Теги: сирийский язык чтение и письмо
ISBN: 0262-1754
Текст
THE SYRIAC PRIMER
READING, WRITING, VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR
GEORGE A. KIRAZ
rOvicixX
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In Memory of
Mar Philoxenos Yulianon Dolaponu
(1885-1969),
Mar Tonina Oddo
(1853-1918),
&
Abdul Massih Kara Bashi
(1903-1983).
J_bКл। JLlooa
U, yocA
Ы
Ixu Kx
Jko^ioxo'
To
The Syrian-Aramaean Youth,
whom I urge to preserve their mother tongue;
&
The Syriac-Studies Students,
whom I urge to revive this ancient tongue.
Г^*оЧх Г^°кС\Д_» ДД^±а rdjL^^CVOO
❖ Л \*n*» S3O/$Q :Д_и /$ЛЛ :2&2U&A i < Л M
THE SYRIAC PRIMER
READING, WRITING, VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR
With Exercises and Cassette Activities
GEORGE ANTON KIRAZ
JSOT MoauoIs5
Copyright © 1985, 1988 by George Anton Kiraz.
All rights reserved.
The Syriac script was generated on an IBM PC XT
using the software package
ALAPH BETH FONT KIT™
from Alaph Beth Computer Systems
P. O. Box 74628
Los Angeles, Ca 90004
Tel. (213) 465-1443
Tlx. 510 600 8273 ATTN. ALAPH BETH
Published by JSOT Press
JSOT Press is an imprint of
Sheffield Academic Press Ltd
The University of Sheffield
343 Fulwood Road
Sheffield S10 3BP
England
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Kiraz, George A.
The Syriac primer : reading, writing,
vocabulary and grammar.-(JSOT manuals, ISSN
0262-1754;5
1. Syriac language
I. Title
492/3
ISBN 1-85075-199-4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abbreviations ............................................................ix
Pronunciation Key.........................................................ix
Cassette Activity .Sections......................................'.........x
Preface ..................................................................xi
Preface of the First Edition ............................................xii
1 INTRODUCTION TO READING AND WRITING 1-43
1-1 The Letters: Olaph, Beth, Gomal and Dolath...........................2
1-2 The Syriac Vowels ...................................................3
1-3 Reading Syriac for the Very First Time ..............................4
1-4 Writing Syriac for the Very First Time ..............................7
1-5 The Letters: He, Wan and Zain........................................9
1-6 Reading, Vocabulary and Writing ....................................10
1-7 The Letters: Heth, Teth and Yootf...................................14
1-8 Reading, Vocabulary and Writing ....................................15
1-9 The Letters: Kof, LomacJ, Mim and Noon..............................18
1-10 Reading, Vocabulary and Writing.....................................19
1-11 The Letters: Simkath, ce, Fe and $odhe..............................25
1-12 Reading, Vocabulary and Writing.....................................26
1-13 The Letters: Qof, Reesh, Sheen and Taw..............................30
1-14 Reading, Vocabulary and Writing ....................................31
1-15 More Reading and Vocabulary.........................................36
1-16 More Writing........................................................39
2 ELEMENTARY READING 44-54
2-1 Sentences Containing a Preposition..................................45
2-2 Sentences Containing an Adjective...................................47
2-3 Sentences Consisting of a Verb, Subject and Object..................49
2-4 Sentences Consisting of a Verb, Subject and Preposition.............51
2-5 Sentences Containing a Demonstrative Pronoun........................52
2-6 Sentences Containing an Interrogative Pronoun.......................54
3 GRAMMAR I 55-65
3-1 The Syriac Alphabet............................................... 56
3-2 Notice That.........................................................58
V
3-3 The Vowels ...................................................59
3-4 The Word..................................................... 60
3-5 Masculine and Feminine .......................................61
3-6 Singular, Plural and Dual Nouns............................. 63
3-7 The Numbers...................................................64
4 INTERMEDIATE READING I 66-84
4-1 Reading Lesson 1 ............................................ 67
4-2 Reading Lesson 2..............................................70
4-3 Reading Lesson 3..............................................73
4-4 Reading Lesson 4..............................................76
4-5 Reading Lesson 5..............................................78
4-6 Reading Lesson 6............................................f. 80
4-7 Reading Lesson 7..............................................82
5 GRAMMAR И 85-101
5-1 Past, Present and Future.......................................86
5-2 Personal Pronouns: Subject Form .........-.....................88
5-3 The Verb L-J..................................................91
5-4 The Possessive Particle ......................................94
5-5 The Relative Personal Pronoun.................................96
5-6 The Active and the Passive...................................100
6 INTERMEDIATE READING II 102-127
6-1 Reading Lesson 8.............................................103
6-2 Reading Lesson 9.............................................105
6-3 Reading Lesson 10............................................108
6-4 Reading Lesson 11 ...........................................Ill
6-5 Reading Lesson 12............................................113
6-6 Reading Lesson 13............................................116
6-7 Reading Lesson 14............................................119
6-8 Reading Lesson 15............................................122
6-9 Reading Lesson 16............................................124
6-10 Reading Lesson 17............................................126
7 VOCABULARY 128-iso
7-1 Biblical Vocabulary..........................................129
7-2 At the Church................................................135
7-3 The Numbers..................................................137
7-4 At School ...................................................140
VI
7-5 Time.............................................................143
7-6 What Time Do You Have? ..........................................147
7-7 Government Vocabulary............................................149
8 GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION 151-165
8-1 The Meter (Form) of Words........................................152
8-2 The Past Tense: Conjugation........................................153
8-3 The Present Tense: Conjugation.................................. 157
8-4 The Future Tense: Conjugation......................................161
8-5 Interdiction.....................................................165
9 ADVANCED READING 166-193
9-1 The Sermon on the Mount............................................167
9-2 From the Book of Proverbs....................~.....................173
9-3 Creed of the Holy Fathers........................................177
9-4 Prayers of Pardon I ........................................... 178
9-5 Prayers of Pardon II.............................................184
9-6 From the Liturgy of St. James....................................190
10 SYRIAC POETRY 194-206
10-1 Definitions......................................................195
10-2 The Poetic Meters................................................196
10-3 Permissibilities in Syriac Poetry................................199
10-4 Examples from Clasical Poetry....................................200
10-5 Examples from Modern Poetry......................................204
11 THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT 207-236
11-1 The Estrangelo Alphabet..........................................208
11-2 Words in Estrangelo..............................................209
11-3 Sentences in Estrangelo .........................................216
11-4 Writing in Estrangelo............................................219
11-5 Intermediate Reading ........................................... 224
11-6 Advanced Reading ................................................229
12 THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT 237-261
12-1 The Eastern Syriac Alphabet......................................238
12-2 Words in the Eastern Script......................................239
12-3 Sentences in Eastern Syriac......................................246
12-4 Writing in Eastern Syriac........................................249
12-5 Intermediate Reading.............................................254
vii
12-6 Advanced Reading...............................................259
13 THE QUSSAYA AND RUKKAKA 262-267
13-1 Definitions....................................................263
13-2 Rules of the Qussaya...........................................264
13-3 Rules of the Rukkaka...........................................265
13-4 An Example . ..................................................267
Bibliography....................................................... 268
Index................................................................270
viii
CASSETTE ACTIVITY SECTIONS
The following section must be read as you listen to the cassette:
Chapter One:
1-3, 1-6, 1-8, 1-10, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15.
Chapter Four:
All sections.
Chapter Six:
All sections.
Chapter Ten: (poetry, songs)
(Courtesy of St- George Choir and St- Ephraim Choir, Aleppo, Syria-)
Section 10-4: Qolo D quqoyo.
Section 10-5: On Taw-Mim-Simkath; a poem by Yuhanon Salman.
dp *
Vi A>).
ABBREVIATIONS
f. fu. imp. m. feminine future imperative masculine
P- pl. pr. s. past plural present singular
V. verb
PRONUNCIATION KEY
Phonetic c Syriac Hebrew V Arabic t
4 read as th in there.
g L
h П c
к 5 t
q p (5
5 J
s t*
1 ь
th —
Vowels:
Phonetic Name of Syriac Phonetic
Letter Vowel Wiitinp. Reading
a FTHOHO A Read "a as in "man."
0 ZQOFO V Read ”o" as in "ga."
e RBO$O Read "e" as in "men."
ее HBO$O Read "ее" as in "meet.
00 c$0$0 Read ”oo" as in "zoo."
PREFACE
The Syriac Primer: Reading, Writing, Vocabulary and Grammar is a revised edition of
my previous work, Syriac for Beginners with Exercises and Cassette Activities, published in
1986 by members of the St. Ephraim Youth Organization (Syrian Orthodox) of Los Angeles.
The book uses an easy to follow step-by-step approach to learning the living classical
language of one of the most ancient Christian Communities, a language not only essential for
those who practice and study Syriac Christianity, but also for many in Biblical and Near
Eastern studies.
This primer was not written to compete with the many fine available reference and
learning grammars. What sets it apart from such works, which cover considerably more
grammatical detail, is that it presents Syriac as a living language. With the aid of the cassette,
students will be able both to learn the elements of the language more quickly and thoroughly
and to appreciate its beauty.
As can be seen from the table of contents, Chapter One begins by teaching writing and
reading. The cassette exercises train the student to read clearly and accurately in the Western
dialect. Chapters Two, Three, Five and Eight are devoted primarily to the presentation of
basic grammar. Chapters Four, Six and Nine consist of graded reading lessons culminating
with selections from the Peshitto and other classical Syriac works. While basic words are
introduced in each lesson, Chapter Seven is devoted entirely to building a vocabularly useful
both for daily life and the reading of classical texts. Chapter Ten introduces poetic meters
with examples from classical and contemporary poetry. Since the primer uses the Western
dialect (Serto), Chapters Eleven and Twelve introduce Estrangelo and Eastern (Nestorian)
script respectively. Finally, Chapter Thirteen discusses some of the fine points of the Qussaya
and Rukkaka.
The primer has been produced from camera-ready copy I have prepared on an IBM
personal computer using the Multi-Lingual Scholar word processor (Gamma Productions, Inc.)
and special Syriac fonts I have designed and which are distributed by Alaph Beth Computer
Systems. I am most grateful to Fr. Dr. Joseph Tarzi, whose editorial advice and proofreading
were invaluable. Special thanks go also to Ms. Susan Adam, who recorded the English
portions of the cassette tape.
Los Angeles, California.
June 26, 1988
GEORGE A. KIRAZ
xi
PREFACE OF THE FIRST EDITION
This book has two purposes: First, to help the Syrian-Aramaean born American to
perfect his native language. Second, to help any student who is interested in Syriac, one of
the most important Semitic languages, to start on his way. It has been designed to meet the
special needs of students new to Syriac.
A modern method of self teaching has been adopted throughout this book. The student
will teach himself by using a cassette for the reading sections; moreover, the grammar
sections ^are written in simple casy-to-understand language. The reading passages are chosen
from JjLuoj of Malphono Abdul Massih Kara Bashi.
My acknowledgments are due to both Fr. Dr. Joseph Tarzi, pastor of St. Ephraim Syrian
Orthodox Church in Los Angeles, and to Malphono Murad Barsom, Archdeacon, who read the
manuscript and gave many valuable suggestions. Many special thanks go to Malphono
Asmar Al-Koury, who copied the Syriac parts of this book in his beautiful handwriting.
Los Angeles, California.
Dec 15, 1984.
GEORGE ANTON KIRAZ
xii
ft'krbkiO r^x>ioA г^Ккь^э
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
TO READING AND WRITING
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
UJ 1-1 The Letters: Olaf, Beth, Gomal, and Dolath.
In this section, we shall introduce the first four letters of the Syriac alphabet. They are:
Name of Syriac Hebrew Arabic Latin
Letter Writing Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent
OLAPH I К 1 A
BETH a В
GOMAL 3 G
DOLATH ? “1 D
The letter ? has another form, It is sometimes used when it is connected to the letter
preceding it (see Section 3-1).
EXERCISE.
Read the following lines from right to left.
? 1
.2
/ . «л j .3
r
I 5 .4
WRITING.
Complete the following lines by filling in the blank spaces.
___________________________________________________________________________ I .1
_______________________________________________ о .2
_______________________________________________ .3
_______________________________________________ ? -4
2
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
И 1-2 The Syriac Vowels.
Like most Semitic languages, Syriac is written using letters and vowels. Vowels determine
how the letter is to be pronounced. There are two kinds of vowels in Syriac, short and long.
Usually, short vowels are placed above the letters. They are:
Name of Syriac Phonetic
Vowel Writing Reading
Fl’HOHO Read "a" as in "man."
ZQOFO 0 Read "o’ as in "go."
RBO$O Read "e as in "men."
I.IKO$O 4 Read "ее" as in "meet.'
CSO$O Read "oo" as in "zoo."
In addition to the above five vowels, there are two long vowels. They are о (Waw) and
(YootJ). The former is similar to c$o$o but longer, and the later is similar to Hbo$o, but
longer. Waw and Yood will be introduced in a latter section as letters. Long vowels come
next to letters. The rule for reading vocalized Syriac states: First, the letter is to be read;
second, the vowel above that letter is to be read. For example, placing the vowel over the
F F
letter (=B) leads to reading Ba + = В + a « Ba). Another example is placing the
long vowel о next to the letter ? (==D), leading to oj (Doo).
WRITING,
Fill in the blank spaces.
________________________________________________ Г .1
________________________________________________ .2
.3
_______________________________________________________________________ .4
_______________________________________________________________________* .5
3
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
Я 1-3 Reading Syriac for the Very First Time.
This section lakes you step by step through the process of reading vocalized Syriac.
When reading, refere to the transliterations as reference only while using the cassette. Turn
on the cassette on section 1-3. You will hear:
Part One.
? о I .1
Dolath Gomal Beth Olaph
ol' _r Г 1'' Г .2
Oo Ее Ё о A
✓ * 0 F
о съ .3
Boo Bee Be Bo Ba
A * 9 F
.4
Goo Gee Ge Go Ga
* * 9 F
°? ? ? ? .5
Doo Dee De Do Da
F F F
? ( .6
Da Ga Ba A A
9 9 9 4
? ( .7
Do Go Bo 0 0
* * э *
? 1 .8
De Ge Be Ё Ё
-b 9
| I .9
4
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
Be Be Bo Bo Ba Ba
F .10
Ge Ge Go Go Ga Ga
1* 1' > F
ь ? h ? h ? .11
De De Do Do Da Da
Part Two. •
Abo = j 0^ • •••• 1 .12
1 0 ° 1 ” 0
Bobo = .13
Pbo Ul 1 .14
.00 .0 ь
Dodo h? — h • •••• ? .15
I 0 r 1 0 F
Gabo = • •••• .16
। 0 -h 1 0 -h
Debo = • •••• ! .17
j 0 * j 0^ 1” h? Ul 0^ 0^ Li? .18
j 0 * J 0^^^ . 0 -n La? u? G? .19
। ^F^ . 0 Ф J-a? h? G? .20
Turn off the cassette.
r I r r | f
Notice that the pronunciation of and is the same. Similarly, and and
r F
। and 11 have the same pronunciation, respectively. Moreover, the following syllables have
the same pronunciation:
5
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
-'Л 'Л
h = ?
VOCABULARY.
Father
Baby
Fruit
Uncle
Side
Bear
6
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
Д 1-4 Writing Syriac for the Very First Time.
Fill in the following lines in Syriac.
?
*
7
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
0 0
It
Ц.1
8
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
И 1-5 The Letters: He, Wau, and Zain.
In this section, we shall introduce the next three letters of the Syriac alphabet. They are:
Name of Syriac Hebrew Arabic Latin
Letter Writing Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent
HE CM П -Jb H
WAU о 1 J 0
ZAIN J T J Z
EXERCISE.
Read the following lines from right to left.
I O CM .1
си I о .2
о си I .3
WRITING.
Complete the following lines by filling in the blank lines.
________________________________________________________________________ cm .1
_________________________________________________________________________ о .2
_________________________________________________________________________ I .3
9
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
W 1-6 Reading, Vocabulary and Writing.
Remember that when reading, refere to the transliterations as reference only while using
the cassette. Turn on the cassette on section 1-6. You will hear:
Part One.
I о CM .1
Zain Wau He
СИ 1 о .2
He Zain Wau
о СИ 1 .3
Wau He Zain
A -T* r
оси СИ CH си .4
Hoo Hee He Ho Ha
A * r
oo о О О .5
Woo Wee We Wo Wa
A * ♦ r
oj f J ) .6
Zoo Zee Ze Zo Za
i * r
оси J CH Je Jot .7
Hoo Hee He Ho Ha
A * i*
OO Jo Jo Jo .8
Woo Wee We Wo Wa
A * Г
oj Ji J) Ji .9
Zoo Zee Ze Zo Za
10
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
оси oot .10
Hoo Hau Ho
Part Two.
