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Y.l{K 159.91/92(0758)
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nll'lHOCTII, nCHXOJlOrHH pa3BHTIIJI, ,!\H(jI(jIepeHl(MaJlbHOH nCIIXQ-
(jI1I3HOJIOrlm II T ,!\.). De3 )Toro HeB03MOJKHa KoppeKTHaJi IIHTep-
npeTat.(IIH l\aHHblX reHeTHKH nOBe,!\eHHK.
CrpeMCb npe,!\OCTaBMTb qllTaTcnlO KaK MO)J(HO 60Jlee non-
HYIO IIH(jIopMal\HIO 0 ,!\OCTHJKeHIIKX reHeTIIKH nOBe,!\eHI1K qeJlOBe-
Ka, Mbl BKJlIOqHJlI1 B KHMry H KJlaCCHqeCKYIO (jIaKTOJlOrHIO (npOBe-
peHHYIO B l\eCHKax HCCJlel\OBaHHH H He BbI3blBaIOII1YIO COMHeHI1H
B ec 1\0CTOBepHOCTII), II pC3ynbTaTbi caMblX nOCJle,!\HHX IICCJle,110-
BaHllli, KOTOpbIM eII1e npCI\CTOHT Bbll\epJKaTb npOBepKY BpCMe-
HeM, 110 6e3 KOTOpbIX HeB03MOJKHO nOHKTb TeH,11eHl\IIH pa3BHTHK
COBpeMeHHOH reHeTlIKII nOBel\eHH. B CB"311 C 3TIIM npll nOl\ro-
TOBKe KHHrH Hcnonb30naJlIICb KaK 0606II1aIOII1l1e pa60Tbi (PYKO-
BOI\CTBa, MOHorpa(jlHH, 0630pbl), TaK H OTl\enbHble 3KcnepHMeH-
TaJlbHble pa60Tbl, 0606II1eHHe pe3YJIbTaTOB KOTOpblX 6blJlO Bbl-
1J0JlHeHO aBTopaMH .n.aHHOH KHllrH
CnC.I\yeT TaKJKe QTMeTHTb, '1TO Mbl HCnOJlb3yeM KaK CI1HO-
HHMH'IHble )l.Ba Ha3BaHHK onHCbIBaeMOH 06naCTH 3HaHHJI -
"nCJ1XoreHeTHKa" H "reHeTtfK3 nOB.e,lleHH 1.JenOBeKa". IIpH4HHbI
3Toro COCTOJIT B cneI\YIOIl.\CM B 20-e rO.I\bl o6naCTb HCCne.I\0Ba-
HlfK npHpOAbI HHJ/.HBHJ/.yanbHblx pa3nWIHlf B IJOBeAeHqeCKlfX OCO-
5eHHOCTKX qeJIOBeKa II JKHBOTHblX Ha3bIBaJlaCb reHeTI1KOH nOBe-
AeHHK. Ha3BaHlle "nCHxoreHeTIIKa" nOJlBIIJlOCb B Haqane 50-x ro-
.I\0B B 3ana.I\HOeBpOfJeiicKOH II aMepMKaHcKoii reHeTHKe nOBelle-
HHK MK 0603HaqeHIIJI 05nacTH IICCJleIlOBaHHH, HanpaBJleHHblX Ha
113Y'IeHI!e Hacne)J.OlJ.aHII" nCHXOJJOrH'IeCKHX xapaKTepHcTHK qeJlO-
BeKa OHO npocYII1ecTBoBano He,110nro II YJKe B 60-x rOAax npaK-
TH'IeCKII nepeCTano ynoTpe6nKTbCJI B MllpOBOH nHTepaType no
reHeTHKe nOBelleHHJI B POCCHH Ha3BaHHe "nCHxoreHeTHKa" He
HCqe31I0 H npOI\OnJKaeT MCnOJIb30BaTbCK HapK.n:y C 06II1enpHHK-
TblM B ,n;pyrHx CTpaHax HaHMeHOBaHlfeM "reHeTHKa nOBel\eHI1K
'-IeJJOBeKa".
OTMeTHM TaKJKe, '1TO TepMHH "nOBel\eHlle" B reHeTHKe no-
BelleHIlK tpaKTyeTc" MaKCHManbHO WHpOKO. OT aKTHBHOCTII OT-
l\enbHOro HeHpOHa 1\0 JlH'IHOCTHbIX qepT qeJIOBeKa. IT03TOMY npaK-
TH'IeCKIi Bce ypOBHII (jIYHKl(HOHllpOBaHIIK, CBJl3aHHbie C AeKTenb-
HOCTbIO HepBHOH CIICTeMbI, MorYT JlBJIJlTbCJI 06beKTaMH H3Y'le-
6
HIIK reHeTHKM nOBelleHlIK. 3TO Hawno CBoe OTpaJKeHHe M B MaTe-
p"anax, npHBoAHMblX B )!;aHHOH KHllre HapKI\Y C nCHxoreHeTH-
qeCKHMII MCCnel\OBaHHJlMH HHTeJUIeKTa H yrllx nCHXOJlorHqeC-
KHX xapaKTepl1CTHK '1HTaTenb HaHl\eT JIlCCb CBeAeHHJI H 113 OTHO-
CIITeJlbHO MonOAbIX, HO IIHTeHCHBHO pa3BMBalOII1HXCK OtpacneH
reHeTMKH nOBe)!;eHIIH - nClfxo(jlll3110JIOrllqeCKOH reHeTHKI1 H
HeiiporeHeTHKII.
ITCI-IXOreHeTMKa BKnlOqella Hel\aBHO B 06pa30BaTeJIbHbfH
CTaH;rapT nOMOTOBKI1 IICMxOJlOrOB B Ka'leCTBe caMOCTOKTenbHOH
yqe6HOii I\IICI1HnJlHHbI. .II.aHHa KHHra BJlJleTCK yqe6HbiM noc0611-
eM no KYpCY nCHxoreHeTHKH JI,JIJI CTYl\eHTOB H aCnl1paHTOB nCMXO-
JJOfHqeCKI1X (jIaKYJJbTeTOB OI\HaKO HaM XOTeJJOCb 5bl HaAeJlTbC,
qTO KHHra 6Y)!;eT MHTepeCHoii H nOJIC3HOH M /I.llil/Wyrllx CIlel11/anH-
CTOB M nOCJlYJKHT HM BBe)!;CHlleM B HenpepbtBHo pa3BIIBaIOtl(yroCJI II
6eCKOHeqHO YBneKaTeJIbHYIO 06naCTb HaYKI1- B rCHeTHKY nOBelle-
HH '!eJIOBeKa.
rnaBbll, 6, 10, 11,12,13 HaTIIICaHbI C.D MaJIbtX; rnaBbl2, 3,
4, 14 - T.A.MeUIKoBoii; rJJJBbl 7, 8, 9, 15, 16 - M.C EropolJ.ojj,
maBa 5 - cOBMeCTHO T.A.MewKoBoH, M.C.EropOBoH H
C.E.MaJlbIX

qacmb I
KP ATEA.ff MCTOPilE
rEHETllliH rrOBHllE

rnABA 1. KPATKAS! IiICTOPJ,lJ rEHETIiIKJ,IJ
nOBE,QEHJ,lJH
reHeTIIKa nOBeAeHIIR qenOBeKa cpaBHIITenbHO HCAaBHO
wOJK!lJIaCb KaK caMOCTORTeJIbHaSl HaY'IHaSl AIICQHnJIHHa, liTeM
HC MeHCC OHa HMCCT CBOlO 60raTYlO npeAbICTOpHlO, TCCHO ncpe-
nnCTCHHYro C paJBIITHCM rCHCTMKIf qCJJOBCKa. .llCTOPHH reHCTHKII
AOCTaTO'lHO nOAPo6HO onHcaHa, nOJTOMY B AaHHoi1 rrraBe Mbl
oc,aHOBltMCJI TOJIbKO Ha C06blTIIRX, HCTlOCpeACTBeHHO CBJl3aH-
HblX co CTaHOBJICHIICM rCHeTIIKII TlOBCJjCHltJl KaK caMOCTOHTeJlb-
HOH HaYKH.
OJjHHM H3 HCTOKOB reHeTHKH nOBCAeHIIH, TaK )I(e KaK H rClle-
TltKI1, HBnHeTCH TCOpHH 3BOJllOQIIH, pa3pa60TaHHaH q..II.apBltHOM B
XIX BCKe. CYTb JjapBHlloBCKOH Toopnn JaKJUO'lae-rcl! B CJ1CJ.!yroLQCM
Bo-nepBblx, Y oc06eH BHYTpH KBJKJjoro BHl\a Ha6J1lOJjaeTCJlII3MeH-
qHBOCTb no lOpcjJOJIOrH'IeCKHM II cjJII311OrrOrHqeCKHM npH3HaKBM,
npltqCM 3Ta H3MeH'II1BOCTb B03HIt\(ae-r cnyqaHHbIM 05paJOM Bo-
BTOpbIX, 3TB H3MCH'IltBOCTh HacrrCJjYeTCH. B-TpCTbHX, B CBmH C or-
paHHqeHHOCTblO Hc06xol\HMbIX PCCypCOB OC06H JjaHHoH nonynH-
111111 60pIOTCH 3a 1Jbl)l(HBallIlC. Hall50rree npl\cnOC06ncHHbIe BbDI{It-
BalOT II OCTaBnSlIOT nOTOMKOB, 06JlB,l1aIDLQHX TCMH JKC rrpHJHBKaMH.
B pe3YJ1bTaTC TaKoro CCTCCTBeHHoro oT6opa HaH60rrec npHcnoco6-
JIeHHbIX oc06eH npcJjcTaBIlTenH JjaHHoro BHl\a Bce nyqwe aJjanTH-
PYJOTCSI K YCJlOJ!HJJM oKpYJKaIOLQeii CPC.!];b'- TaKHM 06pa30M, B DCIIO-
Be McxaHH3Ma 3BonIOQHII nCJKaT '!pH cjJYHAaMCHTarrbHblX cjJaKTO-
pa - H3MCH'IHBOCTb, HaCJIeACTBeHHOCTb II CCTeCTBeHHblH OT60p.
II }:IapBHH nOHHMaJI, '1TO cjJeHOMeH HaCJJeI\CTBCHHOcrn I'!rpaeT CYLQe-
CTBeHHYIO pOJIb B BOJDOI1HOHHOM npOI.\Ccce. Ol\HaKO npCJjCTBBne-
HHH 0 HaCnCI\CTBCHHOCTH*, CYLQCCTBOBaBlllltC B TO BpeMR, pa60TBJIH
npDTltB ero TeopHH.
.. COrJIaCHO 3THM npen.CTaSJ1eHIUiM, HRcne.n:CTBeHHOe BeIlleCTBO pO.LIJ1TC-
nei{ CMeWHBaeTC,," y nOTOMC'I'S8 nO.lI.06HO )I,BYM B3alu.topaCTBopHMblM :iKH,!J.KO-
CTSIM (TeopHSI cmlTHOH Hacne,nCTBeHHOCTH)
11

OCHOBHoe B03pa)l(eHHe npOTHB 3BOJI1Ol\HOHHOH TeopHH
}];apBHHa 6blJI0 BbllJ,BHHYTO <I>..II.)I(CHKHHCOM. ECJIH HaCJIe,ll.CTBeH-
Hble 3JICMeHTbl p0,ll.HTeJIeH CJIHBaIOTCR, TO npH3HaKli B nOCJIe.I\YlO-
I'!X nOKOJIeHHHX ,lI.On)l(HbI HMeTb npOMe)l(YTOqHbIH xapaKTcp H B
KOHQe KOHl\OB HCXOMble npH3HaKH ,lI.0J1)1(HbIIlC'Ie3aTb. CJIe,ll.OBa-
TenbHO, 3TH npll3HaKH He MorYT 5blTb 05'beKTOM eCTeCTBeHHoro
oT6opa (TaK Ha3blBaCMblH "KOlliMap .II.)I(eHKilHca"). H JIHIlIb OT-
KpblTHe f.MeH.neneM AIICKpCTHoro xapaKTepa Hacne.I\YeMOCTii
CHJlnO B03pa)l(eHHe .II.)I(eHKHHCa, nOCKonbKY 6blJIO YCTaHOBlleHO,
'1TO HaCne,ll.CTBeHHble :mCMeHTbl HC cnHBaIOTCH, a coxpaHHIOTCH
HCH3MeHHbIMH OT nOKOJICHIIH K nOKoneHHIO.
llOHBJIeHHe 3BOJIIOl\IIOHHOH Teoplili .nano TOJIqOK IICCJle.no-
BaHIIJlM lj>eHoMeHa lIacne.nCTBeHHOCTI1. .II.0 nORBneHII" KOHl\em.\IIU
.II.ap1JHlla lj>eHOMeH HaCneJl,cTBeHHOCTH npaKTII'IeCKH He IICCJ1eJl,O-
BaJICJI, XOTR rHnOTe3bI 0 npHpo.ne H3CJIe.l.\CTBeHHOCTH BbICKa3bI-
BaJIHCb. B OCHOBe 3TIIX rHnOTe3 Jle)l(aJI MHorOBeKOBOH OnbIT Bbl-
paHBaHHJI KYJlbTYPHbIX paCTeHI1H It p33BeAeHilli CKOTa, KOTO-
pblii nOKa3b1BaJI, qTO nYTeM H36i1paTeJIbHOrO CKpCHBaHHJI MO)l(-
HO YJIY'IIlIaTb copTa H nopOlJ,bl. .II.3BHO 6blJI0 3aMeqeHO H TO, qTO Y
JIIO.l.\eii MHorlie qepTbI, BKJIIO'IalOlIe He TOJIbKO BHelliHOCTb, HO H
oc06eHHOCTH nOBc).{eHIIJI, nepc.nalOTCJI OT pOMTeJIeH nOTOMKaM.
lly6mlKal\HJI B 1859 ro).{y KHHrll "IIpoHcxo)l(.l.\eHHe BH.l.\OB
nYTeM eCTeCTBeHHoro oT6opa" npoll3Bena peBOJIIOI.\1I1O B B033pe-
HIIIIX yqeHbIX H npHBeJla 1\ llI1\p"KOMY pBcnpOCTpaHeHltlO 1\ npM-
3HaHHlO H.nei1 .II.apBHHa. O.lUlHM 113 BB)I(HblX nOCJIe.l.\CTBHH 3TorO
C06bITnJl CTano np06Y)I().{eHl1e HayqHOrO HHTepeca K npOIlCXO)l(-
.neHIlIO qeJIOBeKa II nOHHM3HHe ero npllHaAITeJKHOCTH K )l(HBOTHO-
MY MHPY. H.ne" npHCllOC06HTCJIbHOrO 3HaqeHH" nCIIXHKH, BbllJ,-
BHHYTaH q.}];apBIIHOM, HMena 60nbwoe 3Ha'IeHHe H AITJI P33BH-
THH nCIfXOJIOrHII. OTKpblTble }];apBHHOM 3aKOHbl BOJIIOI.\HH no-
CTaBltJ!H ncpeJl, nCMX0J10Tlleii 33)\3'!y OnpeJl,eneHJ.lH Jl,BH)I(yll.\HX CHJ1
nCHXII'IeCKOrO pa3BHTHJI, COnOCTaBJ1eHIUI nCHXHKH JKHBOTHblX II
'IenOBeKa. IIo.l.\ BJ1IUIHHeM H).{eH q..II.apBI'!Ha B03HHKnH TaKHe 06-
naCTH I1CHXOJIOrHII, KaK nCHX01l0flfJl pa3BIITlIJI H cpaBHHTeJIbHaR
nCHXOJIOnl". Ha TeOpemqeCKHe KOHlIenl\HH nCHXOJIOrHIl pa3BIITHR
TeopHH 3BOJIlOI.\IIH OKa3ana npRMoe BnHRHHe: TeOpHJI peKanHTY-
1IJlI.\IIH, c(jJopMynHpOBaHH3R CT.XOnJIOM H .II.JK.I:;OJl.l.\YHHOM, oc-
HOBbIB3naCb Ha 6HoreHeTI1qeCKOM 3aKOHC 3.feKKe1lR, cornaCHO
KOTOPOMY 3apO.l.\b1IllH BbICIlIHX JKHBOTHblX nOBTopHIOT, B COKpa-
12
U.\eH HOM BH.ne, 3Bon1Ol\H1O npe.nIllecTBYIOll.\HX )l(HBOTHbIX 1j>0pM.
ITo TeopllH peKanHTy1IRI.\IfH, B xo.ne HHIJ,HBH.!I.yaJ1bHOrO pa3BIITlfR
pe6CHOK TaKJKe npOXO.l.\HT 3Tanbl 3BOJIlOl\110HHOrO npOl\eCCa II
KyJlhT)'pHoro p33B1lTIIII '1enOBe'leCTBa.
HeCKOJIbKO 3a6eraJi BnepeA, MO)l(HO OTMeTHTb, qTO, no MHe-
HlilO cOBpeMeHHoro HeMel\KOrO 3BOJUOI.\HOHHCTa 3 Mailpa, nORBne-
IIlIe BOmoI.\HOHHOH TeOp1111 npOH3Beno KOHl\enTyanbHYlO PCBOJllO-
I.\H1O, nOCKOJIbKY npHBe110 K 3aMCHe THnOflOrHqeCKOrO MbllllJIeHHR
noI1YJlJll\HOHHbIM (BapHal\IIOHHbIM) (Whitney G.,1990).
HCTOpHlO pa3BIITHR reHeTHKH nOBeAeHHJI qeJIOBeKa ycnoB-
HO MO)l(HO pa3J1,emlT'b Ha '1eTbIpe OCHOBHblX ncplloJl,a:
1) 1865-1900 - 3apOJKAeHHe reHeTHKH nOBeAeHHH '1e-
JIOBeKa;
2) 1900-1924 - CTaHOBJIeHHe reHeTIIKH nOBe.J\eHH K3K
caMoCTOJlTeJIbHOii HayqHOH AIICl\HnJIHHbI;
3) 1924-1960 - HaKOnJleHHe 3MnllpHqeCKOrO MaTepHaJla;
4) C 1960 no HaCTORll.\ee BpeMR - cOBpeMeHHblH 3Tan.
KpaTKo oxapaKTcplnyeM Ka)l(,1\blli H3 3TH X 3TanOB II qYTb
6011ee nOAP06HO OCTaHOBHMCJI Ha I1CTOpHH pa3BHTHJI reHeTHKH
nOBe.l.\eHHJI qCnOBeKa B POCCHH.
1.1. 3apO)l(){eHHe reHeTHKH nOse.l.\eJlHK '1eJlOBeKa
<I>.fanbTOH 6blJl OAHHM H3 nepBblx, KTO YBH.neJl B 3B0111O-
l\HOHHOH TeopHH MHOJKeCTBO nepcneKTH8, KaCalOll.\HXCR qeJlOBCKa
H nCHxonorHH B 1865 rOAY B )l(YPHane "Macmillan's Magazine"
<I>.raJ1bTOH ony6nl1KOBaJI CTaTblO, B KOTOpOH OH 060cHoBbIBan
IIAeIO HaCJIe.l.\CTBeHHOCTH TanaHTa II B03MO)l(HOCTH yny'lllleHlI" qe-
 *
JIOBeqeCKOH npHpOl.\bl nYTeM p33MHO)l(eHIIJI o.napeHHblX JIIO.l.\eH .
IIo3AHce, B 1869 roJl,Y, <I>.raJIbTOH nOI.\P06Ho 1I3JIOJKHn
C80H B3rnJl.!l.bI B KHHre "Hereditary Genius, its Laws and
Consequences"**, KOTopaH CTaJIa OCHoBononaralOLI.\eii AITJI reHC-
Tl1KII nOBe.l.\eHHR qeJIOBeKa.
01< BnOCJIe,lI,CTBHH 3TH HJ],eH 6ynyT J'[OJIO:IKeHbI <D raJ1bTOHOM B OCHOBY
eBreHHKH - O,ll,HOrO J{) HanpaBJleHHH HCCJ!ellOB3HHH 8 reHeTHJCe l{.TJOBe"a
.. PYCCK';\ ne-pe90a Kmu' "HacneJJ.:CTReHHOC'Tb Tana\\Ta., 38KQHi:.l « no-
cnc.aCTBHR" 6bln BnepBbIC ony6JIUKOB3H B 1875 ro,!:\y
13
\.

B IICH OnHCalIb! nepBble MnHpHqeCKUe HCCne)(OBaHH Ha-
CJIe)(yeMocTII nOBe)(eHI1 qeJIOBeKa. <1>.fanbTOH npe)(npHHJlJI no-
nblTKY onpe,l\eJIIITb U H3MepllTb ceMeHHoe CXO,l\CTBO )(JlJI ,l\Ocn!-
JKeHHH B caMbIX pa3HbIX C<pepax - OT 1OpU,l\H'IeCKOii H penHrll03-
HOH ,l\eTenbHOCTH lIO cnOC061I0CTeH K rpe6JIe II 60pb6e. <1>.raJIb-
TOHY Y,l\anocb nOKa3aTb, qTO: 1) BepoTHoCTb npOBneHI1H TanaH-
Ta B ceMbX BbllIa1OHXC JI1O,l\eH HaMHoro Bb!We, qeM B 06we-
CTBe B l.\enOM; Z) BepoTHoCTb Toro, '{TO pO.lI;CTBeHHHK BbJ,lIaJOe-
rocJI qeJIOBeKa 6y)(eT TarraHTnl1BblM, B03paCTaeT no Mepe YBerrll-
qeHH CTeneHH pO)(CTBa. 3TH OTKpbITH n03BOJIHlIII <1>.fanbTOHY
C03,l\aTb nepBYIO MaTeMaTl1'1eCKY1O MO.lI;eJlb ceMeHHoro CXO,l\-
CTBa - Cq,OPMYJIl1pOBaTb "3aKOH pOD;OBOH HaCne,l\CTBeHHOCTH".
3TOT 3al\OH lIOBOJlbHO XOpOUJO onHCbIBan npOHBneH1fI1 !j>aMIIJIb-
Horo CXO,l\CTBa, O,l\HaKO He 6bIJI OCHOBaH Ha rJry60KoM nOHHMa-
HI1H ,l\eHCTBHTenbHbIX MexaHlI3MOB HaCJIeI\CTBeHHOCTI1, KOTopoe
CTaJIO B03MOJKHbtM lIIlIIlb B Ha'larre l\Bal\l.\aTOrO BeKa, noeJle nepe-
OTKpbITI-IH K KoppeHCOM, r..II.C<PPIl30M II 3.qepMaKoM 3aKoHOB
MeHl\e!IR.
C I'!MeHeM <1>.faJIbTOHa C1J3aHO II C03l\aHHe MeTOAH'IeCKO-
ro apceHarra reHeTHKII nOBe)(eHHJI - OT exeM 3KcnepllMelITanb-
Horo HCCJIe.lIOBaHHH 1\0 MeToD;OB MaTeMaTllqeCKOro alIaJIII3a .lIaH-
HbIX .II.nJl HCCrre.lIOBaHI1H 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH Hacne,l\CTBeHHOCTlI 11
H3MeHqHBOCTH <1> rarrbTOHOM 6bIJIH pa3pa60TaHb! OCHOBbI BapH-
aQHOHHOH CTaTlICTIIKII, B TOM qHCne pH,l\ BaJKHbIX CTaTIlCTHqeC-
KHX MeTO,l\OB, KOTopbIe IIcnorrb3Y1OTCH 1\0 CIIX nop (HanpHMep,
perpeCCI10HHbIH H KOppeJIHl.\IIOHHbIH aHaJIH3).
OlIHOH 1I3 3acrryr <1>.rarrbTOHa MOJKHO CqHTaTb ero HlIe10
(Galton F , 1875) 06 HCnOJIb30BaHI111 6mt3HeQOB .lIJIH BbIJleHe-
HH pOJ!H HaCJIelICTBeHHOCTH. B l\aJIbHeHWeM no npHBeJIO K
pa3pa6oTKe 6JIH3HeQOBOrO MeTOl\a, KOTOpblH H B HalliH I\HH
HBJIneTCH OI\HHM H3 OCHOBHblX npl1 113y'leHHII BOIIRHHH HaeJIel\-
CTBeHHOCTH II Cpel\b! Ha !j>OpMlIpoBaHlle IIHI\HBII,l\yaJlbHbIx
pa3rrllqllH.
lfMeHHo <1> ranbTOH nepBblM npHMellHJI OCHOBHOH MeTO-
,l\ll'leCKHH npIleM, KOTOPb!M reHeTHKII nOBe)(eHI1 qerrOBeKa
nOJIb3YIOTC H CerOI\HR. COrJIdCHO <1> raJ!bTOHY, '1T06bI OQeHllTb
BnHHlle HaCrre,l\CTBeHHOCTH Ha nCIiXOrrorHqeCKlle xapaKTepHcTH-
KII, He06xo,l\llMO KaK MOJKHO 60nee TOqHO KOrrHqeCTBeHHO Ol.\e-
HHTb 3TH xapaKTepHCTHKH H 3aTeM conOCTaBI1Tb 0l.\eHKH y n1O-
14
j
J
lIeH C H3BecTHOH CTeneHbIO POI\CTBa (y 6rrIl3HeQOB, pOlIHTeJIeH H
jleTeH H T.,l\.).
):\n peweHII nOCTaBJleHHbIX 3a.lIaq <1>.fanbTOH pa3pa6a-
TblBarr H MeTO,l\bl 113MepeHH nCHXH'IeCKUX IiJYHKQIIH qenOBeKa
(OCTpOTa oyweHIIH, BpeMS! peaKl.\HH H TJI,.), KOTopbIe CJlYJKlInH
jlnH ol.\eHKH HH,l\IIBH)(yaJIblibIX pa3nHqllll MC)J(,l\Y JIIOl\bMH. Ha-
npHMep, HM 6bIJI C03)(ali cnel.\lIanbHblii CBIICTOK (CBHCTOK faJIb-
TOHa) i\JlJI onpcjleJleHH BepXHero nopora cnyxa. 3TH Hccne.zr.OBa-
HHH <1>.fanbTOHa 3anOJKIIJlH OCHOBbI nCIIXOJIOrlm HHlIHBHlIyanb-
HbIX pa3nH'IIIH H nCIIXOMeT)JHKH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, <P.fanbTOH onpelIenllJI OCHOBHbIt no,DJ(O-
jlbI II nOHJlTIIS!, KOTopbIe CTanH I\eHTpanbHblMIi TeMaMH reHeTlIKH
nOBe):\eHIIH.
JI1060nbITHO, qTO B TO)J(C BpeM" B POCC",I, B 1865 ro)(y, B
JKypHarre "PyccKaS! cTapllHa" 6bInH ony6nHKoBaHbI OqCPKH
B.M.<1>nopIlHcKoro "YcoBepIlleHcTBoBaHHe II BblpO)J(.zr.eHHe '1e-
nOBeqeCKOrO pO,l\a" (B BH.zr.e oTi\eJlbHOH KHHrH 113.zr.aHbl B 1866
ro.l\y), B KOTOpblX TaKIKC pa3BftBaJOTCH IInCIf YC(}BepUJe/JcTBOBa-
HH "qeJ!oBe'lecKoH nOpOl\bI". no MHeHHIO OTC'ICCTBeHHblX HCTO-
pllKOB HaYKH H reHeTI1KOB, 3Ta pa60Ta 3anOJKHJIa OCHOBbI OTe'Ie-
CTBCHHOH MeI.UII.(HHCKOH reIiCTIlKH.
OD;HI1M 113 Ba)J(HbIX Cpe.zr.CTB YCOBepweHCTBOBaHIiJi paC!>I
B.M.<I>J!opIfIiCKIf!I C'IIfTan TaKo» C03HaTeJlbHI>IH nO.l\60p c}n-
pYJKeCKI1X nap, KorAa naTOnOrHqeCKoMY npH3HaKY OI\HorO H3
cynpyroB npOTI1BOCTOIIT HopManbHblH npH3HaK Apyroro. "Bbl-
60p cynpyroB npH 6paKOCOqeTaHHI1 npe.zr.cTaBJ!JleT O.l\HH 113
BaJKHbIX rllrHeHHqeCKHX BonpOCOB, caMoe cywecTBcHHoe YCJlO-
BHe lIlIH yrrY'JIIJeHIIJI nopo)\bI. aT Ka'leCTB cynpyroB Hcnocpe.zr.-
CTJJeHHO 3aBilCHT H Ka'leCTBa nOTOMCTBa". - nl1weT B.M.<Pno-
pIlHCKHll. ITo ero MHeHHIO, no.zr.06HblH no)(60p ocna6J\JlCT IInH
Bo06e YCTpaHJleT .l\e4JeKT 60rrbHoro po.zr.HTeJlJl, COOTBeTCTBeH-
HO, BO BCeM IIaCtJIeHI1H qllCJlO 60J!bHb1X YMeHbIlleTCH H TeM ca-
MbIM "nopOlIa ycoBepIlleHcTByeTcH" OH D;eTaJlbHO paCCMaTpll-
BaeT B03paCT BCTynneHHH B 6paK, HpaBCTBeHHbIe H <PH311'1CC-
KHe KaqCCTBa II onllCblBaeT 6pa'lHbIe KOM6HHaQHII, KOTopbIe
npHBO,lIT K nOBJleHHIO He6naronpHTHbIX npH3HaKOB y no-
TOMCTBa. Oc060e MeCTO B pa60Te B.M <PnopHHCKoro 3aHIIMa-
eT aHanH3 BJ\mIHIIJI 6mI3KOpOl\CTBCHHbIX 6paKOB Ha 3,lIOpOBbe
nOTOMCTBa.
15

1.2. CTBHOBJleHHe reHeTHKH nOBeJ(eHHSI 'IeJlOBeKa KBK
CBMOCTOSlTeJIbHOii HaY'IHOii .lIHCnHllJIHHbI
JIB BHHMaHl1e MHorHX HCCJIeJ(OBaTeJIeH, npell.nOql1TaIO!l(IJX KOHT-
ponlipyeMblii reHeTl1qeCKHii 3KCnepl1MeHT nO.llCqeTY KoppeJI'-lHi1
Me)!{II.Y Ha5J1IO.lIaeMb1MIJ nepeMeHHblMIJ.
no Mepe pa3BIITIJ 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHOH reHCTIJKH HaMe-
THJlC paCKOJI MeJK.!I,y npell.CTaBHTeJlJlMIJ 6HOMeTpHqeCKOH I1IKOJlbl
11 reHeTHKaMH, KOTOpbli1 B Te'leHlle J(eCHHJleTHH OKa3bIBaJl 50Jlb-
1lJ0e BJlHJlHHe Ha pa3BI1TI1e HaYKI1. CTOPOHHI1KH 5110MeTpIl'leC1<0-
ro nOll.xo.lla, B qaCTHOCTH, <p.faJlbTOH, K ITHpCOH 11 HX nocJlell.o-
lJaTenll, I1HTepeCOBaJIHCb npeI1MY!l(eCTBeHHo KOJIl1qeCTBeHHblMH
113MepeHHJlMil HenpephIBHo I13MeHIO!l(HXC npIf3HaKOB. OHII npe-
YBeJlHqliBaJlIi ponb MeJlKHX Ii HenpepbIBHblX H3MeHeHI.H If IIrHO-
pHpOBaJIIf 3HaqeHlle CKaqK006pa3HbiX H3MeHCHHii, OTpmaJlH ,!\I1CK'
peTHOCTb HaCJIe.n;CTBeHHOCTII. MeTo.n;bl perpeCCHH H KOppeJl'-lI1H
HBIIHJlHCb OCHOBHbIMH CTaTlICTlJ1leCKIIMH IIHCTpYMCHTaMH EHo-
MCTpHKaM 5bIlIO H3BeCTHO, '1TO BapHal.\H MHOrHX BaJKHbIX xa-
paKTcpHCTHK BJlHeTC HenpepbIBHoii; OHH BH.n;eJlH, qTO TaKa He-
npepbIBHaJi BapHa'-ll1J1 XOpOl1l0 05'bcHeT nOCTeneHHOCTb eCTe-
CTBeHHOrO oT60pa B TeopHH .II.apBI1Ha CTOpOHHHKIf 6110MeTPH-
qeCKoro nOlJ;xo,!\a CqHTaJIl1, qTO MeHlJ;elIeBCl<lie 3aKOHbl, BbIBCI\CH-
Hble H3 OnbITOB C ropOXOM, HC npl1MeHI1Mbl K CJlOJKHblM npli3Ha-
KaM BbrCI1IHX opraHH3MOB, pacnpeJ(eneHHe KOTOpbIX COOTBeTCTByeT
HOpMaJlbHOMY.
C .n;pyrOH CTOpOHbI, MHOrO'lHCJIeHHbIe 3KCnepHMeHTbI re-
HeTI1KOB nOIJ;TBCpJK.n;aJlH OTKpblTble MCHJ(eJIeM 3aKOHbi H CBHJ(e-
TeJlbCTBOBaJlI1 0 J(IICKpeTHOM xapaKTcpe HaCJIe.n;CTBCHHOCTH 113
31'0ro CIICJI,OBaJIO, qTO l1J(eH nOCTenCHHOCTIl H3MeHeHI1H B npO'-lec-
ce eCTecneHHoro oT60pa 6blJla 011l1160'lHOH CKopee, B OCHOBe
3BOJIIOl.\HH JIeJKaJlH CKaqK005pa3Hbie HaCJlCJ(CTBeHHble H3MeHe-
HIIJI - MYTa'-lHH.
B CBH3H C pa3HOH O'-leHKOH pOJIII HenpepbIBHOH H IHICKpeT
HOH 113MeH'IHBOCTH B 3BOJlIO'-l1l11 nOJleMIII<a MeJK.!I,y npe.n;CTaBltTe-
JIMI1 .n;BYX I1IKOJI-reHeTHKaMH II 6HOMeTpl1KaMH - 050CTpl1-
JlaCb Cne.n;CT1JUeM 3TUX .n;UCKYCCHH CTaJlO 1jJ0pMHpoBaHHe K 20-M
ro,!\aM KpaHHe HeraTHBHOrO OTHOllieHIIH K TCOplilf .II.apBHHB, II
JllIl1Ib 3aTeM npOlf30l1lJlO nOCTcneHHOe npll3HaHHe pOJIH eCTeCTBCH
Horo oT60pa reHeTH'IeCKI'!X BapHaHTOB B 3BOJllOl.\HH.
):\JlH nOHHMaHHJI npHpo.n;bl HcnpepbIBHOH H3MeHqHBOCTI1
He06xo.n;HMO 5blJl0 06'beIl.HHHTb 06a nOjI,XOlI.a, '1TO H npOll30l1lJlO
B pBMKax KOHI1enu,1111 MHOJKeCTBeHHblX !jJaKTopOB. B [9[8 roll.Y
17
B 1883 r. faJIbTOH npe.ll:JloJKIIJI Cne'-lHaJIbHOe Ha3BaHI1e AJ]JI
HaYI<H 06 YJIY'IllieHIIH nOpO.n;bI qeJIOBeKa - "eBreHHKa". ECJlH ne-
peBOII.IITb CJIOBO "eBreHHKa" 6)'KBaJlbHO, OHO 03Ha'iaeT HaYKY 0
"pOJKlleHHH nY'II1IHx". EBreHHKa npeAJ]araeT npHMeHHTb MeTOll
I1CKYCCT1JCHHOH CeJ1eKl.\HH K '1enOBCI<Y, AJ]H TOro 'IT06bI BocnpoH3-
BOJ(HTb nOTOMCTBO C JKCJlaTCJlbHbIMII npH3HBKaMH. O.n;HaKo KB-
KHe npH3HaKil JKCJlaTCJlbHbl, a KaKl1e HeT? ITpo!l(e OTBeTIITb, Ka-
KHC npH3HaKH HC)!{e,laTeJIbHbI (CJIenOTa, CJIa60YMHc H T..n;.). B 3a-
BHCHMOCTH 01' Bbl60pa TOH HJlH HHOH 3al\aqH, B CBrCHHKe MOJKHO
BbIl\eJIIITb )l.Ba HanpaBJleHII - n03HTHBHYlO H HeraTHBHYlO CBre-
HHKY YCHJlIIH n0311THBHOH eBreHIIKIl HanpaBJleHbl Ha nOMO!l(b
6paKaM, llalO!l(HM l.\eHHOC AJ] 06!l(eCTBa, OJ(apeHHoe H 3)J.opOBoe
nOTOMCTBO; l.\CJlb HcraTHBHoH eBrCHHKI1 - C03,!\aHHC npCnJlT-
CTBHH AJ]JI 6paKoB, .n;aJO!l(HX Jl,c!jJeKTHBHoe nOTOMCTBO.
<P.faJlbTOHa MOJKHO OTHeCTH K CTOpoHHHKaM n03HTHBHOH
CBreHIlKII, TorJ(a KaK 3a.n;a'lll, nOCTaBJlCHHble B.M.<PJIOpHHCKIIM,
CXOllllbI C 3al\a'laMIl HeraTIIBHoH CBrcHIlKH H COBPCMCHHOH MC,!\H-
I.\IIHCKOH reHeTHKII. BOJicc nOJl,p06HO Ha HCTOpllH eBreHH'IeCKO-
ro )l.BHJKeHII MbI OCTaHOBHMCH qYTb n03JKe.
B 1866 ro.n;y 6blJla ony6J1HKoBaHa pa60Ta C 113J10JKeHHCM
!jJYH,!\aMeHTaJIbHbIX OTKpblTIIH f.MeHJl,eJIJI, KOTOpblH YCTaHOBHJI 3a-
KOHoMepHoCTIi nepe.n;a'lH HaCJle.n;CTBeHHbIX 3all.aTKOB, HO 31'a pa60
Ta, K COJKaneHHIO, He 6blOa Ol.\eHeHa COBpeMeHHIIKaMH. OCHoBHOH
3acnyrOH r.MeH.n;eJlH 6billO OTKpblTI1C J(IIcK]JeTHOrO xapaKTepa Ha-
CJle.n;CTBCHHOCTH <PaK111qCCKH HMeHHO f.MeH.n;enb BIDIeTCJI OCHO-
BOnOJlOJKHHKOM reHeTHKU, XOT JIeTOHC'IIICJIeHlle reHeTHKII Be.n;CTC
C 1900 rOlla - MOMeHTa ny6JIHKal.\HH pa60T K.KoppcHca, f.):\e!jJ-
pI13a,3.qcpMaKa.
BTOpH'IHOe OTKpblTHC B 1900 r. 3aKOHOB MeH.n;cJlJI CTIIMY-
JlHpOBaJlO MHOrOqHCJlCHHbIe 3J<cnepl1MeHTaJIbHble HCCJleIl.OBaHH
H lI.aJlbHcHIIIYIO pa3pa60TKY TeopHH J(IICKPeTHOH HaC!Ie,!\CTBCHHO-
CTII. C 3Toro MOMCHTa reHeTHKa Ha'laJIa pa3BIIBaTbCH 6bICTpblMH
TeMnaMH. K 1910 ro.n;y B03HHKJlI1 ,!\eCJlTKII JIa60paTopHH BO MHO-
rHX CTpaHax MHpa, B TOM qHCJIe H B POCCHH. feHeTHKa npHBJleK-
16

6blJla ony6JIHKOBaHa CTaTbJl P.<I>I1111epa "The correlation between
relatIves on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance" (FIsher R.,
1918), B (<OTOpOH 6biJIII H3J\O)I(eHbi OCHOBbl HOB oro nO.l\XOi\a K
np06J1eMe. KOHl.\enL\ilH MHO)i(CCTBCHHbIX <paKTOPOB OnHpaeTCH Ha
II.Ba OCHOBH1,IX nOJlOJKeHilW
I) !jJaKTopbl, KOHTpOJlllpYlOll\He KOJmqeCTBeHHble npH3Ha-
KiI, HaCJlcl\YIOTCH B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHaMH MeHlI,eJlH,
2) BJlHJlHHe 3THX <panopoB Ha npH3HaK HOCI1T KYMYJIHTIIB-
Hblii xapaKTep, a BKJlai\ Ka)l(II,Ot'o H3 IHIX B H3MeH'IHBOCTb
npH3HaKa HaCTOJlbKO MaJl, qTO BJlHJlHHe Jl,HCKpeTHblx reHO-
THI1H'IeCKHX rpynn CTaHOBUTCH Hepa3J1UqHMbIM. TaKHM 06-
pa30M, Ha OCHOBe JUICKpeTHOH H3MeHqHBOCTH reHonma MO-
JKeT B03HHKaTb HenpepblBHaJI 1t3MeH'IHBOCTb !jJeHOTltna (Ma-
3ep K., }:\)I(IIHKC .II.)I(.,1985).
KOHl.\emUIJIIdHO)l(eCTBeHHbIX !jJaKTopoB CTana TeOpCTH'leC-
KOH OCHOBOH HOBOii Hay'IHOH Jl,HCL\l1l1nltHbI - KOnltqeCTBeHHoH
rCHeTHKl1. KOnH'ICCTBeHHaJI reHeTIIKa OCHOBblBaeTCJI Ha npei\-
CTaBnCHHH 0 TOM, qTO MeHII,CJIeBCKHii MexaHH3M i\IICKpeTHoro
HaCne.!lOBaHHH npHMeHHM H K HenpcpblBHO pacnpell.CJICHHblM cnOJK-
HblM npH3HaKaM. UPOHCXOJI,HT :no B Tex cnyqaHX, KOr.!la HecKonb-
KO rCHOB, Ka)l(l\blH H3 KOTOpblX .!Ian He6onbillOH 3!jJ!jJeKT, npll
COBMeCTHOM .!ICiiCTBHH C03.l\aKJT Ha6nlO.!IaeldbJe Pa:JJIHqjjJl lde)!(lJY
HH.!IHlJlI.n:aMH B nonynJIL\HII. EcnH Ha npll3HaK OKa3bIBalOT BJIHH-
HHe 60Jlee 3-4 reHoB, TO Ha6mo.!laeMbie B nonynJlL\HII cro BenH-
'lltHbl pacnOJIaralOTCH Ha HopManbHoii raYCCOBOH KpIlBOH. <I>YH-
i\aMeHTaJIbHOC nOJlO)l(CHHC KOJIII'ICCTBeHHOH reHCTHKH COCTOIH B
TOM, qTO nOJlHreHHblC (TO CCTb o6ycnoBncHHble BJIHHHHCM MHO-
rHX reHOB) pa3nll'lHJI Me)l(lI,y IIHII,HBH.!IaMIl MorF npllBOi\IITb K
!jJeHOTHnHqCCKlIM pa3JH!'IHHM. Cpell.OBbie !jJaKTOpb! TaK)Ke MorYT
BJlHHTb Ha Ha6nIO.!IaeMYIO B nonyJlHL\HII H3MeHqIlBOCTb.
<I>YH.!I.aMeHTanbHoe 3Ha'leHHe .!I.iJJI rCHCTHKH nonYJIHI1HH, B
TOM qHCnC II .!I.iJJI reHeTIiKH nOBe.!leHH!I qeJlOBCK1!, I1MenO i\OKa3a-
TenbCTBO B 1908 roll,Y oCHoBonOnaralOll\eH TeopeMbl nonynJlL\iI-
OHHOii rCHeTHKiI, nonyqllBlUeii BnOCJIei\CTBHiI Ha3BaHHe "3aKoHa
Xap.!lH-BaHH6epra" (no IIMeHH aHrJllIHcKoro Id1!TeMaTIIK1! XapJI,H
iI HeMeL\IWrO Bpaqa BaHH6epra, He3aBilCI1MO i\pyr OT II.pyra OT-
KpblBIllltX TOT 3aKoH) ITpaBllJlo XapJI,H-BaHH6epra onHCblBaeT
oco6oc COCTO!lHlle paBHoBecHH, 06ycnOBJ1eHHOC CJIY'laHHbIM
cKpell(lIBaHileM, II 06'bJlCHJIeT, nOqeMY OT nOKOJleHIt!l K nORo-
18
nCHlt10 He B03paCTaCT qaCTOTa BCTpeqaCMOCTH .!I.OMItHaHTHblX
reHOB
B 1921 ro/l,y C PaiiTOM 6bIJI pa3pa6oTaH MeTOi\ "K03<p!jJH-
Lll1eHTOB nyTeil", KOTOpblH OKa3anCJI qpe3Bbl'laHHo 31J!jJeKTIIB-
HblM /l,JIH CTaTIlCTHqeCKOrO aHanlt3a npllql1H I'! CJIe.!l.CTBl1ii B CHC-
TeMe KoppenltpYIOll\ltX npI13HaKOB. CornaCHO 3TOMY MCTO/l,Y, JJIO-
60e CTaTHCTlI'leCKOe BblpaJl<CHHe MOJl(HO npell.CTaBIITb 11 Blt.!le JI,H-
arpaMMbl MeToJ.\ "K03<p!jJHL\lteHTOB nYTeH" no cYll1eCTBY npe.!l-
CTaBJIeT C060H 1!Hanor aHanHTltqeCKOH reOMeTpl1H B CTaTHCTlIKe
(11H q ,1978). AHanl13 nYTcH n03BonHeT nOJlyqaTb pe3YJlbTaTbl
60nee 3KOHOMHbiM cnoc060M no cpaBHeHHIO C Tpa.!l.ltLlHOHHblMIt
IJpHeMaMII B /l,aJIbHCiiwe/l1 3TOT MeTOi\ nOJIY'llln WllpOKOC pac-
npocTpaHeHlle B reHCTHKe nOBe/l,eHItJl.
DJIaro.!lapJI MeTO/l,aM KOJ1HqeCTBeHHoH reHeTHK11 nOBItJIaCb
B03MO)l(HOCTb OL\CHHBaTb rCHeTlt'leCKlte II Cpe/l,OBbIe KOMnOHCHTbI
tjJeHoTHIJllqCCKOH IUICnCpCl'!1I nCI1XOJIOrHqeCKHX npH3HaKoB. DO-
nee nO.!lp06HO MeTO/l,bl KOJlHqeCTBeHHoH reHeTHKII paccMalpllBa-
IOTCH B rJ1aBe 6.
B 3TH JKC rOll.bl (KoHel.( XIX - Ha'laJIO XX BeKa) CKna/l,bl-
BaJlaCb CIlle O.!l.Ha HOBaJi caMOCTO!lTeJIbHaJi HayqHa i\HCL\HnnH-
Ha - 31(CnepHMeHTaJlbHaH nCItXOJIOrHJI, IICTOpli1O KOTOpOH MO)l(-
110 OTCqltTbIBaTb C MOMeHTa nOJlBJleHI1H B 1874 r KHItI'1t B.BYH-
.n:Ta "OcHoBaHIIH <p1t31t0JlOrnqCCKOH ncItXOnorHI1" B 1879 ro/l,y
B BYH/I,T C03/1,an f(CIIXOJIOI'HqecKYIO na60paToplllO, a 3aTeM H HH-
CTIITYT KcnepHMeHTaJ1bHOIi nCIIXOJIOrHH npH JIcHnL\HrCKOM YHH-
BepCItTeTe, B KOTOpbIX CHCTCMaTlI'leCKIt npltMeHJlnHCb 3KCnepl1-
MeHTanbHble MeTO/l,bI II,JIH IIccne/l,OBaHIIH nCHXHqeCKI1X npoLleccoB
()K/I,aH A.H., 1990). ITo311.Hee BO MHomx CTpaHax nOJlBI1J10Cb 60nb-
woe KOJmqeCTBO nCItXOJlOrl1qeCKHX J1a60paTopIlH, B KOTOpblX IIH-
TeHCIIBHo BeJIIICb 3KCnep11MeHTaJ1bHblC ItCCJIe.!l.OBaHItH BblCWItX
I1CRXl1qeCKHX !jJYHKL\HH, - nOi\ PYKOBO.n:CTBOM f.366HHrapa,
o KIOJ11,ne, 3.KpeneJ1HHa, 3.EneHnepa II ApyrHx.
CJICII.YCT oTMeTHT1" '1TO 3KcncpllMeHTaJlbHaH nCHXOnOrHJI
61,lJla HaL\eneHa Ha HCC1Ie.!lOBaHIIC 06Illl1X 3aKoHoMcpHocTeii nclt-
XIIKII, B TO BpeMH KaK Ha6nlOi\aeMble B 3KcnepllMeHTe ItHJl,HBH.!IY-
aJlbllble pa3J]II'IH MeJK/I,Y 1110/1,1,1.111 CqllTanl'!Cb He 60Jlee '1eM
OWll6KPii H3MCpeHHJI. O):{IlaKO no Mepe pa3BI1TI1H 3KcnepllMeH-
TaJI1,HOIi nCHXOJlOrll11 Y)I(e caMH ItHJl,HBlii\yanbHble pa3nH'IHH CTa-
JlH npeJ.\MeTOM HCCne/l,OBaHHJI nCHXOJIOrOB (A.DHHe, .II.)I(. K3TIen,
19

B !lITepH, A.<D.Jla3ypCKIiH HAP ). BCneA 3a <D faJlbTOHOM, BbIA-
BI'!HYBIllIIM I1AelO n:CTHpOBaHIIR nCIiXIPJeCKHX rpYHKl1HM, A EHH3
npeiI,JIoJKl1n cepmo TeCTOB il,JIJlI1CCJIe)],OBaHI1R nl1'1HOCTlI, a B 1905
mAY 6b1J1a ony6nHKoBaHa pa3pa60TaHHaJlIIM, COBMeCTHO C l' CH-
MOHOM 11 B.AMpll, "WKana IIHTenJIeKTyanbHoro pa3BI1THJI" 3TH
TeCTbl 6blnl1 C03AaHbi MR 113yqeHI1J1 HHAHBHAyaJIbHblX oc06eHHO-
CTeH JIIOAeH 11 6b1JII1 nepBbIMH 3KCnepl1MeHTaJIbHblMH MeTOAaMH
CKJIaAbIBaBweMCR B TO BpeMR nCI1XOIIOrHH J1HI\I1BHAYaJIbHb!X pa3-
I1l1qHM (AHrprpepeHl\HallbHOH nCHXOIIOn1l1).
IIpaKTJI'JeCKI1 O,L(HOBpeMeHHO 6wnl1 pa3pa60TaHbi OCHOBbl
rpaKTOpHOrO aHallH3a (Pcarson K., 1901, Spearman c., 1904),
OKa3aBwero 60nbwoe BnHHHlIC Ha pa3BHTI1e He TOllbKO nCllxOJIO-
nlH, HO H reHeTlIKI1 nOBeAeHHJI. ITcpBOHa'lallbHO rpaKTopHblM
aHanH3 HcnOllb30BallcH MR HCClle)],OBaHHH CTpYKTypbl HHTellneK-
Ta Ha6JIIOAaBWHeCJI KoppellHl1l1H MeJKAY pa3Hoo6pa3HbIMH Tec-
TaMH, II3MepJlIOll(HMII YMCTBCHHble cnOC061J0CTH 'IenOBeKa, npl1-
BellH Hccnel\OBaTeJIeH K MblcnH, qTO Bce 3TH pa3Ho06pa3HbIe Te-
CTbI 113MepJllOT OAHO 11 TO JKe CBOMCTBO. B 1904 rOAY 'i.CnHpMcH
BblCKa3an MblCJlb 0 TOM, qTO MO)((HO AOKa3aTb CYll(eCTBOBaHHe
OAHoro rpaKTopa, AHarHOCTllpyeMoro pa3Hoo6pa3HblMH TCCTaMH
YMCTBeHHblX cnoc06HoCTeH. <DaKTopHblH aHanll3 - 3T0 MeTO)],
Hccne)],OBaHIiR BHYTpeHHeH CTpYKTypbl KOBapHal\HH 11 KoppellH-
l\Hit, nOMOralOll(IIH onpel\enHTb OCHOBHble BIIHHHHH, HJIlI '!JaKTO-
pbl, JIe)((all\lle B OCHOBC BapHal\HH H3yqaCMOro rpeHOMefla.
HeCMOTpH Ha TO, qTO HOBbie HanpaBneflHR, B03HI1KIllHe B
reHeTlIKe H nCHxonorHH, B Ha'lane XX BeKa TOllbKO rpOpMHpOBa-
JIHCb, nOTefll1l1allbHoe 3HaqeHHC 3TI1X AIICl\lInnHH MH nOHI1Ma-
HHJI npllpOAbl qeJIOBeKa 6b1J1o OqeBIlAHO HMeHHO TorAa Ha'la-
JIIICb nepBble I1CCJle)],OBaHHR HacneAyeMOCTI1 nCI1XOJIOr\1qeCKHX
npI13HaKOB, MHorHe 113 KOTOPW( 6bIJIII npOBe)],eHbl B paMKax eB-
reHHqeCKOrO HanpaBnefll1H.
ITepBoe ,neCHTHJIeTHe Haillero BeKa 03f1aMeflOBaJlOCb 6yp-
IIblM paJBI1T1ICM eBreHIIKII, KOTopaR C!jJOpMHpOBaJlaCb KaK Hayq-
Hoe lIanpaBlleHl1e, CAellaBlllee MHoroe MR nOHllMallHR pOJIH re-
Honma B rpOpMl1pOBallHI1 HIIAI1BHAyaJlbHblX pa3JIHqHH, HO no-
3.n:Hee CHHCKaJlO BeCbMa HeOAHOJfla'IHYIO penYTal\HIO EBreHHCTbi
CqllTaJlH, qTO MIIOrl1e 3a60JlCBaHHR (CJIa60YMlle, CKJIOHHOCTb K
anKOrOJIII3MY 11 T A) reHeTl1qeCKH o6ycnOBJleHbi 11, cneAOBa'feJlb-
HO, nOJJJl.aIOTC5i KOHTpomo eBreHHqeCKI1MII cpeACTBaMH TaK,
20
nporpaMMa npaKTllqCCKOIi eBreHHqCCKOH nonHTIiKIf, 0,!t06pcHHaR
COBeToM AHrnl1HCKOrO EBreHHqeCKOrO 06ll(ccTBa, )],eKnapl1pOBa-
Jla, '1TO rIIaBllble cpe,nCTBa YCKopellllJl COl\lIaJIbHOrO nporpecca
nYTeM ynY'IIllCHIIR BpO)((AeHHbIX CBOHCTB paCbl COCTOJIT B YBellll-
qeHHH nOTOMCTBa pOAOB C BblCOKIIMH cnOC06HOCTJlMH H, Ha060-
pOT, YMeHblllCHlUI nOTOMCTBa pO)],OB C HH3KIIMH cnoc06HOCTRMIi.
llpaKTlI'IeCKHe M epbl II:IIH OCYIl1eCTBJIeHHR 3THX l\eneH npeAYc-
M aTp I1B ami
I) OrpaHlfqelllfe pa3MHO)((eHIIH 6e3Ha)],e)((Ho-,nelj!eKTIIBHbIX
TllnOB nYTeM cerperal\IIH H cTepH.'1II3aL\HII,
2) OrpaHH'ICHlle pa3MepoB ceMbll;
3) KOHTponb JaqaTIIH,
4) Bbl60p cynpyra no onpe)],eJIeHHblM KpIfTepIlHM,
5) OrpaHllqeHHe HMMllrpaL\IfH, KOTopaH MO)l(eT nOHH311Tb
paCOBble Ka'leCTBa HaL\HH H T.,!t.
060CTpCHI1e BO MHoniX cTpaHax COl\l1anbllblX II 3KOHOMH-
qeCKHX npo6neM nocne nepBoH MHpOBOH BOHHbI nopo,!tIlJIO oco-
6blH IIHTepec K eBreHllqeCKHM nporpaMMaM. HaH60Jlee llll1pOKOe
pacnocTpaHeHl1e eBreHllqeCKlie lI,neli nOJIyqHJIH B CIlIA. eHT-
pOM eBreHH'JeCKOH nponaraH)],bi cnY)((Hn fOCYAapCTBeHHblH ap-
XHB eBreHHKH no)], PYKOBO)],CTBOM 'i E .II.aBeHnopTa, npIlHHMaB-
1lI11H caMoe aKTIfBHoe yqaCTHe B 1jJ0pMllpOBaHIflf COL\lIaJIbHOH no-
JIHTI1KH B OTHOllleHl{1I IIMMllrpal\HI1, B qaCTHOCTH, B C03AaHHH
CI1CTeMbl pa3peUJCHI1H H 3anpeIl1eHHH Ha Bbe3)], B CIlIA Tex I1JIIf
I1HblX Hal\HOHanbHbIX rpynn. YCIIJlHJI, KOTopble npeAnpHHIIMa-
JlHCb MR OrpaHHqeHIfH HMMHrpaQIIH, 6blllll AOCTaTOqHO 31j!1j!eK-
THBllblMH B 1924 roJl,y KOHrpeccoM CIlIA 6b!J1 npHHJIT I1M-
Mlirpal\HOHHbIH OrpaHl1qllTeJlbHbIH aKT .[(JKOHCOHa, COrJlaCHO
KOTOPOMY nOOIl1pRJIaCb IIMMHrpaL(IIH HOPAHqeCKOH HIIII aHr-
JlOCaKcoHCKOH pacbl If OrpaHl1qllBanaCb HMMllrpal\I1H BbIXO,n-
I1eB 113 lJOCTO'lHOH If !O)/(1I0H ElJponbJ, H oco6eHHO IIMMHrpa-
I1HJI eBpeeB
fpaJK)],aHe C06CTBCHHOH CTpaHbl TaK)((e He 6b1nll 060H)],e-
Hbl BHIfMaHHeM eBreHIlKOB B 1907 roJl,Y B lilT aTe HHAllaHa
(CIlIA) 6blll npllHJlT nepBblii 3aKOH 0 npllHy,!tHTenbHoii CTCPM-
JII13aQltH B 1937 rOAY .II.)((OPA)((I1J1 CTaJla 32-M H nOCJlejI,HlIM llITa-
TOM, npHHRBllIl1M JaKOII 0 eBreHllqeCKoi! CTepl1J1113al\HH. EOJIb-
WI1IJCTBO llITaTOB BKmoqanO B cnHCOK nOKaJaHIiH MJI npIIHYAII-
TeJIbHOH CTepHJlIIJal\lm OJlHrorppeHHIO, nCHX03bl, KpHMIIHaJIbHble
2 I

HaKJIOHHOCTlI, xpOHHqeCKHH aJIKOrOJIH3M, 3nHJIenCHlO, npOCTHTY-
l\HIO IIlI,p.
AHaJlOrHqHblC 3aKOHbl 06CYJKI\aJlIICb 11 B eBponeilcl{HJ(
cTpaHax, HO BCTpeTHJ1i1 CHJIbHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe. B EBpone no-
,l106Ub1H 3aKOH 6blJl npl'!HRT TOJlbKO B rHTJIepOBCKOH fepMaHHII B
1933 roJl,Y H 1IIIIpOKO npHMCHRJICR B Te'leHlfe nOCJle,l1YIOrn;lIx 12
JIeT BHa'lane 3aKOH npHMemmcH MJI cTepllnH33l\HH YMcTBeHHo H
.pH3HqeCKIf HenonHOl\eHHbiX Jl,eTeH, a 3aTeM If MR CTepHJIH3al.\IIH
npel\cTaBlfTeJ1CH pa3J1H'IHbIX 3THH'IeCKIfX rpynn, TaKHx, KaK eB-
pell, nOJ1RKH, PYCCKlfe.
B 20-30-e rO,l1bf B f epMaHHH flpOBO.D.HnHCb wHpoKlle
6nll3Hel\OBble Ifccne.D.OBaHIfJl, KOTopbIe flOOrn;pRJIHCb H,l1eOJIOraMH
.pBWH3MB H l\eJIblO KOTOpblX 6blJIO 060CHoBBHHe Te3lfCa 0 paco-
BOM npeBOCxO,l1CTBC HeMel\KOH Hal\IfH. PJI.D. HeMel\KHX Y'IeHbIX-re-
HeTHKOB npHHJlJ11f IfAeOJIOrHIO q,awH3Ma II nbITaJlHCb nOABeCTH
flO.D. Hce HayqHYIO 6a3Y. MHome 6nll3Hel\bl CTaJllI JKepTBaMII H3Y-
BepcKlIx 3KcnepHMeHToB, KOTopble npoBol\HJ1 B KOHl\I1arepe Oc-
BeHl\HMa Bpa'l H03eq, MeHrenc. TaK, MR I1CCne,l10BaHHR Te'leHHH
3360JIeBaHlIH n0,l10nbITl1blX 3apaJKaJII1 THIPOM H ,l1pyrHMI1 60ne3-
HHMH IToIIIITlfqeCKlie C06bITlfJl 30-40-x rr. B fepMaHIIH CIIJlhHO
flOBJIlfJlnll Ha 06rn;eCTlJeHHOe H HayqHOe MHeHHe BO BceM Ml1pe.
ITocJle npOB03rJIarneHHJI HeMel\KHMH H3l\HOHaJ1-COl\HanHCTaMIi
npOrpaMMhl, npe.l\ycMaTplfBaBweH CHa'laJla CTepllJ1H3al\HIO II 3B-
TaHa3I1IO, a 3aTeM MaCCOBble y6Hi1cTBa, HaY'IHOe H 06rn;eCTBeHHOe
MHeHHe B II,pymx cTpaHax oCYAl1no eBreHlfqeCKl1e IfCCne.l\OBaHIfJl,
OTHoweHlle K HIIM CTano BCIO.D.Y npeAB3J1TbIM.
K KOHI.IY 1930-x rr. eBreHH'IeCKOe ABIfJKeHl1e, KOTopoe BO
BceM HayqHOM Ml1pe 0.l\H03Ha'lHO aCCOl\lIl1pOBanOch C rpy6blM
nOnpaHl1eM npaB qeJ10BeKa, npaKTI1'1eCKIf npeKpaTHno CBoe cy-
rn;ecTBOBaHl1e. qTO JKe KaCaeTCJI HaY'lHblx IfCCJ1e,l10BaHHH, Haqa-
rblX B paMKax eBreHlf'/eCKoro ABIf)/(eHHJI If oplfeHTHpoBaHHblx Ha
nOHCK reHeTlI'leCKliX ,l1CTepMlfHaHT HHl\lIBHAyaJlbHblx pa3J1H'IHH,
TO OHH 6bIJIH npO.l\OJlJKeHbl B reHeTHKe nOBe,l1eHHH.
L10B* - nOJIIICI1MnTOMHblH I\HarH03 CXOACTBa (Simens H., 1924).
DblJIO nOKa3aHO, '1TO Ha,l1eJKHaJi IIAeHTH.pHKaUHJI 3HrOTHOCTlt**
6J1lf3HeUOB B03MO)l(Ha TOJlbKO Ha OCHOBe conOCTaBJleHHH 60JIb-
woro qHCJla .pH3H'IeCKHX npH3HaKOB (QBeT rJla3, l\BeT Bonoc,
q,opMa Hoca, ry6, yrneH, rpynna KpOBH I'! T.,l1.). Tor,l1a JKe r.CH-
MeHC npeAJlOJKHJI IICnonb30BaTb l1J1H 11CCJIe.l\OBaHI1H He TOJlbKO
M3, HO H .II.3 6JIH3Hel\OB. 3TOH ny6J1I'!KaQHeH f' CHMeHC 3anOJKHJI
OCHOBbI HaY'lHoro npl1MeHeHI1H 6JIII3HeUOBoro MeTO,l1a B reHeTI1-
Ke qeJlOBeKa.
ITOJIBneHHe MeTOAB nonHCHMnTOMHoro CXOII,CTBB II pa3BH-
TIle MeTO.l\OB 113MepeHI1J1 B 3KcnepHMeHTB.rrbHOii nCI1XOnOrll11 CTH-
Mynl1pOBaJIO 6J1H3HeUOBble HCCJle.l\OBaHHJI B rCHeTlIKe nOBe,l1eHI1R.
.0:0 3TorO MOMeHTa B I1ccneAOBaHHJlX l1aCJle.l\CTBeHHOH 06YCJlOB-
JleHHOCTII nCHXOnOrnqeCKHX XapaKTepHCTIfK '1arn;e BcerO ncnonb30-
BaJiCH CeMeHHblH MeTOA. TaK, HanpnMep, ern;e B 1904 r0.D.Y KapJI
ITHpCOH npOBO,l1HJI HCCJIelI,OBaHHJI CXO,l1CTBa YMcTBeHHoro pa3BH-
THH y CH6cOB***. OKa3aJ10Cb, '1TO Km(jJ(jJI1QHeHT KOppenJlQHH YPOB-
HJI YMCTlJeHHOTO pa3BIITHH, KOTOpbIH l\IIarHocTHpOBaJICJI no OQeH-
KaM yqHTeJleH, cocraBHJI MJI 6paTbeB 0,52. TaKoii ypoBeHb CXOII,-
CTBa COOTBeTCTBOBaJI ypOBHIO CXOACTBa no .pH3I1qeCKI1M xapaKTe-
pIlCTlIKaM, Ha OCHOB1IHIII1 '1CTO K.ITl1pCOHOM 6bIJI Ci\enaH BbIBO,l1
o BJII1J1HHII HaCJIelI,CTBeHHOCTIi Ha ypoBeHb YMcTBeHHoro pa3BI1-
THJI (Pearson C., 1904). Pa3BHTI1e nCIIXO,l1HarHOCTl1qeCKHX MeTO-
.LIOlJ ,l1aJID B03MOJKHOCTh IICnOJIb30BaTb CTaH.D.apTI13IfpOBaHHble
TeCTb!. B O,l1Hoii 113 TIepBblX pa60T C IIcnOJlh30BaHHeM TeCTa EHHe-
CI1MOHa 6bIJIIf 06HapY)l(CHbI 1I,0CTaTO'lHO BblCOKl1e KOppeJlSlUIIH
(0,61) MeJK,l1y cH6caMIf (Gordon K., 1919).
B nepBbIx 6JII13HeUOBbix I1CCJIeII,OBaHI1J1X 113Y'laJlH, Kal( npa-
BlfJIO, II OA110nOnblX, 11 pa3HonoJlbIx 6m13HeUoB (FlIller J.,
Thomson W., 1978). B 20-30-e rOAbl, nocne nOJIBneHHJI AOCTa-
TOHO H8t/.e)f(HbIX MeTOi\OB }1;M8rHOCTMKII 3MrOTHOCTI1, 'lHC'JIO 6JJ113-
HCQOBhIX I1ccJIep,OBaHHH 3HBqHTeJIhHO YBeJII1'1l1noCb. HccnelI,OBa-
JlaCb HaCJICACTBeHHaJi 06YCJIOBneHHocTb Mop.ponOnl'leCKI1X
1.3. 3Tan HaKOnJIeHHlI 3MnHpH'IeCKOrO MBTepmlJlB
. )].Ba HJlIi 60nee nOTOMKOB. pOiK.l1.eHHMe OT MHOrOnJlO,WIOH 6epeMeH}{O
tTH. Pa3JHPiamT MOHo:mr011-JblX (M3) (.of .D.H3HrOTHbIX ()t3) 6J1H3HeU08 M3 6nHJ
HeUbl IiMeEO"r 100% 05ll(HX reHOB, a){3 - OKOnO S{f/o 061.l.!H:< reHOB.
.... ilpHHa,roleJKHOCTE. k 011HOMY H3 Jt8yx TffIlOB 6JTH1HCUO!r - M3 UllH.lt.3
u. nOTOMICU OllHHX 'H Tex 1I'e po.aHTeJ1efi (6paTM1 Ii CeC1pbl).
B 20-e rOAhI f.CHMeHcoM 6hIJI pa3pa6oTBH CPB8HI1TCJ]b-
HO Ha,l1e)l(HblH MeTO,l1 l1,l1eHTI1q,HKaQIIIf M3 II .II.3 6ml3He-
22
23

npll3HaKOB qCJIOBeKa ( Dahlberg G, 1926, DYHaK B.B., 1926;
Vcrschuer a , 192711 ,lIp.), .lIepMaTOrJIHljIlIKH (Newman H., 1930,
Vershuer 0, 1933, BOJIOU;KOii M B, 1936 H Jl,p), oco6eHHocTeH
cep.lleqHO-coCY.lIHCTOii CHCTeMbl (Ka6aKoB H E, PbIBKHH H A., 1924;
Vershuer 0., 1931132, MaJIKOBa H H , 1934 II .lip) II MOTOpHKII
(Frischelsen-Kohler 1., 1930, Lehtovaara A., J938, MllpeHOBa A.H.
H .lip.), HHTeJIJIeKTa (Tallman G , 1928; Holzinger K , 1929 Ii .lip.)
H JlIi'lHOCTHbIX xapaKTepllcTHK (Carter H, 1933, Newman H,
Freeman F., Holzinger J., 1937 II .liP.). Mbl He 6Y.lIeM nO.llp06HO
OCTaHaBJIIIBBTbCIl Ha :JTHX pa60Tax, nOCKOJIbKY qaCTb 113 HIIX HMe-
eT JlHWb HCTOpH'IeC1<Oe 3HaqeHlle, a )l,pyraJl - aHaJlll3HpyeTCJI B
nocJIe)l,YIOll\Hx rrraBax KHllrH OCTaHOBHMCR mUllb Ha TCX IICCJIe-
)l,OBaHIIJlX, KOTopble HMeJIH npllHI[HnllaJlbHOe 3HaqeHlle,ll,JlR pa3-
BHTIIR relleTIIKH nOBe)l,eHHJJ qeJIOBeKa.
K TaKI1M pa60TaM npeJK)I,e Bcero OTHOCJlTCR nepBble HCCJIe-
)l,oBaHHR npHeMHblx .lIeTeH CYTb MeTo)l,a COCTOHT B conOCTaBJIe-
HI1II )l,eTeH, pa3J1yqeHHbIX np" pOJK,ljeHHH co CBOHMII 6110JIOrHqCC-
KHMH pO,ljCTBeHHHKaMlt II BocnHTblBalOll\HXCR B CeMbJlX npl1CM-
HbIX pOI\HTeJIeH, C ,ljCTbMH, KOTOpblX BocnllTblBalOT 6110JIonlqec-
Klle pO.I\I'!TeJlII. HaqaJIo I1CCJIe,ljOBaHI1HM nplleMHbIx i\creii n01l0-
JKI1J1a ony6JI11KOBaHHaR B 1919 ro.l\Y pa60Ta K.fopI\OH, B KOTO-
POH 6blJlO nOKa3aHO, qTO CXO.I\CTBO nOKa3aTe1lei1 I1IITeJI1IeKTa
(r=0,53) cH6cOB, BOCI1I1TblBalOll\IIXCJI B npHIOTax, npaKHlqeCKH He
OTJIH'IaeTcJI OT CXOI\CTBa CII6cOJ!, JKIIBYLlIIIX ,ljOMa. B 1928 ro.I\y
6blJIa ony6JIIIKOlJaHa pa60Ta, BblnOJIHeHHaH no KJIaCCHqeCKOMY
BapHaHTY MeTO.I\a "nplleMHbIx i\eTeii". ABTOp 3T0l1 pa60Tb[,
E EapKc, nOKa3aJIa, qTO K031j1Ij1Hl[I!CHTbl KOppeJIU;HH nOKa3aTe-
JleH IIHTeJlJleKTa npHeMHblx .lIeTeii H HX npHCMHblX pO.I\IITeJICH
3HaqllTCJlbHO HHJKe (r=0,07 - MR OTlIa H r'=O, 19 - Mil MaTepH),
'IeM COOTBeTCTBYIOll\He KOppeJIIl11HH C 6HOJlOrllqeCKIIMI1 pO.I\HTe-
mlMH (0,45 H 0,46 Mil OT1\a II MaTCpl1 COOTBeTCT.BeHIIO). B Hallll1
.I\HH MeTOi\ nplleMHblx l\eTeH WllpOKO I1Cn01lb3yeTc B reHeTHKe
nOBe.I\eHIIR
qacTHblM BapHaHTOM MeTOAa npHeMHbIX .I\eTei'i MOJKHO
CqHTaTb MeTO.I\ pa3JIY'leHHblx 6J1H3lieUOB ITepBoi'i pa60ToH, B KO-
TOpOH IICnOJIb30BaJlC 3TOT MeTO.I\, 6blJl0 HCCJIe,li,OBaHHe X.HhlO-
MaHa, CD CDpllMaHa II K.XOJI3I1Hrepa, BbInOJlHeHHOe B 1937 fO,li,Y
(Newman H et aI., 1937) B 3ToH. CTaBWei'i KaCCHqeCKOH, pa60-
Te BnepBbre HapJl,li,Y C Bbl60pKOii M3 Ii .II.3 6JIH3HeOB, BOCnHTbI
24
BaalInlX.CJI BMeCTe, I1CCJJe,li,OBaJIOCb 19 nap M3 6J1113HeUOB, BocnH-
TbIBaBWHXC paJ.l\eJIbHo. EJlH3HCUbi BbInOJlHJIH p.I\ CTaH.I\apTH-
30BaHHblX IiHTeJIJleKTyaJlbHblX Ii JlliqHOCTHblX TeCTOB TCCT CT3H-
1jI0pi\a- DIIHe, CT3HIjIOP.D.CKHH TeCT 1\0CTIIJKeHIIH, JIIi'lHOCTHbIH on-
pOCHIiK BVI\BOpTCa-M3TTblOca, onpocHHK TeMnepaMeHTa II pJl.D.
.l!Pyn!X TeCTOB HecMoTp Ha TO, qTO K031jJIjIHUIICHTbi KOppeJ1-
UI1I1 pa3JIY'IeHHbIX M3 6J1H3HeLlOB 6blJ111 HeCKOJIbKO HIIJKC Tal<HX
)j(e 1<0IjIIjIIIl\HeHTOB M3 6JI113HeU;OB, BocmlTblBaBWIIXC BMeCTe,
ace JKe OHII 6h1JIl! 3Haq1lTeJ1bHO Bblwe, qCM Y .[(3. MeTO.I1 pa3J1Y-
qeHHblX 6JIH3HeU;OB n03BOJIHeT oCYLlIeCTBllTb B 3KCnepllMeHTc npaK-
Tl1qeCKIi lI)(eaJlbHOe pa3.I\eJIeHHe reHeTlI'IeCKHX II cpei\oBblx IIC-
TOqHH1'OB BapllaTHBHocTH 11 nOCTOHHO IICnOJIb3yeTc B reHe-
THKe nOBe.D.eHH
TaKHM 06pa30M, C 20-x nO 60-ble rOl\bI 6blJIH pa3pa60TaHbI
OCHOBHble MeTO.I\bl reHeTHKI1 nOBel\eHH H 110JIY'IeH 061IllIpHblll
3KcnepllMe!lTaJIbHblH MaTCpHaJI, KacalOlUlIHCJI caMblX pa3HblX oco-
6eHHoCTeH '1eJIOBeKa - OT MOpljlOJlOrllll )1,0 CJJOJKHblX. H KOMnJ1eK-
CHblX ncnxOJIOrll'leCKHX xapaKTplIcTI1K.
1.4. COBpeMeHHI.IH )TIIn paJBHTlI1I reHeTHKH 1I0BeAeHHII
Bo BTOpOH nOJloBIIHe XX aeKa K01lff'JeCTBO HCCiIej10BaTe-
JleH, 113yqalOll\lIx Ilp06JIeMbl HaCJle,li,OBaHIIJI nCHXOJlOrH'IeCKIIX xa-
paKTepllcTHK, JHaqHTeJIbHO YBemIq,lBaeTcll. B 1960 rOAY C03.I\a-
eTH HayqHOe 06ll\eCTBO "ACCOl.\lIa1\lIJ1 reHeTHKH nOBe,li,eHH"
(BehavIor Genetics ASSocIation) C C06CTBCHHblM JKypHBJlOM "fe-
HCTIIKa nOBe,li,eHHH" (BehavIor GenetIcs) HMeHHo 1960 I"O.I\ MOJK-
110 CqHTaTb oljlllU;lIaJlbHOH .I\aToi! npHJHaHHJI reHeTlIKH 1l0Be)l,e-
HI1 caMoCTORTeJlbHOI1 06J1acTbIO HaYKH
OCHOBHIlJ! qaCTb YCIIJ1Hii B reHenJKe nOBCJleHIIJI B 60-70-e
rO,li,bl 6blJla HanpaBJleHa Ha HCCJlCI\OBaHlie pOJII1 rCHOTHna H cpe-
.I\11 B ljIopMHpOBaHHH HHI\HBI1,li,yaJIbHbIX pa3J1Hql1H B KOfHHTHB-
HOH I'! JlH'IHOCT!lOH cljlepax. B Ha'laJle 80-x rO.I\OB HHTepec IICCJlC-
.1IOBaTenei! npHBncxBIOT BOJMOJKHOCTH MCT0.I\OB reHeTHKH nOBC-
i\eHIIH I\JJ Il3yqeHHR Cpel\br KaK H3BeCTHO, ceMeiiHoe CX.O.I\CTBO
06YCJloBileHo KaK reHeTllqeCKIiMli, TaK 1\ cpe.n:oBblMH ljIal-:TOpaMH
MeTO.llbl KOJIH'IeCTBeHHOH reHeTIiKH .I\alOT Ii03MOJKHOCTb pa3.I\e-
JlHTb BJIHHl1e 3TUX ljIaKTopoB TaK, HanpHMep, conOCTaBJleHlle
25

CXO.!{CTBa npl1CMHblX pOJJ:HTe!ICH H JJ:eTeH n03BOJIJleT Ol1eHHTb
pO!Ib CCMeHHOH CpC.!{bl. ITOJJ:06Hble HCC!Ie.n:OBaHH nOKa3anH BaJK-
HYIO pO!Ib Cpel\OBblX BJIlIHI1H B $OpMllpOBaHHI1 IIHJJ:HBHAyaJIb-
HblX pa3JIHq1lH. HMeHHO reHeTI1Ka nOBel\eHII cblrpana OCHOB-
HYIO pOJIb B YCTaHOBnCHIUI Toro ljJaKTa, 'ITO l\eHCTBlle cpeAOBblX
$aKTopOB Ha nCllxl1qeCKOe pa3BltTHC HeO,IJ.HHaKOno M q!IeHOB
OAHOIt CeMblt. OKa3aJIOCb, qTO 113MCH'IHBOCTb nCHXOnOrH'IeCKI1X
xapaKTepllCTI1K B 3Ha'JHTeJIbHOH CTeneH11 06YC!IOaneHa YCIIOBH-
Mil JKH)HII (pa3Hble )!,PY3bH, YBJIeqeHIIH, HH)!,I1BHAyaJIbHbIH JKH3-
HeHHblii onbIT), pa3nHqaIOWHMHC Y JJ:eTeH OAHOH ceMbH. Pa3JIH-
qalOWllifc onbIT npHBO,IJ.HT K pa3!IHq1lJlM B nOBe,IJ.eHItIi.
B 3TH JKe rO,IJ.bI 60!IbWOe BHIIMaHlle HCC!Ie,1!OBaTe!IeH B re-
MCTKKe nOHc.a;eHlfl! nplfH!ICK8er npo6neM8 pa3BHTHIi. Pa60Tbl, no-
CBWCHHble I1CC!IeI\OBaHIiIO BrrHHHH rCHeTl1qeCKHX II cpe,IJ.OBbIX
ljJaKTOpOB Ha $OpMHpOBaHHe I1H,IJ.HBHJI.)'aJIbHbIX oc06eHHOCTeH
nCHXOJlOrHqeCKHX H nClIxo1jJH3110nOrl1'1eCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK B
xo)!,e pa3BIITH,)!,0 CHX nop 3aHHMalOT ueHTpanbHOe MeCTO B re-
HeTI<KC IIOBe.a;CHHJ/.
XapaKTepll3YJI COBpeMeHHblH 3Tan pa3BHTHJI reHeTHKII no-
BC.!{eHH>I, HCJIb3J1 He KOCHYTbCJI nOJlBlleHH>I HOBhIX MeTO):(OB reHe-
TIIKH noneAeHH, nnllJlHHe KOTOpblX Ha pa3BI1TI1C HCCnCJI,OnaHHii
B .!{aHHOH 0611aCTI1 TpY,IJ.HO nepCOueHI1Tb.
IIpe)l(.Qe Bcero - 3TO MeTO)!, aHaJIII3a CQenneHII>I. IIpl1 Ha-
JIlI'I11H .!{aHHbIX 0 nOCJIeJJ:oBaTellbHblX nOKOrreHIIJlX MOJKHO onpe-
Ae!IHTb cTeneHb CUenlleHH MCJKAY napaMH !IOKYCOB, qTO .!{aer
B03MOJKHOCTb IIcnonb30BaTb JIerKO BbII!BJIHCMhIe rCHbI B Ka'JCCTBe
MapKepOB .QPyrHx rCHOB, onpeJJ:eJI>lIOlI\IIX Te HJIII IIHbie npll3HaKII
qeJIOBCKa (Ott J , 1985). MeToJJ: aHaJIH3a Cl1enJIeHH n03BOIIJleT
JIOKall1l30BaTb reHbl, CBI!3aHHble C HaCneACTBeHHbIM 3a60nCBaHH-
eM IIJIlI KaKI1M-JIII60 IlHbIM I!BHO BhIpaJKeHHblM npH3HaKOM.
Pa3BHTHe BbI'IHCIIHTellbHOH TeXHIlKIi CTHMYJIHpOnano IIC-
nOJIb30naHI1e B reHeTHKC nOBeAeHHJI MeTO,IJ.OB MHOTOMepHoro re-
HCTllqCCKorO aHall113a. ITpll reHeTll'JeCKOM aHall1l3e nCI1XOnOrll-
qeCKllX II nCHxoq!lt3l1onorH'JeCKHX xapaKTepllCTHK oc06eHHO HH-
TepeceH aHMI13 HHTerpaJIbHbIX XapaKTepllCTIIK, nOCKonbKY B nCH-
XOJIorl'!1I MHonIC nCIIXOrrOrHqeCKI1C ljIeHOMeHbl BbIJlBIIJlIOTC Ha
OCHOlJC aHanll3a B3allMOCBJl3eif MeJKJJ:Y pa3!IH'IHbIMII nepeMeHHbl-
Mil, KaK, HanpHMCp, ljIaKTop "g". HCnOJlb30BaHHe MHorOMepHoro
reHeTH'IeCKOrO aHanl'!3a JJ:aeT B03MOJKHOCTb Ol1eHHTb npHpoJJ:Y
26
j
B3aHMOCB>l3eH pa3JIllqHblX xapaKTepHcTHK, n TOM '1l1cnc H OTHO-
CI!!11I1XC K pa3HbIM ypOBHM npOJlBJleHlI1! ljIeHOTllna (OT 6110XH-
MflqeCKOrO JJ:O nCHXOIIOrH'fCCKoro).
Dorrbwoe BnHJlHHe Ha pa3BHTlle MHorOMepHoro reHCTllqCC-
Koro aHaJIH3a OKa3arra TeopH lIaTeHTHbIX nepeMCHHblX. ITol\
MOJJ:cnJlMII C naTCHTHb!MH ncpCMeHHbIMU nOHHMaeTCJI conoKyn-
HOCTb CTaTHCTHqCCKUX Mo.!\eJleif, onHCbIBalOlI\IIX H 06'bI!CHSlIO-
!.!1UX Ha6nfOAaeMble JJ:8lfHble !IX JanIlC!IMOCTblO OT HeHa6J11ol1.8e-
MbIX (JIaTeHTHbIX) ljJaKTopOB, KOTOpb!e MorYT 5bITb peKOHCTpYII-
pOnaHb] C nOM:O!.!1blO onpcAeneHHbIX MaTCMaTHqCCKHX MeTOJJ:OB.
npHMepOM MOJJ:eJIU C naTCHTHbIMl1 ncpCMeHHbIMH MO)l(eT CJlY-
)I(I1Tb ljJaKTOpHbIH aHaJIH3. B 1969 rOAY K.HopecKor npc./UfO-
J/{II!I HOBbiM MeTO.l\ ./UfJl npoocpKl1 rHnOTe3 0 CTPYKTYPC .l\aHHblX.
3TOT cnoc05 "HawynblBaHIIJI rHnOTC3" norryqllJl Ha3BaHI1C KOH-
IjJllpMaTopHoro $aKTopHoro aHaJlll3a. B OTJIII'Jlle OT TpaI\IIIUI-
OHHoro HCCJleAOBaTemCKOrO (3KCnJIOpaTOpHoro) Bapllal!Ta ljJaK-
TopHoro aHaJ1ll3a OCHOBHOH npllHl1l1n KOHIjJHpMaTOpHOrO ljIaK-
TopHoro aHaJlH3a COCTOHT B TOM, '1TO IICClleAOoaTeJleM B Ka'le-
CToe rllnOTe3bI (anpHopH) 1jI0pMHPYeTCJI CTpYKTypa O)l(u)!,aeMOH
MaTpHUbl ljIaKTopHbIX HarpY30K (CTPYKTYPHaJl rllnOTe3a), KOTO-
paJi 3aTeM nOl\BcpraeTCH CTaTHCTllqeCKOH npOBepKe. 3Ta oc05eH-
HOCTb KOHljJupMaTopHoro ljIaKTOpl!OrO aHaml3a, TaK )l(e l<aK B03-
MO)l(HOCTb cpaOHCHHJI ljJaKTopHbIX CTpYKTYP HCCKOJIbKHX rpynn
Ha6I1IOJJ:eHI1H, IIMeJIa 50JIbWOe 3HaqCHlle M reHeTH'JeCKoro
aHarrll3a B 1977 rOJJ:Y HUKonac MapTHH H JIHH.lI.OH H03
(Martin N., Eaves L.,1977) ycnewHo BOCnOJIb30BaJlHCb nOI\XO-
AOM K.HopecKora AliI! reHeTIl'lCCKOro aHaJIIl3a KOBapllaQHoH-
HbIX CTPYKTYp.
MOl\eJIb JII1HeiiHblX CTpYKTYPHbIX CooTHoweHIIH K.Hopcc-
Kora H cooTBeTcTBYlOll\aJl BbI'IHCJIHTellbHaJl nporpaMMa LISREL
(LInear StructlIral RELation), nORBIlBIllal!CJI B 1973 rOJJ:Y, Jl,a!lll B
PYKII IIccneAOoaTeJIJlM n 06JtacTiI rCHCTHKl1 nOBeAeHHJI MO!11HbIH
HHCTPYMCHT .lIn reHeTl1qeCKOrO aHaml3a KOBapllal1l'!OHHbIX
CTpYKTYp. Ha'IIIHal! C 80-x rOJJ:OB LISREL - O.!{Ha 113 HaH60JIce
110nYJtpHbIX KOMnblOTepHbIX nporpaMM, I<OTOpaSll\aeT n03MOJl(-
HOCTb npOBepTb caMble CnO)l(Hb]e mnOTC3bI.
B 3TOM naparpaljle Mhl JII1Wb KOCHYJlIICb Tex OCHOBHbIX .!{O-
CTlI)I(CHIIH COBpeMeHHoro 3Tana pa3BHTHK reHCTI1KH nOBeI\CHHJI,
)(OTOPbrM 11 nOCBJI!11eHa npeMaraeMaJi 'IlfTaTCJIIO KHllra.
27

1.5. MCTOP"" paJBHTH" reHeTHKH nOllel1.eH..1I B POCCH"
Mei1Hbli1 nMCT Jl,JIJI HCCKonbKHX npI13HaKOB, TlinOJIOrMqCCKHi1 nHCT
11.11." }I3yqeHH" OI1.HOpOI1.HblX TMnH'ICCKHX rpynn, PO.!lOBOH 6HO-
rpaljJUQCCKHH JIHCT, l1.eMOrpaljJHqeCKMH ceMcHHblH JIHCT H ceMCH-
Ho-po11.0CnoBHYIO Ta6JIHIY.
B 1922 ro.l\Y B MOCKBe H K.KoJIbl.\oBbiM 6bIn OCHOBaH "Pyc-
CKUH EBreHHQCCKI1H )KYPHan", KOTOpblH KOHconllAllpoBan .!lOC-
TaTOqHO pa3Ho06pa3Hoe CBreHHqeCKOC .l\BIOKeHHe. Bccro ycncno
BblHTH 7 TOMOB (1922-1930 rr.) JKypHana. .II.nJl OpraHM3 a l.\HH
CBreHl!qCCKHX I1CCnCl\oBaHHH 6blJl C03.l\aH H CnCI.\HanbHblH OT.l\en
J1pH HHCTHTYTe 3KcnepHMcHTanbHoH 6110JIomll. H.K.KonbI.\OB .l\0-
CTaTO'lHO WHpOKO nOHHMan 3a.!laq" CBreHIIKH Ii BKnlOQaJI B Hee
HC TOJIbKO COCTaBJICHHe reHCaJlOflfH, HO I{ rcorpa<jJ1{1O 60JlC3HCH,
BHTaJIbHYIO cTaTMcTHKY, COl.\l1aJlbHYIO fllrHeHY, rCHCTMKY nCIlXH-
qeCKI{X oco6eHHOCTCH qCJlOBCKa, H3yqCHI1e THnOB Hacne.l\OBaHHJI
L\BeTa rJla3, BOJlOC I{ T..l\.
B 3TH )/(e rO.l\bl IO.A.<I>IIJIHn'lCHKO B J1CHJ1Hrpa.u;e opraHlf30-
Ban ElOpo no eBreHIIKC IIpH KOMIICCMH no 113YQeHHlO eCTeCTBeHHblX
IIpOH3BOl1.HTenbHbIX CI{JI POCCHH !!pI{ POCCHHCKOH aKa.u;CMMM HaYK II
Haqan H3.n:aBaTb "H3BCCTH" DlOpO no eBreHI1KC"
EBrCHHQeCKOe .l\BIIJKeHHe B CCCP J1POCYIl\CCTBOBaJIO HeI\O-
Jlro, nOCKOJlbKY lleJIII .l\BIf)!(eHII!I He COOTBeTCTBOBanH oljJHllHaJIb-
HOH l{.l\eoJIonlll K 1930 rol1.Y CBreHIlKa B CCCP npeKpaTHJIa
CBoe CYIl\CCTBOBaHHe.
EBrCHH'IeCKOe I1.BH*C....e
19 HO!l6p!l 1921 rOl\a B MHCTHTYTe 3KcnepHMCHTaJIbHOH 6HO-
norl1l{ npoillno nepBoe 3aCCAaHile pOCclfHcKoro HayqHoro CBre-
HllqeCKOrO 06Il\CCTBa Ha 3TOM 3aCCI\aHliH npel1.Cel\aTenCM 06ll\e-
CTBa Obln 1136paH Bbll1alOll\HHC!I ollonor H K KOJlbl.\OB B l1.aJlb-
HeHwcM B pa60Te 06ll\eCTBa npllHIIManll yqaCTHe HC TOJlbKO 6HO-
norH, MCI1.I1KH, HO H npe.n:cTaBIiTemll1.pyrHx HaYK, B TOM QHCJlC H
J1CHXOJlOrl1 TaK, HanpHMep, B 1922 roJl,y r.H "leJlnaHOB, OCHOBa-
Tenb nepBoro POCcl{HCKoro HHcTIITYTa nCHXOJlorHH, I1.Ba)\(l1.bl Bbl-
cTynan C .n:OKna.n:aMH Ha 3aCcI1.aHHH PyccKoro EBTCHHqCCKOrO 06-
ll\eCTBa Ha 20-M 3ace.n:aHHH oOll\ecTBa B ljJeBpaJle 1922 rOl\a OH
BblCTynHJI C .n:OKJlaI1.0M "3HaqeHHe faJlbTOHa /\OJI cOBpeMcHHoi1
HaYQHOH nCIIXOnOrH!1", a 1J MapTe HM 6blJl c.n:enaH .n:OKnal1. Ha
TeMY "ITpOOJleMa KynbTypbl TaJlaHTOB (pOJlb HaCJlCI1.CTBeHHOCTI1
H BocnHTaHH!I)" "lennaHoB Obln l1.al1eKO He el\HHCTBeHHblM nCH-
xonorOM, npllHHMaBWHM Y'laCTlle B paOOTC PyccKoro EBreHl{qec-
KOTO 06Il\eCTBa TaK, B 1923 ro.n:y C .n:OKJlaI1.0M "K Bonpocy 06
3KcnepHMCHTal1bHO-nCIIXOJlOTIIQeCKOM HCCJlCI1.0BaHHH JlHI.\ oco60
Ol1.apeHHbIx B HHTeJlJlcKTyaJlbHoM OTHOIllCHHH" Ha 3aCe,1(aHHH 06-
Il\CCTBa BblcTynaJl A.IT.HCQaeB, HeCKonbKO n03)\(e - f.H Poccc
JIIIMO C .n:OKnaI1.0M "B3r11!111. Ha cOBpeMeHHoe nOJlO)/(eHIlC Bonpoca
06 Hccnel1.0BaHilil HHTCJIJleKTyanbHblx cnocooHocTeH".
CBOHMII TnaBHblMIi 3a)la'laMH PyccKoe EBreHHQeCKoe 00-
Il\CCTBO CqHTano.
I) myQeHHe 3aKOHOB HaCJlel1.CTBeHHoH ncpeAaQI1 pa3Hblx
CBOHCTB, KaK HOpMaJlbHbIX, TaK 11 naTOJIOrHqeCKHX;
2) YCTaHoBncHHc HaCJlcl1.CTBeHHblx pa3nHql!H no HOpMaJIb-
HbIM H naTOnOrHqCCKHM CBoHcTBaM pa3HbIx npo<jJeccHo-
HanbHbIX 11 COI.\UaJlbHblX TlmOB;
3) HCCJlel1.0BaHilc 3K30reHHblX H 3H)J.orCHHbIX BJlHJlHHM, on-
pel1. eJI !lIOIl\HX pa3BI1THe npH3HaKa;
4) 'l3yqelllle nJlo.n:OBHTOCTII Tex I1J1H IlHblX TlmOB.
.II.n!l pewcHII!I 3TIIX 3a)la'l PyccKoe EBreHH'IeCKOe Of;Il\eCTBO
npc.n:nonarano opraHII30BaTb c60p MaCCOBblX CTaTIlCTHqCCKIIX
l1.allHblX no cTJ)oro MeTOl1.lIqCCKH 060cHoBaHHbiM H olJ;Hoo05pa3-
HbIM cxeMaM ITnall noceMeHHoro CBreHII'JeCKOrO 06CJlCAOBaHH!I
BKnlOqaJl B ce6J1 ceMcHHbIH nHCT )lJIJI OT.IJ,CJlbHblX npll3HaKoB, cc-
HCTOP"" 6J1HJHeI(OBbIX HccnCI1.0BallHH
IIepBblc ny6J1I1KallHH pC3ynbTaTOB 6m<3Hel\OBbIX HCCJleI1.0-
BaHIIM B POCCHH OTHOCJlTC!I K Ha'lany 1900-x rO)lOB. 3TO pa60Tbi
C A CyxaHoBa, T.H IOI1.IIHa, B B EYHaKa, f.B.C060JIeBOH B
1900 rol1.Y C A CYXa.HOB ony6J1HKoBan pa60TY "0 nCIIX03ax y
6m13HeL{OB", B KOTOpOH npOaHaJJlBllpOBan 30 cnyqaeB CXOll.CTBa
nCHX03a y 6nH3I1eI.\OB. 3TY pa60TY B .n:anbHcHwcM npo.n:OJIJKHJI
l' H IO.n:HH, KOTOpbIii onllcaJI YJKC 107 cJlyqaCB nCHX030B y 6mB-
HelloB H3 3THX 107 cnyqaeB B 82 cJlY'la!lx 6blJIH 60JlbHbI 06a
6JIH3Hc!.\a, a B 25 cnyqa!lX - TonbKO O.n:HH 113 napbl.
OJ\HaKO CllCTeMaTHqCCKlle IICCJIe)lOBaHHJI 6J1H3Hel\OB Ha'la-
JlIICb TOJlbKO B 1929 r0I1.Y B MeJl.HKO-6110JIOrH'ICCKOM HHcTIlTYTe
(B 1935 roJl,y OH 6blJI nepellMeHoBaH B Me.n:HKo-reHeTllqeCKHH
HI{CTIITYT).
28
29

OCHOBHa$l 3a.I\a'ia IIHCTIUYTa. no MHeHlllO ero .1\HpeKTOpa
C I'.JIeBHTa, COCTOllJIa "B pa3pa60n:c C TOqKH 3peHHH reHeTIJJ<1I1I
CMeJKHblX C HelO HaYK (6HOMeTpUlI, lIHTOJlonm. 6lOiIorHiI pa3BiI-
TIi)!, 3BOJJJOl1J10HHOrO yqeHHH) npo6ncM Me.1\Hl\HHbl, aH'I}>onOJlorJlII
iI nCilxonomH, paBHO KaK paJpa60TKa np05neM TeOpeTH'IeCKOii aH-
TponorCHeTilKII" (neBilT c.r ,1936, cTp.5). MHCTIITYT npH.1\epJKH-
BalICR KOMnJIeKCHOl'O nO.1\XO.1\a K peweHillO nOCTaBneHHblX 3all.aq,
II.JUI qero B HeM 6blJIli OTl<pbIUI cneA)'lOlI.\HC OTlI.eneHII$I: reHeTilKH,
l\HTOJIOrHH, MexaHIlKH pil3BIITHII II HMMYH06110nonm, BHYTpeHHHX
60lIC3HeH. nCHXOJIOrlfli. TeM He Mellee OCHOBHbIM HanpaBJJeHHeM
IICCJlell.OBaHHH I1HCTIITYTa 5blJlO IICCiIell.OBaHHe ponll reHeTllqCCKIIX
H cpe.n:OBblX BmlHilHM B 3TII01I0rliH 601lC3HeH. B HHCTHTYTe H3Y'Ia-
JIaCb HBCJICl1.CrneHHaR 06YCJIOBJIeHHOCTh pJliJ,a 3a60JIeBaHHH, TaKHX,
HatJpHMCp, KaK 6a3CII.OBa 60ne3Hb (C.f.JICBHT, M.A PbIBKI1H),
6pOHXHaiIbHaR aCTMa (H.H.Mam<OBa), CBHYXOII.1\H3M (H.D.nIlXl\H-
Cp), Ji3Ba JKenY,'I)(a H lI.BeHal1.l1BTHnepCTHOH KHWKM (A.E.JIelnlH),
.1\Ha6eT (C.r.neBHT, JI.H.ITecilKOBa) H II.Pynle. Pa60THHKaMII I1H-
CTlUYTa 6b!J111 nonY'ieHbl I'!HTepeCHbie lI.aHHble 0 pOIlH HaCJJell.-
CTIICHHOCTII B cjJOpMllpOBaumr 41H3lfoJIorHqeCKIfX oco6eHHOCTeH
.IleTCKOro B03paCTa (JI.j{.EOCHK), CTpoeHHH HCKOTOpblX OT.IlCJ10B
KOCTIIOH CHCTCMbl (H.E.fYPCBl1q), OC06CHHOCTeii 3IICKTpoKap.1\IIOr-
paMMbl(I1.A.PbI1JKIIH, H.E Ka6aKOB) B IfHCTlfrYTC TaK)KC 60JIbWoe
BHHMaHHe Y.IleJ1RJIOCb pa3pa60TKe MaTeMaTHqeCKHX MeTO.IlOB aHa-
Jllf3a 6JI113HeQOBbIX HCCJlell.OBaHIIH (M B.MrHaUCB).
ITcllxOJlOmqCCKOe HanpaBJJCHHC pa60T B03rmtBI1n A.p.ny-
PIlS!, KOTOpblH PY](OB0II.IIJI nCHXOJlOrHqeCKHM OT.IleJleHileM I1H-
CTlITYTa (neBI1T C r ,1934)
B I1I1CTIITYTe npOBOII.I1J1HCb IICCJIe.1\OBaHilH HaCJlC.1\CTBeIlHOH
o6ycnOBJ1CHHOCTIl MOTOpHblX rjJYHKl\l'!ii, pa3J1II'iHbIX rjJOpM naMJlTII,
YPOBHR nCI1XII'IeCKOrO pa3BIITIIJI, BHHMaIlH, oc06eHHoCTcH HIITeJ1-
JlCKTa. Oc06eHllo IIIlTepeCHbI HCCJle.IlOBaHHH no aKTHBHoMY B03.I1eii-
CTBHIO Ha 'JeJlOBeKa, npoB0.1\IIBwcec corpY.IlIIHK3MH HHcTIITYTa.
Pe'!b l1.I1eT 06 IIcnblTaHIIH MCTO.IlOB nI1TaHH, Jle'leHIIR II 06YQCIIHR.
,lJ,nJl nO.Il06HOrO p0.1\a HCClJe.IlOBaHHif I1CnOJlb30BaJIH MCTO.II "KOHT-
pOJJbllorO" 6nH3Hea, C nOMOIllblO KOToporo npoBepHJlacb 3rprpe](-
TH13HOCTb pa3J1H'IHbIX MeTO.l[OB 06Y'IeHHH rpaMOTC (A.H.MHpeHo-
lJa), pa3BHTIIJI KOHCTpYKTlIBHOH .l[eTelJbHOCTH .IlOIllKOllbHHKa
(B.H.Kon6aHOBCKIIH; A.P.JIypl1J1, A.H.MHpeHOBa) OCTaHoBIIMC
601ree nOll.P06HO Ha nOCJlC.II.HCH pa60re.
30
\
KaK nl1wYT C.f.JIeBIIT II A p.nypHH B CTaTbe "feHeTHKa II
nell.3rOrH" (JKypHaJJ "3a KOMMYHHcTH'JecJ<oe npOCBell.\eHllc" or 2
.1\eKa6pR 1934 rOll.a), MHonle nC.1\arorll .1\OlliKOnbHbIX yqpeJK.1\CHHH
B03J1aralOT 60JlbllllIC Hai\eJKJl,bI Ha I1CnOJlb30BaHIIe TeXHH'ieCKOrO
KOHCTpYHpoBaHHH B .IlCTCKOM caA)'. O.IlllaKo Y HIIX B031111KalOT Bon-
pOCM 0 MeTO.1\ax 06YQeHIIJI - KaKoii 113 HHX HaH60Jlee 3!jJrjJCKTIIBeH
)J.JI pil3BHTIIH KOHCTpYKTHBHOii .1\eUeJ1bHOCTIl pe6CHKa (I<OnlIpOBa-
Hlle BblCTpoeHHblX rpllrYPOK, nOCTpoeHHe no KOHTypHblM MO.IleJJM,
CBo60.l\IIOe KOIICTpYHpOBaHl1e I'! T..II.). .II.JUI OTBCTa Ha 3TOT Bonpoc
6bInO npOBell.CHO Cnel\HaJIbHOC IICCJle.1\OBalllle nHTIl nap M3 6J1113-
lIeLlOB. EJJH3I1el\b] 6b1JJIl pa3i\eJlCHbl Ha .lI:Be rpYI1nbI, npljqeM napT-
lIepbl KaJK.1\OH napbI OKa3anllCb B pa3HblX rpyrmax. 3TH rpynnbl
06yqaJIIICb pa3HbiMil MeTO.1\aMIl. .II.eTJlM H3 nepBOH rpynnbI B Te'lC-
IIHe II.BYx C nOJIOBIlHOH MeCRl\CB npelI)IaraJIOCb npoCTO KonlipOBan
nocrpOCHllble 113 Ky611KOB rpllrypKH .L(PyraH rpynna 6nIl3Hel\OB
06yqaJIaCb KOHCTpYKTIIBHOH i\CHTeJlbHOCTiI .IlpyrllM MeTO.IlOM. HM
npe)l.lJaranOCb CTpOIlTb aHaJIOrnqllble rpllrypKI1, 110 pa3l1Hl\a 3aKIIIO-
qaJIaCb B TOM, qTO MOAeJJH, no KOTOpbIM OHH .IlOJlJKHbl 6bJJ\1I CTpo-
HTb' OKnCHBaJIlICb 6yMaroii, H pe6elloK .IlOJI1l(CH 6bIJI MbicneHIIO pa-
306paTb I1X Ha COCTaBJIlOlI.\He JIeMeHTbl H YJKe nOCJle TaKOrO alla-
JlI13a nO.1\bICKaTh Hco6xo.1\HMble Ky6HKH. ITo OKOHqaHIIH TpCHHpOB-
](H O](a3B.IJOCb, qTO '1J1ellbl napbl, 06yqaBllIHCCH no BTOPOMY MeTOA)',
H3MIIoro onepCJKaJlII CBOHX napTHepOB. TOr.1\a KaK .Il0 TpeHHpOBKH
06a 'IJIeHa napbI nOKil3bIBaJIlI O.1\lIlIaKOBble pCJYllbTaTbl. 31'0 Hccne--
.l\OB3HHe nOKaJBJIO, qTO TpellHpOBKa, COCTOJlll.\aR 113 MHOrOKpaTHO-
1'0 nOBTopeHIIR npOCTbIX HarJlJl!\HbIX OnCpal\HH, He MBMa 33MeT-
Horo pa3BHTlI$I KOHCTpYKTHBHoii .IleJlTenbIlOCTH pe6eHKa. 06yqc-
Hlle, onllpaBWeec.<l Ha CJ10)J{HbJli, ell(e He pa3BHTblH Y pe6cHKa, Ha-
TJI.1\Hblii allaJIl]3, nplIBCIIO ]( 3Haql1TCllbHOMY paJBIITHIO KOHCTpYK-
TltBHbIX onepal\IIH (JIYPIlH A.P., MHpeHOBa A.H., 1936).
PJI KOHKpcTHbrx IICCJIC.n:OB311I1H, npoBe.n:cHHblX COTpY.l\HJI-
](aMH MCAHKo-6i1onOrHqeCKOrO HIICTIlTYTa, 06cYJK.l\aeTCH TaK>I<e
13 COOTBeTCTBYlOlI.\HX pa3AeJlax .1\aHHOH KHHrll.
Bo05Il1e cne.IlYCT cKanrb, 'Ira Me.n:IIKo-6I1oJIorll'leCKl1ii, a
BnoCJJe.1\CTBIIH Me.1\HKO-reHeTlI'ICCKlIii, HHCTlITYT 6bIJI YlIlIKaJIeH
)l.lI1I CBocro BpCMeHH KaK no l\eJIJlM, TaK H no pe:JYJIbTaTaM pa60n.l,
KOTOpaJl npOBOtufJIaCb era COrpy,a:HIIK3MH. Donee 700 nap 6nllJlle-
I<OB BceCTopOllHe H3Y'IaJIIICb Me.1\IIKaMH II nCIIXOJIOraMIl HIICTIITYTa.
CYIlICCTBOBaBllIaR B IIHcTIITYTe CI1CTeMa OKa3allHH BceX 811.1\OB aM.
31

6yJlaTopHOH II CTaQHOHapHOH Me,lJ,IIQIIHCKOH nOMOll\H 6JIH3HeQa!,j
06CCne'lHBaJ!a nOCTO>lHHOe Ha6ruo,lJ,eHHe 3a KaJK,lJ,OH 06CJIellyeMoii
napoli. ITpH HHCTHTYTe 6b1JI C03,lJ,aH H cneQl1aJIbHblH .lleTCKHH Call.
M>I 6JIH3HeQOB, rll.C OHH HaXO,lJ,IIJIHCb no,lJ, nOCTO>lHHblM Ha6JIIO.lle-
HHeM Bpa'leiill nCI1XOJIOrOB (JIeBIIT C.f.,1936).
K COJKaJIeHiIIO, C06bITH>I, pa3BepHYBililleC>I BOKpyr reHeTHKH
(B nepllO,lJ, 3aCIIJIbJl B 6HOJIOrH'IeCKOH HaYKe l' ):(.JIblceHKO) B 30-e
rOJJ:bI, He 060IIIJ1l! H Me,ll,llKO-reHeTllqeCKIIH HHCTHT)'T B 1936 ro):(y
HaqaJIaCb OTKpblTaJI TPaBJI>I C f lJeBIITa II IIHCTIITYTB B LleJIOM' 'lTO
npllBCJ10 K ero 3aKpbITHIO JIeTOM 1937 rO,lJ,a. B 1938 ro):(y C I'.JIcBHT
6b1JI apToBaH H BnOCJIe,lJ,CTBHH paccrpeJI>lH. IToCJIe 3Toro IICCJIeAO-
BaHII>I no reHeTHKe nOBell.CHHH B CCCP npeKpaTIIJIIICb H JIIIll\b
nOCJIe OCJIa6JIeHHJi II03HQIIH T..II. J1b1ceHKO B 60-e rol1J>l H8yqH8n pa-
6ma B 3TOM HanpaBJICHll1I CTMa OnJiTb B03MOJKHOH.
B0306HOBJIeHl1e OTe'leCTBeIlHbIX nCIIXOreHeTllqecKllX IICCJIe-
i\OBaHI1H CBH3aHO C I!3Y'lcHHeM npHpO,lJ,bI MeJKHIli\lIBHAyanbHblx
pa3J1l1'lHH CBoiiCTB HepBHoH CHCTCMbI. 3TH IICCne,l10BaHI1J1 61>1JIII Ha-
qaTb! COTpY,!l,l!lIK8MH HI1I1 wll\eii 11 nCl!arOTI1'1CCKOH nCI1XOJIOHm*
B JIa60paTOpIIH D.M.TenJlOBa - B.):( He6bIJIIIl\blHa, a C 1972 rO.lla
npo,l10nJKanllCb (nol! PYKOBO,l1CTBOM H B.PaBllq-Il\ep60) YJKe B cne-
LlJ!aJIbHOH JIaQOpaTOpllll, OCHOBHOH 3aM qeH KOTOpoii 6bIJIO npOBe-
.lleHlle nCIIxoreHCTlI'IeCKHX lIccnCi\OBaHHii. TeopeTII'lecKoH 6a30ii
Ha'laBIllIIXCIlI1CCne.llOMHJIH CJJYJKl1na KOHQcnl\IIJi CBOHCTB HepBHoH
CHCTeMI>I (CHC), paJpa60TaHHa>l D.M.TennoBbIM Hero yqeHIIKOM
B.):( He6blJIlIl\bIHI>IM ITpeJl,CTaBneHIIJI 0 6a30BOM, BpOJK,l1eHHOM xa-
paKTepe CHC nOCJIYJKllnll no6Y,ll,llTenbHbIM MOTIIBOM ,II,J1Il HCCJIei\O-
BaHH>I ponll HaCJIeJl,CTBeHHbIX !jJaKTopOB B <jJOpMHpOBaHHH HH,lI,IIBII-
.!1)'aJ!bHbIX oc06eHHOCTeH HepBHOH CHCTeMbI.
3Tallbl IIYTH, IlpOHi\eHHOrO na60paTopHeH B 70-80-e rO,l1b1,
npei\CTaBnHIOT C060H nOcne,l10BaTenbHbIH nepeXO,l1 OT H3Y'leHHH
npllpO,lJ,bl CHC KaK <jJlI3110nOrllqCCKOH OCHOBbI IIH,!I,I!BIli\yaJIbHO-
CTH K aHanH3Y COOTHOilleHIIH CBOHCTB HepBHoii CIICTeMbl C nCltXo-
norH'!eCKIiMII xapaKTcpllCTIIKaMIi II K 113Y'leHHIO ponH HaCJIeJl,-
CTBeHHblX II Cpei\OBbIX !jJaKTopOB B <jJOpMllpOBaHHII IIHi\IIBH.llY-
anbHoro pa3Ho06pa311H BceB03MOJ!(HbIX nCIIXOJlOrl1qeCKIIX II nCII-
Xo!jJlI3110nOrll'leCKIIX xapaKTepHcTIIK qeJIOBeKa.
oj< HblHe - nC"XoJ10r"\fCKHH HHCTHTyr POCCtn1CKOH AKa.aeMHH 06paJo-
IIpaKTllqeCKIl Bce IICCnell.OBaHIIJI, npOBOi\HBililteCJI B JIa60-
paTOPIlH B 70-e rOi\bI, 6b1JII1 Hal\eneHbl Ha npOBepKY ynoM>lHYTO-
ro npe,l1nOJIOJKeHUJI 0 BpOJK,l1eIiHOM, HaCJICi\cTBeUHO 05ycnoBJIeH-
HOM xapaKTepe HH,l1I1BII,lJ,yanbHbIX oco6eHHOCTeil <jJYHKQIIOHUPO-
BaHIIJI QeHTpaJIbHOH HepBHOH CIICTeMbI, JIeJKall\lIx B OCHOBe CHC
(llInHXTa H.<D., 1978; 1111l6apoBcKa f.A , 1978; Bacl1JIel\ T.A.,
1978 H i\p.). B Te JKe roi\bI Ha'!aJIII pcrllcTpnpoBaTb 6H03JIeKTPII-
qecKYIO aKTlIBHQCTb M03ra y 6lHBm;QOB, BHllqaJIe B Ka'!<XTBe O,l1-
Horo n3 HHi\HKaTOpoB CHC (PaBllq-mep60 H.B. H,l1p ,1972;
1llJIJJXTa H.<D., 1972,1978; WII6apoBcKaH f.A., 1978), a 3aTeM H
KaK caMOCTOHTeJIbHblH 61103J1eKTpllqCCKIIH !jJeHoMeH (MeIJlKOBa
T.A, 1976, DeJleBa E.IT., 1981; faBpHill H.B., 1984)
IIpHMeHeHHe TeXHHKIf Bbl}!,eJIeHHIl Bb!3BaHHbIX nOTCHI.\HaJlOB
(BIT) n03BOiIllno nO)l.OHTII K aHanmy HaCJIei\YcMOCTli Heiipo<jJ1I3110-
nOrH'IeCKI1X MexaHH3MOB ncpepa60TKI1 IIH!jJ0pMaI.\IIH ITepBaH pa-
60Ta B nOM Hallp3JJJIeHHH 6bIJIa nOC1JJlll\eHa aHaJIH3Y 3pHTeJlbHbIX
BIT (MaplOTHHa T.M., 1978). B i\aJIbHeiiIlleM COIICOK IICCJIe):(yeMbIx
HeiipoIjl1l3110JlOrn'lKHX nOKaJaTeJleH paCIllllpJlJICJI 3a CqeT BIUIIO'Ie-
HHJI TaKIlX nOKB3aTeJIeH, KaK cnYXOBbIC BIT (K0'ly6eH 6.H.,1983),
nOTeHl111aJIbI M03ra, CBJl3aHHbie C i\BHJKeHlleM (MaJIbIX C.D., 1986),
YCJIOBHaJi HeraTI'!BHaJi BOJIHa (MaJIbIX C 6., 1990).
ITcllxOrCHeTH'IeCKlle IIccnei\OBaHIiH CaMOCTOJlTeJlbHblX nCI'!-
XOJIOrH'leCKI1X xapaKTepHcTHK nOHa'laJ1Y npOBO,l1l1nl1Cb B COOT-
BeTCTBIIII C TeOpeTHqeCKI1MI1 npei\CTaBneHIIJlMII i\H<jJ!jJepeHQl1aJIb-
Hoii nCHxoIjJH3HOnOrHH, qTO npOJlBJIJlJIOCb B oplleHTal\liI! Ha ,lJ,1I-
HaMHqeCKlle, a He Ha cOl\epJKaTeJIbHbIe xapaKTepHCTIiKII CmlCOK
IIccnCllyeMbIx xapaKTcpllCTHK npaKTl1qeCKIi IICqepnblBaJICH OCO-
6eHHOCTJ!MII 06ll\HTeJIbHOCTH, TpeBOJKHOCTIi H JMOI1HOHanbHOCTIl
(EropOBa M.C., CeMeHOB B.B.,1988).
C HaqaJIa 80-x rOl!OB nCIIXOJIorHqeCKaJ! np06JIeMaTnKa B
Uccnc.n:OBaHIIIlX JIa60paTopilU HaqnHaCT MeHJlTbCH. OCHOBHblM
npe,lJ,MeTOM HCCJIei\OBaHI1J1 CTaHOBHTCJI KorHIITIIBHbIe xapaKTepH-
CTHKH - I1HTeJlJIeKT H KorHIITHBHble cnoco6nOCTI'! (CM 0630P
EropOBa M.C., 1988). C 3Toro BpeMeHII JKClJepllMeHTanbHble IIC-
Cnei\oBaHIiJi npOBO,l1J1TCH BHe 1'eOpeTH'IeCKOrO KOHTeKCTa )l.H;jJ;jJe-
peHl\lIaJIbHOH nCHxo;jJH3110JIOrllll, npH coxpaHeHIIH npei\CTaBJle-
I1HH 06 HepapXllqeCKOM cTpoeHIIH HH,lJ,HBHi\yanbHocTIi. B03MOJK-
110ii nepcneKTIIBoH CTaHOBHTCJ! cOBMecTHbIH nCllxOreHCTI1'!ecKHH
8Hanll3 nCIIXOnOrHqeCKIIX H nCHxo!jJIi3110nOrH'IeCKIiX xapaKTepH-
33
BaHHJI:
32

CTI1K, TO eCTb paCCMOTpeHile ncuxoljJ113HOn01'l1'1eCKI1X xapBKTe-
pllCTIIK KaK onOcpe.l(YIOlL(e1'O 3BCHa MCJK.l(Y reHOTJmOM 11 nCJ1XO-
nOrJ.I'IeCKHMH oc06eHHOCTSlMIl.
B KOHl\e 80-x 1'O,!!.OB OI\HOH 113 OCHOBHbIX TeM 06CY)KJJ.eHIIH B
nB60paTopHH CTaHOBIiTCH Bonpoc 0 Cnel\HIjJHKe nCllxo1jJ113110JJ01'H-
qect<HX H nCHxonOTH'IeCKJIX npHJHaKOB qeJIOJ3CKa, BKJJJO'IaeMbIX B
reHeTllqeCKOe Hccne,!!.OBBHlle, B CBH3H C TeM qTO HaKBnJ1I1BaIOTCH
l\aHHble, CBI1,!!.eTeJIbCTBYIO/.Ul1e 0 3aBHCHMOCTH MeXaHI131of0B HaCJIell,-
CTBeHHOH ,!!.eTCpMI1Hal\lm nCHX0J10rH'IeCKIIX IIIICI1XOIjJH3H0J10rH'.ec-
KIIX npIl3HBK01J OT IIX nCI1XOJIOrH'JeCKOH CTpYKTypbl.
Ell\e B 1978 r. T.A.ITaHTeJ1eeBOH 6blJ10 nOKB3aHo, '1TO re-
HeTH'IeCKIIH KOHTpOJIb napaMeTpOB ceHCOMOTOpHOH II,CSlTeJIbHO-
CTII 06HapYJKHBaeTC>\ JJIIWb HB ypOBHe BblCOKOH aBTOMaTII3aL\lill
HalIblKa. To1'.L\a JKC B IICCnelJ,OBaHll1I T.M.MapIOTJiHOH 6blJ!0 06-
HapYJKeHO, qTO 1'eHeTII'JccKH!\ KOHTpOJIb napalofeTpoB 3pl1Tenb-
HbIX BIT MeHSleTCH B 3aBHCI1MOCTH OT 3KcIIepHMeHTaJlbHOH CHTY-
al\llH, B KOTOpylO BKJIlOqeH HccnelJ,ycMblH napaMeTp. llCCnell,OBa-
Hl1e reHeTllqeCKo!\ o6ycnOBJ1eHHOCTII L\eJ10CTHbIX (cHcTeMHblx)
nCHxoIjJH3110nOrH'IeCKI1X o6pa:JOBaHlIH, KaKOBbIMI1 HBJ1HIOTCSI 060-
pOHHTenbHaSl II oplieliTHpOBO'IHaH peaKl\HH (Koqy6eH D.ll.,1983):
TaKJKe nOIl,TBcplJ,l1JIO 3aBliCHMOCTb xapaKTepa HaCJ1eIJ,CTBeHHO H
.n:eTepMHHal\11II OT Cnel\HIjJHKH I1cCnelJ,yeMoro 3BeHa COOTBeTCTBY-
lOIl.\eH peaKl\HH. Han60nee OTqeTJIHBO YKa3aHHaH 3BBHCI1MOCTb
BbI9BHnaCb npl1 HCCJ1enOBaHIfIl nOTeHl\HanOB M031'a, CBH3aHHbJX C
nBHJKeHl1elof (ManbIx C.B ,1986) OKa3anocb, qTO 1'eHeTHqeCKI1H
KOHTpOJIb napaMeTpOB ITMC.II. Ha OI\HO H TO JKe, no 611OMexaHH-
qeCKOH cxeMe, I\BH)I(eHlle 3aBilCHT OT lofeCTa, KOTopoe 3TO .n:BH)/(e-
Hlle 3aHlIMaeT B nCIIXOJlOrll'leCKOH CTpYKType i\eHCTBIIJI. reHeTH-
qeCKIiH KOHTponb 60nee BbIpa)l(eH, KOrlJ,a jl,BHJKeHHe nUWb cpe,!!.-
CTBO BbInonHeHHH, a He l\enb l\eHCTBIIH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, 3TI1 )laHHble CBI1AerenbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, qTO
IjJCHoTillIllqeCKH OIl,I1H H TOT )I(e nCllxo1jJH3110nOrH'leCKHH npH3HaK,
TO eCTb npH3Hat<, I1MelOll\l1H O)lHH II Te )l(e BHeWHlle npOHBJleHIIJI
MO)J(eT CYll\eCTBCHHO pa3nll'laTbCH no CBoeH nCHX0J10rllqCCKOH
CTpYKType Ii, COOTBeTCTBCHHO, no COOTHOCHTeiIbHDIofY BKnBi\Y TeHO-
THIIH'IeCKIIX 11 cpenOBblX AeTCpMlmaHT B ero BapliaTIIBHOCTb
ITOCTpOCH\le al!aJlOrHqHblX JKeCTKHX JIa60paTopHbiX cxeM !J.JIH
xapaKTepl1CTHK, OTHOCHIl\HXCH I( K01'HHTHBHOH cljJepe, B03MO)J(HO
JJHWb JIlTH HBH60nec 3J!CMCHTapHblX OC06CHHOCTeH. TeM He MeHee,
34
BapbHpOBaHHe B na60paTopHbiX YCJIOBHJlX nCI1XOn01'HqeCKOR xa-
paKTCPH(:THJ<1I JJpH coxpaHeHHH HeH3MeHHOH BHeWHeH KapTHHbl Ae-
HTeJIbHOCTH i\OCTHraeTCH, HanpliMCp, 113MeHeHI1eM CTeneHIt Hayqe-
!!HH B 3TOlof CJIY'Iae COOTHoweHne reHeTH'IeCl(ltx 11 cpe,!!.oBblX q.aK-
TOpOB B H3MeHqI1BOCTI1 aHaJll1311pYeTCJI i\nJl O,!\HOHMeHHbIX nCHXO-
JJorHqCCKHX xapaKTepHCTIIK, 3aperHCTplipOBaHHbiX AO 11 nocJle Ha-
yqeHHH ITPII 3TOM, KaK npaBI1JJO, 1JbIHBJIHeTCH MellbwaH p01lb 1'eHe-
TH4eCKOH COCTaBJJHtOll\CH npll 60JIee BblCOKOH CTcneHI1 OBJ1aj1,eHIiJi
HaBblKOM (MaJlblX C.D. H II,p., 1993; Ma1ykh S. et aI., 1993).
}:(aHHble 0 B03paCTHOHII,HHalofHKe 1'eHeTllqeCK01'O KOHTpoml
nOBeneHHH qeJ101JeKa TaK)Ke 1'OBopHT 0 3aBHCHMocrH HaCJ1e.L\-
c'fBeHHOH !\CTepMHHal\HH OT nCI1XOnOrHqeCKOH CTpYKTYPbl I\3Y-
qaeMOrO npH3HBKa, nOCKOJIbKY MexaHH3Mbl peaJIH3al\HII nCHXO-
JlOrli'leCKOH q.YHKl\HH MeHHIOTCH B OHT01'eHe3e. 3KcnepHMeHTanb-
Hble IICCJ1eIl,OBaHI1S1 A.P.JIYPHI1, npOBelJ,eHHblC Cll\e B 30-e rO)lbl,
nOKa3anH, qTO Ha pa3HblX 3Tanax OHToreHe3a OAHOH II TOH )l(e
nCIIXHqeCKOH IjJYHKl\HH BJII1J1HHe reHeTllqeCKIIX ljJaKTopoB OKa3bI-
BanCH pa3J!H'IHbIM, qTO, nO e1'o MHeHHIO, CBH3aHO C KaqecTBeH-
HOH nepecTpoHKOH nCI1XH'IeCKOH neHTeJJbHOCTII pe6cHKa.
TaKHM 06pa30M, caMa J10rllKa HayqllOro jl,BH)J(eHHSI npHBeJIa
K opraHH3al\liH nepBoro B Poccmi JIOH1'HTIO,!\H01'O HccneAOBBHHSI
6JIH3HCl\OB, KOTopoe 6b1no HaqaTo B JIa60paTopHII B03pacTHOH
nCHxoreHeTHKII IIclixoJ1orH'!ccKoro liHCTfITYT'I PAO B /986 ro.L\Y.
JIO!!rIlTIOAHOe npocnC)J(HBaHlie pa3BHTHJI 6m\3Hel\OB 6blJI0
3aA)'Malio KaK nOnblTKa nOi\OHTH K peweHll10 O)lH01'O H3 OCHOB-
IIblX BonpOCOB B03pacTHoH nCI1XOJJOrHH - Bonpoca 0 TOM, Ka-
KIiC ljJaKTopbl, rCHCTH'leCKHe liJlH CpC.l(OBble, Ii B KaKoii CTenCHII
06eCneqHBalOT npeCMCTBeHHOCTb pa3BHTlIJI B HaCTOHlL(eC BpeMH
JIOHrlfTlOAHOC IICCJIeAOBaHHe npOnOJI)I(aeTCH, ero l\eJJb - BbIHC-
HCHHe xapaKTepa rCHCTHqeCKoro KOHTpOJIH nCIiXOJJOrl1qeCKHX H
nCHxoljJ1i3ROnOTll'lCCKHX npH3HaKOB qeJ10BcKa B npOl\ccce I1HAH-
BI1AyaJIbH01'O pa3BHTHH.
.................. """"",.""'"
.............. .........,;,'""".:"
i':.
TeoPIJJI 3lfQJIIOI.\Jrn q..II.apBffHa - OJf.llH 113 Hc...OKOB reHeTII-
kit nO)J;eH.'.'1J);OBe!,a;ITOJ[l!ne!IIIe 3BoIlIOl\HQI!f!OH TeopllH
a.nQ TOJl'lOl4:RCCJIe.n;OJ\llIftUO ljJeHoMHa Hacne,ll,cTBeHHOCTH, no-
, 'i'i':','::!'.!";:.: ,...."::"" .;c" .:c, ",:,;;;,,.,",.:,:. "1;), "."';"":;,., ,'_'
35

CKOJIbKY B OCHOBe MeX8HH3WB 3BOJIJOl\HH JleJKaT H3MCH'UlBOCTb,
HacJle.n;CTBeHHOCTb H CCTeCTBCHHbfJt DroOp.
B HCTOpltH pB3BHTHJI TeHermm nOBeJl,eHJlS1 '1eJlOBeKB 1010)1(-
HO Jl,OCTBTO'lHO YCJ10BHO BI>I.n;eJIHTb '1eTblpC OCHOBHblX nepHOJl,a,
I) 3apo:I/CdeHUe ZeHemUKU 1108eOeHUR 'IeJl08eKa. OrpOMHYIO
pOJIl, Ha 3TOM 3Tane pa:JBI/THH reHermcH nOBe,l{eHllSl C1>IJ"PaJDI pa-
GOTbI  fa.JIl>TOHa. Ero paGOTbI nOCBJllI(eHbl He TOJlbKO 3MnHpll-
'1eCK}!M HCCJlC.lIOBRHHR.M HaCJle)I,CTBCHIlOCTH qOBe;J.eHHII 'IeJlQBeKa,
HO H pR3pa6oTKc OCH08HblX MCTOJnl'lCCKlIX npReMoB Mil 113Y'Ie-
HHJ/ H,aCJ1c.D;0I!BHHJ/ nCHXOJJprH'ICC,/(WI- X3paJqepHCTHK.lI. 3TOM
nanc 6J,JJIH onpCJI,eJIeHId OCHOBHbIc'noJI,XO,llbI H nOH1ITH1i reHeTII-
KH nOBell,eHHJI '!eJ)OBeKa.
2) CmaH06J1eHue zeHemUKU n06eoeHUR 'leJl08eKa KaK CaM!>-
Cm(JR»1eJ1bHOU HaylUtOj'J OUCIjU1lJlUHbl. 3TOT 3Tan xapaKTepH3yercJI
C03,!t8Hl1eM KOHl\enUHII MHO)l(CCTBeHHbIX 4IaKTOpoB, KOTOpaJi
06'beJl,JUIHJIa nO)tXO,llbJ TeHeTHKOB H 6HOMCTpHICOB. ICOJIl\enIJ,IIJI
MH01KCCTBeHHbIX cjJalITOpOB OIlIIpaeTCJI Ha npeJl,CTB!lJJeHRe 0 TOM,
'1TO MeHJI,eJleBCKHH MexaHH3M JnlCKpeTHOrO HaCJleJl,OBaHHII npl'!-
MeHRI" II K lIenpepbtBHO paC!IpC,!teJIeHHIdM CJIO)J(HbIM npH3HaKaM.
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qTO nOJIHreHHbIe pll3J1H'IIIJI Me1KA)' HHJI,HBIIJI,aMH MOryT npHBO-
.1lIITb K 4IcHOTllnH'ICCKHM p83JIHtJHJlM.
3) 3man H(lIWIIJI{!HUR 3MI1UpU'leCIWZO MafflePuaJ/Q. Ha 3TOM
'\ 3TBne6LIJIH pa3pa6oTaHbI AOCTaTotJHO Ha,a:CJKHbli:: MeTOJl,I>I HJI,eH-
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BnCpBl>le 6b1J1H HCnOJlbJOBaHbl MeTO.ll:bl nplieMHbll( !teTeii H pa3JIY-
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4) C 1960 ro,ll,a, C IoI0!oleHTa C03,l1,aH}!1I "AQllaQIIH reHeTH-
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HOZO "mal1a ptl:16Um ZceHl!muKU 1106edeHUli. 31'0 BpChllI 6ypHoro
paJBHTHIi reHeTlI'IeCKHX HCCJleI!OBaHHi! pB3Hoo6pll3HbIX nCHXOJlO-
rH'IeeKIIX npH3HaKOB. 13 Ha'lane 80-1( rOIIOs HHTeJlCC HCCJIC1l0Ba-
TeJlCH npHBJJeKaIOT'B03M01KHOCTH reHeTIll(H nOBeJl,eHHII Mil H3Y-
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Be)];eHHII 3aHHMaeT np06J1CMa pa3BHTHJI. nOIlBJlJlIOTCJI " HOBbIe
J(eTO)U>1 HCCJJC)tOBaIiKiI.
36
qacmbII
8JIEMEHTAPHhIE OCHOBhI
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B 'taCTH II B O'teHb C)!(aTOH ljJopMe npllBO.ll:JlTCH OCHOBHble
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nOBei\eHHR.
IIpl1 no.n.roTOBKe 3T0i1 qaCTH Mbl COqJIH B03MO)J(HbIM He
06palI\3TbCJI K nepBOHCTOqHHKaM, a HCnOJIb30B3Tb MaTepHaJIb!
pH,!!a 113BeCTHhlX H 061I\enpH3HaHHbIX PYKOBOi\CTB II MOHorpa-
IjJHH no 61!oJIOTlIH I! reHCTHKe*, JIHWb oTo6paB H CTPYKTYPHPO-
BaB MaTepHaJI B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3ai\aqaMH KHl!rl!.
I
,.. EJiOJlOrH'IeCxm1 JRQHKJlOneJJ:H'tJeCKHH CJ10Bapb. M . 1989,
fPHlI M , Ct'8YT Y, Teiirrop,l{ DHorromw, B 3 T M , /990;
J1eeoHTHH p qenOBe'IJeCKa.A HH,DJ!BH.llYaJIhHOCib HacneJ1CTBeHHOcn. H cpe.n.a M.
1993,
MIOHTQHr A feHeTH1<3. M, \967,
OreJIb <!>, MoryJIbCKH A feHeTHKa qeJIOBeKa. B 3 T M, 1990;
pMaH fl., f1apcoKc IT feHerex. rrOBe/J;eKK1I U 3BOmol(H1I M., /984 U IW
39

rJ1ABA 2. npIo13HAKIo1 B nOnYJ1f1LtIo1f1X
4) cnoc05HoCTb CB050JJ;HO H cJlyqaHHO Cl(pell(HBaTbCJI MCJK-
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41
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40

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43

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45
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44

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46
47

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nOBTopHO H nOiIY'IlIiIJI npllJHaHHe, eJl.}JHHl(bl HaCJIe.n;CTBeHHOCTH
6bIJIH Ha3BaHbI "$aKTopaMH", B 1909 ro.n;y AaTCKI!H Y'ICHbIH
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(6eJ1bIe IIJIH OKpaweHHble) II HeKOTopbIe .n:pyrJle.
48
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nepeMeHHOH, QTO ynpOaJIO aHaIT1I3, 3aTeM r.MeHJI,eJIb npJlCTY-
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49

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npOJlBHJICJI B nOKOneHlI1I F2. f MeHJleJTh Cl1eJIaJI 3aKJI1O'IeHlle, '1TO
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50
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rOM THn KneTOqHOrO .l(eiIeHI1SI.
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MHOJKeHIIJI COMal'H'IeCKIIX KJIeTOK, TO eCTb KJleTOK Terra, 6bliIO
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pa30BaHilIO IIOJIODbIX ICJleTOK (raMeT), nOJlY'iHJIO Ha3BaIiMe Meu-
56
2.3. XpIIMQC()MbI '1eJ10lleKa
)l(H3Hb mo60ro opraHM3Ma, .l\JIH KOToporo xapaKTepeH no-
JIOBOH nYTb pa3MHOJKeHII", B TOM qHCJlC H opraHII3Ma '1eJlOBf:Ka,
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57

POAHTebCKaA Kn9TK3 C
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3T0 npOHCXO.ll:llT upH ncpBOM ,lIeneHHH MCH03a. OqeHf, B8JKHO, qTO
qJlCHhl KaJKJI,OH napbI XpOMOCOM COBcpwalOT 3TOT npoLiecc He3a-
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58
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60
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61

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63

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CBJl3J1MI1 qepe3 OC.HOlJaHHJI. fIapbl OCHoBaHHii nOJl,XO!l.JlT I\Pyr K
I\pyry, KaK KnlOq K 3aMKY ITpll 3TOM a!l.CHIIH ocerl\a CTOHT B
nape C TI1MHHOM, a ryaHI1H C QHT03HHOM (A-T, f-IJ;, PHCYHOK
3.8). EJlarollapJl TaKOMY KOMnlleMellmaplloMY CTpOeHI1IO, 3Ta
I\BOHHaJi HHTL cnoco6Ha TOqHO Bocnp0l13BOl\HTb ce6J1, 06pa3YJl
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KaK IIBoHHaJi cnUpaJlb <t>.YoTcoHa H .II.)!(.KpHKa, nOKa3aHa Ha
pHCYHKe 3.9.
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BaeTCJI HOBaJi KOMnJleMeHTapHaJi nonOBHHKa. B pe3YJlLTaTe Mbl
IlorryqaeM ABe MOJleKYJlbI .II.HK, a6COJIIOTHO I1l\eHTl1qHLIX HC-
XO!l.HOH. OIlHa HMeeT cTapylO npaBYIO CTOPOHY H HOBYIO JleBYIO,
a I\pyraJl, Hao6opOT, - cTapyIO JleBYro It HOOYIO npaoylO (pl1cy-
HOK 3.10).
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HHe cnoco6HoCTH reHOB 11 XpOMOCOM TOqHO BocnpOH300!l."TL ce6J1
B MltT03e, '1TO npHBO.I\HT K 06pa30BaHI11O I\O'lepHI1X jCJleTOK TO'lHO
65
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64

T3.Koii >Ke reHt:-rH'ecKoii XOHCTHTYQHII,
'!TO Ii MaTepIlHCX!UI. ECTeCTBeIiHO, '1TO
B KiTCTKe nOT npol.{ccc 3HaqllTCnbHO
cnO>KHec, '!eM nOl(a3aHO Ha cXeMC.
B MOJICKYJIe .II.HK 60JIbWOe 3Ha-
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TeJIbHOCTIl pacnOJIO>KeHbI OCHOBaHHJI.
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OCHOBaHIIH MO)((eT BblrJlJl.!len KaK
fA TTf A, a MO>KeT 11 HHa'le-
TTTfAA II T..!I. ITOCKOJIbKY OCHO-
BaHH!! pacnOJlO)((CHbl B MoneKYJle .II.HK
JIHHeiil/o, o.1l.Ho 3a l\PyrilM, '!IIcnO pa3-
nll'!HbIX cxeM pacnOJIOJKeHHJI ,lI,JIJI Ka1l(-
i1.0ro OCHOBaHHII npaKTH'IecKH Heorpa-
HH'!eHHO. 3TO Cl'aHOBHTCH OC06CHIJ0
JlCHO, ecnll y'!ecTb, '1TO B COCTaB 0.1\-
HOH MoncKynbI .II.RK 1<XOT COTHH TM-
e!!q OT.!IeJIblJbIX HYKJIeOTHI\OB. .II.aJKe Y
npllMIfTIIBHeMwero JKIIBoro OpraHlI3-
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JIeKYJIbl .n;HK 1<XOI\IIT OKOJlO 200 TbICJ('!
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'IIICJlO BO MHOI'D pa3 60Jlbwe. TaxlfM
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reH BKIIIOqaeT 500 nap OCHOBaHIIH, TO 1W YomcOIlY U KpUKY
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3BOJlJllOT e03.!1aBaTb orpOMHoc 'JI/CJlO pa3Hoo6pa3HbIX COqCTa-
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.!IeJIeHIIH reHa paCCMaTpIlBaCT reH l(aK el\llHIII.{Y IjIYHKI.{IIII MOJK-
Ho cKa3aTb, '1TO zeH - Jmo ne60.nbwoiJ Y'IaCntOK XpOMOCOMbl, 06-
.nai)aIOUjuu onpeoe.neHlwu 6UQXUMWleCKou f/JYHKlfueu U OKa3616alO-
UjuiJ C7U'1JmPU'leCKDe 8.lIURHue I/IJ c80ficnt6a Qc06u. ITOCKOJIbKY 6bIJIO
H3BeCTHO, '11'0 OT reHoB 3aBHCRT CTpYICTypHble, IjIJlJHOJIOrH'JCC-
KIIC II 61'!0XHMIi'lCCKHC npll3HaKII, 6bIJIO npeAJIO)((eHO onpeJl,c-
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Te3llpyeTCJI II pe3ynbTaTe ,lI,CHCTBIiH reHa?
EII1e B 1908 r0.I\Y aHfJIlIHCKHIi Bpaq Ap'IH6aJll,I{ fappol\,
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Bble BbICKa3aJ1 rilnoTc3Y 0 CBJl3f! Mexc.ay reH8MIf If </JepMeHTaIH.
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BCCX JliHBb!X ICnt:TJ(ax IIIfI'paJOJlII!e POJIL 61fOJlOril'!ecKlI)( KaTaJnl3a-
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MeaT!>, HJ1H, QTO npaBlfflbHee, fO reH ------6'enoK t ', arcrHlfecK" 03Hatla.
CT, '1TO reHbI CO.!lep)l(aT IIHljlopMal.{HIO 0 nOCJIeJl,OBaTeJIbHOCTH
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CJI onpeJJ,eJleHHbIH 6eJ10K.
3.2. Onpe.!leJJeHHe reHa, OCHOIIIIBSI IjIYHJ(I\HSI rella
HCCMOTpfl Ha TO, qTO MHoroe YJI(e Tcnepb H3BecTHO 0 CTpO-
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66
67

3.3. feHeTllqeCKH" KOj(
naMI1 no TpI1 11 3aTeM Ka)f(Jl,YIO "TpOHKY" oCHOBaHI1H nepeBOAHT B
KOHKpeTHYIO aMHHOKI1CJ10TY H B KOHKpeTHblH 6eJ10K. MexaHH3M
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raeT yqaCTHe APyroro BHAa HYKnellHoBblX KHcnOT - PI160HYK-
neHHoBoll KHcnOTbl (PHK) II pl(a KneTO'lHblX CTpYKTYP BHe .n:pa
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B pa60Te c HI1311lllMH AOAepHbIMIl OpraHI13MaMH (npOKapIlOTa-
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7900 HYKneoTIIAoB.
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cnyqae HHljJopMal\Hjj, 3aKOAIJpOBaHHaji B AaHHOM reHe, CqHTblBa-
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KaKI1M JKC 06pa30M HHcpOPMallHiJ 0 nocneAOBaTeJIbHOCTII
oCHoBaHIIH .II.HK npe06pa3yeTcJI B nOCJIej(OBaTenbHOCTb aMH-
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HlliJ - A, 1', f, , a B COCTaB 6enKoB BXOAjjT 20 pa3JIII'IHbIX
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6cJ1j(a, TO B COCTaB nOrO 6eJIKa Morno 6bI BXOl\lITb TonbKO qe-
Tblpe BHAa aMIIHOKllcnOT. EcnH 6bJ KaJKAajj aMIIHOKlicnOTa KO-
Jl,HpOBanacb .D.aYMjj OCHOBaHHJlMH, TO qllcno B03MOJKHblX nap
COCTaBmmo 6b! 4' = 16. 3Toro TaKJKC He.D.OCTaTOqHO AJljj KO./UI-
pOBaHlfiJ 20 aMIlHOKIICJlOT. TOflbKO KO.1\, COCTOJ/illllii 113 Tpex OC-
HOBaHlIll, Mor 6bl 06eC!le'lHTb BKnlO'IeHlle BCCX 20 aMHHOKHcnOT
B COCTaB 6eJIKa, nocKoflbKY qHCJIO B03MOJKHblX TpIl!lneTOB 3AeCb
4' = 64 TaKIIM 06pa30M, KaJK.1\OH aMIlHOKHCJlOTe AOnJKHO COOT-
BeTCTBOBaTb Tpl'! nocneJl,OBaTcnbHblX OCHOBaHlljj .II.HK.
3T 3aBJlCMMOCTb MeJKY OCHOB<lHI!JlMII 11 <lMHHOKHCJIOT<I-
Mil H3BeCTHa no).\ Ha3BaHlieM 2e1JemU'/eCK020 Kooa. ):\OKa3aTenh-
CTBa TPHnneTHOCTII Ko).\a 6bIJIH nonyqeHbl B 1961 ro.D.)l <l>P3HCII-
COM KpHKOM.
OCHoBHhle oc06eHHOCTI1 reHeTllqeCKoro I<o).\a MOrYT 6blTh
cljJOPMYJIllpOaaHbl cne).\YlOillHM 06pa30M.
I AMI1HOKHCJlOTa KO.D.IJpyeTCjj TpHTIJIeTOM OCHOBaHHH B nonH-
HYKJleOTIiAHOH l1eTII1 .II.HK.
2. KOA JlBJIJleTCiJ YHI1BepCaJlbHbIM. Y Bcex JKHBblX opraHH3MoB 0).\-
HII 11 Te JKe TpII!lJ1eTbI KOJl,llpYIOT OJ(HH H Te JKe aMIIHOKIICJIOTbl.
3. AMHHOKHCJlOTa MO)!(eT KOJl,llpOBaTbCjj 60nce qeM OAHHM TpHn-
neTOM (HanoMHIIM, 'ITO qllCJlO B03MOJKHblX TpHnJ1eTOB 64, a
qHCnO aMI1HOKIICJ10T 20).
4 KOI\ He!lepeKpbIBaIOIl1I1HCJI, TO eCTb KaJKJ\oe OCIIOBaHlle MO)!(eT
npHHa,IJ,lleJKaTh TOJIb!(O O.D.HOMY TpHnJ1eTY (PHCYHOK 3.11).
MexaHH3M CIIHTC3a 6eJIKOB B KJjeTKe CqllTblBBeT nOCJICAO-
BaTeJ!bHOCTb OCHOBallHH B O).\HOII nOJIOBHHe MoneKynbI .II.HK rpyn-
:(A_I:lrtIir!r11, HO He  A T
PUCYHOK 3.11
TpUl1JIemllblU HenepeKpblGalOUfu(;CJl 2eHemU4eCKUU KOiJ
68
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,.,.:",.,.A.,.,;!\1i,I\;ret>Ha.n:..l!hllol' ,cy6crpaToM HaCJIeJI,CTBeHHOCTII ,",JIJI-
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TO'JHOCTl>IO 8 .' ... .".,
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83 OT11CToe OCHOBaHJJe (1I,lIeHJU!, rylUlHH, TIIMHiI QHT03HHP::,:;,;:,;'
". S." MOIleICYJIa ,lJ;HK COCTOHTH3 IUIYX rtOJlHfl:YKJICOTIfJUlM
QelIeIt, 'IepC3 1130TllcThIe OCIIOBIIHIIA, H HJ4et:1'KOM-
. oe CTpOeIlIIe: aUDH  IIHTAMH 06pa3YJOTcA TOJI/'-
MIJH (A-1)ilI'Yi!IIH:HT031111(J'.Q).
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"];: '9'II O IIHoA cjlYHKeliffit-.',!18JI11eTCA kOJl,llPOBal;l"e HH
cjlop . CIICQHcjlH'ICCKOro(!eJIKa.
8. AMHHOkMCnO'l1>lAIIJl CHHTC3a 6eJ1)(II KO!tJipYIOTCII yPlIlI-
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4. feNW . XpoMOCOMax. Myral.lMM
4.1. nOHlITH1i JIOKYCII H IIJIJleJllI. MHO*KTBeuH...e lI.IL1IeJIH.
TOMO:JIU'OTHOCn. U J'eTepo:JIltOTBOCTIo
KaI( YJKC rOBOpHJTOCb, !'eHb! B XpOMocoMax pllCl10JIllrlllOTCJI
JlHHCQHO. MCCTO 8 XpoMOCOMC, B KOTOpOM pllCnOJIOJKeH MHHblH
rc", I1II3/,IBaeTCII 1I01<YCOM. B OJl,llOlol H TOM JKe JIOKyce Y oco6cn
Onpe,!(eJIeJlHoro BH.Wl MOryr pacnoJtaJ'8T/'CJI OAHHIIICOBbJC reHIJ, HO
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reHa. 061J'IHO 3TII 811pllllHTbl OAHoro H Toro )J(e reHII CJl.O.ll:HbI
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JI01CYca H3BecTllbI JIIIlllb 1\88 8JIJIeJIJI, TO CCTb .Q;IIC bTq)HaTIIBHbIe
cjI0PMI,I OJl,lloro reRa, OJl,llIllCO Hepe;UCH CJJy'laK, KOr)l.a AAHHMH JIO-
KYC BCTpC'IaeTCJJ B ueJlOM pJlJl,e p83JIH'IHLlX COCTOJJHIlIi, H TOr)l.a
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70
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nCH, paCnOJIBralOlI.\HxCA B rOMOJIOOl'lHWX XpOMOCOM8X. ITPII MliO-
:KCCTBeHlIOM 3JIJIeJJH3Me B nonYJIAQHH MorYT BCyPC'IaTbCJI pa3-
Hble aJ1JlCJIII, H HX pa3nll'lHLle CO'leTaHIIA Y OT,I\eJJLHbIX HH.lI:HBII-
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I) rOM03HrOTbl - lA IA;
2) rercp03HroTbl - IA i.
fpynn8 KpOIlH B:
3) rOM03I1rOTLI- I" P;
4) reTep03HroTbi - Pi.
fpynn8 KpOIlH 0:
5) rOM03HrOTbl - ii.
fpynna KpOll1l AB:
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JIJOJI,II C rpynnoH !Cp08H 0 - no llceI'.n:a rOM0311I'0TbI, JIIO,!(II
C rpynnoii KpOBII AB - no BCer)l.a renp03HrOTbI, II cpeJl,ll JlIO-
)1;eii C rpynnaMII A H B MorYT BCTpe'l8n.cI K rOMO- K I'CTep03H-
rOTbI. .II.OMHHKpOB8HIIJJ B ,!\aHHOM CJIY'Iae He lIa6JI1O,I\.8eTCJJ, HO
lIeT II IlpoMeJKYTO'IIILlX cjI0PM, H JDO,!(II C TIlnOM ICpOIIII AB O,!(llO-
BpeMeHHO npoABJlJlIOT npH3HBKK rpynm>l A K rpynn... B.
4.2. retlllwe M}7aJUn1
HCCMOTpIi HII 60JILWYro TOtJHOCTb penJIHlCal.\HH .II.HK BO
BpCMJJ npOI(eccoB MIIT03a II Mc/fo3a. BpCMJI OT BpeMeHH HCK3-
71

6e)!(HO B03H"KaIOT 0ll1!16KH, KOTopbIe npllBOAJlT K 113MCHeH"1O
nOCne,D.OBaTeJlbHOCTII HYKneOT",D.OB B ,",enH HK, IIJI" ze/J/Jbl.M
MymarlUJIJI! MYTa,",HH MO)!(eT npeACTaBJIHTb C060H 3aMeHY 0A-
HOH napbl OCHOBaH"H Ha ,D.pyrylO, nOTepIO OAHoro HJI" HeCKOJlb-
KIIX HYKneOTIIJI,OB "JIll, Ha050pOT, A05aBneHI1e AOnOnH"TeJIbHblX
HYKneOT"AOB, ITpli nOM XYAll1I1M BapllaHTOM 6YAeT nOTepH Hn"
A05aBneHI1e O.l.lHorO I1JI" ABYX HYKJICOTI1AOB. B 3TIIX CJIyqaHX
paMKa C'IHTI>IBaHHJI TpllnJIeTOB HeII35c)!(HO CABl1raeTCJI Ha OAHO-
ABa OCHOBaHI1J1 BnpaBO I1nl1 BJIeBO, II Bce nOCJleAYIOII1l1e Tpl'!nne-
Tbl 6YAYT Cq"TbIBaTbc>! HenpaBHJIbHO, ECJII1 )j(e Bbmanll "JIll ,D.O-
6aBHJI"Cb cpa3Y Tpll OCHOBaHI1J1, TO H3MeHeHIIH KOCHYTCJI 1II1111b
O,D.HOi1 aMHHOKHCJIOTbl, a BC>! OCTaJIbHaH ,",enb OCTaHeTCH BepHOH.
feHHbIe MYTal\H", B03HHKalOII1He B raMeTax, OKa3bIBaIOT
pa3H006pa3Hoe AeiicTBlle Ha opraHH3M. MHorlle 113 HIIX neTaJIb-
Hb!, TaK KaK BbI3bIBalOT CJI"IlIKOM ccpbe3Hble HapYll1eHIIJI pa3BH-
HIH, If3BecTHo, HanpHMep, qTO y qeJIOBeKa OKOJIO 20% 6epe-
MeHHocTei1 3aKaH'II11JaIOTCH eCTeCTBeHHbIM B(,(KIiAbIll1eM B CpOKIl
AO 12 HeAeJlb, II B nOJIOBI1He 3THX CJIyqaeB 06HapY)!(IIBaIOTcH
aHOMaJIl111 HaCJIeACTBeHHoro annapaTa, 05YCJIOBJIeHHble, Bnpo-
'1eM, He TOJIbKO reHHblMI1 MYTa,","HMII.
feHHaJi MyTa,",HH MO)!(eT npliBeCTI1 K TOMY, qTO AaHHOMY
JIOKYCY 6yAeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb l1eCKOJIbKO aJIJIeJIeH. 3TO YBe-
JI"'1I1BaeT reHCTllqeCKOe pa3H006pa3"e " nOBbllliaeT KOJII1'1e-
CTBO reTep03IIrOTHblX oc06eH. ITpeAnonaraercJI, qTO Bce reHe-
THqeCKlle nOJI"Mopljl"3MbI B03HHKJlI1 H3-3a 3aMeHbI, nOTepl1 I1JI11
A06aBneHI1J1 HYKJIeOT"AOB B npOI1CCce JBOJIIO,",HI1.
EOJIbll1HHCTBO reHHbIX Myral\"H pe,",eCC"BHbI no OTHOllIe-
H " " l'
1110 K HOpMaJIbHOMY aJIJIeJIIO. aK"e MyraHTH(,(e anneJIII MO-
rYT Q"PKYJIHpOBaTb B nonYJlH111111 B re'leHHe MHOrnX nOKoneHHH,
nOKa HM He Y.I.IaCTC>I BCTpeT"TbC>I II npO>lBIITbCJI. BpeMJI OT Bpe-
MeHI1 MorYT B03HIIKaTb H AOMI1HaHTHbie My-raHTHble aJ1Jlcnl1, KO-
TopbIe cpa3Y JKe AaIOT 31j11j1eKT.
MYTa,","", npOIlCXOAHII1l'!e B COMaTll'leCKIIX KJIeTKaX, Ha-
CJIe,D.YIOTCH TOJIbKO TeMIi KJIeTKaMII, KOTopbIe 06pa3YIOTCH "3
MYTaHTHOH KJIeTKI! nYTeM MIIT03a. OH" MOrYT nOBJIHJlTb TOJIbKO
Ha TOT opraHlI3M, B KOTOpOM OHI1 B03HIIKnH, HO co CMepTblO
OC06HI1C'Ie3aIOT H3 reHoIjIO",D.a nonYJIJlI.\HII. ITpH HeKOTopbIX CO-
MaTllqCCK"X Myral.\HJlX B03H"KaIOT KJIeTRII C I10BbIll1eHHOH CKO-
pOCTbro poc-ra, qTO npllBOAHT K B03HI1KHOBeHilIO onYXOJIeH.
72
4.3. XpOMocoMllble aHOMaJlHH
ITOMIiMO reHHblX nepecTpoeK, reHHbIX MYTa,","H, B03MOJKHbl
nepeCTpOHKI1 11 Ha YPoBHe XPOMOCOM, KOTopbIe OTnl1qaIOTCH OT
HopManbHoH peKoM6I1HaIlHH, npOHCXO)l.JlII1eH B MeH03e. XPOMO-
COMHble nepeCTpOHK" MorYT npO"CXOAHTb H B npeAeJIaX OA"OH
XpOMOCOMbI, " MeJKAY XpoMocoMaMH. BHYTP" XpOMOCOMbl B03-
MOJKHbI nonpJl 'IaCTl1 XpOMOCOMbl (JI,eJIell">!), YABoeHHe yqaCTKa
(AYnJI"Kal\HJI), nepeBepTbIBaHHe OTAeJIbHbIX yqaCTKOB XPOMOCOMbl
Ha 180' (HHBepcHH) H HeKOTOpb!e APyrHe 113MeHeHIIJI. K MeJKXpO-
MOCOMHbIM nepeCTpoHJ<aM OTHOCJlT 06MeH yqaCTKaM" MeJKLlY HC-
rOMOIIOr"'IHbIM" XpoMocoMaMH, KOTOpbIH "3MeH>!eT pacnoJIo)!(c-
H"e reHOB B rpynnax Cl\enneH"JI (TpaHCJlOKal\"JI).
XPOMOCOMHble I1epeCTpOHKH, nOLl06HO MYTal.\"JlM, MorYT
np"BOAIITb K pa3JIHqHblM YPOACTBaM HJIlI liMen JIeTaJIbHbIH IIC-
XOA, HO B TO JKe BpeMH OH" HBJIJlIOTCH McxaHII3MOM, 06eCneq"Ba-
IOII1HM AononHHTCilbHbIH "CTO'lHHK H3MeH'IIiBOCTH B 3BOJllOl\IIH,
KpoMe nepecrpoeK B caMHX XPOMocoMax, CYII1CCTBYIOT xpo-
MOCOMHbIe aHOMaJIHH, CBH3aHHbIe C HepaCXOJl(AeHl1eM XpOMOCOM B
MeH03e 3TO npIlBOA"T K TOMY, qTO B raMeTe MOJl(eT He XBaTan
KaKOH-1I1I60 XpOMOCOMb! HJI" HMeTbCH JIIIll1HJlH. DOJIbll1I1HCTBO ra-
K"X aHOMaJIHH npHBO.lll1T K rn6cnH nnoAa eII1e Ha paHH"X cra.lll1-
HX pa3B"THH, OAHaKO HeKoTopbIe HCpaCXOJKACHl1J1 XpOMOCOM o6yc-
JIOBJI"BaIOT poJl(AeHHe aHOMaJIbHblX "H.III1BIIAOB, KOTopble HBJIJlIOT-
CH JKI13HeCnoco6HbIMI1 Hal160Jlee 113BeCTHbIMH "3 HHX JlBJIJlIOTCH
iUOAH C nHll1HeH 21-i1 XpOMOCOMOH - 60JIbHble C CHHApOMOM .II.a-
YHa. BbDK"BaIOT TaKJI(C JlIO.III1, KOTopbIe HMCIOT HeXBaTKY I1JIH 113-
6b1TOK nOJIOBbIX XpOMOCOM.
B",IBOAW
L I'CH1>I B xpoUOOOMax pacnonollCcHbi JI11HCKHO. MeeTo B
XpOMOCOUC, rAe pacnonOllCeH AIIHHbDl reR, HaJblBaeTCli nOKYoo",,"",
2. Pa3n"'1Hble2£'I'!?IIH1!,!I,9pro nOKycf\ H<;ICIIT Ha3BB- ".
Hue BJIJIenell.
3. JlBJleHHe, np" KOropOM ABHHOMY nOKYcy B nonYJIJJI:\H"
I>IOJl(eT co 60JIec ABYx aJIJIeneH, Ha3bmaercll MHO-
Jl(eeTBeHHblI>I aJIJIem13MOM.
73

