepeHHA: 180nbT = lA*
lKn
<P'2 = <p, - <P2 - pa3HOCTb nOTeHq....aJIOB Me>KAY TOLIKaMM
1....2
A'2 - pa60Ta nonA no nepeMeU4eH....1O 3apAA8 q H3 TOLIK.... \ '
1 B TOLIKY 2 nanA
E - HanpA>KeHHOCTb 0AHOPOAHoro nonA
d - npoeKq....A nepeMeU4eH....A 3apAA8 q....3 TOLIK.... 1 B
TOLIKY 2 nanA
r - pacCTOAH....e OT 3apAAa AO TOLIK..... B KOTopoH
onpe.qenAeTCA nOTeHq....an
Q - TOLIeIoIHblH 3aPAA Hn.... 3aPSlA Ha wape
£ - AH neKTpH'4ecKaR npoHHLl8eMoc;Tb CpeAbl. B KOTOpmi , '
tiaXOAHTCA 3apA>KeHHOe Teno
R - pcwtYc wapa
<P:t - MMapHblH nOTeHq....an. C03A8BaeMbIH B AaHHOH
TOLI CHCTeMOH H3 N 3apSlAOU
<PN -: nOTeHL4Han. C03A8BaeMbIH B AaHHOH TOLIKe aapSlAOM
nOA MepoM N
IIOTeHIJ;HaJI aJIeKTpll'IeC.KOrO nOJIH
353
JaJOjuuIiof1Hbt8
jImfollibe
1. M3Y'leHMe ycnoBMA npeKpal.Lf,eHMA
nepeMeUleHMA cB060llHblX apAAOB B
MeTan.nax .
U e JI b: YCTaHOBHTb aKcnepHMeHTaJIbHO paBeHCTBO
,nOTeHIJ;llaJIOB aa pa3HbIX yqacTKax npOBo.n;HHK.a IIOC-
JIe YCTaHOBJIeHHH aJIeKTpOCTaTH'IeCKOrO paBHOBeCHH.
060 Ii Y ,It 0 B a H He: aJIeKTpOMeTp C mapo06paaHbIM
HaKOHe'IHHKOM, nJiaCTMaCCOBaH naJIO'IKa H mepCTH-
HaH TKaHb,ZJ;JIH aJIeKTpH3 HH TpeHHeM, IIpOTHiKeHHbIH
IIpoBO.n;HllK HenpaBHJIbHOH cl>OPMbI, coe.n;HHHTeJIbHbIe
npOBo.n;a, HCTO'$llK BbICOKoro HanpH:H<eHHH mKOJIb-
HbIH Ha 5 KB.
Xoit pa60TbI
1. YKpeIlHTe rrpOBO.l(HllK HenpaBHJIbHOH cl>opMbIHa
H30JIHpYIOlIteM .n;ep:H<aTeJIe H 3apH.l(HTe ero, aJIeKT-
PH3YH naJIO'IKY.
2. 3a3eMJIHTe Kopnyc aJIeKTpOMeTpa. IIoTeHIJ;HaJI
3eMJIH npHHHMaIOT 06bI'IHO 3a HOJIb. ECJIH Tenepb
3apH.nllTb IJ;eHTpaJIbHbIH CTep:H<eHb aJIeKTpOMeTpa,
TO nOTeHIJ;llaJI ero OTHOCHTeJIbHO He3apH:H<eHHOrO
KOPIlYca 6y.n;eT HHbIM. B03HlfKHeT aJIeKTpH'IeCKOe
nOJIe MeiK,ZJ;y CTe:H<HeM H KOPIlYCOM H pa3HOCTh no-
TeHIJ;HaJIOB MeiK.n;y HHMH. 3JIeKTpH'IeCKoe nOJIe CO-
BepmlfT pa6my no nepeMelIteHlfIO IJ;eHTpa TH:H<eCTH
CTpeJIKH' IIoaToMY rOBOpHT, 'ITO C nOMOlItblO aJIeK-
TpOMeTpa MOiKHO H3MepHTb paaHOCTh IIOTeHIJ;Ha-
JIOB MeiK.n;y TeJIOM, npHcoe.n;HHeHHbIM K Kopnycy,
H TeJIOM, npHCOe.l(HHeHHbIM K IJ;eHTpaJIbHOMy CTep-
)KHIO.
3. PaapHAHTe aJIeKTpocKOn KacaHHeM H C nOMOlItbIO
rrpOBO,ZJ;HHKa Ha H30J1HpYIOlIteH pyqKe coe.n;HHHTe
3apHiKeHHoe TeJIO HenpaBHJIbHOH cl>OpMbI C IJ;eHT-
PaJIbHhIM CTepiKHeM aJIeKTpoMeTpa. BbI H3MepHeTe
pa3HOCTb nOTeHI!HaJIOB Me:H<.n;y 3apH:H<eHHbIM
TeJIOM If 3eMJIeH. IIepeMelItaH coe.l(HHHTeJIbHbIH
npOBo.n;HHK B.n;OJIb TeJIa HenpaBHJIbHOH cl>OPMbI,
y6e.n;HTecb, 'ITO nOTeHIJ;HaJI yqacTKoB TeJIa o.n;HHa-
KOB OTHOCIfTeJIbHO nOTeHIJ;HaJIa 3eMJIH (pHC. 34).
3apHcyii:Te cl>OPMY 3apHiKeHHoro TeJIa If YKaJKHTe
nOTeHIJ;HaJI HeKOTopbIX TO'IeK OTHOCHTeJIbHO 3eM-
JIH B YCJIOBHbIX e.n;HHHIJ;aX mKaJIbI aJIeKTpOMeTpa.
PHC. 34
4. B H II M A H II E! BbIIlOJIHHTh TOJIbKO no.n; Ha-
6JIIO.l(eHHeM yqHTeJIHI IIplfcoe.n;HHHTe IIpoBO.n;aMH
BbIXO.n;bI mKOJIbHOrO, nCTO'IHllKa BbICOKoro HarrpH-
:H<eHHH K. IJ;eHTpaJIbHOMY CTepX<HIO H KopnycyaqIeK-
TpOMeTpa H, no.n;aB BbICOKoe HaIlpHiKeHHe, npocJIe-
.n;HTe, l<aK 3apHiKaeTcH npH60p. 3aperHcTpHpYHTe
KOJIH'IeCTBO .n;eJIeHHH aJIeKTpoMeTpa, COOTBeTCTBY-
IOlItee paaHOCTIf nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB 5000 B Me)K,ll;y KOp-
nycoM If IJ;eHTpaJIbHbIM CTep:H<HeM.
5. OIJ;eHHTe,.n;o KaKoro nOTeHIJ;HaJIa no OTHomeHHIO
K nOTeHIJ;HaJIY 3eMJIH 6bIJIO 3apHiKeHO TeJIO lienpa-
BHJIbHOH cl>OpMbI npH BblIlOJlHeHHH n. 3.
6. (Y pOBeHb 0). Ha,ZJ;eHbTe Ha cTepX<eHb aJIeKTpoMeT-
pa mapoo6paaHbIH HaKOHe'IHllK If HaaJIeKTplf30-
BaB nJiaCTMaCCOBYIO naJIO'IKY, nepeHecHTe Ha map
HeKoropbIH 3apHA. IIo OTKJIOHeHHIO CTpeJIKll aJIeK-
TpOMeTpa OIJ;eHHTe nOTeHIJ;HaJI mapo06paaHoro Ha-
KOHe'IHHKa H no cl>opMYJIe nOTeHI1lfaJIa ccl>epbI OIJ;e-
HHTe 3apHA iIa HeM.
e tUIic
jImfollibe
06Y'laIOI.Lf,Mi1 TeCT
1. 3apHA +10- 3 KJI,no.n; .n;eHCTBHeM CHJI aJIeKTpOCTaTIf-
'IecKoro nOJIH nepeMelItaeTCH H3 TO'IKH 1 B TO'IKY 2,
npH aTOM nOJIe COBepmaeT pa6my 3 LJ::H<. PaaHOCTb
nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB Me:>K,ZJ;y TO'IKaMH (j>1 - (j>2 paBHa...
o A -,-3000B.
o E. +3000B.
o B. + 3.1O- 3 B.
o f. +0,33.1O- 3 B.
354
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II ITOCTO.HHHbIti TOK
2. IIlap 3ap iKeH nOJIO:H<HTfJIbHO. KaK COOTHOCHTCH
nOTeHIJ;HaJIbI (j>1O H (j>20Ha paccToHHHH 10 CM OT no-
BepXHocTH mapa II Ha paCCTOHHHH 20 CM OT nOBep-
XHocrn?
o A., (j>1O ></>20'
o O. (j>1O <(j>20'
o B. (j>1O::::: (j>20'
o f. OTBeT 3aBHCHT OT pa,ZJ;Hyca mapa.
B
3. B O.n;HOpO.n;HOM nOJIe C HanpjI)KeHHOCTbIO 300 -
M
nOJIO:H<HT'eJIbHbIH 3apH.n; nepeMelItaeTcH B.n;OJIb
, JIHHHH H':l"pH>KeHHOCTH Ha 2 CM. PaaHOCTb nOTeH-
l1HaJIOB MeiK.n;y TO'lKaMli 1 H 2 paBHa...
o A..600 B.
o E. 6 B.
o B. 150 B.
o f. 15 000 B.
4. 3JIeKTpoH nepeMelItaeTcH no.n; .n;eHcTBHeM CHJI nOJIH '
H3 TO'IKH C nOTeHI1HaJIOM 100 B B TQ'IKy C nOTeH-
IJ;llaJIOM 200 B. Ero CKOpOCTb npH aTOM...
o A. B03paCTaeT.
o 6. y6bIBaeT.
o B. He H3MeIDIeTCH.
o f. 3aBHCHT OT HanpaBJIeHHH Ha'IaJIbHOH CKO-
pOCTH.
5. MO.n;YJIb nOTeHIJ;HaJIa nOJIH TO'Ie'IHOrO 3apHlI,a npH
YBeJIH'IeHHH paCCTOHHHH OT Hero B 4 paaa...
o A. B03paCTaeT B 4 paaa.
o 6. B03paCTaeT B 16 paa.
o B. y6bIBaeT B 4 paaa.
o f. y6bIBaeT B 2 paaa.
6. ,l.{Ba 3apMa paaHoro 3HaKa C03.n;aIOT B O.n;HOH TO'I-
Ke npocTpaHcTBa IIOTeHIJ;HaJIbI +100B H -200B.
IIOTeHIJ;HaJI nOJIH, C03.n;aHHoro aTHMH .n;BYMH 3apH-
.n;aMH B aTOH TO'IKe paBeH...
o A. 100B.
o 6. 300B.
. 0 B. -SOB.
o f. -100B.
, "If-It ""
. 3il9a't'
OnpeAeneHHenOTeH Hana H
pa3HOCTH nOTeHL4 anOB
npMMep, peweHMA 3aAa...M
ITpOTOH (q= +1,6.10- 19 KJI) nepeMelItaeTcH CHJIaMH
nOJIH H3 TO'IKH C nOTeHIJ;HaJIOM 10 000 B B TO'lKY C
nOTeHIJ;HaJIOM 5000 B. KaKyIO pa60TY cOBepIIIHJIO
nOJIe? KaK H3MeHHJIaCb nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHaH aHepnUI
IIpOTOHa H KaK H3MeHHJIaCb ero KHHeTH'IeCKaH
aHeprHH?
,l.{ a H 0: q = +1,6.10- 19 KJI;
(j>1 = 10000 B;
(j>2 = 5000 B;
A-?!:!.En-?!:!.E k -?
P e III e H He. ITo onpe.n;eJIeHHIO pa3HOCTH nOTeHL{HaJIOB
npH nepeMelIteHHH nOJIOiKHTeJIbHOro 3apHAa H3 TO'IKH
nOJIH C 60JIbIIIHM nOTeHIJ;HaJIOM B TO'lKY nOJIH C MeHb-
llIHM nOTeHIJ;HaJIOM pa60Ta CHJI nOJIH nOJIOiKHTeJIbHa:
A = «j>1 - </>2) q = 5000.1,6.10- 19 = 8.10- 16 (,l.{iK) .
IToTeHIJ;HaJIbHaH aHeprHH, HCXO.n;H H3 onpe.n;eJIeHHH
nOWHIJ;HaJIa, npH aTOM nepeMelIte,HHH YMeHbIIIHTCH Ha
CTOJIbKO :H<e e.n;HHHIJ;, a pa60Ta CHJI nOJIH npHBe.n;eT K
YBeJIH'IeHHIO KHHeTH'IeCKOH aHeprHH 'IaCTHIJ;:
!:!.En = -A = -8.10- 16 ,l.{:H<; !:!.E,,=A = 8.10:- 16 ,l.{iK
YpOBeHb A
1. 3apM +1.10- 5 KJI nOMelIteH B TO'IKy nOJIH, nOTeH-
IJ;HaJI KOTOpOH paBeH 2000 B. KaKOH nOTeHIJ;HaJIb-
HOH aHepmeH 06.na,ZJ;aeT aTOT 3apM?
2. IIoTeHIJ;HaJIbHaH aHeprH 3apMa - 2.10- 6 KJI B TO'I-
K€ M aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIH paBHa 4.10- 5 ,l.{iK. qeMY
paBeH nOTeHIJ;HaJI aTOH TO'IKH nOJIH? .
3. 3apM, nOMelIteHHbIH B TO'lKY nOJIH C nOTeHIJ;Ha-
JIOM -200 B, 06JIa,ZJ;aeT nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHOH 3HeprneH
5 M,l.{:H<. Onpe.n;eJIHTe MO.n;YJIb H 3HaK aTOro 3apMa.
4. IIpH nepeMelIteHHH H3 TO'IKH M B TO'lKY N aJIeKT-
pOCTaTH'IeCKOrO nOJIH 3apj{.n;a B +3 MKJIIToJIe
cOBepmaeT pa60TY B 0,15 ,l.{iK. KaKoBa pa3HocTb
nOTeHI1HaJIOB L\(j>MNMeiKAY aTllMH TO'IKaMH? KaKYIO
pa60TY COBepmHT IIOJIe npH nepeMelIteHHH aTOro
:H<e 3apMa H3 TO'IKH N B TO'IKy M? KaKoBa pa3-
HOCTb nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB L\(j>NM?
r---
"
;
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l
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l
,
t
. 6.
"
IlOTeliIJ;HaJI aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIH
'.355
'!'
Pa3HOCTb nOJ'eHIJ;HaJIOB MeiK.n;y TO'lKaMH 1 H 2
aJIeKTpOCTaTH'IeCKOrO nOJIH paBHa L\<P 12 = 50 B.
KaKYIO pa60Ty COBepmHT nOJIe npH nepeMelIteHHH
3apH.n;a +2 MKKJI H3 TO'lKH 1 B TO'lKy,2? KaKYIO
pa60TY COBepllIHT rroJIe, eCJIH 6y.n;eT nep MelItaTb
3apH,ZJ; -2 MKKJI?
IlbIJIHHKa (q = +2.10- 9 KJI) nepeMelItaeTCH CHJIa-
MH nOJIH M3 TO'lKH C nOTeHIJ;HaJID:\1 5000 B B TO'lKY
C nOTeHIJ;HaJIOM 1000 B, KaKYIO pa60TycoBepmH-
JIO IIoJIe? KaK H3MeHHJIaCb nOTeHl1HaJIbHaH aHep-
rM IIbmHHKl1 H ee KHHeTH'IeCKaH aHeprnH?
7. 3JIeKTpOH (q.= -1,6.10- 19 KJI) nepeMelItaeTCH H3
TO'lKH C nOTeHIJ;MaJIOM 10000 B B TO'lKY C nOTeHItM-
aJIOM 5000 B. IlpH aTOM B Ha'laJIbHOH TO'lKe OH HMeJI
KHHeTM'IecKYIO aHeprmo 10- 15 ,1.J)K. KaKoBa ero KHHe-
TH'IeCKaH aHeprM B KOHe'IHOH TO'IKe?
, YpoBeHb 6
.. ?
',".8.
:: /
Pa3HOCTb nOTeHI1HaJIOB Me:H<.n;y TO'lKaMH 1 H 2
aJIeKTpOCTaTH'IeCKOrO nOJIH paBHa L\<P 12 = 50 B.
KaKYIO pa60TY COBepllIHT nOJIe npH nepeMelIteHHH
3apH,ZJ;a +2 MKKJI H3 TO'lKH 1 B TO'IKy 2? KaKYIO
pa60TY cOBepllIHT 'IeJIOBeK, eCJIH eMY IIpH.n;eTcH
nepeHocHTb C nocToHHHOH CKOpOCThIO TOT:H<e 3apH,ZJ;
H3 TO'IKH 1 B TO'IKy 2 H Ha060poT?
f' 9.
9JIeKTpOH nepeMelItaeTC M3 TO'lKH C nOTeHIJ;HaJIOM
10000 B B TO';lKY C nOTeHIJ;HaJ,IOM 50 0 B. Ilp aTOM
. M
B Ha'laJIbHOH TO'IKe OH HMeJI CKOpOCTb 5.10 7 -.
c
KaKoBa ero CKOpOCTh B KOHe'lHOH TO'lKe?
B YCKOpHTeJIe aJIbcl>a-'IaCTHIJ;a npoxo.n;HT npoMe-
iKYTOK MeiK.n;y.ycKOpHIOIItMMH aJIeKTpo.n;aMH C paa-
HOCTbIO nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB MeiK.n;y HHMH 10 KB. Ha
CKOJIbKO B03pOCJIa ee CKOpOCTh npH npoxoiK.n;e-
HHH OT nepBoro aJIeKTpo.n;a .n;o BTOpOro, eCJIH y
M
nepBoro OHa HMeJIa CKOpOCTb 10 5 -? IIoTeHI1H-
c
aJI KaKOro aJIeKTpo.n;a BbIme?
,
B KHHeCKone TeJIeBH30pa aJIeKTpOHbI B BaKyYMe
BbIJIeTaIOT C pacKaJIeHHOrO KaTo.n;a (T "" 2.000 K)
If YCKOPHIOTCH, nepeMelItaHCb B aJIeKTpOCTaTH'IeC-
, ROM nOJIe MeiK.n;y TO'lKaMH C paaHOCTbIO nOTeH-
IJ;HaJIOB 23 KB. QIJ;eHHTe, BO CKOJIb,KO paa B03pac-
TaeT KHHeTH'IeCKaH aHeprHH 3JIeKTpOHOB, eCJIH
6JIH3H Ka o.n;a ee MOiKHO C'IlfTaTh W K {) "" kT, r.n;e
k - nOCTOHHHaH OOJIbIJ;MaHa.
;
:;,10.
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"
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..,
'ft ( >
;1
;
nOTeH",H8n nonJi TO'leilHOrO
3apJlAa H wapa
npMMep peweHMA 3aAa'lM
3apH,ZJ; Q = +2 MKKJI Haxo.n;HTCH Ha llIape pa,ZJ;HY-
COM R = 10 CM, paCnOJIOiKeHHOM B KepOCHHe (E = 2).
IlocTpoHTe rpacl>HK 3 lBHCHMOCTH nOTeH HaJIa
nOJI , C03.n;aBaeMoro aTHM 3apH,ZJ;OM, OT paCCTOHHHH r
.n;o TO'lKH' B KOTOpOH HaxO.n;HTCH aapH,ZJ;, B HHTepBaJIe
OT O.n;o 1 M.lIcnOJIb3YH rpa<pHK, OTBeTbTe Ha Bon-
poc: 'IeMY paBHa nOTeHI1HaJIbHM a eprMH 3apMa
q = +1 HKJI, paCnOJIOiKeHHoro B TO'IKe r,= 45 CM?
P e m e -If He. KaK H3BeCTHO, HanpHiKeHHOCTb .nOJIH
BHYTPH 3apHiKeHHoro II1apa paBHa O. IloaTOMY pa60-
Ta npH nepeMelIteHHH np061foro 3apH.n;a H3 TO'IKH
BHYTPH mapa B 6eCKOHe'IHOCTb COBepllIaeTCH TOJIbKO
C I10BepXHOCTH llIapa: no:reHIJ;HaJI TO'leK A BHYTpH
mapa nOCTo.sm'eH H 'paBeH nOTeHIJ;HaJIY TO'IeK E Ha ero
nOBepXHocTH (pHC. 35).
q2
cp,B
kQ
CPt;= eR
.
8:
.
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.
o
,
t,
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
.
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o 0
o .
o 0
: 0
r
kQ
cP=-
B er
o
R
r
r, M
PHC. 35
kQ
cP j!=CPq;= eR .
B JII060H TO'IKe B BHe llIapa Ha paccTOSlHHll; r OT ero '
I1eHTpa IJ'OTeHIJ;HaJI paCC'IHTblBaeTcH TaX JKe, KaK H MH
TO'leK nOJIH BOKpyr TO'le'lHOrO 3apH,ZJ;a:
kQ
CPB = - .
Er
,356'
17.
1
Ha KaI<Oe MlfHllMMbHoe paccTOJIHHe MDryT c6Jrn-1
3HTCS1 """ IIpOTOHa IIpH Jlo6oooM CTOJIKHOI!eHHH J
B oaKYYMe, eCJIH Ha 60JIbmOM y.n;aJI.eHHu.n;pyr OT']
.M '
.n;pyra OHH llMeJIH CKOpOCTb no 10 6 - I<aiK,ZJ;bIH?:
c "
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbIfi TOK
COCTaBliM ,ZJ;JIH nOCTpoeHHH rpacl>HKa Ta6JIHU;Y.
,
r, M 0,05 0,1 '0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 . 1,0
fP,KB 90 90 45 22,5 15 11,25 9
fpacl>HK npHBe.n;eH Ha pHC. 35. no HeMY MOiKHO onpe-
.n;eJIHTb q>(0,45 M) = 20 000 B, 'ITO B COOTBeTCTBHH C
onpe.n;eJIeHHeM nOTeHI1HaJIa TO'IKH aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO
nOJIH itaeT 3Ha'IeHHe nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHOH aHeprHH 3apH-
.n;a q = 10- 9 KJI, nOMelIteHHoro B aTY TO'IKy nOM:
W n (0,45 M) = q>'q = 2.10- 5 (JJ:)K).
YpoBeHb 6
12. TO'Ie'IHbIH 3apHA Q = +2 MKKJI.Haxo.n;HTCH B Kepo-
CHHe (£' = 2). TIocTpoHTe rpacl>llK 3a.BHCHMOCTn
nOTeHIJ;H;uIa nOJIH, C03.n;aBaeMoro aTHM 3apHAOM,
OT paCCTOHHHH r .n;o TO'IKH, B' KOTOpOH HaxO.n;HTCH
aTOT 3apH.n;, B HHTepBaJIe OT 0 .n;o 1 M. Haii.n;HTe no
rpacl>HIcy, Ha CKOJIbKO nOTeHIJ;HaJI B TO'lKe r= 25 CM
60JIbIIIe nOTeHIJ;HaJIa B TO'IKe r == 35 CM.
13. BbIIlOJIHHTe nocTpoeHHe rpacl>HKa no .n;aHHbIM H3
npe.n;bI,ZJ;YlIterO 3a,ZJ;aHHH .n;JIH Q = -2MKKJI. f.n;e H
Ha CKOJIbKO B aTOM CJIyqae nOTeHI1HM nOJIH 60JIb-
me: B TO'IKe r= 25 CM HJIH B TO'IKe r= 35 CM?
14. Ha mape pa,ZJ;Hyca R = 0,2 M, paCnOJIOiKeHHOM B
6eH3HHe (£ = 2), Haxo.n;HTCH 3apH.n; Q = +4 MKKJI.
IIocTpoHTe rpacl>HK 3aBHCHMOCTH nQTeHIJ;HaJIa
nOJIH, C03.n;aaaeMoro aTHM 3apHAOM, OT paccToH-
HHH r.n;o TO'lKH, B KOTOpOH Iiaxo.n;HTcH aTOT 3apHA,
B HHTepBaJIe OT O.n;o 1 M. IIcnOJIb3YH rpacl>HK, OT-
BeThTe Ha Bonpoc: 'IeMY paBHa. nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHaH
aHeprHH 3apHAa q = + 1 HKJI, paCnOJIOiKeHHOro B
TO'IKe r = 45 CM? '
15. KaK H3MeHHTCH KHHeTH'IeCKaH aHeprH}I 3apHAa
q = +2HKJI, eCJIH ero BHeCTH B BaKYYMe B nOJIe
TO'Ie'IHOrO 3apMa Q = +5 MKKJI Ha paCCTOHHHe
10 CM, OTIIYCTHTh H n03BOJIHTb nepeMeCTHThCH Ha
paccToHHHe 1 M OT 3apHAa Q?
16. B 3aKpeIlJleHHOH MeTaJIJIH'IeCKOH ccl>epe pa,ZJ;Hyca
R = 1 CM, HMelOlIteH 3apHA Q = -10 HKJI, npo.n;eJIa-
HO MaRoe omepcTHe. TO'Ie'IHbIH 3apHA q = IHKJI,
Macca KOToporo paBHa lMKr, .n;BHiKeTCH no npH-
MOH, npoxo.n;HlIteH 'Iepe3 IJ;eHTp ccl>epbI H oTBep-
CTHe. Ha 60JIbllIOM paccToHHHH OT ccl>epbI CKO-
M
pOCTh 3apHAa paBHa V o = 1 -. KaKoBa CKOpOCTb
c
3apHAa BHYTPH ccl>epbI? .
OAHopOAHoe 3neKTpHifeCKoe none
.npMMep peweHMA 3BAa'lM
IIblJIHIiKa HaxO.l(HTCH. Ha 0.n;HOHH3 3apH)KeHHbIX ,j
IIJIOCKHX IIJIaCTHH, nOJIe MeiK.n;y KO:rOpbIMli O.n;HO-",
pO.n;HO. npH oTpbIBe nblJIHHKa npH06peTaeT HeKO-
TOpbIH 3apHA, nOJIe cOBepmaeT Ha,ZJ; HeH pa60TY, H ;
npH nOMeTe K .n;pyroH IIJIaCTHHe'OHa npH06peTa-;
eT KHHeTH'IecKYIO aHeprnIO 5.10- 3 JJ:)K. KaKOB 3a- ,
PHA nbmHHKH H HanpjI)KeHHOCTb nOM MeiK.n;y IIJIa-
CTHHaMH, eCJIH pa3HOCTb nOTeHI1HaJIOB MeiK.n;y
IIJIaCTHHaMH 1000 B, a paccToHHHe 1 cM?
JJ: a H 0: W,,= 5.10- 3 JJ:)K;
fP1 - fP2= U = 1000 B;
d=O,Ol M;
q-?E-?
P e III e H He. Haii.n;eM HanpHiKeHHOCTh nOM Me:>K.n;y .
IIJIaCTHHaMH. JJ:JIH O.n;Hopo.n;Horo nOJIH:
E= U =100 KB
d M'.
1I3MeHeHHe KHHeTH'IeCKOH aHeprnH paBHo H3MeHe-
Hmo nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHOH npH nepeJIeTe nbI.!IllHKH H3
TO'lKH 1 B TO'IKy 2:
W,,=IJ..Wn=q.IJ..q>=q' U=>
UJ;
q= J =5.10-'£ (Krr).
YpoBeHb A
,; B
18. HarrpHiKeHHOCTh O.n;HOpO.n;HOro nOM paBHa 200 .
M
KaKYIO pa60TY npo.n;eJIaIOT CHJIbI aJIeKTpH'leCKOrO
nOJIH npH nepeMelIteHHH 3apH.n;a q = +10- 7 KJI
B.n;OJIb CHJIOBbIX JIHHHH nOJIH Ha paccTOHHHe 0, 1 M?
KaKoBa paaHOCTb nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB MeiK.n;y Ha'laJ!b-
, HOH H KOHe'IHOH TO'IKOH nepeMelIteHHH? Ha 'ITO
6y.n;eT 3aTpaQeHa pa60Ta, eCJIH 3apHA nepeMeIIla-
eTCH cB06o.n;Ho?
19. Me:>K,ZJ;y .n;BYMH napaJIJIeJIbHbIMH IIJIaCTHHaMH 003-
.n;aHO o.n;iIopo.n;Hoe aJIeKTpH'IecKoe IIOJIe. Pa3HOCTh
nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB MeiK,lty IIJIaCTHHaMH 200 B, paCCTO-
HHHe 1 CM. KaKoBa HaIlpH)KeHHOCTh O.n;HOpO.l(HOro
nOM?
IIoTetuXHaJI aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIH
357
20. Ha OJJ:HOH H3 .n;BYX 3apH)KeHHbIX IIJIOCKHX IIJIaCTHH,
nOJIe MeiK.n;y KOTOpbIMH O.n;HOpO,ZJ;HO, HaxO.n;HTCH
IIbmHHKa. IIpH oTpbIBe OT nJIaCTHHbI IIbIJIHHKa
npH06peTaeT HeKoTopbrif 3apH,ll; H Ha'IHHaeT .n;BH-
raTbCH K .n;pyrOH IIJIaCTHHe. IIpH nOMeTe K .n;py-
rOH IIJIaCTHHe OHa npH06peTaeT KHHeTH'IecKyIO
aHeprnI06.tO- 3 ,l{iK. KaKOB 3apH,ZJ; IIbIJIHHKH H Ha-
IIpH)KeHHOCTb nOlliI MeiK,l];y IIJIaCTHH H, eCJIH paa-
HOCTh nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB MeiK,l];y IIJIaCTHHaMH 500 B, a
paccToHHH MeiK,l];y HHMH 2 CM?
'YpoBeHb 5
21. IIJIOTHOCTb 3apH);(a Ha 60JIbllIOH nJIOCKOH nJIac-
KJI '
THHe cr = 10- 5 2' KaKoBa paaHocTb nOTeHIJ;Ha-
.M
JIOB MeiK,ZJ;y TO'IKOH Ha nOBepxHocTH JIJIaCTHHbI H
TO'IKOH, Y.n;aJIeHHOH Ha to CM OT ee nOBepxHocTH?
22. llbIJlHHKa Haxo.n;HTCH Ha O.n;HOH H3 3apHiKeHHbIx
IIJIOCKliX lIJIaCTMH, TIORe MeiK,l];y KOTOpbIMM O,ltHO-
r pOJJ:HO. llpH oTpbIBe nbmHHKa npH06peTaeT He-
r, KOTOpbIH 3apHJJ: H Ha'lHHaeT YCKOPHTbCH. Pa3-
I HOCTb nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB MeiKlI,Y IIJIaCTHHaMH tOOO B.
f KaKOBa Macca nbIJIHHKH, eCJIH HMeH Ha ce6e
' 10 000 H36bITO'IHbIX aJIeKTpOHOB OHa rrpH06peJIa
!" M
. CKOpOCTb 1 -?
c
23. ,l{Be IIJIOCKHe IIJIaCTHHbI pa;JMepoM 20 x 20 CM pa3-
MeCTHJIH napaJIJJeJIbHO .n;Pyr .n;pyry Ha paccToH-
t . ', . HHH 0,5 CM H 33]>MHJIH 0 0.n;HY 3apH,ZJ;OM +5. to- 6 KJI,
f. a .n;pyryIO +2.10- 6 KJI. I1eHHTe pa3HocTb nOTeH-
IJ;HaJIOB Me)K,ZJ;y HHMH.
nOTeH Han nonJi HeCKOnbKHX
3apJlAOB
:flpMMep peweHMA 38Aa'lM
(\ 3apH.n;bI B 1, 2, 3, 4 HKJI 3aKpeIIJIeHbI B BepmHHax
KBa.n;paTa co CTOpOHOH a = 20 CM. HaH.n;HTe nOTeH-
'" , , IJ;HaJI, nOJIH, C03.n;aHHoro aTI1MH' 3apH,ZJ;aMH B IJ;eHTpe
""1 KBa,ZJ;paTa (TO'IKaA) H Ha ero cropoHe MeiKlI,y 3apH-
" .n;aMH B 3 H 4 HKJI (TO'IKa E). qTO npoH30ii.n;eT co
CKOpOCTbIO aJIeKTpOHa, eCJIH, .n;BHraHCb no HeKOTO-
poH TpaeKTopHH, OH nona.n;eT H3 TO'IKH A B TO'IKy E?
PaCnOJIO)KeHHe 3apH,ZJ;OB IIpe.n;cTaBJieHO Ha pHC. 36.
: .c p e m e H He. PaCC'IHTaeM nOTeHIJ;HaJI 3apH,ZJ;a 1 B TOq-
, (,J}e A. PaCCTOHHHe OT 3apH.n;a .n;o TO'IKH A paBHO
:H:'£'" == 0,14 M, noaTOMY <PIA = kqr = 64 B.
, J2 'iA
2 a 3
------------------
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, ' .
.... ,'.
, ,.
.... " .
.' .
../>,<", .6
" ..... .
, , .
.:.----------------
1 . 4
PHC. 36.
llOTeHIJ;HaJIbI nOJIH B TO'lKe A, C03.n;aHHbIe OCTaJIbHbI-
MH 3apH,ZJ;aMH, paBHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO 128, 192, 256
B, a cYMMapHbIH nOTeliUHaJI:
<PA = 64+128+192+256 = 640 (B).
PaccTOHHHe OT 3apH,ZJ;OB 1 H 2 .n;o TO'IKH 0 paBHO:
aJ5 = 0 22 M
2 ' ,
a OT 3apH,ZJ;OB 3 H 4 - 0,1 M.
{
llOTeHI1HaJIbI, C03.n;aHHbIe 3apH,ZJ;aMH 1,2,3,4 B TO'lKe
E paBHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO 41,82, 270 H 360 B, 'ITO .n;aeT
3Ha'IeHHe:
<Po = 753 B.
TaKHM 06paaoM, aJIeKTpOH, nepeMelItaHCb H3 TO'IKH A
B TO'lKY E, nona,ZJ;aeT B TO'lKY C 60JIbmHM nOTeHIJ;Ha-
JIOM, H TaK KaK ero 3apH.n; OTpHIJ;aTeJIeH, TO nOTeHI1H-
aJIbHaH aHeprHH ero YMeHbllIaeTCH (OCTaBaHCb OTpH a-
TeJIbHOH), a CJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO KHHeTH'IeCKaH aHeprHH
YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH.
YpOBeHb B
24. 3apMbI B 2, 4, 6, 8 HKJI 3aKpeIIJIeHbI'B BepmHHax
KBa.n;paTa co CTOpOHOH a = 0,1 M. Haii:.n;HTe nOTeH-
IJ;HaJI nOJIH, C03.n;aHHoro aTHMH 3apH,ZJ;aMH B I1eHT-
pe KBa.n;paTa (TO'IKa A) H Ha ero cTopoHe MeiKlI,Y
3apH.n;aMH B 6 H 8 HKJI (TO'IKa E). qTO npoH30H-
.n;eT co CKOpOCTbIO aJIeKTpoHa, eCJIH, .n;BHra31:cb no
HeKoTopoH TpaeKTopHll, OH nona,ZJ;eT H3 TO'IKll A
B TO'IKY E?
25. Heno.n;BH)KHbIe 3apH,ZJ;bI <4 = 3MKKJI 'H = 5MKJI
pacnOJIox<eHbI B BepmHHax KBa.n;paTa A II B. Ka-
KYro pa60TY COBepllIaT CHJIbI 3JIeKTpH'IeCKOrO
nOJIH npH' nepeMelIteimH 3apH,lta q = 10HKJI.H3
BepllIHHbI C B BepmHHY D? CTopoHaKBa.n;paTa
paBHa 0,5 M.
358
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA M IIOCTO.HHHbIti TOK
Ko
ftaOoliia
YpOBeHb A (pacc4HTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1. B O.n;HOpO.n;HOM aJIeKTpOCTarn'leCKOM nOJIe nOJIO-
iKHTeJIbHbIH 3apH.n; nepeMelItaeTCH H3 TO'lKH M B
TO'IKY N no TpeM TpaeKTopHHM: I, II, III (pHC. 37).
B KaKOM CJIyqae cOBepllIaeTcH 60JIbmaH pa60Ta?
N
PHC. 37
o A. I. 0 O. II. 0 B. III.
o f. Pa60Ta O.n;HHakOBa BO Bcex CJIyqaHx.
2., ,l.{Ba 3apH,ZJ;a B 1HKJI H 2HKJI nepeMelItaIOTC.HJCHJIa-
MH aJIeKTpll'leCKOrO nOJIH H3 TO'lKH 1 B TO'IKH 2 H 3
COOTBeTCTBeHHO. npH aTOM COBepmaeTCH o.n;HHa-
KOBaH pa60Ta. qTO MO:H<HO CKaaaTb 0 COOTHOmeHHH /
pa3HocTH nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB Me:H<.n;y TO'lKaMH 1 H 2
( q>12) H Me)K,lty TO'IKaMH 1 H 3 ( q>13)?
o A. q>12> q>13' 0 O. q>12< q>13'
o B. q>12 = q>13.
o f. HeJIb3H CKa3aTb onpe.n;eJIeHHO, He 3HaH no-
TeHIJ;HaJIa B TO'lKe 1.
3. IIOJIO:H<HTeJIbHbIH 3apH.n; nepeMelItaeTCH CHJIaMH
nOJIH H3 TO'IKH C 60JIbmHM nOTeHIJ;HaJIOM B TO'lKY
C MeHbllIHM nOTeHIJ;HaJIOM, npH aTOM ero nOTeHI1H-
aJIbHaH If KHHeTH'IeCKaH aHeprlfH...
o A. YBeJIH'IHBaIOTCH.
o O. YMeHbmaIOTCH.
o B. nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHaH YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH, a KHHeTH-
'IeCKM y6bIBaeT.
o f. KHHeTH'IeCKaH YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH, a nOTeHIJ;H-
aJIbHaH y6blBaeT.
4. 3JIeKTpOH MaCCbI m .n;BHiKeTCH B O.n;HOpO.n;HOM MeK-
TpOCTarn'leCKOM nOJIe H3 TO'IKH 1 B TO'lKY 2, YBe-
JI 'IHBaH CBOIO CKOpOCTb OT VI .n;o v 2 . KaKoBa pa3-
HOeTb nOTeilI.1;Ha,JIOB MeiK.n;y TO'IKaMH 1 H 2 ( q>12)'
eCJIH aapH.n; aJIeKTpOHa e?
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y.n;aJIeHHOH OT Q Ha 20 CM, paBeH 120 B. PaCC'IH-
TaHTe nOTeHIJ;HaJI nOJIH B TO'IKe B, y.n;aJIeHHOH OT
, Q Ha paCCTOHHHe 30 CM. , .
YpOBeHb & (pacc4HTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1. IIpoH3Be.n;eHHe 3apH,ZJ;a Ha nOTeHIJ;HaJI HMeeT Pa3-
MepHOCTb...
o A. CHJIbI.' 0 O. aHepmH.
o B. HMnYJIbca. 0 f. H'lIIpHiKeHHoCTH.
2. IIoKOHIItHHCH nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIH 3apH.n; 0,01KJI
nepeMeCTHJICH H3 TO'lKH 1 B TO'IKy 2 no.n; .n;eHCTBH-
eM CHJI nOJIH. npH aTOM ero nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHaH aHep-
rHH YMeHbllIHJIaCb Ha 2,l.{:H<. Pa3HOCTb nOTeHl1Ha-
JIOB MeiK.n;y TO'lKaMH 1 H 2 (L\q>12) paBHa...
o A. +0,02 B. 0 O. +0,00'5 B.
o B. +200 B. 0 f. -200 B.
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eT Ha pacCTOHHHH a == 20 CM OT nOBepXHocTH llIapa
nOTeHIJ;HaJI 300 B. KaKOB nOTeHIlHaJI B IJ;eHTpe mapa?
4. Ha oTpe3Ke B 1 MeiK.n;y 3apH.n;aMH +3 MKKJI H
- Z MKKJI HaH.n;HTe TO'lKy nepeCe'leHHH oTpe3Ka C
aKBHnOTeHIJ;HaJIbHOH nOBepxHocTbIO HYJIeBOrO
nOTeHIJ;HaJIa.
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nOTeHI1HaJI KOTOpOro paBeH 100 B. ECJIH y6paTb
nepBbIH 3apH,ZJ;, TO nOTeHIJ;HaJI TO'lKH M CTaHOBHT-
CH paBHbIM - 200B. KaKOB 6Y.l(eT nOTeHIJ;HaJI nOJIH
B TO'lKe M, eCJIli y6paTb BTOpOH 3apH,ZJ;, OCTaBHB Ha .,:
MeCTe nepBbIH?
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KOTOpOro paCnOJIOiKeHbI 3apHlI,bI + 1 HKJI, -1 HKJI,
+2 HKJI H -2 HKJI B TO'lKY, Haxo.n;HIItYIOCH Ha cepe-
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H +2 HKJI. KaKoBa CKOpOCTb aJIeKTp )Ha B aTOH..
TO'lKe, eCJIH B Ha'laJIbHOH TO'lKe CKOpOCTb paBHa
M
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3neKTpoHOB no npoBOAHHKY. TaKHM 06pa30M
MeXaHHyeCKaSI-3HeprHJt npe06paayeTcSI B 3J1eKTpHyecKylO.
OCHOBHOH MeroA BblpaOOrKH 3J1eKTp03HeprHH Ha
3neKTpocTaH4HJtX. T alOKe Hcnonb3yercSl Ii reHeparopax
TpaHcnoprHblX CpeACTB (aBTOM06HnJtX), H T. A.
CTpaIJ;MM, 'IT06bI nOHHTb, KaKOH M3 HMX 60JIee qyB-
CTBMTeJIeH.
a) .H3bIK npH corrpMKacaHMM C .n;BYMH KJIeMMaMM
aJIeKTpM'IeCKOH 6aTapeHKM Ha 3-4 B nO'IYB-
cTByeT «KMCJIMHKY H oT.n;epHeTCH. COKpalIte-
HM€' MbImIJ; npenapMpoBaHHoH JIHrYIl!KlI no.n;
.n;eHcTBMeM aJIeKTpM'IeCKOrO pa3pH.n;a n03BOJIH-
JIO faJIbBaHH BnepBbIe 3aperHcTpHpoBaTb cl>aKT
B03HMKHOBeHHH aJIeKTpM'IeCKOrO TOKa. OTCIO-
.n;a M rrpOMCXOlI,MT Ha3BaHMe «raJIbBaHl1:'IeCKMe
aJIeMeHTbI .
6) CneIJ;MaJIbHbIe npM60pbI, CTpeJIKM KOTOpbIX
OTKJIOHHIOTCH npM npoTeKaHHM 'Iepe3 HMX aJIeK
TpH'IeCKOrO 3apH.n;a npH IIpHcoe.n;HHeHHH K'
KJIeMMaM MCTO'IHUKa -ToKa. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
rrpe.n;Ha3Ha'IeHMH OHM 6bIBaIOT O'IeHb 'IYBCTBM-
TeJIbHbIMM (MMKpOBOJIbTMeTp HJIH MHKpoaM-.
nepMeTp) M .n;OBOJIbHO rpy6bIMM (c IJ;eHOH .n;eJIe
HMH 100 B).
B) JIaMna HaKaJIMBaHHH, KOTOpaH npM rrpOTeKa-
HMM 'Iepe3 Hee 3apH.n;a; CBeTMTCH 3a C'IeT pa30r-
peBaHMH HMTH. 3TO HaM60JIee npHBbI'IHbIH B
6bITY cnoc06 onpe.n;eJIeHMH pa60TbI HCTO'IHHKa
aJIeKTpoaHeprHM.
Pa60Ta no paa.n;eJIeHHIO 3apH.n;OB. 3,n:C
363
r) 3JIeKTpOHHaHCXeMa KaJIbKY JIHTOpa C Ta6JIo Ha
iKH.l(KHX KpHCTaJIJIax.
2. IIpHroToBbTe HeCKOJIbKO CTeKJIHHHbIX, IIJIaCTMaCCO-
BbIX RlIH KepaMH'IeCKHX CTaKaH'IHKOB C paCTBOpOM
nOBapemmH COJIH B Bo.n;e (2-3 r COJIH Ha 100 r BO.n;bI).
I.'
3. llplITOToBbTe HeCKOJIbKO aJIeKTpo.n;oB H3 pa3HbIx
MarepHaJIOB, 3a'IHCTHB KOHIJ;bI rrpO O.n;OB OT JIaKO-
BOH H30J1HIJ;HH HOiKHHIJ;aMH H rrpHKpeIlHB aTH KOH-
IJ;bI K IIJIaCTMHaM H3 CTaJIH, Me.n;H, IJ;HHKa, OJIOBa,
yrJIH (rpacl>HTa). ECJIH Y Bac HMeeTCH mKOJIbHbIH
Ha60p no aJIeKTpOJIH3Y, TO 3aKpenHTe nJIaCTHHbI
H3 pa3HbIX MaTepHaJIOB B BHHTOBOH 3a)l(HM KpbIllI-
KH CTaKaHa .n;JIH aJIeKTpO-!IH3a (pHC. 39 a).
ECJIlf pa60TC eTe C no.n;PY'IHbIMH cpe.n;CTBaMH, TO
Ha.n;o BHHMaTeJIbHO CJIe.l(HTb 3a HaJIH'IlieM KOHTaK-
TOB B MecTaxcoe.n;HHeHHjj pa3JIH'IHbIX aJIeMeHTOB
YCTaHOBKH (J1Y'Ime, r.n;e MO)l(HO, rrpHnMTb npOBO-
.n;a). TOHKHe rpacl>HTOBbIe CTepiKHH OT KapaH.n;arneH
JIY'Irne CKpeIIHTb B OJJ:HH IIJIOTHbIH IIy'lOK II K HeMY
npHKpeIIHTb IIpOBO.n; (pHC. 39 6).
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r
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PHc.39
llpOBepbTe, B03HHKaeT JIH 3,n:C rrpH oIIycKaHHH B
CTaKaH C pacTBopoM COJIH aJIeI<Tpo.n;oB H3 o.n;HHa-
KOBOro MaTepHaJIa, a 3aTeM IIapbI H3 pa3JIH'IHbIX
MaTepHaJIOB. ECJIH HMeeTCH raJIbBaHOMeTp HJIH
BOJIbTMeTp, TO H3MepbTe 3,n:c H onpe.n;eJIHTe IIO-
JIHpHOCTb Ha KJIeMMax. MeIDIH IIapbI aJIeKTpo.n;oB,
3aIlOJIHHTe Ta6JIHU;Y.
3neKTpOAbi HanPR)I(eHMe Ha nonRpHocTb Ha
3neKTpoAax, B KneMMax (+)
Yronb (rpa4>HT)
- yronb
Me b - Me b
Me b - yronb
UI-IHK - Me b
'CTanb - Me b
,!
.......................
'ttHHK - yrOJ1b
6. Y cTpoHTe 6aTapeIO H3 raJIbBaHH'IeCKliX aJIeMeHTOB,
coe.n;HHHH nOCJIe.n;OBa,T JIbHO nJIIOC O.n;HOro aJIeMeJt-
Ta C MHHYCOM .n;pyroro, KaK IIOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 40.
' --. - -- - - -- - - -- -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
-- -- -- --
- - - -
PRC. 40
BOJIbTa YTBepiK.n;aJI, 'Iro coe.n;HHHB 30-40 CTaKaH-
'IHKOB H onycTHB IlaJIbIJ;bI B KpaHHHe H3 HHX MOiKHO
IIOJIY'IHTb OIItYTHMbIH «aJIeKTpH'IeCKHH Y,l(ap -
CHJIbHOe cOKpalIteHHe MbIllIIJ;. BaM J:t,oCTaTO'IHO cd-
e.n;HHHTb 2-3 aJIeMeHTa, 'IT06bI nOJIy<J:UTb 3,n:C, .n;o-
cTaro'IHYIO .n;JIH 3aropaHHH JIaMIIO'IKJt C06paB T -
KYIO 6aTapeIO, H3MepbTe 3,n:C aroro HCTO'IHHKa.'
7. MCCJIe.n;YHTe, 3aBHCHT JIH 3,n:C 6aTapeH H HaKaJI
JIaMIIbI OT IIJIOlIta.n;H aJIeKTpo.n;oB, IIorpYiKeHHbIx B
pacTBop, H OT KOHI1eHTpaIJ;HH COJIH B paCTBope.
8. BbI6paB HaH60JIee 'IYBcTBHTeJIbHbIH MeTOlI, orrpe-
.n;eJIeHHH HaJIH'IHH 3,n:C Ha KJIeMMaX, IIorrp06YHTe
H3rOTOBHTb raJIbBaHH'IeCKHH aJIeMeHT H3 COJIeHO-
ro orypIJ;a H Me.n;Horo H IJ;HHKOBOro aJIeKTpo.n;OB; H3
KapTocl>eJIHHbl H )l(eJIe3HOrO rB03.n;H H Me.l\H B Ka;'
'IeCTBe aJIeKTpo.n;oB (pHC. 41).
+
K8pTOcj)ellb
COlleHblH orype
PHC. 4 L
MOiKHO JIH TaKHMH aJIeMeHTaMli paCKaJIHTb HHTb
JIaMIIbI? IIcIIOJIb30BaTb HX B Ka7IbKYJIHTope?
9. C.n;eJIaHTe BbIBO.n;bI H3 IIpoBe.n;eHHoH pa60Tb!.
- 3,n:C BbIpa6aTbIBaeTcH IIPH onycKaHHH B pa-
CTBOp aJIeKTpo.n;oB H3
MaTepHaJIOB.
- MaKCHMaJIbHyio 3,n:C y.n;a.nOCb IIOJIY'IH;Tb IIPH
HCIIOJIb30BaHHH IIapbI aJIeKTpo.n;oB H3
. llpH aTOM «+
364
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbIfi TOK
BbIpa6aTbIBaeTCH Ha aJIeKTpO.n;e H3
B03HHKaIOlItaH 3LI C (3aBHCHT;' He 3aBHCHT) OT
IIJIOIIta,ZJ;H norpYiKeHHH aJIeKTpOJ{OB B paCTBOp.
3LIC HCTO'IHHRa TOKa (3aBHCHT; He 3aBHCHT) OT
KOHIJ;eHTpaIJ;HH COJIH B paCTBope.
JIaMna, paCC'IHTaHHaH Ha _ B, 3aCBeTHJIaCb -
npM HCrtOJIb30BaHHH 6aTapeH H3 _ aJIeMeH-
TOB, Ha OCHOBe aJIeKTpo.n;OB H3
eQJ4()
ftathllia
06Y'1alO&qMM TeCT
1. 3JIeKTpo.n;BHiKYlItaH CHJIa HCTO'IHHKa TOKa H3MepH-
eTCH Bm
o A. HbIOTOHax.
o 6. LIiKOY JIHX.
o B. BOJIbTax.
o f. AMnepax.
2. C nOMOIItbIO HCTO'IHHKa TOKa MOiKHO...
I. 06eCIIe'IHTb .n;BHiKeHHe 3apH.n;oB 'Iepe3 rrpOBO.n;-
.. HHK, rrpHcoe.n;HHeHHbIH K ero KJIeMMaM. .
II. 3apH.n;HTh ):(Ba TeJIa 3apH,ZJ;OM npOTl:IBOnOJIO)KHO-
ro 3HaKa H YBH,lteTb 'ITO OHH npHTHrHBaIOTcH.
KaKoe H3 aTHX YTBepiKlI,eHHH BepHo?
o A. TOJIbKO I.
o 6. TOJlb"KO fI.
o B. II I, H II.
Of.' HH I, HH II.
3. 3LIC HCTO'IHHKa - aTO...
o A. CHJIa, .n;BHraIOlItaH 3apH.n;bI.
o 6. pa60Ta CroPOHHHx cmI no pa3.n;eJIeHHIO 3a-,
pH.n;OB.
O. B. OTHOllIeHHe pa60TbI CHJI no pa3.n;eJIeHHIO 3a-
pH.n;OB K BeJIH'IHHe pa3.n;eJIeHHbIX 3apH.n;OB.
o f. npoH3Be.n;eHHe pa60TbI CropOHHHx CHJI no
pa3.n;eJIeHHIO 3apH.n;OB Ha 3apH.n;.
4. B raJIbBaHH'IecKOM aJIeMeHTe npHcxo.n;HT ...
o A. npe06pa30BaHHe aHeprHH paa.n;eJIeHHbIX 3a-
pH.n;OB B aHeprHIO CBH3H XHMH'IeCKHX Coe.n;H-
HeHHH.
o 6. npe06pa30BaHHe XHMH'IecKOH aHeprHH B
aHeprHIO pa3.n;eJIeHHbIX 3apH.n;OB.
o B. BbIpa60TKa aJIeKTpOaHeprnH C HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHeM aHeprHH CBeTa.
o f. IIpe06pa30BaHHe MeXaHH'leCKOH aHeprHH B
aHeprHIO pa3.n;eJIeHHbIX 3apH.n;OB.
5. IIpe06paaoBaHHe MeXaHH'IeCKOH aHeprHH B aHep-
rHIO pa3.n;eJIeHHbIX 3apH.n;OB MOiKeT oCYIIteCTBJIHTh-
CH B...
I. aJIeKTpOreHeparope aBTOM06HJIH.
II. nbe30aJIeMeHTe aJIeKTp03aiKHfaJIKH .n;JIH ra30- .
BbIX ImHT.
IILaJIeKTpocl>opHqH Ma:qIHHe.
o A. BepHO roJIbKO I.
o 6. BepHo I H II.
o B. BepHo I HIlI.
o f. BepHo H I, H II, HIlI.
6. 3HeprHIO pa3.n;eJIeHHbIX 3apH.n;OB MOiKHO npe06pa-
30BaTb B...
I. CBeTOByIO.
II. BHYTpeHHIOIO.
III.MexaHH'IeCKYIO.
o A. BepHO roJIbKO I.
o 6. BepHo TOJIbKO II.
o B. BepHo TOJIbKO III.
o f., BepHo I, II, III.
7. 'IIpH pa3.n;eJIeHHH 3apH.n;a B 3 KJI cropoHime CHJIbI
rrpOH3BOAHT B Hcro'IHHKe TOKa pa60TY B 150 LIiK.
KaKoBa 3LIC Ha KJIeMMaX HCTO'IHHKa?
o A. 450 B.
. 0 6. 50 B.
o B. 25 B.
o f. 0,02 B.
, Pa60Ta no pa3,lteJIeHHIO aapH,ZJ;OB. 3.l{C
365
Ko
juWl6a
1. IICTO'IHHK roKa C 3.l{C 12 B mnaeT JIaMIIbI. Ka-
KYIO pa60TY cOBepllIHJIH CTopOHHHe CHJIbI, eCJIH
'Iepe3 JIaMIIY npOTeK 3apH,ZJ; B 2 KJI?
2. ECRH B pacTBop NaCI B BOlle OIIYCTHTh .n;Ba nopHC-
TbIX yrO.1lliHbIX aJIeKTpo.n;a H Ha 1-2 MHHYTbI rrpH-
coe.n;HHHTb HX K 6aTapeHKe, TO BH.n;HO, 'ITO Ha
yroJIbHbIX aJIeKTpo.n;ax Ha'IHHaIOT BbI,lteJIHTbCH
ra3bI: Ha O.n;HOM XJlOp, Ha .ltPyroM - BO.n;OpO.n;. ECJIH
TeIIepb OTKJIIO'IHTb 6aTapeHKY H rrpHcoe.n;HHHTb K
yroJlbHbIM aJIeKTpo.n;aM JIaMny, TO mfa HeKOTopoe
BpeMH rOpHT, IIOCTeIleHHO YMeHbllIaH HaKaJI. KaK
pa60TaeT TaKOH ra30BbIH aKKYMYJISJTOp aJIeKTpO-
aHeprnH? qTO HaxO.n;HTCH B paCTBope IIOCJIe TOrO,
KaK JIaMIIa IIepeCTaJIc'l CBeTHTb? KaKHe BH,ltbI npe-
06paaoBaHHH -aHeprnH npOHCXOAAT B OIIHcaHHbIX
rrpOIJ;eccax?
3. IIpHBe.n;HTe npHMepbI YCTPOHCTB, B KOTOpbIX aHep-
rnH pa3.n;eJIeHHbIX 3apH,ZJ;OB B03HHKaeT 3a C'IeT npe-
06paaoBaHHH MeXaHH'IeCKOH H cBeToBoH aHeprHH.
3arjaIU4.R
1. IIo.n;roToBbTe .n;OKJIa,ZJ; 0 nOJIY'IeHHH 60JIbmOH pa3-
HOCTH IIOTeHI1HaJIOB B YCTPOHCTBax, J1POBO.n;HlItliX
pa3.n;eJIeHHe 3apHlIoB IIPH IIepeMe1Il;eHHH O,ltHHX
,ltBHiKYJlJ;HXCH 'IaCTeH OTHOCH1'eJIbHO .n;pyrHx, H
cpaBHHTe HX acl>cl>eKTHBHoCTb.
2. IIo.n;roToBbTe .n;OKJIa,ZJ; 06 HCTOpHH OTKpbITHH X<H-
BOTHoro aJIeKTpH'IeCTBa faJIbBaHH H YCTpoHcTBe
COBpeMeHHbIX raJIbBaHll'IeCKHX me eHToB.
3. IIo.n;roTOBbTe .n;OKJIa,ZJ; 06 HCIIOJIb30B HH C JIHe'I-
HbIX 6aTapeH B KOCMoce H Ha 3eMJIe.
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," . ,."""-' ',H" a
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, ,' .r..! ' _ ' ., " ' , " _ , _,/
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· Bbl Y3HaeT , LITO KOH,D,eHcaTOp - 3TO YCTPOHCTBO, B
KOTOpOM c03AaeTat OAHopOAHoe 3n'eKTpHLleCKoe none
H 3anaCaeTaf 3neKTpo3HeprHJt;
· nOHMeTe, KaK pa60TaeT Q>OTOBcnbIWKa H KaK parCLlH-
TblBalOT pacnpeAeneHHe 3apJtAOB Ha 06KJ1ap,Kax KOH-
AeHcaTopoB, coeAHHeHHblX pa3J1HLlHbIMH cnoc£:,6aMH;
· CMO>KeTe CBOHMH PYKaMH H3rOTOBHT nJ10CKP':; KC riAeH-
carop H paCCLlHTaTb ero 3neKTpoeMKOCTb
KbH.CJU!lUli .
1It .
Ko eHcaTOp - CHCTeMa .n;BYX rrpOBO.n;HHKOB (06KJIa-
.n;OK), pa3.n;eJIeHHbIX CJIOeM .n;HaJIeKTpHKa. CJIYiKHT JJ:JIH
HaKOImeHHH (KOH,ZJ;eHCaI1HH) pa3.n;eJIeHHbIX 3apH.n;OB,
nOJIY'IaeMbIX TeM HJIH HHbIM cnoco60M.
IIJIOCK.m Ko eHcaTOp - .n;Be UJIOCKlie eTa:nJIll'IeC-
KHe ImaCTHHbI, pacnOJIO)KeHHble napaMeJIbHp H pa3-
.n;eJIeHHbIe CJIOeM .n;HaJIeKTpHKa,TOJIlu,HHa KOToporo
MaJIa no cpaBHeHHIO C pa3MepaMH nJIaCTIfH. 06mma-
'IeHHe KOH,ZJ;eHcaTopa Ha aJIeKTpl1'1eCKHX cxeMaX COOT-
BeTcTByeT ero npHHI1HnHaJIbHO Y YC'FpOHCTBY.
ir'_,.
f
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OCHOBHble nOHATMA:
KOH,D,eHcaTop · nnOCKHH KOHAeHcaTOp . 3neKTpoeM-
KOCTb nnOCKoro KOHAeHcaTopa . HanpJt>KeHHOCTb
nonJi. Me>K)J,Y 06KJ1ap,KaMH KOH,D,eHcaTOpa . 3HeprHJt
KOHAeHcaTOpa . 3HeprHJt nonJt Me>K,D,Y 06KJ1ap,KaMH
KOHAeHcaropa
,
: I
HanpA)I(eHHOCTb nOnA nnocKoro !
j
KOHAeHcaTopa '
06bI'IHO paCCMaTpHBaIOT KOH,ZJ;eHcaTOp, Ha 06KJIa.n;Kax i
KOTOpOro pacnOJIO)KeHbI o.n;HHaKOBbIe 3apMbI +Q H
-Q. Ka)K.n;aH nJIaCTHHa HMeeT llJIOIIta.zJ:b S, CJIe.n;OBa-,
TeJIbHO llJIOTHOCTb 3apMa Ha H H G = Q . KaiKAaH H3 "
S
nJIaCTHH. C03,ltaeT 110 06e CTOpOHbI OT ce6H 1I0JIe Ha-
G
IIpHiKeHHOCTH EJ = - .
2Eo
KOH.n;eHcaTOp. 3HeprmI aJIeKTpMQeCKoro 1I0JIH'
367
KaK BMlI.HO M3 pMC. 42, BCJIe.n;CTBMe pa3HoMMeHHHoc-
TII 3apH.n;oB Ha .n;BYX llJIaCTMHax, 1I0JIH BHe 06KJIa,ZJ;OK
KOIl.n;eHcaTopa B3aMMHO KOMlleHcMpYIOTCH, a B IIpO-
CTpaHcTBe Me)K.n;y 06KJIa,ZJ;KaMM CKJIa,ZJ;blBaIOTCH.
. 10
+0 -0
+0 -0 -+ldk-
PHC. 42
TaKHM 06paaoM, 1I0JIe llJI()cKoro KOH.n;eHcaTopa HBJIH-
eTCH O.n;HOpO.n;HbIM, cocpe.n;OTO'IeHO Me)K.n;y 06KJIa,ZJ;Ka-
. G
MM, M ero HaIlpHiKeHHOCTh paBHa: E = - .
t
f' ECJIH rrpocTpaHcTBo Me)K.n;y 06KJIa,ZJ;KaMH 3aIlOJIHeHO
, .n;MaJIeKTpMKOM, TO
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['
r CTO Ha3bIBaIOT HanpH)KeHHeM H 0_603Ha'IaIOT U' . e
r, IIYTaTb C HaIlpH)KeHHOCThIO 1I0JIH E).
TaK KaK 1I0JIe MeiKII,y IIJIaCTHHaMH KOH.n;eHcaTopa o.n;-
t HOpO.n;HO, HarrpHiKeHHOCTb 110M KOH.n;eHCaTOpa H Ha-
", IIpHiKeHHe (pa3HOCTb IIOTeHIJ;HaJI()B) CBH3aHbI COOTHO-
: meHHeM
U = E-d,
" r.n;e d - paCCTOHHHe Me)K.n;y 06KJIa,ZJ;KaMH.
'3neKTpoeMKOCTb KOHAeHcaTopa
. TepMHH COXpaHHJICH co BpeMeH, Kor.n;a aJIeKTpH'IeC-
: KHIt 3apH.n; C'IHTaJICH HeBeCOMOH iKH.n;KOCTbIO. 3Jle'Km-
: poeM.'KOCmb nO'Ka3blBaem, 'Ka'K M.1l0l0 3ap.Rda M.OJfCem
' 'Hllme1ib» 6 'Kolldellcamop, nod1(Jl1()'IlellllblU 'K UCT''lO'llllU-
'KJj, pa3deJlR14eM.Y 3ap.Rdbt, ECJIH aTO HCTO'IHH1 TOKa C '
.'3,n:C paBHoH E, TO IIPH coe.n;HHeHHH KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpa H
'HCTO'IHHKa TOKa 110 cxeMe, lIoKa3aHHoH Ha pHC, 43, Ha-
T KaHHe 3apH.n;a rrpeKpaTHTcH, Kor.n;a HarrpHiKeHMe Ha
: o6KJIa.z1Kax CTaHeT paBHo U = Eo
: K.oacl>cl>HIJ;HeHT rrpOIlOpIJ;HOHaJIbHOCTH MeiK.i..\y 3ap.H-
: ,lt6M Q Ha KOHlI,eHcaTop H pa3HOCThIO IiOTeIll.\HCL'IOB
U lia em 06KJIa.n;Kax H Ha3bIBaeTcH 3JIeKTpOeMKocTbIO
,KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpa C: '
Q=C-U
r u
+
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PHC. 43
BBe eHHe TaKoro Koacl>cl>HI1HeHTa IIpOIlOfJI1HOHaJIbHO- ,
CTH HMeeT CMbICJI TOJIbKO B TOM CJIY'Iae, eCJIH OTHOllIe-
H e C = Q He 3aBHCHT OT 3apH.n;a Ha 06KJIa,ZJ;Kax KOH-
U
.n;eHcaTopa H pa3HOCTH 1I0TeHIJ;HaJIOB Ha HHX.
JIerKo Bll.n;eTb, 'ITO aTa Be.7!'MJ.IHHa 3aBHCHT TOJIbKO OT
llJIOIIta,ZJ;lI llJIaCTHH S, paCCTOHHHH MeiK,ZJ;y Hll'MH d H
.n;HaJIeKTpH'IeCKOH rrpOHHIJ;aeMOCTH € CpeJJ;bI, 3anOJIHH:-
ionieIt IIpOCTpaHCTBO MeiK.n;y 06KJIa.zJ:KaMH. .l{eftcTBH-
TeJIbHO,
c- Q - Q - Q€€oS _ €€oS
- U - Ed -Q;l-T.
TaKHM 06pa' \1, 3apH.n; Ha 06KJIa,ZJ;Kax KOH.n;eHcaTopa
(pHC. 43) TCM 60JIbllIe, 'IeM 60JIbllIe 3,n:C HCTO'IHHKa,
K KOTOpOMy OH 1I0.n;coe.n;llHeH, H 'IeM 60JIbme aJIeKT-
poeMKocTb' aToro KOH,ZJ;eHCaTopa.
E.n;HHHIJ;a H3MepeHHH aJIeKTpOeMKOCTH:
IKJI
1 cl>apa,ZJ;a = 1 <I> = 1 B .
EMKOCTh'peaJIbHbIX KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpoB ropa3.n;0 MeHbllIe
H .n;JIH ee H3MepeHlUI 06bI'IHO HCIIOJIb3YIOT 60JIee MeJI-
KMe e.n;HHHIJ;bI: 1 MHKpocl>apa,ZJ;a (MK<I», 1 HaHocl>apa,ZJ;a
(H<I», 1 IIHKocl>apa,ZJ;a (II<I».
E,l\HHHQa 3JIeKTpH'IeCKOH eMKO-
CTH Ha3BaHa B '1eCTb BeJIHKOro
aHrJIHHCKOro Y'IeHoto MaHKJIa
<I>apa,lleH (1}81 - 1867).
OH HCCJIe OBaJI 3aKOHbI IIpOTe..,
KaHHH TOKa '1epe3 pacTBopbI H
XHMH'IeCKHe peaKQHH, npo xo-
.lIHII1He Ha 3JIeKT{JO,l\ax' (3aKoHbI
3JIeKTpOJIH3a), OTKpbIJI H:BJIeHHe
3JIeKTpOMarHHTftOH HH.ziyxQHH Ii
HCCJIe,l\OBaJI ero :;!aKoHoMepHoc-
TH. TpY,l\bI <I>apa,lleH JIeJICaT B
OCHOBe npHHQHnOB pa60TbI re
HepaTopoB 3JIeKTpOCTaHQHi!: H,
CJIe,l\OBaTeJIbHO, onpe eJIH:IOT
.B Cb 06JIHK COBpeMeHHoi!: QHBH-
JIH3aQHH.
7
: , Ji,_ .
"-W . r
"I. " ,
'w... .
', ,*:::.
'oj.
,
.li
,
"
It"
,
'368
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHblfi TOK
EMKOCTb 6aTapeM KOHAeHCaTOpOB
. A r -V .
9KBHB8JIeHmoii eMKOCTb" 6aTap 1J ROHP;eHcaTOpOB
HaabIBaIOT TaKyIO eMKOCTb C 06 11\ , KOTOpaH npM-no.n;KJIIO-
'IeHMH K TOMY x<e llCTO'IHHKY TOKa npHHHMaeT Ha'ce6H
TaKOH iKe 3apH.n;, 'ITO H 6aTapeji KOH.n;eHcaTopOB.
)1ea 'K01l0ellcamopa coeOUllellbl napaJlJlellb1l0, eCllU 06-
'KllaO'KU 060ux nonapllO coeOUllellbl iJpyz C iJpYZOM
(pHC. 44 a), U noclleiJoeamellb1l0, ebzu 061UlaiJKa oiJ1l0Z0
coeOumma C 061UlaiJ,wu iJpyzozo, a emopble. 061UlaiJ'KU
npuCOeOU1lellbl 'K iJpyzUM Yttacm'KaM UfJnu (pMC. 44 6).
C 1
i:02 -02
C 1 C 2 C N
ttJ t--j -Q
+ -
£ ,
C2
--f9J
C N
+£ -
a)
6)
Puc. 44
Y nap{JJlJleJl'bllo coeiJulle1tll'bIX'K01tiJeHCamopoe (pMC. 44 a)
eM'KOCmU U 3apSliJ'bl C1UlaiJbl8a10mC$l:
C 06 11\ = C t + C 2 + ...+ ;
(2,,611\ = Qt + Q2 + ... + <2N;
U I = U 2 = ... = UN'
.l{JIH nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO coe.n;HHeHHbIX KOH.n;eHCaTopOB
(pHC. 44 6):
U 06 I1\= U t + U 2 +... + UN;
Qt = Q2 = ... = Q;.;
1 1 1 1
- =-+-+...+-
C.... C I C 2 C N .
3HeprMA KOHAeHCaTopa
IIoCKOJIbKY npll 3apH.n;Ke KO,H.n;eHcaTopa B HeM CKaII-
.1l BaI<:>TCH paa.n;eJIeHHbIe 3apH.n;bI, MOX<HO rOBOpHTb 06
::meprnH paa,lt€JIeHHbIX 3apH.n;OB B KOH.n;eHcaTope, HJIH
aHeprHH aJIeKTpll'IeCKOrO nOJIH, cocpe.n;oTO'IeHHoro
Me)K.l(y 06KJIa.z1K aMli KOH.n;eHcaropa.
CU2 Q2
Jv.----
C, 2 -2C
3Ta aHeprn$l MOiKeT 6LITb BbIcBo60QeHa, eCJIH 06-,
KJIa,ZJ;KH 3apHiKeHHoro KOH.n;el! TOp coe.n;HHMTb, Ha-t
npMMep, 'Iepe3 JIaMIIY Ha J:JaH H._ IIocJIe,Toro KaKl
Bce 3apH.n;bI npoTHBOnOJJOX<!fofP 3Ha.Ka, CKOIIJIeflHbIe;;
Ha 06KJIa,ZJ;Kax, rrpoTeKYT 'Iepe3 Cimp3.n:b JIaMIIO'IKH H
npopeKoM6HHHPYIOT, JIaMnO'IKa noraCHeT. 3HeprHH,
KOH.n;eHCaTOpa IIepeii.zteT BO BHYTpeHHIOIO H cBeroBYIO
aHeprnIO.
KOHAeHcaTOp KaK TeXHM'IeCKOe YCTPOMCTBO
EMKOCTb KOH.n;eHcaTopa, 06pa30BaHH ro IIJIaCTHHaMH
10 CM x 10 CM, pa3Be.n;eHHbIMH B B03.n;yxe Ha paCCTOH-
HMe 1 MM, COCTaBHT MeHee 1O- tO <D. .l{JIH YBeJIll'IeHMH
eMKOCTM pa,ZJ;HoTeXHM'IeCKMe KOH.n;eHCaTOpbI M3rOTaB-
JIMBaIOT B BH.n;e .n;BYX CJIOeB aJIIOMHHHeBoH cl>OJlbrH,
IIpOJIOiKeHHbIx npOMaCJIeHHOH 6YMaroH (.n;HaJIeKT-
pMK) M cKpY'IeHHbIX B MHOroCJIOHHYIO na'IKY, y"aKo-
BaHHYIO B npO'IHbIH Kopnyc (pHC. 45).
311eKTpOAbi
$>l1br8
Puc. 45
BaiKHOH xapaKTepMcTMKOH KOH.n;eHcaTopa HBJIHeTC$I
MaKCMMaJIbHOe HanpHiKeHHe U MaKC , YKaaaHHoe Ha KOp-
nyce, npM KOTOpOM OH coxpaHHeT pa60Tocnoc06HOCTb:
IIpM 60JIbllIMX HaIlpHiKeHHHx .n;MaJIeKTpMK, npOJIOiKeH"
HbIH MeiK.n;y 06KJIa,ZJ;KaMH, np06HBaeTCH, H 06KJIa,ZJ;KH
3aMbIKaIOTCH HaKopoTKO, COCTaBJIHH elIHHbIH rrpOBO.n;"]
HMK. IIpH .n;aHHbIX ra6apMTax KOH.n;eHcaTopa, 'Ie '
60JIbllIe npe,lteJIbHOe HaIlpHiKeHHe, TeM MeHbme e
KOCTb. B TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX 311e'KmpOllUmUtteC1CUX 'K01l-
iJellcamopax BaiKHO npH no.n;KJIIO'IeHHM C06JIIO.n;aTb
YKa3aHHYIO nOJIHpHOCTb, HHa'Ie B03Mox<eHBbIxo.n;
npM60pa H3 CTpOH M .n;aiKe pa3pbIB Kopnyca.
Hcnonb30BaHMe KOHAeHcaTopOB
KOH.n;eHcaTopbI HCnOJIb3YIOTCH B pa,ZJ;HoTexHMKe (H3-
JIY'IeHHe H npMeM aJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX BOJIH, npe06-
pa oBaHHe aJIeKTpOMarHMTHbIX KOJIe6aHHi't): B YCT-
pOHCTBaX, r.n;e HY)KHO MeMeHHO HaKonHTb 6"'OJIbmyIO
aHeprMIO, a 3aTeM ee 6bICTpO BbICB060.n;HTb (cl>oT97
BcnbIllIKa, MMnYJIbCHbIH JIa3ep). '. .;
'l
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOp. 3HeprHH aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro nOJIH
369
3aKOH'" 8 8MAe cIJoPMyn
Hanp$l>KeHHOCTb nOJ1Jt Me>KAY 06KJ1a,D,KaMH nnOCKOrO
KOHAeHcaTOpa
Eb
S.££O
U
E=-
d
3neKTpoeMKOCTb nnOCKOrO. KOHp,eHcaTOpa
\ Q .
C=-
U
C= ££0 ,S
d
f
i
l-
f
t
0603HalleHMR &enMIIMH, eAMHM,,'" M3MepeHMR C CM,
CnpaBOlfH...e 3HalleHMR !COHCTaIiT
Q - Mop,ynb 3apJt,D,a Ha O,D,HOH H3 06KJ1a,D,OK
S - nnO b Op,HOH 06KJ1a,D,KH
E - p,H3neKTpHLfetKasI npoHHqaet.!lOCTb MaTepHana.
aanOnHJtlOl1IerO npocrpaHcrso Me>KAY 06KJ1a,D,KaMH
Eo - 3neKTPHLfeCKasi nOCTOJtHHasI
Kn 2
Eo = 8,85 ,10- 12 =
R'M
= 8,85 .10- 12 .!
M
U - HanpJt>KeHHe HnH pa3HOCTb nOTeHI,4HanOB Me>KAY
06KJ1a,D,KaMH
d - paCCTOJtHHe Me>KAY OOOa,D,KaMH
lKn
Ep,HHHqa H3MepeHHJt: I ell =-
IB
CBOMCT" KOHAeHC8TOpoB
C,<C 2 C, > C 2
-0- -0- -i
s, < S2
d, < d 2
3HeprHJt KOHp,eHCaTOpa
CU2 Q2
W C =T= 2C
3neKTpOeMKOCTb 6aTapeM M3 NKOHAeHC8TOpo8
napannenbHoe coep,HHeHHe:
CI; =C, +C 2 +",+C N
.' f
/WM
JratfoJ1ibe
}: 1. C60pKa nnocKoro KOHAeHCaTOpa
\ M paCileT ero eMKOCTM
h e JI b: QmaKOMHTbCH C 'YCTpOHCTBOM KOH,ZJ;eHCaTo-
i,:pa, npoBeCTH pac'IeTa aJIeKTpOeMKOCTH c06paHHoro
i;f(OH.n;eHCaTOpa. ' '
'Q 6 0 p y.n; 0 B a H He : JIHCT OprCTeKJIa 20 CM x 20 CM
'i'("HJIH TOJICTOro nOJIHaTllJIeHa C paBHbIM no pa3Mepy
f'JIllCTOM KaproHa HJIli cl>aHepbI), aJIIOMllHHeBaH cl>OJIbra
;
,
nOCnep,OBaTenbHoe coep,HHeHHe
1 1 1 1
-=-+-+...+-
CI; C, C 2 C N
TaKora iKe pa3Mepa, HOiKHHI(bI, coenHH'llTeJIbHbIe npo
Bo.n;a, MCTO'IHHK TOKa, BOJIbTMeTp, MHJIJIHaMnepMeTp
(HJIH raJIbBaHOMeTp ), JIHHeHKa, nrraHreHltllpKYJIb, JIa-
60paTopHbIH .n;epiKareJIb C JIaIlKaMH, 3aJKHMbI (cKpen-
Kll HJIH I1pHlIJ;em:H 6eJlbeBbIe ).
XO,lt pa60TbI
1. 1I3MepbTe C nOMolItbIO TaHreHIJ;MpKyJIH llJlH MHK-
pOMeTpa TOJIlItliHY .n;H3JIeKTj)llKa (JIHCTa oprcTeK-
JIa HJIH nOJIHaTllJIeHa).
370
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbIfi TOK
,h- _J
2. BbIpeiKbTe H3 aJIIOMHHHeBoH cl>OJIbrH .n;Be 06KJIM-
KH KOH.n;eHcaTopa B BH.n;e IIpHMoyrOJIbHHKOB C
OTXO,ltHIItHMH aT HHX KOHTaKTaMH, KaK nOKa3aHO
Ha pHC. 46. 1I3MepbTe H 3aIlHIlIHTe pa3MepbI 06KJIa-
.n;0K.
Puc. 46
3. 06KJIa,ZJ;KH H3 cl>OJIbrn nOMelItaIOT Ha CJIOH .n;HaJIeK-
TpHKa H 3aKpeIIJIHIOT nJIaCTMaCCOBbIMH 3aJKHMaMH.
ECJIH BbI pa60TaeTe C M rKHMH JIHCTaMH nOJIHaTIl-
JIeHa H KYCKOM KapTOHa, TO nOJIOiKHTe Ha KapTOH
JIHCT nOJIHaTHJIeHa, Ha Hero nepBYIO 06KJIa,ZJ;KY, 3a-
TeM BTOpOH KYCOK nOJIHaTHJIeHa H BTOpyIO 06KJIa.z1-
KY, 3aTeM .n;JIH Ha,ZJ;eiKHocTH TpeTHH KYCOK nOJIHaTH-
JIeHa. KOHTaKTbI .n;OJIiKHbI BbIcTynaTb H3 no.n;
nOJIHSTIlJIeHa, HO npH aTOM He BbIXo.n;HTh 3a KPaH
KapToHa.
4, Haii.n;HTe B CnpaBO'IHbIX Ta6JIHIJ;aX .n;HaJIeKTpH'IeC-
KYIO npOHHIJ;aeMocTb OprCTeKJIa (3,7) HJIlI nOJIH-
aTIlJIeHa (2,3). PaCC'IHTaH:re eMKOCTb C c06paHHo-
ro KOH,ZJ;eHCaTopa.
5. MOiKHO 3apH.n;HTI> KOH.n;eHCaTQP a60HHToBOH
naJIO'IKOH, nOTepToH 0 IlIepCTh (KJIeMMa «- ), H
CTeKJIHHHOH naJIO'IKOH, nOTepToH 0 IlIeJIK, H
nonbITaTbCj}: y6eLIHTbcH, 'ITO MHKpoaMnepMeTp
perncTpHpyeT npOTeKaHHe 3apH.n;a npH npHcoe.n;H-
HeHHH ero K 06KJIa.n;KaM KOH.n;eHcaTopa C npOTHBO-
nOJIOiKHbIMH 3HaKaMH. O.n;HaKo, CKopee Bcero; eM-
KOCTb BaIlIero KOH,ZJ;eHcaTopa 6y.n;eT TaK MaJIa, 'ITO
HaKOnJIeHHbIH 3apH.n; 6y.n;eT Tpy.n;HO 3apernCTpHpo-
BaTh npH60paMH, HMeIOIItHMHCH B IlIKOJIbHOH JIa60
paTOpHH.
,n:eHCTBHTeJIbHO, eCJIH 3apH.n;, KOTOpbIH BaM y.n;aJIOCb
HaKOIIMTb Ha KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpe npH era 3apH.n;Ke aJIeK-
TpH30BaHHbIMH naJIO'lKaMH, 6y,lteT pa eH 10- 5 KJI, TO
HaIlpHiKeHHe Ha KOHlIeHcaTope COCTaBHJIO ( V = )
OKOJIO 100000 B! O.n;HaKo .n;aJKe TaKoH 3apHLI, npo-
TeKaH 3a 1 C 'Iepe3 aMnepMeTp, C03.n;aCT Tpy.n;Hope-
rncTpHpyeMbIH roK OKOJIO 10 MKA.
6. Ha «rrOJIH,aTHJIeHOBOM KOH.n;eHcaTope MO)KHO
cMo.n;eJIHpOBaTb npoIJ;ecc YMeHbIlIeHHH ra6apliTOB
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTopa, HaMaTbIBaH BCIO rII6KYIO KOHCTPYK-
IJ;HIO (nOJIHaTIL'IeH-<p0;lbra-m). , ;,YH ,eH-cl>q.lbra-
rrOJIHaTHJIeH) Ha LIepeBHHHbIH KapaH,lJ,arn.
CKpenJIeHHbIH HHTKaMH, TaKOH «KoH.n;eHcaTop C
npHK.7JeeHHoH 6HPKOH, Ha KOTOpOH YKa3aHa eM-
KOCTb, BnOJIHe MOJKeT CJIYJKHTh OT'IeTOM 0 npOBe-
.n;eHHoH npaKTH'IeCKOH pa6OTe.
7. MOiKHO nOnpOCHTh y Y'IHTeJIH npoMbInmeHHbIH
Ko.n;eHcaTOp Ha 1000 MK<D H, 3apH.n;HB ero OT HCTO'I-
HHKa C 3,n:C 5 B, 3aCTaBHTh BcnbIXHyTh HeOHOBYIO
JIaMny, 'ITO y6eLIHT Bac B HaKOnJIeHHH B KOH,ZJ;eHca-
Tope 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOH nOpIJ;HH aJIeKTpOaHeprHH.
BbIBO.n;bI.
,n:JIHHa 06K.iIa.z1KH: CM.
IlIHpHHa 06KJIa.n;KH: CM,
IIJIOIIta,ZJ;b 06KJIa.n;KH: M 2 .
PaCCTOHHHe MeiKlI,y O()KJIa.z1KaMH (TOJIlItlfHa .n;HaJIeKT-
pHKa): M.
,n:HaJIeKTpH'IeCKaH npOHHI1aeMOCTb .n;HaJIeKTpHKa: _
EMKOCTb KOH,ZJ;eHCaTopa:
= H<I> = n<I>.
=
MK<D =
3apH.n; Ha KOH.n;eHcaTOpe npH 3apH.n;Ke OT HCTO'lHHKa
TOKa C 3,n:C B paBeH KJI.
e
julOolGa
06Y'laIOLqMH TeCT
YpOBeHb A
1. 3apH.n; Ha 06KJIa.z1KaX KOH.n;eHcaTOpa YBeJIH'IHJIH B
-, /1 4 pa3a. KaK H3MeHHTCH aJIeKTpH'IeCKaH eMKOCTb
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpa?
o A. He H3MeHHTCH. ., ":,"
o £, YBeJIH'IHTCfI B 2 pa3a.
CJ B. Y BeJIH'IHTCH B 4 pa3a.
o f. YMeHbIlIHTcH B 4 pa3a.
2. KOH.n;.eHcaTop O.n;HH pa3 no.n;KJIIO'IaIOT K HCTO'IHHKY
TOKa C 3,n:C 20 B, .n;pyroH pa3 C 3,n:C 40 B. KaK
COOTHOCHTCH 3apH.n;bI QI H , HaKonHBIlIHeCH Ha
06KJIa,ZJ;Ke KOH,ZJ;eHcaTopa, no.n;KJIIO'IaeMOH K nOJIO-
KOH.n;eHcaTOp. 3Hepn-lH aJIeKTpHqeCKOrO nOJIH
371 .
, iKHTeJIbHOH KJIeMMe HCTO'IHHKa B nepBbIH paa H BO
BTOpOH?
o A. Ql = (b.
. 0 6. QI = 2 .
o f. Ql = 2 .
bJ f3. Ql = 2(b.
a eK TpH'leCKHH 3apM Ha O.n;HOH nJiaCTHHe KOH.n;eH-
caTOpa paBeH +2 KJI.. Ha.n;pyroH - (-2) KJI. HanpH-
)KeHHe MeiK.n;y IIJIaCTHHaMH paBHO 5000 B. qeMY
'paBHa aJIeKTpHqeCKaH eMKOCTb KOH.n;eHcaTopa7
o A. 0 <1>.
o B. 0,0008 <1>.
06. 0,0004 <1>.
o f. 2500 <1>.
4. KaK H3MeHHTCH eMKOCTb nJIOCKOrO KOH.n;eHcaTopa,
eCJIH nJI0IIta.n;b nJIaCTHH YBeJIHqHTb B 3 paaa 7
o A. He H3MeHHTCH.
o 6. YBeJIH'lHTCH B 3 paaa.
o B. YMeHbmHTCH B 3 paaa.
o f. Cpe.n;H OTBeTOB A-B HeT npaBHJIbHoro.
5. I1JIOCKHH KOH.n;eHcaTOp no.n;KJIIO'IeH K HCTO'IHHKY ,
nOCTOHHHoro TOKa. KaK H3MeHHTCH 3apM Ha 06-
KJIa.n;KaX, eCJI.H, He OTKJIIO'IaH KOH.n;eHcaTOp OT HC-
TO'IHHKa, paa.n;BHHYTb nJIaCTHHbI Ha paCCTOHHHe, B
2 paaa rrpeBbIIlIa:IO ee rrpe)KH e?
o A. YMeHbllIliTcH B 2 paaa.
o B. YBeJIH'lliTCH B 2 paaa.
o B. He H3MeHHTCH.
o f. 3aBHCHT OT CKOpOCTH paa.n;BHiKeHllH.
6. KOH.n;eHcaTOp eMKOCTH 2 MK<1> 3apH.n;HJIH OT HCTQ'I-
HHKa C 3.l{C, paBHoH 1000' B. 3HeprHH,3anaceH-
HaH B KOH.n;eHcaTope, paBHa...
o A. 2000 .l{)K.
o B, 1 .l!:iK.
o B. 2 .l{)K.
o f. 0 .l{)i(.
YpOBeHb 6
1. .HanpHiKeHHe Ha 06KJIa.n;Kax KOH.n;e caTOpa YBeJIH-
qHBaIOT B 2 paaa. HanpH)KeHHOCTb 'aJIeKTpH'IeCKO-
ro OJIH MeiK.n;y 06KJIa.n;KaMH...
o A. YBeJIH'lliTCH B 2 paaa.
o 6. YMeHbIlIHTCH B 2 paaa.
o B. YBeJIH'IHTCH B 4 paaa.
o f. He H3MeHllTCH.
2. KaK H3MeHHTCH eMKOCTb B03.n;YIlIHoro KOMeHca
Topa, eCJIH H paCCTOHHHe Mex<.n;y nJIaCTHHaMH H
nJIOIIta,ZJ;b nJIaCTHH YBeJIHqllTb B 2 paaa?
o A. YBeJIHqHTCH B 4 paaa.
o B. YMeHbmHTcH B 4 paaa.
o .B. YBeJIH'IHTCH B 2 paaa.
o f. He H3MeHHTCH.
3. B03.n;YIlIHbIH KOH.n;eHcaTop 3apMHJIH OT HCTO'IHH-
Ka TOKa H OTcoe.n;HHHJIH OT Hero. 3aTeM paa.n;BHHY-
JIM nJIaCTHHbI, YBeJIH'IHB paCCTOHHHe MeiK.n;y HHMH
B 2 paaa. qTO npOH30mJIO C 3apMOM f-I HanpH)Ke-
HHeM MeiK.n;y 06KJI<i.n;KaMH rrpH paa.n;BHiKeHHH?
o A. 3apM H HanpH)KeHHH He H3MeHHJIHCb.
o B. 3apM He H3MeHHJICH, HanpH)KeHHe YBeJIH-
'IHJIOCb B 2 paaa.
o B. 3apM YBeJIHqHJICH B 2 paaa, RarrpH)KeHHe
He H3MeHHJIOCb.
o f. 3apM He H3MeHHJICH, HanpH)KeHHe YMeHb-
IlIHJIOCb B 2 paaa.
4. B03.n;YIlIHbIH KOH.n;eHcaTop npHcoe.n;HHHJIH K HC-
TO'IHHKY TOKa H, He OTcoe.n;HHHH OT Hero, CBeJIH
nJIaCTHHbI Ha paCCTOHHHe B ABa paaa MeHbllIee. q TO
CTaJIO C aHeprHeH, 3anaceHHOH B KOH,ZJ;eHCaTope?
o A. YBeJIHqHJIaCb B 2 pa3a.
o 6. YMeHbllIHJIaCb B 2 paaa.
o B. YBeJIH'IHJIaCb B 4 paaa.
o f. He H3MeHHJIaCb.
5. .l{Ba KOH.n;eHcaTopa'eMKocTH C coe.n;HHHIOT nOCJIe-
.n:OBaTeJIbHO. EMKOCTb TaKOH 6aTapeH KOH.n;eHcaTO-
pOB paBHa..
o A. O.
o B. c..
C
OB. "2'
o f. 2C.
.
6. I1JIaCTHHbI 3apH)KeHHOrO KOH.n;eHcaTopa, OTcoe-
.n;HHeHHoro OT llCTO'IHHKa TOKa, npHTHrHBaIOTCH C
CHJIOH F. qeM:y CTaHeT paBHa CHJIa rrpHTHiKeHllH
MeiK.n;y ero nJIaCTHHaMH, eCJIH BHeCTH B KOH,ZJ;eHca-
TOp nJIaCTHHKY H3 .n;HaJIeKTpHKa e .n;HaJIeKTpHqeC-
KOH rrpOHHIJ;aeMOCTbIO E = 27
F
OA'"2' 06.F.
o B. 2F.
o f. Cpe.n;H OTBeTOB k- B HeT npaBHJIbHoro.
372
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II I10CTO.HHHbIfi TOK
.7q,aJoliJuclflt IW
fit-Jilt/JUl.IO 3at1 Q It.
Onpe"eneHMe eM OCTM KOH"eH aTOpa.
aBM)I(eHMe ...aCTM B KOH"eHCaTOpe
npMMep peWeHMA 3a,qa'lM
HanpHiKeHHOCTb 1I0JIH Me:>K.n;y nJIaCTHHaMH KOH-
'B .
.n;eHCaTOpa paBHa 200 -, paccToHHHe MeiK.n;y nJIac-
M
TllHaMH paBHo 1 CM (pi1c. 47). KaKaH CHJIa ,lteHcTBY-
eT Ha npOTOH, 1I0naBlItHH B IIpOCTpaHCTBO MeiK.n;y
nJIaCTHHaMM KOH.n;eHcaTopa, 'll Ky.n;a OHa HarrpaB-
JIeHa? KaKYIO pa60ry-c0BepmHT aTa CMJIa npH lIe-
peMelIteHHH IIpOTOHa OT 1I0JIO:>KHTeJIbHO 3apHiKeH-
HOH 06KJIa.n;KH .n;o OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHO 3apH>KeHHOH?
qeMY 'paBHa paaHOCT 1I0TeHIJ;HaJIOB MeiK.n;y 06-
KJIa.n;KaMH KOH,ZJ;eHCaTopa?
+
o +q.
!£
Puc. 47
B
E= 200 -;
M
d= 1 cM=0,01 M;
. ,q = +1,6.10- 19 KJI;
F-?A-?U-?
P e III e H He. I10CKOJIbKY rrpOTOH 06JIa.n;aeT 1I0JIO:>KH-
TeJIbHbIM 3apM0l\1, CHJIa i, .n;eHCTBYIOIItM Ha Hero,
6y.n;eT HanpaBJIeHa TaK :>Ke, KaK HE.
B
, MO.n;YJIb CHJIbI F = Eq = 200 - .1,6.10- 19 KJI = 3,2.10- 17 H.
M '
Pa60Ta ::noH CHJIbI 1I0000iKHTeJIbHa, TaK KaK HallpaB-
JIeHHe nepeMelIteHHH cOBII .n;aeT C HallpaBJIeHHeM
CHJIbI.
.l{aHO:
B
. A = Fd = Eqd = 200 ;; .1,6.10- 19 KJI.0,01 M = 3,2.10'19 .l{:>K
P HOCTb 1I0TeHIJ;HaJIOB 110 ollpe.n;eJIeHHIO paBHa:
, A 3,2.10- 19 .l(JK
U=- - , - 2B
q 1,6.10- 19 KIT .
I10CKOJIbKY 1I0JIe MeiK.n;y I1JIaCTHHaMH O.n;HOpO.n;HO,
MO:>KHO ary:>Ke BeJIH'lHHY HaihH 1I0-.n;pymMY:
U=Ed=200 B .0,01 M=2B.
M
o T BeT: F= 3,2.10- 17 H; A = 3,2.1O- 19 .l{:>K; U = 2B.
YpoBeHb A
1. HaIlpH:>KeHHOCTb nOJIH Me IIJIaCTHHaMH KOH)1eH-
B
caTopa paBHa 100 -, paccToHHHe MeiK,ZJ;y IIJIac-
M .
THHaMH jJaBHO 2 CM. C KaKOH CHJIOH .n;eHcTByeT aJIeK-
TpH'leCKOe 1I0JIe Ha 3apH:>KeHHYIO (q = +5.10- 10 KJI)
KaIleJIbKY MaCJIa, 1I0llaBmyIO B llpoCTpalICTBO MeiK-
.n;y IIJIaCTHHaMH KOH.n;eHcaTopa, H Ky.n;a aTa CHJIa Ha- ,
npaBJIeHa? KaKyro pa60ry cOBepuIHT aTa CHJIa npH
lIepeMelIteHHH KanJIH OT nOJIOiKHTeJIbHO 3apH:>KeH"
HOH 06KJIa.n;KH .n;o OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHO 3apH:>KeHHoH?
qeMypaBHa pa3HOCTh IIOTeHQHaJIOB Me 06KJIa.n;-
KaMH KOH.n;eHcaTopa?
2. EMKOCTb KOH.n;eHcaTopa 200 MK<1>, 3apM Ha IilIac-
THHax 0,005 KJI. KaKoBo HaIljm:>KeHHe Ha 06KJIa,ZJ;-
Kax?
3. KOH)1eHCaTOp 0,5 MK<1> 3apH.n;HJIH OT HCTO'IHH
TOKa C 3.l{C 4B. KaKoB 3apM Ha Ka)K,ZJ;OH H3 IIJIac-
TMH KOH.n;encaTopa?
4. I1pH paaMelIteHHIi Ha nJIaCTHHa:x KOH)1eHcaTopa'
3apH.n;OB -0,0002 KJI H +0,0002 Kn, paaHOCTb no-'
TeHIJ;HaJIOB MeiK.n;y IIJIaCTHHaMH OKa3aJIaCb paBHoH
200 B. KaKoBa eMKOCTb aToro KOH,ZJ;eHcaTOpa?
5. C KaKHM YCKopeHHeM 6y.n;eT .n;BHraTbCH IIbmHHKa .
B 3aaoped MeiK.n;y nJIaCTHHaMH KOH,ZJ;eHcaTOpa, 3a:' \ .
pH:>KeHHOrO .n;o HarrpH:>KeHHH U, eCJIH 3apH.Zi eepa-' ;
BeH q, a Macca m? . '-,
YpOBeHb 6
npMMep peweHMA 3a.AailM
I1poTOH co CKOpOCTbIO 10 7 BJIeTaeT iI aJIeKTpH-
c
'IeCKOe 1I0JIe,KOH.n;eHcaTopa OOJIH3H O.n;HOH H3 em
nJIqCTHH, lIapaJIJIeJIbHO cTopOHe nJiaCTHHbI. .l{JIH-
j Ha CTOpOHbI llJIaCTHHbI 5 CM, paCCTOHHHe MeiK.n;y
llJIaCTHHaMH 5 MM (pHC. 48). I1pH KaKoH MHHH.-
MaJIbHOH paaHOCTH nOTeHI1HaJIOB rrpOTOH YIla,ZJ;e'i
Ha npOTHBOIIOJIO:>KHYIO nJIaCTHHy?CHJIY TH:>KeCrn
He yqHTbIBaTb, 1I0JIe no BceH TpaeKTopHH 1I000eTa
C'IliTaTb O.n;HOpO.n;HbIM.
i
.
KOH,lteHCaTOp. 3Hepn-lH aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro rrOJIjI
373
F / f: +:::} .r
t.('/////////r//////// . -'
PRC. 48 !
.l{aHO:
m p = 1,6.10- 27 Kr;
q = -1,6'10- 19 KJI;
M
v= 10 7 -;
c
L = 5 CM = 0,05 M;
d=5 MM=0,005 M;
f UmiD - ?
t
P e m e H He. I10CKOJIbKY rrOJIe Me:>K.n;y 06KJIa.n;KaMH
KOH.n;eHcaTopa MO:>KHO C'IliTaTb O.n;HOpO.n;HbIM, TO Ha
I , . aapHA Ha npOTH:>KeHHH Bcero rrOJIeTa 6y.n;eT .n;eHCTBO-
BaTb nOCTOHHHaH CHJIa:
r 'Uq
t F=E q '=-
d .
i 9Ha C0061ItHT npOTOHY C MaCCOH mp YCKopeHHe a, Ha-
, npaBJIeHHOe B.n;OJIb OCH Y (pHC. 48):
_ F _ Uq
a----
mp dmp'
,ltBH:>KeHHe B.n;OJIb OCH X HBJIHeTCH paBHOMepHbIM co
, KOpOCTbIO v, rroaTOMY BpeMH npOJIeTa 'IaCTHIJ;bI OT
, O,ltHoro KPaH KOH.n;eHcaTOpa .n;o .n;pyroro paBHO:
L
t=-.
v
3a aTO BpeMH 'IaCTHI1a, .n;BHra,s:rCb B.n;OJIb OCH Y paBHO
Y,CKopeHHO, rrpo.n;BHHeTCH Ha paCCTOHHHe:
at 2 UqL 2
L1y=-=-
2 dm)l2 .
p
, ECJrn: U 6y.n;eT TaKHM, 'ITO f!.y = d, TO 'IaCTHI1a, rrpOJle-
're'b paCCTOHHHe L, Y"a,ZJ;eT Ha HHiKHIOIO IIJIaCTHHy KOH-
. l!eHcarOpa.
(1
d _ U mi.qL 2
dm v 2 .
p
f.";
d 2 m v 2 (0,005Y .1,6.10- 27 . (10 7 j _
U min - p - -
qL 2 1,6.10- 19 . (0,05Y
.
=10000 (B)=10 (I<B)
OTBeT: UmiD = 10 KB.
6. PaaHOCTh rrOTeHIJ;HaJIOB Me nJiaCTliHaMH IIJIOC-
Koro KOH.n;eHcaTOpa paBHa 200 B, paCCTOHHlle Me
06KJIa.n;KaMH 5 MM, npoCTpaHCTBO Me 06KJIa,ZJ;Ka-
MH 3arrOJIHeHO CJIIO.n;OH C .n;HaJIeKTpJftiecKOH npOHll-'
IJ;aeMOCTbIO cpe,ZJ;bI, paBHOH 6, pa3Mep 06KJIa,ZJ;OK 0,5 M 2 .
qeMY paBHa HarrpHiKeHHOCTb rrOJIH Me 06KJIaII,-
KaMH H aapHA Ha IIJIaCTHHax KOlUteHCaTopa?
, M '
7. 3JIeKTpOH co CKOpOCTbIO 10 7 - BJIeTaeT B aJIeKT-
C
pH'IeCKOe rrOJIe KOH,lteHcaTopa B6JIH3H 0.n;HOHM3
IIJIaCTHH. .l{JIHHa CTOpOHbI IIJIaCTHHbI 5 CM, paCCTO-
HHHe MeiK.lty IIJIaCTHHaMH 5 MM. IIpH KaKOH MHHH-
MaJIbHOH paaHOCTH nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB aJIeKTpOH Y"a,ZJ;eT
Ha nOJIOX<JlTeJIbHO 3apH:>KeHHYIO IIJIaCTHHY. CHJIY
TH:>KeCTH He Y'IHTbIBaTb, rrOJIe rro BceH TpaeKToplili
rrOJIeTa C'IHTaTb OZlHOpOZlHbIM. I
8. 3JIeKTpOH B aJIeKTpOHHO-JIyqeBoH Tpy6Ke paaro-
HHeTCH ropH30HTaJIbHO Me:>K.n;y YCKOpHIOIItHMH
aJIeKTpo.n;aMH H norra,ZJ;aeT B npOCTpaHCTBO MeiKlI,Y
rrapaJIJIeJIbHO pacnOJIO:>KeHHbIMH IIJIaCTHHaMH KOH-
ZleHcaTopa (ynpaBJIHIOIItHe aJIeKTpo.n;bI). I10cJIe
npOJIeTa B.n;OJIb 06KJIa,ZJ;OK aToro KOH,lteHcaTOpa pac-
CTOHHHH B 5 CM BeKTOp CKOpOCTH aJIeKTpOHa OTKJIO-
HHJICH OT ropH30HTaJIli Ha 30°. KaKoBa paaHocTb
rrOTeHIJ;HaJIOB Me:>K.n;y YCKOpHIO,lItHMH aJIeKTpo.n;a-
MH, eCJIH HarrpH:>KeHHe Me:>K,lty yrrpaBJIHIOIItHMH
aJIeKTpo.n;aMH 500 B, a paCCTOHHHe MeiK.n;y nJIac-
THHaMH 0,5 CM?
3HeprMR KOH"eHCaTOpa
npMMep peweHMA 3a.qa'lM
KOH.n;eHcaTOp cl>oTOBCnbIIII{(H aapHiKaeTeH OT 6aTa-
peHKH 6 B. IIpH BcrrbImKe BbI,lteJIHeTCH 9.10- 4 .l{:>K
cBeToBoH aHeprnH, 'ITO COCTaBJIHeT 10% OT aHep-
rHH, 3arraceHHoH B kOH,lteHCaTope.KaKoBa eMKOCTb
KOH,lteHcaTOpa cl>oToBcrrbIIIIKH? .
374
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOC;TO.HHHbIM TOK
U=6B;
W CBeT = 9.10- 4 L!:x<;
11 = 10% = 0,1;
C-?
P e III e H II e. 3HeprlIH, 3alIaCeHHM B KOH,ZJ;eHCaTope,
CU 2
paBHa We =-" 3HeprHH, BbI.n;eJIHeMM IIPH BcnbIIII-
2 '
11 CU 2
Ke, paBHa: W CBeT = 11 We = . IIoaToMY:
C= 2W c """ = 2.9.10-4 =5.10-4 let»
1'\U 2 0,1.6 2 \: .
OTBeT: C=5.1O- 4 <1>.
.l{aHO:
YpOBeHbo A
9. KaKaH aHeprHH 3anaceHa B KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpe, eCJIH ero
3apH.n;HJIH,OT HCTO'IHHKa C 3.l{C 3 B, a Ha Koprryce
ero HMee"tCH Ha,ltnHCb 5 MK<1>? KaK .n;OKa3aTb, 'ITO B
KOH,ZJ;eHcaTope eCTb 3anac aHeprHH?
10. KOH.n;eHcaTop cl>oToBcnbIlliKH HMeeT eMKOCTb
1000 MK<1> H 3apHX<aeTcH OT 6aTapeHKH 6 B. Pac-
C'IHTaHTe CBeTOBYIO aHeprHIO, BbI.n;eJIHIOIItYIOCH
IIPH BcnbImKe, eCJIH H3BeCTHO, 'ITO OHa COCTaB-
JIHe'J; 10% OT ::meprnH, 3anaeeHHoH B KOH,ZJ;eHCa-
Tope?
11. .l{Be IIJIOCKHX MeTaJIJIlIqeCKHX nJIaCTHHbI 3aKpelI-
JIeHbI B B03.n;yxe Ha Tar 1M paCCTOHHHH, 'ITO eM-
KOCTh 06paaoBaBIIIerOCH .<OH.n;eHcaTopa COCTaBJUIeT
10- 9 <1>. 3JIeKTpH3YH CTeKJIHHHYIO H a60HHTOBYIO
lIaJIO'IKH TpeHHeM, Ha IIJIaCTHHbI HaHOCHT COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO nOJIoiKMTeJIbHbIH If OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHbIH
3apH bI no 5 MKKJI. KaKOBa paaHOCTb IIOTeHIJ;Ha-
JIOB Ha nJIaCTHHax H 3alIac aHeprnH B Tal<OM KO -
.n;eHcaTope? B BH,lte 'Iero 3anaCeHa aHeprHH B aTOM
KOH.n;eHcaTope?
YpOBeHb 6
npMMep peweHMA 38AailM
KaK H3MeHHTCH aHeprHH, 3alIaCeHHaH B KOH.n;eHca-
Tope, eCJIH nJIaCTHHbI ero paa.n;BHra,Tb Ha y.n;BoeH-
Hoe paCCTOHHHe, He OTcoe.n;HHHH HX'OT I1;CTO'IHHKa
TOKa (pHC. 49)? Ky.n;a pacxo.n;yeTcH aHeprHH',3alIa-
CeHHaH B KOH.n;eHcaTope, H aHeprHH, 3aTpa'IeHHaH
'IeJIOBeKOM Ha paa.n;BHraHHe npOTHBOnOJIO)KHO 3a-
pHiKeHHbIX nJIaCTHH?
I...
-q +q
q q
-'2"" +"21
F
,
-
U
--
- +
U
Puc. 49
P e m e H He. II pH OTTHrJmaHHH O.n;HOH IIJIaCTHHbI
KOH.n;eHcaTopa OT .n;pyroH 6e3 OTCOe.n;HHeHHH HX OT HC-
TO'IHHKa {OKa B xo.n;e rrpOIJ;eCca 1I0CroHHHbIM OCTaeT-
CH He 3apH.n;, a pa3HOCTb 1I0TeHIJ;HaJIOB Ha 06KJIa,ZJ;Kax
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpa, paBHaH 3.l{C llCTO'IHHKa U.I10CKOJIb-
€€ S
y eMKOCTb KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpa C = T 06paTHo nponop-
IJ;HOHaJIbHa paCCTOHHHIO Me:>K.n;y 06KJIa,ZJ;KaMH d, TO IIPH
C
paa.n;BHraHHH eMKOCTh YMeHbIlIHTCH OT C.n;o -, YMeHb-
, 2
. CU 2 CU 2
I1IHTCH H aHeprnH OT W;c = 2 .n;o W 2C = 4' T. e.
aHeprnH, 3alIaCeHHaH B KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpe, YMeHbIlIHTCH
cu 2
Ha f.W c =-,
4
I1pH aTOM HCHO, 'ITO 'IeJIOBeK, paa.n;BH:.:aIOIItHH IIJIac-
THHbI, 3apH)KeHHbIe 3apHAaMH IIpOTHBOlIo.rrOiKHoro
3HaKa, 3aTpa'IHBaeT (T. e. BKJIa,ZJ;bIBaeT B CHCTeMY)
aHeprHIO. 3Ta aHeprnH paBHa pa60Te CHJIbI F, .n;BHra-
IOlIteH 3apH.n; B O;il;HOpO.n;HOM aJIeKTpPlqeCKOM 1I000e, CO-
3.n;aBaeMOM BTOpoH IIJIaCTHHOH (ero HanpH)KeHHOCTb
B 2; pa3a MeHbIlIe, 'IeM HenpH)KeHHOCTb IIOJIH Me)K.n;y
nJIaCTHHaMH KOH.n;eHcaTopa). O.n;HaKO B xo.n;e pa3.n;BH-
raHHH nJIaCTHH 3apHA Ha nJIaCTHHax (CU) YMeHbIlIa-
eTCH BCJIe.n;CTBHe YMeHbIlIeHHH eMKOCTH C. Pac 'leT Tpe-
6yeT paCCMOTpeHHH Bcex amx cl>aKTOpoB.
Kyp:a iKe pacxo.n;yeTcH aHeprnH,. KOTOpaH 6bIJIa 3ana-
ceHa B KOH,ZJ;eHcaTope, H aHeprHH, 3aTpa'IeHHaH 'IeJIO-
BeKOM rrpH paa.n;BHramiu IIJIaCTHH? I10CKOJIbKy 3apHA
Ha nOJIOiKHTeJIbHO 3apHiKeHHOH IIJIaCTHHe 6bIJI CU, a
CU .
CTaJI 2' TO HCHO, '1:0 OHa 1I0mJIa Ha nepeMelIteHHe
CU
3apH.n;a 2 'Iepe3 HCTO'IHHK TOKa, r.n;e rrpHIIIJIOCb co-
BepIlIHTb pa60ry IIpOTHB CTOpOHHHX CHJI HCTO'lHHKa,
paBHYIO npOH3Be.n;eHHIO npOTeKIIIero 3apHAa Ha 3.l{C
, Cu 2
HCTO'lHHKa, ,TO eCTb 2' .l{pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, CTO-
pOHHHe CH;JIbI COBepmHJIH OTpHI1aTeJIbHYIO pa6OTY:
KOH.n;eHCaTOp. 3HeprHH aJIeKTpH'leCKOrO 1I0JI}I
375
CU 2
Au=-T'
3TO npHBeJIO K nepeBO.n;y aHepmH paa.n;eJIeHHbIX aapH-
.n;OB H MexaHH'IeCKOH pa60ThI, COBepmeHHOH CHJIOH pac-
m.rHBaIOlIteH IIJIaCTHHbI, B XHMH'IecKYIO aHepmIO -
M)'JlHTopa, eCJIH HCTO'IHHKOM TOKaCJIYiKHT aKKYMYJIHTOp.
3TO n03BOJIHeT, HCnOJIb3YH 3aKOH coxpaHeHHH aHep-
mH, paCC'IHTaTb pa60ry CHJIbI F IIPH nepeMelIteHHH '
IIJIaCniHbI Ha paCCTOHHHe d:
CU 2 CU 2 CU 2
A :c--_=_
. F 2 4 4'
TaKoe )Ke pemeHHe MOX<HO nOJIY'IHTb, paCC'IHTbIBaH
pa60TY CHJIbI F no lIepeMelIteHHIO Ha paccToHHHe OT d
CU
.n;o 2d 3apH,ZJ;a, MeHHIOlIterOCH OT CU.n;o 2 B lIepe-
MeHHOM 1I000e BTOpOH IIJIaCTHHbI. l{JIH aToro HaJIO BJIa-
.n;eTb MeTo.n;aMH IWTerpHpoBaHHH.
v 2
o T BeT: /1 ,;, CU . 3HepmH pacxo.n;yeTcH Ha YBe-
4
JIH'IeHHe aHeprHH HCTO'IHHKa TOKa.
12. I1pH KaKOM COOTHomeHHH eMKocTeH .n;Ba KOH.n;eH-
caTOpa, O.n;HH H3 KOTOpbIX 3apH)KeH .n;o 200 B, a
IITOpoH HeceT Ha nJIaCTHHRX 3apH,ZJ; 0,2 KJI, 06JIa-
.n;alOT o.n;HHaKOBbIM 3anaCOM aHepnvr?
13. Bo CKOJIbKO paa OTJIH'IaIOTCH aHeprHH .n;BYX KOH-
.n;eHcaTopoB, Y KOTOpbIX paCCTOHHHe MeiKl1Y 06-
KJIa.n;KaMH d t > d 2 , eCJIH:
a) OHH 3apH)KeHbI.n;0 o.n;HHaKoBoH paaHOCTH 110-
TeHIJ;HaJIOB;
6) OHH, 3apH)KeHbI TaK, 'ITO o.n;MHaKOBbI 3apH,ZJ;bI
Ha HX 06KJIa,ZJ;KaX?
, 14. B03.n;ymHbIH KOH.n;eHcaTOp eMKOCTH' C 3apHiKalOT
OT aKKYMYJIHTOpa C 3l{C paBHoH U, a 3aTeM OTCO-
e.n;HHHIOT OT HCTOQHHKa. KaK H3MeHHTCH aHeprHH,
3anaCeHHaH B KOH.n;eHcaTope rrpH pa3.n;BHraHHH
nJIaCTHH C y.n;BoeHHeM paccToHHHH MeiK.n;y HHMH
(pHC. 50)? OTKy.n;a 6epeTcH .n;onOJIHHTeJIbHbIH
3aIlac aHeprHH 1I0JIH (paa.n;eJIeHHbIX 3apH.n;oB)?
-q +q
1-
-
-q +q
F
- +
PUC. 50
15.
B 3aaope MeiK.n; ropH30HTaJIbHO pacnOJIO)KeHHbI-
MH nJIaCTHHaMH KOH.n;eHcaTopa eMKOCTH C Haxo-
.n;HTCH HellpoBo.n;HlItaH nJIaCTHHa C .n;HaJIeKTpH'leC-
KOH npOHHIJ;aeMocTbto E, 3allQJIHHIOlItaH Bce
npocTpaHcTBo MeiK.lty 06KJIa,ZJ;KaMH. KOH.n;eHCaTOp
3apHiKaIOT OT HCTO'IHHI\a TOKa C 3l{C paBHoH U,
a 3aTeM OTcoe.n;HHHIOT 01' HCTO'IHHKa. KaKYIO pa-
60ry HYiKHO cOBepmHTb, 'IT06bI BblHYTb .n;HaJIeK-
TPHK 11:3 3a30pa M y IIJIaCTHHaMH?
l{Ba KOH.n;eHcaTopa eMKOCTH 1MK<1> H 2 MK<1> 3a-
pHiKeHbI .n;o pa3HOCTH 1I0TeHIJ;HaJIOB 200B H OT-
coe.n;HHeHbI OT HCTO'IHHKa TOKa.KaK 1f3M:eHHTCH
aHeprMH, 3anaCeHHaH B KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpax, eCJIH co-
e.n;HHHTb nOllapHO nOJIO)KHTeJIbHO 3apHiKeHHbIe i1:
OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHO 3apH)KeHHbIe nJIaCTHHbI KOH,ZJ;eH-
caTOpOB (3aMKHYTb KJIIO'IH Kt H K 2 Ha pHC. 51).
Ky.n;a OHa pacxo.n;yeTCH?
PeR
16.
1<,
J<,.
C 2
C 2
.-1'
+ -
Puc.51
6aTapeM KOHAeHcaTopOB
YpOBeHb B
npMMep peweHMA 3a,qa'lM
PaCC'IHTai:iTe 3apH,ZJ;bI H HanpHiKeHHH Ha KaiKl10M
H3 KOH,ZJ;eHcaTopOB, a TaKiKe pa3HOCTb- nOTeHIJ;Ha-
JIOB MeiK.n;y TO'IKaMH 1 H 2 (pHC. 52). BeJIH'IHHbI C
H U C'IliTaTb H3BeCTHbIMH. KaKoH 3apH.n; npOTe'IeT
'Iepe3 KJIIO'I K, eCJIH ero 3aMKHYTb?
P e In e H He . PaCC'IHTaeM paCllpe.n;eJIeHHe 3apH.n;OB Ha
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpax IIPH paaOMKHYTOM KJIIOtfe K. I1pOHY-
MepyeM KOH.n;eHcaTopbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C HX' eMKOC-
THMH C t = C, C 2 = 2C, C 3 = 3C, C 4 = 4G. Tor.n;a 3apH,ZJ;bI
Ha HHX 6y.n;YT Qt. {b, Qa, , a paaHOCTM 1I0TeHIJ;HaiIoB
Ha 06KJIa.n;KaX U lo U 2 , U 3 , U 4 COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
376
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbIfi TOK
3+Fr
" r K ,
+ t=-t+I
3C 4C
2 2
- - cu+ cu= 0
4_C:
-...- .
12 12
- - CU+-CU=O
7 7
- +
+ +
3
+
3C
a)
3 4 1
- -CU+-CU=-CU
5 5 5
,...;'-.
4_C AD
-...-
9 8 1
- -CU+-CU=--CU
6) 5 5 5
+
Puc. 52
Ha OCHOBaHHH 3aKOHa coxpaHeHHH 3apMoB, Ha 06-
KJIa,ZJ;KaX KOH.n;eHcaTOpoB 1 H 3 6y.n;eT TaKoH )Ke CYM-
MapHbIH 3apH.n;, 'ITO H Ha 2 H 4:
Qt+Qa::::{b+ (1)
KpoMe Toro, 3apH.n;bI Ha BHCHIItHX B B03.n;yxe 06-
KJIa.n;Kax KOH,l];eHcaTOpoB 3 H 46y,ltYT paBHbI no MO.n;y- -
JIIO H npOTHBOnOJIO)KHbI no 3HaKY, TaK KaK .n;o, HX no.n;-
KJIIO'IeHHH B I1enb 3apM Ha HHX paBHHJICH HYJIIO:
Qa::::
(2)
-llOCKOJIbKy.n;JIH paaHocTeH nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB MeiK.n;y TO'I-
. I
KaMH 1,2,3,4 CX,eMbI BepHbI COOTHOllIeHHH
U:::: <P3 - <P4:::: (<P3 - <Pt) + (<Pt - <P4) = U t + U 2 ,
aU:::: Qt U:::: Q2 TO:
j C' 2 C'
j 2
AHaJIOrH'IHO:
V:::: QI + Q2
C] C 2
(3)
V:::: Q3 + Q4 (4)
C j C 4
YpaimeHHH (1) - (4) 06paaYIOT CHCTeMY C 4 HeH3Be-
CTHbIMH, KOTOpaH JIerKO pemaeTcH:
2CU
Qj::::Q2::::-;
3
= = 12CU .
7
OTKy.n;a JIerKO nOJIY'IaeM:
2V V 4V 3V
VI =3' V 2 =3"' V 3 =7' V 4 =7'
.l{JI}I HaXOiK.n;eHHH paaHOCTH nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB MeiK.n;Y TO'I-
KaMH 1 H 2 .n;OCTaTO'lHO BbI'IeCTb ypaBHeHHH:
<P3 - <Pt :::: U t ;
<P3 - <P2 = U 2 ;
'ITO .n;aeT:
U'2U' U
<Pj-Cj>2 =U 2 -U t ="3-3=-"3'
PaCC'IHTaeM pacnpe.n;eJIeHHe 3apMOB Ha KOH.n;eHcaTO-
pax nOCJIe 3aMbIKaHHH KJIIO'Ia K. B aTOM cJIY'lae KOH-
.n;eHcaTopbI 1 H 3, a TaKiKe 2 H 4 nonapHO coe.n;HHeHbI
napaJIJIeJIbHO, a lIBa napaJIJIeJIbHblX yqacTKa coe.n;HHe-
HbI nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO. IIpoBeAH paccYiK.n;eHHH, cxo.n;-
HbIe C BbIllienpHBe.n;eHHbIMH, nonyqaeM:
qt + q3::::q2 + q4
U j ::::U 3 HJIH
ql q3
C I =.. C 3
U'2= U'4 HJIH
!l2.=!k.
C 2 C 4
U t + U 2 :::: U HJIH
(5)
(6)
(7)
!lJ...+!l2.=V
C I C 2
PemeHHe CHCTeMbI ypaBHeHHH (5) - (8) C yqeTOM
CooTHo eHHH C j = C; C 2 = 2C H T. .n;. .n;aeT:
3CV 4CV 9CV 8CV
q]=s; q2=S; Q3=S; Q4,=S"
ECJIH Tenepb HapHCOBaTb 3apMbI C yqeToM 3HaKOB Ha
Bcex KolllIeHcaTopax .n;o H nOCJIe 3aMbIKaHHH KJIIO'Ia
K, TO CTaHOBHTCH nOHHTHO, 'ITO nOCJIe 3aMbIKaHHH
KJIIO'Ia no HeMY nepeTeKaeT 3apHlI" paBHbIH:
(+q2) + (-qt) = CU .
5
BcnoMHHM, 'ITO .n;o 3aMbIKaHH}I KJIIO'Ia K Ha BHYTpeH-
HHX 06KJIa.n;Kax KOH.n;eHcaTopoB 1 H 2, KaK H Ha BHYT-
peHHHX 06KJIa.n;Kax 3-4, cYMMapHbIH 3apM paBHHJICH
(8)
,...-
,
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOp. 3HepniH aJIeKTpH'leCKoro nOJIH
377
HYJIIO. I1oaTOMY CYMMapHbIH 3apHA Ha BHYTpeHHHX
06KJIa.n;KaX (<<BHCHIItHX B B03.n;yxe ) BCeX 'IeTbIpeX
KOH.n;eHCaTOpOB .n;OJI:>KeH OCTaTbCH paBHbIM O.
MOiKHO rrpOBeCTH pemeHHe 3a.n;a'IH, HCnOJIb3YH cl>op-
MyJIbI ,ZJ;JIH eMKOCTH aKBHBaJIeHTHbIX KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpOB,
nOMHH, 'ITO Ha 06KJIa.n;Kax aKBHBaJIeHTHOrO KOH.n;eH-
f, CaTOpa C06HpaeTCH TaKOH :>Ke 3apHA, KaK Ha KpaHHHX
, 06KJIa.n;Kax BCeX KpamIHX KOH.n;eHCaTOpOB.
t ,
. 0 T BeT: .l{o 3aMbIKaHHH KJIIO'Ia 3a p H.n;bI H Han p H:>Ke-
' HHH Ha KOH.n;eHcaTopax paBHbI:
I 14 Q, U ; Q, Q, t U ;
I 14 ; Q, ;
n= 4U . f1= 3U .
7 I 7
. ' I1pH 3aMbIKaHHH KJIIO'Ia lJo- HeMyItpoTe'IeT 3apH.n;
, CU
!:J. q =-
5 .
npMMep peweHMA 3a,qa"M
PaCC'IHTafiTeeMKOCTbKOH,ZJ;eHCaTopac.n;HaJIeKTpH-
'IeCKOH IIJIaCTHHOH e, eCJIH 6e3 Hee eMKOCTb KOH-
.n;eHcaTOpa 6bma C (pHC. 53).
Puc. 53
PemeHHe.
.:.
, i:
"
'"
\' -0
-0
.--
.' - .
a)
6)
6)
.J
Puc. 54
ih'
..
KaK BH.n;HO H3 pHC. 54 a, IIOJIe B paaHbIx 'IaCTHX KOH-
.n;eHcaTopa OTJIH'laeTCH TOJIbKO 3Ha'IeHHeM HaIlpH:>KeH-
HOCTH (B 'laCTH, 3arrOJIHeI:IHOH .n;HaJIeKTpHKOM, nOJIe B
e paa cJIa6ee). IIoHHTHo, 'ITO pa3HocTb rrOTeHIJ;HaJIOB
MeiK.n;y TO'IKaMH, JIeiKalItHMH Ha rpaHHIJ;e paa.n;eJIa B03-
,ltyx-.n;HaJIeKTpHK, H TO'IKaMH O.n;HOH H3 06KJIa.n;oK -
BeJIH'IHHa nOCTOHHHaH, T. e. rrOBepXHOCTb .n;HaJIeKTpH-
Ka Ha rpaHHIJ;e paa.n;eJIa - aKBHrrOTeHIJ;HaJIbHaH. ECJIH
HanbIJIHTb Ha Hee TOHKHH CJIOH MeTaJIJIa,' KOTOpbIH
TOiKe HBJIHeTCH aKBHnOTeHIJ;HaJIbHOH nOBepXHOCTbIO,
TO KapTHHa nOJIeH BHYTJ?H KOH.n;eHcaTopa He H3MeHHTCH,
TOJIbKO 3a C'IeT rrOJIHpH3aIJ;HH Ha paaHbIX qOBepxHOC-
THX MeTaJIJIa B03HHKHYT 3apH.n;bI, paBHbIe 3apMaM Ha
06KJIa.n;Kax,TaK KaK BHYTPH MeTaJIJIa rrOJIe paBHO HYJIIO
, J
(pHC. 54 6).Terrepb rrOHHTHO CJle.n;YIOlItee aKBliBaJIeHT-
Hoe npeo6pa30BaHHe: paapblB TOHKoro CJIOH M«:TaJIJIa
H rronyqeHHe H3 o.n;HorOKOH,ZJ;eHcaTopa.n;BYX, coe.n;HHeH-
HbIX nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO (pHC. 54 6). ECJIH .n;HaJIeKTpHK
3aHHMaeT nOJIOBHHY rrpocTpaHcTBa KOH.n;eHcaTopa, TO
- eMKOCTb B03.n;YIIUioro KOH.n;eHcaTOpa 6y.n;eT paBHa:
C 1 =2C,
a eMKOCTb 3arrOJIHeHHOro .n;HaJIeKTpHKOM:
C 2 =2EC.
Tor.n;a rrOJIHaH eMKOCTb paBHa eMKOCTH 6aTapeH KOH-
lI,eHcaTopOB, coe.n;HHeHbIX rrOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO:
= + = (E+1) => C x = 2EC ,
C x C 1 C 2 2EC (E+I)
3aMeTHM, 'ITO IIpH 3arrOJIHeHHH BepXHeH rrOJIOBHHbI
rrpOCTpaHCTBa Me:>K.n;y 06KJIa.n;KaMH .n;HaJIeKTpHKOM
MOX<HO CBeCT!I KOH.n;eHcaTop K .n;BYM rrapaJIJIeJIbHO CO-
e.n;HHeHHbIM KOH,ZJ;eHcaTopaM.
2EC
o T BeT: eMKOCTh HOBoro KOH.n;eHcaTopa paBHa (E + 1) '
17. KOHAeHCaTOpbI eMKOCTbIO C 1 = 1 MK<1>, C 2 = 2 MK<1>
H C 3 = 3 MK<1> coe.n;HHeHbI napaJIJIeJIbHO .n;pyr
.n;pyry H BKJIIO'IeHbI B u:errb HCTO'IHHKa TOKa C
3.l{C 12 B. KaKoB 3apHA Ha KaiK,ZJ;OM H3 KOH,ZJ;eH-
caTopoB? KaKHM O.n;HHM KOH.n;eHcaTopoM MOX<HO
3aMeHHTb aTH TPH KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpa, 'IT06bI Ha HeM
6bIJI TaKOH iKe 3apHA, 'ITO H Ha .n;aHHOH 6aTapee
KOH.n;eHcaTopoB?
18. KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpbI eMKOCTbIO C 1 = ,1 MK<1>, C 2 ",; 2 MK<1>
H C 3 = 3 MK<1> coe.n;HHeHbI nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO H
rrpHcoe.n;Hf{eHbI K HCTO'IHHKY C 3.l{C 12 B. Y'IH-
TblBaH, 'ITO HCTO'IHHK rro.n;aeT paa.n;eJIeHHbIe 3apH-
-378
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II rrOCTO.HHHbIfi TOK
.n;bI +Q H -Q TOJIbKO Ha KpaHHHe IIJIaCTHHbI KOH-
.n;eHCaTOpOB C t H C 3 , a coe.n;HHeHHbIe IIJIaCTHHbI
KOH.n;eHcaTopOB CtlH C 2 , C 2 H C 3 OCTaIOTCH aJIeKT-
pH'leCKH HeHTpaJIbHbIMH CHCTeMaMH, nOKaiKHTe
Ha cxeMe, npe.n;CTaBJIeHHOH Ha pHC. 55, paCIIpe-
.n;eJIeHHe 3apH.n;OB Ha Bcex IIJIaCTHHax Tpex KOH-
.n;eHcaTopOB. KaK COOTHOCHTCH paaHoC'fH IIOTeH-
QHaJIOB (j>t - (j>2= U t ; (j>2 - (j>3 = U 2 ; (j>3 - (j>4 = U 3 Ha
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpax C 3.l{C HCTO'IHHKa £ = (j>t - (j>4?
PaCC'IHTaHTe 3apM Ha IIJIaCTHHax H HarrpH)KeHHe
Ha Ka:>K.n;OM H3 KOH.n;eHcaTopOB.
<PI
C I C 2 C 3
<P4
- +
c
PUC, 55
19. PaCC'IHTaHTe eMKOCTb KOH.n;eHcaTopa, aKBHBaJIeH-
THoro 6aTapee KOH.n;eHcaTopOB, H306paiKeHHOH Ha
pHC. 56.
2C 2C 2C C
C C C C
6
PUC. 56
20. PaCC'IHTaHTe eMKOCTb 6aTapeH' KOH.n;eHcaTOpOB,
nOKa3aHHOH Ha pRC. 57.
.
A
c
C C
I H
C C C
6
. PUC. 57
21. PaCC'IHTaHTe eMKOCTb 6aTapeH KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpoB,
IIpe.n;cTaBJIeHHOH Ha pHC. 58.
.
,A
I
C
C
H
C C
6
C
PUC. 58
22. PaCC'IHTaHTe eMKOCTb KOH.n;eHcaTo p a C C .n;HaJIeK-
I x
TpH'leCKOH nJIaCTHHOH E, eCJIH 6e3 Hee eMKOCTh
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpa 6bIJIa C (pHC. 59).
L
C
Cx
PUC, 59
23. PaCC'IliTaHTe eMKOCTh KOH.n;eHcaTopa C x C .n;HaJIeK- \
Tplf11eCKOH IIJIaCTHHOH E, eCJIH 6e3 Hee eMKOCTb
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpa 6bIJIa C (pHC. 60).
-rr
I
PUC. 60
24. PaCC'IliTaHTe eMKOCTb KOH.n;eHcaTopa C x C .n;HMeK- I
TpH'leCKOH IIJIaCTHHOH E, eCJIH 6e3 Hee eMKOCTb 1
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpa 6bI.ITa C (pHC. 61). i
I
"
i
j
J
L
Puc.61
,
"
I
J
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOp. 8HeprHH aJIeKTpH'leCKoro nOJIH
379
Ko
ftaOollia
YpOBeHb A (pacc4HTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
'1. Ha .n;Be napaJIJIeJIbHbIe H30JIHpOBaHHbIe MeTaJIJIH':
'IeCKHe nJIaCTHHbI (pHC. 62) 1I0MeCTHJIH o.n;HHaKO-
BbIe 110 MO.n;yJIIO, HO paaHbIe 110 3HaKy 3apH,ZJ;bI.
-2
+
- 1
Puc, 62
CpaBIIHTe HarrpHJKeHHOCTH aJIeKTpH'leCKOrO 1I000H
B TO'IKaX 1 H 2.
D A. £1=£2' 0; 06. £1> E 2 ;
D B. £1<£2; D f. £1=£2*0
r?r I1pH 3apH,ZJ;Ke aJIeKTpH'IeCKOH eMKOCTH OT HCTO'I-
, , HHKa TOKa C 3.l{ C paBHoH 4 B Ha nJIaCTHHaX CKO-
l IIHJIHCb 3apH,ZJ;bI no 2,5.10- 4 KJI. KaKoBa eMKOCTb
, KOH,ZJ;eHCaTopa?
[
i, 3. B03.n;YllIHbIH KOH.n;eHcaTop HMeeT 3a30p MeJK.n;y
f nJIaCTHHaMH 1 MM. KaKOBa 6y.n;eT HallpHiK HHOCTb
IIOJIH B aTOM 3aaope, eCJIH Ko eHcaTOp 3apH.n;HTb
t TaK, 'ITO paaHOCT OTeHI1HaJIOB MeiKAY llJIaCTHHa-
l MH 6y.n;eT paBHa 24 B?
E
f 4. KOH.n;eHcaTop eMKOCTbIO 10 MK<1> 3apHiKaIOT OT
HCTO'lHHKa C 3.l{C 200 B. CKOJIbKO aHeprHH BbI-
f .n;eJIHTCH Ha CIIllpaJIH JIaMnbI, eCJIH ee 1I0.n;KJIIO'IHTb
' 'K 3apHJKeHHoMY KOH.n;eHcaTOpy?
YpoBeHb 6 (pacc4HTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
,1.. 3apHiKeHHaH 'IaCTHI1a C 3apH,ZJ;OM -q H KHHeTH'IeC-
, KOH aHeprneH K BJIeTeJIa B KOH,ZJ;eHCaTop B6JIH3H
,; OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHO 3apHJKeHHOH nJIaCTHHbI. I1pOJIeTeB
HeKoTopoe paccToHHHe, OHa ynaJIa Ha rrpOTHBOIIO-
JIOiKHYIO nJIaCTHHY. KaKOBa 6bIJIa KHHeTH'IeCKaH
aHeprml 'IaCTHIJ;bI nepe.n; y.n;apoM, eCJIH KOH.n;eHca-
TOp 6bIJI 3apHJKeH OT HCTO'IHMKa TOKa C 3.l{C paB-
HOHU?
,
'2. KaKOH IIJIOIIta.n;H .n;OJIiKHbI 6bITh 06KJIa.lv<H KOH.n;eH-
caTopa, eCJIHOHH OT.n;eJIeHbI p;pyr OT .n;py:ra IIpOMac-
JIeHHOH 6YMaroH TOJIIItHHOH 0,01 MM.c .n;HaJIeKT-
pH'leCKOH nocToHHHOH e = 4, 'ITo6bI ero eMKOCTb
tocTaBHJIa 1 MK<1>. .l{o KaKOro HarrpHJKeHHH MOJKHO
6y.n;eT 3apHiKaTh aTOT KOH.n;eHcaTop, eCJIH H3BeCT-
HO, 'ITO B 6YMare HacTYllaeT IIp060H IIPH HarrpH-
B '
JKeHHOCTH 1I0JIH 10 000 -?
CM
3. KOH.n;eHcaTop eMKOCTbIO 2 MK<1> 3apHiKaeTCH .n;o
10 KB, a 3aTeM ero ::meprHH HCIIOJIb3yeTcH .n;JIH
reHepHpoBaHH B(lIbImKH JIa3epa .n;JIHTeJIbHOCTbIO
1 MKC. KaKoBa MOIItHOCTb, BbI.n;eJI}leMaH JIaaepoM B
BH,lte cBeToBoH aHeprHH, eCJIH B H3JIyqeH}fe JIaaepa
IIpe06paayeTcH 0,5% aHeprnH KOH.lIeHCaTOpa?
YpOBeHb B (pac4HTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1. I1pOTOH BJIeTaeT co CKOpoCTbIO v napaJIJIeJIbHO ro-
pH30HTaJIbHO paCnOJIOiKeHHbIM nJIaCTHHaM KOH-
.n;eHcaTopa .n;JIHHbI L If nOKH.n;aeT KOH.n;eHcaTop, CMe-
cTHBmHcb 110 BepTHKaJIH Ha paCCTOHIIHe t. KaKoBo
paCCTOHHHe d Me:>K.n;y nJIaCTHHaMH KOH.n;eHcaTopa,
eCJIH HanpHiKeHHe' Ha KOH,ZJ;eHcaTOpe U? 3apH.n; H
Macca rrpOTOHa H3BecTHbi.
2. .l{HaJIeKTpH'IeCKaH iIJIac'tHHa (e = 5) 3aKpbIBaeT
06KJIa.n;KH KOH.n;eHcaTopa HaIlOJIOBHHY; nJIOTHO
IIpHJIeraH KHHM, KaK IIOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 63. KaKYIO
pa60TY COBepmHJIH .n;JIH TOro, 'IT06bI nOMeCTH'fb ee
MeiK.n;y 06KJIa.n;KaMH, eCJIH HCTO'lHHK C 3.l{C 10 B
He OTKJIIO'IaJICH B aTOM npOIJ;eCce, a eMKOCTb KOH-
.n;eHcaTopa .n;o B.n;BHraHHH ,lIJIaCTHHbI COCTa:BJI}lJIa .
2H<1>?
t
2
Puc. 63
3. Hai1:.n;HTe pacnpe.n;eJIeHHe HallpHJKeHHH H 3apH,ZJ;OB
Ha Bcex KOH.n;eHcaTOpax (pHC. 64). KaKoH 3apH.n;'
IIpoH.n;eT 'Iepe3 KJIIO'I IIPH ero 3aMbIKaHHH?
c1d
3C
+
c
Puc. 64
.;: # --''''-........; ""
,,:,:;.<\ :'Tfj!; ': ". . "
".\':.. '-." '.:-; l) .1.: ,., > ,_ ""
..:',. .." ',; ':-, .'<c,}..., ',' _ ""':';' :':'>"
ltf " ", : ,:' '< ;;:"'1' , . ....y ] ;. ,. ,.,.-; },1;:.
'.. ',' _.' ..";....-. . ,.. "'1 . t . -
i:: : . r:./ ' :. . .. _ . . . . - .' ;' i ',ii - : ;;; ,<..,:. < .
;. ,. .',.f I.'.. <, .,..}'L,\.' ,...<....:2.K " , ;./
,'? " 3neKTp ' M ."'''iI .& \.\ '..., ....y 'I;!.rr
. ! !t . ; \; >\i"::':
'Iii!'*
.,o.-. """, .>; , '
HOCMTenM TOKa ' ?-:""' ':-. :1'\iit
, . - \ I: ...."
t: \ 1./
n. ,
:' \, 11 '" /
" . \. / ..:E
" II
J. l ' F J ;\ ¥ ' .( l \
" ,"" , . .
. - -
' ' li . t...H ...., \,. 4':d!f j ,.;1
... ' .: . "'''' ..
.x' \. n ,,' ;,
; I.
'\' - ) , ' .
.,," } '., ..- , . .
. ': I T
\',: ;;;.:... " ., J ""
"t" 1 '''L'
'.. " < t,\1. t..,'""- ':,.''-,j
.. ,. oUt' ,.,
' , ,>: 'r i :
... -'
IbY'fM8 3rt TeMY,
;)'
4'-' -,
,, ' '.:i . -I' ."
: /f , :;: , ' , 'f" ; rl , '
"-,-"\-;.:. .
. ! ..- ,
:i
\:' ":'I . ' ,.
\ 7 ,
, r'
. Bbi Y3Haere, 4TO TaKoe 3neKTpH4eCKHH TOK B pa3J1H4-
HblX cpeAaX, KaKHMH e,tIHHIf48MH OH H3MepAeTCA H Ka-
Koe AeHCTBHe npOH3BO,[lHT;
. HaY4HTecb Ha npaKTHKe H3MepATb cHny TOKa H ,[IeMOH-
CTpHpOBaTb ero p,eHCTBHe Ha pa3J1H4Hble TeJ1a, npHBO-
,[IHTb npHMepbi TOKOB B pa3J1H4Hb1X cpeAaX B npHpo,[le
H B TexHH4ecKHX YCTpoHcTBax;
. CMO>KeTe npHBO,[lHTb npHMepbl, nOKa3bIBalO He, 4TO
npH 06'bAcHeHHH npHpO,[lHblX ABneHKH Hcnonb3YlOTCA
MO,[lenH 3THX ABJ1eHHH
K4NC1r11t11i .
.7If bI . Cxsm"
3JIeK1'pH'IecKmt TOK - 3TO HarrpaBJIeHHOe .n;BHiKeHHe
3apMOB. B paMKax aToro onpe.n;eJIeHHH TOKOM MO)K-
HO C'IHTaTb H na.n;aIOIItHH B B03.n;yxe map, 3apH)KeH-
HbIH rrpH aJIeKTpH3an;HH TpeHHeM, H aJIeKTpOHbI, rre-
peMelItaIOIItHeCH B npOBo.n;HHKe HJIH BaKYYMe, H
nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIe (OTpHI1aTeJIbHbIe) HOHbI, .n;BHraIO-
IItHeCH no.n; .n;eHCT&MeM aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIH B pa-
CTBope HJIH B03.n;yxe.
....''t...;;.
.AI..
. i.
". ,
''':-
! c
, -
'"
...."\.,...--.. ..
,. """'-' c.
"\ I "- \;;N .
* .;; . ;'/!.; .
.. " '" '....l!l' ..
".
-.. . .'i!!
OCHOBHwe nOHATMA:
3neKTpH4ecKHH TOK · CHna TOKa · HOCHTeJ1H TOKa q
pa3HbiX cpe,[lax . I1OHH3aL4HA · 3neKTponHTH4eCKM
,[IHCCOL4HaL4HA · 3neKTpOHbi npOBO,[lHMOCTH · ,ltblp04"
HaA npOBO,[lHMOCTb . ,lteHcTBHe TOKa . AMnepMeTp ·
3neKTpH4eCKaJl L4E!nb
HOCMTenM TOKa B pa3nM'IHblX cpeAax
B BaKJIY.Me MOX<HO 3aCTaBHTb .n;BHraTbCH aJIeKTpOlfb Hj
HOHbI aTOMOB. Ha pHC. 65 IIpHBe.n;eHa cxeMa rrpocremueH
aJIeKTpOHHOH nyIIIKH, aHaJIom KOTOpOH HCII
B COBpeMeHHbIX KHHecKonax TeJIeBH30poB H .n;HCIlJIeeB,.
3JIeKTpOHbI BbIJIeTaIOT C paCKaJIeHHOH nOBepxHo
MeTaJIJIa K, H no.n; .n;eHcTBHeM :aJIeKTpH'IecKoro n;qJUI
3JIeKTpH'IeCKMH TOK, HOCHTeJIH TOKa
381
A
B
I
/
,; ,-- -- -- - -- -- - -- -- -- - - - -- - -- '"
n
3
Puc. 65
C03.n;aHHoro nJIaCTHHaMM A H B, pa3roHHIOTcH .n;o or-
pOMHOH CKOpOCTM H 'Iepea oTBepcTHH B IIJIaCTMHe B
V nona.n;aIOT Ha aKPaH 3, KOTOpbI:H Ha'IHHaeT CBeTHTbCH
" B MecTax y.n;apa aJIeKTpOHOB. QT06bI aJIeKTpOHbI He
!,
i CKanJIHBaJIHCb Ha aKpaHe, HX B03BpaIIIaIOT Ha nJIac-
f THHY KIlo npoBo.n;HHKY II. .
t Brit 3 e , HaIIpHMep B B03.n;yxe, 'IaCTO B03HHKaeT TOK
f. B BH.n;e aJIeKTpll'IeCKHX pa3pH,ZJ;OB (HCKpbI H TpeCK IIPH
, ' , CHSI , Tllli HaaJIeKTpH30BaHHOH o.n;eiK,ZJ;hI, MOJIHHH Me)l{-
, .ltY 96JIaKaMH HJIH Me:>K.n;y 3eMJIeH H 06JIaKOM). fa30-
, pa3pH,ZJ;HbIe JIaMIlbI HCnOJIb3yIOTCH .n;JIH OCBemeHHH,
, paapHA aJIeKTpOCBapKH - .n;JIH nJIaBKH MeTaJIJIOB.
npMpo.n;a ra30Boro pa3psma COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO no.n;
; AeHCTBHeM 60JIbmOH HaIIpHiKeHHOCTH nC)JIH B ra3e
TOM paapbIBaeTCH Ha 'IaCTH , 3JIeKTpOH OT.n;eJIHeT-
>qI OT aTOMa' H yeTpeMJIHeTCH B O,ltHY CTOPOHY, a 06-
paaOBaBllIHHCH nOJIOiKMTeJIbHbIH HOH - B .n;PYryIO (pMC.
{ 66). 3TOT npOIJ;eCC Ha3bmaIOT HOHH3aIJ;Heit.
.<
t,
r. l L J J r
I I I:I;::J l :I:I:;'I: - IIIIIIIIIJ-
Pnc. 66
paarOHHSlCb B nOJIe, aJIeKTpOHbI MOryT np CTOJIKHO-
HllH C .n;pyrnMll aTOMaMH pa36HTb HX Ha 'JaCTH,
fJi!maTb y.n;apHyIO HOHH3aI.{Hio HJIH coe.n;HHHTbCH C
MaMH, 06paaYH OTpHI1aTeJIbHbIe HOHbI. B03HMKa-
.. JIaBHHa aJIeKTpOHOB H HOHOB, KOTOpyIO MbI BocnpH-
"."''''''r L
,':'j \iaeM KaK pa3pH,ZJ;. ' -
..
,r.. o6pa3o.M, 1tocumeMl.MU m01ca B la3ax cJly3ICam
,.T" -mp01t1.Jl U U01t'bl.'
,......
.-:'\"" u
pacTBopax H paCnJIaBaX COJIeH M
, 1i C JI 0 T HOCllTeJIHMH TOKa HBJIHIOTCH HOHbI K t M A-,
..
J":
KOTopbIe 06pa3YIOTcH H3 MOJIeKyJI KA (aToT npoIJ;eCC
Ha3bIBaeTCH :iJJIeKTpOJIHTH'IeCKoit ,lI;HCCOI(HaIJ;Heit).
llo.n; .n;eHcTBHeM nOJIH, C03.n;aBaeMoro aJIeKTpo.n;aMH
(npoBo.n;HIItHe CTepiKHH HJIH IIJIaCTHHbI), onYIIteHHbI-
Mll B paCTBOp (pacIIJIaB), HOHbI .n;BHraIOTCH B paCTBO-
pe, C03.n;aBaH TOK (pHC. 67).
K+A-
@
KaTOA
IIIIII
AHOA
+
K+(£)
e
A-
+
K+ _- A-
PH .'67
3JIeKTpo.n;, coe.n;HHeHHblH C + HCTo'tHHKa TOKa, Ha-
3bIBaIOT aHO,ll;OM, a COe.l1HHeHHbIH C «....: - KaTO,ll;OM.
CooTBeTcTBeHHo, HOHbI, .n;BMraIOIItHeC$I K HO,lty, T. e.
A - Ha3bIBaIOT aHHOHaMH, a K+ - K8THOHaMH.
IIcnOJIb30BaHHe TOKa B pacTBopax H paCIIJIaBaX :rre-
iKHTB OCHOBe C03.n;aHHH H aKCnJIyaTaI1HH raJIbB HH-
'IeCKllX 3JIeMeHTOB H aKKyMyJIHTOpOB, a TaKiKe B OCHOBe
nOJIyqeHHH BemeCTB H IIOKpbITHH npH nponYCKaHHH
TOKa 'Iepe3 pacTBop.
B .n; H a JI e K T P H K a x TOKH He npOTeKaIOT. O.n;HaKO
np» npo60e .n;HaJIeKTpHKa B HeM B03HHKaIOT npoIJ;eCCbI,
aHaJIOrH'lHbIe B03HHKHOBeHHIO TOKa B raaax.
B MeT a JI JI a x IIpOTeKaHHe TOKa 06eCne'IHBaioT TaK
, Ha3bIBaeMbIe CB060,ll;HbIe :iJJIetc1'pOHbI HJIM :iJJIeKTpO-
HbI npOBO,ll;HM CTH. B OTJIH'IHe OT BaJIeHTHbIX aJIeKT-
POHOB, JIOKaJIH30BaHHbIX y aTOMa, ::':!J.leKTpOHbI npOBO-
.n;MMOCTM (npMMepHO no O.n;HOM)' OT KaJK.n;oro. aTOMa)
06pa3yroT 06lItee aJIeKTpOHHoe 06JIaKo. llpH coe.n;H- .
HeHHH KJIeMM HCTO'IHHKa TORa C KOHIJ;aMM MeTaJIJIH-
'IecKoro npOBO.l1HHKa, BHYTPH Hero B03HHKaeT IIOJIe,
KOTopoe 3aCTaBJIHeT .n;BMraTbCH cB060.n;HbIe aJIeKTpO-
HbI B npOMeiKYTKax MeiK.n;y Y3JIaMH KpMCTaJIJIH'IeCKOH
pemeTIrn, 06pa30BaHHOH HOHaMH MeTaJIJIa.
MeTaJIJIbI HCnOJIb3YIOTCH npaKTH'IeCK.H BO Bcex Tex-
HM'IeCKHX YCTPOHCTBax, me He06xo.n;HMO 06eCne'IHTb
npOTeKaHHe TOKa.
B nOJIynpoBo.n;HHKax HOCHTeJIHMHTOKaHBJIH- '
IOTCH aJIeKTpOHbI H TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe ablp'ICU. B OTJIH-
'IHe OT MeTaJIJIOB B KpHCTaJIJIpX nOJIynpOBo.n;HHKOB
(KpeMHHH, repMaHMH) rrpH HOpMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHH
cB060.n;Ii:bIX aJIeKTpOHOB MaJIO. llpH nOBbIllIeHHM TeM-
IIepaTypbI BaJIeHTHbIe aJIeKTpOHbI MOryT CTaHOBHTbCH
cBo6o.n;HbIMll, nOKH)I;aH CBOH aTOMbI. II pH aTOM B6JIH3H
382
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbIM TOK
aTOMa 06pa3yeTcH BaKaHCHH, «.n;bIpKa , KY.n;a MOiKeT
IIepeIlpbIrHYTb aJIeKTpOH C COCe.n;HerO aTOMa. TaKOH
CKa'IOK C03.n;aCT BaKaHCHIO Ha COCe.n;HeM aTOMe If T..n;.
B03HHKaeT acl>cl>eKT .n;BHiKeHHH «.n;bIPKH» B HarrpaBJIe-
HHH, IIpOTHBOIlOJIOiKHOM .n;peii:cl>y BaJIeHTHbIX aJIeKT-
pOHOB. qHCJIO TaKHX BaKaHCJfH MOiKHO 1f3MeHIfTb, He
TOJIbKO IIOBbImaH TeMIIepaTYPY, HO H BBOlI,H B nOJIY-
npOBo.n;HHK. npHMeCH.
BCH COBpeMeHHaH aJIeKT,pOHHO-BbI'IHCJIHTeJIbHaH II
TeJIeKOMMYHllKaIJ;IfOHHaH TeXHHKa 6a3HPYeTCH Ha HC-
nOJIb3()BaHHH TOKa B nOJIynpOBo.n;HHKax.
AeMCTBMe TOKa
o TOM, 'ITO no npOBO,lIHHKY npOTeKaeT TOK, MOiKHO
cy.n;HTb no ero .n;eHCTBIfIO Ha OKpYiKaIOIUlfe TeJIa IfJIH
cpe.n;y, 'Iepe3 KOTOpyIO OH npOTeKaeT. BbI,ZJ;eJIHIOT TPH
.n;eHCTBHH TOKa: merulOooe, XUMU1leC1We, MamUm1l0e.
TeIIJIOBOe AeftCTBHe TOKB HCnOJIb3yeTCH 'IaCTO B 6bI- '
TOBbIX aJIeKTpOHarpeBaTeJIbHbIX np'H60pax H JIerKO
MOiKeT 6bITb npo.n;eMOHCTplfpOBaHO Ha rrplfMepe pa-
60TbI YTIOra, aJIeKTpO'IaHHHKa IfJIH TOCTepa. CBH3aHO
OHO Co TeM, 'ITO HOCIfTeJIIf 3apH,ZJ;OB B TOH IfJIIf IfHOii: cpe-
.n;e pa3rOHHIOTCH no.n; .n;eHCTBHeM aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO
nOJIH, npH06peTaIOT KIfHeTlf'leCKYIO aHeprHIO, a 3aTeM,
CTaJIfGlBaHCb C 'IaCTHIJ;aMH Cpe,ZJ;bI, nepe.n;aIOT eH 'IaCTb
CBoeH aHeprHH. Y BeJIlf'leHHe cpe.n;HeH aHeprHH xao-
TH'IeCKOrO .n;BHiKeHHH'IaCTHIJ; cpe.n;bI BocnpllHHMaeT-
CH HaMH KaK pa30rpeB.
TenJIOBOe .n;eHCTBHe TOKa npOHBJIHeTCH He Bcer.n;a, a B
3aBHClfMOCTH OT Cpe,lIbI, B KOTOpOH Te'IeT TOK. TaK,
eCJIH'TOK npe.n;CTaBJIHeT C060H .n;BHiKeHHe aJIeK'i'poHoB
B BaKYYMe llJIli B cBepxIIpoBO.n;HIItHX MaTepHaJIaX, TO
TenJIOBOrO .n;eHCTBHH TOKa He Ha6JIIO.n;aeTCH.
XHMH'IeCKoe ,lI;eftcTBHe TOKa CBH3bIBaIOT 'Iallte Bcero
C npOTeKaHHeM TOKa B paCTBOpax H pacnJIaBaX COJIe ,
XOTH OKHCJIeHHe KOH1aKTOB npH KOpOTKOM 3aMbIKa-
HHH TOiKe MOiKeT 6bITb nplfMepOM XllMH'IeCKOrO .n;eH - .
CTBHH TOKa.
npOCTeHmlfM npHMepOM XHMlf'leCKoro .n;eHCTBliH MO-
ryT CJIy:>KHTb npoIJ;eCCbI BbI.n;eJIeHHH XJIopa H HaTpHH
npH nponYCKaHHH aJIeKTplf'IeCKOrO TOKa 'Iepe3 pac-
nJIaB nOBapeHHOH COJIH NaCI (plfc.68).
1I0HbI Na+ H CI-, cnoc06HbIe CB060.n;HO nepeMelItaTb-
CH B pacqJIaBe, npH nplfcoe.n;HHeHHH rpacl>IfTOBbIX
aJIeKTpo.n;OB, onYlIteHHbIX B paCnJIaB, K KJIeMMaM
HCTO'IHHKa TOKa, Ha'IHHaIOT .n;BlfraTbCH B npOTIfBono-
JIOiKHbIe CTOpoHbI. 1I0H Na+, .n;OCTHraH KaTo.n;a, 3apH-
iKeHHoro OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHO If HeCYIItero H36bITOK aJIeKT-
N8CI..
:<14 I> <14 <I <14
4<142. 4<14<1
<I <14 <It><l4 <I .
-4 4 4 4<1.. 4
<l4'-'.t><I />.. <I
N8CI pacnna.
Na+
CI- e..... e:.
IIII
+0
8+
8++0
+
+08+
1
Pue. 68. ]
pOHOB, IIpHcoe.n;IfHHeT aJIeKTpOH H npeBpaIUaeTCH : 1
Heii:TpaJIbHbIH aTOM Na. Coe.n;HH HCb C .n;pYrHMH aTO
MaMH, OH BCrrJIbIBaeT HaBepx B BIf.n;e pacnJIaBa MeTaJI-
JIH'IeCKoro HaTpHH. AHaJIOrlf'lHO Ha aHo.n;e HOH Cl;-'j
OT.n;aBaH aJIeKTpoHbt, npeBpalItaeTCH B ra3 XJIOp, KOTO-
pbIH BbI.n;eJIHeTCH H3 pacnJIaBa. : 1
TaKHM 06pa30M B npOMbInmeHHOCTH nOJIyqaIOT He-
KOTopbIe 'IHCTbIe aJIe eHTbI (AI, C1 2 , Na...). B pH,ZJ;el
CJIyqaeB BbI.n;eJIHIOIItHHCH MeTaJIJI oce.n;aeT Ha CaM0M!
MaTepHaJIe aJIeKTpo.n;a, 'ITO HCnOJlb3YIOT .n;JIH nOKpbI-
THH H3.n;eJIHH CJIOeM MeTaJIJIa (HHKeJIHpoBaHlfe, xpo-1
MHpOBaHHe H T. .n;.). ., 1
MarHHTHoe ,lI;eftcTBHe TOKa JIerKO 06HaPYiKHTh 110)
nOBOpOTY MarHHTHOH CTpeJIKIf KOMrraca B6JIH3H npo j
Bo.n;a, no KOTOPOMY nyCTHJIH TOK. .n:eHCTBHe YCIfJIHBa-i
eTCH, ecJIIf npoBO.n; CKPYTHTb B KaTYIlIKY (pHC. 69). ;
I
[ T S
Ib-' L, .
- + - +
0 1 N T
- +
Pue. 69.
ECJ11f B3HTb MaCCHBHbIH MarHHT H no.n;Hecrn K l:teMY,
JIerKYIO no.n;BlfiKHYIO KaTYIlIKY, TO OHa Ha'IHHaeT .n;BH-'
3JIeKtpH'IeCKMH TOK, HOCHTeJIH TOKa
383
raTbCH OTHOCMTeJIbHO MarHMTa. ECJIM nOMeCTHTb
TaKYIO KaTYIIIKY MeiK,ZJ;Y ceBepHbIM H IOiKHbIM 1I0JIIO-
CaMI1 no.n;KOBo06pa3Horo MarHI1Ta, KaTyuIKa nOBopa-
'IHBaeTCH Ha HeKOTopbIH yrOJI, KOTOI>I:>IH onpe.n;eJIHeT-
CH MHHOH ynpyrocTbIO nO.l1BOlI,HIItHX npOBo.n;OB
(pHc.70).
N
s
s
N
Puc. 70
: 'CMna TOKa
': Cua TOKa - cl>H3I1'1 CKaH BeJIH'IHHa, nOKa3bIBaIOlItaH,
KaKOH 3apH,ZJ; npOTeKaeT 'Iepe3 nOnepe'IHOe Ce'IeHHe
npoBo.n;HHKa 3ji e.n;H HHIJ;Y BpeMeHH .
I 1=:.. I
E1::JIH 3a 1 C 'Iepe3 nOnepe'IHOe Ce'IeHl1e npoBo.n;a HJI'H
, .n;Pyroro IIpoBO.n;HHKa (rpHcl>eJIb KapaH,ZJ;allIa, paCTBOp
COJIH B CTaKaHe H T. .n;.) npOTeK 3apH.n; paBHbIH 1KJI, TO
a TOKa B aTOM npOBo.n;HHKe 6bIJIa paBHC1: '
lKrr Krr
- = 1- = 1A (OlI,HH aMIIep)
lc c
l E.n;HHHIJ;a H3MepeHHH TOKa Ha3BaHa B 'IeCTb cl>PaHIJ;Y3-
i c::Koro cl>H3HKa AH.n;pe AMnepa. CHJiy TOKa BO BCTpe-
l qaIOIItllXCH Ha IIpaKTHKe CJIY'laHX npHXO.l1HTCH BbIpa-
r
r iKaTh II B 60JIee MeJIKI1X e.n;HHH:Qax - MHJIJIl1aMllep (MA),
[MHKpoaMIIep (MKA); H B 60JIee KPYIIHbIX e.n;HHHIJ;aX-
l KHJIOaMIIep (KA).
i .
, H3MepeHI1e CUb! TOKa MOiKHO 6bIJIO 6bI npOH3BO.n;HTb
H no TellJIOBoMY, H no XI1MH'IeCKoMY, II 110 MarHI1THO-
t MY .n;eHCTBHIO To!<a. KaK 1I0KaabIBaeT OllbIT, H H3MeHe-
f Hl1e BHYTpeHHel1 aHeprM:H, H KOJIH'IeCTBO BelIteCTBa,
&BbI.n;eJIHBmerocH npl1 nponYCKaHHH TOKa 'Iepe3 pa-
CTBOp (paCImaB), H CJ(OpOCTb nOBopOTa MarHl1THOH
!'cTpeJIKI1 B03paCTaIOT C pOCTOM CHJIbI TOKa. O.n;HaKO
tHaH60JIee y.n;06HbIM OKa3aJIOCb HCnOJIb30BaHHe Mar-
F ' oro .n;eHCTBJ1H TOKa. B np1l60pe'MH H3MepeHI1H
:. bI TOKa, , Ha3bIBaeMOM aMIIepMeTpOM, KaTYllIKa, no
KOTOpOH nponyCKaeTCH 113MepHeMbIH TOK, nOBOpa'lH-
BaeTCH MeiK,ZJ;Y 1I0JIIOCaMH ,MarHllTa I1JIH aJIeKTpoMar-
HHTa, C03.n;aBaeMOrO aTHM iKe TOKOM. B COBpeMeHHblX
rrOJIyrrpOBo.n;HHKOBbIX IIpH60pax HCnOJIb3YIOTCH YiKe
.n;pyme cnoc06bI 113 epeHHH CHJIbI TOKa, H pe3YJIbTa-
ThI BbI.n;aIOTCH B IJ;Hcl>POBOM BH.n;e. O.n;HaKO 'Iallte Bcero
nOJIynpOBO.n;HHKOBbIe npl160pbI Tpe6YIOT .n;JIH CBoeH
pa60ThI HCTO'IHHK nHTaHHH. '
Ha cxeMax aMIIepMeTp 0603Ha'IaeTCH B BH,lte pyra C
6YKBOH A 1I0cepe.n;HHe (pl1c. 71). '
--11--- A
-.;j--.
--0r
HCTO'lHHK TOK8 ':
8MnepMeTp
-0-' n8MnOilKa
---- - KJ1IOY
Puc. 71
3JIeKTpH'IeCKHe IJ;enH. llpOTeKaHHe TOKa B peaJIbHbIX
CHCTeMax npoHCXo.n;HT 'Iepe3 aJIeMeHTbI, coe.n;HHeHHbIe
pa3JIll'lHbIMll Clloc06aMl1. Cnoc06bI coe.n;HHeHHH aTHX
aJIeM HTOB nOKa3bIBaIOTCH Ha cxeMax B BH.l1e YCJIOB-
HbIX 3HaKOB, coe.n;I1HeHHbIX B I1enH. B 3aBI1CHMOCTH OT
HaaHa'IeHHH pa3HbIe aJIeMeHTbI no-pa:moMY BKJIIO'Ia-
IOTCH B aJIeKTpH'Ie<:RyIO IJ;enb. Ha pHC. 71H306paJKe-
Ha I1enb, COCTOHlItaH H3 3HaKOMbIX HaM aJIeMeHTOB: llC-
T01{HHKa TOKa, aMnepMeTpa, JIaMn9'IKH HaKaJIHBaHI1H
H B IKJIIO'IaTeJIH (KJIIO'Ia K), 3aMbIKaIOlIterO IJ;ellb.
Tmwu cnoCQ6 COeOuHe1tWl 8Jle.MBHmOB Ha3'blBaemCR noc-
JleOOBameJl'bH'bt.M. B HeM BeCb 3apH,ZJ;, npOTeKalOlItHH 'Ie-
pe3 O.n;llH aJIeMeHT I1enH rrpOTeKaeT II 'Iepea .n;pyroH aJIe-
MeHT. llo TOH npll'll1He aMrrepMeTp BKJIlOtIaeTci B IJ;enb
Bcer.n;a nOCJIe.l10BaTeJIbHo. llpl1 aTOM KJIeMMa «+ aM-
nepMeTpa, ,ltOJIiKHa BKJIIO'IaTbCH K TOH CTopOHe IJ;enH,
KOTOpM no.n;XO,ltHT K KJIeMMe'«+ HCTO'IHHKa TOKa.
B3aMMOCBA3b CMnbl TOKa C
MMKpoxapaKTepMCTMKaMM Bel1leCTBa
CMJIa TOKa B rrpOBo.n;HI1Ke TeM 6oJIbme, 'IeM 60JIbme
KOHI1eHTpaI1I1H HOCHTeJIeH TOKa B I1pOBO.ltHHKe n, 'IeM
60JIbllIe CKOpOCTb HX HanpaBJIeHHOrO ,ZJ;BHiKeHHjI V IIP
(CKOpOCTb lI,peHcl>a), 'IeM 60JIbme llJIOIIta.n;b Ce'IeHHH
npOBo.n;HI1Ka S II 'IeM 60JIbmHH 3apH.n; q HeceT Ka)K-
.n;bIH HOCHTeJIb TOKa.
1= qnvllPS
384
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II ITOCTOHHHbIM TOK
KonM-.eCTBeHlfbie COOTHOWeHMA npM
npOTeKaHMM TOKa B pa3nM-.HblX cpeAax
MeT a JI JI. ECJIH B MeTaJIJIax npHMepHo O.n;HH aJIeK-
TpOH KaiK,ZJ;OrO aTOMa perneTKH HBJIHeTCH cB06o.n;HbIM,
T. e. BXO.l1HT B COCTaB 061Itero aJIeKTpOHHoro 06JIaKa H
06ecne'IHBae't IIpoTeKaHHe TOKa, TO KOHIJ;eHTpaIJ;HIO n
HOCHTeJIeii TOKa MOiKHO paCC'IHTaTb, 3HaH nJIOTHOCTb
MeTaJIJIa p, ero MOIDIPHYlO Maccy M H 'IHCJIO ABara.n;po:
Np.
n=n =--!L-
am M
Pac T BOp. ECJIH KOHIJ;eHTpaIJ;H COJIH B pacTBope
MOJIL
paBHa C - H COJIb 06paaYeT 0J(H93apMHbIe HOHbI,
n
TO KOHIJ;eHTpaqHIO IIOJIOiKHTeJIbHO 3apHiKeHHbIX HO-
CHTeJIeH TOKa npH npOTeKaHHH TOKa 'Iepe3 paCTBOp
JIerKO BbIpaaHTb 'Iepe3 MOJIHPHYIO KOHI1eHTpaIJ;HIO:
, n= 10 3 CN ( )
a M3
YBeJIH'IeHHe 3apH,ZJ;a HOHa (B PHAY Na+, CU 2 +, AP-)
npHBO.n;HT K npOnOpIJ;HOHaJIbHOMY YBeJIH'IeHHIO CHJIbI
TOKa npH paBHbIX MOJIHpHbIX KOHIJ;eHTpaIJ;HHX COJIeH.
TOK 'Iepe3'paCTBOp HEiB03MOiKeH, eCJIH Ha ::meKTpQJJ;ax
He rrpOTeKaeT KaKaH-JI1l60 aJIeKTpOXHMH'IeCKaH peaK-
I1HH C BbI.n;eJIeHHeM TBep.n;bIX, X<H,ltKHX WIH raaoo6paa-
HbIX BelIteCTB (3JIeK1'p0JlH3). Macca 8e14ecmBa, 8blde-
JlUBWeZOcSl Ha \3JleUmpOde, nponop UOHaJl'bHa
npow.eiJweMY ttepe'3 pacmBOp 3apSldy U, CJled08ameJlb-
HO, CUJle m01W:
m = kIt. (38KOH Q)ap8.lteJl).
3JIeKTpOXHMH'IeCICHA 3ICBHB8JIeHT k .n;JIH KaiK.n;Oro
THna HOHOB MOiKHO HaHTH B CnpaBO'IHllKe. <I>apa.n;eH
nOKa3aJI, 'ITO MH BbI.n;eJIeHHH Ha aJIeKTpo.n;e 1 MOJIH
o.n;HoBa.neHTHbIX 1l0HOB He06xo.n;HMo nponYCTlf.Tb 'Ie-
pe3 pacTBop O.n;llH H TOT iKe 3apH,ZJ;:
Krr
F=965oo -.
MonL
3TO .n;aeT B03MO:>KHOCTb BbIpaaHTb aJIeKTpOXHMH'IeC-
KHH aKBHBaJIeHT, BelIteCTBa, HCXO.n;H H3 MexaHH3Ma
M M
aJIeKTpOJIH3a: k = - = - , r.ne z - 3apH,ZJ; peampyIO-
. Fz Naez
lItero Ha ::meKTpo.n;e HOHa; e - 3apH.n; aJIeKTpOHa, No -
'IHCJIO ABara.n;po.
3JIeKTpOXHMH'IeCKHe aKBHBaJIeHTbI HeKoTopbIX Be-
IIIeCTB npe.n;cTaBJIeHbI B Ta6JIHI1e.
3I1eICTpoXMMM't8CKMe 3KBMBalleHTill B81q8C1'8
Beaq8CTBO k, 1.. Kr /Kn
AnIOMMHMM (AI3+) 0,093
Bo.qOpoA (W) 0,0104
KMcnOpoA «()2-) 0,083
,
MeAb (Cu2+) 0,33
HMKenb (Ni 2 +) 0,30
Cepe6po (Ag+) 1,12
XpoM (Cr3+) 0,18
ltMHK (Zn 2 +) 0,34
IT 0 JI Y n P 0 B 0.l1 H H K . C06CTBeHHaH rrpOBo.n;HMocn
'IUCThIX nOJIynpoBo.n;HllKOB HH3Ka. ITpH .n;06aBJIeHHH
npHMeceH C'IHTaeTCH, 'ITO KaiK.n;bIH aTOM npHMeCJt
npHBHOCHT B "OJIY"POBO.n;HHI< O.n;HH aJIeKTpOH npOBO.
.n;llMOCTH HJIH O.n;HY BaKaHCHIO (.n;bIPKY, 06eCne'IHBa-
IOlItyIO .n;bIpO'IHYIO npOBo.n;HMOCTb). KOHIJ;eHTpaI1HIO
rrpHMeceH B -nOJIynpOBo.n;HHKax npHHHTO BbIpaJKaJ:b Ii
aTOMHbIX npOI1eHTax a%. ITpH aTOM KOHI1eHTpabH
HOCHTeJIeH TOKa 6y.n;eT paBHa:
n=O,Ola NaP ,
M
r.n;e p II M nJIOTHOCTb H MOJIHpHaH M cca OCHOBHO
MaTepHaJIa nOJIy"poBo.n;HHKa (Si, Ge II T. n.).
3JIeKTpll'IeCKHH TOK, HOCHTeJIH TOKa
385
3aKOH'" B BMAe cI»oPMyn
CMna fOKa
o
1=-
t
CMna TOKa (83aMMOC8JI3b C
XapalCT8pMCTMKaMM HOCMTeneii TOKa)
l=qnv/1.PS
KOH EHTPA HJI HOCHTEI1EH
MemaAA
n"'n ", NaP
om M
.
f,
Pacm80p (OAR COAeU muna NaCI)
- n=10 3 CN a ( M )
nOAllnpo8ooHuK (npUMeCHblU)
001 "' OOl aNaP
n = nnpHMecH '" . an am . M
I
,
t
t
,
3aKOH ..peAeJi ,AllJI 3JleKTponM38
pacMaBOB M pacTBOpoB
m= kIt
k=
Fz
- 3' 3aJ:. 323
0603HallteHMJI BeJlMIltMH, eAMHMqbl M3MepeHMR B CH,
cnpaBOlltH...e 3HallteHMJI KOtJCTaHT
1- CHna TOKa, H3MepJleTC B aMnepax {A}
1Kn
1}..=-
1C
Q - 38p11A, npoTeKwHH "Iepe3 nonepe"lHoe Ce"IeHHe npoBO,AHHKa
t - BpeMJI, B Te"IeHHe KOToporo npoTeKaJ1 3apJlA
q - 3apJlA O,L\Horo HOCHTenJi (ecnlo1 HOCHTenb - 3neKTpoH, TO q =
= 1,6.10- 19 Kn, ecnH HOCHTenb Cu 2 +, TO q= 3,2.10- 19 Kn)
n - KOtil. eHTpa4HJI t:lOCHTeneH TOKa, 1/M 3
v - CKOpocrb .ApeH$a» - HanpaBJ1eHHOrO ABH>KeHHJI
Pl' ,
HQCHTeneH, M/C
S - nnOLqa,D,b nonepe"lHoro Ce<ieHHJI npoBOAHHKa, M 2
n"", - KOH4eHTpa4HJI aTOMOB, 1/M 3
N a = 6,02.1()23 - "IHcno ABOra,o,po, MOn,:»-1
'p - nnOTHOCTb MeTanna, Kr /M 3
, M - MOnJipHaJ'I Macca Me'ranna, Kr /Monb
C- MOnJipHaJ'I KOH4eHrpa4HJI, Monb/n
n - KOH4eHT pa I,4HJI n p HMecH, 1 / M3
npHMecH
na - KOH4eHrpa4HJI aTOMOB "IHCTOrO nonynpoBOAHHKa, 1/M 3
a - aToMHblH npo,*HT npHMecH B nonynpoBOAHHKe, %
P - nnOTHOCTb "IHCTOrO nonynpoBO,L\HHKa, Kr /M 3
M - MOnJipHaJ'I Macca "IHCTOrO nonynposOAHHKa, Kr /Monb
m - Macca BbiAenHBWerOCJl Ha 3neK'TpoAe BeU4ecTBa
k - 3neKTpoXHM ecKHH 3KBHBaJ1eHT, ,cnpaB()L(HaJ'I &enH"IHHa ,AI1J1
Ka>K,AOrO HOHa, Kr /Kn
,- CHna TOKa "Iepe3 paCTBOp (pac naB)
t - BpeMJI nponycKaHHJI TOKa npH 3neKTponH3e
F= 96500 Kn/Monb, MHpoBaJI KOHCTaHTa, nOCTOJlHHaJ'I <%>apap,eJl
z - saPJlA pearHpylOlL\ero Ha 3neKTpoAe HOHa
,386
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbIM TOK
H "MTEJ1M TOKA B PA3nMLI blX CPE.QAX
, '
CpeAa HOCMTenlt npMMep MCnOnlt30BaHMR
'BaKYYM ' nOOM , KMHeCKOn B TeJ1eBH30pe H MOHHTOpe KOMnblOTepa
3ap$l>KeHHaJI MaCC-CneKTpoMeTp (npM60p A/1$1 M3MepeHMJI MaCC MOJ1eKyn H aTOMOB- B HaY'lHbIX na60paTopHRx)
'4aCTHt.ICI YCKopKTenb 3I1eMeHtapHbIX '4aCTH M HOHOB '
PacnnaB HOH 3J1eKTpoXHMM'4ecKoe npoH3BOACTBO XHMI1'IeCKHX coep,HHeHHH (UIM M, aJ1IOMHHHH, HaTPHH, XI1Op)
(P8CTBOP) 3neKTpoXHMH'*!CKaSI O'4HCTKa npoMblWJ1eHHblX CT0'4HblX BO,Q (Bbl,l:\eJ1eHHe MeTaJ1J10B)
T OK BHyTpH XHMH'4ecKHX HCT0'4HMKOB TOKa
, nOKpblTHe M3,QenHH CJ10eM MeTaJ1J1a
MeTaJ1J1 3J1eKTpoH JlMHHM 3neKTponepeAa'4
311eKTpOHarpeBaTeJ1bHble npH60pbl f
Pa,D,HOTeXHHKa
nonynpoBo,QtitkK 3J1eKTpoH, 5blTOBCUI 3J1eKTpoHMKa
,QbIPKa KOMnblOTepHaJI TeXHHKa
COJ1He'4Hble 6aTapeM
c '.
JmfojlalJiDjutaR
/faJ'o1iia
,1. 03HaKoMneHM C MarHMTHblM M
TennOBblM AeMcTBMeM TOKa
U e JI b : nOl<a3aTb, 'ITO npll npoTeKaHHH TOKa no IIpO-
BO.n;HHKY npOllcxo.n;HT ero HarpeBaHlle H B3aHMo.n;eH-
CTillle t nOCTOHHHbIMH MarHHTaMU.
o 6 0 p Y .n; 0 B a H He: TOHKIIH Me.n;HbIH IIpOBO.n; B .rra-
KOBOH IlJIII .n;pyrOR. H30JIHI1HII, pHcl>JIeHaH nJIaCTIIKO-
BaH 6YTbmKa, rBoo.n;b, KOMnac, no.n;KOBo06pa3HbIH Mar-
HilT, WTaTHB, JIaMnO'IKa .n;JIH KapMaHHoro cpOHapH a
B .n;epx<aTeJIe(HJIH c;nHpaJIb H HHxpOMa), HCTO'IHHK
TOKa{ "",4 B), aMnepMeTp, KJIIO'I, coe.n;HHHTeJIbHbIe npo-
Bo.n;a f XJIon'IaT06YMaJKHaH HHTb.
Xo.n; pa60TbI
1. C06epHTe aJIeKTpH'IecKyIO IJ;eIlb, COCTOHlItylO H3
HCTO'IHHKa TOKa, JIaMnO'IKH, KJIIO'Ia, aMIIepMeTpa,
.' KaKnOK3.3aHO Ha pHC. 72.
2. 3aMKHHTe KJIIO'I II y6eltHTeCb, 'ITO npH aTOM nOHB-
'MeTCH TOK B IJ;enH (3aIIHmHTe IIOKa3aHHH aMnep-
'Me ;pa) H HaKaJIHeTCH HIITb JIaMnbI HaKaJIHBaHIIH
(OHa npll aTOM CBeTHTCH).
