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Теги: firearms military science combat tactics
Год: 1941
Текст
il VOLUNTEER DEFENCE CORPS (HOME GUARD) i _ ., * •• i1 i •" • ’ Preliminary Training 1 к л- i ; Manual Issued by the authority of the V\D+C. Corps Commander >•*-' л HEADQUARTERS 81 St. George's Terrace, Perth, Western Australia z Telephone В 8622 । June, 1941
PRELIMINARY TRAINING MANUAL PUBLISHED.'BY' IMPERIAL PRINTING CO.. LTD 397 HAY ST.. PERTH L
Page PART IV—TANK HUNTING AND DESTRUCTION .. .. 69 Hunting and Destruction .. .. .. ... .. 69 Characteristics .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 Tactical Action .. .. .. .. .. .. 74 . Road Blocks, Ambushes and Obstacles .. . ♦ 83 PART V—-TACTICAL NOTES................................. 94 Attack .. .. .. .. .. ,. - .. 94 A Forward Platoon Advancing .. «. .. 96 A Section in the Attack .. .. .. •. 98 A Section in the Assault........................100 Clearing a Village............... .. .. 102 Clearing a Wood .. .. .. .. .. 104 Defence ...........................................106 A Platoon Defensive Locality in Mobile Warfare 106 A Post in Concrete .. 108 Defence of a Bridge.............................110 Holding, a River oi Canal .. .. .. .. 112 Road Blocks and Tank Traps .. .. .. 114 Defending a House .. .. .. .. .. 116 Loop-holing Walls ..............................117 Night Patrols......................................118 In Open Country .. .. .. .. ♦. 118 Advancing Along, a Road .. .. .. .. 120 Advancing Along a Hedge or Side of a Wood 122 Searching a House, Hut or Small Enclosure .. 124 4
VOLUNTEER DEFENCE CORPS (HOME GUARD) TRAINING MANUAL BADGES OF RANK The colours of rank, worn around the top edge of the armband, are as follows:—r Commander: Red. Group Commander: Grey. Battalion Commander: Orange. Company Commander: Green. Platoon Leader: White. Administrative Staff: Light Blue. PART I SQUAD DRILL Three Ranks.—Squad drill will in future be carried out in three ranks, unless numbers are insufficient, when two ranks will be formed. Troops will be “stood easy” when* ever possible. Handing over a parade, etc., will always be done at “stand at ease.” Platoons in Threes. Each rank is a section at single arm interval, with the Section Leader as No. 1, e.g., Front rank, No. 1 Section; centre rank, No. 2 Section; rear rank, No. 3 Section. Distance between ranks: one pace (30 inches). 5
Dressing. When armed with a rifle, dress at the “Order” by raising the left arm, fingers clenched, elbow straight (front rank only—if next man is too close, raise the arm in front of his chest), turning the head and eyes to the right. When unarmed raise the right arm similarly. On the dressing being taken up, bring arm smartly to the side and the head and eyes to the front. Stand at ease and easy. On the command “Eyes right,” the head and arms remain until the command “Eyes front.” Centre and rear ranks turn the head and eyes, but do not raise the arms, covering the front rank. Moving into the Ranks. This is done from the rear. Moving out of the Ranks. Come to attention, slope arms, take a pace to the left front and move straight to the front. Carrying out Adjustments, etc. Take a pace to the left front where necessary. Open Order. Command “Open order—March.” Front rank moves two paces forward. Rear rank two paces step back. File. A “file” (when in line) is three men—front to rear. Blank file is next to left flank, centre and rear ranks, or just centre rank, being vacant. Forming. When “forming” or “forming squad,” etc., pivot man takes three ’paces. 6
SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION 1. Explanation. 2. Demonstration. 3. Execution. 4. Repetition. Teach by eye wherever possible, and break up move* ments into separate parts. Check Faults. Unless correct execution by squad is insisted upon, by the checking of all faults as they occur, the wrong way will have been taught, e.g., the instructor teaches the right way, by explanation and demonstration. A member of the squad makes a mistake without realise ing it. If the instructor does not see and correct the mistake, the member has learned the wrong way. WORDS OF COMMAND Two parts— Cautionary Executive Stand at — Ease. Slope — Arms. Both cautionary and executive must be distinct. A good word of command gets results. A bad word of command does not! Additional cautionaries are used wherever possible. “Move to the right in threes/' etc., “Squad will retire/’ etc. 7
ON THE MOVE Cautionary and executive foot on successive beats of same Halt Mark—Time Right—Turn Right—Form Right In—cline Rifle Exercises About—Turn Left—Turn Left—-Form Left In—cline As right foot is passing left. As left foot passes right POSITIONS 1 .—Attention. .Alteration—Feet at angle of about 30 degrees. Points to stress.—Body erect, shoulders down and back, hands lightly clenched, thumbs to the front behind seam of trousers. Do not restrict breathing. 2 .—At Ease. Alteration.—Heels about a foot apart. Points to stress.—Body rests evenly on both feet. Hands behind back; back of right hand in palm of left; thumbs crossed; arms hanging full extent. 3.—Easy. Points to stress.—Body may be moved, but not feet; do not slouch, relax. MOVEMENTS Turning (when halted)» (Right.) Points to stress.—Turn on right heel and left toe; do not swing arms. (Left.) Reverse ‘process. (About.) Right about.—Right heel, left toe» arms close at side. 8
Inclining. Move to the right (or left) by the * Diagonal March.” Right (or left)—Incline. This is similar, except that the body is turned half right (or left). Marching. Length of paces— Quick and slow time: 30 inches. Double time: 40 inches. Stepping out: 33 inches. Stepping short: 21 inches. Side or closing pace: 12 inches. Points to stress.—Step off with left foot, swing arms from shoulder, front to rear; hands swung level with waist; do not bend elbows or swing arms across body. (Note.—In slow march, arms are kept steady at sides.) Turning (right or left).—Right or left foot is brought a short pace in front of left (or right) foot; body is turned smartly in new direction. Using right (or left) foot as a pivot and full pace taken in new direction. Turning (about turn).—Complete pace with right foot, commence turn with left foot, complete turn three beats. The fourth pace is full ‘pace forward with right foot. Do not swing arms whilst turning. Marking Time. Points to stress.—Raise foot about six inches of ground (slow time, 12 inches). Do not move arms. Change Step. On march.—Complete pace with advancing foot; ball of rear foot brought up to heel of forward foot, which takes an other pace forward. Marking time.—Make two successive beats with the same foot. 9
Wheeling» “Change direction right (or left). Right (or left)— Wheel." The inner flank man moves round in a quarter of a circle with a 4ft. radius, stepping short. When quarter circle completed, the other flank man should be in new alignment, and full pace forward taken by each man. Forming Squad. “On the left (or right)—Form squad.” Flank man (left or right) leading file takes three paces forward and marks time; remainder make right (or left) incline and move up into a new alignment by the shortest route. Rear ranks follow front rank. AH dress and mark time. Forming (squad in line). “Change direction left (or right). Left (or right)— Form.”—Flank man (left or right) takes a full turn to. the left (or right) and takes three paces forward; the re* mainder of front rank take left (or right) iodine and move up too new alignment by shortest route. Dress and mark time. Rear ranks conform to movements of front rank, except that they do not incline. Dismissing. Squad turns right, pauses, salutes if officer present and breaks off quietly. If with rifles, arms arc sloped before command “dismiss' is given. PLATOON DRILL A Platoon in Line Forming Column of Route. “Move to the right (or left) in column of route. Right (or left)—Turn. Quick—March.” On right turn being given, platoon commander and platoon sergeant will march into their positions in the column, commander in centre front, sergeant in centre rear. 10
When moving to the left section commanders will move to the head of the section as soon as they have turned to the left, outer section commanders moving by the outer flanks, the middle section commander moving by the same flank as the higher numbered section com* mander. A Platoon in Column of Route Forming Line. “Platoon will advance. Left—Turn.” Platoon commander and platoon sergeant will regain their positions in quick time. When retiring the platoon commander and platoon sergeant do not change their positions. FALL IN A COMPANY Immediately prior to time for “fall in,” company will assemble near parade ground. They will stand easy. C.S.M. calls “Markers,” and the leading section com* mandcrs of each platoon move straight into close column distance facing C.S.M. and cover off, stand at ease and easy. (Close column distance is 14 paces between platoons, measured from front rank to front rank.) Where a permanent parade ground is used, permanent marks such as bricks should be used, and the unit fallen in without markers. C.S.M. gives “Company. Fall—In.” The company springs to attention, slopes arms (if with rifles) and moves smartly to their position, takes up a rough dressing, orders arms, dress, stands at ease, and easy. Platoon sergeant in front of platoons, and if necessary corrects dressing. C.S.M. calls “Call the roll?’ Platoon sergeant brings platoon to “at; ease” and calls names from platoon roll book (if used), and stands at case in front. Normally, cajling the roll is unnecessary, as the platoon sergeant should know all his men and a glance over them, count* ing them or having their number, is all that is required. 11
*<C.S.M. brings company to attention, calls for platoon reports (No. 1 Platoon, No. 2 Platoon, etc.). Stands Company at ease and makes his report to O.C. company, giving verbal report as to absentees, etc. O.C. orders “Officers—Take post!” Officers may then inspect their platoons and their arms. COMPANY DRILL A Close Column when Halted forming Column of Route. O.C. gives “Advance (or retire) in column of route from the right (or the leftt). Right (or left)—Turn." Leading or rear platoon commander will move to the head of his platoon and give “No.-Platoon. Left (or right)—Wheel. By the left (or right)—Quick march.” The procedure is similar to above when command is “Move to the right (or left) in column of route. Right (or left)—turn.” No. 1 platoon commander will give “No. 1 Platoon. By the right (or left—Quick march.” No. 2 platoon commander will give “No. 2 Platoon. Left wheel by the left (or right)—Quick march” in rime to take up nis place in the column. A Close Column when Halted moving to a Flank in Threes. “Move to the right (or left) in threes. Right (or left) —Turn. Quick—March” (dressing by right or left platoons). A Column of Route Forming Close Column of Platoons at the Halt Facing a Flank. “At the halt facing left form, close column of platoons.” No. 1 platoon commander gives “No. 1 Platoon, Halt. Left—Turn.” The other platoons will be led into position by flank guide and then will be given similar commands. 12
A Company in Close Column Advancing (or retiring) in Column. (a) “Advance in column." Commander of leading platoon will give “No. ----- Platoon will advance. By the right—Quick march?’ Other platoons will, be given same command when at column distance. (b) “Retire in Column. “The company will retire— About turn. Platoon commanders will march their platoons in sue* cession at column distance. “No. -- Platoon. By the left. Quick—March." A Company in Column Changing Direction*. “Change direction—Right." Leading platoon commander will give “Nd.--------- Platoon. Right—Form. Forward." Remaining platoons on reaching same spot will do like* wise. (Direction may be changed by wheeling.) A Line when Halted Forming Column Facing a Hank. “At the halt. Into column. Platoons right-—form. Quick—march." RIFLE EXERCISES Falling Tn. At the slope, order ^arms and stand at ease. Stand at Ease. Same position as in squad drill; rifle is, pushed straight in front of body with right hand, rifle held between thumb and fingers at the band; fingers not curled around the rifle but pointing forwards and downwards. Toe of butt in line with toe of boot. Stand Easy. Slide right hand up to, piling, swivel, (same, procedure with bayonet fixed). 13
Attention. Heels together; rifle pulled close to right side and resting on heel of butt; toe of butt level with right toe; right elbow back. Slope from Order. Slope Arms: One.—Throw the rifle upwards with the right hand, catching it with both hands at the same time; left hand at about back sight; right hand at the small of the butt; thumb to the left; elbow to the rear; right arm nearly straight; rifle kept perpendicular close to the right side; shoulders square. Two.—Carry rifle across the body and place it flat on the left shoulder; magazine outwards from the body. Seize the butt with the left hand, the first two joints of the fingers grasping the upper side of the butt; the thumb about one inch above the toe; left elbow close to the side; forearm horizontal and the heel of the butt in line with the centre of the left thigh. Three.—Cut away the right hand to the position of "attention." Order from Slope. Order Arms: One.—Bring the rifle down to the full extent of the left arm, meeting it with the right hand at about the band; arm close to the body; do not draw butt to rear. Two-—Bring the rifle to the right side, steadying it at the same time with the left hand at the nose cap; fingers together and extended; butt just dear of the ground. Three.—Place the butt quietly on the ground, cutting the left hand away to the side. Trailing Arms. (a) To trail arms from order: fciTrail arms." Cant rifle forward, seizing it at the point of balance; bring it to a horizontal position at the side, muzzle to the front. 14
(b) To order arms from trail: ‘‘Order arms." Raise the muzzle; catch the rifle at the band and come to order. (c) To trail arms from slope: "Trail arms." One.— Keeping the rifle in the 'position of the slope seize it at the point of balance with the right hand. Two.—With the right hand bring the rifle to a horv zontal position at the right side and cut the left hand to the side. (d) To slope arms from trail: ‘‘Slope arms." One.— With the right hand place the rifle on the left shoulder in the position of the slopej seize the butt with the left hand as in the second motion of the slope from the order. Two.—Cut away the right hand to the side. (c) The short trail. No word of command except "Short trail. Quick—march." Raise the rifle from the ground about three inches, keeping otherwise the position of the order. Changing Arms. (a) To change arms when at slope: ‘‘Change arms." One.—Seize the butt plate with the right hand, back of hand up, slip left hand to the small. Two.—Carry rifle, magazine outward to the right shoul* der, well in front to clear the head? Three.—Cut left hand to the side. (b) To change arms from trail: "Change arms." One. —Raise the rifle to a perpendicular position in front of the right shoulder, magazine outwards, hand in line with waist, forearm horizontal, elbow close to the body. Two.—Pass rifle across body, catching it with left hand at point of balance, cut right hand smartly to the side. Three.—Lower rifle to full extent of left arm at trail. • / Ground Arms. (Before grounding arms, ranks will be given: "Open order—March?’) 15
(a) “Ground arms”: One.—Place the rifle on the ground at the right side, magazine to the right; muzzle pointing straight to the front; the band in line with the toe. Two.-—Return smartly to the position, of attention. (b) “Take up arms”: One.-r-rSeize. the rifle with the right hand in line with the toe. Two.—Pick up the rifle and return smartly,. At the order. Inspection of Anns. “For inspection, port arms;” Throw the rifle, muzzle leading, with the right hand smartly across the body; magazine to the left and downwards; barrel crossing oppo* site the ‘point of the left shoulder; meet it at the same’ time with the left hand close behind the backsight; thumb pointing to muzzle and fingers around the rifle; left wrist opposite left breast; both elbows dose to body. Turn safety catch completely over to the front with thumb of right hand. Pull out cut-off with thumb and forefinger; seize the knob of bolt with the forefinger and thumb of the right hand; taking the time from the right* hand man, turn it sharply upwards and draw back the bolt to its fullest extent; seize the butt with the right hand immediately behind the bolt; thumb inside butt and pointing to the muzzle. “Ease Springs.”—From the position of “inspection” work the bolt rapidly backwards and forwards until all cartridges are removed from the magazine and chamber, allowing them to fall to the ground; dose the cufroff with the right hand with a rolling and downward motion; close the bolt; press the trigger; turn the safety catch over the rear with the first finger of the right hand, at the same time drawing the remaining fingers over the bolt lever, to force it down, and return the hand to the small. Note.—Before pressing trigger take up correct holding with right hand. 16
To order arms from port: “Order arms." One.—Change the grip of the right hand from the butt to the hand. Two.—As in the second motion of the order from the slope. Three.—As in the third motion of order from the slope. Note.—When arms are inspected at the port only, the inspecting officer will see that:— (I) The exterior of the rifle is clean and free from rust; (2) the magazine and action are clean and in good order; (3) the sights are at zero (200). (4) no parts loose or damaged. Each man, when the inspecting officer has passed the file next to him, will independently ease springs, order arms and stand at ease. To Examine Arms. “Examine arms."—Both ranks, being at the port, will come to the position for loading (see standing load) with the muzzle pointing high enough for the inspecting officer to look down the barrel. The thumb nail of the right hand is placed in front of the bridge chargerguide so as to reflect light up the bore. When the inspecting officer has passed the next file to him, each man will independently ease springs, order arms and stand at ease. Note.—If the arms are to be examined, the caution "Ordering arms from the examine." One.—Seize the rifle with the right hand at about the band, at the same time withdrawing the left foot to the right. Two.—Carry the rifle to the right side, steadying it with the fingers of the left hand at the nosccap, as in the second ^motion of the order from the slope. Three.—Lower rifle to the ground, cut left hand to the side. Stand at ease, stand easy. 17
