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1. PaccMoTplo1 BOJlOKHa XI10nKa 101 JlbHa. 2. CpaBHIo1101x no BHeWHeMY BIo1,1J,Y 101 Ha ow,ynb. 3. 3anOJlHIo1 Ta6Jllo14Y B pa604e TeTpap,lo1. Om.ITUI./Ume.ITbHblU npU3HOK Bua BO.ITOKHO no BHeWHeMY Buay HO OUf,ynb JleH XI10nOK -t-l- W8eUHoe Momepuon08eaeHue, 80noKHo, meKcmunbHble 80nOKHO (HomyponbHble U XUMUl./eCKue), ZUzpOCKOnUI./HOCmb, xnOnI./OmHUK, x.lTonl./om06YMo:JICHble mKOHU, neH, nbHRHble mKOHU. -? - 1. 4TO 1013Y4aeT wBeHoe MaTeplo1aJlOBe,lJ,eHlo1e? 2. 4TO Ha3blBalOT BOJlOKHOM? 3. Ha KaKlo1e ,lJ,Ba Blo1,1J,a ,lJ,eJlflTCfI TeKCTIo1JlbHble BO- JlOKHa? 4. 4TO Ha3blBalOT rlo1rpocKonlo14HocTblO?  2. TIonyq:eHBe TKaHB flpR:JICO - aTO TOHKasI .n;JII1HHasI HI1Tb, BbIpa60TaHHasI 113 KO- pOTKMX BOJIOKOH II)'TeM I1X CKpYI1BaHI1H 11 rrpe.n;Ha3HaqeHHasI .n;JIH rrp0I13Bo.n;CTBa TKaHeM, IIIBeMHbIX HI1TOK, Tpl1KOTaJKa 11 .n;pyrl1x TeKCTIUIbHbIX 113.n;eJII1M. COBOK}'rrHOCTb orrepaql1M, B pe3}'JIbTaTe KOTOpbIX 113 BOJIOK- HI1CTOM MaCCbI rro.rryqaeTCH rrp.H.>Ka, Ha3bIBaeTCH npRaeHueM. IJ;eJIb rrpH.n;eHI1H - rro.rryqeHl1e .n;JII1HHOM, paBHOMepHOM rro TOJI:ru;I1He rrpH>KI1. IIpoqecc rrpH.n;eHI1H COCTOI1T B TOM, QTO BOJIOKHI1CTbIM MaTe- pmlJI pa3pbIXJIHIOT 11 OQI1:ru;aIOT OT rrpl1MeCeM, BOJIOKHa rrepeMeIIII1- BaIOT 11 rrpOQeCbIBaIOT, 3aTeM <pOpMI1PYIOT 113 HI1X JIeHT}'. IIo.rryqeH- H)'IO JIelIT}' BbIpaBHI1BaIOT 11 CKpYI1BaIOT .n;JIH Toro, QT06bI HI1Tb - rrpH>Ka - 6bIJIa rrpOQHOM. Ha rrpOTH>KeHI1I1 TbICHQeJIeTI1M e.n;I1HCTBeHHbIM opy.n;l1eM rrpH- .D,I1JIb:ru;I1QbI 6bIJIO pYHoe BepeTeHO (pIo1C. 3). 8 
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ElLIe 6 3-M TblCJl4el1en1H AO H. 3. AO H306peTeHHJI TKa4KOrO CTaH- Ka I1IOAH H3roTOBI1J1I1H TKaHb C nOMOUJ,blO oco6oro npHeMa nl1eTe- HHJI Ha paMe (pHC. 5). n03AHee 6bll1 H306peTeH PY4H0i1 TKaI.\KHi1 CTaHOK, npHMeHJlB- WHi1CJI AO 30-x roAOB XVII BeKa (pHC. 6). B 1733 roAyaHrl1H4a- HHH ,lJ.>KOH Kei1 H306pel1 MexaHH4ecKHi1 (caMOABH>KYUJ,Hi1CJI) 4el1- HOK. 3TO H306peTeHHe HaMHoro npOABHHYI10 BnepeA TeXHHKY PY4HOro TKa4eCTBa. B Ha4al1e XIX BeKa npOH30Wel1 nepeXOA K MeTal111H4eCKHM KOHCTPYKI.\HJlM TKal.\KHX CTaHKOB. "i. :;>1'"> ,. , ... I I J j J 'j' '1 ) I li , ij;;' (, ! I I, II 1J ! ,I  . i, ; 4 j Al5\ ...    ,;' ), " ;, \,.  l'j -.... / 'II l -"' t:J 1  ,; .;, ;  - .. J,!'i:', ',. IHllln:' " - , ," Il # t, , . / (o" ...;=- "i - ..0 L \ I - PHC. 5. Cnoco6 nl1eTeHIo1S1 TKaHIo1 Ha paMe PHC. 6. PY4HO TKa4KIo1 CTaHOK TKaHb, CHHTaH C TKan;Koro CTaHKa, CO,ll;ep)KMT rrpMMecM M 3a- rpH3HeHuH, ee cTpYKTYPa M BHeIlIHUM: BM,lJ; He COOTBeTCTB)'IOT rrpe,ll;'h- HBJlHeMbIM K HeM: Tpe6oBaHMHM. TaK}'IO TKaHb Ha3bIBaIOT CypOBOM:, OHa He rrpMMeHHeTCH ,lI;JIH M3rOTOBJleHMH O,ll;e)K,ll;bI, TaK KaK H}')K,lI;a- eTCH B OT,lI;eJlKe. IJ;eJlb OT,lI;eJlKM - rrpM,lI;aTb KpaCMBbIM BHeIIIHMM BM,lI; M y.rryqIIIMTb KaqeCTBO TKaHM. Ha XJIOrrqaTo6YMaJKHble TKa- H1:I HaHOCHT pMC}'HOK C rrOMObIO rreqaTHbIX MaIIIMH. Pa3J1MqaIOT O,ll;HOBaJIbHble M MHOrOBaJIbHble rreqaTHble MaIIIMHbI. MHOrOBaJIb- 10 
HbIe rreqaTHbIe MaIIIllHbI rrpllMeHHIOT .n;JIH HaHeCeHllH pa3HOn;BeTHbIX pllC}'H- KOB (pHC. 7). I1pon;ecc HaHeceHllH Ha TKaHb n;BeTHoro pllcYHKa Ha3bIBacrcH nel./o- mOHueM (H06u8KOiJ). TKaHb, rrpoIIIe.n;IIIYIO oT.n;eJIK}', Ha- 3bIBaIOT 20m080iJ. TKOlJ,KOe nepen/lemeHUe - :::no rre- perrJIeTeHlle HlITeH OCHOBbI II yrKa. HllTIi B TKaHIi rrepenJIeTaIOTCH B orrpe.n;eJIeHHOM nopH.n;Ke. PaccMoT- pliM caMbIH pacnpocTpaHeHHbIH Bll.n; rreperrJIeTeHllH - nO/lOmHRHOe (pHC. 8). B rrOJIOTHHHOM rrepenJIeTeHllll OCHOB- HbIe II yr6qHbIe HllTIi qepe.n;YIOTCH qe- pe3 O.n;HY. I10JIOTHHHOe rreperrJIeTeHlle I1MeIOT XJIorrqaTo6YMa:>KHbIe TKaHIi - ClITen;, 6H3b, 6aTllcT, a TaIOKe HeKOTO- pbIe JIbHHHbIe II IIIeJIKOBbIe TKaHIi. TKaHb llMeeT JIlln;eBYIO II 113Ha- HOqH}'lO CTOpOHbI. J7ulJ,e8ylO cmopOHY TKaHIi MO)KHO orrpe.n;eJIllTb no cJIe.n;yro- IIJ;IlM rrpll3HaKaM. 1. Ha JIlln;eBOH cTopoHe TKaHIi rreqaTHbIH pllC}'HOK 60JIee HpKllH, qeM Ha 113HaHOqHOH. 2. JIlln;eBaH cTopoHa TKaHIi I1Me- cr 60JIee BbIpa:>KeHHbIH PIiCYHOK rrepe- rrJIeTeHIUI. 3. JII1n;eBaH cTopoHa 60JIee rJIa.n;- KaH, TaK KaK Bce TKan;Klle rropoKIi (rre- TeJIbKll, Y3eJIKll) BbIBe.n;eHbI Ha 113Ha- HOqIryIO CTOPOHY. PMc.7. MHoroBaJlbHaSl ne4aTHaSl MaWHHa (cTapHHHaSl rpaBlOpa) , PMc.8.n0I10THSlHOe nepenl1eTeHHe 11 
.- npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 2 -. BbmonHeHMe M3 6YMarM MaKeTa nOnOTHJlHOrO nepenneTeHMJI Momepuonbl U UHcmpYMeHmbl: 4BeTHaSi 6YMara, HO>KHIfI4bl, KJle, Y4e6HIfIK, pa604aSl TeTpaAb. 1. Bblpe>K1fI1fI3 6YMarifl pa3Horo 4BeTa ABa KBaApaTa 10x 10 CM. 2. Pa3MeTb ABa KBaApaTa 4epe3 1 CM. 3. npoBeAIfi Ha OAHOM 1f13 KBaApaTOB AOnOJlHIfITeJlbHYIO JlIfIHIflIO, oTcTynlflB OT KpaSi 1 CM. Pa3pe>Kb KBaApaT Ha nOJlOCKIfl AO HaMe- 4eHHO JlIfIHIflIfl. 4. Pa3pe>Kb BTOpO KBaApaT no HaMe4eHHbiM JlIfIHIfISIM Ha no- JlOCKIfl. 5. BblnOJlHIfl nepenJleTeHlfle, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha plflCYHKe 8, IfI nOA- KJle KOH4bl nOJlOCOK. 6. nplflKl1e roTOBbl MaKeT nepenJleTeHIfISI B TeTpaAb. -. npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 3 OnpeAeneHMe HMTM OCHOBbl M nM4eBoM CTOpOHbl B xnon'laTo6YMa)l(Hblx TKaHJlX Momepuonbl U UHcmpYMeHmbl: 4eTblpe-nSlTb JlOCKYTOB XI10n4aTO- 6YMa>KHbIX TKaHe nOJlOTHSIHOro nepenJleTeHIfISI (OAIfIH-ABa JlOC- KYTKa C KpOMKO), JlIfIHeKa, HO>KHIfI4bl, KapaHAaw, KJle, Y4e6- HIfIK, pa604aSl TeTpaAb. OnpeAeneHMe HMTM OCHOBbi B TKaHRX nonOTHRHoro nepenneTeHMR 1. Bbl6eplfl ABa JlOCKYTa TKaHe nOJlOTHSIHOro nepenJleTeHIfISI (c KpOMKO IfI 6e3 KpOMKIfI). OnpeAeJlIfI B Ka>KAOM JlOCKYTe Ha- npaBJleHlfle HIfiTIfl OCHOBbl. 2. Bblpe>K1fI 1f13 HIfiX ABa 06pa34a pa3MepOM 5 x 7 CM (TaK, 4T06bl B OAHOM 1f13 HIfiX COXpaHIfIJlaCb KpoMKa). 12 
3.npHKl1e ABa 06pa34a B TeTPaAb 101 PAOM CTpel1KaMH  HJlH ! nOKa>KH HanpaBl1eHHe HHTH OCHOBbl. 4. PAOM C Ka>KAbiM 06pa340M HanHWH, no KaKOMY npH3HaKY Tbl onpeAel1Hl1a HHTb OCHOBbl. OnpeAeneHHe nH4eBoH CTOpOHbI TKaHeH nonOTHRHoro nepenneTeHHR 1. B03bMH ABa 110CKYTa TKaHe n0I10THHOro nepenl1eTeHH. On- peAel1H B Ka>K,QOM 110CKYTe TKaHH 111014eBYIO CTOPOHY. 2. Bblpe>KH 1013 HHX ABa 06pa34a pa3MepOM 5 x 7 CM. 3. npHKl1e Ka>K,Qbl 06pa3e4 TKaHH B pa604YIO TeTPaAb I1H4eBo CTOpOHO BBepx. 4. PAOM C Ka>KAbiM 06pa340M TKaHH HanHWH, no KaKOMY npH- 3HaKY Tbl onpeAel1Hl1a I1H4eBYIO CTOPOHY. -tl- fipRJlCO, npRaeHue, mKOHb, Humu OCHoBbl u ymKo, nel./OmOHUe (HO- 6uBKO), zom080R mKOHb, mKOlJ,KOe nepen.ITemeHUe, nO.ITOmHRHOe nepen.ITemeHUe, .lTUlJ,eBOR cmopOHO mKOHU. -? - 1. 4TO Ha3blBalOT np>Ke, npAeHHeM? 2. KaKoBa 4el1b npAeHIo1? 3. 4TO Ha3bIBaIOT TKaHblO? 4. no KaKHM npH3HaKaM onpeAeJlIOT HHTb OCHOBbl B TKaHH? 5. KaK 4epeAYIOTC HHTH B n0I10THHOM nepenl1eTeHHH? 6. no KaKHM npH3HaKaM onpeAel1IOT 111014eBYIO CTOPOHY TKaHH? 13 
PyqHbIe pa60TbI KaH eHIIa MO)KeT HaIITbCH CaMOCTOHTeJIbHO KpOIITb II IIIIITb .n;JIH ce6H HeCJIO)KHble BeII(II, HarrplIMep 4>apT}'K, 106KY, TOrr II .n;p. YMeHlIe IIIIITb rrpaeT K aKKYPaTHOCTII, YCII.n;qIIBOCTII II .n;a- eT OeHlIe y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHIIH .n;OCTlIrH}'TbIMII pe3YJIbTaTaMII. .lI:JIH TOrO "lIT06bI HaIITbCH IIIIITb, Heo6xo.n;IIMO 3HaTb OCHOBHble rrpaBII- JIa rrOCTpOeHIIH qepTe)Kell BbIKpOeK II paCKpOH TKaHII, a TaIOKe Tex- HOJIOrlI1O 1I3rOTOBJIeHIIH 1I3.n;eJIIIH, KOTOpaH BKJIlOqaeT B ce6H coe.n;lI- HeHlIe .n;eTaJIeH BplI}'IO, Ha IIIBeHHOH MaIIIIIHe II BJIaJKHO-TerrJIOByro o6pa6oTKY'  3. OpraHH3aO;HJI pa6oQcro MCCTa )VIJI BblnOJIHCHHJI pyqHbIX pa60T. HHCTPYMCHTbI H npHcnoco6JICHHJI K PY4HblM OTHOCHTCH orrepalIlI, KOTopble BbIlIOJIHHIOT p- HOM IIrJIOH, HO)KHIIaMlI, pe3OM, MeJIOM, a TaIOKe pa60TbI rro y.n;aJIe- HIIIO 1I3 .n;eTaJIellllJIlI lI3)J;eJIIIH CTe)KKOB BpeMeHHoro Ha3HaqeHIIH. CJIe.n;yeT rrOMHIITb, qTO rrplI BbIlIOJIHeHlI1I pHbIX pa60T He- 06XO.n;IIMO C06JIIO.n;aTb Tpe60BaHIIH 6e30rraCHoro Tpy.n;a. . -. flp08uno 6e30nOCHOU p060mbl npu 8bmonHeHUU PY4HblX onepou,uu 1. OnaCHOCTM B pa60Te: . nOBpe>K,qeHlo1e nanbu,eB WBeHO HIo1TKO, Io1rJlO Io1JlIo16YJlaBKO; . TpaBMa PYKIo1 HO>KHIo1u.aMIo1; . TpaBMa r Jla3. 2. LITO HY)I(HO CAenaTb AO Ha'lana pa60Tbl: . COC4101TaTb KOJllo14eCTBO Io1rOJlOK 101 6YJlaBOK B Io1rOJlbHIo1u,e; . nOJlO>KIo1Tb 101 HCTpYMeHTbl 101 nplo1cnoco6JleHIo1J1 B OTBeAeHHoe AJ1J1 HIo1X MeCTO. 3. LITO HY)I(HO AenaTb BO BpeMA pa60Tbl: . 6blTb BHIo1MaTeJlbHO; 14 
· Hap,eBaTb HanepCTOK Ha CpeAHIo1 nanel.J, pa604e PYKIo1, 4T06bl He YKOJlOTb era nplo1 npOTanKIo1BaHIo11011o1rJlbl B TKaHb; · BKanblBaTb Io1rJlbl 101 6YJlaBKIo1 TOJlbKO B Io1raJlbHlo1l.J,y; . KJlaCTb HO>KHlo1l.J,bl cnpaBa, C COMKHYTblMIo1 Jle3BIo1J1MIo1, HanpaB- JleHHblMIo1 OT ce6J1; · nepeAaBaTb HO>KHlo1l.J,bl KOJlbl.J,aMIo1 BnepeA 101 TOJlbKO C COMKHY- TblMIo1 Jle3BIo1J1MIo1. 4. LITO HY>KHO CAenaTb no OKOH'IaHMM pa60Tbl: . nOC4101TaTb KOJllo14eCTBO Io1rOJlOK 101 6YJlaBOK B 101 rOJlbH 101 l.J,e. x AOJl>KHO 6blTb CTOJlbKO, CKOJlbKO 6blJlO B Ha4ane pa60Tbl; . y6paTb pa604ee MeCTO. OpraHH3an;H.B: pa6oQcro MCCTa WI.B: BhIDOJlHCHH.B: pyq:HhIX pa60T P0604UM MecmOM rrplIHHTO Ha3bIBaTb aCTOK KOMHaTbI, Ka- 61IHeTa, rrpe,n:Ha3HaqeHHbIH MH BblIIOJlHeHIIH orrpe,n:eJIeHHOH pa6o- TbI II OCHaru;eHHbIH B COOTBeTCTBll1l C nOH pa60TOH. ,l(JIH orrepa:QIIH, BbIlIOJIHHeMbIX BpH}'IO, Heo6xo,n:IIM pa60QlIH CTOJI, Ha KOTOpOM pacrrOJIaraIOT IIHCTp}'MeHTbI II rrplIcrroco6JIeHIlH. Ha pa60QeM MeCTe ,n:OJI)KHbI HaxO,n:IITbCH TOJIbKO o6pa6aTbI- BaeMbIe ,n:eTaJIlI, IIHCTp}'MeHTbI II rrplIcrroco6JIeHIIH, Heo6xo,n:IIMbIe AJlH BblIIOJIHeHIIH ,n:aHHOH pa60TbI. BCIO pa6oT}' CJIe.n:yeT BblIIOJIHHTb Ha CTOJIe, o6pa6aTbIBaeM}'IO ,n:eTaJIb ,n:ep)KaTb rrepe,n: C060H. Bo BpeMH BblIIOJIHeHIDI pHbIX pa60T H)')KHO CJIe,n:IITb 3a np08UftbHOU noc08KOU (pIo1C. 9). HarroMIlHaeM, QTO HerrpaBIIJIbHOe rrOJIO)KeHlle Koprryca (T}'JIOBIIII(a) BbI3bIBaeT YCTaJIOCTb, CHH)KaeT pa6oTocrroco6HoCTb, a TaIOKe rrplIBo,n:IIT K CyryJIOCTII, IICKpIIBJIe- HIlIO rr03BOHOQHIIKa, yxy,n:IIIaeT 3peHile II T. ,n:. IIpaBl1JIbHaH rrOCa,zJ;Ka BO BpeMH pa6oTbI: 1. Horil ,n:OJI)KHbI TBep,n:o orrllpaTbcH BceH rro,n:oIIIBoH 0 rrOJI, QTo6bI He HapyrnaJIOCb KpoBOo6paII(eHlle. 2. Koprryc Ha,zJ;O ,n:ep)KaTb rrpHMO I1JIII CJIerKa HaKJIOHIITb Brrepe,n:. 3. rOJIOBY CJIerKa HaKJIOHIITb Brrepe,n:. 4. HeJIb3H orrllpaTbcH rpy,n:bIO 0 CTOJI. 15 
,. ""'1.  , ,  .( '- y.- :._ '" -!l/:i....  N - , .; .  - I \ PMC. 9. npaBHl1bHaSi nOCaAKa npl1 Bbln0I1HeHl111 PY4HbiX pa60T 5. PYKI1 OJDKHbI 6bITb corH}'TbI B JIOKT.HX II OTCTaBaTb OT KOp- rryca He 60JIee qeM Ha 10 CM. 6. IIpll pa60Te He CJIeeT CTaBllTb JIOKTII Ha CTOJI. 7. PaCCTO.HHlle OT rJIa3 o 113eJIll.H HJIll eTaJIll OJI.>KHO 6bITb OKOJIO 30 CM. 8. B rrpoQecce pa60TbI CJIeeT rrepllOllqeCKll MeH.HTb rrOJIO- )l(eHHe Koprryca (113 CJIerna corH)'Toro K BblIIp.HMJIeHHOM)' II 06paTHo). 9. CBeT Ha 06pa6aTbIBaeMbIe eTaJIll OJI)I(eH rra,ZJ;aTb C JIeBOll CTOpOHbI llJIll rrp.HMo. IIocJIe OKOHqaHll.H pa60TbI eTaJIll, 113eJIlle, llHcTpYMeHTbI II rrpllcrroc06JIeHll.H CKJIa,ZJ;bIBaIOT, pa60qee MeCTO y611paIOT. HHCTpYMeHTbI H npHcnoco6JIeHH.H K UHcmpYMeHmOM JI.H BblIIOJIHeHIUI pyqHbIX pa60T OTHO- C.HTC.H pyqHbIe llrJIbI, HarrepcToK, HO)l(HllQbI, caHTllMeTpOBaH JIeHTa. K npucnOC06/1eHURM - MaHeKeH, JIeKaJIa, KOJIbIIIIeK, 6YJIaBKll, pe3eQ, JIllHeMKll, yrOJIbHllKll (Ta611.1). 16 
H03f3oHue 1 PY4Hbie I-1rl1bl HO>KHI-14bl HanepCTOK Ta6mt",a 1. IIIHcTPYMeHTbl 101 npI-1CnOC06I1eHI-1S1, npl-1MeHSIeMble npl-1 BbmOI1HeHl-11-1 PY4HbiX pa60T OnUCOHue U npUMeHeHue 2 IIIrl1a - 3TO TOHKI-1 MeTal1l11-14e- CKI-1 CTep>KeHb, H3rOTOBl1eHHbl 1013 BbICOKOKa4eCTBeHHO CTal1l-1, C 3aOCTpeHHbiM KOH40M 1-1 YWKOM AI1S1 BAeBaHI-1S1 HI-1TI-1. IIIrl1bl AOI1>K- Hbl 6blTb OCTpbIMH, ynpyrHMH, HeI10MKHMI-1, rl1aAKHMH. IIIrl1bl pa3111-14a1OT no Al-1aMeTpy (TOI1I..L\I-1He), All 1-1 He, no Bel1H4HHe YWKa. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Al-1aMeTpa CTep>KHSI I-1rl1bl 6blBalOT pa3111-14- HblX HOMepOB: N2 1-3 - AI1S1 H3rOTOBl1eHI-1S1 H3Ael1l-1 1-13 nl1aTel1bHblX TKaHe (wel1K, XI10nOK, wepCTb); N2 3-5 - AI1S1 H3roTOBI1eHHSI H3AeI1H 1013 KOCTIOMHblX TKaHei:1. IIIrl1bl He4eTHbiX HOMepOB AI1I-1H- Hee, 4eM Hrl1bl 4eTHbiX HOMepOB. 4eM 60l1bWe HOMep, TeM TOl1l..L\e I-1rl1a 3TO I-1HCTpYMeHT, npeAHa3Ha4eH- Hbl AI1S1 paCKpoSI AeTal1e OAe>K- Abl, OTpe3aHI-1S1 KOH40B HI-1TOK. HO>KHH4bl AOI1>KHbl 3aKpblBaTbCSI 6e3 pe3Koro 3BYKa, a HX l1e3BI-1S1 - XopOWO pe3aTb no Bcei:1 All 1-1 He 3TO K0l1na40K, BbmOI1HeHHbl 1-13 nl1aCTMaCCbl 1-111101 CTal1l-1, nOKpbITO TOHKI-1M CI10eM Me,lJ,H 1-1111-1 aI1IOMHHI-1S1 11306po:JICeHue 3 \ /il ".-,,, ... 'I...' a ;.:'> 17 
1 CaHTHMeTpOBaSi l1eHTa JleKal1a 18 2 HanepCTOK npeAHa3Ha4eH AI1S1 npeAOXpaHeHHSI nal1b4a OT YKOl1a npH npOTal1KHBaHHH Hrl1bl B TKaHb. Ero HaAeBalOT Ha CpeAHH nal1e4 pa604e PYKH. Ha nOBepXHOCTH HanepCTKa HMelOTCSI yrl1y6l1eHHSI, paCn0l10>KeHHble B WaXMaTHOM nOpSiAKe, KOTOpble npenSlTCTBYIOT COCKal1b3blBaHHIO Hrl1bl. HanepCTOK nOA6HpalOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO TOI1w,HHe CpeAHerO nal1b4a pa604e PYKH TaK, 4T06bl OH nl10THO OXBaTblBal1 nal1e4 3TO MSirKaSi l1eHTa C HaHeCeH- HblMH Ha He CaHTHMeTpOBblMH 101 MHl1l1HMeTpOBblMH Ael1eHHSlMH. AI1HHa l1eHTbl paBHa 150 CM. npHMeHSIIOT ee AI1S1 CHSITHSI MepOK C Q>HrYPbl 4el10BeKa, H3MepeHHSI TKaHH 101 AeTal1e H3AeI1HSI. npH H3MepeHHH l1eHTY He Cl1eAyeT H311HWHe HaTSlrHBaTb 10111101 OCl1a611S1Tb 3TO AeTal1H H3AeI1HSI, Bblpe3aH- Hble 1013 KapTOHa 10111101 nI10THO 6YMarH. npHMeHIOT AI1S1 HaHece- HHSI KOHTpOl1bHblX 3HaKOB HaTKaHH,I1HHHKapMaHO Bb1Ta4eK, MrKHX CKl1aAOK 101 T. A. flpOaO.IT:JfCeHUe ma6.IT. 1 3 ,="'< " . J.) \"'- -- --",>-.;,-  \ , -'"  "'j -- b- _,k . 