3. CaMoCTOHTeJIbHO 113rOTOBbTe JI"erKYIO npOBOJIO'I- .
HYIO 'KaTYWKY (eCJIli TaKOBOH He HMeeTCH B Ka611-
HeTe <pH3I1KH). ,l{JIH aroro BbIpeiKb"Te H3 pllcl>JIeHOH
'IaCTII IIJIaCTHKOBOH 6YTbIJIKII OCHOBY .n;JIH KaTym
KH, BOObMHTe MqTOK TOHKoro Me.n;Horo npOBo.n;a B:
1130JIHIJ;HII, OTcTYIIIITe 40 CM OT KpaH H HaMOTaihe i
Ha KaTYlliKY npMMepHO 20 BHTKOB.
-.;1--
--@-
-0-
HCT04HHK TOKa
8MnepMeTp
118MnOilKa
---
KJ11O'I
Pue. 72
,<
"
3aTeM CTHHIITe BHTKII B HeCKOJIbKHX MeCTax HH-'
TbIO, 'IT06bI OHH He COCW;:I,KIIBaJIlI B xo.n;e OII ITOBC
OCfIOBbI. OTMOTaHTe OT MpTKa elIte 40 CM IIpoBO.n;a
II IIepepeiKbTe ero. CKPYTJfTe Ha'IaJIO H KOl;leI1 npo-
Bo.n;a TaK, 'IT06bI nOJIY'III.ITaCb KaTYIDKa' Ha ru6KoM
no.n;Bece.
4. YKPenHTe KaTYlliKY B .n;epiKaTeJIe, OTOrHHTe JJ pa3-
H Ie CTOpOHbI KOH bI rrpOBO.n;OB, HlI,ylItIlX OT KaTYllI-
KH, 3a'IIICTHTe IIX aKKypaTHo HOiKOM OT H3O.JUII.Uill
H. nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO no.n;coe.n;HHHTe KaTYlliKY H '
JIaMnO'IKY B c06paHHYIO BaMII I1eIIb (pIlC. 73).
5. 3aMKHHTe KJIIO'I H y6e.n;HTecb no nOKa3aHHHM aM-
nepMeTpa H 3aropaHHIO JIaMnO'IKII, 'ITO no eIIH
HlI,eT TOK.
3JIeKTpH'IeCKllH TOK) HOCHTeJIH TOKa
387
. Puc. 73
6. TIo.n;Be.n;MTe KOMnac n06JIHiKe K KaTYlliKe M Ha6JIIO-
.n;a:HTe, 'ITO npOHCXO,lIliT C ero cTpeJIKaMH IIPH 3a-
MbIKaHHH M pa3MbIKaHMH KJIIO'Ia.
7. 3aKpenHTe 60JIbmOH no.n;KoBo06pa3HbIH IIOCTOHH-
HbIH. Ma.rn:MT TaK, 'IT06bI KaTYIIIKa 6bIJIa Ha.n;eTa Ha
O.n;HH H3 nOJIIOCOB, HO He KaCaJIaCb ero. ECJIH HeT no.n;-
KOBOO6pa3HOro MarHHTa, HCnOJIb3y:HTe .n;Ba nOJIOCO-
BbIX, nO,ZJ;BeM IIpOTliBOnOJIOiKHbIMH nOJIIOCaMH O.n;MH
BHyrpb KaT)'llIKM, .n;pyrOH - CHapYiKH (pHC. 74).
i
l'
Puc. 74
Kor.n;a KaTYIIIKa 6y.n;eT B nOJIHOM nOKoe, 3aMKHHTe
KJIIO'I. ECJIM .n;BMiKeHHe KaryllIKM O'IeHb cJIa60, npM-
.n;eTCH MJIH yBeJIHqHTb 'IHCJIO ee BHTKOB, MJIM HaH-
rn 60JIee CHJIbHbrn MarHHT, MJIH y6paTb H3 I1enH
aMnepMeTp H JIaMnO'IKY.
" B H If M A H II E r B nOCJIe.n;HeM CJIY'Iae TOK no Ka-
TYIIIKe M no HCTO'IHHKY MOiKeT 6bITb 6oJIbmMM, 'ITO
npHBe.n;eT K neperopaHHIO npoBo.n;OB B HCTO'IHHKe TOKa
MJIH B KaTYlliKe. TIoaToMY 3aMbIKaTb KJIIOq B aTOM CJIY-
. 'Iae Ha.n;O Ha O'IeHb KopOTKoe B,peMHI
. .
: 8. TIOJIY'IHB 3aMeTHOe .n;BIDKeHHe KarylliKH OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO MarHMTa, MCCJIe.n;yHTe, 'IeM OTJIH'IaeTCH no-
Be.n;eHHe KaTYllIKll B aTOM CJIY'Iae II B CJIyqae, Kor.n;a
KarylliKa pacnOJIaraeTCH B npOCTpaHCTBe Mex<.n;y
nOJIIOCaMH no.n;KOBo06pa3Horo MarnHTa. q TO H3Me-
HHTCH B .n;BHiKeHHH fiarymKM, eCJIH nOMeHHTb IIO-
JIIOCa MarHHTOB MecraMH? A eCJIM nOMeHHTb Mec-
taMll npoBo.n;a, no.n;XOLIHIItHe K KJIeMMaM + H «-
HCTO'IHHKa TOKa?
9. (,l.{onOJIHMTeJIbHo). ITpH,ltYM:iHTe H npoBepbTe al\C-
nepHMeHTaJIbHO, KaK MOiKHO npo.n;eMoHcTpMpoBaTb
MaJ'HHTHoe .n;eHcTBMe TOKa C - nOMOlItbIO .n;BYX iKe-
JIe3HbIX rBo3.n;eH, npOBo.n;a H HCTO'IHHKa TOKa.
10. Ocl>opMHTe Ha6JIIO,neHHH B BHlI,e BbIBO.n;OB:
. TenJIOBOe .n;eHcTBHe TOKa .n;OKa3bIBaeT O bIT
(onMCaHMe, KapnIHKH, cxeMbl)
· MarHMTHoe .n;eHcTBMe TOKa .n;OKa3bIBaeT onbIT
(onHCaHJle, KapTHHKll, cxeMbI)
· B onbITax no Ha6JIIO.n;eHMH MarHHTHoro .n;eH-
CTBHH TOKa OTMe'leHI;tI cJIeo/l() e 3 9; oMep-
HOCT»:
2. nonY'IeHMe MeAHoro nOKpblTMA Ha
M3AenMM M3 AM3neKTpMKa
U e JIb: MCnOJIb30BaTb XMMM'IeCKOe .n; HCTBHe TOKa.
MH nOKpbITHH H3.n;eJIHH M3 nOJIHMepa,CJIOeM; MeTaJIJIa.
o 6 0 p Y .n; 0 B a H He: HaCbIlIteHHbIH paCTBOp Me.n;HO-
ro Ky"opoca (CYJIbcl>aT Me.n;H), Me.n;HaH <Po.nbTa (Me,lt-
HaH nJIaCTHHa, yroJIbHbIH liJIH rpacl>HTOBblii CTep-
x<eHb), Bo.n;a, CTaKaH 1'13 .n;HaJIeKTpH'IeCI{oro MaTepHaJIa,
JIHCT KapTOHa, 6eJIaH IIJIaCTMaCCOBaH nyroBHIJ;a, rpa$H-
TOBbIH rpHcl>eJIb MHrKoro KapaHAallIa, Me.n;HbI:H npOBO.n;
(""0,5MM B .n;HaMeTpe), nepO'IllHHbIH HOiK, peOCTaT.
Xo.n; pa60TbI'
1. HaJIeHTe paCTBOp Me.n;Horo KY"opoca B CTeKJIHH-
. HbIH (nJIaCTHKOBbIH) CTaKaH, 3aIlOJlHMB ero npH-
MepHO HaIlOJIQBllHY. 1I3 JIMCTa KapTOHa H3roroBb-
Te KpbImKY H CTaKaHa H C nOMOlItbIO npOBO,lta c
3a'IHlIteHHbIMH OT H30JIHI!1fM KOHIJ;aMM YKpenH're B
HeH Me.n;HyIO nJIaCTHHY H KYCO'IeK rpHcl> JIH TaK,
'IT06bI OHH norpY3HJIHCb B paCTBOp, HO He KaCaJIHCb
.n;Pyr .n;Pyra (pHC. 75).
2. TIo.n;coe.n;MHHTe npOBo.n;aMli BaIllY aJIeKTpOXlfMH
qecKYIO H'IeHKY K HCTO'IHHKY TOKa, BKJIIO'IHB B l{eIlb
IIOCJIe,ltOBaTeJIbHO C H'ieHKOHM peOCTaT. IIo.n;YMaH-
Te, KKaKoMY nOJI 9' HCTO'IHMKa HY)KHO, np coe-
.n;HHHTb rpacl>HToBblH 3JIeKTpo.n;, 'IT06bI Moi H Cu 2 +
nOJIY'IaJIH OT Hero aJIeKTpOHbI, IIpeBpamMHCb B
aTOMbI Me.n;H H oce.n;aJIH Harpa<lmTe B B IlJleH-
KM. Y6eLIHTeCb B,pe3YJlbTaTe aToro 3KCnepHMeHTa,
'ITO rpHCpeJIb nOKp eTCH CJIOeM MeM. . .
J'88
]
1
1
' jIatfollia
!
,
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbIM TOK
KplO'lKM 143 TOIICTOrO
Me.t\HOrO npaBOAl'
CuS04 B BOAe
rpatPMTOBblH
CTep>KeHb
I
- +
Puc. 75
,
B H II M A H i1 E! hpH60JIbmOM HaIIpHiKeHlUf Ha
aJIeKTpOXHMll'IeCKOH H'IeHKe B03MOiKHO np01'eKaHHe
Ha a]JeKTpo.n;ax n060'IHbIX npOI1eccOB. PeryJIHpYH TOK
B IJ;enH .n;BHiKKOM peocTaTa, .n;06eHTecb, 'IT06bt Ha aJIeK-
TpO,lte, r.n;e BbI.n;eJIHeTCH Me.n;b, He nOHBJIHJICH ra3 (BO.n;O-
po.n;) H He npOHCXO,ltHJIO BbIIla.n;eHHe 'IepHOrO Oca)(Ka
(OKHCJIbI Me.n;H).
3. KaK H3BeCTHO, IIJIaCTMaCCbI'HBJIHIQTCH .n;HaJIeKTpH-
KaMH, noaToMY 'Iepe3 nJIaCTHKoBYIO nyroBHIJ;y TOK
Te'lb He 6y.n;eT. LIJIH TOro 'IT06bI 06eCne'IllTb B03-
MOiKHOCTb HOHaM H3 paCTBopa B3aHMO,lteHCTBOBaTb
C aJIeKTpOHaMH Ha IIOBepXHOCTH nyroBHIJ;bI, pac- _
TOJIKHTe CYXOH rpacl>HToBbIH rpH<l>eJIb MHrKOrO
, npoCTOro KapaH,ltama II 06MaJKbTe aruM nopomKOM
nyroBHIJ;Y. MO)KHOTlItaTeJIbHO IIOKpbITb nyroBHIJ;y
, CnJIOmHbIM 'IepHbIM CJIOeM, He BbIHHMaH .rpHcl>eJIH
H3 KapaH.n;ama, HO H3: aTO yii.n;eT 60JIbme BpeMeHH.
Ha 3a6y,ltbTe nOKpbITb npOBOAHIItHM CJIOeM OTBep-
,CTHH nyroBHI1bI, 3a KOTopbIe BbI npHKpeIIHTe ee K
nOABo.n;HlIteMY TOK npoBo.n;y.
4. llpHIJ; nHTe nyroBHIJ;y K npOBOJIO'IHoMy'rto.n;Becy
H onycTliTe ee Ha MeCTO rpHcpeJIH B CTaKaH. llo.n;-
KJIIO'IHTe npOBo,lta K .HCTO'IHHKY TOKa H Ha6JIIO.n;aH-
Te'3a' npOIJ;eCCOM IlOKpbITHH. IIoMemHBaihe p'aCT-
BOp H nOBOpa'IHBaHTe nyrOBHIJ;y M$I 06eCIle'IeHHH
ee paBHoMepHoro nOKpbITHH. 06MOHTe nyroBHIJ;y
BO.n;OH, npoBepbTe npO'IHOCTh nOKpbITHH H nOKaiKH-
Te nyroBHIJ;y npeno.n;aBaTeJIIO. ,
5. 3arrHmifTe XllMH'IecKYIO peaKIJ;HIO, npOTeKaBmyIO.
, Ha aJIeKTpo.n;e, a TaK)Ke B03MOiKHbIe 06.nacTIf npH-
MeHeHHH npol(ecca Ha IIpaKTHKe.
06Y'laIOLqMM TeCT
YpoBeHb A
1
1. TOK B BaKYYMe MOiKeT 6bITb 06YCJIOBJIeH .n;BH)Ke-1
', 1 HHeM...
'7}- D A. TOJIbKO aJIeKTpOHOB.
D 6. TOJIbKO npOToHoB.
D B. TOJIbKO HOffOB.
D f. JII06bIX 3apHiKeHHbIX 'IaCTHIJ;.
2. llpHMepoM TaKa B BaKYYMe MOiKHO C'IHTaTb...
D A. HCKPy npH KOpOTKOM 3aMbIKaHHH.
D 6. aJIeKTpOHHbIH nyqoK B KHHeCKone TeJIeBH- ,
30pa.
o B. ,ltBHiKeHHe, aJIeKTpOHoB B JIaMne HaKaJIHBa- ,
HHH.
--
./
D f. paapHA MOJIHHIf B aTMoccl>epe. ,
3. HOCHTeJIHMH TOKa B paCTBopax H paCIIJIaBaX COJIen 1
HBJIHIOTCH...
..---.
D A. HOHbI.
D 6. aJIeKTpoHbI.
D B. «.n;bIpKH .
D f. MOJIeKYJIbI.
4. KaKoe ib YTBepiK.lteHHH BepHo? B nepeHoce apHAa
npH npoTeKaHHH TOKa B MeTaJIJIaX MOryT yqaeTBo- ;
BaTb...
1) ,BaJIeHTHbIe aJIeKTpOHbI.
2) cB060.n;HbIe aJI KTpoHbI.
D A. TOJIbKO 1.
o B. TOJIbKO 2.
DB. 1I1,H2.
D f. HH 1, HH 2.
5. MarHHTHOe ,lteHcTBHe TOKa Ha6JIIO.n;aeTcH npH rrpo- ,
TeKaHHH TOKa...
D
D
D'
D
A. TOJIbKO B BaKYYMe.
B. TOJIbKO B paCTBOpax.
B TOJIbKO B MeTaJIJIax.
f: B JII060H cpe.n;e.
"
J
J
3.neKTpH'IeCKliH TOK; HOCllTeJIH TOKa
38'
6. TenJIOBOe .n;eHcTBHe TOKa HE npOHBJIHeTCH npH
........_ IIpOTeKaHHH TOKa...
( 0 A. B paCIIJIaBax.
o 6. raaax.
o . B. MeTaJIJIax.
o f. BaKYYMe.
7. C06PaJIH aJIeKTpH'IecKYIO IJ;eIlb, B KOtOpOH IIOCJIe-
.n;oBaTeJIbHO coe.n;HHllJIH raJIbBaHll'IecKHH aJIeMeHT,
JIaMno'IKy OT KapMaHHoro cl>oHapHKa, aMIIepMeTp,
KJIIO'I H .n;Ba aJIeKTpo.n;a, onYlIteHHbIX B paCTBOp
IIoBapeHHoH COJIH. IIpH 3aMbIKaHllHKJIIO'Ia MOX<HO
6y.n;eT Ha6JIIO,ltaTb...
D A. TeIIJIOBOe .n;eHcTBHe TOKa.
o 6. XHMll'lecKoe ,n:eHcTBHe TOKa.
o B. MarHHTHOe .n;eHcTBHe TOKa.
0 f. Bee TPH .n;eHCTBHH TOKa.
YpoBeHb &
f 1. KaKaH cl>oPMYJIa cOOTBeTcTByeT BbIpaJKeHHIO .n;JIH
t CHJIbI TOKa B npoBo.n;HHKe? .
D A. ev.
, D 6. ne.
D B. nev.
D f. 'flevS.
: 2. KaKHMH HOCllTeJIHMH aJIeKTpH'IeCI<Oro 3apMa co-
3.n;ae;cH TOK B nOJIYIlpoBd.n;HHKax? . T
o A. TOJIbKO aJIeKTpOHaMH.
o 6. TOJIbKO HOHaMH.
o B. 3JIeKTpOHaMH H «,ltbIpKaMH .
D f. 3JIeKTpOHaMH H HOHaMH.
.3. KaKliM THnOM npOBO.n;llMOCTH 06JIa.n;aIOT nOJIY"po-
., . BO.n;HHKOBbIe MaTepHaJIbI e3 npHMeceH?
,r D A. B OCHOBHOM aJIeKTpoHHOH.
. t ,
' D 6. B OCHOBHOM .n;bIpO'IHOH.
' D' 0 B. B paBHOH CTerreHH aJIeKTpOHHOH H.lU>IPO'IHOH.
' O f. HOHHOH
.;
. KaKHM THIIOM npoBoA MOCTH 06JIa.n;aIOT nOJIYIIpo-
BO.n;HHKOBbIe MaTepHaJIbI C .n;OHOpHbIMJi npHMe-
CHMH?
i;
,..>
.'
i'
,
D A. B OCHOBHOM aJIeKTpoHHoH.
D 6. B OCHOBHOM .n;bIpO'IHOH.
D B. B paBHOH creneHH aJIeKTpOHHOH HlI,bIpO'IHOH.
D f. 1I0UHQH.
5. B 'IeTbIpeXBaJIeHTHbIH KpeMHHH .n;06aBllJIH nepBbIH
paa TpeXBaJIeHTHbIH HH.n;HH, a BO BTOpOH paaTIHTH-
BaJIeHTHbIH ct>oc4>op. KaKliM THIIOM npoBoJ{HMOCTH
B OCHOBHOM 6y.n;eT 06JIa.n;aTb nOJIy"pOBO.n;HHK B
KaiK,ZJ;OM cJIY'Iae?
D A. B 1.- .n;bIpO'IHOH, BO II - aJIeKTpoHHOH.
D 6. B I - aJIeKTpoHHoH, BO II - .n;bIpO'IHOit
D B. B 060HX CJIyqaHX aJIe TpoHH H.
D f. B OQOIiX CJIyqa.HX .n;bIpO'IHOii.
6. KaK H3MeHHTCH Macca B lIteCTBa, BbI.n;eJIllBmeroeH
Ha KaTo.n;e 3a 1 MHH, IIpH YBeJIH'IeHllH CHJIbI TOKa,
npOTeKaIOlIterO 'Iepe3 paCTBOp COJIU, B 2 paaa?
1:1 A. He H3MeHHTCH.
o 6. YBeJIH'IHTCH B 2 paaa.
D B. YBeJIH'IHTCH B 4 paaa.
D f. YMeHbmHTCH:8 2 paaa.
7. B npOI1ecee aJIeKTpo.7IH3a nOJIOiKHTeJIbHl>Ie HOHM
nepeHeCJIH Ha KaTO,lt 3a 5 ceKYHA nOJloiKHTeJIbHLlii:
3apH;ZJ; 5 Kn, m:pHl\CiTeJIbHbIe HOH:bt nepeHeCJIIi Ha
aHOJ{ TaKOH>Ke no MO.n;yJIIO OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHbIH aapM.
qeMY paBHa CHJIa TOKa B nenH?
D A. '0,5 A.
D 6.1A.
D B. 2 A.
D f. Cpe.n;ll o1'BeToB A-B HeT npaBHJIbHoro.
8. qepe3 pacTB pbI CuSO 4 H CuC1 2 nponYCTHJIH O.n;ll-
HaKOBbIH 3apH,ll;. CpaBHHTe MaCChI Me.n;H, BbI)J;eJIHB-
meHCH Ha KaTo.n;e B 060HX CJIyqa»X.'
D A. mt=m2"
D 6. mt >m2'
o B. mt <m2. ' ..'.
>..E
D f." Cpe.n;H O BeTOB A-B HeT npaBHJl1>lIoro.
390
3JIEKTPOCT A TIIKA II llOCTO.HHHbIM TOK
'.
.7liradili. ft lflt '"'
3tVjail
OnpeAeneHMe CMnbl TOKa
YpoileHb A
1. Ha o.n;HoM'MeTaJIJIH'IeCKOM mape Haxo.n;HTCH 3apHA
1O' 6 KJI. npi!: coeJJ; HeHHH erQ C lI,PYrHM TaKHM iKe
mapoM 3apHAbI BbIpaBHHJIHCb 3a 0',2 c. KaKoH 3a-
pH.n; npoteK IIO npoBO.n;y, KOTOpbIM coe.n;HHIIJIH
,map},I, II KaKOBa 6bIJIa CII.iIa TOKa B npoBo.n;e?
2. B IJ;enH, COC OHlIteH H3 IIOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO coe.n;H-
HeHHbIX HCTO'IHHKa TOKa, aMIIepMeTpa H JIaMnbI,
aMnepMeTp nOKa3bIBaeT CHJIY TOKa 0',2 A. llOCTPOH-
te i-pacl>HK 3aBHCHMOCTH 3apH.na, IIpoTeKmero 'Ie- '
pe3 JIaMnO'IKY OT BpeMeHH.
3. llpH paapH,ZJ;e MOJIHHH B HeH Te'IeT TOK 2O'OOA, nPH
aTQM C O,ZJ;Hoto 06JIaKa Ha .n;pyroe nepeTeKaeT 3a-
pHlI, paBHbrn 50'0' KJI. CKOJIbKO BpeMeHH .n;JIHTCH
paapHA MOJIHHH?
CBR3b CMnbl TOKa B cpeAe co CKOpocTblO
M KOHqeHTpaqMeM HOCMTeneM
YpoBeHb I)
npMMep peweHMA 3a.qa'lM
, Qepe3 pacTBop ,tuC1 2 p6n cKaIOT TOK CHJIOH
O',1A: llpll 3TOM 1I0HbI B pacTBope .n;BHiKYTCH co
M
CKDpQCTbIO 10'-3 - Me:>K.a;y .n;BYMH 6JI1l3KO pacno-
c
. , .JIO:>KeHHbIMII nJIOCKMMM KBa.n;paTHbIMII (CO CTOpO-
HOH 5 CM) aJIeKTpo.n;aMH. KaKOBa KOHIJ;eI:tTpaII;HH
CuC1 2 B paCTBope? BbIpaallTe ee B MOJIHX Ha JIHTp.
CKOJlbKO Me.n;H BbI,lteJIHTCH Ha aJIeKTpo.n;e 3a 10'
MHHYT, eCJIH CIIJIa TOKa 'Iepe3 pacTBop p Jma 0',1
A; Ha KaKOM 113 aJIeKTpo.n;OB?
JJ;aHO:
paCTBOp CuC1 2 ;
1= O',1A;
'M
v= 10- 3 -;
c
a = 5 CM =,0',0'5 M;
t= 10 MHH = 60'0' C
n-? m'-?
P;e m e H He", BCJIe.n;CTBHe aJIeKTpOJIIITH'IeCKOH .n;HC-
COIJ;Han,HH MOJIeKy.i:rbI CuC1 2 npll paCTBopeH;H1I B Bo.n;e
pacna.n; ioTCH Ha HOHbI Cu 2 + II Cl-. ECJIH KOHIJ;eI:lTpa-
IJ;HH 'HOHOB Me.n;H B paCTBope n, TO HOHOB XJIopa 2n.
CHJIa TOKa, IIpoxo.n;HlIteto 'Iepe3 paCTBOp MeiK,ltJ aJIeK-
TpO.n;aMH, TaK iKe KaK CIIJIa TOKa BHemHeH [{enH paBHa:
1= QCu(2+) . n . S . v.
3apHA HOHa Me.n;H qCU(;") = 2e, IIJIolIta,ZJ;b IIOnepe'IHOrO
Ce'IeHHH rrpOBo.n;I:tHKa MOiKHO C'IHTaTh paBHoH nJIoIIt<i-
.n;H IIJIaCTHHbI - aJIeKTpO.n;a S = a 2 , Tor.n;a:
I = v . 2e . n . a 2 , OTKY.n;a:
I W 23 3
n=-= ' =1'25,10 (M-)
2ea 2 v 2'l,6'1O- 19 '(O,05Y'1O- 3 '.
JJ;JIH nepeBO.n;a KOHI1eHTpaIJ;HH, BbIpa.>KeHHOH B 'IaCTII j
MOJIb
IJ;ax Ha M 3 , B ,ltOCTaTO'IHO aTY I1Hcl>PY nOlI,eJIIITh j
M '
Ha 'IHCJIO ABara.n;po, a .n;JIH IIOJIY'IeHllH MOJIHpHOH l(OH-
IJ;eHTpau;HH C B MOJIb elUe pa3.n;eJIHTh Ha 100'0':
JI
'C = 1.25.10 23 ' .; 0 0002 ( MOJIb )
6,02.10 23 ,10 3 ( JI'
JJ;JIH OTBeTa Ha BTOpOH Bonpoc 3a.n;a'IlI BOCnOJlb3yeM-
CH 3aKOHOM <Dapa.n;C1l .n;JI aJIeKTpoJI1I3a:
m = X It.
3JIeKTpOXHMH'IeCKHH aKBHBaJIeHT X .n;JI HOHa Cu 2 +
Haii.n;eM B Ta6JIIIIJ;e: X= 0',33.10'-6 , Tor.n;a:
KJI
m = 0',33'10- 6 .0',1.60'0' = 2.10'-5 Kr.= 20' Mr.
1I0HbI Cu 2 + 1I0.n;XO.n;HT K KaTO.n;y, IIOJIY'laIOT KIDK,ltbrn
110 2 aJIeKTpOHa, npeBpalUaIOTCH B aTOM CuO II PCaJK-
.n;aIOTCH Ha aJIeKTpo.n:e.
OTBeT. KOH[{eHTpau;H COJIII B pacTBope 2.10-4 M:OJIb ;
JI
20' Mr Me.n;H BbICa.n;HJIOCb Ha KaT .n;e.
4. CKOJIbKO aJIeKTpOHOB npoxo.n;HT 'Iepe3 nOIIepe'IHOe
Ce'IeHlle npoBo.n;HHKa 3a 2 HC npH CIIJIe TOKa 64 MKA?
5. Haii:m CHJIYTOKaB Me,ZJ;HOM llpOBo.n;eCe'leHlleM 2.S MM 2 ,
eCJIH IIO.n; .n;eHcTBHeM aJIeI<Tpll'leCKOrO nOJIH JIeK-
TpOHbI .n;BHiKYTCH co pelI,HeH CKOpOCTbIO HanpaB-
MM
JIeHHoro .n;BHiKeHHH 0',0'3 -. C'IHTaTb, '!TO Ha
c
KaiK.n;bIH aTOM Me.n;H npllxo.n;IITCH O.n;HH aJIeKTpOH
IIpOBO.n;HMOCTH. IIJIOTHOCTb Cu paBHa 890'0" Kr/M 3 .
6. OIJ;eHHTe CKOpOCTb HanpaBJIeHHOrO .n;BHiKeHHH
HOHOB Me.n;H npll npOTeKaHHH TOKa 'Iepe3 paCTBOp
CuC1 2 npH CHJIe TOKa O',1A H KOH[{eHTpaIJ;H:n COJIH'
MOJIb '
0',0'1 -;-. 1I0HbI B paCTBope .n;BHiKYTCH.,MeiK.lty
.n;BYMH 6JIH3KP pacnOJIOiKeHHblMH IIJIOCKIIMH KBa.n:-
paTHbIMH (co CTOpOHOH 5 CM) aJIeKTpo,Z(aMH.
"
.
oj
-
3JIeKTpll'leCKMH TOK, HOCHTeJIH TOKa
391
.
CKOJIbKO Me.n;H BbI,ZJ;e.JIHTCH Ha aJIeKTpO.n;e 3a 10 MH-
HYT? Ha KaKOM H3 aJIeKTpo.n;oB?
- YpoBeHb B
· 7. .lI:eTaJIb H3 Me.n;H nOKpbIBaIOT CJIOeM HHKeJIH, npo-
rrYCKaH TOK B 0,5A 'Iepe3 paCTBOp COJIH NiC1 2 B Te-
'IeHHe 0,5 'Iaca. KaKOH TOJIIItHHbI CJIOH HHKeJIH
06paaOBaJICH, eC H .n;eTaJIb nOKpbIJIaCb paBHOMep- .
HO, a ee IIJIOIIta.n;b nOBepXHOCTM COCTaB.JIHeT 50 CMn
llJIOTHOCTb Ni paBHa 8900 Kr !M 3 .
8. B aJIeKTpOHHo- JIyqeBoH TPy6Ke KHHeCKona TeJIe-
BH30pa nyqoK aJIeKTpOHOB .n;BHiKeTCH OT KaTo.n;a K
M
aKpaHY B BaKYYMe co CKOpOCTbIO 10 6 - H, rrona-
c
.n;aH Ha aKpaH KMHeCKona, .n;aeT IIHTHO IIJIOIIta,ZJ;bIO
0,1 MM 2 . CHJIa TOKa paBHa 32 MA. KaKoBa cpe.n;HHH
KOHIJ;eH1'paIJ;HH aJIeKTpOHoB B nyqKe?
9. llOJIynpoBO.n;HHKoBoe nOKpbITHe .n;eTaJIH H3 .n;Ha-
JIeKTpHKa mHpHHoH 1 CM H .n;JIHHOH 5 CM 6bIJIO
IIOJIyqeHo HaIlbIJIeHHeM coe.n;HHeHHH 'IeTbIpeXBa-
JIeHTHOro KpeMHHH H TpeXBaJIeHTHOro HHlI,HH C
COOTHOllIeHHeM In: Si = 1 : 10000 (0,01 aToMHbIH %).
B YCJIOBHHX HaIlbIJIeHHH, coe.n;IfHeHHH aJIeMeHTOB
pa3JIaraJIHCb H .z(aJIH CJIOH npHMecHoro (Si - In) no-
t JIynpOBO.n;HHKa C .n;bIpO'IHbIM THnOM npoBo.n;HMOC-
TH. TOJIIItHHa CJIOH 10 MKM. OIJ;eHHTe CKOpOCTb
! .n;BH)KeHHH .n;bIpOK B nOJIy"poBo.n;HHKe npH nponyc-
'. , ., KaHHH TOKa B 1 MA B.n;OJIb CTOPOH::, 5 CM nOKpbI-
THH. nJIOTHOCTb KpeMHHH 2330 . MOJ): pHaH
M '
Kr
Macca 0,028 -.
MOJIL
ptufoJlia
" YpOB Hb A (paCC'4I1TaHa Ha 45 MHH)
: 1. . BbI6epMTe H3 npe.n;JIOiKeHHoro pHlI,a cpe.n;bI" B KO-
, , TOpbIX HOCMTeJIHMH TOKa MOryT 6bITb TOJIbKO HOHbI:
MeTaJIJI, raa, BaKYYM; Bo.n;HbIe paCTBOpbI, COJIeH, pac-
nJIaB, nOJIyrrpoBo.n;HM'K.
,'2 ' KaKHe .n;eHcTBHH cOnpOBO)K.n;aIOT npOXOiK,lteHHe
, TOKiI; 'Iepea JII06bIe cpe bI npH KOMHaTHOH TeMne-
. " paType?
'I,,: 0 A. TOJIbKO TerrJIOBbIe.
. 0 B. TOJIbK-o MafHHTHbIe.
. '"DB. TOJIbKO XMMll'leCKHe.
" 0 f. TeIIJIOBbIe H MarHMTHbIe.
. PaCIiJIaBHTCH JIH HHtb npe.n;oxpaHHTeJIH, paCC'IH-
ii, TaHHM Ha TOK B SA, eCJIH no HeH 3a 1 MHH.' npOTe-
qeT 3apH.n; B 30 KJI? OTBeT 060cHyihe paC'IeToM.
.. .
\'"
4. IIpHBe.n;HTe npHMep'bI YCTpOHCTB, B KOTOpbIX MO)K-
HO Ha6JIIO,ZJ;aTb TOK B nOJIy"poBo.n;HHKe, raae H Ba-
KYYM .
YpoBeHb 6 (paCC'4HTaHa Ha 45 MMH)
1. .lI:aHTe onpe.n;eJIeHHe nOHHTHH H HBJIeHHH: JIe 1'})Qo:.
HbI npoBo.n;HMOCTM, KaTHOH, HOHH3aIJ;HH, .n;bIpO'IHaH
npoBo.n;HMOCTb. K npOTeI{aHHIO TOKa B KaKoH cpe-
.n;e llMeeT OTHomeHHe KaiK.n;bIH H3 aTliX TepMHHoB?
2. KaK MOX< O 6bIJIO 6bI HCJIO.1xb30BaTb' TerJ:JIOBOe H
XHMll'leCKOe .n;eHcTBHe TOKa ,lI;JIH H3MepeHHH CHJIbI
TOKa B npoBo.n;ifHl\ax? KaK Ha npaKTHKe npOH BO-
.n;HTCH H3MepeHlle CH.n:'hi TORa? .
3. OIJ;eHHTe CKOpOCTb HanpaBJIeHHoro .n;Bl1iK H H HO-
CHTeJIH TOKa B IOMHH eBoM npoBO.n;e ceqeHueM
0,5 MM 2 qpH CHJIe'TOKa 2 A. ',' .
YpoBeHb B
1. OIJ;eHHTe CKOpOCTb HaIlpaBJIeHHoro'.nBHmeHHH HO-
CHTeJIH TOKa B Ba YYMHpoBailHoH aJIeKTpO fHO-
JIyqeBoH TPy6Ke C paaHocTbIO nOTeHIJ;MaJIOB Me)K-
lI,Y KaTo.n;oM H YCKOpHIOIItHM aHo.n; 20 K .
2. llpH nponycKaHHH aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro TOKa 0,5A
'Iepe3 paCTBOp cepHoH KHCJIOTbI B Bo.n;e BbI,ZJ;eJIHJICH
BO.n;OpO.n;, KOTOpbIH npH HOpMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBIDIX
3aHHJI 06'beM 2,24 JI. CKOJIbKO BpeMeHH IIPQnYCKa-
JIH TOK 'Iepe3 pacTBop? HeJ;{oCTaIOIItHe .n;aHHbIe
B03bMHTe B cnpaBO'IHbIX Ta6JIHIJ;ax. ",;
3. B nOJIy"poBo.n;HHKe Ha OCHOBe KpeMIIHH C 'aJIeKT-
pOHHOH npHMecHoH npoBo.n;MMOCTbIO npH ruroIItMH
nonepe lHoro Ce'IeHHH 1 MM 2 TOK 1,6 A 66ecne'IM-
alOT HOCHTeJIH, .n;BHraIOIItHecH co CKOpOCT IO 0,1
MM . Kal{OBa KOHIJ;eHTpaIJ;Hjl aTHX HOCHTeJIeH If
c
KaKOBa KOHIJ;eHTpaltHH npHMecHbIx aTOMOB B KpeM-
HHH?
.7IlIOjJ'IICIt:IU
3tvpl1UU1,
YpOBeHb 6
1. <DM3HK CToHeH, KOT-opbIH BBeJI B 0611XO.n; TepMIfH
«aJIeKTpOH , npMllIeJI K MbICJIH 0 TOM, 'ITO .n;OJIiKHa CY-
lItecTBOBaTb MHHHMaJIbMaH rropIJ;HH 3apH.n;a e, nepeHO-
CHMaH HOHaMH, pa3MbIIIL7IIDI 0 .n;HCCOIJ;Ha.u;HH MOJIeK)'JI
COJIeH Ha HOHbI H 3aKoHax aJIeKTpOJIH3a <Da'pa,ZJ;e .
llp e H OCYIItecTBHTe aKcnepHMeHT, n&BOJIH:".
IOIItMH, H3yqaH 3aKOHbI aJIeKTpOJIM3a, OIJ;eHHTb aTOr
MHHHMaJIbHbrn 3apHlI" 3MaH 'IMCJIO ABara.n;po.
* . :.....,.; *"\ t l ;"' ll : i ';: "' " '.', )""-:0-".__.'
J; . " , \,"" ... \....""¥" " . '''"J,-..!,_" _r , -1<...... , . ,
" ---1. _ n. ..}; ;",.
, ;£ :' ,; " 'c : " .", f' \ : ,-
. '. ,(III , , "" ' , : 5'
,._ ""<'''L .. W;' t
(.- '.., ..',. '.. .-- ">' ) '-- ''--' ','> !J .1.i
- /. ,' . . it ,'L.. '.,;\
, . '" /'.;"# f - ,.... t t ... _...':#J + .
"", Han" 'JI>KeHMe ' (j-' ": ',::ti,- :. ;1"' ,"
, p . ' < '.f::. - nP-- ',.. . .'-- ',"
. J. H O : A;1IR YLlaCTKa
.1 1 ).. , '
"\\ \ ! , -. :1
'\. 'I ' J . "'1..1" .
,: \ , . :.. ',' : J " '
. ...."'.. ".. 1" "". - "" '
. . .. . , ';:t..,;!,' "
.... ... ':/ " , ' , ' :i' < <,. . ., , !
" '\''-. "" ..' ::.+ ' ,; Jtjp' 1 1
. : : r ''':'-/' \'''' , , I :: '"
'.. '" ' " ' \7 t.; .
,.;'., ' Ir
, i:
, M3y&1MB 3yY TeMY,
· Bbl Y3HaeTe, KaKOBa.CIUI3b Me>KAY Hanp$l)f(eHHeM Ha
KOH4ax npOBOAHHKa', ero conpOTHBrteHHeM H CHnOH
,.' TOKi B HeM ,
· nC? eTe KaK. aHCiJlH3HPYrOT rp l(1)HKH, aaBJ:I:CHMOCTH
'CHnbl TOK ,..a }'1faCTKe 4enH OT Hanp$l)l(eHH$I Ha ,ero
KOFt4ax H paCC HTblBaIOT no HHM conpOTHBneHHe }'1fa-
CTKa 4enH:
· CMO)l(eTe Ha npaKTHKe Bbl6paTb npOBOAHHK C'H}'>f(HbIM
conpoTHBJleHHeM
KdNChlltlli .
.7Il"at!m14111 .
8J1elCTpH'IecKoe HanpJlXCeHHe (U) - cl>H3HQeCKaH Be-
JIH'IHHa, paBHaH OTHomeHHIO pa60TbI A aJIeKTpll'leC-
KOro nOJIH no IIepeMe1U;eH'HIO' 3apMa Me)K,ZJ;y KOHIJ;c1MH
yqacTKa IJ;enil ,I{ nepeHocHMoMY 'Iepe3. .n;aHHbIH yqac-
TO:k ItenH 3apMy q. .
I
<,
A
u=-
'q
:>
Pa60Ta, npoH3Be.n;eHflaH np:n 9TOM, npO$IBJlHeTCR B TOM
HJIH HHOM .n;eHCTBHH TOKa (H eBaHHe, 06pa30BaHHe
' "'.'"
'.
... :' 5 , ..
'" . --
""" .- ' '..,
t,.:::.:.:::'t:!i::
'Iii/;. .
-0
.....,......-..--.<""'. :'.._ "'-
,A , ..>: ;..:,:J: ...
.... ..,.',. ,"1" , .11"l <,
; t,-,: /; rr" . ,:
Me 1.1)-'
, ;\t 1;,:1:.-
. 'I' '''\b : ,
'-:t ;.... ..";t;.. ,,"" ,
... - .
,1\("' 1 "
ju t;:J.... _ L;
, , ,;-.", " .
.. ". - '...'
..., S :J::I
' ....' . ..-...
,'" \or=::"
' 1 - , ,
JII'!:j ..... ....... '
,\ . .i ::; <f:t'
t")- '-w- -i.""
...""
. ..'
\,
. .. ,JiG) ..
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.., j
, . .
OCHOBHble nOHATMA:
3neKTpH eCKoe Hanp$l>KeHHe . YyaCTOK 3neKTpH ec-
KOH LlenH · 3nel:<TpH eCKoe conpOTHBneHHe }'1faCTKa
LlenH · BonbTMerp · Y AenbHoe conl?OTHBneH · Ma- 1
TepHan npOBOAHHKa J
,
j
j
,
i
"
XHMll'leCKHX CBH3eH H T. .n;.), H 'IaCTO,HaabIBaeTeH pa-:
6OTOA TOKa. .HCHO, 'ITO B KOHe'IHOM HTore ary pa60Ty
npOH3Bo.n;HT :nCTO'IHHK TOKa.
,lJ,JIH yqacTKa IJ;eIlH, no KQTOPOMY e'IeT TOK H KOrO- '
pbIH He co.n;ep)KHT HCTO'IHHKa TOKa (pHC. 76), TepMHH !
HanpJlXCeHHe aKBHBaJIeHTeH TepMllHY p83HOCTH no-
TeHIJ,HaJIOB <Pt -, <P2, H Tor,lta MOiKHO roBOpllTb 0 pa60-
, Te aJI€KTpll'leCl{oro nOIDI, CYlIteCTBYIOlItero Ha aTOM !
yqaCTKe IJ;enH H COBepmaIOlIteM pa60Ty no nepeMell{e- ;
HHIO 3apMa q. TIpH aTOM, KOHe'IHO, He CJIe.n;yeT 3a6bI-
BaTb, 'ITO nOJIe aTO C03.naH HCTO'IHHKOM TOKa.
HaIlpHiKeHHe, COnpOTHBJIeHHe. 3aKOH OMa .n;JIH yqacTKa IJ; mi
393
I
-
-t) q..: £(}-
+ -
--I
f111
I--
f112
U=fII 1 - fII 2
PRC. 76
E.n;HHHIJ;a H3MepeHHH HaIlpHiKeHHH COBna.n;aeT C e,lJ;H-
HHI1eH, BBe.n;eHHoH .n;JIH paaHocTH nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB 3JIeK-
1,l(JK
TplfllecKoro nom!: lB (BOJIbT) = lKn .
Heo6xo.n;llMOCTb BBe.ZJ;eHHH nOHHTHH .HanpHiKeHHH
" nOMliMo nOHHTHH .CHJIa TOKa 061>HCHHeTcH TeM, 'ITO
CHJIa TOKa He Bcer.n;a xapaKTepH3yeT B nOJIHOH Mepe
.n;eHCTBHe aToro TOKa. Ha pHC. 77 H:306paJKeHbI .n;Be
JIaMnO'lKH C pa3HbIMH HHTHMH HBKaJIa, H XOTH aMnep-
, MeTpbI nOKa3bIBaIOT o.n;llHaKOBYIO CHJIy TOKa, BTOpaH
, JIaMIIa «ropHT'-Hp'Ie , T. e. HcnYCKaeT B npOCTpaHCTBO
60JIbllIe aHepmH.
Q'
Lr
'1
'1= '2
Puc. 77
CMbICJI HarrpHiKeHHH nOHHTeH H3 MeX H'IeCKOH aHa-
, !lOmH aJIeKTp eCKOH eIIH. PapOTa"KOTOPYIO COBep-
; IIIHT ,ZJ;BHI'aIOIUaHCH no iKeJI06y BO,lta, 3aBHCHT He TOJIbKO
f, OT KOJIH'IeCTBa BO.n;bI, CTeKaIOlIteH' C KOHIJ;a. )l(eJI06a
f (CHJIa TOKa), HO H T .HaIlopa BO.n;bI, CKOpOCTH, KOTO-
PYIO OHa IIpim6pe.n:a B pe3YJIbTaTe nepena.n;a YPOBHeH
r B Ha'IaJIe H KOHIJ;e iKeJI06a, XOTH CKOpoCtb BO.n;bI TOiKe
3aBHCHT OT aToro nepena.n;a. 3TY 3aBHCHMOCTb .n;JIjI
! arreKTplfllecKHXIJ;eIleH BnepBbIe HCCJIe.n;OBa.7I feopr OM:
f
! I - U HJIH I - (<P1 - <P2)'
!
; PaaHoe HaIlpHiKeHHe OM C03.n;aBaJI paaJIIflIHbIMH HC-
,
f'TO'IHHKaMH TOKa, CHJIY TOKa H3MepHJI no ,MarHHTHO-
My.n;eHCTBHIO TOKa.
. .
BOJIbTMe1'p - npH60p MH H3MepeHHH HaIlpH)I(eHHH
I Ha yqacTKe IJ;eIIH. IIo.n;KJIIO'IaeTCH napaJIJIeJIbHO K KOH-
, '
! naM TOro yqaCTKa IJ;eIlH, Ha KOTOpOM XOTHT H3MepllTb
f HarrpHiKeHHe (pHC. 78).
,
!
-0- BOnbT,MeTp
'L
,
Puc. 78.
3aKOH OMa AnA Y'IaCTKa ..enM
Cwza m01ca Ha yrtacm'Ke 14enu npSl.M.o nponop14UOHaJi,b-
Ha HanpsDlcellUIO Ha 'KOH1.¥1X Y1/.acm'Ka.
I I=(J.U I '
. .
OnbIT 'nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO Koacl>cl>HIJ;HeHT nporiopIJ;HO-
HaJIbHOCTH (J He 3aBHCHT OT BeJIH'IHH I H U, TO eCTb
I '
OTHOW HHe U 3 UJHCHT TQJImOO ot xapaKTepHcTHK
Y'IaCTKa I1enH. Koacl>cl>HIJ;HeHT (J nOKa3bIBaeT, Ha-
CKOJIb xopomo npn .n;aHIroM HanpHiKeHHll yqacToK
IJ; IIH nponYCI<aeT 3apMbI, rtpOBO.z(llT 'fOK, nO:3ToMY Ita:-
3bIBaeTCH IIpOBO,lUlMOCTbIO. BeJIH'IliHa 06paTHaH 0:
1 '.,
R=- '"
" (J
nOKa3bIBaeT, HacKOJIbKO xopomo,yqacToK conpoTHB-
, JI:HeTCH npoxox<.n;eHHIO TO , no iol\fY Ha3bIBaeTCH
. ' -I...
3JIelCTpH'IeCICRM co eHHeM.:, ',' "1
3aKoH OMa 'Iallte Bcero 3aIlllCbIBaeTC.SI BH,Zle
I I= I '
Cwza mO'Ka I npSl.M.o nponoP14uo'faJlblla uanJJ-R:KellUIO
U U o6pamllo nponop14uOHaJlbHa 3JleKmpu1/.eCKoMY co-
npomU8JlellUIO R yrtacm'Ka ,¥nu.
E.n;HHHIJ;a H3MepemiH aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro OnpoT,H me-
'HHH HaaBaHa B 'I CTb feopra OMa. 1 OM - COiIPOTllB-
JIeHHe TaKaro npoBO.n;HH , nOKOTopoMY npH'pB3HO-
CTH nOTeHu;HaJIOB mi ero KOH1{ax IB'Te1JeT TOR lA.
Conp TMBneHMe MeT.,.nM'IeCKOrO
npOB AHMKa
OM TaKiKe nOKa3aJI, 'ITO aJIeKTplflleCKOO corrpomBJIe-
-BHe MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHX npOBo.n;HHKOB R npOnOpIJ;HO-
HaJIbHO m MHHe L H 06pamo npOnOpIJ;HQHaJIbHO IIJIO-
lItaAH HX; nOnepe'IH oro Ce'IeHHH S.
, I R.=¥., I .
Koacl><PIIIJ;HeHT npOnOpIJ;HOUaJIbHOCTH PM (He CJIe.n;yeT
nYTaTb C IIJIOTHOCT},>IO P MaTepHaJIa npOBONlllKal) - . 'G t.
y.neJIbHOe 3JIelCTpH'IeCICOe conpOTHBJIetfBe H3MepS,-
eTCH B OM'M, HBJIHeTCH xapaKTepHCTHKOH MaTepHaJIa
npOBo.n;HHKa. 3Ha'IeHHH PM .n;JIH paaHblX MaTepHaJIOB
npHBe.n;eHbI B CnpaBO'IHOH Ta6JIHIJ;e, XopomllMH rrpo-
Bo.n;HHKaMH C'IHTaIOTCH cepe6po (PSJI= 1,6.10-8 OM'M).
H e.n;b (PSJI= 1,7.10- 8 OM'M).,
],9-4
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IiOCTO.HHHbIJII TOK
3aKOHW B 8MAe cj)opMyn ./
3neKTpH4ecKoe HanpJl>KeHHe
U= A .
q
3aKOH OMa AllJI }'1faCTKa 4enH
U
1=-
R
CBJl3b 3J1eKTpH4ecKoro COnpOTHBneHHJI C cpOpMOH H
MaTepHanOM,npOBOAHHKa
" R= Pon L
S
T eMneparypHaJI 3aBHCHMOCTb COnpOTHBneHHJI
MeTannH4ecKHx npOBOI},HHKOB
P;=:= P O (1+atO)
Y.n;eJIbHOe COnpOTHBJreHHe MeTaJIJIOB paCTeT C TeMne-
paTYPOH no JlHHe HHOMY 3aKOHY
__ ", 1. PtH= Po. '(1+at? I
COI:IP91,M8 eHMe APyr" ",aTepM8IIOB .,
3aimCHMOCTb conpOTHBJIeHHH OT .n;JIHHbI H I1JIOlItaAH
nOnepe'IHOrO Ce'IeHHH, 06HapYiKeHHaH .n;JIH MeTaJIJIOB,
BblIlOJIHHeTCH H .n;JIH .n;pynfx ,MaTepMaJIOB.
Y.n;eJIbHOe conpOTMBJIeHHe MaTepHaJIOB n03BOJIHeT YC-
JIOBHO HX pa36HTb Ha rpYIlIlbI:
· 'npOBo.n;HllKH:
> ,CnJIaB HHXpOM ==10'-6 OM'M; ,
> rpacl>HT ",,10'-5 OM'M;
>.pacnJIaB NaCI np1l85O'oC ==3.10- 3 OM'M;
.
pe'IHaH Bo.n;a ==10' OM'M;
. ,ltHaJIeKTpHKH:
> MpaMop,==lO'5 OM'M;
> ,lJ;epeBO ==10'9 OM'M;
)o>,;aJIMa3-...10 10 OM'M;
>'cl>apcl>op'==lO' 12 0 M . M ;
> nOJIHaTHJIeH ==10'15 OM'M.
0603Ha'leHMA BenM'IMH, eAMHMqbl M3MepeHMA B CH,
CnpaBO'lHble 3Ha'leHMA HCTaHT
1 .Ax<
U - 3neKTpH4ecKoe HanpJl>KeHHe, 1 BonbT = -
A - pa60ra no nepeMeLqeHHIO 3apJl,D,a I Kn
q - nepeMeLqeHHblH 3apJll},
1- CHna TOKa Ha }'1facTKe 4enH
U - HanpJl>KeHHe Ha KOH4ax Y4aCTKa 4enH 1 B
R - aneKTpH4ecKoe conpOTHBneHHe 4enH; 1 OM =
1 A
R - conpoTHBne He npOBOI},HHKa
P 3n - YAenbHoe :3neKTpH4ecKoe conpoTHBneHHe
npoBOAHHKa, OM . M
L - AIIHHa npOBOI},HHKa, M
S - nnOI1.\a,D,b nonepe4Horo Ce4eHHJI npoBOI},HHKa, M 2
P t - YAenbHoe conpoTHBneHHe npH t °C
Po - YAenbHoe conpOTHBneHHe npH 0 °C
a - reMneparypHblH K03cpcpH4HeHT conpoTHBneHHJI
to - TeMneparypa
YAenbHoe conpoTMBJleHMe MaTepMBJlOB Po M TeMnepa-rypHblM
KO MLlMeHT YAeJlbHOro conpoTMBJleHMA a
BeIq8CTBO Po' 10"' OM'M a, K-1
AnIOMIo1HJ.tH 2.7 0,0042
BonbCjjpaM 5,4 0,0048
Me,D,b 1,6 0,0043
CBIo1HeLi 21 0.0037
Cepe6po 1,5 0,004
HIoiKenlo1H 42 0,001
Hlo1xpoM 105 0,001
CTMb '- 12 0,006
KOHCTaHTaH 50 -0,00005
MaTepHaJIbI C npoMe>KyTO'IHbIM 3Ha'IeHHeM y.n;eJIbHO-
ro aJIeKTpH'leCKOrO cOnpOTHBJIeHHH OTHOCllJIH K no-
JIY"POBO.n;HHKaM. IIo cOBpeMeHHoH KJIaccHcl>HKaIJ;MH
K I10JIynpoBo,ltHHKaM OTHOCHT MaTepHaJIbI, y KOTOpbIX
COnpO"fHBJIeHHe y6bIBaeT C pOCTOM TeMnepaTypbI (B
OTJIHtJHe OT IIpOBOlIRliKoB, MH KOTOpbIX Ha6JIIO,ZJ;aeTCH
pOCT conpOTHBJIeHHH C pOCTOM TeMnepaTYPbI).
!
j
HaIlpHiKeHHe, conpOTHBJIeHHe. 3aKOH OMa .n;JIH yqacTKa IJ;enH
395
Ja«JjlaJfi(JjrN1I8
juufo-
1. IbY'4eHMe JaKoHa OMa
U. e JI b : npH06peTeHHe HaBbIKOB pa60Tbl C aMnepMeT-
pOM H BOJIbTMeTpOM, HCCJIe.n;OBaHHe B3aHMOCBjl3H
Me:>K.n;y HanpHiKeHHeM Ha KOHIJ;aX yqacTKa IJ;eIIll H TO-
KOM, npOTeKaIOIItHM 'Iepe3 aTOT yqacTOK.
060 p Y .n; 0 B a H He: aMnepMeTp, BO.1IbTMeTp, HHX-
pOMOBbIH npOBOA C conpOTHBJIeHHeM -10M, peoc-
'raT Ha 6 OM, HCTO'IHHK TOKa, KJIIO'I, coe.n;HIiHTeJIb-
Hble npOBo.n;a.
n p H M e 'I a H He. IIpH OTCYTCTBHH npOBo.n;a H peOCTa-
: Ta MOiKHO 060iiTHCb TpeMH CTaHJJ:apTHbIMH errnpa.lUJMH-
[ pe3HCTOpaMH HJIH .n;aJKe KYCKaMH CnHpaJIH OT nepero-
, peBIIIero YTIOra IDrn.n;pyroro HarpeBaTeJIbHoro npH60pa.
;Xo.n; pa60TbI
. 03HaKOMbTeCb C YCTPOHCTBOM peOCTaTa (pHC. 79)
eKOnb3$111\HM
KOHT8KT
J;o.-
npoBOA
.8
. '1
+.
Puc, 79
C06epHTe IJ;enb, co.n;epiKalItYIO nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJlbHO
coe.n;HHeHHbIe HCTO'IHHK TOKa, KJIIO'I, peocTaT H altf- '
nepMeTp, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 80.
.
1,
Puc. 80
,l{BHraH pyqKY peocTaTa H CJIe.n;H 3a nOKa3a8HHMH
aMnepMeTpa, y6e.n;HTecb, 'ITO peocTaT n03BOJIHCT
peryJIHpoBaTb CHJIY TOKa B IJ;enH.
BHJ1MAHIIEI He nponycKaHTe no IJ;enn TOK
60.1JbIIIe 2 A (aTo npe.n;eJI mKOJIbHoro aMnepMeT-
pa). BbI MO>KeTe He TO.rrbKO HcnOpTHTb npH60pbI,
HO H 06iKe'IbcH, TaKKaK npH TaKoH CHJIe TOKa cnH-
paJIb peOCTaTa paaorpeBaeTcH.
PeOCTaT HMeeT CnHpaJIb, HaMoTaHIiyro :ii:a KepaMH-
'IeCKliH Kopnyc. Ern KOHCTPYK,IJ;lla: II03Bo.imeT npo
nycKaTb TOK no BceH CnHpaJIH (A C) HJIH ee 'IaCTli
(AB). '
3. BKJIIO'IHT B IJ;enb .n;onOJIHHTeJIbHQ npOBO.n; H3 HHX-
pOMa C 60JIbmHM conpOTHBJIeHHeM (npHMoH HJIH
cBepHYTbIH B CnHpaJIb H 3aKpenJIeHHbIH B KapKa-
ce), a TaKiKe no.n;KJIIO'IHTe K ero KOHIJ;aM BOJIbTMeTp,
KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 81.'
.
Puc. 81
4. MeHHH nOJIox<eHHe pbI'Ia>KKa peocTaTa, .n;06eiiTecb
Toro, 'IT06bI nOKaaaHHH BOJIbTMcTpa COOTBeTCTBO-
BaJIH IB, H H3MepbTe CHJIy TOKa, npOTeKaIOlIterO
npH aTOM 'Iepe3 CnHpaJIb-pe3Hcrop. ,l{aHHbIe 3aHe-
CHTe B Ta6JIHIJ;Y:
I :: I 1%0, 1 I IlL.J '
3Ha'IeHllH HanpHiKeHllH H CHJIbI TOKa CJIe.n;yeT 3a-
nHCbIBaTb C yqeTOM norpeIIIHocTll1l3MepeHHa: (OHa
npHMepHo paBHa IJ;eHe .n;eJIeHHH npH60pa). IIo,lt6'H-
paH .n;Pyrne 3Ha'IeHHH HaIlpHiKeHHH Ha pe3HcTope,
3aIlOJIHHTe Ta6.1IHIJ;y, YKa3bIBaH B HeH H COOTBeT-
CTBYIOIItHe 3Ha'IeHHH CHJIbl TOKa npH .n;aHHOM Ha-
npHiKeHHH.
II pH M e 'I a H He. ECJIH OTcyrcTByeT peocTar, CJIe-
.n;yeT npOBeCTH He MeHHH Tpex H3MepCHHH TOKa 'Ie-
pe3 pe3Hcrop H HaIlpHiKeH:'{jl Ha HeM, npHCde.nHHHH
K HeMY nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJlbHO 1,2,3 .n;onOJIHllTeJIbHbIX
CnHpaJIH, He MeHHH npH aTOM nOJIOiKeHlle BO.1JbT-
MeTpa H aMnepMeTpa B IJ;enH.
5. IIOcTpoHTe rpacl>HK 3aBHCHMOCTH CHJIbI TOKa OT
HaIlpHiKeHHH, YKaaaB Ha HeM H norpeIIIHOCTH H3-
MepeHHH. IIpOBe.n;HTe npstMYIO, npOXO,ltHmYIO'ICpe3
Ha'IaJIO Koop,lJ;HHaT H 'Iepe3 Bce TO'IKJ1 .( C Y'leTOM
norpeIIIHOCTH H3MepeHHH). KaK MO>KHO Ha3BaTb
. ' -f
39
3JIEKTPOCT A TIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHblfi TOK
TaKYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb B npe eJIax norpemHOCTH H3-
MepeHHH?
6. KaKoe 3Ha'IeHHe HaIlpHiKeHHH cooTBeTCTByeT Ha
rpacl>HKe tTOH 3aBHCHMOCTH CHJIe TOKa I = 2 A?
pIJ;eHHTe Ha OCH Be aTliX ,.n;aHHbIx conpOTHBJIeHHe
Bamero pe3HcTopa HJIH npoBo.n;HllKa.
7. 1I3MeHHB cl>oPMY npOBOAHliKa HJIH OCB060.n;HB cnH-
paJIb OT KOiKyxa, npoBe.n;llTe ,ltorrOJIHHTeJIhHbIe H3-
MepeHHH H C,lteJIaHTe BbIBO.n;, 3aBHCHT JIH conpoTHB-
JIeHHe pe3HcTopa OT cl>OPMbI, KOTOPYIO HMeeT
npOBO,lt, IIpH aTOM Ha.n;o CJIe.n;HTb, 'IT06bI He 6bIJIO
CMhIKaHHH OT.n;eJIhHbIX BHTKOB CnHpaJIH HJIH OT-
,.n; bHbIX yqacTKoB npoBo.n;al
7,. 3aIlHIIIHTe ,BbIBO.n;bI:
"a) i'OK 'Iepe3' pe3HCTOp (patTeT, y6bIBaer) C pOCTOM
HaIIpHiKeHHH Ha ero KOtIIJ;ax
(K8KHM 06pa30M? no KaKOMY 38KOHY?)
6) COnpOTHBJIeHHe pe3HCTopa paBHO H (He)
3aBHCHT OT cl>OpMbI pa3MelIteHHH IIpOBo.n;a B
npOCTpaHCTBe.
2. Onpe.qeneHMe conpoTMBneHMA
MeTUnMlteCKMX npoBOAHMKOB
npaBMnltHOA cIJoPMW .
Q e JI h : 'npH06peTeHlle HaBbIKOB paC'IeTa conpOTHB-
JIeHllH npOBO,ltHHKa no H3BeCTHbIM reOMeTpH'IeCKliM
napaMeTpaM H MaTepHaJIY.
o 6 0 p Y,lt 0 B a H He: CTaJIbHaH JIHHeHKa HJI IIJIaCTH-,
Ha npHMoyrOJIbHOH cl>OpMbI, aJIIOMHHHeBaH $oJIhrai
(o6epTKa OT mOKOJIa.n;a), Me,ltHbI:H IIpOBO.n; KpytJIoro ce-j
'IeHHH, CTaJIhHOH I'B03.n;b, JIHHeiiKa C MHJlJIHMeTpoBbIMn:
.n;eJIeHHHMH HJIH mTaHreHIl;HpK.YJIb.
Xo.n;pa60TbI
1. 1I3MephTe .n;JIliHY L, mHpH»y b H TO.iIIIt;llHY h IIJIac-
THHbI npHMoyrOJIbHOH cl>OPMbI. ITpe.n;cTaBhTe ce6e,
'ITO B.n;OJIb aTOH IIJIaCTHHbI KaK no yqacTKY IJ;eIIH,
.n;OJIiKeH npOTe'Ib 'fOK. PaCC'IliTaHTe IIJIOIIta.n;b none- '
pe'IHoro Ce'IeHHH S = bh. Ha:H.n;llTe B cnpaBotffioH
Ta6JIHIJ;e 3Ha'IeHHe y.n;eJIbHOro COIIpOTHBJIeHHH'CTa-
JIH H paCC'IHTaiiTe conpOTHBJIeHHe Bamero IIpOBO.n;- ;
. L ' '
HliKa R= Ps . Pe3YJIbTaTbI 3aHeCHTe B Ta6JIllIJ;y. ;
2. CJIoX<HTe H3 aJIIOMHHHeBOH cl>OJXbrH MHOrOCJIOH- i
HYIO nOJIOCKY mHpHHoH b OKOJIO 1 CM. IIpoBe.n;HTe i
He06xo.n;HMbIe 3aMepbI H paCC'IHTaHTe conponlB- 1
JIeHHe TaKoro npoBo.n;HHKa. 3aHecliTe pe3YJIhTaTbI
paC'IeTOB B Ta6JIHIJ;y.
KaKHM 6y.n;eT conpOTHBJIeHlle npOBO,lJ;HllKa, eCJIH
TOT iKe JIHCT cl>OJIbrH paape3aTh Ha nOJIOCKli mHpH- i
HOH no 1 CM H cKpenHTb HX KOHIJ;bI B o.n;HY .ltJIHH- "
HyIO JIeHTY?
3. 1I3MepbTe .n;JIHHY H .n;HaMeTp Me.n;Horo npoBOn;a
KpyrJIoro Ce'IeHHH. PaCC'IHTaHTe nJIOIIta,ZJ;b none-
pe'IHOrO Ce'IeHHH (Kpyr ,ltMaMCTpoM D H pa.n;HYCOM
npoaoAHMK ,AnMHa, M WMpMHa nnoaqa,qb YAenbHoe ConpoTMBneHMe, CMna TOKa
T on",MHa nonepe'lHoro 3nelCTpM'fecKoe OM npM
J, (npAMoyronbHoe C8'leHMA, M 2 conpoTMBneHMe, Hanpfl*eHMM
I C8lleHMe) OM'M Ha KOHqax
.QMaMeTp (icpyrnoe U=1B
C8'leHMe)
CTaJ1bHaR
nnacTHHa
AnIOMHHHeIIiUI
$>nbra
Me,qHbIM
npoaoA
-
CTaJ1bHOM '"
rB03,qb
HarrpjliKeHHe, COnpOTlfBJIeHHe. 3aKOH OMa MH yqacTKa IJ;enH
],97
T = ) 5 = nr2. PaCC'IHTaHTe C :mpOTHBJIeHHe npo-
Bo,ltHHKa.
4. IIpoBe.n;HTe aHaJIOrn'lHbIe H3MepeHHH .n;JIH KPYrJIO-
ro rB03.n;H B Ka'IeCTBe npOBo.n;HHKa.
5. PaCC'IHTaHTe, KaKOH TOK npoxo.n;HJI 6bI no KaiK.n;o-
MY H3 npOBo.n;HHKOB, eCJIH 6bI Ha HX KOHqax 6bIJIO
C03.n;aHO HanpHiKeHHe 1B. 3aIlOJIHllTe no pe3YJIb-
TaTaM paC'IeTOB Ta6JIHU;Y. (IIycTb 60JIbllIHe IJ;Hcl>-
pbI Bac He CMYlItaIOT, Y BaIIIHX npOBo.n;HHKOB CJIHllI-
KOM MaJIeHbKOe COIlpOTHBJIeHHe).
n ,p H M e 'I a H He. ECJIH Y Bac HeT llITaHreHIJ;HpKY-
JIH, a TOJIIItHHa MaTepHaJIa npOBo.n;HHKa MaJIa, npH-
.n;eTCH CJIO)KHTb ero B MHoro CJIOeB HJIH HaMOTaTb
Ha KapaH,ZJ;allI BHTOK K BHTKY MHoro paa, Tor.n;a no-
rpemHOCTb H3MepeHHH MHJIJIHMeTpOBOH JIHHeHK()H
CHH3HTCH. MOiKHO TaKiKe HCnOJIb30BaTb B3BellIH-
BaHHe npOBo.n;HHKa H OIJ;eHKY ero TOJIIItHHbI C HC-
nOJIb30BaHHeM IIJIOTHOCTH BelIteCTBa.
e
ptufoJlia
06Y'1alOlqMM TeCT
YpoBeHb A
1. 3JIeKTpll'leCKO HaIIpHiKeHHe Ha KOHIJ;ax yqacTKa
I1enH H3MepHeTCH B o.n;HHaKOBbIX e.n;HHHI1ax c...
o A. HaIlpHiKeHHo Tbio 8JIeKTpH'leCKoro nOJIH.
o 6. 3,l{C HCTO'lHHKa TOKa.
o B. pa6OToH no nepeHeceHHIO 3apH,ltoB.
d f. HaIlopoM BO.n;bI B nJIOTHHe rn.n;pOaJIeKTpO-
CTaHl.\llH.
2., IIpH YBeJIH'IeHllH HarrPHiKeHHH i:Ia KOHIJ;ax yqaCTKa
IJ;enH B 4 paaa, CHJIa TOKa Ha aTOM Y'Ii!CTKe IJ;enH...
o A. He MeHHeTCH.
o 6. YMeHbllIaeTcH B 4 paaa.
.c-"\
o YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH, B 4 paaa.
o f. YBeJIll'IHBaeTCH B 2 paaa.
3. BbI6epHTe BbIpaJKeHHe .n;JIH paC'IeTa cOnpOTHBJIe-
'i1IDt npoBo.n;HHKa npH H3BeCTHbIX 3Ha'IeHHHX CHJIbI
TOKa I, npOTeKaIOlIterO 'Iepe3 Hero, Ii HaIlpHiKeHHH
, .
U Ha ero KOHIJ;ax. \ '
0 A. IU. 06. I
-
U'
0 U DT. IU
B. /. 2 .
I IIp" YBeJIll'leHHHA;IHHbI npoBo.n;HHKa B paaa ero
aJIeKTpll'leCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe... '
o (A"YBeJIH'lHTCH B 3 paaa.
" /
o B. YMeHbllIHTcH B .n;Ba paaa.
o B. YBeJIll'IHTCH B 9 paa.
o f. He 113MeHHTCH.
5. IIMeIOTcH .n;Ba,npOBo.n;HHKa H3 Me.n;H o.n;HHaKoBoH
.n;JIHHbI: O.n;llH KpyrJIOro, .n;pyroH KB3,l(paTHOI'O ce'Ie-
HHH..IIJIolIta.n;b CeqeHHH 51 = 52" CpaBH Te, HX aJIeK-
Tpll'leCKlie COnpOTIJBJIeHWI,.
o A. R 1 =R 2 .
o 6. R 1 >R 2 .
o B. R 1 < R 2 .
o f. HeJIb3H CKa3aTb onpe.n;eJIeHHo.
6. Ha KaKOM H3 rpacl>HKoB npHBe,lteHa npaBHJIbHaH
3aBHCHMOCTb HarrpHiKeHHH Ha KOHIJ;ax IIpOBO,ltHH-
Ka OT TOKa, npOTeKaIOlItero 'Iepe3 np<)BoriimK?
. , .'
u
u
/
o
./
1
2
u
u
0 / 0 ./
3 4
0 A. 1. 06.2.
0 B. 3. Of. 4.
398
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II TIOCTO.HHHbI:fi TOK
ypO....b 6
1. 3.net<tpJtqeCr<oe mmpH)I{8HHe Ha npoaoroutKe -aTO
no onpe.n;eJIeHHIO...
o A pa3HOCTb nOTeHQHaJIOB MeiK.n;y KOHI1aMH
pOBO.n;HH .
o 6. pa60Ta CHJI aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIH no nepe-
MelIteHHIO 3apH,ZJ;a C O.n;HOro KOHIJ;a npoBo,l(-
HHKa'Ha .n;pyroH. .
o B. OTHOllIeHHe pa60TbI CHJI aJIeKtpH'IeCKoro
nOJIH no nepeMelIteHHIO 3apjI,lta C o.n;Horo
KOHIJ;a npoBo.n;HHKa Ha .n;pyrOH K BeJIll'lHHe
3apH,ZJ;a.
o f. CHHOHHM HaIlpHiKeHHocTH nOJIH B IIpOBO.n;-
HHKe.
2. TIpH YBeJIH'leHHH HarrpjIiKeHHH Ha KOHIJ;ax Y'laCT-
Ka IJ;enH B 4 paaa aJIeKTpll'leCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe
aToro Y'IacTKa IJ;eIlH.:.
o A B03paCTaeT B 4 paaa.
o 6. YMeHbllIaeTcH B 4 paaa.
o B. YMeHbllIaeTcH B 2 paaa.
o f. He H3MeHHeTCH.
3. IIpH YBeJIll'leHllH HaIlp:H>KeHHH Ha KOHIJ;aX npoBO.n;-
HHKa Hero COnpOTlfBJIeHHH B 2 paaa, GHJIa'TOKa B
IJ;enH...
D A B03paCTeT B 2 paaa.
o 6. BoopacTeT Ii 4 paaa.
o B. YMeHbllIMTcH B 4 paaa.
o f. He H3MeHMTCH.
4. TIpM YBeJIH'IeHHH .n;JIMHbI M IIJIOIIta,ZJ;M'nonepe'lHO-
ro Ce'IeHHH npOBo.n;HHKa B 3 paaa, ero aJIeKTpll'leC-
Koe COnpOTHBJIeHHe...
o A He H3MeHHTCH.
o 6., YBeJIH'IliTCH B 3paaa.
o B. YBeJIll'lHTCH B 9 pa3.
o f. YMeHbllIHTCH B 9 paa.
5. IIMeIOTcH .n;Ba npOBo.n;HHKa o.n;HHakoBoH ,ltJIHHbI
O,ltHH KpyrJIoro, .n;PyroH KBa.n;paTHoro Ce'IeHHjI.
IIJIolIta,ZJ;b Ce'IeHHH 51 = 52' CpaBHHTe MX aJIeKTpH-
'I FK e COnpOTIfBJIeHHH.
o A;'Rt=Ri.
o B. Ri> .
o B. R1< '
o f. 3aBHCJlT OT MaTepHaJIa npOBo.n;HHKa.
6. Ha KaKOM H3 rpacl>HKOB npHBe.n;eHa IIpaBHJIbHaH
3aBHCHMOCTb y.n;eJIbHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH npOBO.n;-
HHKa OT TeMnepaTypbI?
p p
0 t,°c t,°c
1 2
p p
0 t,Dc 0 t,°c
3 4
0 At. 06.2:
0 B. 3. Of. 4.
II()
3tlfa'"
3aKOH OMa AnSI y..aCTKa LlenM
YpoBeHb A
1. CnHpaJIb JIaMnbI HMeeT COIlpOTHBJIeHHe 40 OM;-
KaKoBa CHJIa TOKa B JIaMne npM HaIlpHiKeHllH Ha
KJIeMMaX ee .n;epiKaTeJIH paBHoM,100 B?
2. q TO nOKID{<eT BOJIbTMeTp B IJ;eIIH, H306paJKeHHOH
Ha pHC. 82, eCJIH conpOTMBJIeHHe pe3HcTopa 2 OM,
a aMnepMeTp nOKa3bIBaeT CHJIY TOKa 1,5 A? '
Puc. 82
HaIlpjliKeHHe, COnpOTHBJIeHHe. 3aKOH OMa .n;JIH Y'IaCTKa I1eIIH
399
3. lIo rpacl>HKY 3aBHCHMOCTH CliJibI TOKa OT HanpH-
)KeHHH Ha Y'IaCTKe IJ;enH (pHC. 83) onpe.n;eJIHTe co-
npOTHBJIeHHe Y'IaCTKa I1enH, .n;JIH KOTopOi"O aTa 3a-
BHCHMOCTb nOJIY'IeHa.
I,A
, , .
, , ,
------ ----- ------ -.
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
1,0 ------ ------ ----- -.
, ,
, ,
, ,
0,5 _____ I ------:------1--
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
1,5
2 3 U,B
Puc, 83
YpOBeHb 6
".i. HaKaJI JIaMnbI, BKJIIO'IeHHOH B cxeMY, nOKa3aHHYIO
Ha pHC. 84, peryJIHpyeTcH nOJI3YHKOM peocTaTa.
BOJIbTMeTp npH cJIa60M: HaKaJIe nOKa3aJI 0,8 B, npH
CHJIbHOM - 1 B. Bo CKOJIbKO paa B03paCJIO nOKaaa-
HHe aMnepMeTpa, eCJIH conpOTHBJIeHHe CnHpaJIH
JIaMnBI. C'IHTaTb nOCTO}IHHbIM? HacKOJIbKO BepHo
npe.n;nOJIOiKeHHe 0 nOCTOHHCTBe COnpOTHBJIeHHH
CIIHpaJIH JIaMnO'IKH? '
PRC. 84
1\ [IPH H3Y'IeHHIi: npOTeKaHHH TOKa 'Iepe3 H'leHKY C
paCTBOpOM COJIH H3MepHIOT CHJIY roKa H HanpH)i(e-
e MeiK,ZJ;y .n;BYMH aJIeKTpo.n;aMH, onYlIteHHbIMH B
'
:paCTBOp. lIpH HaIlpHiKeHHH 1 B, CHJIa TOKa COCTa-
BHJIa 0,2 A, a npH HarrpHiKeHHH 2B - 0,45 A. KaK
MeHHJIOCbaJIeKTpH'IeCKOeCOnpOTHBJIeHHeH'IeH-
,Kif? lIO'IeMY aro MOrJIO npOH30HTH?
. OCTpOHTe rpacl>HK 3aBHCHMOCTH CHJIbI TOKa OT
',mmpHiKeHHH Ha pe Tope, eCJIH npH paaHocTH
'nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB Ha ero KOHIJ;ax paBHOH 2 B CHJIa TOKa
; blJIa paBHa 5 MA.
Pac eT COnpOTMBneHMR npOBOAHMKa'
no reOMeTpH ecKMM J1apaMeT.paM '
npMMep peweHMA 3aAa'lM
KaKoBa .n;JIHHa aJIIOMHHHeBoro IIpOBo.n;a C nJIOlIta-
.n;bIO nOnepe'lHoro Ce'IeiIHH 0,5'cM:!, eCJIH ero COIlpO-
THBJIeHHe COCTaBJISIeT 2,8 OM?
,l{ aHO: s= 0,5 CM 2 = 5.1O 5 M 2 ;
R=2,80M;
PaJ!= 0,028 MKOM' M,= 2,8.1O- 8 0M'M;
'L-?
PemeHHe:
R= P3J!L , oTKy.n;a: L= RS .
S . P
L = 5.10- 5 .2,8 - 5 .10 3 ( M ) ,
2,8,10- 8 .
o T BeT: 5 KM.
YpOBeHb A
7. ,l{JIH H3rOTOBJIeHHH CnHpaJIH JIaMnbI HaKaJIHBaHHH
B3HJIH 0,4 M BOJIbcl>paMoBoH npOBOJIOKli C IIJIolIta-
.n;bIO nOnepe'IHOrO Ce'IeHHH 0,002 MM 2 . KaKoBo ee
conpOTHBJIeHHe, eCJIH y.n;eJIbHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe
BOJlbcl>paMa paBHO 0,055.10- 6 OM'r.i?
8. KaKOBa .n;JIHHa Me.n;Horo npOBo.n;a C nJIolIta,ZJ;bio no-
nepe'IHOrO Ce'IeHHH 0,1 CM 2 , eCJIH'ero conpOTHBJIe-
HHe COCTaBJIHeT 6,4 OM? He.n;OCTaIOIItHe .n;aHHbIe
HaHTH B CnpaBO'IHbIX Ta6JIHIJ;ax.
9. COnpOTHBJIeHHe npOBo.n;a .n; HOH 1.0 M H nJIolIta7
.n;bIO nOnepe'IHOrO Ce'IeHllH 0;01 MM 2 COCTaBJJHeT
120 OM. 1I3 KaKoro MaTepHaJIa OH MO)KeT 6btTb
H3roTOBJIeH?
10. 1I3BecTHo, 'ITO COnpOTHBJIeHHe rrpOBOJIOKH H3 HH-
KeJIlma (y.n;eJIbHOe COnpOTHBJieHHe 0,42.10-6 OM'M)
MHHOH 2 M COCTaBJIHeT 0,84 OM. KaKoBa nJIolIta.n;b
nOnepe'IHoro Ce'IeHHH aToro rrpOBo.n;a ,B MM 2 ?
, I
YpOBeHb 6
11. KaKoBo COnpOTHBJIeHHe 1 M npOBo.n;a H3 KOHCTaH-
TaHa .n;HaMeTpOM (),8 MM? '
12. 1I3BecTHo,"'ITO ConpOTHBJIeHHe CII'npaJIH JIaMnO'I-
KH KapMaHHoro cl>oHapJtKa COCTaBjIHeT f5 OM.
KaKOH .n;JIHHbI BOJIbcl>paMoBbIH npOBO.n; B3HT'MjJ,
ee H3roTOBJIeHHH, eCJIH ee .n;llaMeTp paBeH:O, 1 MM?
400
3JIEKTPOCT ATIIKA If. IIOCTO.HHHblti TOK
13. IIpH aaMOTKe KaTYillKH H3 Me.n;Horo !Ipo ,lta ee
Macca B03pOCJIa Ha 1,78 r, a COIlpOmBJIeHHe OKa-
3aJIOCh paBHbIM34 OM. 0IJ;eHHTe"ltO"3Ti-IM .n;atl-
HbIM ,lJ;JIHtly H nJIOIIta,ZJ;b nOnepe'IHOrO Ce'IeHHH
npoBo.n;a.
14(. Ha c,KOJIh.K O IJP8q -!f!OB B03pacTaeT, cpnPS!,TlfBJIe- ,
HHe nposo.noo BOJIh<l>paM 11 HilI<e;1IUaa., npH .
HarpeBaHHH Ha 500 °C,eCJIH HX TeMnepaTypHbIe
Koacl>cl>HIJ;HeHTbI y,lteJIbHOrO COIlpOTHBJIeHHH PaB-
HbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO 0,0048 H 0,0001 oct?
15. OI;J;emrre, BO"CKOJIbKO paa OTJIH'laIOTCH conpOTllB-
JIej-{ml" OJIOB HHOro npoJJo.n;a KBa.n;paTHoro ce'Ie-
HIbI 'co cropOHOH 1 MM 11 MHHOH 10M npH KOW.
HaTHoH TeMnepaType, $OJIhrH TOH >Ke .n;JIHHbI,
nOJIyqeHHoH ,paC TbIBaHHeM aTOro npOBOlI,a ,lt0
TO.1IIItHHhI 1(}() M H X<H.ZtKoro OJI6Ba, nOJIyqeHoro
IIJIaBJIeHHeM :aTO ,npoBo.n;a H HaJIHTOrO B Kepa-
Mll'IecKYIO BaHHO'IK)'C pa3MepoM AHa lOx 200 MM.
1I3MeHeHHeM y.neJIbHotO conpOTllnJIeHllH OJIOBa
npH IIJI3.BJIeHHH MOiKHO npeHe6pe'Ib.
I&J
ptufoJlia
, YpoBeHb A (paCC"IHTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1. Bo CKOJIhKO paa H3MeHHJIOCh conpOTHBJIeHHe Me-
TaJIJIH'IeCKOrO npoBo.n;HHKa, eCJIH ero .n;JIHHY YBe-
JIH'IHJIH B 4 paaa, a IIJIOIIta.n;b nOnepe'IHOrO ce'Ie-
HliH B 2 paaa? OTBeT o6ocHYHTe.
2. Onpe.n;eJIliTe no rpacl>HKY (PHC. 85) COnpOTHBJIe-
tllle npOBo.n;HHKa.
4
2
2 3 I,A
, PRC. 85
3. IIpoBo.n; H3 HHKeJIHHa conpOTHBJIeHHeM 2 OM
BKJIIO'IllJIH B IJ;enb nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIhHO C HCTO'IHHKOM
TOKa H aMnepMeTpOM. ,AMnepMeTp nOKa3bIBaeT;
CMY 'TOKa paBHYIO 1,4 A. KaKoe HaIlpH)KeHHe no- ,
KaiK.eT BOJIbTMeTp, eCJIH ero no,ltKJIIO'IHTb K KOHIJ;aM ,
aroro np :)Bo.n;a? KaKOH 3apH,ZJ; npoii.n;eT no npoBo.qy
3a 5 MHH? KaKyIO pa6my COBepmllT HCTO'IHllK TOKa
.n;JIH rrepeMelIteHHH aToro aapH,ZJ;a 'Iepe3 npOBO.n;?
YpoBeHb 6 (pacC"IHTiiHa Ha '45 MHH) ,
1. B IJ;enH, cxeMa KOTOpOH npHBe.n;eHa Ha pHC. 86, npH :
nOKa3aHHHX aMnepMeTpa 0,25 A, nOKa3aHHH BOJIb-
TMeTpa COCTaBJIHIOT 2, B. KaKyro, CHJIY TOKa nOKa- "
>KeT aMnepMeTp npH no BOJIbTMeTpa 4 a? '
3a KaKoe BpeMH B nepBOM''CJIyqae 'Iepe3 pe3HcTop"
npoii.n;eT 3apH,ZJ; 2 KJI? KaK pa6my COBepmHT HC- :
TO'IHHK .n;JIH nepeMelIteHIDi aToro 3apH,ZJ;a, 'I pe3 pe- )
311CTOp? '
PRC. 86
2. IIpoBo.n; H3 MaHraHHHOBoro CnJIaBa HMeeT MHIfY
0,56 M H ,ltHaMeTp 0,4 MM (P aJl = 0,45 MKOM'M). ,
KaKoBa 6y.n;eT CHJIa TOKa, eCJIH HanpH>KeHHe Ha
KOHI1aX IIpoBo.n;a 6y.n;eT paBHO 3 B?
3. PaCnJIaBHTCH JIH aJIIOMHHmf, eCJIli ero HarpeTh .no
TaKoH TeMnepaTYPhI, 'ITO ero ConpOTHBJIeHHe B03-
paCTeT B 3 paaa? TeMnepaTYPHbIH Koocl>cPHIJ;HeHT
y.n;eJIbHOro COnpOTHBJIeHHH aJIIOMHHHH 0,004 °c-t.
.7IfI ,
3WjalUl.ll
YpoaeHb 6
1. IIpH,ltYMaHTe cnoc06 OIJ;eHKH TeMnepaTYP acKa-
JIemfOH BO,1Ibcl>PaMOBOH HHTH JIaMIIbI HaKaJIHBaHHH ,
C nOMOlItbIO aJIeKTpOTeXHH'leCKliX H3MepeaHH-R
oCylIteCTBHTe ero npaKTH'IeCKH.
\' TI\{ill,jy;" :.; , ,', . ,. " .
",vi . :' >- "'" :f 1... 0',,,,>- ./.;; :<t
,. {{ , . , ; )'> ,... ..:'" ,. . . . . ::; ;;.,> . , I: I i '
,_. ' . " " ., , \ "A." \ ' tF-
/::.;, ." .,;, i::::; ;j,. :;;:;oftJi>-' .. ' .;, :'" '. \
1-:"'" - . f'/ . .. q:.' 'Ie ..
" , -- : , >' , :. JIi . ,', 'u'.'" . ? . , :, t ! , .
3 " 8 ' ';:" OH OM a ,' " ', ;:". ..; ; :, J
, ;,'" ,,' '. I lUll '.'
' J!4'I :Jr
''1'\........
i
J 'J,
}. , '
,," \. .,
,
, '. ... ,.\; - L
"" ; ' 'j
I " '. , \'
r __ 'Y'.,. "'
, ,- .
h. .... ...,, .
", l f,l .
\ , -...... /
., ,
,.'.. ,
j'- ..:,.
-.
II
'-...., .
r'-'-'- , 'f,,"
, . . .....,> .7 ' :,;;:: .:
"'):f ' t
.:t;t:..
. .
'f
" ...
l 1
l H3Y'1MB 3TY TeMY,
t.
t. Bbl Y3HaeTe, KaK 4>oPMynHpyeTcJI 3aKOH OMa AlIJI non-
r HeM LlenH;
,
i ·
neMMeTe, KaK OH Hcnonb3yercJI AlIJI paC4eTOB napaMeT-
poB 3neKTpH4eCKHX Llene..;
HaYI.IJ1TeCb 'H3MepJlTb BHyrpeHHee conpoTHBneHHe H
3JJ.C HCT04HHKa TOKa.
'
I ·
r
t
KtJIIeMKIIi .
..
. 3aKOH OMa AlIA nOnHOM qenM
. :9T01"3aKOH n03BOJIHeT BbI'IHCJIHTb CHJIY TOKa II Ha-
; 'npIDi<eHHe,ZJ;JIH IJ;eneH, cO,ltepX<aIItliX HCTO'IHHK TOKa C
: Jf3BeCTHOH 3)J.C (&). ,ltJuI IJ;en1-f, CO,ltepX<aIIteH 1-fCTO'I-
HHK TOKa C 3)J.t tH BHYTPeHHllM conpoTHBJIeHHeM r,
, il icuoKe pe3HCTop C COIlpOTHBJleHHeM R (pHC. 67),
CHJIa TOKa B IJ;enH paBHa 3)J.C HCTO'IHHKa, ,lteJIeIIHOH
i ''ita tyMM)' conpOTHBJIeHHH BHeWHero (R) H BHYTpeH-
HerO'.(r) yqacTKoB IJ;enH.
I E
[--
, (R+T)
ConpOTHBJIeHHe BHyTpeHHero yqacTKa, (BHYTpeHHee
,,-"conpOTHBJIeHHe HCTO'IHHKa TOKa) xapaKTepH3yeT
.r"''''''''
.. ',
- j " ..
,,' ".... ....
.-"'":::::-.... '\
-'-"'
" f
..1-;;'.. ........ f ..' ." .."...,
,
OCHO.Mble nOHaTMA:
BHyrpeHH.ee conpoTHBneHHe HCT04HHKa . T OK KOPOT-
Koro 3aMblKaHHJI
cpe.n;y BHyTpH HCTO'IHHKa TOKa, no KOTopoii; BbIHYiK-
,lteHbI .n;BHraThCH 3apH,ltbI, nepeMelItaHCb no 3aMKHYTOH
IJ;enH.
&,r
l'
R
Puc. 87
402
3JIEKTPOCT A TI1KA II IIOCTO.HHHblfi TOK
BHyTpe lHee cOnpOTHBJIeHHe HCTO'IHHK8 3aBHCHT OT
ero npHpo.n;bI. faJIbBaHH'IeCKHe aJIeMeHTbI HMeIOT
r"",0,1-1 OM,CBHHI10BbIeaKKYMYJrnTopbIO,01-0,1 OM,
BHYTpeHHe conpOTHBJIeHlle reHepaTopOB, 'p a3 .n;eJIHIO-
1It1iX 3apH,ZJ;bI 3a C'IeT BpalIteHHH KaTYllIKH MeiK.n;y Mar-
HHTaMK,. elIte MeHbme. IIpH MaJIOM no tpaBHelfHIO C
COnpOTHBJIeHHeM BHemlfeH IJ;eITH BHYTpeHHeM conpo-
THBJIeHHH HCTO'IHHKa (r« R); 3aKOH OMa .n;JIjI nOJ!-
HOH IJ;enH HMeeT BH.n;:
c
, 1"=-
R'
KOpoTKO& 3aMbiKaHite
IIpH YMeHbllIetmH conpoTHBlIeHllH BHemHero yqaCT-
Ka UepH{R-.+O) C,HJIa TOKa Ii I{enH 6y.n;eT onpe.n;eJIHTb-
CH TOJIbKO BHYTpeHHHM COnpOTHBJIeHHeM r HCTO'IHHKa
TOKa. 3TOT TOK Ha3bIBaIQT TOKOM KopoT!Coro 3aMbI-
, .
K8HHJI:
C
I ,,=-
1C.3.
r
PeaJIbHO cHTyaIJ;HH KOpOTKOro 3aMbIKaHHH B03HHKaeT
npH coe.n;HHeHHH KJIeMM HCTO'IHHKa npOBo.n;HHKOM C
MaJIbIM cpnpOT BJIeHHeM (pHC. 88).
C,r
PHC. 88
IJ
. ,
.l{ e nPB: 3aMbIKaHHH KJI,eMM aKKYMYJIHTOpa C 3.l{ C
10 B H MaJIbIM BHYTpeHHHM cQnpoW:BJIeHHeM, TOK KO-
pOTKOro 3aMbIKaHHH MOiKeT .n;OCTHraTb 100A. 3TO
MOiKeT iIpHBecTH K ITJIaBJIeHHIO .n;eTaJIeH HCTO'IHHKa
3a C'IeT TenJIOBOrO .n;eHcTBHH TOKa.
nnaBKMM npeAoxpaHMTenb
.l{JIH npeKpalIteHHH TOKa, npeBbIliIaIOlItero onpe.n;eJIeH-
Hoe npe.n;eJIbHOe 3Ha'IeHHe (HanpHMep, npH CJIyqaH-
HOM KOpOTKOM 3aMbIKaHHH), B aJIeRTpH'IeCKHe IJ;enH,
nHTaIOlItHe aJIeKTpOnpu6QPbI, Ha Bxo.n;e nOCJIe.n;OBa-
TeJIbHO C HCTO'IHIIKOM CTaBHT ITJIaBKHH npe.n;oxpaHH-
TeJIb. OH paCnJIaB{IHeTCH 3a C'IeT TenJIOBoro .n;eHCn3HH
TOKa'H pa3MbIKaeT IJ;enb paHbllIe, qeM 6y.n;YT nOBpeiK-
.n;eHbI 60JI'ee .n;oporOCTOHli{He aneMeHTbI n;enH.
HanpA)KeHMe Ha Y'laCTKe LlenM, : 1. '
COAepMal1leM MCTOlfHMK TOKa '
EC.7J'H ytiacToK IJ;enH, no KOTOPOMY Te'IeT TOK, co.n;ep-
iKHT llCTO'IHHK TOKa, KaK nOKaa;J.HO.lfa pHC. 89, TO no-. j"
Ka3aHHH BOJIbTMeTpa Ha KOHIJ;ax aTOro yqacTKa, T. e.
HanpHiKeHHe Ha HeM, paCC'IHThmaeTCH C yqeroM 3.l{ C
, , .
HCTO'IHHKa:
u= C-Ir.
.l{JIjI IJ;enH, npe.n;CTaBJIeHHOH Ha pHC. 89, aTO COOTHO-
llIeHHe JIerKO BbIBeCTH, npHHHMaH BO BHHMaHHe, 'ITO
ilaIlpH>K HHe Ha KOHIJ;ax yqaCTKa, co.n;epX<all.{ero 3.l{C,
COBna.n;aeT C HanpHiKeHHeM Ha BfJeIIIHeM COnpOTHBJIe-
HHH R"a CHJIa TOKa paCC'IHTbIB eTcH no ,3aKoHY OMa
..wrn nOJIHOH'IJ;enH.
C, r 1
--
Puc. 89
0603Ha'leHMA
BenM'IMH,eAMHMqbl
3aKoHbI B BMAe cIJoPMyn M3MepeHMA B CI1
CnpaBO'IHble
3Ha'leHMA, KOHCTBHT
3aKoH OMa AIlS'! nonHo 4enH C - 3fJ.C HCTQI.IHHKa ,
C TOKa
1=-
(R+r) 1- CHna TOKa B 4enH
npH r« R
C R - conpoTHBneHHe
I 1"=- BHeWHero Y4aCTKa
R
4enH
T OK kopoTKoro 3aMbIKaHHS1
C r - BHyrpeHHee
1 ""- conpoTI1BneHHe
K.3.
r
HCTQI.IHHKa TOKa
HanpS1>KeHHe Ha y"4aCTKe
4enW, COAep>Kall.\eM HCT04HHK
TOKa
U= C- Ir
,j
j
3aKOH OMa MH IIOJIHOH IJ;eIlH
403
.Aatfo
jraJ"o"*
10 M3MepelfMe 3AC MCTO'lHMKa TOKa M ero
BHyrpelfHero conpoTMBneHMA
u: e JI b : HCnOJlb30 aTb 3aKOH OMa MH nOJIHOH IJ;enH
.n;JIH H3MepeHHH BHYTpeHHero conpoTHBneHHH HCTO'I-
HHKOB TOKa.
060 p Y .n; 0 B a H He: HCTO'IHHK TOKa BY -4 (B03MOiK-
Ha 3aMeHa Ha .n;pyroH HCTO'IHHK, nHTaIOIItHHCH OT ceTH,
HJIH 'HCIIOJIb30BaHHe 6blTOBbIX a.n;aIlTepOB MH nHTaHHH
KaJIbKYJIHTdpOB H .n;pyrnx 6bITOBbIX npH60poB, raJIbBa-
HH'leCKHM aJIeMeHT, BOJIbTMeTp, aMIIepMeTp, KJIIO'I, pe-
OCTaT, coe.n;HHHTeJIbHbIe npoBo.n;a
'Xo.n; pa60TbI
: 1. Co6epHTe nenb no cxeMe, nOKa3aHHoH Ha pHC. 90,
HCnOJlb3YH B Ka'IeCTBe HCTO'IHHKa TOKa BbIITpHMH-
TeJIb BY -4.
Puc. 90
t.
i2.
'
t
.
f
r
t-
-:
M3]>{epbTe 3.l{C HCTO'IHHKa.
IIpH pa30MKHYTOM KJIIO'Ie BOJIbTMeTp, npHcoe.n;H-
HeHHbIM napaJIJIeJIbHO K HCTO'IHHKY TOKa, nOKa3bI-
,BaeT npHMepHoe 3Ha'IeHHe 3.l{<: HCTO'IHHKa COBna-
.n;eHHe. cJ v H E TeM bIwe, 'IeM 60JIbWe B1JYTpeHHee
'corrpOTHBJIeHHe BOJIbTMeTpa. .l{eHCTBHTeJIbHO,
U =IR = CR v =c Cr =c- C r =C
v v v ( +r) ( +r) Rv
ECJIH E= 4B, a BHYTpeHHee COnpOTHBJIeHHe HCTO'I-
HllKa OKOJIO 1 OMa, TO npH conpOTHBJIeHllH BOJIbT-
. 4.1
'MeTpa 1000 OM U v =4--=3,996 (B). 3TO
. - , 1000
'OTKJIOHeHHe HaMHorq MeHbme IIorpemHocTH
mKOJIbHOrO BOJlbTMeTpa.
: 3. IIepeMelItaH .n;BHiKOK peocTaTa, YCTaFioBHTe TOK B
'IJ;enH I = 2A. 1I3MepbTe HaIlpHiKeHHe U, nOKa3blBa-
e lOe BO.7IbTMeTpOM B aTOM cJIyqae.
)"10 3aKOHY OMa ,ZJ;JIH nOJIHOH I1enH B aTOM CJIY'Iae
"(f="E - Ir, HMeHHO noaTOMY npH HapacTaHHH TOKa
,
V
,
t
t:
f:
B IJ;eIIH nOKa3aHliH BOJIbTMeTpa y6bmaIOT. OTCIO.n;a
JIerKO nOJIY'IllTb:
(E -U)
r -
I
PaCC'IliTaiiTe BHYTpeHHee COnpOTHBJIeHHe HCTO'I-
HHKa r.
4. OIJ;eHHTe omooKY H3MepeHllH r O .
5. IIpoBe.n;llTe aHaJIOrH'IHbIe H3MepeHllH MH raJIbBa-
HH'IecKoro aJIeMeHTa B Ka'IeCTBe HCTO'IHHKa TOKa.
C.n;eJIaHTe B'bmo.n;bI 0 1C00THomeHHH BHYTpeHHHX
COnpOTHBJIeHHH .n;BYX HCTO'IHHKOB, eCJIH TO'IHOCTb
H3MepeHHH n03BOJIHeT aTO c.n;eJIaTb.
6. Ocl>opMllTe BbIBO.n;bI' 113 pa60TbI C YKa3aHHeM no-
JIY'IeHHbIX 3Ha'IeHHH 3.l{C H BHyTpeHHHx COIlpO-
'IHBJIeHHH HCTO'IHHKOB.
*II P H M e 'I a H He. 06 onpe.n;eJIeHHH omH60K Henoc-
pe.n;CTBeHHbIX H3MepeHHH (CHJIbI TOKa H HaIlpHiKeHHH)
H paC'IeTe oWH6KH KOHe'IHOrO pe3YJIbTaTa (EH r) He-
06XO.n;HMO JJpO'IHTaTb (;neIJ;HaJlbHbIe rJIaBbI noc06HM
no cl>H3H'IeCKoMY npaKTHKYMY, HanpHMep «<I>POH- "
TaJIbHbIe JIa60paTopHbIe 3aHHTHH no cl>H3HKe 7 -11
no.n; pe.n;. B. A. 6YPoBa H f. T. HHKHcl>opoBa, M.: IIpo-
CBelIteHHe, 1996; «<I>H3HKa 10 no.n; PC.lt. A. A. IIHHC-
KOro, M.: IIpocBelIteHHe, 1995.
c
jraJ"o"*
YpOBeHb A
1. PaCC'IHTaHTe CHJIY TOKa B IJ;enH HCTO'IHHKa C 3.l1:C
paBHoH 9 H BHYTpeHHHM conpOTHBJIeHHeM 1 OM
rrpH no.n;KJIIO'IeHHH BO BHemHIOIO nenb pe311CTopa
C conpOTHBJIeHHeM B 3,5 OM.
2. llpH nOJJ;KJIIO'IeHHH K 6aTapeHKe C 3.l1:C 1,5 B pe-
3HCTopa C COnpOTHBJIeHHeM 2 OM CHJIa TOKa B IJ;enH
0,75 A. KaKOBO BHYTpeHHee conpOTHBJIeHHe 6aTa-
peHKH?
3. B OnTMMaJIbHOM peiKHMe pa60TbI conpOTHBJIeHHe
JIaMnbI HaKaJIHBaHliH paBHo 14 OM npH CHJIe TOKa
0,25 A. KaKOBa 3.l1:C HCTO'IItHKa TOKa C BHyTpeH-
HHM conpoTHBJIeHHeM 2 OM, eCJIli npH no.n;KJIIO'Ie-
HHH K HeMY JIaMnbl HaKaJI ontliMMeH?
4. IICTO'IHHK TOKa C 3.l{C 12 B H BHYTpeHHHM conpo-
THBJIeHHeM 0,5 OM no.n;KJIIO'IaIOT K peocTaTY, conpo-
THBJIeHHe KDTOpOro MOX<HO MeHHTb OT 0 .n;o 6 OM
(pHc.91).
"
404
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA 11 IIOCT05lHHbIfi TOK
')
Puc. 91
IIoCTpoHTe rpacl>HK 3aBHCHMOCTH nOKa3aHHH aM-
nepMeTpa OT conpOTHBJIeHHH peocTaTa.
5. lleperopHT JIH nJIaBKHH'npe.n;oxpaHHTeJIb, paCC'IH-
TaHHbIH H;a SA, ecJIH HM 3aMKHYTb KJIeMMbI aKKY-
My.1i:HTopa C 3.ZJ:C 38 H BHyTpeHHHM conpOTHBJIe-
HHeMO,10M?
YpoBeHb 6
6. Ha rJIa.n;\<HH IJ;HJIHH.n;p H3 .n;HaJIeKTpHKa pa.n;HYCOM
5 MM H MHHOH 5 CM HarrbIJIHJIH CJIOH nJIaTHHbI TOJI-
IItHHOH t4 MKM H ypOHHJIH IJ;HJIHH.n;p Ha KJIeMMbI, K
KOTOpblM 6bIJI IIo.n;KJIIO'IeH HCTO'IHHK TOKa C 3.ZJ:C
2, 2B H BHYTpeHHHM conpOTHBJIeHHeM 0,01 OM;.
KaKOB 6y.n;eT TOK KopoTKoro 3aMbIKaHHH, eCJIH'OCb
ij;HJIHH.n;pa :I$epaMH'IeCKOrO pe3HCTopa HanpaBJIeHa
OT O.n;HOH KJIeMMbI HCTO'IHHKa.K .n;pyroH? Y.n;eJIb-
HOe conpOTHBJIeHHe IIJIaTHHbI 0,105 MKOM'M.
..7: ' K HCTO<nmKy TOIci1 C BHyrpeHHHM cOIipoTllBJIeHHeM
, '1 OM nO.n;KJIIOtIRJIH nOCJIe,ltOBaTeJIbHO aMIIepMeTp H
pe3it:cTop C C'cmponm.neHlleM 2 OM. IIpH aT<?M aM-
nepMeTp nOKa3aJI lA. "tJ'r0 nOKIDKeT aMIIepMetp; eCJIli
HCn0JIb30BaTb pe3HCTOp cOlIpomBJIeHHeM 3 OM?
8. B :QenH, H306paJKeHHOH Ha cxeMe (pHC. 92), BOJIbT-
MeTp nOKa3blBaeT 3 B, a aMnepMeTp - 0,5 A. IIpH
CHJIe'TOKa 1 A BOJIbTMeTp nOKa3bIBaeT 2,5 B. KaKOBbI
' 3.ZJ:C H BHYTpeHHee conpOTHBJIeHHe HCTO'IHfuca?
Puc. 92
, 1
9. B aJIeKTpH'leCKOH IJ;eIIH, npe.n;CTaBJIeHHOH H pHC. 93, \
npH"paaoMKHYToM KJIIO'Ie BOJI TMeTp nOKa3blBaeT ,j
6 B npH 3aMKHYToM KJIIO'Ie - 4,5 B. KaKOBbI 3.ZJ:C
.
H BHYTpeHHee conpOTHBJIeHHe HCTo,HHKa, ecJIH '
pe3HCTOp HMeeT COnpOTllBJIeHHe 2 OM? . " .' . j
v
K
R= 2 OM
Puc. 93
10. rlJIaBKHH npe.n;oxpaHIiTe,lIb C MaJIbIM conpOTllB- :;
.neHHeM, paCC':lHTaHHbm Ha SA" BKJIIO'Iea: Me:>K.n;y '1
HCTO'IHHKOM TOKa C 3.ZJ: C 220B (T BHYTP MaJIO) H po- ,
3eTKOH, npHcoe.n;HHeHHoH K HCTO'IHHKy aJIIQMH
HHeBbIMH npOBo.n;aMH 061IteH MHHOH 20 M H,.n;H- <
aMeTpoM 0,5 MM. IIeperopliT JIH npe.n;oxpaffHTeJIb, ;
eCJIH B p03eTKY BCTaBHTb .n;Ba rpacl>HTOBbIX, CTep- ,
)KHH .n;HaMeTpOM 1 MM H MHHOH 10 CM, a 3aTeM i
IIOJIOiKHTb nonepeK TaKOH iKe cTepiKeHb? PaCCTD- j
HHHe MeiKlI,Y oTBepcTHHMH p03eTKH 'paBHO 3 CM,
BHYTpeHHHM conpOTHBJIeHHeM HCTO'IHHKa. npe- j
He6pe'Ib. Y.n;eJIbHbIe cOnpOTHBJIeHHH aJIIOMHHHH ]
H'rpacl>HTa C'IHTaTb paBHbIMH 0,028 H 10 MKOM'M,
cooTBeTcTBeHHO.
11. IIocTpoiiTe rpacl>HK 3aBliCHMOCTli HattpHiKeHHH, ,
nOKa3bIBaeMoro BOJIbTMeTpoM, OT COnpOTHBJIe- !
HHH peocTaTa, BKJIIOtIeHHbIX no cxeMe, nOKa3aH-
HOH Ha pHC. 94. BeJIH'IHHbI CH T, C'IHTaTb H3Becr-
HbIMH.
&,r
Rz
v
Puc. 94
3 OHOMa,ZJ;JIHnO HOHIJ;ffill'
405
dUtNaJl,
YpOBeHb A (pacCLfHTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1. 3.l{C HCTO"!{HHKa paBHa 9 B, BHYTpeHHee conpo-
THBJIeHHe 0,5 OM. Onpe,lteJIHTe CHJIY TOKa B :QenH
npH nO,ltKJIIO'IeHHll K HeMY pe3HCTopa C conpo-
THBJIeHlleM 4 OM.
2. HapHcYHTe aJIeKTpH'IecKYIO cxeMY ,ZJ;JIH onpe.n;e-
JIeHHH 3.l{ C HCTO'IHHKa H ero BHYTpeHHero co-
npOTHBJIeHllSl. K He BeJIH'IHHbI He06xo.n;HMO
MH aToro 113MepHTb COrJIaCHO BameH cxeMbI?
3. IIpH no.n;KJIIO'IeHHH K HCTO'IHHKY C BHYTpeHHHM
conpoTHBJIeHlleM l' OM BHemHero conpoTHBJIe-
HHH 4 OM, no I1enH npoxo.n;llT TOK 0,2 A. KaJcoBa
6y.n;eT CHJIa TOKa npH KOpOTKOM 3aMbIKaHHH
'KJIeMM llC1'o'!HHKa? '
YpoBeHb & (pacCLfHTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1.6arnpeH, 3.l{C KOTOpoH 16 B, 3aMKHYTa Ha pe-
3 CTOp cOIlpo:I'HBJIeHlleM 6 OM. CHJIa TOKa B :Qenll
'2 A. KaKOBO BIfYTPCHHee coonpoTHBJIeHHe HCTO'I-
HUKa?
,
2. K KOHIJ;aM CTeKJIHHHOH Tpy6KH MHHOH 75 CM H
BHyT}>eHHHM ,ltHaMeTpoM 1 MM npHnaHHbl ,ltBa
aJIeK1'po,lta. qeMY 6y,neT paBHa CHJIa TOKa B TPy6-
Ke, ecJIli ee 3 mOJIHHTb pTyTblO H nO,ltcoe.n;HHHTb
K raJIbBaHH'IeCKoMY aJIeM HTY C 3.l1:C 1,5 B H
. J;tIfYTPCHHHM conpoTllaJIeHHeM 10M? Y,lteJIbHoe
conpOTHBJIeHHe pTyTH 0,96.10- 6 OM'M.
1-
l'
r
,
I
i'
f
l,
3. B IJ;enh, npe.n;cTaBJIeHHyIO Ha cxeMe (pliC. 95),
BKJIIO'IeH peOCTaT C HaMOTKOH H3 npOBo.n;a, conpo-
THBJIeHHe KOTOporo paBHO 6 OM. .lI:JIliHa HaMOTKH
peOCTaTa 12 CM. 3.l{C H BHYTpeHHee COnpOTHBJIe-
Hlle HCTOtnlllKa paBHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO 12 B H 2 OM.
IIocTpoHTe rpacl>llK 3aBHCliMOCTH eHJIbI TOKa B
IJ;eim OT,nOJIO)KeHHH .n;BH:>KKa peocTaTa. ....
&,r
2eM
\." "
" -1
Puc. 95
3
Yp088Hb &
1. IIpeMO)KHTe CBOH HJIH npOaHaJI1l311pyiiTe BCTpe-
'IaIOlItlieCH B JTOH rJIaBe cnoc06hI H3MepeHHH 3.l1: C
HCTO'IHllKa TO Hero BHYTPeHHero COnpOTHBJIe;'
HHH. OIJ;eHHTe om1l6KH pe3YJIb1;'aTOB, nOJIy'Iae.MbIX
TeM WIH HHbIM MeTo.n;OM, npH O,ltHH OBOM KJIaCce
TO'IHOCTli HCnOJIb3yeMbIx npH60poB. PeaJJ1l3y:HTe
HaH60JIee TO'IH.hIH H3 HHX ,ZJ;JIH SKcnepHMeH1'aJIb-
Horo onpe,lteJIeHHH STllX BeJIll'IHH.
"'.....
, ,
. J .. . -1'", _
.} :\
,.,;. .
>,-"
'"
, '.r1
......,-
,..
: f'
" '
. '
',- ' "-
It.. _
1
,t"", t
.' -. "1"
0'1-
:.;-'" ',.'
:--"" '"
t ",,;: :' j,tl:;t;< ,:" , ',',
ConpO tI H :1' OB .
. ,'... ..... ..,_.>to4- t-
V .. . . ". :...:\(;-.., A. .::_"';«':(..-';: . "i _',
Hanp,R>KeHMM .._' ' ,:. 't-:r:..::
. ,
,"./
..
PaC'ieT
. -
" ," ,.f
\'
,
-"..,. 'fj {
... t,;.
.
1,
, f
fk ,;';
.,
'
.
",'
..f ," . "
:
/".1
off'. '( "
.;....
:( :
.-
,:.,j
!\
,-,;'1:
;.
.. '
"
i
f
i
f
"-,
"
IbY'lMB 3TY TeMY,
· Bbl Y3HaeTe, KaK H3MepJlTb TOK, npOTeKalO HH 4epe3
OTAenbHble aneMeHTbl Y4aCTKa Q,enH H 4epe3 Becb Y4a-
CTOK, a TaK>Ke HanpJl>KeHHe Ha oTAenbHblX aneMeHTax
Y4aCTKa Q,enH H Ha BceM Y4aCTKe;
· HaY4HTeCb c06HpaTb aneKTpH4eCKHe Q,enH no HX cxe-
MaM, COCTaBnJlTb cxeMbl peanbHblX lI.eneH, BblnOnHJlTb
paC4eTbianeKTpH4eCKoro conpOTHBneHHA Q,eneH nYTeM
x paa6HeHHJI Ha Y4aCTKH C nOCn(!AOBaTenbHbIM H na-
panneJ1bHblM coeAHHeHeHHeM aneMeHTOB,
KoNCl1lXlli .
.7Ila fIt .
B aJIeKTpll'leCKHX IJ;en,flx G CaM:btM n;pH'IY,lJ;JIHQbIM CO-
e.n;HHeHHeM 9JIeMeJ{TO,B 3a'IaeT)[R? MOiKHO BbJJ{eJIHTb
. "
Y'IaCTKM, B KOTOpbIX aJIeMeHThI coe.n;HHeHbI IIOCJIelI,O-
BaTeJIbHO H napaJIJIeJIbHO. T He' cnoc06bI coe.n;HHe-
HHH aJIeMeHTOB IJ;enH yx<e BCTpe'IaJIHCb B npe.n;hI.n;yIItHX
rJIaIjax (nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOe coe.n;HHeHHe aMnepMeTpa
H napaJIJIeJIbHOe no.n;KJIIO'IeHHe BOJIbTMeTpa K Y1J;acT-
Ky IJ;enH, 6aTapeH KOH.n;eHCaTopOB). 3.n;eCb MbI OCTaHO-
BHMCH Ha OCHOBHblX 3aKOHOMepHOCTHX npOTeKaHHH
TOKa B TaKHX yqaCTKax. B Ka'IeCTBe aJIeMeHTOB I1enH
.n;JIH npOCTOTbI 6y.n;eM paCCMaTpHBaTb, B OCHOBHOM,
pe3HCTopbI.
d . .
? .. J,
--
, ;,
, ,,'," '..._.... "" 'I i /.'
::p en H 'i" ;' _"
! . t , 8iH , M e-:"" ...-,..t:..,/T"';' ;',:
f ;o:..' . 14 ,. $ ,:.'.J. <,. .;\' t.(.1 I .
I ;\na Ad1ci. Hoe C..t .,' "" '-
: P J ,. . .<
",'
-f l
"i
OCHOBHble nOHATMA:
ilOCn(!AOBaTenbHoe coeAHHeHHe aneMeHTOB aneKTpH-
4eCKOH Q,enH · napannenbHoe coeAHHeHHe aneMeH-
TOB
'.
nOCneAOBaTenbHOe COeAMHeHMe
3neMeHTOB
3TO coe.n;HHeHHe OTJIll'laeTCH"iIarJIHlI,HOCTbIO: BbIXO.n;
npe.n;bmYlItero aJIeMeHTa cilH3aH co BXO.n;OM nOCJIe.n;y-
IOlItero. Ho OHO HMeeT elIte o.n;Hy OC06eHHOCTh. TOK,
npOTeKaIOIItHH 'Iepe3 Bce MeMeHTbI, o.n;HHaKOB:
It = 1 2 ='" = I N = I.
ITOCKOJIbKY MH KaiK.n;oro pe3HcTOpa MOiKHO npi1:Me-
HHTh 3aKOH OMa .n;JIJ'f. Y'IacTKa IJ;enH, TO HanpHiKeHHe
Ha Ka:>K.n;OM H3 pe3HCropOB npOnOpl1HOHaJIbHO Conpo- '
THBJIeHHIO KaiK.n;oro pe3HCTOpa:
, Pac'IeT ConpoTHBJIeHHH, TOKOB II HaIIpHiKeHHH nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO H napaJIJIeJIbHO coe,zurneHHbIX IIpOBO.n;HHKaX 407
U, = 1R,; U 2 = 1R 2 ; ... U N = 1RN'
, HanpHiKeHHe Ha KOHIJ;aX Bcero Y'IaCTKa IJ;enH:
U'N= U, + U 2 + ... + U N = 1(R, + R 2 + ... + R N ) = 1R'N'
R,
6
A
v,
V 2
V N
v
V'N=V
A
6
L-G)--J
V
, Puc,96
;
'
t. BeJIH'IHHY R'N Ha3bIBaIOT 061I(HM COnpOTI:IBJIeHt(eM
)"IaCTKa l\enH HJIH 3KBHBaJIeHTHbIM COnpOTHBJIeHH-
, eM )"IaCTKa. IIpu 3a.Me1le Beezo yr.taemKa Ita pe3ucmop
, e 3'KBUBaJle1lmlt'blJU eonpomUBJleltUeM BO Beeu enu Bite
, i)altltozo yr.tacmKa Bee m01CU U HanpR.:JICe1lWl ocmaltym-
eSl. npe:JlC1tUMU.
. napannenbHoe coeAMHeHMe 3neMeHTOB
; npH TaKOM cnoc06e coe.n;HHeHHH aJIeMeHTOB yqacTKa
. nenH (pHC. 97) Bce'Bxo.n;HbIe KJIeMMbI3.Q:eMeHT()B co-
. eAHHeHbI B OAHOH TO'IKe A, TaK iKe KaK BbIXO.n;HbIe
;, eMMbI - B O.n;HOH TO'IKe D. .HCHO, 'ITO npH aTOM Ha-
npffiKeHHe Ha Bcex pe3HCTopax O.n;HHaKOBO:
U,=- U 2 =... = U N = U'N= U.
, TOK, no.n;xo.n;R K TaKoMY Y'IaCTKY IJ;enH, pa3BeTBJIHeTCH
Ha N nOTOKOB.1I3 3aKoaa coxpaHeHHR 3apH,ZJ;a CJIe,ltyeT,
:, 'ITO npH aTOM:
11 + 1 2 + .. + 1N=1'N=I.
iUOCKOJIbKY MH KaiK,ZJ;Oro pe3Hcropa H3.3aKOHa OMa
; CJIe.n;yeT:
_U.-_U. _U
1,--,/ 2 --,...I N --
R, RN '
nOJIY'IaeM:
1,= +...+ =u{ + +...+ ).
I 1
IIoCKOJIbKY no 3aKoHY OMa -:;:: 1) , r,lte R'N co-
U '1N
IIpOTHBJIeHHe Bcero Y'IaCTKa I1enH, BepHo CJIe.n;YIOlItee
COOTHomeHHe .n;JIH BbI'lHCJIeHHH aKBHBaJIeHTHOro co-
IIpo'tHBJIeHHH yqacTKa IJ;enH:
I I I I
-=-+-+...+-
RIN R, R 2 RN .
6
---
\
v
V
A i: ' 6
l [-
Puc. 97
. MeToA 3KBMBaneHTHbiX 3aMeH AnA
BbIliMCneHMA 3KBMaaneHTHoro
conpOTMBneHMA Y'lacTKa LlenM
Ha pHC. 98 npelI,CTaBJIeH yqaCTOK IJ;enH, B KOTOpOM
npOCMaTpHBaIOTCH 6JIOKH, r.n;e pe3HCTopbI coe.n;HHeHbI
nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO HJIH napaJIJIeJIbHO.
R, R4
A
6
R6
PRC. 98
408
3JIEKTPOCT A TIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbItt TOK
.TaK, pe3HcTopbI R I H R 2 coe.n;HHeHhI nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIb-
HO, pe3Hcroph1 R4 H R5 - napaJIJIeJIbilO, a pe3HcTop
Rr, npHcoe.n;HHeH napaJIJIeJIbHO K 6JIoKy, cOAepx<alIte-
MY Bce OCTaJIbHbIe pe311CTopbI. B TaKOM CJIY'tae .n;JIH
BbI'IHCJIeHHH COnpOTHBJIeHHH Bcero Y'IaCTKa cJIe,ltYeT
3aMeHHTb aKBHBaJIeHTHbIMH conpOTHBJIeHHHMH Te
6JIOKH, B KOTOpbIX cnoc06 coe.n;HHeHHH aJIeMeHTOB
O'IeBH.n;eH, nOCTeneHHO ynpo:m;aH enb. TaK, 3aMeHHH
, R - R4Rs
R I H R 2 Ha R 12 = R I + R 2 , a R4 H R5 Ha 45 - R4 + Rs '
nOJIyqHM cxeMbI, npe.n;CTaBJIeHHbIe Ha pHC. 99 a.
R 12
A
6
a)
A
R 123
6
R45
R12345
R6
R6
R
A 123456 6
..:....c:::::::
z)
6)
8)
Puc. 99
3aMeHa R3 H R 12 Ha R I23 npHBo.n;HT K aKBHBaJIeHTHOH
cxeMe (pHC. 99 6). .
.lI:aJIee 3aMeHHeM nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO coe.n;HHeHHbIe co-
npOTHBJIeHHH R 123 H R45 Ha aKBHBaJIeHTHOe conpoTHB-
JIeHHe R12345 (pHC. 99 8), 'ITO .n;eJIaeT O'IeBH.n;HOH 3aMe-
HY .n;BYX napaJIJIeJIbHbIX pe3HCTopOB Ha O.n;HH R123456'
aKBHBaJIeHTHbIH BceMY HCXO.n;HOMY Y'IaCTKY IJ;enH
(pHC. 99 l).
MeToA coeAMHeHMA M pa3'beAMHeHMA TOlieK
qenM C oAMHaKoBbiM nOTeHqManoM AnA
ynpoaqeHMA paClieTOB
B pH,lte CJIyqaeB 6JIOKR C napaJIJIeJIbHbIM H nocne.n:o-
BaTeJIbHbIM coe.n;HHeHHeM I1enH B HBHOM BR.n;e He npo-
CMaTpll'BaIOTCH, O,ltHaKO pOCJIe CBe.n;eHHH B O.n;HY TO'IKY
Tex TOqeK nem-i:, KOTopble 06JIa.ll;aIOT o.n;HHaKOBbIM
nOTeHUHaJIOM (HanpHMep, coe.n;HHeHHbIX npOBo.n;OM C
3aKOH'" B &MAe cIJoPMyn
nocneAoBaTenbtloe
C<>eAHHeHHe 3neMeHTOB
TIJ RI - - m RN 6
I'" ...
11 IN
U I UN
,,= =... = , N =
U I = IR I ; lJ" = IR 2 ; ...
U N = IRN
UA$= U I +lJ"+,,,+U N
R A6 = RI+R2+...+RN
napannenbHoe
coep,HHeHHe 3neMeHTOB
2L.
I tl l 7 1 /1 '"
A -+ .---2-. I' u
! " -. -rr\ 1
: ::/2 2: :
", : ' / N RN It': ;
, I I ,
\ , I'
..., "
'", I,'
..., V I,
U
U, = lJ" = ... = U N = U AE
't + + ... + 'N = I
U U U
' 1 = R I ;/ 2 = R 2 ;...;I N = RN
= ( +i+ )
R A6 'R I ' R 2 ... RN
0603HaIf8HM B8J1M"MH,
eAMHMqlll M3MepeHMA B
CM, cnpaBOlfHllle'
3Ha".HM" KOHCTaHT
1- CHna TOKa, Ha )"oIaCTKe
4enH A6
'1; ; ... 'N - CHna TOKa,
epe3 1, 2, ... N-blH
pe3HCTopbl
u,; ,lJ,,; ... UN - HanpmKeHMft
Ha 1,' 2, ... N-oM
pe3HCTOpax
U AB - HanPJI>KeHMe Ha
KOH4(iX Y4aCTKa 4enM A6
RAE> .- conpoTHBJ1eHMe
Y4aCTKa A6
,( ,
-' 0
MaJIbIM conpoTllBJIe!IHeM). HJIH HCKYCCTBeHHoe pa3"he
.n;HHeHHe TaKHX TO'IeK, npeBpalItaeT cxeMY B COBOJCY1I
HOCTb 6JIOKOB, COlIpOTHBJIeHlle KOTOpbIXJIerKO paCC'IH-
TaTh. HarrpHMep, TO'IKH B, C, D Ha cxeMe (pIic. 100 a)
COe,ZJ;HHeHbI IIpOBO.n;OM, noaTOMyo6JIB,ltaIOT O.n;HHaKOBbIM
nOTeHt(llaJIOM. CBe.n;eHHe HX B TO'IKY B ,lteJIaeT paC'IeT
conpoTHBJIeHIDI yqacTKa O'IeBH,lJ;HbIM (pHC. 100 6).
-;
PaC'IeT cOIIpOTHBJleHHii:, TOKOB H HaIIpHiKeHHH B nOCJIe.n;OBare.lIbHO H napaJIJleJIbHO coe.n;HHeHHbIX IIpOBO,ZJ;HHKaX 409
'C
D
a)
6)
Puc. 100
B cxeMe (pHC. 101 a), Ha060poT, y.n;06HO TO'IKY 0 paa-
,lteJIHTb Ha.n;Be TO'IKH 0 1 H O 2 (pHc.1016), nOCJIe'Iero
paC'IeT COnpOTHBJIeHHH MeiK.n;y yqaCTKaMH IJ;enH CY-
lIteCTBeliHO y"pOlItaeTCjI (pHC. 101 8). .
2
a)
6
°1
r
,
[
[ , Pue. 101
,.
i
, .
f
nOcneAOBaTenbHOCTb peWeHMA 3aAa'l Ha
fpac'Ie1' TOKOB'" HanpAHCeHMM B qenM C
" TO'lHMKOM TOKa ( McnOnb30Ba,..MeM
38KOHa OMa AnA nonHOM qenM)
PeweHHe npHMoH 3a.n;a'IH pacJ:leTa TOKOB H HaIlpHiKe-
HHH B aJIeMeHTax I1enH, TOK B KOTOpOH C03.n;aeTCH HC-
TO'IH:HKOM roIGi C 3l(C &H BHYTpeHHHM conpOTllBJIe-
HHe r. MOiKHO npoBecTH no CJIe.n;yIOlIteMy IIJIaHY:
1); O.n;HJ:lM H3 QbIweoIIHcclHHbIX cnoc06oB paCC'IH-
.TaTb 061Itee cOnpoTHBJIeHlle BHemHeH IJ;enH;
2)' pacC'IHTaTb no 3a:KoHY OMa MH nOJIHoii IJ;enH
, 06IItYIO CHJIY TOKa B I1enH;
3) pa3.n;eJIHTh JJ;enb Ha coe.n;HHeHHbIe nOCJIe.n;OBa-
TeJ[bHO 6JIOKH, B KOTOpbIX SJIeMeHTbI coe.n;HHe-
'HbI napaJIJIeJlbHo. Ha OCliOBe 3aKOHOB.n;JIH TOKOB
II HanpHiKeHHH Ha yqacTKe IJ;enH C napaJIJIeJIb-
HbIMH aJIeMeHTaMH paCCJ:lHTaTb CHJIY TOKa B
napaJIJIeJIbHbIX BeTBHX KaiKAOrO 6JIOKa;
4) YMHOX<aH CHJIY TOKa Ha yqacTKe Ha conpOTHB-
JIeHHe aToro yqacTKa, HaHTH HYiKHbIe 3Ha'IeHHH
HanpHiKeHHH Ha yqacTKax IJ;enH.
JaJO/'aJIiO/WM
jraJ"o"*
1. M3Y"leHtte pacnpe.QeneHMA TOKOB M
HanpAHCeHMM B pe3McTop X,
coeAMHeHHblX nocneAOBaTenbHO M
napannenbHO
U e JI b : 3aKpenHTb nOHHTHe conpOTHBJIeHHH yqacTKa
IJ;enH, npoBepllTb aKcnepHMeHTaJIbHO 3aKOHbI pacnpe-
.n;eJIeHHH TOKOB H HaIlpHiKeHllH B aJIeMeHTax I1enH npH
,napaRJIeJIbHOM H nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHOM coe.n;HHeHHH.
060 p y.n; 0 B a H'H e: HCTO'IHHK TOKa, aMnepMeTp,
BOJIbTMeTp, KJIIO'I, TpH pe3HCTopa C pa3HbiM conpOTHB-
JIeHHeM (npHMepHo 1,2 H 3 OM), coe.n;HHHTeJIbHbIe
npOBo.n;a, peOCTaT.
Xo.n; pa60TbI"
1. C06paB cxeMY 1, KaK nOKaaaHO Ha pRC. 102, H3Me-
pHTb conpOTHBJIeHHe KaJK.n;oro pe3HcTopa no OT-
.n;eJIbHOCTH.
CxeMa 1
r
Pne. 102
2. C06paTb cxeMY 2 (pHC. 103) H, H3MepHB HarrpJl-
x<eHHe Me)K,ZJ;Y TO'IKaMH A II D, a TaKiKe CHJIY TOKa
, B IJ;enH, paCC'IHTaTb cOnpOTHBJIeHHe yqacTKa IJ;enli
AD. Y6e.n;HTbcH, '11'0 conpOTHBJIeH-\ie Y'IaCTKa C
TO'IHOCTbIO .n;o omH60K H3MepeHHH cOBJ;);a.n;aeT C
CYMMOH cOnpOTHBJIeHHH pe3HcTopOB.
410
3JIEKTPOCT A TJ1KA II rrOCTO.HHHbIfi TOK
CxeMa 2
r:
R3
f
o
Puc. 103
Y K a 3 a H He. IIpHcoe.n;HHHTe npOBo.n;a C HaKOHe'IHtI-
KaMH K BOJIbTMeTpy H' H3MepHiiTe Hanp$liKeHHe MeiK-
,lty TO'IKaMH IJ;enH, npHKacaHCb HaKOHe'IHHKaMH
,TOJIbKO K coomeTcmYIOIItHM TO'IKaM cxeMbI, He npH-
coe.n;HHHH BOJIbTMeTpa.
3. 1I3MepHB HaIlpHiKeHHe Ha Y'IaCTKaX AB, BC, CD,
y6e.n;HTbCH, 'ITO HanpH>KeHHe Ha yqacTKe KaiK.n;oro
H3 OCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO coe.n;HHeHHbIX aJIeMeHTOB
IJ;enH npOnOpIJ;HOHaJIbHO conpOTHBJIeHHIO ,ltaHHoro.
aJIeMeHTa, a cYMMa HanpHiKelJHH Ha Tpex yqacTKax
COBna.n;aeT c HanpJl)KeHHeM Ha KOHIJ;ax 061Itero yqa-
CTKa.
4. C06paTb cxeMY 3 (pHC. 104) H, H3MepHB CHJIY TOKa
H HanpHiKeHHe Me)K,ZJ;Y TO'IKaMH A H B, paCC'IHTaTb
conpoTHBJIeliHe yq:aCTKa IJ;enH H3 Tpex napaJIJIeJIb-
HO coe.n;HHeHHbIX pe3HcTopOB. Y6e.n;HTbcH, QTO OHO
COBna.n;aeT C c,onpOTHBJIeHHeM, pacC'IHTaHHbIM no
1 1 1 1
cl>opMYJIe R = + R;, +. .
"CxeMa 3
cr:
LJ
R,
B
Puc. 104
5. C06paB cxeMY, aHaJIOrH'IHyIO H<!06paJKeHHOH Ha
pHC. 105, H3MepHTb CHJIY TOKa B KaJKlI,OM pe3HCTO-
pe. Y6e.n;HTbcH B TOM, 'ITO CYMMa TOKOB 'Iepe3 pe-
,3HCTOpbl B npe.n;eJIax TO HOCTH H3MepeHHH COBna-
,ZJ;aeT C CYMMapHbIM TOKOM.
R,
D
f
R 2
Puc. 105
6. IIpH BbIIlOJIHeHHll Ka)K,ZJ;oro nYHKTa 3amiCbIBaiiTe
pe3YJIbTaTbI H3MepeHHH, a B KOHI1e pa60TbI ccl>op-
MYJIHPyiiTe BbIBO.n;bI no KaJK.n;OMy nyHKTy pa60TbI.
CtU4()CJJio.JuJie.WtaJl '
ftaOOllia
06Y'1alOI1IMM TeCT
YpoBeHb A
1. KaK H3MeHHTCH conpOTHBJIeHHe rrpOBo.n;HllKa, eCJIH
II 1.. ro pa3pe3aTb Ha .n;Be paBHbIe 'IaCTH H coe.n;HHHTb
, rt>,hTH acTH napaJIJIeJIbHO?
o A. He H3MeHHTCH.
o 6. YMeHbmHTcH B 2 paaa.
o !3) YMeHbmHTcH B 4 pa3a. 1,
o f. YBeJIH'lHTCH B 2 pa3a.
2. Onpe.n;eJIHTe 061Itee COnpOTHBJIeHHe aJIeKTpB'reCKOH ' I,
- I1enH (pHC. 106), B KOTOpOH R 1 = 2 OM, R 2 = 4 OM.
JV
C R,=2 J
.
A
.
6
=40..,
Puc. 106
4
o A. 3 OM. 06. 6 OM.
o B.30M. 0 f. OM.j
3. .n:Ba pe3HcTopa C conpOTHBJIeHHHMH R 1 = 10 OM, 1
R 2 = 20 OM coe.n;HHeHbI nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO. qeMY
u U 1
paBHO OTHomeHHe HarrpHiKeHHH U HaanIX pe-
2
3HCTopax?
J
PaC'IeT COIIpOTHBJleHHii:, TOKOB H HarrpIDi<eHHii: B nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO H rrapaJIJIeJIbHO COe.n;lmeHHbIX npOBO.n;HHKaX 411
o A. 1. 0 6. !.
2
o B.2.
o f. Cpe.n;H OTBeTOB A-B HeT rrpaBHJIbHoro.
4. qeMY paBHa CHJIa TOKa B 061Iteii 'IaCTH aJIeKTpH-
'IeCKOH I1enH (pHC. 107)?
A
E
50M
,
- ,
v
u= 15 B
Puc. 107
o A. 0,67 A. 0 E. 0,5 A.
o B. 1 A. 0 f. 2 A.
5. PaCC'IHTa:HTe 061Itee conpOTHBJIeHHe I1errll (PHC. 108)
MeiK.n;y TO'lKaMH 1-2. ConpOTHBJIeHHe KaJKlIoro
aJleMeHTa I1enH paBHo 10M.
Puc. 108
o A. 3 OM. ' 0 6. 2. OM.
, 1
o B. 1,5 OM: 0 f. "3 OM.
6. CHJIa TOKa 'Iepea CorrpoTHBJIeHHe 3 OM (pHC. 109)
paBHa 13 =,3A. Onpe.n;eJIHTe cHJIy TOKa It H 1 2 B na-
paJIJIeJIbHbIX BeTBHX C CorrpoTHBJIeHHHMH 1 H 2 OM,
COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
10M
A
E
20M
Puc. 109
o A. 1 A. H 2 A. . 0 6. 2 A H 1 A.
o B. 1,5AH 1,5 A. 0 f. 3AH3A.
7. qTO nOKa3bIBaeT BOJIbTMeTp VI (pHC. 110), eCJIH
BOJIbTMeTp V 2 nOKa3:bIBaeT 10 ?
A E
100M
50M
VI
Puc.110
0 A. 10 B. o 6. 5 B.
0 B.3,3B. o r. 2,5 B.
YpOBeHb 6
t KaK. 113MeHHTCH. CHJIa TOKa, npoxo.n;HlItero B npo-
BO.l1:J'JHKe, eCJIH YMeHbllIHTb B 2 pa3a HarrpIDKeHHe
Ha ero KOHI1aX, a ,l(JIliHY npoBo.n;HHKa YBeJIH'IHTb B
2 pa3a?
o A. He H3MeHHTCH.
o 6. Y MeHbllIHTCH B 2 paaa.
o B. YMeHbllIHTCH B 4 pa3a.
o f. YBeJIHqHTCH B 2 paaa,
2. Onpe.n;eJIHTe 061Itee COrrpOTHBJreIIHe aJIeKTpll'IeC-
KOH I1enH; npe.n;cTaBJIeHlWH Ha pliC. 111'.COiIpo-
TMBJleHH pe3HcTopOB 4,6, 12 OM COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
,
40M
A ' 60M E
120M
Puc. 111
1
o A. 2" OM. 0 6. 2 OM.
22
o B. 3 OM. /0 f. 22 OM.
3. .lI:Ba pe3HcTopa C conpOTHBJIeHHHMH Rt = 5 OM,
R 2 = 10 OM coe.n;HHeHbI napaJIJIeJIbHO. qeMY paB-
, I .
HO OTHorneHHe CHJI TOROB / , npOTeKaIOm;llX 'Ie-
2
pe3 aTH pe3HCTOpbI?
412
3JIEKTPOCT ATHKA II IIOCTO.HHH'blA TOR
1
o A. 1. 0 6. "2'
'0 B. 2.
o f. Cpe.n;ll OTBeTOB A- B HeT npCWHJIbHoro.
4. :qeMY paBHa CHJIa TOKa, npoxoAHlItero B 061IteH 'Ia-
CTH aJIeKTpH'IeCKOH IJ;enH (pHC. 112), eCJIH BOJIbT-
MeTp nOKa3bIBaeT HanpHiKeHHe, paBHOe 2 B?
+
U=2B
PRC. 112
o A. 0.2 A. 0 6. 0.66 A.
o B. 1 A. 0 f. 2 A.
5. KaKOBO 061Itee conpoTHBJIeHHe yqaCTKa IJ;errll MeiK-
,lty TO'lKaMH k-B (pHC. 113)? ConpOTHBJIeHHe
KaiK,ltOro aJIeMeHTa IJ;enn paBRO 10M.
PHC. 113
17
o A. 7 OM. 06. - OM.
6
o B. 2 OM. D f. 10M.
6. CHJIa TOKa B BeTBH C conpOTHBJIeHHeM 3 OM
(pHC. 114) paBHa 2 A. qeMYPaBHa CHna roKa B BCT-
BH C cOnpOTllBJIeHHeM 2 OM?
30M
PHC. 114
[JA.2A.
o B. 4A.
o 6. 3 A.
4
o f: 5" A.
7. qTO nOKa3bIBaeT BOJIhTMeTp V 1 (pHC. 11-5), -ecJlli
BOJIbTMeTp nOKa3bIBaeT 10 B?
D A. 10 B.
o B. 2,5 B.
V 2
PHC. 115
D6.5B.
D' f. 0,2 B.
.1l)adiII. 1i lid;
'elltt!lUilO 3afa";
YpOBeHb A
1. PaCC'IHTaHTe COnpOTHBJIeHHe H306paJKeHHbIX H
pHC. 116 Y'IaCTKOB IJ;enH, eCJIH conpOTHBJIeHHe
KaiK,ltOro pe3HcTopa 2 OM. '
a)
5
8
8)
A
6)
z)
8
0)
e)
PHC. 116
PaC'IeT conpoTHBJIeHHii:, TOKOB H HarrpHiKeHHii: B nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO JI. napaJI.JIeJIbHO coe,ZJ;HHeHHbIX npOBO,ZJ;HHKax 413
2. AMnepMeTp B IJ;enH Ha cxeMe (pHC. 117) nOKa3bI-
BaeT 2 A. ;q TO nOKa3b1BaIOT BOJIbTMeTpbI Vt' V 2 , V 3 ?
A
8
PHC. 117
3. AMnepMeTpA t B I1enH (pHC. 118) nOKa3bIBaeT 3 A.
qro nOKa3bIBaIOT BOJIbTMeTp V H aMnepMeTp A 2 ?
10M
A
8
v
Poc.118
4: Bo.nbTMeTp V t (pHC. 119) nOKa3bIBaeT 4 B. qTO no-
Ka3bIBaeT aMIlepMeTp A H BOJIbTMeTp V 2 ?
20M
A
.
PRC. 119
,,5. K HCTO'lHHKY TOKa C 3.l1:C 5 B H BHYTpeHHHM co-
,
npoTHBJIeHHeM 1 OM npHcoe.n;HHeHbI 1I0CJIe.n;OBa-
TeJIbHO TPH pe3HCTOpa C conpOTHBJIeHHHMH 1, 2 H
6 OM. KaKOBa CHJIa TOKa B HCTO'IHllKe, B Ka)K,ZJ;OM
H3:pe3HcropOB?
[6. K IffiTO'IHHKY TOKa C 3.l1:C 5 B H BHYTpeHHHM Conpo-
THBJIeHHeM 0,5 OM npHcoe,ZJ;HHeHbI napaJI.JIeJIbHo.n;Ba
pe3HCTopa C conpornBJIeHIDIMH 4 H 4 OM. KaKOBa '
CHJIa TOKa B HCTO'IHllKe B KaiKl10H H3 BeTBeH?
,
t
YpO Hb&
npMMep peWeHMJI 3a.qa'lM
f
t K HCTO'IHHKy,TOka C 3.l1:C 5 B H BHYTPeHHHM co-
t IIpoTHBJIeHHeM 0,1 OM IIpHcoe.n;llHeHbI napa.n;jteJIb-
r HO .n;Ba pe3HCTOpa C corrpOTHBJIeHIDIMH 4 H 6 OM.
:', KaKOBa CHJIa TOKa B HCTO'IHHKe B KaiKl10M H3 pe3H-
CTOpOB?' KaKoe HarrpHiKeHHe nOKaiKeT BOJIbTMeTp,
eCJIli ero no.n;KJIIO'IllTb'K KJIeMMaM HCTO'IHHKa TOKa?
C=5B;
r= 0,1 OM;
Rt =4 OM;
R 2 =6 OM;
1'- ? It - ? 1 2 - ? u - ?
P e III e H He. HapHcyeM cxeMY I1enH:
&,r
.lI:aHO:
A
Rt
8
PRC. 120
PaCC'lHTaeM cOnpOT JIeHHe pe3HCTOpa, aKBHBaJIeHT-
HOro Rt H R 2 :
111111,0
=-+-=-+-=-.
2 4 6 24'
24
R'2 = --'- = 2,4 OM.
10
IICXO.n;HYIO cxeMY 3aMeHHM aKBllBaJ1eHTHoH:
&,r
I
RtL1 _1
PHC. 121
n;pHMeHHM 3aKOH OMa .n;JIH nOJIHOH IJ;enH, 'IT06bI BbI-
'IHCJIHTb CHJIY :COKa B :u;elIH e HCTO'IHHKOM TOKa.n;o TO-
'IeK paaBeTBJIeHHH I1enH A n.B.
E 5'
I - - - 2 ( A )
- R'2 +r - (2,4+0,1) ;
3Ha'lHT, BOJIbTMeTp npH no.n;KJIIO'IeHHH K TO'lKaM-A H
B I1enH nOKaiKeT HanpHiKeHHe:
U = IR t2 = 2.2,4 == 4,8 (B).
B03BpalItaHCb K nepBoH cxeM'e, MOiKHO CKa3aTb, 'ITO
Tenepb JIerKO paCC'IHTaTb CHJIY TOKa 'Iepe3 pe3HcTopbI,
BOCnOJIb30BaBIIIHCb 3aKOHOM OMa,ZJ;JIH yqacTIci IJ;enH:
It=2-= 4, =1,2 (A);
'4, '
I
414
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II IIOCTO.HHHbIti TOK
,
1 2 = = 4,8 =0,8 (A).
.R.2 6
KaK H cJie.n;oBaJIO OX<H.n;aTb: I = It + 1 2 ,
o T BeT: 2 A; 1.2 A; 0,8 A; 4,8 B.
7. PaCC'IHTaHTe conpOTHBJIeHHe CJIe.n;YIOIItHX yqacT-
KOB'I1enH, IIpe.n;cTaBJIeHHOH Ha pHC. 122.
10M 20M
8
30M 40M 50M
a)
10M 40M
20M
A 30M
6)
10M 20M
A
40M 30M
50M
8
8)
10M 20M 30M
A
40M
l)
50M
50M
30M
A 8
d)
10M 40M 20M 3'OM
A 8
20M
10M
e)
PHc.122
.!
8. K HCTO'IHHKy TOKa C 31J;C 4,2 B H BHYTpeHH
conpOTHBJIeHHeM 0,2 OM npHcoe.n;HHeHbI napaJI
JIeJIbHO.n;Ba pe3HCTopac conpoTHime 2:H 30
KaKoBa CHJIa TOKa B HCTO'IHHKe TOKa H B KaiK.n;O
H3 pe3HcTopOB? KaKoe HarrpHiKeHHe nOKaiKe ,
BOJIbTMeTp, eCJIH ero no.n;KJIIO'IHTb K KJIeMMaM He
TO'IHHKa TOKa?
9. IIo rrpHBe.n;eHHbIM Ha pHC. 123 nOKa3aHHHM BOJIb ,
TMeTpOB H aMnepMeTpoB pacC'IHTaHTe HeH3BeCT
Hble nOKa3aHHH OCTaJIbHbIX aJIeKTpOH3MepHTeJIb
HbIX npn60poB.
a)
M
M
U t =5.5B
20M
v
20M
6)
20M
601'1
! -)
2
30M
601'1
4
'4=2A 8)
PHC. 123
10. ,l.{Ba rrpoBo.n;a H3 KOHCTaHTaHa (PM = 50.10- 8 OM'M)
H HHxpOMa (P M = 100.10,8 OM'M) O.n;HHaKOBOro'
.n;HaMeTpa H .n;JIHHbI coe HHHIOT CHa'IaJIa nOCJIe- ,
.n;OBaTeJIbHO, a 3aTeM rr paJIJIeJIbHO H i'}TOT 6JIOK '
no.n;KJIIO'IaIOT K O.n;HOMY H TOMY iKe HC:rO HKy
TOKa. KaK 6y.n;eT paaJIHlffiTbCH CHJIa TOKa'Iepe3 HC-
,
i
1
PaC1leT cOIIpOTHBJIeHHii:, TOKOB 'H ffilIIpHJKeHHii: B nOCJIe.a;O:B Te,7IbHO H rrapaJIJIeJIbHO coe.n;HHeHHbIX npOBO.n;HHI\ax 415
TO'IHHK B nepBOM H BTOpOM CJIY'Iae? Qepe3 KOH-
CTaHTaHOBYIO npOBOJIOKY B nepBOM H BTOpOM CJIY-
'Iae? BHyTpeHHHM CorrpOTHBJIeHHeM HCTO'IHllKa
npeHe6pe'Ib. '
YpOBeHb B
1 L Pacc'IHTaihe COnpOTHBJIeHHe yqaCTKOB I1enH Ha
pHC. 124, eCJIH KaiK,ZJ;oe 1'13 3BeHbeB HMeeT conpo-
THBJIeHHe r.
A
B
a)
A
B
i
_ J
6)
, A
0)
A
PHC. 124
;-
npMMep peweHMA aAa'lM
Onpe.n;eJIHTb cOnpOTHBJIeHHe yqa(,:TKa AB .n;JIH cxe-
MbI, rrpe.n;cTaBJIeHHOH Ha pHC. 124 l. ConpOTHBJIe-
HHH Bcex pe3HcTopOB paBHbI.
1 t n 0 C 06. 0603Ha'IHM BepmHHbI Ky6a A, M, C, D,
" E, F, M, B, N B CHJIY cHMMeTpHH KapTHHbI pacTeKa-
HIDI tOI oB MOiKHO YTBepiKlI,aTb, 'ITO TOK I, BTeKaIOIItHH
;"B yqacTOK I1eIIH B TO'IKe A, paa.n;eJIHeTCH Ha 'TpJl: 0.n;H-
! Ha o Ix nOTOKa no ,B BepuIHHe E npO,HCxo.n;HT
, 1 ,
.. 1'OJIJi , e CHMMeTpH'IHOe paCTeKaHHe TOKa "3 a .n;Ba
" . 1 .
, nOTOKa no 6"' To iKe caMoe npOHcxo.n;HT B BepmHHax
M H D, nDaTOMY no pe6paM MF, MC, DN, DC TaKJKe
I .
TeKYT TOKH 6" . B BepIlIHHax F, NH,CnpoHcxo.n;HT CJIH-
HHHe aTHX TOKOB. H no pe6paM FB, NB, CB TeKYT TOKH
1. ' , -
"3' HarrpH eHHe (pa3HocTb nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB) MeiK.n;y
TO'IKaMH A H B CKJIa.n;bIBaeTCH H3 CYMMbI HarrpHiKe-
HHH Ha pe6pax AE, EN H NB, HarrpHMep:
<PH - <PA = (<PH - <PN) + (<PN - <PE) + (<PE - <P;'..) =>
IR =!!-'+ lr + r = 5lr _
AB 3 6 3 6' J
5r
nDaTOMy: R AB ="6'
2 C n 0 C 0 6. B CMJIY cHMMeTplul paCTeKaHHH TOKOB
nOTeHIJ;HaJIbI TO'IeK E, D, M pan bI MCJK.n;y C060H, no-
aTOMY HX MOiKHO coe):i.HHlITb B O.n;HY TO'Iky: aHaJIOrH'I-
HO MOX<HO coe.n;HHHTb TO'IKH F, N, C. T or.n;a yqacToK
IJ;errH nOJIyqaeTcH COCTOHIItHM H3 Tpex nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIb-
HO coe.n;HHeHHbIX MOKOB, B I\a:>K.n;OM H3 KOTOpbIX pe-
3HCTOpbI coe.n;HHeHbI napaJIJIeJIbHO (pliC. 125).
B
PHc.125
-Tor.n;a COrrpOTHBJI HHe Bcero Y'IaCTKa 6y.n; T paBHO:
r r r 5r
R =-+-+-=-
AB 363 6'
5r
OTBeT: 6'
KoHllifto.l6H.a.R
paJOlIia
YpOBeHb A. (pacc4HTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1. TpH pe3HcTopa C aJIeKTpH'IeCKHMH conpOTHBJIeHH-
HMH 2, 3, 4 OM coeltHlieHbI nOCJIenOBaTeJIbHO. Ka-
KHM O.n;HHM aKBH1}aJIeHTHbIM pe3HCTopOM MOiKHO
3aMeHHTb aTH 1,'pll B CJIyqae HX neperopaHHH?
2. HapHcYHnl. cxeMY napaJIJIeJIbHoro coe.n;llHeHHH
Tpex O.n;HHaKOBbIX :n:aMnO'IeK, nOnKJIIO'IeHHbIX K
HCTO'IHHKY TOKa. KaKoBa CHJIa TOKa B KaiK.n;oH H3
JIaMn, eCJIH CHJIa TOKa B HCTO'IHHKe 2 A?
416
3JIEKTPOCTA TMKA H'IIOG-!,O.HHHbI 'TOK
3. KaKoBOOOIIpOTHBJIeHHe yqacTKaIJ;eIIHAB (PliC. 126),
eCJIH COnpOTlfBJIeHHH Bcex JIaMn paBNhI R?
8
PUC. 126
4. BOJlbTMeTp (pHC. 127) nOKa3bIBaeT 3 B. qTO nOKa-
3bIBaeT aMnepMeTp?
10M
20M
PUC. 127
5. PaCC'IHTa:HTe TOK 'Iepe3 pe3HCTop Rt' eCJIH 3.n;C
HCTO'IHllKa4,5 B, BH)"I'peHHee COlIpOTHBJleHHe 0,5 OM;
Rt = 10M; R 2 = 3 OM. KaKoe HaIlpHiKeHHe nOKa-
eT BOJIbTMeTp V (pHC. 128)? .
&,r
v
PHC. 128
YpoBeHIt & (pacC4HTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1. Onpe,lteJIliTe 061Itee conpoTHBJIeHHe aJIeKTpH'Iec-
KOH IJ;eIIH (pHC. 129), ecJIli COnponm7IeHIDI pe311CTo-
POB Rt' , Rg paBHbI COOTBeTCTBeHH02, 12 H 24 OM.
Rt
A
Rt
PHC. 129
2. ,l(Ba pe311cTOpa C corrpOTHBJIeHllHMH Rt = 5 OM::
R 2 = 100M COO,ltllHeHhI nOCJIe,noBaTeJIbHo. qeMY
I U
paBHbI O'rHomeHHH / H U 1 ,ZJ;JIH arnx pe3HCTOpOB?
2 2
3. qeMY paBHbI nOKa3aHHH aMIlep¥eTpOB H BOJIbTMeT-
pOB B IJ;errH (pHC. 130), eCJIH BOJIbTMeTp V t nOKa-'
3bIBaeT 6 B?
30M 30M
At
PHC. 130
4. PaCC'IHTame 061Itee conpOTHBJIeHHe QenH, IIpe.n;-
CTaBJIeHHOH Ha pHC. 131, eCJIH conpOTHBJIeHHe
KaiK,ZJ;Oro oTpe3Ka paBHO 1. OM.
A
8
PHC. 131
5. TpH 6aTapeHKH C 3,l{ C 2 B H BHYTpeHHHMH COIlpo-
THBJIeHHHMH no 0,5 OM KaiK,ZJ;aH coe.n;HHHJIH C pe-
3HCTOpaMH no 5 OM comaCHO cxeMe (pHC. 132).
KaKOBa CHJIa TOKa B pe3HcTOpax H B 6aTapeiiKax?
I I I I
Puc.132
.7Il&Jj.wau
3WI aiuul
1. PaCC'IHTaHTe conpOTHJJJIeHHe KOHH'IeCKOrO tde-
Ta.1I.JIH'IeCKOro IIpOBO,ZJ;HHKaIIpli n<;>.n;KJIIO'IeHHHHCTO'I-
HHKa TOKa K BepmllHe KOHYca H neHTpY OCHO:I3aHIDI
KOHyca. Y,lteJIbHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe MaT.epHaJIa,
BbICOTa KOHYca H pa.n;HYC OCHOBaHHH H3BeC'f.HbI. Ha
...i
P3IC"feT COI1pOTHBJIemrn, TOKOB H HaIIIUDKeHHH B nOCJIe.n;OBaTe?JbH0 H ruq>aJIJIeJIbHO coe.n;MHeHHbIX IIpOBO,ZUIHKaX 417
,I
, OCHOBaHHe KOH)'ca HaHeceH CJIOH MeTaJIJIa C MaJIbIM
corrpOTHBJIeHHeM.
2. PawlKraHrecoIIpOTHBJIeHHeCeTKH (PHC. 133), BKJIIO-
'IeHHoH B neIlb TO'IKaMll A H B, ecJIH BHeIIIllliii: 'KOH-
TYP CeTKH C,ZJ;eJIaH H3 IIpOBO.n;HHKa C 6oJIhrnoH IIpOBO-
,ltllMOCTbfO, a Ka.)I(JJ;oe 3BeHO HMeeT coI1pOTHBJleHHe r.
.
.
.
. . .
____ _____J_____L____
. . .
. . .
. . .
: :s:
---- ----- ----- ---
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
----1-----'-- --r----
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
A
Puc. 133
(.
--
,
f
,
!
"
f 14
f
323 '
3. PaCC'IHTaHTe COnpOTHBJIeHHe 6eCKOHe'IHO MHH-
HOH I1enO'IKH, npe.n;cTaBJIeHHOH Ha PJ:lc. 134.
R
R
R
R
R
PRc.134
R
-::3
Y K a3 a H H e. COnpOTHBJIeHHe 6ecKOHe'IHO MHH-
HOH IJ;enO'IK He MeHHeTCH npH .n;06aBJIeHHH K HeH
elIte o.n;Horo 3BeHa.
,.
, .'
" ih
TennoBOe g i4 t8H a'
(3aKOH A>i<oynSl- neHL"attS
;:' ,
" ;;::. [I] ..- . . [1] .; , .
'-' .. .
""_... <c.
:;1 "' :' '::.;'r'" '" [U .' .. :':;'<>' ,:< .
,J ,.", . .. ; " '" ;:: .
je'I.dot '-', "I
.'
.
" . '),\
.," "-
. .... ....
.....:\
..-... '; ,-
:::-- ,. ,"
,t..'
\'
.
\
,
t ;:<
"
;{
!\: " '"
\ ' r, : I J L ' - ->" -' ,,';
.\ .,,3 \ :"'e ' '_, .,'.... -.., '!, ;r .,.:t.....\..i
:. - \.. . .i: \ '{
, .. ''',' ,,'t .' ,i" , r -"', I
.. ;r 1 '" .' :l :." .
tf.-' t:" ' ,"" - ;- , . <1\ i.
It.! ," f:>i;" ? 'i)' ,
... ":t.,: I('. '" ;f
. . .,i.,.- .. .. ..(,
H3Y'lMB 3TY TeMY,
· Bbl Y3HaeTe, KaK MO>KHO paCC4HTaTb pa60TY CHJ1 1 TOKa
Ha Y4aCTKe LIen", H KonH4eCTBO Tenna, BbIAeJlJlIO erOCJI
Ha 3neMeHTe LlenH 3a AaHHblH npOMe>KyTOK BpeMeHH;
· HaY4HTecb $OPMYJ1HpOBaTb 3aKOH ,l},>KoynJl-JleHLla;
· CMO>KeTe npHMeHJlTb CBOH 3HaHHJI AJlJl aHaJ1H3a xapaK-
TepHCTHK neKTpoHarpeBaTe bHblx npH60poB no HX
TeXHH4eCKHM AaHHblM
\
KoHCllelUli .
bt .
'Pa60Ta TOKa
1
IIpH BBe.n;eHHH nOHHTHH 4HanpHiKeHHe (U) MbI on-
pe.n;eJIHJIH ero KaK OTHOIIIeHHe pa60TbI A, cOBepIIIae-
. MOH aJIeKTpOCTaTH'IeCKHMH CHJIaMH rrpH nepeMelIte'-
HHH 3apH.n;a no Y'IaCTKY I1enH, K nepeMelItaeMoMY.
3apH.n;y q.I1TOroM cOBepmeHMH pa60TbI MOiKeT 6bITb:
HaFpeBaHHe npoBo.n;HHKa, .n;BHiKeHHe ero B MarHHTHOM
nMe, OCYlIteCTBJIeHHe XHl\fHqeCKOH peaKIJ;HH, H3JIyqe-
HHe SJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX BOJIH.
ECJIH e.n;HHCTBeHHbIM HToroM npOXOiKlI,eHHH TOKa no
yqaCTKY I1enH HBJIHeTCH BbI.n;eJIeHHe TenJIa Ha HeM, TO
BCH pa60Ta A aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIH paBHR BbI.n;eJIHB-
IIIeMycH KOJIHqeCTBY TenJIOTbI Q:
r'''''''_'''6'"'-'''''''",
I'
'-i; ",! .. '. .
"-
\, -"
{)..;
}
'" '_. ." -<;..: : f
1
- , . { ",
... ,r , _.
-'- "-
.......,," .
.-.....-
"
>' ..,-,,__.4
:IIT
!H
i .\' !'.
, .11: I. ,. ..,
'It iP
/)
OCHOBHble nOHATMA:
Pa60Ta TOKa · MO HOCTb TOKa
A = Q= U'q= U.l.t,
, ,
TaK KaK 3apM, npoIIIe.n;mHH 'Iepe3 npOBO.ll:HHI{, cl\.si-
3aH C CHJIOH TOKa I B npOBo.n;HHKe If BpeMeHeM t nepe-
MelIteHHH 3apH.n;a. i
3aKOH A>KoynA-neHqa
IIcnOJIb3YH 3aKOH OMa .lI:JIH yqacTKa I1enH, JIerKO BbI-
paaHTb KOJIH'IeCTBO BbI.n;eJIHIOlIteqcH Ha yqaCTKe IJ;eIIH
TenJIOTbI 'Iepe3 COrrpOTHBJIeHHe yqaCTKa R.
Q=PRt
3TO COOTHomeHHe 6biJIO nOJIY'IeHO aKcnepHMeu-
TaJIbHO He3aBHCHMO .n;Pyr OT .n;pyra .l!:iK. .l!:iKoYJIeri H
3. JIeHI1eM H HOCHT HX HMH.
j
.
j
TeIIJIOBOe .n;eHCTBlle TOKa (3aKOH .l{iKOYJIH-JIeHIJ;a)
419
\
KOnM'IeCTBO TennOTbI, BblAe-nJIIO eeCA B
MCTO'IHMKe TOKa
ECJIH TOK B Y'IaCTKe I1enH CYlIteCTByeT 6JIaro.n;apj! pa-
60Te llCTO'lHHKa TOKa, llMeIOIqero BHYTpeHHee conpo-
THBJIeHHe r, TO B aTOM HCTO'IHHKe TaK)Ke BbI.n;eJIHeTC.H
orrpe.n;eJIeHHOe KOJIH'IeCTBo.. TeIIJIOTbi.
, I Q..CT = Prt
MO HOCTb TOKa M MQ HOCTb
3neK1ipOHarpeBaTen Horo ,npM6opa
.l{JIH yqaCTKa QeIIH, Ha KOTOpOM pa60Ta TOKa 3aTpa-
'IllBaeTCH TOJIbKO Ha HarpeBaHHe aJIeMeHTa IJ;eIIH, MOiK-
lio paCC'IHTaTb KOJIH'IeCTBO enJIOTbI, BbI,ZJ;eJIHBmeeCH
Ha HeM 3a e.n;HHHI1Y BpeMeHH.
P=PR
B CJIyqae BKJIIO'IeHH.H B I1enb aJIeKTpOHarpeBaTeJIbHbIX
rrpH60pOB ary BeJIH'IHHY MOiKHO HaaBaTb MOIIJ;HOCTbIO
3JIeK1'pOHarpeBaTeJIbHoro IIpH60pa.
ECJIH HarrpH)KeHHe Ha KOHI1aX HarpeBaIOw;erocH aJIe-
MeHTa I1enH no.n;.n;epiKHBaeTCH nOCTOHHHbIM H paBHbIM
U,TO:
P=IU.
JaOojtalliojwne
jtatfoJlibt
1. H3Y'IeHMe YCTpoMcTBa naMnbl
HaKanMBaHMA M BbiAeneHMA TennOTbi
Ha HeM
U. e JI b : 03HaKOMJIeHHe C TeXHH'IeCKHM YCTPOHCTBOM,
HCnD.!lb3yIOlItHM TenJIOBOe .n;eHcTBHe" TOKa, Hero aJIeK-
TpH'IeCKHMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH.
(}6 0 p y.n; 0 B a H He: JIaMna HaKaJIHBaHHH, c06HpaIO-
aH JIHH3a (JIYIIa), JIHHeHKa.
Xo.n; pa60TbI
1. PaCCMOTpHTe JIaMIIY HaKaJItfBaHHH, 3apHCYHTe ee
\ ,. cxeMY H nyTb, no KOT9pOMY .n;BHiKeTCH TOK npH
, nO.n;KJIIO'IeHHH JIaMIlbI K HCTO'IHHKY nOCTOHHHoro
TOKa.
2. IIcXO.n;H H3 aToro, c.n;eJIaHTe BbIBO.n;: 'conpOTHBJIe-
HHe KaKOH .n;eTaJIli TOKonpOBo.n;HlIteH 'IaCTH JIaM-
IIbI HaH60JIbIIIee. -
. i"r. 3arrHIIIHTe ,ZJ;aHHbIe 06 SJIeKTpH'IeCKHX xapaK:repHC-
" ". THKaX JIaMIlbI, npHBe.n;eHHbIe Ha CTeKJIHHHOH KOJI6e
0603Half8HHA B8nHIfHH,
3aKOHbi B BHA8 8AHHH bl H3M8p8HHA B
cJx>PMyn CI1, cnpaBo"Hbl8 3Half8HHA
KOHCT8HT
Pa60Ta TOKa A - pa6OTa, COBepWeHHiUI
aneKTpOCTaTHI.f8CKHMH CHnaMH
A=.Uq= "U/t BHyrPJ'l npoBO,tlHHKa npH
nepeMel1\eHHH aapSl,tla C
" O,GHoro KPHLIa Y4aCTKa LlenH Ha
.' ' 'APYrbH, /J.>K
U- HanpSl>KeHHe Ha KOHLIax
Y4aqKa 4e,flH, B
q- aapSl,D" npOwe,tlWHH 4epea
npoBoAHHK, KJ1
1-, CHna TOKa B npoBO,tlHHKe, A
t - BpeMSI npc>XO>K,t\eHHJI
aapSlAa, C
3aKOH Q - KonH4ecTBo TennOTbJ,
.lJ.>t<oYJ1S1-Jl eH 4 a BbIAeJ1S1lOl1\eHCSI Ha )'4acTKe
Q= 1 2 Rt 4 enH ,.lJ.>t<
R - conpoTHBJ1etMe yo.taCTKa, OM
KonH4ecTBo QMCT - KPnH4eCTBO TenilOTbl,
TennOTbl, BblAenSllOl1\eecSi BJi)'TpH
BblAenJllOl1\eeCJI B HCT04HHKa TOKa, .lJ.>t<
HCT04HHKe TOKa
,QHCT = 1 2 rt r - BH)'TpeHHee
,
conpOTHBneHHeHCT04HHKa
TOKa, OM
MOI1\HOCTb P - KonH4ecTBo 'TennOTbl,
aneKTpoHarpeBaTeJ1J1 Bbl,t\eJ1S1lOl1\eecJl B e.AHHH4Y
p= 1 2 R BpeMeHH Ha
P='IU 3neKTpoHarpeBaTeJ1e,BT
HJIH KpaHX I10KOJIH. 06bNHO npHBo.n;HTCH .n;aHHbIe
o HaIlpHiKeHHll' aa KOHI1aX JIaMnbI, KOTopoe 06ec-
ne'IHBaeT ee OIITHMMbHbiii: (HOMHHaJIbHbIH) pe-
iKHM pa60Tbi. KpOMe Toro, YKa3bIBaeTCH TeIIJIOBafl
MOIItHOCTb, BhI;li{eJIHeMaH Ha JIaMne.. JIH60 CIt:Jl.a
TOKa, ,Ha KOT PYIO paC'IH'raHa JIaMmi'IIpH pa60Te B
HOMHHaJIbI:IOM peiKHMe.
420
MeTp, BOJIbTMeTp, HCTO'lHH!< TOKa aa 4B, KJIIOtt,
C CeKY OMepOM, COe.n;HliHTeJIbHbIe npOBO.n;a.
XO,lt pa60TbI
1. C06epHTe IJ;enb CorJIaCHO pHC. 135.! i .
3JIEKTPOCT A THKA II IIOCTO.HHHbI TOK
4. Ha 'OCHOBe arnx .naHHbIX paCC'IHTaHTe conpoTHB-
JIeHHe HllTH; JIaMIibI, llCxO.n;H H3 Taro, 'ITO:
P=I 2 R= U 2 I= U ,
R' R'
5. 1I3Mep"Te JIHHeHKOH'IIpHM PHYIO MHHY CnHpaJIH
L, .nHaMeTp cnHJ>3JIH D, nOC'IHTaHTe 'IllCJIO BHTKOB
Ha HeH N. OTMeTbTe aTH ,ltaHHbIe Ha YBeJIll'IeHHOM
pHCYHKe CnHpaJIH. OHH n03BOJIHIOT o:QeHHT MHHY
HHTH (1 = 7tDN). C'IHTaH,'ITO paccroIDme Me*AY
BllTKaMli npHMepHO paBHO TOJIIItHHe HHTH, MOiK-
L
HO OIJ;eHHTb H .n;HaMeTp HT».( d =: 2N ), a C.]Je.n;OBa-
TeJIbHO H nJIOlIta.n;b ee nOnepe'IHOrO Ce'IeHHH
i' .
(8'=7 ).
6. PaCC'IHTaHTe npHMepHOe 3Ha'IeHHe cOnpOrnBJIe-
HHH (R = ) HHTH, eCJIH OHa BbInO,llHeHa H3
BOJIbcl>paMa.3Ha'IeHHey.n;eJIbHOrOConpOTHBJIeHHH
BOJIbcl>paMa p= 5,5.10- 8 OM'M.
7. CpaaHHTe paC'IeTHoe 3Ha'IeHHe R Ha'ocHoBe YKa-
3aHHOH MOIItHOCTH JIaMnbI H Ha OCHOBe BamHX H3-
MepeHHH napaMeTpOB HHTH. ECJIH paCXOiKlI,eHHe
60JIee 'IeM B 10 paa, c.n;eJIaHTe rrpaBlf.!IbHbIe BbIBO-
.lU>1 0 npO,lteJIaHHOH pa60Te. HHiKe npHBe.n;eHbI B03-
MOX<HbIe BaplljlHTbI npH'IHH paqWiKAeHHH.
o A. Ha IJ;OKOJIe npHBe,lteHbI HenpaBHJIbHbIe HO-
MHHaJIbHbIe '3Ha'IeliIDI MOIItHOCTH II' HarrpH-
iK€HHH.
o 6. 3aKoH ,l.{iKoYJIH-JIeHIJ;a HeBepeH MH HHTH
JIaMnbI.
o .B. 1I3-3a HeTO'lHbIX H3MepeHHH MHHbI HHTH
, H 'IHCJIa BHTKOB, H MOry oIIIH6aTbcH B 100
paa; TOr,lta Ha.n;O IIpoBecrn 3TH U3MepelfIDl
nOBTopHO, paCCMaTpHBaH JIHHeHKY, npHiKa-
TYIO K JIaMne, H HHTh 'Iepe3 JIYny.
o f. CnUpaJIb HHTli C,lt-eJIaHa He H3 BOJIhcl>paMa,
aH3
o ,l.{. CTPYKTypa cnHpaJJH CJIOX<Hee, 'IeM H HapH-
COBaJI, H aTO MOX<HO YBH.n;eTb, BHHMaTeJI"-
HO paCCMOTp{$ cnHp b C nOMOI bIO JIY"bI.
2. H3 eHlle TennOBbiAeneHMA Ha
" . ...arp'Bay.ene .
Ue]J I> ,: IIpoaepKa '3aKOHa',l.{x<oYJIH-JIeHIJ;a.
Q 6 0 p y .n; 0 B a H He: cnHpaJIb HarpeBaTeJIbHaH, Ka-
JIOpHMeTp, TepMOMeTp, MeH3ypKa C BO.n;OH, aMnep-
i'
;c
>!;
PHC. 135
3aM HYB KJIIO'I Ha KopoTKoe BpeMH, y6e.n;HTecb -
aMnepMeTp H BOJIbTMCTp nOKa3I>IBaIOT CHJIY TOKa ,
HaIlpHiKeHHe Ha HarpeBa:reJIe. CI11t:paJIl> JIyq' '
B3HTh H3 lliKOJIbHOro 060PY,ltOBaHHH. OHa 3aKpen-'
JIeHa Ha KpbIlIIKe H 3aKpbITa IIJIaCTMaCCOBOA pelli.
KOH, npe,ltOXpaHHIOlIteH ee OT KOHTaKTa C aJIIOMIf.
HHeBbIM CTaKaHOM KaJIOpHMeTpa.
2. HaJIeHTe B KaJIOpllMCTp OKOJIO 100 r BOlI,bI H y6e-
.n;HTeCb, 'ITO HarpeBaTeJIbHaH CnHpaJIb nOKpbIBaeT-
CH BO.n;OH npH ee Y TaHoBKe B KaJIOpHMeTp. 1I3-
MepbTe Ha'IaJIbHYIO TeMneparyPY BO.n; tt
3. Y CTaHOBHTe CnHpaJIb B KaJIOpliMeTp, BK.7IIO'IHTe TOK
H 3aceKHTe BpeMH. B Xo,lte HarpeBaHHH BO.n;bI (OKOJIO
5 MHH) CHHMHTe nOKa3aHHH BOJIbTMeTpa U if
aMIIepMeTpa 1. IIocJIe OKOlfllaHliH HarpeBaHllH OT- '
KJIIO'IHTe TOIc, nepeMemaHTe BO.n;y CnHpaJlbIO H H3- '
MepbTe TeMnepaTYPY t 2 0 BO,ltbI B KaJlOpllMCTpe. 3a-
HeCHTe Bce .n;aHHbIe B TaMllu;y.j
j
1
"
N2 onblTa 1 2 3
"
m, r
I,A
U,B
t,c
t l , DC
, DC
01' .D.>t< ,
"
° 2 , .D.>t<
eIIJIOBO .n;eHCTBHe TOKa. (3aKOH f{X<OYJIH-JIeHu;a)
4 1.
4. IImnopHTe onbIT, H3M,eHHB BpeMH HarpeBaHllH,
KaJK.n;bJ:H paa eHHH BO.n;y H .n;aBaH OCTbITb Harpe-
BaTeJIIO .n;o KOMHaTHOH TeMneparypbI. BpeM5l Ha-
rpeBaHHH CJle.n;YeT no.n;06paTb TaK, 'IT06bI TeMne-
pa BO.n;bI nOBbImaJIaCb Ha 5-10 rpa.n;YCOB.
5. PaCC'IHTaHTe KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIOTbI <4 == JUt, BbI-
.n;eJIllBmeeCH Ha HarpeBaTeJIe, no 3aKOHY .lI.)KOYJIH-
JIeHIJ;a, H = cm(t 2 0- ttO), 3aTpa'IeHHOH'Ha Harpe-'
BaIJHe BO.n;bI.
6. OIJ;eHHTe oWH6KH 113MepeHllH H c.n;eJIaHTe BbIBO.n;
o BbIIlOJlHeHHH 3aKOHa .lI.)KoYJIH-JIeHIJ;a B BaweM
aKcnepHMeHTe. B cJIj'Iae.60JIbWOH omH6KH 06DHC-
HllTe B03MO HYIO rrpH'IHHY OTKJIOHeH H.
«';
Ca.MOcI1iIJ.flJ/ic46H.a.R
patJoliia
t,
Q6,..alOlI4,di TeCT
YpOBHM A M 6
1:' .lI.Be CIIHpaJIll, HMeIOIItHe conpOTHBJIeHHH Rt = 20 OM
H R 2 = 60 OM, BKJIIO'IeHbI nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO B I1enb
.nOCTOHHI:IOro TOKa. CpaBHHTe KOJIll'IeCTBO TenJIO-
'Tbl. BbI,ZJ;eJIHBmeeCH Ha aTHX CnHpaJIHX 3a o.n;HHa-
KOBoe BpeMH.
o A Qt = (b. 0 6. Qt = 3(b.
1
P B., Qt ="3 (b. 0 f. Qt =9(b.
! .lI.Ba peaHCTOpa, HMeIQIItHe conpoTHBJIeHIDI Rt = 2 OM
JI = 4 OM, BKJIIO'IeHbI napaJIJIeJIbHO B IJ;enb no-
CTOJlHHOrO TOKa. CpaBHHTe MO HOCTH aJIe{(TpH-
'IeCKOrO TOKa Ha ,STliX pe3HCTOp .
o P t =P 2 .O B. P t = 2P 2'
o B. Pt = 4P 2 . 0 f. P 2 = 2P t .
3. tieMY paBHO conpoTHBJIeHKe JIaMnbI HaKaJlHBaHHH'
'Ra KOTOpoA HaIIHCaHO: U= 250B, P= 25 :aT, B HOMH-
HaJIbHOM pe)ICllMe?
o A. 0,1 OM. 0 6. 10 OM.
o B.2500 OM. 0 f. 6250 OM.
4";""'JIaMIlO'IKa KapMaHHOrO cl>oHapHKa RMeeT Ha IJ;OI(O-
-i JIe Ha.n;nHCb: 2,5 B H 0,25 A KaKoBa MOInHOCTb lIaM-
'nO'IKH B HOMHHaJlbHOM peiKllMe?
o A 0,625 BT. 0 B. 1OBT.
£] B. O,lBT. ' OT. 25BT.
5. TpH MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHX npoBo.n;a o.n;HHaKoBoro ce'Ie-
Hmi H O.n;HHaKOBOH MHl:lbI BK,JJJO'IeHbI nOCJIe.n;OBa-
TeJIbHO B I1enb. Y.z{eJIbfIbIe aJICKTpH'IeCKHe conpo-
THBJIeHHH MaTepHaJIOB HaXO.n;HTCH B COOTHomeHHH
7t > 7 2 > 73 KaK COOTHOCHTCH KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIO-
ThI, BbI.n;eJIHBmeeCg Ha npoBo.n;ax 3a onpe.n;eJIeHHOe
BpeMH npn npOTeKaHHll 'Iepe3'"HHX TOKa?
o A {2t = (b = (b.
o 6. Qt > (b> (b.
o B. Qt < (b < (b.
o f. OTBeT HeO,ltH03Ha'IeH.
6. TpH o.n;HHaKOBbIX pe3HcTopa BKJIIOtiaIOT B IJ;enb
TpeMH cnoco6aMH, KaK nOl aaaHO Ha pHC. 136. '
A
B
A
B.
A. B
P.uc. 136
CpaBHHTe KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIOTbI, BbI.n;eJIHBmeeCH
Ha aTOM yqacTKe enH B Tpex CJIyqaHX, eCJIH Ha-
rrpH)KeHHe Ha KOHIJ;ax yqacTKa O,ltliHaKOBO.
o A Qt ='(6= (6.,
o 6. Qt > (b > .
....
.0 B. Qt<(b<(b.
o f. Qt> (b=(b.
.7/itaJtJlill 'l-M ""
/letIIM/iJO
YpoaeH. A
npMMepbl peweHMA 38Aa'l
1. KaKoe KOJIH'leCTBO TenJIOTbI BbI,ZJ;eJIA:TCH 3a 5 C Ha
KaX<,lJ;OM H3 pe3HCTopOB Rt' R 2 , Rg, H3d6paxceHHbIx
Ha cxeMe, (pHC. 137), eCJIllBMnept.feTP no
CHJIY TOKa 1A?
422
:3JIEKTPOCTATI1KA 11 IIOCTO.HHHbU1: TOK
'1
.