JlJlMH M H N. fOM03HrOTbl MM IIMelOT rpynny KpOBH M, rOMO-
3HrOTbi NN IIMelOT rpynny KpOBH N, a TeTep03HrOTbI MN IIMe-
lOT rpynny KpOBII MN.
PaCCMOTpHM 3aMKHyryIO '1eJIOBe'lecKYIO nonyrullnllO, B KOTO-
POH IIMeeTCJI KaKoe-TO KOnH'IeCTBO aJIJIeJIeii M H KaKOe-TO KOJIH-
'1eCTBO aJIJ1eneH N. B npliHUllne, qaCTOTa BCTPeqaeMOCTH aJlJIe-
neH M II N B nonYJlJIlUIH MO)l(eT MeHJITbCSI OT 100% M, KOrjl,a BCJI
nonyJlJII.\HSI IIpeJl,CTaBJIeHa TonbKO rOM03HrOTaMH MM, lJ,0 100%
N, KOrjl,a BCJI nonYJIJIQHSI npeJJ;CTaBneHB rOJJbKO rOM0311rOTaMII
NN ECJIH aJIJIeJUI BCTPe'lalOTCR C Ol\llHaKoBoit '1aCTOTOH, TO '1a-
CTora BCTpeqaeMOCTH Kanoro H3 HIIX COCTaBHT 50%, HJIII 0,5.
ITpe,lUlOnO)l(HM, '!TO B HaweH nonymlI.\HH npCTaBJleHbI He TOJlb-
KO rOM0311rOTbi o.!Oloro TIIna, a Bee Tpll TIIna CO'leTaHHH aJUle-
neH, II qaCTOTa BCTpeqaeMOCTH Kaqoro aJIJIeJlR CQCTBBJlJleT 0,5.
ITOHHTlfO, '11'0 B TaKoii nonYJIJIQHII C pllBHoll BepoRTHOCTbIO 6yiJYT
np0l13BOl\llTbCJI raMeTbI. HccYll\lle a1JJIem. M H aJIJl'e1Ib N, TO een.
qaCTOTbi BCTPe'laeMOCTH 3T11X raMer TaKJlCC 6YlIYT pallHbl 0,5.
ECJII! 6paKH B 3TOii nonYJIJIQHII npOHcxO,!\RT cnyqaHHO, TO MbI Mo-
)l(eM BOCnOJTb30BaTbCli peWeTKOH ITeHHera H H306paJIITb qaCTory
06paJOBaHHJI rOM03HI'OT II Tlm:p03HI'0T B CIIeJIY1OG.\eM nOKOJ1eHHII
(BepOSITHOCTII nepeMHOJICaIOTCSI):
4. HOCHTem. Ol\llH1IKOBbiX BJIJI!meH B rO!:,OJlOrH'IHbIX xpo-
MOCOMax HaJblB1IeTCR rOM03HrOTHbiM. HOCIITeJ1b pa3HbiX aJlne-
JJcii- reTep03HrOTlfbiM.
5. OWII6KH, B03HHKalOIJ.\IIe B nponeccc YJl,BOeHHSI (peIIJIllK1I-
Ql!H) ,l{HK, npHBO)),llT K reHHblM MYTal\HIIM. ".,
.6.XeHHble Myral.\HH ?oii 3MeHeHHJI B
nOCJ1enOBaTeJlbHOCTi'.HYKJI,THlJ,OB .II.RK (ia!=H"I!I:!!epll".,1IJI1I
.l.\06aBJ1eHHc). .". .",'.., ,. ,..."."....,..,
7. feHHble MYTBUHJI\ IIpOIlCXOJl,IIU,\lIe B raMeToreHe3e, TO
eCTb npll 06pa30BallHH raMeT, ecJIlI olll!He n!=T3JJb!j.I>I, YBCJJfk
'II!BalOT l'efteTHqecKoe paJHooGp<l3He, tiOBhlWlllOT KOJlllqeCTBO
reTCpo3l1roT, npKI\p)),IIT K.!!P3HHKlloBeHHIO "'HOJl(e!U!oro a.1I-
JIeJ1H3Ma.. ",,',
'", ,Jl npoU.,,,,!=03a MOryr . HItH xpo-
MOCOM, OTJlHqalOG.\HecK OTHOPMaJIbHOii peKoMG TepK
Y'Iac;J]:\B, HX YABo!=!We, HHBepCHSI II AP.), BOpJICHO I!$1J(e ,He-.'
paCXOneHHe rOM0J10mqHblX XpOMOCOM BO peJJ;yt(I.\HOH-
Harp Jl,eJlCII, ' ,., "., "
5. reHbl B nonysulL-IMRX,
3aKoH XapAM-BaiilH6epra
Ta6J11ua 3.4
B rJlaBe 2 MhI paccMoTpeJIH HeKOTopbIe oc06eHHocTH no-
nYJIJll.\lIH H OCHOBHbIe THnbl np1l3HaKOB. B HaCToRU,\eH rnaBe MhI
n03HaKOMI1nHCb C 3aKOHaMH MeHlJ,enJl, BDeJlII nOHSITHe reHa H
clj1oPMYJlMpOOaJIH OCHOBHhIe nOJlOJICeHIIH XpOMOCOMHOH TeopHH
lIaCJle,l\CTBeHHOCTH. ITorrpo6yeM Tenepb COBMeCTHTb I1MelOU,\He-
CJI Y Hac CBeJl,eHIIH H paCCM01'peTh oco6eHHOCTH pacnpOCTpaHe-
IIMK He npH3HaKOB, a reHOB B nonYJ1HQHSlX. Korila MbI aHaJIH311-
pOBaJIH MOHO- H ,l\HrH6pllJtlloe CKpeU,\HBaHHe II pHCOBa.1Il1 pe-
WeTKY ITeHHeTa, Mhi HMeJUI ,!I;eJIO C OTJI,eJlbHOH ceMbeii II nOTOM-
CTOOM OT elJ,HHH'IHorO CKpeU,\HBBHHSI. Teneph HaWIIM 06'beKTOM
6Y,l\eT nonymll.\IJJI.
B KaqeCTBe Y,I\06Hoii MOlJ,e1IH paCll.\enJleHHR no OI\HOH nape
aJlJleJleH MO)l(eT CJIY)I(HTb HaCJIelJ,OBaHHe rpynn KpOOM CIlCTeMbI
MN. fpynna KpOBH nOH CHCTeMbI onpeJteJlReTCSI ABYMJI aJlJle-
74
__ra_
MpcKIM f'IIlWIW 0,5M 0,5N
0.5M 0,25 MM 0,25 MN
0,5N 0,25 MN 0,25 NN
Mbl BHl\IIM, '!TO qaCTOTbI BCTpe'laeMOCTH rOM0311rOT (MM
II NN) COCTaBJlIIIOT no 0,25, TOrjl,a KaK '1BCTOTa BCTPe'laeMOCTH
rerep03HrOT (MN) B ,!{DB paJa Bblwe - 0,5. qacToTbI JJ<e BCTpe-
qaeMOCTH KBJIClI.Oro aJIJleJlR (M II N) 6YlIYT nO-npe)l(HeMY OJl,llHa-
KOBblMH - no 0,5. COOTBeTCTBeHIIO B cJleJl,YK>G.\cN nOKOJIeHHH
nOM nonyJIJIQHH (F2), npll coxpaHeHHH cnyqaAHOcrn 6paKoo, 6y-
IJ.YT OnJITb nonyqCHbl Te )l(e coorHOWeHIIJI.
15

B peaJIbHblX nonynJlHJlX, KaK npaBHno, Ha6nlOAalOTCJI ca-
Mble pa3nHqHbIe 'IaCTOTbl BCTpe'laeMOCT" anneneH, K TOMY )l(e
Me)l(.I\Y anJIenJlMH MorYT cymecTBoBaTb OTHOllIeH"JI .l\OMHHaHT-
IJOCTII H pceCCIIBHOCTI1, 11 reTepOJl\rOTbl no BHellIHeH Bblpa-
)l(eHHOCT" npH3HaKa MorYT COBna.l\aTb C 1l0MHHaHTHbiM TII110M
rOMOJllrOT, TO eCTb qaCTOTbl BCTpe'laeMOCT" caMoro np!l3HaKa
6Y.l\YT OTJIH'IaTbCJI OT qaCTOT BCTpeqaeMOCT" rOM03"rOT H re-
TepOJHrOT.
Pa36epeM eme O.l\l!H npllMep, CBJl3aHHb!H CO BKyCOBOH '1YB-
CTB"TenbHOCTbIO. Kor.l\a Mbl rOBOp"n" 0 .lI:HCKpeTHOH I1JMeHq"BO-
CTlI, Mbl ynoMHHaJIH 0 cymecTBOBaHII" .l\Byx TI1110B nIOllei!, HMelO-
lI.\HX pa3HYIO qYBcTBIiTenbHOcTb K BKYCY !jJeHI1J1T"OMO'leBHHbI
(<1>TM) 3Ta 'IYBCTBIlTenbHOCTb 3aBI1CHT OT O.l\HOrO reHa, npCIl-
CTaBneHHOrO napoH aJIJlenci!. .II.oMHHaHTHbIH aJInenb l' onpellenJl-
eT 'IYBCTB"TenbHOCTb K BKYCY <1>TM, a peeccHBHbli! aJIlIenb t -
OTCYTCTB"C '1YBCTBI1TenbHocTII. TaKIIM 06pa30M, rOM03HrOTbI tt
He OlI.\YlI.\aIOT ropbKoro BKyca <1>TM, TOr.l\a KaK rOMOJl1rOTbl IT "
reTep0311rOTbI Tt ero omymaJOT. OnJlTb npe.l\CTaB"M ce6e "Jonl1-
pOBaHHylO qCIIOBCqecKYIO 110I1ynJlt\HIO, B KOTOpOH 6paK" oCYlI.\e-
CTBIIJlJOTCJI cnY'Iai!Ho, a qaCTOTb! BCTpeqaCMOCTIl anllencH T H t
COCTaBnJlIOT 0,6 " 0,4 COOTBeTCTBeHHO. ECTecTBeHHo, '!TO qaCTO-
Tbl raMeT, HecYmllx .l\aHHbIC anncn", 6yAYT TaKHMII )I(C, H Mbl
onJlTb MO)l(eM H306pa3"Tb C I10M0lI.\blO pellIeTKH ITeHHcTa 'IaCTO-
TY pa31I"'1HbIX COqCTaHHi! aJUlclIci! B 110KOJleH"" F I
3aMeTHM, qTO B cYMMe 3TO COCTaBnJleT e)(!1HHl\Y. EcnH pac-
cMoTpeTb qaCToTY BCTpe'laeMOCTIl caMoro npll3HaKa, TO OKaJKeT-
CJI qTO B .l\aHHOH nOI1YJlJIIIH qlleno nIOllei!, He omymaIOlL\I1X BKYC
<1>TM, COCTaBl1T 16%.
Tenepb nocMoTp"M, KaKOBbl 6yAYT raMeTbl, npOHJBO.ll:HMble
H01JbIM nOKoneHHeM. rOM03HrOTbI 1'1' npOll3BO)1JlT JI"llIb raMeTbl
T"na T; reTep03"rOTb! Tt C paBHoH BCpOJlTHOCTblO npO"3BO)1JlT
raMeTbl 060llx TllnOB (1' H t); rOM03"rOTbl tt npOH3BOAJlT JlHllIb
raMeTbI Tl1IJa t. CnelloBaTenbHo, qaCTOTbI BCTpeqaeMOCT" raMeT
T H t 6yAYT enc.l\YJOlL\IIMII:
l' = 0,36 + 1/2'0,48 = 0,6;
.t = 0,16 + 1/2'0,48 = 0,4.
OTCIO.l\a JlCHO, qTO qaCTOTbl aJIneneH I1P" 3aMKHYToCT"
nonyilJI"1I H cIIY'IaiiHOCT" 6paKoB COXpaH"JlHCb H B CJIeIlYIO-
llIeM nOKOneH"H.
Bee 3TO MO)l(eT 6blTb 3anHcaHO B Billie 6YKBeHHbiX Bblpa-
1KeHHH. ECilH qaCTOTbI anneneH 060JHaqHTb 6YKBaMH p " q, TO
Mbl MOJKeM 3an"CaTb, qTO B nonYJlJI"1I p + q = I. PellleTKY
IIeHHeTa ,!UIJI anncneii Tilt MbI MO)l(eM npellCTaBI1Tb TaK:
Ta6]lUa 3.6
Ta6J/ua 3.5
>KeHct(WQ (IM8T101
M)'}KCKtlG raMGTbI pT qI
p. p'TI pq.\
ql pqTI q'1I
)KeHCkk4& raU1n1:.1
My*CKMe raMeTbi 0,6T 0.4 t
0.6 T 0.38 TI 0.24 TI
0.41 0,24 IT D,16 It
TaKIlM 06pa30M, MbI MO)l(eM 3amlcaTb, '!TO eYMMa qaCTOT
BCTpe'laeMOCT" pa31I1IqHbiX 311rOT paBHa:
p2 + 2pq + q2 = (p + q)1 .
TaKIlM 06pa30M, B nOKOJIeH"" F I 'IaCTOTbI rOM03HrOT H
reTep03"rOT 6yAYT Cne.l\YIOlL\"MIt.
IT = 0,6 1 = 0,36;
Tt = 2'0,40,6 = 0,48;
tt = 0,4 2 = 0,16
3Ta 4IopMYJIa OTpa1KaeT pacnpell.eneHHe rOM03"rOT " reTe.
p03IIrOT B nonynJlI1"H. aHa 6blJla BnepBbIe npeJlllOJKeHa B 1908
rOilY IlBYMJI HCeneIlOBaTeilJlMII, MaTeMaTHKOM fXapllH H BpaqOM
B BaiiH6eproM, He3aBI1C"MO Ilpyr or ilpyra.
76
77

ClJop"')'POB,oHa XapJI,H- 'I
CJIeroll.\eM: I:'ii'! ,.". .. .."
, 1. ITpH OnpeAeJIeHHbI"YCJIOBHSlX (3aMKHYTOCTb nonYJIJI-
.1IKH, OTCYTCTBHe oT6opa ii "',' HHJI raMeI) 'IaCTO-
'" TbI aJlJIeJIeH COXpaH,TCIi H3 nOK OKOJJe.!llfe.
,:,,}IaCTOTbI BCaeMOCTH rOMO- H reTep03HrOT yen-,
HaBJIHBII!QTC)I' a O}}8I<0JIeHHCH
UmA P " 2 .pq . ";",..",,,,,,,;,,,,.,,-,,.,,,,,
",..,.,., . .....,.,..".,.,I",.,.,'
fAABA 4. fEHETM"IECKME OCHOBbl
KOnW-IECTBEHHOM M3MEH"IMBOCTM
Bo BTOpOH rJIaBe Mb! KOpOTKO OnHCaJIiI nYTb MCHn;CJlCBe-
KOH rCHCTilKH C MOMCHTa OTKpbITHSI Jl,HCKpCTHblX en;HHIlU Ha-
CJIen;CTBeHHOCTH iI n;o n03HaHHII MOJIeKYJIJlpHOH npllpOll.bI reHa.
MbI cneQ"aJIbHO OTpaHII'IIIBaJIHCb paeCMOTpCHlleM Ka'lCCTBCH-
HblX npIl3HaKOB, nOCKOJIbKY MexaHII3Mbi HX HaCJICII.YCMOCTII H
H3MeH'I"BOCT" MorYT 6bITb npen;CTaBJIeHbl B BI1,lJ,e .a;OCTaTOqHO
npOCTblX cxeM. IIpIl3HaKII, )J,JIJI KOTOpbIX xapaKTepHa n;HCKpeT-
HaJi il3MCH'IHBOCTb, 06bI'IHO KOHTpOJIHPYIOTCSI On;ilHM-,lJ,BYMJI
rJlaBHbIMI'! reHaMiI, Y KOTOpbIX MO)l(eT 6bITb ,lJ,Ba IIJIH HeCKOJIbKO
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79

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neH, pacnOnOJKeHHbIX B OAROM reHHOM iloKyce, TO eCTb nOl\06Hbie
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InaHMO/l,ei1CTI\HeM HeCXOII!>XHX reHOII, HaXOA\l.II\HXCII II pa3HbiX no-
Kycax. ITpll 3TOM 3<j!<j!eKTbl B3allMO/l,eHCTBIIJI Bcero KOMnneKca re-
HOB, onpe/l,eJlIOIlIHX /l,aHHblH i\JeHoTHnH'IeCKIIH npll3HaK, Moryr
BKJIIOqaTl, KaK 3MJIT\lBHbIH KOMIIOHeHT, TaK H pa3J1H'IHble CTene-
HlillOMIIHHpOllaHI1 H 3nllCTaJ. B3aI!MOl\eHCTJ!YJOII\He reHbI Moryr
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JlJlTb ero. B peJYJlbTare KpHBbie pacnpeAeJleHHJI reHOTllnOB B no-
TOMCTBc He 6YAYT CTOJIh lIlleaJIbHO COOTBeTCTJ!OBaTb KpHBOH HOp-
M3JIbHoro pacnpeJleJIeHII, KaK npll '1HCTO 3lll\HTHBHOM HaClleAO-
93
KilaCCOB \I 256 KOM6I1Hal\Hii H T.lI. ITpOCTOH 1I0l\C'leT 1I0Ka3bIBae-r,
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CTBe rCHOTHnOB 6YACT Bce 60Jlee CfnaJICHBaTbCII II HanOMHHaTb
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95
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,l\efi pa3J1H'IHbIM Cpe,l\OBblM 1I03.QeHCTBHRM B KcnepHMeHTanbHbiX
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KOB nOKa ,l1aJKe He 113BeCTHO, KaKlle oc06eHHOCTil Cpell,bl cnellyeT
113MepllTb.
98
TaKHM 06pa30M, TOqHble HOpMbI peaKl\1I1I .!VIII pa3JIII'IHbIX
npll3HaKoB qeJiOBCKa, H TeM 60nee Mil nCHXOJlOrH'IeCKHX xapaK-
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Ballml HeKOTOpblX KOCBeHHblX ,l1aHHbIX B03MOJKHO rHnOTeTII"eCKOe
MO.QeJ1HpOBaHlle HOpMbI peaKL{HI1.
B nCHXOJiorll1l JI,OR BpeMeHH ceHCOMOTOpHOH peaKQIIH qe-
JlOBeKa H3BeCTHO TaKoe RBJIeHHe, K3K 33KOII CHJ1bI. COCTOIIT 0110
B cnellYlOlI1eM. Ecnll qeJlOBeKa np OCJlT KaK MOJKHO 6b1cTpee lIa-
JKHMaTb Ha KHonKY B OTBeTHa 3BYKOBOH CIITHaJI II npH 3TOM
perHcTpliPYIDT TO'!Hoe BpeMJI MeJKIlY HaqaJIOM CHTHaJIa H MO-
MeHToM HaJKaTHJI, TO B pe3YJlbTaTC nOJ1yqalOT KOJlHqeCTBeHHYIO
xapaKTepllCTIIKY (H3MepJleMYIO B MIIJlJlIICeKYHllax), KOTOpaJi Ha-
3blBaeTCII BpeMeHeM ceHCOMOTOpHOH peaKQIIH (BCMP). MOJKHO
C'IllTaTb BCMP Konll'!eCTBeHllblM <jJeHoTllnllqeCKIIM npll3HaKoM
'1eJlOBeKa, TeM 60nee qTO Bce JIlOlIlI peafllPYIDT C pa3JIH'!HoH
CKOpOCTblO. EenH HHTeHCHBHOCTb CllrHaJIa MeHIITb OT CJIa60H K
CIIJIbHOii, TO BCMP 6YlleT COKpall\aTbc. BOT 3TY 3aBIICilMOCTb
B nCHXOJIOrll1l H Ha3blBalOT 3aKOHOM CI1i1b!.
OKa:JaJIOCb, 'ITO 3aKOH CIIJlbl y pa3Hblx JIIOlleH npOJlBJIlleTCJI
no-pa:JHoMY. OMII moJ1ll,l\alOT pe:JKoe COKpall\eHlle BCMP, a rpa-
<jJHK ee 3aBIICilMOCTH OT IIHTeHCIIBHOCTIl CTIIMyrra xapaKTepll3YeT-
CR KPYTblM HaKJIOHOM. .II.JI rpa<jJIIKOB ,l\pyrnx mo,l\eii xapaJ<TepHo
50Jlee nOJIoroe CHHJKeHHe. B pa60Tax H3BeCTHOTO HCCJ1eIlOBaTeJI
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qTO pa3JIllqHR B xapaKTepe lIeHCTBIIR HHTeHCIIBHOCTH cTHMYila
cBnaHM CO CBOKCTBaMH HepBHOH CHCTeMbl.
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pHaHTbI reHOTiinOB, JI,OJI KOTOpblX xapaJ<TepHbl pa3HbIe THnbl peaK-
l\IIH Ha H3MeHeHlle HHTeHCIIBHOCTIl 3BYKa. MOJKHO 3TH 3aBIICIIMO-
CTII paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK aHaJIOr HOpMbI peaKI1HII, j')I,e lj!eHoTlln-
no BCMP, a cpe,l\a - no pa3HaR IIHTeHCIIBHOCTb 3BYKa. ITOCT-
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BII,I\IIM, qTO cYll.\eCTByeT cpella (TOqKa B), B npeJl,enax KOTOpOH
reHOTllnbI <jJeHOTHnH'IeCKH He pa3i111'1aIOTCR. JIeBee nOH TO'lKH
99

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ce), Mbl He BnpaBe OJKH.n;aTb o.n;I1HaKOBOro pe3YJIbTaTa 01' Bcex .n;e-
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100
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ycnOBHii pa3BIITIIJI.
2.5, COBMecTHblH BKJIom reHomna H Cpe,LlLl B
H3MeH'lHBOCTb, reHeTH'JeCKaK H cpel\OB3K )1HcnepcHH K3K
cocraBJIKIOQUfe nonYJUlIUIOHHOH cl>eHOTHfiH'IecKOH .!UICnepcHH
<lJeHoTHnH'leCKHe pa3J1H'IIiJI Me)l(l\Y JlIOJ(bMII 06'bJlCHHIOTCH
no KpaiiHeii Mepe .IlBYMJI npll'lIlHaMII. Bo-nepBb/X, JIIOM OTllliqa-
IOTCJI JJ.pyr OT .I\pyra CBOHMI1 reHOTllnaMIl. 31'0 npHBo.n;IIT K B03-
HIiKHOBeHHIO reHeTlI'leCKI1 05YCJlOBJleHHOH 113MeH'IHBOCTIl Bo-
DTOPb/X, Ka)l(,L{blH '1eJIOBeK pa3BIIBaeTCJI B oe06eHHb!X Cpel\OBblX
YCJlOBIfJlX. 31'0 npllBOI\HT K B03HI1KHOBeHilIO cpe.I\OBOH 113MeHqll-
BOCTII. Tenepb onllweM, KaK 061l\aJl nonYJlHl1110HHaJi 113MeHqH-
BOCTb npl13HaKOB CKJla)1blBaeTCJI 113 reHeTHqeCKOH II Cpe.I\OBOH
H3MeHqllBOCTII
PaCCMOTpliM KOMnblOTepHYIO MOlJ.eJlb KOJlHqeCTBCHHOH 113-
MeHqllBOCTIl B nonYJlJll\HII (aBTOpOM MO)1eJlII JlBnHeTCJI JI C.Ky-
paBcKIIH). l1.onYCTHM, Mbl H3Mepll!IH HCK!fH KO!lUqeCTBeJlHbJH npu-
3HaK Y 1000 HHI\HBIII\OB B KaKOH-JIII60 1I0nYJlJlQIIH 11 nOCTpOHJII1
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qTO Hall\ npll3HaK onpe.I\eJI!!eTCJI OIJ.HIIM reHoM, KOTOpbfH MO)l(eT
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rOM03HrOTaMIi.
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TepH30BaTbCJI onpel\eJIeHHblM cpel\HIIM 3HaqCHHeM H pa36poCOM
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101

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(Ta6JIHl.{a 42). OJI,HOBpeMeHHo Mb! nocrpOMJIH '1acroTHble pacnpe-
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cpel1onoif .l1I1CnCpCHII, Mbl nOJIyqllM OUCHKY rCHeTilqeCKOH l1HC-
ncpcffli TaKHM 06paJOM, B HameM npliMepe reHeTH'IeCKaJl .!(HC-
nepcllSI paBHa:
168.7- 91,7= 77,0
3TO OJHaqaer, '1TO reHeTH'IeCKaJl .l1l1cnepclIJI 06ycrroBJlHBaer '1YTb
MeHblllC nonODIIHbl BCCX HIIJI,HBlI.!\YaJIbHblX paJnilqllH II nonYJIJll.\ilH.
104
EIIBO,qbl
reHOTH. BCJI,,BOKynHOCTb reHo';,i!HH3Ma COCTaBJIt ero
2. JII061>1enpOjJBJIeHHJI opTaHH1a B Ka)KJlbIif MOMe;1T )J(H3-
HfI COCTaBJIJlIOT ero cj)eHOTHn.
cocpe:,eHOTHn em pe3YlIbTItT.;;;:;:,:;;!::::Tilna
H; 4_I<9.1J11'1ecmeHHaJi liJMeH'lHBOCTh MOJKeT BOJHIllmT,; B P
JYlIbTaTeIIOJIHMepHoro l1eHCTBIIJIMHOTIIX rCHOB Ha O]!,llH npHJHaK:"
5. .II.HcnepclIJI KOnH'IeCTBeHHOro np:nlwca, BOJHHKalOlI.\aJI
3a C'IeT AeHCTBWI reHOB, HOCIrr Ha3BaHHC rene'IWlecKoH Jl,llCOepcHli.
"*' CJ'!1leCTB)'IOTpa3JlllqHble 4>OpMbI . re-
1100: aAAIITIIBHOe, Jl,OMHHlIpOBaHlle, 3nllCTaJ H .!IP.
7. . .,H3MeH'IHBOCTb MOR noJJ,
JJ,eitCTBHeM <!>aKTOpOB cpel\bl.
8., RcnePC;!I KOJIH'IecTBeIlHOro npH3Haxa, BOJHHI(alOll\aJl
3a CqeT cpe.lIoBLIX Hii, HOCHT Ha:JBaHlle cpe.!lOBOi! .IUlcnepclDl.
9. feHomnbI no-pa$lIoMY peTllp)'lOT Ha O./I.HI! H re )J(e HJ-
MeIIeHHJI cpCiU>I. Cnel.\mlnt'lecKIIH xap:utrep peaKI.\HH l1aHHoro re-
Homna Ha mMeHeHHe oKpYJKalO\lI.IIX YCJJ:\'!BHi! H9C1JT .(iaJBaHlle
HDpMbI PeaKl\IIft.
10. feHOnlnbl OTJIH'faIQ'l:'ClI no, Boei! '1yJ1CTBKreJlbHOCTII .!,
cpeAe.
11 <J>eHoTHnH'IeCKaSl IIJMeH'IIiBOCTb " nonYillIl1HH cK.iJaJI.'>!-
BaeTCJI H3 relleTH'IeclCOH II cpel1,OBOH 113Mell'lIlBOCTH; cj)eHOTHIlH-
'1ecJ(!UI IIonYJIJlI.\IIOHH<l1I Jl,HCnepCHII npH3HaKa npeJl,CTaBJIJle:r 1iX'-'
60H CYMMY el'o reHeTH'IecKOIi H cpeJl,OBOHJl,HCI]C:P<;"I!.:. . ,.
3. nOKa3aTeJ1b HaCJ1eAyeMocTM
M ero oco6eHHocTI1
3.1. IIoKaJ3Tel!b lIaCJIellyeMocTH B KOnH'IeCTBeIiHOIt
reHeTlIKe " reHeTHKe nOOel1eHHII
B npe.n:bll1Yll\eM paJ.l1eJIe Mbl npOl1eMOHCTpl1pOBanH, KaK H3
TeHerl1'!ecKoii 11 cpClloBoif H3MeHqlfOOCTH npH3HaKa CKl!a.D;bIBaeT-
105

C ero <jJeHOTllnI1'ICCKa H3MeHqHBOCTb. KaK 5bIJJO nOKa3aHO Ha
npHMcpe, OCHOBHblMH KOMnOHCHTaMH <jJCHOTHnH'ICCKOH .n;Hcnep-
CHII npH3HaKa JlBJlJlIOTC rCHeTHqeCKaJl H cpe,!\OBa .n;HcnepCHH. B
KOJIHqCCrneHHOH reHeTHKC .n;OJlIO reHeTHqeCKOH COCTaBJlJlIOll\eH B
051llci1 <jJCHOTl1nH'IeCKOH .n;HcncpCHII npH3HaK3 npIlHTO Ha3b!BaTb
HaCJleiJyeMocmblO 8 WUpOKOM CMblCJle CJl08a, W/U npocmo HaCJleiJyeMo-
cmblO HaClle.n;yeMocTb 05",qHO 0603HaqalOT CHMBOIIOM h'. Ha-
CIIC.1I.yeMOCTb MO)l(HO nOll.CqllTaTb, CCJI" BCIII1'1HHY reHeTl1'1CCKOH
.n:llcnepCHH pa3J1,ellllTb Ha BCJlIf'lI1HY 06ll\eH .n;l1cnepcIIH:
h 1 ",
'" 0,46. WlU 46%.
BCJI I1CTOpH reHeTHKI1 nOBc.n;CHHJI .n;o HeKoToporo BpCMeHH
npe.n;CTaBIIlIa co601! 5CCKOHeqHble nOnbITKI1 060cHoBaTb cYll\C-
cTBOBaHHe HaCllell.CrneHHblX npH'IHH MeJKHH,!I,I1BH.n;YaJIbHbIX pa3J1H-
'IHH B flODeLlCHHH. ITOCJIC C03.n;aHHJI TeopHH HaCJle.1l.CTBeHHOCTH
KOIIH'IeCTBCHHbIX npH3HaKoD II pa3pa50TKIf MaTeMaTHqCCKOrO an-
napaTa )I)I aHalll13a reHeTH'ICCKI1X 11 cpC.n;OBbIX .n;HcncpclIl! npaK-
TII'IeCKH B KaJK.n;ol! pa50Te no reHeTHKe nOBe.n;eHH '1eJ10BeKa npH-
BO.n;TC .n;aHHbIC 0 HacJle.n;yeMocTH 113Y'laBlIIel!cJI nCIIXOIIOrH'IeC-
KOH xapaKTepHCTHKI1. Kor.1l.a B ne'laTH CTaJIH nOJlBIIHbC co06-
ll\eHH 0 TOM, '1TO HacJleAyeMocTb YMCTBeHHblX cnoc06HoCTci1 CO-
CTaBJICT 70-80%, no npHBlleKJIO BHHMaHIIC He TOJIbKO yqCHblX,
HO II 06ll\eCTBa B l1eJIOM, 11 OKa3all0 B HeKOTopblX CTpaHax BIIH.
HIIC Ha COI1HaJlbHYIO nOJlHTI1KY B OTHoweHHII YMCTBCHHO HenOIlHO-
l1eHHblX JIIO,!\el!. ECIlII KOJ<jJ<jJI1I1HeHT IIHTellllCKTa I1MeCT BblCOKYIO
HaclleAyeMocTb, CTOIIT 1111 TpaTHTb CHill,I H Cpe.1l.CTBa Ha cnel1l1-
allbHoe 05yqCHlle HH,!\HBI1I\OB CO CHH)I(eHHblM IIHTeJIJIeKToM? H B
l1enoM PJl.n;c cllyqaCB 113-3a HeKOMneTeHTHOro nOJI,Xol\a K nOHHMa-
HIlIO HaclleLlycMocTH 05ll\eCTBO npCJl,DpHHHMaJlO OWH60qHbiC
mam B pemeHlI1I OT.n;CJlbHbIX COL\llaJIbHblX np06JICM.
HeraTHBHbIe COL\l1allbHble nOCJIeI\CTBI1 nCllxoreHC'THqCCKHx
I1CClle.l\OBaHI1H I1HTeJllleKTa BHIIHCb B TOM qHCJIe pe3YllbTaTOM
OqeHb pacnpOCTpaHeHHOro 3a6JIYJKAeHIIJI, CB3aHHara C HCBep-
HblM TOJlKOBaHHeM nOHTIIJI "HaCJIel\yeMocTb" K COJKaIlCHHIO,
OqeHb qaCTO HayqHOe nOHHI1C HaCllel\YCMOCTlI CMemHBaCTC C
05bll\CHHbiM nOHIIMaHHeM HaclleAyeMoro KaK qera-TO pOKOBoro,
He nOLlBepJKeHHOrO H3MeHCHilIO nOI\ BJIHJlHlleM cpell.OBblX YCJIOBIII!.
B03MOJKHO, JTO 06YCJlOBileHO caMol! TepMHHOJIOrHCH, nOCKOllbKY
CJlOBO "/JaCJieoYCA-IOCmb" CXOI\HO nO 3BY'laHHIO CO CJIOBOM "/JaCJIeiJ-
cmeeU/Jocmb". OCTaHOBIIMC 60llec nOi1P06HO Ha TOM, KaKoe JKe
COAepJKaHHe BKII3L\bIBaeTC B HayqHOe nOHJlTlie HacneAyeMoCTH.
2C/JemWleCKaJI iJucnepcWl
h 1 ",
o6aJI iJucl1epcWl
ECIllI IIcnOllb30BaTb l\aJlHble paCCMOTpeHHoro HaMI1 npliMcpa, TO
77,0
168,7
TaKIIM 06pa30M, I\OIlJl reHCTllqeCKOH COCTaBJIIOll\el! B <jJe-
HOTHnJI'IeCKOH Jl,HCnepCIIII B HallICM npHMcpe COCTaBJlJleT 46%.
3TO 03HaqaCT, qTO 113,.eHqIlBOCTb (Bapl1aTIIBHocTb) Hawero npll-
3HaKa B nonYJIL\IIH Ha 46% CKJla.n;blBaeTCJI 3a C'ICT BapllaTIIBHoc-
TH reHOTHnOB II Ha 54%- 3a CqCT BapHaTHBHoCTII cpe,!\. IToKa3a-
Tellb HaClle.1l.yeMoCTH - JTO reHeTHqeCKaJl COCTaBIIIOll\aJl .1I.Hcnep-
CHH. ITOJTOMY npH CHMBOlle HaCJIel\yeMOCTI1 BCerl\a CTOIIT 3HaqOK
KBa.1l.paTa, YKa3bIBalOll\IIH Ha TO, '1TO nOKa3aTCilb HacJleAyeMocTII
eCTb KOMnOHeHT .1I.HCnepC1II1.
HaClleAYCMOCTb JlBIIJlCTCJI O.1l.IIIIM 113 OCHOBHblX nOKa3aTC-
neM, KOTOpblMil onepHpyeT reHeTHK8 nOBeAeHIIJI. ECJIH Hal'JIeAye-
MOCTb OTIIHqHa OT "YIIJl, JTO 03Haqacr, '1TO B OCHOBe H3MeH'IHBO-
CTII npH3HaKa lIeJKaT He TOllbKO cpe.n:OBble, HO II rCHC'TIf'leCKHe
npHqHHbl. KorAa 3aJlaeTC Bonpoc, IICJI(aT JIll B OCHOBe IIHAIIBHAY-
allbHblX nCIIXOIIOrH'IeCKIIX pa3JIH'IIIH HaCJIe,!\CTBeHHbIe npllqHHbl,
)l)lJI OTBeTa IIe06xo.1l.IIMO nOJIyqHTb LlaHHble 0 BJlHHHII reHOB IIa
<jJCHOTHnHqeCKYIO H3MeHqliBOCTb. BeJIHqlIHa KOJ<jJ<jJHL\IICHTa Ha-
Cllel\yeMocTH H n03BOIICT OL\eHIITb Mepy BIIIUHIIJI rCHOTHna Ha
1I3MCH'IIIBOCTb npll3HaKa.
106
3,2, lIYBcTBUTeJ1LHOCTL nOl<:a3aTeJI!I HaCJICAYCMOCTIl I<:
qaCTOTaM rCHOTl1nOB B nonY"!lQHH
I1TaK, MI,l BblCHHIIII, qTO HaCJleAyeMocTb BIICTCJI rCHCTH-
'1ecKoii KOMnoHeHToii <jJeHOTHnll'leCKOH I\IICnCpcHH B nonYIIJlL\III1.
OOCKOJIbKY nonYIIL\I1J1 HC BJIeTC cTa611l1bHblM 06pa30BaHIICM,
B Heii MorYT npollcxo.n;IITb npOL\eCCbl, npllBOIUIll\lIe K 113MCHeHI11O
COcTaBa reHOTHnOB. OOCMOTPHM, CKaJl(eTCJI IIIi JTO Ha nOKa3aTe-
107

Jle H3cnel\yeMOCTH. 06P3THMC onTb K onHcaHHOH Bblwe nonYJ1-
QIIOHHOH MOl\eJIII, B KOTOpOH KOJ1l1qeCTBeHHaJi H3MeH'IHBOCTI,
CKJIa,!J;bIBaeTCJI 113 BapliaTII8HOCTH npl13HaK3 y 06J1al\aTeJIeH wec-
TH reHOTHnOB. ITpeJl.f10JIOJKHM, qTO no KaKHM-JIII60 npHqllHaM H3
nonymll.\11II HC'Ie:J aJ1neJ1b A. ECJ1H TaKoe npOH30Hl\eT, TO Hawa
nonYJ1QH 6Y.l\eT npe.l\CTaBJIeHa Bcero TpeM reHOTImaMIl - BB,
BC II CC. COOTBeTCTBeHHO 113MeHTCJI H KOnHqeCTBeHHbie BeJlH'IH-
Hbl I\IICnepClIH - 06I1.\enonYIIQIIOHHOH, reHCTllqeCKOH H cpel\O-
Boii. A nOCKOJIbKY HaCJIeJ\ycMOCTb npel\cTaBJ1eT C060H OTHOille-
HHe relIeTII'IeCKOH .n:llcnepclIH K 0611.\eH 1\1Icnepcnll npl13HaKa, Ta.
Kl1e 113MeHeHlI B COCTa8e reHOTHnOB HeMHHyeMo oTpa3J1TCJI 11 Ha
nOKa33Tene HaCJIel\YeMocTH. OTCIOl\a C1IeI\YCT, qTO HaClIeoyeMocmb
He Jl8lIJl/?mCJI ampu6ymoM npU3I/l1Ka KaK maK06020, a 3aQUCum om co-
cmasa 2eHomUfWe moil nonY1lJlljuu, IJa Komopoil nposeOeHO ucclIeOoea-
Ime. B l\PyroH nonYJIJlQlI1I C .n:pynlM COCTaBOM reHOTHnOB HaC1Ie-
l\yeMocTb TOrO JKe caMoro npH3HaKa MOJKCT OKa3aTbCJI IIHOH Ha-
CllC.l\yeMOCTb MO)/(eT' HJMeHHTbCH H B TOM cnY'Iae, KOT,!J;a O.ll.HH H
TOT JKe npH311aK 6YACT HJyqaTbC Ha TOH JKe TeppllTOpHH, HO cny-
CT KaKOH-TO CpOK, nOCKOlIbKY 3a onpe.l\e1IeHHblH nepHOI\ cocTaB
rCHOTlInOB B nonY1IQIIII MO)/(eT HJMeHHTbC BCJ1eACTBl1e Ml1rpa-
QlIlIllJIlIl\PyrllX npllqllH.
ECJlI1 1\0nyCTIITb, '1TO B HaweH rHnOTeTllqeCKOH nonYJIQIIII
I1Cqe311eT He o.n:I1H aJlJlenb, a cpaJY .llBa, HanpllMep, A II C, TO nO-
nYJIJlQHJI 6YAeT npel(CTIlBJIeHa TOJIbKO OJI,HIfM reHornfiOM - raMO-
3HrOTaMII BB, a 3TO OJHa'iaeT, '1TO BCJI McnepclI OKaJKeTC
TOJIbKO cpeAOBOH, II K03q,!jJIIL\lIeHT HaC1IeAYCMOCTI1 6Yl\eT paDeH
Hyma, nOCKOJIbKY HIlKaKOH reHeTllqeCKOii .l\I1CnepCHIf B nonY1IQIIII
He 6Y.l\eT ITpllMep TaKoii KpaHHeH CI1TyaL\1I11 oc06eHHO OT'IeT1III-
BO nOKa3blBaeT, qTO nOKa3aTeJIb HaCJIeAyeMocTIl eCTb nonYJlI.\I1-
OHHa xapaKTepllCTIIKa, qYBCTBIITeJIbHa K HJMeHeHH10 '1aCTOT
pa3JII1'1HblX reHornnOB B nonYJIQIIH.
3.3. qYBCTBHTeJlbHOCTb IJOKa3aTeJUI HaCnel\yeMocTH K
113MelleHHIIM cpeAbl
!lpOUeCCbl, CBJl3aHHble co cMeHoH Cpe.l\OBblX YCJlOBIlH. H3MeHe-
IIH B cpe.l\e TaKJKe MorYT OTpaJKaTbCH Ha H3MeHqIlBOCTH. Ha-
npllMep, npH CMeHe BpeMeH rOl\a xopOWo JaMeTHbI H3MeHeHHJI
B QBeTe KOJKII '1eJlOBeKa. 311MOii Jl1OI\I1 C 6ne.n:Hoii H CMyrnoii KO-
)l(eH OT'IeTJ1HBO pa3J1HqaIOTcJI. JIeToM nOA ACHcTBlieM C01IHL\a
KO)Ka TeMHeeT II pa3J1I1'IHJI MeJKJJ;y JIIOAbMH no QBeTy KO)l(II CTaHO-
Bnc MeHee 3aMeTHbIMII, CJIeJl,OBaTeJIbHO, H3MeHqllBOCTb YMeHb-
waeTC. PaccMoTpllM, MO)l(eT JlI1 113MeHeHlle cpe.!!:bl OTpa3I'!TbC
Ha nOKa3aTeJle HaCJICl\ycMOCTII. .II.JI YAo6cTBa BOCnOJlb3yeMc
Y)f(e onllcaHHoH MOAeJIblO HOpMbl peaKUHlI Ha npHMepe 3aKOHa
CHJIbl (CM PHCYHKH 4.7 II 4.9).
ITpcJJ;nOJlO)l(HM, '1TO nonYJIQII npe.l\CTaBJIeHa .llBYM reHO-
THnaMH (G I H G2). KaJKl\blH reHOTHn xapaKTepll3yeTcH CBOCH
HOpMOH peaKQIIll, TO eCTb Cnel1l1!jJHQeCKIlM xapaKTepOM pcarllpo-
BaHH Ha HJMeHeHHe OKpY)l(alOlI.\HX YCJlOJHrH. B HaweM cnyqae 3TO
BpeMH CCHCOMOTOpHOH peaKQHII (BCMP) Ha 3BYKH pa3HOH HHTeH-
CHBIIOCTH. Ha pHCYHKe 4.9 a 11306paJKeHbi rpaljJIIKII HOpMbl peaK-
QI'!I1 Ka)l(AOrO reHOTHna. Ha OCII opJJ;I1HaT OTJlOJKeHbl 3HaqeHII
!jJeHoTlIna - B HaweM npllMcpe 3TO BelIlI'IlIHbl BCMP, a B npllll-
Ql1ne, no MO)((eT 6bITb ma6a KOJ1H'ICCTBeHHaJi BeJIllql1Ha, nOMa-
IOlI(aCH IIJMepeHHIO. Ha OCH a6cl111cc OTJlOJKeHbl KOJIllqeCTBeH-
Hble 3Ha'lCHHR napaMeTpoB cpeJJ;bI. B KaqeCTBe cpe.l\OBOrO napa-
MeTpa y Hac BblcTynacT I1HTeHCIIBHOCTb 3BYKa, 110 TeOpeTII'IeCKIi
3TO MO)f(eT 6b1T)' Jl/06aR xapaKTepl1CTHlCa CPCl.\bl (Tep,mepLlTypa,
KOHl1eHTpaQH Kal\OrO-JlH60 BelI(ecTBa B cy6CT]JaTe II HHbie nOA-
AaWII(HeCR KOHTpOmo BeJ1H'IHllbl). Mbl BIII\I1M, qTO reHOTlin G 1
60JIee 'IYBcTBIITeJ1eH K cpe.l\e, qeM reHOTlln G2. fpa!jJIIKH HOpM
pCaKl\HII 060l1x reHOTllnOB nepccCKa1OTCJI. Tcnepb paccMoTIJIIM,
KaKlle !jJeHoTllnbl 6YJl,YT npel\CTaBJIeHbl B nonYJlQI111 B pa3J11!'1HbIX
I\l1anaJOHaX cpel\. Ha rpa!jJHKe 3TIII\Hana30HbI 0603HaQeHbl Tpe-
MR orpe3KaMil (cpclta J, cpe.lla 2 u cpcn.a 3) CllPOCI.\UPYCM 3Tl!
OYpe3KH Ha caMIi rpa<jJHKII, H JaTeM H3 TO'lCK nepeCe'leHII npOBe-
ACM nepneHAIIKYJlJlpbI Ha OCb 0p.l\IIHaT. qT06bl nOJ1yqllTh KpaHHlle
31!aqeHHH q,eHOTII!lOR I\,JI reHOTHnOB Gl H G2 B KaJKI\OM cpeAO-
ROM I\Hana30He. Ha pl1cYHKe 4.9 6, 6 II  Mbl 11306pa311JTH, KaKHe
!jJeHoTllnbI Mb! BCT]JeTIlM B nonYJIHl1l1H B YKa3aHHbix I\Hana30Hax
CPe.llbl: Ha rpa!jJHKax npel\CTaBJleHbl '1aCTOTHble pacnpe.l\e1JeHII
rIO KaJKAOMY reHoTHIIy II no BCCH nonYIIJlQl1lI B l.\eJTOM B CPCJ\OBblX
I\I1ana30Hax 1, 2 H 3. Mbl BIIAIIM, qTO B AHana30He 2 (PHCYHOK
109
MbI YJKe BHAeJIH, '1TO nOKa3aTeJ1b HaCJleJJ;yeMocTiI 3aBI1-
CIIT OT COCTaBa reHOTl1nOB ECI1I1 B IJOnYJIUHH MeHIOTC qac-
TOTbl rCHonmOB, no npIlBOJJ;HT II K 113MeHeli1lIO nOKa3aTeJIR Ha-
CJlCAYCMOCTIl Ho B nonYJIQHH MorYT npOHCXOAIITb II iWyrlle
108

a
4.96) cpe,!\Hlle BeJlII'lI'!HbI npll3HaKa .!IJIR 060llx reHonmOB COBna-
,!IaIO T . 3TO 03Ha'iaeT, '1TO 3,!\eCb OTCYTCTByeT ,!IHCnepCIIR, B03HII-
KalOll1aR 3a CqeT pa3JIH'IHH B cpe,!\HIIX 3Ha'ieHIIJlX npH3HaKa COOT-
BeTCTBYlOll1HX reHOTllnOB, a Mb! 3HaeM, '1TO no H ecn reHeTII-
'1eCKa ,!\lIcnepCI1R. 3HaqHT, B HaIIlCM CJIy'lae BCjJ llllcnepCHH npe,!\-
CTaBJIeHa TOJIbKO cpe,!\OBOH COCTaBJ1J1lOll1eit EAI1HCTBeHHoe OTJIH-
'1l1e 3aKnlO'IaeTCR B 60J1bWeH 'IYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH rellOTl1na G I K
cpe,!\e. B pe3YJIbTaTe pacnpc,!\eJ1eHHe no nonYJIJI1111 B eJ10M 6y-
l1eT BblrJIHl1eTb TaK, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHCYHKe. 3,!\l'Cb o,!\lIa Mo,!\a,
II npaKTII'IeCKI1 HeT reHeTlI'IeCKOH 1111cnepCIIII (HanOMHIIM, 'ITO re-
HeTHqeCKaJl 1111CnepCIIH CYll1eCTBYeT TOJlbKO TorAa, KorAa IIMeIOT-
CR pa3JJl1qH B cpe,!\HIIX 3HaqeHHX npll3HaKa y oco6eH C paJHblMH
rl'HOTllnaMII, a B HaIIleM npl'!Mepe cpe,!\Hlle COBna,!\aIOT). TaKHM
06pa30M, HeCMOTpJl Ha TO, '1TO peaJIbHb!e reHOTHnbl CYll1CCTBY-
lOT, MbI He 06HapYJKliBaeM reHeTllqeCKOH ,!\HcnepCIIII.
Tenepb 06paTHMC K CpC,!\OBb!M AHana30HaM I H 3 (Pllcy-
HOK 4.9 6 H 2). B 3TIIX 30Hax CYll1l'CTBYIOT OT'IeTJIIIBble (j>eIlOTH-
nl1qeCKHe pa3J111'111J1 MeJK,!\y reHOTHnaMII B nepBOM ,!\lIana30He
CpC,!\bl (j>eHOTllnHqeCKl1e 3HaqeHIIR npH3HaKa.!IJIjJ GI 6Y'!\YT BCe-
r,!\a BbIIIIe, qeM .!IJI G2, Tor,!\a KaK B Tperbl'M ,!\lIana30He, lIa-
060POT, 3Haql'HHJI npll3HaKa y GI 6Y'!\YT Bcer.n.a HIIJKe. B pl'-
3YJIhTaTe 061l1enonYJIJlI.1110HHOe pacnpe.n.eJIeHlle B cpe.n.OBb!X ,!\11-
ana30Hax I II ;) 6Y.!l.eT liMen .Me OTqeTJIIIBb!e MO,!\bl, II 3Ha'll1-
TenbHaH qaCTb ,!\lIcnCpCI1I1 6Y.!I.eT 06YCJIOBJIeHa reHeTllqeCKOH
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IlpH06Il\eHHe .D.eTeH K MY3blKe II CTIIMYJIlIPYIOT pa3BIITlle My3bl-
KaJIbHOCTH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, ceMeHHoe CXO.D.CTBO - 3TO JIIIWb TO qTO
MbI Ha6J1IO)l.aeM; 061>JlCHHTb )!(e npOIICXO)f(.D.eHHe noro CXO;CTBa
Mbl CMOJKeM JIIIWb TOr.D.a, KOr)l.a HaM YAaCTCR pa3)1.eJIIITb reHCT"-
'feCKYIO H Cpel\OBYIO 06Il\HOCTb pO.D.CTBeHHHKOB. .lI:JIR 3Toro B reHe-
TI1Ke '1eJIOBeKa npllMeHRIOT pR,l1 3KCnepl1MeHTaJIbHbiX cxeM, n03BO-
I1J1IOIl\HX p33BOJl,llTb HaCJIe.D.CTBeHHOe H cpeAOBoe CXOACTBO II TeM ca-
MblM oCYIl\eCTBJIJITb KOmf'leCTBCHHYIO 01\eHKY HacIIeJl.)'eMoCTIf.
124
ITpeJK.IJ.e '1eM nOJqJ06Ho paccMoTpeTb 3T1I 3KcoepllMeHTaJIb-
IIble MeTOAbl, OCTaHOBI1MCR Ha HeKoTopblX oc06eHHocTHX H3Mepe.
HHR CXO.D.CTBa Me)!(AY p0)l.CTBeHHIlKaMH.
2. Cnoco6bl KOm1'1eCTBeHHOH OLleHKH
4JeHOTHnH'IeCKOrO CXOACTBa MeJKAY
pOACTBeHHMKaMK
}J;nH BblRBJIeHHR HaCJIe.QCTBeHHbIX II cpeAOBblX npHqllH HH-
AIIBHAyaJIbHblX pa3JI11'1I1H, KaK npaBIIJIO, Hcnonb3YIOT conOCTaB-
JIeHlle CXOACTBa HJIH pa3JIHqHR B rpynnax pO.D.CTBCHHIlKOB pa3-
HOH creneHH pOJ(CTBa. TaK, HanpliMep, 60JIbWee CXO.D.CTBO MO-
H0311rOTHblX 6JI1f3Hel.\OB, no cpaBHeHll10 C M3HrOTHblMH, CBIIAe-
TeJIbcuyeT 0 BJIHRHHH HaCJIeJ(CTBeHHbIX cpaKTopoB, nOCKOJIbKY
nep1JblC B Cpe)l.HeM HMelOT B)l.BOe 60Ilbwe 06Il\IIX reHOB (100%),
qeM BTOpble (50%).
.II.I1R KOJlI1'1eCTBeHHOil Ol.\eHKH CXO)l.CTBa MeJKJI.)' po.n:CTBeHHII-
KaMI1 HCnOJlb3yroTCJI nOKa3aTeJlII KOHKOp,l1aHTHOCTII H KOppeJlJl1\HH.
ITpll aHaJIII3e Cxo.D.cTBa/pa3J1H'IHR aJlbTepHaTIIBHblX npH3HaKOB
HCnOJIbJylOT 01\eHKH KOHKOp.D.aHTHOCTIl. ITapE,( pOI\CTBeHHI1KOB
MorYT 6b!Tb JIH60 KOHKopAaHTHblMH no aJIbTepHaTIIBHblM nplf3Ha-
KaM (o6a pO,l1CTBeHHIlKa IfMeIOT HJlH He HMelOT AaHHblii npH3HaK),
nH60 )l.HCKOpAaHTHbIMH (JIl1ll1b O)l.IIH H3 napbl pO)l.CTBeHHIfKoB 05-
JIa)l.aer )l.aHHbIM npH3HaKoM). .II.nR 01\eHKH KOHKoPAaHTHocTH no.!l;-
CqHTbIBalOT np01\eHT COBrraJ(eHIIR 3JIbTepHaTHBHb1X I7plf3HaKOB B
napax pO)l.CTBeHHHKoB. ITpH 3TOM Te HH.D.HBI1Abl, KOTopbIe 06JIa)l.a-
lOT I1HTepeCYIOIl\IIM Hac npI13HaKOM, Ha3blBaIOTCR np06aHOaMU.
HanplIMep, OKa3aJlOCb, qTO )l.JlJI 20 np06aH.QoB (M3 6JIH3HeI.\OB),
60JlbHbiX AHa6eroM, B 15 CJlyqaRX 5bm 60JleH II napTHep np06aH-
)l.a, TorAa KaK B OCTaBIlIHXCR 5 napax napTHepbl OKa3aJIHCb 3)1.0-
pOBbIMH. B AaHHOM cJlY'Iae KOHKOpD.aHTHOCTb (C) paBHa:
C = (15120)100 = 75%.
B TO )f(e BpeM 113 20 np06allD.OB .II.3 6J1H3HeI.\OB Jllflllb Y 10
OKa33JICR 60JleH II APyroH qJleH rrapbI. B 3TO[ cJlyqae KOHKOp)l.aH-
THOCTb .II.3 6J1H3HeI.\OB paBHa:
C=(I 0/20) I 00 = 50%.
125

IJ2 = Cof;)- CD.1
100- CA'
75- 50
100- 50
25 =05
50 '
MSB-MSW
r=
MSB +MSW
r)\e MSW="':""2XX,,-X,,)2 - Cpe)\HI1H KBa.[(paT OTKJIO-
211
HeHI1H BHYTpH nap;
MSB=[L(X"+X,,)'-2nX2J/(n-I) - Cpe)\Hlfii KBal!paT
OTKJIOHeHI1H Me)!()\y napaMI1 (60JIee no.[(p06HO HCnOJIb30BaHHe
I\IIcnepCI10HHOrO aHaJII13a I\JljJ Bb{qI1CJIeHI1J1 cpe.[(HHX Kl!a)\paTOB
Me)l(.f(Y H BHYTpIl nap Onl1CaHO B I'mille 6). ,lJ,JIH HJIJllOCTpaL\liH Bbl-
qliCJleHI1H BHYTpIlKJIaCCOBOI'O Km!jJ!jJHL\lieHTa KOppeJlHL\1I11 BOC-
nOJlb3yeMCJI .[(aHHblMIi 113 Ta6J1HIjbI 6.3. 3Ha'leHHH MSW II MSB B
3TOM npl1Mepe BbI'IHCJleHbI KaK .rUtH M3, TaK I{ )\JlH .II.3 6J1113HCL\OB.
I10Il.CTaBJUIeM 3TIi 3HaqeHIIH B !jJ0PMYJlY II nOJIY'IaeM, qTO
ConOCTaB11eH"e 0l1eHOK KOHKOPAaHTHOCT" M3 " A3 611\113He-
40B AaeT a03MOJKHOCTb 04eHIITb Aomo BJ1I1S!HIM' HaCJ1e,qCTBeH-
HblX q,aKTOpOB (h') Ha "cCJ1eAyeMbI npl13HaK. AnR Ol1eHK" KO-
3q,q,114I1eHTa Hac11eAyeMocTI1 "Cn0I1b3yeTcR q,opMY11a XOI1b-
L\I1Hrepa
It1TaK, B np"BeAeHHoM np"Mepe Koaq,q,l1l1l1eHT HaC11e,qyeMoc-
TI1 (B W"POKOM CMblC11e CI1oBa) paBeH 0,5.
B Tex CJ1yqa>lx, I(orll.a aHaJIII3HPYJOTC>I lienpepbIBHO pacnpe-
.[(eJleHHble npll3HaKH (HanpIiMep, pOCT, Bec, IQ II T./I,.), B Ka'leCTBe
Mephl !jJeHoTl1nHQeCKOrO CXO)\CTl!a MeJK'!!y pO/l,CTBeHHHJ<aMII HC-
nOJIb3YJOTCjJ K03!jJ!jJIlIjHeHTbl J<0PPeJIjJL\IIH. B 3aBHCIIMOCTli OT TilDa
pO/l,cTBeHIiHKoB IICnOJIb3YeTCjJ TOT HJlH IIHoii THn K03!jJ!jJHIjHCHTa
KOppeJIJlL\HH. B Tex CJIyqajJx, KOr)\a OIjeHI1BaeTCjJ CXO.[(CTBO MeJKi\Y
napaMH pOl!CTBeHHHKOB, npHHaMeJKaIl\IIX pa3HbiM nOKOJleHHj(M
(pOJI,HTeJlb-pe6eHOK, )\el!-BHYK If T../1.) HcnOJlb3YJOT MeJKKJlaCCO-
BbIH K03!jJ!jJI1L\lIeHT KOppe.njJIjHH, npe}.I)Io)!(eHHblii KapJlOM ITl1pco-
HOM. choT K03!jJ!jJI1IjIlCHT KOppeJIJlIjHI1 BbIqHCJljJeTCH cJIeJl,YJOll(HM
o6pa30M:
r.lfJ
MSBM3- MSW"3
MSBM'- MSW",
I 8,804 - 2,225
18,804+ 2,225
0,79,
MSB",-MSWW3 12,814-5,575
r,, - - =039.
MSBMJ- MSWM3 12,814+5,575 '
TaK >Ke KaK " B CI1Y4ae C KOHKopAaHTHocTblO, conOCTaB11e-
H"e K03<pq,I1"eHTOB Koppen4 M3 11 A3 611113He110B AaeT
B03MO)KHOCTb Bb1411Cn"Tb Koaq,cpl1l1l1eHT HaC11eAyeMocTI1 ", co-
OTBeTCTseHHO, OljeHTb J\onlO HacneAyeMocTI1 B o6ll1e Bap-
aT"BHOCTI1 npl13HaKa A11 Ol1eHK Koaq,q,"ljl1eHTa HacneAye-
Mocnl Bocno11b3yeMcR q,OPMYI10 It1rHaTbeaa
h 2 =2(r MJ r OJ) =2(0,79-0,39)=2(0,4)=0,8.
rop 
Cov"
.J (V. )(V, )
'= ):;L(x,-x)(y.- y)
\ 1 1':"; L(x, - x)']1 -'-- Ley! - .v)']
N-'
r.n:c r Of  KOppe.nJlL\Hj( Me)!(i\Y pOJJ:HTeJlHMI1 II ACTbMH; a Xi H
y, - 3HaqeHHH I1CCJIe/l,yeMoro npH3HaKa Y pOAHTeJlH 11 pe6eHKa;
X - cpel\uee Bcex JHaqeHlUf Y pOAHTeJleii I'!.v - cpeAHee Bcex
3HaqCHHH y lI.eTeH; i =1 ,2,3,...,N - nOCJIeAOBaTeJlbHbIe napb! "po-
AIITeJIb-pe6eHoK". 3HaQeHHe KOJ!jJ!jJHlJ.HeHTa KoppeJIRIjHI1113Me-
HHeTCR OT -1 AO +1.
JJJI OL\eHKH CTerreHH CXOIJ;CTBa Me)l(.f()' 6JJII3HeIjaMH II c1I6c8-
10111 HCnOJIbJYCTCH BHYTpHKJ1aCCOBbIH K03!jJ!jJHIjHeHT KOppeJIRL\HI1.
BHYTpIlKJIaCCOBblH K03!jJ!jJHL\l1eHT KOppeJIHL\1I11 BbI'IHCJIHeTCH no
cxeMe OJJ:Ho!jJaKTopHorO JJ:HCnepCHOHHoro allaJlll3a II HMeCT cJle-
.[(}1Oll(IIH BHJJ::
126
HTaK, B reHeTIiKe nOBeAeHHjJ MepoH CJ(OACTBa MeJK.[(Y po)\-
cTBeHHHKa1H qall(e Bcero HBJlJleTCjJ KOppeJIJlIjHR, KOTopaH He
npel{nOJIaraeT CXO./1CTBa B a6comOTHbIX BeJlH'lHllaX npH3HaKa
OM3KO Hepe.f(KO B 06bIAeHHOM nOHHMaHl1J! CXOACTBO Me)l(.f(y pOll.-
CTBeHHHKaMH OTO)J(/I,eCTBJlHeTCH CO CXOACTBOM B a6COJIlOTHbiX HJIH
Cpe.[(HHX BeJlHqHHax. TaKOe nOHHMaHl1e CXOACTBa MOJKeT npHBO-
II.HTb K HeBepHOH I1HTepnpeTaIjHH nOJIyqaeMbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB.
127

BenW'H4HbI 8 CK06K3X ecrb OTKnOHeHR OT cpeAHero
II He IIMelOT T!lKOBOH C IIX 6110JlOnfqeCKIIMI'! MaTepHMII, a no a6co-
JIIOTHblM BeJIII'IHHaM IQ OKaJbIBBIOTC>I ropaJJ(o 6JIH)Ke K MaTe-
pRM-YCbIHOBIITeJlHM, caM C060H HanpaWHBaeTCJI BblBOJl, 0 cpeJl,o-
BOH J(eTepMHHaUHII IIHTCJIJIeKTa. BMecTe C TeM, BbICOKa>l Koppe-
JlHUH>I Me)l('!\y 6HOJlOrllqeCKIIMH pOJ(cTBeHHHKaMH II OTCYTcTBl1e
TaKOBoH y JIIOJ(eH, He CBJl3aHHbiX reHeTlI'IeCKHM pOJ(CTBOM, CBII.l\e-
TeJlbCTBYIOT 0 BblCOKOH Hilcneoywocmu nplt3HaK3. B 3TOM npllMe-
pe cOJ(ep)l(I1TCH OCHOBHOi1 napa.l\OKC .l\aHHblX KOJllI'leCTBCHHOH re-
HeTIIKH: BbICOKa>l HaCJIeJ\yeMoCTb BnOJIHe MO)l(eT COqeTaTbC>I C
'lYBCTBJfTeJlbHOCTbJO KOHKpeTHblX reHOTHnOB K Cpe.l\OBblM 113Me-
HeHJfJlM. YCbIHOBJIeHlle B ceMbll C 60Jlee 6J1arOnpIlJlTHOH cpeJ\OH
BnOJlHe MO)l(eT npHBeCTH K TO MY, '1TO Jl,eTII 6YJl,YT onepCJI(aTb
CBOIIX 61t0JlOrll'leCKHX MaTepei1no ypOBHIO HHTeJIJleKTa. BMeCTe
C TeM JlerKO JaMeTIITb, '1TO XOTH J(eTlI OKaJaJIlICb Ha !\pyroM ypOB-
He llIKaJIbI, OHII COXpaHIIJlII CBOH paHrOBbIe MeCTa B COOTBeTCTBHH
co CBOIiM 6110JlOrll'leCKI1M npOIICXO)K.l\eHlleM. TaKIIM 06pa30M,
.l\a)f(e eCJIH HHJ{HBH,zry3!IbHbIC OC06CHHOCTJ.f .l\eTe» J.f.l\e3JIJ,HO Imp-
peJlllpYIOT C oc06eHHOCTJlMII IIX 6HOJlOrll'leCKIIX pO,!UITCJlei1, 3TH
.l\eTlI I<:aK zpynna B cpM,HeM MorYT 60Jlbllle nOXO}J.IITb Ha p0.lUITe-
JleH-ycblHoBI1TeJleH.
B HarneM npHMepe J(3HHbIe reHeTHKI1 nOBeJl,CHII>! rOBOp>lT
o TOM, qTO BapllaTIIBIIOCTb IIHTeJlJleKTa B nonYJlJlQIIH B OCIIOB-
HOM 06YCJlOBJleHa BapllaTIIBHOCTbIO reHOTllnOB, a He Bapl1aTHB-
HOCTbIO cpe.1l.. 3TO TOT BbIBO.l\, KOTOPbl« MOJKeT CJ{cn3Tb reHC-
THK Ho nCIIXOJIOr, H3MepHB cpeOHue BeJllf'lllHbl HHTCJlJleKTa B
rpynnax J(eTeH 11 I1X npHeMHbIX H 6HOJlOrH'IeCKHX pOJ(IITeJlei1,
IIMeeT nOJlHOe npaBO CKa3aTb, '1TO Ha6JtIOJ(aeMoe CXO.l\CTBO no
HHTeJlJleKTY Me)K.l\y npHeMHblMH .l\eTbMH H HX P0.l\IITCJlJlMH-YCbI-
HOI!HTeJlJlMH o6ycnoBJleHO 06LUeH cpeJ(oi1 (06LUaJl cpe.l\a B H3-
weM npHMepe TOJlbKO y npl1eMHblX Jl,eTeH II M3TcpeH-YCbIHOBIt-
TeneH). KaK HII CTpaHIIO, HO BbIBO.l\bl reHeTHKa It nCIIXOJIora
a6COJIIOTHO He npOTlIlIope'laT !\pyr .l\Pyry, HO ,11)1>1 reHeTlIKa Me-
poit CXOJ\CTBa JlBJlJleTC>I KOppeJ1HUIIJI, KOTopaH YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO,
'1TO nOK33aTeJlII HHTeMeKTa y P0,lJ;CTBCHHHKOB B nonYJlHl\1t1! KO-
B3PIIHPYIOT, a ,ll)lJI nCHXO)lOra TaKOH MepOH HBJ1HeTCJI CXOJ\CTBO
B 36COJllOTHbiX 3Ha'lClm>!X HJIH Cpe.1l.HIIX BeJ1HqIlHaX ItHTeJl)leKTa
B rpynnax nplteMHblX ,lJ;eTei1 It ItX MaTcpeH-YCbIHOBHTeJleH, KOTO-
poe rOBopltT 0 B03MO)l(HOCTH cpeJl,bI BJlIIIITb Ha q.CHOTlln I! I1HJ\It-
BII.lIyaJlbHoM pa3BHTIIII. CpcJ(a, B)lHJIJI Ha HH.l\IIBH.l\yaJIbHOe P33-
129
PaCCMOTpHM nmOTeTHqeCKHH npllMep, KOTOpbli1 HJlJIIOCT-
pllpyeT B03MO)f(HOCTb BOJHIIKHOBeHH>! HeKoTopbIX 3a6)1Y)KJ(eHHit
no nOBoAY pOJlH HaCJle.l\CTBeHHbIX H Cpe.l\OBbIX q.aKTopoB B B03-
HHKHOBeHHH IIH,lJ;ltlJlI.l\yaJlbHbIx paJm14HH.
ITpc.l\nOJlO)KIIM, '1TO rpynn3 .l\eTeH H3 6e.l\Hb1X ceMeH 6blJ1a
YCbIHoBJleHa rpynnoH p0.l\HTeJleH 113 Cpe,lJ;HHX IIJlH COCTO>lTCJlb-
HblX CJlOeB o6LUeCTBa. ITpHeMHbIe pO,lJ;ItTeJlH no CBoeMY IIHTen-
JIeKTyaJlbHOMY nOTeHUH3J1y II MaTepHaJlbilbIM 1I03MO)l(HOCT>lM
CMOrJ1H 06ccnC4HTb .1I.eTHM H.l\eaJlbHble B03MO)KHOCTII WI>! pa3-
BHTH". .II.onYCTHM, qTO, )(OT.l\B AeTH Bb/POCJIH, 6blJl0 npOH3Be.l\e-
HO H3MepeHHe K03<j!<j!H!..\lIeHTa IIHTeJlJleKTa Y caMIiX /l,eTeH, a
T3K)Ke y HX 6HOJlOrllqeCKHX H npl1eMHblX MaTepeH. ITpeJ(noJlo-
JKHM, qTO .l\aHHble noro 113MepeHIIJI OKa3aJIHCb CJle,lJ;YIOLUHMH
(m6J1l1l.\a 5.1).
Ta6nu/{a 5.1
lloKaClameJIU I/Hme!lJleKma}' npUeAfHblX oemeu u ux pool/me/leu
CeMbJl I.l/m1 6Honorw..,ecl(e MaTep*"YCblHOBHTe.n
Ma-repH
A 105 (-2) 95 (-2) 107 (0)
6 105 (-1) 96(-1) 105 (-2)
B 107 (O) 97 (0) 109 (+2)
r 108(+1) 98(+1) 106 (.1)
A  99 (+2) 
cpe-,q Hef" cpe-,q Hee <:peAHe6
x=107 x;97 x=107
B HaCTO>lll1eM npliMepe nOJIyqaeTCJI H.l\ea)lbHO IIblCOKaR no-
JIOJKIITeJlbHa>l KOppeJI>ll\HII (paBHaR + I) Me)f(.l\y .l\eTbMH II ItX 6HO-
Jlorll'leCKHMII MaTepllMH, nOCKOJlbKY B 06ellx 3THX rpynnax Ha-
6JJ1O.l\aeTcJI O.l\HOHanpaBJleHHOCTb OTKJIOHeHHH OT Cpe.1l.HerO, qTO H
C03AaeT BblCOKYIO nOJlO>l<lfTeJIbHYIO KoppeJl»l1l1lO. KoppeJlJll\HJI C
MaTepJlMII-YCbIHOBHTeJlRMII 6YAeT rOpa3AO HII)I(e. OAllaKO eCJIIi
Mbl 113TJ1"HeM Ha a6COJllOTHbie BeJIIl411Hbi IQ, TO JlerKO MOJKCM 3a-
MeTIITb, qTO npHeMHble ACTH KaK zpY"IQ ropa3J(0 6J1H)Ke K zpy""e
HX MaTepeH-ycbIHoBIITeJlei1. )J;eifCTlIHTeJIbHO, Cpe.l\Hlte BeJIHqHHbI
IIHTenJlCKTa B JTlfX rpynnax COBnaA3IOT, TOr,lJ;a K3K B rpynne
6110JIOrllqeCKHX MaTepeH OHH rop33AO HII)Ke. ITOCKOJlbKY npHeM-
Hble Jl,eTH HMelOT o6LUYlO cpcny C YCblHOBHBWIlMII I1X MaTep>lMII
128

"QIBO.qbl,
Te pOJKI\aeTCJI TOJIbKO Oll"'H j\eTeHbIIll. ITpaB,lja, I-IHorj\a 6bIBalOT
IICKJIlOqeHH H - OJUlOBpCMeHHO C03peBalOT II onJlOi\OTBOpJlIOTCJI
,ll.Be, a IIHorj\a TPH Ii 60J1ee JlMlIeKJ1eTOK. B 3TOM CJIyqae p01KJ\aIOT-
CH ,ll.Ba I1JIH 60JIee .n;eTeHbIWeH, a nOCKOJIbKY OHH npOHCXOI\HT H3
pa3HbiX OnJIoj\oT80peHHbIx HHl.\eKJ1eTOK, IIJIH 3HrOT, IIX Ha3b18a1OT
OU3uzomHblMu ()J,3) 6JIU3Helll11uu, HJIH ,ll.BOMHIIWKaMI-I ECJIII p01KJ\a-
eTCH TPO"HII, TO npaBHJIbHee Ha3bIoaTb TaKI-IX ,ljeTeH TPI-I3HrOTHbI-
MH 6JI1iJHCl.\aMH. .II.3 5JIII3Hel.\bl He 06113aTeJIbHO .n;OJI)KHbl HMeTb
OI\Horo OTl.\a. ECJIH 0 nepHO,lj OBYJ1I1I.\HH )KeHlllHHa IIMeJIa KOHTaKT
C pa3HblMH MY)K'jMHaMH, BnOJIHe BepOJITHO, '1TO POI\MBIllHeCH .II.3
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Hble (M3) 6Jlu3Helibl. M3 6JIli3Hel.\bl npl'!Hl\l1nl1aJlbHO OTJlIi'laT-
CII OT .D.3, T.K. npOI1CXOj\IIT He 113 pa3HbiX 3IirOT, a H3 OJ\HOM 11
TOH JKe, KOTopaH Ha onpeI\eJleHHOH CTBAHH j\p06JIeHI1J1 nO Heno-
HHTHblM npH'II1HaM pa3j\eJIIIJIaCb Ha Jl,Ba caMOCTOJlTeJIbHblX
opraHH3Ma. I1POIICXQJI(.n;eHlie M3 6JIII3Hel\OB 113 OJUIOH 311rOTb:
npej\onpe,ljeJIJleT a6COJIIOTHYlO lIi\eHTIi'lHOCTb HX reHeTllqeCKOII
KOHCTIiTYI1 IiH . M3 6J11-13Hel.\bl - 3TO ej\HHCTBeHHbIe JIIOI\1i Ha
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130
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132
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135
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tlble: Mbl TOJlbKO npe,l\nOJlaraeM HX CYW,CCTBOBaHl'Ie, HO He \'I3Me-
peM IIX HenocpellCTBcHHO B npOI.\CCce 3KcnepHMeHTaJ1bHOrO
IICCJle,l\OBaHH.
B HH)I(HeH qaCTH PHCYHKOB 6.la H 6.16 (6JIH3Hel\ 111 611H3-
lIel.\ 2) nOKaJaHbt napaMeTpbl, KOTopbIe perm:TpHPYIOTC B IICCJle-
1I0BaH1U1, - HanpHMep, nOKa:J,nCJUI lUi1'eJUICKTa nepBOro I11\TOpO-
ro 6J1H3Hel.\a.
CTPeJIKaMH nOKa3aHbi nYTH OT JlaTeHTHblX nepeMeHHblX K
H3yqaeMOMY nCHXOJIOrll'leCKOMY napaMeTpY - Te BJlHJlHH, KOTO-
pble OKa3bIBalOT reHOTl1n, 06w,a H pa3J1l1qalOw,acJI cpe)(a Ha
113)1QacMYro xapaKTepllcTHKY. ITYTb OT rCHOTIma 0603HaqeH 6YK-
BOH "h" (OT CJ!OBa heredity - HaCJle)(CTBeHtlOCTb), nYTb OT 06w,eil
cpeAbl- 6YKBOH "c" (aT CJ!OBa common - o6w,a), 11 nYTb OT
pa3J1Hqalow,eHc cpei\bI - 6YKBOH "e" (OT CJIOBa error - OWH6-
Ka; Ha3BaHHe CB3aHO C TeM, qTO Ol.\eHKa pa3J1H'IalOllJ,eilc Cpci\bl
BKIlIOQaeT B ce6 He TOJlbKO AIICnepCHIO CPC,l\OBbIX 3qujleKTOB, He
COBna,l\alOw,HX y qJleHOB napbI, HO H OWl16KY 113MepeHHJI, TO eCTb
Hel136e)l(HbIe norpeWHOCTH, KOTOpbte 6blBalOT B 3KcnepHMCHTe II
KOTopbIe TOJKe He COBna,l\alOT 1I.Jl '1JIeIlOB napbI).
KaK BH,l\HO no PIlCYHKY, KoppeJl>I11HII Me)l(J\Y qllCHaMH M3
H .Q3 nap MorYT onpe,l\eJlHbC reHOTHnOM H 06W,CH Cpe,l\OH.
ECJIII 06w,a cpe,l\a o.n:HHaKoBa 1I.Jl napTHepoB M3 H .II.3 nap
6J11BHel.\OB, TO cpaBHeHHe BHYTpHnapHoro CXOACTBa M3 H .II.3
6J1H3HeI.\OB n03BOJlHT nOJlyqHTb BnOIlHe onpeAeJleHHYIO HHIjJOP-
Mal.\lIlO 0 pOJlII reHOTIma H CpCJl,bI B BapllaTHBHOCTH 113YQaeMOil
xapaKTepHCTHKH. ECJlH nOCTYJIaT 0 paBeHCTBe cpe,l\OBblX YCIIO-
BHH pa3BHTII M3 H .II.3 611113He1.\OB HapywaeTc, TO Ol.\et.KII
KOMnOHeHT ljJeHOTHnllqeCKOH AIICnepCHIi (HaCJIe,l\yeMOCTb, AIIC-
nepCHII 31jJljJeKTOB 06W,CH H pa3mlqalOw,ciic cpeJl,bI) HC1<aJKaIOT-
C. PaCCMOTPHM, B KaKHX clIyqaJlX TaKHe IICKaJKeHHJI MOrYT
npOHCXO,l\IITI>.
Bo-nepBblx, Cpe,l\OBble YCJIOBII MorYT YBeJlIIQH1\aTb BHYT-
pllnapHoe CXO,l\CTBO M3 611H3Hel.\OB B ceMbe qaCTO C03AaIDTc
YCJIOBI'!JI, ycyry6JIHIOw,He IIX CXOACTBO (O,l\HHaKOBO oAeBaIOT,
,l\aIDT nOXOJKHe HMeHa II TaK AaJ1ee). ITO.nqepKIIBaHile CXO,l\CTBa
6J1113He1\OB OKPY)l(a1Ow,HMH MO)J(eT npH1\o.nIlTb K B03HI1KHOBeHHIO
nOnOJIHIITeJlbHOrO HereHeTH'IeCKOrO CXOACTBa Me1Kny napTHe-
137
a. MOH03"rOTHbI0 611"3HOl.\bl
05U\aR
cpeA>'
reHOT"n
6. AII3MfOTllbiB 6nM3HOL\bl
0.50
PucynoJ{ 5.1
TenemU'leCKUe u cpeoo6ble ,paKmopbl, onpeOellJjlOUe cxoocmeo
6nU3He1J08, 8ocnumb18alOu.xCJI 8Mecme*
KOTopa COBna.n:aeT y 'IJICHOB napbl, HanpHMep, 3KOHOMH'IeCKHH
YPoBeHb ceMbll, nCHXOJlOrHqeCKlIe oco6eHHoCTH pO.nHTeJleH, 06-
Il1He APY3b) II pa:JnH'IalOw,acR cpe.na (BKJIIDqalOw,aJl B ce6J1 TY
cpeAY, I{QTOpaJIlle COBna.naeT y qJleHOB napbl, HanpllMep, pa3HbIe
YBJleqeHH, pa3Hoe onlOweHHe pOAlITeJleH), a TaK)J(e KOBapllal.\l!
. Ha pHCYHKax 5.1-5.2 H 5 6-5 7 npHBO)VITCB HeCKOJ/bKO H3MeHeHHbIe
BapUaHTbl cxeM. npeMO)lCeHHMe ):t:IfUlo:JJlHHOM )VIII 8H3JYH33 KOMnOHCHT IJIcH04
THnHqeCKO;; JlHCnCpCHH (Loeblin J C . 1992)
136

paMH, '1TO npOTHBOpeqHT )].onYLl.\CHHIO 0 paBeHCTBC cpc)]. B M3
H JJ:3 napax, nOCKOJIbKY MJI .II.3 6JIH3Hel\OB TaKOC nO)].'IepKllBa.
HHC CXO)].CTBa MeHee xapaKTcpHO. ECilli MbI 113Y'IaeM npll3HaK,
MaJIO qYI!CTBHTeilbHbIH K cnel\HqmqCCKHM OC05CHHOCTJlM 5ilH3-
Hel\OBOH CPC)].bI (HanpHMep, nCHxoqm3HOilOmqeCKI!e xapaKTepH-
CTHKII), TO TaKlle norpeIIIHOCTH MorYT He OKa3aTb 3aMeTHoro
BJIHJlHHH Ha CXO)J,CTBO 11 pa3JIH'IHJI 5J1H3Hel\OB. ECJIH )l(e npH3HaK
'IYBCTBHTeJ1eH I( TaKoro pO)J,a cpeJJ.OBbIM BJIHJlHIIHM, TO 5ilH3He-
l\OBbIH MeTO)J, OKa3bIBaeTCJI MaJIO npHro)].eH )].ilJl ero I13YQeHltJl,
T.K. OCHOBHoe )J,onYLl.\eHHe 0 paBeHCTBe cpe)J, OKa3bIBaeTCJI He-
BCpHbIM. IToKa3aTCJlb HaCJIe.n,yCMOCTII, Bbl'lHCJIJlCMblH )J,ilJl npH-
3HaKa, qYBCTBHTeilbHoro K oc05eHHOCTJlM 5JIU3HCl\OBOH CPC)J,bl,
6y)].eT 3aBbIIlleHHbIM, TaK KaK o5Ll.\aJl cpe)J,a 5y)].eT BHOCIITb
60JIbIlIIIH BKJIBJI, B CXO)J,CTBO M3 6JIII3Hel\OB, '1eM B CXO)J,CTBO .II.3
6JIH3HCl\OB.
BO-BTOpbIX, Cpe.ll.OBbIe YCilOBHJI MorYT YMeHbwaTb BHYTPH-
napHoe CXO.ll.CTBO .II.3 5JIH3HCl\OB. B l\CJIOM pJl)].e HCCilC)J,OBaHI1H
nOKa3aHO, '1TO CpC)J,OBbIe YCJIOBIIJI pa3BIITHJI HMelOT TeH)J,eHl\HIO
YlJeJIl1qHBaTb PaJJIHqHJI .II.3 6JI1i3Hel\OB: pOl\IITeJlH CKJIOHHbl aKl\CH-
THpOBaTb HCCXO.ll.CTBO .II.3 6JI1t3HCl\OB (HanpHMep, ycnCXH B pa3HblX
cq.epax )].eJlTeJIbHOCTH); caMII .II.3 6JIH3HCl\bI CTPeMJlTCJI nO.ll.qepK-
HYTb CBOID HCnOXO)l(CCTb (Bb16Hpa1OT pa3J1HqHble Cq.Cpbl )J,eJlTeJIb-
HOCTH, npe)].nOqHTaIOT IIMeTb pa3HbIX .!\PY3eH). 3TO npItBO)].HT K
q.q.eKTY )].HCCHMIIJIJll\I1H - nOCTeneHHOMY YBeml'leHItIO pa3ill1qHH
.II.3 6JIH3HCl\OB. ECJIH H3yqaeMaJi nCHXOJIOrHqeCKaJl xapaKTepHCTU-
Ka q.OpMl1pycrC>I nplt yqaCTltlt cnoc06CTBYIOLl.\HX .!\IICCHMIIJlJlUItIl
CpCJJ.OBbIX oc06eHHOCTeH, TO nOKa3aTeJlb HaCJle.n,yeMOCTIf 6Y)].CT
TaK)!(e 3aBblweH, KaK II B nepBOM cJlyqae, nOCKOJIbKY 06Ll.\aJl cpe-
.!\a 6Y.!\eT I!HOCHTb MeHbWHH BKJIBJI, B CXOI\CTBO JJ:3 5ilH3HCUOB, qCM
B cX0.ll.CTBO M3 6JIH3HeUOB. .
B-TpCTbItX, YCJIOBHJI pa3BHTHJI MorYT paBHbIM 06pa30M
YMeHbWaTb cxo.!\CTBO napTHepOB H M3, H .II.3 nap. qaCTb HX CBJI-
3aHa C ncpHo)].aMH BHyTpHYTP06HOrO pa3BHTIIJI H pOI\OB, 'IaCTb-
npHXOI\HTCJI Ha UOCTHaTaJIbHOe pa3BIITI1C 5JI113HeUOB.
Bo BpeMJI BHYTPHYTpo6HOrO pa3BHTliJi OqCHb qaCTO 6JI1!3-
ItCl\OBbIC napTHcpbI OKa3blBalOTCJI B HCpaBHOl\eHHblX YCJIOBIIJlX.
Bce UHTaTeJIbHble BeLl.\eCTBa 11 KHCJIOpO.ll. pa3BHBaIOLl.\HCCJI mlC-
11,1,1 nOJIYQalOT Qepe3 nJIal\eHTY. Bcc JJ:3 6JIH3HCI\bI H npHMepHo
1/3 M3 6JIH3HCl\OB IIMCIOT pa3.!\eJIbHble XOpHOHbl H nJlaueHTbI.
138
OCTailbHbIe 2/3 M3 6JIH3Hel\OB HMelOT 06Ll.\He XOpHOH II UJIa-
UCHTY Hx Ha3bIBalOT MOHOXOpllOHHbIMH 611H3Hel\aMII (B OTJIH-
qHC OT M3 6JIIt3HCUOB, HMelOLl.\I1X ,!!.Be nJIaUeHTbl H I\Ba XOpIlO-
Ha, KOTOpblX Ha3blBalOT )].HXOpHOHHbIMII). B nJIO,!!.lIblX 060JIO'l-
Kax MOHOXOPHOHHblX 6JIH3HeUOB 06pa3YIOTCJI pa3JIHqHbIC CO-
e.l:UmCHIIJI Me)!(I\Y COcy I\HCTblMH CHCTeMaMH O)J,Horo H BToporo
6J1H3HeUa. Hx Ha3bIBaIOT WYHTaMH. Hall6oJ1ee onaCHbl Tal( Ha-
3bIBaeMbIe apTcp1l0-BeH03HbIC WYHTbl, TO eCTb COCI\HHeHH>I ap-
TCpHIl O.ll.HOrO 6JI113HCl\a C BeHOH ,!!.pyroro. ITPH. nOM O.ll.HOMY
1t3 6JI113HeL\OB MO)!(CT HeAOCTaBaTb apTcpHal1bHOH KpOBH, 6ora-
TOH KHCilOpOI\OM 11 mnaTeilbHbIMH lJCLl.\eCTBaMH, a Y lIPyroro
MOJKeT 6bITb ce H36bITOK, qTO TaK)I(e HC cnoco6cTByeT HOp-
MailbHOMY pa3BHTHIO. qaLl.\e Bcero B03HHKaeT HCCKOl1bKO npH-
MepHO paBHbIX no MOLl.\HOCTH IIIYHTOB, KOTOpbIC KOMneHCIIPYIOT
I\Pyr lIPyra, HO B HeKOTopblX cl1yqaJlX KOMnCHcaUHH 6bIBaCT He-
AOCTaTOqHOH, It no npHBOAHT K TOMY, '1TO OAHH H3 6ml3HeUOB
pa3BIIBaeTCH B YCJIOBHHX nOCrOJlHHorO .lI.eq.HL\I1Ta He06xo,!!.HMb1X
BeLl.\CCTB. B PC3YJIbTaTe TaKlte 611H3Hel\bI CHilbHO OTl1HqalOTCJI
OAHH OT lIPyroro npH pO)!(l\eHI1H, B nepBYIO Oqepe,!!.b no BCCY.
Pa3HHua lJ Bece npH pO)!(.n:eHHI1 MO)!(CT Ha6JIIOI\aTbCJI TaK)!(e y
JJ:3 6mt3HeUOB H )IJIXOpIlOHHbIX M3. TaKaJl pa3HHl\a MO)!(eT 6blTb
CBJl3aHa C HcpaBHOMepHblM Cl\aBJIHBaHHeM nilal\eHT npH MHO-
rOnJIO)IJIOH 6epCMeHHOCTIl.
BTOPOH nan pa3BIITI1J1, Ha KOTOpOM TaKJKe B03HIIKaIOT
06YCJIOBl1eHHbie Cpel\OM pa3JIH'II1J1 Me)l()].Y 6J1H3Hel\aMH - no
npOL\ecc pOAOB. EJIH3Heu, poJK)l.aIOLl.\HMCJI nepBblM, npOXO)IJIT qe-
pC3 HenOl\rOTOBJIeHHbIC POI\OBble nYTH H HMeeT 6011b1llHH waHC
UOJlyqHTb TpaBMY, HO BTOpOH 6JII13Heu CTaJIKltBaeTCJI C l\el1blM PJl-
.n:OM I\PyrHx TpYAIlOCTeH. OH qaLl.\c 3aHHMaeT B MaTKC HcupaBHl1b-
Hoe n0110)!(CHHC (nonCpeqHOC Hl1l1 TaJOBoe npCMe)!(aHHC), II, qTO-
6b11l3BJIC% ero, BpaqaM qaLl.\C npHXOAHTCJI npHMCHJlTb HCKYCCT-
BCHHoe pOI\OBcnOMOJKeHHe. KpOMC TOro, BTOpOH 611H3Heu AOl1bwe
HaXO)].I1TCJI B po)].ax H qaLl.\c HCnbITblBaCT KI1CJIOpO)IJIOC rOJIo)].a-
HHe, qTO He6JIaronpl1J1THO CKa3blBaeTCJI, B ncpBYIO OqCPC)].b, Ha
P33BHTHH l\CHTPaJIbHOH HCpBHOH CI1CTCMbl. ITo )].aHHbIM craTlICTII-
KI1, CMCpTHOCTb "BTOpbIX" 6J1H3HCI\OB 6011bwe, qeM CMCpTHOCTb
"nepBbIX". TaKHM 06pa30M, pa3JIHQHH B KaqeCTBC KpOBOCHa6)!(e-
HIIJI BO BHYTPliYTp05HOM ncpHo)].e II HepaaHOUCHHOCTb ycnoBHH
npH npOXO)l(.n:CHIIII POI\OBblX nYTeH MorYT npHBeCTH K cYLl.\eCTBeH-
139

HbIIoI cpe)l,OBbIIoi pa3JIII'IlIftloi Me>KA)' 6J1113HeQ810111 cpa3Y JKe nocrre
pOJKlIeHIIII'.
Cpe)l,OBble pa3JI1\'1l1ft loIeJK)!y 6JI1\3HeQaMII B03HHKaIOT II B no-
CTHaTa.JIbIlOIoi nepllO)l,e, Jl,aJKe npll ycnOBIIII BocnllTBHIIJI B O,lUlOH
celolbe, TO eCTb, Ka3BJIOCb 6bI, npH nOJIHOH 061l\HOCTII cpe)l,hl. K
B03HIl!CHOBeHJfro TaKHX pa3J1H'IHH '1aml' Bcero npMBOMT npl'.QB3J1-
TOC OTHOIUeHlle pO)l,lneJIei1 K KBJK,D.OIolY 113 6J1H3HeQOB. ECJIH Jl,CTII
pO)I,IUIHCb C pa3HHQei1 B Bece, ecnH OJl,llH 113 G1III3HeQOB Gorree OC-
J1a6J1eH II T.n., TO MeJK)!y Jl,CTbMII Cpa3Y )J(e Ha6mo).l.lUOTCJI BpOJK-
.l\eHHble OTJJII'IHJI. .II.a.rree Bce 3aBIICI1T OT OTlioweHtlJI pOJl,llTeJleH.
ECilI'I p0)l,HTeJlII npllll.alOT 3TllIoI pa3JIII'IIIIIM oc060e 3Ha'leHlle II
HaqllHalOT no-paJHOMY 05pall\aThcJI C KaJlUl.bIIoI 113 6J1I13HeQOB ('1a-
CTO 60J1ee cna60ro orpaJK,l\alOT OT II3HqecKIIX HBrpY30K, GOJ1bWe
6anyroT, MeHbllIe HaKB3bIBaIOT II raK .n:aJIee), TO BpOJlVlellHble Pa3-
J1H'IIiJI B .pH3H'leCKOM pa3BHTHII .l\OnOJ1HJlIOTCJI II pa3J1H'II'IIIMH B
paJBIITlI1I nCIIXHKH. HepeJI,Ko npH BpoJKlIeHHblx pB31111'1I'1I1X loIeJK)!y
611H3HeQaMH pO,lUlTeJlII KaK 6bl )l,eJIJlT Jl,eTeH MCJK)!y C050R - 50-
JIee cna50ro oneKBeT MaTb, a C GOJIce CIIJ1bHbIM B OCHOBHOM 38-
HI'IMBCTCJI OTeQ. Bce 3TII oc05eHHOCTII BocnllTBHllft TOJlbKO ycy-
ry6mlloT YJKe cYll\eCTByJOll\He PB3JIHqlIJI II, no 50rrblllei1 IJaCTH, He
Clloc05CTBYIOT npBBillIbHOMY pa3BHTmO .!ICTCi1. Ell\e OJl,llH $BKTOp,
qaCTO IIPIIBO.!lftll\HH K B03HHKHOBeHllIO IICI1XOrrOrll'lecKllx pa3J1H-
'III" MeJKA)' 6JIH3He1\aMII B ceMbe - 3TO pa3J1,eJleHlle pOJleH MeJIOIY
6JIH3He1\aMH. KaK II B mo60H rpynne, B nape MO>KCT Bbl.lJ.eJlHTbCJI
PYKOBOJl,llTeJIb (rrll.l\ep), H TOI'.!(a BTOpOH 5JI113He1\ 6yJI,CT 3BHI1MaTb
nOJl,'1I1HeHHOe nOJIOJKeHlle. Me>KA)' napTHepaMII MOryT 06pa30-
BaTbCJI H KOMnJleMeHTapHbIe OTHOllleHllft. H3BeCTHbl CJlY'IBII, Kor-
.!(a OJl,llH "3 6rrH3HeQOB Bcer.!(a Bbm01lHJlCT OJl,llI1 06>13aIlHOCTII, a
BTOPO" - Jl,pyrne. HanpHMep, B nO)l,06110H nape O,lUlB cecrpa, Jl,e-
Jlaft ypOKII, BCer.!la qllTaJIa TeKCT BCJlYX, B Jl,pyraJl TOJ1bKO cnYllIa-
JIa. B pe3YJIbTaTe, Y>Ke 6Y)I,Y'l1l B3pOCJIoii, O)l,lla 113 .!IeByweK IIcnb!-
TbIBaJIa TpY)I,IIOCTH B '1TeHIIII.
TaKIIM 06pa30M, ecnH cpe.n,oBble ycnOBI'!JI OKB3I>IBaIOT Pa3-
1III'IHOe BJII\IIHlle HB $OpMHpOBaHlle 113Y'laeMoi1 XapaKTepliCTIIKI'I y
M3 II: ,[\3 6JIH:JHeQoB, TO nOKa3aTCJIb HaCJICt(}'eMOCTIi 3TOH xapaK-
TCpHCTIIKH MO>KCT OKaJaTbC!I IICKa>KeHHbIM: 3aHI1>KeHHbIM, ecnH
051l\aJI cpe.!la BHOCHT MeHbwlIH BKJlaJl, 13 CXO.n.CTBO M3 6J1113HeQOB,
'1eM B CX0II.CTBO .II.3 6mf3HeQOB; 3BBbllUeHHblM - B npOTIIBono-
JrO)J(HOM cJlY'lae.
140
3.3, PII3HOBIWIOCTH 6i1H3He1\OBoro MeTo.n.a
CYll\eCTBYCT HecKOJlbKO BBpHaHToB 611113He1\OBOrO MeTOJl,a.
1) KJracCUqeCKuU Mu3Hell,06bIU MemoO. K KIlaCCH'IeCKoMY Ba-
plUIHTY 6JI1\3Hel\oBOI'0 MeTO.n.B OTHOCHTCJI TaKaJI cxeMa, npll KOTO-
POH BbIpa>KeHHOCTb HccnelJ;yeMoro npll3HaKa conOCTaBJlJleTC>I B
napax M3 II .II.3 6J11!3HeQoB II OQeHliBae-rC>I ypOBCHb BHYTpl1napHO-
TO CXOIJ;CTBa napTHepOB. ITpHHQlln npllMCHeHllft 3TOI'0 BapHBHTa
511113HeQOBoro MeTOJl,a 6I>IJI pa306pBH B npe.!lbl.!lYll\eM pB.3.!1eJle.
2) MemOO KOHnlpoJlbHOZO Mu3neqa. HcnOJlb3YeTCJI Ha Bb160p-
Kax M3 OJlH3He1\OB. ITOCKOJ1bKY M3 6JIH3HCl\bI O'leHb CXOJl,llbi no
MHornM npll3HaKBM, H3 napTHepoB M3 !lap MO)J(HO COCTBBIiTh ""e
BbI50pKJI, ypaBHeflHbIe no 50JIblllOMY '1Hcny napaMeTpoB. TaKlle
Bbl50pKII IICnOJIb3}'IQT MJI 113yqeHIIII' BJIHftHI'!>I KOHKpeTlibIX cpc.n.o-
BblX B0311.CHCTBHH Ha 113MeHqllBOCTb npI'l3HaI<:a. .II.rrft 3TOI'0 oT5l1pa-
CTCft no O,lUlOMY M3 5JIH3HCQY H3 KB>K,!\OH napbI AJIJI Cne1\II<jJII'IeC-
Koro BOJlJ;ei1CTBIIJI (.n,allr;lTeJlbHaJI TpeHllpoBKa, 3KcnepHMeHTaJIb-
Hoe 05Y'leHJle, Jle'le6HbIe npOl\eA)'pbI II Tn.). OCTaJIbHbIC 511113He-
QbI TaKOMY B03.!1eiiCTBlfIO He nOJl,BepralOTCH II c1IY)l(aT KOHT-
pOJlbHOH rpynnOH. TaKI'IM cnoco50M MO)l(HO, Hanpll:Mep, CpaBfllI-
BaTb 3.p<jJeKTIIBHOCTb pa3HbiX nporpaMM 06Y'lCHHJI. ITOCKOJIbKY B
3KcnepllMeHTe npllHHMalOT Y'IaCTlle reHCTllqeCKII HJI,eHTII'IHble
JIIOAII, MO>KHO C'IIITan, 3TOT cnoc06 cpaBHCHllII' MO.!lCjlb1O AJlJlII3Y-
'1eHHJI B03.n:e"CTBllft pB3HbIX <jJaKTOpO'l Cpell.bI HB O,lUlOro H Toro
>Ke '1CrrOBCKa.
3) JIoHzumlOoHoe 6J1U3Heq0/10e UCClUJOo/1aHue. ITPH 3TOM Ba-
pllBHTC 6JIII3HCl\OBOrO MCTOp,8 npOEO.!lllTCIf MHTcnbHOC Ha6nro-
IJ;eHIIC - npOCJlC>KHllaHlle - OAHIIX H Tex )f(e 511113HeQoBbIX nap.
<JJaKTIIQeCKH 3TO CO'lCTaHIIC KJIBCCII'IeCKOro 6nll3HeQoBoro MC-
TO.!(a C JlOHrHTIO,lUIbIM. MeTo.n. OTKpbIBBe-r 1lI1Ip0Klle B03MO>KHO-
CTJI JtJI>I 113Y'leHIIJI reHeTH'IeCKIiX II CpelJ;OBbiX <jJaKTopoB II pa3-
BIITHH. B HaCTO>lU1ce BpCMft 1lI11pOKO npltMeHJleTCJI II B 3apy5cJK-
HbIX, II B OTe'leCTBeHHbIX IICCJIe.n,OBBHIIJlX.
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141

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CTaBJleHile oco5eHHoCTeH pa3BI1TIIJI O,!I.IIHOqHOpOJK,!l,eHHbIX AeTel1
I'! )J.eTell, POAHBIIlIIXC" B MHorOnrroJl,HblX po.aax, npll KOTOpblX
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142
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lJacToTa MepTBOpO)«J(eHIIH Ii J(eTCKOH CMepTHOCTH MH 6J1H3He-
UOB TaK)f(e Bblwe. Y 6JI1I3HCI10B Bbl!lle pHCK YMCTBClmOH OTCTa-
JlOCTH. B Cpe,!\HeM HHTeJIJICKT 6nll3HeQOB MJlaJ(wero B03paCTa
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npH pOJl<,L\eHI!H 6nH311el.\OB YBeJIl1qllBaeTCJI HarpY3Ka lIa CCMblO, H
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143

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6JI113HeQl» CTaHOBRTCJI COnOCTaBHMbI C OCTaJThHOil nonYJIJlQlleit
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3ro ,lIOBOJIbHO lJIYJl,HO, T.K. He BCerJl,a MOIKHO TO'!HO onpeAerrllTb,
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JKIIBH B nplleMHOH ceMbe, OHH CqIlTaIOT, '1TO JKIIBYT co CBOIIMH
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Tex CTpaHax, rtle tjJaKT YCbIHOBrreHHII He npllHIITO CKpbl;!aTb OT
l\ereH, HanpHMep, B CiliA, r.L\e npOoel\eHbl Hall60nee MHOrO'lIlC-
160
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MeHl!eTCJI npaKTIIKa YCbIHoBrreHHJI: Bce 60J1l>wee pacnpocTpaHe-
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rrOrllqeCKlle pO)J,liTeJIII pe6eHKa, OT.u;aBali ero B Jl,pyrylO ceMblO, He
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nonY'IeHHblX pa3HblMI1 MeTo,qaMI1
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lOT 06L1.\YIO cpeAY, KOppeJIHLjIlH 6Y.I\eT paBHa 0,25.
Bce TpH nplllJeAeHHbIx npHMepa AeMoHcTpllPYIOT pe3yrrb-
TaTbl, KOTopbIe nOJIyqalOTCH B Tex CJIY'IaHX, Korlla lIaHHble He
BCTynalOT B npOTIIBOpeqHe. EWH JKe pe3YJIbTaTbI IICCJICAOBallllH
OIlHOH 11 TOH JKe nCI1XOJIorllqecKoii xapaKTepl<CTIIKH, nOJlY"IeH-
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qllHbl, 113MeHRlOll1He BHYTplmapHoe CXo.n:CTBO Tex IIJlII IIHbIX pO)J,-
CTBeHHHKOB. HanpliMep, eCJIlI CXOIICTBO ,l(3 6J1H3HeLjOB npeBb!-
lIlaeT CXOACTBO CII6cOB, MOJKHO npellnOJIOJKIITb BJlHJlHHe cneLjIl-
<!JHqeCKHX 6JIII3HeLjOBbIX 3<!J<!JeKTOB, HMelOll1HX cpeAOBoe npollc-
XOJKlleHHe II YBeJIllqHBaIOIl1HX CXO)J,CTBO .II.3 6JIII3HeLjOJl.
B nOCJleAYIOll1l1X rJIaJlax npH 06cYJKAeHHii KOHKpeTHblX 3K-
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npeTllpYJOTCH npOTHBOpeqHH, nOJIyqaeMb!e B pa60Tax, npOBe-
.l1eHHbIX pa3HbIMlI MCTOilaMIi.
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nOJlY'laeMbIX npll IICCJ1C.l10BaHIiH pOJlII reHOTlina H cpe,!l.bl B 113MeH-
qUJlOCTI1 pa3HbIX nCIIXOJlOrll'leCKIIX xapaKTepHCTIIK, HBJIHeTCJI CO-
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.II.onYCTIIM, npll IICCJIeJl,OBaHIiH OJl,HOM II TOM iKe nCIIXOJIorll-
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TaKiKe MeTO)J,OM nplleMHblx ,!\C'TeH 6b!JJH nOJJyqeHbl TaIme pe3YJlb-
TaTbl, KaKHC npliBeAeHb! lJ npHMepe 1 (Ta6JIIILja 5.2). 3TII pe3YJlb-
TaThI cBHAeTerrbcTBYIOT 0 TOM, 'ITO Bce IIHAIIBHAyaJIbHble pa3llH-
qllJl no l13yqaeMOH xapaKTepllCTHKe onpeAeJIHlOTCH reHOTlinOM:
M3 6JII13HC!.\bl nOllHOCTblO H,!\eHTH'IHbl, OCTaJIbHb!C POACTBCHHIIKI1
nOXOJKH B TOH CTeneHH, KOTopaH COOTBeTCTBYCT IIX reHCTHqeCKO-
MY CXOI\CTBY (KOppCJIJI!.\lm pO)J,IITelleH II Jl,eTeH paBHbI 0,5, Koppe-
JlH!.\H!! CII6cOB paBHbl 0,5; KOppeJUl!.\"m pOlllITeJIei1 II nplleMHblx
AC'Tci1 paBHbI 0,0).
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onpCAeluIIQTCH Ha 50% Hacrre)J,YCMOCTbIQ II Ha 25% - OOLl.\CH
Ta6J1uqa 5.2
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3Ha'leHlmX HaCJleoyeMocmu, 06,*,..1 II pa3J1W1a1oUjeucH CpeOb! (no
Plomill R.o 1990)
npH....p 1 npHMep2 npHM.p 3
M3 6nM3HeL4bl 1,00 0,75 0,25
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C.6cbI (POll"".)
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BbIB9A:
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162
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KOrOJIH, TO eCTb KOMnJIeKC ero npCBpaweHIIH B opraHlI3MC, II
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'1HHaMII pa3JIllqHH Me)KII.Y JlIO)J:bMII B CK)lOHHOCTIl K nOTpe6JIe-
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CO BeeM KOMnJIeKCOM nOBe)J:eH'IeCKilX II JIII'IHOCTHbIX pac-
CTpoiicTB, onpe)J:eJIeTCJI B OCHOBHOM BlleWHHMI1 06CTOTeJIb-
CTBaMH, TO "CTb cpe)J:oii. B 06Ll(ecTBe, r)J:e aJlKOrOJIb )J:ocTyneH
iI Tpa)J:IIQHoHHO aBJIeTCJI OnHI1M 113 3JIeMeHTOB cpe)J:bl npH 05-
Ll(eHilH JIIO)J:eii, reHeTl1'leCKH BoCnpIlI1MqHBb!H K aJlKOrOJIIO qeJIO-
BeK HMceT 60JIbWe waHCOI! 3a60JIeTh aJIKOrOJIil3MOM.
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cnoco6HOCTb K 06yqCHHIO npllcywa He TOJlbKO qeJIOBeKY, HO H
)KIIBOTHbIM. 3Ta cnoc06HOCTb WHpOKO HCCJIelIj'eTCJI B reHeTHKe
165
8. MO,Qenl1pOBaHl1e Ha )IUIBOTHbIX
Y 'IeJIOBeKa iI .l\pyrHx MJIeKOIlI1Ta!OLl(ilX KaK 6110JIOrll'leCKI'!X
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MepHO TpJl MHJIJIl1apAa, npHqeM 60JIee 99% rCHOB y HHX HBJI"IOT-
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TH K peweHHIO HeKoTopblX np06J1eM relleTHKI1 1l0Be.l\e1lH qeJlOBC-
Ka. Bo0611\e reHCTHKa nOBel\eHHJI )KIIBOTHbIX "BJI"eTCJI caMOCTO,,-
TeJIbHOH 06JIacTblO reHeTHKiI nOBe)J.eHHR, Ii B )J:BHHOH o5nBcT>I Be-
IIj'TC pa3JIH'IHble IICCJIe)J:oBaHH, np"MbIM 06paJOM He CBJlJaHHble
C reHeTIIKOH qeJlOBeKa, HO cnoeo6cTBYlOwlie peweHHIO HeKOTO-
pbIX ce np06JICM. B )1aJIbHeiiweM, oc06eHHo B TOM paJ)1ene, r)J:c
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reHeTHKe qeJIOBeKa <D <Doren" II A.MoTYJIbCKH (1990).
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164

166
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C pBJpa60TKoH HOBblX MeTO.aOB rH6pH,!Ul3aQHII KJIeTOK (HanpI1Mep,
KJIeTOK '1enOBeKa H MbIWH). B pe3ynbTaTe 'IHC1I0 YJKe JIOKaJlII30-
BaHHblX reHOB 'IeJIOBeKa paCTeT C nopa3HTcnbHoii 6b1CTpoTOH.
KaK nOKa3bIBalOT paCqeTbI, BeCb reHOM qeJIOueKa MOJKeT 6bITb
KapTllpooaH, ceJlII HccnenOBaTcrrll 6YJI,YT pacnonaraTb Bcero He.
CI<OJIbKHMH COTHJlMII MapKepOB, KOropbIC cny'laHHO pacnpeneneHbl
no XpOMOCOMaM (ellorem. ell., MOT)'lIbCKH A., 1989).
MepOH "rCHeTH'IeCKOro paCCTOIIHHJI" CJlYJKIIT 'JaCTOTa pe-
KOM6HHaQHH MapKepa H IIcCJIenyeMoro reHa. 3TO paCCTOJlHIIC
113MepJleTCII B MopraHHnax HJlH caHTIIMopraHH!J,aX (cM), e,/lHHII-
172
I.\ax, Ha30aHHblx TaK B qeCTb To Maca MopraHa OIIHa caHTII-
MopraHma COOTB\:TCTBYCT paCCTOJlHlUO Me)l(.!I:Y rCHaMH, PCKOM-
6HHaLlHII KOTOpblX npOHcxO!J,IIT C 'JacToToH 1%. KapTbi reHOMa
MorYT COCTaOnJlTbCJI B IIBYX BapllaHTax OJl,IIII 113 IIIIJI - KapTbI
reHeTHqeCKOI'O CL\CnneHIIJI - CrpOJlTCJI lIa OCHOBe aHan"3a .aaH-
HblX no HacrrenOBaHHIO reHa IIJIH MapKepa B pJl!J,Y nOKOJleHIIH,
lIPyrl1e - 1jJ1I311'1CCKHe KapTbl - Ha npJlMOM .IICCJICnOOaHHII HO-
CHTeJleii rCHeTH'IeCKOH IIHIjJOpMal.\lI1I (ITY3bIpeB B.II , CTenaHoB
B.A., 1997). reHeTll'!.ecKoe paccT05l1mc B I eM npHMcpHO paR-
HO IjJH3H'IecKOMY paCCTOJIHIDO 0 1 MIIJIJIIIOH nap OCHOOaHHH. .II.JlII-
Ha reHeTl'lqeCKOH KapTbI rCHOMa '1CnOBCKa COCTaBnHeT npl1Mep-
HO 25,8 MopraHH,IJ; (cIIoreJIb (fl., MOTynbcKH A., 1989).
£eJIII '1aCTOTa peKoM6HHaUI111 COCTauJIJleT 50%, 3TO 03Ha'la-
eT, '1TO lIBa nOKyca HaxOJ(!lTCJI Ha TaKOM paCCTOJlHIIII, 'ITO HaCJIe-
JJ.Y1OTCR HC3aBIICHMO. ECJIH lIBa reHa nepCnalOTCJI COBMCCTHO B 10
nOKOJIeflIlJlX, BepOJITHOCTb Toro, '1TO :no npollCXO)l,llT CII)''IaHHO,
TO eCTb reHbl He JlO]IJl]OTCJI CQenneHHbIMH, HII'ITO)l(flO Mana (0,001).
T3KIIM 06pa30M, BepOJITHOCTb CQenJlCHHJI B 3TOM CJIY'Iae COCTan-
IllIeT 110,001,11111110 3 , B HaY'IHOH npaKTHKe 3Ta BCpOJITIIOCTb ObI-
paJKaeTcJI B norapllljJMH'IeCKOH llIKane (LaD scoTe) H COCTaBJIJleT
o .aaHHOM CII)''Iae 3 lod. IIpH pa60Te C pO.aOcnOBHbIMII nOlIb3YJOT-
CJI pBJJlH'IHblMIl Ta6J1HQaMII Jlo.a-6aJIJ10o Ii cnel.\lIaJIbHO pa3pa60-
TaHHbIMH anropHTMaMIi. DrraronpmlTHble B03MOJKHOCTH JI,IIJI onpe-
neneHHR Cl.\emreI'HJI no P0II;OCJIOBHOH cYlQeCTIJYJOT, ecJIlI OJl,IIH 113
po.aIlTeJIeH JlBJIJleTCJI reTep03HrOTHbiM no IIBYM pa3JIIi'lHbIM re-
HaM, a BTOpOH - rOM03I1rOTHblM. 05b1'IHO aHaJIII3 CQenneH1I1I
npOBolI;lITCIi Jl,IlJI '1aCTO OC1'pe'lalOll.\IIXCJI B nonYJIJlQHH MapKepOB
HJIII B Tex cnY'IaIlX, KOrl1.a '1aCTO BCTPeqarolQl1HCJI MapKep conyT-
CTBYeT pero<OMY HaCrreJl,CTOCIIHOMY 3a6oJIeOaHHIO. KaK !J,OKa3a-
TenbCTBO cQenrreHHJI 06bl'JHO paCCMa1'pIlBae'fCJI Jlo.a-5anrr He Me-
Ree 3 (1000: I B nOJlb3Y Cl.\erIrreHIIR). B HaCTOJlll.\ee BpeMJI pBJpa6o-
TaHb! cnCQllanbHble KOMnblOTepHble nporpaMMbl roIJI aHaJIII3a
Cl.\enJIeHIIJI no ponocnoBHblM. J.lhIpOKO Hcnollb3YeTCK nporpaMMa
LIPED, KOTopall n03BOJIJleT nOJlY'laTb Ol.\ellKH MaKCI1ManbHOI'O
npao.aonon0611J1 napaMeTpoB Cl.\ennCH1I1I no .aaHHbIM PO"OcnOBHbl X
(Ott J , 1974), a TaKJKe nporpaMMa LINKAGE (Lathrop G. et aI.,
1984).
AHaJIH3 cQenrrcHHII '1all.\e occro HCnOJIb3YeTCJI npH H3yqC-
HIIH anbTepHaTtlBHblX (Ka'JecTBcHHbIX) npl13HaKoB. .II.eJIaIOTCJI no-
113

n1>JTKH npHMemlTb :3'1'0'1' MeTD.l( II 1IJIR aH3JIH33 KOJIHqeCTBeHH1>IX
npll3HaKOO B paC'JeTe Ha TO, 'ITO Y.l\aCTCR 06H3PY)J(HTb rJIaBHbJe
reHb!, OJIIIJlIOLI1He Ha H3yqaeMb!e xapaKTepIlCTHKH. TeopcTII'Icc!m
TaKoij no.l\XO.l\ OnOJIHe onpaO.l\aH, OA"aKO, KaK OTMeqalOT $.$0-
rem, H A.MoTYJIbCKH (1989), cJIel\yer C06JI1Ol\aT1> 60JIblliYJO OCTO-
P°)J(I!OCTI. B IIHTepnpeTal\IIH l1aHHblX Bo-nepBbIX, npH aHaJIH3e
60JII.lliOrO '1HCna KOnllqcCToeHH1>IX npll3HaKOB CYll\eCTByeT pliCK
06HapY)J(IfTb C1.(CnnCHlfe 3a C'ICT '1HCTG cnY'IaiiHblX !jJny!ayal\HH
KpHTepHeo 3Ha'lHMOCTI1. BO-OTOPb!X, 1\0PpeJlJ!L{HH, Ha6mo.aaeMaR B
CCMI.HX, MO)J(eT BOJHHK3TI. He TOJII.KO 3a C'IeT CuenJleHHJI, HO II 3a
C'IeT Ha;1HqIlR accopTaTHBHGCTH no HCCJIe.ayeMOMY npH3HaKY.
Cne.aYeT OTMeTHTb, qTO nOl<a aHaJIII3 CuenJleHHR II.1IH KOJIH'Ie-
CTBeHH1>IX npH3HaKOB BeCI.Ma 3aTpY.l\HIITeneH H qacTo HC npHHO-
CHT O)KII.n;aeMbIX pe3YJII.TinOB, o.n;HaKO C nO>lBJIeHlleM MoneKyn>lp-
HbiX MapKepOB ):(HK B03MO)J(HOCHJ aHamf3a H HHTcprrpeTal\HH
.n;aHHI.IX nOCTOJlHHO B03paCT3IOT.
rIlABA 6. KOIl4ECTBEHHbIE METO,Qbl B
rEHETKE nOBE,QEH"'f!
, I. 1huIeHlle cn.ellJIeHHJI HcnO$3YeTCJliiMrrOKaJIlf33IV\K
i !IB, pacJ1oJIo)J(eIIHJ.IX B o.tt.H()li XPQM9,CQNe, II reHeTII-
x KapT. .., ,..,
, 2. 1Jro6lol If osaTb reJl.:'Ii.)
:,a!iQPXOtlHM Na omwemoo y IlO1J(HO ollei1
.. B.aTI>. 'l'ecHOTY Cll . MapKepiWH "'Oryr',b rem.r, JfO
"i J( , 8 TaU[e Mop4t0!loru'le 
eKY MapKephl.. .... .......
"reHeTII'l:eCKg.o paCCTOJIHU5I" CJIYJKHT 'l:8CI'0TB
,8pKepOW H ',',:",,,,.
B npe.l\I.IJl,yLl1eH rJlaBe MI.l H3J10)((IIJ1H OCHOBHble nplIHl\HnI.I
relleTHKH, OBeJIII nOHHTHJI reHOTHna H !jJeHOTlllla, nO!<a3aJIH, KaK
B03HIIKaeT KOJIH'IeCT8eHHaR H3MeH'IHBOCTb, .n;aJlH onpel1eJleHIJJI
reHeTlI'ICCKOH II cpel10BOH 113MeHqllBOCTH, OD.HaKO MeTOjl,bl H Tex-
HHKY Ol(eHKH reHeTH'JeCKHX H cpe.n;OBblX KOMnOHeHT !jJeHOTHI1I1-
qeCKoi1 1I3MeH'IIiBOCTII Mbl He paCCMaTpHBaJIH.
enI. p;aHHoli fJIaBh! - nOK33aTI., K3K, !jJHKCHPYJl Ha6JIro-
AaeMYIO B peaJlbHOH )((1I3HH !jJeHOTllnHqeCKYIO H3MeHqHBOCTI.,
BbIp;eJUITI. HenocpeP;CTBeHHO He 113MepHeMI.le relleTllqeCI(HC II
Cpei!OBble KOMnOHeHTbI nOH 113MeH'IHBOCTH. .II.JIJI OQeHKH 3THX
KOMI10HeHT HcnOJlI.3YlOTCR pa3JI1iqHI.le MeTop;I.I aHaJll!3a, HO Bce
OHI1 6a3HpYIOTCH Ha MaTeMaTH'IeCKOM MOp;eJIHpOBaH>lII.
MaTeMaTI!'1eCKOC MO.1leJIlipOBaHlic HCnOJIb3yeTCJI, KaK H3-
BecTHo, I\.IIJI onHcaHH Ha !jJopMaJlI.HOM Jl3I.lKC nplf'lIfHHO-ClIe,l\-
CT8eHHI.lx CBR3eH MeJKi!Y Hall50JIce cYll\eCTBeIiHbIMH :}neMCHTa-
Mit CIfCTCMb!, IWTOpblM cooTBeTcTBYIOT :meMeHTbJ ()JJpe.l1eJIeH-
HOH KOHl(enTyaJIbHOIi cxeMI.I, B i!aHHOM cJIY'Iae reHeTllqeCKOH
KOHQenTyanI.HOH CXCMbl. OCHOBHI.Ie :3J1eMeHTbI KOTOPOH 6I.IJIII
paccMOTpeHI.I B npei!bl.l\Yll\HX rJIaBax.
ITpol(e.n;ypa MOp;emJpOBaHHJI COCTOIIT H3 P;BYX HaH60JIee
Ba)KHbIX nanOB:
-- rrOCTpoeHHe MOp;eJIIi rrpe,l\CTaBJIHeT co60fi C03,l\aHIIC
CHCTeMb! ypaBHeHIfIi, Ol1lfCblBalOLI1I!X Ha cjlOpM3nbHoM H3I.lKe
npl1qHHHO-CJIe.l1CTBeHHbIe OTIIOllieHHR MeJKP;Y :}JleMeHT3MH CH-
C-TeMbI;
- rroi!60p a.l\eKBaTHoH MO,l\eJlH npe,l\CTaBJIReT c060li pe-
llIeHHe nOH CHCTeMI.I ypaBlleHI1H H onpe.n;eJlellHe napaMeTpoB.
Ha OCHOBe KOTOpblX npHHHMaeTCJI pellleHHe 0 COOTBeTCTBHH MO-
l1eJIH Ha6J1IO)\aeMI.lM lIaHHI.IM.
MOi!eJIHpOBaHl!e, no cYll\eCTBY, no npOl(e.Qypa rro.Q50p3
TaKOH CI1CTCMI.I ypaBlleHHH I\.IIJI Ol(eHKH reHeTH'IeCKI\X 11 cpep;o-
J75
-
",,,,,"",,'.'.

yroHeHHe/npHHTHe nOA6op
peweHHR ....OAellH

TeopH MOAellb .n:aHHble

nOCTpoeHHe 3KcnepHMeHT
MOAellH
cI>eHOTlln npeACTallJIJleT c06011 COIIMecrnblH npo.I\YlCT reHO-
THna II cpe)l,bl, II 113MCH'IHIIOCTb, CBJl3aHHYIO C 3T11MH ABYI,UI nma-
MH c/JaxTOPOB, Hes03M01KHO paJAeJIIITb Ha COCTaBJI>JIOIl\He npll He-
nocpeACTBCHHOM Ha6moAeHIIH. 31'0 OCHOBHoe nOJIOJK\:HHe rCHeT!!-
Kif npH nepeso.n:c Ha !\>OpMaJIbHbIH H3blK MOJKeT 6blTb npClICTaBJIC-
HO II B!lAe mmcHHolt MOD;eJIII, rlle !\>eHornn i-Toro HHJI,I1B!lAa (P,),
IIbIpaJKaeMblH B B!lAe OTKJIOHCHHJI OT cpc,!I,Hero 3Ha'leHHJI B nony-
JIJlI\HH, npeliCTaBJIHeT c060il CYMMY reHOTllnH'IecKoro 0, H cpeAo-
Boro E. OTKJIOHeHHH:
,
P, = 0, + E, (1.1.1)
.lI.rut Toro '1T06bI OnpeAeJllfTb )J;IICnepcHIi OTKJIOHeHHH 0 If E
B nonYJIJlI\IfIl, Hc06xOllllMO B03BeCTII KaJKAOe OTKJIOHeHI1C II KBa.1l-
paT, npOCYMMIlpOBaTb Bce KBa,lij)aTbl OTKJIOHeHHH If CYMMY PaJ}.IC-
JIIITb Ha 11:
P/ =(G,+E,)';
p,' = G/ + E,' + 2. G, . E, ;
L:P,' = L:G , ' + L:E,' +2. L:G,.E, .
11 11 n 11
BblX napaMeTpoB, KOTOpaJi HaHJIyqlllHM o5pa30M corJlacyeTclI C
Ha6mo}.laeMblMH }.IaHHbIMH.
CXeMaTHqeCKH ny npol\ellYPY MOJKHO npelicTaBIfTb B BII)1e
CJIcllj'K)ll\eH llIIarpaMMbl (Eaves L. et aI., 1989).
Ha CTa)1I1H nOCTpOCH"JI MOJl,eJlH pelllalOT, KaKHM o6pa30M
npH'!IIHbl 113MeHqHBOCTH, TO eCTb "CeMaHTII',ICCKHe" KOMnOHeHTbl
TCOpHI1, ITO 06paJHOMY BbIpaJKeHIIIO B.Torgersen (I\HT. no Eaves et
aI., 1989), Moryr 5blTb nepeBelleHbl B "CIIHTaKCllqeCKlle" onpe.o;e-
JIeHIIJI (jJopMaJIhHOrO MaTeMaTH'IeCKoro H3b1Ka, OnIlCbI!!aIOIl\HC
npH'IIIHHO-CJleJl,CTBellllbIe CBJl3H MeJKAY HaH60JIec cYIl\eCTBeHHbIMI1
KOMnOHeHTaMH CIlCTeMbI. TIpH Bbl60pe a.o;eK!!aTHOii MOJl,eJIH
(model-fitting) Ol\eHHBalOT napaMeTpbl MOlleJIlI 11 npHHHMalOT pe-
llIeHIIC 0 COOTBeTCTBIIH MOAWH Ha6mo)1aCMb1M nepeMeHHblM.
H3JIOJKeHHe MaTCpHaJIa Mbl nocTpoHM B COOTBeTCTBHII C
npeJl,CTaBJIeHHOH Jl,ll3rpaMMoH. BHaqaJIe MbI onllllleM lIa (jJop-
MaJIbHOM MaTeM3THQecKOM Jl3blKe Te nOHIITI1H, KOTopble p3CCMOT-
peHbl B npeJl,blAYll\efi maBe, a 3aTeM -- MeTOJl,bI Ol\eHKH napaMeT-
pOB nOJlY'IeHHbIX MOAeJIeii II cnoc06bl Ol\eHKH a.1leKBaTHOCTII Tex
HJIH HHbIX MOJl,eneH.
L:N
BeJIH'IIIHa --L npe,aCTaBJIJleT C060H 051l\YlO (jJeHOTlI-
11
L:G'
nH'IeCKYIO }j;IiCnepCIIIO, ---1- - reHeTII'leCKaJl )\MCnepCHJI,
n
L:E'
---1.... _ Cpe)\OBaH }j;IicnepCIIJI. ITOCKOJIbKY 0 H E npe.o;CTaBJIJI-
n
lOT C050H reHOTl1nHqeCKHe H cpeliOBbIe OTKJIOHeHIIJI, TO CYMMa
HX npo H3Be lleHHH 2 L: G , . E, _ KOBapHal\HJI reHOTllna II cpe-
n
1. nOCTpoeHMe MOAenM
IIbl IhaK,
(f ;= cr + (J + 2. cov GE ,
( 1.1.2)
1.1. MOllML IjIeHOTHJIII'Iel:KOii CTpYKTYPLI nonYillIQIIH
HiIM, eCJIH npe)\nOJlOJKHTb, '!TO reHOTHnbl paBHoMepHo pac-
npc.o;eJIeHbl no pa3HblM cpeAaM, 'f0 eCTb KOMnOHeHTa 2cov GE
= 0,
V p = V G +V E . (1.1.3)
TaKHM 06P330M, Mbl nOJIY'IaeM npOcTeHwylO MOJl,el\b, xa-
paKTCpH3YIOIl\YIO (jJeHoTHnH'IecKYIO cTpYKTYPY nonYJlJl1\1I1I no
177
<t»'Hll3MCHTaJIbHblMH nOHIITHJlMH reHi:TllKH IIBJIJIlOTCJI nOHJI-
TIIJI reHOTHna H (jJeHoTHna, BnepBbIe BBClIeHHblC f.MeH,!IeneM .l1,JIII
aHaJlH3a Jl,IICKpeTHbIX npH3HaKoB (B TepMIIH3x MeH,!IeJIII - (jJaK-
'fOp H 3(jJ(jJekT).
176

KOnH'IeCTBeHIIOMY np1l3HaKY. $eHOTHnH'IeCKaA IJ,lIcnepCIIA (V,)
npCIJ,CTaBJIJleT C060H CYMMY IJ,BYX KOMnOHellT - reHeTH'IeCKOii
(V,,> II cpelJ,oBoii (V E ) Jl,lIcnepCIIH.
.[\OMHHaHTHbIM BBJIlleTCI! aJIJleJlb A, TO h, nOJIO)KIITeJlbHO, eCJIH
IJ,OMJlHHPYeT a, TO h, 0TP"l.\an:JlbHO. ITpll nOJIHOM l\OMJlHllpOBa-
HHJI h, = +d IIJIII h, =: -d; CTenCHb l\OMIIHllpOBaHIIA paBHa hjd, .
1.2. KOMDoHeHTLI reHeTH'lecKoii H3Mell'lHBOCTB
-d. m +d.
aa Aa AA
h.
'\
DIIOMeTpl'!qeCKHe IICCJIel\OBaHHJI Ha paCTeHIIJlX II )KIIBOT-
HblX nOKa3aJIII, qTO npHHUllnbI MeHl\enCBCKoro HaCJIel\OBaHHJI
l\HcKpeTHbIx IIpll3HaKOB npllMeHHMb! )l,JIJI nOJlHfCHHbIX npH3Ha-
KOB TaKHM 06pa30M, Bce 3Q>Q>eKTbI rCHa, xapaKTepHble )l,JIA IJ,IIC-
KpeTHbIX IIpIl3HaKoB, npOBBJIJlIOTCA 11 B IIOJIHreHHbIX CHCTeMax,
TO eCTb B reHCTII'IeCKOH Jl,HCnepCIIII MO)KHO BblJl,eJlIITb KOMIIO-
HeHTbI, 06YCJIOBJIeHHHbie a.MI1TIIBHbIMII rCHeTl1'1eCKHMH 3Q>Q>CIC-
TaMil (pa3J1H'II1A Me)K.[\Y rOM0311I'OTaMH), .[\OMHHHpOBaHl1eM (re-
Tep031'!rOTHbIe 3Q>Q>eKTbI) II 3nllCTa30M (B3aIIMOl\eHCTBHe Me)l(.[\Y
pa3JIllqHblMH reHaMII).
KaK 1f3BeCTHO, Bcex OCo6eH JUjlIilOlf.IVIMx opraHH3MOB 1010)1(-
HO pa3.[\enHTb no JlK)50MY reHY C .n;aYMJI aJIJIeJIJlMII (A H a) Ha TPH
reHeTlI'lCCKHX Knacca (AA, Aa, H aa). BJlmlHHC TaKoro reHa I!a
Q>eHoTHII MOJKHO onllcan, l\BYMJ! napaMeTpaMH: O.[\HH napaMeTp
(d) 0TPaJKaeT Q>eHoTHnll'leCKOe pa3JIII'IlIe Me)l(l\Y l\BYMJI rOM03H-
rOTaMH AA H aa, a .[\pyrOH (h) - OTKJIOHeHHC Q>eHOTllna reTepo-
3HrOTbI Aa OT cpeAHero (m) MeJK.[\Y AA H aa (Ma.3ep K., .II.)KHHKC
.II.)K.,J985). B3BB B Ka'leCTBe TO'fKH OTCqeTI\ 3TO cpe.l\Hee 3HaqClmC,
nonY'IaeM, '1TO paCCMaTPHBaeMbJe 3Q>Q>eKTbl reHa B OTHoweHHII
BeJIH'II1Hbl npH3HaKa paBllbl (PIlCYHOK 6.1) d,)l,JIli AA, h,)l,JIJI Aa
II -d, Mil aa, TaK 'ITO BKJIal\l>l aJIJIencii B Q>HKCl1pOBaHHYIO, IIJIII
a.MHTHBHYIO, reHeTH'IecKyro 113MeH'IHBOCTb nponoPQHOH31lbHbl d,
TOr)l,a KaK h 0TPaJKaeT 3Q>Q>eKT IJ,OMIIHHpoBaHHII 0l\Horo H3 aJIJle-
nCH feHa II OTBC'IaeT BKna.n:y B HeljJHKCl1pOBaHHYIO HaCJIel\CTBCH-
HYIO 113MeH'IHBOCTh.
Bo Bcex cJIyqaJ!x d 03Ha'iaeT OTKnOHeHHe Ha WKaJle (no
KOTOpoii rrpoH3BoIJ,HTCli OTC'IeT) OT HaqaJlbl!oii TO'lKII B TaK Ha-
3blBaeMOM "rrJIlOc" HanpaBJIeHIIH, TOrlJ,R KaK h MO)KeT 6bITb OT-
KJIOHeHlleM B JIl050M HarrpaBJleHHII - "nmoc" IIJlH "MIIHYC" -
B COOTBeTCTBHII C TeM, Y8eJlII'lHBaeT HJIII YMeHblIlaeT l\OMIIHaH-
THbl" aJIJIeJlb 3Ha'leHHe npll3HaKa.
OTHOCIITeJlbHble 3Ha'leHHJI d H h 3aBHCJlT OT CTeneHII Jl,0-
, ,
MIIHllpoBaHHJ!. ECJII! l\OMIIHIlp08RHHC OTC)'TCl'ByeT, TO h, =: 0; ec1lH
178
PUCYHOK 6.1
[lap(l},lempbl d u h OM 2eH06 A u a
K.Ma3ep II .II.)K..II.)KIIHKC (1985) nOKa3anH BKilaJ{ TaKoro no-
Kyca B reHeTH'IecKYIO Jl,lIcnepclllo B IIOnYJlIII.\HH co CJlY'IaHHbIM
CKpell\HBaHllcM.
IIycTb )l,Ba aJIJIenJi A H a 0l\Horo reHa HMelOT qaCTOTbJ u,
H v,. BocnOJIb3yeMcJI pelIlCTKOH lleHHeTa M" Toro, qTo5bI pac-
C'IIITaTb '1aCTOTb! B03MO)KHbIX reHOTHIIOB:
M)"KCKI1e raMeTbl
U A va
)KeHCKlle
faMeTbI
uA
u'A
uva
va
uvA
v>a
ComaCHO 3aKOHY XapJl,H-BailH6epra, '1aCTOTbI Tpex B03-
MO)KHbIX reHOTHnOB AA, Aa II aa 6YAYT paBHbI II,', 2u,v, H v,'
COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
ITOJlY'IaeM CneIOU(lfe COOTHoweHHR:
I'eHOTllnbI AA Aa aa
'1aCTOTa u 1 2u a v Q v'
Q Q
3Ha'leHHJlrrp1l3HaKa d h -d
179

s' = 2:1.(:1:; - m)2 = 2:1.:1:,2 - m 2 =
= (U; + V;)a; +2u a v a h; -[ (u a -va)d a + 2uaVaha]2 =
= 2u a v a [ d; +2(v a -ua)daha +(1- 2u a v a )h;] =
= 2u a v a [d; + 2(v a -ua)daha +(v a -ua)h' + 2u a v a h;] =
= 2U a v a [ (d a + (va -ua)hj + 4u;v;h; J.
'fHBHorO Jq,q,eK'fa B OI1HOM JIOKYCt: C 110MHHaHTHblM B I1PyrOM.
YBeIlH'IeHHt: 'IHCJla JlOKYCOB npHBOI1HT K YBt:JIHqeHIlIO qnClIa
KOMnOHt:HT II COOTBe'fCTBeHHO K rpOM0311KIHd allre6pallqeC-
KIIM BbIKJlal1KaM npH IIX onpel1ClleHI1H B 06ll\CM BII)J.e MO)!{HO
3anllCaTl,:
Va = VA + V D + VA'A + VA,D +VD,D +
+ VA.A'A+VA,A'O+'" (12.6)
CJIe)J.OBaTeJlbHO, MbI MO)J(CM BbI'IIICJIllTb CpcllHCC 3HaQC-
HIIC npll3HaKa:
m = u;d, + 2u,v,h, + (- v;d,) = (u, - v,)d, + 2u,v,h,. (1.2.1)
COOTBCTCTBCHHO, llllcncpcHH,cBH3aHHaH C paCll\enllCHHeM
no 3TOMY JlOKYCY, 6Y)J.eT paBHa:
1.3. KOllmOHeHTbI cpeJloBoii If3MeH'IHBOCTH
( 1.2.2)
Hc MeHce CIIO)!{Ha CTpYKTypa H CpelJ,OBblX KOMTIOHCHT H3-
MeHqIlBOCTII. Heo6xolJ,IIMO OTMeTIITb, qTO B rCHCTHKe TCPMHHY
"cp e l1 a " nplll1aeTCH 60llce Wl1pOKOe TOJIKOBaHIIC, qCM 3T0 06blq-
HO npHHJlTO B nCHXOllorllll. "CpelJ,OBajJ" 113MeHQHBOCTb B KOH-
TCKCTC TeOpHI1 KOJlHQeCTBeHlloi! reHeTHKH 03HaqaeT "HcreHeTH-
qeCKaH" 11 06YCJIOBIIHBaeT TY qaCTb q,eHOTlIllH'IeCKOH H3MeH-
qHBOCTH. KOTOpaJi He MO)l(eT 6bITb 06'bHCHella BIIHHHHeM HaCllelJ,-
CTBeHHblX q,aKTopOB. Cpel1a MO)l(eT BKIlIO'IaTb B ce6H npl1qnHbl
H3MeH'IHBOCTI1 H 6HOJlOrnqeCKOrO xapaKTepa. Han60llee npo-
CTaH H BTIOJlHC alJ,eKBaTHaH CTPYKTypa H3MeHqHBOCTH, npll paB-
HOMCpHOM paCnpelJ,ClleHIHI rCHOTllnOB no pa3JIHQHblM cpel1 a 'l B
nonYlIjJl.(lI11 co cnY'IailHblM CKpeII1I1BaHHeM, BKJD04aeT no KpaHHCH
Mepe lJ.Be KOMnOHeHTbI - BHYTPHCeMeHHylO (E w ) H MCJI{CeMeHHYIO
(E.) TaKHM 06pa30M, nOIIHaH CpelJ,OBaJi H3MeH'IIIBOCTb paBHa:
V = E +E (1.3 1)
E B W'
H, ClleJl,OBaTeJIbHO, Hawe OCHOBHOC ypaBHeHlle npl'!06peTaeT BIIlJ,:
Vp=VA+VD+E.+E w ' (1.32)
BHy'fpIlCeMeilHaH, HHI1HBHl1yaJIbHaJl, HeCHCTeMaTHqeCKaH
CpCl10BaH I1HcnepCI1H (Ew) 06yciiOBJIeHa pa31l1l'lI1HMII Me)l()l;Y qJle-
HaMil OI1HOH CeMbl1, BHYTPHHHlJ,IIBl1l1yaJlbHOH BaplIa6eJlbHOCTbIO
npH3HaKa H oWH6KaMII H3MepeHIIH P06epT ITJIOMIIH (Plomin R ,
1987) npc.lI,J1oJl{IIJI HcnOllb30BaTb TepMI1H "pa3II1t'laIOll\aJlCH cpe-
lla", nOCKOJIbKY OH 60llee TOqHO OTpa)l(aeT nCHXOIlOrH'IeCKHii
CMblCII 3Toro q,aKTopa. B nOHJlTHC "pa3II1fQaIOII1eHCH cpellbl"
BXOlllIT Bce TO, qTO l1ellaeT HenOXO)!{HMH '1J1eHOB ceMbH, He3aBII-
CllMO OT JloKyca BJIHHHHJI- BHYTPI1 (oc06eHHOCTIf B3aIfMOOTHO-
weHHH Me)l(Aj' lleTbMH, Jl,eTbMH II pOJl,llTeJIJlMII) 111111 BHe ceMbH
181
ECIIH reHbl He3aBllCliMbi B CBoeM Jl,eHCTBHH II He Cl.(enJIe-
Hbl, TO nOIlHajJ reHeTHqeCKajJ 113MeH'IIIBOCTb 6Y)J.eT paBHa CYM-
Me TaKI'!X 'IlIeHOB
2Lu,v,[d, +(v, -u,)h,]' +4Lu;v;h; , (I.2.3)
rJl,e nepBblH '1I1CH 2u,vJd a +(u a -v)h.,J' onpCI1CnReT H3MeH4HBOCTb,
CBH3aHHYIO C a.IUI.IITlIBHbIM lleilcTBlIeM rCHOB (VA)' a BTOpOH
(4u'.v',h',) - H3MCHqHBOCTb, cBJl3aHHylO C 3q,ljJeKTaMH 110MHHII-
pOBaHI1>1 (V D)'
TaKIIM 06Pa:JOM, nonH!U! reHeTllqeCKa>l 113MeHql1BOCTb npel1-
CTaBIIJleT C060H CYMMY llIIcnepCHH, 06YCIIOBlleHHblX BMIITIIBHblMH
reHCTII'ICCKIIMII JIjJQJeKTaMH 11 3QJQJCKTaMH .lJ.OMI1HlIpOBaHHJI:
V G = VA + V c . (I 2.4)
HeanJIenbHbIe B3aIlMo.n:eHcTBHII. CHTyaI.(HJI, OI1HaKO, 3Ha-
'IIITeJIbHO YC!IO)!{HjJCTCJI TIPH HaJIUqll1l HeallJIellbHOro 83altMO-
Jl,CHCTBIIJI (3nHcTa3). ITOJl,06HbIe B3aHM0l1eHCTBUR BIIIIJlIOT Ha
CTPYKTYPY H3MeH'IIIBOCTII B nonynRl.(lIRX co cllyqaHHbIM cKpe-
ll\I1BaHHCM, H rCHCTH'ICCKaJlIUICnepcHII nonYJIHl.(lIH 6YI1eT B Ta-
KOM cnY'Iae paBHa:
Va = VA + V D + VA,A + VA>D +VD,D' (1.2.5)
r)J.c V A'A' V O,D' V A,D OTpa)!{aIOT, COOTBeTCTBCHIIO, PC3YllbTaTbI
B3anM0l1eHCTBIIJI Jl,BYX aMIITIIBHblX, lJ.Byx Jl,OMIIHaHTHbIX H aMH-
180

(oc06eHHOCTH BJallMOOTHOllieHIIH co CBCpCl'HIlKaMH, yqllTCmlMIl
II T.A.), TO CCTb BCC TC OC06eHHOCTH B3aIlM0)1eHCTBI! CO cpe-
)10H, KOTOpb!C YHlIKaJIbHbl )l,IlJI )J,aHHOrO qeJ10BCKa. .II..Poy H P.IIJIO-
Mill! (Rowc D., P10min R, 1981) npe)I,IIO)l(IIJlII KJlaccllcjJl!KaqHIO
TaKoro po.n.a cjJaKTopoB, KOTOpbIC npl!Bo.n.RT K paJiIllqllM MCJK-
J1.y qiTeHaMI! OJ1.HOH CCMbH. ITo MHCHI1IO p.niTOMIiHa I! .II...II.3I!H-
CiTC (Plomin R., Daniels D., 1987), nOJ1.0611b1C BJllJJlIII!JI cpe.n.bI
IIrpaIOT pcwaIOWYIO pOJIb B cjJOpMl!pOlJaHl111 nCHXOiIOrll'leCKOH
I!HJI,I'!BII)1yaJlbHocTI1.
06ll\CCCMeHHBJI, CHCTeMaTllqeCKaJl cpe.n.oBaJi )1I1CnepCII
(E.) 06YCiTOBiTeHa lj>aKTopaMH, cjJOpMllPYIOll\HMI1 Me)l(CeMeHHbic
CpC)10BbIC paJJIII'IIIR II C6iIH)I(aIOll\IIMll '1iTeHOB O)1HOH ceMbll.
3TO, no P.ITJlOMllIIY, .n.llcnepcllR, o'!'paJKaIOll\aJl 3cjJcjJeKT "06ll\eH
CpC)1bI". 06ll\eCeMeHHaJi KOMnOlieliTa cpe)1OBoii 113MeHqHBOCTll
llMeeT Ba)l(HOe TeOpeTII'ICCKOC 3Ha'iCHIlC )1n I1cl1XOnOrHqeCKllX
II nCHxolj>H3lloiIOrll'leCKI!X npHJHaKOB, nOCKOJIbKY OHa CBRJaHa C
McxaHH3MaMI! "KyJIbTypaJIbIlOrO" lIaCilC)10BaHII" H coqllaiTbHOrO
B3aIlM0)1eHCTBIIJI.
OCTaH08HMC 60iTec l1o/l,p06HO Ha oc06eHHOCTJlX 8JallMO-
OTHOlliCHIIH MC)I()1y CI!6CaMli KaK MOJl,CiIlI B3allMOJl,eHCTBHR Ta-
Koro pO)1a, nOCKOJIbKY 31'0 BCCbMa CYll\eCTBeHHO npH aHaJlIIJC
nCHXOJlOrllqeCKHX I1pIl3HaKOB.
CnpaBeJI,JIIlBOCTI1 pa)111 OTMeTHM, qTO 60ilbWIIHCTBO iTl!-
HCHHblX MOJ1.eJIeH npCJI,nOJIaraCT, qTO OC05CHHOCTII B3aHMOOT-
HoweHlIH CII6cOB He OKa3bIBaIOT BJlHRHIIJI Ha I!HJI,I'!BII)1yanbHble
pa3iTHqllJl, TO eCTb )1eTH naCCIIBHO paJ)1eJ!JlIOT 061l\IIC rCHbI H
06ll\YIO CpC)1Y. OqCBHJI,HO, qTO nOBe)1CHHe O/l,HOrO 1!3 CII6c08
MOJKeT OKa3bIBaTb BJII!JlHHe Ha )1pyroro, H Ha06opOT. TaK, Ha-
npUMCp, 3i1oynoTpe6JIeHlle aiTKOrOiIeM O)1HIIM H3 CII6cOB MO)l(eT
npoBoqupoBaTb ynoTpe6JICHlle aJIKorOn" IIpyrllM CH6cOM IliTH
3KCTpaBepTHpOBaHHOCTb O/l,HOro 113 6nll3HeqoB MO)l(eT JaTpyJl,-
HJlTb npO8nCHHe 3TOH qepTbl y CO-6iII!3Heqa. BJllJJlHUe 3Toro
lj>aKTopa, TaK Ha3blBaeMbIH "cH6cOBbIH 3cjJlj>eKT", nopQ)K)1aCT
)10nOiIHllTeJIbHbIH UCTO'IHHK H3MeHqllBOCTIi. 3Ta KOMnOHCHTa
B03HllKaeT B TOM cJlyqae, KOr)1a O)1HH II Te )I(e reHbI, nOMIIMO
npJlMOrO BiIl1J1HI1J1 Ha npllJHaK OJl,HOrO clI6ca, 06JIa.n.aIOT KOC-
BeHHblM BJIllJlHlleM Ha CPC)1y 11, CJIC)10BaTeJ!bHO, lj>eHoTHn /l,pyro-
roo HaiIllqlle "cIl6cOBbIX" 31j>cjJeKTOB npHBO)1HT, TaKIIM 06pa30M,
K reIlOTlln-CpC)10BOH KOBapHaqHH.
182
1.4. B3aHIIIOAeHCTBHe reHOTHna H cpeA'"
OnllCaHHaJi B npeJ1.b!)1YIl\HX pa3.n.CJ1aX MOJl,eiTb 6aJHpyeTcJI
Ha npeJ1.nOiTO)l(CHHH 06 aMHTIIBHOCTH 31j>Ij>eKToB rCHOTuna H
cpeJ1.bI. O)1HaKO 6blJl0 6b! HaHBHO nOJlaraTb, qTO IIJMeHql!BOCTb
Bcex nCHXOJIOrHqecJ(I!X npll3HaKoB onpeJ1.eJlJleTcJI .n:cHCTBlleM TOilb-
KO "rnaBHblx 3QJlj>eKToB" (B TepMI1HaX )1HCnepClloHHoro aHaiTH-
3a) - reHOTllna H Cpe)1bI. CKopee MO)l(HO O)l(H.n.aTb HanHqll
CJIOJKHblX B3auMo.n.eiicTBIlH. 3TO 03Ha'iaCT, qTO eCJlJiI oqeHKa npll-
3HaKa )1aHHOrO reHOTJilna 6blJla 8blwe B O)1HOH cpc.n:e, TO OHa He
OCTaHeTCJI TaKOH Jl(e 8 J1.pyroH cpe)1e.
TeopeTI!'1ecKII MO)l(HO npeJl,CTaBI1Tb TpJil THna reHOTlln-
cpe.n.oBoro B3a1!M0)1eikrnHJI (PIlCyHOK 6.2). .II.onycTHM, qTO ./I,CTH
C reHeTJiI'IeCKOH npen.pacnOilOJl(eHHOCTbIO K BblCOKOMY II HII3KO-
MY ypOBHlO p83BIITIIR n.aHHoro npll3HaKa BocnHTbIBaIOTCJI 8 JUlYX
cpe.n. ax - nOBbIWaK)WHX lIilll nOHHJi<aIOWJilX ypOBeHb pa3BIITI1J1
3Toro npllJHaKa. B03MOJKHbI '!'pll clITyaqHI'!. Bo-nepBbIX, B3aH-
MO./l,CHCTBHC OTCYTCTByeT H npl!3HaK onpe./l,eJlJleTCJI TOiTbKO )1CH-
CTBIICM rnaBHbIX 3QJQJCKTOB (PIiCyHOK 6.2 a) llJIII, Ha060poT, 03all-
MO/l,CHCTBHC npHcYTCTByCT (PHCyHOK 6.2 6). HaH60JIee BepOJl-
TCH, O)1HaKO, TaKoii Tlln B3aI!MO./l,eHCTBIIJI, npll KOTOpOM 113MCHe-
Hlle cpen.bI BiTlIJlCT lIa npOJlBJIeHI1" reHCTI!'1eCKOH npc.n.pacnono-
)I(CHHOCTI!, HO paHrOBble MCCTa I1HJI,I'!BH.n.OB, 06na.n.aIOll\I!X pa3-
HblMII rCHOTllnaMII, COXpaHJlIOTCJI (PI!CyHOK 6.2 B).
HanpHMCp, 3MoqllOHaJIbHble II He3MoqlloHanbHblC )1eTli MO-
rYT He OTJ1HqaTbCJI /l,pyr OT /l,pyra no cnoc06HOCTII K a./l,anTa-
I.\HII, CCiTlI OHII pOCJIH B CTa611iTbHOH cpc/I,e. ECJII1 )I(C cpe/l,a 6b!iTa
HeCTa6I1iTbHOH, TO 3TO MO)l(eT npHBCCTH K HapyweHIIM nOBeJl,e-
HI1 y 3MOI.\HOHaJlbHb(X Jl,eTeH (Plomin R., 1986).
IIo.l\06Horo p0./l,a JcjJcjJCKTbr MorYT iIeJK8.Tb B OCHOBe MeXIl-
HH3Ma B03HIIKHOBeHHJI 1j>113HOilOrllqCCKIIX IInH nCIIXli'leCKHX Ha-
pyweHHii HanpllMep, reHeTl1qCCKlle pa3]J1I"1I B '1YBCTBHTCJ1b-
HOCTII K Ha'!'plllO MQrYT 6bITb npHqllHOH 003HIIKHOBeHI1H rl1ncp-
TOHHII, a '1yocTBIITeJIbHOCTb K CTpcccaM - npllqHHOH Jl,enpec-
CIiH. CYTb 3Toro reHeTllqeCKOrO McxaHli3Ma B TOM, qTO HaCJIe-
J1.yeTcJI He caMa 60J1C3Hb, a JIHWb npe/l,pacnOJIOJKCHHOCTb K 3a-
60JIeOaHIiIO, KOTopa MOJl(CT npOBHTbCJI B COOTBCTCTBYIOll\eii
cpe/l,c (Eaves L. et al , 1989).
183

q,eHOTliln
 reHOTliln 1
3
I reHOTliln 2
I
L cpe,Q3
f 2
q,eHOTliln
I 'X reHOTliln 1
I 6
I
// reHOTliln 2
cpeA3
1 2
q,eHoTliln
I - reHomn 1
I B
I ----- - reHOTMn 2.
I
I cpeA3
1 2
OQCHKa B3aHMO.l\eHCtBml rCHOTHna H Cpell.bl - IIal160JIee
Y3BIIMoe Mecro reHeTHKI1 nOBe.l\eHII, nocKonbKY BCCbMa np06nl:-
MaTllqHO TOQHoe H3MepeHHe Cpe.l\OBbIX ycnoBHH y qenOBeKa. He-
CMOTp Ha TO, qTO cymeCTBYeT P.l\ pa60T, nOCBJllQeHHbIX aHaJIl1-
3Y B3aHMO.l\cjIcTBH GxE y qelIOBCKa (Jinks J., Fulkcr D , 1970;
Eaves:" , 1984, 1987; Kcndler K., Eaves L., 1986 H .l\p.), OCHOB-
Hble .l\aHHble nonY'leHbl Ha )KHBOTHbIX, nocKolIbKY BblpalQHB3Hlle
pa3J1WJHb1X I1H6pc.l\HbIX JII1HIIH B pa3J1l1qarolQI1Xc cpell.ax .l\aeT
B01MO)l{HOCTb Hcnocpe.l\CTBeHHO Ol.\eHIITb reHeTHqeCKHe 3.p.peKTbl,
BJIHJlHlle cpeJ{bI H 3.p.pCKT I'!X B3aHMoJ{eHcTBH. ITpllBelleM CTaB-
1Ili1H y)Ke KJIaCCl1qeCKHM npHMep nOll.06HOrO P0.l\3 HccneJ{oBaHHH.
HcclIeJl,OBaHlle nOBell.eRII "C006pa3I1TeJIblibIX" 11 "rnynblx" IIHHHH
KpblC, CO.l\ep)I(aBlQHXC B MYX pa31II1qHbIX Tllnax cpe/( - "060ra-
I.IJ:eHHOii" 11 HorpaHHtIeHHOii"  nOK3.3aJIO 3aBIICHMOCTb 3cp$eKToB
"o60rarn,eHHoi1" H "orpam.fQeHtwi1" cpe):\bI OT reHOTHn3 )KJ.lBOTHO-
roo 060rameHHa cpe.n:a He OKa3alIa J{eHC1BH Ha "co06pa3I1TelIb-
HbIX" Jl(IIBOTHbIX, HO CylQCCTBeHHO ynY'llQHna nOKa3aTenH npo-
XO)I(/(eHIHI lIa6Hpl1HTa "rnynblMII" KPbIC<!MII. 11, Hao60pOT, 06ek
HeHHa cpeJ{a yxy.n:waeT nOKa3aTCJIH "coo6pa3HTeJIbHblX" KpbIC,
HO He BJIHeT Ra nOKa3aTeJIH "mynblx" KpblC (Cooper R., Zubek
J , 1958) MO)l(HO C YBepeHl1oCTbro cKa3aTb, qTO npaKTH'IeCKH Bce
HCCJIe.l\oBaRI1 CBI1.l\eTeJIbCTByroT 0 Ba)l(HOCTH 3.p.peKTa B3aHMO-
.l\eHCTBIl l'elWnma It cpe.l\bI.
IIpH HCCJIeJ{OBaHHH Ha JIIOJ{X HeJlb3J1, ecreCTBeHHo, HH Bbl-
BOj\llTb HH6peJI,Hble JIHHHH, HII nOMemaTh IIX B 3KCTpeMaJIbRbIe CH-
Tyal1lm. 11 TeM HC MeHee, liecMorp Ha TO, qTO reHeTIIKII He HMe-
roT B03MOJl(HOCTeH,lI.IIH TaKara p0.l\a 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX MaHl1ny-
IIUHll Ha JIIOJI,JIX, Bce-TaKH CYlQeCTByroT MeTOJl,bI BblBlIeHII cne-
QH<j>H'leCKOro B3aIlM0J1eHCTBH reHOTHna H cpeJl,bI. Tal<, HanpH-
Mep, .II.)I(..l!:JKHHKC 11 .II..(])aJfKep (Jinks J., Fulker D., 1970) npe,ll.llo-
)!(HnH BeCbMa <j><peKTHBHbli1 MeTOJ{,lI.IIJI BblBlIeHH TaKHX B3aIlMO-
J1eHCTBHH. Tecr OCHOBaH IJa TOM, qTO BHYTpHoapHaH pa3HOCTb
Me)l(.l\Y M3 6n113Hel\aMH 06YCIIOBJIeHa CpeJl,OBblMIi <j>aKTopaMH II,
cneJ{OBaTenbHO, BeJ1HqHHa 3TOH pa3HI1l\bI HC .l\OJI)KHa 3aBliceTb,
IIpH OTCYTCTBI1I1 B3aHM0J1eHCTBI1, OT reHOTHnOB 6IIH3Hel\OBbIX
nap MepOH)I(e reROTHnl1'1eCKHX Pa3JI1tqHH c.nYJKHT pa:JHOCTb Me)!(-
J1Y ceMei1HblMH cpeJUlIiMII 3IJaqeHHJlMII y 6JIH3Hel\OB, BOCIJHTaHHblX
pa3J1eJIbHO TaKHM 06pa30M, B03MO)l(Ha npOBepKa HanllqH B3al1-
MOAeHCTBI1H GxE nYTeM aHanH3a 3aBHCIIMOCTII CpeJUlHX 11 pa:JHO-
185
PljCYHOK 6.2
TWlbl 63aUMooeucm6W1* zeHomuna u cpeobl a) omcymycm8ue
63aUMooeucm8Wi. 6) HeynopRoo'leHHoe 83aUMooeucm6ue
(disordinal mteractlOl1) , 6) ynopROO'leH/JOe 83auMooeucm8ue
(ordinal interaction) {ilo ilI/OAtUN}' P, 1986)
OQeBIIJ1HO, '1TO 3<j><j>eKT BJaIlMOJ1eHCTBI1 GxE YBeJIllqHBaeT
06lQYro <j>eHonllIHqecKYIO I\HcnepcHlo. IIoJIHaJi <j>elioTHlIliqeCKaJl
H3MeH'IItBOCTb 6YJ{eT HMCTb B nOM c1Iyqae CJIel1yroIl\HH EM:
V p = VA + V o +V GE + E. + Ew, (J 4.1)
r.l\C KOMnOHCHT V GE - I\IICnepCIt, 06ycJloBJleHHaJi 3.p<j>eKToM
B3aHMolleHCTBUJI reHOTuna H Cpell.bl
. nOHRTHe B3aMOAeCTBMe" ynOTpe6.n.s:leTCJI 3,AeCb B CTaTMCTIII4eCkOlUl CMblc.ne
H 0603Hal.laeT Mepy Hei1.Q.AMTI1BHOCTI1 r112BHblX 3QieKTOB 83al1MOAeMCTBMe - 3TO fa
'18CTb ,:!;HcnepCIOf KOTOpS.A ooycnasneHc1 coBMecrHblM A6i1'CTBHeM OAH06peueHHO p.,syx
MnM 50nee q,aKTOpOB (lUe<I><I><> r 1963).
184