1 MaHeKeH KOl1blweK 5YI1aBKH 2 3TO T04HOe BOCnpOH3BeAeHHe >KeHCKO 10111101 MY>KCKO Q>HrYPbl B HaTypal1bHYIO BeI1H4HHY. IIICn0l1b3YlOT AI1S1 npHMepKH OAe>KAbl KaK npH WHTbe, TaK 101 B rOTOBOM BHAe. T aK>Ke Ha MaHeKeHaX npOBepSiIOT npaBHl1bHOCTb COeAHHeHHSI AeTal1e 3TO KOCTSlHO, AepeBSlHHbl 10111101 MeTaI1I1H4eCKH CTep>KeHb C 3aOCTpeHHbiM KOH40M. npHMeHSIIOT AI1S1 BbmpaBl1eHHSI yrl10B nOSlca, 6peTel1H, BOpOTHHKa, neTel1b, pa311H4HbiX Q>HrYPHbIX WBOB, a TaK>Ke AI1S1 YAal1eHHSI HHTOK 3TO Hrl1bl C r0I10BKaMH. \I1x HCn0l1b3YIOT AI1S1 CKal1blBaHHSI AeTal1e B np04ecce CMeTbIBa- HHSI. 5Yl1aBKH 6blBalOT AI1HHO 3-4 CM 101 pa3l1H4Ho TOI1W,HHbl, HMelOT rol10BKH pa3Ho Q>OPMbl 101 pa3Mepa npOaO.IT:J/CeHue m06.IT. 1 3 I ) , /* . n 1 ' 9 r T, f.r...".. 19 
1 p. · 2 Pe3e4 3TO MeTaI1I1H4eCKH AHCK C OCTpblMH 3y64aMH, npHKpen- l1eHHbl K PYKOSlTKe. npHMeHSIIOT AI1S1 nepeHeceHHSI I1HHH 101 3HaKOB C l1eKal1 1013 6YMarlo1 10111101 C AeTal1e 1013 TOHKHX TKaHe Ha COOTBeTCTBYIOw.Io1e napHble AeTal1101 nOpTHOBCKHe Mel1KH 3TO He60l1bWHe TOHKHe KYC04KIo1 Mella Tpeyrol1bHo 10111101 Kpyrl1o Q>OPMbl pa3HbiX 4BeTOB. npHMeHSIIOT AI1S1 HaHeceHHSI I1HHIo1 Ha TKaHb 10111101 APyro MaTeplo1al1 BO BpeMSI paCKpoSI 101 npHMepKH. AI1S1 n0l1Y4eHHSI TOHKHX I1HHH KpaSi Mel1KOB 3aTa4101 BalOT -. flpOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 4 OKOH'IOHUe m06.IT. 1 3 "   '" 3HaKOMCTBO C MHcTpYMeHTaMM M npMcnoco6neHMAMM, npMMeHAeMblMM npM BblnOnHeHMM PY'fHbIX pa60T 1. n0l1b3YJlCb Ta6m1Le 1, Bbl6epI-I I-IHCTpYMeHTbl 1-1 npl-lcnoco6- l1eHI-IJI, Heo6xo,lJ,I-IMble ,lJ,I1J1 BblnOI1HeHI-IJI PY4HbiX pa6oT. 2. 3an0l1HI-I Ta6111-14Y B pa604e TeTpa,lJ,l-I. J1HcmpYMeHmbl a.ITR f3blnO.ITHeHUR PY'IHblX p060m npucnOC06.ITeHUR a.ITR f3b1nO.ITHeHUR PY'IHblX p060m 20 
----.l- PYI./Hble p060mbl, p060l./ee MeCmO, npOBUnbHOR nOCOaKO, uHcmpy- MeHmbl U npucnOC06neHUR. -? - 1. KaKI-1e npaBI-1lla 6e30nacHoro TpYAa Heo6xOAI-1MO C061llOAaTb npI-1 BbInOIlHeHI-11-1 PY4HbiX pa6oT? 2. 4TO npI-1HJlTO Ha3blBaTb pa6o- 41-1M MecToM? 3. KaKI-1e 1-1 HCTpYMeHTbl I-1CnOllb3YIOT AIlJl BbInOIl- HeHI-1J1 PY4HbiX pa6oT? 4.4TO OTHOCI-1TCJI K npI-1cnOC06IleHI-1J1M AIlJl BbInOIlHeHI-1J1 PY4HbiX pa6oT?  4. TeXHOJIOTHH BhlnOJIHeHHH PyqHhIX pa60T QTo6bI TeXHOJIOrJPleCKI1 npaBI1JIbHO Ha3bIBaTb 11 BbInOJI- HHTb pHbIe pa60TbI, H}')KHO 03HaKOMI1TbCH C COOTBeTCTByroru;eM TepMI1HOJIOrl1eM (Ta61l. 2). Ta6nMa 2. TepMHH0l10rHSI PY4HbiX pa60T T epMUH cOaepJ/CoHue p060mbl flpuMeHeHue CMeTaTb BpeMeHHo coeAHHHTb ABe HI1H He- CMeTaTb 4aCTH nOSlca, CKOl1bKO AeTal1e no HaMe4eHHbiM 4aCTH 060PKH, AeTal1H I1HHHSlM 10111101 KonHpOBal1bHblM H3Ael1HSI CTp04KaM npSlMblMH CTe>KKaMH HaMeTaTb BpeMeHHo coeAHHHTb ABe AeTaI1H, HaMeTaTb KapMaH Hal10>KeHHble OAHa Ha APyrylO, Ha OCHOBHYIO AeTal1b npSlMblMH CTe>KKaMH npHMeTaTb CoeAHHHTb Mel1KYIO AeTal1b npHMeTaTb 06Ta4KY C KpynHo 10111101 HeOCHOBHYIO K HarpYAHHKY Q>apTYKa AeTal1b C OCHOBHO C 6peTel1S1MH 3aMeTaTb BpeMeHHo 3aKpenHTb nOAorHYTbie 3aMeTaTb HH3 H3AeI1HSI, KpaSi AeTaI1H, CKl1aAKH 60KoBbie cpe3bl 101 CKl1aAKH npHWHTb npHKpenHTb Q>YPHHTYPY, OTAel1KY npHWHTb KHonKH, Ha H3Ael1He CTe>KKaMH nOCTOSlH- KpI04KH, Horo Ha3Ha4eHHSI nyroBH4bl K H3Ael1HIO 21 
,ZJ;eTaJIl1 113.n;eJII1H COe.n;I1HHIOT Me:>K.n;y C060M BpHYIO C no- MOIIJ;blO CTe:>KKOB 11 CTpOqeK. CmpOI./KO - 3TO pH,ZI; nOBTOpHIOIIJ;I1XCH CTe:>KKOB Ha TKaHI1. Cme:JICOK - 3TO qaCTb CTPOqKI1 Me}K,lJ;)' .n;B}'MH rrpOKOJIaMl1l1rJIbI Ha JII1QeBOM CTOpOHe MaTepl1aJIa. /l,nuHo Cme:JICKO - 3TO paCCTOHHl1e Me}K,lJ;)' HaqaJIOM 11 KOHQOM CTe:>KKa, OHO paBHO CYMMe ,ZJ;JII1H HI1TKI1I1 npOMe:>K}'TKa Me}K,lJ;)' npOKO- JIaMI1 I1rJIbI Ha JII1QeBOM CTOpOHe MaTepl1aJIa. ITpI1113rOTOBJIeHI1I111IBeMHblX 113.n;eJII1M rrpl1MeHHIOT pa3JII1Q- Hble pHble CTe:>KKI1I1 CTPOQKI1 (Ta611. 3). ,l.I;JIH BbIllOJIHeHI1H pHbIX CTpOQeK BpeMeHHoro Ha3HaQeHI1H I1CnOJIb3}'1OT HI1TKI1 KOHTpacTHbIe no QBery K I1cnOJIb3yeMoM TKaHI1. BUabl cmeJ/CKof3 1 npSlMble 22 Ta6nMa 3. BHAbl PY4HbiX CTe>KKOB 101 CTp04eK BUabl CmpO'leK 11306poJ/CeHue 2 3 CMeT04HaSl, 3aMeT04HaSl, BbIMeT04HaSl, HaMeT04, HaSi crp04KH AIlS! 06pa30BaHHSI C60pOK. --'..:- --- KonHpOBal1bHaSI flpUMeHeHue 4 AI1S1 BpeMeHHoro coeAHHeHHSI AeTal1e OAe>KAbl (cMeTblBaHHe 6peTel1e, 3aMeTblBaHHe HH3a H3AeI1HSI). AI1HHa CTe>KKOB 7-15 MM. HHT- KH X110n4aT06YMa>KHble N!1 50, 60. '/ / AI1S1 nepeHeceHHSI I1HHH C OAHO AeTal1H Ha APyrylO (nepeHece- HHe I1HHH pacn0I10>Ke- HHSI KapMaHa, HH3a H3AeI1HSI). AI1HHa CTe>K- KOB 7-10 MM. BblCOTa neTI1H 5-10 MM. HHTKH X110n4aT06YMa>KHble N!1 50,60 
1 2 3 neTel1bHble 06MeT04HaSi I ./ i 1 f;'...: , lI fii.";"' I J .I "i l 'J , ' > /' . ", ' <" ffJ J III. " .. .. .. neTl1e- 06pa3Hbie J . OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 3 .. 4 ,lJ,11S1 06pa60TKH npope- 3101 neT 11101 10111101 cpe30B . AeTal1H C 4el1blO npeAoxpaHeHHSI HX OT OCblnaHHSI. BblnOI1HSlIOT CTe>KKH Ha paCCTOSlHHH 3-5 MM OT cpe3a C 4acToTo 6-10 CTe>K- KOB B 1 CM XI10n4aTO- 6YMa>KHbIMH HHTKaMH B 4BeT TKaHH. KpoMe npope3Hbix neTel1b npH- MeHSlIOT 101 B03AywHble. IIIx MO>KHO pacnOl1araTb no KpalO H3Ael1HSI 10111101 oTcTynHB OT Hero ,lJ,11S1 npHWHBaHHSI nyroBH4. nyro BH 4bl npHMeHSIIOT He TOl1bKO AI1S1 3aCTerHBaHHSI H3AeI1HSI, HO 101 AI1S1 OTAeI1KH. OHH AOI1>KHbl C04eTaTbCSI C 4BeTOM OCHOBHO TKaHH. npH- WHBalOT nyroBH4bl XI10n4aT06YMa>KH blM 101 HHTKaMH N!! 50, 60, CI10>KeHHbIMH BABoe Tpe6oBaHHR, npeAbRBnReMble K BbmonHeHHIO PYLfHblX pa60T 1. MeJIOBbIe JIHHI1H nepeBo'zlHT C O.n;HOH .n;eT<um Ha .n;pyryro, npOKJIa.n:bIBaH KOnHpOBaJIbHbIe CTPOqKH. 2. QBeT HHTOK .n;JI.H BbIllOJIHeHH.H CTpOqeK BpeMeHHoro Ha3Ha- qeHH.H .n;OJDKeH OTJIHqaTbC.H OT IJ;BeTa coe.n;HH.HeMbIX .n;eTaJIeH. 23 
3. CMeThlBaIOT ,l{eTaJIH no KOnHpOBaJIhHhIM CTpOqKaM HJIH Me- JIOBhIM JIHHHHM. IIocJIe cMcrbIBaHHIl HHTKH KOnHpOBaJIhHhIX CTpO- qeK y.n;aJIIlIOT. 4. HHTI<}' 3aKpenJIIlIOT B HaqaJIe H B KOHIJ;e CTPOqKH: B Haqa- JIe - C nOMOm;hIO }'3eJIKa Ha KOHIJ;e HHTKH, B KOHIJ;e - .n;B}'MIl-TpeMIl CTe)I(KaMH O.n;HOH MHHhI. 5. QBeT HHTOK, npHMeHIleMhIx MIl CTpOqeK nOCTOIlHHoro Ha3HaqeHlliI, .n;OJI:>KeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTh IJ;BeT}' TKaHH. 6. OT.n;eJIKy Ha H3.n;eJIHe npHIIIHBaIOT HIITKaMH B IJ;BeT OT.n;eJIKH. 7. I1yrOBHIJ;hI co CKB03HhIMH OTBepCTHIlMH npHIIIHBaIOT HHT- KaMI1 B U;BeT rryrOBHU;. I1yrOBHU;hI co CTOHKOH npHIIIHBaIOT HHTKa- MH B U;BeT TKaHH. -. flpOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo JIg 5 BblnOnHeHMe PY'IHbIX CTe)l(KOB M CTp0'leK MomepUO.llbl U UHcmpYMeHmbl: ceMb AeTal1eH 1013 XJlOn4aTo6y- MHOH TKaHIo1 pa3MepOM 10x10 CM 101 OAHa pa3MepOM 10x5 CM, OAHa nyroBIo14a C ABYMJI OTBepCTIo1J1MIo1Io1 OAHa - C 4e- TblpbMJI, JlIo1HeHKa, pY4HaJl Io1rJla, HIo1TKIo1, HO>KHIo14bl, Y4e6HIo1K. BblnOJlHIo1 pY4Hbie onepa41011o1, YKa3aHHbie B Ta6Jllo14e 4. Ta6nM4a 4. TeXH0I10n1S1 BblnOI1HeHIo1S1 PY4HbiX onepa4101 H03f3aHue flOC.lTeaof3ame.ITbHOCmb /1306poJICeHUe onepolJ,UU f3b1nO.ITHeHUR 1 2 3 CMeTblBaHlo1e C110>K101 ABe AeTal1lo1, paBHble no Bell 1014101 He, 111014eBblMIo1 I CTOpOHaMIo1 BHYTPb. YPOBHSI I I cpe3bllo1 np0l10>K101 CTP04KY npSl- I MblMIo1 CTe>KKaMIo1 Ha paCCTOSlHlo1101 1 CM OT cpe30B 24 
OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 4 1 I 2 I 3 -- -- - 3aMeTbiBaHIo1e nOAOrHIo1 cpe3 AeTa11101 Ha 1 CM 101 np0l10>K101 CTP04KY npSlMblMIo1 I CTe>KKaMIo1 Ha paCCTOSlHlo1101 5 MM OT crlo16a HaMeTblBaHlo1e CoeAIo1HIo1 MeHbWYIO AeTal1b, HaI10>KeHHYIO 1013HaHo4Ho I CTOpOHO Ha 111014eBYIO CTOPOHY I 6011bWe AeTal1lo1, npSlMblMIo1 CTe>KKaMIo1 Ha paCCTOSlHlo1101 5 MM OT cpe30B nepeHOC I1Io1HIo1Io1 C110>K101 ABe AeTal1101111o14eBblMH l BbIKPOKIo1 KO- CTOpOHaMIo1 BHYTPb, YPOBHSI nlo1pOBal1bHblMIo1 cpe3bl. no HaMe4eHHo I1Io1HIo1Io1 r-'" CTp04KaMIo1 np0l10>K101 npSlMble CTe>KKIo1, He 3a- TSlrlo1BaSi Io1X, a OCTaBI1S1S1 neTel1bKIo1 BbICOTO 0,5-1 CM. Pa3BepHIo1 AeTa11101 TaK, 4To6bl HIo1TKIo1 CTe>KKOB HaTSlHYI1Io1Cb, 101 pa3pe>Kb Io1X nocepeAIo1He Me>K,D,Y ABYMSI cpe3aMIo1 AeTal1e nplo1WIo1BaHlo1e n004epeAHO np101110>K1o1 nyroBIo14bl K 111014eBO CTopOHe AeTa11101 0) 101 nplo1we Io1X '..- t/ CmeJICOK, CmpOI./KO, a.ITUHO CmeJICKO. -? - 1. 4TO Ha3blBalOT CTe>KKoM? 2. 4TO Ha3blBalOT CTp04KOH? 3. )J.Jlfl 4ero npHMeHfllOT npfiMble CTe>KKH? 4. )J.Jlfl 4ero npHMeHfllOT ne- TeJlbHble cre>KKH? 5. KaKHe Tpe60BaHHfI npeAbflBJlfllOT K BblnOJl- HeHHIO PY4HbIX pa6oT? 25 
h OCHOBbI MamHHOBe)];eHH.H OCHOBHOll BM.n; TeXHOJlOrUqeCKOrO o6opy.n;OBaHM.H ,ZJ;JI.H M3rO- TOBJIeHM.H nIBellHbIX M3.n;eJlMll - nIBellHaH MaIIIMHa. Y.n;06HaH, Ha.n;e)I(- HaH IIIBellHaH MalIIMHa - BepHaH IIOMOHMIJ;a Ha .n;OJlrMe rO.n;bI. Eho MO)I(eT 6bITb M CaMaH IIpOCTaH 6a6yrnKMHa MaIIIMHa, BbIIIOJlH.HIOaH TOJlbKO IIP.HM}'IO CTPUqK}', M COBpeMeHHaH C IIpOrpaMMHbIM yrrpaBJle- HMeM, KOTOpaH C IIOMOblO KOMIIblOTepa MO)I(eT BbIrrOJlHHTb MHO)I(e- CTBO CJlO)I(HblX IIIBellHblX OIIepaIJ;Mll. TBOM YCIIeXM B IIIMTbe BO MHO rOM 3aBMC.HT OT Toro, HaCKOJlb- KO XOpOIIIO TbI HayqMlIIbC.H IIOJlb30BaTbC.H IIIBellHOll MaIIIMHOll.  5. HCTOpH.H C03,lJ;aHH.H mBeHHOH MamHHhI fIepBbIll IIpoeKT MalIIMHbI ,ZJ;JI.H rrOIIIMBa o.n;e)I(.n;bI IIpe,ZJ;JIO)I(MJI B KOHIJ;e xv BeKa JIeoHap.n;o .n;a BMHqM. B 1755 ro.n;y HeMeIJ; KapJl Bell3eHTaJIb M306peJl IIIBellH}'lO MaIIIMII}', B KOTOpOll MCIIOJlb30Ba- JlaCb MrJla C yrnKOM IIocepe.n;MHe. Eha MalIIMHa KOIIMpOBaJIa rrpMHIJ;Mrr pyqHoro o6pa30BaHM.H CTe)I(KOB. B 1808 ro.n;y aHrJlUqaHMH .n;. fIMpM M306peJl MalIIMII}' ,ZJ;JIH IIopTHoro, B OCHOBe pa60TbI KOTOpOll TO)I(e Jle)I(aJI IIpMHIJ;MII IIO.ny'IeHM.H O.n;HOHMTUqHOrO JlerKopacrrycKalOe- rool IJ;errHOrO CTe)I(Ka. 11 TOJlbKO B 1834 ro.n;y aMepMKaHeIJ; YOJlTep XaHT M306peJl Mrll}' C yrnKOM Ha 3aocTpeHHoM KOHIJ;e M qeJlHUqHOe YCTPOllCTBO. Ero MalIIMHa 6bIJla IIepBoll MalIIMHOll qeJlHOqHOrO CTe)I(Ka, B KOTOpOll MCIIOJlb30BaJIMCb BepXH.H.H M HM)I(H.H.H HMTKM. He.n;ocTaToK nOll MalIIMHbI 3aKJIIOqaJICH B TOM, qTO B Hell He 6bIJIO MexaHM3Ma peryJlMpOBKM HaT.H)I(eHM.H HM)I(Hell HMTKM B qeJlHOqHOM YCTpOllCTBe. B 1844-1845 ro.n;ax .n;pyrOll aMepMKaHeIJ;, 9J1MaC Xoy, KOTOpO- ro CqMTalOT OTIJ;OM IIIBellHblX MaIIIMH, MCrrOJlb3Y.H IIpMHIJ;MII pa60TbI MalIIMHbI YOJlTepa XaHTa, c.n;eJlaJI B Hell p.H.n; YCOBeplIIeHCTBOBaHMll M C03.n;aJI cTa6MJlbHO pa60TalO IIIBellH}'lO MalIIMII}' qeJlHOqHOrO CTe)I(Ka. EM}' y.n;aJIOCb IIO.ny'IMTb IIaTeHT Ha HOByro MaIIIMII}', M BCKope 6bIJIO M3rOTOBJIeHO ee HeCKOJlbKO TaKMX IIIBellHbIX MaIIIMH, Ka1K.n;aH M3 KOTOpbIX 3aMeH.HJIa TPY.n; IUITM IIOpTHbIX. 26 
B 30-5D-x ro.n;ax XIX BeKa B BeJII1K06pl1TaHIUI, CIlIA 11 <I>paH- [(1111 6hIJIO noeHO CBhIllIe 30 naTeHTOB Ha llIBeMHhIe MallII1HhI. KOHCTPYK[(lllI K<DK,ZJ;OM MaIIlliHhI I1MeJIa KaKI1e-JII160 ycoBepllIeHcTBo- BaHI1H 11 HOBhIe 8JIeMeHThI. IIIBeMHhIe MallIl1HhI CTaJIl1 BhICTaBJIHThCH B M}'3e.HX 11 Ha BhI- CTaBKaX, BhI3hIBaJI BocTopr 11 60JIhllIOM I1HTepec y ny6JII1KI1. HaKo- He, B 1850-1851 ro.n;ax YCI1JII1HMI1 aMepl1KaHeB AneHa BI1JIhCOHa 11 oc06eHHo I1caaKa Meppl1Ta 311Hrepa llIBeMHaJI MallIl1Ha 6hIJIa .n;OBe.n;eHa npaKTl1qeCKI1 .n;o cOBpeMeHHoro BI1.n;a. I10MI1MO pyqHoro npl1Bo.n;a MallIl1HhI OCHaru;aJII1Ch HO)KHhIM npI1Bo.n;oM, 6JIaro.n;apH qeM)' oCB060aJI11Ch PYKI1 nopTHoro. .n;JIH Hl1)1(HeM HI1TKlI I1CnOJIh30BaJICH qeJIHOK co BCTpoeHHoM llInyJIhKOM no Tl1ny qeJIHOKa XaHTa 11 Xoy. 113 CIlIA llIBeMHhIe MallIl1HhI CTaJIM 3aB0311Th B EBpOny 11 A3111O, a C 1877 ro.n;a OHI1 nOHBl1JIl1Ch B HnOHI1I1. HaIl60JIhllIee pac- npocTpaHeHl1e nOl1JIa 6hITOBaJI llIBeMHaJI MallIMHa I1caaKa 311H- repa - MeXaHI1Ka 11 npOMhIIIIJIeHHI1Ka. OCHOBaB CBOIO 4mpM}' 11 yco- BepllIeHcTBoBaB MallIl1H}' Xoy, 311Hrep C 1850 ro.n;a CTaJI BhInycKaTh llIBeMHhIe MallIl1HhI B 60JIhllII1X KOJIl1qeCTBax, 11 Be3.n;e OHI1 nOJIh30Ba- JII1Ch 60JIhllII1M cnpocoM. C 1870 ro.n;a y)l(e KpynHaJI aMepl1KaHCKaJI 4mpMa «3I1Hrep» Haql1HaeT oTKphlBaTh CBOI1 4>I1JIl1aJIhI B pa3JII1QHhIX cTpaHax MI1- pa, B TOM QI1CJIe 11 B POCCI1I1. TaK, B 1900 ro.n;y B no.n;MOCKOBHOM ro- po.n;e I10.n;OJIhCKe 4>l1pMa «3I1Hrep» OCHOBaJIa 3aBO.n;, KOTOphIM ocy- ll.\eCTBJIHJI C60PKY llIBeMHhIx MallIl1H 113 .n;eTaJIeM, .n;OCTaBJIHeMhIX 113-3a rpaHI1hI. C03.n;aTeJII1 llIBeMHhIX MallIMH CTpeMl1JIl1Ch I1X npl1qy.n;JII1BO YKpaCI1Th pm:YHKaMM 11 pe3h60M. I1epBhIe llIBeMHhIe MallIl1HhI Hano- MI1HaJIl1 no CBoeM 4>opMe, Hanpl1Mep, nl1CTOJIeT I1JII1 pY)KeMHhIM npI1KJIa.n;. MallIl1Ha CQI1TaJIaCh KpaCI1BOM, eCJII1 OHa 6hIJIa 60raTo YKpameHa, 04>opMJIeHa JII1ThIM opHaMeHToM 11 MMeJIa KOMn031111- OHHoe pellIeHl1e C eHTpoM B cepe.n;I1He 8Toro opHaMeHTa. B HaQaJIe XX BeKa BOIIIJIa B MO.n;y TaK Ha3hIBaeMaJI 6yrhIJIOQ- HaJI 4>opMa PYKaBa 6hITOBhIX llIBeMHhIX MallIMH. 3Ta 4>opMa B COQe- TaHMI1 C .n;eKopaTI1BHhIM JII1ThIM CTOJIOM 6hIJIa BBe.n;eHa 4>l1pMOM «3MHrep» 11 OKa3aJIaCh HaCTOJIhKO pa110HaJIhHOM M COBepllIeHHOM, 27 
qTO O CI1X nop COXpaHI1JIaCh B pHe CTpaH B npocTei1.l1Il1X npHMO- CTPOqHhIX MallIl1Hax, YKpallIeHHaJI Pa3JII1QHhIMI1 eKOpaTI1BHhIMI1 opHaMeHTaMI1. Ha pHCYHKe 10 nOKa3aHhI npl1MephI aHHoro KOMno- 311QI10HHOrO pellIeHI1H B llIBei1.HhIx MallIl1HaX paHHI1X BhInyCKOB. ..:",/  , r \' , l  , ,\ '  - .   ..,IL- -. ""N" - . ': . ,. I " t,' .'. 'J 'I. : /  (r- l . '... \ ".I' \ . ' ..... -_.... ..:-- .- -  ;._- .:.: -- -  ","" , .. \ t t \ :!- ..... a . :4 ", ..... a..'  ." ...- - ' , ., ;. ''iII J ' \); lVfrr,rl.e: I I . \ .' Jl'l,l ( J'''''''i'''...' . , ....A..J -- .. PMC. 10. WBei:1Hble MaWI-1Hbl cpl-1pMbl «3I-1Hrep) paHHI-1X BblnYCKOB XXI BeK CTaBI1T nepe llIBei1.HhIMI1 MallIl1HaMI1 cBepXBhICOKl1e Tpe6oBaHI1H. EOJIhllIe Bcex 9TI1M Tpe6oBaHI1HM OTBeQaIOT HOBhIe Ma- 1lII1HhI C nporpaMMHhIM ynpaBJIeHl1eM. «PaKTI1QeCKI1 9TO He rrpOCTO llIBei1.HaJI MallIl1Ha, a MallII1Ha-KOMrrhIOTep, KOTOpaJI llIheT, BhIllIl1Ba- eT, COCTaBJUleT pI1C)'HKI1, nOMoraeT rrOJIh30BaTeJIIO ynpaBJIHTh eIO. .,. 1. KTO npe,[J,110>KHI1 npoeKT nepBoi:1 wBei:1Hoi:1 MawHHbl? 2. KTO 101 B KaKOM ro,[J,Y H306pel1 MaWHHY, B KOTOpOi:1 HCn0l1b30Bal1HCb BepXHfIfi 101 HH>KHfIfi HHTKH? 3. 4eM OTI1H4alOTCfI no BHeWHeMY BH,[J,Y MaWHHbl nepBblX BbmYCKOB OT cOBpeMeHHblx? 28 
 6. EbITOBaH IDBeHHaH MamHHa IIIBeMHbIe MaIIII1HbI 6bIBalOT npOMbIIIVIeHHbIe 116bITOBbIe. ITo- 3HaKOMI1MCH 60JIee nO,ll;p06HO C 6bITOBbIMI1 IIIBeMHbIMI1 MaIIII1HaMI1. 6blmoBbie wBeUHble MOWUHbl pa3Hoo6pa3HbI no CBoeM KOHCT- PYKQI1I1, TeXHI1QeCKI1M B03MO:>KHOCT.HM 11 BHeIIIHeM}' BII,lI;)'. Ho IIX YCT- pOMCTBO, HaJIa,z:t;Ka II npaBMJIa 8Kcn1l}'aTaQIIII IIMelOT MHoro o6:ru:ero. EbITOBbIe IIIBeMHbIeMaIIIIIHbInpe.ll;Ha3HaQeHbI.lI;JIH CTaQI1BaHII.H TKaHeM, 06MeTbIBaHM.H neTeJIb II cpe30B ,lI;eTaJIeM, BbITIOJIHeHII.H ,lI;eKO- paTI1BHbIX CTpOQeK, a TaIOKe ,lI;JIH BbIIIIIIBaHII.H II IIITonKII. OCHOBHbIe ,lI;eTaJIlI 6bITOBOM IIIBeMHOM MaIIIIIHbI 1I306pa:>KeHbI Ha pHCYHKe 11. 8 7 6 5 9 10 11 --, 12 13 -14 15 16 --.....- .:::::x:.' , J ;  - 2 ---- ---....... 1 ---- PMC. 11. ,lJ,eTaI1 wBeHo MaWHbl: 1 - 3aAB>KHaSI nl1aCTHa; 2 - 4el1H04HOe YCTPOCTBO; 3 - l1anKa np- >KMHaSI; 4 - ABraTel1b MaTepaI1a; 5 - HTenpTSlrBaTel1b; 6 - H- TeHanpaBTel1b; 7 - PYKaB; 8 - CTep>KeHb AIlSI KaTYWK; 9 - MOTaI1Ka; 10 - MaXOBoe KOl1eCO; 11 - PY4K YCTaHoBK  peryl1pOBaHSI 3r3aroo6pa3Hblx cTpo4eK; 12 - pbl4ar o6paTHoro xOAa; 13 - PY4Ka perYI1S1TOpa AI1Hbl CTe>KKa; 14 - cToHKa PYKaBa; 15- nl1aTCpOpMa; 16 - HTeHanpaBTel1b 29 
IIIBeihl}'IO MalInul}' MO)KHO rrpHBeCTH B .lI.BH)KeHHe C rrOMO- bIO pa3JIHqHbIX rrpHBo,n;OB. BMAbl npMBOAOB WBeMHOM MaWMHbl EbITOBbIe IIIBellHbIe MaIIIHHbI 6bIBaIOT C pyqHbIM (pHC. 12, a), HO)KHbIM (pHC. 12, 6) H 8JIeKTpHQeCKHM (pHC. 12,8) rrpHBO.ll.aMH. Bce cOBpeMeHHbIe 6bIToBbIe IIIBellHbIe MaIIIHHbI OCHaeHbI 8JIeKTpHQeCKHM rrpHBo,n;oM. 3JIeKTpOrrpHBO.ll. COCTOHT H3 .lI.BYX OCHOBHbIX QaCTeH: 8JIeKTpO- .lI.BHraTeJIH 1 H rre,n;aJIH 2 (pHC. 12, 8). 3JIeKTpO.ll.BHraTeJIb KperrHTcH K IIIBellHoll MaIIIHHe. I1e,n;aJIb YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH Ha rro.ny B Y.lI.06HOM MeCTe. I1YCK 8JIeKTpOrrpHBO.ll.a rrpOH3BO.ll.HTCH Ha,lI,aBJIHBaHHeM HO- rOM Ha KpbIIIIK}' rre.ll.aJIH. CKOpOCTb rrpOKJIa,lI,bIBaHHH MaIIIHHHoH CTPOQI(H 3aBHCHT OT CHJIbI HIDKaTHH Ha rre.ll.aJIb: QeM CHJIbHee .lI.aBJIe- HHe Ha rre.ll.aJIb, TeM 60JIbIIIe CKOpOCTb. I1pH oTrrycKaHHH rre.ll.aJIH OHa B03BpaeTCH B Hcxo,n;Hoe rrOJIO)KeHHe, 11 CKOpOCTb BpaeHHH }'MeHbIIIaeTCH ,n;o rrOJIHOH OCTaHOBKH MaIIIHHbI. ------ ., I .;\ .r) '---" ,.  -. a 6- 8 1 2 PHC. 12. npHBOAbl wBeHHoH MaWHHbl: a - PY4HO; 6 - HO>KHOH; 8 - 311eKTpH4ecKHH 30 
-. npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 6 3HaKOMCTBO C 6bITOBOM wBeMHoM MawMHoM Momepuonbl U 060pyaoBoHue: Y4e6HI-1K, wBeHa MaWI-1Ha, pa- 604a TeTpa,lJ,b. 1. n03HaKoMbc C Ha3BaHI-1eM AeTal1e WBeHO MaWI-1Hbl. 2. HaAI-1 Ha wBeHo MaWI-1He AeTal11-1, YKa3aHHbie Ha Pl-1CYH- Ke 11, 1-1 BHI-1MaTel1bHO paCCMOTpl-1 I-1X. 3. Hanl-1wI-1 B pa604e TeTpaAI-1 Ha3BaHI-1 OCHOBHblX AeTal1e WBeHO MaWI-1Hbl.  5blm080R w8eUHOR MOWUHO, aemonu w8eUHOU MOWUHbl, npu80abl w8eUHOU MOWUHbl. -? - 1. .n.11 4ero npeAHa3Ha4eHbi 6blToBbie WBeHble MaWI-1Hbl? 2. Ha- 30BI-1 OCHOBHble AeTal11-1 wBeHo MaWI-1Hbl. 3. OT 4ero 3aBI-1CI-1T CKOpOCTb npOKl1aAbIBaHI-1 MaWI-1HHO CTp04KI-1 Ha WBeHO Ma- WI-1He C 3I1eKTpOnpl-1BOAoM?  7 . TIoArOTOBKa K BbInOJIHeHHIO MamHHHbIX pa60T IIepe,ZJ; TeM KaK rrpllcrynaTb K BbIIIOJIHeHlllO MallIllHHbIX pa- 60T, Heo6xo,ZJ;llMO CHaqaJIa 03HaKOMllTbC.H C rrpaBl11IaMll 6e30rrac- Horo TpY,ZJ;a, a 3aTeM rrO,ZJ;rOTOBllTb llIBeihryro MallIllH}' K pa60Te. . -. np08uno 6e30nOCHOU p060mbl HO w8eUHOU MOWUHe 1. OnaCHOCTM B pa6oTe: . nOBpe>K,D,eHI-1e nal1b4eB I-1rl1o; . nonaAaHI-1e B0l10C 1-1111-1 KpaeB OAe>K,D,bl BO Bpal..L..l,alOl..L..I,I-1eC 4aCTI-1 WBeHO MaWI-1Hbl; . nopa>+<eHI-1e 3I1eKTpl-14eCKI-1M TOKOM. 2. LITO HY>KHO CAenaTb AO Ha'tana pa60Tbl: . npOBepl-1Tb I-1CnpaBHocTb MaWI-1Hbl; 31 
. npOBepHTb nepe)J, COe)J,HHeHHeM )J,eTalleH H3)J,ellHfI, He OCTa- llHCb llH B HHX PY4Hafi Hrlla HllH 6YllaBKH. 3. Llero Henb3R AenaTb BO BpeMR pa60Tbl: . YCTaHaBllHBaTb wnYllbHblH KOllna40K, 3anpaBllflTb BepXHlO1O HHTKY npH pa60TalOw.eH MaWHHe; . KllaCTb HO>KHH4bl H )J,pyrHe HHCTpYMeHTbl OKOllO Bpaw.a- IOW.HXCfI 4aCTeH MaWHHbl; . nepe)J,aBaTb HO>KHH4bl, H3)J,ellHe HllH )J,eTallH npH pa60TalO- w.eH MaWHHe. 4. LITO HY>KHO CAenaTb no OKOHLfaHMM pa60Tbl: . BblKll104HTb MaWHHY; . y6paTb pa604ee MeCTO. Pa60Qee MeCTO ,n;JIH BbInOJIHeHHH MallIHHHbIX pa60T - 8TO CTOJI, Ha KOTOpOM YCTaHOBJIeHa llIBe:HHaH MallIHHa H pa3JIO.>KeHbI He- 06Xo,n;HMbIe HHCTPYMeHTbI, npHcnoco6JIeHHH H ,n;e-raJIH llIBe:HHOrO H3,n;eJIHH. IIpH pa60Te Ha llIBe:HHO:H MallIHHe OQeHb BIDKHa npaBHJIbHaH nOCa,z:t;Ka. CJIe,n;yeT CH,n;eTb npHMO, CJIerKa HaKJIOHHB KOpnyC H rOJIOBY Bnepe,lJ, (pHC. 13).   /0' -Jti 11 f  f" .. :  a 6 PHC. 13. nOCaAKa npH pa60Te Ha wBei1Hoi1 MaWHHe: 0- npaBHl1bHaSl; 6 - HenpaBHl1bHaSi 32 
PaCCTOHHMe OT rJIa3 )];0 06pa6aTbIBaeMOrO npe)];Me-ra )];OJDKHO 6bITb 30-40 CM. HeJIb3H 6JIM3KO HaKJIOHHTbCH K )];BM:IK)'llJ;MMCH qac- THM MaIIIMHbI. KMCTM PYK pacnOJIaralOT Ha nJIaT<popMe MalliMHbI, JIOKTII - Ha O)];HOM ypOBHe co CTOJIOM (pHC. 14). .. \j >, r PHC. 14. npaBHl1bHOe n0110>KeHHe PYK npH pa60Te Ha wBei1Hoi1 MaWHHe Bo BpeMH pa60TbI Ha lliBe:H.HOM MalliMHe pa60qee MeCTO )];OJDKHO 6bITb XOpOlliO OCBem;eHO. Ha CTOJIe )];OJDKHbI HaxO)];MTbCH TOJIbKO 06pa6aTbIBaeMbIe )];eTaJIM, MHcTp}'MeHTbI M npMcnoc06JIe- HMH, KOTopbIe H}'.>KHbI )];JIH BbInOJIHeHMH )];aHHOM TeXHOJIOrMqe- CKOH onepaQMM, IIocJIe OKOHqaHMH pa60TbI He06xo)];MMO y6paTb pa60qee MeCTO. TIo.n;rOTOBKa mBeHHoH MamHHbI K pa60Te QT06bI nO)];rOTOBMTb lliBeMII}'IO MalliMII}' K pa60Te, II}'.>KHO BbI- nOJIHMTb HeCKOJIbKO nOCJIe)];OBaTeJIbHbIX )];eMCTBMM (Ta611. 5). 7 TpYl-fnnnruu OT 1\ JCn 33 
Ta6nHLla 5. nOAroTOBKa wBeHo MaWHHbl C 311eKTponpHBOAOM K pa60Te floc.lTeaoBome.ITbHOCmb noa20moBKU 11306po:JICeHue 1 2 1. nOAKI1104H MaWHHY K 311eKTpoceTH 2. nOBepHH MaXOBoe KOl1eCO Ha ce6S1 101 YCTaHOBH HHTenpHTSlrHBaTel1b 101 HrJ10BOAHTel1b B KpaHee BepXHee n0110>KeHHe - t nOAHHMH l1anKY 34 
1 3. nOCTaBb KaTYWKY C HIHKaMI-1 Ha KaTywe4Hbl CTep>KeHb 4. OTKpO 3aABI-1>KHYIO nl1aCTHHKY. BblHb wnYl1bHbl K0l1na40K 1-1 BbITaw,H 1-13 Hero wnYl1bKY 5. nepeKI11041-1 MaWI-1HY Ha X0I10CTO XOA 6. HaMOTa HeCKOl1bKO BHTKOB HI-1TKI-1 Ha wnYl1bKY BPY4HYIO. YCTaHOBI-1 wnYl1bKY Ha CTep>KeHb MOTal1KI-1 7. 3anpaBb HI-1TKY 1-1 npl-1>KMI-1 wnYl1bKY AO ynopa. HaMOTa HI-1TKH Ha wnYl1bKY, nl1aBHO Ha>KI-1MaSi HOro Ha neAal1b npOaO.ITJlCeHUe m06.IT. 5 2  ..  35 
1 8. BCTaBb wnYl1bKY C HaMoTaHHo Hlo1TKO B wnYl1bHbl K0l1na40K 9. 3anpaBb Hlo1TKY B npope3b wnYl1bHoro K0l1na4Ka 101 nOA nl1aCTIo1H4aTYIO npY>KIo1HY, OCTaBIo1B cB060AHbl KOHe4 AI1Io1HO 10 CM 10. BCTaBb wnYl1bHbl K0l1na40K B 4el1H04HOe YCTPOCTBO 11. nepeKI1104101 Mawlo1Hy Ha pa604101 XOA 36 flpOaO.IT:J/CeHue m06.IT. 5 2 ' JNJ -=- '-...... 