1
60M
20M
PRC. 137
P e m e H He. AMnepMerpnoKa3bIBaeTCHJIyTOKaI 2 = 1 A
'Iepe3 pe3HCTOp R 2 = 4 OM. llOCKOJIbKY HanpHiKeHHe
Ha aTOM pe3HCTOpe H Ha yqaCTKe, co.n;epiKaII1eM R 1 + R3
(R 13 = 6 OM + 2 OM = 8 OM}o.n;HHat<oBO, TO TOK
II =!!-= 12 = 1.4 = 0,5 (A)
3 3, 8
Tor.n;a no 3aKOHy.l!:)K0YJIH-JIeHl!a:
Q2 = I 2 2 RJ = 20 .l!:)K;
Ql = I 1 2 R 1 t= 7,5 .l!:iK;
= I 1 2 R 3 t = 2,5 .l!:)K.
aT BeT: 7,5 .l!:iK; 20.l!:)K; 2,5.l!:iK.
f(,
2: eMY paBHO conpOTHBJIeHHe JIaMnh1 HaKaJIHBaHHH
}MOIItHOCTbIO P = 60 fiT, eCJIH H UlpHiKeHHe Ha HeH
U= 120 B?
PeUIeHHe.
, ( U ) 2 U2 U 2
, P=/ 2 R= -:- R=-,- R=-=240 (OM)
. ' R R. P
OTBeT: 2 0 OM.
3. B 'IaHHHKe MOIItHOCThIO 2 KBT HarpeJIH 1,5 r BO.n;bI
3a 5 MHHYT OT TeMnepaTypbI 20°C .n;o KRneHHH.
KaKoB Kll.l!: HarpeBaTeJIH?
.l!: a H 0 : P = 2 KBT;
m= 1,5 Kr;
t=5 MHH = 300 c;
t'l = 20°C;
t'2 = 100°C;
,L(x<
c = 4200 --;- c .
Kr'
KII.l!: - ?
J? em e H He. KOJIHqecTBO TenJIOTbI, nome.n;mee Ha Ha-
rpeBaHHe BO.n;bI B 'IaHHHKe:
QI = cm(t'2 - t'I)'
KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIa, BbI,ZJ;eJIHBmeeCH )3 HarpeBaTeJIe:
(b = Pt.
llo onpe,lte.neHHIO KllJl:
Q] = c(mt 2 0 -tl )
, Q2 Pt
0,84
OTBeT: 84%.
" !
1 ) KaK , oe KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIOThI BbI.n;eJIHTCH 3a 5'c Ha: , :
KaJK.n;OM H3 pe3HcTOpOB RI' .R2' R 3 ,. H306paiKeHHbIx;
Ha cxe ax (pHC. 138), ecJIH aMnepMeTp nOKa3bIBa .
eT CHJIY tOKa 1A? '
60M 40M
a)
R 2
40M
20M
6)
20M
B)
A
40M
R 1 R3
60M 20M
z)
PHc.138
T.
4) KaKOBa MOIItHOCTb JIaMnbI, eCJIH ee corrpoTHBJIeHHe
100 aMI a CHJIa TOKa B IJ;eHH SA?
3. qeMY paBHO conpOTHBJIeH e JIaMnbI, eCJIH npH
CHJIe TOKa 4 AHa HeH BbI.n;eJIHeTCH 250 .l!)K TenJIOTbI
3a 1 c?
TenJIOBOe .n;eHCTBHe TOKa (3aKOH ,Z:{)KOYJIH-'-JIeHIJ;a)
423
[" f;)
" 4:-qe 'paBHOCOnpOTHBJIeHHe JIaMIlbI HaKaJIHBaHHH,
eCJII'I HaIlpHiKeHHe Ha HeH U = 220B H e)KeCeKYH.n;-
Tf' Hf B{'I):(eJIHeTCH aHeprnH 400 ,Z:{)K?
rlje'roTCH .n;Be JIaMTIbI, paCC'IllTaHHbIe Ha HaIlpH)I{e-
HHe 220 B KaiK,ZJ;aH. MOIItHOCTH aTliX JIaMTI paBHbI
Pi = 200 BT H P 2 = 100 BT. CpaBHHTe aJIeKTpH'IeC-
Kik corrpoTHBJIeHHH aTHX JIaMII npH pa60Te B HO-
MHHaJIbHOM peiKHMe.
6. Pe3HCTOp C cOIIpOTHBJIeHHeM 8 OM nO,ZJ;KJIIO'IeH K 6a-
TapeiiKe C 3,Z:{C 4,5 B H BIfYTpeHHHM COIIpOTHBJIeHH-
eM 10M. KaKoe KOJIH'lOCTBO TeImOThI BbI,ZJ;eJIHeTCHIIpH
, aTOM 3a 1 C Ha pe3HCTOpe H BHYTPH HCTO'IHllKa TOKa?
i 7. B cxeMe,H306paJKeHHOH Ha pHC. 139, aMnepMeTp
nOKa3bIBaeT 1,5A
PHc.139
"
l8.
;'
I
(
!
.
t
I:
IIpH aTOM Ha pe3HCTOpe BbI,ZJ;eJIHeTCH 3000 lJ:iK TerrJIO-
TbI 3a 5 MHHY'f. KaKOBO COIIpOTHBJleHHe pe3HCTopa?
,Z:{Ba pe3HCTOpa C OOIIpOTHBJIeHHeM no 100 OM KaJK-
.n;bIH, coe.n;HHHIOT C HCTO'IHHKOM T(JKa TPJi paaa
(pHC. 140). IIpH aTOM KaiK,Z1bIH pa3 BOJIbTMeTp no-
Ka3bIBaeT HaIlpHiKeHHe 200 B. KaKoe KOJIH'IeCTBO
TenJIOTbI BbI,ZJ;eJIHeTCjI Ha 06011X pe3HcTopax BMeCTe
BKaiK,ZJ;OMH paccMqTpeHHbIXCftyqaeB3a1MHHYTY?
v
a)
II
6)
v
I j
B)
PHC. 140
9. 3a KaKOe BpeMH JIeKTpO'Iaii:HHK MOIItHOCTbIO 1KBT
HarpeeT lKr BO.n;bI OT 20°C.n;0 100°C, eCJIH TenJIO-
,Z:(JK
eMKOCTb BO.n:bI 4200 ? KII,Z:{ HarpeBaTeJIH
Kr' rpa.n:
paBeH 70%. _
CKOJIbKO aJIeKTpOaHepnfH nOTpe6JIHeT 'IaHHHK
MOIItHOCTbIO 2 KBT 3a 5 MHHYT?
IVI0.
"
YpOBeHb 6
npMMep peweHMA 38Aa'lM
PeOCTaT C MaKCHMaJIbHbIM COIIpOTHBJIeHHeM 8 OM
no.n;KJIIO'IeH Henocpe.n;CTBeHHO Ii KJIeMMaM 6aTa-
peH1<H C 3.l!:C 4,5 B H BHYTpeHHHM conpOTHBJIe-
HHeM 1 OM (pHC. 141). 1
E,r
R
PRC. 141
"
IIocTpoHTe rpacl>HK 3aBHCHMOCTH MOIItHOCTH,
BbI.n;eJIHeMOH Ha peocTaTe, OT COTIpOTHBJIeHHH R pe-
OCTaTa. IIpif KaKOM R KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIOTbI, BbI-
.n:eJIHeMOe Ha peocTaTe B e.n;HHHIJ;y BpeMeHH, MaK-
CHMaJIbHO?
P em e U He. TOK 'Iepe3 peOCTaT no 3aKOHY OMa .n;JIH
u &. II '
nOJIHOH IJ;enH paBeH: [= - .1>H aT.OM MOIItHOCTb
(R+r) ;
" R
TOKa, BbI,ZJ;eJIHeMaH Ha peOCTaT , paBHa P = [2 R = 2 .
(R+r)
PaCC'IllTaeM MOIItHOCTb P npH pa3HbIX 3Ha'IeHHHX CO-
IIpOTHBJIeHRH R H 3aIl )JIHHM Ta6.n:HIJ;Y.
R, 2 3 4 6 8 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2
OM
P, 5,1 4,5 3,8 3,2 2,5 2 5 4,7 4,1 2,8
BT
24
. 3JIEKTPOCTATJfKA 11 IIOCTO.HHHbltt TOK
IIoCTpoHM rpacl>HK (pHC. 142).
P,BT
6
5
4
3
2
1
2
4 R,OM
3
"
PHc.142
Bll.ltHO, '{TO npH.R= r= 19M, rpacl>HI( "P9 0,ltHT 'Iepea
J.<CH,MYM. MO.)l<Hq HCCJIe.n;OBaTb cl>YHKIJ;HIO P = P( R)
aa Ma:K MYM C IIOMOlItblO ,ltHcl>cl>epeHIJ; pOBaHifH H
J ., ,
cTPOro .n;OKa3aTb, 'ITO ee MaKCHMYM .n;OCTliraerCH npH
R = r. IIpH aTOM: .
&2
Pm""=:.....-.
4r
OTBeT: npH R=r.
11. .lI.Be JIaMIIbI, paCC'IHTaHHbIe Ha 220 B If HMeIOIItHe
HOMHHaJIbHbIe MOIItHOCTH Pt = 100 Bt, P 2 = 25 BT,
BKJIIO'IeHbI B CeTb C HaIlpHiKeHHeM U = 220 B noc-
JIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO. KaKaH MOIItHOCTb 6y.n;eT BbI.n;e-
JIHTbCH Ha aTHX JIaMnaX npH TaKOM no.n;KJIIO'Ie-
Hllll?
,12. Pe3HcTopbI, HCnOJIb3yeMbIe B pa.n;HoTeXHHKe,
HMeIOT He TOJIbKO onpe.n;eJIeHHOe HOMHHaJIbHOe
3Ha'IeHHe conpOTHBJIeHHH R, HO H npe,lteJIBHoe
3Ha'IeHHe pacceHBaeMOH Ha HeM MOIItHOCTH P,
Koropoe onpe.n;eJIHeTCH ra6apHTaMH pe3HCTopa H
MaTepHaJIOM, H3 KOTOpOro H3fOTOBJIeH ero KOpnyC. ,
PaCC'IHTaHTe npe.n;eJIbHOe 3Ha'IeHHe CHJIbI TOKa
'Iepe3 pe3HCTOp, eCJIH Ha HeM HaIlHcaHO: 2 KOM H
2 BT.
13. .lI.Ba o.n;HHaKOBbIX pe3HCTopa C conpoTHBJIeHHeM
4 OM KaJK.ZU>IH npHcoe.n;HHHIOT K HCTO'IHHKY TOKa
nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO H napaJIJIeJIbHO .n;pyr .n;pyry.
IIpH 3TOM KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIOTbI, BbI.n;eJIHeMOe Ha
.n;BYX pe3HcTopax B 1 C, o.n;HHaKOBO npH 060HX
cnoc06ax coe.n;HHeHHH. IIpH KaKOM BHYTpeHHeM
COnpOTHBJIeHHH HCTO'lHHKa T oe B03MOiKHO?
14. 1I3 .n;BYX KYCKOB O.n;HHaKOBOro MeTaJIJIa o.n;llHaKO-
BOH MaCCbI mt = m 2 H3rOTOBHJIll .n;Ba npOBo.n;a, OT-
JIH;'IaIDIItHeCH no ,ltJIHHe B 2 paaa, 1 2 = 21t' KaK OT- j
J
JIll'IaeTCH KOJIll'IeCTBO TeIIJIa, ,BhlJIeJIHIOIltlieCH Hai
aTHX npoBo.n;ax, eCJIH:
a) llX coe.n;HHHJIH nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO H IIo.n;.n;ep)Kll- ,
BaIOT Ha KOHIJ;e IJ;eIIH HarrpHiKeHHe U; ,
6) HX coe.n;HHHJIH napaJIJIeJIbHO H no.n;.n;epiKHBa-
lOT Ha KOHIJ;ax HarrpHiKeHHe U.
KaK OTJIH'IaeTCH CYMMapHoe KOJIH'IeCTBO TenJIO-
TbI, BhlJIeJIHIOlIteeCSI Ha 060HX npOBO,ltax B aTHX'
riBYX CJIyqaHx?
15. IIpH KOpOTKOM 3aMbIKaHllll I<JIeNM 6aTapeH -repro i
Hee npoxo.n;llT ToK B 3 A..,.KaKoe KOJIH'IeCTBO Ten- J
JIOTbI BbI,lteJIHeTCH IIpli aTOM B !fCTO'IHH e TOKa '
3a 1 MHH, eCJIH ero 3.l1.C 4 B?
16. 6aTapeH C 3.l1.C 6 B II BHy1'peHH1l1 COnpOmBJIe-. :
HHeM 0,4 OM no.n;coe.n;HHeHa K pe HCTOPY, Ha KD-
TOpOM, 3a 2 C BhlJIeJIHJIOCb KOJIH'ICCTBO TeIIJIOTbI,
paBHoe 40 .LJ;)K. KaKoBbI conpOTllBJIeHHe pe3Hc-
TOpa, CHJIa TOKa B IJ;enH H HaIlpH)KeHHe Ha KOH-
IJ;ax pe3Hcropa?
17. TpH JIaMIIbI C MapKHpoBKOH JI'1 (3 B, 1 BT), JI2
(3 B, 0,25 A) H JI3 (3 B, 12 OM) coe.n;HHeHbI no
cxeMe (pHC. 143), KaKoe KOJIH'IeCTBO TefL7Ia BbI-
.n;eJIHeTCH Ha JIaMne JI3 3a 1 MHHYTY?
&= 6,4 B
T= 1 OM
n2
n1
n3
PRC. i43
NAip WIaJl
/fa&J1Jia
YpOBeHb A (pacc4HTaHa tta 45MHH)
1. ConpOTllBJIeHHe HarpeBaTeJIbHoroaJIeMeHTa yTIOra
110 OM. KaKOBa MOIItHOCTb HarpeBaTeJIH YTIOra,
eCJIH HaIlpHiKeHHe IIHTaIOlIteH ceTH 220 B?
i
j
1
'1-
- ?
i
--1
TeIlJlOBOe .n;eHCTBHe l'O (3aKOH .lI.)KOYJIH-JIeHIJ;a)
425
2. llpH CllJIe TOKe 0,1 AHa JIaMIle eX<eceKyH.ltHo BbI.n;e-
JIHeTCH KOJIH1JeCTBO TenJIOTbI paBHoe 0,2 .lI.)K
(pHC. 144).
PRC, 144
KaKoe KOJIH':leCTBO TeIIJIOTbI 6y.n;eT BbI,lteJIHTbCH Ha
JIaMne 3a 1 c, eCJIli" aMnepMeTp nOKaiKeT 0,2 A?
KaKoe KOJIH'leCTBO TenJIOTbI BhI.AeJIHTCH rrpH aTOM
Ha JIaMIIe 3a 10 MHHyT? 1I3MeHeHHeM conpoTHB-
JIeHHH CnHpaJIH JIaMIIO'IKH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TeM-
.,lIepaT)'PbI rrpeHe6pe'Ib.
3. K 6aTapeHKe C 3.l1.C 1,5 B H BHYTpeHHHM conpo-
THBJIeHHeM 10M, no,nKJIIO'IeH pe3HcTop C conpo-
THBJIeHHeM 2 OM., CKOJIbKO 'feIlJla BbI,ZJ;e.nHTCH B
HCTO'IHHKe TOKa 3a 10 c?
4. KHIIHTHJIbHHK MOIItHOCTbIO 200 BT, HarpeBaeT CTa-
KaH BO.l{bI (150 r) 3a 5 MimYT Ha 80°C. KaKoe KO-
JIll'IeCTBO TennoTbI rrpH aTOM YXO.n;HT B B03AYX?
YpOBeHb 6 (pacc4HTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1. TpH JIaMIlbI, Ha KOTOpbIX HaIIHCaHO: 110 B, a TaK-
)Ke ,100 BT (JI1 H ,JI2) H 200 BT (JI3) coe.n;HHeHbI,
KaK nOKaaaHO Ha pHC. 145 H no.n;KJIIO'IeHbI K ceTH C
HalIpH)KeHHeM 220 B. KaKHe H3 JIaMnO'IeK pa60Ta-
lOT npH aTOM B HOMliHaJIbHOM peiK Me?
m
n2
PRC. 145
2: B nJlHTKe, paCC'IHTaHHOH Ha pa601y npH HanpH-
)KeHHH Ha ee BXO.n;HbIX KJIeMMaX 220 B, HMelOTtH
.n;Be ctmpaJIH no 100 OM lCa.)I(,ltaH. IIepeIciIIb'l.aTeJib
06ecne'IHBaeT no.n;KJIIO'ieHHe'K BXO,ltHbIM KJIeMMaM
JIH60 O.n;HOH cnHpaJIH, JIH60.n;Byx nOCJl .n;OBaTe]lbHO,
JIH60 .n;BYX napaJIJIeJIbHO. KaKOBaMOIItHOCTb IIJlHT-
KH npH aTHX Tpex nOJIO)KeHHHX nepeKJIIO'IaTeJIH?
3. .lI.Ba HCTO'IHHKa TOKa C BHYTpeHHllM conpoTllBJIe-
HHeM 0,5 OM H 2 OM H C 3.l1.C 38 H 6B, COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO, no.n;KJIIO'IeHbI K o.n;HHaKOBbIM JIaMIIaM.
.HpKOCTb JIaMn npH aTOM o.n;HHaKOBa. KaKOBbI MOIIt-
HOCTH JIaMn B aTOM peJRHMe?
} ,. .;.----,;..;;, ",
.. ' ' J:'o',,"-;
'r; '),4.\""
(f" '"
.- " \ ""' ,. If '"'" ',,, S I ' .. d:
..:...., ...., '
"" .,, '" ,(\1 "'''''' , '''' ,:,'
..' '... . " i iF
1/ i ; t!.,:: ,
).. . , '. , '\
it " .,.,."",. ' _ ,. ';;; <';' t \
MarHMTHoe': -none ; "
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...',..,.. """" '- , ....'.,."i- 'I ., '"
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'.' . ..._ ..
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r",'_' [J t' "--- "' [1} ' ", ;:,1
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l " , ..,, : ". _ - /;_
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t . : - ' : fW. ' ...);..o/.,
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$Ji\ t-'
H3y&1MB 3ty TeMY,
· Bbl Y3HaeTe 0 «pH3H4eCKOH BenH4HHe, KonH4eCTBeHHO
xapaKTepH3YIO eH MarHHTHo,e non$!;
.' nOHMeTe, KaK HCTonKOBaTb I-tH«popMa4HIO 0 MarHHTHOM
'none, npeACTaBnetiHYIO B BHp"e KapTHHbl MarHHTHblX
CHnOBblX nHHHH;
· HaYYHTeCb CBII3blBaTb KonH4eCTBeHHbie xapaKTepHCTH-
1<101 MarHHTHblX CBOHCTB MaTepHanOB 101 06naCTH HX
npal<TH4eCKorq npHMeHeHH$!
KoHeJflKlli .
.7llt:ULJlJfbt ..
rJocTOAHHltie MarHMTbI
.n;peBHOCTH MarHHTaMH Ha3bIBaJIM CTepiKHH H3 cne-
I(H¥bHOH PY,ZJ;bI - MarHHTaOro iKeJ!e3HHKa, 06JIa.ztaIOIItHe
C./IeJfj'IOIItHMH CBOHCTBaMM, 3HaKOMbIMH BceM C .n;eTCTBa:
· npHTHrHBaTb )KeJIe30co.n;epiKaIItHe npe.n;MeTbI;
· opHeHTllpOBaTbCH B npoCTpaHCTBe O.n;HHM 1:13 KOHIJ;OB
( «ceBepHbIM nOJIIOCOM ) Ha reorpa<pH'leCKHH ceBep;
· OTTaJIKI:IB TbCH .n;pyr OT .n;pyra o.n;HOHMeHHbIMH no-
JIIOCaMH (<<ceBepHbIH - «ceBepHbIH , «IOiKHbIH-
IOiKabIH );
· HaMarHH'IJ;lBaTb .n;pyrHe )KeJIe30co.n;epiKaIItHe TeJIa
npH TpeHHH HJIH KOHTaKTe.
/
..,...'
OCHOBHble nOHIiTMA:
nOCTOIIHHblblH MarHHT . 3neKTpOMarHHT · MarHHTHoe
none · BeKTOp HHAYK4HH MarHHTHoro non$! . JlHHH
MarHHTHOH HHAYK4HH · MarHHTHa$! npoHH4aeMOCTb;t:-
napaMarHeTHKH · ,lJ,HaMarHeTHKH .. <beppoMarHt!THKH
B HaCTOHlItee BpeMH TaKHMH CBOHCTBaMH eCTeCTBeH- ,
HbIX MarHHTl>B 06JIa.n;aIOT HCKYCCTBeHHbIe MarInrn.J:.
IIpH aTOM nOTIbITKH 06HapYiKHTb MOHOnOJIIOCHhLH
MarHHT, HanpHMep pa3pe3aH CTep)KHeBOH MarHHT no-
nOJIaM, OKa3aJIHCb 6e3ycnemHbIMH. Y MarHHTa Bcer.n;ji
.n;Ba nOJIIOfa.
MarH".THoe none
1I3MeHeHHe CBOHCTB npocTpaHcTBa npH BHeceHHH 1;1
Hero nOCTOHHHbIX MarHHTOB MO)KHO TpaKTOBaTb aK
HaJIH'IHe B HeM MarHHTHOro nOJIH, aHaJIOrH'lHOrO aJIeRi-
TpH'IeCKOMY, CY CTBYIOlIteMY BOKpyrHenO.n;BH)KHbIX,
3apH.n;OB. TaK)Ke KaK H aJIeKTpH'IeCKOe nOJIe, MarHHT-
MarHHTHOe nOJIe
427
Hoe nOJIe HOOII1YTHMO opraHaMH qyBCTB 'IeJIOBeKa, HO
ero HaJIH'lHe MO)KHO 3aperHCTpHpoBaTb C nOMOlItbIO
npOCTeHllIero YCTpOHCTBa - JIerKOH .MalHUmHOU
cmpellKU, HacaiKeHHoH Ha OCb, T. e. KOMnaca.
MarH THoe n9ne TOKa
B Ha'IaJIe XIX B. 6bIJIO YCTaHOBJIeHO (X. 3pcTe.n;), 'ITO
::)JIeKTpH'IeCKHH TOK, npOTeKaIOIItHH IIO rrpOBO.n;HHKY,
OKa3bIBaeT OpHeHTHpYIOlItee .n:eHcTBHe Ha MarHHTHYIO
cTpeJIKY. 1I3 TpeTberO 3aKOHa HhIOTOHa CJIe.n;yeT, 'ITO,
, C KaKoH CHJIOH npoBo.n;HHK C TOKOM .n;eHcTByeT Ha Mar-
c HHTHYIO CTpeJIKY, C TaKOH CHJIOH H CTpeJIKa .n;eHCTBYeT
;'Ha npOBo.n;HHK C TOKOM. IIoaToMY eCJIH B3HTb THiKe-
, JIbIH MarHlfT Ii; JIernHH npoBO.n; (a JIY'Ime KaryllIKY C
60JIbllIHM KOJIH'IeCTBOM BIi;TKOB), TO npOBO.n; C TOKOM
Ha'lHHaeT .n:BHraTbCH OTHOCH1'eJIbHO MarHllTa. MbI Y)Ke
Y"OMHHaJIH 06 aTOM npH paCCMOTpeHHH MarHHTHOro
t, .n;eMCTBHH TOKa. B HaCToHntee BpeMH OKOH'IaTeJ1bHO
t YTBep.n;HJIHCb IIpe.n;CTaBJIeHHH 0 TOM, qTO CBOHCTBa no-
i CTOHHHbIX MarHHTOB 06'bHCHHIOTCH COBOKYnHbIM .n:eH-
l CTBHeM MOJIeKYJIHpHbIX TOKOB'B BelIteCTBe.
f BeKtop MarHMTHoM MHAYKqMM MarHMTHoro
['nonR
.
MarHHTHoe nOJIe, C03.n;aHHoe nOCTOHHHbIM MarHllTOM
IiJtll TOKOM, xapaKTepH3yeTcH 4>H3H'IeCKOH BeJIH-
.ltlfHOH, Ha3bmaeMOH BeKTopOM MarH'HmoA HH.ltYKIJ;HH.
, HanpaBJIeHHe BeKTOpa 3a.n;aeTCH HanpaBJIeHHeM Mar-
, itUTHOH CTpeJIKH, nOMelIteHHOH B .n;aHHYIO TO'II<y nOJIH.
'"OHOCOBna.n;aeT C HaIlpaBJIeHHeM, Ha KOTopoe YKaabI-
BaeT ceBepHhIH OJIIOC CTpeJIKH (pHC. 146).
-
8
I N
A
S
" "'
PHC. 146
MO.n;yJIb BeKTOpa MarHHTHOH HH.n;YKIJ;HH onpe.n;eJIHeT-
,CH C IIOMOlItbIO CHJIbI, ,lteHcfBYIOlIteH Ha npoBo.n;HHK C
: 1eKOM. JIJIH onpe.n;eJIeHllH MO.n;YJIH B Ha.n;O npoBo.n;-
>HllK C TOKOM nOM CTHTb B .n;aHHYIO TO'IKY npocTpa:f!.-
;cTBa neprreH.n;HKYJIHpHO HanpaBJIeHHIO BeKTopa B
. (npH .n;pyrOH OpHeHTaIJ;HH CHJIa 6y.n;eT Meabme), rrpo-
IilyCTHTb 'Iepe3 Hero TOK B lA H, eCJIH B paC'IeTe Ha
;itJmHY rrpoBO.n;HHKa (1 M), CHna OKaiKeTCH paBHoH 1 H,
;,TtJ rOBOpHT, 'ITO B .n;aHHOH TO'IKe rrpOCTpaHCTBR MO.n;YJIb
'BeR:TOpa MarnHTHOH HH,ZJ;YKIJ;HH paBeH 1 TeCJIa (1 T JI)
: (pHC. 147).
.
N
- F
"181=8=-
M.'
PHC, 147
IIpHHIJ;Hn cynepn0311IJ;HH n03BOJIHeT CKJIa.n;bIBaTb BeK-
TOpbI M8rHHTHOH llH.n;YKIJ;llH B 1 H B 2 MarHHTHhIx'n()-
JIeH,co:J.n;aHHhIx pa3HbIMH HCTO'IHHKaMll, no npaBH-
JIaM CJIOiKeHllH BeKTopoB (pHC. 148).
- -
s.
'Sz
PHC. 148
nMHMM MarHMTHOM MHAYKqMM ,> ;
JIJIH HarJIH,ZJ;HOCTH KapTHHbI H3MeHeaHH BeKTopa Mar-
HHTHOH HH,ZJ;YKQHH npH nepexo.n;e OT O.n;HOH TO'IKH Mar-
HHTHoro nOJIH K .ltPyroH BBO.n:HTCH nOHHTHe CHJIOBbIX
JIHHHH MarHHTHOH HH,ZJ;YKI1HH. 3ro 1'aKHe Bo06p -
eMbIe JIHHHH, B KaiK,ZJ;OH TO'lKe KOTOpbIX BeKTop Mar-
HHTHOH HH,ZJ;YKIJ;HH B HanpaBJIeH no KaCaTeJIbHoH.
«fycToTa JIHHHM OTpaJKaeT MO.n;YJIb BeKT0pa Mari HT-
HOH HH,ZJ;YKIJ;HH.
Ha pm;. 149 noKaaaHbI npHeMbI HCCJIe,ltOBa iH Mar-
HHTHOro IIOJIH BOKpyr CTep)KHeBoro MarHllTa c nOMO-
IItbIO MarHHTHbIX CTpeJIOK (a - onpe.n:eJIeHHe HarrpaB-
JIeHHH B), npOBo.n;a C TOKOM (6 - onpe.n;eJIeHHe
MO.n;YJIH ,jj.) II KapTHHa pacnOJIOiKeHHH JIHHHH MarHHT-
HOH HH.n;yKI1HH' BOKpyr TaKOro MarHHTa (6 - BeKTOp
- ,
B no HaIlpaBJIeHHIO H no MO.n;YJIIO COOTBeTCTBYeT Iffi-
npaBJIeHHIO H «ryCToTe MarnliTHbIX CHJIOBhIX JIHHmf):
MarHHTHbIe ,CTpeJIKH npH YCTaHOBJ1eHHH Kap1'HHbt
MarHHTHoro nOJIH MO)KHO 3aMeHHTb )KeJIe3HbIMH
OnHJIKaMll:, KOTopbIe HaMarHH'IHBaIOTC$I B nOJIe Ma:t-
HHTa H rrpH JIernOM IIOTpHXHBaHHH KapTOHa, opHeH-
THpyIOTCH no JIliHIDIM MarHHTHOH HH.n;yKIJ;HH (pHC. 150).
O.n;Hopo.n;Hoe MarHHTHOe nC>JIe - nOJIe, B KaiK,ZtOH TO'I-
Ke KOTOpOro MarHHTHaH HH.n;Y.KIJ;HH nOCTOHHHa. Ha
pHC. 151 npHBe.n;eHbI cnoc06bI H306paiKeHHH JIHHHH
MarHHTHoH HH.n;YKI1HH o.n;Hopo.n;H;oro 'MarHHTHoro
nOJIH, aanpaBJIeHHoro BnpaBO (a), BJIeBo'( 6), 3a nJIoc::
KOCTb JIHCTa (6) H H3 Hero (z).
428
1
1
- j
B 1
.
.
Q)
0 0 0_
B
0 0 0
0 0 0
z)
3JIEKTPOCTATI1KA M nOCTO.HHHbI:f1 TOK
-
B
.
- .
B .
N -
a)
B (t) (t) (t)_
a) B
(t) (t) (t)
(t) (t) (t)
B)
-
-
B
;;;: s l
B
'1>'2
a l <a 2
6)
-
- -+ -
'IBII>I I>I 1
8)
PRC. J49.
.- - ,- -
I. .
I , ",t
... : _' _:.. ___ _ .._ ::.' I _ ,.
- - - - :.. - -- .. -
, -; :; -:--::-.;:- ... -: \..
'.' ,
.'
,...:-:: :':"
PRC. 150.
PRC. 151
KaPTMH. MarHMTHbiX nOneM, C03AaHHblX
nOCTOAHH",MM MarHMTaMM M npOBOAHMKaMM.
C TOKOM
Ha pHC. 152 npHBe.n;eHbI KapTHHbI MarHHTHbIX I10JIeH
paaJIH'IHbIX 06'beKTOB: a - nOJIOCOBOro HJIH CTep)K-
HeBoro MarHHTa; 6 - no.n;KoBo06pa3Horo MarHHTa; 8-
npHMoro npOBo.n;a C TOKOM; Z - npOBOJIO'IHOro KOJIbIJ;a;
a - KarymKH C TOKOM:
Ha KaX<,lJ;OH H3 aTHX KapTHH CJIe.n;yeT 06paTHTh BHH-
MaHHe Ha CJIe.n;YIOIItHe oe06eHHocTH:
· JIHHHH MarHHTHOH HH,ZJ;YKIJ;HH Bcer.n;a 3aMKHYTbI,
XOTH Ha pHCYHKax 'IaCTb JIHHHH, Haxo.n;HIItHXCH
BHYTPH MarHHTa, He nOKaabIBaIOT;
· JIHHHH MarHHTHOH 00 BHeIllHeM rrpocrpaH-
CTHe nOCTOHHHbIX MarHHTOB H,l{yT O'! ceBepHOro nOJIIO-
ca K IOiKHOMy, a BH)'TpH HHX OT IOiKHoro K ceBepHOMy;
I
· HanpaBJIeHHe JIHHHH MaOIHTHOH HH,ZJ;YKI1HR BOKpyr
npHMoro npOBo.n;a onpe.n;eJI eTCH no npaBHJIy «6y-
paB'IHKa (OH )Ke npaBOBpalItaIOIItHH BHHT, OH e
lllTOnOp, OH)Ke JIaMnO'IKa HaKaJIHBaHHH, BBOpa'IH-
BaeMaH B naTpOH HaCTOJIbHOH JIaMIIbI);
· HaIlpaBJIeHHe BeKTopa B B I1eHTpe KOJIbIJ;a C TOKOM
MOiKHO nOJIY'lHTb, paCCMaTpHBaH ero KaK CYMMY
nOJIeH, C03.n;aHHbIX MaJIeHbKHMH .ltYra fH KOJIbI1a,
KOTopbIe HBJIHIOTCH aJIeMeHTaMH npHMoro TOKa.
TaKoe CYMMHpOBaHHe B HTore npHBo.n;HT K BhIBO-
.n;y, 'ITO B I1eHTpe KOJIbI1a BeKTOp B HanpaBJIeH TaR,
KaK .n;BHiKeTCH 6ypaB'IHK (mronop, JIaMIIa) npH Bpa-
, lIteHHH ero PY'IKH no HanpaBJIeHHIO TOKa B KOJIbIJ;e;
· MarHHTHoe nOJIe KarylliKH C TOKOM CHapYiKH npaK-
Tli'leCKH paBHO HYJIIO, a BHYTpH H Ha KOHIJ;ax nOJI-
HOCTbIO COBna.n;eT C MarHHTHbIM nOJIeM nOCTOHHHO-
ro CTep)KHeBOrO MarHHTa. IIoaToMY KaTYlliKY C
,
429
MarHHTHoe nOJIe
a)
.N
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:r:iL
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PRC. 151
-1'.1'
. "0-,
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N S
6)
ci2
I
z) ,
TOKOM Ha3bIBaIOT aJIeKTpoMarHHTOM, npHnHCbIBaH
KOHIJ;y, H3 KOToporo BbIXO.n;HT JIHHHH MarnHTHoH
HH.n;yKIJ;Hll, Ha3BaHHe .ceBepHbIH nojfIOc , a nporn-
BOnOJIOX<H0MY KOHIJ;y - «IOX<HbIH . JIert<aH KaTYffi-
Ka MO:>K,eT C YCIIexoM 3aMeHHTb MarHHTHYIQ CTpeJI-
KY H B O!!bITaX no onpe,lteJIeHHIO HanpaBJIeHHH
BeKTopa, B B npoCTpaHqBe.
MOAYlib BeKTopa MarHMTHOM MHAYKqMM
B6nM3M npAMoro np080Aa, KPyroBoro BMTKa
M BHyrpM qMIIMHAP.....eCKOM KaTYWKM
(coneHOMAa)
KaK 6bIJIO YCTa:HOBJIeHO aKcnepHMeHTaJIbHO, MO.n;yJIb
BeKTopa MarHHTHoH HH.n;YKIJ;HH B TO'IK B6JIH3H npo-
Bo.n;HllKa C TOKOM npHMo npOnOpI1HOHaJIeH clue TOKa
H 06paTHO nponOpnHOHaJIeH paccToHHHIO OT TO'IKH,ltO
npoBo.n;HllKa. 3ro'coOTBeTCTByeT eCTeCTBeHHbIM npe.n;-
CTaBJIeHHHM, '1TO .CHJIa MarHHTHoro nOJIH .n;OJI)KHa
OCJIa6eBaTb npH y.n;aJIeHHH OT MarHHTa H npH YMeHb-
llIeHHH -TOKa, ero nOpoiK,ZJ;aIOlItero. Koacl>cl>HIJ;lleHT npo-
, .
nOpI1HOHaJIbHOCTH B CII npHHHTO 0603H4t'IaTb 2 :
B= J.1 0 1
2nr'
H
r.n;e: Jlo - MarnHTHaH nOCTOHHHaH J.IfJ = 1,26.10- 6 A 2 .
.lI.JIH Iq)yrOBOro BHTKa C TOKOM .n;HaMeTpa D: B = J.1 0 1 .
, D
BHYTpH I111JlHH.n;pn1JeeKoHKaryllIKH (cOJIeHoH.n;a) C
'IHCJIOM BHTKOB N II AJlHHOH L MarHllTHOe nOJIe O,ltHO-
pO.n;HO, H MO.n;yJIb Beicropa MarHHTHoij HHAYKIJ;HH pa-
J.1IN
BeH: B=-2-.
L
MarHMTHbie CBOMCTBa Be&qeCTB
KaK n:oKaabIBaeT OnI>lT, npHTSIrn lItaH cnoc06HocTb
aJIeKTpoMar llTa (IJ;HJIHHAPll'IecK3H KaryllIKH) CHJIb-
HO B03pacTaeT, eCJIH nOMeCTHTb B KaTYffiKY cep.n;e'I-
HHK H3 iKeJIe3a, HHKeJIH HJIH :>KeJIe30co.n;epiKaIIt HX
CnJIaBOB (rjJeppO.M02HerrntlCU). .lI.PyrHMH CJIOBaMH, MO-
.n;YJIb BeKTOpa MarHHTHOH HH.n;yKIJ;Hll nOJIH aJIeKTpo-
MarnHTa CHJIbHO (B 2 - 1000 pa3) YBeJIH'IHBaeTcH.
.lI.pyrne MaTepHaJIbI MeHHIOT aTO nOJIe He3Ha'IHTeJIb-
HO (napaMamemuKU) HJIH .n;aJKe YMeHhwaIOT ero (du-
aMamemu?'U ).
3TO MOiKHO 06'bHCHHTb TeM, 'ITO K MarHllTHoMY,nOJIIO
CaMOH Ka1)'IIIKli .n;06aBJIHeTCH nOJIe, B03HllKaIOlItee a
C'leT B3aMMo,n;eHcTBHH MaTepHaJIa cep,n;e'IHllKa II Mar-
HHTHOro nOJIH KaryllIKll. CTepiKeHb BH)'TPH KaTYffiKH
430
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA M IIOCTO.HHHblfi TOK
CTaHOBHTCH MarHHTOM, nOJIIOC KOTOpOro eOBna.n;aeT C
'. IIOJIIOCOM KaTylliKH HJIH rrpOTHBOnOJIOiKeH eMY. fyc-
tOT JIHIlH.:H !'.(arnH;THOH }lH,ZJ;YKQHH y nOBepXHOCTH
CTepX<HH H BHYTpH Hero COBna.n;aIOT, nO:9TOMY MOX<HO
cpaBHHBaTb MO.n;YJIH BeKTOpa M rHHTHOH HHAYKIJ;HH
I10JIH B MaTepHaJIe CTepX<H5I i3 H BHemHero nOJIH Bo"
KOTopoe 6bIJIO B KaTYlliKe (B BaKYYMe) H npHBeJIO K'
H3MeHeHHIO CBOHCTB BelIteCTBa. B Ka'IeCTBe cep.n;e'I:-
HKa MOiKeT BbICTYnaTb H I1HJIHHAP, 3aIlOJIHeHHbIH
raaOM HJIH X<H,ltKOCTblO. '
. -,
MarHllTHaH npOHHIJ;aeMOCTb Jl (He nYTaTb C Jlo) nOKa-
bIBaeT, BO CKOJIbK paa MO.n;YJIb BeKTopa MarHHTHOH
HAYKIJ;HH B B BelIteCTBe OTJIH'IaeTCH OT MO.n;YJIH BeK-
Topa MarHllT!fOH 'HHAYKI1HH B BaKKYMe Eo:
B
Jl='-
B'
o
tbaToro CTaHOBHTCH nOHHTHO,' KaK MO:>KHO H3MepHTb
STY BeJIH'IHHY.
.lI.JIH cl>epPoMarneTHKOB Jl»l (K06aJIbT, HHKeJIb, HX
HeKoTop6Ie -CBJIaBbI'H OKHCJIbI), .n;JIH napaMarHeTHKOB
Jl l (aJIIOMHHHH, OJIOBO, nJiaTHHa, KHCJIOpOlI" nepMaH-
raHaT KaJIHH H T. .n;.),.n;JIH .n;HaMarneTHKOB Jl<l (Me.n;b,
CBHHeIJ;, 30JIOTO, BOlI,a, aIJ;eTOH, BO.n;OpO.n; H T. .ZJ:.)
)l(ecTK e M MArKMe c1JeppoMarHeTMKM
OHH nOJIyqHJIH CBoe Ha3BaHHe 6JIaro.n;apH TOMY, 'ITO
Y'O,ltHHX MaTepHaJIOB HaMarHH'IHBaHHe H pa3!\:,lfHH-
QHBaHHenpH H3MeHeHHH BHeUIHero MarHHTHoro nOJIH
ItPOllCXO,ZJ;HT 6bICTpO, .n;PyrHe iKe OCTaIOTCH B [aMaf-
aH'IeHHOM COCTOHHHH .ZJ:OJIro, H MOryT 6bITb p,13Mar-
HH'IeHbI TOJIbKO np npHJIOiKeHHH CHJIbHOro npOTH-
BOnOJIOX<HO HanpaBJIeHHOrO MarHHTHOrO nOJIH.
)KecTKHe cl>eppOMarH:eTHKH HCnOJIb3YIOTCH MH H3ro-
TOBJIeHHH nOCTOHHHbIX MarHHTOB H 3aIlOMHHaIOlItHX
YCTpOHcm (MarnHTocl>oHHbIe JIeHTbI; :>KeCTKM;e .n;HCKH
KOMnbIOTepOB H T.n.)
3aSMCMMOCTb MarHMTHbiX CBOMCTB
BelqeCTsa OT TeMnepaTYpbl
H<1'MarHU'IeHHOCTb BelIteCTB 06'bHCHHeTCH ynopH.n;o-
'IeHHOCTbIO MarHHTHbIX nOJIeH, C03.n;aBaeMbIX aJIeKT-
p(j aMH, BXO.n;HIItHMH B COCTaB JII060to aTOMa. ECTe- _
CTneHHO, TaKCUI ynOPHAO'IeHHOCTb HapyroaeTcH H3-3a
XaOTHQeCKOrO TenJIOBOrO .ZJ:BH:>KeHHH aTOMOB H MOJIe-
KYJI. noaTOMY HaMarHH'IeHHOCTb Bcex TeJI C TeMnepa-
TypOH' y6bIBaeT. Oc06eHHO CHJIbHbIH CKa'IOR rrpOHC-
XO,n1IT Y cpeppoManieTHKOB, KOTOpbIe npH HeKOTOpOH
TeMnepai'ype (TO'IKa KIOpH) nepeXOMT H3 cl>eppoMar-
HeTHKOB B napaMarHeTHKH.
0603Ha'leHMA BenM'IMH,
3aKOH'" B BMAe eAMHMq... M3MepeHMA B
cI»oPMyn CM, CnpaBO'lH...e
3Ha'ieftMA KOHCTaHT
.. . .
BeKTOp MarHHTHOH F MaKC - MaKCHMaJlbHa$! CHna,
.HH.o.YK4HH .o.eHCTBYIO Ha npOOHblH
- F npOBo.o.HHK C TOKOM,
IBI = B = --!!!!!£.
II nOMelLteHHblH B .o.aHHytO
T04KY nOllfl, H
HanpaBneHHe B -
HanpasJ1eHHe 'ceBepHoro 1- CHna TOKa B
nOJ11OCa CBo6o.o.HOH np06HOM npoBo.o.HHKe, A
MarHHTHoH CTpenKH B I - A/lHHa np06Horo
,D,aHHOH T04Ke npOBo.o.HHKa, M
MarHHTHoro nOJlfl E.o.HHH4bl B: 1 Teena = 1 Tn i
-
%N ;
S
MarHHTHoe none H
Jl = 126.10- 6 -
npfiMoro npOBo.o.a 0' A2
B= 1- CHna TOKa B npOBO,D,e ,
r - pacCTOflHHe OT T04KH I
21Cr
MarHHTHoro nonfl .0.0 i
npoBo.o.a
MarHHTHoe nOlle B 4eH- D - .o.HaMeTp KOJ1blja, M ,
.
Tpe Konb4eBoro BHTKa 1- CHna TOKa B BHTKe, A
B=!!i \
D !
MarHHTHafi HHAYK4HfI N - 4HcnO BHTKOB Ha i
,
nonfl BttyTPH KarywKe,6e3pa3MepHO
4H.nHH.o.PH4ecKoH L - A/lHHa KarywKH, M
KarywKa (coneHOH,D,a) 1- CHna TOKa B npoBo.o.E!
B = JlolN KarywKH, A , ,
. L
MarHHTHafi B- Mo.o.ynb BeKTopa
npoHHljaeMOCTb MarHHTHOH HHJl.YK4HH B . '
SelLteCTBa BelLteCTBe, Tn :
'i
B ( ;: }
1.1=- . Bo - MOAynb BeKTOpa
BiJ ."
MarHHTHOH HHAYK4HH B TOH \ I,
>l<e T04Ke npocTpaHCTBa B ,I' .
OTcyrcTBHe BelLteCTBa
(B BaKYYMe), Tn
-ir
. J
-,
l\ _
MarHHTHoe nOJle
4
MarHMTHbie CaoMCTBa BeaqecTB
, ' , '
Be eCTBO MarHHTHM npoHHLtaeMOCTb /-l npH 60nbwHx Bo TeMneparypaKK>pH,oC
'" . cr>eppoMarHeTHKH, /-l > > 1
1 )l(e1le30 7000 - 680000 {B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 4HCTOTbI) 768
2 K06aJ1bT 175 1131
3 HHKenb 1120 , 358
4 4yryH 600 - 800 -
5 CTaJ1b Tp'aHcQ>opMaTopHcu 8000 -
CnJ1aB >Kene3a (32%) C
6 HHKeneM (68%) 250000 "" 70
, hepMaJlJ10H-68
napaMarHeTHKH, /-l ;;;. 1
7 AJ1K>MHHHH 1,000023 -
8 KHCJ10poA >KHAKHH 1,00346 -
9 KHCJ10p0A 1,0000019 -
;
10 360HHT 1,000014 -
.
i
, ,D,HaMarHeTHKH, /-l 1
i 11 BHcM)'T 0,999824 ,- .
.
! 12 BoAa 0,999991
-
I 13 BOAOPOA 0,999999937 -
;
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.-'1.atJo1Iibt
: 1 '. H3Y'leHMe CBOMCTB nOCTORHHblX
'. MarHMTOB
, n e JI b: nOJIyqeHHe KapTHHbI CHJIOBbIX JIHHHH Mar-
, HTHoro nOM BOKpyr nOCToHHHOro MarHHTa.
'$ 6 0 p y l{ 0 B a H He: MarHHT nOJIOCoBoi\: (2 UIT.),
: rirarHHT no.n;KOJ;J006pa3HbIH, MarHHTHaH cTpe.'IKa Ha
,, o.n;CTaBI(e (HJIH KOMmlc), cKpeIIKH CTaJIbHbIe, MCi'l.HbIH
, qPOBO.n;, KapaH.n;allI (2 llIT.), JIaCTHK, OnHJIKH >KeJIe3-
,HbIe (MOiKHO HarO'IHTh H3 rB03.n;H HanHJIbHHKOM), KY-
' <I£K KapTOHa HJIH 6eJIOH 6YMarH pa3MepoM B 2-3 .n;JIH-
'; HbI nOJIOCOBbIX MarHHTOB.
XO.n; pa60TbI
....
1. Y.n;aJIHTe Bce MarHllTbI Ha O.n;HH yroJI CTOJIa H y6e-
.n;HTeCb, 'ITO MarHHTHaH CTpeJIKa Ha HrlIe HJI.H
CTpeJIKa KOMnaca Bce BpeMH opHeHTlipYeTCH Ol(}IT;
HaKOBO rrpH BbIBe.n;eHllH H3 paBHoBecHH. ,BcnoM-
flUB, r.n;e B BallIeH MeCTHOCTH ceBep, a r.n;e lOr, npo-
CJIe.n;HTe, KaKHM KOHnOM cTpeJI CMOTpHT Ha CeBep ,
(HHor.n;a MarHHTHbIe CTpeJIKH, HCnOJIb3yeMbIe Ha'
npaKTHtIeCKllX 3aHHTllHX B llIKOJIaX, OKa3bJBaIOTCH
nepeMarHll'IeHH MH, Ii 'CHHHH KOHeIJ; nOKa3bIBaeT
Ha lOr). IIpoBepbTe, npHTHrHBaeTCH JIH K CTpeJIKe
KapaH.n;am, ,KaHneJIHpCKHe CKJ>em<ll, JIaCTHK, IIJIa-
CTMaeCOBbIH Kopnyc pyqI\H, Me.n;HbIH npOBO.n;.
'"
432
3JIEKTPOCTATJilKA Ii IIOCTO.HHHbItt TOK
2. HaH,ltH ceBepHbIH nOJIIOC CTpeJIKH, YCTaHOBHTe
nOJIIOCa nOJIOCOBbIX MarHHTOB H no.n;KoBo06paaHo- ,
roo Ii onHTb He COBeTyeM ,l{OB pJlTb OKpaCKe Mar-
HHTOB (OHM TO:>Ke 6bIBaIOTnepeMarHll'IeHbI), a ca-
MOCTOHTeJIbHO YCTaHOBHTb, KaKOH KOHen MarHHTa
OTTaJIKHBaeT ceBepHbIH nOJIIoC CTpeJIKH. 060-
3Ha'IbTe MeJIOM ceBepHbIH H IO)KHbIH nOJIIOCa Mar-
HHTOB.
3. PaCnOJIoX<HTe nOJIOCOBOH MarHllT Ha O.n;HOH BbICO-
Te co CTpeJIKOH, nOMO)KHB nOJl; Hero CTOIlKY KHHr.
ECJIH BbI pa60TaeTe C KOMnaCOM, aToro MOX<HO He
.n;eJIaTb. 3apHcYHTe nOJIOiKeHHe CTpeJIKH B He-
CKOJIbKHX TO'IKh npocTpaHcTBa BOKpyr MarHHTa,
pepeMelIt aH ee H .n;O)K aHCb, Kor.n;a OHa ycnoKoHT-
CH'. HapHcYHTe HahpaBJIeHMe BeKTopa B B KaJKlI,OH
H3 aTliX TO'IeK.
4,... no CKopoGTH paaBopOTa CTpeJIKH npH BbIBe.n;eHHH
ee H3 I10JIOiKeHHH paBHOBeCHH B pa3HbIX TO'IKaX
nonp06YHTe onpe,lteJIHTb OTHOCHTeJIbHYIO «CHJIY
MarHHTHoro nOJIH B aTHX TO'tKax. K KaKliM TO'I
KaM MarHHTa CHJlbHee Bcero npHTHmBaeTCH CTpeJI-
Ka? BHeCHTe B COOTBeTCTBHH C aTHMH pe3YJIbTaTa-
MIl KoppeKTHBbI B ,ZJ;JIHBY CTpeJIOK, 0603Ha'IaJoIItHX
BeKTOp MarHHTHOH HH,Z{yKIJ;IIJi B Ha BalIIeM pHcYHKe.
5. npoae.n;HTe Ha pllCYHKe JIllHHll MarHHTHOH HH.ltYK-
IJ;HH, CTapaHCb, 'IT06J>I JIHHHH, rrpOXOMIItaH 'Iepe3
HCCJIe.n;OBaHHbIe BaMH TO'IKH npocTpaHCTBa, rrpo-
xo.znma, KaCaHCb BeKTopa B. 'IIocMoTpHTe, COOT-
BeTCTBYIOT JIM Ha BaweH Kapume JIHHHH MarHHT-
HOHHH.n;.yKIJ;HH HX rYCTOTa'H JJ;JIHHa BeKTopa
MarHHTHOH UH.n;yKIJ;HH.
6. IIoJIo>KHTe .nHCT KapTOHa Ha nOJIOCOBOH MarHHT H
paBHOMepl.fO nOCbIIU>Te ero iKeJIe3HbIMH OnHJIKaMH.
,He C BHraH ,MarHHT H KapToHKY OTHOCHTeJIbHO
,.n;pYI.' ,l{pyra, OCTOpOX<HO nocTyql:lTe no, KapToHKe,
,'; T06bI; OnliJIKH MOr,JIH. no.n;np nlBaTb If: nepeMe-
.ll(aTbCH. CJIe.n;HTe, KaK UbICTpallBaIOTCH OnHJIKH Ha
JIHCTe. IIocJIe YCTaHOBJIeHMH 'IeTKOH KapTHHbI C
, BbIpHcoBaBmHM,HcH JIHHHH nepepecYHTe ee B
" TeTpa.n;b. fIPOaHaJIH3HPyiiTe, KaK OHa' corJIaCYeTCH
C KapTHHOH, nOJIyqeHHoH BaMH C nOMOIl1bIO Mar-
HMTHOH CTpeJIKH. HarrHmHTe 06'bHCHeHHe Toro,
nO'IeMy OnHJIKH BbICTpallBaIOTCH, 06paaYH CKOIIJIe-
HHH B,ltOJlb CHJIOBOH JrHHHH.
7. IIoJIyqHTe KapTliHY MarHHTH ro no .n;BYX nOJIO-
COBbIX MarHHTOB, paCnOJIOiKeHHbIx napaJIJIeJIbHO
.n;Pyr .n;pyry, H nO,ltKOB006paaHoro MarHllTa.
2. M3MepeHMe MOAYn'A 8eKTopa'MarHMTHoH ,"
MH"YK"MH Me*llY nonlOcaMM '
no"Koaoo6pa3HoroMarHMTa _
U e JI"b : 3aKpenHTb onpe,/J;eJIeHHe BeKTdft MarHHTHOH
HH.l(YKIJ;HH B H npoBecTH H3MepeHHe ro 'MO,ZtyJIH B pe-
aJIbHOM MarHllTHOM nOJIe.
060 p Y .n; 0 B a H He: npoBO.n; Me,ltHbIH (.n;llaMe1'pOM 1- j
2 MM H .n;HaMeTpOM 0,1 0,2 MM), BecbI C Ha60poM paa- 1
HOBeCOB, aMIlepMeTp, peOCTaT, HCTO'IHllK TOKa, MarHHT "
no.n;1<oBo06pa3HbIH, .n;epiKaTeJIJ:, C JIanKOH, COe,ltllHM- .,
TeJIbHbIe npOBo.n;a.
Xo.n; pa60TbI
1. li3roToBbTe II -06pa:myIO paMKY C ,ZJ;JIHHOH nepe-1
MbI'IKH L MeHbmeH, 'IeM mHpHHcl nOJIIOCHbIX HaKO-
He'IHHKOB MarHHTa, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 153.
L
PRC. 153
2. 3a'IHCTHTe KOHIJ;bI paMKH H TOHKOro Me.n;Horo npo-
Bo.n;a If: cKpenHTe paMKY C TOKono.n;BOMIItHM npo-
BO.n;OM (pHC. 154).
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3. 3aKpenuTe Ha.n; 'IaWKOH B COB B JIanKe mTaTHB<f:, i
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r. TaK, 'IT06bI nQnepe'INM nepeKJIMHHa 6b1J1a
r Ita 2 CM J;IorpYiKeaa B 3a30p Mex<,lty nOJ.IIOCaMH
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t: HHHM MarHHTHoH HH,ltYKn HH MarHHmOrO nOJI
t MeiK.lty nOJIIOCaMH.
; 5. YpaBHOBeCLTe paMKY. nOM"""'" ua npaByIO 'WII-
fK}' BeCOB p33HoBecbI. IIo,ltBo,ZJ;SlIItHe npOBo.n;a He
r .n;OJIiKHbI rrpeIIHTCTBOBaTb .n;Bllx<etlHIO paMKH no.n;
. ,lteHCTBHeM .n;ci:>Ke He60JIbmHX CHJI. lIpoBepbTe aTO,
Tp oraH n p OBo.n;a H Ha6JIIO,ltaH , He Ha pym aeTCH JIH
t' npH' aTOM paBHOBeCHe BeCOB. ECJIH aTO npOHCXO-
.n;RT, 3aKpemITe HX B JIaIlKaX .n;onOJIHHTeJlbHbIX
mTaTHBOB, 'IT06bI OHH no.n;XO,ltllJIH K paMKe roPH-
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, 6. Co6epHTe aJIeKTpH'IecKYIO 'IaCTb IJ;enH, KaK nOKa-
3aHO Ha pHC. 156, 'IT06bI MOiKHO 6bIJIO peryJIHpO-
BaTb peocTaToM CHJIY TOKa'Iepe3 paMK}'.
-
B
PHc.156
7. 3aMKHHTe KJIIO'I H, peryJIHpYJI CHJIY TOKa, .n;06eH-
, Tecb, 'IT06bI B3aHMo.n;eHcTBHe paMKH C MarHllTHbIM
nOJIeM MarHHTa HapymaJIO paBHOBeCHe Bl COB.
BHIIMAHIIEI CHJIa TOKa He .n;OJIiKHa npeBbImaTb
2 A. 'IT06bI He CiKe'Ib HCTO'lHHK TOKa. ECJIH aTO He
nOJIyqaeTcH, CM. n. 10.
':, 8. 3acl> KcHpyii:Te CHJIY TOKa I B nenll. YpaBHOBeCbTe
'IaIIIKY BeCOB, .n;06aBHB neperp)r30K MaccoH M.
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>9.
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Mo,Zty.1IJ:o BeKTopa arHllTHoH HHro'KIJ;llH B JIerKO
no.n;C'IHTaTb, 3HaH orrpe.n;eJIeHHe B:
B= Mg
lL'
to. B03MOiKHO, MarHHTHOe nOJIe Bamero MarHHTa TaK
MaJIO, 'ITO BbI He 3acl>HKCllPyeTe HapymeHHe PaB-
HOBeCHH npH CHJIe TOKa B 1-2 A. Tor.n;a npH,lteT-
CJI H3rOTOBHTb paMKY, co,ltepX<aIIt)'IO HeCKOJIbKO
BHTKOB N (XOTH 6bI to BHTKO&), KaK nOKaaaHO Ha
pliC. 157, H Bee rrpo.n;eJIaTb CHa'IaJIa.
PHC. 157
B STOAI CJIyqae uHityKIJ;WI MarHllTHOrO nOJIH 6y-
lJ.eT paBHa:
Mg
B= NIL '
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H3MepeimH. ,: I .
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1. lIOCTOHHHbIH MarHllT npHTHmBaeT...
[J A. o,ltHOHMeHHbIH nOJIIOC, BToporo MarHHT .
o .6. JIr06bIe MeTaJIJIH'IecKHe npelJ,MeTbI.
o B. HeKoTopbIe x<eJIe3OCO,ltep)K3lIl;He CIlJlaBbI.
o f. JIr06hte iKeJIe30COlJ.epX<aIItHe CIlJlaBbI.
2. MarnliToM MOX<HO a BaTb...
o A. X<eJIe3HbIH 6PYCOK. KOTOpbIH OTraJIICHBaeT-
CH OT ,ltPYroro iKeJIe3Horo 6PYCKB.
o 6. CTep)f(eHb. KOTOpbIH onpe.n;eJIeHHbIM 06pa-
3O opHe YeT.CH npocWaHCTBe.
D B. 6PYCOK, I<aTOpblH npH,l(aeT CTaJIbHOii HtJIe
npH TpeHHH 0 Hee cnOC06HOCTh IipllTJlm-
Ba!b MeJIKlleX<eJIe30co}(epJltalIJ;He npe,nMe-
TbI H nOBOpa'IllBaTbCH B onpelJ.eJIeHHOM
. HanpaBJIeHHll. eCJIll Hr.ny nOJIOXGlTb HalIJIa-
BaIOIItHH B Bo.n;e JIerKHH lJ,HCK.
o f. x<eJIe3HbIH 6PYCOK, npllTHrllBaIOIUHHcH K
aeMJIe.
3. Be!<TOpHoH 6eJIH'lHHOH HBJIHeTCH...
o A. 3apJl,lt.
o 6. MarHHTHaH llH.n;yKIJ;HH.
o B. HanpJliKeirne.
o f. CHJIa TOKa.
434
.3JIEKTPOCT A Tn A II IIOCTO.HHHbItI TOK
4. JIHHlm MarHFlTHOH HH,ZJ;YKIJ;FlH - aTO...
o A. JIHHHH, COBnaJ.];aIOIItHe C cl>OpMOH MafHFlTa.
D 6. JIHHim, no .KOTOpbIM .n; HiKeTcH nOJIOiKFI-
TeJIbHbIH 3apM, nonaJIaH B MarHHTHOe nOJIe,
D B. MapKllpOBO'IHbIe llITpHXH Ha cTepiKHeBoM
MarHHTe, 'IHCJIO KOTOpbIX YKa3blBaeT Ha,
CFlJIY MarHHTa.
D f. Bo06pIDKaeMbIe JIllHllH, B Ka:>K.n;oH TO'IKe KO-
TOpbIX BeKTop MarHHT;HoH HH.n;YKIJ;HH Ha-
rrpaBJIeH no KacaTenbHoH.
5. Ha pHC. 158 npHBe.n;eHa KapTFIHa JIHHFlH ManmTHOH
HH.n;yKI1F1H B HeKbTOpoH 06JIaCTFI npOCTpaHCTBa.
PHC. 158
MO.n;YJIb BeKTopa MarHHTHOH HH,ZJ;YKI(FlH MaKCHMa-
JIeH B TO'IKe...
D A. 1. D 6. 2.
D B. 3. D f. BO Bcex o.n;HHaKOB.
6. JIHHHH MarHHTHOH HH,ZJ;YKIJ;HFI B npocTpaHcTBe BHe
nOCTOHHHoro MarHHTa...
D A. Ha'IHHaIOTCH Ha ceBepHOM nomoce MarHlrTa,
3aKaH'IllBaIOTCH Ha 6eCKOHe'IHOcTH.
D 6. Ha'IHHaIOTCH Ha teBepHOMnOJIIOCe MafHHTa,
3aKaH'IHBaIOTCH Ha IOiKHOM.
D B. Ha'IHHaIOTCH Ha lOiKHOM nOJIIOCe MafHFlTa,
3aKaH'IHBaIOTCH Ha 6eCKOHe'IHOcTH.
o f. Ha'IHHaIOTCH Ha lOiKHOM nOJIIOCe MarHHTa
3aKaH'IllBaIOTCH Ha ceBepHoM.
7. ,tIa KaKOM H3 PHCYHKOB (pHC. 159) npHBe.n;eHa H m-
60JIee npaB.n;ono.n;06HaH KapTFlHa JIHHFlH MafHHT-
HOH HH.n;YKIJ;FlH .n;Byx nOJIOCOBbIX .MafHFlToB?
N S N S
a)
6)
8. MOlI,YJIb BeKTOpa MatHliTHoii I-fH,ZJ;YKIJ;HHjj Mar-
HFlTIIOro rrOJIH, ,c03.n;aHHoro, npHMbIM npoao.n;OM C
TOKOM, rrpH YBeJIH'IeUHFI paCCTOHHllH OT rrpOBo.n;a
B 2 'pa'3a...
D A. B03paCTeT B 2 pa3a.
D 6. YMeHbllIFlTcH B 2 pa3a.
D B. He H3MeHHTCH.
D 'f. 3aBHCHT OT CliJIbI TOKa B npOBo.n;HHKe.
9. KOHcl>nrypaIJ;HH JIllHHH MarHFlTHOH HH.n;YKIJ;HH,CO-
, JIeHOH.n;a (npHMaH KaTymKa C TOKOM) cxo,Z(Ha C Kap-
TFlHOH CHJIOBbIX JIHHHit..
D A. nOJIOCoBOro MarHFlTa.
o 6. no.n;KoBoo6pa3Horo MarHHTa.
o B. .n;BYX napaJIJIeJIbHbIX ;rrOJIOCOBbIX MarHHTOB
C rrpoTHBOnOJIOiKHO HarrpaBJIeIlHbIMH rro-
JIIOCaMH.
D f. npHMoro npoBo.n;a C TOKOM.
10. 3JIeKTpoMarHHT MOiKeT HaMarHFlTHT!>...
D A. JII06bIe MeTaJIJIbI.
D 6. TOJIbKO iKeJIe30co.n;epiKalItHe MaTepFlaJIbI.
D B. JlI06bIe eJIe30co.n;epiKaIItHe MaTepHaJIbI.
D f. HeKoTopbIe iKeJIe30co.n;epiKantHe MaTepH-
aJIbI.
11. )KeJIe3HbIH rBo3.n;b rrpHTHrHBaJICH K KaTYlliKe C
TOKOM C CHJIOH F. IIocJIe BBe.n;eHHH B KaTylliKY Me-
TaJIJIH'IeCKoro CTepiKHH CHJIa npHTHiKeHHH rB03-
.n;H CTaRa FI <F.
MaTepHaJI cTepiKHH...
D A. cl>eppOMarHeTHK.
D 6.. napaMarHeTFIK.
D B. .n;HaMarHeTHK.
p r. JIH60 cl>eppOMarHeTHK, JIH60 rrapaMarHe-
TFIK.
N S N S
00'
0)
z)
PHc.159
.
MarHHTHOe IIOJIe
435
12. TIpH YBeJIM'IeHHH TeMnepaTypbI 06pa3IJ;a BbIme
Te1vmepaTypbI KlOpH npOHcxo.n;MT nepexo.n; 113...
o A cl>eppoMarHHTHOro COCTOHHHH B napaMar-
HHTHOe.
o 6. napaMarHHTHoro B cl>eppOMarHMTHoe.
, 0 B. .n;HaManrnTHoro B IIapaMarHHTHOe.
o f. .n;HaMarHHTHoro B cl>eppOMarHHTHoe.
Ko
paJollia
YpOBeHb A (pacc4HTaHo Ha 45 MHH)
1. B TO'IKax 1,2,3 (pHC. 160) nOKaaaHO paCIIOJIOiKe-
HHe MarHHTHbIX CTpeJIOK. HapMcyihe, KaK B aTHX
TO'qKax HanpaBJIeH BeKTOp MarHMTHOH llH.n;yKIJ;HH.
S
2-
N
1- N
S
N S
3-
PHc.160
2. Ha pHC. 161 nOKa3aHO HecKOJIbKO JIHHHH MarHllT-
HOH HIi,lI;JKUHH. B KaKoH 113 Tpex TO'IeK Ha am;x JIH-
HHHX npaBllJIbHO HapHcoBaH BeKTOp MllrHHTHoH
HH.n;yKIJ;MH? GTBeT 060c YHTe.
f,-
2
,
c
f
r
1
r
t 3.
PHC. 161
HapHCYHTe Kapurny JIHHHH MarHHTHOH HH.n;YKIJ;HH
npH rrpoTeKaHHH TOKa "tJepe3 KaTYllIKY, HaMOTaH-
HYIO Ha KapToIIHbIH IJ;HJIHH,ZJ;p (pHC. 162).
!
PHC. 162
KaK 6y.n;eT MeaHTbCH ::na KapTHHa npH:
a) y:aeJIHtleHHH CliJibI TOKa B KaTYllIKe?
6) 'IltCJIa BHTKOB, H8MOTaHHbIX Ha KaTyllIKY? .
B) BBe.n;eHHH B Hee iKeJIe3HOrO cep.n;e'IHHKa?
YpOBeHb 6 (pacc4HTaHa Ha 4S MHH)
1. TIOJIOCOBOH MarHHT paape3aJIH nocepe.n;HHe H npa-
ByIO nOJIOBHiIy YHeCJIH B .n;pyryIO KOMHa1"Y. Haptt-
cyii:ie KapTliHY JIHHHH M mrnTHOH HHAYKIJ;HH oc-
TaBmeHCH 'IaCTH.
2. Ha pHC. 163 npHBe.n;eH wparMeHT KapTHHbI pacnpe-
.n;eJIeHHH JIHlmH MarHHTHOH HHAYKIJ;llH nOJIa, co-
3.n;afiHoro HeKOTopbIM HCTO'IHHKOM.
PHC. 163
BbI6epHTe Ha KaJKlI,OH JIItHHU TO'IKY nnpOB .n;HTe
BeKTOp MarHHTHOH HH,ZJ;yIJ;Hib. '
3. B HeKoTopoH TO'IKe MarHHTHOrO IIOJIH y.n;aJIOCb
H3MepHTb CHJIY, .n;eHcTByIOIIJ;yIO Ha npHMoH nPo-
BO.n;HHK MHHO'H1 ° CM npH CHJI8 TOKa 2 A QHa OKa-
3aJIacb paBHa 0,036 H. qe&y paBeH MO.n;y.1IP Bet<TO-
pa MarnMTHOH HH,ZJ;yKI1HH B aTOH To e nOJIH? ,
4. B6JIH3H Heno.n;BHiKHOH UHJIMH,ZJ;pll'IetKoH K $u-
1m no.n;BellieHa Ha TOHKHX npoBo.n;Kax MaJIeHb1<asf'
KaTylliKa c TOKOM (pHC. 164). TIo YrJIY ee OTKJIOHe';:,
HHH OT BepTHKaJIH MOiKHO cy,ltH"tb 0 CllJIe, .n;eHq8y-, _
, IOlIteH Ha Hee co CTOpOHbI Heno.n;BHiKHOH KaTY1Ht<H. _
&1
PHC. 164
436
3JIEKTPOCT A TMKA II UOCTO.HHHbItt TOK
B Ha'IaJIbHbIH MOMeHT B 06eHx KaTyillKax CHJIa TOKa
2 A H MaJIeHbKaH KaTymKa OTKJIOHeHa Ha yrOJI a
BJIeBO.
6) npH B.n;BHralDlH B Ka:ryullcy CTepiKHJI:
H3 aJIIOMHHHH (MarHHTHaH rrpOHHIJ;aeMOCT J.I.
= 1,000023);
H3 CTaJIH (J.I. = 8000);
IJ;HJIllH,ZJ;plfllecKOro cocy.n:a C BO.n;OH
( J.I. = 0,999991).
KaK H3MeIDI:TCH yroJI npn:
a) H3MeHeHllH HanpaBJIeHHH TOKa B 60JIbillOH Ka-
TYillKe;
T'
,,:
...
f:. c,
<:
1
;T
i>,
jrJ
)E
ia
. OJ' .
J
,.
..M
o,!' .,.':;,"_.,."-...., .:: ,t" ..,...
.-"l Y : ,. .:::-
.(: 't .-'::::::';::'f".t'::J'Z
,. ,--'" "" ,J" "" (/:1 . t\"c. " '- t:" ",
. '- '-, r -..-' ,q ! IJ . }...r ..<: 'f....... ..r....' Ii
l/ " -:.. t t/' ,;':(;" .}.. ,........,./'. ' 1 ; ..
1:/' .. .", .t.. ......,/.l. S . .::........ '-;)' I ;.1 .
;/'.: _-' '.";." ./'..:- "l! , .. ..' ", \ '1
AMn. p 'a...it::: . .' \t! :';\
, ,.V _ ,
" ". ........ 01 II' ..
<.., ,
<.0 ;.-f.... .i.; : L " .' J" '. .
'...*...,....... \ tJ,JJ. ,...",.....-
.". "" ....\\...0" _. :'!"'. ..... Ii:t" : J':--:.. , ;/..
." . ... . <:??,
. " . ....."-;"
..
CMnbl
I
..' '\ hi1 '.t "
.\..5 ;!. . .
l' t ',-
\,' \ 1,.
, , , -,
\ \ ' ""
\ ,\ ';'<' , , ( - ,',
;:::'Fj l " 1 "'" , ;: ; :"'.
iJ" '.' I"'
-"', ./..,:- ? . ': f -ii'" :.: ' . ;!
... ...!.. r 1., ' ..
' . "
,.,
.. . <,i',
. -'. I
.
'" '
,"
. ,
. ,
,
' I
,J;,i
".
M3Y'1MB 3TY TeMY,
. Bbl Y3HaeTe, KaK B CI-1 BBOp,HTCJI ep,HHH14a H3MepeHHJI
CHnbl TOKa 1 A H ep,HHH!.4Ci H3MepeHHJI Mop,ynJl BeKTO-
pa MarHHTHoH HHP,YK14HH 1 Tn;
. nOHMeTe, KaK paCC'IHTaTb BenH'IHHY H onpep,enHTb Ha-
npaBneHHe CHnbl p,eHcTBYIO eH Ha npOBop,HHK C TOKOM
H Ha 3apR>KeHHYIO 'IaCTH14Y, HaxO,D,JI YIOCJI B MarHHT-
HaM none;
· npHMeHHTe 3TH 3HaHHR ,D,llJI onpep,eneHHR BHp,a TpaeK-
TOpH'" 3apJl>KeHHb1X 'IaCTH14 B MarHHTHOM none TeXHH-
\fecKHX ycrpOHCTB, HCnOnb3yeMblx B HaYKe H B 6blT)'
I Manmmoe oMe. B OTBH.He OT MelCIpIi'reCKOl"O, aeiI-
CTBYeT TOJIbKO Ha d6U:HCJI14UUCSl 3apHlI,. IIcropH'IeCI<H
TaK CJIOX<HJIOCb, 'ITO paa.n;eJIbHO paccMaTpllBaIOT CliJIbI,
,lteHCTByIOIItHe Ha 3apJl.lt, HaIlpaBJIeHHO IIepeMelItaIO-
, IItHHCH no npOBo.n;HHKy (aJIeKTpH'IeCKHH TOK) H Ha
3apJI.lt, .n;BHiKYlItllHCH CBo6o.n;HO (HaIlpHMep Ha HOH B
, BaKyyMe).
. CMna AMnepa '
i;, - CliJIa, .n;eHCTByIOlItaH Ha npoBO,ltHHK C TOKOM, IIO-
MelIteHHbI B MarHHTHOe nOJIe.
.
.7IUuLtIl/flll ; ex.,.,
:;
J i.
- " .II
J:::I
,
,
\. .
. \
".'\,.
OCHOBHble nOHATMA:
C na AMnepa . CHJ1a nOpeH14a · npaBHno neBOH pyKH
....
OnpeAeneHMe HanpaUeHMJI CMnw AMnepa
HanpaBJIeHHe F,. JIerKO OnpelI,eJIliTh no IIpBBHJIy JIe-
BoA PYKH, eCJIH npOBO,ZJ;HHK C TOKOM pacnOJlox<eH nep-
neH.ZJ:llKyJIHpHO BeKTOPYMarHHTHOA HJUtYKI.tHH B Mar-
HHTHOro nOJIH. qeTbIpe naJIbIJ;a (c }'Ka3aTeJIbHoro no
MH3HHeIJ;) Ha,zJ;O HanpaBllTb B,ltOJIb TOKa, nOBepHYTb
PYKY TaK, 'IT06bI JIllHlll:I MarHHTHOH HHJtYKIJ;llll BXO-
;nHJIH B JIa.n;OHb, Tor.n;a 6oJIbmoH naJIeIJ;, OTBe.n;eHHbIA
Ha 90° OT YKaaaTeJIbHoro, nOKaJKeT HanpaBJIeHHe CHJUaI
AMnepa (pHC. 165).
438
3JIEKTPOCTATIIKA II nOCTO.HHHbltI TOK
-+
F
I
PHC. 165
ECJIH HanpaBJIeHH€ npoBo.ln:IHKa C TOKOM He nepneH-
.n;HKYJIHpHO BeKTOpy B, Ha.n;O paaJIOiKHTh BeKTOp _B
(pHC. 166}Ha COCTJ\BJIHIO e: B.n;OJIb npOBO.n;HHKa I
H nepneH,ltHKYJIHpH,O eMY B.l.; 3aTeM npHMeHHTh n)?a-
BHJIO JIeBOH PYI\H .n;jIH COCTaBJIHIolIteH B.l.' BeKTOp B ,
· u
HanpaBJIeHHblH B.n;OJIb npOBO,ltHHKa, He OKa3bIBaeT
.n;eHCTBHH Ha TOK. 3TO npaBHJIO cnpaBe.n;JIHBO BO Bcex
CJIyqaHX.
1
/
-
F
PHc.3.37.
MOAynb BeKTOpa CMnbl AMnepa Fa
CHJIa, .n;eHCTBYIOIIIaH Ha npor ').n;HHK C TOKOM B MarHHT-
HOM nOJIe, B03paCTaeT C pc TOM, CHJIbI TOKa I B npo
Bo.n;HHKe, pOCTOM BeKTOpa MarHHTHOH HH.n;YKI1HH nOJIH
B, YBeJIH'IeHHeM .n;JIHHbI npOBo.n;HHKa 1, 3aBHCHT OT
yrJIa a MeiK.n;y HanpaBJIeHHeM npOBo.n;HHKa H HanpaB-
JIeHHeM BeKTopa B.
Fa = IlBsina.
KaK BH,ltHO H3 OPMYJIbI, CHJIa MaKCHMaJlbHa, Kor.n;a
a = 90 0 , T. e. npOBOlI,HHK pacnOJIaraeTCH nepneH.n;llKY-
JIapHO JIHHHHM MarHHTHOH HHAYKIJ;HH. 3TO 6blJI0 HC- '
nOJIb30BaHO npH BBe.n;eHHH e.n;HHHlJ;bI H3MepeHHH MO-
,ZtyJIH BeKTOpa MarHHTHOH HH,ltYKIJ;HH 1 TJI.
HHHIJ;a H3MepeHHH CHJIbI TQKa. B Clf eAHHHI1a H3-
MepeHHH CHJIbI TOKa - 1 A HBJIHeTCH OCHOBHOH elI,H-
HHIJ;eH. Qepe3 Hee onpe.n;eJIHIOTCH e.n;HHHIJ;bI MHorHX
aJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX BeJIH'IHH: 3apH.n;a - 1 KJI = 1 A.1 c;
u ' 1T ' 1H
BeKTopa MarHHTHOH HH.n;YKIJ;HH - JI = 1A .1M H
.n;pyrHX.
1 A - amo maKllR cwza mOKa, 'npu' Komopou o8a na-
paJlllell'bH'bLX OllUHHb/X npo8oOHuKa, pizcnollO:JICeHH'bLX Ha
paccm,OSmuu 1 M iJpyz. om opyza, 83awwoeucm8YlOm c
CWZOU 8 ",,2.10- 7 H 8 paC'lleme Ha 1 M OllUH'bl npo8oo-
HUKa.
CMna nOpeHLla
F.; - CliJIa, .n;eHCTByIOlItaH B MarHHTHOM IIOJIe Ha CBO-
60.n;HbIH 3apHA q, .n;BHraroIItHHCH B npoCTpaHCTBe co
CKOpOCTbIO v.
HanpaBneHMe CMnbl nOpeHLI,a
Hanpa,I,lJIeHHe CliJIbI;.n;eHCTByIOlIteH Ha, cB060.n;HbIH no
JlO:JICUmell'b1f.'blU 3apH.n;, onpe.n;eJIHeTCH TaK iKe, .KaK H Ha
TOKB IIpOBo.n;HHKe, Be.n;b HaIlpaBJIeHHe TOKa COBna.n;a-
eT C nepeMelIteHHeM nOJIOX<llTeJIbHbIX 'IacTHIJ; B npo:
BOlI,HHKe. TaKHM 06pa30M, MH onpe.n;eJIeHHH HanpaB
JIeHHH FA Ha.n;o BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH npaBHJIOM JI BOH
PYKH. TOJIbKO BMeCTO HaIlpaBJIeHHH TOKa B IIpOBOa;-
HHKe Ha.n;O BbI6paTb HaIlpaBJIeHHe CKOp,,pCTH 'IacTHIJ;ht
(pHC. 167).
.'",
PHC. 167
.lJ:JIH ompUUpmell'bHO 3ap iKeHHbIx 'IacTHlJ; npH onpe.;
.n;eJIeHHR HanpaBJIeHHH FA Ha.n;Q npHMeHHTb rrpaBHJIq
JIeBOH PYKH, 3aTeM CMeHHTh HarrpaBJIeHHe Ha 180 0 . Td
,
ecTb, IIPH o.n;HHaKOBOM HaIlpaBJIeHHH BeKTOPQB CKO"",
pOCTH qaCTHIJ;bI H MarHHTHOH npOeKIJ;H,H nOJIH, .n;eHcT
B)!I01n:ero Ha'IacTHIJ;Y, CHJIbI F. 6y.n;YTnpornBo oJIo)I(1
HO H:aIlpaBJIeHbI .n;JIH nOJIOiKHTeJIbHO H OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHq
3apHiKeHHbIX 'IacTHIJ;. ;
MO,ZJ;YJIb CHJIbI JIopeHIJ;a B03pacTaeT C pOCTOM 3apH.n;
'IaCTHI1bI q, ee CKOpOCTH v H MO.n;YJIH BeKTOpa MarHHT"';
HOH HH,ltYKIJ;HH B. OHa TaKiKe 3aBHCHT OT yrJIa a MeiK-:.
.n;y BeKTOpo CKOpOCTH V H BeKTopOM MarnHTHO
HH.n;YKIJ;HH B. '_
I Fn = qvBsina. I
.QBM)I(eHMe 38pA)I(eHHOM lIaCTMLI,bI nOA AeMcTBMeM ;
CMnbl nOpeHLI,a B OAHOpOAHOtot MarHMTHOM none 1 I
Oc06eHHOCTbIO CHJIbI JIopeHIJ;a, .n;eHCTBYIOlIteH Ha 3a-i .
pH:>KeHHYIO 'IaCTHI1Y B MarHHTHOM nOJIe, HBJIHeTCH TO;
,
CliJibI AMnepa H JIopeHIJ;a
439
3aKOH'" . &MAe ca.oPMyn
MOAynb CMn... AMnepa
F = 11 Bsina
. .
HanpaBlleHMe CM'" AMnepa
npaBMno neBOii PYKM (nplilMeHJleTCJI, ,ecn.... BeKTop
MarH....THoH ....HAyKL4\II.... nepneHA\IIKynJlpeH nposoAH....Ky)
z-j
r
nplilMe...aH....e: np.... npo....3B0l1bHOM pacnOnO>KeH........ BeKTOpa
MarH....THQH ....HA)'KLI........ OTHOC....Tel1bHO HanpaBJ1eH....JI
npoBOAH....Ka, BblnOnHJlIOT npeABap....TenbHoe pa3110>KeH,....e
BeKTOpa MarH....THoH ....HAyKL4\II.... Ha BeKTOp,
, nepneHA....KynJlpHblH npoBoAH....Ky .... BeKTop, napannenbHblH
eMY
B=B.l +BII
MOAYnb CMnbl nopeHqa
= Itfi vB .sina
HanpaBlleHMe CMnbl nopeHqa
.; ',D,nJl q > 0
npaBMno, neBOii PYKM (npHMeHJleTCJI, ecnH BeKTOp
MarHHTHoM HHAYKLlHH nepneHA\IIKynJlpeH npoBOAHHKY
npH npoH3BonbHOM pacn0l10>KeHHH BeKTopa MarHHTHOH
,
'0 'IiIHAYKL4\IIH OTHOCHTellbHO HanpaBneH....JI npoBOAHIo1Ka CM.
npHMe...aH....e Bblwe)
, --
-- ..... !;
" z-j V FEi'
,
" ", ' +q
.
:.
,6,nJl q < 0
<'
i npaBHno neBoM PYKH H HanpaBJIeHHe npoTHBonOnO>KHoe
anpaBneH""1O ,[VIJI n0I10>KHTenbHO aapJI>KeHHoM LlaCTHLlbl
'(
,Y:
O6oaH. eHMR 8MMlfMH, .AMHMq... HaMpeH"" . CM, .
Cnpa.OlfH.... 3Half.HMR KOHCT'HT .
F. - MOAynb C....Jlbl, AeHCT.ytOU4 H' Ha 'npoBOAH""( C
TOi<OM, nOMet.LleHHblH B MarHHTHoe none, H
r- cWla TOKa B npoBOAHHKe, A
B - MOAynb BeKTOpa MarH....THOH "'HAYKLI nonR, Tn
[- ,[VI....Ha npoBOAHHKa, M
a - yrOI1 Me>KAY HanpaBJleHIo1eM TOKa B nposoAHWt<e lit .
HanpaBneHHeM BeKJOpa B
BeKTOp B - IS na,AOHb
BeKTOp i - BAOllb 4-x nanbLleB
BeKTOP F - 6onbwoH naneLl. oTBeAeHHblH Ha 90? OT
)'K83aTenbHoro
- MOAynb CHl1bl, AeHcTBYIOU4eH B MarHHTt:lOM none Ha
ABH>KYU4YIOCJI LlaCTHLIY. H
q - 3apflA ...aCTHLlbl, K11
M
V - CKopocrb ...aCTHLlbl,. -
C
a - yron Me>K,D,y lSeKTopdM CKOpocTH v H BeKTopoM
MarHHTHoH HHA}'KLlHH B "
BeKTop B - B na,AOHb
BeKTOp i - BAonb 4-x nanbLleB
BeKTop F - 6onbwoH nan-ell. oTBeAeHHblH Ha 90° OT
yKa3aTel1bHoro
440.
3JI-EKTPOCT ATMKA II nOCTO.HHHblfi TOK
.QBMH<eHMe 3apSlH<eHHOM ..aCTMqbl B OAHOpo.qHOM MarHMTHOM none
3aKOHItl B BMAe 90PMyn
0603Ha..eHMJI B8J1M"MH, e.qMHMqItI M3M, p8HMI! . CM,
cnpaBO..Hltle 3Ha..eHMR KOHCTBHT
Yron Me>K,D,Y v H B paBeH 90°
T paeKTOf)HSI - OKpy>KHOCT pa,D,HYca R.
R= mv
qB
m - Macca L4aCTH4bl, Kr
,
M
V - CKOpocTb L4aCTH4bl, -
c
B- MOAynb BeKTopa MarHHTHoH HHAYK4HH, Tn
--
0 0-- 0 B
V
0 @ 0
F
--
0 0 V '0
nepHoA Bpal1\eHHSI
R - pclAHYC TpaeKTopHH, M
q - 3apSlA L4aCTH4bl, Kn
- MOAynb cHnbl, AeHcTBYlOaqeH B MarHHTHOM none Ha
ABH>KyaqYI9CII L4aCTH4)', H
H
T = 27tm
qB
T - nepHOA BpaaqeHHSI L4aCTH4bl, C
Yron Me>K,D,Y v H e paBeH ex.
Tpaei<TopHSI - BHHTOBaSI nHHHSI paAHyca
R mv.sina
qB
a - yron M.e>K,D,Y BeKTopoM CKOf)09H L4aCTH4bl H
BeKTopoM MarliHTHOH HHAYK4HH B
C warOM
h = 27tv, cosa.
q8
2R
h - war BHHTQBOH nHHHH, no KOropoH ABH>KeTCSI L4aCTH48 'j
"
..... .
v., - MOAynb npoeK4HH CKOpoCTH L4aCTH4bl Ha
HanpaBlleHHe BeeKTOpa HHA)'K4HH MarHHTHoro nolUJ
i :1
...
B
, .'J
...
v - MOAYnb npoeK4HH BeKTopa C"KopocTH L4aCTH4b1 Ha
HanpaBJIeHHe, rlepneliAHKynSlpHoe BeKTOPY HHAYK4HH
MarHHTHoro nOIlSl
'!
"
.,i
.s::
- I "
!' .'.:
( ,'1
l
CHJIbI AMnepa H JIopeHI1a
441
'ITO OIla BCer,na IIepneH,ltllKYJIHpHa BeKTOPY CKOpOCTH
, 'IaCTHIJ;bI, nOBOpa CH BMeCTe, n MeHeHH;eM Ha-
iIpaBJIeHllH 'IaCTHIJ;bI, n03TOMY, He Mox<eT H3MeHHTb
Mo.n;yJIb,BeKWp. CKOpOCTH 'IaCTllI1bI, a MeHHeT TOJIb-
KO HanpaBJIeHij BeKTopa CKOpOCTH.
.. r'
ECJIH 'IaCTllIJ;R BJleTaeT B O,ZJ;HopO,ltHOe MarHHTHOe nOJIe
nepneH,ltllKYJI pHO JIllHHHM MarHHTHOH HH.n;yKIJ;HH, TO
OHa Ha'IHHaeT .llIJltraTbeH no .n;yre OKPYiKHOCTH, KaK.
nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 168.
E9 E9 E9 e
v
,
i'
v
rpaHH
O,AHOpo,AHoro nOIlJl
v
PRC. 168
Pa,ZJ;Hye aTOH OKpyX<HOC]H R JIerKO p CC:qHTbIBt,leTcH
,H6 co06pcliKeHHH, 'ITO rnJIa JIopeHIJ;a F.. 6y.n:eT Bcer.n;a
paBJIeHa B IJ;eHTp aToH OKPYiKHOCTH H 6y.n;eT co06-
aTb 'IaCTHIJ;e IJ;eHpoCTpeMHTeJIbHOe YCKopeHHe a ilc :
Fn=ma ilC ;
mv 2
qvB= -;
R
j
r.n;e m - Macca 'IacTHIJ;bI. OTKY.n;a:
r- mv
R --
- B'
. q
; Ebrn 'IaCTllIJ;a BJIeTaeT B MarHllTHOe nOJIe no.n; yrJIOM
ia:I\ BeKTopy B, TO ,ltBH eHHe 'IaCTHIJ;bI 6y,lteT rrpOHC-
lXcD.ziHTh IIO BHHTOBOH JIHHHH. )]:eHCTBHTeJIbHO, .n;BHiKe-
lH¥e 'IacTHIJ;bI B rrpOCTpaHCTBe MOiKHO BCer.n;a OIIHcaTb
lKiK cOBoKynHocTb ,ltBlpKeHHH no TpeM OCHM. ECJIH
! OiKHTb Ha'IaJIbHbIH BeKTop CKOpOCTH Ha rrpoeK-
, H v..L H VII Ha OCH, nepIleH.nHKyJIHpHYI<),H napaJIJIeJIb-
BeKTOpy B, TO .n;BHiKeHHe B.n;OJIb B MOiKHO Qxa-
I epH30BaTbKaKpaBHOMepHoenpHMOJIHHeHHO CO
fC OPOCTbIO VII. )]:BHiKeHHe B HarrpaBJIeHHH nepneH,ltH-
iKiJIHPHOM B 6y.n;eT IIpe.n;CTaBJIHTb C060H paBHOMep-
Hc>e .n;BHiKeHHe no OKPYiKROCTH (c YCKopeHHeM ailc) co
I I{OPOCT IO V..L' Torna 'IaCTHIJ;a 6y.n;eT .n;BHraTbCH no
B.lHTOBOH TpaeKTopHH C ,pa.n;nyCOM
, i - mv
t I r= ---:!.
, I 'qB
tnaroM
'"- ' ( 21I: r J
h=vwT=vlI' - ,
V..L
'lJ.e T - BpeMH o.n;Horo 060pOTa HJI nepHO,lJ;.
JaOojlallio/WM
paJOlIiM
1. Oqe,HKa MOAynA BeKTopa MarHMTHOM
MHAYKqMM nOAKoBoo6pa3Horo MarHMTa
n e JI b: HCnOJIb30BaHHe CHJIbI' AMnepa .n;JIH onpe.n;e-
JIeHHH BeKTopa MarHHJ"HOH HH,ltYKIJ;llH O.n;HOpO.n;HOro
nOJIst.
060 p y .n; 0 B a H He: nO,ZJ;KoBo06pa3HbIH MarHHT, Ka-
TYillKa C H3BeCTHbIM 'IHCJIOM BHTKOB, BeCbI C pa3HOBe-
. C H, HHTb, aMn pMeTp, peOCTa:r, KJIIO'I, HCTO'IHHK
TOKa, JIHHeHKa, mTaTHB C JIaIIKaMH.
Xo.n; pa60TbI
1. B03bMHTe H3 aa60pa B rrpaKTHKYMe mKOJIbI He-
60JIbmyIO I\aTYillKY C H3BeCTHbIM 'IHCJIOM BHTKOB
N HJIH H3J;'OTOBbTe ee caMH.
2. Orrpe.n;eJIHTe ee Maccy M B3BemHBaHHeM.
3. 3aKpeIIHTe KaTymKY Ha .n;BYX HT.RX B JIaIlKe mTa-
THBa TaK, 'IT06bI KaTYillKa Ha 2 CM yrJIy6HJIaCb B
IIpOCTpaHCTBO Me)K,ZJ;y IIOJIIOCHbIMH H KOHe'IHHKa-.
MH nO,ZJ;KoBo06pa3HOrO MarHHTa H MOrJIa cB060.n;-
HO KOJIe6aThCH, He BpalItaHCb BOKpyr CBoeH OCH, KaK
IIOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 169. lIpH 3TOM HHTH Hano 3aK-
penHTh HeMHoro BbIille IJ;eHTpa THiKeCTH KaTYillKH.
,
PHC. 169
4. C06epHTe aJIeKTpH'IecKyro IJ;eIlb, II03BOJIHIOlItyIO
nPQnYCKaTb TOK no KaTyuIKe, peryJIHpOBaTb ero H
H3MepHTb' CHJIY TOKa,
5. PeocTaToM oTperyJIHpyHTe CHJIY TOKa TaK, 'IT06bI
KaTYlIIKa OTKJIOHHJIaCb OT BepTHKaJIH Ha 1-2 CM,
He BbIXO,ZJ;H H3' 3aaopa MarHHTa.
6. lIpH aTOM nOJIox<eHH}{ .n;BHX<Ka peOCTaTa H3Mepb-
Te CIDIy TOKa I, OTKJIOHeHHe X, H MliHY HHTll L OT
TO'IKH nO.n;Beca Ha IIITaTHBe .n;o MeCTa KpenJIeHHH ,
Ha KaTYillKe (pHC. 170).
442'
3JIEKTPOCT ATHKA II lIOCTO.HHHbIfi TOK
h
T
L
j c-F;
ilg
PHC. 170
, ,
7. ,KaK Bll,ltHO H3 P1Jc.-170, npH paBHOBeCHH KaTymKH
ClfJIa AMIIepa F,. yp_aBHoBemHBaeT BeKTopHYro
cY.MMY CHJIbI TXiKeCTH H ClfJIY HaTHiKeHll HHTH H
paBHa:
- Mgx Mgx
Fa = Mgtga= It "" 7'
3HaH 3aBHCHMOCTb MO)tyJIH CHJIbI AMnepa OT xa-
paKTepHCTHI\ npOBO,ltHf[Ka C TOKOM H MarHHTHOrO
nOJIH npH .nepneH.n;HI\YJIHpHOM paCIIOJIOiKeHHH B
HI:
Fa = IlBN,
MOiKHO JIerKO ,nOJIyqHTb:
Mgx
B= LIlN '
AnH OIJ;eHOK MbI MOiKeM CJIHTaTb, 'ITO MarHHTHoe
IIOJIe rrpHCYTCTByeT TOJIbKO B 3a30pe MeiK.n;y nOJIIO-
CaMH Ii OHO O.n;HopO.n;HO, Tor,lta 3a .n;JIHHY npOBQ,ZJ;-
HHKa MOiKH;O npHHHTb .n;JlHHY .n;yru KaTymKlJ, 3a-
XO.n;HlIteH B 3a30p Me)K.n;y nOJIIOCaMH, HJIH mHpHHY
nOJIIOCHbIX HaKOHe'IHMKOB nO.n;KOB006pa3Horo Mar-
HHT£!,.
8. 1I3MepbTe mHpHHY nOJIIOCHOro HaKOHe'IHHKa Mar-
HHTa H npOBe.n;llTe OIJ;eHKY MO.n;yJiH BeKTopa Mar-
HHTHOH HHJXyKI.(llH B B 3a30pe nO){KOB006pa3HO-
ro MafHHTa. Pe3YJIbTaT paC'Ie'(a nOHa.n;06mCH HaM
.n;JIH BbIIlOJIHeHH<I CJIe.n;yIOlIteH -pa6dTbI.
2. OqeHlca CKOpOCTM ABMJKeHMA
3neKTpoHOB B 3neKTpOHHo-nY14eBOM
Tpy6Ke
l e JI b: 03HaKOMJIeH'He C YCTPOHCTBOM aJIeK-:q>OHHO-
JIyqeBoH TPy6KH OCIJ;HJlJIorpacl>a; HcnOJfb;30B e 3Ha-
HMH 0 c lJIe JIopeHIJ;a AJlH Ol1pe.n;eJIeHH CKGpOCTH .n;BH-
)TcTU{erOCH 3apH,lI;a.
U 6 0 P y.n; 0 B a H He: no.n;KOBo06pa3HbIH MarHllT C
paCC'IHTaHHbIM Mo.n;YJIeM BeKtopa B MRrHHTaOH HJi:-
.n;yKIJ;HH MeiK.n;y IIOJIIOCHbIMH HaKOHe'lHHKaMH (H3 JIa-;
60paTOpHOH pa60TbJ; 1), JIHHeHKa, OCIJ;HJIJIOrpacl>
(aJIeKTpOHHO-JIy'leBaH TPy6Ka).
Xo.n; pa60TbI
1. lIo MciKe'ry HJIH pHcyHKY 03HaKOMbTeCb C YCTpOH-
CTBOM aJIeKTpOHHo-.nyqeBoH Tpy6KM :3JIT (pHC. 171).
3
- ....... ..-:::::::- r:::::J]
Fl' V ---;;:-- -¥-
n 2 '--
A --_
K
PHC. 171
3JIeKTpOHbI, BbmeTIDJ; C paCKaJIeHHoro KaTO.n;a K,
pa3roHHIOTCH, IIepeMelItaHCb K IIOJIOiKHTeJIbHO 3a-
pHiKeHHoMY aHo.n;y A, n]JOJleTaIOT 'Iepe3 OTBepcTHe
B aHo.n;e, a 3aTeM MeiK.n;y ABYMH IIapaMli IIJIOCKHX
OTKJIOHHIOIItHX nJIaCTHH (lIt' ll2) H IIona.n;aIOT Ha
aKpaH 3, IIOKpbITbIH CJIoeM JIIOMMHocl>opa. 3KpaH
CBeTHTCH no.n; .n;eHcTBHeM aJIeKTpOHHbIX y.n;apOB.
ECTb B aJIeKTpOHHO-JIyqeBoH Tpy6Ke elIte H CTIeIJ;H
aJIbHbIe cl>oKYCHPYIOIItHe aJIeKTpo.n;bI, KOTopbIe
CiKHMaIOT nyqoK MeKTpoHoB.
2. TaKMM 06pa30M, rrpH BKJIIO'IeHHH 3JIT Ha aKpaHe
B03HHKaeT CBeTHIIt<UJCH TO'lKa, KOTOpaH YKa3bIBa-
eT MerTO na.n;eHHH aJIeKTPoHoB Ha aKpaH. MOiKHO
C.n;BHHYTb «TO'lKY , BpaIl{CUI PY'IKH rOpM30HTaJIb-
Horo H BePTHKaJIbHOrO nepeMelIteHHH JIY'Ia, TO ecTb
no.n;aBaH HaIlpHiKeHHe Ha TIJIaCTHHbI lIt If II 2 . BbI
MOiKeTe CMeCTHTb «aJIeKTpOHHbIH JIyq ' nO.n;HOCH
BTIJIOTHYIO K aKpaHY C Hapy:>KHOH CTOpoHbI no,ZJ;KO-
Boo6pa3HbIH MarHHT, KaK IIOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 172.
I I I I I I
->-:- - -:3'.. J_ - - _!.HI- - -} --
I I I I
__",__1_ _L__'-__
I I I I
I I I ,
__1-__1_ _L__L__
I I I r
I I I I
P83pe3 B - B (BHA cBepxy)
)( N
7.
e-
, ,
, ,
-"--r---
, , ,
, .
T- -r - -,..--
, , ,
I I 1'1. I I I
--.---.--.,-- --T--r--r-- t
I I I I I I
, ,
7.
7.
s
3
3
PRC. 172
CHJIbI AMnepa H JIopeHIJ;a
443
MarHllTHoe IIMe, npOHHKaH BHYTPb 3JIT, MCKPHB-
JIHeT TpaeKTOpHIO ,ltBHiKeHHH 9JI€KTpOHOB, TaK KaK
Ha HHX Ha'IHHaeT .n;eHCTBOBaTb CHJIa JIopeHIJ;a.
C'IMTaH, 'ITO MarHMTHOe nOJIe IIpOCTlipaeTCH Ha
paCCTOHHHe, paBHOe npHMepHO lIIMpMHe nOJIIOC-
HbIX HaKOHe'lHHKOB MarHHTa, MO)KHO OIJ;eHHTh CKO-
. poCTh IIOMeTa aJIeKTpOHOB K ::Hq aHY (CM. n. 5).
3. Y CTaHOBHTe c.rie.n; aJIeKTpOHHoro JIY"la ( «CBeTHIItY-
lOCH TO'lKY ) B IJ;eHTpe aKpaHa, BpalItaH PY'IKH Bep-
THKaJIbHOro H ropM30HTaJIbHOrO cMelIteilHH JIY'Ia
3JIT HJIH OCIJ;HJIJIOrpacl>a. OCTOpO)KHO npmKMHTe
IIO.n;KOBY MarHHTa K aKpaHy H H3MepbTe JIHHeHKOH
CMelIteHMe Y JIyqa.
4. 3apHcyHTe IIOJIOiKeHHe MarHHTa OTHOCHTe.1ThHO
aKpaHa, HaqaJIbHOe H KOHe'lHOe nOJIO)KeHMe JIY'Ia
Ha aKpaHe. YKa)l{MTe HanpaBJI€HHe JIHHllH MarHH't-
HOH HH.n;yKIJ;MII MeiK.n;y nOJIIOCaMH MarHMTa, Ha-
IIpaBJIeH e .n;BHX<eHHH aJIeKTpOHoB H onpe.n;eJIMTe
HanpaBJIeHMe CMJIbI JIopeHIJ;a, npMMeHHB iIpaBHJIO
«JIeBOH PYKM . He 3a6y.n;bTe, 'ITO aJIeKTpOH OTpH-
f " I1aTeJIbHO 3apHiKeH. ,COOTBeTcTByeT JIM OTKJIOHe-
' HHe aJIeKTpOHOB HanpaBJIeHMIO CHJIbI JIopeHIJ;a?
1 5. KaK Blf,ZJ;HO M3 pMC. 173, pa.n;MYC 1<pHBM3HbI TpaeK-
, TOpHH R, TOJIIItHHa CJIOH d, r.n;e .n;eHcTByeT MamMT-
/ Hoe nOJIe H CMelIteHlJe Y CBH3aHbI M3 TpeyrOJIbHHKa
, ABC COOTHomeHHeM:
(R - y)2 + rf = R2;
}\
OTKy.n;a:
,1
y2 +d2
R=
2y
" ,{
d r. d
8
: "'..... I.....
, '-c: v
1 L ----- . -f y
Fn ---*
v 7-
:t.
7-
/.
3
Paape3 C - C
7-
7-
7.
7-
7-
7.
7-
7.
PHC. 173
3HaH, 'lT0:
-..1
,.:;.'
R= mv
qB'
,
'
IIOJIyqaeM cl>OPMYJIy.n;JIH OIJ;eHKH CKOpOCTH aJIeKT-
pOHa v:
v= qB(y2 +d 2 )
2ym
3Ha'IeHH» q II m B03bMI'ITe H3 Ta6JIHIJ;, a MO.n;YJIb
BeKTopa MarHHTHOH MH.n;YKIJ;MH B H3 JIa60paTop-
HOH pa60TbI 1.
6. ECJIli H3BeCTHO HanpHiKeHHe U Me.)K)];y yCKOpHIO-
IItHMH aJIeKTpO.n;MIH B 3JIT, ro npOB.e.n;HTe OIJ;eH-
KY v, HCXO.n;H 113 aKOHa coxpaHeHHH aHeprHH:
mv 2
T=qU.
B CJIY'Iae CHJIbHOrO pacxox<.n;eHllH pe3YJIbTaTOB
npOaHaJIH3HpyHTe, KaKHe npe.n;nOJIo)i<eHHH B aToH
pa60Te HBJIHIOTCH HaH60JIee rpy6bIMM H HeTO'l-
HbIMH.
ea./4()
JIaCoIIia
06Y'laIOI1IMM TeCT
YpOBeHb A
1. JIMHHM MarHMTHOH MH.n;yKI1MH nOJIH H.n;YT CJIeBa Ha-
. npaBo napaJIJIeJIbHO nJIOCKOCTH JIHCTa, llpOBO.n;HHK
C TOKOM IIepneH.n;HKYJIHpeH nJIOCKOCTli lIHCTa, H
TOK HanpaBJIeH B nJIOCKOCTb TeTpa.n;H. BeKTop
CJ;lJIbI AMnepa, .n;eHcTBYIOlIteH Ha rrpOBO.n;HHK, Ha-
rrpaBJIeH...
,0 A. BIIpaBo. 0 6. BJIeBO,
o B. BBepx. 0 f. BHH3.
2. IIpoBo.n;HHK C TOKOM JIeiKHT B nJIOCKOCTH JIHCTa.
ITo npOBO.n;HMKY C.BH3Y npOXO,ltHT TOK, H aa Hero
BBepx .n;eHcTByeT HJIa AMnep , HanpaBJIeHHaH OT
JIHCTa. 3TO MC»)Ke1;' npOMcxo.n;HTb, eCJIH eeBepHbIH
nOJIIQc CTepiKHeBoro MarHHTa no.n;HeCJIH...
o A. CJIeBa.
o 6. cnpaBa.
o B. C IIepe.n;HeH CTOpOHbI JIHCTa.
o f. C 06paTHOH CTOpOHbI JIliCTa.
, 3. Ha pMC. 174 nOKa3aHbI CKOpOCTb V nOJIOiKllTeJIb-
HO 3apHiKeHHoH 'IaCTHIJ;bl, BJIeTeBmeH Me.)K)];y IIO-
JIIOCaMI!. nO,ZJ;KoBo06pa3Horo MarHHTa, H cHfIa JIo-
peHIJ;a F , .n;eHCTByIOlItaH Ha 'IaCTMIJ;Y. '
444
3JIEKTPOCTA TIIKA II lIOCTO.HHHbI:A TOK
r-----I
v 0--
Fn
L---J
PHc.174
lIoJIox<eHHe nOJIIOCOB MaJ:'HliTa Ha pHcyHKe...
o A cBepxy ceBepHbIH, CH1l3y IOX<HbIH.
o E. CH1l3Y ceBepHbIH cBepxy IOX<HhlH.
.
o B. Ha nOJIOX<UTeJIbHO 3apHx<eHHbIe 'IaCTHUbI
CWIa JIopeHna He HCTBYeT,
o f. .ztJIjI OTBern Ha.n;0 3HaTh BeJIll'IllHY cKopocrn.
4. KaKaH cl>oPMYJIa cOOTBeTCTByeT BbIpaxceHllIO .ztJIjI,
MO,ZtyJIH CHJIbI .AMnepa?
o A F=qE.
o 6. F = qvBsina.
O B F = q1q2
. / 2 .
41t£ o r
;:::Q 0 f. F = IBlsina.
. lIpJlMOJlllHeHHbIH IIpOBO.n;HllK ,ZJ;JIHHOH 1 = 0,1 M, no
KOTOpOMY Te'IeT TOK I = 3 A, HaxO,ztHTCH B O.ztHO-
pO,ltHOM MarHHTHOM nOJIe. MO,ZtyJIb BeKTopa Mar-
HliTHOH llH.ztyKIJ;H1'{ B ::: 4 Tn. lIpOBO,ZJ;HllK pacno-
JIox<eH no.n; YrJIOM 600 K BeKTOpy B. 1JeMY paBHa
CHJIa, .n;eHCTByIOlItaH Ha npOBo.n;HHK CO CTOpOHbI
MarHHTHoro nOJIR?
o A 0,6 H. 0 6. 1 H.
o B.l,4H. Of.2;4H.
6. 1JacTlina BJIeTeJIa B O.n;HOpO,ltHoe MaI"HHTHOe nOJIe
co CKOpOCThIO v, npH STOM Ha Hee Ha'IaJIa .n;eHCTBO-
BaTh CHJIa F. ECJIH B TY x<e TO'IKy nOJIH no.n; TeM iKe
YrJIOM Ta iKe 'Iacrnu;a BJIeTUT co CKOpocThIO B 2 pa3a
60JIbmeH, TO CHJIa, .n;eHCTBYIOlItaH Ha Hee, 6y.n;eT
paBHa...
OAF.
o B.4F.
06.2F.
F
.Of. 2"
Ypo H" &
1. lIpoBO.zt, no KOTOpOMY Te'leT'TOK OT Ha6JIIO,ltaTeJIH,
BliCHT IIa no.l1BO.ltHIItllX npoBD,lUiX IJa.zt BepTJilKaJIbHO
paCnOJIO)KeHHOH KaTyIIII«>H H npu ee no.n;KJIIO'IeHillf
OTKJIOHHeTCH BrrpaBO, KaK nO aJ1() Ha pHe.175. :
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3TO 03H,a'IaeT, 'ITO K KJIeMMaM 1 H 2 KaTyuIKH no.n;-
KJIIO'IHJIH...
o A +H-.
o 6. -H+.
o B. nepeMeHHoe HaIlpHiKeHHe.
o f. TaKoe HeB03MOiKHO.
l,
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2. B MarHHTHOM nOJIe C HH.n;yKIJ;lleH B = 4 TJI ,ZJ;BHiKeT-
CH WIeKTpOH co CKOpocThIO 10 7 , HarrpaBJIeHHOH
c ...' ,
neprreH,ltHKyJIHpHO JIllHllHM MarHllTHOH HH.n;yKIUm.
1JeMY paBeH MO.n;YJIb CHJIbI F, .n;eHCTByIOlIteH Ha
aJIeKTpOH co CTOpOHbI MarHHTHOro nOJIH?
o A. 0,4.10- 12 H. '
o 6. 6,4.10- 12 H.
o B. 0,4.10- 26 H.
o f. 6,4.10- 26 It
3. 3 eKTpOH C aapH.n;OM e BJIerneT B MarJlllTHOe nOJIei ;;l
O.n;YJIb BeKTopa MarHHTHOH Ha.nyKIJ;HH KOTOporo 'I
B, co CKOpOCTblO v nepneH,ltHKY JIHpHO" JIHHHHM 1
MarHHTHOH HH,ltYKIJ;HH. KaKoe BbIpaJKeHHe COOT- j
BeTCTByeT pa.n;nycy Op6HTbI 3JIeKTpOHa? .:. " 1
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pO,ltHOM MarHHTHOM no.ne no.n; YrJIOM 0 0 < a. < 90 0
K BeKTOpy MarHHTHOH HH.n;yKIJ;HH B?
o A. lIpHMaH.
o 6. lIapa60JIa.
o B.OKPYiKHOCTb.
o f. BHHTOBaH JIHHllH.
5. 1JacTHIJ;a BJIeTeJIa, B O,ltHOpO,ltHoe MarHHTHOe nOJIe
co CKOPC;>CTbIO v, rrpH aTOM Ha liee Ha'IaJIa .n;eHCTBO-
BaTh CHJIa F. ECJIH ,B TY :lICe TO'IKY nOJIH no.n; TeM iKe
YrJIOM Ta iKe 'IaCTHIJ;a BJleTHT C KliHeTH'IeCIWH aHep-
rneH B 4 pa3a 60JlbmeH, TO CHJIa, ;lJ;eHCTBYIOlItaH Ha
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B OIlbITax AMnepa 6bIJIO nOKaaaHO, 'ITO .n;Ba napaJI-
JIeJIb bIX ,rrpOBO,ltHHKa C TOKaMH, TeKYIItHMH B o.n;-'
,'HOM HaIlpaBJIeHHH, npHTHrnBaIOTCH .n;pyr K .nPyry.
BOCIIOJIb30BaBmHCI! 3HaHHHMH 0 KapTHHe ,JIHHHH
MapIHTHOH llH.n;YKIJ;llH; BOKpyr npOBo.n;HHKa C TO-
, KOM H HaIlpaBJIeHllH CHJIbI AMIIepa, nOKaJKHTe,"I.TO
aTOT 'aKcnepHMeHT MOiKHO 06'bHCHHTb TeM, -':ITO
O.n;HH IIpOBO.n;HHK C TOKOM nona.n;ae-r B MarHHTHOe
nOJIe, C03.n;aHHoe .n;pyrnM TOKOM.
P e lli e H He. lIYCTh 06a TOKa paCnOJIOiKeHbI Tat<, -':ITO
,YXO,ltHT B TeTpa.n;b (pHC. 176 'a). lIpaBbIH H3.HllX co-
3.ZJ;aeT MarHHTHOe IIOJIe, HaIlpaBJIeHHe JIHHHH MarHHT-
BoH HH.ltYKIJ;HH KOToporo MOiKHO orrpe.n;eJIHTb, 80C-
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lIpHMeHeHHe IIpaBH,7Ia 6ypaB'IHKa IIOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO B
TO'IKe npocTpaHCTBa, r.n;e pacnOJIOiKeH BTOpOH npoBo.n;,
nepBbIH C03.n;aeT MarHHTHoe nOJIe, HanpaBJIeHHoe Bep-
THKaJIbHO BHH3 (pH . 176 6).
Tenepb IIOMeCTHM B aTO IIOJIe BTOPOH IIpOBO,ZJ;HHK C
TOKOM H orrpe.n;eJIHM HarrpaBJIeHlleCHJIbI AMnepa,.n;eH-
cTByIOlIteH Ha BTOpOH TOK co CTOpOHbI MarHHTHOrO
nOJIH, C03.n;aHHOrO nepBbIM TOKOM. .ltJIH aToro BOCnOJIh
3yeMcH npaBllJIOM JIeBOH PYKH. JIeByI6 PYKY pacno-
JIOX<HM TaK, 'IT06bI BeJ(TOp B BXO.n;HJI B JIa,zJ;OHb, T. e.
JIa.n;OHbIO KBepxy. HanpaBHM 'IeTpIpe miJIbIJ;a B.n;OJIb
BTOpOro TOKa, T. e. BTe1j>alJ;b. Toriia OTOrnYTbIii 60)Ib-
mOH'na.n:eIJ; nOI<IDKeT ,.tro CHJIa AMrrepa, HcTBjIOIItM
Ha BTOpOH .rrpOBO.n;, HaIlpaBJIeHa B cTopoay nepBoro
TOKa.
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, AHaJIOrn'IHO MOiKHO 06'bHCHHTb .n;eHcTBlie MarHllnto.
ro nOJIH, C03.n;aHHoro BTOpbIM TOKOM, H HaHTH aaIlpaB-
JIeHHe CliJIbI AMnepa, .n;eHcTBYIOlIteH Ha IIepBL(H npo-
BO,ZJ;HllK C TOKOM.
1. 1I3BecTHo, 'ITO 1 AMnep - aTO TaKaH CHJIa TOKa,
npH KOTOpOH .n;Ba napaJIJIeJIbHbIX MHHHbIX npo-
BO.n;HHKa, paCnOJIOiKeHHbIx Ha paccToHHHH 1 M, B3a-
HMo.n;eHcTBYIOT C CHJIoii ,.,2.10- 7 H B pac'IeTe Ha 1 M
MHHbI rrpOBO.n;HHKa. KaKOB npH aTOM MOj/:(YJIb BeK-
Topa MarHilTHOH HH.n;yKI.{HH nOJIH, C03,ltaBeMoro on-
HH TOKOM B6JIll H .n;pyroro?
2. PaMka C'TPKOM BHCHT B O.n;HOpO.n;HOM MafHHTHQM
nOJIe, KaK nOKaaaHO Ha pHC. 177.
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PHC. 177
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nOJIOiKeHHH rrpHMpro npOI Q4 ! , P KOTOpoMY Te T
TOK I B arHHTHO,M nOJIe B. ij pHcyi:i;Te HqIlpaB-
'.neHHe CHJIbt AMnepa, .n;eHcTBYIDlIteH Ha TOK.
,lJ;aHO:
q1 = 2.1,6.10'19 KJI;
(12= 3.1,6.10'19 KJI;
B = 0,5 TJI;
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4. no.n; KaKHM yrJIOM K BeKTopy MarHHTHOH HHAYK-
IJ; 1f paCIIOJIOiKea npoBo.n;HHK .n;JIHHOH 10 CM, eCJIH
Ha Hero B nOJIe 0,01 TJI .n;eHCTByeT CHJIa B 2,5.10- 3 H
IIPH CHJIe TOKa B IIpOBO,ZJ;HHKe 5' A.
>5; -8 MafHHTHoe nOJIe BJIeTaIOT TPli 'IaCTHIJ;bI, HMeIO-
',mHe nOJIOiKHTeJIbHbIH 3apH,ZJ;, OTpHl.1;aTeJIbHbIH 3a-
pSl.n; H He HMeIOlItaH 3apH.n;a (pHC. 179). HapHcYH1'e
CHJIbI, .n;eHcTBYIOIItHe Ha 'IaCTHIJ;bI?
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PHC. 179
6. 3JIeKTpOH BJIeTaeT IIepneH.n;HKYJIHpHO MarHHTHbIM .
CHJlOBI;>lM JIUHHHM B MarHHT Oe nOJIe C BCKTOpOM
JlTHDH O,Ol TJICOCKOpOCTbIO 1()6 .
, . ' " c
KaKaH,cHJIa HatIHeT Ha Hero .n;eHCTBOBaTb H H3Me-
_ '. Ii
'1iHTCSI JIH npH aTOM MO.n;YJIb BeKTopa CKOpOCTH
i'meK'rpOHa? KaKoBa 6y.n;eT TpaeKTopHH 'IaCTHI1bI?-
. YpOBeHb &
npMMep peweHMA 3 a'lM
. i
, M
. ,l10HbI C02+ H C03+ BJIeTaIOT CO CKOpOCTbIO 2.1OS -
c
B O.n;HopO.lmOe MarHHTHoe IIOJIe (B = 0,5 TJI) nep-
neH.tufKYJIHpHO rpaHHIJ;e nOJIH H ero JIHHHHM Mar-
HliTHOH HH.n;yKIJ;HH. Ha CKOJIbKO OTCTOHT TO'IKllllX
BbIJIeTa H3 nOJIH, eCJIH BJIeTaIOT OHli B O.n;HOH H TOH
iKe TO'IKe?
M
v=2.10 5 -;
C
M = 59.10. 3 Kr;
L1X-?
P em e H He. lIycTb CHJIOBbIe JIHHHH MamHTHora
nOJIHBbIXO,ltHTH3IIJIOCKOCTHTeTpa,ZJ;H,aHOHbI.n;BHiKY
TCH B IIJIOCKOCTH TeTpaAH, KaK IIOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 180.;
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HbIX HOHOB, .n;BHraIOIItHXCH B MarHHTHOM IIOJIe, YCTa-,
HOBHM, 'ITO CHJIa JIopeHIJ;a, .n;eHCTBYIOlItaH Ha 06a HORa
, ,
B MOMeHT IIpOHHKHoBeHHH B MarHHTHOe nOJIe HaIIpaB-
JIeHa BepTHKaJIbHO BHH3, 3Ha'IHT, BeKTopbI CKOpOCTH
HOHOB Ha'IHYT nOBOpa'IHBaTbCH BHH3. Ho BMeCTe C
BeKTopoM CKOpOCTH 6y.n;eT nOBOp 'IHBaTbCH H BeKTOp
CHJIbI JIopeHIJ;a. llOaTOMY HORbI CTaHYT ,ZJ;BHraTbCH no
OKPYiKHOCTH 6e3 H3MeHeHHH MO.n;YJIH BeKTopa CKOpo-
CTH, T. e. CHJIa JIopeHua 6y.n;eT coo61ItaTb HM IJ;eH'rpo-
CTpeMHTeJIbHOe YCKopeHHe.
MaCCbI HOHOB C0 2 + H C0 3 + IIpaKTH'IeCKH o.n;HHaKOBbl
(oTJIWlaIOTCH o.n;Ha OT .n;pyrOH Ha Maccy o.n;Horo aJIeK-
TpOHa, 'ITO MaJIO no cpaBHeHHIO C MaCCOH aToMa).
CJIe.n;oBaTeJIbHo:
M
m=-
N'
O.n;HaKo CHJIbI JIopeHIJ;a = qvB 6y.ztyT paaJIH'IaTbCH
B 1,5 paaa H3-3a OTJIH'IHH 3apH.n;a HOHOB. llOaTOM)' pa-
.n;HyC R 1 OKPYiKHOCTH, no KOTOpOH ,ZJ;BIDKeTCH HOH C0 2 +,
6y.n;eT 6oJIbme, 'IeM R 2 .n;JIH C0 3 +:
mv 2
q1vB= .
'
mv 2
Q2 vB =-
. R 2 '
CHJIbI AMIIepa II JIopeHI1a
447
nOCKOJIbKY B MarHHTltoM II<me KaiK.n;M 'IaCTHI1a '.n;o
BbIJIeTa,COBepmHT poBHO rrdJIOBimy 06opoTa, TO HC-
KOMoe paCCTOHHHe MeiK.n;y TOqKaMH BbIJIeTa HOHOB:
. 2MV ( 11 ) -
M = 2R 1 - 2R 2 = -. --- :!: 0,08 (M).
BN a ql q2 '
OTBeT: 8 CM.
7. AMnep npH HccJIe.n;dBaHHH KOB HCnOJlb30BaJI nJl51
, , CBOHX OIlbITOB MO.n;Hcl>HIJ;llpoBaHHbIe BeCbI, r.n;e .n;eH-
CTBHe CHJIbI Ha IIpOBO,ZJ;HHK, CKpenJIeHHbIH C O.n;HOH
'IameH, ypaBHOBemHBaJIOcb.n;06aBJIeHHeM rHpeK Ha
.n;pyryIO tiamy. B KaKoe IIOJIe nona,ZJ;aJI ero npHMoH'
npoBo.n; MliHOH 20 CM, eCJIH IIPH; IIponYCKaHHH 'Ie-
pe3 Hero TOKa B 5 A Ha BTOpyIO 'Iamy .n;06aBJIHJIH
rnpbKY B 1 r? MarHHTHO none C03.n;aBaJIOCb .n;PY-
rHM IIpOBO.n;OM C TOKOM, napaRJIeJIbHbIM nepnoM)'.
8. B BepTHKaJIbHOM MarHHTHOM nOJIe (B = 0,01 TJI)
nepIleH.n;HKYJlHpHO ero JIHHHHM MarHHTHOH HH.ZJ:YK-
I(HH Ha JIerKHX rrpoBo.n;ax .n;JIHHOH 50 CM IIO,l];BemeH
rrpHMOH Me.n;HbIH CTepiKeHb MHHOH 10 CM. npH
npoIlYCKaHHH 'Iepe3 Hero TOKa B 10 A OH OTKJIO-
" HHJICH OT BepT11KaJIH Ha 30°. KaKOBa Macca cTep- '
, iKH5I? CHJIbI, .n;eHcTByIOlItHe Ha no.n;BO.n;HII{He rrpo-
t .. .
BOna, He Y'IHTbIBaTb.
9, ,lIoJIoiKHTeJIbHo 3apHiKeHHM 'IaCTHIJ;a BJIeTaeT B
: ", O.n;HOpO.n;Hoe MarHHTHOe IIOJIe, HMeIOlItee npHMOJIH-
, ,HeiiHyIO rpaHHI1Y, IIepneH.n;HKYJlHpHO JIllHllHM Mar-
i" '. HHTHOH HH.n;YKIIHH, KaK nOlGl3aHO Ha pHC. 181.
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EB
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PHC. 181
HapHCyHTe TpaeKTopHIO ,ee .n;BHiKeHHH npH pa3HbIx
YrJIax MeiK.n;y rpaHllIJ;eH MarHHTHoro IIOJIH H BeK-
, TOpOM CKOpOCTHH IIPH pa3HbIx CK pOCTHX BJIeTa-
IOlIteH 1IaCTHI1bI. .
10. .n:Be 'IaCTHI1bI C MaccaMH M 1 n: M 2 H 3apHnaMH ql
H q2 Y Kope bI .n;o o.n;HHaKoBoH KHHeTH'IeCKOH
aHeprHH W H .n;BHiKYTCH no !<PyroBbIM TpaeKTo-
pHHM B O.n;HOpO.n;HOM MarHHTHoM IIOJIe. KaK 6y-
.n;ye OTJIH'IaTbC5I pa,ZJ;HYCbI OKPYiKHocTeH, no KO-
TOpbIM OHH .n;BHiKYTCH?
11. PaCC'IHTaHTe nepHo.n; BpalIteHHH aJIeKTpOHa B Mar-
HHTHOM nOJIe c B = 1 TJI npeneH,ltllKYJlHpHO ero
JIHHHHM MarHHTHOH HH.n;YKIJ;HH. KaK OH 3aBHCHT
OT CKOpOCTH aJIeKTpOHa?
12. lIo.n; KaKHM YrJIOM K mi:HHHM MarHHTHOH HH.ZJ;YK-
IJ;HH .n;OJI)KHa BJIeTeTh aapHiKeHHaH 'IaCTHIJ;a B o.n;-
HOpb.n;Hoe MarHHTHOe n(me, 'IT06bI'pa.n;nyc cnll-
paJIH, no KOropO:M ORa .n;BH)KetcH, paBHHJICH mary
aTOH crtHpa.nH.
JIaCoIIia
YpOBeHb A (pac HTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1. CpaBHHTe MO.n;YJIli CHJIbI JIopeHIJ;a, .n;eHcTBYIOlIteH
Ha 3apH)KeHHYIO qacTHIJ;y (q = 10- 6 KJI) H C bI AM-
nepa, .n;eHCTByIOlIteH Ha npOBO.n;HHK C TOKOl\1 MHHOH
0,05 M B O.n;HOpO.n;HOM MarHHTHOM nOJle (B = 10- 2 TJI).
qacTHIJ;a .n;BHiKeTcH nepneH.n;HKYJIHpHO JIHHHHM
MarHHTHOH HH.zJ;YKI1HH co CKOPOCThIO 2.1 0 3 ,a
c
IIpOBO.n;HHK' paCnOJIOiKeH no.n; yrJIOM 30° 'K JIHHH-
HM., CHJIa TOKa B npOBO/l;HHKe 0,5 A.
2. 11306pa3HTe Ha pHcYHKe JIHHHH MarHHTHOH HH.ZJ:YK-
IJ;HH O.n;Hopo.n;Horo MarHHTHoro nOJIH, BeKTOp KO-
TOpOro HaIlpaBJIeH 3a nJIOCKOCTh TeTpa,ZJ;H; npOTOH
C BeKTopOM CKOpOCTH, HanpaBJIeHHbIM BBepx; CHJIY,
.n;eHcTBYIOlItyIO Ha aTOT rrpOTOH; rrpHMepHYIO Tpa-
eKTopHIO, no KOTOpOit nOJIeTHT npoToH.
3. 1I306pa3HTe cXeMaTH'IHO YCTaHbBKY no H3Y'IepHIO
CliJIbI AMnepa, COCTOHlItyIO H3: IIOJIOCOB9ro Miu'HH-
Ta, paCIIOJIOiKeHHoro BepTHKaJIbHO; ,npOBO.n;HlIterO
CTep)KHH, no.n;BemeHHoro Ha,ZJ; aTHM MarHHTOM ifa
rn6KHx rrpoBo.n;ax;; 'HCTO'lHHKa TOKa, coe.n;HHeHHO-
re C aTHi\.m npoBo.n;aMH; KJIIO'Ia, 3aMbIKaIOlIterO
aJIeKTpH'IecKYIO I1enb. Ky.n;a OTl<JIOHHTCH cTep-
iKeHb, eCJIH no HeMY nYCTHTb TOK? 'qTo HO c.n;e-
naTb, 'IT06bI OH OTKJIOHHJIC5I B .n;PyryIO CTOPOHY?
YpOBeHb 6 (pacc4HTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
1. .n:JIH oIlpe.n;eJIeHHH e.n;HHHIJ; KaKHX cl>H3H'1eCKHX Be-
, JIH'IHH HCIIOJIb3yeTcH CHJIa AMIIepa? llaihe onpe-
.n;eJIeHHH aTHX BeJIH'IJ,:H?
I
448
:3JIEKTPOCT ATMKA II nOCTo.SIHHbItt TOK
2. 3JIeICTpOH co CICOpocThIO 2.10 7 BJIeTaeT B TO'IKe
c
A B O.n;HopO,ltHoe MarHllTHO nOJIe, llMeIOlItee.rpa-
H'HI(y, neprreHJtm<yJIHpHO aTOA rpaHHIJ;e H JIllHHHM
MarHIITHoA lllf.ltYKIJ;llll nOJIH. Orrpe,lteJIHTe MO.n;yJIb
. BeKTOpa MarHHTHoA HWKD.Hll O.n;HOpO.n;Horo nOM,
eCJIH aJIeKTpOH BbIJIeTeJI H3 Hero Ha paCCTOHHHH
10 CM OT TO'IKH A.
3. B O,ltHOpO.n;HOM MarHHTHOM no.rre (B = 0,02 TJI),
BeKTOp MarHllTHOA HH.ztYKI(Hli KOToporo HanpaB-
neH no.n; YrJIOM 60° K ropll30Hty, BHCHT KBa.n;paT-
HaJJ pCWKa CO CTOpOHaMli 5 CM, H C CHJIOH TOKa B
HeA 4, A KaKHe'CHJIbI .n;eHCTBYIOT Ha CropoHh1 paM-
KH B MOMeHT, Kor.n;a HHiKHIDI cTopoHa ee nepneH-
.n;HKyJIHpHa JIllHHHM MarHHTHOH HH.ltYKIJ,HH. nOKa-
3aTh HaIlpaBJIeHHe CHJI Ha 'IepTeX<e.
Ypo8eHit A
1. lIo,ltroToBbTe pe$epaT Ha TeMY .lIcCJIe.n;oB e,
AMnepoM B3aHMo.n;eHCTBHH TOKOIJ..
Ypo8eHit &
1. lIo.n;roToBbTe pecl>epaT Ha TeMY .B033peHHH AM .i
IIepa Ha npllpo.n;y MarHern3Ma BelIteCTB.. J
,
2. nO,ltroToBbTe pecl>epaT Ha TeMY «lIcnOJIb3oBaHHeJ.
CHJIbI JIopeHIJ;a rrpH HCCJIe.n;OBaHHH CBOHCTB 3apJl 1
x<eHHbIX ttacTHIJ; OT tJ:iK. tJ: . TOMcoHa .n;o HaIIIHJt;
.n;HeH (3JIT, YCKopHTeJIH H Mac'c-cneKTpOMeTpbI)".:
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no BTOpOH paMKe, pacnQJiox<eHHoH nepneH.ltHKYJIHp-
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to, DC
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-
f P c. 186
t .l{HO.n; npe.n;cTaBJIHeT C060H CIIJIaBJIeHHbIe .n;pyr C .n;PY-
f. rOM KpHCTaJIJIbI .n;BY .nOJIyIlpOBo.n;HHKOBbIX MaTepH-
r aJIOB C pa3HbIM TllIlOM rrpOBO.n;HMOCTH (pHC. 187).
n-p-nepexo,A
Si(O,01% P)
Cu Ag n-nonynpolO,AHHK p-nonynpoBOAHMK Ag
. PHc.187
nOJIynpoBo.n;HHKOM n-THna HBJIHeTCH KpHCTaJIJI
'KpeMHH$I, B' petlIeTKy;'KoToporo BHe,ltpeHbI B He60JIh-
mOM KOJIll'IeCTBe upH'MecHbIe aTOMbI cl>occl>opa, He Bce
eKTpOHbl KOToporo3MeHcTBOB3HbI B 06pa30BaHHH'
t.te)fGiTOMHbIX CBH3eH H IIOaTOMy HBJIHIOTCH c:006o.n;m.J;-
HOCHTeJISlMH 3apH,lOB. nOJIYIIPOBO.n;HHKH p.,.-'fHfl8 -
KpHCTaJIJIbI KpeMHHH, B KOTOpLIx B Ka'IeCTBe UPH-
" H npHcYTCTByeT HH,lUIH, HMeIOIItHH Ha cBoeA BHem-
eH 060JIO'IKe aJIeKTpOHOB MeHbme, 'IeM KpeMHHH.
13 peaYJIhTaTe MeJK.Zty aTOMaMH KpeMHHH H llH,ZJ;HH 06-
. yeTcH BaKaHCHH,; Ky.na MOryr cnepenpbIf!lYTh.
eK1'pOHbI,-B CBOIO O'IepeAh OCB060iKAaH MeCTO A7UI
eKTpOHOB OT CJIeA)1Omero aTOMa. fOBOpHT, 'ITO npo-
KaHHe TOKa 3a C'IeT:TaKoro nepeMelIteHHH BaKaHCHH
K) Ha3bIBaeTCH ....oA IIpOBO,zgIMOCThIO. Ha
e BYX THIIOB ,nOJIynpoBOJ,UlHKOB npQKcxO.n;HT
m'lHOe CMelIteHH HOCHTeJIeH TOKa, B pe3YJIbTaTe
n nepexo.n; npHoqpeTaeT CBOHCTBO nponYCKaTb
hmOH"TOK TOJIhKO B O,ZJ;HOM HarrpaBJIeHHU.
o.n; nmpOKO HCnOJIb3yeTCSJ B BbllIpHMHTeJIHX TOKa,
. e npOHCXO,ltHT npe06p830BaHHe nepeMeHHoro TOKa
B TOK O.n;HOH nOJIHpHOCTH MH nYJI:bcHpYIOIItHH TOK
(pHc;188). TaKOH TOK C nOMOlUbIO KOH eHcaTopoB
JIerKO CCrJIa.n;HTh., C03,ltaB TeM qaMbIM HCTO'IHI:IK no-
CTOHHHoro TOKa.
. u-
lvv
T 2T
I hv-v
.
t,e
.
t,c:
T
PRC. 188
TaKlie BbIrrpHMHTeJIH HcItOJIb3ymTCH A7UI nO 38pH.n-
KIf aKKYMYJIHTOpHbIX 6aTa H, npH pa60Te YCTpOHC11J
THna KaJlhKYJI$lTOpOB OT ceTH nepeMeHHoro TOKa
(a,ZJ;arnepbI) H B .n;pymx YCTpOHCTBax pa.n;HOTeXHH'Iec-
Kor9 Ha3Ha'Ie . ,
BbInp$lMJIHIOlUee .n;eHcTBHe nOJlynpoBoAHHKOBOI"O
,ltllO a OCHOBaHO ,Ha CBOHCTBaX rpaHHUbI pa3AeJIa no-
JIynpOBO HllKOB p-THna H n-THna - p-n nepexo,lta:
ECJIH>K 30He .n;H0.n;a, r.n;e OCHOBHbIe HOCHTeJlll JU>IpKIf
(p-30Ha), npHcoe.n;HHHTb KJIeMMY c+. HCTO'IHHKa'
TOKa{a K n-30He, r e OCHOBHbIe HOCHTeJIH TOKa 311eJ<-
TpOHbI, KJIeMMY C-., TO p-n nepexo.n; OTJCphIT, H 1'01<
npaKTH'IeCKH He HCIlbITblBaeT COnpoTllBJIeHHSJ. 11pu,
06paTHoA nOJlJlpHOCTH 3anHparolItHH CJIOH Ha rpauH-
IJ;e 30H He nponYCKaeT TO)( (pRC. 189).
'=0
----../-- .,
+ - t
p-n
p-n
Puc. 89
. ".
nOJIynpOBOJ»DucOBWe ,YciIJIHTeJIJI Ha Tp8H3KCroPax
(TpHO.nax). HeOTbeMJIeMOH 'IaCTbI(}B HKoro TeneKoM-
MYHllKau;HOHHOro (oc eC IOlItero nepe.zta Cllr-
HaJJOB Ha paCCTOHHllll) ycTpdHcTBa JlBJIHeTCH YCHJlH-
TeJlb aneKTpH'IeCKHX CKraMOB. TOKH, B03HPlICa1OttUfe
B aHTeHHax, IIpHHKMaIOIi:(HXpa.nuOBOJIHbI, 'MaJiW. He-
06XO.n;llMbI YCHJIHTeJIH, .KOTOpbIe 6bI, .n06aBJUIJI. B CHC-
TeMy' ::JHepmIO; YBeJIH'IHBMH CHJIY TOKa, .n;eJIall. 3TO
CHHXpoHHO CHaMeHSlIOIIJ;HMcH BO BpeMeHll CJIa6bIM TO-
KOM. TaK, eCJJH nocT)'IIaIOIItHH CHI1IaJI npe eT
co60A 'JIHHeHHoe HapacTaHHe TOKa, a 38TeM eI'Q 6WCT-
PhIU cna.n; (pHC. 1906), TO Ha BIXXO,lte H3,YC1])OHCTBa
TOK .n;OJIiKeH TaIOKe JIHHeAHO BoapacraTh 80 BpeMeHH,
HO .n;O 6oJIbmero 3Ha'IeHHH, a 38TeM 6bICTpO cna.naTh
(pHC. 190 6).
,454
3JIEKTPOCTA TIIKA 11 lIOCTOHHHbIfi TOK
j
'ox '"
3 -
2 2
't
t,e
t,e
a)
6)
PHC. 190
CYlIteCTByIOT YC\JJIHTeJIH TOKa H HanpSliKeHHH. .l(o
1948 r. HCnOJIb30BaJIHCb HCKJIIO'IHTeJIbHO JIaMIIOBbIe
YCHJIHTeJIH. B HaCTOHlItee BpeMH nO'ITH BCH YCHJIHBa-
IOlI(aH arrIlaparypa BbInOJIHeHa Ha nOJIynpoBO,ltHHKO-
BbIX TpaH3HCTOpax.IIX OCHOBHbIMH OTJIH'IHHMH HBJIH-
IOTCSI KOMnaKTHOCTb, MeHbmHe nOTepHHa HarpeBaHlie
YCTpoHCT H, cJIe)tOJlaTeJIb O, MeHbm t: a<iTpaT_bI a.neK-
TpoaHeprnH
lIQ cnoc06y H3roTOBJIeHHH TpaH3HcTo p MaJIOOTJIH-
,'IaeTCH OT .n;H('a (pHc.-19-1).- ---- -- ,
----* ----
)
I
_ J
,..
,
p
p (
" 6 K
PRC. 191
Ha MOHOKpHCTaJIJI repMaHHH C aJIeKTpOHHOH npOBO-
)tHMOCTbIO KanaIOT C .n;BYX CTOpOH paCnJIaBJIeHHbIH
HH,ltllH, B pe3yJIbTaT BQ3IfifKalOT l1.Bap-n nepexo.n;a H
TOHKHH CJIOH Q:OJIynpoBo.n;HHKa n-THf18. KpHCTaJIJI
YKpeIIJIHeTCH B MeTaJIJIH'IeCKOM Kopnyce, H3 KOropO-
ro BbIB02J;HTCH TpH npOB().lUIHKa (OTcIO.n;a HaaBaHHe).
Cpe.n;HIOIO 'IacTb KpHCTaJIJIa (nOJIynpoBo.n;HHK n-nma)
H bIBaIOT 08301, a ,ltBe KpaHHHe 06JIaCTH (noJIYrrpo-
BO.n;HHKH p-THIIa) 3MHTTepOM II KOJIJIeKTOpOM.
lIpH BKJIIO'IeHHH TaKoro YCTpOHCTBa B 3JIeKTpHtIeC-
KYIO IJ;enb no cxeMe, nOKaaaHHoH Ha pHC. 192, TOK B
nepexo.n;e aMliTTep-6aaa He npoxo.n;llT, nOCKOJIbKY pa-
30MKHYTa IJ;enb, a nepexo.n; aMHTTep-KOJIJIeKTOp TO}Ke
3aKpbIT, nOCKOJIbKY OCHOBHbIe HOCHTeJIli TOKa B 30He
aMliTTepa (,ZJ;bIpKll) He MOtyT npeOltOJIeTb n-p IIepe-
xo.n; 30HbI 6aaa:-KOJIJIeKTOp.
-
'"
U ox
PHc.192
lIpH 3aMbIKaHHH KJIIO'Ia K, ,T. e: no.n;a'Ie He60Jlbmoro!
no CpaBHeHH. U a _" OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHOrO HaIlpSliKeHHH Ha;
6aay U a - 6 , OCHOBHbIe HOCHTeJIH TOKa 30HbI aMHTTepa -,
.n;bIpKH YCTpeMJIHIOTCH ifa 6a3Y, HX 3apH.n; OMIIeHCll-'
PyeTcH 3JIeKTpOHaMll, KOTopbIe nocTynaIOT, 'Iepe3';
aJIeKTpO.n; C 6aabI. .l(aJIbHeHmee nepeMelIteHlle .n;bIpOK
B 6aae IipOHCX:O.n;HT cl>aKTH'IeCKH He no.n; .n;eHCTBHeMJ
aJIeKTpHiiecKoro nOJIH, a 3a C'IeT ltHcl>cl>Y3HH OT aMHT-
Tepa, r.n;e llX I<OHUeHTpaUH BeJIHKa. K .n;pytHM 'IaCTHM'
30H:bJ:.30Ha 6aabI B KjmCTaJIJIe OqeHb TOHKa, n03TOMY:
H, .n;bIPKH, H aJIeKTpOHbI, nonaBmHe B ary 30HY, 11.0c:ra- ,
TO'IHO 6bICTpO .n;OCTHraIOT n-p nepexo.n;a KOJIJIeKTopa.
O,ltHaKO 3.n;eCb HX nYTH paCXO.n;HTCH: MH .n;bIpOK aroT
nepexo.n; OTKpbIT, MH aJIeKTpOHOB - 3aKpbIT. lIoaToMY:
nOTOK 3JIeKTpOHOB C 6aabI MaJI (TOK 6a3bI MaJI), a,
nOTOK .n;bIP.oK npaKTH'IeCKH nOJIHOCTbIO .n;<>CTHraeT
KOJI.neK1:0pa. 1I3 3aKOHa COXpaHeHHH 3apH.n;a CJIe.n;YeT, ,
'ITO:
Ia = 16 + I"
TaKHM 06paaoM, TpAH3HCTOp MOiKHO paCCMaTpHBaTb,
C OltHOH CTOpOHbI, KaK YCTPOHCTBO, Koropoe pacnpe-
.n;eJIHeT TOK aMHTTepa Ha ABe 'IaCTH 11<»1 6 . a C JJ.pyroH
CTOpOHbI, KaK KJIIO'I, KOTOpbIH npH no.n;atI HaIIpHiKe-
HHH MeiK.n;y aMHTTepoM H,6a30 , n03BOJIHeT npoxo-
.n;HTb 3Jfa'IllTt;JIbHOMY TOKY OT ;:}M¥TIepa K KOJIJIe ToPY. '
ECJIH Tenepb BKJIIO'IHTb B ,uenb KOJIJIeKTOpa 60JIbmoe
COnpOTHBJIeHHe R/<, TO rrpH He60JIbmOM I.1U BX YBeJIH-
'IeHHH U 6 - a TOKli pacnpe.n;eJIHTCH TaK, 'ITO Ia"" 1';»16 H
YBeJIl{'IeHHe HanpHiKe HH Ha I.1U BblX R OKaiKeTCH 60.nb-
me, 'IeM flUBX' lIoaToMY roBOpHT 06 YCHJIeHllH aMn-
JIHry.n;bI aJIeKTpHtIeCKOrO '-cftrHaJIa B TaKOM YCHJIHTe-
JIe 3a C'IeT aHeprnH 6aTapeH, BKn;IO'IeHHOH MeiKAY
aMHTTepOM H KOJIJIeKTopoM. B03MoiKHo'noCJIe.n;08a- '
TeJIbHOe coe.n;llHeHHe TaKliX YCHJIHBaIOlItHX KaCKa.n;OB,
JIH60 H3roTOBJIeHHe MHKpocxeM, r.n;e Ha 6aae o.n;Horo
nOJIynpOBo.n;HHKOBOro ((pHCTaJIJIa nyTeM HaIlbmeHHH
CJIOeB C03.n;aeTCH CJIO)l(HaH CHCTeMa p-n nepexo.n;OB 'll
HX coe.n;HHeHHH npoBo.n;HIItHMH JJ;OpoiKKaMH.
)
lIpHMeHeHHe aJIeKTponpH60poB B 6bITy H TeXHHKe
415
. JoJ'ojuuli4jwM
jlathlliM
1. M3MepeHMe KnAaneKTpo"BMraTeliR
u; e JI h: 03HaKOMJIeHHe Ha Mo.n;eJIH C YCTPOHC1'BOM
aJIeKTpO,ltBHraTMH, 3aKpeIIJIeHHe nOHHTHH-Kn,n: a.neK-
TpH'IeCKOrO npH60pa. "
060 p Y .n; 0 B a H He: MO.n;Mb 3JIeKTpo.n;BHraTeJIH, HC-
TOtIHHK. TOKa, KJIIO'I, peOCTaT, aMnepMeTp, BOJIbTMeTp,
Ha60p rpY30B, HHTh, JIHHeiiKa, llITaTHB C JIanKaMH,
'IaCbI C ceK)'H.n;HOH CTpeJIKOH.
Xo.n; pa60TbI
1. BHHMaTeJIbHO paCCMOTpHTe Mo.n;eJIb aJIeKTpo.n;BH-
raTeJIH. Ha:H.n;HTe 06MOTKH 3JIeKTpOMarHHTa, 06-
MOTKH no.n;BHiKHOH 'IaCTH '.n;BRraTeJIH, BaJI, lIteTKH
H KOJIJIeKTOp, pacnpe.n;eJIHIOIItHH TOK, nOCTyUaIO-
IItHH Ha lIteTKH K paaHbIM 06MOTKaM. 3anHmHTe
npe,ltHa3Ha'IeHHe nepe'II{CJIeHHbIX .n;eTaJIeH.
2. Co6epHTe YCTaHOBKY, H306pa.>KeHHyx> Ha pHC. 193.
3A
+
HMTb
WT8TMB
m=20r
I
,
!
r
l
l
l
3.
I
[
PHC. 193
,n:BHraTeJIb YKpenHTe B JIaIlKe mTaTliBa TaK, 'IT06bI
,OCb ero 6bIJIa ropH30HTaJIbHa, YCTpaHHB nepe.n;
aTHMnepeKOCbI BaJIa TaK, 'IT06bI OH BpantaJICH CBO-
60,ltHO. C nOMontbIO BHHTOBoro 3aJKMMa Y1CpenliTe
KOHen HllTll Ha BaJIY. Ha .zxpyrOM KOHIJ;e HHTH c.n;e- ,
JIaHTe neTJIIO MH nO,ltBemHBaHHH rpY3a. lIo,ZJ;Becb-
Te rpY3 20 r.
C06epHTe 3JIeKTpH'IecKYIO 'IaCTb IJ;enH no cxeMe
(pHC. 194).
----:1"H1;. 1"94 --- _. - .-.r-
.
4. Y CTaHOBHTe MaKCHMaJIbHOe conpoTllBJIeHHe peo-
CTaTa H 3aMKHHTe KJIIO'I.
5. lIepe.n;BHraH .n;BHiKOK peOCTaTa; .n;06eHTecb Toro,
'IT06bt rpY3 no.n;HHMaJICH 3a HeCKOJIbKO ceKYH,lt.
6. , 3anYCTHTe .n;BHraTeJIb B 3TOM peiKHMe, OTMeTHB
BbICOTj' h, Ha KOTOpyIO 6y.n;eT nO,ltHHMaThCH rpY3.
H3MepbTe BpeMH t no.n;beMa, CHJIY TOKa I B IJ;enH H
HanpHiKeHHe U Ha 3aJKHMax aJIeKTpo.n;BHraTeJIH.
7. PaCC'IHTaHTe MeXaHH'IecKYIO pa60Ty A, COBepmeH-
Hyx> .n;BHraTeJIeM B xo.n;e no.n;'beMarpY3a MacCOH M
Ha BbICOTy h;MeXaHH'IecKYIO MOIItHOCTb ,ltBHraTe-
JIH, nOTpe6JIHeMYIO :9JIeKTpH'IecKYIO MOIItHOCTb H
aJIeKTpoaHeprllIO, nOTpe6JIeHHYIO .n;BHraTeJIeM.
8. PaCC'IHTaHTe Kn,n: ,ltBHraTeJIH B aTOM peX<llMe; H3-
MeHHTe peX<llM no.n;beMa (YBeJIH'IHB CKOpOCTb HJIH
H3MeHHB Maccy rpY3a) H,YCTaHOBHTe, OTJIH'la TCSI
JIH KlI,n: JJ;BHraTeJIH B aTHx peX<HMax e Y'IeTOM
omH60K H3M peHHH.
2. npoBepKa npaBMnbHOCTM pa60TbI
aneKTpM'IeCKOrO C'IeT'IMKa
u; e JI b : COCTaBHTb cxeMY aJIeKTpOnpOBO.n;Kll B KBap-
Tllpe; 3aKpenHTb nOHHTlle paCXO,lta aJIeKTpOaHeprHH
H e.n;HHHIJ; H3MepeHHH aTOH BeJIll'lHHbI npH pemeHHH
rrpaKTH'IeCKOH 3a.n;a'IH.
o 6 0 p y.n; 0 B a H He: JIaMna HaKaJIHBaHHH MOIltHOC-
ThIO 100 BT, KBapTHpHbIj C'IeT'IHK aJIeKTpoaHepmH,
'IaCbI C ceKYH.n;OMepOM.
Xo.n; pa60TbI
1. KBapTllpHbIH C'IeT'IHK npeJJ;CTaBJIHeT C060H YCT-
pOHGTBO, COCTOHlItee H3 aJIeKTpo.n;BHraTeJIH, CKO-
poCTh BpameHHH BaJIa KOTOporo npOnOpItHOHaJIb-
Ha CHJIe TOKa B ero 06MOTKaX, H cHcTe 3y6qaThIX
KOJIeC; pemcTpHpYIOIItHX 'IHCJIO o60poToB mmra-
TeJIn (pHC. 195).
PRc.195
r
456
3JIEKTPOCT ATI1KA II nOCTO.HHHbltt TOK
2. CqeT'IHK BKJIIO'IaIOT B ceTh TaK, 'IT06bI BeCh TOK,
npoTekaIOIIJ,HH 'Iepe3 aJIeKTpOnpH60pbI B KBapTH-
pe, npox;o,ZJ;HJI .H 'Iepe3 06MOTKY C'IeT'IHKa. HanpH-
.Mep, Hllx<e nOKa3aHa cxeMa napaJIJIcJ'tbHoro BKJIIO-
qeHllSi "0 , enb 'leTbIpex JIaMn HaKaJIHBaHHH,
aJIeKTpoWIllTKH H aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO 3BOHKa, K KO-
TOpbIM If6cJIe.n;oBaTeJIbHO no,nKJIIO'IeH aJIeKTpO-
C'lCT'IBK (pHC. 196).
. tt $
PHc.196 '
\
3. HapHCyHTe aJIeKTpHqecKYIO cxeMy pacnpe,lteJIeHHH
aJIeKTpO::mcpnm" no,nBe.n;eHHoH K BameH I<Baprn-
pe, no TaKOMY 06paaIJ;Y. nOCTapaHTeCb Ha cxeMe
BhI.lteJIHTI) nyHKTHpoM 6JIOKli npH60poB, OTHOCH-
I1!HecH K paaHbIMKOMHaTaM.
4. OTKJIIO'IMB Bce aJIeKTpOnpH60pbI, y6e,ltliTeCb 'ITO
,ZJ;BHraTeJIb aJIeKTpOC'IeT'IHKB He BpamaeTCH. lIo.n;-
. KJIIO'IHB 1,2,3 npH60pa Ha6JIIO,ltaHTe, KaK C'IeT'IHK
YBeJIH'IHBaeT 'IllCJIO o6opOTOB.
5. BKJIIO'IliTe B KBBpTHpe TOJIbKO O,ltHY:JIaMny HaKa-
JIHBaHHH MOIItHOCTbIO P= 100 BT (MH .ztpyroH 113-
BeCTHOH MOIUHOCTa). 3apemc1'pHpyHTe, ,3a KaKoe
BpeMH t B ceKYH,ZJ;axC'IeT'IliK C,lteJIaJI 10 06opoToB,
npocJIe.n;HTe, IIpOH30DIJIa JIM 38 aTO BpeMH CMeHa
IJ;Hcl>P II OKomKe, OTMe'IaIOlIteM .n;eCHTbIe .n;OJIH KH-
JIOBaTT-'Iaca.
6. Ha Ka)KJtOM C'IeT'IMKe YKa3aHO, KaKoe 'IllCJlO 060-
pOTOB No COOTBeTCTByeT'1 KBT''I aJIeKTpOsHepmH,
npoDIe.n;meMY 'Iepe3 Cqe qHK. 3aIIHmMTe aTY
UHcl>PY. j ,
7. nO.n;C'II.iTaiiTe, KaKOellHCJIO 06QporoB N c.n;eJIaeT
,<Bam C'Ie;rtillK 3a lo-'IaCOB npH pa60T O,ltHOH JIaM-
nhI B 100 BT, Be.n;b llMeHHO 3a aTO BpeMR OHa .n;OJI-
>KHa nOTpe6HTb 1 KBT''IaC aJIeKTpOaHepnm:
N 10.3 00.10 .
t
8. CpaBHHTe 'IHCJIa N H No'H e;Zl;eJtaihe COOTBeTCTBY-
IO He BbIBO,ltbI.
e WUM '
06Y'1a1Oupli T8CT
1. 3JIeKTponpH60p no.n;KJIIO'IeH K HCTO'IHHKY TOKa, H
BOJIbTMeTp Ha XO,ltHbIX KJIeMMax rrpH60pa nOKa-
3bIBaeT HaIlpHiKeHHe U. ECJIH CHJIa TOKa B npH6o-
pe I, H pa60TaeT OH B Te'IeHHe BpeMeHH.t, TO MOIIt-
HOCTb nOTpe6JIJ1eMM npH60pOM 8aBHa...
o A. UI. O . /.
o B. UIt. Dr., I .
2. B npe.n;hI.ltYlIteM npliMepe BbI6epHTe cl>OpMYJIY MH
paC'IeTa pacxo,na aJIeKTp03HepmH.
3. ECJIH Ha aJIeKTponpH60pe HaIlliCaHO dOO BT., aro
03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO...
D A OH paCC'DITaH Ha HanpHiKeHHe 100 .B.
o B. OB BhI.lteJIHT B OKPYX<aIOIIJ;yIO cpe.n;y 3a 1 C
100 D;iK TenJIOTbI.
o B. OH 6y,neT nOTpe6JIHTb aJIeKTpH'IecKYIO
MOIItHOCTb 100 BT B HOMHHaJIbHOM pe)KHMe.
o f. OH Bcer.n;a 6y.n;eT nOTpe6JIHtb npH pa60Te
100 JJ:iK 3JIeKTp03Hepmll B cCKYHAY.
CJIH 3JIeKTpO.ltBHraTeJIb no,nHHMaeT rpY3 H no-
Tpe6JIHeT MOIItHOCTh 200 BT, TO 3a 2 C B ero 06MOT-
Kax BhI.lteJIHTCH...
o A 200 JJ:iK TCWIa. 0 }5'. .400 D;x< TeIIJIa.
o B. 1-00 D;iK TeWIa.
o f. MH OTBeTa He xBataeT ;ZI;aHHbIX.
B onTHMaJIbHOM peiKllMe aJIeKTpo.n;BHraTe.iIb 3a
'U BpeMH t nOTpeqHJI'l 00 JJ:iK aJI KTpOaHepmH H 00-
Be mH.7I 25 JJ:x< MeXaHH'IeCKO pa60TbI. Ero KflJl:
Pcm eH ...
D A 25%. 0 B. 75%.
o B. 100%
o f. MH OTBeTa Ha.n;O 3HaTh BpeMSI t.
6. JIaMna HaKaJIHBaH}fSl, Ha KOTOpOH HanHcaHO
.100 B'f., 3a 1 C nOTpe6HJIa 100 JJ:iK aJIeKTpOaHep- .
mHo 3TO 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO ee KnJJ:..,
o A 100%. 0 6. >100%.
o B. <100%.
o f. .6ecCMbICJIeHHO rOBopHTb 0 KnD; JIaMnbI
HaKaJIHBaHHH.
lIpHMeHeHlle3JIeKTpOnpH60poB B 6bITy H TeXHllKe
457'
7. Pecl>JIeK'rop lI:JISI 060rpeBa KOMHaTbI nOTpe6HJI
1KBT''I aJIeKTp03Hepnm H OT,ltaJI npH aTOM KOtd-
HaTe 3600 K):{iK TeIIJI01'bI. 3TO 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO eto
KII,lJ;...
o A. 100%.
o B. <100%.
o t. 6ecCMbICJIeHHO roBOpHTb 0 KlI,n: pecl>JIeK-
/ "
A -l TOpa.
. kHnSlTHJIhHHK MOIItHOCThIO 1000 BT, pa60TaH B
HOMliHaJIhHOM peiKllMe, 3a 300 C nepe,ltaJI 100 K,n:iK
TeIIJIOTbI Bo.n;e B 6aHKe. Ero Kn,n: paaeH...
1
o A. 1.. 0 6. 2'
I 1
o B. 3' Of. 10 '
9. 3JIeKTpOMarHHT nOll:HHMaeT rpY3 B 100 r. ECJIH
'IHCJIO BHTKOB B ,HeM YBeJIllt{llTJ> B2 pCl3a, TonpH
TOH iKe CHJIe TOKa B 06MoTKe OH CMO)f(eT no.n;HHTb
rpY3...
o A. 100 r. 0 6. 200 r.
lDB.4oor. 0 f. 50r.
t I
[ 10.' C YBeJIH'IeHHeM CHJIbI: TOKa'Iepea 06MOTKY aJIeK-
TpOMarHHTa npH HeH3MeHHOM 'IHCJIe BHTKOB B
HeM, Macca x<eJIe:moii 60JIBaHKH, K010PYIO OH I
MOiKeT y.n;epX<aTb Ha Becy,.. I
o A. YBeJIH'I eTCH.
o . YMeHbmaeTcR.
o B. He H3MeHHeTCH.,
o 'f. CHa'IaJIa,pacTeT 3aTe]d na.n;aeT.
11. B 3imllcbIBaIO eA roJIOBKe .ztHcKoBo.n;a K()MnhIO-
Tepa H Ha x<ecri(oM lI:HCKe HCnOJIh30BaHbI cl>ePpo-
MafHllTHbIe MaTepHaJIbI. B KaKOM CJIyqae HCttOJIb-
. 30BaH iKeCTKHii cl>eppoMarHeTHK, B KaKOM
MHrKHii cl>eppOMafHeTllK?
o A. B nepBOM - iKecTKllH, BO BTOpOM - MHr-
KHH. '
o 6. B nepBOM - M$.trKllH,'BO'B10pOM - *eCT-
KMii.
o 6. >100%.
l
I
o B. B o60HX - M$lrKHA.
o f. B o60HX - iKeC1'KHH.
12. Ha pHC. 197 npHBeJJ;eH rpacl>HK 3aBHcHMocrn OT
BpeMeHH HanpHiKeHHH, nOKa3btBaeMOro BOJIhT-
MeTpoM.
U"B
I =.. J[J , .. ,
, A
t,e
.,
PRc.197
KaKOH H3 rpact>HKoB (pHC. 198) npaaHJlbHO oTpa-
x<aeT 3aBHCliMOCTh nOKaaaHHH aMnepMeTpa B
IJ;enn? ' ,
I,A
tA
1 2 3 4 5 t,e
t,'e
a)
tA tA
1 2 3 4 5 t,e 1 2 3 . 5 t,e
6)
z)
PRC. 198
13. KaKoH 'IJ;Hcl>POH 0603H3HeH Ha cxeMe 3MHTTep
'TpaH3HCTopa?
"-@':
, 2
o A. 1. 0 6. 2.
o B. 3. D f. 4.
'"
14. TpH 6bI'J;OBbIX aJIeK:rponpH6opa paCC'IKTaHbt, Ha
HaIlpSliKeHHe 220 B. MOIItHOCTh ' oro H3 I;IHX
800 BT. II30JlHIJ;HH no.n;BO,ltHIItHX npoBOll:OB IIJIa-
BHTCH npH CHJIe TOKa 5 A. BICOMHalfe HMeeTCH
3 p03eTKH H TpeHRHK. Ko:e nO,ltK.1I101:leHHe lI:O-
nycTHMo'?
o A. TOJIhKO K TpeM pa3JIH'IHMM p03e1'tcaM.'
o 6. Bce TpH npu60pa K o.n;HoA po3eTK tiepe3
TpoHHllK.
o B. ,n:Ba npH60pa K O).];HOH po3eTKe -gepe3 TpOH:-
HHK, a Oll:HH - KO BTopoA.
o f. HH 0.n;H0 H3 npeMox<eHHbIx.
458
3JIEKTPOCTATMKA II lIOCTO.HHHbIii TOK
.1ftuuu1iN.rtIfo/i M
3iV1Q1t.
Yf?OBeHb A
1. 3JIeKTpo.n;BHraTeJIb BhIIlOJIHHeT 3a 'lac 360 K,l(iK no-
JIe3HOH pa60TbI H nOTpe6JIHeT 0,4 KBT''I aJIeKTpO-
aHepmH. KaKOB ero KlI,l(? KaKoe KOJIH<reCTBO Ten-
JIOTbI BbI.n;eJIHJIO<;h B ew c 06I\fQTJ5aX? .
2. Ha Kopnyce aJIeKTpo.n;BHraTeJIH YKa3hIBaK>TCH HO-
MHHaJIbHbIe 3Ha'IeHHH HaIlpHiKeHHH, C:HJIbI TOKa H
paaBHBaeMaH nP(l a:r9M nOJIe3HaH (MexaHH'IeCKaH)
MOIIJ;HOCTb. KaKoB KJ1,l(,ltBHraT B HO¥HHaJIb-
HOM peX<HMe, ,eCJIH Ha HeM YKa3aHo: 380 B, 5 A H
1 KBT? 3a KaKoe BpeMH OH nO,ltHItMeT rpY3 MaCCOH
t T Ha BbICOTy 10 M B aTOM peX<llMe? CKOJIbKO aJIeK-
TpoaHeprHH npH aTOM H3pacxo.n;yeT? Y CKopeHHe
, M"
CB060,ltHOro na.n;eHHH C'IHTaTb paBHbIM 10 2"'
, c
YpoaeHb 6
3. TpaMBaH MaccoH 22,5 T .n;BHiKeTCH no ropH30HTaJIh
KM
HOMY yqacTKY nYTH co CKOpOCTbIO 36 -. Koacl>-
. 'I
cl>HIJ;HeHT TpeHHH paBeH 0,01. KaKYIO CHJIY TOKa
nOKa3bIBaeT aMnepMeTp Ha IItHTKe Bo.n;HTeJIH, eCJIll
HarrpHiKeHHe Ha JIHHHH 5.00 B, a KlI,l( .l(BHraTeJIeH
50%?
4. KaKOBO conpoTHBJIeHHe cnHpaJIH HarpeBaTeJIR B-
aJIeKTpO'IaHHHKe, eCJIH npH HanpHiKeHHH B ceTH
220 B OH HarpeBaeT 1 Kr BO.n;hI Ha 80°C 3C!5 MHH?
KlI,l( 'IaHHHKa 70%. KaKoBa npH aTOM CHna J'OKa B
cnHpaJIu.?
5. lIpocTeHllIee 3apMHoe YCTPOHCTBO npe.n;CTaBJIHeT
C060H .n;HO.n;, nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO COe.l(HHeHHbIH C
pe3HCTOpOM. lIpH 3apMKe KJIeMMbI aKKYMYJIHro-
pa no.n;KJIIO'IaIOTCH K KOHIJ;aM pe3HCTopa. HapHCyHTe
cxeMY TaKoro YCTpOHcma H rpacl>HK 3aBHCliMOCTH
CHJIbI TOKa B pe3Hcrope C cOnpOTllBJIeHHeM 100 OM
OT BpeMeHH, eCRH Ha BXO.n; YCTpOHCTBa no.n;aeTCH
HaIlpHiKeHHe, rpacl>HK 3aBHCHMOCTH KOToporo 01'
BpeMeHH - CHHYCOH,lta C nepHo.n;OM 0,02 C H aMIIJIH-
Ty.n;OH 10 B. KaKOB KlI,l( aTOrO YCTpoHcTBa, eCJIH
npH pacxo.n;e aJIeKTpOaHepmll 0,1 KBT''I Y,ltaJIOCh
3aIlaCTH B aKKYMYJIHTOpe 36 K,l(iK 3JIeKTpo,mep-
11m?
KtJ
Juufollia
YpOIleHb A (pacCI.fHTaHa Ha 45 MMH)
1. ,l(BHraTeJIb nOTpe6JIHeT 50 KBT''I a.iIeKTpo,mepmll.
Ero KlI,l( npH aTOM 10%. KaKoe KOJIlltIeCTBO Ten-
JI(>TbI BbI.n;eJIHTC$l3a aTO BpeMfl B npocTpaHcTBo?
2. B KOMHaTe BKJIIO'IeHO 5 .naMn no 100 BT npH Ha-
npHiKeHHH Ha KaJK.n;OH JIaMne 220 B. KaKoBa CHJIa
roKa B no.n;BOMIItHX 3JIeKTpOaHepmIO np9BO.n;ax?
CKOJIbKO aJIeKTpOaHepmll 6y.n;e-r H3pacxo.n;OBaHO ,
sa 0,5 'II"OpeHHH JIaMrr?
3. OnllYIHTe YCTpOHCTBO H B03MOiKHbIe 06JIacTH rrpH-
MeHeHHH .n;1l0.n;a.
YpOBeHb 6 (paCCI.fHTaHa Ha 45 MHH)
'1. lIo.n;be¥HbIH KpaH no.n;HHMaeT aa 60 C rpY3 B 2 TOH-
HbI Ha BbICOTy 15 M. KaKOBa CHJIa TOKa B 06MOTKe
3JIeKTpo.n;BHraTeJHI' KpaHa, eCJIH OH pa60TaeT OT
d TH C HaHpHiKeHHeM 380 B H npH aTOM eroKlI,l(
30%?
2. CBT.J ne'Ib npH nOTpe6JIHeMOH MOlItHOCTH,1000 BT
MOiKe1 BCKHnHTliTh CTaKaH BO.D;bI (200 r) 3a2 MHH.
Ha'IaJIbHaH TeMnepaTypa BO.n;bI 20°C. I<aKoB Kn,l( ,
ne'IH B a10M npoIJ;ecce?
3. _ Ha BaJJ reHeparopa nepeMeHHoro TOKa HaMOTaJJH
HHTh MHHOH 1 Ph, npHBH3aJIH K HeH mpIO'B 1 Kr, a
K BbIXO,ltHHM KJIeMMaM reHepaTopa no.n;KJIIO'IllJIH
nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO nOJIynpoao.n;HHKoBbIH .n; o.n; H
KOH,lteHCaTop. QnHllIHTe npe06paaoBaHllH ::mepmH
B TaKOM YCTpoHcTBe. KaKOB KlI,l( TaKoro YCTpOO-
CTBa (oTHomeHHe aHepmH; 3anaceHHoH B KOH,lteH-
caTope, K nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHOH aHepmH mpH), eCJIH
KOH,lteHcaTOp eMKOCThIO 5 MK<I> 3apH.n;HJICH .n;o Ha-
rrpHiKeHHJl 4 B? KY,lta 6bIJi H3pacxo.n;OBaH OCTaJIb-
HOH 3anac aHepmH?
3.A.e azJt/,t
J«J.,leOQJUI.R It do..utbt.
OJt,
. SJ1eKTpOM rH THbl.e K0J1e6aH S1
,
. SJ1eKTPQMarHIi1THble B9 J1Hbl
. CBeT KaK 3J1eKTpOMarH THaS1 BOJ1Ha
. 0606w.eH S1 3J1eKTpO,o, HaM K
. .OCHOBHble 110J1 )I(eHVlS1 C eu, aJIbHO TeOp OTHOC TeJ1bHOCT
"
. ,
"
': .
.. - ....\'. .# '
" -;::.:: ';' *\';':1 nl i ;' t."'.., ,r
. '<' '. \ ' \ -.-'''', If . 1.1 '.( # " /_ \':.
. " " ;.,, ' . . '. :,r < i :. ... " ; . .: " ." : " , ;: ,, , . ,, ,/ (:/ \:
"\,. _: - {- . - "',
t. "" ' . .... ._ :-.-. .- f { t
-. -:;. ,;: -; :! -" .. \:."." ' j' .; .
' f ':;>' ' ' :: '. _. '" :,1, . ' ! , '; "":', .t " ," ' jl
. 'J'" /. i /" ' / " ' ' . ,..(".);-', .",;1.'; J
I,r J' 1# i; t"',. 't <f"iI: " ..... r""' " . : j v:o
.' 1 ..!?, ',-" . Y "':..I'1')1 \ ' . 0'. \'
_ . .. , . "'" _ ... of". .'" J.t,. r ,1 i \
, '. ,,1.:_. .. ,- ', " ....., -, X l+ \1 .1..
. .3n!ICTpoM .r:HMtHble-,Kon I' .. : .?
.t. J It, ,.If " '. ,..< \1: "'.,:
: \ 'Jt;' -':--... "'l /\"' I ' .. i;'
"\ \\. ,: / E:' I ;:. \: :-...-. '::_\? J ji: ': 7:"' < '}i'\'- it
. ,..,' '1 J I" ..c.......; . 'f' ". . . 'r I'.
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I .. "", i - , ' ., " .,t. ..'...
:.;j,\ " ' '" I ' !'. , ,' ,'. .,f. :'!''II, ..
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Ma M8 3TY TeMY,
· Bbi Y3HaeTe, '4TO ABnAeTCA npH'4HHOH B03HHKHOBeHl-tA
MeKtpoMarHHTHblX Kone6aHHH H nepe"",eHHoro 3neK-
,.ptii.teCKOrO TOKa;
· rioHMere, KaK MO)KHO Hcnonb30BaTb C80HCTBa 3neKt-
poMantHTHblX noneH;
· Ha}'1fHTecb paCC'4HTbIBaTb OCH08Mbie napaMeTpbl 4eneH
nepeMeHHoro TOKa.
1. 311EKTPOMArHMTHbiE
' OnE&AHM$I M CPEnCTBA MX
onMCAHMJ1
K41U:M1U1i .
.7If .
PaHee paCCMaTpliBaJIOCb HBJIeHlle MeXaHH'lecIGix KoJie-
6a.mm, T. e. nepHO.ltll'IecKoe.n;BIDKeHlle;MexaHH'Iecl<.OH
CHCTeMhI; DepHO.lUf1leCKHM Ha3bIBaIOT TaKOe ,ltBHiKe-
HHe 1(000e6aTeJIbHoA CHCTeMbI, KOTopoe nOBTopHeTCH
'Iepe onpe.n;eJIeHHOe BpeM:H. B' Ka'IecTBe CHCTeMbI
MOX<eT 6bITb O,ltHO TeJIO, no.n;BemeHHoe Ha HHTH. npll
KOJIe6aTeJIbHOM .n;BHiKeHHH, HanpHMep MaTeMaTH1Iec,.
Koro MaHTHHKa, nepHo.n;H'IeCKH H3MeHHIOTCH.KOOp.n;H-
'>t. .... .''\.:
, : : .
h ':'::'3'::;;'l.
"II I
OCH08HbIe. nOHATMA:
nepHOA Kone6aHHH · 4acroTa. AMnnHtyA8 . Kone-
6aTeJlbHblH KOHTyp · <J>a3a Kdne6aHHA. CneKTp .
ABTOKone6aHHA · n HbIHtOK . AKtHBHoeconpo-
THB/JeHHe · p'eHCTBYIOU4ee 3Ha HHe TOKa , HHAYKTHB-
Hoe H eMKOCTHoe conpoTHBJ1eHHe . Pe30HaHC. r eHe-
paTop 3neKTpH'4ecKoro TOKa · TpaHccpop Ma 10P
, ,.
HaTbI MaTepllaJIbHOH"i"01:J:Kll, ee CKOpOCTb, KIIHern'leC-
KaH aHeptHH H .n;pyrne xapciKTepircTHKII.
Ho KOJIe6aTeJIbHOe ,l(BH>KeHHe cylItecTByeT H B .n;py*
rnx cHcTeMax - aJIeKTpll'IecKHX IJ;eIIHx. nfJWI.UHOU 8Cex
3JzeKmpUfleCKUX KOJle6aHUU Sl8JlSlemCSl nepeMeHHoe
3JleKmpOM amu rrm0t!.. n , 31'0 TtiKoe -nOJIe, xapaKTe-
pHCTHKll KOTOporo E H 8. nepHomt'Iec,KH H3MeIDOOI'C.R.
06paTHMcH K H3yqeHHIO HBJIeHHH, K KOTOpbIM IIpH-
BO.n;HT cylIteCTBOBaHHe nepeMeHHoro aJIeKTpoMarHHT:'
Horo nOJIH.
r-
I,
...
r, '\
;. .
,
3.neKTpoMarHllTHbIe KOJIe6CUj1HH
461
t1>u:mlleCKUe Jl.8JleHUR BCeZOa npoucxooSlTTl C 1ClltcUMU-
Jlu60 tjJU3UlleCICUMU CUcm.eMO.l'lt.U U 61Jlpa:JICa1OmCJl. B W-
.MeHeHUU cocmOJl.HUJl. 9mux CUCTTleM. B KaKHX cHcTeMax
npOHCXOMT MeKTpOMarHHTHbIe KOJIe6aHHH? KaKo-
BbI OCIJOBHbIe xapaKTepHCTllKll TaKliX KOJIe6aHHH?
Kone6aTenbHblA KOHTYP
llpoCTeHWaH cl>H3ll'IecKaH CHCTeMa, B KOTOpOH MOryT
,
f; IIpOHCXO.n;HTh MeKTpOMarHHTHbIeKOJIe6aHHH, COCTOHT
r, H3 nOCJIe,ltOBaTeJIbHO coe llHeHHbIX KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpa H
KaTYJIIKll HH.l(YKTllBHOCTli (pHC. 1). ECJIH aKTllBHoe
conpoTHBJIeHHe raKdH IJ;enH paBlIO HYJIIO, TO CHCTeMy
Ha3bIBaIOT H,ne8Jl])mIIM KOJIe68TeJlltlOJlM KOHTYPOM.
,
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f
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r
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t, MOiKHbI aJIeKTpll'IeCKlle KOJIe6aHHH? CaMbIH npOCTOH
BapHaHT - 3apMHTb KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOp. PaCCMOTPllM, Ka-
Klle HBJIeHllH nOCJIe aToro 6y,ltYT npoHCXO,ZJ;HTb.
MTaK, KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOp C 3apHX<eH OT BHewHero HCTO'I-
HHKa nOCTOHHHoro TOKa H 3aMKHYT Ha KaTymKY
MH.n;yKTIlBHOCTli L. Paa KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOp 3aMKHyT, TO OH
Ha'IHeT paapHiKaTbCH. llo KaTYJIIKe nOTe'IeT JIeKTpH-
'IeCKllHTOK. Ho paaVMKa KOH,ZJ;eHcaTOpa H, COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO, B03paCTaHlie a.neKTpll'IeCKOrO TOKa He npo-
HCXO.n;$!T MrHOBeHIJO: llpu B03pacmaHUU mOlca B
, 1CamyW:lce O"OJlO Hee 603HU1ClJem. nepeMeHHoe MlllHum-
. Hoe nOlle, "omopoe, 8 CB010 OtlepeOb, nopo:JtCi)aem B "a-
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, 06paaOM, npeIIHTCTByeT MI'HOBeHHoMY B03pacTaHHIO
:itJIeKTpH'IeCKoro TOKa. MaKCliMaJIbHoro 3Ha'IeHllH TOK
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;: ,ltOCTHraeT Tor,lta, KOr,lta KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOp nOJIHOCTbIO paa-
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WaeTCH, HO no npaBHJIY JIeHIJ;a MarHHTHOO nOJIe 'Ka-
TYJIIKI{ yiKe C03.n;aeT TaKoe eHxpeBoe MeKTpll'IecKoe
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B llTore, KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOp nepe3apHiKaeTCH (pHC. 2, 0).
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qt <qQ
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t ,,"," 0
8,t> 8 0
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ro KOJIe6aHHH. 3a aTO BpeMH KOJtOOaTeJIblGUl CliCTeMB
B03BpalItaeTC$! B ceoe nepBOHa'IaJIbHOe COCTOHHlle.
3Hai{HT, Ha pHC. 2 H306paiKeH npoIJ;eCC, npoTeKaIOlIUIH
B Te'IeHHe nOJIOBHHhI nepHo.n;a. BpeMH T H3Mep$!eTCH
B ceKYH,ZJ;aX.