Goobo । 4 = .11
Zago I > r = \ .12
Wazo 11 о = V О .13
Gazo = .14
Zoozo Ji oi = r. * O| .15
Zago 1 p r = .16
Gawzo = )'< .17
Habobo I 9 9 r 1 = 1 CM .18
Turn off the cassette.
VOCABULARY.
Behold 1;
That r oo>
Bell . « r
Treasure 114
Flower g 9 9 Г J ^CM
11
CHAPTER ONE; Introduction to Reading and Writing
He OOI
1 0 *
Well (n.)
Goose Jjo
Money flol
i9 r
Nut Jl<^
WRITING.
4 * «> r
O| о ex ex
12
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
I» < .cor I* r t f r
)O|
13
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
1-7 The Letters: Heth, Teth, and Yood.
This section introduces three more letters from the Syriac alphabet. They are:
Name of Syriac Hebrew Arabic Latin
Letter Writing Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent
HETH Utt П c H
TETH D ь T
YOOP 4 <5 Y
EXERCISE.
Read the following lines from right to left.
“ — 1
.3
WRITING.
Complete the following lines by filling in the blank lines.
___________________________________________ u* .1
----------------------- 4 2
14
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
И 1-8 Reading, Vocabulary and Writing.
So far, we have introduced the first ten letters of the Syriac alphabet, and the five
vowels. This reading section includes syllables and words made of the ten letters and the five
vowels. Turn on the cassette on section 1-8. You will hear:
Part One.
kA kJkA .1
Yood Teth Heth
Utt kA .2
Heth Teth Yood
kA MA .3
Yood Heth Teth
4 ♦ 9 у
kAA MA MA .4
Hoo Hee He Ho Ha
.5
Too Tee Те To Ta
* 9 у
сь М-» kA kA kA .6
Yoo Yee Ye Yo Ya
A * 1 9 у
CLm KA йй Kam 1 .7
Hoo Hee He HO Ha
у Ц Ц .8
Too Tee Те To Ta
Ol» ♦ c к c .9
15
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
Yoo Yee Ye Yo Ya
Д r
oo* o« J см .10
Hoo Hau Ho
Part Two.
Eedo • = i; • •••• A .ii
Tobo / ft • •••• 12
Hoo(o = al .13
Bafo J = • • ••• F -a .14
J )U ♦ CA .15
• Ul 1 .16
Turn off the cassette.
VOCABULARY.
Hand
Brother
Good
Thread
Duck
16
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
WRITING.
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
H 1-9 The Letters: Kof, Lomad, Mim and Noon.
This section introduces four letters of the Syriac alphabet. They are:
Name of Syriac Hebrew Arabic Latin
Letter Writing Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent
KOF У J к
LOMAP J L
MIM 0 f M
NOON j N
Each of the letters listed above has two forms, initial (also used for middle) and final.
The final shapes are listed above. The initial shapes are:
KOF
LOMAP
MIM
NOON J
EXERCISE.
Read the following lines from right to left.
V P у 1
j 2s. л .2
У 4 .3
A J .4
WRITING.
Complete the following lines by filling in the blank lines.
_________________________________________________ уЛ .1
_________________________________________________ %. .2
-------------------------------------------------- P -3
______________________________________________ .4
18
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
Q 1-10 Reading, Vocabulary and Writing.
Turn on the cassette on section PIO. You will hear:
Part One.
P У .1
Noon Mim Lomatf Kof
j ^0 \ л .2
Noon Mim Lomatf Kof
У p .3
Noon Kof Mim Lomatf
A *
qS .4
Koo Kee Ke Ko Ka
* p
x 1ж x X, .5
Loo Lee Le Lo La
A p
Q2O ^0 ^0 ia .6
Moo Mee Me Mo Ma
4. * p у
OJ saU J J J .7
Noo Nee Ne No Na
A * . p
o_s j * 1 1 .8
Koo Kee Ke Ko Ka
X л II * 1 к 11 r | .Г
II -lx II -lx II - 1 X 0
P -J— p -A—x P ~ J— .У
Loo Lee Le Lo La
19
CHAPTER ONE; Introduction to Reading and Writing
* OJ * c u JS .10
Noo Nee Nc No Na
Emo Ul = Part Two. J ••••• 1 .11
Moozo ll<xbo = fl .12
Noono Jjoj = c OJ .13
Hono c; = c p CM .14
Lebo J P^ = 1 p^ \ .15
Yamo = bo • •••• .16
Tablo p 2 = r .17
Boodo JjQ-a = .18
Hoomo J-bO Cum = Qj» .19
Looho | P^ = J о \ .20
Holo JLL = II' • •••• p -M .21
Gamlo ft 40 = II' • •••• .22
Goobo I 4 = 1 p^ .23
Halbo - 1 p^ • •••• F^ .24
20
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
Melho Kadobo Г к * । 9 9 V = j 9^ । P^ • •••• .Xi .25
9 F .26
Г * Мея Part Three. J-ioJ Jjoao K.? .27
fl ^7 j ^F c; UxL .28
j 9^ J_2b0 qJ* । ^F J}oS fl .29
Ц 01 । 9 * Ma Qm । ^F .30
J|<XbO fl u? j ^F P^ .31
fl L>aj । ^F .32
c । 9 * । ^F Jja3 U1 .33
j;«a g; j P^ JL^. j ^F .34
Turn off the cassette.
VOCABULARY.
Mother U1
Banana Jjoio
Fish L»oj
i 0 9
This Ьея
21
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
Heart
Sea
Drum
Heat
board
Uncle
Camel
Milk
All
Lier
Salt
stupid
WRITING.
22
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
24
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
Щ 1-11 The Letters: Simkath, ce, Fe and Sodhe.
Like the previous sections, , this section introduces four letters of the Syriac alphabet.
They are:
Name of Syriac Hebrew Arabic Latin
Letter Writing Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent
SIMKATH tCO D S
CE P t c
FE 5 F
SODHE J 2 (J0 $
Similar to the letter introduced in the previous section, the letter has two forms.
The first is used at the initial of words, the second is used at the end of words,
Notice that the letter looks like but is longer.
EXERCISE.
Read the following lines from right to left.
j .1
J 2
«хо О j .3
J X .4
WRITING.
Complete the following lines by filling in the blank lines.
________________________________________________ .1
________________________________________________ xs. .2
________________________________________________ .3
------------------------------------------------ J 4
25
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
ИЯ 1-12 Reading, Vocabulary and Writing.
Turn on the cassette on section 1-12. You will hear:
Part One.
J v£> 4k .1
$odhe Fe ce Simkath
J .x .2
$odhe Fe ce Simkath
J u£D 4k .3
$odhe Simkath Fe ce
4 * * 9
О-ОЭ < ж -CD -CD .4
Soo See Se So' Sa
* ъ 9
X. .5
coo cee сё co ca
4 ъ » r
aS S> s .6
Foo Fee Fe Fo Fa
* * * p r
° J J J J .7
§00 $ee §e So Sa
0-00 u JLco J-CO .8
Soo See Se So Sa
Д * 1 9 . r
1 x 1 X 1 X .9
coo cee ce co ca
26
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
aS u I u .10
Foo Fee Fe Fo Fa
$ ° J §00 “J §ee G §e G §o G Sa .11
Soosyo 1 V 4 JLubqxo = Part Two. 1 Q m .12
Salo = tl -CO .13
Ccelo || = n • •••• * .14
Feelo = p • •••• .15
Foomo JLoaS = 1 aS .16
Ne$o j e * = G j .17
Keeso = J-CO * .18
Jawmo u<>; sj = | Д ° J .19
cezo ж - )! * .20
Part Three. .21
|Li U i9 b о 1
9 Г “°J J * * ж bsaS .22
i p i9 1 9 r i 9 9
ЬооЭ JLaxo aa> bo О J ГУЛ *4 .23
27
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
1 J i9 * j9 * .24
Turn off the cassette.
VOCABULARY. Elderly
Horse । * *
Basket JU
Donkey
Elephant p
Mouth 1 <
Fasting i 9 r booj
Hawk 1 p *
Bag 1 ' * 1 ГЧЛ .
Goat ж
WRITING. • J : a 4k : x •. xo
28
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
29
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
Д 1-13 The Letters: Qof, Reesh, Sheen and Taw.
This section introduces the last four letters of the Syriac alphabet. They are:
Name of Syriac Hebrew Arabic Latin
Letter Writing Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent
QOF p <3 Q
REESH J R
SHEEN 'V с/** S
TAW к Л T
The letter j has another form, U. It is sometimes used when it is connected to the letter
preceding it. The letter к has two forms, the first is shown above. The second is 1ч, and it is
also used when it is connected to the letter preceding it as in >. (see Section 3-1.)
EXERCISE. Read the following lines from right to left. к ОЬ j 05 .1
<0 UL к i i 05 WRITING. Complete the following lines by filling in the blank lines. К i .2 05 uu. .3 ok 1ч .4
______________________________________________________________________ 05 .1
______________________________________________________________________ i .2
_________________________________________________________________ .3
______________________________________________________________________ к .4
30
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
!M 1-14 Reading, Vocabulary and Writing.
Turn on the cassette on section 1-14. You will hear:
Part One.
1 s0
Taw Sheen Reesh Qof
<0
Qof Sheen Taw Reesh
u <0 l
Reesh Qof Sheen Taw
A * 9 r
Q-0 l£3 0 <0
Qoo Qee Qe Qo Qa
A * p
05 5 5
Roo Ree Re Ro Ra
* -h p у
ОЛ м. Д» Uk.
§00 §ee §e §0 §a
( * L [
Too Tee Te To Ta
A.
о SA0 J Lo JLO
Qoo Qee Qe Qo Qa
* I*
oi h Ji
Roo Rce Re Ro Ra
31
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
ал ЛЬ * J, .10
Soo See Se So Sa
ot -t fl К К .11
Too Tee Те To Ta
Part Two.
i 9 * X
Qoofo J-9a-0 = J • •••• 0-0 .12
Qolo = u' ..... p -0 .13
1 9 r t 9 r
Rabo - ••••• i .14
1$ r .P
Haro hot = h • •••• Of .15
Abo = J p^ ..... '1 .16
1 9 9 1 p p
Hoso L^oi — ••••• CM .17
Tooto (lot = Jl ot .18
Hoto Ikl = Ik • •••• p >M .19
Qooro Jia-o - h • •••• 0-0 .20
a f i 1 9
Rooho Цо; = «•••« .21
Sooro hak = Ji OJb .22
Toomo Ц»о1 = U • •••• oL .23
32
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
1» * boj rr hoi Part Three. 1 0 r Mi Hi UaJ> .24
.0 # hon Hot 1 0 0 Меи 1 .25
1 0 r Mi J 4 U.ot Jjak M<m .26
Liot 1 0 4 Moi J-^O| hoj 21
Jia-O Itot 1 0 f Ji* JU .28
i 0 r Mi ILi Uot fial .29
» * 1—0» ha-o J 0^ 1 0 0 Мен hoi .30
l’r hoi 1 0 r Mi |U 1 0 i )-9o-0 1 о # 1—0» .31
Turn off the cassette.
VOCABULARY.
Monkey J Ofr />
Voice |U
g 0 Г
Big Mi
Cat фэ
Fire J»oj
Berry Kot
33
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
Sister J 41
Cold JjOJD
Wind Jloj
Wall Jiok.
Garlic Uot
WRITING.
К : L * i- : i dO
34
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
35
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
1-15 More Reading and Vocabulary.
Turn on the cassette on section 1-15. You will hear:
Part One.
Sawko J-OO-CD = u • •••• OJDO .1
Reeso = J * A .2
Hawho = I 7 Cl .3
Hoto = Jt 0 .4
Moozo = j; • • • • • .5
Looho = 1 0^ r> \ .6
Ktobo 0^ К = । 0^ .7
Kalbo = । 0^ .8
Kerko JLo * = Ц • • • • • «Л .9
Qanyo 0 = c 7 .10
Togo = I .11
Sedro I- * = Ji «Л .12
Part Two.
1 9 * Oa* luoj Jjoao 1 9 * J гул OlCO .13
36
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
। ° 4 boaa 1 4 c« ц>1 .14
I9 * |0 4 .p f 1 ’ к *
Нож UA-ЬО .15
.0 < 1 9 1 1 £ 9 I9 1» «
Ца-0 booL bo) HaJ .16
1 9 r hob 1 P P r J Hot rr hen lio .17
x 1 9 r 1 p к F i 9 1 9 V
.18
p * 1 9 9i у ,pp
4\ OOJ оо» h? .19
L*oi и u>»t I P r boaj .20
p kJ J p * J д J^ol .21
Turn off the cassette.
VOCABULARY.
Branch JLoclco
Head 1 9 *
Plum j p^ r
Book 1 p^
Dog
Note book LU
Pen p p^
37
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
Crown
Class
38
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
И 1-16 More Writing.
39
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
: А у : л -
’ J
40
CHAPTER ONE: Intiodiiction to Reading and Writing
*
' К : L
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
42
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Reading and Writing
0
ioo
l-r
ho»
43
r^Cliz.
CHAPTER TWO
ELEMENTARY READING
CHAPTER TWO: ELEMENTARY READING
2-1 Sentences Containing a Preposition.
In this section, you will learn how to form sentences from two nouns and a preposition.
Read the following sentences:
! P Г Г 4 . P 9
.JLSKcqo JLS-Uo .2
i 0 *
J .4
r
The first sentence is made up of two nouns and the preposition meaning "with.”
r
The preposition jciX. is used to indicate that two -or more than two- people or things are
being together. For example,
Father with mother.
Brother with sister.
Shabo with Saro.
The second sentence is formed by two nouns and the preposition meaning "on.”
This preposition is used to indicate that an object is placed on another object. For example(1),
The book is on the desk.
'fhe baby is on the bed.
• U4 * U? .3
1 A better way of writing the above sentences is with using the verb which will
be introduced in Section 5-3.
45
CHAPTER TWO: ELEMENTARY READING
The telephone is on the table.
| i < Г1 xX Г 9 < Г
The third sentence is also formed by two nouns and a preposition. The preposition in this
♦
sentence is w ,, meaning “near.” For example,
Yousi is near the door.
O-COQ-»
The stag is near the tree.
The palm-tree is near the river.
*
“J
ь;
In the fourth sentence, the preposition
_2* means ’’inside.” For example,
is used with two nouns. The preposition
The ship is inside the river.
The bear is inside the forest.
. 0 *
। 0 Г Г । 0 * Г
Gayo is inside the Garden.
* 9 к I p r
Other prepositions are "from,” Lo-\ ”to,” and “until.”
WRITING.
Copy any two sentences from this section.
46
CHAPTER TWO: ELEMENTARY READING
2-2 Sentences Containing an Adjective.
Read the following sentences.
A big house.
A beautiful rose.
A high mountain.
A delicious fruit.
A small fish.
A strong rope.
A big sea.
In Syriac, always the adjective comes after the noun. For example, in the first sentence
I P r . p r
above, the adjective JLbj came after the noun
In addition, the adjective must agree with the noun it qualifies in gender (masculine or
feminine) and in number(1). For example, we say
A nice boy.
A nice girl.
fp tv
1 Gender and number will be introduced in Chapter Three. -
47
CHAPTER TWO: ELEMENTARY READING
Nice boys.
Nice girls.
EXERCISE.
Write five sentences, each one containing a noun and an adjective.
1 The two dots (”) indicate the plural. They are called Syome. See Section 3-6
48
CHAPTER TWO: ELEMENTARY READING
Q 2-3 Sentences Consisting of a Verb, Subject and Object.
Read the following sentences.
r
tn A. i
DEFINITIONS.
§ Л verb is a word that expresses some form of action in the past, present or future.
§ A noun is usually defined as a word denoting a thing, place, person, quality or action,
and functioning in a sentence as the subject or object of action expressed by a verb or as the
object of a preposition.
Each of the sentences above consists of a verb, subject, and object:
1. The student kissed the father. A I
Where the verb is исил-i, the subject is and the object is Ul of Gr.
We also can say,
uxL Ujj or Ujj aiL. jLUxt
2. Joseph wrote a letter. .
Where the verb is the subject is <.°> rr>o->, and the object is We also
can say,
. jtux.? йжо.
1 The first letter of UP (A) is a preposition. See Section 2-4.
49
CHAPTER TWO: ELEMENTARY READING
3. The teacher wrote a book.
Where the verb is
4. Ephraim put on the shirt. . LuLqj
* * 5
Where the verb is the subject is ^x»US(, and the object is
Id)
5. The eagle carried away the bird. J US
Г "(2)
Where the verb is the subject is and the object is .
WRITING,
Copy the above sentences.
p
1
p
is a preposition. See Section 2-4.
50
CHAPTER TWO: ELEMENTARY READING
Д 2-4 Sentences Consisting of a Verb, Subject, and Preposition.
Read the following sentences.