1 12. 3anpaBb BepXHlO1O HHTKY 13. npHAep>KHBaSi KOHe4 BepxHe HHTKH l1eBO PYKO, nOBepHH npaBo MaXOBoe KOl1eCO Ha ce6S1 raK, 4T06bl Hrl1a onYCTHl1aCb BHH3 101 3aXBaTHI1a 4el1H04HYIO HHTKY 14. 3anpaBb ABe HHTKH nOA l1anKY OKOHI./OHUe mo6.IT. 5 2 ,   --------- 37 
TIpe)l()I;e qeM rrpllcrynllTb K BbIrrOJIHeHlllO MaIIIllHHbIX pa6oT, 03HaKOMbCH C TepMllHOJIOrllell, KOTOp)'lO llCrrOJIb3)'1OT )l;JIH 0603Ha- qeHllH COOTBeTCTB)'IOIlX MaIIIllHHbIX Orrepan;llll (Ta611. 6). Ta6mn"a 6. TepMHH0l10rHSI MaWHHHblX pa60T TepMUH C08epJ/CoHue po60mbl flpuMeHeHue CTa4aTb CoeAHHHTb AeTaI1H, npHMepHO CTa4aTb 4aCTH nOSlca, paBHble no BeI1H4HHe, CTp04KaMH 4aCTH 060PKH nOCTOSlHHoro Ha3Ha4eHHSI no HaMe4eHHbiM I1HHHSlM 06ra4aTb CoeAHHHTb ABe AeTal1H 06Ta4aTb HarpYAHHK, C nOCl1eAYtoUJ,HM BblBeprblBaHH- 6perel1H eM HX Ha I1H4eBYto cropOHY npHra4aTb CoeAHHHTb Mel1KHe AeTal1H npHTa4arb HarpYAHHK, C KpynHblMH crp04KaMH nOSlc,060PKY nocroSlHHoro Ha3Ha4eHHSI Hacrp04HTb np0110>KHTb CTP04KY npH Hacrp04HTb HaKl1aAHble HaI10>KeHHH OAHO AeTal1H KapMaHbl Ha APyryto AI1S1 HX coeAHHeHHSI 3acrp04HTb np0110>KHTb CTP04KY AI1S1 3aCTp04HTb HH3 3aKpenl1eHHSI nOAorHYToro H3AeI1H KpaSi AeraJ1l.1 10111101 H3Ael1HSI 38 
-. .. npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 7 BblnOnHeHMe MaWMHHblX cTpoLieK MomepUOJ7bl l 060pyaoBoHue: WBeHaJi MaWHHa, ,D,Be ,D,eTaJ1H H3 XJ10n4aTo6YMa>KHO TKaHH pa3MepOM 15 x 20 CM, J1HHeKa, HHTKH, HO>KHH4bl, pa604aJl TeTpa,D,b. 1. nO,D,rOTOBb wBeHYIO MaWHHY K pa6oTe. 2. Ha CI10>KeHHbIX BMeCTe ,D,eTaJ1J1X BblnOJ1HH MaWHHHble CTp04KH, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHCYHKe 15. 3. CTp04KH 1 H 3 BblnOJ1HH AJ1HHO CTe>KKa 4 MM. 4. CTP04KY 2 BblnOJ1HH ,D,J1HHO CTe>KKa 3 MM. /........ /'.... ............. ...... .......... ......... .............  / .......... ...... ..........  ..... .......... 1 ............. .....---. 2 -, ,-, -' ..... ..... ...... ............... ...... ..... "'- '- " 3 ------------------------------------------------- PMC. 15. BI-1Abl MaWI-1HHblX CTp04eK  MOwuHHble p060mbl, wnY.lTbKO, wnY.lTbHblU KO.ITnOI./OK, IO.ITOCmOu U p060l./uu IOa MOWUHbl. -? - 1. Ha30BH npaBHJ1a 6e30nacHoro TpY,D,a, KOTopble Heo6xo,D,HMO C06J1IO,D,aTb npH BblnOJ1HeHHH MaWHHHblX pa6oT. 2. KaK opraHH- 30BaTb pa604ee MeCTO ,D,J1J1 pa60Tbi Ha wBeHo MawHHe? 3. Ka- KOBa nOCJ1e,D,OBaTeJ1bHOCTb nO,D,roToBKH K pa60Te wBeHo Ma- WHHbl C 3J1eKTpOnpHBO,D,OM? 39 
 . BH.ZJ;bI MamHHHbI:' mBOB WoB - 9TO MeCTO COe,1:(I1HeHI1.H ,1:(BYX I1JII1 HeCKOJIbKI1X CJIOeB TKaHI1 CTPOqKOH. IIlBbI MOIyr 6bITb pa3JII1QHOH 1lIl1pl1HbI. WUPUHO wBo - 9TO paCCTO.HHl1e OT CTPOQKI1 ,1:(0 cpe3a I1JII1 crl1- 6a ,1:(eTaJIeH. Bl1,lI;bI MallIl1HHbIX llIBOB ,1:(aHbI B Ta611H4e 7. Ta6nHL&a 7. BHAbl MaWHHHblX WBOB H03BoHue rpOcpUl./eCKOe YC.lTOBHOe npuMeHeHue wBo u306poJICeHUe 0603HOl./eHUe 1 2 3 4 CTa4Ho ,lJ,11S1 COeAJ.1HeHHSI Bpa3YTIO>KKY .. OCHOBHblX AeTal1e .. .. --3E::....- H3AeI1HSI, a TaK>Ke ... " MeI1KJ.1X AeTal1e Me>KAY c060 CTa4Ho ,lJ,11S1 CTa4HBaHJ.1S1 B3aYTIO>KKY 1I AeTal1e nOSlca, .5L 060pKH. WJ.1pJ.1Ha WBa - 7-10 MM HaKl1aAHO I ,lJ,11S1 HaCTpa4J.1- C OTKpbITbIMJ.1 " I +-- BaHHSI TeCbMbl Cpe3aMJ.1 If Ha OCHOBHYIO . AeTal1b J.13AeI1HSI J.1 Mel1KHe AeTal1J.1. npJ.1 3TOM CTp04KH . - AOI1>KHbl npoxo- i I .:t::::t. AJ.1Tb OT KpaSi I I till I I TeCbMbl I I Ha paCCTOSlHJ.1J.1 I I 1-2 MM I - - - 40 
OKOHI./OHUe mo6.IT. 7 1 2 3 4 HaKl1aAHO I AI1S1 HaCTpa4HBaHHSI C 3aKpblTbiM I  HaKl1aAHblX KapMa- cpe30M I HOB Ha OCHOBHYIO .. I AeTal1b. PaCCTOSl- I HHe OT nOAOrHYTOrO KpaSi AO CTp04KH - no MOAel1H BnOArl-16KY I AI1S1 o6pa6oTKH C 3aKpblTbiM I ..$ KpaeB AeTal1e. I cpe30M I , WI-1pHHa WBa - I 1-2 MM I OT nepBoro nOArH6a - Tpe6oBaHMJI, npeA'bJlBnJleMble K BbmonHeHMIO MaWMHHblX pa60T 1. Bce BH)'TpeHHl1e MallIl1HHbIe CTPOQKI1 BbIIIOJIHHIOT HI1TKaMI1 B It;BeT TKaHI1. 2. IIocJIe BbIIIOJIHeHI1H MallIl1HHbIX pa60T HI1TKI1 Bcex Bpe- MeHHbIX CTpOQeK (cMeTblBaHI1H, HaMeTblBaHl1H M T. .) YaJIHIOT. flpoKmul./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 8 BbmonHeHHe MaWHHHblX WBOB Momepuoflbl, UHcmpYMeHmbl, 060pyaoBoHue: 9 AeTaJ1e 1013 xl1on- 4aT06YMa>KHO TKaHH pa3MepOM 10x10 CM, PY4Ha Io1rJla, IlHHei:1Ka, HIo1TKIo1, HO>KHIo1L1,bl, WBeHa MaWIo1Ha, Y4e6HIo1K, pa604a TeTpa,o,b. BblnOI1HH WBbl, YKa3aHHbie B Ta61llo1L1,e 7.  W08, WUPUHO w80. -?- 1. 4TO Ha3blBalOT WBOM? 2. rAe nplo1MeHIOT WOB BnOArH6KY C 3a- KpblTblM cpe30M, HaKlla,o,HO WOB C 3aKpblTbiM cpe30M? 3. KaKHe Tpe60BaHIo1 npeAbBIlIOT K BblnOIlHeHHIO MaWHHHblX pa6oT? 41 
h BJIIDKHO-TenJIOBbIe pa60TbI  9. 3HaqeHHe BJIa)KHO-TellJIOBOH o6pa6oTKH OT rrpaBlUIbHoro BbIIIOJIHeHllH orrepan;UH BJIIDKHO-TerrJIOBOll o6pa6oTKll 3aBllCHT KaqeCrnO, BHellIHllll Bll)J; II <popMa ll3.u;eJIllH. BfloJfCHo-menfloBoR o6p06omKO IlIBellHbIX ll3.u;eJIllll (B TO) 3aKJIlOqaeT- CH B o6pa6oTKe .u;eTaJIelllUIll ll3.u;eJIllH BJIarOll, TerrJIOM II .u;aBJIeHlleM C rrOMOn:t;blO Crren;llaJIbHOrO o6opy.u;oBaHllH (yrlOr, oTrrapllBaTeJIb, rra- pOB03.ZJ:yllIHbIll MaHeKeH, }'TIO)I(lUIbHaJI .u;ocKa). IIocpe.u;cTBoM BJIIDK- HO-TeIIJIOBOll o6pa6oTKll YCTpaHHIOT 3aMllHbI TKaHll, }'MeHb1lI31OT TOJIn:t;llH}' KpaeB o6pa6oTaHHbIX .u;eTaJIell, rrpll)J;alOT H}')I(H}'IO <p0pM}' roTOBOM}' ll3.u;eJIlllO II T. .u;. B .u;OMaIlIHllX YCJIOBllHX OCHOBHbIM o6opy- .u;OBaHlleM MH BbIIIOJIHeHllH BJIIDKHO-TerrJIOBbIX pa60T C.lI}')I(llT yrlOr II }'TIO)I(lUIbHaJI .u;OCKa. B lIIBellHOll rrpOMbIllIJIeHHOCTll llCrrOJIb3yroT .u;orrOJIHllTeJIbHOe o6opy.u;oBaHlle - rrapoBo3HMe MaHeKeHM, oTrrapllBaTeJIll II rrpeccM. Orrepan;llll BJIIDKHO-TerrJIOBOll o6pa6oTKll .u;eTaJIellll 1I3.u;eJIllll pa3.u;eJIHIOT Ha rrpOMeOqHbIe II OKOHqaTeJIb- HbIe. OKOHqaTeJIbHbIe BJIIDKHO-TerrJIOBbIe orrepan;llll BbIrrOJIHHIOT B rOTOBOM ll3.u;eJIllll. B 3aBllCllMOCTll OT crroco6a HarpeBa pa3JIllQalOT }'TIOrll 8JIeKTpllQeCKlle, rrapoBbIe II 8JIeKTpOrrapoBbIe. YTlOrll Pa3JIll- Q310T rro Becy (OT l.u;o 5 Kr), pa3MepaM II MOn:t;HOCTll. CJIe.u;yeT rrOMHllTb, QTO rrpM BbIrrOJIHeHllll BJIIDKHO-TerrJIOBOll o6pa6oTKll Heo6xo.u;llMO C06JIIO.u;aTb rrpaBlUIa 6e30rraCHOll pa60TbI. . . flp08uflO 6e30nOCHOU p060mbl npu 8blnOflHeHUU BTO 1. OnaCHOCTM BO BpeMSI pa60Tbl: . B03ropaHHe wHypa; · O>KOrH: napOM, 0 nOAOWBY YTiora 101 OT B03ropaHHSI wHypa; . nOpa>KeHHe 3J1eKTpH4eCKHM TOKOM. 2. 4TO HY*HO CAenaTb AO Ha'lana pa60Tbl: . npOBepHTb HcnpaBHOCTb YTiora, wHypa 101 Kopnyca BHJ1KH, 4HCTOTY nOAOWBbl YTiora; . nOCTaBHTb perYJ1S1TOp YTiora Ha TeMnepaTYPY, COOTBeTCTBY- IOW,YIO o6pa6aTbiBaeMoH TKaHH; 42 
. npI-1rOTOBI-1Tb npOYTlO>KI-1l1bHI-1K 1-1 nYl1bBepI-13aTOp; . npOBepl-1Tb Hanl-141-1e pe31-1HOBOrO KOBpl-1Ka. 3. LITO HY>KHO AenaTb BO BpeMR pa60Tbl: . BblnOI1HRTb Bl1a>KHO-TenI10BYIO o6pa6oTKY CTOR Ha pe31-1HO- BOM KOBpl-1Ke; . BKJl104aTb 1-1 BblKI1104aTb YTlOr CYXI-1MI-1 PYKaMI-1, 6paTbCR npl-1 3TOM 3a Kopnyc BI-1I1KI-1, a He 3a WHYP; . CTaBI-1Tb YTlOr Ha cneLll-1al1bHYIO nOACTaBKY; . Cl1eAI-1Tb 3a TeM, 4T06bl WHYP He nepeKpY41-1Bal1CR 1-1 He Ka- canCR nOAOWBbl yrlOra 1-1 yrlOr He neperpeBanCR; . I-1Cn0l1b30BaTb AJ1R YBl1a>KHeHI-1R TKaHI-1 nYl1bBepl-13aTOp. 4. LITO HY>KHO CAenaTb no OKOH'IaHMM pa60Tbl: . BbIKJ11041-1Tb YTlOr; . nOCTaBI-1Tb ero Ha cneLll-1al1bHYIO nOACTaBKY.  B.lTOj/CHo-men.IT080R 06p060mKO. -?- 1. B 4eM 3aKI1104aeTCR Bl1a>KHO-TenI10BaR o6pa6oTKa WBeHHblX I-13Ael11-1H? 2. nepe41-1CI11-1 npaBI-1l1a 6e30nacHoH pa60Tbi npl-1 Bbl- nOI1HeHI-11-1 BTO.  1 O. OprauH3aIJ;HJI pa6oQero MeCTa ,lVI.H BhlnOJIHeHHJI BJIa)KHO-TellJIOBhIX pa60T Pa60Ql1M MeCTOM .n;JUI BbIIIOJIHeHI1.H BJIaJKHO-TerrJIOBOH o6pa- 60TKI1 .HBJI.HeTC.H CKJIa,zI;HOH Y3KI1H CTOJI - ymlO:JfCU/lbHGR aOCKO. BhlnOJIHeHHe BTO Orrepau;1111 rrpl1 BJIaJKHO-TerrJIOBOH o6pa6oTKe BbIIIOJIH.HIOT CTO.H. fIpl1 3TOM paCCTO.HHl1e OT o6pa6aTbIBaeMoro 113.n;eJII1.H.n;o rJIa3 .n;OJDKHO 6bITb 35-45 CM (pHC. 16). Pa60Qee MeCTO .n;OJIJKHO 6bITb xo- pOlliO OCBeeHO. fIpeJK,ZJ;e QeM rrpl1cT}'lII1Tb K BJIaJKHO-TerrJIOBOH o6pa6oTKe .n;e- TaJII1I1JII1I13,lJ,eJIHH, Heo6xo.n;I1MO rrpOBepl1Tb HarpeB yrlOra Ha JIocK}'- Te TOM TKaHI1, KOTOpyro lI}'JKHO yrlOJKI1Tb. 43 
t" 'l " ., ..-:;.' . .  PMC. 16. BbmOI1HeHe BI1a>KHO-TenI10BO o6pa6oTK T eMnepomypo H02pe80 nOaOWBbl ymlO20 6Y,lJ,eT pa3HoM ,lJ,JUI TKa- HeM 113 pa3JII1QHbIX BOJIOKOH: ,lJ,JIH XJIorrQaTo6YMIDKHbIX 11 JIbHHHbIX - 180- 200°C; llIeJIKOBbIX I1llIepCTHHbIX - He BbIllIe 150°C; CI1HTeTI1- QeCKI1X - He BbIllIe 100°C. QTo6bI rrpaBl1.JIbHO BbIIIOJIHHTb BJIIDKHO-TerrJIOB)'IO o6pa6oTl<y ,lJ,eTaJIeM I1JII1 113,lJ,eJIHH, CJIe.n.yeT 03HaKOMI1TbCH C cooTBeTcTBYIoeM TepMI1HOJIOrl1eM (Ta611. 8). Ta6nM4a 8. T epMH0I10rSI BTO T epMUH COaepJICOHUe p060mbl flpuMeHeHue 1 2 , 3 npYTlO>KTb YMeHbwTb TOI1W.Hy WBa npYTIO>KTb KapMaHbl, 11 KpaSi AeTal1 6peTel1, H3 3Ael1SI 3aYTIO>KTb OTorHYTb npnycK Ha WOB, 3aYTIO>KTb CKl1aAK, CKl1aAK B OAHY CTOPOHY npHnycK Ha WOB 101 3aKpenTb HX B TaKOM nOI10>KeH 44 
OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 8 1 2 3 Pa3YTIO>KTb Pa3110>KTb npnycK WBa 11 Pa3YTIO>KTb cTa4Ho CKl1aAK B pa3Hbie CTOpOHbl  3a- WOB nOSlca, 060pK KpenTb X B TaKOM nOI10>KeH AeKaTpOBaTb 06pa6oTaTb TKaHb napOM AeKaTpOBaTb TKaHb AI1S1 npeAoTBpaw.eHSI nepeA paCKpoeM ee nOCl1eAYIOw.e ycaAK OTYTIO>KTb y Aal1Tb 3aMHbl Ha rOTOBOM OTYTIO>KTb roToBoe 3Ael1, BbmOI1HTb OKOH4a- 3Ael1e Tel1bHYIO BTO Tpe6oBaHMR, npeA'bRBnReMble K BbmonHeHMIO Bna>KHO-TennOBbIX pa60T 1. fIocJIe BbIIIOJIHeHI1H KOH MallIl1HHOH OnepaIJ;I1H o6pa- 60TaHHbIH yqaCTOK ,lJ,eTaJIl1 I1JII1 113,lJ,eJII1H }'BJIIDKHHIOT 11 yrlO:>KaT ,lJ,O nOJIHorO BbICbIXaHI1H TKaHI1. 2. ,l(eTaJIH I1JII1 113,lJ,eJIl1e YTIO:>KaT no HanpaBJIeHl110 ,lJ,OJIe- BOH HI1TH. 3. fIpl1 BbIIIOJIHeHl111 BTO o6pa6aTbIBaeMbIH yqaCTOK ,lJ,eTaJIl1 I1JII1113,lJ,eJIIDI pacnOJIaralOT 6JII1:>Ke K pa6oTalOeM}'. 4. He ,lJ,OIrycKaTb ,lJ,e<l>eKToB BTO - 3aMI1HOB, paCTIDKeHI1H TKaHI1I1 T. ,lJ,.  YmlOJlCU.lTbHOR aOCKO, meMnepomypo H02pe80 ym1020. -? - 1. KaKoe paCCTORHHe AOI1>KHO 6blTb OT o6pa6aTbiBaeMoro H3Ae- I1HR AO rl1a3? 2. Ha30BI-1 npaBI-1l1a 6e30nacHo pa6oTbl, KOTopble Heo6xOAI-1MO co6111OAaTb npl-1 BbmOI1HeHI-11-1 Bl1a>KHO-TenI10BO o6pa6oTKH. 3. KaKI-1e Tpe6oBaHI-1R npeAbRBI1RIOT K BbmOI1HeHI-11O BTO? 45 
TeXHOJlOrH.H H3rOTOBJleHH.H lliBeHHOrO H3)J;eJlH.H ($apTYKa) IlIllTb cJIeeT HaqllHaTb C Hall60JIee IIpOCTbIX ll3,ZI;eJIllH, IIO- CTelIeHHO rrepeXO,ZJ;H K 60JIee CJIO)I(HbIM. MbI II03HaKOMllMCH C TeXHO- JIOrlleH ll3roTOBJIeHllH cpapT}'Ka. IIpll BbIlIOJIHeHllll ,ZI;OMaIIlHeH pa60TbI CJIeeT Ha,ZJ;eBaTb cpap- T}'K. Ha3HaqeHlle cpapT}'Ka - IIpe,ZI;OXpaHHTb O,ZI;e)I( OT 3arpH3He- HllH. ct>apT}'Kll 6bIBalOT Ha IIOHCe II C HarpY,ZI;HllKOM. B cpapT}'Ke C Ha- rpY,ZI;HllKOM y.n;06HO pa60TaTb Ha KyXHe. MaJIeHbKllH, OT,ZI;eJIaHHbIH KpY)I(eBOM cpapT}'K MO)I(HO Ha,ZJ;eTb II rrOBepX HapH,ZI;HOrO IIJIaThSI, KOr,ZI;a B O)I(H,ZJ;aHllll rOCTeH HaKpbIBaelilb Ha CTOJI. B cpapT}'Ke JII060H MO,ZI;eJIll MO)I(HO BbIIIOJIHlITb HaKJIa,ZJ;Hble KapMaHbl. ,lVrH IIOlIlllBa cpapT}'KOB llCIIOJII>3YIOT B OCHOBHOM XJIOlIqaTo6y- MaJKHbIe II JIbHHHble TKaHll - rJIa,ZJ;KOKpalIleHble II C pllC}'HKOM. OT,ZI;eJIKa cpapT}'KOB MO)I(eT 6bITb CaMOH pa3HOo6pa3HOH: TeCbMa, KpY)I(eBO, IIllITbe, BbIlIlllBKa, alIrrJIllKaIJ;llH, TKaHb ,ZI;pyroro IJ;BeTa, OT,ZI;eJIOqHble ,ZI;eTaJIll, 060pKll. IIpe,ZJ;JIaraeM ,ZI;Ba BapllaHTa ll3rOTOBJIeHillI cpapT}'Ka: Ha IIOHCe II C Harpy.n;HllKOM. ,lI,JIH BbIIIOJIHeHllH TBOpqeCKOrO IIpOeKTa Te6e He- 06XO,ZI;llMO BbI6paTb O,ZI;H}' IIOHpaBllBrnylOcH MO,ZI;eJIb.  11. CIUITHe MepOK JVI.H nOCTpOeHH.H qepTe.>Ka BbIKpOHKH QTo6bI ClIlllTb JII060e ll3,ZI;eJIlle, Heo6xo,ZI;llMO llMeTb ero BbIKpOHK}'. IICXO,ZI;HbIMll ,ZI;aHHbIMll ,ZJ;JIH IIOCTpoeHllH qepTe)I(a BbIKpOHKll HBJIHIOTCH MepKU. CHRmue MepOK - orrpe,ZI;eJIeHlle pa3MepOB cpllrypbI qeJIOBeKa rryreM ero ll3MepeHllH IIO KOHCTPYKTllBHbIM JIllHllHM (JIll- Hllll lIlell, JIllHllll rpY,ZI;ll, JIllHllll TaJIllll, JIllHllll 6e,ZI;ep). MepKll CHllMalOT IIpll rrOMOll caHTllMeTpOBOH JIeHTbI C qe- JIOBeKa, CTOHero IIpHMO, B eCTeCTBeHHOH II03e, C oeHHbIMll BHll3 PYKam (plle. 17). CaHTllMeTpoBYIO JIeHT}' IIpll 9TOM He oCJIa6- JIHIOT II He HaTHrllBaIOT. IIepe,ZI; CHHTlleM MepOK Heo6xo,ZI;llMO TOqHO 46 
nUHUR HU30 nUHUR monuu nUHUR 6eaep PMC. 17. CHSlTlo1e MepOK AI1S1 nOCTpoeHIo1S1 4epTe>Ka cjJapTYKa orrpe.n;eJIHTb JIHHHIO TaJIHH. ,l(.ilS! :'noro TaJIHIO rrepeB.H3bIBaIOT Y3KHM rrO.SlCOM IUIH TecbMoM. 3aTeM rrpHcT}'IIaIOT K H3MepeHHIO. MepKH CHHMaIOT C rrpaBoM CTOpOHbI cpHrypbI, rrpH aTOM MepKH ,lVIHHbI 3arrHCblBaIOT rrOJIHOCTbIO, a 06XBaTOB (OKpy:a(HOCTeM) TaJIHH H 6e- .n;ep - B rrOJIOBHHHOM pa3Mepe (rrO.1l}'o6XBaT), TaK KaK qepTe)l( CTpO- .SIT Ha rrOJIOBHH)' cpHrypbl. K3)K,lJ;a.H MepKa HMeeT CBoe 0603HaqeHHe (Ta611. 9). Ta6nMLI,a 9. MepKH AI1S1 nOCTpoeHHSI 4epTe>Ka cjJapTYKa H0380Hue 0603HOl./eHUe Mecmo H03HOl./eHUe MepKU MepKU U3MepeHUR MepKU 1 2 3 4 1. nOl1yo6xBaT C T 1113MepSleTcSI ,lJ,11S1 pac4e- rail 101101 ropH30HTal1bHO BOKpyr Ta AI1HHbl Tall 101101 nOSica 47 
OKOHI.{OHUe ma6.IT. 9 1 2 3 4 2. nOl1y06xBaT C 6 1113MepSleTcSI ropH30HTal1b- AI1S1 pac4e- 6eAep HO BOKpyr 6eAep, C3aAH Ta WHpHHbl no HaH60l1ee BblcTynalO- Q>apTYKa W,HM T04KaM SlrOAH4, cne- peAH C Y4eToM BblcTyna >KHBOTa 3. AI1HHa AI-! 1113MepSleTcSI cnepeAH OT AI1S1 onpe- H3Ael1HSI I1HHHH Tal1HH 4epe3 Bbl- Ael1eHHSI cTynalOw,ylO T04KY >KHBOTa AI1HHbl AO >Kel1aeMO AI1HHbl Q>apTYKa -. npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 9 CHRTMe MepOK Momepuoflbl U UHcmpYMeHmbl: caHTHMeTpOBaJI l1eHTa, Y4e6HHK, pa604aJl TeTpa)J,b, TeCbMa HI1H TOHKHH nOJlc )J,11J1 cpHKca4HH I1HHHH TaI1HH. 1. CHJlTb C ce6J1 MepKH caMOCTOJlTel1bHO 04eHb CI10>KHO. n03TOMY nonpOCH O)J,HOKl1aCCHH4Y CHJlTb C Te6J1 MepKH, Heo6xo)J,HMble )J,11J1 nOCTpOeHHJI 4epTe>Ka cpapTYKa. 2. 3ano11HH HH>KeCl1e)J,YIOw,ylO Ta611H4Y B pa604ei:! TeTpa)J,H. H03BoHue MepKU 0603HOl./eHUe MepKU Pe3Y.ITbmombl u3MepeHuu ---tt- MepKu, CHRmue MepOK. -? - 1. ,D,11J1 4ero CHHMalOT MepKH? 2. KaK npaBHl1bHO CHJlTb MepKH? 3. n04eMY MepKH )J,I1HHbl 3anHCblBalOT nOI1HOCTblO, a o6xBaToB - B nOI1OBHHHOM pa3Mepe? 4. KaKHe MepKH Heo6xo)J,HMbl )J,11J1 no- CTpoeHHJI 4epTe>Ka cpapT)'Ka? 48 
 12. KOHCTpynpoBaHHe H MOAeJIHpOBaHHe KOHcmpyupoBoHue - 3TO nOCTpoeHlle qepTe)l(a BbIKpOllKll 1I3,ZJ;eJIll.H. MOaeflupoBaHue - 3TO npou;ecc 1I3MeHeHIl.H qepTe)l(a BbIKpOll- Kll B COOTBeTCTBllll C BbI6paHHOll MO,ZJ;eJIbIO. MOaeflb - 06pa3eu; 113,ZJ;eJIll.H, C03,ZJ;aBaeMbIll XY,ZJ;O)l(HllKaMll, MO,ZJ;eJIbepaMll, KOHCTpYKTopaMll. OmtCaHMe MOAenM. cI>apT}'K,lVl.H ,ZJ;eBOqKll (pa3Mep 158-80) 113 XJIOnqaT06YMaJKHOll TKaHll np.HMOll cpOpMbI CO c60pKaMll no JIllHllll TaJIllll 11 60JIbllIllM HaKJIa,z:J;HbIM KapMaHOM nocepe,ZJ;IlHe (pHC. 18). BepxHllll cpe3 OCHOBHOll ,ZJ;eTaJIll cpapryKa 06pa60TaH npllTaqHbIM nO.HCOM C 3aB.H3blBaIOIlMIlC.H KOHu;aMll, Hll)I(Hllll 11 60KoBbIe - IDBOM Bno,ZJ;rll6Ky C 3aKpbITbIM cpe30M. QT06bI CllIllTb cpapT}'K, He06xo,ZJ;IlMO llMeTb ero BbIKpOllKy, no KOTOpOll paCKpaIfBaIOT TKaHb; a ,lVl.H no.nyqeHll.H BbIKpOllKll CTpO.HT qepTe)l(. BbIllOJIHeHlle qepTe)l(a cpapT}'Ka - HeCJIO)l(HaJI pa- 60Ta, O,ZJ;HaKO OHa Tpe6yeT onpe,ZJ;eJIeHHOll nOCJIe,ZJ;OBaTeJIbHOCTll no- CTpoeHlliI (pHC. 19; Ta611. 10). cI>apT}'K MO,ZJ;eJIllpyroT Ha OCHOBe nocTpoeHHoro qepTe)l(a. Ha pHCYHKe 20 nOKa3aHbI pa3JIllqHbIe BapllaHTbI MO,ZJ;eJIllpOBaHll.H OCHOBHOll ,ZJ;eTaJIll cpapryKa, a Ha pHCYHKe 21 - BapllaHTbI MO,ZJ;eJIllpO- 1  J:3 , l/ J - PMC. 18. Q>apTYK Ha nOSice T 1 T K 2 K K3 K 1 H 1 H n 3 I 8 : n n 2 I\):n 1 PMC. 19. nOCTpOeHl-1e BbIKpo.:1KI-1 cpapTYKa Ha nOSice 49 
BaHII.H KapMaHa. K BbI6paHHOMY BapMaHry OCHOBHOM ,lJ,eTaJIM cpapTYKa rrO,lJ,6MpaIOT KapMaH Orrpe,lJ,eJIeHHOM cpOpMbI. Ta6nM...-a 10. nOCTpoeHHe 4epTe>Ka <t>apTYKa Ha nOSlce (pa3Mep 158-80) H03(3oHue ompe3KO Pocl./em flocmpoeHue 1. JlHHHSI Tal1HH - B T04 Ke T nOCTpOHTb npSl MOH yrol1 2. JlHHHSI HH3a .D.j.1 = 30 CM OT T04KH TBHH30TI10>KHTb Bel1H4HHY MepKH .D.j.1 H nOCTaBHTb T04KY H 3. WHpHHa C 6 = 40 CM OT T04eK TH HOTI10>KHTb <t>apTYKa C 6 : 2 + 6 = Bl1eBO n0l1Y4eHHYIO Bel1H4HHY = 40 : 2 + 6 = H nOCTaBHTb T04KH T 1 H H 1 . = 26 CM COe,D,HHHTb T04KH T 1 H H 1 npSlMoH I1HHHeH. nOCTpOHTb npSlMoyrOl1bHHK THH 1 T 1 4. MeCTO pacnol1o- nOCTOSlHHaSi Or T04KH T OTI10>KHTb BHH3 6 CM >KeHHSI KapMaHa Bel1H4HHa H nOCTaBHTb T04KY K Or T04KH K BHH30TI10>KHTb 14 CM H nOCTaBHTb T04KY K 1 . Or T04eK KH K 1 BI1eBO OTI10>KHTb 10 CM, npOBeCTH npSlMble H nOCTaBHTb T04KH K 2 H K3. COe,D,HHHTb T04KH K 2 H K3 u u npSlMoH I1HHHeH 5. WHpHHa nOSlca 6 CM OT T04KH nOTI10>KHTb BHH3 WHPHHY nOSlca 6 CM. nOCTaBHTb T04 KY n 1 6. )J.I1HHa nOSlca C T = 30 CM OT T04KH n 1 OTI10>KHTb C X 2 + 20 = Bl1eBO ,D,I1HHY nOSlca 80 CM T = 30x2+20 = H nOCTpOHTb npSlMoyrOl1bHHK = 80 CM n 1 n 2 n 3 n 50 
r / 'f' nl r+_ . t= I  w =t . . .. '. .. . .: . \ 1 . -.. ' :_.;j;  :::-;-1l J - -"  ;::- -. PMC. 20. MOAem1poBaHIo1e OCHOBHO AeTallH cpapTYKa PMC. 21. MOAel1lo1pOBaHHe KapMaHa -. npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo}lg 10 KOHCTPYMpOBaHMe tl>apTYKa Momepuoflbl l uHcmpYMeHmbl U npucnoc06fleHuR: m1HeKa 3aKpo- w.Ka, yro/lbHK, KapaHp,aw, /laCTK, }'4e6HK, pa604afl TeTpap,b. nO/lb3YflCb Ta6/lu.e 10, nocTpo B pa604e TeTpap, YMeHbweH- Hbl 4epTe>K cpapTYKa no CBOM MepKaM. .Q/lfl 3TOro BOCnO/lb3Y- '1 JI!"I!II'"nl"'''''''I'''I!I'I!II''''II''''I'I ; G  "....IJIIOC:IM --c;;;..;;"'--"" l"-1 -I"; ..I:" '"  'ei._ :tl '! 1= =1 c J:i I t:i  ../11... tf 'H"£AlfA SAlt' .... MKA ..... N (\') oct V)  .....fa; OJ  ::  ,il i  I("!!    re  I 5.] 'M""'''''''''''''''' U2eSaUggHaaua68L95hE1 0 . , d I LoA I 1..4.L I I I 1 I I j I ! I I ,i I I , j I I , . IIIodI.J PMC. 22. JlIo1HeiiKa 3aKpow.HKa 51 
C I1HHeHKOH 3aKpOHllI.HKa (pHC. 22). .lJ,JlHHa I1HHeHKH 3aKpOHllI.H- Ka MO>KeT 6bITb pa3HoH: 25 CM, 30 CM, 40 CM. -. flpOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo JIg 11 MOAenMpOBaHMe 4>apTYKa Momepuoflbl, UHcmpYMeHmbl U npucnoco6fleHuR: I1HHeHKa, yrOl1bHHK, KapaHAaw, JlaCTHK, Y4e6HHK, pa604a TeTpaAb. BblnOI1HH B pa604eH TeTpaAH MOAel1HpOBaHHe cpapTYKa (pHC. 23-25) B COOTBeTCTBHH C Bbl6paHHoH MOAel1blO, Hcn0l1b3Y n0l1Y4eHHblH 4epTe>K BbIKpOHKH. Ompe- 30mb J  J I PMC. 23. BblnOI1HeHl-1e MOJJ,el1l-1pOBaHI-1S1 OCHOBHO JJ,eTaJlI-1 cpapTYKa PMc.24.Bbln0I1HeHl-1e MOJJ,el1l-1pOBaHI-1S1 KapMaHa PMC. 25. BblKpol:1Ka cpapTYKa (l1eKaI1o) -4- KOHcmpyupo80Hue, MOaeflupo80Hue, MOaeflb. -1 - 1. 4TO Ha3bIBaIOT KOHCTPYHpoBaHHeM? 2. 4TO TaKoe MOAeI1HpO- BaHHe? 3. 4TO Ha3blBalOT MOAel1blO? 52 