Present from Slope. “Presenting arms by numbers." One.—Grasp the rifle with the right hand at the small, elbow dose to the body. Two.—Raise the rifle with the right hand, barrel per* pcndicular in front of the body, magazine to the left; place left hand smartly on the stock, wrist ‘on thfe maga* zine; fingers together, pointing upwards; thumb close to the forefinger and point indine with the mouth; left elbow close to the butt; right elbow close to the body. Three.—Release the grip of the rifle with the left hand and with the right bring it perpendicular in front of the centre of the body about three inches away; magazine to the front, right arm fully extended, fingers together slanting downwards; left hand about the backsight, outside the sling, thumbs pointing towards muzzle. At the same time place hollow of right foot against left heel. Both legs straight. Slope from Present “Slope arms." One.—Bring right foot into line with the left; place rifle on left shoulder, taking the correct holding with the left hand. Two.—Cut hand away to side. Fixing and Unfixing Bayonets. The following procedure will be adopted:— (1) “The squad will fix bayonets—Fix bayonets." On the command "fix," push the rifle forward with the right hand as in the position of "stand at ease" with the rifle, at the same time seizing the handle of the bayonet with the left hand, back of the hand to the front and thumb and fingers to the rear; withdraw the bayonet downwards sufficiently to allow the left arm to become straight. On the command "bayonets," draw the bayonet, turning the point upwards and keeping the elbow down; place the handle on the bayonet standard with the ring over the stud of the nose cap, pressing it home to the catch; at the same time turn the head and eyes down 18,
Io the right to ensure the bayonet is properly fixed, the head and eyes remaining in this position on completion. Hingers will be clasped around handle of bayonet. On the command “attention," the position of attention will be resumed. (2) “The squad will unfix bayonets—Unfix bayonets." On the command “unfix," keeping the heels closed, place the rifle between and grip it with the knees, guard to the front. At the same time seize the rifle with the left hand, knuckles to the front, thumb on the bayonet bolt spring, pressing the spring with left thumb, and with the right hand seize the bayonet handle. Disengage the bayonet clear of the rifle. On the command “Bayonets," drop the point of the bayonet to thfe left side, ring to I he rear, at the same time seizing the scabbard with the left hand, thumb underneath the frog and turning the head and eyes towards the to’p of the scabbard, force the bayonet home. On the command “attention," seize the rifle with the right hand at the band, raise the head and «•yes and resume the position of attention. Note.—Cautionary words of command will not be used. 19
PART П THE RIFLE The service rifle is known as the No. 1 Mark III. It fires a .303 Mark VII> which has a muzzle velocity of 2,440 feet per second. The barrel of the rifle is rifled with spiral grooves, left to right, making one complete turn in ten inches. This applies to both rifle and Vickers medium machine-gun. In the Lewis, the rifling is right- handed, and there are four grooves instead of five. The rifle can be identified by the colour or marking of the stock, and the number stamped on the right of butt, form, cc., which must agree with the number stamped on the bolt lever. MECHANISM OF RIFLE To Remove Bolt» Push forward safety catch with thumb, raise knob, draw back bolthead to resisting shoulder and disengage retaining spring by raising bolthead. Remove bolt by drawing it backwards. To Replace» See that the bolt number coincides with the rifle num- ber. See that resisting lug and cocking-piece are aligned and the bolthead screwed home. Place bolt in the body and press it forward until the head is dear of the resisting shoulder. Press the bolthead down until it is caught by the retaining spring. Close bolt, press trigger, pull back safety catch with forefinger and with the remaining fingers press bolt lever down. To Remove Magazine. Press the magazine catch inside trigger guard and with- draw magazine. 20
To Remove Magazine Platform. With the magazine removed from the rifle, depress the irar end of the platform as far as possible, holding up (he front end. Pull the front end towards the rear end of the case until it passes underneath the front lips. Till the rear end of the platform sideways, left side uppermost, and draw it forward out of the case. To Replace Magazine Platform. Insert rear end of platform in front of rear lips of case, tilting sideways so that the right enters first. Depress tear end until the front is below the level of the front hpn. Push forward, guiding the front end through the internal ribs in the magazine case. I Inlfcock and How to Recock. If the action is half*cocked, the rifle is locked. To trinedy, puli cocking piece back to full cock, open and close bolt, press trigger and apply safety catch. CARE AND CLEANING OF THE RIFLE Cure. Before a service rifle becomes unserviceable it should, with proper care, fire from 5,000 to 6,000 rounds. When not in use the leaf and slide of the backsight should be lowered. The rifle should never be left cocked unless loaded. The magazine should be removed only for clean* ing purposes and unloading by the alternative method, and cartridges should not be left in it unnecessarily, as this tends to weaken the spring. Each rifle has its own partic* ular bolt and the numbers must correspond. Before cleaning, bolt, magazine and sling will be re* moved. The pulbthrough is kept in the butt'trap and has three loops. The loop nearest the weight is for the wire £auze. The centre loop is for the flannelette and third loop is for removing the pulbthrough should it break or get jammed in the bofe (armourer only). 21
To avoid cord wear, the cord must not be allowed to rub against the muzzle. The weight on the pull-through should be inserted from breech to muzzle and pulled through in one continuous motion. Oil. Service oil is carried in the oil bottle in the butt-trap. No other oil must be used. Flannelette. For cleaning or drying the boce a piece of flannelette 4in by 2in. will be used. Place in the second loop and wrap around the cord. For oiling the bore use a slightly smaller piece of flannelette, which should have oil well rubbed in with the fingers. Wire Gauze. Is issued in pieces 2£in. by Tjin. and is used on active service or by permission of an officer or warrant officer to remove hard fouling or rust. It must be oiled thor- oughly before use, and is ’placed in the first loop of the pull-through. Fold the gauze so that the longer side takes the form of an and coil each half tightly around the cord until the two rolls thus formed meet. Do not polish the metal of the rifle. The browning on the metal is a preventative against rust. Boiling water should be used to remove fouling. The boiling water dissolves the harmful deposit of the com- bustion. Flannelette on the pull-through takes away the thus softened deposit. When the barrel is warm, super- ficial fouling can also be removed by the flannelette. If it is allowed to remain in the bore, it will harden and turn to red rust. This may necessitate the us*e of a wire gauze. Immediately after firing, pull the bore through. To prevent moisture and air reaching the steel of the barrel, it should be covered with a film of oil. The barrel should be dry only when rifles are being inspected on parade or immediately before firing. 22
Daily Cleaning. Ги11 the bore through with a piece of dry flannelette. Repeat until clean; oil. Clean the exterior of the rifle and the bayonet with an oily rag. Oil working parts lightly. Cleaning before Firing. Remove all traces of oil from the bore. Wipe the action with an oily rag, but ‘prevent the face of the bolt liom being oiled. See that the gas escapes are clear. In handy or dusty country keep the bolt dry. Cleaning after Firing. I. Pull through with dry flannelette. 2. Using a funnel, pour five or six pints of boiling waler dirough the bore, breech to muzzle. Thoroughly di у the bore, oil, and allow it to cool. Wipe over the rest of the rifle as in daily cleaning. Then dry the bore and examine it. If clean, oil it. After firing, daily cleaning should be carried out very carefully for several days. After blank or ballistite, clean before firing ball. Where no boiling water is available, pull the bore through with dry flannelette, then oil it. On service, wire gauze has of necessity to take the place of boiling water. In brief: Pry, boil; dry, oil; dry, oil. Clean remainder of rifle. LOADING AND UNLOADING Loading. Push safety catch forward with thumb, pull out cut-off, seize knob of bolt between thumb and forefinger and open bolt. Take charger of cartridges from pouch, between thumb and forefinger of right hand, and place charger in bridge chargerguide. Pia$c ball of thumb on base of cartridges and remainder of fingers underneath cut'off. With a firm and continuous pressure, force the cartridges into the magazine. Seize 23
the knob of bolt between thumb and forefinger and dose bolt. Pull back safety catch with forefinger of right hand, the remaining fingers pressing on lever of bolt. Button up pouch. Unloading. Push forward safety catch with thumb of the right hand, seise knob of bolt between thumb and forefinger of right hand and work bolt rapidly backwards and forwards until all cartridges are removed from the rifle. Do not turn the knob of the bolt down after each movement. The sequence when closing the action of the rifle is: cutoff, bolt, trigger, safety catch. Always assume correct holding with right hand before 'pressing the trigger. CHARGING MAGAZINE The magazine will hold ten rounds. During aircraft precautions, when magazines are charged (without allow- ing a round to enter the chamber), the order is “charge magazines.” This is done by loading with two chargers, but when closing the bolt, pressing down the top round, to prevent it from entering the chamber and closing the cut-off. The sequence is as before: cut-off, bolt, trigger, safety catch and button pouch. If there is no cut-off, hold down top cartridge with thumb of right hand and draw bolt head over top cartridge with little finger. To load the rifle after the magazine has been charged, push forward safety catch, pull out cut-off, open and close bolt and apply safety catch. TRIGGER PRESSING Bad shooting is often a direct result of faulty trigger pressing. The rifle has two pressures, whereas the Lewis gun has one only. The first pressure is taken as the butt comes to the shoulder, the second when the aim is correct. 24
Method. With ri(lc cocked, grip small of the butt, right hand hiirlinger outside the trigger guard. Raise the butt to I he shoulder, place first joint of the forefinger on the ihkkci; squeeze thumb and forefinger towards each other until first pressure is taken. Hold breath and continue pirwiii’c until rifle is discharged. Pause for a second or mi lifter a shot is fired. Open and close bolt, which ejects г in pl у cartridge case and places another round in chamber 11it (he next shot. SIGHT SETTING The sights are placed on the rifle to give both elevation and direction. To adjust the back sight, hold rifle in a convenient position. With thumb of left hand press in r.lud on backsight slide. Move slide until line on it is even with mark on leaf giving elevation for distance mimed. Ensure that slide is fixed firmly. Alterations will be made in hundred (100) and/or fifty (50) yards. Го Adjust Slide. If, when sights are set at 200 yards, it is found that line on slide does not agree exactly with mark on leaf, adjust it by the following method: Press stud on slide with thumb of left hand until worm wheel can be re- volved easily. Turn worm wheel with thumb nail of right hand until lines agrees. Stud must not be pressed to Mich an extent that worm wheel is disengaged entirely from rack. RULES OF AIMING 1. Backsight upright. 2. Close the left eye (left-handed shooting will be discouraged unless the firer is naturally left handed, when the right eye will be closed). 3. Look at the target. Direct the sights at the centre of it by aligning the top of foresight in the middle of (he “LT’ and in line with the shoulders of the backsight. 25
(In using a target provided with an aiming mark, aim will be directed at the lowest central portion of such mark.) THE CORRECT AIM 1. Demonstrate a correct aim. 2. Let each man view it. 3. Bring out the rules of aiming. 4. Each man lays aim, and has them checked. 5. Assist by means of diagrams of various aims, and their results. 6. Bring out faults as they occur and demonstrate their effect. To convince a man that his aim is wrong: Hold a piece of paper in front ’of his muwl’e. The man is then told to align his sights correctly. The white paper is removed for a moment or two and then replaced, when the man will tell you where his aim was directed on the target. Demonstrating Elevation. 1. Two rifles, with bolts removed, mounted on two aiming rests. 2. One rifle with sight at 200 yards on to aiming mark. 3. The other rifle with an aim laid on the same aiming mark but with sights elevated to 1,000 yards. Let each man view the aims and then look through the bores. By looking through the bore of the rifle with sights at 200, the aiming mark should be visible. By looking through the bore of the rifle sighted at 1,000 yards, the aiming mark will not be visible because of the elevation, the rifle pointing over the target on account of the increased range. The illustration is that the further an object is to be thrown the higher the elevation required. Point out that the rifle has been given elevation to overcome the effect of the bullet dropping, and that the target is still visible through the sights. 26.
Aiming off for Wind. To counter the effect of wind on the bullet, it is necessary to fire into the wind. The following rules are laid down, but they must be applied with commonsense according to the target and strength of the wind. At ranges up to 200 yards, it is not necessary to aim off for any wind, from 200 to 400 yards, if you can feel a fresh wind, aim off the target’s width from the centre of your target. At distances over 400 yards, aim off two targets’ width. No allowance need be made for head or rear winds. The above rules refer to direct or oblique right or left winds. Aiming off for Movement. If a target is moving across the front, it is necessary to aim off to allow for movement. The rules are: A man walking, aim ‘off one width; running, two widths. VehP clcs and horsemen, one width. Swing the rifle with the target and continue to swing whilst ‘pressing the trigger. Hiflc fire will seldom be effective against a single man or horseman in movement beyond 300 yards, or against single figures beyond 500 yards. .303 ammunition will not penetrate armour, but firing against armoured vehicles causes the visors or turrets to be closed, thus hindering the crew. The bullet, hitting armour, breaks up into small molten fragments, which might chance to enter slots and crevices and so injure the crew. RIFLE FIRING POSITIONS Slings will be loosened, but not used to steady the rifle when firing. Rifles have long, medium and short butts and are issued to men according to their build. / Except in rapid fife, the exact aim at the moment the second pressure is taken should be declared. 27
Lying Position (Command: “Load.”) Used lor firing in the open or from low continuous cover such as a bank or fold in the ground, or from isolated cover such as rocks or trees. This is the service position and is adopted on the command “load?’ To Lie Down. Take a long pace forward with left foot to right front. Change rifle to left hand at the point of balance. Place right hand on the ground in line with left foot and lie down. Push rifle forward towards target and lower it co the ground, gripping it at the small with the right hand. Points to Watch. Legs apart and heels on the ground. Body oblique to line of fire. Elbows on ground, left arm extended. Right forefinger along trigger guard. Eyes on target. To Get Up. Right hand on ground below right shoulder. Draw left knee forward without unduly raising body and draw back rifle with left hand. Stand up quickly, bring right foot up to left, return to order and stand at ease. Kneeling Position. Used when firing from low wall, bank or long grass, crops or scrub. To Kneel (Command: “Kneeling—Load”). Take walking pace forward, with left foot to right front. Change rifle to left hand at point of balance. Rifle on right side of body, muzzle up. Kneel on right knee pointed out towards right. Sit back on right heel and grasp small of butt with right hand, finger along trigger guard. Left forearm resting behind left knee. Butt of the rifle resting on right thigh. 28
Points to Note. Eyes on target. Left forearm resting behind left knee. Right forefinger along trigger guard. Butt on inside of light thigh. Left foot to right front and slightly behind left knee. ‘Го Aim and Fire. Watch target. Push forward safety catch, without rais* ing left arm. Slide left elbow forward until it rests either 'u’hind or in front of left knee. Raise right elbow. Bring I mit into shoulder and take the first pressure, with the tight check on butt. When aim is correct, restrain the breathing, take second pressure, declare point of aim, irload in the shoulder and lower rifle. ‘Го Get Up. Unload, zero sights and rise, grasping rifle near band with right hand, and bring left foot back to right. Return In order and stand at. ease. Standing Position. Used to fire over high cover; to take snapshots during advance; to fire at aircraft; or to charge magazines. Standing Load. Turn half right. Carry left foot to left so that body is equally balanced. Cant rifle forward and catch with left hand at point of balance. Muzzle pointing upwards. Small of butt in front of hip. To Ahn and Fire. Raise butt and press into right shoulder. Right elbow lightly below right shoulder. Left elbow under rifle. Body well balanced and leaning forward. Eyes on target. Right cheek on butt, first ’pressure and aim. Fire, reload and return to standing position. To Return to Order. Unload, zero sights, seize rifle with right hand near hand and bring left foot back to right. Return to order and stand at ease. 29
INFANTRY WEAPONS COMPARED Weapon Rounds Magazine Holds Ammunition Used Rounds per Minute Normal Effective Range (ya^ds) Effective Beaten Zone (in yards) Rifle 10 .303in. Mark VII About 15 Rapid; 5 Normal 600 500—330 yds. x 7 ft. 1000—180 yds. x 14 ft. о Lewis Gun .. 47 do. About 120 Rapid; 25 Normal in bursts 1,000 500—135 yds. x 4 ft. 1000—70 yds. x 9 ft. Bren Gun .. 30 do. 120 (in bursts), 30 (single) rap- id, 25 (nor- mal) in bursts, or 5 single 1,000 500—200 yds. x 7»/2 it. 1000—130 yds. x 15 ft. Vickers Gun 250 (Belt) do. 250 rapid 125 normal 2,000 1000—300 yds. x 5 yds. 1500—160 yds. x 10 yds.