1. The snow fell on the mountain.
2. The student came back from school.
3. Joseph wrote with a pen.
. 9 Л 9 K F*b
4. The student went to school.
The above sentences consist of verbs, subjects, prepositions, and nouns following the
prepositions. In the first sentence, the verb is J, the subject is and the
preposition is The preposition is followed by the noun The second sentence has
the verb y-^см, the subject and the preposition ^o. The noun that follows the
* A (1)
preposition is .
In the third and fouth sentences, the preposition is connected to the noun that follows it.
F * F
The third sentence has the verb the subject mo-*, and the preposition «о of
М.Ш.ГУ Similarly, the fourth sentence has the verb the subject )-9n \ *, and the
preposition -X of JU^lco X.
WRITING.
Copy two of the above sentences.
I V -n
1 For simplicity, we will treat here as one noun.
51
CHAPTER TWO: ELEMENTARY READING
2-5 Sentences Containing a Demonstrative Pronoun.
In this section, we will study the following demonstrative pronouns:
§ JLioj (Hono), meaning ’’this" or "here is." It is used to denote a near-singular-masculine
noun. For example, we say,
This is (or here is) Joseph. . mcm
9 a | 9 9
This is (or here is) Orom. Мем
This is (or here is) a book. . J-оХчл J-Icm
§ J; cm (Hode), meaning ’'this" or "here is." It is used to denote near-singular-feminine
nouns, as in:
.9 Г 9
This is (or here is) Saro. Ji-co J 5 cm
i
This is (or here is) Martha. ju.
I о r P 9
This is (or here is) a school. . J^cm
§ о oi (Haw), meaning "that." It is used to point at a far-singular-masculine object or
person. For example, we say,
That child. о cm
1 9 К Г
That father. . о cm
1 A better way of writing this sentence is ч°1гоа^ ^смо^ч^1 JLcm» but we will discuss
the verb in Section 5-3.
52
CHAPTER TWO: ELEMENTARY READING
§ -ex (Hoy), also meaning "that." It is used to point at the far-singular-feminine object
or person as in:
That sister. -ex
That mother. til
WRITING.
Copy the above sentences.
53
CHAPTER TWO: ELEMENTARY READING
И 2-6 Sentences Containing an Interrogative Pronoun.
In this section, we will introduce the following interrogative pronouns1 11^.
10 0
§ JLtbo (Mono), meaning "what” as in:
What did Zahyo write?
-Lo ni
§ Цкп (Кто), meaning "how much” or "how many" as in
How many books are on the table?
(Emath)(2), meaning "when” as in
When did John go?
• 9 к
§ (Ayko), meaning "where” as in
Where did Sargon sil?(3}
§ (Man), meaning "who” as in
Who went to the church?
P r * * | 9 7
A?
1 The question mark in Syriac is "S".
2 The - of is silent.
3 To say "Where did Sargon go?” we use UJi.
54
CHAPTER THREE
GRAMMAR I
CHAPTER THREE: GRAMMAR I
W 3-1 The Syriac Alphabet.
। 9 9 *
The Syriac letters «J-Ь^. cm
кок?» are twenty two. They are listed in the table below:
At the end of a word, we can only have a form from the fourth column of the table or
the first, as in » and co in and from the one or the other according as the
preceding letter has a form connecting to the left (columns 2 and 3) or not.
56
CHAPTER THREE: GRAMMAR I
Forms from column three can only appear in the interior of a word as the in
while initial forms must be taken from column one or two as the I in ^1? and the -o in
EXERCISES,
1. Memorize the Syriac alphabet in order.
2. If you know Ancient Aramaic, compare the names of the Syriac letters with those of
Aramaic.
3. If you know Hebrew, compare the names of the Syriac letters with those of Hebrew.
4. List the characters that have only two forms
5. Compare the shapes of I and J, and u*, 5 and % and and 01 and o.
57
CHAPTER THREE: GRAMMAR I
II 3-2 Notice That.
§ The letter I is distinguished by its length from the letter j. Similarly, the letter 'X is
distinguished by its length from the letter which is similar to it, but is much shorter.
§ The letter , has the dot below, while the letter t has it above.
§ The letter _X with I is generally written JJ, but initial I with -X is written 2X as in
§ For final Xk followed by /, on sometimes, puts 5^, and thus draws in this case two
words together as in J;
58
CHAPTER THREE: GRAMMAR I
The five Syriac vowels are:
Fthoho
Zqofo
Rbo$o
Hbo§o
*
§o$o
The vowel must always be followed by a о as in The only two exceptions
Л 1 * W * (I)
are the words and . The five vowels appear in the following sentence:
Orhoy (Edessa) is our mother.
*
S* O1
The above vowels were adopted from Greek by Mor Jacob of Orhoy (Edessa). They are
only used by the Western Syrians. In addition, there are dot vowels, mostly used by the
Eastern Syrians. They are:
Fthoho
Zqofo
Rbo§o (short)
Rbo$o (long)
•*
Hbo§o ««
c$o$o (short) о
c?o?o (long) о
1 Originally -in clasical Syriac- the above two words were written
59
CHAPTER THREE: GRAMMAR 1
Д 3-4 The Word-
Every word in Syriac is either a noun (j verb (\ v>), or preposition (J;_co?).
Few examples arc listed below.
Nouns:
Verbs0’:
Prepositions:
EXERCISE.
Separate the nouns, verbs and prepositions in the following sentences.
Example:
л
Jjcuio )(, j—J .2
I ♦ p p p I p p
.JLE.jio' .4
I p 4 p ♦ p I p p p
1 All the verbs listed above are in the past tense.
60
CHAPTER THREE: GRAMMAR I
3-5 Masculine and Feminine.
In this section, we shall introduce gender. In Syriac, most words are either masculine
I P p P * । P p P *
or feminine (nu). Few examples are listed below:
Masculine nouns:
4 j(4
Feminine nouns:
Usually, the feminine nouns end with a L as shown in
there are many exceptions. For example, the words ana
the feminine nouns above. But
are feminine, but do not
end with a L. Following are few rules to help you determine whether a word is masculine or
feminine.
9 g P
§ Every proper noun J vi a.) that indicates a masculine noun is masculine, such
as = Aram), and every proper noun that indicates a feminine noun is feminine such as
|P r
(JUco = Saro).
§ All the names of the alphabet are feminine, such as
§ Names of countries, regions, cities, and villigas are feminine, such
g * Г gP * I 9 ж r
§ Double organs of the body are feminine, such as = eye, = hand, =
। p । p *
shoulder. Single organs are masculine, as ml = head, poo-9 = mouth. The only
• * I * * I * <
exceptions are = wing, = arm, J v> \ = jaw, = breast; they are
masculine.
। 9 ”
§ The word v> (word) is masculine only if it denotes Jesus Christ (The Word);
otherwise, it is feminine.
61
CHAPTER THREE: GRAMMAR I
I P F . о 4
§ Finally, J-A-4-0 J-~O} (The Holy Spirit) can be used as masculine and feminine .
EXERCISE.
Separate the masculine from the feminine in the following nouns.
.PF I P Л I ? F * . * I P 0 |P F
<J__aka—io < JL_a( < < (Bethlehem) \ Дч.к. a <| л Y < JjoM
Л» 4 4 j P P 4 * if 9 \9 * Z *
< (Jerusalem) jo * \ ж,$о( < < у cl^,v> ju < < (nose) J» д J < ^5
* * I p Э 1p r*
.(City of Nesibin) . . a. |j < (ear) Jj,( < J .1 n
1 Porbably in the old days, J-~o$ was masculine only when it denotes The Holy Spirit, and
otherwise it was feminine. However, this theory is not to be taken as granted.
62
CHAPTER THREE: GRAMMAR I
Д 3-6 Singular, Plural and Dual Nouns.
Nouns in Syriac are either singular, plural, or dual. Few examples are:
Singular nouns:
Plural nouns:
Dual nouns:
-h I -h *
v'il
I * Л
Each plural noun is distinguished by "Syome They are two dots that are placed
above the plural word. If a word contains a j , only one dot is added.
To form a dual noun ^->$1 ,meaning "two,”
feminine, is used, as in
is used before a plural noun. If the noun is
EXERCISE,
Form the plural and the dual of the following nouns.
< JLJ <
63
CHAPTER THREE: GRAMMAR I
Я 3-7 The Numbers.
In Syriac, wc use the letters to indicate numbers. The following table contains all the
information you need.
1000,000 = I 10,000 = I 1,000 = I 1= I
2000,000 = cs 20,000 = 2,000 = 2 = чо
3000,000 = 30,000 = 3,000 = 3 = 'Ч»
4000,000 = , 40,000 = з 4,000 = з 4 = ?
A <
5000,000 = ch 50,000 = си 5,000 = си 5 = 05
6000,000 = о 60,000 = о 6,000 = о 6 = о
7000,000 = 1 70,000 = 1 7,000 = J 7 = I
8000,000 = — 80,000 = ~. 8,000 = — 8 ~
9000,000 = 90,000 = 9,000 = ч!
10 = Ы.
n = b
12 =
13 =
14 = r
15 = оч
16 = a*
17 = JU
18 = —
19=
20 = у
30 = ^
40 = p
50 = 4
60 =
70 = хь.
80 = 4Э
90 = ,
64
CHAPTER THREE: GRAMMAR I
100 =<k or U5
200 =y or j
300 =% or
400 =)o or к
500 =y or цэк
600 =<лэ or ik
700=xk or «а к
800= «о» or к к
900=J or оэкк
A bar is always placed above multi-digit numbers. For example, the number 13 is
represented by » (10) and (3),
EXAMPLES.
24 =
79 = '&-S-
212 =
1988=~S A
sj V
13 =
68 = ro
ioi = Lo
1692="^cof
12 = ^
56 = o-bo
92=
1012 =
5 = cm
35 =
81 =
1,000 = I
65
r^JL»TD
CHAPTER FOUR
INTERMEDIATE READING I
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
Щ 4-1 Reading Lesson 1.
Each section in this chapter includs four parts: Reading, Translation, Vocabulary and
Exercises. The reading parts are recorded on the cassette.
READING.
.ill a
TRANSLATION.
This is a brother.
This is a sister.
This is a father.
This is a mother.
67
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
The brother has a pen.
The sister has a board.
The father has a book.
The mother has a key.
That brother is bigger (older) than the sister.
That sister is better than the brother.
VOCABULARY.
There is
Bigger (older) than
Better than
key
EXERCISES.
1. Translate into English.
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
.Ucsi оЛ hLL Л
ju оД a
। 9 К । 9 Л । 9 F
2. Fill the words < JL»a_k < Juxo in the blank spaces.
* i * 0. . 9 9
....................л
........ оЛ u a .2
..........оД d )u .3
3. Find two demonstrative pronouns in the reading part, give their meaning in English,
and use each one of them in a Syriac sentense.
69
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
Д 4-2 Reading Lesson 2.
READING.
O-CO
* 9 9 *
I r
• J j О» J us J
JLi
Jl
TRANSLATION,
Zahyo lias a book.
Mary has a pen.
The camel is grazing.
The monkey is eating a banana.
The bird is sitting on the tree-branch.
This bird has a loud voice.
Zahyo, come and see this bird.
Orom has a sweet voice.
Orom sings in the church.
70
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
VOCABULARY.
Sweet
Church
JU
EXERCISE.
1. Translate into English.
оД JU .jU>
2. Answer the following questions in Syriac. (Hint: who = what = i ai, where
i.)
stiLs -Л kJ .1
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
SU4 u оД U eo .5
Ц «I d e -6
uLj UJ .7
I P P A * | P r
3. Fill the words JLbJ^n < lUs. « JLooxo in the blank spaces.
Г tP * . i>
..... J^j jo» .1
! * P Л r
..... .2
..... Juo Uo»J .3
4. Find two nouns and two verbs in the reading part, and use each one of them in a
Syriac sentence.
72
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATEREADINGI
В 4-3 Reading Lesson 3.
READING.
TRANSLATION.
Gayo is drinking milk,
Mary is drinking milk.
Sargon is drinking tea.
Martha is drinking tea.
There is water in the well.
There is milk in the cup.
The babe likes banana very much.
The girl likes berry very much.
73
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
VOCABULARY.
Gayo, beautiful
drinks (m.,pr.)
drinks (f.,pr.)
water
milk
much
love (v.,pr.)
* r
-h p
EXERCISES.
1. Translate into English.
2. Translate into Syriac.
a. He is drinking water.
b. The teacher likes fish.
74
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
3. Answer in Syriac.
)U U л
C U UJ .2
M'U pL'i .3
4. Complete the following sentences.
..u ju C14 л
.. L u U .2
5. Find two verbs from the reading part, and use each one of them in a Syriac sentence.
75
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
Ш 4-4 Reading Lesson 4.
READING.
TRANSLATION.
Fayo likes fruits.
Martha likes banana.
This is a big elephant.
This is a big cow.
There is an elephant in the mountain.
There is a fish in the sea.
The elephant has a big head.
EXERCISES.
1. Complete the following sentences.
76
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
b tb .1
* r A *
to JL°> .2
оси Ч-Ь. jLs Joi .3
2. Translate into English.
0 Г .0 * । 0 9
ГМ ИМ» Moi
3. Answer in Syriac.
J-JaJ ^ч-Л JLxJ .
4. Find one masculine and one feminine adjectives from the reading part and use them in
two sentences.
77
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
Us 4-5 Reading Lesson 5.
READING.
I P r | * P | P P | P P
< 1 JKjl Li cm
TRANSLATION.
Here is a big house.
Here is a big garden.
Father with mother.
Priest with bishop.
The mother is beside the door.
The book is on the seat.
Here is a child with the mother.
This child is drinking milk,
78
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
also, he likes fruits,
EXERCISES,
1. Translate into English.
2. Translate into Syriac.
a. Here is a student with the father.
b. This student is drinking water.
3. Copy sentences from the reading part.
79
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
Л 4-6 Reading Lesson 6.
READING-
TRANSLATION.
Look at this garden.
There are five trees in it.
There are also many flowers in it.
Gayo is gathering roses.
How pretty is this rose!
It has a nice smell.
VOCABULARY.
garden
five
I * 7
80
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
tree
gathers, picks (pr.)
smell
EXERCISES,
1. Translate into English.
2. Find one masculine and one feminine nouns in the reading part, and use them in two
sentences.
81
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
Д 4-7 Reading Lesson 7.
READING.
kJ
9
P 9.
82
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
TRANSLATION.
Little Matthew
has a book.
He also has note-books.
There he is sitting and reading the lesson.
Matthew is a good boy.
Long live Matthew, the good boy.
Little Hano
has a book.
She also has note-books.
There she is sitting and reading the lesson.
Hano is a good girl.
Long live Hano, the good girl.
VOCABULARY.
small (m.) I*. *
small (f.)
reads (pr.,m.) Г * JUO
reads (pr.,f.)
lesson 1 e +
EXERCISES.
1. Complete the following sentences.
83
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERMEDIATE READING I
< 1 * V r. r r
aX) .1
a\| Lb- .2
К-1 -.Кгю .3
7» C> OFF
.. . JOO ..... .6
2. Translate into Syriac.
a. John has many books.
b. Here is Zahyo with John.
c. John is older than Fayo.
3. Copy sentences from the reading section.
84
CHAPTER FIVE
GRAMMAR II
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
И 5-1 Past, Present, and Future.
r r | 0 r
Each verb in the Syriac language takes place in the past tense j Ji j), present
| 9 g 9 Г 4 V \9 V
tense (jojj5| J-L-Э)), or future tense Jjl^j).
EXAMPLES.
Verbs in the past tense(1):
Verbs in the present tense:
Verbs in the future tense:
DERIVING THE PRESENT TENSE.
In most cases, the present tense is derived from the past tense by placing an on the
* (2)
first letter and an on the second . For example, the past verb becomes a present
9 *h Ъ 9
verb by placing an on the -O, and an on the The result will be Similarly,
* * 9 Г
the present tense of meaning "to fear," is and the present tense of
meaning "to mix," is у AJB.
* r
In other cases, instead of placing an on the second letter, an will be placed as in
whose past tense is meaning "to open." However, these rules apply to
most
verbs, but not to all of them.
DERIVING THE FUTURE TENSE.
The future tense is derived from the past tense by adding the letter J to the past verb 1 2
1 All the listed verbs are in the masculine condition.
2 This rule is for the masculine, third personal verbs. Details for the first and second
personals are given in Chapter Eight.
86
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
(and in some cases adding a о after the second letter)'0. For example, to derive the future
P Ъ r 7»
tense of the verb first we add J which give us cbAuxu, then we add a о after the
second letter of the original verb (in this case Ач.). The final result will be
Similarly, the future tense of
DERIVING THE IMPERATIVE VERB,
The imperative is derived by omitting the added J in the future tense. For example, the
imperative verb of oo
1 This only applies to the masculine, third personal verbs. Deriving other future verbs will
be discussed in Chapter Eight.