 13. TeXHOJIOrH.H H3rOTOBJIeHH.H 4>apTyxa Ha nO.Hce TIpe)K,Zl;e qeM npllCT}'IIIITb K nOllIllBY <pap'I)'Ka, Heo6xo,ll;IIMO BbInOJIHIITb HeCKOJIbKO nOCJIe,ll;OBaTeJIbHbIX onepaQUH. llOArOTOBKa BbIKpOHKH K paCKpolO 1. TIO,ll;nIlIIIII Ha3BaHII.H ,lI;eTaJIeM: <pap'I)'Ka. 2. YKaJKlI CTpeJIKOH HarrpaBJIeHlle ,lI;OJIeBOH HIlTIl. 3. HanllIIIII BeJIlIqllHbI npllrrycKoB Ha IIIBbI (QII<PPaMll B KPY- .>KOqKe) : OCHOBHaJI J];eTaJIh cl>apTYKa: no HIDKHeMy II 60KOBbIM cpe3aM - 15 MM; no BepxHeMy cpe3Y - 10 MM; KapMan: no HIDKHeMy II 60KOBbIM cpe3aM - 15 MM; no BepxHeMy cpe3Y - 10 MM; DOJlC: no BceM Cpe3aM - 10 MM. 4. OTMeTb IIITpIlXlI}'HKTllpHOH JIIIHlIeM: cepe,ll;lIl1)' ,lI;eTaJIeH. lloArOTOBKa TKaHH K pacKpolO 1. Onpe,ll;eJIII MlIlI)' II IIIIIPllll)' TKaHIl. I1cxo,ll;.H 1I3 ::)Toro pac- CqIITaH pacxo,ll; TKaHIl Ha MO,ll;eJIb. 2. Bbl.HBIl ,lI;e<peKTbI TKaHIl (c nOMObIO yqIlTeJI.H). 3. Onpe,ll;eJIII JIIIQeB}'IO II 1I3HaHOqH)'IO CTOpOHbI TKaHIl. 4.0npe,ll;eJIII HanpaBJIeHlle ,lI;OJIeBOM: HIlTIl B TKaHIl (HIlTIl OCHOBbI). 5. TIpO,ll;eKaTlIpyi1: TKaHb. 53 
PaCKJIa,n;Ka .n;eT3JIeH BbIKpOHKH Ha TKaHH H paCKpOH 1. CJIO)J(11 TKaHb IIOIIOJIaM, JII1:QeBOll CTOpOHOll BH)'Tpb, IIO P;O- JIeBOll HI1TI1. 2. Pa3JIO)J(M p;eTaJIl1 BbIKpOllKI1 Ha TKaHI1, YQI1TbIBaJI 0603Ha- QeHl1e p;OJIeBOll HI1TI1 Ha BbIKpollKax 11 HaIIpaBJIeHl1e p;OJIeBOll HI1- TI1 B TKaHI1. (CHaQaJIa paCKJIap;bIBalOT KpYIIHble p;eTaJIl1, a 3aTeM - MeJIKl1e. ) 3. IIpl1KOJII1 p;eTaJII1 BbIKpOllKI1 6YJIaBKaMI1 K TKaHI1. 4. 06Bep;11 KOHT}'PbI p;eTaJIell BbIKpOllKI1. 5. OTJIO)J(11 IIpl1l1}'CKI1 Ha llIBbI COrJIaCHO II. 3 IIop;rOTOBKI1 BbI- KpOllKI1 K pacKpolO Ha c. 53. 6. HaMeTb MeCTO paCIIOJIo)J(eHI1H KapMaHa. 7. PaCKpOI1 4>apT}'K. 8. OTKOJII1 p;eTaJII1 BbIKpOllKI1 OT BbIpe3aHHblx p;eTaJIell KpOH. CKOJII1 p;eTaJIl1 KpOH 6YJIaBKaMI1. Ilemanu KpOR - 8TO p;eTaJIl1, 113 KOTOpbIX COCTOI1T 4>apT}'K, BbIKpoeHHble 113 TKaHI1 C IIpl1l1}'CKaMI1 Ha llIBbI (pHC. 26). I [JJ 2 1  -----------  ----  -- : 3 PMC. 26. ,lJ,eTaJlH KpOJ'l 4>apTYKa Ha nOJ'lce: 1 - OCHOBHaJ'l AeTaJlb 4>apTYKa; 2 - KapMaH; 3 - noJ'lc;  - HanpaBl1eHHe AOl1eBOH HHTH. 54 
TeXUOJlOrH'IeCKaJI nOCJle,ll;OBaTeJlbHOCTb H3rOTOBJleHH.H cjJapT}'Ka Ha nO.HCe 1. IIo,n;roToBb ,n;eTaJIll KpOH K CMeTbIBaHlllO (Ta611. 11). 2. 06pa6oTaM HaKJIa,lI;HOM KapMaH (Ta611. 12). 3. Coe,n;IlHll KapMaH C OCHOBHOM ,n;eTaJIblO <papTYKa (Ta611. 13). 4. 06pa6oTaM Hll)KHllM H 6oKoBbIe cpe3bI <papTYKa (Ta611. 14). 5. 06pa6oTaM BepxHllM cpe3 <papTYKa (C60pKll) (pHC. 27,28). 6. 06pa6oTaM nOHC (Ta611. 15). 7. 06pa6oTaM BepxHllM cpe3 <papTYKa npll'ra'IHbIM nOHCOM, (Ta611. 16). Ta6ml4a 11. nOAroToBKa AeTaJ1e KpOSI K CMeTblBaHHIO nOC.lTeaOBOme.ITbHOCmb BblnO.ITHeHUR p060mbl J1306poJICeHUe 1 2 1. npol10>KH KonHpOBal1bHble CTp04KH ., - - - - no 60KOBO I1I1HI1I1 I1I1HHI1H nOArl16KI1 ;1 . OCHOBHO AeTal1H Q>apTYKa ''<f' .A. '''\ .' . . - . I . , '< 2. nepeHeCI1 MeCTO pacn0l10>KeHHSI KapMaHa ( , '. -I, .: Ha APyrylO CTOPOHY AeTal1H C nOMOUJ,blO .: AAAAA < I KOnl1pOBal1bHblX CTp04eK d <I___-e.-....._- < 1\ A A. A A /I. /1.-" '" A 3. YAal111 6Yl1aBKI1. Pa3ABI1Hb AeTal1b TaK, ( , 4T06bl HI1TKI1 CTe>KKOB HaTSlHYI1I1Cb, pa3pe>Kb ( ( I1X nocepeAI1He Me>KAY ABYMSI Cpe3aMI1 . <A.A.AAJ\, . ", . , . AeTa1111 ( ( ( . ' I .:  < . A.n..n.A.A"," . J '. , I - 'I ' "''\.AAI\.....AI\'''AA. .: - I. 55 
1 4. HaMeTb MeI10BO I1HHHeH cepeAHHY Q>apTYKa Ha H3HaH04HOH CTopOHe AeTal1H 5. np0110>KH npSlMblMH CTe>KKaMH I1HHHIO cepeAHHbl Q>apTYKa. ,lJ,I1HHa CTe>KKOB - 15-20 MM 6. np0110>KH KonHpOBal1bHble CTp04KH no 60KOBO I1HHHH, I1HHHH HH3a KapMaHa 101 no BepxHe I1HHHH KapMaHa 7. Pa3ABHHb AeTal1b KapMaHa TaK, 4T06bl HHTKH CTe>KKOB HaTSlHYI1HCb, 101 pa3pe>Kb HX nocepeAHHe Me>KAY ABYMSI cpe3aMH AeTal1H 8. Ha H3HaH04HO CTopOHe KapMaHa HaMeTb Mel10M I1HHHIO cepeAHHbl KapMaHa I;! np0l10>K1;! no He npSlMble CTe>KKH. ,lJ,I1HHa CTe>KKOB - 10-15 MM 56 OKOH'IOHUe mo6.IT. 11 2 . - r  . :;--i-- t , 1',- -,  1 , ! ' '<;. _ _ -_ .. _ _ -c..' ! r . '- - - - - - - - .{ -' - ;% - - .'- ...?"-_I <. <.A.AAAAiA.  1."01 .I\..,t\.AAA 
Ta6nHLI,a 12. 06pa6!>TKa HaKl1aAHoro KapMaHa nOCJ1eaOBOme.ITbHOCmb BblnO.ITHeHUR p060mbl 1 1. neperHIo1 nplo1nYCK Ha 06pa60TKY BepxHero Kpa KapMaHa no HaMe4eHHO I1Io1HIo1Io1 Ha 111014eBYlO CTOPOHY 101 nplo1YTIO>Kb 2. nOABepHIo1 nplo1nYCK BepxHero cpe3a Ha 10 MM 101 3aYTIO>Kb 3. CMeTa 101 06Ta4a yrl1bl KapMaHa Ha Bel110141o1HY nplo1nYCKa no 60KOBbiM cpe3aM KapMaHa no np0110>KeHHb1M PY4HbIM CTp04KaM 4. Y Aal1lo1 HIo1TKIo1 cMeT04Ho CTp04KIo1, BblBepHIo1 06pa60TaHHbl nplo1nYCK BepxHero cpe3a KapMaHa Ha 1013HaH04HYlO CTOPOHY, BbmpaBb yrol1KIo1 KapMaHa KOl1blWKOM J1306poJICeHUe 2 #" J: I - ...  .. .. .. . .. "- .. " I- " " " .. .. \  ... .. .. .. ... ...'  .;-- .1 , " ;;; " I " .. ... ... ':; ... I. ... , ,. ;;;  I.. ... \  .. t& ... - ... . " .. ... "- ... ...  .. ,.... . . , J ... ... .<to. 0 ",""  .. ... .... . I I. , I 1 1 ... .. ,,\, , \ .... l , ---_..:::_-, 57 
1 5. 3aMeTa 101 3aCTp04101 nOAorHYTbl cpe3 KapMaHa Ha paCCTOSlHlo1101 2 MM OT KpaSi 6. YAal1101 HIo1TKIo1 3aMeT04Ho CTp04KIo1, nplo1YTIO>Kb BepxHIo1 Kpa KapMaHa 7. 3aMeTa HIo1>KHIo1 101 60KoBbie cpe3bl KapMaHa no HaMe4eHHbiM I1Io1HIo1S1M 8. nplo1YTIO>Kb KapMaH C H3HaH04HO CTOpOHbl 58 OKOHI./OHue-m06.IT. 12 2 .. -!' -- .. I " "" .. I r , , , , " , , - - - - --- --... I , I .... 'i I - - - - . - -'"\ . ...........;.. --..  ... I r " I I "" -, I __,;-___1 . 'k "- .. I II, , \, I I .. j. .... .... -:--:--11 "'.. \ :,:, ... \\ 
Ta6nM4a 13. CoeAHHeHHe KapMaHa C OCHOBHO AeTal1blO Q>apTYKa nOC.lTeaOBame.ITbHOCmb BblnO.ITHeHUR pa60mbl 1. HaI10>KH 06pa60TaHHbl KapMaH Ha OCHOBHYIO AeTal1b Q>apTYKa no np0I10>KeH- HblM KonHpOBal1bHblM CTp04KaM, COBMeCTHB I1HHHIO cepeAHHbl Q>apTYKa C I1HHHe CepeAHHbl KapMaHa. npHKOI1H KapMaH 6YI1aBKaMH 11306pa:JICeHue ,... -t _ ... '_,,  FF- Ji.- t'\ H - '''(1 -' \ I . . f ".)  ,.1_ -:r.>- - -- -- 2. HaMeTa KapMaH. YAal1H 6YI1aBKH - r'- H. --;-- 1 .  f '- ........ ._... _..,.,_'Ii .. "'u .... \ 3. HacTp04H KapMaH Ha OCHOBHYIO AeTal1b OTAeI104HO CTp04KO Ha paCCTOSlHHH 2 MM OT KpaSi. B Ha4al1e 101 B KOH4e OTAeI104HO CTp04KH BblnOI1HH MaWHHHble 3aKpenKH .FA G 4. Y Aal1H HHTKH BpeMeHHoro Ha3Ha4eHHSI, npHYTIO>Kb KapMaH r . w ': " .. -::F- ';- \ - ..." . I .... _--_ "" _:J .. . 59 
Ta6nM4a 14. 06pa60TKa HH>KHerO 101 60KOBbiX cpe30B Q>apTYKa WBOM BnoArH6KY C 3aKpblTbiM cpe30M nOC.lTeaOBOme.ITbHOCmb BblnO.ITHeHUR p060mbl 1 1. nOABepHH HH>KHH cpe3 Q>apTYKa Ha H3HaH04HYIO CTOPOHY Ha 5 MM 101 3aMeTa 2. nOABepHH HH>KHH cpe3 Q>apTYKa BTOpO pa3 no HaMe4eHHO I1HHHH nOArH6KH HH3a 101 3aMeTa 3. 3acTp04H Ha paCCTOSlHHH 2 MM OT nOAO- rHYToro KpaSl. y AaJ1H HHTKH 3aMeT04HbiX CTp04eK. npHYTIO>Kb 4. CPe>Kb BblCTynalOHe npHnYCKH WBa Ha yrol1KaX 60 J1306poJICeHUe 2  7---1----1 I I : ., \ L___-I_____.! r ' f----f---\ , I : t  \ :------f:.....---1 . t  r ,--.11;,------ : .! \ -/ t \  J ,'''- '---:-1------..!. ".,:,"" ..  ......:;r .' , 
OKOHl./aHUe ma6.IT. 14 1 2 5. nOABepHH 60KoBbie cpe3bl Q>apTYKa Ha H3HaH04HYIO CTOPOHY Ha 5 MM H 3aMeTai1 ,  I I ;----,---\ : I \ : '"' , '------I-----.! I ,  6. nOABepHH 60KoBbie cpe3bl BTOpO pa3 no HaMe4eHHbiM I1HHHSlM H 3aMeTa, aKKypaTHo 3anpaBI1S1S1 npHnYCKH WBOB B yrOI1KaX r ,----"?---- , I  \ , t , , f .. , , .. .0- ... \ , , L____----! t .  J. 7. 3acTp04H Ha paCCTOSlHHH 2 MM OT nOAorHYTblX KpaeB Q>apTYKa. y H HHTKH 3aMeT04HbiX CTp04eK. npHYTIO>Kb  -  . - . t .c \ \ f----f---" ! . \  . 4  L----t-----.! \ l l . \\ , ---- ----- ----- ---- \ . 06pa6oTKa BepXHero cpe3a 4>apTYKa ITo BepXHeM}' cpe3Y <papTYKa BbIllOJIHHIOT MallIl1HHble c6op- KI1. C60pKI1 npl1MeHHIOT KaK cnoco6 C03,[(aHI1H <pOpMbI Ha BbIII}'K- JIOCTb .lKl1BOTa 11 B KaqeCTBe OT,[(eJIKI1 113,[(eJII1H. .lI:JIH o6pa30BaHI1H C60POK no BepXHeM}' cpe3Y <papryKa npo- JIO)KJ1, oTcrynaH OT cpe3a 5 MM, ,[(Be napaJIJIeJIbHbIe MallIl1HHble 61 
CTPOqKII co CJIa6bIM HaTH)KeHlIeM BepXHen HIITKII. PaCCTOHHlIe Me)K- p.y CTpOqKaMII paBHO II1lIplIHe MaIl1IIHHOn JIaIIKII (pHC. 27). BepxHlIn cpe3 q>apryKa CTHHII 3a }J;Be HII)KHlIe HIITKII npOJIO)KeHHbIX MaIl1IIHHbIX CTpOqeK }J;O BeJIlIqlIHbI MepKII CT' KOH- IJ;bI HIITOK 3aBH)K1I Ha Y3eJIKII, qTo6bI C60pKII He pacnycTIIJIIICb. 3a- TeM 06pa30BaBII1IIeCH C60PKII pacnpe}J;eJIII paBHOMepHO no Bcen II1lIplIHe q>apT)'Ka (pHC. 28). ,  ------ f ----- "'"'- .:. -....:::: , 1 I  / ! I \ Ii \ , , 1 1 \ I , L-----t---- J t J } I t \ .. PMC. 27. MawHHHbie CTp04KH AIlSI 06pa30BaHH C60POK p;ifvr1' lr\ , .. .. "'.... ,\ { .. J, , \  - -\ J -1 1 \ " "-- - ... 'I 'II -. 1 i l_\___  _  : 1 PMc.28.PacnpeAel1eHHe C60POK no wHpHHe Ta6nMLI,a 15. 06pa60TKa noca nOC.lTeaOBame.ITbHOCmb BblnO.ITHeHUR p060mbl 11306po:J/CeHue 1 2 1. CMeTa 101 CTa4a ABe AeTal1H noca I iI no HaMe4eHHO I1HHHH - . " .. 2. Y AaI1H HHTKH CMeT04HO CTp04KH,  npHnYCKH WBa pa3YTIO>Kb I , A '" <" L 62 
1 3. CI10>KH AeTal1b noca nOnOl1aM, I1H4eBo CTOpOHO BHyTPb. CMeTa KOH4bl noca Ha paccroHHH 9 MM OT cpe30B AO KOHTpOl1b- HblX T04eK. PaCCTOHHe Me>KAY KOHTpOl1bHbl- MH T04KaMH paBHO MepKe C T 4. 06Ta4a KOH4bl noca Ha paccToSlHHH 10 MM OT cpe30B 5. Y Aal1H HHTKH cMeT04Ho CTp04KH. Cpe>Kb npHnYCKH WBa B yrol1KaX, He AOXOA AO MaWHHHO CTp04KH 3 MM. CAel1a AOnOI1HHTel1bHble HaApe3bl B MeCTax, rAe 3aKaH4HBalOTCSI MaWHHHble CTp04KH 6. BblBepHH noc Ha I1H4eBYIO CTOPOHY, aKKypaTHo BbmpaBI1 yrol1KH KOl1bIWKOM. BbiMeTa noc npSlMblMH cre>KKaMH 7. npHyTlO>Kb noc OKOH'IOHUe m06.IT. 15 2 /.:;:p (/ ' / /,-, I. \ " v' , ... / , 63 
Ta6mn",a 16. 06pa60TKa BepxHero cpe3a Q>apl)'Ka npHTa4HbiM nOSiCOM nOC.lTeaOBOme.ITbHOCmb BblnO.ITHeHUR p060mbl 1. HaJ10>KH noSic Ha I1H4eBYIO CTOPOHY OCHOBHO AeTal1H Q>apTYKa, cOBMew,aSl cepeAHHY nOSica C cepeAHHo BepxHero cpe3a Q>apTYKa. npHKOI1H OAHH cpe3 nOSica 6YI1aBKaMH 2. npHMeTa OAHH cpe3 nOSica co CTOpOHbl OCHOBHO AeTaJ1H Q>apTYKa Ha paCCTOSlHHH 8 MM OT cpe30B. YAaJ1H 6YI1aBKH 101 npHTa4a co CTOpOHbl nOSica no HaMe4eHHO I1HHHH. Y AaJ1H HHTKH BpeMeHHoro Ha3Ha4eHHSI 3. OrorHH noSic 101 npHnYCKH Ha WOB BBepx. BTOpO cpe3 nOSica nOAorHH Ha H3HaH04HyIO CTOPOHY Ha 8 MM 101 3aMeTa, 3aKpblBaSi WOB npHTa4HBaHHSI Ha 2 MM 4. np0110>KH MaWHHHYIO CTP04KY C I1H4eBo CTOpOHbl Q>apTYKa B WOB npHTa4HBaHHSI nOSica. Y AaJ1H HHTKH 3aMeT04HO CTp04KH H npHYTIO>Kb noSic 5. OTYTIO>Kb H3Ael1He 64 J1306poJICeHUe - -:nr {lILJ\ , ___L__) , \  \ '\ ./ I , :. f  " I \ \ 0 .....-- ,.\ .. '"... I . . \\ ----,7: , , . -- # ¥ '/ \ t' \ L_________1 
 14. Oco6eHHOCTH KOHCTpYHpOBaHHJI, Mo.u;eJIHpOBaHH.B H H3rOTOBJIeHHJI cJ>apT}'Ka C Harpy.u;HHKOM OnMcaHMe MOAenM. <I>apTYK C Harpy,n;HIIKOM I13 XJIonqaTo6y- MIDKHOM TKaHII npHMOM <pOpMbI C MHrKIIMII CKJIa,n;KaMII no JIIIHIIII TaJIIIIIII HaKJIa,n;HbIMII KapMaHaMII (pHC. 29). Harpy,n;HIIK coe,n;I1HHeTCH C OCHOBHOM ,n;eTaJIbIO <papTYKa nOH- COM C 3aBH3blBaIOI1MIICH KOHQaMII. Harpy,n;HIIK BbIllOJIHeH C 6peTe- JIHMII. HII3 II 60KOBbIe cpe3bI <papTYKa o6pa6oTaHbI illBOM Bno,n;- rIl6K}' C 3aKpbITbIM cpe30M. CHRTMe MepOK. 06I1e npaBIDIa CHHTIDI MepOK CMOTpIl B  11. .l(JIH nocrpoeHIDI BbIKpOMKII <papTYKa C Harpy,n;HIIKOM ,n;onOJI- HIITeJIbHO CHIIMaIOT ,n;Be MepKII (pHC. 30): ,n;JIIIHa Harpy,n;HIIKa (.l(H) II illIlpIlHa Harpy,n;HIIKa (III H ). 3TII MepKII 3aBIICHT OT BbI6paHHoM Mo,n;eJIII. Ho lIX Mo.lKHO He I13MepHTb II npIl nOCTpoeHIIII qepTelKa (pHC. 31) I1CnOJIb30BaTb KaK nOCTOHHHbIe BeJIIIqIlHbI: ,n;JIIIHa Harpy,n;- HIIKa - 15 CM, rrmpIlHa Harpy,n;HIIKa - 14 CM. PMC. 29. C])apTYK C HarpYAHHKOM W H . . ; . .. .' . . . [].. . .. - "". ...,. PMC. 30. CHSITHe MepOK AI1S1 nOCTpoeHHSI BblKpOHKH cpapTYKa C HarpYAHHKOM 3 TeXHOnOlliR. OT. 5 KII. 65 
-- r.- r 1 . 6 5 1 1 1 52 T 1 T 2 T (( 5 53 DK1 K B K4 K 2 H 1 H 1 1 (( I fl 2 fl3 a 2 PMC. 31. nOCTpoeHHe BbIKpOKH cpapTYKa C HarpYAHI1KOM: 0- OCHOBHaSi AeTal1b cpapTYKa; 6 - HarpYAHI1K; B - 6peTel1b; 2 - noSic qepTe)K <papTYKa C HarpY)J;HI1KOM CTpOHT B nOCJIe)J;OBaTeJIbHo- CTI1, H3JIO)KeHHOM B Ta611H4e 17. Ta6nMl,la 17. nOCTpOeHHe 4epTe>Ka cpapTYKa C HarpYAHHKOM H03BaHue POC4em flocmpoeHue ompe3KO 1 2 3 JlHHHSI Tal1HH - B T04Ke T nOCTpOHTb npSlMo yrol1 JlI1HI1S1 HH3a AM = 35 CM OT T04KI1 TBHH3 OTI10>KI1Tb Bel1114HHY MepKI1 AM 101 nOCTaBHTb T04KY H Wl1pl1Ha C 6 : 2 + 6 = 26 CM OT T04eK T 11 HOT 110>KHTb Bl1eBO cpapTYKa 6 CM - Bel1H4HHa n0l1Y4eHHYIO BeI1114I1HY. nOCTaBI1Tb CKl1aAOK T04KI1 T 1 11 H 1 . COeAI1HI1Tb T04KI1 T 1 11 H 1 npSlMo I1I1Hl1e. nOCTpOI1Tb npSlMoyrol1bHI1K THH 1 T 1 66 
npOaO.IT:JfCeHUe m06.IT. 17 1 2 3 MeCTo nOCTOSlHHaSi 1. aT T04KH TBHH3 OTI10>KHTb 6 CM pacnol1o- Bel1H4HHa 101 nOCTaBHTb T04KY K. >KeHHSI 2. 1113 T04KH K Bl1eBO npOBeCHI KapMaHa ropH30HTal1bHYIO I1HHHIO. 3. aT T04KH KBl1eBO OTI10>KHTb 7 CM 101 nOCTaBHTb T04KY K 1 . 4. 1113 T04KH K 1 BHH3 101 Bl1eBO OTI10>KHTb no 15 CM 101 nOCTaBHTb T04KH K 2 101 K3. 5. CoeAHHHTb T04KH K 1 101 K 2 npSlMo. 6. 1113 T04KH K 2 Bl1eBO 101 1013 T04KH K3 BHH3 OTI10>KHTb no 15 CM 101 nOCTaBHTb T04KY K4' nOCTpOHTb KBaApaT K1K2K4K3 BblcoTa nOCTOSlHHaSi 4epe3 T04KY T BBepx npOAJIHTb HarpYAHHKa Bel1H4HHa npSlMYIO I1HHHIO 101 OTI10>KHTb Ha He 15 CM. nOCTaBHTb T04KY r WHpl1Ha W H = 7 CM 1. 1113 T04KH r npOBeCTH ropH30HTaJlb- HarpYAHHKa HYIO npSlMYIO 101 OTI10>KHTb Ha He 7 CM. nOCTaBHTb T04KY r 1 . 2. 1113 T04KH T OTI10>KHTb Bl1eBO 7 CM 101 nOCTaBHTb T04KY T 2 . 3.CoeAHHHTbT04KH r 1 101 T 2 npSlMo I1HHHe WHpHHa 6 CM aT T04KH fl BBepx OTI10>KHTb 1 nOSica 6 CM. nOCTaBHTb T04KY fl 1 ,lJ,JlHHa CTx 2+20 = aT T04KH fl 1 BnpaBO OTI10>KHTb 80 CM. nOSica = 30 x 2 + 20 = nOCTpOHTb npSlMoyrol1bHHK flfl 1 fl2fl3 = 80 CM 67 
OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 17 1 2 3 . -- -. - . WHpHHa 7 CM OT T04KH 6 BBepx OTI10>KHTb 7 CM. 6peTel1H nOCTaBHTb T04KY 6 1 ,lJ,I1HHa 50 CM OT T04KH 6 1 BnpaBo OTI10>KHTb 50 CM. 6peTel1H nOCTpOHTb npSlMoyrOl1bHHK 66 1 6 2 6 3 MOJJ;eJIHpOBaHHe <l>apT}'Ka C HarpYJJ;HHKOM Mo.n;eJIllpYIOT <paPTYK C Harpy.n;HllKOM Ha OCHOBe nOCTpoeH- Horo qepTe)l(a (pHC. 31). B npoecce Mo.n;eJIllpOBaHllH <papTYKa K BbI- 6paHHOll: Mo.n;eJIll OCHOBHOll: .n;eTaJIll no.n;6llpalOT Harpy.n;HllK onpe.n;e- JIeHHOll: <pOpMbI II KapMaH TaK, IT06bI Bce .n;eTaJIll .n;onOJIHHJIll .n;pyr .n;pyra. Ha pHCYHKax 32 II 33 nOKa3aHbI pa3JIWIHbIe BapllaHTbI Mo.n;e- JIllpOBaHllH OCHOBHOll: .n;eTaJIll <papTYKa II Harpy.n;HllKa. r . " · -. 1ft .. , . .... .... .'. ........ ... " ..,..,- . '.- '- . ...... .... __4!: _...A...__"!.._":JL .,....,- -. ". ... "-'. .. .... .. '"III. ........... ." ." . -,. ....... .... PMC. 32. MOAel1HpOBaHHe OCHOBHOH AeTaJlH cpapTYKa 68 
-, I I I I . ". -.1 D .. -  ..-,;.- . ,..,,'- ,. - . .. " [?TI .  cd 0 :: .... , , . . ... . '. .. ".- .. {1 . , - :. D .. .  .. - . .. :. ,; 6 _.....; 0 ..... '__' .0, '.- -- . .." . -. , .. " ... . .. .. ... .. W .,-.. . .. - . . ...' - .... - -. .. PMC. 33. MOAel1l-1pOBaHHe HarpYAHHKa PMC. 34. MOAel1HpOBaHHe KapMaHa Ha pHCYHKe 34 11306p(l)KeHbI Pa3JIllQHbIe BapllaHTbI Mo,n;eJIll- POBaHUH KapMaHa. 06pa6oTKa BepXHero cpe3a OCHOBHOM AeTanM cJ>apTYKa ITo BepxHeM}' cpe3Y OCHOBHOM ,n;eTaJIll <papTYKa 3aKJIa,n;bIBaIOT MHrKlle CKJIa,n;Kll. CK/lOaKU - 8TO Bll,n; OT,n;eJIKll 113,n;eJIllH. OHII o6pa3YIOTcH rryreM HaJIO)l(eHllH o,n;Horo CJIOH TKaHll Ha ,n;pyroM. ECJIll CKJIa,n;Kll He 3aCTpaQllBaIOT, a TOJIbKO 3aKpeIIJIHIOT no BepXHeM}' cpe3Y ,n;e- TaJIll, TO llX Ha3bIBaIOT MRZKUMU. Pa3JIllQaIOT r.ny611lI)' II llIllPlllI)' CKJIa,n;Kll (pHC. 35). IIIllpllHa CKJIa,n;Kll (h) paBHa r.ny611He CKJIa,n;Kll (I), YMHO)l(eH- HOM Ha 2, T. e. h = Ix2 = 1,5x2 = 3 CM. 1. CJIO)l(Il CKJIa,n;Kll no JIllHllll cepe,n;IlHbI JIlleBOM CTOpO- HOM BH}'Tpb, COBMeru;aJI 6oKoBbIe JIllHllll ,n;pyr C ,n;pyroM. CMeTaM (pHC. 36, 1). 2. 3ayrIO)I(b CKJIa,n;Kll K JIllHllll cepe,n;IlHbI OCHOBHOM ,n;eTaJIll <papTYKa (pHC. 36, 2). 69 
h I a 6 PMC. 35. MSirKHe CKl1aAKH: 0- rl1y6HHa CKl1aAKH, I; 6 - WHpHHa CKI1aAKH, h , , , , '---- . . .  1 . 2 PMC. 36. 06pa30BaHHe CKI1aAKH Mo.n;eJIllpOBaHlle <papTYKa C Harpy.n;HllKOM nOKa3aHO Ha PH- CYHKe 37, a .n;eraJIll KpOH .n;aHbI Ha pHCYHKe 38. ..",. I I I a Ompe30mb 6 B PMC. 37. MOAel1HpOBaHHe cpapTYKa C HarpYAHHKOM: a - OCHOBHaSi AeTaJlb; 6 - HarpYAHHK; B - KapMaH 70 
J13rOTosneHMe €l>apTYKa C HarpYAHMKOM KaK ITO,ll;rOTOBIITb TKaHb K paCKpOIO, pa3JIQ)!UITb BbIKpOllKII Ha TKaHII II paCKpOIITb cpapT}'K, OITIICaHO B  14. nepe,ll; pacKpoeM OTMeTb cJIe,ll;}'lOlIe ITplIrryCKII Ha IIIBbI. I. OCHOBHaH ,lI;eTaJIb cpapT}'Ka: ITO HII)KHeM)' II 60KOBbIM cpe3aM - 15 MM; ITO BepxHeM)' cpe3Y - 10 MM. 2. HarpY,lI;HIIK: ITO BceM cpe3aM - 10 MM. 3. KapMaH: ITO HII)KHeM)' II 60KOBbIM cpe3aM -15 MM; ITO BepxHeM)' cpe3Y - 40 MM. 4. EpeTeJIb: ITO BceM cpe3aM - 10 MM. 5. IIoHC: ITO BceM cpe3aM -10 MM. AeTanM KpOSI €l>apTYKa C HarpYAHMKOM Ha3BaHIIe ,lI;eTaJIell KpOH (CM. pHC. 38): 1 - OCHOBHaH ,lI;eTaJIb cpapT}'Ka, O,ll;Ha ,lI;eTaJIb; 2 - HarpY,lI;HIIK, ,lI;Be ,lI;eTaJIlI; 3 - KapMaII, ,lI;Be ,lI;eTaJIlI; 4 - ITOHC, ,lI;Be ,lI;eTaJIlI; 5 - 6peTeJIb, ,lI;Be ,lI;eTaJIlI. HarrpaBJIeHlIe ,lI;OJIeBOll HIITII ITOKa3aHO CTpeJIKaMII--. I PMC. 38. AeTam1 KpOfi cpapTYKa ClJ[] 2 3  ( ) ------------------ 1 4 1 - ( ) - - - - - - - - - I 5 71 
TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKaB: nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHOCTb H3rOTOBJIeHH.H apTYKa C HarpY,lJ;HHKOM 1. Ilo.n;roToBb .n;eTaJIl1 KpOH K CMeTbIBaHI1IO. 2. 06pa6oTaH KapMaHbI (CM. Ta611. 12). 3. HaCTpOQI1 KapMaHbI Ha OCHOBH}'IO .n;eTaJIb <f>apT)'Ka. 4. 06pa6oTaH HIDKHI1H 11 6oKoBbIe cpe3bI <f>apT)'Ka. 5. 06pa6oTaH BepXHI1H cpe3 OCHOBHOH .n;eraJIl1 <f>apT}'Ka. 6. 06pa6oTaH 6peTeJII1 (Ta611. 18). 7. 06pa6oTaH Harpy.n;HI1K (Ta611. 19). 8. Coe.n;I1HI1 Harpy.n;HI1K C rrOHCOM (Ta611. 20). 9. Coe.n;I1HI1 Harpy.n;HI1K C OCHOBHOH .n;eTaJIbIO <f>apT}'Ka (Ta611. 21). Ta6nHLla 18. 06pa60TKa 6peTel1e nOC/leaof3ome.ITbHOCmb f3b1nO.ITHeHUR p060mbl 1 1. CI1O>KI-1 AeTal1b 6peTel11-1 nOnOl1aM, 111-14eBO CTOpOHO BHYTPb. YpOBHSI cpe3bl 2. CMeTa 6peTel1b no npOAOl1bHOMY 1-1 OAHOMY nonepe4HOMY cpe3aM Ha paCCTOSlHl-11-1 9 MM OT cpe30B 3. 06Ta4a 6peTel1b Ha paCCTOSlHl-11-1 10 MM OT cpe30B. y Aal1l-1 HI-1TKI-1 cMeT04Ho CTp04KI-1 72 J1306po:JICeHUe 2 