'IaCToT8 v (HJIH CD = ,2m') - aTO'IHCJIO KOJIe6aHHH 3a
O,ltHY ceKyH,ZJ;y.,E,ltllHHueii:; 113MepeHllH 'IaCTOTbI JlBJIH-
eTC$! 1 repIJ; (f ); 9TO TaKaH 'IaCTOTa KOJIe6atmA; npH
KOTOpoii cOBepmaeTCSI O.D;HO KOJIe6amle BceKYJf,ZtY.' H.a
upaKTHKe 9JIeKTpOManmTHbIe KOJIe6aHHH .cOBepma-
IOTCH C 'IaCTOTOH B TbICH'Ili II MHJIJIllOHbI repn.
462
3.1IEKTPOMAfHMTHblE KOJIE6AHM.H M BOJIHbI. OllTM A
AMwnrry aA - aTO MaKCHMaJIbHOe 3Ha'IeHlle (no MO-
.n;YJIIO) H3MeHHIOII1eHCH cl>n3H'IeCICOH BeJIH'IHHbI. OHa
H3MepHeTCH B e.n;HHHIJ;ax COOTBeTCTByIOlIteH BeJIH'IllHbI.
KaKHe iKe cl>H3H'1eCKHe BeJIll'IHHbI H3MeHHIOTCH B xo,ne
npoIJ;eCCOB, npOHcxo.n;HIItHX B KOJIe6aTeJIbHOM KOHry-
pe (pHC. 2)? 3TO aapH,ZJ; q KOH.n;eHcaTOpa, CHJIa TOKa i B
IJ;enH, HanpHiKeHHOCTb aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO nOJIH E,
MarHh:THaH HH,ltYKIJ;HH B nOJI$I KaTYI1IKH, aHeprHH
aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro nOJIH KOH,ZJ;eHcaTopa 1v,. H aHeprHH
MarHHTHOro nOJIH KaTYillKH W M . TaKHM 06paaoM, B KO-
Jte6ame.Jt'bHoM KOHmype OOH.OBpeMeHIl0 npaucxoiJum H.e-
CKOllbKO KOlle6a1T!e.JIllll'btX np014eCCOB pa3JlU1lIl'btX pU3U-
1leCKUX BellU1lUH.. Bce aTH KOJIe6aHHH, Bo-nepBbIX,
B3allMOCBH3aHbI, BO-BTOpbIX, 06YCJIOBJIeHbI H3MeHe-
HllHMH aJIeKTpOMarHHTHOro nOJIH.
llocJIe BBe,lJ;eHHH OCHOBHbIX cl>H3H'IeCKHX 'BeJIH'IHH,
06paTHMCH K 3a.n;a'Ie nOJIyqeHHH OCHOBHOro aaKOHa
KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIX npo eCCOB B KOHTYpe.
KOJIe6aTeJIhHwA KOmyp - aTO 3aMKflYTaH cl>H3ll'IeC-
KaH CHCTeMa. B TaKHX CHCTeMax nOJIHaH aHepmH CO-
xpaHaeTCH. B npOH3BOJIbHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH 3aKOH
coxpaHeHHH aHepmH 3arrHCbIBaeTCH TaK:
Cu 2 Le
-+-=const
2 2
M3 3aKou:a coxpaHeHHH aHeprHH MO)KHO nOJIY'IHTb
OCHOBHoe .n;HHaMH'IeCKOe ypaBHeHHe KOJIe6aHHH B
KOH1Ype. JIH aTOro nepenHmeM ypaBHeHHe B .n;pyroii
cpopMe}f B?3bMeM npolf3Bo.n;HbIe no Bp MeHH OT JIe-
BOH H npaBOH 'IaC ( T: ' ) , ( L' , '2 ) '
- + - =0.
2C 2
ilpOH3BO,ltHaH nOCTOJIHHOH BeJIH'IHHbI paBHa HYJIIO. C
yqeTOM Toro, 'ITO npOH3Bo.n;HaH OT BeJIH'IHHbI 3apH,ZJ;a
q ,ltaeT CHJIY TOKa i, nOJIyqaeM:
L 2 .., 1 ,
- U =--qq.
2 2C
llocJIe npe06paaOBaHHH llMeeM ypaBHeHHe:
, 1
q = --q.
LC
ilOJIyqeHHaH cl>oPMYJIa aHaJIOm'lHa no cl>opMe YPaB-
HeHllIO KOJIe6aHHH npYiKHHHOro MaHTHHKa: ,
, k
x =--x,
m
O'IeBM.n;HO, 'ITO, YPaBHeHHe KOJIe6aHHH KOOp,ltHHaTbI
x "PY.>KHHHOro MaHTHliKa H ypaBHeHHe KOJIe6aHHH
BeJIH'IHHhI 3apH,ZJ;a q Ha KOH.n;eHcaTOpe HMeIOT o,nHHa-
KOBbIH BH,lt.
llpHBe,lteHHbIe ypaBHeHHH B cl>H HKe (H MaTeMaTHKe)
Ha3bIBaIOTCH ,ltHcl>cl>epeHUllaJIbHbIMH ypaBHeHHHMH.
CYIIteCTByIOT oc06bIe npaBHJIa HX peweHHH. Ho 06hI'I-
HO 3TH npcumJIa 1f3yqaIOT YiKe B !JbIcmHX yqe6HMx 3a-
Be,lteHHHX. TJIaBHoe, peweHHe ,ltHcl>cl>epeHIJ;HaJIbHOro
ypaBHeHHH CB060,ltHbIX aJIeKTpoMarHHTHbIX KOJIe6a-
Hh:H B KOHrype npHBO,ltHT K TaKOMY BbIpaJKeHllIO .n;JIH
3apH,ZJ;a:
- 1
q = qmcoSOOo t , r.n;e COo = .
,jLC
KOJIe6aHHH 3apH,lta Ha KOH.n;eHcaTope, KOTopbIe npo-
HCXO,ltHT no aaKoHY KocHHyca (HJIH cHHyca), HaabI-
BaIOTCH rapMOHHlIeCKHMH KOJIe6aHIUIMH. BeJIH'lHHa
COo = 27tV Ha3bIBaeTCH co'€)cTBeHHoA KpyrOBOA (HJIH
IUfKJIH'IeCKoA) 'IaCTOToH. '
llo ,aHaJIOfH'IHOMY 3aKoHY npOHcxo.n;HT KOJI 6aHHH
CHJlbI TOKa B KOHType, HaIlpH)KCHHH Ha KOH.n;eHcaTope
H ,ltpyrHx cl>H3ll'IeCKliX BeJIH'IHH:
i=ImCOS( t+ }
U = U mcoSffiot.
1I3 cl>OPMYJIbI COo = b MOiKHO nOJIyqllTb BbIpaiKe-
, "LC
HHe ,ZJ;JIH nepHo.n;a KOJIe6aHHH:
21t r;-;:;
T=-=21hILC
COo .
llOJIY'leHHYIO cl>OPMY.ny Ha3bIBaIOT 4»opMyJIoA TOM-
COBa B 'IeCTb aHrJIHHcKoro cl>H3HKa YHJIbHMa TOMCO-
Ha (1824-1907), KOTOpbIH nOJIyqHJI ee B 1853 r. '
rpacllMltecKoe OnMC8HKe npOq8CCOB B
Kone6aTenbHoM KOHTYpe
rpacl>HKH H3MeHeHHH cl>H3H'1eCKHX BeJIH H C 1'e'IeHll-
eM BpeMeHH y,lt06HbI ,ZJ;JIH onHcaHHH nepHOltll'IeCKHX
npOIJ;eCCOB. Ha pHC. 3 npHBelteHbI rpacl>HKH H3MeHe-
HHH 3apH,ZJ;a Ha KOH,ZJ;eHcaTope H CHJIbI TOKa B K,OJIe6a-
TeJIbHOM KOHType.
q, I
t .
PHc.3
\
\
3JIeKTpoMarHllTHbIe KOJIe6aHHH
463
B Ha'IaJIbHbIH MOMem BpeMeHH 3apM Ha KOH.neHCa-
Tope MaKCHMaJIbHbIH 1 CHJIa TOKa B IJ;enli paBHa HYJIIO.
ECJIH KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIif:, KOHTyp - H.n;eaJIbHbIH, TO aJIeK-
TpoMarHHTHbIe KOJIe6aHHH rrpO,ltOJIiKaIOTCH 6eCKOHe'I-
HO .n;OJIro ll, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, rpacl>HKH 6eCKOHe'IHO
rrpo.n;JIeBaIOTCH BnpaBO no OCH.
fpacl>HK H3MeHeHHH 3apMa COOTBeTcTByeT ypaBHe-
HliIO q=qmSi{ coot+ )- BbIpaiK.eHHe coot+ Ha3bI a-
it
lOT 4>aaofi: KOJIe68HHJI, a yron 2' - Ha'I8JIbHofi: 4>a-
3OJt. B HaqaJIbHbIH MOMeHT BpeMe cl>aaa KOJIe6aHHH
KaK paa H paBHa Ha'IaJIbHOH cl>aae. 3HaqeHHe cl>a3bI KO-
ne6aHHH o.n;H03Ha'IHO onpe.n;e.mIeT 3Ha'IeHHecl>1l3ll'IeC-
KOH BeJIH'IIIHbI (HaIlpHMep, 3apMa, CHJIbI TOKa H T. n.)
B 3a,ZJ;aHHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH, TaK KaK aMIIJIHTy,ZJ;HOe
3Ha'IeHlle BeJIH'IHHhl - nOCTOHHHO. B IBO.n;: pa3a KO-
, Jle6a1tUR oiJHo:ma'll1tQ onpeiJe.JlSlem cocmoil1tUe 1wJle6a-
meJl'b1tOU cucmeMbl.
rpacl>HKH, H306pa.>KeHHbIe Ha pHC. 3, OTJIll'IaIOTCH npH
paBHOH aMIIJIHTy.n;e ('ITO Bcer.n;a B03MOX<HO ,ltOCTll'Ib
, 3a C'IeT BbI60pa e.n;HHHIJ; H3MepeHHH BeJIll'IHH) TOJIb-
KO cl>a30H KOJIe6aHHH. C.n;BHr cl>a3 COCTaBAAeT , npH-
. 2
'IeM CHJIa roKa OTCTaeT no cl>a3e OT 3apH.n;a. .lJ:JIH oupe-
.n;eJIeHHH paaHOCTH ,cl>a3 HyiKHO B:bIpa3HTiI cl>OpMyJIbI
KOJIe6aHHH O,ltHOH TpHroHoMeTpH'leCKOH cl>YHKIJ;HeH.
, MHOr,lta BaJKHO CpaBHHTb KOJIe6aHHH JIHWb no 'IacTO
Te H aMnJIHTy.n;e. BaTOM CJIY'Iae rpacl>HKH npe.n;CTaB-
JUtIOT co6oH npHMbIe JIHHllH (pHC. 4). TaKlie rpaqmKH
Ha3bIBaIOT cneK1p8JlbHbIM H306paxcelDleM. Ha pHC. 4
H306l>roKeHbI TPH KOJIe6aHHHpaaHoH qaCTOTbI H aMII-
JIHTy.n;bI. TaKoH cnoc06 H306pa:JKeHHH BaJKeH Tor.n;a,
Kor.n;a CJIo»(Hoe KOJI'e6amte 'hpe,ifCTaBJt1iIOT 13 -,:JMe He
CKOJlbKHX rapMOHll'IeCKH:k- i KoJIe6aHHH. TaKoe' pc13JIO-
.>KeHHe Ha3hIBaIOT cnelCTpoM.
,A
o
, v 3
v
V, v 2
PHc.4
3KcnepMMeHTUbHoe M3y-teHKe npoqeccoB
iB Kone6aTenbHOM KOH'fype; ,
TeOpeTH'leCKOe OI1HCaHit:e KOJIe6aHHii: HMeeT PH.lt npe-
HMylItecTB:-no Ha'IaJIbHbIM YCJIOBHHM C nOMOIItbIO H3-
, BeCT-HbIX <poPMYJI ( aKOHOMepHOCT H) MOiKHO paCC'IH-
TaTh'HYiKHbIe napaMeTpbI. Ho 06bI'IHO nepBll'IHoe H3Y-
qeHHe npoqecca, H KOIIJIeHlle cBe.n;eHllH 0 HeM ocylIt e -
CTBJIHIOT C IIOMOlItbIO aKcn pHMeHTa.
C nOMOlItbIO YCTaHOBKH (pHC. 5) MOX<HO aKcnepHMeH-
TaJIbHO HCCJIe,ltOBaTb HeKOTopbIe CBOHCTBa KOJIe6aHHH
B KOJIe6aTeJIbHOM KOHType.
30
L
@
c
.
y
o
PHc.5
OnbIT 1
BbIBe,lteM BJIeBO nOJI3YHoK peocTaTa, T. e. BbIKJlIO'IHM
ero COnpOTHBJleHHe. 3apH.ltliM KOH.neHCaTOp C H 3aM-
KHeM KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIH KOHTyp. Ha aKpaHe aJI KTPolJ
HOro OCIJ;HJIJIorpa4>a 30 6y,lteT Ha6JIIO,ltaTbCH rpa4>HK
H3MeHeHllH CHJIbI TOKa B KOHType. Ha aTOM rpacl>HKe
KOJIe6aHHH Ha6JIIO.n;aeTCH YMeHbmeHHe aMIIJItlTY,ZJ;bI.
BbIBO.n;: cB0600Hble 3J1.e'KmpOMa :ltumHble KOJle6a1tUR. B
K01tmype 3a1!lYXa10m. CTpOro roBOp$l, 3aryxarolItlie RO-
JIe6aHHH HeJIb3H HaaBaTh rapMOHH'IeCKJiMli. HaKOHeIJ;,
CTpororoBOpH, TaKlie. KOJIe6aHHH BOOOlUe HeJIbM Ha-
3BaTh KOJIe6aHHHMH. Ho npH He60JIbIDOM saTyXaHHH
(HaIlpHMep, Kor.n;a COBepmaIOTC$I COTHH H ThICSJtIli KO-
JIe6aHHH) TaKHM orpaHll'leHHeM npH H3yqeHHll KOJIe-
6aHHH npeiH 6peraIOT. t
IIpU'IlUHa 3amyxa1tUR CB060OH.'blX KOJle6aHuu - cyw,e-
cmBOBaHue a'KmUBHOlO conpOmUBJleHUR. npOBOOHUKOB
1(.(JmYUl1cu. qacTb SHeprnH aJIeKTpOMarHHTHoro noJUI
npH,KaiK,ZJ;OM KOJIe6aHHH npeBpalItaeTCH BO BHyrpeH-
HIOIO aHeprnIO.
On bIT 2
KaK 6y.n;YT H3MeHHTbCH KOJIe6aHHH, eCJIH YBeJIll'IllTb
aKTHBHOe COIlpOTHBJIeHHe KOJIe6aTeJIbHoro KOHTypa?
3TO MOX<HQ BbIHCHHTb C nOMOlItbIO peocTaTa. Ha SK-
paHe oCIJ;HJIJIorpa<l>a KOJIe6aHHH 6y,ltYT 3aryxaTb 6bIC-
Tpee; npii O'IeHb 60JlbWOM conpOTHBJIeHHll. HX npo:-
CTO HeT.
...
On bIT 3
KaKHe H3MeHeHHH B KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIX npoIJ;eccax npo
H30ii:.n;YT, eCJIH YBeJIll'IHTb aJIeKtpoeMKocTbtcOH.ZJ:eH
caTopa? C nOMOlItbio cl>oPMyJIbI TOMCOHa MO,KHO"Teo-
pern'IeCKH npe,ltCKaaaTb O.n;If:H H3 pe3YJIbTaTOB' onbITa.
OR COCTOHTB yBeJIlf:'Iemm 'nepHOJ(a KOJIe6M1HH. .
464 -
3JIEI\TPOMAfHIITHbIE KOJIE6AHM.H II BOJIHbI. OllTI1KA
Ho Ha OCIJ;llJIJIOrpaMMe Mht YBH,ltllM, 'ITO H aMIIJIMTY,lta
KOJIe6atmii TOx<e yaeJIH'IHBaeTCH. TeOpeTH'IecKH a1'9
MOiKHO 06'hRCHHTb Tal<: 1m = , a q",= CU. B HTOre:
'/C ,..J LC
1m ="Ji.U, To eCTb npH nOCTOHHHbIX 3Ha'IeHHHX HH-
,ltYKTHBHOcTH L H paaHOCTH nOTeHIJ;HaJIOB U aMIIJIH-
Ty.l!;Hoe 3Ha'IeHHe CHJIbI TOKa 3aBHCliT OT aJIeKTpoeM-
OCTH. qTO H no,ltTBepX<.ltCieT onbIT.
KaKlie H3MeHeHHH B 1(0JIe6aTeJIbHbIX npOIJ;eccax npo-
HeXONiT npH H3MeHeHHH H YKTHBHOcTH KarymKH?
KaK MOOKHO H3MeH'hTb HH.ltYKTllBHOCTb? KaKHM cno-
co6oM MOX<HO nOJI)"IllTb BbICOKO'IaCTOTHbIe KOJIe6a-
HHH? Ha ll BonpOCbI BO MHomx CJIyqaHX IIpolIte H
HarJIH,ltHee nOJIyqHTb OTBeT C nOMOlItbIO aKcnepHMeH-
Ta, 'IeM TeopHH. lIpH nOCTaHOBKe onbITOB MOX<HO OT-
KPhITb H 'lTO-TO HOBOe.
A.To e6aHMA. reHepaTOp He3ayyxalOILIMx
Kone6aHMM
B pe8JIbHOM KOJIe6aTeJIbHOM KOHType aJIeKTpoMar-
HHTHbIe KOJIe6aHHH BCer,lta (H .n;OCTaTO'IHO 6bICTpO) 3a-
TyXaIOT. Bo-nepBblX, noTOMy 'ITO BCer,lta eCTb ClKTIIB-
Hoe COnpOTllMeHlle H nOCTOHHHO H,lteT npeBpalIteHlle
qaCm SHepmH 3JIercrpOMarHllTHOro nOJIH BO BHyTpeH-
HIOIO SHepmIO TeJIa. A aTO 6e3B03BpaTHaH nOTepH
SHepIitH. BO-BTOPblX, 06hI'IIiO B KOJIe6aTeJIbHOM KOH-
Type 33 ceKYH.ltY npoHCXO.l!;HT MHOro KOJIe6aHHH, II no-
, aToMY'38IIaCeHHWI sHepmH 6bICTpO TepJleTC . Ho Ha
npaK11lKe BBiKHO HMeTb nOCTOHHHbIe KOJIe6aHHH. KaK
6h1Tb?
/1.JIH nOJlyqeHllH np0.l10JI HTeJIbHbIX KOJIe6aHliH KO-
JIe6aTeJtl)Io/IO cHcTeMy paCmllpJlIOT, .n;06aBJIHH B Hee
llCTOql'lmc To a (HCTO'IHHK sHeprnH) H CneIJ;HaJIbHbIH
.KJIaIlali. (pHC. 6).
! =K !/1 . ,
I ,
KnanaH
PRc.6
Kone6arenbHblH
KOHTYP
[3-
.KJIanaH. HY>KeH .zvm TOro, tIT06bI 6bICTpO H BOBpe-
MH .l!;06aB.nJlTb 9HeprllIO B KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIH KOHtyp.
BHemHee ynpaBJIeHHe MH. aToro e ro.p;HTeH, HarrpH-
Mep, He nOJIyqHTbCH BKJIIO'IaTb H BbI:KJIIO'IaTb KJIIO'I
(pHC. 5). lloaToMY HCnOJIb3yIOT BHYTPeHHee ynpao- ,
JIeHMe: caMKOJIe6a're7IbHbIii: KOmyp nepllo.n;nqecKH BKJIIO-
'!aCT H BhIKJIIO'IaeT KJIarraH. TaKOH MeXaHll3M yrrpaBJIe- '
HllH Ha3bIBaIOT DOJIomrrem.Hoft OOpamoA CBJI3hIO. '
B Ka'IecTBe KJIaIlaHa HCnOJIb3)'IOT TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH re- "
aepaTOp aa 1'p8113HCTOpe (pHc.7). KarymKacBH3H Les :
BKJIIO'IeHa TaK, 'ITO npH B03paCTaHlili TOKa B KaryIDKe ;,
L, a 3H 'IllT, H B KaryIDKe Lea, Ita 6a3e TpaH3HCTOpa OKa- ':
3bIBaeTCH nOTeHIJ;HaJI, oTnHparolItHH TpaH3HCTOp. llpll i
aTOM TOK.OT 6aTapeH nOlUIepiKHBaeT TOK B KOJIe6a- .
TeJIbHOM KOHrype, T. e. B KOHTYP nOCTYIIaeT aHepI'IDI. ;
TaK npO,ltOJIiKaeTciI nOJIOBHHY nepHO,lta KOJIe6aHliH. :j
Bo BTOpyIO nOJIOBllHY nepHo.n;a TpaH3HCTOp 3arrepT.
II I I
L
c
,I
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KOJIe6aTeJIbHaH CHCTeMa, KOTOpaH cnoc06Ha nOMep- !
iKHBaTb CBOH KOJIe6aHHH c nOCTOJlHHOH aMIIJIllry,ltOH, 1
Ha3bIBaeTCH aBTOKOJIe6aTeJlLHOA CHCTeMoA. MOiKHO .
BhI.lteJIllTb CJIe.n;yIOlItlie OCHOBHbIe CBOHCTBa aBTOKOJIe-
6aHllif::
a) \ 'KOJle6aHUSI CYU4ecm6Y1Om omHOCUmeJl'bHO OOJllO,
no7Cll ecm'b 3HeplUJI 6 ucm014H1J.'Ke mO'Ka; 1
6) ttacmoma a6m01«:)Jle6aHUU pa6Htl ttacmome co6- 1
cm6eHH'blX 'KOJle6aHUU 'KOIIm!/Pa;
B) aJ.tnJl.umyoa 3Jle1CTTlpOMalHUmH'blX 'KOJleOOHUU 6 'KOH-
mype 3tl6UCUm om HanpSl:JlteHUR ucm014HU'Ka mo1Cll,
a'KmU6HOlO conpomU6JleHUJI 'KOHmypa, euOa 06pam-
HaU C6R3U.
ABToKOJIe6aHHH, B OTJIll'Ilie OT CBo60.n;HbIX KOJIe6aHHH
JlBJIHIOTCJI BbIHY)KJJ;eHHbIMH KOJIe6aHllHMH
PHc..7
CMCTeMaTM3aLIMA M3Y'1eHHblX 3HaHMM
lIpe:>K;n Beero, CJIe,ZtyCT paao6paThCH, KaKHe cl>H3lNecKHe
HBJIeHllH MbI H3yqR7IH. Ha cxeMe 1 nOKa3aH MHp MeKT
poM KOJIe6aHHH. OHM &uwoT caMoH pa:moH
'IaCTOTbI H aMIIJIH'Iy , BpeMeHM C)'IUecTBOBa}IIDI.
HeaaryxaIOUJ;He 3JIeK1'pOMarHllTHbIe KOJIe6aHWI B KO-
JIe6aTeJIbHOM KOHTYPe - H,lteaJIbHOe HBJIeHlle. TaKlix
\
3JIeKTpOMarnHTHbIe 1<OJIe6aHHH
465
CXEMA 1
3nEKTPOMArHHTHbiE
KonE6AHHJf
JI'
C CB060AH
JI' ,
B TEXHHKE
3neKTpHlfecKHe
PUPIIAbl
3aryxalOLL\He Kone6aHHII
npH BKJll()I.feHHH H
BblKJIl()I.feHHH ",eneM
3aryX8IOLL\He Kone6aHHII
B Kone6aTenbHoM KOHrype
KOJIe6a.mm B np pO,lte He 6bIBaeT, HO Ha aTOM ll.n;ear.rb-
HOM npHMepe JIyqme cero paCCMOTpeTb Bce cYlIte-
CTBeHHbIe cBoACTBa 3JIeKTpoMarHHTHbIX KOJIe6aHHH,
CpaBHHTb o.ztHH OJI HH C .n;pymMH. Ha cxeMe 2.CHC-
TeMaTH3MpOBaHbI 3HaJlHH' 0 CBo6O.lUJhIX KOJIe6aHHHX.
OT.eTMTb Ha Bonpoclll _/
MO)KHO JIH C'IllTaTb CB060,lJ;HbIe 3JIeKTpOMarHllTHbIe
KOJIe6amuJ: B eaJIbHOM KOJIe6aTeJIbHOM KOIfType HB-
JIeHHeM H,lteaJIbHblM .(T. e. HecylIteCTBYIOIUHM B npH-
,
c:
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B TEXHHKE
ABToKone6aHHII
3neKTpoc:Mf'HIUnII
cePA
nepeMeHHb1M TOK
3neKTpHl.lecKH8
PHTMbt
pacr8HHM '
CTHMYnJlTOpbl
6HonoTeH"'HMoB
B M8AH"'HH
,," .'
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pO,lte)? KaK TeopeTll'leCKll (aKcnepHMeHTaJIbHO) ,ltOKa-
3aTb, 'ITO CBo6o,ltHbIe KOJIe6aHliH B peaJIbHOM KOHType
BCer,lta 3aTyxaIOIUHe? lIepe'IHCJIHTe, KaKHe cl>H3H- :--
'IeCKlie HBJIeHHn 6y,ltYT npOHCXO,ltliTh BKOJIe6aTeJIb- '"
HOM KOHType, eCJIH 3apH.n;HTb KOH.zteHcaTOp? KaKHe k;
XapaKTepHCTHKH CBo6o,lJ;HbIX 3JIeKTpoMarHHTHhP' KO-
JIe6aHHH HaM H3BeCTHbI? K3KoBa nPHQHHa CYlItecTBO- f-
'BilHHH CBo6o,ltHbIX aJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX KOJIe6aHHH B
KOHType? KaKllMH 3cU<OHaMH onHCbIBaeTCJI npo ecc.,
CBo60,ltHbIX aJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX KOJIe6aHliH B KOJIe6a-
TeJIbHOM KOH-rype? .HBJIH CH JIll 3aMKH}'TOH CHCTe- ":1
MOH KOJIet>aTe;1IbHbIii &OHTYP B aBTOKOJI a eJIb.HqA _
CHCTeMe? CoxpaHH TCi Jill B HeM aHeprIUl? tho Ha3bI-, '
BaIOT cl>a30H kOJIe6aHHH? KaK ee onpe,lteJIHTb? qeM
466
3JIEKTPOMAfHIITHblE KOJlE6AHII.H If BOJIHbl. OIITIiKA
CXEMA 2
j 3nEKTPOMArHI1THbiE K0J1E6AHHJI
. ..
@
j
-
1
1
BbI.n;eJIeHHe HBJIeJiHH ,]
1I0 YCJIOBHHM 3a,ZJ;a'IH HMeIOT YfT 5B f!:bI rap J
MOHH'IeCKHe aJIe 1'pqldarH f'J"HbIe, KOJIeQa,\ He 150JIe- .
6aTeJIbHOM KOHrype. BHJtypaBhalH;ffi<&.ne6fit.mi1,ZW1
CliJIbI TOKa CJIe.n;YIOIItH:H: i = Icosmot . Onpe.n;eJIHTh aMII-
JIHry.n;y I,
OII caHHe HBJIel:{HH "\ . 'J
BCIIOMlIHM, 'ITO KOJIe6aTeJIbJibIii KO TYP -+- 3aM!<HY \\
TaH $H3 e , CKaH CHCTeMa. ,l( , JIH Hee BbJIIOJIH,H , eTCH , 3a-\\ 1
KOJ{ c;p:xpaHeHHH aJfepnJH. 3TQ BaiKHOe H,y.n;06HOiH j
cpe.n;C'f.:aQ @nllCaHHH HaIIIero SlBJlftHliH. 3alU{weMY,J>aB{a
HelIJie aaKOHa cox p aHeHIDI aHe p mH: , ' ' F 1
' ' '.' , j
- i
!
..
He3aryxalOI1IHe Kone6aHHJI CHnbl
TOKa, B L4enH, 3apJlAa Hji
KOHAeHCaTope B Kone6aTenbHoM
KOHrype
HAeanbHblH : one6aTenbHblH
KOHryp
[}
@
3aKOH coxpaHeHHJI 3HeprHH
cu 2 L1 2
-2!!.. = --It!-
2 2
AMnnHryA , A
3aKOH Kone6aHHJI 3apJlAa
Ha KOHAeHcaTope
nepHOA, T
aCTOTa, v
,,' 2
q = -woq
OTJIH'IaIOTCH I<OJIe6aHHH pa3HbIX BeJIll'IHH B O.n;HOM KO-
JIe6aTeJIbHOM KOHTYPe? O,ltHHaKOBa JIH 'IaCTOTa aTHX
KOJIe6aHH:H? O.n;HHaKOBbI JIH KOJIe6aHHH paaHbIX Be-
JIH'IHH no cl>a3e? Or 'Iero 3aBliCHT cl>a3a KOJIe6aJiHH?
Bcer,ZJ;a JIH cB06o.n;HbIe aJIeKTpOMarn1JTHbIe KOJIe6aHHH
rapMOHll'leCKHe?
\
npMMep pe.weHMA 3aAa"M
KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIH KOHTYP' COCTOHT H3' KOH,/.\eHcaTOpa
eMKOCTbIO C = 400 n<I> H KaTymKH HH.u;YKTHBHOCTbIO
, L = 10 MfH. HaRTH aMnJIHTY,l\y KOJIe6aHHH CHJl:bI TOKa,
eCnH aMWIHT}',ZI;a KOJIe6aHHH ,HanpSlJICeHH5I Ha KOH.u;eH-
caT ope 500B.
,
,',
<l>opMyna T Q",?COHa:
T 21tJLC
. i
. i
I
.1
I
1
j
rpa$HKH Kone6aHHH, q, U, J
q,!
@ "
, rPaHHLla
. " hpHMeHHMOCTH:
1
,i
"PH OTCYTc;rBHIo1 conpOTH,neHHJI
R B KOHrype
J
\
3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe KOJIe6aHliH
467
L1 2 cu 2
2-7'
AHaJIH3 ypaBHeHHH y6eiK,Ztaer B TOM, 'ITO, BO-nepBbIX,
HCKOMaH BeJIll'IHHa BXO.n;HT B ypaBHeHHe, BO-BTOpbIX,
BCe OCTaJIbHbIe BeJIll'IHHbI 113BeCTHbI. BbIpa3HM H)"K-
HyIO BeJIll'IllHY:
'
I=U -
L'
OCTaeTCH BbInOJIHllTb paC'IeT. B HTore 1= 0,1 A.
BonpocbI ,ltJIH 06cYiK,lteHHH
TO'IHoe HJIH rrpH6JIHiKe Hoe 3Ha'IeHHe CHJIbI TOKa MbI
nOJIY'IHJIH? KaK aTO ,ltOKa3aTb?
n p,lt C.K a 3 K a: nO,ltYMaHTe, TO'IHbIe HJIH npH6JIH-
iKeHHbIe 3Ha'IeHllH HMeIOT ,ltaHHbIe eMKOCTll, IIH.n;y-
KTHBHOCTll, HanpHiKeHHH. 3aBHCHT JIH aMIIJIHTy,ltHoe
3Ha'IeHHe CHJIbI TOKa OT CMKOCTH H HH.l(YKTHBHOCTH?
e
julDoliia
BblnOnHReTCJI B Knacce, BpeMR - 20 MHH.
BapHaHT 1
, 1. 06DHCHHTb, 'IeM OTJIH'IaIOTCSI 3JIeKTpoMarHHTHbIe
KOJIe6aHHH B I6eaJIbHbIX II O,ltHHaKOBbIX KOJIe6a-
TeJIbHbIX KOHrypax, e JIH KOH,ZJ;eaCaTOpbI 6bIJIli 3a-
pHiKeHbI OT H,CTO'IHllKOB TOKa C paaHbIMH 3,aC?
OTBeT nO CHHTh rpacl>HKoM.
,2. Onpe.n;eJIHTb nepHo.n 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX KOJIe6a-
HHH B KOHType C KaTywKoH HH,ltYKTHBHOCTH
2.10- 2 [:11 II KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpoM H3BecTHOH eMKocTH,
BbI,ZJ;aHHbIM yqllTeJIeM MH BbInOJIHeHHH pa60TbI.
2. nEPEMEHHblM
3nEKTPMI.IECKMM TOK
.
.
, IIpu omKp'blmuu u U3JIfle1tUU fjJu3u1/.eCKUX Sl8Jle1tUU yq,e-
: H'bIe UCc.!leOy1Om 603MO:JICHOcmU ux UCnOJlb308aHUSI aM
, HY3lCa Jl1OaeU. B 'IaCTHOCTH, cnpaiJe,ltJIHB ,j)onpoc:
HeJIb3H JIH nOJl)"lliTh H HCnOJIb30BaTb nOCTOJlHHbIe BO
BpeMeIDJ MeKTpOMaI'HHTHhIe KO.ne6aHwI? QileBH,ltHO,
, '!TO TaKHe KOJIe6aHHH He M:OryT 6hITb CB06o,ltHhIMH.
BapHaHT 2
L qeM MpryT OTJIll'laTbCH aJleKTpOMarnHT:IIbIe KOJle-
6aHliH B O,ltHHaKOBbIX KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIX KOHrypax,
HMeIOIItHX paaHbIe aKTHBHbIe C9rrpoTHBJIeHHH? OT-
BeT nO$lCHHTb'rpacl>HKaMH.
2. CKOJIbKO KOJIe6aHHH npoH30ii.n;eT B KOJIe aTeJIb-
HOM KOHrype 3a .n;Be ceKYH.n;bI, eCJlH eMKOCTb KOH-
,lteHCaTOpa 800 II <I> , a HH,ZJ;YKTHBHOCTb KaTYWKH
2 MKfH?
, :Jli.aftllil "'i4";
"""'IUQO 3fU/a"
38Aa'lM nOBlllweHHoM cnOHCHOCTM
no JII060MY H3yqaeMoMY cl>H3ll'IeCKOMY o61.eIcrY HJIH
$IBJIeHHJO Bcer.n;a MOiKHO BCTpeTHTb 3a.n;a'IY IIOBbI-
meHHOH CJIOX<HOCTJ{ (H .n;aJKe HeOiKll.n;aHHYIO, T. e; TPY,lt-
HyIO). Ho OTHpmeHHe K HliM .n0.ID{\H06bI'):b 06I?I3{Hoe:
a) BbI,ZJ;eJIHTb npOHCXO,ltHIItHe HBJIeHllH rrYTeM aHaJIH-
3a; 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha oc06eHHocTH HBJIeHllH;
6) BbIHBHTb H3BeCTHbIe xapaKTepHCTHKH, T. e. cl>H3H-
'IeCKHe BeJIll'IHHbI, H rrpHMeHHTb H3BeCTHbIe 3aKO-
HbI .n;JIH onllcaHHH HBJIeHHH.
npHBep;eM rrpHMepbI TaKHX 3a,ZJ;a'I.
1. Onpe.n;eJIHTb CHJIY TOKa B KarywKe H,lteaJIbHoro KO-
JIe6aTeJIbHoro KOHrypa, eCJlH MaKCHMaJIbHbIH TOK
B KOHType paBeH 1 0 , a B aTOT MOMeHT HaIlpHiKeHHe
Ha KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpe paBHo U. MH.n;YKTHBHOCTb Ka-
ryWKli H eMKOCTb KOH.n;eHcaTopa H3BeCTHbI.
2. KaK H3MeHHTCH aJIeKTpOMarHllTHbIe KOJIe6aHHH B
H,lteaJIbHOM KOHType, eCJIH rrJIaCTHHbI nJIOCKOrO
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpa pa3.n;BHHYTb, a paCCTOHHHe MeiK,Zty
BHTKaMH KarywKH yaeJIH'IHTb?
'-
nOCJle,ltHHe Bcet,lta 3aryxaIOT. KaKlie aTO KOJIe6aHHH
H KaK HX nOJIyqHTb?
nonyqeHMe nepeMeHHoro
3neKTpMllecKoro TOKa
lIpH,lteHCTBliH B 3aMKHyTOH IJ;enH nepeMeHHoii a,ac
B IJ;enH B03HllKItyT KOJIe6aHHH CHJIbI TORa H Harrp$liKe-
HHH - nepeMellHhdt 3J1eICTpH'IeCK 1t rOK. ,,apymMli
468
3JIEKTPOMAfHIITHbIE KOJIE6AHII.H M BOJIHbI. OIITIiKA
CJIOBaMH nepeMeHHhdi 3JIeKTpH'IeCKHfi: TOK - aTO
BbIHY:>K.n;eHHbIe KOJIe6aHliH CHJIbI TOKa H HarrpHiKeHHH
B aJIeKTpH'IeCKOH IJ;enH nO,lt ,l{eHCTBHeM nepeMeHHOH
3.n;C.
IICTO'IHHKOM nepeMeHHOH 3,l{ C MOiKeT 6bITb l'eHepa-
TOp nepeMeHHOI'O TOKa. PaCCMOTpHM YCTPOHCTBO H
rrpHHIJ;lln ero pa60TbI.
I1YCTb B O,ltHOpO,ltHOM MarHHTHOM I1{)J1e C HH,ZJ;YKIJ;HeH
B BpalItaeTCH (c nOMOlItbIO BHemHero MeXaHll'ieCKO-
roo npHBo.n;a) npOBOJIO'IHaJt paMKa (pHC. 8). OCb Bpa-
meHll$l paCnOJIOiKeHa nepneH,ZJ;HKYJIHpaO JlHHHHM Mar-
HHTHOH HH,ltYKIJ;HIl. qro iKe rrpOHCXO,ltHT B paMKe?
p8MK8
BMA roOKY
..
B
>(.
ks:
/ ".
, ... ..
" B
a)
6)
PHc.8
lIpH BpalIteHHH paMKH MarHHT1:1OH nOTOK cI>, npOHH-
3bIBaIOlItHH KOHTYP paMKH, H3MeHHeTCH:
cI> = cI> oeosCJ. = BScosrot.
IIo 3aKt>RY aJIeKTpOMarHHTHOH HH,ZJ;YI<:I1HH B TaKOH
paMKe B03HHKaeT 3,l{C HH.n;YKI1HH. no 3aKOHY <I>apa-
.n;eH OHa paBHa:
C= -<I>' = BSro.sinrot= tQsinrot.
IITaK, Ha KOHI1aX npOBOJIO'IHOH paMKH B03HHKaeT
3,l{C, KOTOpaH MeHHeTCH no rapMOHll'leCKoMY 3aKO-
HY. ECJIH KOHI1bI paMKH 3aMKHYTb Ha KaKOH-JIH6
Y'IaCTOK aJ'IeKTpH'IeCKOH' I1enH, TO no.n; .n;eHCTBHeM
BHemHeH nepHo.n;H'IeCKOH 3.n;C B IJ;enH 6y.n;YT npOHC-
XO.n;HTb rapMOHH'leCKHe <.meKTpOMarHHTHbIe KOJIe6a-
HHH. IIx npHQHHa - nepeMeHHoe ,aJIeKTpH'IeCKOe
none, C03.n;aeHHoe BHeWHHM llCTO'IHllI<:OM' TOKa C ne-
peMeHHOH 3JJ:C. Ha pHC. 9H306paJKeHa .n;eHCTByIOII1aH
MO,lteJlb reHepaTopa nepeMeHHoro TOKa.
3neICTpM'feCKMA TOK'Ha Y'faCTKe 14enM C
pe3MCTopOM
COnpOTHBJIeHHe 3JIeMeHTa 3JIeKTpH'IeCKOH IJ;enH ne-
I
peMeHHOM}' aJIeKTpH'IecKOMY TOI<y, rrpH KOTOpOM npo-
HCXo.n;HT npeBpalIteHHe aJIeKTpH'IeCKOH aHeprnH BO
J.1HAHKaTOp
HanpH)f(eHHH
, (c nbl tOKa)
PRc.9
BH)'TpeHHIOIO, Ha3bIBaIOT BKTHBHbIM COIlpOTllBJIeHHeM .
(pe3HCTOpoM). IIpe.n;nOJIOiKllM, 'ITO Ha yqacToK IJ;enH.
C "pe3HCTopOM nO,ltaeTC$I nepeMeHHoe HanpHiKeHlf ,
u = UmCOsrot (pliC. 10). B pe3YJIbTare Ha aTOM yqacT- :
Ke ,IJ;enH B03HHKaeT aJIeKTpll'IeCKOe nOJIe, HarrpHiKeH- .
HOCTb KOToporo H3MeHHeTCH no TaKOMY iKe 3aKOHY. "
IIpH HaJIH'IHll CBo6o.n;HbIX 3apH,ltOB Ha yqacTKe I1errH :
C pe3HCTOpOM B03HllKaeT nepeMeHHbIH aJIeKTpH'leCKHH
TOK i = Imcosrot.
R
u= Umcosrot
'"
PHC. 10
qacToTa H cl>aaa KOJIe6aHliH CHJIbl TOKa COBna,ZJ;aIOT C
'IaCTOTOH H cl>aaoH KOJIe6aHHH HarrpHiKeHHH. 3KCIle- .
pHMeHTaJIbHO aTO MOiKHO nOKaaaTb C nOMOlItbIO oc- ,
I111JIJIorpacl>a (pHC. 11).
u, i
PHC. 11
1
Ha rpa$H MaKCHMYMbI MHHHMYMbI KOJIe6aHll
Harrp$liKeHHH H CH.,1IbI TO,Ka cOBna,naIOT no BpeMeHH 1
3TO H nOaHTHO: eCJIH Hanp.IDKeHHe HYJIb, T. e. a1IeKT;!
pll'IecKoe nOJIe OTCYTCTByeT, TO H CHJIa TOKa TOiKe pa B
Ha HYJIIO. JJ:JIR nepeMeHHoro aJIeKTpH'IecKOro TOKa H
I ,
3JIeR;TpOMarHHTHbI R;oJIe6aHH$I
469
pe3HCTope BbInOJIHHeTCH 3aR;OH OMa .n;JI$I Y'IaCTKa
I1ertH:
I = U m
m R'
06paTHMCH K ::mepreTll'IeCKoMY OIlliCaHllIO nepeMeH-
HOro aJleKTpll'IeCKoro TOKa Ha yqacTKe I1enH C pe3Hc-
TOpOM. BhIpaJKeHHe ,ZJ;JIH MrHOBeHHOH MOII1HOCTH Ta-
KOBO:
P =iu =ImUmcos2rot.
fpaqIHK H3MeHeHHH OIItHOCTH CO BpeMeHeM nOKa3aH
Ha pHC. 12., BhI.lteJleHHe aHeprnH Ha pe3HcTope C Te'Ie-
HHeM BpeMeHli MeHHeTCJI OT MaKCHMaJIbHOro .n;o MH-
HHMaJIbHOro. HQ npaKTH'IeCKOe 3Ha'IeHlle HMeeT cpe.n;-
HHH MOII1HOCTb, nOTpe6J1HeMaHpe3HeTOpOM 3a nepHo.n;.
p
t
PRC. 12
npe06paayeM cl>oPMYJIY ,ZJ;JIH MrHOBeHHOH MpIItHOCTH:
1+cos2cOC I U I U
p=ImUmcos2fiX;=ImUm 2 = m 2 m + m 2 . m cos2cOC.
CpeAHee 3Ha'IeHlle KocHHyca .n;BOHHOro yrJIa 3a nepH-
Ort paBHO HYJIIO, noaToMY,ZJ;JIH cpe,ltHeH MOIItHOCTH 3a
IIepHO,lt nOJIyqaeM:
I",U",
p--
- 2 .
C yqeToM 3aKOHa OMa:
, I 2 R
p= '2 .
nOJIY'laeTCH, 'ITO cpeiJHSlR 3a nepuoiJ .MO Hocmb ne-
Pe.MeHHOZO m01Ca - eeJluflwla nocmOJl,HHaJI. 9Hepnm,
nOC1j'IIaIOtnaH OT HCTO'IHllKa nepeMeHHoro TOtal H BbI-
,lteJIHeMaSl Ha pe3HcTope, paBHa 3a BpeMH t (H npliMep,
aat = 7) nJIOIIta,nll 3aUITpnxoBaHHoro npHMoyrOJIb-
BHKa' (pHC. 12). ,
EcJIH BBeCTH HOByIO cl>H3H'IecKYIO BeJIH'IliHY A-
cTBYIO ee 3H8'IeHHe CHJIW TOK8 - no «l>opMYJIe
I '
1= Ji ' to cl>opMYJIa J1JIH MOII1HOCTH nepeMeHHoro
TOKa 6y.n;eT COBna,naTb C cl>oPMYJIOH.,ltJIH MomHOCTH
nOCT01IHHoro TOKa:
p=P=i 2 R.
no aHaJIOrnH BBOMT nOHHTHe 0 Aefi:CTBYIO eM 3Ha-
'IeHHH nepeMeHHoro H8npJlXCeHHJI:
U= .
TaKHM 06paaoM, nepeMeHHbIH aJIeKTpH'IeCKHH TOK C
.n;aHHbIMH ,a;eHCTByIOIItHMJ:I 3Ha'IeHHHMll CHJIbI TOKa H
HarrpHiKeHllH BbI,lJ;eJIHT 3a O,ZJ;HO II TO iKe BpeMH TaKoe
iKe KOJIH'IeCTBO aHeprnH, 'ITO H nOC'J;'OHHHhIfi: TOK Ta-
KHX iKe napaMeTpOB. ,l{JI$I ,lteHCTByIOIItHX 3Ha'IeHHH
CHJIbJ TPKa H HaIlpHiKeHHH BbInOJIHHeTCH 3aKOH OMa.
3neKTpMlfeCKMM TOK Ha YlfaCTKe
MHAYKTMBHOCTblO
PaCCMOTpHM, KaK Be,lteT ce6$1 nepeMeHHbIH 3JIeKTpH-
'IeCKHH TOK Ha yqaCTKe C KaTyIliKOH HH,D;yKTHBHocm.
,l{JIH npOCTOTbI paCCMOTpeHHH npe,ltIlOJIOX<HM, 'ITO aK-
TllBHoe COnpOTHBJIeHlle OTCYTCTByeT. Ha yqaCTOK no-
,ltaeTCH nepeMeHHoe HanpHiKeHHe (pliC. 13). Ha OCHOBe
H3BecTHbIX ::JHaHHH nOCTpOHM CHa'IaJIa TeQpHIO npo-
HCXOMlIterO npOIJ;ecca.
L I
u= Umcoso:Jt
'"'-
PRC. 13
. IhaK, B KaTYIIIKe B03HH eT nepeM HHoe SJIeKTpll'IeC-
Koe nOJIe H ll.n;eT nepeMeHHbIH aJIeKTpll'l:eCKHH TOK,
KOTOPhIH C03,ltaeT OKOJIO KaTyIliKH nepeMeHHoe Mar-
HHTHoe nOJIe. nOCJIe,ltHee po 3aKOHY aJIeKTpOMarHHT-
HOH HH,ZJ;YKIJ;llH C03,ltaeT B KaTyIliKe H.ff4yIJ;llpoBaHHoe
SJIeKTpll'IecKoe nOJIe. OHO, no npaBHJIY JIeHIJ;a, Bce-
r.zta npen$lTcmyetH3MeHeliHIO CHJIbI TOKa B itemf. npll
YCJIOBHH paBeHCTBa HYJIIO aKTllBHOro COIlpOTlm1IeH:liH,
BHemHee aJIeICI'pI:l'IeCKOe nOJIf ,ltOJIXCHO KOMDeHCHpo-
BaT:I>ClI HH,ltYl1HpoBaHHbIM SJI KTpl{'IeCKH" nOJIeM B
KaiK,ZU>lH MOMe,HT BpeMeHH. lIo'IeMY? ,l{a BIipOTHBHOM
cnyqae ,ltaJKe He60JIblIIOe HarrpjI)KeHHe U no 3aKOHY
470
3JIEKTPOMAfHIITHbIE KOJIE6AHII5I,II, BOJIHbI. OTITI1KA,
'<!
OMa npHBO.n;HJIO 6bI K 60JIhWHM 3Ha'IeHliHM CHJI1>I
TOKa 1. 3Ha"IHT, U =- -e, HO:
U = Umcosoot, a e = -Li', . e.
Umcosoot= -Li'.
no KaKOM)' x<e 3aKOHY H3MeHHeTCH CHJIa TOKa i Ha Y'Ia-
CTKe IJ;ellH C HH,ZJ;YKTHBHOCTbIO? .lI:JIH OTBeTa Ha aTOT
Bonpoc CJIe.n;yeT pemHTb IIOJIytieHHoe ypaBHeHHe.
TIpe.n;rtOJIOX<HM, 'ITO CHJIa TOKa H3MeHHeTCH 110 3aKO-
HY i = Imsinoot. B03bMeM OT aToro BbIpaJKeHHH npOH3-
BO.n;HYIO no BpeMeHH Ii no.n;CTaBHM B ypaBHeHHe. no-
JIY'IHM: ,
Umcosoot = Llmrocosoot.
U
OTCIO.n;a nOJIY'laeM: 1m =......!!!. .
, Lro
B HTore npH TaKOM 3Ha'IeHHll aMImHry.n;bI CliJIbI TOKa
MbI BepHO onpe.n;eJIHJIH ypaBHeHHe KOJIe6aHHH C.HJIbI
TOKa B IJ;enH C HH,ZJ;yKTHBHOCTbIO. npH cpaBHeUffH BbI-
paiKeHHH 1m= U m H 1m = U m nOJIY'laeM, 'ITO R = Loo.
Lro R
BeJIH'IHHa Loo, KOTOpaH HrpaeT ry )Ke pOJIb, 'ITO 'H co-
npOTHBJIeHHe R, nOJIY'IHJIa Ha3BaHHe HH.ltYKTHBHoro
COnpOTHBJIeHHJI.
nOBTOpHM n,OJIY'IeHHbIe pe3Y.1!bTaTbI
1. HaIlpHiKeHHe U Ha Y'IacTKe nellH C IJHlI,YKTHBHOC-
TbIO L H CHJIa TOKa iRe cOBna,ZJ;aIOT nocl>aae, HO 1<0-
JIe6JIIOTCH C o.n;HHaKoBoH 'IaCTOTOH (pRC. 14).,
u, it
u
i
T t
PHC. 14
2. Y'IaCTOK nenH C HH.n;yKTHBHOCTbIO L OKaabIBaeT co-
npOTHBJIeHHe nepeMeHHoMY 3JIeKTpH'IeCKoMY
TOKY. npH'IeM, 'IeM 60JIbme 'IaCTOTa TOKa, TeM
60JIbme conpOTHBJIeHHe. TaKHM06pa30M, npOBO.n;-
HHK C HHlI,YKTHBHOCTbIO L .n;eHcTByeT no-pa3HoM)'
Ha TOKH' pa3HoH 'IaCTOTbI. 3TOT TeOpeTH'IeCKHH BbI-
BO.n; JIerKO IIo.n;TB"epx<.n;aeTcR aKCnep.HMeHTaJIlo ,
- (pHC. 15). IIIKOJIbHbIH 3BYKOBOH reHepaTop H ,.
eTCH lfeTO'IHUKpM TOKa C'He OJIbmOH 3.l1:C, HO ,
ryJIHpyeMoH a 60JfbWOM .n;H<Wa30,He 'IaCTOT. E . ,',
YBeJIH'IHBa,Tb 'Ianory, TO nO:f)a3aHHH aMIIe,pMe
(raJIbBaHOMeTpa) YMeHbwaIOTCH.
r eHepaTOp 3BYKOBOH 4aCTOTbi
-AL--..-. __
[;,;;!
L
PHc.15 ,
BbIHCHHM, KaK li3MCHHeTCH MOW,HOCTh B l\em1 e,JJ»j
.n;YKTHBHOC:bIO. ,l(JIH aToro nOJIY'IHM cl>OPMYJIY
MrHOBeHHOH MOII1HOCTH: ' .
. I U . ImUm . '"1M,,"
P = lU = m m COsrot . Slnrot == Sln.LUJ(. . J
Ha pHC. 16 nOKa3aH rpacl>HK MOII1HOCTH. B IIepBY
nOJIOBHHY IIepHo.n:a aHeprnH no.noiKUTeJIbHa, T. e. oRii
IIocTynaeT B IJ;enb OT BHeIllHerO, HCTO'IHHKa TOKa.
BTOPYto rtOJIOBI1HY nepHOLl,a aHeprnH 'oTpHI1aTeJIbHaj)
T. e: I1enb OTLI,aeT meprnIO, 3aIlaceHHYIO B cl>oPMe 3He
rnli'Mar \HTHoro nbJI KaryWKH'.: B cpe.n;HeM a.a nep
o,lt MOIItHOCTh (H aaeprHH) paB1-ia Hy'mo. Mf(.n;
HOCTb' «He nOTpe6JIHeT»- 3JIeKTpIt'IeCKOH :3itepm'M,H i
aTOM COCTOHT oco6eHHocTb HH.n;YKTHBHOro conp
JIeHHH. .
poi
i
T t
PHC. 16
nepeMeHHblM 3neKTpM'IeCKMM YOK Ha
Y'IacTKe C KOHAeHcaTopoM
3KCllepHMeHT y6e.n;HTeJIbHO .n;OKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO JIaMnO'I-
Ka B neIlH nepeMeffHOro TOKa C 1<0H,lteRcaTopoM ropH'l
,
3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe KOJIe6aHHH
471
aBIJ;enH nOCTOHHHOrO TOKa - HeT. KaK aTO TeopeTH-
'Ieqcll 06DHCHllTh? '
KOH,lteHcarop B IJ;enH nOCToHHHOro TOKa paBHOCHJIeH
paaphIBY IJ;en'H. llOOTOMY JIaMIIO'IKa H He ropHT. Pac-:-'
CMOTpHM no.n;p06Hee IJ;enb nepeMeHHoro TOKa C KOH-
.n;eHcaropoM (pHC. 17).
o
c 1
T
u= Umcosrof
o
PRC. 17
llpe.n;IIO OiKHM, Ha yqacroK IJ;enli no.n;aeTCH nepeMeH-
Hoe HanpHiKeHHe u = Umcosmt. KaK Be.n;eT ce6H cnJIa
TOKa? HaIlpHiKeHHe Ha KOH,lteHcarope u 6y.n;eT paBHO
, tIO,ltaBaeMOMY HanpHiKeHllIO. CJIe,ltOBaTeJIbHO:
!l = U mc<NfJt HJIH q = U mC . coscot .
C
MrHOBeHHOe 3Ha'IeHHe CHJIbI TOKa onpe,lteJIHeTCH KaK
rrpOH3BO.n;HaH OT 3apH,lta no BpeMeHH, T. e.
i = q' = -UmCro.sincot = UmCro.COS(cot+ ) = ImCOS(cot+ )
Ha pHC. 18 H306paJKeHbI rpacl>llKli H3MeHeHHH HanpH-
iKeHHH H CHJIbI TOKa. llOJIyqaeTCH, 'ITO CHJIa TOKa Ha
yqacTKe IJ;enH C KOH,ZJ;eHcaropoM onepeiKaeT HarrpHiKe-
HHe Ha 'IeTBepTh nepllo.n;a. Ho 'IaCTOTa 1C0J{e6aHHH
aTllX 4>H311'IeCKliX BeJIll'IliH O.n;HHaKOBa. OTCTaBaHHe
, HarrpHiKeHHH Ha KOH,lteHcarope no cl>aae OT CHJIhi TOKa
nOHHTHO H3 xapaKTepa npoIJ;ecca: KOH,ZJ;eHcaTOp 3apH-
'iKaeTCH nOCTeneHHO, H npH MaKCHMaJIbHOM HanpHiKe-
, Hllll, paDHOM U",.. TOK npeKpalItaeTCH, a, 3Ha'IllT, CHJIa
: TOKa paDHa HyJlIo.
U, ;
U
;
o
f
PHC. 18
M3 cl>oPMyJI, npHBe,lteHHhIX BbIme, nOJIY'laeTCH, 'ITO
m = UmCro, 3Ha'IHT, c yqeToM cl>OpMbI 3aIlHCH 3aKOHa
OMa MOiKHO BBecrn nOHRTlie eMKOCTHOrO conpOTHB-
.
, 1
JIeHHJI Rc = - . ECJIH BMeCTO 06bI'IHoro'KOH,ZJ;eHCaTO-
roC
pa B3HTb Ko eHcaTOp nepeMeHHoH eMKOCTH H BKJIIO-
'IHTh nOCJIe.n;oB TeJIhHO C HHM JIaMnO'IKY, TO MOiKHO
aKcnepHMeHTaJIbHO .n;OKaaarh, 'ITO eMKOC'I'Hoe conpo-
THBJIeHHe 3aBHCHT OT 'IacTOTbI H eMKOCTH Y'IaCTKa
IJ;enH (pHC. 19).
11, 3,5 B
13r5OM
PHc.19
TeOpeTH'IecKH npe.n;cKaJKHTe, KaK 6y.n;eT ropeTb JIaM-
nO'IKa npH yBeJIll'leHHH eMKOCTH, H KaK.6y.n;eT ropeTb
JIaMnOtiKa npll YBeJIH'IeHHH 'IaCTOTbl KOJIe6amtH?
,
OCTaeTcH onpe.n;eJIllTb, KaK H3MeHHeTCH MOIItHOCTh Ha
yqacTKe IJ;enH C KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpoM. .l{JIH ,noro nOJIyqHM
cl>OPMYJIY MH MrHOBeHHOH M0IItHOCTH:
P . . IUC 1t IU. ,},.,...
= lU = - roo c<NfJt. cos ( rot + - ) = --!!L..!!!..sm-=x..
m m 2 2 '
fpacl>HK aTOH cl>YHKIJ;HH 11306paJKeH Ha pHC. 20. ,l{JIH
cpaBHeHllR rrpHBe.n;eH rpacl>HK CHJIbI TOKa. KOJIe6aHHH
MOIItHOCTli. npOncXO,ltHT no rapMOHH'IeCKoMY 3aKOHY,
HO C 'IaCTOTOH B .n;Ba paaa 60JlbnieH, 'IeM 'IaCTOTa CHJIbI
TOKa. fpacl>HK paCnOJIOiKeH cHMMeTpH'IHO OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO OCH BpeMeHH, nOOTOMY 'IeTBepTh nepHo.n;a yqa-
CTOK IJ;enH C KOH.n;eHcaTopOM norJIOmaeT aHepmIO,
BTOPYIO 'IeTBepTh - OT.n;aeT aHeprmo BHemHeH IJ;enH.
B cpe,ltHeM 3a nepHO.n; aHepmH He pacxo.n;yeTCH: CKOJIb-
KO nocrynaeT B CHCTeMY, CTOJIbKO iKe H YXO.n;HT.
, ,
p,;
;
f
'mUm
- -
2
PHC. 20 '
472
3JIEKTPOMAfHMTHbIE KOJIEBAHM$.[ M BOJIHbI. OllTMKA
nepe.,eHHblM 3neKTpM eCKMM TOK Ha
peanbHOM ywtaCT,Ke qenM
B ,lteHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH Y'IaCTOK ':QenH, no KOTOPOMY
npOTeKae-r-nepeMeHHbIH aJIeI<Tpll'IeCKHH TOK, o6JIa,lta-
eT CBOHCTBaMH aKTllBHOro, MH.n;YKTll:fJHOro H eMKOCT-
HoroconpOTllBJIeHHH o.n;HOBpeMeHHO. llpaB.n;a, B pa3-
HOU CTeneHH. B KaKHX-TO CJIyqaHx TeM HJIH HHbIM
COnpOTHBJIeHHeM MOiKHO npeHe6pe'Ib.
OmnlIeM npOXO)K,ZJ;eHHe nepeMeHHoro aJIeKTpH'IeCKO-
ro TOKa Ha yqaCTKe IJ;enH C aKTIfBHbIM, HH,ltYKTllBHbIM
H eMIeOCTHbIM COnpOTHBJIeHHeM (pHC. 21).
..
R
C U I
. 'VVy' 0 ".
PHC. 21
Y'IaCTOK IJ;enH npe.n;CTaBJiHeT C060H nOCJIe,ltOBaTeJIb-
Hoe coe.n;HHeHHe Tpex conpOTllBJIeHHH. OTHomeHHH
MeiK.n;y cl>H311'IeCKHMH BeJIH'IllHaMH .n;JIH TaKOro yqac-
TKa IJ;enH 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO CJIOiKHee, nOaTOMY 06paTHM-
CH Ie rJI BHbIM pe3YJI.bTaTaM.
HaIlpRiKeHHe, no,tJ;aBaeMoe BHeIIIHHM l"eHepaTopoM, B
JII060H MOMeHT BpeMekH paBHO CYMMe HarrpH?iceHlfH
Ha yqaCTKax: V= V R + V L + V"c. CHJ1a TOKa no 3aKOay
nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHoro coe,nHHeHllH npoBo.n;HHKOB O.n;H-
HaKOBa Ha BceX)"lacTKax: i =.[mCOS( mt + cp). Ha paa-
HbIX yqacTKax IJ;enH Me)K,ZJ;Y CHJIOH TOKa H HarrpHiKe-
HHeM eCTb CBOH C,IJ;BHr cl>aa. -
06n:tee COnpOrnBJIeHHe IJ;enH onpe,ztMHeTCH TaK:
Z = R 2 + (R L - RC)2 , r.n;e R L = LCff, Rc = 2-.
, CO)
BaJKHO OTMeTHTh, TO .n;JIH TaKOH IJ;ettH nepeMeHHoro
TOKa Ha nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO coe.n;HHeHHbIx y:qaCTKax
u;enH HeT npOCToro CYMMHpOBaHHH conpOTllBJIeHHH.
lloaTOMY .n;JIH MrHOBeHHhIX (H .n;eHCTBYIOII{HX 3Ha'Ie-
HHH) BbIIlOJIHHeTCH 3aKOH OMa B CJIe.n;yIOlIteH cl>opMe:
I = U m
m Z'
HaKOHeIJ;, He06xo.n;HMO BbIHCHHTh, 'ITO rrpOHCXO.n;HT C
aHeprneH B TaKOH IJ;enH. Bo-nepBbIx, B IJ;enHX nepe-
MeHHoro TOKa He BCH aHeprHH, nocryTIaIQIl{aH H3BHe,
Mox<eT nOTpe6JIHTbCH. qacTb ee MOiKeT B03Bp a lItaTh-
CH reHepaTOpy. BO-BTOPbIX, nOTpe6JIeHHe aHep
3aBHCHT OT XapaKTepa HarpY3KH. HaIlpHMep" Ha
THBHOM cortpO'qlBJIeaUH nOTpe6JIHeTCH BC,fI n!:)C
IOlItaH a epom. JVm: paC'IeTa cpe.n;aero 3Ha'IeHHH MO
HOCTH 6hm0 nOJIyqeHo BbIpaJKeHHe:
P = IUcoscp,
r.n;e cp - yrOJI ClI,BHra 'cl>aa "Me)K,ZJ;Y CHJIOH TOKa H Hanp.R
iKeHHeM. BeJIH'IHHa Coscp nOKaabIBaeT, KaKaH 'lac
nocrynaIOlIteH B IJ;enb aJIeKTpH'IeCKOH aHeprnH npe
06paaYeTCH B ,ltpyrne BH,ltbI. :3,TY Bemll11Hy Ha3hIBa
lOT K03cJ>c1>lIIUIeHTOM HCnOJIb30B8HHJI MOOUIOCTH. '
B aJIeKTpOTexHHKe CYlIteCTByeT IJ;eJIoe HanpaBJIeHH,
HCCJIe.n;OBaHHH cpe.n;CTB nOBbIIIIeHHH BeJIllt{llHbI C
.n;JIH 'KOHKpeTHbIX aJIeKTpH'IeCKHX IJ;eneH. HarrpHMep
nOBbImeHHe coscp C 0,2 .n;o 0,8 paBHOCHJIbHO YBeJInqe
HliIO HCnOJI,b30BaHHH MOIItHOCTH B 'IeTbIpe paaal
KaK MOiKHO nOBbI<;HTb Koocl>cl>H.U;HeHT MOIItH9(rn? P,
cp - yroJI c.n;BHra «Pa3 MeiK.n;y TOKOM H HanpHX\eHHeM
TO HyiKHO-CTpeMHTbCH c.n;eJIaTb ero KaK MOiKHO MeHb,
IIIe. 3ro .n;ocrnraeTCH no.n;60poM (cO'IeTaHHeM) HIf.ltYK '
rnimorQ H eMKOCTHoro cOnpOrnBJIeHHH. B 'IaCTHOC '
B 3JIeKTpH'IeCKOH I.[enn napaJIJIeJIbHO yqacTKY Clift'
.n;YKTHBlIOCThIO no.n;KJIIO'IalOT KOH.n;eHcaTOp. lIo.n;
3Ha'IeHHH eMKOCTH MH CJIOiKHbIX yqacTKoB MOiK ,
6bITh HenpocTOH TeXHH'IeCKOH 3a.n;a'IeH.
y
J1sneH.,e pe30,HaHCa 8 qenM nepeMeHHorO .'
3n.KTpM'IecK ro TOKa ' , '
llpe.n;CTaBHTh, B 'IeM COCTOHT HBJIeHHe pe3OHaHCa, npo-- j
lIte Bcero C nOMoIIJ;bIO aKcnepHMeHTa. .l{JIH aToro pac-
CMOTpHM peaJIbHbIH (H MbICJIeHHbIH) alecnepHMeHT
(pHC. 22). Ha pHCYHKe 11306paJKeHa YCTaHOBKa, llCf j
nOJIb3yeMaH B aKCnepHMeHTe. MCCJIe.n;yeM, Kale 3aBH-
CHT HaKaJI JIaMnO'IKH npH nOBbIIIIeHHH 'IaCTOTbI KO-.
JIe6aHHH no.n;aBaeMoro HarrpHiKeHHH. ,,1
; !
r eHepaTOp 3BYKOBOH '4aCTOT 1 .
,;.tiJ
, '1
1
,
'j
J/
/ '"
PHC. 22 .
''}! j
JIaMnO'IKa - aTO aKTHBHoe CorrpOTHBJIeHHe, ee HaKaJI)
onpe.n;eJIHeTCH aHeprneH, BbI,ZJ;eJIHeMOH B elI,HHHIJ;y Bpe- j
1
r
3JIeKTpoMarHHTHbIe KOJIe6aHHH
473
MeHH P= f R. YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH HaKaJI JIaMIIO'IKH - 3Ha-
'IllT,' CHJIa TOKa BoopadaeT. B OIlbITax 06HapYiKHBaeT-
: CH, 'ITO IIpH YBeJIH'IeHHH 'IaCTOTbI Bl1emHerO HarrpH-
, iKeHllH CHa'IaJIa CHna TOKa pacTeT, B KaKOH-TO MOMeHT
! .n;ocmraeT MaKCHMYMa, aaTeM YMeHbmaeTCH (pHC. 23).
KaK TeopeTll'IeCKH 06'bHCHHTb TaKOH pe3YJIbTaT?
j ;
.
.
,
!
r
1
,
,
'
.00
o
PHC. 23
CUJIa TOKa B aJIeKTpH'IecKoH IJ;enli 3aBHCHT B KOHe'I-
HOM H!,ore OT ee nOJIH oro conpOTllB JIeHHH:
Z= J R2 +(R L -Rei.
,MHHHMaJIbHOe 3Ha'IeHHe nOJIHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH
', . OCTMraeTCH B TOM cJIyqae, KOr.n;a R L = Re. B ;reOM CJIY-
!'I H HaCTYrraeT pe3Koe YBeJIll'IeHHe aMIIJIHTY.n;J>I KO-
j e6aHHH CHJIbI TOKa Ha Y'IaCTKe IJ;eIlll, T. e. Ha6JIIO.n;a-
"TCH HBJIeHHe peaOHaHca.
PaBeHCTBO HH,ZtyKTHBHOro H eMKOcTHoro COIlpOTHBJIe-
,ZJ;JIH ,ztamlOH IJ;eIIll B03HllKaeT npH onpe.n;eJleHHOH
: acTOTe, 3Ha'IeHHe KOTOpOH onpe.n;eJIHeTCH napaMeT-
, I H IJ;eIlll L H C. llOJIyqaeM:
1
ro L=-
l' ,0 roC
o
BbIpaJKaeM:
1
,0>0= /iC '
, Ta :xapaKTepHCT a Ha3bmaeTCH C06CTBeHHOA 'Iac-
'. . TOA nenH. ECJIH 'IatToTa BHeWHero B03.n;eHCTBHH (B
, . I eM cJIyqae HaIlpHiKeHHH reHepaTopa) COBna,ZJ;aeT
" co6CTBeHHOH 'IaCTOTOH IJ;enH:
co = COo,
i - P HCXOAMT pe30HaHC. '
\ 'H pe30HaHCe "' enb cl>aKTH4eCKH CoCTOHT TOJIbKO 113
, HBHOro COnpOTllBJICHHH, T. e. HeT c.n;BHra cl>aa MeiK-
, CHJIOH TOKa H HarrpHiKeHHeM. XOTH H .n;o H nOCJIe
;'., OHaHCa aTo.r c.n;BHr cl>aa eCTb.
:rJ>
r )(.
O'IeBH.n;HO, B peaJIbHbIX IJ;enHX nepeMeHHoro TOKa pe-
30HaHC MOiKeT 6bITb onaceH. 06bI'IHO 'IaCTOTa BHe-
mHHX KOJIe6aHHH HanpHiKeHHH He MeHHeTCH, HO 3aTO
'IaCTO MeHHIOTCH .napaMeTpbI IJ;efili LH C. M HeOiKH-
.n;aHHO MO)JCeT BOOHHKHYTh YCJIOBHe pe30HaHca. Pe3-
Koe B03pacTaHHe CHJIbI TOKaMOxrer' BbIBeCTli H3 CTpOH
aJIeKTpOHHbIe KOMnOHeHTbI npH60pOB.
KpaTKoe o606l11eHMe TeOp.TMileCKOrO
MaTepMana
M,bI paCCMOTpeJII:f RBJIeHHe npOXOiK.n;eHHH nepeMeH-
HOro TOKa B aJIeK1pH'IeCKoit IJ;enH. Ha paaHbI,X yqacT-
Kax IJ;enli TOK xapaKTepH3yeTcH paaHbIMH cl>opMYJIa-
MH B3aHMOCBH3H cl>H3H'IeCKHX BeJIH'IHH (cxeMa 3).
lIpHpo.n;a Bcex B3aHMOCBjJ3aHHbIX H3MeHeHHH CHJIbI
TOKa H HaIlpHiKeHHH - nepeMeHHoe aJIeKTpH'IeCKOe
IIOJIe. HaKOHeIJ;, :eo Bcex CJIyqaHX BbillOJIHHIOTCH 3a-
KOH coxpaHeHHH aHeprnH H '3aKOH OMa. .HBJIeHHe pe-
30HaHca - aro OC06i.IH CJIyqaHnpOxO:>K,lJ;,eHaR nepe-
MeHHoro aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO TOKa Ha yqacTKe IJ;enH.
e
jaatfoIIia
)];JIH opHeHTaIJ;HH B H3yqeHHoM MaTepHaJIe CJIe,ltyeT
HaHTH OTBeTbI Ha CJIe.n;yIOIItHe BonpOCbI. q TO TaKoe
IIepeMeHHbIH aJIeKTpll'IeCKHH TOK? KaKOBa npHpo.n;a
(nplJ'IHHa) CYIIteCTB06C1,HHH aTOro cl>H3H'IeCKoro HBJIe-
HHH? llo'IeM)' I1epeMeHHbtH aJIeKTpH'IeCKHH TOK OTHO-
cm KB:btHyiK.n;eHHbIM aJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIM KOJIe6a:mmM?
MOiKHO JIH C'IHTaTb aJIeKTpOMarHllTHbIe KOJIe6aHHH B
KOHTYpe IIepeMeHHbIM TOKOM? B pe3YJIbTaTe KaKoro
BHemHero .n;eHCTBHH Ha yqacTKe. eI1H, HaIlpHMep C
pe3HcropoM, CYIIteCTByeT nepeMeHHbIH aJIeKTpH'IeC-
KHH TOK? MOiKHO JIH C'IHTaTb nepeMeHHbIM TOKOM
aJIeKTpH'IeCKHe KOJIe6aHHH, KOTopbIe rrpOHCXO.n;HT He
no rapMO H'IeCKOMY aaKOHY? KaKIte cl>H311'IecKMe Be-
JIH'IHHbI H 3aKOHbI HCnOJIb3YIOT MH on caHHH nepe-
MeHHoro aJIeKTpH'leCKoro TOKa? llO'IeMY BaJKHO 3HaTb
c.n;BHr cl>a3 MeiKAY TOKOM H HaIlpHiKeHHeM Ha yqacTKe
IJ;enll? BbInOJIHHeTCH JIM 3aKOH coxpaHeHHH aHeprnH
npH npOXOiK,lteHHH nepeMeHHoro TOKa Ha yqaCTKe
IJ;enH C pe3HcropOM? OXapaKTepH3YHTe nepeMeHHbIH
aJIeKTpH'lecKHH TOK, KOTOpbI:H MbI HCnOJIb3yeM B 6bITY
(ypaBHeHHH HarrpHiKeHHH H CHJIbI TOKa, nepHO.n;, cl>aaa
KOJIe6aHHH, aMnJIHTY,ltHbIe 3Ha'IeHHH H .n;p.). )];JIH'Iero
BBO,ZJ;HT nOHHTHe o.n;eHCTBYIOlIteM 3Ha'IeHHH CHJIbI TOKa
H HaIlpHiKeHHH? KaK OHO onpe.n;eJIHeTCH?
'474
3JIEKTPOMAfHI1THbIE KOJIE6AHMH II BOJIHbi. OlITMKA
CXEMA 3
nEPEMEHHblA 3nEKTPHL4ECKHA TOK I
,/
@
@
S1BneHHe 3neKTpoMarHHTHOH HHAYKI.4HH:
-
8
fP- BSeolo- BSeosrot
dtD
e.- - -=-(/)'
I dt
u- U inmt
i- l in(mt+lp)
If
He3aryxalOIJ.\He BblH)'>KAeHHble
Kone6aHHII CHnbl TOKa
H Hanpfl)l(eHHfI Ha Y4acTKe l.4enH
o
, u= Um$inmt
R . I .
,= lnmt
I M?-.
, T
o
q U .
c. lnmt
i'" q' - UmCmcosrot
1
'm - umCm; X c - mC
U U
I 1i::..!!J; 1=-
mXC Xc
p-i'mUmlin2mt
U
I =-I!!..
m R
p= i 2 R= l",Rain 2mt
p=i ' ;R(1-eO$2mt)
L
C
T
u- U lnmt
o
:f + _ T
2
, AKTM.Hoe con oTMlllleHMe
EMKOCTHoe con TMlllleHMe
MHAYKTM8HoeconpOTMBneHMe
@ o
u= U inmt
L i= 'm$in(mt- )
:
PHIIItHlllii yatacToK lIenM
U
I =-; U m --
m mL XL
'mUm.
p= ui = '1In2mt
R C L
o-c=:J---j
u= U inmt
i= l in(mt+lp)
,- , rAil I, U - AeiiCTl)'lOUijIe aH8'I8HMII
\
7t
cp=-
p= 'Ueo$1p 2
p=o
z... R2+(XZ_Xc>2
Pe30HaHc: R - Mano, -'Z ...
3JIeKTpOMarHllTHbIe KOJIe6aHll51
475
3
,
3tk{amIA
3KCIIepHMeHT I103BOJIHeT HaKOIlHTb. <l>aKTbl,{), HBJIe..
HHH, BO MHorHX CJIyqaHX 6hICTpO H Henocpe.n;cmeHHO,
I10JIY'lHTh 3Ha'leH'He HyiKHOH xapaKTepHCTHKH. HHx<e
I1pHBOMTCH aa.n;a'IH, CBH3aHHhIe C aKcnepHMeHTaJIb-
HbIMH HCCJIe.n;OBaHHHMH.
1. 1I9yqHTe YCTpOHcTBO H npHHIJ;HII .n;eHcmHH aJIeKT-
pOMarHHTHOH cHcfeMbI aMIIepMeTpaH BOJIbTMeTpa.
KaKoe 3Ha'IeHHe C JIbI TOKa I10Ka3bIBaeT aMIIep-
MeTp: .n;eHcmYIOlItee, MrHOBeHHoe HJIH aMIIJIHTY.n;-
HOe? MQj HOJIn C nOMOlItbIO aMIIepMeTpa H BOJIbT-
MeTpa oIlpe.n;eJIHTb eOIlpOTHBJIeHlle pe3HCTopa H
IIOTpe6JIHeMyIO MOIItHOCTb (pHC. 24)? KaK aTO c.n;e-
JIaTh?
n> 0
y .. '" u.:' 42 I
o
PHC. 24
\,. .
2. J{JIH orrpe.n;eJIeHHH HaJIll'IHH HaIlpHiKeHHH Ha Y'Ia-
CTKe u:eIlH B 6bITY 'IaCTO HCIIOJIb3YIOT IIp06HHK.
M3yqHTe YCTpoHcmo H IIpHHIJ;Hn .n;eHcTBHH aTOro
npH60pa. MOiKHO JIH B HeM llCijOJIb30BaTh HeOHO-
BYIO JIaMIlO'IKY, HaIlpHiKeHHe 3aiKHraHHH KOTOpoH
300 B?
ITo .n;aHifbIM Ha KOH.n;eHcarope (noJIyqHTe ero Y rrpe-
IIoJ.{aBaTeJIH) paCC'IHTaihe ero COnpOTllBJIeHHe npH
BKJIIO'IeHHH B IJ;enb 6bITOBOH oCBeTHTeJIbHOH CeTH.
, H3,lv1eHHeI:<f ,;.w <;p pO Ml,J,7IeHlie KOH,ZJ;eHcaTopa C
'i'''''feJfeImeMBp eHft'HJ.Bf:3TO necT9mIHaH BeJlH'lHHa?
:Jlia 1.4
. ,.>.. 3tk{a
. [JpMMeppeweHM a eCT eHHOM BAaliM
K H IIO'IeMY H3MeHneTCH HaKaJI JIaMIIO'IeK IIPH yBe-
eHHH 'I croTbI IIepeMeHHorb TOKa (pHC. 25)?
i A C
. F
c
t
t....
n3
n2
L
8
D
PHC. 25
!O " {, ,'; , . .'
'0',.,--,..;.
AHaJIH3 cl>H3H'IeCKOrO HBJIeHHH
Ha6JIIO.n;aeMoe cl>H3H'IecKoe HBJIeHne- I1epe eHHbIH
aJIeKTpH'Iec TOK Ha yqaCTKe IJ;enH C KOH,ZJ;eHCaTO-
pOM H Ha yqacTKe IJ;eIlH C Ka:ryIIIKOH HH.n;YKTlIBimCTH.
JIaMnO'IKH HrparoT pOJIb HH.n;HKaropOB. O.n;HaKO TOK
He npOCTO nepeMeHHbIH, ero 'IaCTOTa YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH.
KaK aTO MOiKHQ peaJIH30BaTb B mKOJIbHbIX YCJIOBHHX?
(MOiKHO HCnOJlb30BaTb 3BYKOBOH reHepaTOp B Ka'le-
cme HCTO'IHHKa nepeMeHHoro HaIlpHiKeHHH.)
1I3yqaeMbIe yqaC.TKH IJ;enH coe.n;HHeHbI napaJIJIeJIbHO,
Ha HHX no.n;aeTCH o.n;HHaKOBoe HanpHiKeHHe. HaKaJI
JIaIlO'IKH 3aBHCliT OT CHJIbI TOKa (rrpH nOCTOHHCTBeee
conpoTHBJIeHHH). 3Ha'II!T, Ha,ZJ;O pacCMOTpeTb, KaK Me-
HHeTCH CHJIa TOKa Ha KaiK,ZJ;OM H3 yqacTKOB IJ;enH.
PemeHHe
Onpe.n;CJIeHlle CHJIbI TOKa CJIe.n;yeT Ha'IHHaTh C pac-
CMOTpeHHH conpOTHBJIeHHH KaiK.n;oro H3 Y'IaCTKOB
,L1;enH'" CorJIac o oIlpe.n;eJIeHHIOC?npoTHBJIeHuH:
1
RL=LroH Rc=-.
Ceo
CJIe.n;oBaTeJIbHO, npH YBeJIll'IeHHH 'IaCTOTbI conpoTHB-
. JIeHHe yqacTKa AB YMeHbmaeTc'H, a Y'IaCTKa CD -.
YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH. llpH o.n;llHaKOBOM HanpHiKeHHH B
IIepBoM yqacTKe CHJIa TOKa B03pacTae-r, BO BTOPOM-
YMeHbIUaeTCH. JIaMnO'IKa JI1 ropHT Hp'Ie, a JIaMnO'I-
KaJI2 - cJIa6ee.
BonpOcbl AnA o6CY*AeHMA
1. KaK.H3MeHHTcH HaKaJI JIaMIIO'IKH JI3 B OCHOBHOH
IJ;eIlH7 '
2. MOX<HO JIH IIo.n;06paTb TaKYIO 'IaCToTY HaIlpHiKe-
HllH, 'IT06b1 Bce TpH 'JIaMIIO'II<H ropeJiH O.n;llHaKOBO?
TMnl411Hble paCileTHbie 38A811M
1. HaIlpHiKeHHe B u:eIlH nepeMe oro TOKa H3MeHH-
eTCH no 3aKOHy U = 140sin(314t). Onpe,lteJIHTh .n;eH-
CTByIOlItee 3Ha'IeHHe HarrpHx<eHJiIH, 'IaCTOTY KOJIe-
6aHHH CHJIbI TOKa.
2. lIo rpacl>HKY (pHC. 26) onpe,lteJIHTb aMnJIHTY,ltHOe
. 3Ha'IeHlle H .n;eHCTBYIOlItee 3Ha'IeiIHH HanpHiKeHHH,
'IactoTY H $aay KOJIe6aHHH.
Bp
100 -
° V ' 0,02
t,e
PRC. 26
476
3JIEKTPOMAfHIITHbIE J{OJIE6AHM.H M BOJIHbI. OIITMKA
3. Y'IaCTOK IJ;enH nepeMeHHoro aJIeKTpll'IecKOro TOKa
OCBeTHTeJIbHOH CeTH COCTOHT 113 IJOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO
coe.znmeHHbIXaKTIfBHoroco eHIDlR;'10 OM,
KOH,ZJ;eHCaTOpa eMKOCTbIO 50 MK<I> H :KaTYJIIKll C HH-
,ZtyK'mBaocTbIO 40 MfH. Onpe,lteJlllTh o6Ineeconpo-
TllBJIeHHe ,ltaHHOH IJ;enH.
(n o.n; C K a 3 K a: CJIe,ZtyeT nO.n;C'IHTaTb no H3BeCT-
HbIM'cl>oPMYJIaM eMKOCTHOe H llH,ltYKTllBHoe conpo-
THBJIeHIDl; 06lItee COnpOTllBJIeHHe paBHO CYMMe CO-
nppTHBJIeHHH. )
4. HaIlpHiKellHe Ha yqacTKe IJ;enH nepeMeHHoro TOKa
"1l3MeHHeTC$I no 3aKOHy U = 210sin314t. KaKoe 1<0-
JIll'IeCTBO TenJIOTI.I BbI,ZJ;eJIHTCH B aJlercrpoIIJIHTe 00-
npOTllBJIeHHeM 450 OM sa 'lac pa60Tbl?
3. nOnY'fEHHE, nEPEAA'fA H
HCnOnb30BAHHE
nEPEMEHHOrO
3nEKTPM'fECKOrO TOKA
.
.7/latIu,14'"
TPY.lJ;HO npe.n;CTaBHTb CYlIteCTBOBaHHe COBpeMeHHOH
IJ;HBfuIH3aIJ;HH 6e:a aJIeKTpOaHeptliH. ECJIH B HameH
KBaPTHpe XOT 6bI Ha HeCI<OJIbKO MHHyT OTKJIIO'IaeT-
CH CBeT, TQ MbI YiKe HCIlbITbIBaeM MHOrO'I CJIeHHhie He-
y.n;o6cTBa. A 'ITO npo1l30ii:.zte-r npH OTKJlIO'IeHHH aJIeK-
TposHeprllH Ha Heel<OJIbKO 'IacoBI BOT n01JeMY TaK
BaJKHO npe.lJ;cTaBJIHTb cPH3H'IeCKHe OCH;0BbI nOJIyqe-
HMH. nepe.na'IH H HCnOJIb30BaHHH nepeMeHHoro 9.11eKT-
pH1JeCKoro.',fOKa. Be.lJ;h HMeHHO nepeMeHHbI:H aJleKTpH
'IeCKliH TOK OCHOBHOH HCTq'IHHK ::melCTpoa:8eprnH.
3HeprHH B cl>opMe sHepnm nepeMeHHOro aJIeKTpH'Iec-
Koro TOKa Y.lJ;06HO H C BbICOKHM KII,l( nOJlyqaeTcH, ne-
pe.n;aeTcH, pacnpe.n;eJIHeTCH MeiK.lty nOTpe6HTeJIHMH,
n BPaIItaeTC$I B .lJ;pyrne cl>OpMbI aHeprnH - MeXaHH-
'IecKyIO. TenJIOBYIO H npO'IHe.
nOnY'leHMe nepeMeHHoro 3neKTpM'IecKoro
TOKa
IIpHHIJ;HII nOJIyqeHHH nepeMeHHoro aJIeKTpH'IecKoro
TOKa 6hIJI paccMoTpeH paHee - 9TO MeXaHll'IecKoe Bpa-
lIteHHe npopo.n;HlIteH .paMKH B MarHHTHqM nOJIe
(CM. pHC. 8). B ooOTBeTCTBHH C HBJIeHHeM SJIeKTpOMar-
5. Onpe,lteJIHTb conpOTHBJIeHHe pe3HcTopa, eCJIH
aJIeKTpOeMKocTh KOH,ZJ;eHcaTopa 2 MK<I>, 'IaCTOTa
nepeMeHHoro TOKa 300 fIJ;, a nOKaaaHHH npH60poB
COOTBeTCTBeHHO 14 B H 28 B(pHC. 27).
c
o
PHC. 27
HHTHOH HH,ZJ;yKIJ;llH no 3aMKHYTOH paMKe npOTeKaeT
nepeMeHHbIH TOK. ,l(JIH npoMbIumeHHOCTH BaJKHO no-
.rry'laTb nepeMeHHbIH 9JIeKTpH'IeCKH TOK 6oJIbmo!f:
MOIItHOCTH, npH'IeM MaKCHMaJIbHO TeXHOJIoI'JItUJo.
3JIeKTpll'leCKHe MaIIIHHbI, KOTophIe rqJe06pa3YIOT Me-
XaHH1J cKYIO aHeprnIO B s.tJ:eKTpll'lecKyW, Ha3&IBaIOT
reHepaTOpBMH'. MH.ztyKIJ;HOHHbIH reHepaTop COCTOliT "
H3 BpalItaIO:m;erocH SJIelCTpOMarHHTa (Rim ttOCTOHHHO-
ro MarHHTa) - pOTopa H Heno.n;BHiKHOH 'Iacrn MaIIIH-
HbI - CT8TQpa, Q KOTOpOH YKJIM eTCH npoBo.n;HHK
B cl>opMe MHOiKecua nOCJIe.n;OBa1;'eJIbHO coe.n;HHeHHhtX
paMOI< (pHC. 28). POTOP npHBo.Q.;HTCH BO BpalItelJHe
pa3JIH'IHbIMH Cn0006aMH. 066ItJHO OH HaxO.lUfTCH Ha
O,ltHOM BaJIY C napOQOH HJIH raaoBOH ryp6HHOH, .n;BH'-
raTeJIeM QH)rTpeHHero CrOpaHHH HJIH rH.ztpOT)'p6HHOH.
TeXHH'IeCKH cOBpeMeHHbIH reHeparop IIepeMeHHoro
TOKa - CJIOiKHOe HHiKeHepHoe YCTPOHCTBO.
CJIe.n;yeT 3Han Ha1l60JIee' BaJKHbIe xapaI<TepHCTHKIf1;
cOBpeMeHHbIx reHepaTopoB nep MeHHoro TOK . B Ta6:;
JIHIJ; 1 npHBe.n;eHbI xapaKTepHl e .n;aHHbIe MOIItHorQ j ,
ryp60reHepaTOpa. C nOMolU,hIO ryp60reHeparopoB Hct
T3 U; (TenJIOaJIeKTpOIJ;eHTpaJIHX) BbIpa6aTbIBaeTcJf,:
OKOJIO 40% BceH aJIeKTpOaHeprnH cTpaHbI. ,1\'
3JIeKTpoMarHllTHbIe ICOJIroaHHH
477
POTOp Typ6HHa
TKH \ KO\C ,
(J ,
&11 r., :
I I- lID Y,i;";
,'I _, ' \'-'1,",
4 ' r
:':," o-,;::.:':i."icO - -- ", -- __
-:--;;-::-:_-.:o"'
-':::"-:!f -gfo ! ':;;- _,
-- ........ -------
.. ;..---
Bo36YAHTenb
I
'1
-
Konb
r eHepaTOp
, CTaTOp
PRC. 28
Y MOIItHbIX ryp60reHepaTopoB OXJIaiK,lteHHe oCYlIte- ,
CTBJIHeTCH C nOMOlItbIO BO.n;OpO.n;a, y.n;eJIbHaH TenJIOeM-
KOCTb KOToporo B 14 paa 60JIbme B03.n;yxa. OXJIaJK,lteH-
, ,.
HbIH I'a3 npHHy,ltHTeJIhHO npoKa'IHBaIOT 'Iepe3 3a30pbI.
Y m,ltpOreHepaTOpoB Macca pOTopa .n;OXO,ltliT .n;o 800
TOHHll1PH aTOM MH 06eCne'IeHHH nOCTOHHHOH H TO'I-
HOH 'IaCTOTbI BhIXO,ltHOro HarrpHiKeHHH porop .n;OJIiKeH
BpalItaTbCH C nOCTOHHHOH CICOpOCTbIO. B HacTOHlItee
u \
BpeMH oylIteCTByeT MHOiKeCTBO Mo.n;eJIeH reHepaTopOB
C CaMbIMli paaHhIMli napaMeTpaMH.
nepeABlia nepeMettHOro 3neKTpM'IeCKOrO
TOKa. TpaHccI»oPMaTop
feHepaTop aJleKTPH'I lCor!> TOKa He MOiKeT HaKaIIJIH-
BaTb a.11eKTpoaHeprtiIQ. lloCJIe nOJIyqeHHH OHa .n;OJIiK-
Ha cpaay iKe nepe,ltaBaTbCH nOTpe6HTeJIHM. KaK aTO .n;e-
JIaeTcH?
nOBblwalO\J4IotH nOHH)f(aIOU4HH
TpaHc4x>PMaTop TpaHc4x>PMaTop
(9=t 1 t 1 =t[TI .
11 K8 10 KB 220 B
PHC. 29
Ha pp:c. 29 npHae.n;eHa cxe,..Ia nepe.n;a'IH aJIeKTpOOHep-
nm OT relfeparopa K nOTproHTeJIHM. llO'IeMY MeX<,ZJ;y
reHeparoPo'" H nOTpe6HTeJIeM aJIeKTpOaHepmH .n;OJI-
)J( H elIte i1cnoJIb3oBaTbCH TpaHccl>opMarop? .l(eJIO B
TOM, 'ITO reHepaTOphI 60JIbmOH MOIItHOCTH B 800-
t 000 MBT npOH3BO.n;HT TOKH, cpaBHHTeJIbHO HroOJlb-
Ta6JIHQa 1. TeX1tu1teCICUe napaNtempbl
myp60le'Hepamopa 601lbWOU MOW,'HOcmU
HUBa.MMe
xapalCT8ptlCTMKM 3ttalteHMe napaMeTpa
(napaMeTpa)
1. Macca 600 TOHH
2. MOU4HOCTb 1200 MBT
3. HanpJl>KeHlote Ha
BblXOAe 24KB
4.Kn,l\ 99 %
5.CKopocTb BpaU4eHHJI
poTopa 3000 06jMHH
6. Ko3<M>H14HeHT
MOU.!,HOCTH cos <p 0,9
moro HarrpHiKeHHH 10-20 KB, HO 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH CHJIbI
TOKa - .n;o 500 000 A. TaI(He TOKH npll JIepe.u;_'Ie no,
npOBo.n;aM 6y.n;YT CHJIbHO HarpeBaTb rrpOBo.n;HHK co-
rJlaCHO aaKOHy .l(iKoYJIH-JIeHIJ;a P = "fR. llpH aTOM
nOTepH aJIelCTpoaHeprHH MorYT 6bITI:i 3Ua'IllTeJIb-
HbIMH. I
llOJIY'lHM cl>OPMYJIY .n;JIH paC'IeTa IIOTepb aJIeKTpO-
aHepmH npH nepe.n;a'Ie ee no npOBo.n;HHKY MHHOH I C
nOnepe'IHbIM CeqCHHeM S. Ma cl>OPMYJIbI MH MOIItHO-
CTH nepeMeHHoro TOKa BbIpaaHM CllJIY roKa H nOl{CTa-
BHM B BbIpaJKeHHe MH nOTepH aHepmH: . ,
p : 2 2pp2J
/=---;- ,PR =/ R PR = 2 2
Ucoscp SU COS <p .
3.n;eCb P R - IIOTepH aHeprllll Ha conpOTHBJIeHHH R, T.e.
TeIIJIOBaH nOTepH. IIpH 60JlbmOH npOT.HiKeHHOCTli JlH-
HliH nepe.n;a'I B HeCICOJIbKO COT KHJIOMeTpOB H: 60Rb-
mOH MOIItHOCrn nOTepH MOryr 6bITb rpOMMHbIMH. BOT
nO'IeMY B03HHKaeT He06xo.n;HMocT}}B nOBbIIlIeHHH Ha-
npHiKeHHH. YBeJIH'IeHHH Ce'IeHHH npOBO,ltHHKOB (HO
TYT CBOH orpaHll'IeHHHI) H B nOBhIIDeHHH KOOqxpHIJ;H-
eHTa HCnOJIb30BaHHH MOII1HOCTH.
.
Y CTpoHCTBO MH nOBbIIlIeHHH HJIH nOHRiKeHHH HarrpH-
x<eHHH nepeMeHHoro aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro TOKa HaabIBa-
lOT TpBHccl>oPMaTOpOM..IIepBbIH rpaHc4>opMaTOp 6bIJI
H306peTeH PyCCICHM aJIeKTpOTexHHKoM H. ll. .H6JI -.
KOBbIM B 1878 r. CaMbIH npocTOH TpaHccl>opMaTOp
COCTOHT H3 3aMKHYToro CTaJIbHOro cep.z(e'IHHKa, Ha
KOTOphIH Ha,ZJ;eTbI .n;Be KaTYmKH C paaHblM 'IHCJIOM BHT-
KOB. OCRoBHbIe CBe..n;eHllH 0 TpaHccl>opMarope lIpHBe-
.n;eHbI Ha cxeMe 4.
478
3JIEKTPOMAfHIITHbIE KOJIE6AHII.H II BOJIHbI. OIITMKA
CXEMA 4
I TPAHCQ)OPMAU s:I nEPEMEHHoro TOKA
. . . .
III@ II@
@
..
IIII
T paHc4>opMarop - npH60p AllJI
npe06pa30BaHHJlnepeMeHHoro
HanpJl>KeHHJI
n2 /L
n. H. s:l6noLiKoB
1878 r.
n,
MarHMTonpoBOA
Ilfl
@
XOliocToii XOA
Pa60.. ii XOA
1111
IIBlleHMe 311eKTpOMarHMTHOii
MHAYKLlMM
:nt3 / W
u .!L
., _ n,CD' _ n,
- n2 CD ' - n2
CD,'" = CD
dCD
e, = - n, dt
dCD
=-n2 dt
I
R.. = 00
'2=0
= -u2
e" "" -u" T. K. '0 -Mano,
R, -Mano
P'''''!'2 -+ '1 ll : ""'2 U 2
" paCTeT np" )'Benlf'leHMH t;arpY3KM
11 = 90-99%
IO
U, U, n,
-=-=-=K
u2 U 2 n2
111<B
IIII
110 KB
35KB
6KB
220B
reHep8TOp OlD/OlDie nOTpe6MTenM
Tp 1/ Tp
nMHMM nep8AailM
3JIeKTpoMarHHTHbIe KOJIe6aHll$I
479
CXEMA 5
MexaHMLlecKcUI
. 3HeprMSI
TYp6HHbi
.>c'. .r'",
. ;:
YCtp,OHCTBO TpaHccl>opMaTopa
CTaJIbHOH cep.n;e'IHllK c06HpaIOT H3 OT.n;eJIbHbIX JlHC-
TOB Cm IJ;HaJIb OH qTaJlH, H30JIHp<;>BaHHbIX .n;pyr bT
.n;pyra TOHKHM CJIOeM JIaKa. 3TO .n;eJIaeTCH .n;JIJI TOro,
,'IT06bI YMeHbmHTb BHxpeBbIe TOKH (a OTCIO.n;a H IIOTe-
pH aHeprnH). TOKH <I>YKO B03HHKaIOT B 3aMKHYTOM
,;cep.n;e'IHHKe no 3aKOHY aJIeKTpOMarHHTHOH HH)];YKIJ;Hll.
!iIIpH MaJIOM <;.onpoTH13J1eHHH cep,lte'IHI1Ka TOKH MOryT
,6bITh 60JIbmHMH. Bot nO'IeMY cep.n;e'lHHK c06np"aIOT
;:'H3 OT.n;e.nbHbIX IIJIaCT H. Cep.n;e'IHHK TPaH cl>opMaTo-
Cpa Ha3hIBaI01' eme.ManllltOnpoBO,QoM. '
: fKaTYlliKY, K KOTOpoii .no.n;Bo.n;HTCJI HanpHx<eHHe, Ha-
i 3bIBaIOT nepeu1I.1tou; Ka:rylliKY, K KOTOpOH IIo.n;KJIIO'Ia-
, lOT HarpY3KY, Ha3bIBaIOT emopU1I.1tOU. MOIItHhIe TpaHC-
, cl>opMaTopbI ll:.1IH OXJlaiK.n;eHHH nOMelItaIOT B 6aK C
MaCJlOM.
r..p..a,.6,o T'-a ,,,,[' p.a H.G «p<o.p M,a,T 0. p a ' "' """"' ",' ,.""
. MarHHTHbIH nOTOK (]J, KOTOpbIH npOHH3hIBaeT Ka:rylli-
KH,.npaKTll'IeCKH O.n;HHaKOBbrn. IIpH ero H3MeHeHHFJ
B OM OT.n;eJIbHOM BHTKe nepBll'lHOH HJIH BTOpH -
HOM Ka:rylliirn: B03HHKaeT O.n;HHaKOBaH 3.l{C. Ho Ka-
, , :rylliKH HMeIOT paaffoe 'IHCJIO BHTKOB. ECJIH K= ,nj > 1 ,
n 2
TO Tpflliccl>opMarop nOHHiKaeT HaIlpHiKeHHe. M Ha060
pOT. K03 HIJ,HeHT Tp8HC OpM8 HH K - BaJKHaH
XflpaKTepHCTHKa TpaHccl>opMaropa. BTOpaH BaJKHM-
I xapaKTepHCrnKa - MOII{HOCTh.
.A:o-c;...',: ..;a'. :", (>:.. ,';., " .. ;'hr,':.._-' < --, ,. 'l.,' "-"\ -. . .' , j -' . ':';,... .. ,. .
3HeprHSI
3neKTpoMarHMTHoro nonSi
nOTPE6MTEIIM
1. MexaHHLfecKaR
3HeprHSI
ABHraTeneH
..
2. BHyrpeHHflSI
3HeprHII
HarpeB8TeneH
." 7 '/"
. " "
3. 3HeprHII CBeTa
CBeT/o1nbHHKOB
BHYTpeHHSlst 3AepntSi npOBoAOB
'<nOTep1i4 - 5 %)
4. XHMHLlecKaR
3HeprHSI
IIpH XOJIOCTOM xo.n;e, T. e. Kor.n;a'TpaHccl>opMarop no.n;-
coe,ltHHeH K ceTH, HO HarpY3KH HeT, BO BTOpll'IHOH
06MOTKe TaKa HeT, B nepBll'IHOH OH He60JIbllioi%:. 3Hep-
rHH H,lteT JIHllib Ha KOMneHCal1HIO nOTepb, B03HHKaIO-
IItHX npH nepeM cep.n;e'IHHKa H npH Ha-
rpeBaHllH npoBofloB nepBH'IItOH KaTYIIIKH.
IIpl1; no.n;KJIIO'IeIIHH HarpY3KH BTOpH'IHaH IJ;enb Ha'IH-
HaeT rroTpe6JIH1,h aHeprHIO - OHa IIoCTynaeT 'Iepe3
nepBH'IHYIO 06¥:OTKY 3 cern. IIoaToMY CllJla TOKa B
nepBH'IHOH 06MOTKe Bb3paCTaeT, T. e. paCTeT MOIIt-
HOc;Th Pt. IIpH TOM IIO 3aKOHY coxpail:eHHH aHeprllH
Pi ::: P 2 . IIoBblIII.etrne MOIItHOCTH He MOiKeT 6bITb 6ec-
KOHe'IHbIM, OffO".n;OJIiKHO.cooTBeTcTBoBaTb KOHCTpYK-
IJ;llH TpaHccl>opMaTOpa. IIHa'Ie TpaHccl>opMaTOp Bbrn-
.n;eT H3 CTpOH. "
Mcnonb30BaHMe nepeMeHHoro
, aneKTpM'I_clCorO TOKa
CHa6x<eH e aJIeKTpO HeprneH nOTpe6HTeJIeH BaJK-
HeHmaH 3a.n;a'Ia, rocy.n;apCTBeHHaH IIO 3Ha'IeHHIO. B
OCHOBHOM aJIeKTpoaHeprHH nepe,tJ;aeTcH C nOMOlItblO
rrepeMeHHoro TOKa, TO'IHee, C IIOMOlItbIO nepeMeHHO-
ro aJIeKTpOMarHHTHOrO IIOJIH. 3TO nOJIe pacnpOCTpa-
HHeTCH C rpOMa,ZJ;HOH CKOpOCTbIO 300 000 H OTBeT-
C
CTBeHHO 3a B03HHKHOBeHHe nepeMeHHoro -TOKa Ha
paaJIWlHbIX yqaCTKax enH. IIocJIe reHepaIJ;HH nepe-
MeHHbIM TOK nepe.n;aeTcH K nOTpe6HTeJIHM 'Iepe3 CHC-
TeMY aJIeKTpii'IeCKHX ceTeH. B" eBpoIleHcKoH 'IaCTH
480
3JIEKTPOMAfHMTHbIE.KOJIE6AHII.H 11 BOJIHbl. OllTMKA
HaUIeH CTpaHhI .neHCTBYeT e,ltHHaH aHeprOCHCTeMa. Ha
nYTH OT I'eHepaTopa .n;0 IIOTpe6HTemI SJIeKTpH'IeCKHH
TOK HeCKOJIbKO paa TpaHccl>oPMllpyeTCH.
Ha cxeMe 5 nOKaaaHO, KaK npe06paayeTcH aHeprHH OT
MeCTa nOJIyqeHWI .n;o ,MeCTa n0Tpe6JIeltliH.
HeB03MoX<HO npHBeCTli nOJIHbIH nepe'IeHb YCTj>9HCTB
H npll60poB, IpIH pa60TbI KOTOphIX HCnOJIb3yeTcH n;e-
peMeHHhIH JIeKTp"qeCKHH TOK. npHBe,lt M JIHmb
TllIIH'lHbIe H 3Ha'IHMbIe rtpHMep&r. .naMIIO'IkII 3JIeKT'"
pH'IeCICOrO OCBelIteHHH, SJIrlCTpoHHhIe 6bIToBhIe
YCTpOHCTBa (TeJIeBH30p, BH,lteoMCH1{llTQ«P0H, ay.nHO-
CHCTeMhI H .n;p.), aJIeKTpll'IeCKHe npH60phI H HHCTpY-
MeHTbI (SJIeKTpOlfttCOCbI, SJIeKTpoPy6aHKH, aJIeKTpO-
,ltpe.7lH, 1'OCTephI H T. n.), aJIeKTpOMOTOpLt TpOJL7Ie:H6ycoB
H SJIeKTponoe3.n;OB...
ea. o.fIIIi.WUl.(l
. -"""\
: 1...1) OTBeTMTIt Ha BonpoCbI
\;;15 B'IeM TeXHH'IecKHe CJIOX<HOCTH nepe.n;a'IH SJleICTpO-
:.j. aHepnm Ha 60JIblime paCCTQJJHHH? IIo'IeMY B aHep-
rocHcTeMe He06xo.ltHMo HCnOJIb30BaTb I1eJIyIO CHCTe-
MY Tp aH c4K>PMaropoB, paaHOH MOII{HOCTli H, paaHoro
HarrpJlX<eHHH? IIo'IeMY CT .M,!TCHETPQ!I:r.b e Hble
C CTeMhI 3JIeKrPOCHaOxceIfHSI TeppHTopHH? KaKOBhI
--- ocOOeHHocnf3JI eKTpH'IeCKO H aHepmll
C Ha OCHQBi JrelIep a-
TOpoB, KOTopbIe npOH3BOlI,HT nepeMeHHbIH aJleKTpH-
'IecKllH TOK paaHOH 'IaCTOTbI? IIo'IeMY ,He nOJIyqaIOT ,
H He HCnOJIb3YIOT nepeMeHHhIii: aJIeICTpH'IeCKHH TOK
'laCTOTOH, CKaJKeM, 5 fIJ;? IIo'IeMY ,lVUI, COBpeMeHHhIX
BHeprocHcTeMj TaK BaiKeH TpaHc$opMaTOp? KaKoB
npHHIJ;Hn ero .n;eHCTBWI? KaKOBbI OCHOBHbIe XapaKTe-
pHCTHKll TpaHccl>oPMaTOpa? ECTh JIH Y Bac ,ltOMa TpaH-
c«popMaTopbI HanpJlx<eHHH? Ha pHC. 30 nOIC3.3aHO
H3MeHeHlle KII TpaHCcpopMBTopa OTMOIItHOCTH, no-
1'pe6JIHeMOH Ha HatpyaKe (r.n;e PH - p8C:tleTHaH M0IIt-
HOCTb TpaHccl>oPMaropa). IIo'IeMY KIIt{ H3MeHHeTC$I?
Kf1A %
100
80
60
40,
20
0.25 PH .0.5 PH 0.75 PH 1 PH
MOll4HOCTb
He Harpy3Ke
PHC. 30
PeWMTIt CaMOCTOATenltHO
1. JIaMnO'IlCa H KOH.n;eHcaTop nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO
BKJIIO'Ie!lhI B IJ;enb nepeMeHHoro 3JIeKTpll'IeCKoro
TOKa. 113MeHllTcH JIH HaKaJI JIaMIlO'IKH, eCJIH 3aICO-,
poTHTb KOH,lteHcarop? KIIOBe.n;eT ce6H TpaHc-
cl>opMarop, eCJIH omH60'Ii:J:o BMeCTO nepeMeHHoro
K HeMY no.n;KJIIO'IllJIll IIOCTOHHHbIH aJIeKTpll'IeCKHH
TOIC?, OI1eHllTe, KaKaH'IaCTh aHepmH TOllJIliBa no-
Tpe6.wreTCH3JIeI(TpH'IecKoH JIaMnOllK-QH ,( CM. Cxe--
MY 5). KaKoe 1C0JIll'IeCTBO SJIeKTpo::mepnm B Te'Ie- '
, HHe l'O,lta MOOlCeT OKaaaTbCH HeyqTeHHhlM, ecJIH no-
rpemHocTb aJIeKTpOCJJeT'lliKa 2,5%?
2. Harpacl>HKe (pHC. 31) IIOKa3aHO H3MeHeHHe no-
T 6JIeHHH aJIeKTpoaHepnm TllIIH'IHOrO ropo,lta B
Te'IeHHe cYT0K. 06DSlCHliTe npR'IHHY nHKOB Ha-
rpY3ICH. llOCTpOHTe no.no6HbIH rpacl>HK nOTpe6JIe-.
HHH aJIeKTpoaHepnm B.cBOeH KBaprnpe. .
3JleKTpM'48CICaJI
HarpY3Ka (I %)
100
95
90
85
80
75
8 16 24 'lACbI CYTOK
PHC. 31
3. ITepBll'IHaH 06MOTKa TpaHccpopMaTopa HMeeT 800
BHTKOB. CKOJIbKO BHTKOB HMeeT BTOpH'IliaH 06MOT-
Ka, eCJIH HarrpHiKeHHe nOHHxcaeTCH OT 220 B .n;o
6B?
4. llOHHiKaIOIItHH TpaHc4>opMarop C Koacl>cl>HIJ;UeH-
TOM TJiaHccl>opMaIJ;HH K = 10 BKJIIO'IeH Ii ceTb C Ha-
npHiKeHHeM 2,20 B. KaKoBOHaIlpjI)KeHHe Ha BbIXO- "
.n;e TpaHccl>opMaTOpa, eCJIH cQnpOTHBJIeHHe HarpY3-
KH,10 OM, a conpornBJIeHHe BTOpll'IHOH KaTYIuKH1'
10M?
IMtU, .
/ltuItNlilia;'
P.a6ora pacC4HTaHa Ha 30-35 MMH.
BapMaHT 1
1. Onpe.n;eJIHTb 'IaCToTY c06CTBeHHhJX :iJJIeKTpoa.mr,;
HHTHbIX KOJIe6aHHH KOHrypa, ecnll Hocn
KaTYwKH 1 MfH,a.eMKOCTb KOH.lteHCaTopa 100 H :
,)
3JIeKTpOMarnHTHbIe KOJIOOaHlijI
481
. J
2. CHJIa TOKa nepBH'IHOH 06MoTKe TpaH<¥l>opMaTO-
pa paBHa 0,2 A, a HarrpJliKeHlle - 220 B. KaKOBbI
HaIIpjIiKeHHe 11 CHJIa TOKa BO BTOpH'IHOH 06MoTKc,
eCJIH Koa<l>$HIJ;HeHT TpaHccl>oPMaIJ;llH 0,1?
r-
3: JJ:aTb onpe.n;eJIeHHe aBTOKOJIe6aTeJIbHOH aJIeKTpH-
)-;fecKOH CHCTeMbI. C nOMOJl];bIO 6JIOK-CXeMbI nOKa-
3aTb npe06paaoBaHHH aHeprn B TaKoH cHcTeM!J.
. ;.:,:..:......; :..:;.. .
. , ;.. . . ,
T..eMe.
BapMaHT 2
1. Pe30HaHC B KOJIe6aTeJIbHOM KOH'fype HacrynaeT
IIPH 'IaCTOTe BHemHHX KOJIe6aHHH 10 Mfa. Onpe-
.n;eJIHTb HH.n;YKTH HOCTb KaTYffiKH, eCJIH eMKOCTb
KOH,ll;eHCaTOpa 50 n<1>.
, 2. TpaHccl>opMaTop IIOBbImaeT l;I:arrpJliK-eHHe C 220 B
.n;o 660 B. CKOJIbKO BHTKOB co.n;epX<HT BTOpH'IHaH
KaTYffiKa, eCJIH B nepBH'IHOH 840 BHTKOB? B Ka-
t KOH H , 3 0 ' 6MOTOK npOBo , ill; 6oJIbmero Ce'IeHHH? JJ:JIH
t '{ero aTO He06xo,ltHMO?
: '3. ( M396 a3 Te m - , K OJI , OOaH'fI Ha , - HaRI?HiKeH H Iia
, } OIme TOpe "_ M !> !I KO
' V IIo'IeMY peaJIbH :3JIe ---PoMarnHTHbIe KOJIOOaHHH
, B 3aKpbITOM KOJIe6aTeJIbHOM KOHType 3aryxaIOT?
.7IlIop'11CN118
3fUjalUl.ll
_ AM TeOpeTH:'IeCKoro H3yqeHllH BonpOCOB, IIO.n;roTOB-
pecl>epaTaHJIHBbICTyIIJIeHHHMoiKHoBbI6paTbo.n;HY
H3 CJIe.n;yrolItliX TeM.
i. 1. XapaKTepHCTHKH nepBH'IHbIX HCTO'IHHKOB aJIeKT-
pH'l{ecKOH aHeprnH (BeTpRHbIe, COJIHe'IHbIe, Tep-
MaJIbHbIe, npHJIHBHbIe, TeIIJIOBbIe H .n;p.).
:-2. COBpeMeHHbIe aJIeKTporeHepaTopbI: TeXHH'IeCKaH
peaJIH3aIJ;HH cl>H3H'IeCKliX H,lteH, napaMeTpbI, TeH-
.lteHIJ;llll cOBepmeHcTBOBaHHH.
J-3.
CoBpeM HHbIe CHCTeMbI nepe.n;a'IH aJIeKTpOsHeprnH:
HepaBHoMepHOCTh HarpY3KH H npHeMbI ee CrJIaJKH-
uaHHjI,06tJIY HBaHHeceTeH,aKKYMYJIHTOpHbIe
CTaJiWIH H .n;p.; nOCTpOeHHe cxeMbI pacnpe.n;eJIeHHH
h',' '.. u u
3JI eCKOH MOIItHOCTll B CBoeM panOHe.
;'. 3KoJ.IoiwIecKHe np06JIeMbI COBpei'deHHOH aHepre-
THKH.
.
t
30. "323
6IIi
IIi«:IIi
3a,qaHHe BblnonHlleTCIi AOMa HnH B wKone; Ha «OTn HO.
He06XOAHMO BblOOnHHTb 15 3a,qaHHH H3 20
38A8HMA Ita nOHMMaHMe npoL&Kca
n03HaHMA 9M3MltecKMX 06beKTOB M ABlleHMM
1. B KaKOM H3 OTBeTOB BepHO nepe'IHCJIeHbI napaMeT-
pbI, xapaKTepH3YIOlItHe KOJJe6aTeJIhHbIH KOHTyp?
o A Macca KaTymKH, eMKOCTh, nepHo.n;.
o 6. TeMneparypa, 'IaCTOTa, HH.n;yKTH HOCTb.
o B. IIepHo,z{, HH,l];YKTHBHOC1'b, eMKOCTb.
o f. IIepHo.n;, HHJcirKTllBHOCTb, CHJIa.
o JJ:. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
2. BbI6epllTe OTBeT, B KOTOpOM oepe'IHCJIeHbI ToJIh-
KO 001>eKTbI H HBJIeHHH npHpo.n;bI.
o A KOJIe6aTeJIhHbIH KOHTYP, CHJIa TOKa, eM-
KOCTh.
o 6. 3JIeKTpOeMKocTb, aJIeKTpOMarnHTHbIe KO-
JIe6aHHR, KarymKa.
o B. IIH,l1;YKTHBHOCTh,.KoH.n;eHcaTOp, 3JIeKTpO-
MarnHTHbIe KOJIe6aHHH.
o f. IIepeMeHHbIH aJIeKTpH'IecKHji 1'01', MeICT-
pOH,npoBo.n;HIf}('
o JJ:. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
3. Ha pHC. 32 H306paiKeH KOJIe6aTeJIhHbIU K(>HTyp.
KaKYIO'H3 npHBe.n;eHHbIx HHiKe rnnOTe3 MOX<HO aK-
cnepHMeHTaJIbHO npoBepHTh c nOMOlItbIO YCTaHOB-
Kit, c06pa lHoH no npHBe.n;eHHOH cxeMe?
r
"
L
30
c
PRC. 32
o A IIepHoJt aJIeKTpoMarHHTHbIX KOJIe6aHHH He
3aBHCHT OT eMKOCTH KOH,ll;eHCaTopa.
o 6. IIepHolI, aJIeKTpoMarHllTHbIX KOJIe6aHliH 113-
MeHHeTCH c HH,lI;YKTllBHOCTbIO KaTYIIIKIf.
o B. IIepHo.n; aJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX KOJIe6aHHH aa-
BHCHT OT conpotlrBJIeHWI peOCTaTa.
"482
3JI.EKTPOMAfHIITHbIE. KOJIEBAHIIR II BOJIHbl. OIITUKA
o f. qacToTa 'a":rreKTpOMarHHTHhIX KOJIe6aHHH,
, 3aBHcHT OT eMKOCTli KOHlI,eHcaTopa.
o ,n:. M3MeHfHHeaKTRBHOrO. cOIipoTHnJi:eHHH
KOHTypa HenpHBo.n;HT K K3:KHM-.1lli60 pe-
3YJlbTaTaM.
,,'
11. Ha KaKOM HBJIeHllH O HOBaHO npOMbIIImeHHOe no-
JIyqeHHe nepeMeHHoro aJIekTpll'IeCKoro TOKa?
o A IIpaBllJIO JIeHIJ;a.
o 6. 3JIeKTpOMantHTHM HII.n;yKI!HH.
o B. npeBpalIteHHe o.n;Horo BH,lta aHepmH B .n;PY-
rOH, ..
o f., 'BpalIteHlle paMKH C nepeMeHHbIMTOK M.
,
o ,n:. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
5. KaKHe Mo.n;eJIH HCnOJIh30BaJIHCh "PH H3Y'leHIIH
JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX KOJIe6aHHH?
[] A Pe30HaHC, aKTHBHoe conpOTHBJIeHHe.
o 6. lI.n;eaJIbHbI:H KOJIe6aTeJIhHbIH KOHTyp, cl>op-
MYJIa TOMcoHa. .
o B. KOJIe6aTeJIhHbIH KOHTyp, HHAYKTHBHOCTh.
o f. EMKOCTb, cB060lI,HbIe KOJIe6aHHH.
o j:{. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
l(alfecTBeHHoe QnMcaHMe 9M3MllecKMX
oheKTOB M ABneHMM
, ,
6. Ha pHC. 33 npHBe.n;eHbI rpacl>HKH KOJIe6aHliH Ha-
IIpHiKeHHH Ha KOH.n;eHcaTope 3a nepBbIH nepHOlI, B
O.n;HOM H TOM x<e KOJIeQaTeJIhHOM'KOHType. B Ka-
KOM CJIyqae aJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe KOlIe6aHHH 6YAYT
CYlIteCTBOBaTb .n;OJlbme?
u,s
u,s
t,C
1 0 T 1 t,c
u,s
T 1 t,c 2
3
PHC. 33
o AI.
06.2.
o B.3.
o f.O.n;IIHaKoBo.
o It HeJIb3H lI,aTb OTBeT..
7. KaK' H3MeHH1"CH IIepHO.n; c 06o.n;HblX aJIeKTpOMar-
HHTHbIX KOJIe6aHHH B KOHType IIPH H3MeHeHlIH
eMKocTH KOH,ZJ;eHcaTOpa B 4 paaa?
o A YMeHbmHTcH B 4 paaa.
.0 6. Yl\1eHhmHTcH B 2 paaa.
'0 'B. YBeJIH'IHTCH B 4 a.
o f. YBeJIH'IHTCH B 2 paaa.
o ,n:. HeT BepHOrO OTBeTa. '
8. KaKOH H3 rpacl>HKoB BbIpaJKaeT 3aBHCHMOCTb eM-
KOCTHoro COnpOTHBJIeHHH ()T'laCTOTbI nepeMeHHO-
roTE R
o v 0 v
1
2
R R
o v' 0 v
3
4
PRC. 34
,0 A 1.
o B.3.
o ,n:. HeT COOTBeTCTBYIOlItero rpacl>IIKa.
9.' KaK H3MeHlITCH HaKaJI JIaMIlO'lKH, ecJIH IIOCJIe.n;o-
BaTeJIbHO KOH.n;eHcaTopy IIOlI,Coe.n;IIHHTb elIte O.n;HH
:TaKoH iKe KOHlI,eHCaTOp (pHC'. 35)?
06.2.
Of 4.
c 1
T
o
o
o
PHC. 35
------'i
3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe KoJi: 6aHHH
483
.
o A. He H3MeHHTCH.
o E. YMeHhmHTcH.
D B. YBeJIH'IHTcH.
D f. JIaMnO'IKa llOTYXHeT.
D L{. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
10. llpH KaKHX yCJIOBllHX HacryrraeT HBJIeHlle peao-
HaHca B IJ;enH nepeMeJtHoro TOKa?
D A. MaJIoe aKTHBHOe cOnpOTllBJIeHHe.
o E. BHemHee nepeMeHHoe .n;eHCTBHe.
o B. PaBeHCTBO HH,ZJ;YKTllBHoro It eMKocTHOro
COnpOTHBJIeHHH.
D f. PaBeHcTBo 'IaCTOThI c06cTlieHHbIX KOJIe-
, 6aHHH IJ;e:QJi qaCTOTe no.n;aBaeMoro HaIlpH-
iKeHHH.
o L{. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
11. KaKoB IIpHHIJ;Hn pa60TbI TpaHccl>oPMaTopa IIepe-
MeHHoro aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO TOKa?' "
o A. llpe06 aaOBaHHe aJIeKTpH'IeCKOH aHep-
mH.
o E. llpe06paa9BaHHe aJIeKTpH'IeCKOH aHep-
ruH B MeXaHH'IecKYIO aHepruIO.
o B. M3MeHeHHe IIapaMeTpoB IIepeMeHHoro
TOKa C IIOMOlItbIO HBJIeHHH aJIeKTpoMar-
HHTHOH HH,ZJ;YKIJ;HH.
0' f. llpe06paaoBaHHe aJIeKTpH'IeCKOH aHep-
rHH B MarHHTHYIO H 06paTHo.
o L{. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
12. L{JIH 'Iero He06xo.n;HMbI TpaHccl>opMaTOpbI nepe-
MeHHoro aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro TOKa? M3 IIpe.n;JIOiKeH-
HbIX OTBeTOB BbIoopHTe HaH60.nee TO'IHbIH.
o A.,lLnH nepe.n;a'IH aJIeKTpH'Iec:KOH aHeptHH.
,0 E.,lLnH npe06paaoBaHWI nepeMeHHoro TOKa
B nOCT<»IHHbIH.
o B. LJ:JIH rrpe06paaOBaHHH IIepeMeHHorp TOKa
B IIepeMeHHbIH TOK .n;PyroH 'IaCTOTbI.
o f. L{JIH npeo6paaoBaH,llH IIepeMeHHoro TOKa
B nepeMeHHbIH TOK, HO .n;pyroro HaIlpHiKe-
HHH.
D L{.,lLJuI npe06paaoBaHHH nocToHHHOro TOKa
B nepeMeHHbIH.
"
,t.,
:tl.'
"
1
'
: .
\ :
,)
'.t
}
"
'"
",
':,.
i
13. 3JIeKTpH'IecKyIO.nJIliTY nepBlillfpaa BKJIIO'IHJIH B
IJ;eUb nepeMeilHoro 3JIeKTpH'IeCKoro TOKa C Ha-
npHiKeHHeM 220 a. BTOpOH. p -I B ijeIlh nOCTO-
HHHoro'ToKa TOro iKe fIarrp iKeHHH' B' KaKOM CJIY-
'lae mUITa HarpeeTcH CHJIhHt;e?
o A. B ,I1epBOM cJIyqae.
o E. Bo BTOpoM cJIyqae. '
o B. O.n;HHaKoBo.
o f. HeJIb3H onpe,ZJ;eJIHTb.
O,n:. HeT BepHOI'o OTB a.
14. KaKaH H3 cl>OPMYJI OIlHCbIBaeT ConpOTllBJIeHHe
KaTYlliKH B IJ;enH nepeMeHHoro 3.mncrpmecKoro
TOKa?
o A. R=pi.
s
o E. roI.
o B. R2 + (roL)2 .
o f. roc.
o L{. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
, '\
3aAaHMA Ha KOnM'IeCTBeHHOe onMC HMe
9M3M'IeCKMX o61.eKTOB M ABneHMA
15. B KOJIe6aTeJIbHOM o :rype MaKCHM aJI aHep-
rHH KOHLteHCaTOpa paiJla 2.tP-6JIiK. , KoBa' .r-
.n;eT'ero aHeprHH 'Iepea 1I0JInepHo.n;a nOCJIe Jta'Ia-
JIa KoJIe6aHllH?
D A. 2.10- 6 L{iK.
o E. HYJIh.
o B. 1.10- 6 L{iK.
o 'f. 4.10- 6 ,n:iK.
o L{. HeT BepHoro oTBeTa:
16. KaKoBo .n;eHcTBYIOlItee 3Ha'IeHHe HaIlpHiKeHHH,
eCJIH HaIlpHiKeHHe B IJ;enH IIepe eHHoro aJIeK-
TpH'IeCKOrO TOKa H3MeHHeTCH no 3aKoHY
u = 140sin(100t)?
o A. 140 B.
o E. 100 B.
o B.220B.
o f.360B.
o ,n:. 110 B.
;'::.;
484
3JIEKTPOMAfHIITHbIRKOJIEEAHII.H II BOJIHbI. OnTIiKA
}.
17. HanpIDKeHHe B IJ;enHuepeMeHHoroaJIeKTpH'IecI<o-
ro TOKa H3MeIDIeTCH no 3aKoHY U = 200sin(20pt).
KaKOBO aMnJIHTy.n;Hoe 3Ha'IeHHe CHJIbI TOKa Ha
pe3HCTope conpoTHBJIeHHeM 5 OM?
o A. 5A.
o E. lOA.
o B.15A.
o f. 20A.
o L{. HeT BepHOrp?TBe a.
18. Ha nepBH'IHYI2 06MOTKY TpaHccl>oPMaTOpa, C?-
: CTOHIIty H3 600 BHTKOB, nO,ltaHO HaIlpHiKeHHe
220 B. KaKOBO HaIlpHiKeHHe Ha BTOpH'IHOH 06-
M011ce,eQJH OHa COCTOHT H3 300 BHTKOB?
0 A 220' B.
)
0 E. 300 B.'
0 B. 100 B.
0 f. 110 B.
0 L{. 360 B.
,
38A8HMA' nOBblweHHoA CnOJICHOCTH ' :'
19. KaKoBa CHRa TOKa B KOJIe6aTeJIbHOM KOHTYPe '
MOMeHT nOJIHOH paapH,ZJ;KH KOH,lteHCaTopa? 3HePi
" -. rnH MarHHTHoro IIOJIH KaTymKH 2.10- 4 L{iK, a ett
HH,ltjKTHBHOCTb .1 fH. I
o A.2A.
o E. '0,2 A.
o B. 4 A.
o f. 0;41\.
o L{. HeT pHoro OTBeTa. ;
20. IIpH XOJIOCTOM xo.n;e TpaHccl>oPMaTop IIOTpe6JIH1
eT MOIItHOCTb 2 BT, B peX<HMe pa60TbI npH HOMl!:-
HaJIbHOH MOIItHOCTH 400 BT ero KnL{ COCTaB-!lH-r
eT 96 %. KaKoBbI nOTepH aaeprnH Ha HarpeBaHHe
06MoToK TpaHccl>opMaTopa?
o A. nOTeph aHeprnH HeT.
o E.16BT.
o B.20BT.
o f. 14BT.
o L{. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
I
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.,. /,," , \;.: ,' ;./ T . ,:'.. .:;c, ;j._.: i : I.. ,'
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M3Y'lHB 3Tj TeMY, .
. Bbl Y3Haere xapaKrepHCTHKHH CBOHCTBa 3neKTpoMar-
HHTHblX BonH;
;. nO MeTe npHH'-'Hnbl pa60Tbi P8f\HOTexHH ecKHX YCT
poHCTB;'
, . HaY HTecb MareMaTH ecKH onHCblBaTb IIBneHHII, CBII-
J 3aHHble C pacnpoc'rpaHeHHeM 3neKTpoMarHHTHbiX 80nH
i,1. 3nEKTPOMAfHMTHOE nonE.
.' 3nEKTPOMAfMMTHAJI BonHA
"
KtJNCMKIIi .
.JIliuIU4/fI1t .
..
:}'
.,
$:C TO'IKH 3peHHH COBpeMeHHOH ct>H3HKH B IIpHpo.n;e Bce-
ro .n;Ba 06'beKTa H3yqeHHH - BelItec o H nOJIe (BOJI-
'!JfbI). A 60raTCTBO oKpYX<aIOlItero MHpa 06DHcIDIeTcH
'pa mo06pa3HeM BelItecTBeHHbIX 06paaoBaHHH (OT ra-
\naKmK .n;o aJIeMeHTapHbIX'IaCTllIJ;) H.paaHoo6pa:;meM
!'JIPOHBJIeHHH cl>H3H'IeCKliX nOJIeH, B 'IaCTHOCTH,..3JIeK-
',"
,!q)H'IeCKliX H MarHHTHbIX.
,",'
>
,
. . " '
-.,.:"
..':-..... " ....'
-/- it_
*-:':':'::;'::' : ':;:"::
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.0 ;
'/
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:-"".....
.........
.:'"
" r:T
'I ,... .
*'- -- ";!;.. , - i 11'"1" l>, .iH '.1 :,10 5 ! !" i.
OCHOBHble nOHATMA:
3neKTpoMarHHTHoe none. 3neKTpoMal-HHTHasI BonHa
. cJ>poHT BOnHtll . BonHOBOH ny . BonHOBasI nOBepx-
HOCTb . ,lJ,nHHa H aCTOTa BonHbl .. nOTOK H3ny eHHII ·
HTeHCHBHOCTb H3ny eHHII · npHH'-'Hn cyn pno3H'-'HH
. KorepeHTHOCTb · HHTeP4>epeH'-'HIi . AH$paK'-'HIi ·
AHcnepcHIi · non,lIpH3a'-'HII · Pa,q'1OCBII3b · Pa,qHo-
nOKa'-'HIi . T eneBHAeHHe
...
B paa.n;eJIe paCCMaTpHBaeTCH O.n;HO H3 cl>YH.n;aMeHTaJIh-
HbIX nOJIeH - 3JIelCTpoMBnlHTllOe nOJIe. 9JIeICTpOMar-
HHTHBJI BOJIH8 - aTO' pacnpOCTpaIDIIOlIteeCH B IIpO-
CTpaHCTBe H BO BpeMeHH aJIeKTpOMarHHTHoe nOJIe.
OCHQBHaH 3a,ZJ;a'Ia HaYKH - BbI.n;eJIHTh CBOHCTBa .n;aH-
HbIX cl>H3H'IeCKHX 06'beKTOB H HaHTH cpe.n;CTBa onHca-
HHH CBOHCTB. CTPYKTYPa H OCHOBHbIe BonpOChi paa-
.n;eJIa nOK aHhi Ha cxeM 6.
.,486
3JIEKTPOMAfHMTHblE 'KOJIEBAHIIR II BOJIHbI. prrTMKA
" CX;EMA 6
nOtiliTHe 06 3neKTpoMarHHTHOM
none'H 3neKTpoMarHHTHOH Bon He
A
\
nOH"THe
PaAHOCBII3H
XapaKTepHCTHKH
(MOAenH,qpH3H ecKHe
BenH HHbl, 3aKOHbi H T. n.)
3neKTpoM rHHTHbIX
BonH
CsoHCTBa
3neKTpoMarHHTHbiX
BOntt
....
nPMMEHEH}fE
3nEKTPOMAfHHTHbiX BOnH
3nEMEHTbI PAaHOTEXHMKM
v
"
CocToilHHe H
pa3BHTHe
PaAHOCBII3H
B POCCHH H MHpe
3 HCTOpHH
OTKpblTHIi PaAHO
cnH3H ecKHe
npHtt nbl
PaAHOCBII3H
CXEMA 7
I:,'
/JOK8J\H30BaHO B G) He HMeeT
npocrpaHCTBe, T. e. l.IeTKHX
HMeer rpaHH bl rpaHH
., OAHY H TY )f(e o6naCTb 0 HecKonbKo non ;.
.\ He MOryr 3aHHMarb MOryr CYLLleCTBOSaTb ,.
OAHOBpeMeHHO B OAHO 06naCTH
,.HeCKonbKO Ten npOCTpaHCTBa
...
Pa3Hble CKOpocrH ' ABH)f(eHHe T. e.
0) pacnpocrpaHeHHe
ABH)f(eHHJI, Ten: nonJi npOHCXOAHT
OT MHHHM8J\bHOH TonbKO C MaKCHM8J\bHOH
AO M8KCHM8J\bHOH ' CKOpOCTblO -
CKopOCTbIO CBeTa
r
3JIeKTpOMarHHTHhle BOJtHbI
487
ll03HaHHe cl>H3H'IeCKOrO 06'beKTa HJIH HBJIeHHH Ha'IH-
HaeTCH C ero BbI.n;eJIeHHH 1I3 Mlipa OKpYiKaIO,IUHX
06'bCKTOB (HBJIeHIIH). 06bI'IHO aTO Bh1.n;eJIeHHe p:po-
HCXO.n;HT Ha OCHOBe CBOHCTB H3Y'laeMoro 06'beKTa.
llocJIe onpe.n;eJIeHHH 06DeKTa ero H3yqe He npo.n;OJI-
iKaeTCH B HaIlpaBJIeHHH IIOHCKa cpe.n;CTB OllHCaHHH ero
CBOHCTB - cl>H3H'IecKHX BeJIH'IHH H .n;pymx xaPaKTe-
PHCTH:({. KpOMe TOro, MOryT 6bITb 0TKPbITbI HOBbIe HB-
JIeHHH, Hail.n;eHbI HOBbIe npHMeHeHHH om,eKTa B iKH3-
Hli 'IeJIOBeKa - TeXHHKe, 6bI!y' Me.n;HIJ;llH , aaYKe.
ECJIIi cl>H3H'IeCImM 06'beKT peaJIbHO cymeCTByeT '( aTo
nO,ZJ;TBepiK,ZJ;aeTCH npaKTHKOHI), TO ero n03H3.«He .n;eT
npo.n;OJIiKaTbCH .n;o TC"X nop IIOKa cylItecTBYeT 'IeJIOBe-
'IeCTBO. Ho HCTOpH'IecKH, oco6e IHO B Ha'IaJIe H3YQe-
HWI 06'bCJ<Ta HJIH HBJIeHIIH, 6bIB;LJI0 H TaK, 'ITO 06DeKT
. . -- - . .- . -
BbI,ZJ;eJIHJICH He'IeTKO WIH .n;aJKe HeBepHo. IIoToM omR6:-
Ka HCnpaBJIHJIaCb. HaIlpHMep npH H3yqeHHlI aJIeKTpO-
MarHHTHbIX BOJIH omH60'IHbIM 6bIJIO BbI.n;eJIeHHe
acpHpa KaK 06DeKTa npHpo,ZJ;bI. HecMoTpH Ha Miioro:
'IHCJIeHHbIe nonbITKH Y'leHbIX, aKcnepHMeHTaJIhHO
acpllp He 6bIJI 06HapYiKeH. ' ,
HeMaJIO rlinOTe3 0 CYlIteCTBOBaHHH HBJIeHHH H.06'beK-
TOB 6bIJIO OTBeprHyTO. HaY'lHoe n03HaHHe Bcer.n;a
6bIJIO HeJIerKliM .n;eJIOM. II mJIO OT npocTOro K CJIOiK-
HOMY, OT HeTO'IHbIX npe.n;CTaBJIeHHH K 60JIee TO'IHbIM,
T. e. CTpOroMy 3HaHHIO.1I0aTOMY H npH paCCMOTpe-
HHH BOI1pOCOB TeMbI BamH 3HaHHH 6y.n;YT nOdTeneHHO
YTO'IHHThCH.
3neKTpOMarHMTHoe none M ero '1aCTHbie
npoAsneHMA
, qTO TaKoe aJIeKTpoMarHlITHOe nOJIe? CaMbIH 061ItHH
: OTBeT'- cl>H3H'IeCKIIH 06DeKT, HO cl>H3H'IecKHH 06'beKT,
cYnteCTBeHHO OTJIH'IaIOIItHHCH OT BetnecTBa (cxeMa 7).
:3JIeKTpOMarHHTHOe nOJIe - O.n;HH 1I3 .lUIyx BII.n;OB'Ma-
.TepHH, oc06aH cl>oPMa ee cylIteCTBOBaHHH. CBOHC'fBa
;pOJIH KaK BH.n;a MaTepHH:
a) ,lteHcTBYeT Ha aJIeKTpH'IeCKlie 3apMbI, H no aTOl'4Y
. .n;eHcTBHIO MOiKeT 6bITb 06HapYiKeHo;
;i6) pacnpocTpaHHeTCH C BbICOKOH, HO KOHe'IHOH cJ<o-
(, KM
.' pOCTbIO - 300 000 -;
( c
; ) cylIteCTBYIOT paaHbIe nOJrn (no BH.n;y IIpOHBJIeHHH,
IIO aHepreTH'IeCKHM XapaKT pIICTIiKaM H p.).
[, .
"
'" pa3HbIX cHryaIJ;HHX aJIeKTpOMarHHTHOe nOJIe I1PO-'
: eT ce6H no-paaHoMY (CM. Ta6JI. 2). llpex< e BCerO, .
, . 0 3aBHCHT OT Toro, B IqiKOH CHCTeMe OTC'IeTa aJIeKT
. MarHIITHoe IIOJIe paccMaTpHBaeTcn (H3Y'laeTcH).
IIo.n;'IepKHeM - BbI60p CHC'J:eMbI OTC'IeTa OCylIteCTB-
eT Ha6.n'IO.n;aTeJIh, T. e. 'IeJIOaeK. ECJIH, HaIlpHMep, B
cHcTeMe ,OTC'IeTa XOY Ha6JIIO.n;aTeJIh H aJIeKTpH'Iec-
KIiH 3apH.n; Heno.n;BHiKHbI OTHOCHTeJIhHO .n;pyr .n;pyra,
TO Ha6.iIIO.n;aTeJIb cl>HKCHPYeT JIHmb nocToHHHoe aJIeKT-
pH'IecKoe IIOJIe (pHC. 36). Ho,ZJ;JIH .n;pyroro Ha6JIIO.n;aTe-
JIB, Haxo.n;HlIterocH B .n;pyrOH CHCTeMe OTCqeTaX*OY*,
aTOT x<e 3apM .n;BHiKeTCH, a, 3Ha'IHT, OKOJIO Hero cy-
lIteCTBYeT elIte H nocToHHHoe MarHHTHoe IIOJIe, T. e.
l\.farHliTHoe nOJIe TOKa (pHC. 37).
y
o
PRC. 36
Y*
v
Ex
.X
-v
PRC. 37
X*
///////
IIHepIJ;H;LJIbHbIX CHCTeM OTC'IeTa 6ecKOHe'IHO MHOro,
H Bce OHH paBHonpaBHbI, IIoaToMY O.n;HO II 1'0 iKe aJIeK-
TpOMarHHTHoe nOJIe (OT O.n;HOro HCTO'IHllKa) IIpOHB-
JIHeT ce6H no-paaHoMY B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BbI60pa Ha-
6.rrI9.n;aTeJIeM CHCTeMbIOTC'IeTa Mn H3yqeHHH IIOJIH.
fO OpHi, 'ITO no.n.e:-=- pe;mmU8UCTn-
cKUii. 06bexm. ' '" ' '. ''':.
'"rot :
CaMaH BaX<Ha.H pOJIh aJIeKTpOMarHHT¥orO-nOJIH - ocy-
lIteCTBJIeH e B3aHMo.n;eHcTBHH MeiK.ny, 'aapH.n;aMH (a
3Ha'IHT, H TeJIaMH). llpH aTOM nepe.n;aeTCH aHeprHH'
KaK iKe C Iio,i\1:0lItbIO IIOJIH npOHcxo.n;HT-nepe.n;a'Ia aHep-
nlli? HHiKe 6y.n;eT .n;aH OTBeT Ha, STOT Bonpoc.
3neKTpOMarHMTHaA sonHa
qTO iKe TaKoe aJIeKTpOMarHHTHaH BOJIHa? qTO B HeH
nP9Hcxo.n;II'I:, T. e. KaKOBa npllpo.n;a aToro cl>H311'IecKOro
06!eKTa? 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHaH BOJIHa IIpe.n;CTaBJIHeT
c060H pac poctpaHeIiHe B IIpOCTpaHCTBe C Te'IeHlIeM
Bpel'4eHH nepeMeHHh1X (BHxpeBbIX) aJIeKTpH'IeCKHX H
MarHRTHhlX' HOAeH.
488
3JIEKTPOMAfHIITHbIE KOJIEBAHI1.H 11 BOJIHbI. OIITIIKA
XopomHH 06paa amro npoIJ;ccca .n;aeT onbIT (pRc.38),
KOTOphIH ,lteMoHcTpHpyeTcH B KJIaCce.IICTO'IHHK TOKa
MOiKeT 6bITh.Pa3HbIH - OT BbIIIpHMllTCJIH ,lto 6aTapeH-
KH; 3aMhlKaetcSI OR .1teHa,ZJ;OJIro. lIH.n;llKaTOpOM TOKa
Mox<eT h aMnepMCTp HJIH .n;aJKe KOMnac. IIpH
3aMhIKaHHH'nellH' '8: nepBoe BpeMR aJIeKTpH'IeCKOe
nOJIe B03pacTaeT OT HYJIeBoro .n;o HeKoToporo 3Ha'Ie-
HHH. IIMeHHo B aTo.T MOMeHT nepe\\{eHHoe aJIeKTpH-
'ItkKoe none nopoiKAaeT B Cep,lte'IHllKe AnepeMeHHoe
MarHHTHoe nOJIe. OHO xopomo"pacnpOCTpaIDleTCH no
Cep,lte'IHllKy- H npOHH3bIBaeT BHTKH KaTYmi<H 2, B HTO-
re' B KaTyillKe, comaCHO 3aKOHY aJIeKTpbMarHllmOH
llHltYKIJ;HH, 06pa3Yih'c aJIeKTpH'IeCKOe IIOJIe. 3TO
nOJIe - TOiKe nepeMeHHoe. npOIJ;eCC np01J;OJIiKaeTCH
IIO iiCeif IJ;enO'IKe.
CepAe'lHMKM
TOpa
____ I ____ _
lli . iP
K8TYWKM
PHC. 38
Teope!H'IeCKaH Mo.n;eJIh aJI,e :rpOMarHHTHOH .oOJIHbI
npe,ltCT-BBJIeHa Ha pHC. 39. B BOJIHe !I0 rapMOHH'IeCKO-
My 3aKQHY H3MeHHIOTCH Be :rop:bt E H B, npH'I .00
B3allMHO nepneH.ZUfI\y.1UJpHbIX lW-0CKOC'I:HX. Ha PHCYH-
Ke ,ltaH .MOMeHTaJIbHhIH CHHMOK paCIIpe.n;eJIeHllH xa-
paKTepHCTliK aJIeKTpH"'tecKHX II MarHHTHbIX nOJIeH B
npocTpaHCTBe..C TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH .rop6. nepeMe-
IItaeTcjJ no OCH X.onp 9 co. CK9pOCT 1O c. O'IeB'¥t O'
'ITO SJIti!KTpOMarHHTa H BQJI,Ha,-:- nOnepe'IHaH: K()J'Ie-
6aHHSI,E. H B npOHcxo.n;HT nepneH.n;HKYJIHpHO Ha-
npaBJIeHllIO pacnpocTpaHeuUH ..oOJIHbI.
..
E
,>,':,,:;
. PRc;' 39
CJIe,ltyIOIItHH Bonpoc: IIpH KaKHX YCJIOBHHX npOHCXO-
.n;HT H3JIY'leHHe aJIeKTpOMarHHTIJbIX BOJIH?
,l{JIH CYIItecTBOI aHHH aJIeKTpOMarHHTHoro nOJIH (H H3-
JIyqeHHH BOJIHbI) He06xo,ltHMO C03.n;aTb IIepeMe,HHoe
aJIeKTpH'IecKoe IIOJIe. OHO B03HHKaeT npH YCKopeH-
HOM l{BHiKeHHH aJIeKTpH'IeCKOrO 3apH,ZJ;a, lfarrpHMep
IIPH ero' KOJIe6aHHHX B KOJJe6aTeJIbHOM KOHType. 1I3
<l>OPMYJIbI T = 21tJiC CJIeAYe'I:, 'ITO 'IeM MeHhme HH-
AYKTllBHpCThL H eMKOCTh C, TeM MeHbme nepHO.n;, a
3Ha'IHT" 60JIhme 'IaCTOTa KOJIe6aHHH. ,l{ocTaTO'IHO
BbICOKaH 'IaCTOTa aJIeKl'pH'IeCKHX KOJIe6aHliH SlBJIH-
eTCH He06xo,ltllMblM YCJIOBHeM 06paaOBaHllH HHTeH""
CllBHhIX aJIeKTpoMarHIITHbIX BOJIH. TaKHM 06paaoM;
B03HHKaIOT .xopomHe YCJIOBHJI.' ,ltJIH H3JIY'IeHHSI
aJIeKTpOMaI'Hll1'HOH BOJIHbI. Ho B.KOJIe6aTeJIbHOM KOH-
Type (pHC. 40, a) nepeMeHHoe .aJIeKTpOMarHHTHoe
nOJIe cYIIteCTByeT JIHmh Me)KJ(y.TIJIaCTllHaMH KOH,lteH-
caTop"a; H3JIyqeHlle .oOJIH - MHHHMaJIbHO. KaK 6bIT:b?
BnepBbIe B 1886 r. pemeHHe HameJI HeMeIJ;KHH cl>H-
3HK f. fepIJ;. OH TaK H3MeHHJI KOJIe6aTeJIbHhIH KOH-
TYP (pHC. 40, 6, 8, z). 'IT06bI nepeMeHHoe aJIeKTpH'Iec-
Koe IIOJIe OXBaTbIBaJIO Bce npocTpaHcTBo OKOJIO
KOHTypa (pilc. 40, z). ,l{JIH B036YiK.lteHHH KOJIe6aHHH
IIpOBO.n;HHK paape3aJIH nocepe.n;llHe (pHC. 41) H aapR-
X<aJIH KOHIJ;bI OT HCTO'IHHKa .obICOKOro HarrpHiKeHllH.
3HeprnlO B aTOT OTKpbIThIH KOJIe6 TeJIbHbIH KOHTyp
MOiKHO no,ltaBaTh H C nOMOIIthIO HH,ltYKTMBHOH CBH3H
(pliC. 42).
L
E
L[J):
a)
6)
I
6)
z)
PRC. 40 7')
. 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe BOJIHhI
489
o
o
PHc.41
c
PHC. 42
OCTaeTCH TOJIhKO Ha onbITe npoBepHTb BepHOCTb Teo-
peTH'leCKHX paCcYiKAeHHH. npoIIte Beero HCnOJlb30-
BaTb cxeMY OIlbITa fepIJ;a: .n;HIIOJIb (1) aapHX<aeTcH C'
nOMOIIthIO aJIeKTpocl>opHoH MamHHbI llJIH npH60pa
«PaapM - b, aJIeK'FpOMarHHTHaH BOJIHa pemcTpH-
pyeTCH C IIOMOIItbIO b6bI'IHOro TpB.H3HCTOpHOro npH.
eMHHKa HJIH npHeMHoro ,ltHIIOJIH, IIo.n;KJIIO'IeHHoro K
ocIJ;HJIJIorpacl>y (2) (CM. pHC. 43).
nO.n;Be.n;eHHe HTOroB If CHCTeMaTH3aIJ;HH pe3YJIh1aTOB
HCCJIe,ltOBaHHH IIpHBe.n;eHa Ha cxeMe 8.
CXEMA 8
Cl»AKTbI
v
MOAEnb
v.
...-
...-
...-
a)
2
6)
PHC. 43
EAHHoe 3neKTpoMarHIo1THoe none;
. APyrHe nonl! (3neKTpH ecKoe,
MarHHTHoe H T. A.) nHWb ero
aCTHble npol!BneHHI!'
. 3neKTpoMarHHTHbie BOl1Hbi
. CBI!3b nepeMeHHoro MarHHTHoro
nonl! H 3neKTpH ecKoro nonl!
"
. CBI!3b nepeMeHHoro 3neKTpH ecKoro
H MarHIo1THoro nonl!
. a.13n}'1feHHe H npHeM
3neKTpoMarHHTH&IX 80nH
MHOrOYHcneHHble cneACTBlo11!
. cYUI,eCTBOBaHHI! 3neKTpoM8rHHTHbiX
BonH: Io1X CBOHCT.,a, Io1cnonb30BaHHe H T. A.
490
3JIEKTPOMAfHIITHhIE KOJIEEAHIUIII BOJIHbI. OIITIIKA
LfACTHbiE. npORBnEHHR 3nEKTPOMAfHHTHOrO nOnR
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49.1
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, KaKlie apryMeHTbI MO)KHO npliBecTH MH .n;OKaaa-
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r 3. IIpli KaKHX YCJIOBHHX B IIpoCTpaHcme MeiKAY 06-
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MOHll'IeCKOH BOJIHbI (pliC. 39) B npHpo.n;e He cYlIte-
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nRllHIJ;RII fIOHreHca? 113MeHHeTcH"JiH HHTeHCHB-
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TO'IHllKa H3JIyqeHRH? OT 'Iero 3aBHCHT llHTeHCllB-
HOCTb aJIeKTpOMarHHTHOH BOJIJibI? Ka MeHHeTCH
C paccToHHlleM HHTeHCHBHOCTh BOJIHbI TO'Ie'IHoro
Hcro'IHHKa H3JIyqeHHH, eCJlli cl>pbHT BOJIHbI - ccl>e-
pa? KaK aKcnepHMeHTaJlbHO .n;OKaaaTb, 'ITOC pac-
CTOHHHeM aJIeKTPOMarHJITHbIe BOJIHbI 4:3a ?
2. (YpoBeHb B.) 113 Teoplili MaKCBeJIJIaCJIe.n;yeT, 'ITO
nJIOTHOCTb "aHepnrn: aJIeKTjmttetKoii CbcrlWmrIb:
lIteH aJIeKTpOMarnHT oro hhJIH It rmOTH6CTh,3Hep1)
rRH MarnHTHOH COCTaBJiHIOlIteH paBHbI Me)J<,ZJ;Y co:'
60H. IIoJIyqHTe H3 aTorOYCJIOBHH Bbip eHlle MH'
CKOpOCTH aJIeKTpOMarHll'fHOH BOJIHbI Ii BaKYYMe.
.lI:OKaJKHTe, 'ITO .n;eHCTBlie aJIeKTpH'IecKOH COCTaBJIH-
IOlIteH nOJIH i: Ha ABIDKYInllHCj{ 3apM cyxneCTBeH-
HO 60JIbme, 'IeM MarHHTHOH COCTaBJIHIOlIteH B.
(IIo;z:t;cKa3Ka: Ha.n;o BCIIOMHllTb BbIpa)KeHllH ,ZJ;JUI.
CHJIbI aJIeKTpll'IeCKOrO B3aHMo.n;eHq:'BHH 3apH,ltOB
H CHJIbI JIopeHI.1a. )
3. B Ta6JIHIJ;e 4 IIpllBe.n;eHbI 'HeKOTOphIe npHpo.n;HbIe
HBJIeHHH, 06YCJIOBJI HHb{e c.YlIteCTBOBaHlieM aJIeK-
TpOMarHHTHbIX IIOJIeH H' BOJIH. Ha OCHOBe H3yqe-
HHH HayqHo-IIonYJIHpHOH JIHTepaTYPbI .n;OIlOJIHH-
Te aTOT PM .n;PyrnMll HBJIeHHHMR.
Ta6JIHQa 4
3nEKTPOMArHHTHOE nOnE tot 3nEKTPOMArHMTHbiE BonHbI. "-
KOCMOC >KMBbi. opraHM3MbI 3eMnA
I MarHHTHoe none 3eMnH
Pa,Q o- JlPyrHe H3J1}'1feHHJI 3Be3J1 H 3apJlAbl H 3neKTpHLlecKHe nonJl
rMaKTHK KJlerKH OHOC<t>epa
,
3n}'1feHHJI ConHL¥i 3neKTp LlecKHe nOIlJl pbl6: CKaT, 3neKTpHLlecK e nOIlJl rpo30Bble
SPa,QH HoHHble nOJlca 3eMn yfOpb AP. paapJl,D,bl .r
3neJCTPOpaAapD1 pbl6: rHMHapx
. .
MaI"H THble nanA opraHOB LlenOBeKa .'
3neKTPKLlecK e nonJl H TOK B
paCTeHHJlX :
-,'<.
496
3JIEKTPOMAfHIITHbIE KOJIEBAHI1.H II BOJIHbi. OIITIIKA
3. BOnHOB E BnEHH
NCMIeJIi .
II/f111 .
I
IIpH CBoeM pacnpOCTpaHeHllH aJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe
BOJIHbI B3allMo.n;em:TBykYt C BelIteCTBOM, 'ITO npllBO-
,ZJ;HT K CaMbIM paaHbIM JlBJleHllHM, Ha 60JIee TllIIH'IHbIe
113 KOTOpbIX paCCMOTpeHbI HH)ke. KpOMe TOro, B o.n;-
HOH 06JIacTH npoCTpaHCTBa HecKOJIbKO aJIeKTpOMar-
HHTHbIX BOJIH CK7Ia.n; BaroTCH, 'ITO npH onpe.n;eJIeHHbIX
YCJIOBHHX npHBo.n;llT K lfHTepeCHbIM HBJIeHllHM.
AaueHMe aneK!pOMarHMTHoii BOIIHbI
3JIeKTpOMarHHTHM BOJIHa, na.n;aIOlItaH Ha BelItecTBO,
,lteHCTByeT Ha Hero - OKaabIBaeT .ztaBJIeHlle. PaC MOT-
pHM :1Iyq BOJIHbI, HaJij>aBJIeHHWH nepneIl.n;HKYJIHpHO
nOBepXHOCTH ,MeTaJIJIa' (PlJt. 56).
z
. -
c
n}'1f
= eE= eEOsinrot y
. Fn = eBovsinrot
A p =FMo R...= Eo
n , c
'. v. F 3 Mv Aro
Ap = eBovsfnrot.M = c eEosmrof.M = -c =c
PRC. 56
Tor,lta Ha CB060,ltHbIH aJIeKTpoH .zwHcTByeT aJIeKT}>ll-
. 'IeCKaH CHJIa nb JIllHllH BeKTopa E, KOTOpaH npH:BO-
,ZJ;HT B J"tBHiKeHHe aJIeKTpOH no OCH Oz. Ho Ha .n;BHiKY-
IItHHCH aJIeKTpOH .n;eHCTByeT CHJIa JIopeHIJ;a. COrJIaCHO
npaBHJIY JIeBOH pYKH,OHa HanpaB"JIeHa B.n;OJIb OCli OX.
TaKllM 06paaOM, SJIeKTpOMarHHTHaH BOJIHa OKaabIBa-
eT .n;eHCTBlie Ha BelItecTBO, C0061ItaeT eMY HMnYJIbC.
lJornOlqeHMe aneKTpOMarHMTHbiX BOnH
ql\CIIepHMeHTaJIbHOe .n;OKaaaTeJIbCTBO CYIIteCTBOBa-
HHH aToro HBJIeHll$l JIerKO OCYlIteCTBHTh C nOMOlItbIO
reHepaTopa H IIplleMHHKa CaHTllMeTpOBbIX BOJIH (MH-
Ha BOJIHbI 3 CM). Ha pnc. 57 nOKaaaHa YCTaHOBKa, KO-
TOpaH mHpOKO HCnOJIb3yeTcH B mKOJIe: 1 - pynop-
HhlA H3JIyqaTeJIb, 2 - pynOpHbIH nplleMHHK, CHrnaJI
C'KoToporo nOCJIe YCllJIeHl:IH no.n;aIOT Ha tpOMKOroBO-
pHTeJIb HJIH BOJIbTMeTp.
. i
!;
,
,<
2
,;
;.:
PHC. 57
ECJIH Me)K.n;y reHepaTopoM H iipHeMHHKOM BOJIH no- ;
'MecTHTb .n;HaJIeKTpHK (oprc-reKJIo, IIapacl>HH), TO Ha-
6JIIO.n;aeTCH YMeHbmeHHe CHmaJIa. IIHTepnpeTaQHH
cl>aKTa 0.n;H03Ha'IHa: nptmcxo.n;HT IIOrJIom:eHlle aJIeKT-
pOMarHHTHOH BOJIHbI BelItecTBOM.
OrplUKeHlte M npenOMneHMe
aneKTpOMarHMTHbiX BOnH
AHaJIOrll'IHO cBery (BCnOMHHM KypC cl>H311KH BOCbMO-
ro KJIacca) aJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe BOJIHbI npH B3aHMo.n;eH-
CTBHH C BCIIteCTBOM OTpaJKaIOTCH H npenOMJIHIOTCH.
ECJIH Ha nYTH aJIeKTpoMarnliTHoH BOJIHbI IIOCTaBHTh
MeTaJIJIH'IecKYIO nJIaCTHHY, TO BOJIHa 113MeHHeT Ha-
npaBJIeHlle pacrrpOCTpaHeHHH (pHC. 58). IIpH'IeM BbI-
nOJIHHeTCH 3aKOH OTpaJKeHHH (pliC. 58 6).
Ha rpaHHne pa3.n;eJIa .n;BYX cpe.n; 4:B03.n;yx - ,.n;HaJIeKT-
PllK» npOHcxo.n;HT npeJIOMJIeHlle aJIeKTpOMarHHTHOH
BOJIHbI. Ha aTOM HBJIeHllH OCHOBaHO .n;eHCTBHe JIHH3bI
(2), H3roTOBJIeHHOH 113 .n;HaJIeKTpH'IecKoro MaTepHa-
JIa (pllc.,59).l(JIH perHCTpaIJ;llH BOJIHbI HCIIOJIb3yeTcH
,ltHIIOJIbHbIH npHeMHHK (3). Ha pH YHKe IIOKa3aHO Ha-
npaBJIeHHe pacIIpoCTpaHeHHH O.n;HOro JIyqa.
HHTePcl»epeH""MA aneKTpoMarHMTHbix BOnH
B pe3YJIbTaTe aKcnepHMeHTaJIbHoro H3yqeHllH pac-
np TpaHeHHH . BOJIH yqeHbIe BbIHCHHJIH, 'ITO aJIeKT-
pOMarHHTHbIe BOJIHbI He60JlbmOH HHTeHCHBHOCTH ,.He
B3'aHMo.n;eHcTBYIOT MCiK,lty c060ij: II pacnpocTpaIDJIOT-
CH He3aBHCliMO .n;pyr OT .n;pyra. ECJIH B 06,7IaCTH npo- ,
CTpaHcTBa He3aBlicHMo CylItecTBYIOT .n;Be (H 6oJIee)
BOJIHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO C BeKTopaMH £t H Bt, £2 H
B 2 , TO HX peaYJIbTHPYIOlItee .n;eHCTBHe paBHO .n;eH-
CTBliio BOJIHbI C 'BeKTopaMli £'=£t +£2 H B=Bt + .
3TO npaBHJIO HaabIBaeTCH npJlHIJ;HIlOM cynepn03H-
. TIpHHIJ;HII cynepIl03HIJ;HH MH aJIeKTpOMarJUIT-
HbIX riOJIeH BbITeKaeT H3 TeopliH MaKCBeJIJIa H HMeeT
B cl>H3llKe <PYH.n;aMeHTaJIbHOe 3Ha'leHHe.
,qJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe BOJIHbI
497
HeT CHnt8n8
MeT8nJlMilecKIIJII
nJI8CTHHKa
a)
MeT8nJlM'l8CKIIJII
nJlaCTMHKa
,6)
PHC. 58
f PHc.59
t
t \ 06bIQHO Ha npaKTHKe BO.n;HOA o6JIacTH npocTpaHCTBa
[ pacnpocTpaHHeTcH HeCKOJIbKO aJIeKTpoMarHHTHbIx
r BOJIH. Bo3HHKaeT 3a.n;a'Ia H3yqeHllH HX peaYJIbTHpyIO-
t lItero acl>cl>eKTa.
f IIpolItl; Dcero aTO C,lteJIaTb C nOMOlItbIO aKcnepHMeH-
f' Ta, cxeMa KOToporo IIpllBe.n;eHa Ha pHC. 60. 3.n;ecb l,(Be
! aJIenpoMarHllTHbIe BOJIHbI 06paaYIOTcH B peaYJIbTa-
! Te?i1>,aJKe!lllH OT M ll'I KHK. nJiaCTHH I II, pac-
. n0.7!, . eHHbIx no.n; He60JIbmHM yrJIpM. <X 1 6 06JIacTH
OAB'hpollCXO,ltHT HaJIOiKeHlle BOJIH. nOMOlItbIO npu-
, etiHliKa' BbIHCIDIeTCH 'ITO 06paaOBaJIOCb nOCTOHHHoe
BO BpeMeHH pacnpe.n;eJIeHJfe, .n;bI.pe3Y,1n)Tllpy
IOlItliX KOJIe6aHHH, T. e. 'IeTKO HKCHPYIOTCH MaKCll-
M)'MbI II MHlfHMYMbI. 0 'IeM aTO rOBOpHT? 3T0 roBO-'
pHT 0 TOM, 'ITO B .n;aHHOH 06JIaCTH npOCTpaHCTBa B
peaYJIbTaTe CJIox<eHHH BOJIH Ha6.1II0.n;aeTCH HOBOe cl>u..:.
3H'1eCKOe1JBJIeHHe' - HHTepcJ>epeHIVIJI.,Ho TaKaH no-,
CTOJlHHaH KapTHHa Ha6JIIO,ltaeTCJI JIllmb IIpU YCJIOBHll
COrJIaCOBaHHOCTH (RorepeTU ) BOJIH. BOJI;HbI .n;OJI-
. X<HbI HMeTb O.n;llHaKOByIO 'IaCT01)' U nOOTOSIHHYIO paa'-
HOCTb' cl>aa KOJre6aHliH. ECJlH aTO YCJIOBHe He c06JIIO-
.n;aeTCH, TO XOTH CJIox<eHHe BQJIH H npoHCXO,ltUT, HO HeT
IIOCTOHHHOro pacnpe,lteJIeH H aMIIJIHTy.n;bI K<?JIe6aJ!:JI '
B IIpOCTpaHCTBe. .
n
3
PRC. 60
JIH. TeopeTH'I;CKoro paC'IeTa (HenpOCTOr-D) llHTe e.- i
peHTtHOHHOH KapTHHbI B' TO'IKe A (P'! . 61} H O CM!!':;,
.n;bIBaTh BbIpaX< HHH ,ZJ;JIH BeKTopOB £1 II £2 B itaHHo:ij.
TO'IKe:
"-
£1 =E 1 0cos(mt+ Wi +(j)I),
c
cor.
£2 =E 2 0cos(mt+.=l.+<P2l.
c
IIpli YCJIOBHll El = E20 = E CJIO)ICeHHe .n;aeT peaYJIbTaT:
E A = .2ECOS [ <p rs(mt + '1') .
AMIIJIHTy.n;a pe3YJIbTHPYIOlItHX KOJIe6aHHH B npOH3 "
BOJIbHOH'TO'IKe A paBHa:
E AO = 2ECOs( i )..
498
3JIEKTPOMAfHl1THbIE KOJIEBAHI1.H 11 BOJIHbI. OIITIiKA
T. e. aMIIJIHry.n;a .He :;JaBliCHT OT BpeMeHH H onpe.n;eJIH-
eTCH paaHOCTbIO cl>a3 Ll<p. ECJIli Ll<p = 2nn, t.n;e n - IJ;e-
JIoe 'IHCJIO, TO aMnJIllry.n;a KOJIe6aHHH B .n;aHHOH TO'IKe
MaKCliMaJIbHa (pliC. 61).
V t =:= V2, r, = canst, r2 - canst
E'A = max, E 2A = max
PHc.61
113yqeHHe HHtepcl>epeHIJ;HH BOJIH, II03BOJIHJIO cl>paH-
IJ;y3CKOMY cl>H3llKY <1>peHeJIIO YTO'IHHTb cl>OPMYJIlipOB-
KY npHHIJ;HIIa fIOHreHca: 1l06blU cjJpo1lm 60Jl1lbl o6pa-
ayemcR 6 peaYJlbmame U1lmepcjJepe1ll UU 6mOpU'l/.1lbix
60Jl1l.
AM.paK""MA 3neKTpOMarHMT",blX BOn...
ECJIli Ha nYTH paCrrPOCTpaHeHHH :::IJIeKTpOMarHHTHOH
BOJIHbI BCTpe'IaeTCH npeIIHTCTBlle, TO Ha6JIIO.n;aeTCH HB-
JIeHlle .n;mppaKIJ;HH, T. e. orH6aHHe BOJIHOH npeIlHT-
CTBliH. Ha pliC. 62 np}1:Be,lteHa cxeMa OIIbrra, a Ha pliC. 63
11306paJKeHO pacnpe.n;eJIeHlle llHTeHCllBHOCTH BOJI,HbI
B 3aBliCHMOCTH OT paCCTOHHllH .n;o IJ;eHTpa IIteJIli. Ha-
IIPOTHB . IIteJIli IIpHeM lf TKO cl>llKCllPyeT HaJrn'lHe
BOJIHbI, 3aTeM cJIe.n;y 1.: CHrHaRa .n;o HYJIJI, IIOTOM
Ha6JIIO.n;aeTCH mooro clltHaJIa. XIeM 06'bHCHH-
e H HaJIH'Ilie 30HbI «MOJI'IaHHH ?
.- .:/J
L
. j;: :
MeT8J1J1M'IeCKHe
nJ18CTHHbl
PHC. 62
I
x
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PHC. 63
CYIItecTBOBaHl e MaKcllMYMOBli MllHHMYMOB H reH-
CllBHOCTli :::IJIeKTpoMarHHTHOH BOJIHbI P6'bHCHHeTCH _,
HHTepcl>epenUHeH BTOpH'IHbIXBOJIH. IIocKOJIbKY BTO- ,
pir'lHbIe BOJIHbl KorepeHTHbI (OHllllCXO.n;HT OT O.n;HOro ,
HCTO'IHllKa), TO II 06paayeTc YCTOH'IHBaH PlHTeP4>e- ;;
peHIJ;llOHHaH KapTHHa.
,lL1m rrpOCTOTbI BbI6epeM .n;Ba llCTO'IHHKa BTOpH'IIJbIX
BOJIH M II N (pHC. 64). IIpli CBoeM paCIIpOCTpaHeHHH
BOJIHbI .n;Oii.n;YT .n;o TO'IKH A Ha :::IKpaHe. ECJIH paaHocTb
xo.n;a 6y.n;eT paBHa IJ;eJIOMY qHCJIY IIOJIYBOJIH, TO 06pa-
3yeTcH MHHllMYM llHTeHCllBHocrn BOJIHbI. 3aMeTHM,
'ITO .n;JIH BOJIH HHOH MllHbI B .n;aHHOH TO'IKe A MOiKeT
06paaoBaTbcH H MaKCHMYM.
J1}"1 3J1eKTpOM8rHMTH8$I
B0J1H8
cjJpoHT
. cjJPOHT
BTOpM'IHOH BOJ1Hbl
A
o
PHC. 64
3KpaH
AMcnepCMA 3neKTpoM rHMTHbiX BOnH
IIpli pacrrpoCTpaHeHllH :::IJIeKTpoMarHHTHoro 113JIyqe-
HHH, COCTOHIIterO H3 BOJIH paaHoH MHRbI, B BeIIteCTBe
(.n;Ii:::l;lleKTpllKe) IIpOllCXO.n;HT paa,lteJIeHlle BOJIH. ;3TO
RB.7IeHlle IIOJIY'IHJIO Ha3BaHHe cnepcHH. IIpHtJ,HHa
HBJIeHHH 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B pa3JIll'IHll cl>aaoBbIx CKOpOC-
TeH BOJIH paaHoH .n;JIllHbI B cpe.n;e. B pe3YJIbTaTe npH i
j
'j
)
J
3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe BOJIHbI
499
pacrrpOCTpaHeHHH'H3JIyqeHHH iI cpe.n;e BOJIHbI paa.n;e-
JIHIOTCH, HaIlpHMep IIpOCTpaHCTBeHHO.
.HBJIeHHe .n;HCIIepCHH pa3HbIX :::IJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX
. BOJIH mHpOKO HCIIOJIb3yeTcH B HaYKe H TeXHHKe MH
: H3yqeHHH CBOHCTB BeIIteCTBa H3JIyqaTeJIH. COOTBeT-
: CTBYIOIItHH Mero.n; HaabIBaeTCH cneRTpaJlbHbIM 8HaJIH-
30M. IIo.n;p06Hee .n;HCIIepCHH 6y.n;eT paCCMOTpeHa Ha
rrpHMepe CBeroBbIX BOJIH.
t JlBneHMe nonApM3a""MM 31IeKTpoMarHMTHbiX
BonH
f PaHee 6bmo BbIHCHeHO, 'ITO :::IJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe BOJI-
f RbI - IIOIlepe'IHbIe. B IIpHpo.n;e HeIlOJIHpH30BaHHoe
f' :::IJIeKTpOMarHHTHOe H3JIyqeHHe B pe3YJlbTaTe B3aHMO-
r .n;e:HcTBIDt C BeIIteCTBOM Mox<eT CTaTb IIJIOCKO nOJIHpH-
l30BaHHbIM. TaKoe HBJIeHHe IIOJIyqHJIO HaaBaHHe nOJIJI-
. PR38IJ,HH. .3KCIIepHMeHTaJIbHO HBJIeHHe Ha6JIIO.n;aeTCH
i Ha CJIe.n;YIOIIteH YCTaHOBKe (pHC. 65).
t. 1 2 3
r
.
PRC. 65
M3JIYQeHlle OT reHepaTopa (1), IIpOXO.n;HT 'Iepe3 Me-
.TaJIJIll'IecKyro pemeTKY (2) H cl>HKcliPyeTcH TOJIbKO
iBepTHKaJIbHO paCIIOJIOiKeHHbIM .n;llIlOJIbHbIM IIplleM-
1HllKOM (3). 3ro roBOpHT 0 TOM, ':ITO BeKrop i: COBna-
t..na eT C IIOJIOiKeHlleM IIplleMHoro .n;HIIOJIH (pHC. 66).
!. E
,..
t
npl1eMHblH
AHnOl1b
.,
,
)
i:' PRc.66
,
' cTecTBeHHoe :::IJIeKTpOMarHHTHOe H3JIYQeHlle 'IaCTH'I-
,f1 0 ndJIHPH3yeTcH npll OTpaJKeHHH OT HeKOTopbIX IIO-
xHOCTeH. TaKoe HBJIeHHe HaxO.n;HT npHMeHeHHe B
'FyKe H TeXHHKe.
-J
'I:
i
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C "
jlaFfJlIi4
1. fIOBTopHTe H3yqeHHYIO TeopliIO no CJIe.n;YIOIItliM
BonpocaM. KaKlie HBJIeHHH Ha6JIIO.n;aIOTcH B pe-
aYJIbTaTe B3aHMo.n;eHcTBliH :::IJIeKTpOMarHllTHbIX
BOJIH H BeIIteCTBa? 3aBHcliT JIll B3aHMo.n;eHCTI lle
:::IJIeKTpOMarHllTHOH .BOJIHbI II BeIIteCTBa OT BH,lta
BeIItecTBa? IIpllBe.n;HTe npHMepbI MH ,ltOKaaaTeJIb-
CTBa. q TO TaKoe llHT pcl>epeHIJ;HH: :aBJIeHHe HJIli
CBOHCTBO BOJIHbI? no KaKOH IIJIOCKOCTH onpe.n;e-,
JIHIOT nJIOCKOCTb IIOJIHp1l3altHli :::IJIeKTpOMarHHT-
HOH BOJIHbI? MOryT JIH npo.n;OJIbHbIe BOJIHhI nOJIH-
p1l30BaTbCH? Mox<eT JIM IIpOHCXo.n;llTb HBJIellHe '
.n;Hcl>paKIJ;HH BOJIHbI npll OTCyrcTBHH n IIHTcTBHH?
2. ' BbIBe.n;HTe cl>OPMY.rry .n;JIH pactteTa HMIIYJIbta, KO-
ropbIH IIepe.n;aeT :::IJIeKTpoMarHHTHaH BOJIHa BeIIte-
CTBY (pliC. 56). HaIlOMHHM" cooTHomeHH , KOTO-
pble Ha.n;O llCnOJIb30BaTb:
P=FlI t ;
FlI = eBvsinrot ;
E
B=-'
c '
F3 = eEsinrot.'
3. 113MeHHTcH JIll llHTepcl>epeHIJ;llOHHaH KapTllHa,
eCJIli B 06JIaCTb pacnpocTpaHeHHH BOJIH nOMeCTHTb
. MeTaJIJIH'IeCKlie H llHbIe IIpe.n;MeTbI? BbIcKIDKllTe
IIPe.n;nOJIox<eHHe 0 B03MOiKHOM l!cnOJIb30BaHHH Iia-
6JIIO.n;aeMoro BJIeHHH Ha npaKTllKe.
4. B KaKOM CJIY'Iae (pliC. 67) :::IJIeKTpOMarHllTHaH.
BOJIHa HMeeT 60JIbmyIO .n;JIHHY?PTBeT 06ocHoBaTb..
l1y1!
1 npenJlTCTBI1e
l1y1!
ffi
' I npenJlTCTB e
l1y1! "
l1y1!
4IPOHT BOI1Hbl
a)
4IPOHT BOI!Hbl
6)
PRC. 67
/
500
3JIEKTPOMAfHl1Tfl bIE KOJIEBAHIHIII BOJIHbl. OIITIiKA
. 5. IIpH OTpaJKeHHH :;meKTpoMarHHTHbIX BOJIH OT Me-
TaJIJIH'IeCKoro JIHCTa B peaYJIbTaTe HHTepcl>epeH-
IJ;HH 6e
eH H OTpaJKeHHOH BOJIH 06paayeTcH CTO-
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, JIeHHe MaKcHMYMOB H MHHHMYMOB COXpaHHeTCH 80
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eTCH aBpHCTH'IeCKaH CHJIa rnnOTe3? C KaKHM H3 BbIC-
Ka3bIBaHHH C COBpeMeHHOH 1'O'IKH 3peHHH HeJlI)3H CO-
r.naCHTbCH?
Mo.u:eJIb CBeTa B a1'OH TeopHM TaKOBa: C6em - '3mo 60Jl-
1-lbt, 'Komopbte pacnpocmpa1t$t1OmCR 6 oc06ou cpeoe -
afjJupe, 3anOJl1t$t1Ow,eM Bce npocmpa1-lcm6o, K Ha'IaJIY
XIX B. HR OCHOBe aTOH TeopHH Y'IeHbIM YAaJIOCb
061>HCHMTb B(: H 6J110AaeM")Ie B JJIDI." MaKCB , .
TeOpeTH'IeCKH AOKa3aB 3JIeKTpoMarH 'fHYIQ np,IJpoA)'
CBeTa, npHAaJI CPYHAaMeHTaJIbHbIH XapaKTep BOJIHO-
BoA MO,ZJ;eJIH CBeTa. llOCJIe aKcnepMMeHTOB repna C
aJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIMH BOJIHaMH, onlil1'OB JIe6e.u:eBa no
H'lMepeHHIO AaBJIeHHH CBeTa, paCC'IHTaHHOMY Ha OC-
HOBe BOJIHOBbIX npeACTaB.iIeHHH:, COMHeaHii,:Q BOJIHO-
BOH npHpoAe CBeTa He' OC!aJIOCb. Hey aKcn pHMeH-
TaJIbHblX H TeopeTH'IeCKHX oCHoBallHH H3MeHHTb aTY
1'O'IKY 3peiIHH H ceii'Iac.
o '
Ho B n03HaHHH npHpOAbI He 8Ce TaK npoc1'O. B Ha'Ia-
/JIe XX B. npH H3yqeHHH, ,HBJIeHHH Ha MHKpoypOBHe T
yq,eHbIe BHOBb 06paTHJIHCb K rnnOTe3e 0 KOpnyCKY-
JIHpHOH npHpOAe caeTa. CBeT H3JIyqaeTcH aTOMaMH B
BHAeqaCTHn-KSaHTOB, paciIpocTpatlHeTCSI no 3aKOHaM
BOJIB:, norJIoiItaeTcH BeIl{eCTBoM KaK OTOK 'IacTifn. B i,
COBpeMeHl'IOH cpH3HKe KopnycKY.IDlpHbIe Ii BOJIHOBbIe
. , , ,[
510
3JIEKTPOMAfHMTHbIE KOJIE6AHM5I M BOJIHbI. OIITMKA
CXEMA 12
r eOMeTpH'feCKali
/
OnTHKa '
Cl>oToMeTpHIi
B0J1H08a11
OnTHKa
KaaHTO aII
ontHKa
np CTaBJIeHHSl (MO,lteJIH) 0 CBeTe COrJlaCOBaHbI Mex<- '
,ltY co6oii. C6em - CJlO:JICHblU tPU3U1le U, o6be1ml, a.ll.Jl.