87
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
Щ 5-2 Personal Pronouns: Subject Form.
In this section, we shall introduce the subject form of the Syriac personal pronouns. First,
we shall learn the singular form, then the plural form.
SINGULAR FORM,
A. FIRST PERSONAL.
I Cl
B. SECOND PERSONAL.
You (m.)
You (f.)
C. THIRD PERSONAL.
He оси
She ot
p др
The above personal pronouns are used below with the noun LSo_S-»(3).
I (m.) am a student.
Cl
I (f.) am a student.
. . JLtl
You (m.) are a student.
1 The J is siglent. ?
2 The J and the final «of «Д^л( are silent.
3 The feminine of J-Эо \» is )KSo\,.
4 A better way of writing the above sentences is with using the verb «еио^—.1, which we
shall discuss in the next section
88
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
You (f.) are a student.
He is a student.
оси
She is a student.
| v (1)
Similarly, the noun J i.°i \ v> is used with the same personal pronouns.
I (in.) am a teacher. . .GA_\^ Cl
I (f.) am a teacher. jiUAx^ 01
You (m.) are a teacher. .ЦАх^ M
You (f.) are a teacher.
। P 9 P <
• J l°i\ V> О Of
I p p 4 r
• V)
He is a teacher.
She is a teacher.
PLURAL FORM,
Plural personal pronouns (subject form) are listed below.
A. FIRST PERSONAL.
We
B. SECOND PERSONAL.
I p P F |P P P
1 The feminine of Ji°>\y> is v>.
89
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
You (m.)
C. THIRD PERSONAL.
They (m.)
They (f.)
i * < 0 I 9о)
The plular noun of J-9o_is JLSci N» . It is used below with the plural personal pronouns.
We (in.) arc students.
We (f.) are students.
You (m.) are students.
You (f.) are students.
They (m.) are students.
They (f.) are students.
EXERCISE.
I О 4 r | о 4 r
Use the noun J * X z with all the personal nouns. (Hint: The feminine of J *.X is
Its masculine plural is JLX and its feminine plural is
1 The J is silent.
2 The J is silent.
3 The feminine plural of jL9a\» is
90
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
И 5-3 The Verb kA
In this section, we shall discuss the indeclinable verb When standing alone, this
verb is of either gender or number (is, are). It takes the affix of a plural noun and then has
gender and number according(1),
I am
Thou art (m.)
Thou art (f.)
1 Kj{
He is
She is
We are
You are (m.)
You are (f.)
Tiiey are (m.)
They are (f.)
оси
«о»
^2X1
y^OOM и
* Г Л
To illustrate how the verb kJ is used with nouns, we shall 1 2
use it with the noun
1 See “The Relative Personal Pronouns" in Section 5-5.
2 The final о is silent.
91
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
I (m.) am a student.
I (f.) atn a student.
Thou (m.) art a student.
Thou (f.) art a student.
He is a student.
She is a student.
We (m.) are students.
We (f.) are students.
You (m.) are students.
You (f.) are students.
They (m.) are students.
They (f.) are students.
-U Cl
-еиок.1 осн
сй-К*1 -си
.r^[ ^k
JtkkJ. ^k
yOCH-kl yOJCH
EXERCISES.
Use the the verb jM with the noun meaning "hunter." (Hint: The feminine of
1 The feminine of \1, is it».*, vi Its masculine plural is Jf 7 v> \K, and its
feminine plural is K»7‘v>\l.
92
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
(»/,r .J .« c r
Its masculine plural is Jw and its feminine plural is ,.)
93
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
UM 5-4 The Possessive Particle A-j.
4 *
The possessive particle is a compound of , an old form of the relative pronoun
and the enclitic preposition It often serves to give emphasis of ownership as the
following:
My
Yours (s.,m.)
Yours (s.,f.)
His
Her
Our
Yours (p.,m.)
Yours (p.,f.)
Their (m.)
Their (f.)
1 The relative pronoun ? is of all genders and numbers (who, which, what; he, she or they
who, that which). It has a very wide range of use.
2 The is silent.
3 The is silent.
94
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
EXAMPLE.
My house.
Your (s.,m.) house.
Your (s.,f.) house.
His house.
Her house.
Our house.
Your (p.,m.) house.
Your (p.,f.) house.
Their (m.) house.
Their (f.) house.
EXERCISE.
Use the noun with the possessive particle as in the above example.
95
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
5-5 The Relative Personal Pronouns.
There are two groups of relative personal pronouns: singular and plural. The first group
is used with singular nouns. The second is used with plural nouns.
L Personal Pronouns Used with Singular Nouns.
My
Yours (s.,m.) Yours (s.,f.) T *
His ok
Her OK
Our r V
Yours (p.,m.) ^0-0
Yours (p.,f.)
Their (m.) yoot
Their (f.) ^-•oj
For example, the noun J is used with the above relative personal pronouns:
My book.
Your (s.,m.) book.
96
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
Your (s.,f.) book.
His book.
Her book.
Our book.
Your (p.,m.) book.
Your (p.,f.) book.
Their (m.) book.
Their (f.) book.
I. Personal Pronouns Used with Plural Nouns.
My
Yours (s.,in.)
Yours (s.,f.)
His
Her
Our
Yours (p.,m.)
Yours (p.,f.)
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
Their (m.)
Their (f)
। 9 9
For example, the plural noun is used with the above relative personal pronouns
as the following:
My books.
Your (s.,m.) books.
Your (s.,f.) books.
His books.
Her books.
Our books.
Your (p.,m.) books.
Your (p.,f.) books.
Their (m.) books.
Their (f.) books.
0
98
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
EXERCISE.
I 9 * if л r c
Use the noun (plural JU **14) with the above personal pronouns.
99
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
Ц 5-6 The Active and the Passive.
In this section, we shall study active and passive verbs, and we shall learn how to derive
passive verbs from active verbs.
THE ACTIVE.
The active verb comes only in sentences which contain a subject,
r j I p v p
For example, the following sentence has the active verb and the subject
The student wrote the lesson.
THE PASSIVE,
Every sentence that contains a passive verb cannot contain a subject as in the following
sentence:
The lesson was written.
P *
Deriving the passive verb.
The passive verb can be derived by adding (1J) at the beginning of the active verb.
Following is a list of active and passive verbs. The passive verbs were derived by adding an
(L?) at the beginning of each active verb.
Active
Passive
100
CHAPTER FIVE: GRAMMAR II
If the initial of the active verb is |, <ло, j or <a, the steps listed below should be
followed.
1. The initial letter of the active verb (|, , or <ж) comes between the I and К of
Ll. J
2. If the initial letter of the active verb is J, the к of 0 turns into j.
3. If the initial is j, the К of G turns into
The following examples illustrate what has been discussed above. To find the passive of
-i*, first we place G to the verb which gives us л*к?; but since is one of the
letters listed above, we place it between the I and К of G. The result is - With a
similar procedure, the reader will find that the passive of i is
Another example is finding the passive verb of First, we add 0, giving
second, since | is one of the letters listed above, we place it between the I and к of k?,
giving third, since the initial letter of the original verb is J, we replace the к of
0 by a j. The final result is Similarly, the reader can find that the passive verb of
-X is >
* « lo I "A > ’
EXERCISE.
Derive the passive from the following verbs.
r
< т
‘ V51
1 Since the initial is ,» it will be place between Ц, and the к of U will be repalced by a
4 J
101
Г^ДСХГП <4
CHAPTER SIX
INTERMEDIATE READING II
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
В 6-1 Reading Lesson 8.
Use the cassette for all the reading sections of this chapter.
READING.
r I * *
.Jyju Jbi-O
# r * 0
. Ji-Oo LbCOfOO ХхЛк
TRANSLATION.
Gayo is a good student.
He has books, note books, and a pen.
He writes nicely on a clean note book.
Every morning [he] sits on the chair and reads.
Or he writes his lessons.
Gayo knows his lessons very good.
How good is Gayo when he reads or writes.
103
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
VOCABULARY.
Gayo, handsome C14
student jO Г
clean 1 P *
chair
reads (pr.) )U>
when, while
EXERCISE.
1. Find three plural nouns in the reading part and give their singular.
2. Find three present verbs in the reading part, give their past and future tense, and use
each one of them in a sentence.
104
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
ЯИ 6-2 Reading Lesson 9.
READING.
TRANSLATION.
Zeewo is a pretty daughter.
When she wakes up in the morning,
[she] sweeps the floor of the house neatly.
Then, she puts on clean clothes.
After she drinks a cup of milk,
[she] takes a book from the bag,
and sits in front of the table and reads.
Look, she is reading her lessons.
105
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
VOCABULARY.
Zeewo, shining
daughter
morning
sweeps (pr.,f.)
floor
EXERCISES.
1. Answer in Syriac.
~ I 9 J * . 9 9
jL .3
_ . 9 л 9 t 9 9
Ц*> .4
$
.6
2. Find a feminine adjective in the reading part and use it in a sentence.
106
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
3. The reading part talks about Zeewo. Convert the lesson to talk about Orom by
converting all the feminine adjectives and veibs and any other words into masculine. The first
two lines are done for you.
JoJ-o
107
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
Щ 6-3 Reading Lesson 10.
READING.
kJ Л
IK
kJ
TRANSLATION.
I have a nice book.
You (s.,m.) have a red pen.
You (s.,f.) have a nice hand.
He has a big ball.
She has a long hair.
The student (m.) has a sweet sister.
The student (f.) has a good brother.
108
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
VOCABULARY.
red
small
hair
long
hand
sweet (f.)
rj
♦
* P
EXERCISE.
1. Write appropriate relative pronouns in the blank spaces.
о A Im! .1
.ClL u .2
.JLouo AU U .3
lU -but .4
2. Find three masculine adjectives in the reading part, convert them into feminine, and
use each one of them in a sentence.
109
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
3, Find two feminine adjectives in the reading part, convert them into masculine and use
each one of them in a sentence.
4. Complete the following sentences by filling in the appropriate relative pronouns, each
followed by a noun. The first sentense is done as an example.
___________ k-ti
no
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
И 6-4 Reading Lesson 11.
READING.
.koi i;
)Uj;;
. 0 * A * * v * К I 0
.Justco J-Mt Ьлж/П
TRANSLATION,
There is our pretty flag.
This is our great flag
placed above the class room door.
Every boy loves this flag.
Every one bows his head to it.
Every one is happy with it, and says:
Long live our great flag.
Long live, also, our great homeland.
Ill
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
VOCABULARY.
symbol
bows (pr.)
rejoice
home land
)U
EXERCISES.
1. Convert the second
paragraph of the reading part into the feminine condition by saying:
2. What is special about the word (Hint: See Chapter Two, The Vowels.)
112
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
И 6-5 Reading Lesson 12.
READING.
TRANSLATION.
How big is this house!
It has four walls.
And it has one door, three windows,
and five stairs (steps) in front of its door.
How big is the door of this house.
The door is bigger than the window.
But the window is higher than the door.
The key opens the door of the house.
113
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
VOCABULARY.
walls U1
windows11*
stairs 1 * F
key
opens (pr.) —Rs
EXERCISES.
*
1. Answer in Syriac. (Hint: -1 = count.)
sb©» Jk>kJ
SoA kJ К
?фД kJ j;
Sjloo ol JKiL
2. Specify each of the following nouns as masculine or feminine.
0
1 The singular of J oo is j(oo.
114
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
3. Specify each of the foilwing nouns as singular or plural.
JLcoi < « Joo < 4
4. Copy sentences from the reading part.
115
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
6-6 Reading Lesson 13.
READING.
TRANSLATION.
We have a big house.
You (m.,p.) have red note books.
You (f.,p.) have white hats.
They (m.) have diligent friends.
They (f.) have black shoes.
VOCABULARY.
hats
white
friends
diligent
116
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
shoes
black
ot
EXERCISES.
1. Find three adjectives from the reading part, give their feminine and use each one of
them in a sentence.
2. Fill in the appropriate relative pronoun.
117
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
3. Copy sentences from the reading part.
XI kJ x
4-1 .
a ♦ r — kJ
118
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
ИИ 6-7 Reading Lesson 14.
READING.
* 0 g 9 Г । 9
Jot
TRANSLATION,
The bell is ringing.
Listen, how loud is its sound.
The bell tells the time of lessons (classes).
It tells us, also, about the play time.
When the bell rings in the morning,
Every student enters the class room, and reads or writes.
Whet it rings in the evening,
every one bears his bag and goes back home.
119
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READINGII
VOCABULARY. rings (pr.) * p
listen (im.) r
how loud! bo
tells (pr.)
time |O> *
enters (pr.) r
bears (pr.)
returns (pr.) * 9
EXERCISES.
1. Convert the last three sentences of the reading part to the feminine condition.
120
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
2. Convert the following verbs to the past lense.
3. Copy sentences from the reading part.
121
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
H 6-8 Reading Lesson 15.
READING.
IJoAvfo Uuo ho o? :i-ьсЛ
TRANSLATION.
During a rainy day, Joseph came back from the market shivering, and his dog with him.
When he reached home, he sat in front of the fire, looked from the window and sow the
rain falling, and heard the wind blowing.
He said: Oh, how cold is the winter!
And how sweet is the fire at this day!
VOCABULARY.
rain
market
shivers (pr.)
cold
122
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
reach
blow
winter
EXERCISES,
1. Find two verbs in the present tense from the reading part and use each one of them in
a sentence.
2. Find three verbs in the past tense from the reading part, give their present and future
tense, and use each one of them in a sentence.
123
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
H 6-9 Reading Lesson 16.
READING.
TRANSLATION.
St. Mor Ephraim.
Our great Malphono (teacher).
He loved the children very much.
He taught the boys and girls reading.
He clothed the girls white clothes.
And every day they sang in the church.
Every one of us loves this great Malphono.
124
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
VOCABULARY. । 9 4 7
holly, St.
Lord, St. (Mor) 9 . 9 9 7
teacher
taught (p.) ^±1 9 9
sing (f.,pr.,pl.)
EXERCISES.
1. Answer the following in Syriac.
SjKxr* -о» у’рю) .4
2. Specify whether each of the following nouns is singular or plural.
9 4 7
125
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
Д 6-10 Reading Lesson 17.
READING.
f) Jo—~—CO ♦—о
VOCABULARY.
little boy
sink
there
save me
death
EXERCISES.
1. Answer in Syriac.
4UL jAJ) л
126
CHAPTER SIX: INTERMEDIATE READING II
2. Find two masculine adjectives, give their feminine, and use each one of them in a
sentence.
3. Copy the reading part.
127
txS.K.m.T. rtlnccnA
CHAPTER SEVEN
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
7-1 Biblical Vocabulary.
God
Lord
Jesus
Christ
Father
Son
Spirit
Holy
Testa incut
Old Testament
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus, priests
Numbers
Deuteronomy
129
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
Job
Joshua
Judges
1 Samuel
2 Samuel
1 Kings
2 Kings
1 Chronicles
2 Chronicles
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Ruth
The Songs of Solomon
Esther
Ezra
130
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
Nehemiah
Isaiah
Hosea
Joel
Ainos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micha
Nahum
llabakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Jeremiah
Lamentations
J A J XbuKOOl
I'. Г
bun
о *
131
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
Ezekeil
Daniel
New Testament
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
The Acts
, * 0 i 0
The Epistle to the Romans JLxbooon Lc
1 Corinthians । 0 0 F |*0^0 0 V) 1-0 Lc
2 Corinthians Смол tc 1 * 0 F r 0
Galatians
Ephesians । * 0 * 1) 0 Lc
Philippians J АГП°й\к^ Lc l * 0 Z .. * о
Colossians
1 Thessalonians 0 0 F j * 0 X F * 0 J kVi Ju>>n A-l q\ro L L c
132
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy
2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
To the Hebrews
The Epistle of James
1 Peter
2 Peter
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Revelations
Gospel
Apostle
133
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
Evangelist
Simple (Peshitto)
Saviour
Preacher
Preaching, message
Messenger, evangelist
The Gospel
134
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
И 7-2 At the Church.
Church
Monastery
Temple
Altar
The Holy of Holies
Golgotha
The base of the alter
Choir
Bell
Tablet
Cross
Censer
Incense
Priest
Priesthood
135
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
Patriarch
Catholicos
Archbishop
Bishop
Chorcpiscopus
Eldery, pastor
Archdeacon
Deacon
Sub-deacon
Reader
Singer
Deaconess
Monk
Nun
P Л 4 r
о П X n \ П <
। о tv
J Jk д Jk О
136
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
7-3 The Numbers.