Pistol . . . . 6 455in. Mark ! VI ? No, 36 H.E. Grenade H.E., H/2lbs.; Smoke, U/4 lbs. Ballistite from Rifle 3-Jnch Mortar ы 1 Bomb, 10 lbs., H.E. or Smoke Ballistite and Nitro- Cellulose Anti-Tank Rifle 5 .55 A.P. 2-Inch Mortar 1 Bomb, 2 lbs., H.E. or Smoke 1 Bayonet . .. Hand-to-hand Fighting only 1
- - - 25 । • 7-second fuse Hand, 35 (H.E. only); Rifle 200 20yd. Radius burst 40 rapid, 20 seconds flight 275 to 1,600 100yd. Radius burst 8 to 9 per ' minute 500 Flat Trajec- tory 40 rapid To 500 50yd. Radius burst —
NOTES CN FIRING Watch your target. On number of rounds being given, push forward the safety catch. On command “fire,” bring rifle to shoulder, take first pressure, aim, check breathing whilst taking the second pressure and declare aim at moment of discharge, i.c., “correct,” “high,” “low.” Keeping head still and right elbow down, reload with rifle at shoulder, then lower rifle to position of loading. Keep firm grip with both hands. Normal rate of fire is five rounds per minute. Magazine should be kept filed with at least three rounds until “unload” is ordered. When reloading, tilt rifle slightly to the right. Count number of rounds. Rapid fire is used for short but critical periods. Do not sacrifice accuracy for speed. Rapid fire is maximum effort of the soldier. Keep rifle at shoulder except when reloading with fresh charger. Apply safety catch on command “stop” or on firing number of rounds ordered. 32’
PART Ш FIELD CRAFT. Field craft is a most important part of a soldier's I raining. It is intended to develop in him initiative and Io enable him to employ with cunning and intelligence I hose instincts, which in the face of difficulties and danger will enable him to act with calmness, shrewdness lind decision. It is essential under service conditions when I roups might be dispersed over large areas and away Iroin the personal supervision of their leaders. Section Command. The section leader is the smallest unit commander in the army, but that does not imply that he is the least important. When leading his section in battle, he re* quiries to note:— Points of observation, fire effect, cover from view and fire, and obstacles. It is important that he fully realise the effect of his movements in the different types of country. The effect of the weather conditions, keeping direction, and how to work in darkness, fog and smoke. When deciding on a route to follow, he should bear in mind the point he is making for, how he is going to get there, and the speed ul which to move. He might find it necessary, for in* Mance, to fix intermediate points and make for his ob* jcctive in stages. The ideal route provides both cover from fire and view and at the same time offers good fire positions and observation ‘points. Low ground gives both concealment and protection, but high positions give good observation and fire position. In advancing, fire should be withheld as long as pos* bible, so that the route giving the most concealment would Ие the line of approach. Intermediate points of observation should be used to observe the progress of supporting troops. 33
The speed of advance is decided by the urgency ol the task. He should however, ensure that his men arc in a fit condition to use their weapons and wits on arrival at the objective. Cover from Fire and View. Dead ground is that which the firer cannot see from his position. Recognition of such cover should be quickly made by the section leader. Undulating ground is not easy to detect from a distance from an enemy’s point of view, but it may be skilfully used in an advance, as it is difficult for the firer to range it. On the other hand hedges and bushes whilst giving cover from view are not ideal ’protection as they can be ranged by the firer. Possibly the best cover is that of dry beds of streams and ditches. They give excellent cover approach, but on that account, care should be taken that an ambush is not laid. The winding nature of a dry creek bed gives good facilities for ambush. Standing crops afford cover but they are not ideal protection as they restrict the field of fire, and move* ment is easily detected. Using Cover. Except over very small distances crawling should bt avoided. It is both slow and tiring and speed is nearly always the main essential to success. Gaps offer a good target to the enemy. If the gap is small, the whole section should take it at a bound. If the gap is large, it should be crossed by one or two men at a time at irregular intervals. Natural Cover. Artificial aids to concealment should be used against ground or air observation. The following points should be observed:— Avoid straight lines. Irregular lines are more diffi' cult to detect. 34
Shiny surfaces must be avoided. Small bushes could be used with great effect, intelli* gence however, must be used. For instance, a large bush walking over a paddock would draw enemy ’fire. Keeping Direction. When advancing to an objective detours are often necessary for protection. Care must be taken, therefore, to watch carefully the direction and the correct line of advance. This is not easy in undulating or dose country, or in darkness or fog. Aids for keeping direction are land marks, compass, or map. Land marks are the most likely from a section leader’s ‘point of view. Advances should be made by bounds and the direction checked during pauses. Night Movements. In the darkness sound disdoses movement more than by sight. Silence, therefore, is one of the main essentials. Ratling equipment will carry long distances on still nights. Men should break step. Orders given in a low voice or a whisper. Where possible the ground over which the advance is to be made should have been re* connoitred during the day. Skyline movements should be avoided in both day and night movement. Wire. If no wire cutters are available, the easiest meth’od is to move underneath on the back, holding the strands from the body. With cutters cut the lowest strands and crawl through. Men should work in pairs, one holding the others cutting. This prevents noise from the loose ends of the cut wire. If working alone, hold the wire near a/post and cut it between the hand and post. In mist or smoke, the same conditions should be ob* served. 35
In night movements, particularly on very dark nights, men should keep touch by holding the bayonet frog. When crawling, place a hand on the forward man’s heel. Observation. The principle is to see without being seen and to know for what to look. Avoid skylines, keep in the shadow. Select suitable backgrounds. Select a spot ahead with a covered approach. Avoid obvious lookouts. Look round the object, rather than over it. Remain perfectly still. Do not expose your face, use a twig or bunch of grass. Do not smoke, even at night time. A lighted cigarette on a dark night is visible for nearly 300 yards. Do not stand with legs apart or hands on hips. What to Look for. Endeavour to discover likely observation points of the enemy, his fire positions and his covered approaches. Look out for horsemen and armoured cars. Watch roads and tracks for movement. Do not stare at an object too long, because after a while it will appear to move, it being an optical illusion. Be careful in distance judging. In darkness there is a tendency to under estimate distance, and over estimate numbers. Scouts should work in pairs, therefore, check your observations. At night time, the cars should be used as much as the eyes. 26
FIELD SIGNALS, SECTION FORMATIONS AND DEPLOYMENT FIELD SIGNALS. When troops arc deployed, control by verbal orders is difficult. Recourse is therefore made to signals. Sig* nals are made by hand, by flags (for tanks), by the rifle, and by whistle blast. Preparatory to giving the signals, a short blast of the whistle is made to attract the attention of the troops. Signals with the Hand. The following control signals are used:— 1. Deploy.—The arm extended to the full extent over the head and waved slowly from side to side, the hand to be open and to come down as low as the hips on both sides of the body. If it is required to deploy to a flank, the commander will point to the required flank finishing the signal. 2. Advance.—The arm swung from rear to front below the shoulder. 3. Halt.—The arm raised to the full extent above the head. 4. Retire.—The arm circled above the head. 5. Change Direction, Right (or Left).—The arm is first extended in line with the shoulder. A circular move* ment is then made, on completion of which the arm and body should point in the required direction. When troops are halted the above signal means change position, right (or left). 6. Blight (or Left) Incline or Turn.—The body or car turned in the required direction and the arm extended in line with the shoulder, and pointing in the required direction. 37
7. Close.—The hand placed on top of the head, the elbow to be square to the right or left according to which hand is used. The above signal denotes close on the centre. If it is required to close on a flank, the leader will point to the required flank before dropping his hand. If, when on the march, it is required to halt as well as dose, the leader will give the halt signal before dropping his hand. 8. Quick Time.—The hand raised in line with the shoulder, the elbow bent and dose to the side. 9. Double or Increase Speed (M.T.*).—The clenched hand moved up and down between the thigh and shoulder. 10. Follow Me.—The arm swung from rear to front above the shoulder. 11. Start Up (M.T.).—Circular movement of the hand as if starting an engine. 12. Mount (M.T.).—Two or three slight upward movements with the hand (palm uppermost). 13. Lie Down or Dismount (M.T.).—Two or three slight movements with the open hand towards the ground (‘palm downwards). 14. As You Were or Switch Off (M.T.).—The arm extended downwards with the hand open, and waved across the body, parallel to the ground. 15. Slow Down or Resume Normal Speed (M.T.).— The arm extended to the side level with the shoulder, palm downwards, and moved slowly up and down with the wrist loose. 16. Form Line (M.T.).—The arm waved horizontally from right to left and back again as though cutting with a sword, finishing with the delivery of a point to the front. * M.T.—Motor Transport. Signals for Infantry and Mounted units adopted where applicable to Motor Trans* port, as per 9 to 17 herein. 38
17. Form Close Column (M.T.).—The hand raised perpendicularly above the head and lowered and raised several times. 18. Last Order Completed.—The salute, followed by the hand raised vertically above the head, hand open and fingers together. 19. Right (or Left) Take Ground.—Hand brought to the shoulder with the fist clenched, and the arm extended sharply in the required direction two or three times. Of use to get M.T. vehicles off the road, when practicable, to avoid enemy aircraft attacks. Rag Signals for Tanks. Tanks communicate with infantry by means of the following flag signals:— Red, white and blue means friendly tank coming out of action to rally. Green and white means opposition neutralised; in* fantry come on. Red and gold mteans out of action. Do not wait for me. Signals with Rifle. The following communicating signals are made with the rifle: — 1. Enemy in Sight in Small Numbers.—The rifle held above the head at the full extent of the arm and parallel with the ground, muzzle ‘pointing to the front. 2. Enemy in Sight in Large Numbers.—The rifle held as in the previous signal, but raised and lowered fre* quendy. 3. No Enemy in Sight.—The rifle held up to the full extent of the arm, muzzle uppermost. These signals may be used by scouts, etc., sent on ahead о/ their sections. Care should be taken that the signal cannot be seen by the enemy. 39
Signals by Whistle Blast. The following whistle blasts are used:— 1. The Customary Blast (a Short Blast).—To draw attention to a signal or order about to be given. 2. The Alarm Blast (a Succession of Alternate Long and Short Blasts).—To turn out troops from camp or bivouac to fall in, or to occupy previously arranged positions. 3. Enemy Aircraft in Sight (a Succession of Short Blasts).—Since this signal will often be inaudible, a visual signal will also be used to attract atention, viz., both arms held above the head and hands waved. On this signal, troops either get ready to fire, open out or take cover, according to the order in force. 4. Enemy Aircraft Attack Ended (Two Long Blasts Repeated at Intervals of Five Seconds).—Oh receipt of this signal all troops resume previous formations. Troops which have been firing will recharge their magazines before moving off. У. Start up and Mount or Switch Off (one long bhst). 6. Dismount (two short blasts). SECTION FORMATIONS. Troops should be practiced in becoming flexible in their movements so that when enemy fire is encountered, they should be able to deploy immediately on the signal being given by the leader. The formations to be adopted on deployment depends. on the conditions under which the defence is being made, the nature of the ground and the enemy’s fire. The formations most commonly used are:— 1. File.—The close formation of troops in file per- mits of rapid movement and control by the leader. On the other hand, file offers a good target to enemy fire, and is not good for fire production. 4U
2. Single File.—Is useful for certain types of cover, such as hedges, but does not give good Ere production. 3. Extended Line.—A good formation when crossing open ground under fire, but is more difficult to control. 4. Arrowhead.—Permits of quick deployment to either flank. These formations are at the > discretion of the section leader, who should adjust his formation to the require- ments of the situation. When verbal orders are being given under these circumstances they should be brief and not given as drill movements. For instance, "‘Behind me in file." "On my right and left—paces." "Arrowhead." "Across that bridge and line the bank." DEPLOYMENT. Deployments are carried out at the double. The de- ploying intervals and distances may be varied to suit the ground or other circumstances. The object of deploy- ment is to avoid casualties which may be achieved by skilful use of ground and cover. Platoon Deploying from Column or Column of Route. Commander orders "Deploy." On this command the— Centre section moves straight forward about 50 yards. Right section doubles out to the right about 50 yards. Left section doubles out to the left about 50 yards. Platoon H.Q. forms and moves forward in rear of centre section in line with the flank sections. The final formation is a triangle, of which the centre section is the apex. It is the responsibility of a section commander to main- tain his section in its relative position and to decide on the formatidb to be adopted by the section, i.e., single file, or extended line, or arrowhead. He will convey his decision to the men either by brief instructions or by signal. 41
Platoon Closing to Column or Column of Route from Deployment. Commander gives order either by voice or signal» ‘‘Close on—Section?’ Sections then wheel into their correct relative positions in column and» if necessary, proceed in column of route. Company Deploying from Column of Platoon. Company commander gives the order by voice or sig* nal “Deploy.” On this command, platoons act as fob lows: — Centre ‘platoon moves forward for approximately 200 yards. Right platoon moves out to the right for about 100 yards. Left platoon moves out to the left for about* 100 yards. Company headquarters moves in rear of the centre section and approximately in line with the flank platoons. The final formation is a triangle. Company Deploying from Column of Route. Company Commander gives the order by voice or sig* nal “Deploy.” On this command, platoons move out to form a triangle, the sides of which are approximately 200 yards. Company headquarters will take up a position in the centre. The leading ‘platoon moves forward, the second platoon moves out to the right and the third platoon to the left. Once a company is deployed platoon commanders be* come responsible for the formation of their platoons. Company Deployed Closing to Column of Platoons or Column of Route. On the “Close” signal being given, platoons will re* sum'e the formation in which they were moving before receiving the order to deploy. 42
SCOUTS: PATROLS (RECON- NOITRING, FIGHTING AND STANDING) SCOUTS. Their Use. Scouts are the eyes and cars of the body of troops they protect; their function is to prevent surprise attack, to reconnoitre ground, and to collect information. The commander of the deployed unit is responsible for its protection. He adopts the formation suitable to the ground. If the enemy has not been located, and the ground over which the advance is to be made cannot be seen, scouts are sent forward. Similarly with exposed flank. Forward scouts should not mask the fire of the troops in rear. How They Operate. Scouts work in pairs. They advance from one objec* tive to another in bounds. An objective is selected to which one moves forward whilst the other remains to observe. The observer is then signalled forward to the new position. Thus the first scout is covered by the second and can help him with fire to withdraw if surprised by the enemy. The second scout can also take back a report should anything happen to the forward scout. Bounds selected should give a good view forward and should be suitable for signalling back. The scout should be able to see more than the section commander, but he should keep contact and avoid all risk of becoming lost. Scouts should see without being seen and for this reason they should use their rifles only in defence. Com/nanders who wish to givfc fresh orders to their scouts, signal them to stop and move u*p to them. Scouts can also be used as links between forward and reserve sections. 43
PATROLS. 1. Reconnoitring Patrols. (a) Their use may be employed for the purpose of protection or to secure information about the enemy or the ground. If for protection, then their movements depend on the plans of the force they are protecting. If for information, they act independently of the unit from which they are sent out. An instance of the work of a protective patrol is when it is sent out from an outpost before dawn to discover if the enemy has approached closer under cover of darkness. Special reconnaissance patrols keep contact with the enemy after a successful attack. They also keep contact with units on the flank or with rear reserve units. (b) How Conducted.—Patrol leader must clearly un* derstand his task and let his commander have the infer' mation required in time for action. The patrol leader is told:— 1. Information regarding the enemy. 2. The position of our forward detachments and other patrols. 3. The object of the patrol and the information that is required. 4. Times of departure and return. 5. The route going and coming and how patrol is to be recognised by our own troops. 6. If other detachments of our troops know the patrol is out. (c) Preparation for Patrol:— Reconnaissance.—Leader to study the ground with another member of the patrol, noting likely obser* vation points, covered routes, bounds, landmarks, obstacles and ambushes. Orders.—Every man of the patrol should know the plan and the objective. 44