CTeH .lVIJi paJJIY'IeHHbIX 6nH3HeL\OBbIX nap. OTCYTCTBHe 3<iBHCHMO-
CTH CBIIlJ;eTeJIbCTBYeT 06 OTCYTCTBHH B3aHMoiIeHCTBHH.
IIo cYII.\ecTBY, )Q>Q>eKT B3allMoileHCTBI'!H npelJ;CTaBJIHeT co-
60" MexaHH3M reHeTII'IeCKOrO KOHTpOJIH 3a ailanTaL\lIeH K 113-
MeHJlIQII.\HMCH ycnoBIIJlM CpelJ;bI II, BepOHTHO, B03lJ;eHcTByeT Ha
lJ;HHaMIIKY II paBHOBeClle B nonYJIHljl1H (Eaves L. et al.,1989).
06bl'lHO BbllJ;eJIHIQT Tpll Tuna nOlJ;06HbIX B3allMOCBH3eH Me)l(-
lJ;Y reHOTII!JOM H cpelJ;oi1- rr3CCI1BHblii, pC3KTHBHblii If 3KTHBHblH
(plomin R. et 'II., 1977,1986,1988, 1989).
1.5. reuonm-cpe,!!.oBaa KOBapll3UHII
ITaCCI1BHaJi KOBapllaUl!:1. I1MeH 0611.\IIe reUbl 11 0611.\YIQ ce-
MciiHYIO cpc'!!'Y co COO/fMH pO,!!.HTenRMu, Jl;CTII MorYT naCCIIBHO
YHaCJleAOBaTb cpc,!!.y, KOppeJlllpyroll.\YIQ C HX reHeTllqeCKOH npeJl,-
pacnOJIO)l(eHHOcTbIO. HanpllMep, B TOH Mepe, B KaKOH 0611.\11-
TeJlbHOCTb HacneAyeTcR, AeTII 0611.\IITeJlbHblX pO,!!.I1TeJIeii OKa3bl-
BaJOTCJI 0611.\flTeJIbllee .IIpyrllx ,!!eTe", H B TO )l(e BpeMH TaKHe
pO,!!I1TeJIH C03,!!.aroT pe6CHKY cnOC06CTBYIOII.\YIO pa3BIITliIO 06-
II.\HTeJlbHOCTII cpe,!!.y - MHO)l(eCTBO lJ;pY3eii, aKTIIBHoe 0611.\eHlle
pOlJ;HTeneii C lJ;eTbMI1 11 T.JI,.
B OCHOBe <jJOPMYJIbl (1.1.3) lreJKI1T npc/{nOlrOJKCHHC 0 TOM,
'1TO reHOTl1nb) paBHOMepHO pacnpelJ;eJIeHbl no pa3HbiM CpelJ;aM,
TO CCTb KOMnOHeHTa 2covGE B ypaBHeHIIH (1.1.2) paBeHa HYmo.
O)J;HaKO 3TO npeJl,rrOJIO)l(eHHe lie BCerlJ;a BbInOnH>leTCH B l1eH-
CTBIfTeJIbHOCTH, If, Cne,!!.OB8TCJIhHO, MbI HC aupaBC npcllc6pC'lI>,
B pHlJ;e cnY'I8CB, noii KOMnOHeHTOH Jl,HCnepCIIH. B TOM cJIyqae,
Kor,!!.3 reHOTllnbl HepaBHoMepHo paCnpel1eneHI>! no pa3J1HqHbIM
cpe,!!.8M, Q>opMyna npn06peTaeT CneI\YIOLQIli! BHI1:
V,  V G + V E + 2 cov GE . (1.5 I)
K01J8pHaL\IJH Me)l(/{Y reHOTllnOM H Cpel10H OTPaJKaeT Q>aK-
TH'IeCKH TY cTencHb, B KaKoH cpel1a, l1eHcTB111O KOTOpOH noJJ,-
BepralOTCJI HH,!!.HBIIAbI, cooTBeTcTByeT HX reHCTHqeCKOH npelJ;-
p8CnOJID)f(eHHocTH. HanpHMep, pc6eHoK MOJKCT nOJIyqaTb DT
pO)J;I1Teneii He TOJfhKO reUeTlI'IeCKI1 06YCJJOBJIeHHbIe npe,!\nDCblJlKI1
KaKHX-JIH60 cnoc06HOCTeH, HO H COOTBeTCTByroLQYIQ cpel\Y .lVIH
IIX pa3BHTIIJI (Scarr S., McCartney K., 1983) - TaK Ha3bIBac-
MblH "3Q>4JCKT KHHJKHOH nOJl!(IJ" (Plomin R. et 'II., 1989).
ITpe,!!.cTaBJICHlle 0 KOBapllaQIIH MeJK,!ly reHOTHnOM II cpeAoi:i
'1pe3Bblqa"HO BaJKHO .lVIJi nCIlXOJIOrJlqeCKHX H nCl1xoQ>H3HOJJorl1-
'1eCKIiX npH3HaKOB, nOCKOJJbKY OHO OnIlCb!BaCT nOMaIOLQYK>cJI 06-
HapYJKCHl110 Q>OPMY 3Q><!:>eKToB, Hanp8BneHHbix OT pe6eHKa K pOiJ;H-
Tenro, - pOlJ;IITenU pearllpyroT lIa reHeTUqeCKII 06ycnoBncHHbie
xapaKTepuCTIIKH pe6ellKa. Mbl YJKe KaCaJIIICh npllql1H B03HIIKUOBe-
HIIH reHOTun-cpelJ;OBblx KOBapllaL\IIH npH aH3JIH3C KOMnOHeHT cpc-
lJ;oBoii I13MeH'IHBOCTII. II03TOMY OCT3113BJIHBaTbCR Ha 3TOM Bonpo-
ce He 6YlJ;CM, OTMeT1IM TOJJbKO, '1TO reHOTHn-cpe,!!.ooaH 1<0Bapl1a-
L\I1H BO)HHKaCT B TOM CJIyqae, Kor,!!.a reHb!, nOMHMO npHMoro BJlII-
HHI1 Ha npu3HaK, 06JI3iJ;a1OT KOCBeHllblM BnHRHlleM H3 CpClJ;Y H,
CneiJ;OB3TeJ'IbHO, q.eHOTHn lJ;Pyroro IIHAHBUiJ;a, TO eCTh npH HaJII1-
'1UU "KYJlhl'YpaJIbHOrO" HacnelJ:OBaHI1H HJIH "cn6COBbiX 3q.lj>eKToo".
186
Pe K Ba OnblT, KOTOpblH nOJIY'IaeT pe6e-
HOK B pe3YJIbTaTe peaKL\Hii /{Pyrl1x JJIOiJ;eH lIa ero reHCTl1qCCKYIO
npeilpacnOJJOJKell110CTb. HanplIMep, pOIJ:IITeilH II Y'lUTCilH 3aMe-
qalOT CnOpTI10HO 0iJ;3pCHHbIX )J;eTeH H nOOLQPJlIOT HX 3aliTHJI
cnopTOM, TO eCTb cnoc06HOCTU pe6eliKa npI1BOiJ;RT K nOBJJe-
HHIO cpeJl,b], KOppeJ'IIIPYIQLQCH c ero relleTUqeCKOH npeiJ;pacno-
JIOJKeHHOCTblO.
K a 11 Pc6elloK aKTHBHO Bhl6npaeT HJJI1
lJ;aJKe C03iJ;aCT CpClJ;Y. KOppeJJHPYK>LQYIO C ero reHeTl1qeCKoi! npe.I\-
pacnOJJOJKCHIiOCTblO. HanplIMep, )l(aJK,!(YLQlle 06LQeHIIJI iICTII opra-
HII3YJOT ce6e cpe,Ay, cnoc06HYK> YJI,OBJIeTBOpllTb !-IX nOT)Je6HocTb B
06LQe1l1lIl.
COBeplUeHHO O'leBHiJ;IIO, qTO KOBapl1aljllJl MeJK.I\Y reHOTH-
nOM II cpe,!!.OH MO)l(eT 6b!Tb KaK nOJIOJKHTeJ'IbHOH, TaK II OTpl1l(a-
TeJlbHOH.
3Q>q.eKTbl KOBapllal(l1II reHOTHna H cpe,!!.bI, B OTJlII'IHe OT
3Q>Q>eKT0B B3aHMOiJ;eHCTBI1>1, 06HapYJKHTb HaMHoro npOLQC - no
HepaBeHCTBY 06LQHX iJ;HCnepCHii 6i1H3HeL\OB, BOCnl1TbIBaBllIliXCJI
BMeCTe 11 pa3iJ;eJIbHo.
1.6. KOBapuaHII MeJK)Q' pOAcTBeHuHKaMH
KOMnOHeHTbl Q>euOnInH'IeCKOH H3MCHqIlBOCTII, 06YCilOB-
JJeHHblC reHeTH'IecKHMH H CpCj1,OBbIMH Q>aKTopaMII, lleB03MOJKHO
187

onpe.QelIHTb npll HenOCpe.D;CTBeHHOM Ha6JI1o.D;eHHH B KaqeCTBe
IICXO.D;H(,IX .n;aHHblX WlR oeHKII KOMnOHeHT 113MeHqHBOCTlI HC-
nOII(,3YIOTCR pa3Ho06pa3Hble CTaTlICTHKH (I\OppeIISUIIII IIIII! KO-
BapllaUIII, perpeCCIIII, MC)\(- H BHYTpllnapH('IC .QllcnepIlH), OnH-
CbIBalOLl\He CXO.n;CTBO npll3HaKOB B pa3JIIIqHbIX rpynnax pOJl,CTBeH-
HHKOB (pOJl,HTeml - .n;eTII, M3 II .II.3 6III!3Hebl, CH6cbI, nOJIY-
ClI6cbl, .n;e.n;YIlIKH - BHYKII H T..n;).
3TI! CTaTlICTHKH MOJKHO rrpelIcTaBHb B BH.Qe <jJYHKHH on-
pe.n;crreHHbIX KOMnOHCHT reHeTllqeCKOii .n;HcnepCI!H.
AmlJIDTHqHO TDMY, KaK Mbl onpe.n;eJIHJ1H TeHeTH'IeCKY1O KDM-
nOHeHTY nOJIHOH H3MeHqIlBOCTH, MOJKHO onpe.n;errllTb KOMnOHeHTbI
reHeTllqeCKOH KOBapHaUHH I! Me po.n;CTBeHHIlKaMH. MbI He 6y-
.n;eM nO.llp06HO OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCJI Ha 3TOM Bonpoce (60Jlee noJl,-
P06HO CM. JII! 'I., 1978; Ma3ep K., .II.JKHHKC ):IJK.,1982). JII1Wb KO-
pOTKO nOSC»HM OCHOBHOH npHHUlln orrpe.n.eJleHIIJI reHeTHqeCKOH
KOBapHa1II1 MeJKI!)' po.n;CTBeHHI1KaMII.
KaK 1.1(,1 YJKe 3HaeM, npl! OTIrro.n;OTBopeHHI1 I! 06pa300aHHH
311rOTbi npOHCXOI\HT 06be.n;HHeHl1e XpOMOCOM H rCHOB, Haxo.n;HB-
WIIXCJI B MaTepllHCKOH H OTOBCKOH raMeTax. B pe3YIIbTaTe KaJK-
Jl,blH reH HH.n;HBH.n;a OKa3bIBaeTCS rrpelICTaBJIeHHbIM ABYMJI alIlIe-
JlJlMII - O.n.HHM MaTepHHCKHM H O.n;HHM OTlJ,01JCKHM, TO eCTb OT
po.n;IITeJIJI K pe6eHKY nepe.n.aeTCJI n0J10BHHa reHOTllnllqeCKOrO
3Ha'leHHJI a.n;JI.HTI1BHOrO KOMnOHeHTa npH3HaKa. .II.OMHHaHTHbIH
JKe KOMnOHeHT He nepe.n.aeTCR, rrOCKOlIbKY BCJle.n:CTBHe rrpouec-
COB peKOM6HHaI1HI1 06pa3YCTCR .Qpyroe COqeTaHHe aJlJleJIeH. Ta-
KI1M 06pa30M, reHeTHqeCKaJl KOBapHal1HR pOj],HTeJIR C pe6eHKOM
paBHa nOJIOBHHe a.n;JI.HTIIBHOH reHeTHqeCKoi1 .n;HCnepCIIII (1/2V A)'
113MeH'IHBOCTb, 06YCJIOBJIeHHaJi 3<jJ<!>eI\TaMH .n;OMHHllpOBaHIIJI,
He BJIliJleT Ha KOBapHal1H!O po.n;IITeJIJI II nOTOMKa. B nape .II.3
6JIH3Hel10B (HJIlI CH6cOB), Y KOTOpblX nOJlOBI1Ha 061l111X reHOB, C
BepOSITHOCTbIO, paBHoH 1/4, MorYT BCTpe'1aTbCIi o61l11!e napbI
anneneH. ITocKonbKY B nape anneneii B03HHKaeT B3aIlMo.n;eii-
CTBl1e, TO B KOBapHal1llIO MeJK/J:y):I3 6JIII3Hel1aMI1 BXO/J:IIT He
TOJIbKO aiJ,.n;IITHBHaJl, HO H reHeTllqeCKaJl H3MeH'IHBOcTb, 06yc-
nOBneHHali J<jJ<jJeKTaMH .n;OMl1HllpOBaHl1J1 (112V A + 1/4v D)
AHaJIOrllqHblM 06pa30M MOJKHO onpe.n.eJIHTb KOMnOHeHTbI
reHeTH'IeCKOH KOBapHalJ,HH MeJK.l\Y .n;PYrHMH nmaMl1 pOj],CTBeHHII-
KOB. B Ta6m!l1e 6.1 npllBe.n;eHbI O)f(I1.n;aeMble KOBapHaHH Me)!(!lY
OCHOBHblMH TlirraMI! po.n;CTBeHHHKOB (npe.n;noJIaraeTCII, qTO 1J rro-
188
Ta6Jluqa 6.1
O:JICUdaeMble 3Ha'leHUJ! K08apuaijUu Me;)/(;dy OCHOeHbLMU munaMU
podcmeeHHuKo8
KOMnOHeHTbl H3MeH'UmOCTH
CTeneHb pOlICTBa VA V D
M3 6J1I13HeUbl I 1
3 6J1I13HeIlblIc116cLI 1/2 1/4
PO.!IlITeJIH - .D.eTH 112 0
OOnyCI16CbI 1/4 0
WI\II (rem) - rureM.HHHKI1 1/4 0
6a6YIIIKH (lIeI\YIIIKII) - BHYKU 1/4 0
KyJeHbI 1/8 0
OpoeMHble lIeTH 0 0
Ta6Jlua 6.2
O:»cudaeMble .Me;)/(;- U 8HympuI1apltble cpedHue K8aiJpam" dfU/ MJ u
Jl1ap
KOMrrOHeHTbl H3MeH'lHBOCTH
CTaTIiCTIIKU
VA V D E B Ew
MS SM1 2 2 2 1
MS W _ V1 0 0 0 I
MS w 3/2 5/4 2 I
MS wJU 1/2 3/4 0 I
nYJI"I1H co cIIY'IaHHbIM CKpeti.\I!BaHl!eM aj],eKBaTHa a.n;JI.HTHBI!O-
.n;OMIIHaHTHaJi MOj],eJIb H OTcyrcTBYeT KYJlbT)'JJaJIbHOe Hacnc.n;oBaHHe)
B .n.am.HeHlIleM 113JIO)\(eHIIII MeTO.n;OB oeHKII reHeTli'leCKI1X II
cpe.n;oBhlx KOMrrOHeHT 1!3MeH'IlffiOCTH B KaqCCTBe I!CXO.!U!bIX CTaTH-
CTI!K MbI HcnOJlb3yeloJ MeJK- II BHYTPlInapHble II;HcrrepcHH pa3JIllq-
HbIX rpynn po.n.CTBeHHIIKoB, rrOCKOJIbKY OHII 60JIee Harnll.!U!bI.
ITpH aj],eKBaTHOCTH rrpl!HSlTblX .n.onYllIeHIIH OJKHlI;aeMble KOM-
nOHeHTbl .n:lIcnepCHII MeJK)J,y ceMbllMH paBHbl O)f(H.n;aeMbIM KOBa-
pl!aIIJlM MeJK.n;y pOiJ,CTBeHHIIKaMI!. HanpllMep, reHCTl!qeCKaJl
KOMnOHeHTa 1I3MeH'1I1BOCTI! MeJKiJ,Y napaMH .II.3 6JIH3HeOB 6y-
!leT paBHa:
2 I I
lS8DZ = "2 Y . +4' Y D'
189

ilOCkOJIbKY rrOJlHaR H3MeHqnBOCTb paBRa (VA + VD)' TO
reHeTHQeCKaR KOMnOHeHTa H3MeH'IHBOCTI'! BHYTPH nap 6YAeT
paBHa:
OTBCTCTBHe 3MnHpHqeCKHX AaHHblX npHHRl'OH HaMI'! rHnOTC3e
(MO)1eJlH) 0 CTpYKrype IjICHOTllnHqeCKoi! 113MeHqHBOCTII H Bb1611-
paeM HaH60JIee a,lJ;eKBaTHYIO MOJl,eJIb.
2
CJ WDZ
2 1 I 1 3
=V p -a SDZ = VA + V D --VA --V D =-V A + -V D .
2 4 2 4 '
2. Bbl60p aAeKBaTHOiil MOAemt
COOTBeTCTIJCHHO, OJl(lU!aeMble 3Ha'leHHJI Cpe,!\HHX KBal!PaTOB nOKa-
3aTe.rreH Hccrre,!!.yeMoro npH3HaKa BI1YTpH nap Gy'!!'YT paBHbl
I 3
MS WDZ =2VA +4 VD ,
2.1. MeTOl\bl Ol1eHlm Mo,!!.eJleH
TOr,ll,a KaK cpe,!!.HHe KBal\paTbl Me)l(llY napaMH
MS'DZ =[2(VA) + tVA ]+[2GV o ) + Vo] = VA + iVo,
TaK KaK MS s - 2()' +,, (no fJIacc ):\)1(., Cl'CHJIH ):\)1(., 1976).
ITOCI<OJlbKY cpe,!!.oBble KOMnOltCHTbI 113MeH'IHBOCTII E II E
, W'
no onpe,ll,eJIeHIlIO, oIpa)l(aIOT BKJI!\,!I.bI CpC)J.b1 B pa3JIH'II1R MeJIC):Iy II
BHYTpIl ceMeH, TO OqCBI1,!\HO, '1TO cpe,!!.OBaR KOMnOHeHTa H3MeH'IH-
BOCTH BI1YTpI1 nap 6Y.!leT paBHa EW' MeJKAY napaMH - E" a 0)1(11-
Jl,aeMble 3HaqeHHJI cpe,!l.lIHX KBal!PaTOB GyAY! paBHbI
MS"'DZ = Ew,
Tor.lla KaK
MS'DZ =[2 (E,)+O]+[2.(O)+E w ]=2E, +Ew.
AHarrOrHqHO nOJIY'laeM O)l(H,lI,aeMble 3Ha'IeHIIJI Cpe,ll,HHX
KBa,!!.paToB ,!\JIR ,!!.pyrllx TlInOB p0.llCTBeHHIII{OB
1-haK, norrY'IIIB HeOOXO.llHMblC 3KcncpHMeHTaJIbHble ,lJ;aH-
Hble H BbI'IIICJIHB COOTBCTCTEYlOll\He CTaTHCTI'!KH (HanpHMep, cpe.ll-
HHe KBal!PaTbl OTKJIOHCHHH BHYIpH H Me)l(.lIY 6JIH3HCUOBblMIf na-
paMH) ,!\JIJI pa3JIII'IHblX rpynn pOAcTBeHHHKoB, Mb! MOJKeM co-
CTaBHTb cHcTeMY ypaBHeHilH.
MS'MZ = 2V A + 2V D + 2E. +Ew,
MS WMZ = Ew;
MS BDZ = 3/2V A + 5/4V D + 2E. + Ew;
MS wDZ = 1/2V A + 3/4v 0 + Ew'
B npeAblAYIl\HX pa3,lJ;eJIaX paccMarpllBBJlnCb pa3JIH'IHble Te-
opeTII'IeCKHe MO,lJ;eJII1, onHCblBaIOIl\He BKJIa,D, reHeTHqeCKHX H cpe-
,lJ;OBI,JX KOMnOHeHT H3MCHqHBOCTII B ljIeHoTllnll'lCCKYIO ,lI,IICIIepCHIO;
MO,LIeJIII,Y'IIITb!BalOll\He B3aHMo,!!.eHCTIJHe rCHOTIma It cpe)J.bI, KOBa-
pllaunIO reHOTHna II cpe)J.b1 II T..lI. .II.JIR Toro '!T06bl Bbl6pan. TY
IIJII1 HHYHJ nO,lJ;XOMll\YIO MOAeJIb, Heo6xo.llHMO Ol1eHIITb COOTIleT-
CTBl1r MO,LIeJJell Ha6J1!O,LIaeMb1M ,LIaHHbIM. TaKaJl oueHKa B03MO)l(Ha
C nOMOll\bIO KpHTepI'!R, npllMeHRJI KOTOpblil, MOJKHO Y3HaTb, Jl,OC-
THrHyro JIH Y.lIOBJIeTBOpllTeJIbHO Mailoe paCXO)l(,!!.eHHe MeJf<)1Y
IIpCAllOJIaraeMojj MO,LIeJIblO 11 ,LIaHHbIMH. ECJIH pacxOJf<.lIeHHe CTa-
THCTllqeCKH 3Ha'lHMO, TO oueHHBael'CJI ,LIpyraJi MO.lleJIb H CHOBa
npllMeHReTCJI KpIlTepHH. 3TOT npOL(eCC npOJl,OJIJKaeTCR .110 Tex nop,
nOKa p8CXOJl(JJ.eHIf/ He CMO)J(C'!' 6blTb IJpHnllcaHO CJJyqallHOCTI1 Bbl-
60pKH. XOTJI npHHlI,l1I1 OCHOBHOH CTpaTerHl1 npoCT, ero npllMeHe-
Hl1e - pa3Ho06pa:JHo, nOCKoilbKY CYll\eCTBYJOT pa:JJIII'IHble KpHTe-
pllll H8H1IY'iWerO COOTBeTCTBIIR MO,LIeJIJ.f J.f )!aHHblX. CYllIecTByeT
rpll rnaBHblX MeTO)1a nOJlY'IeHIIR Oll,eHOK COOTBeTCTBIIR: MeTOA
HeB3BeweHHblX HallMeHbWHX KBal!PaTOB; MeTOJl, B3BeweHHbiX HaH-
MeHbillllX KBaJ(p8Toa, MeTOA M8KCIIMaJlbHOrO npaB)!ono,'106uJJ B
npHHUHIIC, Bce HCIIOJIb3yeMble IIpll nOM !jJYHKUHH npC.lICTaBJIJlIOT
ca60H qaCTHble cnY'Iall 60JIee 06ll\ero ceMeHCTBa !jJyHKlI,IIH co-
rnaCHJI (Browne M., 1984):
,
F=(s-<1) W-1(s_,,).
3J1eAfeUmbl Mampu"ou ll./lZe6pw. ITpCJK,!I,C qeM rrpHcTynllTb
K oOCY)J(J!CHHHJ MeTOJl,OB Oll,eHKII Mo,!!.eneH, lIeo6xoAHMO BBCCTII
OCHOBHble nOHJlTIIJI II onepall,lIlI MaTpllqHOii a.m-e6pbl, IIOCKOJIb-
KY OHII IICnOJIb3YIOTCR .lIJ1R reHeTHQeCKOrO aHaJIII38 ,!!.aHHbIX.
IIpliMoyrOJIbliaR Ta6JIHlI,a '1HCeJI IIJIII 3JICMeHTOB, pa3Me-
ll\eHHb!X B p cTjJoKax II q CToJI6uax, eCTb pxq MaTpllua A. .II.JlJI
191
PeWHB cHcTeMY ypaBHeHIIH, HaX0.llHM Hell3BeCTHbIe B CHC-
TCMe ypaBHeHHH, TO eCTb onpe.lleJIJleM 3HaqeHHR KOMnOHeHT
H3MCR'IIIBOCTfI. Ha C!IC,!\YIOweM 3Tane aHaJ1H3a OlleHHBaeM co.
190

0603HaqeHHJI :nrel,leHTOB MaTpHI.{hI IICn0J1h3YIOTC COOTBetCTBY-
IOlI.(He HHAeKCbI, nepBbIH H3 KOTOPhIX YKa3hIBaeT HOMep eTpOKII,
a BTOpOH - HOMep eToJ16Qa, HanpHMep,
,
a"
a" a" a"
,
a" a,,=A.
,
MaTpl1I..{hl MOJKHO CKJ1al1hlBan, BhlqHTaTb, YMHOJKan II
l\eJ1HTh. 3TH onepaQHI1 110eTaTO'lHO '1aeTO BCTpeqaIOTCJI B l{aJ1h-
HefiweM npH H3JIOJKeHlIII M3TepHaJ1a, n03TOMY HanOMl'IIM npa-
BHJ1a apH<pMeTHqeCKHX onepaQHH Hal{ MaTpIlQaMH.
CYMMa .!!.BYX MaTpHQ A II B C O.!!.HHM H TeM JKe '1HCJIOM
CTpOK H CT01l6QOB eCTb MaTpllQa
COKpaLQeHHaJi 3amiCb A=[Q;), fi.\e i = I, 2, ..., P II j = I,
2, ..., q. MaTplll\bI 0603Ha'laIOTC 3arJIaBHhIMH nOJly)fmpHhIMH
6YKBaMH, a HX 311eMeHThI - CTPO'lHhIMH 6YKBaMII e COOTBeT-
CTBYIOLQIIMIi liH.n:CKcaMH. IIopJI,OI( MaTpHI.{bl onpe.!!.eJIJleTCJI KO-
JIII'IeCTBOM CTpOK 11 CTOiI6QOB. HanpliMep, nOpII.OK npHBe.!!.eH-
HOH BhIllIe MaTpHl.{hI COCTaBJ1J1eT 3x3, \IJIII B 06LQeM BII.!!.e pxq,
eeml MaTpHl\a Ii MeeT p CrpOK H q CT0J16QOB. MaTpHl.{a B 06LQeM
BI!)1e BbIrJIJlJI,HT TaK:
A+B = [ a.. J + [b .. ] = [ a. + b..J
1.1 lJ II !J
HanpHMCp,
] 4 7 1 1 1+7 4+1 1 8 1 :
2 5+8 11=2+8 5+11=10 1 .
3 6 9 I 3 + 9 6 + 1 112 I
£1" , a"
a" a" a" =A.
of]
a p ' a p ' ap<
KBal{paTHa MaTpHQa, Bce 3JIeMeHThI KOTOPOH, KPOMe
fJ1aBHOH ,11HarOHaJIH, paRHh! Hymo, Ha3bmaeTCJI Jl,lIarOHaJIbHOH
MarpHQefi'
a 0 
o b O.
o 0
MaT]JIIQbl, HMelOLQlle JIHWb O,11HY CrpOKY 1IJ11i O)1I1H CTOJI-
6eQ, Ha3hlBaIOTC BeKTopaMH H 0603Ha'laIOTCJI nOJ1YJKllpHbIMH
CTpO'lHhlMJf 6YKBaMH. HanpHMep,
x = [XI' XZ' .., X f ].
B reHeTHKe nOBe,11eHHJI, TaK JKe KaK H B nCIIX0J10rHH MbI
,
'1aCTO HMCCM Acno C M3TpHZ.{3MH. ilpaKTIf'leCKIf J1I06oe 3KCIIC-
pHMeHTaJIhHOe IICCJ1e,110BaIlHe 3aKaH'IIIBaeTCJI nonY'IeHHeM MaT-
PHQbl pe3YJIbTaToB. HanpHMep, TeCTllpoBaIllie rpynlIbI Jl,CTCH no
WKaJIe 6eKCIIepa MOJKeT .l{an cJIe)1YIOmyro pe3YJIbnrpY lO myfO
MaTpIlQY:
AHaJIOfH'IHO MOJKHO onpe,11eJ1HTh BhI'IHTaHlle MaTpHQ.
A - B = [a;) - [bJ = [aij - bJ
lIJIJI YMHOJKeHIIJI MYX MaTpHl\ Hc06xo.l{HMO, '1T06hI MaT-
pHQa A HMCJ1a CT01lbKO JKe CT0J16QOB, CK01lbKO MaTpHQa B-
CTpOK HanpHMep,
pe5eHoK I
pe5eHoK 2
pe5eHoK 3
Bep6aJ1hHbIH lQ
115
90
120
HeBep5aJIbHliIH IQ
110
100
125
06LQHii [Q
113
95
123
, £1" I 
A B = a" a" x '
b 21
a" a"
b" ,I
b" b,,1 =
[92
, x b" +a" X b"
= a" x b" +a" X b"
a" xq, +a"xb"
,xq,+a" xb"
a" x b" + a" x b"
a" x b" +a" x b"
,xb"+a,, xb,'1
a" x b" + a" x b,' 1
a" x b" + a" x b"
193

HanpllMep, HanpllMep, eCJIII
I 4 I 1xl+4x2 lx3+4x4 9 :1 I 4
2 5 x  I 2x1+5x2 2x3+5x4 - 12 TO A'II 2 I.
A: 2 5
3 6 3x1+6x2 3x3+6x4 15 ' 4 5
3 6
Marplll\a, npejJ.cTaBJIlOwaH npoll3BejJ.eHlle JI,1JYX Marplll\,
BcerjJ.a 6YjJ.eT IIMerb CTOJIbKO CTpOK, CKOJIbKO IIX 6blJI0 B nepBOH
MarpllIje, II CTOJIbKO CTOJI6l\OB, CKOJIbKO IIX 6bIno BO BropOH
MaTplll\C. ITpo1l3BejJ.eHIlC MaTplll\bl Ha jJ.eHCTBIITeJIbIlOe qllCJIO I
eCTb
I 4 2 8 1
2xA2x2 54 I .
3 6 6 1
B jJ.aHHOM naparpa!jJe Mbl npllBeml JIIIWb MHHIIMaJlbHO He-
06XOjJ.IIMble onpe.n:eJleHIIH II onepal\1I1I MaTpll'lHOH arrre6pbI, KOTO-
pble 6yjJ.YT IICnOJIh30BaHbl B jJ.aJIbHeHweM. CJIejJ.YeT OrMeTHTb, '1ro
MaTpUqHaH aJIre6pa jJ.aeT B03MOJKHOCTb KOMIUIKTHOH 3anHCII rpo-
M03iU'IIX ypaBHeHHH Ii, COOTBCTCTBeHHO, yrrpowaeT IIX peweHHe,
qTO aKTlIBHO HCnOJIb3YCTC rrpH HaXOJKjJ.eHIIII OIjeHOK reHeTH'IeC-
KIIX H cpejJ.OBblX KOMnOHCHT !jJeHOTllmlqeCKOH H3MeHqIlBOCTH. Ha-
npllMep, B npejJ.bI,lJ;Yl.I\eM naparpa!jJe MbI nOJlyqllnH CIICTeMY ypaB-
HeHHH, B KOTOpOH cpelUlI1C MeJK- II BHYTPlmapHble KBa.npaTbl rrpejJ.-
CTaBileHbl B BIljJ.e !jJYHKl\HH reHerl1qeCKIIX II cpejJ.OBblX KOMnOHeHT
!jJeHOTHnH'IeCKOH jJ.IIcnepCI1H. B MarpHqHOM BII)\e 3Ta jJ.OCTaTO'lHO
rpOM03iU'aJi CIICTeMa ypaBHeHHH 6YjJ.eT IIMeTb CileiI.YIOI.I\IIH BlljJ.:
X  A x e,
rjJ.e x _ BCKTOp Ha6JIIOjJ.acMbIx cpeJl,HI'!X J<BaAPaToB, e - MaT-
pl'!l\a reHCTUqeCKI1X H cpe;:J:oBblx KOMnOHCHT !jJeHOTHnIl'ICCKOii
;:J:HcnepC>1H H A - Marpl1l\a K03cP!jJIIl\lIeHTOB npH cooTBeTcTBY-
IOI.I\IIX KOMnOHCHTax
lxA= [ la ]
'J'
HanpHMep,
B MaTpllqHOH ailre6pe cYLl\eCTByer Orrepal\IIJ1, COOTBeT-
cTBYIOlI\aJl jJ.eJleHHIO B apll!jJMerHKe. IIpoH3BeAeHlle mo60ro qllC-
JIa Ha 06paTHoe eMY '1I1CJIO paBHO ejJ.IIHHl\e, TO ecn X X .!. = 1
" x
B MaTpll'lHOH aJIre6pe CYlI\eCTByer TaKoe JKe COOTHOLUeHlle.
ECJIII MaTplll\a A KBaJJ,paTHa II HCBbIpOJKjJ.eHHaJi (IlMecT orrpe-
jJ.eJIHTeJIb, He paBHblH HYillO), TO cYweCTByeT TaKaJl MaTplll\a
A", Ha3bIBaeMaJi 06paTHOH, qTO:
2.2. MeTo;:J: HaHMeHbLUIIX KB3ApaTOB
Axk' = I.
ITycn BeKTop x - BeKTop Ha6J1IOjJ.aeMbIx Cpe,lJ;HIIX KBa,lJ;pa-
TOB, e _ BeKrop HCH3BeCTHbIX rrapaMeTpoB. OJKII,IJ;aeMbIe 3Haqe-
HHJI cpe;:J:Hllx KBailpaToB E(x;) nOJlyqalOT nyreM YMHOJKeHIIJI KaJK-
lIoro napaMcTpa Jla K03!jJ!jJHl\HeJlT, C KOTOpblM 3TOT KOMnOHellT
BXO,lJ;HT B TeOpeTllqeCKOe pa3J10JKeHHe ,l\JJJI )),aHHoH rpyrrnbl pOJl,-
CTBeHHHKOB, II rrocJlel\YlOLl\erO IIX CYMMHpOBaHHJI:
Marplll\a A-I B orrpejJ.eJleHHOM CMblCilC aJlaJIorllqHa o6paT-
HOMY '1HCilY B apll!jJMeTHKe, HO BbI'IIICJleHlle ee jJ.ocraTO'IHO CilOJKHO.
ECJIH CTpOKIl IICXOjJ.HOH MaTpHIjbl 3anHcan KaK CrOJl6l\bI
a CTOJI6l\bl KaK CTpOKH, TO norrY'leHHaJi B pe3YJlbTaTe MaTpHl\
Ha3b1BaeTC TpaHcnOHllpOBaHHOH II 0603HaqaeTC 3HaKOM A' .
TpaHcn0311l\HJI pxq MarpHl\bl A eCTb qxp MarpHl\a A' 3J1e-
- . '
MeHTbI KOTOpOH B I-TOH cTpoKe II j-TOM cTorr6l\e paBHbI 3J1eMeH-
TaM B J-Toii cTpoKe II i-TOM cToJI6l\e MaTpHl\bl A.TaKIlM 06pa-
30M, TpaHcnoHlqJOBaHHaJi MaTplll\a A' npejJ.CTaBJIJleT C060H MaT-
PIIl\Y A, crpoKIi KOTOpOi1 CTaHOBJlTCJI crOn6l\aMIl.
194
E(x,)=a; e j.
(2.2.1)
::ha npol\e.n:ypa MOJKeT 6blTb BblpaJKeHa 60nee npocTO B MaT-
P"qHOH cPopMe
E(.>:) = Ae.
(22.2)
195

CYMMa I<Ba1\paTOB pa3HocTeii MeJK'!\y Ha6mo.n;eHI1J1MH Ii HX
OJKH}1.aHI1.HMI1, no.wreJKall(aJl MHlflfMH3aQHH, npJlMCT BIf.n::
.1" - LW,[X, - E(X,)t,
HJIH, B MaTpHqHOM Blip;e,
s2;(X-Ae)'(X-A0).
(2.2.3)
CTO Toro qT06bJ MHHIIMli3HpOBaTb cyMMY KBa,l\paTOB 01111160K
OQeHOK, KaK Mbl 3TO AellallH npelK.zre, "BJBeillHBae-rCR" KaJKIH
qJleH nOH CYMMbI nYTeM YMHOJKeHHJI ero Ha BeJlH'IIfHY, 06paT-
HYIO .n;HcnepCHH COOTBeTCTBYIOll(CH CJIY'IaiiHOH BeJlH'II1HbI. 3TO
npllAacT 60nbWHH Bec TeM Ha6JIIO.n;eHHJlM, OWH5KII KOTOpblX
OKaJblBalOTCJI MeHbwe. IIo,!J;06Ha.<l npolle.I\ypa Ha3blBaeTCJI Me-
TO.n;OM BJBellleHHblX HaHMeHbUII1X KBa,l\paTOB. TaKHM 06pa30M,
Mbl MHHI'!MH311PyeM cne.n;ylOWYIO IjJYHKI.(HIO:
.1" = (x - Ae)' W-'(x - Ae), (2.2.4)
OqCBI11\HO, qTO qeM 6JIHJKe 3T1I OJKI1J(aeMble 3Ha'leHI1J! K
ljJaKTl1qeCKHM 3HaqeHIIJlM, TeM MeHbllle Jl,OJlIKHa 6bITb BeJIHqllHa
..' Cne.llOBaTeJIbHO, 3HaqeHlfc.\" MOlKeT IIcnOllb30BaTbCI! B Ka-
qeCTBe Mepbl Toro, HaCKOJIbKO xopowo Ha6JII01\eHHH onHCblBa.
IOTCJI M0.l\eJlblO, B KOTOPOH 19 OlleHHBaeTCJI C nOMOll(blO E(x;).
IIpHHQHn HallMeHbIUHX KBa.llpaTOB, npe.llJlOJKeHHblH ewc rayc-
COM, rJlaCI1T, qTO B KaqeCTBe OI.(eHKIf .l(JI.H 19 cne.1lYCT Bbl5paTI,
Tal<YIO OlleHKY 19 = (q" q,,... , qp)' KOTopaH MH!IJfMH3HpyeT CYM-
MY KBa.llpaTOB OTKJlOHeHHH.
OIlCHKII MeTo.n;OM !IaHMeHbIllHX KBa.llpaTOB (MHK-OlleHKI'!)
MOJKHO HaHTH, IICCJIe.n;YJl IjJYHKIlHIO Ha MIIHJfMYM, 1'0 CCTb npJf-
paBHIIBaJl nepBYIO npOH3BOr -'<) no napaMe-rpy q; K HynlO'
as'
-o
OOp
rl1C MaTpJfQa W Y'lHTblBaeT pa3JI1i'lHJI B To'lHOCTII I1CXO.n;HbIX
CTaTHCTHK II HaJllf'll'!e KOppeJlJllll1H MeJKn;y HHMH. ECJIH KOppCJIH-
I1HJI OTCYTCTByeT, TO KOBapllall110HHaJi MaTpHlla W 6yn;eT AHa-
rOHaJIbHOH.. a 3JIeMCHTaMH MaTpHllbl 6YJl,YT n;HcnepcHH olleHoK
cooT8eTcTBYIOll\lfX CTaTlfCTHK'
, 2{E(V)}'
<:1=--
if '
IIoJIyqaeM TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe "lfOpMaJIbHbJe ypaBHeHlfJl".
KOTopble 3aTeM nOCJlen;OBaTenbHo pelliaeM n;1IJI q" q" ... , q .
HopManbHbIe ypaBHeHHJ! P;JlJI olleHoK qp MOJKHO 3anHcaTb Tal<: p
AxAe - Axx = O.
IIepenlfweM no BbJpaJKelme B cJlCn;YlOlI1eM BIf}1.e: AxAe
= Axx YMHOJKH8 o5e '1aCTIf ypaBHeHHH Ha MaTpHIlY, 06paTHYlO
AxA, nOJlY'IHM peweHHe
e  (AxA)"Axx
If, cooTBeTcTBcHHO, olleHKY .1".
11TaK, Mbl nonyqHJII1 OL\eIlKI1 corrraCIiJi MOJl,errlf MeTOn;OM,
 "
KOTOpbIlf Ha3blBaeTCJ! MeTOJl, HeB3BeruCHHbIX HaHMeHbWliX KBan;-
paTOB". O,l\HaI<O nOT MeTOn; HMeeT pJl,l\ !IeI10CTaTKOB. Bo-nep-
8b1X, OH He yqHTbl8aeT Bbl60pO'lHYIO H3MeH'I1180CTb, BO-BTOpblX,
MeTOJl, npe)].nOJIaraeT O,l\HHaK08jfJO TO'lHOCTb OlleHOK craTHCTHK
II OTCYTCT811e 1<0ppenJlllHH MeJKl1y HIIMH, qTO n;OCTaTOqHO pe)].-
KO BCTpe'laeTCJI Ha npaKTHKe .II.JII! Toro qTo6bl yqeCTb 3TII 05-
CTOHTeJIbCTBa, I!Cno.1Tb3YIOT nO,l\XOJJ;, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOMy, BMe-
196
r)].e E(V) - OJKHAaCMbIe 3HaqeHIIJI n;l!cnepCHH, a df - COOTBeT-
CT8YlOII1J.1e CTeneHH CB060,l\bI. (HYJKHO oTMeTIITI>, '1TO MbI He
IIMeCM OJKHJI,aeMbIX 311a'leHIIH Jl,HCnepCHH. OJl,HaKO eCJlH Jl,onyc-
TlfTb, '1TO MOn;eJIb XOpOlliO COOTBeTcTuyeT n;aHHblM, TO B Kaqe-
CTBe E(Y) MOJKHO IICnOJIb30BaTb Ha6nlO}1.aeMbIe CTaTHCTHKII.)
MaTpHlla, 05paTHaH W, npe,l\CTasJ1JlCT C060H HHIjJOPMaIlH-
OHHYIO MaTpHl.\Y, nOCKOJIbKY nOJlY'leHHbIe TaKlIM 06pa:JOM 1<03cjJqm-
IllleHTbJ J!BnJlIOTCJI MepaMH KOJlII'leCTBa HHq.OPMaIlHH (Ma:Jcp K.,
JI(HHKC IK., 1985). AHanOrH'IHO TOMY, KaK MI>l nOCTynanH B npe-
j];b1,l\YII1CM CJlY'Iae, HCCJlel1yeM IjJYHKIlHIO Ha MIIIIIIMYM, npllpa8HII-
BaR nepBYIO npOliJ80,II,HYIO no napaMeTjJaM q; K HYmo:
as'
-=0
OOp
HCnOrrbJOBaHHe npasHJI IJ;l1ij1ljJepeHllHpOBaHHJI B OTHOllle-
IIHH Hell38eCTHbIX lIapaMeTpoa ,l\aeT HOpMaJIbHbJe ypaoHeHHR,
KOTOpblC JlerKO Moryr 5blTb BbIpaJJ<eHbI II MaTpHqHOH 1jJ0pMe:
AW-'AEJ -AW-'x = 0,
"1IH
A'W-'A0 = A'W- 1 x .
197

ITOCKOJlbKY 3IIeMeHTbI A H X 113BeCTHbI (K03!jJq,HI.jHeHTbI
napaMeTpOB B MOACJ111 II Ha6J1IOAaeMbIe cpeAHHe KBaApaTl,I), H
W  3Ha'leHmI BecoB, nOJ1yqeHllb!X no 3HaqeHH!!M Ha6JT1OAac-
MbIX cpeAHlix KBai\paTOB, MbI IIMeCM i\OCTaTOqHO HH!jJ0pMaI1HH
M!! HaXOJKjI;CHII!! 3TH}( napaMcT)JoB. YMHOJKaH o6c QaCTI1 ypaB-
HeHH!! lIa MaTpl'!IjY, 06paTllyIO AW.IA, nOJlY'IaeM peweHHC (TO
eCTl, HaXOlrriM HCU3BCCTHbiC napaMcTpbl 0):
0= (A'W- t A r A'W-.x ; (2.2.5)
aHaJIlOa /dbl nocTapaeMcH nOKa3aTb lIa peaJIbll!'lx npHMepax
npou,ei\YPY CTaTHCTlI'IeCKOH o6pa60TKil nOilY'IaeMbIX B 3Kcne-
p!!MeHTe 1\8Hllb1X.
HeCMOTp!! Ha TO qTO CYII1eCTByeT MHOJKeCTBO pa3J111qHl,IX
CT8THCTIPIeCKHX KOMIIblDTepHbJX nporpaMM, MbI, M!! JlyqWerO no-
HI1MaHIiJi CTaTI1CTH'IeCKIiX npOl1ei\Yp, nOKa)!(CM, KaK MO)!(HO npo.n;e-
JIaTb paCC'l'eTbJ BpyqHYIO lIa npJlMepe 6I1J13HeI10BbIX AaHHbIX.
OTnpaBHofi TO'lKOH reHCTH'IeCKOrO aHalIH3a HBJlJleTCJI aHa-
1I!!3 3KCIJepllMeHTaJIbHbIX .n:aHHbIX, nOJlYQeHHl,IX Ha IIbl60pKe 6IIH3-
He110BbIX nap (HJlII i\pyrllX rpynn pOACTBeIlHHKOB).
KaK MbI y)!(e ynOMJlIiilJ1I1, KOMnOHeHTbI !jJeHOTllnHQCCKOH
i\HCnepCIHI HaXOA!!TCIi KaK Heli311eCTHbie B CHCTeMe ypaBHellllH,
CB060AHbIMII qJleHaMIl KOTOpbIX BBIIIlIOTCJI MC)!(- II BHYT)Jl'!napHbIe
Cpei\HJle KBaApaTbl nOKa3aTenei! IICCJ1ei\yeMblx npIl3HaKOB.
TaKHM 05pa30M, aH8JTI!3.n:aHHbIX Ha'lHlIaerCH C BblqHCJJeliHJI
MC)!(- II BHYT)JlmapHblX CPCi\HHX KBai\paTOB AJIJI KaJKi\oi1 rpynnbI
6J1113He110B (M3 H .II.3) HJllIl\PYrIIX rpynn pOACTBCHHHKOB. .lI.nJI.n;e-
MOHCT)JaIjIlIl TeXHIIKH BbIqllClIeHHH Bocno11b3yeMcJI .n;aHHbIMII no
3KCT)JasepCJltI Y B3pOCIIbiX 5JIII3Hel10B (Ta6JIlIIja 6.3).
HTaK, eCJlII MbI tlMCCM n 5J1113He110Bl,1X nap, a X;j npel\CTaB-
JI!!eT j-Toc 113MepeHlle 611113Hel.ja B i-ToH napc, TO CpCAJIIIH KBaJlPaT
MCJK.1\y napaMH (MSB) BblqllCJIHeTCH nO !jJopMY11e:
! I/x" +X i2 )' -2nx'
MSB - 2 ;
11-1
1 _
r.n:c - ::<x" + x 12 ) - cpe.n;Hee aplI!jJMeTII'ICCKOe AJIJI '-TOI1 napbI
2, _
511H3HeIjOB; a x - cpe.n;Hee no BceM Ha6JI1oJl,eHH!!M y 6ilH3He-
1.j0B J(3 111111 M3 nap:
x = XII +ll +X!.I +x nl +...+X,2 +x n +X 32 +X"2 = LXij
2n 2nq
Cpel\HIli1 KBaApaT BHYT)J11 nap (MSW) H3MepJleT CpcAHlDlO
BaplJaIjll10 nOK83aTeJlH HccIIe):\yeMoH xapaKTepllCT>lKII KaJKAOrO
6JIJl3HeL\a OTHOCIITeJII>HO cpc):\Hcro 3HaqeHIIII Jl,JlB napbl, K KOTO-
POH OH npHHaMeJKtlT, II BbIQIlC11HeTC!! no !jJopMYlIe:
MSW-.!.-)X" -Xi')'
2n ,.
H, COOTBCTCTBeHHO, nOilyqaeM OL\eHKY s':
s' (x-Ae)'W-l(x-Ae),
KOTopaH Crre}1.yeT paCIIpe}1.eJIeHHlD X' co CTemmJlMH CB060.n;bI,
panHbIMIl 'II1C11Y IICXO.n;HbIX CTaTIlCTIIK MI1HYC qHCJlO HeIl3BCCT-
HblX napaMeTpOB.
KaK MbI Y)I(e ynOMI1Ha11l'!, HaXO)f(I\CHl1e HaH11yqWHX Ol.jeHOK
KOMnOHeHT tl3MeH'mBOCTH OCHOBaHO Ha HCnOJIb30BaHIIII Beco-
BbIX K03!jJ!jJIII.jHeHTOB, KOTopbIe, B CBOIO O'lepe):\b, 3aB!!CJlT OT
Ol.jeHOK caMHX KOMIIOHeHT. 3TO npIlBO)1HT K Hco6xOAIIMOCTJI HC-
nOJlb30BaTb IITepaTIIBHYIO npOL\c.n;ypy, TO eCTb Ha nepBOM 3Ta-
ne Beca Bb\qHCJIiIIOTCiI no Ha6mo.l\aeMbIM Cpe}1.HHM KBaijpaTaM,
Ha crreAYIOU1I1X 3Tanax (liTCpaL\HiIX) HOBbIe BCCOBbIe K03!jJ!jJHL\II-
eHTbI BbI'IIICJIHIOTCB nOC11C HaXOJKl\eHHJr O)f(HAaCMbIX OIjeHOK, H
TaK .n;o TeX nop, nOKa nOCJIeAYIOU1He I1TepaIjHH He 5YAYT npl1BO-
):(HTb K YJIY'IlIICHI'!IO ou:eHOK H KplITepHH corliaCliB.
O'ieBIIAHO, '1TO '1I1C110 Hell3BeCTHhIX napaMCTpOB B CHCTe-
Me ypaBHeliHH 1\0n)!(HO 6blTb MeHbwc H1111 paBHO '1HCJIY IICXO.n:-
HbIX TaTI1CTHK, B npOTHBHOM CJIyqae OI\H03Ha'iHOe peWeHl'!e
nonyqllTb HeJIb3H. ClIell.yeT yqHTbIBaTh, qTO npll COBIIall.eHHIl
'1I1Cila HCXOJl,HbIX CTaTHCTliK H He!!3BeCTHbIX napaMCTpOB 6YACT
I1MCTI, MeCTo nOJlHOe COOTBeTCTBI1C Ha511IOijaCMbIX H O)f(H.l\aC-
MbIX CTaTHCTHK II, Cilei\OBaTeJlbHO, Ol.jeHIITb a.n;eKBaTHOCTb MO-
l\eilH HCB03MO)f(HO.
'lUCR080U npu.OIep.
PaCCMOTpliM KOHKpCTHble npllMepbI H CTaTHCTHqeCI<HC Me-
TOAbI, n03B011HIOII1l1e Ha OCHOBC aHaJlli3a BapHaTIIBHOCTII BHYTpIl
o.n;Hofi CeMbll II MCJKI\Y CeMb:lMIi Bbl.n;eJlHTb KOMnOHeHTbI 06ll\eH
!jJeHOTHnl1qCCKOH H3MeH'IHBOCTIi. .II.JIJlIIJIJIJOCT)JaL\lIIi TeXHOJIOrlil1
198
199

Ta6RUJ(a 6.3
lloKa3amellll 3Kcmpaeepcuu y 3 II M3 l1ap 6Ru3/1elf06
3aTeM BblqI{C)lj!e),f cpe.qH!fe I!HYTp!maplJble II MeJKnapHble
KBaApaTbl OTKJlOlieHIIH.
MSWI\3=: I1 (Xil-Xi2)1 =: (4+ 4 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 4+ 4+ 4 +
+ 9 + 1 + 0 + 4 + 25 + 25 + 16 + 36 + 9 + 25 + 25 +
+ 25) 12x20 =: 2231 40 =: 5,575 ,
MSWM3=: ;I1 (Xil-X;z)'=: (l + 4+ 16 +4 + 16 +4 + 1 +
+ 4 + 1 + 9 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 4 + 4 + 4 + I + 1 + 1 + 9) /2x20 =:
=: 90 I 40 ;: 2,225 ,
 :<Xil + x,,)' - 2nx-'
MSB = 2 I - 12,814,
lf3 n-I
Ng naphl m M3
X i1 x", (x" -x,,) X i1 X. (x" -X,,)
I 9 11 .2 13 12 I
2 12 II 2 14 12 2
3 10 9 1 14 lQ 4
4 12 13 .1 14 16 -2
5 12 II I 8 12 .4
6 13 15 -2 15 13 2
7 5 7 -2 14 13 I
8 15 13 2 3 5 -2
9 15 12 3 II 10 I
10 11 13 -I 6 9 -3
11 13 13 Ii 9 /! 2
12 3 5 -2 14 14 0
13 10 15 -5 5 6 I
-.
14 8 13 .5 9 7 2
15 9 13 -4 12 14 .2
16 6 /2 .6 8 10 -2
17 12 9 3 9 10 -I
18 13 8 5 8 9 -I
19 II 6 5 14 13
I
20 14 9 5 15 12 3
 ::<Xil + x;z)' - 2nx-'
2
MSB = ' = 18,804.
MJ n-I
AHaJlOrMqHO Bbl'lHCJ!JleM cpeAHee Mj! M3 nap.
1
X 1"3 =: 2n  x, = (I3 + 14 + ! 4 + 14 + 8 + ! 5 + 14 + 3 +
. ,
ITepBble ABe BeJIH'IHHbI - MSW p , II MSW MJ - .!I.aIOT 1111-
£j>opMaL\HIO 0 CTeneHH pa3JlHqHH MeJK.!I.Y 'lJIeHaMII 6J1H3HeL\OBOH
napbl Y M3 3Ta BeJIII'!MHa, KaK Mbl BHNlM, MeHbllle, 'leM Y ):(3.
Pa3JlI1'1HJI MeJK)];Y '1JIeHaM!I M3 napbI 05ycJ!oBJIeHbI cpeAoBblMH
B03AeHCTBIIJlM!I, nOCKOJIbKY M3 6nH3HeL\bl He IIMeroT refle1'!f-
qeCKIIX pa3J!H'lHH Cpei1HHii KBa.!l.paT BHYTPH .II.3 nap (MSW p ,)
SlBJISleTCSI CYMMOii Tpex KOMnOHeHTOB. IIcpBblii (Ew) OTpaJKaeT
Cpe)];OBbIe B03.IJ,eiicTBIlj!, aHaJIOrHqHble TeM. KOTopble BJIlIJIroT Ha
pa3JIH'lHJI MeJK)];Y M3 6nH3HCL\aMII. BTOpOH H Tpenrii {VA jf VO>
OTpaJl(alOT reHeTH'leCKHe pa3JI!lqllH MeJl(.IJ,Y qneHaMit .II.3 napbI
TaKitM o6pa30M, Ha6JIroll:aeMbie Cpe.IJ,HHe KB811paTbI BHYT-
pH M3 it ):\3 nap MOJKHO npe)];CTaBHTb B cneAyroLUeM BHD.e'
5,575 =: MSW p , =: 112 VA + 3/4V t> + Ew;
2,225 = MSW MJ =: Ew
AHaJIOrHqHO Bbl'litCJIeHHbIC cpel\lllle KBall:paTbI Mey na-
paMI{ MOJKHO 3anrrcaTL B B!f.qe cJ1e.qyroLUHx ypaBHeHHH:
12,814 == MSBJj3 = 3/2V A +5/4V D +2E.+E",;
5,575= MSB M , =:2V A +2V o +2E.+E w '
B HallieM npmlepe Mbl nonyqaeM, ';TO cpe.!lllee Mj! ,1:(3 nap
paBHo:
1
.\' /(3 =: 2n x, = [(9 + 12 + 10 + 12 + 12 + 13 + 5 + ]5 +
+ 15 + 1 I + 13 + 3 + 10 + 8 + 9 + 6 + 12 + 13 + II +
+ 14) + (11 + II + 9 + 13 + 11 + 15 + 7 + 13 + 12 + 13
+ 13 + + 5 + 15 + 13 + 13 + 12 + 9 + 8 + 6 + 9)J /2x20 =:
=: 431 /40 = 10,775 .
+ ]1 + 6 + 9 + ]4 + 5 + 9 + 12 + 8 + 9 + 8 + 14 + 15) +
+ (12 + 12 + 10 + 16 + 12 + 13 + 13 + 5 + 10 + 9 + II +
+ 14 + 6 + 7 + 14 + 10 + 10 + 9 + 13 + 12) I 2x20 =:
=: 433 / 40 =: 10,825.
200
201

vlTaK, Mb! nOJlY'lHJlH CHCTeMY H3 qeTblpex ypaoHeHliH C
'leTblpbMJI HeIl3BeCTHb!MIi (VA' V D' Ew, E B ), pe!llllB I(OTOpyfO,
nOJlY'iHM 3Ha'ieHIIH 3THX Hell3BCCTHblX napaMeTpOB. B 3TOH CII-
CTeMe ypaBHeHIIH Bccro TpH He3aBHCHMbiX ypaBHeHHJI, '1eTBep-
Toe npeJl,CTaBIlHeT C060H If X IlIfHCHHYro KOM6I1Hau.mo, n03TOMY
cHCTeMa ypaBHeHliH n03BOJlHeT OJl,H03Ha'iHO onpeJl,eJlI1Tb TOJJb-
KO TpH HeH3BeCTHbiX napaMeTpa. TaKI1M 05pa30M, 5JJ.H3HeLlO-
BblH MeTOJl, HC n03BOJJHeT TeCTHpOBaTb nOJJHYIO MOJl,eJJb (V p =
VA + V D + Ew + EJ, TeM He MeHee MO)l(HO OLleHHTb 50JIee npo-
CTbie Jl,BYX- H TpexnapaMeTpli'leCKIIC MOJl,CJIII. He05xo.n:lfMO OT-
Jl,aBaTb ce6c OTqeT B TOM, qTO 3TH ypaBHeHHH CnpaBe)!,.llHBbl JJIIWb
npH CJJeJl,YlOwllx Jl,OnYweHHJlX: CpeJl,bl M3 H )],3 5JJH3HeLtOB paB-
HbI, OTCYTCTBYIOT 3nHCTa3, B3aHMOl(ci1cTBHc reHonma 11 CpeJl,bl,
KOBapHaI1IUI MeJKI\Y reHOTHnOM H cpe.n:oH Ii accopTaTliBHOCTb.
PaccMoTpHM OCHOBHble MOJl,eJIII CTPYKTYPbI !jJeHoTHlIl\qeCKOH
I(IICnepCHIi.
BhlqHCJlHeM KOBapuaLtHOHHYIO MaTpHI1Y W, 3JJeMeHTbI 1(0-
TOpOi1 paBHb!.
2E.(xJ)
df
37,2200 0 0 0
0 0,4951 0 0
W 0 0 17,2841 0
0 0 0 3,1081
Cpe008(lR MOGeRb (V p = E B + Ew) npel(noJlaraeT, '1TO reHe-
Tli'ieCKHC <paKTOpbl He BJJHJlIOT Ha HH,[(HBH,[(yaJIbHble pa3JIH'IIIH
)J.aHHaH Mo,[(eJlb HMeeT BaJKHOC TCOpeTl1qeCKOe 3HaqCHliC )!,.IlK liCIi-
XOJJOrli'leCKI1X npHJHaKOB, nOCKOJJbKY n03BOJJKeT BbIJlBHTb Te npH-
3I1aKH, CXO,[(CTBO KOTOpblX 06ycnOBJlCHO KYJIbTYPHbIMH oc06eHHO-
CTJlMH. COrJlaCHO 3TOH MOAeJIH, CliCTCMa ypaBHeHliH 5Y,[(eT liMeTb
CJIC,[(y!oWHH BII,[(:
06paTHaH W MaTpI1Lta 5YI\C1' IIH<popMaLtIIOHHOH MaTpIlLteH:
0,0269 0 0 0
o 2,0199 0 0
W-I
o 0 0,0579 0
o 0 0 0,3217
HaXOJl,liM HCI13BeCTHblC napaMeTpbI:
MSW"J '2E B + Ew '2 I
MSB". Ew 0 I Ew\,
  x IE.
MSWJ/. 2E. + Ew 2 1
MSB m Ew 0 1
e = (AW-'Ar' AW-'x =
0,0269 0 0 0 2 : '
I 0 2 Ix 0 2,0199 0 0 0
= x x
! J 0 0 0,0579 0 2
0 0 0 0,3217 0
liJJH, I1Haqe, x = A€>.
HTaK, Mbl I1MeeM BeKTop Ha6mo,[(aeMblx cpe)l)!l1x KBa.apaToB
(x) Ii MaTpHLty K03<p<pHl\lIefnOB (A) COOTBeTCTBY!OweH MOJl,eJJII:
MSW MJ 18.80 2 I
x= MSB M3 = 2,225 A= 0 I
MSWJ/' 12,81 2 1
MSBJ/' 5,575 0 I
0,0269 0 0 0
xl 0 2 Ix 0 2,0199 0 0
x
1 1 0 0 0,0579 0
0 0 0 0,3217
x 118,804 2,225 12,814  1 6 ,0141)
557 =
, 2,6853 .
3aTeM Bblql1CJlHeM OJKliJl,aeMble cpe.n:Hl1e KBaJl,paTb!.
202
203

2
°
E(x)=A0=
2
°
I 14,713
I X I 6,0141 1 = 2,6853
1 2,6853 14,713
I 2,6853
2V, +Ew 2
MSW MJ E 0
w
MSB MJ _ 3 _ 3
/ MSW m - 2: V , +Ew - 2:
MSBp,3 V +E 1
2' w ,2
1
I
I xiV,
Ewl.
H, HaKOHeQ, nonY'JaeM OQeHKY COrnaCHJI MOl\e1lH.
,
S2 = (x - Ae) W- I (x - Ae) =
18,804 14,7135 0,0269 0 0 °
2,225 2,6853 ° 2,0199 0 0
= x x x
12,814 14,7135 ° ° 0,0579 0
5,575 2,6853 0 () () 0,321
IIOCKOJIbKY HHq,opMaLlHoHHaH MaTpHQa YJKe II3BeCTIJa, MOJ!(-
HO HaHTII HeH3BeCTHbie napaMeTpbl ypaBHeHIIJI:
0=(A'W'A) 'A'W"X= 1 7,4237 1 .
2,1832
x
18.80
2,225
12,814
5,575
14,7135
2,6853
x
14,7135
2,6853
Bbl'lHCJIHeM 3HaqeHHH OJKlIl\aeMbIX cpeJl,HIIX KBal\paTOB
17,0306
2,1832
E(x)=A0 =
13,3188
5,8950
= 3,773 .
II oQeHKY COrnaCHJI MO.D.enH
s' =(x-A0)'W'(x-A0)=0,1357
KOTopa>l CJlel\yeT pacnpel\eJIeHHIO X' co CTeneHHMH CBo6ol\bl,
paBHblMH qHcny HCXOI\HbIX CTaTHCTIIK MHHYC qllCJlO HCH3BeCT-
HblX napaMeTpoB (B )!aHHOM cJIyqae qHCnO CTeneHeli CBo6ol\bl
paDHo 4 MHHYC 2); BepOJITHOCTb (P) TaKoro 3Ha'leHI1H ';(' 3aKJIIO-
'1eHa B IIHTepBane MeJKI\Y 0,15 H 0,16.
Ol(eHKH ,/:\pymx Mo,/:\eneH BblqHCJIJlIOTCJI CXO.L\HbIM 06pa30M
Aooumu8HO-OOMUl/al/ml/W/ MoiJeRb (VA Ii V o , Ew)' Mo,/:\eJIb
npe)!ITOJIaraeT, qTO reHCTHqCCKaH KOMITOHeHTa 113MeHqllBOCTII
BKnlOqaer KaK aMliTIIBHble 3q,q,eKTbI, TaK H 3q,(j)eKT I!;OMI1HllpO-
BaHHH. 3Ha'lHTCJIbHbIe HeraTHBHbIe 3HaqeHHH KOMnOHeHTa 113-
MeHqHBOCTH, OTpaJKalOlQerO 3(j)(j)eKT .D.OMHHl1pOBaHIIH, MorYT
CBH.D.eTeJlbCTBOBaTb 0 HaJIl1'1HH "cH6cOBoro" 3(j)lj)eKTa (31jJq,eKT
KooncpaQHII Me)l(.D.Y cH6calH) 3Ha'lHMble HeraTlIBHbIe OQeHKII
E. MorYT, Hao60poT, CBH.D.eTeJIbCTBOBaTb B nonb3Y rJlnOTe3bl 0
Ha1lHqHlI 3q,q,eKTa copeBHoBaHHH MeJK.D.Y cH6caMIi.
CHCTeMa ypaaHeHHH AJlII 3TOi! MOl\eJIII HMeeT CJICAYIDIQHH B:
llpOCmaR 2eHemlfl/eCKM MOOeJIb (VA HEw)' ):IaHHaH Mo,/:\eJlb
npc)!nOnaraeT, qTO ceMeHHoe CXOI\CTBO 06YCJIOBneHO TOJIbKO
reHeTH'IeCKIIMIi npllql1HaMII. ECJIII )!aHHaJi MO.D.eJlb He corrracy-
eTCH C .n:aHHbIMH, TO Heo6xol\IIMO paCCMOTpeTb pJl,/:\ arrbTepHa-
THBHblX rHrrOTe3 - BJIIIJlHUe pa3,11;eJIeHHOii Cpe,ll;bI, 3(j)(j)eKTb! ,11;0-
MHHHpOBaHl1>l Ii oco6eHHOcTII B3aIlMo):\ei1cTBHH CH6cOB. B COOT-
BeTCTBIiH c 3TOi1 MO)J;errblO CIiCTeMa ypaBHeHHIi 6Y.D.eT IiMeTb
crre.D.YIOIQI1H Blil!;:
204
2V, +2V D +Ew 2
MSW"3 Ew 0
MSB M1 _ 3 5 _ 3
MSW --V,+-VD+Ew--
JIJ 2 4 2
MSBp" V +iv +E 
2'4" w 2
2 I
° I
5 I xiV,
4
3
4
v" Ewl
205

AHaJ10rHqHO npe.!lbIIIYHM MOllemlM lfaxo,n;IfM Hel{3BCCT-
HbIe napaMCTpbl:
Tao.'1ul{a 6.4
MHK-otjeH/<U KOMI10HeHI1I UJJUeHqu80CI1IU
8,3J09
o '" (A'W"Af' A'W"x = - 0,8557
2,2025
MHK-ou.eHkH KOMnOHeHT t3MeH'IUB()CTH
MO.ACl1b V. V o E, Ew x' P
Vp=VA+E w 7.423 - - 2,180 0.135 0,82 - 0,84
Vp=EsyEw - - 6,014 2,680 3,773 0,15 - 0,16
Vp=V...+Vo+E w 8,310 -0,855 - 2,200 0.119 0,70-0,75
Vp=V...+Ee+E w 7,027 - 0,427 2,200 0,119 0,70 - 0,75
BbI'IIICJJeM O)J(HllaeMble cpe,n;Hlle ](BaJ\paTbl H nOJlY'IaeM
OQeHKY COrJJaCHR Mo,n;eJlH:
s' "'(x-A0)'W"(x-A0) '" 0,1199.
npillMe\lal1e. 3IiaeH"R BepOsrrrtocn (p) COOT8eTCTBSI MDp,emt HaxQAATCfJ no rn.6fi'1'-
L&3M pacnpeAeneHj1 J..'l
MSW MJ 2V A +2E. + Ew 2 2 1
Ew 0 0 I
MSB"J 3 = 1 xlV A E. Ewl.
= -VA +2E. +Ew 2
MSW pJ 2 2
MSB I" !V Ew I 0
+ -
2 A 2
.II.JJJI nOJ\C'IeTa Jl,OJIH KOMnOHeHT 113MeH'IHBOCTH BblqllCJIRJOT
npoLleHT, KOTOpUH Ta IIJIII IIHaR KOMnOHeHTa COCTaBJIJleT B 06eii
<PeHorumrqec](oii ,QUCI1CpCJHI. .II.JJJI npllMcpa no,nCqllTaeM npOLleH-
Tbl )J,JIJI nOCJ1eJ\HCH MOlleJJII. 06aR ljJeHoTllnHqCCKaR 113MeH'III-
BOCTb paBHa CYMMe ee KOMnOHeHT: V p = 7,423 + 2,180 = 9,603.
CooTBeTCTBeHHo, IIOJIR reHeTH'IeCKOH 113MeH'IIfBOCTII paBHa:
VA x 100% = 7,423 x 100% = 77,30% .
V p 9,603
'TeHomun-KYJlbmypaJlbHWI" .\100eJlb (VA' E. II Ew)' 3Ta MO-
lIeJIb BKJIIOqaeT ](31( rCHeTII'IeCKlle, TaK If KYJ1bTYPHO 06YCJJoRJJeH-
Hble KOMIIOHeHTbl ceMeHHoro CXO.!lCTBa. CHcTcMa ypaBHeHHH )J,JIJI
3TOii Mo.n:eJ111 HMeeT CJJeAylOHij BH,D,:
HaXO,QUM Hell3BeCTHbfe napaMerpbf
7,0274
E) =(A'W"Ar'A'W 'x= 0,4278
2,2025
,[IOJJR 113MeH'II1BOCTI1, 06YCJ10BJJCHHa!l CJlyqaHliblMu 31jJcj!eK-
TaMH Cpell.bl, paBHa:
Ew x100%= 2,180 x 100%=22,70% .
J 9,603
3, reHen1L(eCKI1M aHa11113
KOBapMaLll10HHbiX CTPYkTyp
II nOJlyqaeM OQCHKY COrJIaCIIR MOJ\eJJ>1
s' =(x - A0)'W"(x- A0) = 0,1199.
PC3YJIbTaTbi npOBCp](H a,D,eKBaTHOCTl1 Mo.n:eJIeH npllBC,D,eHbl
B Ta6JIHI.le 6.4.
KaK MbZ BH,D,IfM, npocTan reHeTJlqeCKan MO,QMb cooueT-
CTIlYCT KcnepllMeHTaJIbHbIM ,D,aHHbIM lIyqWe, 4eM Bce OCTaJIbHbIe
(X' = 0,135; 0,82 < P < 0,84), ", CJJe,D,OBaTCJlbHO, MO)J(HO c,n;CJlaTb
Bbf80.ll 0 TOM, qTO J\aHHbIH npll3Ha]( 06YCJlOBJIeH KaK reHeTH4CCKH-
MJI <paKTopaMII (77,30%), TaK 11 CJJY'lai\HbIMH <paKTopaMH cpeJl,bI
 - 22,70%).
206
3,1. feHeTH'ICCKaA MO,D,CJIL KonapHHpYlOlliHX npH3H3KOB
).{o elf X nop Mbl HMCJlI1 /1eJID C :!HaJJII30M C/1HHllqHbIX npH-
3HaKoB, OJ\HaKO npll aHaJIlt3C nCHXOJJOnlqeCK\1X H nCI'!Xo<pH3HOJlO-
r\1qeCKIIX npH3HaKoB ,D,OCTaT04HO '1aCTO OC06UH HHTepec npe,D,-
CTaBJJIOT npHq\1Hbl HX B3allMHoii KOBapllaLlHH, nOCKOJIbKY TaKoii
aHanH3 lI.aeT B03MO)J(HOCTb nY'Iwe nOHRTb npHpOJl,y I1CCJlel1YCMblX
JlBJJeHIIH.
feHeTHqCC](lIe IICCJIe.n:OIla.HIIJI B3aHMOCB3H Me)J(,D,Y nOBTop-
HMMH H3McpeHHRMII OllHoro \1 Toro )J(e IICHXonOrH'leCKOro I1J1B
21J7

nClIxoq.H31I01I0m'leCKoro npll3HaKa AalOT KJIIO'I K peweHHIO OAHOl!
113 KapAIIHaJIbHbIX npo611eM nCHXOJIOrlllI II nCHxoq.1I31I01IOr1IH -
npo611eMbi npHpOAbI H AeTcpMHHaHT nCIIXII'IeCKoro pa3BJlTII
MeTOAbI KOIIHqeCTBeHHOH reHeTI1KII AalOT B03MO)l(HOCTb nOAOHTIl
K 3HaJlII3Y TaK!fX q.YHAaMeHTaJTbHbIX p,JIR JII060ii TeopHH paJBHTJI!J
nOHJlTIIH, KaK npepbIBHOCTb (discontinuities) II HenpepblBHoCTb
(continuities) nCHXII'IeCKoro pa3BIITlI. HanoMHHM, '1TO Henpepb!B-
HOCTb 03HaqaeT cBR3aHHOCl'b, npeeMCTBCHHOCTb 3TanOB paJBIITHR
(HanpIlMep, IIHHeilHbIe 113MeHeHH!J), TOrlJ,a KaK npcpbIBHOCTb -
pe3Klle 113MeHeHIIJI B npou.ecce paJBIITII!J. HecoMHeHHo, '1TO reHO-
Tiin IIrpaCT perYJlHpYIOIl{j'IQ pOllb B paJBHTIIH Tex IIIIH ""bIX npH-
)HaKOB, 06eCneqHBaeT He TOllbKO cTa611I1bHOCTh, HO H npepblB-
HOCTb (nYTeM BKmo'leHHR" IIIIH "BbIKlIlO'IeHHR" COOTBeTCTI!YIOIl{HX
reHOB) B npou.ecce paJBHTHJI (Emde R., Harmon R., 1984; Kagan
J.. 1984; Ruttcr M., 1984; Goldsmith H., 1984 HAP.). .II.eilCTBII-
TeJIbHO, IJ,aHHbIe pJlJl,a 1I0HfliTIOAHbiX 611113Hel\OBbIX IICCneAOBaHI1H
y6e.n:HTellbHO CBl1l\eTellbCTBYIOT, qTO I\HHaMHKa nCIIXl'!'1eCKOrO
pa3BIITH>I IJ,eTepMIIHlipyeTC!J reHon1TIOM (Wilson R, 1972, 1977;
Wilson R., Matheny A., 1983;1986; Matheny A., 1983; Plomin R.,
1985; DeFries J. et al.. 1987; LaBlIda et aI., 1986; Fulker et al ,
1988) TaK, B CTaBweH YJKe KllaCCHqeCKOH pa60Te P BHJIbCOH
(1972) nOKaJaJI, '1TO AHHaMIlKa paJBHTIi nOKa3aTeileil IQ - YCKO-
peHlIe, nllaTO II 3aMeJJ:]leHHe - npaKTH'IeCKIi OAHHaKOBa Y MOHO-
311roTHbIX 6mI3Hel\OB
AHanH3 B3allMOCBR3eii Me)l(AY nOBTopHblMH H3McpeHI1MH
BaJKCH H JJ:]I nCHxoq.113HOIIOrHqeCKHX npIl3HaKOB, nOCKOJIbKY MHO-
me H3 HHX npeJl,CTaBJlJlIOT C060H nOBTopHble H3MepeHH>I no caMO-
MY cnoc06y nOJlyqeHIIJI 3TIIX nOKa3aTeJIeH HanpHMcp, B OCHOBe
Ha6mo,llaeMblX !jJeHoTHnH'ICCKHX KOBapllal\HH MOJKeT IICJKaTb nneH-
oTponHoe AeHCTI!He reHOB (TO eCTb OIlHJlHlle KaJKIJ,OrO reHa 60llee
qeM Ha OAHH npH3HaK).
feHeTHqeCKYIO MOAe1Jb 1J,JIJI KOBapHHpylOIl{IIX npH3HaKOB
MOJKHO onpelJ,CJIHTb aHallOrHqHO rCHCTH'ICCKOH MOACIIII p,JI!J eAlI-
HHqHbIX npH3HaKOB. llcnOllb3YR OCHOBHble aJIreOpaH'IeCKlle nOA-
XOAbI )J,JI(.Ma3epa Ii )J,JK.)J,)!(IIHKCa (1985), Onpel\ellllM KOMnOHeHTbI
reHemqeCKOii KOBapHal.(Im MeJl( npIl3HaKaM!1.
ITYCTb 1I0KYC BJII1!JeT Ha ABa npll3HaKa i IIj ITOCKOllbKY l\IIa
arrlleJI>I A H a OAHoro rella HMelOT qaCTOTbI u, II va' a BKllap.bI
3THX reHOTHnOB B 3Ha'leHHe npH3HaKoB i II J paDHbl d,,(AA),
208
h ( Aa ) d ( aa ) II d . ( AA), h , ( Aa), -d (aa) COOTBeTCTBeHHO, TorAa
ai ' ai OJ OJ 0)
KOMnOHeHThI reHeTII'IeCKOH AHCnepCHIlp,JI!J KaJK,!!OrO H3 3TIIX I\IIYx
npH3HaKoB 6YT C!Ie.l1yIOI1.\I!MII'
VAl = L2u,V.[d" + (Val - U aI )h,,]2
H
V Of :;;: 4u;v;h
JI)1J1 npH3HaKa i;
V-t = L 2u.v.[d. + (V.. - u..)h r
1-1
V = 4uv;h;
JJ:]IJI npll3HaKa j.
CXO.l1HbIM oopa30M onpe.l1eJJJleM KOMnOHCHTbl reHeTII'Iec-
KOH KOBaplIal\H!1 MCJKIJ,Y npI!3f1aKIIMII:
VA; = 2: 2u.V, [d" + (v" -u")h,,I.[d + (v.. -u..)h..] (3.1.1)
Ii
V D1 = 4u;vh"hai .
(3.1.2)
3.2. AHWlH3 KOB3plIaWloHHbiX CTPYKryp: TeopHIi Jl3TeIITIILIX
nepeMeHllb1X
B nocneAlllle rO.l1bI I1HTeHCHBHO pa3BIIBaeTCJI TeOpH>I JIaTeH-
THbIX nepeMeHHbIx, Iicnollb3yeMa JJ:]IJI aHalll-lJa pa3J11i'lHbIX KOBa-
pllaL\I-IOHHbIX CTPYKTYP H npIlMeHeMa B pa3JIH'IHbIX .l1HCL\HnlllI-
Hax, B TOM qHClle II B reHeT(U<e nOBeAeHII>I (Andersen E.,1980;
McArdle J , 1980; Krishnalah P., Kanal L., 1982; Long J., 1983;
Bentler P 1980' 1988' Saris W., Stronkhorst H., 1984; Everitt 13.,
1984; McDonald R ,'1985; Short R. et aI., 1984; Molenaar P.,
1985, 1987; Rudinger G., 1985; Mobus C., Schneider W, 1986;
Hayduk L , 1987; ClIttance P. et aI., 1987 II .lip.).
Heo6xo.l1IIMO nOJlCHHTb, 'ITO no.l1 MO.l1eJIJlMII C )IaTeHTHblMI!
nepeMeHHblMH nOHItMalOT CTaTHCTllqeCKHe MOl\enH, OnHCbIsalO-
Il{lIe 1-1 06'b!JcH>llOl1.\lIe Ha6111OI\aeMblC .l1aHHble HX 3aBHCHMOCTblO
OT HeHa6rrlOAaeMbIx (llaTeHTHblx) xapaJ\TeplICTHK, KOTopbIe pe-
KOHCTPYHPYIOTC C nOMOIl{blO onpe.l1erreHHblx MaTeMarl1'1eCKIIX
MeT0.l10B.
209

CYLI\CCTBCHHblH BKJla,[l B paJBHTHe TCOpliH 3THX MO,[lCneH
BHccnH CTaBWIIC YJKe KnaCCH'ICCKIIMH pa60Tbl Kapna HopeCKO-
ra no aHamny KOOapHal\HOHHbIX CTPYKTYP (Joreskog K, 1963,
1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974,1976, 1977, 1978, 1981,
Joreskog K., Lowley D, 1968; Joreskog K., Wold H, 1982;
Joreskog K., SorbOlh D., 1979, 1988). HM 6bIJI npeAnOJKeH cno-
co6 HenOCpe,[lCTBCHHOil (TO eCTb 6e3 npOMeJKYTOqHOrO opaLl\:-
HIIR) npOBepKH 3aJl,aHHOH rHnOTC3bI 0 npOCTOH C1pYKType ,[IaH-
HbIX, I<:OTOpblH BnOCJ1e.n:CTBHH nonY'lIl!! Ha3BaHHe KOHcjJllpMBTOp-
Horo cjJaKTopHoro aHa!!1I3a.
HeCKonbKo 3a6eraJi BnepeA, OTMeTHM, '11'0 OCHOBHOH npllll-
l\Hn KOHcjJHpMaTopHoro cjJaKTopHoro allanH3a JaKJllOqaeTCJ1 B
cjJOpMHpOBaHHH, B l<aqeCTBC rHnOTe3bI, C1pYKTYPbl OJl<H.n:aCMOH
MaTpl1l\bl cjJaKTopHblX HarpY30K, 1<0TOpaH 3aTeM conOCTaonRCT-
CR C Ha6nlO,[IaeMOH KOBapllal\HOHHOH MaTpHl\eH. fHnOTe3a, KaK
npaOH!!O, BKmoqaeT B ce611 UllcjJopMal\111O 0 ql1CJIe 06L1\I1X cjJal<-
TOpOB, npllpO,[le 3aBHCHMOCTH MC)i(AY cjJaKTopaMH II BC!!HqHHe
cjJaKTopHblX HarpY30K AnR KaJK,[IOH ncpeMCHHoil 3Ta CTPYKTyp-
HaH nmOTe3a nO,[IBcpraeTCJI CTaTIICTHqCCKOH npOBepKe.
K.HopecKor (1970) Bocnonb30BanCH anropUTMOM }:(aBHAo-
Ha4 1 J1eHepa-ITay:m!!a (Davidon W , 1959; Fletcher R., Powell
M., 1963) )I;.JlR npoBepKIl rilnOTe3 B MOAC!!I1, B03HIIKaIOLI\eii npH
3aMeHe MO,[lenl1 nOKa-naprMaHa (Bock R., Bargman R, 1966)
60nce o6L1\eii MOlleJlblO:
= B(1\<1I1\' + tp')B' + 0'.
3Ta MOllenb 6bIJIa, no cYLI\eCTBY, nepBoii ,[IeiiCTBIITC!!bIlO
3acnY)i(HBWCH Ha3BaHHC "aHa!!1I3 I<OBapHal\1I0HHbIX C1pYKTYP" B
era coBpeMcHHoM flOHHMaHHH (nJIarym IT., 1989). MOI(eJ1b, npe,/{-
CTaBns\lOIl\aJl B3aHM03aBilCHMOCTb Ha6nlOAacMbIx nepeMeHHbIX
xl' .. 'X k HX 3aBHCHMOCTbIO 01' JIaTeHTHbIX ncpCMeHHbIX hr' oc-
HOBaHa Ha TaK HaJblBaeMOH OCHOOHOH ljJaKTopHoH TeopeMe.
rIYCTb x.. x" ..., xl' ..., x,. - Ha6mo,[laeMbIC ncpeMeHHble II
S = /r j ,1 - MaTPHQa KOppCJ1Jll\HI1 (KooajJHalIHI!) J1epeMeHHbIX
KOppenJll\IIH MeJK,[IY Ha6mo,[laeMbIMH H !!aTeHTHbIMI1 nepeMeHHbI-
MH (l.p) npe,[lCTaB!!HIOT C060H cjJaKTopHble HarpY3KH Ha5JI1O,[IaeMblx
nepeMeHHbIX x, no ljJaKTopaM!; OHM 06pa3YlOT MaTpHL(Y Harpy-
30K. COrJlaCHO OCHDBHOH cjJaKTOpHOH TeopCMe, K03iPcjJlIL(IICHTbI
KoppeJJJlllHH Tj> BblpaJK3JOTCB '1epe3 iPaKTopHbIC HarpY3KI'!:
r", = A.jIA.., +A)2AY2+...+A.jnA.\In'
TO CCTb B BII.n:e CKaJ1RpHOrO npOM3BeAeHI'!II j-Toil H v-Toil CTpOK
MaTpllL(bl cjJaKTopHblX HarpY30K, r.n:e l\HarOHaJIbHblC 3JIeMeHTbI -
npOCTO KoaAPaTbI COOTBeTCTBYIOLI\HX HarpY30K
rw = A.21 + )}...2+"'+A. -+ "1'; ,
'¥: - TaK HB3blBaeMaJi XapaKTepHOCTb, a (I - '¥;) - 06L1\HOCTb.
HTaK, B MaTpl1qHOM BMlle OCHOBHaR iPaK'fOpHaR TeopeMa MOJKeT
5b!Tb npellCTaBneHa cneAYIOLI\MM 06PaJOM:
1\1\' + '1",
rAc '1" = [),], TO eCTb K03cjJcjJlIl\HeHTbI KoppemlL(HII rj, BblpaJKa-
IOTCII qepeJ tjlaKTOpHl,le HarpY3KH. B 60JIee 06L1\eM BHAe OJKHAae-
MaR KOBapMal\HOHHaJi MaTplll\a 6YAeT HMeTb cneA)'IOLI\I1i:i BI1J1,:
 = 1\<1IA' + '1", (3.2.1)
rAe 1\ - MaTpIlla (vxf) ljJaKTopHbIX HarpY30K. MaTpHl\a F paJ-
MepHOCTbIO ifxf) oTpaJKaeT 1Ip11]J0II)' 3aBHCHMocreH OHYI]}H oJKl\,l\3e.
MbIX ljJaKTopoB, '1" - l\HarOHaJIbHaJI Ma1pHl\a, cOACpJKaLl\aH v xa-
paKTepHblx ljJaKTOpOB;  - O)I(J!AaeMaJI KOBapHaI.U10HHaJI MaTplll\a.
HTaK, ljJaKTOpHb!H aHaJIH3 npcp'flOJJarae-r, 'ITO Ha6JJIOp.ae-
Mble nepeMcflHbIe JlB;JHIOTC" nHHeHHoil KOM6HHaL(HeH HeKoTopblX
naTeHTHblX (rHnOTeTllqeCKHx. HnH HeHa6JIIOAaeMblx) cjJaKTopoB.
HeKOTopble 113 3TIIX iPaKTopoB JlOnJiIOTCR 06L1\IIMH iJ)IJI ABYX HnH
60JIee ncpeMeHHblX, a APyrHe - XapaKTepHblMH )I;.JlJl KaJl()J,OrO J1a-
paMeTpa B OT.a;eJIbHOCTIl. XapaKTepHble lj!aKTopbl opTOrOHaJIbHbI
I\pyr APyry II, CJIeAOBaTenbHO, He BHOCJiT BKnaA B KOBapHaL(1I1O
MCJKAY npM3HaKaMIl.
K OAHOI% H3 BaJKHeHWHX iJ)IH reHeTII'ICCKOrO aHaJ1113a OCO-
6eHHOCTeH KOHIjJHpMaTopHoro cjJaKTOpHOrO aHaJIll3a MOJ!(HO OTHC-
CTH 003MO>KHOCTb C0J10CTaBJJeHIlJi iPaKTOpHblX C1pYKTYP HeCKOJIb-
KHX rpynn Ha6moAeHIIH, nOCKonbKY IIHiPopMal\HJI, He06xolJ;HMall
.LI.1IR Ol\eHKH KOMJ10HeHT reHOTHn-cpeAoooi\ MOACJIH, COAepJKIITCIIlJ
AaHHblX HeCKO!!bKIIX rpynn HH)UIBHAOO pa3HOH CTeneHI1 reHeTII-
qCCKOrO CXO.!!CTBa, HanpHMep, M3 H ,1],3 6J1H3HCl(OB. pJlJI, npliMepoB
npHMeHeHHII MHororpynnoBoro KOHiPHpMaTopHoro iPaXTopHoro
amIJIH3a MOJKHO HaH'rn lJ pa60Te K.fIopcCKora (Joreskog K., 1976).
3.3. feHeTH'IeCKII" aHaJlH3 KOBapllllltllOHHblX CTPYKTYP
210
HHKOJIaC MapTI1H II JIIIHAoH HBJ (Martin N., Eaves L.,
1977) BocnOnb30llaJIHCb TeMl1 B03MOJKHOCTJlMH, KOTOpblC IJ;aeT
211

nOIJ;XO,lJ, K.i10pecKora, H ananTHpOBaJlH ero IJ;JI rCHeTHqeCKOrO
aHamna KOBap"aL\HOIIHbiX crpYKTYP.
OCHOBHaJ! mlHeliHaJ! MO,lJ,CJ1b IIH.lJ,HBH)lyaJ1bHbJX pa3JIHqHH,
KOTOpyIO MbI paCCMaTpIIBaJ1H BbJIlle, MO)f(eT 6bITb IICnOJlb30Ba-
Ha H .lUlJI aHaJ1H3a KOBapHaL\HOHHbIX CTpYKTYP, TO eCTb !jJOPMY-
J1a (2.2. I) .lUlJI aHaJ1113a KOBap"aL\IIOHHbIX CTPYKTYP .n:J1S1 P KOM-
nOlieHT 113MeH'IHBOCTI! npH06peTeT CJ1e,lJ,YIOIllIIH BIIIJ;:
p
:E i = 2>ABl'\<I>jA+ W;JB;+0;]
j_' ,(3.3.1 )
rlJ;e aij - KOJljJqlllI.{HeHTbi npH HeH3BCCTHblX napaMeTpax, a Ka)f(-
IJ;OMY HeU3BeCTHOMY napaMeTpy cooTBeTcTBYIOT MaTpllL\bI napa-
MeTpoB Bj, Aj' <I>j' 'lf j , 0j
PaccMoTpHM, HanpuMep, npocTeHIllYIO reHeTHqecKYIO MO-
,lJ,CJ1b: !jJeHoTHnHqCCKaJl ,lJ,lIcnepcH npe,lJ,CTaBJ1S1eT C060" CYMMY
aJl,Jl,HTHBHOH reHeTHqeCKoH n BHYTpHceMeHHoH CpelJ;OBoH .lIHC-
nepCIIH, TO eCTb
V p = VA + V w .
3Ta )f(e MO.lleJ1b MO)l(eT 6bITb IICn0J1b30BaHa I\JlSI aHamna
KOBapllaL\HOHHbIX CTPYKTYP, a q.eHOTHnWleCKaS! KOBapnaL\IIOH-
HaS! MBTpHQa Mo)f(eT 6bITb npe.llCTaBJleHa B BlI.lIe CYMMbi Jl,BYX
KOMnOHeHT - "aJl,Jl,HTIIBHOH reHeTHqeC!wii" II "BHYTpllceMeH-
HoH" KOBapllaQHOHHbIX MaTpnQ:
:Ep = :E A + :EO'.
B CBolO oqCpe.llb, 3TH KOBapHaQIIOHHbIe MaTpl1QbJ MorYT
6MTb npe.llCTaBJIeHbI, CO maCHO oCHOBHOH ljJaKTopHOH TeopeMe,
B BH,lJ,e CYMMbl OIJ;HOrO IiJ1H 60JIee 06ll]HX q.aKTopoB H COOTBeT-
cTBYIOll(erO '1I1CJ1a CneL\H!jJH'IeCKHX ljJaKTopoB. 11, CJIe;:tOBaTeJ1b-
HO, MO)f(eM 3anllcaTb:
:E =:E +:E =GG-1+D' + HH'+ E '
pAW ,
r,I<e G - HarpY3KII nepeMCHHbIX no ajJ,WiTIIBHOMY reHeTlI'IeCKOMY
q.aKTOPY, H - HarpY3KII Tex )f(e caMblX nepCMCHHbiX no ljJaKtopy
BHYTpIlCCMeHHOH cpe,I<bI. D' II E' - CneQllljJHqeCKlle ,1UIJI KiI<.lIoii
nepeMeHHOH reHem'leCKHe H cpenoBbie ljJaKTOpbl.
.II.J1S1 pa3J10)f(eHHJ! reHeTHqeCKHX II CpeJl,OBbiX KOMnOHeHT
ljJelloTllnH'IeCKOii KOBapHal\liIi HCnOJlb3YIOT, TaK »<e KaK II npll
aHaJIII3e el\liHHqHblX nepeMeHHbIX, COOTBeTCTBYIOll(lfe CTaT}!CTII-
KH IIIII\IIBIIIJ;OB C pa3J1HqalOll]eHCJI CTcneHblO reHeTlI'IeCKoro CXO)J,-
CTBa. HanpHMep, .n:J1S! 6J1113Hel\OB, npl1 nOMOll]1I MeTO.lla MHoro-
212
l-IepHOrO P.HcnepclioHHoro aHaJlll3a, MbI nOJlyqaeM MaTplll.{bI cpe.n:-
HHX npOH3Be.lleHIIH BHYTPU II MeJK,IJ,y napaM}! M3 H .II.3 6J1H3He-
QOB ITOCKOJ1bKY BKJ1anbl rCHeTUqeCKlfX H Cpe.llOBbIX q.aKTopoB B
3TII MarpHL\bI pa3J1I1'1aIOTCSI, TO nOJlBJ1S!eTC B03MOJKHOCTb OL\e-
HHTb reHCTUqeCKlie H Cpe.llOBbJe KOMnOHeHTbI ljJeHoTllnll'leCKOH
KOBapHaL\HH.
OJKlI.l\>leMbIe 3HaqeHHJI MeJK- II BHYTplinapHbiX cpeP.Hllx npo-
H3BelJ;eHHH (aHarrOrHqHO npOQeJ1.Ypc HaXOJK,I<eHHSI OJKIII\aeMblX
MeJK- H BHYTpunapHblX KBai\PaTOB) 6Y.lIYT paBHbI.
BIAZ = 2x(GG'+ D')+ HH'+ E';
WMZ= HH'+E';
:E =X ( GG'+D' ) +HH'+E"
S 2 '
1
::Ew:o z = iX(GG'+D')+HH'+ E';
r.n:e, :EBIAZ' :E WMZ ' :E BDZ ' :E WDZ - MaTpHL\bl Cpe,lJ,HIIX npOH3Be,I<e-
HHH Me)f(,I<Y H BHYTPH cOOTBeTCTBYIOll(HX nap 6Jl1I3HeL\OB; G -
MaTpHL\a alU\HTHBHblX reHeTII'IeCKHX q.aKTopoB; H - MaTpllL\a
BHYTpliceMeHHbIx cpe,I<OBbIX !jJaKTopoB; D'- jl,HarOHaJIh'UIJI MaT-
plfL\a CnCQII!jJH<IeCKI1X reHeTH<IeCKHX .lIHCnCpCHH; E' - tI:HarO-
HarrbHa MarpllL\a CneQH!jJllqeCKIIX BHYTpl1ceMeHHblx Cpe,I<OBbiX
.lIUCnepcHH. MBTplll\bl G, H, D', E' COOTBeTcTBYIOT MaTpIlL\ald
A" A" e,', e: ypaBHeHIIJI (3.3.1). MaTpHL\bJ F, 11 F, 3a.n:aIOT
KOpperrJlL\HIi lde)f(J!.Y !jJaKTopaMH.
HTaK, ,!\aHHaJi !jJaKTopHa Mo.n:eJ1b npe.n:1I0JlaraeT cYll(e-
CTBOBaHHe IJ;BYX 06ll(HX ljJaKTopoB G H H, TO eCTb Kail<,I<aSl Ha-
6J1lOl\aelda lIepeMeHHaSl 06YCJIOBJIeHa COBMeCTHbIId l!;eifcTBlIeM
3THX ljJaKTopOB. MOJKHO ynpocTIITb 3TY MO;:teJIb. ITpe,lJ,nOJlO)l(IIM,
qTO reHeTHqeCKlie II cpe,!\OBble BJlliSlHIISI B03,lJ,eiicTBYIOT Ha ljJe-
HOTIin onOCpeIJ;OBaHHO, qepe3 HeKIiH 06ll(IIH ljJaKTop, I(OTOpblH
BJ1I1S1eT Ha Ha6mo.u.aeldble lIepeMeHHble. TorAa !jJaKTOp G MO)l(-
HO npe.n:CTaBIITb B BH,!\e IjJYHKL\IIH
GbH,
r.lle b - nOCTOJlHfiblH COMHO)f(HTerrb.
213

3.4. OueHKa napaMeTpoe: MeTOA MaKCBMaJlLHorO
npaOAono}(OOHIl
I t
L. = 2' t;N,[logIS,1 + p],
ITepBbIH 060CHOBaHHblH aJIrOpHTM ):{JI OL\CHlfBaHHSI napa-
MeTpOB, KOTOPb!H OCHOBblBaeTCR Ha aJIl'OplfrMe .l(aaHAolia-<Dner-
qepa-IIaY3JUIa, npHMeHHII K Hopecy.or (1967). AJlrOpll1'M .II.aBH-
JJ:oHa-4>JleTqepa.naYJlJla npeJJ;craBJlHeT c060ii KB83HHblOTOHOB-
CKH" MeTOIJ, MHHHMH3aL\HH cjJYHKL\IIH tr[S - :1:]' (1'):{e  = AA'x
x \I.Il) no Marp"l1e IJI'. K MopecKo1' BOCnOJlb30BaJlCJI :JTIfM all1'o-
pllTMOM IJ,JlJI OUCHHBaHHJI napaMeTpoB npH OrpaHH'IHBaIOIl1I1X
ycnOBI1J!X B era KOHcjJupMaropHoii MOl(eJIU YKa3aHHblH an1'o-
pHTM n0300nSleT nOJlY'IaTb oueHKH MaKClfMaJIhHOrO npaB,!I;Ono-
)l06"JI napaMeTpoB.
MeTOI( MaKCIIMaJlhHOrO npaBiJ,01l01(06HH 3aKlllO'IaeTC>! B
OL\eHIIBaHIIH 3HaqeHHH JlaTeHTHhlX nepcMeHHhlX (HarpY30K), IIPH
KOTOphlX <PYlfKI.\IIJI npaBAOnOI(06HJlIUI>! paCIJpeiJ,eJ:IeHH 311eMeH-
TOB KOBapllaI.\HQHHO" MaTplll.\hI MaKCIIMaJIbHa, TO eCTb 3TO 03-
Ha'iaeT, '1TO Mbl XOTHM npll iJ,aHHOH BbI60pO'lHOHKOBapHaI.\110H-
HOH MaTplll.\e  HaiiT" TaKlfe OL\CHKII MaTpHI.\ A II IJI', KOTopble
HMelOT MaKCHMaJIbHYIO BepO'ITHOCTh 6blTb paBHblMH IICKOMMM
3HaQellHSlM B reHepanbHoH COBoKynllOCl'H (Neale M. et aI., 1989).
IIycTb S; - i-Ta>! MaTpHua Ha611HJIJ,aeMhiX cpe.!IHIIX npoH3-
sel\e'iHii, HMe!Oll[a N j cTeneHei1 CB060iJ,bl II HMeeTC k TaKHX
MaTp1I1.\ nplfHB HCKOTOPYIO MOiJ,eJIh MJI Ha6111OiJ,aeMblX .n:aH-
HbIX, MbI MOJKeM BblqHCJlHTb OJKlf)\aeMbIe 3Ha'ieHIIJI CpelJ,HHX npo-
113BeAeHHii :1:;, ECJlI! Ha6mol(aeMl>le l(aHHble pacnpel(CJIeHbl no
MHorOMeplIOMY IiOpMaJIbHOMy 3aKOHY, TO Mhl MOJKeM nOJIyql1Tb
Ol.\eH1(1I Mal(CHMaJIbH01'O npaBI(0IlOl(061I, MaKCHMII311PYJI 1I0ra-
PII<pM npaBI(CnOAo611J1:
I t
LA = -2' t;N,[logIEil +tE;1 s,)].
IUIH
F = . IN,[Jogls,/ + p]
 hI
Y ABoeHH/lR pa3Hlfl.\a Me)KJJ;Y LA II L B COCTaBJIReT:
F = t, N J . log \:I + tS; E,l) - P, ,
KompaSi RBJ1S1eTCH Yl(06HOii <pYHKQl1eH JuISi MHHI1M!l3i)I.\IfH II pac-
npe.n:enJleTc np1l6JI113HTellHo KaK X' co CTeneHJlMH CB060Jl,bl,
paBHblMJI
· 1
df = t; 2 p,(p, + I) - m,
riJ,e p - q!lcno nepeMeHHblX B i-TOH MaTpllue S" a In - KOIIH-
'IeCTBO Ol.\eHIlBaeMblx napaMcTpoB B MOl(eJIII.
4. CTPYKTYpHOe Mo,qemtpOBaHMe
4.1. MOi\eJIb JIaTeHTHLIX nepeMemlLIX K.:A:opecKora
MaKCIIMI13al.\lIJ1 log L 3KBHBaJIeHTlia MI'!HliMII3al.\HII
cjJYHKl1l1l1:
F = 1 t.Ni[10E;)+t1Ei' .S;)],
TO ecTJ, <paI(TlI'IeCKH Mbl MHIII1MH3l!pyeM - log L
ECJIII Ha6nlOIJ,aeMbie H OJKHJI,aeMble 3Ha'leHlIJI paBHbI (E, =
S,), TO JlOrapl1cjJM npaB.!1;OnOA0611J1 paBeH:
214
.II.IIS1 nOllyQeHI1S1 Ol..\eHOK IIPH CTPYKTypHOM Mo.n:eilHpOBaHHIl
none3HblM OKa3bIBaeTCSI nYTeBoH aHa]]1I3, pa31'a60TaHHbIH C.Paii-
TOM (Wright S.,1934; Werts C, Linn R., 1970; Theil H, 1971;
Dunkan 0., 1973; JIH q., 1978) KaK cnoco6 aHaJIH3a npllQI!H H3-
MeHqHBOCTH B nonYIISlI.\HH H pa3JIII'IHbIX cBj(3eH MeJl(.!1;Y po.n:CTBeH-
HblMIl OC06S1MI!.
ITpeJKJI,e qeM paccMoTpeTb MOl(eJIb JlHHeHHbIx CTPYKTYP-
HblX COOTHOll[eHI1H K.HopeCKora, OCTaIIOBI!MCSI QYTb 60nee nOJJ;-
pOOHO lIa MeTOl(e K03cjJcjJHI.\I!elITOB nYTeH, KOTOpblH OKa3bI)!aeT-
CSI '1pe3BbIQaHHO Har]]JlJI,HbIM H 3cjJ<jJeKTIIBHblM MeTop,OM npJl pe-
ll[CHIIII reHeTlfqeCKHX 3al(a'l.
Memo,) KO'JptjJUf(UeHntOq nymeii. MeTOJJ; lCo31j1q,Hl.\lIeHTOB
nYTeij npe.n:CTaBIISleT c060ii MeTOI( aHaJIII3a CBJl3eli MeJl(A)' npll-
'/lfHaMI1 H cne/{CTBHRMH JI n03BOJlReT C nOMOlJjblO Hccne.l\OBaHHJI
perpeccllli H KOppeJIJlI1HII YCTaHaBllliBaTb l.\enOqKII B3aIIMOCIIJI-
215

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llyme6aJ1 MoOenb 8nUJIHUJj zeHemW/eCKUX (G) u cpeOo8bIX (E)
ljJaKmopo8 Ha rjJel/omul1 (P)
-
 p
LlJl
3eH Me;K/l.Y BJIeHIIMH 11 npOBepJln nmOTe3bI orHOCHreJIbHO HX
C11>YKTypbI. ):\JI HJIJIIOc11>aI..\HH nOKa;KeM Ha npHMepe, KaK MO;K-
HO npe/l.CTaBHTb CTaTHCrHqeCKOe Bblpa;KeHlle B BH/l.e /l.HarpaM-
MbI nyreH.
PaccMoTpHM npocreHwylO JIllHeHHYIO MO/l.elIb P = ° + E
(CM. maBY 6 naparpa4J 1.1)
B /l.aHHOM CJIY'Iae "nYTH" (o603Ha'leHbI crpeJIKaMH) 011>a-
;KaIOT CTcnCHb, B KOTOPOH reHeTHqeCKHe H Cpe.llOBble OTKJIOHe-
HH BIIHIOT Ha 4JeHoTHnHqeCKHe OTKJIOHeHHH npH3HaKa. K034J-
4J11I..\HeHT nYTH*, 113MepHlOUjHH Y,II,eJIbHbIH Bec BJIIIHHHJI G Ha P
(TO eCTb 8JI11HHHe HaCJIe/l.CTBeHHOCTH), npe,!!craBJIHer C060H OT-
HoweHHe CpeJl,HerO KBa.I\PaTH'leCKOro OTKJIOHeHHJI P, B03HHKa-
IOll\erO no,ll, BJIHJlHlleM G, K o6weMY cpe,!UIeMY KBa.llpaTHqeCKO-
ro OTKJIOHeHHJI P, B03HHKalOUjero no,ll, BJIIIHHHeM Bcex npHqHH
H3MeH'IHBOCrH , TO eCTb h = V N
o P'
CYwecTByeT pK,!! npaBHJI nOCTpoeHHK II.HarpaMM nYTeH,
Ha KOTOpbIX Heo6xo/l.HMO XOTJI 6bI KOpOTKO OCTaHOBIiTCH, no-
CKOJIbKY OHII n03B01lKIOT npaBHlIbHO 'IHTaTb ,ll,HarpaMMbl, npeA-
CTaBlIeHHbIe B pa3JII1qHbIX pa3,!!eJlaX KHHrH.
BOCnOJlb3yeMcJI ,!UIarpaMMOH nYTeH, oT06pa)l(aIOweH BIIH-
HHHe HaCJIe.n:CTBeHHOCTH (0) H Cpell.bl (E) Ha 4JeHoTHnHqeCKHe
3Ha'leHHH napbI M3 611H3HeI..\OB, .IlJlH IInlIlOC11>al..\l1H IIcnOlIb30Ba-
HIIH npaBHn noc11>0eHIlK ,!!HarpaMM.
Ha ,!UIarpaMMe (PIlCYHOK 6.4 ) ° H E He KOppeJlHpYIOT (HeT
C11>eJIOK Me;KII.Y HIIMH), 3aBHCHMaR ncpeMeHHaH P M)( COeJl,HHeHa C
G,
PUCYHOK 6.4
ftua2pa.wlta l1ymeu, I1pedcma611R1OUj(JJl 6J1WlHUe HaCJleOCm8eHI/OCrnU
( P) U cpedbl (E) Ha IjJelwmWlu<JeCKue 311£l'ieHWllUJpbl M3 6J11I3Heij08
. K03ctaM4MeHT "ynt OTnM"4aeT OT Kos4>C:PM4MeHT3 ICOppe.nHt\H' T8M, '-ITO OH
"'MeeT HanpaBneHMe M, COOT88TCT'B8HHO eCJ114 MeH:ReTCR HanpaaneHMe, TO MO)I(8T 113"'6-
HRTbCR lot ero 3H8"teHMe
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)l(CM CqHTaTb, 'ITa 0, II Be CBH3aHbI nYTeM qepe3 PM)" nOCKOlIbKY
npaBHJIa nOC11>oeHHH nyreBbIx II.l'!arpaMM 3anpewalOT npH nOCT-
poeHHH coell.HHHIOUjero nYTH CJle,!!OBaTb CHaqana B OIl.HOM Ha-
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eCTb npOTHB HanpaBlIeHHJI crpeJIlm, OT P M3' K 0,). CJIeIl.OBaTenb-
HO, nYTb 0, - p..", - Be He JlBnHeTCH COell.'lHJI1OwHM nYTe M Me)!('!!y
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MK npaBHJIaMH nOC11>oeHHJI AliarpaMM pa3pemaeTCH CJIeAOBaTb
CHaqana Ha3a/l., a nOTOM BnepeA. TaKHM 06pa30M, Ha pHcYHKe 6.4
nyn or P M3\ K Ee (nepBblH war Ha3aA), a nOTOM OT Ee K P MJI
npe.n:cTaBnKeT C060H COell.HHKIOWIiH nyn. Heo6xo,ll,IIMO IIMeTb B
BH/l.Y, '1TO, npO/I.BllraJiCb Ha3a/l., ClIe/I.YeT npOAOII)J(aTb /l.BH)J(eHHe B
3TOM HanpaBJIeHHII .11.0 Tex nop, nOKa He 6YAYT npOH,II,eHbl Bce B03-
MO)!(Hble marH, a 3aTeM nOBepHYTb Bncpe.n: II TaK)J(e npOHTlI Bce
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KOppenHl\HII H MorYT 5blTb Hcnonb30BaHbI B JII060M HanpaBJIeHHH,
TeM He MeHee TaKaJl JIlIHHH He 06ml.llaeT CBOHCTBOM "l..\enH" K034J-
4JHl\HeHTOB nYTeii. CJIe,i:lyeT OTMeTIITb, qTO 3T11 npaBIIJla He HBJlJI-
IOTCJI npOH3BOJlbHbIMH, KaK 3TO Ka)!(eTCH Ha ncpBblH B3rJUl,D., a 6a-
3HpYIOTCH Ha aHaJIlITllqeCKHX nOC11>oeHHJlX (60JIee nOll.p06HO CM.
'I Jhl,1978).
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TCH II onpe,!!eJlHM, qeM 06ycnoBneHO CXOACTBO napbl M3 6J111]-
217
216

HelloB. Oi\Ha llenOqKa nYTeH OT !jJeHOTl1na ncpBoro 6JIH3Hel.{a
(P MJI) K !jJeHOTHny BTOpOro 6JIH3Hel.{a (PM") npei\CTaBJlJleT co-
60H nYTb P MJI - Ec - P M32' IIJIH (e)x(e), HJIH e'; BTOpa!! l1enO'IKa
- P MJI- G I - G,- PM'" HJIH (h)x(ro,o,)x(h), HJIH h'(r olo ,)' HTaK,
K03<jJ!jJl1l.{lfeHT KOppellHl1lfH Me)l{,II.Y M3 6JIHJHel1aMH npe,ll.CTaBJIH-
eT C060H CYMMY .l1BYX l.{enO'IeK nYTeH:
r.,., = h' (r Olo ,) + e'.
ECJIH BMeCTO KOppeJIJlllHH Mbl IICnOJIb3yeM .lI.HCnepCHIl H
KOBapHallIlH*,To,nOCKOJIbKY
h'= VoN.; e'= VEN. II r. , ., = CovP, PjVp, cj>opMYJIa npll-
06peTeT CJ1e)(yIO!I\HH Bllj{:
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PUM 60Jlee nO.ll.p06HO Hal160Jlee HJBecTHYIO MO.l1e)Jb JlHHeHHblx
CTpYKTYPHblX COOTHoweHHH K.HopecKora.
MO.l1eJIb K.HopecKora - rl16KaH cj>opMaJIbHall MaTeMaTII-
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ro Kpyra HCCJIellOBaTeJlbCI(HX JaJl,aq. KaK 113BCCTHO, 60JIbWI1H-
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3aTeJIeH, IIJIII CHMnTOMOB, KOTopbIe MorYT 6b1Tb HCllOJIb30BaHbI
. KOBapMaA Covxy Me>KAY nepeMeHHblMi1 X M Y npeACTaBI1F1eT C060M CYMMY
npoi13se,a.eHMM OTKnOHeHMM OT cpeAttero nepeMeHHoH X M COOTBeTCTBYlOlLIi1X oTlU1oHeHMM
Or cpeAHero nepeMeHHo Y, ,AeneHHblx HS N-1
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cov.\}'= N-I
Koppen.R",-lo, (r xv ) "., perpeccMFI (b xv ) npeACTaSJ1RIOT KOBapMal.!Io'.1O a sMAe Aom,
AHCnepCMi1:
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cov.\)'
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'y (Vx)
On.AeT11M. TO eCll" craH.I1apTHble OTKIlOHeHIUI X M Y paBHbI, TO lCoal$cl:u4L1i1eHT
KoppellRlIU\ M K03ctJCPltl1eHT perpeCCi1i1 6YAyr OAMHalCOBbI, nOCKOnbKY
J(VXV.') =(V,)
218
I
Mil HCCJle.l10BaHH!I 3TI1X rlinOTeTH'IeCKHX nepeMeHHblX. CYW e -
CTBYIOT, KaK nOI\'1epKHBaeT K.HopccKor (1988), .l1Be OCHOBHbIC
np06JIeMbi HaY'IHOrO BbIBOj{a B COlll1aJIbHblX II nOBe.ll.eHqeCKHX
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CHI IIJMepCHJlH. BTopaH KaCaeTCJI TOrO, KaKMM 06paJOM Mbl
MO)l{eM Ol1eHHTb CJlO)J(Hble npllqllHHble BJ3HMOCB!!JH Me)l{i\Y ne-
peMeHHbIMH, KOTOpble HenOCpe.l1CTBeHHO He Ha6J1IOi\aIOTCE, a
JIHWb OTpaJKaIOTC!! B APyrHx nOKa3aTeJI!!X. COOTBeTCTBeIlIlO, MO-
lIeJIb B HaH60JIee 06!1\eH cj>opMe COCTOHT KaK 6b1 113 II.BYX qac-
TeH - MOl\eJlH 113MepeHHJI H MOi\eJIII CTpYKTypHblX coonlOwe-
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nepeMeHHbIe, IIIIH rllnOTeTII'IeCKHe KOHCTpj'KTbI, MoryT 6blTb onH-
caHbl npll nOMO!l\H lIa6JIIOj{aCMbIX nepeMeHHblX. MOi\eJIb CTPYI(-
TYPHblX COOTHOIlIeHHH Ja.!J,aeT npll'lHHHbIe BJallMOCBJlJI1 MeJKI\Y
JlaTeHTHbIMH nepeMeHHblMH. MOi\eJIb npei\IIOJIaraeT, qTO cY!I\e-
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6JIIOi\aeMble nepeMeHHble JlBJIllIOTC!! HHi\MKaTOpaMH, IIJIH CIIMI]-
TOMaMH, JIaTeHTHbIX nepeMeHHbIX.
IIoJIHaJi MOi\eJIb JIHHeHllblX CTpyKTypllblX COOTHowellHH
MOJKeT 6bITb onpe.l1eJIeHa CJIe.n:yIOII.\HM 06paJOM.
PaCCMOTpIlM CJIY'IaHHble BCKTOpbl 1'/ = (1']" 11" ..., 11m) II
I: = ( "" " ) n p ei\CTaBJI!!IOII.\He COOTBeTCTBeHHO JIaTeHT-
" ':II' 2 ..,!\,
Hble JaBIICI1Mble (3HI\OreHHble) H HeJaBI1CIIMbIe (JK30reHHble) nc-
peMeHHbIC.
BeKTOpbl 1'/ H  He Ha6JIIO,IJ;aeMbl, HO IIX MOJKHO Jai\aTb C
nOMOlI.\blO Ha6mOAaeMbiX nepeMeHHbIx Y = (Y" y" ., Y p ) II X =
(x" x" ..., X q ) CJIe)(yIO!I\IIM 06paJOM:
y=Ayl'/H (4.1.1)
H
x=A+ «l
rAe £ H 1) - BeKTopbl oWH60K H3MepeHI1!1, HJIII cnell l1 tP lI 'IeCKIIX
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co60n MHoroMepHble perpecclIl1 y no 1'] II X no C, COOTBeTCTBeHHO
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Il1HX BCKTOPY y, 060JHaqHM qepe3 B. KOBapHaUlloHHYIO MaTpll-
llY !jJaKTopoB l;, COOTBeTCTBYIOIl1HX BeKTOpy HCJaBIICIIMblX nepe-
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219

IIpep,nORaraeTCH, '11'0 CnpaSe.IVIlfllb/ 06bl'IHble nOCrYJIIlTbJ
ljIaKTopHOrO aHaJIlI3a, TO eCTb '1TO cpe,!\Hlfe 3Ha'leHHJI BeKTopOB
1], , E, 5, a Tal<JKe Cpe,11Hlle 3Ha'ieHIIJI KOBapHaI1110HHb1X MilT-
pUll E(1]E'), E(o'), E(EO') paDHb! HYlOO. KpoMe Toro, npep;noRa-
raeTCH, qTO KOBaptJal1l1oHHbIe MaTPlIl1bl xapaKTepHocTeH E(ee')
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p1!a!.(HoHHbrx MaTpHU ,l{BYX rPYITlI rrepeMcHHblx CrrpaBe,l{nHBil
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1J=B1J+r+, (4.1.3)
r,11e B - MaTPHl1a (mxm) K03Ij1cpHI1HeHTOB, OnH%IBa!OIl{HX npJl-
Moe B3allMHoe B!lIIHHlle 3H,!I,OrefIHbiX nepeMeHHblx h, a MaTPIII1a
r (mxn) xapaKTepH3YeT BJIH9HHe 3K30reHHbiX nepeMeHHbIx X Ha
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cooTBeTcTBcHHO, a e, 11 e, - MaTpHl1bI KOBapllaQIli1 e II d,
TOr,!l,a Ha5JIlO,!I,aeMblH BeKTop [y, x] HMeeT CJIe.n.YIOIl{YIO KOBapll-
al1 H O HH YIO MIITPHI1Y'
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,113HHbIM 3Ha'JCHI'!HM, B) CB050,11HbIC, TO eCTb HeK3BeCTHble II ou;e-
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220
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3 npe,l{CTaBJIJllOT c060fi 3K30reHHble nepeMeHHb!e (MJIM, B TepMH-
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221

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aI., 1989). MO,!\eJlb H3MepeHHH onHCbIBaeT CBJl3b JIaTeHTHbIX nepe-
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230
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243

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245

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249

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251

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253
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MH, Kor)1a no nOBeJjeHll1O lI.PyrHX mol\eH He05xoII.I1MO nOHJlTb, KBK
npaBI-IJIbHO pearupoBaTb Ha lI.eHCTBHII OKPYJKBIOIIX).
Pe3YlIbTBTbI, TO eCTb TO, K qeMY B HTore rrpHxo.n:IIT qeJIO-
BeK, peIllBIOHH IIHTCJI1IeKTYaJlbHyro Jal\a'lY, MorYT 5b1Tb npel\-
CTaBJICHbI B BHlI.e CjI,IIHH'IHbIX OTBeTOB, B BHAe KlIaeCOB HJIH rpynn
OTBeTOB PelllaJi 3aJja'lY, qeJlOBCK MOJl\CT TaK>KC HaiiTH eOOTHome-
Hlle MCy pa3HbfMH 06'6eKTaMH HJIH nOHJlTb !IX CTpYKTypy (CII-
254
CTeMY, rreJKaLI\Y1O B IIX OCHOBe). OH MOJKeT TaKJKC npeo6pa30BaTb
KOHe'lHbIH pe3YlIbTaT cBoeii HHTellJIeKTyallbHoii l\eJlTeJIbHOCTI! 11
Bblpa3HTb ero COBepmCHHO B lI.PyroH 1jJ0pMC, HeJKeJIH: Ta, B I<OTO-
pOIf "aBarrCR HCXOJl.HbJii MaTepHaJ1 HaKOHeII, OH MOJl(CT BbliiTH: 3a
paMKH TOH IIHljJopMaLl;HH, KOTopaJi CMY ABHa B TeCToBOM MaTepH-
we, II HaHTH 3lia'leHHe HJIII CKpblTbIH eMbICJI, JIeJKaHH B oeHOBe
nOH HHljJopMaI.\HH, '11'0 11 npHBe.neT ero K npaBHJlbHOMY OTBeT)'.
CO'leTaHlle 3THX Tpex KOMnOHeHTOB HHTeJIJIeKTYaJIbHOii I\C>!-
TeJlbHOCTH - Onepal.\lIH, cO)J,epJKaHHH H PC3YJIbTaTOB - 06pa3YeT
150 xapmepllCTHI< HHTeJlJIeK'ra (5 BH)J,OB onepaUIIH YMHOJKHTb Ha 5
1jJ0pM CO)J;Cp)f(IUiI!JlI1 YMHO)l(lfTb Ha 6 BH)1()B J>e3YJIbTaTOB, TO CCTh 5
x 5x 6 = 150)
IJpOBO,1\Jl nO'iTH 40 lIeT q.3KTopHO-aHamITH'IeCKlle IICCJICII.O-
BaHHJI, ,D,>K fnnljloPA C0311.aJJ TeCTbl MJI jI,IIarHOCTIIKII ABYX TpeTeH
TeOpeTII'IeCKII onpCII.CJleHHbIX HM IIHTeJIJICKTYaJlbHblX xapaKTepll-
CTHK H nOKa3aJI, '1TO MOll[HO BbI)J,CJlHTb KaK MHHMMYM 105 He3a-
BHCHMblX ljJaKTOpoB (Guilford J.P., 1982). Ojl,llaKO B3allMHaH He-
3aBllCHMOCTb 3TIIX lj>aKTopoB nOeTOJlHHO fIot(Beprae-rcR cO/<lHe-
Hmo, a caiola IIl\eJl ,D,JK.fIlJlljlop.n:a 0 cyeCTBoBaHHH 150 OTAe1lb-
HblX, He CBR3a1!HbIX JWyr C "pyrOI>! IIHTeJIJleKTYaJ1bHbfX xapaKTe-
pllCTHK lie BCTpe'laeT CO'lYBCTBH>! Y flCHXOJlOrOB, 3aHHMalOIl\IIXCJI
HCC1IC)\OBaHlleM HIIt\IIBHJ\.VaJlbHbIX p33JIH'IHH. OHH corllaCHb! C TeM,
qTO Bee MHoro06p33He IIHTeIDIeKryaJIbHblX XapaKTepilCTHK HeJlb3J1
CBOII.IITb K OAHOMY 06weMY ljJaKTOPY, HO COCTaBJIeHlle KaTaJlOra
H3 nOllYTopa COTeH ljJaKTOpOB npe)J,CTaBJIJleT C060H II.PYJ)'lO Kpaii-
HOCTb He06xo)1HM0 6b!JIO I1CKaTI, enoco5hI, KOTopbIe nOMorllH
6bl ynopRJjO'lHTb H COOTHeCTH "pyr C ./lPyroM pa3Ho06pa3Hble
xapaKTCpllCTIIKH IIHTellJlCKTa.
B03MOJKHOCTb c.nenaTb 31'0 BlIJ\eJIaCb MHOrHMn HCClIeJjOBaTe-
1I>IMII B HaXOJK)J;eHnH TaKIIX IIHTeJIJICKryaJIbHblX xapaKTcpliCTIIK, KO-
TOpbIC 51,( npCACTaBlI>llIlI C050H npOMeJKYTO'lHblH ypoBeHb MCJK.I!Y
06 W IIM ljJaKTopoM (<jJaKTOpOM g) H OT.neJIbHblMH pJlJ\onOJIOJKCHHbI-
Mil Xaplll<TepllCTHKaMI1 (TaKIIMII, KaK BbllI.CJIeHHMe n.TepCToHoM II
,[IJI\.fHJI!jJOp.uOM).
K l!a'laJIY 50-x rOJjOB nOHBJIJllOTCH pa60TbI, B KOTOpblX rrpcJ\-
lIaraeTCR paccMaTp!IBilTb pa:JllII'IHbJC IIHTeJIJIeKTyaJlhHwe xapaKTc-
PIICTHKH KaK HepapXH'IeCKH opraHII30BaHHbie CTpYKTypbI.
B 1949 r aHrnHHCKHIi IICClIC)tOBaTeJIb Cl1pllJI DepT ony6-
JIH:KOBaJl TeOpCTHqecKYIO cxeMY, COrJIaCHO KOTOpoii B CTpYKType
255

HHTeJ1J1eKTa cYlI1ecTByer 5 yp01lHeH. HH31l1H» ypoBeHI> 06pa3Y1OT
:meMeH1'apHble ceHcopHbIe II MOTopHbie npoI.(eCcbI. BOJ1ee 06I'!M
(BTOpbIM) ypoBHeM JlBJIJlIOTCJI llepl.\enl.\HJI 11 MOTOpH3J1 Koop.n:l1Ila-
I.\HJI. TpeTHH ypoBeHb npell;CTaBJIJlIOT C060H npOl.\eCCbl BbIpa60T-
KII HaBbIKOB H naMJlTb. Ee 60JIee 06HM ypOBHeM ('1eTBepTbIM)
JlBJI>!IOTCJI npOl(eCCbI, CBJl3aHHI>Ie C JIOrll'leCKHM 0606eHHeM, 11,
HaKOHel.\, nJiThIH ypoBeHI> o6pa3yeT 06H» Ij!alnop IIHTeJIJIeKTa
(g). CxeMa C.DepT3 npaKTI1'1eCKH He nOJlY'lIlJI3 3KcnepIIMeHTam,-
Hoil npOBepKI1, HO :no 61>IJIa nepBaJi nOnbITKa C0311;aTb lIepapxlI-
qeCK)'IO CTpYKTYPY HHTeJlJIelnyanbHblx xapaKTepHCTI1K.
Pa60Ta l.1Pyroro aHrJ1H»CKoro HCCJIeIl;OBaTeJIJI, It>HJ1Hna
BepHOHa, ony6JIIIKOBaHHaJi B TO JKe BpeMJI (1950 r.), I1MeJla noJl,-
TBepJK.l\eHI1J1, norry'leHHble B lj!aKTopHo-aHaill1Tl1qeCKIIX HCCJIeJl,O-
BaHIIJlX. It>.BepHoH BbIJI,eJII1JI '1eThlpe ypOBHJI B CTpYKTYPe IIHTeJl-
JIeKTyaJII>HbIX xapaKTepllcTHK - 06IIH HHTeJIJIeKT, OCHOBHbIe
rpynnoBbIe ljJaKTOpbI, BTopocreneHHble rpynnoBbIe ljJaKTopbl H
CneI.\HIjJI1'1eCKHe lj!aKTOpb(.
Hall60ilee 113BecTHY1O B cOBpeMeHHoH nCHXOJlOI'IiH Hepap-
XllqecKYIO cTpYKTYPy HHTeJ1J1eKTa npe,!\JIOJICHII aMepHKaHcKHH HC-
Cile;:(OBaTeilb PaHMOIU\ K:.ITTeJI (Cattell R., 1957, 1971). P.K:.ITTeJI
II ero KOJlJlerl1 npell;nOJIOJKHJ1H, '1TO OTII;eJlbHI>Ie HHTeJUleKTyaJIb-
HbIe xapaKTepHCTI1KII, BblJl,eJIeHHble Ha OCHOBe ljJaKTopHoro aHa-
JIH3a (TBKHe, KaK OepBH'IHble YMCTBeHRbIe cnoco6HOCTH JI.Tep-
CTORa I1JII1 He3aBI1CI1Mble lj!aKTopbI .II.JK.fl1J1(jJopII;a), npH BTOpH'I-
HOH ljJaKTOp!l3al(IIH 06'beIl;IIHJlTCJI B II;Be rpynnbI IIJIII, B TepMI1HO-
JIOrllH aBTopOB, B JUla llIHpOKHx lj!aKTopa. Oi\llH H3 H!lX, Ha3BaH-
Hblil KpI1CTaJIJIH30BaHHb!M HHTeJIJleKTOM, CBJl3aH C TeMK 3HaHKR-
MH H HaBbIKaMH, KOTopble npll06peTeHbl '1eJIOBeKOM - "KpI1C-
TaJIJII!30BaHbI" B npoQecce 06y'leHIIJI. BTOpOH WHPOKIII! lj>aI<TOp-
Ij!moHMbIH HHTCJIJ1eKT - MeHbllle CBJl3aH C 06yqeHHeM II 60JIb-
mc - co cnoco6HOCTblO 8.11.8nTKpOBarbCR K lfeJHaxOMblM C"Tya-
1.\1111101. qeM BbIwe IjJJlIOH.II.Hblii IIHTeJIJIeKT, TeM Jler'le 'IeJIOBeK
CnpaBJIlJerCIJ C HOOMMH, HenpHBbI'IHbIMII JI]UI Hero np06i1eMHbIMK
cIITyaI.\HJlMH.
BH8'18ne npe.ll.nonaraJIOCb, '11'0 lj>JIIOHlJ.HbIH HHTeJJJIeKT B
60JIbWeH <:TeneHII CBJl3aH C nPIJPOi\llblMIJ 3a.n:aTKaMH IJHTeJIJIeKTa
II OTHOCHTeJIbHO cB060.n:eH OT BJlHJlHIIJI 06pa30BaH!lJI H BocnHTa-
HIIJI (TeCTbI ero lJ.llarHOCTHKII TaK II H83bIBanliCb - TeCTbl, CBO-
GaMble aT KYJIbTypbI). Co BpeMeHeM crano JlCHO, 'ITO 06a BTO-
256
pH'IHbIX ljJa1\TOpa, XOTIJ II B paJHOH cTeneHII, HO Bee )J(e CBJl3aHbl
C 06pa30BaHHeM II B Oi\llHaKoBoit <:TeneHH HCnblTJ,lBalOT BJIHJlHlle
H3CJIelJ.CTBeHHOCTIl (Horn J., 1988). B HaCTOJlUlee BpeMJI y)J(e He
IICnOJIb3YeTCJI HHTepnperaQHJI IjJJIlOHI\HOrO II KpIiCTaJlJ11130BaH-
1I0ro IIHTeJIJIeKTa KaK xapaKTepllCTIIK, IIMelOHx pa3H)'IO npll-
POll;y (oaHa - 60JIec "COQllaJIbHaJl", a l.1Pyru- GOJIee "6110-
ilorH'IeCKaJl").
Bnocne.nCTBHII, npll npoaOJJ:)J(eHIIII HCCJIMOBaHllii, P.Kn-
TenOM Hero KOJIJICTaMIl GblJIO 06HapYJKeHO, '1TO '111CJ10 BTOpll'l-
IIblX WHPOl(IJX <\IaJ(Top06 He CBOaHTCJI K JUlYM. KpOMe <\IJlIOI1)\HO-
ro II KpHCTaJlJIH30BaHHoro IIHTCJIJ1eKTa, CCTb OCHOBallHR WI" BbJ-
lI;eJIeHIIJI elll,e 6 BTOpH'IHbIX ljJaKTopoB. OHH 061>eJl,llHjJIOT MeHb-
mee KOJIII'lCCTIlO nepBH'IHbIX YMCTIleHHblx cnoco6HOCTeH, '1CM (jJJIlO-
Hl\HblH II I<pllCTaJlJIH30BaHHbIii IIHTCJIJ1eKT, HO TeM He Mellee BBJIJI-
JOTCJI 60ilee 061l.(1tMII, '1eM nepBII'IHblC YMCTBeHHblC cnaco6HocTI1
K '1l1eJIy 3T11X <\IaKTOpOB OTIIOCJlTCH cnoc06HoCTb 06pa50TKII 3pll-
TeJlbHOii HHljJopMaIIH, cnocoGHOCTb 06pa60TKII 3KYCTH'IecKoH
IIHljJopMaQHH, KpaTK08peMeHHaJi n3MJlTb, aonroBpeMeHHaJi na-
MIITb MaTeMaTK'leCKlle cnoco6aocTli H CXOPOCTb BbInOJIHeHIIJI
,
HHTCJlJIeKTyaJIbHbIX TeCTOD.
TaKIIM 06pa30M, CTpYKTypa IIHTeJIJlel<T8, npei\.IIOJKeHHaJi
P.K3TTeJIOM, npeJl,CTaBJIlleT ca60H TpexypoBHeBYJO HcpapxlIlO.
ITCpBblH ypOBCllb - nCpBH'IHblC YMCTBcHHbIe cnoc06HoCTH, BTO-
POH YPoDeHb - Il.(lIpOKHe ljJaKTopbl (B '1aCTIIO<:TH, !\JJIlOII)\HblH H
Kpl1CTaJIJIH30BaHHblH HHTeJIJIeKT) II TpCTIIH ypoDeHb - 061l.(HH
HHTeJIJIeKT.
naJJ;Ba mOI1l 1ICCJ1CJ\OBaHIIIIM IIHTeJIJIeKTa, npoBcII;eHHblM
B p3MKax nClixoMeTpH'IecKoro HanpaBJIeHHJi, MOJKHO CKaJaTh cJle-
II;YJOee Bo-nepBblx, B pa60Ta" 3Toro H8npaBileHIIJI 6bIJIO ObIC-
KaJaHO npeJl,nOJIOJKelllle 0 cyel:TBoDaHIIH oGero IIHTCJIileKTY-
IIJIbHOTO lj>aXTopa (lj>3KTopa g); BO-BTOPblX, 6blJIO nOKa3aHO, '1TO
MHororpaHHocTb IIIITeJlneKTyanbHoii c!\Jepbl 'ICJIOBeKa Tpe6YeT
paCCMOTpeHIIJI 60nee 'IaCTHbIX xapaKTcpllCTIlK (nepBH'IHblX coo-
C06HO<:Teit); B-TperbHx, 6bInH C03aaHbi lIepapXII'IeCKHC MOII;eJlH
HHTeJJJIeKTa, KOTopble npOlJ.eMoHcTpllpOBaJJH cyeCTBOBaHlle II
o6ero HHTeJIJ1eKTyanbHoro <\IaKTopa, II OTHOCHTeJIbHO HeJaBII-
CIIMblX nepBH'IHbIX cnoc06HoCTeH, II, KpoMe Toro, - 1'3KIIX IIH-
TeJIJIeKTyanbHblx xapaKTepHCTIIK, KOTOpb!e JlBJIJlIOTCJI MeHee 06-
llI,IIMH, '1eM (jJaJ(Top g, HO 60JIee 0611\11MH, 'IeM pa3Hbie HHTeJ1J1CK-
257

TyanbHbIe XapaKTCpHCTHKH. OTlfOCJlIl.\Hec K ypOBHIO IIcpBH'IHbIX
YMCTBCHHb!X cIIoc06HOCTeii (BTOpH'JllbIe ljIaKTOpbl).
B IICCnC.lIOBaJlHJlX, npOBO,llJlIl.\HXCJI B reHeTHKe IIOBC.n;eHHJI H
OplleHTllpYIOU1I1XCJI Ha nCHXOMeTpH'IeCKIIH no.zcc:OJl" 06U1CnpHHJI-
Tb!M 6bJJJO H npO,llOJ!)fCaer OCraBaTbCJI npe.Zl;CTaBneHHe 0 CYU1e-
CTBOBaHHII 06I1.\ero ojJaKTOpa HHTen.nCKTa. OAHaKO eCJIH B paHHlJX
pa60rax IfHTcpeC IICCnep;OBilTC]{CK OrpaHIf'lHBilnCJI Bl>I!lCHeHlreM
reHOnrn-cpCI\OBI,JX .n,e-rcpMI'!HaHT 06U1erO HIITen.neKTa, TO n03.n,Hee,
C 60-x roJl,OB, Ha'inHaIOT nOJIBlIJI1'bCJI pa60TbI, nOCBJlII.\eHHble pOJlH
rCHOTnna II Cpei\bI B BapllaTHBHOCTH OTJ(enbHbIX KorHHTIIBHblX
CIIoco6HOCTCii, a B IIOCJIc.n,Hee i\eC!lTHJIeTlle IjIOpMHPYCTCJI Kaqe-
CTBCHHO HOBbIU no.zcc:OJ( K HX IIccnCJ(OBaHIiIO. Tencpb IIpll 1f3yqe-
HIIII rCHOTIIII-Cpei\OBb)X ,lJ;e-repMHHaHT KOrllIlTHBHblX CIJOC06HOC-
TCH ,lJ;enaIOTCJI nOlJbITKII OlleHHTb BKna.n, 06U1ero HHTeJIJIeKTa B ry
IInH HH)'IO }(OrHlJTI1BHylO xapaKTepHCTHKY. MHa'Je rOBOpJl, B CO-
BpeMellHb!X p860Tax BblJlCH!leTCJI, '1eM 06YC1100neHa CBJl3b KOrHlJ-
TI1BHbIX cnoc06HOCTeH C reHOTHnOM - HX CBJl3bIO C 06I1.\lJM IIH-
TenneKTOM HJlH HX C06CTBeHHOH Crrel.!HojJIIKOii. K 06CY JK .ltCHIiIO
pC3YJIbTaTOO I1CCne.I{OBaHIIH KOrl1HTHBHOii c<j!epbl, npooe.n,eHHblX
B reHC1I1KC IIOBC.lteHHJI, Mbl H ncpCXO/{HM.
'iTo6b1 HIIBeRlfpooaTb CRY\laHHble <jJ8)<TOpb!, KOTopble MorYT no-
OJIH!lTb Ha pe:!YllbT8ThI pa60T, npOBOII,JIU1I1XC!I Ha Hc60nbWIIX ObI-
60pKax, rreplfOI{!f'lecKIf Bee HMelOII.\/leC!I PC3YJlbT8TbI o606ll.\aIOTCJI
H nOi\CqHTblBaIOTC!I cpeJl,lllle MJI Bcex pa60T nOI(a3aTeJln KOMno-
HCHT ojJCHOTHnn'lCCKOii JI,IICl1epCIfH IfHTe.n.nCKTa - HaeJle}!eMOCTb,
CHCTeMaTH'IeCKaJl II HCCHCTCMaTMqecKa!l cpClUi. ITOCJIcronm pa3 Ta-
KaJl 0606ll.\aIOD\8J1 pa60n 6bIJIa BbmonHCHa T.EymapJ(oM H
M.MaKrH B 1981 r. Oun npoaHaJ1H3HpoBaJlH Jl,aHHble nO'lTI'! norry-
Topa COTeH pa6oT, KOTOpbIC 6bIIII1 npOBCJI,CHbI 3a 20 JIeT H R KOTQ-
pblX COnOCTaBJIJlJIOCb 0 06eH CJlOJl(HOCTIi OKono CTa TbICjJq POA-
CTBeHHHKOB. CpeJl,llHC nOKa3aTel1H BHYTPHnapHoro CXOi\CTBa JI,OJI
pa3HblX THnOB POi\CTBCHHHKOB. nOJIY'ICHHbIC 3TIIMII aBTopaMH,
npeJl,CTaBnellbl B TB6J1HQe 7 2. _
KaK COBcplllCHHO OneTJlHBO BHJI,IIO 113 Ta6nllL\bI, 60JIbWell
crcneHII rCHCTlI'iCCKOrO CXOi\CTBa COOTBeTCTBYeT II 60JIbWee CXOi\-
Ta6J1Uu,a 7.2
Cxoi)cm6o UHmeJV1eKma y pa3HblX l1ap poi)cm6eHHuKo8
(Bouchard T J., McGee M., 1981, '1um nO Plomin R., 1990)
2. Ponb reHOTHna H Cpe,qbl B BapHaTHBHOCTH
KOfHMTHBHblX xapakTepHCTMK
/(03<jJcj>HIllf6HN KonM"IeCTBO
CTeneHb rBH8TM"IeCICQrO CXOACTB8 BHyrpKnapHOQ
CpS8HMsaeMbiX J1IOAeM KOPP'ln.LIJ'H nap
reW8TM'teCKM K,q.MTK'tH..... (100% oI5iMX reHOB)
M3 5n.3He.., ."pocuJ.e ..ecre I 0,86 I 4672
P33ny.leHH",. M3 5n.'He.. 0,72 65
reH,"""eCOM C......HH.... APY' C AAY'O" (50% oGUin "HOB)
JKueyucu, sAleeme 0.60 5546
A3 5nH3HebI
P.HOI(, Bblpoc.WM c POAMTeJ1f1..M, 0,42 6433
ill 0AIIIH M3 POA\4T8118M
CHSC.. (SpIlTh. H C8crPbl) 0,47 26473
JKueyucu, Sp03"
Pe6eHoK, BbI'POCW"' B npM8MHoQ ceMbO, 0.22 814
III 0AMH M3 ero I5M0J10rM81;1t"X POAMT81U3'"
POAHble cM5Cb1, YCblHOBJ1""Hble 0,24 203
B pa3Hble teMbM reHeTM"Ie(:KM He CBR3i1WHbMt Apyr C ,APYTOU (0% 06"J( reHOIt)
)l(USYUlU. SMIICm.
npI48MHW" pe(5eHOi( III OAMH "'3 0,19 1397
POAM"re.neA ero YCWHOBM8WMX
Aenl, BblPOCWMO BM8CTe 0,32 714
B Ha'lane :noii I'JIaBb! rOBOpllJIOCb 0 TOM, \lTO HHTenJiCKT
!lBnJleTCJI Tpai\I1QIIOHHb!M npCi\MeTOM IICCJICJI,OBilHHJI B rCHC1HKe
nOBep;eHHjJ C HerO HaqanOCb H3Y'IeHHC rCHOTHn-cpe.n,OBb!X J(e-
TepMIIHaHT nCIIXOnOrHqeCKl'!x xapaKTepliCTIIIC, C Hcro Mbl II Haq.
HeM OnHCaHJre peJYJlbTaTOJ! :JKcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX IICCJIe.llOBaHHii.
BbmonHCHHb!X B reHeTIIKC nOlJcJ(eHH!I.
2.1. 1f"..re_'lJIera
3a 75 JleT :JKcneplJMCHTaJIbHblX IfCCnei\OBaHHii HHTe!illCICTa B
reliCTlIICC nOBe.n,CHIiH 6blll0 nOJIY'leHo OrpoMHoe KOJlH'IeCTBO i\aH-
Hblx 0 POJIII reHOTlina II cpe,nbl B ero oapHaTHoHOCTH. .II.nJl Toro,
258
259

HE 3A6YAbTE
nOKa3aTeJ1b HacnBAYeMoCTIl onpBABneMbl C nOMoll1blO
MBTOAOB KOnlleCTBeHHO rBHeTIiKII, HOCIIT nonY11HlIlloHHb1 XB-
paKTep OM CSII.qeTenbCTByeT 0 ponll reHOTllna B ME>KliIH.QliIBItI-
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rOBOpIITC 'reHBTIIec:K8 06yc.noanBHHOCTb" TOra 1111I1I1Horo CBO-
CTBB 111111 Bra "HBClTeAyeMOCTb", BCErt:IA IlMeeTCR B BM,i:lY reHeTM-
1.jeCKa OOyc.nOB11BHOCTb ME>I<IiIHAliIBliIAYAI1bHoliI liI3MEHlIliI-
BaCT'" 3Toro C!\oCTBa
06PATliITE BHt1MAHliIE!
npl\ pa3l10>KBHIIII tpeHoTllnllecKo AllcnepclIl1 npll3HBKOB
Bbll1enReTcR Aile OCHOBHblX epeAoBblX KOMnOHeHTbf
nepBaR 113 HIIX ooyc.nOBneHa ME>I<CEMEII1HOI1 CPEAOIl1,
TO eCTb TeMII epBAOBblMII yenoslIRMII, KOTOpbte nOXO>K1I Y'lJ'TBHOB
OAHO ceMbll, II pa3I1l1alOTe y 11IOAe, npIIHa,qnB>Kall1I1X K pB3HbiM
eeMbRM lIaCTb tpBHOTllnlleeKOK AIICnBpcllll, eBR3aHHYlO e 3TIIMII
CpB,QOBbtMIl yc.nOBIIRMII, HB3blBalOT TBlOKe 06EVI epBAOK, Ct1C-
TEMATliIlIECKOVl epeAOK 111111 HEPA3J1li1YAIOEI.1C7I CpBAOK II
0603Ha4a1OT KBK c? IInll KaK E..
BTopa cpBAOBaR KOMnOHBH'ta o6yc.n0I311BHa BHYTPliICE-
MEVlHOVI cPEAOi1, TO BeT!> epe,qOBbiMII yc.nOBIIRMII, KOTOpblB
npIlBOAT K pa3l1111.jIlRM MBJKAY 1.jnBHaMII OAHO II TOK J1\e CBMbll
4aCTb tpeHOTMnK'iec:xoo ,i:lI1Cnepcllll, CBRJaHHYJO C BHyrpllceMel\HoK
CPBAOK, HB3bl!\a1OT TB1OI<B CnE4V1<1>liIYECKOVl, CI1Y4AVlH0I1
IInll PA3J1li1lfAIOU\EtIICR CPBAO II 0003HB'iBIOT KaK e2 Mnll KaK Ew.
CTBO no HHTeJlJIeI(TY' M3 611113Hel\bI noxoJJ(1I i\Pyr Ha APyra 60JIb-
we, '1eM 3; AeUt H pOAI!Tei11! - OOJrbUIC, '1CM nplfeMHbIe pen! H
YCblHOBIiBwHe IIX pOAIITeJ!I'!; pOAllbIe CH6cbI, JI<HBYIlJ.He co CBOHMH
pOMlTeJlJlMH - 60JlbWe, 'IeM npHeMHbIe .QeTH, JlUIBYIl1He B O.QHO"
CCMbe. BMeCTe C TeM Al!H CXOIJ;CTBa 110 HHTeJIJIeKTY BaJKHbl H cpelJ;O-
Bble BJIIIHHlIH. reHeTl1'1eCKH He CBJl3aHHble, HO Jl(HBYll1l1e BMeCTe
JIIOl(H (npueMlfble PeTH I!JII! npHCMHblC peTH H YCbJHO.ImB1IIHC IIX pO-
AHTeJIlI) OKa3bIBaJOTCR TaKJI(e B HeKoTopo!i CTeneHH nOXOJKH Apyr
Ha i\Pyra, XOTJI HX CXOIJ;CT80 He CTOJIb BbICOKO, KaK Y 61!0IlorH'IBCKH
CBRJaHHblX i\Pyr C IJ;PYI'OM JIIOAeii.
Ha OCIIOBaHHH 14aHHbIX, npc.n;CTaBiIeHHblX B Ta6JIIIl.\e 7 2,
MO)J(HO JIO.l\C""TaTb 1I0Ka3aTeJIH HaCJle.l\yeMOCTII HHTeJIJIeKTa. Ca-
MbIH npocTo!i cnoc06 - 3TO cpaBHHTb CTelleHb CXO.l{CTBII pa3Hbix
pOACT8eHHHJo:OB (Plomin R., 1990) ilaCMOTpIfM, 'ITO npll nOM
1I0iIY'IaeTCJI
IIoKa3aTeJ!b HacnelJ;yeMocTII, Bbl'lHCJIHeMbIH lIa OCHOBaHlI!1
Jl,aHHbIX pa3JIY'IelillblX M3 01JH3HCl\OB, paBeH BllyrpHllapHOH KOppC-
1IHl\HH M3 611113He1.\OB, nOCKOJIbKY pa3ny'leIlHbIC M3 6J1H311el.\bl MO-
r}'T OblTb l!OXO)l(1f TOIlbKO H3-33 CXO.QC11Ia fiX nmOTIIl!OB. B .QaHHOM
CJIy"ae CXOIJ;CTBO M3 paBHO 0,72, H, CJle.n;OBaTeJlbHO, nO\(a3aTCJIb
Hacne.l\YeMOCTH Ta\(JI(e paBCf! 0,72.
IIoKa3aTCJIH HaCJIe.l\YeMOCTII AIIR IJ;PYrHX pa3JIY'leHHbIX pOI!;-
CTBCHHIIKOB pasHbl y.n;aoeHHOH KOppemll.(HH MeJl(,lI:}' HHMH, nOCKOJIb-
KY 3TH pO.!ICTBeHHHKI! IIMCJOT TOJIbKO 1I0JIOBHHY 061l1HX rCHOB ITo
.aaHHbIM pOJI,HblX cH6cOB, YCblHOBJIeHHbIX B pa3HbIe CeMbl1, 1I0Ka3a-
Tern. Hacnel\YCMOCTH oY.i\eT paaeH 2xO,24=0,48. no p;aIfHbl/,f OI!OJlO-
nl'leCKHX pOMlTcJlei\ II HX AeTeH, OTJ\aHHbIX Ha YCblHOBJleHHe, _
2 x O,22=0,44
260
ilplI cpaslleHIIH Hepa31IY'IeHllbIX M3 II .II.3 6JI1I3Hel\OB nOKa-
3aTeJ1b HaCJIcl\YeMoCTIi BbI'IHCIDIeTCJI KaK YAJ!OeHHaH pa3HOCTb MeJi;-
.II}' 1I0Ka3aTeJIJlMil BHYTpl1l1apHOro CXOACTBa M3 II .II.3 6Jill3Hel\OB,
TO eCTb B lJ;aHHOM CJJY'Iae OH 6YIJ;eT paseH: 2x(0,86-0,60}:0,52.
YAJ!OeHHaR pa3HOCTb MeJK.l1Y KOppemll-lllJ/MH P0)1HbIX cII6cOB
II yCbllfOBJIeHHblX CH6wB pasHa.. 2x(0,47-0,32)=0,30.
YAJ!OeHHaJi pa3HOCTb MeJl(,ll,y KOppeJIJll\llJlMH pOAHren:ciJ H .ae-
TeH, C OPHOH CTOpOHbl, H npllcMHbIX Jl,eTeii H YCbIHOBIIB1llllX IIX po-
iUlTeJ!eH - C i\P)lrOH, paBlfa: 2x(0,42-0,19)=0,46.
Ha OCROBaRUH o606weHHbJX B Ta6J1Hl\e )1.ilHllbiX Mbl MOJKeM
nOJIY'IIITb, TaKIIM 06Pa30M, 6 nOKa3aTeJIeH HaCJIe.l\YeMocTII 4 H3
HIIX 6JIII3KI! no 3Ha'ieH1I1O II fIl\XOIU/TCJi II npe.Qei13X 0,44--0.52.
O.aIlH nOKa3aTe1Jb (cpaBlfeHHc pOAllblX I'! YCblHoBJleHllblx CI'!6COB)
OKa3blBaeTCJlII0 3Haqemoo HH)!(e OCTaJlbHblX  0,30. Ell1e OAHH ITO-
Ka:J3TeJJb HJlCJIe,QyeMoCTH, 1I0JIY'leHHbIH Ha Bbl60pKe pa:mY'leHHbIx
611113HCl\OB, OKa3bIBaCTCR CYIl1=eHHo Bbllue I'! paBeH 0,72. Ero Mbl
He OY.QCM CeH'IaC paCCMaTpIlB3Tb II aepHeMCR K ero 06cYJKAeHHIO
1I03JKe, B KOHI(e 3Toro lIaparpaa. TaKHM o6pa30M, lIoJlyqeHHble
peaYJlbTaTbIIl03BOJlJllOT, Bo-nepBblX, IIpH.QT1I K BbIB0.l\Y 0 TOM, '1TO
reHOTl!n OKa3bIBaeT IIJ1HHIlHe Ha IIH!1.HBlIJ.\YaJIbHble pa3J1H'IHH B HII-
TeJDIeKTe II. BO-BTOPblX, YTBepJl(,AaT]', 'ITO reHomn OllpelJ;eJlijeT OT
30% PO 50% BapHaTIIBHOCTl1 HliTeJlJ)CKTa.
261

HCnOJIb30BaHI1C OHOMeTpH'IeCKIiX MO,l\CJICH npH aHaJIH3C
TCX )J(e caMbIX AaHHblX, KOTOpble npHDMeHbI B TaOJIHl\e 7.2, TO
eCTb npHMCHCHHe Gonce COBepIlleHHOTO cnocooa Ol\eHKH KOMno-
HCHT 4>cHoTllnHqeCKOH ,l\IICnepCHH, n03BOJIHJIO 3aKmo'lHTb, '11'0
reHOTlln OnpeAeJIeT 51 % JI,IICnepCHH IIHTCJIJItKTa (Chipeur H.M.
et aI., 1990).
C nOMO!UblO OIlOMeTpIl'leCKHX MO,Zl.CJIeH OblJIO TaK)J(e nOKa-
3aHO, '1'1'0 nOJIY'IeHHble npll HCCJIe,!!;OBaHIIH HHTeJIJleKTa ,!!;aHHblC
xopowo COOTBeTCTBYIOT npocToH reHeTl'!'1eCKOH MOJl,eJIH, BbI,!!;e-
JIJlIOII.\CH B AHcnepclI1I npll3HaKa Tpll KOMnOHeHTbl - HaCJIc.llYe-
MOCTb (npeIlMYlI.\eCTBeHHo a.l!J.IHTIIBHYIO), 0611.\YIO cpe.IIY 11 pa3JIII-
qaIOI.l\YlOcJI cpe.IIY.
nepBaJi KOMnOHCHTa JI,IIcnepCHH - HaCJIc.llYeMoCTb - onpe-
.n:CJIJleT, KaK Y)J(e rOBOpIlJIOCb, nOJIOBIIHY MC)J(HH,ZI.HBHJ\YaJIbHOH Ba-
pHaTHBHOCTII HHTeJIJleKTa.
0611.\aJl cpe,Zl.a BKmo'iaeT B ceo Te cpeAoBbIe BJIHHIIJI, KO-
TOpblC COBna,Zl.aIOT Y Cp<UlHHBaCMbIX pOACTBCHHIIKOB (HanpHMcp,
Y pO,Zl.HblX cH6cOB). K HeH OTHOCJlTCJI TaKl1e napaMeTpbI cpC,ZI.bI,
KaK COl\lIaJIbHO-3KOHOMH'ICCKHH cTaTYc ceMbll, o611.\He HHTepccbl
qJIeHOB ceMhll, 3aHTHJI II YBJIe'leHIIJI, KOTopbIe Y HIIX He pa3J111-
qBlOTCH. OO!!ta cpe,Zl.a, COrJIaCHO 31'HM ,!!;aHHbIM, OnpeAeJIeT
OT 11% 1\03)% AllcncpclIlI nOKa3aTeJIeH HHTeJIJIeKTa. HaHMeHb-
weH OKa3bIBaeTC pOJIb OOll.\eH Cpe,Zl.bl WI c1I6cOB, HeCKOJIbKO
OOJIbWeH - )J,JIJI .II.3 OJIII3I1el\OB II caMoH OOJIbWOH - .!lJIJI M3
OJlH3I1el\OB.
TpeTbJl COCTaBJUlIO!!ta>i I\IICnCpClI1I npeJl,CTaJ!JUleT coooi1 pa3-
JIH'IalO!Uyroc cpe.IIY, KOTopaH BKillO'IaeT B ce6J1 Tpll napaMeTpa -
KOBapHal\HIO rCHo'rnna H CpeJl,bI, oWII6KM H3MepCHIIJI H cooCTBeHHo
pa3JIH'IaIOI.l\YlOc CPC.IIY, TO eCTb Te cpel\OBble napaMeTpbl, KOTO-
pble He COBna,Zl.aIOT Y cpaBHIIBaeMbIX p0,Zl.CTBeH/iHKOB. HaIIpI1Mep,
Ae'I'H MorYT y'mTbcJI B pa3HbiX xnaccax, HMe'I'b pa'jHblX APY3di H
pa311bIC YBJIe'leHIIJI MO)J(eT pa3JIII'IaTbCJI OTHOWCIIHe pOJl,HTeJIeH
K O,Zl.HOMY H ilPyrOMY pe6cHKY B ceMbe. npll OI\UHaKOBOM 01'HO-
weHHH pOl\lITenelf '1aCTO pa3J1H'IaeTCJI BocnpllTHe l\eTbMH Tex
HJlII HHblX Jl,eHCTBHIf pOAIITeJIeH, II n03TOMY Jl,aJKe O,Zl.HHaKOBoe
OTHoweHHe pOJl,llTcneH MO)J(eT nO-pa3110MY IIHTepnpeTHpOBaTbC
l\eTbMII H OKa3blBaTb Ha HlIX pa3Hoe BnHJlIIHe (Dunn J., McGuire
S , 1994). Pa3JIH'IaIOl.l\aJlCJI cpe,l\a, comacllo nonyqCHHbIM .n:aH-
HbIM, onpeJl,eJlJlI'T OT 14% Jl,0 38% ,l\lIcnepclIl1 nOKa3aTenCH HH-
262
TenJIeKTa. HaHMeHbwcH OKa3b!BaeTC ee pOJIb )J,JI M3 6JIH3He-
LlOB H HaH60JIbWeH - AJUI clI6coB.
HTorH oo0611.\alOII.\IIX paOOT BnonHe COOTBeTCTBYIOT TOMY
npenCTaJlJIemnO 0 reHOTlln-cpe,Zl.OBbiX COOTHOWeHHJlX B Bap"aTHB-
IIOCTH HHTeJ1J1CKTa, KOTopoe CJlO)J(lIJlOCb B reHeTlIKe nOBe,l\eHH1I B
nocJle)I.IIHe 30 JIeT Ha oCIIOBaHHII ,l\aHHblX oT,l\eJIbHbIX Hccne,!!;OBa-
HHH. KaK IIpaBIIJIO, npil 06cnenoBaJlHII )teTeH, nO,llpoCTKOB H B3pOC-
JlblX OOHapYJK}IBaIOTC aHaJJO!1I'1Hble pe3ynbTaTbI: rellOTlln onpe,n,e-
JUlI'T npl.fMepHO nOJIOBIIHY BapllaTIlBHOCTII HHTemreKTa,  pOJIb 06-
ll\eH H pa3JI\.f'laIOll\eHCJI cpeAl>I 3aBHCHT OT TOro, aa KaKOII BbIoopKe
I.fCnbrryeMblx npOBO)I.IITC1I I.fCCJIe,n,OBaHHe. Ecnll cpallHlIBaJOTCJI M3
II .II.3 6nIl3Hel\bI, TO BJ(JIa,!1 o611.\ell cpc)JJ>I B Bapl.faTIIBHOCTb IIHTen-
JleKTa OKaJbIBaI'TC1I npllMepHO B 1,5--2 paJa OOJIbIlle, '1eM paJiIl.f'la:
IOll\ei\cJl (HanpIlMep, 35% JI,IIcnepclIII onpeJl,enJleTc1I o611.\ell cpC,!!;OIl
II 15% _ PaJJDI'IaJOIl\CHCJI). EenII cpaBHHBalOTCJI npl1eMHble II pOJl,-
HbIC CH6CbI, TO COOTHOWCHlle 06Illei! II pa3J1I1'1aIOlI.\eHCJI CPC,ZI.bI
06b1'1HO 6bIBaeT npOTHBOnOJlOJKHblM.
TaKoe COOTHOIlleHlle KOMnOHeHT 4>eHoTllnll'leCKOH JI,IIcncp-
CIIH HHTeJlJIeXTa 06HapYJKHBaeTc1I Y)J(c B CTapIlleM 1\0WKOJIbHOM
B03paCTe II OCTaeTCJI 60Jlee IIIDI MeHee HCII3MCHHblM Ha npOTJlJKCHlI1I
Bcero .n:erCTBa, IOHOCTIIII, nO-BI.f)I.IIMOMY, 3penoCTII (HeyaepeHHoCTb
B TOM HaCKOJlbKO Jl,OCTOBepHbl ,l\aHHble, OTHOCJlIl\HecJl K 3peJIOMY
B03pa::.r y , OObJ!CII>leTCJI TeM, '1TO pa6oT, npOBcJI,eHHblX Ha 30--60-
nerHIlX Hcnbl'l)'cMblX, KPaHHe MaJlO).
OT pOJKJl,eHIIJI Jl,0 5---{) JIeT HacneJ\YeMoCTb IIHTenrrCKTa yaMII-
qllBaeTC1I nO'ITII OT 0 B nepBblH roil. JKII3HII 1\0 50%. B nO)J(lIJlOM
B03paCTe, CYAR no 6JD13Hel\OBbIM )taHHbIM, BIOI8.)J. reHomna B Bapll-
aTIIBHOCTb IIHTeJIJIcKTa onJlTb CYII.\CCTBeHHO 113MCHJleTCJI no BMII'IlI-
He lI.n.oCTIlTaeT 80% (pedersen N.L. ct aI., 1992). IIo.n:po6Hee B03pa-
CTHbIe 1.f3MeHCHH!I nOKaJaTCJICH Hacne.IIYcMOCTII IIHTeJIJItKTa 0Y.llY T
onHC3Hbl B malic Hi, npl1 06cyJKJl,cHHH ponH n:Homna " cpel\bl B
Pa3BUTIIII.
ElI.\e O)I.IIH Bonpoc, KOTOpbIH HeOoxoJl,llMO pacCMOTpeTb, aHa-
Jlli3HpY reHeTH'IecK!ie UCCJlC,l\OBaHIIJI UHTeJIJlCKTa, KBC3eTCJI pe3ynb-
TaTOR, norry'laeMblX Ha BbI60pKax pa3iIY'leHHbIx M3 6nH3Hel\OB.
HaAO CKa3aTb, '1TO nOKB3BTenH Hacne.IIYeMOCTII IIHTeJIJIeKTa, Bbl-
'IHCJUleMble HB OCIlOBaHIIH .n:aHHbIX pa:mY'IeHHbIX 6nIl3Hel\OB, Bce-
r,Zl.a OKaJblBaIOTC1I Bblwe, '1eM nOKaJaTemI Hacne.IIYeMOCTIl, nony'Ia-
eMble npll cpaOHemiJ.! BCCX APyrllx nap p0Jl,CTBeIlHilKOB. OObI'IHO
263