Number
Masculine
Feminine
one
Iwo
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
p
p
ъ *
137
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen > mY F 0 .
eighteen LcaXXtoK
nineteen t *
twenty F ✓ *
twenty one О > Гй\. * F 4 *
twenty two \ L о » m Y
thirty * 5
forty t F
fifty -» * A-
sixty t V
seventy ^.kY *Yjl
eighty ^aIV1L *
ninety t kVa. t
138
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
one hundred jU. )U>
two hundred ^Lbo
one thousand LkL
two thousand
EXAMPLES.
f p r xx J / о p
fifty four Jx о ~ A. A. Xr» ~
। о r r 7 P 7
seventy seven XX '’X A. О
। 0 7 * 9 \ * P
eighty five J Jk УкАйО V>L UL Vk,^Q Ylt
g p * f * p P
ninety nine 'Х-лЛо
one hundred five bkxlo JU * p о JJ-SO
two hundred sixteen t‘b 'h p 'h J» mA Ачиьо
139
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
7-4 At School.
School
College
University
Elementary School
High School
School of Agriculture
School of Engineering
School of Medicine
Military School
School of Law
School of Art
School of Computer Science
Dictionary
Lexicon
Preface
140
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
Volume
Index
Sentence
Line
Page
Committee
Paper, leaf
Word, verb
Letter
Chapter
Point
Dictation
Home Work
Principal
Professor
Teacher
141
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
Student
Pupil
Chalk
Vacation
142
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
И 7-5 Time.
Generation
Century
Year
Last year
Next year
Season
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
Month
Last month
Current month
Next month
Week
143
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
Day
Tomorrow
Yesterday
Hour
Minute
Second
Moment
Morning
Noon
Before noon
after noon
evening
night
MONTHS C'4:
January
February
p
144
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
i i 9
DAYS
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
9 *
9 t
145
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
Friday
Saturday
146
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
M 7-6 What Time Do You Have?
Hour
One quarter
One third
One half
a.in.
p.m.
Subtract, lessen
EXAMPLES.
(Note: Since the word к is feminine, the feminine numbers are used.)
10:00 a.m.
10:00 p.m.
9:05 a.m.
11:10 p.m.
12:15 p.m.
147
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
2:20 a.m.
1:30 p.m.
3:25 p.m.
7:35 a.m.
7:40 p.m.
11:45 a.m.
2:50 p.m.
4:55 p.m.
148
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
7-7 Government Vocabulary.
King
Kingdom
Emperor, king of kings
President
Republic
Army
Forces
Commander in chief
Officer
Ministry
Prime minister
Interior minister
Foreign minister
Finance minister
War minister
PF . P ^F
9 9 F f 9 4 F
SUOJ Jl»|o
149
CHAPTER SEVEN: VOCABULARY
Mayor
Governor
150
rtf» Косина
"i си»
CHAPTER EIGHT
GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
Д 8-1 The Meter (Form) of Words.
Most words in Syriac have their own meter or form. The basic meter (form) is ». It
is for the singular, masculine, third person, past verbs. For example, the meter of is
r V r r
» The X of ♦ stands for the .d in Similarly, the in » stands for
к in сь/Lo, । for and the on the for that on the k.
When we add a letter or a vowel to the veib, we add the same letter or vowel to its
F F * F * F * Й
meter (form). For examples the meter of is » ^\, of is » , of is
» 4\l, of «оЛ^ок» is ♦ ^V.kC of is h ^V, of J—is f}cu-^i-У, and of
J 9 4 . 0
is J» » *>V.
In the next sections of this chapter, we shall introduce conjugation of the past, present
and future verbs.
EXERCISE,
Write the meter of the following words.
* r
< <.n\ m <
152
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
ИЙ 8-2 The Past Tense: Conjugation.
PART ONE : VERBS WITHOUT A WEAK LETTER
The weak letters аге I, о and
PERSON
I wrote.
MASCULINE
You wrote.
He/She wrote.
We wrote.
O Of
You wrote.
They wrote.
PART TWO : VERBS STARTING WITH A
Verb: >acaj.
PERSON
I took.
You took.
He/She took.
We took.
MASCULINE
FEMININE
К -4CT>J jJ
г к
К -4 1
You took.
They took.
n . aJoi
153
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
PARI THREE: DOUBLE VERBS.
The root of a double verb consists of three letters. The last two arc always similar, as in
JLo whose root is |L-2», and 'Xk. whose root is Xkx.
PERSON MASCULINE FEMININE
1 striped. Lj_o bl lL> LI
You striped. kjLo Kj/
He/She striped. JUb о or r * i
We striped. F F F F F F
You striped. yotjLo
They striped. A F F 4 * yoju±> < oJL_2> . . * F F *
PART FOUR: VERBS WHOSE INITIAL IS WEAK.
< *
Verb: ».
PERSON MASCULINE
I learned. ХэХ_ J_i1
You learned.
л * *
He/She learned. о cm
F * F
We learned. ^-JL~
You learned.
They learned. n °i \. < g°>,\. ycuor
FEMININE
ьх ci
. r » #
Л».°> >» -or
154
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
PART FIVE: VERBS WHOSE MIDDLE IS WEAK.
Verb: ^из.
PERSON MASCULINE
I arose. Kli Cl
You arose.
9 4
He/She arose. оен
We arose. Г 9 Г
You arose.
f 9 9 *
They arose. ^QVlX) < О2П0 y^OJCM
FEMININE
PART SIX; VERBS WHOSE FINAL IS WEAK.
Verb: Ji-0.
PERSON MASCULINE
I read. JL>1
FEMININE
You read.
He/She read.
We read.
You read.
They read.
OCX
1 .* *
L*-0 -ex
155
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
EXERCISE.
Conjugate the following verbs in the past tense.
156
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
И 8-3 The Present Tense: Conjugal ion.
PART ONE: VERBS WITHOUT A WEAK LETTER
* p
Verb:
PERSON
I am writing.
MASCULINE
Cl -U Cl
You are writing.
Й * P Й
I Ko K.J (
FEMININE
He/She is writing.
оси
-си
We arc writing.
9, 9 Ъ Ъ
They arc writing.
у o-l CH
PARI’ TWO: VERBS STARTING WITH A <-J.
Verb: >~arr>J.
PERSON MASCULINE
I am taking. Cl Cl
И. -Л V K.
FEMININE
Cl CLJ ci
You are taking.
He/She is taking.
m, K-J I l-acoj - Kj I
-h 9
оси
, о < #
2UXU <^CH
We are taking. У 4 9 У * 9 У F P e< P У ^-1 TlfA-J 4 ^-.1 AA p ,, P r
You are taking. ^oK *9 4 Я * < у О ли \ оК/ 7» 9 11 9 * У p .. p Т» У
у CM CH
p p
They are taking.
157
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
PART THR EE: DOUBLE VERBS.
The root of a double verb consists of thiec letters. The last two are always similar, as in
r
JLo whose root is
and whose root is
Verb: |
PERSON
I ain robbing.
MASCULINE
ci ci
FEMININE
Ui Jib 12!
ft t 0 к
jJ-Э KjI
You are robbing.
He/She is robbing.
We are robbing.
оси
r.°
You are robbing.
< ’* r p • Ki
<уоХч_Л ^.JL-^ уоД—Н
*0। 0 Г5 p|p
They are robbing.
L^>
* p
PART FOU R: VERBS WHOSE INITIAL IS WEAK.
* 0
Verb: s°>\«.
PERSON
I am learning.
MASCULINE
FEMININE
Cl ЫгС ci
You are learning. Г 0 к Kj( Kj(
He/She is learning. * 0 * осн . 0 ч 0 t -CM
We are learning. r 0 F P r i \ La* Laa f, r ’s’ r . 1 °1 \ . t .-1- . 1 °l\. . !>.
You arc learning. \ ^-11.J °>\ . < j
They are learning.
0 0
158
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
PART FIV E: VERBS WHOSE MIDDLE IS WEAK.
Verb: joLe.
PERSON
MASCULINE
FEMININE
I am standing. Cl Cl
You are standing. Jb-jl JoJ-0 ЙЦ
He/She is standing. jobs о ex । 9 9 4 J ViaD
We are standing. * You are standing. Г 9 V *9 V Г 0 ,, 0 У 9 9 У 1 \n7 П < Ч40 K* "
* к it ^-.ДчУ!. n <
They are standing. *9 4 * QUO) 9 t a 9 * *
PART SIX; VERBS WHOSE FINAL IS WEAK.
Г ’ Verb: Juo.
PERSON I am reading. MASCULINE JU w FEMININE Cl cu> ci
You are reading. M jU M CU>
He/She is reading. 1? * * J»-O OCX । 9 9 CUO <aoi
We are reading. P * 9 V *9 У ^.1 a* У9 9 У 9 9 У
You are reading. <коЦ voU
They are reading. -h 9 4 * i ojcx 9 9 Ъ *
159
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
EXERCISE.
Conjugate the following verbs in the present tense.
160
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
8-4 The Future Tense: Conjugation.
PART ONE: VERBS WITHOUT A WEAK LETTER.
< . *
Verb:
PERSON MASCULINE
I shall write.
You will write.
He/She will write.
We shall wirte.
You will write.
They will write. 1 \ О J Л4
FEMININE
сьоКо£ -ex
О ф
PART TWO: VERBS STARTING WITH A
r *
Verb:
PERSON
I shall take.
FEMININE
MASCULINE
You will take.
He/She will take.
We shall take.
You will take.
They will take.
O«
c^coL
0 *
AmJ
161
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
PART THR EE: DOUBLE VERBS.
The root of a double verb consists of three letters. The last two are always similar, as in
Г г г л» г
JLo whose root is JjLa, and whose root is .
4 *
Verb: fn -v».
PERSON MASCULINE FEMINIty
I shall robe. |O_S? t
You will robe. * ? A
He/She will robe. 4 * 4 OCX loSt U'
We shall robe. < * r 4 * f
You will robe.
They will robe. 4 * 4 * 4oJ_±u VOJCX 0 • *
PART FOU R: VERBS WHOSE INITIAL IS WEAK.
Verb:
PERSON MASCULINE FEMIN1N
I shall learn. Cl Jj
You will learn.
He/She will learn. оси ufl
We shall learn. .Qi'K j 1
You will learn. voaA|t VW
They will learn. А к । * * *|
162
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
PART FIV E: VERBS WHOSE MIDDLE IS WEAK.
Verb:
PERSON MASCULINE FEMININE
I shall rise. Cl jocdbl Cl
You will rise. ^jaoobl, t. *
He/She will rise. joaoj ooi ^OQ-Ol. -СИ t r
We shall rise. ^OO-OJ ^L~
You will rise. yaioabt f A 4 * 9'4 * *
They will rise. yOJoi PART SIX; VERBS WHOSE FINAL IS WEAK. Г * Verb: Ji-o. ^ЬоО-CLJ ^->->СИ
PERSON MASCULINE FEMININE
I shall read. JUI Cl JU1 Cl
You will read. Juel Kj/ -h Ф Й
He/She will read. i* * f Ji-QJ oot ru
We shall read. Ji-cu .* 1> r
You will read. у oi-ol у O&jt p ♦ 'h *
They will read. » Oi-Qj 1 OJot ^•^QJ ^-UCM
163
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
EXERCISE.
Conjugate the following verbs in the present tense.
Г * P * * I
164
CHAPTER EIGHT: GRAMMAR: CONJUGATION
M 8-5 Interdiction.
Interdiction
is derived by placing (l before the future verb, for
example:
PERSON
Do not write.
Do not visit.
He may not write.
Let him not write.
He may not travel.
Let him not travel.
Do not write (pl.).
Do not visit (pl.).
They may not write.
Let them not write.
They may not travel.
Let them not travel.
MASCULINE
FEMININE
(I
165
. яг Av rdflOCn^
rez.\^
CHAPTER NINE
ADVANCED READING
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
Д 9-1 The Sermon on the Mount.
Following is the complete text of the Sermon on the Mount from the Peshitto Version of the
Syriac New Testament.
Chapter Five
Of
167
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
168
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
I 9 r r * 4 | 9 r p * * i 5 \4 * 9 * * 9
J a V> Ж j уО-ОП J A-fl Л a Vl NX_a ООЗД *1 V
. 0 ,, P r I £ 9 '• * r j*| Г. r ,, 9 51*?
J Хч_* о о J Дх-a. n I л jn_r> vi \ tyi M : JLs J__b m—~ч m j *y_. ( J о о» к
169
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
.jLsJ-JS m Л СП J J» к VI. О у О OCX k fl » Vt .j}
170
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
*ri') * * rt)0 * < v a9> r5 Z •• 9
s» mil ея<» •Чоа oom ^oyi>\k M-S<} *'V*? \on N J-*l XJLK
Ф P I о _ F Г
171
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
t 9 7 * 4 4 Г
i CH Cl°Lba
Г I * " ъ 7 Г Л» 9 Л 4 * ^7 7 . P 7
J к I ooo, »oil •^.^\oi Ц—io >ь.п ж . X- a. ♦—°} Jooio
172
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
H 9-2 From the Book of Proverbs.
* VI Jv-Sk A. wK-koJJ |-ko«_v 'Juo( CH . X V> JL-OV-D, J 1 X \ Vl ->o
173
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
174
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
J i-Ь. j у ri \ n > )1 Ц m о
175
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
176
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
И 9-3 Creed of the Holy Fathers.
9 F F .9 *9 4 *9 f Г । 9 F F F F
> Y Л } JI О—A V Xk-O f к АЙ \ J—\ • J ЬK> J у H I Yi * O>-^0
177
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
Ш 9-4 Prayers for Pardon I.
Q
178
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
i / I * •• I 9 9 Г 7 | * I г г | * i0 * 9
• J ld°>Yio M v Q-v> оси .J-coa-ba-ij
»*»^кУк \Y X х4ЛД*! у о qi.\
179
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
Г I* * A * ’ 1 1 it” * Г Г < ’J
OCX Xkj^ocx .JJLh^xo у Lo; >°ik NXA. J»—icq ^_X £ч-.(
••* li’ \ r * \ I ’ r r r А"} r * r ? Л i ’ * r
• }0-0j Ilfs N S vi \ J-* mexi-S ^__X ex p< i V> <*> ml. p J a.-.»—о
180
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
181
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
182
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
183
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
И 9-5 Prayers for Pardon II.
» ♦ * » r I ’ vx r * 1 «Г5 । S ’ x< 1/ * * ’ i* *
fl ~ NV n Оси CHt-bol OM'lS-.t} Ja^-.CH—JaS- **>) -O| ho>
184
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
185
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
r P
186
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
I* I # r * t Г {* * I * r ♦ f -t r ♦ . Г
hi—a_a n \ 5 »y v ft v>^ oiLol—«—>о» ».°>i.Lo
187
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
188
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
189
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
M 9-6 From the Liturgy of St. James.
Following is the first part of the Liturgy of St. James, as used by the Syrian Orthodox
Church of Antioch. (For the complete text of fourteen Syriac Liturgies with their English
translation, contact Alaph Beth Computer Systems/0)
1 The address is shown on one of the first pages of this book.
190
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
191
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
i / ।p *
9 ,P 9 j -h * .9 9 * * I f ? Г 9 * к Г t* P
F V n Г Г Г п Г П Г V
хкХ yooop -си
192
CHAPTER NINE: ADVANCED READING
193
г/.умч. <Х
CHAPTER TEN
SYRIAC POETRY
CHAPTER TEN: SYRIAC POETRY
10-1 Definitions.
The poet is called in Syriac JLA-Ja-S, ~ v» or L-~n v> ; poetry is called
v>. There are many kinds of poems in Syriac. They are:
1. Metrical Homily
2. Canticle They are composed on the seven-syllable poetic meter.
3. Shout, liturgical response (J iUY, jLuaX): There are thirty seven of them. Most of them
composed by St. Ephraim.
4. Request (|tn Y_2>): There are hundreds of them, composed by St. Ephraim, St. Issac, St.
Balai and St. Jacob.
. P P r
5. Doctrinal hymn
. p *
6. Ladder (JJ^Y ^ro).
7. Tone, tune ( (Uo.
। 9 * f
8. Supplication (JX^^i ik nl): They are three hundred in number. Some say that they were
composed by Rabula of Orhoy (Edessa) (d.435); others say they were composed by Rabula and
St. Ehpraim.
9. Mystic hymns ): Some say there are seventy two of them, others say eighty three,
and other say one hundred and ninteen.
10. Chant (|AmUYу» or There are about three hundred and seventy of them.
* p f p
11. Canon (jLiQ-i-O): There are fourty three of them, in seventy five verses. They are sung on
eight tunes.
12. Magnificant There are two hundred and seven of them. They have eight tunes.
13. Prayer intoned in loud voice (jtninY Mq).
14. A hymn chanted while sitting (J vim There are one hundred and seventy of them.
15. Praising Chanted before the reading of the Gospel.
4 r $
16. Chanting of Halleluiah after a psalm or portion of a psalm Qqjo).
17. A body
18. Dailly offices (J Jk).
। 9 9 4
19. Glory (J - аал): They are used during receiving the Holy Qurbana.
195
CHAPTER TEN: SYRIAC POETRY
И 10-2 The Poetic Meters.