Equipment.—The patrol should be as lightly equipped as possible, often with rifle only; maga* zine charged and a few rounds in the tunic pockets. Silence.—No rattling equipment. Put it on under tunic if necessary. Men liable to cough or sneeze be left behind. Use the bayonet in preference to the rifle. Secrecy.—No letters, papers or war maps to be carried. (d) The route.—Officer in charge decides. The return should be by a different route. The same route or pro- cedure should not be made twice running. (c) The approach.—Approach objectives from rear or flank. Do not do as the enemy expects. Avoid obvious places, such as isolated cover. Avoid contact with enemy 'posts or patrols. Advance under direction of scouts and by selected bounds. (f) Strength.—Patrols seldom exceed a section (nine men and N.C.O.). Two or three competent scouts may be sufficient depending on protection needed and length of time patrol is to be out. (g) Formation.—Depends on cover, control, protection and the ground. Keep compact to keep control, but guard against surprise. Hank as well as frontal observation is essential. When a bound is made one or two men will follow in rear or on a flank to protect against surprise attack and getting away in event of main patrol falling into ambush. They must keep patrol in view and be able to get away if necessary. (h) Withdrawal of Patrol.—By bounds as in advance. A fire position in rear will be selected, and manned by a portion of the patrol which will cover the withdrawal of the others. 45
(i) Night Patrols.—Not necessary to proceed by bounds, but at a steady pace, halting frequently to check up on route. File is a suitable formation with two riflemen and patrol leader a little way ahead and one man a short distance in rear. Silence is essential. If the enemy is sud* denly met use the butt and the bayonet before he has time to recover. When moving in darkness on roads, keep to the side where the ground is softer. Keep to the low ground and in the shadow; avoid the skyline. 2. Fighting Patrols. Must be prepared to act offensively. They are com* manded by an oflicer or W.O. IL and consist of two or more sections. They are to deal with enemy patrols, capture prisoners and bring back wounded. The task of a fighting patrol may be protective or for some special purpose. In protective patrolling their task is to delay the enemy during a withdrawal, or to protect troops form* ing up for a night attack. Special tasks might be to cover a demolition party, secure identifications, or harass the enemy. 3. Standing Patrols. Standing Patrols are sent out to watch approaches which the enemy is expected to use, such as fords, bridges, road junctions, or likely enemy assembly posi* tions, which are hidden from the main body. They may also occupy prominent points which an ‘enemy must cap* ture as a premilinary to an attack. The difference be* tween a standing ’patrol and a defensive post is that the latter must fight in its position to the last. A standing parol however, may change its position or withdraw if forced to do so by the en’emy. 4. Conduct of Standing Patrol. The commander must know:— 1. His task. 2. His route out and back. 46
3. What to do when the enemy advances, i.e., whe* ther to try to delay them or withdraw. 4. How often to report and by what means. 5. Signals to be used on approach or withdrawal of enemy. 6. How he is to be recognised on approaching his own lines. 5. Selecting Position. A covered line of withdrawal should be available. It should be possible to open fire on enemy at long range. There should be no covered flank approach so that enemy could advance unseen. Fire positions should be selected for defence. Sentries should be posted in concealed positions and the remainder of the patrol should lie down under cover ready for immediate action. Sentries should also be hidden and close enough to be able to give the alarm. Sentries will be instructed whether to challenge or o’p'en fire without awaiting orders. 6. Conclusion. In scouting and patrolling, as in all other branches of field craft, whilst certain basic principles are laid down as a general guide, it is intended that each soldier should be encouraged to develop initiative, cunning and intellr gence in the use of those rules. It should also be borne in mind that a problem may have many solutions, but there is only one correct solu* tion, that is the one which is successful. 47
CROSSING WATER OBSTACLES, VILLAGE AND BUSH FIGHTING Infantry will often be faced with operations involving the passage of a water obstacle, or fighting in woods and villages. These types of operation possess certain characteris- tics of their own and it is necessary to consider briefly the action of infantry when engaged in them, though the principles of section leading given in previous lec- tures still stand. THE PASSAGE OF WATER OBSTACLES. Action of Leading Troops. On encountering a water obstacle commanders of the leading platoons and sections will make every effort to obtain a footing on the far bank. Energetic action by the leading troops may ‘prevent the enemy completing his demolition programme. If the obstacle is shallow, the leading troops should wade across. If wading is impossible existing resources must be utilised to the fullest extent. The whole line of the river must be searched by patrols to see whether a bridge has been incompletely demolished, a footbridge left intact by the enemy, or boats left on the near side of the river. Even if patrols cannot find any means of crossing they should supply valuable information and so assist the com- mander in making the detailed arrangements necessary for the subsequent crossing. The Points on Which Information is Required are:— (i.) Enemy positions. (ii.) Nature and slope of banks and bottom, height or bank above the water. 48
(iii.) Information about the river, width, depth, cur* rent. (iv.) The existence of islands, weirs or sandbanks. (v.) Whether there are subsidiary obstacles such as wide ditches. (vi.) Approaches to the river bank for men and wheeled transport, and whether these arc concealed from enemy observation on the far bank. (vii.) View ‘points, and the stretch of water that can be seen from each point. Service Equipment Employed in Crossing. (i.) Reconnaissance Boat made of rubber provided with foot pumps and two paddles. Can be inflated in five minutes. Carries two fully equipped men and light machine gun. Carried in kit bag one foot diameter and two foot six inches long. (ii.) Folding Assault Boat made of wood with canvas side 12 feet long and four feet nine inches wide . Sides fold flat down to bottom of boat . Carries nine men fully equipped plus two additional men for return jour* ney. Can be carried by three men. (iii.) Kapok Assault Bridging comprising a series of floats filled with kapok which are joined together to carry a pontoon. Their chief disadvantage is that they arc a bottleneck, thus preventing an advance on a wide front. N.C.Os. in Charge of Sections of the Assault Troops Detailed to Cross by Folding Assault Boats. (i.) Supervise the erection of the boat at the forming up position. (ii.) Detail the men who arc to paddle the boat across —four men to six will be required. (Two of these men will ha$c been attached to the section and will act as the permanent crew of the boat; when the section has landed they will paddle the boat back to the near bank.) 49
(iii.) Indicate to each man his position in the boat and the order in which he will enter it. This should be practised on dry land prior to the crossing. Two men without paddles should be detailed to crouch in the bow ready to leap ashore as soon as the boat approaches the far bank. (iv.) Detail the equipment that is to be carried. As a rule the section will be fully equipped for movement. (v.) The N.C.O. must be certain that he knows the route from the forming up position to the point on the river bank where the boat is to be launched, and that there are no obstacles in the way. The route must be cleared and if necessary, marked. (vi.) The complete plan must be explained to the whole section. This will include a description of the forming up position on the far bank; the signal for the advance to the objective; the location of the covering troops who cross in advance; a description of the objec- tive and the action to be taken when if is reached. (vii.) If compasses are available, compass bearings should always be taken. N.C.Os. must insist that all arrangements ’prior to the crossing are carried out in complete silence; no lights or smoking should be allowed. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN FIGHTING IN WOODS 1. General. The progress of an attack through woods will be slow and laborious. Consequently they should be avoided by attacking troops. But even though the main attack may have been so directed to avoid passing through wooded country, this must be eventually cleared by troops de- tailed for the purpose. Owing to the reduced visibility and enclosed nature of woods, the support given by other arms such as artillery and armoured fighting vehicles will 50
bo small. Fighting will therefore, be mainly between the opposing infantry. Success will depend on resolute leading and a high standard of training both in field craft and skill ’at arms. 2 Method of Advance. Objectives should be lines (roads, trucks, streams, clearings, etc.) which can be easily recognised on the ground, and along which touch can, as necessary be re- established. The distance between them should not be too great and the progress of troops operating on neigh- bouring routes should be co-ordinated step by step, liaison being achieved by patrols meeting at pre-selected places. Fronts should be relatively small and reserves kept closer to hand than in open country. Touch with platoon headquarters must be maintained, and every op- portunity taken to re-organise both for the purposes of control and for checking the direction of the advance. The rate of advance will be slower than in the o'pen, as the attack will consist of a methodical advance from objective to objective. No definite rules can be laid down, applicable to all cases, but section commanders should bear the following points in mind:— (i.) Owing to reduced visibility, there is always the danger of ambush, so that special vigilance is essential. On the other hand, the enemy may also be ambushed axid surprised. Section commanders must remember that because of the reduced visibility commanders in rear will have little idea of what is going on except from information sent back by those in front. (ii.) It is difficult to keep direction when moving. (iii.) It is difficult to keep touch with neighbouring sections (iv.) "Sounds are magnified in woods and bush though it is difficult to detect their direction; it is therefore im- portant to move carefully and silentiy. Я
3» Formations. (i.) Extensions, intervals and distances will depend on visibility. The leading companies will as a rule be pro* tected by sections extended in line followed by section or platoon columns. In very thick woods connecting files will be necessary. (ii.) Sections should be disposed so as to reduce the risk of being surprised by an ambush. If the under* growth is not too thick, it is better to move off a path and dose to it; in any case, scouts should move ahead of the section, the distance varying with the visibility. When moving away from paths, extended line is the most suitable formation if the undergrowth is not too thick. In heavy undergrowth, file or single file may be necessary, though in these formations the section is not well placed to avoid ambush. Close control by the sec* tion commander is necessary and the men of the section should always be in sight of each other. (iii.) When crossing a clearing or path which may be under view of the enemy, it is best to do so in one rush, the clearing should first be reconnoitred. (iv.) Special care must always be given to the flanks and rear. (v.) The maintenance of direction and touch require constant attention. Men experienced in wood and bush craft develop an instinct for keeping direction. (vi.) If a section is surprised at close quarters, the most effective and safest dan is to rush the enemy; this applies especially to uncivilised enemies. (vii.) When debouching from a wood, sections should not halt on the edge, which will often be subjected to heavy fire by the enemy. They should be reorganised before the extreme edge of the wood is reached, so that they can debouch into the open rapidly. 52.
4. Fire Discipline. Fire discipline and fire control are particularly import- ant in woods; otherwise there is a danger that sections may fire into each other, owing to loss of direction or poor visibility. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN FIGHTING IN VILLAGES 1. General. Infantry will often be detailed to mop-up the enemy remaining in a village after the main attack has passed. Street and house-to-house fighting is always difficult for the attacker, and success will depend largely on the initiative of section commanders. The following paragraphs may be of assistance to junior leaders engaged in operations of this nature. 2. When Advancing Through a Village. (i) The right of the road is usually the safest side on which to move, as it is difficult for riflemen in houses to bring fife to bear on this side without exposing them- selves to view. (ii.) Whenever possible get a light machine gun into a window or on to a roof top to give covering fire while the remainder of the section advances along the road. (iii.) Formations will depend on circumstances, but as a general rule two scouts should precede the section, their duty being to watch the windows and roofs on the op- posite side of the street and to o’pen fire as soon as any enemy appear. Similarly two men should follow the section ready to deal with anybody opening fire after the section has passed. (iv.) Remember, that streets arc not always the best line of advance, casualties will often be saved by moving through backyards and gardens. (v.) The two-inch mortar and hand grenade will be found most useful in effecting an entry into a house or dealing with barricades. 53
(vi.) Houses must be cleared systematically. Do not forget the cellars. Before entering a house each man in the section should know his particular task. It is dangerous to delay in the doorway. 3. When Defending a House» (i.) Always occupy the roof. (ii.) Doors must be barricades, but means of rapid exit should be provided. (iii.) Examine the cellars to see whether an opening is available from which fire may be opened on the enemy from an unexpected direction. (iv.) All entrances should if possible be covered by fire from other houses (mutual support). (v.) If time is available, buildings should be loop* holed and windows sandbagged; communications should be improved by knocking holes in walls between houses and gardens, so that movement is possible without enter* ing the street. 94
PROTECTION AGAINST AIRCRAFT, ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES, AND DURING WITHDRAWALS GENERAL Commanders are at all times responsible for the pro- tection of their units; no body of troops can be regarded as secure unless protection is furnished in all directions from which attack is possible, whether from the front, the flanks, the rear or the air. Under modem condi- tions, even when at a considerable distance from the enemy and when other troops are in front or to the flanks, units are liable to. attack, and should therefore always be ready to fight and protect themselves at short notice. ANTI-AIRCRAFT DEFENCE 1. Speed is the essence of all attacks from the air. A few seconds only will elapse between the first appear- ance of the aircraft and the end of the attack. The efficiency of the defence will therefore depend:— (i.) On the speed at which warning of the attack can be conveyed to subordinate commanders. (ii.) On the quickness with which the warning can be followed by the executive orders for movement or fire. (iii.) On the skill, steadiness and fife discipline train- ing of the troops. 2. Means of Protection* Infantry protects itself against enemy aircraft by:— (i.) i Concealment. (ii.) The adoption of suitable formations (dispersions). (iii.) Small arms fife. 55
3. Concealment and Formations. On the line of inarch concealment is almost impossible, but when at rest or deployed the following points should be considered:—• (i.) The adoption of irregular formations in such small groups that the target, if observed from the air, does not appear worth attacking. (ii.)Troops should keep in the shade and not look up. (iii:) If in the open, they should lie down and remain still. (iv.) Engines of mechanical vehicles will be stopped so as to prevent smoke (from the exhaust. (v.) Efforts should be made to conceal the smoke of cooking. 4. Air Observation. Air observers find the position of bivouacs by the study of air photographs, which clearly show new tracks and turned soil. Their object may be defeated by:— (i.) Good track discipline.—This is of the utmost im- portance. Sentries must be posted to ensure that troops only use covered approaches (under hedges, etc.) and avoid making obvious tracks in the open. (ii.) All earth turned for latrines etc., should be located under cover. 5. Warning. Air sentries should always be posted to give warning of the approach of hostile aircraft. The signal is a suc- cession of short blasts on a whistle, but since this may often be inaudible, sentries should also make a visual signal by holding both arms above the head and waving their hands. Sentries must be continually watching the sky, especially in the direction of the sun or towards low hills, woods, etc. They must also listen for the a’p* proach of aircraft. Their duties arc exhausting and entail great strain on the eyes. They should be therefore re* licved frequently. 56.