3TOT <jJaKT nblTaJIlICb 06"bHCHI1Tb He)'J,OCTaTO'IHOH '1I1CTOTOH HCCJIe-
)'J,OBaHIIH, npOBO,I\I1MhIX Ha paJnyqeHHhrx 6nH3Hcuax, - HccnY'Iai!_
HblM pacnpe,I\eneHllel.! )'J,eTeH no ceMbHM, HenonHblM paJnyqeHlIel.!,
BOJpaCTHb!MII paJJUI'IHJlMlf Me)l(,D;y napaMIt It T.)'J,. Bee 3T1I <jJaKTOpbJ
MorYT npllBO)'J,liTb K HereHeTlI'IeCkoMY CXO,I\CTBY paJnyqeHHblx
6ID13Hel\OB II 3aBbllllaTb nOJ<aJaTenb Hacne)'J,j'eMocTH. Oi1HaKO nO'le-
MY 3TO npOlfCXO,I\HT BCeri1a, He3aBilCHMO OT CTeneHI'! paJJIY'IeHHH
6ID13HeuOB, OCTaBanOCb HenOHJlTf!bIM. "3araJI,Ka",- HamtCanll
P.ITnoMlfH H .II.)f(.HHKonc B 3arnaBHH CTaThH, nOCB!lII.\eHHOH aHaJIH-
3Y 3T01i np06neMb! (Plomm R., Nichols J.C., 1989).
COBCCM Hei1aBHo 6bIllO npeMO)f(eHO 06"bHCHeHHe 3TOH 3a-
raiIK M , 3acnY)f(lfBalOl1.\ee caMoro npHCTaJIbHOrO BHIIMaHHH. M .II.a-
Hlfenc H cra Komrenr B3HJIII 3a OCHOBY CYMMapHbre i1aHHble, nOJIY-
'1eHHbrc B pa3HblX HCcnCIJ,OBaHI1HX HHTeJmcKTa Ha pa3Hbix napax
pOIJ,CTBeHHHKOB (Ta6nHua 7.2) II paccMoTpeml, B KHKOH CTcnCHH
3TH )'J,aHHble COOTBeTCTBYIOT pa3HbIM CTaTIICTllqecKHM MOi1eJIJlM.
HHaqe rOBopH, OHH npOi1enaJlH TY )!(e npoue)'J,j'PY, KOTOpaJl npo-
BO.l{Hnacb " paHec nprl aHaRlt3C CYMMapHblX ,I\RHHbIX 11 6bllTa yno-
MHHYTa B 3TOM pa3i1elTe TeKCTa, Oi1HaKo, B OTlTlI'IHC OT aBTopOIl
np C i1 bI .lJ.yIl.\nx pa60T, OHH BKJIIOqlllTH B paCCMOTpCHHe i1PyrHe KOM-
nOHeHTbI <jJCHOTlmllqeCKolf i1HCOePCIlIt, B '1aCTHOCTH, IaTepI1HC-
KIIH 3<jJ<jJeKT (Daniels M. et aI., 1997).
J1x paccY"'t{eHH.II np" 3TOM 6b1Jm TaKOBb). ,lJ,aHHb)C BHYTpH-
napHom CXO,I\CTBa pa3JIyqeHHblX M3 6m13HeIjoB IICnOJIhJyroTcH KaK
npHMoii nOKaJaTenb HaCJICi1yeMoCTII. .II.cHcTBIITeJIbHO, ccnn M3
6nll3HeIjbl HC HMCIOT o6I1.\ero CpC)l.OBoro OnblTa, TO nx CXOi1CTBO
MO)!(HO 06"bHCHHTb TOnbKO CXOi1CTBOM HX rCHOTl1nOB. Oi1HaKO M3
6JIHJHCl\bI BCCr,I\a ItMCIOT 06I1.\II" CPCJlOBOH OnblT' l!R)f(C CCJIn OHn
6blJIH paJnY'ICHbl Cpa3y )f(e nocnc pO)f(,!\eHHJI iI )f(IIJIII B paJHbIX cpe-
i10BblX YCJIOBI1HX, OHI1 HMenH o6I1.\YIO cpci1Y B nepllOIJ; BHY1'pHYT-
p06Horo paJBHTItJl. 05I1.\IIC YCJIOBilJI pa:JBIITlU B npeHaTaJlbHOM ne-
pllOi1e (npeeenapaIjHOHHaH cpei1a IlJI1I MaTepHHCKHH 3<jJ<jJCKT), HapH-
)'J,j' C 061l{HM reHOTHnOM, 01'pa)f(aIOTCJI BO BHY1'pHnapHOM CXO,!\CTBe
pa3JIY'ICHHbIX M3 6nl1JHeIjOB H 3aBbllllRIOT nOKa3aTeJlb HaCJ1Ci1ye-
MOCTH KOr,IJ;a)!(c nOKaJaTeJIb HaCJIel\)'CMOCTH nOi1C'IHTblBaeTCH no
i1aHHbIM HepaJJIyqeHHblX 6JIil3Hel\OB (TO CCTb KaJ< Y.lI:BOeHHaJi pa3-
HOCTb MC)I(,D;y BHYTplmapHblM CXOJl,CTBOM M3 11 .II.3 6J1Iif3HeuOB), Ma-
TCPHHC!<HH 34J4JCKT BKJIIOqaeTCJI B KOMnOHeHTY 06I1.\eH CpCi1bl, '1eM
OH no CYTII H HBJIHeTCH.
264
IIpH npoBepKe 3Toro npe,!\nOJIo)ICeHHH OKa3aJlOCb, '1TO 1.10-
lJ,enH, BJ<JIIO'IaIOII.\HC MaTepHHCKilti 3IjJlpeKT, XOpOIllO COOTBeTCTBY-
lOT RMeIOIl{IIMC" B rCHCTRI<C nOBCi1CHHH .n:aHHbIM. TalC, BHYTpl1-
nap HOC CXO,!J;CTBO pa3JIHqllb!X nap pO,!J;CTBCHHRKOB, O)f(II.n:aeMOC
no Mo,!\eJIiI, nO'ITH nOJIHOCTblO COBnaJIO C pCaJIbHb!M (nOJIyqCH-
HblM no CYMMapHblM i1aHHbIM) PaJnll'lH" MeJK.lJ;Y O)f(I1,!\aeMbIMH II
peaJIbHblMII K03q,<jJIII.\lifeHTaMI1 KOppCIUl\1111 6b1JI1I OT HYJIH i10 HC-
CKOJlbKIIX COTbIX, TO CCTb OKa3aJIilCb MllHilMaJIbHb1. IIplf 3TOM MII-
TepHHCKHH 34Jq,eKT onlifCblBaJl 20% 4JeHoTHnH'IeCKOH ,!\lIcoepCHlI,
aMnTHBHOC HaCJIei10BaHHC - 34%, a HeaMlifTIIBHOC HaCJIeilOBa-
IIHe - 15% TaKIIM oGpa30M, npH yqeTC MaTepHHCKoro 3q,q,cKTa
BblBOilb! 0 BJ<JIa)l.C reHOTRna B BapHaTHBHocTb HHTeJIJIeKTa He Me-
H'HOTCJI (OH, KaK If !IO ,1(allHblM i1pyrllx pa60T, 06'bJ/CH.II/:T flpH-
MepHo nOJIOBHHY <jJCHoTnllllqeCKOH i1HcnepCI1I1), HO B OTnll'lRe OT
npCi1bIi1YWI'!X paGoT BJIHJlHHe reHOTHna He CBOi1I1TCH TonbJ<O J<
aMIITHBHOMY HeaMHTHBHa" KOMnOHCHTa COCTaBn"eT npllMep-
HO TpCTb BCCX reHOTHflll'lCCKRX BJIlIJlHIIII.
TaKHM oGpaJOM, nO,!\BO,!\H IITor aHaJ1IifJY oGII.\ero HHTCJI-
JIeKTa B reHCTIIKe nOBe,I\eHIIH, MO)f(HO CKa3aTb, qTO ilCCJI.lI.OBaTe-
JIR, HCnOJIb3YlOII.\He HeCKonbKO pa3J1HQaIOII.\HeCJI nOi1XOlJ.bl, y6c",-
.n:aJOTC" B TOM, qTO rCHOTl1n onpelJ,en"eT nplifMepHO nOJIOBHHY Ba-
pHaTHBHOCTH nOKa3aTcneil HHTeJlJIeKTa.
B JRBeprneHIIC OCTaHOBHMCH ell{e Ha O.ll.HOM acneKTC IICCJle,!J;O-
BaHHH HHTClUIeKTa B rClleTI1Ke nOBCl(eHII!I. OH CBH3aH C aHaJIH30M
ClICnJIeHI1J1.
AHaJII'!J CuenJlCHHH npelJ,CTaBJIJleT C060H cnoc06 onpelJ;ene-
HH" JIOKaJIIl3aUHI1 rCHOB. ITOCKOJIbKY rCfIb! pacnOJIO)!(eHbl B XpO-
MOCOMC B onpelJ,CneHHOM nOp"IJ,KC, Te 113 HRX, KOTopble HaXO.l\HT-
CH Ha 6JIH3J<OM paCCTOJlHHiI IJ,Pyr OT i1pyra (B 6JIH3ne)f(aIl.\IIX JIO-
Kycax XPOMOCOMbI), IIMelOT TeH.lI.eHuillO HaCJIe,!\OBaTbCH, TO CCII>
nepc,!\aBaTbC" OT pO,!\HTCJIeH J< AeTHM, BMeCTe. TaKlifc rCHbl Ha3bl-
BaIOTC" CuenJIeHHblMH ITpCJI,CTaBlleHile 0 CuCnJIeHIIII JlC)!(ilT B
OCHOBe CTaTHCTilqeCJ<OH npouc,!\ypbl, Ha3bIBaeMOH aHaJIII30M
Cl1enJlCHI1H
CMblcn ]TOil npoue,!\ypbl COCTORT B cnCi1YlOll{eM. JIoKaJIH-
3auHH B XpOMOCOMax rCHOB, onpClJ;eJIHlOlJ1HX HeKOTOpb!C <jJeHOTII-
nll'leCKIIC npH3HaKH, H3BeCTHa. 3TII npl13HaKH Ha3blBaIOT TeHCTII-
'1CCJ<ilMIif MapKcpaMiI. ECJIlllifHTepeCYIOII.\RH Hac npH3H3J< (Hanpll-
MCp, HHTelTJlCKT) nepei1aeTC" OT pO,I\IITeJIeH K ,!\eTHM C TOH )f(e Be.
265

2.2. AKa.ae/o"'..ecKHe J\OCTII'keHHII
O,-\CHllBaR BHYTPllnapHoe CXOII.CTBO 6JI11JHCIWB no 3T1IM no-
K33aTeIDIM, I1CCIleJ!OBaTCJIIi 06bl'lHO 06HapYJKI1BalOT 60J1bWee CXOII.-
CTBO M3 6J1113HeL\OB, no cpaBHeHHIO C .II.3, '1TO CBlllI.eTeJlbCTByeT 0
BJII10HIII'! reHOTHna Ha Dapl1aTI1BHOCTb aKaJI,CMI1'1eCKOM vcneWHOC-
TH. IIpHBCII.CM HeKoTopblC npHMCpbl. .
CaMoe 60J1bWOC rCHCTH'IeCKOe IICCJIell.OBaHHc aKai\CMH'IeC-
KHX i\OCTH)I(eHIIH (no KOJIl1qeCTBY BKJIIOqCHHblX B Hcro nap 6n11J-
HCL\OB) 6b1no npOBc,!ICHO B CiliA C nOMOll(blO HaL\HOHaJIbHOrO
TeCTa onpCII.CJICHHR Ka'lCCTBa JlIaHHH (Lochlin J.C., Nichols R.C.,
1976). OHO DKnlOqaJIO D cc60 OKOJIO 700 nap M3 H OKono 500
nap )];3 6JIIIJHCL\OB. TaKaR 60JIbWaO BbI60pKa nOJBOJIHJIa aB1'O-
paM oTo6paTb Jl,JlII OKOH'IaTerrbHOH CTaJl,HII HCCJICp;OBaHHII TaKl1e
napbl 6J1HJHCL\OB, B KOTOpbIX napTHcpbI MHHIiMaJIbliO OTJIllqa-
JIHCb no IIH,!IHBHJ!yaJIbHOMY onbITY (JI,JIHTeJIbHblM 60JIeJHIIM 011.-
Horo 113 6JII13HeL\OIl, CrrCL\HaJIbHOii nO,!lroToBKC O,l1HOro H3 6JIU3-
HCL\OD IlO KaKOMY-JlH60 WKOJlbHOMY npCAMCTY H T.P;.) OKOHqa-
TeJIbHble peJYJIbTaTbl 6bIJIIi nO,!lCqHTaHbJ .!IJlII 850 nap H CBIIAC-
TCJIbCTDYIOT 0 npHMcpHO op;HHaKOBOM DJIIIJlHHH reHOTllna Ha ye-
newHOCTb 06y<lCHIfH ero H3b1KOBbIM erpC,I1Me-raM, MaTcM;uHKC, 06-
ll\eCTBCHHblM ,!Il1CI.IHnmlHaM II eCTccTDcHHo-HayqHbIM ,!IHCL\lInnl1-
HaM (Ta6nliL\a 7.3). )];nll BceH Bbl60pKII 6n11JHc,-\oD (6e3 yqeTa no-
nOBbiX pa3nH'IIIM) nOKa3aTeJIH Hllcne.I\YeMocTH IIH,!IIIBI1i\yaJIbHbIX
pa3JII1qflM B aKatl,cr./HqeCKHX ,!IOCTH)f(CHHJlX BapbHPYIOT D npe,!le-
JIax 34-40%, a 061l\HH nOKaJaTenb HaCnetl,ycMOCTI1, BbIC'IHTaH-
Hblii Ha OCHOBaHIIH ycneWHOCTlI B paJHblX aKatl,eMH'ICCKHX cljlc-
pax, paDeH 48% H oKa3bIBaeTCJl, TaKHM 06paJOM, paIlHblM Ol.\CH-
Ke Hacne.I\YcMDcTH, nD!lyqaeMOii npH HCDO!lb3DDaHIIH CTaH,!IapT-
H!>IX TCCTOD HHTeJIJICKTa.
IIpH conOCTaBneHHI1 Ol.\eHOK no pa3HblM WKOJIbHblM npCA-
MCTaM 06HapYJKliBalOTCo JHaqHTeJIbHO 60JIbWIIC pa3JIHqHII MeJK-
.I\Y M3 H ):{3 6!1I1JHe,-\aMH, '1eM no TeCTaM aKa,!leMII'IeCKIIX i\OCTH-
JKCHHH, II 60JIbWCC eXOI\CTBO M3 ,!ICBOqeK, «eM M3 MaJIb'lllKOB B
pa60TC WDC,!ICKOrO nCI1XOJIora T.XbIOCCHa, rrpOBClI.eHIJOM Ha 1020
napax 6JIHJHCI.IDO B 11 H 13 neT, Dl.\eHKH no qTeHIiIO, nHCbMY, IIC-
TOpHH II apHIj!MeTHKC OKaJaJ1HCb DHYTPHnapHO 60JIbillC nOXO)l(II-
Mil Y M3 6nH3He,-\OB, no cpaBlleHll10 C .II.3. aT II K 13 rOll.aM paJ-
Jljjqllll MeJKII.Y BHYTpHnapHblMH KDppeJIHl.\HJlMH M3 11 .II.3 6nHJlle-
,-\OB YBeJIH'IHJIHCb, a nOKaJaTeJIIi HaCJIe,l1ycMOCTl1, nOJlY'IeHHble
npl1 o6cnC,!IOOaHI1Ii 13-JleTHIIX 6JII13He,-\oB, BapbllpOB3JlH 0 npe,!lc-
267
pOIlTHOCTbIO, qTO II MapKcp (HanpIlMcp, rpynna KpOBII), MOJKHO
3aKJIfO'IHTb, <lTO JTOT nplf3HaK If MapKcp cucnllCHbl (HaXOJ2,HTCJI B
OAHOH XpoMocoMe Ha 6JI113KOM paccToIIHlf1f i\Pyr OT i\pyra). Ta-
KHM 06pa30M, 6Yi\CT YCTaHoolleH Y'lacToK JlOKaJlH3aL\HH 0]1110ro
IIJ rCHOO, onpCi\CJlJlIO!I.(IfX OapHaTI!BHOCTb ,!I3HHOTO npll3HaKa.
P TInoMHH If ero KOnJIerM HCIJ0llb300a!llf aH3JIH3 Cl.lenlle-
HlIO 0 IICCJ1Ci\OOaHHHX HHTCJIneKTa (P1omin R. et aI., 1994, 1995;
Plomin R., 1997). OHH conOCTaBHJII! rpynDLI C BbICOKHM 11 HH3-
KI!M HHTCnJlCKTOM no 100 )];HK-MapKepaM. TOJIbKO O]1I1H H3 HHX,
no ,!I3HHNM p33HblX IICCIICi\OB3HIJii, OKaJaJICII CBJl3aH C ypOOHCM
HHTeJlJleKTa. q3cToTa COonai\CHHII ycnooHoii H peaJIbHOH BCIpe-
'laeMOCTH M3pKcpa OKaJaJIaCb paBHa 75% 0 rpynne C HII3KHM HH-
TCJIJICKTOM (cpC,!IHIIH ypOBCHb IQ paOCH 105) H 100% - B rpynnc
C OblCOKHM HHTeJlIICKTOM (cpe]1HIIH ypOIlCHb IQ paBCH 130).
ECJIII nOJIY'leHllblH pe3ynbTaT He CJlY'laCH (a TaK 3TO HJlI1
HeT, nOK3)((YT ,!IaJIbHeiilllltC IICCJICII.01l3HItH), TO MOJKHO CKa3aTb,
'1TO Haii,!lCHa IICnOCpe,!lCTBCHllaJi cy6cTaHL\IIO, onpe,lJ.eJIHlOll\aO lIe-
KOTOpyIO '{aCTb OapllaTI!BHOCTI1 HHTCJIJIeKTa. qacTb 3Ta oeCbMa
HeBenHKa (occro 1% BapltaTlIBHOCTH), II 3TO cBI1,lJ.CTeJIbCTl'yCT 0
TOM, '1TO He06xOAIIMO onpCi\CJlIITb ,lI,CCHTKI1 IIOKYCOB (Y'laCTKOO
XpOMOCOM), KOTopble Y'laCTBYIOT B Ij!OpMlfpooaHHII nonYJIJI,-\HOH-
HOM BapllaTHBHOCTI1I1HTCnJICKTa.
AKaJ!eMH'ICCKHC )10CTIIJKeHIIJI (IInl! ycnewHoCTb 06Y'lCIIIIH)
npC]1CTaBJlII1OT co60ii nOKaJaTCIIb, 6J1H3KHH no CMblCJIy K nCIIXOMeT-
PllqCCKOMY I1HTCJDlCKTY, qTO HOnJlf:TCII 36COJllOTHO 3aKOHOMcpHblM,
nOCKonbKY TeCTbI IIHTeJIJlCKTa OaJIHJ\H3I1pOB3JlIICb OTHOCI!TeJlbHO
ycnelliHoCTII II1KOllbHOro 06YQeHHH. HMeliHO B KaqecTBe OPHCHTH-
POBOqHOM oueHKII IIHTeJIJIeKTa aKa)1CMH'IecKHe i\OCTII)I(eHIIJlI1 6b1Jill
B CBOC OpeMJI BKIIIO'ICHbI B reHeTH'IeCKHe pa60TbI.
06 ycnCWHOCTH 06yqeHHJI CY.ll:JlT no TpeM THnaM nOKaJaTC-
nCH - no IllKOJIbHblM O,-\CHKaM, no 6aJIlIaM, nonY'laeMblM IIcnblTY-
CMblMII no KpHTCpHaJlbHblM TecTaM ,lJ.OCTI!)I(CHIIH II aKaJI,CMllqecKoii
cljlcpe, 11 no 3a,lJ.3HHHM, pCJYJlbTaTbI ObInOJIHCHIiJi KOTOpblX Henoc-
pe.1lCTBCHHO CBH3aHbI C YCBocHHeM II1KOJIbHbIX 3HaHliH (HanpHMcp,
COIli\eTeJIbCTOYIOT 06 OBJlai\eHI!I1 nepBOI<naCCHHKaMH lIaBbIKaI.!H
qTeHIIJI).
266

T aOJluu.a 7.3 *
BHyrnpunapHoe cxoiJcrneo 6J1U3He1j08 no nOKaameJ/J/Jl/ aKaiJeMUtleC-
KOU YCl1euJllocmu (Loehlm J C. Nichols R C. 1976)
Ta6J1uu.a 7.4
Bllympul1aplloe cxoiJcm80 6J1UJHeIjOe no olje1/KaM
(Fisch be ill s., 1986)
nOKa3aremol Mal1bliHKI4 .QeBOK BCJI ebl6op,a
M3 A3 M3 A3 M3 1\3
3b1K 71 64 77 49 72 52
MareMan'lKa 74 42 70 47 71 51
05U.\ecneHHble AMCMnnIolHbI 76 50 79 52 69 52
ECTeCTBeHHoHaHble jJ,Mc411n11MHbI 69 52 86 48 64 45
nOIC33arenM Manb41111<M AeBoKI4
M3 1\3 M3 A3
POAHO" R3b11( 86 50 91 46
Mare",an'Ka 78 57 81 41
HoCTpaHHbI Jl3b1K 83 61 89 40
AKaAeMM4ecKaJ! ycnewHOCTb 76 55 59 55
3AeCb M 80 acex Ta6ITMaX p,anee HYI1H III 3annTbie DTp,emll0LI.IMe AeCflTKHble
3H3KM, onYlli,eHbI
i\pyroH pa60Te, npOBe,!!eHHOH Ha npHeMHblX ,!!eTJlX, 06HapyJKIlJla
TaKJKe BblCOKlle reHeTlI'IeCKHe KOppeJIRI.\HII C Bep6aJ1bHblM II HeBep-
6anbHbiM IIHTeJIJleKTOM - COOTBeTCTBeHHO 0,79 II 0,88 (Wadworth
S.1., 1994).
H nOcJIel\Hee, qTO CJIeJl,yeT OTMeTHTb, 06CY1K,!\aH reHeTII'IeC-
KHe pa60Tbl, B KOTOPblX paCCMaTpHBaIOTCR nOKa3aTeJIII aKa,!!eMH-
qeCKIIX ,!!oCTH)I(eHIIH, no pO JIb cpel\OBblX q,aKTopoB B IIX BapllaTHB-
HOCTH. CBJl3H aKal\eMllqecKoH ycneBaeMOCTIIII IIHTeJIJIeKTa onocpe-
i\YIOTCH He TOJIbKO reHOTHnOM, HO II TeMII Cpel\OBblMII BJIHHHHHM,
KOTopble HMelOT OT1<OWeHHe K pa3JIHqalOLl\eHCH cpel\e (Wad worth
S J., 1994).
POJlb 06Ll\eii cpe,!!bl 60JIee OT'leTillIBO BlI)l,Ha B Tex CIITyaI.\H-
HX, Kor,!!a Ha6JIIO.n:aeTCH HeKoTopoe He6J1aronOJIY'lHe B KOrHHTHB-
HOM pa3BIITIIH H C1<H)((eHlle aKaJl,eMI1'1eCKOii ycnelIlHocTII. TaK, B
6mf3HeQoBoM HCCJlei\OBaHIiH npll COnOCTaBJIeHlI1I rpynn l\eTeH C
Bb!COKHM H HII3KHM IIHTeJIJleKTOM He OblJIO HaiilleHO Pa3J1HqHH Me)l(-
i\Y rpynnaMII B HaCJIel\yeMoCTH IIHTeJJJIeKTa II aKal\eMHqeCKOH ycne-
BaeMOCTH, o,!!HaKO 6blJl0 nOKa3aHO, 'ITO 06Ll\aH cpe,!!a HrpaeT 3Ha-
'1IITeJ1bHO 60Jlblll)'lO pOJlb B BapHaTHBHocrn o60HX nOKa3aTe1leH y I\e-
feH C 60JIee HH3KIIM BHeM HHTe!lJ!eKTa (Thompson LA. et aI., 1993).
IToJI;BO.IJ.!! !nor \1CCneI\OBaHlIHM 1\0CTII)I(eHIIH B aKa)l.eMII'IeC-
KOH cq,epe, MOJKHO CKa3aTb, '1TO reHOTHn IIrpaeT CYLl\eCTBeHHYIO
ponb H B IIX BapliaTIIBHOCTII, H B CBR311 aKaJ\eMII'IeCKOH ycnelIlHoc-
Tl1 C IIHTeJIJIeKTOM.
Jlax 48-66% (Husen l' , 1963, I1I1T. no FlIller J.L , Thompson
W.R., 1978). TaKl-le )((e BblCOKHe nOKa3aTenll HaCJIel\ycMOCTI1 no-
llyqeHb! H B i\PyroH, 60nee n031\HeH, IIlBel\CKOH pa60Te, npOBe-
,lIeHHOH TaK)I(e Ha I3-JIeTHHx IIlKOJIbHHKax. Ee pe3ynbTaTbl npe.n:-
CTaBJleHbI B Ta6J1Hl\e 7.4 (Fischbein S., 1986)
B pa60Tax, npOBOi\HLl\HXCH B reHeTIiKe nOBC,lIeHHH B nocne-
J\HHC rOl\bI, l1eJIblO IICCrrel\OBaHlliI JlBnHeTCH He CTOJlbKO BbIHCHe-
Hlle rCHOTlln-cpe,llOBbIX COOTHOWCHI1H B BapuaTlIBHOCTIl nOKa3a-
TerrCH aKa,!!eMH'IeCKOH ycnewHoCTII, CKOJIbKO pOJIb reHOTHna B
CBH3HX aKaJ\eMH'IeCKOii ycnelIlHocTH C nOKa3aTeJIHMil IIHTerrrrCK-
Ta. a CYll1eCTBOBaHIIJI TaKIIX CBR3eH CBlI,lICTCJIbCTBYIOT l\aHHble
KaK 6n1l31<e110Bb1X pa60T, TaK H HCCJIeJ\OBaHHH, npOBe,!!eHHbiX Ha
npl1eMHblX J\eTHX.
B OI\1<OH H3 6JIH3Hel10BblX pa60T 6b1JI0, B '1aCTHOCTH, nOKa3a-
HO, qTO MeJK,lIy HHTenneKTOM II aKaJ\eMHqeCKHMH i\OCTH)I(eHIIRMH
CCTb BblCOKlle rCHeTllqeCKHe KOppeJIJlI1I1H, TO eCTb 06a nil nOKa3a-
TCJIH He npOCTO l\eTepMHHJlpYIOTCJI reHonmOM - OHII IIcnbITblBa-
lOT BllJlHHlle CXO,!!HbIX reHeTlI'IecKHX q,aKTOpOB IUlII, ynpOLl\eHHO ro-
BOpK, - Oi\HIIX II TCX 1I<C reHO!! (Petrill SA., TllOmpson L.A.,199J).
06 3TOM )l(e CBHl\eTeJIbCTBYIOT 11 l\aHHbIe IICCJIel\OBaHHJI npll-
eMHblX AeTeH, B KOTOpOM Ha Bb'OOPKC 7-JIeTHHX i\eTeii (119 YCbIIIOB-
JIeHHblX II 120 )f(IIBYLl\HX B CBOHX CCMbJlX) 6bIllIf nonY'IeHbI, Bo-nep-
BbIX, BblCOKl1e nOKa3aTeJIII HaCJIei\yeMocTI1 ,lIJIH HHTeJlJleKT3 II ,lIJIH
TeCTa IIlKOJIbHOH ycnewlioCTH, BO-BTOpbIX, HeBblCOKlle q,eHOTllnH-
qeCKlle KOppenJll1l111 MeJK.AY HHMH 11, B-TpeTbIlX, BblCOKlle reHeTHqeC-
KHe KOppeJIJll1l11f MeJK.AY HIIMH (Cardon Lon R. et aI., 1990) Ycnew-
1<OCTb OBrrai\CHIiJi '1TCHHCM nepBOKJIaCCHIIKaMI!, paccMaTpllBaeMaH B
268
2.3. KOfHHTHBHble cnoco6HoCTH
KorHHTIIBHble xapaKTCpIlCTl1KH, HMelOLl\lIe MeHee 06Ll\HH
xapaKTep, '1CM nOKa3aTerrH I1HTeJIJleKTa, npoaHanH3HpoBaHbi B
269

reHeTII4eCKIIX pa60Tax HC CTOJIb nOl\p05HO, KaK HHTeJlJIeKT, H pe-
3YJIbTaTbi 3TIIX HCCnel\OBaHilii He 1T03BOnJlIOT 0l\H03Ha4HO oQe-
IIIITb pOilb reHOTllna II Cpel\bI B BapllaTIIBHOCTI1 OTl\enbHblX Kor-
HHTl1BHblX CITOC05HOCTeH, XOTJI HeCOMHeHHo, 4TO reHOTlI1T B TOH
IIJIIIHHOH Mepe BHOCHT CBOH BKilal\ B 4JopMHpoBaHHe HX IIHJl,HBII-
l\yaJIbHbIX pa3nH'IHH.
ITo pC3ynbTaTaM paHHHX pa60T, 0505I.QeHlle KOTOpbIX 6b1i10
npOBel\eHO B KOHQe 70-x rOI\OB, C03J1,aBaJlOCb BlTeqaTneHlle, qTO
reHOTlln onpel\eneT HeCKOilbKO MeHblllHH npOQeHT ]1HCnepCHIl
KorHHTHBHbIX cnoc06HOCTCH, no cpaBHeHHIO C 06I.QHM I1HTeJIJleK-
TOM. TaK, P.HHKOilC, ycpe)l,HHB l\aHHble 211 I1CCJle]10BaHHH Kor-
HHTIIBHbIX cnoc06HocTeH, npOBel\eHHblX 6JIH3HeQoBbIM MeTOI\OM,
nOKa3aJI, '1TO HaCJIe.nyeMOCTb OlTpe]1eneT 01' 22% ]10 48% IIX ]1I1C-
ncpCI1I1, a CPCI\HHH nOKa3aTeJIb HaCJIel\yeMocTH, BbIC'IIITaHHblH
P.HIIKOJICOM )J,JIJI Bcex KOrHHTllBHbIX cnoc06HoCTeii, OKa3anc pa-
BeH 41% (Nichols R.N., 1978). .II.aHllbIc, nOJlY'IeHHble B TOH pa-
6oTe, npel\CTaBneHbl B Ta6mlQe 7.5.
AHaJIOrll4Hbie pe3ynbTaTbi 6blJlH nonyqeHbl II ,!I)I KorHII-
TIIBHbIX xapaKTepllcTIIK, BXOI\JlI.QIIX BO 4JmoHI\HbIH II KpHCTanJIII-
30BaHHblH IIHTeJlneKT, KOTOpblC 6bIJIH BbI]1eJJeHbI P.K3TTeilOM KaK
60ilec '1aCTHble nOKa3aTeJIII IIHTenJIeKTa. Cpel\Hllii nOKa3aTeJlb
lIaCnel\YCMOCTI1 ,!I)I xapaKTepllcTHK, onpel\eJlIOI.QIIX KpHCTaJIJlH-
30BaHHbIH HHTeJIJIeKT (cBJl3aHHblii co cnOC06HoCTblO HCnOJIb30-
BaT: HMelOl.Qllec 3HaHII II HaBbIKH), OKa3aJIC paBCH 0,37, a cpel\-
Hilil ITOKa3aTenb HaCnel\ycMocTH ,!I)I xapaKTcpHcTIIK, onpe)l,cJI-
IOI.QIIX 4Jrnoll]1Hblii HHTeJIJleKT (cB3aHHbIii co cnoco6HoCTblO
ClTpaBJIJlTbCJI  HOBblMIl II lIe3HaKOMbiMII 3al\aHHMH), OKa3anc
paBell 0,36 (NIchols R.N., 1978).
Ha OCHOBaHlII1 3TIIX pe3YJIbTaTOB B reHeTIlKe nOBel\eHIIJI
I\onroe BpeM 6b1TOBaJIO MHCHHC, '1TO Bce KorHIITIIBHblC cnoc06-
HOCTII IIClTblTblBaRJT ITpHMepHO O]1I1HaKOBOC BnHHHe reHOTlma
KOTOpOC HeCKO!lbKO MeHbllle, qeM B!lIIHlle reHOTilITa Ha 061.QI11!
IIHTeJIJleKT.
B 60!lee 1T03JI,HIIX Hccnel\OBaHIIJlX npe,llCTaBJIeHlle 0 CXO,llCTBe
B ITenCHIl rCHOTl1IT-cpeI\OBOH 06ycnoBJIeHHOCTII pa3HbiX KOrHHTI1B-
HbIX cnoc06HOCTeH He nOJIY'llllIO nO,llTBepJKl\eHHJI. Bo-nepBbIX,
6b1!1o nOKa3aHO, '1TO He TOJIbKO pa3HbIe cnOC06HOITII, HO II pa3HbIe
npOB!leHIIJI 01\11011 H TOH )I(e CITOC06HOCTII Mor)'T 6bITb He oroma-
KOBO CB3aHbI C reHOTl1nOM. B Ka4eCT11e npllMepa MO)l(HO npllBeCTIl
270
Ta611uI(a 7,5
B/JympunapHble KoppellRlJuu M3 u 3 6J1U3Hel/08 U nOKa3ameJIU Ha-
cJleoyeMocmu, nOJlyw/JHble OllR OmOeJlbHblX K02HUm!t8HbIX cnoco6-
Hocmeu (Nichols R.N., 1978)
KorHI1TItBlible M3 A3 nOKa38TeI1b
:(apaKTepKCTKM HacneAyeMocnl
BepoanbHaA nOH.RTI1I11Bocrb 78 59 38
MareManNeCKMe cnoco6IiOC1' 78 59 38
npocrpaHCTBeHHble npeACTal!lI1eHM 65 41 46
naMRTb 52 38 32
norK"'IeCKOO paCCeHl4e 74 50 48
6ernocTb pe4M 67 52 30
A8epreHTHoe Mbiw.neHe 61 50 22
CtmpOCTb BocnpKRTKR 70 47 46
Bee cnoco6HoCTM 74 54 41
.n:aHHble faBaHCKoro ceMeHHoro IICCJIe,I(OBaHIIH, KOTopoe 6bIJIO npo-
Bel\eHO Ha 6 TbICH4ax I1CnbITyeMblx II B KOTOpOM pOJI,HTeJIH II )l,eTll
cpaBHIIBaJIIICb no pH.ny nOKa3aTeJleli Bep6anbHblx II npocTpaH-
CTBeHHblX TeCTOB, a raKJKC ITO CKOpOCTH BOCnpIlJlTl1 II no oc06eH-
HOITJlM naM"TII. B faBaiicKoM HCCJIe)l,OBaHliII HallMeHblllaJi reHeTlI-
4eCKaH 05YCJIOBJIeHHOCTb 6b1na 06HapY)l(eHa )J,JIJI nOKa3aTeJJeH 0)1,-
1I0ro 113 TeCTOB npOCT]JaHCTBeHHbIX cnoC05HOCTeii, a Hall6o!lb-
ilia" - )J,JI OQeHOK Jl,pyroro TeCTa npOCTpaHCTBeHHblX cnocQ6110c
TeM (LlIIT. no Plomin R. et aI., 1997).
BO-BTOPbIX, nOKa3aTeJIli Hacnel\yeMocTH KOrHlITI1BHblX CIIO-
C06HocTeH IIMelOT TeH.!!eHQHIO CllllbHO MeHJlTbCJI C B03paCToM, qTO
CB"3aHO C nepeCTpOHKoii KOI'HHTHBHOH c<jJepbI, npOIlCXO]1l.QeH B
npoLlecce pa3BIITH. TIpl!MepOM TaKoro 113MeHeHIIJI ITOKa3aTeneH
HaCJlel\YeMocTH BJIflRJTC" )l,aHHbIe KOJlOpaJl,CKOrO IICCilel\OBaHIIJI
nplleMHblx AeTeH. B nOM IICCJle.n:OBaHIiH npH cpaBHeHIIH POl\llbIX II
YCbIHOBJleHHb!X CII6cOB 6bIJlO 1T0Ka3aHO, 'iTO nOKa3aTCJIII Hacnel\Ye-
MOCTH Bep6aJ1bHbIX cnoco5HOCTeH YBeJIII4HBalOTCfI 01' Tpex K ,lIeB-
TI1 rO)l,aM C 49% 1\0 74% (Cardon Lon R., 1994). TaKHM 05Pa30M,
IIccJIe)1y" OT)1eJIbHble KOrHHTIIBHble cnoc06HoCTH, He06xol\IIMO
yqHTblBaTb He TOJlbKO cneQII<jJHKY )1l1arHOCTHqeCKIIX npoQe.nyp, HO
11 B03paCT, B KOTOpOM ITPOIICXOI\IIT 05CJIe.n:OBaHHe.
B-TpeTbHX, BeJJHqllHa nOKa3aTeneM lIaCJIClI.YCMOCTII, nony-
4aeMa ,!I)IH pa3HbIX KorHIITIIBHblX cnoc06HOCTeH, MO)l(CT 6bITb
271

pe3YllbTaTOM OC06cHHOCTeii nOCTpOeHHH 3KcnepHMeHTa. TaK, B
O,IJ.HOM H3 HCClle,IJ.OBaHllii KOrHHTlIBHblX Cnoco6HOCTeH, npOBe-
,lJ.eHHOM Ha 6-13-lIeTHHx l\eTHX, BblHCHIIIIOCb, 'ITO reHOTlfH o6yc-
IIOBIIIIBaeT CKOpocTHbie xapaKTepllcTIIKIl B 60llbweii CTeneHH,
qeM ycneWHOCTb aCneJlbIlOCTH, TO eCTb CKOpOCTb peweHHH Tec-
TOBblX 3aaaHHH CBH3aHa C reHOTlfHOM 1J 60JtbWCH CTeneHH, a pe-
3YJIbTaTHBHOCTb ObIHOIIHeHIIJI TeCTOB - B MeHbweii (Petrlll S A.
et al , 1995). B ilPyroH pa60n, r,IJ.e BbIHOJlHeHHe aeTbMII aHallO-
rHqHblX 3aaaHlIH npoll3BOnllllOCb 6e3 opeMeHHoro OrpaHII'IeHHH,
6blJIO nOKa3aHO, '1TO H CKOpOCTHbIe, II pe3YllbTaTIIBHbie nOKa3a-
TeJlH CBH3aHbi C reHOTHnOM, npll'leM nOCIIC.l\HHe (nOKa3aTe1lH pe-
3YllbTaTHBHOCTIt) .l\eMOHCTpIlPYIOT 60JlbWI1C pa3JIllqHH B nOKa3a-
TellHX HaCJleayeMocTH, TO eCTb HBJlJlIOTCH MeHee OI\HOpOI\Hb!MII
no CTcneHH CBH311 C reHOTlIHOM, '1eM CKOpOCTb BbIHOIIHCHI1H Tec-
TOBbIX 3aaaHHH (3blpHHooa H.M., 1992).
B-qeTBepTbIX, cneQl1IpllKa KorHltTHBHblX cnoc06HOCTeH (TO
eCTb Itx 06YCilOBJICHHOCTb pa3HblMI1 reHOTHnll'leCKHMH BJlIIJlHIIH-
MIt) npOJlBJlHeTCH B BeJIlI'IIIHe K03<jJ<jJIIQHeHTOB reHeTHqeCKIIX KOp-
peJlHQIIH. HanoMHI1M, B qeM COCTOHT CMbICJ1 reHeTllqeCKHX KOp-
peIlJlQHH. ECIlIi relleTHqeCKlle KOppeJIJlL\HI1, nOllyqeHHble npll cpaB-
HeHHI! paJHblX KorHHTHDHblX xapaKTepllCTHK, OKa3bIBalOTCJI Bbl-
COKHMH H 611H3KHMII no 3Ha'lCHltlO, 3TO CBHl\eTenbCTByeT 0 CXoa-
CTBe reHOTllnH'IeCKHX BJIIIHHHH, perynllPYIOll\IIX 3TH xapaKTepll-
CTHKH. Eenll KOppeJJJlQHH HH3KHe, MOJl(HO CneJlaTb BblBOJl, 0 TOM,
qTO pa3HbIe KorHItTIlBHblC cnoc06HOCTH IICnblTbIBalOT B03.l\eH-
CTBI1C pa3HblX reHOTHnll'IeCKI1X <jJaKTopOB.
KaK OKa3aJIOCb, DeJlllqHHbl reHeTHqeCKHX KOppeJ1J1QIIH
MeHJlIOTCH C B03paCTOM. B KOJIOpal\CKOM HCCJlel\OBaHHH npH-
eMHblX I\CTeH 6bIJII1 nOl\cqHTaHbI reHeTlI'lCCKlle KOppeJIHQIIH
MeJl(JI,y nOKa3aTenHMH naMHTlI, CKOpOCTII BocnpIIHTHJI, Bep6aJ!b-
HblX C(I0C06HOCTCH II npOCTpaHCTBeHH/'/X cnoco5HocTeH (Cardon
Lon R., 1994). B 3, 4 II 7 'TCT reHeTII'IeCKlle CBJl31'! MeJl(JI,y pa3-
IIHqHbIMIl KorllllTIIBllblMH cnoc05HoCTHMil aapbllpOBaJIII B OqeHb
WI1POKIIX npei\enax (OT 0,11 Jl,0 0,94), '1TO nO.l\TBepJl(lIacT rH-
nOTeJY 0 pa3HoH 3TIIOJIorIlH paJHbIX KorHHTHBHblX cnoco6Ho-
CTCH. K 9 rOt{aM Kapnma reHeTII'IeCKHX CBJl3eii pat{IIKanbHo
HJMeHllnaCb: B 9 neT CBJl3H MeJKJI,Y BceMIl KOrHiITHBHbIMIl cno-
C05HOCTHMH, paCCMaTpllBaCMblMH B 3TOM I1CCJleliOnamm, onoc-
pet{YIOTCJI reHonlllOM. Pe3YJlbTaTbl, nOJIY'IeHHble B Jl,BYX nOC-
272
J1ei\HHX TO'lKaX JlOHTIlTIOt{a, - B 7 H 9 neT - npelicTaBlleHbl 1J
Ta6mlL\e 7.6.
Ta6/1uu,a 7.6
rellemUWCKue KOppeJ!JllJuu Me:>fCoy nOKaJameJII/MU K02HumU6I1bIX
CI10C06HOcmeu, nOJIyqeHlIble 87 U 9l1em (Cardon LOll R., 1994)
nOK333fem. npOCTp BOCnpM:RTl4e naMFITb.
7 neT
Bep6aJ1bHble cnoc::06HoCT 32 38 13
npacrpacraeHHbIlf cnocD6HOCTH 90 33
CKOpOCTb BocnplolflTMfI 37
9 neT
Bep6aJ1bbl9 cnoco5HoCT 83 84 84
npocrpaKCTBeHHble cnoco6HoCTiol 99 99
Cl(opocn BocnpiolRTMfI 99
Ell\e O)1HH Bonpoc, KOTOpblH Heo6xOlIHMO paCCMOTpeTb,
06cYJl(t{aJi reHeTH'IeCKHe HCCJlet{OBaHHH KorHIITHBHblX cnoco6HO-
CTCH, KacaeTCJI COOTHOllleHHJI 3THX cnoco6HocTeH H IIHTeJIJleKTa.
PaCCMaTpIIBaJi <jJaKTopHO-aHaJIIITII'IeCKYIO CTJJYKTYPY HHTeJInCK-
Ta, Mbl rOBOpHJIlI 0 TOM, qTO KOppeJIJlQlIlI MCJKp,y KorHHTHBHbIMH
cnoco6HOCTlIMII 05YCIIOBlleHbi HX CBH31>1O C 06ll\HM IIHTeJIJleK-
TOM, HO HX COJl,epJKaHHe K 06ll\eMY I1HTenJ1eKTY He CBO.l\HTCJI.
KaJKAaH 113 HHX 06JIaaaeT C05CTBeHHOH cneQH<jJIIKoii. A KaK 06-
CTOI'!T Aeno C pOJlblO reHOTHna B BapHaTIIBHocTH KOrHIIT1I8HbiX
cnoco6HocreH? MOJKHO JIll CKa3aTb, qTO reHOTHn onpe.n:cnHcT Ba-
pHaTIIBHOCTb KorHIITIIBHblX cnoco6Hocreii JIIIWb B TOH Mcpe, B
KOTOpoii B HHX npct{cTaBJIeH 061.L\HH HH'l'eJIJleKT? HJIH JKe CO,IJ.ep-
JKaTenbHaH cncQH<jJHKa KOrHI1TJIBHblX cnoc06HocTeH onpet{eJlHeT-
CJI CneL\H<jJIIKoii reHOTHnHqeCKIIX <jJaKTopoB, 06YCJIOBnHBalOll\IIX
HX BapHaTHBHOCTb?
JJ;JlH Toro '1To6bl npOBepHTb, KaKoe 1'!3 3THX npc.!1noJtoJKe-
HI1H OKaJl(eTCH npaBHJ1bHbIM, 6blJIH TlOcTpoeHbI 6110MeTplI'ICCKlle
MOl\enl1, n03B0J1J1IOll\HC pa3t{eJIIITb 061.L\He (cBJl3aHHble C IIHTeJI-
JteKToM) II CnCQlIaJIbHble (npllcYll\lIe TOJlbKO KOHKpeTHblM KOrHH-
THBHblM cnOC06HOCTHM) reHeTllqeCKHC BJIHHHHJI.
B HccReAoBaHlfll, npOBCneHIIOM lIB J1.eTRX - lIB 6RI13HCLlBX,
POI\HblX cII6cax H nplleMHI>IX clI6cax, - 6blJIO nOKa3aHO, qTO OT-
273

Jl,eJIbllbIe KorHHTIIBHble cnoc06HOCTH IICnbI'l'bIBaIOT BJIIIJlHlle pa3-
HbIX reHeTllqeCKIIX cj>aKTopOB - II Tex, KOTopbIe HBJlJlIOTCH 05-
U(IIMI! ,I:\JIH HIIX 11 IIHTeJIJleKTa, I! Tex, KOTopbIe HBJIHIOTCH YHH-
KaJIbllbiMII, cBoiicTBeHHLIH! TOJIbKO KOHKpCTHb1M KOfHIHIfBHblM
oc06eHHOCTJlM (Cardon Lon R., Fulker D.W., 1993). TaKlle)Ke
pe3YJlbTaTbi 6bIJIlI nOJlY'IeHbI II npll IICCJ1eI\OBaHHII pa3J1yqeHHbIX
II Hepa3J1yqeHHblX 6J1H3HeLlOB, qeH Cpel\HIIH B03pacT paBHHJlCH 65
rO,I:\aM (Pedersen N.L. et aI., 1994). TaKIIM 06P330M, no KpaHHeH
Mepe Ha )l.BYx KpaHHHx oTpe3Kax 0llToreHe3a, B l\eTCTBe H B no-
JKIIJlOM B03pacTe, BJII'!JlHlle reHOTllna Ha BapllaTliBHOCTb KorHII-
TIIBHblX cnoc06HocreH He OrpaHH'IHBaeTCH TOJIbKO TeMH B03,I:\eii-
CTBIIHMH, KOTopbIe IICnblTblBaeT BapHaTIIBHOCTb IIHTeJIJIeKTa.
3aBeplllaJi onllcaHHe rCHeTII'IeCKIIX IICCJIel\OBaHIIH cneLlH-
aJlbHLIX cnoc05HocreH, MOJKHO C,I:\eJIaTb CJleI\YIOU(lIe BbIBOJl,bI. Bo-
nepBbIX, BapllaTIIBHOCTb KorHIITHBHblX cnoc05HOCTeii 05YCJIOB-
JleHa He TOlIbKO CpeI\OBbIMII, HO II reHOTllnllqeCKIIMI1 BJlIIHHIIHMII.
BO-BTOpbIX, BKIIa;J. reHOTlina B BapllaTHBHOCTb KOrHHTHBllblX cno-
C05HOCTeii cyU(eCTBeHHO pa3JIII'IaeTCJI ,I:\JlH p33HbIX cnoc05HOCTeH
" 3aBIICHT OT B03paCTa. .II.llana30H nOKa3aTeJIeH HaCJle,l\YeMOCTII,
nOJlY'IeHHbIX A1IH pa3HblX KorHIITIIBHblX CnOC05HOCTeH, onpe)];e-
lIeHHblX B pa3HbIX B03pacrax, HaXOl\lITCH B npel\eJIax OT 0 1\0
90%. B-TpeTbHX, pa3Hble KorHHTIIBHble cnoc05HoCTH IIcnblTbll!a-
lOT BJIIIHHlle KaK O)];IfHaKOBbIX, TaK II pa3JIII'IHbIX reHOTl1nHqeC-
KIIX lj)aKTopOB. B-'1eTBepTbIX, CBJl3b KorHIITIfBHbIX cnoco5Hocreii
C reHOTllnOM 05YCJlOBJIeHa II IIX CBJl3blO C 06U(IfM I1I1TeJIJleKTOM,
II If X co5CTBeHHOH Cnel.(lIcj>IIKO".
2.4. KOTHIfTlIBIILIC CTIIJIH
B caMOM 06U(eM BlIl\e KOrHl1TIIBHblC CTIIJlH MOJKHO onpel\C-
J1HTb KaK cnoc05b1 nepepa60TKII IIHcj>opMaI.(HII - ee nonyqeHIIJI,
xpaHeHIIH II IICnOJIb30BaHHH. IIpe,I:\noJIaraeTcH, '1TO 3TII cnoco6bl
HBJlHIOTCH OTHOCIITeJIbHO He3aBHCIIMblMH OT COp;epJKaHHJJ HHq,OP-
MaI.(IIH, pa3JIII'IaIOTCJI Y pa3HbiX JIIOJJ;eH II YCTOH'IIIBbI Y KaJK,I:\OrO
KOHKpeTHOrO '1eJIOBel<a.
KorHlHHBHbIH CTHJIb npel\CTaBJIHeT C060" Xap3lCTepIlCTHKY,
IIMelOU(YIO )l.Ba nomoca. MeJK,I:\Y KpaiiHIIMII 3Ha'leHHHMII nOJIlOCOB
pacnOJlaralOTCH B BlI)J:e KOHTIIHYYMa 3Ha'ieHIIH, KOTopble nOJlY'IaIOT
npH BbInOJIHeHlI11 TeCTa IIcnblT)'eMble. nOCTYJIHPYeTCH, '1TO npOTI!-
BOnOJlOJl(HbIe nomoca KaJKl\oro KOrHHTI!BHOrO CT!IJIj! HMelOT paD-
HYIO COL\HaJIbHyro 3Ha'lIlMOCTb: oTpaJKaJ! pa3JIII'IIIJI B cnoc06ax I\e-
HTeJIbHOCTH, Ollll lIe CBH3aHbI C ee ycnelllHOCTbIO H3yqeHHe Korllll-
TIIBHblX CT!IJIeH, TaKIIM 06Pa30M, no npeAnOJIOJKeHlllO IIX C03,I:\aTe-
JleH, nOMoraeT nOHH11>, KaKUMU cnoco6aMu pa3Hble JIIO)J;II ,I:\OCTllra-
lOT O,I:\HHaKOBorO pe3YJIbTaTa, a He KaKOB pe3YJIbTaT, npH .n:OCTIIJKe-
HIlII KOToporo 6bIJIII IIcnOJIb30BaHbi pa3Hble cnoc06bl.
K cepMIIHe 70-x rOI\OB B nCIIXOJIOrl1H IIHI\IIBH,l\YaJlbHbIX
pa3JIllqHH 6bJJlO onllcaHO OKOJIO I\BYX l\eCJlTKOB pa3JII1'1HbIX Kor-
HHTHBHblX CTIIJIeH, Q,l1l1aKO B reHeTII'IeCKHe pa60Tbl KorHHTHB-
HbIe CTIIJIH BKJIlOqaJIHCb KpaHHe pe,I:\KO HCKJIlOqeHHe npe,I:\CTaB-
JlHIOT .n:Ba KorHHTHBHb!X CTIIJIH. O.n:I1H 113 HIIX - 3aBIICHMOCTb-
He3aBIICIIMOCTb OT nOnJl, )J;IIarHOCTHpyeMaH no JIeI'KOCTI1 Hbl.n:we-
HII>I '1aCTII CTpYKTYPHPOB3HHoro nOIIJi. IIpll onpe,I:\eJleHHII 3aBH-
CIlMOCTIi-He3aBHCHMOCTH OT nOJ1J1I1CnblTyeMOMY npe)l)lararoT, Ha-
npllMep, Ha\lTH npocryro reoMC'I1J11qecKylO cj>llrypy II 60Jlee CJIOJK-
HOll I1J1H onpe,l1eJIIITb, '1TO lIapllCOBaHO Ha KapTIIHKe, KOTOpaJi
npe,l1'bHBJIHeTCJI C nOMexaMIl. Te, KTO JlCrKO CnpaBJIHIOTCH C TaKII-
Mil 3al\aHIfHMII, JlBJlHIOTCJI He3aBIICIIMblMII OT 3pllTeJIbHOrO nOJIJI
(OHI1 MOryT OTCTpOHTbCH OT KOHTCKCTa, II KOTOpOM npel\'bHBJlJleTCH
33t1aHHe). Te, KTD He CIJpaBJIHeTCH C 3a,I:\aHlleM, HBJIHIOTCH 33BIICII-
MblMIl OT nOJIJI (OHII He MorYT npeOJl,OJIeTh Tex nOMeX, KOTopbIe
HaXO,l1>1TCII B 3pllTeJIbHOM nOJIe).
BTOpOH KorHIITIIBHbIii CTHJIh, HCCJIe,l10BaBWIIHCJI B reHeTll-
Ke nOBel\eHIIH - 3TO HMnYJIbCIIBHOCTb-pecj>neKCHBHOCTb, npOHB-
JI>lIOU(aHCH B 6bICTPOM, HeI\OCTaTO'lHO 061\YMaHHOM pearHpOBa-
HIIII Ha np06JIeMHyIO cIITyal\lI1O (IIMnynhCI1BHOCTb) IIJlII, Ha060-
POT, B nOtI]J06HOM npe,'UJaplfTeJlbHDM aHaJlH3e CI1Tyal\lIlI, npell-
llIeCTBYIOU(eM ,I:\eHCTBIIIO (pecj>JIeKCHBHOCTI».
Pa3BHTHe npe.n:CT3BJTeHlIll 0 cnoco6HOCTHX, 0 MexaHII3Max
IIX CTaHOBJIeHIIH II CTeneHII reHeTli'!eCKoii 113MeHqHBOCTli npllae-
JlO K BbIJI,eJIeHiHO HOBOii 06JIaCTII nCIIXOJlOrll'leCKIiX IICCJleI\OBa-
HHii: nOJlBHJIIICb l\eJIbIe HanpaBJIeHliH, 113Y'HllOU(lIe He pe3YJIbTa-
TI1BHYIO CTOPOHY J\eHTeJJbHOCTIl (KaK 3TO npOIlCXO,l1I1T npH ,l1l1ar-
HOCTIiKe IIHTelIlIeKTa), a oco6eHHOCTII ee npOl\eCca, cc ,I:\IfHaMIIKY
OAHHM H3 nOHJlTHH, nOHBIIBllllIXCH B nCIIXOJlOrl111 6J1arol\apJl 3TOMY
paKYpcy paCCMOTpeHKI! Up<J6neMbl CUOco6Hocn:ii, I!HlIlleTCIl /COf-
HIITIIBHblH CTIIJIb KJIH CTIiJIb n03HaBaTeJIbHOH l\eHTeJIbHOCTII.
274
275

ITpl1 HCCJIe).\OBaHHH m.mYJIbCHBHOfo-peq,JleKCHBHoro KOf-
HIfTHBHOrO CTHJIJI, Kat( npaBI'IJIO, He HaXOII)IT cYll\eCTBeHHOro BKJIa-
).\a reHOTHna B cro BapHaTI1BHOCTb. HHaqe 05CTOHT ).\eJ10 C 3aBII-
CHMOCTbIO-He3aBHCHMOCTblQ OT nOJ1H: BJlIIJlHlle fCHOTHna Ha I'!H-
).\IIBII).\yaJ1bHble pa3JIHqllH, HB5JIIO).\aeMble no JTOMY KOfHI1TIIBHO-
MY CTlIJIIO, 05HapY)!(HBaeTC H npH CpaBHeHHH M3 II ,lJ;3 6m13He-
QOB, II B pa50Tax, BbInOJIHellHblX Ha npHeMHblX ).\eTJlX H IIX pO).\H-
TCJIRX, H B ceMeHHblX lICCJICJI,OBaHHRX.
ITpH COBMeCTHOM aHBJIH3e ).\aHHbIX, nOJIyqCHHblX B 12 HC-
CJIe).\oBaHIIJlX, BKJIIO'IaHWHX pa3JI1I'1Hble napbl po).\cTBeHHIIKoB,
5blJIO nOKa3aHO, '1TO reHonm onpe).\CJIJleT nOJIOBI1HY BapHaTlIB-
HOCTH nOKa3aTeJICH 3aBHCHMOCTH-He3aBHCHMOCTI1 OT nOJI (fpH-
ropCHKo E.JI., JIa5y).\a M.C., 1996). IIpll 3TOM B nOKa3aTCJIRX
HaCJIel\ycMocTH npllMCpHO B paBHOM COOTHOIllCHIIII npC.I\CTaBJIe-
Hbl aJl,JJ:IITlIBHble H HCaJl,JJ:HTIIBHbIC COCTaBJI!lIOll\He reHCTl'!qeCKOH
).\HcnepCHlI (28% H 22% COOTBeTCTBeHHo). 05paTIIM BHlIMaHlIC Ha
3TOT q,aKT, nocKoJlbKy BO Bcex nOKa3aTeJI!lX KOfHI1TIIBI1OH cq,e-
pbl, KOTOpblC omlCbIBaJIHCb ).\0 CHX nop, OCIIOBHYIO pOJIb HrpacT
aJJ:)J,IIT1IBHOe HaCJ1C).\OBaHlle.
3Ha'lHTeJIbHaJi '1BCTb OCTaBllICHCJI nOJlOBHHbl ).\lIcnepcHH 3a-
BIICHMOCTH-HC3aBIICI1MOCT\1 OT nOJIH onpc).\eJlJleTc!I pa:JJIl1qaIOll\cH-
CR cpC).\OH, pOJIb KOTOPOH He CCBnB./(aeT y pa3HblX nap PO).\CTBCHHH-
KOB. HanpHMCp, y CII5cOB P33JIllqBIOll\I1CCR cpe).\OBble BJlH!lHHJ[ on-
pe).\CJIJlIOT 43% BBpl1aTHBHoCTH, a y 6J1H3HeQOB 34%. IToCJle,1\HJ[!I
KOMnOHeHTa ).\I1CUCpCHI1- 06ll\aJl cpc,1\a - OKa3bIBaeT HaHMCHb-
Ulee BJIIIIIHlIC liB .pOpMHpOBBI!HC IIH.a;IIBH).\yaJIbHbIX pB3JIHql'!H B no-
Ka:JaTeJIJlX KOrHHTIIBBOfO CTHJ1H.
ITPH HCCJIe.l\OBaHl1l1 3BBIICHMOCTH-He3aBI1CI1MOCTH OT nOJIH
,
KaK H npH IICCJIe).\OBaHHIl OT.I\eJ1bHbIX KOfHlITHBHblX cnoc06HOCTeH,
B03HHKaeT Bonpoc 0 COOTHOWeHHIl KOfHHTlIBHOrO CTHJIH C IIHTeJI-
JIeKTOM. B nCJlXOJJOrJlqCCKHX pB60Tax nO MepC I1CCJ1e).\OBaIJJlJI Kor-
HllTllBHblX CTHJICH nOCTO!lHHO 06HapY)!(HBaJIHCb q,aKTbI, CBJI).\eTeJIb-
CTBYIOll\He 0 CBJl311 3aBIICIIMOCTI1-He3aBHCJlMOCTIl OT nOJIR C YC-
nCIlIHOCTbIO BblnOJlHCHJlR JlHTeJJJICKTYaJlbHblX TeCTOB (Witkin H. ct
aI., 1974; McKinncy J.O., 1973). B KaKoH CTcnCHH q,eHoTl1nHqCCKOe
CX0.llCTBO 3TIIX .lIByx xapaKTepllCTIIK (lI!ITeJIJIma II KOI1lHnIBf!orO
CI'IIJIJI) MO)!(eT 6bITb (!e3YJlbTaTOM CXOJl,CTBa MCXaHII3MOBIIX peryJIRQIIII?
.II.ml OTBeTa HB 3TOT Bonpoc B MOCKOBCKOM 5JIII3HCQOBOM
JIOHrIlTIO).\HOM IICCJ1e)'\OBaHIIH 6blJIII COnOCTaBJIeHbl nOKa3aTeJIII HH-
276
TeJ1J1eKTa II 3aBIlClIMOCTlI-He3aBIICIIMOCTH OT nOJIJI y).\eTeH 6, 7 H
10 JlCT. fCHeTlI'IeCKlle KOppeJIRQI1I1, nO).\C'IIITaHHble Me)!().\y 3TIIMII
nOKa3aTeJIJlMH, YBeJIllql1BaJllICb C B03paCToM, HO He npCBblC1I1I11 BC-
JlllqllHbl 0,59. 3TOT pe3YJIbTaT CBeTeJIbCTBYeT 0 TOM, qTO no Mepe
pa3BIITHR 3aBIICIlMOCTb-HC33BIICIIMOCTb OT nOJIR C6JImKaeTCJI C 1111-
TeJlJIeKTOM no MexaH1I3MaM, JIe)i(all\IIM B OCHOBC CC perYJIJlQIIII, HO,
TeM HC MeHee, coxpaH!leT onpe).\eJIeHHYIO cneQI1q,IIKY (EropOBa
M C., 3blpJlHOBa H.M., 1997)
B l1eJIOM, HeMHOfOqllCJleHHble JlCCJIe).\OBBHHR 3aBIlCIlMOCTII-
HC3aBIlCHMOCTII OT nOJ1J1, npOBe).\eHHble B fCHeTIIKC nOBe).\eHHJI, )'Ka-
3b1BaIOT Ha TO, qTO MCJKIIH.a;IIBI1).\yaJlbHble Pa3JIHqllR 3TOH OC06CH-
HOCTH KOrHI1TIIBHOH Cq,epbl HCUblTblBaIOT BJII1J1Hlle rCHOTllna (KBK
3I\)J,IITHBHOC, TaK II HeB,ll.ll)lTIIBHoe), KOTopoe onpe).\eJIJleT nOJlOBHHY
ec ,1\IICnCpclIlI. Ii3 cpC).\OBbIX BJlIIJlIIIIH OCHOBHYIO pOJlb IIrpaeT pa:!-
JlH'IalOll\aJlCJI cpe,1\a.
2,5. KpearnBHocTb
KpcaTHBHOCTb 1IBJ1!1CTC!I cpaBHHTeJIbHO IIOBOH nClIXOJIOrll'!ec-
KOH xapaJ<TepHCTIIKoH, nOJiBlIBWcilcJI B nCIIX0J10rIlH B H3'1aJIC 50-x
rO).\OlJ. IIpel\noJlBraeTc!I, qTO KpeaTIIBHOCTb (1IJ111 I\JlBCpreHTHoc
MbIIlIJlCHIIC), B OTJIII'IIIC OT 06ll\ero IIHTeJJJICKTa, CBJl3aHa C TBOP'!Cf;-
KIIMH nOTCHI1HMII qell0BeKa, C HHI'!QllaTI1BHOCTbIO, IIHTepeCOM K
HHTCJI]JeKTYaJIbHOH ).\eJlTCiIbHOCTII II npl1BO.a;llT K C03J1,3HlllO HOBoro,
OplfflmaJIbHOfO npo.llYKTa 3TOii P;CJlTCJIbHOCTI/.
IIcllxoJIorll'lecKIIC IICCJ1CI\OBaHHJI KpCBTI1BIIOCTH MIIOrO'lHC-
JIeHHbl, O).\lIaKO COnOCTBBJlCHlle pe3YJlbTaTOB pa3HblX pa60T HBJIJleT.
CR BCCbMa CJ10JKHOH 3aJl,aqeH, nOCKOJlbKY BbInOJIHeHbI 3TII pa60Tbl B
pa3HblX TCOpeTII'IeCKIIX KOHTCKCTBX II BapbHpYIOT no TOMY, KaKOC
co).\ep)!(aHlIe BKJ1B.!U>IBaIOT aBTOpbJ B nOHJlTlle "KpcaTIIBHoCTb", a
TaK)!(e - no MeTo).\aM IICCJ1C)I;OBaHIIJI 11 no 06'beKTY IICCJ1e).\OBaHIIR
(HanpIIMcp, no OPHCHTBQIIII Ha npOI\YKTbI ).\C!lTeJIbHOCTH, JlBJIJlIQ-
wl'!CCJI HOBblMII II OpllrllHaJIbHbIMIi C TO'IKII 3pellllJl 06 w =a, HiIII
lIa JlI1qHOCTHble oc06eHHoCTH TBOp'leCKllx JIH'IHOCTCH, IIJlII Ha npo-
I1ccc peWCHHJI np06JIeMbl, KOTOpbIH CBI1).\cTeJIbCTBYeT 0 HeTpllBII-
aJJbllOM no).\Xo).\e K 3aJl,a'le).
B rCHeTlIKC nOBC).\CIIIIR, KBK npBBIIJlO, HCnOJIb3YeTC!I TOJIbKO
OMH 113 nO).\XOJl,OB K 113yqeHHlO xpeaTIIBHOCT\1, CBR3aHHblH C opllelJ-
277

TaQHeH Ha npoQecc peWCHIIJI 3aJl,a'lll 11 pa3pa60TaHHblH 8 nCHXO-
MeTpll'lCCKOH TpaJl,llQHII .II.JK.fHJIIjJOPIl;OM H IT.ToppaHCOM.
IICPBbIH I..\HKn pa60T, B KOTOPOM KpeaTH8HOCTb paCCMaT-
pl1BanaCb KaK caMoCTORTcnbHaR nCHXOJIOrHqeCKaJl xapaKTepHC-
THKa, 6bIn npOBCII;eH .II.JK.fHnljJopll;oM II CTO cOTpy,!1I1UKaMH npl'!
C03,!1aHHH MOJl,enll CTpYKTYPbI HHTenneKTa (nonY'IHBWeH ono-
cnCII;CTO"H Ha30aHHe Ky6HqeCKOH MOJl,eJlH HHTenneKTa).
B TeCTax, KOTopble HcnOnb30BaJI .II.1K.nm<j!opJl,./l,JlJI ,!1HaTHO-
CTIIKH KpcaTHOHOCTH, HcnbITyeMOMY npC./l,JlaraJIOCb ,!1aTb Ha30a-
HHR pa3HbiM HCTOpHJlM, npll,!1YMaTb He06blqHb!C cnoc06bI IfCnOJlb-
300aHHR npel\MeTOB, nO.l\06paTl, CJIOBa COrJIaCHO KaKOMY-JIH60
npaBllny, HanpHMep, HaqHHalOll\HCCR Ha OIl;HY H TY JKe 6YK8Y HJlH
JKe HMeIQll\l1e nOXOJKIIH CMblCJI H T ..1\. <l>aKTOpI1JOOaB PC3YJIb TaTbl
paJHbIX TeCTOB, .II.JK.fHJI<j!OPJl, BbI,!1eJlHn pJlI\ OC06CHHOCTeii, KOTO-
pble OH Ha3BaJI nOl\npOQcccaMH .l\lIBCprCHTHoro MbIIllJICHIIJ!. B HX
'1HCnO 80WJIO 8 XapaKTepHCTHK, CO.l\epJKaTeJIbHO 06ToCt\HHIilOll\HXCJI
8 3 rpynnbl H CBHII;eTCJIbCTBYIOIl\HX 0 6erJlOCTH MbIWJIeHHJI, pa3-
Ho06pa3HII H HOBH3He (HJIH YIfHKaJIbHOcTII) OToeTOB IICnbITye-
MblX (Guilford J.P., 1956).
HanpaBJIeHHe IIccrreI\OOaHHH, Ha'iaTOe ,Q1K.fHJIIjJOp.n:OM, HaH-
60nec nOCJIel\OBaTenbHO 6bl1l0 npO.l\OJI1KeHO II.ToppaHcoM
(Torrancc E.P., 1966, 1977), KOTOpbli1 YTO'lHl1n npe.n:CTaBJIeHHJI 0
KpeaTHoHoCTH, 60JIee Tll.\aTenbHO oT06parr npOl..\eAYPbI ee .l\lIarnoc-
THKII II Obl.l\CJIlIJI 4 pcljlepeHTHblx nOKaJaTCJIR - 6errroCTb (KOJIHqe-
"TIIO 3a,!\lUmH, BbllIOllHeHHblX I!CnblryeMbIM), m6KoCTb (paJl!006pa-
311C THnOB npeJl,MeTOB, Ha3bIBaeMblX IfClIbITYCMbIM), opHTHHanb-
Hoen (He06bI'IHOCTh, HHJK!UI 'IaCTOTa Bcrpe'laeMOCTIi B nonYJIJIQHII
Tex OTBCTOB, KOTopbIe Jl,3eT IIcnbITyeMbIi1), pa3pa60TaHHoCTb (KO-
nllqecrno .l\eTarreii, HaJBaHHbIX IIcnbITyeMbIM).
Ha OCHOOaHI'!H pe3YJIbTaT08 3TIIX pa60T 6bm C,!1eJIaH BbI-
BO.l\, '1TO KpeaTlloHocTb OTpaJKaeT oc06YIQ nCIIXOJIOrH'IecKYIO pe-
aJIbHOCTb, He COO,ll)lll.\yroCJI K TOH, KOTopaH onllCbloaeTCH I\pyrH-
MI1 xapaKTepHCTHKaMH, TpaJJ;HQHOHHO 113Y'IaeMbIMH 0 nClixono-
nil!, II, npeJK)l,C Bcero, - He CBO,!1J1ll.\YIOCJI K 06ll.\eMY IIHTeJIJIeKTY.
O,!1l1aKO npaOOMepHOCTb 3Toro BblBOJl,a nOCTOHHHO nO,lUlepraeTCH
COMHeHIUO.
HMeHHO pa3rpaHHQeHilIO KpeaTH8HOCTI1 H HHTeJIJIeKTa HJIII,
B I\pyrl'!x TepMUHax, .l\HBCpreHTHoro H KOHocpreHTHoro HHTen-
JICKTa, nOCBRll\eHb/ MHorHe nCIiXOnOrl1'1eCKHe I1CCJIe,!lOB3HIIJI. Hx
278
pe3yJIbTaTbl, HeCMOTpR Ita MHTeJILHLIH nepHOJl H3Y'leHHH Kpea-
TIIBHOCTI!, OCTaIQTCR npoTIIBopeqHBblMH II lI;alOT OCHOBaHIIJI MR
Tpex B3aHMOHCKJDO'IaIQll\IIX TO'leK 3peHIIR. O.l\l1a J3KJDOqaeTCR B
TOM, '1TO KpeaTHBHOCTL He CBH3aHa C IIltTeJlJleKTOM 11 npel\CTaO-
JIReT C060H caMOCTORTeJIbHYIQ nCIIXOJIOTH'IeCKYIQ X3paKTepHCTH-
KY BTopaR - YTBep1KJlaeT, qTO KpeaTIIBHOCTb JlBJIReTCJI O.l\HHM
113 npOJlBnCHIIH IIHTeJIJIeKTa H TeCHO C HIIM CBJl3aHa. TpCTLR (Hal'!-
60JIee paCnpOCTpaHeHHaR) - npelJ;nOJIaraeT, '1TO MCJK.l\Y HHTeJI-
JleKTOM II KpeaTHOHOCTbIQ CYll\CCTBYIQT HeJIHHeHHble CBHJII: no-
BbllllCHHe YPOBHR HHTeJIJICKTa CBJl3aHO C nOBbIllJeHHeM KpcaTHB-
HOCTH JIHlllb .110 onpeJleJIeHHOrO npe.l\ena. IIpH npeOb/weHHH He-
KOToporo KpIlTII'IeCKOrO YPOBHH HHTeJ1JIeKTa (no pa3HblM .l\aH-
HblM - OT 12011;0 127 6aJIJloo) ero CBJl3H C KPeaTIIBHOCTblO HJIII
HC'IC3aIOT, HJ111 JKe CTaHOORTCJ! OTpHQaTcnbHbIMH, TO eCTb npH
l(anbHeiiwCM nOBblweHIIH IIHTCJI!1eKTa KpeaTIIBHOCTb Ha'lUHaeT
CHH)((aTbCJI.
Bonpoc 0 COOTHOllleHIIH HHTeJIJ1eKTa H KpeaTHBHocTH 06-
CY)!(l\aCTCR H B reHeTHKC nOBC.I\eHIIR, XOTR O.l\H03Ha'iHOrO OTOeTa
Ha 3TOT Bonpoc reHeTII'IeCKI!e HCCJle,lJ;OBaHIIR KpeaTHBHocTH nOKa
.l\aTh He MorYT
HJy'ICHHe pOJ1H reHOTIma II cpe,!1b1 B nOKa3aTCnJlX, OTHOCR-
ll\HXCR, no MHeHIIIQ onllcaBlllIIX HX aBTopOB, K KpeaTUOHOCTH, oe-
,!1eTCR C KOHl\a 60-x roJl,Oo. B nepBLIX pa60Tax, BbInOnHeHHblX
C. BaH .l\CH6eproM (1968), <I>.l>appoHoM (1969) H r.OJ1I1BOM
(1972), BnllHHHR reHOTl1na Ha 60J1bIllHHCTBO nOKaJaTCJlCH Kpea-
TIIBHOCTH o6HapYJi(eHO He 6bIJJ0 (11111'. no FlIller J.L., Thompson
W.R.,1978).
ITpH nO.l\C'IeTe cpCI\HerO BHyTpHnapHoro CXO.l\CTBa M3 II
Jl,3 6J1113HeL\OB no 11 nOKa3aTeJ1RM KpcaTIIBHoCTII aBTopbl .lIPYro-
ro HCCJlC.l\OBaHI1R npHWJlH K BbIOOJl,Y, '1TO rCHonm 06YCJ10BJ1110a-
eT He 60Jlee qeTBCpTI1 .l\lICnepCHH 3THX nOKaJaTCJleH: cpe)I,Hee BHYT-
pHnapHoe CXO.l\CTBO OKaJaJlOCb paoHo 0,57 y M3 6JIH3HCL\OO H
0,44 - Y .II.3 6JIH3HeL\OB; cooToeTcTBeHHo, nOKa3aTeJlb H3CneJlYc-
MOCTI! paoeH 0,26 (Reznikoff M. et al , 1973).
AHaJlOrll'lHbIe PC3YJlbTaTbI 6bl1lH nOJ1Y'IeHbl H npH 0606-
ll\eHIII! .l\aHHblX 10 I1CCJle,!loBaHHH .l\HBCpreHTHoro MbIIlJJIeltHJI:
BHYl'pHnapHbJe KoppeJIRL\IIH M3 II .II.3 6J1H3HCQOB, Bbl'lIlCJleHHble
npH 3TOM 06061.1.\CHHII, paBHJlJIIICb COOTBeTCTBCHHO 0,61 II 0,50,
qTo n03BOJlReT 3aKJ1JOqHTb, '1TO rCHOTHn onpe.l\eJIJleT 22% .l\IIC-
279

nepCHH nOKa3aTeJleH .l\I1BepreHTHoro MbIWJJeHHJ! (Nichols R.N.,
1978).
HeBblcoKHH ypoBeHb reHeTH'IeCKOH 06yCJIOBJICHHOCTH HH-
.l\IIBH.I\yaJIbHbIX pa3nH'II'!H, OTHOCSlIlIHXCJI K Kpe3THBHoCTH H 1\11-
BcpreHTHoMY MblwneHHIO, YK33blBaCT Ha TO, qTO 1jI0pMHpOB3Iilie
TBOp'leCKHX cnoc06HOCTeH '1eJlOBeKa B 3HaqHTenbHoii CTeneHH
CBJl3aHO CO cpC.n:OBblMIl oc06eHHOCTSlMH paJBI1THI!. IIpll 3TOM MHO-
rHe HCCJle.l\OBaTem1 CKJIOHHbI C'IIITaTb, 'ITO H Te HeBblCOKlle nOK3-
3aTCJIII HaCJIe.l\yeMocTH, KOTOpb!e 06HapYJl(HB3IOTCII npH reHCTH-
'1eCKOM 3HaJIH3e KpeaTHIIHOCTH, OTHOCIITCJ! He CTonbKO K cneQHIjIH-
Ke TBOp'lCCKI1X oc06eHHOCTeH '1enOBeKa, C1(onbKO K 06ll1eMY HH-
TeJIneKTY, 1\0 HCKOTOpOH CTeneHI1 113McpJleMOMY TeCTaMH Kpea-
THBHOCTH. TaK, B O.l\HOi-\ H3 pa60T npl'! 06Cnel\OBaHHH 6JIH3He1.J;0-
BOH Bbl60pKII no 5 IIOKa3aTenJ!M KpeaTliBHOCTH TonbKO OI\HH H3
nOKIl33TCneii (cnoBecHble aCCOQHaQI!I!) npoAeMoHCTpl!pOBaJI CBII3b
C reHOTHIIOM. 3TOT Jl(e nOK333Telll. OKa33nCJI HaH60JIee TecHO CIII!-
3aH c pe3ynbT3TaMH IIbInonHeHIIII .!\BYX HHTeJIJleKTyanbHbIx Tec-
TOB - TeCTa PaBeHa I! CJIOBapl!OrO TeCTa (Canter S., 1973). HHa-
qe rOBopll, '1eM BbIwe nOKa3aTCJIb KpcaTHBHOCTH KoppeJlHpyeT C
IIHTellJ1eKTOM, TeM B 601lbwcH CTeneHH ero BapHaTHBHOCTb OKa-
3blBaCTCJ! CBJ!33Ha C reHOTHnOM.
IIpH HcnocpeACTBeHHoM COIIOCTaBneHHH HHTellJ1eKTa II KpC-
aTHBHOCTII (TO eCTb npH nOI\CqCTe rCHCTH'IeCKHX KOppenlll\HH MeJl(-
l1.Y HIIMII) CTonb 0i\H03Ha'iHOrO pe3YJIhTaTa HC nOJJY'IaCTCJ!; no
Mepe B3pOCnCHH.II pe6CHKa (OT 6 1\0 10 neT) BCJIH'II1Ha reHemqeC-
KIIX 1(0ppcnJ!QHH Me)J(Jl,y IiHTcnnCKTOM II KpeaTHBHOCTbIO YBenH-
'1I1BaeTCJI, O.l\HaKO, He npeBblllIae-r cpe.l\llero .l\l1an330Ha 3HaqCHHH
(To eCTb p3lIHa npIlMepHO 0,5). 3TO YKa3blBae-r Ha TO, qTO HHTen-
JleKT II KpeaTI1BHOCTb .l\e-repMHHIIpYIOTCJ! He TOJIbKO CXO.l\HblMII,
HO H pa3nHq3101lIIIMIICJj reHeTIIqeCKIIMII !j)aKTopaMH (EropOBa
M.C., B ne'l3m).
HHTeJUleKT - HC e.l\llHCTBeHHall nCIIxonOmqeCKall xapaKTe-
pHCTI1Ka, KOTopaJ! npHBJIeKaeTCJ! )!JIJ! 06'(,J!CHeHIIJ! reHCTH'IeCKoii
06YCJTOBJIeHHOCTH nOKaJ:neneii Kpe3T1IBHOCTI1. B nOCIIC.I\IIee BpeMJI
B CBJ!31i C rHnOTe:JOH f Ali3eHK3 0 CBJl311 TBOpqeCKHX cnoco6HOCTeH
C nCliXOTI13MOM (Eysenck H., 1993) nOJlBMllliCb .l\aHHb!e 6nH3HeLlO-
BblX IICCne.l\OBaHIIH, n03BOnJilOillHe npe.n;nonOJl(IITb, '1TO H3Cne.l\-
CTBeflfl311 06YCIrOBlleHHOCTb Kpe3T1fBHOCTIi MOJl(eT 061>JlCHJlTbCJI
TeM, qTO nOKa3aTeJIli Kpe3TI1BHOCTI1 B KaKOH-TO Mcpe oTpaJK3lOT
280
ypOBCHh nClixoTH3Ma, B3pHaTMBHoCTb KOToporo npl!MCpHO Ha 30--
40% 06ycnoBneHa reHOTHnOM (Wallcr N.G. et aI., 1993).
T3KliM 06pa30M, HeMHOrOqHCneHHble IICCJIe.n;OBaHHJ! Kpca-
THBHOCTH, npOBe.l\eHHbfe K H3CTollilleMY BpeMeHI! B reHeTlfKe nOBe-
lIeHHI!, nOKaJbIB3IOT, qTO Kpe3TIIBHoCTb i\OBOn"HO cna60 CBJl3aHa C
reHOTHnOM, II He HCKJIlO'IeHO, qTO na CIIJ!3b JlIIJlJleTCJ! pe3ynbTaToM
KOMnnCKCHoro xap3KTepa nOKa3aTeneH KpeaTHBHOCTH - TO eCTb
Toro, 'ITO B HI1X OTpaJl(aIOTCJ! He TonbKO TBOp'leCKHC cnoco6HOCTM
KaK TaKOBbIe, HO II I\pyme nCIIXOJIOrH'IeCKI1C X3p3KTepl!CTIIKH, IIC-
nblTblBaIOll\lIe BJIIllIHHe reHomna (HHTenneKT, HeKOTopblC oc06eH-
HOCTH IIHqHOCTHOH Ccpepbl).
2.6. H3pyweHHe cnoco6HoCTH K o6Y'leHHID
06n3CTb nCHJWnorHH, 33HIIMaIOUl3J1CJI HapYIIICHI!I!MII cno-
C06HOCTI! K 06yqCHHIO, K3K C3MOCTOJITenbHOC H3npaBneHlle nCII
XOJlOrH'ICCKOH HaYKH nO.llBHnaCb B H3q3JIe 60-x rOJl,OB.
QenbIO HCCnei\OB3HI1H B nOH OOJlaCTII I!Bn>leTCJI 113Y'leHHc
(II BnOCnel\CTBlI1I nOMolllb) Tex .n;CTeH, IWTopble HC OTCTaIOT B YM-
CTBeHHOM pa3BHTIIH, HO I1MeIOT BblpaJl(eHHble np06JIeMbI C YCBO-
eHlleM 3HaHIIH. 3TH .n;eTH He IIMeIOT ceHcopllhiX Ae4JeKTOB (CIIH-
)J(eHHJ! OCTpOTbI 3peHIIJ! Hnl! rnyxOTbI) H, K3K np3BHno, P3CTYT B
ycnOBHJIX, KOTopble He npc.n;nonaralOT neJl,arOrl!'ICCKOH 3anYllleH-
1i0CTH (TO eCTb y HIIX HopManbHoe .n;OMalliHee OKpY)J(eHlie, lIHI!-
MaTenbHhle po.n;IITenl1 II BnonHe KBaJIH4JHQIIPOB3HHhle Y'IIiTenJl).
IIp06ncMbi 3TIIX ):\eTeH KaCaIOTC>I HMeHHO 06Y'IeHH.II (npe)J(Jl,e Bce
1'0 - YCBoeHHJ! HaBblKOB '1TeHII>I II nHCbMa), n03TOMY IIX CIIMnTO-
M3THKa JIyqllIe Bcero onHCh1B3e-rCII TepMHHOM "H3pyweHl1e cno-
C06HOCTII K 06Y'IeHlllO".
B reHeTI1KC nOBeHH>I IIccne):\YIOTC>I npeHMYll1eCTBeHHO .!\Ba
acnCKT3 HapYll1CHI1J! cnoc06HOCTII K 06Y'leHHIO 0.1\1111 1i3 HHX CBJ!-
3aH C np06neMaMH B BbI):\eneHHII 1jI0HeM II B OBJIal\eHlI1I HaBbIKaMIi
TeHI!J! II nllCbMa, TO eCTb C ):\lIcneKClieii. BTOpoii 3cneKT KacaeTCII
CJIOJl(HOCTeH B OBJ13J!.eHHH pe'lbIO II OTHOCIITCJI K HapYll1eHHJ!M 3PTII-
!<:YJIJIQHH II K TpYAI!OCTIIM, B03HIIKalOllIHM npl1 ycaoeHli1i rpaMMaTl1-
'ICCKOrO CTpOJl po.n;HorO .113bIK3.
)1,nclIeKcHH 11 pe'lellble HapYWCHlf.ll 6blnl1l1nepBble onnC3HbI
II HaY'IHOH JlHTepnype )1,)J(.KCppOM II Y II MopraHOM B KOHQC
281

XIX B. (Tor,!J;a 3HI B!lCHH Ha3blBaJIHCb "BpOJK,!\eHHa C!lOBap-
HaJi CJIenOTa"), a B caMOM Haqane XX B., B 1907 ro,!\)', C.CTelj)cH-
COHOM 6blJl0 npoBe,!J;eHo nepBoe ceMeHHoe HCCJle,!\OBaHlie Ha Tpex
rrOKOJIeHltllX pO,!J;CTBeHHHlWB, nOl<a3aBUIee, 'ITO !lP" HaJJ"'!"" Ha-
pyweHHH cnOC061i0CTli K 06Y'lCHIIJO B O,!\HOM H3 nOKOJleHHH B
nOCJIellYlOll\lIX nOI<OJIeHHHX nOBTopHIOTCH cJlyqall aHaJlorH'IHb!X
HapyrneHHH.
B COBpeMeHHOH relieTIIKe nOBeileHHH IICCJle,!J;oBaHHe .l.\HC-
1IeKClfIi H TpY)1.Hocrdi B O!ma,!J;eHIiH pe'll>lO npOBo,!\IITCH TpeMH ny-
THMH. Bo-nepBbIX, npOCJIeJKIIBacrcH ceMeHHoe CXO,!J;CTBO no 3TliM
xapaKTepllcTHKaM. ,AJlJI aHaml3a ceMeUHoro CXOilCTBa npHMe-
HHeTCH cpaBHeHlle pa3Hblx nap pO,!J;CTBCHHHICOB (6JIII3HeI.\OB,
CIIGCOB, pO,!J;IITeJJei! H ,!J;creH II 1'..1.\.). ECJlH CXO,!J;CTBO MeJK,!J;y POJl,-
CTBeHHHKaMII no paccMaTpllBaeMoMY liapYllIeHHIO oKa3blBaeT-
CH TeM 60nbrne, qeM GonbIlle IIX reHeTHqeCKOe CXO,!J;CTBO, eCTb
OCHOBaHHH npe,!J;!lOnaratb, '1TO BapHaTIiBHocTb 3T0ro Hapywe-
HH IicnblTbIBaeT reHOTllfIli'leCKHe BJIH>lHIfJl. B npOTllBon01l0JK-
HOM cnY'lae MOJKHO C.I.\enaTb BbIIIO,!J; 0 cpe,!J;OBOH lleTepMHHal(HII
HapYllIeHHH
BO-BTOpbIX, IICCne,l1YIOTcH HH,!J;HBH)\bl, HMelOlI.\lle rCHCTII'IeC-
Klle OTKnOHeHHJI (TaKHe, KaK XpOMOCOMHble aHOMaJIlIH), II aHa-
JlH3HpyeTcll, IIpHBO,!J;HT 11M ,l10KYMCHTMpOBaHHble rCHCTII'ICCKHe
OTKJIOHeHHH K TPY,!J;HOCTHM B 06yqeHIIH II B OBJlal!ellHH PCqblO H
nHChMOM.
B-TpeThIlX, npOBO,!J;IITCH aHanH3 Cl.\cnneHH, n03nonIOIl\HH
onpe)\enliTh JIOKaJIlI3al.\l11O reHOB B TOH HJIH HHOH XpOMOCOMe.
DplfMepbl pe:JynbTBToB, nOlIyqeHHh!X B Ka)/(,!{OM 113 Tpex Ha-
npannCHIIH IICCJIel!OBaHHJI HapYllleHHH cnOC06HOCTIi K 06Y'leHlilO,
11 6Y,!\)'T npHBe,!J;eHbl ,!\anee.
£JIU11Iett08b1e UCCJle006aHUJI
ITpH 6!1H3Hel10BhIX I1CCne,!J;OBaHII>lX ,lUICJIeKCMII, KaK npanll-
!IO, .n;eMOHCTpiIPYCTCJI 60JJbWee CXO,!J;CTBO M3, no cpaBHeHHlO C
.II.3 PC3ynhTaTbI, 1I0nyqeHHble B paHHIIX pa60TaX, npe)\CTaBnCHbl
B n6nllue 7.7 (nepBble 3 CTpOKII).
B 60JIee 1I0311.1IMX IiCCJle,l10BaHMX (noCJIell.lille 3 CTpOKIf B
Ta6J1I1UC 7 7) pe3ynbTaTbi OKaJblaalOTC He CTOJlb OM03Ha'lIibl.
B IICCJ1e,!J;OBaHIIII, npOBc.aeHHOM .l!.JK.CTllBeIlCOHOM C coan-
TopaMII, HCCJle.!\OBanOCb 285 nap 13-JleTHHx 6JIH3HeI10B. KpoMe
MeTo.n:OB, paCCqHTaHHblx Ha ,l\lIarHocTIlKY ilHCJ1eKCIIII, aBTopaMH
282
Tafi!lUla 7.7
Cxoocm60 M3 U /(3 6J1U3l1ett08 110 nOKa3ameJTfI.M OUC!lt:J<CUU
KOHKOPA3HT H OCTb
I-1ccneD8aHMR 4C110 nap MJ1'" BHYTPMnap-
Hoe CXOACTBO
M3 A3 1.13 A3
Zeroin-Rubin E , 1967 17 34 100 52
Bakwin H 1973 31 31 91 45
Pennington B.F , 1983 43 64 91 31
Sleven.on J el al ,1987 14-19 27-42 33-59 29.54
Decker S N , Vandenber9 S G , 1935 133 98 66 43
DeFne. J.e , Gillis J L., 1991 96 72 71 49
l!CIIOnb30BaJlC 60JIbWOU Ha60p IIHTenJleKTyanbHbIX TeCTOB, qTO
nOJBOnllno conOCTaBJlRTb ,lUICnCICCli1O C YMCTBeHHblM B03paCTOM.
Bo BceH Bbl60pKe 6nH3HCl\OB aBTopbl BbJ,Jlemillll ,!(.BC n0.!1!'Pynnb, -
Bo-nepBblX, C 3a,I\epJKKaMH B OBJIaileHHH '1TeHlleM (eCJ11i HaBblKH
'1TeHHH COOTBCTCTBOBanll B03paCTY Ha 18 MeCl.\eB MeHbllle xpo-
HOnOnl'leCKoro) II, BO-BTOPbIX, C OTCTaBaHHCM 1\ OBJlal!eHli1l '1TeHH-
eM (3Haq1lTeJIbHOe OTCTaBaHl1e, no cpaBHeHHIO C HHTenneKTyaJIb-
HblM H xpOHOnOrH'IeCKIIM BOJpaCTOM). KOHKop)\aHTHOCTb B na-
pax M3 6J]1I3HeI10B, HMelO",HX XOT>I 6bl O,lUloro npo6aH,!J;a, obma
59% (33 napbl), B napax ,A3 6mi3HeUOB - 54% (29 nap), TO eCTb
CXO,!J;CTBO M3 6JIli3Hel10B npaKTH'IeCKH He npeBblWaJ10 CXOIlCTBO
,A3. Ha BceH BbloopKe, BKIIIO'IalOll\eii H rrapbl C npo6aHp'aMI1, 11
napbl 6e3 HHX, 6blJ1H nOIlY'IeHbl He60Jlbwlle nOKa3aTelJII Hacne.n.y-
eMOCTH MH HaBblKOB qTeHII Ii rpaMoTHoro IIHCbMa KOHKOp-
,l1aHTHOCTh M3 Om13Hel10B BapbHpOBaJIa )\JIJI pa3Hblx nOKa3aTe-
!lei! B npe.l\enax 33-59%, a });3 6nH3Hel\OB - B npC,l\eJIax 29-
54%, TO ecn M3 6m13HeZjbl OKa3a!IHCb JlI1Ulb HeMHOTO 60Jlee 110-
XOJKIIMH BHYTpHllapHo, '1eM .II.3 (Stevenson J. ct aI., 1987)
B cepHH IICCnC,l10BaHHH, npoBe,!J;eHHbix B paMKax Konopa,!J;-
CKoro npocKTa, HanpaBneHHoro Ha liCCJ1eJl,OBaHHe paJJIH'IHbIX «\JaK-
TOPOB ycneIllHoCTH OBnal!eHIIH '1TeHHeM, pa3JIH'III MeJK'!\y M3 II
});3 6!Ilf3Hel1aMI1, KaJ( npanllJlO, o6HapYJKIIBaJIHCb, XOTR Ii He CTonb
pa311TeJIbHbIe, KflK B nepBblX IICCneI!OBaHI-!SIX. C..II.eKKepQM H
C f.BaHileH6eprOM lIa 60JIbllloii no '1HCneHHOCTH Bbl6opKe, rJl,e B
nape HMeI!C XOTSI 6bl OilHH np06aHJI, (133 napbl M3 Ii 98 lIap 0,1.\-
HOIIOJ1bIX ,A3), KOHKopilallTHocTb 6bIna 06HapYJKeHa B 66% nap
283

M3 H B 43% nap.II.3 6J1H3HeQoB (Decker S N., Vandenberg S G.,
] 985) .lI.PyraJi pa60Ta, BbmonHeHHa Ha 'taCTH 3T01i )((e Bb!60pKH
6J11I3HeQoB, HO C HcnOJ1b30BaHHeM HeCKOJIbKO OTJIH'talOlI\HXC no-
Ka3aTeneii ,D,I1CneKCHI1, npOJl,eMOHCTpllpOBaJ1a nOXO)!(lIe PC3YJ1bTa-
Tbl (DeFries J.C , GIllIs J.1., 1991).
Ce.l\leUHble uCCJle008aHllR
.II.aHHbIe ceMeiiHblX IICCJIe.!lOBaHllii, B KOTOPb!X conOCTaBn-
nllCb pO,D,HTenH II ,D,eTII, a TaKJKe cH6cbI, YKa3blBalOT Ha TO, qTO
reHeTllqeCKHe BJIl1HHJI B03.n:eHCTBYIOT Ha BapllaTHBHOCTb nOKa3a-
TeneH ,D,IICJIeKCHIi II OBJIa,D,eHH pe%lO: 6paTb, ceCTpbl H pO-
.!lliTCJIII np06aHJI,OB .l1eMOHCTpIlPYIOT CHI1)((eHl1e peneBaHTHbIX no-
Ka3aTeneH, no cpaBHeHHIO co cpe,D,HenonYJIQI10HHbIMI1.
B Ta6J1llQe 7.8 npHBe,D,eHbl ,D,aHHbIe, nOJIyqeHHble B ceMH IIC-
CJlC.!lOBaHHJlX peqeBbJX HapyweHHH Bo BCCX 3THX IICCJle.l10BaHIIJlX,
KpOMe nOCne,D,HerO (BbIOonHeHHoro C.eJlb3eH(jIeJIb.n. C coaBTO-
paIH), B KaqeCTBe np06aH.l10B oT6HpaJlIICb ,D,eTH, IIMelOlI\He Ie
HJIlI I1HbIe HapyweHH - TPY,D,HOCTH B npOH3HoweHHH pa3JJl1q-
HbIX 3BYKOB, 3aHKaHHe, HeYMeHHC npanl1JIbHO nOCTpOHTb (jIpa3Y,
qaCTble 01l1ll6KH B YCTHOH peqll II T.,D,. I1x 6JII13KHe pOAcTBeHHH-
KH, KaK npaBIIJIO, p0,D,liTeJIII II cII6cbI, TaK)((e npoxo,D,H11H 06cJle-
,D,OBaHHe. ,D,eTI1 TeCTllpOBaJIHCb, a C pO,D,HTeJIJlMI1, KpOMe TeCTHpo-
BaHII, npOBO,D,I1JIOCb ,D,eTaJIbHOe I1HTepBblO, QeJIb KOToporo co-
CTOHlIa B TOM, YTo6bI BbHICHIiTb, HMenH nil pOllHTeJUf alialIOrHY-
Hble TPY,D,HOCTI'!, KOr,D,a HaXO,D,HJII1Cb B B03paCTe CBOHX ,D,eTeH (TO
eCTb BbJCHJlJIOCb, eCTb JIll B CeMbe "n03HTHBHa" I1CTOpllJl pe'le-
BbIX HapyweHIIH) B pa60Te )((.YaHTxepCTa c coaBTopaMIl (KO-
TOpaJi npHBe.n.eHa npe,D,nOCJIe,D,HeH B Ta6JIIIQe), KpOMe pO,D,IITeJIeH,
06CJle.!lOBaJlHCb TaK)((e 6a6ywKil H ,D,e.n.YWKI1, TeTll II ,D,JI,D,II II )1,110-
IOpO,D,HbIC 6paTb H CCCTpbI. B nOCJIe.l1HeH pa60Te {C.CJIb3eH-
(jIeJIb,D, C coaBTopaMII) B KaqeCTBC np06aH.n.OB Bb!CTynaJIII pO.lUlTe-
JIll, 11MeBWlle B .n.eTCTBe HapyweHHJI peqH, 11 paCCMaTpHBaJIOCb,
CCTb JIl1 TpY.lUlOCTH C OBJ1a,/\eHlleM pe%1O y IIX ,D,eTeH.
06paTIIBWIICb K Ta6JIHQC 7 8, MOJKHO 3aKJIroqHTb, '1TO pO.l1-
CTBeHHHKII np06aH.!lOB '1all\e 06HapY)((IIBaIOT HapywCHHJI PCqH,
qeM pO.!lCTBeHHIIKIl HcnblTyeMblx, BOWe,!\lllI1X B KOHTpOJIbHYIO rpyn-
ny (TO eCTb ypaBHeHHblX no p,/\y napaMeTpOB C np06aH,D,aMII, HO
He HMelOlI\lIX HapyweHI1H peqH). Pe3YJlbTaTbl 3THX IICCJIC,D,OBaHHii
nOKa3bIBaIOT, '1TO 60JIbWe nOJIOBHHbl np06aH,/\OB IIMeIOT po.n.-
CTBeHHIIKOB c nOXO)!(IIMH HapyweHHJlMH {nepBblH cToJl6eQ B Ta6-
284
Ta6l1ua 7.8
BepOJIJIIHOCmb peQe8bLX Hap)'uU!HuU cpeou poocm8eHHuKo8 np06alJ-
006 (/fum. 110 Felsenfeld S. el al., 1994)
(IIIccneAO!laHMe npoLl8HT npooHAo" npoHT nOpaJKeH.UX
MM81OU,tM)( nOpa)l($HHoro POACT88HHMKOB
POACTB8HHMIC8 Y npo6aHAOII Y I<OHTpOJ1bHoiI
rpynnbl
Byrne B..I 01.1974 59% . -
Neils J . Aram D , 1986 . 20% 3%
Talla' P et aI., 1989 77% 41% 18%
Tomblin J B., 1989 53% 23% 3%
Lewis B , 1990 - 33% 5%
Whitehurst G el al., 1991 . 12% 7%
Felsenfeld S" 1994 53% 33% 0
JlHQe 7.8) 11, B QenOM, npOQeHT IIX pO.l1CTBeHHIIKoB, IIMelOlI\lIX pC-
qeBble HapyweHH (OTOpOH cToJI6eQ B Ta6JIHQe 7.8), OKa3bIoaeT-
CJI 3HaqllTeJ1bHO BbllIIe, qeM y pO,D,CTBeHHIIKoB KOHTpOJIbHOH rpyn-
nbl (TpCTHH CTOJI6Cl1 B Ta6JIIIQe 7.8).
XpOMOCOMlJble OmKJlOHeHUJ/ U Hap)'lUeHUJ/ cnoco6Hocmu J<
06Y'leliulO
I1CCJIC.n.OB311I1C XpOMOCOMHblX OTKJIOHeHllii IIIIX conOCTaB-
JIeHlle C .lUICJIeKCllcii II pe'lCBbIMIi HapyweH"JlM .l1aeT B03MO)l(HOCTb
HenocpeJl,CTBeHHo YKa3aTb Ha reHeTH'IeCKHe npllqHHbI CHH)((eHIIJI
cnoc06HOCTeH. XpOMOcoMHble OTKJIOHeHHJI BCTpC'IaIOTCJI C '1ac-
TOTOH 0,5% (TO eCTb 5 ,D,eTeH Ha ] 000 pO)((j\acTCJI C .pa3JIH'IHblMH
XpOMOCOMHblMH aHOMaJIIIJlMH). IIpHHJlTO CqllTaTb, qTO 3TII aHO-
ManHH npllBO,ll,llT K YMCTBeHHoH OTCTaJIOCTII. B 60JIbWIIHCTIlC CJlY-
qaeB TO .l1eHCTBIITCJlbHO TaK II CCTb, OJ\HaKO B HeKoTopbIX CJJyqa-
JlX Ha6JIro,/\aeTc coxpaliHOCTb HIITCJ1J1eKTa H, BMeCTe C TCM, Hapy-
weHlle cnoc06HOCTli K o6yqeHIlIO. ITo OQeHKaM pj\a I1CCJIe,/\OBa-
TeJleH, ,D,CTH C XpOMOCOMHbIMI1 aHOMaJIlIJlMII COCTaBJIJIIOT npliMepHo
5% OT qllCJIa j\eTeH, y KOTOpblX Ha6JIIO,D,aIOTC HapYUJcHHII eno-
C06HOCTII K 06yqeHHIO.
.II.JIJI npHMepa npllBc.n.eM O.l1HY H3 pa6OT, B KOTOpoii Hapy-
weHIIC cnoc06HoCTil K 06yqCHIIIO paccMaTpIiBaIlOCb B CBJl311 C xpO-
MOCOMHblMIi aHOMaJlIIMI1.
B nOH pa60Te H3 40000 HOBOpO)l()\CHHb!X 6bIJIH oT06paHbI
46 Jl,CTeH, I1MelOll1HX pa3JI11qHble XpOMOCOMHblC aHOManIiH. KOH-
285

TpOlIl,HaK rpynna 6bma C.pOpMupOBaHa 113 3JlOpOBbIX 6paTbeo II
ceCTep 3TH X 46 JleTeH. Ha npOTJlJKeHll1l 26 neT 3a pa3BIITlleM II
nCHXOJlOrHqeCKIlM CTaTYCOM JleTeH SeJlOCb Ha6moJl,eHlle. ITepllo-
JlHqeCKlle 06CJleJlOBaHI1J1 BKJ!JO'IaJJH B ce6R, 0 'IaCTHOCTII, IIHTeJ1-
neKTyaJlbHOe TeCTl1pOBaflHe H onpeJIeJIeHl1e pa3JIII'IHbIX napaMeT-
pOB pe'leBOrO pa3BIITI1R Hero OTKJlOHeHHH (Bender RO. et a1.
1991). '
Y 60JIbllll1HCTOa JleTeH C XpOMOCOMHhlMI1 aHOMaJJIIJlMII Ha-
6mo,/\anacb Ta IIJlH HHaR CTeneHb YMCTBeHHOH OTCTaJIOCTII, o,!J;lIa-
KO 8 )l,eBO'IeK C M03all'lHbIMH H3MeHeHHJlMII (HanpIiMep, 45, X/46,
XXJ47, XXX 11J111 45, X/46, XX) MomH Y'IHTbCJI B HOpMaJlbHOH
lllKoJte H HH no KaKIIM fIOKa3aTeJlJlM YMcToeHHoro pa30HTHJI He
OTJlI1'JaJIIICb OT KOHTpOJIbHOii rpynnbI BMeCTe C TeM, HX pe'leooe
pa3BIITue npOTeKaJJO C 60JlblllllMH TpY,!J;HOCTJlMH, qTO n03BOJlHJIO
aBTopaM pa60Tb! paCCMaTpHBaTb M03all'lHbIC 113MeHeHHA KaK
.paKTOp pllCKa MJI B03HIIKHOOeHIIJI HapYllleHI1H cnOC06HOCTlf K
06Y'1eHHIO.
AH(lJlu3 c'leJlJleHWI
AHanH3 Cl.\enrreHHJI, npoQeJIYpa KOToporo 6bIJJa KpaTKO onH-
CaHa B pa3JleJle 2.1. ,!J;aHHoH rnaBbI, Heo,!J;HoKpaTHo npIlMeHJlJ1CJI
npll 113Y'leHHII HapYllleHHii cnoc06HOCTII K 06Y'IeHHIO.
B HaCTOJlII.(ee BpeMJI OfmcaHO .!!.Ba cnoc06a aHaJ1H3a Cl.\enJle-
HilA, IIcnoJlb3yeMblx npll IICCJIeJlOBaHlI1'I HapYllleHHii cnOC06HOC-
TH K o6YQeHHIO OAIiH H3 HHX COCTOHT B OllpCJleJleHHH BepOJITHO-
CTH cQemrCHIIJI II COCTOIiT B cJle.aYlOlI.(eM. .II.J1J1 IICCJle.aoBamIA OT-
611paIOTcJI 60Jlbllllle ceMbH, BKJ!JO'IaIOII.(He B ce6J1 TPH nOKOJleHI1J1
pOJl,CTBeHHHKOB II I1MelOIl\IIe 00 Bcex nOKOJleHIIJlX CJIY'IaH Hapy-
weHIIR cnoc06HoCTli K o6yqeHHIO. Bce pO,!J;CTBeHHHKII TecTHPY-
JOTCJI no 60JlbWOMY KOJlllqeCTBY MapKepoB. ITepeJlaqa MapKepOB
113 nOKOJleHI1J1 B nOKOJIeHHe conOCTaBJlJleTCJI C llepeJl,a'leH 113 no-
KOJlel1l1C B nOKOJleHHC, HanpllMep, .aHCJleKCHH. BepOIlTHOCTb cQen-
JleHlI1I onpe.aenlleTCJI KaK .aeCJlTlfqHhlH JlOrapll.pM '1aCTHOro OT
.aeJIeHIIJI TeopeTlI'IeCKOH nepOJlTHOCTII COBllall.eHHR MapKepa 11 MC-
J1eKCIII1 lIa OepoJiTHOCTb I1X peaJJbHoro COBna.aeHHJI.
B OMOM 113 IICCJleJl,OBaHHH, npOBe.aeHHbIX TaKIiM 06pa30M,
6blJlII oT06paHbI CeMbl1 C MarHOCTllpooaHHblMII 3aAepJKKaMli B
OBJI3.l\eHIIII 'ITeHlleM. Pe3YJIbTaTbI, 1I0ny'leHHbre no .!!.BYM 113 MfIO-
JKecna HCnOJIb30BaHHbIX MapKepOB (no XpoMocoMe 6 II no xpo-
MOCOMe 15), n03BOJlAIOT npe,lUlOJIOJKI1Tb, '1TO TeHbI, pacnOJlo)J(cH-
286
H"Ie B nOKycax 3TIIX XpOMOCOM, CBJl3aHbi B HCKOTOpOH CTeneHH C
nOJlOJIeHlleM HapyweHIIH cnoc06HoCTII K 06yqeHHIO (no KpaHHeH
Mepe B HeKoTopbIX CeMbJlx)
.II.PyroH MeTOII, 8H8JlJI38 CljenJleHHJI JaKJllO'IalOTCJI 0 aHaJIH-
3e .aaHHbIX, nOJlyqaeMblX Ha cH6cax. IIPHHljl1f1, JleJKall.(lIH OOCHO-
oe noro MeTOAa, COCTOHT 0 npe,lUlOnOJKe!flIl1 0 TOM, '!TO npll cl.\en-
ITeHHH reHOO KOHKOp.l!aHTHOCTb CH6cOB no MapKepy H H3Y'laeMO-
MY npH3HaKY .aonJKHa COBnaJIaTb. I1Ha'ie rooopA, eCJIH Cn6Cb! KOH-
KOpJ1aHTHbJ no MapKepy, TO OHH 6YiJ.YT KOHKOpJ1aHTHbl H, HanpH-
Mep, no II,I1CJleKCHH; eCJJlI KOHKOpJ1aHTHOCTII no MapKepy He 6y-
iJ.eT, TO npll CI(emreH!IOM H3CJletT.OOaItHI1 He J10JIJKHO 5blTb H KOII-
KOpJ1aHTHOCTI1 no .aI1CJTeKCIIH.
C'IIITaeTCJI, qTO BTOpOH MeTO,!J; (conOCT30JleHlle ClI6coo) HMe-
eT MeHblIIYIO pa3pellla!OII.(YIO cnoco6HOCTb, no cpaOHeHII!O c aHa-
JlI130M 60JlbWHX ceMeii (Smith S.D. et aI., 1991). OiJ.HaKO 06a Me-
TOA3 npHoo,!\S/T K 1I0JlyqeHI1!O nOXO)l(l1X pe3YJIbTaToB. TaK, IIC-
nOJlb3Y" .aaHHbIe, nOJlyqeHHbIe Ha cH6cax, .n ItIYJlKep C coaoTopa-
MI1 (QIIT. no DeFries J.e., Orliis J.L., 1993) npl1MeHIIJlII MerOJl,
MHO)l(eCTBeHHoH perpeCCHIi iJ.J]JI aHaJII13a pe3yJlbTaToo II conOCTa-
Ol1m' 3a,!\epJKKH B OBJlaiJ.eHHII qTeHHeM C pa31<blMH MapKcpaMH.
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HbIMH 0 XpoMocoMe 15.
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Ha BapllaTHoHOCTb 3THX HapyweHI1H.
3. HencMxOMeTpM"IeCKMe nOAxoAbl K
MccneAOB3HMIO ponM reHOTMna M cpeAbl B
KOrHMTIoJBHOM c4>epe
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HbIX pe3YJlbTaTOB, nOJlyqeHHbIX npH H3Y'IeHHH HaCJIeJl,CTBeHHblX II
CPCJ\OBI>JJ\ Jl,eTepMHHaHT KOrHI1TIIBHOH cljJepbI, 6b1JIII npeJl,CTaOJle-
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287

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BaJIIICb B reHeTHKe nOBC){eHHJI. .II.IlHHble, KaCalOlI\HeCJlIIMeHHO HX
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(6i!1I3HeL\OBbIM, ceMeHHbIM II T.A.), Ha paJHblX IIbI6opKax, a'lac-
TO - H B paJHbIX CTpaHax
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IOTCJI K 3ncMeHTapHbIM npOJlBJ1eHHIIM n03HIlBaTCJJbHOH ){eIlTeJlb-
HOCTII 'IeJlOBeJ<a, HanpHMep, K H3Y'IeHHIO noporOB OII\YlI\eHIIH II!!II
nponyCKfloH cnoco6HOCTli CCHCOpHbIX CI1CTeM? Bce TeOpeTH'IeC-
KHe nOCTpoeH1'!1I (II OTeqCCTBeHHbIe, H 3apy6cJKHble), cYlI\eCTBylO-
II\lIe B cOBpeMeHHofi nCI'!XOnOrl1H H KacalOUllieCIi CTpYKTYPbI nCH-
XOJIOrHqeCKIiX oc06eHHocTeH, npCl\nollaralOT, qTO ponb 6H01I0-
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3aHIIMalOUlHx Hall60llee HII3KIIH ypoBeHb B IICpapXHI'! nCHXOJIorll-
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BHJIO, AeMoHCTpHPYIOT O'leHb cJIa6yIO CBII3b C reHOTHnOM HnH
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.I1.JIJ/ TOTO qTo6bl pa306pllTbCII II 3TOM Bonpoce, Heo6xoJUf-
1010 PIl3){eJlHTb JIBa nOHHMaHHII reHeTH'IeCKOfi 06YCJlOBJ1eHHOCTH.
OJl,HO 113 HUX paCCMaTpHBlLeT HIlCJ1eJl,yeMoCTb XllpllKTepllCTHKH
KalC nonYJ1I1I;IfOHHYIO Xllp/lKTepKCTKKY, IfCTO'lHifKK lI/lpKIlTKIIHO-
CTH KOTOPOH MorYT MeHS/TbCIi no IIC!!I1'1I1He npll1l3MeHeHIIH pac-
npe,l:(eJICIIIIJI KIlK relleTH'IeCKHX, TaK H Cpe,lI;OBbIX ljJaKTopoB II no-
288
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THKa nOBe,l:(CHlIIi.
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3aHO C 113yqeHHeM BHYTPUBHII.OlJOH CneL\HIjJHKU. ITpH 3TOM, UCXO-
II.H H3 npe,l:(CTIlBJIeHHH 0 eCTeCTBeHHOM oT60pe, HCCJIe,l:(YIOTCH 
OCHOBHOM npUqHHb! COBna,l\eHHH npH3HaKOB Y npe)\CTaBllTeJIel!
Hllwero 6UOJlOrH'IeCKOrO BHI\Il.
CTaHAllpTHblM npHMepOM, npHBO,l:(IIUlltMCII npll nOHCHeHIIH
pa3JIUqHH MeJK,I:(y 3THMII )\BYMH nOHHMaHIIJlMH rCHCTlI'IeCKOH 06yc-
JIOBnCHHocTH, IIBJIIlIOTCH aHaTOMUqeCKHe npH3HaKU 'IeJIOBeKa. OIiU
COBnal\alOT npaKTHqeCKIl Y Bcex npel\CTaBllTeneii Haruero !'H,I:(a
(Bce HMelOT )\Bc PYKH, JIBe Horll H T )\.), J!BnHIOTCJI II BblcweH CTe-
/JeHJ.f reHeTllqCCKH 06YCJlOBJIeHHbIMH, HO conOCTaBJleHHe HX C no-
MOUlblO cTaH,I:(apTHbiX MeTOI\OB reHeTHKn nOBC.lI.eHl111 ljJaKTa I!X
reUeTHqeCKOH 06YCJIOllJIeHHOCTII He 06HapYJKI'!T: M3 6JIII3Hel1bl
6Yl\YT no 3TJIM npH3HaKaM nOXOJKH TaK JKe, KBK 3. a CXO)\CTBO
po,l:(I1Telleli H HX 6nonOT>,qeCKUX AeTeH He 6Y.LI.eT OTJ1HqllnCa OT
CXO,l:(CTBa po.n:HTeJIeii H ,l:(eTeH, IIMH YCbIHOBJ1eHllbIX.
TaKHM 06pa30M, 3J1eMCHTBpHble nCHXOJIOrll'leCKHe xapaK-
TCpHCTHKH BnOnHe MorYT 6blTb reHeTlI'IeCKH 06YCJIOBneHbI B TOM
CMblclIe qTO OHI1 B CBoe BpeMH IIrpaJIII a,l:(anTIIBHoe 3HIlqeHHC B
npOl.(ece 3BOJIIOL{lfM HBwero 6HOJIOnJ'leCKoro BU,I:(a, H TCHeTII-
qeCKII 06YCJIOBneHHbiM B 3TOM CMb!Cne MOJKeT 6blTb QuanmOH 111i-
II.UBHAyanbHblX pa311l1qllH, HanpHMep, npe,l:(eJIb!, II KOTOpblX MOJKeT
BapbHpOBIlTb nponYCKHaR cnoco6HOCTb CI/CTeM, BocnpHHHMIlIO-
UlIIX ceHcopHYIO IIH!\>0PMBL\HIO. Ho npH TOM BKnllA relloTHna B
uHiiu8ui!YaJIbH&le pa3J1UUR MO)l{eT 6bITb MIIHI1MllllbHbIM, H nono.
MY MCTO,LIaMfI reHCTI1KH rrOBe,LIeHIII! reHCTlfqCCKal! 06YCJlOBJleH-
HOCTb ]TIIX xapllKTepl1CTHK BblHBJIIITbCI! He 6Y,l:(eT.
)].onYCTHM, no 3TOii npH'IHlle 06pllWCHHe K caMblM 3neMeH.
TapHblM nCHXOJlOnI'IeCKHM XapaKTcpHCTffKaM B relfCTJlqeCKOM
IICCne110BIlHHH ,l:(eiiCTBHTenbHO He I!BnJleTCH rrp0)\YKTHBHbIM. Ho
eCTb H )\pyrlle BOnpOCbI. MOJKeT 6bITb, IIccne,l:(OBBTeJIlt, 3IlHHMa-
IOUlHCCIi rCHeTHKOH nOBeAeHHJ!, qpC3MepHO npnBepJKCHb! /JCffXO-
MCTPllqCCKOH TpaI\HL\IIH HCCJJeAOBIlHHI! HHTenJICKTyaJJbHOH c<jJe-
pbl H HanpaCHO IIrHopnpYIOT '!\Pyrne TeOpeTlIqeCKHe HanpaBJIC-
HHJI ec HCCrre,l:(OBaHHH? TaK, B nCIIXOJIOrHH 6bIJ1 pa3pa6oTaH pllJl,
KorHHTHBHb!X TCOpHH HHTeJlIICKTIl, oplleHTllpOBaHHblX Ha l13yqe-
Hl1e KOppeJIJ!TOB KorHIfTHBHblX xapaKTcpHCTHK.
289

KOnmTlf8ltblC TOOp/f/f /fHTC1VICKTa npC.lU10J1araTOT, 'ITO ypO-
BCHb HHTCl1J1CKTa 'IeJ10BeKa OnpeAeJ1ReTCH !jJ!jJeKTHBHOCTblO H CKO-
pOCTbTO npou.CCCOB o6pa6oTI{If HHljJopMal1,H!f; '1eM 6blCTpee npo.
I1CXO.1\HT o6pa6oTKa HH!jJopMal\HH, TeM 6bICTpee pcwaCTCH TeCTO-
Boe 3a,!J;alflie If '!'eM BbIwe OKa.'1b1BaCTCJI ypOBeHb /fHTeJJJJCKTa. B
Ka'leCTBe nOKa3aTeneH npol\eCca o6pa6oTKH HH!jJopMaL\HH MorYT
6bITb BbJ6paHbi lIT06bIe xapaKTepHCTIIKH, KOCOCHHO CBH,I\eTeJIb-
CTOYlO!I.\He 06 3TOM npou.ecce  opeMR peaKI.\HIi, M03rOBble Plu-
Mbl, pa3JIH'IHbIe IjJH3110JJOrH'IeCKlle peaKl.\III1. KaK npaOIiJIO, 0 Ka-
qeCTBe OCHOBHbIX KOMnOHeHTOO IIHTenl!eKTyaJIbHOH AeJlTCJJbHOC-
Tli B IiCClIC,I\OBaHIIJlX, npoBOJl,Jlll\liXCJI B KOHTcKCTe KorHHTHBHbIX
TCOPIIH, IICnOl!b3yiOTcR pa3JIII'IHbIe CKOPOCTHb!e xapaKTepllcTH-
KII, H3MepSieMbIe npll BbInOJIHeHl1H npOCTblX nCIiXOJJonl'lCCKIIX
3a,!J;aliHH. IIoAP06Hee 0 pe3ynbTaTax IICCJIeAOBaHHH, npooeAeH-
HbiX B paMKax KOrHllTHOHblX TpaAIIl.\IIH, 6y.n:CT paccKa3aHO AaJJee,
B V '1aCTIi KHHrH, nOCBJlIl\eHHOH reHeTII'IeCKIlM HCcne.n:ooaHIlSiM
nCHxo!jJH3HonOrliqeCKIIX xapaKTepllcTHK. 3ACCb JKe MbI OCTaHO-
BHMCJI TonbKO Ha OAHOM oonpoce, CBJl3aHHOM C npl{ql1HaMIi npo-
THOOpeqHH, Ha6moAaeMblx npH IICClIeAOBaHHI{ 31IeMeHTapHbIx
nClixonorliqeCKliX xapaKTepllCTI1K.
B rCHeTllKe nOBe.LIeHHJI npeAnpHHHMaJIl{Cb nOnbITKII BKJIJO-
ql1Tb KOppeJIJlTbl KorHHTHBHOH AeSlTcnbHOCTI{ B reHeTHqeCKOe HC-
cne,!J;ooaHHe. OAHaKo pe3YJJbTaTbl TaKIiX nOnbITOK He n03BOJlHJIH
npH/nli K KaKOMY-JII{60 OAH03Ha'lHOMY ObIOO.ny, nOCKonbKY Ol.\eH-
KH reHOTliOl{'1eCKI1X H Cpe.n.OBbIX l1eTepMI1HaHT, nOJIY'laeMbIe 0
3TliX IIccne.n.OBaHIIJlX, Bapbl{pOoaJJ\i OT pa50TbI K pa60Te B O'leHb
Wl1pOKIIX npel1cnax.
03HaqaeT 1111 3TO, qTO KorHHTHBHbIH nOAXO,!J; K IICC1Ie.n.ooa-
HIiTO IIHTeJI1ICKTyanbHoi! c(jJepbl He HMeCT CMblCJla B nCI1XOreHeTI'!-
'IeCKHX IICC1IeI100aHIIJlX? OKa3I.IOaCTCJI, HeT. O.n.lla IIJ npII'lIiH He-
coonaJl,eHHSI pe3YlIbTaTOB pa3HbiX IICClIe.n:OBaHIIH JaKmOqaCTCR B
TOM, qTO !jJeHOTl1nIl'leCKII (TO eCTb no BHewHHM npOJlBJIeHIIJlM)
noxoJlOle nCllxonOrllqeCKlle xapaKTepllCTHKH MorYT HMeTb pa3-
JIH'IHOe nCIIXOJIOrll'leCKoe co.n.epJKaHlie, perYJIHpOBaTI.CR pa3Hbl-
I,m MeXaHII3MaMII, '1TO II 06YCJIOBHT IIX pa3nli'lHOe OTHOllJeHHe K
reHoTHrry (PaOIl'l-ll.{ep60 H.B., 1988).
Pa3JIII'IHaJl pOJII. reHOTIma H cpeAbI 0 I1CTepMHHal.\HH IIHAH-
81f.ll:yaJIbHblX pa3JIK'IIfH ljJeHOTl!nl!'IeCKI! nOXOJKI!X llCI!X0J10rH'Iec-
KI1X xapaKTcpliCTIIK OT'IeTJIIIBO npOCneJKIiBaeTCR B lU3yx CJIyqaJlx.
290
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qeHbl 113yqaeMble nCHXOJIOrHqeCKHe xapaJ<TepHCTI1KH, H, BO-BTO-
PblX, npH aHaJlHJe pe3YJIbTaTOB o6Y'leHHJI.
ITpHMepoM nepooro H3 3TliX CJIY'laeB SlB1IReTCSi HCCJIe,!J;OBa-
HHe JU!lIraTeJIbHbIX aXTOO, pa3JIH'IaTOIl\HXCJI no CTeneHII np0113-
BonbliOCTH (MaJIbIX C Ii, 1988). B 3xcnepllMeHTe, npoBelteHHOM
B nOM IICCJle.n.OBamlH, ABHJKeHHe perllCTpllpOBaJIOCb B JU!YX CIi-
TyaHSlX. B OAIiOH HcrrblTyeMI.lii 1\0JJ)!(eH 6bIJI rrpoCTO rrpOH3B0J1h-
HO HaJ\(IiMaTb Ha I<HOnKy, B ApyroH - OT HcnblTyeMoro T]Je60Ba-
nOCb npeACKa3aTb nOJlBJleHHe Joyxa B npaBOM IfJlIi neBOM Hayw-
HilKe (OCYIl\eCTOIiTb BepORTHOCTHbIH nporH03) If B 3aBliCIIMOCTH
01' CBoero perneHI'!SI HaJl(aTb I!a DAily 113 .lIHyx KHOllOK.
B 06elix cHTyal.\HSlX Jl,BIIJKeHHe, KOTopoe COBcpwalI IicnbITY-
eMblH, 6b1J10 OAHO H TO JKe, HO 8 nepBOM CJ1Y'lae I\BlfIKeHlfe SlBJ1S1'
110Cb ljeJIbiO l1eHCTBIiR Ii 5blJI0 npOI13BOJJblibIM, a BO BTOpOM -
He L\CnbTO, a cpeACTBOM AOCTJiJKCHIfJ/ APyroH l1fflH (coo5lQeHHJI 0
rrpl1HJlTOM peweHIiH) H 6blJIO B MeHbweH CTeneHII npOH3BonbHbIM
Ii B 50JJbllJeH CTenCHH BBTOMaTM3HpOB3HHbiM COOTBeTCTBeHHO
1'!3MeHeHiiTO pOJIII IlBHJKeHIIR B CT]JYKType l1,eJIOCTHOro AeHCTBHJI
IiJMeHIIJlIiCb Ii Me)(aH1f3Mbl ero perYJ1J1QHJI, 'ITO CKa3aJJOCb Ha no-
KaJaTenRX reHOTHn'cpe/l,OBbIX COOTHoweHHH. TaK, B nepBOH CII-
TyaQHH, "PH npOliJ80JII.HOM Jl,BH)ljeHIfJI, oc06eHHOCTII KOpKOBOH
pIlTMI'!KM, COSl3aHHbIe C JU!It)l(CHHCM (Bb13BaHHble nOTeHl\HaJJbI
M03ra), 05HapY)!<JiJ1H MeHbWYTO CBR3b C reHOTHnOM, qeM BO BTC)-
poi!, Kor,!J;a IlBIIJKeHlle 6bllIO aBTOMaTIt3HpOBaHO. TaKIIM o6pa-
30M, B 3aBltCHMOCTJI OT MeCTB )tBH)!(eHIIR B IjJYHKl.\ItOHaJIbHOH CII-
CTeMe H3MellHJIaCb pOilb reHeTllqCCKHX Ii cpe.n.OBblX ljJaKTopOB B
ero BapHaTHBHOCTH.
COAepJKaliHe nCIiXOnOrll'leCKoi! xapaKTepllCTIIKH MO)l{eT 113-
MellHTbCR H 6narOl\apH npOl\eccaM 06Y4eHIlR. B pJliJ.e pa60T nC)-
Ka3aHO, '1TO rellOTHn-Cpel\OBble COOTHOWeHlIJl OKa3bIBalOTCJI '1YB-
CTBHTenI.HblMIi K CTeneHIi 1I0BH3Hbi 3a,!J;aHIiJI HIIAHBH,!J;yanI.libIe
pa3J1H'IHR B peweHIIH ncpBblX 3aAa'l, npeAJIOJKeHHbIX IIcnblTye-
MI.IM, B 60JIbWcii CTeneHIi CBSl3aHbl C reHOTllnOM, 4CM nOcne/l,yJ()-
Il\IIX, npli peweHHIi KOTOpbIX YJKe CKa3I.IBaeTCR HaY'leHilc (3blpR-
HOBa H M., 1992). .I1eRTeJIbHOCTb HCnbITyeMoro nplt peweHHIl
I3cex 3aAaq OCTaeTCR TOH JKe caMoH, HO nCHXOJIOrHqcCKOC COAep-
)«aHlie nOH /l,eJlTenbHOCTIi MCIiReTcR, qTO H npOJlBnSleTCR B 1{3Me-
HeHIIH reHoTHn-cpe,!J;oBblx COOTHOIIJCHIIH.
291

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lIoro nO)l.1'.OlI.a, HBnH!OTCH COBeprnCHHO 3aKOHOMepHbiM pC3ynbTa-
TOM Hell.OOQeHI\II pa3Horo nClI1'.onorHqeCKoro COlI.cp)!(aHHH I1ccne-
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6blTb BCCbMa rrpOIl.YKTHBeH, OIl.HaKO peaJlHJaQIIH 3Toro n0Il.1'.01\a
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eMblK xapaKTepllCTHK, '1TQ I10Ka II rCHCTII'ICCKIIX pa60Tax BCTpe-
'IaeTCH KpaHHe pe,!lKo.
QHlj>lIKO 3THX KorHIITIIBHblX XapaKTepllCTI{J( II JIlIllIb J\Olt;
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OKa3!>IBliIOTCII CBII.3allbI C Ka'leCTBeIlJlO APyrllMH cpenOBblMII cjIaK-
TopaMIi - C Pa:JJ1I1'1aJ()ll\eHCJI CPellO!!. B1IIIIIHlle rCHOTlina Ha 118-
pHaTUBllpC'I'b Ho;i5!!3aTenCH KpeaTIIBHOCTIi OKaJbIB8eTCII He(jOJ]b-
WIIM (no HeKoTopblM .lJ,8HHbIM, - Boo6II<e OTcYTCTByeT), II, Ta-
KH, 06pa30,M, 'iWl"BIIAYam.Hble pa3JIII'IHH B nOKaJaTeJllIX Kpeac
TIIBHOCTH Ij!dPMRpyroTCIi I1peIlMYII<eCTBeHHO no.lJ, B03AeHCTBHeli
cpe.lJ,OBbiX .paKTOpOB.
CooTHOlUeHl1e reHOTHn-CpelJ,OBbiX nOKaJareneH II Bap"-
aTHBHOCTII IIHTeJlnelCTa H KOrHIITJlHHbIX cnoco6HOCTCH MeHII'
eTCJI C B03paCTOM. CBJl3b OTlJ,eJlbHbIX KornHTHBHbIX XapaKTe-
pliCTHK C reHOTlinOM B 3HaQllTCnbHOH Mepe onpe1eIDJeTCli clTe-
292

rIlABA 8. TEMnEPAMEHT
o MexaHM3Max, Jle)l(alI\MX B OCHOBe TemepaMeHTa. B pC3YJIbraTe
OTKpblTHB CHCTeMbl KpoB006pall1eHIU nOBBHrrHCb TMnorrorHH TeM-
nepaMcHTa, OCHOBaHHble Ha OC06CHHOCTBX CTpoeHIIB KpOBCHOC-
Hb!X COCYAOB. B pa3Hbie BpeMeHa pa3rrHqUB Me)l(AY TllnaMH TeM-
nepaMeHTa BHAeJlH B Bellli'lHHe M03ra H B Mop$OJlOrHH HepBOB, B
AeBTCrrbHOCTH 3H.!I.OKpIIHH0i1 CIiCTeMbI H, Ha'iIlHaJi C XVII B., B
pa3HOH qYBCTBHTenbHOCTH HepBHOH CIICTeMbl '1ellOBeKa He1l3-
MCHHblM OCTaBBJIOCb 01\110: crpeMneHHe CBJl3aTb oc06eHHOCTH 6HO-
JIorH'IeCKOH opraHH3al1HII qeJIOBeKa C ero nCHXOJIOrH'IeCKH-
MH CBOHCTBaMH.
B KOHl1e XIX - Haqalle XX BB. B nCIiXOnOrlm, CtjJOPMUPO-
BaBllleiicJI K nOMY BpeMeHH KaK caMOCTOBTellbHaB HayqHaB .!I.HC-
UUnJIHHa, HaqHHalOTCJI CUCTeMaTHqeCKlie IICCJle.!l.OBaHUJI TeMnepa-
MeHTa. K aHanH3Y TunOB TeMnepaMCHTa 06pall1aCTCJI c03AareJlb
3KcllepHMcHTallbHoH nCHxonomH BHllbrCJIbM BYHI\T. B03HHKalOT
TlinOIlOrlm TeMnepaMeHTa, OCHOBaHHb!e Ha oG061l1eHHII KJIIIHH-
qCCKOrO onblTa - paGoTb! C naUHeHTaMu, I1MelOll1HMII nCIIXllqeC-
Kl1e OTKJIOHeHHB (O.fpocc, K.IOHr, 3.Kpe'lMep, f.H. POCCOIlI1MO
H I\p.). IIpH UCCJIe.!l.OBaHIiU crpYKrypbl IICHXOJIOrllqeCKHX CBOHCTB
O.!l.HHM U3 lIepBblx 06'bCKTOB HCCJIe.!l.OBaHUJI CTaHOBHTCJI TeMnepa-
MeHT (f XeHMaHc H E.BHpCMe)
I1HTepec K reMncpaMeHTY He yracaeT Ha npOTB)I(eHlIH Bce-
ro Hawero CTOJICTHJI, II Gonee Toro, B 80-bIe 11 90-bIe rO)l,bl OH Ha-
CTOJIbKO B03paCTaer, '1TO OAHH 113 Be.!l.Yll1HX HCCne.!l.O)!arCJICH B
3TOH 06J1aCTII, JI.CTpenBY, Ha3bl)!aeT 3TH rOl\bI peHeccaHCOM B
H3yqeHIIH reMnepaMeHTa K TeMllepaMeHTY 06pall1alOTCJI ncuxo-
nom, 3aHHMalOll1ueCJI nCHxorromeH JIH'IHOCTH H B03paCTHoii nCII-
XOJIOmeH, IIccneAOBaHlleM IiHIUIBI1.!1.yanbHblX pa3nli'lHii H nOIlC-
KOM IIX nCllxo!jJII3UOJIOrl1qCCKIiX OCHOBaHHH, aHaJIII30M oc06eH-
HOCTCH nOBe.!l.CHIiB .!I.CTeH )! nepBble rOAbl )l(113HH H 113yqeHlleM IIX
aAanTal1HII K COUllaJIbHblM YCJIOBIIJlM
TeMnepaMeHT, TaKIlM 06pa30M, OKa3anCJI npHBneKarcrrb-
HblM 06"eKrOM HCCJIel\OBaHIlB IlHB nCHXOJIOrOB, H3Y'IaI01l1I1X ca-
Mble pa3Hbie IIp06rreMbi. KaKOBbl )l(e COBpeMeHHblC npel\CTaBJIe-
HIIB 0 TeMnepaMCHTe? KaKaB nCIIXOJIOrHqeCKaB pcarrbHOCTb MMe-
eTCH B BHI\Y, Korl\a rOBopHrCB 0 TeMnepaMeHTe? BJIIIJleT JIH re-
HOTlin Ha UHl\lIBHAyarrbHbte pa3rrllqHH B oc06eHHOCTBX TeMne-
paMCHra? OTBeTaM Ha 3TII BOnpOCb! H nOCBJlll1eHa .!I.aHHaJi
rlIaBa
HCTOpl1J1 113Y'ICHIIB HH!l:I1BlIl\yarrbHblX pa31111'1l1ii nOpa)l(aeT
Y.!I.HBIITeJlbHbIM nOCTOBHCTBOM HHTepeca IICCne)l;OBaTerreii K TeM-
nepaMeHTY '1enOBeKa.
IIpe!l:cTaBnCHl1c 0 TeMIICpaMcHTe nOJlBJIBCrCB B aHTH'IHOH
!jJHnoco!jJ1111 B IV B. )1;0 H.3 fpeqeCKIIH Bpa'l H IjlHnoco!jJ f1111110K-
paT, )l(11)!lllllii B V-IV BB. )1;0 H.3., Hero nOCJIe)l;OBaTerrb neH6-
,
MC)I;I1K npH ABope pHMCKoro HMnel'aTopa MapKa ABpeIlHJI, ra-
neH (II B H.3.) OnHCaJlH '1eTblpe Tlllla teMnepaMeHTa, Ha3BaHilB
KOTOpblX II CerO)l;HJI XopOWO 3HaKOMbI JII060MY qeJlOBeKY - caH-
rBIIHHK, MeJIaHXOIIIIK, xorrepHK II !jJJlerMaTHK. H fHnnOKpaT, 11
raJIeH I1CXOAUJIII U3 Toro, '1TO !jJH3U'IeCKOe COCTOJlHHe '1eJlO)!CKa
ero 3)1;OpOBbe II IICIIXllqCCKHH CKJIa)l; Ollpe)l;enBIOTCJI COOTHoweHII
eM B opraHII3Me qeTblpex 3neMeHTOB. flinnOKpaT npC)I;CTaBnJln
ce6e 3TU 3JIeMeHTbi KBK p!l3HbiC JKHI\KOCTH - KpOBb, !jJJIerMY, JKeJI-
rylO H '!CPHYIO JKeJI'!b. faJIeH BHl\eJI )! HHX '1eTblpe cy6craHl11111 -
TBepl\Oe, JKIIJI,KOe, ropJlqee H XOIIO)l;HOe Ho 06a OHII cornawa-
JIIICb B TOM, '1TO IIMeHHO COOTHoweHHe 3rreMeHTOB (npe06JIa!l:a-
Hlle O)l;HOrO 113 HIIX) H onpe!l:enBCT COOTBeTCT)!YlOll1I1H TeMllepa-
MeHT C06CTBeHHO, H caMO CJIOBO "TeMnepaMeHT", "POHCXO!l:B-
ll1ee OT JIarllHCKoro "temperamentum", 03HaqaeT He 'ITO HHOC
" '
KaK COOTHOllleHlle qaCTeH".
fHnnOKpaTOBCKo-raIlCHOBCKoe onllcaHlIC TcmepaMeHrOB
npe)l;CTaBnBeT C060H nepBYIO THnOnOrH'IeCKYIO TeopHIO. Bce JIIOi\II,
comaCHO 3TOH TeOpHI1, MOryT 6bITb pa3!1:eJleHbi Ha '1CTbtpe rpynnbI
(OTHeceHbI K OAHOMY 113 '1eTblpeX THnOB TeMnepaMeHTa). Ka)(()l,blH
TIIII 06na!l:aCT IIpl1CYll1HMIl TonbKO eMY CBOHCTBaMIl opraHlI3Ma,
KOTopble onpel\eJlJlIOT H CKJIOHHOCTb K TeM IIJlH IIHbIM 3a60JIeBaHI1-
JIM, H npOTeKaHIlC 6one:JHeii, 11 oc06eHHOCTil nCIIXHqeCKOH )l(1'!3HII.
IIo Mepe pa3BIITilB eCTeCTBeHHOHaY'IHbIX npe)l;CTaBneHIIH 0
crpoeHll1l '1eJIOBe'leCKOrO opraHII3Ma MeHJlnHCb II npel\CTaBneHHJI
294
295

1. Kpl1Tepl111 CBOMCTB TeMnepaMeHTa
Ta6J1ulja 8.1*
Omo8Hble IlPUJliaKU meMl1epa.MeHma
1. C!JopManbHo-AIIHaMII4ecH xapaKTep IIJIII cn1nb ,nOBeAeH\\
2 CB3b C 6HonorH4ecKHMH nOAcTPYKTYpaMH
3 reHeTH4ecKa 06ycnoBneHHoCTb
4 npol1aneHHe B paHHeM ,IIeTCTBe
5 OHTOreHeTH4ecKa cTa6HnbHocTb
6 npoB.neHHe B WHpoKOM Kl1acce CIn)'BLlH ( )
7. npQBneHHe B MaKCHM8J1bHQ TPYAHblX Al1 '1enOBeKa ycnQB\IX
B Ta511L4e npeACTaSlleHbI OCHOBHble Kp'lTepM", HB3b1SaeMbie B pa150TaX
OTel.leCTBeHHblX VI 3apy6e>KHblX aBfopOB (MepJ1l1H Be 1 1964.1986, He6b1.
nH4b1H B.L! . 1976, nane. H M rp6a"e.c'Hii B.K.. 1972. PycanoB B M .
1966: CTpen.y f1 , 1982: Thomas A" Chess S , 1977. 1989. Buss A . Plomin
R, 1975, 1964, Kagan J et .'.,1988, 1969: Rothbart M K. 1989)
A H aJJlI31IpY5I TeMnepaMeHT, COBpeMCHHble HCCJle.ll.OBaTe.1I
npel!nOQHTalOT onllCblBaTb H HCCJlel!OBaTb ero OTl!eJIbHble CBOH-
crna. BbliJ,eJleHHe pa3J11I'1HbIX THnOB TeMnepaMeHTa, xapaKTepHoe
AJ[JI nCHXOJlOmqeCKIIX pa60T KOHlla XIX II !laqaJIa XX BB., CMe-
HHJlOCb aHaJIH30M qepT- nOHCKOM TaKHX nCIIXOJlOmqeCKHX oco-
6eHHocTeH, KOTOpbJe npHCYw11 BceM JIIOI!5IM, HO BbIpa)l(eHbl Y HIIX
B pa3HoH CTeneHH. aT H3yqeHH5I KpaHHHX rpynn, KaKOBbIMH 5IB-
JlJlIOTC5I ,l1HCKpeTHbIe Tlmbl, Onl1CblBaeMbIe B paHHHX pa60Tax, HC-
CJ!eI!OBaTeJ!H nepeWJlII K 3H3J!H1Y nCHxOJlOrliQeCKHX XapaKTepll-
CTlIK, HMelOlIJ,HX B nonYJl5l11HII HOpMaJlbHOe pacnpe,l1eJleHHe.
Bbl60p 3THX xapaKTepHCTI1K, TO eCTb OTHeceHHe TeX liJlH
HHblX nCI!XOJIOnlqCCKIIX oco6eHHOCTeH K qHCJlY CBOHCTB TCMne-
paMCHTa, OCYlIJ,eCTBJlHeTC5I Ha OCHOBaHHII p5i1\3 KpHTepHeB, B KO-
TOpblX CYMMHPYIOTC5i TeOpeTHqeCKHe npel!CTaBJleHI151 0 TeMnepa-
MeHTe, c!\IOPMYJ!lIpOBaHHble Ja I!OJlryIO HCTOpHIO ero HJyqeHH5I.
EblJIO 6bl npeYBeJ!HqeHHeM cKa3aTb, qTO 3TH KpluepllH nOJlHOC-
TblO COBna):(3IOT y pa3HbiX 3BTOpOB, 3aHHMalOwHXC5I HCCJ!e,l10Ba-
HlleM TeMnepaMeHTa 01!HaKO aBTopbl, palSOT31OlIJ,IIe B pa3HbiX
HayqHblX HanpaBJIeHII5IX Ii npHHa,l1.Jle)l(allJ,He K p3JHbiM HayqHblM
WKOJlaM, Ha3bIBalOT OJlH3KIIC no CO,l1ep)l(aHHIO II He npOTHBope-
qaw He ):(pyr ,l1pyry npH1HaKil TeMncpaMeHT3.
B qeM )l(e 3aKJllOqaIOTC5I 3TH KpHTeplll'!? I1JIH, HH3qe rOBO-
pH, Ha OCHOBaHHH qcro pa3Hbie aBTopbI CQHTalOT B03MO)l(HbiM
p3CCMaTpUBaTb 1'e HJIH HHbie I1CIIXOJlorl1qCCKlle OC06CHHOCTH KaK
CBOHCTBa TeMnepaMeHTa?
OCHOBHbIe KpHTepHH (I1JIH npll3HaKH TeMnepaMeHTa) npe,l1-
CTaBJleHbl B Ta6JIlille 8.1. PaccMoTpHM IIX n0,l1p06Hee.
B HCCHe,l10BalitHIX TeMl1epaMeHTa, npOBOJr!l!L(HXC5I a Hallien
CTpaHe, OCIIOBHblM KpllTepHeM .!!HH OTHeCCHII5i TOH Hml HHOH nCH-
XOJlOrHqeCKOH xapaKTepllCTI1KII K CBOHCTBaI,J TeMnepaMeHTa 5IB-
J!JleTC5I ee !\IoPMaJlbHO-A\1HaMHQeCKIiH xapaKTep (He6bIJIHIIbIH B)J:.,
/976). CBoifcTBa TeMncpaMeHTa hl/lOpMaJlbllb!", nocKolIbKY OHH
He CB5I3aHbl C CO,l1ep)l(aHHeM .lI.CRTeJIbHOCTH, C lleJl5lMH 11 MOTHBaMH
qeJ!OBeKa, ocYweCTBJl5IIOlIJ,ero 3TY ):(e5lTeJlbHOCTb. CBOHCTBa TeM-
nepaMeHTa JlBJIJlIOTCJI "./tIiHaMII'ICCKHMI1", nOCKOJlbKY OHH onpe-
lIeJljJlOT 1I11HaMIIXY lIC5ITMbHOCTIi - HHTeHCIJBHOCTb, TeMn, PHT-
296
MllqHOCTb Tex nCIIXOIIOrHqeCKIIX oc06eHHocTeH, KOTopble BKJlIO-
qeHbl B oCYllJ,eCTBJIeHHe 3TOH ,l1C5ITeJ!bHOCTH.
<1>opMaJ!bHb!H xapaKTep CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa nO.!l.qepKII-
BaeTC5I H 3apy6e)l(HbIMII I1CCJIC,l10BaTeJlRMIi, XOTH Ha3bIB3lOT OHH
31'0T npll3HaK TeMnepaMeHTa HHaqe - CTI1J11; nOBe,l1eHH1!. B OTJ!lI-
qHe OT cnoc06HocTei1, KOTopble nOKa3b1Ba1OT, mo nOJlyqaeTCH y
qeJlOBeKa Jlyqllle Bcero, KaKOB ypOBCHb ero ):(oCTlI)I(eHHH, II B OT-
m,ql1e 01' MOTIIB311"I1, CBH,l1eTeJlbCTBylOlIJ,eH 0 TOM, nO'lCMY ,<cno-
BeKOM OBepWaeTCJI TO HITH HHoe ACHCTBHe, CBOHCTBa TeMnepa-
MeHTa onpeAeJIJlIOT, KaK qeJlOBel<: ,l1CHcTByeT B caMblX pa3HbiX CH-
TyaUH5Ix (KaKOB TCMn cro ):(e5lTellbHOCTH, HaCKOJlbKO J!eT!<O H Obl-
CTpO OH a,l1anTHpyeTcH B pa3HbiX ycnoBHRX, CBOHCTBeHHa JIll eMY
pCJKaJl CMeHa 3MOllf!OHaJlbHbIX COCT05lHHH If T..n:.).
CBOHCTBa TeMnepaMeHTa B 3HaqHTeJIbHOH CTeneHII1aBIIC5IT
OT 6110JlOrHqeCKOH opraHH3aUl1H QeIlOBeK3. ITOIICK npllpO,l1HblJ\
(cjJII3HOJlOrHQeCKHX, 3H,l10KpHHHblX, 6110XHMlIqeCKIIX) ,l1eTepMH-
lIaHT nCllxoJ!orllqeCKIIX xapaKTeplfCTlIK QeJ!Oaexa YXO,l1JIT KOpHJI-
MH B ,l1aJleKOe npOllllIoe' nonblTI<:H CB5I3aTb CBOHCTBa opraHII3M3
H oc06eHHOCTH nOBe,l1eHHR ,l1eJlaJ!IICb y)l(e npH C03.l1.aHI1H aHTlI'I-
HblX THnOJlorllH TeMncpaMeHTa. TeOpeTI1QeCKHe npe,l1CTaBJleHHJI
o TCMnepaMeHTe BO Bce BpeMeHa HCX0,l1IIJ111 H3 npe)l.OOJIO)l(eHIIJI 0
TOM, qTO pa3J1l1qH5I I,JeJl(,l1y JlIOJI,bMH B CBOHCTBax TeMnepaMeHTa
CB5I33Hbl C HHJJ:HBI1,l1yaJ!bHbIMI1 pa3JIHqHJlMH B HX 6HOJIOrH'IeCKHX
nO,l1CHCTCMax (aHaTOMH'IeCKHX, Mop!\lOJlOrll'lCCKHX, IjJ 11311 0-
JlOmqeCKI1X).
297

B HaCTO'nllee BpeMJI MO)l(HO C YBcpeHHOCTblO rOBOplITb 0
TOM, '1TO HH)\IIBH)\yaJIbHble oc06eHHOCTil TeMnepaMeHTa TeCHO
CBH3aHbl C nCIIxoljJ1!3110JIOrllqeCKlIMlI Ii HeHpOmlllalIIqeCKHMIl
CBOHCTBaMH 'ieilODCKa. 0.llH3KO 6blJlO 6bl OWH6KOH CBOAIITb CDOH-
CTBa TeMnepaMeHTa K iTC)I(all.\IIM B ero OCHOBe 6HOiTOrHqeCKlIM
JaKOHOMepHOCTHM. TeMnepaMeHT H IjJH3HOJIOrH'ieCKlIe MCXaHIIJ-
I.Ibl, KOTopbIe ero 06YCilOBiTHBaIOT, He H30MopcjJHbI (He TO)l()\e-
CTBeHHbI )\pyr Jl,pyry) K3K 6bIJIO HeO)\HOKp3THO nOK33aflO, iTlO-
60e CBOHCTBO TeMnepaMeHTa CDH3aHO C pa3HbIMII 1jJ1i3110JlOrH-
'1eCK II Mil II HeHpO)\IIHaMl1qeCKI!MH CBOHCTBaMII, TO eCTb JIIo60c
CBOHCTBO TeMncpaMeHTa Henb3J1 p3CCMaTpllBaTb KaK npocTo no-
Be)\eH'ieCKOe npOJlBJleHHe KaKorO-TO KOHKpeTHoro IjJH3110iTOrll-
qeCKOrO CBOHCTBa. EOJIee Toro, JIIo6b1e IjJH3110JIOrHqeCKlie II HeH-
pO)\IIHaMHqeCKHe CBo!icTBa BiTl1HIOT Ha oc06eHHocTI1 npOTeKa-
HHJI p33HblX nCIIXOilOrll'iCCKIiX xapaKTepHCTI1K, B qHCiTO KOTOpblX
BXOJI,JIT He TOJlbKO CBOHCTBa TeMnepaMeHT3 (MepJIHH B C , 1986;
Buss A., Plomin R., 1984; Hinde R.A., \.989).
06cY)J()\aJl 6110ilOrHqeCKlie OCHOBaHHJI TeMncpaMCHTa, MHO-
rIle IiCCile)\OBaTCJIIi C'iIlTaIOT, qTO CBOHCTBa TeMnepaMeHTa JlBJIjj-
IOTCJI reHeTHqeCKII 06YCJIOBJIeHHblMli HiTH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, CBJI-
3aHbl C TeMH 1jJ1I3HOJlOrlt'leCI<I1MI1 11 HeHpO)\HHaMH'ieCKIiMI1 oco-
6eHHOCTJlMIi, KOTopble D 3H3'1I1TeiTbHOH CTeneHIi )\eTepMI1HHpOBa-
Hbl rCHOTHnOM. COBpeMeHHaH nCHXOJIOrHJI 06JIa)\aeT Hat\e)J(Hbl-
MH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHblMH )\aHHbIMI1, )\eMOHcTpHPYIOII.\HMIl CBj[3b
CBOHCTB TCMnepaMeHTa C reHOTlinOM 3TIi )\aHHbIC 6Yt\YT no)\-
P06HO 06cY)J()\ancj[ B CiTet\YIOIl\eM pa3)\erre )\aHHOH maBb!.
CBOHCTBa TeMnepaMeHTa npOJlBJI>1IOTCJI B caMOM paHHeM
)\eTCTBe. IiHt\HBH)\yanbHble pa3iTHqHj[ B t\BHraTerrbHblX peaKIUiJlX
t\eTCH, B noporax peaKTHBHOCTH, B IIIITCHCHBHOCTH peaKl1HH 06-
HapY)J(HBaIOTcH C nepBbIx )\Heii )l(113HII. B nepBbIe MeCJll1bI MO)l(HO
onpe)\emlTb npe06iTa)\alOWIiH 3MOL\HOH3rrbHbIH TOH B HaCTpoe-
HHH pe6cHKa, ilcrKOCTb ero a.n,3nTaUliH K HOBblM cIiTyaUHJlM, oco-
6eHHocTil peaKUIIH Ha 1I0BbIe CTIIMYJIbl, HanpliMep, HaCTOp0)l(eH-
HOCTb II CTpeMrreHHe H36e)l(3Tb KOHTaKTa C HOBblM npeJI.MeTOM
IImi )l(e, Ha060pOT, liHTcpec K HeMY H )l(CiTaHlle n06ml)l(e C HHM
nOJEIa!(OMJlTbCJl Ot\HJI )jeT" c rOTOBHOCTbEQ npo5YIDT HOBYro
nIlWY, TJlHYTCH K HOBOH IIrpYWKe, C HHTepeCOM pa3rJIJI)3.bIBaIDT
He3HaKOMOro 'ieJlOBCKa, IIpyrl1e - C onaceHHeM paCCMaTpHBalOT
HenpHBbl'iHYIO HrpYlliKY II t\OiTro 60JITCH B3J1Tb ee B PYKII, BblOJIe-
298
BblBalOT nllII1Y, KOTOPYIO HHKor,!:\a He eml paHbllle, nJIa'iYT H npli-
)jUlMaIOTCJI K MaTepH, YBl1.ll.eB He3H3KOMoro 'iCJIOBeKa.
Bce 3TII oc06eHHocTH npe.ll.CTaBJIJlIOT C060H paHHHe npOJlB-
JIeHIIJI TeMnepaMeHTa. OHH onpe)\eJIJlIOT cywecTBeHHble oco6eH-
HOCTi! nOBe,/J.eHIIH pe5eHKa H OqeBlllUIbl ,!\JJ>1 Toro, KTO 3a HIIM Hl1-
6J1IO,!:\aeT DJlarOAapJl 3THM xapaKTepHCTIIKaM TeMnepaMeHTa -
Ba)i(HOeTH )\JlJI nOHHMaHHH nOBe)\elIHJI pe6eHK3 H JlerKOCTIIII113r-
HOCTIiKIl - cBoiicTBa TeMnepaMellTa '1aCTO HCnOJIb3YlOTCH MJI
nHcaHIIH paHHHX nCIIXOnOrH'IeCI<I1X oc06ellHOCTeH )\eTeH Ho
BHHMalllle II HHTepec nCIIXOJIOrOB K TeMnepaMeHTY CBJlJall\,I He
TonbKO C TeM, qTO ero npOJIBITeHIIJI OTqeTJI!iBO .l\eMOHCTpHPYIOT
HII)\IIBH.l\yaJlbHbIe OC06CHHOCTII .neTeH nepBblX JIeT )l(1I3HI1 Hc-
KJIlOqllTCJIbHO Ba1KHO TO, 'iTO CBOHCTBa TeMncpaMeHTa JlBJIHIOTCJI
OHToreHeTIi'ieCKIl CTa6HJlbHbIMII, ro eCTb onllCbIBalOT oc06eHHO-
CTII nOBe.l\eHIIR, xapaKTepHbJe 1IJ1J1 qeJIOBeKa B TeqCHlie JUII1TeJIb-
HblX OTpe3KOB BpeMeHIi. Ii A3HHbIC HenOCpe.l\CTBeHHoro Ha6mo-
lIeHHH 3a lIeTbMII, H oeHKH nOBe)\eH'IeCKI1X oc06eHHOCTeH lI eTe H,
nOJIY'ieHHble B HHTepBblO C IIX pO.ll.ltTeJIJlMlI, 06HapY)l(I1B31OT BOJ-
pacTHYIO cTa61U1bHocn 3MOIiOHa!IbHbIX peaKl1HH, )l,BllraTeJlb-
1I0H aKTHBIIOCTI1, JlerKOCTII B nepeKJIlOqeHl111 C OIlIlOH .l\eJlTeJIbHO-
CTII Ha .npyrylO, cnoc06HOCTI1 II rOTOBHOCTII BCTynaTb B KOHTaT
H 0611.\aTbCH C IIPYrllMH )\eTbMH H B3pOC!IbIMII (Buss A H , Plomm
R., 1975, Rothbart M K., 1989).
Henocpe)\CTBeHHoe BJIHHHHe CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa Ha oeo-
6eHHoCTH nOBe.l\eHHJI 'ieJlOBCKa MellJleTCJI C BOJpaCToM. H3McHeHHc
pOil!i TeMncpaMeHTa C B03pacToM 11 npHq!iHbl 3Toro H3MeHeHHH
OnCTJIJlBO nOKaJaH\,1 B JlOHrIlTIO.I\HblX HCCJIe.l\OB3HliJlX. 0)\110 H3
HHX - HblO-HopKcKoe JlOHrHTIO.llHOe HCCJIe)\OBaHHe TeMnepaMeH-
Ta, npOBet\eHHoe AneKCaH.l\pOM TOM3coM 11 CTelIJlOH qecc, - HBJlJI-
eTCH Hall60JIee JUIIITeJlbHblM lIa CerO)\IIHWHHH .l\eHb BOJpaCTHbIe
H3MeHeHMJI TeMnepaMeHTa npoene)\(IIBalOTCJI B 3TOM HCCJIe.nOBaHlUi
OT nepBbIX MeCHueB )l(H3Hlt )\0 30 JlCT (Thomas A, Chess S., 1977,
1987)
KaK nOKa3aJlH A TOMac II C '-Iece, CBOHCTBa TCMnepaMeHTa
B 3H3qHTenbHoH CTeneHH onpelleJIRIOT nCHXOJIOrH'IeCKHH CTa.yc
pe6elil<a Ha npOTH)I(CHHIl Bcero .ll.OlUKOJ1bKOrO If MJlalllUerO WKO!1b-
Horo B03pacTa, HenOCpe.I\CTBeHHO BJIlIJIR H Ha ypoBellb al1am'a-
I1H pe6eHKa K nOCTOHHHblM YCJIOBHj[M ero cyweCTBoBaHIlj[, II Ha
CKOPOCTI, aAanTal.\HH B HODblX JUIJI pe6eHKa YCJIOBliJlX, npe)l(.II.e
299