Every verse in a standard Syriac poem must have the same number of syllables. The
number of syllables is maintained throughout the whole poem. Simply, if you count the
number of vowels in a verse, you will get the number of syllables in that verse. For example,
a verse that contains seven vowels has seven syllables. There are many standard poetic meters
in Syriac. They are:
1. Three-syllable meter, as in
2. Four-syllable meter, as in
(Note: This line contains four parts, each of four-syllables.)
3. Five-syllable meter, as in
Many peoms of this meter are known as
4. Six-syllable meter, as in
5. Seven-syllable meter. This meter is generally known as the Meter of St. Ephraim who used
it first.
P
ot—
I * Л
I—•—л—'
196
CHAPTER TEN: SYRIAC POETRY
6. Eight-syllable meter, as in
7. Nine-syllable meter, as in
J * \ A—vj } A—a i—о J L n A \—v> J e»
4 . . К . Г Г | 9 А Г Г 4
у П П о A, Cl .21-Х О\ Q-^м J—I? ч* P) CL Q_^M )
8. Ten-syllable meter, as in
9. Eleven-syllable meter, as in
10. Twelve-syllable meter, generally known as the Meter of St. Jacob of Surug.
tJX4-. > l °* «—io ) kyik| си»емо—» J к v>»—
9 4 4 9 $97 7 7) 9 9
♦ yUQ—>O» *1 X G йй Д Yl \ jot—H i^»_ V> sjh.
p Г f * V | 9 9 1*? 9 F *
•Jo»—M—S-5;. U-*. Joo»t
. 9 7 rf 9 | 9 * ' Г
»o>_b <j^_\opo Ub_\ ^05 | К Vl Л <°1 \ ййО
(Note: Every line consists of three parts of four syllables each, a total of twelve syllables. The
three parts of the first line are underlined.)
11. Thirteen-syllable meter, as in
.0» I * К * r I ’ _ I? ## r
J_»oi J vi \ v JLio \>^o to си jLo-n_^-co Jy к ->
* ». r,. * к 9 * r * Г ?’..r
n X ^^4-io o»A—^-K-^$O Vi СИ I O j—I-
197
CHAPTER TEN: SYRIAC POETRY
Contemporary writers mix between the above meters. For example, the first and third
lines of a stanza might contain seven syllables each, and the second line five syllables. All
stanzas, however, must have the same structure.
Other kinds of meters are used in compound poems. There are hundreds of meters used
by the Syrian Churches.
198
CHAPTER TEN: SYRIAC POETRY
§ 10-3 Permissibilities in Syriac Poetry.
The following cases are permited in Syriac poetry:
1. Adding one syllable when two non-vocalized consecutive letters appear in a line. For
example, you can say \V instead of Notice that since the
r r 'h J?
p of jo-ahU and the X of are both not vocalized and are consecutive, we added a
vowel on the )o. Other examples are saying JA>, \ and JA»,>. instead of
and 1Д,.. respectively.
2. Vocalizing the initial of a verb whose middle is weak. For example, we can say
$ * 4 f * 4
^oo-O-i and istead of and (Notice that the middle of the first word
is о and of the second is ^.)
3. Taking out the first vowel of a verb (and the nouns derived from it) whose initial is
F 1^4 * g 0 4 F . 0
weak. For example, we can say J-X», » X» and J» A.X instead of
Jb gC> ,4 4
Д-» and h k\>, respectively.
Other advanced permissibilities are also available.
199
CHAPTER TEN: SYRIAC POETRY
M 10-4 Examples from Clasical Poetry.
In this section, we shall show examples of the most common kinds Syriac poems.
1. Metrical Homily (Ji-ьоЦо). The foilwing homily is composed with the seven-syllable meter.
St. Ephraim the Syrian
on the Pureness of the Heart and Compunction
P F . P F .Р Г | 0 ? | 9 C 9 t 4
From the Order of the Feast of Epipany
200
CHAPTER TEN: SYRIAC POETRY
I M r
4. Doctrinal hymn
Doctrinal Hymn from the Order of the Birth of Our Savior Jesus Christ
% О Орэ ‘0 о«о
I ? ч * *
5. Ladder (JJfr. \
IKX
Ladder of Tubaik Aphret
201
CHAPTER TEN: SYRIAC POETRY
6. Tune (fLo).
Tune: Quqoyo
(Note: This Qolo is recorded on the cassette.)
7. Supplication (J *>[,).
4 Г । 9 9 ,, Г | Г1 Ф
J гп-Ч^ Vю
From the Order of the Supplications of Rabula
8. Magnificant (JL^^o^o).
Ur i * .. % *
jaioj J ^^6 Vю
From the Order of Magnificants
9. Chanting of Halleluiah (^oLX r>o-o).
। 9 4 Г g 9 9 * g 9 4 Г .9 * * * 4 Г 4
Jjbooxo jlL лк-\nсьо
Qualyun from the Book or Weekly Orders
202
CHAPTER TEN: SYRIAC POETRY
Other kinds of poems listed in
liturgy books of the Syrian Church.
the first section of this chapter can be found in many
203
CHAPTER TEN: SYRIAC POETRY
И 10-5 Examples from Modern Poetry.
1. A peom by Fr. Ephraim Safar of Midiat, Tur cAbdin, on the massacres of the
Christians in 1895 (1), composed in the twelve-syllable meter.
О 5 О °>___________d) । ‘1 . 1 *** ’ у*- . К хл a. CM <** 1
1 The massacre of 1895 was the greatest among other massacres that took place in
Mesopotamia during the 19th and early 20th centuries, when Moslem Kurds and Turks killed
thousands of Syrian Christians.
2 Moslems.
204
CHAPTER TEN: SYRIAC POETRY
2. On .vco .Jo . к (Syriac Scools Developing Association, the first Syrian-Orthodox
American Organization that is still active, established in New York in 1904), by Paulos
205
CHAPTER TEN: SYRIAC POETRY
This peoin is recorded on the casstte.
3. A poem by Yuhanon Salman. It illustrates switching between meters. The poet starts
the five lines of each stanza in the St. Ephraim meter, then he switches to the St. Jacob of
Surug meter.
206
r«,\
CHAPTER ELEVEN
THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
W 11-1 The Estrangelo Alphabet.
Estrangelo
is the most ancient
of the three Syriac alphabets. So far, we have learned Syriac in the Western script
), also known as the simple script (
JL^pa). Following is a table of
the Estrangelo alphabet:
208
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
Д 11-2 Words in Estrangelo.
We will repeat in Estrangelo some of the lessons we have learned in Western Syriac. The
Section numbers are repeated for reference.
SECTION 1-3. = .12
= .13
rds rd = .14
rd л л = Л .15
r^rx^^ = .16
= Л .17
don rdnn rds rd rdard .18
dsn r^rx^^ rds л rds rd rds rd .19
rdrj.l rds rd rdnn rds rd .20
SECTION 1-3. = .11
rd\j = rd^^ .12
rd io s o .13
209
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
ft'tOl = rt*t .14 .15
f<*t о t
= t .16
= .17
= r/n-t cn .18
SECTION 1-5.
= ^"^4 .11
= t .12
rf to = rt*t Q .13
= rC* 1 .14
n/\o 1 = о t .15
= t .16
= .17
f<3L3(D = CD .18
SECTION 1-8
r<* X*r<* = rcf.i .11
210
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
211
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
A> .21
= r</\ .22
= r^-b .23
rt£n\. м = \ v .24
г£эх1±а = / \ .25
rdD.V^ = .26
f<JCD f<JAJ Г<\С\±7Э nli^rC' .27
r^>r\ > rtLscn re*^\ r^nlu .28
r^A>o.\ f<±ncvjj Г^±7Х» f^.KXrj .29
«z\ г^л»с\Д rdkl> rdSOCLM .30
пЛо» rez\*^n r^ocv^^ .31
r^jcxj \ «V f^-l\ rdi»x* .32
г^1л> п^гэЛ ГС*Л<Х=> r^JN' .33
ЛСУ.Э г^лш f<3xk±O rd^Xb .34
SECTION 1-12
tdxQ0CUX> = r^AJXf CUD .12
212
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
= £D .13
s: * .14
jx<\ a C\ = re^\ ХЙ .15
= rdsn o_a .16
= Д .17
rdca.«.*\ = « *v .18
niino j-. = ° _T .19
= л_ .20
<X rx/\m r<iJ»CU» r^nro .21
r<±na rfcnt'S rd»)<xa .22
. s. Г<лЛ>СМ» r<±na rdflOA .23
, <\ г^сп.-ч rd^Q> .24
SECTION 1-14
rt'Scvj г? Sen г^У Q f^&ClD .24
r<* icvn г<*Ха> rt'hoiv t^JLCTD г^хэ .25
rd=>4 r^actn re5>joi\ r<* Scvx. г^лэсИ .26
213
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
Г^лэОТ rt'XjJ rdx.<n r^icij .27
vf Чсиэ г^^ла^ч r<Lacvo ncn r^ko .28
4<n г<*^^ ге*\о rdsnokv .29
f<uoi г<* Чссп r^xcn N'icX-J .30
rC'ncn —1 *| rc<\o rd^cua rduoT .31
SECTION 1-15. rtiScu» = ге**\ • • • • • CX_£E> .1
re* у >3 = rc*y. -Л .2
= r^jj C\_x» .3
гС'Хл* = rt^ X» .4
rt'lCVSD = n/\ ССЗЭ .5
f^jjCvA = гС1ээ <x\ .6
rd=>&\^ = г^гэ X*4 .7
= r^z> • • • • • \ .8
= гу*«\ VX .9
a % О = ЛХЗ .10
214
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
Ja .11
rt'-ixeo — Л XQO .12
r<5JCty f<JCVJ r/\C\2?3 C<S-£E><XflO re'—A rc^rn.^ .13
Г^ЗЭЛА rtLSbCUa rdam rirjr^ .14
г<*лсс=> r^actn г<*л c\_^^ <\ V- rOxl±a .15
r<* icva г<*Хл* I^IOl n/icij .16
K* Scvn r<rxocn гс'Чоэ r? 10 .17
\ «у r^~>.kv> r^=4 .18
r^Tt OCD Q<n Г^ЛЛ .19
r<uo-i Г^Л>Г<* fd»)O^ ftSdE. r^=r<* Г^ЭО_£. .20
X\ Г<ПД9 - * Г^Л>С\Д Г^Х_С\ЛЭ .21
215
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
И 11-3 Sentences in Estrangelo.
The following sentences are chosen from Chapter Two. The section numbers are listed
for your reference.
SECTION 2-1
SECTION 2-2
Г^ЪАт. t<via
. Г^=>4
SECTION 2-3
. n/xi-SnXX\ 'Р-ул
216
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
SECTION 2-4
.ГРААЛЮ ~>\ f<a<xk^ А1Г<*
SECTION 2-5
ДХЕ>С\_» t^Acn
. роли/ r£im
.rd=>X^ rOcn
. n/ixo Г<*ЛСП
.rt'fcxTia rt'.’icn
. t^bjLT.TiO г<*лсп
. Г^-1А.\ц осп
217
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
SECTION 2-6
. 0(73
- ,(73
. ,(73
Sr^cni
*> г<^Уу».кгг\^ А_ь_
?^ХыС1.» Air/
rdo>»r<*
^r/^.тьА А\г/
218
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
j8jn 11-4 Writing in Estrangelo.
a cn
219
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
220
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
v&n г<* X * ih je.
r<^<XflO
221
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
rdincia
г^±тэа&\
222
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
, cn rxiort* rOci*
n/Hcn r/\C\±?3
223
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
ИД 11-5 Intermediate Reading.
The following reading passages are chosen from chapters four and six.
SECTION 4-1
. г<*ЛСП
. r<=>r<* rOcn
. ГС* ЛСП
. r^U-LQ (T1A
. r^X>C\.X CT1X Г<*Ьл>
. спЛ X\_»r<* r^rt'
. г^Лл.кп chA
SECTION 4-5
. Г^=эт Г<*СП
. rc'koi гг'ХиЛ^ п/оэ
Г^ГЭГ<*
224
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
225
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
. ийг? cnA
4<n rd>in п±=>2п_» г<*CD
rdxu
. rt'bvnA^ гС'кх.ЗД^ с<хх> г^л>^\
SECTION 6-1
.агС* K'io лл < ~*\/
SECTION 6-4
Irdacn К'ккю »=л г<2эт
. r^COK' -x- ->^rcz пх\ клГС*
< r<*cv^ < r^s_4^\ ,1м cnA
226
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
. Ох1_»Л рз.Ъз Г^^Ч.1 г^х±пл>а
Irdjcn Г<*^Кл,= .1 Г<1ь.Ч&\ rd±Z)
. г^^асиы
.г<хЛЬ\ r^Xrt'
. г^_Ч5л л»Ь\-а гС*л An
SECTION 6-8
Ч-ээо ft'io.j ^аЛ-о jkj < \ > A^ хдо
• г<п,т.1Л rdwon Xa .s.*?3t.o fcvjxA г<1мо
• г^аУш? х*”йз art* :Ч±яг<*
Ir^SOCV* r^JC7X=> rt'nCLA Г<±71л_0ХО
SECTION 6-9
jii’J r<JL>XD
. r<=»4 г<^А*?э a<n
Г<*ОС7Э >МН
. Г^Д-кХО гС'&УЛЗо r^* * -> oAr^
227
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
• К'Чсл» rC'irtii-A ХлАг^
- К'Ххла-о ,ocn ш__Ч±л\ 53о.* Ало
• rd="i
г<длА±л г^лотЛ ^1А»Ч
Ла»
SECTION 6-10
Л-Л-« Г^А ЛЛО < Г^ТСТХлА ixjA_S < Г<*Чс\Л_\ -i v
« cvjxJ3t> о т
:Ъог< лл
^_±П Г^_Х.<7Э < Г<_~1 У, Г<*ЛЛ ON* '. Г^Л-П.Т. пхД
.fcvsrt' rda ^л г^п Ал Ч±яг< ^л «
228
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
11-6 Advanced Reading.
Following is the complete text of the Sermon on the Mount from the Peshitto Version of the
Syriac New Testament in the Estrangelo script.
Chapter Five
CD
_J.n re* » t Г t -i pOX-C3 ЛСП—1—S Г^_1—^CD
Г^А >г/. -л т 4 ^GjJlZLUO гл V
229
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
rd-lnf t±7)r<' ^1.1 Г^\л v
230
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
231
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
__oivart* ^-lArxlx. г^лстэ
rf cn r^\ л Ч_»Ъ—* г<*.л *?э ‘..io м_\ ->
232
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
___n \ ^rd_________* •.^^ocnkva \A cn rd.r-1 7.1 \ __сх.п.п.т.^л
- rd v t Ул -э \ ш_гл г> пуА\ rd\ ^^fd • rd-i.Sn.T-ПЛ
♦>.^с\а^\с\\Лср лпт. е^сх^.с\_=>г<' rdkard
<• rda с\±п27х\ а ллЛа±?х\ rdox\rd\ ^^aJrvJrd
fd\ ________*Ч \ ___1Г^ Ч—sort* rd____s<n
rd\a .ж___ок\—х.^\ rd 1 *?эс> „__с\_1_^г<*Х\ к 1 *я v <х j_\
Г<*Л_* rdjLSkJ Г<*СП td\ у -» \>\ rd 1 i ** \
rd. 1 Ли .т.п rdX-зэЧА.п алс\_м . rdx.cv=iA ^so rd Ч \^°>q •. rd X 5 « <w
233
CHAPTER ELEVEN; THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
vmkto rdinc\->A mA
Chapter Seven \ rdjxjj
ш__C\_X.Q.T_J r^_±O-A.T . Г<*Т_>t_м рэХ-D __________O_^^\ * 1 X^4_±n
234
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
A a A O_X.C\_n ___O.MuVT.^O ЛЛ-D
лэк_ак\_±тз rn *л .,m.*\ tso r^s. а.ло ..nmi Аг^_ь.1 л i
’. Г^*7ХмЛ (DlD t<nC\_tA r^JLJ .Л A 1*73 C\-X±73 C\rf . cnA
♦игт>/Л . Xrt7 у 1 r^_JC\_J ш_ft*О . (П-Д ^_Х.С\_±7Э rd_at^_^ •. rr7 \
Г^_Х_л_=5.Л А 1 АСП ш___Г?О . <пД A^-T.CX-SP Г<_*С\_Х> •. г^±аД
Лк *т \ п/к. А \ц Г?к—=>СПС\_±?Э ш_______oifl—ЗГ?* ^_1 S-Л—» ___ok—Jr?