6. Small Arms Fire. (i.) At rest or when deployed.—Orders will be issued by battalion commanders as to whether hostile planes are to be engaged by small arms fire or not. In certain circumstances when trodps arc well concealed it may be inadvisable to open fire so as to avoid disclosing their presence. Section commanders must be quite clear on this point and instruct their sections accordingly. (ii.) When halted.—The fire of the light machine gun is the most economical form of protection. (iii.) On the move.—The fire of all available rifles must be used to protect the column. Light machine guns should be brought into action if time permits, but this will rarely be possible except for the four light machine guns carried in the anti-aircraft platoon. Before starting out, all rifle magazines will be charged with 10 rounds and sights set at 500 yards. On receipt of the order “Aircraft action" the following action will be taken:— (a) Troops will immediately dash for cover. (b) The section will be the fire unit. Fire orders will be issued both verbally and visually by section commanders. (c) Section commanders will not fire, but will con- trol the fire of their sections. (d) The aeroplane will be engaged with continuous rapid fire. (e) Fire unit commanders will ensure that as much fire as possible is concentrated on the aeroplane when it is climbing away after the attack, as it will then present the most favourable target. (f) When the attack is finished, magazines will be re- charged with ten rounds and the advance con- tinued with as little delay as possible. 57
ROAD BLOCKS AGAINST ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES General. The radius of A.F.Vs. raises special problems of pro* tection which particularly affect a force on the move. Even when no immediate threat against a flank exists, encounters with small numbers of hostile A.F.Vs. or troops in mechanical vehicles are possible. In such a situation the most economical form of protection may be to establish road blocks covering approaches on the threatened flank or flanks. (This subject is covered in this manual in section “Tank Hunting and Destruction.”) PROTECTION WHEN WITHDRAWING—REAR GUARDS 1. General» A force retiring covers itself against enemy pursuit by a rear guard, whose duty is to secure for the main body an unmolested withdrawal. Platoons forming part of a rear guard will often be protected by cavalry or the car- rier platoon. A rtar guard usually withdraws from one position to another or through a position held by other troops. 2. Rear Guard Position. Rear guard and defensive positions are similar, and the section commander will have the same tasks in both. The main differences are that, in a rear guard position depth is sacrificed and positions are selected so as to obtain the maximum field of fire from the outset and a covered line of withdrawal. A large ‘proportion of light machine guns will, therefore, be given arcs of fire straight to the front. 58
3» Withdrawal. Withdrawal from a rear guard position will usually be carried out at night. By day it is a very difficult operation. Before withdrawal, the section commander in an ad' vanced platoon will require to know:— (i.) Time up to which the forward localities are to be denied to the enemy. (ii.) Who is holding any position which may have been organised in rear, where it is, and what time his section is to pass through this position. (iii.) Route back to platoon and company rendezvous. This route must be chosen so as not to mask the fire of any troops holding a position in rear. (iv.) Who will give order to begin withdrawal (if he has not got a watch). (v.) What covering fire is available. (vi.) Where the platoon truck will be located and what spare equipment can be loaded on trucks ‘prior to the actual hour of leaving the position. (vii.) Locations of platoon and company headquarters. Routes and rendezvous will in all cases be selected by the next higher commander, i.e., section route and render vous selected by platoon commander and so on. This is to avoid j commanders of two sections or platoons both selecting the same route or rendezvous thereby causing congestion. 59
ANTI-GAS General. Gas may be used by the enemy in many different ways. It may be sent over in shells. mortar*bombs, projector bombs, air*bombs, or sprayed from aircraft. It may also be emitted from gas cylinders and carried over by the wind in the form of a doud. Ground may also be con* taminated by enemy in withdrawal by means of ground contamination bombs or gas mines. Gas may be used by the enemy in order to:— (i.) Produce casualties. (ii.) Harrass our troops by forcing them to wear their protective equipment for long periods. (iii.) Contaminate ground, thus causing delay and casualties. It is important that protective arrangements should be taken immediately. To do this, it is essenial that gas should be recognised at once, and all 'personnel in the gassed area immediately warned. Characteristics of the Different Gases. Generally speaking, gases can be divided into two dif* fcrent types—persistent or non*persistent:— (i.) Non*persistent gas is like smoke from a chimney which is rapidly dispersed by the wind. It will therefore only be dangerous in any one spot for a short period. (ii.) Persistent gas is a liquid giving off a vapour until the liquid dries up, when it becomes harmless. This vapour may continue for hours, days or even weeks. Non*persistent types are divided into two different groups:— 60
1 .—Choking Group. TYPE. HOW TO 1 RECOGNISE. j EFFECT. j PROTECTION. Phosgene Smell of musty hay. Choking and cough- ing which may become intense. Respirator gives complete protec- tion. Chlorine A greenish coloured gas, smells like chloride of lime. Choking and cough- ing. Respirator gives complete protec- tion. 2 .—Nose Group. TYPE. HOW TO RECOGNISE. EFFECT. PROTECTION. Poison smoke .. .. The resultant tend- ency to remove the facepiece when it aggra- vates the effects of poison smokes must be guarded against. Visible at point of emission but soon becomes invis- ible. Can only be recognised by ef- fect it produces after approxi- mately 3-5 min- utes. Burning pain in nose followed by sneezing. Casual- ties recover in a few hours. Respirator gives complete protec- tion but when the respirator is put on after exposure to this gas the symptoms tend temporally to get worse instead of better.
Persistent types are divided into two different grou’ps:— ________________________________1.—Tear Group.________________ TYPE. HOW TO 1 RECOGNISE. EFFECT. PROTECTION. Some of these gases may be non-persistent but usually they are persistent. Can be recognised at once by the Immediate effect on the eyes. Copious flow of tears and spasm of eyelids. These symptoms pass after a short period. Respirator gives complete protec- tion. 2.—Blister Group. MUSTARD This is the most likely type of gas to be used. It remains dangerous in some cases for long periods. It will penetrate the skin in five minutes and ordinary clothing in about ten minutes. Both the liquid and vapour given off by the liquid are dangerous. How to Recognise. The liquid may be light straw or dark brown colour, but on grassland, etc., it will often be invisible. It can be recognised by the smell of garlic or onions given off by the vapour. The Effect N.B.—The following times can only be taken as a simple guide. Liquid Form. Eyes.—Immediate irritation, closure of the eye in about one hour; permanent blindness.
Skin.—Nothing will be felt at first. Redness appears approximately eight to 12 hours; then intense irritation followed by blisters in from 12 to 24 hours. Swallowing contaminated food or water causes severe injuries to the stomach. Vapour. To be affected by vapour an individual must remain in a strong concentration for a period of from half hour to one hour or even longer. Eyes.—No immediate effect. After a few hours, irrita* tion followed by temporary‘blindness within about 24 hours. Throat.—Loss of voice and cough. Severe cases prove fatal. Skin.—No immediate effect. Irritation after a few hours, then blisters may develop. Protection. Protection is provided by anti*gas clothing. LEWISITE Smells of geraniums. Has the same general charac- teristics as mustard gas. Lewisite acts much more rapidly than mustard. Personal Anti-gas Clothing. The following are issued for anti'gas protection. (i) Respirator.—Affords 100 per cent, protection to the eyes, nose, throat and lungs against all known war gases, provided it is in working order and has been fitted cor* rectly (ii.) Eyes shields.—Expandable. Six will be issued to each man, and will be carried in the pocket of the respira- tor haversack. They should be always worn when there is danger of being sprayed with gas from the air. They provide complete protection to the eyes from liquid blister gas. 63
(iii.) Capes.—Will be issued on a basis of three for each man. One will be carried on the man or in the platoon truck, one in unit transport and a third in rear echelon. Each cape will provide protection for approxP mately 1£ hours against liquid blister gases. They do not provide protection to the face, hands, ankles and feet. (iv.) Ointment.—Two tins each holding eight small lead tubes will be carried by each man; one in the respirator haversack and the other in the pocket of the cape. Ointment, anti'gas No. 2, must be applied within one minute of Lewisite contamination to give complete pror tection. If ap’plied within five minutes after contamination the ointment gives complete protection from mustard gases. If applied within five and 15 minutes the effect of the gas will be considerably reduced. Gas Warning. A good system of alarm signals to warn troops that gas is being used by the enemy is essential. All sentries are automatically gas sentries; they may detect the presence of gas by:— (i.) Smell. (ii.) Gas spray detector—which develop red spots when sprayed with blister gas. They are used to indicate the fall of gas spray. In addition to sentries, mechanical transport will be provided with these detectors. An indivr dual detector will be carried by all personnel. Sentries will give warning of the ’presence of gas on their own initiative whenever gas is detected by sounding the local alarm. 64
Protection. On the gas signal being sounded all personnel will at once adjust their respirators. Action on Encountering a Gassed Area. When an area contaminated with blister gas is cn* countered by the leading troops, the main principles are:— (i.) To make every effort to find a way round the obstacles and then continue to advance, unless actually attacking in which case the contaminated area must be ignored and casualties accepted. ii. Warn those in rear of position of the contaminated area. Duties of Leading Section Commander. In accordance with these principles, the leading section commander will:— (i.) Order the section to put on respirators. (ii.) Send back a verbal report to the platoon com* mander. (iii.) Find a way round and continue advance. 65
PHYSICAL FITNESS If an invader set foot on our shores, every conceivable device and every ounce of physical energy would be needed to repel him. Every man must see to it that he is “fighting fit” to stand up to fatigue and hardships. All the knowledge possible of drill, musketry, tactics, etc., would be of little use if the soldier were not physically fit. Part of this preparation is a thorough drilling in physical training. To do this efficiently it will be necessary for every man in the V.D.C. to rise ten minutes earlier every morning and work through the prepared syllabus. It is important to follow the table of exercises fully, as it is prepared, to harmonise mind and body to attain the best results. It will be easy to find an excuse to stay in bed: such as the weather being too cold or too wet. Show a determined spirit and overcome these minor tribulations. If it is raining, then do the exercises indoors. Here are four points that must be understood before commencing individual training:— (1) Physical training must never be attempted within half an hour of completion of a meal. (2) Exercises requiring movement both right and left are always commenced to the left first. An equal distribu* tion must be strictly adhered to at all times. (3) To obtain maximum benefit, starting positions such as “hips firm” and “arms bend” must be correct. (4) Work in shorts and sandshoes if possible, but as soon as the table as set out is concluded, put on a dressing* gown or something warm. Physical training should not cause undue fatigue, and in a unit such as the V.D.C., consisting of men of such varying ages, it is obvious that the same effort cannot be exerted by all, but some portion of each exercise should be completed in order to reach the highest possible physi* cal condition. For instance, strenuous jumping or jerking exercises should not be undertaken ,by the older men. 66
Every individual should assess his own capacity and exer- cise accordingly. Where a younger man might repeat each exercise, say, 12 times, an older many may find half this number sufficient, but the number should be progressively increased with fitness. It is emphasised that where a weak* ness in constitution is known, any exercise having the effect of aggravating it must be omitted. Here is a brief explanation of the sequence adopted in physical training:— MARCHING AND RUNNING GROUP.—Commence by doing some simple and easy exercises requiring little effort, which helps to tone up the body. INTRODUCTORY GROUP (leg, neck, arm co-ordina- tion).—It has a general effect on the whole body, stimu- lates circulation and prepares the system for the more strenuous exercises to follow. GENERAL GROUP (heaving, lateral, balance abdom* inal (stomach muscles) and dorsal (back muscles)).— These exercises are of a more strenuous nature, so designed to develop harmoniously every part of the body. AGILITY GROUP (jumping and vaulting).—Very vigorous exercises requiring strong, muscular perwer. FINAL GROUP (leg, neck and arm).—Quiet and easy exercises to enable the body to return to its normal temperature. CORRECTIVE EXERCISE (deep breathing).—To develop the chest and to assist bringing the action of the heart and lungs back to normal. The following comprehensive exercises are submitted to cover the complete physical body:— MARCHING AND RUNNING.—(a) A hundred skips with a skipping rope or one or two minutes of doubling pn the spot. Start slowly and gradually increase the speed, (b) Deep breathing. LEG.—Heels raising and knees bending. Starting posi* tion: Hips firms (four times.) 67
NECK.—Head circling. Three to the left and three to the right. Make the head pivot the largest circle possible without moving the shoulders. Take care with the neck muscles, as they are the tcndcrest in the body and are more liable to stifl’ness. Starting position: Atten- tion. APJvL—Arms stretching forward, sideways and upwards (change the sequence). Starting position: Arms bend (five times). CO-ORDINATION.—Astride jumping with arms rais- ing sideways (later with a rebound). The idea of the co-ordination movement is to have control of mind over muscle, i.c., doing two movements in one and working in harmony (ten times). HEAVING.—Double arm punching upwards slowly with a slow return. Make a deliberate effort of this a 5 though you had a heavy weight to be lifted to the full* arm extent. Starting position: Arms bend (three times). LATERAL.—Trunk bending sideways. Then trunk turning. Starting position: Feet astride, hips firm (four times each). BALANCE.—Leg raising forward, sideways and back- wards, with toe pointing to the ground. Starting position: Hips firms (four times each foot). ABDOMINAL.—Trunk rolling. Small to large circle Starting position: Feet astride, hands above the head clasp (three clockwise and three anticlockwise). DORSAL.—Touching the toes. Do this exercise rythymically, counting to yourself: "‘Knees, toes, knees, up/' Straighten up and square the shoulders after each movement. Starting position: Hips firm (ten times). If you cannot reach your toes, do not strain yourself. Go down as far as you can. FINAL.—Finish off with 50 slow skips. CORRECTIVE.—Arms forward raise. Deep breathing with arms parting. 68
PART IV TANK HUNTING AND DESTRUCTION This is drafted as a guide and help to troops who have the determination and nerve to destroy tanks at close quarters. INTRODUCTION Tanks well served and bodly directed have established a superiority on the battlefield which is out of all pro* portion to their true value; the problem is now to reduce this menace to its true perspective even when elaborate equipment is not available. It has been proved that tanks, for all their hard skin, mobility and armament, achieve that more spectatcular results from their moral effect on halfhearted or ilMed troops, Consequently, troops which attempt to withstand tanks by adopting a purely passive role will fail in their task, or at the best only half complete it. Tank hunting must be regarded as a sport—big game hunting at its best. A thrilling, albeit a dangerous sport, which, if skilfully played, is about as hazardous as shooting tiger on foot, and in which the same principles of stalk and ambush are followed. TANK HUNTING AND DESTRUCTION German Methods» The German method of attack is generally to tap along the front with his reconnaissance troops until a weak spot- is discovered. As soon as such a spot is located, the crossing of the obstacle is effected, and a small bridgehead is made. ^This bridgehead is subsequently widened and arrangements made for the passage of tanks, and more troops. 69
Tbrrlt О A Typical German Tank» (There are many types which vary in detail rather than principle.)