I 4. Cpe>Kb npHnYCKH Ha WOB B yrol1KaX HaIo1CKOCOK, OCTaBb 3 MM 5. BblBepHH 6peTel1b Ha I1H4eBYIO CTOPOHY 6. BbiMeTa WOB 06Ta4101BaHIo1S1 6peTel1101 npSlMblMIo1 CTe>KKaMIo1 7. npHYTIO>Kb 6peTel1b. y Aal1lo1 HIo1TKIo1 BbIMeTbIBaHIo1S1 OKOHI./OHUe mo6.IT. 18 2 L. . '1'/ -------------------   , =-----  73 
Ta6nM4a 19. 06pa60TKa HarpYAHHKa nOC.lTeao(3ame.ITbHOCmb (3blnO.ITHeHUR p060mbl 1 1. C110>K11 ABe AeTaJll1 HarpYAHI1Ka 11114eBblMI1 CTOpOHaMI1 BHYTPb, YPOBHSI cpe3bl. CKOI1I1 60KoBbie cpe3bl 6YI1aBKaMI1 2. CMeTa.:160KoBble cpe3bl HarpYAHI1Ka no HaMe4eHHblM I1HHI1S1M. Y Aal1l1 6YI1aBKI1 3. Bl1o>K11 Me>KAY AeTaJlSlMI1 HarpYAHI1Ka 06pa6OTaHHbie 6peTel111 (wBaMI1 K CepeAI1He). CKOI1I1 6YI1aBKaMH AeTa1111 HarpYAHI1Ka no BepXHeMY cpe3Y, 3axBaTbiBaSi 6peTel111 4. CMeTa BepXHHe cpe3bl AeTaJle HarpYAHHKa no HaMe4eHHo.:1I1I1HI1I1. Y Aal1l1 6YI1aBKI1 74 11306poJICeHue 2 
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5. Y.n;a.lUlIOT HllTKM CMeTOqHOll CTPOqKll. Wumbe - 8TO nOJIOCKa TOHKOll oT6eJIeHHOll xJlOnqaTo6YMaJK- HOll TKaHll C oTBepcTllHMll, BKJIlOqeHHbIMll B KOMn03lln;lllO BbIllillB- KH, BblllOJIHeHHOll Ha cnen;llaJIbHbIX MallillHax (pHC. 44). .;,ti:"" .. '; '';':t; i i;:,,<t .-.... J;. i;;',-:<>l /,C:: :. .... ..J..i.. .i.. .'.'. .'.."" . r.r "J-;Y'U ' ....'.. e'!,"*' .:!f; ,.:. .,ft" ......'..'......'... '. ._--,.:,.:.:,:::.'!.:..)f' PMC. 44. WHTbe IIIllTbe BbInycKalOT B Bll.n;e KpaJI (c 3y6n;aMll), npollillBoK H nOJIOTeH; ero npllMeHHIOT AJlH OT.n;eJIKll 6.ny30K, nJIaTbeB, 6eJIbH. IIIllpllHa IlIllTbH 3aBllCllT OT ero Bll.n;a. ,l.(JIH OT.n;eJIKll <papTYKa llCnOJIb3YlOT IlIllTbe B Bll.n;e KpaJI (c 3y6n;aMll). ---.l- fleHmbl, meCbMO, cymo:JIC, wumbe. -? - 1. 4eM MO>KHO OTAel1aTb cpapTYK? 2. KaKoH MaTepHal1 AI1f1 OTAel1KH cBoero cpapTYKa Tbl HCn0l1b3yewb? 82 
TBOp'IeCKII:H npOeKT  16. qTO TaKoe TBop-qeCKHe npoeKTbI TBopl./eCKUU npoeKm - 3TD TBo.H TBDpqeCKaH IITDrDBaH pa6DTa. Ee KaqeCTBD 3aBliCliT DT TDrD, HaCKDJIbKD rrpDqHbl TBDII 3HaHUH II YMe- HUH, rrpIID6peTeHHble Ha ypDKaX TeXHDJIDrMli. qeJIDBeK )KIIBeT, rrDCTD.HHHD CTaJIKIIBaHCb C rrpDCTblMM II CJID)K- HblMII 3a,n;aqaMli. OH 3a.zryMbIBacrC.H: «KaK pellIIITb TY IIJIII IIH}'IO rrpD- 6JIeM}'? KaK rrDCTpDMTb, CllIIITb, CKDHCTpYIIpDBaTb? KaK CD3.n;aTb?» qeJIDBeK paCCMaTpMBaeT pD.n;IIBllIIIeC.H B erD rDJIDBe BapIIaHTbl pellIeHII.H, IIcr H)')KH}'IO IIH<pDpMa:QIIID, cDBeryeTC.H C DrrblTHblMII JIIO.n;bMII. B MTDre DT6IIpaeT ;ryqIIl}'lO lI,ZJ;eIO II rrepeXD.n;IIT K D6.n;yMbl- BaHMIO, KaK DcyecTBIITb KDHKpeTHble Drrepa:QMII, II TDJIbKD rrDCJIe :nDrD rrpIIC'ryrracr K .n;e.ny. ,l.I;pyrIIMM CJIDBaMII, DH 3a,z:J;yMbIBaeT, rrJIa- HliPYcr II DCeCTBJI.Hcr rrpDeKTbl. YI./e6HblU mBOpl./eCKUU npOeKm rrD TeXHDJIDrIIM - 3TD CaMDCTD.H- TeJIbHD pa3pa6DTaHHDe II II3rDTDBJIeHHDe II3.n;eJIMe DT II.n;eII .n;D ee BDrrJIDeHII.H, BblrrDJIHeHHDe rrpli KDHCYJIbTa:QIIDHHDM yqaCTliM yrIMTeJI.H. 113rDTDR7IeHIIIO rrpDeKTHDrD II3.n;eJIII.H rrpe.n;llIecTByeT 6DJIbllIaH pa6DTa: D6.n;yMbIBaHlie II.n;eM, BblIIDJIHeHIIe 3CKII3DB, PIICYHKDB, qep- Te)KeM, pa3pa6DTDK TeXHDJIDrIIqeCKDrD rrpD:Qecca. BapIIaHTbI rrpDeKTDB MDryr 6blTb caMblMII pa3JIIIqHblMli. HeD6.H- 3aTeJIbHD, qTD6bl BeCb rrpDeKT, DCD6eHHD CJID)KHbIM, BblrrDJIH.HJIC.H caMDCTD.HTeJIbHD. qacTb rrpDeKTa MD)KeT 6blTb Y)Ke rDTDBDM IIJIII Bbl- rrDJIHeHHDM yrIIITeJIeM, pD.n;IITeJI.HMII. IIpDeKT MD)KHD pa3pa6DTaTb II BblrrDJIH.HTb BMeCTe C D.n;HDKnaCCHliKaMII, HD rrpli 3TDM pa3.n;eJIIITb erD Ha qaCTII, pacrrpe.n;eJIliB Me CD6DM DTBeTCTBeHHDCTb 3a K3.)K- .n;yro II3 HIIX. ----t.l- T8opl./eCKUU npoeKm, YI./e6HblU mBOpl./eCKUU npoeKm. -? - 4TO Ha3blBalOT TBop4eCKHM npoeKTOM? KaK MO>KeT 6bITb BblnOI1- HeH Y4e6Hbl TBop4eCKH npoeKT? 83 
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Ha meXHOfl02UI./eCKOM 3Tarre BbIrrOJIHHeTCH KOHCTpYMpOBaHlie II3- .n;eJIIiH. MO)l(HO IICrrOJIb30BaTb JIIo6yro JIIiTeparypy, r.n;e rrpe.n;CTaBJIe- HbI II3.n;eJIIIH, KOTOpbIe Bac IIHTepecyroT, H)l;elI rro IIX C03.n;aHIiIO lIJIli YCOBepmeHCTBOBaHIiIO. OKOHqaTeJIbHbIM BapliaHT KOHCTPYKQIIII Heo6xo.n;IIMO BbIIIOJIHIITb B BII.n;e rpaqmqeCKOrO II306paJKeHIIH (3C- KM3, TeXHIIqeCKIiM PIICYHOK, qepTe)l() co BceMII .n;aHHbIMII, Heo6xo- .n;IIMbIMII.n;.nH ero II3rOTOBJIeHIIH. ,l.I;aJIee Ha TeXHOJIOrIIqeCKOM 3Tarre rrJIaHlipYeTCH TeXHOJIOrliH II3- rOTOBJIeHIIH rrpoeKTHoro II3.n;eJIIiH (pa3pa6aTblBaIOTCH TeXHOJIOrII- qeCKMe II MapmpyrHbIe KapTbI) II BbIIIOJIHHeTCH BCH pa60Ta rro ero C03,1J,aHIiIO. OqeHb BaJKHO C06JIIO,IJ,aTb rrpli 3TOM rrpaBIiJIa 6e30rrac- HOM pa60TbI. Ha 3aKJIIOqIITeJIbHOM, OHOflUmUl./eCKOM, 3Tarre C03.n;aHIiH rrpoeKTa rrpOBo.n;IITCH IIcrrbITaHlie II KOHTpOJIb rOTOBoro II3.n;eJIIIH, orrpe.n;eJIe- Hlie MaTepIIaJIbHbIX 3aTpaT Ha ero II3rOTOBJIeHIIe, OQeHKa rrpoeKTa II M3.n;eJIIiH. QTo6bI orrpe.n;eJIIITb 3aTpaTbI Ha MaTepIIaJIbI, H}')I(HO 3HaTb, CKOJIbKO II KaKlie MaTepIIaJIbI rroHa,z:J;o6HTCH Ha M3rOTOBJIeHIIe II3.n;e- JIlffi, 3HaTb QeH}' Ha 3TII MaTepIIaJIbI II Ha OCHOBe 3Toro BbIqIICJIIITb .n;eHe)l(HbIe 3aTpaTbI. nOCJIe.n;HIIM mar - 3TO 3aIITa rrpoeKTa. K 3aIITe .n;OJI)I(HbI 6bITb rrpe.n;CTaBJIeHbI rrOHCHIITeJIbHaH 3arrIICKa K rrpoeKT}' II rOTOBoe II3.n;e- JIlie. B TBOIO 3a,z:J;aqy BXO.n;IIT paCKpbITb .n;OCTOIIHCTBa II He.n;OCTaTKII BbIrrOJIHeHHOro rrpoeKTa, OTBeTIITb Ha Bce CBH3aHHbIe C HIIM Borrpo- CbI. ECJIII eCTb TaKaH B03MO)l(HOCTb, rrpli rro.n;rOTOBKe rrpoeKTa BOC- rrOJIb3yM:CH KOMrrbIOTepOM: .n;.nH Ha60pa TeKCTa, BbIrrOJIHeHIIH 3CKII30B II qepTe)l(eM, II3rOTOBJIeHIIH peKJIaMbI, rrpOBe.n;eHIIH paCqeTOB II T. .n;.  3monbl 8blnOflHeHUR npoeKmo: noucKo8b1U, meXHOfl02Ul./eCKuiJ, OHOflUmUl./eCKuiJ. -? - 1. nepe4HCI1H nOCl1eAOBaTel1bHOCTb BblnOI1HeHHH TBop4ecKoro npoeKTa. 2. 4TO Heo6xoAHMO npeACTaBHTb K 3aLlJ,HTe npoeKTa? 85 
TeXHOJIOrHH H3rOTOBJIeHHH H3,ZJ;eJIH:U H3 JIOCKYTOB Y,n;IlBllTeJIbHOe PYKO,n;eJIlle - flOcKymHoR meXHUKO - CBOllMll KOpHHMll YXO,n;IlT nry60Ko B ,n;peBHOCTb. Bce HaqaJIOCb C 06bIKHOBeH- HbIX 3anJIaT, KOTopbIe CTaBllJIll Ha ee KpenKlle, HO CJIerKa nOTep- TbIe MeCTa Bell. 3anJIaTbI ,n;eJIaJIll 113 flOcKymo8 - OCTaTKOB, OTpe3- KOB TKaHeM, - pa3Ho06pa3HbIX no <popMe II QBery. ITocTeneHHO Mac- TepllQbI HayqllJIllCb C03,n;aBaTb 113 HllX pa3JIllqHbIe 113,n;eJIllH. B POCCllll IIIHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHlle TaKoe 3aHHTlle no.nyq:ll- JIO BO BTOpOM nOJIOBllHe XIX BeKa. B 3TO BpeMH BO MHorllX ropo,n;ax HaJIa,lJ;IlJIOCb npOIl3BO,n;CTBO pa3JIllQHbIX TKaHeM. B OT,n;eJIbHbIe yrOJIKll npaHbI TKaHll ,n;OCTaBJIillIll KyIIQbI, HO Qae KpeCTbHHe caMll OTnpaB- JIIDIllCb B ropo,n; 3a nOKyIIKOM MaTepllll ,lJ;JIH 06HOBbI. KYCOQKll TKaHll, OCTaBIIIlleCH npll paCKpoe, 3KOHOMHbIe X03HMKII COXpaHHJIll, a nOTOM llllX nyCKaJIll B ,n;eJIo. TaK nOQTll B KCUK,lJ;OM ,n;OMe CTaJIll nOHBJIHTbCH pa- ,n;yroID;lle rJIa3 pa3HOQBeTHbIe o,n;eillIa, HaBOJIOQKll Ha nO,n;yIIIKll, nOJIO- BI1KI111 ,lI;p)'TIIe npe,n;MeTbI 0611xo,n;a, nOJIe3HbIe B X03HMCTBe (pHC. 45). rOTOBbIe 113,n;eJIllH nOpa1KaJIll HpKOCTblO pacQBeToK. ITo BbIllOJIHeH- , "'\ J1 1 . .p ;;..; " .{-IN ' \\ ''"- j.. w,Jt-" f1-:' m.v. \-'>-(JL\...) , ", '»'111" '" ,', if  " / \ ;; \ '\\, ,.."..,,":. ,. ""::: Aa Z:' J/ '.J1 '- -a-' ';' ';' , \}- , 'i:: ,  . ' ,,  . ' ., ; . ' . . . : , ' \ ':\J , . '  ?!r _,' '. \1 ::-........ . .':\J; I;; .. \- " \ ,) ;i. -Q' . PMC. 45. 1113Aem1S1, BblnOI1HeHHble 1-13 110CKYTOB 86 
HOH Be:rn;H MO)KHO 6bDIO Cy,n;HTb 0 BK}'Ce, HaCT})oeHHH, a eCJIH xopomo rrpHCMOT})eTbCH, TO ,n;aJKe Y3HaTb MblCJIH MaCTepHIJ;bl BO BpeMH pa60- TbI Ha,z:J; H3,n;eJIHeM. JIOCK)'THaH TeXHHKa OqeHb rrpocTa, rr09ToM)' ,n;ocryrrHa KaJK- ,lJ,oMy. ,l.I;JIH 9Toro 3£1HHTHH He H}')KHbl KaKHe-TO oc06eHHble MaTepmllIbl, a JIHIIIb JIOCK)'Tbl H HHTKH, KOTopble MO)KHO HaHTH B KaJK.l];OM ,n;OMe. 11 CaMble 06blqHble HHCTpYMeHTbl - HO)KHHIJ;bl 11 Hma. A e:rn;e - <paH- Ta3H.H H )KeJIaHHe C03,n;aTb QTO-JIH60 HOBoe CBOHMH pyKaMH. 3TOT BH,n; pyKo,n;eJIHH He }'TpaTHJI CBoeH rrpHBJIeKaTeJIbHOCTH H CerO,lJ,HH. OQeHb QaCTO Ha CTpaHHIJ;ax )K}1>HaJIOB MO,n;bl MO)KHO ynH- ,n;eTb Mo,n;eJIH, a Ha YJIHIJ;ax ropo,n;OB JIIO,n;eH, o,n;eTblX B H3,n;eJIHH, Bbl- rrOJIHeHHble H3 JIOCK)'TOB. ,l.I;JIH C03,n;aHHH TaKHX H3,n;eJIHH HCrrOJIb3Y- IOTCH He TOJIbKO TKaHH, HO H rrpH)Ka, TeCbMa, OT,n;eJIOQHble llIH}'Pbl, JIeHTbI, KpY)KeBa - CJIOBOM, BCe, QTO HaH,n;eTCH rro,n; PyKOH.  nOCKymHoR meXHUKO, ./TOcKym. -? - 1. 4TO Tbl 3HaeWb 0 B03HIo1KHOBeHa.U1 J10CKYTHO TeXHIo1KIo1 B Poc- CIo1Io1? 2. KaKlo1e 1013AeJ1lo1S1 MO>KHO BblnOJ1HIo1Tb 1013 J10CKYTOB? 3. KaKlo1e MaTeplo1al1bl Io1Cn0J1b3YIOT AJlSl BblnOJ1HeHIo1S1 pa60T 1013 J10CKYTOB?  18. IIo.ZJ;roToBKa o6opYAOBaHHH, HHCTpYMeHTOB H MaTepHaJIOB K pa60Te ,l.I;JI.H BbIIIOJIHeHHH H3,n;eJIHH 113 JIOCK)'TOB He06xo,n;HMO CJIe- ,n;yro:rn;ee 060py,n;OBaHHe: CTOJI, CT}'JI, mBeHHaH MamHHa, }'T1O)KMJIbHaH ,n;OCKa H }'TlOr. OpraHH3aIJ;HH pa60Qero MeCTa H rrpaBHJIa 6e30rraCHOH pa60Tbl rrpH H3rOTOBJIeHHH H3,n;eJIHH H3 JIOCK)'TOB COOTBeTCTBYIOT BblrrOJIHHeMbIM OrrepaIJ;HHM: pyqHblM, MamHHHblM H }'T1O)KHJIbHbIM (CM.  3, 7, 9). K HHcTpYMeHTaM MH pa60T B JIOCK)'THOH TeXHHKe OTHOCHTCH: HrJIbl cpe,n;HHx pa3MepoB; HO)KHHIJ;bl ,n;JIH pacKpoH H rro.n;pe3aHHH HHTeH; CaHTHMeTpOBaH JIeHTa H JIHHeHKa ,n;JIH orrpe,n;eJIeHHH TOQHO- 87 
I []06<>D I PMC. 46. Wa6110Hbi ro pa3Mepa 113,n;eJUUI H H3rOTOBJIeHl1JI W06./TOHOB (Tpa$apeToB ,n;JIH BbIpe3aHH.H ,n;eTaJIeH). K npHcnoco6JIeHMHM - KapToH MJIM nJIOTHaH 6YMara, MeJI M 6YJIaBKM. Bce MHcTpYMeHTbI CJIe,n;yeT xpaHMTb B pa6o- qeH Kopo6Ke, Tor,n;a OHM Bcer,n;a 6y,n;yr no,n; P}'KOH, a AJlH ma6JIOHOB M pMC}'HKOB HY)KHa nanKa. B JIOCKyTHOH TeXHMKe, KaK npaBMJIO, MCnOJIb3YIOTCH reOMe- TpMqeCKHe PMCYHKM MJIM reOMeTpMqeCKaH M03aHKa. 3JIeMeHTaMM 9TOH M03aMKM MOryT 6bITb KBa,z:J;paTbI, npHMoyrOJIbHMKM, pOM6bI, TpeyrOJIbHMKH, meCTM- M BOCbMnyrOJIbHMKM M T.,n;. 06bIqHO Y30- pbI CKJIa,z:J;blBaIOTCH M3 nOBTOpHIOIIJ;MXCH 9JIeMeHTOB, n09TOM)' ,n;JIH y,n;o6CTBa paCKpOH MaTepMaJIa npMMeHHIOT BbIKpOHKM-ma6JIOHbI (pHC. 46). I1x BbIIIOJIHHIOT M3 nJIOTHOH 6YMarM MJIM KapTOHa ,n;JI.H KaJK- ,lJ,oro M3,n;eJIMH. ,l.(JUI pa60TbI MCnOJIb3YIOT mBeHHbIe XJIonqaTo6YMaJKHbIe HMT- KH pa3HbIx IJ;BeTOB M XJIonqaTo6YMaJKHbIe TKaHM - CMTeIJ;, caTMH, 6H3b, XJIOnOK, a TalOKe JIeH. TKaHM MOryT 6bITb rJIa,z:t;KoKpameHbIMM M C PMCYHKOM. B KaqeCTBe npOK./TOaOI./HbIX MomepuonoB MCnOJIb3YIOT CMHTenOH, BaTMH M ,n;p. llo,ll;oop JIOCKyrOB no BeTY Oco6oe BHMMaHMe B JIOCK}'THOH TeXHMKe y,n;eJIHeTCH IJ;Bery M ero COqeTaHMHM. Bce IJ;BeTa YCJIOBHO ,n;eJIHT Ha TenJIbIe (KpacHbIH, OpaH)KeBbIH, OTTeHKH )KeJITOro), XOJIo,n;HbIe (ro.ny6oH, 3eJIeHbIH, CM- HMH, $MOJIeTOBbIH) M HeHTpaJIbHbIe (6eJIbIH, qepHbIH, cepbIH). KpacHbIH, )KeJITbIH M CMHMH IJ;BeTa HBJIHIOTCH OCHOBHbIMM. CO BK}'- COM no,n;o6paTb TKaHM no IJ;Bery ,n;JIH BbInOJIHeHM.H M3,n;eJIMH M3 JIOC- KyTOB nOMO)KeT lJ,BemoBou KpyZ. MO)KHO MCnOJIb30BaTb ,n;JIH HaqaJIa 88 
KPyr, COCTOH:rn;MM 113 meCTM IJ:BeTOBblX ceKTO- POB: KpaCHbIM, opamKeBbIM, )KeJITbIM, 3eJIe- HbIM, CMHMM, <pMOJIeTOBbIM. ,lI;onOJIHMTeJIb- HbIMM npM 9TOM crIMTalOTCH IJ:BeTa ceKTO- POB, pacnOJIO)KeHHbIX ,n;pyr npOTMB ,n;pyra: KpaCHbIM - 3eJIeHbIM, OpaH)KeBbIM - CMHMM, )KeJITbIM - <pMOJIeTOBbIM (pHC. 47). XOpOlliO COqeTalOTCH Me)K,n;y C060M OTTeHKM o,n;Horo IJ:BeTa: TeMHbIM co CBeTJIbIM. PHC. 47. U.BeToBo Kpyr  LlJ06.ITOH, npOK.lTOaOI./Hble MOmepUO.ITbl, 8em080u KPY2. -? - 1. KaKHe 101 HCTpYMeHTbl 101 nplo1cnoco6J1eHIo1J1 Heo6xoAIo1Mbi AJ1J1 1013roTOBJ1eHIo1J1 1013AeJ1H 1013 J10CKYTOB? 2. 4TO TaKoe Wa6J10H? 3. KaK npaBIo1J1bHO nOAo6paTb TKaHIo1 no 4BeTY?  19 . TeXHOJIOrll.H 113rOTOBJIeHH.H rrpHXBaTKH H3 JIOCKyrOB PaCCMOTPMM 9TanbI M3rOTOBJIeHMH npMXBaTKM C MCnOJIb30Ba- HMeM llIa6JIOHOB ,n;JIH paCKpOH. IIHCTpYMeHTbI, MaTepHaJIbI H o6opY)J;OBaHHe: HO)KHMIJ;bI, MrJIa ,n;JIH pyqHbIX pa60T, MbIJIO MJIM MeJIOK, KapTOH, KapaHJ(am, caHTM- MeTpOBa1l JIeHTa, TKaHb ,n;BYX IJ:BeTOB (A M 6), no,n;KJIa,n;01.JHa1l TKaHb, rrpOKJIa,z:J;OqHbIM MaTepMaJI, TKaHb ,n;JIH OKaHTOBKM M3,n;eJIMH, HMTKM llIBeMHble, mBeMHa1l MamMHa, yrlOr. 1. CocTaBneHHe 3CKH3a (3CKU3 - PMCYHOK, no KOTOPOMY C03- ,n;aeTcH M3,n;eJIMe) (pIo1C. 48). QT06b1 nOHHTb TeXHOJIOrMIO coe,n;MHeHMH ,n;eTaJIeM Me)K,lI;)' C060M, MCnOJIb3YM caMbIM npocToM pMC}'HOK M3 KBa,n;paToB o,n;MHaKO- Boro pa3Mepa, HO pa3HbIx IJ;BeTOB. PaCnOJIO)KM MX B qeTbIpe pH,n;a B llIaxMaTHoM nopH,n;Ke. Y Te6H no.rryqMTCH 9CKM3 KBa,n;paTHoM npM- XBaTIrn:, CocToH:rn;eM M3 16 KBa,n;paToB. BbIlIOJIHM ero B ,n;BYX IJ:BeTax. Hal1.rryqllIMH pa3Mep rrpMxBaTKM - 22 x 22 CM. 89 
h ;1 I II L/Bem A  II  L/Bem 6 ( 22cM » PMC. 48. 3CKH3 npHxBaTKH lloneBaR Humb lloneBaR Humb  t"\j  I 5CM I<) 22cM I PMC. 49. 3CKH3 wa6110Ha 2. IhroToBneHMe wa6noHoB (pHC. 49). ITpMxBaTKa COCTOMT M3 qeTbIpex KBa,z:t;paToB 110 ropM30HTaJIM M qcrbIpex KBa,z:t;paToB 110 BepTMKaJIM. 3H<UI pa3MepbI IIpMXBaTKM (22x22 CM), YQMTbIBaH IIpMnyCKM Ha 06pa60TKY cpe30B 6ellKoll (no 1 CM C K3)K,lJ;Oll CTOpOHbI), MO:>KHO paCCqMTaTb pa3MepbI rna6JIOHa: (22 - (1 x 2» : 4 = 5 CM - .n;JIMHa CTOpOHbI rna6JIOHa. 113 KapToHa rum nJIOTHOll 6}'MarM BbIpe:>KM KBa,z:t;paT pa3Me- pOM 5x 5 CM. lI3roToBb ee O.n;MH rna6JIOH pa3MepoM 22 x 2 CM. 3TO 6y.n;cr 06TaqKa IIpMxBaTKM. QT06bI 06JIerqMTb pa60T}' IIpM pacKpoe, BbIIlOJIHM rna6JIOH pa3MepoM 22 x 22 CM. C ero 1I0MObIO MO:>KHO 6b1CTpO BblKpOMTb IIpOKJIa,z:t;KY M 1I0.n;KJIa,z:t;KY IIpMxBaTKM. 3. PacKpoM. B Ta611H4e 23 IIpMBe.n;eHbI paCqeTbI KOJIMqeCTBa .n;eTaJIell M MX pa3MepoB. Ha M3HaHOQHOll cTopoHe TKaHM BbIQepTM KOHT}'P rna6JIOHa: Ha CBeTJIbIX TKaHHX 8TO MO:>KHO c.n;eJIaTb OCTpO 3aTOQeHHbIM KapaH- .n;amOM, a Ha TeMHbIX - MbIJIOM lUIM MeJIKOM. ,l(ai1 IIpMnyCKM Ha llIBbI 10 MM. Oc060e BHMMaHMe IIpM pac- Kpoe o6paTM Ha HanpaBJIeHMe .n;OJIeBOll HMTM, OHO YKa3aHO Ha rna6- JIOHax (CM. pHC. 49). 4. TexHonorMecKaR nocneAOBaTenbHOCTb M3rOTOBneHMR npM- XBaTKM, BbinonHeHHoM B nocKYTHOM TeXHMKe (Ta611. 24). Coe.n;MHHTb .n;eTaJIM Me:>K.n;y C060ll He06xo.n;MMO 110 cxeMe (lIpMnyCKM Ha cxeMe He yqoreHbI) (pHC. 50). 90 
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TeXHOJIOrH.H BblmHBaHH.H llIMpoKO paCnpOCTpaHeHHbIM BM,l{OM PYK0,l{eJIMJI JlBJIJleTCJI BbIlliMBaHMe. OHO MMeeT MHOrOBeKOBYIO MCTOpMIO. I1pou;ecc pa3BM- TMJI BbIlliMBaHMJI MO)l(HO npOCJIe,l{MTb no naMJlTHMKaM MCK)'CCTBa ,l{peBHMX U;MBMJIM3aU;MM, JIMTeparypHbIM MCTOqHMKaM, a TalOKe no coxpaHMBllIMMCJI 06pa3u;aM BbIlliMBOK pa3HbIX BpeMeH M HapO,l{OB. Ha npOTJI)I(eHMM CTOJIeTMM BbIllIMBKa 6bIJIa HeOT'beMJIeMOM qaCTbIO YKpallIeHMJI O,l{e)K,lJ;bI M 6blTa. Ee BblTIOJIHJlJIM JIbHJlHbIMM, llIepCTJlHbI- MM, llIeJIKOBbIMM (qae U;BeTHbIMM), MeTaJIJIMqeCKMMM (30JIOTbIMM Ii cepe6pJlHbIMM) HMTJlMM, a TalOKe BOJIOCOM, 6McepOM, )l(eMqyI'OM, 6JIeCTKaMM, MHOr,l{a B COqeTaHMM C HallIMTbIMM ,l{parOu;eHHbIMM KaM- IUIMM, MOHeTaMM M T. n. B K)'praHax (,l{peBHMX MOrMJIbHbIX XOJIMax) IX-XII BeKOB ap- XeOJIOrM qaCTO HaxO,l{JlT 9JIeMeHTbI ,l{peBHeM O,l{e)K,lJ;bI, YKpallIeHHoM cBepKaIOMM 30JIOTbIM Y30pOM. CoxpaHMBllIMeCJI ,l{0 HallIMX ,l{HeM ,l{parOu;eHHbIe 30JIOTOllIBeMHbIe BbIllIMBKM ,ZJ;peBHeM PYCM nOKO- pJlIOT BeJIMKOJIenMeM MOTMBOB M 6e3ynpeqHbIM MCnOJIHeHM- eM Y30pa. B XVIII-XX BeKax BbIllIMBKOM 3aHMMaJIMCb nOBceMeCTHO. OHa ,l{eJIMJIaCb Ha ropo,l{cK}'IO M KpeCTWIHCK}'IO (HapO,l{H)'IO). rOpO,l{CKaJJ: BbIllIMBKa nOCTOJlHHO McnbITbIBaJIa BeJlHMJI MO,l{bI C 3ana. Hapo,l{- HaJJ: BbIllIMBKa 6bIJIa CBJl3aHa C TpMU;MJlMM, 06bIqaSIMM M 06pJl,l{aMM PYCCKoro KpeCTbJlHCTBa. B PYCCKMX CeJIeHMJlX 06yqaTb ,l{eBOqK)' )l(eH- CKOM}' peMeClI}' - npJl,l\eHMIO, TKaqeCTBY, BbIlliMBaHMIO, KpY)I(eBOTIJIe- TeHMIO - HaqMHaJIM C nJlTMJIeTHerO B03paCTa. K nJlTHU;aTM rO,l{aM ,l{eBYlliKa ,l{OJI)I(Ha 6bIJIa CBOMMM PYKaMM npMrOTOBMTb npM,l{aHOe, YKpaCMB ero BbIllIMBKOM. COOTBeTCTBeHHO CBoeM}' Ha3HaqeHMIO KIDK- ,l{aJJ: Beb (py6axa, nepe,l{HMK, capa4>aH, nOJIOTeHU;e M ,l{p.) MMeJIa OC06bIM xapaKTep ,l{eKOpaTMBHoro YKpallIeHMJI. B reqeHMe HeCKOJIbKMX CTOJIeTMM Y PYCCKoro HapO,l{a CJIO)l(M- JIMCb onpe,l{eJIeHHbIe TpMU;MM M npMeMbI BblTIOJIHeHMJI BbIllIMBKM, xapaKTep opHOMeHmo M ero KOflopum (OTJIMqMTeJIbHbIe oc06eHHQ- CTM) (pHC. 51). PyccKMe KpecTWIHKM 6epe)l(HO XpaHMJIM ceKpeTbI M oc06eHHocTM BbIllIMBKM CBoeM MeCTHOCTM, nOCTOJlHHO nOnOJIHJIJI M pa3BMBaJJ: ee. 96 
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C Y30paMI1'.-;- B nanKe. I1HCTp}'MeHTbI 11' npl1'CnOC06JIeHI1'H Y06HO paCnOJIaraTb B npanOM qaCTI1' CTOJIa, a MaTepl1'(UlbI - B JIeBOM. TIpl1' Bblml1'BaHl1'11' OQeHb BaJKHO npl1'HHTb npaBI1'JIbHOe nOJIO- )KeHl1'e TeJIa. Bo BpeMH pa60TbI HeJIb3H Onl1'paTbCH rpYblO 0 CTOJI, KOpnyC OJI)KeH 6bITb HeMHoro HaKJIOHeH Bnepe, HOrl1' no B03MO)K- HOCTI1' OJI)KHbI HaxOI1'TbCH Ha He60JIbmOM nOCTaBKe. PaCCTOHHl1'e OT ma3 O pa60TbI - 25-30 CM. Bo BpeMH pa60TbI 60JIbmOe 3HaQeHI1'e I1'MeeT npaBHJIbHaH nOCTaHOBKa PYK BblmI1'BaJIbII.tI1'QbI: JIeBaH PYKa ep)KI1'T nIDIbQbI (pHC. 52, a), a npaBaH BbIllOJIHHeT Bblml1'BK}' (pHC. 52, 6). a 6 PMC. 52. n0110>KeHHe PYK npH BblWHBaHHH OQeHb Y06HO Bblml1'BaTb Ha nIDIbQax, KOTopble MO)KHO npl1'- Kpenl1'Tb K nOBepXHOCTI1' CTOJIa cneQl1'aJIbHbIM BI1'HTOM. B 9TOM c.nyqae B npoQecce BbIml1'BaHI1'H yqacTB}'IOT 06e PYKI1'. JIeB}'IO PYKY ep)KaT no nHJIbQaMI1', a npaB}'IO - H nIDIbQaMI1'. TIpaBoM PYKOM npoBo- HT I1'r.1l}' OCTpbIM KOHQOM Ha 11'3HaHOQH)'IO CTOpOH}' Bblml1'BKI1', a JIe- BOM, B3HB I1'r.1l}' 3a OCTpl1'e, BbIBOHT ee Ha JII1'QeBYIO CTOpOH}' TeM )Ke (OCTpbIM) KOHQOM. HI1'TK}' 3aTHrl1'BalOT npaBoM PYKOM. TaK Bblml1'Ba- lOT Ha llJIOTHbIX TKaHHX. Bo BpeMH BbIml1'BaHI1'H CJIeeT C06JIIOaTb npaBllJIa 6e30nac- HOM pa60TbI C HO)KHI1'QaMI1', pyqHOM I1'rJIOM 11' 6YJIaBKaMI1', a TalOKe npaBI1'JIa BbIllOJIHeHI1'H yrlO)KI1'JIbHbIX orrepaQI1'M (CM.  3, 9). 98 