AX\_J .Tdx±?ULD,1 ^ClACLDf^ Л-*^Л-> Уу| «ч ______<П п. ’.‘ > -> \
^^ok-Jr? а_^.л г?_±я 1_х .пхА \г<1.л у* >г^ г?к-АД^
Jf? -Art* Г? -3 АСП . Г?_Х_1Г? >A-~> «- C\_ A-\ ш nT n к Ч
♦> rc^.-itrt Г^£ОС\±ЗХ1 CV-JCD .^^ОСпА
^-*-\; -П \ •• Г^. *71Д .^^CV-Jrt* ___С\_^_лк\ »Л О<71_>Ч
Д—А Г? 1 ACD . Г^-А У^ЧС-Д Of? * n V ч ->Х n.
Г^.Т.1 А Г?" 1 \ «Г^ . .1 A S- Г^Ч-У-А-Т. К'Чг^-А -> г/Л .г/
Г?Чт^_а Г< А rt'.l.V »Г<* Л> -А Т ±?Э Г^\ Л r^ у.'^ К'Чг^-а
. ХА Ч *Т1А Г^.аДц ГС'Чг^А Г^Т» А Г<*1\ »<<, Г^Ао Л
Г?*Чс\_А^)О л СП А Г?Чг^_а л 1 <- Г^\л Г? Л .г/ А п.
^OVOr?J Г?г^« ^сю • Г^1*71т А.Л ^-ОГ^Л т \ . ->^- Л i
У^*Я,Т.АО *-^. n <\\r? V^_±n_I_n «Д >Ч-±Я аЧ-±8 .т£±ЯС\_» С1СП-=> >Д
^*л_»спа __л "* S- '.’ гг> Г?\ I » СА *71 V *п<п ♦. Г> А ге^ гт/Чгх/ т.
г<\
А о
О
пЛлаг?
235
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ESTRANGELO SCRIPT
ft* T 1 Л OOCD ^.OJL» \ T. .TJX."I Г<*О(7)О
♦>rdx*‘iao ш___ООХлТВХГ» VVjfV r^\o
236
rd> rdn CVOQuB
ico
CHAPTER TWELVE
THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
Д 12-1 The Eastern Syriac Alphabet.
. 9 9 V । 9 9 4
The Eastern Syriac alphabet Iu^olcd) is mostly used by the Eastern Syrian
Christians (the Nestorians and Chaladaeans). Following is a table of this alphabet:
2- - - 2 -h
_3_ _J J
- - a
- - ol Joi
Q- Q olc *
V*’ *
Ub- —Ж_ —Nt UK
uh- _л, _a <• ?°^ 9
A. A A F >.Vl \
JL —1 4L.
-Xl_ —Cl U2> v> m
dk. \ —iu j \
.4 -Sl. -3 Л u rp
«- - - «
01- -Jtl. _Q JJ ф QjO
3^ a
JL. -X_ -X Ct
_ _ ь o[
The dot vowels are used with the Eastern Syriac script (see Section 3-3).
238
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
И 12-2 Words in the Eastern Script
We will repeat in Eastern Syriac some of the lessons we have learned in Western Syriac.
The Section numbers are repeated for reference. Notice that dot vowels are used in Eastern
Syriac.
SECTION 1-3. I s 1 2 * .12
= Ji .13
lAi «( = l±i 2 H .14
lap = 2? ..... □ .15
= .16
L33 «« = □ «« .17
». • Lal H 2-31 * .18
с ». «. Lap ^*4 ? *4 k^ Lap M lAi 1 Lal u .19
? Ц k^ H 1J1 H 2pp % * « .20
SECTION 1-6. = A .11
« = 3 x^ ♦ • .12
1, I m<j = l И Q * .13
239
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
£ = »1 ..... 'X .14
гл 9^ = Й’ ..... 91 .15
« = ..... 1 1 • .16
*iA \ = OhA^ .17
lAicrl = <7 .18
SECTION 1-8 = i? _kl 1 .11
* ** ^1 = —Xp .12
1-^9* = 2-Ар Oj* « .13
= 1 » .14
•i • Л • 131 2J^3 1Д^сь*> IpLl 2JL1 « .15
2Д^ом IpLi 131 1 131 • ? A 4 l±ia\ .16
SECTION 1-10 141 H = 2Jo 1 »♦ .11
И'аЬэ = и’ o2o • .12
li’ai « = li • QI • .13
240
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
bi'al = 2. A ..... Cl .14
« lt ..... .15
2-loJ 1 = 2-Jo 1 • .16
г = A” .17
?.ас-я = z? ..... QJ » .18
246<Uk 1 = 24o <Ьк 9 .19
2мЖ = ..... .20
A^ = A” —Nt .21
Д *n V ' n = A” .22
= •a ..... A .23
= lt .24
2ДД0 H = 2-il ..... .25
243 аД = £> .26
lie] 2.ЛОЛ 9 И’9^° 2-102. It .27
2-SaJ • lAGl .28
2400» I Z?oji А ч .29
241
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIA'" SCRIPT
A А Д 2Joa^ • LbaJ « .30
A 91 2_So2 M *• * « .31
Aj\ 2.ДОД • A 2JoJ « .32
АД 2_aa II 2_loJ • 2аол 2JO2 II .33
£3 021 2л ci 13 2JoJ « .34
SECTION 1-12 12x100 • = 1.лЛ Ofc । .12
= A -to • .13
Л_л? = A .14
A_k_4 = A .15
LSoaS « = 2Jo .16
= .17
? ci « = 2Jb .18
2-loa^ = 2Jo °? .19
M'x = И’ .20
А к 4 A k_< > L^joaa • lAio .21
242
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
1^0^ 1диА t иЧ LSoafJ .22
2Joo3 t IjJBQJB « 2-100^ lAak .23
Lgi,> a t iA&> M'A .24
SECTION 1-14 la од la cr| Laa • uJoa .24
l аал lali 2_io| 1 *1*1 .25
2J3 t 1J 0Л t JJfiQXS * laoje Ъ*аз 1 .26
ISOQfc 1 L>Iaa * bici ад .27
l а*ал 1^ол * ;aicr| A A .28
;aoi La a * Д A 2Joa& 1 Jaojt .29
blah 1 la ал i^ii Lx ci la ад .30
lacr| lai a 1 Д A L^ClC 1 Lblab » .31
SECTION 1-15. ♦ s oxa • .1
2-зЬ.а * = ..... —th .2
• = bi. iiia (U « .3
243
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
2*L1 = —M> .4
= M’ o5o 1 .5
= 2-m ’ .6
ill Ла = 2-di .7
= зА r .8
1Л La H = ..... xa H .9
llxH « = 21* -JLH ♦ .10
2_^1 = £ .11
2'аз-с> H = 23 ..... 3JH M .12
1^6 Cum 11*01 • И'с^ iJjbCLfi) । 2 ci >>a 1 .13
2Jol H 22ood « 2J0H 1 11 o| 2-al « .14
1 ъ 2э*ox 2J0H 1 23* ox 2JA20 w .15
2зон • X 2^ И‘?1 23*01 .16
2з* он iAacr, ♦ 2^?b 2з’и| *. 1 И» .17
1 1 • t \ /\ 3 A к 13 a 1 .18
3 ) ч 4 HOI Qci 2?? .19
244
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
2-nkG3 • 1 2-lOQb • ♦. * 2-32 » 2Joa<l .20
2J3^ 2-ЗЛ 2-^9-n« .21
245
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
Q 12-3 Sentences in Eastern Syriac.
The following sentences are chosen from Chapter Two. The section numbers are listed
for your reference.
SECTION 2-1
I. » t. I
.2401 7LL 1H1
. La kobo ДА 2_aXa
• •
.LStafc хлы 24ol
• • > ••
I, •
. LSL.
SECTION 2-2
. Laa lAxa
.j.3uJLx Lpba
. 24oa la'a^
. 2 & hgiri la'LS
• • »•
. |aoX^ 1дод
. LSxAj* Л ч -
« ' ♦
SECTION 2-3
.jJiA Xu
246
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
• «
. LaL&Q^ 'Uj.xfl 1 У 4^
• ' H I I»
SECTION 2-4
. £эоДр Да* 2-YS is
. ls_»j k_bo 2_4qAJ e_4ci
w н \ »• • V •
. iJjuis JjbaJ Лчл
« H » •
SECTION 2-5
duboJ La ci
.'Tia'i La ci
. LaiLa La ci
. Ixfii JLpoi
.;£xbi Jaci
»•
.i&xaxto iaci
H
.lI'AJ^ aor|
247
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
SECTION 2-6
. 2-3 2 Q(7|
. «LALn* u>CT|
• 2-So2 O.C7I
V JfcLa 2.A*Jo
Ax 60.1 2_агчл 2_ьха
• Л 'С ♦ ♦ И
V^juIclk Д^2
V^oA ха L2L2
Aii (jo
248
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
W 12-4 Writing in Eastern Syriac.
249
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
250
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
251
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
252
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
« • ♦ I « • »
JLcd L31 Lieu. 2_2юсз
1A1 ;аад iacLX
2Joq^ ;зс|
253
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
И 12-5 Intermediate Reading.
The following reading passages are chosen from chapters four and six.
SECTION 4-1
.bll Liol
.JLALnI 2->d|
M
.1A1 lioi
.22ol 2poi
.IjJLB оД 6^2 2-il
I II I I
. ciA iS-xl J, AU!
. 2-3 6^3 иД 6o>2 2-31
kA-ц Gli 6^1 22ol
I I II
. ь-So tSh LjL1 col
\ и । । ।
.221 <20 22Ц, ^<J|
SECTION 4-5
.2-33 2(71
.26133
.2201 >£ L-ii
254
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
•» • •» *» *1
. Lj-XU* '7IX 1ДО^
.2-jtafc 2Jol
. iLafsalo Ax 1АбА
I I
.22ol 'tiX lAa 1 ci
(lAktl 2Хл l-iai 2_id
t It
2914 >u.a £1’
SECTION 4-7
.JLa’oX^ '-*4^?
.2-3^ oA Xj.2
W I
.laaa <Si* cA Xj.2
H M Mt
•2A=’l 1“ xJl
> ? 4 5^
ddL lJAa, Lnji
v #v ••»»,»
.l^aoX^ li'J,
. 2_±б1з oA Xj.1
t
.Laax <31' cA Хл1
M M •
255
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
.2-^3 01 A'xtl UafA’ 1<7|
• 1 "1 I ^s A 1д **
. Ils IdLA Vy Ia'j*. Ln«is
SECTION 6-1
. iA\, Ai\
. llxoo 4 Lain dnisJi :oA ls_kl
» HUM II I
. 1ХОД 1ПХП AX XjJLX nlsn Q01
• H I I I H I
. Ixtia 11лэаа AX nisi IxS^ An
.oAj.3 lAaoi nlsn al
Mt" »»» 11 || I
а Л л щА-ьэ lAacl Xxl ll'lA
I I II I II* II "I |¥
.J£Sn Ql 1X0 XX C1>1X nA, 1X
н » и t • V
SECTION 6-4
11.101 iXkj па Lio
.L&l X3al uA ^1
H II II H I
i lo—x ^sAjs (1Х>э£ь Хы> o|A £s>la
.оА-ьэ 1Xa<s 'Blxo lAaa
•I I I ' II I
ААх»а
I
256
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
llioi ZdLcia 2_2аб ла 12o
SECTION 6-8
<;ao_u AXai ?-4 >,» \ Д> UooJj
. u%xS_2 a|5x£a
H • HI
In \ Yta ^'j*o 2^x2 ^So aula 2aa_i ^хи d«u .»\, Y> xao
. 2-З-Хда 2->laa <Ajj <ХЬа_ха биьд
• • t t It
ЦаАиь Эихн LSo al :зиЬо1'
!UoaJ Хасти ?.аад lAjJhJi Ua^a
SECTION 6-9
.^uaSl J?3uio ?jL>»xij
' HI I I
. изэ ^Su.3 1д 4‘ \ ha aar|
. 2 7 \ S J.QU1 ТЬкЗ
.2.a.> xu 2^-i'ja 12x3
.2>3<Lh> lAuLi >
257
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
. 1^а_кЗ U.QC1 X* Ax a
.Ua а iJfcLXbo 1a оД M^ai Ato xJ,
• • * tt \ • H •
SECTION 6-10
alo (Jia-MJb 1<аст| A>x> Д xxa <2_Hjbia laul-iA Лч^ьА (Д'оХ^ ?***<*
2.Лlaa jaxja :x5oi* xA >lpih xA 1ч ч \ \ ;alaa <Л Ц y, ia
. 2.Л1 X-i.^ ;<7|3
:\д2 <XaLk Д ;n m, tb x-3 н v 61
:g|A Х-Sola 2а_з_Д зхда
Н » H A tl I
?А'оцА ^.Al /4jhA
b-bol ^_x clfSQ-Ьо ^Jo 2—ici i 2 ‘i.^ ;aai 61 ? стД a-bol
. ^A1 2_3^a L2o
258
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
12-6 Advanced Reading.
Following is the the first chapter of the Sermon on the Mount (Math: 5) from the
Peshitto Version of the Syriac New Testament in the Eastern Syriac script.
Chapter Five
£
uiascLk Qjb-a £-4° .Гал у, S о . 2_х-д_аД a-4
У •*’b—io2o ^ощД ;qci ЛДьэо сЦзоЛ .<j.(^aa-paA£s
- к *2—LA та 2£so_a_kA «^ооик-лаа -.ихоо-Я 2 t 'ч ft *n V
♦ . o£sa2_i «. Q-i ala : 2 .“У,"La A \ ^oai-tJaA, q2_>j£m 4o_iuia :Д_ХлД
X ♦ е» X ♦ •» ♦» ♦ ♦ X » • •V X ♦ • X ♦ и *н • ' t
^a-iuia 12 л \ >«ciga Ча >Д->.Д «^ooi > чл у •’.•2_ХаД
❖ 2 *n м,а к oooi-i чоо1_|ДДиЗ . 2 i A »a *n-S к oai_k_3ia_L, <♦«. n \ ч ci i
❖ 2 ch-k Д ^o-iui a ** k 1 » чар » \ „Д .4*"i - Чл
^aaUJQ-i^ 00-014-1 ;о|Д1а ^а|а-1Ла . 2.*n_\ д ^з-яД-к ^acl-jJQ-Др
•‘•Lj.'-Sa-xa £Isq_3lAjo ^aai-kj.aa .^о_12_а Л *n о-ЗааМа ^Д_кД
^clXjA-Sv ^b-Solo ^aack ^_>Лаэо «^a^A ^<а-&-»Доа
^aAa-kjp готово оД ^>a->ch . J^aA_^a_3 иД \ M 2 Jb.3 Д-So
^ols-Xl •‘•^оДк_>Д)р_о ^Joa 2 i> ч X А оЛз’з а_>ьД 2_дДо| . 2->-Sa_X-3i '^Д-Сз
.окА-SoMS 2_д_Ьа_Я :ai-4_Hls 2_ыД_Ьоз к_ьа О им 2. . 2_£а2.а иДДмо ♦. о_12
। н «и ♦» • \ «и ♦ X • ♦»
• ^9-12 о£4.12 •*.• 2_i.i2 ^Jo Jt_>,a£s£sQ Lxk 2а 14-Ха Д‘2 :Д*)2* Д >laJoA
До . Дд-Я 2зо_у АД? 2£4Д-ха-5о у удр 2->1л-хД> Д* . 22оДД>а oiauioj
асД-Ьоо .г^хдДо ДА Д1 .2^2-0 £4ju*£s иД ^-Мо-Дэо 2_^Дх ^-кЬаЩ-Ьо
2_х..зДд-Я *710-0 ом a al од асДл LaAgi 2£s » ч ча ^->Д-»>2 А \
^охялЧ Д* •>2..Дхасяр ^ооолД i у ^o^IaAx ^о^кда
259
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
^-До1 . Д-Х1а Д1 ;a_xio A* • >.» 7 i al 1Ао2хд ).з_х1з ЦМ?