Bcero, npll HaqaJIe llIKOITbHOrO 06Y'leHH. Ha'lI1HaR C 10-12 ITeT
OCH01JHYIO pOITb HaqllHaJOT IIrpaTb He CTOITbKO CBOHCTBa TeMne-
paMeHTa KaK TaKOBble, CKOITbKO TaK Ha3blBaCMbie BTOpH4HbJe CBOH-
CTBa, TO eCTb cBoiicTBa, C!jJOpMllpOBaHHble lIa OCHOBaHll1l Tex HITH
HHblX oco6eHHocTei1 TeMnepaMeHTa. HanpllMep, HH3KaR 06I11HTeITb-
HOCTb pc6eHKa II 3aCTeH'lHBOCTb, 3aCTaBITJllOl11a era 1136eraTb CH-
TyaUIIH, B KOTOpblX He06xo.!(UMbl KOHTaKTbl C .!(pyrllMIl JIIO.!(bMH,
MorYT npllBCCTIl K HCC!jJOpMllpOBaHHOCTH HaBblKOB 06I11eHHR, qTO H
6YAeT B 60ITce CTapllleM B03paCTe OCHOBHOH npllqllHOH HeYAaq
npl1 06111eHHil C APYrHMIl JIIOAbMII.
OAHaKO BITHJlHlle TeMnepaMeHTa Ha oc06eHHOCTil nOBCACHllR
He npona.!(aeT nOJIHOCTblO, II, KaK 6blJIO nOKa3aHO B TOM )l(e HCCJIe-
AOB3HIIII, Aa)l(e BO B3pOCJIOM B03paCTe 06HapY)l(IIBalOTCJI CBH311 C
TCMH oco6eHHOCTRMH TeMnepaMeHTa, KOTopble 6bIJII! onpe.n:eJIeHbl B
AOlllKOJILHOM B03paCTe. TaK, B 3TOM )l(e IICCJleAOBaHHH nOKa3aHO
,
qTO OUCHKH TeMnepaMellTa pe6eHKa, nOJIyqeHHLle, Kor.n:a pe6eHKY
6bIJIO 3 rOAa, OKa3aJIIICb 3HaqHMO CBH3aHbI C HeKOTopblMII aHaJIO-
rH'IllblMH !jJ0PMaJlLHO-,lI,IIHaMllqeCKHMI1 oco6eHHoCTHMH nOBeAClIlIJI
BO B3pOCJIOM B03paCTe II C ycneilllloCTblO a.!(anTaQIlIl (Y.n:OBITe-rno-
peHHOCTblO pa6oToH, OTHOllleHHRMII B CCMbC 11 T..!(.). TaKIlM 06pa-
30M, MO)l(HO 3aKJlIO'II1Tb, qTO CBOHCTBa TeMncpaMCHTa coxpaHRIOT-
CH Ha npOTR)I(eHHII II,JIIITeJIbHbIX nepHOAOB )l(1I3HIIII, nORBilBilll1Cb B
paHHeM ,l{eTCTBe, npOJ],OJIE3IOT OKa:JhIB3Th BllI1HHlIC H3 rrOBe,lJ,eHI1e
'leJIOBeKa II BO B3pOCJIOM B03paCTC.
fOBOpH 06 OHTOrCHeTllqeCKOH CTa6HJILHOCTI'! CBOHcrn TeMnc-
paMeHTa, Heo6xotJ,HMO nOMHUTb, LITO coxpaHHOCTb CBOHCTB TeMne-
paMeHTa He 03HaqaeT HeH3MCHHOCTil IIX npOHBJlCHHH.
Bo-nepBbIX, cBoiicTBa TeMncpaMeHTa H3MeHRIOTCR C B03pa-
CTOM. TaK, MO)l(eT CHl1)1(aTbCR qYBCTBHTCJlbHOCTb K 3MoQHoreH-
HblM cHTyaQIIRM, nOBbllllaTbCR HJlH nOHHJKaTbCH nopor pcaKTHB-
HOCTlI, IIJMCHRTbCJI BeJ1llqHHa 06111eH aKTIIBHOCTIl. OAHaKO npll
113MCHeHilII a6COJllOTHOH BCJ1IlqllHbl Toro HJ1II II II oro CBOHCTBa
TeMncpaMCHTa cro OTHOCIITeJlbHaH BeJIlI'lIIHa MO)l(eT OCTaBaTbCR
HCII3MeHHOH: HanpllMep, AeTlI, KOTopble 6b1J111 Hal160Jlec 3MOQH-
OHaJlbHblMIl B .!(OlllKOJlbHOM BOJpaCTe, 6YAYT 60Jlee 3MOUII0-
HaJlbHbl, qeM IIX CBCpCTHHKII, H B nOApocTKOBOM, II BO B3pOCJIOM
B03paCTe.
BO-BTOPbIX, OAHH H Te JKe CBoHCTBa TeMnepaMeHTa no-pa3-
HOMY 06HapYJKIIBalOT ce6H B pa3Hbix B03paCTax. HH3KaH 0611111-
300
TeJILHOCTL Y BJpOCJIOro 'leITOBeKa 6y.n:eT npORBJlRTbCH He B IIcny-
re, B03HIIKalOI11eM npH nORBJleHHII HeJHaKOMOro qeJlOBeKa, KaK y
.n:BYXJleTHero pe6CHKa, a B CTpeMJIeHlI1I K yeiJ,HHeHI1IO, B HCJKeJla-
HIIII nOcell\aTb illYMHbie II MHorOJlIOiJ,HLle KOMnaHHlI, B CKOBaH-
HOCH!, nORBJlRIOl11eHCJI npll 061l\eHHI1 C He3HaKOMLIMH JIIOAbMH.
BMeCTe C TeM, H cTpax He3HaKOMua, II CTpeMITeHHe COKpaTHTb '!HC-
JlO KOHTaKTOB C iJ,pyrllMH moALMH RBJIHIOTCH npOJlBJleHI1RMl1 OA-
Horo H Toro JKC CBOHCTBa TeMnepaMeHTa.
B-TpeTbHX, qeM CTapwe CTaHOBIITCR qeJIOBeK, TeM 60JILllIHH
OTneqaTOK Ha ero nOBeAeHHe HaKJlaAbIBalOT HOpMbl 06I11eCTBa.
OHII MaCKllpYIOT Te oc06eHHOCTII TeMnepaMeHTa, npORBJIeHHe KO-
TOpblX MOJKeT BblJBaTb Hco.n:06peHlle OKpY)KaIOI11HX. TaK, 6ypHoe
npORBJIeHlle OTplIuaTeJIbHbIX JMOUIIH, npOCTHTCJIbHOe MaJleHb-
KOMY pe6eHKY, y B3pOCJlOro qeJlOBeKa 6YAeT BOcnpHHRTO KaK He-
YMeHlle BJlaAeTb C060H, HeYBa)l(eHlle K OKpY)l(aIOI11HM IfnH npOCTO
KaK HeBocnllTaHHOCTb B npouecce COUHaJIIIJaUIIH pe6eHOK 06y-
qaCTCR TOMY, KaK Ha.n:o pearHpOBaTL Ha pa3Hbie c1ITyaUHl1, KaKIIX
peaKUIIH OT Hero )I(.n:YT OKpY)I(alOl11"e, II 3TO npHBOAHT K TOMY,
qTO BHeillHee npOHBITeHHe OiJ,HIIX oc06eHHocTeH TeMnepaMeHTa
YCIIJlIIBaeTCH, a iJ,pyrllx - YMeHblllae-rCR BCJIeiJ,CTBI1C noro, 'IeM
CTapllle CTaHOBIlTCH qeJIOBeK, TeM TpYJl,Hee Ha6JIIO.!(aTCJlIO oope-
l\eJlHTb oc06eHHOCTH ero TeMnepaMeHTa.
TeM He MeHee .!(HarHOCTHKa TCMnepaMeHTa y B3pOCJlOro qe-
JIOBeKa He RBJIJleTCJI Hepa3peillHMOH 3aAa'leH. )J,eJIO B TOM, qTO
CBOHCTBa TCMoepaMeHTa onpel\eJIRIOT AHHaMllKY nCIIXl1qecKoii
l\eHTerrbHOCTH B caMblX pa3HbIX cIlTyaUIIx, TO eCTb HBJIJlIOTCJI
KpOcc-cHTyaTIIBHbIMH. B OiJ,HIIX crrY'laJlx npORBJleHlle CBOHcrn TeM-
nepaMeHTa 6YAeT MaCKllpOBaTbCJI 60JIbille, B .!(pyrllx - HHBeJIII-
pYlOl11ee B03AeHCTBlle COUllanbHblX ycrroBHH Ha CBOHCTBa TeMne-
paMeHTa 6YAeT MeHbllle rIpeAnOJIaraCTCR, qTO TC iJ,IIHaMHqeCKHe
oc06eHHOCTH nCIIXHqeCKOH )l(113HII qeJIOBeKa, KOTopble Hall60Jlce
)l)IR Hero xapaKTepHbI, 06HapYJKHBalOTCR HaH60JIee qaCTO II CBOH-
CTBeHHbI eMY B pa3HbiX (XOTH 11 l1e BO Bcex) cIlTyaUIIJlX, II BJlR-
IOTC!! npOaBJleHHJlMIi ero TeMncpaMeHTa.
KpOMe Toro, CBOHCTBa TeMnepaMeHTa OT'IeTJIIIBO OpOHBJlR-
IOTCR B Tex cnyqaHX, KOr.!l.a '1CJlOBeK nona.n:aeT B HOBYIO, HenpH-
BbJqHYIO AJIJI Hero HJIH TPY.!(HYIO cIlTyal\l1lO. HanpllMep, TaKoe
CBOHCTBO TeMnepaMeHTa, KaK 06I11HTeJIbHOCTb, 60Jlee onpeiJ,eJleH-
HO npOJlBHTCR npl1 Heo6xo,ll,llMOCTR BCTynllTb B KOHTaKT C He3Ha-
301

KOMblMH mO,!\bMH, qeM npll 0611\eHIIII CO CBOIIMII 6J1113KIIMII. 06-
l1\aJlCb C APY3bHMII, AaJKe caMbIe 3aCTeH'IHBble H lIeKOMMYHIIKa-
6eiIbHbie iIlO,!\1I 'IYBCTBYIOT ce6H C0060AHO II MaJlO OTJIHqalOTCH
OT Tex, KTO HIIKorM He IIcnbITblOaJI CiIOJKHOCTeH 0 0611\eHIIII. ITpll
Heo6)(QAHMOCTI'! 6bICTpO npllHHb perneHlle, CnpaBIITbCH C npo.
6iIeMoH B YCJlOBHJlX ,!\eljlllI.\IITa BpeMeHII ypoBeHb 3MOI..\HOHaJIbHO-
CTH '1eJIOBeKa 3Ha'lllTeJIbHO 3aMCTHee, 'IeM B 06b1'1HOH .!VIH Hero
clITyal..\lIH. HanpHMep, c,!\aBaJi 3K3aMeHbI, HeKOTopblC mo,!\H TaK
BOiIH)'IOTCH, '1TO He MorYT OTBeTHTb Ha OOnpOCbI, KOTopble B cno-
KOHHOH cIITyal..\HII He ObI10aJIII 6b1 Y HIIX HII MaJIeHrnerO 3aTpy,!\-
HeH"H. 06b1'1HO JKe IIX BblCOKaH 3MOl..\HOHaiIbHOCTb MOJKeT 6blTb
He 3aMeTHa JUlH OKpYJKalOl1\l1X
Ha OCHooaHIHI onllcaHHblX KpHTepHeB MOJKHO Bbl,!\eJII1Tb
CBOHCTBB TeMnepaMCHTa cpe,!\11 '!\pyrllx nCIIXOiIOrllqCCKIIX OCO-
6eHHOCTeH qeiIOoeKa. HTaK, K CBOHCTBaM TeMnepaMeHTa OTHO-
CJlTCH Te IIH,!\IfOIl,!\yaiIbHble OC06CHHOCTII qeJIOBCKa, KOTopble
onpe,!\en>lIOT ,!\HHBMIIKY ero ,!\CIITeJIbHOCTH, IIMCIOT TeCHble CBH3H
C 6110iIOrll'leCKHMII nOJl,CTpYKTYPBMIl opraHH3Ma H 06ycnoBJleHbI
reHOTlfnOM. OHII 06HapYJKHBalOTCJI B paHHeM l\eTCTBe, JlBJIHIOTCH
OTHOCIITCJIbHO cTa6HJIbHbIMII, coxpaHHIOTCH Ha JIpOTHJKeHIIII
.!VIIITeJIbHOrO ncpllo.n:a BpeMCHH 11 npOllBIIJlIOTCH B pa3HbIX
cHTyaI..\HJlX.
2.1. HblO-:AopKcKoe JlOIITHTlOl\HOe HCCJIeAOOBHHe
TeMnepBMeHTa
2. CBoiicTBa TeMnepaMeHTa 1'1 ponb
reHOTl'lna B I'IX ,QeTepMI'IHaLlI'II'I
B Ha'laJIe 60-x ro,!\oo B MeAHI..\"HCKOM l..\eHTpe HblO-HoPK-
CKoro YHIIBepCHTeTa no,!\ PYKOBOI\CTBOM A.ToMaca 11 C.qecc 6b1JIO
HaqaTO JIOHrIlTlO.!1HOe HCCJlC,!\OBaHIIC TCMncpaMCHTa, KOTOpOC npo-
)10JlJKaeTCH II B HaCTOHl1\ec BpCMH (Thomas A., Chess S., 1977,
1987, 1991). CiIlI noro HCCJIeAOlJaHHH COCTO>lT B TOM, 'IT06bl I)
Ol..\eHHTb OHToreHeTllqeCKYIO CTa6lfJIbHOCTb CBOHCTB TCMncpaMeH-
Ta H BJIHJlHHe Ha HHX YCiIOBIfH pa3BHTIIJI; 2) pacCMOTpeTb, KaK
oco6eHHocTli TeMnepaMeHTa, KOTopbIe o6HapYJKHBaIOTCH B ca-
MOM paHHeM B03paCTe, npOHBJlHIOTCJI B i\aiIbHCHrnCM 0 iIllqHOCT-
HblX oc06eHHocTHX, 3) BbIIICHIITh, BJIIiHIOT JIll cBoHCTBa TeMnepa-
MeHTa Ha aJl,amal..\ll1O K COI..\HaJIbHbIM YCJlOBI1HM B i\eTCKOM II B3pOC-
JIOM B03paCTC, Ha oepOHHOCTb nOHBJIeHIfH ,!\eBHaHTHoro (OTKJIO-
HHIOI1\CrOCH) nOBei\eHIfJlI1 naToJloruqeCKIfX COCTOHHIIH (HanpI1Mep,
HeBp030B).
Ha OCHOBaHll1f onpOCHHKOB H IIHTepBblO C pO)1IfTeJlJlMII, a
BnOCJlC,!\CTBIIII, KorAa ACTII ,!\OCTHrJIIf nOApOCTKOBoro B03paCTa,
Ha OCHOBaHIfH HHTepBblO C caMHMI1 I1Cnb!TyeMhIMH aBTophl Ol..\e-
HIfBalOT 9 CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa - aKTIIBHOCTb, pIITMII'IHOCTb,
npH6J1lfJKeHIIC HiIlI y,!\ancHllc, a.n;anTIIBHOCTb, HHTCHCIIBHOCTb pe-
aKI..\HH, nopor pcaKTHBHOCTI1, HacTpoeHlfe, OTBJIeKaeMOCTb, YC-
TOHqllBOCTb BHII MaH"H/HaCTOH'IHBOCTb. Oc06eHHocTII nOBC)1e-
HIIII, no KOTOphIM CYI\HT 0 OblpaJKeHHOCTII Toro IIJIII IIHoro ClJOH-
CTBa TeMnepaMeHTa, MeHJlIOTC>I C B03pacToM. PaccMoTpHM COi\ep-
JKaHlle 3TIIX xapaKTeplicTIIK y i\CTeH B nepBble rO)1bI )l(1I3HH.
AKmu8HOcmb - ypoBeHb i\BlITaTeJlbHOH aKTIfBH0CT\111 COOT-
HornCHlle nepHoAoB i\1mraTCllbHoi1 aKTHBHOCTII II naCCIfBHOCT\1.
PUmMWlHOCmb (pezYl!JlpHOcmb) - npeAcKa3ycMocTb BpeMe-
1111 1I0HBJICHH>I nOBei\CH'ICCKHX peaKI..\HH, CBII3aHHbiX C 6110JlOrH-
qCCKHMII lIoTpe6HocTHMil opraHlI3Ma, HanpllMep, XO'leT JIll pe6c-
HOK eCTb B OAHO If TO JKe BpeMJI, ncrKO iIlf ero npllY'lIlTb 3aCbI-
naTb B onpe,!\eJIeHHOe BpeMJI II T.A.
llpu6J1u:JlceHue WlU ydCl/leHUe - HenOCpe)1CTBeHHaJi peaKl..\lfH
Ha HOBbie CTIIMYJIbI. ITpll6JI11JKeHlle npOJlBJIHeTCJI B nOJIOJKIITeJIb-
HblX 3MOl..\lfHX (HanpHMep, pe6eHoK YiIbI6aeTCH, YBIIJI,CO HOBYIO
HrpYWKY) II B COOTBeTCTBYlOweH ABliraTeJIbHOH aKTIIBHOCTII (B
JKenaHHH nOAOHTIf K nOH HrpyrnKe II B311Tb ee B PYKIf). IIpoTIIBo-
303
,1],0 CIIX nop o6cYJKI\aJIHCb Te oCHoBaHIIH, no KOTOpbIM Ta
HJlII IIHaH nCHXOJlOm'leCKaJl xapaKTepllCTI1Ka MOJKCT 6bITh OTHC-
CCHa K qllCJlY CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa. KaKHe JKe oc06eHHocTH
nOBeAeHHII Y,!\OBJleTBOpJlIOT nepC'IIICJIeHHbIM KpHTepHHM II MorYT
paccMaTplfBBTbCII KaK CBoHcTBa TeMnepaMcHTa? 3TOT Bonpoc II
6YJI,eT o6cY)I(MTbCII B MHHOM pa31\eJIC TCKCTa. ITpll onHcaHHII
CBOHCTB TeMnepaMcHTa 6Yi1YT paccMoTpeHbI rneCTh IICCJle,!\OBa'
TeJIbCKHX HanpaBiIcHIIH, B KOTOpblX reHeTH'IeCKBH 06YCJIOBJleH-
HOCT!. CBOHCTB TeMncpaMeHTa HBiIIICTCH npei1MeTOM Cnel..\lIaJIbHO-
ro 3KcncpllMeHTaJIbHOrO aHIIJIH3a
302

nOilO)J(Ha peaKUIlJl, Y,!I;aJleHHe, XapaKTepH3yeTc B03HHKHOBellll-
CM OTp"uaTeJIbHblX 3MOUIli1 Ha Bce HOBoe (HaCTopO)J(eHHOCTbIO,
nila'leM, IIcnyrOM) H )J(eJIaHHeM OT noro HOBoro II He3HaKOMoro
OKa3aTbCJI KaK MO)J(HO .n.ailblllC (OTToilKHyn HOBYIO I1rpYllIKY,
y6e)J(an).
A()anmu6Hocmb - ilerKOCTb npH8blKaHliR K HOBbIM Hilli 113-
ldeHJllOllIHMCH YCJ10BIIRM.
lfHme/JCU6/Jocmb peaKlfUU - 3HeprCTHqeCKIIH ypOBeHb pe-
aKl\11H He3aBHCHMO OT ee KaqeCTBa II HanpaBileHHOCTIl (HaCKOilb-
KQ HHTCHCH8HO Bblpa)!(aeTC pa:<OCTb, Hen080J1bCTBO).
llOp02 peUKI1IU8HOCI1IU - ypOBeHb II HHTeHCIIBHOCTb B03-
,!I;eHCTBIIJI, Heo6xo,!l;IIMb[e ,!I;JIJI nOJIBileHIIJI peaKl\HII (HaCKOilbKO
,!!;Oil)J(HO 6blTb llIYIdHO, 'IT06bI pe6eHOK YCTail, ilerKO ilil pe6eHKa
paCCMellillTb, ilerKO ilil OH paCCTpaHBaeTCR).
H aCmpOeHUf! - COOTHOlIleHHe pa,!l;OCTlloro COCTOjlHHJI II CO-
CTOJlHHH Hey.n:OBneTBOpeHHOCTH.
Om8J1eKaelolOcmb - 3<j)<j)eKTIIBHOCTb l\eikmHJI H08b[X CTHMY-
JIOB,!I;JIJI H3ldeHeHI1H nOBeAeHIIJI (HanpHMep, KorAa pe6eHOK nilaqeT,
ilerno JlH ero ycnOKOIlTb, nOKa3aB eMY qTO-TO I1HTepeCHoe).
Ycmouu80Cl1lb 8HUMa/JW! U /jacmoiiU60cmb -,!\Be 83aHMO-
CBJl3aHHb[X xapaKTepHCTHKH, npOHBilHIOLl\HeCJI B TOM, HaCKOilbKO
AOilro pe6eHoK MO)!(eT 3aHHMaTbCH OAHIIM H TeM JKe II CKJ10HeH
1111 OH npoAon)J(aTb KaKYIO-111160 AeHTcnbHOCTb, eCJ1H 803HltKaIOT
TPY.ll.HOCTII B ee oCYLl\eCTBneHItH.
ITpll AHarHOCTIIKe TeMnepaMeHTa y nOApocTKOB II B3pOC-
JlblX 60JIblIlHHCTBO CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa oueHHBaeTCH no aHa-
ilOrll'lHbIM oco6eHHocTHM nOBe,!!;eHHJI. HanpHMep, nopor peaK-
TlIBHOCTH onpeAeJlJleTCJI no '1YBcTBHTeilLHocTH K )J(ape, XOilOAY,
c8eTY, llIYMY H T.,!!;.; 0 HacTpoeHHII cy,!\n no npe06JIaAaHllIO no-
JlOJKIITeilbHblX flilH OTplluaTeilbHb[X 3MOUI1H; IIHTeHCHBHOCTb pe-
aKUIIH Ol\eHHBaeTCJlnO IIX BHCWHI1M npOJIBileHHJlM. HHaqe rOBO-
PH, paCCMaTpliBalOTCJI BHeWlle nOXO)J(He ,!I;IIHaMllqCCKlfe (8 TepMH-
H0)10rHIf aBTopOB - CTllileBble) oc06eHHOCTH nOBe,!l;eHII. O,!\HB-
KO eCTL II TBKIIC CBOHCTBB TeMnepaMeHTa, CO,i:\ep)J(aHlle KOTOPb[X
npll ,!I;I1arHOCTHKe BO B3pOCJlOM B03paCTe B 3HaqllTeJIbHOH CTene-
HH 113MeHJleTC. TaK, 0 npn6JIH)!(eHIIH-y'!\aileHIIII CylIJiT no TOMY,
HaCKOJlbKO ilerKO '1enOBeK BCTynaeT B KOH'raKT C lIPYrHMII ilIO,!I;b-
Mil, npe,!\nO<JHTaeT illI npOBOJl,HTb CB060,!l;HOe BpeMJI B 0lIHHOqe-
CTBe IIJIII )!(e B KOMnaHIfJlX, TO eCTb, <j)aKTllqeCKII, no CTeneHn ero
304
06Ll\IITeilbHOCTI1. TaKIIM 06pa30M, ,!I;I1HaMH'IeCKlie nOKa3aTeilH
" "
o6Ll\nTeJIbHOCTII paccMaTpllBalOTc aBTopaMH KaK B3pOCilbIII
aHaJ10r npIl6i1HJKeHlIJl-y,!\aileHH
AHaJlH311PYJI KilliHllqeCKHe cnY'lall, A.ToMac II C.qecc npll-
LUJIII K BbIBO,!l;Y, '1TO pa3JIH'IHL!e CBOHCTBa TeMnepaMeHTa IIMelOT
TeHAeHl\IIIO 06pa30BbIBaTb CIIHAPOML! CBOHCTB, TO ecn npH na-
T0J10rHqeCKIIX OTKilOHeHIIHX CYLl\eCTByeT onpelIeileHHoe CoqeTa-
HHe CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTB. BnOCilelICTB1t1l 3TOT Bb[80)l. 6bm no)l.-
TBepJl()l.eH npH CTaTHCTH<JeCKOM aHaJIII3e (npH <j)BKTOpIl3al\IIH lIall-
lib/X, nOJ1YQeHHblX Ha nOHrHTIO.IIHOH BbI60pKe), a BceTO 6bIilO Bbl-
AcJIeHO Tpll CIIH,!\pOMa CBOHCTB, Ha3BaHHbIX aBTopBMII "ilerKIIH
TeMnepaMeHT", "TPYMlb!H TeMnepaMeHT" II "TeMnepaMeHT C lIJlH-
TeJIbHb[M npHBb[KaHHeM".
ne2KUU melomepaMeHI1I xapaKTepH3yeTcJI PI1TMllqHOCTbIO B
B03HHKHOBeHIIII 6I10J10rHqeCKIIX nOTpe6HOCTeH, nOilO)J(I1TenbHOH
peaKl\lIeH Ha HOBbie cTlIMynbl (npII6nH)J(eHlleM), 6blCTpOH a.ll.an-
Tal\HeH K 113MeHeIlI!JlM, npe06na,!\aHHCM nOilOJKI!TeilbHb[X 3MOl\IIH
H HeBbIcoKoi1 HHTeHCHBHOCTblO HX Bb[paJKeHHH. B nepBbIe MeCJI-
Ubi JKII3HH Jl,eTU C TaKI1MU C80HCTBaMH 6bICTpO npllBblKaIOT KO
BpeMeHI1 KOpMJIeHH H Clla, npltyqalOTCJI K HOBOH nllLl\e II He 60-
HTCH HOBblX nIOAeH. CTaHOBJICb CTapwe, OHI! ilerKO aJl,anTHpYIOT-
CJI K AeTCKOMY ca.ll.Y H WKOJIe II JlerKO CXO)J.JlTCJI C '!!'PyruMIl lIeTb-
MH Y pOJl,llTeJleH H BocnHTaTeJIeH peAKO B03HHKalOT C IIHMII npo-
6JIeMbI. 3TO - "nerKIIC" AeTU, qTO U )J.aJIO Ha3BaHHe 3TOMY CIIII-
.IIpOMY CBOHCTB. B3pocnble nlOJI,II, 06i1BlIalOLl\HC TUMII cBoHcrna-
MH TeMnepBMeHTa, He HCnbITb[BaIOT np06i1eM B 06Ll\eHIIII H ilerKO
npllBb[KalOT K HOBOH pa60Te. Y HUX npe06JIalIaeT nOilO)J(HTenb-
HbIH 3MOl\IIOHaJIbHbIH HaCTpOH, a Bblpa)J(eHHc 3MOLllIH He OTnlI-
qaeTCJI CIIJlbHOH IIHTeHCIIBHOCTbIO.
TpY()HbIU melomepOJl/eHm npeACTaBilHeT C060H nOJlHYIO npo-
TUBOnOJIOJl{}lOCTb JIerKOMY II xapaKTepH3YeTCJI HepHTMH'IHOCTbIO
B B03HHKHOBeHHil 61I0ilOrlI'IeCKllx nOTpe6HOCTeH, OTplIl\aTCJIb-
HOH peaKLlHeH Ha HOBYIO CIITyal\HIO, Me,!I;JIeHHOH alIanTal\lIeH K
H3MeHeHIIJlM, npe06naAaHKeM OTpHl\aTenbHbIX 3MOLIKH 11 Bb[CO-
Koii HHTeHCHBHOCTblO UX npOH8J1eHII. B nepBb[C MeCJlUbI )/(H3HH
.neTU C 3THMH CBOHCTBaMIl TeMnepaMeHTa He MorYT npHBblKHYTb
K pacnopJlAKY )l.HJI: 01111 3aCbmalOT II nporbmalOTCJI B pa3Hoe Bpe-
MH, npOMeJKYTKH MeJKAY KOPMJIeHHJlMIi OKa3blBalOTCJI ,!I;JIJI HUX TO
CJIHWKOM )(JIHHHb[MH, TO cnllWKOM KOpOTKIIMH OHH qaCTO nJIa-
305

qYT, a npHyqeHlle IIX K HOBOH nHwe Tpe6yeT orpOMHblX YCHJII'!H.
IIO.l\paCTa, OHH OCTaIOTC "TPY.l\HbIMH" M OKpy)!(aIOWHX OHH
HaCTOpOJKeHHO OTHOCJlTCJI K HOBbIM nlOlI,M, C Tpy.n:OM 3HaKOMT-
CJI C .l\pyrHMH lI,eTbMH, nnoxo all,anTl1pYIOTC" I( HOBblM cHTyal\lI-
"M, HM T)!(eJIO npl1BbIKHYTb K WKOJIe. Bo B3pOCIIOM B03paCTe y
HHX OCTalOTCH CJlO)!(HOCTH B a.l\anTal\HH K H3MeHHlOwllMCJI YCJ10-
BIIJlM )!(1I3HII (llanpHMep, npl1 ncpCXOlI,e Ha IIOBYIO pa60TY) H B
06weHHH OHn nOIl,Bep)!(CHbI nJ10XOMY HacrpoeHll1O II CKJlOHHbI
6YPHO BbIpa)!(aTb OTpHl\aTenbHble 3MOl\III1.
TeMnepaMeHm c cJJ/umeJ/bllblM npu8blKaHueM xapaKTcpu3YCT'
CJI MeMeHHOH aAaflTal\HCH H HeraTIIBHOH, HO cna60H no nUTeHCHB-
HOCTn peaKl\lIeH Ha HOBbie cUTyal\HH. 06J1all,aTCJIM 3TUX CBOHCTB
TemepaMeHTa He HpaBHTCH HenpHBbIqHa" mlIl\a, He3HaKOMbiC
JIIO.l\II, HOBbie 3aHHTH", Oll,HaKO HX orpHl\aTClIbHa peaKl\H nMe-
eT .l\OBOIIbHO cJJa60e BHeWHee BbIpa)!(eHHe H nOCTcneHHO MeHCT-
C Ha nOJlO)!(IITeJIbHylO. Bo B3pOCJ10M B03paCTC TaKue JTIOII," CTa-
palOTCJI u36eraTb HOBblX cHTyal\U", '1aCTO HMCIOT npo6JTCMbl C
06 W eHueM, XOTH OHH BbIpa)!(eHbl He TaK OTqeTJ1UBO, KaK y JIIO.II.eH
C TPY.l\HbIM TeMnepaMeHTOM, U, KaK U B II,CTCKOM B03paCTe, moAU
C 3TIIM TunOM TeMnepaMCHTa HC CKJTOHHbI K HHTeHCHBHOMY Bbl-
pa)!(eHHIO 3MOl\I1H
OImC8HHblC B HblO-ltOpKCKOM IIOHrlJTlO.lI.HOM IfCCJJC.lI.OBa-
HHII 9 CBoilcTB TeMnep8MeHTa H TpH CI1H.l\pOMa CBOHCTB (lIcrKuH
TeMnepaMeHT, Tpy.n:HblH TeMnepaMeHT II TeMnepaMeHT C MHTCJTb-
HbIM npII.BbIKaHHeM) OKa3aJlIICb OHTOI'eHeTH'IeCKII cTa6HJIbHblMH
,
TO eCTb Bce 3T1I napaMeTpbI TeMnepaMeHTa, .n;HarHOCTl1pOBaHHble
B paHHeM .n;eTCTBe, CBH3aHbI C aHaJIOrHqHblMH napaMerpaMn B 60-
JIee CTapllIHX B03paCTaX. ITpH 3TOM oco6ylO npOrHOCTHqecKYIO
l\eHHOCTb npo.n;eMoHcrplfpOBaJTH CHH.l.\POMbl CBolicTB' 06JIa.l\an-
JIH "JlerKoro" TeMnepaMCHTa qawe HMelOT XOPOW)'IO COl\HalIbHYIO
a.n;anTal\HIO (oHn qawe y.n;oBIICTBopeHbl CBoeH pa60Toii, OTHOWC-
HIIMII C OKPYJKalOll.!IIMH, Y HHX pe)!(e o6HapY)J(IIBaIOTc HCBpOTII-
qCCKne OTKJIOHeHHJI)
BMecTe C TeM, TC HJJH IIHble cBoiicTBa TCMnepaMcHTa II CHH-
.n;pOMbI 3T1IX CBOHCTB HC !jJaTaJTbHbl M 6y.n;ywero HX 06JIa.n:aTe-
JIeR .II.cikTBIITeJlbHO, "Tpy.n;HbIH" TCMncpaMCHT OKa3bIBaCTCJI CTa-
TIICTHqeCI(H '1all.!e, '1CM "JlcrKllii", CB3aH C pa:lHoo6p33HbIMH CIIOJK-
HOCTJlMH, B03HHKalOWHMH II B .n;CTCTBe, II BO B3POCJIOM B03p3cTe
OJl,l'l8KO, KaK nOK3JaJIH 3BT:JpbJ HblO-HopKcKoro HCCJlC,!{OB31!H.II,
306
ClIO)J(HOCTH TII He HCI136e)J(Hbl II HBIIIOTC pe3YJlbTaTOM OIlIH60K
B BocnllTaHIIH. B Tex CJlY'IaHX, KorJl,a pOJl,l'lTeJII1 yqllTbIBalOT UH.
IlHBn.n;yaJlbHbIC oco6eHHOCTH CBoero "Tpy.n;Horo" pe6eHKa 11 IIC-
XOIlH H3 3THX oe06eHHOCTeH, nM y)J;aeTC nOMOqb pe6eHKY m6e-
JKaTb MHODI:>; eiJOJKHOCTefi B I1aJ1bHeHUJeM. TaKl1e po.n;HTeJI\1 TWa.
TeiJbnO 110.n;TOTaBJlHBaIOT pe6eHKa I( 6y.n;Yll.!I1M HOBblM cIITyal\l1-
M. Hal1pHMep, K Ha'laiJY UJKOJlbHOrO o6yqeHII, nOMoralOT eMY
HaJIa.l\HTb 06weHHe C .n;pyrllMn .n;eTbMII, TO eeTh 06Y'la1OT pe6eH-
Ka HaBblKaM 06ll.!eHIIJI, KOTopble y HcrO canl Coao" He CKJlall,bI.
BalOTCH OHn CTPeMHTCJI HC nepe.rrOMHTb He HpaBJlwl1eCIIIIM CBOH-
CTBa, a 113MeHIITb IIX npOBJleHHH, He JK.n;YT 6bJCTpbIX pe3YJlhTa-
TOB. B 3THX CIIY'iaRX 3$$eKT OKaJblB3eTC.II nOp33lfTeiJbHblM
.[IeJIO B TOM, qTO, qeM CTapwe CTaHOBI1TC" pe6eHOK, TeM
60JlbUJYlO pOiJh B ero 110Be.n;eHlln HrpaeT He caM TeMnepaMeHT, a
CBOHCTBa, C!jJOpMllpOBaHHble Ha ero oeHOBe. TaK, .l\eTCKIIH CTpax
06ll.!eHH C He:JHRKOMblMI1 JTIO.n;bMII npO.l\OJIJKaeT HrpaTb .n;eCTPYK-
TIIBHYIO pOJIb BO B3pOCJTOM B03paCTe TOlIbKO B Tex CJlY'IaJlX, Kor-
)J;a po60CTb II 3aCTenqnBOCTb pe6eHKa MHoro pa3 CTaHOBlI/lHCb
npH'fH!-fOH ero Hey.n;aq B 06weHl1H, '!TO npHBOJl,l'lT K eCTeCTBeHHO-
MY JKeJIaHll10 OKa3bIBaTbCJI B 3TIIX cHTyal(IIX KaK MO)J(HO peJKe
Ho, H36era 3TIIX cHTyal\HH, cTapaHcb KaK MOJKHO MeHbllle 06-
lIIaTbCJI C He3HaKOMblMI1 JIIO.l(bMII.. pe6enoK cOKpalllaeT CBOII B03-
MO)!(HOCTII HaY'lHTbCII TOMY, B qeM OH U TaK He CJIHIlIKOM ycne-
lieH. HMeHHO 3Tn BTOpll'lHbIe HaCJIOeHI1J1 Ha CBOHCTBa TeMl1epa-
MeHTa 11 npHBo.n;JlT K TOMY. '1TO BO B3pOCJIOM B03paCTe coxpaHH-
IOTCH Te JKe I1pOOJIeMbI, qTO 6bIJlII B lI,eTCTBe.
TpYJl,l'lblH 1:eMnepaMCHT nOTOMY H Ha3hlBaeTC TPY,lI,IIbIM, '1TO
11.11" a.n;aI1Tal\Hn )J;eTeH, 06/1a,I\aIOWHX 11M, TPC6YCTCH ropa3.n;o 60JIb-
lie BHIfMaHH.II H YClfJIIfH CO eTOpOHbJ pOJl,l'lTelIeH II BOCnHTaTeJIeil,
'1eM .lUI aAanTaI.{HII ,[(eTCH C 60JIee 6JIarOnpHHTHhIMH cnOHCTBaMIJ
TeMnepaMeHTa. He y Bcex XBaTaeT Ha :)TO CHJI 11 YMeHI1J1, H I1MeHHO
nonoMY .l\CTI1 C ol1pell.e.rreHHblMH cBoilCTBaMII TeMnepaMeHTa '1all.!e
OKa3bIBalOTCJI MeHee nOJl,rOTOBJleHHblMIi KO B3POCJIOH JKn3HH.
Iic!jJaTaJIbHbIH xapaKTep CBOnCTB TeMnepaMcHTa npOHBJI-
eTC H B npOTIIBOnOrrO)!(HOM 3!jJ!jJeKTe He6JTaronOJTyqHaJi ceMCH-
RaN CI1TyaI.(HH, HenpaBlfllhHblii cmllh 05ll.!e1JlII' C pe6eHKoM MorYT
IlpnBeeTII K TOMY, qTO IlCTIl C CUHllpOMOM CBOHCTB JIerKorO TeM-
llepaMCHTa OKaJl(YTC BnOCJle.n;CTBnH 3aMKHYTbIMH, HCBPOTHqHhI-
Mn, 60HIl\UMHCJl iJlO6bIX H3MeHeHnH
307

TaKHM 05pa30M, OC05eHHOCTI'! TeMnepaMeHl'a, paCCMaTpl'!,
BaeMble B HblO-HoPKCKOM JlOHrHTIO):{HOM HCCJleAOBaHHII, OKa3a_
JIHCb OHTOreHCTH'ieCI\II YCTOH'iHBbIMIl Ha npOTRJKeHHIl MHOrl1X
IICT, HO B TO JKC BpeMR I1X pOllb B a.n.anTal\1I1I OKa3aJlaCb TeCHO
CBJi3aHa C YCJlOBHJiMH pa3BHTIIJI H BocnHTaHHJi pe5eHKa.
Tenepb paCCMOTpHM, KaKOBa pOJlb reHOTHna B opmpoBa.
HIIII Tex CBOHCTB TeMlIepaMeHTa, KOTopble 5hlmi BbI):{eJIeHbI A.To-
MaCOM H C.qecc.
Hall50Jlee Tll(aTeJlhHOe I1CCJIeAOBaHlie reHeTII'ieCKOH 05yc,
JlOBJIeHHOCTII 3TIIX CBoiiCTB TeMnepaMeHTa 5blll0 npOBe.n.eHO HOp-
BeJKCKliM nCHXOJloroM A.ToprepceH (Torgersen A.M, 1987,1989).
aHa oT05paJla BbI60PKY 5I1H3Hel\OB 11 npoCJIeJl,IIJla 113MeHeHHJi BO
BHYTplmapHoM CxoAcTBe M3 11 .II.3 6JIII3Hel10B Ha npOTJlJKCHlI11
15 JleT
Ha pHCYHKe 8.1 npCJ\CTaBJleHhI AaHHhIe, nOJJyqeHHble npll 06-
crre.n:OBaHHH TeMnepaMeHTa 5J1113Hel\OB B qeTbIpeX B03paCTax - B 2
Mec.,9 Mec., 6 JIeT 1115 !leT. Ha OCII a6cl\lIcc OTMeqeHhI CBOHcrna
TeMnepaMeHTa (aKTIf/JHoCTb, nplf6iIHJKCHHe--YJl.aJIeHIIC, 3J1.anTlI/J-
HOCTh, IIHTeHcIIBHoCTh, nOpor peaKTIIBHoCTII, HacTpoeHlle, BHI1Ma-
HIle/HacroH'iIiBOCTh). Ha OCH op):{HHaT pacnOJIOJKeHhl npOl\eHTIIJIII.
B Jl.aHIiOM cJlY'iac npOl\eHTIIIIH 03HaqalOT J\01l1O BHYT]JllnapHbIx
pa:JJlII'IlIiI 6J1113Hel\OB BO BHYTPHnapHbIX pa:JlIl1ql!liX HepoJ\CTIieHHII-
KOB. PaCCMOTpHM, B 'leM COCTOIIT CMblCiI :Horo nOKaJaTeJIJI.
Ecmt cIIY'IaHHblM 06pa30M nO,!l.o6pan napbl .n:eTeH II no-
CMOTpCTb BHYT]JHnapHble pa3J1II'1I1J1 B cBoHCTBax TeMnepaMeHTa,
TO OKaJKeTCJI, 'iTO J\ent B KaJK):{OH nape He nOXOJKH .n.Pyr Ha APY-
ra: 3TH Jl,eTH He RBJIJiIOTca pOI\CTBeHHHKaMH (H, CJIe.n:OBaTeJlhHO, Y
llliX HeT 06111"'x reHOB), OIlH JKHBYT B pa3HhiX YCJlOBllaX II HC 311a-
KOMbI ):{pyr C ApyrOM. BbI'IIICJlHB BHYT]JIIJlapHble J\IICnepCIIII Y He-
pOACTBeHHIIKOB, MhI nOJlY'IHM BeJlH'iIiHY pa3JIII'Il{ii Y MaKCHMaJlb-
HO HenOXOJKUX JlPyr Ha Apyra JIIOJ\eii. 3TOT nOKa3areJIb - BHyrpll-
napHble pa3J1UqHa Hepo,!\crneHHHKOB - IICnOJlb3ye-rCJI KaK TO'lKa
OTC'ieTa. CpaBHHBaJi C :nIlM nOKa3aTeJleM BHYTpllnapHbIe pa3J1U-
qHa 6JIH3Hel\OB (BbI'IHCJlaJi npOl\eHTHJIII), MOJKHO BhHICHIITb, B Ka-
KOH CTeneHlt pa3J1HqHJi no TeMnepaMeHTY Y 6JIH3Hel\OB OTKIIOHJi-
IOTCJi OT CJIyqaHHhIX, TO eCTb 6Y):{YT JIlt 3TH pa3J11iqHJi Y 6J1H3He-
l\OB MCHbWe, '1eM Y HepOACTBeHHHKOB. COnOCT3BllaJi M3 H .Q3
6J1113HCL\OB no npOljeHTIIJlJiM, MOJKHO BbIJiCHHTh, BJlI{JieT JIH reHO-
Tlln Ha HHJ\IIBII):{yaJlbHble pa3J1Hql{j{ B CBOHCTBax TeMnepaMeHTa.
308
SO
40
30
20
10
60
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40
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20
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::s:
I-
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g} 60
8.. 50
J:: 40
30
20
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60

40
30
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2 MeCJ'!Lla
 9 Me  LleB /

6 neT
15 neT
v-
HP
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M3
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9
PUCYIIOK 8.1
BHympunapHble pa311U'IUR y M3 U 3 611UJlleIJ08 no xapClKmepuc-
mUKIlM meMnepllMellma, aHIUlU3upyeMblJ\/ 8 Hb/()-HoPKCKOM 1IOH2U-
m/()(J/IOM uccne(J08<llluU (Torgersel1 A.M., 1987)
----
--y I
1
3
4
5
1- aIa'MBHOCTb. 3 - npM6nM}KeHMe-YAaneHKe, 4 - ClAanTKBHOCTb, 5 - MHTeHCHB-
HOCTb 6 - nopor peaBHOtTM, 7- HaeypoeHMe, 9 - B"HIMaHMe/HaCToHBocrb,
HP - Hopo,qCTseHHHKJ4, M3 - MOHO$MfOTHtoie 6nM3H8Ubl. ..0.3 - AM3MrOTHbie
611M3Hell,lJrl
6
7
309

Ta6Jlu/{a 8.2
Bl/ympullapHoe CXOOCm80 8 110Ka3ameJIJIX meMllepaJ.feHrna, pac-
CMampU8aeAfblX 8 H&W-WOPKCKOM JfOHcUmWOHOM UCCJfe008a11UU
(Torgersel1 AM., 1989)
pellJlQHH M3 6m13Hel.\OB no aKTIIBHOCTH B 2 Mec , 9 Mec., 6 JIeT II
15 JIeT paBHbl COOTBeTCTBeHHO 0,75, 0,85, 0,93, 0,95.
qTO )l(e KaCaeTCJI .II.3 6mI3HeQOB, TO OHII C BOJpaCTOM CTaHO-
B"TCJI Bce MeHbwe nOXOJKH '!\Pyr Ha ,I1JJyra. HanpliMep, BHYTpHnap-
HbIe KOppellJlQHII .II.3 6JIH3HeQOB no nOKaJaTcJUO aKTIIBHOCTII B 2
Mec.,9 Mec., 6 JleT II 15 JIeT p3BHbl COO1l!erCTBeHHO 0,47, 0,71, 0,14, 0,16.
IIoCKOJ1bKY nOKaJaTeJJb HaCJIe.n:yeMocTH JaBHCHT OT COOT-
HOWeHItJl BHYTpllnapHoro CXO,!\CTBa M3 H .II.3 6JJIIJHeI.\OB, MOJKHO
CKaJaTb, qTO, Bo-nepBblx, 60llhlIUII1CTBO CBoiicTB TeMnepaMeHTa
BO Bcex BOJpaCTaX OJ<aJhIBaeTCJI reHeTII'IeCKH 06YCJIOB!leIlHbIM II,
BO-BTOpbIX, 'lTO BJ\\\5I\me rellOTlln01 1\01 CEOHCTBR TeMnepaMcHTa
yBellwlIIBaeTcR C BOJpaCToM. BMeCTe C TeM, CJIC.l\yeT 06paTHTb
BHIIMaHl1e Ha TO, qTO no JI.IlYM cBoiicTBaM TeMnepaMCHTa (no HH-
TeHCIIBHOCTH II nopory peaKTIIBHOCT\I) 6hIJIH nO!lY'leHbI OTplll.\a-
TellbHbIe KOppeJIRI.\HII y )];3 6J1HJHeI.\OB B 15 !leT. 3TOT ljJaKT Tpe-
6ye-r Jl,onOIlHI1TenbHOrO aHaJIl13a. ecJIH CBOHCTBO reHCTII'IeCKII 06yc-
JloB!lelio, )],3 61lH3Hel.\bl, KOTopbIe I1MelOT B Cpe.l\HeM nonoBIIHY
06111 11X reHOB, He 1101l)l(Hbi 6blTb HaCTOllbKO He nOXOJKI1 I1pyr lIa
I1pyra. JIII60 YCJlOBHJI paJBIITI1R 6ml3Hel.\OB cnoc06CTBYlOT YlJe-
!lHqeHHIO \IX paJJlII'I\lH no 3TOMY CBOHCTBY, IlH60, '1TO 60nee Be-
pORTHO B MHHOM CJlY'lae, npH'IIIHOH JTIIX pa3JIII'IIIH RBJUleTCJI
pa3Hoe BpeMR ny6epTaTHbiX 113MeHeHIIH (TO CCTb Tex 113MeHeHIIH,
KOTopbIe CBJl3aHbi C n01l0BbIM C03peBaHlleM) y .II.3 611I1JlleI.\OB. Y
napTHepOB M3 napI>I npOQeCCbl nOJIOBOrO C03peBaHIIR npOTeKa-
lOT 6o!lee CIIHXpOHHO. .II.3 6JI11JH, el.\bl HaXOI1J1Cb B O,!\HOM H TOM
JKC XpOHOJIOrH'leCKOM B03paCTe, Moryl' HaXOJJ;I1TbCR Ha paJHblX
CTal1l1J1X nOJIOBOrO C03peBaHIIR. TaKHe xapaKTepHCTl-IKI1, Kal< IIH-
TellCIiBHOCTb peal<l\lIii II nopor I1X peaI<TIIBHOCTII, MorYT 6bITb
qY13CTBHTellbHbl I< 61101l0rHqeCKOH nepecTpoiiKe opraHH3Ma, II
IIMeHHO Ha HIIX MO>KeT CKaJaTbCR pa3HbIii TeMn 11 pa3Hoe 13peMJI
nOJIOBOro C03peBaHII" .II.3 6JIII3HeQOB.
TaKIIM 06pa30M, B pa60Tax ;)Toro HanpaBlIeHHJI 6bIJIO Bbl-
AellCHO 9 cBoHm TeMnepaMeHTa II nOJlY'IeHbI JJ;oKa3aTeJIbCTBa HX
reHeTII'IeCKOii 06yCJI013lIeHHOCTI1.
eCJIII BeJlH'IIIHa npOQeHTIIJIeH Y M3 6JII13Hel.\OB OY,!\CT MeHbwe,
'1eM y )],3, JTO OJHaqaeT, qTO pa311H'IIIR BHYTpH nap M3 6JI113He-
1.(08 6Yl1YT MeHbwe, '1eM paJJJII'III" BHYTpIi nap )];3 6JIIIJHeI.\OB, H,
CJIe.n:OBaTCJIbHO, MO)l(HO npe.n:nOJIOJKHTb, qTO CBOHCTBa TeMnepa-
MeHTa HcnblTbIBalOT 13JIlI"Hlle reHOTllnHqeCKl1x ljJaKTopOB.
KaK BII/I,IIO no rpaljJl1KaM, npe/l,CTaBJIeHHblM Ha pHcYIIKe 8.1,
BHYTpI1TIapHble pa3JI1lqll" M3 6J111311e1.\OB BcerM Ol<a3bIBalOTCR
MeHbwe, '1eM BHYTPl1napHble paJJIII'I\lR )],3 6J1113HeQoB. )],JlR O,!\-
HHX CBOHCT13 TeMnepaMeHTa JTa pa3HHQa MCJKJ\Y M3 Ii )],3 - He-
60JIbWaR, )I.JIJ! JJ;pyrl\X - 3Ha'iIlTeJIbHaR H YBellll'l\lBaeTcJI C B03-
pacToM. KpOMe Toro, no 60Jlb!llHHCTBY CBoiicTB TeMnepaMeHTa
BHYTp\lnapHble pa3JI11qllR MCJK,!\y M3 6JI113HeQaMII I1MeIOT TeH-
.l\eHL\HIO YMeHb!llancR OT MJIal1eHqeCKOrO B03paCTa K 15 ro,!\aM,
qero He npOI1CIWJ\HT Y .II.3 OJlH3HCL\OB TaKIIM 06pa30M, nOJIyqeH-
Hble A.ToprepceH ,!\aHHbIe CBHJJ;eTeJlbCT13YIOT 0 13JlIIRHIIII reHOTH-
na Ha IIH/I,lIBIIJI,yanbHble pa3JIllqllR B CBOHCTBax TeMnepaMeHTa.
Bonee TpaJl,lIl.\HOHHbIH nyn aHaJIH3a l1aHHbIX - 13blqHCJIe-
Hlle 13HYTpIlKJlaCCOBblX KOJljJljJlIl.\HeHTOB KoppemlQIiH WlR M3 11
)],3 6J1113He1.\OB - n03BOJl"eT c,!\enan TOT )l(e 13bIBO/l,. B Ta6J1l1l1e
8.2 npeJJ;cTaBJleHbI BHYTpHnapHble IWppenRI1111i M3 H.II.3 6JIIIJHe-
QOB no CeMI1 CBOHCTBaM TeMncpaMCHTa
BHYl'pnnapHoe CXO/l,CTBO M3 6JIIi3HeI.\013, 3a HCKJllOqeHlleM
HeCKOJIbKIIX CJlY'IaeB B MJIa/l,WHX 1303pacTax, OKa3blBae-rCJI BbIllJe
BHyTpllnapHoro CXO.l\CTBa .II.3 6JIII3HeI.\OB. C B03paCToM M3 6J1113-
Hel.\bl coxpaHRIOT BblCOKoe BHYTjJllTIapHoe CXO/l,CT130 (B 60JlbWIIH-
me cJlyqaeB OHO /l,dJKe YBeJIn'lIiBaeTCR). TaK, BHYTplinapHble KOP'
nOKaJaTen K 2 MeCRua 9 MecRuee 6 net 15 net
TeMnepaMeHTa 'u, '", 'u, '"' I" '.. 'u, '.,
AKTBHOCTb 75 47 85 71 93 14 95 16
npMenKeHMe-YAaneHKe 76 86 87 39 94 45 39 43
AA,anTM8HOCTb 81 83 95 53 81 68 92 35
(I1lfTeHCMBHoCTb 82 52 85 02 95 54 85 -19
nopor pealCTMBHoCTM 91 72 89 20 85 23 94 -29
HaCTpoeHMe 84 16 86 32 37 06 95 41
BHI"IMaHMe/H8croM'4MBOCTb . - 12 24 73 27 93 35
2,2, TpexKoMnOHeHTHaJi CTl'YKTypa TellmepaMeHTa
AMepllKaHCKHe nCCJIe,!\013aTeJlH A.Dacc H P.IInoMIIH pac-
clllaTpHBalOT TeMnepaMcHT KaK /l,HHalllHqeCKlle oc06eHHoCTII no-
311
310

Bel\eHHQ, 06pa3YIOII111e nOI\CTPYKTypy JII1'1HOeTHbIX 'fepr (Buss
A., Plomin R., 1975, 1984; Buss A., 1991). AHaJII131IPYJlI\IIHaMIi_
'1eeKlle oco6eHHOCTIi nOBe.o;eHHQ, y.o;OBJIeTBOPQlOll1l1e 06ll1 en pli3-
HaHHblM KpllTeplHlM reMnepaMeHTa (nOJlBJIeHHe B paHHeM l\eT-
eTBe, cTa61lJIbHOeTb Ii T.A.), OHU npIIlllJIlI K ObIBOp,y, '1TO OCHOB-
Hb/MII CBOHCTBaMH TeMnepaMeHTa MOJKHO CqllTan aKTI1BHOCTb
3MOQIIOHaJIbHOCTb 11 eOlllla6cJIbHOCTb. '
.II.JIJI OlleHKH 3T11X CBOHCTB TeMnepaMCHTa A.Eacc H P.DJIO-
MIIH pa3pa60TanH onpOCHIiKH II.IlQ pa3Hb!X B03paCTHbIX rpynn.
ITPH I\l1arHOCTHKe TeMnepaMeHTa B3pOCJlb!X OnpOCl!lIKH 3anOJIHQ-
IOTCJI JIII60 caMIiMIi HCnblTyeMbIMH, JIH60 3KCnepTaMil - TeMH,
KTO XOpOIliO 3HaeT HcnbITYCMb!X. ITpll ,!I,I1arHOCTHKe TeMnepaMeH-
Ta l\eTCH onpOCHIIKII 3anOJJHQIOTCJI HX pOAHTeJIQMII, BocmnaTe-
JIJlMIIII yqHTeJIJlMI1. KpOMe onpOCHUKOB, HCCJIe.n:OBaTeJIIIIICnOJIb-
3YIOT II 06'beKTHBHbIC MCTOil.b!, npeJK.!le Bcero Ha6JIIOI\eHHe 3a no-
oeil.eHlleM lJeJIOBeKa 0 eCTCCToeHHbIX YCIIOBHQX.
AKmwmocmb npeil.CTaBillICT C050H npORBJICHI1C o6Il\cro 3Hep-
reTllqCCKOrO YPOOHQ B MOTopHKe. 06 aKTHBHOCTH CBIlil.eTeJIbCTBY-
lOT TPII nOKa3aTCJlR - TCMn JJ.BIIJKClIllii, HHTeHCHBHOCTb H Bb/HOC-
JIlIDOCTb IICnblTyeMOrO. a TCMne pcaKQHH (oeHOBHOM nOKa3areJIe
aKTIiBHOCTIi) MOJKHO CY):\HTb no 6bICTpOTC JJ.BIIJKCHHH. JIIO,!I,I1, 06JIa-
):\alOll1l1e BMCOKHM reMnOM, BCeril.a cncwaT, y HHX 6bICTpaQ peqb,
CrpCMllTellbHbIe JJ.BIIJKeHIIJI, OHI1 XOART 6blCTpee, '1eM I\pynle, HC
MorYT .!{OJIro CHl\eTb Ha OJl,I!OM MeCTe II T.iI.. HHTeHCIIBHOCTb npo-
HBJIRCTCR B aMnJIHTYl\e I! CHJle I\BHJKCHI1H. JIIOI\H, KOTopbIe I1MelOT
BbiCOKIIH ypOBeHb )Toro nOKa3aTeJlR, rpOMKO CTY'laT B JJ.Bepb H
1ll\1pOKO ce pacnaXlioalOT. Y HIIX JKCJIe3HOe PYKonOJKaTHe, rpOM-
KUH rOJIOC, BbIpll3l1TeJIbHaJi JKeCTHKYJl>1I\I1H. TpCTHH nOKlI3areJlb _
BblHOCJIHBOCTb - CBHAeTellbCTOYeT 0 cnoco6HOCTI1 il.OJIro OCTa-
BaTbCQ aKTHBHblM, He YCTaBarb.
3.I,IOII1JOHOJ1bHOCmb paCCMalJHloaeTC!! aOTopaMU KaK npO!!B-
JIel'me JJ.BYX HeraTI1BHblX 3MOQI1H - CTpaxa H meBa. a cTpaxe cy-
I\JlT no I1HTeHCHBHOCTI1 CTIIMYJIa, He06xol\I1MOro lVIQ B03HHKHO-
BeIUl!! :noii :!MOQIII!; 110 lVIHTeJ1bHOCTIl 1I0ClIeAeiicTBI1H (TO, '1TO
HCnyrallo, YJKe l\aBIIO HCqe3nO, a CTpax OCTaIlCJI), no pa3Ho06pa-
31110 cHTyal\I1H, KOTopble BbI3bIoalOT CTpax (OAHII 60HCH 3MeH,
p:pyrlfC - fie TOllbKO 3MCJ!, HO If c06aK, DC II qepllblx KOWCK), 110
!j>H311OIlOrH'IeCKI1M peaKQHHM, CBl1l\eTeJlbCToYlOlI1HM 0 COCTOJlHHIl
aKTHBaQHH. fHeB, TaK JKe KaK 11 CTpax, onpeAellQeTCJI no HIITeH-
312
CHOHOCTH cTHMYJIa, He06xoIUIMoro AIlQ B03HHKHOBeHI1J1 3MOQIII1,
3 KpOMe Toro -110 MHHe JI3TeHTHOTO nepHO,lJ.a (CKOJlbKO BpeMe-
HI! npOXOl\l1T MeJKI\Y CTIIMYJlOM, BbI3BaBwliM peaKLllilO, II 1I0HBJle-
HHeM pe3KQlm) H no npOAOJIJKIITCJlbHOCTI1 peaKI.(HH.
DOIlOIKHTellbHbIe 3MOI.(1f1f HC BKJnO'IaIDTCJI B nOXa3aTeJIb MO-
L(IIOHaJIhHOCTH, nOCKOJlbKY aBTopbI noro nO.!lXO,lJ.a He cornaCHbl C
TeM, qTO n0J10JKliTCJ!bHhle 3MOQHH 06pa3ylOT caMOCTOQTeJIblfb.e
npOR£JIeHIII! CBOHCTS TeMllepaMeHT3. Do MHeHJlIO A.£acca JI
P.ITJIOMHHa, nOJIOJKHTeJ!bHble 3MOQllit HOJlQIOTCQ KOMnOlleHTaMl1
He 3MOQHOHaJIbHOCTli, a .l\Pyrl1x CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHT3 - aK-
TIIBHOCTIi 11 COLllla6cJIbHOCT!I
COljua6eJ!bIJOClI1b (WIU 06U1umeJ!bUOClI1b) - 06HapYJKIIBacrCQ
B JKeJIaHliH 6b1Tb Cpel\H I\pymx JIlOl\eH. JIIOI\II C BblCOKOH COQHa-
6enbHOCTblO H36eralOT OIUlIIOqeCTBa, JICI'KO 3HaKOMJlTC1/ C tWynl&1II
JIJO.n:bMH, npe.LUIO'lHTaIOT AeilTeIlbHOCTb, CBQ3aHHYlO C 06Il1eHJiCM.
ITpOQBJIeHHe Tpex 3TH X CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa MOJKeT Me-
HIITbCiI nOI\ BJII1QHl1eM BHeWHIIX B03i1.ei'icToHH, OI\Hal<O B03MOJK-
HOCTII BJII1QIfI1J1 Ha pa311b1e CBOHCTBa He Ol\nHaKOBbl: 60JIbWe Bce-
ro nOABepJKeHbl HayqeHll10 BHeWHHC npOHBJleHHQ 3MOQIIOHaJlb-
HOCTH, a MeHbwe Bcero - aKrIlBHOCTIl.
B 3TOM HanpallJleHHH IICCllel\OBaHlI1! TCMnepaMeHTa oc060e
BHHMallHC Yl\ellQIIOCb aHalll13Y reHOTllnlI'ICCKHX BIIIIHHllii 11 HX
pOJlII B AeTepMUHa1l1l1l CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa. B HaCTOQlI1ee Bpe-
MQ eCTb 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHb!e pa60TbI, B KOTOpbIX no CBOHCTllaM
TeMnepaMCHTa conOCTaBJlHJlHCb 6J1113HeQb1, CI16Cb1, pOAI1TeJlII 11
HX I\CTI1 (KaK reHCTH'IeCKH CBQ3aHHb1e C pO,lJ.I1TeJlJlMII, TaK H npll-
eMHble). PaCCMOTpllM HeKOTopble H3 nOJlyqeHHbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB
ITpH cpaBHeHlI11 BHYTpHnapHOTO CXOI\CTl\a M3 11 )13 6J1H3-
HCI.(OB no aKTHBHOCTI1, 3MOl.(I'!OHaJIbHOCTI1 U cOQlla6ellbHoCTII, KaK
npanHJIO, 06HapYJKHBaeTCQ BblCOKoe CXO.!{CTBO M3 6JIH3Hel.(OB H
O'leHb HII3KOe - )13 6mI3HeL(OB: HX BHYTplinapHbIe KOppeJlQlJ,lill
qaCTo npH06pCTalO1' OTplll.(aTeJlbHOe 3HaqeHlle B Ta6JIHl\e 8 3
npHBel\eHbI AaHHbIe '1eTbIpCX HccneI\OBaHHH, npoBeAclIHblX Ha Ae-
TQX OT Tpex 1\0 ceMH JIeT. B JJ.BYx pa60Tax ,l],3 6J1113HeQbI OKa3a.
JIlICb HaCTOllbKO He !10XOJKH 110 aKTl1l\HOCTH H 3MOLlHOHanbllOCTII,
'1TO !IX BHYTpHnapHble KOppeJIQLlHH AOCTllrJIII BbiCOKI1X oTpllQa-
TeJIbHblX 3HaqeHHH (1\0 -0,41).
Hcnollb30BaB AaHHbIe pa3Hblx IICCJlel\OBaHIiH l\eTei1 nep-
BbIX JIeT JKI13HII II ycpel\HIIB pe3YJIbTaTbI reHeTHqeCKOrO aHallll3a
313

no TpCM CBOHCTBaM TeMnepaMeHTa, A.Dacc H P.ITJlOMI1H nOJ1Y'IH-
J1H Cpe,lJ:Hlle BHY'I'pHnapHbIe KoppemlllHH (Buss A., Plomin R.,
1975) ):\J1J1 M3 6JIH3HellOB CpCI\Hee BHY'I'plmapHoe CXO,lJ:CTBO no
BceM 3T1IM cBoilcTBaM TeMnepaMeHTa OKa3aJ10Cb paBHo 0,59, I\IU
.II.3 6ml3HeIloB -0,0 I.
TaKHM 06pa:JOM, npH 06CJ1e,lJ:OBaHHH .l\eTeH nep1JbIX J1eT )l(H3-
HI1 06HapY)I(I1BaeTC 3HaqllTeJIbHOe pa3J1l1qHe BO BHY'I'pHnapHoM
Cxo.n;CTBe M3 II .II.3 6J1H3HelloB. OI\HaKO, HeCMOTp Ha 3IO, HH-
TepnpeTHpOBaTb nOJ1Y'IeHHble pe3YJIbTaTbI KaK CBI1,lJ:eTCJ1bCTBO
TonbKO rCHOTHnll'leCKOrO BnHHHSI Ha TeMnepaMeHT HeJ1b3S1, no.
cKonbKY ):\3 onH3HcIlbI, HMeIOll\He nOJIOBHHY oomllx reHOB, He
.n;OJI)I(HbI HMeTb CTOJ1b HI13KHe (II ,lJ:a)l(C OTpIIIlaTCJIbHbIe) BHyrpH-
napHble KOppeJ1J1IlHH.
ITbITaJiCb Haihll npl1'1HHbl CTonb OqeBH.n;Horo Hecxo.n;CTBa
):\3 6JIH3HellOB no TeMncpaMeHTY, A.Dacc H P.ITJ10MIIH npc.n;no-
JIO)l(IIJIH, '1TO npH'IHHOH 3Toro SlBnJlCTCJI 3(jHjJCKT KOH'I'paCTa, Hf-
paIOll\HH 3BMeTIIYIO ponb B <POpMllPOBBHHH ):\3 O)JI-I3HCI.\OB. "Po-
,lJ:I1TCnH MorYT npoTH80nOCTaBJISlTb CBOHX ACTCH, npllcBBHBaSi 0.1\-
HOMY H3 HHX SlpnbIK aKTIIBHoro pe6cHKa, a .n;pyroMY - naCCIIB-
Horo DJ1H3HeL\bI H caMH MorYT YCllnllBaTb pa3J1HqIlSl, cymcCTBY-
IOll\HC MC)I(,lJ:Y HlIMH, H CTaHOBIITbCSI Bce GOJ1ce HenOXO)l(HMH no
CBOUM nOBe.n;CHqeCKIIM OC06CHHOCTJlM. TOT, KTO 'IYTb-qYTb aK-
THBHee .n;pyroro, MO)l(CT npeBpall\BTb 3TO OTJIII'IHe B nOCTOSlHHOC
314
npeIiMYll\CCTBO H BCCr):IB BblcTynaTb HHHI.\HBTOpOM, B BTOpOH -
nO):I'IIIHSlTbCSI cBoeMY aKTIIBHoMY napTHcpy. flOqeMY 3TO He npo.
IICXO):IJlT Y M3 6JIII3HCIlOB? BepOJITHO, H3-3a Toro, '1TO OHH CJ1I1W-
KOM nOXO)l(H nOBc.n;eH'IeCKIi II npOTItBOnOCTaBJ1S1Tb HX ,lJ:pyr I\PY-
ry OqCHb TPY.LlHO" (Buss A., Plomm R., 1984, C 119).
TaKaSi IIHTCpnpeTal.\HSI nOJ1Y'leHHblx .D;aHHbIX n03BOJISIeT
npe.LlIlOJIO)l(ltTb, '1TO rellOTIm BHOCIIT HCKOTOpbIH BKna,lJ: B HH):III-
BH.D;yanbHblC pa3J11I'1I1S1 no aKTHBIiOCTII, 3MOllHOHaJ1bHOC111 11 CO-
I1HB6eJ1bHOCTII, OL\HaKo OI.\CHHTb BCJIllqHl:y noro BKnBL\B 1\0BOJIbli0
TPY):IHO 6C3 .l\OnOJJHHTenbHbIX HcCne,lJ:OBBHHM YCJIOBHH pa3J!1IT1ISl
6JJH3HCI.\OB, HX OTHOllJCHIIH ):Ipyr C ):IPyroM H OTHoweHIlSi K HHM
pO):IHTCJJei\
):\aHHbIe, nOJIY'IeHHbIC B cCMeHHbIx HCCne.LlOBaHIISIx H npl1 IIC-
CJ1C.LlOBaHHH nplleMHblx ):IeTCH, OKB3aJIHCb HeO)l(I1,lJ:BHllbIMIi (Plomin
R., DeFrics J.C., 1985; Plomin R., DeFries J.e., Fulkcr D W.,
1988).
Y .LleTCH nepBblx JIeT )l(1I3HH KOPPCJJSllllI1I Me)l(l\Y CHOCBMII
OKa3anl1Cb He3Ha'iIIMbIMH It He OTnHqaJIIiCb no BeJIII'IIIHC OT KOp-
pCnSllll1H Me)l(.LlY np>1eMHblMIt .n:eTbMII, TO eCTb L\eTbMIt, BocnllTbI-
BaIOll\HMI1CSI B OJl,HOH ceMbe, HO He HMeIOll\HMII 06ll\I1X reHOB Y
l\eTCH npe.LlIlOL\pOCTI<OBoro B03paCTa COXpaHltnaCb Ta Jl(e caMaSi
KapTHHa. TaK, B O.LlHOM H3 IICCJICI\OBSHHY. KOppeJISIllHII Me)l():I)' pO,lJ:-
HbIMII C!l6CaMIi B 7-10 neT no aKTIIBHOCT!I, 3MOllIIOHaJlbllOCTli II
cOL\>1a5CJlbHOCTH OKa3aJIliCb paBHb! COOTBeTCTBeHHO -0,18, -0,04 11
0,13 II HC OTIJllqaJJHCb 3HaqilMO OT KOppeJIllHii, nOJ1Y'IeHHbIX y
npHeMHbIX cH6cOB (Schmitz S., 1994). TaKltM oopa30M, C O.LlHOH
CTOpOHbl, nOBTOpSleTCJI TO )l(e CBMoe, '!TO HaOnIO,lJ:aJIOCb npn HC-
cne.LlOBaHltli ):\3 OJlIl3HelloB' reHCTHqeCKJf nOXOJl(lle ):IeTiI (TO CCTb
!(CTII, IIMCIOll\He B Cpe,lJ:HCM nOJIOBIlHY OOll\HX rCHOB), OKa3bIBa-
IOTCSI a6COnIO'fIlO He nOXOJl(IIMIl no CBOHCTBaM TeMnepaMCHTB. C
II.pyroH CTOPOHb!, OTCYTCTBIIC pa:JJIlI'IIIH Me)l(AY POI\HblMIl II npllCM-
HbIMIi cII6caMH YKa3bIBaeT Ha OTCYTCTBlle reHOTlIllHqeCKHX BJIHH-
HIIH lia 3TH CBOHCTBa 'feMnepaMCHTa.
ITPII cpaBHCHIIH pO,lJ:I1TeneH H I\CTCi1 pC3ynbTaTbl OKB3aJIHCb
npOTHBOpeqHBblMIl. Kor.LIa 3KcnepTaMH npH OlleHKe TeMncpaMCHTa
AeTeH BblCTynanli Y'IIITeiIJI II nCHXOJIOr!l, CXOACTBO pO,IUITCJICH H
nx POI\HblX ):IeTeH B 7 II B 10 neT OKa3anOCb BbIWC CXOI\CTBa POAII-
TcneH H npHeMHbIX AeTeH no nOKa3aTeJ1S1M aKTHBIlOCTII H COL\lIa-
5enbHOCTH, TO eCTb .LlaHHble YKa3blBaJIII Ha HCKOTopoe B.HHHe
315
Ta6.ul(a 8.3
BHympunaplloe cxoiJcm80 8 nOKa3ameJ/RX meMl1epaMeHlna, pac-
CMampU8aeMblX A.EaccoM U P.llJ/OMUHbU,/ (npu60iJumcR 110 pa60-
mOM Buss A., Plomin R., 1975, Plomm R.. Foch T T, 1980,' Plomin
R.. Rowe DC, 1977)
nOKa3aTenM 3.5 'OA" 4.5 rOA3 4,5 'OA" 7.5 neT
TeMnepar.leHTa '., r A , '., 'A' r., ra> '., 'A.
n=JiG 0=31 n=&I n=81 n=61 n=57 n::51 .,=33
AKTM8HOCTb 65 .3S 41 -41 62 09 73 05
06LltaR 3MO,",MOHanbHOCTb 70 OS - - 64 03 60 27
CTpax - - 70 38 - - 66 05
rHea . - 57 -12 - - - -
CoLtlotaOeI1bHOCTb 48 -1S - 62 13 - -

reHOTHna Ha 3T1i xapaKTepHCTHKH. ITpH OQeHKe TeMnepaMeHTa
p0jJ;IITeJlJlMII pa3JIWIHH MeJKjJ;Y pO):lHhIMH U npHeMUhIMU CeMhJlMU
06HapYJKCHO HC 6bIJ10 (Schmitz S., 1994).
B 6oJ1ee CTapllleM B03paCTe, Ha'iIlHaJl C nO.ll.pOCTKOBOrO, no-
J1yqaeMhIe AaHUbIe 06bI'IHO nO.ll.TBepJK.lI.aIOT runoTe3Y 0 reHeTH-
'1eCKOH 06yCJlOBJleHHOCTII aKTIIBHOCTII, 3MOQIIOHaJ1bHOCTIi II co-
I1l1a6eJIbHOcTH. O.n:HaKo OCTaIOTCH CYII\CCTBCHHble pa3J1I1'1HJI B Be-
J111'1I1He nOKa3aTeJ1J1 HaCJ1CAyeMOCTIi ECJlH nOKa3aTeJll1 HaCJ1eAye-
MOCTH 3T1IX CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa, BbIqHCJIJleMbIe Ha OCHOBaHlI1I
6J1U3HeQoBblx .lIaHHblX, OKa3blBaIOTCJI paBHbI npllMepHo 0,30-
0,50, TO nOKa3aTeJlH HaCJleJl,yeMocTII, nOJlyqeHHble B CCMeHHblX
IIccnejJ;OBaHIIJlX U npH IICCJIejJ;OBaHHIl npHeMHbIX .lICTeil, OKaJbIBa-
IOTCJI HIIJKe - OT 0,20.1100,40.
ITPII aHaJlUJe 3TI1X CBOHCTB TCMnepaMeHTa y B3pOCJlblX Ha-
6J1IO.lIaeTCJI TaKJKe aCCUMI1J1J1QHOHHbIH 3CKT y M3 6JIH3HeQOB,
TO eCTb YBeJIUqeHlie CXO!(CTBa M3 6J1113HeQOB 3a CqeT cpejJ;OBblX
aKTopOB, qero He npOHCXO.ll.liT y .II.3 6JIH3Hei\oB. (Plomin R.,
Pedcrscn N.L. et aI., 1988). TaK, Ha llIBe.n:cKoil Bbl60pKe npH cpaB-
HeHli1l nOJKHJ1bIX pa3JIyqeHHbIX 6J11i3HeL\OB II 6J1H3HeL\OB, JI(HBY-
II\HX BMecTe, OKa3aJlOCb, '1TO Y JKIIBYII\IiX BMeCTe M3 6J1H3HeQOB
BHYTPHnapHoe CXOjJ;CTBO Bblllle, '1eM y M3 6J11I3HeL\OB, JKIIBYII\HX
Bp03b (Ta6!1HL\a 8.4). 3TO npllBOJl,IIT K TOMY, qTO nOKaJaTCJlH Ha-
C!lel\yeMOCTli, BbI'IIiCJ1eHHbIe Ha OCHOBaHHIl jJ;aHHbIX HepaJJlyqeH-
HbIX M3 II .II.3 6J1HJHeL\OB, OKaJbIBaIOTCJI Bblllle, qeM nOKaJaTe!l1l
HaCJIeJl,yeMocTH Tex JKe CBOHCTB, BbI'IIICJICHHble Ha OCHOBaHl111 l\aH-
HbIX 6J1113HeQoB, JKI1BYII\IIX Bp03b.
nOJlee Toro, no couua6eJIbHOCTII B /lBYX Bbl60pKax 6JIIIJHe-
I10B nOJlY'IeHbI npJlMO npoTIIBOnOIIOJKHbIe peJYJlbTaTbl: eCJlII nO
.lI.BHHbIM HepB3IIyqeHHbiX 61IH3HeI10B nOKaJaTeJIb HaCJJe.ll.yeMocTH
coQua6e!lbHOCTH paBeH 0,32, TO no )J;aHHbIM paJJ1Y'leHHbIx 6!1113-
HeUOB OH JllIllIb He3Ha'liiTelIbUO OTJlII'IaCTCJI OT O. B KaKoH CTene-
HII nOT pe3YJlbTaT Ha)l,eJKeH 11 caujJ.eTeJlbCTByeT 06 YMeHbllleHIIH
reHCTII'IeCKOrO BJIUSIHIISI Ha cOL\Ua6eJlbHOCTb BO B3pOcnOM B03pa-
CTe, TPY 1\110 CKa3aTb, nOCKO!lbKY nOKa CBoiicTBa TeMnepaMCHTa
nOJKIIJlbIX J1IO)I,eH BHaJlH3lipOBaJlIICb TOJlbKO B OI\llOH pa60Te.
ITO/lBOI\SI IITonl nonyqeHHbIM jJ.aHHbIM, MOJKHO CKB3aTb, '1TO
npH IICCJlCjJ;OBaHUII TPeXKOMnOHeHTHOH CTPYKTypbl TeMncpaMeH-
Ta 5bIJ10 BbI!(eJleHO TPH ero cBoiicTBa - aKTlI1JHOCTb, 3MOl(UO-
HaJlbHOCTb H cOl(lia5eJlbHOCTb. Bce OHII, KaK npaBIi!lO, jJ;eMoHCTpIi-
PYIOT CBJl3b C reHOTImOM B 5J1113HeL\OBbIX IiCC!le.!l.OBaHUJlX, HO no
.lI.aHHblM ceMeHHblx HCCJle.ll.OBaHHH II npH cpiIBHeHHII nplieMHbIx jJ.e-
TeH pe3Y!lhTaTbI OKa3bIBaIOTCSI npoTIIBOpeqliBblMIi. 3m npoTHBo-
PCqllJl Hal160JIee OCTphI npH I1cc!lejJ.oaaHlIlI TeMnepaMeHTa y MJIa)l,-
llIHX B03pacTHbIx rpynn H YMeHblllaIOTcSI npll aHaJIli3C TCMnepa-
MeHTa y 60!lee CTapllll1X B03pacTHbix rpynn. Ha'lHHaJl C no.u.poc-
TKOBOrO B03pacTa, .lI.BHHbie o6b1'IH0 jJ.eMoHcTPlipYIOT CBJl3b 3THX
TPex CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa C rCHOTI1IJOM. B nOJKIIJ10M B03paCTc,
no jJ.aHHbIM el\llHCrneHHoH Ha cerOjJ.MSlllIHIIH Jl,CHb pa6oTbl, COMHlI-
TeJlbHbIM OKB3bIBaCTCJI allllSlHlle reHOTIma Ha cOl(lia6eJlbHoCTb.
2.3. llCHXo6HOJIOIll'IecKall MOjJ.Mb TeMnepaMeHTa
Ta6Jluuu 8.4
BHympunapHoe cxo;)cm8o y paJRyqeHHblX U HepaJpyeHllblx 6RU3He-
/JOB no C80UCm8aM meMnepaMellma (Plomin R.o Pedersen N.L. et
al., 1988)
ABTOpbI nCllx06110JIOrl1qCCKOrO no!(XO.ll.B K IIccnejJ.OBaHIlIO
TeMnepaMeHTa, M.K.PoT6apT Ii ,a..II.eppIl6eppll, C'IHTaiOT, qTO
TeMncpaMeHT npejJ.cTaBJlSlCT C060H CTPYKTYPY MHoroypoBHe1JblX
CBOHCTB II npOJlBJISlCTCJI B iJ,eiiCTBIIII HeHpoHoB, B 1I3110JlOrll'leC-
KIIX xapaKTepHcTIiKax H B )I,IiHaMII'ICCKIIX (CTII!lCBbIX) oc05eHHo-
CTSIX nOBeiJ,eHIISI (RothbaTt M.K., Dcrryberry D., 1981; Rothbart
M.K., 1989). K cBoiiCTBaM TemepaMeHTa aBTOphl 3Toro HanpaB-
JIeHliJi OTHOCSIT oc06eHHocTH peaKTIIBHoCTIl II caMoperYJlJlL\IIH,
KOTopbIe IICCJlC!(YIOTCJI III\I Y jJ.eTeH nepBbIX JIeT JKII3HlI no on-
pocHIiKaM, 3anOllHJleMbIM MaTepJlMH, II no .lI.BHHbIM Jla60paTop-
1I0ro Ha5J1IOjJ;CHHSI.
PeaKmU8Hocmb BJlJleTCSI pe3YJIbTaTOM peaKL\HII aKTIIBaL\HH
Ii npOJlBJIJleTCSI B /lBllraTeJlbHOH aKTIiBHOCTII, 3M0I1110Ha!lbHOCTlf,
317
OOKa3areJHt Pa311j'4eHHble Cinlll:J.Heut:.l 611M3I1e4b1 )In'BYKe BMeCTe
TeMnep3MeHT3 M3 113
M3 113
3MOUI-10HaJ1t.HoCTb
Crpax 37 04 49 08
rHeB 33 09 37 08
AKTMBHOCTb 27 00 38 18
Coua6eJ1bHOCTb 20 19 35 19
316

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JIU3HpYR peaKTuoHoCTb, aOTopbl paccMaTpHBalOT, Bo-nepBblx, IIH-
TCHCIIBHOCTb CTIIMYJIOB (KaKIiM )l.OJIJKeH 5bITb pa.JAjJaJKIITeJ1b, 'ITO-
6bl Bbl3BaTb peaKl\I1IO) 11 3HaqeHI1e CTIIMYJIOB (KaKYIO peaKl\111O
01111 BM3blBalOT - n0J10)!UlTeJIbHYIO 1IJ111 OTpI1QaTeJ1bHYIO).
CaJ>lOpe2YJIRtfWI npe.n;cTaBJ1ReT C060H )l.I1HaMllqeCKHe OCO-
5eHHoCTI1 nOBeAeHIIR, KOTopble MO)l.YJIIIPYIOT (CHIIJKaIOT HIm no-
BbiwalOT) aKTIIBal\111O II, CJIe)l.OBaTeJIbHO, nOKa3aTeJIII peaKTHB-
HOCTII K \JHCJIY TaKIIX oc05eHHoCTeH OTHOCHTCJI, npe)J(,!\e Beero,
npI16JImf(eHlle-YJl,aJIeHUe, TO eCTb )KCJIaHUe n05JI11JKe nO)l.OHTlI K
HOBOMY CTHMYJlY 1I!!11 JKe, Ha060pOT, - !n6eJKaTb KOHTaKTa C
HHM. B OCHOBe nOJIO)!(I1TeJIbHOH peaKljllil Ha HOBbIe CTIIMYJ1bl, TO
eCTb B OCHOBe npIl6J1I1)!(eHHJI, JIe)l(l1T, no MHeHHIO aBTopOB, no-
Tpe6HoeTb B YBeJIl1qeHHI1 aKTHBa[(I'!H, a B oeHOBC OTpllljaTeJIbHOH
peaK[(IIII, npOJlBJlJlIOIl\eficJI B 1136eraHlIH HOBbiX CTHMYJlOB, - no-
Tpe6HOCTb B CHII)!(eHHH aKTHBal\lIIf C npH6J1I1)1(eHlleM-Y)l.ane-
HHeM CBJl3aHa BTOpaJi xapaKTeplfeTHKa caMoperYJIJI[(1I1I - oplleH-
Ta[(IIJI BHHMaHIIJI, KOTopaR COH)l.eTe!!bCTByeT 0 TOM, KYM Hanpao-
!!eHO BHIIMaHlle pe6eHKa npll nOJlB!!eHI'!I'! HOBoro CTIIMYJla - Ha
JTOT CTIIMYJ1 UJ111 Ha OKPY)!(aI(>Il\IIX, KOTopble 0 CJIY1Jae 1Jero MO-
rYT 3aIl\UTHTb OT HCII3BeCTHOrO npe)l.MCTa ilJ1U '1e!!OOeKa. TpeTbJl
XapaKTepllCTHKa caMoperYJIJIl\III1-)TO caMOCTIIMYJIJll\HR' nOTpe6-
HOCTb B nOOblllleHI1H aKTIIBal\IIH MOJKeT npOJlOJIJlTbCJI Y)l.eTeH B Ta-
KI1X Jl,eHCTOHRX, KaK cocaHHe naJIbl\a, C)!(IIMaHHe If pa3)KI1MaHUe
naJIb[(eB PYK, II 0 )l.pyrl1x Henp0l1300JIbHblX )l.BHJKeHlfJlX. H, HaKO-
Hel\, eaMoperyJIJll\HR npOROJlJleTCJI B TOM, qero XOTJIT II )!()l.YT )l.eTH
OT OKpy)!(aKHl\IIX - BOBJleqeHHJI B KaKYIO-HII6yJI,b aKTI1BHOCTb IIJII1
)lie, Ha060pOT, C031(aHIIJI cnOKOHHofi, HeCTHMYJlllpYIOIl\eH I'!X 06-
CTaHOOKII' OI(HUM Jl,eTJlM HpaBHTCJI, KOr)l.a HX TopMowaT, nO)l.6pa-
cblBalOT, J\pyrue JToro KaTerOpH'IeCKIi He nepCHOCJlT.
06paTliM OHUMaHl1e Ha TO, qTO M.K.PoT6apT II ,D;.,D;eppH-
6epPH OTHOCJlT Henocpe.n:CToeHHo f( CBOHCTBaM TeMnepaMeHTa 11
'1UCTO nooe.n:eH'IeCKlle, If (jJ1I3110J10rll'leCKlie nOKa3aTeJlH. TaKoe
OIHeceHlle pa3HoypoBHeBbIx nOKaJaTeJleH K O.lUloit KOHKpeTHOH
qepTe Bbl3bIBaeT COMlfeHile Y MlfonlX nCIIX0J10rOB. CBJl3aHbi 3T1f
eOMHeHUJI C TeM, '1TO H!!ICaK!!e HMelOIl\!lceJl B HaCTOJlwee OpCMJI
)l.aHHble HC n03BOJIRIOT CJI,enaTb BblBOI( 0 TOM, qTO KaKlle-Jl1I60
(jJH3HOJIOrll'leCKl1e oc06eHHOCII1 JlBJIJlIOTCJI Cnel\II(jJHqHbIMH TOJIb-
KO MJI OD.lloro KOHKpeTHorO CBOHCTBa TeMnepaMCHTa. O.n;HaKo
318
nOl\P06HO OCTaHaOJ1I1BaTbCR Ha 3TOM Bonpoce Mbl He 6Yi\eM, no-
CKOJIbKY peaJIbHble HCCJIeD.OOaHHR aBTopoB AaHHoro HanpaOJIe-
HUR cOcpe)l.OTO'leHbI Ha aHaJIH3e HCI<J1IO'IHIeJlbHO nOBeAeHqeCKIIX
npOROJleHHH CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa.
CBoHCTBa TeMnepaMeHTa, paccMaTpliBaeMbIe M K.PoT6apT
H ,D; ,D;eppu6eppll Ha ypooHe nOBe)l.eHIIH, B 3Ha'lIlTem,Hoit CTcne-
HH cOBnal(alOT C TeMII, KOTopble Bbll(eJlJlJIII aBTOpb! HblO-HopKC-
Koro JIOHrUTIOM II TpeXKoMnoHeHTHoH CTpYKTYPbl TeMnepaMeH-
Ta. KaK II B Y)Ke omlcaHHblX B 3TOH maBe HanpaBJleHI1RX IICCJIe-
D.OBaHHJI TeMnepaMeHTa, M.K.PoT6apT U ,D;.AeppH6eppu BblJ\e-
J1RIOT 8 KaqeCTBe OCHOBHbIX C80i1CTB TeMnepaMeHTa aKTHBHOCTb,
3MOl\HOHaJlbHOCTb 11 npU611I1)1(eHlle-YJl,aJIeHHe, OJ\HaKO, COrJlac-
HO nCI'!X06HOJIOrH'IecKoi1 MOl(eJlII, CBOHCT8a TeMnepaMeHTa He
pR)l.onOJlO)KHbl: OHII 06pa3YIOT )l.Be rpynnbl (jJaKTopOB, O)l.Ha H3
KOTOpblX (peaKTlIBHOCTb) RBJIJleTCR HenOCpel\CTBeHHblM nOBeAeH-
qeCKHM Bblpa)l(eHlleM peaK!(HIl aKTHBal\HII, a J\PyraJi (caMopery-
IIHl\HR) - eBJl3aHa C 3.D.anral\HeH TOH pcaKl\HH aKTIIBal\1I11 K KOH-
KpeTHJ,JM YCiiOBIIRM eYLI\eCTBOBaHIIJI.
HCCJlel\OBalll1e pOJIII reHOTllna II cpe.n;bl B (jJOpMupOBaHHII
CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa, BbIJ\eJIReMbIX B nCllx06110JIOrH'leCKOM no)l,-
XOl\e, lIa'laJlOCb napanneJlbHO paJpa60TKe OCHOBHblX TeOpeTllqec-
KI1X nOJlO)KeHI1H noro nOi\XO)l,a. B CBR311 C 3THM nepBble reHeTI!-
qeCKlie pa60TbI 6bInH npOBel\CHbI Ha CTaJl,IIH nOIiCKOBblX Hccne-
1\08aHHH, Kor)l,a cnllCOK CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa eIl\e He 6bIn 01'-
paHH'leH oco6eHHOCTJlMH peaKTIIBHOCTH H caMoperYJIRl\IIII. Pe-
JYJlbTaTb! OI\HOrO H3 TaKIIX HCCJleAOBaHKl1 npe,n:CTaBJICllbl 11 TaG-
J111l\e 8.5. CYIl\eCTBeHHble paJJlHql1R BO BHYTPHnapHoM CXOI\CTBe
M3 11 .II.3 6J1HJHel\OB 06Hapy)!(eHbI MR YPOBHR aKTIIBHOCTlIl\eTeH
II MR HeraTHBHblX JMOl\IIH. MO)KI!O npeAnOJlO)KHTb, TaKIlM 06-
pa30M, qTO JTII TPIl CBOHCTBa TeMIIepaMcHTa HcnbITbIBaJOT BJlHJI-
Hlle reHOTllna.
B 60Jlee n03AHIIX reHeTllqeCKIIX pa60Tax HHTepCC UCCJIe)l.O-
BaTeneH 6bIn COCpe)l.OTOqCH lIa aHaJIH3e pOJIII reHOTHna H cpeJl,bI
B (jJOpMllpoBaHIIII nOJIO)KIITeJlbHbIX H oTpH[(aTeJlbHbIX peaKl\HII.
B 6JIII3HellOBoM JIOHrIlTIO.n;HOM IICCJIeAOBaHlI1I paccMaTpHBaJlHCb
paJJlJ.!'lHbIC npOJlBJIeHH>/ :)MOl\IIH II peaKQIIH ITpIl6JIUJKeHHR-y.n;a-
rreHHJI Y l(eTeH B B03paCTe OT Tpex MeCRl\e8 AO )l.BYX J1eT B PaJJIII1J-
HbiX CI1Tyal\UJlX - npH npeD.bHBrreHHI1 HOBOII HrpYWKII, npll no-
JlBneHHH He3HaKOMoro qeJIOBeKa, a B 60Jlee CTapweM B03pacTe-
319

Ta6l1uu,a 8.5
TeHomun-cpeiJo8b1e COOmHOUle/JWI 8 110Ka:Wrne.n.R.X metnepClMeli111a,
paCCAfampU8aeMblX 8 paMKaX ncUX06UOl102U'leCKOU MoiJellu (803-
pacm 8bl6opKU - 9 MeCRlfe8; Goldsmith H.H., Campos J.1., 1982)
nOK833TetlM r., r. o h' c' e'
TeMnepaMeHT8 n=29 n=61
AI(fBHOCTb 75 57 36 39 25
nOnO)l(MTenbHble 3MO"" B3 79 06 75 17
CTpax 66 45 40 26 34
MCTpecc Ha orpaHM'"IeHM (nn3'-1) 77 35 (77) . (23)
C"OC06HOCTb 6wcrpo ycnOx.aJ.ma'Tb 7' 69 04 57 29
HaCTo"'MBOCTb 68 59 18 50 32
B ta6mu..l.e np!ACT8Bl1eHbI BHyrpMnapHble ICOppemU,I,MM M3 M ,Q3 ti.n"3HeOB
M BbI'-IMCJ1eHHblB HI MX OCHOBaHMM KOMnOHeHTbI ctIeHOTIIII1M"IeCKOM AMcnep-
CU'I - HacneAyeMoCTb (h 2 ), o(5L48f1 cp8Aa (c 2 ) III pa3.m'....al.L.IaJlc" cpeA3
(e 2 ) HanOMHMM. I.ITO h 2 :2(r,I'U- r A3 }, c 2 ;;;rl\l3 w h2;;:2r_ f"'3' =1_(h2+&) B Tex
C11Y"1aAX, «OrAa cxo,qCTao M3 6n143HellOB npeBbiLUaeT C:XOACTBO A3 t5nM3HQ-
40B 6011ee '"18M B ABa pa3a. B K348CTBe nOKa33Tenp. l'IacneAyeMOCnt YKa3.
saeTCR nOKa3aTenb BHyrpl4napHOro CXOACTBa M3 6n143Heu.08 B 3TMX cny-
'iBRX (8 3TO n5mll."e ill B nocne,Q,YKJLL!MX) nOKaa8Tenb Hac.neAyeMoCT ,Q,a-
eTC 8 Cko5K.tIX,
aHaJUl311pOBaJIlICb nOJI()JKIITeJIbHi>Ie H OTpHQaTeJIi>Hble peaKQHII
pe6eHKa B pa3HbiX HrpOBbIX cHTyaQHX.
0606lI\eHHbie nOKa3aTCJ1H nOJIO)l(IITeJ1bHbIX 11 OTpHQaTeJ1i>-
HblX 3MOl.\lIii, HX BHYTplinapHOe CXO)jCTBO Y M3 H .II.3 6JIH3HeQOB
II KOMnOHeHTbI Q>eHOTl1nHqeCKOH JI,IICnepCIIII npeJJ;CTanJIeHbl B Ta6-
JlHl.\e 8.6. HeraTHBHbie 3M0I.\HOHaJIbHbIC peaKQHI1 (nJIa'l), CH.!Ib-
HbIe nOJIOJKIITenbHi>le 3MOl.\I1H (cMex) 11 JKeJIaHHC BKJIlOqHTbCJI 0
HOBYIO Hrpy (nOJIOJKHTeJIi>HbIH nOJlloc peaKI.\HH npIl6JIHJKeHHR-
y.n:aJIeHHJI) OKa3aJIIICb IIHYTplinapHO 6oJIi>we nOX01KIIMH Y M3
6JIII3HeI.\OO, a nOKa3aTeJIli Hacne.n:ycMocnI, BbI'IHCJIeHHi>IC Ha oc-
HOBaHHH 3THX 6J1H3HeI.\OBi>IX )jaHHbIX, npeBblwalOT 40%.
B 60JIee cTapllleM B03paCTe, B 4 rOJJ;a H B 7 JIeT, HCCJ1e)jOBa-
JlIICb TOJ1bKO HeraTHBHbIe peaKI.\HH, H 6blJ10 nOKa3aHo, 'ITO OTpH-
l.\aTeJIbHble 3MOQIIH (paJ.npaJKHTenbHOCTb, CTpax) coxpaHIOT CBR3b
C reHOTllnOM npHMcpHO Ha TOM JKe ypoBHe (Goldsmith H.H ,
Gottesman I.J., 1981)
TaKIIM 06pa30M, eCTb OCHOBaHH nOJ1araTb, 'ITO nOKa3aTe-
JIH H peaKTIIBHOCTH (aKTl1BHOCTb, 3MOQIIOHaJIbHOCTb), II caMope-
rYJIJlQl1H (npH6J1I1JKeHHe-ynaneHHe), paCCMaTp!lBaeMble B nClI)w-
320
Ta6J1ua 8.6
Telwmun-cpeiJo8ble COQmJlOmeHWI 8 110KaJame.n.R.X, paCCMampueae-
MblX e paMKax nCUX06UOJIQ2U'leCKOU J.wiJenu (/{eH8epCKoe 6J1U3I/etfO-
80(! UCCJ!£iJoeaHlJe me.wrepaMelJrrIa, 603pacm 3-24 MeCRIjll; Goldsmith
H.H.. Campos J., 1982)
nOKa3aTen r. o r h' c' e'
TeMnepaMeHTil n=29 n= 1
HeraTMBH8:R pea""M"
He.Q.08onbCT8o, nna 46 09 (46) - (54)
Lr136eraHMe (YAa.nettl1e) 17 OB (17) - (83)
n03..-rMBHa pe8KUHR
YJ1b1t5Ka 22 28 - . -
CM.' 47 19 (47) . (53)
}l(enSKl1e nOMrpaTb 44 04 (44) - (56)
I
I
I
6HOJIOrHqeCKOH MOneJIH TeMncpaMeHTa, o6HapyJKHOalOT CBJl311 C
reHOTHJJOM.
2.4. HCcJIc)jooauHc 3aTOpMOJKCUUOCTH (rapoapAcKoe
HanpaoncHIiC HCCJ1CJI,OBaUHII TCMncpaMcuTa)
ITcIIX0J10rn fapBapJJ;CKora ()J,JK.K3raH, H.CHI1J1,MaH) H HeJlb-
CKOro UJ:JK.Pe3HHK) YHHBepCHTeTOI' C'IIITaIOT OCHOBHblM napaMeT-
POM TeMnepaMeHTa IIblCOKYIO HJIH, Hao60pOT, HH3KYlO 3amopMo-
JlCeH/lOCmb (Kagan J. et a\., 1984, 1989).
CQ>OPMllPOBaJ! penepe3cHTaTIIBHYIO Bbl60PKY IIBYX-
TpCXJIeTHHX JJ;eTe", HCCJJeJJ;ooaTenH nOKa3aJ\H, 'ITO CYlI\ecTBYeT JJ;Ba
nOJIRpHbIX CHH,D;pOMa CBOHCTB TemepaMeHTa. ITpHMepHO Y 15% JJ;e-
Teii 06HapYJKIIBaeTCR 6ecnoKoHCTBO !lJIH CTpax npll nOBJIeHIII1 He-
3lfaKOMbIX npeJJ;MeTOB HJIII JllQ)jeii.. 311J }/.CfH CKOBaHHbI, MCJ\JIeHHO
npHBblKaIOT K HOBOMY, 11M CBOHCTBeHHa peaKUHJlII36eraHHR (OHH
npHJKHMaIOTC K MaTepl1, mraqyr, nona» B HC:JHaKOMYIO 06CTaHOB-
Ky). .II.eTlI, 06J1Ma101I\He TaKIlM KOMnJIeKCOM CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeH-
Ta, 6b1J1H Ha3BaHbI 3BTopM01KeHHblMH. ITpOTHBOnOJIOJKHble "PORO-
JleHH!! TeMnepaMeHTa xapaKTepHbI ,lI,JI!! 25--30% lIeTeit 3TH )jeTH,
6i>ICTpO npHBblKalOlII,He K HOBOH CIITYBQIIH, He 60JllIl,lIec!! HO-
ObIX J11011eH H HC3HaKOMbIX npej{MeToB, 6b!nH Ha3BBHbl 1/e3liTDp-
MOJl(eHHbIMH.
321

ITpoCne.l\l1B pa3BI1THe qeTblpeXCOT .l\eTeH OT lI.Byx .1\0 BOCbMH
neT, aBTopbl 3TorO HanpaaJleHH B IICCne.l\OBaHlIIl TeMnepaMeHTa
nOKa3anH, '1TO lI.Ba CI1Hl{pOMa CBOHCTB - Bb!COKaH 3aTOpMOJl(eH-
HOCTb H HHJKaH 3aTOpMO)l(eHHOCTb - RBnJlIOTCJI cTa6l1nbHblMH'
60nbWIIHCTBO l{eTeH, oxapaKTepll30BaHHbie KBK 3aTOpMO)l(eHHble 
2 ro.l\a, OKa3aJIOCb TaKOBbIMH II B 60nee cTapweM BOJpaCTe.
ITpll conOCTaBneHll1l nOKaJaTeneH I1bICOKOH-HII3KOH 3a-
TOpMO)l(eHHOCTH C QJH3110nOrn'leCKIIMIl xapaKTepllCTHKaMH 6blJl0
nOKa3aHO, qTO Bb!COKa JaTOpMO)l(eHHOCTb cOnpOBO)J(.llaerC KOMn-
nCKCQM QJIt3IIOilOrlf'leCKIIX OC06ClllloCTCi!, HanpHMep, BblCOKHM
MycKynbHblM Hanp)I(eHHeM, BbICOKOH pCal(TliBHOCTbIO CIlMnaTH-
qeCI(OH HepBHoH CIlCTeMbI; y 3aTOpMOJKeHHbiX l{eTeH Bblwe ypo-
BeHb pl\a rOpMoHoB, HanpllMep, Hop3nIlHe!\>pIiHa. B CBR31f C JTHM
6blJl0 BbICKa3aHO npc.I\nOnOJKeHI1C 0 TOM, qTO 3aTOpMOJKeHHble
,ll;eTH OTJlII'IaIOTCR OT .l\eTeH C HH3KOH 3aTOpMO)l(eHHOCTbIO no QJYH-
Kl1l1OHHpOBaHlIIO nIlM6I1Ko-rHnOTaJlaMH'IeCKOH CIiCTeMbI M03ra
KOTopaR B 3HaqHTenbHOH CTeneHH 06ecne'II1BaeT ypOBeHb QJH3H:
OnOrHqeCKOH aKTIIBaQHH.
BMeCTe C TeM, WIR Toro qTOGbl QJH3HOJIOrHqeCKlie npel{no-
Cb[JIKII pCaJIH30BanllCb B nOBel{eHHII pe6eHKa, npOHBHnl1Cb B Tex
HIIH HHblX pcaKQIIHX Ha HOBH3HY, He06xo,ll;HMbI OnpCl{elleHHble
YCIIOBHH pa3BI1TI1R. AHaIlH3Hpy Cpe,ll;OBble oc06eHHOCTII, B KOTO-
pblX JKHBYT l{eTH, ,AKKJraH npHWeJl K BbIBOI{Y, qTO 3aTopMO-
JKCHHOCTb nOHBIHIeTCH B OTBeT Ha He6J1aronpl1THble ycrrOBIiR pa3-
BIITHJI HJIII, no ero BbIpaJKeHHIO, Ha "XpOHl1qeCKIiH Cpe,ll;OBOH
crpecc". TaKoH cTpecc MO)l(eT C03,11;aTb, HanpHMep, CTapwHH pe6e-
HOK B ceMbe, KOTOpblH OTHHMaeT IIrpywKH Y Mnal{Wero, nyraeT
ero H nOBe.l\eHHe KOToporo B QCIIOM Henpe.l\CKa3yeMo WIJI Mllal!-
wero pe6eHKa. ITO-BHI!IIMOMY, TaKHe CJIyqaH pacnpocTpaHeHbl
60JlbWe, qCM no npHHRTo CqIlTaTb. TaK, B penpe3eHTaTIIBHOH
Bbl60pKC I{CTeH 2/3 l{eTeH C BblCOKOH 3aTOpMO)l(eHHOCTbIO HMen"
CTapwHx 6paTbeB H ceeTep, a 2/3 ,lJ.eTei! C HH3KOH 3aTOpMOJKeHHO-
CTblO 6bIJIH nepBeHQaMH.
C .n:pyroH CTOpOHbl, 6J1arOnpllRTHble YCJIOBlfH pa3BIITHR MO-
rYT CHIIJKaTb HC TOllbKO nOBe,ll;eHqeCKHe npOJlBlleHHJI 3aTopld0-
JKeHHOCTlI, HO II H3MeHJlTb conYTCTBYlOll\He 11M QJH3110nOrH'IeCKHe
oc06eHHOCTII TaK, npll npOCJIeJKHBaHl1H pa3BIITHJI .n:eTCH OT II.BYX
,11;0 OCbMH lIeT 61.11111 06HapY)l(eHbi ,ll;eTll, Y KOTOpblX OTHOCIITeJIb-
Hblll ypoBeHb 3aTOpMO)l(eHHOCTIi (TO eCTb ypOBeHb 3aTOpMO)l(eH-
322
HOCTII no cpaBHeHlllO C .l\PyniMIi ,ll;eTbMH) cyll.\eCTBeHHo CHII3HJICJI
OT II.BYx I{O BOCbldH JleT. 3a :no )I(e BpeMJI BenH'IIIHbI HeKoTopblX
QJH3HonOrllqeCKliX nOKa3aTeneH Y 3THX lIeTeH (qaCTOTa ceplleq-
HbIX cOKpaweHHH, MycKynbtloe HanpR)I(eHHe) npll6JIH311J111Cb K
CpellHerpynnoBoMY ypOBHlO.
ITpoBepKa rHnOTe3bl 0 reHeTII'IeCKOH 06ycnoBneHHoCTil 3a-
TopMOJKeHHOCTH 6blJla npOBel{etia B MaKapTYpOBcKOM nOHrIlTlOII-
110M IICCJIe,IJ.OBaHHH 6JJII3t1e110B, B KOTOpOM ,ll;eTH 06cne.l\OBaJIHCb B
14,20 H 24 Idec., TO eCTb TpIl)l(I\bI B Te'leHlle BToporo rOl{a )l(lI3HII.
.II.narHOCTIlKa 3aTOpMO)l(eHHOCTH npOBOI{HJlaCb B CTaHl{apTHOH 3K-
cnepHMeHTaJIbHoi! cHTyaQHII, KOTopa>! 3aKJIJO'!a.rraCb B CJleAYIDw eM
3HaKOMblH pe6eHKY no npe)l(HIIM KOHTaKTaM nCIIXOJIor
npHBOI{IIJ1 pe6eHKa II ero MaTI. B KOldllaTY C HrpYWKaMIl H OCTaB-
JlRn OIl.HIIX. MaTh HaqllHaJla 3anonHRTb 6JIaHKH onpocHIlKOB II,
no npocb6e nClIxonorOB, crapaJlaCb KaK MO)l(IIO ldeHbwe 061l\aTb-
C C pe6cHKoM. B Te'leHHe CTpOTO onpCl{eJIeHHOrO IIpeMeHH (12
MIIH.) pe6eHKY l{aBaJlaCb B03MO)l(HOCTb ornR.I\eTbCJI, nOCMOTpeTb
II nOTporaTb HrpYWi<I!, B 06weM, OCBOHTbC B HOBOi! cHTyaQIIH.
IIocJle JTOrO BXOJl,Hna He3HaKOMaJi pe6eHKY Jl(eHIl.\HHa C IIOBOH
HrpywKoH (rpY30BHKOM). ITepBYlO IdHHYTY OHa npOCTO CII)I,Cna,
He rnRII.JI Ha pe6eHKa, CO BTOpOi! MHHYTbI - Ha'illHana I1rpaTb C
npliHeceHHoi! HrpYUlKOH, C Tpeneii MHHYTbl - HaqllHana KOM-
MeHTHpoB3Tb ny I'!Tpy, He 06pall.\aRCb K pe6eHKY, lIa qeTBepTOH
MHHYTe - npHrJIaWaJla pe6eHKa npliCOC.I\HHHTbCIt K IIrpe. EcnH
pe6eHOK ell\e paHbUJe, I{O npHmaWeHlIJl, nO.l\xoJl,lm K Hei!, TO OHa
cpa3Y Jl(e HaqllHana C HIIM IIrpaTb.
qepe3 6 MHH., He3aBIICI1MO OT Toro, pHcKHyn pe6eHoK npll-
6nH3HTbcR K He3HaKoMoH WIlt HeTO )l(eHIl.\IIHe HJIII HeT, OHa yxo-
I{lma, II BXO,ll;HJIa 3HaKOMa pe6eHKY )J(eHIl.\IIHa, C KOTOpOH pe6e-
HOK Y)J(e BCTpe'lanCJI paHbUJe. aHa np"HOCIIJla HOllYIO HTPYWKY
(TaKYro, C KOTOpOH .l\eTH He HMeJIII OnblTa Hrpbl, HanpliMep, pO-
60Ta C Jl,HCTaHLlHOHHbIId ynpaBJICHHeM) H HaqHHaJla C HeH IIT-
paTb. qepC3 2 MIIH., eCJIli pe6eHoK ewe He nOI{OUleJI, npHmaUJa-
na ero nOCMOTpeTb Ha IIrpYWKY II nOllrpaTb C IIC" qepe3 MHHY-
TY, He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, nOl{owen pe6eHOK HJIlt HeT, )J(eHIl.\HHa
YXOIIHJla.
IIoBel{eHlle peGeHKa 3anHCblBaJlOCb Ha BII.lIeonJIeHKY, II 3a-
TCM 3KcnepTaldH OLleHHBanliCb pa3J1H'IHl>Ie napaMeTpbI peaKQHII
pe6eHKa Ha 3KcnepllMeHTanbHYIO CllTyaQHIO: OTOIlleJl JIll pe6eHoK
323

OT MaTepH, nonaB B KOMHaTY C lIrpYIlIKaMlI; no.n;OIllCJl JlH K He-
3H8KOMOMY qeJlOBeKY C HOBOi! lIrpYIlIKOH H, eCJIH no.n;OllleJl, TO
KaK 6bICTpO peUflfJICJI Ha 3T0; npH6Jll13HJICJI JIH K HC3HaKOMOH IIr-
PYllIKe. Ha OCHOBaHlf1f TaKHX nOKa3aTeJIeH peaKlIl'!H pe6eHKa Ha
HOBYIO ,!I,ml Hcro clITyallHIO BbIC'IHTbIBaJICJI CYMMapHblH HHl(eKC
3aTOpMOJKeHHOCTH.
IIpH cpaBHeHHH BHyrpHnapHoro cxo.n;CTBa 6JIH3He110B no 38-
TOpMO)l(eHHOCTIi (Ta61l!lQa 8.7) M3 6JIH3HeQbl 06HapYJKwU! 60JIb-
wee CXO.l(CTBO, qCM .II.3, BO Bcex Tpex B03paCTax, qTO CBH.n;CTeJIb-
CTBYeT 0 reHeTllqeCKoi! 06YCJIOBJICHHOCTH 3aTOpMOJKeHHoCTH: Ha-
C!Ie.n;yeMoCTb onpe.l(emlJIa 60JIee nOJIOBIIHbI IfH.n;HBII4YaJIbHbIX pM-
!IH'IHH 110 38TOpMO)j(CHHOCTII, HeCKOJIbKO CHIIJK8J1Cb C B03paCTOM _
OT 0,64 B J 4 Mec. .1\0 0,56 B 20 Mee. 11 0,5J B 24 Idee. (Robinson J.L.
ct a!., 1992)
'!eM KpOCc-KOppeJlJll1HH .II.3 5nH3HcllOB, TO, 3HaqHT, 113MeHeHIIH
reHCTII'IeCKH 06YCJIOBJleHb!. no.n;C'IHTaB KpOCC-KOppCJIJll.\JlII M3 H
.l13 6JIH3Hel101j II 06H3PY)f(!lS 60JIbillCe CXO.l\CTBO M3 6J1l!3HC110B
(ra6J1H118 8.8), aBTopbl nOK333!IH, qTO H3MCHeHJlH 38TOpMOJKeH-
HOCTII .n;o HeKoTopoH CTenCHII CBJl3aHbi C reHOTHnOM, B qaCTHO-
CTlI, nOKa3aTeJIb HaCJIe.n;yeMocTH H3MeHeHIIH OT 14 .n;o 24 Mec. pa-
BeH npllMcpHO 0,50.
Ta6J1ua 8.8
KPOCc-KOppelUlljuu (2eHemU'leCKaR o6yeJl08JIeHHOemb 603pacmHblX
u3MeHeHuu3amOpMO:IICeHHOCmu; Robinson J el at.. 1992)
T a6J1ua 8.7
Buympul1apHble KOppeJUlljuu no nOKa3arneJIRM 3amopMo:IICeHHoernu
(Robll1sonJ. etal..1992)
CpaBHVlsaeMbie B03paCTa M3 A3
14-20 Me""40" 35 16
20-24 ..ec.a 32 04
14-24 MecRu,a 20 03
nOKa3aT&n.M 14 MeCR,-,es 20 Mecs"",,eB 24 MOCALta
TeMnepaMeHT3 M3 A3 M3 A3 M3 A3
3aTOpMOJKeHHOCTb
S Bbl60PKe MBnbl.fMKOB r 61 34 63 09 68 33
n 76 90 108 82 82 88
B stN60p;.ce AeBOLJe'1t , 52 16 34 21 49 30
n 108 82 102 72 96 76
HacneAy...ocrb (h') 64 56 51
TaKIlM 06pa30M, B HOM Hanp8BneHHH Hccne.n;OBaHIIH TeM-
nepaMeHTa B KaqeCTBe OCHOBHoro nOKa3aTeJIJI TeMnepaMeHTa Ha-
3bIBaeTCJI 3aTOpMOJKeHHOCTb, CBJl3aHH3J1 C pcaKI1HJlMH pe6CHK8 H8
HOBYIO II He3H8KOMYlO cHTyal1l1lO, 11 npOl(eMOHCTpllpOBaJ.1a CBH3b
HOH xapaKTepHCTIIKII C rCHOTHnOM.
2.5, JIYH3BUJIbCKOe 611H3HenoBoe HCCJle.n;OBaKKe
B03paCTHble 113MeHeHIIJI 3aTOpMO)f(eHHOCTI'! TaKJKe OK33a-
nllCb .n;o HeKoTopoii CTeneHH CBJl3aHbI C reHOTllnOM. ABTOphl 3T0-
ro 6JIII3HeUOBoro IIccne.n;OBaHIIJI nO"CqIlTaJIH KpOCc-KOppe!IJll1I1H
6JIH3HeI10B, TO eCTI., HanpllMCp, KOppellJlQ1I11 Me)l(.n;y 3aTopMO-
JKCHHOCTbIO OIl.HOrO 6JIII3HCQa B 14 Mec. II 3aTOpMOJKeHHOCTbIO
BToporo 6nH3He118 B 20 Mec. CMbIClI KpOCc-KOppeJIJll1I1H COCTOHr
B cJIe.n;YJ.OlI1eM: '1eM BblWC KpOCC-KOppenJlllHJI, reM 60JIbille Il3yqa-
eMOC CBOHCTBO O.n;MOTO 611113Hel1a B CTapweM B03paCTe 3aBIICHT
OT TOro, KaKIIM 6blJIO TO )f(e caMoe CBoi!CTBO y Apyroro 6JIH3HC-
Qa B MlIa"llleM B03paCTC. ECJIH y M3 II .II.3 6JIII3He110B KPOCC-KOP-
peJlJlQHI! He pa:JJII!'IaIOTCJI, TO, 3HaqHT, 113MeHeHHJI He CBJl3aHI.! c
rCHOTHnOM. ECJIH KpOCC-KOpperrJll1HII M3 6J1113He110B 6Y4Y T Bl.ll1Ie,
324
enhlO JIYJl3BIlJlbCKoro JIOHrHTIO.n;Horo HCCJIe.n;OBaHliJi 6n1l3-
HeQoB, HaqaTOrO B KOHl1C 50-x rOI(OB <I>.<I>onKHepoM H npo.n;oJI-
)j(alOll1erocJI H B HaCTOJlll1ee BpeMJI, JlBJlJleTCJI BblJlCHeHlle pOJlH re-
HOTllna B (jJ1I3I1qeCKOM II nCIIXOJIOrllqeCKOM pa3BHTlIII pe6eHKa.
HCCJIe.n;OB8TeJIH, npol3o.n;Jlll1l1e JIYll3BHnhCKIIH JIOHrI1TIO",
nony'!alOT 113 pOJI,HnbHh!X I(OMOB IIHIjJOPMal1HIO 0 pO)J(,!\CHHH 611113-
He110B II o6pall1aJOTcJI K pO.D,HTeJIJlM 6JIH3HeQoB C npeJI,JIOJKeHlleM
yqaCTBOBaTb 8 Hccnel(OBaHJlII. C(jJopMllpOaaHHaJi K HaCTOJllllcMY
BpeMeHH Bbl60pKa JlBnJleTCJI penpe3CHTaTIIBHoi! HaCCJICHIofJO Toro
paOHa, D KOTOpOM npODOII,HTCJI HCCJIe.l(OBaHHe, no pa3JIllqHblM
napaMCTpaM COUllaJIbHO-3KOHOMllqeCKOro CT8Tyca (06pa30Ba-
HIofJO H npoljJeCClI1I pOJl,HTcnei!, .n;OXo.n;y ceMci! II T..n;.) II HaC'IHTbI-
BaeT OKOJIO 6QO nap 6JIII3HeQOB.
325

06CJIe.a;OBaH'ffe 6IHfJlie!(OB U UliTepBbfQ C If X POJWTeJIJ!MJI
npOBOAHTCJI Ka)f(Able Tplf Mec,-\a B TeqCJlHC nepBoro ml\a )f(H3HIf,
Ka)f(Able 110l1rOl\a - Ha BTOpOM H rpenCM rOAY )f(H3HI'!, e)f(erOI\-
HO - .11.0 9 rreT Ha'iIfHa C 10 JICT, KaJK.a;bIH rOA O/..teIiHBaIOTC
OC06CHHOCTII TeMnepaMCHTa pe6eHKa, a 110Ka3arcnH KorHHTHB-
Hoii c!j>epbI I\HarHOCTl1pYIOTCJI .!J.BaJl<JU>I - B 12 JI 15 JIeT. IIOCKOJlb-
KY BbI60pKa Ha6HpaeTCJI nOCTeneHHO (no Mepe pOJK.a;eHI1 6JI1i3-
He,-\01l), B Heii HeoAHHaKOIlO npeACraBJleHbI AeTII pa3HbIx B03pac-
TOB: He Bce AeTH ycneJIH "AOpaCTIi" AO nOl\pOCTKOBoro B03paCTa.
H3yqeHI1e TeMnepaMeHTa pe6eHKa H pOJiU reHOTurra B ero
!jJOpMllpOJ!aHIIH H3Ha'laJIbHO He BXOAHJIO B nJIaHbI JIYH3BHJibCKO-
ro HcCrreAOBaHH. TOJlbKO C 70-x roJl,OO, TO eCTb qepe:! 15 neT noc-
JIe Ha'laJIa HCCJIeI\OBaIlHJI, B cxeMY JIOHrIiTIOAa, HapJlAY C xapaK-
TepHCTMKaMH !jJM3MqeCKOrO M KorHIITHBHoro pa3BHTHli )leTeH,
BKJIlOqaerCIi H Jl,HarHOCTHKa oco6eHHOCTeH TCMl1epaMeHTa. COOT-
BCTCTBeHHO, BeJIH'IHHa BbI60PKH, Ha KOTOpOH MO)J(HO npOBCCTH
c:pIllJHeHHC 6moHeu.OB no TeMnepaMCHTY, B HaCTOJlll\ee BpeMJI MeHb-
WC, qeM Bcd! 06CJieAOBaHIiOH BbI60pKH.
CrrcAyeT TaKJI(e OTMeTIITb, qTO aIlTopbI JIYH3BHrrbCKoro HC-
CJfC}\OBaIiHH He npeMaralOT C06CT8CHHbiX TCOpeTll'leCKI1X pa3pa-
60TOK, KaCaIOll\IIXCJI TeMnepaMCHTa, a OCHOBbIBaIOTCIi Ha 06ll\e-
npHHIITblX npeACTaBJIeHHIIX 0 HeM, onHpaliCb npeHMYll\eCTBeHHO
Ha 83rJUl)l,b! M K. PoT6apT(Rothbart M.K., Derryberry D., 1981) H
A.ToMaca Ii C.qecc (Thomas A., Chess S., 1977). HJla'le rOBOpJl,
B JIYU3BI1JibCKOM JIOHrHTIOAHoM IICCI1CAOBaHHI1 C80HCTBa TeMne-
paMeHTa paccMaTpHBaIOTCJI KaK CTHJICl!b!C OC06CHHOCHI !T08tAe-
HH, npOJlBrrlllOll\lIec C nepBbix AHeH )KH3HH pe6cHKa H coxpaH-
IOll\lfeCJI B TeqCHUe }3)IIfTemHOI'O BpeMeHJI. .II.JI o,-\eHKH TeMnepa-
MeHTa Hcnorrb3YIOTCJlI\aHHbIe Jla60paTopHoro Ha6nIOAeHI1I1, 3KC-
nepTHbie OlleHKH nCHxonorOB, CTaH,!J,apTHble onpOCHHKH, a.llP eco -
BaHHble pOAHTeJlJlM, 11 HHTePBbIO C MaTepJlMH 6nH3Heu,OB. Pac-
CMorpHM 110APo6Hec HeKOTopble 113 nonyqeHHblx pe3yrrbTaTOB.
B paMKax J]YJl3BMJ1}.CKoro JJOHrllTIO,na 6bUlO npoBCAeHO nep-
8De reHeTHqeCKOe IfCCJIe,nOBaHl1e TeMnepaMeHTa HOBOpO)f(.a;eHHbIX
6JIlf3HeUOB 3a nooeJJ;ellHeM AeTeii, '1eH B03paCT He npeBblWaJI He.
AClIH, I/a npOTJI)/{CHMH !TpHMepHD TPcx-qeTl>Jpex '1aCOB (Me)J()\y
J\BYM KopMneHHIIMI1) BeJIOCb Ha6nlOJI,eHI1e no CTaHJI,apTHOH cxe-
Me. B xOJJ;e :noro Ha6JIIO.n:eHI1J1 OTMe'l3JIHCL pa3Ho05pa3Hbie na-
paMeTpbl nOBc.a;CHHI! - HlJTeHCHBHOCn, Ii MIfTClIbl/OCTb Jl,Bl1ra-
326
TeJlbHOH aKTHBIIOCTI1 pe5eHKa, ero pealnlf Ha pa3Hble CTJIMYJ1bI,
pa3J1HqHble BblpaJl(CHHII HCYAOI!O!IbCTBH Ii YAOBOJILCTBHH H T.JJ;.
TIonyqeHHble oco6eHHocTH none.n:eHHH 6blllH cnCACHbl B 6 oue-
HOK, KOTopble, no npeJJ.n0J10JKeHHIO aBTopa, HBJlJllOTCJI paHHI1MH
npOJlBJ1CHMMIi TeMl1epaMeHTa. K HHM OTHOCHTCJI pa3ApaJl(HMOCTb,
cnoc06HoCTb ycnoKaHBaThCJI, peaKu.II IJa cTHMynbI, peaKIlH Ha
nOAKpenneHHe, aKTHBHOCTL B 50/WCTBYIOIl\CM COCl'OJllUiM H aK-
THBHOCTb BD CHe. Bce 3TH nOKa3aTenli OKa3aJlHCb nporHOCTII'IHbl-
Mli }J;!IJI oc06eHHOCTeii TeMnepaMeHTa ACTeii 60nee CTapWHx B03-
paCToB, l!anpHMep, ypoBeHb pa3apa)KHMOCTH nPCJ(CK8J:1BaeT CD-
OTHoweHHC nOJIOJKIiTeJ1bHbtx H oTpluaTenbHblx 3MO,-\HH, TO eCTb
3MO,-\HOHaJlbHblH TOH, B 2 rOAa.
TIpH Cpal!HeHI1H BHYTpHnapHoro CXO}\CTBa HOBOp0Jl(AeH-
HblX M3 If .II.3 6JIH3Heu.oB no 3THM weC'!H paHHHM I1pOBJIeHI1I1M
TeMnl(paMeHTa OKa3arrOCb, '1TO HeT HH OJI,Horo nOK8JaTen>l, no
KOTOPOMY M3 6J1H3He'-\bl OKa3anHCb 61,1 BHYTpl1napHO 60nee no-
XOJKIiMH, '1eM .II.3 6nH3HellbJ (Riese M .L., 1990). Donee TOro, B
pMe Cl1yqaCB CXOJ1C'TBO .II.3 6JII13He,-\OB B nape OKa3bIIlaeTCH Bb\lne,
qeM CXOACTBO M3 6J1H3He,-\oB TaKoc COOTHoweHHe BHYTPl1nap-
Hb!X Koppeilnwii M3 H f.{3 6nlJ3He,-\oB YKa3blBaeT Ha TO, qTO II
nepBbIC I\HH Jl(1f3HI1 HH}tHBH.n.yaJlbHble pa3J1l1ql1J1 B T(:MnepaMCHT(:
OTpaJKaIOT oc06eHHOCTH CHCTeMaTHqeCKHX H cnyqaHHblX cpeJJ;o-
BblX BIIHHHI1H H HHKaK HC CBH3aHbJ C pa.:JJ1I!'1MHMH B reHOTHne (Ta6-
JlHu.a 8.9).
B 60JIee cTapweM l!o3pacTc Bnl1l!Hl1e reHOTl1na lIa HHAH-
BHAyanbHLIc pa3JII1'1HH B CBollcTBax TCMm:paMCIlTa npOJIBlIJleTCJi
Ta6Jlulju 8,9
BI<yrnplmapltble KOppelUiljUU lt060pO:J/COel/HblX 6JlU3Uelj08
110 I10Ka3ameJUW rneJlflleptWeUrna (Riese M.L.. 1990)
nOKa33renH M3 A3
n=45-47 n=38-39
Pa3Apa)l(i'lMOCTb 30 45
Cnoco5HoCTb ycnOK3HaaTbcR 06 59
PeaK,","' H3 cntMynbl \2 08
PeaK\IIR H3 nOAKpenn6HHe 31 49
AKTHBHOCTb B <50APCTBYU,\e"" 12
COCTOI=IHHH 09
A"'BHOCTb BO CHe 22 21
327

1\0CTaTOqllO OT'IeTJIHBO, lIe3aBHCI1MO OT Toro, KaKHMH MeTOl\aMIi
HarHOCTIlpyeTc TeMnepaMeHT.
OI\HHM II3 TaKHX MCTOI\OB 6b1J10 IUfTepBblO C MaTepMH. Ma-
TepeH npOCHJIH OnHCaTb, KaK npOBJHleTC Ta IIJlH HlIaB oc05eH-
HOCTb nOBeACHH!t y l<a)l(Aol:o 3 5nIl3I1Cl.\OB, II CKa3aTb, Bblpa)J(C-
Ha JIH JTB oc05eHHOCTb Y 5mI3He110B OJI,HHaKOBO IIJIII )ICe y O.l\HO-
TO 113 HIIX npOJlBJIJleTC CHJlbHCC. CpaBHel!lIC BHyrplmapHoro CXO.
CTBa no xapaKTepllCTHKaM, nOJIyqaeMbIM B IIHTepBblO C MaTepJl-
Mil, l\eMOHcTpllpyeT, KaK npaBIIJIO, 60JIbWYlO KOHKOP.l\BlITHOCTb
(CXOI\CTBO) M3 5J1113l1e110B. .II.JI npllMepa npllBCJI,CM .l\BHHble 01\-
HOH 113 pa60T (MBtheny A.P. ct a!., 1981). ABTOpbl 3TOH pa50Tbi
Bbll\Cmmll lIa OCHOBaHHII HHTepBblO C Ma'IepBMII Hall50nec 3Ha-
'1HMbIC OC05CHHOCTII nOBeAeHHJI I\CTeH. B nCpHo,l\ OT 6 MCC. 1\0 6
JIeT 3TH oc06eHHOCTIf OTqeTJIHBO 06'be,l\IIHJlJIIiCb B ABe rpynnbI.
OJI,Ha 113 lIlIX 6b1J1a YCJIOBHa HaJBaHa "TemepaMeHTIIOCTb" H BKJIIO-
qaJla B ce6J1 10 KoppeimpYlOmHX .l\pyr C .l\pyroM OC06CHI!OCTeH
nOlJc.n:eHHB (aKTHBlIOeI'b, p33pa)l(HTeJIbHOCTb, nJla1<CHBOCTb II T.A.)
BTOPYIO aBTopbl Ha3SaJlH "COLlIIB6eJlbHOCTb". aHa 05'bCJI,HHJlJla 4
KOppeJlllpYIOIl{IIC Jl.pyr C ApyroM oc06ellHocTH nOBC.I\ClIHB (ro-
TOBHOCT1. K KOHTBKTaM, YJIbl5KH H T.,/\.).
IIo Ol1ellKaM MBTepcH CXOI\CTBO M3 6J1HJHeLlOB OK33BJlOCb
3Ha'lHTen1.HO BblUle, '1eM CXOACTBO ,l.J,3 6J1IfJHCl.\OB. B Ta6mmc 8.10
yKB3BH npOl1eHT nOKaJaTCJleii, no KOTOpblM KOHKOP.l\BHTHOCTb
M3 6JIIIJHel\OB npCBblWBJIB KOHKOP.l\3HTHOCTb ,[(3 6JIII3J-1Cl{OB
3T11 .l\BHHbIC .lIeMOHCTpIlPYIOT BJlHBHHC reHOTlina Ha IlH.I\HBIl.l\y-
aJIbHbIC pBJJIllqllJl B CBOHCTBBX TeMnepaMeHTa.
AlIaJIOTI1'!HbIH B1.IBO.ll (BJIHBHHC rCHOTI1n3 liB CBOHCTBB TCM-
ncpaMCHTB) MO)J(HO c,/\eJlBTb H no l\allHbIM JIa50paTopHoro HB-
Ta6J1u/(a 8.10
llpO!feHm nOKa3ameJleu. no KOmOpblM 110JlY'ieHbl lHa'iUMble pa3J1U-
'iWl no KOHKopoaHmnocmu M3 u3 6J1U1He!f06 (Matheny A P el
al.. 1981)
6JIIO.I\eHIIJI, B npol{ccce KOToporo nOBCACHIIC .l\eTeH 3anllCblBa-
JlOCb Ha BII.n:eonJICHKY II 3aTeM OQCHIIBanOCb pa3HblMIl 3KcncpTa-
MH. ITo cYMMapHblM nOKB3aTeJlBM TBKHX Ol{eHOK TeMncpaMeHTa
M3 6JI1I3Hel.\bI OKaJBJlHCb 60Jlee nOXO)J(IlMII BHYTplmapHo, qeM
A3, B 9,1& Ii 24 Mec. (ra6nlll\a 8. I I).
Ta6,1u/(a 8.11
BHympunapHoe cxoocm8o M3 u3 6JfU3/1e'l06 110 O!feHKaM J/a6opa-
rnopH020 Ha6J1100eHUR (!furn. 110 Loehlin J. C.. 1992).
nOK338Ten.. Bo,paCT
TeMnepaM81IT3 9 Mec.. 12 Mec. 18 Mec 24 Nee.
M3 11.3 M3 11.3 M3 11.3 M3 11.3
3KcnepTHbie oueH"
na6opaTopHoro Ha611IOAeHJ! 54 42 42 51 69 42 66 45
M3 - 30 nap. /1,3 - 28 nap
\
.lI.PyroH MeTOI\, HCnOJI1.30BaHHbIH B JIYH3BIlJI1.CKOM JIOHrHTIO-
lIe ,!UIJI OL\CHKIl CBOHCTB TCl-mepaMeHTa, COCTOJI B Ha6mo.l\CHHIl 33
l\eTbMH B npOl\Ccce TeCTllpOBBHlIB. IIcmlOJloT1l Ha6J1IDlIaJl>1 3a eTb-
Mil np" npC,/\'bBBJICHIlH 11M 3B.ZJ.aHMH -reCTa H.DCHJIlI, HanpaBJleHHO-
TO Ha j\lurHOCTIIKY nCIIxOMOTopHoro IIHTeJIJICKTa, 11 OQeHHOaJIli no
2S WKa.rraM oc06eHHOCTii 110BeAeHHR pe6CHKa BO BpeMB I1HTeJIJIeK-
TYaJIbHOrO TeCTHpOBaHHB. 3TH WKaJl1.I npH rpaKTopll3al1 MM crpyn-
TIlIpOBaJIHCb B 3 60JIce 05mHX nOKa3aTenB, H<lJBBHHbIX "opHeHTB-
LlIlB B 3B.ZJ.aHIlI1" (1llHpoTa II YCTOH'IIIBOCTb BHHMaHHB, J-IanpaBJlCH-
HOCTb Ha LleJIb » 'I.A.), "3MOl\IiOHaJIbHOCTb-KCTpaBCpCH" (3MO-
QHoHaJlbHblH TOH, nyrmlBocTb, cTpeMJIeHlle J( 06meHIlIO H T..I\.) II
"aKTHBHoCTb" (Jl,BlfraTeJIbHaB aKTIfBHOCTb, IIHTeHCIIBHoCTb ABI1)J(c-
HH\\ H T .A.). no BceM 3TH'" nOKa3aTeJ1BM (KpOMe JMOIi,IIOHaJIbHOC-
m-3KCTpaBepC!lH B 3 Mec.) M3 6JIM3Hel.\1.l OKaJbIBaJOTCIi 60JIee no.
XO)l(HMIl Apyr Ha ,/\pyrB, "eM ,[(3, HB npoT)J(eHHli ncpBblx .IJ.BYX JIeT
)J(1'!3HII (Ta6JIIIQa 8.12).
B 60Jlce c-raplllHx B03pacn"C ,!UIB .l\HarHOC'IIlKII TeMnepa-
MeHTa npHMeHIOTCB CpBBHHTenbHble Ol.\eHKIl MaTepeii 11 onpoC-
HIlKIl, HCnOJIb3yeMbIc A.ToMacoM II C qccc B HblO-HopKCKOM
JlOHnlTlOJ1HOM IICCJlCj\OBBH1Ul II OflHcaHHblC paHCC II 31'0\\ I'JlBIIC.
Pe3YJIbTBTbI rC(lCTHqeCKOrO aHaJIH3a OKB3bIBBIOTC conOCTaBIlMbl
C TeMII, KOTop1.le 6blJIII nOJIyqeHbl npH cpaBHeHHI1 M3 II ,l.J,3 5JI1l3-
HeQOB B IICCJIC.I\OBaHHIl A.M.ToprepceH, npIlBOJI,HBWI1MIICJI paHec
329
nOIC33aTemi
reMnepaMeHTa
6 Mec.
77 M3
46 3
62
75
33
93
60
100
53
60
25
60
40
100
Bee nOKa3aremi
Te),mepaMeHTHOCTtt
COI.I.Ma5enJHoCTb
328

Ta6,zu1{a 8.12
BHymprmapHoe cxoiJcm80 M3 U 3 6JlU3Heij08 no oco6eHHocI11fI.M
meMneplUleHma, oijeHu8a8!UUMcJ! I1CUXOJl02aMU, I1p08oiJu8!UUMU UH-
meJIJlekmyanbHoe meCmupOBaHUe (Mathel1Y A.P. 1980)
TaKIiM 06pa30M, ,l:\aHHble JIYI!3BllnbCKoro JlOHrHTlO,l:\HOro
IIcCne,l:\OBaHIiH nOKa3bIBaJOT, '1TO reHOTHn Bnl1HeT Ha <jJOplIipOBa-
Hlle HHAHBHAyanbHblx pa3JI11'IIIH B CBoiicTlJaX TeMnepaMeHTa C
nepBoro rO,l:\a >K1i3HIi H '1TO H3MeHeHIIH H B03paCTHaH cTa6l1Jlb-
HOCTb CBOHCTB TemepaMeHTa B HeKOTopoii CTeneHiI 3aBHCHT OT
reHOTHnll"leCKIiX $aKTopOB.
nOK33aTemii B03paCT
TeMnepaMeHTa 3 Mec. 6 Mec. 9 Mec 12 Mec. 18 Mec. 24 MBC
M3 .113 M3 113 M3 .113 M3 113 M3 .113 M3 .113
OpeHTa414S1 B
3al1aI1K 55 19 51 35 28 00 49 23 56 19 48 21
3M04110HaJ"1bHOCTb-
3KcTpaSepCI1f1 18 26 55 10 35 33 43 07 49 37 53 03
AkTI18HOCTb 30 33 24 11 25 22 33 28 43 14 58 14
.
2.6. IICCJlellOBaHHe TemepaMeHTa B OTe'lecTBeHHoii
nCHXOJlOrHH
Ta6Jlu1{Q 8.13
BHympul1apoe cxoiJcm8o MJ u P3 6JlU3Heij08 no 803pacmHw.1 u3-
MeHeHUJU.1 (Matheny A.P., 1983; Wi/SOli R.S., 1986)
HccneAOBaHlie TeMnepaMenra Hero $1I3110Jlorll'lCCKOH 6a3bl
Bel\eTCH B pJllle HanpaBneHHH OTeqeCTBellHOH nCIIXOJlOrHH. B
,l:\aHHOil maBe 6YlleT paCCMOTpCHO TOJlbKO OAHO 113 HIiX, B pycne
KOToporo 6bIJlII nOJly'leHbl IIBHHbIe 0 pOJlII reHOTHna Ii CpCAbl B
lIeTepMHHal1liH TeMnepaMeHTa. OCHOBonOnO>KHHKaMII 3Toro Ha-
npaBJleHHJI HBnHIOTC>I E.M.TcnnoB H B.A.He6b1nHl1blH, C03i\aB-
illHe wKony AH$<jJepeHI1HaJlbHOH nCHxo<jJH3HOJIOnm, TO eCTb OT-
paCJJJ' nCHxonorHII, KOTOpaJi H3Y'lae-r $H3HOJlOrH'IeCKlie Mexa-
HH3Mbill H II IIBII AyanbHbiX pa3J1l1qll" B nCIIXOnOrll'leCKIIX oc06eH-
HOCTHX '1eJIOBeKa.
D M.TenJIOBbIM 6blna pa3pa6oTaHa nporpaMMa AH$<jJepCII-
I1HaJlbHO-nCHxonOrH'IeCKOrO HCCJIeIlOBaHHH, l1eJlb KOTOpOH CO-
CTOHna B TOM, '1TOObl "nOIlOHTH K nOHHMaHHIO H B03MOJKHO 50-
nee TO'lHOMY H3Y'leHIlJO HeKoTopbIX IIHJI,HBH.l\yanbHo-ncllxonorl1-
'1CCKllX pa3J1H'IIIH nIOAeH, oTnpaBnH>lCb OT 113Y'IeHI1>1 THnOJlOrl1-
qO;:CKHX CBOllCTB HepBHoH cHcTeMbI" (TennoB p.M., 1985, T 2, C
140). C<jJOPMYJIllpoBaHa 3T3 l.\eJlb B CTaTbe E.M.TenJloBa, KOTO'
paJi 6bma ony6JIHKOBaHa B 1957 rOilY II Ha3bIBaJlBCb "HccJleJ.\o-
BaHlie CBOHCTB HepBHoH CI1CTeMbl KaK nYTb K H3yqeHHJO IIH.l\HBI1-
J.\yaJlblw-nCIIXOJlOrH'IeCKIiX pa3nll'lllii". 3TanbI 3Toro nYTH, KaK
nOKaJaJlH IiccneJl,OBaHHH, npoBelleHllble B 3TOM HanpaBJleHI1H, npell'
CTaBJlHIOT COOOH nocneJ.\oBaTenbHbIH nepexo,l:\ OT H3yqeHHJI co6-
CTBeHHO $H3110Jl0rl1'1CCKIIX OCHOB IIHAHBII.!\YaJIbHOCTII (CBOHCTB He-
PBHOii CllcTeMbl) K aHaJlll3Y IIX COOTHomeHIIH C nCIIXOJIOnl'leCKII-
MH Xap3KTepHCTHKaMH H lIaJlee - K 113Y'IeHIlIO coomeHHo AHI-Ia-
MH'IeCKIIX xapaKTepucTHK nCIiXI1'.JecKoH J.\eJlTeJlbHOcTIi. K qUCJlY
nOCJle.l\HHX OTHOCTC 3allaTKH cnocooHocTeH II TeMnepaMeHT,
IICcnC,l:\OBBHlle KOToporo Ha'lBJIOCb B 60-bIe rOllbl nOli PYKOBOA-
CTBOM B..II..He6b1nHl1bIHa.
,on.4eCTBO nap M3 - 72-91, .113 - 35-50
(TB6J1Iil.\a 8.2, PIiCYHOK 8.1), 11 CBUlleTeJlbCTBYlOT 0 BnHHHlUl reHO-
THna Ha CBOHCTBa TCMnepaMeHTa.
feHonln OKB3blBaeT BnllJlHl1e fI Ha fl3MeHeHI1e cBoikrn TeMne-
paMeHTa, npOI'!CXOJ.IJIll\ee C B03paCTOM. COnOCTaBJlHH BeJIllqHHY H3-
MeHeHIIH nOKaJaTeJIeH TeMnepaMeHTa OT B03paCTa K B03paCTY, IIC-
Cne.llOBaTeJlII, npOBOJ.IJIIl\He JIYll3BHJlbCKIIH nOHrHTIO.l\, o5HapYJJ<II-
JII', qTO M3 6J1113Hel\bI OKa3blBaJOTCJI 60nee nOXmKHMI1 BHyrpllnap-
HO, B cpaBHeHIIH c.II.3 6J1113Hel1aMII, no HanpaBJIeHlllO H3MeHeHIIH II
no BeJIH'IIIHe CKa'lKOB H CnBJ\OB B paJBHTIIH CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa.
B Ta6J1I1l.\C 8.13 npe.l\CTaBJleHbl AaHHble, AeMoHcTpHpYJOIl.\He, '1TO
H3MeHeHHH Opl1eHTal.\1I1I B 3B./J,aHHI1, 3MOl.\HOHaJIbHOCTH-3KCT]Ja-
BepCHfI II BKTHBHOCTH Ha npOTHJJ<eHHII 6-12-18 H 12-18-24
Mec., a TaK)J(e H3MeHeHHSI B OOlI1l1TeJIbHOCTH OT T]Jex K '1eTlpeM ro-
.IIaM OKaJblBaJOTCH 60JIbWe nOXO)J(H y M3 6J1U3Hel.\OB.
nOK333Temi B03paCT
TeM n epaMeHT3 6.12.18 Mec. 12-18-24 Mec 36-48 Mec
M3 113 M3 113 M3 113
OpeHTa"H B 38.A3H"U, 53 18 49 21
3u.OlJ,{lHanbCTb-
3KCTpaBepcMA 35 05 37 12
AlCTlIIBHOCTb 27 19 52 18
05l4I11TeJ1bHOCTb (onpOCHI1K) 50 -05
06llt.Te.nbHoCTb (tta6nIOAetotllle) 35 08
331
330

TeMnepaMcHT paCCMaTpllBaeTCII B.)];.He6bIP.lIbIHbIM KaK
"xapaKTepliCTIIKa IIHI!IIBHi\a co cropOHbl .l\HHaMII'IeCKHX OC06eH-
HocTei1 cro nCHXllqCCKOH .l\eSlTeJIbHOCTH, TO eCTb TeMna, 6bJCTpO-
TbI, piITMa, HHTeHCIIBHoCTH COCTaBJlJlIOIt\11x ny i\ellTellbHocTb nCH-
XJjqeCKIfX fTp0l1eccoB " COCTOJ!HI1U" (HC6bIllHI./,bIH B.)];. 1976, c.178).
B CTpYKType TeMnepaMeHTa B..II..He6bIJIHl.\bIH Bbri\CIIHIl ABa oc-
HOBHblX KOMfTOHCI/Ta - aKTIlBHOCTb Ii 3MOI.\HOHaJ1bHO'Tb.
AKm!i8Hocml> CBH3aHa C HepreTI1'1eCKHMI1 1I0TeHl.\I!aJlaMH '1e-
J10BcKa, 1I0JBOJI>UOll\HMII eMY C 60llbllIe!i IIJIII MeHbllIei1 3<jJ$eKTlIB-
HOCTbIO OCBaHBaTb II IIpe06pa30BblBaTb OKPY)I(alOll\lIii ero MHp.
ITOCKOJIbKY 3HepreTH'IeCKHe nOTelll.\lIaJIbl onpei\ellHIOT i\HHaMI1KY
.l\eIlTCJlhHOCTH 'ICJ10BeKa B caMblX pa:JHbiX cl1Tyal\lIHx II B caMblX PaJ-
HblX c<jJepax, aKTHBHOCTb, 110 MHellil10 B..II..He6bIJIHl.\bllla, HeJIb3H
orpaHII'IHBaTb TOJlbKO oc06eHHOCTJlMH MOTOpHKII: )\HHI\MII'IeCKlie
xapaKTepHCTIIKH aJcTHBHOCTH, 110 cro IIpeIUlOIIOJKeHIlIO, MOrYT IIpO-
JlBJIJITbCJI H B .npyrnx C<jJepax" B '1aCTHOCTII, B 06ll\eHI1I'! II B n03l1aaa-
TellbHOH i\CIITem,HOCTH.
IIepBble 3KcnepllMeHTB.lJbHbJe IICCJJCI\OB3HIfJl, IIpoBcJ};ellHblc
B .l\H<jJ<jJepeHl\lIaJIbHOH nCI1XoIjJ1I3HOJIOfllll, 6brllH CBII3aHbr C aHa-
JIH30M CTp}'KTYPbl aKTIIBHOCTlI1I BblllClleHIICM ex CBJl3eii C fTCIfXO<jJIf-
31101l0rH'IeCKIIMH oc06eHHOCTJlMH qeJI(mcKa (B.)];.He6bllllll.\blll,
A.II KPYIIHOB, /970). 3TIl I1CCJIeJ};OBaHIIII lIoKa3allH, qTO 06 aK-
THBHOCTI1 MO)KHO cY.l\lITb 110 TpeM ee IIpOJlBIICHIIIIM - 110 IIH.I\II-
BIIII;yallbHoMY TeMny i\eHTeJIbHOCTI'! (110 CKOpOCTH ABHran:.nbHOH
peaKl\lm, KOTOpaJi cBoi1crneHHa I'!CllbITyeMoMY H KOTOpYlO OH CIaIO-
HCH caM BbI6I1paTb), no CKJIOHHOCTI1 K pa3Hoo6pa3111O peaKl\liH II
no CKJIOHHOCTII K l\eHCTBIIHM B ciITyaUIIH, KOf.l\a, no YCJIOBIIJlM
3KcnepllMeHTa, Jl,ei1CTBlle He JlBJIlleTCII 06H3aTeJIbHbIM (Oi\HH JIIOI\H
CKIIOHHbl, a .npYflle - He CKJIOHHbl K npOHBllellllHM CBepXHopMa-
TIIBHOi1 I\KTHBHOCTH).
B lIaJIbHei1wcM 6bmo 06HapY)J(eHO, 'iTO 3TH Tp" 1I0Ka3aTCJI!I
aKTItBHOCTI'!, Ha:JblBl\eMbIe B pJllI;e pal50T CKOpOCTHblM (TeMfT), BapH-
811HOHHblM (nJlaCTH'lfIOCTb) If :Jpfl/qeCKI/M KOMfTOlleHTaMII aJITlfBflO-
CTII, XOpOlllO OTpaJKaKIT jI,IlHaMliqeCKlle OC06eHitOCTH <lKTHBHOCTII B
C8Ml,(X pa:JHblX c$epax - B lUmrareJIbHOii, KOrHIiTH/JHOif, Bonc/Joii
II B c!/Jepe 06ll\eHI1Il (DOAYHOB M.B., 1982; KpynHoB A.H., )!(eM'IY-
rOM JI 8., 1978).
KpoMe 06'beKTHBHIX (TecToBbIX) nOKa3aTeJIeH, M ollpe-
lIellCHHJI <lKTIIBHOCTIl HCnOJIbJYIOTCJ! II onpocHHKII. B OnpOCHIiKe
332
CTpYKTYpbJ TeMnepaMeHTa BonpocbI HanpaBJleHbI Ha jI,IlarHOCTII-
KY Tpex onHcaHHblX KOMnOHeHTO/! aKTIIBHOCTII B TOM !I1Ii\e, II KO-
TOPO/ Olloi npO"BJlIlIOTCII B npe.l\MeTHOii II COl\liaJIbHOH cQ>epax
i\eHTellbHOCTIl (PYCaJIOB B.M., 1992). HanpHMep, npOHBlleHJle CKO-
pocTHoro IIOKa3aTCJ11l aKTIIBHOCTIf B npe.l\MeTHOH c<jJepe onpe.l\e-
J1ReTCR no BOnpocaM Tllna: "HpaBRTcJI JlJI BaM Itrpbl, Tpe6YIOll\lIe
6b1CTpOTbI H JIOBKOCTII?", a npOJlllJICHIle CKOpocTHoro nOKaJaTe-
JlR B COl\lIaJIbHOH cljlepe- 110 BonpocaM mna "HpaBI1TCJI JIll BaM
6bICTpO rOBOpJlTb 1"
B onpOCHII)(aX AJIJI jI,IlarHOCTIIKII TeMnepaMeHTa i\OIII)(OJIb-
HIIKOB 11 MJ1<1i\llIHX 1II!(OJIbHI1KOB CKOPOCTHOH, BaplfaQHOHHbli{ II
3prn'lCCKIIH )(OMIIOHeHTbI 3KTlfBHOCTH He BbIlleJIJlIOTCJI KaK caMO-
CTOSiTerrbHble (EropOBa M.C., 3bIpHHOBa H.M., (995). 06 aKTIIB-
1I0CTH CaIlJl,eTeJI\'CTBYIOT TpH OCHOBHblJ\ KOMnOHeHTa (ABllraTerrb-
HaH aKTIIBHOCTb, n03HaaaTeJJbHaR aKTHBItOCTb II 06ll\HTCJ1bHOCTb) If
Tpl/ .l\0/10JJHHTeJIbHbIX, BaJKHblX MJI IIOHHMaHIIJI TeMllepaMeHTa_ B
nOM BOJpaCTHOM i\HanaJOHe (.!I.IIHaMII'IeCKlle nOKa3aTeJlH HaCTOIi-
qIfBOCTIf, IIMIIYJIbCflBHOCTb 11 YTOMJIlleMOCT, CB"3aHHall C nopo-
raMIl peaKTJlBHOCTII).
3MOt.(UOHClJ/6HOCm6 (BTOpOIt KOMfTOHeHT TeMnepaMeHTa, BbI-
i\eJlJleMbIH B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHinJ HCCJlenOBaHHi1) paCCMaTpHBaeT-
CR KaK "OCOeef/HOCTH BOJHIIKHOBeHIIJI, npOTCKBHlfll1l fTpCKpaU!c-
HHII pa3Hoo06pa3HbiX 'IYBCTB, a!\JljleKTOB H HaCTpOeHHH" (He6b1-
JIHl\blH B..II.., 1976, c. (79), TO eCTb, HHa'ie rOBOpSl, 3MOI\IIOHaITb-
HOcTb CBII3aHa C i\HHaMIIKOH 3MOUHOHallbHOH JKH3HH '1eJIOBeKa.
Oi\HaKO y O.l\HOfO 11 TOfO )Ke '1eJlOBeKa :na i\IIHaMIlKa MO)KeT
6bITb pa3J1I1'1HOH M pa:JHbrX 3MOl\IIOHaJIbHblX COCTORHlliI, AJIII
1I0JIOJKHTeJIbHblX H oTplll\areJIbHbIX 3M0l1I1H. HeD03MO)f(II0 no-
HJlTb I1JJ.IIlIBlI.I\yallbHoc cBoe06pa:me 3MOI.\HOHallbHOCTH, eCJIII He
Y'lHTblBaTb KaqeCTBeHHbIX pa:Jnll'IIIH B 3M0l1l1J1X. B CBH311 C 3TIIM
IfCCJlei\OBaTeJlII eOl/JlII He06J\O.l\IIMbIM af/all1t3HpODaTb He TOJlbKO
i\HHaMItKY 3M0l11'!OHallbHbIX lIepe)f(IIBaHIIH, HO Ii Blill (MOi\allb-
HOCTh) Tex lIepe)J(IfBaHlfif, KOTOpble npeOMa.IlaIOT Y Toro IIJlllIIIIO-
ro qellOBeKa.
BblilO npcMorrO)KCHO, '1TO IIBH60nee BI!)KHbIMH l!1!,l\8MII 3MO.
LlIIH (nepBH'IHbIMH, 6aJaJIbHbIMlI 3M0l1l1J1MII) H/!JIHIOTCII TPIl H3
HI/X - Yi\OBOllbCTBlie (pai\OeTb), rue/! If CTpax Ba3allbHblif xa.
pa)(rep 3T11X 3MOl.\IIH OnpeI\CIIJ!eTCR, C 01\1I01t CTOpOHbl, \IX »enoe-
pCl\eTBtllHOr'i CBJl3blO C 1jI1/3ItOIlOrH'IeCKHMH oc06eIlHOCTJlMIf, a, C
333