Subsequently, by using methods of infiltration and with a complete disregard for open flanks, the Germans attempt to push through their mobile troops, if necessary on a narrow;front. These mobile troops*’consist of groups of from three to ’ five tanks, often with anti-tank guns in support, preceded by motor cyclists as scouts and followed by a small party of lorried infantry. These mobile groups are sometimes assisted by their own reconnaissance and close support aircraft. The axis of advance of these parties will sooner or later be that of a well-defined road. They make ho attempt to clear or occupy the area in which they operate, but concentrate on quick and deep penetration to destroy communications and stores, dis- organise headquarters and generally to spread alarm through rumour. The number of enemy tanks operating in an area behind our own troops is nearly always exag- gerated by rumour. On meeting a block, in a defile the Germans attempt to outflank the party defending. the road block by using the . motor cyclists, or by dismounting their lorry<carried infantry or the crews of the rear tanks. By night these mobile columns cease their activities and go into "‘harbours,” which are selected with a view to concealment from the air; such places. as farms, woods and hamlets being chosen. The possibility of tanks being landed from aircraft after a suitable aerodrome or landing ground has been captured by parachutists must also be considered. TANKS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS Types» German tanks are of many different types which vary in detail rather than principle. 71
Weaknesses. The following remarks apply generally to tanks of all types, which in spite of their hard skin, mobility and armament have serious weaknesses. Amongst these are:— (a) Blindness.—The only view available is through the driver’s slit, the gunners’ slits and the commander’s slit, all of which are small and the first at least fixed to the front. Their radius of vision is consequently limited. When the tank is closed down the crew have no observa* cion at all immediately above the tank, or on the ground within a radius of approximately 15 feet of the tank itself. If a tank is travelling with the lid open, small arms fire will soon make it close down. There is always the danger, however, that these blind spots will be covered by the fire of other tanks. •(b) Field of Fire.—The guns are incapable of depres* sion to fire on anything at ground level within approxi* mate radius of 20 feet of the vehicle or at an elevation about 25 degrees. The tank cannot, therefore, engage targets in its immediate vicinity which are on the tops of high banks or in first floor windows of houses. The gun turrets revolve slowly and their weapons defend the vehicle from attack only along their immediate line of site. A simultaneous attack, therefore, from several directions finds serious gaps in its defence. A tank is incapable of firing into deep slit trenches at any range, except in enfilade. (c) Tracks.—The vehicle is mobile only as long as its tracks hold out. If it is forced on to rough or stony ground by blocks or demolitions, wear increases rapidly; and the tracks of the heaviest tanks have been broken by direct hits from our antitank rifles. Percussion grenades containing approximately 31b. of explosive will break a track. Moreover, tracks may be removed by crowbars 72
or wooden spars rammed in between the driving sprocket and the track whilst the vehicle is moving at a very slow pace. The British anti-tank mine will completely remove a track from any tank. (d) Crews.—The exhaustion of mpving long distances and work for several hours in a closed tank is very corp siderable. The crews of tanks who have been in action require frequent rests for sleep and food, for which purpose they halt in concealment in harbours and lie about out- side their vehicles. (e) Petrol.—The menace of a tank ceases when it runs nut of petrol. Few tanks have a mileage of more than 100 miles without refilling. It is dependent for its sup- ply on local petrol resources or on its own petrol lorries —which are unarmoured and easily set on fire by tracer ammunition or petrol bombs—or supply by air. (f) Night.—Darkness is the greatest ally of the tank hunter. This is the opportunity for stalking, sniping and atacking with grenades and incendiary bombs. On no account must they be allowed to rest undisturbed. Move- ment by night is almost impossible unless the tank com- mander directs proceedings by sticking his head out through the open roof. If he does so he is vulnerable to any form of attack however primitive. Vulnerable Points. The following are as a rule the most vulnerable points in a tank:— (a) Driver's, gunners' and commanders slits.—At these points the tank is vulnerable to small arms fire and attack by flame-throwers. In most tanks the openings are variable and fire directed at them will cause the gap to be closed to a minimum, thus reducing visibility and ventilation. 73
These slits afe often given some overhead protection to give additional cover against the usual trajectory of a bullet. For. this reason small .arms fire is most effective when directed from ground level at short range "‘under the eyebrows." The slits are often protected with glasses which, though bullet-proof, must be replaced when hit. Reserve glasses carried are limited. Vision through the glasses is limited, and if they are used the slits are useless as a means of ventilation. (b) The belly and top of the tank.—The front and sides of a tank are, as a rule, the most heavily armoured parts; the armour on the top is less heavy, and that be< neath the tank is thinnest of all. Opportunities may be presented for a shot by anti-tank rifle from ground level against this vulnerable part when a tank rears up to cross a bank or to climb from a ditch. Owing to the shape of the belly, fire must be at short range to ensure penetration. (c) The tracks.—See paragraph (c) above. (d) The louvres or air vents.—These allow for the necessary intake of air for the engine and ventilation for the crew. If incendiary bombs are burst over these louvres, the provision of the necessary air is upset and the tank may be set on fire. (e) The turret.—Whenever possible the tank will drive with its turret open and the commander looking out. In this state it is very vulnerable to a surprise attack from above by incendiary bombs or ordinary grenades and other weapons, when passing through streets or under trees. TACTICAL ACTION AGAINST TANKS General. Before tanks can effect penetration of our defences it i*. likely that they will have to overcome a tank obstacle and that they will have been subjected to the fire of anii 74
tank guns and field artillery. In addition, they may have suffered casualties from our anti-tank minefields. They may have been subjected to counterattack by our own tanks, which is the most effective answer to a tank attack. Crews of enemy tanks which do subsequently succeed in breaking through must be harried, hunted, sniped and ambushed from the moment they are located until they are destroyed. They must be compelled to move with turrets closed and slits reduced to the minimum, which in itself will make it impossible for them to determine their position except in country which they know well. Tank-hunting platoons will, however, as a rule be working on an area basis. They must exploit the advan- tages this gives them, and every platoon must have a thorough knowledge of the area in which it works. All tracks and by-paths must be known, suitable positions for ambushes and road blocks must be selected, and methods of attack on all likely tank harbours must be considered. Although this task is primarily one for the specially equipped tank-hunting platoons, the responsibility is not theirs alone. Every soldier and every member of The Home Guard should be trained in the methods of tank hunting and in the use of special anti-tank weapons. The lessons of Spain and Finland confirm that tanks can be destroyed by men who have the bravery, resource and determination to do so. Tank-hunting platoons must retain their mobility and make use of it to act offensively against enemy tanks. They should not be used for the defence of road blocks with a prepared tank obstacle if other troops can be made available for the purpose. Anti-Tank Weapons, Apart from anti-tank guns and artillery there are many other weapons for use against tanks: and in connection with tank hunting which should be understood by all . 75
(a) AntPtank rifle (see S.A.T. Vol. 1, Pamphlet No. 7).—The anti-tank rifle penetrates the armour of the light tank, and that of some heavier models when fired at short range. It is effective against the tracks of the heaviest tanks yet encountered. (b) Small arms fire.—Small arms fire is effective against the commander’s, driver’s and gunners’ slits. It is most effective when fired from ground level at short range "‘under the eyebrows.” (c) “Molotov Cocktails.”—These are hand*made bombs consisting of a bottle containing various inflammable mix* tures of petrol, tar and other substances and a means for igniting the mixture when the bottle is smashed. These bombs should be directed above the louvres or vents so that the burning liquid may be sucked into the tank to make it uninhabitable or possibly to set the vehicle on fire. It is important to aim high at the tank so that the liquid can flow downwards. The first inclination to throw the bomb hard at the tank must be avoided; an underarm lob will often be the best method of throwing unless the bomb can be dropped from the windows of a house or some other position above the tank. After the first bomb has hit the target and ignited, successive bombs can be thrown without themselves being ignited. In its simplest form the inflammable substance consists of petrol and tar in approximately equal proportions, but this may be varied by the addition of naptha, paraffin, diesel oil, etc., which will make the substance cling more to the surface of the tank. The essentials are that it should be sufficiently volatile to ignite eas;ly while having sufficient body so that the duration of burning will be adequate. Duration of burning may be increased by the inclusion of a small proportion of sawdust, cotton waste, etc. 76
Any bottle which will break easily of approximately one pint size will do (e.g., whisky, sherry, lime juice bottles); the beer bottle, being more difficult to break, is less suitable. Large bottles such as quart beer bottles and champagne bottles arc difficult both to throw and to break. Bottles should be given two or three scratches with a diamond down their length to make them break more easily. Circular scratches should not be made. There are various methods of ignition: the materials used to be satisfactory must satisfy the conditions that they can be ignited in a wind, will not go out when the bottle is thrown or broken, and will not be affected by damp, etc. The following are examples which have proved satisfactory:— (1) Lifeboat matches.—Two lifeboat matches bound to the bottle with adhesive tape. Matches liable to be affected by damp may be covered by cellophane paper held in position by rubber bands. The fuses are lighted with an ordinary matchbox and must be burning well rather than fuzing before the bomb is thrown. (2) Cinema film.—A length of about 18 inches of cinema film allowed to curl around the bottle and fixed at one end with adhesive tape may be used. Ignition can be by match or cigarette end, but again it must be burning well before the bomb is thrown. (3) Cotton waste or rag.—Cotton waste or rag tied to the bottle may be used. This should be soaked previously in paraffin and immediately before use dipped in petrol or the inflammable mixture from the bomb. (d) The phosphorous grenade (“The A.W. Grenade”). —This is an improved type of “Molotov bomb,” which ignites spontaneously as, soon as the glass is shattered, producing an incendiary, mixture and a dense cloud of smoke. yThe grenade may be used as follows:— i. It may be thrown at tanks, vehicles, buildings, pill* boxes, etc., in order to blind the occupants with smoke and possibly expel them. . The. grenade 77:
should be thrown at the front of the tank, the mixture remaining on the tank continues to burn and give off smoke from which the tank cannot escape by movement. ii. In favourable wind conditions a controlled smoke screen can be put up near a road block or pillbox by placing the grenades in suitable positions and exploding them by small arms fire. iii. The grenade has considerable incendiary effect owing to its phosphorus content, which can only be com* pletely destroyed by allowing it to burn itself out. It can be temporarily extinguished with water, but will start burning again after it has dried, on being disturbed. (c) The sticky (S.T.) grenade.—This is a high ex- plosive grenade with a five-second time fuse. It is de* signed to stick on impact and to shatter the armour or track by explosion. The safest and easiest way of using these grenades is by dropping them from an upstairs window; they may also be used from an ambush or trench within ten to fifteen yards of a tank. A position on a bank controlling a road has obvious advantages. When it is possible to close with the tank under cover of smoke or darkness the grenade may be placed by hand. (f) The anti-tank percussion grenade.—The hand per- cussion grenade is a simple H.E. grenade with an instan- taneous percussion fuse. It consists of about 31b. of explosive and, being in a light casing only, there is no shrapnel effect, the danger to the thrower being mainly from the blast. The grenades should be thrown whenever possible into the tracks of the tank, alternative targets being the wheels at either end of the track, the plating, over the engine or any of the observation slits. Grenades should be thrown into the tracks as far for- ward as possible, as in the case of a forward break the tank will quickly run off its track and must be jacked up before the track can be replaced. 78:<
(g) Harvey flame-thrower.—This flame-thrower con- sists of a vertical cylinder of 22 gallons capacity mounted on wheels in die same manner as a porter's barrow. To the cylinder is connected 25 feet of flexible hose termin- ating in a nozzle; a rest is provided on which the pipe carrying the nozzle can be traversed and elevated. When in operation, a jet of inflammable liquid, which is ig- nited on leaving the nozzle, is thrown to a range of approximately 50 yards; the maximum range gradually decreases as the cylinder is expended. These flame-throwers will be of value mainly as part of the defensive equipment of fixed road blocks and will generally be best sited when placed on the flank on the enemy side of the road block. They will be of particular value in dealing with tanks beyond the range of the A.D. grenade and Molotov bombs. It may be possible on occasion to mount the equipment in a car or truck for mobile use. (h) The Northover (bottle) mortar.—This is a simple mortar designed to throw th’e A.W. grenade to ranges of between 50 and 150 yards. It will be of use for attacking tanks, when it is impossible to get to close quarters. It should not be used prematurely to give away an ambush or to disclose the position of a road b-ock. (i) Anti-tank mines.—All mtn should understand the mechanism and use of the various anti-tank mines which may be available (see Military Training1 Pamphlet No. 40). Anti-tank mines (Mk. II or IV) may be joined together by means of wire or rope and nets to form a string of mines which can be drawn across a road at short notice. Getting to Close Quarters. The destruction and immobilisation of tanks by gren- ades and bombs demands ability by the attacker to get at dose’ quarters to'the tank. He Jcan do; this in various ways:-— 79
(a) From trenches.—During an enemy tank attack over trenches, the enemy tanks will often be within a few yards of men who can immobilise them. (b) From ambushes.—Tanks passing through towns and other defiles will often place themselves within range. (c) By use of smoke.—Smoke may be used to blind tanks and under its cover a determined man may get at close quarters across the open. (d) By fieldcraft.—A tank cannot fire in all directions at the same time. (A tank with turret guns only is limited to firing in one direction. If, in addition, it has a fixed gun beside the driver, it is also capable of fire direct to its front.) If men work together approaching the tank from different angles, moving only when the guns are not directed at them and at other times making use of cover, they should always be able to close with a single tank which is stationary or moving slowly. To do so they must watch carefully the movements of the tank's guns and carefully select beforehand their bounds from cover to cover, t Destruction of Tanks at Close Quarters. Having got close to the tank it may be attacked with incendiary and H.E. bombs—or a steel rail may be pushed in between the track and the driving sprocket with the object of stripping the track. The tank being now ini' mobilised, the crew must be killed or captured. Incend' iary bombs burst over the louvres may force them into the open, as also may antitank percussion grenades. If this does not hurry out the crew, an “S.T." grenade may be exploded on the roof of the tank, and a No. 36 or other grenade dropped through the hole made. Failing this, rifles may be fired into the slits at point blank range. Attacks on Tanks in Harbours. As night approaches the small enemy columns will seek suitable harbours for the night. These will be selected with a view to concealment from both ground and air 80v