al ^pL»K pa-h . lAola A’A_x «^aK ч \ 15 1ДзАз ^олА 2.Д1 aAi* а-»Д
А-кло! ь-bo Ал *>;acu Алз UoxX l-AaXi д u-Х зАХл Д .2 Ухо зА
laL-J . 2_хд 714 S 1дло| Л Via . 1зоХ< u-Aal ХдхДзоЗ к_5о зА гххдз
f S ii • и» н I 1 н и । у it i n и
;хлХл 1ла 1д’а| ;ДАда з-зХлз u-ьз Ал . А'А-Хз гДалААл ^хлХл
н н • н । и и у I I I I и и
^ал^адХл sXJLX Д1з :хиА^ ч S 2.1*1 хХ1* . А-Ахз ? А? >\Л ч
чаХХАх <‘А’Ахз ^алАхА ^аАхх Д .ЦС-ьЗДа 1хЗАз к_Х зи>х1
2.1'1 . 1д-*зА aa| лАкХ An V his Ала .Да\,лХ Д* iAoxjdA xXjLXls
a al jAAx . 2-B-hl ^c|a_A Ax ^Дзлз До Алз г^алА 11'1 Lxi’
хХ1дз Доа . 1АхаллА aai л!Ах .1дзз иАолД хХ1дз Ала . ААзД
^.длзаш хд! лзАхз А.>401 aai «^1 .Дал? 2.1 аДА aai лААо :ДА
jatyi.t :^?Jo ;б1л1 <^_>Ах з_х_ы>1з хлз6& ^4° *А1лзЛо Ах
L-bXjkCia :&а-м>1 ’71Х 1АзМ ТЗаАоА А^а . 1АлзА Т^-Аз а-д'Азол АА
0120-Х хХ :Л.\ X ^л-*? ^АХл >Х 1а;х2о X-Aal ‘‘.‘^.дАза-И лзА А
\.т 1 АА'эа .АА'дА ^j&AjA ^-Аэ Ахл ? *nSb . Азаи хд£
^2о Д? :^А 1д 1 зА1* ^ХЫ>а . lx>Ji»l Хил АЛха з 1* 4 \
•>lj>'Al li'aSxx Аххз 1ДзА
- I И II "I
^2о Алз ^а \ 2_д2 aAi ^_ьз 1-Д1 .заДх Да xAlxis ^аххА-Х
^-д'-жА» ^-ьз «^1 .ci т \ ч aliA^ In,м. to гацА^з-дз hl AxAl l^As
зА хл1дз 3->A^ ^А о» iH ацз-ха du$-* :^А ДАлА А'_>лАз
Д1хлА иАлАз ^эЦ.1 «^la .2.дсг|Дл АХд ^аДА <тДл Да :^2оза1
Да :^ХХзcf| До зА ХЛ1Д5 1Д ^А к» Aft -^’20 <h->a_x tn 4 :^Д
alA Дхл :а1ХХ-д1 1хАз ь-2оз xAlXl .А'а| \ ч AA_i ЦзД-ft атАл
НИ Н I H 1 у I IHH I IM II II I Ш I н
260
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE EASTERN SYRIAC SCRIPT
зАА 2xx? ^9 Ал? :чолА La 2 xhoi ^a La 2 . ДАоаа 2л iA
•>э£Д ?m ч v Л n i^a ^Ao .аоДгьа сД ? ч .;^Q-hJ$a АД V> ^Jo
н>>а *<A 4 s. fiX: 4>х4» н АЛ afc Да . lA-LcA ЬАцМа чо1\А Syt jo6
Д «^G-ba;^ Д' 4 X 2_д2 aA>2* ^_t>a La 2 <9 lJIbAlA
£4_tu_^£sa о.<й ? 4 4G чз lAalA До .2c^Ala о ci L-jLoaa_aa A* vij 4
Mil • >
ДА 2' . L_aa lAAAb uoi ui^s_A_i.a_hoa ** X v ч ДА! ,о,ст|п X V a
' t ♦ I M t • » Zи • I ' I» M
2a_k_aa 2а-м> l^LsJo clLa aA-kJoA is. a 2 at_aLx_So Да .Lio 2 is e * *хл
t • M ;A H • • и I i и ' м / V i
^Joa 'piaJo Д До ^-*2^2 :«чолД<ДА £aoi& Д’2 . дЖзо_», а2 А *пд>о2
La_»A <JA-m« La’jAb :^Др;^2з .^QisjA-X <*OOI 2_зАл ^Jo :Хл^А ^-Aol
X 4 на \ ^oJoojQAs Др :^о_лА Lal эА1' ^_»а La2 .La_x La_xq
. 1да_>*2 jS2‘ o|A LaA Lj . LA-xJaJa <AA AX ^A цАЬэ ^5э Д'2 .2_iuJ
£2* ouA -на н v :^_А_>.&а—a Xa h t <a *n 2—a^a ^-Aft
AlAa ^-So •‘•^-xafs ЯЦоА A^ :a_4 Д_хАо ^A зАдДоа ^Ьо ^^ДоД^аЗр
sxJbp^La ^oIS-LA-X j^o>dlQ-iA-4& Д ^.aJo ^Lab 2-3^a ^Ao .olA лсг]
0-3j* 2 :^олА 1д* 2 9l£o2* ^-*a La 2 .^ААзА-клА ojlxbq 4 X >т1_4аа
к-ЬоД b-kJlAb on 4 \.o .к олА Д.2А3 к *nX олало > a^\4 4a \ < н
.^олА ^-к-Лаа'о ^aud^juai ^А*2 AA oA^q «^олА Laj^b
AA сце-Xlx uAa-Soa oo| .lAAxAb ^олад12а о^оа-х ^аощ&а LaAA
хжА к 2 . Да-Д АД о La La ДА ci a V_fr> ^-ыДо :2_хХз ДА о LJbJl,
Д •\?-^A At-ki ^^A\2 LaA :^олА > 4 к» Ma ^АкД Qis. A 2 ^H»M
кчолА.2з lAAxA ^oiAi ^-Alx ^2q .^a-aA ;aor| 4*01 Lft4<n £2* 2ci
4\*> 2?ci u.01 2-йЛ-Ьо £2* 2?l Д .♦\Qis.A2 ^*алА A*iA LaA zao^AJ
‘‘••oci buJbaA L* Ax-Sa ». олода2а La A 2 V * o4sa2 Aj^ci oooi
t t 1 1 • X i f 1 t i m t X • 1 1 1
261
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
THE QUSSAYA AND RUKKAKA
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE QUSSAYA AND RUKKAKA
И 13-1 Definitions.
§ Six letters of the Syriac alphabet have two sounds, hard and soft. The hard sound is
Л 9 9 4 g 4 9 4
called JjJkOO (Qussaya) and the soft sound is called J n <*><>$ (Rukkaka). The purpose of
hardening and softening the six letters is to make pronunciation easier. It is important to note
that learning the rules of QuSsaya and Rukkaka can only be fully understood by experience.
This is the reason why this material was left until the end.
§ The six letters are «-=>, , «, у, L. These letters can be remembered by using
r 0 '
the mnemonic word Д. **» (bghadhkphath).
§ The pronunciation of a is:
Letter Qussaya Rukkaka
b V
g g
d <)
У к к
P f
L t th
§ Notes: 1. Today, the Western Syrians pronounce ca only as it is in Qussaya, b. On the
other hand, the Eastern Syrians pronounce it as it is in the Rukkaka, v, but they overdid it
until it became as the о (Waw). 2. Today, the Western Syrians pronounce as it is in the
Rukkaka, f. On the other hand, the Eastern Syrians pronounce it as it is in the Qussaya, p.
§ The Qussaya is indicated by the placing of a dot over the letter and the Rukkaka is
indicated by the placing of a dot under the letter. (Note: In the case of the Rukkaka «S , the
Eastern Syrians today place a w under it instead of a dot, <Э.) In manuscripts the dots are
scribed in red.
The most important rules of Qussaya and Rukkaka are introduced in the next sections.
263
CHAPTER THIRTEEN; THE QUSSAYA AND RUKKAKA
ИЯ 13-2 Rules of the Qussaya.
The letters of
are Qussaya:
1. When the initial of a word is a letter from
.« । * , af a t r. i* 2
moj, and Hoti.
, it is a Qussaya as in Ji-b,
2. When a letter, within a word, is preceded by a consonantal sound (non vocalized
। P F . C> v * aP P a P . Г t f> Г aP P
3. Every vocalized letter preceded by another vocalized letter with Fthoho, short c$o§o, or
i r
Rbo$o as in J—(the vocalized is preceded by the vocalized 5 with a Fthoho),
। p f i %
JLool (the vocalized -o is preceded by the short c§o$o), and J-S 2 (the vocalized is
preceded by a vocalized letter with Rbo?o).
4. The L in the second person is always Qussaya as in
* -h f
5. When a letter, within a word, is originally doubled as in (its origin is x)..
(i) • ••
6. The у of the third person when it is preceded by a Yoo4 diphthong as in
1 Diphthong: The letters о and preceded by a vowel as in a and мь..
264
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE QUSSAyA AND RUKKAKA
Ц 13-3 Rules of the Rukkaka.
r P
The letters of are Rukkaka:
1. When a letter of Лч 91 .o♦ is a consonantal sound and preceded by a
non-consonantal sound as in J» JtM, fl 7Л Ju^o-л. and JjlJ.
2. When a letter is preceded by an initial consonantal sound as in
0 I 9 * I 9 t
t-0, Jt 7*\ J 4 and HO
Й4-,
3. When a letter is preceded by two consecutive consonantal sounds as in
4. When an initial is preceded by a letter of j, о and >\). For example,
the initial of mJLd, which is originally Qussaya, becoms Rukkaka in mJ 7-% J-iJ-Oj,
।91 * к t
MI-00 and mJ t-A- However, if the initial is consonant ? or L, it remains Qussaya.
5. When an initial is preceded by a letter of Дч, 1 (where the /, у and L are the
future letters(1), and the Jo is the present letter). For example, the initial of the verb
which is originally a Qussaya, becomes Rukkaka in and
6. The
t of every adjective whose final is
bt or jt is Rukkaka as in
• * ? * r
and
L of the passive (in kl)1 (2) is Rukkaka as in сь jUU, unless it is followed by
p or as in pjb ul, and or unless it is preceded by a j,
7. The
another t,
v£o, । or л as in
8. The у in the second person of the relative personal pronouns as in
1 See Section 8-4.
2 See Section 5-6.
265
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE QUSSAYA AND RUKKAKA
4
* 0 * /
лКд and % clq 'ЬДчо.
9. The к in the feminine third person as in 1»*
Note: The Eastern Syrians apply the rules discussed in the last two sections on Greek
words; the Western Syrians, on the other hand, pronounce the letters as they are in the
original Greek.
266
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE QUSSAYA AND RUKKAKA
13-4 An Example.
A portion from the Sermon on the Mount (Math 5: 1-12) is repeated here with the
Qussaya and Rukkaka marks.
EXERCISE
Verify why the letters of in the above paragraph are Qussaya or Rukkaka.
267
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Al-Kfarnissy, Grammar of the Syriac-Aramaic Language (= J1 л\j **
jL-»io£o), second edition. (Beirut: 1962).
Asmar Al-Koury, A Student's Companion. (Beirut: 1972)
Issac Armala, Kitab Alcosol Al~’btidaeiah Fi Al~lugah AlSuryaniah (=
LJIjulj^I). (Beirut: 1922.)
Carl Brockelmann, Syrische Grammatik Mit Paradigmem Literatur» Chrestomathie Und
Glosser, (Leipzig: 1981).
Louis Costaz, Syriac~English Dictionary. (Beirut.)
F. Dulapuno, Kthobo D'setesto (= JJ? J_ь|ч_о). (Holland: St. Ephrem der Syrer
Kloster, 1982).
Bar Hebraeus, Kthobo D'semhe (= JL~Sajj JLoA^). (Sverige: 1983.)
Abdul Massih Kara Bashi, Herge Dqeryono. (= J-b»UO? L^ioi), vol. 1, 2, 3 & 4. (Holland:
St. Ephrem der Syrer Kloster, 1979).
Abdul Massih Kara Bashi, Mdarsono Bqonune D’lesono (= J 7 ж \ j Jbnixy,*» 1хж^^ьо).
(Holland: St. Ephrem der Syrer Kloster, 1980.)
George Kiraz, Ylaf Lesono Suryoyo (= Li \ ») Vol. 1, 2, 3 & 4.
(Bethlehem: 1982.)
R. Kobert, Vocabularium Syriacum. (Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1956).
Eberhard Nestle, Syriac Grammar With Bibliography» Chrestomathy and Glossary, translated
from the German by A. Kennedy. (Berlin: 1889.)
Theodor Noldeke, Compendious Syriac Grammar, translated from the German by James A.
Crichton. (London: 1904.)
Yuhanon Qasiso, Safro Tobo (= J Jl9j), Vol. 1, 2 & 3. (Sweden: 1983.)
Theodore Robinson, Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar, (London: 1949.)
268
Yeshu Samuel, Mhadyono Dsarwoyo L’lesono Oromoyo (= j I к \ \
$/). (Jerusalem: 1927.)
Ll- } O»-ba
Uhlemann, Syriac Grammar, translated from the German by Enoch Mutchinson. (New York:
1875.)
269
INDEX
ce
c?o?o
long
short
adjectives
feminine
masculine
active
alphabet
Aramaic
Beth
bghadhkphath
body
canon
canticle
Chaladaeans
chant
conjugation
daily offices
demonstrative pronouns
diphthong
doctrinal hymn
Dolath
double verbs
dual
enclitic preposition
Ephraim, St.
Estrangelo alphabet
Fe
feminine
form of words
Fthoho
future tense
Gabriel, Paulos
gender
glory
Gomal
Gospel
25, 58
3, 59
59
59, 264
47, 117, 265
77, 106, 110, 120, 127
109, 127
100
56, 61
57
2, 263, 265
263-267
195
195
195, 200
238
195
153-162
195
52, 69
264
195, 201, 263
2, 58, 94, 101, 265
154, 264
63
94
195
208
25, 263
47, 61, 112, 114
152
3, 59, 264
49, 86-87
205
47, 61, 91
195
2, 263
195
270
Greek Hbo$o He Hebrew Heth homily, metrical hymns doctrinal mystic while sitting imperative indeclinable verbs interdiction interrogative pronouns Jacob of Edessa James, St. Kof ladder liturgical response Liturgy of St. James . Lomaij magnificant masculine meter poetic of St. Ephraim of St. Jacob of Surug of words metrical homily Mim mystic hymn Nestorians Noon 59, 266 3, 59 9 57 14 195, 200 195 195, 201 195 195 87 91 165 54 59 190 18, 263, 264, 265 195, 201 195 190 18, 25, 58, 94, 265 195, 202 47, 61, 114 152, 196-197 196-197 196, 206 197, 206 152 195, 200 18, 265 195 238 18, 153, 157, 161, 265
nouns plural proper number numbers multi-digit object 45, 47, 72, 81, 110 104 61 47, 91 64-65, 137-139 65 49
271
offices, daily 195
Olaph 2, 58, 265
ownership 94
particle, possessive 94
past tense 49, 86, 121, 123
passive 100
permissibilities in 199
Peshitto 167, 229, 259
plural 63, 115, 125
poetic meters 196-197
poetry, permissibilities in 199
possessive particle 94
praising 195
preposition 45-46, 51, 60
enclitic 94
present tense 49, 86, 104, 123
pronouns 52, 54, 88-90
demonstrative 52
interrogative 54
personal 88-90
relative 94, 109, 110, 117
relative personal 96-98
proper nouns 61
Qof 30
Qussaya 263-267
Rabula of Orhoy 195
Rbo§o 3, 59, 264
long 59
short 59
Reesh 30, 58, 63
relative pronouns 94
request 195, 201
of St. Balai 196
of St. Jacob of Surug 201
Rukkaka 263-267
Safar, Fr. Ephraim of Midiat 204
Salman, Yuhanon 206
Sheen 30, 101, 265
shout 195
Simkath 25, 101, 265
272
simple script 208
singular 63, 115, 125
Sodhe 25, 101, 265
subject 49, 51, 100
supplication 195, 202
Syame see Syome
Syome 63
Syrians 59, 198, 203
Eastern 59, 238, 263, 266
Orthodox 190
Western 59, 263, 266
Taw 30, 61, 263, 264, 265, 266
Teth 14, 101, 265
time 143-147
tone 195
tune 195, 202
verb 49, 51, 60, 75
double 154
indeclinable 91
vowels 3, 59, 238
dot 238
long 3, 59
short 3, 59
Waw 3, 9, 263, 265
week letters 153
western script 208
word 60
form (meter) of 152
Yood 3, 14
Zain 9, 58, 101, 265
Zqofo 3, 59
273
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
BOOKS.
1. Aqd Al~juman Fi Achbar Al~Suryan- j (-_>•! ^3 Д_д_р) The Syrian
Orthodox Community in the Holy Land. (Losser, Holland: St. Ephrem der Syrer Kloster, 1988.)
2. Ylaf Leshono Suryoyo- (J-*-»,oxo
a. Key 1. (Bethlehem: 1982.)
b. Key 2. (Bethlehem: 1982.)
c. Book one. (Manuscript.)
d. Book two. (Manuscript.)
*.°>\») Learn The Syriac Language.
3. Syriac For Beginners with Exercises and Cassette Activities- (Los Angeles: St. Ephraim
Youth Organization, 1987.)
4. Syriac Word Processing: Tips and Hints- (Los Angeles: Alaph Beth Computer Systems, 1988.)
COMPUTER SOFTWARE.
1. Alaph Beth Font Kit™- Fonts for the Multi-Lingual Scholar™ Word Processor. (Los Angeles:
Alaph Beth Computer Systems, 1987.)
a. Aramaic Package.
b. Coptic Package.
c. Phoenician Package.
d. Syriac Package (Estrangelo, Western and Eastern scripts).
e. Ugaritic Package.
2. Syriac Music in BASIC- (Los Angeles: Alaph Beth Computer Systems, 1987.)