APyroii, - TOH pOiTblO, KOTOpylO OHII HrpalOT B 3MOl.\HOHaJIbHOii
)l(II3HII: CKIIOHHOCTb K nepe)l(HBaHHIO 31.101.\1111 TOH I1J1H IIHOH MO-
AaiTbHOCTI1 BJIeTC YCTOj:jqIlBOH, a ypOBHII npOBlIeHII 31.101.\1111
pa3HbiX MOAaJIbHOCTell II HX COOTHOllleHHe Apyr C ApyroM B 3Ha-
'1HTeJIbHOH CTeneHH OnpenelIJlIOT pa3Hoo6pa:Jlle MOI.\HOHalIbHbIX
nepeJKIIBaHIIH qeJlOBeKa (OJIbWaHHHKOBa A.E., 1978, 1996).
.n.JI AHarHOCTlIKIl MOL\1I0HaJIbHOCTIi 6bIIIH pa3pa60TaHbl
pa3H006pa:3HbIe npOL\e.A)'pbl - Ha61IIOAeHlJe, WIlITeJIbHOe caMoHa6-
JUO.n:eHlle, B XOAe KOToporo BeJIlICb e)l(eAHeBHbIe ./UIeBHIIKOBbIe 3a-
nllCII, npOeKTIIBHbie MeTOAbI, onpOCHHKH, 3KcnepTHbIe OI.\CHKII.
HccllenOBaHII aKTHBHOCTIl II 3MOL\1I0HaJlbHOCTII, npoBe-
neHHbIe B 3TOM HanpaBJleHIIH H3yqeHIIH TeMncpaMeHTa, nOKa31\-
iTlf, 'ITO TeMnepilMeHT 06HapYJKlfBileT OT'ieTJT/!Bble CBII3/! C nCI1XO-
QJII3110JIOrlf'leCKIIMIl oco6eHHocTHMH '1eIIOBeKa. TaK, 60lIee BbICO-
KIIH ypoBeHb aKTlIBHOCTIl OKa3aJlCa CB3aH C 60lIee BbICOKHM aK-
TIIBIIPYlOllUIM BJIIfHHlleM nOAKopKOBbIX CTPYKTYP, C TaKIlM CBOII-
CTBOM HepBHoH CHCTeMbI '1eJIOBCKa, KaK aKTIIBHpoBaHHocTb. C
APyroii CTOpOHbl, 6blJIO nOKilJaHO, 'iTa oco6eHHOCTH TeMnepa-
MeHTa onpel\eJlIOT cBoeo6pa311e npOQecCOB caMoperYIIHL\IIH Ii
CBI/3aHbI C HeKOTopblMIi JlllqHOCTHblMIl oc06eHHOCTI/Mil II C YC-
nelllHOCTblO B HeKOTopblX Bllnax AeTeJlbHOCTII. TaKIiM 06pa30M,
IICCJIeAOBaHII noro HanpaBJIeHH nOKa:3aJIlI onocpeA)'IOlL\)'IO pOiTb
TeMJ1epaMeHTa: 6Y)1Y<JH CBJl3aH C I/JH3HolIOnlqCCKilMil 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTJlMH, TeMnepaMeHT BJlIIeT Ha I/JOpMHpOBaHlle IIHJI,IIBI1AyaJlb-
HblX pa3JIllqllH B iTllqHOCTHOH ci/Jepe.
feHeTllqeCKlle HCCJlCI\OBaHHH TeMnepaMeHTa HaqaJIlICb C ce-
peJl,IIHbI 70-x r0)10B. ITpll HCCIIC.l\OBaHIIII rpex KOMnOHeHTOB aK-
TlIBHOCTIl (CKOpOCTII, BapliaTIIBHOCTIl H CKJIOHHOCTII K npOI\OJl-
JKeHll10 .l\eHTCJIbHOCTII) y AeTcH 9-10 JleT BHYTpllnapHoe CXO.1l-
CTBO M3 OKa3aJlOCb Bblwe, qCM CXOJl.CTBO .II.3, no 60JIbillHHCTBY
CKOpOCTHbIX II pe3YJlbTaTIIBHblX nOKa3aTeJIeH, nOJIY'leHHblx B nCII-
XOMOTOpHOH II IIHTeJIJIeKryaJIbHOH c4Jepax, O./UI3KO pa3JI11'ille MeJK'
AY M3 H .II.3 6J1H3Hel.\aMli He 6bliTO 06HapY)I(CHO B nOKaJaTeJlI/X,
cBH.n:eTeJlbCTBYlOlllIIX 0 CTpeMJleHIIH np0.l\oJl)l(aTb HaqaTYIO .n:el/-
TeJlbHOCTb (llIiTXTa H.<I>., He ony6J1I1KOBaHO). llOJIY'leHHbIe pe-
3YJlbTIITbI npC.l\CTilBJleHbI B Ta6J1l1l.\a 8.14
B HCCJIe)'\oBaHIIII, npoBeAeHHoM Ha B3pOCJIOil BbI60pKe (18-
25 JleT), II CKOpOCTHbIe rtOKa:3aTCJIII BbmOJIHeHIIJI IIHTeiTJIeKTyaJlb-
HOH l\eTeJlbHOCTI1, II ee pa3HOo6pa3lle OKa3aJll1Cb Y M3 6JIH3He-
334
Ta6J1uu,a 8.14
BHympunapHoe cxoiJcmeo M3 u3 6J1U3Helj08 no I10Ka3amellJl.M aK-
mU8Hocmu (1Il;/J!xma H </J., He 0l1y6J1UK08aHO)
nOKa3aTe.n M3 .113
nCHXOMOTOPHAH C<I>EPA
CKOpOCTb Ha",tCaHfllJI I1KHIoI{t 30 -05
KOCblX
npAblx 23 19
ol5BoAKa 43 39
CTpeMneHMe K npOAOmKeHMIO AeCTBMR 06 41
BpeSI
KOI1",eCTBO AeCTBI1'" 02 57
HHTEl1l1EKTYAI1bHAH C<I>EPA
C4eT 62 28
KonMeCT80 npl1MepOB
OUJ6K'" 28 25
CTpeMneHMe K npOAOl1)1(eHl11O AeCTBMR 14 15
BpeMR
KOI1...eCTBO npl4MepOB 17 10
PeWeHl1e yp3BHeH'-' 48 38
KO!l4eCTBO
CTpeMl1eHl1e 'J( npoAomKeH1O AeliilCTBiIIR -05 .04
BpeMR 00 -06
Ko.nM4eC;1'BO
110B BHyrpHnapHO 60Jlee rtOXO)l(IIMII, qeM Y ,Q3 6J1H3HeI.\OB (IllnHX-
Ta H.11>., KpynHoB A H., 1982).
IIpll aHanH3e H3MeHe!iIlH B CBOHCTBaX TeMnepaMeHTa Y Ae-
TeH npH nepeXOi\e OT I\OIllKOJlbHOMY K IllKOJlbHOMY B03paCTY (OT
6 K 7 rOAaM) 6wIII nOJIY'IeHbi i\aHHble, CBIli\eTeJlbCTBYlOllllle 0
BJlIII/HIII! reHOTllna Ha HHAHBIli1yaJIbHble pa3nHqll B CBOHCTBax
TeMnepaMCIHa (EropoBa M.C., 1995). ITo OL\eHKaM MaTepeH, BOC-
nHTaTeJleH l\eTCKHX cal\OB II yqHTeJleH nepBoro KJlaCCa, M3 6iT1!3-
HeQbI B 60JlblllHHCTBe CJIyqaeB (3a IICKJIIO'!eHHeM OJl,HOrO nOKa3a-
TeJl!! - YTOMneMOCTIl B 6 JleT) OKa3bIBaIOTCH 60Jlbllle noxo)l(l!
i\Pyr Ha I\PYI'a, "IeM ,Q3, H no pa3HblM nOj(a3aTeJlM aKTIIBHOCTlI,
H no cYMMapHoMY nOKa3aTenIO 3MOl\IIOHaJlbHOCTII, CBIIJI,eTeiTb-
CTBYlOllleMY 0 npe06JIa,l1aHIUi Toro HJlII I!Horo 3MoI.\IIOHaJIbHOI'O
TOHa II JlerKOCTII 113MeHeHII HacTpOeHHJI. ITpH 3TOM OT 6 K 7 rO-
i1aM BHYTplll1apHble pa31lHqH!! ,Q3 pe3Ko YBeJlII'lHBaIOTc (K03q,-
QJHI1HeHTbI BHYTpllrtapHblX KOppeJlI.\HH .II.3 6iTH3Hel.\OB B 7 JIeT
CTaHOBnc 3HaqllTeJlbHO HII)I(e, '!eM B 6 JleT), II, COOTBeTCTBeHHo,
pa3nllql\ MeJK,ll.Y M3 II .II.3 6Jl1l3Hel\aM11 CTaHOBiITC1I 6011bille (Til6-
335

mlla 8.15). 3TH .!taHHble CBH.!teTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 CBR3H nOKa3aTeneij
aKTHOHOCTII H 3MOl\HOHanhHocTH C reHOTHnOM II Jl,eMOHCTpHPY-
101' Ty JKC l\apTHHY, KOTOpylO Mbl YJKe BI1,!\eJJn B reHeTl1'1eCKHX .!taH-
HbIX, nOJIY'IeHHbIX B APyrHx HanpaBJIeHHJlX Hccne,!\ooaHIIR TeMne-
paMeHTa, oTIIICaHHb!X 0 .!taIIHOH rnaBe: no lIeKOTopblM nOKa3aTe-
nJlM, nonY4eHHblM 0 6 JleT, H no OceM nOKa3aTeJlRM B 7 JIeT cxo.!t-
cno M3 OnH3HeL\oB npeBbIwaeT CXO,!\CTBO .II.3 5J1H3HCl\OB 60J1b-
me '1eM B jijla pa3a.
B 50nee cTapwcM o03pacTe, B 13-14 J1eT, KaK BI1.!tIIO 1'!3
Ta6J11I!hl 8.16, .!tallHble OnpoclIHKa CTpYKTypbl TeMnepaMeHTa,
3al10nHJlBWerOCJI caMHMII 5JJH3Hel\aMII, .!teMOHCTpIlPYIOT BJlHJlHHe
reHOTHna IIa nOKa3aTCnl1 aICTHBHOCTH H 3MOL\HOHaJlbHOCTH, CBR-
JalIHhle 0 3TOM OnpOCHHKe HCKJJI041'!TeJJbHO C nerKOCTblO B03HHK-
HOBeHHJI OTpHl\aTCJ1hHbIX 3MOl\IIOHaJIbHbIX COCTORHHH (MaJJhIX
C E. C coaBT., B neqaTH)
AHaJlH3HPYJl 3TH .!taHHbIe, CJ1ellYeT TaICJKe 05paTHTb BHI'!Ma-
HHe Ha TO, qTO nOKaJaTeJIH 3prnqHOCTH H 3MOL\liOHaJlbHOCTH, CBJI-
3allHble C npe.!tMeTHOH .1tCJlTeJlbHOCThlO, HcnblTblBalOT 50Jlblilec
OITI{JlHHC reHOTllna, '1eM nOKa3aTeJll'! 3prHqHOCTil H 3MOL\1I0IlaJTb-
HOCTH, COJl3aHHbTe C COl\HaJIbHbIM B3aHMOi\eHCTBHeM. B caMOM
Ha4aJIC nOH rJlaObl rOOOpHJIOCb 0 TOM, qTO no Mepe BJpOCJIeHHR
qenoBeKa CBOHCTBa TeMnepaMeHTa "MaCKHPYIOTCR": HX npOIlBlTe-
HHJI MorYl' YCHJII10aTbCJI H!IH YMeHblllaTbCJI B 3aOHCliMOCTH 01' HOpM
05lIjeCToa, npe.!t1>JlB!IRCMbIX 4eJIOBeKy O'leOH.I1HO, '1TO B cIiTyaL\H-
Tu6JJuJ(u 8.16
BHympunapHoe cxoiJcmao M3 uj],3 6RU31letl06110 I10Ka3amemIM aK-
mU6110emu U 3M0tlUOHlUIb1l0emU « npeoMemlioli U e0tlUlUIbHOii epepe
(MaJlblX C.E. c eOiJem., 8 ne'ianJu)
N nOKa3aTeJ1 R., R"
1 3prw.IHoCTb 376 279
2 COLtIoHII1bHaA prM4HoCTb 197 277
3 n.naCTMHQCTb 226 218
4 Co,",anbHaA nn8CT144HaCTb 390 393
5 TeMn 254 312
6 COltHanbHbI TeMn 452 179
7 3Mo4 lotOHa nbHoCTb 594 236
8 COLtal1bHaFi 3MOOHaJ1bHQCTb 496 283
9 1{cHTponbHO'J.:A WKa.na 271 127
nQKa3arel114 OL\eHKM
TSMnepaM8HT$. M8repei BOCOMraT6I1ell Y"IMTel1eili
6116T 6 lIeT 7.neT
M3 .113 M3 .113 M3 .113
,QSl4rSTel1bHaA aKTI4BHOmb 98 50 91 32 92 02
n03HaaaTe11bH8A 811CTHBHOCTb 97 83 77 59 89 49
OOlLlwrenbHoCTb 85 84 89 45 74 29
HaCToM4MBOC;rb 74 24 82 39 79 -07
MnynbCMBHOCTb - - 83 37 82 11
YToMn:R8MOC1h 73 90 37 44 84 33
3MO"OHaJ1bHOCTb - - 47 31 80 13
.
Kon..O<;T80 nap: M3-37-41, .113 - 36-40
/
IIX, eBR3aHHbiX (; 06111e/JlleM, O)/{I1)1aHHII H Tpe500aHHJI oKpyJKalO-
Lu;HX BJII1J1IOT Ha nOBe.l1eHIIe B 50J1bweH CTeneHH, 'leM B cHTyaW1-
IIX, CBII3aHHbIX C npeAMeTHOH AeRTe!IbHOCTbIO. HMeHHO B pe3YJ1b-
TaTC 3Toro AmWMH'IeCKHe xapaKTeplleTl!l!H aKTHBHOCTI1 H 3MO-
I.\HOHaiIbHocTIf, ICaCalOLu;l1eCIi cIITyal\HH 05w;eHI1I1, HaqHHalOT oT-
pa)l(aTb He CTOJIbKO cBolicTOa TeMnepaMeHTa KaK TaKOBble, CKOJ1bKO
oco6eHHOCTH ITH'!HOCTff, CcjJOpMHpOBBHHhle Ha 5a3e 3THX CBOHeTB
TeMnepaMeHTa. B pe3YJIbTaTe 3TOrO .!tHHaMllqeCKHe xapliKTeplle-
TIIKH 05Lu;IITelTbHOCTIi YTPaqllOalOT K 13-14 rOAaM COll3b C rCHO-
TllnoM, KOTOpaJi 6blJla II 60llee MnaJl,UICM B03pacTc - II 6-7 JleT
'lITO KaCaeTCJI 3M0I1HOHaJIbHOCTH, TO ee no,!\po6Hoe IIeC!Ie-
AOBaHlie Ha B3pOC!Ioii 5m13HeUOBOH BhI50pKe (18-25 !leT) Ae-
MOllcTpHpyeT 60JIblllee CXOJl,CT80 M3 6I1H3HeLlOB, no "paBHeHIlIO
c 3, nOqTI1 no BceM nOKa3aTenJiM (Ta5JIHl\a 8.l7), XOTII Jl,aHHbIC,
nOJ1Y'IeHHble pa3HhlMH MeTOAaMII, CH!IbHO paeXOJl,JlTCIi B OL\eHKe
BHYTPHnapHoro CXOACTBa H M3, II .II.3 611113He11011 (CeMCHOB B.B ,
1981). B uelloM, MO)l(I!O CKa3aTb, '1TO eCTb HelWTOpoC OJ1lIRHHe
reHOTHna Ha oe05eHHOCTH npOJlOlleH1l1i 6a3allbHb1X 3MOl\IIH (pa-
.!tOCTII, rHeBa I'!J1H CTpaxa), XOTII ,!\aTb KOJ1l1qeCTBeHHYlO OQCHKY
3TOMY BJ1HIIHHIO no HMelOLu;IiMCR AaHHbIM HeB03MO)l(HO
nOABOAH IiTor reHeT!1'!eCKHM flCCJ1eAOBaHIIRM, npoocileH-
HblM B pyeJ1e KOHl\enl\HII TeMnepaMeHTa, npeJIIIOJKeHHOii B ,l{. He-
5bIJlI1JJ.blHbIM, MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, qTO reHOTHn BJ1I1ReT Ha I1H,!\I1BII-
i\yallbHhle pa311I1'11i1i no aKTIIBHoCTH H 3MOQIIOHanbHOCTII, o.!tHa-
337
TaoJlu14a 8.15
Bnympul10pHble KoppeJlJllfllU 110xa30meJleii me.Mnep{1Memna
(Ecopoea M.C.. 1995)*
336

3. II!HTepnpeTalllul pe3YllbTaTOB,
nOIlY'IeHHbIX npM Mcclle.qoBaHMM
TeMnepaMeHTa
HblX HanpaBnCHIIHX HCCJIe)l.OBaHHH TCMncpaMeHTa BbI)l.CJIHJOTCJI II
myqaJOTCJI pa3Hble cBoiicTBa TeMnepaMCHTa. ITPII'UlHbI )IHX pa3-
ImqHH MHoroo6pa3Hbl.
ABTOpbl pa3HbiX HanpaBneHHiI B pa3nH'!HOH CTeneHH OCHO-
BblBaJOTCH Ha npe.!l.8apllTeJIbHblX TCOpeTllqeCKHX npe)l.CTaBJleHIIJlX 0
cBoiicTBax TeMnepaMeHTa. ECJIH B IlIKOJIe B..II..Hc6b1J11Il\bIHa Mil B
nCHxo6HOJIOnIqeCKOM nO)l.XO)l.e K TeMnepaMeHTY M .K.POT6apT aB-
TOpbl HCXOMT 1t3 qeTKO C<jJOPMYJIHpOBaHHOH KOHl\enl\HH TeMnepa-
MeHTa, TO nCIIXOJlOnI, npOBO)l.Hll1HC JIYII3BliJlbCKOe JIOHrIlTlO)l.HOe
Mccne)l.OBaHlle, CTpeMHTCJI KaK 1010)1(110 IllIlpC OXBaTIITb Bce oc06eH-
HOCTCH nOBe)l.eHIIJI (TO eCTb peanll3YJ01' '1I1CTO onllcaTeJJbHblH nOli-
xo.n) H 3aTeM npM aHaJIII3C I(I!HaMII'ICCKIIX oc06eHHOCTeH nOBe)l.eHIIH
paCCMaTpIlBaIOT HX KaK CBOHCTBa TeMnepaMeHTa.
Pa3Hbie aBTOpbJ npeCJIC)l.YIOT B CBOI1X IICCJIC,llOBBHHJlX COBeeM
HC COBna)l,aIOIllHC l\cnll. TaK, B HbIO-HopKCKOM JIOHrHTIO)l.C A.To-
Mac II c.qecc CTpCMHJIIICb HaHTH YCTOH'IIiBbIe xapaKTepllcTIIKH, KO-
Topble O)l,HoBpeMeHllo MomH 6bI II a,lleKBaTHO onllCblBaTb OC06CH-
HOCTII )l,eTCH caMoro MJIa)l,IlIero B03paCTa, II BJIHHTb Ha a,llanTal\11JO
K COl\lIanbHbIM ycnOBI'!>lM B 60nce CTaplllllx B03pacTax. A 3B1'Opbl
nCHx06110JIonI,qecKoii MO)l.elI1I TCMnepaMcHTa OpllCHTllpoBamlcb Ha
nOHCK TaKlIX )l,lIHaMHqCCKHX nOKa3aTeJJeH nOBe)l,CHII>I, KOTOPb!C
HMCIOT OT'JeTJIMBYlO q,113HOJIOfll'lCCKYJO 6a3Y. BCne)l,CTBHe noro B
onHCaTeJlbHOM nOj],Xo,!\e K TCMnepaMewry A.ToMaca If C. tIecc BblfJ.C-
JIJlIDTCH TaKHC oco6eHfloCTH TCMnepaMcHTa, KOTOpbIX HeT Y CTOPOH-
HIIKOB nCHxo6110JIon"qeCKOrO nO)l,xojJ.a (HanpHMcp, HaCTOHqll-
BOCTb), HO BMCCTe C TeM MeHee nOAP06Ho IICCJIeJlYlOTCJI Xap3KTepll-
CTIIKH, CBH3aHHbie C noporoM B03HIIKHOBCHHH 3MOl\HOHaJ1bHblX pe-
aKl\IIH, CYJKCH Kpyr nOKaJaTeJIcii, CBH3aHHbiX C npOHBIICHI!HMII MO-
TOpHOii aKTIIBHOCTII.
HCKOTOpblC IiCCJ1C,llOBaTellli (HanpIiMep, npe)l,CTaBH1'eJlli fap-
BapJ<cKoro HanpaBJ1CHIIH) IfCXO,W/T 1f3 npe.fJ.J10J10JKCH>lJI 0 TOM, qTO
TeMncpaMCH1' IIMCeT CMblcn 113Y'laTb 1'OllbKO B jJ.eTCKOM B03paCTe, a
B CTapIlleM B03paCTe CIICJJ.YeT paCCMaTpliBaTb IIII'IHOCTHble OC06CH-
HOCTH, KOTOpblC q,OPMIIPYJOTCJI Ha ero OCHOBe. B CBJl3H C 3THM OHII
C03HaTMhHD 01'pBHH'lIlBaIOT 113yqaeMbIC HM>! CBOHCTBa TCMIi, KOTO-
pble, no IIX npe,tnOJlOJKeHHIO, HBJDIIOTCR npe.u.nOCbIJIKOH 3l<CTpaBep-
CIII1-IiHTpOBepCIII1 (KOTOPYlO MbJ 6Y)l.CM paCCMaTpIlBaTh B clIeJl,yro-
IllCH maBe). .lI.PyrHC HCCI1e.n:OBaTeJlH, A.Eacc II P.IIIIOMHfI, CTpeMH-
CR HaiiTI! TaKHe cBoHCTBa, CTpYKTYpa KOTOpbIX COBna)l.aeT B paJHblX
339
Ta6J/Uqa 8.17
BHympunapHoe cxoocmeo 6JlU3Hetj08 no 110KmameJ/JlM 3MOI.jUOHMb-
Hocmu (CeMeH06 B.B., 1981)
nOK33aTem. M3 A3
3MOLtOHal1bHOCTM n = 24.28 n = 24-29
OnpOCHI1K
PaAOCTb 29 11
rHea 03 19
CTpax 75 67
npOeKTMBHaJi MeTOAlIJlCa
PCl,.QOCTb 35 01
rHea 68 26
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phi? BJlHHeT JIH reHOTHn Ha IIH)'IIIBI1,!!yaJ1bHble pa3JIH'IHH B 3TlIX
xapaKTcplICTHKax? KaK MO)/(HO 05'bHCHHTb nOJlyqCHHblC pe3YJIb-
TaTbI? 3TII BonpOCbI H 5Y.D.YT 05CY)J(AaTbCH B .D.aHHOH maBC.
1. \IIccneAOBaHlul CBOMCTB n"'1HOCTM
KpMTepManbHblMM MeTOAaMM
\
B nO}J.aBJIHIOI1(eM 60JlblllHHCTBe HCCJIeAOBaHHii JIH'IHOCTH, \
npoBOAHlI.\HXCH B rCHeTUKC nOBCACHI1H, Ol\eHKa C80HCTB JIII'IHOC-
TH npoH38oMTCH Ha OCH08aHIII1 onpocHHK08 Pa3HhiM ucnblTye-
MblM npe,!!'bHBJ1ReTCR OI\HI1 H TOT JKe Haoop BonpOCOB 00 IIX npl1-
BblqKaX H 05 HX nOBeAeHll11 B pa3JIHqHbIX cHTyal.\l"lx. Ha OCHOBa-
HHH OTBCTOB IIcnblTyeMblx ,!!eJI3eTCH BbIBO,!! 0 TOM, B KaKOH CTe-
nCHn UM npUCYI1(H Ie HJIH HHbie CBOHCTBa JIII'IHOCTH.
IIpll TaKOM cnoco5e Ol\eHKII C80HCTB JIH'IHOCTH HeOOXO,!!H-
MO OhlTb YBcpeHHbIM, qTO 3a,!!aBaeMhle BonpOCbI AalOT B03MO)J(-
HOCTb Ol\eHHTb iJ,eHCTBIITeJlbHO Ba)l(HblC ocooeHHOCTI1 JlH'IHOC-
TH - TC, KOTOpblC onpc,!!eJlHlOT nOBe,!!eHne qCJlOBeKa B pa3HbiX
cHTyaIjlfj!X, HBI!I!IOI'CI! YCTQii'lIfBbIMIf B Te'lelUle ,VUlTeJlbHOrO J1e-
pHo,!!a 8peMeHH H pa3JIHqalOTCH y pa3HblX IIIO,!!eH. TaKHM oopa-
30M, BOnpOCbl, HcnoJlb3yeMble }J.JI>I ,!!HarHOCTIlKH CBOHCTB JlHqHO-
CTlI, HC MorYT ObITb CJlY'laHnbIMH, IIX OTOOP TPe5YCT cnel\HaJIh-
HblX MCTO,!!OB npOBcpKH II JlBJIHeTCH caMOCTOHTeJlbHOH 3Kcncpll-
MCHTaJlbHOH 3a,!!a'leH. B COBpeMeHHOIl nCHXOlIorliH na 3a,!!a'la
peWaeTCH pa3HbIMH cnoc06aMH OiJ:IIIIM H3 HIIX HBJIJleTCI! KpllTe-
pHaJlbHblH HJlH 3MnHpH'IeCKHH MeTO,!! COCTaBJleHnl! onpOCHIII<OB,
OCHOBaHHblH Ha cpaBHCHHH rpynn HcnblTyeMbIx, OTqeTJIHBO pa3-
351

JIH'!alOllI.IIXCSI no l<aKOMY-JIII60 KpHTCpIllO. 1<JIaCCl1qCCKHMH npll-
MepaMH IICnOJII>30BaHilSi KpliTepllaJII>HOrO MeTOAa RBJIRIOTCR MIIH-
HecoTcKuH MHoro!jJa3HblH JIHqHOCTHblH onpOCHIiK (MMPI) II 1<a-
JIH!jJOPIIHi1cKHH nCHX01WrHqeCKHH onpOCHHK (CPI).
1.1. Pa3paOQTI\:a KpHTepllaJII>HblX onpOCHHKOB
pOBblX lUo.aei! " nal1"e!!TOB c TeM Imll M}lbJM nU,lIOM ,l\lIarHOCTH-
pOBaHHOH R<lTOJJOrHH) .ll.OnOJIHHTeJIbHO K 1 Q OCHOBHI>IM IllKaJIaM
MMPI 6blJI0 nOJIY'IeHO 60JIbillOe Konno/eCTBO 60nee 'laCTHbIX 110-
Ka3aTerreH, xapaKTepH3YlOllI.HX MCHee rJI06aJIbHble OTKJIOHeHIIR B
nCHXOJIOrllqeCKOM cTaTyce II nOBel(eHHI1.
XOTJI MHHHecoTcKHH onpocHHK C03J\aBaJICSI 1<aK MeTOI( 1(11-
arHOCTHKI1 Tex oc06eHHocTeH JIH'JHOCTII, KOTopble conytcTBYIOT
pa3JIH'!HbIM nCnXHqeCKI'!M 3a60JleBaHIISlM, OH npaKTHqeCKII cpa3Y
)l(e nocJle ony6J1I1KoBaHHR ero nepBoro napl1aHTa (!943 r.) CTaJI
HCnOJIb30BanCR H JI,IIR 06CJIcJJ:oBaHHJI 3JJ:OpOBbIX JIIOJJ:CH. B nOM,
eJIyqae, TO eeTb npH 06CJIe,lJ;OBaHHn 3.n:OpOl!bIX JIIOJI,eii, OI1CHKH,
JIOJlyqaeMbIe Hcnl>lTyeMblMIi no IllKaJIaM onpOCHnKa, TpaKTYIOTCH
C TOqKH 3peHIIJI C6aJIaHCllpOBaHHoro n rapMOHII'IHOrO (IIJIH, Ha-
060pOT, HeC6anaJJCllpOBaHHoro H ,lJ;I1CrapMOHH'IHOro) pa3EI1TnH
JIHqHOCTH (Ta6nl11.\a 9.1).
MI1HHecoTcKnii OnpOCHl!K OKaJa!JC.sJ IIH!jJopMaTIIBelI npll
pa60Te KaK C JIIO,l\bMH, HMelOllI.HMH nCHXI1'JeCKHC OTI<JIOHeHI1J1,
TaK II C HOpM31IbHbIMH nonYllill1l1l!MI1, 11 no 06ecne'll1!Jo CMY qpe3-1
BblqaHHYIO nonYJIHpHOCTb cpe,lJ;1I nCIIXOJIOrOB. ):IocTaTo'!110 CKa, j
3aTb, qTO TOJIbKO B aHtjlOJl31>1qHbiX CTpaHax K HaFolHQeMY Bpe-
MeHI1 ony6JIHKOBal1bl pe3YJIbTaTbi nOqTH 10 TbICIl'! I1CCJIC.II.OBa-
HUH, B KOTOpblX Henonb30BaJICH MMPI. TeM HC MeHee, aHanH3H-
PYJI oc06eHHoCTII JIH'IHOCTH 3/1.0POBbIX JIlOJJ:eH, HCCJIeJ\oBaTeJIIi
nOCTOSlHHO '1YBCTBOBaJIH, qTO OlJ,eHOK 1'10 Illl<:aJIaM MHlIl1eCOTCKO-
ro onpOCHHKa OKa3blBaeTCJI HBHO HCI(OCTaTO'lHO Jl,IlJI c03AaHnH
a,llCKBaTHoro 06pa3a JlI1'1HOCTn TOrO HJlII HHoro '1eJIOBeKa: He JI,H-
arHOCTI1pOBaHHbJMI1 OCTaJ01'CH Ba1KHble cBoiicTBa rrllqHOCTH, on-
peJl.errJllOllI.He II 06pa3 Jl.CHCTBIiH '1eJIOBeKa, II OTHoweHIIC K HeMY
OKpY)!(liKJllI.HX B CSR3H C :HI1M C KOHl,a 60-x rO.ll.OB Ha'ianaCb pa-
60Ta no C03J1.aHHIO onpocHHKa, aHaJIOrllqHOrO MMPI, HO pac-
C'II'!TaHIiOro Hcnocpc.acTBeHHo Hli 05Clle.ll.OBliHI1e 3,lJ;0POBhIX mo-
AeH. 3Ta pa60Ta 3aBepWIIl.laCb c03p:aHHeM KallH!jJopHHHcKoro
nCIIXOJIOrH'ICCKOrO onpocHHKa (CPI).
llpH C03,lJ;aHHII CPI HCCJIe,lJ;OBaTeJIIi BbIAeJII1J111 anplIOpl1 18
CBOHCTS J111'JHOCTH, B '1aCTHOCTH, AOMHHaIlTHOCTb, OTSCTCT8CH-
Hocn, nOTpe5HocTb B AOCTII1KeHHI1, npllHHTHe ce6S1, caMOKOHT-
POJII>, cOlJ,lIa5enbHOCTb H T.J\. 1<a)l(,lJ;oe H3 :HHX CBOHCTB 6bIJIO nop:-
p06HO oxapaKTeplI30BaHO - B '1eM OHO npOJlBJIJleTCH, KaK pa3JlH-
'1aeTCJI nOBe.ll.eHHe JIIOJ\eH, y KOTOpbIX 3TO CBOHCTBO BbIpa1KeHO B
353
C03,!\arC!JH MMPI, C XaTy.:JH H .II.)!( MaKKHHJIH, cr!JOpMII-
pOnanH pa3JII1'1HblC rpynnl>I IICnblTyeMbIx H3 3P:0POBI>IX JIIOAeH H
113 llaUl1eHTOB IlCI!XllarpH'leCKHX KJII!HIIK, HMeJO!.UIIX pa311Hqf/b1e
,l\HarHOCTHpOBliHHble 3a60JIcSaHHH (1ll1130!jJpeHHIO, HCTepHIO, Ae-
npccculO H ,l\pymc). Oco6oc BHI1Mlilll1e YJl.eJ/Jl1!OCb TOMy, qm6bl
C!jJOpMHpOBaHHble rpynnbI HcnblTyeMblx pa311HqalJI1Cb 1'01lbKO no
O,lJ;HOMY KpHTepHIO - HaJIII'IHIO HJIH OTCYTCTBHIO ,lJ;lIarHOCTHpO-
BaHHoro 3a60JIeBaIIHSI, HO COBnaJl,aJIli no ,lJ;PYrHM KpI1TeplISiM - CO-
l\HaJlbHO-3KOHOMH'IeCKOMY CTaTYCY, nOJIY, B03paCTY 11 PJlJl.Y /l.pyrHx
oco6eHHocTeij, KOTopble MorYT nOBJIHHTI> Ha OTBCTI,I Ha BonpOCbl.
ITpoUe.IJ.ypa oT60pa BonpOCOB 3al<JIIOqaJlaCI> B CJle,lJ;YI01l\CM.
Ka1KJ\oij rpynne HcnblTyeMl>lx 3aJl.aBanOCI> MIIOJKeCTBO 1I0npOCOB,
KaCalOllI.I1XCH OlJ,eHKI1 ce6H 11 Apyntx JIIO,lJ;eH, !jJ113H'ICCKOro H 3MO-
I\HOHaJILHOrO COCTOHHHH, peaKL(I1H Ha pa3JII1'1Hbie cHTyaIjI1I1. ):Ia-
JIee COnOCTaBJIllJIl1Cb OTBeTbl 3,lJ;OpOBbIX HCnLlTyeMb!X II nal\HeH-
TOB, HMelOllI.HX KaKoe-llll60 3a60llCBliHHe, HanpHMep, HCTepHIO.
ECJIH OTBeTbl 3AOpOBblX I1CnblTyeMblx Ha 3a,lJ;aBaeMblH Bonpoc OT-
1111'1a1!I1Cb or OTBCTOB naIjUeHTOB, UMelOwuX HCTepmo, TO 3TOT
Bonpoc paceMaTpHBaJICJI KaK .ll.l1arHOCTHqHblli (TO eCTb ACMOHCT-
PHPYI01l\IIH pa3JIII'IHe Me1KJl.)' rpynnaMH 3J1.0pOBI>IX 1I1OJl.eii H na-
lJ,ueHTOB-HCnpI1KOB) H BKJIIO'JaJICH B onpOCHIIK KaK O/l.IIH 113 no-
Ka3aTeJIcii no IllKaJIe "IICTepHH". ECJII1 OTBeTbI 3,lJ;OpOBbIX 11 60rrb-
HbIX HCnl>ITyeMl>lX Ha 3a,lJ;aBaCMb1H Bonpoc He pa3J1HqaJlHCb 111111
pa3J1I1qa1lHcb He3HaqHTeJIbHO, TO Bonpoc B onpOCHHK He non a-
Jl.aJI. TaKHM 06pa30M 61>IJIO oTo6paHo 550 BonpOCOB, .n:alOllI.lIX
B03MOJKHOCTI> OlJ,CHHn 10 OCHOBHblX BapHaHToB naT01l0rlIqeCKHX
OTKJIOHeHHii - HnOXOH,l\pHlO, ,lJ;enpeCCHIO, HCTepI11O, nCHxona-
TI1IO, MYJKeCTBeHHOCTI>-JKeHCTBeHHocTI> (aJ\eKllaTHocn nOJIopoJIe-
Boro nOBe.aeHHH), napaHoilHJIbHOCtb, nCIIXaCTeHI1IO, 1ll1130ImHOCTb,
THnoMaHHIO, COl\l1a1!bHYIO HHTpOBepCHlO.
BIlOCllel(CTBIIH C nOMo!.UblO Toro JKe KpHTepllaJII>HOTO Me-
TOJl.a nOCTpOeHI1H OnpOCHIiKOB (TO eCTb cpaBlIeHHSI OTBeTOB 3/1.0-
352

Ta61/U£fa 9-1
llIKaJ/br MHozOIjJa3HOZO 1/UqHOCmHOZO onpocHuKa (MMPI) U UH-
mepnpema£fUR 8brCOKUX 6aJ1J108 110 3mw, U1KaJ/iIM
1.2. HCCJlei\OBBKKe pOJIK reHOTHna H Cpei\bl C nOMODl.blO
KpHTepHaJlbHblX onpocHHKOB
v
Ha3BaHe WKanbi Bblcok\'llii l5ann no WKaJ1e
VlnoxoHAP" 6one3H8HHoe BHMM3HVle x M3""IeCKOMY COCTOAHMIO, OTHQ-o
weHKe- K CB08MY 3.QOpOBb'lO Kak K caepXLleHHOCTK
lIenpeccKA nQABBneHHOCTb, neCCMMVl3M, CmOHHOCTb K 4YSCTeY 8I4Hb4,
ouweH..e ceeiA HeCI-IBCTHblM, nnoxae cpVl31i44eCKoe COCT()..
.HMe.
II1crePMA CTpeMl1eHMe npMBI181CaTb BHMM8HMe oKp.Y'KalO"X. *811a-
HMe Ka38TbCR 6oJ1ee 3HB"IKTeI1bHbI.... ew eerb H8 caMOM
A8ne, H30eraHMe cnO>+cHbiX CHryBLI"" VI "'fXOA" B 6one3Hb
"PM Heo6xOA14MOCTIII IIIX pa3peWSHKFI.
nCMxonanUI COl-l14anbH3R ,q,e38AanT3Lj,M$I, ttenOHMMBHM8 COLlMaJ1bHblX
trOpM VI He>Ken8H'rt8 14M cne,qOSSTb
My)KecraeHHOCTb- He8A.8KBaTHOCTb nono-ponesoro nOBeAeHM11: Y M)'J'K'-IMH -
>t<8HCTBeHHOCTb cpeMHMHHbI tlitn I1511"'1HOCTM (riOBblweHHiiA (:KnQHHOCTb k
caMoaHamt"y \lYBCTBMTeflbHOCTI:I), y »ceH"H - MaCKyI1MH-
HWi! Ttm mNHOCTM (nOBWW8HHaA AOMVlHaHTHOCTl:I, arpec-
CMBKOCTI:I, CK110HHOCTb K MCKIo'jM 3aHHTMM),
napaHORnj:)KOCTb nOA03pMTeflbHOCTb.06MA\lH80CTI:I, MCTWTeflbHOCTb.nCMXa-
CT8HA, rp9BO>KHOCTb HSBepM9 B co6CT8eHHbI& C,"bi.
nCMxaCTeHM TpeSO)l(HOCTb. HeaepMe B coC5CTBel.Hte CMI1b1
WM30MAHOCTb napaAoKcafll:lHOe MblwneHMe, HVI3KaJ1 KOHqJOpMHOCTb, 01-
pbl8 OT peaIlbHOCTM.
rlotnOM3HMR MnynbcMBHOCTb, nOBblweHHaR B036Y"'MOCTb.
COL(VlanbH8R 3aMKHyrOCTb. opMemaLlHS1 Ha co6CTBeHHbl8 '4YBCTBa " ne-
MHTpOBepCMR pe>KMB8HVlA. HeYMeHe 061.L18TbCA C APYn1MM
MIIHHCCOTCKHII Ii KaJIlltjJopHIIHCKHH onpOCHIIKI1 HeOJUlOK-
paTHO IICnOJIb30BanllCb B reHeTHqeCKHX HCCne,lJ.OBaHHX MJI Bbl-
CHeIlIlH pOJIII reHOTHnll'leCKIIX II Cpel\OBblX tjJaKTOpOB B tjJOpMII-
pOBaHIIH I1Hi\I1BH.llYaJIbHbIX pa:JJlHqHH B CBOHCTBaX JIH'IHOCTH.
MaKCIIMaJIbHOH II MIIHIIMaJIbHOH CTCnei!lI. )J;!lJIee IlcobITyeMblc Ol\e-
Hlloanll CBOHX 6nll3KIIX 3HaKOMbiX no 3THM CBOHCTlJaM II Ha OC-
,
HOBaHHII 3TI1X Ol\CHOK 6blJ111 CtjJOpMllpOBaHbl KpaHHlle TpynnbI -
mO)];H C BbiCOKOH " HH3KOil nOTpe6HOCTbIO B )];OCTIIJI(eHIIII, JIIOJUI
C BbICOKIIM H HII3KHM npHHSlTliCM cc6S1 " T.i\.
OT60p BonpOCOB, '!aCTb KOTOpblX 6blJ1a B3S1Ta "3 MMPI,
npOH3BOJUlnC TaK Jl(e, KaK B CBoe BpeMJI 3TO )];eJIaJIOCI> npH C03JJ;a-
HIIII MllHHeCOTCKoro onpOCHHKa. Ecnll, HanpnMep, B KpailHHX
Tpynnax, pa3JIII'IaIOIIUIXC no YBepeHHOCTn B ce6e, OTBCTbI Ha Ka-
KOH-JIlI60 Bonpoc 5b1JIII )];HaMeTp!IJIbHO npOTnBOIIOJIOJl(HbIMH, TO
3TOT Bonpoc paCCMaTpHBanCSI KaK xopoWllii nOKa3arenb )'BepeHHO-
CTII B ce5e Ii BKJIIO'l:trrCJI B COOTBCTCTBYIOWYIO WKaJIY.
354
MWfHecomCKUU ,lfH020rjJa3HbIU 1/U'IIfOCmHblu Ol1pOCHUK
Hali60nee H3BeCTHbIe 6JIII3Hel\OBble HCCJle,lJ.OBaHIIJI MMPI
6blJ1H npoBe,!\eHbI D CepeJJ;IIHe 60-x rO,!\OB. B HIIX 06bIqHO 06Ha-
PYJI(HB!lJIOCb reHeTHqeCKOe BJIliJlHlle Ha Ol\eHKIi TeX HJ1I1I1HbIX WKaJI
MMPI, O,lJ.HaKO B pa3HbIx pa50Tax 3TII WKanbI He COBllai\aJlII.
05bei\IIHIIB }l.aHHbIe Tpex TaKIiX IICC!lei\OBaHHH, ):\JI(.<1>YJIJlep II
Y.ToMncoH 1I0nY'IIIJlII HeCKOJIbKO 60!lbWee BHYTpllnapHoe CXO}l.-
CTBO M3 6nIl3Hel\OB, no cpaBHeHHIO C ):\3, 110 DceM WKaJIaM, O,!\-
HaKO pa3nll'lIlJl MeJl(J!.Y M3 H ):\3 6J1113Hel\aMII OKa3!IJIHCb He60J!b-
IllHMH. TonbKo no TpeM IllKa!laM -- i\enpeCCHII, ncxacTeHlm II
COl\lIaJIbHOH IIHTpOBepCHII - Hame,!\yeMoCTb 06ycnoBJIIIBaJIa npll-
MepHo TpeTb !\>eHoTHnH'JeCKOH JUlCnepcHII. IToKa3aTenll HaCJIe,!\y-
CMOCTII no 3TI1M WKaJIaM paOHb! COOTBeTCTBeHHO 0,35,0,35 H 0,37.
HaCJle.!l:yeMocTb OCTaJIbHblX WKaJlbHblX oueHOK OKa1anaCb HHJI(e
(Ta6JI11l\a 9.2).
B TC Jl(e caMbIe rO,!\b1 H.ro'ITCCMaH IlCOOJlb30BaJI MMPI .1I.JlJl
06CJJe,lJ.OBaHII 147 lIap 6mi3Hel\OB nOl\PoCTKoBoro B03paCTa (15-
16 JleT). 1J:epe3 12 !leT 42 napbI 6J!1I3HeUOB 113 3TOH Bb!60PKH BTO-
pOH pa3 3anOnHliJIH MIIHHeCOTCKHH onpocHHK (Dworkin R.H. et
aI., 1976, 1977). ConocTaoHB i\aHHb.e, nOJ!yqeHHbIC B Jl,BYx B03pa-
CTax 110 OCHOBHblM H }l.OnOnHI1TenbHbIM UIKaJIaM MMPI, aBTopbl
3Toro JIOHrHTIOJUlOro HCCJIe,!\OBaHH npllwnH K BbIBOJl.Y, '1TO Ha- )
CJ\ei\)'eMOCTb CBOHCTB J\U'!HO, A\lIU'HOCTllpyeMbIx MMPI, YMeHb-
WaeTCJI C B03paCTOM: emn B nOI\POCTKOBOM B03paCTC 06HapY)J(H-
BaeTCH 9 WKaJI, JicnJ,ITbIBalOll.\HX 3HaqnTe!lbHoe BJIIIHHe reHOTH-
na, TO DO B3pOCJJOM B03paCTe TaKHX WKaJl OKa3blBaeTCJI Bcero 5.
ITpH nOM HeT Hn OJUIOH 6a30BOH IllKaJlbl, KOTopaH OKa3al1aCb
6bl CB3aHa C reHOTHnOM II B nOI\POCTKOBOM, I'! BO B3pOCJlOM B03-
paCTe. JIHlllb Ol\eHKfI no Jl,BYM i\OnOJIHIITe!lbHbIM WKaJIaM (Tpe- ) . 
BOHOCTH II 3aBIICIIMO) coxpaHSIIOT CBJl3b C reHornnOM OT nOI\- P
POCTKOBoro ,!\O B3pocnoro B03paCTa.
355
,j
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v

Ta6.1u1{a 9.2
lloKa3amelU' Hacnei)yeMocmu UtKanHbIX 0tleHOK MwmecomcK02o
MI/02oq,a3H02o nU'lHOCmI/020 01lpOCHUKa
(Fuller J L., Thompsol1 w.R.. 1978)'
Ta6Jlulja 9.3
BHympunapHble KOppeJlJ/l{tm M3 U /I3 DllU3Helj06 no nOKa3ameJ11O
II(lJ1U'lUJ/ I1UK06 6 npoq,umlX MwmecomCK020 MH020q,a3H020 JIU'lI/D-
cmH020 Ol1pOCHUKa
Ha3BaHllle WK311b1 nOK333TenID
HaCI1eAyeMoCT (h 2 )
lo1ncXOHAPlllft 17
,nenpeCCI1R 35
CTep"'s:I 21
nCIoIxonantR 26
MYMecrseHHOCTb->KeHCTBeHHoCTb 09
napaHoHS111bHOC!b 21
nCJ4X3creHHA 35
WIII30lllAHOCTb 27
rliinoMaHR 17
COl...Ial1bHall HTpoaepclIIA 37
nOKa3'al"em M3 )13
n:25 n:17
HamN",e mtiCOB
nOAPOCTKIII 57 -01
B3pocnbl'e 47 57
3MeHeHllle OT nOApOCTI(OBOrO
KD 83P0CJ10MY B03paCTy 49 -16
. - neHHOt:Tb Bbl60pKU - '20 fJap M3 .II 132 napbl .Q3 MMJHeLiOB.
>13 Ta6J11I1.\bl 9.3, HJMCHCHIIR CBOltCTB imqHOCTII, npoIlCXOMll\HC C
TCQCHHeM BpeMcHH, OKa3bIBalOTCR BHYTpHnapHO nOXOJKHMIl Y M3
6i1113HCI.\OB: Y HI!X K03<jJ<!JlII.\HCHT BHYTpHnapHoH KOppCJ1Rl.\>lH no
nOKa3aTCJ11O H3MeHCHHR nHKOB B npm!JI1i1J1x MMPI paDeH 0,49. Y
.II.3 5i1H3He1..\OD 113MeHeHHJ!, npoHcxoJ{Rll\He C Te'leHHeM BpeMeHH,
HC TOilbKO He nOXOJKH, HO J{aJKe Jl,0 HCKOTOPOH CTeneHH pa3HO-
H3npaMeHHbI (J(03<\J<\JHI.IHCHT KOppeJ1RI1HII paBCH -0,16).
B 60ilee n03J1,HHX 6JIH3He1..\ODbIX HCCJ1eJl,OBaHIIJlX '1aCTO 06-
HapYJKHBaeTCJ! 3HaqllMaJi pOJIb HaCJICAYCMOCTH ,!UIJI ,ncHxonaTIIH - I
npHMepHo 50% Bap>laTHBHOCTIt 3TOH xapaKTepllcTHKII .lIeTCpMH-
\
HHPYeTCR TeHOTHnOM (Gottesman 1.1., Goldsmith H.H., 1993, Rose )
R.J , 1988). ITo BceH BepOJITHOCTII, 3T1I .lIaHHble MOJKHO cqllTaTb
AOCTaTOQHO HaI..\CJKHbIMH, nocKoilbKY reHeTllqeCKlle HCC1Ie.llOBa-
HHI! aHaJlOrH'IHhlX oco6etlHoCTeii J/HqHOCTH (paJHbIX npO)/BJleHHH
arpecclIBHOCTIt) T!lKJKe CBI'!J{eTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 BKJ1a)J,e reHomna B HX
BapHaTHBHOCTb (Gottesman 1.1., Goldsmith H.H., 1993). He npo-
TlIBOpeQHT no MY BblBOAY II HCClleJ{OBaHHC npllCMHblX AeTeH, B
KOTOpOM 6b!JIa nOilY'JCHa npllMepHO TaKaJl JKe BeilHqllHa nOKa3a-
TellS! HaCile.llyeMocTIt nCHxonaTHH (Loehlin J.C , Willerman L.,
Horn J.M., 1985).
B 8()-ble rO.!U>1 nOJlBllillICb pe3YJIbTaThI conOCT8BJleHffl! npH-
eMHblX .lIeTeH C HX 6HoilorH'JccKHMI'! pOJl,CTBCHHHKaMII H pOJ{HTe-
ilRMH-YCbIIlOBIITeJlJ!MH no IlIKaJIaM MMP1. ):(eTH II HX 6Hoilorll-
qeCKllc MaTepll, OTllaBWl1e J{eTeii Ha YCbIHo811eHlle B .u.pYrHC cc-
Mbll, OKa3blBalOTCJI He nOXO)l(HMH (TO eCTb ItMelOT HH3Klte Koppe-
JIRI.\HII APyr C APyroM) no 60ilbll\IIIICTBY w](an MMPI (Hanpll-
Mep, Loehlin J.e., Willerman L., Horn J.M., 1982). CpaBHeHlte
357
AHaJ10rllqHaR KapTHHa Ha6i1IO.lIaeTCJI H npH conOCTa811C-
HMI1 npoqmilcii OCHOBHblX I() nOKa3aTeJIcii MMPI. B nO.ll]JOCTKO-
80M B03paCTe M3 6i1H3Hel.\(,1 OKa3blBalOTCR nOXO)l(HMH APyr Ha
Apyra no HanHqlllO nHKOB B npo<jJItIlRX MMPI, TO eCTh, ecJIII OI1eH-
Ka no KaI(OH-TO 1II1(aJIe (HanpHMep, ItnOXOll.llpHH I1JIH AenpeCClII1
IIIIH JII060H .lI]JyrOH) OKa3b!BaeTCJI BbICOKOH y O.llHOrO H3 M3
6JIH3HeI.\OB, TO BblCOKa BepORTHOCTb TOTO, '1TO II Y ero napTHepa
no 6JIH3He1..\080ii nape Ol.\ellKa no nOH WKaJIe OKaJKeTCJI TaKJKe
BbICOKOH. KOJ<jJ<jJHI1HeHT BHYTpltnapHOH KOppeilRI.\HII M3 OJIH3-
Hel.\OB no COBna.llCHHIO nHKOB paBCH 0,57. .II.3 6J1H3Hel.\bl, Ha060-
pOT, COBceM He nOXOJKH l\Pyr Ha l\Pyra no 3TOMY nOKa3aTeJ11O
(BHYTpllnapHoe CXOACTBo):(3 paBHo '(),01). TaKoe pa3JJH'I>le BO
BHYTpHnapHbIx KOppei1I!I.\HJ!X M3 H ):(3 611113Hel.\OB CBHAeTeilb-
\ CTByeT 0 TOM, qTO B nOI\POCTKOBOM B03paCTe 5J1H30CTb K TOMY
ItIlH IIHOMY Tllny naTOJlOrH'JeCKoro !lJIH Hec6aJlaHClipOBaHHoro
I
pa3B>lTItI! JIIt'lHOCTH B 3HaqllTellbHOH CTcnCHH CBJ!3aHa C reHOTH-
nOM (T36JIlIlta 9.3).
Bo B3pOCilOM B03paCTe 3TOT nOKa3aTeJIb (coBnaJ{eIlHe nll-
KOB B npo<jJlfill!x MMPI) YT)J3'1I1BaeT CBl!3b c reHOTHnOM. O,llHa-
KO, KaK nOKa3blBalOT pe3YJ1bTaTbI Toro JKe ItCCJle.llOBaHIIJ!, reHO-
T!ln B 3HaqHTCllbHOH CTeneHII KOHTpOJIIIPYeT 113MeHeHHS!, npoHC-
XOJ{Rll\IIC OT no.u.pocTKOBoro KO B3POCJIOMY BOJpacTY. KaK BHAHO
356

KMU</!0PUUUCKUUI1CUXOJl02u,<eCKUU Ol1pOCUUK
HCnOJII>30BaHHC KanH!jJOpHHiicKOrO nCI1XOJIorH'lCCKoro on-
pOCHHKa B reHeTli'leCKHX IICCJIe,!J;OBaHHHX Ha'laJ10Cb TaKJKe, KaK II
MMPI, B 70-bIe rO,!J;bI.
ITepBbIC.l\BC pa60Tbl, BbInOJrnCHHble H.rOTIecMaHoM II P HII-
KOJICOM Ha 3Ha'iIlTeJlbHbIX no qllCJIeHHOCTI1 BbI60pKax (817 II 147
nap 6JIH3HeQoB) OKa3aJIHCb npoTIiBOpe'lHBbIMIi no pe3YJtbTaTaM.
B 06ellx pa60Tax 6bIJtll Bbl,!J;eneHbIHa60pbI CBOHCTB (8 - B O,!J;-
Hoii pa60Te, ft 9 - B i\]JyroH), no KOTOpl>IM M3 6JIH3HeQI>! 61>1JIIi
BHYTpHnapHo 60JIee nOXO)!(HMH, 'IeM ,[13 6nH3HeQbI. ITpll 3TOM B
06ellx pa60Tax B 3TII Ha60pbl CBOHCTB BOWJIII TaKHe oc06eHHoc-
TII nft'lHOCTH, RaK "coQlla6enI>HOCTI>", "noHHMaHHe COQllanbHI>!X
HOpM", "npHHJlTI1:e ce6:sr", UqeHHOcTHbfe OpHeHTIUJ;Iflf", ('3KCTpa.
BepCHJI-IIHTpOBepCIIJI" ITpH Y'leTe nonOBbIX pa3JIH'IlIii COBna,L\e-
HnH B pe3YJIbTOT3X .l\BYX pa60T npaKTft'leCKH He 6bIJtO: TOJlbKO
O.L\HO CBOHCTBO nHqHOCTIi H TOnl>KO Y MYJK'IHH OKa3aJlOCb reHeTlI-
'1eCKI1 o6ycnOBJIeHHbIM B 06eHx pa60Tax. 3THM CBOHCTBOM OKa-
3aJ10Cb "I\OMIIHaHTHOCTb" (QftT. no Fuller 1.L., Thompson W.R.,
1978).
B 60nee n03)J;HCM IICCJle,!l,OBaHHII, BI>InOnHeHHOM .II.JK.JIo:mft-
HOM II P.HHKOJICOM Ha 800 napax 6JI1i3HeUOB, pe3YJIbTaTbI OKa3a-
JIliCb HHbIMIi. TonbKo no O.L\HOMY CBOHCTBY - no "cnoco6HoCTH K
JIlVlepCTBY" - DHYTpHnapHoe CXO,l.\'CTDO M3 6J1HJHeI10D J1HllIb He-
3Ha'iIlTCJIbHO npeBbIIl10nO CXO.n:CTBO .II.3 6nH3HeuOB. IToKa3aTenH
Hacne,u,yCMOCTl! i\]Jynlx CBOHCTB nHqHOCTH OKa3anHCI> B npe.n:eJlax
0,3--0,5. Cpe.L\HHe TIOKa3aTeJtIl cxoJl,cwa M3 1I.II.3 6J1\!3HeQOB 6b1J1\!
358
paBHI>! COOTBeTCTBeHHO 0,50 II 0,32, cpe.L\HIIH nOl(a3aTeJIb HaClIe,u,y-
eMOCTH - npHMepHo 0,4, a nOKa3aTeJ1b HeCHCTeMaTII'leCKHX cpe.n: o -
BblX BJlHJlHIIH (pa3JIHqalOmeHCH cpe,!J;b!) - npHMepHo 0,5 (Loehlin
J C , Nichols R.C., 1976).
):(nH Toro ';T06bI npoBepHTb Ha,ae)!(HOCTb nOJlY'IeHHI>!X pe-
3yJIbTaTOB, aBTopbl cnyqaHHbIM o6pa30M pa3.L\CJ1HJIII BbI60pKH
M3 H ,[13 6JII13HeQOB nononaM H nonY'IIIJIII 8 rpynn - no 2
rpynnbl M3 MYJKqIlH, M3 JKCHLUIIH, ,[13 MYJK'lIlH, ,[13 JKCHLUHH
ConOCTaBHB Bce B03MOJKHbie COqeTaHHJI M3 II ,[13 6nH3HeQoIl,
aBTopbI He 06HapYJKHJ111 npOTI1BOpeqIlH. ITpll KOJK.n:OM conOCTOB-
neHHH pe3ynbTaTbI OKa3bIBanHcb aHanonl'JHI>!MI1 TCM, KOTOpblC
61>!J1Ii nOJIY'leHbI Ha BceH BI>I6opKe - npHMepHO O,!J;HHaKOBbIe no-
Ka3aTCJIlI HocnellyeMocTH MH Bcex CBoiiCTB nHqHOCTH, npH6nll-
JKalOlQlleCH K 0,4, Ii 3HaqHTenLHoe BJlHJlHHe HeclicTCMaTlIqCCKOH
cpelll>l.
06paTHM BHHMaHHe Ha pe3ynbTaTbl 3Toro IICCJ1e,L\OBaHIiJi.
BnoCJIe,L\CTBIIII B pa60Tax, npoBOMmHXCH B rCHeTHKe nOBe,!J;eHHJI,
'JaCTO 06HapYJKlIBaCTCH aHanorll'JHblH pe3ynbTaT - O.L\HHaKOBaH
rCHeTI'!'IeCKaH o6ycnoBncHHocTb IIHI\IIBH.n:yanbHLIx pa3nllqliii B
pa3HblX CBoHcTBax nll'lHOCTII, CYLUeCTBCHHaH pOJIb B 3THX HH.L\HB-
l\Yanl>HblX pa3nHqHilX pa3J1l1qalOLUeHCH Cpe,L\bI II OCHI, CKpOMllblii
BKnall B 3TlI pa3J1HqllH o6meii Cpe,!J;bI. \
ITpll aHanH3e npo!jJlIncH, 110nY'leHHblX no WKaJlaM KaJIli-
!jJOPHI1HCKOrO nCI1XOnOrll'leCKOrO onpocHHKa, npoBe,!J;eHHoro P
.II.BOPKI1HOM C KOJ1JIeraMH Ha TOH JKe caMOH 6nl13HeUOBoH Bb160p-
Ke, KOTopaH yqaCTBOBlI.Ila B 06CJ1CI1:0B3HIIH no I11K3J13M MMPI II
6bIJIa Y)f(e onllcaHa B nOH rnaBe, 6b!JI0 TaKJKe BblHBneHO 60nb-
wce cxo,!J;cwo M3 6J1113HCUOB, no cpaBHeHIlIO C ,[13 (Dworlsin R.H.
et aI., 1976, 1977). 06LUnc KOHTYPb! npo!jJHJIeH (TO CCTL nOKa3a-
Tenb, CBHJI,CTeJJbCTBYIOlQlIH 06 opralU13aUilif JIliqHOCTHblX CBOHCTB)
H nliKH npo!jJHJIeii OKa3anHCI> 50Jlee nOXO)!(I1MII y M3 onH3HeQOB
H B 110i\]JOCTKOBOM, Ii BO B3pOCJlOM B03paCTe H3MeHeHlIe 060HX
3TIIX nOKa3aTeneH OT nOi\]JOcTKoBoro KO B3pOCJlOMY B03paCTY
TaKJKe 60nbwe noxoJl(e y M3 6J1113HeI.\OB. B QenoM, 3TII ,!J;aHHble
CBI'!,!J;CTeJlbcTBYIOT 0 3HaqilTenbHbiX reHeTft'leCKIIX BnHRHHHX K3K
H3 OpraHH3aQllIO nll'lHOCTHbIX CBOHCTB" TOK H Ha IIX B03pOCTHOC
113MeHeHile (T36n1lQa 9 4).
ITO,!J;BO,!\R IiTor 3TOMY pa3,L\eJIY, B KOTOpOM 6blJ1H OTIlIcaHbI
pe3YJIhTaTblllcnonb30B3HHR KpHTepmUlbHbIX onpOCHHKOB B rCHe-
359
pO.n:IiI>IX Ii YCblHOBJIeHHblX cH6cOB .n:aCT npOTI1BOpe'll1Bble pe3ynb-
TaTb!. TaK, no JlaHHbIM TexaccKoro I1CCJIe,!J;oBaHHH nplleMHblx ,!J;e-
Tel!, pa3nllqllH MCJK,lJ,y PO.L\HLIMI1 H HCpO.L\HbIMH cH6caMH BbIHBJIe-
HO He 6h1JI0: II Te II i\]Jyrllc npaKTllqeCKII He 6bIJ1H nOXOJKII no
II1KanaM MMPI. B MIIHHeCOTCKOM IICCJICJI,OBaHI111 npHeMHbIX ,!J;e-
Tcii 6110JIOrll'leCKlle CII6cbI OKa3aJIHCb nOXO)f(H i\]Jyr Ha APyra He-
CKOJIbKO oonbwe, 'IeM Jl,eTli, Jl(IIBymlle B OJlIlOH ceMbe, HO HC IIMC-
IOmHC o6ml1x rCHOB (Scarr S. et aI., 1981). CpC.n:HIIC KOppeJlHQIIH
no WKanaM MMPI paBHHnl'!Cb COOTBeTCTBeHHO 0,19 11 0,01, O,L\-
HaKO He60JIhlllaJi BbI60pKa 3Toro I1CCJIe.n:OBaHIiR He n03BOJIRer
paCCMaTpHBaTb 3TO pa3nllqHe MCJK,lJ,y P0.L\HbIMH II HepO.L\HblMft c'I6-
caMIi KaK O'ieBII.L\HOe CBII,L\C'renI>CTBO BJIHJlHftR rCHOrHl1a.

Ta6J11t/{a 9.4
BHymplmapHble 1<0ppellRIJuu M3 U 3 611U3He1J08 110 I1PO!j;UJIRM
c(Joiil:m811wlHocmu, (JuazHOcmUp08aJillblM K(1JIu!j;0PIIUUCI<UM ncux01l0-
ZU'U'CI<U>lonpOCI/UKOJ./ (Dworkin R.H. el al.. 1976, 1977)
2. Cl)aKTopHO-aHanMTM'IeCKMH no,qxo,q K
MccneAoaaHMIO nK'IHOCTM
nOK333renb M3 113
n=25 n:::17
00111"6 KOKT)lp", npo<l>.ne
fIoAPDcrKU 43 26
B3pocnble 46 20
B03paCTHoe M3MeHettiole 36 13
HamN148 nK09 S npoMn,..x
nOApoCTKI4 76 56
B3pOcnbl8 55 00
B03paCTH08 M3MBHeKMe 69 30
B COBpeMeltHOH nCIIXOJlOI'JIH JIII'IHOCTII KPHTepllaJlIH Me-
TO.!! pa3pa60TKI'! OnpOCHI'!KOB, OnllCaHHbIH B npe.abl.l\Yl1\eM pa3.aC-
JIe, pC.aKO IICnOJlb3yeTc KaK CaMOCTOTeJlhHbIH. KaI< npaBHJlO,
OH npHMeHCTCJI WI .aOnOJlHIITeJlhHOH BaJlIl.a1l3al.\lIlI OnpOCHII-
KOB, pa3pa60TaHHb!X pal.\HOHaJlhHhlMIi MeTOJl,aMII, TO eCTb MeTO-
AaMII, B OCHOBC KOTOphIX lIeJKaT Ma1'CMaTllqCCKlle np0l.\e.ayphI MHO-
rOMepHoro aHaJlH3a - MHorOMepHoe lllKaJlllpOBaHHe, KJIaCTep-
HbIH aHaJIH3 HJlII, '1TO 6bIBaeT qal1\e Bcero, ljJaKTopHblH aHaJIH3
IIp II onHC8HHH IICCJ1e.l!OBaHIIU IIHTeJlJ1eKTa (maBa 7) 6hIJIII
,!\aHbl OCHOBHhIe npe,!\cTaBJleHH 0 CYTI1 ljIaKTopHoro aHaJlH3a.
HAeOJlOrl1J1, KOTopa J1C)J(HT B OCHOBe npllMeHeHII ljIaKTopHoro
aHaJIH3a, npH HCCJle,!\OBaHIIH JIllqHOCTH Ta JKe CaMaJi.
Hcnonb30BaHl'lc ljIaKTopHoro aHaJIII3a KaK MeTo,!\a onpe'!\e-
JleHH OCHOBHbIX CBOHCTB JlHqHOCT\1 6a3HpYeTC Ha npeiUloJloJKe-
HHI1 06 l1epapXH'leCKOii opraHII3al.\HI'I CTpYKTypbI JlI'!'1HOCTHhIX
CBOHCTB. CXeMaTH'IeCKH ee MOJKHO npe,'{CTaBIITb CJ1e.l\YIOI1\HM 06-
pa30M. CaMhIM HII3111HM ypOBHeM BJlJlIOTCI! OT.aCJ1bHbIe oco6ell-
HOCTH nOBe.aCHIIJI '1eJlOBeKa. OHH 06pa3YIOT CHH.apOMbl, TO eCTh
HeKOTopble oc06eHHOCTH nOBe,!\CHH OKa3bIBalOTCR B3aIlMOCBR3a-
HbI .apyr C .apyrOM. B3allMOCBR3H MeJK.ay nOBe.aeH'IeCKIiMII OCO-
6CHHOCTRMIJ, BXo.aaI1\HMIJ B O,!\HH CHHAPOM, BJlJlIOTCI! CJle.aCTBII-
eM Toro, '1TO B IJX OCHOBe JleJKHT lIeKOTopoe 60Jlee 0611\ee CBOH-
CTBO JIJI'IHOCTII B3aIJMOCIJa311 MeJK,U,y 3THMII, 60Jlee 06I1\HMII, CHOti-
CrnaMIJ JlHqHOCTI1 JlBJlJlIOTCJI, B CBOIO O'lepe.ab, CJleACTBlleM I1X npll-
HapJleJKHOCTH K ell1e 60Jlee 06Ll\eMY JlII'IHOCTHOMY cBoiicrny H T .'!\.
IIOJlCHIlM 3TO Ha npllMcpe. TaKHe ocooeHHOCTH nOBeAeHHJI,
KaK 50nHb TeMHoTbl, 6eCCOIIIIHl.\a lIaKaHYlle BaJKHOro II OTBeT-
CTBeHHoro AeJla, lIaBJl3'1HBbIe MblCJIH 0 HenpmITHOCTJlX, KOTopble,
XOTJI I'! He npOIl30111JIH, HO MOrJIII npol130iiTH, B3al1MOCBI13aHbl:
JlIO.aIJ, KOTopb1e He MorYT OTBJle'lbCJI OT MblCJIeH 0 B03MOJKHblX
HeCJlyqllBllllIXCJI 6c.aax, 60ilbwe BOilHYIOTCJI, KorAa 11M npe.aCTOIlT
c.aeJlaTb '1TO-TO BaJKHOe, '1eM Te, KOMY AaJKe peailbHble HenpllJlT-
HOCTI! He nopTIIT anneTIfT H He yYlJ,lliaIOT COH. IIpl1'1I1Ha B3all-
MOCBJl3H MeJK.ay 3TIIMH oc06eHHOCTJlMil nOBe.aeHIIJI COCTOIIT B
TOM, '1TO Bce OHI1 IIBJlJlIOTCJI npOJlBileHHJlMH o.n:Horo II Toro JKe
cBoiicrna ilH'IIIOCTIl - TpeOOJKHOCTIl TpeBoJKHOCTb, B CBOIO o'le-
361
i
TII'IeCKIIX IIcClIeAOBaHI1RX, MOJKHO CKa3aTb ClIeAYlOll1ee. KplITeplI-
aJIbHbIe OnpOCHHKIf, JlBJIJlIOLl\HeCJI BaJIl.I,!\HbIM II HalJ,eJKHblM HHCT-
pYMeHToM Ol.\eHKH JIH'IHOCTHbIX CBOeCTe, AalOT Jl,OCTaTOqHO npo-
TlIBOpeQIlBble pe3YJlbTaTbI B l'eHeTII'IeCKI1X HCCileI\OBaHHllx. B Tex
cilyqaJlx, Kor.aa oOlJapYJKHOalOTCJI pa3J1l1qHJI B reHeTII'IeCKOH
06YCJlOBJleHHOCTII pa1Hblx c!loi1cT1I nJl'lHOCTlI, .TH peJYJlbTaTbl,
«aK npaBIIJlO, BCTynalOT B npoTHBOpe'llie C AaHHbIMIi Apyrllx pa-
60T, KOTopbIe TaKJKe 06HapYJKIIBalOT BJlHJlHHe reHOTllna Ha CBOH-
CTBa JlH'IIIOCTH, HO YJKe Ha .apyrlle. ITpH'IHlJbI 3THX npoTHBope-
QIlH nO'ITIl He HCCJle.aOBaJIIJCb, IJ n03TOMY OCHOBaHIIH WIll Toro,
'1T06bI OTAaTb npellnO'ITCHHe pe3YilbTaTaM TOH I'IJIH HHOjj pa60-
Tbl, HeT.
BMecre C TeM, pe3YJlbTaTbl onHcaHHblX pa60T rr03BOJ/RIDT
CAeJlaTb IJ HeKOTop!'Ie n03HTlIBHbie BbIBOAbI. TaK, pe3YJIbTaTbI HC-
CJIeAOBaHliH, B KOTOpblX IICnOJlb30BanllCb onpOCHIlKII, pa3pa6o-
TaHHbIe KpllTepllailbHblM MeTOiJ,OM, YKa3b!BaIOT Ha TO, '1TO HHAH-
IJHAyaJIbHble pa31111<jHR II CIIOHCTBax JlI'!'1HOCTIl IIcnbITbIBaIOT on-
peJl,eJIeHHOe BJn1J1Hl1e reHOTllna. 3TO BJII1J1HHe 06YCJIOBlIHBaeT
lie 60JIee 30-50% BapllaTIIBHocTH " nOKa3aTeJIJlX JlII'IHOCT-
I1bIX CBOHCTB H MOJKeT CKaJbIBaTbCJI lIa OTJI,eJlLHblX CBOHCTBax
lIH'JHOCTII, Ha HX 0606ll1eHHbIX nOKa3aTeJlJlX (TaI<IIX, KaK npOIjlH-
JlH JlH'IHO<:THbIX cBoiiCTB) II Ha B03pacTHblX 113MeHeHI1RX CBOHCTB
JlII'JHOCTH.
360

\


pe,n.b, OKaJblBaeTCJI B3aHMOCBJlJaHa C TaKIIMH CBOHCTBaMH, KaK
i\enpeCCHBHOCTb, nO,D;Bep)l(eHHOCTb 'IYBCTBY BHHbI, 3aHH)I(eHHaJi
CaMOOl(eHKa. B3allMOCBHJII Me)l(i\Y 3THMlI CBOHCTBaMH 06"HCHJI-
IOTCJI TCM, qTO B OCHOBC I1X nCJKIIT ClI1C 60nce 061I1ee cBoi1.cTBO -
HeBpOTHJM.  U. ., <i". "'...'" '" I..A.! V
BblHBJIeHHe HepapXH'IeCKHX CTpYKTYP, nOi\06HbiX TOH, KO-
TOpaJi npHBe,n.eHa B npHMepe, JlBJlHeTCJI B ljJaKTOpHO-aHaJlHTH'IeC-
KHX HCCile,n.OBaHIIHX qHCTO 3Mnllpl1'1CCKOH 3ai\a'leH. TOJIbKO Ha
nepBOM 3Tane (nplI oT60pe KOHKpeTHbIX nOBe,n.eH'IeCKI1X OC06CH-
HOCTeH) IICCile,n.OBaTeJlI1 MorYT PYKOBOi\CTBOBaTbCH HeKOTOpblMI1
TeopeTHtJeCKHMII npe.n.CTaBJIeHIIJlMIl 0 B03MOJKHbIX CHH.n.POMaX
CBOHCTB. Bce .n:aJlbHeHWl1e warH I1CCileJl,OBaHHH JI,IIKTYIOTCJI JIOrH-
KOH ljJaKTopHoro aHaJIlI3a, a HaJl,e)J(HOCTb pe3YilbTaTOB onpc.n:eJIH-
eTCH ai\eKBaTHOCTblO H pa3pewalOWCH cnoc06HOCTbIO BbI6paH-
HOH ljJaKTopHo-aHailHTl1qeCKOH npOl(c.n:ypbI.
RBHblH 3MnllpH3M ljJaKTopHo-aHailHTII'IeCKHX HCCile,/\OBa-
HHH HeO,ilHOKpaTHO Kpl1THKOBailCJI npe.n.CTaBHTeJlHMI1 i\PyrHx Ha-
npaBJleHHH HCCile,/\OBaHHH ilHqHOCTH - nCHxoaHailH3a, 6I1xeBHO-
pH3Ma, rYMaHIlCTH'IeCKOH nCHXOJlOrlUl, HMelOlI1"x 3HaqHTeilbHO
60ilce IjJYHi\aMeHTaJlbHOe TeOpeTllqeCKOe OCHalI1eHlle. YnpCKI1 B
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362
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364
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365
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flOTl1IJIi'lecKI1X H cpC.z<OBblX <jJaKTOpOB, BJlHRIOIIX Ha 3T11 :>Ke CI'OH-
CTBa B no,!\pOCTKOBOM B03pacre. KOppenHl.\IIH MC)[(1I,y P0)l,llTeJlJlMI'!
H AeTbMII nOJ<a3bIBaIOT, OJI,HHaKOBble JIll reHOTllTIlI'lCCKHe II cpe,l\O-
ODIC (j!aKTOpbl BJ!HRIOT fliII1CCnC.1I.YCMblC CBoikTIJa B pa3HblX B03pa-
CTax IInH HeT. EcnH IICCJIe,l\yeMoe CBoiiCTBO OKa3blBaeTCJI B 3Ha'lH-
TeJlbHOH Mcpe rCHeTH'ICCKH 05yCJlOBJleHHblM Ii B no,!\pOCTKOBOM,
H 1'0 B3pOCJlOM B03paCTC, a pOJl,liTeJ!H Ii .n:eTfI OKa3blBaIDTCIl no
3TOMY CBOHCTIlY HenOXO)[(IIMI'!, 3TO CBHJI,eTenbCTBYcr 0 TOM, '1TO !!
pa3HbIX B03paCTax :aapllaTIIBHOCTb CBOHCTBa 05YCJlOBneHa pa3-
HblMH reHOTHnHqCCKIiMII !!JlHHHItIlMI!. ECJ!II 31H1.'!IiMall TCHeTlt'lec-
KaH 06YCJIOBJleHHOCTb CBOHCTIla II B nOJl,pOCTKOBOM, H BO B3pOC-
nOM B03pacre COqCTaeTCH co CXOJl,CTBOM pOJl,llTeJleH II ,!\eTeH, 3TO
CBH.D;eTenbcTBycr 0 npeeMCTlleHHOCTH reHeTH'ICCKHX BJ!I!JlHHi'i, 0
TOM, qTO O)l,HH II Te :>Ke reHLI 06ycnOBJIHBaIOT H3Y'laeMoe C!!OH-
CTBO B pa3HbiX B03paCTax. IToKa3aTeJlCM npeeMCTBeHHOCTII reHe-
367

r
THqeCKHX BJIIIRHI1H RBJIJleTCR reHeTH'IeCKaR KOppeJIRQIIR, KOTOpax
nOi\CqHTbIBaeTCJI Ha OCHOBaHHH BHYTpllnapHblX KOPPeJIJlL\HH B3pOC-
JlblX 6J1H3HeQOB, BHYTpHnapHbIX KOppeJIRQHH 6JII'!3HeQOB-nOi\PO-
CTKOB II KOppeJIJlQIli1 pOi\IITeJleHIl i\eTeH.
Pa3YMeeTCR, TaKOH cnoc06 OL\eHKII reHeTlI'leCKIIX KOppeJlR-
QH" JlBJlReTCR npH5JIII3HTeJIbHbIM' H Cpei\OBbIe, II reHeTlI'leCKHe
(jJaKTopbl MorYT H3MeHJlTb CTeneHb CXOi\CTBa MeJKA)' pOi\HTeJlRMH
II i\CTbMII. Tal<:, l\eTlllI POi\IITeJll1 MorYT 6blTb nOXOJKlIl1JIII He no-
XOJKII 6JIaroi\apJl Cpei\OBbIM (jJaKTopaM, a HcaMIITIIBHoe HaCJIe-
i\OBaHne, KaK YJKe HeOI\llOKpaTHO rOBOpHJIOCb B JIO" KHHre, YMeHb-
waeT CXOi\CTBO MeJKA)' pOAI1TeJIRMIi II i\eTbMII. 3HaqllTeJIbHO 50-
JIec H3,D,CJKHbIM cnow60M OL\CHKII reHCTl1qCCKIIX KOppeJlJlQIIH 6bIJ!
5b1 aHaJII13 JIOHrJlTlOl\llblX i\aHHblX, TO CCTb i\aHHblX, nOJlY'ICHHbIX
npn npOCJIeJKHBaHnl1 Ha OI\llOH H TOH JKe Bbl50pKe IIcnblTyeMbIx
Toro, Kal( 113MeHRCTCJI KaKOC-JIII60 CBOHCTBO II ero reHOTIm-Cpc-
i\OBbIe i\eTepMHHaHTbl Ha npOTRJKeHHH MHTeJIbHOrO nCpHOi\a Bpe-
MeHH. Ho, nOCKOJlbKY B reHeTHKe nOBCi\eHI'!R nOKa HeT JlOHrll-
TIOi\HbIX HCCJ!ei\OBaHIli1 KTpaBepCHH-IIHTpOBepCHn, HeBpOTli3-
Ma II nCI1XOTII3Ma OT nOl\pOCTKOBoro KO B3pOCJIOMY B03paCTY,
i\aHHbIe r Ai13eHKa II ero KOJlJ!er 0 npeeMCTBeHHOCTH reHeTllqeC-
KIIX BJIHJlHHH BnOJIHe MOJKHO npllHRTb BO BHHMaHHC KaK HeKOTO-
pbIH OpIICHTIIPOBO'lHbIH pe3YJ!bTaT.
HTaK, nOJ!yql1o OIleHKI1 3KcrpaBepCIII1-IIHTpOBepCIIH, He-
BpOTH3Ma H nCHXOTII3Ma MJI Bcex yqaCTBOBaBlIJHX B HCCJIei\Ooa-
HilI'! Bbl6opOK II paCCMOTpeo COOTBeTCTBlie 3T11X OQeHOK pa3HbiM
reHeTH'IeCKIlM MO)J.eJ!RM, aBTopbl pa60TbI npHWJ!11 K I\BYM Bb1BO-
)J.aM. Bo-nepObIX, reHornn onpe)J.eJIJleT cYU;eCTBeHHYIO qaCTb (jJCHO-
THnllqeCKoi1 i\HcnepCIIII )TIIX CBOHCTB 11 Y no.u.pOCTKOB, H Y B3pOC-
JIbIX. BO-BTOPbIX, OT n0.l\PoCTKOBoro KO B3pOCJIOMY B03paCTY CY-
u;ecTByeT onpei\eJleHHaR npeeMCTBeHHOCTb reHeTHqeCKHX OJIIIJI-
HIIH, KOTOpa>l OKa3bIBae-rC>I BCCbMa 3Ha'lHTCJlbHOH MJI HeBpOTli3-
Ma II )J.OBOJ!bHO cYU;eCTBeHHOH - IJ.illI Jl,BYX .l\Pyrux COOHCTB (Ta6-
J1HL\a 9.5). Cy.n:JI no 3TIIM )J.aHHbIM, MOJKHO CKa3aTb, '1TO rCHOTH-
nllqeCKHe (jJaKTopbI, )J.eTepMHHllpYIOU;I1C BapliaTIIBHOCTb HeBpo-
TII3Ma BO B3pOCJIOM B03paCTe, OCTalOTCR TeMIl JKe, qTO 6bIJlII B
nO)J.pOCTKOBOM B03paCTe. qTO JKe KaCaeTCJI reHeTII'IeCKI1X (jJaKTO-
pOB, BJIH>lIOU;I1X Ha Oapl1aTI1BHOCTb 3KcrpaoepCIIII H nCIIXOTII3Ma,
/ TO OHII JI\IWb )J.O HCKOTOpOH CTeneHIl COXpaHJlIOTCR HCH3MeHHbI-
Mil OT nOiqJOCTKOBoro KO B3pOCJIOMY B03pacTY.
368
Ta6J1uu,a 9,5
. [JoKa3ameJlU /taCJleiJyeAtoCmU 3Kcmpa8epcuu-u//mpoeepcuu, He8po-
mUJMa U ncuxomU3Ma (Eaves L.J., Eysenck N.J., Marril1 N.G.,
1989)
HacneAyeMOCT" HacneAyeMoCTb reH8TM\.IeCK"e
nOKS3aTeml y npocnblx y nO.D.pocTtCO B KoppeI1f1ltlolM Me""AY
ABYMR B03paCTSMM
3KCTpaaepcIoIA 51 55 43
HeBpoTH3M 42 44 84
nCIolXOn13M 49 42 34 I
l
KaK H HCCJ1ei\OBaTeJlH, 113Y'IalOU;IIC TCMnepaMeHT, aBTopbl
3TOH pa60Tbi CTOJIKHYJIIICb C 60JIbWilMII pa3JIH'IIIJlMII BO BHYTpIl-
napHoM CXO)J.CTBe M3 11 3 6JIII3He1l0B (BHYTpllnapHble KoppeJlR-
QHH M3 OJlH3He1l0B oorrcc '1eM B 2 pa3a npeBblWaJlII BHYTpHnap-
IIbIe KOppCrrJlQIIH .II.3 6J1113HeQOB). OcooeHHo OT1JeTJ!HBbIMIl 3T1I
pa3J1l1qllJl MeJKA)' M3 11 .II.3 6rrH3HellaMII 6blJ!H B 0llCHKax BHyrpIl-
napHoro CXOi\CTBa, norryqeHHorO no 3KcTpaBepclIlI-IIHTpoBep-
CHI1 (Ta6J1HL\a 9.6).
IIpll aHaJlH3e npHql1H nOJIyqeHHblX pe3YJ!bTaToB paccMaT-
pliBaJIOCb COOTBeTCTBlie nOJIyqeHHblX i\aHHbIX (KoppeJIRQIIH MeJK-
J1,y Pa:JJIHqHbIMIi pOi\CTBeHHI1KaMH no OL\eHKaM CBOHCTB JlII'IHOC-
TII) pa3HbIM reHeTHqeCKI1M MOl\eJIJlM. B pe3YJlbTaTe aBTopbI npll-
Willi K BbIBOi\Y, qTO BapHaTIIBHoCTb 3KcTpaBepcHH-IIHTpOBCp-
CIIII JIyqWC Bcero onllCblBaeTCJI JlHOO MO)J.eJIblO, BKJ!lO'IalOu;eH B
ce6H KaK aMIITHBHYIO reHeTllqeCKYIO cocTaBJ!RIOU;YIO, TaK 11 He-
a)J,1l,llTIIBHyro (I1oMHHaHTHoCTb HIDI 3nIlCTa:J), J!H60 MOJl,eJlblO, yqH-
TbIBalOu;ci1 aMIITIIBHoe HaCJIel\OBaHIIC II KOHTpaCTHblc OTHowe-
HIIJI MeJKA)' .II.3 6J!1I3HellaMII II cII6caMil (a1JTOpbl Ha3bIBalOT 3TII
OTHOlllCHlIR conepHII'Iecrl\OM). COnCpHH'ICCTIIO, 110 IIX MHCHIlIO,
3aKJlIOqaeTCR B TOM, 1JTO Hc60JIbWIIC pa3J1l1qllJl B 3KCTpaocpCIIH,
CBH3allHblC C pa3JIHqHHMH B reHOTHnc napTHepOB .II.3 nap, YCllmi-
BalOTCJI 113-3a Cnellll(jJHqeCKIIX OTHOWCHIIH MeJK)J.y OJIII3HellaMH.
ECJlI'! Oi\HH, oJlaroi\apJl CBOHM reHeTH1JCCKIIM npCMOCbIJlKaM, OKa-
3blBaeTCJI 60Jlee ycnewcH B 06u;eHIIII, TO i\pyrOH crpCMIITCJI npe-
B30i1TII cro B KaKOH-TO J1,pyro" c(jJepe, KOTOpOH '1aCTO OKa3b1Ba-
IOTCJI 3aHRTHJI, He Tpe6YIOU;He 05U;CHIIJI: "OOU;IITCJIbHbIH pe6e-
HOK 3aBOJ1,I1T i\pY3eH II OCTaBJIReT KHllrI1 CBoeMY 60JIce IIHrpOBCP-
369
(

Ta6J1ulja 9.6
BHympuI1apHo6 cxoi)cm80 6JlU3He!jo6 no 3Kcmpaeepcuu-uumpoeep-
cuu (Eaves L.J., Eysel1ck H.J.. Marlin NG., 1989)
HLie Bapl1aTHBHOcTb HeBpoTH3Ma CBR3aHa C a,ll,lJJ1T1tBHbIM HaCJIe-
1J;0BaHl1eM, KOTopoe onpClI.enRCT npllMepHo 40% BCCH oapHaTHB-
HOCTH, II pa3J1Ii'JaIDIl\CHCR cpelloH nOKa3aTenH HaCJIellycMOCTII
nCHXOTH3Ma HaXOI\RTCJI B npellenax 40-50%, a OCTaJlbHaJi AOJUI
uapua-ruBRoCTH npltXOIJ:HTCJI Ha pa3nHqaIDIl\YIOclI cpeAY.
)XpyrHe 6JIH3HCI10BbiC HCCJIeAOBaHHlI nClIxonOrH'ICCKIIX oco-
6eHHoncH, paccMaTpHBaeMblx f Ai13eHKoM KaK OCHOBHblC CBOH-
CTBa JIHqHOCTII, KaK npaBIIJlO, orpaHwUlBalOTCJI 3KCTpaBepcHeH-
HHTpOBepcHcH H HeBpoTII3MOM H 06HapYJKHBalOT aHaJIOrH'IHble
pe3YJIbTaTbI TaK, npaKTHQeCKH BcerAa pa3J1H'IIIR BO BHYTpHnap-
HOM CXOIJ:CTBe M3 6JII13HeUOB 60JIee QeM B 2 pa3a npeBbllIIalOT
CXOIJ:CTBO 3 6m13HeI10B, npH'IeM, KaK It B onHcaHHoi1 pa60Te
f AH3eHKa C KOJIJleraMII, :nll pa3JIHQllR OKa3bIBalOTClI 60JIbillC
BblpaJKeHbI ,!\JIR nOKa3aTeJIeH 3KCTpaBepCHI1, qeM ,!\JIR nOKa3aTe-
JIeH HeBpOTlI3Ma, II 06HapYJKHBalO-rclI KaK Y JKeHIl\HH, TaK II Y MY"'-
"IIH H XeH,l!epCOH, npOaHaJIH311pOBaB 30 60JIblIIIIX IICCJIe,l!OBU-
HIIH TIIX CBOHCTB, He 06HapY)KIIJI HII OAHoro CJIyqaR, KOr,l!u no
3KCTjJaBepCHH 6WIH 6bI nOJIyqeHblllHbIe pe3YJIbTaTbl, a no nOKa3a-
TeJIRM HCBpOTH3Ma TOJIbKO B 8 H3 30 pa60T BHYTpHnapHOC CXO)'\-
CTBO M3 6JIII3HeUOB MeHbllle '1CM B lJ.Ba pa3a npeBbllllaJIO CXOll-
CTBO 3 6J1H3He110B (Henderson N D., 1982).
3Ha'ieHIIR BHYTpHnapHblx KOppeJ1RUIIH M3 11 .II.3 OIca3bIBa-
IOTCR TaKJKe 6JIII3KHMH K TeM, KOTopble 6blJIlI nOJIyqeHbI B pa6o-
Te f.Ai13eHKa, B qeM MOJKHO y6ei\HTbCJI, nocMoTpeB Ha pe3YJIbTa-
Tbl '1eTblpex 60JIblllHX 6JI113Hel100blX HCCJIe)'\oBaHHH, npooeAcH-
HblX B pa3Hbix cTpaHax (ra6JIHUa 9.7).
.II.JK. JI03JIHH 06"eAHHHn lJ:aHHble 3THX qCTblpeX pa60T (0
061l\eH CJ10)l(HOCTIl OHH OKJIlOqalOT B ce6R 23000 nap 6JI1I3HeI\OB)
\I nO!1C'!HTaJI cpeAHHe K031j!1JlltUHCHTbi BHYTPHnapHoH KOppCJIR-
111m. ITo 3KcTpaBepcHH--HHTpOBepcHH OHH OKa3aJIIICb pasHbl 0,51
.l\JIR M3 H 0,18 .l\JIR.II.3 6JI113HC1\00, a no HCOPOTII3MY - 0,48,!\JIR
M3 \I 0,20 .l\JIR .II.3 6JI1-13He110B 3TII AaHHbIe n03BOJIRIOT CACJIaTb
Te JKe BbIBOlI.bI, qTO 6hlJIH Ci\eJIaHbl 1 AH3eHKoM C KOJIJIeraMH -
o HeCKOJIhKO 60JIbWeM BJIlIRHHH rCHOTHna Ha BapHaTHBHocTb 3K-
CTpaBepC\lH, qeM HeBpoTH3Ma, 0 BepoRTHoM npHCYTCTBHH Heak
llH'tmmoH KOMUOHeHTbl B nme'tH'!CCKHX OJlI!!!HI!!!X Ha 3KcTpaBep-
CillO, 0 B03MOJKHOM BJIHJlHIIII Ha 3KCTpaBepcIIID oc05eHHoCTcH
5m13rICI10BOH cpeIlbl1i 0 HC3HaQllTenbHOM BJ1I1RHIIH 061l\ei1 cpe)'\bi
(Loehlin J , 1989).
nOKa33Ten'o >KeHLltI4HbI MY""'"H"
M3 A3 M3 113
3KcTpasepcMR (r} 46 18 65 25
Koml...eCTBO nap 233 125 70 47
TllpOBaHHOMY 6paTY" (Eaves L J et aI., 1989, p 403). TaKaJl Opl-!-
CI-!TaUII" Ha pa3HbIe BlIlI.bl aKTIIBHOCTII YCHJIIIBae't pa3JII<QIl", KO-
TOpble !!BJIJlIOTCJI CJIe,'J;CTBHCM pa3JIH'IHH B reHOTllnax napTHepOB
.II.3 nap, II npIlBO,l!HT K CTOJlb "BHOMY IIX HeCXOACTBY no 3KcTpa-
BCpCIIH--HHTposepcHH.
qTO KaCaeTCR HeBpOTll3Ma, TO, no lJ:allHblM 3Toro I1CC;lC,l!O-
BaHIIJI, Bapl1aTIIBHOCTb HCBpOTI13Ma C01l3aHa npeHMYll\eCTBCHHO C
aJJ:llHTI'!BHbIMH lj!aKTopaMH II BpR,'J; JIll I1CnblTblBaCT BJ1H"HHe He-
a.ll:ll.IITIIBHbIX.
ITpH npOBepKe nmOTeJbI 0 B03MOJKHOM BJIIIRHIlIi accopTa-
TlIBHOCTH aOTopbl npllwnll K BbIBO,l!Y, qTO OHa OKa3blBaCT BJI",,-
HHe TOJIbKO Ha nOKa3aTCJIII nCIIXOTII3Ma. HI1 3KCTpaBepCHR, HII
HCSpOTII3M He HCnbITbIBalOT BJIIIJlHH" accopTaTIIBHOCTII
H nocnCAHHII.paKT, 0 KOTOpOM Hc05xo,'J;HMO CKa3aTb, 06-
cYJK,'J;aJl 3TO HCCJIe,!\OBaHl1e. CpeAoBble lj!aKTopbI, BJIII"IOIl\IIC Ha
I1HJl,HBlIllyaJlbHbIe pa3JIi-l'lHJI no 3KcTpasepclIH, HeBpOTIIJMY H nCII-
XOTH3MY, npaKTllqeCKH nOJlHOCThlO IICqepnblBalOTc" pa3JIHqalO-
ll\eHC>I cpeAoH KOMnOHCHTbI o6 w eH CpC,l!bl B lj!eHoTllnHqeCKOH
IlHcnepcHH 3THX CBOHCTB OKa3bIBalOTCH npeHe6pcJKHMO MaJIbl. 3TO
03HaqaeT, '1TO IIH,'J;IIBlIllyaJIbHbIH on biT, OTJII1qaIOIl\HHC" OT Toro,
KOTOpblH CCTb Y .LIPyrllx qJIeHOO CCMbll (y napTHepa 6JIHJHCI10BOH
napbl, Y 6paTbeo II ceCTep, Y pO,l!IITencli), OKa3bIBaeT 3Ha'lHTeJlb-
HO 60JlbWee BJIHJlHHe Ha 1j!0pMHpOBaHI1e IIHAHBII,'J;yaJlbHbIX pa3-
JIllqllH no 3THM CBOHCTBaM, qeM 06WHH ceMCHHblH onhlT.
TaKHM 06pa30M, Ha OCHOBaHHIl HCCJIe,!\OBaHH!!, npOBC,l!CrI-
Horo f Aii3CHKOM Hero KOJIJICraMH, MOJKHO 3aKJIlOqHTb, qTO IIH-
,'J;IIOHAyaJILHble pa3JIII'IHJI no TaKOMY COoi1cTIIY, KaK 3KC'tpaoep-
CH>I, Onpe,l!elllllOTCJI npHMcpHO B paBHOH CTenCHIl pa3JII1'1alOweii-
C" cpellOH H reHOTHnOM, npHqeM cpe,'J;1I reHOTHnHqeCKHX BJIIIJI-
HIIH CYll\eCTBeHHbIMH OKa3bIBalOTCH H a,lI,DJITHBHbIC, II HCaJJ:llHTHB-
370
371

Ta6.11uI{a 9.7
BHymprmapHbJe KOppe.I!JIlJuu M3 U 3 6llU3HeIJ06 110 3Kcmpa6epcuu
U He8pOmrJ3MY, nOllyqeHHble 6 CllMblX 60llbUJUX 6llU3Hetj06blX ucelle-
0060Hlmx (Plomin R., Chipuer H.M.. Loehlin J. C.. 1990)'
Ta6JlUI{a 9,8
J1eCJle008(j/jUR 3Kcmpa6epcuu U He8pomU3Ma Ha 6b160pKax pa3llY-
euHblX 6JIU3Hetj08 (Loehlin J.e., 1992)
Bbl6opK3 3KCTpaBepCI'IA.HTpOl3epCA HnpOn'l3M
M3 finM3Ke4b1 ,[13 6nM3tte4b1 M3 6n"3He4 .Q3 I5nlol3He4b1
>KeHL4. MY"'" )l{eH, MY"'" J!(eH. MY"'" )l{eH. MY""'.
CWA 62 57 28 20 48 58 23 26
Wae4MA 54 47 21 20 54 46 25 21
ABCTpamlR 53 50 19 13 52 46 26 18
<!>IoIHJ1AHAIoIR 48 48 14 15 43 33 18 12
\1ccneAoBaHMA pa3nj'4eHHblx 15J13HeLl.OB
nOKa38Tel1b MHCKoe Wae,Q,cKoe MMHHeCOTcKoe
M3 A3 M3 A3 M3 ,[13
n=30 n=95 n=95 n=218 n=44 n=27
311'CTpaBepcIoIR 38 12 30 04 34 -07
HeepoTM3M 25 11 25 28 61 29
CYMMapHoe ICDfI.....eCTBO nap 23000
6b1ilO 6b! HenpaBHllbHO Ha OCHOBaHliH 31'UX AaHHblX OrneprSTb rll-
nOTe3Y 0 reHeTHqeC\(oii 06YCIlOBIleHHOCTII HeopoTH3MS. OJl,HaKO
31'11 AaHHble n03BOJlJlIOT Bb!CKa3aTb npe.IUlOIlOJKeHHe 0 TOM, 'ITO IIC-
CJleAOBaHIIJI Hepa:JIIyqeHHb!X, JKIIBYIl\IIX BMeCTe 6JIII3HeI\OB, nO-BII-
AHMOMY, He)\OOl1eHI'!OaIOT Cpe)\OBble BIlUJlHHJI Ha nOKaJaTeJIII He-
BpOTH3Ma, H HMeHHO 31'0 II 6bllI0 OT'IeTIlIIBO nOKa3aHO B APyroM
I1CClleAOBaHIIH - Ha qaCTII'IHO pa31lY'IeHHb1X M3 6J1HJHel\aX
(Kaprio J., Koskenvuo M ,Rose R.J., 1990).
ITo pe3YllbTaTaM, nOJIyqeHHbIM Ha IjIIIHCKOH 61l113Hel\OBOH
Bbl6opKe, 6bllIO nOKa3aHO, '1TO BHYTpHnapHOe CXOACTBO no HeBpo-
TII3MY y JKeHIl\HH II MYJKqllH II no 3KCTpaBepCliH Y JKeHIl\IIH OK33bl-
BlleTCH Y B3pOCilblX Oml3He110B TeM !deHbllle, '1eM !deHbllle OHM 06-
IIJ,aIOTCJI APyr C ApyrOM. ITOJIY'lI1B 3TH peJYJIbTaThI, HCClle.!J,OBaTeIlH
3a.!J,aJ1H ce6e Bonpoc; KaKOBbl npHqHHHo-cneACTBeHHble OTHOIneHIIJI
MeJl(Jly 3T11MII ABYMJI IJepeMeHHbIMH? qaCToTa 061l\eHHJI npHBOI\HT K
60llbweMY CXOI\Crny 111111 JKe, Ha060poT, qaCTO 06Il\aIOTCJI Te, KTO
60llbwe nOXOJK .l\Pyr Ha .l\Pyra?
,[(JIJI IJpOBepKII 3Toro aBTopbl 06cneJl,OBaJIII JKHBYIl\IIX BMeCTe
1\13 6JIlf:JHel10B (B /975 r.), a qepe3 611eT (15 1981 r.) IJOBTOpllllH 3K-
cnepllMeHT. Bo BpeMli BToporo 06cne.!J,015aHIIJI )'JICC He Bee 6JIII3Hel\bl
)!(1I])f1 BMeCTe, H HccnelloBaTClII1 pa3.n;eIlHJIH BbI60PKY Ha TpH rpyn-
nbI - Tex, KTO npOAOJlJKaeT JKIITb BMeCTe, Tex, KTO JKlIBeT Bp03b, HO
I1pll 3TOM '1aCTO BCTpeqac-rCJI, H Tex, KTO Jl<IIBCT Bp03b II BCTpC'IaeT-
CJI pellKO. ITOAC'II1TaB 15HYTpllnapHbIC Koppemll\lIlI B 3TIIX Tpex
rpynnax 6JIH3Hel\OB no nOKa3aTeJIJlM 3KCTpaBepCHH 11 HeBpOTII3Ma,
IlOJIY'IeHHblM B KaJKAOM 113 ABYX 06cneAoBaHIIH (B 1975 r. II 15 1981
r.), OHI'! npHIlIIIH K peJYJIbTaTaM, npe.!J,CTaBJIeHHbIM B Ta6JIIII.\e 9.9.
373
CeMeiiHble HCCJle.!J,oBaHIIJI, IICCJIel(OBaHHJI npHeMHblX Jl,eTei1 II
paJJI)''1CHHbIX 6J1IJ3HellOB He CTOllb MHOrO'lIlClleHHbl, KaK 6mf3Heu.o-
Bble, H He Beer.n:a IJpllBO.ll,JlT K CTOJIb JKe 01l,H03HaqHbiM peJYJIbTaTaM.
B pa6oTax, IJpOBeAeHHbIX Ha pa3JIY'leHHbIX 61I113Hel\aX, nOKa-
3aTeJIH BHYTpllnapHoro CXO.!J,CTBa II M3, II ,[(3 61l113Hel\OB no 3KCT-
paBepcHH OKa3bIBaIOTCJI HI1JKe, 'IeM B IICCJIellOBaHIIJlX Hepa3JIY'leH-
IIblX 61lH3He1\01>, HO M3 6JIH3Hel1bI BcerAa nOXOJKIIAPyr Ha JlPyra
60JIbWC, qeM .lI.3, a CaM!! nOKaJaTeJll1 BHYTp!mapHOro CXOACTBa-
He CHiIbHO MeHJlIOTCJI OT IICClleIlOBaHHJ! K IICClleAOBaHIIIO. B l\eJIOM,
3TII i1aHHble YKa3bIBaIOT Ha BJIHJlHlle reHOTIma Ha 3KcTpasepC!!IO,
npll'IeM, Y'IHTbIBaJi 6J1H3KHe K HYIllO BHYTpHIJapHble KOppeJIJll1l1H
.II.3 611I1JHeI\OB, - Ha BJIliJlHlle npeHMYIl\eCTBeHHO HeaMHTHBHoe
(Ta6JIlIl\a 9.8).
KapTHHa, nOJlyqeHHaJi npll conOCTaBJIeHI1H pa31lY'IeHHb1X
61I113HeUOB no HeBpOTll3MY, OKa3bIBaeTCJI BeebMa neCTpoH. B OIl,HOM
HCCJleAOBaH!!11 pamyqeHlIble M3 II ,[(3 61l113HCI\bl BOOOIl\e He p33JIH-
'1aIOTCJI no BHYTpllnapHOMY CXOACTBY, B .l\PyrOM - paJIIII'IHe MeJ!(-
IIY M3 11 .lI.3 MeHbwe, qeM B HCCJlellOBaHIfJlx Hepa31lyqeHHbiX 6JI113-
HeI\OB, B TpeTbeM - 60llbwe (Ta6JIIIl\a 9.8).
IIOCKOllbKY B IICClleAOBaHIIJlX pa311yqeHHbiX 6JIII3Hel10B Bce.
rlla B03HIIKaeT MHoro BonpOCOB 0 Bbl60pKC (06 oc06eHHoCTJ!X ce-
Mei'i, OTlIaBWliX lIeTeii HS BocnHTaHHe K ApyrnM JlIOAJlM, 0 B03pac-
Te pa3JIY'IeHHJI, 0 TOM, nO'IeMY, CTaB B3pOcnb1MII, He Bce p33l1yqeH-
Hble 61l113Hel1bl o0306HOBJ!JlIOT KOHTaKTbI JlPyr C .l\PyrOM H T..n;.), TO
372

Ta6J1uu,a 9.9
JI3MeHeHlIe 8HympllnapHblX KOppel/Jlljllu M3 6JlU3HeIj08 npll YMeHb-
WeHUlII<OHmaKrn08 MeJ/Coy 6JlU3Hel{lUtu
(Kaprio J Koskenvuo M, Rose R.J, 1990).
Ta6Jluu.a 9.10
KoppeJUll{lIu no 3l<Cmpa8epCtlU, nOJlyeHHb/e 8 UCCJle008aHWIX
npueMHblX oemeii (Loehlil1 J.e., 1992)
3KCTpaBepC-HHTpOBepc HellpOT3M
GTaTYc 1975 19B1 1975 19B1
.19Bl r
M3 M3 M3 M3 M3 M3 M3 M3
')I(eH. "I"K" )f(eHL4. M)1tN )f(eH "I"K" )t(eH. "I"K".
IKByr ElMeCTe 70 71 73 41 63 36 71 52
4aCTD 8CTpeaIOTCA 59 52 40 48 58 50 41 43
PeAKD 8CTpel.4aTCR 43 4D 26 27 65 52 37 24
CpaBt'l1r18aelWlble napbl IIIccneAoBaHI4A npll!eMHblX ,QeTe
pOCTaeHHI1KOB ArJ1l1l1CKOe MMHHecoTcII:oe T eXaCCKoe
MaTb III ee pe6eHoK 21 04 .03
OTe 11 era pe5eKoK 21 21 20
Man. Ir1 npl1eMHbI pe6eHoK .D2 .03 00
!)Tell M npl1eM'HbI pe5eHoK -03 05 03
CM6cbI 25 06 13
np...eMHPle ,AeTVI .11 07 .13
3TH pe3YJIbTaTbl n03BOJIHIOT OTBeTHTb Ha ABa Bonpoca.
ITepBblH Bonpoc - eCTb nH CBH3b Me)l(A)' qaCTOTOH KOHTaK-
TOB II BHYTpl1napHbIM CXOI\CTBOM 6J1H3HeUOB no 3KCTpaBepCHH H
HeBpOTH3MY? KaK COBepweHHO OTqeTJIlIBO BHI\HO no nOJIyqeH-
HblM .naHHblM, OTBeT Ha nepBblH Bonpoc MO)l(eT 6MT!> TOJIbKO YT-
Bep.nHTCJIbHbIM: qeM 50JlblIle KOHTal\TOB y 6JIH3HeOB, TeM 60JIb-
we OHH nOXOJKH
BTOpOH Bonpoc - HBJIHeTCH JIll qaCTOTa KOHTaKTOB npHqH-
HOH 50JIblIlerO cxo.nCTBa M3 6J1113HeUOB nO 3TI1M cBoiiCTBaM? OT-
BCT OKB3b!BReTCJI pa3HblM ,!VI.\! 3Kl'TpB8CpCIIH II HeBpOTII3Ma. BHYT-
pH nap Hoe CXo.nCTBO no HeBpOTll3MY .neIiCTBHTeJIbHO 3aBHCHT OT
Toro, KaK qaCTO 6JI113HeUbI 061l\alOTCH Apyr C .npyrOM. qTO )l(e
KaCaeTCJI 3KCTpaBcpCIII1, TO cllTyaUIIH HeCKOJIbKO IIHaH. DJIlt3He-
UbI, KOTopble pe.llKO 061l\alOTCH l\Pyr C l\PyroM, ell\C paHblIle, Kor-
)J.a OHH )l(I1JIH BMeCTe (B 1975 r), 6bIJII-{ Y)I(e MeHblIle nOxOJKH .l1Pyr
HB .IIpyra. TaKHM 06pa30M, qaCTOTa KOHTaKTOB HBJIHCTCH B Ka-
KOH-TO CTeneHIl ClIe)J.C'I'BHeM cxo.n:CTBa 6JIH3HeUOB no 3KCTpaBepCH!I:
qawe 06lI\aIOTCH Te 6JI1I3Hel./bl, KOTopble nOXOJKH l\Pyr Ha .l1Pyra
B IICCJIe.llOBaHHJlX npHeMHblx l\eTeH )J.aHHble no 3KcTpaBepcIIII
TOJKe He OTBepralOT BblBO.lla 0 ee reHCTHqeCKOH 06YCJIOBneHHOCTII,
XOTJI II HMelOTCH HeKOTopble npOTHBOPCqllH B qeM 3aKJIlQqalOTCH
3TI1 npOTIIBOpeqIlH, BH)J.HO H3 Ta6JIIIl(bl 9 10, B KOTOpOH npe)J.CTaJ!-
neHbI pe3YJIbTaTbI Tpex HCCJIe)J.oBaHH!i nplleMHbIx )J.CTCH.
B AHrJIHHCKOM IICCJIeAOBaHI'!H Bce napbI 6HOJIOrnqeCKHX pO.ll-
CTBeHHIIKOB (pO)J,BTeJlH II HX .ne-m, a TaK)I(e CI16Cbl) OKa3bIBalOTCH
nOXOJKH Apyr Ha l\Pyra no 3KCTpaBepcHII 60JIblIle, '1eM JIIO)J,B, JKIIBY-
374
Il\He BMecTe, HO He HMelOll\He 061l\Hx reHOB (pO)J,BTenll H npHCMHblC
I\CTH, np""MHble ./lCTII, )l(IIBYIl\He B OI\HOH ceMbe, HO He HBJIJlIOWlle-
CH POI\HblMII 6paTbHMH II CeCTpaMH) B .IlByx l\Pymx IICCJIe./lOBaHH-
HX He 06HapY)l(HBaCTCH CXO./lCTBa Me)l(.!lY MaTepJlMI1 II I1X C06CTBeH-
HblMM tl.eTbMIf, B B O)J.HOM 113 HIIX 6HOJIOnjleCKIIC cH6cbI OKa3b18a-
IDTCH CTOJTb JRe He nO)(OJKII .llPyr Ha J!,Pyra, KaK H nplleMHblC Jl,CTI1.
TaKIIM 06pa30M, rHnOTe3a 0 TOM, '1TO, '1eM 60JII>we reHeTllqeCKoe
CXOtl.CTBO, TeM 60nbllle CXO)J.CTBO no 3KCTpaBepCIIH, nOI\TBCpJK./laCT-
CH B 50JIblllHHCTBe cnyqaeB, HO HC BCer./la. EClIH JKe Ha OCHOBaHlIH
Tex .IIaHHI>IX, B KOTOpblX nO,!1TBepJK.IIaCTCJI BbIBO)J. 0 BnHHHHII reHO-
Tllna Ha 3KCTpaBepCIlIO, BbIC'IIITaTb nOKa3anmH HaCJIeA)'eMoCTI1 3K-
CTpaBepCHII, TO OHII OKaJKYTCH HHJKe, qeM no pe3YJTI>TaTaM 6iIH3He-
UCBblX IICCne.llOBaHIIH, - He 50%, a 30-40%.
AHanOfH'IHbIe .IlaHHble no HCBpOTlI3MY, nOJIyqeHHble B Tex
)l(e Tpex HCCJIe)J.OBaHIIHX nplleMHblx ./leTeH, OKa3blBaIDTCH ell\e 50-
nee npOTHBOpe'lIlBbIMIl ECJIII AaHHbIe MHHHecoTcKoro HCCJIeJl,O-
BaHIIH npHeMHblx .n:eTeli nOJIHOCTblO no.nTBCpJK./laIOT rl1noTe3Y 0
BJIIIHHIIH reHOTHna Ha BapHaTIIBHocTb HCBpOTH3Ma, TO .naHHbIe
TexaccKoro HCCJIel\OBaHIIH ee nOJIHOCTbIO onpOBepraIOT (Loehlin
J C , 1992) TIPII 3TOM nOKa33TeiIII HaCJIe./lyeMocTiI HeBpoT1I3Ma,
BblCqHTaHHble no pe3YJTbTaTaM MHHHecOtCKoro I'! AHrnlliicKoro
HCCne./lOBaHIIH, BeCbMa pa3J1H'IaIOTCH B 3aBIICI1MOCTII OT toro, Ka-
KHe napbl pO)J.cTBeHHHKoB CpaBHIiBaIOTcH, H HaXO./lHTCH B AHana-
30He 20-45%
ITOABO./lH IITorH HCCJIe.nOBaHIIJlM pOJIIi reHOTHna II cpe)J.b1 B
Tex nCHXOJlOfHqeCKHX xapaKTepHcTHKaX, KOTOpb!e r.Aii3eHK Ha-
375

3Baii 6HOIIOrH'ICCKHMI1 CBOHCTBaMI1 IIH'IHOCTH, MOJKHO CKa3aTb,
'1TO rCHOTHn, Kal( H npct/.noIJanm f.Aii3CHK, BHoenT BKJIatl. B nx
BapHaTHBHOCTb. a BIIKRHI1H rCHOTHna Ha HHlUIBIit/.yalIbHbIe PaJ-
1II1'1HR nOKa3aTCJJeH 3KCTpaBepCHH-HHT})QBepCHH MOJKHO rOBO-
pHTb C nOJIHOH YBcpeHHOCTl>IO. a BIIHRHHH reHOTHna Ha nOKa3a-
TeJIH HelJpOTH3Ma II nCHXOTII3Ma - J1l1llIb npet/.nOJ1O)/(HTCJ1bHO:
)l;aHHbIe no HeBpOTII3MY HMelOT HeMMO npOTHBOpeqHH, a no nCH-
XOTH3MY - CIIHWKOM MaJIOqHCJICHHbl.
2.2. CBoiicTBa JIH'IHOCm, BblJ\MlleMbIe B TeOpl1H '1epT
ITPII onHcaHHH oc06eHHoCTcH IIH'IHOCTI1 Hel136eJKHO BCTaeT
Bonpoc 0 TOM, HaCKOllbKO nOIlHO TOT IIJI!I IIHOH cnHCOK CBOHCTB
IIHqHOCTH, nOIlY'IeHHbIH B (jIaKTopHO-aHaJIHTHqeCKOM !lCClIe)l;OBa-
HHH, orpaJKaeT JIH'IHOCTHYIO c!jJepy qeJIOBeKa.
ECJIII npll opraHH3aL\HH HCCJIe)l;OBaHHR 6Y)l;YT oT06paHbi
TOJIbKO Te nOBe)l;CH'IeCKHe oc06eHHOCTII, KOTopble CBR3aHbl C 31010-
L\IIOHaJIbHbIMH peaKL\HRMIl '1eJ10BeKa, TO pe3YJlbTaTbI (jIaKTopHO-
ro aHa1ll13a nOMOrYT pa306paTbCR TOJIbKO B CTpYKType CBOHCTB
3MOL\HOHaJIbHOCTH H HH B '1eM 60Jlbwe. EbIJIO 6bl Heileno Ha OC-
HOBaHlI1I TaKOrO HCCllet/.OBaHI1R YTBepJK)I;aTb, qTO CBOHCTBa 1111'1-
HOCTH CBO)l;RTCR K oc06eHHOCTliM 3MOL\110HaJIbHOrO pcarHpOBa-
HHH. OqeBHJl,HO, qTO pa3HOCTopOHIITOIO II HCqepnbIBaIOIl\Yro CTpYK-
TYPY J111'1HOCTHb!X CBoitcTB MOJKHO nOIIY'IlfTb JIlIllIb B TOM CIIY'Iae,
eCJlH B HCClle)l;OBaHlie 6YJI,eT JaIIO)KeHO )l;OCTaTOqHO HH(jIopMaL\IIH,
TO eCTb BlUIIOqeHbl caMble pa3Hbie ()KenaTeJIbHO, Bce) nOBe)l;eHqeC-
KHe oco6eHHOCTI1. OnpOCHB paJHbIX JIIOl\eH 0 TOM, KaK OHH BC)I;YT
ce6R BO Bcex JKliJHCHHbIX CIITyaL\liIlX, H (jIaKTopll30BaB HJ[ OTBeTbI,
MO)KHO BbI)I;elIlITh IIC'ICpnbIBaroIl\IIH cnHCOK JllI'IHOCTHbIX CBOHCTB
PellleHHC npOCToe, HO, K COJKaJlCIIHro, a6COlIIOTHO He oCYIl\eCTBH-
Moe ECTb JlH KaK!le-TO I\PyrHe, pCaJIbHbIe, nYTII 60lIee !lIIH MCHee
L\eJIOCTHOro aHaJlHJa IIHqHOCTHOH c!jJepbI?
HCCl/e008aHue cmpYKmypbl l/UHOCmHbIX epm
B 20-30-e rO)l;bI B Ka'leCTBe OTnpaBHoii TO'lKII MJI HCClle)l;O-
BaHHR CTpYKTypbI 1III'IH0CTHbIX CIIOHCTH 6bIII0 npe,lUlOJKeHO npo-
aHaJIlI3l1pOBaTl> Te CJIOBa, KOTopbIe CYIl\eCTByroT B Jl3blKe MH onH-
caHnR eaMbrx pa3HblX oco6eHHOCTeii qellOBeKa ITcpBbrii cnHCOK
376

TaKHX CJIOB 6b!JI COCTaBIlCH B ) 926 r. HeMCL\1<HM IICCJIC)I;QBaTelleM
. II KJIHreCOM, HeCICOJ1bKO 1103JKC aHaJlOrll'lHa!l pa60n 6bI!Ja npo-
)l;eJlaHa ero COOTeqeCTBeHHHKOM !II.DaYMrapTeHoM H aMepl1KaHC-
KIIMH nCHXOJlOraMII f.OJlnOpTOM H f.O)l;6epToM. Bce OHH I1CXO-
II,HIIII H3 Toro, '1TO 60JIblllllHCTBO 3Ha'iIlMbIX xapaKTepHCTHK qe-
JlOBeKa I\OIlJKHO 6bITb TaK IIJIH lII;aqe OTpa)KeHO B HalIleM JlJbIKe.
CIlOBapb paJJlllqHblX xapaJ<Tepl1CTHK '1eIlOBeKa, C03)1;aHHbIii
f.OJlnOpTOM H r.0t/.6epTOM K Cepe)l;HHe 3D-x TO)l.OB, COCTaBIIJI
17953 CIlOBa. Y6paB 113 3Toro cnllCKa Te CJIOBa, KOTopble 0603Ha-
qaJlII (jIH3HqCCKile OC06CHIIOCTII qCJJOBeKa (TOJlCTbIH, I!bICOKIIH,
6rre)l.HbIH), npeXOJ\RIl\l'!e COCTOJlHHR (06paI\OBaHHblii, Y)I;PyqCH-
HblH), OL\eHO'lHble xapaKTepHCTHKU (XOpOWIIH, paJ)ij)aJKaroIl\KH),
aBTOpbl CJIOBapR OCTaBHJlU TOllbKO TC TepMHHbl, KOTopble OTHO-
CIIIIIICb K YCToiiqHBblM oc06eHHOCTJlM 'IeIlOBeKa, xapaKTepl13YIO-
Il\HM ero nOBeJ\eHHe B caMbIX paJHb!X JKII3HeHHblX CHT)'aL\HJlX OHH
Ii paCCMaTpHBaJUfCb f.OJInOpTOM KaK '1epTbi JlH'IIIOCTII (Allport
G.w, Odbert H.S., 1936).
COl(paIl\eHHbIii Ha 3TH X OCHOBaHIIJlX CJIOBapb OKa3aJICJI no-
qTH B qeTbipe pa3a KOpOqe, 110 nO-npe)KHeMY OCTaBaJICJI Heo6bJlT-
HbIM ,lUIH IiCCJICl\OBaTCJIbCKIIX I\cJIeii: B Hero BXOI\HJIO 4504 CIlOBa
(HIIII, nplll\epJKIIBaliCb TepMHHOJ'IOnm f.OllnopTa, 4504 qCPTbI).
):\aJlbHeHruaH pa60Ta C 3TI1M cnllCKOM CJIOB - cro al\anTal\HJI ,lUIH
3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH pa60TbI - 6b1J1a npO)l;erraHa P.K3TTeJIOM B
40-e ro)l;bl.
P.K3TTell y6pan 113 cnllCKa f.OllnopTa H f.0l\6epTa pC.llKO
ynorpe511MbIe CJlOBa H crpynnl1pOBaJl OCTaBlIIHeCR no CHHOHH-
MH'IHOCTI'! HX 3HaqeHIIH. KaJK)I;OH rpynne CHHOHHMOB OH no)l.o-
6paJI rpyrmy aHTOHIlMOBI1 nOJIyqliJIl60 rpynn 6HnOJIJlpHblX qepT.
II aHaJlOrHqHblX 6HnOJIRpHblX rpynn 6blJl0 nOllY'leHo Ha OCHOBa-
IIUH TepMI'!HOB, HCnOJJb3yeMbIx MJI onllcaHHR IIII'IHOCTH B nC!iXO-
Jlorll'lecKoii JIUTepaType. TaKHM 06pa30M, OI(OHQaTeJIbliOe '1HCJIO
611nOJlHpHbIX 'IepT OKa3aJlOCb paBHO 171. C :nHM cnHCKOM '1epT
P.K3TTeJl HaqaJl np080l\IITb 3KcnepHMeHTalIbHYro pa50TY.
IIepBbIH :nan pa60TbI COCTOJlII B )l;aJ1bHeHlIIeM COKpall\eHliU
cnHCKa QepT, KOropblH Ha OCHOBaH!!!! 3KcnepliMeHTaJ1bHblX JJ.aH-
HblX (3KcnepTHb!X OL\CHOK ) 00 qeJlOBeK no 171 6HnOJIHpHOH xa-
paKTepllcTHKC) II IIX I<JIaCTCpHoro aHaJlH3a 6blJl AOBe)l;eH )1.0 35.
Ha BTOpOM 3Tane pa3Hble 3KcnepTbi OL\eHIIBaJlU HcnblTye-
MJ.,JX 110 3THM 35 rpynnaM 'IepT. Me)!():{y 3KcncpTHbIMH oQeHKaMH
377

35 rpynn nOKa3aTeJIeH nOACqllTblBaJIIICb KOppeJII1II11; Koppen.
L\HOHHbIe MaTpHL\bl, nOJIyqeHHble Ha pa3HbIx rpynnax, ycpeAH-
JIHCb, H Ha 3aI<JIIO'IHTeJIbHOM 3Tane pa60Tbl ycpCAHeHHaJi MaTpH-
l1a KOppeJIJlI1HH 6blJla <l>aKTopH30BaHa.
B pe3YJIbTaTe 6bIJIO BbIAeJIeHO 12 <l>aKTopoB H, TaKHM 06pa-
30M, 4504 JIHqHOCTHbIX oc06eHHOCTlI, BOllle):\IlIHe B CnllCOK f.OJI-
nopTa II f.On6epTa, 6bIJ1H CBe):\eHbI K 12 60JIee 061l1HM no-
Ka3aTeJ1J1M.
COCTaB '1epT, BoweAIlIHX B Ka)!(AbIH H3 12 lj!aKTopoB, 6blJI
npOaHaJ1H3HpOBaH, 11 )J)I Ka)!():\oro <l>aKTopa 6bIJlH no):\06paHbl
BonpOCbI, OTBeTbl Ha KOTopbIe nOKa3bIBaJ1l1, B KaKoH CTeneHH Ta
IIJIH HHa '1CpTa BbIpa)l(eHa y ):\aHHoro qeJIOBeKa B pe3YJIbTaTe
6bIJI C03):\aH onpOCHHK, n03BOJIHIOIlIHH OL\eHHTb 12 cYllIecTBeH-
HbIX xapaKTepl1CTlIK JII1'1HOCTHOH clj!epbI. HO, KaK C'IHTaeT P.K3T-
TeJI, He Bce oco6eHHOCTH J1HqHOCTH BIIAHbl 3KcnepTaM H MorYT
6bITb HMH Ol\eHeHbI, n03TOMY OH A06aBHJI B OnpOCHHK TaKlle xa.
paKTepllCTHKH JIII'IHOCTH, KOTopble MO)«eT OL\eHHTb TOJIbKO caM
'1eJIOBeK.
r B L\eJlOM, nOJIyqllJIOCb 16 06 1l1 HX qepT JIllqHOCTH, a MeTO-
):\HKa, KOTopaH IICnOJIb3yeTcH )J)IH HX I1HarHocTIIKH, nOJIyqHJIa Ha-
. 3BaHHe 16-<I>aKTopHoro OnpOCHIiKa P.K3TTeJIa. Ha3BaHIIH '1epT
JIHqHOCTH, AllarHocTlipyeMblx 3THM OnpOCHI1KOM, npe):\cTaBJleHbI
B Ta6JIIII\e 9.11.
ITo MHeHl110 P.K3TTeJIa, BblAeJlCHHble 11M 16 '1CpT JJH'IHOCTH
npe):\CTBBJIHIOT C060H YCTOH'IHBble oco6eHHocTH, o6HapY)«HBae-
MbIe y Bcex JIIO):\eH, coxpaHHlOllIHeCJI HB npOTJI)!(eHI1I1 )J)IIITeJlbHO-
ro BpeMeH1I1I 06YCJlOBJIHBBIOIlIliC AO ABYX TpeTcii HHI1I1BI1AYBJIb-
HbIX PB3JIllqllH B JlH'IHOCTHOH c<jJepe. BKJIan B IlHl1I\BHAyaJIbHbIe
pa3JIllqHJI '1eTbIpeX eIl1e 60Jlee 06I11HX (BTOpH'IHbIX) cjJaKTopoB,
nOJIyqeHHbIX npH lj!aKTopll3aQHH 3T1IX 16 'IepT (Jl,Ba 113 KOTOpblX
MO)KHO HHTepnpeTl1pOBaTb KaK 3KCTpaBepCHIO-IIHTpOBepCIlIO H
BbICOKHii-HII3KHii HeBpOTII3M), OKB3bIBBeTCH HeCKOJIbKO MCHb-
llIe - ):\0 60%.
AHanOnlqHB pa60Ta no BbIACJIeHHIO cYII1eCTBeHHblx nCHXO-
JIOrH'IeCKHX oco6eHHoCTeH 6bUJa npoAenaHB P.TTenoM JI,IIJI MOTII-
BBI1HOHHOH c<jJepbI JIHqHOCTH H JI,IIJI COCTOHHIIH OJI,HaKO CTpYKTYPbJ
3TIIX OC06CHHOCTCH ml'lHOCTH He nOJJyqHJIlI Wl1pOKOrO pacnpOCT-
paHeHIIJlII HHKOrl1a He paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb B reHeTllqeCKHX HCCJIeAO-
BaHHJlX, n03TOMY OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCH Ha HliX Mb! He 6y):\eM
378
Ta6JluI(a 9.JJ
. Ha38a1iWl ljJaKmopo6, 6XOOJlU/UX 6 16-ljJaKmopHblu onpOcHuK
p K3mmeJla
0603Ha nonO)I(TeJ1bHbI" nanlOC OTpu.aTenbHbI nonlOc
"IeHMa
<I>.ICTOp. Ha3saHille OCHOBHblB "IepTbi Ha3BaHe QcHOBHble \leprbl
A Act3cpeI(TOn'MA CepAHoCTb, W30TIIIMIIIR 06oco6neH-
(l.\MIU10TIIIMHSI) Ao6p01. HOCTb, OY>K
AeHHOCTb
B BbiCOKIII YMHbI" HIII3I(M rnynbl
IIIHTenJlelIT HTeJ1neKT
C CMn8 "j=I" 3MO1010'rlaJ1bHaA Cna60CTb R" 3MOlU'lOHaJ1bHVI
ycrO"I.IIIIBOCTb HeYCTO4MBOCTb
E AOMIIIHBHTHOCTb HaCTOM""I'oBOCTb, Kmt4>opMHOCTb nOI<OpHoctb,
HanopCTOC1'b 3a8CMMCCTb
F 3HeprMYHOCT fieCneYHOCTb QrcyrCTBMe 03a6ol.leHHOCTb
-3'Hepn1M
G CHI1a cynep-3fo COBeCTnBoCTb Cna60CTb HM3Koe np"HSI-
cynep-3ro nile rpynnoBbix
HOP""
H Parmia TRra K np"KI1IOe Threet;. Po6ocn;t
HRM, CMenOCtb
I Premsla MfirKoCTb, Harria. CYPOBOC1b
He>KHOCTb
L Protenslon nO,D,03pMTeJlb- AI..i. .QoBep"'''BOCTb
HOC1b
M AyrM"'IHOCTb Me"'lTaTeI1bHOCTb npaKTM"4HOCTb np3eMJ1eHHOCTb
KHTepecoB
N npOtUI48Te.nD- XHTpOCTb, HailtBHOCTb npAMOT3
HDCTb l(osapCTPO
0 BbipaeKHoCTb TpeSO>KHOCTb, AAeKeaTHOCTb YsepeHHoCTb B
\.IYBCTea BMHbI AenpeccHBHoCTb ceoe
Q1 P3AiltKaI13M CKI1CH HOCTb II; KOHcepBanll3M CKI10HHOCTb
JKCnep",""eHntpo- OT,A3B3n
BaH1O npeAnO\fTeHMe
YCTOJ=lBUJHUCR
B3rJ1R,A3M
Q2 CaMoAOCT3TOI.I- CKJlOHHOCTb 3aBI1CI1MOCTb OT CmoHHoCTb
HOCTb nonaraTbCJ! Ha rpynnbi nonaraTb HB
ce6A APyr..
03 BbiCOKBJI B",co",, Hr.3K3J1 HM3KMtI
I1HTerpaMA C8MOKoHTponb MHTerp3t1 MR caPt'oKoHtpOl1 b
04 BbicoKoe <l>PYC1J'.pO..H- H143KOe 3prl1eC- Pacc.naonett-
3prl1eCKOe HOOTb-, HanpR- KOEt HanpR)KtHMe HOCTb
HSnpR}f(eHMe )KeHHOCTb
379

B 50ilee n03J\HHX pa50Tax KOJlHqeCTBO q.aKTOPOB, BbIJ\e-
ileHHbfX P.I<3TTeiloM, II I1X cOJ\epJKaHI1C Ha'lHHaJOT nOlUlepraTbCJI
COMHellllJO TaK, I1CnOJIb3yn TOT JKe cnHCOK CBOHCTB, K IWTOPOMY
npHweil P.K:,.fTeJl B pe3YilbTaTe KJlaCTepHoro aHailH3a, HO pac-
wllpnn rpynny 3KcnepTOB, KOTopbIe 3T11 CBOHCTBa Ol1eHI1BaIOT,
pa3HbfC HCCJleJ\OBaTeillf BblJl,eilnlOT Bcero 5 q.aKTOpOB (John O.P.,
1990). K 3TOMY JKC PC3YJIbTaTY npHIJOAIlT II cCMaHTII'IeCKHH aHa-
JUn* nepBOHa'laJlbHOTO cnllCKa 'IepT, COCTaBilCHlloro r.Oilnop'
TOM H f.0J\6epTOM (Norman W T., 1963).
COJ\epJKaHlie 3THX 5 q.aKTopoB B 3Ha'iIlTeJlbHOH CTeneHii
COBnaJ\aeT B pa50Tax pa3Hbix anTopoB, He3aBHCIIMO OT Toro, Ka-
KHe MeTOJ\bl MHorOMcpHoro aHaJIH3a II KaKlie Bapl1aHTbI q.aKTop-
Horo allaJIII3a OIlH HcnOJlb3YKlT II KaKOH HMelIlIO cnllCOK 'IepT
6epeTCJI 3a OCHOBY - HCXOJ\Hbfll (r.OJInopTa H f.0J\6epTa) IIi1U
MOJ\Hq.Hl1l1pOBaHHbIH B 50ilee n03J\HIIX pa50Tax.
ITepBblH q.aKTOp, KaK npaBIIJIO, Ha3bIBaIOT JKCmp08epcueil.
Ero nOJIOJKIITeilbHbli! nOilIOC 06pa3YIOT TaKlle xapaKTepHCTHKI1,
KaK 05Il\HTCIlbHOCTb, Ha.CTOH'lHBOCTb, YBepellHOCTb B ce5e, pa3-
rOBOp'lIlBOCTb, aKTHBHOCTb, 3HeprHqHOCTb, J\OMHllaHTHOCTb. OT"
plIl1aTeilbHblH nOJlIOC - CJ\epJKaHHOCTb, 3aCTeHqHBOCTb, CTpeM-
neHJiC 6blTb OJ\HOMY, a He C illOJ\bMH. ITo cpaBHeHHIO C 3KCTpa-
BepClIeH-IIHTpOBepCl1eH, paCCMaTpHBaeMOH r.AH3eHKOM, nep-
BblH q.aKTOp BJlJleTC 50Jlee 061l\HM, BKllIOqa.eT B ce6!l 60lIee lIlli-
POKIIH Kpyr illI'IHOCTHbIX qepT. 3KcTpaBepCI1R-HHTpOBepCIIR Ai!-
3eHKa IJXOJ\HT B 3TOT q.aKTOp KaK O,llHH 113 ero nOKa3aTeileH.
BTOpOH q.aKTOtl - aJlbmpYU3M. CKJIOHHOCmb uOmu Ha8cmpe-
'Iy J//OORM Te, KTO nOilY'laIOT BblCOKHe Ol1eHKIJ no 3TOMY JIHqHO-
CTHOMY CBOHCTBY, BOCnpIIHHMaIOTC!l KaK IIIO.lIH OT3blBqlIBble, J\PY-
JKeil106HbIe, rOTOBble nOMOqb, .n:06pble, MJlrKOcepJl,eqHble, qYB-
CTDIHeilbHble, JIerKO npOll\alOll\lIe OKpYJKalOll\HX II BbI3blDaIOIl\IIe
K ce5e J\ODeplle. HH3KHe Ol1eHKI1 - CBOHC'fBeHHbI ilIOIIJIM XOilOJ\-
IIbIM, lieJ\PY:KCJlI05HbIM, B3J\OpHbIM, 3JIbIM II He5i1aroJ\apHbIM
TpeTHH q.aKTOp - COJl<ameJlbl<OCmb. IWl<mpOJlb U.W1YJIbCU8-
I<ocmu. Ha nOJlO)l(IJTeilbHOM nOJIlOce Oli xapaKTepH3yeTCJI opra-
liH30BaHHocnIO, OTBeTCTBeIlHOCTbJO, CKilOHHOCTbIO nJlaHHpOBaTb
CBOI1 J\eHCTBHR 11 q.q.eKTIIBHOCTbIO 3TII.X J\eHCTBHH, npaKTllqHOC-
nIO H 3aBHCHMOCTbJO. Ha OTplll1aTeilbHOM nOilIOce - He06J13a-
TeilbHOCTbIO, HeaKKypaTHocTbIO, 3a6bIBtJHBOCTblO, HeYMeHIICM
opraHH30BbIBaTb CBOH ACHCTBHJI, q.pHBOilbliOCTbIO B OTHOWeHH!lX
c OKpY)l(aIOl1!HMII II He3aBIICHMOCTbIO.
qeTBepTbIH q.aKTOp - lI£8pomU3M, HeZamU8Hb12 3.MOIjUU. BbI-
COKHii HeBpOTH3M (OTpmaTeilbHblll nomoc) CBR3aH C HanpllJKelI-
HOCTbIO, TpeBO:KHOCTbIO, CKilOHHOCTbIO K nilOXOMY HaCTpoeHIIIO,
nOJ\BCp)J(eliHOCTbIO pa3J1H'IHbIM 6ecnOKOIICTBaM H CTpaxaM. ITo-
i10JKIiTeilbHbIH nOJlIoc COOTBeTCTBYeT 3M0l1nOHailbHOH cTa511i1b-
HOCTH, cnOKOHCTBIlIO II YJI,OBJleTBOpCHHOCTIl.
IlIITbl1\ ljJaKTOp - (}mKpbllnOC»lb IW60MY Ol1btmy. 60cnpuUM-
qU80Cmb, KOZHUmU8/1l1Jj CJlO:J/CHocmb. JIIOJ\Ii, xapaKTepll3YIOIl\IIeCJI
BblCOKHMI1 Ol\eHKaMn no 3TOMY q.aKTOpy, IIMeIOT WHpOlme IIHTC-
peCbl, pa3BHToe Bo06paJKenlie. OHn mo603HaTeilbHbl, apTnCTH'I-
Hbl H BocnpHHIlMalOTCR OKPYJKaIOl1!HMH KaK YMHhle, OCTpOYMHblC
1\ JlOI'H'IHble. Te, 1('1:0 "MeeT HH3Klle ou.el\KII no 3TOMY q.aKTOPY,
np0I13Bo.n:RT BneqaTJIeHlle JlJOJ\ei! npOCTOBaTbIX, cepblX Ii HeIlHTe"
peCHbIX.
KaJKJ\aR H3 JlH'IHOCTHbIX oc05eHHOCTCH, onHCblBaCMall 3TII-
Mii nHTbJO q.:lKTOpaMII, IIBJlRCTCR 50JIee 061l\eH no OTHOweHHIO K
orpOMHOMY KOilHqeCTBY qCPT, BXOIIJIW.HX B cnllCOK f.OJJnopTa II
r 0J\6epTa. HHa'le rOBopR, KaJKJI,bIH 113 3TIIX nRTH q.aKTOpOB on-
peJ\eJIReT B TOH lIill1 IIHOH CTeneHI! ItHJ\nBlIl\yaJIbHhle pa3i1lI'IIIJI
no MHorOM tJepTaM ilHqHOCTH. TaK, npn ceMaHTllqCCKOM aHailH-
3e B3allMOCBJl3eH MCJKAY pa3i1H'IHbIMH qepTaMII 6b1JIO nOKa3aHO,
HanpHMep, '1TO q.aKTOp, Ha3BaHHblH "aJlbTpYIi3M", BKJlIO'IaeT B
ce6R OKOilO TpeXCOT nepBH'IHbIX '1epT JlllqHOCTlI, a B l1eJIOM Bce 5
q.aKTopoB 05YCJIOBJlHBaIOT HHII.HBHJ\yaJIbHble pa3JIII'IIIJI, npOJlB-
JlRIOl1!HeCJI npHMepHo B BOCbMIICTax '1epTax JIHqHOCTli.
BblCOKHH ypoBeHb o5061l\eHHOCTH 3TIIX 5 q.aKTopoB (BilHJI-
Hl1e !IX Ha pa3Ho06pa3Hble MeHce o61l\IIe JIlI'IHOCTHbIe '1CpTbI) on-
pe)\eilHiI Ha3BaHliC 3T!lX q.:lKTOpOB - EOJlblUM IIHmepKa.
. CMblcn CCMaHTHlJeCKoro aHalUt3a 33KnJOl.]3CTCR B YCT3HOBJleHHH CBR3CH
Me)KJ1Y pa3HblMH nOHj(TH1IMH, CYUleCTBYlOll.111MH B JlJb!Ke. B 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbiX
nCCJlenOBaHHSlX mfQHOCTHbiX oco6el-fHoCTel1, npOBOlIJllUHKCA C :JTOH tmJl.b1O, :)K-
cnepTbl ou.eHWBafOT He nOBeJ],eH'IeCKHe oco6eHHOCTJI pa3Hb]X J1lOJJ.eH, a TO COOT-
HOweHHe, KOTopoe, no HX MHeHHto, CYUlecTByer Me)tC)];y pa3HblMH l.JepTa1J{ 3k
cnepHMCHT B 3TOM cl1YQae MO)Ker 5h1Tb nOCTpoeH no TaKon c"eMeo JKCnepT8
npOCRT OTsen1Tb, KaKHMI.f 1iepTaMH, KaK npaB1J10, 06Jl3JJ,3cT YMlihlH qenOHe"
(6b1B3er J1H 01-1 06blttHO BeCCJ1btM. .a06PbIM, pe1UHTenbHblM H "T..a:.) BJaHMOCB:R3Ji
MeiK.QY pa3HbJMII 'lJepTaMH rf CTpYKTypa J)WtHOCTHbJX LJepT npc;::e,CTaumnOT co6oi1
B JTOM cnY"Iae HMnJ1H'JTI-IYIO KOHQen:H1O JIH'iHOCTH
380
381

BaJKHO OTMeTIITb, qTO DOnblllaH nJlTepK3, BbIl\eJIeHHaJi H<,
OCHOB3HIIII Tex TCpMIIHOB, KOTOpblMH CBOficTBa JIII'IHOCTII onll-
CblB3fOTCa B aHrnlliicKOM Jl3b1Ke, He OKa3anaCb CneQII<jJII'IHOH
TonbKO ,!InJi aHrJIlliicKOro R3blKa HCCnel\OB3HIIH B j:{3HlIH,
fepMaHI!, JIrroHfHI II KilT/ie, npoBep,eHHb1e no TOK JKe cxeMe
(TO eCTb HaqHHaH C aHaJIH33 TepMIIHOB, KOTopble CYllIeCTBYfOT B
H3bIKC, H KOHqaa <jJ!iKTOpHbIM 3H3n1130M) npO,!leMOHCTpHPOB3JIII
3HanOnlQHble pe3YJlbT3Tbl' CBe,!leHl1e Bcero MHoroo6pa3HJI qepT
JlllqHOCTII K n>IT1I OCHOBHblM xapaKTcpHCTHKaM (John a P ,
1990).
TaKI'!M 06pa30M, B KaqCCTBC HaH60nee CYIl1eCTBeHHblX
CBoiicTB nnqHOCnl, o6ycnoBnllBafOIl111X HH,!IHBIIJI,yanbHble pa3nH-
'1HJI no M3KCIIManbHO llIHpOKOMY Kpyry OC06CHHOCTeH nOBe,!le-
III1H, B COBpeMeHIIOH nCIIXOJIorl1H npllHHTO lIa3bIB3Tb nJlTb xa-
paKTepHCTIIK 3TIf XapaKTepHCTIiKIf 6bIJIli nonyqeHbl B pC3ynbTa-
TC aHanlf33 BCCX TCX OC06CHHOCTCii nOBCI\CHHH, KOTopble IIMCIOT
lIa3B3Hlle B a3bIKe, II IIX nOCJIell.yfOIl1eii rpynnHpoBKH C nOMOIl1bIO
pa3nllqHbIX MeTOII.OII MHorOMepHoro 3l1anH3a.
HHJ\I\BII,!IyanbHble pa3nll'lHR B 3TIIX nRTH cBoiiCTBax 06yc-
nOBnllBaIOT 3H!iqIlTCnbHYIO q3CTb IIH,!II1BlIl\yaJlbHbIX pa3Jlllql'!H,
06HapYJKHBaeMbIX B Apyrllx, 60nee QaCTHblX CBOHCTBaX JIII'IHOC-
TH. 3TO He 3H3'1HT, '1TO 'laCTHble, KOHKpeTHblC CBoiicTB3 1111'1HO-
CTiI He HMCIOT C06CTBCHHOH cnQH<jJHKn, He BHOCHT CBoero YHII-
KaJIbHOrO BKnaA3 B nCHXOJlOrllqeCKHH nopTpeT JllltfHOCTII II '1TO
IIX Bo06Il1e He IIMeeT CMblcna p3CCM3TpHB3Tb B nCIIXOJlOnltfeCKIIX
IICCJIC,!IOBaHHHX. OJlHaKO ccnH B03HIIK3eT Heo6xoJ\l\MOCTb oxa-
paKTepH30BaTb nllqHOCTHble oco6eHHOCTH qCnOBeKa, HCnOJIb3YH
MHHHMaJIbHoe KOJIIlqeCTBO nOKa3aTCneii, TO HaHJlyqllIlIM cnoco-
50M ,WIll 3Toro IIBJIlleTCII onpe,!leJIeHHe Tex xapaKTeplfCHIK, KOTO-
pble BXO,ll.JlT B EOJIblllyIO fiSITCPKY.
lfcClleiJoeaHue pOJIU UHomuna u cpeiJbl 8 Hau60nee o6UJu:x
C80ucm8a:x !1U'iHOCmu
KaK 6bIno nOKa3aHO, npll nonhlTKe lIenOCTHoro 3HaJlll3a
nllQHOCTHOii C<jJephl II TCOpHH qepT OAHI1M H3 HTorOB pa6oTl,1 ol<a-
3anaCh 16-<jJaKTopHall c-rpYKTypa J]llqHOCTHhIX CBOHCTB P.K3TTeJl3,
BTOpblM - 5-<jJ3KTopHaJi CTpYKTypa, K KOTOpOH npl1ll1JIII pa3Hbie
IfCCJIeAOBaTeJIH. CBoiicTBa, BXOAHIl1I1C II B TY II B ApyryIO crpYKTY-
PM, HeOJ\l\OKpaTHO cr3HOBMJI!lCb 06},eKTOM IICCJle.QOB3HHH B pa6o-
3&2
I
I
TaX, npoBoJ\l\BllIlIXCJI B reHeTHKe nOBe,!leHII!!. Hx pC3YJlhTaTbl H 6y-
J.J.yT paccMoTpeHbi B 3TOM p33ACJle TeKCTa.
B 6JI1I3He!.(OBblx IICCJIe,!lOBaHIIHX qepT JlH'lHOCTlI, Bbl,!leJlelJ-
HblX P K3TTenoM, pe3YJlbTaTbi OKa3anHCb nOXOJKHMI1 Ha Te, KOTO-
pble 6WJ1H nOJ1yqCHhI npll I1CnOnb30BaHI111 KpHTepllanhHblx on-
pOCI!HKOB. Bcer,!la 06HaPYJKHBaJlOCb BJlHHHHe reHOTlln3 Ha HI!,!IJ.!-
BHAyanbllble pa3J1H'lH!! B HeKoTopblX cBoiicTBax JIH'IHOCnI, KOTO-
poe 06ycnOBJlI1BanO 30-45% <jJeHOTIllill'lCCKOH BapllaTHBHOCTII
CBOHCTB nHqHOCTI1. OJ\l\aRO cnHCKH CBOHCTB, BapllaTHBHocTb KO-
TOpblX OKa3bIBaJIaCb CBH3aHa C reHOTHnOM, He COBnaAaJ111 B pa3-
HbiX pa60Tax HanpllMep, ecnll, no ,!IaHHblM C.BaHAeH6epra H
P K3TTcna, rCHOTI1J1 cTepMHHllpYeT 31!aQJJ'l'eJlbllYJO qacTb BapH-
aTI':BHOCTII TaKOH Ba)j(Hoii xapaKTepHcTIIKIl nH'IHOCTII, KaK CllJIa
".5{" (<jJaKTop C B 16-ljJal<TOpHOM onpOCI!HKe P.K3TTen!i), TO, no
/l.aHHJ,IM APYrH)( HCCJlCAOBaTeJIeii, H.fOTICCM3Ha JJ C K3HTep, re-
HOTHn Bo06Il1e He OR33b1BaeT JIJIHJlHHJI Ha cHny ".5{" (I.\IIT. no Flliler
J L , Thompson W.R., 1978).
BMCCTe C TeM, HecMoTpH Ha npOTI1Bope'JHBOCTb nonY'leIJ-
HblX pe3YJlbTaTOB, HC!!OJf!.30BJHHe 16..qJaRTopHoro onpocHIIKa B
rCHCTII'JeCKIlX HCCJIC,!IOBaHHHX n03BOJIIlnO nOJIyqllTb BeChMa no-
ne3HYIO HH<jJopMaQIlIO CBH3aH3 3Ta I1H<jJPMaI1H!! C Tali ponbIO,
KOTOpylO IlrpaeT 6nll3HCQOBaJi clITyal.\HH B <jJOpMllpOBaHHH JIII'I-
HOCTHblX CBOHCTB.
IIOCKOJlbKY CBOHCTIla JIH'IHOCTH <jJOpMHPYfOTCJI B 3HaqHTeJIb-
HOH CTenCHII nOA BnllJlHlIeM cpeAOBblX YCJIOBHii, nOrllqHO 6bIJlO
6b1 npCAnOJIOJKI1Tb, qTO CXO,!lCTBO CBoiiCTB nH'IHOCTII Y M3 6nH3-
HCI.\OB, Cpe,!lOBble ycnOBII!! KOTOphlX JlBJIRIOTCH 60Jlee J10XOJKIIMII,
qeM YCJIOBIIJI .II.3 6m13Hel.\OB, 6YAeT 06YCJIOBJIeHO HC TonbKO reHC-
THqCCKI1MH, 110 11 Cpe,!lOBbJMJI npJl'JIIHaMH
.II.nJl npoaepKH noro npC,!InOJlOJl{CHHH 6hIJIH COnOCTaBJIel!bI
rpynnhl 6nH3HCI.\OB, pa3J!II'IaIOIl1l1eCJI no oco6eHHOCTHM BHYTplI-
napHhlX OTHOllICHHH. B OMY rpynny BownJl TC 6JJH3Hel.\OBblC nap!'l,
KOTOp!'le HMeIOT OTqeTnllBOe p33ACJleHile pOJIeH - OJ\l\I! 113 6nH3-
HeQOB HBnHeTCH JlH,!IepOM, APyroH - BeAOMblM .II.pyryIO rpynny
05pa30Banli 6J1H3HeQbl, He I1MeIOIl1I1C OT'JeTnHBoro pa31\eneHIIH
no flHP;CPCTIIY (EropOBa M C., CCMeHOB B.B., 1988).
ITpll conOCTaBJleHIIH BHYTpHnapl!Oro CXOACTB3 B rpynnax
6JIH3Hel.\OB 6bIJIO BbB!BJleIlO i\Ba THna 3aBHCHMOCTCii BHyrpnnapl!O-
ro CXOACTB3 OT paCnpeAeJleHHH pOJIeH B nape Bo-nepbblx, CXO,!l-
383

CTBO 6nll3HeQOB no O.l(llHM CBoi1cTBaM JIHqHOCTIf, HanpllMep, no
a<j!<j!eKTOTIIMIIII (<j!aKTop A), HenocpcACTBCHIJO 3aBlfCHT OT Tllna
OTHOWeIJHi1 Me)l(JI,Y 6J1lf3HCl\aMH. ITpH pa3,!\encnHIf poncH B nape
3TO CXO,!\CTBO OKa3bIBaeTCH 3Ha'!IITenbHO MeHbwe, O.D.HaKO, no-
CKOJJbKY YMCHbUICHIfC BHYJPlmapHoTo cxo)J.CTBa npolfcxo)J.IfT II Y
M3, H Y ,[(3 6nlf3HeQoB, TO nOKa3aTeJIII Hacne,!\yeMocTH alj!<j!eK-
TOTIIMIfI1 B rpynnax C pa3,!\eJJeHHeM ponCH H 6e3 pa3,!\enCHHH pO-
neH OKa3bIBaIOTCH nOXO)l(HMH.
BO-BTOpbIX, no ,!\pyrHM CBoi1cTBaM JlH'!HOCTH, HanpHMep,
no ,!lOMHHaHTHOCTII (ljJaKTop E), lfaJIIf'llle HnH OTCYTCTBHe pa3-
,!\eneHIIJI panCH He OKa3blBaeT BnllRHIIR Ha BHYTplfnaplfOe CXO,!l-
CTBO M3 6J1113HeQOB, a ,[(3 6JIH3HeQbl C pa3,!\eneHlleM poneH
OKa3blBaIOTCR MeHee nOXO)l(lfMH Jl,pyr Ha Apyra. HHa'ie rOBO-
pJl, KOHTpaCTHbIe OTHOIUCIJIIJI MC)I(,!\Y .II.3 6JIH3HCQaMli flpaBO-
)\HT K <j!OpMllpOBaHI1IO Y HI1X HeflOXO)l(lfX CBOHCT!' JIH'!HOCTH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, BHYTpl1napHble OTHOUIeHlfJl, CYll.\CCTBYIOlI.\He
B 6JIH3HeQOBOH nBpc, MorYT npl1Bo.l(llTh K YBCJIH'ICHIiID pa3JJI1-
qllH M3 II ,[(3 6mI3HcQoB II, TeM caMbIM, IICKa)l(aTb (YBeJIH'II'!-
BaTb) nOKa3aTCJIII HaCJIc,!\yeMocTIi no HeKoTopblM cBoHCTBaM
nll'lHOCTIl.
HHTepCCHbIC PC3YJ1bTBTbl 6bIJIII 1I0JIyqCHbI If npH conOCTBB-
JIeHI'II1 rpynfibI 6JIII3HeQoB, nOCTOJlHHO )l(HBYll.\HX BMCCTC, C rpYfI-
nOH 6JIH3HeQoB, AOJIrO )l(IIBYIl\HX Bp03b. Pe3YJIbTaTbi TaKoro co-
nOCTaBJICHIfR IIpC,!\cTBBJIellbl B Ta6JJlfQc 9 12.
KaK BIf,!lHO 113 TB6I1HQbI, K03<j!<j!IIQHeHTbl BHYTpHnapHOH
KOppCJIJlQlI1I y 6J11I3HCQOB, pa3JIII'IaJOIl\IIXCH no onbITY COBMCCT-
HOH )l(1I3HII, IJe COBlla,!\aIOT. O,!\HaKO OTCYTCTBIIC 06l1.\ero cpel\O-
Boro OflblTa MO)l(eT HC TOllbKO YMeHbwaTb CXO,!!CTBO flO qepTBM
IIH'!HOCTH, KaK no npOHCXO,!!HT, HanpHMep, C ClfJlOH "jJ" (<j!aK-
TOp D) IInH flpoHIIIaTcnbHocTbJO (<j!aKTop N), HO II nplfBO,!\HTb K
npJlMO npoTHBOfiOIlOJl(HOMY pe3YllbTaTY. TaKllc '1epTbl, KaK 6cc-
ne'lHOCTb-03a60'!eHHOCTh (<j!aKTop F) IfJII1 caMO,!\OCTaTOqHOCTb
(<j!aKTop Q2), OKa3bIBalOTCJI BHYTpilnapHo 60nee nOXOJl(lfMII y
Tex 6n1l3HeQoB, KOTOpbIC '!!onro )l(HBYT Bp03b.
TaKHM 06pa30M, 06l1.\HOCTh Cpc)J.oBoro onblTa MO)l(CT ,!lei!-
CTBOBaTb i\BOJIKHM 06pa30M JKIIBH BMeCTe, 611113HeQhl MorYT CTI!-
HOBIITbC>I BCC 60nce nOXOJl(liMIl Jl,pyr Ha Apyra no OJI,HIIM JIII'!HO-
CTHblM xapaKTepllCTHKaM Ii paCXO,!lHTbCH - no )J.pynIM. B Tex
CnyqaHX, KorAa 3TH TeH,!\eHQIIH B O)J.HHaKOBOH Mepe npHCYll.\H H
384
Ta6Jlua 9.12
'BHympUJ1apHble KOppeJlJlljuu 110 16 rjJal<mopaM P.K3mmella y pa3llY-
WHllblX U Hepa3JlyqeHHblX 6llU3Helj08 (Callier s., 1973)
M3 A3
iill(TOpbl Hepa3J1y-1eHHble PS3J1)'4aHHble Hepa311Yl.4eHHbte Pa3J1)'4eHHbl.e
n=23 n=15 n=28 n=16
A 38 62 25 02
B 20 16 25 .29
C 50 22 22 -03
E 13 37 15 37
F 42 79 24 50
G 30 .02 23 51
H 57 53 28 36
I 67 70 20 35
L 38 24 01 01
M 32 17 19 -15
N 34 03 41 07
0 50 27 18 -19
01 16 42 28 -09
02 32 49 -10 37
03 33 11 22 07
04 49 .11 23 -06
M3, H .II.3 611113HCQBM, Ha OQeHKax flOKa3aTenCH HaCJJeAyeMocTH
no He CKa3blBaeTCJI. B TCX Jl(e cnyqaHX, Kor,!\a 06l1.\HOCTb CpCI\O-
BOrO OnbITa no-pa3HOMY BJlHReT Ha M3 II .II.3 6nH3HeQOB, OQCH-
KII HaClJc.u.yCMOCTIf OKa)l(YTCJI IfCKaJl(CHHbIM. OHII MOryT 3aBblilian
pOllh reHOTllfla, CCII" , HanpllMep, M3 6nH3HeI\bl, )l(IIBYll\l1e BMe-
CTe, 50JII,rne nOXOJl(H APyr Ha Apyra, '!eM pa3nyqeHHbIe M3, a
pamyqeHHble H Hepa3J1Y'leHHble ,[(3 He pa3J11I'laIOTCH. Oml MorYT
II 3aHH)I(aTb pOllb reHOTHna, eCJIH, HanpHMep, HCpa3JIyqeHHb i C
M3 5111!3HeQbI MeHbWC m>XO)l(H Apyr Ha Apyra, '!eM pa311yqCHHb 1 e
M3, a pa3JIY'leHHbIe If Hepa3JIy'lcHHbIc.II.3 HC pa3J1HqaIOTCH.
Pe3YJlbTaTbl 3Toro IICCJIe,!!OBaHIIR I1MeeT CMhlCJI XopOWO 3a-
1I0MHI1Tb: OHH, BO-flepBblX, OeTnHBO nOKa3bIBaIOT, '1TO B reHe-
Tl1qeCI<:HX HCCnC,!lOBaHIIHX nl1qHOCTH He05xOAIIMO yqllTbIBaTb
oc06eHHOCTIf 6JIH3HeI\OBOH cHTyaI\III1, H, BO-BTOpbIX, npe,!lOCTe-
peralOT OT npHMHTIIBHoro TonKOBaHHJI 3<j!<j!CKTOB 6ml3HeQOBoil
CIfTyaItHH, Tllna "pa3 M3 5nli3HeQbI 60llbwe BpeMCHI1 npoBoMT
BMCCTe, 3Ha'!IIT, OHII 60llbWC noxo)l(l'! no CBOIIM oco6eHHOCTM
JlI'!'1HOCTIl" IInll "qCM AOJlbWe 6ml3HeQbI Jl(IIBYT ap03b, TeM MeHec
nOXO)l(lfMII no qCpTaM lIH'IHOCTIi OHI! CTaHOBJlTC". COBMccTHaH
385