06MCHeHUR lwmopOlO llY:JICH'bl p031l'ble npedcma6JleHUR.
, B HaCTOJlIltee BpeMJI 3HaHHJI 0 CBeTe IIIHpOKH H P3.3-
H006p3.3H - yqeHbIe HayqHJIHCb .CMOTpeTh Ha CBeT
C p3.3HbIX CTOpOH, npoHHKJIH B npHpOl(Y ,noro Y,ltHBH-
TeJIbHOro <l>H3H'IeCKOrO 06'beKTa. OnTHKa ,- O'IeHb
Pa3BHTaH 'Ia<;Tb <l>H3HKH. aHa COCTOHT H3 HeCKOJIbKHX
p3.3,lteJIOB (cxeMa 12).
2. rEOMETPM4ECKAJI OnTMKA
KAK 4AtTHbiM CnY4AM
BOnHOBOM _ OnTMKM
KoNallKlli .
.7IlatWt/VA .
IIocJIe QTKPbITIDI 3JIeKTpOMafHHTHOH IIpHpO,lthI CBe-
Ta BmJlCHHJIOCb, 'ITO npeiJcma611eHUR zeOMempU1leCKOU
onmuKU Sl6JlJl1OmCR llacmll'bIM CJlJj1tae.M. npeocma6Jle1luu
60111l080U onmuKU. feOMeTpH'ieCKaH onTH a BO MHO-
, rHX CJIyqaHX xopomo onHCbmaeT pacnpOCTpaaeHHe
CBeTOBbIX BOJIH Ha reOMeTpH'ieCKOMJl3bIKe, -npe)K,lte
, Beero onHpaHCb Ha nOHJlTHe CBeTO:Qoro .ny'Ia.
06beKTI.I M3ylteHMA M OCHOBHble nOHATM"
IIpHpO,ltHbIH 06'beKT, KOTOpbIH H3JIyqaeT CBeTOBbIe
BOJIHbI, Ha3bIBaIOT HCTO"IIIIIKOM CBeTa.
fe OM e TPH'I ec KaJl onTHKa paCCMaTpHBae:
CBeT H OmJlCHJleT HeKOTopbIe CBeTOBbIe JlBJIeHIDI Hi
.Jl3bIKe CBeTOBOrO JIyqa, <l> 0 TOM e T p H JI H3yqae1
CBeT C TO'IKH 3peHIDI nepeHoca 3HeprnH H ee BOcnpH
JlTHJI 'IeJiOBeKOM. B 0 JI HOB a JI 0 nTH K a , BbIJlcHHJ
3JIeKTpOMafHHTHYIO IIpHpo,lty CBeTa, 06'bHCHHeT 6o
mHHCTBO Ha6mO,ltaeMbIX JlBJIeHHH. Ho B BbIHCHe
npHpO,ltbI CBeTa K B a H T 0 B a JI 0 nTH K-a HAeT,ltaJW
me: Ha MHKpoypOBHe CBeT npe,ltCTaBJIHeT C060H noTO
'IaCTHI.\, XOTH H He06bI'IHbIX, HO Bee )Ke 'IacTHl\. M; TI;JJ
, , , ,
KHM 06p3.30M, B KBaHTOBoH onTHKe y,ltaeTCH rJIy6
OJIHCaTb HeKoTOpbIe cBOHcTBa CBeTa H CBeTQBbIe
JIeHHH. IIO-BIWHMOMY, Bnepe,ltH HOBbIe OTKPbITH i
MHpe CBeTa.
e lI!
1. Ha OCHOBe H3yqeHHH JI TepaTYpHbIX HCTO'IHHK
BbIHCHHTe, KaKHe <l>aKThI Mor HCnOJIb30BaTb Hbro,;
TOH ,ltmI BbI,lt:QH)KeaHH rnnote3bI 0 KopnYCKY 9 "
HOH IIpHpO,lte CBeTa. KaKHe <l>aKThI HCnOJIh30 ,.
fIOHreHc npH BbI,ltBH)KeHHH rHllOTe3bI 0 BOJIHOBO
rIpHpO,lte CBeTa?
2.' qeM OTJIH'laeTCH rnnOTe3a OT TeOpHH? qeM OT ;"
. 'IaeTCJI MO,lteJIb OT caMoro 06'beKTa? l{JIH 'Iero Y'l , ' ..
Hble BbI,ltBHI'aIOT rnnoTe3bI, CTpOJIT MO,lteJIH?/ .
OT,lteJIHTb .xopomyIO MO,lteJIb OT .nJIOXoH ? ' ','
P3.3JIH'IaIOT eCTeCTBeHHhle ,H JlCKycCTBeHHhle .Hq!"' ;:
I ... Jl't,.
HHKH CBeTa. IIepBbIe caMH H3JIyqaIOT CBeT, 3TO HaIl I : '
Mep COJIHlte, 3Be3,ltbI, aMnO'IKa H T. n. BTOpb e :;,;'
OTpIDKaIOT CBeT. 60JIbmHHCTBO TeJI, KOTOpbIe MbJ ,
,ltHM, OTpa:>KaIOT COJIHe'IHbIH CBeT. 3TO ,ltOMa, ,ltepeB '.',
KapTHH'a, KHHra H T. n. Bce HCTO'IHHKH cBeta - n I ;;
TJI)Kelllible 06'beKTbI, IIpoqmeuweu MOOell'b1O ucm, ','
Ka coema R8JlSlemCSl m01le1l.HblU UCm01lHUK cee ..':
JII060H ,ltaHHbIH HCTO'IHHK CBeTa MO)KHO OJIHCaTb ; "
'Ie1JHblM HCT01JHHKOM, eCJIH ero p3.3MepbI MaJIbI' , ;
cpaBHeHHIO C paCCTOHHHeM, Ha .KOTOpoM paCCMa
BaeTCH CBeTOBaH BOJIHa. Ha pHC. 81 B nepBOM
HCTO'IHHK CBeTa MO)KH CMO,lteJIHpOBaTb TO'Ie'IH J
HCTO'lHHKOM, BO BTOpOM - HeJIb3J1.
CBeT KaK 3J1eKTpOMarHHTHaH BOJIHa
511
.
S1
I
3
3
a) r
6)
PIIC., 81
CBeTOBaS:! BOJIHa OT pa3HbIX HCTO'IItHKOB CBeTa MO)KeT
liMeTh pa3HbIH BH.n;. BOJIHa OT TO'Ie'IHbIX HCTO'lliHKOB
uMeeT c<!>epH'IeCKHH BH)J;, npH'IeM Ha 3Ha'IHTeJIbHhIX
paCCTOSIHIDlX <!>POHT BOJlHb1 Ha He60JlbIIIOM yqacTKe
6JI1f30K K npSlMoH JIlfiIllli (pHC. 82).
AI
PIIC. 82
qacTh cBeToBoH BOJIHhI, BbI.n;eJIeHHYIO MbICJleHHO IDIII
peaJIbHO, Ha3bIBaIOT CBeTOBbIM Iry1JKOM. Ha pHC. 83
cBeToBoH nY'IOK BbI.n;eJleH C no olltbIO' .n;Ha<!>parMbI;
IIpH H306paJKeHHH cBeToBoH nY'IOK orpaHH'IeH .ZJ:BY-
MSI.JI)"IaMH. B reoMeTpH'IeCKOH onTHKe npSlMOJIHHeH-
Hoe paOIIpOCTpaHeHHe CBeToBoro nyqKa n03BOJlSleT
. onHcaTb ero C nOMOlltbIO O,l(Hor<;> CBeToBoro JIyqa. CBe-
r TOBOH.Tryq IIpH onpe.n;eJI HHbIX YCJIOBHSIX OKa3bIBat;T-
" , ' ' , CSI XOPOI1IeH , " Mo.n;eJIbIO CBeTOBorO rtyqKa. ECJlH cBew-
:"BOH nyqoK CHJIbHO paCXo.n;HTCSI (pHC. 84), TO ero)T)Ke
. tIMb3S1 onH O.n;HHM CBeTOBbIM JiyqOM.
,.. D
' '
i, :,
[-
r
s.
HT 80.nHbl
.' ,
. PIIC. 83
, ',
.,
Pile. 84:
". ,
B, Ta6J1HI e 5 CHCTeMaTIf3HpOmiHbI 06heKTbI H3yqeHHSI
H:,HX Mo.n;eJlH.
.,.\ ", 'I.
'i'" -"11.' -; "',.. -. ., t, ,
Ta6JIHI a 5
06beKTbI MOAenM
HCT HHK CBeTa S T 04e4Hb1H HCT HIotK CBeTa
CBeToBoH nY40K CBeTOBoH nY4
CpeAa pacnpOCTpaHeHHII OAHOPO;AtWI cpeAa
CBeTa
, ,
3aKOHbI pacnpOCTpaHeHMA CBeTa
C )];aBHHX nop Ha OCHOBe 3KcneptfMeHTaJIbHbIX <!>aK-
TOB 6bIJI C<!>OPMYJlHpOBaH 3aKOH npSlMOJIHHeHHoro
pacnpocTpaHeHHSI Y3Korb CBeToBoro ny'IKa: U3 OiJJ.IOU
mOllKU 6 i)pYZYIO maKou n'g1loK pacnpocmpaHRemCSl'nO
npSlMoUllU1lUU, T. e. ero pacnpOCTpaHeHHe O)KHO onH-
caTb CBeTOBblM :,1IY'IOM., C /fO'fKU' 3peHIDI BOJIHOBbIX
npe.n;CTaBJIell.J{ij tUfA C:BeTOBOr.O nOCJIe ,.n;Ha<!>par-.
MbI (pHC. 82) n0-?IY'laeTc :a pe3 r:Jlb a:J:e H n p<pepeH-
H BTOpH'IHbIX BOJlH, a B '06.1IattwTeHH'BTOpH'IHbIe
BOJlHbI npocTo raCSIT .n;Pyr .n;pyra. '-
BajKHeHIiIeH"xapaKTepHcTHKOH pacnpOCTpaH€HHSI
cBeToBoH BOJIHbI,SlBJlReTCSI ee CKOpOCTh. BnepBbIe CKO-
pOCTb CBeTa CYMeJI H3MepHTb B 1676 r. ;n;aTcKHH <!>H-
311K PeMep. Ero MeTo.n;,3aKJIIO'IaJICSI B H3MepeHllli Bpe-
MeHH BbIXOAa cnYTIIHKa IOnHTepa H3 TeHH (pHC. 85).
IIpH BTOpOM H3MepeHHu' no cpaBHeHHIO C nepBbIM
06HapY)KIDIOCb 3ana3AbIBaHHe BbIxo.n;a cnyrHuKa U3
TeHH Ha n;eJIblx 22' MHHyrbI. .E.n;HHCTBeHHOH npocToH
rnnOTe30H, 06'bSlCHSIIOllteH 3TOT <!>a.KT, 6bIJIO npe.nno-
JIo)Ke e' 0 TOM; 'qTO Ha rtp6xo eiilfe .n;oi!MffirteJlb-
. Horo paCCTORHHSI AB CBeTY nOTpe6oBaJlOCb ,ZJ;onMHH-
TeJIbHOe BpeMR B 22, MUu0nI.
512
3JIEKTPOMAfHHTHbIE KOJIE6AHI1H H BOJIHbI. OIITHKA
,"")t 2 cnY'laM
r (onblT)
J\ ca81 - - - - -;;.-.v \
,------.. - - - -. op6HTacnyYHHKa . T8Hb
,: ,-=--
ir _ - - - '. IOnHTepa,. ")t / '
\8 0 A Mn" - - - -+ - - - - - - - t 1 _
", ";. ..' «:ny'48H
"'_ .,/ I (onbIT)
- ,- op6HTa 3eMI1H ,..,.........
op6HTa IOnHTepa /
PRC. 85
IIpH paC'Ierax PeM p noJIY'lWI 3Ha'leHHe: c 2,27.10 8 .
c
KOHe'lHO, 91'01' pe3YJIbTaT' OKaaaJIC lie COBceM 1'0'1-
HbIM. Ho rJIaBHOe, onbIT .n;OKa3aJI, '11'0 CBeT' HMeeT
BnOJIHe KOHe'lHYIO CKOpOCTb pacnpocTpaHeHlUl. 3TO
6hIJIO BeJIHKoe oTKpbITHe B cl>H3HKel
B reOMeTpH'JecKoH OITTHKe SlBJIeHHe oTpIDKeHIDI CBe-
Ta 01' nOBepxHoCTH onHCbIBaeT 3aKOH OTpa)KeHHSI
(pHC, 86). Ho OH TaIOKe MO)KeT 6bITb nOJIyqeH Ha OC-
HOlle BOJIHOBbIX npe.n;CTaBJIeHHH, B 'IaCTHOCTH, Ha OC-'
HOBe npHHI(Hna fIOHreHca (pHC. 87). IIYCTb cl>POHT
ITJIOCKOH BOJIHbI .Z(omeJI .n;o yqacTKa AB, JIyqH At H Bt
onpe.n;eJISIIOT HanpaBJIeHHe CBeT .
La = Lp
POCo -86
A 1
8 2
4IPOHT BOI1Hbl
4IPOHT ,..,........' A
IITopH4HOM IIOI1Hbl
C 8
PRC. 87
TO'lKIf A, C, B, .n;o KOTOpbIX .n;omeJI cl>POHT BOJIHhI, CTa-
HOBHrCSI HCTO'lIDlKaMH BTOPH'IHbIX BOJIH. IIplf1leM lJ.0
TO'IKH A cl>POHT na.MI<>IneH BOJIHbI .n;omeJI paHbme, OHa
paHbme CTaJIa HCTO'lHHKOM BTOpH'IHbIX BOJIH, Orn6a-
IOInCUI BTbplf1lHbIX BOJIH n0JIY'lWIaCb B Blf,Z(e npSlMoH
JIHHHH BD, a nepneHlJ,HKYJUlpbI I( HeH DA 2 H BB 2 lJ.aJOT.
Hanp<UJJIe He pacnpocTpaJJ;eHIDI 'BOJIHhI nOCJIe OTp h
)KeHIDI. 113 reoMeTplf1leCKHX co06pax<eHHH JIerKO 11.0-
I<a3aTb, 'ITO yrOJI na.n;eHIDI paBeH yrJl'j OTpIDKeHIDl.
ECJIH CBeT naAaeT Ha rpaHHl{)' paa.n;eJIa .n;BYX QnTH'leC-
KH npo3pa'lH X cpe.n;, TO Ha6JIIO.n;aeTCjI JIBJIeHRe npe-
JIOMJ" HHJI CBeTa (pHC, 88). 3KcnepUMeHTaJIbHO 3a-!
KOH npeJIOMJIeHHSI CBeTa 6bIJI OTKpbIT B XVII B.
roJIJIaHlJ,CKHM yqeHbIM CHeJIJIHyCOM (pHC. 88). Ha oc-'
HOBe BOJIHOBbIX npe.n;CTaBJIeHHH OH JIen<o BbIBOAHTC
TeOpeTH'lecKH (pHC. 89).
A 1
A 1
A 2
PRC. 88
I1Y'1H
npenoMl1eHHOM BOI1Hbl
8 2 ,
PRC. 89
BTOplf1lHCUI BOJIHa 01' TO'lKH A nOSlBHTC paHbme, 'IeM
OT TO'lKH B, Ha BpeMSI At = CB . Ee cl>POHT 6y.n;eT HMeTh
VI
pa.nnyc AD = V2Al. Orn6aIOInCUI BTOpH'lHhIX BOJIH Bl)
.n;aCT cl>POHT npeJIOMJIeHHOH BOJIHbI, a nepneHlJ,HKYJI -
pbI K HeH .n;a.nyr HanpaBJIeHIDI CBeTOBbIX JIyqeii. .l(JUI
nOJIyqeHIDI cl>OPMYJIbI 3aKOHa npeJIOMJIeHH cJIe.nye1
yqecTb, 'ITO:
CB = viAl = ABsina,
AD = v = ABsinp,
IIO'lJleHHOe .n;eJIeH)fe BbIpIDKeHHH .n;aeT ypaBHeHHe 3a-
KOHa npeJIOMJIeHH (BbInOJIHHTe 9TO.n;eHCTBHe). 110-
CTOSlHHCUI BeJIIf1IHHa n xapaKTepH3yeT OnTH'IeCKlle
CBOHCTBa BTOpOH cpeAbI OTHOCHTeJIbHO nepBoH H Ha-
CBeT KaK 3JIeKTpOMarHIITHasI BOJIHa
513
3hIBaeTCH OTHOCHTeJlbHbIM nOK8a8TeJIeM npeJIOMJIe-
HHJI, T. e.
V t
n=-
v .
2
ROKa3aTeJlb npeJIOMJIeHHH Cpe,n;bI OTHOCHTeJIbHO Ba-
KY)'Ma HaabIB8eTCJI a6COJIIOTHbIM nOK8a8TeJleM npe-
C c 6
JlOMJIeHHJI, T. e. n 1 =- H n 2 =- H, Tal\HM 0 pa30M,
V t V 2
v n
n = ...l. = ...l.. Cpe,n;a C 60JIbIIIHM nOKa3aTeJIeM npeJIOM-
V 2 '
.1I;eHHH Ha3bIBaeTCH OnTHqeCKH 60JIee nJIOTHOH, 13 HeH
, citOPOCTb CBeTa MeHbIIIe. HanpHMep, CKOpOCTb CBeTa
B'.aJIMa3e 13 2,42 pa3a MeHbIIIe, qeM 13 BaKYYMe.
ECJIH CBeT MeT H3 OnTHqeCKH 6<?J1ee n.n:oTHoH cpe,n;bI
13 MeHee llJIOTHYIO, HanpHMep H3 CTeKJIa B BOO,n;yX, TO
OHqaCTWIHO OTpaJKaeTCH, a qaCTH'IHO npeJIOMIDIeTCH
(puc.90).
npH YBeJIHqeH m: yrJIa na,n;eHHH a pacTeT yrOJI 'Y. H
npH HeKOTopOM at yr )JI npeJIOMJIeHHH CTaHOBHTCH
3. Bon HOBbiE CBOMCTBA CBET A
\ /(t) .
.:JIU, bt .' CJuuu"
.QHcnepcMJI CBeTa
qro TaKoe CBeT? HamoT Bonpoc yqeHbIe nOCTeneH-
HO .lIRBaJIH Bce 60JIee TO'IHbIH OTBeT. B 1666 r. BeJIH-
KHit H. HbIOTOH npo,n;eJIaJI npocToH, HO reHHaJIbHbIH
OIIhJT. Ha TpexrpaHHYIO npH3MY OH HanpaBHJI Y3KHH
, CBeTOBOH nyqoK, 13 HTore Ha 3KpaHe nOJIyqHJIOCb CBe-
. TOHOe nHTHO 1'13 ceMH eTOB: cl>HOJIeTOBOro, CHHero,
, rOJJJ6oro, 3eJIeHOrO, >KeJITOrO, OpaH>KeBOrO H KpaCHO-
fO (-pHc. 91). Bmma O,ZJ;Horo eTa nOJIY'illJIa Ha3Ba-
Hue MOHOXpOMaTHqeCKoD.
K
C/),
PRC. 91
"i reHURJIbHbIH aHrJIHHCKHH cl>H3HK HcaaK HbIOTOH
.. (t643-1727) BHec 6oJlbIIIOH BKJIa,n; 13 pa3BIITHe OillH-
:17 3aJ;, 323 '
.'
PRC. 90
paBHbIM 90°. TaKHM 06Pa30M, CBeT He BbIXO,n;HT 130 BTO-
PYIO cpe,n;y, a OC1'aeTCH 1'0JIbKO 13 nepBOH. TaKoe HBJIe-:-
HHe Ha3bIBaeTCH nOJlHhlM O'tpaxceHHeM CBeTa. 31'0
HBJIeHHe cl>aKTH'IeCKH H,n;eaJIbHoro OTpaJKeHHH o6yc-
J10BJIeHO oco6eHHocTHMH npeJIOMJIeHIDI CBeTa npH ne-
pexo,n;e H3 OnTHqeCKH 60Jlee llJIOTHOH Cpe,n;bI 13 MeHee
nJJornyIO. Y roJl, np ' KOTOpOM Ha6JIIO,n;aeTcH nOJIHOe
oTpaJKeHHe, JIerKO paCC"IHTaTb H3 YCJIOBIDI:
sin a. _ n 2
---
sin90° . nt'
KH: OTKpbIJI CJIO>KHOe cTpoeHHe 6eJIoro cBeTa, IiHTep-
cl>epeH oHHbIe KOJIbl.{a 1'1 ,n;p. B cBoeH 3HaMeHHTOH
pa60Te OnTHKa OH nHCaJI:
.TIpo3paQHbIe Be ecTBa, ;raKHe
KaK CTeKJIO, BOl(a. B03ltj'X R rrp.,
eCJIH HX ClteJIaTb OQeHb TOHKH-
MH Bh1,lJ;YBaHHeM B rrY3bIpH HJIH
H3rOTOBJIIDr HHbIM crroc06oM B
BHlte rrJIaCTHHOK, 06HapY)KHBa-
lOT Pa3JIHQHbIe IJ;BeTa COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO HX pa3JIH'lliOH TOHKOCTH,
XOTB IIP.H 60JIblIIHX TOJI HHaX
OHH KaXtyTCR oiIeHb ,RCHbIMH H
6eCIJ;BeTH MH..
Al;.,:,
o&
"'Ir,,", 1'I!Ii
'!I,." .;t\.
"
.
I'
':...''';:'
o KaKOM HBJleHllli R,n;eT peqb? nOqeMY Ha TOJICTbIX
nJIeHKaX (llJIaCTHHax) HBJIeHHe He Ha6JIIO,n;aeTCH?
OCHOBHOH BbIBO,n; H3 3KcnepHMeHTOB 6bIJI TaKOH: 6e-
ll'blU ceem IW'K 811e'KmpO.M.aenum1-laR eOll1la UMeem CllO:JIC-
Hoe cmpoeHue - cocmoum U3 ce.MU .MoooxpO.MamU1/.ec-
'KUX eOll1-l. l:(BeTHYIO KapTHHY Ha 3KpaHe HbIOTOH
Ha3BaJI cneKTpOM. BTOpOH BbIBO,n; caM HbIOTOH ccI>op-
,:.514
3JIEKTPOMAfHIITHbIE KOJIEEAHI15I 11 BOJIHbI. OnTI1KA
-MYJlHpoBaJI TaK: C6em06'ble nY'l/.KU, o111Jlu'l/.alO14 uecSl 'no
,,' 6emy, Om.JlU'l/.a'lOmCSl rio cmeneuu npeJlOMJlJleMOcmu.
.RBJleHHe pa3J10>KeHHH 6eJIoro CBeTIl HaIU3eTa, T. e. B
cneKTp, 'nOJIY'IHJlO Ha3BaHHe ;znIcnepCHH. KaKOBa :>Ke
npHpo a aToro HBJleHHH? O'IeBlr.zum, 'ITO pa3J10:>KeHHe
CBeTa B cneKTp npoHcxo.n;HT B pe3YJlbTaTe .n;eikTBIDI
BemeCTBa Ha CBeT. BcnOMHHM, 'ITO nOKa3aTeJlb npe-
JlOMJleHHH BemeCTBa n onpe.n;eJlHeT(:H no cI>oPMYJle:
c
n=-
v
ECJlH CBeT Pa3HO O IU3eTa npeJlOMJIHeTCH nO-pa3HO-
MY, 'ITO CJle.nyeT H3 onbITa, TO, 3Ha1:lHT, CKOpOCTh MO-
. HoxpOMaTH'IeCKHX BOJIH B BemeCTBe pa3J1H'IHa. T. e.
.n;JlH KaJK1{OH MOHoxpOMaTH'IeCKOH BOJIHbI cymeCTBY-
eT CBOH nOKa3aTeJlb npeJlOMJleHHH. qeM ?J(e OTJlH'Ia-
IOTCH MOHoxpOMaTH'IeCKHe 'BOJlHbI .n;pyr OT .n;pyra?
OHH OTJIH'IaIOTCH 'IaCTOTOH KOJle6aimH (H, COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO, .n;JlHHOH BOJlHbI). HanpHMep, .n;JlH KpacHoro
IU3eTa A = 4.10- 7 M, .n;JlH'$HOJleTOBOro - A = 7.10- 7 M.
I1TaK, iJucnepCUR C6ema cocmoum 6 aa6uCUMocmu no-
Kll3ameMl npeJlO.MJle1tUR 6eJ1.1Jecm6a n om'l/.acmom'bl C6e-
may.
qTO:>Ke npOHcxo.n;HT Ha rpaHHn;e pa3.n;eJla ABYX cpe.n;?
npH nepexo.n;e 6eJloro CBeTa B CTeKJIO CKa'IKOO6pa3HO
H3MeHHeTCH CKOpOCTb CBeTa, npH'IeM .n;JlH BOJIH Pa3-
HbIX 1:IaCTOT nO pa3HoMY. O.n;HoBpeMeHHo TaK)Ke H3Me-
HHeTCH H ,WIlma KaJK.n;OH BOJlHbI. Ho 'IaCTOTa KOJle6a-
HHH MOHoxpoMaTH'IeCKMX BOJIH OCTaeTCH nOCTOHHHOH.
Pa3HaH CKOpOCTb pacnpOCTpaHeHHH MOHoxpOMaTH-
'IeCKI;IX BOJIH B BemeCTBe npHBo.n;HT K pa3HOMY HX npe-
JIOMJleHHIO Ha rpaHHn;e pa3.n;eJla cpe.n; (pHC. 92).
PHC. 92
ITYCTb ,WIH npHMepa Ha npH3MY na,a;aeT cBeTOBoH no-
'fOK H3, BOJIH KpacHOro H $HOJleToBoro IU3eTa. CHa'IaJIa
$pOHT BOJIH .n;oH.n;eT .n;o TO'IKH A. ,l.{aJIee InOpH'IHbIe
BOJlHbI KpacHOro H $HOJleTOBOro IU3eTa 6y.n;YT pacnpo-
cTpaHHTbcH C pa3HOH CKOpOCThIb. 3a BpeMH t, KOTO-
poe nOTpe6YeTCH cBeTY, 'IT06 b I npOHn-l paCCTOSIIJHe
CB, $pOHT BTOpH':!HbIX BOJIH B npH3Me YH.n;eT M3 TO'I-
KIf A Ha pa3Hoe paccToHHHe. ECTecTBeHHo, om6aI9-
mHe BTOPH'IHbIX BOJIH 6y.n;YT pa3H l\fH:' BAr( H BA4',;H
JI)"lli BOJIH pa3HOro UBeTa, nOH.n;YT B pa3HbIX HanpaB-
JleHHHx. 3TO 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO nOKa3aTeJib npeJlOMJlemfH
3aBHCHT OT 'IaCTOTbI CBeTa.
.HBJleHHe .n;HcnepcHH IUHpOKO HcnoJlb3YeTCH B Hay e
H TeXHHKe .n;JlH nOJlyqeIDIH cneKTpoB BemeCTB, C no-
MOIJJ;bIO KOTOpbIX HccJle.n;YIOT COCTaB BemecTB H .n;py-
rHe HX CBoHcTBa. CneKTp8JIbHbID 8H8JI 3 - O b
T01:lHbIH Meto.n; H3Y'IeHHH BeII1eCTI a. CYTh MeToAfli B
CJle.n;YIOmeM:
. I.;
a) H3Y'IaeMOe BemeCTBO HarpeBaIOT .n;o COCTO IHMH; B
KOTOpOM OHO H3J1Y'IaeT CBeT; ,
6) C nOMombIO cneum ,JlbHoro npH60pa - cneKT'po-
CKona - nOJlY'IaIOT cneKTp (pRC. 93);
B) nOJlyqeHHbIH cneKTp H3Y'IaIOT - cpaBHHBaI01. C
3TaJIOHHbIMH cneKTpaMH (a HX n;eJlbIe Ta6mfi!bI).
OCHOBHOH 1:IaCTbIO npocTeHIUero cneKTpocKona HBJIH-
eTCH npH3Ma. " "
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Bell.leCTBO
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.515
'HHTep4JepeHI.I,MR CBeTa
,.B npGCTpaHCme 06hNHG He3aBHCHMG Apyr GT )J;pyra
'I pacnpOCTpaH5IeTC5I MHGro C eTGBhIX BGJIH GT pa3HhIX
,f!CTG'lHHKGB. B Tex G6JIaCT5IX, B KGTGphlX GHH nepece-
(-. '
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"'lHH5IeTCSI npHHQHny cynepn03H1J;HH. HanpHMep, pe-
3YJIhrnpYIOmHM BeKTGp E GT CJIG eHH5I .n;BYX BGJIH C
, :. -£1 H E 2 paBeH: E': E 1 + E 2 . ECJIH npli 3TGM 06pa3Y T-
'CSI nGCTGSlHHGe nO' BpeMeHH pacnpe.n;eJIeHJ1 aMnJIH-
TyAhI i<GJJ:e6aHHM, TO' TaKGe 5IBJIeHHe Ha3hIBalOT DHTep-
i <1 -t>epeIlI\ReH. ' ,
,; HTaK, Ha GCHGBe 3KcnepHMeHTGB Bhl.n;eJISIIOT' CJI .n;ylO-
i mHe CBGMCma 5IBJIeHH5I HHTep<pepeHlJ;lm:
t >, a)' CJIGiKeHHe .n;BYX HJIH 60JIee BGJIH;
I, Q) G6pa3GBaHHe YCTOM'lHBGM KapTHHhI pacnpe.n;eJIe-
:" HHSI MaKCHMyMOB H MHHHMyMGB KGJIe6aHHit;
; ',1\) B CJIyqae 6eJIGrG CBeTa B G6JIaCTH MaKCHMYMGB
.: 'npGHCXG.n;HT G6pa3GBaHHe cneKTpa.
;flGCTGSlHHaSI KapTHHa CJIGiKeHH5I .n;BYX CBeTGBhlX BGJIH
G6pa3yeTCSI JIHlIIh npH YCJIGBHH HX KOrepeHTHOCTH -
G,ZJ;IlliaKGBGCrn 'laCTGThI KGJIe6aHHM npH nGCTGSlHHGM
pa3HOCrn <pa3 KGJIe6aHHH. IIpome Bcero nGJIyqHTh Ta-
KHe BOJIHhI MeTG.n; M pa3.n;eJIeHHSI G.n;HGM BGJIHhl. TaK
npoHCXG.n;1IT HanpHMep B TGHKGM nJIeHKe (pHC. 94).
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" paCnpGCTpaHeHIDI <ppGHTa BOJIHhI. B G6JIacrn1- 2 CBe-
TOBhle BOJIHhI 06S13aTeJlhilO nepeCeKaIOTC5I. 11 Ha6JIIO-
" MeTeSi lfiITepc:pepeIlI\IDI.
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}
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paB GM k').,., H MaKCHMaJIhHGM aMIL7IIqyAOH, TO' G6pa3yeT-
CSI MaKCHMYM (pHC. 96, a). ECJIH BOJI npHXO,WIT B n{K>-
rvh' " d (2k+1p..
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.nHT nepepacnpe.neJIeHHe 3HeprHH, KGTGpyIO Hecyr
BGJIHhl: B G6JIaCTH MHHHMyMGB 3HeprnSi He nocryrla-
eT, B MaKCHMyMax 3Heprn51 KGHueHTpHJ>yeTCSI, BcnOM-
HHM, 'lTG, W - £2, a npH CJIGiKeHHH B MaKCHMYMe a'Mn- .
JIHTy.n;a KGJIe6aHHSI nGJIY'laeTCSI paBHGA ,2£, T. e.
'3HeprnSi B03paCTaeT B 4 pa3a (pHC. 96, 6).
516
3JIEKTPOMAfHI1THbIE KOJIEEAHI151 11 BOJIHbI. OITTI1KA
AMcllpaKLtMR CB.Ta
CBeT KaK BOJIHa: rtpH CBoeM paCnpoCTpaHeHHH om6aeT
npemITCTBHSI, T. e. npOHCXO.n;HT H«}Jp8KItHJI. 51BJIeiUIe
xopomo Ha6JIIo.n;aeTCSI, eCJIH pa3MepbI npeIUlTCTBJUI
. cpaBHHMbI C .n;JIHHOH BOJIHbI CBeTa. OqeBl1.ztHO, qTO 3TO
AOJDKHbI 6bITb OqeHb Ma.neHbKHe 06'beKTbI' - rnemf,
TOHKHe HHTH H T. n. Ho B npHHIJ;Hne AH<ppaKIJ;JHI CBe-
Ta npOHcxo.n;HT Ha JII06bIX 06'beKTax - npoCTO ee 06-
HapY>KHTb B 3TOM cJIYqae 6bIBaeT Tpy.n;Hee.
B 1802 r. aHfJIHHCKHH <pH3HK TOMac IOm nOCTaBlfJI
.onbIT, B I<OTOPQM Ha 3I\paHe Ha6JIIo.n;a.nacb mtTep<p e -
peHIJ;HOHHaSi Kapn1Ha (pHc.97). Ho 3KcnepHMeHT
<paKTHqeCKH .n;OKa3bIBaJI cYIIteCTBoBaHlie SlBJIeHHSI
AH<ppaKnlUI CBeTa. OnpeAemITe no jmcYHKY: '
a) B KaK ii 06JIacTH npOHcxo.n;nT HHTep<pepeJu.(IDI BOJIH;
6) KaK nOJIyqeHbI .n;Be KOrepeHTIIbIX BOJIHbI;
B) qTO H3MeHHTCSI B KapTHHe HR 3KpaHe, ec.7lli 3aKpbITb
IIteJIb C, H qTO 3TO .n;OKa3bIBaeT?
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PHC. 97
OAHH H3 oCHOBaTeJIeH BOJIHOBOH onTHKH aHrJIHHC-
KHH <pH3HK TOMac IOHr (1773-1829) B O.n;HOH H3
pa60T nHCa.n:
.XOTH H306peTeHHe npaB.l(O-
rrO.l(06HhlX nmOTe3, He3aBH-
CHMbIX OT KaKHX- JIH60 3Kcrre-
pHMeHTaJIbHbIX Ha6nlO.l(eHHM, ,
MOJKeT npHHecTH OqeHb MaJIO
rrOnb3h1 .l(nH pa3BHTI:!H ecTe-
CTB03HaHHH, TeM He MeHee,
OTKphITHe rrpOCThIX H e.l(HHhlX
rrpHHQHrrOB, C rrOMOmhlO KO-
TOphIX 60nhIIIoe qHCnO pa3-
HOpO.l(HhlX HBneHHM CBO-
.l(HTCH K cornaCOBaHHhlM H
YHHBepcanbHhlM 3aKOHaM,
.l(OnJKHO BCer.l(a C'IHTaThCH
H elOmHM 60nhIIIoe 3Ha'Ie-
HHe .l(nH YCOBepIIIeHCTBOBa-
lit'.
HHH 'IenOBe'IeCKoro pa3YMa; H qeM 60nhIIIe JII 60nhIIIe
HBneHHM OKa3h1BaIOTcH cornc:tCyromHMJIICH C rrpHHl{H-:,
rraMH, 3aJIOJKeHHhlMH B OCHOBY, reM 60nee 3TH rrpHH-'
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HOH <pH3HKH cTaryc 3aKOHa npHpO,ZJ;bI?
. B 1816-1818 rr. Teopmo AH<ppaKIJ;HH pa3pa6oTaJI
<ppaHIJ;Y3cKHH <pH3HK Or,IOcTeH <I>peHeJIb. OR .n;onOJI-
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60u MOM.e1tm Bpe.M.e1tU npe(JcmaBJlJlem c060u 1te np _
olu6alOUlJjlO Bmopu'l/,1tbLX BOJl1t, a pe3YJlbmam u1tmfjp
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fIOHreHca-<I>peHeJISI n03BOJIHJI paCCqHTbIBaTh
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pHC. 98 nOKa3aHa cxeMa .n;H<ppaKQJUI CBeTa Ha meJIH.
B TOqKe B npOHCXO,lUlT CJIO>KeHHe BTOpnqHbIX BOJIH
OT HCTOqHHKOB AI' A2' A3' A4' npWleM pa3HOCTb xo}{a!
A '",,'
JIyqeH Me>K.n;y HHMH OTJIJf1IaeTCSI Ha '2. B pe3YJIbTaT '
CJIO>KeHHSI nOJIyqaeTcSI MHHMMYM. ,l.{JISI TOqKH 0 HeT
pa3HOCTH XO.n;a- BTOpnqHbIX BOJIH, n03ToMY B HeH aa-,
6JIIO.n;aeTCSI MaKcHMYM.
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pa3pemaIOIItYIO cnoC06HOCTb OnTHqeCKoro MHIfPo-
CKona - He n03BOJISIeT qeTKO pa3JIHqaTh Me.1Xr<He
06'beKTbI. Ha pHC. 99 nOKa3aH KaK pa3 TaKOH CJI aii.
06DeKT MN paccMaTpHBaeTcSI B 06'beKTHB MHKPOCKO-
na O. ,113-3a AH<ppaKl.(HH Ha 3KpaHe 3 H306pIDKeHHSI
TOqeK 6y.n;YT HMeTh <poPMY pa3MbITbIX n lTeH (MaKcH-
MYMOB ).
YBeJIHqeHHe nOTepSieT CMbICJI, eCJIH MaKCHM:YMbI
H306pa>KeHIDI COJIbIOTCSI. 3TO npoH30mreT npH YCJIO-
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HHl.(bI npHMeHHMOCrn reOMeTpHqeCKOH ommm.
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qecKOro npH60pa - .n;H<ppaKI.(HOHHOH peIIIeTKH. OHa
npe.n;CTaBJIjJeT c060H nJlaCTllliKY, Ha KOTOpOH HaHece-
Ho,6oJlbIIIoe KOJlWIeCTBO napaJIJIeJlbHhIX IIITpHXOB -
.n;o HeCKOJlbKHX TbICjJq Ha 1 MM. Ha pHC. 100 nOKa3aH
nplllil.(lffi .n;eHcTBIDI .n;H<ppaKI.(HOHHOH peIIIeTKH, npH-
Be.n;eHa ee OCHOBHaR xapaKTepHcTHKa - nepHo.n; d. On-
pe.n;eJlHM YCJlOBHe o6pa3.oBaHHjI MaKcHMYMa, ECJlIf
pa3HOCTI! xo.n;a BC OT .n;BYX KorepeH1'HbIX BTOpWIHbIX
HCTOqHMKOB tBeTOBbIX BOJIH A H B 6y.n;eT paBHa l.(eJlO-
MY qHC.rry ,lJ;JlHH BOJlH, TO npH CJlO)K HHH BOJIH 6y.n;eT
MaK<JHMYM. MaTeMarnqeCKH 3TO BhIpa:>KaeTOI <POPMY-
JlOH: dsin<p = k'A, r.n;e k = 0, 1, 2, ... JIHH3a co6HpaeT
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KOCTH Ha 3KpaHe. 113 <POPMYJlhI BH,lJ;H.O, qTO MaKCHMY-
MhI pa3HbIX .n;mlli BOJIH A. 06pa3yroTCjI no.n; pa3HhIMH
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.n;H<ppaKI.(HOHHOH peIIIeTKH pa3JIaraeTCjI B cneKTp.
ll03ToMy.n;H<ppaKI.(HoHHYIO pellieTKY Hii3hI'BalOT cneK-
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.lJ:H<PPaKI:J;HOHHaR peIIIeTKa C MaJIbIM nepHo.n;oM d H
60JlbIIIHM' qHCJIOM IIIrPHXOB N n03BOJljJeT nOJlyqlITb
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a) MaKcHMYMbI nepBoro, BTOpOro H T. '.n;. nopjJ.n;KoB
pacnOJlaralOTCjI no.n; 60JlbIIIHMH YrJIaMH q> - crreKTp
IIIHpOKHH (pHC. 101);
6) aMnJlHTy.n;a OT N IIITpHXOB B MaKCHMYMe B N pa3
60JlbIIIe aMnJlHTy.n;bI KOJle6aHHH CBeTOBOH BOJlHhI,
T. e. MaKCHMYM BO MHOro pa3 jlpqe qeM OT o.n;Horo
IIITpHxa (pHC. 102).
4IOKaJ1bHiUI
nnOCKOCTb
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3JIEKTPOMAfHI1THbIE KOJIEEAHI15111 BOJIHbI. OIITI1KA
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PHC. 102
nonRpM3aLlMR CBeTa
I1T,aK, paHee 6bIJIO BbISlcHeHo, qTO 6eJIbIH COJIHeqHbIH
CBeT COCTOHT H3 pSl.n;a MOHOXpOMaTlfqeCKHX eTOB.
B HTore CJIO>KeHlfSl KOJIe6aHlfH Ka>K.n;Oro eTa nOJIY-
qaIOTCSI .n;OBOJIbHO CJIO>KHbIe KOJIe6aHHSI BeKTopa E
(pHC. 103). Ho H aTO H Bce. ECTecTBeHHblH CBeT co-
CTOHT H3 BOJIH, BeKTop E KOTOpbIX KOJIe6JIeTCSI B Pa3-
HbIX nJIOCKOCTSIX (pHC. 104). TalwH CBeT Ha3bIBaIOT
t:CTeCToeHHbIM. ,l.{JISI H306pa>KeHHSI TaKoro CBeTa HC-
nOJIb3YIOT YCJIOBHYIO Mo.n;eJIb (pHC. 05): 3.n;eCb CTpeJI-
KaMH nOKa3aHbI HanpaBJIeHHSI KOJIe6aHHSI BeKTopa E .
ECTb BemeCTBa, npH B3aHMo.n;eHcTBHH CBeTa C KOTO-
pbIMH, npOHCXOWfT SlBJIeHHe nOJISlpH3aO;HH, T. e. BbI-
JJ;eJIeHHe nJIOCKOIlOJISlpH30BaHHoro CBeTa H3 eCTe-
CTBeHHoro (pHC. 106).
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PHC. 103
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PHC. 104
.
PHC. 105
PHC. 106
ECJlli H3 KpHCTaJIJIa rypMaJIHHa Bblpe3aTh (o.n;Ha rpaHb
napaJIJIeJIbHa OCH KpHCTaJIJIa) IlJIaCTHHKY - IlOJISlpn-
3aTOp H qepe3 Hee nponyqHTh CBe..., TO IlJIaCTHHKa
nponYCTHT TOJIbKO IlJIOCKOIlOJISI'pH30BaHHblH CBeT.
3TOT CBeT Y>Ke He rrpOH.n;eT Qepe3 BTOpyIO TaxyIO >Ke
nJIaCTHHKY - aHaJIH3aTOp, KOTopaSi pacrrOJIO>K Ha
nepneHJ!I:IKYJISIpHO IlepBOH (pHC. 107). Y.n;HBHTeJIbHO:
CBeT He rrpOXOJJ;HT, XOTSI o6e IlJIaCTIlKH IIpQ3paQHbre!
OCb
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CleT CleT'
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Oeb
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nOnJlpH3aTop
I
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PHC. 107
CBeT K 3.JIeKTpOMaraHTH;C!JI BOJI a
5,19
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BonHOBAA OnTMKA
1666 r, 1-1, HblOTOH
B/leHHe 3aBHCHMOCTH
npe/lOMJIeHHJI CBeTa OT 4aCTOTbi n = f (v);
CKOpocTH BO/lHbl OT 4aCTOTbi v = f(v),
6e/lblH CBeT - C/lO>KHbIH!
n<n<n<n<...
K 0 )t( 3
V", < V c < < V. < ...
c
n=-
V
1802 r, T. IOHr
B/leHHe C/lO>KeHHJI KorepeHTHblX BOJ1H
C 06pa30BaHHeM nOCTOJlHHOH, KapTHHbl
MaKCHMYMOB 101 MHHHMYM()B
s, d min: Ad=t (2k+1)
Z max:Ad=k"A
k=O,1,2...
",{/
TOHKHe nJ1eHKH
Ta6JIHQa 6
:
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1665 r, $, rpHMaJlbAH
B/leHHe orH6aHHJI CBeTOM npenJlTCTBHH ....-
YC/lOBHe Ha6J1IOAeHHJI: d == A ' , ; D "
,lJ,HcppaK4HfI CBeTa Ha l4eJ1H - cneKTp
K... C1J C1J... K
3 o=:=rII=rJ
K 1 0 1 2
,lJ,HcppaK4HOHHaJI peweTKa - CneKTpanbHbiH npH60p
m ud_
- Ip
-I 3
B/leHHe BbIAe/leHHJln/lOCKOn0J1J1pH30BaHHoro
,CBeTa 1013 eCTeCTBeHHoro
1690 r, - 06Hapy>KHJ1 X, rlOHreHC
1706 r, - Ha3Ban 1-1, HblOTOH
1873 r, - 06bflCHHJ1 : K, MaKCBe/lJ1
CBeT - nonepe4HaJI BOJ1Ha
.
s
, eCTeCTlleHHblH
CBeT
l
YCJ10BHe MaKCHMYMa:
dsinlp = k"A
"
nJ10CKOn0J1 pH30BaHH H
CBeT
, ,520
3JIEKTPOMAfHI1THbIE KQJIEEAHI15111 BOJIHbI. OIITI1KA
OIIbITbI C nOJI.Hpolf,l(a m n}mMO ,n;OKa3blBaIOT, 'ITO CBeT -
3TO 3JIeKTpOMarnHTHaH nOnepeqHaH BOJIHa. .HBJIeHHe
nOJIHpH3an;HH CBeTa (06blqHO qaCTHqHaH nOJIHpH3a-
UIDI) npH B3aHMO.n;eHCTBHH C BemecTBoM (npH OTpa-
:>KeHllli, npeJIOMJIeHllli) JICnOJIb3yeTcH ,n;JIH H3yqeHHH
CBOHCTB BemeCTBa. IIJIocKonoJIHpH30BaHHblH CBeT
TaK:>Ke HCnOJIb3yeTcH ,n;JIH HCCJIe.n;OBaHHH.
KpaTI<He 0606meHHbIe 3HaHHH 0 BOJIHOBbIX HBJIeHH-
HX CBeTa npe,n;CTaBJIeHbI B Ta6JIHlJ;e 6.
nOrnOlqeHMe CBeTa EielqecTBOM. BeTa Ten
I-fTaK, paHee 6bIJIO abIHCHeHO, qTO BemeCTBO ,n;eHCTBY-
eT Ha CBeT, Ha CBe'OOBbIe BOJIHbI. 3TO ,n;eHCTBHe npH-
BO,n;HT K CJIe,n;YIOmHM pe3YJIbTaTaM:
) npOHCXO,n;1IT OTpa)KeHHe CBeTa;
6) npoHcxo,n;HT, npeJIOMJIeHHe CBeTa;
B) npOHCXO,ZJ;HT ,n;HcnepCHH CBeTa;
r) npOHcxo,n;HT .n;Hq,paKn;HH CBeTa.
Ho B3aHMo.n;eHcTBHe CBeTa H BemeCTBa npHBo,n;HT eme
K O.n;HOMY Ba)KHoMY HBJIeHHIO - nOrJIOmeHHIO CBeTa
BeIl.{eCTBOM. IIpHpo.n;a nOrJIOmeHHH CBeTa BemeCTBOM
3aKJIIOqaeTCH B CJIe,n;YIOmeM. 3JIeKTpOHbl aTOMOB HJIH
MOJIeKYJI'BemeCTBa KOJIe6JIIOTCH. 11 eCJIH qaCTOTa CBe-
TOBOH BOJIHbl COBna,n;eT C 06cTBeHHoH qaCTOTOH KO-
ne6aHHH 3JIeKTpOHOB, TO npOHCXO.n;HT pe30HaHC. IIpH
3TOM qaCT.b 3HeprHHCBeTOBOH BOJIHbI nepe,n;aeTCH
3JIeKTpOHaM, T. e. aTOMaM HJIH MOJIeKYJIaM BemeCTBa.
<I>aKTHqeCKH npOHcxo,n;HT HarpeB BeI.IJ;eCTBa.
Pa3HbIe BemeCTBa nOrJIOmaIOT CBeT nO-pa3HOMY: O,n;H
c.na60 - OHH np03paqHbl, .n;PyrHe CID1bHO - OHH He-
np03paqHbI. Ba)KHO H TO, qTO TeJIa nOrJIOmaIOT CBeT
pa3HbIX qaCTOT no-pa3HOMY: KaKHe-TO MOHoxpoMaTH-
qeCKHe BOJIHbl nOrJIOI.IJ;aIOTCH CHJIbHee, KaKHe-TO no-
rJIOmaIOTCH MaJIO. B HTore cneKTpaJIbHbIH COCTaB
CBeTa nOCJIe npOXO)K,n;eHHH qepe3 BeI1IeCTBo MO)KeT
MeHHTbCH. 11 06blqJfO MeHHeTCH.
fJIa3 qeJIOBeKa B 60JIblIIHHCTBe CJIyqaeB nOJIyqaeT
CBeT, OTpa)KeHHbIH OT TeJI H Hepe,n;KO npOlIIe,n;IIIHH
CKB03b TeJIa. B' 3aBlfCHMocrn OT Toro, KaKHe COCTaB-
JIHIOmHe eCTeCTBeHHoro CBeTa JIyqwe OTpIDKaIOTCH,
KaKHe CHJIbHee nOrJIOmaIOTCH TeJIOM, MbI BocnpHHH-
MaeT n;BeT TeJIa. 3eJIeHbIH JIHCTOqeK nOTOMY 3eJIeHb1H,
qTO OT Hero JIyqlIIe Bcero OTpIDKaIOTCH, CBe:rOBbIe BOJI-,
'Hbl 3eJIeHoro UBeTa». ECJllf ,n;aqHbIH ,n;OMHK nOKpa-
lIIeH 3eJIeHOH KpaCKOH, TO 3TOT CJIOH KpaCKH npeHMY-
meCTBeHHO H OTpaJKaeT 3eJIeHble JIyqH, norJIOmaH Bce
OCTaJIbHbIe. TaK q,opM PyeTcH MHorob6pa3He n;BeTOB
OKpY)KaIOmero MHpa.
-
UBeT HaIIIero He6a 061>HCHHeTCH pacceHBaHHeM COJI-
HeqHotoCBeTa B03,n;YXOM aTMoccl>epbl, npll3TOM H npo-
HCXO.n;HT H3MeHeHlle CneKTpaJIbHOrO COCTa:aa CBeTa B
CTOpOH)' ro.rry60H qaCTH cneKTpa. He60 KIDKeTC ro-
JIy6bIM.
JmJojealliojutMe
'fuu!o lliin
Ha6mo.qeHMe MHTePclJepeHLlMM M
.qM paKLlMM CBeTa
o 60 p y .n; 0 B a H He: ,ZJ;Be qHCTbIe CTeKJIHHlibIe n.nac-
THHKH He60JIblIIOrO pa3Mepa, COJIoi\ulliKa ,n;JIH B:b.my-
BaHHH MbIJIbHbIX ny3bIpeH, npoBOJIOqHOe KOJIbn;o, PC).'
CTBOp MbIJIa, ,n;I!a Crren;HaJIbHO 3aKpenJIeiIHbIX JIe3BHH,
KapTOH HJIll nJIeHKa C OTBepCTHHMH pa3HOrO .zmaMeTpa,
,n;OCTaTOqHO MOmHaH JIaMna C npHMOH HlITbIO HaKaJIa.
Xo,n; pa60Tbl
H3Y1lellUe Sl6JlellUR. u'Hmeppepelll{uu
1. qHcTbIe CTeKJIHHHbIe nJIaCTHHKH nOJIO>KHTb .zq>yr
Ha .n;pyra, npH)KaTh, B OTpIDKeHHOM CBeTe Ha TeM-
HOM q,oHe nOHCKaTh (oco6eHHo no KpaHM) :QBeT-
Hble HHTepq,epeHUHoHHbIe nOJIOCbI.
Bbl,n;eJIHTb oc06eHHocTH Ha6JIIO,n;aeMoro HBJIeHH5I:
nOCTOHHHaH KaprnHa HJIH HeT, eCTb JIH MaKcllMY-
Mbl, OKparneHbl JIll nOJIOCbI. BM KaprnHbI 3apliCo-
BaTh, BbInOJIHHTh PHCYHOK C 061>HCHeHHeM MeTO-
.n;a 06pa30BaHHH KorepeHTHbIX HCTOqHHKOB CBeTa.
113yqHTb, npH KaKHX YCJIOBllHX HHTepcl>epeH:QHOH-
HaH KapTHHa H3MeHHeTCH. IIoJIyqaercH JIH OnbIT B
npoXO,n;HmeM cBeTe?
2. IIoJIyqHTb MbIJIbHYIO nJIeHKY Ha npOBOJIoqHOM
KOJIbn;e H MblJIbHbIe nY3bIpH. KaK ,n;OKa3aTh, qTO H
B aTOM CJIyqae Ha6JIIO,n;aeTCH llHTepq,epeH:QHOHHaH
KapTHHa? OTJIHqaeTCH JIH OHa OT KapTHHbI B onbI-
Te C nJIaCTHHKaMH? B KaKOM CBeTe Ha6JIIO,n;aeTCH
HHTepq,epeH:QHOHHaH KaprnHa? 0 qeM roBOplfT 1f3-
MeHeHHe BMa nOJIOC Ha MbIJIbHOH nJIeHKe? CKOJIb-
KO MaKCHMYMOB MO)KHO 3aq,HKCHpOBaTh?
H3Y1le'HUe Sl6JlellUR. iJUfjJpaKl{UU
1. CKB03b BepTHKaJIbHYIO meJIb, 06pa30BaHHYIO .n;BY-
MH JIe3BIDIMH 6pHTBbI, Ha6JIIOllaTb HCTOqHHK CBe-
Ta. MO)KHO JIH 3aMeTlfTb pa3.n;eJIeHHe CBeTOBOrO PO-
TOKa Ha JIHHIlli? MHoro JIH 3rnx JIHHHH? KaKoro
OHH UBeTa? qeM HBJIHIOTCH OKparneHHbIe CBeTO}3bIe
JIHHHH: MaKCHMYMaMH IfJIH MHHHMYMaMH HHTep-
... :t
-----=.iI
CBeT KaK ::meKTpOMarnHTHaH BOJIHa
521
«pepeHl.tHOHHOH KapTHHbI? TIOqeMY rrpOHCXO,l.tHT
pa3JIO)KeHHe 6eJIOrO CBeTa B crreKTp IIpH rrpOXO)K-
,l.temnr HM meJIH? BbIIIOJIHIITb PHCYHOK KapTHHbI
,l.tH«ppaKUHH 'OT meJIH. 113MemleTcH J;IH Ha6JIIO,l.tae-
MaH KapTHHa, eCJIH pa3Mep meJIH YBeJIHqHTb?
2. BbIrrOJIHHTb Ha6mo,l.teHHe ,l.tH«ppaKUHH Ha KpyrJIOM
omepCTHH. qeM OTJIHqaeTCH BH.l.t rrOJIyqeHHoH Kap-
THHbI OT KapmHbI ,l.tH«ppaKUHH Ha meJIH? LIOKaJKH-
Te, MaKCHMYM HJIH MHHHMYM Ha6mon;aeTcH B ueH-
Tpe KapTHHbI? BbIrrOJ1HHTe IIpHMepHbIH PHCYHOK
Ha6JIIO,l.taeMOH K pTHHbI. Ha pHcyHKe qe <;> 060-
3HaqHTb pacrrOJIO)KeHHe UBeTOB B' crreKTpe OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO ueHTpaJIbHoro MaKCHMYMa.
3. CpaBHHTe ,l.t.f«ppaKUHoHHbIe KapTHHbI, rrOJIyqae-
MbIe C rrOMOmblO rrOJIOCKH KarrpoHa, qacm rpaMrr-
JIaCTHHKH MJIH KOMrraKT-,l.tHCKa. B KaKOM c.rryqae
crreKTp Hpqe H rroqeM)'? LI.IDI rrOHCHeHHH omeTa
c.lleJIaHTe cXeManfqeCKHH PHCYHOK.
'H3MepeHMe AJlMHbI cBeToBoM BonHbI C
nOMO blO AMclJpaKLtiMOHHOM peweTKM
060 p Y ,l.t 0 B a H He: IIpH60p ,l.tJIH orrpe,l.teJIeHHH ,l.tJIH-
HbI CBeroBOH BOJIHbI (pHC. 108), ,l.tH«ppaKUHOHHaH pe-
IlleTKa C rrepHOl!OM 0,02 MJ't!: HJIH 0,01 MM, IllTaTHB, Ma-
'{QBaH ::meKTplfqeCKaH JIaMrra (cBeqa HJIH ,l.tpyroH
HCTOqHHK CBeTa), CBeTo«PHJIbTpbI.
,D,H<t>paK4HOHHaSl J1HHeHKa
peweTKa
\
PRC. 108
TeOpeTHqeCKaH qaCTb
ECJIH CMOTpeTb CKB03b ,l.t1f«ppaKUHoHayIO pemeTKY Ha
'!..f ..
TO'<t qHbIH IfCTOqHHK CBeTa 5, TO Ha 3 paHe MbI 6y,l.teM
mi6iIIO,l.taTb H306paJKemfH ,l.t1f«ppaKUHOHHbIX MakClfMY-
Mon; T. e. ,l.tH«ppaKUHOHHbIe crreKTpbI (plfC. 109).
K=1 t -- , '
5 --------..
- ...-....
* 10 . --:_,
t _---------..----- weTKa '
K=1 --
J>
3KpaH
PlfC. 109
B orrbITe MbI H3yqae.M HBJIeHHe ,l.tH«ppaKLum CBeTa rrQC
JIe rrpoxmK,l.teHHH ,l.t11«PpaKUHOHHOH pemeTKJi[. C TOqKH
3peHHH IIpHHUHrra fIOHreHca-<I>pel;Ie.IDI KaJl(J.taH TOqKa,
,l.t0 KOTOpOH ,l.tomeJI «ppOHT BOJIHbi, CTaHOBHTCH HCTO'J;-
HHKOM BTOPHqHbIX BOJIR, T. e. TOqKlf A, B, C, D, Ii H
T. ,l.t. - HCTOqRHKH c«pepHqeCKHX BOJIR (puc. 110). Bee
3TH, TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe BTOpHqHbIe HCTOqHHKIf CBeTa!»,
- KorepeHTHbIe HCTOqHHKIf. TIpHqeM B HaqaJIbHhJH
MOMeHT Y HHX H «pa3bI KOJIe6aHHH O,l.tHHaKOBbIe, pa3
CBeT ,l.t0 Bcex 3TlfX TOqeK ,l.tomeJI B O,l.tHH MOMeHT Bpe-
MeHH. LIO:Hn;H ,l.t0 3KpaHa, BTOpHqHbIe BOJIHbI, B' 3aBH-
CHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHH CJIO)KeHHH (OT pa3HOCTH XO,l.ta),
,l.taroT MaKClfMYMbI HJIH MHHHM)'MbI. Ha 3KpaHe Ha6mo-
,l.taeTCH HHTep«p peHUHOHHaH KapTIfHa.
K
1-nopAAKa '
(/)
:1
c.
s. a a2
A --- __to -.--------.- .------------- O-nopAAKa
a
b
3
PHC. 110
COrJIaCHO «popM)'JIe pacqeTa M:ftCCHMYMa ,l.tH«ppaKUH-
OHHOH KapTHHbI dsina = kA, B crreKTpe O,l.tHOrO rropH,l.tKa
(Ha pHC. 110 - rrepBOro).l.tIDI pa3HbIX .l.tJIHH BOJIH A-
. pa3HbIe YrJIbI a.,3HaqHT, KaJK,l.tbIH MaKCHMYM CTaHO-
BHTCH Ha 3KpaHe rrpOTH)KeHHbIM, OT «pHOJIeTOBOrO ,l.t0
KpaCHoro. Pa3 KpacHbIH CBeT HMeeT 60J1bmyIO ,l.tJIHay
BOJIHbI, TO OH OTKJIOHHeTCH ClfJIbHee, B KaJl(J.tOM crreK-
Tpe pacrrOJIO)KeH ,l.taJI'blUe OT ueH'tpa.7IbHoro MaKCIfMYMa.
XO,l.t pa60TbI
1. 3arrHcaTb B TeTpa,z.tH Ha3BaHHe pa60TbI, 060PYilJ. 0 -
BaHHe, TeOpeTHqecKYIO qaCTI? B BIf,l.te pHC. 110, rro,ll;-
roTOBlfTb Ta6imuy ,l.tJIH 3arrHCIf rroKa3aHHH (CM,
HHJKe). . .
522
3JIEK1'POMAfHMTHbIE KOJIEEAHM.s:I M BOJIHbi. OTITMKA
NI n. , tlileT cn KTpa- nepMOA peweTi<M r;wOp'A Olf tneKTpa' a b' A
,
,} ,
,
i
2. BCTaBHTh .n;H«l>paKUHoHHYIO perneTKY a paMKY, pac-
rrOJIO>KHTh 3KpaH Ha paCCTO.HHHJ'l 40' HJIH 50' CM OT
perneTKH, CMOTpeTh 'Iepe3 perneTKY Ha HCTO'IHHK
CBeTa H Ha6JIIO.n;hTh .n;H«l>paKI1HOHHhIe crreKTphI.
3. BhI6paTh KpacHYIO JIHHHIO BcrreKTpe rrepBoro no-
pMKa, H3MepHTb(rro B03MO>KHOCrn aKKypaTHo) ee
rrOJIO>KeHHe Ha 3KpaHe - paccTomme b, npo.n;en:aTh
TO >KEf caMoe- AJI.H «l>IlOJIeTOBOM JIHHHH. 3aIIHcaTh
(JIY'Irne rrOJIY'IHTh) pa60'IYIO «l>OPMYJIY .n;JI.H pac-
'IeTa:
A = ' dsina
,k b
.lI:JI.H Harnero CJIY'IM k = 1, sina"'" tga = -.
a
TIo rrOJIY'IeHHOM «l>opMYJIe BhIrrOJIHHTh paC'IeT.
4. TIOJIyqeHHhIe B XOAe 3KcrrepHMeHTa If paC'IeTa 3Ha-
'IeHH.H A CpaBHHTh C Ta6JIH'IHhIMH. C.n;en:aTh Bh -
BO.n;hI.
KOf-ITpOnbHble '3a.qaHMA
1. IIpH TOM >Ke 3Ha'IeHHH a rrpo.n;eJIaTI;> H3MepeHH.H H
BbInOJIliHTh paC'IeT .n;JIHHhI BOJIHhI KpaCHoro CBeTa
rrpH HCnOJIb30BaHHM KpacHoro CBeTo«l>HJIhTpa. Pe-
: : "3YJIhTaThI paC'1eTa cpaBHHTh C paHee rrOJIY'IeHHhIM
: 3Ha'IeHHeM .n;J1HHhI BOJIHhI.
2. CKOJIhKO rropMKoB crreKTpa MO>KHO rrOJIY'IHTh C
- - nOMOmhIO .n;aHHoM .n;H«l>paKQHOHHOM perneTKH?
TIpo.n;eJIaihe H3MepeHH.H H paC'1eThI .n;JI.H AJIHHhI
QOJIHhI KpacHoro CBeTa .n;JI.H BTOpOro crreKTpa. Pe-
3YJIhTaThI CpaBHlITe C paHee rrOJIY'IeHHhIMH.
3. KaK H rrO'IeMY H3MeIDIeTC.H .n;H«l>paKQHOHHM Kap-
"THHa, eCJIH 'IaCTh .n;H«l>paKltJ'lOHHOM perneTKH 3aK-
pbITh? qeM OTJIH'IaeTC.H .n;H«l>paKI1J'lOHHhIH crreKTp
OT .n;HcrrepcHoHHoro?
4,. (YpoBeHb B). B Ka'IeCTBe HCTO'IHHKa CBeTa
" B03hMHTe CBe'IY HJIJ'l crrHpTOBKY. MccJIeAYMTe J'l3-
MeHeRR$!: 'B .n;R«l>paKI1HOHHOM-crreKTpe, nOMemM B
nJIa,ll4.H' Ha KOH'IHKe rrpOBOJIOKH KpyrrHHKH nOBa-
peH H 9 M COJIH. C KaKOM rrpaKrn'IecKoM l1eJIbIO MO>K-
HO HCUOJIh30BaTb rro.n;06Hhrn 3KcrrepHMeHT?
eQJ/.O
paooiiia
1. .lI:JI.H xopornero rtoHHMaHH.H paccMoTpeHHhIx .HBJIe-
HHM CJIe.n;yeT TBep.n;o OTBe1faTh Ha cJIe.n;yroIItHe Borr-
pOChI.
.l!H'C rr e p C H.H. B 'IeM COCTOHT .HBlleHHe .n;Hcnep-
CHH CBeTa? KaK MO>KHO Ha OIIhITe Ha6JIIO.n;aTh .HB-
JIeHHe .n;HcrrepCHH CBeTa? KaKHe BhIBO.n;hI c.n;en:aJI
HhIOTOH B pe3YJIhTaTe 3KcrrepHMeHTaJIhHoro H3Y-
'IeHH.H .n;HcrrepCRH? KaKOBa rrpH'IHHa pa3JIO>KeHIDI
6e.noro CBeTa B crreKTp rrpH rrpOXO>K.n;eHHH 'Iepe3 ,
rrpH3MY? '8 'tJ:eM rrpR'IHHa pa.n;ym? MO>KHO JIH HC-
KYCCTBeHHO rrOJIY'IHTh pa.n;yry? B KaKOM cpe.n;e CBeT
pacnpOC1'paH.HeTC.H KpHBOJIHHeMHo? f
MH T e p «l> e p e H I1 H .H. qeM OTJIH'laeTC.H CJIO>Ke-
HHe CBeTOBhIX rrOTOKOB OT HHTeP«l>epeHIiHH CBeTa?
q TO TaKoe HHTep«l>epeHUH.H CBeTa: .HBJIeHHe R,JIH
CBOMCTBO CBeTa? KaKOBhI.xapaKTepHhIe 'IepThI
.HBJIeHH.H HHTep«l>epeH:QIm?' KaKHM MeTO.n;OM 'Ia e
Bcem rrOJIyqaIOT KorepeHTHbIe RCTO'IHHKH CBe-Ta?
C JII06hIMH JIH MOHoxpOMaTH'IecKRMH BOJIHaMH
B03MO>KHa HHTep«l>epeH:QIf.H CBeTa? tITO rrpOH:10M-
.n;eT C HHTep<pepeHl1HOHHOM KaprnHOM, eCJIH BMec-
TO KpaCHoro CBeTa HCrrOJIh30BaTh «l>HOJIeTOBbIM?
KaKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH .HBJIeHH.H HHTeP«l>ep eH I1JiH
BaM H3BeCTHhI? B 'IeM COCTOHT MeTO.n; rrpOCBeT-
JIeHH.H orrTHKH ?
.lI: H «l> p a K I1 H .H. TIpH KaKHX YCJIOBH.HX rrpOHCXO-
.n;HT .n;H«l>paKI1H.H CBeTa? Bcer.n;a JIM .n;H«l>PaKI1H.H CBe-
Ta aa6JIIo.n;aeMa? MO>KHO JIH Ha6;nIO.n;aTh .n;H«l>paK-
I1HIO CBeTa Ha Me:raJIJIH'IeCKOM CTep>KHe? B lJeM
pa3JIH'IHe Me>K,l(}' .n;H«l>paKQHeM CBeTa H 3JIeKTpO-
MarHHTHhIX BOJIH? TIO'IeMY 'IaCTHl1hI pa3MepOM
MeHhrne 0',3 MKM B Orrrn'IeCKHM MHKpOCKorr Hepa3-
J
(
CBeT J<aJ< 3JIeJ<TpOMarnHTltaH BOJIHa
523,
JIHqM:MbI? qeM OTJIHqaeTCH .n;mppaI<l1HH Ha m;eJIJI
OT .n;mppaJ<I1HH Ha OTBepCTHH? ITOqeMY p; «ppaJ<-
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UHH orrpe.n;eJIHeT rpaHHl1bI npHMeHHMOCTH reOMeT-
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BaHHocm COJIHeqHOrO CBeTa? B qeM BblpaJI<aeTCH
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HHe rromrpH3al1HH CBeTa? qTO HOBoro 0 rrpHpo.n;e
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qeM rOBopHT HaCbIm:eHHbIH KpacHbIH l{BeT TKaHH?
KaK 06pa3yroTcH pa3JIJlqHbIe OTTeHKH I1BeTa TeJI?
ITOqeMY rrpH Hcr<yccmeHHoM OCBem:eHHH I1BeT TKa-
HH (rro cpaBHeHHIO C .n;HeBHbIM cBeToM) MO>KeT H3-
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PerneHHe
IIep6'blu aman: aHaJIH3 TeKCTa 3a.n;aqH, BbI,ZJ;eJIeHHe
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C,i3eTa.n;o 760 HM .n;JIH KpacHoro CBeTa. B rrp HH I1 H -
He, B03MO>KHO rrepeKpbIBaHHe MaKCHMYMOB k H
(k+ 1) rropH.n;KoB (pHC. 111). IT pe>K.n;e Bcero, 6y.n;YT
nepeceKaTbcH KpacHbIH CBeT (Ha pHcYHKe JIyq) k-
crreKTpa H «pHOJIeTOBbrn CBeT (k+1)-crreKTpa. Yc-
JIOBHe OqeBJI.n;HO: .n;JIH KaKHX-TO crreJ<TpOB 3m JIyqH
OJI>KHbI H.n;m rro.n; O.n;HHM YfJIOM.
,Bmopou aman: MaTeMaTHqeCKHe .n;eHCTBJlH, pac-
,qeTbI.
tta pHC. 111 .n;JIH HarJiH.n;HOCTI:I rrOqTH rrepeKpbIBa-
i9TCH crreKTpbI BTOporo H TpeTbero rropH.n;KoB. ,l!o-
'
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IT pH paBeHCTBe rro YCJIOBHIO YfJIOB nOJIyqaeM, qTO
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k=--A
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B bI B o.n; : HYJIeBOH H rrepBbIH cneKTpbI em:e He 6y-
.n;YT rrepeceKaTbCH, HO Y>Ke KpaCHbIH CBeT TpeTbero
crreKTpa rrepeKpoeT qmOJIeTOBbIH CBeT qe'fBepToro
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3Toro CJI)"IaH.
ITpHBe.n;eM .n;JIH TpeHJlpOBKH HeCKOJIbKO THrrJlqHbIX
3a.n;aq Ha orrpe.n;eJIeHHe Xapa!(TepJl<;;mK BOJiHOPbIX Hp:--J
JIeHHH.
1) KaKoH HaH60JIbrnJlH rropH.n;oK crreKTpa MO){(HO Ha-
6JIIO)1aTb,rrpH HCrrOJIb30BaHHH .n;H«ppaKI1 J1 o H HO H
perneTKH, Jlj\.{eIOm:eH 500 IUTpM:XOB Ha 1 MM, npJl
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HOH BOJIHbI 720 HM? '-
(ITo.n;cKa3Ka: rrpH KaKOM YfJIe <p rrO.IIyqaeTCH MaK-
CHMaJIbHbrn crreKTp k?)
2) KaKHe H3 rrepeqJlCJIeHHNX rrpHpo.n;HbIX mmemdt
06YCJIOBJIeHbI HHTep«pepeHI1HeH CBeTa: pa.n;Y>KHCUI
oKpacJ<a KpbIJIbeB HaceKOMbIX, pa.n;Y>KHaH oKpacJ<a
;0 He«pTHHoro IISITHa Ha Bo.n;e; I1BeTHbIe rrOJIOCbI Ha
rroBepXHOCTJI rpaMnJIaCTHHKH (KoMrraKT- .n;HcJ<a),
pa.n;yra?
3) CneKTpbI KaKoro nopH.n;Ka MO>KHO Ha6JIIO.n;aTb iHa
.n;JI«ppaKI1HOHHOH perneTKe C nepHo.n;oM 1,2.10- 3 CM
npH OCBem:eHHH ee CBeTOM C ,ZJ;.lIHHOH BOJIHbI;5.10- 7 M?
524
3JIEKTPOMAfHHTHbIE KOJIEBAHH5I H BOJIHbI. OTITHKA
.7/lI0I''U!CXIIe
3a11
,D,nll HHAHBHAyanbHoro BblnO/lHeHHII AOMa
1. B pe3YJIbTaTe aHaJIH3a TeKC a CTaTbH 0, <I>peHeJIH
.l!If(I)paK1J;HH CBeTa (XpeCTOMaTHH rro <pH3HKe:
y 'lc6. rroco6He ,lI;JIH Y'laIItHXCH 8-10 KJI. Cpo llIK. -
M: TIpoCBeIIteHHe, 1987. - c. 160-161) HaH.ZJ;HTe
OTBeTbI Ha CJIe,z:(yIOUUfc BonpocbI. 3Kcrrepm .{eHTaJIb-
HbIe HJIH TCOpeTH'leCKHe apryMeHTbI HCrrOJIb3yeT
<1>peHCJIb .ZJ;IDI.!ioKa3aTeJIbCma Hecrroco6HoCrn: KOp-
rrycKYJIHpHOH teOpHH CBeTa 06'bHCHHTb .n;H<ppaK-
QHIO? MO)K O JIH CKa3aTb, 'lTO B CBOHX paccY)KLIe-
HH X <1>peHCJIb OrrHpaJICH Ha IIpH3HaHHYIO H ceH-
'lac JIOrHKY rr03HaHHH mmeHHH: rnrrOTe3a - CJIe.ZJ;-
CTBWl 3KcrrepHMcHT? 060CHYHTC OTBCT rrpHMC- .
pOM H3 CTaTbH. .l!oKa)KHTC, COOTBCTCTBYCT JIH
<POPMYJIHpOBKa rrpHHQHrra fIOHrcHca, LIaHHaH
<1>peHCJICM, COBpCMCHHOMY rrpHHQlfrry fIOHreHca-
<1>peHeJIH?
2. H3Y'lHTC TCOpHIO pa60TbI CBCTOBO.ZJ;OB. npc.n;JIO-
)KHTC .n;Ba-TpH rrpOCKTa CBcToBo.n;a, rro.n;6epHTc
o6oPy.n;oBaHHc H CKOHCTPYHPYHTC YCTaHoBKy
(pHC. 112). '
3KcrrcpHMcHTMbHO HCCJIC.n;YHTC pacrrpocTpaHc-
HHe CBeTa B CBCTOBO.ZJ;C. TIo pC3YJIbTaTaM pa60TbI
.b
rro.n;rOTOBbTC pC<pcpaT H c.n;CJIaHTC .ZJ;OKJIa.ZJ;. JIHTe-
paTypa: MaHcp B. B. llOJIHOC OTpa)KCHHC B rrpo-
CTbIX OTIbITax. - M.: HaYKa, '1986; TapacoB JI. B.,
TapacoBa A. H. BCCC.n;bi 0 rrpeJIOMJICHHH CBCTa. -
M.: HaYKa, 1982.
*
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CTeK/lJlHHiUI
nanO'lKa
BOA8 *
3 3
PRC. 112
3. H3y t UfTC TeopHIO ,ZJ;H<ppaKI1HOHHOH pCllICTlm. 3K-
crrcpHMcHtaJIbHO HCCJIC.n;yiITC cBoHcma.ZJ;Byx--rpex
pa3HbIX .n;H<ppaKQlfoHHbIX pCllICTOK. TIpH rrpo .n;c-
HHH OIIbITOB, B 'laCTHOCTH, PYKOBO.ZJ;CTByihch Borr-
pocaMH: KaKOC KOJIH'lCCTBO crrCKTpOB rrOJIyqaeTcH
C rrOMOIItbIO pellIcTKH? Kamc c:neKTpbI rrepeceK -
IOTCH? KaK MCHHCTCH llIHpHHa crreKTpa rrpH YBC-
JIH'lCHHH ero rropH.ZJ;Ka? KaK H rrO'lCMY MeHHCTCH
.n;H<ppaKQHOHHaH KapTHHa rrpH rrOBOpa'lHBaHHH
pCllICTKH BOKpyr BCpTHKaJIbHOH OCH? KaK H rrO'l.e-
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526
3JIEKTPOMAfHMTHbIE KOJIEBAHIUI 11 BOJJHbi. OTITI1KA
MTaK, OCHOBHbIM 061>eKTOM H3yqemm 3JIeKTpO.nHHa-
MHKH HBJIHeTCH; imeKTpOMarHHTHoe nOJIe. Ho B pas-
HbIX CJIyqa5IX OHO np05IBJI5IeTC5I no pa3HOMY, B BH.n;e
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ro), arHHTHoro,' CT&:QHOHapHoro 3JIeKTpHqeCKOr ,
BHxpeBoro 3JIeKTpHqeCKoro, nepeMeHHoro 3JIeKTpH-
qeCKorp. B Ta6JIH:Qe 8 npHBe,lteHbI HaH60JIee mnHq-
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Ha) KOTOphIX CB5I3aHO c. cooTBeTcTByromHM nOJIeM.
WK8IIa 3neKTpOMarMMTHblxBonH
qto TaKoe 3JIeKTpbMatHHTHbIe BOJIHbI? 3TO npo:Qecc
pacnpocTpaHeHH5I CJeqeHHeM'apeMeHH 3JIeKTpOMar-
HH"THOrO rrOJI5I B' npocTpaHcTBe. tIeM OTJIHqaIOTCH
3JI KTpOMarHHTHh e BOJIHbI .n;pyr OT .n;pyra? KaK Y>Ke
YKa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, BOJIHbI paaJIHqaIOTCH Me>K.n;y co-
60H npe>K.n;e Bcero qaCTOToH.
B H:aCTOHmee BpeMH Bce H3BeCTHbIe 3JIeKTpOMamHT-
Hble BOJIHbI 091>e.n;HHeHbI B IllKaJIy no npHHI1Hny B03-
paCTaHHH qaCTOTbI. BOJIee CTa JIeT, cpaKTHqeCKH C Ha-
qaJIa XIX B., npo.n;OJI>KaJIOCh OTKpbITHe Bce HOBbIX H
HOBbIX BOJIH: E.n;HHCTBO BOJIH 6bIJIO .n;OKa3aHO '(eopH-
eH MaxcBeJIJIa. ,l10 Hero MHorne BOJIHbI paCCMaTpH-
BaJIHCb KaK HBJIeHHH p 3HOH npHpo.n;bI.
BCH IIIKaJIa (nOJIHbIH Ha60p BOJIH) 3JIeKTpOMarHHT-
HbIX BOJIH pa.3.n;eJIeHa Ha .n;Hana30abI no qaCTOTe H cno-
cq6y. H3JIyqeHH5I: .
Ii - HH3KO'laCTOTHbIe (OT 3.10- 3 110 3.10 3 fl1) re-
HepnpYIOTC5I 3JIeKTpHt:IeCKHMH reHepaTopaMH;
'. pa.n;HOBOJIHbI (OT 3.10 4 .lfo 3.10 12 fq) reHepH-
PYIOTC5I BH6paTopaMH fepl1a, aHTeHHaMH;
HH<ppaKpaCHbIe JIY'IH (OT 3.10 11 .n;o 4.101A. fl1)
reHepHpyroTcH HarpeTbIMH TeJIal,m;
· CBeTOBbIe BOJIHbl (OT 4.10 14 .n;o 8.10 14 fl1) reHe-
pHpyroTCH TeJIaMH, HarpeThIMH.n;O cpaBHHTeJIb-
HO BbICOKOH TeMneparypbI, B qaCTHOCTH, 3TO
JIaMnbI HaKaJIHBaHHH;
· YJlbTpa4>HOJ1eTOBbIeJIy1fH (OT 8.10 14 .n;03. 10 16 fl1)
reHepHpyroTC5I TeJIaMH, HarpeTbIMH '.n;o BbICO-
KOH TeMneparypbI - 110 3000 °C H BbIIIIe; aTO,
npe>K.n;e Bcero, COJIHl1e; Ha 3eMJIe - .n;yroBoH
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3.10 20 fl1) reHepHpYeTCH npH TOp,MO>KeHHH 3a- 0
p5I>K HHbIX qaCTHI1 B 3JIeKTpHqeCKHX nOJI5Ix;
· raMMa- H 3JIY':IeHHe (01' 3.10 19 fl1'H 60JIee) reHe-
pHpyeTC5I npH pacna.n;e aTOMOB.
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3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX BdJIH HeT. 3TO H nOH5ITHO, paa' .
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, na30HOB BH.n;,BOJIHbI YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT'no'cnoc06y 'ee ,:
H3JIY'leIDIH, T. e. 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHM eOJIHa O.n;HOH H'I
TOH >Ke qaCTOTbI MO>KeT 6bITb B TOM HJIH .n;pyrOM CJIY-
qae OTHeceHa K pa3HOMy BH,l(y BOJIH: HarrpHMep, 113- \
JIyqeHHe C .n;JIimOH BOJIHbI B 100 MKM MO>KeT 6bITb
OTHeceHO K pa.n;noBOJIIJaM HJIH K HHcppaKpaCHbIM BOJI-;
HaM. HCKJIIOqeHHe - BH,l(HMbIHCBeT.
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HH<I>paKpacHoe H3JIYqeHHe, HeKoTOpbIe .n;Harra30HbI
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Ba>KHOe 3HaqeHHe. TIepBbIH rrpHMep - HH<ppaKpacHoe
H3JIyqeHHe, KOTOpoe eme Ha3bIBaIOT TernOBbIM.
OCHOBHbIe CBe.n;eHHH 06 HHcppaKpacHoM H3JIyqeHHH
npHBe.n;eHbJ B TaruIHl1e 10. CaMa5I npOCTM YCTaH;OBKa,:
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pa>KeHa Ha pHC. 113. B orrbITax MO>KHO HCrrOJlli30BaTh .'
JII060H HCTOqHHK TerrJIOBOrO H3JIyqeHH5I - YTIOr, Ha '
rpeBaTeJIb. BonpocbI, Ha KOTopbIe JIerKO 3KcrrepHMeH-
TaJIbHO HaUTH OTBeThI: H3MeH5IeTCH JIH HHTeHCHBHOC1;h
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PlfC. 113
Y JIbTpa<l>HOJIeTOBOe H3JIY'leHHe, 3a cpHOJIeTOBb1M
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HO 06HapY>KHTb HeBH,l(HMOe ma30M H3JIyqeHlfe - YJIb-
TpacpHOJIeTOBoe. Ha cxeMe 14 cHcTeMantmpoBaHbloc-
HOBHbIe CBe.n;eHIDI 06 3THX 3JIeKTpOMamHTIIbIX BOJIHaX.
B IIIKOJIe YJIbTpa<pHOJIeTOBOe H3JIyqeHHe 3Kcf!epHMeH-
TaJIbHO rrOJIyqaIOT C rrOMOmbIO crreI.J;HaJIbHoro OCBern-
j
\
\
0606lI{e 1H1 3JIeKTp.o,z:{HHa,MHKH
527
TeJHI R1IH 3JIeKTpH'IeCK.oM ,z:{yrH. TIpH HaJIJflIHH HCT.o'I-
HHKa B.oJIH M.o>KH.o n.oCTaBIITb npOCTbIe .onbITbI n.o BbI-
SlCHeHHIO HeK.oT.opbIX ,CB.oMCTB I-I3JIY'Ie IISI:
a) .lI;eMCfBHe HaJIIOMHHeCIIeHTHbIM 3KpaH, tP.o T06 yMary;
6) n.om.olI{eHHelli7lY'IeHHSI CTeKJI.oM, .oTpa)l{eHHe Me-
TaJIJlaMH; ,
B) H.oHH3aIIHSI B.o3,z:{yxa.
Ha pHC. 114 H3.o6pIDKeHa cxeMa rrp.ocTeMllIeM 3KcnepH-
MeHTaJIbH.oM YCTaH.oBKH. B Ka'IeCTBe HH,lJ;HKaT.opa
M.o>KH.o Hcn.oJIb3.oBaTh JlIOMHHeclteHTHbIM 3KpaH.
!YT II <
PlfC. 114
:3
PeHTI'eHOBCKoe H3JIY'IeHHe. B 1895 r. HeMeltKIIM
«l>H3HK B. PeHTreH (1845-1923) 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbH.o
.oTKpblJI cYlI{eCTB.oBaHHe H.oB.or.o BH.lI;a H3JIY'IeHHSI.
Te.opeTH'IecK.oe H npaKTH'IecKoe 3Ha'IeHHe 3T.oro .oT-
KpbITMSl6bIJI.o TaK BeJIHK.o, 'IT.o B 1901 r. nepB.oMY cpe-
,z:{H «l>H3HK.oB PeHTreHY 6blJIa npHcy>K,z:{eHa H.o6e.n:eBc-
i' KaSl npeMHSI. OH np.oB.o,z:{HJI .onbITbI n.o H3Y'IeHHIO
t. 3JIeKTpJfllecK.oro T.oKa B Tpy6Ke, H3 K.oT.op.oM BbIKa'IeH
, B.o3,z:{YX (pHC. 115). OKa3aJI.ocb, 'IT.o npH BbIC.oK.oM Ha-
,, ' npSl>KeHHH B HecK.oJIbK.o TbICSl'I B.oJIbT aH.o,z:{ CTaH.oBHT- '
CSI HCT.o'IHHK.oM HeH3BeCTH.or.o X-H::myqeHHSI.
/lY4H
L
PlfC. 115
ECTeCTBeHH.o, npe>KJ(e Bcer.o, y'IeHbIM nOCTapaJICSI .on-
pe,z:{eJIHTb CB.oMcTBa H.oB.or.o H3JIY'IeHIDI. .l{JISI 3T.or.o
CTaB,HJIHCb H CTaBHJIHCb Bce H.oBbIe H H.oBbIe .onblTbI.
q Tq?K e BbISlCHHJIOCb? CaM PeHTreH, B 'IaCTH.ocrn, .onH-
can: CJIe,z:{YIOlI{He cB.oMCTBa H.oB.or.o H3JIyqeHHSI:
1. CMJIbHaH np.oHHKaIOmaH cn.oc.o6H.oCTh H.oBbIX JIY-
'Ie-M: JIerK.o np.ox.o.ll;SlT 'Iepe3 KHHrYT.oJIlI{HH.oM B
J'
1000 CTpaHHlt, T.oHKHe MeTaJIJIH'IeCKMe nJiaCTHH-
KH H .lI:p. TIp.oHHltaeM.ocTb TeJI. 3aBHCHT,.oT. HX nJI.oT-,:
H.oCTM H,TOJIlI{MHbI.
2. JIyqM' .lI;eMcTByroT Ha «l>.oTOnJIaCTHHKY, H.oHH3HPYIOT" ,
B.o3.l:{yX, T. e. pa3pSl>KaIOT Ha3JIeKTpH3.oBaHHbIe TeJIa.
3. B 1895 r. Y'IeHbIM nMCaJI:
..,MHe He YAaBaJIOCb, HeCMOTp Ha Bce YClfJIIf , no-
JI)"llfTb OTKJIOHeHHe X - JI)"leH MaraHTOM Aaxce B O'leHb: ,
CHJIbHbIX MarHlfTHbIX nOJI x..
4. H.o B .onblTaX .o,ZJ;H.o3Ha'IH.o He y,z:{aJI.oCbonpeneJIMTb",.'
.oTKJI.oHSlIOTCSlIIJIH HeT X -JIyqH npH np.ox.o>KJ(eHHH
npH3MbI. CaM ,Y'IeHbIM nHC :
...C nplf3MaMH 1f3 360HHTa If aJIIOMHHIDI C npe.rrOMJmIO'"
IIUfM ymoM TaIOKe B 30. nOJIY'laJI Ha 4x>Torpacl>M'I -
KOH rumcTHHKe CHHMKH, Ha KOTOpbIX KaK 6YATO MmKHO,
3aMeTHTh OTKJIOaeHHe. Ho 3TO BeCbMa HeHCHO..;. ' ,/,
TI.ocJIe .oTKpbIrnSl H.oB.or.o H3Y'IeHHSI n.o'ITH cpa3y 6blJIH
BbICKa3aHbI rHn.oTe3bI .0 1' , 'ITO 31'.0 BH,lJ; 3JteKTp.oMar"
HHTHbIX B.oJIH. H.o TPY,z:{H.oCTH npH 3KcnepMMeHTaJIb-
H.oM H3Y'IeHHH pSl,ZJ;a CB.oMCTB M3J1yqeHMSI (,z:{H<ppaKIIHM,
n.oJISlpH3altHH H ,z:{p.) 3aTSlHYJIH .oK.oH'IaTeJIbHoe .lI;.oKa-
3aTeJIbCTB.o nm.oTe3bI 6.oJIee 'IeM Ha J(eCSlTb JIeT. TIpH
H3yqeHHH CJI.o>KHbIX SlBJIeHHM B tPH3HKe TaK 6bIBaeT
Hepe,ZJ;K.o1 Ha cxeMe 15 CHCTeMaTH3Hp.oBaHbI .oCH.oBHbIe
CBe.ll;eHHSI .0 peHTreH.oBCK.oM 1I3JIyqeHl1H.
Y CIDIMSI yqeHblx n.o ,z:{.oKa3aTeJIbCTBY mn.oTe3bI .06 3J1eK-
Tp.oMarHHTH.oM rrpHp.o.ll;e peHTreH.oBcK.oro H3JIyqeHWI
6blJIH B.o3Harpa>K,l(eHbI B 1912 r. B ST.oM ro,ZJ;y HeMeQ-
KHM «l>M3HK-Te.opeTHK MaKc JIaya (1879- 960) pa3pa-
60TaJI TeopMIO MHTeP«l>epeHltHH peHTreH.oBcKHX JIY'Ie M
Ha KpHCTaJIJlax, yn.opM.o'IeHH.oe pacn.oJI.o>KeHHe aT.oM.oB
K.oTOpbIX c03,z:{aB3JI.o n.o.ll;.o6He ,z:{M«l>PaKltH.oHH.oM pellIeT-
KH C MaJIbIM nepH.o,z:{.oM nopMKa 3.10- 10 M. ITo'Irn cpa-
3Y >Ke rrpe,z:{CKa3aHIDI 1'e.opHH 6blJIH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIb-
H.o n.o.ll;TBep>K,z:{eHbI. CxeMa .onbITa H n.oJIY'IeHHaSl
HHTep«l>epeHltH.oHHaH KaprnHa npHBe,ZJ;eHbI Ha pMC. 116.
" '
+ D1 3
. . .
. .'. ... v
.. ..
.
. .. . .
.. ..
. .
. .
Plfc.116
113Y'IeHHe ,lJ;H«l>paKltM.oHH.oM Ka TMHbI n.o3B.oJIHJI.o .on-
pe.ll;eJIMTb .lI;JIHHY B.oJIHbI peHTreH.oBcK.or.o H3.1IyqeHMH.
3a .oTKp:bIrne ,z:{Hc:ppaKltHH X - JIyqeM M. JIaY !B 1914 r.
6bIJI y.ll;.ocT.oeH H.o6eJIeBcK.oM npeMMH.
528
3JIEKTPOMAfHl1THbIE KOJIEEAHI15I H BOJIHbI. OTITHKA
eKT 1 H3y eHH
3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHbie Q>aKTbl
HAeaJIH3HpoBaHHble 06beKTbl
-.
<PyHAcU4eHTa/lbHble nOH TH
(])H3Hl4ecKHe BeJ1HI.IHHbl
3aKOHblcoxpaHeHH
3aKOHbl
<PyHAClMeHTaJlbHble nOCTO HHble
T eopeTHl.lecKHe CJ1eACTBH
T exHHl.lec He npH eHeHH
Ta6JIHI.(a 7
, . . 'i<
:', . I, '"
OC BAHHE3nEKTPO HHAMHKH
3J1eKtpoMarHHTHble nOJ1 , 3J1eKTpOMarHHTHble BOJ1Hbl 3J1eKTpHl.lecKHe aapllAbl
B3aHMOAeHCTBHe 3J1eKTpHl.leCKHX aap AOB, B3aHMoAeHcTBHe TOKOB,
..D.eHcTBHe 3J1eKTpHl.lecKoro TOKa Ha MarHHTHYIO ,CTpeJ1KY H AP,
T O el.fHblH aapll,D,. CBo60AHble 3.neKTpoHbl. 3J1eKTpoHHbIH raa,' OAHOPOAHoe
3J1eKtpHl.lecKor nOJ1e, MOHoxpoMaTHl.lecK 3J1eKTPoMarHHTHaSi BOJ1Ha (H P A
)lJ.pyrKx)
3J1eKTpHl.lecKHH 'aapRA, 3J1eKTpOMarHKTHoe nOJ1e, 3J1eKTpOMarHKTHaSi BOJ1Ha
HanplI)KeHHOCTb, MarHHTH HHAYK H , CHJ1a TOKa, HanplDKeHHe,
ConpOTHBJ1eHHe npOBOAHHKa, 3HeprH nOJ1 , 4acToTa H AJ1HHa BOJ1Hbl
;::
fI PO TEOPHH
3aKOHbl coxpaHeHH 3HeprHH 3J1eKTpOMarHHTHOrO flOII , HMnYJ1bCa, aapJlAa
aaMKHyroH CHCTeMbl
nOKO I.L\HecR H ABH>KyI.L\HecR 3apRAbi 06pa3YIOT 3J1eKTpHl.lecKoe nOJ1e, CH!10Bble
J1HHHH KOToporo Hal.lHHaJOTCR H aaKaHI.IHSalOTCR Ha 3apll,D,ax
B npHpoAe Her MarHHTHblX aap AOB; J1HHHH MarHHTHoH HHAYK HH 3aMKHyrbl
.nBH>+<YI.L\ ecR 3J1eKTpHl.lecKHe 3apll,D,bl nopo)f(AaIOT MarHHTHoe nOJ1e, J1HHHH
MarHHTHOH HHAYK HH KOToporo OXBaTblBaIOT JlHHHH TOKa
nepeMeHHoe MarHHTHoe nOJ1e nOp<»f<AaeT nepeMeHoe 3J1eKTpHl.lecKoe nOJ1e,
CHJ10Bble J1HHHH KOToporo 3aMKHyrbi H OXBaTbIBaIOT J1HHHH MarHKTHOH
HHAYK HH
nepeMeHHoe 3J1eKTpHl.lecKoe nOJ1e nopo>KAaeT nepeMeHHoe MarHHTHoe nOJ1e, 'f '
J1HHHH MarHHTHoH HHAYK HH KOToporo 3aMKHyrbi H OXBaTblBaIOT CH/IOBble
J1HHHH HanpJl>KeHHOCTH 3J1eKTpHl.lecKoro nOJ1
CKOPOCTb 3J1eKTpOMarHKTHbIX BOJ1H, 3ap A H Macca 3J1eKTpoHa. 3J1eKTpH\lecK
nOCTO HHaSl, MarHHTHaSi nOCTOllttHaSi "
cne.qCTBHfI 3i1EKTPO HHAMHKH
Pac eTbl H3J1y eHH 3J1eKTpOMarHKTHbIX BOJ1H, npe.qcKaaaHHe CYl.L\ecTBOsaHHR
3J1eKTpoMarHHTHbIX BOJ1H, PaCl.leTbl 3J1eKTpHl.lecKHx eneH, Bbl cHeHHe npHpoAbl
CBeTa
Pa,qHOCBR3b, T eJ1eBH3HOHHaSi CBR3b, nOJ1}A1eHHe, nepe.qal.la H nOTpe6J1eHHe
3J1eKTpo3HeprHH, OnTHl.lecKHe npH60pbl
:
\
0606tlJ:eHHH 3JIetcrpO,lI;lIHaMHKH
529
MCriOnb30B HME '7
CBETA
!.--
CXEMA 13
"
Lti-' .
OnTMlleCKMe npM60pw
. npoeK HOHHble annapaTbl
. CDOTO- H KHHoannapaTbl
. TeJ1ecKonbi
. CneKTpocK nbl
i'N
. J1a3epHi)le rHpoCKonbl
C.eToTe HM a
.:,.1\.
. McT04HHKH CBeTa
. J1a3epHafi caapKa
. r onorpacpHII
. npOCBeTneHHe OnTHKH
. J1a3epbl B MeAH HHe
MeTponOrl!lA
. 3TaJ10H MeTpa
KOHTponb 3a Ka4eCTBOM
o6pa6oTKHnOBepXHOCTeH
A
OC HnnorpacpHII
J1a3epHafi nOK 1I nnaHeT
CBA3b
'. TeneBHAeHHe
. CDOTOTeJ1erpacp
.. OnTH4ecKafi CBII3b:
ceMacpop HAP,
3neKTpQHMKa
. CDOT03neMeHTbI,
. COnHe4Hble 6aTapeH
. OnT03J1eKTpOHHKa
...
...
Ta6Jl,Hn:a 8
none
3.neKlpOCTaTHL4ecKoe (311eKTpH4ecKoe)
I
MarHHTHoe (MarHHTOCTaTH4ecKoe)
Cia14HOHapHoe 3I1eKTpHL4ect<oe
nepeMetiHOe MarHHTHoe
B.,XpeBoe 3.neKTpHL4ecKoe
nepeMeHHoe 3neKTpI-NecKOe
(E H3MeHlleTCR no r pMoHH4ecKOMY 3aKOHY)
1.! KrpoMarHHTHoe
Cl»M3MllecKoe REUleHMe
B3aHMOAeHCT8He 3neKTpH"IeCKHX 3apRAOB, 3neKTpH3al\HR Ten,
eMneHHe '
, "
B3aHMOAeHCTBHe nOCTORHHblX MarHHT08: OTTanKHBaHHe H npHTR>KeHHe,
B3aHMoAeHCT.BHe TOKOB, ,lJ,eHCTBHe nonR Ha ABH>KY HHCR 3apR,D,.
nOCTORHHblH 3i1eKTpHL4ecKHH TOK, MarHHTHoe none nOCTORHHorO'TOKa,
HarpeaaHHe npoBOAHHKOB
Bo3HHKHOBeHHe nepeMeHHoro MarHHTHorO nonR, nepeMeHHblH
'3.neKTpHL4ecKHH TOK B KOHrype
'Bo3HHKHOBeHHe BHxpeBoro 3neKTpHL4ecKoro nonR, nepeMeHHblH
3neKTpHL4ecKHM TOK B npoBOAHMKe
,nepeMeHHblH 3I1,eKTpI-NecKHH Tok, T paHcctx>PMa R ne eHHoro
3l1eKTpHL4ecKoro TOKa,
311eKTpoMarl1HTHbie BOIIHbl, Pa.D.H08OIIHbl, CBeTOBble BOIIHI"bI
,530
3JIEKTPOMAfHl1THbIE KOJIEBAHl15I 11 BOJIHbI. OTITl1KA
06L1.U,1E CBOHCTBA .... XAPAKTEP....CT....K.... 3n£KTPOMArH....THbiX BOnH
CBOMCTBa XapaKTepMCTMKM '
PaCnpOCTpaHeHHe B npOCTpaHCTBe C Te4eHHeM BpeMeHH CKOPOCTb 311eKTpOMarHMTHbiX BOI1H B BaKYYMe nOCTOSlHHa
KM
, M paBHa npH611H3MTel1bHO 300 000
Bce BOI1Hbl rior/lOU¥iIOTCSI Bel.l..\eCTBOM Pa3I1H4H le K03<P<PH4HeHTbl nOrl10l.l..\eHHII (B WKO/le HX He
H3y4aJOT)
Bee BO/lHbl Ha rpaHH4e pa3Ael1a ABYX CpeA 4aCTH4HO 3aKOHbi OTpa>KeHHII H npellOM/leHHII, K03<P<PH4HeHTbl
OTpa>KaIOTCSI, 4acTH4HO npellOMl1l1lOTCIi OTpa>KeHMII AllII pa3HbiX CpeA H paaHblX BOI1H (B WKOl1e He
'.. H3Y4aIOTCII) .. .-.-'.,
Bee 3/1eKTpOMarHHTHbie H311Y4eHMII npollBl1l1lOT CBOHCTBa np HH 4Hn cynepno3M4HH, ,D,nll KorepeHTHblX MCT04HMKOB
BOI1H: CK/la,qbIBaIOTC$'I, orH6alOT npenllTCTBHlI, HecKOl1bKO npaBH/la onpeAel1eHMII MaKCHMYMOB, npHH4Mn r IOHreHca-
BO/IH OAHOBpeMeHHO MOryr CYl.I..\eCTIJOBaTb B Op,HOH (J)peHeJ1l1, BoI1Hbt Me>t<AY C060H He B3aHMop,eHCTBYJOT
0611aCTH npOCTpaHCTBa
C110>KHble 311eKTpoMarHMTHble BOI1Hbl npH 3aBHCHMOCTb nOKaJaTel111 npellOM/leHHII cpeAbl OT
B3aMMO,D,eHCTBMH C Bel.l..\eCTBOM paCKI1a,qbIBaIOTCIi B 4aCTOTbi BOI1Hbl, CKOPOCTb BOI1Hbl B Bel.l..\eCTBe JaBHCHT OT
cneKTp-p,HcnepCHIi c
nOKa3aTel111 npellOMl1eHMII CpeAbl v = -;;
BoI1Hbl pa3HOH MHTeHCHBHOCTH nl10THOCTb nOTOKa .....3I1Y4eHMII I
Ta6JlHl\a 9
/!
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,
OrKpblTMe 1800 r. - aHr/lHHCKMH <pM3HK H aCTpoHOM y, repWel1b
....3JlY'taTenM HCT04HHKH BOI1H - Bce HarpeTble Tel1a, HanpMMep: C0l1H4e (,D,O 50% C0l1He4HOH 3HeprMH, na,qalOl.I..\eH
Ha 3eMI1IO), l1aMn04Ka HaKa/lHBaHHII (.0.0 95% H311y4eHHII)
npMeMHMKM T epM03l1eMeHTbl, HK-TepMope3HCTOPbl, BO,D,$'IHOH MaHoMeTp C Ten/lOnpHeMHIo1KOM
, '
CBoMcTBa Bce CBQHCTBa BO/lH:, OTpa>KeHlo1e, npellOMl1eHlo1e, Io1HTepcpepeH4HII 101 p,p,
He Bbl3blBalOT 3pHTel1bHbiX OI.l..\Yl.I..\eHHH
4epHoe CTeKI10, 4epHa$'l 6YMara - np03pa4Hbi AllII 3THX BOI1H, BOp,a, BO,D;lHble napbl - He npoapa4Hbi
npMMeHeHMe HarpeBaHHe 101 CYWKa Tell
<l>oTorpa<pH poBaH He (reO<p1013Io1Ka, Mep,H4HHa H p,p,)
Tenl10Bbie 110KaTOpbl, CHCTeMbl caMOHaBep,eHHII, npH60pbl H04Horo BHp,eHHII (CM, pHC,)
* 2 ---» ,-,
1 - cj)oToKaToJ\
2 - 3KpaH nlOMI1HeC4eHTHblH
3 - 3neKTpOHbi
Ta6JIHl\a 10
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531
, CXEMA 14
OTKpblTM,e' -,
AMana30Ha
. C 1801 no 1927 r.
j Y4eHbie pa3HbiX CTpati
.
- ..
I
CBOMCTBa
i
. 0611a,D,aeT BceMH CBoHcTBaMH
, BOI1H
. He Bbl3blBaeT 3PHTeJ1bHOfO
; OI1.l)'U.\eHHJ'I
,
. l-1oHH3HpYIOI1.Iee ,t\eHcTBHe
;
CXEMA 15
,,':,npHeMHMKM"'>' .'
. T epM0311eMeHTbi
" $OTO,t\HO,t\bl
. J1IOMHHeC4HpYIOI1.IHH 3KpaH
A
YtI>-H3IIY'lEHHE
.MCTO'lHMKM Bon,H
. C0l1H4e (OK0I10 10%
3HeprHH)
. 311eKTpH4ecKaJ'I ,t\yra
. PTYTHaJ'I naMna
npMMel-ieHMe
. $oTorpa4>HJ'I B Y$-I1)'4ax
. caKTepH4H,t\Hble l1aMnbl B
Me,t\H4HHe
. PrYTHble l1aMnbl ,t\11J'1
OCBel1.leHHJ'I
OCHOBHblE CBE.QEHHJt 0 PEHTrEHOBCKOM H3J1Y"IEHHH
,;;iI;'
,CJ)aKTbl
. " - CYl1.leCTBOBaHHe HeKoero
.. ..X-H3I1Y4eHHJ'I, OTKpblTHe
/' 8, PeHTreHa
" 3KcnepHMeHTanbHo
06HaPY>KeHHble CBoHcTBa
..' -nY4eH: HeBH,t\HMoe
H3I1Y4eHHe,HOHH3a4 H J'I
B03,t\yxa H ,t\p,.
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Tpy6Ka, C0I1H4e, 3Be3,t\bl
MOl'enb (rMnOTe3a 0
npMpOl'e,Cpel'CTBa
onMcaHMA M I'p.)
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311eKTpoMarHHTHbie BOI1Hbl
. 311eKTpoMarHHTHbie BOI1Hbl '
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10- 9 - 10- 10 M
. X-I1Y4H06pa3YIOTcJ'I B
pe3Yl1bTaTe pe3Koro
TOpMO>KeHHJ'I 6blCTPblX
311eKTpoHoB Bel1.leCTBOM
aHo,t\a
. npe,t\cKa3aHHe pJ'l,D,a CBOHCTB
H3I1Y4e HJ'I:,t\HqppaK4 J'I,
n0I1J'1p H3a 4 H J'I
Cnel'CTBMA,
npMMeHeHHe
..
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peHTreHOrpaMM
BHYTpeHHHx o{>raHOB
. TexHHKa:peHTreHoBcKaJ'l
,t\eqpeKToCKOnHJ'I
. HaYKa: H3Y4eHHe CTPYKTYPbl
KpHCTanl10B H 6el1KOBbiX
MOl1eKYI1,peHTreHoBcKaJ'I
cneKTpOCKOnHJ'I,
peHTreHoBcKHH
MHKpocKon H ,t\p,
532
3JIEKTPOMAfHI1THbIE KOJIEEAHI15I 11 BOJIHbI. OIITI1KA
CXEMA 16
.
... B MeXaHMileCKYIO
... BO BHyrpeHHlO1O (YennOBYIO)
CBeT
. Ha peBaHMe Ten M3nYlfeHMeM
. AaBJIeHMe CBeTa
..
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-+
E
. 3neKTpM'f8CKMM TOK HarpeBaer
npOBOAHMK
1 :; v : f
. 3neKTpOABMraTenb
f CBeT
cO 2 D °2
----+
-
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[Ye 0
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. Cl)OT03c1»cl»eKT
-
(£) J....
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,
,
,
. ) i
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AgDr + CBeT Ag + Br
.., B XIIMMileCKYIO
... BO BHyrpMaYOMHYIO
0606ru;eHIDI 3JIeKTpO,lJ;IiHaMIiKIi
533
e
jIaJoliia
Ka'leCTBeHHble BOnpoCbl M 3aAaliM
IIoqeMY 3liMOH b6JIaqHbIe ,lJ;HIi TerrJIee COJIHeqHbIX?
IIoqeMY B ropax peKOMeH,ZJ;yIOT IiCrrOJIb30BaTb COJIH-
IIe3am:IiTHbIe OqKlf? KaKoe CBOHCTBO IiH<l>paKpaCHbIX
.nyqeH llIli:pOKO IiCfiOJIb3yeTcH Ha rrpaKTIi e? IIoqeMY
6aJIJIOHbI HeKOTopbIX JIaMrr, IiCrrOJIb3yeMbIX B Me,lJ;lfIIIi-
He, ,ZJ;eJIalOT If3 KBapIIeBoro CTeKJIa? KaKOBbI OTJIliqliH
Me)K.ltY CBeTOBbIMIi Ii peHITei-IoBcKIiMIi 3JIeE:TpOMar-
+THbIMIi BOJIHaMIi? IIoqeMY He y,lJ;aJIOCb rro.nyqlITb
,zfi<l>paKJ,tIiOHHYIO KapTlfHY peHTfeHOBCKoro If3JIyqe-
fl:rnI C rrOMOIIJ;b1O .nyqllIliX ,lJ;1i<l>paKIIHoHHbIX perneTOK?
pMMepbl HaM60nee TMnM'IHblX 3aAail
.,
h 3JIeKTpOH no,lJ; ,lJ;eHCTBlieM 3.fIeKTpliqeCKOrO rroJUI
rrepe,lJ; aUQ,lJ;OM (pIiC. 115) nplio6peJI CKOpOCTb
M
1,32.10 7 -. KaKoe HarrpH)Kelllie 6bIJIO rrpHJIO)KeHO
c
K peHITeHOBCKoH TPy6Ke?
, . -
2, IIpH KaKOM HanpH)KeHIlli MC)K,lI;y KaTO,lJ;oM'1i aHO-
,lJ;OM - 50 IiJIIi 100 KB - 6Y,lJ;YT 1i3JIyqaTbCH peHT-
" reHOBCK e JIyqli C 60J1ee KOpOTKOH ,ZJ;JIHHOH BOJIHbI?
3. Ha ,ZJ;H<l>paKIIHoHHYIO perneTKY C rreplio,lJ;OM 0,001 MM
rra,n;aeT YJIbTpa<l>IiOJIeTOBOe 1i3JIyqelllie C ,ZJ;JIIiHOH
BOJIHbI OT 10- 7 ,lJ;O 10- 8 M. KaKoBa 6Y,ZJ;eT rnlipliHa
crreKTpa nepB9ro rrop}l,lJ;Ka, eCJIIi 3KpaH ,pacrroJIo-
)KeH Ha pacCToHHIiM 1 M OT perneTKM?
IIpM ll3yqeHIlli M orrlicamrn HBJIeHIiH rrplipo,ZJ;bI BIDK-
e / Hpe 3HaqeHlie llMelOT rrpeo6pa3oBaHIDI 3Hepnm. Ha
cx.eMe 16 rrOKa3aHbI B03MO)KHbIe rrpeBparu;ellli$l SJIeK-
TpOMarHMTHOH 3Hepnm B ,lJ;pyrne Bl1,lJ;bI 3HepJ?Hli, rrpM-
Be,ZJ;eHbI rrplfMepbI rrpoIIeccoB.
t6Iiodllll4
IIiecI1i
OpMeHTMpOBOqHO 3a 40-45 MID:IYT M3 20 3a,n;aHHH Ha
OneHKY .y,lJ;OBJIeTBopli:reJIbHO HY)KHO BbIlIOJIHIiTb
11 -12, If3 HMX O,ZJ;Hy pacqeTHYIO 3a,n;aqy. Ha OIIeHKY
OT.7IIiqHO CJIe,ZJ;yeT B,bIlIOJIHlITb 15-16 3a,n;aHIiH, 1i3
IlliX O,lJ;HY 3a,n;aqy rroBbIweHHoH TpynHocm.
3;tAaHMA Ha nOHMMaHMe MeToAoB HaY'lHoro
n03HaHMA
1. KaKYIO rMrrote3Y B XO,lJ;e CBOMX 3KcrrepliMeHToB
<l>aKTH:qeCKIf ,lJ;OKa3bIBaJI fepII?
'c
.. D A. 0 cyru;ecTBoBaHIiM CBeTOBbIX BOOH.
D E. b ocy ecTBoBaHIiIi ,lJ;1i<l>paKIIIiM 3JIeKTpO-
MarHlITHbIX BOJIH.
D B. 0 Cym:ecTBOBaHMM 3JIeKTpOMaI'IlliTIIoro rroIDI.
D f. 0 cyru;eCTBOB<UIliM 3JIeKTpOMarmITHbIX BOJIH.
D .l{. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
2. B KaKOM If3 OTBeTOB rrepeqMCJIeHbI JIMrnb <l>1i3IiqeC-
Klfe HBJIeHIDI?
D A. 3JIeiTpOMarnliTHoe rrOJIe, D;JIIiHa BOJIHbI,
oTpIDKeHlic CBeTa.
D E. IIJIOTHOCTb rrOTOKa If3JIyqeHMH, ,lJ;1i<l>paKIIIDI
,CBeTa, rroIDIpli3aUIDI.
D B. .zt1i<l>paKIIIiH, ,lJ;1i<l>paKIIlioHHaH perneTKa,
rrpJIHpli3auMH.
.
D f. .l{1i<l>paKlIIfOHHaH perneTKa, rrOJIHpM3aI.J;IDI,
,lJ;McrrepcIDI.
D .l{. .l{licrrepcIDI CBeTa,. ,lJ;IiCrrepCIDI 3JIeKTpOMar-
HMTHbIX BOJIM, rrOJIHpIi3miMH.
3. KaKIfMM 1i3 rrepeqMCJIeHHbIX <l>1i31i':!ecKlix BeJIWtIiH
MO)KHO xapaKTepli30BaTb 3JIeKTpOMarHliTHYlO
BOJIHY? ,
D A. IIJIOTHOCTb rrOTOKa Ii;3JIyqeHIDI, rrOKa3aT JIb
rrpeJIOMJIeHIDI, CKOpOCTb.
D E. CKOpOCTb CBeTa, qaCTOTa, rrepliO,lJ; ,ZJ;M<l>paK-
IIIiOHHOH perneTKIi.
D B. IIeplio,lJ;, ,WIMHa BOJIHbI, rrJIOTHOCTb 3HeprnH.
o f. He-r BepHoro OTBeTa.
D .l{. Y cKopeHMe 3apHD;a, CKOpOCTb cBeTa, ,ZJ;JIID:Ia
, BOJIHbI.
, 4. KaKMe 1i3 rrepeqliCJIeHHbIX \f0,lJ;eJIeH MO)KHO IiC-
nOJIb30BaTb ,ZJ;JIH orrlicaHIDI CBeTOBbIX BOJIH?
D A. MaTepliaJIbHaH TOqKa, cBeToBoH .nyq, TO-
qeqHbIH 3apH,lJ;.
D E. TOqeqHbrn 3ap , cBeToBoH JIytI, CBeTOBcIJI:
BOJIHa.
D B. .l{M<l>paKuIiH CBeTa, cBeToBoH JIyq, rrJIOCKaH
, .
BOJIHa.
o f. IIJIOCKaH CBeTOBaH BOJIHa, cBeToBoH .nyqj
MOHoxpOMaTMqeCKaH BOJIHa.
D .l{. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
.
534
3JIEKTPOMArHI1THbIE KOJIEEAHI1H 11 BOJIHbI. OnTI1KA
5. KaKOH M3 aKCrrepMMeHTaJIbHb!X <l>aKToB rrocTaBIUI
Borrpoc 0 CYlI(eCTBOBaHMU rpaHMlU>! rrpMMeHMMOC-
TI-I rrOHHTMH M 3aKOHOB reoMeTpHqeCKOH orrTHKM?
o A npeJIOMJIeHHe CBeTa Ha rpaHm e pa3,l1;eJIa
,lI;BYX cpe,ll;.
o E. Pa3JIO>KeHHe 6eJIoro CBeTa B crreKTp rrpH
rrpOXO:H<,lI;eHMH rrpH3MbI:.
o B. 113MeHeHHe CKOpOCTM pa:crrpocTpaHeHMH
CBeTa rrpM rrepeXO,ll;e M3 O,ll;HOH cpe1J;bI: B ,lI;PY-
ryIO.
o r. HeT BeP{Ioro OTBeTa.
o ,D:. ,D:H<l>paK uH CBeTa.,
6. B KaKOM M3 OTBeTOB rrepeqHCJIeHbI JIHllIb 06'beKTbI
rrpMpO,lJ;bI?
o A TOqeVHbIH 3apH,lI;, CBeT, ,lI;M<l>paKqHH.
o E. CaeToBoH JIyq, HHTeP<l>epeH MH, pa,n;MO-
rrpHeMHHK.
o B. CBeT, CKOpOCTb, .ZJ:Jf<l>paKIWH.
o r. qacToTa, aJIeKTpOMarHMTHaH BOJIHa, pa,n;MO-
JIOKaTOp.
o ,D:. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
3aAaHMA Ha Ka'leCTBeHHoe onMcaHMe
9M3M'IeC MX 06'beKTOB M ABneHMM
7. B KaKOM M3 YTBep>K,lI;eHHH BepHO Ha3BaH MexaHH3M
H3JIyqeHHH aJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX BOJIH?
o A ATOM ,lI;BH>KeTCH YCKOpeHHO.
o E. 3JIeKTpOH ,lI;BU>KeTCH rrpHMOJIlUfeHHO U paB-
HOMepHO.
o B. 3JIeKTpOHbI ItBH>KYTCH rrpHMOJIHHeHHO M
p BHOMepHO B rrpOBO,ll;HMKe.
o r. 3apM KOJIe6JIeTCH.
o ,D:. B n;errH CYlI(eCTByeT rrOCTOHHHbIH aJIeKTpH-
qeCKHH TOK.
8. Ha pMC. 117 M306pa>KeHa cxeMa rrpocTeHllIero pa-
,lI;HorrpMeMHMKa. ECTb JIM B aTOH cxeMe rrpHHIWrrH-
aJIbl{bIe He,ll;OCTaTKM?
o A HerrpaBMJIbHO rrO,ll;KJIIOqeH KOH,ll;eHcaTOp Ct.
o E. KOH,ll;eHCa'TOp C 2 - JIMllIHMH.
o B. HerrpaBlUIbHo rrOItKJIIOqeH ,lI;HO,ll;.
o r. HerrpaBHJIbHO rrO,ll;KJIIOqeHa KaTylliKa MH-
It)'KTMBHOCTI-I.
o ,D:. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
I
co'
C 1
C 2
rp
-=- -=-
PMC. 117
9. Ha pMC. 118 H306pa>KeHbI: rpa<l>MKH aJIeKTpoMar-
HMTHbIX KOJIe6aHHH B OTKpbITOM KOJIe6aTeJIbHOM
KOHType. B KaKOM c.rry'lae rrpOHCXO,ll;lIT HaMJIyqIIIee
M3JIyqeHMe aJIeKTpOMarHMTHbIX BOJIH, M BOJIHbI
HeCYT 3BYKOBYIO MH<l>OpMa MIO?
o
t
i
1
2
i
i
o
o
3
4
PMC. 118
OAt.
o B. 3.
OE.2.
Dr. 4.
10.
113MeHMTcH JIH H3JIyqeHMe aHepnm OTKpbITbIM
KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIM KOHTypOM, eCJIH qaCTOTa aJIeKT-
poMarHHTHbIX KOJIe6aHMH YBeJIHqHJIaCb B lJ;Ba
pa3a?
o A He M3MeHIITCH,
o E. YMeHbllIMTcH B ,lI;Ba pa3a.
o B. YBeJIWIMTCH B ,lI;Ba pa3a.
o r. YBeJIMqMTCH B qeTbIpe pa3a.
o ,D:. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
0606ru;eHIUI SJIeKTpO.n;MHaMMKH
53'5
11. MmKeT JIM npOM30MTI-I nOJIHOe OTpa)J{eHMe CBeTa
npM nepexo.n;e ero M3 BO)J;b1 B CTeKJIO?
o A. MO)J{eT, npH onpe.n;eJIeHHOM yrJIe na.n;e-
HMH cBeTa.
.0 E. MO)J{eT, TaK KaK rrOKa3aTeJIb rrpeJIoMJIe-
HIDI BOAbI 60JIbIlIe rrOKa3aTeJIH rrpeJIOMJIe-
HMH CTeKJIa.
o B. MO)J{eT, TaK KaK CTeKJIO OTpIDKaeT CBeTO-
BbIe JIY'lli.
o f. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
o .D:. He MOX<eT, M3-3a paBeHcTBa rrOKa3aTeJIeM
, " rrpeJtoMJIeHMH CTeKJIa M BO.n;bI.
12': KaKMe M3MeHeHMH rrpOMcxo.n;HT C 3JIeKTpOMarHl-IT-
'. HOM BOJIHOM rrI)l-I rrepexo.n;e ee M3 O.n;HOM cpeAbI B
.n;PyrylO ?
o A. HMqero He rrpOMcxo.n;MT.
o E. IIpoMCXO.n;MTM3MeHeHMeqaCTOTbIKOJIe6a-
HMM.
o B. IIPOMCXo.n;MT M3MeHeHMe CKOpOCTI-I ee pac-
rrpOCTpaHeHMH.
o r. IIPOMCXOl(MT HBJIeHHe rrOJIHoro BHYTpeH-
Hero OTpIDKeHMH.
o .D:. Bce rrpMBe.n;eHHbIe OTBeTbI - BepHbIe.
113. KaKoe YCJIOBHe Heo6xo.n;MMO .n;JIH TOro, q.T06bI
npOMCxo.n;MJla .n;M<l>paKl\IDI CBeTa C .n;JIMHOM BOJI-
HbI A?
o A. 51BJIeHMe .n;M<l>paKI.J;MM CBeTOBbIX BOJIH
rrpOMcxo.n;MT Bcer.n;a rrpM HaJIMqMM rrpe-
rrHTCTBHH.
o E. .D:m!>pa:Kn;MH CBeTa rrpOMcxo.n;MT Ha npe-
rrHTCTBMHX, pa3Mep KOTOpbIX cpaBHMM C
.n;mmoM'BOJIHbI A.
o B. .D:M<l>pa:KI.J;MH CBeTa rrpoo:cxo.n;MT Ha rrpe-
rrHTCTBMHX, pa3Mep KOTOpbIX MeHbIlIe
, , .n;JIMHbI BOJIHbI A.
, 0 f. .D:JIH Ha6JIIO.n;eHMH .n;M<l>paKn;MM He06xo-
.n;MM MOru;HbIM MCTOqHMK CBeTa.
o .D:. .D:M<l>paKn;MH CBeTa YCTaHaBJIMBaeT rpaHM-
UbI llpHMeHMMOCTM reoMeTpiNecKoH orr-
TI-IKH.
14. KaK M3MeHIITCH .n;M<l>pa:Kn;MoHHaH KapTMHa, eCJIM
peIlIeTKY C rrepMo.n;OM 0,02 MM 3aMeHl-ITb Ha pe-
IIIeTICY C rrepMo.n;oM 0,01 MM?
o A. PaccToHHMe Me)J{.n;y MaKcMMYMaMM YBe-
JIMqMTCH, Mat<cMMYMbI cTaH)'T II1Hpe.
o E.' He 6y.n;eT M3MeHeHMM.
o B. PaCCTOHHlIe Me)J{.n;y MaKCMMYMaMM YMeHb-
IIIMTCH, IIIMpMHa MaKCMMYMOB He M3Me-
HMTCH.
o f. PaCCTOHHMe Me)J{.n;y MaKCMMYMaMM YBe-
, JIMqI-I-TCH, nmpMHa MaKCMMYMOB He M3Me-
HMTCH.
o .D:. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
15. O.n;MHaKoBbI JIM CKOpOCTI-I pacrrpOCTpaHeHHH CBe-
TOBBIX BOJIH M YJIbTpa<l>MOJIeTOBOro I-I3JIyqeHMH B
BaKYYMe M Beru;eCTBe?
o A. B JII060M CJIyqae CKOpOCTM OJJ;MHaKOBbI.
o E. B BaKYYMe CKOpOCTM pacrrpOCTpaHeHMH
nlO6blX 3JIeKTpOMarHMTHbIX BOJIH o.n;MHa-
, '
KOBbI, B Beru;eCTBe CKOpOCTI-I pa3HbIe.
o B. B Beru;eCTBe CKOpOCTM pacrrpOCTpaHeHMH
3JIeKTpOMarHMTHbIX BOJIH o.n;MHaKOBbI.
o f. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
o .D:. CKOpOCTb pacrrpocTpaHeHM3I: 3JIeKTpO ar-
HMTHbIX BOJIH HM OT qero He 3aBMCMT.
3aAaHMA Ha KOnM'IeCTBeHHOe OnMCaHJ4e
4JM3M'IeCKMX 06'beKTOB M ABneHMM
16.
17:
KaKOBa llpMMepHo MaKCMMaJIbHaH .n;aJIbHOCTb 06-
HapY)J{eHHH n;eJIM pa.n;MOJIOKaTOpOM, eCJIM OH M3-
JIyqaeT 500 MMrrYJIbCOB B ceKYH.D:Y?
o A. 300 KM.
o E. 500 KM.
o B. 250 KM.
Of., 1000 KM.
o .D:. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
IIocJIe rrpoxo)J{.n;eHIDI .n;M<l>PaKI.J;MOHHOM peIlIeTKM
CBeTOM C .n;JIMHOM BOJIHbI A (pMC. 119) Ha 3KpaHe
06pa30BaJIaCb .n;M<l>pa:Kn;MoHHaH KapTlma. qeMY
paBHa pa3HOCTb xo.n;a CBeTO bIX JIyqeM rrpM 06pa-
30B(!HMM n;eHTpaJIbHOrO MaKcHMYMa?
o A. dsincp.
o E. kA.
o B. A.
o f.2A.
o .D:. Pa Ha HYJIIO.
fl
"-
536
06061I.{emui aJIeK'rpo,nHHaMHKH'
N
, PeWeTKa
PJiC. 119
18. Ey,neT JIH Ha6mo,naTbcH nOJIHOe BHYTpeHHee OT-
pa)KeHHe JIY1Ja CBeTa Ha rpaHHu:e pa3l{eJIa ,nBYX
cpt,n Bo,na - B03,nyx , eCJIH yrOJI na,neHHH 30°, a
nOK TeJIb npeJIOMJIeHl-UI BO,nbI 1,3?
o A. rroJI npeJIOMJIeHHH 6y,neT MeHbllIe 90°.
o E. YroJI npeJIOMJIeHHH 6y,neT 60JIbllIe 90°.
o B. YrOJI npeJIOMJIeHHH 6y,neT paBHbIM goo.
o r. 51BJIeHHe nOJIHOrO BHYTpeHHero OTpIDKe-
HIDI 6y,neT Ha6moJ,1.aTbCH.
o .n;. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
3aAaHMA nOBblweHHOM cnO)l(HOCTM
19. IIoKa3aTeJIb npeJIOMJIeHJUI BO,nbI npH TeMrreparype
20°C ,nJIH Pa3JIHqHbIX BOJIH BlI,lJ;HMOro H3J1yqeHHH
JIeJKHT B HHTepBaJIe OT n j = 1,3308,n0 n 2 = 1,34'28.
KaKOB nOKa3aTeJIb npeJIOMJIeHHH BO,nbI ,nJIH Kpac-
HbIX BOJIH cneKTpa?
o A. Ha Borrpoc HeJIb3H ,MTb BepHoro OTBeTa.
o E. JIyqH KpaCHoro CBeTa npeJIOMJIHIOTCH
CHJIbHee, ,nJIH HHX nOKa3aTeJIb npeJIOMJIe-
HHH HaJi60JIbllIHH.
o B. JIyqH KpacHoro CBeTa npeJIOMmrIOTcH
MeHbllIe, qeM .iJ;pyrne,,WIH HHX nOKa3aTeJIb
npeJIOMJIeHIDI HaHMeHbnrn:M.
o r. IIoKa3aTeJIb rrpeJIOMJIeHIDI BO,nbI He aaBH-
CHT OT TeMnepaTypbI.
o .n;. IIoKa3aTeJIb npeJIOMJIeHIDI BelI.{eCTBa He
3aBHCHT OT ,nJIlffibI BOJIHbI CBeTa.
20. KaK<UI H3 ,nBYX TOHKHX nJIeI:IoK TOJIlI.{e, eCJIH npH
OCBelI.{eHHH COJIHeqHbIM CBeTOM, na,naIOII.{HM nep-
neH,ZJ;HKYJIHpHO HX nOBepxHocm, nepB<UI KaJKeT-
CH: KpacHoM, a BTOp<UI - 3eJIeHoM? OTBeT nOHc-
HHTb PHCYHKOM. '
o A. IIepB<UI nJIeHKa TOJIlI.{e BTOpOM.
CJ E. BTOp<UI nJIeHKa TOJlIIJ;e nepBQM.
o B. IIJIeHKH paBHbI no TQJIlI.{Iffie.
o r. Ha BO pOC HeJIb3H OTBemTb.
o ,lJ,. HeT BepHoro OTBeTa.
°ft'U!C1t:1411
349Q1UUl.
BblnOI1HSlIOTCSI AOMa
1. I1ccJIe,noBaTh nOTOK I1K-fI3JIyqeHHH nYJIbTa ,nHC-
TaHI.{I-IOHHOCO ynpaBJIeHHH TeJIeBH30poM.
KaKoBa $opMa nOTOKa aTOro H3.nyqeHIDI? KaK KC-
nepHMeHTaJIbHO ,,nOKa3aTb, QTO jnOTOK H3JIYQeHHH
OTpa)KaeTCH OT HeKoTopbIX MaTepHaJIO (6eJIbIM
aKpaH, MeTaJIJI H ,np.)? IIpoxo,nHT JIH I1K-H3JIyqe-
HHe Qepe3 CTeKJIO, a60HHT, BO,ny? KaK ,nOKa3aTh,
qTO :ITO H3JIYQeHHe Mo.nyJIHpyeTcH? KaK aKcnepH-.
MeHTaJIbHO ,nOKa3aTh, QTO :ITO H3JIyqeHHe He BlI,lJ;H-
MbIM CBeT, He Y<D-H3JIyqeHHe?
J
'"
.At
i"'>' ' --"
->r'lt,..
",,'
" -"
. .:'" .. ...' :1' "
'.. i ,
J6 ,. .
:1.%
,
",
:: \"1 .J': '/;" ' J: 'f\ ' " ,; 'f-':
;aCHOB ...e nOnO)lleHRA:'cnt 1t Hq
:; T OPMM T"OCMTenbHOCTH ": "- \ l. :'ftl
.;,/, "j, . -,I..
. "..",,\\I--- ' --1 1 :1 , /,"
.. "' ''''_ ' I
. ( . !t
;_'. ; .., f -;f'
,I
\
-<,}
,.'., ,- , -. ,..
'q " f' :I;.ij;. 6;!' " '1:':',,",1
\ .\tJ . .' .':;f r"i'
<,,' ,:>,"" 'I... .,.r.;":"'j! 'I
'.Jti. " "," ' -.: ., . . ;!I
, .f ' "" '''' ,_;:;.. A ' ' !
t; . .J · I .' ::"",,: "'" ' . ' , 'I
y . A > i II!! "
<,\ ,; I 'o'" ..Jf.. ,:',- I 'i.. '! I \
"".._- . ,,;\ ",_J ---- ""
H3Y'IMB 3TY Te,MY,
. Bbl Y3HaeTe, 4TO <;BOHCTBa npOCTpaHCTBa H BpeMeHH
He a6C0I1IOTHbl, a onpeAeJ1S!IOTCS! CHCTeMOH OTC4eTa,
Bbl6paHtiOH Ha611IOAaTeJ1eM;
. nOHMeTe, 4TO CKOpOCTb CBeTa S!BI1S!eTCS! HHBapHaHTOM
AIlS! 11106blX CHCTeM OTC4eTa;
,
I
;. HaY4HTeCb paCC4HTbiBaTb pel1S!THBHCTCKHe 3Cf>cpeKTbl C
[ , nOMOll.\blO ypaBHeHHH J1opeH4a
!, i
[ I
1. METOAOnOrH, ECKHE
OCHOBAHHJI B03HHKHOBEHHJI
r CTO
r
KoNCneKl#i .
.1IlatUlII1&1 .
" B-Ha'IaJIe xx B. B031illKJIa HOBCUI <l>H3H'IeCKM TeopIDI-
CneIUla.JIbHaSi TeopHSI OTHOCHTeJlbHOCTB (CTO). OHa
"yrO'IHHJIa H yr.riy6HJIa HallIH npe,n:CTaBJIeHIDI.o CBOM-,
CTBax npOCTpaHcrna H BpeMeHH, OTBeTlfJIa Ha npHH-
1I;HnHaJIbHbIe BonpOCbI 0 n03HaHHH <l>H3H'IeCKHX HBJIC-
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OCHOBHble nOHATMA:
I-1Hep4HaJ1bHaSI CHCTeMa OTC4eTa · C06blTHe · nOCTY-
l1aT · C06CTBeHHoe BpeMS! · Macca nOKOS! · I-1HBapH-
aHT · npHH4Hn OTHQCHTeJ1bHOCTH · MHpoBaJl nHHHS! ·
npHH4Hn"npH4HHHOCTH · PeJ1S!THBHCTCKHe 3cpcpeKTbi
· 3HeprHS! nOKOS! '
,
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MeTo.n;OJlOrHSi - :no HaYKa, KOTOpaH 3aHHMaeTCH
BonpocaMH MeTo,n:OB HaY'IHOrO n03HaHHH. npH
pa3pa60TKe JII060M HOBOM <l>H3H'IeCK()M TeopHH Y'Ie-
HbIe onMpaIOTCH Ha KaKHe-TO 06II(He H,n:eH H MeTo,n:bI.
C<l>OPMYJlHpyeM BIDKHeitllIHe nOJIO>KeHHH, KOTopbIe
nocJIY>KiuIn OCHOBaHHeM MH nOHCKa HOBbIX <l>H3H'IeC-
KHX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeM.
1. .l{JIH Ha'IaJIa BBe,n:eM OCHOBHbIe nOHHTIfH, KOTopbIe
HCnOJIb3YIOTCH B Cne1l;HaJIbHOM TeopHH OTHOCH-
TeJIbHOCTH.
5!8
3JIEKTPOMAr I1THbIE KOJIEEAHI15111 BOJIHbI. OITTI1KA
, IfHep HaJI HaSi CHCTeMa OTC1:Ie,T,a (11(::0) - <:ITO
CMCTeMa OTcqeTa.( CMCTeMa KOOp,lJ;MHaT, TeJIO OTCqeTa
H qaCbJ), OTHOCMTeJIbHOJ<OTOpOH cB06o,lJ;Hoe T JIO
,lJ;BM)KeTCH rrpHMOJIMHeHBO M paBHOMepHO HJIM rrOKO-
HTCH. MCO - :ITO a6CTpaKU:MH, M.l(eaJIbHbIH 06'beKT,
OmeKT HaYKM, Cpe,lJ;CTBO OrrHCaHMH HBJIeHMH.
C06bITHe - <:11'0 JlI060e <l>H3I1qeCKOe HBJIeHHe, rrpo-
HCXO,lJ;HII(ee B Orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHOH TOqKe rrpOC'rpaHCTBa
OTHOCHTeJIbHO JlI060H 11 CO B KaKOH -TO MOMeHT
BpeMe HH . C06bITMe - I-I.lI;eaJIbHOe 1I0HHTHe.
nOCTYJIaT - HCXO,lJ;Hoe rrOJIO)KeHMe, YTBep)K,lJ;eHHe,
rrpMHHMaeMOe e3 CTpOrOrO ,lJ;OKa3aTeJIbCrna, HO
06OCHOBaHHoe, HarrpMMep, <:IKCrrepMMeHTaMM.
C06CmeHHOii HHep HaJIhHOii CHCTeMOii OTC1:IeTa
Ha3bIBalO'r CHCTeMY OTCqeTa, OTHOCHTeJIbHO KOTO-
pOH TeJIO rrOKOHTCH. BpeMH ,lJ;BM)KeHMH TeJIa, M3Me-
peHHoe B'TaKOH CHCTeMe, Ha3bIBalOT C06CmeHllbIM
BpeMeHeM. Maccy TeJIa, M3MepeHHYlO B taIwii CH-
CTeMe, Ha3bIBaIOT Maccoii nOKOSI.
IfHBapH8HT (inv) - BeJIMqMHa, He3aBMCMMaH 01'
BbI60pa CMCTeMbI I1CO. KaK ,lJ;aJIee Y3HaeM, HanpM-
Mep <:11'0 CI<OpOCTh CBeTa. C06bITHe - TO)Ke HHBa-
pMaHT.
.l{pyme rrOHHTIDl6Y,lJ;YT BBe,lJ;eHbI rro Mepe paCCMOT-
peHMH MaTepMaJIa.
2. PaHee 6bIJIO BbIHCHeHO, '11'0 He MMeeT CMbICJIa rOBO-
pHTb 0 MeXaHHqeCKOM ,lJ;BM-(KeHMM Bo06II(e. .l{JIH
onpe,lJ;eJIeHMH M M3yqeHMH LIBM)KeHMH He06xo,lJ;MMO
BbI6pa'rb CHCTeMY OTCqeTa. CaMaH y,lJ;06HM M3
CHCTeM OTCqeTa,- HHepl\H8JIhHaSi CHCTeM8 OTCqeTa.
B HeH He aBMCHMO ,lJ;eiiCTBYIOiu;ee TeJIO ,lJ;BM)KeTCH
rrpHMOJIMHeHHO paBHOMepHO HJIH rrOKOMTCH. ITo
orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHIO, 11 CO - MHO)KeCTBO: eCJIM eCTb
O,lJ;Ha, TO JI106a.a ,n;pyraH CMCTeMa OTCqeTa, LIBM)KY-
II(aHCH OTHOCMTeJIbHO rrepBOH rrpHMOJIMHeHHO M
paBHOMepHO, TO)Ke MHepl1;MaJIbHaH. ECTeCrneHHO,
rrepe,lJ; yqeHbIMM BCTaJIa 3a,n;aqa: Kat< orrMCbIBaTb HB-
JIeHHH B pa3HbIX MCO.
.l{JIH orneTa eII(e B XVII B. r. raJIMJIeeM 6bIJI cq,op-
MyJIMpOBaH O,lJ;MH M3 Ba)KHeHUIMX rrpMHltMUOB <l>M-
3MKM - npHaltHU OTHOCHTeJIhHOCTH. OH }'TBep)K-
,lJ;aeT paBHorrpaBMe MHepltI-IaJIbHbIX CMCTeM OTCqe-
. Ta, T. e. Bce <l>M3MqeCKMe HBJIeHHH rrpM paBHbIX Ha-
qaJIbHbIX YCJIOBMHX rrpOTeKaIOT O,lJ;MHaKOBO BO Bcex
MHepltMaJIbHbIX CMCTeMax. A pa3 TaK, TO M orrMCbI-
BffiOTCH HBJIeHMH O,lJ;MHaKOBO (O,lJ;MHaKOBbIMM 3aKO-
IIaMM) B pa3HbIX I1CO. -
ITpM rrepeXO,lJ;e 0'1' orrMcaHMH ,lJ;BM)KeHMH TeJIa B
O,lJ;HOH I1CO K K onMcaHMIO B ,lJ;pyroH I1CO K*
(pMC. 120), B qaCTHOCTM, MClJOJIb3yeTCH 3aKOH
raJIMJIeH' 0 CJIO)KeHMM cKopocn H:
v=v*+V.
K K*
y y*
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v
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x
PRC. 120
11 Bce 6bIJIO XOpOIIIO ,lJ;0 OTKpbITMH M M3 eHMH
<:IJIeKTpoMar mTHbIX BOJIH. B xo:ne pa3JIMqHbIX <:IK-
crrepMMeHToB yqeHbIe IIpMIIIJIM K BbIBO,lJ;y 0 TOM, '1'1'0
CKOpOCTb, <:IJIeKTpoMarHMTHbIX BOJIH B BaKYYMe rro-
CTOHHHa M KOHeqHa BHe 3aBMCMMOCTM 01' BbI60pa
I1CO. A6coJIIOTHOCTh (mmapMaHTHOCTh) CKOpOC-
TH CBeTa BCTyrrMJIa B rrpOTHBOpeqMe C KJIaCCl-I'Iec-
KMM 3aKOHOM C,JIO)KeHM$I CKopOCTeH. B03HM JIa
HayqHaH rrp06JIeMa: cnpaeedJlUe JlU npUH un om-
HOCUmeJlbHOcmu?
3. Co BpeMeH HbIOToHa yTBep,lJ;MJIMCb rrpe,lJ; TaBJIeHMH
06,a6coJIIOTHOCTM cBoikrn rrpoCTpaHCTBa M BpeMe-
HM. ITpoCTpaHCTBO BO Bcex TOqKax M rro BceM Ha-
rrpaB:7IeHMHM MMeeT O,lJ;MHaKOBbIe CBoHcTBa, BpeMH'
BO Bcex TOqKaX TeqeT O;lurnaKOBO M He 3aBHCHT 01'
BH)KeHHH TeJIa. .l{o 3HHIIITeHHa BpeMH H H3Mepe-
HMe BpeMeHH 6bIJIH OT,lJ;eJIeHbI ,lJ;py-r 0'1' ,lJ;pyra.: Ho
BbI60p I1CO, M3MepeHHe ,lJ;JIMHbI H BpeMeHM -ocy-
ru;eCTBJIHIOTCH B XO,lJ;e <l>M3MqeCKMX <:IKCrrepHMemOB.
ITOCKOJIbKY Bce M3MepeHMH ,lJ;af(,)T HeToqHbIe :n'Ia-
qeHHH <l>H3MqecKMX BeJIH'lHH, TO 3HaqMT Ha npaK-
TMKe peaJIbHO CYII(eCTByeT HerOQHOCTh B BbI60pe
, MCO, B onpe,lJ;eJIem-m rrapaMeTpOB TeJIa M BpeMe-
HH C06bITHH. 11 Bo06II(e, Bce qMCJIa, KOTOpbIMH orre-
. pHpyeT <l>M3MKa, - qMCJIa rrpH6JIM)KeHHbIe. 3Ha MT,
ceoucmea npocmpaHcmea u epeM.eHu, eo-nepebi, He
m'f'K y:JIC a6COJllOmHbt, eo-emOpbtx, onpedel!RlOmCR e
'KOH'KpemHbtx 3'KCnepUMeHmax. . ,
4. .l{JIH <:ITHX KOHKpeTHbIX <:IKCrrepMMeHToB rrpMHltM-
rrMaJIbHbIM M )KeCTKMM orpaHMqeHMeM HBHJIaCbKO-
HeqHOCTh H npe,ZJ;eJIhHOCTh cKopocTHcBenl<, B
rrpMpO,lJ;e He OKa3aJIOCb B3aMMO,lJ;eHCTBMH,' KOTopbIe
ocYII(eCTBJIHJIMCb 6bI C 60JIblIIeH CKOpOCThIO: ' JIH
TOro qT06bI Ha orrbITe y6e,lU-IThCH B OlIIrnaKOB TH
!'
OCHOBHhIe nOJIO)KeHlUI Cnel\MaJIhHOH TeOpHM OTHOCMTeJIhHOCTM
539
xo,n:a BpeMeHM B ABYX pa3,n:eJIeHHhIX 06JIacnlx npo-
CTpaHCTBa, He06xol;l:HMO CpaBHMTh XOA qaCOB B
3THX 06JIacTHx - CU1tXp01tU3Up06am'b "/.aCbl.
OqeBHAHO, 3TO npOme BCefO CAeJIaTh C nOMOmhlO
CBeToBoro CMfHaJIa. MhICJIeHHO BhITIOJIHMM Ha6JIIO-
,n:eHMe3a 3TMM npO e COM C TOqKM 3peHIDI ,n:BYX
MCa - K*, B KOTOpOH BaroH HeItO,n:BM)KeH, M K,
OTHOCI-ITeJIhIfO KOTOpOH I1CO K* M, eCTeCTBeHHO,
saroH ABM)KeTCH (pHC. 121). B cepe,n:MHe BaroHa B
TOqKe S npoMcxoAMT BcnhIIIlKa CBeTa.
y K K*
y*
:
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PHC. 121
. B nepBoM cJIyqae ( I1CO K*) CBeT o,n:HoBpeMeHHo
,l{OCTHraeT qaCOB, MX BKJIlOqalOT (CMHXpoHM3MPY-
lOT), M OHM HAYT. ECJIM, HanpMMep qepe3 qaC npM
TaKOH CMHxpOHM3a MM nOKa3aHMH qaCOB 6Y,l{YT
O,ZU-IHaKOBhI, TO BpeMH B 3TIfX TOqKaX (06JIacTHX)
rreqcr o,n:MHaKOBO. Bo BTOpOM c.nyqae (I1CO K) Ha-
6J1IO,n:aTeJIh H, OTHOCI-ITeJIhHO KOTOpOro BafOH ,n:BM-
)KeTCH, BH,l{IIT, qTO ,n:o qaeOB A CBeT ,l{o;rne.rr paHhIlle,
qeM ,n:o qaCOB B. OTHOCMTeJIhHO ,l{ mHoro Ha6JIIO-
,n:aTeJIH H BaroH ,l{BM)KeTCH, H TOqKa A (M qaChI)
npH6Jlli)KaeTCH K MecTY BcnhIIIlKM, a qaCbI B - y,na-
IDIIOTCH. BhIBO,l{ npMH MIlliaJIhHO BIDKeH: oAHoope-
, ,MellHOCTb npocTpaHCTBeHHO paa,n:eJIeHHbIX C06bI-
mii OTHOClITeJIbHa. C TOqKM 3peHIDI'Ha6JIIO,l{are-
Mf. B O,l{HOH I1CO C06hITI-IH O,l{HOBpeMeHHhI, C TOq-
KM 3peHIDI ,l{pyrofo Ha6JIIO,l{aTeJIH B ,l{pyroH I1CO
TH )Ke c06hITMH npOM30IllJIH He O,n:HOBpeMeHHO.
C06hITIfe B JII060H I1CO xapaKTepH3yeTcH qMCJIa
MM - X, 'y, z, t, TaKMM 06pa30M, B npocTpaHcTBe-
BpeMeHM c06hITMe M306pIDKaeTcH TOqKOH, a HBJIe-
HHe (,n:a)Ke nOKoH) - JIMHMeH, Ha3hIBaeMoH MHPO-
DOH JIHHHeH. Ha pMC. 122 H306pIDKeHa CMCTeMa OT-
ctieTa ,l{JIH CJIyqaH x = 0, y = O.
TIYCTh B HaqaJIe KOO ,l{lfHaT npoHCXO,l{MT C06hITMe
O. MHpoBhIe JIMHMH CBeToBoro CHfHaJIa (,l{Ba CMf-
J: 'ItMa B npOTIfBOnOJIO)KHhIX HanpaBJIeHMHx) H306-
pa)KeHhI HaKJIO HhIMH. Pa3 HeT B3aMMO,l{eHCTB'HH,
KOTopoe 6hI pacnpoCTpaHHJIOCb co CKOpOCThlO,
; ,
;
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t
60JIhIlleH CKOpOCTIf CBeTa, TO C06hITMe A Bcef,n:a
npe.ZJ:IllecwyeT C06hITHIO 0, a C06hITI-Ie B npoM30Ill-
JIO nOCJIe C06hITIDI O. 11, B npHHl\Mne, OHM MOryT
6hITh npMqHHHO CB.H3aHhI Me.>K,n:y c060H. HeJIh3H
, no,n:06paTh I1CO, B KOTOpOH 3TO 6hIJIO 6hI He TaK.
z(x= 0, y= 0)
z=,ct
B
.
z=-ct
PRc.122
5. B MexaHMKe HhlOTOHa npM MfHoBeHHoH CKOpOCTH
pacnpocTJ>aHeHHH B3aMMO,l{eHqBHH O,n:HO TeJIO
nplf1IHHHO CBH3aHO C JII06hIM ,l{pyrml TeJIOM, Ha
KOTopoe MO)KeT ,n:eHCTBOBaTh: B ('IICILIlaJIhHOH Te-
OpMM OTHOCHTeJIhHOCTM cHTya III I }I APyraH: eCJIH
Me:>K.ZI:Y c06hITI-IHMH (T. e. HBJIeHIDIMH B ,l{amIOH TOq-
Ke npoC'rpaHCTBa, B ,l{aHHhIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH) B
ABYX pa3,ll;eJIeHHhIX 06JIaCTHX npOllIJIO MeHhIlle Bpe-
MeHH, qeM Tpe6yeTcH cBery ,l{JIH npOXO)K,l{eHHH
Me:>K.ZI:Y 3TIfMH TOqKaMH, TO ma'KUe Co6'blTf1.Wl6 npu1t-
l1une 1te Mozym 6'blm'b npu'l/.u1t1tO C8Sl3a1t'bl Me3ICoy
co6ou. TaKHM 06pa30M, CTO cymecneHHo 060-
ramaeT HallIM npe,l{CTaBJIeHIDI 0 B3aMMOCBH3H HB-
JIeHMH B MMpe.
Bon p 0 C hI ,l{ JI .SI n 0 B TOp e H M H. CymeCTBYIOT
JIM B npHpO,l{e MHep MaJIhHhIe CHCTeMhI OTCqeTa? q TO
TGlKOec06hITIfe B' CTO? MO)KeT JIM C06hITHe B O,l{HMX
MCO 6hITh, a B ,n:pymx I1CO - HeT? KaK Ha npaKTIf-
Ke YCTaHaBJIMBalOT O,l{HOBpeMeHHocTh npocTpalf-
CTBeHHO pa3,l{eJIeHHhIX C06hITIfH? K'aKoH Q.>YH,n:aMeH-
TaJIhHhIH :3KCnepMMeHTaJIhHhIH Q.>aKT nOTpe60BaJI
YTOqHeHH.SI KJIaCCMqeCKMX npelIfTaBJIeHHH 0 npo-
cTpaHcTBe H BpeMeHM?
KMHeMaTMKa eTa
B KMHeMaTIfKe CTO BhIHCHHeTCH CBH3h Me:>K.ZI:Y AJIH-
HOH, BpeMeHeM, CKOpOCThlO, H3MepeHHhIMH B c06-
cTBeHHoH CHCTeMe OTCqeTa M B ,l{BH)KymeHcH HHepl\M-
aJIhHOH CHCTeMe OTCqeTa.
1. .D:JIMHa CTep)KHH I, H3MepeHHaH B MCO, OTHOCM..
TeJIhHO KOTOpOH CTep)KeHh ,l{BM)KeTCH co CKOpOC-
ThIO U, 6y,n:eT paBHa:
I = lo t - : , .......
me 10 - C06cTBeHHaH ,n:JIHIia CTep)KHH.
540
\
3JIEKTPaMAfHMTHbIE KaJIEEAHM5IM BaJIHbi. OlITMKA
M3 <l>OPMYJIbI BH,l(HO, 1JTO ,nJUIHa CTep)KHH I, H3Me-
peHHaH B MCa, OTHOClITeJIbHO KOTOpO:H OH ,nBH-
>KeTCH, 6y,neT MeHbllIe C06CTB'eHHOH MHHbI CTep-
>KHH. BIDKHO rro,n1JepKHYTb, 1JTO BO MHO>KeCTBe paB-
HorrpaBHbIX M ca 6y,neM HMeTb y o,nHoro H TOro
)Ke CTep)KHH MHO>KeCTBO 3Ha1JeHH:H MlllibI.
BeJIHKH:H <l>H3HK-TeOpeTIIK XX BeKa, C03,naTeJIb
Crrel(HaJIbHO:H Teopllli OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTII A. 3:HH-
llITe:HH [1879-1955) rrHCaJI:
. qHCTO JIorH'leCI(oe MhIIDJIeHHe caMO no ce6e He MOJKeT
aTh HHKaKHX 3Hamrn: 0 MHpe .paKTOB, BCe n03HaHHe
peaJIbHoro MHpa HCXO.l\HT H3 OIIhITa H 3aBepIDa TCH HM.
TIOJIyqeHHhIe qHCTO JIOrHqeCKHf\( nyTeM nOJIOJKeHHH
HHqero He roBO»HT 0 eH:CTBHTeJIbHOCTH, faJIHJIeH: CTaJI
OTUOM COBpeMeHHOH: CPH3HKH H Bo06w:e COBpeMeHHO-
ro eCTecTB03HaHHH HMeHHO nOTOMY, '1TO nOHH)l 3TY
HCTHHY H BHymHJI ee HayqHOMY MHPY..
TpY.lUfbI:H BorrpOC: MO)KHO JIH C ,nO:H T01JKH 3peHHH
C1JHTaTb 1JHCTO JIOrnqeCKHM TeOpeTH1JeCKOe MbIllI-
JIeHHe, oCymeCTBJIHeMOe, HarrpHMep rro cxeMe
.<l>aKTbI-Mo,neJIb-CJIe,nCTBIDI.? OIIHpaJICH JIH caM
3:HHIllTe:HH Ha <l>aKThI rrpH coo,ZtaHHH CTO? KaKHe
STO MOrJIH 6bITh <l>aKTbI?
2. lIycTb Me>K.ZJ:Y .D;BYMH C06bITHHMH B c06cTBeHHO:H
CHCTeMe OTC1JeTa, r,Zte C06bITHH rrpOHCXO,ZtHT 0,Zt-
HO:H T01JKe, rrpOllIJIO BpeMH to' Tor,Zta B ,lI;BH>Kyme:H-
CH OTHOCHTeJIbHO Hee co CKOpOC'FbIO v Mca HH-
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't
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. TCJIbHO C06CTBeHHO:H CHCTeMbI OTC1JeTa, HHTepBaJI
BpeMeHH Me:>K,ZJ;y C06bITIDIMH YBeJIH1JHBaeTCH, Bpe-
MH Te1JeT 6bICTpee. lIpM1JeM :ITO 3aBMCHT OT CKOpO-
CTII CaMO:H CMCTeMbI OTC1JeTa. lIoCKOJIbKY paBHO-
rrpaBHbIX Mca MHO>KeCTBO, ,ZtBH>KYTCH OHM C ca-
MbIMM pa3HblMM CKOpOCTHMH, TO H; BpeMH'Me:>K,ZJ;y
,ZtBYMH c06bITIIHMM C T01JKM 3peHIDI STHX MCa 6y-
,ZteT caMoe pa3Hoe. lIapattoKcaJIbHO, HO <l>aKT: B
CTa BpeMH Me:>K,ZJ;y ,ZtBYMH C06bITMHMM OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO. Ero BeJIM1JMHa 3aBMCIIT OT BbIDopa MCa.
51BJIeHHH cOKpameHHH pa3MepoB TeJIa M 3aMe,nJIe-
. HMH BpeMeHM rro.ny1JHJIM Ha3BaHHH peJUITIIBHCT-
CKHX a4>4>eKTOB. '3TO 1JMCTO KHHeMaTH1JeCKMe s<l>-
<l>eKThI. aHM He BbI3BaHbI KaKHMM-JIM60 MaTepH-
aJIbHbIMH rrpl-I'iHHaMM.
XOTH BpeMH Me>K.zty ,ZtBYMH C06bIT.WIMH M ,ZtJIHHa OT-
pe3Ka (CTep)KHH) OTHOCMTeJIbHbI, T. e. pa3JIH1JHbI B
pa3HbIX MCa, MMeeTCH H UH6apUaHmHQ..R,XapaK-
mepucmUKa. aHa Ha3bIBaeTCH HHTepBaJI S. Ero
MO)KHO orrpe,ZteJIlITb cJIe,ZtYIOmHM 06pa30M. BOOBO-
,ZtHM B KBa,ZtpaT <l>OPMYJIY ,ZtJIH BpeMeHM TeJIa:
"(1- : )=, WJH' .
t 2 c 2 _ t 2 v 2 = t c2 = inv ,
TaK KaK CKOpOCTh CBeTa M co6cTBeHHoe BpeMH -
HHBapMaHTHbIe BeJIH1JHHbI. lIo CMbICJIY vt - pac-
CTOHHHe R, Ha KOTopoe rrepeMeCTHJIaCb 1JaCTHl(a.
BBO,ZtMM 0603Ha1JeHIDI H rr()JIyqaeM:
cf2 ...2 '2 2
.r = -(;'(t 2 - t 1 ) + R .
3. HOBbI:H 3aKOH CJIO>KeHIDI CKOpOCTe:H <l>OPMYJIMPY-
, eTCH B CTa TaK:
U'+v
U=-
vu "
1+-
c 2
me U - CKOpOCTh TeJIa B MCa K, u'- CKOpOCTb
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TeJIbHO MCa K (pMe. 123). '. r
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PHc.123
lIoKIDKeM, 1JTO <l>oPMYJIa CJIO)KCHHH CKOpOCTe:H'CO-
rJIacyeTcH C rrOCTOHHCTBOM CKOpOCTII CBeTa B JIID-
60:H MCa. lIycTb B MCa K", ,ZtBMraIOme:HCH O
CKOpOCTbIO U, pacrrpoCTpaHHeTcH ,meKTpOMarHlIT-
HaH BOJIHa co CKOpOCTbIO c. arrpe,ZteJIHM CKOpOCTh
SJIeKTpOMarHMTHO:H BOJIHbI oTHOClITeJIbHO MCO K.
c+v
lIoJIyqae : u=c-=c, 1JTO M Tpe6oBaJIOCb,:rro-
c+v .
, Ka3aTb. "
AMHaMMKa eTO
B CTa co,Ztep>KaHHe OCHOBHbIX rrOIDITH:H.. ,nHHaMHKH:
MaCCbI, MMrrYJIbCa, sHeprim - 06orain;aeTcH. ' "
t. B CMCTeMe OTC1JeTa, B KOTOpO:H TeJIO rrOKOIITCSliet'o
MacCY Ha3bIBaIOT Maccoo nOKOJl M 0603Ha1JaIOT:tn .
Macca SToro >Ke TeJIa B MCa, OTHOCHTeJIbH() KO-
TOpO:H OHO ,ZtBM>KeTCH co CKOpOCTbIO v, 6rrpe -
eTCH rro <l>opMYJIe: " .
..\
aCHOBHbIe nOJIO:>KeHIUI cnen;MaJlbHoM 'reopMM OTHOCMTeJIbHOCrn
541
mo
m- g '
1-
c 2
I1pM YBeJIMqeHIDI CKOpOCTM TeJIa (MJIM CKOpOCTM
CMCTeMbI OTCqeTa, OTHOCMTeJIbHO KOTopoM TeJIO
M3yqaI<n) era MaCca B03paCTaeT (pMC. 124).
M
3mo
., 2mo
mo
0 O,5c v
PHC. 124
aTCIOAa M MMnYJIbC cB060AHora TeJIa (qaCTMn;bl)
onpeAemleTcH Y:>Ke no- APyraMY:
mov
p= JI-V' .
. c 2
5. OC1t081WU 3aK01t peJlR,mU8UCmcKou dU1taM.UKU npM-
06peTaeT BI1,ZI;:
!!.jJ = i
At
110 Mepe YBeJIMqeHMH CKOpOCTM MHepTHble CBOM-
CTBa TeJIa m B03paCTalOT (pMC. 123) M AMI M3MeHe-
HMH MMnYJlbCa TeJIa T})e6yeTcH Bce 60JIblllaH CHJIa.
B npeAeJIe - 6ecKOHe t lHaH. BOT nOqeMY HeB03- _
MO:>KHO pa30rnaTb TeJIO AO CKOpOCTM CBeTa.
,6. Ha OCHOBe nOCTYJIaTQB CTa 3MHIllTeMH nOJlyqHJI
CPOPMYJIY CBH3H MaCCbI M ;meprHH cB060AHoro TeJIa
('!.IacTMn;bI):
m c 2
E=mC 2 = g o 2 .
1-
c 2
TaKHM 06pa30M, BO BceX npon;eccax, KaKMe 6bl npe-
06pa30BaHHH ;meprIDI M MaCCbI <!>M3MqeCKOM CMC-
TeMbI HH npOMCXOAHJIH, Me:>KAY JillMH BcerM CO-
xpaHHeTCH COOTHOllleHMe E = mGJ-. B CMCTeMe OT-
'C1-uha, B KOTOpOM TeJIO nOKOMTCH, era 3HeprlfH 6y-
AeT E = moGJ-. 3Ta 3HeprHH Ha3bIBaeTCH aHepmeit
nOKOR. TaKMM 06pa30M, CTa AaeT B03MO:>KHOCTb
'oupeAeJIHTb C06CTBeHHYIO 3HeprHIO TeJIa.
J.(pyrae <!>YHAaMeHTaJIbHOe COOTHOllleHMe peMlTH-
QHCTCKOM MexaHMKH ,lVIH B3aHMOCBH3M 3Heprmr H
MMnyJIbCa MMeeT BHA:
J!2 = C 2 p2+ c4m o 2 .
,lJ:aHHoe COOTHOllleHMe cnpaBeAJIMBO BO Bcex HCQ,
'r. e. HBJIHeTCH MHBapHaHToM.
7. 3aKoH coxpaHeHMH 3HeprHH TeJIa (qaCTHn;bI) BbI-
nOJIHHeTCH M B CTa TOJIbKO B M3MeHeHHOM BMAe:
mc 2 + U = const.
npMH4Mn COOTBeTCTBMA
C03MHMe cne.QMaJlbHoM TeopMM OTHOCMTeJIbHOCTH He
pa3pyuIHJIO KJIaccMqecKoM MexaHMKH. 11 pM CKOpOCTHX
ABH:>KeHMH TeJIa MHora MeHblllHX CKopocrn 'CBeTa (qTO
'lame Bcero Mbl M Ha6JIIOAaeM) <!>9PMYJIbI CTa AalOT
Te :>Ke pe3YJIbTaTbl. 110Ka:>KeM 3TO.
1. ECJIM C » v, TO peJIHTHBMCTCKaH <!>opMYJIa CJIO:>K -
HMH cKopocTeM n pexoAHT B <!>oPMyJIY faJIHJIeH: M3
,
u +V' '. \ 11"_ v
U = - nOJIyqaeM U U +u. 1"\..l1aCCMqeCKMM 3a-
1 vu
+
c 2
KOH CJIO:>KeHMH cKopocTeM BbInOJIHHeTCH TeM T01J-
Hee, qeM CKOpOCTb CBeTa 60JIbllle CKopocrn TeJIa
(HJIM CKOpOCTH CHCTeMbl OTCqeTa).
2. B <!>opMYJIe AJIH peJIHrnBMcTcKoM MaCCbI npM CKO-
pOCTHX ABH:>KeHHH 3HaqHTeJIbHO MeHblllHX CKOpOC-
rn CBeTa, BbIpIDKeHMe 1- :: npMMepHo paBHO 1.
I1pM TaKOM YCJIOBMH m mo. 110 pRC. 124 BI1,ZI;HO,
qTO Macca TeJIa 3aMeTHO B03paCTaeT npM CKOpOC-
THX ABH:>KeHMH TeJIa 60JIblllMX 0,5 c.
3. I1pM C» v <!>opMYJIa peJIHTMBMCTCKoro MMnYJIbCa
nepeXOAMT B KJIaCCMqeCKYIO: p = mu.:YpaBHeHHe
peJIHTHBMcTcKo:ij AMHaMMKH npM MaJJblX CKOpOCTHX
ABM).!{eHMH TeJIa C 60JIblllOM TOqHOCTblO nepeXOAMT
B ypaBHeHMe BTopora 3aKOHa HblOToHa.
BeJIMKHM <!>paHn;Y3cKMM yqeHblK, O,lU1H H3 OCHOBa-
TeJIeM cnen;MaJlbH9M TeopHH OTHOCMTeJIbHOCTM,
AHpM l1yaHKape (1854-1912) nMCaJI:, '
,..HeCMOTpjj Ha 60JIblIIOe 3HaqeHHe apryMeHToB H
<}>aKToB, BbLaBHHYTbIX npOTIfB KJIaCCH'leCKOH MexaHH-
,KH, 6bIJIO 6bI npe)K,l(eBpeMeHHO paCCMaTpHBaTb ee KaK
OKOHqaTeJIbHO OCYJK,l(eHHYIO. KaK 6bI TO HH 6bIJIO, OHa
BO BCHKOM CJIyqae OCTaeTCS{ MexaHHKOH CKopoCTeH,
OqeHb MaJIbIX no CpaBHeHHIO CO CKOpOCTbIO CBeTa, OC-
TaeTCH, TaKHM 06pa30M, MexamfI<OH HallieH npaKTH-
qeCKOH JKH3HH H HallieH 3eMHOH TexmfIm.»
Bonpoc: nOqeMY CTa peAKO MCnOJIb3yeTcH Ha
npaKTHKe, XOTH Bbl60p HCa, B TOM qMCJIe M ABM-
, :>KymMXCH C 60JIblllMMH CKOpOqHMM, 3a HaMM?
CHCTeMaTH3an;MH 3HaHlfM CTa npHBeAeHa B Ta6JI. 11.
542
3JIEKTPOMAfHI1THbIE KOJIEBAHI15I 11 BOJIHbI. OI1TI1KA
T a6JIHl.\a 11
, . CnEL\MAJ1bHAJI TEOPMR OTHOCMTEJlbHOCTM
Cne l1anbHiUI TeOpl1$! OTHOCI1TeJ1bHOCTI1 (CTO) - Q>11311L1eCKaJl TeOpl1$!, 113YLlalOl1.\aJI npOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHble I
3aKOHOMepHOCTI1 MaTepl1anbHOrO Ml1pa
nOCTynaTbi
npo eq:bl npl1poAbl npoTeKalOT OAI1HaKOBO BO BCeX I1Hep l1aJlbHblX CI1CTe,.;aX OTCLIeTa (3aKOHbi Q>11311KI1 I1MelOT
OAI1HaKOBYIO Q>oPMY BO BCeX !IICO)
Bo BCeX JilCO CKOpocTb CBeTa B BaKYYMe $!BJl$!eTCJI npeAeJlbHO CKOpOCTblO 11 He 3aBI1CI1T OT CKOpOCTI1 ABI1>KeHI1$!
I1CTOLlHI1Ka 11 Ha6JlIOAaTeJl$!
.. KMHeMaTMKa AMHaMMKa
1. npl1 nepexoAe OT OnI1CaHI1RABI1>KeHI1 B !IIca K' (ee CKOpOCTb, !Jj =F I
v) K ""CO K I1Cn0J1b3YIOTai npe06pa30BaHI1$! JlopeH a: 1. l:1t - peJlJrrI1BI1CTCKaJI Q>opMa BTOpofo
, v , m
x' + vt t +-x 3aKOHa AI1HaMI1KI1, rAe m=g
, , c 2
X g' y=y, z==z, t=g 1--
1-- 1-- c 2
c 2 c 2 m
2, Bo BceX !IICO I1HBapl1aHTHa BeJlI1L1I1Ha: f _c 2 t 2 == ['2 _c 2 t,2 n
g I
3, OTHOCI1TeJlbHOCTb paCCTO$!HI1 1 =10 l- , ) 1
. 0 v
rAe 10 - AJlI1Ha CTep>KH$! B !IICO, B KOTOpo OH nOKOI1TaI
4, OTHOCI1TeJlbHOCTb npOMe>t<yTKOB BpeMeHI1:
'to 2, B3al1MocBJl3b MaCCbl 11 3Heprl1l1:
<=g E = mil-
1-- 3Heprl1$! nOKO$!:
c 2 VI +V = moil-
V 2 =-
5: <J>opMYJla CJlO>KeHI1$! CKopocTeH: 1 vtv
+- 3, e = {ilil- + m n 2 c 4
c.
BaJKHO rrOMHMTb, 'ITO HOBM Teopml 3aMeHMJla KJIaC-
CJHleCKYIO MexaHMKY B cJlY'Iae paccMOTpt;HMH ,WJM)Ke-
HMH TeJla co CKOpOCTHMM, cpaBHMMblMM co CKOpOCTbIO
CBeTa. A rrOCKOJlbKY CKOpOCTb TeJla CBH3aHa C Bb160-
pOM I1CO, TO M B03HMKaeT rrOTpe6HocTb 3HaTb rrpaBM-
Jla rrpeo6pa:30BaHMH KoopAMHaT rrpM rrepexoA,e M3 0A-
HOll: 11 CO B APYryIO - rrpeo6pa30BaHMH JIopeHI a.
Ca.l4O
, patfollia
I1HBapMaHTHM, T. e. He 3aBMCHII(M OT Bbl60pa I1CO
BeJlM'IMHa, - BeCbMa BaJKHM xapaKTepMcTMKa HBJle-
HMH. OHa rrpOCTO YA06Ha rrpM OIrncaHMM HBJleHMll:. 110-
3TOMY HM)Ke IIpMBeAeHbl JlMlllb 3a,n:a'IM Ha BI¥HCHeHMe
MHBapMaHTHblx xapaKTepMCTMK.
...
1. 51BJlHeTCH JIM C06bITMe, C TO'IKM 3peHIDI CTO, MH'
BapMaHToM? tho 3TO rrpaKTM'IeCKU 3Ha'IMT?
2. KaKMe 3KcrrepMMeHTbl rrOCJI)')KMJlM OCHOBOll: AJIj
fMrrOTe3bl 06 MHBapMaHTHOCTM CKOpOCTM CBeTa?
3. J.(oKaJKMTe, 'ITO BeJlWlMHa S2== ,c211t 2 - !!dl HBJlHeTCj
MHBapMaHTOM, T. e. He 3aBMCMT OT.Bbl6opa MCO.
4. J.(oKa3aTb, 'ITO M3 3aKOHa CJlO)KeHMH CKOpOCTell: I
CTO CJleAyeT, 'ITO CKOpOCTb CBeTa - MHBapMaHT
J.(Be qaCTMI.(bl ABM)KYTCH HaBCTpe'IY APyr APYry C(
CKOpOCTHMM v t M v 2 . J.(oKa3aTb, 'ITO CKOpOCTb m
C6J1M)KeHMH He HBJlHeTCH MHBapMaHTOM.
5. 51B.IDleTCH JIM MHBapMaHTOM BHYTpeHHHH 3Hepnu
TeJla? KaK 060CHOBaTb orneT? 51B.IDleTCH JIM 3J1eK'
TpM'IeCKMll: 3apHA UHBapMaHTHOll: BeJlM'IMHOll:I
51BJlHeTCH JIM Macca MHBapMaHTflOll: BeJill'IMHOll:?
, .
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.
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II: H' , ,l''':';- 1.,,,,,.(:
0\, \ ' \ ' i, ' " ' f:%: ....:, '. ': .:.:.:..:..,
.\ . ....-... . __ ft4 ....""\... . '-oo1o'l_!;
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Ib MB 3Ty TeMY,
· BblY3H(I,eTe 3aKOHbi OTpa>KeHIUI 11 npenOMneHI1S1 CBe-
Ta, Q>opMynbl nl1H3bl 11 cQ>epl1L1eCKOrO 3epKana;
· nOHMeTe npl1L1I1HY 06paaOBaHI1S1 TeHl111 nonyreHI1, con-
HeLlHoro 3aTMeHI1S1, 6nl130pYKOCTI1 11 AanbH030pKOC-
TI1; npl1H411n AeHCTBI1S1 Q>OToannapaTa, nynbll1 MI1KpO-
c ona;
· Ha)'LII1TeCb npOBepSlTb CnpaBeA/lI1BOCTb 3aKOHa npSlMO-
nl1HeHHOro pacnpocTpaHeHI1S1 CBeTa; nonYLlaTb TeHb;
CTPOI'ITb 11306pa>KeHl1e npeAMeTa; pewaTb 3aAa 11 C I1C-
nonb30SaHI1eM 3aKOHOB OTpa>KeHI1S1, npenOMneHI1S1
CBeTa, Q>opMynbl nl1H3bll1 cQ>epl1L1eCKoro 3epKana,
KtJItCMItIfi .
.7Ila . Cxuu.e
npAMonMHeMHoe
/ paCnpOCTpaHeHMe caeTa
3808 npBMOJIHHeAHOI'O pacnpOCTpaHeHHH CBeTa,
B npo3pa1/,'llou OO'HOpOO'llOU cpeoe CBem pacnpocmpa-
'HSlemc.R. npSLMOJlU'lleU'Ho. CJIeACTBHeM rrpm1BJIeHHH3a-
KOHa rrpHMOJIHHeHHOro pacrrpoCTpaHeHHH CBeTa HB':
JIHeTCSI o6paaoBaHHe TeHH H nOJIyreHH (pHC. 1, 2).
',.t.... ..... . "'. "'_
'1-
...-' '1.,
;, ....-"..- ,.
.'
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"
OCHOBHble nOHATMA:
· CseToBoH nYLl · 3epKanbHoe OTpa>KeHl1e · ,lJ,HQ>Q>Y3-
Hoe OTpa>KeHl1e CBeTa CBeTa . A6conIOTHblH nOKa3a-
Tenb npenOMneHI1S1 . non Hoe OTpa>KeHl1e CBeTa · nl1H-
3a · OnTI1L1eCKaSl cl1na nl1H3bl . D/l1130PYKOCTb .
.llanbHo30pKOCTb
IIp>>. orrHcaHHH MHornx HBJIeHHH, CBH3aHHblX C pac-
rrpO(:!TpaHeHHeM CBeTOBblX BOJIH (::meKTpOMarHHTHbiX
BOJIH BHAHMoro AHanaaOHa) HCnOJIb3YeTCH reOMeTpH-
qec oe rrpeACTaBJIeHHe -- CBeTOBoA JIY1J (pHC. 3).
. CBemOBblM JlY1/,OM. 'lla.3l?lBaemC.R. 6eCKO'lletl'110 Y31CUU ny-
1/,01{ BemOBblX BOJl'll, cOBnaoa1OUJ,uu c 'Hanpa8JleuueM.
pacnpocmpa'He1f.U.R. BOJl'llbl.
.,
:
feOMeTpHqeCKaJI OrrTHKa
545
s
$2
TeHb
8)
s
nonyreHb
PHC. 1. 06pa306a1tUe me1tU U nOllyme1lU om npeOMem06
a) 06pa30BaJiHe TeHH OT TO'le'lHOrO HCTO'lHHKa CBeTa; 6) 06pa30BaHHe TeHH H nOJIYTeHH OT npOHI>KeHHOro
HCTO'lHHKa CBeTa; 6) 06pa3oBaHHe TeHH H nOJIYTeHH OT WJYX,HCTO'lHHKOB CBeTa
nYHa
7) )
...,
CBeTOBaJI BOJIHa,.rra,zJ;aIOIqaJI Ha rrOBepXHOCTb paa.n;Ma
.n;BYX cpe.n;, qaCrnqHO OTpaJKaeTCH OT Hee, B03Bp a ma-
HCb B rrepBYIO cpe.n;y, qaCTHqHO rrpoxo.n;HT BO 'BTOPYIO.
OTpaxcelJHe CReTa. Ilaaa1014UUJl!f'l, Ompa:JICeHlt:btU-JlJl'l
u nepnenaU'JcYJlRp K lpanu e pa3aeJla aeyx cpea, 60C-
cman06JlennbtU 6 mO'l/,KY naaeHWlJlY1W., Jle:JICam 60anou
nJWC1Cocmu (p,HC. 4). YlOJl ompa:JICenWl pa6en YlJlY
naaeHWl.
ConHL4e
3eM11fI
I
TeHb
nOn)'TeHb
ILa = L I
BonHa
nepneHAIitKynJlp, BoccTaHosneHHblH
K nosepXHOCTIit s T KY
n na)\eHIitJl ny a
PHc.2. COIl1t 1tOe3an1Me1lUe
a - yron na)\eHIitJl
- yron OTpa>KeHHJI
PHC. 3. C6emo6ou llyrl
PHC. 4. 3a1C01t Ompa:HCe1tWl C6ema
18 3ax. 323
'546
fEOMETPI1QECKAH OllTI1KA
2 3 4 5
12345
0)
-.
5
6)
PHC. 5. Ompa:HCe1tue ceema
a) 3epKaJIhHOe OTp3.)KeHHe CBeTa; 6) .l{HCPCPY3Hoe OTpa)J{eHHe CBeTa
OTpIDKeHHe CBeTa M:D}l(eT 6b1Tb 3epKaJIbHbIM HJIH .n;H$-
$Y HbIM (pacceSlHHblM) (pHC. 5).
ECJIH JI)"IH, rr3,Z{aIOIItHe Ha rroBepXHocTh pa3.n;eJIa .l{BYX
cpe.n; rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIM rr)"IKOM, rrOCJIe oTpIDKeHIDI OCTa-
IOTCSI rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIMH, TO OTpIDKeHHe Ha3bIBaeTCH
3epK8JIhHbIM, a caMa rrOBepXHOCTh - IIJIOCKHM 3ep-
KaJlOM (pHC. 5, a).