K MHCTp}'MeHTaM AllH promOH BbIllIMBKM OTHOCHTCH: HO)KHI1- QbI, BbIllIl1BaJIbHble MrJIbI, rrHJIbQbI, HarrepCTOK, caHTMMeTpOBaH JIeH- Ta, K rrpMcrroco6JIeHMHM - KapaH,AallI, KOrrMpOBaJIbHaH 6}'Mara, KaJIb- Ka (pHC. 53). HO)KHMQbI ,AOJI)KHbI 6bITb ,ABYX BM,AOB: MaJIeHbKMe C 3arIryTbI- MM KOHQaMl1 - ,ZVIH rrO,Ape3aHMH HI1TOK M 60JIbllIMe - ,ZVIH pacKpoH MaTepMaJIa. ,l{JIH pa60TbI Heo6xo,AMMO MMeTb crreQl1aJIbHbIH Ha60p Mm ,ZVIH BbIllII1BaHMH. CaMbIe TOHKMe MrJIbI NQ 1 MCrrOJIb3yK>TCH ,ZVIH BbI- llIMBKll Ha TOHKMX TKaHHX TOHKI1MM HMTKaMM B O,AHO CJIO)KeHl1e. I1mbI NQ 2-5 - ,ZVIH pa60TbI Ha JIbHHHbIX TKaHHX. TOJICTble I1rJIbI NQ 6-12 - ,ZVIH pa60TbI Ha rrJIOTHbIX TKaHHX llIepcTHHbIMI1, CMHTeTM- qeCKMMI1 HMTKaMM. YlliKO MrJIbI ,AOJI)KHO 6bITb OBaJIbHbIM, C rJIa,AKI1- MM KpaHMM, QTo6bI rrpl1 pa60Te He rrepeTMpaJIaCb HI1TKa, M ,AOCTa- TOQHO 60JIbllIMM, QTo6bI HMTKa JIerKO B,AeBaJIacb. flRflblJ,bl 6bIBalOT KpyrJIOH MJIM rrpHMoyrOJIbHOH cpOpMbI. rrJIaCTMaCCOBble MJIM ,AepeBHHHble. OCHOBHoe Ha3HaqeHMe rrHJIeQ - ,Aep)KaTb TKaHb B HaTHIryTOM COCTOHHMM M rrpe,AOTBpaI.l\aTb CTHrMBa- HMe BbIlliMToro Y30pa. ,  IIIO!"l!"\I. .-- - L-- -- ------::. -- :...-' ---- - \ -:::----- --::.-  .   ", \  PHC. 53. IIIHcTPYMeHTbl H npHcnoc0611eHHSI AIlSi PY4HO BblWHBKH 99 
,l(JlH BbIllIl1BaHIUI I1CnOJIb3pOT OHOTOHHbIe XJIOn'IaTOUYMaJK- HbIe, JIbH.HHbIe, llIeJIKOBbIe, llIepCT.HHbIe 11 CMellIaHHbIe TKaHI1. JIyq- 1lII1e HI1TKI1 A7I.H BbIllII1BaHI1.H - .MYflUHe (pHC. 54). OHI1 I1MelOT CTOM- K}'IO oKpacK}', 6JIeCK 11 He06xoI1MYIO npO'IHOcTb. no6I1pa.H HI1TKI1 A7I.H pa60TbI, CJIeeT nOMHI1Tb, 'ITO OHI1 omKHbI 6bITb paBHoMepHo oKpallIeHHbIMI1 11 KpenKI1MI1.   -;... - --=--- .  . , . -., ._....:.  --- . -- -& ,,-. "-=- -.  ...:=   ---.:.. --- .- ,. _. - - -  :-   '-, , .......- - :.  J '"f' PMC. 54. Mym1He ,l(JI.H nepeBoa pl1cYHKa Ha TKaHb H}')KHbI OCTpO OTTO'IeH- HbIe KapaHallIl1. C nOMOI.l\blO QBeTHoM Konupof3GflbHoiJ 6Y.MGZU ()KeJI- Toro, KpacHoro I1JII1 3eJIeHOrO QBeTa) nepeHOC.HT pl1CYHOK (Y30p) Ha TKaHb. KGflbKG - 3TO np03pa'IHa.H 6eJIa.H 6}'Mara. Ee I1CnOJIb3}'1OT A7I.H nepeBoa 11306paJKeHI1M, pI1C}'HKOB, opHaMeHToB 11 T. n. ----tt- nR.lTblJ,bl, .MY.lTUHe, Konupof3aflbHGR 6Y.MGZG, KGflbKG. -? - 1. KaK npaBHJ1bHO opraHH30BaTb pa604ee MeCTO ,D,J1J1 BbIWHBaHHJI? 2. KaKHe HHCTpYMeHTbl 101 npHcnoco6J1eHHJI npHMeHJlIOT ,D,J1J1 Bbl- WHBaHHJI? 3. KaKHe TKaHH nO,lJ,XO,lJ,JlT ,D,J1J1 BbIWHBKH? 4. KaKaJl pa604aJl n03a C4HTaeTCJI npaBHJ1bHoi:1 npH BblwHBaHHH? 100 
 21. TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKaJI nOCJIeAOBaTeJIhHOCTh BhImHBaHH.B TeXHOJIOrIPleCKaJI nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHOCTb BbIIIIMBaHM.H BKJIIO- qaeT p.H.n; 3TanOB: no.n;rOTOBK}' TKaHM K pa60Te; pa3MeTK}' pa3Mepa pMcyHKa; nepeBO.n; ero Ha TKaHb; }'BeJIMqeHMe MJIM YMeHbIIIeHMe pa3- MepOB pMC}'HKa; 3anpaBK}' M3.n;eJIM.H B n.HJIbIJ;bI; no.n;rOTOBK}' HMTOK K pa60Te; 3anpaBK}' HMTKM B Mr.1l}' M 3aKpeTIJIeHMe Ha TKaHM. I. llo.n;roToBKa TKaHH K pa60Te 1. BbIcTMpaM TKaHb, MCnOJIb3Y.H CTMpaJIbHO-MOIOee cpe.n;- CTBO. BbICYIIIM ee. 2. ITpoyrlO)Kb TKaHb. ITo.n;ep)KM ee B pa3BepH}'ToM BM.n;e, nOKa MaTepMaJI He OCTbIHeT. 3. BbIpOBH.HM cpe3bI TKaHM. ,l(JI.H 3Toro Bbl,ll;epHM KpaMHlO1O HMTb M no ee cJIe.n;y cpe)Kb JIMIIIHIOIO TKaHb. TaK MO)KHO HaMeTMTb IIIM- pMII}' M ,lJ,JIMII}' M3.n;eJIM.H. ECJIM TKaHM MaJlO, TO ,lJ,JI.H y.n;o6CTBa BbIIIIMBa- HI1.H M3JIMIIIKM TKaHM MO)KHO He cpe3aTb, nOKa pa60Ta He OKOHqeHa. 4. 06MeTaM cpe3bI TKaHM IIIBeMHOM HMTKOM, qTo6bI HMTM TKaHM He OCbInaJIMCb (pHC. 55). II. Pa3MeTKa pa3Mepa pHcynKa 1. BbIIIIMBKa pacnOJIaraeTC.H B IJ;eHTpe M3.n;eJIM.H. CJIO)lill TKaHb BqeTBepO M 3aqmKcMpyi1 crM6bI C nOMOblO )'TlOra (pHC. 56, a). ITo no.rryqeHHbIM JIMHM.HM HaMeTb oceBbIe JIMHMM CTe:>KKaMM «Bnepe.n; MrOJIK}'». Cepe.n;MII}' M oceBbIe JIMHMM MO)KHO Ha- MeTMTb KapaHAaIIIoM no JIMHeMKe (pHC. 56, 6). . r 18 a 6 PMC. 55. 06MeTKa cpe3a TKaHH PMC. 56. Pa3MeTKa pHCYHKa no eHTpy 101 
2. BbIIIIMBKa pacnOJIaraeTC.H B YrJIax M3.n;eJIM.H (caJl(peTKM). HaH.n;M MeCTOnOJIO)KeHMe BbIIIIMBKM, HaMeTMB Ha TKaHM M Ha Y30pe oceBbIe JIMHMM, nepeBe.n;M Y30P Ha CaJl(peTK}', COBMeCTMB oce- Bble JIMHMM (pHC. 57). I 1 I  I I I. _ I _ o.:.-.r '.. ':. :.: I - - - - - - -1- _ _ _ _ _ _  ..1,. I $P;'1!T1!; '-.-_:' : : 1 : 0 .c  _ 0.  -.r .  .:_  ',' . . 1 .-, .---o PMC. 57. Pa3MeTKa pHCYHKa BblWHBKH B yrl1ax KO.nbKO PMC. 58. nepeBOA pHCYHKa C nOMOUJ,blO KOnHpOBaI1bHO 6YMarH III. llepeBo.n; pucynKa Ha TKaHb c nOMODJ;blO KonupOBaHH.H (KonUpOBaJIbHOH 6yMaru) 1. ITOJIO)KM no.n;roTOBJIeHHyIo TKaHb Ha nOBepxHocTb pa6o- qero CTOJIa. 2. HaJIO)KM KaJIbK}' C pMC}'HKOM .n;JUI BbIIIIMBKM Ha TKaHb, co- BMeI..U;a.H oceBble JIMHMM. 3. ITpMKOJIM KaJIbK}' K TKaHM no .n;BYM npoTMBOnOJIO)KHbIM cTOpoHaM. 4. BJIo)lill IJ;BeTH}'IO KOnMpOBaJIbH}'lO 6}'Mary Me>K,l()' Y30POM M TKaHblO. Kpac.HI..U;a.H cTopoHa KOnMpOBaJIbHOM 6YMarM .n;OJI:>KHa 6bITb o6paw;eHa K TKaHM (pHC. 58). QTo6bI TaKa.H 6YMara He naqKaJIa TKaHb, nepe.n; pa60TOM npOTpM ee BaTOM. 5. 06Be.n;M KOHT}'P Y30pa OCTpO OTTOqeHHbIM KapaH.n;aIIIoM. TaKoM cnoco6 nepeBo.n;a pMcYHKa Ha TKaHb Ha3bIBaeTC.H Konupo- (3oHueM. 102 
.. npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo M 13 nepeBOA pMcYHKa Ha TKaHb MomepUO./lbl, npucnOC06./leHuR: TKaHb ,[J,11s:1 BbIWHBaHHs:I, 6YI1aBKH nopTHoBcKHe, KapaH,[J,awH, PHCYHOK BbIWHBKH, Kal1bKa, KonHpo- Bal1bHas:l 6YMara, pa6oLlas:l TeTpa,[J,b. nepeBe,[J,H O,[J,HH H3 npe,[J,110>KeHHbIX PHCYHKOB (pHC. 59) Ha TKaHb C nOMOLLl,blO KonHpOBal1bHOH 6YMarH. 06pa3e4 OTYTIO>Kb. PMc.59. PIo1CYHKIo1 AI1S1 BblWIo1BaHIo1S1 COMOKOHmpO./lb 1. PHCYHOK Ha TKaHH s:lPKHH H LleTKHH. 2. KOHTYP H306pa>KeHHs:I HenpepblBHblH. 3. JlHHHH pHCYHKa BblWHBKH LleTKHe, pOBHbie H nl1aBHble. ru YBeJIH'leHHe HJIH }'MeHhmeHHe pHcynKa RH M3MeHeHMH pa3Mepa pMc}'HKa McnoRb3yIDT pacTpoByID 6YMary MRM, eCRM ee HeT, BbPlepqMBalOT RMCT C KJIeTOqKaMM. (PocmpoBOR 6YMOZO - 8TO 6YMara, Ha KOTOpyID HaHeceHa CeTKa M3 KBpaTOB pa3MepOM 1 x 1 CM.) 1. nepeCHI1MI1 pMC}'HOK Ha pacTpoB}'IO 6}'Mary rum rrpocTo Ha- qepTl1 KJIeTKI1 Ha pMc}'HKe, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHCYHKe 60. 103 
2. B03bMI1 BTOpOM JlI1CT 6YMarl1 11 Ha- QepTI1 Ha HeM KBapaTW, HO Ha 1/ 4 , 1( 11J111 1/ 2 MeHbllIe Tex, KOTopbIe Ha nepBOM JlI1CTe, eCJlI1 H}'JKHO }'MeHbllIl1Tb pI1C}'HOK, 11J111 60JlbllIe - eCJlI1 ero Ha,n,O YBeJlI1QI1Tb. 3. BOCnp0I13Be11 JlI1HI1I1 pl1cYHKa KJIeTKa 3a KJIeTKOM, paCllII1pHH HX, eCJlI1 p"- C}'HOK OJl)KeH 6bITb YBeJlI1QeH, 11 cyJKaH - ec- JIll OH OJlJKeH 6bITb }'MeHbllIeH. 113MeHI1Tb pa3Mep pl1cYHKa TaKJKe MOJKHO npl1 nOMO11 KOMnblOTepa 11 Kce- pOKca.  3arrpaBKa TKaHH B rr.JIJIhD;hI 1. nOJlOJKI1 MeHbllIl1M 06pyq nHJleQ Ha CTOJl, HaKpoM ero TKa- HblO (pHC. 61, a). 2. npl1JKMI1 TKaHb 66J1b1lI11M 06pyqeM K MeHbllIeM)'. 3. nOTHHI1 BI1HT. 4. HaTHHI1 TKaHb B HanpaBJleHI1HX HI1TeM OCHOBbI 11 no YTKJ (pHC. 61, 6). " 'I (", I , " , '1 ",,.? c:-=> '-;;, };... {.. V \J 6 8 PMC. 61. 3anpaBKa TKaHH B nSll1bbl 104 
TKaHb He60JIbllIMX pa3MepOB Tpy,n;HO 3arrpaBMTb B rr.HJIbQbI, rr03TOM}' K ee Kpa.HM llIBeMHbIMM HMTKaMM rrpMllIMBalOT rrOJIOCKM JIIO- 60i1 TKaHM, a 3aTeM 3an.HJIMBaIOT. no OKOH'-IaHMM pa60TbI MX MO)KHO JIerKO y,n;aJIMTb (pHC. 61, 8). VI. 3anpaBKa HHTKH B Hr.rry QT06bI YCKOPMTb IIpoQecc BbIlliMBaHM.H, O'-IeHb BaJKHO rrpa- BMJIbHO rro,n;06paTb ATIMH}' HMTKM. KOpOTKyIO HMTKy rrpMxo,n;MTC.H '-IaCTO MeH.HTb, a ATIMHHa.H cnyrbIBaeTC.H MJIM Ha HeM 06pa3}'1OTC.H Y3eJIKM. npMeMJIeMa.H ATIMHa HMTKM ATI.H pa60TbI - 50-60 CM. CyecTByeT HeCKOJIbKO Clloc060B 1I0,n;60pa ,n;JIMHbI pa60- '-IeM HMTKM, KOTopble He Tpe6YlOT IIpMMeHeHM.H M3MepMTeJIbHbIX JIMHeeK: · HMTKy 6epyr B PYKY, rrepe6paCbIBalOT ee '-Iepe3 JIOKOTb, CHM- MalOT M OTpe3alOT HO)KHMQaMM (pHc..62, a); · KOHeQ HMTKM 6epyr B PYKY M OTMep.HIOT paCCTO.HHMe ,n;o rro,n;- 60po,n;Ka (pHC. 62, 6). Q T06bI HMTKa JIerKO B,n;eBaJIaCb B MrOJIKy, HMTKy CJIe.n;yeT rro,n;- pe3aTb rro,n; yrJIOM (pHC. 63, a). 06bI'-IHO MCrrOJIb3YlOT HMTKy B He- CKOJIbKO CJIO)KeHMM. Ee H}')KHO CKpyrMTb 110 xo.n;y '-IaCOBOM CTpeJIKM (pc. 63, 6). nOCJIe ::)Toro B3.HTb Mmy B JIeB}'IO PYKY, HarrpaBMTb YlliKO B OCBeeHH}'1O CTOpOH}', '-IT06bI ero XOpOlliO 6bIJIO BM,n;HO, M B,n;eTb HIITKy (pHC. 63, 8).  1 0\ ft- /  a 6 PMC. 62. nOA60p AIlHbl HTK 105 
1__ 6 -{] a 8 PMC. 63. OTpe3aHHe (a), CKpY4\o1BaH\o1e (6) \01 BAeBaH\o1e (8) H\o1TK\o1 B \o1rl1Y VII. 3aKpellJIeHUe pa6oIJ:eii HUTKU Ha TKaHU B BbIlIIMBKe Ha pa60qeM HMTKe HMKor.n:a He .n:eJIalOT Y3eJIKM. 113HaHoQHaJI CTopOHa BbIlIIl1TOrO 113.n:eJII1.H TOJKe .n:OJIJKHa 6bITb aKK)'- paTHOM M rJIa,D,KOM. HMTK)' 3aKpenJI.HIOT Ha JIMI.:(eBOM CTopOHe TKaHI1 B TOM MeCTe, r.n:e 6y.n:eT pacnOJIOJKeHa BbIlIIMBKa. Cnoco60B 3aKpenJIeHM.H pa60QeM HMTKM Ha TKaHI1 6e3 Y3JIa HeCKOJIbKO. · HI1TK)' B o.n:HO CJIOJKeHl1e 3aKpenJI.HIOT Ha TKaHM MeJIKMMM rrp.HMbIMM CTeJKKaMM lIIBa «Bnepe.n: MrOJIK)'» (pHC. 64). · HI1TK)' B .n:Ba CJIOJKeHI1.H rrpo.n:eprMBalOT KOHI.:(aMM B MrJl}'. 3aTeM BbInOJIH.HIOT He6oJIblIIOM CTeJKOK B HaQaJIe pa6oTbI, npOT.HrMBaIOT HMTK)', OCTaBJI.H.H Ha JIMI.:(eBOM nOBepXHOCTI1 KOHQI1K B BI1.n:e neTeJIbKM, B KOTOpylO B.n:eBaIOT Mr.rry, M 3aT.H- rl1BalOT HI1TK)' (pHC. 65). · BbIBO.n:.HT HMTK)' Ha JIMI.:(eBYIO nOBepxHocTb TKaHM, OCTaB- JI.H.H Ha M3HaHOQHOM cTopoHe KOHeI.:( HMTKM. KperrKo ero rrpl1Jl:epJKI1BaJI, BblnOJIH.HIOT MaJIeHbKMM CTeJKOK lIIBOM «3a MrOJIK)'» (pHC. 66). - ., PMc.64 PMc.65 106 
'{) PMc.66 PMc.67 · C.n;eJIaB nepBbIM npOKOJI, OCTaBJI.HIOT Ha 113HaHOqHOM CTO- pO He TKaHI1 KOHeQ HI1TKI1 .n;JII1HOM OKOJIO 6 CM II 3aKpenJI.H- lOT ero nOCJIe Toro, KaK HI1TKa 3aKOHQMJIaCb. npO.n;epH}'B HI1TK}' B limy, npOT.Hrl1BalOT ee no.n; BbIllIl1BKOM (pHC. 67). · no OKOHQaHl111 BbIllIl1BKI1 HI1TK}' 3aKpellJI.HIOT Ha 113HaHOQ- HOM cTOpoHe HeCKOJIbKI1MI1 CTe)KKaMI1 «3a I1rOJIK}'», npo- nyCKaIOT KOHeQ HI1TIill no.n; pa60TOM. Yxop; 3a H3.zJ;eJIH.HMH C BhIWHBKOH CTl1paTb 113.n;eJII1.H C QBeTHOM BbIllIl1BKOM H}')KHO B TenJIOM BO- .n;e 11 OQeHb OCTOpO)KHO. fix HeJIb3.H 3aMaQI1BaTb, 3aJII1BaTb Kl1n.HT- KOM II Iilln.HTI1Tb. BblCTl1paHHOe 113.n;eJIl1e CJIe.n;yeT XOpOlliO nponOJIO- CKaTb B XOJIO.n;HOM Bo.n;e, OT)KaTb II 3aBepH}'Tb Ha HeCKOJIbKO MI1H}'T B MaxpoBoe nOJIOTeHQe MJII1 npOCTbIHIO. YTIO)KI1Tb 113.n;eJIl1e CJIe.n;yeT BO BJIIDKHOM COCTO.HHI1I1 C 113HaHOQHOM CTOpOHbI. OT}'TIO)KeHHOe 113- .n;eJIl1e He06xo.n;I1MO .n;epJKaTb B pa3BepH}'TOM BI1.n;e .n;o Tex nop, nOKa OHO He OCTbIHeT.  P03MemKO PUCYHKO, Konup080Hue, pocmp080R 6YM020, 30nR.lTU- 80Hue. -? - 1. 3 KaKHX 3TanOB COCTOHT nOAroToBKa TKaHH K pa6oTe? 2. KaK pa3MeTHTb PHCYHOK? 3. KaK MO>KHO YBeJ1H4HTb HJ1H YMeHbWHTb PHCYHOK? 4. 4TO Ha3blBalOT 3am:IJ1HBaHHeM 101 KaK 3anpaBHTb TKaHb B ns:lJ1b4bl? 5. KaK npaBHJ1bHO OTpe3aTb HHTKY 101 BAeTb ee B HrI1Y? 6. KaKHMH cnoco6aMH MO>KHO 3aKpenHTb pa604YIO HHTKY Ha TKa- HH? 7. KaK yxa>KHBaTb 3a H3AeJ1Hs:lMH C BbIWHBKOH? 107 
 22. TeXHOJIOrH.H BhInOJIHeHH.H npOCTeHmHX pyqHhIX mBOB OCHOBOM JII060M BbIllIMBKM HBJIHIOTCH npOCTbIe pHbIe llIBbI. PaCCMOTpMM HeKOTopbIe 113 HMX. llIOB «WHypOK» BbIllOJIHHIOT B ,n:Ba npl1eMa (pHC. 69). CHaqaJIa no npHMoM JII1- HI1I1 I1JIM no KOHrypy Y30pa npOKJIa,LJ;bIBa- lOT CTe)KKM llIBa «Bnepe,n: MrOJIK}'». Pac- CTOHHl1e Me)f():(}' CTe)KKaMI1 ,n:OJI)KHO 6bITb B .n;Ba pa3a MeHbllIe AJlI1HbI CTe)KKa. nOCJIe i.noro Mr.ny C HMTKOM (06bIqHO ,n:pyroro QBeTa) no,n:Bo,n:HT no,n: KaJK.n;bIH CTe)KOK CBepxy BHM3, He npOKaJIbIBaH TKaHb. ECJIM I1r.ny C HMTKOM no,n:Bo,n:I1Tb no,n: CTe)KKM CHaqaJIa cBepxy BHM3, a nOTOM CHM3Y BBepx, no.nyqI1TCH ,n:pyrOH BM,ll; llIBa. TaKI1M llIBOM MO)KHO }'KPaCI1Tb o,n:e)K- PHC. 69. WOB «WHypOK» lI.}', nOJIOTeHQa, CKaTepTM. Cme6eflbl./OmblU 1lI0B npe,n:CTaBJIHeT C060M CnJIOlliHOM pH,n: KG- CbIX CTe)KKOB, nJIOTHO npI1JIeralOlI.\MX ,n:pyr K ,n:pyry. BbIllOJIHHIOT ero no HaMeqeHHOM JIMHMM I1JIM no CJIelI.}' BbI,n:epH}'TOM HI1TI1 TKaHM CJIe- Ba HanpaBO I1JI11 CHM3Y BBepx. KaJK.n;bIM HOBbIM CTe)KOK HaqMHalOT 1ll0B «Bnepea U20flKY» BbIllOJIHHIOT no npHMOM I1JIM M30rH}'TOH JIMHMI1 ,n:BM)Ke- Hl1eM I1rJIbI cnpaBa HaJIeBO (pHC. 68). 3TO pH,n: npHMbIx CTe)KKOB, COCTOHlI.\MX M3 BM,ll;I1MOM HMTKI1 11 nponycKoB O,n:HOH AJlI1- HbI. )VII1Ha CTe)KKa MO)KeT 6bITb Pa3HOM. llIOB BbIllOJIHHIOT no cqeT}' HMTeM TKaHM I1JII1 no pMCOBaHHOMY KOHT}'P TaKOM 1lI0B npl1MeHHIOT AJlH YKpallIeHI1H o,n:e)K.lJ:bI M KaK OCHOBY AJlH BbIllOJIHeHMH HeKOTO- pbIX llIBOB (HanpMMep, llIBa «llIH)'pOK»). 108 II PHC. 68. WOB «BnepeA HrOI1KY» --       = 
M3 Cepe.n;MHbI npe.n;bI.n;YI.I.\erO. Pa60qag HMTKa .n;OJDKHa 6bITb BCer.n;a C O.n;HOM CTOpOHbI OT lIma. Bce CTe)KKM .n;OJI)KHbI 6bITb o.n;MHaKOBOM BeJIMqMHbI (pHC. 70). I1CnOJIb3YIOT TaKoM IIIOB AJlH BbIIIIMBaHMH cTe6JIeM paCTeHMM. 11M MO)KHO BblnOJIHI1Tb MeTKM M MOHorpaMMbI. MemKO - 0603HaqeHMe npMHa,zvIe)KHOCTM .n;aHHoro npe.n;MeTa I1JIM o.n;e)K,ll;bI onpe.n;eJIeHHOM}' JIMQ)' (pHC. 71). Ha rOTOBbIX M3.n;eJIMHX MeTKaMM MOryT C.lI}')KMTb BbIIIIMTble MHMQMaJIbI I1JIM MMH BJIa,n;eJIbQa. )VIH BbITIOJIHeHI1H MeTOK MCnOJIb3YIOT HMTKM, KOHTpacTMpYIOI.I.\Me no QBeT}' C TKaHbIO. PacnOJIaralOT 06bIQHO MeTKM TaK, QTo6bI OHM He nOpTI1JIM BHeIIIHMM BM.n; M3.n;eJIMH. MeTKM MO)KHO c.n;eJIaTb Ha .n;onOJI- HI1TeJIbHOM K}'COQKe TKaHM, KOTOpbIM 3aTeM npl1IIIMBaIOT K o.n;e)K,ll;e. MOH02pOMMO - aTO BH3b (CTIJIeTeHMe) M3 HaQaJIbHbIX 6}'KB I1MeHI1, q>aMI1JIMI1. MOHorpaMMbI HBJIHIOTCH He TOJIbKO MeTKOM, HO 11 YKpaIIIeHl1eM M3.n;eJIMH, MMM MO)KHO OT.n;eJIaTb KOCTIOMbI, IIIanOQKI1, TIJIaTOQKM (pHC. 72). ;U AHJI t, t:l':;: ,It)jI2) PHC. 70. CTe6el1b4aTbl WOB PHC. 71. MeTKa -. npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo}lg 14  !:/>.,. -",:r. 1!J '" "'; d( * :!of! c d   -;; It-.,,;.  PHC. 72. MOHorpaMMa IobrOTOBneHHe MeTKH (MoHorpaMMbI) Momepuoflbl, uHcmpYMeHmbl, npucnoco6fleHuR U o6oPyaoBoHue: TKaHb AI1J1 06pa3L1,a, MYI1HHe, Hrlla, HO>KHHLI,bl, HanepcToK, nJlllb- Ll,bl, 6YI1aBKH nopTHoBcKHe, KapaHAawH, KallbKa, KonHpOBal1bHaJl 6YMara, ynor. BblnOllHH MeTKY (MoHorpaMMY) cTe6ellb4aTbiM WBOM. 1. Pa3pa6oTa PHCYHOK MeTKH (MoHorpaMMbl), HcnOllb3YJl npeA- llO>KeHHbl aI1cpaBHT (WpHcpT) AI1J1 BblWHBaHHJI (pHC. 73) HllH CBO. 109 
2. nepeBeAH PHCYHOK Ha TKaHb, pacnonaraJl ero no 4eHTpy. 3. 3anpaBb TKaHb B nJlnb4bl. 4. BAeHb B Hrny HHTKY, CnO>KeHHYIO BABoe. 5. BblnOnHH 3aKpenKY B MeCTe HaLlana BbIWHBKH, TO eCTb B KpaH- HeM neBOM (HH>KHeM) nOnO>KeHHH. 6. BblnOnHH cTe6enbLlaTblH WOB B HanpaBneHHH cneBa HanpaBO HnH CHH3Y BBepx. 7. BblnOnHH 3aKpenKY B KOH4e pa6oTbl. e!K 9J qf eT'q;5 B 8Jf6 & cacUf!)f{$CBf(9f(OeJ( f}P(g@jf(8jTgiJ$CU{CT1t (QJ9fOeR PMC. 73. Wpl-14>T AIlSi BbIWI-1BaHI-1S1 COMOKOHmpO/lb 1. HHTKa XopOWO 3aKpenneHa Ha TKaHH. 2. CTe>KKH OAHOH AJ1HHbl. 3. HHTKa XopOWO H paBHOMepHO HaTJlHYTa. lIlOB «30 UZO/lKY» - 9TO HerrpepblBHbIM p.H,n; CTe)l(KOB, BbIIIOJI- H.HeMbIX crrpaBa HaJIeBO. HCrrOJIb3yeTC.H AJI.H coe,n;MHeHM.H ,n;eTaJIeM Me>K.n;)' C060M (pHC. 75). 110 
-. npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo M 15 Iil3roToBneHMe o6pa34a WBa «3a MronKY) MomepUO/lbl, UHcmpYMeHmbl, npucnOC06/1eHUR U 060pyaoBoHue: TKaHb ,IJ,JUI o6pa34a, MynHHe, Hrna, HO>KHH4bl, HanepcToK, nJlnb- 4bl, 6ynaBKH nopTHoBcKHe, KapaHAawH, KanbKa, KonHpOBanbHaJl 6YMara, ynor, pa60LlaJl TeTPaAb. BblnOnHH WOB «3a HronKY). 1. nepeBeAH Ha KanbKY, a 3aTeM Ha TKaHb OAHH H3 npeA/lO>KeH- HblX PHCYHKOB A/lJl BblWHBaHHJI (pHC. 74). PMC. 74. PI-1CYHKI-1 AIlSi BbIWI-1BaHI-1S1 2. nOA6epH HHTKH A/lJl BbIWHBKH. 3. BAeHb B Hrny HHTKY, CI10>KeHHYIO BABoe. 4. BblnOnHH 3aKpenKY HHTKH Ha TKaHH. 5. BblnOnHH CTe>KOK H nponYCK OAHOH A/lH-Hbl, HanpHMep LleTblpe HHTH TKaHH. 6. ,lJ.nJl BblnOnHeHHJI BToporo CTe>KKa BBe- AH Hrny B TOLlKY, rAe KOHLlaeTCJI nepBblH CTe>KOK, a BblBeAH Ha nH4eBYlO CTOPOHY Ha LleTblpe HHTH TKaHH neBee BToporo CTe>K- Ka. 1-13HaHoLlHblH CTe>KOK 6YAeT B ABa pa3a A/lHHHee nH4eBoro (CM. pHC. 75). -C7- PMC. 75. WOB «3a I-1rOI1KY» 111 
7. BblnOI1HIo1 Cl1eAYIOL1l,Io1H CTe>KOK, BBOAJllo1rl1Y B T04KY, rAe KOH4a- eTCJI npeAblAYL1l,Io1H CTe>KOK. 8. 3aKpenlo1 HIo1TKY B KOHu.e pa6oTbl. 9. nplo1KJ1eH o6pa3eu. B pa604YIO TeTpCiAb. COMOKOHmpOflb 1. CTe>KKIo1 WBa OAHOH AI1Io1Hbl. 2. CTpo4Ka pOBHaJl. TOM6YPHbiU 1lI0B (rum: 1lI0B «Qeno"tJ:Ka») - 3TO HenpepbIBHbIM p.H,ZJ; neTeJIb, BbIXO,ZJ;.HIl\MX O,ZJ;Ha M3 ,ZJ;pyrOM. IIIoB BbInOJIH.HIOT cBepxy BHM3 (pHC. 76). npMMeH.HIOT ero AJI.H BbIlliMBaHM.H KOH'I)1>a M AJI.H CruIOlliHoro 3arrOJIHeHM.H Y30pa (B ,ZJ;eKopaTMBHoM pMcYHKe). 1lI0B «nemflR BnpuKpen» (MHor,ZJ;a era Ha3bIBalOT «neTeJIbKM» MJIM «nOJIyneTeJIbKM») .HBJI.HeTC.H pa3HoBM,ZJ;HOCTblO TaM6ypHoro llIBa. 8TMM llIBOM MO)KHO BbIllIMTb QBeTbI MJIM TpaBY, 1lI0B MO)KeT COCTO.HTb M3 p.H,ZJ;a OT,ZJ;eJIbHbIX rreTeJIb, pacnOJIO)KeHHbIX no Y30PY. BbInOJIH.HIOT era CJIe,ZJ;}'lOIl\MM 06pa30M: ,ZJ;eJIalOT rrepB}'IO rreTJIIO TaM- 6ypHoro llIBa, a BMeCTO BTOpOM neTJIM - 3aKpeno"tJ:HbIM MaJIeHbKMM CTe)KOK (pIo1C. 77). PMC. 76. T aM6YPHbl WOB  ()t;p aQ q ocY PMC. 77. WOB «neTI1S1 BnpHKpen» 1lI0B «Y3eflKu» MCnOJIb3}'1OT npM 3anOJIHeHMM cep,ZJ;QeBMHoK QBeTOB MJIM ,ZJ;JI.H BbIlliMBaHMH HeKoTopbIX )KMBOTHbIX. ,lI,JI.H BbInOJI- HeHM.H llIBa He06xo,ZJ;MMa TOHKaH MrJIa 6e3 yrOJIll\eHM.H B 06JIaCTM yrnKa. HMTKM MO)KHO MCnOJIb30BaTb JI106bIe, HO OHM He ,ZJ;OJI)KHbI 6bITb llIepOXOBaTbIMM. 112 
I1r.ny C pa601.IeM HMTKOM BbIBO.z\HT Ha nOBepXHOCTb TKaHM, .z\e.TIaIOT O.z\MH, .z\Ba, TpM HaBMBa HMTKM Ha Mr.ny (pHC. 78, a) M np0Ka- JIbIBaIOT TKaHb Ha He6oJIbllIOM paccToHHMM OT MeCTa BbIXO.z\a HMTKM Ha nOBepxHocTb TKaHM (pHC. 78, 6). HMTK}' oCTopmKHo npOTHrMBa- lOT Ha M3HaH01.IH}'1O CTOpOH}', nO.z\THrMBaJI K TKaHM nO.1l)'1.IMBIlIMMCH Y3e.TIOK. CJIem;MM Y3eJIOK MO)KHO BbIllOJIHMTb Ha paccToHHMM 1,5-2 CM OT npe.z\bIero M T..z\. (pHC. 78, 8). flemeflbHblU IlIOB (MJIM KpaeBoM)- BbIllOJIHHIOT CJIeBa Hanpa- BO (CM.  4, Ta611. 3). Pa601.IaJI HMTKa .z\OJI)KHa Bcer.z\a pacnOJIaraTbCH no.z\ MrJIOM. BbICoTa CTe)KKOB onpe.z\eJIHeTCH KOHrypOM Y30pa. neTeJIbHbIM IlIOB MCnOJIb3}'1OT AlIH o6MeTbIBaHMH KpaJI, coe.z\M- HeHMH OT.z\eJIbHbIX .z\eTaJIeM npM M3rOTOBJIeHMM pa3JIM1.IHbIX M3.z\eJIMM I1JIM AlIH YKpallIeHMH TKaHM.  ....... "\ fit a 6 8 PHC. 78. WOB «Y3eI1K'-1)  BUabl w808: «8nepea UZOflKY», «WHypOK», cme6eflbl./amblU, «3a UZOflKY», maM6YPHbIU, «nemfiR 8npUKpen»1 «Y3eflKU»1 nemeflb- HbIU; MemKO, MOHozpOMMa. -?-1. KaKHe pY4Hbie WBbl Tbl 3Haewb? 2. 4TO Ha3blBalOT MeTKoH H MOHorpaMMoH? 3. C KaKOH CTOpOHbl OT pa60Tbi ,D,OI1>KHa pacno- J1araTbCJI pa604aJl HHTKa npH BbtnOJ1HeHHH cTe6eJ1b4aTOro WBa? 113 