JKII3Hb, KaK MbI TOilbKO '1TO OH.n:CillI, MOJKeT npllOOMTb 11 K yoe-
JlH'IeHHIO, H K YMeHbWCHll10 CXOJl,CTBa no iJl{qHOCTHblM qepTaM.
Oc06eHHOCTII illlqHOCTH, Bbl.lleJIeHHbre P.K3TTeJlOM, cpaB-
HIITeilbHo qaCTO paCCMaTpHBaJIliCb 0 rCHeTII'IeCKIIX HCCileJl,OoaHH-
HX 0 50-70-ble ro.n:bI. B COBpCMeHHbIX pa60Tax qall\e l\emllOTC>J
nonbITKH IIcnOilb300aTb B reHeTH'IeCKHX IICCilel\OBaHHJlX 5-cjJalC-
TOPHYIO CTpYKTYPY COOileTB ilH'IHOCTli, ObI3blBalOll\YIO 60ilbwee
I\OBepHC Y nCIIXOilorOB, qeM 16-cjJaKTopHa>J CTp)'KTypa P.K3TTeJIa.
3TH nOnblTKli MOJKHO pa31\eilHTb Ha jl,Be rpynnbI. B OJI,HOH -
IICCJIe.!IYeTC>I pOilb reHOTUfillqeCKHX II CpeJl,OBbIX cjJaKTopOB B Ba-
pllaTlloHocTH 5 OCHOOHblX COOHCTIJ illI'IHOCTI1, M>I .IlH3rHOCTHKH
KOTOpbIX 0 nCHXOilorllH C03.1laHbi Cne!{lIaJlbHbrc onpocHHKH. B
I\pyroH - aK!{eHT l\eilaeTCJI He Ha npOBe.lleHHII HOOblX HCCJIeJl,OBa-
HHH, 3 Ha peHHTepnpe-ral.(I1H C TOqKli 3pCHHH 5-.paKTopHOH CT)JYIC-
Typbl pa3Ho06pa3HblX l\aHHbIX 0 rCHOTHn-cpCJI,OBbIX .Ile-repMHH3H-
Tax Jlli'lHOCTHbIX oco6eHHOCTeH, IIMelOll\HXCJI B cerOM>lllJHeH rc-
HeTIIKe nOOCl\eHII>I qTO nOJIyqaCTCH nPH TaKOH pel1HTepnpeTa-
!{UH, H 6Yl\CT paCCMOTpCHO l\aJJee.
.II.JKOH JI03ilHH oT06paJl HaH60Jlee Hal\CJKHbIe I1CCJlel\ooa-
HIIJI pa3i1HqHbIX JlII'IHOCTHbIX CBOilcTB, npOBe,lJ;eHHble KJlaCCllqcc-
KIIM 6J1113He1100bIM loIeTO,lJ;OM, MeT0I\OM pa3J1Y'ICHHbIX 6J11i3HC!{OB,
cCMciiHbIM MeTO.n:olol H MCTOI\OM npHeMHbIX lJ,eTeH, H pa3,1J;CJIIIJI
Bce cBoiIcTBa JlII'IHOCTH, KOTopbIe paCCMaTpIlBaiH!Cb B 3THX IiC-
CJleI\OBaHII>lX, Ha nJlTb rpynn COOT1!CTCTBeHHO n>lTII c<jJepaM ilH'I-
HOCTH, onHCbIBaCMblM DOJlbWOH nJlTepKOH (Loehlin J.e., 1992).
B OAHY rpynny BOllJJlli Te JIH'IHOCTHbIe CIJOHCTB3, KOTopbre 06-
pa3YIOT TaKYIO xapaKTepHcTIIKY DOilbWOH nnepKI1, KaK "c03Ha-
TCJIbHOCTb, KOHTpOJlb HMnYJIbCffBHOCTlI" (HanpuMep, caMOKOHT-
pOJlb, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, KOHcjJOPMHOCTb, pa3HbIe nOKa33TeJlH co-
!(HaJIH3al1l1l1 H 1'.1\.). B .IlpyrylO rpynny BOllJJlII CBOHCTBa illlqHOC-
TlI, JlBilHIOll\HeCJI 60JIec '1aCTHbIMIl npO>lBJlCHHHMII "ailbTpYIl3Ma,
CKilOHHOCTII H.1I.TH HaBcrpc'IY JlIOI\IIM" (HanpIlMep, 3MnaTIIH, M>lr-
KOCTb, 'IYBCTBIITeJlbHOCTb, HII3KaH 3rpecclfBHoCTb, OTCYTcToHe
BpaJKJI,e6HoCTII H T.,ll.) HHa'ie r080pH, Bce cBoi!CTBa IiOJlbllJOH
n>JTepKli OKa3aJIIICb npe,llCTaBileHbI Ha60poM xapal<TepllCTHK, K3JK-
):\3J1 H3 KOTOpblX 6b1J1a 06'beKTOM IICCJleI\OBaHli>l 0 3aCJIYJKHOaIO-
Il\CH 1I0BepH>J reHeTllqeCKOH pa60Te (TO CCTb pa60TC, BbInOJlHCH-
HOH C nOMOll\blO B3JIII.IlHbIX MCTO,llOO ,lll1arHOCTHKII H Ha 60JIb-
WOH II KoppeKTHO cljIopMffpoBaHHOH Bbr60pKe I1CnbIT)'eMbIx).
386
J
I
.II.aJlee .II.JK Jl03i1l1H npooeJl COBMeCTHblH aHaJlll3 1J,3HHbIX,
OTHOC>lll\lIXC>I K K3JKI\OMY H3 CBOHCTB DOJlbllJOH nJlTepKI'!. IIpeJK-
lJ,e ocero OH nOnblTaJICJI Obl>lCHHTb, KaKlle reHeTll'IeCKlle MOlleJlII
MorYT 6bITb a,lleKoaTHblMH ,l\.IIJI onllcaHII>! ,!IaHHbIX, nOJlY'IeHHbIX
npH cpaBHeHHII p33HblX pOJl,CTBCHHIlKOB (nO,llp06HO 0 nocTpoc-
HHH MOl\eJlCH 6blJl0 paccKa3aHo B maBe 6). HanpHMep, .II.JK. Jlo-
3J11IH npOBepJlJl, npaBOMepHO JlH npe)UlOJIar3Tb, '1TO 3nllCTa3 He
IIrpaeT HHKaKOH pOJIH B IjIcHoTHnllqecKoiI Jl,HCnepCIIII qepT JIII'I-
HOCTli? B03MOJKHO JIH IIrHOpllpOBaTb cne!{IfIjlIlKY M3 cpeJl,bI? MOJK-
HO JlH npC,!IIlOJlOJKIITb, '11'0 YCJIOOllJl pa3BHTHJI M3 6J1113He!{OB, .II.3
6iIIi3He!{OO H CII6cOB >lOJl>JIOTC>I nOXOJKIIMIf?
B IITore OH IIpHllJeJl K BbIBO,lly, '11'0 ]I.I1H Bbl)!eJIeHIIH KOMno-
HeHT IjJCHOTIfIlIf'leCKOii MCllepCHff BCCX ni/Tii CBoiiCTB JIliqHOCTII,
onHCblBaeMblX DOJlbWOH nJlTepKOH, Jlyqrne Bcero MOryT IlOI\OHTU
If,Be Mo,o:eJlH. ITepBaJi 113 HHX OCHOBaHa H!\ Bbl,lleJIeHIIII Tpex KOM-
IlOHCHT ljJeHoTIIIlIl'IeCKOH Jl,HcIlepC",I - aAAIITlIOHOH HaCJle.n:yc-
MOCTI1 (h'), CIle!{lIcjJH'IeCIWH MOH03HrOTHOH Cpe,!lbl (cl) H Clle!{l1-
IjIH'ICClCOH Cpep;z,l .lI:3 OJlll3HC!{OB II CII6coB (c's ). Bo BTOpOH MO,!le-
JIll paCCMaTpllBalOTCJI TaKJI(e 3 KOMnOHeHTbl - aAAHTIIOHaH Ha-
CJIe,!lyeMoCTb (h'), 3IlIICTa3, TO CCTb OMH 1i3 IlOKa3aTCiIcii Hea,ll,ll.l1-
TIIBHoro HaCJle,!lOoaHII>I IlpH311aKa (i'), 11 o6I.!{aJi cpC,!Ia, KOTopaH,
no npC,llIlOIlOJKeHHIO, JlBJI>leTC>I OlJ,lIHaKOOOH y M3 6J1l13lie!{OB, .II.3
6!IH3HCU.OB H CH6coo (c's) IIoJlY'lelfHble ,l{)![. JI03iIHlfOM Pe:JYJlb-
TaTbI Ilpe)!CTaBJleHbl B Ta6J1111.le 9.13.
ITPI1 aHaJlU3e 3KCT)JaBepclIlI nOKa3aTeJIII aMI1TIIBHOro Ha-
CJle):\OBaHIII/ 11 0 OJI,HOH, II 0 ,!IpyrOH MOJl,eJIH OKa3bIBaIOTCI/ HeCKOJlb-
KO Bblrne 30%, TO eCTb Ilpl'!MepHO TpeTb IjIcHoTllnH'IecKoi! ,!IIIC-
IlCpClIlI 3KCTpaoepCHH 06YCJlOBJleH3 aMHTHBHbIM H3CJIe,llOoaHII-
eM He I1CKJIIOqeHO, '1TO pOiIb reHOTI1IlllqeCKlIX cjJaKTOpoo B ,!Ie-
TepMHHa!{Hl1 3KCT)JaBepCHII OblllJC, T.K. Jl,onOJlHHTCJlbHO K a].l,!lll-
TI'!BHOMY HaCJlel\OBaHli1O BO BTOpOH MO)J.CillI BbI)!eJlJleTCJI ell\e II
HeaMlITI1BHOe (3nIlCT33), KOTopoe 06YCiloBJllIB3eT 17% oapHa-
TlIOHOCTII 3KcTpaoepclIH. OJI,HaKO, KaK BH):\HO no nepooH MO,!leJ1l1,
1J0'lTH TOT JKC caMblH npou,eHT Bapll3TIIBHOCTlI MOJKeT 06YCJIOB-
JlI1BaTbCJI He 3IlHCTa30M, a Cne!{lIIj1H'ICCKOH MOH0311rOTHOH cpe-
,llOH. TaKIlM 06pa30M, reHOTlIn OIlpelJ,eJI>leT 3Ha'lIfMYIO ,llOJlIO oa-
Pll3THBHOCTii 3KCTpaBepClIH (01' 36%,llo 49%).
POJlb rCHOTIIIla B BapHaTI1BHOCTH nOKa3aTeJleH HeBpOTll3Ma
HeCKOJlbKO HIiJKe, II TaK JKe, KaK H B rny'lae C 3KCTpaBepcHeH, ,!I0]11O
387

Ta6J1ul4a 9.13
lloKa3ame/lu peHOmUnU'IeCKOU oucnepcuu OllR C6oucm8 EOJIbULOU
IIRmepKU (LoehlinJ.C 1992)
TOCTIt HOBO MY Onb!TY, B HallMeHbweii - anbTPYIIJMa It COJHa-
. TeJlbHOCTIt, OI!.HaJ(O pa3nll'lIlJl Me)((J\Y pa3HblMII CBOHCTBaMH B HX
reHeTllqeCKOH 06ycnOBJleHHOCTII HCBCJJHKH.
Ponb 06well cpeJ\bl OKaJb!BaeTC HeBbICOKa It onpe.n:enllTb
ec TPYAHO, nOCKOJIbKY HCnOnbJyeMble MeTOAbl He nOJBOnIOT Ha.
Ae)((HO pa3J\eJIIITb BnllHHe 06 W CH CpCllbl It JnHCTaJa. ECJIIt Bnl1-
Hlle 3nllCTaJa Jl,ellCTBItTCnbHO HMeeT MeCTO, TO 06wa cpe.Qa on-
pel\CJIeT OT 2% AO 11% BapHaTIIBHOCTIl nOKa3aTencll Donbwon
nTepKI\. EcnH )((C HeaMliTlIBHble reHeTII'IeCKHe BnllJlHHJI OTCYT-
CTBYIOT, TO o6wa cpC.Qa onpeACneT OT 10% BapHaTIIBHOCTH (PJIJI
nOKaJaTeneH OTKpbITOCTH HOBOMY Onb!TY) AO 28% BapHaTItBHOC-
Tit (PJIJI nOKa3aTeJIeH anbTPYIIJMa).
OCTaBllJaC AOn <j)eHOTl1nHqeCKOii BapllaTI1BHOCTIi onpe-
J\cneTCJI HeCI1CTeMaTH'IeCKItMIl cpeAOBblMI1 Bnlt>lHHMH - pa3-
nllqalOweHCJI CpeJl,OH, reHOTlln-cpellOBblMH BJaHMO.QCllCTB!!MII H
ollm6KaMI1 IIJMepeHHJI. ,lI,OJl 3TOll KOMnOHeHTbI B <j)eHOTllnllqec-
Koi1)J.l1cnepCHIt Bcex 6eJ IICKJIlOqeHHJI CBOHCTII EOJIbllJOH nJiTep'
KH OKaJbIBaCTC OqCHb 60nbIUoil - OT 44% 11054% IICCH BapJla-
TIIBHOCTJI.
AHaJlOrH'IHble )J.aHHble 6blJIII nOJlyqCHbl np!! IICCJIC)J.OBaHIII1
EOilbwoil IlTepKII Ha BbI60pKax pa3J1Y'ICHHbIX H HepaJilY'IeHHbiX
6J11IJHCDB (Bergeman e.s. et a1., 1989, LlHT no Plomin R. ct al.,
1990). PeJynbTaTbl noro HCCJIeIlOBaHI1 npeAcTaBileHbI B Ta6JII1-
Lle 9.14.
CpaBHI1B BHYTPMnapHoe cxo,qCTBO pa3JIyqCHHbIX M3 H ,lI,3
fiilll3HeLlOB, M01l(HO nOJIyqHTb nOKaJaTeilH Hacnc.QyeMocTII PJIJI
Tpex CBOHCTB JIIiqHOCTH - allbTpYll3Ma, COJHaTCnbHOCTII II OT-
Kpb!TOCTH OIlblTY (nocKOl/bKY paJilY'IeHlle 6nll3HeLloB HCnOJIHOC,
TO nOKa3aTCilb HacnelO'eMOCTIl BbI'IIICJIJleTC Ha OCHOBaHl1li YABO-
CHHOH pa3HOCTH Me)((I\Y nOKa3aTenMH BHYTPHnapHoro CXOACTBa
M3 11 ,lI,3 611113HCtlOS). Hac.rrCJlYCMOCTb 6YlIPC paBHa COOTBCTCTBeH-
HO 0,18, 0,30 II 0,40. TOllbKO OAIIH nOKaJaTenb Hacllcl\yeMOCTIt-
allbTpylt3Ma - OKa3bIBaCTCJI HH)((e, '1eM Ha3BaHHblH ,lI,)(( JI03)]H-
HOM ,lI,Ba .Qpyrlte - ITO'lTII' Hc OTJIIIqalOTCR no 3Ha'lCHHIO DT Tex,
KOTopble 6b1JlII nOJlY'ICHbl B pa60Tc )];)((.Jl031111I1a.
Pa6oTa, npoBCAeHHa>l Ha pa3I1Y'lcIIHbIX H lIepa3ny'lelillblx
6JIItJHCLlaX, nOKa3blBaeT TaK1KC TO, qTO CBOHCTBa DOl/bllIOn nl/-
TepKlI HeJIb3!! IIccnel\OBaTb 611113HCL\OBbIM MeTOllOM 6eJ cncLlll-
alIbHoro aHaJIlIJa 6J1113HCL\OBOH CpC.QbI: M3 6IIH3HCL\bI, 1I(IIBYIl\HC
389
4epn.. .m"HOCT KOMnOHeKTbI cPeHOTHnMeCf(OK AMcnepCKK
MOAenb 1 MOAenb 2
h' "'., "', e' h' i' "'. e'
3Hepn'....HoCTb.
3KCTpaBepcM 36 15 00 49 32 17 02 49
AnbTpy3M, CIUIOHHOCTb
nl Hai5Cfpe\.lY 1110AJlM 28 19 09 44 24 11 11 54
C03KaTenbHoCTb, KOTponb
MMnynbcL<l.8HQCTM 28 17 04 51 22 16 07 55
HeBpoTIII3M,
tieraTMSl1bfe 3MOU III 31 17 05 47 27 14 07 52
OTKpbITOCTb kOBOM!( onWT)'.
BoCnpHMM'4I.tBOCTb,
KorHlllr."etiaR cnO>K110CTb 46 05 05 44 4J 02 06 49
rCHOTllnllqCCKliX !jJaKTopOB B BapnaTlIBHOCTIi HeopOTlt3Ma 1.10)((-
HO onpCAenHTb KaK KHTepBaJI- OT 31 % 1\0 41 %: 31 %, <:CIIU H!I-
cncllycMoCTb onpeIlCIIJlCTC!! TOJIbKO a)JJi.llTIIBHOH KOMnOHeHTOH
(MO.n:eJIb 1) H 41%, eCIIH HaCJIeAyeMocTb onpcl\eneTCII HC TOJIbKO
aMIITIIBHOH KOMnoHcHToH, HO 11 3I1ltCTa30M (Mollenb 2).
IIpH rCHeTH'ICCKOM !lHaJIH3C nOKa3aTeJIeil allbTpYIIJMa H co-
3HaTCJIbHOCTH pOlIb reHOTHna OKaJbIBaeTCJI HecKOllbKO HII)((C. ECJlII
npcAnOIlO)((HTb, 'ITO Bce reHCTII'IeCKlte BJIIIJlHHII Ha 3TH CBOHCTBa
ItCqepnbIBalOTCR alI,.!UlTHBHblMIt <j)aKTopaMH, TO HaCJlC.QyeMOCTb
06CHX 3TliX nll'lHOCTHbIX oc06eHHocTeH paBHa 28% (Mollenb I).
ECJlII )((C 3TH oc06eHHOCTH JlI1qHOCTII AeTCpMIIHItPYIOTC>I HC TOJIb-
KO aJlllIITI'!BHbIMU, HO H Hca)JJi.llTI1BHblMH !jJaKTopaMH, TO rCHOTHn
OITpcllcnlleT 35% OapHaTHBHOCTH nOKaJaTeneii aJIbTpYH3Ma Ii 38%
BapHanlBHOCTH nOKaJaTeneii C03HaTCJIbHOCTII (MOllCJIb 2)
CaMYIO 60JIbWYlO POllio !lMIiTItBHOe HaCnCI\OBaHHC HrpaCT
B sapKaTIIBHocTIl nOKaJaTCIICH OTKpblTOCTH HOBOMY onbITY -
CBblllIC 40%, npll nOM ponb Hea)JJi.llTI1BHblX COCTaBJIlOwItX OKa-
JbIBaeTC HCKJllO'IIITeJIbHO MaJIa: BKlIa.Q 3"I!CTa3a B 061l\YlO BapH-
aTHBHOCTb 3TOH OC06CHHOCTIi JlI\'1HOCTII paBeH Bcero 2%.
Ta}(IIM o6pa30M, reHOTlln 06YCJIOBnllBaeT OT 28% 110 49%
BapHaTHBHocTIl CBOHC11I DOllbwoil nuepKII. B Hall60nbwcH CTe-
nCHII C rCHOTllnOM CB>l3aHbl nOKaJaTeJlH 3KcTpaBepcIIIIII OTKpbl-
388

Ta6!IUl!Q 9.14
lfCCJle008a/lUe mpex c6oiicm8 EOJlbUWU /lJjmepKl/1I£I 6bl60pKax Pa:J-
JlY'IeHHblX U Hepa:J!lY'IeHHblX 6!1U3Helj06 (Plomil1 R el ai., 1990)
!la, KOTopa onpe,I:(eJIeT npllMepHo nOJIOBIIHY HH)1I1DHJ:{yaJIbHbIX
pa3JIII'IIIi1. H HallMeHblllYIO pOJIb B IIH)1HBII,I:(YaJIbHbIX pa3JIII'lIlSiX
no 3TIIM nTH CBOHCTBaM IIrpaeT 06ll(a cpe,l\a.
M3 5nH'Heq6f 3 (inH3Heu,bl
4epTbi J14HOCTH Pa3nj"feHHble Hepa3J1eH- Pa: ur r"..eHHbl8 Hepa3neH"
Hble Hble
AnbTpY3M. CIU10H-
HOCTb ATM
H3SCTpe4Y I1KJAFlM 19 47 10 11
CO!H3renbHoCTb,
KOHTpOl1b MMnynb-
CMBHOCTM 15 41 -03 23
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Me)J(.lJ;y BHYTplmapRbIMIi KOppeJIHHJlMIi M3 H .II.3 6JI1I3HeI.\OB.
BHYTpHnapHble KOppCIIJlI.\HII M3 6JIM3Hel.\OB 60JIee qeM B )l.Ba pa3a
npeBblwalOT KOppeJIHHI1 ,D,3 6nH:JReI.\OB. .II.aHHble 6J11i3HCOlJbIX
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JIOCb 0 HeaMHTIfBHO'-! HaCJIe,llOBaHIfIf, accopTaTHBHocTIf, cneIjI'!-
!jJH'IeClwi:\ 6JIH3HeIjOBoi:\ Cpe,lle, aCClIMIIJIIjI10HHbJX H KOHipacT-
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IIMeeT CMbICJIa. E.l\IIHCTBCHIIOC, 0 'IeM CJIen:yeT CKa3an, 3TO TO
qTO OC06CHIIOCTH HeKOTopblX JIl1qHOCTHblX cBoHCTB oKa3bIBa1OT:
C 60llee 'IYBCTBIITCJIbHbIMH, qeM oco6eHHoCTH TeMnepaMeHTa, K
aCCOpTaTIIBHOCTI1 H '1TO Cnel\HIjJHqeCKa M3 CPe,lla I1I1eTC 50-
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ca B33UMO.l\eikTBIfJl reJWTlma H cpe;J;bl.
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'1J1J1 B pe3ym.TaTax pawT, I1pQ!Ie,!IeHIWX 6.Jm3JfCllOBbIM MeTO.l\OM, II
)JJ1ynll,["d MeTO,Il,aMH (ceMeiiHbIM, MeTO,II,OM npHeMHbIx,lICTCiIH MCTO-
/l;OM pa:lnyqeHHblX 6i1H3Het(OS). B 9IlH3HeOllb1X nccne,Il,(>BaHllilX 06-
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6.mt:JHeI\OBall cpe.i\IIH Hac.ne,D.OBaIlll.e.
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qa= OT fiYJIfI. OcnoBH)'IO pom. 1! "
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JIHIJ)'IO lJIu3HOJIOm'lecKyJO 633Y U 611113KII no eaDeM}' CO.l\epJl(IIHHIO K
ocooeHHOCTJlM TeMnepaMeHTa. K ax '1I1CJIy OTHOCHTCJI, Dpe1l\l!C oce-
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396

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xolj!H3110JIOrHU B03HUKJIO HOBOC HarrpaBJIeHI1C HCCJIC,!\OB8HHH 
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HOBuoe BHI!MaHlie CtTeliaJllfCTbl B 06naCTH rCHCTIIKH nOBe,!\e-
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KOTHIITIIBHOH H JIl1qHOCTHOH clj!epbl qeJIOBeKa, TOT,!\a KaK 60JIee
npOCTble nCIIXOJIOrH'IeCKHe Ii nCI1XOtPff3ffonOrff'lCCKlle xapaKTC-
pllCTHKl1 OCTaBaJl!ICb npaKTllqeCKII He I1CCne,!\OB8HHbIMII. Ha Haw
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pel\YlOllllIM 3BeHOM B L\enli "rCH - nOBeAeHHC". Me)\(AY reHaMl1
IIH,!\I1BH,!\a II ero n01lelleHI!CM HaxO.!U1TC)! L\eJIbIH pJlII ypoBHeH
opraHII3aL\Hl1: KJIeTOqHblH (1j!1I3HKO-XHMHQeCKlie npoeCCbl BHYT-
pH KneTKH), Me)\(KJleTOqHblij (tpH3HKO-XHMH'IeCKHe npOL\eCCbl Me)\(-
IIY KJIeTKaMII), ypOBeHb L\enOCTHbIX opraHOB (IIX CTpYKTypa 11
Ij!YHKL\HH) 11 ypOBCHb L\enOCTHoii HHAHBH.!I:yanbHOCTI1. .l{JIH TOrO
qT06bl nOHHTb MexaHH3Mbl 8JI1I:JHI1H reHOTHna Ha nOBelleHlle,
He06xoJ(I!MO IICCJIe,!\OBaTb reHeTHQeCKYIO H3MeH'IIiBOCTb CTPYK-
Typbl H Ij!YHKL\IIH HCPBHOii CHCTeMbI Ha BCeX ypOBHHX - OT 6110-
XI1MIIQeCKHX npocccOB BHYTPIi KJleTl<H J(O cYMMapHblx 6!103JIeK-
Tpll'leCKIIX npOL\eCCOB L\eJIoro M03ra (PHCYHOK V.l) (q,oreJlb q,.,
MOTYJIbCKII A., 1990).
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J(CJIeHHe MeCTOHaXO)\(lIeHIIH reHa II Tllna HacneJ(OBaHII:J, lIeTcp-
MI1Hl1pYlOlllero TOT I!nl1 I1HOH npl13llaK, TCM He MCHee nepBblii
Tan reHeTH'ICCKOro aHaJIII3a BccrJ(a HanpaBJIeH Ha YCTaHOBJIe-
HHC caMoro ljIaKTa HaCJIeJ(CTBeHHOH J(eTepMHHaL\HII nClIxoljIH3H-
OJIOrHqeCKI1X nOKa3BTeJIeH. BellI, CHa'laJIa He06xoJ(HMO Bbmc-
HI1Tb, IIMelOT JII! feHbl OTHOll.leHl1e K tpOpMllpOBaHIiIO I1HJ(IIBH.IIY-
anbHblX pa3J1I1ql1H B nCHxolj!113Honorl1qeCKI1X xapaKTepllcTIiKax.
Pell.lCHll1O IIMeHHO nOH np06neMbl nOCBJlllleHbl cerOJ(H:J BCC YCH-
JIIiH I1CCneJ(oBaTeJIeH B 06nacTH reHeTJ.\'IC<:KOH nCI1XoIjJH3110JIOrl!lI.
)KJ1BOTHblC qaCTO flcnonb3YJOTCK KaK MO.l!enb 10m reHCTli-
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B tpll3110noflm M03ra npHBo,/.\HT K pa3nHqHJlM B nOBe.l!eHIlIl. He-
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eM '1TO 3Ta npOCTaSi np05a OCHOBaHa Ha TOM, '1TO npl! CTpec-
ce POHCXOI\IIT aKTIIBaL\IIJI CIIMnaTH'IeCKOH lIepBHOH CHCTeMbI II
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IOlI.\lIe B lIanp1KeHIIOH CI!T)'aL\IIH, CKJlOIIHbI K peaKl.\lI1I 5ercTB,
a KpaCHelOlI.\lIe npeJl,nO'IIlTalOT aKTIIBHbIe HacTynaTenbHbIe Jl,eJl-
CTBIIJI. II06ne.ll:HeHlle 1Ke HJlII nOKpacHeHlle KOJKJI CBI!3aHO C pe-
aKL\lIeii neplltPepH'leCKI1X KpoBellocHblx COCYI\OB - IIX CYJKeHII-
eM IInll paCllll!peHlleM.
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Hepl1MCKOrO Bpaqa farreHa, KOTOpbIH npooeJl CHCTeMaTH'IeCKlle
Ha6J1IO)l.eHIIJI nYJlbCa Y MOIlO)lOR JKeHlI.\lIHbJ HIIKTO He Mor Ofipe-
)lemlTb npll'lIlHY ee 3ara)l.OqHOH 60Jle3HII. faJIeH JKe OTMeTIIJI,
"TO nYJIbC Jlal.\IIellTKII Y'Iall.\aeTCSI npH ynoMIIHaH1I1I IIMeHII 0)1-
Horo MOJIOilOrO TDIII.\Opa, a npH Ha3bIBaHIIH .!I.pyrllx IIMell no-
)l06Hb1X 113MeHeHlliI He B03HHKaeT OKa3aJlOCb, HeCqaCTllaSi 5YK-
BaJIbllO YMllpaJla OT HepB3AerreHHOH )JJ06BII - npHqllHa 60rre3-
HI1 5bIrra YCTaHOBJlCHa. Bce npHBe)leHHble npllMepbl HJlrrIOCTpll-
PYIDT 0611.\IIH npHHL\lIn nCllxOIpll3110rrOrllqeCKIIX IICCnC)lOBa-
HIIH - Jl3Y'IeHHe tPH3110JlOrll'leCKHX npOBBJIeHIIH nCIIXII'IeCKIfX
ljJeHoMeHoB.
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TOilOO I1CCJlc)lOBaHIIK nCI1X0tP"310JlOrHB CJlOJKIIJIaCb KaK caMO-
eTOJlTeJIbHaR HaYKa. Y'IeHbIe-ncHxo.p1l3110JlOrll HayqHJlIfCb 1!3Me-
pRTb lHoro HOBbIX, rOpa31\0 50nee cnOJKHbIX nOKa3BTeJleil B
eOBpeMeHHbIx nClixotPH3110JlOrH'IeCKIIX HCCJICI\OBaHHRx HCnOJIb-
3YIOT 3neKT)JoHHYIO TeXHI'!KY, penJCTpHpylOlI.\YJO 3J1eKT)JHqecKYIO
aKTHBHOCTb Mbrr.ur.t (311CKTpOMIlOrpaMMa - 3Mf'), cep.!I.Lla
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403
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t/!YHKI4U1i .Mona (no (/)ozeJl/o (/), MomYJlbCkU A , 1990)
nonb30B311ue JKIIBOTHblX B reHCTHKe nOBe.!l.eHHR .n.aeT npJlMOH
1\0cTyn K M03ry. Ha JKIIBOTHbIX nOllY'IeH pJl.!l. IIHTepeCHbIX AaH-
HblX 0 BJIHSlHIIII reHOB Ha pa3BHTlle HepBHOH CIICTeMbI H, COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO, nOBe)leHlle. 0,ll;H3KO O'ieBII)lIIO, '1TO Harrll'llle MeJK-
BII,II;OBbIX pa3nHqllR II YHIIKaJIbHblH xapaKTep '1eIlOBe'leCKOrO "103-
ra I1CKnIDqaIOT B03MOJKHOCTb npJlMOrO nepeHoca 3aKOHOMepHO-
cTei<, nOIlyqeHHblX npH H3Y'leHHII JKIIBOTIibIX, Ha qerrOOeKa. He-
CJIe):{OB3HHJI HeHpOHHblX MeX3HH3MOBIIooe,!{eHHJI )J(HBOTHhlX CO-
BepweHHO He,!!OCTaTO'lHO AJlJI nOHIIMaHIIJI CJlOJKHblX nCIIXOIlO-
rll'leCKIIX II nCHxo.p1l3110JIOrll'leCKUX tPeHOMeHOB Ha ypOBHe
'1eJ10BeKa,
ITpeJK,!{e '1eM nepeHTII K nOl\p06HOMY 113J10JKeHIlIO HaweH
TCMbI, HanOMHIIM '1I1TaTenlO, '1TO TaKoe nCHX0tPIJ3110nOrHJI JI
'1eM OHa 3aHIIMaeTC,
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)laJi HaYKa, 110 HCTOKII ee MO>KHO 06HaPYJKHTb B Ha6J1IOJI,eHHX
402

paMMa - 33f, Bbl3BaHHbie nOTeHQllanbI - BIT), MarHIITHbIe
nonJi M03ra (MarHIIT03HQe<pBJIOrpaMMa - M3r) lI,!\p B nocJle-
,!\HHe rO,!\bl pa3pa60TaHbi MCTO,!\bI KapTJlpOBaHII M03ra Ha oc-
Hoe. n03"TpOHHOH 3MIICCIIOHHOH TOMorpa<p1I1I (positron
emiSSion tomography - PET), 1jI0TOHHOH 3MHCCIIOHHOH KOMnb-
IOTCpHOH TOMorpa<p"1I (singlc photon emission computer
tomography - SPECT) 11 TOMorpaljl,IH MarHIITHoro peJoHaHCa
(magnetic resonance imaging - MRI).
KaK II BO MHomx ,!\pyrllx HaYKax, "CnOnb30BaH"e HOBblX
MeTo,!\oB B nCllxoqJll3lWIIOr"1I '1aCTO npliBo,!\IIT K nO,!\II"HHbIM
OTKpbITIIM. OqeBII,!\Ho, qTO pa3BIIT"e nCllxocjJlIJIlOnOrHIl Cllnb-
HO 3aBHCIIT OT ypOBHJI pa3BIITJlJI TeXHIlKH 11 HamlqHblX MeTO,!\OB
IIccne,!\OBaHIIJ!. I1Hor,!\a ,!\aIKe onpe,!\eJ1eIlIIJi OCIIXoIjlIlJIIOnOrll"
KaK HaYKII ,!\aIOTC Ha OCHOBe I1CnOnb3yeMbix elO MeTO,!\OB. K Opll-
Mepy, nOJIBneHIIC M"Kp03neKTpo,!\IIOH TeXH"K" OOPO.n:HJIO onpe-
,!\elIeH"C nCllxoljlli3110nOrl111 KaK HaYKH 0 HeHpoHllbIX MexaHlI3-
Max OC"XllqeCKIIX npOl{eCCOB II COCTOHI1H (COKonOB E.H., 1981).
Ho HaM Ka)J(eTCJI, HO rOpa3/1,O 60lIee npaB .II.)J(X3cceT (1981),
KOTOpblH nJlllleT: "oope,!\elITb nCJlX0<p1I3110norlilO B TepMHHax
ee MeTO,!\OB 1IJ11I 3a,!\aq - oYCToe 3allT"e. ITC"XOIjl1l31'!0JlOr I\on-
Jl(eH "CKaTb OTBeT Ha JII060H Bonpoc, KOTOpblH B03HIIKHeT B ero
YMe, C nOMO!1(blO nHJ6blX MCTO,!\OB, KaK"e TOl1bKO CMO)((C1' ope/l,-
110)(("Tb ero 11306pcTaTcnbHocTb. Ee npe/l,MeT - JTO npe/l,MeT
BceH nCHXOlIonm. IIC"XOQlIl3110nor Ha,!\eeTCJ! npllHTH K IIOBOMY
nOHIIMaHillO CTapblX Op06JIeM, paCCMaT]J"Ba qenOBeKa KaK 6"0-
J'Orl'l'leCKOe cYll\CCTBO" (X3CCCT IJ,)I(., 1<}81, cTp.17-18).
B nOCl1C/I,H"e ,!\Ba-Tpil /l,eCJ!T"neTiI Ha6JIIO,!\aJIC CTpeMH-
TeJIbHblH nporpecc B 06JIaCT" n03HaH"JI HepBHoH C"CTeMbI " ee
BblCll1ero OT,!\eJIa - r0J10BHOro M03ra. YqeHblM" pa3Hbix cne-
UllanbHocTeH 6bIlIO c,!\eJlaHO MHoro JlHTepeCHeHulilx OTKpbITIIH,
KaCalO!1(I'XC pa50TbI M03ra. On"CaHIIe 3T"X OTKPblT"i1 MO)J(eT
COCTaBilTb He O,!\HY KHJlry, O)J.HaKO B ,!\aHHOH rJIaBe Mbl 6y,!\eM
KacaTbCJ! n"lllb ljIaKToB, ilMelO!1(ilXC npMoe OTHOWCH"e K re-
HCTiI'IeCKOH nC"XOIjI"3"OJIOril".
B reHeT"'1eCKOH nCI1Xoljl1l3110JIOnll1 IIccne,!\OBaHII nOKa
HOCH IjJparMeHTapHblH xapaKTep. II03TOMY npu U31I0Jl(eHiIiI Ma-
Tep"aJIa Mbl 6y,!\eM npll.1\ep1KilBaTbC nonlKl1 pa3BIITI1J! HaYK",
nblTaCb BOCC03,!\aTb QenOCTHYIO KapTilHY nC"XoIjl1l3110JIOrll'lCC-
KilX "CCJIe/l,OBaH"H B rCHeTilKe nOBe/l,eHIIJI
404
qenoBe'leCK"H M03r - O)J.Ha 113 CnOJKHeHWilX 1KIIBbIX CTpYK-
, TYP 3TO cen 113 M"JIJlllap,!\OB HeHpOHOB, OCHOBHa pa60Ta KOTO-
pblX COCTOIIT B TOM, '1T06bl nOlIyqaTb C"rHaJIbl OT O,!\H"X Hei1po-
HOB iI nepeJl,aBaTb IIX ,!\pyr"M. KOMnneKC, KOTOpblH BKnlOqaeT B
ce6J1 M03r II HepBHbIe Kl1CTKJI BHe M03ra, Ha3blBa1OT HepBilOH C"-
CTeMoii B HepBHOii CilCTeMe 'JeJlOBeKa BblAen1OT U. e Hrp20JIbI\Yro
HepBHYIO CIICTeMY " nepllljlepl1qeCKYIO HepBHYIO CilCTeMY. eHT-
panbHaJ! HepBHaJi CllcTeMa (U,HC) BKnlO'Iae-r Te '1aCT" HepBHOH
CUCTeMbl, KOTopbIe lIe1KaT BHYTp" 'Iepena II 003BOHO'IIlOrO CTOJl-
5a 3neMeHTbI HepBHOH CIICTeMbl BHe '1epena " n03BOIIO'lHOrO
CT0116a 06pa3yroT OepH<pepil'leCKyro HepBHyro C"CTeMY. B nepllljJe-
pllqeCJ{OH HepBHOH C"CTeMe Bbl.!\eJlIOT TaK)((e COMaT"'1eCKYIO II
BereTBTIIBHYIO ("Hor'!\a ee Ha3blBalOT aBTOHOMHOii) HepBHble CHC-
TeMbl. COMaTlIqeCKaJl HepBHa CHCTeMa ynpaBnJleT npOil3BonbHoii
MYCKynaTypoii, a BereTaTIIBHaJi mmepBHpyeT HenpOil3BOJIbHYJO
MYCKyJIBTYPY Heo6xOAHMO OTlJ,aBa.Tb ce5e OTqeT B TOM, '1TO 3TI1
no,!\pa3,!\eneHHJI ,!\OCTaTO'lHO yenoBHbl, nOCKonbKY HepBHa CHCTe-
MB BCer/l,a pa60Taer KaK e/l,HHOe uenoe, o6ecne'lllBaJi I1eJlOCTHb le
peaKUrI" opraHII3Ma
CYll\eCTBYeT MH01KeCTBO cnoco60B .lU1 il3yqeHH oc06eHHO-
cTeH QlYHKI1I10HllpOBaH" HepBHOH cHcreMbI: OT npoCToro np o ll1Y-
I1blBaHilJI nynbca ,!\o I1CnOJlb30BaHIIJI CnO)l(HblX 3neKTpOHHblX YCT-
pOHCTB, perl1cTpHpYIOll\"X "3MeHeJUle 3JIeKTpHqerK"X nOTCHl{Ha-
110B, MarHIITHblX noneH. TeJIecHo qenOBCK npe,!\cTaBJIeT C060H
311CKT]JoxIIM"qecKYIO cllcTeMY, n03TOMY, Hcnonb3Y /l,aTq"KII rI
YCllnHTCn" TOKa, M01KHO Ha6mo,!\aTb 3JIeKTpll'lCCKlle JlBneHII B
OpraH H3Me . 3neKTpO/l,bl, pacnon01KeHHbIC Ha pa3Hblx Y'laCTKax
KO)l(I1, nOKa3bIBalOT pB3HOCTb nOTeHQllaJIOB MeJKII.)' HIIM", QI"KCII-
PY ,!\eHCTBIIC 3J1CKTpoxIIMiI'IeCKHX npoueccoB B opraHlI3Me. ECIIH
HanOIK"Th ABa 3JIeKTjJo,!\a Ha qepen, TO MO)((HO 3aperllCTpilpOBaTb
J1eI<TpllqeCKYIO aKTI1BHOCTb M03ra; ecn" Ha MbllllUY - 3neKTpO-
MlIorpaMMY, Ha npaBYIO II neBYIO PYKY - 3neKTpllqeCKYlO aKTlIB-
HOCTb, CB3aHHylO C COKpall1eHlleM cep,!\e'lHOH MblWI1bl - 3IICI<T-
pOKap.1\"rpaMMY. ITo 3JIeKTpH'IeCKOH aKT"BHOCTII K01K1I (K01KHO-
ranhBaHII'IeCKa peaKUII - KfP) MOJKHO CY/I,HTb 06 aKTlIBHOCTII
nOTOBblX 1Kene3.
ITepeH/I,CM Tenepb K 0630PY /l,aHHbIX, HaKOI1JIeHHblX B reHC-
THqeCKOH nCHxoljl"3HOnOrH"
405

1. nOTOBble )l(ene3bl.
KO)l(HO-ranbBaHII'IeCKaft peaKLlllft
nCIIXOJIOrM'IeCK"X q,eHoMeHoB. AKTIIBHOCTb nOTOBblX JKerre3 OT-
paJKaeT onpeJ\eJIeHHble C06blT", npOIlCXOJ\I1.c B r0J10BHOM M03-
re BnepBble "3MeHeHI1J1 3J1eKTjJMqeCK"X CBOHCTB KOJKII B 31.101.("-
OHa.rIbHbIX cI1Tyal.("X 3aMeTUJ1 q,paHI.(Y3CKIIH Bpaq K.<1>epe B 1888
ro,IJ.Y. OH 06HapyJK"J1, qTO npH nponycKaH"! cJ1a60ro 3J1eKTpH-
qecKOrO TOKa qepe3 npe;:mJ1e%e 60JIbHOil C HCTepl1qeCKOH aHO-
peKcHeil npollcxoP:"JIII CHCTeMaTllqCCKHC "3MCHeHH B 3J1eKTpll-
qeCKOM conpOTIIBJlCHliH KOJKII. qYTb n03JKe TapxaHoB 06Hapy-
)I("JI, '1TO CXOJ\HbIC 3J1eKTpl1qeCK.e HBJIeHMH Ha6mop:a1OTCH I! 6e3
BHellIHero TOKa 3TI! OTKPbIT"H JlcrJIII B OCHOBY AIIYX cnoc060B
"3MCpcmrn 3J1eKTpOKOJKHOH aKTHBHOCTH - C IICnOJJb30BaHMeM BHCW-
Hcro TOKa (MCTO.!l <I>epe) 11 6e3 "CnOJlb30BaH"H BHeWHcro TOKa
(MeTOJ\ TapxaHOBa). B cJlyqae "CI10Jlb30BaHIIJI BHellIHcro TOKa PC-
allbHO 113MepHeTCR KOJKHOe COnpOTI1BJleHl!e, Tor.o;a KaK B J\pyroM
CJIyqae M3MepJllOTCR HenocpeJ\CTBeHHO 3JIeKTPH'IeCKIlC nOTeHl.(lIa-
JIbI KO)l(". II03J\Hee 3JIeKTP"qCCK"e KOJKHble BJIeHIIJI nOJlyq"JIII
Ha3BaHfIe "KOJKHo-raJ1bBaHl!qeCKaJl peaKI.(IIR". H3MepeHMe KfP
B03MOJKHO npl! nOMO" npOCToro raJIbBaHOMe-rpa. 3J1eKTPM'Iec-
KaJl aKTlIBHOCTb KOJKM BJlJleTCJI nOKa3aTCJlCM "3MOI.(IIOHaJIbHOro"
nOTOOT)J.J1eH"JI, OTpaJKaJOero ACHCTBlie 3HJ\OKPI1HHbIX JKeJIC3, pea-
mpYIOll.\MX Ha BHellIHl!e pa3APaJKllTeJllI H crpccc (X3= .II.JK., 1981).
IIpe.o;CTaBIlM ce6e TaKYIO 3aHUMaTCJlbHYIO urpy. IIpenoAa-
BaTCJlb-3KcnepIlMeHTaTop J\OJIJKeH Y3HaTb UMJI mo6"MOH .o;CBYWK"
cTYAeHTa. OH Ha3bIBaeT JKeHCK"e UMeHa II npl! 3TOM C nOMOll.\blO
cnel.("aJlbHoro npll60pa - nOJIllrpaq,a - perl1CTpMpyeT KfP.
Kor.o;a 3KCnep"MeHTaTop Ha3b1BaeT UCKOMoe I!MH, nepo nOJIllrpa-
q,a OTKJlOHHeTCJI 60JlbWe IIJI", Ha06opoT, MeHbWC, '1eM npH Ha3bl-
BaH"H .o;pyr"x UMeH
3KCnep"MeHTbl, nOAo6Hbie On"CaHHoi! IIrpc, n03BOJlIlJI"
Y'IeHbIM npe.o;nOJlOJKIITb, qTO KfP 0TPaJKaCT 3MOl.(IIOHaJlbHbie pe-
aKI.(IIU, B03MOJKHO, He OC03HaBaeMble qeJlOBeKOM. Ha 3TOM BbIBO-
AC OCHOBaHO "CnOJIb30lJaHUe AeTeKTOpa JIJK". Hanp"MCp, B OAliOM
uCCJIeJ\oBaHU", npOBe):\eHHOM .II..JIIIKKeHoM, CTYJ\eHTbl pa3blrpblBa-
nIl 3apaHee npUII.YMaHHble "npeCTYf1J1eHIIH". OHI! J\OJlJKHbI 6b1J1"
"YKpaCTb" HeKIIH npeAMeT fl CnpJlTaTb ero. 3aTeM KaJKJXOrO IIcnbf-
TyeMoro AOnpaW"BaJIlI, rile OH CnpHTaJl YKpalleHHblH npellMeT, 11
ncpe'lUCJlRJIM pa3JI1f'lHble BapllaHTbl (B KOHTope, Ha nO,IJ.OKOHHIIKe,
B rapiIepo6e, B JI"'1HOM Ll.(UKe) E.n:HHCTBeHHblM nOKa3aTCJICM pe-
aKI.(I1" IIcnblTyeMbIx Ha 3aAaBaeMbie BonpOCbl 5bIJIa KfP. OKa3a-
407
rIlABA 10. BErETATIiIBHAH HEPBHAH CIiICTEMA
BereTaTI1BHaJi HepBHaJi CUCTeMa C ,lJ.aBHUX nop 5b1JIa oG'bel<-
TOM UHTepeca nC"Xoi\!"3IfOJlOrOB. HMeHHO OHa perYJll1pYeT paGo-
TY cep,IJ.l.(a (B yOMHYTOM np"Mepe faJleH, U3MepJlJl nYJlbC, cJle-
1\IIJ1 3a pa60TOU cepMa), JKCJIC3 " HcnpOU3BOJIbHOil MycKYJlaTypbl
(HanpU_Me p , KlIlIIeqHlIKa). HCCJIell.OBaHIIC i\!U3"OJlOr"'1eCK"X nOKa-
3aTeJIell, OTpa)l(alOl.l\"X pa60TY BereTaTIIBHoH HepBHOH C"CTeMbl
AOJlro 6bIJIO OCHOBHblM MeTO,IJ.OM u3Y'IeHHJI nCllxoi\!1I3"OJIOrllqec:
K"X q,eHOMeHOB BereTaT"BHaH HepBHaR CIICTCMa nO,!lpa3,!leJlJlCT-
CJI, B CBOIO Oqepe):\b, Ha CIlMnaTII'IeCKYIO U napaCIlMnaT"'1eCKYIO
HepBHblC CIICTCMb!, COBMeCTHaJi pa60Ta KOTOpbIX nO)J)J.epJK"BaeT
cTa611J1bHOCTb BHYTpeHHCH cpCAbl opraHI13Ma Pe3YJlbTaTbI ,lJ.eM-
CTB"JI 3T"X AIIYX CIICTCM npOTHBOnOJlOJKHbl - Cl!MnaTllqCCKaJl C"-
CTeMa Mo6"JIlI3YCT 3Heprl!IO " pecypCbl OpraH"3Ma (peaKI.("JI THna
"60pb6a "JIll GcrcTBo"), a napacHMnaTllqeCKaJl BOCCTaHaBJIIIBaCT
3anaCbl 3Heprl1lL TaK, Hanp"Mep, C"MnaTljqeCKaJl HepBHaJi CHCTe-
Ma YCKOpJleT, a napaC"MnaT"'1CCKaJl - 3aMe,!lJIReT cOKpaCHIIJI
cep):\l.(a.
Oc06eHHocTI1 i\!YHKI.("OHUpOBaHIIH BereTaTI1BHOH HCpBHOH
CIlCTeMbl MrYT JleJKaTb, no MHeH"1O pH):\a aBTopoB, B OCHOBe
JlHqHOCTHOI1 mnOJlor"u. HanpuMep, .II.JK. Knap",!lJKeM (Claridge
G., 1967) npC,lI)IOJKeHa Cnel.("aJIbHaJi MOlleJIb, oG1>HCHJIIOll.\aJl Tllnbl
JI"'1HOCT" COOTHOllleHl!eM ypOBHH aKTIIBal1"lI, CBJl3aHHOro C q,YH-
KI1"OHllpOBaHcM BTOHOMHOH H\:pBIiOH C"CTeMbl, H MOJ\YJI"PY-
1Oll.\I1X B03,!lC"CTBI1" l.(eHTpaJlbHOH HepBHoH CIlCTeMbl. Oc06clI-
HOCTI! B3a"MOJl,eHCTB"JI 3TIIX ,lJ.BYX i\!aKTopoB U JlC)I(aT, no MHe-
H"IO aBTopa, B OCHOBe JI"'1HOCTHbfX pa3J111'1I1H
OKa3bIBaeTCJI, J\a)l(e TaKaJl !jJYHKI.(I!H BCreTaTI!BHOH HepBHoH
cllcTeMbI, KaK nOTOOTiIeJleHlle, AaCT B03MO)l(HOCTb ,lI)IJI aHaJlll3a
406

nOCb, '1TO TOqHOCTb onpeAeJIeHHH no KfP MeCTa, rAe CnpJlTaHa
YKpa,I\CHH3S! BCll\!., COCT3!\JlS!CT 93,9%
Oco6eHHocTH 3JIeKTpOKO)l(HOii pcaKQHH MorYT 5bITb CBJI-
3aHbl He TonbKO C CHIOMHHYTHblMH peaKQIIJlMH OpraHH3Ma, HO H
C onpe,I\CneHHblMH nCHXH'!eCKHMH paCCTpOHCTBaMII TaK, Ha-
opHMep, nOHH)I(CHllaS! peaKTHBHoCTb Krp qall\e BCTjJCqaeTCS!
Opll WII30ljlPCHHH 11 aljJ<jJeKTI1BHblX paccTpoiiCTBax (Dawson M.,
et aI, 1977; Dawson M., Nuechtcrlem K, 1984, QIIT no Lykken
D ct a\ , \988)
IIcHxoqJll3110JIOrOB, KaK II nCHXOJIOrOB, HHTcpcCylOT 05-
llwe 3aKoHoMepHocTH nCHxo<jJH3110JlOrnqCCKIiX peaKQHH. ITPH-
Be.l\eHHble BbIwe npllMepbl MOrJIIt C03AaTb y qllTaTenS! H!1!1IO-
3HIO, '!TO Y BCCX IICnbITycMbIX cOBepwcHHo O.l\HHaKOBbIC pcaK-
Win, HO 3TO He COBCCM TaK. B peaJlbHblX 3KcncpHMeHTax HCCJle-
.l\OBaTeJlb nOCTOS!HHO CTaJlKIIBaeTCH C TCM, qTO peaKQJlH O.l\HO-
fO qCJIO!\CKa OTJIHqalOTCJI OT peaKQIIH .l\PYfIlX JIIO.l\eH B nOM
OpOJlBJlJleTCJI YHHKaJIbHOCTb KaJK.l\oro qCJlOBCKa, cro I1H.l\HBII.l\y-
alIbHOCTb ECTCCTBCHHO, cpa3Y B03HIIKaeT Bonpoc: qCM o5yc-
JlOBlIeHM pa3JIII'mS! MC)I(,I\Y !1IO)I,bMH, B '1CM HX npli'!HHa 1 R IIMCII-
HO MCTO.l\bl reHCTHKII nOBC.l\eHII" n03BOJI"1OT Ha Hcro OTI!CTHTb
MeTO.l\bl rCHCTllqeCKHX HCCJI, C.l\OllaHIIH onlIcaHHbIC II npe-
)!bl.l\Yll\I1X filallax, BnOIlHe npaBOMOqHO HCI10JIb30BaTb He TOJlb-
KO iUIJi I1CIIXOIIOrH'IeCKIiX npH3HaKOB, HO II iUIJI 1110 5 1.1 X IjIH31I0-
IIOrllqCCKIIX pcaKQuH HCnOJlb3YJI 3TII MCTO.l\bl, Mbl MO)l(CM npo-
aHaJlli3HpOBaTb npMpO.l\Y 1l11,I\IIBlIll.YaJlbHb1X pa31I1'!'!IiH, OQeHIITb
pOJlb HaCJleACTBCllllblX H cpeJl,OBblx ljIaKTopoB B I'!X 1jI0pMHpoBa-
IIMH. TaKHM nYTeM MOJKHO 113yqaTb H OC05CHIIOCTI1 3I1CKTjJOKO)l(-
HblX pcaKQHH, KOTopble, 5Y.l\yqH .l\OCTaTO'1HO CTa611JIbllblMH y
O.l\Horo H Toro )l(e '1CIIOBCKa, 3HaqliTcIIbHO pa31I1lqaIOTC" y pa3-
IIblX IIII.l\HBIIIlOB B IIonYJlJIQlI1I
5IIH3HeQOBoro MCTO.l\a. IIcpBoc H3BCCTHOC HaM rCHCTHqCCKOC
HCCnC]\OBaHHe 3J1CKTpIl'ICCKOH aJ<T!-IBHOCTH KO)l(H 6bmo npOBcAc-
HO B 1934 ro,I\y KapMcHoM (QHT no Ladcr M., Wing L"
1966). ABTOpOM nOH pa60Tbl 6b1JIO 06HapY)I(CHO, 'ITO BHYTPII-
napHoe CXO,I\CTJlO M3 5nIl3Hel\OB 110 '1aCTOTC Ii aMI1J11ITY,I\e KfP
BbIIlIe, qeM CXO.l\CTBO ):13 6J1H3HeQoB (l1oKa3aTCJlH CXO)!CTBa
OI..\CHI1Ba!1HCb C 110MOll\b1O BHYTpHnapHblx KOppCJlHQllii). BbICO-
Koe BHYTpHl1apHOC CXOIlCTBO M3 no aMnnlITYJI,HblM iI BpeMell-
IIblM xapaKTepl1CTilKaM KfP 6bInO 06HapY)KeHO 1I 1'1 p\\,I\e ,I\PY-
rHX HCCiIC.l\OBaHHH, qTO CBlIllCTCJlbCTByeT 0 BJIIIHHIlIi HaCJIC}J.-
CTBCHHblX <jJaKTopoB Ha HH}J.IIBII.l\yaJlhHbIe p33n1I'1HJI no nOM xa-
paKTepRCTtIKe (Rachman S , 1960, Ladcr M , Wing L., 1966;
Hllme W., 1973)
KT P I1pU opeHmupo60HOil u 060pOHUmeJlbHOii peaKltUJlX
1.2, TeHoTan II Cpe.l\3 KaK cjl3KTOPbJ Me:«IIIJlI.IIBII.l\YaJlbHOH
113MeH'IHBOCTH Krp 'ICilOBeK3
KpOMC nOKa3aTeJIeH KiP B COCTOJlHI1I1 nOKOJI (<jJOHOJlbIX), B
pHIlC pa60T H3yqaJIaCb KfP B 3KcoepHMeHTalIbHbIx CilTY3QliJ!X,
Bb\3bIBaIGll\\.\X opHeHTilpOBOQHyro I< 060POHUTC!IbHyIO peaKlI,HiI
OpHeHTHpoBo'!HaJl pcaKQ!lH (OP) 6blJIa BnepBl>le OI1liCalia
H II.IIaBJIOJlbIM KaJ< AJlHraTCJIbHaH peaJ<QilfI (nOJlOpOT rOiIOBbllI
rlla3) Ha HOJlbIH pa3.l\]Ja)l(HTelIb, COnpOBO)l()!aI01ll3HCJI TOpMO)l(C-
HilCM TeKYll\CH ycnOBHOPC<jJJICKTOPHOi! IlCJlTenbHOcTH OP IIMC-
CT Ba)l(HOC 3HaqCHHe }J.JlH opraHlI3Ma, nocJ<onbKY olla, C OAHOH
CTOpOHbl, BbICTynacT B KaqeCTBC IICCJlC.l\OlJaTCllbCKOH pcaKQHII,
a C .I1pyroll - HanpaBJleHa ua npellynpeJK,I\ellHC B03MO)l(H!>\X
onacHocTeH. OpliCHTHpOBoqHa\\ pcaKI..\HH lIa HOBblH !lIIH HeO)J(II-
l{aHllbJH cTilMyn npC.l\CTaBn"eT C060H npoCTCHIlIYIO <jJOPMY IIH-
q,OpMaI.\HOHHOro nOIlCKa, TOrl{a KaK 060pOllllTcnbHaa peaKUIiH
(06P) - pcaKl..\ilJI oprallH3Ma Ha yrpo)l(alOll\IIH CTilMYJI. 06e 3T11
al{annlJlHblC pCaK1.\1I1I HBJlHIOTCH CJlO)l(HblMII IjIYHKQIIOHaJlbHblMII
CHCTeMaMIi H HanpaBJICHbl Ha JlbDKliBaHlle II OpllCHTliPOBKY opra-
HII3Ma B oKpY)I(alOll\cii cpeAe. Rap, H 06P conpOBO)K.n: alO 1'ca
MHO)l(CCTBOM 1j11I3liOJIOrH'ICCKIIX il3McHeHIIH, KOTopble MO)l(HO
il3MepilTb, pefHcTpnpYH 3ncKTjJ03Hl..\etjJallorpaMMY, OC06CHHOC-
Tii Ccp)l,e'lHO-coCY/l:IICTOH ,I\eHTeJlbHOCTH iI ,I\PYfHe nCilxotjJII3i10-
1I0rl1'1CCKIIC nOKa3aTenil. KfP npCI{CTaBnJ!eT C060H "KIlIO'!eJloii"
KOMnOHeHT OP, oTpa)j(aIOlllHH 3HaqliMOCTb cHTyal.\l1i1 Ii "3allYc-
KalOll\liH" OP (Ko'Iy6eii :r; 11 , 1983).
KTP « COCI1WJ!HUU 110KO>l
Bce HCMHorO'!lIcneHHblC pa60TbI, nOCBS!ll\eHHbIe aHaJlH3Y
KfP B COCTOHHIlII nOKOJl, 6bInil npOBe,I\eHbI C IICI10llb30BaHHCM
408
409

HMelOTC.II 3KCllep1fMeHT<lJlbHhle P;<lHllble, CBIfp;e T tJ!bcrnylO_
ll\lIe 0 TOM, qTO HaCJltll.CTBeHHhlt rpaKTopbI neJKaT B OCHORe
HH,1lIfBII,1lyaJIbHl,IX p.!3n1'r<{lfif nOK3JaTeneif KfP npl1 yraU!eHH
opHeHTllpOBO'IHOH peaKQI1H Ha 3BYK H npH 060POHIlTeJ1bHOii pe
aKQr1H, Bbl3BaHIIOH rpOMKIfM 3BYKOM. .II.nJl OP H 06P 1<03ijJ1j>HQI!-
ellTbl lIaCJ1e'!\YCMOCTH COCTaBJJJl101' 1,0 H 0,62 CooTReTcTBeHHO
(Zvolsky P. et aI., 1976). 'YrallIeHHe Opl!eHTl!pOBOqHOH peal<ll.l!l!
rpl!KCHpyeTcJ! npH HeO,1!l!OKpaTHoM nOBTOpellHII CTHMYJIa, TO
tCTb npH nOTepe HM Ka'leCTBa HOBII3Hbl, 11 lIa3blBaeTCJI npIlBb!-
KaHl!eM OP.
B HCCJIeAOBaHlf1l D.H.Koqy6eJ1 (1983, 1988) IIcnblTyeMbIM
npCA'bJlBJlJliIH JBYKH pa3nllqHOrO TOHa H I!HTeHCHBIIOCTII, Bb13bI-
BalOlIe nlf60 0pHeHTHpOBOqHYlO, JJH60 06opOHHTeJIbHYlO peaK-
QHII , If Ij>HKCHpOBaJlH pa3JIH'IHble napaMeTpbI KfP (no Tapxa-
HOBY). Pe3YiIbTaTbI, nonY'IeHHbre 6.H.Koqy6eeM (1983, 1988),
Ta!<JKe nOATBepAIiJIlI lj>aKT BJlmlHlIJI reHOTHna Ha Xapal<TepHCTH-
Kif 3J1CKTpOKOJKHOH aIlTIIBHOCTIf npII OP II 06P. IIocKonbKY KfP
J1BJ1J1eTCJI KJJlOqeBblM KOMnOHeHTOM OP, TO eCTb OTpaJKaeT caM
rpaKT aKTHBaQlf1i rpYHI<QIIOHaJlbHOH CI1CTeMbl OP, TO, B03MOJKHO,
nOJIY'leHHble J{aHHble nOJBOJlJ!IOT rOBopllTb If 0 HaCJIe}1CTBeHHoii
AeTepMIIHaQHlIIIIII!IfBII,!\yanbHI,IX oc06eliHOCTeH OP.
(1HTepeCHI,I TaKJKe pe3YJJbTaTbI H3yqeliHJI KfP B CIfTya-
ll.HII yrallIeHIIJI oplleHTl1pOBO'IHOH peaKL\lI1! npl! nm!TOpeHHH CTH-
MYJIa - H3Y'leHlle "npHBbIIlaHI!JI OP". COrJlaCHO npe.IJ.JIOJKeHHOH
E H COKOJIOBblM (1960) KOHI<enI<HH HepBHoif AlO.I!,eJlII CTIIAlyna,
opHeHTllpOBO'lHaJl peaKQIf!( - 3T0 "HIlq,opMaQHOHHbIi1 perynJl-
TOp, BKJIIO'IalO!!(HiiCJI IIpH C03.I1.aHlUi HeOnpeACJ1eIlIlOCTl1 II pa60-
TaIOI1\Hi1 B HanpaBJlCllliH nOJlY'lCHHJI IIHq,opMaQIIH, CHIiMalOl1\eiI
3TY Heonpe}1eJleIlHocn" (COKOJlOB E.H., 1964, c.17). HepBHaJl
MOAeJlb CTHMYJla, rpOPMHpYIOU!a!(cJI B npouecce npHBblK3HIIJI OP
q,IIKcHpyeT orpoMHoe KOml'leCTBO pa3J1l1qHblX xapaKTepllcnl
cTIiMyna. KaJK,!\btil rrpC,1l'bllBJIJleMhlH I1CIIblTyeMOMY CTIIMYJI cnH-
'IaeTCJI C MO,!\enbIO. B cnyqae paCCOfJIaCOBaHHH HepBHOI! MO,l:\e-
JIll cTHMYJIa II napaMeTpoB BocnpllllllMaeMoro cTl1MYJ1a B03HIf-
.. no RHTepa1)'pHLlM .aaHllhlM, nopor 060POl-UiTe.rJb.HOrO KOMfIOHeHT.a pe-
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HOCTblO 105 AE, npell.'bjisilSiBIllHMCx HCl1blTyet.n,IM. 8bJ3blaJl y HHX 060POHJ1-
TeJ1l.l-IylO peakUHIO
410
I
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poi1 3aBHCHT OT BeJlH'IHHbI paCCOrJlaCOBaHIIJI. ITpllBblKaHlle Opll
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eTCJI lJaJKHeHLllHM MexaHII3MOM aAanTaI<lIlI, l!e}1b B npOTHBHOM
cnyqae OpraHHJMY npHlIlJIOCb 6b! HCCTII KOnOCCaJIbHble 3Hcpre-
TII4eCKile 3aTpaTbl, If ero BblJKHBaHHe CTaJlO 6b! BeCbMa npo-
6neMaTlI4HblM. IIpllBbIKaHHe peaKl\IH! Ha HOBblM cTHMyn MO)!(HO
paCCMaTpl1BaTb \I KaI( npOCTCHLllYIO MOJJ.enb 06Y'leHIIJI. HeYAH-
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JlH'IHbIMIl nCHXOJlOrHqeCKIIMIi OC06CHHOCTJlMH qeJIOBCKa TaK,
HanpllMep, 1i3BeCTHO, qTO HHI\HBIIAyaJlbHble oco6eHHOCTII Opll-
CHTHpOBO'lHOii pe3Kl\HIl CBJl3aHbl e o6yqaeMOCTblO, KOrHHTHBHbI-
Mil CTIIJIJlMH, oc05eHHOCTJlMII TCMnepaMeHTa (MaItzman 1.,1971,
Goldstcin H.S. et aI., 1970; Dronsejko K.,!972, Neary R.S.,
Zuckerman Z., 1976; Stelmack R.M., Plouffc L.,1983)
IIoeKoJlbKY J1BJ1eHHJI OP H 06P IIMelOT Ij>YHlI.aMeHTaJIbHblH
xapaKTep II !fBJII/IOTe" O,1lHOH 1-13 6110nOrH'leCKHX CIiCTeM aAan
TaQHH, nOHJlTeH H IIHTepec reHeTI1KOB 110BeAeHilJI K 3TI1M peaK-
LlHJlM, XOTJI HX IfCCJIe,l:\OBallilJl HeMHOrO'll1CneHHbl.
KaK nOKa3anil pa60Tbl M.Lader, L.Wing (1966), W.Hume
(1973), D.H.Ko'ly6eJl (1983), D Lykkel1 C C0TpYAHHKaMIf (1988),
HH;J:IIBIJ.Il.yaJlbHble oe06eHHocTH npllBbIKaHHH KfP IIMelOT Bblpa-
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6eJl, BKJ1aA Hea.IUJ.IITH8Hb!X rCHeTH'ICCKIlX, q,aKTopoB B MC)I(HII.1\H-
BI1,1:\yanbHblC pa3J1HqllJl no CKOpOCTIi npHl!blKaHHJI KfP** Ha 3BY-
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411

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ce6a npH .!t1l<j!<j!epeHI.\Hal\HII nCHXII'IeCKIl 60JIbHbiX (Iacono W.,
1982,1983,1984) II 3iJ,OpOBbIX JTIOIeii. B.HI<ORO <I .II..JlI1KKCH (1983,
1984) nOKa3aJIH, qTO, Kor,!!,a HcnblTyeMblM npe,!!bKBJIJlJIaCb onpe
.!teJIeHHaJi 3a.n,aqa (HanpHMep cJIywaTb paI(1I0nepe)l.a'lY, CMOT-
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Me)\(AY nIO.n,bMH B 3nCKTplIQeCKOH aKTHBHOCTI1 KO)f(II: y OAHHX
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412
I.\IIH npoBoAIIMOC-
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BMeCTC 413

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. aCHMnaTH'IeCKJlMI! OT)l.enaMI!
KaK cnMnaTH'IeCKIIMH, TBK 11 nap
HepBHoH CHcreMbl 6 YJKIIBalOT
ApTepl!aJIbll Oe l\aBJleHHe II pliT/.! ccp,Zl;l\a 0 Hap
OI1pel\eJ1CI\I!YlO 'IYBcrBI!TCnbHOCTb K TICHXOJlOrUqCCKI:;' '1P::
TaK J1iO)l.11 3HB'IHTeJIbIl0 pa3J1I1'1alOTCJI n y
)j(IITeJ1ilM, _ K cT{JeCCOBbIM CTI!-
TcJlbllOCTlI cepl\e<lIlO-COCY)'I.\\C10n CKCTeMbi
415
E11\C B )l.peBHeM EnmTe C'IIITaJ1H, '1TO CepAI.\C CBII3aHO C
3MOI\HilMI1. ITepBbIe 3KCnepl1MeHraJIbHbie Ha6mOAeHI1J1 ACJlTeJlb-
HOCTH Cep)l.eqHO-COCYI1HCToi! CIiCTCMbl npl1 3M0I1110HaJIbHbIX pc-
aKI1I1J1X, KaK MbI YJI(e 3HacM, npOBeJ1 faJICH ,TJ;eilTCJ1bHOCTb cep-
ACqHO-cocy.nnCToi1 CHCTCMbl, KaK If IjIYHKUHOHHpoBalllie 3J1CKT-
POKOJl(HOH clicTeMbI, perYllIlpyeTcH BereTBT'!!BHOH lIepBHOii CHC-
TeMoH. CY11\eCTByeT 60J1bll.(OH HaGop nOKa3aTeneH, xapaKTepll'
3YlOlI.(HX /l.ellTenbHOCTI> CCpi\e'lHO-cOCYAIICTOH C!1CTCMbl. IIpeJ!(-
AC Bcero 3TO 'IaCTOTa COKpall.(eHHH ccpl1L1a ('ICC), HJ1H nYJlbC,
BpTCpl!anbllOe i\aBJ1CHHe (A.II.) , 06'bCM KpoBoTOKa II, KOHeqHO
JKe, :MCKTpOKap,ll.HorpaMMa (3Kf) 3J1CKTpOKapI1110TpaMMa-
310 3anllCh :1JICKT{JIi'lCCKHX npOLleCCOB, CBil3aHHbiX C COKpa!L\e-
HlleM cepAeqHOH MblIllLlbI. 3Kf OTpa)l{aeT tjla3bl Cepl1eqHOrO
!.\IIKJIa (pllCyHoK 10.1) - cOKpaI.1\eHlie npCI1Cep,ll.HH (3y6cl1 P) If
JKCJIYAOqKOB (KoMnJleKC QRS). MHTepBaJ1 ST II 3y6cl\ l' COOT-
BCTCTBYlOT CHCTonc (l(orl1a apTcpHaJIbHOC AaBJ1eHHC )l,OCTl1raCT
414

/dYJ1a/d HeKOTOpbIC pearUpYIOT Ha l!eiiCTBHe CTpCCCOrCHHOro
CTHMYJIa CYIQeCTBeHHblM YBCJ1H'ICHHeM KpOBHHoro ,!IaBJ1eHHH II
'IaCTOTbI cep.n.e'lHbIX COKpall\eHHH. Oc06eHHO 3TO xapaKTepHO
i1J1H JIIOi1eii, KOTopbIe caMH IiMelOT B HopMe nOBblllIeHHoe ,!laB-
J1eHHe HJ1H I1MelOT pOI!CTBeHHHKOB C nOBbIllIeHHblM IJ;aBJ1eHHeM
(Manuck S., Krantz D, 1986). HCCJ1eIJ;OBaHHJI nOKa3aJlH, '1TO
nOTOMKH HH.D.HBIIAOB C nOBbIllIeHHbIM KpOBJlHbIM AaBJleHlieM xa-
paKTepll3YIOTCH YBeJIH'IeHHeM cep.n.eqHO-coCYI!HCTbIX peaKI1HH
Ha T3Klle J1a60paTopHbIe cTpeccopbI, KaK, HanpHMcp, pellleHHe
aplli\!MeTllqeCKHX 3al!aq
CJlel!yeT 3aMeTHTb, '1TO IIcnOJIb30BaHlie 1.ICC B Ka'leCTBe
IIHAUKaTopa pa60TbI BcreTaTIIBHOH HepBHOH ClicreMbI npu npo-
TeKaHIIH KorHHTUBHblX npOL\CCCOB I1MeeT .n.aBHIOIO Tpa,!lllI1111O B
nCHX0i\!U3110J10ruli. )]:)I(OH II Deal'pHC JI3iicli (1963) npcAnOJIO-
ilClIJ1H, '1TO H3MeHeHHH B Cepl!eqHO-COCYIJ;IICTOH AeHTeJ1bHOCTI'!
MOTYT 6blTb CBH3aHbi C KOpTHKaJ1hHhIMH npOI1eCCaMIl. MccJ1elJ;o-
BaHIISI)]:)I( H D.JI3HCH nOKa3aJIH, qTO pCllIeHHe apHi\!MeTH'IeC-
KOH 3al!aqH B YMe BbI3bIBaeT XJ1aCCllqeCKYIO peaKL\HlO aKTHBa-
111m, npll KOTOPOH '1aCTOTa CepAeqHhIX COKpall\CHlfH YBemiqH-
BaeTCSI, Tor.n.a KaK npOCJIYllIHBaHlie cepHli 3BYKOB npHBOI!HT K
CHH)I(eHHIO 1.ICC. ABTOpbl 3aKmoq1lJIH, '1TO npH "HenpHHTHI1 OK-
PY;KalOlQerO" (nepexoA K MbIllIJleHHIO) qCC YBeJIHqHBaeTCSI, a
" " ( 6 )
npll npHSlTHH BHIIMaHlie K BHelllHHM co blTIIHM - YMeHhwa-
eTCJI Pa60TbI Jl3ifclI HBH1IIfCb CTIIMYJlOM )J,JIH HOBbIX 3KcnepH-
MeHTOB nO H3yqCHliIO p01ll1 nCIIXHqeCKIiX i\!eHoMcHOB B perYJ1H-
I.\IUI AeSlTeJlbHOCTH CCpAe'lHO-COCYI!HCTOIl CIICTeMhI.
HanpHMep, B HCCJIel!OBaHHJlX MaHreJICI!Opi\! H QYKepMaH
(I1I1T. no X3CCeT .II.1K.,1981) .n.BYM rpynnaM HCnbITyeMblx npet\hSlB-
JIJlJ111 O.n.HY 11 TY ;Ke !jJOTorpai\!1I1O OI!HOH rpynne ee nOKa3blBa-
JIll nOI! Ha3BaHHeM "BbeTKOHrOBl.\bI YHH'ITOJKaIOT MllpHoe Hace-
JIeHlle", a .n.Pyroii - C nOt\nHcblO "AMepHKaHl.\bI YHH'ITO;KaIOT
MHpHoe HaCeJ1eHHe BbeTHaMa". B nepBoH rpynne 61,1110 3aperu-
CTplipOBaHO ype)l(eHlle qCC, BO BTOpOH - yqalQCHHC. ABTOpbI
npelJ;n0J10;KHJII1, qTO 3aMei\JICHlfe qCC 03Ha'laeT "BHIIM3Hlle" K
y6I1HcTBaM, OCYIQeCTBJlJleMbIM BbeTHaMl.\aMH, TorAa KaK Y'IalQe-
!llIe qCC B .n.Pyroii rpynne OTpa)l(aeT "ceHcopHoe HenpHHHle"
H306pa)l(eHHOii Cl.\eHbI IT03TOMY nOJIyqeHHbIe pe3YJ1bTaTbl MO)l(-
HO HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb KaK yqaCTlie nCHXH'IeCKIiX !jJaKTopoB B
perYJIJll.\lIH ceplJ;cqHO-COCYAHCTbIX pCaKL\IIH El!lIHCTBeHHbIM pa3-
416
}lllqHeM MeJKAY rpynnaMH 6bIJIO TO, KaK HcnblTyeMble HHTepnpe-
THpOBaJIII npe.D.'bHB}leHHbIe !jJOTorpai\!"H B pJlI!C pyrux IICC}le-
t\OBaHHH 6b1J1a 06HapYJKeHa TaK)I(e CBH3" 1J3MeHeHIIII qCC C ypOB-
HeM MOTHBaI1lm.
B IIS1THl!eCSITbIe rOI!"I Halliero BeKa I!Ba KapI!H0J10ra-
M <1>pHI!/daH H p.P03eHMaH - pa30cnaJlH 6H3HeCMeHa/d WTaTa
CaH-<1>paHI.\HCKO aHKerbI, B KOTOpblX npOCIIJ1H YKa3aTb nOBelJ;eH-
'1eCKHe oc06eHHOCTI1 JllOl!ei1, JlHqHO 3HaKOMblX pecnOHAeHTaM H
Cl'pa.n:alOlQHX cepAeqHhIMII npllcTyna/dH. ITo pe3YJlbTaTaM onpo-
ca M.<1>pll,!lMaH H P P03eHMaH npe.!JJIOJIOJKIIJIH CYll\eCTBOBaHHe
e I.\ W"If'leCKOrO naTTepHa nOBeAeHIfH (ero Ha3BaJIII nOBeACHH-
rn  - ]I
eM Tl1na "A"), xapaKTeplloro i\JIR onpe..!!enellHblx i\ell. IOAH
C nOBeAeHlleM THna A OTJ1I1'1aIOTCH 3KcnpeccIIBHoII peqhlO, 6ec-
110KOHHbI, HeTepl1enllBbI, CKJ10HHbI K cOnepHH'ICCTOY, qeCTOJIIO-
611Bbl H arpeccllBHbI (Friedman M., Rosenman R., 1959), H/de-
lOT, KaK npaBHJ10, BbICOKlle 0l\eHKlIl1eBpOTU1M<I. Ii 3KC1'paOepCIUi
no onpoCHHKY fAH3eHKa. )]:anbHeiilll He HccneAOBaHHJI 1I0Ka3a-
J111 qTO nOBeJl,eHHe Tlllla A SlBJ1ReTCSI !jJaKTopoM pllcKa i\JIJI pa3-
BHHH KopoHapHblx 60Jle3Heii cepIIl\a (Matthews K.,1982). 3TII
pa60Tbl nopoAllnH Y HCCJ1eAOBaTeneH HaAC)I(Abl, qTO C nOMO-
Il1blO nCIIXOJIOrH'IeCKI1X MeTOIlOB MoilCHO MOllynHpoBaTb 1I0Bel!e-
Hlle THna A If, COOTBeTcTBeHHo, YMeHbllIHTb pllCK HHi\!apKTa. B
6oJ1ee n031!HIIX pa60Tax YTO'lHHJ1II, '1TO nOBeAeHlle THlla A RB
JlHeTCH q,aKTopoM pl1CKa ,lI,J1S1 pa3BI1THSI KopoHapHbIx 60Jle3Heil
cepl!L\a TOJlbKO B ToM cnyqae, eCJlH OHO conpOBOJKAaeTCJI xpO-
HH'IeCKOH )\enpeccw;:r, mm 1'pBoroit.
2,1. reHeTlI'leCKHe IfCCJ1eAOB8HIIII .neIlTe.I1bIIOCTH Cepi\e'lHO-
COCYAUCTOH CUCTeMLI
KaK /dbI Y)I(e OTMe'laJIH, B 60JlbWIIHCTBe I1CCJ1eAOBaHlII1
Bb!HBJleHa 3HaqHTeJlbHaH MeJKHHAIIBHllyaJlhHaR BapHa6eJ1bHOCTb
lIoKa3areJIeH pa60TbI CeplleqHO-coCYI!IICTOH CHCTeMbI; I1MelOcH
Ha6mOACHHJI 0 MeJKnOKOJleHHOH nepeAaqe 3TIIX oc06eHHocTell B
CCMbH)(. TaKHe pe3YJlbTaTbI n03BonHIOT npe)lnOJlOJKHTb BJIIfHHHe
lIaCJlelJ;CTBeHHbix i\!aKTopoB. )]:eHcTBIITeJlbHO, B pHJle 6J1II3HeI.\0-
BblX I1CCJleAOB<lHIfH 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO BJII1HHHe reHOTllna Ha nOKa-
3aTeJ111 QCC (MaJ1KOB H.H., 1934; Stocks P., 1933; Hume W.,
417

1973; Ladcr M., Wing L., 1966; Mathers J. ct aI., 1961; Shapiro
A et aI., 1968, Fenleib M et aI., 1977; Somsen R. et al , 1985) H
ypoBeHb aBJIeHI1H KpOBH KaK B COCTOJlHliI'! nOKOH, TaK Ii flPIi
paJIII1'1HblX HarpYJKaX (MaJIKOR H.H., 1934; Mathers J. eI al
. ,
]961, Fenlelb M. et aI., 1977). IToBblllIeHHoe ,1\aBJIeHHe KpOBI'! H
'ICe Y ,1\cTeH POA HT elIcH-rlinepTOHI1KOB B nOKoe Ii oco6eHHO
npll BbInOJIHeHIIH KOrHlfTlIBllblX II nep!.(enTlIBHblX 3a,1\aq (Manuk
S., Proietti J, 1982; Hastrup J. et aI., ]982) TaKJKe CBIIAeTeJIb-
CTRYeT 0 HaclICAcTBeHHOH 06YCJlOBIICHHOCTil 3THX nOKaJaTCJIei1.
Kp06JiHOe Oa8JleIJUe
pHaTIIIIHOCTb CHCTOJIH'IeCKorO II AHaCTOnHqeCKOrO ,1\aBJIeHIIJI Y
,1\eBywcK, no cpaBHeHlUo C IOHO!llaMH (8 rpYJIITC neByweK - 78%
II 61%, IOHOWCi1- 41% H 56% cooTBeTcTBeHlw). IllIIKeH C co-
aBTOpaMH (Schieken R. et aI., 1989), o6Cnel\OBaB IIbI60PKY H3
251 napbl 6JIHJHe!.(oB B B03paCTe I] JIeT, He 06HaPYJlCHIIII nOJIO-
BblX pa3JIH'IHH B ypOBHe HaCJlel\yeMOCTI1 CHCTOJIIi'leCKOrO l\aB-
JIeHIiH (66%). .II.IIJI AliaCTOJlli'leCKOrO AaBJleHHH lia6JIIOI\aJIOCb
HeCKOJIbKO 60nbwee BJIHHHHe reHOTlina B rpynne MalIbqllKOB
(64%), no cpaBHeH1l1O C lI.eBO'lKaMII (51%). TaM6c C coaBTOpaH
(Tambs R. et aI., 1992) He 06HapYJI(I\JIII nOJIOBblX pa3JIII'IIfH B
CTeneHH relieTHqeCKOro KOHTpOJIJI ypOBHJI lI.aBJlCHHH Ha oqCHb
60nbwoH Bbl60pKe HcnblTyeMblx, COCTaBJlJllOllIeH OKOJIO 75000
pOll.cTBeHHIIKoB pa3JIH'IHOH CTeneHIi pOIl.CTBa.
K HaCTOHllICMY BpeMeHH HaKOnJleHO OrpoMHoe KOIIIf'le-
CTBO <paKToB, CBlIl\eTCJlbCTBYlOllIHX 0 pIlTMH'IHOCTI'! 60IIbWHH-
CTBa QJH31i0JIOrliqeCKIIX <pyHKL\Hil. B qaCTHOCTlf, E.H .3aCJIaBC-
KOH Ii A.II BeJlIiKOHBalJeHKO Bbl>lBJleH PIITM CyTO'lHblX KOJIe6a-
HlIH nOKa3aTCJleH KpoB006pall\CHIUi: B nonYI\CHHOC H Be'JcpHcc
BpeM>I Ha6J1IOAaeTCJI nOBblweHlle CIiCTOJlH'IeCKOrO, CpeJl,HerO vii
nYJlbcoBoro l\aBJIeHIfJl, HO%IO - CHH)/{eHHe 3TliX nOKaJaTeJlell;
JHa'iIlMbIX KOJIe6aHIli1 II.l1aCTOJIlI'ieCKOrO AJ], B Te'JCHHe CYTOK
He lIa6nIOlI.aeTCH; BeHOJHOe AaBJICHIiC CYll\CCTBeHHO IWBbI!l1aeT-
CH B nOCJIenOJIYII.CHHble '1aCbi H MaJIO H3MeHJleTCJI II OCTanbHoe
BpeMH CyrOK. 3T1J AaHHblC OQCHb Ba)/{Hbl C npaKTMqeCKOH TOq-
KH 3peHI1H, nOCKOJIbKY KJIHHHqCCKHC Ha6mo.n;eHHH CBIi):\eCJIb-
CTBYIOT 0 60lIbUJCH 'faCTOTe HapYilleHH pHTMa CCp,1\eqHOH Ae-
HTCJlbHOCTII B HO'IHOe BpeMH.
HHTcpC<:Hoe HCCJIeAOBa/Hle Ha 5JIJl3Hellax 6bIiIO npOJ!el\eHO
P.M.3acJIaBeKOH H HX.OJleBCKHM (1980). .II.JIJI rCHCTHqeCKOrO
3HIIJ!H3a CYTO'lHOrO pHnoM KpOBo06pallIeHIIH aBTopbI IICnOJIb30Ba-
IIH AaHHblC 7 nap M3 Ii 6 nap .II.3 51JH3HeQoB. OnpcAeneHHe napa-
<lfeTpOB KpoBoo6pallIeHIIJI npOBoJUiilli 8 paJ B CYTKIt 'IepC3 1\a1KJl,ble
3 "aca. H3MepJlJlH CIiCTOJlHqeCKOe 11 ):\liaCTOJIII'IeCKOe A.II., cpel\-
Hee H nYJlbCQBOe )taBJIeHlie, YAapHblH Ii MIiHYTHblH 06'beM eep,!U.\a,
:':IKr. B Ta6J1lille npltBeAcHbI K03QJ<pI1I1HCHTbI BHYTpIiKJIaCCOBblX
!WppenJllll1U B napax M3 H A3 5JIH3HC!.10B. MOJl(HO BHACTb, '1TO
Ha6JOOAaCl'CJI onpclI.eJleliHaJi ):\IIHaMI1Ka B ypOBHe BHYTpHnapHoro
CXOACTBa. MOJKHO npelInoJIOJKIITb, 'fTO ypOBHII CHCTOJlH'IeCKOrO
lIaBlIeHHH HO'fbIO, YTpOM H B nOJI)J,eHb HcnblTblB3IOT CItJ1bHbte reHC-
419
OL\CHKH HaCJlcl\ycMOCTH KpOBHHoro ):\aBJlCHU>I, nPI1BO)tIi-
Mble B paJHbIX pa60Tax, KOJIe6nlOTCJI OT 13% AD 82% I\JlJI el!e-
TOJIH'ICCKOrO AaBneHI!JI II OT 0% AO 64% )I)lJl I\HaCTOJIHqeCKOro
aBJIeHHJI (L\HT. no Boomsma D., 1992), COCTaBJIJlJI B epe):\HeM
50% (Hopkins P., Williams R., 1989); npl1 3TOM HaCJlCAyeMOCTb
nOKaJaTeneH .a:aBJIeHI!JI '1aCTO 3aBI1CliT OT nOJla (MerIhany M.
et a!., 1975; Schieken R. et a!., 1989) H B03paCTa (Province M.,
Rao D., 1985, Sims J. et al., /986) IIcnbITycMblX CHMC C coaB-
TOpa1>1H (Sims J. et aI., 1986) o6HapYJKlln\t YMeHbUJeHlte BJ1HH-
HHH lIaCJIel!;CTBCHHblX <paKTOpOB Ha ypOBeHb II.lIaCTOJIH'JeCKoro
):\aBileHHH Y B3POCJIbtX npl1 ncpeXoAe OT MOJIOAOro K 3PCIIOMY
B03pacTY (CooTBeTcncHHo 68% II 38%) 3a C'!CT YBCilH'ICHUH BJIIt-
>lHI1J1 HeCI1CTeMaT\t'leCKOH cpeAbl. OQeHK\t HaCJIe,1\yeMocTIt ypOB-
HJI KpOB!lHOro J\aBJIeHHR B HCCJIeAOBaHHJlX ceMeii, r;n;c pO.ll;CTBCH-
HIiKI1 pa3JI\tqa1OTCJI no B03pacTY, 06blqHO HIIJKe, qeM B 6JI1I3He-
1I0Bblx HCCJIeAOBaHHJlX, TAe 05a 5JIH3HeI.la If<lfelOY OAHHaKOBb!ii
B03pacT. B nepBOM CJIyqac OHH COCTaBJIHIOT 19-45% MH ellc-
TOJllI'leCKOro II ] 5-52% J!)IH )t\taCl'OJIH'fCCKOTO aBJ1eHIf!l (IsellUs
L. et aI., 1983; Rice T. et aI., 1989), BO BTOpOM _ 41-82% II
5]-66% cooTBeTcTBeHHO (McJlhany M. et al., ]975; Bourha1Jl
N. ct aI, 1976; Slattery M et aI., 1988; HUnI S. et aI., 1989;
Schieken R. et aI, 1989).
Pe3YJIbTaTbI IICCnel\OBaHHH nOJlOBblX pa3JIII'IIIH B ypoBHe
Hacne.aCTBeHHOH 06yeilOBJIeHHOCTH KpOBHHoro ):\a8JIeHHJI B co-
CTOJIHItIJ nOKoJll!eoAH03Ha'lHbl. MaI(l1J1aHI'! H COaBTOpbI (McIlhany
M. ct aI., 1975) npl! 06CJle):\08aHIII1 200 flap 6i1I'!3HeQOB B B03pa-
CTe OKono 14 JIeT o6HapYJKI1JI\t 50JIbUJ\t1i BKJIaA reHOTllna B Ba-
4J 8

TH'IeeKlle BJ1I1J1HIIII. Ha pl1CYHKe 10.2 npllBeAeHbI rpa<IJIIKH CYTO'l-
HOH II,IIHaMHKl1 ellCTOJIllqeeKOrO A.II. y M3 II .II.3 6J1113He1\OB.
AHaJIorllqHble 3aKoHoMepHoeTil Ha6moAalOTCII AJlJI cpeA-
Hero apTepHaJlbHOrO AaBJ1eHIIJI. ABTOpbI C'IHTaIOT, qTO MaKell-
MaJlbHO CHHJKeHHOe CHeTOJ1l1qeCKOe, cpeJJ:Hec II nYJlbCOBOe A.D;
B HO'lHbIe II YTpeHHlle '1aCbI (6a3aJlbHblH YPOBeHb) reHeTl1'leCKH
):\eTepMIIHlipOBaHO II c.rrO)f(IiJ10eb B XOAe 3BOilI01\Hl1. IToBblwelille
A.II., Ha6rno):\aCMoe 06blqHO B nOCJ1enOJ1YAeHHoe BpCMJI, onpCAe-
JIIICTCH cpe):\OBblMH <jJaKTOpaMI1, IJ03ACHCTBHe KOTOpbIX ocywc-
CTBJ1J1CTCJI 6J1aro):\apll YBeJlH'IeHIlIO npOAYK1\1i11 ropMOHOB KOpbl
Ha):\nOqe'lHIlKOB.
Tu6nuqu 10.1
BHympUKJzaeeo8ble IwppeJ/Rl{UU 110Ka3ameJ/eu eucmOJ/uqeeKOZO
A 8 me'<eHue cymoK
/(o:>4>4>""eHT BpeMR CyroK
BHyrpMKnaCCOBO
k;oppemu.';M 124 15q 184 214 244 3q 64 94
'., 0,95 0,82 0.93 0.83 0,77 0.94 0,98 0,87
'", 0,74 0.76 0,36 0,55 0.52 0.04 0,33 0,54
OC06b1H HHTcpec npe):\cTaBJIJlJOT IICCJlCJ\OBaHIlII npHpOJ\bl
BapHaTIIBHOCTIl pcaKTIIBHblX 113MeHeHHH JJ:eIlTCJlbIiOCTII CCPAeq-
HO-COCYMCTOH CIfCTeMbi no.1l' BJJIfJlHJ.leM nCIIXOJJOrllqeCKHX Ha-
rpY30K. 3TO J\aCT B03MOJKHOCTb OU,CHIITb BJlIIJlHHC Hac.rreACTBCH-
HblX <jJ3KTOpOB Ha npOl1eCCbl aJ\anTa1\I1H. B xOJ\e 3BOilIOl1H11 6bIJJO
BbJpa60raHO MHOJKeeTBO npliGnoco6liTeJJbHbJX peaK1\HH opra-
HII3Ma Ha CnC1\H<jJ11'leCKI1C pa3J\paJKI1TeJJII BHeWHeH cpeJ\bl, B
TOM '111c.rre TaKaJl o6wall peaKI1I1I1, KaK cl'pece. Cl'pecc, 11J111 aJ\an-
ra1\lIoHHblH CIIHApOM, - CTalll{apTHaH HeeneQII<jJII'IeCKBH peaK-
1\1'!1I opraHII3Ma Ha qpC3MepHoe pa3JJ,pa)J(elIllc. ITplI cl'pecce YCII-
JJI'!BaeTCII J\CIITCJ1bHOCTb aAanTa1\110HHbIX MeXaHI1JMOB, o6ecne-
'1lf!1arow ll x )f(1I3Hecnoeo6HocTb I1HIJJIBHJ\a B H3MeHIIBllilfXCR ye-
JIOBIIIIX BHCWHeii CpCAb!. BblJ\CJJSlIOT ABa Tllna cl'peccopoB-
<jJilJllqeCKlle 11 3M0I1IIOHaJIbHble. ITPH AeHCTBll1i <jJ11311'1eCKIIX CTpec-
COpOB HacrynaeT HenocpeACTBeHHoe Hapywem!e rOMeOCTa3a; B
cJIyqae 3M01\IIOHaIlbHbIX pa:JJJ,pa)J(HTeJIcii HeT AeiicTI!!U! co6CTBeH-
HO nOBpe)f(J\BlOwIlX <jJaKTopOB, HO eCTb yrp03a nOBpCJKAeHIIJI.
420
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150 .
140
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Pucynol< 10.2
CymO'lH(Jjj (JWj{L\lUKa cucmOJluqeCI<OZO A)1 Y JlIOHOJUZomHblX (a) u
(JU3ucomHblx (6) 6J/U3Hel{oB
CTpecc BD3H>lKaeT TOJIbKO Tor,aa, KOrJl,a CJIO)J(I1BWaSlCH cHTya-
1111H Ol1eHIlBaeTCII KaK onaCHall.
E.H.COKOJJOB 11 ero Konnerll (1980) npOBeJIII cnel1l1aJIbHOe
rCHeTli'leCKOe HCCJJe.1\OBaHUe 113MeHeHIIJI ,aeHteJIbHOCTII cepAe'l-
HO-COCYII,IICTOH CI1CTCMbl B OTBeT Ha 3J1tOl{UOHlVlbHble HarpY3KH.
B HCCJIeAOBaHIIH npllHJlJIH yqaCTHe 24 napb! MOH0311rOTHblX 11 15
nap ,lJ,1I3HfOTHbiX 6mI3He1\OB. B KaqeCTBe 3M0l1110HaJIbHOH Ha-
rpY3KII Hcnonb30BaJlH CHTyal1l11O peWCHHJI I1HTeJInCI<TyanbHoii
3a):\a'lH B YCJ10BHIIX ,l\e<jJHI1I1Ta BpeMeHII II BOJAeHCTBHH pa3,apa-
421

JKaIO!I!I!X CTHMYJIOO (coeT, 30YK). Y Bcex 6JIH3He!.\OB 0 COCTON-
Him nOKO nepe;t HarpY3KOH, B npOl\ecce pellleHHK 3a;taq (B
HaqaJIe, B cepe;tliHe Ii B KOHl.\e) II qepe3 10 MHHyr nOCJIe Ha-
rpY3KII H3MepJllIII aprepliaJILHOC .l\aOJIeHHe (AA), qCC, 3aOH-
CbIBaJlH pe03Hl.\cq,aJIOrpaMMY (P3r)*.
Pe3YJILTaUI CBII;teTeJtbCTBYIOT 0 3Ha'lIlTeJThHOM BJtHHHHH
reHeTH'ICCKI1X !jJaKTopOB KaK Ha CHCTOJlH'ICCKOe, TaK H Ha .n:Ha-
CTOJIli'leCKOe AI( B COCTOHHHII nOKoK, npHqeM ;tlIH lI,IiaCTOJII'!-
qeCKOrO A.II. OHO BLIpa)!(eHo CIIJ1LHee. ITpH HarpY3Ke BJIHKHlle
reHeTHqCCI<HX !jJaKTopoo Ha CHCTOJ1l1qeCKOe A.II. pe3Ko B03pac-
TacT, TOr;ta KaK I\.IJK ;tHaCTOJIHqeCKOrO AI( OCTaeTCJI Ha npe-
)!(HeM ypOBHC. Y\!CJIl1qeHlle npl1 HarpY3l<e BCJIllqHHbI Km!jJ!jJIIL\II-
eHTa HaCJIC;tyeMocTH I\.IUI CIICTOJ1H'IeCKOrO ;taOJIeHHJI nOqTII 0 2
pa3a n03BOJIKeT, no MHeHHIO aOTopoB, C.I\eJIau BaJKHLIH BLIBOJ\:
no;t il:eHcTBllcM 3MOL\HOHaJILHOH HarpY3KII Mo611JIH3YJOTCJI reHe-
TH'IeCKII OOYCJIOBJIeHHLIC a.l\anTal\HOHHbIC MCXaHI13MLI.
KorJl,a AI( 113MepJlCTCJ! cnycTK 10 MHHYT nOCJ1C HarpY3KII,
1IJ1J1 CHCTOJIllqeCKOrO AI( coxpaHJ!CTCK BLICOKHH K03!jJ!jJHl\HeHT
HaCJIcJ\ye M ocTI1, TOr;ta KaK il:JIJI ;tHaCTOJIIIqeCKOrp OH YMcHbllla-
eTCJI (Ta6JII'!L\a IO.2}.
ITPII aHaJIH3e ;teHTCJIbHOCTIi cepl\e'lHO-coCYJ\J{CTOH CHCTe-
MbI npH .pU3U'ieCI<Ou HarpY3Ke aOTopaMH 6bIJIli BbIHOJ1eHbI noxo-
)!(lIe 3aKoHOMepHOCTII.
I-fccJ1eI\OOaHHe .II..6YMCMa C coallTopaMH (Boomsma D.
et aI., (992), BbInOJ1HeHHOe Ha 60J1blllOH Obl6opKe 6J1H3HeIjOB
(160 nap II II03paCTe OT 14 .1\0 21 rOJl,a}, nOKa3aJIO, qTO Y
JKeHI.l\IIH npl1 HarpY3Kax (3a;ta'lH Ha BpeMJI peaKI.\HH II pewe-
HHC 3a;ta'l) yoeJIUqllOaJIaCL OIjCHKa HaCJIC.l(ycMOCTH ypOBHJI
KaK CIICTOJIH'ICCI<oro, TaK H I\HaCTOJ1HqeCI<OrO lJ,aBJIeHIIJI, 0
TO OpCMIi KaK Y MYJK'IKH .l\aHHali TeH.l(eHIJ;KIi Ha6JlIOn:aJlaCL
TOJlbKO /l,JlK CI1CTOnll'lCCKOro ;taBJleHIIK. .II.HaCTOJIH'IeCKOe I\all-
JleHlfe MY""HfH npH HarpY3l<ax KOIlTpOlmpOBaJIOCb rCHOTH-
nOM .l(a)!(e B MeHbllleii CTeneHII, 'IeM 0 nOKoe. .II.JIJI CIICTOJIH-
qCcKOro /l,aBJIeHIiR Y Jl(eHllilfH H MYJK'IIiH H l1.RR .l\liaCTOJIII'IeC-
Koro .l\aOJIeHIISI y )!(eHI.l\liH Ha6J1lOl\aJlOCb TaK)!(e BJIHJ!Hlle CII-
CTeMaTHqeCKOH Cpe.l\bI, YMellbwalO!J.(eeC!l npH !jJYHK!UlOHaJ!b-
HbIX HarpY3Kax.
Ta6l1uu,a 10.2
BllympUKJlaCCOeble KoppeJ/J//1uu nOKa3amelleii apmepuMb/w20
OaenellWll1pU 3M0/1UOIIClJ/b'WU Ha2PY3Ke (no CO/wnoey E.lf. U op .
1980)
3Tan 3Kcnep"MeHTa TnAJJ." '., r.,
nOKOI1 c 0.67 0.38
A 0,79 0,21
HarpY3Ka C 0.90 0,50
A 0,86 0,39
10 MH nOCJ1e: HarpY3KI1 C 0,81 0,07
A 0,75 0.47
* c - CCTOnM'-IeCl(Oe aplepanbHoe Aasnel1..e; A -- AYlaCTOIU14eC){Oe apr&pa.!anb-
Hoe A38I1eHMQ.
'lacmoma cepoeq1l0-cocyrJuC/nblX COKpaU{elll1U ('lCC)
AHallH3 qCC B IfCCJle.z;OBHHlIH E.H.CoKonoBa Ii Konner
(1980} nOKa3aJI, '1ro B COCTOJ!HIIH nOKOJI CXO,!J;CTBO MOH03HrOTHblX
6JIH3Heu:oB .iII/illb HCHaMHoro npeBblillaer CXO,'\CTBO )1)!3KrOTHwx,
Tor.l\a KaK "pn Harpy3Ke CXOACTBO M3 3a.MeTliO YBCIlIi'lHBa.e-rCH, H
CXO!(CTIIO !(1I3IirOTHblx 6JII13Hel\OB YMcHbwacrC!l (Ta6J!lIl.\a J 0.3),
qTO rOllopHT 06 yoenl1'1eHIII1 K03!jJ!jJIII.\HeHTa HaCJIC,D,yeMOCTIi.
ABTOpbl nOJIaralOT, qTO Donee IIIITCHCIIBlloe !jJYHKl{HOHI'!-
pooaHHe CepI\CqHO-COCYI\IiCTo}i ClicrcMbI "PH HarpY3KC, KOM-
nCHcnpY!l H03paCTalO!J.(He 1l0rpe6HOCTH rl<aHeH II KHCJ10pO,!J;C, 0
nepBYIO Oqepel\b 06eCnCqlIBaeT norpe6HOCTH IJ;eHTpaJ1LHOii He-
pHHOii CHCTeMbI. ejjcTB}lTenbHO, ypOBeHb 1<pOBeHanOJ:IHcHI!SI
COCY.l\OO rOJlOIlHOrO M03ra 00 IIpeMK 3MOL\HOHaJ1bHOrO HanpHJKe-
Ta6nuu,a 10.3
BllympIlKIJJ1CC06b/€ KOppellJl!juu 110KQ3QmelleU <fCC npu
JMO/1UOHMbHOU HQ2PY31<€ (110 COKolloey E.lf. IIOp.. 1980)
. P3r - 3anHCb J];HHaMHKH :KpOeeHanOJIHeH}U( COCYOB roJIOBHOro M03ra.
3Tan 3KCnepMeHTa r., '",
rJOKOH 0.77 0,71
HarpY31C8 0,86 0,48
10 MHH nCCfte HarpY3KH 0.90 0,83
422
423

IIMH HeCKOnbKO B03pa
OKa3aJ10Cb '1TO CTaeT, a BO BpeMJ! OT,!(blxa CHHJKaeTCJI
Koro IIH,!(eca x: CTOHHHII nOKOH ,!(.IIH IJenH'IHH peorpaij)Hqec:
cpaKTo p OB IJ HX Ba P p a TepeH onpe,!(eJIeHHbli1 BKJIa,lJ, reHeTH'IeCKHX
H THBHOCTb Ol\HaKO
qllTeJIbHO YBenM'IHBaeTCJI BO  BJIHHHHe reHOTHna 3Ha-
nOCJIe 10-MIIHYTHoro 01' bl l eMH HarpY3KH 11 YMeHbWaeTCJI
HIIJI COCY,!(OB nOKa3aJI ,lJ, xa. HaJIH3 BpeMeHII KpOBeHanonHe-
3Toro nOKa3anmr 06c::0 B COCTOJlHI{\1 nOKOJl 113MeH'IIIBOCTb
BpeIJI Har 3K BJIeHa cpe,!(OBblMIl cpaKTopaMH a BO
py 11- HaCJIMCTBeHHbIMl1 (Ta6mn.\a 104) ,
COMceH C coaBTopaMH (1985 ) . .
BJIlIJlHHe reHeTHqecKHx Ha 6JIII3Heuax IICCJIe,lJ,OBanll
HeHlul 1.JC C "" a3 cpaKTopoB Ha CPOPMY peaKTIIBHoro H3Me-
. 'V IIqeCKOe 113MeHe 'Ice
xapaKTepHbIH naTTepH 3aBHC!lLQHI1: npe,!(CTaBJIJleT C060"
06JIa alO 0 _ ' Hli 01' KOHKpeTHOH 3a,!(aqll II
IIpH TO::;::'::bICOKOH MeJKIIH,!(IIBIIAyaJIbHOH BapHaTHBHOCTbIO
epH peaKTI!IJHOCTH, xapaKTepHblH ,!(.IIJI IIH .
,lJ,OCTaTOqHO BblCOKO cTa6ImeH B II. HBII ,!(a,
JIIICb n p o 6 . I1CCne.ll.OBaHHII COMceHa p;aBa-
bl Ha BpeM!I peaKUHH (BP).
06blqHO npll npe.ll.
(S I) npOHCXO,lJ,IiT 3aMe,lJ,;HBJleHHH npejl)'npeJK)1alOLQerO CHrHaJIa
npeA'bJlBJIeHI1CM "nYCKOB;: f' 3aTeM YCKopeHHe, a nepe,lJ,
HMe. CIITyaUIIJI 3KcnepHMeH CHrHaJIa - onHTb 3aMe)1JIe-
Tble np06bI Ha B p 6 Ta npe)1CTaBJ!JlJIa co6oii JlH60 '1HC-
, JIll 0 TaKlle JKe n 6
3al\aqaMH Ha BblqHCJIeHHe po bl, nepeMeJKalOLQlleCJI
MOJKHO paCCMaTpl1BaTb K:/:O,TOPOM clly;e, KOTOpblH
KoppemlUHJI BOJIHOBOH cpo MbI CTPCCCOBYIO cHTyaUIlIO,
Bblwe y M3 e ,1.1;3 p 1.JCC-peaKUHH 6blJIa .ll.OCTOBepHO
KO 3a)1aqH aqB;cJI pe:e ) UOB. B ncpBoH clITyaUHII (TOJIb-
pa3J1Hqml MCJKJI,Y K03cpcpm..\HeH-
Ta6)lUa 10.4
:::{JIaCC08ble KOppellR'1uu nOKa3ameJl£ii peo2parPWteCK020
op., ]980 6peMeIIU p06eHanOlillellWi COCY006 (110 cOKOJI06Y E.R U
TaMH KoppenJlHII M3 II ,1.1;3 He 6b1nll 3HaqllMbI. ABTOpbl C'IIITa-
lOT B03MOJKHOH )l.BOJlKYIO IIHTepnpeTaHlO TMX lI.aHHblX
Bo-nepBblJ(, 60JIee MH3KaJl oueHKa HaCJIeAyeMocTH 1.JCC-pe-
aKUl1H B MeHee CTpeCCOBOH cHryaUHII MOJKeT 6b1Tb 06ycnOBJIeHa
He C06CTBeHHO MeHbillCH HaCJIell.yeMocTblO npH3HaKa, a 60JlblUeH
OWll6KOH H3MepeHIIH, nOCKOJlbKY HeKOTOpblMII IICCJIellOBaTe!lJlMII
6blOa nOKa3aHa 60JIce BblCOKaH cTa61lJIbHOCTb 1.JCC-peaKUIIH B
cTPeCCOBblX YCJIOBHHX. BO-BTOpbIX, pa3JIII'IIIH MorYT 06'b!lCHnbCH
pa3J1l1qHOH Hacnejl)'eMOCTblO ,!(.IIH napaMeT[>OB aKTHBHOCTII CHMna-
TH'IeCKOH H napaCIlMnaTHqeCKOii CllcTeM. IIpe.ll.nOJIaraeTCH, '1TO
1.JCC B 3a.ll.aqe lIa BpCM\\ pe?KtJliR onpeiJ,enHeTC!I B OCHOBHOM aK-
TRBHOCTblO napaCiU,maTII'IeCKOii CHCTeMbl, a npH cTPecce (BblqHC-
neHIIH B YMe) _ CHMnaTH'IeCKOH BMeCTe C TeM CYI1.\CCTBYIOT lI.aH-
HbIe 0 reHOTllnll'leCKOM KOHTpOJIe 6110XIIMllqeCKliX KoppenHTOB
aKTHBHOCTIl HMeHHO CIImaTl"'1eCKOH HepBHOii CHCTeMbl (Proppmg
P. et aI., 1973, tJI1T. 110 Somsen R. et aI., 1985). B03MOJKHO, 60JIb-
WHH BKJIaJl, reHOTHna B CI-I1'yaHII nepCMCJKalOLQerOC!I IIp e .ll.'b!lBne-
HH!I 3alla'l Ha BP H tla BblqHCJleHIIe IJ YMe CIJ!l3aH C TeM, '1TO 3ACCb
npeo6 JIa ll.aeT aKTIIBHOCTb CHMnaTHqeCKOH BereTaTHBHOH CHCTe-
Mbl, KOHTPOJIHpyeMoi1 rCHOTllnOM.
IIOCJleAHee npell.nOJIOJKeHHe nOIlTBepJKjJ.aeTCH Ii AaHHbIMH,
nonyqeHHbIMII D.H.Ko'ly6eeM IIPH pemCT!'al\lIH 1.JCC B cliTyaUH-
!IX opHeHTHPOBO'IHOH (OP) II 060pOHIITeJlhHOH (06P) peaKI.\I1ii Ha
3BYK (Ko'ly6eH D.M., 1985, 1988) .II.n!l OP mnli'lliO npeo611at\aHHe
cpa3bl 3aMe,!(.IIeHHJI pl1TMa, cpH3110nOrH'IeCKHM MexaHH3MO M KOTO-
poro HBJI!leTCH aKTIU!HOCTb 6nYJKllalOLQerO HepBa (napacIlMnaTH-
qeCKa!l cHcTeMa), a nClixOJIOmqeCKIlM KoppeJIHOM - "o6paLQeH-
HOCTb BOBHe". ,l.l;nH 06P, Ha06opOT, xapaKTepHo CHMnaTUqeCKH.
06yCJIOBJICHHOe YCKopeHHe pllTMa, cBIIjJ.eTenbcTBYIOLQee 06 1136e-
raHIIII CTHMyna. CTHMYJI 80 AD Bb13blBaJI YMeHbmeHlie 1.JCe, a npH
npHBhlKaH HII OP lIa6moAaJIOCb OTHOCHTCJlbHOe yqaLQCHl1e pHTMa
3BYK 105 II.D npliBOllllJI K 3Ha'iIlTeJIbH.OMY YBCnH.'1CHmO t{CC, a
npli 1I0BTOpeHIIH 3Toro CTHMyna oTMeqaJIOCb OTHoclITenbHoe CH.H-
JKeHH.e 1.JCC.
3Ha'lIlTeJIhllh1H BKnaA HacneAcTBeHHblJ( cpaKTopOB CPIIKCH.-
pOBanC!I aBTOpOM B cnyqae 113MeHCHIIH 1.JCC B OTBeT Ha TOH 105
liD (060pOHIITeJIbHaH peaKl.\liH - 06P) II OTCYTCTBOBaJI IOIH qCC-
peaKl.\liH Ha TOH 80 AD (opHeHTllpOBoqHaH peaKI.\HH - OP). Be-
JIllqllHa npIlIJbIKaHHH, Ha060pOT, 6h1JIa 06YCJIOBneHa reHoTHnoM
425
3Tan 3KcnepMeHTa PeorpaM'-IeCK" IItHAeKC BpeMJ=I ICpOBeHimOI1HeHMJ!
cocyo.
'., '", '., '",
no.oA
0.676 0.114 0.355 0,296
Harpy"a
0,891 0,254 0,855 0,709
10 MH noc.ne HarpY3KH
0,832 0.162 0,875
0.836
424

TonbKO npH JBYKC 80 .I1.E. TaKllu o6pa30M, rCHeTII'leCKl1e BlIlIJ!-
HHH Ha6JIJO)!aJJHCI. B CII'I'yal.{wIX, B KO'l'OpI.lX BCP;YII1YIO pORb Ifr-
paeT CHMnaTH'IeCKaJ! perYJIJlQI1J! Cep)!e'IHoro PHTMa (yrawcmle
OP II lJepBaJ! peaKL(RJ! npll 06P), TorAa KaK B cHTyaL(IIJ!X, xa-
paKTeplIJY lO lI1 l1 XCJI napacm,maTH'IeCKHM AOMHHllpOBaHHCM, Ba-
pHaTIIBHOCTb '{CC onpell.CJIJlJIaCb HCKJIIO'IIHCJJI.HO Cpell.OBblMIl
epaKTopaMII.
CXO.l1.CTBO napaMCTpOB cep,!\CqHO-cocy.n:I'!CTOH lI.eJlTerrbHO_
CTII HCCrrCJlOMrrocb TaIOKe y cH6cOB (Ditto B., 1987). Y 36 nap
CIIOCOB B COCTOJlHHII nOKOJI I'! npH pa3J1ll'IHblX epY HK I1HoHaJIbHblX
HarpY3Kax 113MepJlJIH qCC, CHCTOJIRqeCKOe 11 JlHaCTOJlI1'1CCICOe
"aBneHlfe KPOBI!, YBeJ!HqeHlIe 06beMa nailbL(a npll nYJJbCal.{HH
(Digital blood volume pulse - DBVP) 11 BpeMJ! rrpoXOJKlJ;eltHJ!
nYJJbCOBOro IIMrrYllbea 11.0 yxa (Ear Pulse Transitc Time- EPTT).
KOJ!jJ<l:Jlfl.\lfeHTbl BHYTpllKJIaCCOBOii KOppCl1Jll.(lf1l I1JlR CIICTOJUI-
qeCKoro, .lllIaCTOJII1'1CCKOro .I1.aBJIemul 11 qCC B COCToaHlf1l 1'10-
KOJ! COCTaBJlJ!JIH COOTBeTCTBeHllo 0,62, 0,42 II 0,28. ITPJl !jJYHK-
QlJOllaJII.HbIX lIarpYJKax KOJepepHl,jlleHTbI KOPPeJUlQIIH 6bIJIH HIIJl(e,
HO MJ! .lllIaCTOJlHqecKoro .IIaBJleHRJI, 1JCC H DBVP AOCTllraJIH
JHaqlJMOCTIi B paJrrll'lHbIX YCJIOBRJlX.
.II..EYMcMa C KOMcraMIi (Boomsma D et aI., ]990) npOBeJII1
TalO((e HCcrreAOBaHl'!e pecrmpaTopHOH CIIHYCHOi1 apl1TMHII y 5J1RJ-
HeIjOB (PCA). PCA OTjJaJKaeT IjIlKllHqeCKRe 113MeHeHIIJI qCC, Co-
npOBOJKA alO lI1l1e IJ;blxaHHe. trllcTOTa CepAeqHblX COKp a lI1eHHH
06b1'lHO YBC1III'HlBae'l'CJI npll BblAoxe II YMeHbWaCTCJI npll B.l\OXC.
qcu 60llbWC aMITJIKTY,lIa K3MelfelfllJl qCC, TeM Bblwe PeA liTeM
CIfJ1bHee ITapaCllAmaTlf'lFIfH KOH'lpOJIb trCe. BbIpaJKeHHbIH napa.
CHMnaTII'feCKllii KOH1pOn trcc II, elle.ll:OB8TellbHO, BbfCOKliJ! PeA
JllUIJIIOTCJI npHJHaKOM XOpOluero COCTORf/HR KliK Cep,llC'IHO-COCY.I1.II-
CToii cHCTeMbI, TaK H l.!HC (Porge>; P., 1985, I.{IIT. lID Boomsma D.
et aI, 1990). B I1CCrre,4oBaHIIIIlJpI1HRMaJIO Y'iaCTJle 70 nap M3)j
80 nap ):{3 6mi3Hel.{OB. KaK 11 B npe.l\bIl\Ywllx pa6oTax, nO((a3a-
TerrI. PCA OIjCHIlBaJICJI B nOKoe II B YCJIOBHJlX 3MOIjHoHailbHoro
cTjJecca (ABa TIIna Ja.l\a'l: Ha BpeMJ! peaKIjll1l II Ha BI,J'IIIClleHIIJI B
yue). feHeTII'IeCKIIII allaJIHJ IJ;allHblX nOKa3aJI, qTO npl1 lIarpY3Kax
OKOJIO 50% <jJeHoTllnll'leCKOii 113MeH'IIIBOCTII PCA 06YCJIOBJleHO
relleTII'IeCKIiMII cjlaKTopaMII, T01'.I1.a KaK B rrOKOC- JIIIWb 25%.
TaKI!M 05pa30M, BII,!\IIMO, npaBbI E.H.COKOJIOI! C KOJIJlera-
Mil, np<:,lInOJlaraJl, '11'0 Mo6I1rrH3aIjHJ! rrpH HarpYJKe reHeTII'IcC-
426
le:JI:;::a;::;:::::eo:a:::BC:;::: I(
3.w(mpol<apiJuozpa.TtI.Ma (3KT)
3Kf oCBJ!lIjeHbI HeCKOJlb-
feHeTH'IeCKHM Hccrre,!\oBaHHJ!M n CP B Haqarre
KO P a60T. B IICcrreIJ;OBaHlIRx, npoBeAeHHI,JX B CC C Tb 3Kf
5 JKeliO qTO IIJMeH'Ii1BO
T p HII.l\aTblX rOIl.OB, 6b!JIO 0 I!apy, ( Ka6a-
BJIHRHlle Hacrre,lleTBeHHOCTIf
I1CnbITblBaCT 3HaqllTeJIbHOC H A ]934) 3TII pe-
H D 1933' KaOa((OB H.E., Pb!BKIIH .., .
KOB .." Gonee rrOJ.l(HHX pa60Tax, B ((0-
3yrrbTaTblo:::;';::;::: ::aqIfTeJJbHoe BHYJ])lInapHoe CXOII.-
TOpblX np 3Kf Y MDHOJI1TOTHblX 6JIII3HeIjOB. B oMoli
CTBO xapaKTeplfCTI1K ] 980) I1CCrreAOBaHIIC 3Kf 6blJIO
113 HIIX (PbIBKI1H 1l.A 1' 'I::ilbU10H BbJ60pKe OJII13I!el\OB (3]0
n p oBe,!\eHo Ha .lI.VCTa ( JI . py n-
- Ii TjJI1 B03pacTHbie rpynnbl MJIal\lJ.la
nap), paJ.I1.eJ1CHIIO>l H J!JI 25-44 ro,!\a, CTapillaR _ 45 rreT II
na - 16-24 rOAa, cpe: epOPMbl 3Kf 3anllCalll!OH B 12 OTBe.
::;); ::T:B:::HrOTHblx 6J1113l.{OB:0;;JI:'::IfO
JepljJlIl\H:IIT HaCJ1ell.Y:.M p CT y nC:B:e::!TCJI C B03paeTOM (eM.
MJIalJ;lllCH B03paCTHOII
Ta6J1I1Ijy ]05) '" pMa 3Kr B IjeJIOM, TaK II
ABTOpbI CqIlTaIOT, qTO KaK '1'0 06 CrrOBJJel!b!
ee OT,!\errbHbIC JrreM;HTI.I B 3Ha'l;;::o: B:::CTO BJII1J1HHe
HaCrrCJlCTBeHHblMII 'l'aKTopaMH,
cpCIIOBblX epaKTOPQB (oeo6eHHo y MY)J(ql!H) B03paCTaCT.
Ta611ua 10.5 r ex
Ko:;qJtjJUljueHmhl HlJCJleiJye.MQcmu tjJOp.Mhl 3K 8 mp
oO:JpacmHbl>: 2pymlax
MI1aAW3R rpynna CpeAkAA rpynna CTapW rpYflna
non h' e'
h' 0' h' e'
a,52 a,48 0,J2 0,68
M)K"IMHbI 0,88 0,12
a,50 a.44 0,J9 0,61
}t(eHw.MH 0.86 0,14
I 0,J6 0,64
0.87 0.13 a,54 a,46
Bcero I
427

B HCCJJeaOBaHHH COK0J10Ba E.Jf. H KOJ1J1er (1980) H3Y'laJI3Cb
liaCJJe.n;CTBeHHaJI 06YCJIOBJleliHOCTb 3Kr npII 1jJ1IJ1I'IeCKoH HarpY3-
I<:e. ITorryqeHlible pe3yrrbTal'bi CBH.n;eTeJIbC1'BYIOT 0 TOM, '11'0 1'!3-
MeH'IHBOCTb HHTCpBaJla PQ, aMfIillITY.n;a 3y61\OB P II l' 06YCJ10BJle-
Hbl reHeTII'IeCKHMII npH'IHHaMII (h 2 > 0,5).
!aKHM 06PB.30M, pC3YJIbTaTbI Hccrre.n;OBaHI'!H cep.n;C'IHO-cocy_
Jl,I'!CTOII CHCTeMbJ CBI'!.n;el'eilbcTBYIOT 0 BJlmlHHH HaC]1e.n;CTBCHHbIX
Q>aKmpoB Ha MCJI(HH,I1)IBHJJ,yaJIbHYlQ BBpllBTHBHOCTI> nOKB31UCIICH
ee .l\CJlTelIbHocTH, npl1qeM BeJlH'IHHa K031jJ1jI1I1111CHTOB HacJle.n;ye-
MOCTII 3aBIICI'!T OT nOJ1a II B03paCTa I1CIIbITyeMblx, H Aa)\(e OT Bpe-
MeHII CytOK, Kor.n;a perlfC1'pHpyeTcJI TOT lIiIlI I1Hoii I10KB3BTCJlb.
1'3]( )\(C KaK H B c.nY'Iae MeICl]JOKO)/{HOH BKTIIBHOCTH, BJIIlJlIlHC HB-
CJlell;CTBelJHblX !jJaKTOpOB B03paCTaeT I1pll PB.3JI11qHbIX HarpY 3Ka x.
rnABA 11. LtEHTPAJ1bHAA HEPBHAA CCTEMA
1. 3neKTp03He4>anorpaMMa
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 -
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" TeJThCTByroT 0 BJlHJlHlm HaCJIe.n;CTBeHllblX cjJaIcrOPOB lIa MeJKI1H,IV1-
BI1JJ,yarrbHYIO aapHaTIIBHOCTh 3THJC,..,1l0Ka3aTeJIefi KaK B <;QCTOJlHHH
nOKOJl, TaK H npH Pa3I1H'UlbIX IjJYIfK1\HOHI\JILHblX Harpy:iKax. ITPH;.".'
'IeM BJJ:HJlHHe reneruqe;;KHx !/JaKTOPcm ItPI/ H3rpY3KBX npaI\TII'l:CC-'
KII )J.IIII Bcex IICCJI(:.n;OBa,HHbIX nOKil3a'1'eJIei! (I<fP, 'Ice, KpOBIIHoe
lI.aBJlelfe) YBelll1'1KBaeTCJI OqeBIIII;Ho, 31'0 CBJl3aHO C TeM, qTO
rro,l.{ ,a:eKCTBlleM KarpY3KH ,",OOIlJlIl3YIOTCJI rClleTlI'IeCKIl OOYCJ10B-
lIeHHble a,lUlnTaI1110HHl,Je MCXBHH3Mbl, npHBO.l\HmHe K Y1!enH'ICHHIO
BJIIiJlHIIII.. HaCJIeC11'c;!!!JbIX !j>aKTopOB. ..,.:",',
BnepBble :meKTpll'leCKYIO aKTIIBHOCTb M03ra 3aperKCTpH-
pOBall P.KeIITOH B 1875 rop,y Y JKHBOTHIdX, II JIIIWb qepe3 nOJI-
l!eKa XaHc Deprep (l929) o6HapY1I(J-IJI aaallOrl1QHble JIeKTpO-
!jJa3110]10rllqeCKlle JlBlIeHI'!JI Y '1e!IOBeKa. 3J1eK1'po3HQe!jJaJlOrpaM-
Ma (33r) npCil.CTaBJlJleT C060H 3anKCb pB3HOCTI/ 3JICK'FpH'leC-
KHX nOTCH!1HBJlOB MeJKp,y pa3JmqHbIMH TOQKaMII KOJKHOrO no-
KpoBa rOJIOBbI. PHTMII'IeCKaJI aKTHBHOCTb 33f-1!0l1H rCHepHPY-
eTCJI QHKJlllqeCKIIMI1 H3MeHCHHJlMH MeM6paHHbIX nOTeHl..\lIaIIOB
HeHpOHOB. 3TH I1I1KJIHqeCKHe H3MeHeHHJI BbI3bIBBIOTCJI, no BceH
BII.n:HMOCTH, CHHxpmIH3HpYIOWllMH HMnyJlbCBMH KOpTHKoTalIa-
MlI'leCKOro HeHporeHepaTopa (Hugdahl K., 1995).
B 33f BbIJI,eJlJlIOTCJI HeCKOllbKO '1aCTOTHblX ,!];lIana30HOB,
IIMelOll..\HX pa3JIHQHbIH !jJ1I3110JlOrH'leCKHH CMbICJI. KorAa X.Eep-
rep BlJepOble 3aperHcTplipoBan "M03roBble BOJIllbl", OK Bb!JJ;CJIltll
.lIBa TllTIa BOJIH' I) CHHxpOIlKbIe BOJIKbl C '1aCTOTOH OKOJIO 10
Kone6aHIIH B ceKYH.r:\Y II Jl,oCTaTO'IHO 60lIblllOH aMnilll-ry,a:oil, KO-
Tophle OH H33BBII "aJlbrjlB-BOJIIlBMH" II 2) BblCOKO'laCTOTHble
(15-50 Hz) "6eTa-BO!IHbI" (PIlCYKOK 11.1). IT03I\HeC K nOH K]1BC-
cH!jJIIKaI.\IIH 6b1JlH Jl,06aBJleHbl ewe jl,Ba pllTMa - TCTa (4--8 fQ)
II lIe!IbTa (MeHee 4 fll).
3TO )l.CJleHHe B 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOii Mepe YCJlOBHO, TeM HC Me-
Hee onllCaHHbJe pl1TMbI Ha6JlIO,l\aI<>TCJI y 60!IbWIIHCTBa ]1lOlI;ell.
KaJKjI,bIH qenOBeK HMeeT CBOIO, 1I;0CTaTO'lHO nOCTOJlHHYIO II xa-
paKTepHYIO TOJlbKO )J.IIH .l\BHHOrO HH.n;HBIf.llB 33f. TIp06J1eMbl
HeupoqJlJ)IIO.llOrH'IecKoro reHe3a 33f 1\0cTaToQHO nO.llHO 113)10-
JKeHbl B yqe6lfilKax no !jJH3110JlOrllll HepBHOi! CIiCTeMbl. .II.JlJI Hac
)J(C 60Jlee IIHTepeCHO !jJYHKIIIIOHaJlbHOe 3HaQeHlle 33f.
Ellie x.£eprep OTMCTIIJ1, '1TO BJIb!jJa-pHTM IiJIIKCHPYCTCJI B
COCTOJlHHII nOKOII, a 6e-ra-pHTM - B COCTORHIIII aKTIIBal1l1I1. IToc-
ne.r:\YIOll..\He HCCile.n;OBaHIIR nOIl;TBepJI,HJlII, qTO perYJlJlpHblH aJlb$a-
429
BbII:lQAI

a) aI1bcjJa-pTM
p..-o.

(Giannitrapani D, 1969), IJ:HClIeKCHeH (Duffy F., McAnulty G.,
1990), HapyweHHeM cnoC06HOCTii K 06YQeHIUO (John E. et al.
1980), 3MOl.\HOHaJlbHOCTbKJ (Davidson R., 1993), TeMnepaMeH-
TOM (Mundy-Castle A., ]957; Gale A., 1988). <1>.<1>oreJIb BbI)J.e-
lIHJI Hel(OTOpblC THnbl 33f, 1(0TOpbIe 06bI'IIiO BCTpeQalOTCJI y
JIIO)J.eii C onpeJl,CJIeHHblMII IIH)J.IIBII)J.yaJIbHO-nCHXOJIOrllqeCI(IIMH
oc06eHHOCTJlMH. OH 06HapYJK1I1I, '!TO JIIOIJ:II C MOHoMopqmbIMII
aJIb«!>a-BOJIHaMIl B 33f, KaK npaOIlJlO, OTJIII'IalOTCR aKTHBHOC-
TblO 11 ToqHOCTblO B pa601'c, HO MeJl,IleHHOii nepepa60TKoii HH-
«!>opMal.\lIlI, JlIO)J.H C HH3KoaMnllI1TY)J.HOH 33f 60JIee 3KcTPaBcp-
TllpoBaHbI H MeHee aKTIIBH1I; IIcnblTyeMbJe C BLlpIDKeHHbIMI'! HlI>-
«!>Y3HbIMI1 6eTa-BOJIHaMH .a:eJIalO'f MHoro OWH6oK B TeCTax Ha
KOHl.\eHTPauI1IO BHHMaHI1I1. O)J.HaKO Jl,IlJI npaKTHKH 601lbWeC 3Ha-
'!eHlle HMeeT HCnOJIb30BaHile 33f B KJIHHHKe Jl,IlJI Jl,HarHOCTIlKIl
pa3JIllqHOii M03rOBoii na1'01l0rHil HJIH YTo'lHeHHJI COCTOJlHIIJI
60JIbHoro. Tal<, pcrllcTpaQIIJI 33f ycncllIHo I1CnOJIb3ye-rCJI He
TOJIbKO Jl,IlJI )J.HarHOCTIlKH 3nHJIenTI1'1ecKHX npHna,!J.KOB, HO H Jl,IlJI
MOHHTopllHra 31j11j1eKTHBHOCTH npHC.\Ia 6om.Hbl.\lH TCX HllII HHbIX
npenapaTOB.
TIpH aH3JIH3e 33f, OC06CHHO KJlHHH'IecKOM, JlOCTaTO'lHO
qaCTO I1CnOJlb3YIOT npOCTOH BI13yaJlbHLIH aHaJI1I3, XOTOpblH no-
3BOJIJleT BbI)J.eJIHTb oc06eHHOCTH, OTJIH'IalOLl.\He Toro HJIH IIHoro
I1cnbITYCMOro. BH3yaJlbHblii aHaJIH3 - npoCTciiulIIH cnocofi aHa-
1I113a 33f, KOTOpbIH HHTCHCIIBHQ IIcnoilb3ye-rCJI B KJlHHH'IeCKOii
npaXTHKe Jl,IlJI IJ:HarHOCTH](H pa3JIII'IHbIX 3a60JIeBaHHit, o.n;HaKO
OH OTlIlI'IaeTCI! onpe)J.eJIeHIIOH cy5'beXTHBHOCTLIO. }J,J1J1 H3Y'lHbIX
l.\eJIcii IICnOJIb3YlOT fionee K30Ll.\peHHble MeTO,U,b! o6pa60TKH, KO-
TOpb!e lJ:alOT nOJIHOe onHcaHHe 33f. HaH50lIee nonYIIJlpHLlii
MeTO 3HaJJH3a 33f - npe06pa30B3HHe c1Iypbe - n03BOJIJleT
KPHBYIO JII060ii Ij>0PM'bI npCitCTaBUTb B BUite CYMMbl CllfIyCOII-
it3JIbHLIX BOllH pa3HOH aMnJlIITy,U,b! H 'IaCTOTbI H 60lIee TO'lHO
Ol.\eHHTb npeACTaBJIeHHOCTb Toro IIJIH IIHoro pHTM3 B 33f.
KopOTKO OCTaHOBIIMCJI Ha HeKOTopbIX TeXHH'IeCKIIX )J.eTa-
lIJ1X. Kax npaBlmo, npH 3anilCil 33f HCnOJIb3YlOT Hc60JIblUHe
'Iawe'lKOBbIC cepe6pJlHbie 3neKT}JOII,bI, nOKpblTble xnOpHAOM CC-
pe6pa. I:IpH nOMOIIUl Cnel1HaJlbHOrO pe311HOBoro WJIeMa IIX Ha-
KJIallbIB<lIOT Ha rOilOBY. .II.JIJI TorO '1T06LI YJIY'IWHTb npODOllH-
MOCTb CHHMaeMoro CHrHaJIa, HcnOilb3YlOT Cnel.\l1aJJbHYIO 3IIeKT-
PO)J.HYIO nacT}', KOTOpaJi nOMeLl.\aeTCIi MeJl()l.Y 3JIeKTpOJl,OM H ](0-
431
6) 6eTa-pTM
",'F,
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Ts wC.
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PUCy/'OA' 1],1
OCH08Hbie PUmJllbl neKmp03HljfirjJa.n02p(JjIl."'b' 'Ien06e,<a
pHTM 33f 'IeJlOBel<a oTpa)l(aeT COCTOJlHlle cnoKOHHoro 60)J.pCTBO-
BaHl!II, TOTJJ:a KaK COCTOIIHHe 110BbilUeHHoii 3KTHBIU.(1f1f Bbl3blBacr
peaKl.\HIO )J.ecHHxpoHH3aUHII (.1\enpeccHlO aJIb«!>a-pHTMa) nOHIIJKe-
HI1C 06Ll.\eH aMnJlIITYlI,b1 33f H nOJlBJIeHHe (IIJIII YBeJlUq'CfIHC) Bbl-
COKO'IaCTOTHOH HH3KoaMnJlHTYJI,HOH aKTHBHOCTII. HeHp0«!>1I3HOJlO-
rll YCTaHOBII!lH, qTQ peaK1.(IIJI aI<TI1Ba1]HII CBJl3aHa C BOCXO.l\JIIIjIlMH
aKTI1BIIPYlOll.(l1MI1 BJIIIJlHIIIIMIl HS KOpy co CTOpOHbI peTUKYllJlpHOii
«!>0pMal.\HH cpe)J.Hero M03Ta, n03TOMY BbIpaJKCHHOCTb B 33f BbICO-
KO'lscrOTHblX KOlle6sHuii OlpS)1(aeT BbtCOKffii ypOBeHb aKTI1Ba({ffll
KOPb!, a BbIpa)l(eHHOCTb MeMeHHOBOllHOBLIX KOMnOHeHTOB Ha6mo-
.a:aeTCJI npll !]OHHJKeHIIH TOHyca KOpbI, HanpllMep, B "PeMOTMOM
COCTOIIHlllI. OIJ:HaKO MeJl,IleHHOBOJIHOBaJi al<THBHOCTh (TeTa, Jl,eJIb-
Ta) Ha6mo)J.aeTCJI 11 B 60)J.pCTBYIOll(CM COCTOJlHIlII npl1 MOl.\IIO-
HaJIbHbIX HarpY3Kax.
ConOCTaBJIeHlle 33f H HH)J.IIBHllyaJIbHO-nCI1J\OlIorll'lecKHX
oco6efIHocTeii '1eJIOBCKa n03BO!lll1l0 BbIJIBIITb onpC.1\e!leHHbIe B3a-
IIMOCBII311. Kal( OKa3aJIOCb, paJlIHqHble napaMeTjJb! 33f CBII3aHb!
C WHpOKHM KpyroM nOBe.l.(CH'IC<:KHX H KOrHHTHBHb!X xspaKTepH-
CTHK (Vogel F. et al , 1979), B qaCTHocTII, C IIHTeJIJJ;eKTOM
430

JKefi HCnblTyeMOrO. CHrHaJlbl, CHHMaeMble 3JIeKTp0.l1aMII, YCHJIII-
Ba!OTCR cneQHaJIbHblMII YCTpOHCTBaMIi H 3anHCbIBa!OTCJI JIH60
Ha 6YMary, JIII50 B naMJlTb KOMllblOTepa. .II.JIR COnOCTaBIIMOCTH
l\aHHblX, nOJIyqaCMblX pa3HblMI'! IICCJIe.l10BareJIJlMH, C031\aHa CTaH.
.l1 a pTHaH cxeMa HaJIOJKeHHR 3JIeKTpOI\OB, TaK Ha3bIBaeMaJi MeJK-
I\YHapOI\HaJi CHCTeMa 10-20 (Jasper H.,1958). B KaqeCTBe TO'leK
OTC'IeTa B 3TOH CTaH.l1aprHOH cxeMe HCnOJIb3Y!OT qeTbIpe TO'l1<H
Ha 1I0BepXHOCTII qepena: IIHHOH (He50Jlbmoii J<OCTHbIH BbIcTyn
HeMHOI'O HHJKe 3aTbIJI0'lHOH 05JIaCTH), Ha3HOH (TOqKa Ha rpaHII-
Qe lIepeHOCHQbI 11 JI6a), a TaKJKe npaBaJi II JIeaaR npeaypH1<Y-
JIRpHbie TO'lKH (cncpe)J;H OT XPJlmeBoii 3aHaBeC1<1I Hall. HapYJK-
HblM YWHblM KaH3JIOM). KaJK,1\oe nOllepe'lHOe II npOI\OJIbHOe pac-
CTOJlHlle MeJK.l1Y 3TI1MII '1eTKO onpel\eJIeHHbIMII TOqKaMH l\eJlIIT-
CR Ha nRTb HHTepB3JIOB no 10-20-20-20-20-10%. TOqKH HaJlO)J(e-
HH" 3JICKTpOl\OB HaXOJI,JITCJI Ha nepeCeqCHlm IIpOI\OJIbHOii H no-
nepeqHoii JlHHHH CI'!CTeMbI 10-20 (PIiCYHOI{ 11.2).
33r - CJIo)J(HaR, KOMIIJleKCHaH xapaKTepllCIHKa I\CHTCJIb-
HOCIII M031'a, H TeM He MeHee OHa 06J1aAaeT .n:OCTarO'lHO BbICOKOii
HH.!I.IIBIIJI,yaJIbHOH cTa6HJIbHOCTb!O. Km!jJ!jJI1QlleHTbI KOppeJIHQHH
cneKTpa MOII\HOCTH )l.JlJI nOBTopHbIX 3anliceH C HHTepBaJIOM OT 12
):\0 16 Hc.n.eJlb COCTaBJlRlOT OKOJIO 0,8 (Stassen H. et aI., 1987;
Pollock V et aI., 1991; Salinsky M. et aI., 1991). ):\aJKe )l.JlJI 60JIee
)1.JIHHHbIX HHTepBaJIOB MeJK,1\Y 3anllCJlMH (OKOJlO 10 MeCJll\eB) peTe-
croBa" cTa6HJlbHOCTb coxpaHHCTC" Ha BblCOKOM ypoBHe' 0,59 -
nm1 l\eJIbTa-.l\Hana30Ha; 0,70 - )I.JIH Tera; 0,80 - ,l\J1J1 aJIbljla-l,
0,72 - )I.JI" aJJbQJa-2; 0,58 II 0,66 - )l.JlJI 6eTa-1 H 6eTa-2 COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO (Gasser 1'. et aI., 1985). K TOMY )l(e HY)I(HO yqHTblBaTb,
qTO npH 60JIbIIlHX BpeMeHHblx HHTepBaJIaX MCJK,1\Y H3MepeHHJlMH
npOl\eCCbI c03peBaHHR MorYT BHOCHTb CBOH BKJIal\ B nOJIY'laeMb!e
Ol\CIIKH Cra6HJ1bHOCTI1, YMeHblllaJi IIX, TO eCTb HCTlIHHble BCmlqH-
HbI CTa6HJ1bHOCTH MorYT 6bITb H 60JIbwe. B TO JKe BpeMJI, I1ap"l\Y
co cTa6HJJbHOCTb!O, npaKT1,qeCKH BO Bcex pa60Tax OTMeqaeTCR
BbICOKa" BapHaTHBHOCTb 33f Y pa3JIH'IHbIX HH,IlIIBH.l\YYMOB.
3HaqHTeJIbHaH MCJKIIIII\HBHl\YaJIbHaH BapHaTHBHOCTb II BHYT-
PHHIIII.HBHl\YaJ1bHaH cTa6HJ1bIlOCTb n03BOJIJllOT npel\nOJlaraTb CY-
meCTBOBaHHe reHCTHqeCKHX npHqllH H3MeH'IHBOCTII 33f.
1.1. HCCJlCIlOBaHIIJI rCHCTII'ICCKOH ACTCpMHHal\HH 33f
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OTBeAeKI4A
fCHCTHQeCKI1C HCCJ1elloBaHHH 33f Ha'laJIIICb B 30-e rOllbl,
TO eCTb BCKOpC nOCJIe C006meHHR Eeprepa 0 perHCTpaQHH 33f
Y qeJ10BeKa. B nepBblx HCCJIel\OBaHHJlX 33f npe06JIal\aJlH MeTO-
Abl BH3yaJIbHOl'0 al!aml3a. B HHX 33f QelIOBCKa ljIaKTllqCCKH
paCCMaTpHBaJJaCb l{aK HeKHH naTTepH, TO eCTb xapaKTepHblH
PHCYHOK. IIpH TaKOM nOI\X0.l\e 33f BblCTynaJla KaK Ka'leCTBCH-
HbIH npH3HaK. HCCJleI\OBaTeml, pcrHCTpHpYJl 33f Y pOI\CTBeH-
HIIK08 (qame 8eero Y 6mI3HeQOB), BH3yaJlbHO Bbll\eJ1HJIII Onpel\C-
JleHHbIC THIII>I KpHBbIX II nblTaIIHCb IIX KJIaCCIIQJHI.\HpOBaTb. B pe-
3YJlbTarC pOI\CTBeHHIlKH MomH OQeHHBaTbCJI KaK KOHKopllaHT-
Hble IIJIH i\HCKOpl\aHTHble no QJopMe 33f.
IIepBble )«e I'!CCllel\OBaHlIR 1I0Ka3aJlII BbICOKoe CJ\OACTBO 06-
mero pllcYHKa 33f Y qllCHOB M3 nap KaK npaBIIIIO, pa3JIHql1H
Me)l(l\Y M3 6JIH3HeQaMH He npeBblwallH pa3JlH'IUH MeJKI\Y .lIBYMH
orpe3KaMI1 33f Ol\fforo '1eJlOBeKa, 3allllcaHHbIMil B pa3Hble .l\HH
(Davis H, Davis P., 1936; Raney E., 1939; Lennox W. et aI.,
433
3aTbI111J1otHbie
OI'VeAeHKfI
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MeJICoYHapoOHall cucme.Ma HIJJlOJICeHUR 311e"mpooo8 10.20
432

1945). OJJ,HaKo HaH60JIec HHTepecHbIMH MO)l(HO CqHTaTb ,l\aHHble,
nonY'IeHHble .II.)I(yenb-HHJIbCeHOM H XapRaJIb,l\OM (Juel-Nielsen N.,
Harvald B., 1958), KOTopble nOKa3anH, '1TO pa3JIHqHble napa-
MC'l'p1,J 33r Aa)l(e y pa3J1Y'leHHbIX M3 6nH3Hel..\OB npaKTlIQeClm
HAeHTH'IHbI. HCCiIeJ\OBaHIiJi 33f y pa3J1Y'leHHblX 6JIH3Hel..\OB
npOBOAHiIHCb H B nOCiIeJ\YIOI.I..\He rOAbI (Lykken D., 1982;
Boushard 1'.,1990), Ha 60iIee COiIHJ\HbIX Bbl60pKax II C npliMeHe-
HHeM 60JIee coBpeMeHHblx MerOJ\OB aHaJIlI3a. Bce nony'leHHble pe-
3YllbTaTbi )'Ka3b1BaIOT Ha BbiCOKIIH ypoBeHb CXOJl,CTBa napaMeTpoB
33f y pa3J1yqeHHblX 6m!3HeL(OB. IIocKollbKY y pa3ny'leHHbiX M3
6mt3HeI..\OB HeT HIIKaKHX 061.1..\HX CPCJ\OBbIX ljJaKTopoB, TO Bce HX
CXOJ\CTBO B03HHKaeT TOJIbKO 3a C'ieT reHeTHqeCKO" lI,/(eHTllqHOC-
TII. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, AaHHble 0 nopa31uellbHOM nO,l\061111 33f y
pa3l1yqeHHblX 611113Hel..\OB T01lOpHT 0 TOM, '1TO B OCHOBe ceMeHHO-
ro CXOJl,CTBa Jle)l(aT He cpeJ\OBble, a rCHeTH'IeCKl1e npH'iI1HbI.
ITaTTepHbl 33r Y MoH03HrOTHbIX 6ml3HeQOB OKa:JaJIHCb Ha-
CTOllbKO nOXO)l(HMH, 'iTO nOT npH3HaK npei\JIaTaJIOCb HCOOllb30-
BaTb npll ,l\HarHOCTHKe 311rOTHOCTIi 6111'!3HeQOB HapHJ\Y C QBeTOM
fJla:J, BOIIOC II J\PyrHMH MopIjJOJIOrli'JeCKHMH oc06eHHOCTHMI1.
AHaJIII3 33f KaK QeJIOCTIlOro narrepHa IIcnOJlb3yercH B re-
HeTllqeCKIIX pa60Tax H B HaWH J\HH. HaH60llee nOJIHO OH npCA-
CTaBlleH B IICCJle,l\OBaHIIJlX 33r, BeJ\YII{I!XCH 110J\ PYKOBOJ\CTBOM
<1>.<1>oreJIJI B fepMaHHIl (Vogel F. et aI., 1979,1981). HeKOTopble 113
naTTepHOB 33r, i\JIJI KOTopbrx <1>.<1>oreJIeM 6b1JIH YCTallOBJlellbl
npOCTbIe (MCHJ\elleBCKHe) THnbI HacneJ\OBaHI1I1, BHeceHbI B KaTa-
nOT "HaCJIeJ\CTBCHHble npH3HaKH 'lCJIOBCKa" (MaKKblOclfK B.,
1976). OAHaKO HHJJ:HllIIJI,OB C TaKIIMIi xapaKTepHblMII naTTepHaMI1
33f B nonYJlJll.(mr BCTpe'laerCH IlCMHOrO (He 60)JCC 5%). Ux MO)l(-
110 cqlITaTb KpaiillHM Bblpa)l(CHHCM Bcero pa3H006pa3HJI, lIa6mo-
.ll.aCMOl'O B nony;r;/I.(IIH. ITpnMepoM TaKHX "xpailHllx" THnOB >lBJIJ[-
IOTCJI BblAeJIeHHbIe <1> <1>oTeJIeM narrepHbI, nOllyqHB\lJHe H33BaHlle
"MOHOToHHble am,q,a-BOJIHbl" Jf "HII3KOBOJIbTHaJ/ 33f" (PHCYHOK
11.3). .II.JIJI HIIX YCTaHOBJIeH aYTocoMHO-AOMHHaHTHblH Tlln HaCJle-
,l\OBaHnJl. IIp06aH.!1hI, 06nM3JO\lJHe nHMII THnaMH 33f, OTillIQa-
IOTCH HeKoTopblMIl nCJfXO)JOTII'IeCKHMH II 6HOXIIMII'IeCKIIMH xapaK-
repllCl1IKaMH (Vogel F. et al" 1979; Vogel F." Propping P., 1981)
IToJ\P06Hee 3T11 pa60TbI 6Yi\yr onHcaHbI B cneQHaJIbllOM pa:Ji\eJle.
BOJIee pacnpOCTpaHeH, OJl,HaKO, nolI.XoJJ, K 33f KaK K KOJlIi-
'1eCTBeHHoMy npllJHaKY, nocKonbKY Bce pHTMlI'leCKHe COCTaBJIJlIO-
434
u
I
3 II
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IIWrLJ *-- ....... _ flVJ-_ -
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1e
1 HM3J(08GJ1bTH
2 H3KQBOnbTH norpaHr.1l.1HaR (tSeTa-nOJ1HbI)
3 3aTbl110'04Hble MeAl1eHHble '5eTa-ao.nHbI
4 MOHO'roHHbfe anbcpaSOnH
5 ()HTO..-npe4eHTPanI:,Hble 6e"ra-9011HbI
6 A.<I><I>Y'H",e 5eTa-BQIJH'"
Ie
1e
Pucynol( //.3
HacneoyeMble munb/ 33r no f!> f!>oze)]}o
mHC 33r MorYT 6bITb OXapaK1'epll30BaHbi BceB03MO)l(HbIMH KonH-
qCTBCHHbIMII H3MCpeHI!MII (qaCTOTa, aMIIJlI1TY.l1a, cneK'l'paJlbHaSi
nJIOTIIOCTb, KorepeHTHOCTb II T.JJ,.). TaKo" nOAxoJJ, CJle'!\yCT C'III-
Tan 60Jlee nepCneKTl1BHIM, TaK KaK 011 OXBaTb!BaeT BCIO H3MeH-
IJUBOC'IO, npellCTaBJIeHHYIO B nonyrraUHl1.
KOIII'!'1eCTBeHHble nOKa3aTeJIn TaK)Ke IjJIIrYPHPYIOT B pa60-
Tax <1>.<I>orenH (Vogel F., 1958, 1962a, 19626). ilepBoe)l(c ero IIC-
CJ1eAOBaHlie 6b!JI0 npoBeJ\eHO Ha 60JIllIoil Bbl60pKe 6nl13Hel..\OB
(100 nap M3 II 98 nap .II.3). PerllcTPauna 33f Y 6JIII3HeUOB Be-
naCb HC TOJlbKO B COCTOaHI1H IIOKOII, HO n npH pa3JIIIIJHblX IjJYHK-
UIlOHaJIbHblX HarpY3Kax (mnepBeHTHJlJlWiH, mnOKcnH II COH). <1>IIK-
CllpOB3JlCJI pall nOKa3aTeJleH: i\OMIIHIIPYlOmaa lJaCTOTa 33f; aJIb-
435

436
.!la, ycnoBllJI perIlCl'paHII 33f B IICCne.llOBaHlll1 JIHKKeHa He.
CKonbKO OTnH'iaJIHCb OT 06bJ1lHblX: 33i 3amlCblBa.naCb y IIcnbITY-
eMblX B COCTOJlHHH rl1nH03a. IIOBTOpHhIii 3KcnepHMeHT, npOBe.lleH-
HblH B 1982 ro.!lY (Lykkcn D. ct aI., 1982), .!IaJI TC JKC pC3yJIbTaTbl.
RM3 B HeCKOJlbKO pa3 n p CBbllllaJJ r a r BO MHorHX CII y qaJlX 6hIil
",' '"
6nH30K K HYmo, 'iTO CBH.n:eTenbcTByeT 0 HeaJI.!lHTIIBHOM Tllnc Ha-
CJIC.!IOBaHIIJI CneKTPalIhHbIX nnoTHoCTeH pHTMII'IeCKIIX COCTaBnJlIO-
Il\HX 33f. .II. JIlIKKeH (Lykken D., 1982) Ha3bIBaeT TaKHC npH3Ha-
KH, no KOTOphIM CXOjJ.CTBO M3 3HaqHTeJlbHO npeBblwacT CXO.!l-
CTBO .II.3, 3Mepl\JKCHTHbiMil (cmergenic traits). HaCJIe.!lCTBCHHaJl nc.
pejJ.aqa TaKHX npH3HaKOB 06eCneIJilBaCTCJI nOJIUreHHhIMII Mexa-
H!I3MaMH. .II.JUI npOJlBJICHHJI onpe.llenCHHOro npll3HaKa HC06XOAl!MO
onpCI\CJlCHHOC COqCTaHHC HeCKOJIhKIIX reHOB, nepe.Ii.alOIl\IIXCJI OT
pO.!lHTCJIJI K nOTOMKY CJlY'iaHHbIM 06Pa30M. ITOCKOJlbKY M3 6J1U3-
HCbl UMCIOT HJI,eHTH'IHbIH Ha60p rCHOB, IIX CXO.llCTBO no 3Mep.ll-
JKCHTHblM npll3HBKBM TaKJKe IJ,OCTaTOqHO BcnllKO. .II.J1H .n;3 611H3HC-
OB H .lIPyrllx 6Jll13KIIX pO.llCTBeHHHKOB BepOHTHOCTh HailH'iIlH 0Al!-
HBKOBoro Ha60pa rCIIOB y6hIBaeT 8 reOMel'puqeCKOH nporpCCCl1II
B COOTBCTCTBHH C YBcnllqCHIICM 'illcna reHOB, onpCI\CJlJlIOIl\HX
l\aHHhIH KOHKpeTHbIH npll3HaK.
ITcpBble OTeqeCTBeHHhIe rCHeTHqeCKlle IICCJlC.Ii.OBaHHJI 33f
6bIilil lIa'iaTbl B 70-e rOlJ,bl 8 pycne HCCnelJ,OBaHIIH CBOHCTB HC-
pBHOH CHCTCMbI KOnJlCKTIlBOM COTPYAI!HKOB no.ll PYKOBO.llCTBOM
E.M.TcnnoBB II B..n;.Hc6bIilIlbIHa, a 3aTCM H.B.PaBllq-Il.I;ep60.
3T0 pa60TbI H.<1>.llIJ1HXTbl, i.A.llIH6apoBCKOH, T.A.MeIliKoBoH,
H.B.faBpIIW, C.D.MaJlhIX. Bo Bcex 3TilX UCCJIe.!lOBaHIIHX, npOBO-
.lIIIBWHXCH Ha 6il113HeaX, B CJlOM nO 60nblIIIIHCTBY KOJlilqCCTBeH-
HbIX napaMe1}l0B 33f OTMeqaeTCJI 60nee BblCOKoe BHYl'plmapHOC
CXOjJ.CTBO M3 6JIII3Hel.\OB no CpBBHCHIiID C .n;3 6mI3HCl.\aMII.
HcnOJIb3YJl IIIHpOKilH Ha60p KOJIII'iCCTBeHHbIX napaMC1}I0B
33f, nony'iCHHblX B PC3YJlbT3TC pyqHOH iI aBTOMamqCCKOH 06pa-
60TKU, T.A.McwKoBB (1978) npOBCJIa cpaBHcHlic OI.\CHOK HaCiIC-
.!IyeMocTIl 33f pa3J1l1qHblX 06J1aCTCH M03ra - JJ06HbIX, l.\eHT-
paJ1bHbIX, TeMCHHbIX, 3aTbIilOqHbiX II BHCO'iHbIX - B CHMMC1}I1I'i-
HbIX OTBC.Ii.CHUJlX C 060ux nOJJywapHH. OKaJaJ10Cb, '1TO 60Jlcc Bbl-
COKHe OCHKH HaCJJejl,yCMOCTIl HMCIOT nOKa3aTCJJH aJlbQJa-pHTMa,
no cpaBHeHHID C .lIPyrllMIl qaCTOTHblMH Al!ana30HaMII, II 33f npa-
Boro nOJIywapHJI, no cpBBHeHHIO C JICBblM. )J,OJJJI reHeTH'ieCKIiX
KOMnOHCHT QJCHOTltDH'iCCKOH Al!CUepCIIII KOJIc6aJIaCb OT 46% .lIO
437
QJa-IIH.lICKC (npOl.\eHT BpeMcHlI, B Te'leHHe KOToporo B 33f Ha-
6mo.llaercJI Bblpa)l(CHHhIH aJIb!pa-pIITM); aMnJlHTY.lla aJlhQJa-pHTMa;
npoQcHT COBnajJ.CHI1H aJ1bQJa-BOJIH no QJa3c; pcrYJIHpHOCTh aJIbQJa-
pUTMa. AHaJII13 KOJ1HqeCTBeHHhIX napaMcrpoB 33f nOKa3aJ1, '1TO
M3 6JJI!3HeQhI npaKTUqeCKI1 IIlJ,eHTII'IHbl no nOKa3aTeJJHM aJIbQJa-
IIHACKca 33f, aMnJlIITYJl,bI H '1aCTOTbl ailbQJa-pIlTMa. Pa3JJH'iHH
MeJK.D.Y M3 6JJII3HCaMIl 6blJlH He 60JIblIIe, '1CM y OAHoro H Toro
JKe qenOBeKa npll nOBTopHOH pCmcrpaQHII 33f 3T0 jJ.aJIO <1>.<1>0-
remo OCHOBaHHe MJI BbIBO.I\R 0 BblCOKOH HaCIIC.lIyeMoCTH 33f.
IToCJlejl,yIOIl\lIe pa60TbI nO.llTBep.Ii.IIJI:H BbIBoAbI <1>orCJIJI. B
60JIbWIIHCTBe IICCJlCAOBaHI1H, HCCMOrpJl Ha pa3HbiC p a3Mep bI BhI-
60pOK ('1aCTO He6oJIbWHC) H HeCOBnalJ,CHIlC MeTO.!lOB pcmcrpaQHH
H aHaJIl13a, MOHOTOHHO 06HapY)I(UBaJIOCb BblCOKOC BHyrpHnapHoe
CX0.Ii.CTBO M3 6J11I3HCOB no mo6blM xapaKTepllCTI1KaM aJIb!pa-
pl{TMa (Inouyc E., 1961; Kamitake M., 1963; Young J., 1972;
MCIIIKOBa T.A., 1976, AIIOXIIH A.II., 1987 I{ .lIP.).
C pa3BI{TlleM MeTOIIOB cncKTPaJlhHOrO aHaJ1113a 33f H B rc-
lIeTII'ICCKHX pa60Tax BCC '1aIl\C CTaml QJ!!rypilpoBaTb 60JIee CJJOJK-
HbIe, HeJKeJIII qaCTOTa, aMnJIHTY.Ii.a, aJlbQJa-HHAeKC, KOJIilqCCTBeH-
HblC xapaKTepHCTIlKII 33f. CpC.lIH HIIX lIBI160JICC pacnpocrpa-
HCHHblMI1 KOJJllqeCTBeHHblM1l oeHKaMIl HBJIHIOTCH CYMMapHble
3Hepnlll II cnCKTPaJlhHbIe nJJOTHOCTH* OTjJ.CJlbllbIX pI1TMOB.
CnCKTpBJlbllblii aHaJI!!3 33f HCO0J1b30BaJICJI B pa60Te )J,.
JIHKKeHa C COaBTOpaMI1 (Lykkcn D. et aI., 1974). CncKl'paJ1bHble
xapaKTepllCTIIK!! 33f OKa3aJIliCb qpe3Bbl'laHllo nOXO)l(lIMH y M3
6J1i13HeQOB. Hx BHY1}IIInapHbIe KOppeJIJlill'! 6b1J1i1 conOCTaBIiMbI C
TaKOBblMH MJI Mop<j!oJlOrllqCCKIIX npll3HilKOB - MIIHbI II Beca
TC!la. B 3BBIICHMOCTII OT qaCTOTHOro .IDlanil30Ha BCJIH'IHHa Koppe-
JlJlI.\Hii KOJJc5a!laCb B npeJl,enax OT 0,76 .n:o 0,86. B TO )l(e BpeMJI B
rpynne .II.3 KOppC]JJIIIH OKa3aJIliCb O'!CHb lIil3KIIMII- OT -0,20 Jl,0
<1,15. 3TO 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO HllJKe, '1eM MO)l(HO OJKIfjJ.aTb, IfCXO.Ii.H ffJ
npe.llllOJJO)l(eHIIJI 06 a)l,l\lfTIIBHOCTII reHeTlI'JCCKI1X BJII1HIIH. TIpaB-
. CYMMapHMe :meprHH U cnelITp3J1hHhle n.rrOTHOCTH RBJUIIOTC.R napaMeT-
paMH, KOTopble pa3JIH"IHbJM o6pa30M OTpa)KalOT npe.n.CT3BnCHHOCTb .aaHHoro
pHn.ta 8 33f. CYMMapHBJI 3Hepf1l '1aC-TOTHoro .n.Han330Ha 33r npeltCT3Bmt-
eT co6oii a6coJUomylO a!\mmny.lIY pHTMa lI,3HHOrO !Htana30Ha. CneKTpaJ1hHhle
nnOTHOCTH MO(QHOCTJ.t cncKTpoB OT,LIeJlbHbJX ,l:U13na30HOB npcJJ;CT3BJlRIOT C060H
BeJIHttHHI:.I, HOpMHpOs8HHble OTHOCHTeJTbHQ MOl1.\HOCTH cnclITpa Deero LUiana30-
H8 'faCTor.