and for economy of men in protective duties. The defence of harbours will vary according to the men and tanks avail* able, the ground, fatigue of the crews and other factors. The tanks may be protected by a thin outpost line of dismounted troops, although even then the tanks will be sited tactically and their guns manned; in other cases the tanks may be used to provide the outposts, being sited to cover all approaches. At other times, when very fatigued, they may rely almost entirely on concealment, with little protection except one or two sentries close to the tanks. Tank hunters should attempt to get into positions from which they can note in detail the enemy's dispositions and plan their night attack. This reconnaissance is of the great* est importance. In carrying out this attack their primary objective will be the men, as the tanks arc unlikely to be fully manned, and even if manned will be of little fighting value in the darkness. Once the men arc killed or cap* tured, the destruction of the tanks should be easy. The method of attack will be similar to that carried out by other fighting patrols, except that weapons for tank des* truction will be carried. This should not be regarded as a specialist task to be carried out only by tank*hunting platoons, but as one which may be carried out by any troops. Should enemy columns try to harbour and rest by day and be too strong for a direct attack, they must be harassed remorselessly by snipers, mortars, bombing from the air and all other means available so that rest is impossible for them. In the meantime, plans to am* bush them when they do move should be made. Rendering a Captured Tank Unserviceable. A tank crew may be put out of action or captured, leaving ^the tank itself intact. When possible, captured tanks should be salvaged for examination by experts, but if there is any possibility of the tank -again falling into enemy hands it should be rendered unserviceable. 81
This may be done in a number of ways, including the following:— (a) By fire—flame-producing bombs being dropped in- side the tank—will often be the quickest method, but not always the most desirable. (b) Breaking or removing the tracks is effective for a short period and until spare parts are available. (c) . To put the tank out of action for a prolonged period the following methods are recommended:— i. breaking water jacket of engine with sledge ham- mer; ii. smashing the driver’s controls, including the gear lever; iii. smashing the carburettor or fuel pum’p; iv. throwing H.E. bombs inside the tank; v. if it is impossible to open the tank one of the sprockets may be blown off with gelignite. Keeping Touch. It will not always be possible for tank hunters to attack an enemy column. If they cannot do so, the enemy must be shadowed and stalked and information must be passed to other troops in the area with regard to the enemy strength (which must not be exaggerated), the direction in which he is moving, his method of advance and other points which will aid others to destroy them. Early information with regard to the movements of enemy col- umns is important to enable tank hunters to prepare their ambushes. Tank-hunting platoon commanders must work in the closest co-operation with the battalion intelli- gence section, not only to get the information they require but also to pass on information gained by them to others. A system of light signals may also be developed for passing information and arrangements made for inter- communication between tank hunters and aircraft. 82
ROAD BLOCKS, AMBUSHES AND OBSTACLES Road Blocks—General. Roads can be blocked against wheeled vehicles in vari- ous ways:— (a) By cratering. (b) By a barricade of local materials such as farm carts, harrows, etc., or by debris from demolished buildings. (c) By felling trees. Trees felled to form road blocks should be left with the trunks attached to the stumps, if possible. To effect this, no cut should be made on the side to which the tree is to fall, and, unless the tree will fall naturally in the required direction, it must be strained with guys. (d) By coils of concertina wire opened out and bent into “U” shape to fill the breadth of the road. (e) By trenches across the road. To stop tanks, a more formidable obstacle will be neces- sary. Eighty pound of explosive at a depth of 6ft. in •average ground makes a crater 7ft. deep and at least 20ft. wide. This size of crater is likely to be an effective obstacle. No normal tree or series of trees felled across a road can be relied on to stop a tank, nor can any rapidly erected wireblock. Light road blocks may, how^ ever, be made effective against tanks by the inclusion of anti-tank mines. The effectiveness of all blocks depends on their being located in defiles and kept under constant observation and fire. They should also, whenever possible, be sited to achieve surprise. Siting. Sites should be selected in which it is difficult for crews of approaching vehicles to see the obstacle until they are close to /t, or to turn round or move off the road once they have seen it. For example, defiles where the road passes between woods, deep ditches, thick hedges, high 83
banks or buildings arc suitable, particularly if there is a bend in the road close to the enemy side of the obstacle. It is an advantage if the points at which tanks are likely to stop arc overlooked at close range so that the tanks can be bombed from above, or if there are gaps between buildings or other cover at these points from which bombs can be thrown or rails pushed into the •.racks. The’ sides of the defile should be closed by natural obstacles or barbed wire to keep enemy dismounted per* sonncl in full view of the defenders and to prevent them from breaking out at the side and stalking the garrison. Occasionally, if the road passes through long defiles, 4 may be possible to set traps by placing the obstacle well inside the defile and preparing a block at its entrance which can be rapidly put into position after the enemy vehicle has passed. Pilbboxes and ground floor windows straight behind an obstacle should be avoided, though they may be used as bait in the form of dummy positions. These arc likely о be in full view of the crew with the weapons of the A.F.V. pointing at them. The best positions to occupy will usually be in upper windows, or on roofs or behind banks on the flanks of the obstacle. Pillboxes should be well camouflaged and sited to cover the obstacle. The ’position chosen will depend on the ground and may be to the flank of the obstacle; behind it if well con- cealed or even on the enemy side. The upper windows of houses and the bank on the flanks of the obstacle should also be occupied. Defence of the Block. Like all obstacles, road blocks must be covered with fire. One section, with, if possible, an anti-tank rifle, will often be sufficient garrison. Anti-tank rifles, L.M.G.'s and Tommy guns should be sited away from the block and on the flanks covering the road on the enemy side; tank bombers should be in position on the flanks of the <84
defile on the enemy side of the block. Snipers should be disposed to attack any enemy leaving his A.F.V.; remaining personnel should be distributed to prevent any outflanking movement by the enemy. Consideration must •e given to the possibility of smoke being used by the enemy tanks to conceal their movements, and weapons j’tcd accordingly. Although hostile A.F.V.'s may be expected from a certain direction, it is always possible they may appear where least expected. Consideration should therefore be given to alternative ’positions to meet possible situations. Where no natural cover from fire exists, garrisons of road blocks should dig weapon*pits for their own pro* .ection. Ambushes. In every area, suitable sites for ambushes both for the A.F.V.'s and their accompanying personnel should be re* connoitrcd, planned in detail and, where desirable, the necessary material placed ready at the site. Suitable points for ambushes will generally be found in defiles such as villages, towns, cuttings and woods. The essence of a good ambush is surprise; it cannot therefore be made a subject for rules. If ambushes are prepared by fixed drill methods they will cease to be ambushes. They must therefore be devised by the in* genuity of individual leaders who must pit their wits against those of the enemy. The object must always be to mystify and mislead—obvious places should be avoided. Time for preparation will often be short, and tank* hunting platoons must therefore be able to prepare an ambush with the minimum of equipment, and often with their weapons alone. The variation of an ambush are almost unlimited. For example/ sometimes it will be advisable to attack recon* noitring motor cyclists: at other times the ambushers mav hide until the enemy motor cyclists have passed through and then attack the tanks, while at other times the 85
whole column may be allowed to pass and may then be attacked from the rear. Sometimes it may be possible to draw the enemy from his line of advance into a trap. An ambush in its simplest form may consist of a few men concealed at intervals along the side of the road. At a given signal they throw their A.W. bombs to blind ihe tanks and then attack with hand percussion bombs. Somebody should be ready to deal with the enemy motor cyclists as they come racing back to see what has hap* pened. The basis of the plan will often be:— (a) To surprise and overcome the reconnoitring cyclists before they are able to warn the leading tank. A wire stretched taut across the road, three feet from the ground will often be sufficient. If possible, these motor cyclists should be disposed of silently, and devices for puncturing their tyres will sometimes be useful (e.g., board with up* turned nails, broken glass, etc.). (b) To attack tanks individually and to prevent them supporting each other. Bends in the road may make this possible; if not, one alternative is to make use of smoke bombs to isolate individual tanks. Having isolated a tank it may be attacked with incendiary bombs and high explosive grenades until it is destroyed. In village streets, woods and other narfow defiles speed of action, surprise and a simultaneous attack on supporting tanks may render the isolation of individual tanks unnecessary. (c) The provision of “look-outs" to protect the am- bushing detachments from lorried infantry following the tanks. The action of the enemy infantry when the lead' ing tanks have met an ambush is likely to be to deploy with the intention of taking the ambushers in flank or rear. (d) Arrangements for the withdrawal of the party and getting them once more under control so that they may prepare fresh ambushes and continue the fight. These 86
arrangements will include the selection of a rendezvous (which should be known to every man), the parking of vehicles, bicycles, etc., with a view to the "get*away” and signals for withdrawal. Petrol Ambushes. Petrol and oil poured on to a road and ignited will, in suitable conditions, form an effective ambush, the in* tense heat and flame resulting in the destruction or im* mobilisation of enemy vehicles. The use of this means is restricted to defiles which the enemy are likely to use (e.g., to debouch from the coast or landing grounds). Consideration must be given to the effect of fires which may be started in the vicinity. The method of employment is by gravity or trailer pump from a reservoir hidden and protected at a dis* tance from but within view of the defile. Surprise is important, and the reservoir should be camouflaged. The oil is led by tworinch pipes to the defile, discharged from jets or sprays and ignited electrically or by some other simple means. The composition recommended is 25 per cent, petrol and 75 ’per cent, gas oil, which being of no value for the propulsion of motor vehicles is of little use to the enemy. The reservoirs may be static or mobile, preferably the latter—any tank with the necessary capacity may be used either mounted on a lorry or built into a previously pre* pared position. Fuel is required on a scale of two gallons per square foot per hour. Thus to cover an area of road 50 feet long by 20 wide requires 200 gallons for every six minutes burning. To sustain a fire of great intensity a head of oil of only a few feet is necessary, and a pump is not an essential. Thfe form of ambush should be prepared only where approved by general officers commanding*in*chief or such officers to whom they may delegate the authority. 87
Bluffs and Booby Traps. Every possible device must be used to slow up the movement of enemy mobile columns and to stop tanks and make them disembark part of their crews, who can then be shot. Motor cyclists, though often a difficult target to hit when on the move, are very vulnerable when halted. The defence has achieved much if it can make the task of reconnoitring motor cyclist so dangerous that the tanks themselves must lead the column. The intention should be to instil into the enemy such a fear of ambushes that he will approach every defile and bend in a road with caution, and that he will make a dis- mounted reconnaissance before attempting to pass such points. Once this moral ascendancy has been achieved the danger of tank infiltration is over. The following arc examples of bluffs and booby traps which must, of course, be combined with road ambushes:— (a) Dummy anti-tank mines—the surface of a road broken up as though the road has been mined or even a row of upturned soup plates will demand dismounted reconnaissance. The enemy making the reconnaissance may be sniped. (b) A number of blankets slung across a narrow street, which might be concealing a road block or ambush, will probably stop a tank at least once. (c) Dummy pill-boxes will be of value to draw both the enemy’s attention and his fire, and so to give the tank hunters an opportunity to get to close quarters with their bombs. (d) Strips of canvas may be laid across a road to conceal a trench, or to explode bombs when moved. They may prove equally effective if they are no more than harmless strips of canvas. Hay or straw spread over a stretch of road may be used in a similar way. (e) Booby traps consisting of road mines, charges for felling trees or bombs designed to burst in the foliage 88
of trees above tanks and exploded by a trip wire across the road are described in Field Engineering Pamphlet No. 6. Whenever booby traps are prepared, the danger to < ur own troops must always be considered, and adequate precautions must be taken to prevent them falling into the traps set for the enemy. Tank Obstacles. (a) Anti-tank mines.—Anti-tank mines play the same part against A.F.V.’s as wire does the* infantry. The principles of its employment are similar. Unless covc;<c by the fire of the defenders, anti-tank mines are in most cases useless. In road blocks in particular the efficiency of the obstacle will depend largely on the skill with which the covering weapons are sited. Tanks on discovering a mined road block will usually try to work round it, drive off the defending troops and then remove the mines. To counter this, the mines should be placed so that they are encountered unex* pectcdly and where deviation is awkward. Close sparing should be used. (b) Other tank obstacles.—The size of the obstacles required to stop a tank depends on the design and dimen- sions of the tank concerned. The following are the guid- ing rules:— i. A tank cannot cross a gap which is appreciably wider than half the overall length of the tank; unless it can approach at a speed, when it may be able to jump an appreciable distance. ii. A tank cannot climb a solid vertical face which is higher than the top of the tank’s track where it passes over the leading sprocket or idler wheel; in the case of trenches and earth banks the height of the vertical face should be not less than five feet. iii. A tank is unlikely to surmount an obstacle which causes the ground line of the tank to be tilted, from 89
the forward end, to an angle of 4 5 degrees, with the horizontal. This rule governs the ability of a tank to- surmount an obstacle placed on a slope. Trees» Single rows of trees to withstand the thrust of a medium tank should consist of trees of not less than 18 inches in diameter. In the case of a copse where a series of trees in depth exists the effective diameter of trees can be reduced to eight inches. Modern tanks can manoeuvre in a very restricted space and can pass through gaps from six feet to eight feet. Trees of the diameter required, whether in single row* or copses, will seldom be found growing at close enough intervals to prevent tanks manoeuvring between them. Artificial obstacles will, therefore, usually be necessary to reduce the gaps, to close rides, etc. The anti-tank mine is the simplest weapon for this purpose. Stumps* Tree stumps will sto’p tanks when they are sturdy enough to raise the tracks of the ground by fouling the belly of the tank between the tracks. For this purpose, stumps should be not less than 12 inches in diameter and should be 2ft. 3in. in height. To prevent tanks manoeuvring between stumps, the gaps must be reduced as in the case of trees. Belts of stumps must possess some depth; a single line will not stop tanks. Natural Obstacles» These include rivers, banks, woods and the cuttings and embankments of railways and roads, which if not in them< selves of adequate dimensions may often be made so with a little labour. Artificial Obstacles. Details of the construction of artificial obstacles will be found in Military Training Pamphlet No. 43. 90
Training. Training must aim at producing quick-witted, bold, confident and. swift-moving teams of high morale. The following should be included in the syllabus:— (a) Physical training.—Physical fitness of the highest order is essential. Every man must be “fighting fit." (b) Fieldcraft.—Success will depend largely on field- craft. The training described in Military Training Pam- phlet No. 33 should be carried out and applied to the special task in view. For example, all men should be practised in stalking a tank, individually and working in pairs. A “mock up" turret should be made which can be carried on a car or carrier. The men should then be taught to watch the tank's guns and to run forward from cover to cover whenever the guns are aiming in another direction. Similar exercises should be carried out against a pair of tanks, making use of smoke. (c) Night work.—During darkness the A.F.V. loses almost all the advantages it may have by day over the man on his feet. Tank-hunting platoons should specialise in night work (see Military Training Pamphlet No. 33). Exercises should include attacks on tanks, whether halted, on the move or in harbour, and sections should be pitted against each other, acting as enemy in turns. (d) Map reading.—A high standard is essential. (e) Ambush training.—The art of siting, preparing and manning ambushes in towns, woods and other types of country should be practised. There must, however, be no stereotyped plan. The success of an ambush depends on surprise and depends on wits rather than rules. (f) Field engineering.—Men should be trained in the field engineering required in the construction of road blocks, e.g., use of concertina wire, the felling of trees, tank traps, etc. A general knowledge of the use of ex- plosives should be included. (g) Recognition of AT.V.'s.—It is essential that men should be able to recognise allied and enemy A.F.V.'s and 91