ECJIH rryqOK rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIX JIyqeH, na.n;alOIItHX Ha
rrOBepXHOCTb, rrOCJIe OTpIDKeHHH He SlBJIHeTCH rr)"IKOM
rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIX JIyqeH, TO OTpa)KeHHe Ha3bIBaeTCH
roIcI»cI»Y3HhIM IDIH p8CCeJIHHbIM (pHC. 5, 6).
npe.noMneHMe CBeTa
1. JIyv, naoalOwpu, llY'Il npe.1IOM.1U?/t'H.'btU U nepne1-tOuKY-
IlSlp, BOCCma1-tOBlle1-t1-t'btU B mO'llKY naOe1-tUSl llY'Ila,
lle3ICam B 001-tOU rtllOCKocmu.
nilAalO IitH
n}"-l
-
n
2. Om1-towe1-tue cU1-tyca Yllla naOe1tUSl K CU1-tycy Yllla
nplmO.M.1le1-tWl ecm'b BellU'IlU1ta nOCmOSl1-t1taR. OJ/.Sl oa1-t-'
1-t'blX OBYX cpeo: 01-tO,paB1-t0 om1-tOWe1-tU1O a6colllOm-
1:tOlO nOKa3amellSl npellO.MJle1tUSl Bmopou cpeo'bt K
a6COIl1Om1-t0M.Y nOKa3amell1O npellO.MJ1.e1-tUSl nepBou
cpeo'bt.
sina = n 2
sinJ3 n l
n 1 - a6COJIIOTHbIH rrOKa3aTeJIb npeJIOMJIeHHH rrepBoH
Cpe.lI;bI.
n 2 - a6COJIIOTHblH rrOKa3aTeJIb rrpeJIOMJIeHHH BTOpOH
cpe.zthI.
AocoJUOTHhm nOK838TeJlb npeJIOMJlcHH,JI - rrOKa3a-
TeJIb rrpeJIOMJIeHHH rrpH rrepexo.n;e CBeTOBOrO JIyqa H3
BaKyYMa HJIH B03.n;yxa B .n;aHHoe BeIIteCTBO.
n- nepneHAIitKyn$lp, SOCCTaHosneHHbl1it
K nosepXHOCTIit s TO'fKY nilAeHlit$l nY'fa
a - yron nilAeHlit$l
'Y - yron npenOMneHlit$l
--- ---
---- ----
-------; ----
--- --= -; -=- --= rp aHH lI a pa3AenaAsyxcpeA
npenOMneHHblH ny'f
PHC. 6. IlpeJIOM.1/.e1tUe ceema
-
j
o
n
,
n
2
0)
reOM TpH"Ie a5I OmHKa,
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npeIlOM.MIIbW,HH OJl
6)
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B)
Pill:. 7. Xoo coemOOOlO ll!f'la 1lepe3
a) nOllY Wlu1fi)p; 6) 1llloc'KonapaJ/.Jlellb1tYlO 1lllacmu1ty; ,0) mpexlpa1t1tylO npU3.MY
'/
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n
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n
ECJlH n, <: n., TO La > L "'{ H IIY OTKIIOHJleTCJI
OT CBoero nepBOHa aJ1bHOrO HanpaBlleHHJI K
nepneHAHKYIIJlPY
ECJlH n, > n., TO La < L "/ H J1Y OTKIIOHJleTCJI,
OT cBoero nepBOHa aJ1bHoro HanpaBlleHHJI K
rpaHH4e paaAella ABYX cpeA
@
n
n
2
"
"
ECIIH n, > n.. TO MO>KeT Ha61110AaTbCJI nOIlHoe
OTpa>KeHHe CBeTa, npeIlOM.&!eHHbIH'
CKOllb3HT no rpaHH4e paaAeJla ABYX cpeA
L"'{= 90'
a" - npeAellbHblH yron na)\eHHJI
PHC. 8. Xoi) coemOOOlO ll!f'la npu nepexoOe U3 cpeo pa31toU OnmU1leCKOU 1lllom1tocmu
a) nepeXOl{ CBe'f.OBOrO JIyqa H3 cpel{bI Oll'l:HqecKH MeHee nJIOTHOH B cpeA)' onTH'-IeCKI 60JIee nJIOTHYIO; 6) H 0) nepeXOl{
CBeTOBOro JIyqa H3 cpel{bl OnTHqeCKH 60JIee nJIoTHoii! cpel{Y OnTHqecKH MeHee nJIOTHYIO -
548
fEOMETPI1QECKMI OITTI1KA
non Hoe OTpa>KeHHe CBeTa
DOJlHoe 01J>8'KeHHe csern Ha6JIIO,ltaeTCH IIPH IIepe-
xOAe CBeTa H3 OIITH'IeCKH 60JIee IIJIOTHOM cpeAbI B cpe-
,lty OIITH'IeCKH MeHee nJIOTHyro B TOM CJIY'Iae, eCJIH Bce
JIyqH na,ltaIOT no,lt yrJIOM, 60JIbllIHM IIpe,lteJIbHoro.
Dpe.ZJ;eJIhHblii yroJt: .n8.ZJ;eHHJI - yrOJI, IIPH KOTOpOM ,
npeJIOMJIeHHbIM JIY'l CKOJIb3HT IIO rpaHHI e pa3AeJIa
ABYX cpe,lt (pHC. 8, B).
ITOJIHOe OTpIDKeHHe CBeTa npOHBJIHeTCH Ha rp8HHI e
B03AYllIHbIX nY3bIpbKOB B BO,lte, B 6JIeCKe KaneJIb pOCbI
B COJIHe'lHOM CBeTe, B 6JIeCKe Aparo eHHbIX KaMHeM,
B 06pa:roB8HHH MHpIDKeM. 3TO HBJIeHHe HCIIOJIb3YeTCH
npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH "\rPHMOyroJIbHbIX npH3M nOJIHOrO
OTpIDKeHHH. OHO T8K)Ke IIpHMeHHeTCH B BOJIOKOHHOM
onTHKe.
nMH3b1
.7bmaoii HJIH o.nTlf1leCKHM CTeRJIOM Ha3bIBaeTCH npo-
3pa'iHOe ,lVIH CBeTa OTIlIJIHQ>oBaHHoe TeJIO, orpaHH'IeH-
Hoe KpHBbIMH IIOBepXHOCTHMH, B 'IaCTH CTH, O,ltHa H3
nOBepXHocTeM MO)KeT 6bITb nJIOCKoM.
ITo $opMe orpaHH'IHBaIOm:HX nOBepxHocTeM JIHH3bI
MOryr 6bITb c$epH'IeCKHMH, nHJIHH,Z{pH'IeCKHMH HAp.
C<IJepHlIeCKHMH Ha3bIBaIOTCH JIHH3bI, OrpaHH'IeHHbIe
C ABYX HJIH C O,ltHOM CTOpOHbI c$epH'IeCKUM:H IIOBepx-
HOCTHMH. Ha plfC. 9 npe,ltCTaBJIeHbI c$epU'IeCKHe JIHH-
3bI: COOHp8101Q8J1 JIHila8 (pHC. 9 a) H p8cceHB8101Q8J1
JlHH38 (pHC. 9 6). TO'lKa 0 - onmU1/.ecKUii. e1tmp JlUH.-
3bl; C 1 H C 2 - eH.mp'bl cfjJepU1/.eCKUX, nOBepX'H.OCmeii..
.. .. .. .. . .
c,1=c, '
..........
. c,
0)
6)
PRc.9. CljJeputtecKue llUH3bl
Ha pHC., 10 H 11 IIOKa3aHbI HeKoTOpbIe BHAbI c06Hpa-
IOn(ux H paCCeHBaIOIqHX JIH1I3 H HX YCJIOBHbIe 0603Ha-
'IeHIDI. Ha pHC. 12 TIpe,ltcTaBJIeH XOA JIyqeM f{epe3 co-
6Hp aIO m:yIO H pacceHBaIOm:yIO JIHH3Y.
,QBOIiKOBblnYKJ1i111 nnoc OBblnYKJ1i111
8OrHyYO-IIb/J1YMi111 YcnOBHOe
0603Ha'leHMe
e)
PRC. 10. B1teUmUUBUG U YCllOB1tOe 06031latte1lUe
c06upa1OU{eu llUH3bl
0)
6)
8)
,QBOIiKOBOrH)'TiIII nnOCKOBOrH)'TiIII BblnYKJlQ-BorH)'T1UI YcnOBHoe
0603Ha'leHHe
0)
e)
PRC. 11. B1teumuu BUG U YCllOB1l0e 06031tattellue
pacceuBa1OU{eu llUH3bl
0)
6)
8)
6)
,
I
I
.:
, - r naBHiUI OnntilecKiUI OCb
- ,-,- '-'-'-'¥-i" -, ,"0 -,-,-,- ,- ,- ,- ,- ,-, -. -, -,-,-, -, -,-,-,-, -,- ,-,---
I ',....
I
PRC. 12. XOG llyrl.euB llUH3ax.
a) XOl{ JIyqeii B c06MpaIOIlteii JIMH3e;
6) XOl{ JIyqeii B paCCeMBaIOIlteii JIMH3e
.
Y c06HpaIOm:eM JIHH3bI ABa $oKyca H 000 AeMcmH-
TeJIbHbIX. Y pacceHBaIOm:eM JIHH3bl ABa Q>oKYca H 06a
MHHMbIX.
-------->i
feoMeTpll'leGKCUI OITTJlKa
,
549,
OCHOBHble clJopMynbl M COOTNOWeH,MA
cJ»OpMYJIa JIHH3b1:
./
1 ( nn )( 1 1 )
F = n cp -1 R) + R 2
f,ne:
nJ[ - a6COJIIOTHbIH IIOKa3aTeJIb rrpeJIOMJIeHPUl MaTe-
pmura, Jl3 KOTOpOfO Jl3fOTOBJIeHa JIJlH3a;
n - a6COJIIOTHbIH IIOKa3aTeJIb npeJIOMJIeHIHI Cpe,nbl,
cp
B KOTOpOH Haxo,nJlTCH JIJlH3a;
R 1 JI R 2 - pa,nJlYCbI KpJlBJl3HbI cQ>epH'IeCIGIX noo-epx-
HOCTeH.
R > O,nJIH BbIlIYKJIOH IIOBepXHocrn; R < 0 ,nJIH Borny-
TOH IIOBepXHOCTH, R = 00 ,nJIH IIJIOCKOCTH.
cJ»opMYJIa TOHKOit JIHH3b1:
1.+1-=+1-
d-f -F
1.:t1-=:tD
df
f,ne:
d - paCCTpHHHe OT IIpe,nMeTa ,no OlIrnqeCKoro eHT-
pa JIHH3bI, C'IHTaH 110 fJIaBHOH OmH'IeCKOO DCI¥,
f - paCCTOHHHe OT H306p3JKeHIDI rrpe,nMeTa,no OIITH-
'IeCKOfO eHTPa JIHH3bI, C'IHTaH 110 fJIaBHOii OOTH
'IeCKOH OCH;
F - Q>OKYCHOe paCCTOHHHe JIHH3bI;
D - OIITH'IecKaH CHJIa JIHH3bI.
[d]=M [f]=M
1 ,
[F] = M [D] = - = ,nmp (,nHompm)
M
JIHHeijrroe YBeJIH1JeHlle HJIH YMeHbmeHlle, ,naBaeMoe
JIHH30it:
Ir= =hl
d H
f,ne:
h - mmeHHbIe pa3MepbI 1i306p3JKeHIIH;
H - JIHHeHHbIe pa3MepbI rrpe,nMeTa.
cJ»oPMYJIa C pll'leCKoro 3epK8Jla:
I> =Z I
fJIe:
d - pacCTOfIHfl-e OT nOJIIOCa 3epKa.7Ia ,nO IIpe,nMeTa,
CT.J:flT<Ul1IO fJIaBHoH OI1TH'IeCKOH OCH;
f - paCCTOfIHHe OT IIOJIIOCa 3epKaJIa ,no H306p3JKe-
HHH, CtHfTaH 110 fJIaBHOH OmH'IeCI,<OH OCH;,
" R
F - Q>Oi.<y-CHOe paCCTOHHHe 3epKaJIa; F = "2 (Q>o YC-
Hoe paCCT<mHHe paBHO IIOJIOBlme pa,nHyca 3epK3-
JIa).
JIHHeAHoe YBeJIH1JeHlle HJIH YMeHbmeHlle, ,naBaeMoe
ccI>epll'leCKHM 3epKaJIOM:
\r)J1= h I
d 'H
f,ne:
It - JlHlteHHbIe pa3Mepbl H306p3JKeHHH;
H - .J'IHneHHbIe pa3Mepbl npe,nMeTa.
JI OBTJl'le CKOit CHCTeMbI:
I D:;: i: D) :t D 2 :t D3 :t...:t Dn I
fIOHFeHC XpIi:CTH3-H (1629 - 1(95) - roJlJlaH,n:cKHH
<lm3HK, MaT-eMaTl+H H aCTpoHoM. B CBOeM Tpy,n:e .TpaK-
'Ja'FbI 0 CBeTe. (1690 r.) BblBeJl 3aKOHbI oTpax<eHH» H
npeJfOMJfeH'IDI; 06'W1CHHJI oco6eHHocTH ,n:BOHHOro Jlyqe-
11peJtOMJleHHj{. Y cOBepIlIeHcTBoBaB TeXHHKy IIIJlHq,oBa-
HHj{ CTeKOJi, OR C03,n:aJI JlHH3b1 C rpOMa,ZI:HblMH q,OKYCHbI-
MH paCCTOHHHHMH (B
TOM HCJfe 54 H 63 M).
flOHreHc pa60TaJI Ha,ZI:
yCOBepIlIeHCTBOBaHH
eM TeJleCKOna, pa3pa-
60TaJI OKYJlj{p (OKYJUlP
fIOHl'eHca), KOTOP1>I H
HCnOJIh3YeTCH ,n:o Hac-
TOH-InerO BpeMeHU. C
nOMOI1.{hlO TeJleCKOna
06HaPYX<HJI nOJlj{pHble
I1IanKH Ha Mapce, no-
JlOChI Ha IOnHTepe. TY-
MaHHOCTH B C03Be3,n:HH
OpHOHa.
. "..
. '
:I
I
,> '1" Ii'J
, > .,' ,
",. ,
... .".
,550
fEOMETPI1QECKASI OIITI1KA
OmHltecKu
CHCTeMa
noocKOe 3epl<a/lO
U:pePH4ecKoe
: 3epKaJlO
nnOCKoe 3epKaJ10
s'
...
, -----------
-..
' ......
, ,
, "
""', '...
, ,
, "
......, 0
"<"
.,
, l F<d< 2F I
r t > 0 I
'_ A(
-_-:..,, -----
. ----
.
.
.
t.< 0 I
onTMLlECKME CMCTEMbi
nOCTpoeHHe H306puceHHR
.;I''':'-' _,. L
!=-
.....
""",.
J,,-H' ,
!.k.;. "".w,
I
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A
.
I d>2F I
I f> 0 I
B
A
(I)
I d<F Ilt<ol
' ::------------
2F
A' .,:::-
-----; f
_-------- ...,1.
-..._- ....
2F -----F-.::: J
8 ' '-;':--
"
B
XapaKTepM306paMeHHA
1, a.1306pa>t<eHHe MHw.1Oe
2, PacCTOfIHHe CT
t,j. , ; H 06pa>KeHHJ1lJ.o
nnOCKOCTIit 3epKana pasHO
paCCTOSlHlit1O CT, :3Toiii
hnOCKOCTH /J,O npe/J,MeTa
",C
3, a.1306pa>t<eHHe
npoTSI>KeHHOro npe/J,MeTa.
BcerAa paBHO caMOMY
npe/J,Mel'y lit pacnonO>KeHO
CI1MMeTpH4Ho eMY
OTHOCHTe.nbHO nJlOCKOC'fIot
3epKana
BorHyroe 3epKaJ'IOi
0) 1it306pa>KeH.:.te
/J,eHCTBIitTenbHoe,
06paTHoe(nepeBepHyToe}
H YME*ibweHHoe \
F < f < 2F
6) H306pa>t<eHlite
/J,eHcTBHTeJ1bHoe,
06paTHoe lit YBenlit4eHHoe
f>2F
8) Ha06pa>KeHlite MHIitMoe,
npJlMoe lit YBenlit4eHHoe
BblnYKJ10e 3epKaJlo:
e) 1it300pa>t<eHHe MHIitMae,
npJlMoe H YMeHbweHHoe
f.eOMeTawrecKasI OIITHKa
551
onTM'f.ECKME CMCTEMbi
OnTM..ecKiUI
,CMCTeMa
nOCTpoeHMeM306puKeHMA
. d> 2F
L
If> 01
: ., F<d>2F
, I f> 01
lbtH3bl
' .
' ,
, ,
L ",,., ,,'. ..d r , -
" " ' o,, ' ..t ,
",' " .-
.,;,: >#
(#)
d<F
, f,< 01
2F
2F
. d> 2F
2F
F
I < 01
XapaKT8p M306 HMA
C06HpalOlJ.¥iSI nHH3a:
0) H306pa>t<eHHe
AeHCTBHTeJlbHoe,
06paTHOe (nepeBepHyroe)
H YMeHbUJeHHoe
F < f < 2F
,.
6) H306pa>t<eHHe,
AeHCTBHTeJlbHoe.
06paTHoe H YBeJlH4eHHoe
f > 2F
8) H306pa>t<eHHe MHHMoe,
npRJlloe H YBeJlH4eHHoe
(HaxoAHTCSI C TOH >Ke
CTOpoHbl, 4TO H npeAMeT)
f <0
,
PacceHBalOUJ,a$1
nHH3a:
e)J.1306pa>t<eHHe MHHMoe,
npJlMOe H YMeHbweHHoe;
acerA8 HaXOAHTCJI C ToH
>Ke CTOpoHbl, 4TO H
npeAMeT
5&2'
fEOMETPMqECKMI OIITMKA
On'M'IKKU
CMCTeMa
OnTM'4ECKHE, nPM60PbI
BHaWHMii 8MA npM60pa MnM CXaMa
yc'poiic'Ba
f1oc'p08HM. M306puc.HMR,
AHa.Moro npM60poM
CJ>oToannapaT
..
101306pa>t<eHHe AeHCTBHTenbHoe. YMeHbWeHHoe M
OOpaTHOe (nepeBepHyroe)
7 5 31 2
, ,
8 .
/11
( 6Y-
9 \
10 4 11
6
'CxeMa CTpoeHHSI rnaaa l.fenOBeKa H H306pa>t<eHHe npt!AMeToB Ha CeTl.faTKe (H306pa>t<eHHe
AeHCTBHTe.nbHoe. YMeHbweHHOe H 06paTHoe)
1 - 6eno4HCUI Hapy>KHCUI o6ono4Ka; 2 - COCYAHCTCUI o6ono4Ka; 3 - ceT4an<a; 4 - CTeKJIOBHAHoe
Teno; 5 - xpyCTanHK; 6 - pecHHI.fHCUI MbIW4Ci; 7 - porOBH4Ci; 8 - PaAy>KHCUI o6onOl.fKa; 9 - 3pa4oK;
10 - BOASlHHCTCUI aJlara (nepeAHSISI KaMepa); 11 - 3pHTenbHblH HepB
rna3
nono*eHM.M306 eHMR
, HcnOnb30BaHM. O'lK08 (nMH3)
a)
cO F
I
I
,
I
(J
,
I
,
ce F
6)
, te8 F
a)
!
6)
: @=€) F
!
8)
a) HOPMaJ1bHbIH rna3 (Ha ceT4aTKe)
6) 6nH30PYKHH rna3 (nept!A ceT4aTKoH)
8) ,lI,anbH030PKHH rnaa (3a ceT4aTKoH)
a) npH 6nH30PYKOCTH
6) npH AanbHo3opKOCTH
feOMeTpWIeCKaH OrrrnKa
553
omH 6CKME nPM60PbI
OnTM..ecKiUI
CHCTeMa
BHeWHMH 8M" npM60pa MIIM aeMa
YCTpoHCTBa
J1yna
J1yna - KOpoTK$KYCHaJI ABOSIKOBblnyKJ1aJ1
nHH3a HnH CHCTeMa nHH3, AeHCTBYIO HX KaK
OAHa c06HpalOLI¥UI nyna, J1yna npeAHa3Ha..eHa
AllSi )lBenHI.feHHSI yrna 3peHHSI,
nOCTpoeHMe M306puceHMR,
,.aBaeMorO npM60poM
PaCCMaTpHBaeMblH npeAMeT pacnonaraeTCSI
Me>KAY nHH30H H Q>oKYCOM nHH3bl C TaKHM
pac..eTOM, I.fT06bl ero H306pa>KeHHe (npSlMoe,
YBenHl.feHHOe H MHHMoe) nonY'lHnocb Ha
paCCTOSlHHH HaHnY'lwero (SiCHoro) 3peHHSI AllSi
HOpMaIIbHOrO rna3a ( = 25 CM),
nOCTpoeHMe M306puceHMR, AaBaeMOrO nynoii
L
A.
----;:. -:. A.
_----A-1-: " I A
-____ ,-__ 8
-- ;-...- ....-:........
d I ----:::;.
, 'd - ,
f
1
2
3
4
5
1.0KynJlp 2.'Tpy6a (ry6yc)
3. 06beKTIo1B 4. CTonlo1K
5.3epKBno
MHKpocKon
" 8 2
,
I ",
, ,
I ", ...............
I "",
L, (06beKTHB) I ',e, "
L. (oKynllp)
I 'A'
I ,,'. 1.........
1 ,':>/
......
(X - yrOI1, nOA KOTOpblM BHAeH npeAMeT Ha
paCCTOSlHHH HaH11}'l.fwero 3peHHSI, (3rOT yrol1
Mall, ,lJ,eTaJlH npeAMeTa TPYAHO pa3JlH..HTb)
(X1 - yrol1, nOA KOTOpblM BHAeH npeAMeT Ha
paCCTOSlHHH 'fo, KorAii CTaBSIT nHH3)I (nyny)
<J>oKyCHoe pacCTOIIHHe nynbl OT 1 AO 10 CM,
do
YBenHl.feHHe nynbl r = F ; OT 2,5 AO 25
YBeI1HI.feHHe, AABaeMOe MHKpocKonOM,
paCC..HTblBaeTCSI no Q>opMyne:
,
r = 15 do
F; F 2
do - pacCToSlHHe Hm1nY'lwero 3peHHSI AllSi
pMal1bHOrO rna3a
F 1 - Q>oKYCHOe paCCTOSlHHe 06beKTHBa
F 2 - 4x>KYCHoe paCCToSlHHe oKynSipa
15 - pacCToSlHHe Me>KAY 3aAHHM Q>oKYCOM
oObeKTHBa H nepeAHHM Q>oKYCOM oKynSipa
YBeJlHI.feHHe AO 2500 pa3
4actH bl pa3Mepol\il MeHee 0,3 MKM (MHKpoHa) B
OnTHl.feCKHH MIo1KpocKon Hepa3JlHI.fHMbl H3-3a
AH<J:>paK HH CBeTa
61'4
fEOMETPH;tJEC,KAH OnTR !\
".-- r noKA3ATEl\It1 np.EJtOMliEltMJ.I' "£I(QTO.Rb.lX EU4ECTB
I ,
", " .' .' ,
Bell4eCT80 ' , I!I ;BeU4RT " n
.. .
ra3bl u 8oaRHou nap T6epable mena
A3OT. . ',000298 .- AnMa3 2,42
8oAQPOA, 1,000'132' >Kene3Q 1,63
BcwtHQM (lap 1,000255 neA (B HHTepBaJle TeMnepa1\)Cp QT 0
&3,Qyx 1,000292 AO -4°C) 1,31
KHCJ10POA 1,000 11 MAAb 2,06
.. H 1,76
)/(UaKocmu Caxap , 1,56
Al4eToH 1,36 Cepe6po 0,18
BoAa 1,33 CTeKllo (pa3Hb,e COPT@.) 1,5 - 1,9
rnHl4epHH t,47 t!rapb 1,55
CnHpT MentnoBblM 1,33
npE.QEl1bHblE yrnbl nonHoro OTPA>KEHMJI
Bell4ecT8o a o Bell4eCT80 a o
AnMa3 24 Cnlo1pT 47
6eH3HH 45 DeKllo paan....,fHblX COprOB 30-42
BoAa 49 ; 34>HP 31HnoBbiM 47
rnH4epHH 43
.7ljrad;1t. 1fII1I(J
/tetNt!IUIIO 3WjQ'I.
1. Ha KaKOM paccToHHHH OT c06HpalOIIteH JIHH3bI C
<POKYCHhIM paccToHHHeM 20 CM nOJIyqHTcH H306-
pIDKeHHe npe.n;MeTa, eCJIH caM npe.n;MeT HaNU,lJ;IThtjj:
Ha paCCTOHHHH 15 CM?
):{aHO: F=20CM
d = 15 CM
f-?
P e ill e H He. BOCnOJIh3yeMcH <POPMYJIOH TOHKOH
JIHH3hI:
,
1 1 1 1 d-F
-=--- -=-
fFd f dF
EtiJ dF
f=-
d-F
15.20
f=-=-60(CM)
15-20
1 1 1 _
-+-=-
f d F
T. K. f < 0, TO H306pIDKeHHe MHHMoe H pacnOJIaraeTCH
no TY )Ke CTOPOHY JIHH3hI.
OTBeT: f=- 60 CM.
feOMeTp1f'J.ecKaSl OnTHKa
5'55
2. Ha CTeKJHIHHYIO nJlaCTlfij:¥ C nOKa3aT.e ell4,nI>eJlOM-
JIeHHH 1,5 na,n;aer cBeTOBoH JIy'i (pnc>13). KaKOB
yrOJI na,n;eHHH JI)7'Ia, eCJlH yrOJl Me)K OTpCDKeH-
HbIM if npeJlOMJleHHhIM JlyqaMH; paaeQAJOO?
,l{aHo: n == 1,5
(J.-?
PRc.13
P e m e H He. KaK B:H,zvIO H3 pHC. 13, L/3 + Ly = 90°. 110
3aKOHY OTpCDKeHHH CBeTa La = L/3. CJle.n;oBaTeJlhHo:
La = 90° - Ly .
1'13 3aKOHa npeJIOMJIeHHH CBeTa:
sina
-=n
siny
Ho siny = cosa, Tor.n;a:
'sina
-=tga=n
cosa
OTCIO.n;a: tga = 1,5 H a "" 56° .
o T BeT: yroJl na,n;emul a "" :56° .
3. TO'Ie'llihIH HCTO'IIlliK CBeTa Haxo.n;HTCH Ha rJly6HHe
h = 20 CM (pHC. 14). C nOMOmhIO TOHKOH C06Hpa-
IOmeH JlHH3hI nOJlyqaIOT YMeHbmeHHoe H306pCDKe-
HHe nOBepxHocTH )KH.n;KOCTH Ha 3KpaHe, OTCTOH-
meM OT nOBepxHocTH Ha paccToHHHH, L = 10 CM.
<1>OK}'CHOe paCCTOHHHe JlHH3hI F = 1,6 CM. Onpe.n;e-
JlHTe pa,n;HYC OCBemeHHoro lliITHa Ha 3KpaHe. 110Ka-
3aTeJlh npeJlOMJIeHHH )KH):J;KOCTH n = 1,5.
,l{aIJo: h=20CM
L = 10 CM
F = 1,6 ci\.
n=1,5
r-?
AIit8 Tp ru,..]. Ha 3KpaHe ,
3Kp- "H
r
nHA38
R
.....
R L------t: - ,
---- -', -
.c::
AH8MeTp
nJ1THa H8
noaepXHOCTH
)I(HAKOCTH
.:-.":,:",.,,:i. f
PRc.14
'.j.
P e m e H He. ,l{JIH onpe,llieJleHHH pa,n;Hyca WITHa R Ha
nOBepXHOCTH )KH.n;KOCTH BOCnOJIh3yeMcH COOTHome-
HHeM:
. 1
sIDa o = -.
n
CJIe.n;OBaTeJlbHO: sina o = O,(6) a o = 42°; tg42° = o; .-
.: -,
1'13 TpeyrOJIbHHKa onpe.n;eJlHeM: ',,'.
R
-=tga o R=h.tgao; R=18cM.
h
113 <POPMYJIbI YMeHhmeHHH, .n;aBaeMoro JIHH30H, on-
pe.n;eJl$leM f: '
. r=.:.= f f= rd (1)
R d R
110 YCJiOBHIO 3a,n;atffi: ,
f+d=L (2)
1'13 cooTHomeHHH (1) H (2):
rd +d=L dR+rd=RL r= R(L-d) (3)
R d '
MCnOJIh3YH <POPMYJlY TOHKOH JIHH3hI, onpe.n;eJlHM Be-
JIH'lHHY d:
1 1 1
-+-=-.
d f F
C Y'IerOM (2) nOJlyqaeM:
556
fEOMETPHTofBCKASI OIJTMKA
-
I I I
d'+ '/:, -d' F ; F(L -4J+dF. = d'(L -.4 ,
FL - Fd + of = dL _d2; d 2 -ifL + F'L =
d 2 -lOd+I6={}; D=36;
'd :% 1O:f:6
1,2 2'
3HalleHHe: d l == 8 CM y,n;OBJ1eT.BOpH I>enlefi.HID;
d 2 = 2 CM He y,n;OBJIeTBOpHeT peIIIeHDIQ.
COrJIaCHO (3):
r= I (I -8) - 4.5(CM)
o l' BeT,: pa.n;HYC OCBem:eHHoro !UITHa Ha :3KpaHe
r == 4,5 CM.
3
Q/UIdl.
1. Ha6nlOAeHMe npRMonMHeMHoro
pacnpoCTpaHeHMR CBeTa
(BbInOnHfleTCJI ,l.\OMa)
u: e JI b P a 6 0 T bl: IIpOBepKa nmOTe3bl 0 IIpHMOJIII-
HeHHOCTH paCIIpOCTpaHeHml CBeTa B B03,n;yxe.
IT p H 6 0 P bl H MaT e p H a JI bl : JIHCT KapTOHa Pa3-
MepoM 20 x 20 CM, KapaH,Z{arn, JIHHeHKa, HeCKOJIbKO 6y-
JIaHOK C rOJIOBKaMH.
Xo,n; pa60TbI
1. ITOJIO)KHTe Ha CTOJI JIHCT KapToHa. C IIOMO.mblO (
JIHHeHKH HallepTHTe Ha HeM IIPRMYIO JIlfHIilO.
2. BOTKHHTe 'HeCKOJIbKO 6YJIaHOK B,n;OJIb :3TOH IIPR-
MOH.
3. IIoJJ:HHMHTe KapTOH Ha ypOBeHb rJIa3a H IIOCMOT- ,
pHTe Ha 6YJIaHKH B,n;OJIb JIHHHH (pHC. 15).
6ynaBKH rna3
m..............................................................
PlfC. 15. CxeMa 3'KCnepUMellma
..
4. '3<tIUlIIIHTe B TeTpa.n;b, QroJIbKO 6YJIaBOK BbI BH,ZJ;If
T-e:.o1l'f{Y H.1IH HeCKOJIbI{t>,
. Ro pot}YHlfe aKYIO-JIH6o H3 6YJJaBOK BOTKHYTb,
HeMUOro OTCTy-IIHB OT rrpRMoH. qTO BbI Ha6JJIO,n;ae-
Te B S'i"OM cJIyqae? 3aIIHIIIHTe pe3YJIbTaT Ha6JIIO-
,n;eHHR Q TeTpa.n;b.
6. KaIOOH BbIBO,n; 0 pacIIpocTpaueHHH CBeTa B B03,n;yxe
BbI MO)KofTe c,n;eJIaTb H3 Ha6J11O,n;eHHH (mi. 4 H 5)?
2. Ha6nlOAeHMe TeHeM M nOnYTeHeM
(BblnonHfleTCJI B KJlacce)
:u; € JI b P a 6 0 T bI: H3yqeHHe YCJIOBHH 06pa30BaHHR
J1eHeH H IIOJIYTeHeH.
ITpH6 0 p bI H M a Tep HaJJ bI :,n;Beo,n;HHaKOBbIerra-
pa$HHOBbIe CBellH, :3KpaH, JlHHeHKa, KapaH.ltarn, CIIHll-
Kif.
Xo,n; p.a60TbI
t. IToCTaBbTe ,n;Be o,n;HHaKOBbIe CBe'lli Ha paCCTORHHH
50 - 60 CM OT :3KpaHa. ITocepe,n;HHe Me)K,lJ;y :3Kpa-
HOM..H CBellaMH BepTHKaJIbHO IIOMeCTHTe JIHHefu<y
TaK, KaK IIOKa3aHO Ha pHC, 16. 3IDKI1ITe CBellH. qTO
IIOJIyqIDIOCb Ha :3KpaHe? l{oIIOJIHHTe pHC. 16, YKa-
3aH TO, llTO Y Bac IIOJIyqHJIOCb B pe3}'JIbTaTe :3KCIIe-
pHMeHTa. YKIDKHTe Ha pHcyHKe o6JIacTb TeHH H IIO-
JIYTeHH.
\\',:';:::"-"::;;;:,::,:;.;' F""",.'.,:A'?:,,,.,.+(. ::' "' r,/'
,
PlfC. 16. CxeMa 31<.CnepUMe1lma
2. ITpOH3BOJIbHO IIepeMe.maHTe :3KpaH H JIHHeHK}'.
3a$HKcHpYHTe H3MeHeHHR ollepTaHHii TeHeH H IIO-
JIYTeHeH. 3aIIHIIIHTe pe3YJIbTaTbI ua6JIIO,n;eHHii.
3. IIoracHTe O,n;HY cBeqy. M3MeHHJIOCb JIH IIPH :3TOM
H306pIDKeHHe Ha :3KpaHe? ECJIH H3MeHHJIOCb,1 TO
Ka,K?
reOMeT})H'IeCKMOnTHKa
.557
4. IIOMeCTHTe 3KpaH Ha paCC1'Omnrn 50 --...: 60 CM 01'
3IDKJKeHHbIX cBe'Ieit Me)K,lJ;Y 3KpaHoM H CBe'IaMH
nOMecTHTeKapaH lli:CHa'IarraBepTHKanbHo,a3a- I
reM ropH30HTarrbHO. 3apHcyRre TO, 'I1'O Ha6J1Io a-
eTCH l:Ia 3Kpalle. KaKOBa pa:mlma B $opMax TeHeR
H nOJIyreH if:? IIO'IeMY?
5. C e.naRTe BbIBO 06 YCJIOBHHX 06pa30BaHHH TeHH
H IIOJIYTeHH. 3aIIlilliHTe BbIBO .
3. Oco6eHHocTM 3peHMA '1enOReKa
(BbInOnHSleTCSI AOMa)
U e JI b P a 6 0 T bI: BbIHBHTb oc06eHHOCTH 3peHHH
'IeJIOBeKa.
II p H 6 0 P bI H MaT e p H a JI bI: 1IJI0CKOe 3epKarro, '
JIMHeiiKa, 6YMIDKHM: TPy6Ka JIMHOH 20 CM.'
XO,ZJ; pa60TbI
1. IIoBepHHTecb JIH OM K cBery H nOCMQTpHTe B 3ep-
KanO Ha CBOR 3pa'I0K.
2. OrBepHHTecb OT CBeTa H onHTb nOCMOTpHre Ha 3pa-
'IOK. qTO BbI Ha6J1Io arrH? OtThHcHHTe Ha6J1Io ae-
Moe HBJIeHHe.
3. 3aKpoiITe rJIa3 Ha HecKOJIbKO ceKYH .
4. IIOBepHHTeCb JIH OM K cBery H OTKpORTe rJIa3a,
r.ml H B 3epKarro. qTO npOHCXO HT co 3pa'IKOM?
IIo'IeMY?
5. ,n:epJKHTe JIHHeRKY nepe rJIa3aMH Ha paCCTOHHHH
OKOJIO 30 CM. CMOTpHTe MHMO JIHHeRKH Ha npOTIi-
BOnOJIOJKHYIO CTeHY. XOpOlliO JIH BH,ZVIbI H$pbI Ha
JIHHeHKe?
6. IIOCMOTpHTe Ha JIHHeRKY. KaK TeIIepb BH)J;HbI H$...:
pbI? A XOpOlliO JIH BH)J;Ha npoTliBOnOJIOJKHM: ,CTe-
mi? KaKoe CBORCTBO rJIa3a BbI HCCJIe OBarrH B 3TOM
OnbITe?
7. BbI6epHTe Ha npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOR CTeHe KaKYIO-
JIH60 OTMeTKY. He BIfi'M: rOJIOBOR, BblIIOJIHHTe
CJIe YIOIItHe 3a,I.J;aHHH.
1) HaR HTe OTMeTKY IIpaBbIM rJIa30M (neBbIR rJIa3
3aKpbIT). 3aMeTbre, KaKYIO'IaCTb CTeHbI BbI BH)J;H-
Te. 31'0 - nOJIe 3peHHH npaaoro rJIa3a.
2) OIIpe eJIHTe nOJIe 3peHHH JIeBoro rJIa3a. COBIIa-
aIOT JIH nOAA 3peHlUI npaBoro H JIeBOrO rJIa3a?
3) IIOCMoTpHTe Ha OTMeTKY BYMH rJIa3aMH. Ha-
CKOJIbKO YBeJIH'IHJIaCb BH)J;HMM: 06JIacTb?
n;,JL.
8. C eJIaRTe 6YMaJKHYIO TPy6KY JIHHOH OKOJIO
20 CM. IIOCMOTpHTe Ha BbI6paHHYIO OTMeTKY
'Iepe3 TPy6KY. KaK H3MeHH.nOCb nOJIe 3peHHH?
9. ,n:epJKHTe B BbIT.HHYTOR PYKe KaJIna'IOK 01' PY'I-
RH. 3aKpORTe O HH rJIa3 " nOIIp06YRTe nonaCTb
PY'IROH B KOJInaqOK. JIerKo JIH 31'0 C eJIaTb?
10. IIonp06yHTe BblIIOJIHHTb TOT JKe onbIT C OTKpbI-
TbIMH rJIa3aMH. Y arrocb JIH BaM npO,ZJ;e.naTb ero?
11. C eJIaiiTe BbIBO 0 3HalleHlrn 3peHffH BYMH rJIa-
3aMH.
/UUM
fuuJiJlIiM
1. M3Y'1eHMe OTpa)l(eHMA CReTa B nnOCKOM
3epKane (BblnonHSleTcSI B Knacce)
U e ;1I :b P a '6 d l' bl : 3HaKOMCTBO C oc06eHHOCTHMH
. OTpIDKeHHH CBeTa B nJIOCKOM 3epKarre; IIpOBepKa 3a-
KOHa OTpaJKeHHH CBeTa.
II p H 6 0 P PI H MaT e pH aJI bI: nJIOCKOe 3epKarro,
JIHCT llHCTOR 6YMarH, 3KpaH co IUeJIbIO, TpaHCIIopTHp,
KapaH,ZJ;auI, CBella (liJIH PyroR HCTOllHHK CBeTa), cnH'l-
RH.
Xo pa60TbI
1. PaCnOJIOJKHTe 06oPy oBaHHe TaK, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha
pHc.17.
CBe4a
.' f1
:: t
: ,<- :' .',,: ..""..: :-::' ' "::" ":-" ;. '" : 'I":, ;. . *'; ';..' . :j_
PlfC. 17
2. 3aJKrHTe CBellY. C IIOMOIUbIO 3KpaHa co IUeJIbIO
BbI eJIHTe Y3KHii IIyqOR CBeTa. HanpaBbTe IIyqOK
a IIJIOCKOe 3epKarro.
3. C nOMOIUbIO KapaH allia npoBe HTe Ha JIHCTe llHC-
TOR 6YMarn JIHHHIO no HanpaBJIeHHIO na.n;aIOIUero
H OTpaJKeHHOrO CB ToBoro JIyqa, a TaKJKe B OJIb no-
558
fEOMETPMqECKAH OIITMKA
BepXHOCTH 3epKaJIa. B TO'IKY rra,n;eHHH .nyqa BOC-
CTaHOBHTe rreprreH.ZJ;HKYJIHp K rrOBepXHOCTH 3epKa-
JIa. Ha JIHCTe 6YMarH YKroKHTe rra,n;alOnurn, OTpa-
)KeHHbIH JIyq, rreprreH.ZJ;HKYJIHP, IIJIOCKOCTb 3epKa-
JIa, yrJIbI rra,n;eHHH H OTproKeHHH JIyqeH.
4. C rrOMOIItbIO TpaHcrroprnpa H3MepbTe yrJIbI rra,n;e-
HHH H OTproKeHIDI .nyqeH. MeHHH rrOJIO)KeHHe IIJIOC-
Koro 3epKaJIa, 3aMepbTe HOBbIe 3Ha'IeHHH yrJIOB rra-
.n;eHHH H OTproKeHHH. IIpoBe.n;HTe SKcrrepHMeHT He
MeHee Tpex pa3.
S. Pe3YJIbTaTbI H3MepeHHH 3aHeCHTe B Ta6JIH Y.
CpaBHeHMe
HoM8p Yron Yron yrno
onbITa na.qeHMR OTpCUKeHMR Ii."". 14
" OTpucetriUI.
1- ... , .
2
3
4
6. 110 pe3YJlbTaTaM 3KcrrepHMeHTa c.n;eJIaHTe BbIBO.n;
Ii 3arrHlliHTe ero B TeTpa,n;b.
e
flalhlliM
Pa60Ta 1
: (Bb,"onHSleTc B K/1aCCe, paCCYHTaHa Ha 20 M H)
1. M3 rrepe'IHCJIeHHbIX HH)Ke TeJI BbI6epHTe TeJIO,
HBJIHIOIIteeCH eCTeCTBeHHbIM HCTO'IHHKOM CBern.
o A. TeJIeBH3'RP.'
o B. 3epKaJIo.
o B. JIYHa.
o f. COJIH e.,
o ,l(. 3eMJIH.
2. KaKoe H3 nepe'IHCJIeHHbix HBJIeHHH 06'bHCHHeTCH
rrpHMOJIHHeHHbIM pacrrpocTpaHeHHeM cBeTa
o A. MOJIHHH.
o B. BJIecK .nparo eHHbIx KaMHeH.
o B. Pa,n;yra.
o f. TeHb OT .n;epeBa.
o ,l(. IIoJIHpHoe CHHHHe.
N
PlfC. 18
3. Ha pHC. 18 rrOKa3aHO OTproKeHHe .rryqa OT rrJIOCKO-
ro 3epKaJIa. npe.n; oJIaraH, 'ITO OA - rra,n;alOnurn
JIyq, OTBeTbTe Ha CJIe.n;yIOIItlfe BorrpocbI.
1) KaKOH H3 ymoB, OTMe'IeHHbIX Ha pHC. 18, HBJIHeTCH
yrJIOM rra,n;eHHH?
2) KaKOH H3 ymoB, OTMe'IeHHbIX Ha pHC. 18, HBJIHeTCH
yrJIOM OTKJIOHeHHH JIY'Ia OT nepBOHa'IaJIbHOrO
Ha paBJIeHHH?
3) qeMY paseH yroJI OTKJlOHeHHH.rryqa OT rrepBOHa-
'IaJIbHOrO HarrpaBJIeHHH, eCJIH yroJI rra,n;eHHH paoeH
60°.
4) KaK H3MeHHTCH yroJI OTKJlOHeHHH JIyqa OT rrepBo-
Ha'IaJIbHoro HarrpaBJIeHHH rrpH YBeJIHqeHHH yrJIa
rra,n;eHHH Ha 10°? ,
Pa60Ta 2 (BblnOnHSleTcSI AOMa)
1. Ha pHC. 1 g rrOKa3aHO HarrpaBJIeHHe rrpOXO)KJ{eHHH
CBeTOBoro .nyqa COD.
C N
nt
D
n 2
PlfC. 19
reQMeTpH'IecKCUI OllTHKa
559
OTBeTbTe Ha CJIe,ll,YIOlllHe BonpocbI.
1) KaKoH H3 yrJIOB, OTMe'IeHHbIX Ha pHC. 19, RBIDIeTCR
yrJIOM npeJIOMJIeHHR?
2) A6cOJIIOTHbIH nOKa3aTeJIb npeJIOMJIeHHR nepBoH
C p e,ll,bI n = 1,5. YroJI na,n;eHHR paBeH 30°, yroJI npe-
I '
JIOMJIeHHR - 45°. qeMY paaeH a6COJIIOTHbIH nOKa-
3aTeJIb npeJIOMJIeHHR BTOpOH Cpe,ll,bI n 2 ?
2. KaKCUI H3 TO'IeK, nOKa3aHHbIX Ha pHc,'20, RBJIReTCR
H306pIDKeHHeM TO'IKH Sa nJIOCKOM 3epKaJIe?
s.
5
.
2 1
. .
3
.
1.
4
.
PHC. 20
D D. TO'IKa 2.
D r. TO'IKa 4.
D A. TO'IKa 1.
D B. TO'IKa 3.
D ,n:. TO'IKa 5.
3. Ha pHC. 21 nOKa3<lHO H306pIDKeHHe cnopTcMeHa,
CTOR ero nepe,ll, aepKaJIOM. B KaKOH pyKe (npaBoH
HJIH JIeBoH) OH ,lI,ep>KHT paKeTKY?
9'
\. :{. '.:';
,, "- {
PRc.21
4. Ha pHC. 22 OTMeTbTe :umppOH 1 H306pIDKeHHe co-
6HpalO eH JIHH3bI H :umppOH 2 H306pIDKeHHe pac-
ceHBalO eH JIHH3bI?
?
:[J3><
: IT(
PHC. 22
1-' "JI' ..
Pa60ra 3 "''';0 , ,< (,' JJ
(y.poeeHa. A. BbmOnH$leTC$I B Knacce H AOMa)
. ..,.... . . .
PaCC'IHTaHTe, Ha KaKOH yrOJI OTKJIOHReTCR Y3KHH
CBeTOBOH nY'IOK OT CBoero nepBOHa'IaJIbHOrO
HanpaBJIeHHR rrpH nepexO,ll,e H3 CTeKJIa B B03 X,
eCJIH yrOJI rra,n;eHHR 30°. To )f(e paCC'IHTaHTe UpH
yrJIe rra,n;eHHR 45°. I1oKa3aTeJIb rrpeJIOMJIeHHR CTeK-
JIa rrpHMHTe paBHbIM 1,5.
2. TIpe,ll,MeT pacrrOJIO>KeH Ha paCCTORHHH 0,15 MOT
pacceHBaIO eH JIHH3bI C <PoKYCHbIM pacCToRHHeM
0,3 M. Ha KaKOM paccToRHHH OT JIHH3bI rrc;)JIY'Ia-
eTCR H306pIDKeHHe ,lI,aHHoro rrpe,ll,MeTa?
3. CaeTRIItHiicR npe,ll,MeT HaXO,ll,HTCR Ha paccToRHHH
420' cM OT sKpaHa. r,ll,e Ha,n;O rrOMeCTHTb C06HParo-
myIO JlHH3Y, 'Iro6bI rro.nyqHTb Ha :3KpaHe 20-KpaT-
Hoe, YBeJIH'IeHHe npe,ll,MeTa? KaKQBa OnTH'IeC
CHJIit JlHH3bI? '
4. <I>OToanuapaT HMeeT 06'beKTHB C maBHbIM <POKYc-
HbIM pacCToRHHeM F = 5 CM H fQTOrrJIeHKY C pa3-
MepOM Ka,n;pa 6 x 8 CM. Tpe6YeTCR CHRTb 'IepTex<
pa3MepaMH 60 x 60 CM. Ha KaKOM paCCTORHHH OT
'IepTeXCa HMO rrOMeCTHTb 06'beKTHB <pOToarrrra-
paTa, 'Iro6bI' CHHMOK rrOJIyqHJICR B03MO>ICHO 6oJIb-
lliHM? Ha KaKOM paccToRHHH OT 06'beKTHBa ,lI,OJI>K-
Ha YCTaHaBJIHBaTbCR'rrJIeHKa?
5. Ha pacceHBaIO yID JIHH3Y C rJIaBHbIM <POKYCHbIM
paCCTORHHeM FI rra,ll,aeT rrY'IOK rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIX
JIyqeH. Ha KaKoM paCCTORHHH OT ::nOH JlHH3bI HMO
rrOMeCTHTh C06HpalOI.Qy1O JlHH3Y. 'ITo6bI JIyqH H3
Hee BhIlliJIH rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIM nyqKOM. r4aBHoe 4>0-'
KYCHoe paCCTORHHe co6HpalO eH JIHH3bI 'F 2 = 2 Fl'
560
fEOMETPlIt:lECKAJI OIITMKA
6. JIHH3hI C OrrTM'IeCKHMM CHJIaMH 4 H 5 .n;rrTp Haxo-
.n;RTC:SI Ha paCCTO:SlHHH 0,9 M .n;Pyr 01' .n;pyrn. f.n;e Ha-
Xo.n;HTC:SI H306pIDKeHHe rrpe.n;MeTa, pacnOJIO)KeHHO-
ro Ha paCCTO:SlHHH 0,5 M rrepe,n rrepBoH JIHH30H?
7. BepTHK hHhIHCTep)KeHh BhICOTOH 5 CM HaxO.n;HT-
C:SI Ha 'paCCTO:SlHHH 60 CM 01' BepmHHhI BhlIIYKJIOro
3epKaJIa C Pa.ztHYCOM KPHBH3}{hI 40 CM. f,ne 6y.n;eT
J-1306pIDKeHHe CTep)KH:SI H KaKoe OHO? KaKOBa BhI-
COTa H306pIDKeHM:SI?
8. IIa HeHT rrpH rrpoBepKe 3peHH:SI 'IeTKO BH.n;HT
6YKBhI Ha paCCTO:SlHHH 0,16 M OT rJIa3a. Orrpe.n;eJIH-
Te He.n;OCTaTOK ero 3peHH:SI. KaKoH OrrTH'IeCKOH
CHJIhI O'IKH e Tpe6YIOTC:SI?
9. DJIH30PYKH¥ 'IeJIOBeK JIY'Ime Bcero. pa mH'IaeT
MeJIKHH mpH<pT, pacrrOJIO)KeHHhIH Ha paCCTO:SlHHH
15 CM OT rJIa3a. KaKHe O'IKH .n;JI:SI 'ITeHH:SI HY)KHhI
TOMY 'IeJIOBeKY?
Pa60Ta 4
(ypoBeHb 6; BblnOnHRerCR B Knacce lot AOMa)
1. Ha .n;He cocy.n;a, HarrOJIHeHHoro BO.n;OH .n;o BhICOThI
h, Haxo.n;HTC:SI TO'Ie'IHhIH HCTO'IHHK CBeTa. Ha
rroBepxHocTH BO.n;hI rrJIaBaeT KpymhIH .n;HCK TaK, '11'0
ero eHTp HaxO.n;HTC:SI Ha,a; HCTO'IHHKOM CBeTa. IIpH
KaKOM MHHHMaJIhHOM pa,a;Hyce .n;HCKa .1I)"IH OT HC-
TO'IHHKa He 6y.n;YT BhIXO.n;HTh H3 BO.n;hI?
,.
2. BhlIIYKJIa:Sl CTopoHa rrJIOCKoBhlIIYKJIOH JIHH3hI C
pa,a;HYCOM KPHBH3HhI R H rrOKa3aTeJIeM rrpeJIOMJIe-
HID! n rrocepe6peHa, B pe3YJIhTaTe 'Iero rrOJI}"IMJIOCh
cBoe06pa3HOe BorHYToe 3epKaJIO. qeMY paBHO
<pOKyCHoe paCCTO:SlHHe TaKoro 3epKaJIa?
3. B BorHYTOe 3epKaJIO pa,a;HYCOM 50 CM HMHBaIOT
BO.n;y. OrrTH'IeCKa:Sl CHJIa rrOJIY'IeHHOH cHcTeMhI
palma 5,3 .n;rrTp. qeMY paBHO <POKYCHoe paCCTO:Sl-
HHe BO.n;:SIHOH JIHH3hI?
4. TOHKa:SIJIHH3a (<p0KycHoe paCCTO:SlHHe F= 0,63 M)
rro.n;BemeHa Ha HHTH K rrOTOJIKY H paBHoMepHo .n;BH-
)KeTC:SI rro OKPY)KHOCTH (pHC. 23), rrpH'IeM OrrTM'IeC-
Ka:SI OCh JIHH3hI Bce BpeM:SI OCTaeTC:SI BepTHKaJIhHOH.
IIpH KaKoH yrJIOBOH CKOpOCTH Bpam;eHH:SI H306pa-
)KeHHe TO'IKH rro.n;Beca 6y.n;eT Haxo.n;HThC:SI Ha rroJIY?
BhIcoTa KOMHaThI H = 3 M.
5. IIapaJIJIeJIhHhIH rrY'IOK JIY'IeH rra,a;aeT Ha rrp:SlMO-
yrOJIhHYIO rrpH3My'rro HOpMaJIH K rrepe.n;HeH rpaHH
(pHC. 24). L{HaMeTp rryq:Ka.n;o rrpH3MhI 3 CM. Ha SK-
I
,
,
,
,
I
,
I
,
I
I
,
I
I
---------f---------,
: '\:r:
I "
. ..........--------1---------.-....
I
,
,
,
,
I
,
,
,
,
,
PlfC. 23
PlfC. 24 '
paHe, rrOCTaBJIeHHOM 3a rrplf3MOH rreprreH,l(HK)'JI:SIp-
HO rry<IKY, .n;HaMeTp rr:SlTHa 2,5 CM. PaCC'lliTaHTe rro-
,Ka3al'eJIh rrpe:7IOMJIeHwI MaTe,pHaJIa rrpH3MhI. OK-
PY:>KaIOm;a:SI cpe.n;a - B03,ZJ;YX.
6. llIapm< MaCCOH m = 50 r ,ZJ;BH:>KeTC:SI co CKOpOCThIO
5 M u 6 u
V o = - B,ZJ;OJIh OrrTM'IeCKOH OCH -co HpaIOm;eH JIHH-
c
3hI, YCTaHOBJIeHHOH Ha rro.n;CTaBKe Ha rJIa,a;KOH rro-
BepxHOCTH (pHC. 25). Macca JIHH3hI C rro.n;CTaBKOH
M = 0,2 Kr,lj>okycHoe paccTO:SlHHe JIHH3hI F= 10 CM.
IIocJIe yrrpyroro Y,ZJ;apa mapHK OTCKaKMBaeT OT
JIHH3hI. Orrpe.n;eJIHTe rrpOMe)KYToK BpeMeHH, B
, reOMeTI)HqecKaH OITTHKa
561
Te'leHHe KOTOpOro 6YAeT cymecTBOBaTb MHHMOe
H306paJKeHHe mapHKa. CHJIY TR:H<eCTH, ,1J;eikTByro-
II.{YIO Ha mapHK, C'lH1'aTb npeHe6pe:H<HMO MaJIOH.
M
t -+
V o
__________________ _ ________________ ln
f/to; """ .
'J;J. :i" -._...:i:': ":..-m "'
/////// ////// ////
PRC. 25
Ko
paJolIibt
Pa60Ta 1 (YPOBeHb A, pacc"MTaHa Ha 35 MMHyr)
BapMaHT 1
1. 113 nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX T JI BbI6epHTe TeJIO, RBJIRIO-
lI.{eeCR eCTeCTBeHHbIM HCTO'lHHKOM CBeTa.
o A. TeJIeBJf30p. 0 E. 3epKaJIO.
o B. JIYRa. 0 r. COJIHn;e.
2. YroJI -na.n;eHHR CBeTOBOro JIyqa paBen 30°. YrOJI 01'-
paJKeHHR CBeTOBOro JIY'la paBeH...
o A. 0°. 0 E. 30°.
o B. 60°. 0 r: 90°.
3. IIpH COJIHe'lHOM 3aTMeH m Ha 3eMJIe 06pa3yeTcR
TeHb H nOJIYTeHb 01' JIYRbI (pHC. 26). qTO BH,ZJ;HT
'leJIOBeK, HaxOARII.{HHCR B TO'lKe A?
o A. qeJIOBeK BH,ZJ;HT cBeTRII.{HHCR AHCK COJIHn;a
n;eJIHKOM.
o E. qeJIOBeK He BHAHT CBeTRlI.{erOCR AHCKa
COJIlma COBceM.
o B. qeJIOBeK BHJJ:HT TOJIbKO BepXHlO1O 'laCTb
CBeTRlI.{erOCR AHCKa COJIHn;a (10.
o r. qeJIOBeK BH,ZJ;HT KPaH CBeTRlI.{erOCR AHCKa
COJIHn;a (K H M).
4. KaKaH H3 TO'leK, nOKa3aHHbIX Ha pHC. 27, RBJIReTCR
J1306paJKeHHeM TO'lKH S B nJIOCKOM 3epKaJIe?
o A. TO'lKa 1. 0 E. TO'lKH 2 H 5.
o B. TO'lKa 3. 0 r. TO'lKa 4.
, COnHl.4e
3eMnJl
. (
M
2
-
PRC. 26
s.
3f!pKMO
3 /'"
////////// ////fr////
U -1
5 -4
-
B03AYX
BOAa -=- -=: - -- -=-
- - - 7:- - - -
I
-----.---
I
I
I
a)
B03AYX
BOAa -=- -=:- ,--
I
- - - -.- - - -
I
""""'"- - -,.- -.-
I
I
I
8)
PRC. 27
B03AYX
BoAa -=- -:
- - -..:. -:- - - -
,
- - --r-
I
I
I
6)
PRC. 28
5. Ha KaKOM H3 pHCyHKOB (pHC. 28) npaBHJIbHO nOKa-
3aHO npeJIOMJIeHHe CBeTa?
o A. Ha pHC. a). 0 E, Ha pHC. 6).
o B. Ha pHC. 6). 0 r. Ha' pHC. z).
..",'-
562
rEOMETPMQECKA5I OIITMKA
6. Ha 3KpaHe (pHC. 29) Heo6xoAHMO nOJIyqHTh YBe-
JillqeHHOe H306pa)KeHHe CBetlH. C nOMOmbIO KaKO-
fO npH60pa STO MO)KHO CAeJIaTb?
D A. EHHOKJIR. D E. MHKpocKona.
D B. IIepHCKona. D r. C06HpaIOmeH JIHH3bI.
,
"
't
. '
?
[.!.-:-: - :,: ::.:
c
, ,
I ';
\,
' , " . ...r, ' ,', , -
',''' , L..... ...-n .
"1
PHC. 29
7. Ha CeT'laTKe fJIa3a H306p<DKeHHe...
D A. YBeJIHqeHH , np.SIMOe, AeHCTBHTeJIbHoe.
D E. Yl\feHbIlIeHHoe, nepeBepHYToe (06pa'moe),
AeHCTBHTeJIbHoe.
D B. YMeHbIlIeHHoe, npRMoe, MHHMoe.
D r. YBeJIHqeHHOe, nepeBepHYToe (o6paTHoe),
MHHMoe.
8. Ha KaKOM H3 PHCYHI<OB (pHC. 30) npaBHJIbHO nOKa-
3ana KoppeK.QH.SI 6JIH30PYKOCTH?
D A. Ha pHC. a). D E. Ha pHC. 6).
D B. Ha pHC. 6). D r. Ha pHC. z).
D A. H3MeHeHHR KpHBH3HbI XPYCTaJIHKa.
D E. AOnOJIHHTeJIbHOrO OCBemeHH.SI.
D B. npH6JIH)KeHH.SI TI YAaJIeRJ-I.SI npeAMeTOB,
D r. CBeTOBbIX pa3.npa)KeHHH.
10. HH3Y, H3roTOBJIeHHYIO H3 ABYX TOHKHJ{ c<l>epH-
qeCKHX CTeKOJI oAHHaKoBoro paAHyca, Me)KAY
KOTOpbIMH HaXOAHTCR B03AYX (Bo3AymHM JlliH-
,3a), onycTIlJIH B BOAY (pHC. 31). KaK AeikTBY-
en> 3Ta JIHH3a?
BOAa --=- =- --- -= K) -= -=- - -=- =-
B03AYJ,<-
- - - - -- - - ---
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -- - --
- - - - -- - - --
- - - - -- - - --
- - - - -- - - --
PHC. 31
D A. KaK C06HpaIOmCUI JIHH3a.
D E. KaK paCCeHBaIOmaR JIHH3a.
D B. OHa He H3MeWleT XOAa JIyqeH.
D r. MO)KeT AeHCTaoBaTh KaK c06HpaIOmM,
H KaK paCCe\lBaIOmCUI JIHH3a.
Pa60Ta 1 (YPoBeHb A, pacc"MTaHa Ha 35 MMHYT)
BapMaHT 2
1. KaKoe H3 nepe'IHCJIeHHbIX RBJIeHHH 06-.b.SICH.SIeTC.SI
I I npRMOJIHHeHHbiM pacnpOCTpaHeHHeM CBern?
d d D A. MOJIHH.SI.
0 E. EJIecK Aparo.QeHHbIX KaMHeH.
D B. Pa./lYra.
0) 6)" D r. TeHb OT AepeBa.
2. Ha PHCYHKax (pHC. 32) H306p<DKeH XOA na,ll;aIOme-
d1 fO H OTpa)l\eHHe>fO JIyqeH . Ha KaKOM H3 HHX BepHO
nOCTpoeH oTpaJKeHHbIH .nyq?
d D A. Ha pHC. a). D E. Ha pHC. 6).
D B. Ha pHC. 6). D r. Ha pHC. z).
3. IIpH COJIHe'IHOM 3aTMeHHH Ha 3eMJIe 06pa3yeTc,.SI
B) 2)
PHC. 30 TeHb H nOJIYTeHb OT JIYHbI (pHC. 33). QTO BH,lJ;HT
'IeJIOBeK, HaXOA.SImHHCR B TOqKe B?
9. OnTH'IeCKCUI CHCTeMa fJIa3a npHcnoca6JIHBaeTC.SI K D A. QeJIOBeK BH,lJ;HT CBeT.SImHHCR AHCK COJIHua
paCCMaTpHBaHHIO npeAMeTOB, HaXOARmHXC.SI Ha ueJIHKOM.
pa3HOM paCCTO.SIHHH 3a C'IeT...
reOMeTpH'IecKcis:I OnTIfKa
563
/// ///I
6)
a)
. /1/ I/H/hH/I
e)
8)
PRC. 32
COI1Hl.4e
M
3eMnll
B
----
,,"'
!!. )
-.
K
nYHa
PRC. 33
D E. qeJIOBeK COBceM He BHJ];HT CBenlII\eroc
J];HCKa Comrn;a. '
D B. qeJIOBeK BHJ];HT TOJIbKO BepXHIOIO qaCTb
f
CBeT mero J];HCKa COJIHI\a (M).
f D r. qeJIOBeK BH.l(HT KPIDI CBeT meroc J];HCKa
I Comrn;a (M HR).
f 4. Ha pHC. 34 nOKa3aH npeJ];MeT (cTpeJIKa) MN H
t nJIOCKoe 3epKaJIo. KaKoe H3 H306pa)l(eHHH npeJ];-
l MeTa mlJIHeTCH BepHbIM?
I D A. M306paJKeHHe 1. D E. M306paJKeHHe 2.
D B. M306pillKeHHe 3. D r. 11306paJKeHHe 4.
5. Ha KaKOM H3 pHCYHKOB (pHC. 35) nOKa3aHO OTpa-
)l(eHHe CBeTa OT nJIOCKOrO 3epKaJIa?
D A. Ha pHC. a). D E. Ha pHC. 6).
,/ D B. Ha pHC. 6). D r. Ha pHC. z).
6. Ha CBeTOqYBCTBHTeJIbHOH nJIeHKe <poToannapaTa
nOJIyqaeTcH H306pillKeHHe...
3epKano
""
M
N I
1
/
,\
, \
, \
2,' \1
PRC. 34
:
a)
: <
- :
8)
PHC. 35
D' A. YMeHbIlIeHHoe, nepeBepHYToe (o6paTHoe),
MHHMoe.
D E. YMeJJbIlIeHHOe, nepeBepHYToe (o6paTHoe),
J];eHcTBHTeJIbHoe.
D -B. YBeJIHqeHHOe, np Moe, J];eHcTBHTeJIbHoe.
D r. YBeJIHqeHHOe, nepeBepHYToe (o6paTHoe),
MHHMoe.
7. KaKOH OnTHqeCKHH npH60p MO)l(eT J];aBaTb YBe-
JIHqeHHOe H J];eHcTBHTeJIbHOe H1;o6pillKeHHe npe.n;-
MeTa?
D A. IIJIOCKoe 3epKaJIO.
D E. CTeKJIHHH<UI nJIaCTHHKa.
D B. C06HpaIOm<UI JIHH3a.
D r. PaCCeHBaIOm<UI JIHH3a.
8. Ha KaKOM H3 pHCYHKOB (pHC. 36) npaBHJIbHO nOKa-
3aHa KOppeKI\HH J];aJIbH030pKOCTH?
D A. Ha pHC. a). D E. Ha pHC. 6).
D B. Ha pHC. 6). D r. Ha pHC. z).
,'-fil
564
fEOMETPMQECKA5I OTITMKA
d I d I
0) 6)
d I. d
B) 2)
PRC. 36
9. Bo BpeMH pa60ThI CBeT ,n;OJDKeH na..a;aTb...
D A. cnpaBa. D E. CJIeBa.
D B. cBepxy. D f. cnepe,n;H.
10. Onpe,n;eJIHTe OnTH'iecKYIO CMJIY CHCTeMbI JIHH3,
H306p<DKeHHbIx Ha pHC. 37.
1 ' 2
F, = - 0,25 M D 2 = 4 Amp
PRC. 37
D A. O. D E. 2 ,n;TITp.
D B. 4 ,n;TITp. D f. 8 ,n;TITp.
Pa60Ta 2 (yposeHb A, paCCItMTaHa Ha 30 MMHyr)
BapMaHT 1
1. TIocTpoHTe H306p<DKeHHe CTpeJIKH AB B TOHKOH
JIHH3e (pHC. 38)
:1
L
.
2F
I
.
2F
.
F
.
F
PRC. 38
2. CBeT na..a;ae-r Ha CTeKJIHHH)'IO nJIaCTHHK)' no,n; yrJIOM
30°. TIoKa3aTeJIb npeJIOMJIeHHH CBeTa B CTeKJIe
paBeH 1,4. QeMY paBeH yrOJI npeJIOMJIeIDIH B creK-
JIe? PerneHHe conpoBO,lJ;I1Te PHCYHKOM. ,
3. TI01feMY c06MpaIOIItHe JIHH3bI 01fKOB nOMoraIOT JIIO-
,n;HM npH .,lJ;aJIbH030pKOCTH?
Pa60Ta 2 (ypO&eHb A, paCCItMTaHa Ha 30 MMHyr)
BapMaHT 2
1. TIpe,n;MeT OTCroHT OT TOHKOH JIHH3bI Ha paCCTOH-
HHH 4 M. <DoKycHoe paCCTOHHHe JIHH3bI 1,33 M.
HaHTH paCCTOHHl-le OT JIHH3bI ,n;o H306p<DKeHHH.
2. TIocTpoHTe H306p<DKeHMe CTpeJIKM AB B TOHKOii
JIHH3e (pHC. 39).
. L
A
F
F
PRC. 39
3. .lI:oK<DKMTe, 1fro B pe3YJIbTIiTe npOXO)l(,l(eIDIH CKB03b,
nJIOCKOnapaJIJI JIbHYIO nJIaCTHHKY (HanpHMep
C'KB03b OKOHHoe CTeKJIo) JIyq CBeTa He H3MeHHeT
CBoe Hanpa.BJIeHHe.
Pa60Ta 3 (yposeHb 6, paCCItMTaHa Ha 40 MMHyr) 1
1. TIocTpoHTe H306p<DKeHHe cTpeJIKH AB B nJIOCKOM
3epKaJIe (pHC. 40).
A
"
8
////////////
PRC. 40
2. <DoKycHoe paccToHHHe 06'beKTMBa <poToannapaTa
5 CM, pa3Mep Ka.n;pa 24 x 36 MM. Y MecrnTCH JIM B
Ka..a;pe M306p<DKeHHe npe,n;MeTa pa3MepOM 3 x 5 M,
pacnOJIO:>KeHHOrO B 6 M OT 06'beKTMBa?
3. Ha 3KpaH C KpyrJIbIM OTBepcrneM pa..a;MYca 10 CM
na,n;aeT CXO,n;HIItHHCH nyqOK CBeTa. YroJI Me:>K,n;y
KpaHHHM JIY1fOM H OCbIO cHMMeTpHH paBeH 30°.
Onpe,n;eJIHTe T01fKY, B KOTOpOH 6y,n;YT CXO,lJ;HThCH
JIyqH, eCJlli B OTBepCTHe BCTaBJIHeTCH c06MpaIOIItM
JIHH3a C OnTMqeCKOH CHJIOH D = 10 .n;mp.
tp/l3UJ«l aJhoJta
uaJiioJutoZO.Rf/fta
. KSaHTbl
. PaA OaKT SHOCTb
. CTpOeH e aTOMa
· ATOM Hoe APO
. flAepHble peaKu,
. flAepHa 3Hepr 3K01l0r
, .'
. ; ' ":.
1- ,
,: J,
\, \ t\
-' ,\'\' !
, 1.,
' ,\ (; ,
-', ,
'_ I,d'. "
-.- ,;,-
" " '
',:,:
¥'"
f;c.' \:.,
..t...
,./i 1 \
r,' ; '. i } t\1t,
, >I., ; , A i '. ir. t
I , " ,..,. ...-!,,,::'v f\"\
K -,o ,:', ".,.. - ':' ?,-: ,,- 'y' ,/ .:t t\: L-::
.aflTbI';:;:' "-'- -:'''--':__3::'' ':_:;' , ,. __,, , !
;-I:: !""."" ' A.
" .")"..... J\....
...:"" "" ,,'" -: . lj:\1.a otI .
" ......._+ "._ 1 ,, .--:1
;,. '" . .' ""/lJ'
...., '.1; "".
1'\,\ r--' -I j' ,-,,
. t.., . I t
""1_ '1:.1 ' :1"
'" ,J · . I l
.I . . .
"'/
!'
"
U'I .J!
.j ".
:'1 "
"I:' _ _ ____ 1"_"_
I' ,,- ." ,,, --------1.
'J"ht'_ ,' . I'
i ,;...:.: , :-;..,V', ,, , I ',
I ,. ....... .,' 'i;
I' ''''r . .;;-;. '\ 1(
j : i l '
- . - ' ..
.'!'
'Ii
H . .
'3-,
M3J'IMB 3yY TeMY,
· Sbl Y3HaeTe, 4TO TaKoe KsaHTbl 101 $OTOHbI;
· nOHMeTe, KaK $orOHbl cseTa MOryr OCs060>K,IJ,aTb 3neK-
TpOHbl 1013 aTOMOS;
· HaY4HTeCb SblnOnHIITb onblTbl, S KOTOpblX MO>KHO 06-
Hapy>KHTb IIsneHHe $oT03$$eKTa
KoHClU!di .
bt . Cxiuun
3ne"kTpOHbI, KBaHTbI M 4»OTOHbI
(ypoBeHb A)
,l{o 1(0Hu;a XIX BeKa aTOMhI CqHTaJIHCh HeH3MeHHhI-
MH H HeAeJIHMhIMH qaCTHu;aMH BelI(eCTBa. 113yqeHHe
RBJIeHHH 3JIeKTpOJIH3a, 3JIeKTpH'leCKoro pa3pH,ll;a B ra-
3ax, TepM03JIeKTpOHHOH 3MHccim H <!>oToo<!><!>eKTa rro-
Ka3aJIO, 'ITO B aTOMax JII060ro XHMH'leCKOrO 3JIeMeH-
Ta HMeIOTCR OAHHaKOBDIe OTpHu;aTeJIhHO 3apR)KeHHhIe
qaCTHU;hI C MaCCOH rrpHMepHO B 2000 pa3 MeHhIlIe Mac-
ChI caMorO JIerKOrO a-rOMa - aTOMa BO.l{OpOAa. 3TH.qaC-
THU;hI Ha3BaJIH 3JIeKTpOHaMH, 3JIeKTpHqeCKHii 3apH,ll;
oj;
11
: i .,
-';. ---';:
._-'-. ":
"'\'I .......
.. :;':
f- ,
)" > _I.........."..
. f 1;";
!,i..,! -......
ff'
.
')
.....,_...,
,',
:?'t ,
.. f'. r I
..£ £ :
'x :t/" ',, .
, '\:,;': '<-".. ,..
-----, \ .. . \>'" '
J/'" , " . N
..,
'(,.
'"
'
1"'0 i. ';j
OCHOBHble nOHATMA:
3neKTpOH . KsaHT . nOCTOIIMHiUI nnaHKa . <1>OTOH .
<1>oTo3<f:>$eKT · 3aKOH CTe$aHa-50nb4MaHa . KsaH-
TOSaJl $H3HKa . Pa60Ta SbIXO,lJ,a . KpaCHiUI rpaHH4a
$OTo3<f:>$eKTa · YpaSHeHHe 3HHWTeHHa AllII $OTO-
3$$eKTa · HMnynbc $OTOMa · Macca $OTOHa .
3$$eKT KOMnTOHa · <1>oT03neMeHT
3JIeKTpOHa Ha3hIBaIOT 3JIeMeHTapHhIM 3JIeKTpll'lecKHM
aapR,ZJ;OM. 3JIeMeHTapHhIii 3JIeI(11)Jf'lecKIDi: 3apH.ZJ: e paBeH:
e ==1,6.10- 19 Kn.
OrrhIThI rrOKa3aJIH, qTO 3JIeMeH'rapHhIH 3JIeKTpH'lecKHii:
3apH,ll; He AeJIHTCH Ha qaCTH Iill B KaKMX rrpou;eccax.
OTKphITHe 3JIeKTpOHOB B COCTaBe JII06hIX aTOMOB orr-
pOBeprJIO rrpeACTaBJIeHHe 06 aTOMax KaK rrpocT HIlIHX
HeAeJIHMhIX qaCTHu;ax.
IIocne OTKphlTHR 3JIeKTpOHa cneAYIOII(HM IlIaroM B
c03AaHHH HOBOii <!>H3HqeCKOH KapTHHhI MHpa 6hIJIO
BhIABH)KeHHe MaKCOM IIJIaHKoM B 1900 roAY mrrOTe-
3hI 0 cYIIlecTBOBaHHH KBaHTOB. COrJIaCHO 3TOH rHrro-
KBaHThI
5 1'
Te3e 3JIeKTpOMafHHTHOe H3JIyqeHHe HCnYCKaeTCR H
nOfJIOwaeTCR onpe.n;eJIeHHhIMH nOpn;HRMH, KBaHTaMH.
3HepfWl E K3.)K,lJ;Oro KBaHTa npOnOpn;HOHaJIhHa qac-
TOTe v H3JIyqeHHR:
o/'hv (1.1)
Koa<l)<fmn;HeHT nponOpn;HOHaJIhHOCm: h MeX<.n;y 3Hep-
fHeH H qaCTOTOH KBaHTa Ha3hIBaeTCR nOCTOJlHHOA
lJJIamc8, TIOCTORHHaJI TIJIaHKa paBHa:
, h = 6,6260755.10- 34 ,l{)K.c.
Ha OCHOBe nmOTe3hI TIJIaHKa nOJIyqHJIH TeOpeTHqeC-
Koe 06'hRcHeHHe 3KCnepHMeHTaJIhHO YCTaHoB.neHHhIe
3aKOHbI H3JIyqeHHR HarpeTblx TeJI. C fHnOTe3hI 0 cY-
weCTBOBaHHH KBaHTOB 3JIeKTpoMarHHTHoro H3JIyqe-
HHR HaqaJ,IOCb pa3BHTHe KBaHToBoH <pH3HKH.
Anh6epT 3HHilITeHH B 1905 rol1.Y .n;onOJIHHJI fHnOTe-
3Y TIJIaHKa 0 KBaHTOBOM xapaKTepe HcnYCKaHHR H no-
fJIOweHHH TeJIaMH 3JIeKTpOMafHHTHoro H3JIyqeHHR
rnnOTe30H 0 cywecTBOBaHHH <pOTOHOB KaK qaCTHn;
3JIeKTpOMarnHTHoto H3JIyqeHHR. Ha OCHOBe 3TOH fH-
IIOTe3hI 3ihntITeHH 06'hRCHHJI 3KcnepHMeHTaJIhHO YC-
TaHOBJIeHHhIe 3aKOHhI <poT03<p<peKTa.
«DOTOaJleKTpH'IeCKHM acl>cI>eKTOM HJIH cl>oToacl>cI>eK-
TOM Ha3hlBaeTCR RBJIeHHe oCB060)K,l(eHHR 3JIeKTpOHOB
C nOBepXHOCTH TeJIa no.n; .n;eHCTBHeM CBeTa.
<1>OTOH C qaCTOTOH v 06JIa..a;aeT 3HepmeH:
E=hv.
KCDK.ZJ;bIH <POTOH ):!:epe.n;aeT BCIO CBOIO 3HepmIO TOJIbKO
,0.n;HOMY 3JIeKTpoHY. ECJIH 3HepmR <poTOHa hv 60JIb-
Ille paOOTbI BhIxo.n;a A 3JIeKTpOHa, TO 3JIeKTpOH MO)KeT
6hITb BhIpBaH C nOBepXHOCTH TeJIa H CTaTb CB060.n;HhIM
(pHC 1).
v
PRc.1
MaKCHMaJIbHaJI ,KHHeTHqeCKaJI 9HeprHR <poT03JIeKT-
pOHa Ek paBHa pa3HOCTH 3HepfHH <poToHa hv H pa60-
TbI BhIxo.n;a A: .
Ek = hv - A (1.2)
B aTOMHoH <pH3HKe qaCTO ynOTpe6JIReTCR BHeCHCTeM-
HaJI e.n;HHHn;a 3HeprnH aJleKTpoHBOJlbT (3B), 3HeprWl
B O.n;HH 3JIeKTpoHBOJIbT (1 3B) paBHa pa60Te CHJI 3JIeK-
TpH'leCKOfO nOJIR, cOBepIllaeMoH npH nepeMeWeHHH
3JIeKTpOHa MeX<.n;y TOqKaMH C pa3HOCTbIO nOTeHnua-
JIOB B O.n;HH BOJIbT.
KBaHTbI (ypoBeHb &)
OTKphITHe 3JIeKTpOHOB B COCTaBe Bcex aTOMOB n03BO-
JIHJIO .n:aTh KaQCCTBeHHoe 06'hRCFleHHe <paKTa H3JIyqe-
HID!: CBeTa HarpeThIMH TeJIaMH. CBeTOBble BOJIHbI, KaK
H JII06h1:e .n:pyme BH.l{bI 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHoro H3JIyqe-
HHR, .n:OJI)KHbI B03HHKaTb npH YCKopeHHOM .n:BH)KeHHH
aJIeKTpH'leCKHX 3apSI,ZJ;OB. TIpH BhICOKOH TeMnepaT)'pe
aTOMbI BeweCTBa .n:BH)KYTCR C 60JIbIllHMH CKOPOCTR-
MH. MO)KHO npe.n:nOJIO)KHTh, qTO npH CTOJIKHOBeHHRX
aTOMOB Boo6Y)K,l(aIOTCR KOJIe6aHHR 3JIeKTpOHOB OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOfO 3apSI,ZJ;a, HMeIOwerocR B
aTOMe, H B pe3YJIbTaTe TaKHX KOJIe6aHHH B03HHKaIOT
CBeTOBhIe BOJIHhI.
OT KaqeCTBeHHOH fHnOTe3hI He06xo.n:HMO 6bIJIO ne-
peHTH K C03.n:aHHIO TeopHH H3JIyqeHHR HarpeTblX TeJI,
KOTOpaR 06'hRCHHJIa 6hI Bce H3BeCTHhIe 3KcnepHMeH-
TaJIbHhIe <paKTbI.
06 H3JIyqeHHH HarpeTbIX TeJI K KOHn;y XIX BeKa 6hIJIO
H3BeCTHO .n:OBOJIbHO MHOro. EbIJIO 3KcnepHMeHTaJIb-
HO YCTaHOBJIeHO, qTO MOWHOCTb E H3JIyqeHHR Harpe-
TbIX TeJI npRMo nponOpn;HOHaJIbHa qeTBepToH CTene-
HH a6COJIIOTHOH TeMnepaT)'phI T TeJIa:
E= (J.T 4 (1.3)
3T)' 3aBHCHMOCTb 3HepfHH H3JIyqehHR OT TeMnepaT)'-
phI Ha3hIBaIOT aaKOHOM CTecl>aHa-6oJlbnMaHa. EhIJIO
3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO HCCJIe.n:OBaHO 3JIeKTpOMarnHTHoe
H3JIyqCHHe, Haxo.n:RweecR B paBHOBecHH C H3JIyqaIO-
WHM TeJIOM (Kor.n:a aarpeToe TeJIO H3JIyqaeT B e.n:HHH-
n;y BpeMeHH CTOJIbKO )Ke 3HepfHH, CKOJIbKO nOJIyqaeT
B pe3YJIbTaTe nOrJIOweHHR). TIOJIyqeHHYIO B 3KcnepH-
MeHTe KPHBYIO pacnpe.n:eJIeHHR 3HepfHH H3JIyqeHHH
HarpeToro TeJIa, npe.n:CTaBJIeHHYIO KpHBOH 1 Ha pHC: 2
He y.n:aBaJIOCb 06'hHCHHTb TeOpeTHqeCKH. 113 KJIaCCH-
qeCKOH TeopHH C HenpepblBHhIM H3JIyqeHHeM 3JIeKT-
pOMaplHTHbIX BOJIH no.nyqaJIaCb KPHBaR 2 Ha TOM )Ke
pHCYHke, pe3KO pacxo.n:HBIllaRCR C 3KcnepHMeHTaJIb-
HOH KpHBOH.
56.8
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<1>M3MKA ATOMA M ATOMHOrO 51,[{PA
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3, 4
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2
5 6
7
8
9 10
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PHc.2
PeI1nlTe.7{ HbIH mar Ha nym C03.n;aHlUI HOBOH <pH3H-
yeCKOH KapTHH.bI MJlpa c.n;eJIaJI B 1900 ro.n;y HeMeI.{KHH"
<RH3HK MaKc I1JIaHK. OH B.bICKa3aJI rHnOTe3Y 0 cyme-
CT,BOBaHHH KBaHTOB. KBmlTaMH OH Ha3BaJI onpe.n;eJIeH-
HhIe nOpI.{HH aJIeKTpoMafHHTHoro H3JIyyeHHH. OCHOB-
HOH CMhICJI rHnOTe3hI TIJIaHKa 3aKJIIOYaJICH Ii TOM, YTO
311e'KmpOMamUm1l0e U3llY1lellUe U3llyrm.emCR. U nOlllO-
14aemCSllle llenpepbl81l0, a onpeaellellll'bI.M.U nopu,WlMU,
'K6allmaMU. 3HeprHH Ka:>K.n;oro KBaHTa npOnOpI.{HO-
HaJIhHa yaCTOTe v H3JIyqeHHH:
E=hv.
Koa<p<PHI.{HeHT nponOpI.{HOHaJIhHOCm h B aTOH <pop-
MYJIe Ha3hIBaeTCH Teneph nOCTOHHHOH TIJIaHKa.
,[{O l<BaHTOBOH rHnOTe3hI C'IHTaJIOCh OyeBH.n;HbIM, YTO
aJIeKTpOMafHHTHhIe BOJIHhI HenpephIBHO H3JIyqaIOTcH
HarpeTbIMH TeJIaMH. ,[{eHCTBHTeJIhHO, eCJIH B KayeCTBe
HCTO'lHHKa aJIeKTpOMarHHTHoro H3JIyyeHHH paCCMaT-
pHBaTb Bce Harperoe TeJIO, TO TeMneparypa TeJIa no-
CTOHHHa, ace 4>H3HyeCKHe YCJIOBHH HeH3MeHHhI, He-
H3MeHHhIM .n;OJI:>KeH 6bITh H npouecc H3JIyqeHHH.
COBceM HH<UI KapTHHa B03HHKaeT, eCJIH B Ka'leCTBe
HCTO'IHHKOB aJIeKTpOMafHHTHhIX BOJIH paCCMaTpHBaTb
OT.n;eJIhHhIe aTOMbI. K O.n;HOMY aTOMY He npHMeHHMO
nOHHTHe TeMneparyphI, aTOM MO:>KeT 06JIa.n:aTb 60JIh-
meH HJIH MeHhmeH aHeprHeH. 06JIa.n:a H36hITKOM
aHeprHH, aTOM B03MO:>KHO KaKHM-TO 06pa30M H3JIyqa-
er ee B Blf.l(e aJIeKTpOMarHH1HhIX BOJIH. Ho B TaKOM
cJIyyae npoI.{ecc H3JIyyeHIDI .n;OJI:>KeH 6hITb orpaHHQeH
BO BpeMeHH H nOCJIe H3pacxo.n;OBaHHH aTOMOM H36hIT-
Ka aHeprHH .n;OJI:>KeH npeKpaTHThCH.
MMeHHO TaKOMY cnoco6y paCCMOTpeHHH B3aHMo.n;eH-
CTBHH aJIeKTpOMafHHTHoro H3JIyqeHHH C BemeCTBOM
OTKphIBaJIa 'B03MO:>KHOCTh rHnOTe3a TIJIaHKa 0 cyme-
CTBOBaHHH KBaHTOB.
TI.naHK He TOJIhKO BhICKa3aJI rHnOTe3Y 0 cymeCTBoBa
HHH KBaHTOB, HO H BhIBeJI 4>OPMYJIY .n;IDI BbIYHCJIe
pacnpe.n;eJIeHHSl ,aHeprHH B >eneKTpe paBHOJICCIlO
TeWIOBoro H3JIyqeHHH TeJI. 3Ta <popMYJIa OKa3aJIaC ,
B nOJIHOM COrJIaCHH C pe3YJIhTaTaMH aKcnepHMe
TaKHM 06pa30M C rnnOTe3hI TIJIaHKa HaYaJIOCh Pa39
imme KBaHTOBOii cl>H311K11. ,j
.
MccneAOBaHMe 3aBMCMMOCTM
MOIqHOCTM TennOBOrO tt3nYQeHMR
Tena OT ero TeMnepaTypbl (yposeHb B)
,i
,
:u e'JI h p a 6 0 T hI. TIpHo6pereHHe onbITa aKcnepH.,
MeHTaJIhHoroycTaHOBJIeHHH3aKOHa3aBHCHMOCTHO.n;-
HOro <pH3HYeCKoro napaMeTpa OT .n;pyroro B onpe,l:\e-
JIeHHOM <pH3HYeCKOM npOI.{ecce.
o 6 0 p y.n; 0 B a H He. JIaMna HaKaJIHBaHHH Ha 6,3 B;,
5 CYXHX raJIhBaHHyeCKHX aJIeMeHTOB 1,5 B HJIH pery-
JIHpyeMhIH HCTOYHHK nOCTORHHoro TOKa; COe,l:\HHH.,
TeJIhHhIe npOBO,l:\a; I.{H<PPOBOH MYJIhTHMeTp; BOJIhT-
MeTp 10 B. '
3 a,l:\ a H He. MCCJIe.n;YHTe, KaK 3aBHCHT MOmHOCTh H3""
JIyqeHHR Harperoro TeJIa OT ero TeMneparyphI. B Ka-
yeCTBe HarpeTOro TeJIa HCnOJIh3YHTe BOJIh<ppaMOByD
CnHpaJIh JIaMnhI HaKaJIlmaHHR. ,[{JIR onpe,l:\eJIeHIDi
TeMneparyphI HHTH JIaMnbI BOCnOJI.b3YHTeCh H3BeCT-
HhIM 3Ha'leHHeM TeMnepaTypHoro Koa<P<PI1I HeHTa
aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro conpOTHBJIeHHH BOJIhwpaMa:
a= 5.10'3 K- 1 .
"
C 0 .n; e p :>K a H H e p a 6 0 T hI . COBpeMeHH<UI KBaHTo-;
BasI <pH3HKa Be.n;eT HaYaJIO OT BhI.n;BH:>KeHHH If.l(eH 0 cy-!
meCTBOBaHHH KBaHTOB. rHnOTe3Y 0 cymecTBOBaHHH
KBaHTOB TIJIaHK npe.n;JIO:>KHJI .n;JIR TeOpeTH'IeCKorq
06nHcHeHHR:KcnepHMeHTaJIhHoHa6rrIO A ae¥bIX3aKO-
HOMePHOCTeH paBHOBeCHoro aJIeKTpOMa 1HOrO H3-
JIyyeHHR HarpeTbIX TeJI. B HaCTORIqeH pa60Te npe.n;-
JIaraeTCR aKcnepHMeHTaJIhHO 06HapY:>KHTh O,ZJ;Hy H3
3aKOHOMepHOCTeH TenJIOBOrO H3JIyqeHHR TeJI, .n;JIR
06nHCHeHHH KOTOphIX nOTpe6oBaJIOCh C03.n;aHHe KBaH-,
TOBOH <pH3HKH. .
KBaHTbI
9
3aKOH, 'KOTOphIH BaM npeACTOHT 3aHOBO OTKphITh,
6hIJI aKCnepHMeHTaJIhHO YCTaHOBJIeH B 1879 rOAY
Ii. CTe<!>aHoM H TeOpeTHqeCKH BbIBeAeH B 1884 rOAY
JI. EOJIhnMaHOM Ii noaToMY Ha3bIBaeTCSI 3aKOHOM CTe-
<!>aHa- EOJIhnMa:lia. OH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT CBH3h Me)K,l(Y
a6cOJIIOTHOH TeMnepaTYPoH TeJIa H MOIUHOCThlO ero
TeIIJIOBOro aJIeKTpOMafHHTHoro H3JIyqeHHH.
,l{JIH YCTaHOBJIeHHH CBH3H MeX<AY MOIUHOCThIO aJIeKT-
pOMarHHTHoro H3JIyqeHHH TeJIa H ero TeMnepaTYPoH
HYJKHO H3MepHTb MOIUHOCTb H3JIyqeHHH npH pa3JIHq-
HhIX 3HaQeHHHX TeMnepaTyphI TeJIa. TeMnepaTYPY
HHTH aJIeKTpHQeCKpH JIaMnhI HaKaJIHBaHHH MOJKHO
H3MeHHTb, H3MeHHH nOAaBaeMoe HanpHJKeHHe. TeM-
neparyPY t HHTH MOJKHO BhIQHCJIHTb, onpeAeJIHB arreK-
TpHqeCKOe conpoTHBJIeHHe Re HHTH npH TeMnepary-
pe t H arreKTpHqeCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe Ro HHTH npH
OoC:
Rt = Ro (1 +at)
(1.4)
= ( 1)
( 1.5)
TeMrreparypa THHTH no a6cOJIIOTHOH IlIKaJIe paBHa:
T= t + 273 (K) (1.6)
3JIeKTpHqeCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe Ro HHTH npH 0 °c
OJKIIO onpeAeJIHTb, H3MepHH ee conpOTHBJIeHHe npH
OXJIIDKAeHHH JIaMrrhI AO 0 °C, HJIH H3MepHB conpoTHB-
neHHe Rt npH KOMHaTHoH TeMneparype H BhIqHCJllm
Ro no <!>0pMYJIe (1.4).
fJ;IaBHaJI TpYAHOCTb B aTOM aKcnepHMeHTe CBH3aHa C
OIIpeJJ:eJIeHHeM 3HaqeHHH conpoTHBJIeHHH HHTH JIaM-
UbI npH 0 0(:. ,l{JIH H3MepeHHH conpOTHBJIeHHH' HHTH
lIaMnhI MbI rrponYCKaeM qepe3 Hee aJIeKTpHQeCKHH
ToR:. TIpoXO)K,l(eHHe TOKa COnpOBO)K,l(aeTCH HarpeBaHH-
eM HHTH H ee TeMneparypa H3MeHHeTCH. QT06bI CBec-
rn OIlIH6KY, BHOCHMYIO a<!><!>eKTOM HarpeBaHHH HHTH
roKOM, K MHHHMYMY, HYJKHO YMeHbIlIHTb 3HaqeHHe
uponYCKaeMoro qepe3 Hee TOKa AO MHHHMyMa. ,l{JIH
iJTOif n;eJIH JIyq:rneBcero nOAXOJ1HT OMMeTp nH<!>poBO-
ro MYJIbTHMeTpa.
9JIeKTpHqeCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe HHTH B HarpeTOM
WCTOHHHH MOJKHO onpeAeJIHTb, H3MepHB CHJIY TOKa I
Ii ltarrpHJKeHHe U Ha JIaMIIe:
U
R=-
t I
MOII.{HOCTb P TeIIJIOBOro aJIeKTpOMafHH;THOro H3JIY-
'1eHIDI HHTH JIaMnbI npH BbICOKOH TeMneparype HHTH
(1.7)
MOJKHO CQHTaTb npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO paBHpii: MOII.{HOCTH
aJIeKTpHQeCKoro TOKa, BbIJ1eJIHIOII.{eHCSI Ha JIaMne:
P=I.U (1.8)
TIOpHJ10 BbInOJIHeHHH pa60TbI.
1, I1cnoJIb3YH OMMeTp n;H<!>poBOro MYJIhTHMeTpa, H3-
MepbTe aJIeKTpHqeCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe Rt HHTH
JIaMnbI npH KOMHaTHOH TeMneparype. TIpH H3Me-
peHHH yqTHTe BJIHHHHe coeAHHHTeJIbHbIXnpoBo-
AOB Ha pe3YJIbTaTbI H3MepeHIDI. ,lJ;JIH aToro nOCJIe
H3MepeHHHaJIeKTpnqeCKOrOconpOTHBJIeHHHHHTH
JIaMnbI coeAHHHTe KOHn;bI npOBOAOB, coeAHHHIO-
II.{HX OMMeTp C BbIBOJ1aMH JIaMnbI, H CHHMHTe no-
Ka3aHHSI OMMeTpa. ,l{JIH HaXO)K,l(eHHH conpoTHBJIe-
HHSI Rt HYJKHO BbiqeCTb H3 nOJIyqeHHOrO B nepBOM
H3MepeHHH 3HaqeHHH 06II.{ero conpOTHBJIeHHSI Roo
npoBOAoB H HHTH JIaMnhl 3HaqeHHe conpOTHBJIe-
HHH npoBOAOB R np ' nOJIyqeHHoe BO BTOpOM H3Me-
peHHH /
Rt = Roo - R np (1.9)
2. MCnOJIb3YH <!>OpMYJIY (1.4), BbIqHCJIHTe aJIeKTpH-
qeCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe HHTH JIaMnbI
Rv - 1 (1.10),
rAe t - TeMneparypa B03.n;yxa B KOMHaTe,
a = 5.10- 3 K- 1 .
3. C06epHTe aJIeKTpHqecKYIO n;enb H3 JIaMnbI, .HCTOq-
HHKa nOCTOHHHoro TOKa, BOJIbTMeTpa H aMnepMeT-
pa nocxeMe Ha pHCYHKe 3. TIoAaHTe Ha JIaMny Ha,-
npHJKeHHe C ABYX nOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHO coeAHHeH-
HhIX raJIbBaHHqeCKHX aJIeMeHTOB HJIH 3 BOJIbTa C
BbIXOAa HCTOqHHKa nOCTOHHHoro TOKa.
v
Pnc.3
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JIaMne. Pe3YJIbTaTbI H3MepeHHH 3anHIlIHTe B OTqeT-
HYIO Ta6JIHn;y 1.
570
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MeHTOB HJIH YBeJIH'IHBaH nO.l{aBaeMOe C BbIXO.l{a
BbmpHMHTeJIH HanpIDKeHHe .l{O 4,5 B, 5,5 B H 6,5 B.
Pe3YJIbTaTbi H3MepeHHH 3anHmHTe B OT'IeTiIyIO
Ta6JIHn;y 1.
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CHJIbl TOKa I Bbl'lHCJIHTe' MOllUIOCTb P H3JIyqeHHH
H aJIeKTpH'IeCKOe COnpOTI1BJIeHHe Rt HI1TH JIaMnbl.
P63YJIbTaTbi 3aHeCHTe B oT'IeTHYIO Ta6JIHn;y 1.
6. I1cnoJIb3YH pe YJIbTaTbl H3MepeHHH aJIeKTpH'IeC-
Koro conpOTHBJIeHHH HHTH JIaMnbl Rt H Ro' Bbl'lHC-'
JIHTe JJO q)opMYJIaM (1.4) H (1.5) TeMneparypy T
HHTH B Ka)l.(.l{OM onblTe. Pe3YJIbTaTbl Bbl'lHCJIeHHH
3aHeCHTe B OTqeTHYIO Ta6JIHn;y 1.
OT'IeTH<UrTa6JIHl.{a 1
'!!' U,B I, A P, By Rt' OM T,K
7. 113 OT'leTHOH Ta6JIHn;bI 1 BH.l(HO, qTO MOmHOCTb P
TenJIOBOrO H3JIyqeHHH B03paCTaeT C YBeJIH'IeHHeM
a6COJIIOTHOH TeMneparypbl HHTH. .l{JIH HaXO)l.(,l(e-
HlfH 3aKOHa, YCTaHaBJIHBaIOmero CBH3b MOmHOCTH
Pc TeMneparypoH T, npe.l{nOJIO:>KHM, qTO HCKOMaH
CBH3b BbIpa:>KaeTCH $OPMYJIOH BH.l(a '
P= a.Tn ,(1.11)
r.l{e n - KaKoe-TO nOCTOHHHoe n;eJIoe 'IHCJIO.
ECJIH ,ZIJIH KaKoro-To 3HaqeHHH n aTO npe.l{nOJIO)l.(e-
\
HHe cnpaBe,ZIJIHBO, TO npH Bcex aKcnepHMeHTaJIb-
HO nOJIyqeHHblX 3HaqeHHHX TeMneparypbl T OTHO-
P
meHHe - 6Y.l{eT nOCTOHHHbIM. .l{JIH npOBepKH
Tn
aToro npe.l{nOJIO)l.(eHHH BbIqHCJIHTe 3Ha'leHHH P, 'P,
T' H rs ,ZIJIH Bcex nOJIyqeHHblx B OnblTaX 3Ha'leHHH
T u P p
TeMnepaTypbl H HaH.l{HTe OTHomeHHH T ' T 2 '
P P P P u
T3 , T4' T 5 . e3YJIbTaTbi BbI'IHCJIeHHH 3anHUIH-
Te B OTqeTHYIO Ta6JIHn;y 2.
OT'IeTHasi Ta6J1Hl.{a 2 ,,
T,K \
P BT
IT K
T2, K2
P BT
f2' K 2
:
T3, K3
P BT
r 3 ' K 3
T4, K4
P BT
f4' K 4
P,K5
P BT
f5' K 5
8. IIOcTpoHTe rpa$HKH 3aBHCHMOCTH oTHoIlleHHH
P ,
Tn OT T .l{JIH pa3HbiX 3HaqeHHH n. ECJIH,ZIJIH O.l{HO-
ro H3 3Ha'leHHH n rpa$HK 6Y.l{eT ropH30HTaJIbHOH,
npHMOH, TO npe,l(nOJIO)l.( HHe 0 CBH3H MOmHOCTH'
H3JIyqeHHH Pc TeMnepaTYPOH T no 3aKOHY (1.11)
.l{JIH .l{aHHOrO n OKa:>KeTCH aKcnepHMeHTa.7lbHO no.l{-
Taep:>K.l{eHHbIM.
KOHTponbHble BonpocbI
1. KaKHM 06pa30M B .l{aHHOM HCCJIe.l{OBaHHH Bbl on-'
pe.l{eJIHJIH TeMneparypy HHTH JIaMnbl?
2. KaKHM 06pa30M Bbl onpe.l{eJIHJIH MOmHOCTb Ten-,
JIOBOrO H3JIyqeHHH HHTH JIaMnbI?
3. C KaKOH n;eJIbIO B pa60Te npe.l{JIaI'aJIOCb nocTpo !
P ,
HTh rpa$HI<H 3aBHCHMOCTH OTHOIlleHHH Tn OT ,
npH pa3HbIX 3HaqeHHHX n?
KBaHTbI
571
4. EJIH3KH JIH 1I0JIyqeHHbIe BaMH pe3YJIbTaTbI aKClle-
pHMeHTa K pe3YJIbTa'raM HCCJIe OBaHHM CTecPaHa
H BOJIhQMaHa?
KoJtClU!di .
.7ItatWtIf{,t .
: CJ)OTOHbI (yPOB8Hb &)
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:' eMcTBHeM CBeTa Ha3bIBaeTC.H «»oT03JIeKTpH'IeCKHM
3«»cPeKTOM mIH «»OTo3«»«»eKTOM. '
3aKOHbI cPOToacPcPeKTa C HCIIOJIb30BaHHeM cOBpeMeH-
, HbIX 3HaHHM 0 IIpHpo e cPoTOaJIeKTpH'IecKoro TOKa
MOiKHO CcPOPMYJIHpoBaTb CJIe YIOII{HM 06pa3oM.
1. qHCJIO Q>oToaJIeKTpoHoB, ocB06oiK aeMbIx 3a e H
HHQY BpeMeHH H3 KaTo a, IIp.HMO llpoIlOPQJfOHaJIb-
HO MOII(HOCTH CBeTOBoro H3JIyqeHH.H;
. 2. MaKCHMaJIbHa.H KHHeTHqeCKa.H aHeprH.H Ek Q>OTO-
aneKTpoHoB JlHHeHHO B03paCTaeT C '1aCTOTOM CBe-
Ta v H Hfl 3aBHCIIT OT MOII(HOCTH CBeTOBoro H3JIY-
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,
. KpoMe Tpex 3aKOHOB cPoTOacP«PeKTa Heo6xo HMO 00-
MeTHTb O HY 3aMe'laTeJIbHYIO oc06eHHOCTh Q>OToaJIeK-
irPHqecKHX .HBJIeHJm: cPoTOaJIeKTpOHbI oCB060iK aIOT-
C 1I0BepXHOCTII TeJIa B TOT caMbIM MOMeHT, Kor a
a TeJIO lIa,ltaeT CBeT, 6e3 KaKoro-6bI TO HH 6bIJIO 3a-
a3 bIBaHIDI 110 BpeMeHH.
OllbITKH 06'b.HCHeHH.H .HBJIeHH.H cPoTOaJIeKTpHqecKO-
.: acPcPeKTa Ha OCHOBe IIpe CTaBJIeHHM 0 CBeTe KaK
JIeKTpOMarHIITHOM BOJIHe BCTpeTIlJIHCb C Herrpeo o-
HMbIMH 3aTpY HeHH.HMH.
ECJlli qaCTOTa CBeTa MeHbille HeKOTopOM ollpe e-
JIeHHOM,l(JI.H aHHoro BeII(e TBa MHHHMaJIbHOM 'la-
, CTOTbI v"p' TO cPoToscPcPeKT He IIpOHCXO HT. (3TOT
acPcP eKT Ha3blBaeTC.H KpaCHOM rpaHHQeM cPOTOacP-
3JIeKTpOMaTHHTH.a.H BO.JIHa I'IPH OCTIDKeHHIf 1I0Bepx
HOCTH Te.JIa .lW.JIiKB:a I'I-bI3bIBaTb BbIHyiK eHHbIe KOJIe-
6aHH.H Bcex a.r:reKTpoHOB, HaXO,WIII.(HXC.H B 1I0BepXHOC-
THOM CJIoe BemeCTBi!t. 3JIeKTpOHbI MOI'JIH 6bI 1I0JIyqHTb
OCTaT01JHYIO :iHeprHIO, 1I0CTelleHHO 3a6l1pa.H ee OT
IIpHXO,WIII(HX BOJIH H )'BeJIlflIHBaJ,I aMIIJIHTY Y BbIB:YiK-
eHHbIX KOJJe6aHHD. Ho B TaKOM c.nyqae BbIXO Q>OTO-
aJIeKTpOHOB .l!O.JI:>ReH lIpOHCXO HTh .CrryCTH HeKOTopoe
BpeM.H 1I0CJI-e Ha'IMa OCBeIl(eHIDI.' O HaKO, HHKaKoro
3alla3 bIBaHH.H Bblxo a cPOTOaJIeKTpOHOB Ha OllbITe He
Ha6JIIO aJIOCb.
3JIeKTpOMarHHT a.H TeopJJ.H CBeTa He MOrJIa 06'b.HC-
HIITb H He3aBHCHMOCTb aHepnrn: cPOTOaJIeKTpoHOB OT
MOmHOCTH H3JIyqeHH.H, rrpOIlOPQHOffaJIbHOCTb aHep-
I nrn: cPOTOaJIeKTpOHOB qaCTOTe CBeTa, cymeCTBOBaHHe
KpaCHOM rpaHHQbI cPOTOa$Q>eKTa.
nO.JIHOe- 06'b.HCHeHHe Bcex 3aKOHOMepHOCTeM Q>OTO-
aJIeKTpnqeCKOrO acPcPeKTa aJI B 1905 ro y AJIb6epT
3MHillTeMn Ha OCHOBe rHllOTe3bI 0 cymecTBOBaHHH
KBaHTO'B CBeTa KaK oc060ro BH.ZJ:a 'laCTHQ - cPOTOHOB.
I1pH <f)oT-.oaJIeKTpHqeCKOM acP«PeKTe Q>OTOH, BCTpeTHB-
IIIHCb C aJIeKTpoHOM. lIepe aeT eMY BCIO CBOIO aHep-
rHIO, a caM HC"Ie3aeT. 3JIeKTpOH, no.nyqHBillHM OIlOJI-
HHTe.JIbHYIO aHepi'HIO OT Q>oToHa, MOiKeT 1I0KHHyrb
1I0BepXHOCTb TeJIa B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH 1I0rJIOmeHHa.H
aHeprH.H hv llpeBbUIIaeT pa60TY BbIxo a A:
hv>A.
Pa60TOM BbIxo a A IIPH oCB060iK eI'lHH aJIeKTpoHa C
1I0BepxHocTH TeJIa Ha3bIBaeTC.H pa60Ta, KOTOpylO He-
06XO HMO cOBepillHTb rrpOTHB eMCTBH.H CM rrpHT.H-
iKeHH.H co CTOpOHbI 1I0JlOiKHTeJIbHbIX 3apH oB, HMeIO-
II(HXC.H BHYTJ>II aTOMOB.
fpaHH1ffiOe3HaqeHHe qaCTOTbI v"" CBeTa, IIPH KOTOpOM,
eme B03MOiKeH cPoToaJIeKTpHqeCKilM acPcPeKT. ollpe-
eJI.HeTC.H YCJIOBHeM:
hv :zA
""
A
v =-
'\P h
qacToTa v "p orrpe eJI.HeT KpaclfYIO rpaHHQY «»OT03«»-
«»eKTa.
MaKCHMaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe KHHeTHqeCKOM aHeprHH, Ka-
KOM MOiKeT 06JIa,ltaTb cPoTOaJIeKTpoH, paBHo pa3HOCTH
3HaqeHH.H aHeporn: cPoTOHa hv H pa60TbI BbIxo a A:
Ek = hv - A (1.14)
YpaBHeHHe (1.14) Ha3blBaeTC.H ypaJlHeIDIeM 3ibmrreit-
Ha AJI.H «»0'F03 «»eKTa. M3 ypaBHeHH.H (1.14) cJIe YeT
(1.12)
(1.13)
572
<1>M3MKA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO H,aPA
JIHHeHHaH 3aBHCHMOCTb MaKCHMaJIbHOH KHHeTWIecKoH
SHepmH E" 4>oTQa eK'rpOHO OT qaCTOTbI CBeTa v.
KHHeTWlecK)'IO aHepmIO SJleKTpOHOB, aTOMOB H $OTO-
HOB qaCTO BbIpax<a.IQT BO BHeCHCTeMHbIX e,lJ;HHH ax -
SJleKTpOHBOJlb'tax. SHep'mSl B O,lJ;HH 9JIeKTpoHBOJlbT
(1 sB) paBHa pa60Te CHJI 9J1eKTpHqecKoro rrOJlSl, co-
BepmaeMoH rrpH rrepeMe eHHH aJleKTpoHa Mex<.l{Y
TOqKaMH C paaHocTbIO rrOTeH HaJIOB B O.l{HH BOJlbT.
ITpH H3BeCTHOM 3HaqeHHH 3apSl.l{a SJleKTpOHa e ""
1,6.10- 19 Kn MOjK}{O YCTaHOBHTb CBSI3b e,n;HHHIU>I sHep-
mH 1 sB C e,n;HHH eH 9HepmH B CM 1 ,ax<:
1 sB = eU"" 1;t;.10- 19 Kn.1B = 1,6.10- 19 ,a)K,
llpH 06"bSlCHeHHH 4>oT09$<I>eKTc:t Ha OCHOBe rrpe,n;CTaB-
JleHHH 0 cy eC\fBOBaHHH $OTOHOB HHKaKOrO 3arra3-
.l{bIBaHHSI BbIxo,n;a <l>oTOSJleK'rpOHOB rrOCJIe HaqaJIa oc-
Be eHHSI 6bITb He ,n;OJlJKHO, TalC KaK KaJK,l.\;bIH $OTOH B
MOMeHT rrOrJlO eHHSI rrepe,n;aeT O,n;HOMY SJleKTpOHY
SflepmIO, ,n;OCTaTOqHYIO ,lJ;JISI ero ocB060JK,n;e:8ID1.
C OTKpbITHeM cy ecTBOBaHIDI $oToHmi B $H3HqeC-
KOH KapTHHe MHpa rrpOH30mJlO cymeCTBeHHOe H3Me-
HeHHe - BMecTO HerrpepbIBHbIX B rrpoCTpaHCTBe SJleKT-
pOMaI'HHTHbIX CBeTOBbIX BOJIH rrOSlBHJlHCb qaCTH:QbI -
4>oTOHbI. B MHpe, KpOMe aTOMOB, yx<e HaC'iHTbIBaJIOCb
,n;Ba BH]];a qaCTH - SJleKTpOHbI H $OTOHbI.
<1>OTOHbI, KaK H .n;pyrHe qaCTHl\bI, xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI
He TOJlhKO SHeprHeH, HO TalC ,x<e HMrrYJlbCOM p H Mac-
COHm.
MMrrYJlbC 4>oToHa P: KaK H JlI060ro .zq>yroro TeJIa, orr-
pe.n;eIDIeTcSI peJISlTHBHCTCKOH $OPMYJIOH:
v.'E
P=7
r.n;e: E - rrOJIHaSI SHepm$I;
(1.15),
C - CKOpOCTb CBeTa;
v - CKOpOCTh TeJIa.
,aJISI $oToHa E = hv H V = C, rrOSTOMY ero HMrrYJIbC pa-
BeH:
hv
p=-
c
(1.16).
M3 peJISlTHBHCTCKOH <l>OPMYJIbI CBSl3H rrOJIHOH SHep*
rHH E, HMUYJIbCa P H MaCCbI m TeJIa:
J!2 - rJ-c 2 = 1Th 4
( 1.17)
H <l>OPMYJIbI (1.15) peJISlTHBHcTcKoro HMrryJIbCa CJIe-
.n;YeT, qTO Macca JII060H qaCTH bI, .n;BHJKymeHcSI co CKO-
pOCTbIO CBeTa v = c, paBHa HYJIIO. Macca m cI>OToHa
paBH8 HYJUO.
3aMeqaTeJIbHbIM rro,n;TBepJK,n;eHHeM mnOTe3bI 3HHIlI-
TeHHa 0 $oToHe KaK qaCTH e C orrpe,n;e.neHHbIMH 9Hep-
rHeH H HMrrYJlbCOM, crroc06HoH B3aHMo,n;eHcTBoBaTb
C ,n;pyrOH qaCTH eH B orrpe,n;eJIeHHOH TO'IKe rrpocTpaH-
CTBa, 6bIJI 9$<I>eKT, OTKpbITbIH aMepHKaHcKHM $H3H-
KOM APTYPOM KOMIITOHOM B 1922 ro,n;y. KoMIITOH 06-
HapYX<HJI, qTO rrpH rrpOXOJK,n;eHHH petlTI'eHOBCKoro
H3JIyqeHIDI C orrpe,n;eJIeHHOH ,lJ;JIHHOH BOJIHbI A qepe3
Be eCTBO B03HHKaeT pacceSlHHoe SJIeKTpOManIHTHOe
H3JIyqeHHe C H3MeHeHHOH ,lJ;JIHHOH BOJlHbI, IIpHqeM
H3MeHeHHe ,lJ;JIHHbI BOJIHbI !JJ.. 3aBHCHT OT YrJIa q> pac-
ceSlHIDI. STOT s<I>$eKT, Ha3BaHHbIH acl>$eKTOM KOMII-
1'OHa, rrOJIyqaeT rrOJIHOe KOJIHqecTBeHHOe 06"bSlCHeHHe,
ecJIH paCCMaTpHBaTb rrpo ecc paCCeHHIDI peHTreHO-
BCKoro H3JIyqeHHSI B Be eCTBe KaK rrpo ecc pacceSl-
HHSI peHTreHOBCKHX 4>oTOHOB Ha SJIeKTpOHax. <1>oTOH
rrpH CTOJIKHOBeHHH C SJIeKTpOHOM rrepe.n;aeT eMyqacTb
CBoeH SHeprHH H HMrrYJIbCa, B pesYJIbTaTe SHepmSl (H
qaCToTa) 4>oTOHa If HarrpaBJIeHHe ero .n;BHX<eHIDI H3-
MeHSlIOTCSI (pHC. 5).
hv
z
- v
-JV'v
PRC.S
HBJIeHHe <l>oTOSJIeKTpHqeCKoro s<I><I>eKTa HCrrOJIb3yeT- ;,
CSI BO MHOI'm SJIeKTpOHHbIX rrpH60pax,lJ;.IDI rrpe06pa- ,
30BaHHSI sHeprHH CBeTOBoro H3JIyqelIHSI B sHeprHIO !
SJIeKTpHqeCKoro TOKa. llpOCTeHIlIHH rrpH60p,l{JlSl rrpe- '
06pa30BaHIDI CBeTa B SJIeKTpHqecKHH TOK Ha3bIBaeT-
CSI BaKYYMHbIM cl>oT09JIeMeHTOM. BaKYYMHbm $OTO- '
alli MeHT COCTOHT H3 CTeKJISlHHOH KOJI6bI, rrOJIOBHHa"
BHYTpeHHeH rroBepxHocTH KOTOpOH rrOKpbITa TOHKHM
CJIOeM Be eCTBa C MaJIOH pa60ToH BbIxo.n;a SJIeK'rpO-
,HOB. 3Ta rrJIeHKa CJIYJKHT KaTo.n;OM. HarrpoTHB KaTO,n;a
pacrrOJIaraeTCSI He60JIbmOH aHO.n;. KaTO.n; coe,n;HHSleT-
CSI C OTpH aTeJIbHhIM rrOJIIOCOM IfCTOqHHKa rrOCTOSlH-,
Horo HarrpSlx<eHHSI, aHO.n; - C rrOJIOX\HTeJIbHbIM ero
rrOJIIOCOM. llpH OTcyrCTBHH CBeTaB SJIeKTpHqeCKOH '-
errH He rrpOTeKaeT SJIeKTpHqeCKHH TOK, TaK KaK Ka-
TO.n; H aHO.n; $OTOSJIeMeHTa pa3.n;eJIeHbI BaKYYMHbIM
rrpOCTpaHCTBOM.
ITpH OCBemeHHH KaTo.n;a OCBo60JK.ZJ:aeMbIe C Hero SJIeK- '
TpOHbI .n;BHX<YTCSI rro,n; .n;eHCTBHeM SJIeKTpHqeCKOrd'"
.J
KBaHThI
573
noM K aHO,n;y R c03,n;a1OT B 3JIeKTpRqeCKOH :QenR TOK
(pRC. 6). CRJIa TOKa nponop:QROHaJIbHa MOI:QHOCTH
CBeTOBOro H3JIY'IeHHH.
+
t
PRc.6
<I>oT03JIeKTpHqecKHH 3<}><}>eKT HCnOJIb3YeTCH a TeJIe-
BH3HOHHbIX nepe,n;aIOI:QHX KaMepax H BH.n;eOKaMepax
AJI.H I1pe06pa30BaHl{H OnTHqeCKHX H306pa:>KeHHH B
cepHH 3JIeKTpHQeCKHX HMnYJIbCOB, KOTopbIe 3aTeM
aHOBb npeo6paaYIOTcH.B OnTlI'IeCKHe H306pa:>KeHIDI.
JaJOjuuIiojwM
fulJ'ollibt
H3MepeHMe pa60Tbi BblxoAa 3neKTpoHa npM
rltoTo3neKTpM'IeCKOM 3c1JclJeKTe (ypoBeHb &)
U. e Ji b P a 6 0 T bI. llpH06peTeHHe onbITa npoBe,n;e-
H:HH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX HCCJIe,n;OB<UfHH C npHMeHe-
H:HeM q,oT03JIeKTpoHHbIX IIpH6opOB ,n;JIH H3MepeHHH
l:JIa6hIX TOKOB.
p 6 0 p y ,n; 0 B a H He. BaKYYMHhIH <}>OT03JIeMeHT B
BeTOHenpoHH:QaeMOH Kopo6Ke C OKOillKOM, 3epKaJIb-
flbrn raJIbBaHOMeTp H.7m HYJIb-raJIbBaHOM Tp QYBCTBH-
A
reJIbHOCTblO -l.O-7 -, HCTOQHHK nOCTOHHHoro
.n;eJI.
flanpH:>KeHHH 5 B, BOJIbTMerp, nOTeH:QHOMeTp, CBen)-
H.7IbTp.
:J a,n; a H He. Onpe,n;eJIHTe pa60TY BbIxo,n;a 3JIeKTpOHa
: nOBepXHOCTII KaTO,n;a BaKYYMHoro <pOT03JIeMeHTa.
:o,n;ep:>Ka'HHe pa60TbI. llpH HOpMaJIbHOM pe-
I<HMe pa60ThI KaTO,n; <pOT03JIeMeHTa coe,n;HHHeTCH C OT-
)H:QaTeJIbHbIM nOJIIOCOM HCTOqHHKa nOCTOHHHoro Ha-
Ip I)KeHHH, aHO,n; - C nOJIOX<HTeJIbHbIM nOJIIOCOM
fCTO'lliHKa. llpH OTCYTCTBHH OCBemeHHH CH.7Ia TOKa B
IJ;enH <}>OT03JIeMeHTa paBHa HYJIIO, TaK KaK Me>K,lJ;Y Ka-
TO,n;OM 11 aHO,n;OM BaKYYM. llpH OCBememm KaTo,n;a cae-
TOM C ,n;JIHHOH BOJIHbI KOpOQe KpaCHOH rpaHH:QbI <}>O-
T03<}><}>eKTa B ':QenH B03HHKaeT 3JIeKTpHQeCKHH TOR.
3TOT TOK C03,n;aIOT <}>OT03JIeKTpOHbI, BbIphIBaeMbIe
<}>OTOHaMH CBeTa H3 KaTo,n;a (p1t . 6).
. I
CHJIa TOKa B :QenH nponop:QHOHaJIbHa HHTeHCHBHOC-
TH CBeTOBOro nOTOKa. MaKCHMaJIbHas:J: ICHHeTHQecKaJI
3:HeprRH Ek <}>oT03JIeKTpoHOa npH Bblxo,ne C nOBepx-
HOCTE: KaTO,n;a onpe,n;eJIHeTCH ypaBHeHHeM 3HHlllTeit-
Ha ,n;JIH <}>OT03<}>cPeKTa (1.14):
Ek=hv -A
r,n;e: h - nOCTOHHHaH llJIaHKa,
v - QaCTOTa qJoToHa CBeTa,
A --..- pa60Ta BbIxo,n;a.
113 ypaBHemm (1.14) cJIe.n;yeT, QTO ,n;JIH onpe,n;eJIeHIDI
pa60Tbi BbIxo,n;a A HY:>KHO H3MepHTb MaKCHMaJIbHYIO
KHHeTH'IeCKYIO 3HeprnlO <pOT03JIeKTpOHoB npH ocBem -
HIm <}>oT03JIeMeHTa CBeTOM C H3BecTHOH QaCTOTOH v:
A = hv - Ek (1.18)
MaKCHMaJIbHYIO KHHeTHQecKYIO 3HeprHIO Q>oT03JIeK-
TpOHOB MO:>KHO H3MepHTb, npHMeHHB MeTO,n; 3a.n;ep:>KH-
BalOI:Qero nOTeH:QHaJIa. B 3TOM MeTo,ne KaTO,n; cPoT03JIe-
MeHTa coe,n;HH:HeTCH C nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHbIM nOJIIOCOM
perYJIHPyeMoro HCTOQHHKa nOCToHHHOro HanpH:>Ke-
HHH, a aHO,n; - C OTpH:QaTeJIbHbIM nOJIIOCOM. TaKoe no,n;-
KJIIOQeHHe <PoT03JIeMeHTa K HCTOQHHKY HanpH:>KeHHH
Ha3bIBaIOT 06paTHbIM no,n;KJIIOqeHHeM. llocJIe,n;o-
BaTeJIbHO C cPOT03JIeMeHTOM BKJIIOQaeTCH raJIbBaHO-
MeTp - npH60p ,n;JIH H3MepeHHH OQeHb CJIa6bIX TOKOB
(j>Hc. 7).,
+
v.
PRc.7
574
<I>M3MKA ATOMA'M ATOMHOrO 51.l!:PA
IIpH BbIKJIIO'leHHOM HCTO'lHHK nOCTO.HHHOro Hanp.H-
>KeHH.H rrpH OCBeII{eHHH KaTO.n;a B l{enH $OTOSJIeMeH-
, Ta npOTeKaeT SJIeKTplI'IeCKHH TOK, TalC KaK 'laCTb OC-
B060JKJ{eHHbIX C Karo.n;a $OT03JIeKTpOHOB nOna,ZJ;aeT Ha
aJm.n;. IIpH nJIaBHOM YBeJIlI'IeHHH Hanp.H)KeHH.H Me)K-
.n;y KaTO.n;OM H aHO.n;OM C nOMOII{bIO nOTeHI{HOMeTpa
CHJIa TOKa B l{enH $OTOSJIeMeHTa nOCTeneHHO y6bIBa-
eT, TaK KaK SJIeKTpH'IeCKOe nOJIe npH 06paTHOM no.n;-
KJIIO'leHHH $OTOSJIeMeHTa K HCTO'lHHKY Hanp.H)KeHH.H
npen.HTCTByeT ABH)KeHHIO SJIeKTpOHOB, OT KaTO.n;a K
aHO.n;y. IIpH HeKOTOpOM 3Ha'leHlIH Hanp.H)KeHH.H U
CHJIa TOKa B l{en $OT03JIeMeHTa CTaHOBHTC.H paBHOH
HYJIIO. MHHHMaJIbHOe 3Ha'leHHe Hanp.H)KeHH.H, npe-
KpaII{aIOII{erO TOK B l{enH $OTOSJIeMeHTa, Ha3bIBaeTC.H
3anHpaIOII{HM Hanp.H)KeHHeM. MaKCHMaJIbHa.H KHHe-
TH'leCKa.H SHeprH.H $OTOSJIeKTpOHOB Ek paBHa p 60Te
CHJI SJIeKTplI'IecKOro nOJI.H, npen ITCTBYIOII{ero .n;BH)Ke-
HHIO SJIeKTpOHOB OT KaTO.n;a K aHO.n;y:
Ek = eU (1.19)
IIo.n;cTaBHB BbIpIDKeHHe .n;JI.H Ek H3 (1.19) B (1.18), no-
JIY'lHM $OPMYJIy.n;JI.H BbI'lHCJIeHH.H pa60ThI BbIxo.n;a
SJIeKTpoHoB:
A = hv - eU (1.20)
IIOp.H.n;OK BbInOJIHeHH.H 3a.n;aHH.H.
1. C06epHTe SJIeKTpH'lecKYIO I{enb no cxeMe" npe.n;-
CTaBJIeHHOH Ha pHC. 7. Y CTaHOBHTe C nOMOII{bIO no-
TeHI{HOMeTpa Hanp.H)KeHHe Ha $oTOSJIeMeHTe paB-
HbIM HYJIIO. HanpaBbTe Ha $oTOSJIeMeHT COJIHe'l-
HbIH CBeT HJIH CBeT OT SJIeKTpH'leCKOH JIaM,nbi.
raJIbBaHOMeTp B l{enH $oTOSJIeMeHTa .n;OJI)KeH 06- ,
HapY)KHBaTb SJIeKTpH'leCKHH TOK.
2. Y CTaHOBHTe B OKOillKe nepe.n; $oTOSJIeMeHTOM CH-
HHH cBero$HJIbTp. HanpaBbTe CBeT 'lepe3 cBero-
$HJIbTp Ha $oTOSJIeMeHT. IIocTeneHHO y'BeJIH'lH-
Ba.H 3aIIHpaIOII{ee HaIIp.H)KeHHe, orrpe)leJIHTe 3Ha'le-
HHe 3aIIHpaIOII{ero Hanp.H)KeHH.H U, rrpH KOTOpOM
CHJIa TOKa B l{enH $oTOSJIeMeHTa CTaHOBHTC.H paB-
HOH HYJIIO.
3. IIo H3MepeHHoMY 3Ha'leHHIO 3anHpaIOII{erO Hanp.H-
)KeHIDI U, 'laCTOTe CBeTa v = 7,15.10 14 c- 1 , nporryc-
KaeMoro CHHHM cBeTo$HJIbTpOM H H3BeCTHbIM 3Ha-
'leHH.HM nOCTO.HHHOH IIJIaHKa h = 6,6.10- 34 .l!:)K'CH
3ap.H.n;a SJIeKTlx)Ha e = 1,6.10- 19 Kn BbI'lHCJIHTe pa-
60TY BbIxo.n;a A SJIeKTpoHa C nOBepXHOCTII KaTo.n;a
$oTOSJIeMeHTa. BbIpa3HTe 3Ha'leHHe pa60TbI BbI-
xo.n;a B .n;)K0YJI.HX H SJIeKTpOHBOJIbTax.
Pe3YJIbTaThI H3MepeHHH H BbI'lHCJIeHHH 3anHillHTe
OT'leTHYIO Ta6JIHI{Y.
OT'IeTH<UI Ta6JUf
V c- 1
"
U,B
A,A*
A,3B
t "
, ,
HccneAOBaH...e ABneHMA 1
c1JoTo3neKTpM'IeCKOrO 3c1JclJeKTa j
(ypoBeHb B) i
u. e JI b P a 6 0 T bI. IIpH06peTeHHe npaKTH'lecKIfXj
HaBbIKOB H3rOTaBJIeHH.H npoCTbIX $H3lI'IecKHX npH-
60pOB H npOBo.n;eHH.H C HX nOMOII{bIO CaMOCTO.HT eJIb 1
HbIX HCCJIe.n;OBaHHH. J.
a 6 0 p Y .n; 0 B a H He. Me.n;Hafi HJIH aJIIOMHHHeB ,
npOBOJIOKa .n;HaMeTpoM 2 MM, MHHOH 0,5 M; MeTa;\-
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HrJIa, nJIaCTIlHbI H3 Me.n;H, )KeJIe3a, aJIIOMHHHfI, CBHH,
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1
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TOK, COCTaBJI.HIOII{HH MHJIJIHap.n;HbIe )lOJIH aMnep 3 :i
TaKHe CJIa6bIe TOKH HeJIb3.H H3MepHTb C nOMOII{b '
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, J
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IIOJIb30BaTbC.H 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO 60JIee 'lYBCTBHTeJIb '
npH60pPM .n;JI.H H3MepeHH.H SJIeKTpH'leCKoro 3ap
HJIH Hanp.H)KeHHfI - SJIeKTpoMeTpoM. !
A
ECJIH BbI XOTHTe BbIIIOJIHHTh OIIbITbI no cPoToacfxt>eKo!
TY, TO npe)K.n;e BCero He06xo.n;HMO H3roTOBHTb aneKTi
pOMeTp. CxeMa YCTpOHcTBa TaKoro caMo.n;eJIbHOrd
rrpH60pa npe.n;CTaBJIeHa Ha pHcYHKe 8. IIpH60p COC
HT Bcero H3 nfiTH .n;eTaJIeH: no.n;CTaBKH 1, CTOHKH 2, oC
3, CTpeJIKH 4 H illKaJIbI 5. B Ka'leCTBe no.n;CTaBKH MO
HO HCnOJIb30BaTb nJIaCTHHY H3 IIJIeKCHrJIaCa, CTeKJIHHi
Hoe HJlH $ap$opOBoe 6JIIO.n;Qe. CroHKY 2 MO)KHO
roTOBHTb H3 Me.n;HoH HJIH aJIIOMHHHeBOH npOBOJIoKJi
.n;HaMeTpOM OKOJIO .n;BYX MH.7IJIHMeTpOB H .n;JIHHOH 40...
45 CM. .:;:
KBaHTbI
5'75
PHc.8
KYCOK npoBOJIOKH HY)](HO CHaqaJIa COrnYTb BABDe, KaK
nOKaaaHO Ha pHcYHKe 9, paCnOJIOJKHB ABe ee nOJIOBHH-
KH napaJIJIeJIbHO, Ha paCCTO.HHHH 3 CM. 3aTeM nOJIO-
)l(HTe cornYTyro npOBOJIOKY Ha TBepAYIO nOACTaBKY
(KYCOK MpaMopa; MaCCHBHbIH MeTaJIJIlI'IeCKHH npeA-
MeT), nOJIO)](HTe nepneH.ZJ:HKYJI.HpHO ee CTopOHaM OKO-
JIO cepeAHHbI TOHKHH CTaJIbHOH rB03Ab H YAapb.Te no
HeMY MOJIOTKOM TaK, qT06bI Ha CTopOHax CTOHKH no-
BBRlIHCb BM.HTIlHbI, Ha KOTOpbIX 6YAeT pacnOJIaraTb-
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/
I
/
/
//
PHc.9
:;3aTeM, HCnOJIb3y.H nJIocKory6:QbI, H30rHHTe CTOpOHbI
!;CTOHKH COrJIaCHO PHCYHKY 8 H A06eHTecb TaKoH Q>op-
[.MbI, qT06bI cToHKa CTO.HJIa BepTHKaJIbHO Ha ropH30H-
TaJIbHOH nOBepXHocTH, a 6YJI BKa, nOJIOJKeHHa.H Ha BbI-
\ H B cToHKe, pacno.rrataJIacb ropH30HTaJIbHO. IIocJIe
' roro npHKJIeHTe CTOHKY KJIeeM AJIH CKJIeHBaHH.H Me-
TaJIJIa H KepaMHKH K OCHOBamIIO.
:,lLrr.H H3ro'rOBJIeHH.H CTpeJIKH Bblpe)](bTe H3 TOHKOH
'MeTaJlJIlI'IeCKOH Q>OJIbnl np.HMoyroJIbHHK paaMepoM .
10 CM X 4 CM. (Mo>KHO HCnOJIb30B"aTb <PoJIbry 06epT-
KH llIOKOJIa,l{a, <PoJIbry AJI.H npHroTOBJIemUf)](apeHoro
ca B raaOBblX HJIH 3JIeKTpHqeCKHX neqax). IIoKpoH-
'Te o.wry CTOpoHY, Q>oJIbrH TOHKHM CJIOeM KJIe.H, CJIO-
)](HTe BAliDe BAOJIb AJIHHHOH' CTOpoHbI H paarJIa,l{bTe.
IIoBTOpHTe 3TY Onep3.l{HIO eI:Qe ABa paaa H nOJIy'IHTe
BOCbMHCJIOHHbIH np.HMoyroJIbHHK 10 CM X 0,5 CM.
IIpRlIo)](HTe K 3TOMY np.HMoyroJIbHHKY nocepeAHHe
BAOJIb AJIHHHOH CTOpOHbI KpaH JIHHeHI<H H cornHTe
ero nOA yrJIOM 90°. Y Bac IIOJI}"IHTCH JIema.H H npoq-
Ha.H CTpeJIKa :,}JIeKTpOMeTpa. IIocepeAHHe CTpeJIKH
HaHeCHTe KanJIIO KJIe.H, H KorAa OH HaqHeT 3aTBepAe-
BaTb, nOJIO)](HTe IIonepeK CTpeJIKH B KaIIJIIO KJIe.H 6y-
JIaBKY HJIH HrOJIKY, KOTOpa.H 6y eT CJIY)](HTb OCbIO
CTpeJIKH. He AOJKHAa.HCb nOJIHoro BbICbIXaHH51 KJIe.H,
YCTaHOBHTe OCb CTpeJIKH Ha npeAHaaHaqeHHOe eH Me-
CTO Ha CTOHKe H CJIema H3MeH.H.H B3aHMHOe nOJIo)](e-
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BpaI:QeHH.H ee Me)K,l(Y cTopoHaMH CTOHKH. IIIKaJIY MO)](-
HO H3rOTOBHTh H3 JIHCTKa 6eJI(jH 6YMarH H npHKJIe-
HTb K OCHOBaHHIO.
.l{JI.H HCnbITaHH.H pa60Tocnoc06HOCTH H3rOTOBJIeHHO-
ro 3JIeKTpOMeTpa B03bMHTe nJIeKCHrJIaCoBYIO JIHHeH-
KY HJIH APyroH npeAMeT H3 nJIaCTMaCCbI H nOTpHTe
KYCKOM TKaHH.
3aTeM npHKocHHTecb JIHHeHKOH K cToHKe 3JIeKTpo-
MeTpa. ECJIH 3JIeKTpOMeTp pa60Tocnoc06eH, ero
CTpe-lIKa OTKJIOHHTC.H OT BepTHKaJIbHOrO nOJIO)](eHH.H
H nOCJIe HecKOJIbKJfX KOJIe6aHHH OCTaHeTC.H B OTKJIO-
HeHHOM nOJIO)](eHHH. ECJIH )](e CTpeJIKa He OTKJIOH.H-
eTCH RlIH cpaay )](e nOCJIe OTKJIOHeHH.H CHOBa npHXO-
AHT B BepTHKaJIbHOe nOJIO)](eHHe,'TO Balli npH60p AJI.H
onbITOB no cPoT03cPcPeKTY He npHrOAeH.
3a,qaHMe 2. Mcnonb30BaHMe 3neKTpoMeTpa B
na6opaTopHblx MCCneAOBaHMRX
MCCJIeAYHTe, 3aBHCHT JIH CKOpOCTb paap.HAKH BallIero
3JIeKTpoMeTpa OT OCBeI:QeHlUl MeTaJIJIHqeCKOH n.rraCTH-
HbI Ha HeM YJIbTpacPHOJIeTOBblM CBeTOM.
.l{JI.H BbIITOJIHeHHH 3Toro onbITa npHroToBbTe aJIIOMH-
HHeByro n.rraCTHHY paaMepOM npHi\epHo 4 CM x 4 CM.
ECJIH onbIT BbIITOJIH.HeTC.H B AOMallIHHx YCJIOBIUIX, TO
TaKYIO IDJaCTIlHy MO)](HO Bblpe3aTh HO)](HHIJ;aMH H3 CTeH-
KH 6aHKH H3-nOA KOKa-KOJIbI RlIH APyroro HanHTKa.
IIpH HCCJIeAOBaHHH .HBJIeHH.H cPOT03cP<peKTa HY)](HO
HMeTb B BH)l;Y, qTO JII06a.H MeTa.7LlIHqeCKa.H nJIaCTHHa B
06blqHbIX YCJIOB:lUlX nOKpbITa CJIoeM OKHCH MeTaJlJIa.
II03TOMY nepeA BbIITOJIHeHHeM onbITa nOBepXHOCTb
nJIaCTIlHbI HY)](HO OqHCTHTb C nOMOI:QbIO Ha:J1COa111tOu
6Y.M.alU.
OnbIT MO)](HO BbIITOJIHHTh B CJIeAYIOI:QeM nOp.HAKe.
1) IIoJIo)](HTe aJIIOMHHHeBYIO nJIaCTIlHY C OqHI:QeHHOH
noaepxHoCTbIO Ha CTOHKY 3JIeKTpoMeTpa. HaTpH-
576
, <1>M3MKA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO 51L(PA,
Te a60HHTOBbIH CTep){<eHb HJIH TIJIeKCHrJIaCOBYIO
JIHHeHKY KYCKOM TKaHH H I1pHKOCHOBeHHeM CTep-
X<H.H K CTOHKe c006m;HTe aJIeKTpOMeTpy OTpHl{a-
TeJIbHbIH 3ap.H.lt.
2) Kor,ZJ;a KOJIe6aHH.H CTpeJIKH I1peKpaT.HTC.H, BKJIIOqH-
Te HCTOqHHK YJIbTpaqmOJIeTOBOro H3JIyqeHH.H H
Hal1paBbTe CBeT OT Hero Ha I1JIaCTHHY (pHC. 10).
IIpoHa6JIIO.ltaHTe, Tep.HeT JIH OTpHl{aTeJIbHO 3ap.H-
x<eHHa.H I1JIaCTHHa ::meKTpH'IeCKHH 3ap.H.lt 110,ZJ; .lteH-
CTBHeM CBeTa.
PHC. 10
OCTOPO>KHOI Y JIbTpaqmOJIeTOBbIH cBeT'Mox<eT
I1pHqHHHTb Bpe,ZJ; BallHM rJIa3aMl HarrpaBJI.HHTe CBeT
TOJIbKO OT ce6.H Ha I1JIaCTHHyl He CMoTpHTe Ha BKJIIO-
, qeHHbIH HCTOqHHK 003 3aI.I\HTHOH KpbIIIIKHI
3) IIoBTOpHTe Ol1bIT, H3MeHHB 3HaK coo6m;aeMoro TIJIa-
CTHHe aJIeKTpHqeCKoro 3ap.H.lta. IIOJIoX<HTeJIbHbIH,
3ap.H.lt MOX<HO l1oJIy'lHTb Ha 110BepXHOCTH CTeKJI.HH-
tloro CTaKaHa mIH 6oKaJIa, HaTHpa.H ero cyxHM JIHC-
TOM 6YMarn. O.ltHHaKOBa JlH CKOpOCTb pa3p.H,ZJ;KH
aJIeKTpoMeTpa rrpH OCBem;eHHH 110JIOX<HTeJIbHO 3ap.H-
x<eHHOH H OTpH.QaTeJIbHO 3ap.Hx<eHHOH TIJIaCTHHhI?
ECJIH I1pH oCBem;eHHH OTpHl{aTeJIbHO 3ap.Hx<eHHa.H
TIJIaCTHHa Tep.HeT 3ap.H.lt 6bICTpee, TO BbI Ha6JIIO.lta-
JIH .HBJIeHHe Q>OTo:meKTpHqeCKOrO acl>cl>eKTa. L(aH-
Te 06"h.HCHeHHe pe3YJIbTaTaM Ballero Ol1bITa.
, 3aAaHMe 3. AononHMTenbHble onbiTbi
IIpH YCl1emHOM BbIl10JIHeHHH 3MaHH.H 2 I1pO.lteJIaHTe
aHaJIOrHqHbIe Ol1bITbI C llJIaCTHHaMH H3 x<eJIe3a, Me.ltH,
CBHHl{a mIll ,ZJ;pyrHx MeTaJIJIOB, KaKHe BaM y.ltaCTC.H
HaHTH.
Ol1bITbl MOX<HO I1po.lteJIbIBaTb TOJIbKO C OTpHI aTeJIb':
HO 3ap.Hx<eHHbIMH TIJIaCTHHaMH. IIoBepXHocTb K oit;
TIJIaCTHHbI l1epe.zt Ol1bITOM 06.H3aTeJIbHO OqHCTHTb HIDK-':
.ltaqHOH llKYPKOHI '
UeJIb Ol1bITa - cpaBHeHHe CHJIbI cl>oTOToKa I1pH O,ZJ;H-
HaKOBOM OCBem;eHHH I1JIaCTHH H3 MeTaJlJIOB C pa3HOH
pa6oToH BbIXO.lta aJIeKTpoHoB.
L(JI.H cpaBHeHH.H CHJIbI cl>oToTOKa .lt0CTaTOqHO HaHec-:
TH Ha llKaJIe aneKTpoMeTpa ,ZJ;Be OTMeTKH H H3Mep.HTh\,
BpeM.H ,ZJ;BHx<eHIDI CTpeJIKH aneKTpoMeTpa OT BTOpoH ,
OTMeTKH .ltO l1epBoH. IIpH O,ZJ;HHaKOBOM H3MeHeHHH
110JIox<eHH.H CTpeJIKH aJIeKTpoMeTp rep.HeT O,ZJ;HHaKO-
BbIH 3ap.H.lt. j
CHJIa Q>oToToKa I paBHa 1=9.., 110aTOMY rrpH O.ltHHa-' j
t '
KOBblX 3HaqeHH.HX 110Tep.HHHoro 3ap.H.n;a q CHJIa <p aro -
TOKa 60JIblle B Tex Ol1bITaX, B KOTOpblX Meablle Bpe- "J
M.H t pa3p.H.lta. ' 'j
COI1OCTaBbTe 110JIyqeHHbIe B'BaUIlIX Ol1bITaX pe3YJIh- j
TaTbI C H3BeCTHbIMH 3HaqeHH.HMH pa60TbI BbIXO.lta,j
. '
aJIeKTpOHoB C 110BepXHOcTH TeJI H3 Pa3JIHQHbIX MeTaJI- j
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AnIOMHHHH 4.25
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MarHHH 3,64 ,
r
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.
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HHKeJlb 4.50
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,
..'11
KBaHThI
577
Ko
fIaJOJIibt
TeeT N21 (yPOBeHb A)
1. B KaKHX aTo.Max HMeIOTC.H <meKTpo.HbI?
o A B JIIo.6hIX aTo.Max.
o D. To.JIbKo. B Ho.HH3Hpo.BaHHhIx aTo.Max.
o B. To.JIbKo. B aTo.Max MeTaJIJlo.B.
o r. To.JIbKo. B aTo.Max ra3o.B.
o .lI:. To.JIbKo. B aTOMax, Ko.To.PhIM nepe,l(aH o.TPH-
:QaTeJlbHbIH <meKTpHqeCKHH 3ap.H,l(.
2. KaKo.e npHMepHo. 3HaqeHHe HMeeT o.THo.llIeHHe Mac-
in
CbI m JleKTpo.Ha K Macce m aTo.Ma BO,l(o.po.,l(a, -L ?
e H m H
OAt
o D.2.
o B. 2000.
I
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20000
1
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2
3. B KaKHX npoQeccax npoHcXo.,l(1IT pa3,l(eJleHHe JIe-
MeHTapHo.ro MeKTplI'IeCKo.ro 3ap.H,l(a Ha MeHbllIHe
qaCTH?
,
o A HH B KaKHX npo.:Qeccax pa;3,l(eJleHHe He npo.-
HCXo.,l(HT.
o D. B npo.:Qecce npo.Xo.)K,l(eHIDI JIeKTpHqeCKo.-
ro. TOKa B MeTaJIJIax.
o B. llpH JIeKTpIry:eCKHX pa3p.H,l(ax B :ra3ax, Ha-
np}!:Mep, B Mo.JlHHH.
o r. llpH pa,l(Ho.aKTHBHo.M pacna,l(e amMo.B,
o .lI:. llpH CTo.JlKHo.BeHH.HX 3ap.H)KeHHbIX qaCTH:Q
BbICo.Ko.H Hepnm, B'pe3YJIbTaTe Ko.To.pbIX
po.)K,l(aIOTC.H Ho.BbIe qaCTHQbI. '
4. Co.macHo. rHITo.Te3e llJIaHKa, JleKTpo.MarHHTHo.e
H3J1yqeHHe HcnycKaeTC.H H no.rJIo.IQaeTC.H KBaHTa-
MH. 3HeprIDI KBaHTa paBHa: E = hv. KaKo.H CMbICJI
HMeIOT 6YKBbI h H V B TOH cPo.PMYJIe?
o A v - no.CTo..HHHa.H llJIaHKa, h - qaCTo.Ta H3-
.nyqeHH.H.
o D. h - no.CTo..HHHa.H llJIaHKa, v - qaCTo.Ta H3-
JlyqeHH.H.
19 3a.J:.323'
o B. h - BbICo.TCi, v - Ko.JlHqeCTBo. BeIQeCTBa B
Mo.JIb.
o r. h - no.CTO.HHHa.H llJIaHKa, v - K()JtHqecTBo.
BeIQeCTBa B Mo.Jlb.
o .lI:. h - ,l(JlHHa Bo.JlHbI, v - qaCTo.Ta.
5. KTo. BbICKa3aJI rnno.Te3Y 0. cYIQeCTBo.BaHHH cP o.To. -
Ho.B KaK qaCTH:Q JleKTPo.MarHHTHo.ro H::!'JIyqeHIDI?
o A <1>apa,l(eH.
o D. To.MCo.H.
o B. llJIaHK.
o r. HbIOTo.H.
o .lI:. 3HHllITeHH.
6. KaKo.H H3 nepeQHCJIeHHbIX HH)Ke BeJIH'lliH npo.no.p-
QHo.HaJIbHa Heprn.H cPo.TOHa?
o A BpeMeHH H3JIyqeHH.H.
o D. CKo.pOCTH cP OTo.Ha .
o B. qacTo.Te H3JIyqeHH.H.
o r. .lI::rrHHe BOJIHbI.
o .lI:. KBa,l(paTY CKo.pOCTH $o.To.Ha.
7. KaK Ha3hIBaeTC.H .HBJIeHHe HcnycKaHH.H TeJIaMH
JIeKTp()HOB no.,l( ,l(eHCTBHeM na,l(aIOIQero. Ha HHX
CBeTa?
o A OTpaJKeHHe.
o D. <1>o.To. cPcPeKT.
o B. T epMo. JIeKTpo.HHa.H MHCCH.H.
o r. 3JIeKTplI'IeCKHH pa3pM.
o .lI:. 3JIeKTPH3a:QH.H.
8. KaKYIO HeprnIO npHo.6peTaeT JIeKTpo.H npH ne-
peMeIQeHHH B BaKYYMe Me)K,l( To.qKaMH C Pa3Ho.-
CTbIO no.TeHUHaJIo.B 5B?
o A 0,2 .lI:)K.
o D. 5.l1:)K.
o B. 0,2 B.
o r. 5 B.
o .lI:. 3HeprIDI JIeKTpo.Ha He H3MeH.HeTC.H.
9. KaKo.e H3 npHBe,l(eHHhIX HH)Ke BhIp eHHH o.npe-
,l(eJI.HeT MaKCHMaJIbHYIO HeprHIO cPo.To. JIeKTPQ-
Ho.B?
o A hv.
578
<1>11311KA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO 51L(PA
D B. hv + A.
D B. hv - A.
D r. A-hv.
h'
D L(.-.
v
10., Ha nOBepxHocTh TeJIa C pa60ToM BhIxo a 3JIeKT-
pOHOB 2 3B na,n;aeT CBeTC 3HeprHeM <}>oT03JIeKT-
pOHOB 3 3B. KaKoBo MaKCHMaJIhHOe 3HaqeHHe
3HeprHH<}>oT03JIeKTpoHoB?
D A <1>oT03$$eKT npH aHHoM 3HeprHH Q>OTO-
HOB He 03MO:>KeH:
D B.53B.
tJ B. 3 3B.
D r. 2 3B.
D L(. 1 3B.
CQJl.()
fulJ'ollibt
CaMOCTOATellbHaA pa60Ta 1 (YPoBeHIt &)
1. Ha pHC. 11 rPa$I1KOM npe CTaBJIeHhI pe3YJIbTaThI
3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHoro HCCJIe OBaHHH 3aBHCHMOC-
TII MaKCHMaJIhHOM KHHeTHqeCK'OM 3HeprHH Ek <}>o-
T03JIeKTpOHoB, oCB060:>K aeMhIx c nOBepxHocTH
KaTO a <}>oT03JIeMeHTa, 01' qaCTOThI na,n;alOII{ero Ha
KaTO CBeTa. Onpe eJIHTe no rpa$HKY 3HaqeHHH
MaKCHMaJIhHOM KHHeTHqeCKOH 3HeprHH Ek 3JIeKT-
pOHOB npH OCBeII{eHHH KaTo a CBeTOM v l' pa60TY
BbIxo a A H 3HeprHIO Q>oToHa hv I'
Ek,aB
2,0
1,0
0
V, C-,1
-1.0
-2,0
PRC. 11
2. IIocTpoHTe rpa$HK 3aBHCHMOCTH MaKCHMaJIbHOM
K HeTHqeCKOM 3HeprHH Ek <}>oT03JIeKTpOHoB 01'
3HeprHH hv <PoTOHOB, Bhl3hiBalOII{HX <}>OT03qxpeKT
C nOBepXHOCTII TeJIa C pa60TOM BhIXO,Wl 4 3B.
3. I1pH OCBeII{eHHH KaTo.na Q>oT03JIeMeHTa CBeToM C
JIHHOM BOJIHhI 500 HM MaKCHMaJIhHaH KHHe1Wlec-
KCUI 3HeprnH $oT03JIeKTpOHOB 6hIJIa paBIIa 0,5 3B.
Onpe eJllfTe MaKCHMaJIbHYIO KHHernqeCKYIO 3Hep-
rHIO Q>oT03JIeKTpOHoB npH OCBeII{eHHH aToro $0-
T03JIeMeHTa CBeTOM C JIHHOH BOJIHhI 250 HM H
1000 HM.
4. ' KaK H3MeHHTC.H qaCTOTa v KpacHoH rpaHHW>I $oro-
3Q>$eKTa C nOBepXHOCTH MeTaJIJIHqeCKoro mapa
pa,n;HYCOM R npH COO6II{eHHH mapy nOJIO:>KHTeJIh-
Horo 3apH.ZJ;a q?'
5. TeMnepaTypa COJIHeqHOM nOBepXHOCTII paBlIa IIpH-
MepHO 6000 K. IIoBepxHocTHCUI nJIOTHOCTh nOTOKa
COJIHeqHOrO H3JIyqeHHH Y rpaHH:QhI 3eMHOM aTMOC-
BT
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MaHKJI <Dapa,n;eH 13 1833 ro,n;y 06HapY:JKHJI, rqTO pPH
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,[{aJIee nOTOK 3JIeKTPdHOB .n;BH:>KeTCH not( nHicTBHeM
3JIeKTpHqeCKOrO nOIDI; yCHJIliBaeTCH npH y.n;apax 3JIeK-
TpOHOB 0 nOBepXHOCTH 3JIeKTpo.n;OB H pernCTpHpyeT-
CH 3JIeKTpoHHbIM YCTPOHCTBOM (pHC. 18).
<J>oTo-
311eKTpoHbi
":"
PRC. 18
B c'IeT'lluce feArepa-MIoJIJlepa OCHOBHbtMH tffiCTHMH
HBJlHIOTCH RJIHH,l(pHqeCKM Tpy6i<a "3 npoBo.wnn ero
MarepHaJIa H TOHKaH MeTaJIJIIf1IeCKaH npoBOJIOKa, yKpen-
JIeHHM no OCH I.tRJIHH,Zq>lf1IeCKOH Tpy6KH (p:uc. 19),
R
+
0(
K YCMIIMTeJ1lO
I
C
PRc.19
586
<DI13HKA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO .H.l{PA
Tpy6Ka'H npO:aOJIOKa H30JIHpOBa:Hi>I ,l(pyr 0'1' ,l(Pyra,
npOCTpaHCTBO Me)K,l(Y Tpy6KOM H npOBOJlOKOO 3anoJI-
HeHO CneI!H J>HOM CMeCbIO ra30 npH fIH3KOM AaBJJe.-
HHH. ,[{mI pernCTpal!HH pa.n;HOaKTHBHb X H3JIYQelolUH
CQeT1lRK feHrepa-MI<iJIJIepa nO.l(KJIiOqaeTCH K llCTOq-
HHky notTORHHdtb lIanpHJKeHHH, nOCJIe,l(OB<lTeJIbH-o co
CqeTqHKOM ln JIIOqaeTCH pe3HCTOp R C 3JIeKTpH'leCKHM
COnP?THBJIeHHeM HeCKOJIbKO MeraOM. Tpy6:Ka CqeT'IH-
Ka COe,l(HH eTCH C OTpH}!aTeJIbHbIM flOJIIDCOM MCTOqHH-
Ka )IaIIpHJKeHHH, HHTb - C Iil0JIOJKUTeJIbHbIM nOJIIOCOM.
IId3TOMY, Tpy6KY Ha3bIBaIOT KaTO , a npOBOJIOKy -
, aHO,l(Or,!"C"-1et'lHKa.
, '..
HanpHJKeHHe MeJK,l(y KaTO;QOM H aHO,l(OM CqeTqHKa
YCTRHaBJIHBaeTCH palJHblM 3HaqeHHIO,' He06xo,lJ;HMOMY
roUt 'ffatiainicaMOCTOHTeJIbHoro 3JIeKTpHqeCKOrO pa3-
pH a B rMe. ,l{JI pa3JIH'lHbIX THllOB C1}eT'tHKOB pa60-
'lee HarrpHJKeHHe ObIBaeT OT 380 BOJIbT LIO 2000 BOJIbT.
X TH HarrpHJKeHm; Ha CqeTqHKe ,l(OCTaTOqHO ,l(JIH Ha-
qaJI3 3JIeKTpHqeCKOrO pa3pH,l(a B ra3e, pa3pH.ll: He B03-
HHKaeT ,l(0 Tex nop, nO:Ka B ra3e, 3anOJIHHIOII(eM CqeT-
qHK, He rrOHBHTCH XOTH 6bI OLIHH CB060,l(HbIM 3JIeKTpoH,
crroc06HbIM HaqaTb rrpOl!eCC HOHHsaQHH ra3a. CBO-
6o,l(HbIe 3JIeKTpOHbI B ra3e MOryr B03HHKHYTb rro,l( ,l(eM-
CTBHeM 6bICTpbIX 3apHJKeHHbIX qaCTHI! pa.n;HoaKTHB-
HOro H3JIyqeHHH HJIH raMMa-KBaHTOB, rrpOHHKaIOII(HX
-B pa60qHM 06'beM CqeT1J:HKa. CB060,l(Hble 3JIeKTpOHbI,
B03HHKIIIHe B pe3YJIbTaTe HOHH3aQHH rasa qaCTHQeM
paJUiOaKTIffiHOI'O H3JIyqeIHfH, nOLI ,l(eMCTBHeM 3JIeKT-
pHqeCKoto nOJIH ,ZJ;BHJKYTCH OT I\aTO.l(a K aHO,l(Y. B6JIH-
3H aHO,l(a CqeTqHKa HarrpHJKeHHOCTh HaCTOJIbKO BeJIH-
Ka, qTq ,HaqHHaeTCH JIaBHHHbIH npOl!eCC HOHH3a.I!HH
a:rOMOB, ;3JIe TpOHHbIM y,l(apOM H 3JIeKTpHqeCKHM pa3-
PHA IIpHMepiJ:o 3a 10- 7 ceKYH,l{bI pacnpocTpaHHeTcH Ha
BeCb 06'beM CqeTqHKa. IIocJIe pacnpOCTpaHeHHH no
BceMY 06'beMY CqeT'IHKa rrpol!ecc 3JIeKTpHqeCKoro
p.MpH.n;a .caM C060IO npeKpalI(aeTcH H3-3a Toro, qTO
B()3I:fHKlliHe" B npol!ecce pa3BHTHH.3JIeKTpOHHbIX JIa-
BHH rrOJIOJKHTeJIbHbIe HOHbI nOJIHOCTbIO oKpYJKaIOT
aHO,l( H -CHH,JKaIOT HarrpHJKeHHOCTb- 3JIeKTpHqeCKoro
QOJIS,I, IIOJIOJKHTeJIbHbIe 110HbI ,l(OcTHraIOT KaTo.n;a H
HeHTpaJIH3YIOTCH Ha HeM npJlMepHO qepe3 10- 4 ceKYH-
.l(bInOcJIe BCnhIIUKH pa3pH,l(a.
IIocJIe 3Toro CqeTqHK BHOBb rOTOB K 'perHCTpal!HH
qaCTHI!. .l{mf Toro, qT06bI npH HeiITpaJIH3aQHu nOJIO-
JKHTeJIbHbIX HOHOB C :KaTO,l(a He OCB060LIHJIHCb HOBbIe
3JIeKTpOHbI H 3JIeKTpHqeCKHM pa3pH.ll: taM C060IO He
npo,l(OJIJKaJICH, cqeTqHK 3arrOJIHHeTCH Cnel!HaJIbHOM
CMeCbIO ra3()B.
IIpH rrona.n;aHHH HOHH3HPYIOni;eM qaC'I'HQbI B pa60qHM
06DeM CqeTqHKa H BcnbIlliKe pa3pH,l(a B 3JIeKTpHqeC-
Ko'n QenH CqeTqHKa rrpoTeKaeT KpaTKOBpeMeHHbIM
HMrrYJIbC 3JIeKTpHqeCKoro TOKa. TOT HMllyJIbC TOIfa
C03,l(aeT Ha rrOCJIe,l(OBaTeJibHO BKJIIOqeHHOM pe3HCTO-
pe R HMnYJIbC l-!anpHJKeHHH. I1MIIYJIbC HanpHJKeHHH C
pe3HCTOpa R qepe3 KOHLIeHcarop C nO.l(aeTCH Ha 3JIeK-
TpoHHoe YCTPOMCTBO, OCYlI(eCTBJIHIOIlJ;ee aBToMaTll-
qeCKHH CqeT HMrrYJIbCOB HJIH BbI,l(aIOlI(ee 3B)'KoBble
CHrHaJIbI.
B03MO){(HOCTb Ha6JIIO,l(aTb HeBoopYJKeHHbIM rJIa30M
CJIe,l(bI 6bICTpbIX 3apHJKeHHbIX qaCTHI! ,l(aeT KaMepa
BMb-CORB. IIpHHI!Hrr ,l(eMCTBHH KaMepbI BHJIbCOHa
OCHOBaH Ha HCnOJIb30BaHHH cnoc06HOCTH HOHOB CJIY-
JKHTh l!eHTpaMH KOHlteHCal!HH nepeCbllI(eHHoro BO.l(H-
Horb napa.
KaMepa BHJIbCOHa rrpe,l(CTaBJIHeT C060M cocY,l(, 3arroJI
HeH!fbIM B03,l(YXOM HJIH KaKHM-TO ,l(pyrnM ra30M B
CMeCH C HaCbIlI(eHHbIM BO,l(HHbIM rrapoM. .l{JIH rrpHBe-
,l(eHHH KaMepbI B ,l(eMCTBHe C nOMOlI(bIO Crrel!HaJIbHO-
ro YCTpOMCTBa B HeM pe3Ko nOHHJKaeTCH .l(aBJIeHHe 11
npOHCXO,l(HT a.n;Ha6aTHoe paclliHpeHHe,ra3a. IIpH a.n;H-
a6aTHoM paclliHpeHHH TeMnepaTypa rasa nOHIDKaeT-
CH H BOJJ;HHOM nap CTaHOBHTCH rrepeCbIlI(eHHbIM.
ECJIH ra3 B KaMepe npe,l(BapHTeJIbHO 01J:HlI(eH OT HOHOB,
TO npH npOJIeTaHHH B ra3e 6bICTpOM 3apHJKeHHOM qa-
CTHI!bI, HOHH3HpYIOII(eM MOJIeKYJIbI ra3a, B,l(OJIb Bcero
rrYTH ee ,l(BHJKeHHH 06pa3yeTcH CJIe,l( H3 Me.TIKHX :Ka-
neJIb BO,l(bI, CKOH,l(eHCHpOBaBlliHXCH Ha ROHax. 3TOT
CJIe,l( Ha3bIBaeTCH TpeKOM 'IaCTHl!bI.
IIOMeCTHB :KaMepy BHJIbCOHa B MarHHmoe nOJIe, MOJK-
HO rro pe3YJIbTaTaM BJIHHHI1H MarHHTHoro. rrOJIH Ha
,l(BHJKeHHe H3yqaeMbIX qaCTHQ OnpeLIeJIHTb HX CKO-
pOCTb (pRC. 20).
..
, .,
0,. '" "\ "
. ::: :r ,:
. \ " :..:.;, . (.. ,
... ." I '- ,'1. \ I
\ ,,' "
..\ ,,' :
i
PRe. 20
Pa.n;MoaKTMBHOCTb
587
.,iaJo juta.R
juuJtJlIia
Ha6nlOAeHMe CneAOB a-ltaCTM C
nOMO bIO KaMepbl BMnbCOHa (YpoBeHIt 6)
II: e JI b P a 6 0 T bI. 3HaKoMcTBO C MeTo.n;OM perncT-
pa MM fI.n;epHbIx M3JI}":IeHMM C nOMOIQbIO KaMepbI
BMJIbCOHa.
060 p y.n; 0 B a H Me. KaMepa BMJIbCOHa, a,-pa.n;MoaK-
,- TMBHbIM MCTO':lHMK, cnMPT, BO.n;a, MCTO':lHMK CBeTa.
, 3 a.n; a H Me. IIpMBe.n;MTe B .n;eMCTBMe KaMepy BMJIbCO-
, Ha M npoHa6JIIOLIaiiTe C.TIe.n;bI a,-':IaCTM .
Co.n;e'p)KaHMe pa60TbI.
IlIKOJIbHaJI IGlMepa BMJIbCOHa COCTOMT M3 MJIMH.n;pM-
':IeCKoro nJIaCTMaCCOBoro KOJIb a C .n;BYMfI np03pa':l-
I HbIMM KpbIIIIIGlMH M3 OpraHM':IeCKOrO CTeKJIa wpe3M-
HOBOM rpylllM C coe.n;MHMTeJIbHOM Tpy6KOM. BHYTPM
KaMepbI Ha KOH e CTep)KIDI HaxO.n;MTCfI aJIbcl>a-pa.n;MO-
aKTMBHbIM npenapaT (pMC. 21).
PRC. 21
CJIe.n;bI aJIbcl>a-':IaCTM JIeI"Ie nOJIY':IMTb, eCJIM KpoMe
napoB BO.n;bI B KaMepe HaxO.n;flTCfI eIQe M HaCbIIQeHHbIe
napbI cnMpTa. IIpMBe.n;eHMe KaMepbI B .n;eMcTBMe oCY-
IQeCTBJIfleTOl nYTeM Me.n;JIeHHOrO C)KaTMfI pe3MHoBoM
,Y; rpyrnH LIJIH nOBbIweHHH J,J;aaneHH.H raJa Ii 3aTeM pe3-
.' KOro omYCKaHMfI rpyrnM .n;JIfI ero a.n;Ma6aTM':IeCKOrO
'
! pacIIIMpeHMfI.
: B03.n;yx B KaMepe Haxo.n;MTCfI no.n; .n;eMcTBMeM ,eCTe-
' r
.' CTBeHHOrO pa.n;MoaKTMBHoro cl>oHa, nmnoMY BO BceM
; 06beMe KaMepbI nOCTOflHHO B03HHKaIOT HOHbI. ECJIH
, ' aTM HOHbI npe.n;BapHTeJIbHO He y.n;aJIHTb, TO npH ,pe3-
'::+ KOM nOHM:>KeHHH .n;aBJIeHHfI B KaMepe BeCb ee 06'beM
;/ aanOJIHfleTCf! 1)'MaHOM 1'13 MeJIKHX KaneJIb BO.n;bI.
.y
,' .lJ:JIfI YAaJIeHMfI paHee B03HHKIIIMX B KaMepe BMJIbCOHa
::. HOHOB HCnOJIb3yeTcfI aJIeKTpH':IecKoe nOJIe. B II1KOJIb-
'iI. HOM KaMepe aTO aJIeK pH':IecKoe nOJIe C03.n;aeTCfI npo-
;t CTbIM HaTMpaHHeM BepXHeM KpbIIIIKM KYCKOM IIIepCTfI-
k. u u IT
4'. HOM HJIH IIIeJIKOBOM TKaHM. pM HaTMpaHHH KpbIIllKa
, , <meKTpH3yeTCfI 1'1 aJIeKTpH':IeCKOe nOJIe OCB060>KlIaeT
'}.
," - .
i"
tl.
pa60':lHM 06'beM IGlMepbI OT Bcex paHee B03HHKIIIMX
HOHOB.
IIopfl.n;oK BbInOJIHeHHfI pa60TbI.
1. ,[{JIfI 3arrOJIHeHMfI KaMepbI HaCbll.QeHHbIMH napaMH
BO.n;bI 1'1 chHpTa B rpymy C nOMOID;bIO nHneTKM Kan-
HMTe O.n;HY KanJIIO CMeCH BOAbI co cnHpTOM. 3aTeM
c.n;eJIaMTe HeCKOJIbKO C)KaTHM rpYIIIH 6e3 coe.n;MHe-
HMfI ee C KaMepoM .n;mi y.n;aJIeHMfI H3JIMIIIKOB )KM.n;-
KOCTM. 3aTeM ':Iepe3 pe3HHoBYIO Tpy6KY coe.n;HHH-
Te rpYIIIY C KaMepoM. C.n;e.n:aMTe HeCKOJIbKO C)Ka-
THM 1'1 omycKaHHM rpyrnH .n;JIfI 3arrOJIHeHMfI 06'be-
Ma KaMepbI CMeCbIO napOB BO.n;bI 1'1 cnMpTa.
2. OnbIT C KaMepoM BMJIbCOHa JI}":IIIIe npOBO.ltMTh B
3aTeMHeHHoM KOMHare. IIoJIo)KMTe KaMepy Ha CTOJI,
: nOMecTM no.n; Hee KyCOK ':IepHOM TKaJiMMJIH JlMCT
':IepHOM 6YMam. OcaeTMTe KaMepy cBepxy TaKMM
06pa30M, ':IT06bI OTpa)KeHHbIH OT KpbIIIIKM CBeT He
nona.n;aJI B rJIa3a Ha6JIIO.n;aTeJIeM 1'1 npOCTpaHCTBO
no.n; KpbIIIIKOM, BbIrJIfI.n;eJIO ':IepHbIM.
3. IIOTpHTe BepxHIOIO ,KPbIIllKY KaMepbI KycKoM IIIep-
CTflHOM TKaHH .n;JIfI C03.n;aHMfI O':lMIQaIOIQerO aJIeKT-
pM':IeCKOrO nOJIfI.
4. Me.n;JIeHHO CO)KMHTe rpYIIIY, 3aTeM'pe3Ko OTnyC-
THTe ee 1'1 Ha6JIIO.n;aMTe CJIe.n;bI aJIbct>a-':IaCTM .
EC.TIH BMeCTO TpeKoB BbI Ha6JIIO.n;aeTe TYMaH BO
BceM 06'beMe KaMepbI, TO aTO 3Ha':lHT C)KaTMe rpy-
IIIH 6bIJIO CJIHIIIKOM CMJIbHbIM. IIOBTopHTe onbIT,
OCJIa6HB CTeneHb C)KaTMfI rpyrnH.
ECJIH B KaMepe He Ha6JIIO.n;aJIOCb HH TpeKOB, HH
TYMaHa, TO aTO 3Ila':lMT, ':ITO C)KaTMe rpyII1U 6bI.TI0
cJIa6bIM. IIoBTopMTe OIIbIT, YCMJIMB CTeneHb C)Ka-'
TMfI rpYIIIH.
... KoNCMltJli.
. .7Ila ,
3aKOH paAMoaKTMBHoro pacnaAa (YPO..HIt 6)
OnbITbI nOKa3MH, ':ITO npo ecc caMonpOM3BOJIbHOrO
pa.n;HoaKTMBHoro npeBpaIQeHMfI aTOMOB Bcex pa.n;MO-
aKTMBHbIX BeIQeCTB npOHcxo.n;MT no 3aKOHY p oaK-
THBHOro pacna,zJ;a. 3aKOH pa+J;HoaKTHBHoro pacna.na
HMeeT CJIe.n;YIOIQee MaTeMaTM':IecKoe BbIpa)KeHHe:
t
Nt = N o 2 T (2..4)
r.n;e: No' - ':IMCJIO pa.n;HoaKTHBHbIX aToMoB B MOMeHT
BpeMeHH t = 0; Nt - ':IHCJIO pa.nMoaKTMBHbIX aTOMOB B
:588
, .
.f,
'.
'!--
<I>M3I1KA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO 5I,l{PA
:,
J
MOMeHT BpeMeHH t, T - oc06<l! ,nJHI K(l)KJ{oro BHl\a pa-
,l.J;HOaKTHBHbIX aTOMOB nOCTOflHHCUI, Ha3bIBaeMCUI rre-
pUO,l.J;OM: nOJIypaCITa,na, nOTOMY qro, KaK CJIe,l.J;yeT H3
$OPMYJIbI (2.4), qepe3 BpeMfI t = TnocJIe HaqaJIa Ha-
6mo.neHHfI nepBOHaqaJIbHOe K<>JIUqeCTBO pa,n;uoaKTHB-
HbIX aTOMOB y6bIBaeT B ,l.J;Ba pa3a:
, T
N N 2 _1' N 2 -1 No
T,= 0 = o' =2
rpa$UK ;3aBHCUMOCTH qHCJIa pa,n;uoaKTHBHbIX aro-
MOB m:BpeMeHH t, BbIpIDKeHHoro B nepHO,l.J;ax nOJIY-
pacna,n;a T, JIfI Bcex pa,n;HoaKTHBHbIX aTOMOB O,l.J;UHa-
KOB (p c. 22 .. OA aKO nepHO,l.J; nOJIyp:cna,n;a MO:>KeT
HMeTb 3HaqeHHfI OT TbICflqHbIX ,l.J;OJIeH ceKYHLIbI ,l.J;0
MHJIJIUapp;OB JIeT.
. , , :,'1{ ',.
No
o
NO
T
No
4"
,
.
.
.
.
----------
,
, :
-----:-----1----
, :
2T 3T
PRC, 22
3aKoH pa.zumaKTHBHoro pacna,n;a flBJIfleTCfI CTaTHCTH-
qeCKHM 3aKOHOM. CTaTHCTHqeCKHe 3aKOHbI orrHCbI-
BaIOT HBJIeHHfI, B KOTOpbIX npOHCXO,l.J;flT CJIyqaHHble
C06bITHfI. MOMeHT BpeMeHH, B KOTOpbIH npOH30H.z.teT
OLIHO CJIyqaHHOe c06bITHe, Henpe,l.J;CKa3yeM, HO, Ha-
6JIIO,l.J;CUI 60JIbIIIOe qHCJIO O,l.J;HOpO,l.J;HbIX C06bITHH, MO:>K-
HO onpe,l.J;eJIHTb BepoflTHoCTb C06bITHfI B e,l.J;HHH y
BpeMeHH. 3ffiU1 BepoflTHoCTb C06bITHfI B eLIHHH y Bpe-
MeHH, MO:>KHO BbIqHCJIHTb BepoHTHoe qHCJIO C06bITHH
3a onpe,l.J;eJIeHHbIH HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH. 3aKoH pa,n;HO-
aKTHBHOrO pacna,n;a rr03BOJIfleT BbIqHCJIHTb He TOqHOe
qHCJIO Nt pa,n;HoaKTHBHbIX aTOMOB B MOMeHT BpeMeHH
t, a mrn60JIee BepoflTHo 3HaqeHHe qHCJIa aTOMOB B
MOMeHT BpeMeHH t.
qHCJIO aTOMOB Nt He MO:>KeT H3MeHflTbCfI HerrpepbIB-
HO, npH KaJK,lJ;OM pacna,n;e OHO H3MeHgeTCfI C'KaqKOM
Ha e,l.J;HHH Y. KpHBa.R pacrra,n;a B ,l.J;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
flBJIfleTCfI He rJIa,n;KOH KpHBOH, a CTYITeHqaTOH JIHHH-
eH (puc. 23). IIpH 60JIbIIIOM qHCJIe Y"IaCTByIOI.QHX B
npo ecce aTOMOB cTyrreHbKH He 3aMeTHbI, C YMeHbIIIe-
HHeM qHCJIa aTOMOB KBaHTOBbIH xapaKTep pacna,n;a
npOflBJIfleTCfI Bce 60JIee flBHO.
T
t
N
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
i'
1
o
5
10 15 20
t, c
PRC. 23
3aKOH pa.n;HoaKTHBHoro pacna..n;a MO:>KHO BbIBeCTH Te-
OpeTHqeCKH, HCIlOJIb3Yfl rlffioTe3Y 0 CJI)"IaHHoM CTa- ,
THCTHqeCKOM xapaKTepe pa,n;HoaKTHBHoro pacna,n;a"
KaJK,lJ;oro aTOMa. ECJIH K aTOM HMeeT O]J;HHaKo-
BYIO BepOflTHOCTb A HcrrbITaTb pa,n;HoaKTHBHbIH pac-
rra,n; B e,nHHH:Qy BpeMeHH, TO O:>KH]J;aeMoe qHCJIO pac-
na..n;oB H3NaToMoB3aHHTepBaJIBpeMeHH paBHa
=A.N-t:J.t
(2.5)
IIOCTOflHHYIO A Ha3bIBaIOT nOCTOflHHOH paCna,n;a. l13
(2.5) CJIe,l.J;yeT, 'lT0 npH 60JIbIIIOM qHCJIe pa,n;HoaKTHB
HbIX aTOMOB N O,l.J;HOrO BH]J;a aKTHBHOCTb A pa,n;HoaK-
THBHoro 06pa3 a, onpe,l.J;eJIflIOI.Qaf! qHCJIO p3AH0aKTHB-
HbIX pacna..n;OB B e;J;HHH:Qy BpeMeHH, paBHa:
,
A=-=A.N (2.6)
IJJ;
IIepexo,l.J;fI K 6eCKOHeqHO MaJlbIM H3MeHeHHflM t H N H j
yqHTbIBCUl3HaKOM MHHYC npo ecc y6bIBaHHfI N C pac- j
na,n;o , nOJIyqHM:
dN =-');.,N (2.7)
dt '
IIocJIe pa3,l.J;eJIeHHfI nepeMeHHbIX HMeeM:
dN
-=-A.dt (2.8)
N
IIocJIe HHTerpHpoBaHHfI:
Nt =N o .e-'A.t (2.9)
JIerKo LIOKa3aTb, qTO:
A= In2 (2.10)
T
IIO,l.J;CTaBJIfIfI (2.10) B (2.9), nOJI)"IHM 3aKOH pa.n;HoaK-
THBHoro pacna,n;a B $opMe (2.4).
,
Pa,lUlOaKTHBtlOCTb
589
3
3fV1aJIII.R
H3MepeHMe nepMOAa nonypacnaAa
eCTeCTBeHHOrO paAMOaKTMBHOrO
M30TOna KUMA 40 (ypoBeHb B)
U e JI b ' P a 6 0 T bI. 3HaKOMCTBO C MeTO,l.J;OM onpe,l.J;e-
JIeHlHI nepHO,l.J;a nOJIypacna.n;a ,l.J;OJIrmKHBYlI(erO pa.n;HO-
aKTHBHOrO H30Tona.
060 p y ,I.J; 0 B a H He. Pa.n;HOMeTp C TOp OBbIM C'IeT-
'IHKOM feMrepa-MIOJIJIepa, COJIb KaJIHH, BeCbI, ceKyH-
,l.J;OMep, JIHHeMKa.
3 a,l.J; a H He. Onpe,l.J;eJIHTe nepHO,l.J; nOJIypacna.n;a eCTe-
CTBeHHoro pa.n;HoaKTHBHoro H30Tona KaJIIDI K .
CO,l.J;ep:>KaHHe pa60TbI.