YxO,lJ; 3a O,lJ;e)l{)J;OH O,Ae)K,Aa I1MeeT 60JIbIIIOe 3HaqeHI1e B JKI13HI1 qeJIOBeKa. OHa corpeBaeT ero, CKpbIBaeT He,AOCTaTKI1 qmryPbI, YKpalliaeT. llpe,A- CTaBI1Tb qeJIOBeKa 6e3 O,Ae)K,AbI HeB03MOJKHO. B HeM OH yqI1TCH, pa60TaeT, 3aHI1MaeTCH cnopToM, OT,AbIXaeT. ,ZJ;JIH Toro qT06w BeW;l1, KOTopbIe MbI HOCI1M, c.TI)'JKI1JII1 ,AOJIbIIIe, 3a HI1MI1 H}'JKHO npa- Bl1JIbHO YXaJKI1BaTb.  23. PeMOHT OAehI ,ZJ;OJIrOBeQHOCTb O,Ae)K,AbI BO MHorOM 3aBI1CI1T OT onpHTHOCTI1 QeJIOBeKa. Ho KaK 6w HI1 6bIJI OH aKK)'paTeH, O,Ae)K,Aa MOJKeT pacno- pOTbCH no IIIBY, nopBaTbCH I1JII1 npOTepeTbCH. HYJKHO YMeTb YCTpa- HI1Tb 3TI1 He,AOCTaTKI1, QT06w 113,AeJIl1e 11 nOCJIe peMOHTa 6bIJIO npl1- rO,lI;HO )VIH I1CnOJIb30BaHI1H. O,Ae)K,Aa Hal160JIee nO,ABepJKeHa MeXaHI1QeCK0M}' B03,AeMCTBI1IO Ha JIOKTHX PYKaBoB, B 06JIaCTI1 HI13a 11 KOJIeH Y 6pIOK, HI13a I060K, KpaeB KapMaHoB. B KaJK.AOM KOHKpeTHoM cJIyqae He06xo,AI1MO }'MeTb ,lI;06pOTHO 11 aKK)'paTHo oTpeMOHTl1pOBaTb o,AeJK.Ay. ,ZJ;JIH 3Toro H}'JK- HO 3HaTb OCHOBHwe cnoc06w peMoHTa O,Ae)K,AbI. ECJII1 B TKaHI1 06pa30BaJICH He60JIbIIIOM pa3pbIB, MOJKHO I1C- rrOJIb30BaTb wmonKY (pHC. 79). KpaSl pa3pbIBa nO,Ape3aIOT, npOIIII1- BaIOT no KOHT}'PY HeCKOJIbKI1MI1 pH,AaMI1 npHMbIx CTeJKKOB 11 3anOJIHHIOT HI1TKa- MI1 CHaQaJIa B ,AOJIeBOM, a 3aTeM B none- peQHOM HanpaBJIeHI1I1, nepenJIeTaSl HI1T- KI1 MeJK.Ay C060M. ECJII1 113HOIIIeHHoe MeCTO 60JIb- IIIoro pa3Mepa I1JII1 06pa30BaJIaCb ,AbIpKa Ha O,Ae)K,Ae, TO CTaBHT 30nnombl. 3anJIaTbI MOryI' 6bITb nO,AKJIa,AHbIMI1 I1JII1 HaKJIa,A- HbIMI1. PI1CYHOK 11 HanpaBJIeHl1e ,AOJIeBOM HI1TI1 3anJIaTbl ,AOJIJKHbI 6bITb TaKI1MI1 JKe, KaK B TKaHI1113,AeJII1S1. PMC. 79. BblnOI1HeHlo1e peMOHTa wTonKo 114 
flOaKnOaHble 30nnOmbll1CnOJIb3YlOT B TeX CaSlX, KOr,Aa 113HO- llIeHHOe MeCTO He CJII111IKOM BeJII1KO 11 ,AOcrynHo )VIR peMOHTa C 113- HaHOQHOM CTOpOHbI. I1Hor,Aa pa3pblB TKaHI1 B03HI1KaeT B MecTax, r,Ae nO,AKJIa,AH}'IO 3allJIary nOCTaBI1Tb HeJIb3R, nOCKOJIbK)' OHa MOJKeT I1CnOpTI1Tb BHeIIlHI1M BI1,A 113,AeJII1R. B TaKI1X caSlx npl1MeHRIOT peMOHT HOKnOaHblMU 30nnomOMU. <l>opM}' 11 U;BeT TaKOM 3anJIaTbI BbI- 611palOT no :>KeJIaHI1IO. PeMOHT 3allJIaTaMI1 MOryI' 3aMeHI1Tb rOTOBbIe onnnuKou,uu MJII1 mepMoonnnuKou,uu, K)'llJIeHHbIe B Mara3l1He. AnnJII1KaU;111O rrpl1- IIII1BalOT K 113,AeJII1IO MeJIKI1MI1 KOCbIMI1 CTe:>KKaMI1, a TepMOarrnJII1Ka- QI1IO rrpl1KJIel1BalOT rOpSlQI1M }'TlOrOM 6JIaro,AapSl KJIeeBOM}' CJIOIO Ha 113HaHOQHOM CTopOHe. -. flpOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo M 16 PeMOHTTepMoannnMKa4 M eM Momepuonbl, UHcmpYMeHmbl U o6opyaoBoHue: TKaHb AllSl o6pa3- 4a, TepMOannI1HKa4HSI, HO>KHH4bl, YTlor, pa604aJ1 TeTpaAb. BblnOI1HH peMOHT C nOMOlJ.J,blO TepMOannl1HKa4HH (pHC. 80). 1. nOApe>Kb KpaJI nOBpe>KAeHHoro Y4aCTKa (pHC. 80, 1). HaIlO>KH Ha Hero TepMOannl1HKa4HIO Kl1eeBOH CTOpOHOH BHH3. 2. npHYTIO>Kb TepMOannl1HKa4HIO B Te4eHHe 15-30 ceKYHA YTlOroM (pHC. 80, 2), pa30rpeTbiM Ha n0I10>KeHHH «ee», HI1H «wepCTb». 3. BKl1eH HI1H npHKpenH o6pa3e4 B pa604YIO TeTpaAb. " " " - . .. ... , " Rf 2  . \ 3 .... PHC. 80. BblnOI1HeHl-1e peMOHTa TepMOannl1l-1Ka4l-1e 115 
COMOKOHmpO/lb 1. nOBpe>K,lJ,eHHbIH Y4aCTOK nOI1HOCTblO 3aKpblT TepMOannl1HKa- 4HeH. 2. TepMOannl1HKa4HSI npHKl1eeHa BceH nOBepXHOCTblO K 1013- ,lJ,eI1HIO. 3. BpeMSI BI1a>t<Ho-TenI10BOH o6pa6oTKH C06111O,lJ,eHo. -. npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 17 PeMOHT nOAKnaAHoH 3annaToH MomepUO/lbl, uHcmpYMeHmbl U 060pyao(3oHue:TKaHH ,lJ,11S1 o6pa3- 4a 101 ,lJ,11S1 3anl1aTbl, HHTKH wBeHHble, HrJla, HO>KH4bl, YTlOr, pa6o- 4aSl TeTpap,b. BblnOI1HH peMoHT nO,lJ,Kl1a,lJ,HOH 3anl1aTOH (pHC. 81). 1. nO,lJ,pe>Kb nOBpe>K,lJ,eHHOe MeCTO B cpopMe OBaJla 10111101 npSlMO- yrOl1bHHKa (pHC. 81, 1). Onpe,lJ,el1H HanpaBl1eHHe ,lJ,Ol1eBOH HHTH. 2. nO,lJ,OrHH cpe3bl Ha H3HaH04HYlO CTOPOHY H3,lJ,eI1HSI, 3aMeTaH. 3. Onpe,lJ,el1H ,lJ,Ol1eBYIO HHTb TKaHH, npe,lJ,Ha3Ha4eHHoH ,lJ,11S1 3a- nl1aTbl. BblKpOH 3anl1aTY, ee pa3Mepbl ,lJ,OI1>KHbl 6blTb B ,lJ,Ba pa3a 60l1bWe pa3MepOB OTBepCTHSI (pHC. 81, 2). 4. nO,lJ,OrHH 101 3aMeTaH cpe3bl 3anl1aTbi Ha H3HaH04HYlO CTOPOHY. 5. HaI10>KH 3anl1aTY JlH4eBOH CTOpOHOH Ha H3HaH04HYIO CTOPOHY H3,lJ,eI1HSI, HaMeTaH (pHC. 81, 3). g; ! .o  E: <::; ::, o :t  S ! .o CIJ E: <::; ::, o :t  1 2 I'H""""::'.:.. ;''''''  ( - -- ;  -______ r# I 7")-,,,).,,,,tI,,,,,,,, """"" z'tI""'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''    *  " 'i"  J """"""'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''11 3 4 5 PMC. 81. BblnOI1HeHJ.1e peMOHTa nOAKl1a,D,HOH 3anl1aTO 116 
6. npHwe 3anJlaTY K H3AeJlHIO C H3HaH04HO CTOpOHbl MeJlKHMH KOCblMH CTe>KKaMH. 7. npHMeTa nOAorHYTbie KpaSi OTBepCTHJI K 3anJlaTe C JlH4eBO CTOpOHbl. npHwe MeJlKHMH KOCblMH CTe>KKaMH (pHC. 81, 4). 8. y Aal1H HHTKH BpeMeHHoro Ha3Ha4eHHSI (pHC. 81, 5). 9. npHyrlO>Kb 3anJlal)'. 10. BKJle 06pa3e4 B pa604YIO TeTpaAb. COMOKOHmponb 1. PHCYHOK 101 HanpaBJleHHe AOJleBO HHTH Ha H3AeJlHH 101 3anJla- Te COBnaAaIOT. 2. CTp04KH pOBHble. 3. CTp04KH PY4HbiX CTe>K- KOB aKKypaTHo BblnOJlHeHbl. 4. 3anJlaTa He CTJlrHBaeT H3AeJlHe. 5. Ha 3anl1aTe 101 H3AeJlHH HeT 3aMHHOB nOCJle BJla>t<Ho-TenJlOBO 06pa60TKH. -tt- PeMOHm OaeJICabl, wmonKO, 30nnombl - nOaKnOaHOR U HOKnOaHOR, Onn.ITUKou,UR. -? - 1. OT 4ero 3aBHCHT AOJlroBe4HocTb OAe>KAbl? 2. KaKHe MeCTa OAe>K,lJ,bl 4aw,e Bcero nOABepralOTCJI MexaHH4eCKOMY B03Ae- CTBHIO? 3. B KaKHX CJlY4aSlX npHMeHSIIOT peMOHT 3anJlaTaMH?  24. PeMOHT pacnopoBwnxCJI WBOB PacnopoBwueCR WBbl - 'IaCTOe HBJIeHHe. BOCCTaHOBHTb pac- rrOpOBllIl1eCH IlIBbI HeCJIO:>KHO, eCJII1 3HaTb, KaK aTO ,ll;eJIaeTcH. 1. QT06bI oTpeMOHTl1pOBaTb nOBpe:>K,AeHHbIM yqacToK MaIlII1H- HOM CTP0'IKI1, 113,ll;eJIl1e BbIBOpa'II1BaIOT Ha H3HaHO'IH}'1O CTOpOH}'. HI1TIGI nOBpe:>K,AeHHOrO yqacTKa CTpO'IKI1 nO,ll;pe3alOT 11 Y,ll;aJIHIOT C 06el1x ,ll;eTaJIeM (pHC. 82). . -  - .  I , . , - , - - - " - . . PMc.82 PMc.83 PMc.84 117 
ECJII1 rrOBpeeHHbIM aCTOK IIIBa BeJII1K, npOBO,ZJ;.SIT TOHK}'IO MeJIOB}'IO JII1HI1IO M.SI onpe,ZJ;eJIeHI1.S1 CJIe,ZJ;a CTPOqKI1 (pHC. 83). ,lJ,e'TaJII1 Ha acTKe pa3pbIBa coe,ZJ;I1H.SIIOT no aTOM JII1HI1I1 (pHC. 84). ITo MeJIO- BOM}' KOHT}'PY BbIllOJIH.SIlOT 1lI0B coe,ZJ;I1HeHI1.S1, B HaqaJIe 11 B KOHIJ,e pa- 60TbI - MaIlII1HH}'1O 3aKpenK}', qT06bI CTpOqKa HaxO,ZJ;l1JIa Ha OC'TaB- IIIYIOC.SI CTPOQK}' Ha 3-4 CM (pHC. 85). ECJII1 pacnOpOBllII1MC.SI YQaCTOK IlIBa He60JIbllIOM I1JII1 no,ZJ; PYKoii HeT IIIBeMHOM MalII 11 HbI, TO BMeCTO MallIl1HHOM CTPOQKI1 MO)KHO BbIllOJIHI1Tb IlIBOM «3a I1I'0JIK}'» CTaQHYIO CTPOQK}' (pHC. 86). , . ,  - . PMc.85 PMc.86 PMc.87 2. 06MeTaHHbIM Ha MaIIIl1He cpe3 IlIBa MO)KHO oTpeMOHTl1pO- BaTb, npl1MeHI1B 06MemOl./HYIO CmpOI./KY (pHC. 87). 3. ECJII1 oTpeMOHTl1pOBaTb pacnOpOBllII1MC.SI 1lI0B C 113HaHOQ- HOM CTOpOHbI HeB03MO)KHO (113,ZJ;eJIl1e Ha nO,ZJ;KJIa.A Ke ), TO peMOHT BbI- nOJIH.SIIOT C JII1IJ,eBOM CTOpOHbI rrO,ZJ;IlII1BOQHOM CTPOQKOM (pHC. 88). ,lJ,JI.SI aTOI'O H}')KHO pacnOJIO)KI1Tb pacnOpOBllII1MC.SI IIJOB nO,ZJ;KJIa.AKI1 Ha cI'116e 113,ZJ;eJII1.S1. 3aKpenl1Tb HI1Tb C 113HaHOQHOM CTOpOHbI 11 BbI- BeCTI1 ee Ha JII1IJ,eB}'IO. Ha BTOpOM coe,ZJ;I1H.SIeMOM ,ZJ;eTaJIl1 BbIllOJIHI1Tb CTe)KOK MI1HOM 2-3 HI1TI1 TKaHI1. BepH)'Tbc.SI K nepBoM ,ZJ;eTaJIl1l1 BbI-  2-] Humu . /lftUHO cme:J/CKO - . PMC. 88. PeMOHT WBa nOAwHB04HO CTp04KO 118 
rrOJIHMTb Ha HeM CTe)KOK rro M3HaHO'-IHOM cTopOHe ,lVIMHOM 7-10 MM M TaK ,ZJ;aJIee. Ha O,ZJ;HOM ,ZJ;eTaJIM 6y,lI;}'T pacrrOJIaraTbCH M3HaHOqHbIe CTe)KKM, a Ha ,ZJ;pyrOM - KopoTKMe JIMeBbIe. -. npOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo}lg 1 B PeMOHT pacnopoBwMXCR WBOB Momepuonbl, UHcmpYMeHmbl U o6opyaoBoHue: J.13Aem1S1, nOAfle- >KaLLl,J.1e peMoHTY, HJ.1TKJ.1, J.1rJla, HO>KHJ.14bl, wBeHaSl MaWJ.1Ha. BbInOJ1HJ.1 cooTBeTcTBYIOLLI,J.1e BJ.1Abl peMOHTa. 1. PeMoHT nOBpe>KAeHHOro Y4aCTKa MaWJ.1HHO CTp04KJ.1 (CM. pJ.1C. 85, 86). 2. PeMoHT o6MeTaHHoro Ha MaWJ.1He cpe3a WBa (CM. pHC. 87). 3. PeMOHT J.13AeJ1J.1S1 Ha nOAKJ1a,QKe (CM. pJ.1C. 88). -a-L-- Pocnop08wuuCR w08, 06MemOl./HOR CmpOI./KO. -? - 1. KaKJ.1MJ.1 cnOC06aMJ.1 MO>KHO OTpeMOHTJ.1pOBaTb pacnopOB- WJ.1HCSI WOB? 2. C KaKoH CTOpOHbl J.13AeJ1J.1S1 BbmOJ1HSlIOT peMOHT pacnOpOBWJ.1XCSI WBOB?  25. YXOA 3a OAe)K,lJ;OH H3 XJIonQaTo6}'Ma)KHhIX H JIhH.HHhIX TKaHeH CpOK HOCKM O,ZJ;e)I(,l{bI 3aBMCMT OT rrpaBMJIbHOrO YX0,ZJ;a 3a HeM. BOBpeMH BblIIOJIHeHHbIe QMCTKa, cTMpKa M BJIIDKHO-TenJIOBaJI 06pa- 60TKa H3,lJ;OJIrO 06eCrreQaT o,ZJ;e)I(,l{e XOpOnIMM BHellIHMM BM,ZJ;. Ka)I(,l{oe M3,ZJ;eJIMe MMeeT moBapHblU RpnblK, cO,ZJ;ep)Kall\MM cBe,ZJ;eHMH 0 pa3Mepe M3,ZJ;eJIMH, COCTaBe TKaHM, M3 KOTOpOM OHO M3rOTOBJIeHO. EOJIee rro,ZJ;- P06HaJI MH<p0pMaMH 06 YX0,ZJ;e 3a M3,ZJ;eJIMeM }'Ka3bIBaeTcH C rrOMO- ll\bIO cUMBonoB Ha MOpKUpoBol./HOU neHme, 3aKpenJIeHHOM C M3HaHOQ- HOM CTOpOHbI B O,ZJ;HOM M3 llIBOB M3,ZJ;eJIMH. CMMBOJIbI 0603HaQaIOT, KaK YXIDKMBaTb 3a M3,ZJ;eJIMeM: cTMpaTb, CyrnMTb, yrIO)I(MTb M BbIBO,ZJ;MTb rrHTHa. 3HaQeHMe HeKoTopbIX CMMBOJIOB rrpMBo,ZJ;MTCH B Ta611J.14e 25. 119 
Ta6nMLf,a 25. CJ.1MBOl1bl no YXOAY 3a OAe>KAO J.13 XI10n4aT06YMa>KHbIX J.1 I1bHSlHblX TKaHe CU.MBo.IT Cnoc06 yxoao 30 U3ae.ITUe.M Bua mKOHU 'UEf CTJ.1paTb npJ.1 TeMnepaType Bce XI10n4aT06YMa>KHble He Bblwe 95 DC J.1 I1bHSlHble TKaHJ.1, YCTO4HBble K OKpaCKe 'dti CTHpaTb TOl1bKO BPY4HYIO XI10n4aT06YMa>KHble npH TeMnepaTYpe He Bblwe 101 I1bHSlHble TKaHJ.1 40 DC, 06p a w.aTbCSI C HeYCTO4J.1BO OKpaCKO C OCTOpO>KHOCTblO D Pa3peweHa cywKa B 6apa- XI10n4aT06YMa>KH ble 6aHe CTHpaJ1bHO MaWJ.1Hbl J.1l1bHSlHble TKaHJ.1  YTIO>KJ.1Tb npJ.1 TeMnepaTYpe Bce XI10n4aT06YMa>KHble He Bblwe 200 DC J.1 I1bHSlHble TKaHJ.1 @ CyxaSi 4HCTKa C npJ.1MeHeHJ.1- XI10n4aT06YMa>KHble eM 11106blX paCTBOpHTel1e J.1 I1bHSlHble TKaHJ.1 £ MO>KHO oT6el1J.1BaTb Bce XI10n4aT06YMa>KHble cpeACTBaMJ.1, COAep>Kaw.J.1MJ.1 J.1 I1bHSlHble TKaHJ.1 XI10p C YCTO4J.1BO OKpaCKO  OT6el1HBaTb Hel1b3S1 L.J.BeTHble TKaHJ.1 nepe.n; HaqaJIOM CTMpKM He06xo.n;MMO paccopTMpOBaTb rpH3- HbIe Bem;M 110 BM.n;aM TKaHM, QBery M 3arpH3HeHHOCTM. ll3.n;eJIMH M3 XJIolIQaT06YMaJKHbIX M JIbHHHbIX TKaHeM CTMpaIOT OT.n;eJIbHO OT .n;py- rMX. CTMpaTb o.n;HOBpeMeHHO QBeTHoe M 6eJIoe 6eJIbe HeJIb3H, TaK KaK QBeTHoe MO)KeT rrOJIMHHTb. UBeTHbIe Bem;M M3 XJIOIIKa M JIbHa CTMpaIOT B pacTBopax Pa3JIMQHbIX MOIOm;MX cpe.n;CTB MJIM MbIJIOM IIpM TeMrreparype BO.n;bI He BbIIIle 60 DC. nepe.n; CTMpKOM o.n;e)l(,ll;bl H)')KHO rrpOBepl1Tb Bce KapMaHbI, QT06b1 OHM 6b1JIM rryCTbIMM. 1I,>n 
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Oc060e BHI1MaHl1e CJIeeT 06paaTb Ha Kynbmypy nUmOHUR. TIpl1eM rrl1I1,n;OmKeH rrpOXO,n;I1Tb B O,n;HI1I1 Te)l(e qaCbI, qTO cnoc06- cTByeT Hal160JIee rrOJIHOM)' ee rrepeBapl1BaHl11O 11 YCBOeHI1IO. BaJKHa rrpaBl1JIbHaH K}'JII1HapHaH 06pa60TKa rrpO,ll;)'KTOB. TII1a ,n;OJDKHa 6b1Tb BK}'CHO rrpl1rOTOBJIeHHOM, KpaCI1BO 04>opMJIeHHOM, Tor,n;a OHa 6y,n;eT B036Y)I(,lJ;aTb arrrreTI1T. )I(113He,n;eHTeJIbHOCTb OpraHI13Ma 11 nl1eBapeHl1e HeB03MO)l(- HbI 6e3 BumOMUHoB. TI03HaKOMbCH C CaMbIMI1 pacnpOCTpaHeHbIMI1 BI1TaMI1HaMI1, I1X BJII1HHl1eM Ha OpraHI13M 11 3,n;opOBbe qeJIOBeKa, rrpO,ll;)'KTaMI1, I1X co,n;ep)l(aIl\I1MI1. BI1TaMI1HbI rpynrrbI B y.rryqrnalOT rrl1eBapeHl1e, 06MeH BeeCTB, COCTOHHl1e KO)l(I1 11 3peHl1e. 3TI1 BI1TaMl1HbI co,n;ep)l(aTCH B MOJIOKe, KI1CJIOMOJIOqHbIX rrpo,n;YKTax, ,n;pO:>lOKax, HMQax, rreqeHI1, MHce 11 opexax. BI1TaMI1H C }'KperrJIHeT 3aI1THbIe Cl1JIbI OpraHl13Ma. OH co,n;ep)KMTCH BO 4>P}'KTaX, HrO,D;ax, CBe)l(l1X OBOax, 3eJIeHI1. BI1Ta- MI1H A crroc06cTByeT pocT}', pa3BI1TI1IO, y.nyqrnaeT 3peHl1e. 11M 60raTbI HMQa, CJII1BOQHOe 11 paCTI1TeJIbHOe MaCJIO, MOJIOKO 11 ,n;p. BI1TaMI1H D YKperrJIHeT KOCTI1, rrOMep)l(l1BaeT xopornee caMoqyBcTBl1e. QT06bI rro.nyqaTb 3TOT BI1TaMI1H, H}')KHO eCTb CJII1BOQHOe MaCJIO, MOJIOKO, HM- Qa, pbI6y, rreQeHb PbI6b1. BI1TaMI1H E y.nyqrnaeT 06MeH BeecTB B op- raHl13Me. OH co,n;ep)KMTCH B paCTI1TeJIbHOM MaCJIe, opexax, XJIe6e. B rrpoQecce rrpl1rOTOBJIeHI1H 11 XpaHeHI1H rrl111 He06xo,n;I1MO C06JI1O,n;aTb CaHI1TapHO-rl1rl1eHWleCKl1e Tpe60BaHI1H. 1. rOTOBI1Tb rrl1ll.(}' CJIeeT B crreQl1aJIbHOM o,n;ee. 2. TIpl1cT}'naH K rrpl1rOTOBJIeHl11O rrl1l1, H}')KHO TaTeJIbHO BbIMbITb P}'K11 C MbIJIOM, y6paTb BOJIOCbI rro,n; KOCblHK}' (rnarroQK}'). 3. ECJII1 Ha rraJIbQax eCTb Qaparrl1HbI, TO 3TI1 MeCTa HY)l(HO 3aI1TI1Tb JIeMKOllJIaCTbIpeM I1JII1 Ha,n;eTb pe311HOBbIM HanaJIbQHI1K. 4. TIepe,n; HaQaJIOM rrpl1rOTOBJIeHI1H nl111 CJIeeT BbIIIOJI- HI1Tb rrepBI1Q1l}'1O 06pa60TK}' rrpo,ll;)'KToB. 5. Pa3JII1QHbIe BI1,n;bI rrpoKToB CJIeeT 06pa6aTbIBaTb Ha pa3Hblx pa3,n;eJIOQHbIX ,n;OCKax C cooTBeTcTBYIOeM MapKl1pOBKOM. 6. HeJIb3H rOTOBI1Tb rrl1ll.(}' B rrocy,n;e C rroBpeeHHoM 3MaJIblO. 7. HeJIb3H ynoTpe6JIHTb B rrl1ll.(}' HeCBe)l(I1e npo,ll;)'KTbI. CKOpO- rropTHl1ecH rrpoKTbI He06xo,n;I1MO XpaHI1Tb B XOJIO,n;I1JIbHI1Ke. 123 
8. npO.n;YKTbI II rOTOBbIe 6mo.n;a MO)l(HO xpaHIITb He 60JIee onpe.n;eJIeHHOrO cpoKa. 9. npO.n;YKTbI, rOTOBbIe K ynoTpe6JIeHIIIO, CJIe.n;yeT xpaHIITb 3aKpbITbIMli 11 OT.n;eJIbHO OT CbIpbIX. 10. Pa3JIM'IHbIe rrpo.n;yKTbI II rOTOBbIe 6JIIO.n;a Tpe6}'1OT onpe- .n;eJIeHHOM TeMrreparypbI xpaHeHII.H, rr03ToM}' B XOJIO.n;IIJIbHIIKe IIX CJIe.n;yeT pa3Me.lI.\aTb B cooTBeTcTBYlO.II.\lIX OT.n;eJIeHII.HX: rrpo.n;YKTbI, He Tpe6YIO.II.\IIe AJlIITeJIbHOrO xpaHeHII.H, HanpliMep .H6JIOKII, OBO- .lI.\1I, .HMQa, rrplirOTOBJIeHHbIe 6JIIO.n;a II .n;p., - Ha nOJIKax; rrpO.n;yKTbI, Tpe6}'1O.II.\IIe 60JIee AJlIITeJIbHoro xpaHeHII.H, HarrpliMep M.HO, pbI6y II T. rr., - B MOp03IU1bHIIKe.  flumOHue, KY.l1bmypo numOHuR, 8umOMuHbl. -? - 1. n04eMY HY>KHO npaBHJlbHO nHTaTbC.H? 2. KaK Tbl nOHHMaeWb TepMHH «KYJlbTypa nHTaHH.H)? 3. PaCCKa>KH 0 3Ha4eHHH BHTaMH- HOB B nHTaHHH.  27. KYXOHHaJI nocY)J;a H yxo)J; 3a HeD: C .n;peBHeMllIliX BpeMeH MeCTO, r.n;e rOTOBlUI1i nlI, C'lIITa- JIOCb .n;OMallIHIIM O'larOM. ,l(a II CeM'laC 66JIbrnyK> 'laCTb .n;OMallIHero BpeMeHII JIIO.n;1I npOBo.n;.HT Ha K}'XHe. n03TOM}' 3TO nOMe.lI.\eHlIe .n;OJI)I(- HO 6bITb 060py.n;OBaHHbIM, y.n;06HbIM II KpaCIiBbIM, TaK KaK 3.n;eCb He TOJIbKO XpaH.HT rrpO.n;yKTbI II rOTOB.HT nlI, HO II 3aBTpaKa1OT, 06e.n;a- lOT II }')KIIHaIOT. OrpaHII'leHHbIe pa3MepbI K}'XHII II He60JIbllIOM Ha60p K}'XOH- HOM Me6eJIli He Bcer.n;a rr03BOJI.HIOT X03.HMKe IIMeTb B CBoeM pacnop.H- )l(eHIIII pa3H006pa3IIe KaCTplOJIb II CKOBOpO.n;, .n;a B 3TOM, rrO)l(anyM, II HeT H}')K.lI:bI. Ho Bce )l(e Ha K}'XHe rro.n; P}'KOM .n;OJI)I(HO 6bITb Bce He06- xo.n;IIMoe, 'lT06bI rOTOBIITb nlI R o6J\.{'\.\\\:\) (,\\Q\\ \:\,". \.  py.n;OBaHlIe, rrocy.n;a, IIHCTp)'MeHTbI, IIHBeHTapb II nplicnoc06JIeHII.H. B KaqeCTBe o6opyao80HUR Ha K}'XHe IICrrOJIb3}'1OT ra30BbIe II 3JIeKTP"'leCKle IIJIIiTbI, CB"4-ne'llI, XOJIO.n;IIJIbHIIKII II .n;pyrlIe 6bI- TOBbIe rrplI60pbI. 124 
"  r- - '.  ,, w ------ "-------- PMC. 89. KyxoHHaS! nOCYAa PaccMoTpHM rrpHMepHbIH Ha60p KYXOHHOiJ nocyabl (pHC. 89). .n:JI rrpHrOTOBJIeHH CynOB H 6YJIbOHOB He06xo.n;HMO HMeTb HeCKOJIbKO KaCTplOJIb pa3JIW-IHOH eMKocTH (BMecTHMocTH) - OT O,lJ,HOrO .n;o rrTH JIHTpOB. .n:JI )KapeHH Mca, PbI6bI, KapTo<peJI.H, OMJIeTOB, 6JIHHOB, 06)KapHBaHH OBOmeH HCrrOJIb3YlOT CKOBOpO,lJ,bI pa3JIW-IHOrO pa3Me- pa. Ka)K)J,bIH H3 BH,IJ,OB rrpo.n;YKTOB HY)KHO rOTOBHTb Ha OT,IJ,eJIbHOM CKOBOpO,lJ,e:Te<pJIOHOBOH,qyryHHoH,9MaJIHpOBaHHoH. OBOml1, MCO Jl}'qllIe T)'llIHTb B nocy.n;e C TOJICTbIMH ,lJ,HOM H CTeHKaMH. l.JT06bI rOTOBHTb B .n;yxOBOM UIKa<py, rroHa,n;06TC HeCKOJIbKO rrpoTHBHeH 11 <pOpM M BbIIIeqKH, 3arreKaHH 11 T)'llIeHH. Ha K}'XHe ,lJ,OJI)KHbI 6bITb He06xo.n;HMbIe UHcmpYMeHmbr. Ha60p XOpOllIO 3aTOqeHHbIX K}'XOHHbIX HO)KeH, HO)KHHQbI M pa3.n;eJIKI1 PbI6bI, K)'pHQbI H T. .n;.; uHf3eHmopb: .n;ypllIJIar, rnyMoBKa, CHTO, BeHqHK M B36HBaHH, HeCKOJIbKO pa3,1J,eJIOqHbIX ,lJ,OCOK (M.H Hape3KH OBO- meH, Mca, PbI6bI, XJIe6a), K}'XOHHhIH MOJIOTOK, Ha60p TepoK, CKaJI- KH M TeCTa; npucnOC06f1eHUH. rrpecc M.H qeCHOKa, OBOmeqI1CTKa, OTKpblBaJIKa, BopOHKa, CT)'IIKa M paCTl1paHI1H, KOH,IJ,l1TepCKI1H MellIOK I1JII1 llIrrpHQ C HaCa,TJ,KaMI1, PYJIOHbI <pOJIbrl1, K}'XOHHhIC qa- CbI-TaHMep (pHC. 90). 125 
J  ;1 I  t  ., ( b .:) ".; ",;. i,j .. t- <» I I . "",--  ---- / .- . -- . " .. \ / i  PMC. 90. HBeHTapb H npHcnoco611eHHSI AJlSI KYXHH Ee3ynpeqHO qHCTaH K)'XOHHaH yrBapb H nocy.n;a - nepBeHmee YCJIOBHe, o6eCneqHBalOI..l.\ee rHrHeHHqHOCTb nHI..l.\H. I1ocy.n;y Ha.n;O MbITb cpa3Y )l{e rrOCJIe ee HCnOJIb30BaHHM. Ee CHaqa.n:a COpTHp}'lOT, OT.n;eJIbHO CTaB.HT qamKH, TapeJIKH H T. .n;. CeHqaC BbIrrycKaeTC.H MHO)l{eCTBO cpe.n;cTB ,lVI.H MbITb.H rrocy- .n;bI, a TaIOKe rrpHcnoco6JIeHHH - ry6KH, epnIH, I..l.\eTKH, MOqaJIKH. I1pHropeBmylO B rrocy.n;e nHIl(}' Heo6xo.n;HMO OTMaqHBaTb, a He COCKa6JIHBaTb. I1ocy.n;y, B KOTOpOM 6bIJIO MOJIOKO, CbIpbIe .HHQa, CHaqaJIa MOIOT XOJIO.n;HOM BO.n;OH, a 3aTeM rOp.HqeH. KepaMHqecKyIO nocy.n;y .nyqme Bcero MbITb rOp.HqeH BO.n;OH C CO.n;OM, rrOCJIe qero xopomo crrOJIOCH}'Tb qHCTOH BO.n;OH. I1ocy.n;y C aHTHnpHrapHbIM nOKpbITHeM HeJIb3.H TepeTb )l{eCT- KOM MOqaJIKOH. ,lJ,JI.H yxo.n;a 3a HeM HCnOJIb3}'1OT TOJIbKO ry6KH H )l{H.n;- KHe MOIOI..l.\He cpe.n;CTBa. q}'ryHHbIe CKOBOpO.n;bI nepe.n; MbITbeM H}')l{HO BbITepeTb 6YMa- rOM, a 3aTeM rrpoMbITb B rOp.HqeH Bo.n;e C MOIOI..l.\HM cpe.n;cTBoM. I1pHro- peBllme K CKoBopo.n;e OCTaTKI1 rrl1I..l.\H MO)l{HO oTTepeTb CYXOH COJIbIO. CTOJIOB}'IO rrocy.n;y oCBo6o)l{,ll;alOT OT OCTaTKOB nHI..l.\H, rrpOMbIBa- lOT rop.Hqei1 HO.n;OM. ECJIH Ha nocy.n;e OCTaJIC.H )l{l1p, ee o6pa6aTbIRaIOT 126 
MOIOrn;I1M cpe.n;CTBOM, a 3aTeM Trn;aTeJIbHO CnOJIaCKI1BalOT rOpH'leM BO.n;OM. TaR)I(e MOIOT 11 'laMH}'IO nocy.n;y. HaJIeT 'lasI IDIH Ko<}>e MO)l(HO y.n;aJII1Tb, nOTepeB BIryTpeHHlO1O CTOpOH}' 'lameK IDIH 6JIIO.n;eQ MHr- KOM TpHnO'lKOM C nl1TbeBOM CO.n;OM. IIocy.n;y, yKpameHH}'IO «30JIOTOM», He CJIe.n;yeT MbITb C CO.n;OM. JIY'lme .n;06aBI1Tb B BO.n;y HeCKOJIbKO KaneJIb MOIOrn;ero cpe.n;CTBa, a 3aTeM Trn;aTeJIbHO npOnOJIOCKaTb nocy.n;y B 'lHCTOM Bo.n;e. GraKaHbI 11 <}>Y)l(epbI xopomo OTMblBalOTCH B TeruIOM Bo.n;e C COJIblO. IIocJIe MbITbH I1X HeJIb3H CTaBI1Tb O,l);I1H B .n;pyrOM - OCTblB, OHI1 MOryr TpeCIryTb. BbIMbIT}'IO nocy.n;y lI}"lme He BbITl1paTb nOJIOTeHQeM, a nOMec- TI1Tb B cyIIIIDIbHbIM mKa<}>. Ha MbITbe nocy.n;bI 06bl'lHO YXO.n;I1T MHoro BpeMeHI1. 3Ha'll1- TeJIbHO 06JIer'laeT TPY.n; nocy.n;oMOe'lHasI Maml1Ha. ---.l- 060pya080Hue, KYXOHHOR nocyao, uHcmpYMeHmbl, uH8eHmopb, npucnoc06neHuR. -? - 1. KaKCliI nOCYAa Heo6xoAHMa AJlSI npHrOTOBl1eHHSI nHLLI,H? 2. nepe- 4HCI1H HHBeHTapb H npHcnoco6l1eHHSI, KOTopble AOI1>KHbl 6blTb Ha KYXHe. 3. PaCCKa>KH npaBHl1a YXOAa 3a nocYAoH.  28. OBOH B nHTaHHH PaQI10HaJIbHOe nl1'raHl1e 'leJIOBeKa HeB03MO)l(HO 6e3 OBOrn;eM, <}>pyKTOB 11 nJIo.n;OB. Bce MbI JII06HM OBOrn;I1, HO .n;a)Ke He 3a.n;yMblBaeM- CH, KaK 11 r.n;e nOHBIDICH TOT HJII1I1HOM OBOrn; (pHC. 91). 113BecTHo, 'lTO Karrycry BbIparn;I1BaIOT C .n;aBHI1X BpeMeH, C 3-ro TbICH'leJIeTHH.n;o H. a. Po.n;HHa aTOM OBOrn;HOM K}'JIb'rypbI - Cpe.n;113eM- HOMopbe. B HanIH .n;HI1 ee B03.n;eJIblBalOT BO MHorHX cTpaHax Ml1pa. Po.n;I1Ha BCeMI1 JII0611MOro KapTo<}>eJIH - IO)I(HasI AMepl1Ka, r.n;e MeCTHoe HaCeJIeHl1e CTaJIO ynoTpe6JIHTb ero B nHm;y HeCKOJIbKO TbICH'leJIeTI1M Ha3ap;. B EBpOrry KapTo<}>eJIb 6bIJI 3aBe3eH B cepe.n;I1He XVI BeKa. IIoHBJIeHl1e KapTo<}>eJIH B POCCI1I1 B KOHQe XVII BeKa CBH3aHO C I1MeHeM IIeTpa I, KOTOpbIM npl1Be3 MemOK K.lI}'6HeM 113 rOJIJIaH.n;I1I1. 127 