their types. (See Pamphlet notified in A.C.I.'s for week ending February 21, 1940.) They should know the weak spots in enemy tanks. (h) Weapon training.—All members of tank-hunting detachments should be trained in the use of the special anti-tank weapons with which they are armed, in addition to the L.M.G., rifle, bayonet, grenade, 2in. mortar and anti-tank rifle. A good proportion of expert snipers should be included, and the use of smoke should be practised. Dummy bombs of approximately the correct weight should be made up locally of sand, etc., sacking containers, and men practised in throwing them at the tracks of carriers. (i) Anti-tank mines.—(See Military Training Pamphlet No. 40.) 92
NOTES 93
PART V TACTICAL NOTES The object of these notes is to develop a technique of how to deal quickly with minor tactical situations. It is better to know instincively some orthodox line of con- duct than to be paralysed by uncertainty of what to do. Master the technique—and then use it as a master. The examples given cannot cover all possible situations. ATTACK Speed in the Attack 1. The following remarks are applicable to all offen- sive operations whether they be undertaken against hos- tile invading forces or against an enemy overseas. 2. If hostile forces land in this country, success of retaliatory action will depend on the speed with which counter-attacks can be developed. A few minutes’ delay allows an enemy to consolidate his position. The need for speed of execution in all offensive operations calls for swiftness of decision and action in all exercises. In the past we have been used to much slower moving operations than wc see today. In consequence our train' ing has been based on detailed and methodically pre- pared plans, depending largely for success on heavy and accurate covering fire of all descriptions. To-day, against an exceedingly quick and bold oppoonent who relies for success on surprise in the form of rapid infiltration, we shall find ourselves at a grave disadvantage if we cannot be as quick, bold, and enterprising as he is. The modem German army have never yet met an op- ponent who can play them at their own game—and wc may be sure that if we too develop the technique of speed in offensive operations, they in turn will be sur- prised, and fall an easier prey than we imagine. Let us, therefore, keep before our eyes this guiding principle—SPEED. Speed in making up our minds, 94
speed in delivering our orders, speed in reconnaissance, and, finally, speed in Execution. 3. Here are some methods by which we can realise these aims:— ? (i.) Anticipation.—A highly developed sense of an* ticipation is characteristic of all great games* players. They start to take action before the necessity arises. As a result, they are always at the right place at the right time. All leaders must strive after this ideal. It is not enough co start making a ‘plan when a new situation has arisen. Plans to meet every pos* sible development must be thought out before* hand, and preparations made to put them into effect. Instant action can thus be taken and priceless hours and not less priceless minutes gained. Napoleon said: “I may have lost battles, but I never lost a minute.” How do we stand this test in our Field Training? (ii.) Speed in reconnaissance.—“Time spent on re* connaissance is seldom wasted.” Most of the time spent during reconnaissance is wasted. Reconnaissance must be confined to essentials, and, preferably, made from the nearest point available. (iii.) Plans must be simple. (iv.) Verbal orders must be cut down to the abso* lute essentials. i (v.) Commanders must be well forward so that they can deal at once with the situation. 95
A FORWARD PLATOON ADVANCING Movement Fir- 96;
1. As soon as the leading platoon meets opposition, it will prepare immediately, for offensive: action. 2. The section first fired on will at once get its light machine gun into position and engage the enemy with fire. 3. The remaining sections of the platoon will take advantage of this covering fife to surround the opposition by an encircling movement if possible. 4. This movement must be automatic and made with* out checking the forward advance of the platoon. 5. In .these circumstances the platoon commander's duty is to ensure the momentum of the advance, which he can best do by immediately bringing into effect what reserve fire power he has-^uch as ms mortars. 6. If the opposition is more than the platoon can overcome by its own resources, if is for the company com- mander to continue the attack on the same system. 7. Advantage will be taken of the least sign of weaken- ing on the part of the defence, and the sections of the leading platoon will seize every opportunity to press for- ward to their immediate objective without awaiting orders from the rear. 8. The' diagram given opposite shows how the enemy might be suitounded, but the ground will often be un- suitable for envelopment of both flanks. The action to. be takeij to. get behind the enemy must depend bn the most suitable lines of approach. TKe main object is tq surround’ the enemy quickly. Д7
98
1. The section is a complete unit under a leader, but it can be split into two groups for tactical manoeuvre. 2. The attack is carried out on the principle of fire and movement, each move being made as far forward as possible. 3. The first stage (see diagram) of the attack shows the forward infiltration of the rifle group covered by the fire of the L.M.G. group. 4. The second stage (see diagram) shows the for ward infiltration of the L.M.G. group covered by the fire of the rifle group. ?. Thus the attack progresses without a check. When the rifle group advances, its movement is covered by the fire from the L.M.G. group; when the L.M.G. group ad* vances, it is covered by the rifle group. Either group can lead the attack, according to cir* cumstances. 6. Use covered approaches (if possible) or short rushes from fire position to fire position until withiv. .assaulting distance of the objective. Now look at Example No. 2, which shows the final stage—the assault. 7. There is no fixed number of men for the L.M.G. group. It may consist of three men or even one man, according to its task, S.A.A. to be carried, distance to be covered, etc. i 99
A SECTION IN THE ASSAULT (Final Stage) WiMPLS No. 2 5. Sec Comd W WIRE CUTTER G GRENADE THROWER •100
1. N.B.—The left encircling section of the platoon has been taken as an example. 1. The L.M.G. will first open fire from the outer flank, remaining in that position, if possible, till the ob' jcctive has been overcome. Jt will then rejoin the section and be responsible for the protection of the outer flank. 2. On the inner flank the grenade throwers, each with a rifleman, and working in pairs, will throw their grenades. 3. The section commander carrying the sub'M.G. will lead the assault, the bombers on the flank conforming. 4. The section commander must personally time the assault so that its arrival on the objective docs not coin' cide with the bursting of the grenades. This timing is important and requires practice. 5. The whole section must arrive on the objective together. They must therefore start in line. ICJ
CLEARING A VILLAGE EXAMPLE No. 3 102
1. The same principles ap'ply in this example as in a “Forward Platoon Advancing/4 Example 1. 2. Each platoon covers the main exits with fire in order to protect its sections and to catch any enemy trying to break out 3. Sections work through the back gardens and enter from the rear. At each stage during the process of clear ing the houses the riflemen are covered by their section L.M.Gs. 103
CLEARING A WOOD OF PARACHUTISTS OP SMALL BODIES OF THE ENEMY----------- EXAMPLE No. 4 Supporting Groups zflSdoeiLE RC3CBVC MOBILE RESCRVC •04
1. The wood or similar cover must be completely ringed round by posts of light* machine guns or riflemen so that no one can escape without being seen. 2. The moppers'up will form a line * preparatory to searching the ground in the same way as beaters 'in a game drive. They will move steadily forward^ keeping line and searching all likely hiding places so that no concealed enemy can be passed over. 3. Behind the line of moppers'Up ’ small groups of re' serves will follow, armed with rifles, bayonets,- sub' machine guns, and grenades, to deal with any pockets of hostile resistance. 4. The ring4 of stops or posts placed outside the wood will have one or more grounds kept mobile to chase any enemy who breaks cover and succeed in escaping. 5. The commander will place himself where he can best control operations. This point will normally be where the majority of his troops are employed. / 107
A PLATOON DEFENSIVE LOCALITY IN MOBILE WARFARE EXAMPLE No. S ♦ 106
DEFENCE. 1. The platoon will be sited for albround defence, pre* ferably in the shape of a triangle, if the ground permits. 2. To avoid casualties from* shell fire and dive bomb* ing, sections will not be doser to each other than 30 yards. 3. To ensure voice control by the platoon com* mander, sections will not be farther from each other than 60 yards. 4. To keep enemy out of hand grenade range, wire will be sited not less than 3f yards from trenches. 5, To prevent wire being cut under cover of darkness, mist, or artificial fog, wire will not be more than 40 yards out from trenches. 6. The better the concealment of wire and trenches from ground and air observation by the use of natural or artificial cover, the greater the degree of security for the garrison, and the more likelihood of surprising the enemy. Note.—The defence of beaches and certain localities in concrete are special cases requiring special treatment and must not be confused with the normal layout in mobile warfare, as shown here. 3 07
A POST IN CONCRETE 1. The concrete pill*box is a great aid to defence if intelligently use; if not, it may become a death-trap. 2. Concrete is a protection only against bullets, shell splinters, and weather. If properly camouflaged, it is also a .protection from ground and air observation. 3. It is not complete protection against a direct hit from a shell or from an aerial bomb; it has the advantage tagc of limiting the field of view and field of fire; be- cause of its few loopholes, it does not allow all the garri- son the use of their rifles; and, finally, it hinders the garrison in the employment of the hand grenade and bayonet, 4. Therefore the garrison of a pill box locality will ict as follows:— (a) The sentry or sentries ‘on duty will be stationed outside the pill box, where they can see and hear all round them. (b) Temporary coyer, from view, shell fire, and aerial bombing may. be sought inside the pill box; but beware that the enemy are not creeping towards you under covering fire, whilst you are hiding inside. (c) When the attack comes, the light machine gun or machine gun will fire from the pill box, if it can carry out its task. If not, it must come oUt to a prepared ‘position. (d) Those men who cannot'use their weapons inside must man the trenches outside—where they can do their duty. (e) If the pill box is surrounded—except for those who can fire from the loopholes, the garrison will fight outside, where they can employ all their weapons to the best advantage. IOS
NOTES 1р9
THE DEFENCE OF A BRIDGE EXAMPLE No. 6 110
1. The garrison will be astride the bridge. Posts should embrace the road blocks and be sited to cover all immediate approaches to the bridge as shown on dia- gram opposite' 2. The wire obstacle must be sited so that every yard of it is under direct observation and fire. 3. The aim of the garrison must be that no unauth* orised person can penetrate into the perimeter of the bridge defence, i.e., the wire round it. 4. The garrison, therefore, is disposed to safeguard the bridge against an enemy who— (a) may attack from any direction; (b) may approach within assaulting distance under cover of darkness, early morning mist, arti* fidal smoke, or by covered approaches; (c) or may attempt to overcome the garrison by a ruse, i.e., by arriving in a motor car, or on foot, dressed as civilians or as British soldiers. 5. The command post will have an O.P. from which the maximum amount of ground immediately surrounding the bridge can be seen. At last one sentry will be on duty throughout the hours of daylight. 6. All defensive posts and positions will be concealed from ground and air observation by camouflage. Alter* native positions, i.e., other positions from where the same task can be performed, will always be constructed. 7. Wherever possible, visual communication will be established from the garrison of the bridge to the nearest neighbouring unit. 8. Every bridge garrison will have signal rockets as an alarm signal that they are being attacked. 9. Every bridge garrison will include at least one bicycle and one or more orderlies who will know the best way to the nearest neighbouring unit which can give assistance if the garrison of the bridge is in difficulties. 10. If the garrison is larger than required for the close defence of the bridge, a ring of outposts may bte em- ployed. Ill
HOLDINC A RIVER OR CANAL -EXAMPLE-No. 7 A W 3 N 3 i, J . •: 112
1. The forward garrisonwill be so disposed that they can cover the water by direct observation and fire. In no circumstances will any stretch of water be left un* guarded. The enemy will .certainly cross bv anV. such unguarded stretch. 2. Every ‘post so sited ' to guard the water will be hidden and camouflaged from\grourid observation and, as far as possible, air observation as well. 3. ‘Alternative sites will be prepared, that is, sites from which the same task can be performed but in a different locality. The garrison, if spotted and shelled, can then move to a safer place and avoid casualties. ' < 4. Local reserves will be so placed- that they can im* mediately counterattack any<ehemy who .have succeeded in gaining a footing on. our bank. This is their duty. 5. At night, or during mist or fog, moving patrols must guard the\ gaps between posts to ensure that the water is kept under constant observation. 6. When time permits, dummy trenches of conspicuous nature will be made to draw the enemy's fire on to places where it will not harm our troops. 113
Road Blocks and Tank Traps EXAMPLE No. 8 114
RULES FOR THE GARRISON There are four distinct functions which devolve on the garrison:— (1) To’locate and watch the enemy, in order to ensure adequate warning of his advance. This is done by estab' lishing a good O.P. and direct communication from the sentry at the O.P. to the garrison. (2) To put the block or trap into position when warned of the enemy’s approach. This is done by the infantry or sapper party, acccording to the nature of the block or trap. Time must be allowed for our own delay* ing troops to pass through. If the block is a trap, the operation must be timed accordingly. (3) To destroy the enemy who are stopped by the block or who run into the trap. Personnel can be destroyed by L.M.G. and rifle fire; hostile vehicles by anti-tank gun or anti'tank rifle fire, or bombs. (4) To ensure the protection of the garrison.—By siting albround defence so that the garrison cannot be surprised and taken by attack from the flanks and rear, and by ensuring that the garrison is not only hidden from view but protected from hostile fire. NOTES 1. The O.P. must be in visual communication with the O.C. garrison. By a prearranged signal, early warn* ing of hostile approach is given, on which the main block is closed. The O.P. must remain invisible to the enemy; otherwise it will arouse suspicions of a trap. 2. If or when an enemy vehicle enters the trap, the movable block is pulled into position, thereby preventing the enemy from withdrawing. 3. Enemy vehicles within the trap are destroyed by the bomb throwers, supported by the L.M.G. and rifles of the garrison. 4. y The garrison commander must, by his initial dis* position and the posting of sentries, ensure against an attack from the flank or rear. 115
Example No. 9 DEFENDING A HOUSE EXAMPtE No. 9 KIGHT Build your sandbagged emplacement well back in a darkened roo bo 'tbftl ydu'-arc invisible from'the outside. A lace curtain allows you to see through* h without b^ihg cr.tn.
Example No. 10 LOOPHOLING WALLS |. EXAMPLE No. 10 WRONG 2. Loopbole made behind an existing bush or one planted artificially. Loophole covered by and in the shadow of a ladder. Be sure that the ladder is made unclimbable. Loophole hidden from view by a bundle of brush» wood;;;? ч RIGHT Loophole cut in the lock of* M.G. firing from a false shell a door, existing or placed hole. Ensure that the gun against the wall, brought is in darkness inside a potting from elsewhere ‘shed or erected cover to shut out light.
NIGHT PATROLS Gn open country) EXAMPLE No. 11 DIRECTION OF Advance 4 3 2 SECTION 118
PATROLS 1. Section leader, armed with sub-machine gun, re- volver, hooded torch. 2. Rifle and bayonet. 3. Revolver, wire cutters. This group leads the patrol. 4. Rifle and bayonet. 5. Rifle and bayonet. This group watches and protects the right flank. 6. Rifle and bayonet. 7. Rifle and bayonet. This group watches and protects the left flank. 8. Rifle and bayonet and wire cutters. This man watches and protects the rear. N.B.—Each man carries two grenades. 119
night patrols (advancing along A ftOAo' 120
Leading Group ....1. Section commander4eads the patrol. 2. Watches right. 3. Watches left. Right Group ....4. Watches the leading group and leaders signal (and*his front). 5. Watches the right. Left Group ....6. Watches the leading group and leader's-signal . 7. Watches the left. Rear Man .... ....8. Watches the tear.
NIGHT PATROLS (ADVANCING ALONG A HEDGE OR SlOE OF A WOOD) 122
Section commander leads the patrol. Watches right flank. Watches left flank. Watches the leading group. Watches the right flank. Watches the group in front. Watches the left flank. Watches thte rear. 123
NIGHT PATROLS 124
2 I Section commander with his two men enter co j* । search, protected by:— 4 7 j Watch the front and right flank. 7* c Watch the front and left flank. 8. Watches the rear. Nos. 4, У, 6, and 7 will get into position first. When they signal 4‘All clear," Nos. 1, 2, and 3 will come for ward and enter the area to be searched. No. 8 will re* main watching the rear. ;25.
NOTES 126
NOTES 127
NOTES'. 1.2S
IMPERIAL PRINT, PERTH