IIepHo,l.J; no.rrypacna,4l;a Kop<1rKO:>KHBYlI(erO Pa,Z.J;HOaKTHB-
fioro Jl30TOna MO:>K,HO y3HaTb, onpe,l.J;eJIHB aKcnepH-
MetlTaJIbHO HHTepl¥l.TI BpeMeHH, 3a KOTOpbIM aKTHB-
HOCTb npenapaTa y6bIBaeT B,I.J;Boe..ZJ:.IDI pa.n;HoaKTHBHbIX
, ,U3OTonOB, nepHO,l.J; nOJIypacna.n;a KOTOpbIX H3MepHeTCH
MHJIJIHOHaMU HJIH MHJIJIHap,l.J;aMH JIeT, aTOT MeTO,l.J; He-
npHMeHHM. ,[{JIH onpe,l.J;eJIeHHH nepHO,l.J;a rrOJIypac-
rra.n;a ,l.J;OJIrO:>KHByII(ero Jl30TOna MO:>KeT 6bITh HCnOJIb-
30BaH ,l.J;pyrOM MeTO,l.J;.
AKTHBHOCTb rrpenapaTa paBHa rrpOH3Be,l.J;eHHIO nOCTO-
HHHOM pacna.n;a A ,l.J;aHHOrO H30Tona Ha .'IHCJIO N pa-
,l.J;HoaKTUBHbIX aTOMOB B npenapaTe:
A=A.N
IIoCTOHHHaH pacna.n;a A CBH3aHa C nepHO,l.J;OM nOJIypac-
na.n;a T BbIpa:>KeHHeM:
A= In2
T
\
rLIe In 2 - HaTYPaJIbHbIM JIOrapHcl>M 2, paBHbIM rrpH-
MepHO In 2 -0,693.
I13 (2.6) H (2.10) nepHO,l.J; rroJIypacna.n;a TpaBeH:
T= N,ln2 '" N.O,693 (211)
A A . .
TaKHM 06pa30M, ,l.J;JIH onpe,l.J;eJIeHHH rrepHO,l.J;a nOJIypac-
na.n;a T ,l.J;OJIrO:>KHBYlI(erO H30Tona HY:>KHO 3HaTb 'IHCJIO
N aTOMOB :3Toro H3OTona B npenapaTe H H3MepHTb aK-
THBHOCTb A npenapaTa, TO eCTb 'IHCJIO pa.n;HoaKTHB-
HbIX pacna.n;OB 3a O,l.J;HY ceKyH,I.J;Y.
qHCJIO aTOMOB N B npenapaTe H3BeCTHoro XHMH'Iec-
'Koro COCTaBa MO:>KHO HaRTH, H3MepHB Maccy m npe-
rrapaTa. '
(2.10),
I130Ton KaJIHH 40 HBJIHeTCH 6eTa-pa,l(HOaKTHBHbIM
H30TonOM.
.ZJ:JIH onpe,l.J;e,JIeHHH aKTHBHOCTH. npenapaTa, OO,l.J;ep>Ka-
lI(ero KaJIHM 40, MO:>KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb paJJ;HOMeTp C
TOp OBbIM C'IeT'IHKOM feMrepa-MIOJIJIepa.
IIpH onpe,l.J;eJIeHHH aKTHBHOCT" IipenapaTa lie06xo,l.J;"-
MO yqeCTb, qTO He Bce 06pa3YIOII(HeCH npH pa.n;HoaK-
THBHOM pacna.n;e 6eTa-'IaCTH bI nona.n;aIOT B pa60'IHM
06'beM C'IeT'IHKa H BHeCTH Heo6xo,l.J;HMb1e nonpaBKH.
IIepBaH He06xo,l.J;HMaH nonpaBKa - nonpaBKa Ha Te-
JIeCHbIM yrOJI.
QT06bI HaHTH nOJIHOe 'IHCJIO An 6eTa qaCrH , BbIJIeTa-
IOIItHX "3 06pa3 a no BceM HarrpaBJIeHHHM, no 'IHCJIy
A 'IaCTH , 3aperncTpHpoBaHHbIx C'IeT'IHI)oM, He06xo-
,l.J;HMO yqeCTb, KaKaH ,l.J;OJIH 'IaCTH BbIJIeTae'f' H3 06pa3-
a B npe,l.J;eJIax TeJIeCHOrO yrJIa, OrpaHH'UlBaIOlI(erO
BXO,l.J;Hoe OKHO C'IeT1IHKa:
A
A" =- '(2.12)
co
.ZJ:JIH 06pa3na MaJIbIX pa3MepoB, HaxoMlI(erOCH Ha pac-
CTOHHHH h OT OKOIIIKa C'IeTqHKa, nonpaBKa co Ha TeJIe-
CHbIM yroJI MO:>KeT 6bITb Hati,Z.J;eHa KaK OTHOIIIeHHe nJIO-
lI(a,l.J;H nOBepxHocTH SI IIIapoBoro cerMeHTa Ha,l.J;
OKOIIIKOM C'IeT'IHKa K nJIOII(a.n;H IIIapa So pa.n;HYCOM R
paBHbIM paccToHHHIO OT eHTpa npenapaTa ,l.J;O KPaH
OKOIIIKa C'IeTqHKa (pHC. 24).
'-
PRC. 24
co= SI = 21tRtR-h) R-h '=05_l!:.- ( 2.13 )
SO 41tR 2 2R" 2R
Pa.n;HYC R mapa MO:>KHO BbIpa3HTb Qepe3 paccToHHHe
hOT npenapaTj:l,l.J;O OKOIIIKa C'IeT'lHKa H pa,zmyc rOKom-
Ka aToro C'IeFlHKa:
590
<DM3MKA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO .H.l{PA
R= .Jh 2 +r 2 , TOr a
m=o{ g l (2.14)
'BTOpM He06xo HMM nOnpaBKa - nQnpaBKa, yqHTbI-
BaroII.1CUl nOrJIOlI(eHHe qaCTH'6eTa-qaCTHU B caMOM pa-
HoaKTHBHOM npenapaTe.
IIopH oK BbInOJIHeHHH pa60TbI
1. BKJII()qJfT pa.n;HOMeTp H H3MepbTe qHCJIO N,p HM-
nYJIbCOB, 3apern pHpOBaHHbIX 3a 10 MHHYT. BbI-
, qHCJIJrTe'<l>oH AcjJ ycTaHoBKH B JrMnYJIbCaX B MHHYTY
-
" AcjJ 10'
2. IIoMecnne pa.n;HoaKTHBHbIM npenapaT no OKOllI-
KO C'IeT'IH:Ka. H3MepbTf qHCJIO HMnYJlbCOB N " 3ape-
rnCTpHpOBaHHbIX YCTaHoBKoM 3a.10 MHHYT. BbI'IHC-
JIHTe CKOpOcTb cqeTa A, OT npenapaTa C «l><>HOM B
HMnYJIbCax B MHHYTy.
BbIqHCJIHTe CKOpOCTb CqeTa A OT npenapaTa 6e3
cl>oHa:
A=A,-AcjJ
3. IIpHroTOBbTe npenapaTbI KCl MaCCOM 2,0 r; 1,5 r;
1,0 r; 0,5 r H 0,25 r. Y CTaHaBJIHBaH nOOqepe HO aTH
npenapaTbI no CqeTqHK, onpe eJIHTe CKOpOCTb
CqeTa OT npenapaTa C cl>OHOM npH Pa3JIHqHbIX 3Ha-
qeHHHX erO MaCCbI.
, BbIqHCJIHTe CKOpOCTb CqeTa A OT npenapaTa 6e3
cl>oHa npH Pa3JIHqHbIX 3HaqeHHHX MaCCbI.
BbIqHCJIHTe y eJIbHYro CKOpOCTb CqeTa OT npena-
paTa, pa3 eJIHB CKOpOCTb CqeTa A Ha Maccy m npe-
A u
napaTa, -. Pe3YJIbTaTbI H3MepeHHH H BbIqHCJIe-
m
HHM 3aHeCHTe B OTqeTHYro Ta6JIHI Y.
OT"'leTHa Ta6muIa
m, r 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,25
At' Io1Mn
-
MIo1H
A = At - A<j>' Io1Mn
MIo1H
A Io1Mn
--
,
m MIo1H,r
A" .
4. IIoCTpoMTe rpacl>HK 3aBHCHMOCTH y eJIbHOM CKO-
pOCTH CqeTa OT npenapaTa OT MaCCbI npenapaTa.
3Kc-rpanOJIHPYH aKcnepHMeHTaJIbHYro KPHBYro K
, A
3HaqeHHro MaCCbI m = 0 r, nOJIyqHTe 3HaqeHHe -
m ,
y eJIbHoro CqeTa OT npenapaTa 6e3 caMOnOrJIOlI(e-
.
HHH 6eTa-H3JIyqeHHH B npenapaTe.
5. H3MepbTe paCCTOHHHe h OT npenapaTa o OKOlliKa
CqeTqHKa H pa HYC R OKOlliKa CqeTqHKa. BbI'IHC-
JIHTe norrpaBKY co Ha TeJIeCHbIM yroJI H 6eTa-aKTHB-
HOCTb An O HOro rpaMMa coe HHeHHH KCl:
A,1r
A -
''11 --
m'ro
6. BbIqHCJIHTe KOJIHqeCTBO aTOMOB N Ka.mfH 40 B 1 r
KCl. IIpH BbIqHCJIeHHH Heo6xo HMO yqeCTh, qTO B
npHpO,l(HOM KaJIHH CO ep}l(HTCH 0,0119% aTOMOB ,
KaRHH 40. TaK KaK aTOMHM l\:IaCca npHpo HOro
KaJIMH paBHa 39,1, a XJIopa 35,S, TO Macca m,.Ka-
JIMH B 1 r coe HHeHMH KCl paBHa:
- 1r,39,1 _ 0 524
m , - -, r
39,1 +35,5
Macca m 2 H30Tona KaJIHH 40 B 1 r npenapaTa paB-
Ha:
m 2 = m , .0,000119'= 6,24.10- 5 r
qHCJIO n aTOMOB KaJIMH 40 B 1 r npenapaTa paBHo: .
m
n=v.N =-1...N
A M A'
n". 6,24. 10- s r.6,022. 1_023 MOJIl, -I 9,4,10 17
40r'Monb I
7. IIo CTaBMB HaM eHHbIe 3HaqeHHH aKTHBHOCTH A H
qHCJIa N aTOMOB B 1 r npenapaTa B «l><>PMYJIY (2.11),
BbIqHCJ!HTe nepHo nOJIypacna.n;a H30Tona KaJIMH
40.
IIOJIyqeHHbIM pe3YJIbTaT B ceKYH,l{ax nepeBe HTe
B rO bI:
1 ro '" 365,26.24.60.60 C". 3,16.10 7 C.
.....:i
Pa.n;MoaKTIU HOCTb
591
Ko
paJ'ollia
T eCT N22 (yPOBeHb A)
1. KTO OTKpbIJI RBJIeHMe pa.n;MOaKTMBHocTM?
D A. M. KIOpM.
o B. H. Bop.
o B. ,l.{:iK. TOMCOH.
D r. 3. Pe3epcpop.n;.
o ,l.{. A EeKKepeJIb.
2. no KaKOMY .n;eMcTBMIO 6bIJIO OTKpbITO RBJIemt:e pa-
.n;MOaKTMBHocTM?
o A. no .n;eMCTBMIO Ha cpoTOnJIaCTMHKY.
o E. no MOHM3MPYIOIl(eMy.n;eMcTBMIO Ha B03.n;yX.
o B. no BcnbIlIlKaM CBeTa, BbI3bIBaeMbIM B KPM-
CTaJIJIaX y.n;apaMM 'Iacnu .,
D r. no CJIe.n;aM B KaMepe BMJIbCoHa.
o ,l.{. no MMnYJIbcaM TOKa B C'IeT'IMKe feMrepa-
MIOJIJIepa.
3. H3MeHReTCR JIM aToM B pe3YJIbTaTe pa.n;n:oaKTMB-
HOro pacna.n;a?
o A. ATOM He M3MeIDIeTCR.
D B. H3MeHReTCR 3anac ;:mepnm aTOMa, HO aToM
OCTaeTCR aTOMOM Toro :iKe XMMM'IeCKOrO
;:meMeHTa:
o B. ATOM M3MeIDIeTcR, npeBpaIl(aeTCR B aTOM
.n;pyroro XHMH'IecKoro ;:meMeHTa.
o r. ATOM Ha KopOTKoe BpeMR M3MeHReTcR, HO
O'IeHb 6bICTpO B03BpaIl(aeTCR B npe:iKHee MC-
xo.n;Hoe COCTORHMe.
o ,l.{. B pe3YJIbTaTe pa.n;MoaKTMBHoro pacna.n;a
aTOM nOJIHOCTbIO MC'Ie3aeT.
4. qTO TaKoe aJIbcpa-M3JIyqeHMe?
o A. nOTOK nOJIO:iKMTeJIbHbIX MOHOB BO.n;OpO.n;a.
o B. nOTOK 6bICTpbIX .n;Byx3apR.n;HbIx MOHOB re-
JIHR.
o ,B. nOTOK 6bICTpbIX ;:meKTpOHoB.
D f. nOTOK KBaHTOB ;:meKTpOMarHMTHOrO M3JIY-
'IeHM.H BbICOKOM ;:meprHM.
o ,l.{. nOTOK HeMTpaJIbHbIX 'IaCTMl(.
5. qTO TaKoe 6eTa-M3JIyqeHMe?
o A. nOTOK nOJIO:iKMTeJIbHbIX MOHOB BO.n;OpO.n;a,
o E. nOTOK 6bICTpbIX .n;BYX3apR)J;HbIX MOHOB re-
JIHR.
o B. nOTOK 6bICTpbIX ;:meKTpoHoB:
o f. nOTOK KBaHTOB ;:meKTpOMarHMTHoro M3JIY-
'IeHM.H BbICOKOM ;:mepmM.
o ,l.{. nOTOK HeMTpaJIbHbIX 'IaCTMl(.
6. qTO TaKoe raMMa-M3JIyqeHMe?
o A. nOTOK nOJIO:iKMTeJIbHbIX MOROB BO.n;OpO.n;a.
o E. nOTOK 6bICTpbIX .n;BYX3apR.mIbIX MOHOB re..,
, JIID!:.
o B. nOTOK 6bICTpbIX ;:meKTpOHOB.
o r. nOTOK KBaHTOB ;:meKTpoMarHMTHOrO M3JIY-
'IeHM BbICOKOM ;:meprHM.
o ,l.{. nOTOK HeMTpaJIbHbIX 'IaCTHl(.
7. CKOJIbKO pacna.n;oB B MHHYTY npoHcxo,zi;HT B pa.n;HO-
aKTHBHOM HCTO'IHIIKe aKTHBHOCTbIO 60 EK?
o A. 60.
o E. 3600.
o B. 1.
o f. 360.
o ,l.{. 6000.
8. CKOJIbKO pacna.n;OB B ceKYH.n;y npOMcxo.n;HT B pa-
.n;MOaKTMBHOM MCTO'IHMKe aKTMBHOCTblO 1 MKKH?
o A. 37. '
o E. 3,7.10 4 .
o B. 3,7.10 7 .
o f. 3,7.10 13 .
o ,l.{. 3,7.10 16 .
9. KaKoM npM60p n03BOJIReT Ha6JIIO.n;aTb CJIe,lIbI 3a-
p.H:iKeHHbIX 'IaCTHl( B BH.n;e nOJIOCbI M3 KaneJIb BO.n;bI
B ra3e?
'-
o A. <I>oTOnJIaCTMHKa.
o E. Cl(HHl(HJIJIRl(HOHHbIM MCTO'IHMK.
o B. C'IeT'IMK reMrepa-MIOJIJIepa.
o f. KaMepa BHJIbCOHa.
o ,l.{. 3JIeKTpOHHbIM MHKpocKon.
592
<I>H3HKA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOfO JI.IJ:PA
10. KaKoM IIpH60p npH IIpOXQ)K.lJ;eHHH qepe3 Hero
IIOHH3HpYIOII.I;eM qaCTIIlIbI BbI,lI;aeT CHI'HaJI B BR.lJ;e
KpaTKOBpeMeHHoro HMnYJIbCa aJIeK'tpHqeCKOrO
TOKa?
o A. CqeTqHK feMrepa- MIOJIJIepa.
o E. KaMepa BHJIbCOHa.
o B. <I>oTOaJIeMeHT.
o f. OCltHJIJIorpa$.
o .IJ:. lIHHaMHK.
..
eeut.O
paJ'ollia
CaMOCTOJITenbHaJi pa60Ta N22
(ypoBeHb 5)
1. B 1 M 3 KbMHarnoro B03.lJ;yxa CO.lJ;ep)KHTCR 2.10 8 aTO-
MOB pa,lJ;HoaKTHBHoro aJIeMeHTa pa,lJ;OHa. lIepHo.lJ;
nOJIypaCIIa,lJ;a pa,lJ;OHa 3,82 CYTOK. CKoJIbKO npH-
MepHO aTOMOB pa,lJ;OHa H3 aToro KOJIH'leCTBa HClIbI-
TaeT pa,lJ;HoaKTHBHbIM paclIa,lJ; 3a 7,64 CYTOK?
2. lIo YCJIOBHIO 3a,lJ;aqH 1 OlIpe.lJ;eJIHTe aKTHBHOCTb pa-
.lJ;OHa B B03.lJ;yXe KOMHaTbI 06'beMOM 50 M 3 B HaqaJIb-
HbIM MOMeHT BpeMeHH H qepe3 7,64 CYTOK.
3. O.lJ;HH rpaMM ypaHa 06JIa,lJ;aeT aKTHBHOCTbIO 1,24.
10 4 EK. Onpe.lJ;eJIHTe nepHO.lJ; lIanypaclIa,lJ;a ypaHa.
4. HMeeTCR 8 aTOMOB Pa,lJ;HOaKTHBHOro BeII.l;eCTBa C
nepHO.lJ;OM nOJIypacna,lJ;a 5 ceKYH.lJ;. lIpe.lJ;cTaBbTe
npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO rpa$HKoM 3aBHCHMOCTh 'illCJIa N
HepaClIaBlIlHXCj:J aTOMOB OT BpeMeHH t.
2lut Ilia.
I«JJPf CJ1ia.uJ UIUIiefutcJuJ
KaK AenalOTcJI HaY'lHble OTKpblTMJI
OTKpblTNe pa,qMoaKTMBHOCTM
j(ea nymu om lunome3,'bl " om"p1:JlmU1O
BCRKoe OTKpbITHe eCTb Haxo;:u<a. QTo6bI qerO-TO HaM-
TH, HY)KHO HCKaTb. Ho KaK HCKaTb HeqTO HHKOMY He-
H3BeCTHoe H HeH3BeCTHO r.lJ;e HaXo.lJ;RlIIeecR?
1:.
lIepBbIii IIOMOII.l;HHK Ha aTOMJ;Iyr.H - mlIOTe3a, npe.lJ;-
lIaJIO)KeHHe a cyw;eCTBOBaHIIH Ka aro-To <p H 3H'lecJCO-
ro HBJIeHHR HJIH CHR3H Me)K y aKHM -Ta RBJIeHH -
MH. lIpH aTOM Ba3Ma)KHb1 Pa3,(llf'lHbI,e pe3Y TaTbI.
fHITaTe3a Ma)KeT aKa3aTbCR npaBHJIbHaH II naJIyqHTb
aKClIepHMeHTaJIbHoe na}J,TBep)K)J;eHHe. flllIaTe3a MO-
)KeT aKa3aTbCR HelIpaBHJIbHaM H aTKpbITHe He COCTa-
HTCR. H" HaKaHe:Q, rHIIaTe3a Ma)KeT aKa3aTbCR He-
npaBHJIbHaM, Ha B IIpa:Qecce ee npOBepKH 6y.tteT
06HapY)KeHa HaBoe RBJIeHHe H C.lJ;eJIaHa HeO)KH,ZJ;a1IHoe
aTKPbITHe.
OTKpbITHe pa,lJ;HOaKTHBHOCTH AHpH EeKKepeJI M npo-'
H3alIlJIa KaK pa3 IIO lIaCJIe.lJ;HeMY 113 Ba3Ma)KHbIX
BapHaHTaB. EeKKepeJIb 3aHHTepeCaBaJICR HaBbIM
$H3HqeCKHM RBJIeHlleM, aTKpbITbIM PeHTreHaM - 003-
HHKHaBeHHeM IIpoHHKaIOw;ero H3JIyqeHHR B ra3apaa-
pR.lJ;HbIX Tpy6KaX.
EbIJIO H3BeCTHa, 'ITa peHTreHaBCKHe JIyqH H3JIyqaroT-
CR 113 TOro MeCTa ra30pa3pR.lJ;HOM TPy6KH, B KaT@pOM
Ha6JIIO.lJ;aeTCR CBeqeHHe CTeKJIa. ::ha CBeqeHHe, Ha3bI-
BaeMae cpac<I>opeC:QeH:QHeM, BbI3bIBaJIOCb .lJ;eMCTBHeM
KaTO.lJ;HbIx JIyqeM.
B 6ece.lJ;e C EeKKepeJIeM ero KaJIJIera AHpH lIyaHKape
BbICKa3aJI IIpe.lJ;IIOJIa)KeHHe, 'ITa peHTreHaBCKHe JIyqH
Ba3Ma)KHa Ba3HHKaIOT B npO:Qecce <I>oc<I>opeC:QeH:QHH
CTeKJIa.
ECJIH aTa IIpe IIOJIa)KeHHe BepHa, TO peHTreHaBcKoe
113JIyqeHHe .lJ;OJI>t<Ha Ha6JI1o aThCH H B CJIyqae <I>occpo-
peC:QeH:QHH, BbI3BaHHaM .lJ;pyrnMH npH'lHHaMH. BeKKe-
peJIb 3HaJI, qTO COJIH ypaHa 06JIa,lJ;aIOT cnaco6HOCThIO
cpoc<I>opeC:QHpOBaTh - CBeTHThCR HeKaTOpoe BpeMR
nacJIe a6JIyqeHIDI CaJIHe.qHbIM CBeTaM. OH pelIlHJI
npaBepHTb, 113JIyqaIOT JIH ypaHaBbIe CaJIH B IIpo:Qecce
cpoc$apeC:QeH:QHH H npoHHKaIOlIIee H3JIyqeHHe, clIa-
ca6Hae npaXa}UlTb CKBa3b qepHYIO 6YMary H 3aCBe-
qHBaTb cpaTaIIJIaCTHHKY.
.IJ:JIR aToro aH B TeMHaM KaMHaTe o6epnYJI $OTaIIJIaC-
THHKy .lJ;BOMHbIM CJIOeM qepHaM 6y arn, naBepx 6y-
Marn HaCbIlIaJI ypaHaBYIO CaJIb II BbICTaBHJI 3aBepHY-
TYIO IIJIaCTHHKY C COJIblO Ha RPKHM CaJIHeqHbIM CBeT.
Qepe3 'leTbIpe qaca aH npORBHJI IIJIaCTllliKY H o6Ha-
PY)KHJI Ha HeM lIaTeMHeHHe IIpaTHB Tex MecT, r.lJ;e IIa-
Xa.lJ;HJIaCb ypaHa M C-oJIb. OH lIaBTapHJI alIbIT He-
CKoJIbKa pa3 II nQJlyqHJI Te )Ke caMbIe pe3YJIbTaTbI.
lIa-BH.n;HMaMY lIa.lJ;TBep)K)J;aJIaCb IIpe lIaJIa)KeHHe 0
TaM, 'ITa cpaccpapeC:QeH:QHj:J canpoBa)K)J;aeTCR HCIIYC-
KaHHeM peHTreHaBCKHX JIyqeM. 06 aTaM aTKpblTHH
--...J
Pa,n;HOaKTMBHOCTh
593
BeKKepeJIh c.n;eJIaJI npe,lJ;BapineJIhHOe co06meflMe 24
$eBpaJIH 1896 rOM fla 3aCe,lJ;aHHH AKa,n,eMMM HayK Ho
y e 'Iepe3 nHTh ,lJ;HeH OH c,lJ;eJIaJI HOBoe OTKphITue, 'On-
pOBeprromiee npOBepHeMYIO mnOTe3Y.
qeThIpe ,lJ;HH 6hIJIM nacMypHhIMM M He 61>IJ10 B03MO)K-
HOCTM 06JIY'IMTh COJIM ypaHa COJIHe'IHhIM CBeTOM.
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PRC. 28
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, r,l(e h - nOCTOHHHaJI IIJIaHKa; V - qaCTOTa.
.IJ: HarJlH,l(HOrO npe,l(CTaBJIeHHH B03MO:iKHbIX KBaH- i
TOBbIX COCTOHHHM aTOMOB npHMeHHIOTCH 3HepreTH- 1
qeCKHe ,l(HarpaMMbI. Ha 3HeprernqeCKOM ,l(HarpaMMe ,
KIDK,l(oe CTaIJ;HOHapHoe COCTOHHHe aTOMa H306pIDKa- ,
eTCH ropH30HTaJIbHOM JIHHHeM. IIepBaJI JIHHIDI H306.
pa:iKaeT OCHOBHoe COCTOHHHe aTOMa, OCTaJIbHbIe CooT-
BeTCTBYIOT B036y eHHbIM COCTOHHHHM. PaCCTOHHHe
OT Ka:iKtJ;OM JIHHHH, H306pa:iKaIQ eH B036Y:iK,l(eHtlOe
COCTOHHHe, ,l(O JIHHHH OCHOBHoro COCTOHHHH nponop-
IJ;HOHaJIbHO pa3HOCTH 3HeprHM B036Y:iK,lJ;eHHorO En H
HOBHoro E 1 COCTOHHHM (pHC. 29).
En
E5
E4
E3
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PHC. 29
nepeXO,l( aTOMa H3 O,l(HOrO CTaIJ;HOHapHoro COCTOmIHH
B ,l(Pyroe H306pIDKaeTCH BepTHKaJIbHbIMH CTpeJIKaMH.
HanpHMep, nepeXO,l( H3 o,l(Horo B036Y:iKl(eHHOrO co-
CTOHHHH C 3HepmeM E4 B ,l(Pyroe B036Y:iK,lJ;eHHoe co-
CTOHHHe C 3HeprHeM E 2 C HcnYCKaHHeM' KBaHTa 3JIeKT-
poMarHHTHoro H3JIyqeHHH H306pIDKaeTCH CTpeJlI<OM t
HanpaBJIeHHOM BHH3 (pHC. 30) !.
CTpoeHHe aTOMa
597
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E5
E4
E3
£2
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PHC. 30.
IIepexOA H3 OCHOBHoro COCTOHHIDI C 3HeprHeH E 1 B
B036Y)K}];e:i-lHoe COCTOHHHe E3 C nOrJIOmeHHeM KBaHTa
arreKTpOMafHHTHOrO H3JIyqeHHH 0603HaqaeTCH CTpeJI-
IOOH, HanpaBJIeHHHOH BBepx (pHC. 31).
En
E5
E4
E3
E 2
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PHc.,31
IIpOHCXIDKAeIDIe JIHHeHqaTbIX CneKTpOB aTOMOB XH-
MHqeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB 06'bHCHHeTCH nepeXOAaMH aTO-
MoB H3 B036Y)K)J;eHHbIX COCTOHHHH B OCHOBHOe C HC-
nYCKaI-IHeM KBaHTOB CBeTa. Pa3JIHqHH JIHHeHQaTbIX
CneKTpOB AOJI)KHI>I HaMTH 06'bHCHeHHe B Pa3JIHQIDIX
CTanHOHapHbIX COCTOHHHM aTOMOB pa3HbIX XHMH'IeC-
KHX 3JIeMeHTOB.
..laJo
paJ'ollia
Ha6nlOAeHMe nMHeMliaTbiX CneKTpOB
(ypOBeHb A) ,- ,
11; e JI b P a 6 0 T bI. 3HciKoMcTBo C MeTOAaMH Ha6JIIo-
AeHHH CnJIOIIlHbIX HJIHHeiiqaTbIX cneKTpoB H3nyqeHIDI.
o 6 0 p y .ZJ; 0 B a H He. CneKTpOCKon, CTeKJIHHHaH
npH3Ma, AH paKl(HOHHaJI peIIleTKa HJIH JIa3epHbIH
AHCK, JIaMna HaKaJIMBaHHH, JIIOMHHHCl(eHTHaJI JIaMna.
, 3 a A a H He. MCnOJIb3YH CTeKJIHHHYIO npH3MY HJIH
AH paKl(HOHHYIO p UIeTKY, npoHa6JIIOAaMTe cnJIOIIl-
HOH cneKTp H3nyqeIDI'sI OT JIaMnbI HaKaJIMBaHHH H JIH-
HeMQaTbIM cneKTp H3JIyqeHIDI OT JIIOMHHeCl(eHTHOH
( JIaMnbI.
COAep)KaHHe pa60Tbi.
.aJIH Ha6JIIOAeHHH cnJ10IIlHOrO cneKTpa H3JIYQeHHH
HY)KHO BKJIIOQHT 3JIeIcrpHQeCKYIO JIaMny C npHMOM
HHTblO HaKaJIa H nOCMOTpeTb Ha HHTb JIaMnbI CKBmJb
AH paKl(HOHHYIO peIIleTKY, pacnOJIaraJI meJIH peIIleT-
KH napaJIJIeJIbHO HHTH JIaMnbI (CM. pHC. 32).
,
: --- :ij
PHC. 32 '
IIpH OTCYTCTBHH cnel(HaJIbHOM JIaMnbI MO)KHO BOC-
nOJIb30BaTbCJI 06bIQHOH JIaMnOM AJIH KapM3HHoro
<lmHapJI. IIpH Ha6JIIOAeHHH HHTH JIaMnbI CKB03b AH -
paKl(HoHHYIO pe eTKY CJIeBa H cnpasa OT HHTH BI1k
HbI pa3HOl(BeTHbIe nO-(locbI CnJIOIIlHOrO cneK"fJ a H3JIY-
QeHHH.
l(JIH Ha6JIIOAeHHH JIHHeiiqaTbIx cneKTpoB Pa3JIHQHbIX
XHMHQeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB B II1KOJIbHOM Ka6HHeTe H-
3HKH MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb CneKTpaJIbHbIe TPy6KH,
3anOJIHeHHbIe Pa3JIHQHbIMH ra3aMH.
IIpH OTCYTCTBHH Cn KTpaJIbHbIX TPy60K H npH60pa
AJIH HX 3IDKHraHHH JIHHeHQaTbIH cneKTp H3JIyqeHHH
MO)KHO Ha6JIIOAaTb OT 06bIQHOM JIIOMHHeCl(eHTHOM
JIaMnbI. l(JIH 3Toro MO)KHO npocTo nocMoTpeTb Ha
JIIOMHHecl(eHTHYIO JIaMny CKB03b AH paKl(HOHHYIO
peIIleTKY, pacnoJIar meJIH peIIleTKH napaJIJIeJIbHO
Tpy6Ke JIaMnbI. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THTIa JIaMnbI npH
3TOM 6YAYT BH,lI;HbI JIH60 HeCKOJIbKO l(BeTHbIX nOJIOC,
JIH60 60JIee pKHe l(BeTHbIe nOJIOCbI JIHHeHQaTOrO
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cneKTp JIIOMHHecl(eHTHoH JIaMnbI MO)KHO Ha6JIIOAaTb
H Qepe3 TpexrpaHH)'1O CTeKJIHHHYIO npH3M)', npH6JIH-
3MB ee K rJIa3Y H pacnOJIO)KMB ee pe6po napaJIJIeJIbHO
Tpy6Ke. CMOTpeTb HY)KHO Y caMoro KpaJI npH3MbI,
Me.ZJ;JIeHHO BpaIl(aJI ee AJIH HaXO)K)J;eHHH HY)KHOrO yrJIa
Ha6JIIOAeHIDI. ,
KoHCMKlli ,
.1IlatLtUlffn .
3KcnepMMeHTanbHoe 060CHOBaHMe
TeOpMM 60pa (ypoBeHb &)
<I>oPMYJIHpOBKa KBaHTOBbIX nocTyJIaTOB CTaJIa eme
oAHHM BIDKHbIM II1arOM Ha nyTH C03.ZJ;aHHH KBaHTOBOM
H3HKH. B rHnOTe3e IIJIaHKa 0 cymecTBoBaHHH KBaH-
TOB 3JIeKTpOMafHHTHoro H3JIYQeHIDI He COAep)KaJIOCb
H:ijHOM CBH3H Me)K)J;y KBaHTaMH H CBOMCTBaMH aTOMOB.
rHTIOTe3a Eopa 0 KBaHTOBbIX COCTOHHHSIX aTOMOB Pa3-
598
<I>H3HKAATOMA H A TOMHOrO 5I.IJ:PA
BHBaJIa H,ZJ;elO IlJIaHKa H YKa3bIBaJIa npHqHHY Ba3HHK-
HaBeHIHI KBaHTOB. CarJIaCHa npe,n:cTaBJI HIDIM Eapa,
.13' fiHpe aTaMaB ,n:eMcTBYIOT caBeplIleHHa HHbIe 3aKa-
Hit1, qeM B npHBbIqHaM HaM MHpe 60JIblIlHX TeJI.
OCtu;!alIla H3BeCTHa, HarrpHMep, 'ITa CHCTeMa 3eMJIH -
HCKYCCTBeHHbIM cnYTHHK 3eMJIH Ma:iKeT H3MeHHTl>
-GBOIO 3HeprHIO HenpepbiBHa. 3HeprH5I 3TaM CHCTeMBI
Ma-'KeT npHHHMaTb JII06bIe 3HaqeHHH, crrYTHHK Ma:iKeT
,n:BHraTbCR no. ap6HTe JII06aro pa.n;HYca - HY:iKHa JIHlIlb
COa6mHTb eMY Hea6xaJUlMYIO 3HeprHIO.
B MHpe aTaMaB HHbIe 3aKaHbI. ATaM He Ma:iKeT npH-
J.i;HTb npaH3BaJIbH 1O napl(HIO 3HeprHH npH B3aHMa-
.n;eMClI'BHH C .n;PyrHM aTaMaM. OH Ma:iKeT H3MeHHTb
CBalO BHYTpeHHlO1O 3HepmlO JIHlIlb ,anpe.n;eJIeHHbIMH
napl(HHMH - KBaHTaMH. .IJ:JIH .n;BH:iKeHHH 3JIeI<TpaHa
<;'meCTBYIOT JIHlIlb CTpara anpe.n;eJIeHHbIe pa3pelIleH-
HbIe ap6HTbI. TaK 'ITa aTaM C em .n;narpaMMaM Ba3-
Ma:iKHbIX CTal(HaHapHbIX 3HepreTHqeCKHX caCTaHHHM
CKapee HanaMHHaeT He nJIaHeTHYIO CHCTeMY C 3JIeKT-
p.oHaMH, a6pamalOUJ;HMHCH BaKpyr H.n;pa, a MHara-
3TaJKHbIM .n;aM, B KaTopaM HeT JIeCTHHl(.
«JKHJIbl(bI. 3Tara .n;aMa, 3JteKTpaHbI, nepeMemalOTCH
C 3TaJKa Ha 3TaJK npbI:iKKaMH H MarYT a6HTaTb TaJIbKa
Ha aNiaM H3 3TaJKeM, Ha HHKaK He B npaMe:iKYTKax
Me HHMH. 3TaT «.n;aM .n;JIH 3JIeKTpaHOB. .n;aBaJIbHa
Heo6bI'<IeH, TaK KaK paCCTaHHHH Me:iK.n;y 3Ta:iKaMH
YMeHblIlaIOTCH no. Mepe na.n;'beMa BBep , a na.n;HHBlIlHCb
Ha JII06aM BepXHHM 3TaJK, 3JIeKTpaH Ma:iKeT «na:iKHTb.
TaM JIHlIlb MHJ{JIHap.n;HbIe .n;aJIH ceKYH,ZI;bI, a 3aTeM cnyc-
KaeTCH BHH3, paCnJIaqHBaHCb 3a na.n;'beM HcnYCKaHH-
eM KBaHTa CBeTa (pHC. 33).
PHC. 33
OnblT CltpaHKa M repLla
rlfIIaTe3a Eapa'a KBaHTOBaHHOCTH 3HeprernqecKHX ,
cacTaHHHM aTaMOB naJIyqHJIa 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHae
no,n:TBep:iK,lJ;eIDIe B 1913 ra.n;y B enbITe HeMel(Kllx H-
3HKaB .IJ::iKeMMCa <I>paHKa H rycTaBa repl(a.
B 3TaM anbITe HCCJIe.n;aBaJIHCb CTaJIKHaBeHIDI 3JIeKT-
paHaB C aTOMaMH PT}'TH. ITapbI PTYTH HaXa.n;HJIHCb B
CTeKJIHHHaM Tpy6Ke. ITa aCH Tpy6KH 6bIJI paCnOJla:iKeH
KaTO.n; K. KaTO.n; aKpY:iKaJIa ltHJlJIHH,ZI;plIqeCKaH ceTKa
C, 3a KaTapaM pacnaJIaraJICH l(HJIJIMH,lI;pHqeCKMM ca-
6Hp alO m H M 3JIeKTpa.n; - KOJIJIeKTap A KaTO.n; K 6bIJI
cae.zurneH C aTpHl(aTeJIbHbIM naJIIOCaM HCTaqIDIKa na-
CTaHHHara TaKa, a CeTKa C - C naJI())KMTeJIbHbIM na-
JIIOCaM.
ITpH HarpeBaHHH KaTa.n;a HcrrYCKaeMbIe HM 3JIeKTpa-
RbI .n;BHraJIHCb aT KaTa.n;a K K ceTKe C H .n;a.n:ee K c06M-
palOmeMY KaJIJIeKTOPY A. MeiK.n;y c06HpalOll(HM 3JIeK-
Tpo.n;OM A H CeTI<OM C npllKJIa.n;bIBaJIaCb HarrpH:iKeHHe
0,5 B, C03.n;alOmee 3JIeKTpHqeCKo.e naJIe, HarrpaBJIeH-
Hoe rrparnBanaJIa:iKHa 3JIeKTpHqeCKaMY naJIIO Me:iK-
.n;y l<:aTa.n;aM H CeTKaM. 3TanaJIe He MarJIa aCTaHaBHTb
6bICTpa .n;BM:iKymHecH 3JIeKTpaHbI (pHC. 34), Ha 3JIeK-
-rpaHbI C KMHeTHqeCKaM 3HeprMeM MeHblIleM 0,5 3B He
npanYCKaJIMCb K ca6HpalOmeMY 3JIeKTpa.n;y II Ba3Bpa-
UJ;aJIHCb 'K ceTKe (pHC. 35).
Pe3YJIbTaTbI HCCJIe.n;OBaHMH 3aBHCHMocrn CHJIbI TaKa
B l(enH CeTKa-ca6HpalOmHM 3JIeKTpa.n; aT HarrpH:iKe-
HMH Me:iK.n;y KaTO.n;aM II CeTI<OM npe.n;CTaBJIeHbI rpa M-
KaM Ha pHcYHKe 36.
3TaT rpa HK naKa3bIBaeT, 'ITa npH YBeJIHqeHMH Ha-
npH:iKeHIDI Me:iK.ZJ;y KaTO.n;aM H ceTI<aM aT 0 B .n;a 4,9 B
CHJIa TaKa HenpepbIBHa Ba3paCTaJIa, ITpH ,n:aCTM:iKeHHM
. 3HaqeHHH HanpH:iKeHHH 4,9 B CHJIa TaKa HaqHHaJIa
y6bIBaTb. ITpH ,n:aJIbHeMlIleM YBeJIHqeHMH HarrpH:iKeHMH
Me:iK.n;y KaTa.n;aM H CeTKaM CHJIa TaKa CHaqaJIa YMeHb-,
lIlaJIaCb .n;a He:kaTapara MHHHMaJIbHara 3HaqeHHH,
3aTeM BHaBb Ba3paCTaJIa.n;a .n;OCTM:iKeHMH BTopara MaK-
CHMYMa npH HarrpH:iKeHHH 9,8 B, .n;aJIee BHaBb CJIe.n;a-
BaJIa y6bIBaHHe H TalC .n;aJIee KapTHHa naHTapHJIaCb.
Y6bIBaHMe CHJIbI TaKa B l(enH ca6MpalOmem 3JIeKT-
po.n;a npH .n;aCTM)KeHHH 3JIeKTPo.HaMH 3HaqeHMH 3Hep-
rMH 4,9 3B Ma:iKHa a6'bHCHHTb TeM, 'ITa HaqMHaH C 31'0.-
m 3HaqeHHH qaCTb BJIeKTpaHaB TepHJIa naqTII BCIO
CBalO KMHernqecKyIO 3HeprMIO r.n;e-Ta Ha nYTH aT Ka-
Ta.n;a K CeTKe H HX KHHeTMqeCKaH 3HeprMH B rrpocTpaH-
crne Me:iK,lJ;Y ceTKOM H ca6MpalOmHM 3JIeKTpo.n;aM aKa-
3bIBaJIaCb MeHblIle 0,5 3B.
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CrpoeHHe aTOMa
599
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PHC. 34
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oi{) 0 Po --- O
o - ATOM PT}'T B OCHOBHOM COCTOAHHI1
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PHC. 35
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PHC. 36
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3YJIhTaTe KOTOphIX qaCTh KHHeTHqeCKOM 3HeprHH qa-
,
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Ha3hIBaIOTC5I HeyrrpymMH CTOJIKHOBeHHBMH.
M3 OlIhITa <I>paHKa H rep:u;a CJIJAOBaJIO, qTO Heyrrpy-
rHe CTOJIKHOBeHH5I3JIeKTpOHoB C aTOMaMH PTYTH OKa-
3hIBaIOTC5I B03MO:iKHhIMH TOJIhKO IIpH AOCTH:iKeHHH
3HaqeHH5I 3HeprnH 4,9 3B. BTOpOM MaKCHMYM Ha rpa-
cpHKe COOTBeTcTByeT YABoeHHoMY 3HaqeHHIO TOM':iKe
3HeprHH. 3JIeKTpOH C TaKoM 3HeprReM Mor lIepeBeCTH
B B036Y:iKAeHHoe COCT05lHHe ABa aToMa PTYTH.
3KCIIepHMeHT rrOATBepAHJI CYII.1;eCTBOBaHHe KBaHTO-
BhIX CTa:U;HOHapHhIX 3HepreTHQeCKHX COCT05lHHM y
aToMoB H Hecnoc06HOCTh aTOMOBIIJlaBHO H3MeH5ITh
CBOIO BHYTpeHHlO1O 3HeprHIO.
350
300
250
200
150
100
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II01'ep5lTb CBolO 3HeprHIO 3.JieKTpoHhI MOrJI'H npH CTOJI-
KHoBeHIDIX C aToMaMH PTYTH. CTOJIKHOBeHH5I, B pe-
600
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ax H3 B036Y2K eHHOro COCTO}}HH}} B HOpMaJIbHOe
HcnycKaTb $OTOHbI C 3Hepni:eM:
hv = £2 - £1 = 4,9 3B.
qacToTa v 02KH.lI:aeMoro H3JIyqeHIDI paBHa:
v £2 - £1 - 4,9.1,6.10- 19 ,[()I( - 12.10 15 r
h 6,625,1O- 34 ,[()I('C'1' Q
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TOM 1,2.10 15 f:Q.
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paJIbHbIX JIHHHll M02KHO BbIqHCJIHTb no <l>opMYJIe:
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m 2 n 2 .
r e m H n - :QeJIbIe qHCJIa, n Bcer a 60JIbllle m.
IIpH 3HaqeHHH m = 1 H pa3JIHqHbIX 3HaqeHH}}X n, Ha-
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HbIX JIHHHM, Ha3bIBaeMbIX cepHeM JIallMaHa. 3TH JIH-
HHH JIe2KaT B YJIbTpa$MOJIeTOBOM 06JIaCTH. IIpH m = 2
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TH cneKTpa. IIoqeMY qaCTOTbI CneKTpaJIbHbIX JIHHHM
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HeHH}} Op6HTaJIbHOrO MOMeHTa HMnYJIbCa 3JIeKTpoHa.
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pOCTbIO v Ha3bIBaeTC}} npoH3Be eHHe me.v.r, r e me -
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KOJIHqeCTBa BH2KeHH}} 3JIeKTpOHa B aTOMe, KaK H
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pOHa B aTOMe, MHHHMaJIbHaJl. cTyneHb H3MeHeHIDI,
paBHaJi nOCT?}}HHOM IIJIaHKa, eJIeHHOll Ha 21t.
3JIeKTpQH B aTOMe M02KeT 06JIa,n;aTb TOJIbKO O}UiHM H3
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IIpH KpyroBoM BH2KeHHH 3JIeKTpOHa BOKpyr }} pa
KIDK OMY KBaHToBoMY 3HaqeHlliO Op6HTaJIbHOrO MO-
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JIeHHOe3HaqeHHepa,n;Hyca3JIeKTpOHHOllOp6 TIX.B03- '
M02KHbIe 3HaqeHIDI pa,n;HYCOB KpyrOBbIX Op6HT M02KHO
HallTH CJIe YIOmHM 06pa30M.
B aTOMe Bo opo a 3ap}} }} pa paBeH 3ap}} y 3JIeKT-
pOHa e. CHJIa Fa KYJIOHOBCKoro B3aHMo eMCTBH}} 3JIeK-
TpOHa C }} POM BOn;Opo a Ha paCCTO}}HIDI r paBHa:
1 e.e
F=-.- ( 3.4 )
3 41t€ r 2
o
IJ:eHTpOCTpeMHTeJIbHOe YCKOpeHHe 3JIeKTpOHa no
ej{CTBHeM 3TOM CWIbI npH ABIDKeHHH no OKPY2KHOC-
TH pa,n;HYca r paBHO
F 1 e 2 v 2
a=---2=-.-=_
4 2 ,
me 1t€o mer r
r e v - CKOpOCTb ABH2KeHH}} 3JIeKTpoHa no KpyrOBoM '
op6HTe.
OTCI9 a cJIe YeT:
e 2
v 2 = 41t€Ome r (3.5)'1 :
I1cnoJIb3Y}} ypaBHeHIDI (3.3) H (3.5) M02KHO nOJIyqHTh
<l>oPMYJIY mI BbI'IHCJIeHH}} pa,n;HYCOB pa3pellleHHbIx "
KpyroBbIx Op6HT B aTOMe Bo opo a:
h 2 'n 2 .f
r n = 2 0
me.e ,1t
IIo cTaBJI}}}} B <l>oPMYJIY (3.6) 3HaqeHIDI n = 1, 2, 3 It
TaK aJIee, M02KHO BbIqHCJIHTb pa,zJ;HYCbI,pa3pellleHHbIX
KpyroBbIx Op6HT 3JIeKTpOHOB B aTOMe Bo opo a.
(3.6)
CTpoeHHe aTOMa
601
lIIDI nepBOH -KpyroBOH Op6MTbI, n = 1, nOJlY'laeTc
3Ha'leHMe:
Tt = 5,29.10- 11 M.
lIJlH BbI'IMCJleHMH 'IaCTOT cneKTpaJIbHbIX JlMHMH HY>K-
HO HaHTM 3Ha'leHMH SHeprMM SJleKTpOHa Ha Ka>K,ZI;OH
pa3perneHHoH op6MTe.
3HeprIDI SJleKTpOHa E CKJlMbIBaeTCH M3 KMHeTM'IeC-
KOH sHepnrn Ek M nOTeHUMaJIbHOH SHeprMM En KYJlO-
HOBCKoro B3aMMO,Zl;eHCTBIDI SJle TpOHa C H,ZI;pOM:
mv 2 e 2 '
E=Ek+ E = ---
n 2 41tt o T
3Ha'leHMe nOTeHl.{IfaJIbHOH SHeprMM SJleKTpOHa OTpM-
uaTeJIbHO, TaK KaK Me>K,ZJ;Y SJleKTpOHOM M H,ZI;pOM ,ZI;eH-
crnYIOT CMJlbI npMTH>KeHMH.
I10,Zl;CTaBMB BbIpa>KeHMe ,ZI;JlH U- M3 ypaBHeHMH (3.5) B
ypaI3HeHMe (3.7) nOJlY1IJfM:
m ,e 2 e 2 e 2
E= e -_--
81ttomer 41tt o r , 81tt o r
I10,Zl;CTaBMB B ypCU3HeHMe (3.8) BbIpa>KeHMe (3.6) }J.JIH
pa3peIlIeIIHbIX PMHYCOB Op6MT, nOJlyqHM cneKTp B03-
MO:>KHbIX SHepreTM'IeCKlfX COCTOHHMH aTOMa BO,Zl;opO,Zl;a:
2 2 ' 4
e . me . e 1t me ' e
E. 81tt. h 2 . n 2 £ - 8£2h 2 n 2
000
I1pM nepeXO,Zl;e aTOMa BO,Zl;OpO,Zl;a M3 CTaUMoHapHoro
COCTOHHHH n B CTaUMOHapHOe COCTOHHMe m npOMCXO-
,ZI;MT M3J1Y'leHMe KBaHTa C SHeprMeH:
hv=E -E :: me'e4 ( _.!. )
. m 8£2 h 2 m 2 n 2
o
M C 'IaCTOTOH:
V = :: ( 2 - :2 ) (3.11)
MbI nOJlY'IMJlM BbIpa>KeHMe, COBna.n;alOrn:ee no <l>opMe
C SMnMpM'IeCKM HaH,ZI;eHHOH <l><>PMyJlOH (3,2) ,ZI;JlH BO-
,ZI;OpO,Zl;HOro cneKTpa. OCTaeTCH BbI'IMCJIMTb 3Ha'leHMe
nocToHHHOH nepe,Zl; cK06KOH. I10,Zl;CTaBMB 3Ha'leHMH
MaCCbI me SJleKTpOHa, ero 3apH,ZI;a e, SJleKTpM'IeCKOH
nocToHHHOH eo M nocToHHHOH I1J1aHKa h, nOJlY'IMM:
m . e 4 9,11.10- 31 KI'(l,602 ,10- 19 Krr)4
--!!..- =
8£2 h 3 8(8,85.10- 12 cI> . M -1 )2 (6,626.10- 34 .Ax<. C -1 )3
o
=3,29.10 15 c- 1
(3.7)
(3.8)
(3.9)
(3.10)
,TaKMM 06paaOM TeopMH Bopa ,ZI;aJIa cnoc06 TeopeTM-
'IeCKOrO paC'IeTa Bcex 'IaCTOT JlMHeH'IaTOrO CneKTpa
BO,Zl;OpO,ZJ;a.. B03HMKHOBeHMe paaJlM'IHbIX cepMH cneKT-
paJIbHbIX JlMHMH nOHCHHeTCH ,ZI;MarpaMMOH SHepreTM-
'IeCKMX ypOBHeH Ha pMcYHKe 37.
n=oo
n=5
n=4
n=3
! lllJ,
n=2
cepHfI EianbMepa
n=l
cepHfI JlaHMaHa
PIlC. 37
lIMarpaMMa nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO cepMH JIaHMaHa B03HM-
KaeT npM nepexo,Zl;ax aTOMOB BO,Zl;OpO,Zl;a M3 pa3J1M'IHbIX
B036Y>K,ZI;eHHbIX COCTOHHMH B OCHOBHoe COCTOHHMe.
CepMH BaJIbMepa cooTBeTcTByeT nepeXO,Zl;aM aTOMOB
C B036Y>K,ZI;eHHbIX YPoBHeH BbIllie nepBoro Ha nepBbIH
B036Y>K,ZI;eHH H ypoBeHb,
I1poMCXO>K,ZJ;eHMe paaJlMtIHbIX CneKTpaJIbHbIX cepMH no
TeopMM Bopa MO>KHO nOHCHMTb it cxeMoll nepexO,Zl;OB
SJleKTpOHoB Me>K,ZI;y paapeIlIeHHbIMM KpyroBbIMM op-
6MTaMM (pMC. 38).
PIlC. 38
602
<I>11311KA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO 51L{PA
jUtaA
fIaOoliia
H3Y'leHMe CneKTpa BOAOpOAa (yPOBeHb &)
:u; e JI b P a 6 0 T bI. ITpH06peTeHHe YMeHlUI H3Mepe-
HHH A7IHH BOJIH JlHHeH'IaTbIX cneKTpOB H3J1Y'IeHIDI C
nOMOIl{blO .ZJ;H<I>paKQHOHHOH pemeTKH.
o 6 0 p Y .ZJ; 0 B a H He. L{H<!>paKQHOHHaH pemeTKa,
cneKTpaJIbHasI Tpy6Ka C BO.ZJ;OpO.ZJ;OM, npH60p .ZJ;JlH 3a-
:>KHraHHH cneKTpaJIbHbIX TPy60K.
3 a .ZJ; a H He. PaCC'ilHTaHTe.ZJ;.illl BO.ZJ;opO.ZJ;a .ZJ;JlHHbI BOJIH
nepBbIX 'IeTbIpeX JlHHHH 6aJIbMepOBCKOH cepHH. 113-
MepbTe A7IHHbI BOJIH JlHHeH'IaTOrO cneKTpa BO.ZJ;opO.ZJ;a
C nOMOIl{blO .ZJ;H<!>paKQHOHHOH peweTKH H cpaBHHTe
pe3YJlbTaTbI paC'IeTa H SKcnepHMeHTa.
CO.ZJ;ep:>KaHHe pa60TbI.
L{.nH paC'IeTa,ZtJrnH BOJIH 'IeTbIpex nepBbIx cneKTpaJIb-
HbIX JlHHHH 6aJIbMepOBCKOH cepHH BO.ZJ;opO.ZJ;a HY:>KHO
BOCnOJlb30BaTbCH <I>oPMYJIOH (3.2), npHHHB 3Ha'IeHHe
m == 2 H npH.ZJ;aBasI n 3Ha'IeHHH 3, 4, 5, 6:
I .
L{.nH nOJlY'IeHHH cneKTpa H3JlY'IeHHH BO}J,opo.ZJ;a MO:>K-
HO nponycKaTb SJleKTpH'IeCKHH TOK 'Iepe3 ra3. ITpH
npOXO:>K.ZJ;eHHH SJleKTpH'IeCKoro TOKa 'Iepe3 ra3 HeHT-
paJIbHbIe aTOMbI nepexo.ZJ;HT B B036Y:>K.lI.eHHOe COCTOH-
HHe B pe3YJlbTaTe CTOJlKHOBeHHH C SJleKTpoHaMH, pa3-
rOHHeMbIMH SJleK'TpH'IecKHM nOJleM.
L{.nHH)' aOJlHbI ACneKTpaJIbHOH JlHHHH C nOMOIl{blO .ZJ;H-
. <!>paKI.{HC>HHOH pemeTKH MO:>KHO onpe.ZJ;eJlHTb, nOMec-
THB pemeTKY HanpoTHB Y3KOH II{eJlH B sKpaHe, 3a KOTO-
pbIM HaXO.ZJ;JJ TCH CneKTpaJIbHaH TPy6K a (pHC. 39).
-d' _u__u " "
-----------:_---
PHC. 39
IIpH Ha6J1IO.ZJ;eHHH CBeTa OT II{eJlH rJla30M 'Iepe3 }J,H<!>-
paKI.{HOHHYIO pemeTKY CJleBa H cnpaBa OT 6eJlOH no-
JlOCKH Ha6mo}J,aIOTcH I.{BeTHbIe nOJlOCKH JlHHeH'IaTO-
ro cneKTpa H3JlytIeHHH ra3a.
113MepHB paccToHHHe L OT pemeTKH .ZJ;O II{eJlH H pac-
CTOHHHe a OT II{eJlH .ZJ;O CneKTpaJIbHOH JlHHHH MO:>KHO
nnpe.ZJ;eJlHTb .ZJ;JlHHY BOJlHbI A STOH cneKTpaJIbHOH JIH-
fH, HCnOJlb3YH YCJlOBHe nepBoro MaKCHMYMa .ZJ;H<!>-
1)!iKI.{HOHHOH pemeTKH:
d == sin<p.A (3.12)
B STOM YCJlOBHH d - nOCTOHHHasI pemeTKH, q> - yroJl
Me:>K.ZJ;Y HanpaBJleHHHMH Ha II{eJlb B SKpaHe H l:Ia cneK-
TpaJIbHYIO JlHHHIO.
113 pHCYHKa 6.39'cJle.ZJ;yeT, 'ITO
. a
sm<p - r;:;--;;
"L 2 +a 2
ITOCTOHHHYIO pemeTKH MO:>KHO HaHTH, 3HaH 'IHCJlO
mTpHXOB N Ha e.ZJ;JJHHI.{Y .ZJ;JlHHbI:
1
d=-
N
ITOpH.ZJ;OK BbInOJlHeHHH pa60TbI.
1. Y CTaHOBHTe CneKTpaJIbHYIO Tpy6KY C BO.ZJ;OpO.ZJ;OM B
'npH60p A7IH 3a:>KHraHHH CneKTpaJIbHOM Tpy6KH.
YKpenHTe B IDTaTHBe .ZJ;JJ<!>paKI.{HOHHYIO pemeTKY
HanpOTHB II{eJlH B SKpaHe. 113MepbTe paCCTOHHHe L
OT pemeTKH .ZJ;O II{eJlH. ITepneH.ZJ;HKYJlHpHO IIpHMOH,
coe.ZJ;HHHIOII{eH pemeTKY co II{eJlblO, YKpenJITe Me'{p,
COBMeCTHB ero HYJleBYIO oTMeTKY co II{e.JIblO.
2. BKJIlO'IHTe npH60p ,l{JlH 33.:>KHraHIDI CneKTpaJIbHOH
Tpy6KH. Ha6J1IO,l{aHTe 'Iepe3 .ZJ;JJ<!>paKI.{HOHHYIO pe-
'meTKY JlHHeH'IaTbIH cneKTp H3J1Y'IeHHH ra3a. ITo
mKaJIe MeTpa onpe,l{eJIMTe paCCTOHHHe a OT II{eJIM
,l{0 1-H, 2-H, 3-H H 4-H CneKTpaJIbH H JlHHHH.
3. ITo H3MepeHHbIM 3Ha'IeHHHM L H a BbI'IHCJlHTe 3Ha- ,-
'IeHHH CHHYCOB yrJlOB sin <p ,l{JlH 1-H, 2-H, 3-H H 4-H
cneKTpaJIbHbIX JlHHHH. ITo H3BecTHoMY 3Ha'IeHHIO
'IHCJla mTpHXoB N pemeTKH Ha e.ZJ;JJHHI.{Y ,l{.JIHHbI H
HaH,l{eHHbIM 3Ha'IeHHHM CHH)'COB yrJlOB BbI'IHCJlH-
Te nocToHHHYIO pemeTKH d H ,l{.JlliHbI BOJIH A,l{.IDI 1-H,
2-H, 3-H H 4-H cneKTpaJIbHbIX JlHHHH.
(3.13)
(3.14)
Pe3YJlbTaTbI H3MepeHHH H BbI'IHCJleHHH 3anHIIIH-
Te B OT'IeTHYIO Ta6mmy.
. OT'ieTHM Ta6JIln a
L, M
d, M
HI 1 2 3 4
0, M
sin q>
AaKeR' M
A...,p' M
CrpoeHHe aTOMa
603
Ko .
.JIla.r!u,lfbt .
Bon HOBbie CBOMCTBa lIaCTMLIi (ypOBeHb &)
L{06HBIIIHCb ycnexa B 061>HCHeHHH cneKTpa BO,ll;OpO-
,l{a H nOJIY<JHB nO,ll;TBepJK,lI;eHFle KBaHTOBbIX nocTYJla-
TOB B OTIbITe <I>p8HKa H fepl.{a, TeopHH aTOMa Eopa
AMee BCTpeTHJlaCb C npHHI.{HnHaJIbHbIMH 3aTpyAHe-
HWIMH. Ha ee OCHOBe He Y,lI;aI3aJlOCb omHCHHTb cneK-
TpbI Bcex OCTaJIbHbIX XHMHqeCKHX SJleMeHTOB.
I1PHqHHOM 3aTPYAHeHHM TeopHH Eopa 6bIJla nonbIT-
Ka coe,l{IfHeHHH B HeM HOBbIX KBaHToBbIx npHHI.{HnOB,
nocTYJlHPYIOIItHX ,lI;HCKpeTHOCTb H3MeHeHHH ::meprHH
H MOMeHTa HMnYJlbca aTOMHbIX cHcTeM, C KJlaCCHqeC-
KHMH npe,ll;CTaBJleHHHMH 0 ,lI;BHJKeHHH qaCTHI.{ B aTO-
Me no' onpe,ll;eJleHHbIM op6HTaM B COOTBeTCTBHe C 3a-
KOHaMH KJIaCCHqeCKOM MexaHHKH.
, L{aJIbHeMIIIHe HCCJle,ll;OBaHHH HBJleHHM MHKpOMHpa
nOKa3aJIH, qTO K SJleKTpOHaM H aTOMaM HenpHMeHH-
MbI npe,ll;CTaBJleHIfH KJlaCCHqeCKOM MexaHHKH o,rom-
JKeHHH qaCTHI.{ no onpe,ll;eJleHHbIM TpaeKTopHHM C on-
pe,lIeJleHHbIM 3HaqeHHeM CKOpOCTH B KaJK,lI;OM TOqKe
TpaeKTQpHH.
I10JIHaH HenpHroAHOCTb KJlaCCHqeCKHx npe,ll;CTaBJle-
HIm MH onHcaHHH ,l{BHJKeHHH MHKpOqaCTHI.{ CTaJIa
o.qeBH,lI;HOM nocJle OTKpbITHH HBJleHHH ,ZJ;H<!>paKD;HH
3J1eKTpOHOB.
OCHOBbIBaHCb Ha TOM <!>aKTe, qTO CBeT O,ll;HOBpeMeHHO
npOHBJlHeT CBOMCTBa qaCTHI.{ H CBOMCTBa BOJIH <!>paH-
I.{Y3CKHH <!>H3HK JIYH,lI;e EpOMJlb B 1924 roAY npe,ll;no-
JlOJKHJI, 'ITO JII06mI 1JaCTHl.{a 06J1a.n;aeT HeKoTopoM ,lI;JlH-
HOM BOJIHbI.
CorJlac o rnnOTe3e,ll;e EpOMJlH MHHa BOJlHbI A. TeJla
MaccoM J1Z, ,lI;BHJKyru:erocH co CKOpOCTbIO v, onpe,ll;eJlH-
eTCH Ta(KOM JKe <!>oPMYJlOM, KaK H MH <!>OTOHOB.
l1MnYJIbcp <!>oToHa paBeH ,meprnH hv <!>OToHa, ,lI;eJleH-
HOR Ha cKbpoCTb CBeTa c:
'hv h
> p=-;-=-:;: (3.15)
OTCIO,lI;a MHHa BOJlHbI A <l><>'roHa paBHa 'qacTHoMY OT
,lI;eJIeHHH nocToHHHOM I1J1aHKa h Ha HMnYJlbC P <!>oToHa:
h
1..=- (&1
P
;zJ,.IDI qaCTHI.{ COOTBeTCTBeHHO:
A = =.!!...
p mv (3.17)
fHnOTe3a ,lI;e EpOMJlH nOJlyqHJla s .cnepHMeHTaJIbHOe
nO,ll;TBep:>K.lteHHe B 1927 r. B onbITax K. .aeBHccoHa H
JI. L{JKepMepa H B He3aBHCHMbIX OllbITax L{JK. TOMCO-
Ha. B OTIbITaX L{eBHccoHa H L{JKepMepa Ha nOBepxHocTb
KpHCTaJIJla HanpaBJlHJlCH nyqoK SJleKTpoHoB H H3Me-
pHJIaCb HHTeHCHBHOCTb oTpaJKeHHOrO nY'lKa RpH pa3-
JlHqHbIX yrJlax OTpaJKeHHH. B HX npH60pe (pRC. 40)
HcnycKaeMbIe HarpeTOM HHTbIO FSJleKTpoHbI YCKOPH-
JlHCb sJleKTpHqeCKHM nOJleM H <POKYCHpOtlaJIHGh 3J1eK-
TpO,ll;OM G Ha MHlIIeHb T. OTpaJKeHHbIe OT MlUlIeHH
SJleKTpOHbI nona.n;aJIH B KOJlJleKTOp C, cBH3aHHbIM C
npH60poM, H3MepHIOru:HM TOK. KOJlJleKTOp Mor nepe-
Me{l\aTbCH OTHOCHTeJlbHO MHlIIeHH H H3MepHTb HHTeH-
CHBHOCTb nY'lKa 3J1eKTpOHoB npH OTpaJKeHHH no,ll; pa3-
HbIMH yrJlaMH.
F
PRC, 40
OKa3aJIOCb, qTO C H3MeH'eHHeM yrJla OTpaJKeHHH B OT-
paJKeHHOM nyqKe 06HapYX<HB8IOTC.R M8KCHM)'MbI H
MHHHMYMbI (pHC. 41). I10JlO eHHe MaKcHMyMoB co-
Bna.n;aJIO C pe3YJlbTaTaMH paCqeTOB, B KOTO'pbIX KpHC-
TaJIJI pacCMaTpHBaJICH KaK ,lI;H<!>PaKI.{HOHHaH pelIIeTKa
H3 aTOMOB, Ha KOTOpOM npOHCxO,ll;HT ,lI;H<!>paKI.{HH SJleK-
TpOHOB C MHHOM BOJlHbI, BbIqHCJleHHoM no <!>op¥.YJl€
(3.17),lI;e EPOMJlH.
PRC. 41
L{H<!>paKI.{HH H HHTep<!>epeHI.{HH SJleKTpOHoB 06Hapy-
JKHBaIOTCH H npH npOXOJK,lI;eHHH nyqKa SJleKTpoHoB
qepe3 ru:eJlb B sKpaHe. )],H<!>paKI.{HOHHaH KapTHHa co-
CTOHT H3 HpKOM paclIIHpeHHoM no cpaBHeHHIO co ru:e-
JlbIO l.{eHTpaJIbHOM nOJlOCbI H qepe,ll;YIOru:HxCH TeMHbIX
604
<I>11311KA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO 51L{PA
H CBeTJlhIX nOJlpC, KaK npH Ha6J1IOAeHHH AH<I>paK HH
CBeTa OT IQeJlH (pHC. 42).
.
..
PHC. 42
IIpH 06pa30BaHHH MaKcHMyMoB H MHHHMYMOB SJleK-
TpOHhI He HCqe3aIDT H He AemlTCH Ha qaCTH. B KIDK-
AYID TOqKY npOCTpaHCTBa SJleKTpOH nona,n;aeT KaK
HeH3MeHHa.H qaCTH a C SJleM:eHTapHhIM SJleKTpHqeC-
KMM 3apHAOM, AH<I>paK HoHHbIe MaKCHMyMbI H MHHH-
MYMbI COOTBeTCTBYIDT MaKCHMaJIbHhIM ,H MI;IHHMaJIb-
HhIM 3HaqeHHHM qHCJla nona,n;aIDIQHX B STH 06J1aCTH
SJleKTpOHOB.
IIpHHuHnHaJIbHO 'HOBoe omHCHeHHe HBJleHHID AH<I>-
p HH SJleKTpOHOB H J1I06bIX APyrnx MHKpOqaCTHU
npeAJIO:>KHJI B 1927 roAy HeMeUKHH <l>H3HK BepHep
reH3eH6epr.
OnhIT nOKa3hIBaeT, qTO nocJle npOXO:>K,ZJ;eHHH SJleK1'-
pOHOB qepe3 IQeJlb IIIHpHHOH d Ha <l>oTOnJleHKe '3a
IQeJlbID lta6J1IDAaeTCH IIIHpOKaH TeMHaH nOJloca npo-
THB IQeJlH Ii 3aTeM qepeAYIDIQHeCH CJla6hIe TeMHbIe H
CBeTJlhIe CHMMeTpHqHbIe nOJlOChI.
MaKCHMaJIbHhIH yroJl q> OTKJIOHeHHH SJleKTpOHOB B
npeAeJlax UeHTpaJIbHOro MaKCHMyMa YAOBJleTBOpHeT
yCJlOBHID nepBoro AH<I>PaK HOHHOro MHHHMYMa AJIH
Ae6poiiJIeBcKoH BOJIHhI A. SJleKTpOHa:
d 'sin<p=A.=
p
113MeHeHHe HanpaBJleHIDI ABH:>KeHHH SJleKTpOHa no-
Ka3bIBaeT, qTO B pe3YJlbTaTe ero B3aHMOAeHCTBIDI C
KpaHMH OTBepCTHH B sKpaHe H3MeHHeTCH COCTaBAAID-
IQaH Px HMnYJlbCa, nepneHAHKYJlHpHaH BeKTOPY nep-
BOHaqaJIbHoro HMnYJlbCa p. 113MeHeHHe f¥Jx B KTO-
pa HMnYJlbCa SJleKTpOHa MO:>KHO HaHTH no y'rJlY <p ero
OTKJIOHeHHH (pHC. 43). '
(3.18)
tJ.px = p.sinq>
(3.19)
-J
--+
-,
!:1Px
P
PHC. 43
113 BbIpa)l<eHlrn (3.18) H (3.19)'cJleAYeT:
h h
f¥Jx = p' p.d =;j'
f¥Jx.d =h
IIOCJleAHHH pe3YJlbTaT MO:>KHO HCTOJlKOBaTh CJleA)'ID-
IQHM 06pa30M. ECJlH SJleKTpOH ABHraJICH B HanpaBJle-
HHH SKpaHa C TOqHO onpe,ll,eJleHHbIM HMnYJlbCOM p H
SKpaH 6bIJI nOCTaBJleH AJIH onpe,ll,eJleHWI KOOp.lUfHa-
ThI x SJleKTpOHa B nJlOCKOCTH SKpaHa, TO onpe,ll;eJlHB
KoopAHHaTY x C HeOnpeAeJleHHOCTbID f:!.x, paBHOH IIIH- .
pHHe IQeJlH, f:!.x = d, MbI Y:>Ke He 3HaeM TOqHOrO 3Ii3qe-
HHH HMnYJlbCa, 1'aK KaK COCTaBJlHIDIQaH Px HMnYJlbCa
HMeeT HeOnpeAeJIeHHOC1'b nopSl,ltKa tJ.Px'
IIpOH3BeAeHHe HeOnpeAeJleHHOCTH f:!.x KoopAHHa'thI
qaCTHUbI Ha HeOnpeAeJleHHOCTb tJ.Px HMnYJlbCa npH-
MepHO paBHa nOCTOHHHOH IIJlaHKa:
f:!.x.tJ.Px .,,; h (3.21) "
113 COOTHOIIIeHIDI (3.21) CJleAyeT, qTO O.lUIOBpeMeHL
Hoe TOqHOe onpeAeJleHHe KoopAHHaThI H HMnYJlbCa'
qaCTHUhI HeB03MO:>KHO. qeM TOqHee MhI 6YAeM onpe-
AeJlHTb HMnYJlbC qaCTHUhI (tJ.px 0), TeM MeHee TOq-
HO 6YAeM 3HaTb ee KoopAHHaTY (f:!.x 0). IIpH Bee
60Jlee TOqHOM onpeAeJleHHH KoopAHHaThI qaCTHUbr-
Bce MeHee TOqHbIMH 6YAYT CBeAeHHH 0 ee HMnYJlbCe.
CooTHoIIIeHHe (3.21 }Ha3bIBaIOT coomomeHHeM Heo-
npeAeJleHHocTeit.
,EoJlee TOqHaH MaTeMaTHqeCKaH <l>opMa BhIpIDKeHIDI
COOTHOIIIeHHH HeOnpeAeJleHHOCTeH "MeeT BHA:
h
f:!.x.f¥Jx# 2n (3.22)
(3.20)
CrpOCItliC lTOMa
60S
COO'fHomCHlUO HCOnpCACJICHHOCTCH MO>KHO npHAaTh
H APyroH BHA, Bblpa:mB HconpCACJICHHOCTb HMnyJIb-
ca k qCPC3 HconpCACJICHHOCTb 3HcprHH M H HCO-
npCACJICHHOCTb KoopAHHaTbI f:!.x qCPC3 HconpC}J,CJICH-
HOCTb BpCMCHH M. llml pOTOHa cnpaBCAJIHBO:
l1E
f¥Jx = (3.23)
f:!.x = eM (3.24)
113 BblproKCHHH (3.23), (3.24) H (3.22) CJIcAYeT:
h
M.M ;;;:- (3.2 )
27t
KaK nOKa3aJIH MHOrOqHCJICHHbIC 3KcnepHMcHTbI, BbI-
BC}J,CHHoe AJI <pOTOHOB COOTHomCHHC (3.25) OKa3bI-
BaCTC cnpaBeA./IHBbIM A.1I JII06bIX qaCTHl( H CHCTCM.
CMbICJI COOTHomCHH HeOnpeACJICHHOCTCH B <pOpMC
(3.25) 3aKJIIOqaCTC B TOM, qTO 3Haqcimc 3HcprHH
JIIo60H CHCTCMbI He MO:>KeT 6bITb onpC}J,CJICHO TOqHO B
onpCAeJICHHbIH MOMeHT BpCMCHH t. HCOnpCACJICH-
HOCTb l1E 3HaqCHH 3HcprHH Ii MOMCHTa BpCMCHH M
, npe6bIBaHH CHCTCMbI B COCTO HHH C 3HcprneH E CB -
3aHbI COOTHOmCHHCM HcOnpCACJIeHHOCTeH (3.25).
COOWlHHC KBaHToBoH McxaHHKH Ha OCHOBC npHHl(H-
nHaJIbHO HOBbIX npeACTaBJICHHH 0 <PH3HqCCKOH npH-
pOAC 3JIeMCHTapHbIX qaCTHl( H aTOMOB HaqaJIOCb C OT-
KpbITHH MaTeMaTHqCCKOrO MCTOAa, cnoc06Horo
AaBaTh npaBHJIbHbIC pe3YJIbTaTbI npH onHcaHHH co-
CTORHHH mo6bIX aTOMHbIX CHCTCM. B 3TOM MeTO}J,e HC-
nOJIb3YeTC oc06aR BOJIHOBaB 4>YHK 'I' (ncH -<Pyu-
Kl(H ). I1pH pemeHHH 3a,AaqH 0 ABH:>KeHHH qaCTHl(bI B
I '
KBaHToBoH McxaHHKe pcmacTc 3a,Aaqa OTbICKaHH
KBa,ApaTa MOAYJI BOJIHOBOH <PYHKl(HH 1'1' I B pa3HbIX
TOqKaX npocTpaHcTBa. KBa,ApaT MOAYJI BOJIHOBOH
<PYHKl(IfH, BbIqHCJIeHHbIH AM HCKOTOpOH TOqKH npo-
C'rpaHCTBa, npOnOpl(HOHaJIeH BCpO THOCTH HaXO:>KAe-
HIf qaCTHl(bI B ,l{aHHOH TOqKC. TaKHM 06pa30M, KBaH-
I TQ.B'a McxaHHKa AaeT BepO THOCTHoe onHcaHHe
CqCTORHH ,aTOMUbIX CHCTCM, HO He onpe}J,eJIRCT KO-
op,l{IfHaTbI H CKOpoCTH qaCTHl( B mo60H MOMCHT BpC-
MeHH, KaK 3TO ACJIaeTC B KJIaCCHqeCKOH McxaHHKC.
:a9npocbI 06 4:HCTHHHOH TpaCKTOpHH :;meKTpOHa, 06
em 4:HCTHHHOH CKOpOCTH B AaHHoH TOqKC 6CCCMbIC-
JICHHbI. MHp OKa3aJIC YCTpoeH HC TaK, KaK 31'0 npeA-
CT3.BJI JIOCb B KJIaCCHqeCKOH <pH3HKe.
3neKTpOHHble o6onollKM aTOMa
(ypoBeHIt Ii)
OnHcaHHe CTal(HOHapHbIX COCTO HHH aTOMHbIX CHC-
TeM B KBaHTOBOH McxaHHKC AaeTC Ha OCHOBC HCnOJIb-
30BaHH ypcumeHH , nOJIyqCHHOro B 1926 roAY aBCT-
pHHCKHM <pH3HKOM 3pBHHOM llIpcwuirepoM.
COrJIaCHO 3TOMY ypaBHcHHIO 3HcprHR, HMnYJIbC H
Mm.1CHT HMnYJIbCa cB060}J,HOH qaCTHl(bI MOryT H3MC-
H TbC HcnpcpbIBHbIM 06pa30M, Ha JII06yIO BC.1IIJ qHH Y.
ECJIH :>KC }J,BH:>KCHHC qaCTHl(bI B pe3YJIbTaTC B3aHMO-
}J,CHCTBIDI C ApyrHMH qaCTHl(aMH orpaHHqCH B npo-
CTpaHCTBC, TO CC 3HcprHR, HMnYJIbC H MOMCHT HM-
nYJIbCa MorYT npHHHMaTb JIHmb OnpCAeJIeUHbIH
}J,HCKpCTHbI pH)], 3HaqCHHH.
llJI CTal(HOHapHbIX COCTO HHH aTOMa BOAopOAa H3
ypaBHcHH llIpc}J,HHrcpa nOJIyqaCTC TOT :>KC caMbrn
Ha60p 3H,aqCHHH nOJIHOH 3HcprHH E aTOMa, qTO H no
TCOpHH Bopa H3 <POPMYJIbI (3.9):
4
E = me' e
n 8£2 h 2 n 2
o
IJ,CJIOC qHCJIO n B (popMYJIe (3.9) Ha3bIBaCTC TJIaBHbIM
KBaHTOBblM qHCJIOM. fJIaBHOC KBaHTOBOe'lHCJIO MO:>KeT
npHHHMaTb JII06bIC l(CJIbIC 3HaqCHH , HaqHHaR OT 1.
Op6HTaJIbHbIH MOMCHT KOJIHqCCTBa ABH:>KCHIDI i :;:: mvr
3JICKTpOHa B aTOMC MO:>KCT npHHHMaTb AHCKpCTHbIH
pH)], 3HaqCHHH, onpC}J,CJIHCMbIX <pOPMYJIOH:
L= :7t ' Jl(1+1) (3.26),
r}J,c h - nOCTo HHaH I1JIaHKa, [- l(CJIOC qHCJIO\ HaqH-
HaR OT O.
qHCJIO 1 Ha3bIBaeTC Op6UTaJIbHblM KBaHTOBbIM qHC-
, , h
JIOM. Hcno.nb3Y 0603HaqCHHC Ii = H3 $OPMYJIbI
27t
(3.26) nOJIyqHM:
L = li Jl(l + 1) (3.27)
OKa3aJIOCb, qTO KBaHTOBaHHbH 3HaqCHHH B aTOMC
npHHHMaIOT HC TOJIbKO nOJIHa 3HeprH E H Op6HTaJIb-
HbIH MOMeHT L 3JICKTpOHa, HO U npOeKl(H BCKTopa
Op6HTaJIbHOro MOMCHTa L Ha HeKOTOpyIO H36paHHYIO
OCb. I1pH nOMcm:eHHIi aTOMOB B MarHlITHOe nOJI Ta-
KOH H36paHHOH OCbIO AJI aTOMOB MO:>KCT CJIY:>KHTb,
HahpHMCp, OCb OZ, COBna,AaIOm:aR C HanpaBJIeHHeM
BCKTopa B MarliHTHOH HHAYKl(HH. B 3TOM, CJIyqae
<paKT KBaHTOBaHH npOCKl(HH L. BCKTopa 1. op6u-
TaJIbHOro MOMcma HMnYJIbCa Ha OCb OZ 03HaqaeT, qTO
npH nOMem:eHHH B MarHHTHoe nOJIC BeKTOp Op6HT b-
Horo HMnyJIbCa 1. HC MO:>KeT 6bITb opnCHTlipOBaH npo-
H3BOJIbHbIM OOpa30M no OTHomCHHIO K BCKTOPy B
MarHHTHoH HH)],YKl(HH.
606
<I>11311KA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO 51L{PA
'B03MO:>KHbIe 3Ha1femUI npOeKQMM Lz MOMeHTa MM
rrYJlbCa i Ha OCb onpe,nemIIOTC <l>OPMYJlOM:
Lz = m1i (3.28)
r,ne m = 1:1,:t2, ..:Ii (3.29)
qMCJlO m Ha3bIBaeTC MarHIITHhIM ICBaHTOBbIM 1fHC- '
JlOM. MarHHTHoe KlJaHTOBoe 'IMCJlO m He MO)f(eT 6bITb
60JlbIlIe Op6MTaJIbHOro KBaHTOBoro 1fMC a I no TOM
rrpH1fMHe, 1fTO rrpoeKQM BeKTopa Lz Ha OCb OZ He MO-
:>KeT 6bITb 60JlbIlIe MO.nyAA caMoro BeKTopa i.
B03MO:>KHbIe opMeHTaQMM BeKTopa i OTHOCMTeJlbHO
OCM Z A7I CJlY1faJi 1= 2 rrOKa3aHbI Ha pMC. 44.
sf
ILI=v'6 n
Lz=2h
Lz=h
Lz=O
Lz =-h
Lz = -2h
1=2
PHC. 44
IIpH M3Y1feHMM crreKTpoB meJlO1fHbIX MeTaJIJlOB 6bIJlO
06HaPY:>KeHO pa3,neJleHMe CrreKTpaJIbHbIX JlMHMM Ha
,nBe 01feHb 6J1M3KO pacnOJlO:>KeHHbIe JlMHMM. 113 SToro
<l>aKTa CJle,nOBaJIO, 1fTO SHepreTM1feCKMe ypOBHM aTOMa
HMeIOT TOHKYIO CTPYKTYPY, pa3.neJl IOTCH Ha ABa rro,n-
ypoBIDI. ):{.rnI 06MICHeHIDI 3Torn <I><iIcra 6bIJIa BbICKa3a.Ha
rMrrOTe3a 0 CYlI{eCTBOBaHJ:lM Y SJleKTpOHa co6cmeH-
Horo HJlM BHYTpeHHero MOMeHTa HMnYJlbCa. B pe-
3YJlbTaTe B3aMMo,neMCTBMH C ,nPyrMMM 3J1eKTpOHaMM
B 3aBMCMMOCTH OT opMeHTaQMM c06CTBeHHoro MOMeH-
Ta MMrrYJlbCa 3J1eKTpOHa MOrJla M3MeHIDbCH ero rroJl-
Ha5I SHepmH. 3Ta mrrOTe3a rroJlyqMJla rrOJlHOe 3Kcrre-
pMMeHTaJIbHOe rro,nTBep:>K,neHMe.
HaJIH1fMe c06CTBeHHoro MOMeHTa MMnYJlbCa Y 3J1eKT-
pOHa 3aCTaBJlHeT paCCMaTpMBaTb ero KaK omeKT, MMe-
lOm:MM c06CTBeHHoe BpalI{aTeJlbHOe ABM:>KeHMe. IIpe,n-
CTaBJleHMe 0 BHYTpeHHeM Bpam:eHMM SJleKTpOHa
rro,nTBep:>K,naeTCH M TeM, 1fTO B SKcrrepMMeHTax 06Ha-
PY:>KMBaeTCH MarHMTHoe rroJle SJleKTpOHa, rro,n06Hoe
rrOJlIO KpyroBoro SJleKTpM1feCKoro TOKa.
C06CTBeHHbIM MOMeHT MMrrYJlbCa SJleKTpOHa Ha3bIBa-
eTCH CnHHOM 3JIeICTpOHa. Bce SJleKTpOHbI 06J1a.naIOT
o,nHHaKOBbIM crrMHOM S, paBHbIM:
./3'
s=-1i (3.30)
'2
IIpoeKQHH CrrMHa 3J1eKTpOHa Ha rrpOM3BOJIbHYIO OCb
OZ KBaHTyeTcH rro TaKOMY :>Ke rrpaBHJlY (3.28), KaK M
npoeKQHH Op6MTaJIbHOro MOMeJrta MMllYJlbca H MO:>KeT
MMeTb 0.l{H0 M3 ,nBYX 3Ha1feHHM (pMC. 45):
5 =.!.1i IfJIM 5 =_.!.1i ( 3.31 )
z 2 z 2
5z
G
o
PHC. 45
B e,nHHMQax rrocToHHHOM IIJlaHKa C 1fepTOM 1'1 rrpoeK-
1
QMH crrMHa SJleKTpOHa MO:>KeT MMeTb 3Ha1feHMH :t 2",
rrOSTOMY 1faCTO .l{.1IH KpaTKOCTM rOBopHT, qTO crrMH
1
3J1eKTpoHa paBeH 2"
TaKMM 06pa30M KBaHToBoe COCTOHHMe SJleKTpOHa B
aTOMe orrpe,neJlHeTCH 1feTbIpbMB KB3HTOBbIMH 1fHCJIa,
MH: rJlaBHbIM KBaHTOBbIM 1fMCJlOM n, orrpe,neJUlIOII{IDJ:
rrOJlHYIO sHepmIO 3J1eKTpOHa, Op6HTaJIbHbIM KBaHTO-
BbIM qMCJlOM I, orrpe,neJUlIOII{HM Op6MTaJIbHbIM MOMeH
MMrrYJlbCa L 3J1eKTpOHa, MarHMTHbIM KBaHTOBbIM qMC-
JlOM m, orrpe,neJUlIOII{MM 3Ha1feHMe rrpoeKQMM Op6H-
TaJIbHOro MOMeHTa MMrrYJlbCa Lz Ha HeKoTopyIO OCb 02
M crrMHOBbIM 1fMCJlOM 5 z ' orrpe,neJlHIOII{MM rrpoeKQluQ
crrMHa SJleKTpOHa Ha OCb Oz.
Me:>K.ny rJlaBHbIM KBaHTOBbIM 1fMCJlOM n M op6MTaJIb
HbIM KBaHTOBbIM 1fMCJlOM I Bcer,na BbIlIOJlIDIeTCH YC-
JlOBMe:
I n -1 (3.32). ;
B Ta6J1MQe 3.1rrpe,nCTaBJleHbI Bee B03MO:>KHbIe KBaH-
TOBbIe COCTO HHH 3J1eKTpOHOB B aTOMe Bo,nopo,na ,nJI
3Ha1feHMH rJlaBHOrO KBaHTOBoro 1fMCJIa n, paBHbIx 1, 2
M 3. KBaHTOBbIe COCTOHHIDI SJleKTpoHa C op6If'ra.7Ib
HbIM KBaHTOBbIM 1fMCJlOM I, paBHbIM H}'JlIO, 1= 0, 0603-
Ha1faIOTCH 6YKBOM S C YKa3aHMeM rJlaBHoro KBaHTOBO-
ro 1fMCJla rrepe,n HeM; COCTO HMH C 1= 1 0603Ha1faIOTCH
6YKBOM p, C I = 2 - 6YKBOM d C YKa3aHMeM r.naBHoro
KBaHTOBoro 1fMCJla.
>I
CrpoeHlfe aTOMa
60,7
Ta:6JIHI:{a 3.1 B03MO:JlC1lbte 'KBallmOBbte COCmOJlllUR 8Jte'Kmp01l0B B amOMe Booopooa o.llJl3'1taf/e'ltuii n, paB'ltb/.X 1, 2, 3
rnaBHoe Op6MTan"Hoe 0603Ha'leHMe 3Ha'leHMe MarHMTHoe 3Ha'leHMe npoeKLIMA I.4McnO
KBaHTOBoe KBaHTOBQe KBaHTOBOro op6MTan"Horo KBaHTOBoe npoeKLlMM cnMHa B03MO)l(HIIIX
'1MCnO n '1MCnO I, COCTOAHMA MOMeHTa '1McnO m op6MTan"Horo 3neKTpoHa COCTOAHMiii
l';;;n-1 3neKTpOHa MMnynloCa Iml.;;;l/f MoMeH'I'B S
z
3neKTpOHa MMnynloCa
L =I1 Jl(l+ 1) Lz = mh
1
+-11
2
n=1 0 1s 0 0 0 2
1 ,
--11
2
1
+-11
2
0 2s 0 0 0
1
--11
2
1
+-11
2
0 0
1
--11
2
n=2 8
1
+-11
2
1 2p J211 - +1 +11
, 1
--Ii
, 2
1
+-11
2 -
" -1 -11
1
--11
2
. .4'
608
<I>H3HKA ATOMA H ATOMHOrO 51L{PA
Ta6JIHI a 3.1 B03Mo:NCHble 1C8allm08ble COcmOS1.1lWl 3JleKmp01l08 8 amOMe 80aopOaa aM 31la1l-e1f.UU n, pa81lb/.X 1, 2, 3
(npoao.n.:ncellue)
f"UHoe Op6MTan-.Ho4t 0603H"'HMtI 3Ha"'HM. MarHMTHoe 3Ha'!eH'" npO.14MII I.4MCIIO ,
KBaHTOBOe KBaHTOBoe KBaHTOBOfO op6MTan-.Horo KBaHTOBOe npoeKI4MM cnM a B03MOIICH..X
'!MCIIO n '!MCIIO I, CGaOIlHMII MOMeHTa '!MCIIO m op6MTan-.Horo aneKTpoHa COCTOIIHMM
n-1 aneKTpoHa MMnY"bCa Iml<;lil MOMeHTa S.
aneKTpoHa MMnynbCa
L= l1 .Jl(l+ 1) Lz =ml1
1
+-11
0 3s 0 0 0 2
.. 1
--h
2
1
0 0 +,11
1
--11
2
1
+-11
1 3p .J211 +1 +11 2
1
--11
2
1
+-11
-1 -11 2
1
--11
2
1
n=3 0 0 +,11 18
1
--11
2
1
+-11
+1 +11 2
1
--11
2
1
+-11
2 3d .J611 +2 2
+21i 1
--11
2
1
+-11
-1 2
-11 1
--11
2
1
+-11
-2 2
-21i 1
--11
'2
CrpoeHMe aTOMa
609
Ta6JIM nOKa3hIBaeT, qTO KaJK.l{OMY rJIaBHOMY KBaH-
TOBOMY 'IHCJIY n = 1,2,3 cooTBeTcTByeT 2n 2 paaJIMq-
HhIX B03MO>KHhIX COCTOHHMH 3JIeKTpoHa. ::ha 3aKOHO-
MepHOCTb BhInOJIHHeTCH .n;JIH JII06hIX 3HaqeHMH
rJIaBHOrO KBaHTOBOrO qMCJIa n,
KBaHToBoMeXaHMqeCKOe onMcaHMe .n;BM>KeHMH 3.11eK-
TpOHa npMHQMnMaJIbHO OTJIM'laeTCH OT OnMCaHMH .n;BM-
>KeHIDI TeJI B KJIaCCMqeCKOH MeXaHMKe. HanpMMep,l{.JlH
KBaHTOBOro COCTOHHIDI 1s B aTOMe Bo,nopo.n;a KBaHTO-
BOMeXaHH'leCKOe pemeHMe 3 aqM 0 .qBM>KeHMM 3JIeK-
TpOHa .n;aer omeT B BM)J;e <l>YHKQMMI 'II 1 2 pacnpe.n;e-
JIeHIDI BepOHTHOCTM npe6hIBaHIDI 3JIeKTpOHa B paaHhIX
TOqKaX npOCTpaHCTBa. ::ha <l>YHKQMH OKa3hIBaeTCH
c<I>epMqeCKM CMMMeTpMqHOH, TO eCTb,HMKaKMX nJIOC-
KMX 60pOBCKMX 3JIelcrpOHHhIX Op6MT B .n;eHCTBMTeJIb-
HOCTM He cyw;eCTByeT. He SlBJIHeTCH onpe,neJIeHHhIM
M paccToHHMe 3JIeKTpoHa OT H.n;pa. 3aBMCMMocTb Be-
poHTHOCTM HaxO)K)J;eHMH 3JIe TpOHa OT paccToHHMH r
OT HApa B COCTOHHMHX 1s M 2s aTOMa Bo,nopo,na,npe.n;-
CTaBJIeHa rpa<l>MKaMM Ha pl:lc. 46.
p,
o
..!...
rt
5
10
PHC. 46
15
PaCCTOHHMe OT 3JIeKTpOHa .n;o HApa OTCqMThIBaeTCH no
ropM30HTaJIbHO OCM B P MYCax rt nepBOH 60pOBC- ,
KOH Op6MTbI, MaKCMMyM ,l{.JIH COCTO IHMH 1s Ha aTOM
rpa<l> Ke COOTBeTcTByeT P MYCy rt nepBOH 60POBC-
KOH Op6MTS.
3TOT rpa<l>MK nOKa3hIBaeT, qTO 3JIeKTpOH B aTOMe BO-
.n;opo.n;a B OCHOBHOM COCTOHHMM MO>KeT HaxO.n;MTbCH Ha
pa3.JIH'll-lhIx paCCTOmIlUIX OT H,npa, HaqMHa5I OT HY JIH
M npMMepHO ,no 3HatIeHHH B miTb 60pOBCKMX paAlfY-
COB. 3HaqeHMe nepBoro 60pOBCKOro p Myca COOTBeT-
CTByeT paccToHHHIO OT H.n;pa, Ha KOTOpOM npe6hIBa-
HHe 3JIeKTpoHa mm60JIee BepOHTHo.
I1H PQIDI KJIaCCMqeCKoro MhImJIeHIDI Tpe6yeT KaKoro- ,
TO HarIDIAllOro 06pa3a ,l{.JIH npe.n;cTaJJJIeHMH S-COCTOH-
20 3u, 323
HHH aTOMa, B KOTOpOM 3JIeKTpoH ,nBH>KeTCH BOKpyr
HApa, 6bIBaer B pa3HhIX MecTaX BOKpyr Hero, :Mo,ero
Op6MTaJIbHhIH MOMeHT i = mvr OKa3bIOaeTcH paalli>t
HYJIIO. TaKoe .n;BM>KeHMe MO>KHP 'ce6e npe.n;CTaBMT ;
HanpHMep, KaK Ko,rye6aHWI 3JIeKTpOHa B.n;OJIb,npsmoH,
€Oe,nHHHIOw;eH H.n;pO H 3.j.1eKTpOH, JVlM iaK ,ZUJWKetiHe
BOKpyr H.n;pa no 3JIJIMflrnqeCKMM,op6»TaM C ,M3)(eml-
IOW;HMCH BO BpeMeHM nOJIO>KeHMeM llJIOCKOCTH,Op6H-
TbI B npOCTpaHCTBe. IIpM raKMX ,lJ;BM>KeHMH?{ cpe.D;tlee
3HatIeHMe Op6MTaJIbHOrO MOMeHTa MMnYJIbC ,9.n:eKT-'
pOHa paBHO HYJIIO OAHaK? 'TaKHe H,!-rJIH.iuI ie 6p b1'
He CJIe,nYIOT 3 KBaHTOBOMeXaHMqeCKOr<;> pe,n.re MH'
3 aqM 0 .n;BH>KeHMM 3JIeKTpOHa. 3 atIa onpe.n;eJIe'HHH
MCTMHHOH» TpaeKTopHM .n;BM>KeHHH 3JIeKTpOHa a
KBaHTOBOH MexaHMKe He HMee1' ,C;:MbIc:n:a. , ': ,
KOH<I>MrypaQHM 3JIeKTpOHHbIX 06RaKOB», nQJIyqeH-'
HhIe KBaHTOBOH MexaHMKOH WlfI paaJIwiHhIX KBaHTQ-
BhIX COCTOHHJfH 3JIeKTpOHOB B arOMe, npell#ralJJIeHhI
Ha pMC. 47.
1"
)',
--
0 "
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:. . ' '
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o '
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tjl d
r ) - r J
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PHC. 47
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,
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JIH, qTO aTOMHbIe .RApa, KaK H aTOMbI, MOIyr H3MeHSlTh
CBOIO BHYTpeHHIOIO 3HeprHIO TOJII»KO KBaHTOBaHHO,
onpeAeJleHHhlMH nOpUH.RMH. ATOMHoe MPO KIDK,ZJ;oro ;
H30TOIIa 06JIa.z:taeT CBOHM oc061>IM cneKTpOM B03MWIC-
HhlX SHepreTHqeCKHX COCTO.RHHii. KaK H aTOMhI, aTOM-
Hble .RApa 6eCKOHeqHO OJIro MOIyr H OAHTbC.R B
OCHOBHOM COCTO.RHHH C MHHHMaJIl»HblM 3anaCOM 3Hep-
I'HH. IIpH nOJIyqeHHH H36b1TKa 3HeprnH B pe3YJIbTaTe
CTOJIKHOBeHWI c KaKOH-JIH60 qacTHueii HJIH nOrJIOTHB
l'aMMa-KBaHT, MPO nepeXOAHT B OAHO H3 B03MOX<HhIX
.. 6 '
KBaHTOBhIX COCTO.RHHH C OJIbmHM 3aIIaCOM 3HeprnH.
B B03 eHHoM COCTO.RHHH aTOMHoe MPO HaxO,lUff-
C.R JIHmb 10- 13 - 10- 17 ceKYHAhI H 3aTeM B03BPantaeT"
CJI B OCHOBHoe COCTO.RHHe, OCB060JKZJ;asICb 01' H36h1TKa
3Heprnu HcnYCKaHHeM raMMapKBaHTa.
IIocKOJIbKy y .RAep KaJKZJ;oro H3OTona CBOH Ha60p BOs..
MO)KHm KBaHTOBhlX 3HepreTH'leC:KHX COCTO.RHHH, m
H JIHHeA'laThIii cneKT}> raMMa-H3JIyqeHHSI y Ka>IC,ZJ;Oro
u30rona OCo6eHHblH,
K no OnrnqeCKHM JIHHeHqaTblM cneKTpaM HCCJIe--
C.R CBoiiCTBa aTOMOB XHMH'leCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB, Tal(
no cneKTpaM raMMa-H3.nyqeHWI H3yqaIOTcSI CBOHCTBa
aTOMHhIX .RAep H3OTono&..
C}'IUeCTBeHHhlM OTJIH'lHeM .A:,ZJ;epHhlX raMMa-cneKTpoB'
01' aTOMHhlX OnrnqeCKHX cneKTpOB SlBJISleTCSI B COTHIH
ThICSI1{ HJIH MHJIJIHOHhI paa 60JIbmasI 3HeprnSl raMMa!"
KBaHTOB no CpaDHeHmo C :=mepmeii $OTOHOB BH,ZUI" '
MOro CBeTa. r
IIpHMep cxeMbI 3HepreTHqeCKHX ypOBHeH aTOMHOM
.RApa npHBeAeH Ha pHcYHKe 63.
ATOMHoe JI.lI:pO
625
f; M3B
2,87
2,78
2,60
2,26
2,13
1,67'
0,81
//////////////////////// 0
58 F .
26 e
Puc. 63
113Y'IeHHe JlHHeH'IaTb!X CrreKTpOB H3J1Y'IeHIDI aTOl\f-
HbIX H ep rr03BOJIWIO BbUlCHHTb MHorne oc06eHHoc-
TH C1J>oeHHH aTOMHbIX H ep, OKaaaJIOCb, '1TO HYKJIO-
HbI B aTOMHbIX JI.lI:pax rro 06Ho 3J1eKTpOHaM B aToMax
rrO '1HHHIOTCH rrpHH Hrry IIaYJlH: Ba HYKJIOHa' He
MOryr O HOBpeMeHHO HaxO,ltHTbCH B JI.lI:pe B O HOM H
TOM :x<e KBaHTOBOM COCTOHHHH. IIOCKOJIbI<Y npOTOHbI
06JIa.n;aIOT nOJIy eJIbIM crrHHOM, Ha caMOM HH3KOM
3Heprern'leCKOM ypOBHe MOryr HaxO HTbCB O HOBpe-
MeHHO.l(Ba rrpOTOHa C IIpOTHBOrrOJIO:X<HOH opHeHTaItH-
eH CIIHHa. IIpH B03HHKHOBeHHH JI.lI:pa, Co ep)Kamero
11'H rrpQTOHa, 11'enlH rrpOTOH OJI:x<eH rrepemH Ha 60-
JIeeBbICOKHH ypOBeHb. J{aK B aTOMe KCi)I(JJ;OMY HOBO-
MY :'mepreTH'IecKOMY ypOBHIO COOTBeTCTByeT HOBaH
,3HepreTH'leCKCUI 06JIo'lKa, TaK H B H pe rrpOTOHbI H
HeH:11'OHbI 3arrOJIHBIOT 060JlO'lKH. 3arrOJIHeHHbIM 060-
JIO'lKaM H3 rrpOTOHOB COOTBeTCTBYIOT '1HCJIa 2, 8, 20,
28, 50, 82.
KaK H aTOMbI, H pa C 3arrOJIHeHHbIMH 060JlO'lKaMH
OKa3bIBaIOTCB HaH60JIee rrpO'lHO CBH3aHHbIMH CHCTe-
MaMH 1{aCTH . OHH 06J1a.n;aIOT rrOBbIilleHHbIMH 3Ha'le-
HIDIMH y eJIbHOH 3HepOIH CBH3H, C MeHbilleH Bepom-
HOCTbIO BCTyrraIOT BO B3aHMO eHCTBHH C pyrHMH
H,lij>aMH H qaCT H.
HeHTpoHbI 3arrOJIHBioT CBOH c06cTBeHHbIe 060JIOqKH
C TaKHMH X<e 3Ha'leHHBMH '1HCeJI, KaK y rrpOTOHOB,
.Sbpa C 3arrOJlHeHHbIMH rrpOTOHaMH H HeHTpOHaMH
060JIO'lKaMH oc06eHHO rrpO'lHbI H YCTOH'IHBbI. IIep-
BbIH: rrpHMep TaKOro Mpa - JI.lI:pO H30Torra reJIHB He
(WIH aJIb<l>a-qaCTH a), B KOTOpOM Bce rrpOTOHbI H, HeH:-
TpOHbI HaxO,nHTCH Ha CaMOM HH3KOM 3HepreTH'IeCKOM
ypOBHe H 3TOT ypOBeHb 3arrOJIHeH (pUC. 64).,
21 3ax.. 323 '
4He
2
Puc. 64
B JI.lI:pe H30TOrra.1IHTIDl Li O HH IIpOTOH' H O,AHH Hem-
pOH BbIHY)I(,ZJ;eHbI 3arrOJIIDITb JIee BbIcoKHii 3Hepreru-
'1ecKHiiypoBeHb (pHC. 65). BpeaYJlbTIlTey,neJlbHCUI mep-
rHH CBH3H HYKJIOHOB B H pe H30Torra JlHTHH :Li
OKa3bIBaeTCH 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO HIDKe y eJibHOH 3HeprnH
CWI3H H)'KJIOHOB B JI.lI:pe H301'orra reJlIDI He (CM, 3a.n:a-
qH 1 H 2 B caMOCTOHTeJIbHOH pa60Te H pHC. 61).
6 L "
3 I
Puc. 65
CTa61U1bHble H HKTa6HnbHble RAP.
(ypoBeH. i)
.SbepHbIe CWIbI rrpHTH:x<eHIDI Me)K)l;y rrp01;OHaMH Ha
KOpOTKHX paCCTOIDIIDIX B eCHTKH pa3 rrpeBoCxo,nHT
KYJlOHoBCKHe CWIbI OTTaJIKHBaHIDI, Me)K)l;y HeH11'OHa-
MH :x<e BOQ6 e tie eH:CTBYIOT CWIbI KYJIOHOBCKoro
OTTaJIKHBaHHH. II03TOMY MO)KH 6bIJIO OX<H.Zt8Tb cy-
ecTBOBaHIDI aTOMHbIX H ep c JlI06bIMH KOM6HHa H-
H H qHCeJI IIpOTOHOB H HeH11'OHoB B HHX. B e cTBH-
TeJIbHOCTH CYJneCTBYJOT a.neKO He BCHKHe aTQMHbIe
H pa, KaKHe MOrJIH 6bI 6bITb,
Ha pHC. 66 rrpe CTa.BJIeHa. ,ltHarpaMMa pacrrpe,neJIeHIDI
cTa6WIbHbIx H pa.n;HOaKTHBHbIX H30TonOB rro ''1HCJIY
cOAepX<a HxcH B HHX rrpoToHoB Z H HeiITpoHoB N.
CTa6WIbHbIe, H)Xpa rrpe CTaBJIeHbI qepHbIMH KBa.n;pa-
TaMH. 6eJIbIMH KBa.ztpaTaMH rrpeJ!cTaBJIeHbI PMHOaK-
THBHbIe JI pa, CTa6uhHhle JI,npa pacnOJIaraIOTCJI
Y3KQH: rrOJIOCOH IIpHMepHO B.l\OJIh HarOHaJIH.zumrpaM-
MbI. HeCTa611JIhHNe JlApa 06pa3YJOT BOKpyr ux He-
MHOrO 60JIee lIIHpOKy-IO rroJIocy.
626
, <1>M3MKA ATOMA M ATOMHorO H1J:PA
N
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
n
. ..
.. ......
.... . .
........ ..
....... . ...
....... . ..
..... . .....
...... .. ...
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80
70
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.5 ::55:-
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60
50
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40
30
20,
10
o
20
50
30
40
10
60
PRC. 66
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I
· CTa6HI1bHbie SJApa
C Pap,HOaKTHBHble SJApa
70
80
90
100
z
ATOMHoe MPO
621
B03MO:/KHOCTb cymecTBOBaHHH YCTOHqHBOrO Mpa H3
A HYKJIOHOB onpeJ.(eJIHeTCH npHHD;HnoM MHHHMYMa
9HepOiH CHCTeMbI.
HeKoTopbIe CHCTeMbI H3 npOTOHOB H HeHTpoHoB 06JIa-
J.(aIOT He60JIbmHM H36bITKOM 9HepoiH H HaxOJ,(jlTCH Ha
rpaHH YCTOHqHBOCTH. OHM He pacna,n;aIOTCH MrHOBeH-
HO, HO KaJKJ.(oe TaKoe H,ZJ;pO MO:/KeT C HeKOTopoH Bepo-
HTHOCTbIO A HCnbITaTh caMonpOH3BOJIhHO npeBpam;e-
HHe B J.(pyroe H,ZJ;pO H H36aBHTbcH npH 9TOM or H36bITKa
9HeprHH. TaKoe caMonpOH3BOJIbHOe npeBpam;eHHe
Mep H Ha3bIBaeTCH pB,lUlOaKTHBHbIM paCn8,lJ;0M.
. ' I
Cym;eCTByeT J.(B8 BHJ.(a caMonpOH3BOJIbHbIX npeBpam;e-
HHH aTOMHbIX HJ.(ep - J.(HHaMHqeCKaH HeCTa6HJIb-
HOCTh H 6eTa-paCn8,lJ;.
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60e npeBpam;eH;He aToMHoro HJ.(pa C H3MeHeHHeM qHC-
'JIa HYKJIOHOB B HeM. 3TO, HanpHMep, BbI6poc H3 pa
rpyrrnbI H3 J.(BYX npOTOHOB H J.(BYX HeHTpOHOB, Ha3bI-
BaeMbIH 8JIb«!>a-paCn8,lJ;0M, BbI6poc npOTOHa HJIH HeH-
TpOHa HJIH caMOn;pOH3BOJIbHOe J.(eJIeHHe H,ZJ;pa Ha J.(Be
npHMepHO paBHbIe qaCTH.
.aJIH BbIHCHeHIDI npHpOJ.(bI aJIb$a-H3JIyqeHHH Pe3ep-
c!>OPJ.( BhillOJIHHJI 3aMeqaTeJIbHbIH onbIT. OH nOMeCTHJI
pa.l{HOaKTHBHbIH aJIeMeHT, HcnYCKaIOmHH aJIh$a-H3-
JIyqeHHe, B CTeKJIHHHYIO Tpy6KY C TaKHMH TOHKHMH
CTeHKaMH, qTO aJIhc!>a-H3JIyqeHHe npoHHKaJIO CKB03b
HHX. CaMa Tpy6Ka C paJ.(HoaKTHBHbIM Bem;eCTBOM
6bIJia nOMem;eHa BHYTPh J.(pyroH CTeKJIHHHOH Tpy6KH
C TOJICTbIMH CTeHKaMH. M3BTOpOH Tpy6KH 6bIJI BbI-
KaqaH B03J.(YX. Qepe3 J.(Be HeJ.(eJiH nOCJIe HaqaJIa 9KC-
nepHMeHTa BO BroPOH Tpy6Ke no JIHHeji'qaTOMY cneK-
TPy H3JIyqeHHH 6bIJIO 06HapY:/KeHO He60JIhIllOe
KOJIHqecTBO ra3a reJIIDI.
3THM onbITOM 6bIJIO J.(OKa3aHO, 'ITO aJIbc!>a-qaCTHD;a
HBJIHeTCH H)ij)OM aTOMa reJIIDI.
I ATOMHOe H,ZJ;pO H30TOna X cnoc06HO K aJIb«!>a-pac-
n8,lJ;Y, eCJIH Macca 3Toro JlJ.(pa mJt 60JIbme CYMMbI
Macc SI,lq>a m ll HaOTona t. Y H aJIb«!>a-qaCTHnbI ma:
m",>mll+ma
(4.8)
M3yqeHHe aJIbc!>a-pacna,n;a nOKa3aJIO, qTO H3 OJ.(HHa-
KOBbIX Mep aJIbc!>a-qaCTH BbIJIeTaIOT C OJ.(HHa OBOH
KHHernqeCKOH aHepmeH. 31)' 9HepFHIO OHH npH06-
peTaIOT B pe3yJIbTaTe J.(eHcTBHH KYJIOHOBCKHX CHJI OT-
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TaTbCH 4BTOJIKHYTb»' 06paTHo B TO MPO, H3 KOToporo
OHa BbIJIeTeJIa, TO aHeprHH aJIbc!>a-qaCTHD; OKa3bIBa-
eTCH HeJ.(OCTaTOqHOHJ.(JIH npeOJ.(OJIeHIDI J.(eHCTBIDI KY-
JIOHOBCKHX CHJI OT,TaJIKHBaHHH HJ.(pa npOJ.(YKTa. 3TY
oc06eHHOCTb aJIhc!>a-pacna,ZJ;R 06'bHCHHeT KBamOBaH
MexaHHKa Ha OCHOBe npeJ.(CTaBJIeHHH 0 BOJIHOBbIX
CBOHCTBax qaCTHD;.
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Ha pHCYHKe 67 aJIbc!>a-pacnaJJ: Mpa H30Tona ypaHa
2:U npeJ.(cTaBJIeH J.(HarpaMMOH aHeprernqecKHx YPOB-
HeH HCXOJ.(HOro Mpa 2 :U H HJ.(pa-np0.l(yKTa 2 Th co
CTpeJIKaMH, YKa3bIBaIOm;HMH B03MO:/KHbIe nepexoJ.(bI C
HcnycKaHHeM aJIbc!>a-qaCTHD; H raMMa-KBaHTOB. .aHar-
paMMa nOKa3hIBaeT, qTO B03MO)KHbI J.(Ba BapHaHTa npe-
Bpam;eHHH HJ.(pa ypaHa 238 B MPO TOpIDI 234. 'B OJ.(-
HOM BapHaHTe npOHCXOJ.(HT BbI6poc aJIhc!>a-qaCTHD;bI
C aHepmeH 4,18 MaB C 06pa30BaHHeM HJ.(pa TdpIDi: B
OCHOBHOM COCTOHHHH. B J.(pyrOM npoHcxoJ.(HT Hcnyc-
KaHHe aJIhc!>a-qaCrnD;bI C 9HepmeH 4,13 M9B C 06pa-
30BaHHeM HJ.(pa TOpIDI B BP036Y:/KJ.(eHHoM COCTOa:HHH.
3aTeM MPO TOpIDI nepexoJ.(HT B OCHOBHoe COCToa:HHe
C HcnYCKaHHeM raMMa-KBaHTa C 9HepmeeH 0,05 ,MaE.
238u
92
234 Th
90 ..
PRC. 67
6eTa-pacn8,lJ; eCTb npoD;ecc caMonpOH3BOJIbHoro H3-
MeHeHIDI 3apHJ.(oBoro qHCJIa Z aTOMHoro Mpa B pe-
3YJIbTaTe npeBpam;eHIDI HeHTpoHa B npoToH HJIk npo-
TOHa B HeHTpoH B aTOMHOM a:APe 6e3 H3MeHeHHH
MaCCOBoro qHCJIa A.
B03MO:/KHOCTb npeBpam;eHHH HeHTpoHa, B npoToH ,B
aTOMHOM H.zqJe JIerKO 06'bHCH;HMa, TaK Ka1cMacca HeH-
TpoHa m n npeBbImaeT Maccy npoToHa mp 60JIee qeM
Ha J.(Be MaCCbI 9JIeKTpOHa me. M36bITOK MaCCbI Y HeHT-
pOHa no cpaBHeHHIO C CYMMOH Macc npOTOHa H aJIeKT-
pOHa 03HaQaeT Ii H36bITOK 9HepmH. CJIeJ.(OBaTeJIhHO,
628
<I>M3MKA ATOMA M ATOMHOrO H.l{PA
npeBpameHHe HeHTpOHa B npOTOH H 3JIeKTpOH He npo-
THBOpeqHT 3aKOH}' COXpaHeHIDI9Hepnrn. HeT npemIT-
CTBHH H co CTOpoHbI 3aKOHa coxpaHeHHH 3JIeKTpH1.J:.eC-
Koro 3apH.n;a, TaK KaK CYMMa 3apH.n;OB npOTOHa H
9JIeKTpoaa paBHa HYJlIO, O.n;HaKO ec b emc O.n;HH 3a-
KOH coxpaHeHHH - 3aKOH ,COXpaHeHIDI MOMeHTa HM-
nYJlbca.
MOMeHT HMnYJIbCa HBJIHCTCH MepOH BpanUlTeJIbHOrO
.n;BIDKeHIDI TCJI. B JII060H 3aMKHyroH CHCTCMe MOMeHT
HMnyJIbCa OCTaeTCJI HeH3MeHHbIM npH ]JI06bIX B3aH-
Mo.n;eHCTBHHX H n eBpameHHHX BHYTpH CHCTCMbI.
MOMeHT HMnYJlbCa HeiITpOHa (cnHH HeHTpOHa) paBeH
1
'2 12 , TaKHMH )Ke cnHHaMH o6JIa.naro:r 3JICKTpOH H npo-
TOH, CYMMa'MoMeHToB HMnYJIbCOB npoToHa 11 3JIeKT-
pOHa MO)KCT 6bITb paBHoH TOJIhKO h HJIH 0, TaK KaK
, cnHHbI qaCTHD; OpHe'HTHpYIOTCH napaJIJIeJIbHO HJlH
aHT1Inapa.n:JIeJIbHo. CJIe.n;oBaTeJIbHO, 3aKOH coxpaHe-
HHH MOMeHTa HMny'JlhCa 3anpemaeT npeBpameHHe
HeHTpoHa B npoToH H 9.7IeKTpoH. O.n;HaKo, 6eTa-pac-
na.n;bI aTOMHhIX H.n;ep npOHCxO.l(jlT, H3 H.n;ep BhIJIeTaIOT
3JIeKTpOHbI, Ha3hIBaeMbIe 6eTa-qaCTHD;aMH, a B Mpe-
npO.n;YKTe qHCJIO npOTOHOB nOCJIe 6eTa-paCna.n<1 YBe-
JlHqHBaCTCH Ha e.n;HHHD;y, KaK 6y.n;TO 6bI no.n;TBcp>KJJ:as!
npeBpameHHe HeHTpoHa B npOTOH H 3JICKTpOH.
BhIXO.n; H3 C03.n;cmmerocSi npoTHBopeqIDI Me>K.l{yHa6JIIO-
.n;aeMbIM 4>aKTOM H TCOpHCH npCMO)KHJI B 1931 ro.n;y
HCMeD;KHH 4>H3HK BOJIh4>raHr IIaYJlH, BbI.n;BHHYB
mnoTe3Y 0 cymecTBoBaHHH B npHpo.n;e eme O.n;HOH
3JIeMeHTapHoH qaCTHD;bI - HCHTpHHO. ha qaCTHD;a
. 1 .
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KOro 3apH.n;a H 06JIa.n;aTb OqeHh MaJIOH MaCCOH. ECJIH
TaKas! qaCTHD;a cymeCTBYCT, TO npH 6eTa-pacna.n;e HeH-
TpOH pacna.n;aeTCH He Ha .n;Be, a Ha TpH qaCmD;bI C I10-
.1I)'D;eJIbIM cnHHOM H 3aKOH coxpaHCHIDI MOMeHTa HM-
nYJIhCa HC HapymaeTCH.
rHnOTe3a IIaYJlH 0 cymCCTBOBaHHH HeHTpHHO n03.n;-
Hee nOJI)"IHJIa 9KcnepHMeHTaJIhHOC no.n;TBep)K.n;eHHe.
qacTHn;y; HcnYCKaeMyID npH npCBpam;eHHH HCHTpOHa
B npOTOH, Ha3BaJIH aHTHHeHTpHHO. Ec 0603HaqaIOT rpc-
qeCKOH 6YKBOH .HIO»- CO 3HaqKOM .-»- cBepxy: v.
IIpeBpameHHe HeHTpOHa B npoTOH, 3JIeKTpOH H aHTH-
HeHTpHHO 3anHCbIBaeTCH CHMBOJIHqeCKH:
n -+ p+ + e- + V
(4.9)
ECTeCTBe HO B03HHKaCT Bonpoc, nOqeMY )Ke HeiiTpo-
HbI npeBpamaIOTCH B IIpOTOHhI TOJIbKO BHyrpH MCP
HCKOTOpbIX H30TonOB, a He BO Bcex aTOMHhlX H.npax?
IIpH coe.n;HHeHHH npOTOHOB H HeHTpOHOB B H.n;pO BbI-
.n;eJIHCTCH' 9HcprHH CBH3H H Macca SI.n;pa y6hIBacT Ha
BeJIHqHHY .n;e4>eKTa MaCCbI !J.m. Y MeHhmaeTCH COOT-
BCTCTBeHHO 3HeprHH, npHXO.n;Hmas!CH Ha O.n;HH HeHT-
pOM B Mpc. npeBpam,ellHe HeATpoHa B npOTOH B sr.npe
H30Tona X BOSMOXCHO B TOM CJIY'lae, eCJIH Macca
HCXO.n;Boro sr.npa m z oom,me cyMMhI MaCChI m 1l sr.npa-
npo.n;)'KTa oeTa-pacna,na Z:1 Y H m. 3J1eKTpOHa:
m z >"', + m. (4.10)
IIpllMepoM eCTCC1BeHHOrO 6eTa-pa.nHOaKTHBHOro H30-
Toqa HBJIHeTCH, H30Ton yrJIepo.n;a 14. B pe3YJIbTaTe
6eTa-pacna.n;a 3apH.n;oBOC qHCJIO Z sr.npa YBeJIHqHBaCT-
CH Ha e.n;HHHD;y H MPO yrJIepo.n;a 14 npeBpamaeTCH B
H.npO a30Ta 14. CxeMa pacna.n;a sr.npa YrJIepo.n;a npHBc-
.n;eHa Ha pHCYHKe 68.
14C
6
14N
7
,PRC. 6.68
B 1934 ro.n;y <I>pe.n;epHK H MpeH )l{oJIHo-KIOPH 06Ha-
pyx<HJIH, qTO npH 06JI)"IeHHH aJIlOMHHHH aJIb4>a-qaC-
THD;aMH npoHcxo.n;flT npeBpameHHe H.n;ep aJIIOMHHIDI
B Mpa 4>oc4>opa C HcnycKaHHcM HeHTpoHoB:
Al+ Hc-+ P+ n
H.n;pa H30Tona 4>oc4>opa OKa3a.7IHCb Pa.nHoaKTHBHbI-
MH. OHH HcnYCKaJIH n0311Tp0HhI - qaCTHD;hI C MaC-
COH 3JIeKTpOHa, HO C nOJIO)KHTeJlhHhIM 9JIeMCHTapHhlM
9JIeKTpHqCCKHM 3apMOM, H HeHTpHHo. IIpOAYKTOM
pacna.n;a H.n;pa H30Tona 4>oc4>Qpa 30 HBJIHeTCH JI.n;po
H30TOna KpCMHIDI 30:
30 p 30 S ' +
15 -+ 14 1 + e + v.
3TO 6bIJIO OTKphITHe B03MO)KHOCTH. HCKYCCTBCHHO
'C03.n;aBaTb pa.nHoaKTHBHbIe H30TonhI IIyrcM 60M6ap-
.n;HpoBKH cTa6HJIhHbIX Mep aJIh4>a-qaCTHD;aMH H o.n;-
HOBpeMeHHo OTKphITHe HOBOro BH.n;a pa.n;HoaKTHBHO-
CTH - n03HTpoHHOI'O oeTa-pacn a.
ATOMHoe H,l!po
629
IIpH n03HTpOHHOM 6eTa-pacna,zte BHYTPH H pa npo-
HCXO.l(HT npeBp eHHe npoTOHa B HeH1'pOH no cxeMe
p+ -+n+e+ +v e (4.11)
KaK :x<e Mo:x<eT npeBpaTHTbcH npoToH B HeiiTpoH H
n03HTpoH, eCJIH Macca cBo6o HOro HeHTpOHa 60JIbme
MacCbI cB06o Horo npoToHa?
Cnoc06HocTb K n03HTpOHHoMY pacna,ztY o6HapY:X<H-
BaIOT TaKHe aTOMHble H pa, KOTOphlX YMeHbmeHHe
KOJID;':leCTBa npOTOHoB Ha e HHHI!Y 3a C':IeT npeBpa-
m;eHHH npoToHa B HeHTpoH npHBO HT K YMeHbmeHHIO
nOJIHOH :'mepmH H,l!pa 3a C':IeT YMeHbmeHIDI 3HepmH
KYJIOHOBCKoro B3aHMO eHCTBHH npoTOHOB B H,l!pe.
po H3OTona X MoxceT HCBhlThIB8Tb n0311TpoH-
IIbdt 6eTa-paCn8,lJ;, eCJIH eto Macca 60Jlbme CyMMbI
MaCChi a,npa H30Tona z y 'H Macchi me 8JIeKTPOHa:
mz>m,+m.
(4.12)
Ko
JIatfoJlibt.
T eCT Nt4 (ypo.eHIt A)
1. B aTOMHOM H pe co ep:X<HTcH 25 npOTOHOB H 30
HeHTpoHoB. KaKHM nOJIO:X<HTeJIbHblM 3apH oM,
Bblpa:x<eHHblM B SJIeMeHTapHblx 3JIeKTpH':IeCKHX
3apH,l!ax +e, 06JIa,ztaeT 3TO aTOMHoe H pO? ,
o A. +5e. 0 E. +25e.
o B., +30e., 0 f. +55e.
o /1.. O.
2. qTO o HHaKoBo Y aTOMOB p83HblX H3OTonOB O HO-
ro XHMH':IeCKoro SJIeMe Ta H ':ITO Y HHX p83JIH':IHO?
o A. O HHaKOBbI 3apsI:D;hI H MaCCbI aTOMHbIX H,l!ep,
pa3JIH':IHbI XHMH1teCKHe CBOHCTBa aTOMOB.
o E. O.l(HHaKOBbI 3apMhI H,l!ep, pa3JIH':IHbI Mac-
CbI H ep H XIt:MH':IeCKHe CBoHcTBa aTOMOB.
o B. O HHaKOBbl3apH,l!bI H ep H XHMH':IeCKHe
cBOHcTBa aTOMOB, p83JIH'UlbI MaCCbI H,l!ep.
o f. O.nHHaKoBhI MaCChi H,l!ep, p83JIH':IHbI 3apH-
bI H,l!ep H XHMH':IecKHe CBOHCTBa aTOMOB,
o /1.. O HHaKOBbI MaCCbI H ep H XHMH':IeC He
cBOHcTBa aTOMOB, pa3JIH':IHhI 3aPMbI H ep,
3. 113 KaKHX ':IaCTHI! COCTOHT H,l!p aTOMO ?
o A. '113 npOTOHOB.
o E, 113' HeHTpOHOB.
o B. 113 npOTOHOB, HeHTpoHOB H 8JIe:KTpOHOB.
o f. 113 npoTOHOB H HeHTpOHOB.
o /1.. 113 nPQTOHOB H 3JIe:KTpOHOB
4. B aTOMHOM H pe CO ep)KHTCH Z npoToHoB H N HeH-
TpOHOB, qeMY paBHO MaCCOBoe ':IHCJIO A 8Toro
H,l!pa?
o A. Z,
o B. Z-N.
o /1.. Z+N.
ORN.
o f. N-Z.
5. CKOJIbKO SJIeKTpOHOB CO ep)KI:ITCH B 8JIeKTpOHHOH
060JIO':lKe HeHTpaJIbHOrO aTOMa, Y KOToporo H,l!pO
COCTOHT H36 npoToHoB H 8 HeHTpoHo8?
OE,8,
Of,14.
;DA6.
o B.2.
o [1., O.
6. Macca aTOMHoro H pa H3 Z npoToHoB H N HeHTpo-
HOB paBHa m", Macca npOTOHa mp' Macca HeHT}>OHa
m n . qeMY palma :'mepmH CBH3H H pa?
o A. m,.c? '
o E, (m g + Z.mp + Nmn)c?
o B. (m g - Z.mp - Nm,.)c?
D f. (Z.mp + Nm n - m,,)c?
o /1.. (Z'rn" + Nmn)c?
7. BbI eJIHe CH WIH norJIQm;aeTc: 3HepmHnpH 06pa-
30BaHHH aToMHoro H pa H3 cBo6o HhIX npOToHoB
H HeHTpoHoB? '
o A. BbI eJIHeTcH.
o E. IIor.1Jom;aeTcH,
o B. IIpH 06p830BaHHH JIerKHX H,l!ep B eMeT-
CH, npH 06paaoBaHHH TH:X<eJIblX H ep nOrJIO- '
m;aeTc .
. 0 f. IIpH o6p83oBaHHH JIerKHX H,l!ep nOrJIOm;a-
eTCH, npil 06p830BaHHH TH:x<eJIhIX H ep BbI-
eJIHeTCH.
o /1., 3HepIWI He BbI,lJ;eJIHeTCH H He nOrJIOm;aeTCH.
630
<I>M3MKA ATOMA M ATOMHOrO }I.l{PA
8. 3HepmH CBH3H H,ZJ;pa H3 ,nBYX npOTOHOB H TpeX HeH-
TpOHOB paBHa 27,34 MaB. "geMY paBHa y,neJIbHaH
9HepmH CBH3H H,npa?
M3B
'0 A. 13,67-.
H}'KJI
M3B
o B.5,47-,
H)'KJ1
M3B
o .l{. 136,7-.
H}'KJI ,
M3B
DB. 9,11-.
H}'KJI
M3B
Dr. 54,68-.
H}'KJI
9. .l{JIH BbIqHCJIeHHH aHeprHH CBH3H Mpa B CM no
,
4>oPMYJIe E CD = lYnc 2 B KaKHX e,nHHHI.1aX HY)KHO BbI-
paaHTb 3HaqeHHe ,ne$eKTa MaCCbI !!:.m Mpa?
o A. B aTOMHblX enHHHI.1aX MaCCbI (a. e. M.).
o B. B MeraaJIeKTpOHBOJIhTaX (MaB).
o 'B. B MHJIJIHrpaMMax.
o r. B rpaMMax.
o .l{. B KHJIOrpaMMax.
10. Y,neJIbHaH aHeprHH CBH3H HYKJIOHOB B H,D;pe, co-
,nep)KaIUeM TPH npoToHa H qeTbIpe HeHTpoHa, paB-
M3B '
Ha 5,6 -. KaKoBo MHHHMaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe
H}'KJI
9HepmH, Heo6xo,nHMoe WIH nOJIHoro paa,neJIeHim
9TOro Hnpa Ha cBo6o,nHble HeHTpoHbI H npoToHbI?
o A. 5,6 MaB.
o B. 16,8 MaB.
O. .l{. 0,8 M9B.
TeeT NilS (yPOBeHIt &)
1. ECJIH C6JIH)KaTh Ha paCCTOHHHe ,neHcTBIDI MepHbIX
eHJI napbI qaCTHI.1 npOTOH-npOTOH (p-p), npOTOH-
HeKrpoH (p-n) H HeHTpoH-HeHTpoH (n-n), TO B Ka-
KHX napax o6HaPY)KHTCH ,neHcTBHe MepHbIX CHJI
npHTH)KeHHH? ,
o A. TOJIhKO B nape p-p.
, 0 .E. TOJIbKO B nape p-n.
'0 B. TOJIbKO B nape n-n.
o r. B napax p-n H ,,!-n..
o .l{. B napax p-p, p-n H n-n.
2. 06Hap}')i<eHo, qTO H,nepHbIe CHJIbI 06JIa,lJ;aIOT CBOH-
CTBOM HaCbIIUeHHH. qTO 3HaqHT aTO YTBep)K,neHHe?,
DB.
Dr.
39,2 MaB.
24,4 MaB.
o A. q TO onHH HYKJIOH B Mpe MO)KeT Ol1HOBpe-
MeHHO BCTynaTb B HnepHoe tJaaHMOneH-
CTBHe JIHllIb C He60JIbllIHM qHCJIOM cocen-
HHX C HHM HYKJIOHOB.
o B. qTOOJ1HHHYKJIOHBMpeMO)KeTOl1HOBpeMeH-
HO B3aH fOneHCTBOBaTh H,ltepHbIMH CHJIaMH co
BCeMH OCTaJIbHbIMH H)'KlIOHaMH B H,ZI;pe.
B. qTO H,ltepHble CHJIbI 6bICTpO y6bIBaIOT C pac-
CTOHHHeM.
o
..
o r. qTO MepHble CHJIbI He 3aBHCHT OT paCCTOH-
HIDI.
o .l{. qTO MepHble CHJIbI He 3aBHCHT OT HaJIHqHH
aJIeKTpHqeCKOrO 3apMa Y HYKJIOHa.
3. }I,ltepHble CHJIbI Ha3bIBaIOT CHJIaMH o6MeHHoro
THna. qeM oOMeHHBaIOTcH Me)K,lty C060H HYKJIOHbI
B aTOMHOM Mpe?
o A. IIpoToHaMH.
o B. HeHTpoHaMH.
o B. 3JIeKTpoHaMH.
o r. <DoToHaMH.
o .l{. IIHoHaMH.
4. KaKoB cneKTp aHepreTHqeCKHX COCTOHHHH aTOM-
HOro Mpa H KaKHe qaCTHI.1bI HcnYCKaeT MPO npH
nepexo,lte H3 B036Y)K,lteHHoro COCTOHHHH B HOp-
MaJIbHoe?
o A. CneKTp COCTOHHHH JIHHeHqaTbIH, HcrrycKa-
eT raMMa-KBaHTbi.
o B. CneKTp COCTOHHHH JIHHeHqaTbIH, HcnYCKa-
eT 6eTa-qaCTHI.1bI.
o B. CneKTp COCTOHHHH JIHHeHliaTbIH, HcnYCKa-
eT 6eTa-qaCTHl1hI.
o r. CneKTp COCTOHHHH JIHHeHqaTbIH, Hcnyc-
KaTb MO)KeT aJIb$a-qaCTHI.1bI, 6eTa-liaCTHIJ;bI
H raMMa-KBaHTbI.
o .l{. CneKTp COCTOHHHH CnJIOlliHOH, HcnycKaTb'
MO)KeT aJIb$a-qaCTHI.1bI, 6eTa-qaCTHI.1bI H
raMMa-KBaHTbI.
5. ATOMHoe MPO C 3apMOBbIM qHCJIOM Z, MaCCOBbIM
, qHCJIOM A H qHQIOM HeHTpOHoB N HCnbITaJIO aJIb$a-
pacna,lJ;. KaKOBbI 3HaqeHIDI 3apMoBoro qHCJIa, Mac-
COBoro qHCJIa H qHCJIa HeHTpOHOB Y H.Zq>a-npO.ztYK-
Ta aJIb$a-pacnana? '
....;:
.
ATOMHoe H,npO
63f
o A. Z-2. A, N-2.
o B. Z-2, A-2, N-2.
o B. Z-2,A-4,N-2.
o r. Z-1, A, N+1.
o L{. Z+1, A, N-1.
6. AToMHoe HJ{pO C 3apHJ{OBbIM 'IHCJIOM Z, MaCCOBbIM
'lliCJIOM A H'IHCJIOM HeihpoHoB N HCnbITaJIO :'meK-
TpOlllibrn 6eTa-pacna,n;. KaKoBbI 3Ha'IeHHH 3apHJ{o-
Boro 'IHCJIa, MaCCOBOro 'IHCJIa H 'IHCJIa HeU:TpoHoB
Y HJ{pa-npoJ{YKTa 6eTa-pacna,n;a?
o A. Z-2, A, N-2.
o B. Z-2, A-2, N-2.
o B. Z-2, A-4, N-2.
o r. Z-1, A, N+1.
o L{. Z+1, A, N-1.
7. ATOMHoe HJ{pO C 3apHJ{OBbIM 'IHc;JIOM Z, MaCCOBbIM
'lliCJIOM A H 'IHCJIOM HeiITpoHoB N HCITbITaJIO no-
3IITpOHHbIU: 6eTa-pacna,n;. KaKoBbI 3Ha'IeHHH 3apH-
J{OBoro 'lliCJIa, MaCCOBoro 'IHCJIa H 'lliCJIa HeU:Tpo':'
HOB Y H.ZJ:pa-npOJ{YKTa 6eTa-pacna.n;a?
o A. Z-2,A,N-2.
o B. Z-2, A-2, N-2.
o B. Z-2,A-4,N-2.
o r. Z-1, A, N+1.
o L{. Z+1, A, N-1.
8. IIpH KaKOM YCJIOBHH B03MO)KeH caMonpOH3BOJIb-
Hbrn aJII4>a-pacna,n; HJ{pa H3OTOna :X?
o A. IIptl coo6ru:eHHH HJ{PY H36bITKa :'mepnm H3-
BHe.
o B. ECJIHMaCcaHJWaH30Tona:X 60JIbIIleCYM-
MbI MaCC HJ{pa H3OTona : :X H HJ{pa reJIHH
He.
o B. ECJIH MaccaHJ{pa H3OTona :X MeHbIIleeYM-
MbI MaCC HJ{pa 1f30TOna : : X H HJ{pa reJIHH
He.
o r. EeJIH MaccaH,Zl;pa H3OTona :X 60JIbIIleCYM-
MbI Macc H.ZJ:pa H30Tona : : X H HJ{pa reJIHH
He.
o L{. ECJIHMaCCaH.ZJ:paU30Tona :X MeHbIIlecYM-
MbI Macc HJ{pa H30Tona ::: X If HJ{pa reJIHH
He.
9. IIpH KaKOM YCJIOBHH B03MO)KeH caMonpOH3BOJIb-
HbIU: ,meKTpoHHbIU: 6eTa-pacnaJ{ HJ{pa H30Tona
:X? '
o A. IIpH co?6ru:eHH HJ{PY H36bITKa :'mepnm H3-
BHe.
o B. ECJIHMaCCaHJ{paH30Tona:X 6o.nbIIlecYM-
MbI Mace HJ{pa H30Tona z Y H :'meKTpOHa.
o B. ECJIHMaccaHJWaH30Tona:X MeHbIIiecYM-
MbI Macc H.ZJ:pa H3OTona z Y H :'meKTpOHa.
o r. ECJIH Macca H.ZJ:pa H30Tona : x 60JIbIIle CYM-
MbI Macc HJ{pa H30Tona z.;iY H 3JIeKTpOHa.
o L{. ECJIH MaccaHJ{pa H3OTona :X MeHbIIlecYM-
MbI Macc HJ{pa H3 Tona z.;iY H 3JIeKTpoHa.
10. IIpH KaKOM YCJIOBHH B03MO)KeH eaMonpOH3BOJIb-
HbIU: n03HTpOHHbrn 6eTa-pacna,n; RJ{pa H30Tona
A X ?
z .
o A. IIpH coo6ru:eHHH H.ZJ:PY H36bITKa 3Hepnm H3-
BHe.
o B. ECJIHMaccaHJ{paH30:rona:X 6o.nbIIleCYM-
MbI Macc HJ{pa H3OTona z Y H n03lfTpoHa.
o B. ECJIH Macca H.ZJ:pa H3OTona :X MeHbIIle cYM-
MbI Macc HJ{pa'H3OTona z Y'H.n03HTpOHa.
o r. ECJIHMaccaHJ{paH3OTona:X 60JIbIIleCYM-
MbI MaCe H.ZJ:pa H30Tona z.;iY H n03HTpOHa.
. " '
o L{. ECJIHMaCCaH.ZJ:paH30TOna:X MeHb ecYM-
MbI Mace HJ{pa H30Tona z.;iY H nOOllTpOHa.
ea.i/U)
/faIJo1Iia
CaMOCTOJITenbHaJi pa60Ta Ng4
(ypoBeHIt &)
IIpH BbI'IHCJIeHHH BblJ{eJIHeMou: H.7JH nOTJIOI1laeMou:
3He,pnm B HJ{epHblx npon;eccax YJ{06HO nOJIb30B8TbCH
nepeBoJ{oM J{ecpeKTa MaCCbI Am, BbIpIDKeHHoro 'B aTOM-
63'2
<D113I1KAATOMA 11 ATOMHOr05lLJ:PA
HhIX e,ZtHHH.Qax MaCCbI, B SHeprHIO B MerasJIeKTpOH-
BQo1Ib HweM 3Ha'IeHHe KO (J)H.QHeHTa nepeBo.n;a:
l1E = 6mc?
6m = 1 a.e.M. '"" 1,660540 .1O-27 Kr,
M
C = 299792458 -
, C
A.E = 1,6605402.10- 27 t<r.(299792458 M )2 ""
, C
'"" 1,4924.10- 10 LJ:x<
" , 1 sB "" 1,60217733.10- 19 LJ:)K
1,4924 .10- 10 ... 931,5.10 6 3B = 931,5 M3B
160217733.10- 19
, 3B
MbI nOJI)"IHJIH, 'ITO H3MeHeHHe MaCCbI B3a:I1:Mo.n;eii-
CTB}'IOI.Qeii CHCTeMbI qaCTH.Q Ha O.n;HY aToMHYIOe.n;H-
HHn)' MaccbI cOnpOBO)K.lJ.aeTCH BbI.n;eJIeHHeM HJIH' no-
rJIoI.QeHHeM SHeprHH 931,5 MsR B STOM CMbICJIe
MO)KHO 3anHcaTb paBeHCTBO:
1 a.e.M. = 931,5 MsB.
.n:JIB HaXOiK.l1eHHB H3MeHeHHB 3HepI'HH l1E CHCTeMbI B
JI.n;epHhIX npo.Qeccax B' MeL'asJIeKTpOHBOJIbTaX .n;OCTa
TOqHO onpe.n;eJIHTb H3MeHeHHe MaCCbI 6m CHCTeMbI B
aTOMHbIX e.n;HHH.Qax MaCCbI H YMHOX<HTb ero Ha nepe-
M3B '
BO.n;HOH Kos<l><l>H.QHeIJT 931,5 .
, a.e.M.
M3B
l1E = Ama.e.M:931,5
a.e.M.
38Aa'la
llCnOJIb3YB CBe.n;eHHB H3 Ta6JIH.QbI 4.1 0 Macce B.n;ep
H3OTonOB K06aJIbTa Co H H KeJIB :Ni, onpe.n;eJIH-
T , B03MO)KeH JIH caMonpOH3BOJIbHbrH: SJIeKTpOHHbIH
6eTa-pacna,n; B.n;pa K06aJIbTa Co? ECJIH TaKoH pac'"
na,n; B03MO)KeH, onpe.n;eJIHTe BbI.n;e.7mIOI.QYIOCB npH pac-
na,n;e SHeprHIO,
PemeBHe.
IIpH SJIeKTpOHHOM 6era-pacna,n;e, H.n;pa H30Tona KO-
6a.nbTa Co ,Z(OJI)KHO npOH30H!H npeBpaI.QeHHe
Ta6JIHua 4.1
Maeca
ATOMH"'M HUNHMe CMMBOn aTOMHOrO
H Mep an.etlTa MaGTona RAp-. M30TOna,
,
a.e.M.
0 HeHTpoH n 1,008665
1 BO,qOpop. IH 1,007276
1
1 ,qeHTepHH H 2,013553
1 TPHTHH ,3H 3,015500
1
'2 \ rellHH 3He 3,014932
2
2 reJ1HH 4He' 4,001506
2
3 nHTHH 6L' 6,013477
3 1
5 60p lOB 10,010195
5
6 yrnepo,q 12C 11,996708
6
6 yrnepo,q 14C 13,999950
6
7 a30T I N 13,999234
13 aJllOMHHHH 27 AI 26,974409
13 '
15 <lx>c4>oP 30p 29,970081
15
18 aprOH 4°Ar 39,952508
18
19 KaJlHH 4°K 39,953577
19
20 KaJlb4HH 40Ca 39,951619
20
27 K06aJ1bT 6OCo 59,919008
27
28 HHKellb 6°N' 59,915428
; 28 I
82 CBHHe4 206Pb 205,929475
82
84 n01l0HHH 2: Po 209,936778
90 TOJ)HH 234Th 233,994209 ,
90
92 ypaH 238U 238,000315
92
Macea 3neKTpoHa, me = 0,0005486 a,e,M,
ATOMHoe H,l{pO
633
CO -+ Ni + e- + V
TaKoe npeBpameHHe B03MO>KHO JIHIlIb B TOM CJIyqae,
ecJIHMaCCaMpa CO 60JIbIlleCYMMbI MaCC H,l{pa Ni
H SJIeKTpOHa.
CYMMa MaCC H,l{pa HHKeJIH Ni H SJIeKTpoHa palma
mNi + me "" 59,915428 a.e.M. + 0,0005486 a.e.M. ""
"" 59,915977 a.e.M.
CYMMa Macc H.zq>a HHKeJIH H SJIeKTpOHa MeHbIlle Mac-
CbI Mpa K06aJIbTa mCa
mCa"" 59,9190078 a.e.M '
CJIe,l{OBaTeJIbHO caMonpOH3BOJIbHbIH SJIeKTpOHHbIH
6eTa-pacna.n Mpa K06aJIbTa Co B03MO)KeH.
BbI'UfCJIHM H3MeHeHHe MaCCbI Am B STOM npol.(ecce:
Am=meo - mNi-me=59,919O()78a. M. -59,915977 a.e.M.""
"" 0,003031 a.e. .
BbI,l{eJIeHHe sHepnm npH 6eTa-pacna.ne paBHo:
M3B
M"" 0,003031 a.e.M. . 931,5- "" 2,82 MsB.
a.e.M.
MCn0JIb3YH Ta6JIHI.(Y 4.1, BbI'IHCJIHTe sHepnuo CBH3H
E
E CB H,l{ep, H Y,l{eJIbHYIO sHeprnIO CB.H3H A HYKJIO OB
B .H,l{pax:
1. He.
2. Li,
MCIIOJIb3YH Ta6JIHI.(Y 4.1, onpe,l{eJIHTc, B03MO>KHbI JIH
caMonpoH3BOJIbHbIe pa.nHoaKTHBHbIe npeBpameHH.H,
npe,l{CTaBJIeHHbIe HH>Ke. ECJIH TaKHe IIpeBpam eHHH
B03MO>KHbI, BbI'IHCJIH1'e sHeprnIO, oCB06<»K,l{aIOmyIO-
C.H npH pa.nHoaKTHBHoM pacna.n e .
3. I C-+ l N + e- +v
4. I N -+ I B + He
40 A 4° K - -
5 '18 r -+ 19 + e + V
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. 19 ---, '18 _
7 4° K 40 c --
. 19 -+ 20 a + e + V
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9. 2 PO-+ 2:Pb+ He
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'92 90 2
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l\IDI Ha MeMeHHbIX HeHTpoHaX Mox<eT npOHCXO.ll:HTb
H B npHpo,ZJ;HOM ypaHe.
YnpaB:7ISleMaSl l\enHaSI peaK HSI ,ZJ;eJIeHHSI SI,ZJ;ep oCYIIJ;e-
CTBJISleTCSI B Jl,AepHOM peaKTope (pHC. 72).
6
3
5
4
2
PlfC. 72
B SI,ZJ;epHoM peaKTope Ha MeMeHHbIX HeHTpoHax SI,lI;ep-
HbIM mplO'IHM Mox<eT CJIYX<HTb npHpo.ll:HbIH ypaH.
.H,ZJ;epHoe roplO'Iee nOMeIIJ;aeTCSI B MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHe
Tpy6KH, Ha3bIBaeMbIe TeIIJIOB eJIJIIODUlMH aJjeMeH-
T8MH (TB3JI)- (1). ,aJISI 3aMeJvteHHSI HeihpOlioB
Tpy6KH TB3JI'OB nOMeIIJ;aIOTCSI BHYTPb BeIIJ;eCTBa,
cJIYX<aIIJ;ero 38MeAJDlTeJIeM HeATpoHoB (2). 3aMeA1Ie-
HHe HeHTpoHoB npoHcxo,ZJ;HT B pe3YJIbTaTe HX ynpy'-
rHX CTOJIKHOBeHHH C SI,ZJ;paMH BeIIJ;eCTBa-3aMeMHTeJISI.
B Ka'IeCTBe 3aMe,ZJ;JlliTeJISI MOryT HCnOJIb30BaTbCSI rpa-
<PHI', 06bI'IHaSI BO,ZJ;a, TSlx<eJI3jJ BO,ZJ;a.
IIpH ocymeCTBJIeHHH l\enHOH peaKtnlH ypaH H CTeH-
Kif Tpy60K TenJIOBbI,neJISlIOI.UHX 3JIeMeHTOB HarpeBa-
IOTCSI. Qepe3 TJ>y6KH TB3JI'OB HenpepbIBHo nO.ll60JIb-
IlIHM ,ZJ;aBJIeHifeM npOKa'IHBaeTCSI BO,ZJ;a HJIH .npyroe
BeIIJ;eCTBO H OTBO,ZJ;HT U3 HHX BbI,ZJ;eJISltoIIJ;eeCH TeruIO,
BeIIJ;ecTBo, OTBO,ZJ;Sl ee TenJIO H3 TB3JI'OB, Ha3bIBa-
eTCSI TeIIJIOHOCHTeJIer,r (3).
,l(JISI ynpaBJIeHHSI l\enHOH peaKtnleH B peaKTope ac-
nOJIb3YIOTCSI ynp8BJIJ11O He CTepXCIIH (4), cO,lJ,epx<a-
IIJ;He 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOe KOJIH'IeCTBO 60pa HJIH Ka,llMHSI.
.H,ZJ;pa aTOMOB 60pa H Ka,llMIDI 06JIa,llatoT CIJOC06HOC-
TblO O'IeHb 3<p<peKTHBHo nOrJIOIIJ;aTb eMeHHbIe HeH-
TpOHbI. II03TOMY BBe)];eHHe ynpaBJISlIOUJ;HX cTepX<HeH
,
B aKTHBHYIO 30H)' peaKTopa )TMeHbIllaeT 'IHCJIO Hem-
pOHOB, cnoc06Hblx yqacTBOBaTb B i(enHoH peaKIliHH .lle-
JIeHaSl, a BbIBe.lleHHe cTepX<HeH Be)];eT K B03paCTaHHto
'IHCJIa HeHTpoHOB H YBeJIH'IeHHIO MOIIJ;HOCTH', BbI.l(e-
JISlIOIIJ;eHCSI B peaKTope. He06xo.ltHMble H3MeHeHHJI
nOJIox<eHHSI ynpaBIDIIOIIJ;HX cTepX<HeH npoH3BO,lJ,SlTCSI
aBTOMaTaMH, nO,llZ1epX<HBalOIIJ;HMH 3a,llaHHbIH,YPOB Hb
BbI,lI;eJISIIO eHCH MOIU'HOCTH B peaKTope.
IIpocTpaHcTBo, B KOTOpOM HaXO,ZJ;HTCSI SI,ZJ;epHoe roplO-
'lee B TeruIOBbIBO,ZJ;SlIIJ;HX cTepX<HSlx, 3aMeMHTeJIb, Ten-
JIOHOCHTeJIb H ynpaBJISllOl.QHe cTepX<HH, Ha3bIBaeTCSI
aKTHBHOA 30HOA peaKTopa. B aKTHBHOH 30lfe peat<-
Topa ocytnecTBJISleTCSI l\enHaSI .R,l{epHaSI peaKl\HSI. A'K-
THBH 30Ha oKpyx<aeTcSI OTpIDKaTeJIeM (5) - CJIOeM
BeIIJ;eCTBa, SI,ZJ;pa KOToporo XOpOlliO OTpIDKaIOT HeHTpO-
HbI, B03BpaIIJ;(Ut HX,B aKTHBHYIO 30H)'. 3a OTpax<aTe-
JIeM HeHTpOHOB paCnOJIararoTcSI CTeHKH (6) H3 Mat -
pHaJIOB, XOpOlliO nOrJJOIIJ;aIOIIJ;HX TaMMa-H3JIY':leHae H
HeHTpoHbI, MH aaJIUITW 'JIIO,ZJ;eH 01' HOHH3HpYIOI.QHx
H3.nyqeHHH, B03HHKaIOIIJ;HX B aKTHBHOH 30He peaKTopa.
Ha aTOMlJbix 3JIeKTpOCTaHl\HHX -fenJIo, BbIBo,nliMoe
TenJIotIoCHTeJteM H3 aKTHBHOH 30HbI peaKTOpa, pac-
XO)];yeTcSI Ha npeBpam;eHHe BO,lJ;bI B' nap no)]; BhICOKHM
.llaBJIeHHeM. nap BpaIIJ;aeT napoBYIO ryp6HH)', coe,nH-
688
<l>11311KA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO 5J:):J:PA
HeHHyIO C pOTOpOM 3JIeKTpHqeCKOrO reHepaTOpa, re-
HepaTOp npOH3BO'zUfT 3JIeKTp03HeprmO.
l1cnOJIb30BaHHe H,ZJ;epHOH 3HeprHH; nOJIyqaeMOH B
npOIJ;ecce IJ;enHOH peaKIJ;HH ,ZJ;eJIeHHH TH)KeJIbIX H,ZJ;ep,
He HMeeT nepcneKTHBbI Ha ,ZJ;JIHTeJIbHble CpOKH, TaK KaR
3arraCbI ypaHa H TOpHH B 3KOHOMHqeCKH npHeMJIeMbIX
,Z(JIH pa3pa60TKH MeCTOpO)K,ZJ;eHHIDC ,ZJ;OBOJIbHO orpaHH-
qeHbI. ,KpoMe Toro, H,ZJ;epHM 3HepreTHKa Ha OCHOBe
HCnOJIb30BaHHH npOIJ;ecca, ,ZJ;eJIeHHH ,TH)KeJIbIX H,ZJ;ep
COrrpH)KeHa C TPY,ZJ;HOH np06JIeMOH Y,ZJ;aJIeHHH H xpa-
!leHHH 60JIbIlIOrO KOJIHqeCTBa pa,ZJ;HOaKTHBHbIX OTXO-
,ZJ;OB, orraCHbIX ,ZJ;JIH JIIO,ZJ;eH.
,
IIpaKTHqeCKH HeorpaHHqeHHHbIM HCTOqHHKOM 3Hep-
fHH MOryT B rrpHHIJ;Hne CJIY)KHTb H,ZJ;epHbIe peaKIJ;HH
CHHTe3a JIenmx H,ZJ;ep, B nepBYIO Oqepe,ZJ;b H,ZJ;ep reJIHH
H3 H,ZJ;ep BO,ZJ;opO,ZJ;a. '
IIpH GHHTe3e 1 rpaMMa reJIHH H3 BO,ZJ;opO,ZJ;a BbI)J;eJIH-
eTCH 3HeprHH 4,2.10 11 .l{)K. .l{JIH nOJIyqeHHH TaKoro
KOJIHqecnja 3HepfHH HY)KHO C)Keqb '10 TOHH ,ZJ;H3eJIb-
Horo TOnJIHBa. .l{JIH TepMoH,ZJ;epHoro CHHTe3a H,ZJ;ep re-
JIID! He H3 JIerKOrO H30Tona BO,ZJ;opo,ZJ;a : H He06xo-
,ZJ;HMO HarpeTb BO,ZJ;OpO,ZJ; ,ZJ;O TeMnepaTYpbI 10 8 K, ,ZJ;JIH
CliHTe3a reJIHH H3 TH)KeJIb!X H39TonoB BO,ZJ;opo,ZJ;a ,ZJ;eH-
TepIDI H u TPHTHH H H}')KHO HarpeTb BO,ZJ;OpO,ZJ;,ZJ;o
5.10 7 K. 'QT06bI OIJ;emITb CTeneHb 1'pY,ZJ;HOCTH 3a,ZJ;aqH,
H)')KHO 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe, qTO 3TH 3HaqeHHH TeM-
nepaT)'pbI BbIIlle TeMnepaTYpbI B ue,ZJ;pax COJIHIJ;a.
.l{JlH Hc:;n0.11 30BaHHH 3HepfHH TepMOH,ZJ;epHoro CHHTe-
3aB MHpHbIX IJ;eJIHX HCCJIe,ZJ;YeTCH B03MO)KHOCTb Harpe-
BaHHH,BO.z(op0,ZJ;a B KOJIbIJ;eBOH Mepe nponYCKaHHeM
qepe3 .Hero 3JIeKTpH'ieCKOrO pa3pHAa, HarpeBaHHH He-
60JIbW;HX nopIJ;HH nO,ZJ;opo,ZJ;a MOW;HbIMH nyqKaMH CBe-
Ta OT JIa3epOB' HJIH 3JIeKTpOHHbIMH nyqKaMH.
3neMeHTapHble '1aCTMLlbi ,(ypoBeHb B)
IIpe,ZJ;CTaBJIeHHe 06 aroMaX KaK MeJIbqaHUIHX HeH3MeH-
HbIX qac1'HI:(aX Bew;eCTBa HCnOJIb30BaJIOCb B HaYKe 60-
JIee ABYX TbICWI JIeT. OTKpbITHe 3JIeKTpOHa, npoToHa H
HeHTpOHa KaK COCTaBHbIX qaqeH JII060ro aTOMa H OT-
KpbITHe HBJIeHHH pa,ZJ;HoaKTHBHOrO pacna,ZJ;a C rrpeBpa-
IneHHeM aTOMOB O,ZJ;Horo XHMH'leCKOrO 3JIeMeHTa B aTO-
MbI ,ZJ;Pyroro XHMHqeCKOro 3JIeMeHTa onpOBeprJIH
rHnOTe3y 0 HeH3MeHHOCTH H He,ZJ;eJIHMOCTH aTOMOB.
O,ZJ;HaKo, 06Hap}')KeHHe CJIO)KHOrO COCTaBa aTOMOB H
CriOC06HOCTIt: HX K Pa3JIHqHbIM rrpeBpaw;eHHHM He on-
pOBepraeT fHrrOTe3bI 0 B03MO)KHOCTH cyru;eCTBOBaHID!
B rrpHI>9,ZJ;e CaMbIX npOCTbIX, caMbIX MaJIeHbKHX qaCTHIJ;,
He COCTOHW;HX H3 KaKHX-JIH60 GoJIee MeJIKHX qaCTeH.
::heKTpOH, npOTOH H HeHTpOH HeKOTopoe BpeMH BOC-
npHHHMaJIHCb yqeHbIMH KaK HMeHHO TaKHe caMble
nOCJIe,ZJ;HHe, npOCTeHIlIHe H HeH3MeHHbIe qaCTHIJ;bI, H3
KOTOpbIX rrOCTpoeH BeCb MHP, rr03TOMY HX Ha3BaJIH
8JIeMellTapHbIMH 'IaCTH aMH.
B ,ZJ;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH MHp OKa3aJICH CJIIDKHee H MHO-
ro06pa3Hee H K TpeM OTKpbITbIM 3JIeMeHTapHbIM 'Iac-
THIJ;aM O,ZJ;Ha 3a ,ZJ;pyroH CTaJIH ,ZJ;06aBJIHTbCH BCe HOBbIe
H HOBbIe qaCTHQbI C Pa3JIHqHbIMH 3HaqeHHHMH Mac-
CbI, 3JIeKTpHqeCKOrO 3apHAa, cnHHa. l1x, KaK H nep-
Bble TPH, npO,ZJ;OJI)KaJIH Ha3bI13aTb 3JIeMeHTapHbIMH qa-
CTHIJ;aMH.
B 1928 rOAY IIMb .l{HpaK npe,ZJ;cKa3aJI B03MO)KHOCTb
cyw;ecTBOBaHHH' qaCTHIJ;bI C MaccoH 3JIeKTpOHa, HO C
nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIM 3apHAOM. TaKCUI qaCTHIJ;a 6bIJIa 06-
HapY)KeHa 3KCnepHMeHTaJIbHO B 1932 rOAY H eH ,ZJ;aJIH
Ha3BaHHeM n03HTpOH. 3JIeKTpoH H n03HTpOH OKa3a-
JIHCb He npOCTO .l{BYMH pa3HOHMeHHbIMH 3apIDKeHHbI-
MH qaCTHIJ;aMH, HO aHTH'IaCTH aMH no OTHOIlIeHHIO
,ZJ;pyr K ,ZJ;pyry. JII06ble ,ZJ;Be aHTH'laCTHIJ;bI 06JIaAaIOT
rrpoTHBOnOJIO)KHbIMH 3apHAaMH H o,ZJ;HHaKOBbIMH Mac-
caMH. IIpH BCTpeqe ,ZJ;Be aHTHqaCTHQbI aHHHfHJIHpy-
lOT, TO eCTb HCqe3aIOT KaR qaCTHIJ;bI. BMeCTO ,ZJ;BYX aH-
'fHqaCTHIJ; B03HHKaIOT raMMa-KBaHTbI C 3HeprHeH,
paBHOH cyMMapHoH 3HeprHH aHHHrHJIHpOBaBIlIHX
qaCTHI1 (pHC. 73).
",y/
-'\f'--
/0'"
PlfC. 73
1«uK.n0H qaCTHIJ;e C nOJIy eJIbIM crrHHOM COOTBeTCTBY-
eT CBOH aHTHqaCTHIJ;a. HeHTpaJIbHble 1IaCTHI1bI C I1eJIbIM
HJIH HYJIeBbIM cnHHOM MOryT He HMeTb aHTMqaCTHIJ;.
AHTHnpOTOHbI C aHTH3JIeKTpOHaMH (n03HTpOHaMH)
MOryT 06pa30BbIBaTb aTOMbI aHTHBO,ZJ;opO,ZJ;a. TOqHO
TaK )Ke BO BCeJIeHHOH MOryT cyw;ecTBoBaTb aTOMbI
JII060ro ,ZJ;pyroro aHTHBew;eCTBa. IIpH BCTpeqe Bew;e-
CTBa C aHTHBew;eCTBOM oCBo60)K,ltaeTcH caMoe 6oJlb-
IlIoe H3 B03MO)KHbIX KOJIHtieCTBO 3Hepnm Ha e.lUfHH-
IJ;YMaCCbI:E=2mc 2 . IIpHammrHJIHI1HH 1 KrBew;eCTBa
C 1 Kr aHTHBew;eCTBa BbI)J;eJIeHHe 3HepfHH paBHO:
E = 2 Kr (3.10 8 )2 = 1,8.10 17 .l{)K.
C
.H,ZJ;epHbIe peaKI:(1f1f
639
3To nplfMepHO B 6 MIfJIJIlfap.n:OB pa3 60JIbIIle SHeprlflf,
oCBo60>K,ZJ;aIOIIJ;eMCSI nplf OKlfraHlf1f 1 Kr xHMlf1:leCKO-
ro TOnJIIfBa.
Cpe,ZJ;lf COTeH OTKpbITbIX aJIeMeHTapHbIX qaCTIfI1 JIIfIIIb
meCTb OKa3aJIlfCh cTa61fJIhHbIMIf. 3TIf qaCTIfI:(bI - <p0-
TOH y, SJleKTpOH e-, npOTOH p If Tplf Pa3JIlfqHbIX HeMT-
plffiO, SJIeKTpOHHoe V e , MIOOIlliOe vI! If TaY-He,MTpIfHO
Vt. OCTaJIhHbIe SJIeMeHTapHbIe qaCTIfI1bI ,qepe3
OqeHb KopOTKOe BpeMH nOCJIe pmK,ZJ;eHIfH caMonpOlf3-
BOJIbHO pacna.n;alOTCH Ha ,ZJ;pyrne qaCTIfI:(bI ,ZJ;O npeBpa-
IIJ;eHWl B KaIme-JIlf60 1f3 II1eCTH cTa6lfJIbHbIX SJIeMeH-
TapHbIX qaCTIfI:(. lIo STOM npHqlfHe MHorne H3 qacmI:(,
Ha3hIBaeMbIX SJIeMeHTapHbIMIf qaCTIfI:(aMIf, MO)KHO
paccMaTpIfBaTh KaK B036Y>K,ZJ;eHHbIe COCTOHHIfH CTa-
6lfJIhHbIX SJIeMemapHbIx QacmI1.
HanplfMep, rpynny SJIeMeHTapHbIX qaCTIfI:(, Ha3bmae-
MbiX fHnepOHaMH, MO)KHO paccMaTplfBaTb KaK B03-
6Y>K,ZJ;elllibie COCTOHHIfH npOTOHa If HeiITpOHa. lIpeBpa-
IIJ;eIille nmepoHa B npOTOH IfJIIf HeMTpoH npolfcxo,ZJ;HT
3a BpeMH nopH,ZJ;Ka 10- 10 _10- 20 C IfcnyCKaHlfeM nlf-Me-
30Ha.
HanplfMep, JIHM6,ZJ;a-rnnepoH A MO)KeT npeBpaTHThCH
B npoToH p If OTplfI:(aTeJIhHbIM nlf-Me30H .7[-
,A p+.7[-
IfJIlf B HeMTpoH n If HeMTpa7IhHbIM nlf-Me30H:ftJ.
A n+j[.°
3HepreTHqeCKaH ,ZJ;lfarpaMMa B036Y>K,ZJ;eHHbIX COCTOH-
HHM npoToHa If HeMTpoim B Blf)(e rnnepoHoB pa3JIIf'l'-
Horo Tlfna If HeKoTopbIe 1f3 If X B03MO)KHbIX npeBpa-
IIJ;elillM C IfcnyCKaHlfeM nlf:"/Me30HOB npe,ZJ;cTaBJIeHbI Ha
plfcYHKe 74. lIlf-Me30HbI B sm:x npeBpaIIJ;eHIfHX Ifr-
paIOT TaKYIO )Ke pOJIh, KaK}'1O <pOTOHbI IfrpaIOT nplf
nepexo,ZJ;ax aTOMOB 1f3 B036Y)K,ZJ;eHHbIX COCTOHHIfM B
OCHOBHoe COCTOHHlfe.
CaMlf nlf-Me30HbI HBJllIIOTCH HeCTa6lfJIhHbIMIf qaCTIf-
I:(aMIf If B cpe,ZJ;HeM 3a BpeMH 2,6.10- 8 C pacna.n;alOTcH
J:Ia MIOOHbI IJ.If MIOOHHoe HeMTpIfHO vI!
Jr IJ.+ + vI!
.7[- W+ vI!
MIOOHbI B CBOIO oqepe.zu, co cpe,ZJ;HIfM BpeMeHeM )K1f3-
Hlf 2,2.10- 6 C npeBpaIIJ;aIOTC B SJIeKTpOH IfJIIf n03IfT-
pOH C IfcnYCKaHlfeM ,ZJ;BYX HeMTpIfHo:
II + e+ + V + V
.... e I!
IJ. - e- + v e + vI!
3HeprHJI
X10 9 38
1,3
1,2
1,1 '
1,0
0,9
:t+
.7[0
1 0 +1
3neKTpH4eCKHM 3aPJlA, e
Plfc.74
Eqm npOToH If HeHTp'oH MOryT IfMeTb pa3JIlfqHbIe B03-
6Y)K,ZJ;eHHbIe COCTOHHIfH B Blf)(e rlfnepOHOB, TO MO)KHO
npe,ZJ;nOJIO)KIfTb, qTO caMIf sm qaCTHI:(bI He HBJIHIOTCH
HaCTOHIIJ;IfMIf SJIeMeHTapHbIMIf qaCTHn:aMIf , a COCTO-
HT 1f3 KaKIfX-TO erne MeHhIIlIfX qaCTIfI:(. TaKoe npe,ZJ;no-
JIO)KeHlfe y6e,ZJ;HTeJIhHO nO,ZJ;TBep)K,ZJ;aeTCH pe3YJIhTaTa-
M'I1 OnbITOB no 1f3yqeHlflO pacceHHIfH OqeHh 6bICTpbIX
SJIeKTpOHOB Ha npoToHax If HeMTpoHax. B STHX onbI-
TaX 6bIJIO o6HapY)KeHO, 'ITO 60JIhIIlM qaCTh SJIeKTpO-
HOB npOXO,ZJ;IfT CKB03b npOTOHbI If HeMTpOHbI, He IfC-
nbITbIBM CYIIJ;eCTBeHHbIX OTKJIOHeHIDi, a He60JIhIIlM
qaCTh 1f3 HIfX CIDlbHO paccelfBaeTCH Ha K1umX-TO He-
CKOJIbKIfX I:(eHTpax (pIfC. 75).
P ....
.
Plfc.75
140
<l>11311KA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO 51,lJ:PA
qacTHnbI,' H3 KOTOpbIX nOCTpOeH:&I npaToH, HeHTpOH,
rnnepOHbI H Me30HbI, Ha3BaJIH KB8p , ITo COBpe-
'MeHHbIM npe.n;CTaBJIeHHRM B npHpO.n;e cYIUeCTByeT
mecTb BH.ZJ;OB ICBapKOB. Mx 0603Ha'IaIOT 6YKBaMH u, d,
s" C, b, t. KcPK,AbIH KBapK MOx<eT 06JIa.n;aTb O.ZJ;HHM H3
TpeX B OB oc060ro 3apR.n;a, KOTOpbIe Ha3BaJIH e-
T8MH pICPB - CMH:HM, KpaCHbIM H x<eJITbIM.
C ytleTOM pa3JIH'IHR nBeTOBOrO aapH.n;a nOJIY'IaeTCR
yx<e 18 pa3JIH'IHbIX KBapKoB. A TaK KaK y Ka)K,lJ;Oro
KBapKa eCTb CBOit: aHTHKBapK, TO 06IUee HX 'IHCJIO paB-
H036.
ITpO,TOH H tIeiiTpO,!! COCTORT H3 TpeX KBapKOB: p =
(uud), n = (udd), aHTHnpOTOH H aHTHHeHTpOH - H3
TpeX aHTHKBapKOB (pHC. 76).
u, u
p
G
npOTOH
P
+- G
__ 3__
- 3 3-
u u aHTHnpoTOH
n
(0
+-
_.L .L
3 3
d d HeMTpoH
, u
A
d d
PHC. 76
Jf
(0
, alfTHHtriiTpoH
d.'(BeTOBble 3apR.n;bI» npOTOHa H HeHTpoHa paBHbI
HYJIIO, Tat< KaK OHH COCTOSIT H3 Tpex KBapKOB C Pa3HbI-
MH .nBeTaMH». STO .n;aeT B C)TMMe H)'JIeBOH nBeT» no-
.n;06HO TOMY, KaK CMememIe KpaCHoro, CHHerO'H 3eJIe-
Horo CHeTa .n;aeT 6eJIbIH H.7IH 6eCnBeTHbIH» CBeT.
I\a.)K,lJ;bIH Me30H COC1'OHT H3 o.n;Horo KBapKa. H o.n;Horo
aHTH apKa C npOTIIBOnOJIOX<HbIMH nBeTOBbIMH 3apR-
.n;aMH If TaK x<e B CYMMe He HMeeT nBeTa.. HarrpH-
Mep, Jr = (ud) ,j[- = (iid) .
Heox<.,.n;aHHOH oc06eHHOCTbIO KBapKOB RBJIRIOTCR
3Ha'IeHHR HX 3JIeKTp:H'IeCKOf(> 3apR.n;a. KBapKH u, C, t
, 2
06JIa.n;aIOT 3 eKTpH'IeCKHM 3apR.n;OM + '3e , KBapKH d,
b u 1
s, HMelOT JIeKTpH'IeCKHH 3apRJ{ -'3e.
06pa3YR 'IaCTHnbI, KBapKH coe.n;HHRIOTCR TOJIbKO B
TaKHe napbI HJIH TpOHKH,B KOTOpbIX 3JIeKTpH'IeCKHH
'aapR.n; HMeeT neJIoe 'IHCJIO <meMeHTapHbIx 3apRJ{oB e
HJIM HYJIeBOH 3JIeKTpINeCKHH 3apRJ{. 06pa30BaHHe
3JI MeHTapHoH 'IaCTHnbI C 3JIeKTpH'IeCKHM 3apR.ZJ;OM B
.n;Ba 3JIeMeHTapHbIx 3apRJ{a OKa3bIBaeTCR B03MOX<HbIM
, 2 IT
npH coe.n;HHeHH:H TpeX KBapKOB C 3apRJ{OM + -e . PH-
u 3
MepoM TaKOH 'IaCTHI(bI RBJIReTCR .n;eJIbTa .n;Ba IIJIIOC rH-
nepoH ++ = (uuu).
EIUe O.n;HOH y.n;HBHTeJIbHOH oc06eHHocTbIO KBapKoB
OKa3aJIaCb HeB03MO>KHOCTb pa3.n;eJIeHHR 3JIeMeHTap-
HbIX 'IaCTHn Ha COCTaBJIRIOIUHe HX KBapKH. ITpH CTOJI-
KHOBeHHRX npoToHoB H lleHTpoHoB C otJellb BbICOKH-
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PHe. 77
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npMMepHO 3a 12 JIeT, KMCJIOpo.n;a (2,1 MJIp.n; K, 4 ro.n;a),
cepbI M KpeMHMH (3,4 MJIp.n; K, 1 He.n;eJIH).
113 H,lJ;ep cepbI M KpeMHMH CMHTe3MpYIOTCH H.n;pa )Ke-
JIe3a. H.n;po )KeJIe3a 91'0 caMoe TH)KeJIOe H,lJ;pO, CMHTe3
KOTOpOro npOMCXO,ZIMT C BbI)IeJIeHMeM 9Hepnm ,[(JIH
CMHTe3a 60JIee TH)KeJIbIX H.n;ep HY)KaO 3aTpa':lHBaTb
9HeprHiO. TI09TOMY peaK MM CMHTe3a .n;aJIee He H.n;YT,
BbI.n;eJIeHMe 9HeprnM B )t(eJIe3HOM cep.n; eBMHe 3Be3.n;bI
npeKpa:rqaeTCH. Macca )KeJIe3HOM cep.n; eBMHbI 3Be3-
.n;bI npMMepHO 3a CYTKM .n;OCTHraeT 3Ha':leHMH -1,5 Mac-
CbI COJIa a. C 9Toio MOMeHTa npM OTCYTCTBHM HCTOq-
HMKa 9HcprHH BHYTPM )KeJIe3HaJI cep.n; eBMaa 3Be3.n;bI
MO)KeT He BbI.n;ep)KaTb KOJIOCCaJIbHOrO BHelliHero .n;aB-
JIeHlrn M aa':lMHaeT O':leHb 6bICTpO CJKHMaTbCH. 3TOT
nponecc Ha3bIBaeTCH KOJIJIaDCOM 3Be3.zu,I. 3a MaJIYIO
.n;OJIIO ceKYH.n;bI eHTpaJIbHaJI ':laCTb 3Be3,lI,bI pa.n;nyCOM
npMMepHO paBHbIM pa.n;MYCY 3eMJm C)KMMaeTCH B IIIap
pa.n;MYCOM OKOJIO 100 KM. ,[(aBJIeIrne .n;OCTJITaeT TaKMX
60JIbllIMX 3Ha':leHMM, ':lTO 9JIeKTpOHbI -«B.n;aBJIMBaIOTCH
B npOTOHbI, npeBpaIltaJI MX B HeMTpoHbI, BeCb :nOT CTO-
KMJIOMeTpOBbIM map CTaHOBMTCH llIapOM H.llepHoro
BelI.{eCTBa - HempOHHOM 3Be3.n;OM. na.n;eHMe BeIlteCTBa
C MaCCOM 60JIbllIe MaCCbI COJIln a 3a' .n;OJIM ceKYH.n;bI
BbI3bIBaeT CTOJIb CRlIbHOe C)KaTMe MepHoro BeIlteCTBa,
':lTO ero nJIOTHOCTb npMMepHO B 1,5 pa3a npeBbImaeT
nJIOTHOCTb 06bI':lHbIX aTOMHbIX H.n;ep. TIoCJIe C)KaTHH
Ha':lMHaeTCH BOJIHa paCIlIMpeHMH C)KaTOrO llIapa H,lJ;ep-
HOro BeIlteCTBa. BOJIHa paClI,mpeHHH BCTpe':laeTCH C
BeIlteCTBOM, npo.n;OJI)KaIOIltMM na.n;aTb K eHTpY 3Be3-
.n;bI, TeMneparypa nOBbIlliaeTCH npMMepHO .n;o 10 MJIp.n;
K M npOMcxo.n;HT rHraHTCIGfM B3pbIB, KOTOpbIM Ha3bI-
BaIOT BcnbIIliKOM CBepxHoBoM 3Be3.n;bI.
TIpM BcnbIIliKe CBepXHoBoM 3Be3.n;bI BbI.n;ellileTCH 9Hep-
rnH npMMepHo 3.10 46 ,[()K. B re':leHMe 10 ceKYH.n; B3pbI-
Ba 'ocB060)K.n;aeTcH B 100 pa3 60JIbllIee KOJIM':leCTBO
9HeprnM, ':leM M3JIyqaeT COJIH e 3a 10 MJIp.n; JIeT CBO-
eM )KM3HM. BOJIee 99% 9TOM 9HeprHM yaoCHT ':laCTH bI
HeMTpMHo. Ha .n;OJIIO CBeTOBOrO M3JIY':leIrnH npHxo.n;HT-
CH npMMepHo TpM CTOTbICH':lHbIX .n;OJIH 06IlteM 9Hep-
rHM B3pbIBa, HO M npM TaKoM MaJIOM .n;OJIH 9HeprHM CBe-
TOBoro M3JIyqeHHH CBepXHOBaJI 3Be3.n;a B Ma:I cMMYMe
CBeTMT Hp':le COJIH a B COTa'M MMJIJIMOHOB pa3.
TeMneparypa B He.n;pax 6y.n;YIlteM CBepxHoBoM 3Be3-
,lI,bI y6bIBaeT no Mepe y.n;aJIeHMH OT ee eHTpa. TImno-
MY Ha pa3HOM rJIy6MHe o.n;HOBpeMeHHO npoMcxo.n;HT
pa3JIIflIHbIe H,lJ;epHbIe peaK MM CMHTe3a M 06Pa3YIOTCH
CJIOM, COCTOH';UMe M3 pa3HbIX XMMH':leCKMX 9JIeMeHTOB.
TIpM B3pbIBe CBepXHOBOM BepXHMe CJIOM BeIltecTBa
3Be3.n;bI C MaCCOM, npMMepHO paBHOM Macce COJIH a,
pa36paCbIBaIOTCH B Me)K3Be3.n;Hoe npOCTpaHCTBO co
CKOpOCTbIO B TbICH'IM KHJIOMeTpOB B ceKYH.n;y. B npo-
ecce B3pbIBa npo.n;OJI)KaIOTCH H.n;epHbIe peaK MM H
06pa3YIOTCH H,lJ;pa Bcex OCTaJIbHblX'XHMlf':leCKHX 9JIe
MeHTOB 3a )KeJIe30M. TalGfM 06pa30M C03.n;aeTCH Be-
IlteCTBO, M3 KOToporo BnOCJIe.n;CTBMM MOryT c$>PMH-
poBaTbCH nJIaHeTbI, a Ha nJIaHeTaX aa':laTbCH npo ecc
3apO)K.n;eHMH M 9BOJIIO nM )KH3HM,
H epHbIe peaKnHH
645
BcnbImKa CBepXHOBOM OBOJIbHO pe KOe HBJIeHHe.
