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.D.pynte- HCTOLlHHKH TOKa 9AiJttnmuHCllOJIl.3YIOTCJI B KalleCTBe HCTOQRlII\a 9JIeK'lpOOHepl'lm IIpH YCTaIlOBItaX crreItllaJlbRDIX MMH, 4JyracoB, B3)maTeJIeit, saMbIRaTeJIeit SaMewreHHoro AeitCTBRJI II T. ]1;., 'l'. e. TaM, r)J;e Tpe6yeTCJI HerrpepLlBHOCTl. 9JIeKTp09HeprHH. 9.p:eMeHTIiI pa3p;eJI.HIOTCJI Ha cyne, BO)J;OHaJIHBHlile H MOKpl.re. ,IIocJIe)J;mrlt TIm MaJIO npHrol\6Il1l8-3a XPYIIIWCTII H HeYA06cTBa B oopalI!eHlIII; cyxoiJ: H BoAOHaJIHBHoit 60JIee YAOOUh!, He Tpe6YIOT 3a CoDOit 60JILmOrO yxo)J;a H Bcel')J;a roTOBbI R p;eficTBIlIO' (BOp;o- a3JmlIHoit nOCJIe 2 'lac. IIOCJIe aaJIIIBR.lI ero BO)J;Oit HJIH pacTBOpOM lI1eJIO'lH). \ ' RaJIt.I\bIfi 9JIeMeHT BhIpa08.TbIBaeT TOR Harrp.HJReHHeM 1,0-1,5 BOJIbT. ]J.JIJI nOJIT'leHHH Tpe6yeMoro P;JIJI B3pLlBa uarrpJImeHHJI HeCROJIl.RO 9JIeMeHTOB coe- -MHmo , OCJIe)J;oBaTeJIhHO (nJIIOc coeAHHHeTCJI C MI:IHYCOM). TIpH HcnpaBHl.IX npOBOjI;- mfltaUI'9Jl0MeHTe MomHO B30pBaTl. OWIHM 9JIeMeUTOM npH 061I1eM COnpOTlIBJIeHH1i Be. 6oJI'ee 4 QM' OjI;I:IH-jI;Ba sarraJIa. 0AAQA 113 paSHOBHJJ:HOCTefi CYXHX BJIeMerrTOB RBJIJIIOTCH oaTapeihm )J;.'I.H Kapfl!aHH»IX $OEapeft. Om! MorYT OWl. C ycrrexoM HCnOJIl.30BaHIiI npH BOCIIJlaMeHeHJfJIX BJIeRTpH- "lecltllM TOlipM; HarrpJlJReHHe Y oaTapeeR 60JIl.me, 'IeM Y 9JIeMeHTOB, H paBHo 4,5 BOJIh- TaM. To'iHO 'l'alt me MorYT ObIT» HCnOJIl.30BaHIiI II Ka'IeCTBe 9JIeMOOTOB PaAH06a'rapeH 12-:-80 BOJIl.TOBlile aKRyMYJIHTOplil Bcex CHCTeM, He HCKJIIO'IaJI aBTOfl!o6HJIl.HIiI...'\:, KOM- HaTHOe 1)CBeIqeIIHe II rrpOBO)J;a B03P;yrIIHOit 5JIeItTpH'IeCKoit ceTH. Bce 9TO MomeT 6jdTl. HcnO BaHO sa HellMeHHeM HH'lerO JIy'lIIIero RaE nOjI;pY'IHOe cpejI;c'.p30 B3plilBa. IIo IIpIl IICII()Jl!>30;uamnI BJIeMeHTOB, aKKYMYJIHTOPOB, oaTapen, KOMHaTHoit H B03AYIIIHOit poBOWtH BymHo IIOMHHTb, 'lro TOR B HIIX IIMeeTCH Bce BpeM.fl; II09TOMY npH pa60re C HIIMH .nyJRHO CTaBIITb RaKOit-TO npepmaTeJIb (BLlKJIIO'la1eJIl.) IlJIH 3aMeAJIHTeJIl.. .' 1 1 . , .. > t .. ;p. ,) ..... , I I ; . ,C "ii \J:; ;: ;;; i ;.' J::1;: !/ := . ; : :,' ; ": ; j;J ,:; ;, ;J" . . ....... Illi!jIJjj;j/ j j:j , JiJilljillJil j iJii/!liiliJlil / ii!: J .I !,u fU : 1 1 jL' ;L"j 1 i,. e,_ :f 11;' JI ,:", H'f!!i, "'Jj,Jj"' ""' '. ::; !1:i'j 1m1iljWiiiilii!:ji;i;i:!?,:: I ". i-_ "-' '21 ......_u .. k '-= " - ...-.