 - "\ 'It \ '\' \, . J ,.. (.L ./ PHC. 91. OBOlllH MeCTO rrpOHCXO)KeHHH oryPQa - BJla)KHbIe TpOrrH'-IeCKHe Jleca HHHH, re ero BbIpaIl\HBaTIl1 Y)Ke B 3-M TbICH'-IeJleTHH o H. 9. POHHOH TOMaTa C'-II1TaIOTCH TpOrrH'-IeCKHe paHOHbI IO)KHOH 11 IJ;eHTpaTIbHOH AMepHKH. B EBporre TOMaTbI Ha'-IaTIH BbIpaIl\HBaTb B XVI BeKe. Ha Teppl1TOpl1H HarneH CTpaHbI - B XVIII BeKe. OBOIl\H HBJlHIOTCH OCHOBHbIMH rrOCTaBIl\HKaMH )KH3HeHHO Heo6xoHMbIX BHTaMHHOB, MHHepaTIbHbIX COJleH, caxapa 11 pyrHX rrHTaTeJlbHbIX BeIl\eCTB, a TaIOKe KJleT'-IaTKH. B Ta611H4e 26 rrpeCTaBJleHbI pa3JIH'-IHbIe zpynnbl oBow,eu. Ta6nH4a 26. Kl1accHQ>HKa4HSI oBow.e rpynno oBow,eu OBow,u, omHocRw,ueCR K aOHHOU 2pynne 1 2 KopHenl10Abi 5pIOKBa,CBeKl1a, MOPKoBb,pena,peAHc,peAbKa,xpeH, neTpywKa KopHeBaSl, nacTepHaK, cel1bAepe KopHeBo K11y6Henl1oAbl KapTOQ>el1b, 6aTaT (Cl1aAKH KapTOQ>el1b), TOnHHaM6yp 128 
OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 25 1 2 KanycTa KanycTa 6e110- 101 KpacHoK04aHHaSl, 4BeTHaSl, 6pIOCCel1bCKaSI,KOl1bpa6H,caBocKaSI,6pOKKOI1H T blKBeHHble OryP4bl, TbIKBa, Ka6a4KH. naTHCCOHbl 5060Bbie r opox, Q>aCOl1b, 606bl, COSI naCl1eHOBble TOMaTbl, 6aKI1a>KaHbl, nepe4 Cl1aAKH JlHcToBbie CaJlaT I1HCTOBO, l1aTYK, KpeCC-CaJlaT, wnHHaT, w,aBel1b JlYKOBH4Hbie JlYK pen4aTbl, I1YK-nope, I1YK-6aTYH, 4eCHOK npSlHO- AHHC, KopHaHAP, TMHH, MSiTa nepe4HaSl, MaopaH, BKycoBble 3cTparoH, YKpon, neTpywKa, KHH3a 101 AP. .l(JUI coXpaHeHI1H B OBOl1\ax BHTaMHHOB H rrOJle3HbIX rrl1Ta- TeJlbHbIX Bel1\eCTB He06xo,n;HMO c06mo,n;aTb rrpaBHJla HX 06pa60TKH, rrpHrOTOBJleHHH H XpaHeHI1H. 1. OBOI1\H CJle.n;yeT xpaHHTb B TeMHoM MeCTe npH TeMnepa- Type + 1... +3 °C, KBarneHble H COJleHble OBOI1\H - B paccoJle. 2. OBOI1\I1 AJlH BapKH 3aKJIa,zJ;blBalOT B KaCTplOJlIO C Kl1rrHl1\eM rro,n;cOJleHHOM BO,n;OH H BapHT no,n; KpbIIIIKOM. ECJlI1 OBOI1\H rrpe,n;Ha- 3HaqeHbI AJlH CaTIaTOB H BHHerpeToB, HX BapHT HeOqHl1\eHHbIMI1. OBOII.\11 B KaCTplOJle ,n;OJl)KHbI 6bITb rrOJlHOCTblO rroKpbITbI BO,n;OM. . 3. OTBapbI OQHl1\eHHbIX OBOl1\eM He BbIJIHBaIOT, a HCnOJlb3}'1OT B KaQeCTBe ,n;06aBOK rrpH rrpHrOTOBJIeHHH cynoB, COYCOB, rrOTOM}' QTO OHH co,n;ep)KaT MHoro BHTaMI1HOB. 4. MbITb H ,n;ep)KaTb OBOI1\H B Bo,n;e He 60Jlee 10-15 MHHYT. 5. rOTOBHTb OBOI1\HbIe 6J1IO,n;a CJle.n;yeT Herrocpe,n;cTBeHHo rre- pe,n; HX ynoTpe6J1eHHeM. npl1 HerrpaBHJlbHOM 11 AJlHTeJlbHOM xpaHeHHH OBOl1\eH BJlara, co,n;ep)Kall.\aHCH B HI1X, HcrrapHeTcH, 11 OBOI1\H TepHIOT rrHl1\eBYIO QeH- HOCTb H CBOM BH,n;. OHH Ylm,n;aIOT, CTaHOBHTCH MHrKHMH, QaCTO TeM- HbIMI1. QT06bI H36e)KaTb ')Toro, OBOI1\H KOHcepBHp}'lOT, 3aMOpa)Kl1- BalOT 11J111 xpaHHT B TeMHOM rrpOXJIa,zJ;HOM rrOMel1\eHHI1. 5 TCXHOJIOnlH. T. 5 KJI. 129 
B HaCTOHee BpeMH BCe 60JIbme HCnOJIb3yroT B K}'JIHHapHH C8eJICe30MOpOJICeHHble o8ow,u. 06bIQHO 3aMopIDKHBaIOT IJ;BeTlI}'IO Ka- nycry, KOJIbpa6H, 3eJIeHbIH ropomeK, 3eJIeH}'lO 4>aCOJIb, 3eJIeHb H .n;p. CBe)Ke3aMOp0)KeHHbIe OBOH H Hro.n;bI nepe.n; ynoTpe6JIeHH- eM pa3MopIDKHBaIOT npH KOMHaTHOH TeMneparype. -. flpOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo JIg 20 OnpeAeneHMe A06poKaecTBeHHocTM OBOl1.leM no BHewHeMY BMAY 1. nO,D,rOTOBb OBOW,H. 2. Onpe,D,el1H ,D,06pOKa4ecTBeHHocTb oBow,eH, Hcn0l1b3YSl Ta6- I1H4Y 27 (Ha npHMepe MOpKOBH). 3. 3anHwH BbIBO,D, 0 npHrO,D,HOCTH oBow,eH. Ta6nM4a 27. OnpeAel1eHHe A06poKa4eCTBeHHocTH oBow,a (MOpKOBH) nOK030me./Tb XopoKmepucmuKo XopoKmepucmuKo 30K./TlOl./eHUe KOl./ecmBo nOK030me./TR KOl./ecmBo aOHH020 oBOU40 3KcnepmU3bl UBeT ,l),OI1>KeH COOTBeTCTBO- MOpKOBb Slp- CooTBeTcTByeT BaTb 4BeTY oBow,a (4BeT KO-OpaH>KeBoro Tpe60BaHHSlM MOpKOBH - >Kemo- 4BeTa, 6e3 OpaH>KeBbl). He AOI1>K- TeMHbix nSiTeH HO 6blTb TeMHbix nSiTeH 3anax ,l),OI1>KeH COOTBeTCTBO- MOpKOBb 6e3 CooTBeTcTByeT BaTb 3anaxy oBow,a, nOCTopOHHHX Tpe60BaHHSlM 3anax CblpoCTH 3anaXOB, 101 nl1eCeHH «rOBOpHT», COOTBeTcTByeT 4TO OBOW, He npHroAeH CBe>KeMY OBOW,y K ynOTpe611eHHIO KOHcHcTeH- OBOW, AOI1>KeH 6blTb MOpKOBb TBep- COOTBeTcTByeT 4HSI (creneHb TBepAblM 101 C04HbiM AaSi 101 C04HaSi Tpe60BaHHSlM nI10THOCTH) Bb/8oa: 4BeT, 3anax H KOHCHCTeH4HSI MOpKOBH COOTBeTCTBYIOT Tpe60BaHHSlM Ka4eCTBa - ,D,aHHbIH OBOW, npHrO,D,eH ,D,11S1 yno- Tpe611eHHSI B nHw,y. 130 
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KOJIMqeCTBOM )KM)];KOCTM MJIM COKa, KOTOpbIH 06pa3yeTcH M3 npO)J;}'K- Ta npM ero HarpeBaHMM. 3TOT cnoc06 TellJIOBOM 06pa60TKM Ha3bIBa- eTCH npunYCKOHue. TIpM npMrOTOBJIeHMM HeKOTopbIX 6JI10)]; He06xo)];MMbI Bcno- MOraTeJIbHble npMeMbI TellJIOBOM 06pa60TKM. K HMM OTHOCHTCH nac- cepoBaHMe M 6JIaHIIIMpOBaHMe. TIpM noccepof3oHuu Hape3aHHbIe npo.n;yKTbI CJIerKa 06)KapMBa- lOT C )KMpOM MJIM 6e3 Hero. naccepOBaHHbIe npO.n;yKTbI MCnOJIb3yroT rrpM rrpMrOTOBJIeHMM CynOB, COYCOB M BTOpbIX 6JI10)];. OflOHwupof3oHue- 6bICTpoe 06BapMBaHMe MJIM OilinapMBaHMe. npO.n;yKTbI, HaxO)];HMeCH B nocy)];e, 06)];aIOT KMnHTKOM MJIM norpy- )K3j()T B eMKOCTb C KMnHTKOM (He 60JIee qeM Ha O)];H}' MM"Yl)'). CaMbIM pacnpocTpaHeHHbIM npMeMoM TellJIOBOH 06pa60TKM HBJIHeTCH BapKa. Cym;ecTByeT MHO)KeCTBO cnoc060B BapKM: B BO)];e, Ha napy, rrpM nOBbIIIIeHHOM )];aBJIeHMM (B cneqmiJIbHOH nocy)];e). BapMTb OBOM MO)KHO B pa3HbIX )KM)];KOCT.HX: BO)];e, MOJIOKe, paCTMTeJIbHbIX COKax (COK, BbI)];eJIMBIIIMHCH M3 oBoeH). B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT COOTHOIlIeHMH KOJIMqeCTBa npO)];YKTa 11 )KM)];KOCTM pa3JIMqaIOT CJIe.n;yroMe BM)];bI BapKM: npo)J;}'KTbI nOJIHO- CTblO norpY)KaIOT B )KM)];KOCTb; BapHT B He60JIbiliOM KOJIMqeCTBe )KM)];KOCTM, TO eCTb npO.n;yKTbI norpY)KeHbI B Hee He 60JIee qeM Ha O)];H}' TpeTb; rOTOBHT B c06CTBeHHOM cOKy. BOPKY HO nopy ocym;ecTBJIHIOT B 3aKpbIToH nocy)];e. TIpO.n;yKTbI }'KJIbIBaIOT Ha cneqMaJIbH)'IO ceTKy MJIM peilieTKy H KMnHeM BO)];OM. 3TOT cnoc06 rrpMMeHHIOT npM npMrOTOBJIeHMM )];MeTMqe- CKMX 6JIIO)];. BOpKO HO f3oaRHou 60He npOMCXO)];MT TO)Ke H KMnHeH BO- )];OH. B 60JIbmyro eMKOCTb C rOpHqeH MJIM KMnHeM BO)];OM rrOMea- lOT nocy)J;}' C rrO)];rOTOBJIeHHbIMM npO.n;yKTaMM. npaBMna TennOBOM o6pa6oTKM 1. HMKOr)];a He nepe)KapMBaTb M He nepeBapMBaTb rrpO.n;yKTbI, 3TO YXY)];IIIaeT BHeIlIHMH BM)]; M BKyC 6JIIO)];a, CHM)KaeT rrMTaTeJIbH)'IO qeHHocTb, B TOM qMCJIe CO)];ep)KaHMe BMTaMMHOB. 2. .JKapMTb MJIM BapMTb OBOM H}')KHO CHaqaJIa Ha CMJIbHOM orHe, a 3aTeM )];OBO)];MTb)];O rOTOBHOCTM Ha CJIa60M. 140 
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llpM BapKe OBoeM He06xo,AMMO C06JIIO,AaTb BpeMSI npMro- TOBJIeHMSI. .l(.nSl onpe,AeJIeHMSI rOTOBHOCTM MO)KHO npOKOJIOTb HO)KOM OBO: OH ,AOJI)KeH 6bITb MSlrKMM, HO He pa3BapeHHbIM. OXJIa)K,AaTb OBOM nOCJIe BapKM H}')KHO npM KOMHaTHOM TeMneparype. TexnOJIOrH'IeCKaJI nOCJIe)J;oBaTeJIhHOCTh npHrOTOBJIeHIUI XOJIO)J;HhIX 6JIIO)J; H3 BapeHhIX OBoeH 1. MexaHMqeCKaJI 06pa6OTKa oBoeM (COpTMpoBKa, MOMKa, OqMCTKa, npoMbIBaHMe). HeKoTopbIe OBOM nepe,A TenJIOBOM 06pa- 60TKOM He qMCTSlT. 2. TenJIOBaJI 06pa60TKa oBoeM. 3. OXJIa)K,AeHMe oBoeM. HeJIb3S1 COe,AMHSlTb TenJIbIe npo- ,AyKTbI C OXJIa)K,AeHHbIMM, qT06bI npMrOTOBJIeHHOe 6JIIO,A0 6bICTpO He MCnOpTMJIOCb. 4. Hape3Ka oBoeM. 5. 3anpaBKa CaJIaTOB nepe,A nO,AaqeM K CTO.ny. llepeMenIMBaTb OBOM H}?KHO OCTOpO)KHO, qT06bI OHM He nOMIDIMCb. 6. YKparneHMe 6JIIO,Aa M nO,Aaqa K CTO.ny. rOTOBMTb 6JIIO,Aa CJIe.A}'eT B COOTBeTCTBMM C CaHMTapHO-rMrMe- HMqeCKMMM Tpe60BaHMSlMM. Tpe60BaHMA K KaeCTBY M ocl>opMneHMIO rOTOBbiX 6nlOA 1. BapeHbIe npo,AyKTbI, BXO,ASIMe B COCTaB 6JI IO,A , ,AOJI)KHbI 6bITb MSlrKMMM, HO He pa3BapeHHbIMM M coxpaHSlTb 4>opMY Hape3KM. ECJIM 3TO OBOHbIe KOTJIeTbI, TO OHM ,AOJI)KHbI 6b1Tb OBaJIbHOM 4>op- MbI C paBHOMepHO nO,A)KapeHHOM nOBepxHocTblO. 2. BK}'c 6JIIO,Aa M3 oTBapHbIX oBoeM ,AOJI)KeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb HaT}'PaJIbHoM}' BK}'CY oBoeM: eCJIM 3TO OBOHoe pary - CJIerKa ocr- pbIM, MOpKoBHbIe KOTJIeTbI - CJIa,AKMM, Cnel\M4>MqeCKMM ,lVISI MOpKOBM. 3. U:BeT M 3anax 6JIIO,A - CBOMCTBeHHbIe CBe)KMM npo.AyKTaM, M3 KOTOpbIX OHM npMrOTOBJIeHbI. 4. 04>opMJIeHMe 6JIIO,A ,AOJI)KHO 6bITb KpacMBbIM M anneTMT- HbIM. llpM o4>opMJIeHMM HeJIb3S1 MCnOJIb30BaTb Hec'be,A06HbIe YKpa- rneHMSI (M3 IIJIaCTMaCCbI M T. n.). 142 
5. YKpamaTb 6JI1o.ll.a H)')KHO HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHo nepe.ll. nOAa- qeM K CTO.lI}', ITo6b1 np0.D.YKTbI He aaBeTpl1.lIl1Cb 11 He nOTepHJII1 BHeWHI1M BI1.l1.. KaqeCTBO rOTOBbIX 6JIIO.lI. TaIOKe MO)KHO onpe.ll.eJII1Tb nOcpe.ll.- CTBOM OpraHOJIenTI1QeCKOM Ol.\eHKI1 (c nOMOIl..\blO opraHOB qyBCTB) - TO eCTb no BK}'CY, I..\BeT}', aanaxy, KOHCI1CTeHl..\l111 11 BHeWHeM}' BI1.D.Y. -. npOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo M 22 npMroToBneHMe 6nlOAa M3 BapeHblx oBoaqeM npHrOTOBb BHHerpeT no TeXH0J10rH4eCKoH KapTe (Ta6J1. 30). Ta6nM4a 30. TeXH0l10rH4eCKaSi KapTa. BHHerpeT HOU.MeH080Hue KO./Tul./e- floc./Teao80me./TbHOCmb flocyao npOaYKmo cm80 npu2omo8./TeHUR U uH8eHmopb 1 2 3 4 CBeKl1a 1 WT. CBapHTb, OCTYAHTb, KacTplOl1S1, HO>K, 04HCTHTb, Hape3aTb pa3Ael104HaSi AOCKa Mel1KHMH Ky6HKaMH KapTOQ>el1b 2 WT. CBaplo1Tb, OCTYAIo1Tb, KacTplOl1S1, HO>K, 04HCTHTb, Hape3aTb pa3Ael104HaSi AOCKa Mel1KHMH Ky6HKaMH MOpKOBb 1 WT. CBapHTb, OCTYAHTb, KacTplOl1S1, HO>K, 04HCTHTb, Hape3aTb pa3Ael104HaSi AOCKa Mel1KHMIo1 Ky6HKaMH Orypbl 1 WT. Hape3aTb HO>K, COl1eHble Mel1KHMH Ky6HKaMH pa3Ael104HaSi AOCKa KanycTa 2 CT. nepe6paTb, HaWHHKO- HO>K, KBaweHaSi 110>KKH BaTb KpynHble KYCKH pa3Ael104HaSi AOCKa 143 
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TIpHrOTOBJIeHHe qaJI QT06bI npMrOTOBMTb BK}'CHbIH apOMaTHbIH qaH, He06xo,l{MMO MMeTb ,l{Ba qaHHMKa: O,l{MH - ,l{JUI KMnHqeHMH BO,l{bI, BTOpOH - ,l{JIH 3aBapMBaHMH ()I(eJIaTeJIbHO <t>ap<t>opoBbIH). fIepe,l{ npMrOTOBJIe- HMeM qaifHMK AJlH 3aBapKM CJIe,l{yeT 06,l{aTb KMnHTKOM, nOCJIe qero 3aCbInaTb B HerO onpe,l{eJIeHHOe KOJIMqeCTBO qaH. 06bIqHaH ,l{03a - 1 qaHHaH JIO)I(Ka qaH Ha 1 qalliK}' HanMTKa. 3aJIMBaIOT qaif KMnHTKOM CHaqaJIa Ha 0,l{H}' TpeTb 06'beMa qaHHMKa. 3aBapKe Ha,n;O ,l{aTb HaCTO- HTbCH no,l{ cneQMaJIbHOH TellJIOH HaKpbIBaJIKOH 5-8 MMH}'T, a nOTOM ,l{OJIMTb KMnHTK}' ,l{0 nOJIHOrO 06'beMa 3aBapOqHOrO qaHHMKa. EIl\e O,l{MH M3 pacnpocTpaHeHHbIx HanMTKOB - Ko<t>e. Kocpe - TOHM3MPYIOIl\MH HanMTOK, 06JIa,n;aIOIl\MH TOHKMM npMHTHbIM apoMaToM M CneQM<t>MqeCKMM BK}'COM. Ko<t>eHHoe ,l{epeBO - TpOnMqeCKOe BeqH03eJIeHOe pacTeHMe, 3epHa KOToporo MCnOJIb3}'1OT AJlH npMrOTOBJIeHMH HanMTKa. CopTa Ko<t>e pa3JIMqaIOT no apoMary M BK}'COBbIM KaqeCTBaM. B npo,l{a1K}' nocrynaeT Ko<t>e B 3epHax, MonombliJ M pacmBopuMbliJ. ,l(JIH pa3MOJIa 3epeH Ko<t>e MCnOJIb3YIOT Ko<t>eMOJIKM. TIpHrOTOBJIeHHe KocJ>e B npe,l{BapMTeJIbHO nporpeT}'lO nocy,l{y (T}'PK}', Ko<t>eHHMK) 3a- CbmaIOT MOJIOTbIH Ko<t>e (1-2 qaHHbIe JIO)I(KM Ha qalliK}'), 3aJIMBaIOT KMnHTKOM 11 OCTOpO)I(HO ,l{OBO,l{HT ,l{0 KMneHMH. CHMMaIOT nocy,l{y C orHH M ,l{aIOT HanMTK}' HaCTOHTbCH B TeqeHMe 3-5 MMH}'T. rOTOBbIH Ko<t>e pa3JIMBaIOT no qalliKaM. ,l(JIH npMrOTOBJIeHMH Ko<t>e MO)I(HO MCnOJIb30BaTb KocpeBapKu. Tpe6oBaHMR, npeA'bRBnReMble K npMrOTOBneHMIO rOpR'IMX HanMTKOB 1. Qaif M Ko<t>e xpaHHT B <t>ap<t>opoBbIX MJIM CTeKJIHHHbIX llJIOTHO 3aK}'IIopeHHbIx 6aHKax. 2. Ko<t>e M qaH rOTOBHT HenOCpe,l{CTBeHHo nepe,l{ ynoTpe6- JIeHMeM. 155 
3. UBeT HanllTKa .n;OJDKeH 6bITb, eCJIII :no 'laM, KpacHO-KOPllq- HeBbIM llJIII 3eJIeHOBaTbIM, eCJIII KOq>e - TeMHO-KOp"qHeBbIM, rrOqTII qepHbIM. 4. rOTOBbIe HanllTKII .n;OJI>KHbI IIMeTb CBOMCTBeHHbIe 11M BK}'C 11 apOMaT. npoKmUl./eCKoR p060mo J{g 26 npMrOTOBneHMe rOpJlIIMX HanMTKOB npHroToBb HanHTOK no TeXH0J10rw.lecKoH KapTe (Ta6J1. 37). Ta6n1na 37. TeXH0l10rH4eCKaSi KapTa. 4a C caxapOM HouMeHoBaHue KO.ITul/ecmf3o nOC./TeaoBame.ITbHOCmb nocyao npooYKmo npu2omof3.ITeHUR U uHf3eHmopb BOAa BCKHnSlTHTb BOAY. 4aHHK 06AaTb KHnSlTKOM AJlSI KHnSl4eHHSI 4aHHK AJlSI 3aBapH- BOAbl BaHHSI 4aSl 4a 2-34. BCbmaTb 4a 4aHHK 110>KKH 101 3al1HTb KHnSlTKOM AJlSI 3aBapHBaHHSI Ha 1/3. 4aSl ,lJ,aTb HaCTOSlTbCSI 5-8 MHHYT 101 AOI1HTb 4aHHK ropSl4e BOAo AOBepxy Caxap no BKYCY ,lJ,06aBHTb B 4aWKY 4aHaSi 110>KKa ----t-l- 40u: l./epHblU, 3e.l1eHblU; Korpe: 83epHOI, M0.l10mbIU, pocm8opUMblU; Korpe80pKO. -? - 1. KaKHMH CBOHCTBaMH 06J1a,o,aeT 4aH? 2. KaKHe copTa 4afl Tbl 3Haewb? 3. PaCCKa>KH, KaK npaBHJ1bHO 3aBapHTb 4aH. 4. B KaKOM BHAe npOAaeTCfI Kocpe? 5. KaK CJ1eAyeT xpaHHTb 4aH H Kocpe? 156 
 3 5. CepBHpOBKa CTOJIa K 3aBTpaKY CepBupoBKo - 9TO nO,ll;rOTOBKa M o<popMJIeHMe CTOJIa .AJI.H rrpMeMa rrMIl\M. Cm0.l10BoR nocyao l Cm0.l10Bble npu60pbl - HeOT'beMJIeMa.H 'laCTb cepBMpOBKM. ITOJIHblM accopTMMeHT rrOCY,ll;bl .AJI.H cepBMpOBKM CTOJIa M rro- ,ll;a'lM 6JIIO,ll; BKJIlO'laeT B ce6.H CTOJIOBblM cepBM3, KOTOpblM 06bl'lHO paCC'lMTaH Ha meCTb MJIM ,ll;BeHa.lI;IaTb rrepCOH. 3TO - rlI}'60KMe, MeJI- KMe, 3aK}'CO'lHble M ,ll;eCepTHble TapeJIKM, 6JIIO,ll;a pa3HbIX pa3MepOB, cyrrHMQa, ceJIe,ll;O'lHMQa, CaJIaTHMKM, p03eTKM .AJI.H BapeHMI, ,ll;)KeMa, Me,ll;a, rrO,ll;CTaBKa (pIOMKa) .AJI.H .HMQ. .l(orrOJIH.HIOT CTOJIOBbIM cepBM3 'laMHblM M Ko<peMHbIM cepBM3bI. CTOJIOBble rrpM60pbI ,ll;eJI.HT Ha rrpM60pbI MH,ll;MBM.n;yaJIbHOrO rrOJIb30BaHM.H, C rrOMOll\blO KOTOpbIX e,ll;.HT, M o61l\ero rrOJIb30BaHM.H, C nOMOll\blO KOTOpbIX Hape3alOT, paCKJIa,n;bIBalOT MJIM rrepeKJIa,n;bIBa- lOT K}'maHbH M3 o61l\ero 6JIIO,ll;a B CBOM TapeJIKM. K rrpM60paM MH,ll;MBM.n;yaJIbHOrO rrOJIb30BaHMH OTHOCHT 3aK}'- CO'lHbIM, PbI6HbIM, CTOJIOBbIM, ,ll;eCepTHblM M <PP}'KTOBbIM rrpM6opbl. IT pM60pbl o61l\ero Ha3Ha'leHMH (BCrrOMOraTeJIbHbIe) BKJIIO'la- lOT B ce6.H HO)KM .AJIH MaCJIa, JIO)KKM .AJI.H paCKJIa,n;KM CaJIaTOB, JIO)KKM pa3JIMBaTeJIbHble .AJI.H rrepBbIX M CJIa,n;KMX 6JIIO,ll; (KMCeJIeM, KOMnO- TOB); JIOnaTKM.AJI.H MKpbl, pbI6Hb1X, KOH,ZI;MTepCKMX M3,ll;eJIMM. CepBMpOBKa CTOJIa K 3aBTpaK}' 3aBMCMT OT 6JIIO,ll;, BXO,ll;HIl\MX B MeHIO. 3aBTpaK MO)KeT COCTOHTb M3 rOp.H'lerO 6JIIO,ll;a (KamM, OMJIe- Ta, .HM'lHMQbI), a TaIOKe 6yrep6po,ll;OB, XJIe6a, 6YJIO'leK, BapeHblX HMQ, KOJI6aCbI, Cblpa, MaCJIa, BapeHbH, rrOBM.AJIa, ,ll;)KeMa, Me,ll;a M T.,ll;. M rOpH'lerO HarrMTKa ('laH, Ko<pe, KaKao, MOJIOKa M T. ,ll;.). CepBMpYH CTOJI .AJI.H 3aBTpaKa, ero 3aCTMJIalOT CKaTepTblO, KJIa,n;yr JIbHHHble MJIM XJIorr'laTo6YMaJKHble CaJI<peTKM. Ha  CaJI<peTK}' CTaB.HT rrocy.n;y M rrpM60pbI .AJIH Bcex yqa- CTHMKOB 3aB1paKa: 3aK}'CO'lH}'lO TapeJIK}', HaMCKOCOK crrpaBa - 6JIIO,ll;Qe C 'larnKOM; 'laMH}'IO JIO)KK}' KJIa,n;yr Ha 6JIIO,lJ;Qe, a He B 'lamK}'. BMJIK}' pac- rrOJIaralOT CJIeBa OT TapeJIKM 3y6MM BBepx, HO)K - crrpaBa JIe3BMeM K npeJIKe (pHC. 102). BapeHoe .HMQO rrO,ll;aIOT Ha crreQMaJIbHOM rrO,ll;CTaB- Ke 11 CTaBHT crrpaBa OT 3aK}'CO'lHOM TapeJIKM MJIM Ha Hee. B QeHTpe CTa- 157 
-..1 - ''-I' .\r  0  ,_, ._, . , '- . \ /' ''''1,'' }  v " :"- 5 ,--  PMC. 102. CepBpoBKa CTOl1a K 3aBTpaKY JIa pa3MemaIOT 6JIIO}J,0 C Hape3aHHbIMI1 racTpoHoMWleCKI1MI1 rrpo}J.}'K- TaMIl (KoJI6aca, BeTql1Ha, CbIp 11 }J,p.). J{a)K,n,bIM 6epeT ce6e Hape3K}' 113 06mero 6JIIO}J,a, rrOJIb3YHCb CrreQl1aJIbHbIMI1 npl160paMI1. TaIOKe Ha CTOJI He06xo}J,I1MO rrOCTaBI1Tb MaCJIeHK}' C HO)KOM, KOTOpbIM OTpe3aIOT K}'COqeK MaCJIa, KJla}J.)'T ce6e Ha TapeJIK}', a 3aTeM HaMa3bIBaIOT Ha XJIe6 CBOI1M HO)KOM. CaxapHI1Qy 11 Ba30QK}' C Ba- peHbeM I1JII1 Me}J,OM pa3MemaIOT rrocepe}J,I1He CTOJIa BMeCTe C JIO)KKa- MIl }J,JIH paCKJla}J,bIBaHI1H. qaM 11 Ko<}>e rrO}J,aIOT 6e3 caxapa: KIDK}J,bIM }J,06aBJIHeT ero rro BK}'CY. COflcpemKO - 06H3aTeJIbHbIM rrpe}J,MeT CepBl1pOBKI1 CTOJIa. CaJI- cpeTlill }J,OJDKHbI 6bITb BCer}J,a QI1CTbIMI1 11 HaKpaxMaJIeHHbIMI1. I1MI1 MO)K- HO KpaCI1BO yKpaCI1Tb 11 rrpa3}J,HI1QHbIM CTOJI. ,lLnH :noro He06xo}J,I1MO Ha}"II1TbCH CKJIa}J,bIBaTb CaJI<}>eTKI1 Pa3JII1QHbIMI1 crroc06aMI1 (pHC. 103). «Beep» - }J,BIDK}J,bI CJIO)KI1Tb rro }J,JII1He, cBepH}'Tb BeepoM 11 pacKpbITb C O}J,HOM CTOpOHbI (pHC. 103, a). «CBeQa» - }J,BIDK}J,bI cBepH}'Tb, IT06bI rrOJryQI1JIOCb QeTbIpe KBa}J,paTa, 3aTeM CJIO)KI1Tb no }J,l1arOHaJIl1 11 BepXHI1M yrOJI 3aBepH}'Tb BHI13, JIeBbIM 11 rrpaBbIM yrJIbI 3aKperrl1Tb C3a}J,11 (pHC. 103, 6). 158 
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KY./TUHOpUR. T eXHO./T02UR o6po6omKu nUU4e&lx npoaYKmo8 122  26. 06ml1e CBe,lJ,eHI1 0 nl1TaHI1I1. BI1TaMI1HbI .......... 122  27. KYXOHH nocY,IJ,a 11 YX0,lJ, 3a Hell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124  28. OBOml1 B nl1TaHl111 .............................. 127  29. MeXaHI11.JeCK o6pa6oTKa OBOmeH ................ 131  30. npl1rOTOBJIeHl1e 6JIIO,IJ, 113 CBe)KI1X OBomeM ......... 135  31. npl1roTOBJIeHl1e 6JIIO,IJ, 113 BapeHbIX OBOmeH ........ 138  32. DJIlO,IJ,a 113 I1Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146  33. DYTep6po,lJ,bI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150  34. Iop1.Jl1e Hanl1TKI1 ............................... 154  35. CepBl1pOBKa CTOJIa K 3aBTpaKy .................... 157  36. KYJIbTYPa nOBe,lJ,eHI1 3a CTOJIOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 T eXHO./T02UU 8eaeHuR aOMO. HHmepbep KYXHU, cmo./To8ou 162  37. C03,1J,aHI1e I1HTepbepa KyxHI1 .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . 163  38. 06opY,IJ,OBaHI1e Ha KyxHe ......................... 167  39. Pa3MemeHI1e Me6eJII1 11 o6oPY,IJ,oBaHI1, 30HbI KyxHI1 .................................... 168  40. CaHI1TapHOe COCTOHl1e KyXHI1.................... 172 . flpUMepbl m80pl./eCKUX npoeKmo8 174 TBop1.JecKI1M npoeKT «<I>apTYK» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 TBop1.JecKI1M npoeKT «CepBl1pOBKa CTOJIa K 3aBTpaKy» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 flpU./TOJICeHue. OOHK o6beKmo8 a./TR m80pl./eCKUX npoeKmo8 186 
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