BraJIaKTHKe, co epX<a.IUeM COTHH MHJIJIHap OB 3Be3 ,
BCnbIllKa CBepXHOBOM 6bIBaeT pa3 B HeCKOJIbKO CTO-
JIeTHM. o'nHaKo,,3a 10 MJIp JIeT BpeMeHH cym;ecTBo-
BaHHH BCeJIeHHOH B HalleM faJIaKTHKe npO:H30llJIH
eCHTKH MHJIJIHOHOB BcnbIlleK C epXHoBbIx
Ko
jlal!tJlIia
T eCT NI6 (yPOBeHIt A)
1. KaKHe qaCT bI H3 nepeqHCJIeHHbIX HHx<e JIeI":le
PYrHX cnoc06HbI npoHHKaTb B' aTOMHoe H.n:pO H
BbI3bIBaTb MepHbIe peaKnHH?
o A. 3JIeKTpoHbI.
o E. IIpOTOHbl.
o B. '.A.nb$a-':laCnm bl .
o f. HeMTpoHbl.
o ,l{. Bce nepeqHCJIeHHble B A - f npHMepHO O H-
HaKOBO.
2. MOX<eT JIH npH oCYII.J;eCTBJIeHHH MepHoM peaKnHH
BbI eJIHTbCH 60JIbllee KOJIH'leCTBO 3HeprHH, qeM
npHHocHT B MPO qaCTHna; BbI3blBalOllaH peaK-
nHlO? '
o A. MO:HCeT, HO TOJIbKO B peaKnHHX CHHTe3a.
o D. Moox<eT, HO TOJIbKO B peaKnHHX eJIeHHH
Mep.
o B. MO)!(eT B pa3J1HqHbiX TRnax peaKl{HM.
o f. He MOX<eT HH B KaKHX peaKnHHX.
o ,l{. BbI eJIeHHe 3HeprHH Bcef.n;a paBHo nOrJIO-
rp;eHHoM 3HeprH}I.
3. IIpH CTOJIKHOBeHHH npoToHa p C H pOM aTOMa
H3OTona JIHTIDI Li o6pa3yeTcH H pO H30Tona 6e-
pHJIJIHH Be BblJIeTaeT Ici1KaH-TO eII.J;e qaCTHna x:
Li + p Be +x
KaKaH 3TO ':laCTHna?
o A. faMMa-KBaHT.
o E. 3JIeKTpoH.
o B. II03HTpoH.
o f, IIpoToH,
o ,l{. HeMTpoH.
4. H.n:po aTOMa H30Tona a30T;i I N norJIOmaeT HeMil'-
pOH n, HcnycKaeT npoToH p H npeBpa aeTCH B
MPOX:
14N + In x+ I p
7 0 I
H poM KaKoro H3OTona HBJIHeTCH sr.u;po x?
o E. I N,
o f. I C.
o A. I N,
0' B. I:C.
o 1I. 'I C.
5. B03MO:HCHa JIH B npHHnHne MepHaJI peaKnIDI
18 0 + I p 18F + In
8 1 9 0'
eCJIH H3BeCTHO, qTO CYMMa Macc Mpa aTOMa KHC-
JIopo a 1:0 H npbTOHa p MeHbllIe CYMMbl Macc
Mpa aTOMa $Topa I F H HeMTpOHa n. Ec.i1H B03-
MO:HCHa, TO BbI eJIHeTCH HJIH norJIOIltaeTCH 3HeprHH
B 3TOM peaKnHH?
o A. PeaKnHH HeB03MO:HCHa.
o E. PeaKnIDI B03MO:HCHa, :=meprHH nOrJIOmaeTCH.
o B. PeaKnHH B03MO:HCHa, 3HepIWI BbI eJIHeT H,
o r. PeaKnHH B03MOX<Ha, ,3HepIWI He BbI,lI;eJIHeT-
CH H He norJIOmaeTCH.
o ,l{. PeaKnHH B03MO:HCHa, 3HeprHH MO:HCeT norJIO-
IltaTbCH HJIH BbIl1eJIHTbCH.
6. B03MoX<Ha JIH B npHHnHne MepHaJI peaKnIDI
I F + p 1:0 +' He,
eCJIH H3BeCTHO, qTO CYMMa Macc Mpa $Topa I:F H
npOTOHa p 60JIbllIe CYMMbI Mace Mpa KHCJIOpO a
1:0 If reJIIDI He, ECJIH B03MO>KHa, TO BbI,lI;eIDIeT-
CH HJIH norJIOmaeTCH 3HeprHH B 3TOM peaIClUrn? '
o A. PeaKl1HH HeB03MO:HCH .
o E. PeaKnH$I B03MO:HCHa, 3HeprHH norJIOmaeTCH.
o B. PeaKnHH 03MO>KHa, 3HeprHH BbI eJIHeTCH,
o f. PeaKnIDI B03MO:HCHa, aHepIWI He BbI eJJ$IeT-
CH H He norJIOmaeTCH,
o ,l{. PeaKnHHB03MO:HCHa,3HepIWIMox<eTnQrJIO-
iI1aTbcH HJIIf BbI eJIHTbCH.
7. B03MOX<Ha JIH B npHHnHne MepHaJI peaKl{HH
Be + n Li + He,
eCJIH H3BecTHO, qTO eYMMa Mace Mpa 6epHJIJIIDI
Be H HeM'tpOHa n 60JIbllIe eYMMbI Mace Mep
646
<1>11311KA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO .H,l{PA
,
JIHTHH Li H reJIHH He. CJIH B03MO:>KHa, TO BbI-
.n;eJIHeTCH HJIH rtorJIOru;aeTCH 3HeprHH B 3TOM peaK-
:QHH? '
o A. PeaK:QHH HeB03MO:>KHa.
o B. PeaKI1HH B03MO:>KHa, 3HeprHH nOrJIOInaeTCH.
o B. PeaK:QHH B 3MO:>KHa, 3HeprHH BbI.n;eJIHeTCH.
o r. PeaKItHH B03MO:>KHa, 3HeprHH He BbI.n;eJIHeT-
CH H He norJIoru;aeTCH.
o ,l{. PeaK:QHH B03MO:>KHa, 3HeprnH MO:>KeT nOfJIO-
InaTbCH lIJIH BbI.n;eJIHTbCH.
8. KaKaH H3 nepeqi}CJIeHHbIX HH:>Ke H.n;epHbIX peaK:QHM
HBJIHeTCH npHMepoM peaKLt H TepMOH.n;epHoro
CHHTe3a?
o A. 06pa30BaJme H.n;ep aTOMOB reJIHH H3 H.n;ep
aTOMOB Bo.n;opo.n;a.
o B. 06pa30BaHHe H.n;ep aTOMOB Bo.n;opo.n;a H3
H.n;ep aTOMOB reJIHH.
o B. 06pa30BaHlfe H.n;ep aTOMOB ypaHa H3 H.n;ep
60JIee JIerKHX 3JIeMeHTOB.
o r. ,l{eJIeHHe H.n;ep YpaJIa no.n; .n;eMcTBHeM HeMT-
pOHOB.
o ,l{. Bce H.n;epHbIe peaK:QHH, H.n;yru;He C BbI.n;eJIe-
HHeM 3HeptHH. '
9. llo':leMY npH .n;eJIeHHH H.n;ep ypaHa MO:>KeT Pa3BH-
BaTbCH Lt nHaJI peaKnIDI?
o A. llOTOMY ':ITO llpH .n;eJIeHHiI Ka:>K.n;oro H.n;pa
ypaHa BbI.n;eJIHeTCH 60JIbllIaJI 3HeprHH.
I
o B. llOTOMY ':ITO npR .n;eJIeHHH Ka:>K.n;oro H.n;pa
'ypaHa oCBo6o:>K.n;aeTcH MHoro OCKOJIKOB
H.n;ep.
o B. llOTOMY ':ITO npH .n;eJIeHHH Ka:>K,ZJ;OrO H.n;pa
ypaHa oCBo6o:>K.n;aeTcH HeCKOJIbKO UpOTO-
HOB.
o r. llOTOMY ':ITO npH .n;eJIeHHH Ka)K.n;oro H.n;pa
YPaJIa OCBo6o:>K,ZJ;aeTCH HeCKOJIbKO HeMTpO-
HOB.
o ,l{. llOTOMY ':ITO npH .n;eJIeHHH Ka:>K.n;oro H.n;pa
ypaHa OCBo6o:>K.n;aeTCH HeCKOJIbKO raMMa-
KBaHTOB.
10, KaKoB HCTO':lHHK 3HeprHH, oCBo6o:>K.n;aIOru;eecH
llpH .n;eJIeHHH H.n;pa ypaHa?
o A. ,l{eMcTBHe KYJIOHOBCKHX CRJI OTTaJIKHBa-
HHH Me:>K.n;y OCKOJIKaMH H.n;pa.
o B. ,l{eMcTBHe CHJI H.n;epHoro npHTH:>KeHHH
Me:>K.n;y OCKOJIKaMI-I H.n;pa.
o B., ,l{eMcTBHe H.n;,epHblx CHJI OTTaJIKHBaHHH
Me/K.n;y OCKOJII\aMH H.n;pa.
o r. ,l{eikTBHe KYJIOHOBCKI-IX CI-IJI npHTH:>KeHHH
Me:>K.n;y nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHO 3apH:>KeHHbIMH oc-
KOJIKaMH H.zq>a H 3JIeKTpoHaMI-I.
o ,l{. 3HeprHIO npHHOCHT HeMTpoH, BbI3bIBaIO-
ru;IIM .n;eJleHHe 'H.n;pa. '
ea..ll()
'JUufoIiia
CaMOCTOATenbHaA pa60Ta H!S
(ypoBeHIt 6)
I1cnoJ):b3YH Ta6JIH:Qy 4.1, BbI':IHCJIIITe BbIXO.n; H.n;epHbIX
peaKItHM, npHBe.n;eHHblx HH:>Ke.
1. IH+IH 2H+oe++V
I I I I e
2. H + H H(+r
3. H + H He + n
4. He + H He + H + H
5 14 N + I n ---'" 14 C + I H
'70-'-6 I
6 2 H + 2 H ---'" 3 H + I H
. I I -,- I I
7 27 Al + 4 He ---'" 30 p + I n
. 13 2 -,- 15 0
8. BbI':IHCJIHTe KOJIH':IeCTBO 3HeprnH, OCBo6o:>K.n;aro-
ru;eHcH npH CHHTe3e 1 Kr H30TOna reJIHH He H3
H30Tona rCJIHH He. CKOJIbKO KlIJIOrpaMMOB Ka-
MeHHoro yrJIH Tpe6yeTcH .n;JIH nOJI)"IeHHH TaKoro
KOJIH':IeCTBa3HeprHH?TellJIOTBOpHaJICnoco6HOCTb
)J,)K
yrJIH 3.10 7 -.
Kr
9. BbI':IHCJIHTe KHHeTH':IecKYIO 3HeprHIO OCKOJIKOB
H.n;pa ypaHa 2 U , HcnbITaBllIero .n;eJIeHHe Ha .n;Ba
O.n;HHaJ<OBbIX OCKOJIKa, C':IHTaJI ':ITO BCH 3Ta 3Hep-
rHH B03HHKaeT 3a C':IeT .n;eMcTBHH KYJIOHOB'CKHX CMJI
OTTaJIKHBaHHH. Pa.n;HYc aTOMHoro H.n;pa R cBH3aH C
MaCCOBbIM ':IHCJIOM A <POPMYJIOM:
H.n;epHbIe peaKnHH
647
1
R= 1,3.10- 15 A3 M .
IIpH BbNHCJIeHHH MO:>KHO npHHHTb, ':ITO .n;eikTBHe
KYJIOHOBCKHX CWI HBJUleTCSI npe06ml,lJ.aIOlQHM npH
paCCTOSIHHH Me:>K,lJ.Y neH'rpaMH OCKOJIKOB, paBHoM
.n;HaMeTpY HcxO.n;Horo SI,lJ.pa.
10. BbIqHCJIHTe Maccy pa,lJ,HOaKTHBHbIX npo.n;YKTOB
.n;eJIeHHH SI,lJ.ep ypaHa, HaKanJIHBaIOlQHXCSI B peaK-
Tope MOlQHOCTbIO 3.10 9 BT 3a 1 CYTKH, npHHHMaSI
BbI.n;eJIeHHe 3HeprHH npH .n;eJIeHHH o.n;Horo H.n;pa
ypaHa 235 paBHbIM 200 M3B.
CpaBHHTe nOJIyqeHHbIM pe3YJIbTaT C MaccoM 1 Kr
pa,lI,HOaKTHBHbIX npo.n;YKTOB B3pbIBa 20 KlIJIOTOH-
HOM aToMHoM 60M6bI.
AR 1ii8Je.
I«JJIIf CJIia,to
KaK AenalOTcA OTKpblTHA (ypoBeHIt B)
OTKpblTMe AeneHMA AAep ypaHa
3aMerlameJl'bHaR. 3aKOHOMep1l0Cmb caooo:
CaMaJl CJlaOKaR. MOJlUlla 6'bloaem lla oemoS/.X,
coecuoUJ.uxCJl U3 coceocKolo caoa
KaK HH cTpaHHo, 3Ta 3aKoHoMepHocTb pa60TaeT H Ha
yqacTKax cpce.n;CTByrolQHX HaYK. OqeHb MHorHe OT-
KpbITHSI .n;eJIaIOTCSI Ha rpaHHnax pa3.n;eJIa Ha)'K WIH
.n;a:>Ke Ha coce.n;cKHx yqacTKax .
B .n;eMcTBHTeJlbHOCTH B 3TOM HeT HHqerO y.n;HBHTeJIb-
HOro, TaK KaK .n;eJleHHe HayqHoro 3HaHHH 0 MHpe Ha
OT.n;eJlbHbIe HaYKH .n;OBOJIbHO yCJlOBHO, HO BO MHornx
CJIyqaSIx OHO MeIIIaeT nOHHTb KaKYIO-To npocTYIO HC-
TRIl}' X03HHHY yqacTKa , Tor.n;a KaK coce.n;y OHa Ka-
:>KeTCH OqeBH,lJ.HOM. 11 OH c06HpaeT yp0)KaM C coce.n;c-
Koro yqacTKa.
I1MeHHo TaKoM CJIyqaM npOH30IIIeJl C OTKpbITHeM pe-'
a:Kl(HH .n;eJIeHHH SI,lI,pa ypaHa.
I1CTOpHH OTKpbITHH .n;eJIeHHH SI,lJ.pa ypaHa npe.n;IIIe-
CTBOBaJIH OTKpbITHe ,l{:>K. qe;n;BHKoM <paKTa cylQeCTBO-
",BaRMH HeMTpOHOB H OTKpbITHe <1>pe.n;epHKOM H I1peH
, )KOJIHO- KIOpH SIllJIeHIDI HCKYCCTBeHHOM pa,lJ,HoaKTHB-
> HOCTH. I1CKYCCTBeHHO pa,lJ,HOaKTHBHbIe H.npa HM y.n;a-
JlOCb c03.n;aTb, 06J1yqaSI SI.n;pa cTa6HJIbHbIX aTOMOB
aJIb<!>a-qaCTHl(aMH. C OTKpbITHeM HeiiTpOH()B eCTe-
CTBeHHO B03HHKJIO npe.n;nOJlO)KeHHe 0 B03MO:>KHOCTH
c03.n;aHHH pa3JIHqHbIX HCKyccTBeHHbIx PMHoaKTHB-
HbIX H3Q,TOnOB nYTeM 06J1)"ieHHH H.n;ep cTa6uJIbHbIX
H30TOnOB HeMTpOHaMH.
BbICTpee H ycneIIIHee Bcex cepHIo HCCJIe.n;oBaI-IHM no
C03.n;aHHIO HCKYccTBeHHbIx pa,lJ,HOaKTHBHbIX H30TOnOB
C nOMOlQbIO HeMTpOHOB H HCCJIe.n;OBaHHIO HX CBOMCTB
BbIITOJIHHJI HTaJIbSIHCKHM <pH3HK 3Hp KO <1>epMH C
rpynnoM COTpy.n;HHKOB. OHH npOBeJIH 3KcnepHMeHTbI
C Pa3J1HQHbIMH 3JIeMeHTaM1-I Ta6JIHl(bI MeH.n;eJIeeBa H
B 60JIbIIIHHCTBe 3KcnepHMeHToB nOJlyqWIH cxo.n;HbIe
pe3YJIbTaTbI: npH CTOJIKHOBeHHH HeMTpOHa C SI,lJ.pOM
aTOMa cTa6WIbHoro H30Tona B pe3YJIbTaTe H.n;epHOM
peaKl(HH B03HHKaJIO H.npO HOBOro H30Tona. 3TOT H30-
Ton 06bIqHO OKa3bIBaJICH pa.u.HoaKTHBHbIM.
Kor.n;a Oqepe.n;b .n;oIIIJIa .n;o ypaHa, HCCJIe.n;oBaTeJIH
BCTpenlJIHCb C HeO:>KH,lJ.aHHOCTbIO: nOCJIe 06JIyqeHHH
ypaHa HeMTpOHaMH B03HHKaJIH HOBbIe pa,lJ,HOaKTHB-
HbIe H30TonbI, HO' HX XHMHqeCKHe CBOMCTBa OTJIHqa-
JIHCb KaK OT CBOMCTB ypaHa, TaK H OT CBOMCTB ero
6J1H)KaMIIIHX coce.n;eM CJIeBa B Ta6JIHl(e MeH.n;eJIeeBa.
11 Tor.n;a <1>epMH peIIIHJI, qTO npH 06J1yqeHHH ypaHa
HeMTpOHaMH B03HHKaIOT H30TonbI HOBbIX, elQe HeH3-
BeCTHbIX 3aypaHOBbIX 3JI MeHTOB.
O.n;HaKO C BbIBO.n;OM <1>epMH He COrJIaCWIHCb HeKOTO-
pbIe XHMHKH, KOTopbIe 06paTHJIH BHHMaHHe Ha TOT
<paKT, qTO 06Hapy:>KeHHbIe B onbITax <1>epMH XHMHqeC-
KHe CBOMCTtm HOBbIX pa,lJ,HoaKTHBHbIX H30TonOB He
COOTBeTCTBYIOT O:>KH,lJ.aeMbIM Ha OCHOBaHHH nepHo.n;H-
qeCKOrO 3aKOHa CBOMCTBaM 3aypaHoBbIX 3JIeMeHTOB.
Cpe.n;H COMHeBaIOlQHXCH 6bIJIa H I1peH )KOJIHO- KIopH.
OHa npOBeJIa COBMeCTHO C II. CaBHqeM 3KcnepHMeHT
no 06.rryqeHHIO ypaHa HeMTPOHaMH, HCCJIe.n;OBaJIa XH-
MHQeCKHe CBOMCTBa nOJlyqHBIIIHXCH B pe3YJIbTaTe pa-
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pa,lJ,HOaKTHBRbIe H30TonbI no XHMHqeCKHM CBOMCTBaM
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IIQrJIQII(eHHasI ,lJ;Q3a D, YMHQ)KeHHasI Ha Koa4><l>HltH-
eHT QTHOCHTeJIhHQH 6HQ.nQI'H'IecKQH a<l><l>eKTHBHOCTH
K xapaKTepH3yeT 6HQJIQf»qeCKQH ,lJ;eHCTBHe nQfJIQ-
II(eHHQH ,lJ;Q3hI H Ha3 BaeTCH aKBHBaJIeHTHQH ,lJ;Q30H H:
H = D.K.
E,lJ;HHHIta SKBHBaJIeHTHQH ,lJ;Q3hI B CI113HBepT (1 3B).
O,lJ;HI:l 3HBepT paBeH aKBHBa.neHTHOH ,lJ;Q3e npH nQrJIQ-
II(eHHQI1: .nQ3e B 1 rpeH QT H3JIyqeHHH'c Koo4><l>HltHeH-
TQMK= 1.
YnQTpe6JIS1eTCH H e.llHHHI1a aiKBHBaJIeHTHQH ,lJ;Q3hI 1
6ap - 6HQJIQI'H'IeCKHH aKBHBaJIeHr pa.z1a:
16ap = 1 pa.n;.K = 0,01 3B.
CBe,lJ;eHHH 0. e.llHHHItax ,lJ;Q3hI HQJlH3HpJIOII(ero H3JIY-
qeHHH B CI1 npHBe,lJ;eHa B Ta6JIHlte 6.2,
KQa<l><l>HItHeHT K ,lJ;IDI nepeBQ.n;a qHCJIQBQro 3HaqeHIDI
nQfJIQII(eHHQH ,lJ;Q3hI H3JIYQeHIDI B SKBHBaJIel:lTHYIO
,lJ;Q3Y paBeH:
peHITeHQBCKQe H faMMa-H3J1YQeHIDI- 1;
aJIeKTPQHhI, nQ3HTpoHhI, p-H3JIyqeHHe - '1;
HeHTPQHhI C aHepmeH E;;; 20 KaB - 3;
HeHTPQHbI C aHepmeH E;;; 0,1-10 MaB -,10;
npQTQHhI C aHepmeH E;;; 10 MaB - 10;
a.-H3JIYQeHHe C aHepmeH 10 MsB - 20.
CBH3b e.l(HHHU .l(Q3hI HQHH3HpJIOll1ero H3JIyqeHIDI B
CI1 C ,lJ;pymMH e.llHHHItaMH:
KJJ
1 - "'" 3,88.10 3 P (peHITeH)
I<r '
. .nx<
1 rp = 100 pa.n;, 1 Pa.z1 = 0,01
I<r
1 3B = 100 6ap
(6ap - 6HQJIQmQecKHH SKBHBaJIeHT peHTreHa) ,
6HollofHllecKoe AeMcTBHe HOHH3HPYlOIIIHX
H3nY'leHHM
DHQJIQI'H'IecKQe .l(eHCTB e HQHH3HPJIOII(eH Pa.z1HauHH
Ha )KHBQH QpraHH3M 06ycJIQBJIeHQ XHMH'IecKHMH npo-
IteccaMH, npQHCXQ.l(HII(HMH 'B )KHBhIX KJIeTKax 'nQCJIe .
HX o6.nyqeHHH. OpraHH3M MJIeKOnHTaIOII(ero' COCTQ- :
HT npHMepHQ Ha -75% H3 BO,nhI. IIpH ,lJ;Q3e 6 tp B 1 CM 3
TKaHH npQHCXQ.llHT HQHH3auIDI npHMepHQ 10t5l'1oJIe-
KYJI BQ.l1hI.
IIQJIQ)KHTeJIbHhIH HOH BQ,nhI H 2 0+' 06pa30 cH
B pe3YJlhTaTe HQHH3auHH, H OTpHuaTeJIbHhIii HQH BQ,nhI
H 2 0-, no.nyqaIOII(HHCH B peaYJIhTaTe npHCQe,l{HHeH
. 5I.ZJ;epmlJl aHeprnJl II aKOJIornJl
653
cBo6o.ZJ;Horo aJIeKTpOHa HeihpaJIhHOH MOJIeKYJIOH,
HeCTa6WIhHhI. Ka>K.ZJ;hIH 113 HIIX pa3JIaraeTCJI Ha CTa-
611JIhHhlH IIOH II CBo60.ZJ;HhlH pa,zJ;IIKaJI:
H 2 0- -7 OH- + H,
H 2 0+ -7 OH + H+.
110HbI .ZJ;aJIee peKOM611HHpYJOT C 06pa30BaHHeM HeHT-
paJIhHOH MOJIeKYJIhI BO.ZJ;hI. GB060.ZJ;Hhle pa,zJ;IIKaJIhI OH
II H JlB.IDlIOTCJI OqeHh aKTIIBHhlMH OKHCJIHTeJISlMH. B pe-
3YJIhTaTe peaKItnH OKHCJIeHHJI OHII pa3pywalOT 6ek
KH >KHBhlX KJleTOK, Bhl31!IBalOT XHMllqecKYIO MO.ZJ;H<lm-
Kal{1I1O MOJIeKYJI, He06xo.ZJ;IIMhlX .llJIJI HOpMaJIhHOrO
CPYHKl{HOlillpoBaHIDI KJleTKH. '
ITpouecchl 1I0HH3al{HH II XHMH'IecKHX B3<lliMO.ZJ;eHCTBnH
npo.ZJ;yKT08 1I0HH3al{HH npollCXOMT B KJleTKe 3a MHJI.7IH-
OHHble .ZJ;OJIII cel\YH.ZJ;hI, DHOXm.mqeCKHe H3MeHeHIDI B
KJleTKe, 06YCJIoBJIeHHhIe 06W30BaHH M HO hIX MQJIeKYJI:
qy>K.ZJ;hIX HOpMaJIhHOH KJle'fKe, HaqHHaIOTCJI Cpaay nOCJIe
MOMeHTa 06JIyqeHIDl, HO He 3aBepWaIOTCH 3a KOpoTKoe
BpeMJI. O.ZJ;HH CJIe.ZJ;CTBIDI 6HOXHMH'IecKHX H3MeHemrn B
K1IeTKe IIpoJlB.IDlIOTCJI yiKe qepe3 HecKOJIbKO ceKyH,Zt noc-
JIe 06JIyqeHIDI, .zq>yrne MOIyr npHBecTH K rn6eJrn KJleTKH
R7IH ee paKOBOMY nepepo>K.ZJ;eHHIO qepe3 .ZJ;ecJITHJie'fIDI.
Pa3JIH'iaIOT TpH OCHOBHbIX Blf)];a onaCHOCTH OT B03.ZJ;eH-
CTBIDI HOHH3HpYJOIlteH pa.ZJ;HaItHH Ha :>KHBOH OpraHH3M -
OCTpoe nopaJi<eHlle, OT.ZJ;aJIeHHhle nOCJIe.ZJ;CTBIDI II re-
HeTHqeCKHe nOCJIe.ZJ;CTBIDI.
CBelleHIDI 0 6110JIOrnqeCKOM lleHCTBHH pa3JIH'IHhIX .ZJ;03
H3JIyqeHHH Ha qeJIOBeKa IIpHBe.ZJ;eabi B Ta6JI11I(e 6.3.
ECTecT8eHH M c1JOH pa.qMaLlMM (yPOB8Hb 6)
ECTeCTB8HHblM 4»oH 06.nY'l8HHR
3HaKoMcTBO C <l>aKTaMH' OTpHl{aTeJIhHoro BJIIDIHIDI
IIOHH3I1PYKIIlt:HX H3JIyqeHHH Ha OpraH:H3M qeJIOBeKa
Bhl3bIBaeT eCTecTBeHHbIii: Bonpoc, nOqeMY>Ke He IICKJlIO-
qHth 113 )l\H3HH qeJIOBeKa B03MO>KHOCTJ> KaKoro- .1IH60
06JIyqelillJl, OTK3acimWHC1> OT H3foTOBJIeHIDI II yn -
JIeHIDI HCroqHHKOB pa.ztHaIUUf. O.ZJ;HaKO IICKJllOqHTh no.n-
HOCThIO .ZJ;eHCTBHe IIOHH311pYJOIlteH pa,lUfal{HH Ha qeJIO-
BeKa HeB03MO>KHO, nOCKOJIhKY pa.ZJ;lIoaKTIIBHOCTh He
H306peTeHa qeJIOBeKOM, a JIHIIIh OTKphlTa 11M. '
B .1I1060M MecTe Ha 3eMJIe qeJIOBeK rrO.ZJ;Bep>KeH B03-
.ZJ;eHCTB:mo ecTeCTBeHHoro Hal{IIOHHOro ij>oHa.
::JTa pa,zJ;HaltHJI 6hIJIa, Kor.ZJ;a eme He 6h1JIO >K:H3HII Ha
3eMJIe, eCTh ceiNac II 6Y.ZJ;eT, Kor.na noraCHeT COJIHlte
B YCJIOBIIJlX cyIlteCTBQBaHHJI eCTeCTBeHHoro pa,zJ;Hal{H-
OI;lHOro cPOHa B03HIIKJla >K:H3Hh Ha 3eM.1Ie II npOWJIa
nyTh aBOJIlOltIIH .ZJ;O cBoero HaCTOJlIltero COCTOJIHIDI:
IToaTOMY MO>KHO C YBepeHHOCThlO CKa3aTh, qTO .ZJ;03h1
06JIyqeHIDI, 6JIH3KHe K ypOBHIO eCTeCTBeHHoro cPOHa,
He npe.ZJ;CTaBJIJlIOT cephe3HOH onaCHOCTIi .l1.7IJI >KHBbIX
opraH1I3MOB. .
qacTb .ZJ;03h1 eCTeCTBeHHoro <l>oHa 06ycJIoBJIeHa BHe-
WHIIM 06.11YQeHHeM, C03.ZJ;aBaeMhlM raMMa-H3.11YQeHII-
eM eCTeCTBeHHhlX pa,zJ;lIoaKTHBHbIX 1130TonOB 3eMHOH
KOphl - ypaHa, TOpIDI, KaJIHJI II pMa .ZJ;Pyrnx S.1leMeH-
TOB. MOIltHOCTh .ZJ;03h1 B eIllHero cPOHOBOro raMMa-
H3JIYQeHHJI KO.1le6JteTCJI B 60JIhWHHCTBe MeCT OT 0,3
.ZJ;O 0,6 MHJIJIII311BepTa (0,03-0,06 6ap) B ro.ZJ;, cpe.lU:lee
3HaqeHlle paBHO npHMepHo 0,35 MHJIJIH3HBepTa.
BTOpOH IICTOqHHK 06JtyqelillJl - KOCMINeCKHe JIyqH.
KOCMH'IeCKHMII .1IyqaMIi Y nO]3epXHOCTH 3eMJIli Ha3h1-
BalOT nOTOK raMMa-KBaHTOB II 6h1CTphlX 3apJl>KeHHhIX
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B aTMoccPepe 3eMJIli no.ZJ;, .ZJ;eHCTBMeM nepBHqHoro KOC-
MllqecKOro H3JIyqeHIDI.
Ha ypOBHe MOpJl KOCMllqecKHe JIyqll 06YCJIOB.7lliBalOT"
_ 63p
.ZJ;03Y 06JIyqeHIDI 0,3 MIIJIJIH3I1Bei>Ta B roJ{ (0,03 -). .
rOll
, IT pll nO.ZJ;'heMe B BepXHlle CJIOII aTMoccpephl MOIltHOCTh
nOTOKa KOCMHqeCKOrO H3JIyqeHHJI B03pacTae-r. Ha Bbl-
COTe 3000 M Ha,zJ; ypOBHeM MOpJl OHa YBeJIllqHBaeTCJI
npliMepHO B TPIi pa3a.
KpOMe BHewHero 06JIyqeHHJI Ka>K.ZJ;hlH >KHBOH opra-
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peHHee 06JJyqeHlle >KHBOro opraHH3Ma 06ycJIoBJIeHO
TeM, 'ITO C nllIlteH, BO.ZJ;OH II l!03.ZJ;YXOM B Hero nona,zJ;a-
lOT pa3JIHqHhle XHMHqecKHe aJIeMeHThl, 06JIa,zJ;aIOIltlie
eCTeCTBeHHO pa.ZJ;lIoaKTIIBHOCThlO. K qllCJIY TaKIiX
aJIeMeJ;lToB OTHOCJlTCJI B nepBYJO oqepe.llh yrJIepo.ZJ;,
KaJIHH,ypaH,TopHH,pa,zJ;HH,panoH.
YrJIepo.ZJ; 6110JIOOOecKoro npQIICxO eHHJI co.ZJ;ep)KHT
pa,zJ;HOaKTHBHhlH H30Ton 14C B HOHueHTpaUHH' 0.llHH
pa,zJ;lIoaKTHBHbIM aTOM Ha MII.1iJIIiOH MIIJIJIIIOH08 CTa-
6WIhHhlX aTOMOB, ITpli nepllo.n;e no.nypacna,zJ;a H30TO-
na 14C 5600 JIeT TaKCUI KOHlteHTpal{HJI 06YC.lIOBJIIIBa-
eT y.ZJ;eJIhHYJO pa,ltHoaKnlBHocTh yrJIepo.ZJ;a 15 pacna,zJ;OB
B MIiHyTy Ha rpaMM. OpraHH3M qeJIOBeKa npHMepHO
Ha 18 % COCTOIIT H3 yrJIepo.ZJ;a, B TeJIe qeJIOBeKa Mac-
COH 70 KI' CO.ZJ;ep)KHTCJI OKOJIO 13 KI' yrJIepo.ZJ;a. OTCIO-
.ZJ;a o6IltCUI aKTHBHOCTh yrJIepo.ZJ;a 14C B HeM paBHa npll-'
pacn pacn
MepHo 13000 r. 15 - "'" 200000 -.
MHH MHH '
B. TeJIe qeJIOBeKa cO.ZJ;ep>KHTC OKOJIO 150 r KMHJI. :a
OD;HOM rpaMMe IIpllpO.ZJ;HOro HJI npOHCXO.ll:HT npll-
MepHo 2000 6eTa-pacna,zJ;oB B HyTy pa,zJ;HoaKTHBHO-
ro H30Tona KaJIIDI 40. ITOaTO Y B TKaHJlX opraHH3Ma
654
<D11311KA ATOMA 11 ATOMHOrO 5I.l{PA
qeJlQBeKa rrpQHCXOL(:HT "",300 000 6eTa-paCrr QB B M:H-
HYTY Mep :H3QTOna KaJImr, 40.
KpQ e p :HQaKT:HBHbIX :H3OTQrrQB yrJIepQL(a :H KaJIlffi
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TbI p HoaKTHBHbIX PMQB ypaHa :H TQpmr. KQJIl1'ie-
CTBQ 3mx 3JIeMeHTOB B QP aH:H3Me qeJIQBeKa CHJIhHQ
3aBHC:HT QT yrrQTpe6mreMQH 11M rrHIII:H.
, B lteJIQM CpeL(Hee 3HaqeHHe 3KBHBaJIeHTHQH L(Q3bI .06-
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THBHbIM:H :H3QTQrraM:H, rrOrraL(aIOIlt:HMH B QpraH:H3M
qeJIQBeKa C rr:Hm;eH H BQL(QH, CQCTaBJlHIOT rrp:HMepHQ
0,35 M3B B roll (0,005 63p B roLl).
HaH6QJIee 3HaqlITeJIhHbIH B B L(Q3Y BHYTpeHHero
Q6JIyqeHIffi B 6QJIhID:HHCTBe MeCT Ha 3eMJIe L(eJIaIOT
,P HQa.KT:HBHbIH P QH :H rrpQL(YKTbI ero pacrr a, rrQ
,rr aIOIII:He B QpraH:H3M qeJIQ,BeKa rrp:H tJ:bIxaHHH.
Pa.ziQH HBJIHeTCH rrpQL(YKTQM p :HoaKmBHQro pacrra
L(a paL(:HH. P :HH B CBQIO QqepeL(h HBJJHeTCH rrpQltYK-
TQM pa.ztHoaKTHBHQro pacrrCWi ypaHa. YpaH COL(ep)KHT-
CH B 3eMHQH KQpe H B JII06hIX rrQqBax. I1Q3TQMY P QH
rrQCTQHHHQ 06pa3yeTcH B rrQqBe rrQBCeMeCTHQ Ha 3eM-
JIe. P QH - HHepTHbIH raa, rrQ3TQMY B rrQqBe QH He
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, KQHIteHTpaItIffi pa.ttQHa rrQBbIIDaeTCH B 3aKphlTbIX He-
rrpQBeTlnmaeMhIX rrQMeIlteHlffiX, Qc06eHHQ BbICOKa QHa
B rrQlJ;BaJIhHbIX rrQMeIlteHlffiX, B HH)KH:HX 3TIDKax 3L(a-
H:HH, 6JI:H3KHX K rrQqBe.
B 6QJIbIDHHCTBe L(QMQB YL(eJlbHaH aKTHBHOCTb QHa H
, Ex '
rrpQ,lfj'KTOB erQ pacrra,n;a COCTaBAAeT QKQJIQ 50 3' '!TQ
, M
rrp:HMepHQ B 25 pa3 BbIIDe cpeL(Hero YPQBHH YL(eJIbHQH
aKTHBHOCTH anmccpepHQro BQ3)1yXa BHe 3L(aHIDL
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06ycJIQBJIeHHQH P QHQM :H rrpQL(YKTaM:H ero pacrra-
L(a, CQCTaBJIsreT '1 M:HJIJIH3:HBepT B rQL( (0,1 63p B roLl).
3TQ rrpHMepHQ rrQJIQB:HHa CpeL(HeH rQL(QBQH L(Q3bI
Q6JIytteHIffi, rrQJIyqaeMQH qeJIQBeKQM QT Bcex eCTe-
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cpe,lVIee 3Ha eH:He 3KBHBaJIeHTHQH L(Q3bI 06.rryqeHHH,
Q6YCJIQBJIeHHQH eCTeCTBeHHbIM p :HaI1:HQHHbIM CPQ-
HQM, CQCTaBJlHeT QKQJIQ,2 M3B B roLl (0,2 69p B roLl).
HCTO'tHHKH H3nY'teHHA, H nonb3yeMbie B
MeAH HHe
B HaCTQHIltee BpeMH Bce JIIOL(H Ha 3eMJIe rrQL(Bep)Ke-
HhI J{eHcTBIDO :HQH:H3:HpYIOIlteH p :HaItH:H He TQJIbKQ
eCTeCTBeHHQro, HQ :H :HCKyCCTBeHHQrQ rrpQ:HCXQ:>K.ZJ;e-
HIffi. K :HCKyCCTBeHHbIM :HCTQ'iHHKaM P :HaJ.1HH, CQ-
3L(aHHhIM qeJIQBeKQM, QTHQCHTCH peHTreHQBCK:He
L(HaraQCTHqeCKHe:H TepaneBTHqeCKHe YCTaHQBKH, paa-
JIH'QlbIe CpeL(CTBa aBTQMaTHqeCKQro KQHTPQAA:H yn-
paBJIeHHH, :HCrrQJIh3YIOIlt:He p HoaKTHBHbIe :H3QTQrrbI,
MepHbIe 3HepreTHqecKHe :H HCCJIeL(QBaTeJIhCKHe pe-
aKTQPbI, YCKQP:HTeJIH 3apH)KeHHbIX qaCTHIt :H pa3JI:Hq-
HbIe BbICQKQBQJIhTHbIe 3JIeKTPQBaxyyMHhle rrp:H6QPbI,
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L(YKTbI MepHbIX B3PhlBQB.
113 Bcex :HCKycCTBeHHbIX :HCTQqHHKQB :HQHH3HpYIOIlteH
pa,ZUfaIt:H:H L(JIH 6QJIhID:HHCTBa JIIO.z(eH Ha:H6QJIhIDYIO
, PQJIh HrpaIOT HCTQqH:HKH peHTreHQBCKQro :H3JI)"IeHIUJ:,
:HCrrQJIh3yeMbIe B Me.l1lfI(HHe. Cpe,lVIHH 3KB:HBaJIeHTHaH
L(Q3a, rrQJI)"IaeMaH qeJIQBeI<QM 3a rQL(, B rrpQMbIIIIJIeHHQ
pa3B:HTbIX CTpaHax COCTaBJIHeT QKQJIQ 1 M3B (0,1 oop),
T. e. QKQJIQ rrQJIQBHHbI L(Q3bI eCTeCTBeHH<?ro cpQHa.
npeAenbHo AonycTHMble A03b1 o6nyweHHA
HeBQ3MQ)KHQCTh rrQJIHQro :HCKJlIOqeH:HH Q6JI)"IeHHH
qeJIQBeKa H3-3a CYII.1ecTBQBaHIUJ: pa,n;HaI1HQHHQro cpQHa
:H HepaI1:HQHaJIhHQCTb rrQJIHQro QTKa3a QT HCrrQJIh30-
BaHHH KaKHX-JI:H6Q YCTpQHCTB, HBJIHIOIltHXCH L(QrrQJI-
H:HTeJIhHbIM:H :HCTQqH:HKaMH p :HaIt:H:H, rrp:HBeJIH K
HeQ6xQL(:HMQCT:H YCTaHQBJIeH:HH CaH:HTapHbIX HQPM
p :HaI1:HQHHQH 6e3QrraCHQCTH.
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3QH 06JIyqeHIffi L(JIH JI:HIt, rrpQcpeCC:HQHaJIhHQ CBH3aH-
HhIX C :HCrrQJIh3QBaH:HeM :HCTQqH:HKQB :HQHlf3HpYlOIlteH
p :HaItH:H, HBJlHeTCH lIQ3a 50 M3B B roLl (5 63p B roLl).
3TQT YPQBeHh Q6J1)"1eH:HH 6hIJI rrp:HIDJ:T 3a L(Qrrycm-
MhIH Ha TOM, QCHQBaH:HH, qTQ QH 6JIH3QK K YPQBHIO ec-
TeCTBeHHQrQ paL(HaIt:HQHHQro cpQHa B HeKQTQPbIX
MecTax Ha 3eMJIe H H:HKaK:uX QTpW' lTeJIhHbIX rrQCJIeL(-
CTB:uH L(JIH qeJIQBeKa rrpH L(eHCTBH 11 T::tK:HX r ,3 He .06-
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C yqeTQM TQro, qTQ L(QrrQJIH:HTeJIhHQe oLIyqetme B
3TOM CJI)"Iae rrpQ:HCXQ.llIfT TOJIhKQ Ha pa6QqHX MecTax
B TeqeH:He 36 qaCQB B HeL(eJIIO, rrpeL(eJIhHaH L(QrrYCT:H-
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HQM peaKTQpe B rrpQItecce pa6QTbI 06pa3yeTcH QqeHh
51JJ;epH<UI 3HeprMH II 3KOJIOrliH
655
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HbIX HJJ;ep. I1CKYCCTBeHHbIe paJJ;MOaKTMBHbIe Mpa 06-
pa3YlOTCH B JJ;BYX pa3JIJI1mbIX npOl eccax_ llepBbIM
nponecc - JJ;eJIeHMe HJJ;ep ypaHa_ B Ka>KJJ;OM HJJ;pe-
OCKOJIKe MMeeTCH 60JIhIIIOM M36hITOK HeM1poHoB no
cpaBHeHMIO co cTa6R1IbHhIM MpoM C TeM >Ke Mac o-
BhIM qllCJIOM A. 1136bITOK HeMTpoHoB 06ycJIoBJIJlBaeT
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tJ A. TOJIbB:O 1.
o :po TOJIbB:O 2.,
o B. TOJIbB:O 3.
o f. TOJIbB:O 2 H 3.
o .l{. 1, 2.1f 3.
9. ' KaKoe 3HaqeHHe 3B:BHBaJIeHTHOH 03bI 3a ro npH-
HJlTO B B:aqeCTBe npe eJIbHO onycTHMo WIH JIlm, ,
npoct>eccHOHaJIh O CBH3aHHbIX C HCnOJIb30naHHeM :
".' I'-HCTOqHHB:OB H01fH3 PYIOIIt H Pa.ztHCiInui? ..'
',,' 1'0 A () 3B (0 '63p).
,DE. 2 M3B «>,2 63p).
,t. ! .
",.0 B. 50 M3a (5 6ap).
o f. 0,1 3B (10 63p).
o .l{. 0,5 3B (50 6ap). '
10. KaKOB OCHOBHOH HCroqHHK pa.n;HOaI<TMBHHOCTH,
BbI6pacbIBaeM;oH B BTMOC«pepy 3eMJIH npH H)J;ep-
HbIX B3pbIBax H aBapHJlX Ha H)J;epHbIX p KTOPax? ,
:. . t
o II Pa HoaKTHaHbIMH,HBJI K>TCHOCKO KH
H)J;ep ypaHa.
,0, E. Pa.n;HoaKTllBHbIMH CTaHOBJlTCH,B<;e aTOMbI
,I ' BOKpyrnO .lJ HCTBHeM riwl\lf -1J3JIyqeHHH.
,0 B. Pa HOaKTHBHbIMH CTaHOBHTCJI Bce aTOMbI
BOKpyr no eHC'QIHeM aJIbcpa-H3JIyqeHHJI.
, ,
o r. Pa.n;HoaKTHBHbIMH CTaHOBJlTCH Bce aTOMbI
BOB:pyr no eHCrBHeM 6eT:;I,:H3JIyqeHHH.
a n. IIpHMe.p.Ho B, paBlfoH Mepe e¥ :rByroT Bce
,:), npHqHIf I, n peqHCJIeHHbIe B A-f.
'- ',J
/
, ' 1Ii&Je.
It4.IIIf CI1ia.4o
3a'leM enaIOTCA HaY'IHble OTKp...:rMA?
(YPODH. B) ,
, ,In',,', I"" : ,''', " 'f:: . .....
He M HHTep ?, 3 Tb, .'1(.(11' qC!a Tf!ffl, p.!fmbte
pt!'l p'1;frnUR, CerQ If '. OJ?iX JIIOJ( H OJIbwe U Tepe-
eyer Bonpoc, 3a1te.M. i)eJla1OmCJl om'KpblmUR. TaKoH Bon-
pOC OHn 3a.n;aIOT, nO'fPMY TO ,COMHeBaIOTCJI BI nOJIb3e
HaYKH, orraCalOTCJjI, Henpe BHJ(eHHLIx noc:Jre CTImH
HOBbIX OTKpbITHH. ", "
npe)K e Bcero HY,KH03aMeTHTb, qTO C01l.JHeUHJt B
rroJIb3e miy:t<11 He HBmj:IOTCH OCTH)KeHHeM Ho:!ieilme-
ro BpeMeHH. OTHomeime' K yqeHbIM KaK K bnaclu.IM
KOJI.ZJ;yHaM, KOTPpbIe YMbIIIIJIeHHO iiJIH no HeoCTOP<»K-
:1f()CT 'MOrcYT HaBJIeqb 6e y Ha OCTaJIbHbIX JlIo.n.eH,
6bI.HO xapaKTepHO H JIH peBHero BpeMeH:H, PI JIH
Cpe.nHHX BeKOB. Y'qeHbIX C)KHraJIH Ha KOCTpax 3a no.;::
nbITKY Y3HaTb, KaK YCTpOeH0. 'OOlQ , Bel$,Y ,HO-
nbITKY nOHJlTb, 'IT<? HaXOJI;HTC$I a npe eJIaMH $ MJIH.
J' ; '" . ' . . - !, ,
11 Y COBpe¥ HHKOB: a<I>ap H 6h'tim;CQMHe-
HHSI B nOJIb3e ero HayqHbIx HctJIe,ztOBaHHij. PaCCB:a- .
3bIBaIOT, qro JIa6opaTdpIDO.'<I> 'p e'Si: bcTO Biuero Ha
cJIy)K6e B KOpOJIeBGKOM:HHCTHTy!fe,1noceTHJI OJ(
bI MHHHCTp cpHH.aHCO ,:ti BOP;POC 0 TPltf, 6y eT
,JIH KaKaH-TO nOJIb3a Ee BeJIHqeCTBY OT npOBO HMbIX
HCCJIe.n:OBaHHH. <I>apa.n;eti OTBerIDt, 1iTO.OH He 3HaeT;
KaKaH HMeHHO nOJIb3a 6y eT JIIO jlM OT ero OTKPbITHH,
HO OM YBepeH, qro cJI,enyIOineH. MHHHCTp «pHHaHcoB
06H3aTeJIbHO 06JIo)KHT HaJIOrOM B nOJIb3Y Ee BeJIH-
qeCTBa TO, qTO , pJIyqH:TCJI .H3 S-:I:HX PTKpbI:r:uH, <I>apa-
eH He Mor p;pe CTaaHTb cePe B TO BpeWl, ,K :fI3Me..
HHTCJI ,MHp ;J;eXHIq(I! .H nOBce HeB aH, )KH:3nl?, JIIO eH
6JIaro apH OTKpbITHIO HBJIeHHH 3JI KTpOMarHH:THOH
HH){)TKUHH, nOpO I1BIIieMy'aJIeKtporeHeparopm, 3JIeK-
TpO BHraTeJIH, Pa.ztHO H' MHQEOO' PYFoe., , ,
HeB03MO)KHO yra.n;aTb npo06paa '6y ero I<IJHeCKO-
na TeJIe,BH30pa H .n,H nJI KQ-¥pp Tepa B TP.y6l\e Ka-
TO HbIX JIyqeH" npe CTaBJIeHHOH Ha pI1CYHKe, ,C oro-
'poii: pa60Ta.n:,Z:(>K.:'.l{x<;.ToMcoH (pHC .18).
_; I. I I .,.; o. ;': I ,{ ;,; j.
. . , ;
, If.
P,HC. 78"
,
.. ,
CeHqaC HH Y Koro''Helf 'coMHeHtm: 'i:i'no'.hb3e' e.ll::UUH-
HbI, 3JIeI<TpHqeC Ba, HOB nOJiIb6e'OTKpI:ilTIDl tTpMH()ro
'H)J;pa H HCCJIeA ii M pca l'1)Re ' e<;"!b\Y'!dHO-
nix. ",.
. <""1-:1; . 'i. . "}:t !;: . _,,: i ,__. I' . 'i" . ..)' .
3TH COMHeHHH W3 I fi TCH,.i ,;.HW¥H TaMH
OTpHuaTeJIbHbIX nOCJIe CTBHH HcnoJIb30BaHIlJl H)J;ep-
660
<D11311KA ATOMA 11 AToMHqro 5I.l{PA
HOH 3HeprnH, KOCMWieCKHX pateT .n;JIH o6Iltem .n;OMa
JIIo.n;eH - nJIaHeTbI 3eMJIH.
O.n;HaKO He06xo.llHMO OC03HaTh, qTO npH06peTeHHe
HOBbIX 3HaHHH 0 MHpe' Ii HCnOJIh30BaHHe .n;06bITbIX
3HaHHH Ha npaKTHKe He o.n; o H TO :R<:e.
OTKpbITHe pa.n;HoaKTHBHOCTH H aTOMHoro Mpa He
npHHecJIO Bpe.na HH O.n;HOMY ,eJIOBeKY Ha 3eMJIe. OHO
OTKphIJIO HOBbIe B03MO:R<:H9CTH, a 'KaK 3TH B03MO:R<:HO-
CTH HCnOJIh30BaTh, pemaIOT CclMH JIIO.n;H.
EOJIhmHHCTBO yqeHhlX C03HaeT B03MO:R<:HOCTh OTPH-
nan ,lIhHbIX nOCJIe.n;<;JBHH OT Hepa3YMHom npHMeHe-
HHH c.n;eJIaHHbIX HMH OTKPbITHH H CTpeMHTCH npe.n;OT-
BpaTHTh HX, qaCTO pHCKYH c06CTBeHHOH )KH3HhIO.
, TaK 6hIJIO, HarrpHMep, C OTKpbITHeM OTp:HIJ;aTeJIhHOm
B03.n;eHCTBHH pa.n;HoaKTHBHhIX H3JIyqeHHH Ha opra-
HH3M qeJIOBeKa. OrKphITHe 3Tom B03.n;eHCTBh:H 6hIJIO
c.n;eJIaHO CJIyqaHHO CJIe.n;yIOIltHM 06p OM. EeKKepeJIIO
,lJ;JIH .n;eMOHCTpamm CBOHCTB pa,ZJ;HoaKTHBHbIX H3JIyqe-
HHH Ha ny6JIHqHOH JIeKnHH 6hIJI HY:R<:eH pa.n;HoaKTHB-
HhIH rrpenapaT BhICOKOH aKTHBHOCTH. OH rrorrpOCIUI
IIhepa H MapHIO KIOpHrrpHmTOBHTb .n;JIH Hero TaKOH
rrperrapaT. EhIJI rrpJlrOTOBJIeH rrpenapaT pa.n;HH " rre-
pe.naH EeKKepeJII(}"B 3aKphITOH CTeKJIHHHOH aMrry e.
STY aMnYJIY EeKKepeJIh rrOJIyqHJI rrepe.n; JIeKnHeH H
rrOJIO)KIUI B KapMaH )KlUleTa. TaM H Haxo.n;lUIcH npe-
rrapaT HecKO.1lhKO qaCOB. .lI:eMOHCTpan:un npOIUJIH yc-
rremHO. A BeqepoM EeKKepeJIh rrOqYBCTBOBaJI :R<::R<:elme
Ha KO)Ke rrpOTHB TOro M"eCTa, r.n;e HaxO.n;HJICH B KapMa-
He pa.n;HOaKTHBHhIH rrperrapaT, O)Ka Ha 3TOM MeCTe
rrOKpaCHeJIa. EOJIe3HeHHbIe CHMrrTOMbI rrpo.n;OJI:R<:a-
JIHCh .n;OBOJIhHO .n;OJIm. 06 3TOM CJIyqae EeKKepeJIh
co06IltlUl IIbepy KIOpH, CKa3aB rrpH 3TOM: .Pa.n;HH H
JII06JIIO, HO H Ha Hem cep.n;HT!>.
IIhep KIOp'H He CTaJI Cep.llHTbCH Ha pa.n;HH, a rro.n;rOTO-
BHJI 3KcnepHMeHT ,lJ;JIH HCCJIe.n;OBaHHH 6HOJIOrnqeCKO-
m .n;eHCTBHH pa.n;HOaKTHBHbIX H3JIyqeHHH Ha qeJIOBe-
Ka. OH B3HJI pa.n;HoaKTHBHhIH rrperrapaT B HeCKOJIhKO
Pa3,69JIhmeH MOIltHOCTH, qeM TOT, KaKH rrOJIb30BaJI-
CH EeKKepeJIh, H rrpUBH3aJI em K CBOeH\pYKe. 3aTeM
OH rrpe.n;yrrpe.n;1UI Bcex OKp}T)KaIOIltHX 0 TOM, qTO OH
rrpOBO.llHT 3KcrrepHMeHT rro onpe.n;e.neHH:IO .n;eHCTBIDI
H3JIyqeHHH Ha qe:1loBeKa H rrpocwi B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH
OH nOTepHeT C03HaHJ{e, He rrpJlMeHHTh HHKaKHX JIe-
KapCTB ,lJ;JIH TOm qT06bI Ha6JIIO.n;aTh pe3YJIhTaTbI B03-
.n;eHCTBIDI B qHCTOM BH.n;e. OH CaM BeJI no.n;p06HhIe
Ha6JIIO.n;eHHH 3a CBOHM COCTeHHHeM, rrpOBO,WI He06-,
xo.n;HMbIe H3MepeHHH, 3arrHCbIBaJI Bce CHMllTOldhI HO-
BOH 60JIe3HH, qTO OH qYBcnioBaJI, 'lITO C HHM IIpOHC-
XO.n;IUIO. TaK 6bIJI onHcaH rrepBhIH CJIyqaH JIyqeBOH 60-
JIe3HH. XOTH nopIDKeHHe opraHH3Ma 6bIJIO.n;OBOJIhHO
TH:R<:eJIbIM, IIhep KIOpH BbI3.n;opOBeJI.
Em 3KcrrepHMeHT rrocJIY?KHJI rrepBbIM cephe3HbIM rrpe-
.n;yrrpe)K,lJ;eHHeM 0 B03MO:R<:HOH orraCHOCTH pa.n;HoaK-
THBHom H3JIyqeHHH .n;JIH qe OBeKa. npaB.n;a, caMJI HC-
CJIe.n;OBaTeJIH pa.n;HoaKTHBHocbr )'3HaJIH 0 B03MO:R<: OH
orracHocTH rr03.n;HO. MapHH KIOpH, MHom JIeT rrpopa-
60TaBmM C pa,ztHoaKTHBHhIMH rrperrapaTaMH BbICOKOH
aKTHBHOCTH, YMepJIa OT paKa KpOBH, BbI3BaHHoro
qpe3MepHbIMH .n;03aMH 06JIyqeHHH.
MO)KHO rrpHBeCTH ellte MHom .n;pyrnx rrpHMepoB TOm,
KaK yqeHbIe CTpeMHTCH Y3HaTh qTO-TO HOBoe MH .n;OC-
TH:R<:eHHH COBepmeHHO orrpe.n;eJIeHHbIX pe3YJIhTaTOB,
rrOJIe3HbIX BceMY qeJIoBeqecTBy.11 BCe:R<:e B 60JIhIII:HH-
CTBe CJIyqaeB, OTHOCHIltHXCSI He K rrpHKJIa,ZJ;HbIM Ha-
YKaM, a K TaK Ha3hIBaeMhIM <!>yH,lJ;aMeHTaJlhHbIM Ha-
YKaM, H3yqaIOIltHM ,OCHOBHbIe 3aKOHhI rrpHpo . ,
BMeCTO Borrpoca: .3aqeM .n;eJIaIOTCH OTKpbITHH?!> rrPa }
BlUlhHee 3a.n;a:rh BOrrpOC: .nOqeMy.n;eJIaIOTCH HayqHbIe
OTKpbITHH?!>. /'
11 OTBeT Ha BTOT Bonpoc OqeHh rrpoCT: OTKpbITHH p,e.,
JIaIOTCH rrOTOMY, qTO qeJIOBeK JII060rrbITeH. I1MeHHo
JII060rrhITCTBO rr03BOJIIUIO rrpenKaM qeJIOBeKa BNJJ;e-
JIHThCH H3 Bcem OCTaJIhHOm )KHBOTHOro MHpa, ot03-
HaTh CBoe c06CTBeHHoe cYIlteCTBOBaHHe H CYIltecTBO-
BaHHe OKpY:R<:aIOIltem MHpa, HayqHTJ>CH H«;PQJIh30w\'I::b,.,
OTKphIBaeMbIe CBOHCTBa MHpa. 11 BbI:R<:1UI qeJIOBeK B
3TOM MHpe He 6JIaro.n;apH OCTphIM 3y6aM HJIH MOry-
qeH <!>H3HqeCKOH CHJIe, a TOJIhKO 6JIaro.n;apH CBOOMY
YMY. KOHeqHO, JII060e HOBoe OTKpbITHe MO:R<:eT rrpH-
ltecTH B MHp HOBbIe orracHocTH, HO 6e3 naJIhHenwero
rr03HaHHH MHpa y qeJIOBeKa HeT maHCOB Ha BbI:R<:HBa-
HHe B aTOM MHpe. i'
Y'tJ:eHbIe HBJIHIOTCH .pa3Be.n;qHKaMH!> qeJIOBeqe<fTBa B
3TOM MHpe. HaYKOH OHH 3aHHMaIOTCH rrOTOMY, 'tJT0
JII060rrbI:I"HbI, rrOTOMY qTO .n;JIH HHX rrOrrbITKa Y3HaTh Y
npHpO.n;bI qTO-TO HOBoe, .n;o C:ux rrop HHKOMY He H3Be-
CTHoe, ecTh'CaMOe HHTepeCHoe B :R<:H3HH 3aH ITHe..
tCJIH BbI 3a.n;YMbIBaeTeCh Ha.n; BorrpoCOM, He 3aHHTbCH
JIH HaYKOH, TO rrpe)K,lJ;e Bcem OTBeThTe ce6e Ha Borr-
pOC, .n;eHCTBHTeJIbHO JIH BaM 3TO 3aHHTHe HHTepeCHee
Bcex OCTaJIhHbIX B03MO:R<:HbIX 3aHHTHH B :R<:HaHH?
qeJIOBeK, "Ihe JII060rrbITCTBO K MHPy Heo.n;OJIHMO, MO-
:R<:eT CTaTb yqeHbIM"H c.n;eJIaTh 'HOBbIe OTKPbItHH.,
o u
(n
h
" '
MexaHMKa
CaMOCTORTenltHaR pa60Ta (c. 33)
1. A. 2. r, 3. ,a. 4. E. 5. r,6. E. 7. ,a. 8. ,a. 9. B. 10. E.
11..B.12. B. 13. A. 14. A. 15. E. 16. B. 17.,a.
KOHTpOnltHaR pa60Ta (c. 35)
1. B. 2.E. 3. E.4. r. 5. E. 6. B. 7. E. 8. r, 9. B. 10. E.
11, D., 12. .r, 3. A. 14; A. 15. B.
CaMottoRTenltHaR pa60Ta (c. 56)
1. TO.flme - 6); rrpH6JIIDKeHHhIe - a) H 6).
Kf '
2. a) .1p = 0,5'"3; £p = 0,05%;
" M
M
6)L1u a , = 0,5;; £u = 0,15%.
3. £1';'; 5%'£2 = 2,5%'£3'" '1,25%': 1,3%.
4. i7;0. 10- 2 CM; 25,0 . 10- 2 JI.
") -3 f -4 r
5. Paaar =1,25.10 ;PreJIIDI =1,8.10 ;
, ' CM CM
9 10 -5' f
PBOJJ.OPOIIII'-=' .
CM
- f
6, P = (7,4 1: 0,2) . 7. 187 f. 8. 2,85 CM.
CM
/
9. AI = 0,06; rrorpemHocTbIO MHKpOMeTpa MOX<HO rrpe-
He6pe%; 6.1 = 0,02.
KOHTpOnltHaR pa60Ta (c. 57)
r
1. .1p = 0,05 ;£p = 0,3%.
CM
2., £1 = 3%; £2 = O %; B WITh pa3.
3.12.10 3 M; 5.10 4 M2;5 .10 4 Kf; 6,6. 10 3 ,B.
4. £1 = 0,00013%;£2 = 0,012%. 5. BepHa rrOCJIe,nmUI
3aIIHCb. 6. 2 KH. 7. 2 . 10 5 ITa. 8.'( 44:t 1) MM;
(27,8:t0,1) CM. 9. f¥J = 5 MM pT. CT.;
P = (756:t5) MM pT. CT.
CaMOCTORTenltHaR pa60Ta (c. 65)
1. 1:;= 3,5 M; 5 = 0,5 M.
1rR . 1rR r;:
2. II == 3,5 1 = R;12, = 2,5 2 = R,,2.
3. Xl == 6,25 M; X 2 = 16 M. 4. MO,nYJIb MHHlUdaJIeH Ha
yqaCTKe A-E; MaKCHMaJIeli Ha yqaCTKe B-r.
,162
OTBETbl Ii PEIIIEHI1.H
5. l\max - MOMeHThI BpeMeHR t = 0; 2; 4 c. Vxmin - B
MOMeHThI BpeMeHR t = 1; 3 c. 6. 16 M.
KOHTponbHaRpa OTa(c.66) ,
;BapHaHT i
1. E, 2. OTBeT 3aBHCHT OT MacllITa6a $oTorpa$HH.
. v
3. X t1 = 1 M; X t 2 = 7 M; Ax'2c = 1 M; Ax'5c = 5M; -!. = 5.
"'" v 1
BapHaHT 2
1. B. 2. OTBeT 3aBHCHT OT MaCIIITa6a $oTOrpa$llli.
3. Xu = 8 M; X t 2 = 1 ; Ax'2c = 5 M;
_ 5 . V 6 _ 1
6x"6c- M, ---.,
, v l 5
KOHTponbHaR pa60Ta (c. 67)
Bapmu-JT 1
1. A (1 M; 1 M); B (7 M; 4,M);5 == 6,7 M; s 17 M.
2. OTB T 3aBJICHT OT MaCIIITa6a $oTorpa$llli.
3. Y cl<opeHHe H3MeHRJIOCh OT ==:.... 1,45 11.0 O.
, c
BapHaHT 2
1. A (1 M; 3 M); B (3 M; 8 M); 5 == 5,4 M; s'= 13 M.
2. QTBeT 3aBHCHT OT MacllITa(}a QTorpa$JlIJ,
, M
3. Y KopeHRe H3MeHRJIOCh OT + 3,2 2 11.00,
, ' " c
CaMOCTORTenbHaR ,pa6oTa (c. 72)
1. 5 = (v l +, v 2 ) . t; 5 = 50 M. IIol1.YMaiiTe, 3aqeM npH-
BeneHa BhICOTa H = 100 M. 2. t = ;t = 2 c. "
V o
,,' h h
3. t min = - = 25 c;1 == - J v: + v = 125 M;
v 2 , v 2
qJ = arct{ :: ) = arctg1,33 = 53°.
I I
4. t=-=-=600c=10MHH.
, V OTH v, " 2
5. OTHOCHTeJIhHO a9pOCTaTa: 1 1 = 51 = gt = 20 M;
2 '
L
OTHOCHTeJIhHO 3eMJIH:
2 . 2" 2" " ,
52 = -vot + gt = 10 M;/ 2 = -!:2. + 52 = 12,5 M.
2 2g
.,i
L+f I
6. t 1 = -1..t l = 45 c;t 2 = --L- = 12 c.
1 1 V l ' +v 2
, II
<I
.'
7, V min =tJ T .cosa=v T h =1,6 M ;,
. J h 2 + 52 C
a ::i: ..arccos ' h = 37°; /31= 180° - a = 143°.
J h 2 + S2
,dJ
KOHTponbHaR pa60Ta (c. 73)
BapHaJiT .t
1. B. 2. r. 3. B. 4, E. 5, A. 6. B.
BapHaHT 2
1. r. 2, E. 3. B. 4. B. 5. r. 6., A. ,
. i
< -; ,"to.
.. f
:'.1-:; 1\
KOHTpOnbHaR pa60Ta (c. 75)
BapHaHT 1
KM KM KM
1. B. 2. E. 3. 4 -; 16 -. 4. 50 -.
q q q,
BapHaHT 2
",. , KM'
1. A. 2. E. 3. ==30 -, Ha IOrO-BOCTOl<.
q
M
4. 5 -, nyeT C 3aIIaJ].a.
c
CaMOCTORTenbHaR pa60Ta (c. 80)
1 1 + 1 2 800 M M
1. t=-=-=160c. 2. V 1 =5 -;v 2 =2,5'i-;,;';
v 5 c C
M
Xl = 5t (M); X 2 = 2,5t (M). 3.65 KM. 4, Vlx'= 4 -I'
c
M '
V2x= 10 -; t= 2 C,x= 28 M. 5. y= 2X(M).
C
KOHTponbHaR pa60Ta (c. 80)
BapHaHT 1
'1. A. 2. A. 3. r. 4. A. 5, B. 6, B.
"'.". ,...
.
- OTBET.bl M P'ElIIEHI1.H
!:863
BapHaHT 2
1. r.2, B. 3. r.4. B. 5. B. 6. A
KOHTpOnltHaJI pa60Ta (c, 80)
BapHaHT 1 ,
5 l- 1
1. 0, MHH. 2. t = , npH YCJIOBIlli, qTO > Viti).
V t - V 2
, I
IIpH 1< l'tt o t:c -.3,10 q 30 MHH; 60 KM; 60 KM.
Vi
BapHaHT 2
1. t= 1 q; S = 7Q KM; SOTH = 120 KM.
2.18 MHH; Si = 4,5 KM; S2 = 1,5 KM. 3. V cp = 25 , 1d ';, ::,
e ' ,
s= 140 KM. ' L ,
,-'
i
CaMOCTORTenltHaA pa60ta (c. 89)
{, V = V o + at = 10 + 0,5 . 20 = 20 M .
C
II IV2 - V t I In l M M
2, a = - I" = 2 2 , 3, ax = 4 2' Sx = 50 M.
t C C
M
4. D.x = -2 2' Sx = -25 M.
C' , .
a t 2 1 . 900 ' ..
5. x = Xo + voxt + 2- = 500 + 5. 30T ----:- = 110.0 M,.
2 2,'
a e 3 . 2 2
6. x= X o +v t+2-=100-10.2+- =86M.
x 2 2
.. M M
7.v oy =4 -.a y =2 2.
C c'
t 2 ( , )
8. x(t)=4-t+2(M).V =-1+t :
9. CM. pHC. 1.
10, CM. pHC. 2.
11. CM. pHC. 3.
. .-':j;,': -./"
KOHTpOlJltHaJI pa60Ta (c': 91)
BapHaHT 1
1. A 2, A 3. E. 4. B. '5. B. 6, B.
BapHaHT 2
.1. E. 2. E. 3. E. 4. E. 5. r. 6. B.
i..::, .
':
M'
vx'c
. "i'
.f! ..
;
i ,{.
-- , ;-
'. " :; ,';,:1 <>{j
.. ",..,L,__LJ__l.._,.,__L"L_L.l.__l ___L1P t.
! 'I i ! i : i i, I ,! ! !..
-.- " .. _. . . ,.-.- '-1'- _. ._ J ___.."¥h..,,._.. T- -.".- -l----- -+---- -r- - -- +--" +--"-1
: ! ! : ! i i ! L i ; i
---+,--+",;".". """"--,'i-m-f..,,,i ---
I ! t I ! ; I : I i I I
,..,L ..1..., .1.___L"],, "l____,I...__I.""L.."."."...L,,____1
M
ax, c 2
f '
:1",,':
3
2
1
°
-1
-2
-3
1'" ..
, '.
c
PHc.2
M
ax, c 2
-''1'-'''1''''1''''--1'-'' T" r-l'-'r"T"r'..',r:----c'-f'..'J-:-'T'--j
3 --- t l ' --,+,--r:.,f,--+,- ;,...(,-'- ,-,1..,:,+,-"+,--:+-',."{,--I,,--f-:,I
.. t, I, : ..! I " , ! " i t ,r I "I'; t
2 ''';,'':''; '''', ,'-+----t,..'J----T...:!...o+..-+...:.1"':,
, ' j ', : 1 ,: ! 1 ! ! 'ii I I !
1 ,...t---!---' !-- rt--'t---r-::-'r',-F--t'Ft";':'r--i"t".. r::I-;'j
_° 1 .....L.l,...L--..,L--- t l...,...- --L"L ---L..J..--L,L,!,- t.c
! ! I i I I!: ,I, i I I ! : i
-2 '''1-- ,L.. 1-, -1- --t. .--t-" t .--+'-+---- ' l - -1- .-+' ',1+ i '
I ! ! , I I I, ' ! I 1 ' I
, I ' L I " I I "
-3 --, j..-... 'I---'j...." ---'r' y---- ..; --- '! -- I j . I I I
.' : ,....:1...:1' J..:, L, ...:,...1 __." ..I., ..LL_L..J__....LJ..,IL..J
" '
" '
I' I I
x, M .f i. : :
'I '
' ::fE-E!=EEEH:t f3"::: E
73 -+-++--t--+-- --+-+-+-- ! il'! !
,' J=:J.', r ,' '=r,l:"LJ ,. ,.: t : ,r::I:::',:[:::"l::,',T:"
! i Ii! i Iii!!! . I.'
4 ,j ,tt :rt J:, ",J:J:..t:rt'JJ:::-,:L:,'
I I I ' I ' I '" I I
\ , I 1 " :! I 1,- t :' \
1Q {J Tf r 1=fEt1l+ t ,.
°
t c
PHc.3
664
OTBETbI 11 PEllIEHI15I
KOHTponbHaR pa60Ta (c, 92)
BapIiaJlT 1
M M
1. vo=5 -, a= 1° 2 ,
C C
2. 4(J7--J6)",0,79c. 3,15,6 .
C
M M M
4. v o =-16-, a=8 2, v= 16 -.
C C C
BapHaHT 2
M M
1. 0,45 :..... ; 0,3 2' 2.- 40 c.
.. c C
,
M , M
3. V2 = 5 -; 52 = 15 M; a3 = -0,625 """2; t 3 = 8 c.
C C
M M
4. Xo=10M;V ox =4 -;a x =-2 2;t=2c;x=14M.
'C c
CaMOCTORTenbHaR pa60Ta (c. 97)
H M
1. t 1 = - =3c,v=g.t=30-.
' g c
2. v = J v + 2gh = 25 .
c
gt2 H
. 3 H=-'-= g -H=237c'H=275M.
. 2 '3 2(t _1)2 " ,
A J2H h gt2 ' h 2 -hi M
... t= -, 2 =Vot+- VO = ff ,vo =5-.
'g 2' 2h 1 C
g
2 .
5. 113 yPaBHeHHH h = vot -- nOJIyqaIOTcH ,l];Ba 3Ha-
lIeHHH: t 1 = 1 C, t 2 = 5, C - o6a HMeIOT $H3HlIeCKHH
CMbICJI. 6. CM. pHC. 4.
KOHTponbHaJI pa60Ta (c. 99)
BapHaHT 1
M
1. 24,1 -.2.245 M, ° M.,3. 20 M.
C
M M M
4. 8,7 -; 5 -; 1,25 -; 1 c; 8,7 M.
c c c
BapHCiHT 2
, 2d + gr 2
1. t = 2 . 2,8 c; 87,4 M; 73,5 M; 83,3 M.
, g-r
....
M
Vy'c
20 ---.-' TI 'l
! ! i i
10 ,-- - ,+_,+_..J
. I 1 I
o I
-10
-20
M
°Y' c2
20 '-'-r - -r--I
I I i I
10.."1',,,+-'!--'"1
I I ' ,
o I i I
-10
-20
t, c
.'
t, c
f:
PHc.4
M M M
3. ==9000 M; =500 -. 4. 10 -; 17,3 -; 14,9 M;
C C C
3,5 c; 34,6 M.
CaMOCTORTenbHaR pa60Ta (c. 104)
M v 2 M
1. V o = J2gh = 6-;a Qe = _ / 0 = 60 2 ,
C C
mrl- J h 3 M
2. -=mg,v= g(R+ ) =7,8.10 -.
R+h ' c
v 2 22 M
3. a ue =/=9,7.10 c 2 '
v 2 2nR
4 a =-'T=-
. Qe R' v
Tv 5 15 M
R=-;R=0,63M;aQe = ,7.10 2'
2n c
2
V 2 - VI 5 M V 2 6 M
5. a" =-=0, 2;a ue =-= ,43 2 ;
t c R c
a= J a +a e =6,45 .
c
KOHTponbHaJI pa60Ta (co' 105)
BapifaHT 1
1. B. 2. E. 3, E. 4. A. 5. E. 6, E.
BapHaHT 2
1. B. 2, f. 3. B. 4. B. 5. B. 6. B.
" «
;,
OTBETbI M PEIIIEHM5I
665
KOHTponltHaA pa60Ta (c. 106)
BapHam 1
M a 2 41rvR 2 M
1.256-,-=1,5.2, v=- / =330-.
C C
3. CM. Ta6JImtY.
CeKYH.QHaJI MHHYTHaJI 4acoBaJI
\
T 60c 3600c 43200 C
v 1 ,1 1 -1 1 _I
-c -c -c
60 3600 43200
, ,
OJ 0,1c- 1 1,7.10- 3 c ol 1,4.10- 4 c- 1
M M M
4. =9,8 2"; =4,2 2"; =8,5 2"; =10 M.
C C c
BapHam 2
1. 3,4 . 10'2 . 2. 10,4 .3. YMeHbllIHTcH B 2 pa3a.
c c
4, =24 M.
CaMOCTOATenltHaA pa60Ta (c. 113) ,
1. BnepeA. 2. a) MO)KHO, 6) HeJIh3H, B) HeJIh3jl.
3. Y nepBoro; ,B 2pa3a. 4. OT OTHOllIeHHH Macc.
, 5, Ha OCTaHOBKY rpY30BHKa. 6. 50 H. 7, 0 H. 8. 0 H.
9. PaBHoAeRcTBYIOm:yIO 3THX CRJI HaRTH HeJIh3H, TaK
KaK OHH npRJIO)KeHhI K paaHbIM TeJIaM.
KOHTpOnltHaA pa60Ta (c. 114)
BapHaRT 1
1. E. 2. E. 3. B. 4. A. 5. B. 6, E. 7. f.
BapHaHT 2
1. A. 2. E. 3, A. 4. A. 5. E. 6. E. 7. ,a.
CaMocTOATenltHaA pa6pTa (c. 121)
M
1. HeT. 2. HeT. 3. a = 1,5 2"' 4. F = 150 H.
c
5. CM. pHC. 5.
6. CM. pHC. 6.
FxH-
12
6
o
-6
-12
,
-....-
[.t. (,C,
- i-----} .
,.
1 234 5
PHc.5
M
tI.'c
2
-1 ,-----t----, __ .. _, f, c
! 'I,' I
-2 L_L.... "..',
2 ,---,,--, --Tm"j
1 --- 'r ,--
i
1 2 3 4 f,c
PHc.6
7, V o = 2,5 M.
t
F M
8,a = ;a = 12";F Y1 = F -m 1 a = 3H.
m 1 +m 2 C
M3MeHHTcH, CTaHeT paBHoR F1!2 = F - m = 2 H.
KOHTpO"'ltHaA pa60Ta (c, 122
BapH;iHT 1
1. A. 2, f. 3, A. 4. f. 5. f.
BapHaHT 2
1. A. 2. f. 3. B. 4. ,a. 5. B.
KOHTpOnltHaA pa60Ta (c. 123)
BapHaHT 1
, .
1. 2,9.10 5 H. 2. 12 Kr. 3. ,0; =3,3 H; -1.0 H. 4.150 Kr.
6'6 '}
otBETbl H P:EIllEHM:sI
, ".J-
BapH':lHT 2 ., : '. 1,":' ;;,,' " " !: ,,: "";" ,
1. 0,75 KR 2. KH. 3, 4 H; 0; L2 H. 4. V x = 1,5t.
CaMocTORTenltHaJI pa60Ta (c, 127)
1, HeT. CRJIhI npRJIO)KeHbI K paaHhIM TeJIaM. 2. CRJIa
TR)KeCTHi rlipH If CRJIa peaK:qHH onophI (cTOJIa);CHJIa
TR)KeCTH CTOJIa ;JfCHJIa peaKijU;H onop I (noJIa).
, 3, 200 H. 4. ,n:a. 5 ,n:a. 6. Her; Aa:7:l(a. 8, HeT. 9, Mo-
AYJIH CHJI paBHhI. 10. HeT. 11. ,n:a; Aa; Aa; Aa;'Aa.
, I
CaMocTORTenltHaR pa60Ta (c. 135)
41t'2 R 3 30
1. Me =- 2 ",,2.10 Kr.-,
GT '
' .
41r 2 R 3
2. MM =- 2 ""u,6.1023 Kr.
GT '
3. 1 = 54R 3 = 345600 KM; ABHraTeJIH pa6OTaIOT, BbIpa-
6aTbIBaR C1J>yIO raaOB B c'ropoHY JIYHhI, t'IT06hI coo.ztaTb
CHJIY, HanpaBJIeHIfjTIO K 3eMJIe.
4 m41t' 2 R'
4, F = 31t'Gpm(R - h). 5. IJ.P = '1'2, !034 H.
I{R
6. T=21t' fg ",,1,4H.
KOHTpOnltHaR pa60Ta (c. 135)
BapHaHT 1
1. B. 2. r. 3. B. 4. A. 5. A. 6. B. '
BapHaHT 2 ,',
1. B. 2. ,n:. 3. E. 4. E. 5. B. 6. ',n:.
'c. .J ?f .
i<oHTpOnItHaR pa6:oTa (c. 137)
BapHaHT 1
1. T = J:;;, - L2 .10-' ,. . .; .'" '.".., "." '.. ...; ,,,..,
....: g _ M J41t'2R 2 '
2. a" - 60 2 -. ,0027 . 3. T= ""4.1? c.
; 1 ':"'i . \ ,! " . ".,' ---
BapHaHT 2
I '
; ,
f.,F
41t'2 R .'
" costpsmcp
1. a = arctg T ( 41r211? 2 " "" 0,0017 pa.n; "" 6'.
g- T2 rCOs cp
g lei G M " 16 M
2. a=-=2,45-.3. g" = "", 2'
4 c 2 "R" c
.'1
l.
,',:,j
CaMOCTORTenltHaR pa60Ta (c. 143)
1 II p H to , < fi cp - 0: n p H m> Ii CP2 = arccos...£..> , . :
, - VI I - , - VI m 2 l j"
2. F = 4m l m 2 g"" 24 H.
m l +m 2
,
'() -'
3. v=sina J gl ;T=21t' t.e6 a .
cosa g
4. F H ;::: 3'!lgcosa;F min = 3mg "" 6 H.
5 v = 2g(2m l - m 2 )t . v = 0 4 gt; v = C o nst
,I 4 '2"3 ,
m 1 +m 2
"
V 4 = -2gt;v s = gt.
gsin a (m 2 - m l )
6, a = 2 , "" 2 .
"11 + m 2 C
1. P=m(g+a)=3180H;k= (g-:a) =4,06.
g
8. P = m( g + VI V 2 ) = 2440 H;
VI +v 2 '
g+-
k ....: ' t _ 36
- - , .
g
"
"
KOHTpOnltHaR pa60Ta (c. 144)
BapHaHT 1
I
1. B. 2. A. 3, A. 4. E. 5. B. 6. E.
no,.
':,11 '
f'
BapHaHT 2
1, r. 2. r. 3. B. 4, A. 5, B. 6. B.
QTBEl'bll1;PJ;:UIEH,J151
. ' ; 1 ' . , , .
Ko..,TpOnItHaA pa60Ta (c. 145)
BapMaHT 1
1. r. 2, B. 3. B. 4. A. 5, A: 6. B.
BapMaHT 2
1. B. 2. B. 3, A. 4, r. 5. B. 6, B.
PeWMTIt caMOCTOATenltHO (c. 153)
v 2 ,
1, a = arctg- = arctg4 ".,:76°.,
Rg
2, HcTeMa 6y.n;eT HaXO,lUlTCR B nOKoe; CJIe.n;OIJa- ,..
TeJI:lmO a = 0, F H = m 2 g = 2 H.
3. a o = arctgO,6 "" 31°. (CM. pMC. 7).
mg
mg.,
o
a o
Plfc.7
M
4. a>pg""52"'
c
mm
5, F H = 1 2 (J.1. + l)g "" 7,3 H; CMJIa npM nepeMeHe
m 1 +m 2
rpY30B He Jt3MeHMTCR, TaK KaK BhIpIDKeHMe CMMMeT-
pM'IHO. ";" ' , , . .,
KOHTpOnltHaA pa60Ta (c. 153)
B pMaHT 1
1. E. 2. E. 3. r. 4. B. 5, r. 6. A.
BapMaHT 2
'!.- j
1. E. 2. B. 3. r. 4. B. 5. r. 6. B.
KOHTpOnltHaA pa60Ta (c. 155)
BapMaHT 1
2L
1. J.1. = tga - 2 "" 0,12.
gt c()sa,
::..
2. v 2 = v 1 g = 12 M ; ,
g-a C
3. a= F(J.1.sina+c:osa)-J.1.mg - 2,7 M 2 "
m C ..
BapMaHT 2
1. J.1. = (l-i )=0,2...""
m -m _11m M
2 a= 3 1 ,..... 2 g =25-'
.. , 2'
,m 1 + m 2 + m 3 C
F HI =m 1 (g+ a) = 1,25 H;F H2 = m 3 (g-a) = 2,25 H.
I
3 a = arct dll = 11°' F = J.1.mg = 157 H
'0 0/"" '1]> .
. v 1 + J.1.2 ,
CaMOCTOATenltHaA pa60Ta (c. 162)
1. F H = 0,29 H; N = 1 H. 2. P. = 0;87.
, I."
3. F AB = F CD = rr: g ; F BC = mg ctga.
2sma 2 , '
KOHTpOnlt,HaA pa60Ta (c. 163)
BapMaHT 1
, I
1, =1600 H; =3400 H. 2. =5,8 H; =2,9 H.
3. F npao = 120 H; Fneo = 160 H. "-
BapMaHT 2
1. =28,5 H; =10 H. 2. =940 H; ==1()60 R
3, 0,4 Kr.
KOHTpOnltHaA p.6oTa (c. 164)
BapMaHT 1
1 7 <..', 1
, FHI =-mg=700H;F H2 =-mg=400H;
12 3
> , : j
1:.''''' , ''
vu:.'!,,
C.1"Ji "'c,,;
i i r
t..,_ c: .': _;." I\.._} ,:._ !
; .
f..: ,l,l
,
d' t4
i' "
:'.
"668
OTBETbI M PEIIIEHM5I
1
F H3 = 12 mg =700H.
_ . r 2 [ _ 16 0
2, a - arcsm '2 2 .
R(R - r )
( L . 1 ( L 1
_ m 2 2'+R 2 r ml 2'+RI J
3. x-
BapI-JaHT 2
1. A. 2. E. 3, A. 4, E. 5. B. 6, A.
KOHTpOnltHaA pa60Ta (c. 179)
BapMaHT 1
m l +m 2 +m 3
mv-m v M
1. v lx = 2 2 = -150-. 3HaK -. 03HaqaeT, QTO
m j C
CKOpOCTb v t HarrpaBJIeHa B CTOPOHY, rrpOTMBOnOJIO:>K-
HYIO HaQaJIbHOH CKOpOCTM.'
4. ...0,8.10- 5 M 3 .
BapMaHT 2
1 F, = mg(sina ,p cosa) = 7 H
. mID ..
p
2 F. = 0,4m 2 g - 0,1m l g = 2 H.
. H 03
,
mv M
2, v T = q = 2 -. CKOpOCTb TeJIe)KKM HarrpaBJIe-
+ C '
Ha npOTMBOnOJIO)l(HO CKOpOCTM QeJIOBeKa. .
'.(
3 ' = (mt +m 2 )v t -m 2 v 2 cosa = 45
. V K , ..
mt C
R R
3 X - - X - 4 0 8 10 -5 3
. t -:- 6' - 4(4n -1)' .... ,. M .
BapMaHT 2
1. ..1m = m(a + g) = 104 Kf .
L1t U C
.,1
CaMocTOATenltHaA pa60Ta (C. 170)
1. 16 ;32 KfM . 2. 10.J2 KfM ;20 ;O KfM .
C C C C C
v 2
2. S = 2 = 0,5 M.
2,ug(1 + n)
KfM KfM
3. ..1p = 3-. 4. ..1p = mv2gh ... 20-, BeKTOp..1jJ
C C
HarrpaBJIeH BHM3.
v 2 ( M )
3. [=...J!. 1 + - sin 2a; v ' n p M a = 45°;
g m mm
KOHTpOnltHU pa60Ta (c. 170)
BapltaHT 1
1. E. 2. B. 3. r. 4. B. 5. r. 6. A.
BapMaHT 2
1. E. 2. E. 3. B. 4, r. 5, B. 6. :A.
v... J /gM - 3,53 .
1+- C
m
3aA8'1M AnA C8MOCTOATenbHoro peweHMR /
CaMocTOATenltHaA pa60Ta (c. 177)
1. v = mtv t + V2 ...1 .
mt+m2 C
2. V o = Jv: +v =250 M .
2 C
MeXaHM'IeCKaA pa60Ta M MOlqHOCTIt (c. 191)'
1. A = mg[. sina = 175 K.l{:>K.
kx 2
2, : A 2 = 1 : 5. 3, A = - = 1,8 .l{:>K.
2
4. A = m(g + a)h ...1,1 K.l{:>K.
5. A = i g + } ... 3.32 K.l{:>K.
KMHeTM'IeCKaA M nOTeH ManItHU 3HeprMA (c. 191)
1. A = Ph = 300.l{:>K;L1E IJ = mgh =;: 147 .l{:>K;
L1E K = A - L1EIJ = 153 .l{:>K.
KOHTpO,llltHaA pa60Ta (c. 177)
BapHaifT .1
1. B. 2. E. 3. E. 4. B. 5. E. 6. A.
\
\
\
'''' . _ k.._
OTBETbI M PEIIlEHM5I
,669
2. A = g + } = 600 J{)K; ,
L1E K = A -:- mgh = 100 .l!)K.
3. AN = 0;A",g = mg!. sin a = 7 .10 4 .l{)K;
= - pmgl = -3,6 . 10 3 .l{)K;
cosa '
L1E K = A - =6,4'10. 4 .l{)K.
'mv 2 ( mv ) 6
4 A =----- mrf'1-1+-Q. =-12.10 11)K
. cp 2 Er' , 2 ' '
3aAaliM AnA caMOCTOATenbHoro peweHMA
3aKoH coxpaHeHMA 3HeprMM (c. 204)
5 5
1 h=-R=1M , 'H, =-R=15M.
. 3 DUD. 2 "
mv 2 mg1l
4, N cp =-=411BT. 5. t=- N = 5,5 c.
2t
'2. v t = J5g1 =4,47 ;V2 =2.[ii =4 M . '
C c
3. v = J3g1 = 3 M .
C
,
_ n
'KOHTpOnltHaA pa60Ta (c, 191)
BapnaHT 1
1. B. 2, E. 3. r. 4. r. 5. B. 6. E. 7. B. 8. r. 9. E.
BapnaHT 2
1. B. 2. r. 3. A. 4. E. 5, r. 6, r. 7. B. 8. B. 9, E.
4. v = l !:. x 2 + 2gh = 10 M BO BC X cJlyq x.
m C .
5. h = R = 0,1 M. 6. V'= J F x = 22 .
3 1nXt C
KOHTpOnltHaA pa60ra (c, 193)
BapnaHT 1
1. A = mgl(J1.t + P2) =,294 H
, 2
.2, m= N = 1,02 .10 4 Kf.
J vg.
3, = 0,0125 .lhK; A 2 = 0,0375 .l{)K; : A 2 = 1 : 3.
YnpyrMM M HeynpyrMM YAap (c. 205)
(1-k)v 2v
1. v t = 1 + k ' v 2 = 1 + k ; npn k = 1 mapbI 06MeHn-
'BaIOTCH nMnYJlbCaMn; npn k» 1, V t = -v, V 2 = 0;
, L1E ,4k
npn k« 1, V t = v v 2 = 2v; E = (1 + ki .
2, 90.. 3. u = 2v = 20 . 4. v + 2u; v - 2u.
c
"
4. F= J2( : - gh ) = 4 : :
s
g +-
. t 2
1. N = ='88,5 KBT.
t
KOHTpOnltHaA pa60Ta (c. 205)
BapHaHT 1
1. r. 2. r. 3, r. 4. E. 5. B. 6. r. f. B. 8, A. 9. B. 10. B.
11. r. 12. r.
BapnaHT 2
1. B.-2, r. 3. A. 4, E. 5. E. 6. r. 7, E. 8. E. 9..r; 10. B.
11, A. 12. B.
BapnaHT 2
N M
2, v= mg(sina+pcosa) =6;.
3. A'= 2MJ2 = 8 .10- 2 .z1)K. '
KOHTpOnltHaA pa60Ta (c. 208)
BapnaHT 1
,
gt M mg 2 t 2 .
1. 74 H, 2. v = = 20,9-;E K = - = 43 .A)K.
. ,,2 C 4
67.0' iJ
OTBJE'FbI i1 ;PElIlEHM.H
m( 2 2e )
3. E K = Vo + g . = 4864 :ZJ;:Ji(.
2
4. J 4v + 2gh == 11 M .
C
«
BapHaHT 2
1. H= (J2ih+,2u1 =5M.2. H 9h.,
2g
3. .1v = JC (,12 -11 + 2C!!!J- Je m == 10 KM .
R R R c,
, . f t "
,"j',i
, . f . ..."
m v M Jm:;-'111 ,, M,
4 U - I I - 2 V _:a. . :. :t , ,1..- 9 '
. --- -, 2 -V 1 ;- -.
m 2 C m 2 C
; .. h; q d; '1" j li::
CaMOCTORTenltHaR pa60Ta (c: 222f
1. x M =15,CM;T = 20 c;v = O,O fI.{i, ' , ,
" " , ' 'f
X = -15sin2:. t (c ).
10
2, co = 5m;-\qJ = 5nt + Tr ;qJo = pa,z(.
4 4
3. XI = 1 CM;X 2 = J3 CM;,X 2 = -1 CM.
T '
4. t == 6"' 5, KOJIe6 H . YJ.t ! rap ? i ,KIf '
.,. i' .' -,,"_/!f \,i ,"OJ ;-_,
6. AMITJIHT}'J.ta pe3YJIh HPYIO ef(,M(OJI YAAT'
,{ ." , '. " , ";< .;, . . :.---, ..,
paBHa HYJIIO. < . -.-'" .-.-
KOHTpOnltHaR p.6()Ta ic. 223) '. ,.' X
BapHaHT:1
1, A. 2. A. 3, t. 4:'B. 5: B. 6, K7; J{.'8. B. 9. B.'10, B.
,',
,BapHaHT 2
1. B. 2. B. 3. r. 4. B..5. B.6. B. 7.. E. 8. r. 9. A. 10. B.
I li"...... : ,,:. .! ," /"
.". 'I
KOHTpDftltHati pa6oTa. (c,226)
, BapHaHT l'
1. X = 5sin41rt.
i '
.1.;,;'-':.-- '.
_ 2 ' _ 2 ' _ 4 .. '-: 8 2 ,.
2. x M - ,0)- Tr,V max - Tr ,a max ......, 1t 2'"
C C
3 T 2 ,fi 2 "' if* ','1."" t .., "":",. , "
= Tr - = 'It'" ---.',:::-''C. '."'...,1
. k 400 20
.¥J....., ;t.;;:.}) 'f. :::; y .
4. CM. pHC. 8., .
." ,L, ".tl1)-1
I, .
X, CM
. .a
-.J
!:d
,I .l
.,,)!
'- .t
"\ r
PRc.8
;.{;j'd
\ .
BapHaHT 2
1. X = 3sin 10m.
1 eM CM
2. x M = 5 CM; 0) = 4Tr -; V M = 20Tr -; aM = 80Tr "2'"
C C C
'Ji: ,';.. f
Tr
3. T = - c. 4. CM. pHC. 9.
10
X,CM
2 --
)':' ,1". ,
friO
-2
PRc.9
;,
CaMOCTORTenltHaR pa60Ta (c. 231)
1. MaHTHHKOBhIe qaChI Ha JIYHe 6yJ.tYT H,l.{TH B 2,i16
paa MeJ.tJIeHHee.
T2g
2. I = ;I3eWl" = 24,9 cM;IJIYHbI = 4,1 CM.
4Tr
3. T=2Tr m(k j + )
kt k 2
4, nepHoJ.t YMeHhillHTcH B 2 paaa.
I
1
1
'.
<
.'
J
,'
;,,-." .
,
--------Ii
r\
t \
, \
\
OTBETbl 11 ,PEUIEHI151
671'"
,KOHTponbHaR pa60Ta (c p. 232)
BapHaHT 1
1, B. 2, E. . E. 4, A 5. A 6, A. 7, AS. B. , A
! BapHaHT 2
'1, E. 2, A 3.13. 4 A 5. E. 6. A 7. AS. A 9. r.
I ' ,
l
i
KOHTponbHaR pa60Ta (c. 232)
BapHaHT 1
M+m
1 x =- g 2 v'= ,=10rTT
'M k '. '41l'2 X ' .....
M
3. T = 1,1 c.
BapHaHT 2
1. T=21l' J¥ . 2, T=21l' [li .
3, T = 21l' c=r=.
, V
CaMOCTORTenbHaJi pa60Ta (c. 240)
3 M F. ,M
1, 0;-1l';-1l'. 2. O. 3, vw«w o = O-;V max = : = 10, ;
2 C p C
M
VW»OJ = 0-.
o C
KOHTponbHaR pa60Ta (c. 240)
BapmlHT 1
- PM ,1, KM
2, copea=20-=20":".4. v=2,7-.
C C q
5. bw«w o = 2,5 MM;b max = 16 CM;bw«wo O.
BapHaHT 2
I
KM '
2. 'fl;,='} Kr. 4, v = 68-:-.
.., '-, q
L, ,
5. SI = 0,2CO{ 1l't + )M;S2 = 31.8CO{ 1l't + 3; )M.
CaMocToRTenbHaR pa60Ta (c. 254)
1. TOJIhKO B TBepAhIx TeJIax. 2, )Kmu<Hx, TBepAhIX,
, raaoo6paaHhIx. 3. v = 2,5 M> : ' , ! :: ;
, C
M
4. P = O cos8801l'(t -0,1) na 5. v =400-.
C
6. HeT. 7, ,l(a.
KOHTponbHaJi pa60Ta (c. 255)
BapHaHT 1
1. E. 2, r. 3. E. 4. B. 5. r, 6. A
BapHaHT 2
1. B. 2. r. 3. A 4, A. 5. B. 6. A
: I
I
KOHTponbHaJi pa60Ta (c. 256)
Bap aHT 1-'
1. BJIeBo. 2. BHH3. 3:, I:I T. 4. Ko ap.
BapHaHT 2 ',,,',, ',; '-":C, ,'...'", ':,":"'3'
1. '06paaYeTCH YAapmlH BO IHa. 2. 740 M. 3. Y eHb-
M
IlIHTCH B 2 paaa. 4, v = 2 -.
C
""J
MoneKynJlpHaJi cf»M3M, Ka"
TePMo;gMHaMMl<a
., . r . '
CaMOCTORTenbHaR pa60.... 2.1 (c. 267) ,
2. ",,'1,9.10- 3 H. 3. "" 1,6. 0-3 H; JIyqHHKa 6Y.lteT",'
romraTh a CTOPOIfY BO.l(hI. 4. 6) 2,. 10- 3 , H; ,
8) 2 . 10- 5 .z1)K. " .
...
..; .'
CaMOCTORTenbHaJi pa6bTa 2.2 (c. '268)'
H
1. =: 1,8 . 10- 3 H. 2. 40 . 10 -; .MbIJJbUhIfi pa<rGBOp. ,
M
CaMOCTORTenbHaJi pa60Ta 3,1 (c. 268)
, , II
1. "" 5,7.10- 3 M. 2. 73. 10- 3 -, -' :,('
M
CaMOCTORT:nbHaJi pa60T4 .2 (C,-}6,8)\ ',V' ',':"
2. ",,9,7 .10 M.
,;1
... .,
,672
OTBETbl M PEllIEHM5I
CaMOCTORTem.HaR pa60Ta 4.1 (c. 268)
3. "',0,2 Kf. .
CaMOCTOJlTenlJHaR pa60Ta 5.1 (c. 269)
1. ,1) 415 . 10 9 lla; 2) BOJIh<ppaM; 3) a = 10 9 £, lla.
2. E 1 = 415. 10? lla - H3roTOBJIeH H3 BOJIh<ppaMa;
E 2 = 3 . 1 (f lla - H3roTOBJIeH H3 llJIaTHHhI
3. a) 10 . 10 9 lla; 6) H3fOTOBJIeH H3 JIh.n;a rrpH
t=-4 °C; 6) a= 10 1 °£, lla.
CaMOCTORTenIJHaRpa6oTa 5.2 (c. 270)
1. 20 . 10 9 Ha. 2. 12. 10 9 lla - o6paaeQ H3fOTOBJIeH
H3 XJIOrrKa; a = 12 . 10 9 £, lla. .
KOHTpOnlJHaR pa60Ta3 (c.-270)
BapJlaHT 1
2.... 3,2. 10- 3 H. 3.49. to. 9 lla - o6paaeQ H3fOTOBJIeH
H3 rpaHlrra.'
BapHaHT 2
2. 1,6. 10- 3 H. 3. 10.10 9 lla - o6paaeQ H3fOTOBJIeH .
H3 JIh.n;a rrpH t = -4 .C.
CaMOCTORTenl HaR pa60Ta '2.1 (c. 284)
1. 2,7 . 10 4 ,lI)K. 2. 20°C. 3. 1292 ,lI)K. 4. ... 164 K.l!:>IC.
5. ... 4,7. 10 11 .l!:>IC. 6. 135 M.l!:>IC.
CaMOCTORTenlJHaR pa6oTa' 2.2 (c. 285)
2. 3,6 K.l!:>IC. 3. 68,4 K.lt>IC.
CaMOCTORTenlJHaR pa60Ta 3.1 (C. 285}
2.0,3 Kf. 3. 3 M 3 ; 3. 10 3 JI. 4, 4)... 5,2 M.n:>IC.
6. 4) "" 62 K.l!:>IC. '
CaMOCTORTenlJHaR pa60Ta 3.2 (c. 286)
2. ... 1,1 M.l!:>IC. 3. 4) 188,4 K.l!:>IC. 4. 3) ... 473 K.l!:>IC.
CaMOCTORTenlJHaR pa60Ta 4.1 (c. 287)
1. 418 M.l!:>IC. 2. ... 1,7 M.l!:>IC. 4. 1), HOTpe6JIeilo
... 2,2 M,l(>IC - ,nOCTaTOWO. 2) llOTpe6JIeHO "" 3,7 M,l(>IC
- .n;OCTaT{)1IHO. 5. lloTpe6.n;eHO "" 1 MLt>IC -, .n;OCTa-'
T9'IHO. 6.- 1,26 f.
CaMOCTORTenlJHaR pa60Ta 4.2 (c. 287)
1. 26,8 . 1 09.l!:>IC.2. 2 Kf. 3. ... 173 M.l!:>IC.
KOHTpOnlJHaR pa60Ta 2 (c.:288)
BapHaHT 1
2.4) ... 3,2 M.l!:>IC.
BapHaHT 2
2.4) ... 3,2 M.l!:>IC.
,)',:
KOHTpOnlJHaR pa60Ta 3 (c. 289)
BapHaHT 1
.2. 4) ... 3 M.l!:>IC.
BapHaHT 2
2. 4) 243,5 K.l!:>IC.
j . .
CaMOCTORTenlJHaR pa60Ta 1.1 (c. 299)
1. 15. 10 22 .2.2,2 Kf. 3. 7. 10- 3 Kf. 4, 18.10 26 .
5, ...10 2 °. 6. N A1 ... NAg.
CaMOCTORTenbHaR pa60Ta 1.2 (c. 299)
1..... 5,3. 10'26 Kr . 2.200 MOJIh. 3. 0,52Kf, 4. mpb m Sn
B 1,7paaa. '
CaMOCTORTenlJHaR pa60Ta .1 (c. 300)
1. 5. 1O- 24 .l!:>IC. 2.... 1,2. 10 26 M- 3 ; l:l1 = 6.10 25 M'3",.
3. P1 = P2. 4. ... 2,7. 10 25 M- 3 . 5. P2 = 4P1. >,'
6. ... 2,7 . 10 24 M- 3 .
CaMOCTORTenlJHaR pa60Ta 2.2 (c. 300)
. ;
M
1. 3. 10 27 M- 3 . 2. 2 . 10 5 lla. 3. ... 4 . 10 4 lla. 4. 394 - .
C
CaMOCTORTenlJHaR pa60Ta 3.1 (c.300) .
M
3. 13 Klla. 4. ...'3,8. 10 6 lla. 5. <v> ... 12,2. 10 3 -.
, C
TaK KaK cpe.n;HIDI KBa.n;paTH'IHiUI CKOpOCTh Menhme
i\
, ,
OTBETbI If PEllIEHRH
6'7,3
,
BTOpoii: I<OCMHtlecKOii: CKOpOCTJI, TO 'BCe aTOMbI BO,lJ;O-
po,lJ;a He CMOryT YJIeTeTh C nOBepXHOCTH COJIH a,
6. "" 2,2. 7. "" 1,4 . 10 7 lla. 8,2.9.20 M.
_ 6 ' ;, 2 J2 P S
10. - 1,4 . 10 lla. 11. B 7,7 p a. 12. OJ 3ml
CaMOCTORTenbHaR pa60Ta 3.2 (c. 301)
M
2, "" 500 -.4. "" 65 M 3 . 5. 4 MOJIh. 6. 2,4 . 10- 3 M 3 .
C
M
7.4900 -.
c
KOHTponbHaR pa60Ta 1 (c.'302)
BapmiHT 1
1. 2,14 . 10 5 Oa. 2. YMem,UIJITCH B 2 paaa.
BapJlaHT 2
1.0,8 r. 2. YMeHhlliJlTCH B 5 paa.
KOHTponbHaR pa60Ta 2 (c. 303)
BapJlaHT 1
1, "" 2,3 . 10 5 lla. 2. m 2 = 0,76. 3. 6,75 . 10 5 lla.
, . ml "
KI'
4. ",,2,1 3'
M
BapJlaHT 2
M '
1. "" 15 ; 1(f6 . 2. "" 560 --:-. 3. Pt = 1,2 Mlla.
c '
CaMOCTORTellb"aR pa60Ta 1.1 (c.. 310)
2. "" 4,7 . 10 5 LJ:*. 3. 320 ,l(*. 4. "",9,9%. 5. "" 5,7 KLJ:)£(.
6. 120 ,L{*. 7. a) HaJlMeHhlli TeMneparypa - COCTO-
mme 2; HaJl60JIhlliiUI TeMnepaTypa - COCTOHHHe 4;
O,lJ;JlHaKOBhIe TeMnepaTyphI - COCTOHHJlH' 1 JI 3.
6) A f4 = A23 = O. 8. "" 20,6 KLJ: .
CaMOCTORTenbHUI pa60Ta 1.2 (c. 310)
. 4 MOJIh. 2,.- 12 . 10 6 ,l(*. 3. "" 18,7 K,l(*.
. A)f2 = 12Ao 2 . 6. a) At23 > A t43 ; 6) A t23 > At43 B
3 .
CaMOCTORTenbHaR pa60Ta 2.1 (c. 311)
1.10 4 ,l(')I(. !!1U> O. T.,K.!!1U -!!1T, TO TeMneparyparaaa
y eJIJI'IJIJIaCh (raa HarpeJICH). 2. A == 0; Q = 525 ,l( .
4. 1) - 2 - Jl306apHoe paClliHpeHJle (HarpeBaHJle);
1-3 - Jl30TepMJlQeCKOe paClliJlpeHHe; 1-4 - a,ZUia-
6aTHoe paClliJlpeHHe; 1-5 - Jl30XOpHoe OXJIa')I(,lJ;eHHe.
2) At5 = 0, 3) 12. 10 5 ,l(')I(. 4) 4,8. 10 6 (,l(')I(. T. K.
, A12
!!1U> 0, TO raa HarpeJICH. 7. - Q = 0,74 , '
, 1234
CaMOCTORTenbHaR pa60Ta 2.2 (c. 312)
1.35. 10 6 ,l(*. T. 1<. !!1U> 0, O ra3 HarpeJICH.
2, 4 . 10 7 ,l(')I(. 3. 2) 6. 10 3 ,l(')I(.
4. 3 M,l(*. T. K. !!1U > 0, TO raa HarpeJICH.
5. !!1U = 4,8 M,l(*. T. K. !!1U> 0, TO raa Harpen,cH.
6. A = 0; !!1U = 2493 {1.*.
CaMOCTORTenbHaR pa60Ta 3.1 (c. 313)
1. "" 61 %. 2. Tt = 423 K; '(b = 7 K,l(*. 3. "" liO %;
3. 10 4 ,l(*. 4. "" 913 K. 5. 14,5:
CaMOCTORTenbHaR pa60Ta 3.2 (c. 313)
1. 75 %. 2. "" 1,2. 10 4 .lJ:*. 3,45,5 K,l(*.
4. "" 505 k = 232 .C.
CaMOCTORTenbHaR pa60Ta 4 (c. 3,13)
, 1. 2 . 10 5 ,L{*., 2. 33 KM. 3. 0,89. 4. 100°C. 5.0 ..C;
575 r BO,lJ;hI Jl825 r JIh,lJ;a. 6. 1,23 Kr.
....
CaMOCTORTenbHaR pa60Ta 5 (c. 314)
2. A = RT3 + R1j - 2R J1j . TJ .
3. A = R P2 i PI , ( T2 - 1j ) . 4. "" 44 %.
P2 PI ",
5
5. Q=-(mlg+ PoS}Jt.
.2
R ' VF
6. A =2"(T 2 1i} t. -I .
, I
674
OTBETbI 11 PEllIEHI1.H
7. = l-x Y - I . 8. Tmax= 568 K. 9. TO'
8
KOHTpOnbHBR pa60Ta 1 (c. 316)
, ,
BapHaHT 1
1. 45 . 10 3 ,l(:>K. 2. 3 K.l!:>K. 3. - 3.10 4 .l!:>K. T. K. L\U <0,
TO. ra3 aXJia JICH. 4. A 123 > A 143 . HaHMeHhmaH TeM-
nepaTYpa caaTBeTcTByeT caCTaHHHIO 4.
BapHaHT 2
1. <== 67 %. 2. <== 5 K.l!:>K. 3. <== 125 K.l!:>K.
"
KOHTponbHaR pa60Ta 2 (c. 316)
BapHaHT 1
1. <== 5. 10 25 . 2, 11 = 30 %; T 1 = 400 K. 3. A <== 4 K.l!:>K;
Q <== 8,6 K.l!:>K. 4. <== 83 %.
BapHaHT 2
1. 480 .l!:>K. 2. 11 c: 23 %; {b <== 46 K.l!:>K. 3. A <== 6,9 K.l!:>K;
L\T <== 75,3 ;K. 4. 80 %. -
HTOrOBbI" TeCT (c. 317)
BapHaHT 1
1. A. 2. E. 3. E. 4. A. 5. A. 6, E. 7, A. 8. r. 9. E.10. E.
11. B. 12. B. 13.. r. 14. r. 15, B. i6. E. 17. BA8. E.
19. B. 20, r.
BapHaHT 2
1. B. 2. r. 3. E. 4. E. 5. :r:. 6.,B. 7. B. 8. B. 9. E. 10. E.
11. B. 12. E. 13"A. 14. B. 15. r. 16. B. 17, B. 18, E.
19. A. 20. B.
3neKTpOCTaTMKa
, v
. MnOCTORHHblM TOK
CaMOCTORTenbHble pa60Tbi (C. 332)
1. 1,5. 10- 8 KJI. 2, +10- 9 KJI. '3. +4 . 10- 8 KJI,'
4. +3,2. 10- 19 Kn. 5. +1,6. 10- 19 Kn. 6. 7,5. 10- 9 Kn;
2,5.10- 9 kn:. 7. <== 4. 10 1 !) SJIeKTpaHOO nepeMeCm'JIOOliH);
C aTpHI.taTeJIhHo. aapH:>KeH}Jara mapa Ha nOJIa:>KH"! "
" t . .
TeJIhHa aapH:>KeHHhIit 8, 1,56.108 qac;'Q . ,
9. +10- 8 Kn; -2 . 1'0:- 8 Kn; +4 . 10- 8 Kn;' :.qn 1
-0,6 . 10- 8 Kn; +1,2 . 10- 8 Kn; +2,4 . 1O- 8 Kn. cC .
10. B 100 pa3. 1. YMeHhmHTcH B 9 pa3. ':.,
12. 10- 6 H; 5.10- 7 H.13. 6). 14. npH R= 0,5 M , .
1,8 H; npH R ='0,02 HeJIhaH paCCqHThIBaTIY na! ',.
aaKaHY KYJIaHa. 15. <== 0,18 M. 16, +0,4 MKKJI.
17. 16 H. 18. +3:10- 5 H +2.10- 5 Kn..19. 6,7.10- 7 ful.'f!l:
,,' {' I'
20. :3,3 CM. 21. 0,9 H, 6YlJ;YT aTTMKHBaThCH. 22. y _' . :
. f.1.. :";
JIH'IHTCH Ha 12,5%.23, qlq2 < (ql +q2f . 24,a ) 3 H
4 '
6) 3 H; 6) 3 H; z) 1 H. 25. a) 0; 6) 0; 8) lJ;JIHHa BeK-
Tapa - 2 CM, HanpaBJIeH no. MemfaHe aT BepmHHhI C
aapH.n;aM -q . 26, a) 2J2H - HarrpaBJIeHa K CepelJ;HHe
CTOpOHhI 1-2; 6) 2J2H - HanpaBJIeHa K CepelJ;HHe
CTOPo.HhI 3-4; 6) J52H - -HanpaBJIeHa nalJ; yrJIaM
arct g ( ) K lJ;HarOHa IH 2-4.' 27. a) 4,5 H, HanpaBJIe-
Ha K TaqKeA; 6) 1,5 H B cTOpaHY A; 6) 2,5 H B CTOpa-
HY E; z) 1 H nalJ; ymaM <== 66° K cepe HHaMY nep-
neH){HKYJIHPY OTpeaKa AE. 28. 0,2 M BRe OTpeaI<aAB :,::
co. CTapaHhI ql; aT aHaKa TpeThero aapHlJ;a nOJIa:>KeHHe
TOqKH He aaBHCHT. 29, 6,4 . 10- 3 H. 30. 1,1 . 10- 2 H; ,
kq2 M
2,9.10- 2 H. 31. 4.10- 7 Kn. 32, _ 2 .33.5,3.10 9 _ 2 .
L C '"
M
9,6 . 10 9 "2.
, C
KOHTpOnbHBR pa60Ta (c. 337)
YpoBeHh .f\.
1. B. 2, r. 3. B. 4, B. 5, r. 6. 0,675 H.
YpoBeHh E
1. E. 2. E. 3. B. 4. 0,3 H. 5, 0,66.10- 7 K.JI;
7,77 . 10- 7 K.JI,
'\
\
OTBETbl :PfPEIllEHIHI ,<
.6.75
06,..alOlQMtf TeCT (c. 343)
1. E. 2, B. 3. A. 4,< r. 5. A. 6. r. 7. r.
npaKTMKYM no pe¥leHMIO aaAalt (c. 344)
1.20000 B, ."2. 5.10- 7 1VI. 3 4.10- 4 H. 4. lI P ' 06HbIM
M .
3apH.n; He .n;OJDKeH HCKa3}fTb KapTHHY paCrrpelleJIeHHH
B rrpOCTpalICTBe JapH.ZJ;OB, C03,ZJ;aIO:mHX rrOJIe, T. e.
rrepCMeCTHTb HX. iho MO*Ho'o6ec,rreQHTb, BbI6npM
npOOHbIM 3apH.n; .n; TaT01JHO MaJIbIM. 5, 1440 B .
.I." ' , " M
, 6.0,38 'H; 0,63 H; 0,13 H. 7. 3,6.10 6 B ; 1,8,106 B .
, 8. f4 CM. 9. CM. pHC. 9. M M
E,10 6 !t
" 'M'
';1 6
; 5
, 4
3
..L '2
:i' 1
0
.. 5
£(14 CM) SOl 4,2'10 6 !t
M
10 15 20 25 30 r,CM
PRc.9
- ' (:
'I" ,
10"\I,CM. pRc.10.
; af
. .
,
4==
tI
A
£,
. .
q2>0
q,>O
6)
£, A £2
. . . .
q,<O ===+ q2<0
tI
A £, £2
- . ,
q,>O . T
q2<0 tI
6)
z)
, 7 £1
, ,
,A
"
tI q,>O
q2<0
PHC. 10 '
1 ,B, 6 B
2. a) 475 -, tgcp = - rrpH qlq2 >' 0; 184
6 M 23 M
tgcp = 5 HPH qlq2 < ,01 r.n;e cp - yrOJI M Y Harrpa JI -
HHeM Er. H CTOPOHOM BC; 6) 436 B t cp = 50 JJ P H
M' 433'"
, ,B,250 '"
qlq2> 0;264 ;;, tgcp 87 rrpH qlq2< 0, r.n;e cp - yroJI
Me)K.n;y HarrpaBJIeHHeM Er. H CTOPOHOM BC, r.n;e cp - YfOJI
Me)KJty HaItpaBJIeHHeM Er. H BbICOTOM H3 BepmHHbI C Ha
. B '
cTOpoHyAB.13. 336.10 4 ;; 464.10 4 !!; 144 .10 4 !!.
, M
14. Er. HaripaBJIeH OT lteHTpa K CTOpOIJe KBa.n;paTa, co-
e.n;HHHIO:meM 3apH.n;bI +2 10-8K.rt 1:1' .,,8,r,,40:-8Kai'-Dep-,;, !
rreH.n;HKYJIHpHO eM; .p "" 2,5. 10- 4 H. 15,21,4 KB ;
M
tg cp =,0,075, cp -yrOJI'MC)I(,ZI;y'BeKTopOMHaTIPH*eHliQ-
crn H CTOPO OM AB KBa.n;paTa; 60,6 KB , tgcp = 0,026,
M
r.n;e cp - yrOJI Me*.n;y BeKTopOM HarrpH)I(eHHOCTH H CTO-
p<moM CD. 16, ) 13282 ;, gcp = 0,158, me cp'- yroJI ."
Me)l(,Zl;y BeKTopoM HarrpIDKeH110CTH H ' CTOPOHOM B C
.n;JIH O.n;HOHMeHHbIX 3apH.n;OB (.n;JIH pa3HOHMeHHbIX -
911 ; H 0,244); 6) 952 ;; cp = 139°, r.n;e cp - yrOJI Me)l(-
.n;y B K POM HarrpH eH o rn H CTOpOHOM A .<: ,
, ,
,
KOHTponbHaRpa6oTa(t.347)
YpoBeHb A
1, B. 2, B. 3. E. 4 r. 5. B. 6, 21600 !!, HarrpaBJIeHa B
, M'
CTOPOHY'OTpHltaTeJIbHoro '3ap$i.n;a.' i.,
: .:':.! \
YpoBeHb E ' '
'- ..'r, J',
1. A. 2. E. 3. A. 4. Ha 0,24,M JIeBee rrOJIO)KHTeJIbHoro
3apH.n;a. 5, 10800 ;, HarrpaBJIeHa B CTOPOHY T01JKH N.
!! '
06YltalOI.qMM TeCT (c. 353)
1. E. 2, A. 3, E. 4, E. 5, B. 6; r: ;
,'. "
,\ ' i'
npaKTMKYM no pew I;IMIO ,aAalt (c 3504) ,
J 8 ;. ,
1. 0,02,l()I(. 2. -20 13, 3. - ,5.10 51<,JJ. 4. 5.0 B;'J .
-0,15 ,l()I(; -5Q B. 5."1'.10-4 ,l()I(; - "'JO ,l(*. '>,i
616
OJ:BETbI 11 PEllIEHI1.H
'6. 8 . 10- 6 .lJ:*;, -8.10- 6 .lJ:)J(; +8. 10- 6 .lJ:>K.
7.2;1O- 16 .l!*. 8. +1 . 1O--\4.lJ:*; -1. 10- 4 .lJ:)K;
+l,1O- 4 .lJ:*. 9. 2,7.10 7 . 10. Ha 8,7 '10 5 .
c c
11. B <== 100000 p33. 12. Ha 10300 B.
13. Ha 60JIbmeM paCCTOHHHH; 60JIbme Ha
=10300 B. 14.4. 10- 5 .lJ:)K. 15. YBeJIh:qHTCH Ha
8,1.10- 4 .lJ:*. 16. 134 . it 1,4. 10- 13 M.
,C
18.2. 10- 6 .lJ:*; CPl - </>2 = 20 B; Ha YBeJmqeHHe KHHe-
THqeCKOH aHeprnh: 3apH.n;a. 19.2. 10 4 .
M
, 20.1,2.1'0- 5 IVI; 000 ;. 1, ?,6. 10 4 B.
22. 3,2 Hr. 23. 21 000 B. 24. 2560 B; 3010 B;
YBejmqHTCH. 25. 1,05.1O- 4 .lJ:)K.
KOH:rponbHaJl pa60Ta (c. 358)
YpoBeHb A
, \
1. r. 2. A. 3. r. 4. <Pt2< 0; I cpI = ( ;: )(vl- V I 2 ).
5. 80 B.
YpOBeHb E
1. E. 2, r. 3. 900' B. 4. 0,6 M OT nOJIO)KHTeJIbHoro 3a-
i.) 6 M
pH.n;a. 5. <>00 B. 6,4,3 . 10. -.
c
06Y'IaIOIqM" TeCT (c. 364)
1. E. 2, A. 3. E. 4, E. 5, B. 6. r.
KOHTponbHaJl pa60Ta (c. 365)
1. 24 .lJ:* npH YCJIOBHH, qTO pa60Ta CTOpOHHHX CHJI.
He H.n;eT Ha HarpeB caMoro HCTOqHHKa rrpH npoTeKa-
HHH qepe3 Hero TOKa. 2. B nopax yroJIbHbIX aJIeKTpO-
.n;OB CI<anJIHBaIOTCH ra3006pa3HbIH XJIOp H BO.n;OpO.n;,
KOTopbIe nOCTeneHHO BbIXO.n;HT Ha nOBepXHOCTb aJIeK-
Tpo,lIOB H B paCTBOp, r.n;e pearnpYIOT Me*.n;y C060H.
IIpH aToM aHeprnH HX XHMH'leCKH){ CBH3eH npeo6pa-
3yeTcH B aHeprHIO, pa3.n;eJIeHHbIX 3apH.n;OB.
3. 3a CqeT MeXaHHqeCKOH - B aJleK'rpo<popHoii MamH-
He, .n;HHaMOMamHHe, nbe303aJKHraJIKe; 3a CqeT aHep-
rnh: c eTa - B COJIIJeqHWX 6aTapeHx. .
06Y'lalO"",M" TeCT (c, 37-0.
YpoBeHb A
, 1. A. 2. E. 3. E. 4. E. 5. A. 6. B.
YpoBeHb E
1. A. 2. r. 3. E. 4. A. 5. E. 6, A.
; .),'L ;'t! /)
,i' .:
.l
o \
npaKTMKYM no peweHMIO 3a.qa'l (c. 372)
1. 5. 10- 8 H; OT nOJIO)KHTeJIbHO 3apH)KeHHOH nJIacT,H-
HbI; 1 . 10- 9 .lJ:*; 2 B. 2. 25 B. 3.2. 10-6 IVI.
4. 1 MK<I>: 5. U d q . 6. 40 KB ; 10- 6 KJI. 7. 5,7 B.
m M
8. 4300, B. 9. 2,25 . 10- 5 .lJ:*. 10. 1,8 . 10- 3 11*.
11.5000 B; 1,25. 10- 2 ,l{)K. 12. G 1 G 2 = 10- 6 <1>2.
13. a) aHeprnH 1-ro B (!!J...) MeHbme; 6) aHeprHH
d 2
1-ro B ( !!J... ) 60JIbme. 14. YBeJIHqHTCH B 2 pa3a; aHep-
d 2
rHH pacTeT 3a CqeT pa60TbI CHJIbI, pa3.n;BHraIOmeH rrJIa-
CTHHbI, TaK KaK qeJIOBeK y.n;aJIHeT .n;pyr OT .n;pyra 3apH-
.n;bI npoTHBOnOJIo*Horo 3HaKa, COBepmaH pa6oTY.
15. (£-I)CU 2 . 16. )'MeHbmh:TCH Ha 0,053.lJ:*, BbI.n;e-
2 ' ,
JIh:TCH B BH.n;e TeIIJIa B toe.n;HHHTeJIbHbIX npOBo.n;ax.
17. 12 MKIVI; 24 MKIVI; 36 MKIVI; 6 MK<I>.
72" 'Vi'>;','
18. ql = q2 = q3 = 1l MKKJI; VI = I " B;
. '
V-Q = 1l B; V 3 = 1l B. 19. 2G. 20. 13' 21: ,-.
C(£+ I) 3£C C(13£+ 2)
22. . 23. 1+2£ .24. 3(4£+1) .
, -Ii
KOHTponbHble pa60TbI (c, 379)
YpoBeHb A
1.'E. 2.6,25.10- 5 <1>.3.24 000 . 4. 0,2.lJ:*.
M
YpOBeHb E
1. K + qUa 2. 0,28 M 2 ; 10 B. 3. 5 -10 5 BT. .i
YpOBeHb B
, UeL 2 _ 2ie;
1. ---z. 2. -2.10 7 .lJ:*. 3. ql = q2= _ 3 ; q3= 3£t';
, 2m/v ,
2t' E
U; = -' u. = -' u. = a A q = G£.
13'23'3"''''' .
--
OTBETbI iii PElliEHIiIH
677
06Y'IalO MM TeeT (c. 388)
YpoBeHh A
1. r. 2. E. 3. A. 4. E. 5. r. 6, r. 7. r.
YpoBeHh E '
1. r. 2. B. 3. B. 4. A. 5. A. 6. E. 7, E. 8. A.
npaKTMKYM no peweHMIO 38Aa'l (c. 390)
qi. 5. 10- 7 K1I; 2,5 . 10- 6 A.
2. CM. pHC. 11.
_...; \
0,1<11
! ,
o
12345
PHC. 11
I ,
3.0,25 c. 4. 8.10 5 .5.10 A. 6. 2. 10- 5 ; "" 20 Mr Ha
, c
KaTO,ne. 7. 6,1.10- 6 M. 8. 2.10 18 M- 3 . 9. 0,00125 .
c
,KOHTpOIiItHaR pa60Ta (c. 391)
YpOBeHb A
1: PacTBop cOJIei! B BO,ne. 2. E. 3. HeT, TOK paaeH 0,5 A.
4. IIoJIYlIpoBO,nHHK: COJIHe"lHaH ooTapeH H SJIeKTpoH-
HaH cxeMa KaJIbKymlTOpa. ra3: HeOHOBaH JIaMlIa. Ba-
KYYM: ,nHCIIJIeH KOMlIblOTepa.
YpoBeHb E
, 1. 3JIeKTpOH IIpOBO,nHMOCTH (MeTaJIJI, IIOJIYlIpOBO;n;-
, HHK) - SJIeKTpOHbI cBo60,nHo lIepeMeIltaIOTCH ,B cpe,ne
IIO.n: .n:eHcTBHeM sJIeK11>HqeCKo o IIOJI.H, TaK KaK cJta60
CBH3aHbI C KOHKpeTHbIMH aTo aMH KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKoH
pemeTKH. KaTHoH - IIOJIO)KHTeJIbHO 3apH)KeHHbIH HOH
(pacTBop, paCIIJIaB COJIH). IiIOHH3aI1HH - o6paJoBa-
HHe HOHa IIPH lIoTepe SJIeKTpOHa aTOMOM (raa).
,L{bIpO'ilIaH npOB,O,Z(HMOCTb -, CBOHCTBO IIOJIynpOBO,n-
HHKOB IIpolIycKaTb TOK 3a CqeT lIepeMew;eHIDI BaKaH-
CHH (,nbIpoK) IIO KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOH pemeTKe IIOJIYIIPO-
Bo,nHHKa. 2. TeIIJIOBoe: H3MepHTb TeMlIepaTYPY
KaJIH6pOBaHHoro IIpOBO,Z(HHKa. XHMHqeCKoe: H3Me-
pSlTb KOJIHqecTBO BbIlIaBmero IIPH SJIeKTpOJIH3e
,MeTaJIJIa HJIH BbI,ZIeJIHBmerOCH ra3a. Ha IIpaKTHKe -
IIO MarHHTHoMY ,neHcTBHIO TOKa HJIH C IIOMOIltbIO
CBOHCTB IIOJIYIIPOBO,Z(H OB. 3. 0,04 Mc M .
YpoBeHb B
1. 8,4. 10 7 . 2, "" 106 qaCOB. 3. 10 29 M- 3 .
c
06Y'IalO MM TeCT (c. 97)
YpoBeHb A
1. E. 2. B. 3. B. 4, A. 5. A. 6. E.
YpoBeHb E
1. B. 2. r. 3. r. 4. A. 5, r. 6. A.
npaKTMKYM no peweHMIO 3aAa'l (c. 398)
1. 2,5 A. 2. 3 B. 3. 2 OM, 4. B 1,25 pa3a; IIPH IIOBbIme-
HHH TeMnepaTYPbI HHTH COlIpOTHBJIeHHe paCTeT,
5. COlIpoTHBJIeHHe YUaJIO OT 5,Z(o 4,4 OM. BCJIe,Z(CTBHe
IIOBbImeHHH TeMnepaTYPbI MOrJIa YBeJIHqHTbCH IIO,n-
BH:>KHOCTb HOHOB B paCTBope. 6. CM. pHC. 12.
I,MA'
10
5
o
1 2 3 4 5 6 U.B
...
PHc.12
7. 11 OM. 8. 4 KM. 9.12 . 10- 8 OM' M, CTaJIb.
10. 1 MM 2 .11. 10M. 12.2,14 M. 13.20 M, "" 10- 8 .
14. Ha 240% , Ha 5%. 15. R 1 : R 2 : R3 = 1 : 1 : 0,0004.
KOHTpOliltHaR pa60Ta (c. 400)
YpoBeHb A
1. YBeJIH'IHJIOCb B 2 pa3a. 2. 2 OM. 3. 2,8 B; 420 K1I;,
1176 ,L{)K.
678
OTBETbI II PEIlIEHH.H
YpOBeHh E.
1. O,S A; 8 c; 4 ,l(:>K. 2. 1,S A.
3. At' = SOODC, He pacrr aBHTCH.
CaMOCTOJITenbHltle pa60TItI (c. 403)
1. 2A. 2, r<-< 2 OM. 3. 4R 4. CM.' pHC. 13.
I,A
25
20
15
,
10
5
o
1 2 3 4 5 6 R,OM
PIIC. 13
5. II<:< = 30 A, rreperopHT. 6. 100 A. 7. 0,7S A.
2
8. 3,S B; 10M. 9. 6 B; '3 OM. 10. II<:< = 38 A, rrepero-
pHT. 11. CM. pHC. 14. (
u
e ----."-- --- _______n --- - -- ---,.'-- ---,
£
'2
o
, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, R;r
PIIC. 14
KOHTpOnbHaR pa60Ta (c. 405)
YpoBeHh A
1. 2 A. 3, 1 A.
YpOBeHh E
1. 2 OM. 2. =- 0,8 A. 3. CM. pHC. 15.
I,A
6
bO
q;"/
o
5
X,CM '
Pllc.15
"''if'
06Y'IalO MM TeCT (c. 410)
YpoBeHh A
1. B. 2. A. 3. E. 4. r. 5.8..6, E. 7. r.
YpoBeHh E
1. B. 2, E. 3. B. 4. R 5, R 6, E. 7. B.
i"
f !r<
L
\-' .
'('.i;
npaKTMKYM no peweHMIO 3a.qa'l (c. 412)
1. a) 3 OM; 6) -i OM; 6)' 6 OM; z) 10M; 0) 4 OM;
;;.---' ,
e) 4,S OM. 2. 2 B; 4 B; 6 R 3. I,S B; 1,S A. 4. 4 A;,;.' j '>
, 12
8 R 5, O,S A. 6. 2 A; 1 A. 7. a) '5 OM = 2,4 OM; "
274' 27
6) 99 OM=- 2,8 OM; 6) '7 OM=- 3,9 OM;
. 187 87
z) 63 =-3 OM; 0) 2j OM=-3,80M;e)SOM. i,
8.3 A; 1,8 A; 1,2 A; 3,6 B. 9. a) 0.9 A; 0.8 A; 1,8 A;
2,7 B; 6) 1 A; 0,2S A; I,S B; 6)' 12 A; 6 A; 4 A; 36 B;
24 R10, CHJIa TOKa 1Jepea HCT01JHHK rrpH rrap ,
HOM coe;nHHeHHH rrpOBO,lJ;HHKOB B 4,S pa3a BhIrpe!ja
Hepea KOHcTaHTaHoBYro. rrpOBOJIOKY B 3 pa3a hIIJlet" ,
5r 4r r 5r
11, a) 7'; 6) '5; 6) 2'; z) '6'
,i.
"r
KOHTponbHaJl pa60Ta (c. 415) ,
YpoBeHh A
2 '
1. 9, OM. 2. '3 A. 3, 2,S R. 4, 4,S A. 5. 1 A; 4 R
YpoBeHh E
1. 12 OM. 2, 1 H . 3, 1 A; O,S A; 0,2S A; 1,5 R I .:,
- -
OTBETbI a PEIIIEHI1$1
679
5 2 I
4, "8 OM. 5, 3' A; '3 A.
06Y'IaIOI.qMM TeeT (c. 421) ,
YpoBHH A H E
1. B. 2. E. 3. B. 4, A. 5. E. 6. B.
npaKTMKYM no peweHMIO 3a.qa'l (c. 421)
1. a) 30 L{)K; '20 ,l];)K; 10 L{)K; 6) 30 L{)K; 2,2 L{)K;
4,4 L{)K; 6) 0,83 L{)K; 0,56 L{)K; 6,9 L{ ; 'z) 7',5 .zj)K';
20 L{)K; 2,5 L{)I{. 2. 2500 BT. 3.:=:: 15,6 OM. 4, 1-21 OM. .
5. 242 OM; 484 OM. 6, 2 L{?l<;', Q,25 L{)K. 7, :=:: 4,4 OM.
. I
8. 12 KL{)K; 48 K,l{)K; 48 KL{)K.9. 8 MHHYT.10. '6 ,KBT'Y:. .
11.20 BT. 12,:=:: 0,0-32 A.13. 4 OM.
=.!... =4' Q1;(a) =.i. '.
14, Q2 4' !?2' Q;(.(j) 25' 15, 720 L{)K. 16, 0,8 OM,
5 A;'4 B HJIH 0,2' OM; 10 A; 2 B. 17, 28,8 L{)K.
KoHTpOnbHaJI pa60Ta (c. 424)
YpoBeHh A
1.440 BT. 2. 0,8 BT; 480 {1.)K 3. 2,5 L{)K. 4. 16% HJIH
9600 L{)K.
YpoaeHh E
,
1,J c .,2. 484 BT; 242 BT;,968 BT. 3, 4 BT.
i ) {.
06'yUIOU4MM TeeT (c. 433)
1.oB'- B. 3. E. 4, r. 5, A. 6 E. 7. E. 8, E. 9, A.
10 't:' L B. 12. A.
KOHTponbHaJl pa60Ta (c. 435)
YpoBeHb A
1. CM. pHC. 16.2. 1. 3. CM.,pHC. 17;npH YBeJIHqeHHH
CHJIhI ,:\,OKa H B03pacTaHHH qHC-!la BHTKOB Ha e,n;HHH:Qy
,n;JIHHhI Kai'YillKH JWHHH 6'y,n;'yT' cry aThCH nponop H-
OHa.7IhHO pOCT)' aTHX BeJIH'IHH; npH BBe,n;eHHJi B Hee
)KeJIe3Horo cep,n;eqHHKa rycToTa JIHHHH B03paCTeT
,- MHoroKpaTHO (' 60JIee qeM B 10 paJ).
/8
1
k
,3
8
.
PflC. 16
-:' !
PRC. 17
YpOBeHh E
1. KapTHHa CHJIOBhIX JIHHHH 6y,n;eT cxo,n;Ha C Kap,TH-
HOM ueJIoro nOJIOCOBOro MarHHTa. 2. BeKTop ,n;OJI)KeH
HATH no KaCaTeJIhHOH H 6WTh ,n;JIJiHHee TaM, r,n;e JIH-
HHH ry e. 3, He MeHee 0,18 TJI. 4. a) OTKJIOHHTCH OT
BepTHKaJIH B rrpOTifBOnOJIO:>KHYIO CTOPOHY rrpHMepHo
Ha TaKoH )K yroJI; 6) qYTh YBeJIHqHTCH B cJIyqae aJIIO-
MHHHeBoro cep,n;eqHHKa; qyrh YMeHhillHTcH B CJIyqae
cocy,n;a C BO,n;OH; cy ecTBeHHO B03paCTeT B CJIyqae
CTaJIhHOrO cep,n;eqHHKa.
06Y'IalO",MM TeeT (c. 443) "-
YpoBeHh A
1. r. 2, E. 3, A. 4, r. 5, E. 6, E.
YpoBeHh E
1. A. 2, E. 3. r.4, r. 5, E.
npaKTMKYM no peweHMIO 3aAa'l (c. 445),
1. 2.10- 7 TJI. 2. CH,7\I , ,n;cHfTBYIOIWUI a aepXIJIOIO H
HH)KHIOIO nepeMhIqKY paBHa 0; Ha npaBYIO ,n;eHCTBYeT
H3 IDIOCKOCTH, JIHCTa; Ha JIeByro - B nJIOCKOCTh JIHCTa.
680
OTBETbI II PEIIIEHII.H
'l,
3. a) F= 0; 6) i; 6) J.; t) Ea. 4.30 0 .5. q > 0, J.;
q = 0, F = 0; q <0, i. 6'. 1,6 . to. 15 H; B KTOp CKOpOCTH \
MeHJieT HarrpaBJIeHHe, He MeIDUI MO.n;YJIJi. TpaeKTopIDI
- npJiMaJi, OKPY:>KHOCTh, .n;yra OKPY:>KHOCTH (CM.
. , RI qi!M:
pHC. 18). 7,0,01 TJI. 8,,""' 8,7 r. 10. 'R= {;7 M '
, 2 q.0/1Y12
11.36. to- 11 C, He aaBHCHT OT CKOpoCTH. 12. 81 0 .
, ,
(£), e (£) (£)
(£)
e
a
iJ B
PRC. 18
KOHTponbHaR pa6()Ta (c. 447)
YpoBeHh A
1. A =6,25.2. CM. pHC. 19.3, CM. pHC. 20.
n
(I;) (I;) , (£) B
Q:
\:y +q
$ (!) (I;)
PRC. 19
PRC. 20
YpoBeHh E
1. ,l{JIJi onpe.n;eJIeHHJi e.n;HHHlthI CHJIhI TOKa -,1 a ut. p;
,ZJ;JUI onpe.n;eJIeHIDr e.n;HHHlthI MO.ZJ;yJIJi BeKTOpa ManmT-
HOH HHJtyKItHH - 1 TeCJIa. 2. 2,28 . 10- 3 TJI.
3. Frop= 4. to- 3 H; F oepT = 3,5. to- 3 H. '
06Y'ta101.qMM TeCT (c. 456)
1. A. 2. B. 3. B. '4. f. 5. A. 6. B. 7. A. 8.,B. 9. E.
10. A. 11. E. 12. E. 13. E. 14. f.
:1
npaKTMKYM no peweHMIO 3a.qaQ (c. 458)
f.
1. 25%. 2, : = 53%; 100 c; 190 K)];:>K = 0,053 KB . 'Ii
3,60 A. 4. 30 OM; 7,3 A. 5. fpa$HK - CM. pHC. 211;
Kll,n: 10%.
/ I,A
: .: t . ,
0,04
t
0,01 0,02
PRC. 21
i
KOHTponbHaR pa60Ta (co 000)
YpoBeHh A
1. 45 KBT . 'I. 2. ""' 2,3 A; 0,25 i<BT . 'I.
YpoBeHh E
1.44 A.
2. 56%.
3. Kll.a = 4 . 10-6 = 4 . 10--4 %.
llOTeHItHaJIhHiUI aHeprHJi rpyaa nepeIDJIa B IQIHeTH-
'\ , ' ,
'IecKyro aHeprHIO, a aaTeM B TewIOTy npH TOPMQX<e-
HHH rpyaa H .n;ecP.opMarum IDHypa. KpoMe TOro TenJIO-
Ta BhIl{eJIIfJIaCh B o6MoTKe reHepaTopa, B no.n;Bo.n;JiIl{HX
rrpoBo.n;ax H B rrOJIyrrpoBo.n;HHKOBOM .n;Ho.n;e.
OTBETbI.M PEIUEHI1JI
681
3neKTpOMarHMTHwe Kone6aHMR
M ,BOnHbI OnTMKa
CaMqcToRTellbHaR pa60Ta (c. 467)
apHaHT 1
1. 3JIeKTpOMafHHTHhle KOJIe6aHHH OTJIHqaIOTCH aMII-
JIHTy.nOH KOJIe6aHHH CHJIhI TOKa H HalIpS[)I(eIlliH.
2. EMKOCTb KoH,l.teHCaTOpa olIpe.ne.1UleTCH 110 MapKH-
pOBKe, IIepHO.n BhlqHC.1UIeTCH 110 $opMYJIe T = 2nJiC .
BapHaHT 2
t. ECJIH KoH,l.teHCaTOphl6h1JI:n 3apHx<eHhI OT O.nHOro HC-
ToqftHKa TOKa, TO 3JIeKTpOMafHHTHhie KOJIe6aHHH OT-
JIHqaIOTCH TOJIbKO BpeMeHeM 3aTyxa1lliH: rrpH 60JIb-
IIleM 'COlIpOTHBJIeHHH YMeHbIIleHHe aMIIJIHTy.nhl 3a
IIepHO)'t - 60JIbIIlee.
2. T= 2,4.10- 7 c.
npaICTMKYM no peweHMIO 3a.qall (c. 467)
1. .lI.JIH .naHHoro MOMeHTa BpeMeHH 3aKOH COXpaHellliH
Cu 2 Li 2 LI
:tHepIim HMeeT BH,l{ 2 +2 = T. OTCIO.na IIOJIyqa-
LI2 -cu 2
e M 'i= 0
,. L'
'-
2. EMKOCTb IIJIOCKOro KOH,l.teHcaropa BhlqHC.1UIeTCH 110
e£S '
<l>opMYJIe C = --:-' T.e. 'IIPH YBeJIHqellliH d eMKOCTb
YMeHl?IIlaeTCH. MH,l.tYKTHBHOCTb COJIeHOH,l{a BhlqHCJIH-
eTCH 110 <l>opMYJIe L = J1J1 o S ln 2 , r.ne S - IIJIOmaw> ceqe-
ItWi BHTKa; n - qHCJIO BHTKOB Ha e.nHItHI.{y .nJIHH I .
lIpH YBeJIH'IeHHH paCCTOHHHH Mex<.ny BHTKaMH
YMeHb CH 3HaqeHHe n, T. e. YMeHbmaeTCH HH,l.tYK-
THBHOCTb L. CJIe.nOBareJIbHO, HCXO.nH H3 <l>OPMYJIbI
TOMCOHa IIepHO.n 3JIeKTpOMarHHT hlX KOJIe6aHHH
yMe1ibIIlaeTCH.
KOHTpollbHaR pa60Ta,(c. 480)
BapH,aHT 1
1. 1,2. 10 .( fn. 2. HanpHx<eHHe 2200, B, CHJIa TOKa
0,02 A.
BapHaHT 2
1. HH,l.tYKTHBHOCTb olIpe.neJIHeTCH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM
<l>oPMYJIbI TOMcoHa, B HTore IIo.nyqaeM 5.10- 6 fH.
2. Bo BTOPHqHOH 06MOTKe 2520 BHTKOB, IIpOBO.n B HeM
TOHbIIle.
MToroBbiM TeCT (c. 481)
1. B. 2. f. 3. f.4. B. 5. B.6. B. 7..lI.. 8. .lI..,9:B.10. f.
11. B. 12. f. 13. B. 14. B. 15. B. 16. B.17. .lI..18. f.
19. .lI..20. f.
KOHTp,ollbHaR pa60Ta (c. 491)
BapHaHT1
1. B BaKYYMe - co CKOpOCTbIO CBeTa.
2. B IIpHpo.ne cymecTBYIOT IIepeMeHHbIe 3JIeKTpHqeC-
KHe H M rnHTHbIe IIOJIH. BeKTopbI E H B .-:. JIHIIlb HX
xap KTepHcTH;KH.
3. lIo aHaJIOrHH C MeXaHHqeCKHMH BOJIHaMH IIPH yc-
JIOBHH, Kor.na BeKTOp CKOpOCTH V IIeplIeH,l.tHKYJIHpeH
BeKTopaM E 11 B,.3JIeKTpOMarnHTHyro BOJIHY Ha3bIBa-
lOT IIOlIepeqHOH. .
BapHaHT 2
1. 3JIeKTpOMaTHHTHIDI BOJIHa - BH.n MaTepHH; 3JIeKT-
pOMarHHTHbIe KOJIe6aHHH, paClIpOCTpaHHIOmHeCH B
IIp CTpaHCTBe.c TeqeHHeM BpeMellli - IIponecc pac-
IIpOCTpaHellliH 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHoro IIOJIH.
2. lIpoBecTH OlIbITbI: H3MeHHTCH' JIH IIpHeM, eCJIH OT-
KJIIOqHTh IIpH60p ;«PaapH.n-b,
3. 3JIeKTpoMarnHTHbIe BOJIHbI H3JIyqaIOT JIHIIlb YCKO-
peHHO .nBlix<ymHf cH 3apH,ZJ;bI.
4. COrJIaCHO IIpaBHJIY 6ypaBqJ.lKa»-, BeKTop EHalIpaB-
JIeH 110 OCH OZ.
\
8
OTBETbL Ii PEUIEJU1,H
. . . .
BapHaHT 3 . ,.
1. MO)l(HO, eCJIH ,H3MeIlllTb, PqCC1.'OHH.Ke Me y H3JIY-
'Ian .neM H rrpHeMIlliKoM 3JIeKTpOMafHHTHbix BOJIH.
2. ITpH TpaHc<popMal.{HH KOJIe6aTeJIbHoro KOHTypa
paCCTOHHHe Me y IIJIacTHHaMH KOH,ZJ;eHcaTopa YBe-
JIH'IHBaeTCH, a rrJIOm;a.l(b rrJIaCTHH YMeHbIIlaeTCH.
C ee.oS
OTCIO,ZJ;a, COrJIaCHO <popMYJIe = d eMKOCTb KOH-
,ZJ;eHcaTopa YMeHbIIlaeTcH. nJIOIna.n:b Ce'IeHHH .BHTKa,
qH'C;)Jd BIITKOB, B'l.{eJIOM .l(JI1fHa - YMeHbnIHJIHCb, 'fOf,ZJ;a -
tOFJIaCHO cpoPMYJI AJIH 'HH,ZJ;YI\'fHBHOCTH KaTynIKH
HH,ZJ;YKTHBHOCTb YM€HbmH-.1Iacb. 06m;HH bl8'(),ZJ;:
rrepHO,ZJ; KOJIe6aHHH YMeHbIIlHJICH, qaCTQTa B03pOCJIa.
.. ,
3. MO,ZJ;eJIb - Bcero !lHIIlb cpe,ZJ;cTBo orrHcaHHH H3y<Ia-
eMoro 06'heKTa; OHa orrHCbIBaeT JIHllib 'IaCTb CBOHCTB
06'heKTa; 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHaH BOJIHa - 06'heKT rrpH:'
pO,ZJ;bI, ee MO,ZJ;eJIb TeOpeTH'IeCKH C03,ZJ;aHa 'IeJIOBeKOM.
4. 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHaH BOJIHa MO)l(eT pacrrpocTpa-
. WlTbCH B BaKYYMe, rroToMY '11.'0 3To.rrp0l.{ecc B3aHMo-
CBH3aHHOro H3MeHeHHH 3JIeKTpH'IeCKoro H MarHHTHO-
ro rrOJIeH, B pe3YJIb.TaTe KOToporo H rrpoHcxo,ZJ;HT
pacrrpocTpaHeHHe 3JIeKTpoMarHHTHbIX KOJIe6aHHH B
rrpocTpaHcTBe C Te'IeHHeM BpeMeHH.
/
. ",,,,,_ t .., . , _' _ ', _ _ . - .'" '.
CaMOCTORTen.M pa6oT. ( :499j ":', '"
2. PI =Fmt=eBmvsinrot.t HMrrYJIbC 3JIeKTpOMarHHT-
HOH BOJIHbI, rrepe,ZJ;aHHbIH 3JIeKTpOHY. C yqeTOM TOro,
, E '
'11.'0 Bm =.....!!!. Ii Fm = eE... sjnrot, rrOJIyqaeM: PI = -1. .
c , c
[[OlIHbIH HMnYJIb<) paBeH CYMMe MMrrYJlbCOB; KOTOpbIe
3JI€KTpOMarHHTHaH BOJIHa rrepe,ZJ;aeT 3JIeKTpOHaM
Bem;eCTBa.
5. Ha paCCTOHIHIH Me)l(,ZJ;Y PyrropoM H3JIyqaTeJIH H 3K-
paHOM YKJIa,ZJ;bIBaIOTCH 0 5 ,5 A71MH BOJIH CTOHqeH BOJI-
HbI, T. e. COrJIaCHO ,ZJ;aHHbIM pHCYHKa, MO)l(HO orrpe,ZJ;e-
JIHTb ,ZJ;JIHHY BOJIHbI A = 1,4 CM, a ,ZJ;JIHHa 6erym;eii
BOJIHbI B ,ZJ;Ba paaa 60JIbIIle. ITo <popMYJIe v = AV nOJIY-
, 8 M
, !eM 3Ha'IeHHe CKOPOCTH:, 2,8 . 10 -.
c
(:aMO TO TenbHaR pa60T . (c, 506) , , ,f
2. CHraa.!! Mb,ZJ;YJIHpOBaH f3peMeH M H3JIyqeHID{:J;1p
H,ZJ;Y 31.'0 TeJIerpa<pHbIH C;,HrHaJI: TO'IKH, THpe. ,I1PH
pa,ZJ;HOJIOKaI.{HH CHrHaJI rrpOXO,ZJ;HT B ,l);Ba pa3a 60JlbIM e
paCCTOHHHe.
, 1\
3, CHrHaJI SOS HMeeT qaCTOTY 5. t0 5 fl.{. Pa,ZJ;H B<?-/I-
Ha TaKOH 60JIbIIlOH ,ZJ;JIHHbI x.oponto pacrrpocTpaHHe!-
CH HMeHHO He,ZJ;aJIeKO 01.' MeCTa 6e,ZJ;cTBIDI, B qacTJ:Io-
ern, XOpOIIlO rH6aeT rrpeIDITcTBHH. '
(\!
KOHTponbHaR pa60Ta (c. 5(6)
,,'iE.)
BapHaHT 1
, ' 'j i
1. ITpeo6pa30BaHHe BbICOKO'IacTOTHOro H3JIyqeHMa'c
nOMOII(blO HM3KO'IaCToTHOf,0 npoMcxo,ZJ;HT t)' rrepeA;at-
'IlliKe. I ) . , f
2, IJ;eJibHaXo;n:WfCH Ha accToHHjlH 2 . t0 5 M.
BapHaHT 2
. \ / :.)
In, r
,.' J"
'1. MHHHMaJIbHOe paccToHHHe, Ha KbTOpOM JIoKalz'bp
MO)l(eT 06HapY)I(HTb l.{eJIb, CBH3aHO C pa3peIIleHHelY.
CHrHaITa. .l{JIH 3TOro, rrO-BH,l(MMOMY, Me.>K,ZJ;Y H3JIyqe-
HHeM H npHeMoM HMrrYJIbCa ,ZJ; JI)I(Ha 6bITh rray3a:itpo
,ZJ;OJI)I(HTeJIbHOCTbIO He MeHbIIle BpeMeHH HMrrYJIbCa.
OTCIO,ZJ;a MHHHMaJIbHOe paCCTOH::fiHe paliHo 150: M.
MaKCHMaJIbHOe BpeWI paBJ{O ,rrepMO,ZJ;Y f<o.nooaHHH,
1.'; e. 7 . .1 0- 4 c.' OTcIO,ZJ;a M<l¥CHMaJIbHOe :paC.CTO'HH
paBHO "" 1 0 5 M. O.lUIaKO 3aMeTHM, qTO B03MO)l(elf npH-
eM OTpa)KeHHoro CHFHaJI'a H B paMKax rrOCJIe,ZJ;YIOm;HX
rraY3. " '0:1>'-;,.'
3. .lLnH JIyqIIlero rrpHeMa 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHOH B9JIHbI
rrpHeMHaH aHTeHHa ,ZJ;OJI)I(Ha 6bITb pacrroJIo)l(eij '; rra-
paJiJIeJIbHO BeKTopy E. '
BapHaHT 3
,
1. '3HeprHH HMnYJIbCa 0,2. .l{)I(; cpe,ZJ;IDIH MOInHOcTb
CTaHI.{HH 200 BT; 'IHCJIO .l(JIHH BOJIH n O,ZJ;HOM HMnYJIb-
ce,3. 10 4 . 2. ITo <popMYJIe TOMCOHa nefmo,ZJ;' paBeH
6. to- 8 C, Tor,ZJ;a ,ZJ;JIHHa BOJIHbI 18 M, a ,ZJ;JIHHa rroJlYBoJl-
Honoro BH6paTopa 9 M.
,.,--
01BETbI M PEIIIEHM5I
683'
3. aT 'IacTOTbi rtOBTOpeHIHI HMnYJIbCOB, BpeMellli HX
'H3JI}":IeIlliH, 'IaCTOTbi 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHOH BOJIHbI, 06-
JIaCTH lUf,ZJ;HMOCTH, 3cl1yxallliH CHrHaJIa (CBOHCTB ,cpe-
, ';zt1>I).
4. IlnoTHOCTb nOTQKa H3.ny'IeIlliH 06paTHo npoJIop-
-,
UHOHaJIbHa KBa.n;pary pacCTOHHHH, T. e. OHa YMeHbIIla-
ffCH B 10 4 pa3a, B03Bpa eHHbIH clirHaJI yMeHbIIlaeT-
ii e e B 10 4 . 3Ha'IMT, Ha,ZJ;Q YCHJIHBaTb CHrHaJI B
10 8 p .
CaMOCTOATenbHaA pa60Ta (c. 533).
1.}IpHJIO)KeHO HanpH)KeHMe OKOJIO 5008.
2. JJo q,opMYJIe ,ltJIH MaKCHMYMOB MO)KHO onpe,lteJIHTb
yrJIbI, no,lt KOTOpbIMM pacnpOCTpaHHIOTCH BOJIUbI:
d sin cp. = A.. H d sin cp2 = A. 2 . 3HaH yroJI H paccToHlllie OT
.ltHq,paKUHOHHOH peIIleTKH ,lto 3KpaHa, MO)KHO onpe-
eJIMTb nOJIO)Kelllie .l{BYX BOJIH KpaHHeH 'IaCTOTbI Ha
, 'paHe: 11 = a. tgcp. H 1 2 = a. tgcp2' Mx pa3HOCTb ,ltaeT
PHHY cneKTpa nepBoro nopMKa. IIpH MaJIbiX yr-
nax sin cp'" tgcp'" cp. IIj>H 3THX YCJIOBHHX paC'IeT ,ltaeT
3Ha'IeHHe IIlHpHHbI cneKTpa OKOJIO 10 CM,
HTprOBbiM TeeT (C. 533)
t. r.'2, l{. 3. B: 4. r. 5. ,ZJ;. 6. JI. 7, r. 8. ,ZJ;. 9, r. 10. .ZJ;.
'Ul-A.12. 8.13. A 14. A 15. B.-16. A. 17. ,ZJ;.18.,ZJ;.
19: B. 20. ,ZJ;.
. (:."
CaMOCTOATenbHaA pa60Ta (c. 542)
'1 ,ZJ;a:'gBJIHeTCH. BbI6opOM MCO, T; e. Cpe.n;CTBOM onH-
.':-. -
caHHH, H3)"IeIlliH HBJIeHHH, HeJIb3H YHH'ITO)KHTb. ,
c06bITMe.
2. Bee 3KcnepHMeHTbI no H3MepeHIfiO CKOpoCTH CBeTa.
3. B.,ltBYX MCO K H K! HMeeM BbIpa)KellliH ,ltJIH HH-
TepB a: s: = c 2 At: - Ax: M S; = c 2 At - Ax : HMO ,n;o-
'Ka3aI;b paBeHcTBo aTHX BbIpCUKellliH. ,ZJ;JIH 3Toro CJIe-
,ltyeT 1JOCnOJIb3.oBaTbCH q,OPMYJIaMH npe06pa30B HHH
HHTepBaJIOB KOOp,ltHHaT H BpeMeHH H30,ltiiOH MCO B
,ltPyryIO, T. e. BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH npe06pa30aaHHHMH
JIopeHUa.
4. HMO no q,opMYJIe CJIO)KeIlliH cKopocTeH onpe,lte-
JIHTb CKOpOCTH CBeTa ,ltJIH,ltBYX pa3HbIX MCO; 'T., e.':
. C t V
v=-=c
l ev
+
c 2
CKOpOCTb C6JIH)KeHHH 'IaCTHU B HX C06CTBeHHbIX
M CO pa3JIH'IHa.
5. BHYTpeHIDIH 3HeprMH - 3TO 3HeprMH OTHOCHTeJIb-
Horo ,ltBH)KeIlliH H B3aMMO,lteikTBHH 'IaCTHU Be}UeCTBa.
aHa He 3aBHCHT OT BbI60pa MCO, T. e. HBJIHeTCH HH-
BapHaHTOM. Macca TeJIa - He MHBapHctHT. aHa 3aBH-
CHT OT BbI60pa MCO:
m= g
2 .
1-
c 2
3JIeKTpM'Ie<;KHH 3apH,lt - HHBapHaHT; 3TO CJIe.n;yeT ,11:3
MHOrO'IHCJIeHHbIX q,aKTOB, nOJIY'IeHHbIX onbITHbIM'
nYTeM.
r eOMeTpM'IeCKaR OnTMK;1
CaMocTORTenbH pa60Ta (c. 559)
1. 'V1 = 18 0 40'; npH yrJIe nMellliH 45 0 6y,lteT HMeTb
MeCTO nOJIHOe OTpa)KeHHe CBeTa. 2. - 0,1 M.
3. d = 21 CM; D = 5 ,ltnTp. 4. d = 55 CM; / = 5,5 CM.
/ '
5. L = F 1 . 6./ 2 = OA'M. 7./ = 5 CM; H = 1,25 CM.
8. BJIH30PYKOCTb; D = 2,25 ,ltnTp. 9. D "" - 2,7 ,ltTITp.
,
CaMocToATenbHaA pa60Ta (c. 560).
1 'd= 2 F-.!i 3 65cM 4 ,., ....: 22c - 1 .
'. " n 2 -1" - 2;'" ,. "'1 -, ,
0>2"" 3,3 c- 1 . 5. n"" 1,4.6. t= 0,04 c.
KOHTponbHaA pa60Ta (c. 561)
BapHaHT 1
1. r. 2. B. 3. B. 4; r. 5. B. 6. r. 7. B. 8. r. 9. A 10. B.
68
OTBETbI 11 PElliEHIUI
Bapl:laHT 2
1. r. 2. B. 3 r. 4. A. 5. r. 6. B. 7. B. 8. A. 9. E. 10. A.
KOHTpOnltHaR pa60Ta (c. 564) ,
BapHaHT 1.
2. "" 21°.
BapH3.HT 2.
1. ",,2 M.
KOHTpOnltHaJI pa6o a -,c. 564)
3. f = O,06M; Idl= 0,17M; 111 < Idl
CJ)M3MfC8 810M8 M 810MHoro R'.m!
KOHTp nltHaR pa60Ta (c. 577)
1. A. 2. r. 3. A. 4. E. 5. ,n:. 6. B. 7. E. 8. r. 9. B.' 10. .l{.
CaMocTOJlTenltHU pa60Ta (c, 578)
1. Ek = 1 aB; A = 2 aB; hV I = 3 aB.
2. CM, pHC, 22.
3. IIpH AI = 250 HM E k1 = 4,8.10- 19 .l{x<; npH
A:z == 1000 HM $oToa<l><l>eKT Heao3Mox<eH, Tal< KaK
A:z < A,q"
, ,
4. hV 1 =A; hV2=A + AA,AA=ecp=k e; .
M k.e.q
h(V2 -v l )=M,dV= h= '
5. 6,88 . 10 3 BT'M- 2 .
KOHTpOnltHaR pa60Ta (C. 591)
\ 1..l{. 2. A. 3. B. 4. E. 5. B. 6, r. 7. B. 8. E: 9. r. 10. A.
CaMOCTORTenltHaJI pa60Ta (c. 592)
1. 1,5 . lOB.
Ek,38
o
\. ,
1 f>
2 --------.-------.----------------
'-'i'.t(
2
3
5
6 hv,38
-1
-2
-3
-4
j .!
PRC. 22
2. A = }...N A= ln2 A= 0,693 =2.10- 6 -1'
, - T' 3,82.24.3600 C
N = n . V. N = 2 . lOB 1..- 3 . 50 M 3 = 10 10
, 0 ' 0, ,
Ao = 2 . 10- 6 c- 1 . 10 10 = 2 . 10 4 EK
No
N I = T' N 1 = 2,5.10 9 ,
A 1 = 2 . 10- 6 c- l . 2,5 . 10 9 = 5 . 10 3 EK
ln2 A 6.10 23 "
,3. T= T'}..::: N ,N=v.NA'N= 238 ""2,52',1()21
ii
.
'1
1
,1
'j
;
1 , 24.10 4 c- 1
'1 4,92 .1O- 1B c- 1
I\, = 2,52.10 21
T= 0,693 1,41.10 17 c = 4,5,10 9 JIeT.
4,92.1O- 1B C- 1 ",
4. IIpHMep B03MO)KHOH KpHBOH pacna.n;a ,lJ;JIH aTOro
CJIyqaJI npe,lJ;CTaBJIeH Ha pHC. 23 (CM. c. 588).
KOHTpOnltHaJI pa60Ta (c, 614)
1. B. 2. A. 3. B. 4. B. 5. E. 6.,lJ,. 7. r. 8. A. 9. B.-10. r.
CaM CTORTenItHaR pa60Ta (c. 616)
3. v = 2,47 . 10 15 c- I ;' A = 1,21 . ,10- 7 M;
. ,
OTBETbI 11 PEIllEHI15I
685'
E= 1,64.1O- t8 ,D;:>K = 10,2 3B.
4.3JIeKTpOH COBepII1aeT -6,6. 10 7 060potOB, BpeWi
:>KH3HH aTOMa B B036Y:>K,ZJ;eHHOM COCTOmIHH -66 MHJI-
JIHOHOB «aTOMHbIX JIeT..
5. 113 rrpaBHJIa KBaHTOBaHHH,Op6HT rro MOMeHTy- HM-
h
rrYJIbca mVnTn = n 21t HMrrYJIbC 3JIeKTpOHa Pn CBH3aH
pa.n:HYCOM Tn CTal{HOHapHOH Op6HTbI:
h
Pn=mvn=n _ 2 .
nr n
h
TaK KaK A = P ' rr0JIY'IaeM ,lJ;JIH ')..,,:
').." = h. 2nr n = 2nr n
, nh n'
,D;JIH n = 1: At = 2mt;
2nr 2
,lI;.7IHn=2: = T=nr 2 .
, Ha nepBOH 60pOBCKOH op6HTe YKJIa,z:J;bIBaeTCH O,lJ;Ha
,lI;.7IHHa ,lJ;e6pOHJIeBCKOH BOJIHbI 3JIeKTpOHa, Ha BTOpOH
- ,lJ;Be ,lJ;e6pOHJIeBCKHX BOJIHbI. CTal{HOHapHbIe COCTO-
HHHH B aTOMe BO,lJ;opO,lJ;a rro Eopy COOTBeTCTBYIOT YC-
o JIOBInO o6paaoBaHHH 'CTOHqHX ,lJ;e6pOHJIeBCKHX BOJIH.
;6, OT.nHqaeTCH rJIaBHbIM KBaHTOBbiM qHCJIOM n (HJIH
;3HepmeH). IIpoeKQHH cmma S2 MOryT 6!>JTb O,lJ;HHa-
KOBbIMH HJIH paaJIHqHbIMH.
;7. O,lJ;HHaKOBbi 3Ha;qeHHH Op6HTaJIbHOro KBaHTOBoro
; qHCJIa I (Op6HTaJIbHOro MOMeHTa L), paaJIHqHIiI 3Ha-
l:qeHHH rrpoeKl{HH Lz Op6HTaJIbHOro MOMeHTa. 3Ha,'Ie-
,HIDI IIpoeKQHH cmma Sz MOryT 6bITb O,lJ;HHaKOBbIMH
i WIH paaJIHqHbIMH.
:9. Tt(X)()()::;,rr t , Ttoooo=(1<r)2. 5,29.10- u M",,5.1O- 3 M=5ftfM.
: ,D;HaMeTp ,lJ;eCHTHTbICH'IHOH 60pOBCKOH Op6HTbI OKa-
,3blBaeTill;l: paBHbIM rrpHMepHo O,lJ;HOMY caHTHMeTPY,
'HHlGiKHX IIpHHQHIIlfaJIbHbIX 3anpeTOB,lI;.7IH c eCTBO-
:BaHIDI T HX 6oJIbII1HX aTOMOB HeT. HaHTH WIH CO ..,
:3,lJ;aTb TaKHe aTOMbi OqeHb TPY,lJ;HO, TaK KaK 3HeprIDI
,HX HOHH3aI.tHH BO MHoro paa MeHbII1e KHHeTHqeCKOH
3HepmH TerrJIOBOrO ,lJ;BH:>KeHHH aTOMOB rrpH KOMHaT-
HOH T-eMrrepaType, O,lJ;HaKO B CrreIiHaJIbHblX orrbITax
Y:>KeHa6mo,lJ;aJIHCb aTOMbl co 3HaqeHHHMH n = 1000.
IIpHMepHo n TaKHx :>Ke CO<;TQHHHHX 06HapY:>KeHbl aTO-
Mbl B Me::>K3Be3,lJ;HOM rrpocTpaHcTBe.
10. O'n.poHcxmK.n;eHHH crreKTpoB BO MHOrnx yqe6HH-
Kax co06maeTCH, qTO npH BblCOK?H'TeMrrepaType Be-
meCTBa B TBep,lJ;OM' H :>KI1,Z{KOM COCTOHHHHX Ha6JIIO,lJ;a-
eTCH CrrJIOII1HOH crreKTp H3JIyqeHHH, B raao06pa3HOM
COCTOHHHH - JIHHeHqaTbIH; IIpH rrpoxmK.n;eHHH CBe-
Ta CO CrrJIOII1HbIM crreKTpOM 1i3JIyqe H qepe3 xQJI0J!- "
Hble ra3bI Ha6JIIO,lJ;aIOTCH .7IHHeHqaTbIe crreKTpbl rrorJIO-
meHHH. 3TH yTBep:>K,ZJ;eHHH BepHbl, Hb OHH He' .D;aIOT ' '
rrOJIHOrO OTBeTa Ha Borrpoc 0 B03MO:>KHbIX crroco6ax
B036Y:>K,ZJ;eHHH crreKTpOB pa3JI»qHOrO Bl1,Z{a, IIpHMep
H3JIyqeHHH COJIHeqHOH OToc<pepbl H, CJIe,lJ;OBaTeJIt>
HO, 60JIbII1HHCTBa 3Be3,lJ; BO BCeJIeHHOH rrOKaablBaeT,
qTO BemeCTBO H B rrJIaaMeHHOM COCTOHIiHH, 6JIH3KOM
K raao06pa3HOMY, MO:>KeT ,lJ;aBaTb CrrJIOII1HOH crreKTp
H3JIyqeHHH.
B03MO:>KHbI pa3JIHqHbIe MexaHH3MbI B03HHKHOBeHHH
H3JIyqeHHH co CrrJIOII1HbIM cneKTpOM B paape:>KeHHOM
ropHqeM raae. IIepBbIH H3 HHX - peKOM6HHaQHH CBO-
60,lJ;Hb1X 3JIeKTpOHOB c rrOJIO:>KHTeJIbHbIMH HoItaMH.
3ueprHH COO60,lJ;HOrO 3JIeKTpOHa H KBaHTOBaHa; rrm-
TOMY B03HHKaIOmHH rrpH aTOM crreKTp HMeeT orpaHH-
qeHHe TOJIbKO co CTOpOHbI HH3KHX qaCTOT. 3THM Mexa- .
HH3MOM rropO:>K,lJ;aeTCH qaCTb CrrJIOII1HOrO Cf\eItTpa
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3OHe. CrrJIOII1HOH crr KTp H3JIyqeHHH CO CTOpOHbl HH3-
KHX qaCTOT OrpaHHqHBaeTCH MaKC M¥bHbIM 3Haqe-
HHe qacTOTbI JIHHHi:i cepHH JIaHMaHa.
BTOpOH Mexa 3M B03HHKHOBeHHH H3JIyqeHHH CO
CrrJIOII1HbIM crreKTpOM - TOpM03Hoe H3JIyqeHHe CBO-
60,lJ;HbIX 3JIeKTpOHOB, ,lJ;BH:>Ky:rnHXCH B 3JIeKTpHQeCKHX
rrOJIHX, C03,lJ;aBaeMbiX rrO./JO::>KHTeJII:!UbIMH HOij:aMH
rrJIaaMbl., Tal< KaK crreKTp CKopocTeH CB060,lJ;HbIX 3JIeK-
TpOHOB B rrJIaaMe CrrJIOII1HOH H OHH rrpOXO,lJ;HT Ha paa- .
JIH'lHbIX CJIyqaHHbIX paccToHHmix OT rrOJIO:>KHTeJIbHbIX
HOHOB, crrei<Tp HX T()I>Mo3Horo H .11yitefmH T iIdte
CIIJIOII1HOH.
,:686
,QTI;JE;IbJ 11 PPIUEHH5I
1'peTHH MeXaHH3M B03HHKHOBe,HHH CIIJIOIIlHorO ClIeK-
'Tpa - H3JIyqeHHe IIpH 06i>a30 HHH,' 0'WHI.taTeJIbflbIX
HOHOB. CB060.n;HbIH aJIeKTpoH :iKeT.06JIa.AaTb JIl060H
KHHeTH'IeCKOH aHeprHe l .o, I{pn;Coe,zt;1UIeHHH,K H.eHT-
paJIbHOMY aTOMY. II03ToMY XOT aHepreTH1IeCKHe COC-
TOHHHH OTpHI.taTeJIbHOrO OHa KaaHTOBaHbI, IIPH coe-
.n;HHe1:lHHX 'aJIeKTpOHOB C 1:IeHTpaJIbHbIMH aTOMaMH
B03HHKaeT H3JIyqeHHe co CIIJIOIIlHbIM ClIeKTpOM.
B tqJdTOC$epe CO.JIIIUa npOMcxOMT see' :rPH YKa3aH-
" HbIxnpoitecca; O,ZUIaKOOCHOBHbiM HCro'IHHKOM H3JIY-
qelfWI co cn.1IOimibIM etteKTJ>OM B 06JIacTH BH.n;HMOro
CBeTa HBJIHIOTCH IIpoi1eccbI 06pa3oBaHHH OTl)HI.titTMb-
HbiX 1I0HOB Bo.n;opo.n;a.
.TeMHbIe JIHHHH 1I0rJ{OOl;eHH B.,cn TPe,,$O'fQt;<pepbI
B03HHKaIOT IIO TOH IIpH'IHl1e, 'ITO qaC;rb, <POTOHOB Iio-
tJlbiuaeTCH aTOMaMH ra30B' XpoMcic<PePbI.
3TOT npHMep 1I0Ka3blBaeT, 'ITO H IIPH IIpOXO:iK.n;eHHH
CBeTa co CIIJIOII1HbIM ClIeKTpOM 'Iepe3 ra3 IIPH BbICO-
KOll TeMhepaType B03HHKaeT JIHHeH'IaTbIH ClIeKTp
1I0rJIOII.teHHH. JIHHei!'IaTbIH ClIeKTp H3JIY'IeHHH XPO-
MOC<PePbI, Ha6JIIO.n;aeMbIH IIPH 3aTMeHHHX, 06'bHCHH-
eTCH TeM, 'ITO 1I0CJIe 1I0rJIo:m;eHHH <pOTOHOB CBeTa 803-
6Y:iK.n;eHHbIe aTOMbI ra30B XpOMoccpepbI 6bICTpO
B03BpaII.taIOTCH B HOpMaJIbHoe'cocTomiHe H HcnYCKa-
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rJIOII.teHbI., 3TO H3JIyqeHHe XpOMOCtPepbJ cy.II.tect yeT
,IIOCTOHHHO, HO OHO He3aMerno Ha <poHe HHTeHCHBHO':
ro H3JIyqeHIDI <pOToc<pePbI. Kor.n;a :iKe CBeT OT <p OTO -
C<pepbI 3aKpbIT .n;HCKOM JIYHbI, ClIeKTp H3JIyqeHHH XPO-
MOC<pepbI CTaHOBHTCH JIerKO Ha6JIIO.n;aeMbIM.
KOHTpOnbHaR pa60Ta (c. 629)
1. E; 2. B. 3, r. 4. .l{. 5, A. 6, r. 7, A. 8. B. 9, .l{. 10, E.
KC»ITpOnbHaR pa60Ta (c. 630)
1. .l{. 2. A. 3. .l{. 4. A. 5. B. 6. .l{. 7. r. 8, E. 9, r. 10, E.
CatlloCTOATenbHaA pa60Ta (c. 631)
I
E 'M3B.
1. E CB == 28,3 MaB, B == 7,1 HYKJI '
'" ,
-,
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2 E' - 320M B Eel - 5' 3 M ,f
. CB -, a, A -, HYKJI'
3-. B03MO:iKHO, M= 0,157 MaB.
4. HeB03MO:iKHO. 5. HeB03MO.>KHO.'6. B03MO:iKHo, <"
M = 0,48 MaE. 7. B03MO:iKHO, M = 0,131 MaB.
8. HeB03MO:iKHO. 9. B03MO:iKHO, M = 5,40 MaE:;
10 B03MO:iKHO, !lE = 4,2 MaB. ,
.,
,\
KOHTponbHaA pa60Ta (c. 645),
'1. r.2, B. 3..l{. 4. B. '5. B. '6. B. 7. A. 8, A. 9; r.;n : A
.. . ..q.P,L
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1
1
j
, aMocTOATenbHaR pa60T. (c. &46). .
1. 0,42 'MaB. 2, 5,5 MaE. 3. 17,6 MaB. 4. 12,9 M B.
5,0,63 MaB.'6, 4,03 1\1313. 7: -2,64 MaE. ',':j'
... -;..':.
8. IIpH peIIleHHH 3a,ZIa'IH 4 lIoJIY'Iei:I BbIXO.n; peaKidm
12,9 MaB. YMHO:iKHB BbIXO.n; peaKI.(HH Ha 'IHCJIO H.n;ep
B 1 Kr reJIHH, IIOJIY'IHM HCKOMoe KO H'IeCTBO aHeprHH
E, oCB06o:iK.n;aeMoH IIPH CHHTe3e:
E= 12,9.10 6 aB. 1,6. 10'-19 -: . 6' 026 ==3,1.10 14 .l{:iK.
Pa3.n;eJIHB aHeprHIO E Ha TenJIOTBopHYIO CIIoco6HOCTb
q'yrJJJl, 1I0JIY'lliM HCKOMYIO Maccy m yrJIH:
E
m=-, m
q
14 TT
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3,107 ,Z:{x<
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9. KHHeTH'IeCKaH aHeprHH,OCKOJIKOB E" paBHa 1I0TeH-
,I.tHaJlbHPH aHeprHH En aJIeKTpH'IeCKoro 3apH.n;a O.n;HO-
ro OCKOJIKa H.n;pa B aJIeKTpH'IecKOM 1I0ne 3apSl;ZJ;a BTo-
poro OCKOJI.Ka: '
q2 qlq2 46,e.46.e
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PaccToHHHe r IIO YCJIOBHIO 3a,ZIa'IH paBHO: .
r= 2R = 2. 1,3. 10- 15 V238 M == 16.10- 15 M.
IIo.n;cTaBJIHH 3Ha'IeHHH aJIeMeHTapHoro 3ap.H,ZJ;a e, pac-
CTOHHHH r H Koa<p<PHI.tHeHTa K, IIOJIY'IHM 3Ha'IeHHe
aHeprHH:
I
OTBETbl M PEIlIEHM5I
:'687
46.1,6.1'0:- 19 .46.1,6.10- 19
E K = 9.10 9 . 1,6.10-14- .' l!:)K""
"" 3,05.10- 11 .l!:)K "" 3.05.1O-1\1 )I( "" 1,9.10 8 aB =
. 16.10-19 ,l()I(
. .JB
= 190 MaB.
10, HaM,ZJ;eM aHepnno, Bbme.nSlIOIIJyIOcSl3a CYTKH:
E = 3. 10 9 BT' 24 . 3600 C "" 2,6 . 10 14 .l!:)K.
! fprHSI E 1 , BbI,ZJ;eJISlIOII1a.HCSI npH ,ZJ;eJIeHHH O,ZJ;H'OrO
SI,ZJ;pa ypaHa B ,ZJ;)K0YJUlX pa BHa :
E 1 = 200 . 10 6 aB . 1,6. 10- 19 ):VK = 3,2 . 10- 11 J!:>ie:'
3B
_ l I
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paBHo:
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I
E2 6.10 14 ):VK'
N= 'E 1 = 3:2.10- 11 )];)1( =8,1.10 24 .
BbI'IHC.1IHM MacCY N Mep ypaHa:
235.8,1.1024
m = m H . N, m = 26 Kr "" 3,2 Kr.
6,10
3a CYTKH pa60TbI MOIItHOro SI,lJ;epHoro peaKTopa B HeM
06pa3yeTCSI npHMepHo B 3 pa3a 60JIbWe Pa,l{HOaKTHB-
HbIX H30TonOB, qeM npH B3pbIBe aToMHoM 60M6bI B
20 KT THT. '
KOHTponbHafl pa60Ta (c. 658)
1. B. 2, A. 3. E. 4. 'B. 5. f. 6. E. 7 f. 8. f. 9. B. 10. A.
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http://www.a$t.-pre$s-adu.ru
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E-mail: ast-pr-e@postman.ru
CIcnaiA r. 5011awHxa, w. 3HTYaHaCTO., Po
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