--...... , ;-.._- r, . . .) Pac. 29. RaTjlIIK& canepsoro npOBO ElBRa , -. '. roO d P.c. 26. ManaS! nOp;pLlBHB.a MamnUKR llM2 P.c. 28. lIonomeBue MamnDKR"p;J1H BSpWDQ. CJlej\yIOIJ1l1e: npH 80 OM COnpOTlIBJIemIJI. MamllHa pa3BllBaeT Hanp.fUK6HlIe 80 BOJILT, AaBaJI cwry TOKa 1 aMlIep. llplI 9Tn AalI- HhIX Maunma MomeT B30pBaTb AO 25" sa- na.1l0B HaKaJIIlBaHIIJI, COOAHHeJiHl>1XlIOCJIe- ' p;OBaTeJIbHO. IIo 9TOMY oopaaIij' CTWFrCJI P.c.27. IDecTepeao'IBaH ncpeJl.B.'lR MIl- MamHHKa HM2. . mllBKJl llM2 ManrHHEa npIlB01J,If1CJ1 B )J;eitCTBHe 01 PJIGI OCOOLlM KJIIO'lOM C )J;epeBHHHolt PYtJKoit. MeXaHHlleCItaJI eHeprnH OT PJRH nepej\aercJI Ha Jla.1l MaillllilIGI nOCpeJ(QTJ30M aYOQaToi1 nepe)J;a'lR,. COCTOJlII1eit 113 )J;BJX nap mecrepeH (PRC. 27). PJRO : B03- BpaII{aeTCH B nepOOHa'laJIl.BOO nOJIomemm oco6oit npymllHoit. . . " An.H nepeHocKH MallillJIRR IIMeeTCJI ClIeUHaJlbHl>Iii peMeIIb, YKpelIJIeHHlilti Ha .Ro-' myxe. R peMHIO npmnlITo ClleIUiaJIl.HOe rHe3)J;0 p'JIH RJIIO'la. Bee MannuIbI OKOXO 2,5 K2 nplI ra6apllTHLlX pa3Mepax: BI>ICOTa -150 .MM, mHpHHa-135 At.K TOJIJItWIa- 85 .MM. ' , , "I{'''- IP" "! XaHH3M, MaIIIlIHRH DpUO- WITCH :13 ABIIJKeHHe peam nOBqpOTOM' RJIIO'la BnpaBo, H TeM CaMI>IM rrpOIl3BO JIT B3p B. OBOpOT KJIIP'9a np,OHCXOjI;IIT rrpHMepHO 1m IlOJIOBHHY Rpyra, T. e Oko- JIO 180 0 . HHKaKlIX jI;onOJI- HHTeJIbHbIX ItOHTaKTOB IIJIlI MeXaHII3MOB jI;JI.fl npOH3BOA- CTBa B3pUBa Y 9TOIt MamHII-: R.lI HeT. IIocJIe B3pLlBa KJIl{)I} BIillIJlMaeTCH, a npOBOMHRH' OTpalI1llBalOTCJI. HcnonbSOBaHMe M8WMHHM AnA 8SPbIB& Cm aalIaJIOB (j 06II1HM COlIpOTlIBJIeHHeM, Be npeBbIIIIaronnm 80 OM, BItJiIoiIalOT B K.1!e lIa Itpl.IlliKe Romyxa. EJIIO'l BCTaBJlHeTCJI B rneBAO nil. nepep'aTolffiNft BiUI; lfro6u tie OUJIO rrpOBepThIBaHIIH RJIIO'la, Ha Ba.'lY lIMe6TCJI ropH30HTRJIbHO YKpelIJ1en- B3Jl .1IIIllI!IbIt3, a B IOIIO'le - npOpe3L cOOTBerorneHHo II1DlIJIl.Re. Mannmxa 6ept1TCJI 8a. AHO Romyxa B JIeByro PYRY, npll'1CM PYKa IIponycxaeTCJI B peMeIIL (PIlC. 28). .Me- .0 nI?9 OAHHKH H ceTH BropLIM:" 9JIeMearOM 5JIeETpHQeCItoro clIoco5a B3phIBa .HBJIJIIOTCJI npOBOjI;HHKH, CJIY»ta!1;Pl6 .qJIJI nepe a'lH Ha paCCTOHHHe CHJIIiI TORa HCTO'IRHKa It aalIaJIY )J;U ero 1I3plilBa.. "UUII COCTORT HB MeTaJIJIH'leCRoit 2KH!.IIiI, rrp BO):\HlI1efi TOR, H H30JIJmHH. JKlIJIa KomeT 6mb MeMaJI, meJIe3HaJI, aJIIOMllJ:lI1eBaR, CTaJIbHaJI II T. lJ;., pa3JIH'lHOrO )J;Ha- lIIerpa,. CM07pll IIO Ha3Ha'lOOHIO. II