96% IIJlII p83HblX l1apaMeTpOB H pa3HbJX 06JIacreH M03ra. HHTe-
peCHO, 'ITO HaHMeHbWHe reHOTHmi'leCKHe BJUIIIHHIl npaKTlI'IeCKII
110 lIceM rrapaMeTpaM 6b1JJH xap3}(TepHbll\IT1l 33f JIeBOH BIICOq-
HOM 06JJaCTH KOpbl. Ilo MHeHHIO aBTopa, 3TO CBJl3aHO C <jJlIJIOre-
HeTJI'leCKHM B03paCTOM 3TOM 06JIacrH M03ra (OHa nOIlBJ1l1eTCIl O-
craToqHO n03MO B rpHJ10reHe3e), I\1IHTeJIbHOCTbIO ee C03peBaHI111
11 OHToreHe3e, a TaK)Ke OC060H pOJ1blO II OCYll\eCTBJteHHH pe'IeBblX
<jJYHKL\IIH.
HccnC)J.OBaHlle H.B.faBpHW H C.D.MaJlbIX (1994), npoBe-
eHHoe Ha 6JIH3HeL\aX 6-8 JIeT (26 nap M3 II 22 napb! .II.3), B
KOTOpOM BbleJlJlJIOCb TPH (no AJIrpepOBOH B.B., <1Jap6ep .rI.A.,
1990) OCHOBHblX nOMHana30Ha aJIbrpa-pI1TMa, 1I03110JIHJ10 Cl{e-
J1aTb 3aKJIIO'leHlle 0 pa3J1I1'1HOH npHpoe Me)KIIHII,IiBlIl{yaJ1bHOH
1I3MeH'IIIBOCTH OTeJ1bHbIX 'i3CTOTHbIX IWMnOHeHTOB aJII,<jJa-pIIT-
Ma. ITpll 3TOM lia6J110aeTCJI CJIeJJ;YIOll\all 3aKoHoMepHocTb: 'IeM
n03)1(e B OHTorCHe3e COOTBCTCTBYIOll\I1H KOMnOHeHT aJII,rpa-pIlT-
Ma CTaHOBIiTCIl I{OMIIHHpYIOll\eH rpOpMOH aKTIIBHoCTH, TeM MCHI,-
WYIO pOJIb B ceMeHHoM CXOJl,CTBe IIrpaJOT reHeTII'IeCKlle rpaKTopbl.
Oll,lil! 113 BbIBOOB, CJJ;eJIaHHbIX aBTopaMH, 3aKJ1IO'IaeTCJI B TOM,
qTO npll I'eHeTH'IeCKOM aHaJ1H3e 33f HenpaBOMepHO COIIOCTall-
J1I1Tb aHHble pa3HblX B03paCTHbIX rpynn no napaMeTpaM TOJII,-
KO WllpOKonOJlOCHoro aJ1I,rpa-pIlTMa.
CTpYKTypa <jJeHOTHnHqeCKOH H3MeHqHBOCTil HeKOTOpI,IX
KOJ1l1qCCTBeHHbIX napaMeTpOB 33f aliaJ1H3HpOBBJ1aCI, TBK)Ke 11
CeMI,JlX TYPKMeHCKOH nonymIL\1I11 (AHOXHH A.IT.,1987). .II.JIJI 60J1I,-
IlIHHCTBa nOKa3BTeJIeii a6COJIIOTHOH MOll\HOCTH cneKTpOB BKJIal{
reHeTII'IeCKHX «I>aKTopoB OKa3aJIC>I OCTaTOqHO BblCOKIIM, 3a HC-
KJ1IO'IeHHCM 6eTa-lI,Iiana30Ha B 3BTI,lJIO'lHblX OTlIeeHHJlX. AMu-
THBHaJi reHeTU'ICCKa>l KOMI10HeHTa 113MeH'IHBOCTI'! (G A) BapbH-
pOB8JIa OT 0% 1\1111 6eTa-Harra30Ha B 3aTbIlJO'lHOii 06naCTlI o
80% 1\1111 6eTa-lI,Iiana30Ha B Jl06HI,lX Ol'BeJ],eIiHIIX. KaK npaBuno,
rpCHoTlflIH'IeCKOe CXOl(CT80 MelKtI.Y cH6caH! npellblW8!10 CXOl(-
CTBO Me)KY pOI{HTeJIIiMII I'! l(eTbMI1. :'ho 061>JlCHlleTCIl KaK 3«1>-
«I>eKTaMH tI.OMHlmpOBaHUJI, TaK I{ BJllfllHHeM CflCTeManlqeCKIIX
0611\eCeMci1HbIX cpeOBbIX rpaKTOpOll. ITpH aliaJIlf3e OTHOCHTC!lb-
H/,IX MOll\HOcTel! 'IaCTOTHbIX .IHfarra30HOB 6bI!IO 8bJJlBJIeHO Be
rpynrrbI nOKa3aTCJIeH: I) nOKa3aTeJlII C HH3KIIMif OL\eHKaMH lIa-
CJICP,YCMOCTH - xapilKTepl{CTlfKIf 3JleKTplf'ieCKOII aKTIIBHOCTiI
JI06HbIX 06JIaCTCH M03ra II TeTa-ilKTIIBHOCTb BHCOqHI,IX 06JIac-
438
TeH; 2) nOKa:JaTenll C BI,ICOKIIM YPOBHeM HaCnel\yeMocTII - xa-
paKTepHCTIfl<1I 33f BIICOqHOii H 3<1TI,IJI0'lHOii 06J1aCTeii.
K COJKaJIeHIIIO, B 60JlI,Illl1HCTBe reHeTi'I'IeCKHX HCcnel(OBil-
HIfH 33f JIH60 06CJIel\OBaJIIICb He60JIbWi'le KOHTIIHreHTI,! HCrrbITY-
eMI,IX OJJ;Horo B03pacTa, JIII60 B03pacTHoi! lI,Iiana3011 6I,IJI CJIIIW-
KOM BeJIlIK, qTO I\JIJI l1onyJIJlL\1I0HIlI,IX I1CCJIeJl,oBaHI'!H JlBJIlieTCIi
60JIbIUlfM HeJl,ocraTKOM. aT pa:JMepa BbIOOpKH 3aBHCHT TOqHOCTb
OL\eHKII KOMnOHeHT II,Iicnepclflf HCCnel(yeMbIX IIpl13HaKOB
B03AtO;)ICHOCmb OlfeHKU 3IJa'leHWi m020 lUlU UlI020 3tjJtjJeKma
1a8Ucum om IjeJl020 pRoa pakmopoe: oeikm6umellbHOu 6e/lu'IUHbl
JrjJtjJeKma 8110l1YJlJ/lfUU ('leM 60JlbWe JtjJtjJeKm. meAt Jle2'le 0>1 «&!Re-
MemCR); yp06HR oocrno«ep>locmu, 6&16pa1tHOGO 8 Ka'leCmfle Kpume-
pUR OJlJ/ Om8ep;)ICeHUR I/YJle80il 2unome3bl 06 omcymcm8uu 6J1URHWI
JtjJrjJeKma; pCl3Mepa 8&z60PKlI ('1eM 6011bmc panlcp 8b160PKU, me""
60Jlee mO>lKUe JljJljleKmb! Mbl ,\.1O;)ICeM Olfel/um&). lfCCJle008aHUR, 8
KomopblX o6cneoYfOmCH 6011butUC flbl60pKU ucnblmye.Ubl.'J(, oaJOm
e01AtO;)ICI/OCm& 6011ee moql/Ol; Olfel/KU 8Cex JtjJtjJeKrn08, OC06el/HO
rno KacaemCR /1/CX C,YY'lae8, K020a flCJlUYUHa 3tjJtjJeKrna « 110nYM-
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96 nap .II.3 6JIlf3Hel.\OB mlTH neT B IICCJIe.nOBaIiHH K BaH DaaJl H
. rCHaj:( p;aKiH!lOCKom!.R (DNA fingerprint) - cnoco6 YCTaHOBneHI1S
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439

.lip. (1996) 11 91 napa M3 H 122 napbl .II.3 6JIII3Hel.\Oo 16 neT B
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443

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ana30HC (4,0-7,5 fu.) MCJKAY npc!jJpoHTaJlbHbIMII, !jJpoHTaJlhlJbl-
MH, CH1P3JIbllblMl/, naplfeTaJIbflblMH fI 38Tbl.l!O'lHbIMIf 06J18CTJ1MII.
O.n;HoMepHbIH rCHeTlIQeCKIIH aHanH3 !JhlBIIJI JIOCTaTOQHO
CIIJlbHbIC reHeTHQeCKlle BJIIIJlIHlJI AJlJI Bcex nOKa3areneii Kore-
peHTHOCTH. KoppCnJl41f11 B rpynne M3 D!11f3HCQOB BCCr}{a Db/IIJ/
Bblwe, '1eM B rpynne .II.3, ne!1l1qllHa ou.eHOK HaCJlCAyeMOCTI'! KO-
rCpellTHOCTII KOJle6aJlaCb OT 30% AO 71 % (Ta6J1l1l1bl 11.1 II 11.2)
AHaJlll3 KorcpeliTHOCTH 33f Y 6J11131ieQOB IOHOWecKoro
n03paCTa (16 neT) (van Bcijsterveldt C., 1996) TaKJKe BbIJlBHJI
flanllqll/: reHeTlf'leCKI1X BJlIfJlHHH B IfHJI,I1BHAyaJlbHblX pa3J1l1ql1x
no 3TOMY nOKa3aTeJllO KorepeHTIJOCTb BblQHCJIJlJIaCh BO Bcex
QaCTOTHblX I!l1anaJOHaX .lI:JIJI Tex )((e caMbIX OTBe.n.eIlI'!H, qTO If B
npCAbJ.lI.YlljeM pa60Te. Bbl60pKa BKnJOQana B CC6R 89 nap M3,
72 napbl O.ll:HOnOJIblX .II.3 H 46 nap pa3HOnOJlblx .II.3.
Pe3YJlbTaTbI CBHi(eTCJlbCT!JYIOT 0 3HaqHrenbHOM BJIIIJlHIiH
reHeTHqec!mx !jJaI\TOpOB (He MeHee 50%) B IIH.!IIIBH.lI.yaJIbllb!X
444
Ta6JIUa 11.1
Oljell/(u lIacileoyeMocmu (e UlUP0/(OM cMb/cile) K02epeHmHocmu 6
mema-iJual1a30lle 8 ileeOM l10nywapuu y oemeu 5 JIem
OtBeAe"R  paCCTORHMe MeJtQtY OTB&AeHMAMIll
Hac.nOAY Fp1-F3 Fpl-(:3 Fp1.P3 Fp1-01 F3.01 CJ.oI P3-01
...ocn. HeM 7 e..
7CM 14cM 21 eM 28cu 2\ eM
3317D 71 50 56 55 30
h' .a(J
pa3J1Hq1lJlX KOrepeHTHOCTH BO BCex aHaJIII3>1pYCMblX qaCTOTHbIX
,lI;l1ana30H<Jx. Han60JIbWaJl IW!1J1 Bap»aTIIBHOcTII, O?YCJlOBneH,:
HaJi reHeTI1'ieCKIIMH npnQIlHaMII, Ha6JIIOAaeTCJI.lI:JIJI 6I>1C1'pbIX
'1aCTOTHbIX Allana30HOB. IToKa3ar.eiHl HaCJleJlyeMocTIf (ycpel{-
HCHHh!C no BceM OTBe.n.eHHJlM) COCTaBJlJlIOT 60%, 65% II 60% .lI:JIJI
TeTa- aJIh!jJa- II 6eTa-AHana30HoB COOTBeTCTBeHHO. HacJleAye-
MOCT KorepeHTHOCTII MJI AeJIbTa-I!Hana30Ha HH)I(e. MC)lmoiIY-
rnapHb!X pa3J1I1Q»H B HaCJICAycMOCTH KorepeHTHocTII HC 6b1JIO
06HapY)!(CHO (Ta6J1Hl1a 11.3).
ITOCKOiIbKY, KaK Mhl YJKe ynoMIIH8i1», KOrepeHTHOCTb 1'0-
)J(eT CJIYJKIITb IIHj(HKaTopoM Toro, B KaKOH CTeneHH pa3JI11qHble
06nacTH M03ra CBJl3aHbi MeJKJIY c060il, nonYQeHHble pe3yJIbTa-
Tbl CBl1l{CTelIbCTBYJOT 0 3Ha'iIlTeJJbHOM BJIIIJlHHII reHeTHqeCKHX
!jJaKTopoB Ha H3MeHQIIBOCTb CBJl3eH MeJKAY ODJIaCTMH M03ra
16-JIeTHHx ACTeij
KaK OTMeqaJOT aBTopbI pa60TbI, HacJleAyeMoCTb Ko:epeHT-
HOCTI1 HeCKOJlbKO HHJKe, '!eM HacneAycMoCTb nOKa3aTenell MOl11-
HOCTH cneK1'pa, AJlJI KOTOpblX ycpe,ll;HeHHbIH no BCCM 'IaCTOTHb!M
AHana30HaM H OTBCl\eHHM K03!jJ!jJHUIICHT HaCJlCAycMOCTJI COCTaB-
Ta61IUl{<l 11.1
Oljell/(u lIaclleoyeMocmu (6 UlUpOKOM CMblcne) K02epelln1ll0CmU 8
mema-OUal1a30lle 6 I1paBOM l10ilywapuu y iJemeil .) J7em
OraeAeHIit  paccrcH1o\e e*AY OT9eAeHRM
H.cnOAY Fp2-c4 I'p2-P4 Fp2.02 F4-02 C4-02 P4-02
Fp2.F4
eMOCTb 14CM 7""
7CM 14 eM 21 CM 28 c.. 21 c..
33 59 49 46 51 43
h' 33
445

Ta6RUI(a lJ.J
KOJfjJfjJUI{UeHmbl HaCJleoyeMocmU 1<02epeHmIJOCmU y 6JIU311el{06
16 Rem
MeHbllJeif CTeneHH. HMelOllJHeC 3MnHpHqeCKHe Jl,aHHbIe CBl1l1.e-
TCJIbC1'ByIOT 0 BblCOKOM CXOII.CTBe peaKl.\HH napTllepoB M3 nap Ha
nmepBeHTHJIJll.\1I1O (Juen-Nielsen N., Harva1d B., 1958; Vogel P.,
1970; Carels G. et aI., 1970), 4JoToCTHMYJIl.\HIO (Juen-Nielsen N.,
Harv.:lJd B, 1958; Inouye E., 1961, Young J. et aI., 1972), OTKpbl-
BaHlie rrra3 (Carels G. et aI., 1970). BJIIIRHHe reHeTII'ieCKIIX 4Jal<-
TOpOB HC1!b!TblBaIOT T.:lK)I(e TaK»e nDKJl3aTeJIH, KaK BemI'IIIHa H
II.JIHTeJIbHOCTb 6JIOKaJl,b! anb4Ja-pHTMa B OTBeT Ha BHeWHlle pa3-
APa)J(HTeJIH (KpbflIOB ).I..H. 11 i1p., 1972), pe.:lKWfJ! YCBOCHHJ! pHTMa
(YBapoBa E.B., XaMaraHoBa T.f., 1972; MaHbKoBcKIli'i H.E. I1l\p.,
1976), )I.JII1TeJlbHOCTb II JIaTeHTHb!ff nepl10A YCJIOBHDii 33f-peaJ(.
l.\HH (I.lIJIRxTa H.<1>., 1972), ,lI)lllTenbHOCTb 6JIOKaJl,bI aJIb4Ja-pliTMa
B OTBeT Ha nepBoe npelJ,'bJlBJleHHe 3BYKa B 3BYKOBOff nOCJIei10BB-
TeJIbHOCTH, nOKa3aTeJIII peaKl.\HII nepecTPoiiKH pHTMa (1.lIJIRXTa
H.<1>., ITaHTeJleeBa T.A., 1978).
B 33r nOKOJI OT reHOTIlna B 60JIbWeH CTeneHII 3aBHCRT no-
Ka3aTeJIH aJlb4Ia-pHTMa, Tor)J:a KaK npH p33JIH'IHOrO pDJI,a CTlIMY-
JI!ll.\JIJ1 (CBe'I', JBYK, OTKpb!BaHlle rml3) H npH pellJeHHIl apl1ljJMeTII-
'1eCKHX JaAaq MaKCHMaJlbHaR HaCJIelJ,yeMocTb xapaKTepHa II.JIJI
1!DK.:l3aTeJIeii 6eTB-pHTMB (Inollye E.,I96I; Kamitake M., 1963,
Young J et aI., 1972). .II.eno II TOM, qTO II.JIJI 3TI1X 4JYHKl.\110HaJIb-
HblX COCTORHHff xapaKTepHa p,enpeccIIJ! aJI!.Q>a -pIlTM.:l H YBenllqe-
HHe KOJIH'IeCTBa 6eTa-BOJIH. MOJKHO npe)J:1!OJIOJKIITb, 'iTO Te KOM-
noHeHTb! 33f, KOTOpble Xap>lK1'epHb! II.JII< ,lJ,BHHOro 4JYIfKl.\I!OHaJ1b-
HOro COCTOJ!HIIJI (,u.nR onpCAeneHlloro ypOBtIR aKTIIBal(HH), H o6JIa-
ABIOT MaKCHMaJlbHOH 3aBI1CHMOCTblO OT retIOTllrrB.
4aC'TOTHbIe AM8na30HbI
OT8eAeHKA neBoe nonywapl4e Or8eAeHHA npaBoe nOJ1ywapHe
A"""'" 7er.I anbq,a film> A"""'" 7er.I an",*", film>
Fpl.01 28 69 71 65 Fp2'()2 28 68 Tl 68
Fpl-P3 30 48 67 62 Fp2-P4 41 43 65 68
F3-01 44 52 68 50 F«J2 43 48 74
40
Fpl-C3 52 71) 67 71) Fp2-C4 41 7J 7J 66
C3-01 55 &! 47 &! C4-02 56 68 68
62
Fpl F3 52 73 71 58 Fp2.P4 54 69 81 67
F3-C4 48 54 68 62 F4-C4 54 59 64 58
C3-P3 49 &! 56 65 C4-P4 53 62 58
62
P3-01 52 51 54 53 P«J2  52 54
52
JIeT 85%. MeHbUJaR lIaCJIe.D.yeMocTb KorepeHTHoCTII, BepOJITHO,
06ycJlOBJIeHa 60ncc HII3KOH CTa6IIJIbHOCTblO 3Toil xapW(TepIlCTH-
KII. O'ieBII.lI.IIO, qTO YBeJIlIqeHlIc oUJII6KII 113MepeHIIJI, KOTopa BXO-
MT B 06UJY!O .!U1C1!epClllO, npHBOJl,llT K YMelfbweHHIO lIacne)J:yeMo-
CTII. B p>lAe pa60T Ol(el!l1BaJIBCb peTeCTOBa HalJ,e)J(HOCTb nOKa3a-
Terreii 1<:OrepeHTHOCTil (Gasser T. et aI., 1987; Dunkin J. ct al.
1994; Harmony T et aI., 1993). HCCJIe,110BaHH>I 6blJIH rrpOBe,IleHb;
Ha pa3JIH'IHI,(X no pa3Mepy BbI60pKax HCnblTyeMI,(x pa3Horo B03-
paCTa, C pa.JJIII'fHbIM HHTepBaJ10M Me)J(,!ij' nOlITOpHblMH H3MepeHH-
MII. reccep (Gasser T. et aI., 1987) 06HapYJKHJI, qTO npH IIHTep-
Bane Me)!(jJ,Y 1I3MepCHHIIMII B OIIJfH TOp, lI/!I< MOlIOp,b!x IfC1!bITYCMb!X
xapaKTepHbl 60JIee HII3KIIC peTecToBble KOppeJII<l.\HH (0,40), '1eM
MJI nOJKIfJIb!X (0,60). TaKIiM 06pa30M, 6bIJIO YCTaHOBJIeHO, '11'0
BocnpOn3BOlJ,HMOCTb nOKa3aTeJIeii KOrepeHTlIOCTH HH1!(e, II cpall-
lfeHIIH c nOKaJaTen>lMH MOUJHOCTII crreKTPa. CooTBeTcTBeHHo
MeHbUJa>l HaJI,e)l(HOCTb KorepeHTHoCTH MOJKeT 6blT\, npliqllHOii 50:
JIee HH3KHX 0l.\eHOK HaCJIe)J:yeMoCTH.
33T 8 cocmORHUU CHa
3J1eKmpOJIJl/erjJaJIOZPaMMa npu pa3J1U/JblX rjJYHKI{UOHllJ!bHblX
H£12pY3Kax
OAHI1M H3 IjJH3110JIOrH'ieCKHX COCTOJlHIIH 'ieJIOBeKa, npll KO-
TOpO/.! TaKJKe Ha6mo,lJ,aJOTC>I HJMeHeHII>I B ypoBHe aKTIIBaUIlI1, JlB-
J1ReTC COH. H3MeHeHH>I 33r, conpOBOJKJ1.alOllJ;ne npouecc cHa,
neHJMeHHO npl<BJIeKalOT BHHMalllle HCeJIc,11oBaTeJIeii.
](oTl\a qenOBeK 3acbmaeT, OAlIa J3 APyroH '1epe.Il.YIOTCJI
HeCKOlIbKO paJJIHqHblX CTa,IlIIH CHa, KOTopble xapaKTep1I3YlOTCII
onpe,lJ,eJleIlHbIMI-I 33f-naTTepHaMIl. B nepBOH CTa.Il.l-IlI, KOTOpU
lIaCTynaeT cpa3Y, KaK TOJILKO qeJIOBeK norpy)J(BeTC>I B COli, aJJb-
ljJa-aKTHBHOCTb nOCTeneHIfO CMeHJleTCR HH3KOaMnJIHTyn;HbIMH
1<:OJle6aHH>lMII 3IIeKTPII'ieCI(QTO nOTeHUlIaJla. BTOp.:ln CT.:lJl,If!l X.:l-
447
B OTJIllqne aT 33r JIOKOJ!, HaCJIep,CTlIeHHU o6YCJ!OBJIeH-
1I0CTb oco6eHHOCTeH peaKTlIBHblX I'!JMeHeHIIH 33f IICCJIe,lJ,OBaHa II
446

paKTepll3yeTcH HaJl\1qHeM TaK Ha3bIBaCMbIX "COHHbIX BcpeTeH"
(HeperYJIHpHbIe BcnbIWKH aKTl1BHuCTH '1aCTOToil 12-14 rl.\) H
K-KOMnJIeKCOB (33f -BOJIHbI, COCTOHII..\He H3 '1eTKO BbIpaJKeHHOil
OTpHl.\aTeJIbHOH BOJIHbI, pe3KO cMeHHIOII..\eHcH nOJIOJKHTenbHbIM
KOMnoHcHToM). 3T11 iJ,BC CTaiJ,HH OTHOCHT K nOBcpXHOCTHOMY
CHY. B TpeTbeH CTa.n:Hl1 "COHHbIe BepeTeHa" COqeTaIOTCH C BbI-
COKOaMnJIHTYiJ,HbIMH iJ,eJIbTa-BOJIHaMH, a B qeTBepTOH CTaJl,HH
CHa npe06JIaiJ,alOT BbICOKOaMnJIHTYiJ,HbIe BOJIHbl. TpcTbJl H '1eT-
lJCpTaH CTaiJ,1II1 OTHOCHTCH K rJIy6oKOMY CHY Bce CTaiJ,I1H CHa
6bIJIII OTKpbITbl TOJIbKO 6JIarOiJ,apH HCCJIeiJ,OBaHHIO 33f. ITOMI1-
1.10 onHcaHHbIX '1eTblpex CTaJl,IIH CHa BbIiJ,eJIJlIOT ell..\e OJl,HY, iJ,JIJI
KOTOpoil xapaKTcpHbI 6bICTpbIC iJ,BI1JKCHHH rJIa3. Ec Ha3bIBalOT
REM-coH (Rapid Eyes Movemcnt). Bcc OCTaJIbHble CTaiJ,I1H, npH
KOTOpblX OTCYTCTBYIOT iJ,BHJKeHIIH rJIa3HbIX H6JIOK, Ha3bIBaIOT
NREM-cOH. fJIy60KHe CTa.n:lclI1 CHa Hc06xoiJ,I1MbI MJI nOMcp-
J'WHI1H onpC.l\CJIeHHOrO cjJH3H'IeCKOrO COCTOHHI1J1, a REM-coH
BaJKCH iJ,JIJI HOpMaJlll3al.\HH nCHXl1qCCKOrO COCTOJlHHJI HHiJ,HBHiJ,a.
CTaiJ,I1H REM xapaKTepH3yeTcH CO'leTaHIICM CMCIllaHHoil no qac-
TOTC HII3KOaMnJIHTYiJ,HOH 33r-aKTHBHoCTH H HaJIH'IHeM 6bICT-
pbIX iJ,BHJKCHI1H ma3.
reHeTllqeCKHe pa60TbI, KacaIOII..\HeCH cHa, BeCbMa HeMHO-
rOqHCJICHHbl. TaK, PC3YJIbTaTbI onpoca 600 6JII13Hel.\OBbIX nap,
npOBCiJ,CHHOrO cjJHHCKHM yqCHbIM ITapTlIHCHOM (Partincn M. et
aI., 1983), CBH.1\eTCJIbCTBYIOT 0 BJIHHHHH reHeTH'ICCKHX cjJaKTopoB
Ha JUlHTeJIbHOCTb II Ka'lCCTBO CHao <DorCJIb (Vogel F., 1958) IIC-
CJIeAOBaJI naTTepHb! 33r MCJUlCHHOBOJIHOBblX H 6bICTPOBOJIHO-
BOH CTa.1\I1H CHa Y M3 H .II.3 6JIH3HCI.\OB II 06HapYJKHJI BbICOKoe
CXO.1\CTBO nOKa3aTCJICH M3 Ha BCCX CTa.1\HHX. BJIHHHHC reHCTI1-
qeCKHX cjJaKTopoB Ha I1HiJ,HBI1iJ,yaJIbHbIC OC06CHHOCTH .l\HHaMHKH
33f BO BpCMJI CHa 6blJIO o6HapYJKeHO YHroM H BHJIbCOHOM
(Zung W, Wilson W., 1968). M3 6JIH3Hel.\bI OKa3aJIliCb KOHKOp-
.1\aHTHbIMIi no ncpHO.1\HqCCKOH CMCHC OCHOBHbIX CTaiJ,IIH CHa,
TOr.1\a KaK y .II.3 aHaJIOrHqHbIC nCpHOiJ,H'ICCKI1C 113MCHCHHH He
COBnaiJ,aIOT, qTO nOATBepJKiJ,aeT rlinOTe3Y 0 HaCJIe.n:CTBeHHOH
06YCJIOBJIeHHOCTH IIH.1\HBII.1\yaJIbHbIX pa3JI1iqHH 6HOpliH13 CHao
II.JII1HKoBCKI1 (Linkowski P., 1994), aHaJlH3HpYH ycpe.n:HcHHbIe
no 3 HO'laM .1\aHHble, 06HapYJKIIJI cYlllecTBeHHoe BJlHJlHHe reHO-
THna BO 2-0H (h 2 = 0,82) II 4-0H (h' = 0,62) CTa.1\IIHX CHao HaH-
60JlbWeC BJIHHHHC HaCJICiJ,CTBeHHbIX cjJaKTopoB Ha6mo.1\aeTCH JUlIi
448
TCX nOKa3aTCJIeH, KOTopble .l\OCTaTO'lHO xopowo BocnpoH3BO-
)(HTCJI OT HOqH K HO'lI1 (Merica H, Gaillard J., ]985).
H3MeneHUJI 33T l10il 603i1eucmsueM XUMU'leCKUX a2enm08
ITonbITKH Ol.\eHHTb BJIHHHHe HaCJlCJI,CTBeHHbIX cjJaKTopoB
Ha iJ,IIHaMHKY nOKa3aTeJIeH 33f npH BBCJI,ellllH HcnbITyeMbIM
npenapaToB, BJIHHIOIII"X Ha pa60TY l.\ellTpaJIbHOH HepBHOH CHC-
TeMbI, 6blJIIi npe)(npHHHTbl B pJl.1\e pa60T. 01111 nOCBHII..\eHbl B
OCIIOBIIOM np06JIeMe B03)(eilcTBHH aJlKOrOJlH lIa HC. Il.Ilpon-
mlHr (Propping P., ] 977) I1CCJle.1\OBaJI lIaCJIe.1\yeMocTb BJlHHHI1H
aJlKorOJIJI lIa JJ;HC. B l.\eJIOM JIplieM aJIKorOJIJI YBeJIH'II1BaeT 1.1011..\-
HOCTb anbcjJa- Ii TeTa-aKTI1BHOCTH B 33r, O.1\lIaKO npl1 nOM CY-
lII eCTB YIOT H 3Ha'lIlTCJIbllble MeJKIIH.1\HBIIJI,yaJlbHble pa3J1HqIlH.
ITpOiJ,OJIJKHTeJIbIlOCTb 11 xapaKTep 33r -peaKI.{IIH Ha aJIKOrOJIb
3aBHCHT OT THna cjJOHOBOH 33f H 60Jlee CXO.1\HbI Y M3 6JIH3He-
I.\OB B cpaBHeHlI11 C )];3. 3TI1 HaCJIe,IJ.CTBeHHble OC06CHHOCTI1 He
CBH3aHbI C pa3JIHqHJlMli B xapaKTepc MeTa6oJIH3Ma aJlKOrOJlH,
nOCKOJlbKY HeT KOppeJIHl.\l111 MeJK.1\Y ypOBHCM aJIKOrOJIJI B KpOBH
II oc06eHHocTHMII peaKTHBHbIX H3MeHeHHH 33r. Hal160JIblllee
YBenH'IeHlie CHHXpOHH3aI.\IIH, BblpaJKalOlI..\CeCH B YBeJIHqeHI1H KO-
JIH'IeCTBa aJlbcjJa-BOJlH H HX aMnJIIITYiJ,bI, HMCCT MeCTO JUlH 33f
C nnoxo BblpaJKeHHbIM, iJ,eCHHXpOHH3I1pOlJaHHbIM HepcrYJIHpHbIM
am,cjJa-pHTMOM. 33f C XopOWO BblpaJKCHHblM .1\OMHHl1pYIOIIIHM
aJ1bcjJa-pHTMOM npaKTl1qCCKH He npeTcpneBaCT H3MeHeHHH no,IJ.
BJlIIHIII1CM aJlKOrOJIJI. HII3KOaMnJlliTY.1\HaH 33r C nOJlHblM OT-
CYTCTBI1CM aJJbcjJa-pl1TMa BeiJ,CT ce6H iJ,BOHKO. B lIeKOTopbIX CJlY-
qaHX npOHBJIJleTCJI aJJbcjJa-pHTM, B ,IJ.pyrHx - lie npOI1CXO,!l.HT HH-
KaKHX H3MeHeHHH. M3 6JJII3Hel.\bl C IIH3KOaMIIJJHTY.1\HOH 33r
IIMCIOT CXO.1\HbIH THn pearl1pOBaHHH, qTO rOBopHT 0 cro HaCJIe,IJ.-
CTBeHIIOH 06YCJJOBJIeHHOCTII.
ITOCKOJJbKY cJ1a6aJl CHHxpOIIH3al.{HJI cjJOIIOBOH 33f JlBJIJI-
eTCH CJIe.1\CTBHeM BblCOKOrO ypOBHH TOHH'IeCKOH aKTIIBal.{HlI KOpbI
CO CTOpOHbl PeTHKYJlHpHOH cjJopMal.{HH, IT.ITponnHHr BbI.1\BHHYJI
rHnOTe3Y 0 60nbweH npe,IJ.pacnOJIOJKCHHOCTH K aJlKorOJIl-I3MY
JIHI.\ C BbICOKHM ypOBHCM pCTI1KYJJHpHOH aKTHBaI.{HH. CHJlTHC 113-
J1I1WHCrO B036YJK)J.CHHJI, HanpHJKCHHOCTH npll ynoTpc6JIeHIIII aJl-
KOrOJIH COnpOBOiK.1\aeTCJI cy6'beKTHBHbIM OIl..\YllleHlleM pCJlaKCa-
I.\HI1, KOMcjJopTa (KaK II B pe3YJlbTaTe MC.l\HTaI.\Hli HJJH npOH3-
449

BOJIbHOrO YBeJIH'leHHH anb<pa-aICTHBHOCTH npH nOMOLL\H 6110no-
rllqeCKOH 06paTHOH CBHJH); TaKoe nOJIOJKIITeJIbHOe nO.1\KpenJIe-
HHe MOJKeT nOpO.1\HTb npllBbl'lKY K ynOTpe6JIeHllIO aJIKOrOJIJI.
3TO npe.1\nOJIOJKeHHe, no MHeHHIO aBTopa, !10.1\TBepJK.1\aeT-
CH TeM, '1TO Ha Bbl60pKe 3.1\0POBbiX BJpOCJIblX IIcnblTyeMblx 6bIJIa
nonY'lCHa OTpHl\aTeJlbHaH KOppenHl\HH MeJK.1\Y CTeneHblO CHHX-
pOHmal\1I1I 33r 11 HH.aI1BHJI,yanbHbIM ypOBHeM nOTpe6neHHH aJI-
KOrOJl5l; C .apyroH C'fOpOHb!, y anKOTOJIlIKOB OTMe'laeTCH Bbl-
COKHH npOl\CHT .aeCHHxpOHHOH 33f IlplI 33r-06cne.1\OBaHHH
anKoronllKOB 060ero nona H IIX po.n:CTBeHHHKOB 6bIJIO nOKaJa.
HO, '1TO Y JKeHll.\I1H-anKOronHKOB, no cpaBHeHHIO C KOHTponbHoii
rpynnoH, Ha6mo.aaeTCH 60JlbWee qHCnO 6blCTpblX BOJlH, CHHJKC-
Ha arrb<pa-aKTI\BHOCTb, nOBblllleHa Cpel\HHH qaCTOTa 33f; 33f
anKoronIlKOB-MYJKqHH He HMena .1\OCTOBepHbIX OTnll'lHH OT 33['
MYJK'IIIH KOHTponbHoH rpynnbl Y J.1\OpOBbIX p0.1\CTBeHHHKoB an-
KOrOJIlIKOB 06HapYJKeHbl CXOI\Hble oc06eHHocTH 33f. TaKI1M
06pa30M, CKopee Bcero, HH3KaH CHHxpOHII3al\HH 33f yaJIKOrO-
nHKOB reHeTllqeCKH lI.eTepMIIHHpoBaHa, a He \lBJlReTCH cneJl.-
CTBHeM XPOHHqCCKOrO l\eiicTBHII 3TaHona Ha lJ,HC. Ilo MHeHH!O
aBTopa, HHII.HBHJI,yanbHble reHeTII'IeCKH 06ycnoBneHHble oco-
6eHHocTH peTHKynHpHoH aKTllBlipYIOLL\eH CIiCTeMbl, BnHJlIOLL\He
Ha CTeneHb CHHxpoHH3al\HII 33[', MorYT JIeJKan B OCHOBe Ha-
CJIeJlCTBeHHOH npe.apacnOJIOJKeHHOCTI1 K aJIKOrOJIII3MY.
.L\JK Cop6en C KOJIJIeraMIi (Sorbel] et al , 1996) npOBeJIlI
cxo.aHoe HCCJIe.aOBaHHe. B HeM npHHHJIH yqacTlle 53 napbl M3
H 38 nap .L\3 61I113Hel10B B nOM I1CCJICI\OBaHHH 'faKJKC 6bIJI Bbl-
HBneH 3<!J<peKT yaelIll'leHIIH HaCne.1\yeMocTII napaMeTpOB 33f
nOCJIe npHeMa aJ1KOrOJJH (CM n6nHl.\y 11.4).
YBeJIlI'leHlle hI cOnpOBOJKlI.aeTCJI 3Ha'lIlMbIM YMeHbweHH-
eM a6conlOTHbIX BHyTplinapHbIX pa31IIIql1H y M3 nocne npHeMa
aJIKOrOJIH ITOCKOJ1bKY BHYTpHnapHblC pa3nH'II'!H Y reHeTHqeCKII
l1.aeHTllqHblX 6nHJHel10B 06ycnOBJICHbl TonbKO cpe,1(01JbIMH <paR-
TopaMII, TO aBTopbl CqIIT&IOT, qTO B YCJIOBIIHX npHeMa aJIKOrO-
JIH npOHCXOlUiT YMCHbLL\eHlle cpe.aoBoil 113MeHqHBOCTH CneKT-
paJIbHblX xapaKTepHCTHK 33f
CYll.\eCTByeT TPH BOJMOJKllbIX 06'bHCHeHIIII noro <peHoMe-
Ha: I) MeTa60nHJM anKoronll y M3 6J1H3HeltOB 60nee CXO.aCH,
'1eM y .II.3; 2) ynoTpe6neHHe anKOrOnJi MOJKeT BbI3bIBaTb aKTII-
Bal\111O reHeTII'ICCKIi 06YCJ10BJleHHblx MexaHII3MOB H 3) BnHHHHe
450
Ta6J/ua 11.4
BHympuKJlDcc06ble KOppeJVIlJuu U O'¥HKU HaCJ/eiJyelo/Ocmu iJo u
nOCJIe I1plieMil {lJJKOZOJ/R
nOlC83llTel1M 33r AO "PM.". Ill""""'" 33r nOClte npM8MB a.J1,KOrQJ1J!
'.. I '", I h' '.. I '", I h'
AsnbT8 0,38' O.M 0,40 0,20 0.16 0,05
wra O56" 0,17 0.57 0,82" 0,12 0,22
anb<l>a-1 0.56- 0,16 0,58 0,80- 0,2T 0,83
anb<jJa-2 0,44" 0,19 0,45 O,SO- 0,30- 0,83
!jera.1 0.4T ,M 0.58 0,81- 0,04 0,88
!jera.2 0,39- 0.26 0,18 0.65- 0,23 0,67
aJlKOrOlI1i MOJKeT npl1BOl\lITb K YMCHbWeHll10 cpe.aOBOH H3-
MeH'IHBOCTH.
fHHeK c COaBTOpaMH (Hynek K. et aI., 1978) 113yqaJIII xa-
paKTCp JlCHCTlIIUI xnopnpOMa3I1Ha lIa IlCKTPHqecKYJO aK'fllBHOCTb
M03ra. BBe,l\eHHe 3TOro npenapaTa BbI3bIJ!aJIO ,l\OCTOBepHoe YBe-
JIllqeHlle TeTa- II 6CTa-aKTIIBHOCTH, npllqeM OKa3aJ10Cb, '1TO ypo-
BeHb 6eTa-aKTHBHOCTII nocne BBe.aeHIIJI xnopnpOMa3H Ha 6b1JI
reHCTH'IeCKH Jl,eTepMIIHHpOBaH.
TaKIlM 06pa30M, IIHjI,I1BIIJIYaJ1bHbIe pa3JIII'IIIJI KaK B I\>OHO-
BOH 33f, 3aperHCTpHpOBaHHOH B COCTOHHIIII nOKOJl, TaK II B
33r, 3anllcaHHOH B pa3JIllqHbIX <!JYHKL\IIOHaJIbHbIX COCTOIIHIIJlX
(nOBblweHHali HnH nOHHJKeHHaJi aKTlIl'aL\IIJI), a TaKJKe 113MeHe-
HIIR 33r B OTBCT Ha pa3JIII'IHbIe B03JlcilCTBliJi HBIlIiIOTCJI reHe-
TII'IeCKIi JICTepMHHllpOBaHllbIMH.
B03paCrmu./e Ze1le17lUSleCKUe m:CJ/eiJ06aHUR
31Ie
feHeTII'IeCKlle HCCJIe,l\OBaHHR 33f, npOBe.aeHHble Ha "C-
nblTyeMblx pa3Horo B03paCTa (OT Mliall.eHqeCKOrO .ao CTap'leC-
Koro), CBH.aeTeJlbCTBYIOT 0 BJIHIIHIlII Hacne.n:CTBeHHblX 4IaKTopOB
Ha BapllaTIIBHOCTb 33f-nOKa3aTeneH lIa Bcex nanax OHTore-
He3a. CI>.CI>oreJIb OTMeqaeT BbicoKoe CXO.D;CTBO M3 6JTIIJHeLlOB,
npHHaJl,JIex<aIl.\HX: K pil3JIII'IHblM B03paCTHbIM rpynnaM, B TO Bpe-
MJI KaK .II.3 MorYT CYll.\eCTBeHHO pa3JIllqaTbCJI (Vogel F., 1958).
451

<!J.<!JoreJlb (Vogel F.,1970) C'IHTaeT, qTO TeMn 1J03paCTHbIX H3Me-
HCHHH 33r 06ycn08JIeH rCHeTH'ICCKH, nOCKonbKY B nepHo.n;bl
HaH60nec 3aMCTHOH CC nepecTpoih(H - B .n;eTCTBe II B npCKJIOH-
HOM B03paCTe - M3 6nI13HCl\b1, B OTnHqHe OT .II.3, HMeIOT H.n;eH-
TH'If/ble Kpl1Bble 33r. a TOM JKe CBH.n;eTcnbCTBYCT nOHrIlTIO.n;-
HOC Hccne.n;OBaHHe 6nH3Hel\OB 12-13 neT (PaBH'I-Il.(cp60 H.B.,
MCWKOBa T.A., faBpHW H.B., 1978).
B03paCTHaJi .n;HHaMHKa reHe-mqCCKOrO KOHTponJi 33r 6bIJIa
cnel\lIanbHOIt 3a.n;a'leH HCCne.D:OBaHHH, np01Je.n;eHHblx T.r.XaMa-
raHoBoH (XaMaraHoBa T.r., 1972) H .n;.H. KpbIJIOBblM (KpbIJIOB
.II..H. II .n;p., 1972). 06cne.n;oBaB M3 H.II.3 6nH3HCl\OB, npHHa.ll1le-
JKall\HX K weCTH B03pacTHblM rpynnaM (OT 4 neT 1\0 21 rOjja),
aBTopbl YCTaHoBHnll, qTO ponb Hacnc.n;CTBCHHbIX (jIaKTop01' 8
.n;CTepMHHal\IIH 33r MOJKeT 6bITb pa3nHqHOH Ha pa3HbiX 3Tanax
OHToreHe3a. DblJlO BbHIBneHO qCpc.n;OBaHHe 4la3 60lICC BbICOKO-
ro (B 13-15 II 16-18 neT) H 60JIee HH3Koro (B 7-9, 10-12 H
19-21 ro.n;) reHCTl1qeCKOrO KOHTponll OCHOBHbIX napaMeTpoB
33f. OIJ,HaKO l\eHHOCTb nolt pa60TbI cYll\ecTBeHHo CHI1JKaeTCJI
H3-3a He60nbllIHx Bbl60pOK (oKono 10 nap M3 H ,p:3 KaJK.n;oro
B03pacTa).
B Hccnc.n;OBaHHIIX 33f MCTO.n;OM nOnepeqHbIX cpe30B pa3-
nHqHII Ol\eHOK HaCJIe.n;yeMocTIi B pa3HbIX B03pacTHbix rpynnax
MorYT 6b1Tb CJIe.n:CTBl1eM BIIHIIHHII KaK (jIaKTopa B03pacTa, TaK II
oc06eHHocTelt KOHKpeTHoH BbI6oPKH, II JIIIWb JIOHnlTIOIJ,Hbie HC-
ClIe.n;OBaHHII n03BonllIOT nonyqaTb HCCMCWeHHblC Ol\CHKI1 Hacnc-
.n;yeMocTH H onpelJ,CJIHTb, KaK BnHJlHHe reHCTH'ICCKHX H cpe.n:o-
BblX (jIaKTopOB MCHlleTCII C B03pacToM. JIoHrHTlOlJ,HblC HCCJIeIJ,O-
BaHHII n03BonJilOT Ol\eHI1Tb rCHeTllqCcKYIO cTa611JIbHOCTb npH-
3HaKa, a TaKJKe 3a(jlHKcHpoBaTb BKJIIO'IeHHe HOBblX reHeTH'leC-
KHX (jIaKTopOB B Tex IIIIH IIHbIX B03pacTax. JIoHrHTIO.n;HblX HC-
crre,l\OBalU\iI I', rllHllnlK1I \10BII1\IIHI\II 8006we AOCTaTO'lHO MaJIO,
qTO JKe KaCaeTCJI JlOHrHTIO.n;HbIX I1ccne.n;oBaHHH 33r, TO HX 6YK-
BalIbHO e.n;HHIIl\bI, a Bet\b IIMeHHO B TaKHX IIccne.n;OBBHIIJlX MorYT
6bITb nonY'IeHbl YHI'!KanbHbie .n;aHHbIC 0 .n;HHaMHKe C03peBallHH
M03ra H BnHJlHIIH Ha 3TOT npOl\eCC reHeTHqeCKHX (jIaKTopOB.
IT03TOMY He.n:aBHIIH ny61I11KBI1HH pC3ynbTaT01' nOHrHTIO.n;Horo
\1pOClIeJKIIBaHI1H 33r Ha 60lIbllIOH Bbl60pKC 6nIl3HCl\OB (60JIee
200 nap) B rOJlnaH.n;1I1I MOJKeT paccMaTpHBaTbCJI KaK C06blTIle B
reHCTHqCCKOii nCHxoi!JH3I'!OJlOrHH.
452
H3yqeHHe 113MeHeHI1H 33f B XO.n;C pa3BHTlIH 6bIJIO l\eJIbIO
I1CCne.n;OBaHHH rpynnbl rOJIJIaH.n;CKHX yqeHbIX (van Baal C., 1997).
209 nap 6nIl3Hel\OB .n;BaJKlJ,bl (B 5 II 7 JIeT) npllHHMaJlII Y'lacTl1e
B 3KcnepHMeHTe; nOBTopHall 3anliCb 33r npoBo.n;lInacb B cpe.n;-
l1eM '1epe3 1 ro.n: H 7 MeCIIl\eB. HCClIelJ,yeMblH B03pacT 6blJl Bb16-
paH no cJIeIJ,YIOll\HM co06paJKeHHJlM. B B03paCTHoH nCIIXOJJOrHII
11 nCIIXo(jlH3HOJIOrHII HaKOnJleHO 60nbwoe KOJlHqeCTBO (jIaKToB,
CBH.n;eTellbCT1JYIOWIiX 06 orpoMHbIX H3MeHeHIIHX l\eHTpaJIbHOH
HepBHoH CHCTeMbl H nOBelJ,eHI111 8 XO.D:e pa3BHTHH OT MJlB.n;eH-
qeCKOrO B03paCTa 1\0 B3pOCJlOCTH. HeKOTopbIe H3MeHeHIIJI npo-
HCXO.n;JlT nOCTeneHHO, l\pyrlle CBII3aHbI C pe3KIIM YCKopeHlleM
C03peBaHIIJI (cnYPT* pa3BHTHII) II HaJIII'lHeM Ka'leCTBeHHblX
H3MeHeHHH.
Ol\HH 113 TaKHX cnypTOB npHxo.n;HTCII Ha B03paCT OT 5 .n;o
7 neT. B nOT nepHO.n; npOIlCXO.n;IIT KaqeCTBeHHble H3MeHeHIIII B
KOrHHTHBHOM pa3BHTHli (Piaget J., 1966), cOnpOBOJK.D:alOll\lle ne-
pexo.n; OT .n;00nepal\110HaJIbHOH CTal\HII K CTalJ,HII KOHKpeTHblX
onepal\IIH. TaKIIM 06pa30M, IJ,eTH B 5 II B 7 JIeT Haxo.n;IITCH Ha
KaqeCTBeHHO pa3Hblx CTyncHllX pa3BIITIiJi. B nepHOI\ OT 5 .n;o 7
neT npOHCXOl\HT TaKJKe KaqeCTBeHHble Mop(jloIlOrH'IeCKIIC !l3Me-
HeHIIJI. HaqHHaH C 4 neT YMeHbllIaeTCJI KOnllqeCTBO ceporo Be-
weCTBa, qTO, BepOllTHO, oTpaJKaeT COKpaweHHe CHHanTH'IeCKHX
KOHTaKTOB: COXpaHJlIOTCJI JlHWb BKnIO'IeHHble B (jIYHKI1HOHanb-
HbllI HeHpOHHble ceTII. ITapaJlJlenbHOe YBCJlHqeHHe MaCCbl 6cJlO-
ro BCl11eCTBa CBH3aHO C 3aBepUleHHeM npOl\eCca MHeJlIIHH3aI1I1H.
06a 3THX npol.\ccca BHOCIIT CBOH BKnalJ, B IJ,H(jI(jIepeHl1l1al1l1IO II
IIHTerpal\IIIO (jIYHKl\IIOHalIbHO pa3IIHqalOWl1XCH 06naCTcH M03ra.
11, HaKOHel\, B reHeTHKe nOBe.n;eHIIH nOT B03paCT - OT 5 1\0 7
]TCT - TaKJKe xapaKTepH3yeTcJI onpelJ,eJIeHHblMH KaqeCTBeHHbl-
'III H3MeHeHIIIIMH. TaK, KOJlOpa.n;cKoe flCCnelJ,OBaHHe npHeMHblx
AeTe\\ nOKa3aJlO nOIlBJleHHC HOBblX TeHeTH'leCKHX (jIaKTopoB B
l\eTepMHHal\HlI IQ IIMeHHO Ha nOM B03paCTHOM OTpe3Ke.
Pa3JIOJKeHHe (jIeHOTHTIll'ieCKHX .n:JlCnepCIIH II KOBapllal1HH
HII reHeTllqeCKHe H CpelJ,OBbIC KOMnOHeHTbl nOKa3ano, '1TO BbICO-
KaH HaCJIe.n;yeMocTb 113yqaeMbIX nOKa3aTeJleH 33r B 5-nCTHCM
B03paCTe coxpaHlleTCJI II B 7 neT. HCCMOTpH Ha TO, qTO .n;BHHble
no MOll\HOCTH cneKTpa 33f ewe He ony6J1HKOBaHbl, HCKOTopble
. CnYPT - pblBO (aHm ).
453

npe,!UIspflTCJlbHMe PC3YJlbTaTbI Y)I{e Jl3BeCTHbJ: II '1aCTIJOCTH, BI-
pa)l{eHHbl1i reHCTHqeCKHH KOHTpOJIb cneKTpaiIbHIX xapaKTepllC-
THK 33r BIHBJIHeTCH KaK B 5, TaK II B 7 JleT. <t>eHoTllnH'IeCKIIC
Koppemu,\HlI cneKTpaJIHIX xapaKTepl1CTlIK .!I.Hana30Ha aiI</Ja-1
6b1JIH Ha ypoBHe 0,8 B 5 fI B 7 JIeT; KpOCc-KOppeJIHUI1H M3 611113-
HeUOD npeBblWaJJlI KpOCc-KoppemlUHI1 .II.3 60iICC qeM B ,!UIa pa3a.
H3 3TIIX cjJaKToB CiIC.!I.yeT, '1TO MC)I{B03paCTHaH cTa6HiIHOCT
napaMeTpOB 33r 06YCliOBiIeH8 B OCHOBHOM reHemqeC!(JlMH npu-
'IllHa1H ABTOp1 He 06HapY>KIIJIH npOJIlmeHflR HOBbIX reHCTII-
qCCKHX cjJaKTopOB B 7-iIeTHeM B03paCTC
B OTiIfI'II1C OT i.\aHHbIX 0 cneKTpaJIbHbIX xapaKTepHCTH-
Kax, pe3YJIbTaTbI aHaiIH3a KorepeHTHOCTIl nOiIHOCTblO 06pa6o-
TaHbl II Ol1llCaHbl IICCliei.\OBaTeiISlMIi. HeKOTopIe H3 HHX npl'!BC-
)-IeHbl B Ta6iI1'l.\c 11.5.
feHeTH'IeCKlle !jJaKTOPbl, 06H8PYJ!(cI/Hble B 5 iIeT, 061>SlCHJI-
lOT II 60iIbWYIO 'IaCT relleTl!'IeCKOH )J,I1cnepcl!l! nOKaJ8Terreil 33f
B 7 JleT. TeM He MCHI;e l,\eHCTBl!e .l\OnOJlHflTeiIbHbIX rCHeTH'IeCKHX
cjJaKTopOB 06HapY)l{CHO.LVISI 10 CBJl3eil. AsTOp nOJIaraer, '1TO 3TH
HOBle reHCm'leCKfle BiIllHHflSI B13BaH1 113MCHeHHSlMII B npouec-
cax CI1HanTflqCCKOrO pOCTa. ITO-BII,!UIMOMY, rCHeTfI'IecKI1 06YCJIOB-
JlCHl/aSl Me)l(IIH)J,I1BH,lI,YaJJHaH 1!3MeHqHBOCT pSl,l.\a aHaTOMHqeCKflX
II HeilpocjJI'!3HOJIOrllqeClcHX napaMeTpoB (POCT aKcoHoB, CI!HanTO-
reHe3, MHCJIflHH3aL\IIJI) Haxo)UiT CBoe OTpaJl(CHI1C B napaMeTpax
KorepeHTHOCTH, TorJl,a KaK Cpe,l.\OBbJe </JaKTOpbI ,l.\eTepMIIHllpYIOT
KOHeqHbIiI npoQecc 06pa30DaHHH HeHpOHl1blX CBH3eH. ITpaKTII'Iec-
KII .LVIH Bcex KorepeHTHOCTcii 6bliI0 06HapY)l(CHO YMCHbweHlle cpC-
i.\OBoil )J,I1CnepCHlI OT 5 K 7 rO,l.\aM.
B03pacTHble II3MeHeHI1H MOII.\HOCTII cneKTpa 33r paccMaT-
pFl08IOTCSI PSI.!I.OM IICCJIe.!l.OBaTeJleH KaK nOKa3aTeJlb c03peBaHHH
ueHTpaJIt,HOil HepBHOH CI1CTCMbl (Matousek M., Pctersen I., 1973;
Gasser T. et al.,1988), n03ToMY nOJlY'leHHle K HaCTOHlI.\eMY Bpe-
/IIeHH pe3ynTaT1 n03BOJlJlICT npeAnOJIoJ!(IIT, '1TO IIHi.\I1BH,lI,YaJI-
Hble oc06eHHOCTIJ c03peBal/I!SI QeHTpaJIbHOH l/epBHOH CflCTc/IIbI
061>SlCHHICTCH i.\eHC'llmeM reHCTllqCCKIIX </JaKTopoB.
CeJlleUHble uccJ/eiJ08aHUR 33r
fleeoe no.nywape npsBoe nonywapMe
OT8eAeHMR % reHeTM\.IeCKO" OTBe,I];eHMR % reHeTfNecKoff
KOBapaM I<OBapMaM
f'pl-F3 88 f'p2.F4 80
f'pl-C3 80 Fp2-C4 68
Fp1-P3 79 Fp2.P4 79
f'pl.01 99 Fp2-02 92
1'3-01 100 F4-02 81
CJ.Q1 94 C4-Q2 82
P3-01 Ij9 P4-02 61
OCHOBHhl/ll MeTO,l.\OM reHeTlI'IeCKoro aHaJIH3a 33f SlBJlJlCTCH
6JIH3HeQaBIH OAHaKO B pSll.\e pa60T .LVISI I1CCJle)),OBaHHH HaCneA)'-
eMOCTII nOKa3aTeiIeH 33r 6bIiI HCnOnb30BaH Ce/lleilHblH MeTOi.\.
CeMCHHbIH MeTO./( n03BOiIHeT YCTaI-lOBIIT Tl1n l-IaCJICi.\OBaHHH TorO
I!JlH IIHOro npll3HaKa. <t>.<POrellb O,l.\HI1M H3 nepBblX 'ICnOJlb30BBJI
nOT MeTOi.\ .LVIH HCCJIe)),OBaHIIH 33r, B HaqaJIe rJlaBbl MI ynoMII-
H/I.J!It 06 :JTOM.
B Ce/llCill!hlX I!CCJlei.\OBaHIISlX 33f BlcTynaeT KaK Ka'lC-
CTBeHHblH npH3HaK. 3KcnepTbi BblJlBJlHIOT B nonYiIHUlI1I npo5al!-
)),OB, 06i1a.!l.a1C11\HX OnpC,l.\eiIeHHblMH narrepHaMIl 33f, II 3aTeM
06ciIeAYlOT HX p0i.\CTBeHHIlKoB.
o:D.o:Doreilb npOaHaiIH3l1pOBan apxHBbl 33f-06cneAoBaHIiH
JleT'lIlKOB BBC II BIJI,eJllln pH,l.\ YCTOHqHBIX nanepHoB 33f, MH
KOTOpblX Ytf.aJIOCb YCTaHOBIfTb Tim HaCnel.\OBaHUH Ha oCHOBe BI1-
3yaJlHoro aHaJlH3a o:D.o:DoreneM 6bliIH OIlHcaHhl 6 TlmOB (CM. p"-
CYHOK ]] .3) 33f, KOTOpIC paccMaTpHBalOTcH KaK Ka'leCTBeHHle
npH3HaKH.
1. Bapl1aHTbI ancjJa-pIITMa:
1. HII3KoaMnmITY)),HaJi 33r.
2. HH3Koa/llnmnY)),HaJi 33f (norpaHllqHblH BapllaHT).
3. 3aTbIJIO'lHbIe MCJ\neHHble 6eTa-BOIIHbJ (6blC'TpblH anb-
</Ja-BapHaHT).
4. MOHoroHHbie aiIcjJ8-BonHbl.
II. BapHaHT1 6eTa-pHTMa:
TaIMul4Q 11.5
OJ/R 2el/emW/eclwu KOeapUaijuu 8 o61/.jeu K08apUGt,UIi
K02epeHnllJOCmeu 6 5 U 7 J/em
454
455

5. <I>poHTO-npCl.\eHTpaJIbHble 6eTa-rpynnbl I-ro THna.
<DpoHTo-npCW;HTpanbHb!e 6eTa-rpYllllbl 2-ro THna
6 .II.11i\J!jJY3Hble 6CTa-BOnHbI.
TpH 113 onHcaHHblX BblJIle HaCJ1eACTBeHHbl)( BapllaHTOB 33r
BKJ1IO'IeHbl B KaTaJ10r "HaCJIeACTBeHHble npl13HaKI1 qenoBeKa"
(MaKKbIOcHK B., 1976).
ITcIIxoJIOrnqCCKOe 06CJIeAOBaHHe n03BOJIlIJI0 nonY'IHTb nCH-
XOJIOrW{eCKl1e noptpetbl np06aHAoB, o6naAalOl1x TeM l!JII1I1HbIM
TllIlOM 33f. ITpH HH3KoaMnrrHTYAHoil 33f HHAHBHA OTJIIIqaCT-
C paccna6rreHHoH H 6e33a6oTHoH nOJIII.\HeH, Opl1eHTHpyeTc Ha
rpynny, OH MaJIOHHIII.\HaTHBeH, 3KcTpaBcpTHpoBaH, HHrerrneKT
BblJIle cpeJ\Hero. .II.JlJI o6nallaTeJIeH MOHOTOHHblX aJIbc\!a-BonH
xapaKTepHbl aKTIIBHoCTb, JMOI.\110HaJ1bHa YCTOH'II'!BOCTb, 3MOI.\H-
OHaJIbHaJI CTa6liJIbHOCTb H YCTOHqHBOCTb K cTpeccy. IIpo6aHllbi C
3aTbInOqflblMH 6blCTpbIMI1 aJIb!jJa-BOJIHaMH OTJIlI'IaIOTCJI Bb!CO-
KHM HHTeJIJ1eKTOM II npeKpacHbIMH MOTOpHbIMII cnoc06HoCTHMH,
a MJI np06aH)(OB C )(1I!jJi\JY3HbIMI1 6eTa-B0J1HaMH xapaKTepHbl
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Topble perllCTpl1pYIOTCR nOCilC 60 MceK, IIOCKOJlbKY OHH oTpaJKa-
lOT aKTHBHOCTb KOpb! rOJlOBHOrO M03ra II B 60ilbweii CTeneHU CBJI-
3aHbI C nCHXOnorl1qeCI<IIMIl oco6eHHOCTHMH IIH.!UIBH)\a. HanOM-
HIIM, qTO JK30reHHblC KOMnOtleHTbI (NI, IIJIH NIOO; P2, HJIH P200)
OTpaJKaIOT <p1I3H<leCKlle CJ>o!icTlla CTIIMYJIa II CBJl3aHbi C aBTOMa-
TllqeCKOii ncpepa60TKOH IIHIjJOpMf.1I1H, Tor)].a KaK 60J1ce nOJ,U,HlIe,
46t

II..

r....
J \
'. '<>.'11.
Cflyxoeble 6b13eWmble 110mel/ljUaJlbil/a I1pOCmble 38YK08ble
cmu;nYllbl
+S}1.V
J.l.V
..
PUCYHOK 11.5
cflyxoeoii Bll
. .
, .
N ": ,..
J.,.'.,,""
,
\NI ,/
, '
. '
-.'
1\<1
OiJ,HIIM H3 nepBblx IICCJIeiJ,OBaHIiH, nOCBJlll.\eHHbIX reHeTIi-
4ecKOMY aHaml3Y CJIYXOBbiX BIT, 6blJIa pa60Ta 3BaHa JIblOlica
C KOJIJIeraMIi (1972). CJIyxoBble BIT perHcTpltpOnaJIIiCb y 44 M3
nap H 46 .II.3 nap 6JIH3HeOB B oueT Ha JBYKII (ll.\CJIql(li) HHTCH-
CIIBHOCTbIO 80 iJ,1>. K CO>KaJIeHI1IO, BOJpaCTHOii COCTaB BbI60pKlt
6bIJI O'leHb lUHpOKI1M: B nCCne.l1.0Ba/JHH npllHIIMaJIH Y'13CTHe K3J(
iJ,CTn (OT 4 JICT), TaK n BJpOCllble (JJ,o 40 JIeT). .II.JIH aHaJIH3a BHYT-
pHnaplloro CXOiJ,CTBa BOJIHOBOH <jJOPMbI BIT Y 6JIH311eQoB HCnOJIb-
30BaJIII cpaBHeHlle Jl,BYX OT.I1.eJIbHbIX, <jJYHKQlloHaJIbHO pa3JIllq-
HblX rpparMeHToB BIT. OQellHBaJUlCb TaK>Ke aMnJIIITYII.Hble xa-
paKTCpHCTHKH BIT.
Pe3YJIbTaTbi CBIliJ,CTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 50JIbWeM CXOJJ,CTBe BOJIHO-
BOH <jJOpMbI CIlYXOBbIX BIT M3 6m13HeQoB, no cpBBHcmno C ,A3, II
.II.3 6m13HeQOB, no cpaBHeH1110 C HC!1bITyeMbIMH-HepOiJ,CTBeHHHKa-
Mil .II.allHbIe aHaJIIIJa aMnJlHTYiJ,HbIX xapaKTepHCTHK TaK>Ke COOT-
BeTCTB)1JOT :nOM TCH,l\eHQHH.
ABTOpbI JJ,eJ1aIOT 05ll.\IiH BbIBOiJ, 0 TOM, 'ITO XapaKTepHCTIIKI1
cnyxoBbIX BIT IIcnblTbIBalOT JHaqHTCJlbllOe BJIHJlHHe HaCJIeiJ,CTBeH-
HbIX <jJaKTopoB.
B HCCJIeJJ,OBaHHH ,AJK.PaCTa (RlLSt J., 1975) aHaJIHJllpOBa-
11I1Cb aMn11HTYiJ,Hble II BpeMellHbIe xapaKTcpHCTHKH OTiJ,eJIbHbIX
KOMnOIleHTOB CJIYXOBbIX BI1. nH reHeTH"leCKOro aHaJlH3a nOJIY-
qeHHblX 1l.aHHblX PaCT nCnOJIbJOBaJl MeTO}1bl 6nOMe1pH"ecKoi! re-
HeTIlKH II 06HapY>KII11 BblCOKYIO HaC11eiJ,yeMOC'rb aMnJIIITYiJ, (1I3MC-
peHIlC OT nHKa iJ,0 nHKa) )(OMnOHCHTOB PI-NI, N1-P2 H P2-
N3 (OQeHKH HacneAyeMocTIl COCTaBJIH11H OT 80% AO 88%) Ko<jJ-
<jJIIQlleHTbI HaCJIe,nyeMoCTH JIaTellTHbIX ncpHOiJ,oB yxa3allHblx KOM-
nOHeHTOB 6blJIH HII>Ke II KOJIc6aJII1Cb OT 35% iJ,0 81%.
10
100 1000
3HJJ,oreHlibIC KOMnOHeHTbI (N2, IIJlH N200; P3, HJIII P300) CBJlJaHbI
C HHJUIBII,nyaJIbHbIMI1 nCIIXOJlOr\1qeCKHMII OC06CHHOCTJlMil H oTpa-
>KalOT npOl(cCCbl nPHeMall nepepa60TKII 3HaqllMOii HH<jJopMaQIlIl
(npIlHJlTHe peWCHIIJl, CHJlTlte Heonpe.l1.CJICHHOCTll, K{)rHHTIIBHall
OQeHKa II T.iJ,.).
Bo Bcex HCCJIeiJ,OBaHHJlX CJlYXOBblX BIT 3a<jJHKcllpoBaHbl
60Jlbl1llle IIH)l.IIBIII\Yam,lIbIe pa3J1H'IIH!, B TO >KC BpeMJI OI1eHKa BOC-
npOIl3BOiJ,IIMOCTII pCJYJIbTa'rOB CBIliJ,CTeJIbCTByeT 0 BbICOKOii YC-
TOHqllBOCTH IIHiJ,HBIIJIYaJIbHbIX xapaKTepllcTIiK BIT. C.CeranoBH" 11
K.EapHec (Sega10vich S., Barnes K., 1993) OTMeqaIOT, qTo BeJIII-
'IIIHa peTecToBbIX KOppCJIJlQHH KOJIeOJTeTCJI OT 0,4 IJ,O 0,8 IJ.lliI ape-
MeHHblX napaMeTpoB JKJOreHHbIX KOMnOHCHTOB I'! OT 0 4 "0 0 9
,,, ,
AJlJI BpeMeHHblx II aMnJTIITYAHbIX napaMe1poB JH)l.OreHHOro KOMI10-
HeHTa P300. OI1CHKa BOCnpOHJBOJJ,IIMOCTH napaMe1poB CJTYXOBbIX
BIT 1J YCJTOBIIHX "oddball paradigm" (CM. cIp. 464) I1PH nOBTOpHoH
perllcIpal(1I11 C IIHTepBaJIOM B 2 rOiJ,a nOKaJaJla, qTO JIaTeHTHbIi1
nepl1o)l. H aMnJIIITYII.a JHiJ,OreHHoro KOMnOHeH'I'a P300 6bIJIII 11.0-
BOJIbHO CTaOHJIbHbl (r = 0,7), TOrll.a KBK BOCnpOHJBOJUiMOCTb 3K30-
reHHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB OKa3aJlaCb OqeHb HIIJKOit: K03<jJ<jJHQHeHTbI
Koppemu,\1II1 pBBHH11I1Cb 0,09 II 0,23 AJlj( aMnJTIITYiJ" 0,48 H 0,51 AJlj(
J!anHTHhJX nepllo.QOB KOMnOHeHTOB N J DO H P200 COOTBeTCTBeH-
HO. Hcxo!1.JllI3 JTIIX pe3YJIbTaTOB, MO>KHO I1pCIUTOJIOJKHTh, '1TO AJlJI
3HJJ,oreHllbIX BIT 0I1eHKII HaCJIc.n:yeMocTH iJ,OJIJKHbI 6bITb BbI l1Ie ,
'1eM AJlJI JK30rCHIlLIX.
462
Oryxoe6re tlbl3<faHHbre 1l0meHl{lICU7bI Ha pei)J(Ue cmUMY RbI
3aKOHOMepHLIe 113MeHeHIIJI KOMnOHeHTOB BIT B OnpeiJ,CneH-
HLIX JKCnepllMeHTaJIbHblX cliTyal..\IISIX, npeiJ,nOJIaralOll.\HX HaJlII'lHe
Toro IIJ1H IIHoro nCIIXOJIOrHqeCKOrO npoQecca, n03BOJIJUOT 3Kcnc-
pHMeH'I'aTopy Ol.\eHIITL <jJYHKQlloHaJIbHOe 3HaqCHlie pa3JIHqHbIX
I(OMnOHeHTOB BIT. HanpliMep, nOJlBJleHlle B PRAY 0)J,H006Pa3HblX
463

JBYKOBblX CTIIMYJIOI! HOBOrO CTIIMYJIa, 6eJYCJlOBII0, COJ,!!aeT CII,\,y_
aQII10 npHBJIeqeHIUI BHIIMaHHJI K nOMY HOROMY paJ,!!paJKHTeJlIO
TaKaR 3KCllepUMeHTam>Hal1 CUTyaQHII fWlIY'iHlIa HaJBaHlfe
"oddball paradigm".
IToKa3aHo, '1to B cHTyaQHII npl1BJIe'leHHI1 I!HI'!MaHHII K CtH-
MYJIY yaenH'iHBaeTCII aMnJIHT)',!!a KOMnOHeHTa NI, TOr)J,3 KaK KOM-
nOHeH'\' P2 HC 113MeHJleTCJI, a aMnJmTY)l.a KOMnOHeHTa P3 YBeJIH-
'1110BeTCII TOJIbKO )1)111 1'pe5YlOI11.HX peaKQlfH cTlfMynoB (Schwent
V. et aI., 1975). YCHJIeHlle KOJIe6aHHII N1 paccMaTpHBaeTclI KaK
OTpa1KeHlle 113MeHeHHI1 cjJYHKQiloHaJIbHOro COCtOJlHll1I CHCTeM
,
pearHpYIOII.\IIX Ha onpe,!!erreHHblH KJIaCC cTHMyrrOB. BTOpOH YPo-
BeHb, npOJlBJlI1IOII.\HHCII B YBerrll'lCHHH KOMnOHellTa P3, COOTBCT-
CTBYCT 60rree n03'!!HeH CT3)\HI1 nepepa60TKJI HHqJOpMa1.IlIIl, KOT-
,!!a npOlICXO}.1I1T CrrH'IeHHe ceHcopHoro cTIlMyna C HMelOII.\HMCJI
"3TanoHoM" C QenblO npHHHTIIJI peWeHIIJI 0 peaKQHII (6onee no,!!-
P06HO CM. PYTMaH 3.M., 1979).
CypBllnno (Surwillo W., 1980) O.lUlIIM HJ nepBbIX B relle-
THqCCI(OM Hccne,!!OBaHHII Hcnonb30Dan 3KcnepIlMeHT8JIbHYIO CH-
TyaQHIO, B KOTOpOH B pJl)l.Y OJl,HOTllnHblX 3BYKOBbIX TOHOD no-
Jl,aBaJICJI pCro<HH (OtnH'IaIOII.\HHCII OT oCTanbHbIx) 3BYKOBOH TOH,
Ha KOTOpblH Tpe50BanCJI OTBeT IICnbITYCMoro. K C01KaneHHIO, B
3TOM Hccne,!!OBaHIlIj 61,1110 CJIHlIlKOM MaJIO HCnl>lTyeMbIx (6 nap
M3 H 6 nap HepoAcTBeHHHKoB) .lJ,JcJl Taro, '1T06bI }.1eJlan onpc-
}.1erreHHblC BblBOJl,bI 0 HaCJle)l.yeMocTII xapaKTepHCTIIK CJlYXO-
BbIX BIT TCM He MeHee JIaTCHTHble nepHO}.1b1 KOMnOHeHTOB N200
If P300 Y M3 6JIlfJHCQOB 6bIJIII 60nee CXO)l.Hbl. nOCJIe}.1YIOI11.lfc
IICCJIeilOBaHHJI 1I03BOnHJIH YTO'lHHTb oQeHKY BJIlII1HHJI HBenew
CTBeHHblX cjJaKTOpOI! Ha xapaKTepllcTlfKII crryxoBbIx BIT Ha peJl,-
KHC. CTltMynbl. .II.1K.noJIllq H B.EapHc (Polich J., Burns V., 1987)
1I0nyqlfJIli K03cjJcjJI1QlfeHTbi KoppenllQHII naTeHTHblX nepH0}.10B II
aMnJIlITY}.1 3K30reHHbiX II JHJI,OreHHblX KOMnOHCHTOB cnyxoBbIX
BIT (NIOO, P200, N200 II P300) B ope)l.enax 0,64-0,95 )1)111 M3
6nH3HeQoB, H OT 0,22 }.10 0,03 - )l)lJI HepO}.1CTBCHHHKOB. T.Po,!!-
1Kep H H.t(HPIi (Roger 1'., Deary 1.,1991), IICnOllbJYJI cHTyaQHIO
"oddball paradigm", 06HapY1KIIJU!, qTO BHYTpHnapHoe CXO,!!-
CTBO aMlIrrHTYAbI 3H}.10reHHOro KOMnOHeHTa P300 y M3 Bblwe
(r = 0,5), '1eM y .II.3 (r = 0,35): KoppenllQHH JIaTeHTHoro IIepHo,!!a
KOMIIOHeHTa P300 paBH1>1 0,6 H 0,2 B rpynnax M3 H .II.3 6m1JHe-
1(OB COOTBeTCTBCHHO.
464
OCTaHOBHMCJI 60nee nO,!!po6Ho Ha pa60Tc C.O'KoHHopa II
KOMer (O'Connor S. et aI., 1994), nOCKOJIbKY 3TO eJUlHCTBeHHOe HC-
CJ1C;J.O!JaHlIC, IIpoBe.l.1eHHoe 1111 .!10CTBTO'lHO 6om,woil Bw60pxe HC/ThI-
ryeMblx (59 nap M3 H 39 nap .II.3 6JIHJHCQOB). HClIbIryeMbIM npeJl,'bJIB-
JUlJIII 300 3ByiCODbiX TOHOB '1aCTOTOH 1 KfQ, KOTopble B CJlyqaHHOM
nopllJ1Ke nepeMe1KaJDICb CTIlMynaMIi qaCTOTOH 2 KrQ (IIX 6bmo 20%).
ABTOpOB IIHTepecoBaJIlI npeJl(,lJ,e Rcero ,lJ,JJa KOMnOHCHTa CJ!yxoBoro
BII (NI H P3), KOTOpble Hall60nee 'l)'BCTBHTeJn,Hbl K nmlBJIeHifiO pe,n.-
KOTO' CHrHaJIa, II03TOMY reHelWiOCKHH aHaJJ113 6bUI npORe,n.CH HMeHHO
IIJUI 3THX KOMnOHeHTOB. B Ta6mlI.\e 1 1.6 npHBeJl,eHbl peJym.TaThI re-
HCTHqeCKOrO aHaJDI3a aMnmlTY.ll:llblX Ii BpeMeHHblx XapaKTepilCTIfK
KOMnOHCHTOB Nt H P3.
Pe3ynbTaTbl TII.\aTenl>HO Cn!IaHllpOBaHHoro 3KcnepllMeHTa
cRIiAcTe!IbCTBYIOT 0 3Haq!ltcnbHOM BIIHJlHIlII reHeT!I'IeCK!lX lj!aK-
TOpOR Ha HccneAyeMble napaMCTpbI KOMnOHeHTOB NI II P3. .II.JIJI
aMnmlTYJI,HblX xapaKTepllCTHK KOMnOHeHTa P3 Ha6mo.l(aIOTCl1
ClInbHble 3cjJcjJCKTbi 1\0MIIHllpORaHII>I.
CeMdmble UCCJle008QltWi CJIYX06blX Bfl. C.3HlIleH II .II.1K.ITo-
JIIIq (Eischcn S., Polich J., 1994) HClIO!IbJOBanH reHeaJIOrllqeCKIIH
MeTO./< )1)111 reHCTllqeCKOrO aHaJIIl3a CJIYXOBbIX BIT Ha pe!1;l<lle CTII-
MYJlbI (oddball paradigm). HCCJIe,!\oBalillc npOBe,!\eHO Ha Bbl60pKe
H3 10 nO!IHbIX ceMeH C ABYMII AeTbMI1 cnpwe 12 !IeT HCnbITye-
Mble opll nOHBneHll1l pero<oro (20% C!IyqaeB) 3BYKoBoro TOHa
(1000 fu,) ,!!OJI1KHbI 6blJIII HaJKHMaTb Ha KHOIIKY. BOIlHoBble 1j!0pMbI
CJlYXOBblX Bn ,!\eTeH H3 O.lUlOH ceMbH OKaJaJIIICb CX0.ll:llbl KaK Me1K-
AY C060H, TaK Ii C BOJIHODblMH cjJopMaM!I pO,!\IITeJIeH (PIlCYHOK
11.6). XapaKTCpllCTI1KI1 OTAenbHblX KOMnOHCHTOB (N I, P2, N2 II
P300) CJlyxoBoro BIT TaK1Ke 60JIbIlle CXOi\llbI y pOJl,CTBeHHIIKoB, no
cpaBHCHI1IO c Hepo,!\cTBeHHIlKaMI1
llpU6blKaHue CJlYX06blX 8b1J8QHl/blX l1ome/tlluan08
BCCM 3HaROMa opHeHTHpOBOqHaSi peaKl\II>I Ha BlleJanHblH
CTI1Myn. HaBepHJlKa, Bbl He paJ BJ.ll.]Jarl!BaJIl! OT rpOXOTa BblXlIon-
HOH TPy6bI npOeJ1KalOll.\eH MIIMO MaWIIHb!. qTO npH 3TOM npOHC-
XO./<IIT? qe!IOBCK 3aMHpaCT I1I1I1.\eT IICTO'lHIlK JBYRa. ITpll oplleHTH-
pOBO'IHOH peaKQl1il CHH1KaIOTCII ceHcOpHI>Ie nopom, opHOCTaHaB-
JlI'!BaeTCJI TCKYll.\ag MbiWe'lHaJi aKTIIBHOCTb H YBeJIliqllBaeTCII Mbl-
WeqHblH TOHYC, npOIlCXOWlT If ilpyrHc cjJIf3lf0J10rH'lCCKlle IIponcc-
465

Ta6Jl1ua 11.6
HacnedyeMocmb (%) a.wIRumyiJHblX (A) U6peMeHHblX (JIll)
xapaKmepucmuK KOMI10HeHII108 NI u P3 cnyx06blX Bll (O'C0I1110r
S et al., 1994)
OrBeAeHJ:I NI P3
A nn A nn
13 3 43 46 21
F7 16 41 48 .
F3 23 63 47 41
F, 59 06 63 42
F4 60 52 45 .
Fa 35 28 40 34
T4 a 40 41 -
C4 62 40 45 40
C, 60 56 41 11
C3 42 57 52 7:7
1'5 34 48 60 34
P3 30 43 57 25
P, 11 52 49 39
11) - 51 56 12
02 20 :J6 60 40
01 :J6 12 60 or
CbI - OT II3MeHeHH" CeplJ:e'lHOrO pllTMa H $,0 YBeIIw'eHHI! 'IaCTO-
Tbl 3JICKTpH'ICCKOH aKTIIBHOCTI1 M03ra. ECJIH pa3i\paJKHTenb no-
BTOpRCTCJI MHoro pa3, opHeHTllpOBO'lHaJi peaKL\HR nOCTenel!HO
OCJIa6CBae-r. 3TOT npOL\eCC Ha3bIBae-rc" npJlBbIKaHHeM
llpHBbIKaHlle OTHOCIITCJI K "BJICIIHJlM, CBJl3aIlIlbIM C BHHMa-
I1l1eM B OCHOBe npllBbIKaHIIR JIeJKIIT, O'ieBIIIJ:HO, cooTHeceIlHe BOC-
npllHHMaeMoro CTIIMYJI8 C "I1epBHOH MOi\eJIbIO CTIIMYJIa" (COKO-
nOB E.H., 1960). llpllBMKaHHe IIP" IIoBTopeHIU! CTllMyna pac-
cMa'rplfBaeTCJI KaK pe3Y11bTaT TopMo)J(eHHJI aKTlfBHpYIOlI.\lIX PeTH-
KYJIJlpHbIX B11I1J1HIIH Ha KOPY M03ra. <DopMHpOB<lIlHe MOi\emI 0)1(11-
i\aeMOrO 6YlI.YlI.\ero RBJHleTCR BaJlCHbIM 3J1eMeHTOM npOH3BOJIbHorO
H3611paTeJIbHOrO BHIIMaIl!!". 06YCJlOBJIeHHOe HaJII{'1l1eM npC.!!Bapll-
TeJIbHO C(jJopMIlpOBaHHbIx "HepBHbIx MOi\eneif", npHBblKaHlfe, KaK
II BHHMaHlle, npeJl,CTaBJUleT C060H H3MCHeHile peaKL\HH Ha Bocnpll-
1IllMaeMb!e CTIIMYJlbI. H3MeHeHHe 3aKIlIO'IaeTCI! IIH60 B YMeHbIlle-
HHH peaKL\HH (npHBbIKaHHe), 11H60 B YCIIJleHIIH OTBeTOB Ha 3Ha'llf-
466
    IJ
0
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ill
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s 0
X J:
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UJ \Q
ill
DJ D-
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... ...  c:I .
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I . a
467
J

Mble II CHHJKCHIlIl - lIa lIe3Ha'JIlMble CTIIMYJIbl (BHHMamrc) (PyT-
MaH 3.M., 1979). llpHBblKaHile IIMeeT BaJKHOe aJl,anTHBHOC 3Ha'Ie-
Hlle, nOCKOJIbKY OHO n03BOJIJleT JKOHOMIITb pecypcbl IIH)J)IBH,IJ;a. B
nCllxoq,1I3HOJIOrl'!lI ,lJ;OCTaTO'lHO qaCTO HCnOJIb3yroT xapaKTepl1CT1'!-
KH npou,ccca npHBblKaHIIR IJ)lR HCClIcnOBaHIIR IIH,IJ;HBII)J.YaJI1>HO-
nCIIXOJIOrll'leCKHX oc06eHHocTeM '1eJIOBeKa.
MIIOrO'lIlCJIeHHble IICCJIe,lJ;OBaHIIJI nOKa3aJIH, '1TO CHIIJKe-
Hlle aMnJlIITY,IJ;bl Bll npH nOBTopHblX npC,IJ;1>RBJIeHIIRX C'J'IIMynoB
Ha6mo,lJ;aeTCR npaKTI1'1eCKH .!UIJI Bcex TllnOB CCHCOpHbIX Bll.
HCCJIel\OBaHHIO HaCJ!e,lJ;CTBeHHOH 06YCJIOBJICHHOCTH xapaK-
TCpHCTlIK npHBbIKaHIIR Bll nOCBJlll\eHa el\l1HCTBCHHaR B HaCTO-
Rll\ee BpeMR pa60Ta. B HCCiIC,IJ;OBaHHH D.H.Ko'ly6eJl (1983) aHa-
JIlI311pOBaJICR npoIl,ecc npHBbIKaHHJI CJlYXOBbIX BIT. BblJlO 0611a-
PYJKCHO, 'ITO B npoIl,ecce yrawCHHJI opHeHTllpOBOqHOH peaKII,HII
npOIlCXOJl,HT CHHJKeHlle aMIJJIlITY,IJ;bl TOJIbKO KOMnOHeHTOB N I II
P3, KOTOpbIC '1YBcTBHTeJIbllbl II K nORBJIellHIO peJI,Kllx CTIIMYJIOB.
)J,JIJI OIl,eHKH CKOpOCTH npllBblKaHHJI aBTop nOI\C'IIITbIB3JI KOJq,-
q,III1,IICHTbI JIHHeHHOH II JIOrapllq,MII'IeCKOM perpecCHIi aMnJIIITY 1\
.!UIJI KaJK,IJ;OrO KOMnOHeHT3 Bll (q,aKTII'IeCKH 3TO yroJI HaKiIOHa
KpIlBOH, xapaKTepll3YIOll\eH YMeHbweHlle aMnJlIITY,IJ;bl KOMnOHeH-
TOB B XO,lJ;C npllBblKaHHR Bll). OKa3alIocb, '1'1'0 BIIIIJlHHe H3cnC)J:-
CTBeHHbIX q,aKTopoB lIa6JIIOJI,aJlOCb TOJlbKO .!UIR CKOpOCTI'! npH-
BbIKaHHJI KOMnOHCHTOB P2 (h = 73%) H N2 (h = 44%) B CHTY-
all,HH 060pOHHTCJIbHOH peaKII,lI1I (Bll Ha JBYK HHTeHCII/lHOCTblO
105.n:D).
fipH COOTBeTCTBYIOll\eii ceHcopHoH CTIIMYJlRII,IIII II 06YCJlOBJICHbI
1I0HHbIMI! TOKaMI1 B HciJpoHax (HellpoHHaJ! aKTHBHOCTb, oTpa-
JKalOll\aJl o6pa60TKY ceHcopHbIX Cl!rHaJIOB). MeTo,lJ; MarHHTO-
MeTp1l1! n03BOJIReT C xoporneM pa3pCWalOll\eii cnoc06HoCTblO
pa3IIII'IaTb aKTHBHOCTb pa3Hblx M03rOBbiX CTPYKTYP. BbI3BaH-
HbIe MarHI!THble nOJIJI (BMIT) Bb!riIRI\RT TaK JKe, KaK 05b!qHble
Bbl3BallHb!e nOTeHII,HanbI, II HX TaK JKe nOJIY'IaIOT MCTO,lJ;OM YC-
pe,lJ;Hel1 HR OTBeTOB Ha ceHcopHble IIJIII IIHble CTHMYJIbI. CJIYxo-
Bble Bbl3BaHHble MaTHHTHble nOJlR I!MelOT nmHqHYIO BOJIHOBYIO
q,OPMY, COCTORll\YIO H3 Tpex KOMnOHeHTOB - P50, Nl00 H P200
llepBoe II e,lJ;IIHcTBcHHoe reHeTlI'leCKOC HCCJIe,lJ;OBaHlle CJ!Yxo-
BbIX Bbl3BaHHbiX MarHHTHbIX noneil npOBeJIlI COTPYJI,HHKII YHII-
BCpcH'J'eTa KOJIopa,lJ;o (Reite M. et aI., 1992). OHII JIOKaJlI130Ba-
JlH HcTO'lHIlK KOMnOHCHTa (Ml00) CJ!yxoBoro MarHHTHoro Bb13-
BaHHOro nOJIJI Y M3 II )J,3 5mI3HeIl,OB. MeCTOnOJIOJKeHlle IICTO'l-
HHKa Y M3 6JIII3HeIl,OB 6b!JIO 50JIcC CXO,lJ;HO, '1eM Y )];3, oco5e\1-
HO B iIeBOM JIoJIyrnapllH. feHeTII'IeCKlie BJIHJlHHR Ha <PYHKII,HO-
HaJIbHoe pacnpeJl,eJIeHHe npOIl,eCCOB o6pa50TKH He3Ha'lHMbIX CJIY-
XOBblX CTHMYJIOB 5blJlH Hall60JIee JlpKO BblpaJKeHbl B M03rOBblX
CT]JYKTypax JIeBOrO nOJIywapliR.
2.2. COMaToccHcOpHblC Bbl3B3HHbiC nOTeHIIHaJlhI
. SQUID - Superconducling Quantum Interfercnce DevLccs.
COMaToceHcopHble BIT perHCT]JHPYIOTCJI npll cTHMynJlIl,HII
peu.enropoB KOJKH H nponplloPeQeJ1TOpOB. Bll Ha 3JlCK1'pOKO'IKHyro
CTlIMYJlJlI.\IIIO npC.L\CTaBJlRIOT C050H 1l0CTaTOqHO CnOJKHYIO Kpll-
BYIO, COCTOJlll\YIO 113 60llbWOrO KOJIHqeCTBa KOMnOHeHTOB (PHCY-
HOK 11.7). PaHHlle KOMIIOHeHTbl COMaToceHcopHoro Bll, Ha6mo-
,lJ;alOll\lIeCR Ha OTpC3Ke OT 10 IJ.O 30 MceK nOCJ!e CTIIMYIIJlI1IIH, OT-
paJKa lOT , nO-BII.L\IIMOMY, aKTHBau.HIO nOJI,KOpKOBbIX CTpYKTYP H 111<-
TIIBHOCTb cOMaToceHcopHoii KOpb!. EOllee n03.L\HHC KOMIIOHeH-
TbI _ PIOO, NI40, P190- TaKJKe C5R3aHbI C aKTHBHOCTblO coMa-
TocellcopHOH KOpbl H OTpaJKalOT 06pa6oTKY TaKTHlIbHOH, 3I1eKT-
POKO».HOH HIIH nponpllopel1enTHB!IOH CTIIMYlIRl.\IIl1.
B paGoTe E.TIbllmca C KOllneraMIl (1972) HapRI\Y C IlpyrH-
Mil TllnaMH BII HCCIICI\OBaJIlICb II COMaToceHCOpHble Bll. COMa-
ToceHCOpHblH Bll perHCTpHpOBaJICJI Ha JJIeK'J'pOKOJKHYIO CTHMY-
IIJlII,IIIO (IIHTeHCH5HOCTb :>lIeKT]JllqeCKOrO cTIIMyna 6bIIIa B )l.Ba
469
M aZHumo:JHl.lerjJOJ/o2parjJWlecKoe Iicclleo08aHue 6b138QI/HblX
CllYX06blX nOJIeii
P33BHTHe TeXHHKH ,lJ;aJIO 503MOJKHOCTb C03,1J;aHliJi YCT]JOHCTB
(SQUID.), cnoco5HblX penlCTpIlpOBaTb CBcpxcJIa6ble MarHHTHbIe
nOJlJl M03ra (MIIJIJIHOHHbIe ,lJ;OJIlI MarHHTI!OrO nOJIJI 3eMJIH).
MarHIIToMcTpllJl llaeT B03MOJKHOCTb JlOKaJlH30BaTb reHe-
paTopbI 3JIeKT]JOMarHHTHbIJl npOI1CCCOB, npOTeKalOll\HX B rOJIOB-
HOM M03re npl1 BocnpllRTlI1I CJIYXOBblX CTIIMYJlOB. MafHHTlibIC
Bbl3BaHHblC nOJIJI perHCT]JIIPYIOTCJI, TaK JKe KaK II 06hlqHble BIl,
468

 
II
PUCYHOK 11.7
cOMllmocellCopflbw nll
pa33 Bb!We. '!eM HHJ\HPHJ\yanbHplii no-
por HcubrryeMoro), ABTopaMH o6Hapy-
)KeHO, '1TO BHYT]JHnapHoe CXOJl,CTBO Bon-
HOBOH !jJOpMp! COMaTOCeHCOpHoro BTI
Y M3 5JIH3HCl(OB DbiUle (CM. Ta5JII1qy
11.7 11 PHCYHOK 11.7).
B qeJIOM, OJ\HaKO, pa3nHQHJI B
CXOJl,CTBe MeJKJ\Y M3 II ,[(3 5nH3HeqaMII
He JlOCTHraroT 3HaqllMOrO ypOBHH H
3HaqHTCnbHO MCHpUle, qeM ,!J.JIJI J\pyrllx
THnOB BI1.
E
20
".V
PUCYU01< 11.8
3pUmeJlbHblU BIT
3pHTeJlbHblX Bbl30aHHhlX nOTeHl\l\anOB. EMY aperonecTBYIOT no.
JIITIIBHoe Kone5aHile P40 H HeraTIIJlHOe KOJIc5aHHe N70. llocnc
KOJIe5aHI1I1 PIOO perHCTpllpyeTcH HeraTIIBHoe KOJIe5aHlle N240
(PHCYHOK 11.8).
2.3. 3pHTcnpHble 8b13B3HHLIe nOTeHl{llaJIbl
3pUmeJlbHble Bb!J6aHHble 110meliljUaJlbl Ha npocmble ecnblUl1<U
CBema
B 3pHTeJIbHblX Bll THnH'IHbIe II BocnpOll3BO.!f.llMble KOMno-
fleHTbI BblJ\eJIH!OTCJI B KpllBOii Bll no IICTeqCHlI11 40 MCeK OT MO-
MeHTa npe)l,'bHBlleHlUI cTHMyna. HaH50m:e OblpaJKeHHblM KOMno-
HeHTOM 3pHTeJIbHOrO BI1 JlBJIJleTCi! PIOO, KOTOpbIH perllcT]Jllpy-
eTCJI llpll6nll311TeJIbHO qepeJ 100 MceK nOCJIe 3pHTeJIbHOrO CTH-
Mya. 3TO: KOMnOHeHT - pI 00 - MOJKeT CJIYJl(nTb cBoeo5paJ-
Hon TOqKOII OTCQe-ra ,!J.JIJI IIJ\CHTII<pIIKal.\llll J\pyrHX KOMnoHeHTOB
Po5epT )];aCTMaH H 3,l(BapJ\ EeK (Dustman R., Beck E.,
1965) 6bIJIH nepBblMI1, KTO HCCJIeJ\ooan BJIH"HHe HaCJIeJ\CTBeH-
HblX !jJaKTopoB Ha HHJ\IIBJlIJ;YaJIbHble paJJIII'IH" 3pllTeJl bHb !X Bil.
B 3TOM IIccne.nooaHIIH npllHHMaJIl1 Y'laCTHe M3 II )];3 6JIH3Hel(bI,
a TaKJI(e O.nHHOqIlOpOJKlJ;cHHble Jl,eTlI B B03pacTe OT 5 Jl,0 17 ileT.
3pllTeJIbHble BI1 perHCT]JllpoDarrl1Cb B l\eHTpaJIbHblX 'I 3aTbIJIOQ-
HblX 06nacTJlx (6HOOJIJlpHOe OTBe)l,eHHe) B OTBeT Ha BcnbllllKY
CBeTO. AHaJIH311pOBaJII1Cb BOJII10Bbie <POpMbl JUlYx OTpe3KoB KPII-
DOH (OT 0 )J.O 250 MceK 1\ OT 0 JJ.O 400 MceK nOCJIe nOJJ.aQH cnI-
MYJIa) 3pHTeJlbHbIX Bll. BOIDIoBbIe <jJOPMbI Y MOH03HrO'THbIX 6JI1I3-
Hel(OB OKa3aJIIICb 60Jlee CXOI\HbIMII, <JeM Y )];3 (CM. PHCYHOK 11.9
H Ta6JII.JQY 11.8), '1TO CDHJJ.eTeJlbCTI\YeT 0 OJlI1"HHH HaCJIe)l,CTBeH-
HblX <paKTOpOB Ha 3TH napaMeTpbl Bll.
Pe3ynbTaTbI, nOilYQeHHbIe P.OC60pHOM (Osborn R., 1970),
TaKJKC .n.eMoHc'rpIlPYIOT DaJKHYIO pOilb reHenl'!CCKHX <paKTopOB
1! liH,IJ,Hollj\yarrbllblx pa3JlH'lHIIX 3pH'reJlbHblX Bll. KaJ( I ]I npe-
Jl,b!JI,YlQeH pa60Te, P.OC60pHOM IIccrreJ\OBaJIHCb BOJlHOBble <pop-
Mbl 3pllTeJlbHblX Bll Ha OpOCTblC BCnblUl}(H CBeTa. Y cpeJ\HeH-
Hble K03<p<!>Hl\HeHTbI KOppeJlIIQlI1.J OKa3aJIHCb Bblllle Y M3 5JIH3-
Hel\OB, no cpaDHeHHIO  .II.3, H Y .II.3 6J1H3HeQOB, no cpaBHeHlI!O
C HepOIJ;CTBeHHnKaMH. BbI60pKII ]I JUlYx onHcaHHbIX HCCJIe.nOBa-
HHIIX 6bIJIH He60JIbUlHMH (no 12-13 nap 6JIH3Hel\OB).
T a6JlU/{a II. 7
YcpeiJHeHfI.,e 1<oppeJIRljuu 8HympPJJZapfl02o cxoiJcmeo BOJlH060U
IPOpMbl COMomoceHcopHblX Bll
06na"", Bpe..eHHoA .""'psan
pemC1J'a.
Q-88 MeeK 90-300 """'.
M3 1t3 HP M3 Il3 HI'
QeH1paI1bH" 0,45 0,35 0,31 0,63 0,60 0.38
(C3)
QeH1paI1bttaR 0,50 0,48 0,43 0,66 0,59 0,45
(C4)
fl06H'" 0,55 0,62 0,39 0,61 0,66 0,44
(F4)
470
471

Ta6JIU,.a 11.8
YcpeoHeHHble KOJrjJqJUI/UeHmbll<OppeJlJ1l/uu (no llUPCOHY)
80JlH08brx rjJopJ.! 3pUmeJlb/lblX Bll
rpynnbl OrBeAeHSI nepOJ\ aHal1M3a
cnbl1)'eMbiX
0-250 MeeK 0-400f.fc:e.r
M3 3aTbInQ4HOO 0.82 0.81
KTPanbHoe 0,74 0.69
,[13 33Tb1nOLlHoe 0.58 0.54
 0,48 0.41
HP 3aTbl1104 Hoe 0,61 0,56
,*HTpanbHoe 0,53 0.49
llOJIY'IeHHhle B nCHxoqJ\BHOJlon1'1CCKHX HCCJIeJl,OBaHIIJlX
aHHble yoei\llTeJ1bHO CBI1eTeJIhCTBYlOT 0 CYll\eCTBCHHOM BJlI1J1-
HHII reHeTH'IeCKIiX <jJaKTopOB Ha IIHHBHYaJ1bHhle OCOOeilHOCTl1
3pHTeiIhHhIX BII Ha npOCTble RcnbIIliKIl CReTa.
3pUmeJlbHble 8bI38a/l/lble nOmeHI/UaJlbl U rjJeHOMeH Y6eJIUe-
/lUR-YJ.!e/lbIUeHUR
B MHOrO'lllCiIeHHhIX paOOTax YCTaHOBiIeHO HaJ1H'iHC i\BYX
npOTlIBOnOiIOJKHbIX TllnOB 1'!3MeHeHH" aMnJIHTYtl.h1 3pllTeiIhHhiX Bll
B OTBeT HB YBenWleHHC lfHTCliCHBHOCTIf CBCTOBblX aCflbllJleK B
OHOM CnY'Iae HaOIllOJI,ae-rc" YBemlqCHHe aMnJIHTYtl.hI Bll, B PY-
rOM cnyqae - ce YMeHbIlleHlle. YBeJII1qeHHe HJlII YMeHbweHHe
aMniIHTY/I,bI Bll B OTBeT Ha YBeJlII'lCHlle HHTeHCHBHOCTH CTIIMYiIa
Ha3hlBBCTCSI if1CHOMCROM YBenlfqeHIISI-YMeHblJleHHSI (allgment-
ing-redllcing responce - ARR), B IIHi\H1JH)I,hl, i\BlOll\lIe TOT HJIM
IIHOH THn peaKl\lIM, Ha3bIBalOTCR COOTBeTCTBeHHO ayrMeHTopaMIl
H pei\'bIOCepaMII.
ARR oTpa)j{aeT npOI1ecc cjJYHKI1HOHHpOBBHIIR MexaHH3Ma
QHC, MOYJIHPYlOll\ero I1IITeHCI1BHOCTb ceHcopHoro Bxoa. Oco-
6eHHocTH i\eHCTBII" 3Toro MexaHH3Ma KoppeJillpYlOT C HHHBH-
l<yaJIbHO-nCIIXOJIOrH'IeCKIlMII xapaKTepllCTlIKaMIi 'Ie1l0BeKa, Ta-
KHMH, HarrpHMep, KaK "nolicK Oll\Yll\eHI1H" (sensation seeking -
Zuckerman M. et aI., 1974). HHi\l1BII/I,bI C BhlCOKIIMH Ol.\eHKaMH
I1CCJICi\OBaHlJe 3BaHa JIhlOHca C KOJIJIeraMH (Lewis E. et
aI., (972), npOBeJl,eHHoe Ha npeACTaBHTCJlbHOH BbIoopKe, nOATBep-
Jl,1I110 pBHee nOJIY'IeHHbIC PC3YJIbT3Tbl (Ta6,lHl.\a 11.9).
KBK Mb! BHi\lIM, BO Bcex IICCJlei\OBaHHhlX OTBeeHII"X BHYT-
pHrrapHoe CXOi\CTBO BOJIHOBOH <jJOpMbI BbllIIe Y M3 6mI3HeI.\OB, no
cpaBHeHH10 KBK C .II.3 OJlIl3HCI.\BMII, TaK 11 C HCpOl\CTBCHHHKaMH.
..
v
PUCYHOK 11.9
3pUmeJIbHblU Bll Y M36JIU3Hel106
472
..
v
Ta6J1u,.a 11.9
YcpeOIreHHble KOppeJIJIl/uu 8HympunapHo2o cxoocm8a 80R/l080U
cjJOPMbl JpUmeJlbHbQ; Bll
. 'i. . .
o 100 400 JOO 40a sco
06nacTl:1I BpeMeHHOti MHTepsan
per.crpa"
o-as MeeK .90-300 MeeK
M3 A3 HP M3 ,[13 HP
3aTb1l1Ha.A 0.69 0.55 0,39 0.77 0.59 0,55
(O2)
LleliTpat1bHa. 0.69 0.44 0.32 0.82 0.73 0.61
(C4)
I100H" 0.63 0,45 0.11 0.81 0,66 0,:36
(F4)
473

no IIIKaJ1C nOIlCKa oyeHI1i1, KaK npaOIlJlO, J1CMOHCTPIlPYIOT
.peHOMeH YBeJIII'IeHIIJI aMnJ1HTYJ1bl KOMnOHCHT3 PIN I (113Mepe-
Hlle OT nHKa J10 nllKa) 3pHTCJ1bHOrO Bll. 3TO ce paJ nOJ1TOep-
JKJ1aeT TOT .paKT, '1TO nOIlCK oyeHIIH 06YCJIOBJleH nOTpe6HO-
CTblO B HOBLIX CTliMynax I!)TJI J10CTIIJI(eHII OnTHMaJlbHOrO ypOB-
H aI<TIIBaQIIH. YBeJmqeHUe amnHTYJ1bI Bll OTpaJKaeT YClIne-
Hlle cTIIMynJIQIIU, He06xoJl,IIMOe I!)TJI nOBLIIIICHIIJI YPOBHJI aKTII-
BaL\llH, TOr)l:a KaK YMeHbIIIeHHe aMnJ1HTY,l\b1 }'Ka3blOaeT Ha BKnIO-
'1eHlle 3aIITHbIX MexaHII3MOB (Zuckcrman M., Buchsballm M.S.,
Murphy D.L.,1980).
HCCneJ10BaHlle M Dyqc6aYMa (Buchsballm M.S., 1974)
6bIJ10 nOCBeHO reHeTII'IeCKoMY aHanH3Y cjJeHoMeHa "YBeJlH'Ie-
HIle--YMeHbllleHl1e". B 3KcnepllMcHTC npllH!l1I1I Y'laCTIIC M3 u.II.3
6JIII3HeQLI B B03paCTe OT 18.1\0 57 neT. HcnLITyeMbiM npeJ11.JlBJIJI-
JIHCb BcnbllllKII CBeTa IIIII1 pa3Hoii IIHTeHCJlBHOCTII, HJIII pa3HOH
my611HbI MO)l:YIIU\IIII. OQeHKOH ARR BnSIJlCSI yrOJl HaKJlOHa npJl-
Moil, onllcbmaroeH 33BHCIIMOCTb aMrumTYJ1bI BTI OT IIHTeHCIIBHO-
CTlI cTIlMyna IIJIH rrry611HbI ero MOJ1YIIJI"IIf{. )];aHHLIH napaMeTp,
KaK BblJlCHIIJlOCb, B 3Ha'iIlTeJIbHOH CTeneHH KOHTpOlIl1PYeTCII reHO-
THnOM (Ta6Jl11"a 11.10).
TIOCKOlloKY ARR JlBJlJleTCJI IIH)jHBlIJ1yanbHo-CTa6I1iILHOH xa-
paKTepIlCTHKOH, 6bIlla C.I\CnaHa TaKJKC nonbITl<a ucnOlIb30BaTb
3TOT nOKa3aTCJlb KaK 6HOIIOrH'JeCKIIH MapKep acjJcjJel<TIIBHblX pac-
CTpOHCTB (Gershon E., Buchsbaum M., 1977). B TOM cnY'Iae ecnH
60JlC3Hb II ARR Onpe.l\elIjIlOTCjI O.l\HHM rCHOM, pO!,\CTBCHHHKH,
CTpaJ1alOlIe .l\aHHbIM 3a60JIeBaHlleM, 6Y.I\YT IIMeTb OJ1HHaKOBbIH
6HOJlOmqeCKHii MapKep, a HMeHHO - ARR, B OTJ1H1Jlle OT rpynnbI
3.!1.0pOBbiX pOJ1CTBeHHHKoB 60nbHoro. Pa:JIIHqIlH MeJK.ll.Y rpynnaMIl
60nbHbIx II 3AOpOBbiX pOAcTBeHHIlKoB no ARR YCTaHoBncHo HC
6bIJ10, qTO CBHJ1eT.eJ1bCTBYeT 0 pa31IIi'lHOH HaCJIeJl,CTBeHHOH npu-
pOAC aljJ.peKTHBHbIX HapyweHIIH II ARR.
TaKIIM 06pa30M, B IICCJIe.!l.OBaHHjIX, nOCB!IeHHbiX aHanll3Y
Bll B OTBCT Ha YBeJIllqCHHe HHTeHCHBHOCTH cTHMyna, YCTaHOBJle-
HO, qTO YBeJIWICHUe HHTeHCHBHOCTH pa3I\PaJKIITellJl npHBOJ1HT K
60Jlee OT'IeTJIlIBOMY npOJIBJleHIlIO reHOTllnll1JCCKOii ofiycnoBJIeHHO-
CTH 3pHTeJIbHLIX Bbl3BaHHbiX OTBeTOB M03ra.
3pUmeJlbHbie 8b138a/mble nomeHljuaJlb! Ha peOKue cmUMYJlbl
474
3pHTeJIbHbIe BbI3B3HHbIC nOTeHQHaJlbI Ha peJI,KHe CTHMYllbI
(cHTyaL\lIjI "oddball paradigm") IICClleJ\OBaIlIlCb K3pOJlaHH BaH
EaaJl (van Baal C., 1997). 3KcnepllMeHTaJIbHall BbI60pKa BKmoqa-
Jla 66 nap M3, 68 nap )];3 tI 31 napy p33HOnOJIbIx.II.3 5-m 11 7-H
JleT. HCnbITyeMbIM npeJl,1.IIBllIlJIII Ha 3KpaHe TCJleBH30pa 125 Kap-
THHOK C H306paJKeHHjIMH KOllleK H c06aK. .II.eTH AOJlJKHbl fibUIII
C'ItlTaTb KOJIH'IeCTBO KOIIICK (25 PHCYHKOB, peJIeBaHTIiblH CTtlMYII),
nOIlBHBllltlXCII Ha 3KpaHe TeJleBH30pa. KapTIIHKIi npeJ11.BJIJlnI1Cb B
CJ1Y'laHHoM nOpSI)J,Ke. ABTOp allaJlH3HpOBana TOJIbKO KOMnOHeHT
P300 3pHTeJlbHOrO Bll B "eHTpaJILHblX (C3, Cz, C3) H TeMeHHblX
(P3, Pz, P4) 06Jla\';TSIx. 3HaqHTeJIbHble reHeTlI'IeCKlle 3$.peKTbl
6b1JlH 06HapYJKeHbl AJlH BpeMeHHblx xapaKTepl1CTIIK KOMnOHeHTa
P300: HaCJIe.l\yeMocTb JIaTCHTHOro neplloAa 3Toro KOMnOHCHTa
KOJle6anaCb OT 13% )1:0 78% B nHHlleTHCM B03paCTe II OT 36% JJ..O
99% B CCMllileTHeM B03pacTe. feHeTlI'IeCKHe BJIHSIHlljI Ha IIHAIIBH-
AyaJIbHble pa3JIHqHJI aMnJIHTY!'\HblX XapaKTepHcTHK p300 B 060HX
B03paCTax 6blJIII BblpaJKeHb! cJla6ec R Bll lIa peJ!eRaIlTI\b1i\ CHi-
MYJI (h 1 oT 0% AO 19%), no cpaBHeHHIO C P300 Ha IIppeneBaHTHbIiI
CTIIMYJl (h'OT 36% AO 86%).
AHaJIOrH'IHYIO 3a.n:a'lY B"mOnHJIH HcnbITyeMbIe 60llee CTap-
wero B03paCTa (85 nap M3 Ii 119 nap.II.3 16 neT) B IIccneAoBaHtlil
K. BaH DeHCTepBeJlbJl,T (1996). BHYTplmapHoc CXOJ1CTBO aMnJlIITY'
.n:b! KOMnOHCHTa P300 Ha uppeneBaHTHblH CTHMYJl 6LIJIO Bblllle y
M3 BO Bcex 06JIaC1'''x M03ra, TOr.l\a KaK Ha pencBaHTHblH CTli-
MYJl- JIIIWb B HeKoTOpbJX OTBe.l\eHHJlX (C4, P3, Pz, P4, 01 II 02)
475
Ta6J1u/(a 11.10
B/JympUKJlaCC08ble KOppe/lJ/ljuu U K03q;q;UIjUeHm
HaclIeoyeMocmu (h') 8peMeUHblX U aJ\f1lJllimyoHblx
xapaKmeplicmuK 3pUmeJlbHblX nll U q;eHoMe/Ja ARR
nOKa3aTenM '., '., Ii'
."""I<TYAa P100-N140 0,59 0.36 35%
."""I<TYAa N14()-P200 0.57 0,10 52%
I1areHTHbI r.ePi"OA P100 0,61 0.16 53%
n3TetfTMblIii nep"OA N140 0,54 0,36 25%
naTeH'fJ-Ibl" r.eP\4OA P200 0,65 0,40 41%
ARR a"""I<TYAbi Pl00-N140 0.51 .{),04 52%
ARR a..nnl<TYAbi N14()-P200 0,00 .{),10 60%

3pUmeJlbHbie Bbl38aHHble 1l0me//!fUClJ/bl Ha CmpYKmYPUp08a//-
Hble 3pUmeJlbHble CmtLlfYJlbl
Bll Ha npoCTYIO BcnbllllKY, aHaJIH3lipOBaJIH Bb13BaHHb!C OTBeTbl
Ha pJlA CTpYKTypllpOBaHHbIX pa3ApaJKHTeJICH. B Ka'leCTBC 3PIl-
TeJIbHblX CTHMYJIOB IICIIOJIb30BaJlHCb. npOCTaH BClIbllllKa CBeTa
(1), CHMMeTpllqHaJi l'eOMeTpll'leCKaH cjJIIl'ypa (2), 6eCCMbICJleH-
Hajl KOM6HHal..\IIH 6YKB ")],MO" (3), xaOTIi'leCKHH Ha60p l'eOMeT-
pll'leCKIIX 3JIeMeHTOB (4), CJlOBO ")],OM" (5), PHCYHOK lIOMa (6),
waXMaTHoe nOJIe C HqeHKOH 20'(7). B IICCJIe,!\OBaHIIH npllHI'!Ma-
JII1 Y'IacTilc M3 II )],3 6JIII3He!..\bI (21 Ii 20 nap cooTBeTcTBeHHo)
B B03pacTe OT 18 ,n:o 25 JleT.
)],JIjI KaJKJI,OrO cTIIMyna cpaBHeHHe BHYTpllnapHoro CXO,n:-
CTBa M3 11 )],3 npoBo,n:IIJ1H no BonHoBOH cjJopMe Bll 1J HHTepBa-
JIe 0-256 MC, IIaTeHTHbIM nepHo,n:aM Ii aMnJlliTy,n:aM (OT nliKa
,n:o nHl<a) Bcex KOMIIOHeHTOB, Bbl,n:eJIJleMbIX B weCTH 30Hax perll-
CTpal..\HH (Oz, Cz, 1'5, 1'6, F3, F4). MaKCHMaJIbHOe '1HCJIO n03H-
!..\HH, no KOTOpblM 6bIJIa YCTaHOBJleHa reHOTllnH'IeCKaJl 06yCJIOB-
neHHOCTb ( I' >1' ) HccneAyeMblX llOKa3aTeJIeH, l{aJIlI 3i1eMeHTap-
.. '"
Hb!e CTHMYJIbI - BcnbllllKa Ii lllaXMaTHoe none (60% H 62% co-
OTBeTCTBeHHo) MHHIlMaJIbHble 0l..\eHKH HaCJle,n:yeMoCT!i 6b1J1H
"JT OM "
nOJIY'IeHbI AJIJI ceMaHTH'IeCKIIX cTHMynoB - CJIOBa "'" 11
pllcYIIl<a AOMa (31% II 29%). .II.JIJI CTHMYJIOB 2, 3 11 4 K03cjJcjJHl..\II-
eHT HaCJIe,n:yeMOCTH paBHHJICII 48%, 50% Ii 45% COOTBeTCTBeH-
HO. I1pll HCnOJIb30BaHHII MeTOlI.a nO.II.60pa MO.II.eJIeH II)IR rCHeTII-
'1eCKoro aHaJIH3a AaHHbIX 6bIJIO YCTaHOBJIeHO, '1TO BJIIIJlHHe Ha
aMnJHlTYl{lIbIe H BpeMeHHble napaMeTpbI BI1 OKa3bIBalOT TaKJKe
II cpel\OBbIC cjJaKTOpbl - KaK CIIY'IaHHbIe, TaK Ii CIICTeMaTH'Iec-
Klle. BJIHRHlle CIlCTeMaTH'ICCKoi! CpeD.bl 6bInO Hall60Jlee BhIpa-
JKeHHMM B cJlY'Iae ceMaHTII'IeCKIi 3Ha'lIlMbIX cTHMynoB (".II. OM ",
PHCYHOK ,n:OMa).
TaKIIM 06pa30M, 3aKJIIOqalOT aBTopbl, pOJIb HaCJIe.II.CTBeH-
HbIX cjJaKTopOB B cjJOpMHpOBaHHH HHJI,IIBIliI.YalIbHbIX oc06eHHoC-
TeH 3pHTeJIbHblX Bll 3aBHCIIT OT Tllna CTIIMYJIbHOrO MaTCpllaJIa
II ero COJl.epJKaHHR llOCKOJIbKY CIICTeMa 3pHTeJlbHOrO Bocnpllil-
THII Bl<JIIO'IaeT 3Be!!bil, pa3nH'Ia!OHeCR no 3BOJl!Ol.\HOHHOMY B03-
paCTY, BpeMeHII nOJlBJleHIIJI B OHToreHC3e H MopcjJOJIOnl'leCKOMY
cy6cTpaTY, aBTopbI CqHTalOT nOJlY'IeHHble pe3yJIbTaTb! BnOJI!!e
JIOrH'IHblMH. feHeTJlqeCKaJl 06YCIIOBIICHHOCTb 3pHTeJIbHblX Bll
Ha BcnbIWKY CBR3alla, no HX MHCHlilO, C TeM, qTO BOCnpllJlTHe
06eH OCBeeHHOCTH JlBJIReTCJI cjJlIlIoreHeTH'IeCKIi Hall60lIee
ilpeBl{eH cjJOpMOH 3pHTenbHOH nCpl..\enl.\lill
BHYT\HmapHOe CXO,n:CTBO JIaTCHTHblX lIepllO.II.OB KOMnOHel{Ta P300
B l..\eJIOM 6blJI0 HIIJKe, '1eM aMIIJlliTY,!\. BHytpl1KnaCCOBblC ImppeJlJl-
!..\IUI M3 npeBblWaJIH KOppeJIJl!..\1I11 .II.3 BO Bcex OTBeJl.eHHilX, KpOMe
pz H P3 lI)IiI pe.rreBaHTHbIX cnlMYJIOB II C3 H Cz lI)IiI IIppelIeBaHT-
HbI. cTHMynoB (Ta6mlQa ] I 11).
EonblIIHHCTBO OnHCal{HblX BbllIIe pa50T KacalIlICb TOlIbKO
3pllTelIbHbIx BI1 Ha H3MeHeHHe oCBeeHHOCTI1 (BcnbIIllKa). O,n:Ha-
KO B nocrre.lJ.lll1e rOI\bI B nCliXocjJH3HOJIorllil BMeCTO npoCTblx Bcnbl-
llleK CBeTa Bce '1ae HcnOJIb3YIOTCR CTPYKTYPllpoBaHHbIe 3PIl-
TeJIbHble CTHMYJIbI. Hx MopcjJOJIOrmo CJIeyeT, KaK C'IHTaeT
3.M PYTMaH (1979), paccMa'rpllBaTb OT.lI.eJIbHO, TaK KaK HMelOTCJI
aHHble 0 pa3HoM HeilporeHe3e BII Ha BcnbIWKY CHeTa 11 Ha 3PIl-
TeJIbHb!e CTPYKTYPbl.
reHeTllqeCKIIH aHaJIII3 3pIITeJIblfblX Bll Ha CTpYKTYPlipOBaH-
Hble 3pliTCJIbHble Bll 6bIJI npOBeelf T.M.MapIOTI1HoH H T.f.IIBo-
IllHHOH (1984). ABTOpbl, HapilJl.Y C perHCTpa!..\lIeH 3pllTeilbHblx
Ta6Jlua 11.11
BHympUKJIaCC08ble KOppeJtJlIJUU aMl1JIUmyollblX U 8peMeHHblX
xapaKlIlepuclIluK KOMnOHeHma P300 Ha pelleBaHmHblu U
UppelleBaHmHblu CIIlUMYIl (16 Jlem)
OrBeAeHMR
311"""""," TMn C3 Cz C4 P3 pz P4 01 02
""'MYna
A..nnMTYAa P300
M3 P 0.27 0,19 0,29 0,38 0,49 0.48 0,52 0,54
113 P 0,27 0,33 0,31 0,12 0,24 0,23 0.21 0,27
M3 1'\ 0.34 0.48 0,54 0,45 0.54 0,43 0,51 0,61
113 1'\ 0.26 0.22 036 0,16 0,22 0,24 0,29 0,29
l1arelf1'HbI nep.o,q P300
M3 P 0,17 0,28 0,29 0,20 0.23 0,14 0,23 0,22
1I.3 P 010 0.26 0,10 0,13 0,29 0,21 0.16 0,05
M3 1'\ -0,04 -0,01 0,22 0.50 0,09 0,47 0,27 0.23
113 1'\ -0.03 0.08 0,01 0,02 0,04 0,05 0,16 0,14
476
477

3pumenbHbie 6b/38aHHb/e 110meH/JUaRbl U OHm02eHe3
RbIX MiIMHL\eB 110 IOHOllleH), 06HapYJKIIJlH, 'ITO, nOMIfMO Hcnpe-
pbIBHoro e03peBaHIIJI, CYI.L\CCT1JyIOT H JI,IICKpCTHbIe cnypTbl B PaJ-
BHTHH 33r. B03MOJKHO, 3TH HHJI,IIBHJI,YaJIbHbIe pa:mH'IHJI B C03pe-
BaHHH M03ra MorYT CKa3bIBaThCR Ha oc06eHHOCTJlX npOL\eCCOB
Pa:JBHTHJll(aK KorHIITIIBHblX cpYHKIIIIH, T3K H nOBe,QeHHJlIIHJUI1IH,Qa
B L\eJIOM.
JIoHrHTIOAHOC I'!CCJIel10BaHI'!e 3PIITeJ1bHblX BbI3BaHHbiX no-
TeHL\HaJIOIl 6blJI0 npoBe,QeHO B YJKe ynoMHHaBllleHCR pa60re K.
BaH BaaJl (1997). 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHaJi npoL\e,Qypa, HcnOiIb30-
BaBlllaJlCJI B .l\aHHOM IICCJleAOBaIlHII, YJKe OnHcaHa BbIW 3PH-
TeJIbHble all perHCTpHpOBaJlHCb Y 164 nap 6mf3HeUOB NlBJK-
AI,l - B nRTHlIeTHeM H B CMHJIeTHeM B03pacTe. H3MeHeHlle oIle-
HOK HaCJIe,QyeMocTH lIa pa3HbIx 3Tanax pa311HTHJI (MeTOJl, none-
peqHblX CpC30B) AaeT 061.L\YlO KapTHHY reHeTH'IeCKHX H3MeHe-
HHH, OI1HaKO Ol1eHHTb BKJIB,L{ reHeTllqecKI1X cpBKTOPOB B Hcnpe-
pblBHOCTb pa3BHTHJI Ii H3MeHeHIIJI npll nepexoJl,e OT OAHoro B03-
pacTa K .l\pyrOMY MOJKHO TOJIbKO B JIOHnl1'lO.l\HOM HCCJle,QOBa-
HI1If. BaJKHOH 3aJl,a'lell reHeTIIKH pa3BHTHR RBIIJleTCR 061.JlCHeHlle
He TOJIbKO HenpepblBl!ocrH B pa3BHTlH/, HO I1I1P01lCXO)1J1!l1HX 113-
MeHeHHH. IlepeXO.l\HbIe cTyneHH B pa3BHTHII MorYT 6b1Tb CBJl3a-
Hbl C reHeTH'IeCKOH peOpraHH3aL\HeH, n03TOMY B03paCT OT 5 Jl,0
7 J1eT npell,CTaBJIJleT OOJlbWOI1 IIHTepec )1JIJI HCCJlell,OBareJlel1,
Be,L{b B 3TO BpeMII npOIfXOJJ;RT K/lqeCTBeHHb1C npe06pa30B3HHJ/
KOrHHTHBHOH ccpepbl KaK H3BeCTHO, B nepHoA oT 5 1'0 7 J1CT
HaOJIIO,!\aeTcB YMeHbUJeHlfe JIaTeHTHoro nepHo,!\a KOMnOHeHTa
P300, qTO oTpaJl(aCT YBeJIH'ICHl1e CKOpOCTH 06paooTKH IIHcpopMa-
L\1I1I BeJI1I'I1IHI! !I3TeHTHOTO IJep1l0,zra P300 YMeHbUJaeTCJI BIIJIOTb
AO nO.l\pOCTKOBoro B03pacTa, KorAa OHa 110cTllraeT Jl,ecpI1HIITHB-
Horo ypOBHII (300 MceK) PC3YJIbTaTbl MHoroMepHoro rCHeTII-
'1eCKOrO aHaJIH3/! IJOKa3aJl1l, '!TO c03peB3HHe KOMIJOHeHTa P300
npe,QCTaBJIJleT c06ol1 HenpepblBHbIH npoL\ccc Db!JIO o6HapYJKe-
HO, '!TO Ha HH.l\HBII.l\yaJlbHble pa3J1H'IIfJl napaMeTpoB P300 KaK B
nBTHJleTHeM, TaK II I! CeMlfJIeTHeM B03pacTe BJIHJlIOT O.l\HH H Te
Jl(e reHeTII'!eCKHe cpaKTOpbI.
CTaOlf!IbHOCTb reHeTHqeCKIIX BilHBHHH Ha noKa33TeJlIf aMn-
IIHTYAbl H JIaTeHTHOt'o nepllo,!\a 1(0MnoHeHT/! P300 BBIfJIaCb Heo-
JKII.l\aHHOCTblO AilJl 3BTOpOB IfCCile,QOBaHHJI. B IfCClIeAOBaHIfJlX IQ
6b11IO nOKa3aHo, qTO Ha BpeMeHHOM npOMe)j(YTKe oT 4 J\O 7 JIeT
npOJlBJIeTCJI Jl,eiiCTBHe HOBblX relfeTlfqeCKIfX t!>aKTopoB. llOCKOJIb-
479
B03paCTHaJi .l\HHaMHKa reHOTHnllqeCKIfX BJIIIJlIfI'!H Ha IJapa-
MeTpbl 3pllTeJIbHbIX Bll aHailll311pOBaJIaCb B pa60Te T.M.Ma-
pIOTIIHOii (1993). 3plITeJIbHbIe Bll penfcTplipOBaJIHCb y M3 I'!
)J;3 6IIH3HeQOB paJHblX B03paCTHblX rpYIJII (8-9, 10-12 H ]8-
25 JIeT). YCJlOBm! perHcrp/!QI!H Bll OnIfCaHbl B npeJl,bIJI,Yl.L\eM
IJaparpacpe. HcclIeJ\oBaHlle nOKa3aJIO, '11'0 CoOTHollleHlle reHe-
TlI'!eCKIlX II Cpe,l\OBblX BIIIIBHIfIl B MeJKIIH,QHBIIJ\yaJIbHOH H3MeH-
qHBOCTI! n3paMCTpoB 3pHTeJlbHbIX Bll 31!B11ClfT OT B03paCTa. BJII!-
JlHlle reHOTHIJa MlflllfMaJlbHo y J\eTeH 8-9 lIeT, IJpll nepexo)1e K
nO.l\pOCTKOBOMY B03paCTY BJIlfJlHlfe reHeTllqCCKHX cpanopoB pa-
CTeT H 3aTeM CHOBa CHHJKaeTCB Y B3pOCIIblX Half60JIblllee KOJm-
qeCTBO IIpeMeHHbIX H aMIJJIlITY.l\HbIX napaMerpOB Bll, AilB KOTO-
pblX YCTaHOBJIeHO BJlHJlHl1e reHOTlina (r.,>r ,) npIlXO,QIITCJI Ha
B03paCT 10-12 neT. ABTOp nOJlaraeT, 'ITO 60JIblllaJi reHOTHnll-
'1eCKaJl 06YCJIOBJIeHHOCTb BapllaTHBHOCTIi Bll B IJepl'!oJ\ IJyoep-
TaTa MOJKeT 6blTb CBJl3aHa C BbICOKOH CTeneHblO reHOTlfnH'leC-
KOH J\eTepMlfHal.{lIl! CKOpOCTII nOJIOBOrO C03peBaHIIK. KOJIII'Ie-
CTOO napaMeTpOB 3plfTeJIbHbiX Bll, IfMelOllI,lfX reHeTlf'IeCI(YIO J\e-
TepMIIHal.{lIIO BO Bcex Tpex B03paCTax, HeBeJlHKO. K HHM OTHO-
CJlTCJI aMnJIIfTYJ\Hble xapaKTepllCTIfKIf OoJIbWIIHCTBa cpeJ\HelIa-
TeHTHblX (150-250 MceK) KOMnOHCHTOB Bll BO Bcex 30Hax pc-
rIfCTpaL\lIlI, KpOMC BepTeKca.
JlOH2umlOoHble uccne008a1<WI 3pumenbHbIX 8b136a1lHblX
nOmeHlJUaR06
K CO)l(aJleHHIO, nOKa el.L\e O'lCHb MaJIO 1f3yqeHO BJllfJlH1Ie re-
HeTH:.eCI(I!X If cpe,QoBblx cp3KTOPOB Ha pa3BHTife QeHTpaJIbHOH He-
pBHOIf CIfCTeMbl qeJlOBCKa. B qaCTHOCTI!, 1I,0 CHX nop He JlCHO,
OJ\HII II Te JKe If!IIf pa3Hbie reHbI OIJpe,l\eJlJlIOT TY IIJIH IfHylO cpYHK-
UIfIO H3 pa3Hb!X 3TaIJaX OHToreHe3a; He onpeAelIeHO, B KaKoii
Mcpe 3KcnpeCClfJl Toro IfJIIf HHOro reHa 3aBHCIIT OT CpeJl,OBbiX YC-
JIOBllii. 1l3BecTHo, '!TO TeMn II J\)Jymc oc06eHHOCTH npOL\eCca CO-
3pCBaHliK HC (cOl(palll,eHHe CIIHaIJTH'!eCKIIX KOHTaKTOB MlfeJIH-
,
HIf3aL\IfJl If Tn.) B 3Ha'iIfTeJ1bHOfi CTeneHIl pa3IIII'!a!OTCR y pa3HbIX
IfHJI,IIBIfAOB P.T3T'Iep II KOJI!ICr!! (Tatcher R. et a!., 1987), 06elIe-
J\OBaR 60JIblUyr<! rpyuny ,l\ereif pa3Horo B03paCTa (OT t\IIyxMeCK'I-
478

KY :speMeHHble xapaKTepllCTHKII KOMnOHeHTa P300 CBR3aHI>l co
CKOpOCTblO 06pa60TKH HH<jJOpMaI.\HH H ypOBHeM IQ, npe.rUJOJIara-
JlOCb, '1TO H B .l\eTCpMIIHal.\llII JIaTeHTHOrO TIepHOj\a P300 B 7 JleT
BblJlBIITCJI Y'IaCTHe HOBblX reHCTl1qeCKHX <jJaKTOpOB IlOJIY'IeHHbIC
j\aHHbIe HC TIOj\TBepj\HJIH 3TO npe.IUlOJIOJl(eHHc: OT 5 jl,0 7 rrCT co-
XpaHRJIOCb BJIHJlHHe Ojl,HHX H Tex Jl(C reHeTlI'lCCKHX <jJaKTopoB,
npH'IeM HaCJIC.l\YeMocTb B03pacTana OT 5 K 7 rOjl,aM.
JIoHrHTIOJI,HOC I'!CCnC.IJ;OBaHl1e 3pllTCJIbHbiX BII B 60nce
cTapIIIcM B03pacTc (8-9 H 10-12 nCT) 6blJIO npOBC.l\eHO
T.M.MapIOTHHoH (1993). AllaJIH3 reHeTlI'ICCKIiX KOppenRI.\HH TIO-
3BOnJleT rOBOpHTb 06 OTHOCIITCJlbHOH HC3aBlICHMOCTH reHCTH-
'1eCKHX BJIHJlHIIR Ha H3Y'ICHHOM B03paCTHOM IIHTCpOaJIC. B Lle-
nOM pC3yJlbTaTI>I nOH pa60TbI CBIlj\eTCJIbCTOYIDT 0 TOM, qTO B
nepHOJl, OT 8 j\0 11 JICT npOHCXOjl,RT 3HaqllTCJIbHbIC 113MCHCHlIJI B
reHCTII'ICCKOM KOHTpOJIe HHj\HBII.l\yaJIbHbIX oc06eHHocTcH 3pll-
TcrrbHblX BIl, II jJ,!IJI 60JIbIIIHHCTI!a nOKa3aTcncR BII (B OTnll'lIIC
OT Bll 0 60JIee paHHcM B03pacTc - van Baal C.,1997) rCHeTI!-
qeCKaJl 06l1.\HOCTb He npeBblIIIaeT 30%. llocKonbKY 0 10-12
JIeT YBCnll'lHoae-rcJI '1I1CJlO TIOKa3aTeJIeR BIl, .l\eTepMHIIHpooaH-
HbIX rCHOTIlTIOM, TO, B03MOJl(HO, 3TO yoeJIl!qeHHC npOHCXO,l\HT 3a
CqCT BKnID'IeHHJI HOBb!X rCHOO B nepHOJl, TIOJlOBOrO C03peBaHIIJI.
K COJl(aneHIIID, B j\aHHOH pa60Te 06cnej\OBaJIaCb O'leHb Hc6onb-
IIIaJl Bb160PK3, '1TO YBeJIlI'lIIBaeT oepORTHOCTb nOJIY'ICHHII CMe-
II1CIJHI>IX OI.\CHOK Hacne.L\yeMoCTH.
2.4. TIoTeHI.\HaJII>I M03ra, COll3aHHLle C j\BUJEeHHeM
(TIMC.II.)
TCHl.\lIanOB, npe.IJ;UJecTBYIDlI.\I1X II conpOBOJI(.I\alOlI.\HX pCOJlH3a-
LlIlIO j\BllraTeJIbHOrO aKTa, HaXOjJ,JIT CBoe OTpaJKeHHC npOl.\eCCbl
nOJl,rOTOBKH, peanH3al.\lIH H Ol.\eHKII j\BHJKeHHJI.
llpH 3anllCH 61103JIeKTpHqeCKHX nOTCHI.\HanOB, cOnpOBOJK-
j\alOlI.\lIX .IJ;BHJKeHIIC, Bbl.l\eJIJlCTCJI pJl)l; KOMnOHeHTOB (PHCYHOK
11.10). MCjJ,!IeHHO B03paCTalOlI.\aJl HeraTIIBHaJi BOJIHa (noTeHl.\H.
aJl rOToBHoCTH) TIORBnReTCJI B 060HX nOJIYUJapHRx Moua npH-
6JIII3HTeJIbHO 3a CeI<YHj\Y Jl,0 Ha'lana )l;BHJKeHIIJI; npllMepHo 3a
500 MceK )10 .l\BIlJKeHHJI aMI1JlIlTYJ1,3 nOTCHI.\HaJIa rOTOBHOCTH YBe-
JIlI'IHBaeTCJI B nOJIYIIIapHH, KOIITpnaTcpanblloM )lBHJKCHlIlO. Ha
<jJoHe MeJI,JIeIlHOrO HeraTIIBHoro nOTeHI.\HaJIa 3a 90 MceK )1;0 lIa-
qaJIa )lBIIJKeHIlJl nOIlBJIReTCJI He60JlbIIIOH no aMnJIHTYJI,e n03H-
HIBHbIH KOMTIOHeHT (npeMoTOpHaJl TI03HTHBHOCTb - IlMTI), KO-
TOpblH CMeHJleTCJI HcraTIlOHbIM nOTCHQHaJIOM (MOTOpHbIR no-
Telll.\HaJl - MIl) B MOMeHT Ha'laJIa j\BHJKeIJHJI. llpH6JIH3HTeJlb'
HO qepe3 200 MceK TIOCJIe Ha'lana .lI:BHJKeHHJI KOMTIneKC nOteHLlH-
aJIOB 3aBepIIIaeTcR 60JlbIUliM n03HTHBHblM KOMnOlleHTOM (pe-
a<jJ<jJepeHTHbIH nOTeHQHaJI- P200). Hal160JIbIIIIlii HHTepec Jl,JIJI
nCllxo<jJ1l3110JIOrHII npe.IJ;CTaBJIJleT TIOTCHI.\HaJI rOToBHoCTII, TaK
KaK oil CBJl3aH C npOl.\eCCaMH nOJl,rOTOBKII npoH3BonbHoro j\BH-
JI(CHHJI. .lI.PyrHe KOMl10llellTbi llMC.II. COOTBeTCTByK>T 3TanaM pea-
JlH3al.\III1 II OI.\CHKII TIpOH3Be.IJ;eHHOrO Jl,eilCTBIlR. IlMll H CJIC.l\YIO-
lI.\HH 3a HIIM MIl COOTHOCJlT C HHHI.\Hal.\lICii .IJ;BHJl(CHIIJI. Pca<jJ<jJe-
pCHTHl>lH nOTeHI.\HaJI oTpaJl(aeT He TOJlbKO npOl.\eCCbl 06paTHoil
a<jJ<jJcpeHTaI.\HH, HO II HeKoTopYID KOrHlITHBHYID OI.\CHKY, JlIIJIJlJlCb
aHaJIOrOM KOMTIOHeHTa P300 ceHcopHblX BII.
BnepBble BnHJlHHC HaCJIeJl,CTBeHHOcTIi Ha HHJI,IIBH.I\YaJIbHble
OC06CHHOCTII llMC)J; Hccnc.!\OlJaJIOCb B pa60TC C.E.MaJIbiX (Ma-
nbIX C.E , 1986; Malykh S.B., 1986). llMC.II. pCrHCT)JHpooalm npll
npOlI3BOJIbHblX .I\BIIJKeHIIRX (Ha)l(3T11C KHOTIKII YKaJaTeJThHbIM TIaJIb-
I.\CM npaBoii PYKU) }f npM oCYII1CCTBJICHHJ1 BepOJITHOCTHOro npo-
I1pH nOMOII.\H cnCl.\lIaJIbHOil np0l.\e.I\ypbl ycpe,!\HcHIIR CTa-
JIO B03MOJKHblM Bbl!l.eRRTb B 3amlCH 33r npaKTJl'leCKH JI106b!e
113MCHeHHJI nOTcHl\113.JIa, cTporo CB>l3aHHbIC C JIlO6bIM <jJIIKcnpo-
BaHHbIM C06bITlleM, B TOM '1HCJIe 11 BHYTpeIlHHM. IloTe!tl.\l'!aJIbl
M03ra, CBJl3aHHble C jl,BHJl(eHIICM (llMC.II.), OTJIII'IaIOTCJI OT ceH-
COpHbIX nOTeHl.\lIaJIOB TeM, '1TO OTpe3KH 33r CYMMllpYIDTCJI !te
nocne KaKOrO-!I1I60 BHeIIIHero CTIIMYJIa, a AO, BO BpeM>I II noc-
!Ie )lBHraTCnbHOH peaKI.\HH. MOMeHT OTCqeTa npll perllCTpilLlIIH
I1MC.II. onpe.!IeJIJleTCJI JIHOO no lHorpaMMC, JI[{60 no 3<jJ<jJeKTY
.n:BIJJKCIIHR (HanpIlMCp, lIaJKaTile Ha KHonKY) B KOMnileKce no-
480
C.
t
:lMr
PucynoK 11.10
llomeHIIUQ.// M03za,
c8R3aHHblu c 06u:»<:eHueM
, I . . , . . .
1_-160...
481

m03a Y M3 II )];3 611113HeQoB (no 25 nap). llpll npom03e IIcnbITY-
eMbIH 1l0JIJI{eH 6bIJI npellcKa3bIBaTb nOJlB1IeHlle 3BYKa, B03HHKalO-
]Uero C pa3HoH BepoHHoCTblO (p = 1,0 111IH P = 0,5) B npaBoM IIJlI'!
1IeBOM HaywHIIKe, HaJl{HMa Ha OIlHY H3 I!1!Yx KHonOK. 3BYK aBTO-
MaTH'IeCKII npell'bB1I1ICJI '1epe3 920 MC nOCJIe 3aMb]KaHH KOH-
TaKTOB mo60H H3 KHonOK. AHaJIH3HpOBamlcb pa3JII1qHbIe KOMno-
HeHTbI IlMC.II. (llf, IlMll, MIl, P2, N3, P3), aMnJIIiTYlla YCJlOB-
HOH HeraTI1BHOH B01lHbI (YHB - CM CTp. 485). B03HHKalO]UeH B
npOMeJKYTKr MeJK.I\Y HaJKaTlleM KHonKH H npell'bJlBJleHHeM 3BYKa, a
TaKJKe C1Iel\ylO]UHH 3a npeJ\'bJlBJIeHileM 3BYKa n03J\HHH n03HTHB-
HbIH KOMnOHeIlT.
CXOJ\CTBO BOJIHOBOH Ij!OPMbI orneTa KaK ,L\JlJl M3, TaK H ,L\Jl
.II.3 611113Hel{OB 6bIJIO HeBeJII1KO. CXOJ\CTBO M3 6bIJIO 60JIee BbIpa-
JKCHO Ha BpeMeHIIOM UpOMeJKYTKe OT Mll Jl,0 P3 upn npOn3BOJlb.
HbIX HaJKaTHX KHonKII, a B CHTYaQl'!1I paBHOBepOJITHOrO nporHo-
3a - TaKJI{e ,L\JlJl YHB. IlpH 3aBeJ\OMO IICTIIHHOM nporH03e pa3JIII-
'III" B ypOBHe cxo"CTBa BOJIHOBOH i\JOpMbl Y M3 II )];3 6JIn3HeQoB
He 3atjJIIKCHpOBaIl0. llPH npOCTbIX HaJKaTIIX KHonKH BO Bcex 30-
Hax perHCTpaQHlI, KpOMe JIeBOH 1I06HOH 0611aCTH (TO eCTb B C3.
C4, F4), ypOBeHb BHYTpllnapHoro CXOJ\CTBa npaKTllqeCKH Bcex
KOMnOHeHTOB llMC)]; 6bIJI BbIwe Y M3, qeM Y )];3. HaH60Jlee
BHbIe P a3JIH'IHJI r II r Ha6moJ\aJIHCb M BeJInqllH aMnJIlIT Y J\ ,
143 .II]
npH 3TOM K03Q:>Q:>HI1l1eHTh! KOppeJIQIIII M3 6bIJIII BbIWC. B crryqac
npOrH03a paJJIHqll MeJK.I\Y M3 II .II.3 6JIII3Hel{aMI1 B ypoBHe BHYT-
pHnapHoro cxoJ\crna no aMn1lHTYJ\HblM II BpeMeHHbIM napaMeT-
paM llMC.II.. a TaKJI(e xapaKTCpHCTlIKaM YHB H P300 YBe1l1l'lHBa-
JIJ.lCb, npl1'1eM B ClITyaQHH HCOIlH03Ha'lHOro npOrH03a 3Ta TeHJ\eH-
QHJI CTaHOBHJIaCb OT'IeTJIHBee.
fCHeTH'IecKIIH KOHTpOJIb BbIJlBJIeH ,L\JlJl 501lbWerO '1l1crra HC-
CJIeJ\OBaBIlIHXCJI aMn1lnTYllHbIx napaMeTpoB (63%), B cpaBHeHI1H C
BpeMeHHblMII (21%). HaH60JII,uree '1f1CJIO reHerll'leCKfI 06YCJIOH-
JICHHblX napaMeTpoB 3apCrHCTpHpoBaHo B JIeBOH l{eHTpaJlbHOH
06J1acTil (50%), a HaliMeHbwee - B JIeBO" JI06f10H (26%).
BKJlaJ\ reHerHqeCKOH n cpeJ\oBoH COCraBJIIOIUliX B MeJl{lil!-
Jl,JIBHJ\yaJIbHyro .II,HcnepClilO 3aBHceII OT xapaKTepa ,lI,eTeIIbHOCTII
licnbITyeMoro. qallI,e Bcero BJlliJlHHe reHOTHna 06HapYJI(HBaJIOCb B
C11TyaQ11H npOrH03a paBHOBepOTHbIX e06bITliH (54% Beex aHMH-
3HPYCMblX nOKa3aTeJICH), 3HaqliTCJIbHO peJl(e - npH npocTblX
npOll3BOJlbHblX I\BHJKeHHU (20%). CliTyaQII 3aBeJ\OMO HeTnH-
482
Horo npOrH03a 3aHHMaJIa npOMeJKYT0'lHOe nOJIOJKeHne (46%). Ta-
KHM 06pa30M, 3TH pe3YJIbTaTbl eBlIl\eTeJlbCTBYIOT 0 3aBlICHMOCTH
coorHoweHn reHeTI1qeCKHX H Cpe,lI,OBbIX Q:>aKTopOB B BapHaTlIBHO-
cm IlMC)]; OT MeCTa I\BnJl{CHII B 06weH CTpYJ<Type I\BHraTeJlbHO-
ro aKTa.
llOmeHljUaJlbl Mona, C6H3aHH&le c 06U:JiCeI/UeM (JlMC)
U Ol/mOZel/e3
AHaJIli3Y BJIIIHII reHeTHqeCKHX ljIaKTopoB Ha nHIlIIJ!I1IlY-
anbHble pa3JII1'1HJI llMC)]; B xOJ\e pa3BHTHJI nOCBIII,CllbI ,lI,Be pa60-
Tbl: H.B.KpHeQoBa (1992) IICe1leilOBaJla Jl,eTeH 6-8 JleT H
E B OpexoBa (1996) - .!IereH 8-13 Jler. B 06ellx pa60mx IlMC)];
perllCTpHpoBaIIH Ha I\BI1JKeHl1e YKa3aTeJlbHoro naJJbl{a npaBoH
PYKH K COJKa1leHHIO, BHYTpIlHHIlIIBHl\yaJJbHa cTa611JIbHOCTb
IlMC)]; Y J\eTeH OKa3aJlaCb HIIJKC, qeM Y B3pOCJlblX IIcnblTyeMblx
(0,58-{),99 ,L\JlH aMnJIHTYllHbIX H 0,21-{),88,L\Jl BpeMeHHbIx xapaK-
TepHCTHK llMC)]; y B3pOCJIblX - MarrbIX C.D.,1985). TeM He Me-
Hee CTaTI1CTH'IecKH Jl,OCTOBepHbIe K031j1i\JHQHeHTbI KOppCJ1Qlln Ha-
6JIIOJ\alOrc ,L\Jl nOrCHl{lIaJIa roTOBHOCTII B OTBeJ\eHHH C4 B IIH-
TepBaJIe 520 MCCK J\O Haqana I\BHJKCHIIJI. BHYTpIlHHJ\HBIIJ\YaJIbHaH
Cra611J1bHOCTb aMnJIHTYJI, nOCJIe,II,BllraTeJJbHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB
IlMC)]; 6bIJIa Bblwe. AMnJIHTYl\a nOCJIeI\BIITaTe1lbHOH n03HTIIBHO-
CTII (P2, MIl-P2) 6bIJIa Hali60llee cTa6HJIbHa B KOHrpJIaTepaJIb-
HOM IlBHJI{eHll1O QCHrpanbHoM Ornel\eHlI11 (C3).
B 60JIbWHHCTBe OTBeJ\eHIi" K031j11j1HQHeHTbl BHYTpHKJlaC-
cOBoif KOppCJ1LlHI1 aMnllHTYJI,bl nOTeHQllaJla rorOBHoerH HH3KH
H CTaTHCTl1qeCKIi He3HaqHMbI KaK j(.J1J1 )];3, TaK H j(.J1J1 M3 6JI1I3-
HeQOB. .II.JlJI nOCJIeiJ,BllrareIIbHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB IlMC)]; Y M3
6J1l13HeQOB B pJ\e CJIyqaeB Ha5J1lOl\a1OTCJI BbICOKHe II 3Ha'iIiMble
KOppeJIHl.{HH. B l.{ClIOM BHYTpHKJIaCCOBMe KoppellHl.{HH napaMcT-
pOB IlMC.II. J\eTeH KaK B rpynlle M3, TaK H .II.3 6JIII3HeQOB 3Ha.
qHTeJIbHO HHJKe aHanOrHqHblX KOppeJIJlQHif y B2pOCIIb!X (m6J111-
Lla 11.12).
AHaJIH3 J\aHHbIX 0 reHeTllqeCKOM KOHTpOJIe IlMC)]; Ha pa3-
HblX 3Tanax OHToreHe3a CBII,II,eTCJ1bCTByeT 06 H3MCHeHlIH COOTHO-
weHIIH reHerllqeeKHX II cpeJ\oBblx ljIaKTopoB C B03pacToM, '1TO,
B03MOJl(HO, OTpaJKaeT CMeHY M03rOBbIX MexaHII3MOB opraHH3aQHII
I!1!HraTeJIbHOrO ,lI,eifCTBIiH B xOJ\e pa3BIITI1.
483

Ta6RUa 11.12
KO<p<pUI/Uemnbl 6Hympux.wCC060U KOPPeJlRtfUU U 0Il"HKlI
HacReoye.\Wcmu KOMI10HeHm08 llMc OJIJI iJemeu 6--8 Rem
(KY 3He 1106a H.B.,1992), 8-13 Rem (OpeXD8a E.B..1996) U
63pOCJlblX (ManblX c.E..1986)
2,5. YCJlOBHU HeraTHBHBII BOJIHa (YHB)
OTseAelU18 rpynna r.. h Z nr M'l P2 N3
8-8 nOT r.. 0,219 0,585 0,553 0,561
r -0,026 0,804 0,810 0,813
49 0 0 0
F3 8-13 nOT '.. 0,06 0,55 0,30
 0,21 0,12 .0.04
0 88 60
18-25 neT r.. 0.71 0,74 0,66
rfll 0,81 0,66 0,82
0 16 8
6-8 nOr r.. 0,278 0,576 0,643 0.653
'fIl 0,200 0,390 0,622 0,854
15 37 24 0
F4 8'13 neT r.. 0,39 0,34 0.40
 0,07 0.13 0,08
64 42 64
18-25 neT r.. 0,38 0,59 0.24
 0,25 0,24 0,48
25 50 0
6-8 neT r.. 0,370 0.742 0,744 0,741
 -0,120 0,635 0,712 0.689
98 21 6 10
C3 B-13MT r.. -0.15 0,20 -0,09
 0,24 0.21 0,04
0 0 0
'8.25111tT r., 0,84 0,81 0,83 0.83
, 0.81 0.72 0,66 0.70
46 18 30 26
6-8 neT r., 0.222 0,742 0,744 0,741
, 0,143 0,635 0.712 0,689
15,8 21,4 8 10,4
C4 8.13 neT r.. 0.12
, 0,16
0
18-25 nOT r.. 0.81 0,74 0,80
 0,67 0,53 0,60
28 42 40
llpl'! 3anHCH 6H03J1eKTjJllqeCKHX nOTeHl.\naJlOB B YCJlOBUjlX,
aHaJIOrl1'1HblX TeM, npH KOTOpblX U3MepjleTCjI BpeMjI .lJ;I!I1raTeJIb-
HOH peaKl.(HH, MOJICHO Bbl,!\eJlHTb eIl\e OJl,llH BbI3BaHllblH nOTeHI.(H-
an - TaK Ha3bIBaeMYIO YCJIOBHYIO HeraTUBHYIO BOJIHY (contingent
negative vanation - CNV, HJIII "BOJIHa OJ!OI,1\aHHJI"). YCJIOBHaJi
HeraTHBHaJi BOJlHa (YHB) - MeAJIeHHOe HeraTHBHoe OTKJIOHe-
HHe nOTeHI.(HaJIa, KOTopoe HaqHHaeTCJI npU6J1H3HTeJIbHO qepe3
200 MceK nOCJIe npe,!\'bJlBJIeHI1j1 npeJl,}'npeJIC.D.aIOIl\ero cTIIMYJIa H
npojl,olIJKaeT HBpacTaTb ,1\0 Tex llOp, nOKa fte not(Be-rc>! HMnepa-
TIIBHbIH CTHMYJI, HB KOTOpblH HcnbITyeMbIH Jl,OJlJICeH pearupo-
BaTb (PIlCYHOK 11.11) B 3TOT MOMeHT npOHCXOJl,HT KPYTOH cna,!\
BOJIHbI no HanpaBJIeHHlO K n03HTHBHOCTI1 (no3AHee n03HTHBHoe
KOJIe6aIIHe). npH YBeJIHqeHl1H IfHTepSBJla MeJ1(p'y npe,!\ynpel{H-
TeJIbHblM UI1MnepaTHBHbIM CTIIMYJ10M (cBbIwe 1-2 ceKYHA) MOJIC-
HO Ha6JI1O,!\aTb pa3AeJleHlle YHB Ha Jl,Ba OTl\eJIbHbIX KOMnOHeH-
Ta (Weerts T et a1.,1973; Loveless H. et aI., 1974). IlepBblH,
paHHHK KOMnOHeHT (O-SOJIHa) TaKoii .n:syxljJa3HoK YHB, B03-
MOJKHO, CBJl3aH C opHeHTHpOBOqHOH peaKQHeii Ha npel\ynpeJIC-
jl,alOIl\HH CTI1MYJI, a 60JIee n03AHliH (E-BOJIHa) - C nop,roToBKOH
OTBeTa (Ritter W. et al , 1980). TIpH KOpOTKOM HHTepBanc loIeJ!(-
P.y rrpet/,yupct/,IfTenblibIM If I1MI1CpaTI1BHblM CTlIMYJlaMIf (J ceK)
3TH ABa KOMnOHeHTa, CYMMHpYjlCb, jl,alOT IjJOPMY BOJIHbl, 06bl'l-
HYIO npH perl1crpal.(HIl YHB. llpllypOqeHHOCTb nO>!BJIeHlljI YHB
K ABHraTelIbHOMY OTBeTY Ha I1MnepaTHBHblH CTHMYJI nOpOjl,HJIa
I1pet/,nonO)lleHlfe 0 TOM, 'ITD YHB j/BJIj/eTCJI KOppeJlj/TOM not/,-
rOTOBKH ABI1JKeHI1R. O,a,HaKO 3KcnepllMeHTbl, B KOTOpblX ABllra-
TeJIbHble OTBeTbI 3aMCHJlJ1I1Cb MbIcneHHbIM OTBeTOM, onpOBepr-
JIH ny nmOTe3Y, TaK KaK YHB perllcTpHpye-rCJI II npH OTCYT-
Crn!!H Jl,BH)f(eHHJ!.
!I
npI1Mea"'Me' BMnnKT)'Aa nr y A8TeH 8-13 neT M3MepMBCb KaK cpeAIiAA aMMH-
TYAa nOTeH'4MaJla 1"13 11HTepBane 260-0 MeeK AO ABMJKeKHFI, y AeTS 6-8
neT -- leal( yron HaknOHa KPBO nr; y 83poc;:.nblX -... KaK aMnsnnYAa nOTeHL&M-
ana JIB 100 MceKAOA8H1«8H""
+
J.J.Jel1'tolC
ilL-_
BcnblWIW, nptJKp3eHHfoie
HlJ}I(amvelf Ha I(HOITKJI
PUCYHOK 11.11
YCII06Hm1
HezamU8HaJl 601100
'tz.<
484
485

YHB B03HHKaeT npH TaKHX nCHXOJlOrl1qeCKHX COCTOJlHI'!JlJ(
KaK "O)!(II.l\aHlle" (Walter W et al.. 1964), "MOTIIBaI1I1H" (Irwin D:
et aI., 1966), "BoneBOH aKT" (McAdam D., 1966), KOTophle xapaK-
Tepll3YIOTCK O,lUiIlM 061J.{HM npH3HaKoM  nOBhIllJel!neM BHHMa-
HIIJI. AMnJ1HTYl\a YHB B03paCTaeT, eCJIII I1CnhITyeMoro npOCJlT
COCpe,I\OTOqHTbCH, TOrl\a KaK '!'peBora, CMYlJ.{eHHe H )J.]Jynle OTBJ1e-
KaJOlJ.{l1e MOMeHTbI npllBOI\KT K YMeHhllJeHHIO aMnJIIITyI\bI nOTeH-
IIHMa. ComaCHO )];)!(.TeKKe (Tecce J., 1972), pa38HTHe YHB 06yc-
J10BJlIIBaeTCK I\BYMJI pa3HbIMH, HO B3aHMOCBK3aHHbIMII npOl1eCca-
MH - BHHMaHHeM H aKTlIBal1lIeH. AMnJ1HTYl\a YHB MOHOTOHHO,
XOTJI He 06K3aTeJThHO J1I1HeHHO, CBJl3aHa C BHHMaHHeM II HeMOHO-
TOHHO (U-06pa3HaJi 3aBHCHMocn) - C YPOBHeM aKTHBal1l1l1. B
HeHporeHe3e YHB yqaCTBYIOT KaK peTHKYJlJlpHaJi !\IOPMal1l1J1, TalC
II HeCnel.\H!\InqeCKaK TaJ1aMHqeCKaJl CI'!CTeMa. OlJeBH)),HO, '1TO ne-
pe'JHcneHHhIe oc06eHHOCTH YHB MorYT 61011'10 TeCHO CBJl3aHhl c
6aJOBbIMIIIIIIJ\IIBHJ\yanbHo-nCI1X0J10rnqeCKIIMH XapaKl'epHCTl1KaMI1
IIcnblTyeMhIx, n031'OMY HJyqel!He YHB HaXOI\HT llJHpOKOe npnMe-
HeHlle He TonbKO B 1\II!\I!\IepeHQI1aJIbHOH nCHXOnOrHH, HO H B KJIH-
HilKe (c l\IIarHOCTilqeCKHMH H npOrHOCTHqeCKHMH l1e.i'IKMH).
K COJKaITCHI1IO, Cnel1HaJ1bHblX IICCJIe,I\OBaHl1ii npHpOJl,bI Me-
)!(HHI\IIBIII\YaJIhHOH BapHarnBHOCTI! YHB nOKa HeT EMHcrneHHoe
IICCITe.ll:OBaHlle, KOTopoe MQ)!(eT .lI:an KaKYIO-TO IIH!\IopMaIlHIO 0
BITHKHHH reHeTHQecKHX !\IaKTopoB Ha YHB, 6bIJIO npe.!J:l1pHHKTO
C.E.ManhIX (1986). B pa60Te, nOCBKIJ.{CHHOH reHCTHqeCKOMY aHa-
ITH3Y IlMC,l(, HCnOJlh30BaITaCb TaKaK 3KcnepllMeHTaJIbHa>! CI1Tya-
l1 HK , KOTOpaJl n03BOillIJIa Bhl.l{eJIJlTh YHB. HCnbI1yeMblii:, Ha)!(I'!MaJ[
Ha KHonKY, ,I\OJIJKeH 6wr npe.ll:CKa3hlBaTb nOKBJICHHC 3BYKa B npa-
BOM HITH J1eBOM HaYIllHHKe; CneQllaJ1bHaJi OpraHH3al1l'!JI CTHMYITb-
Horo p!l.l{a n03BOITKJ1a pemCT)JHpOBan YHB Ha CTHMym.I, PaJJ1H.
lJaJOllI.IleCJI BepOJITHOCTbIO nOKBneHIIJI (p = 0,5 II P = 1,0). CHrHan,
nO.ll:TBCpJKJ\aIOIJI,!!K !!JI!! He rrO.llTBepJKJ\aIOIJI,I1K rrpOrHOJ, rrOKRJlJlIICJl
qepe3 920 MceK rrocJle HaJKaTHJI Ha KHonKY. 3Ta CXCMa 3Kcnepll'
MeHTa HeCKOJIbKO OTJ1H'IaCTCK OT 061J.{enpHHKTOH npH JanHC!!
YHB, HO TCM He MeHee no nCIIX0J10rllqeCKOMY cMblcrry OqeHI,
I10XO)l(1!.
AHanH3 BOJIHOBOH !\IOpMbl nOTeHl1l1ana Ha 0-rpe3Ke, 3aKma-
QeHHOM MeJK.1lY MOMeHTOM HaJKaTHJI Ha KHonKY H nOJIBJleHHeM 3BY'
KOBoro Cl!rHarra 06paTHOH CB>!311, nOKa3aJl 60JIbillCe CXO.ll:CTBO
BOJIHOBOH !\IOpMbI YHB B rpynne M3 6J1H3HOB, npH'IeM pa3JIH-
486
Ta6J1Ull.a 11.13
DqeHKU IwcJleoyeMocmu (%) aMl1JIumyoHblx (A) u 8peJo/eHHblX
(JIll) XQpQKmepUCmuK YHB u llllK B3pOCJlbIX 6JlUJHetjoB
(MaJlblX C.S..1986)
KOMnOHeHT F3 F4 C3 C4
A I1T1 A I1T1 A no A IIn
B CMTY3L-'1t1t Heone.neHHoCTM (p=O.5)
\1-B 62.0 24,2 59,4 - 92,0 62,0 71.6 94.8
nnK 72.4 . 75,2 - 97.8 91,2 80.0 48.2
B anya,",H' nonHofi onp4!.AeneHHOCTH (p=1,O)
\1-B - 742 33.4 68,2 44,4 . 25.D 13.6
nnK 73,6 - 62,8 . 48,6 - 64,2 -
qHH B YPOBHe CXO.ll:CTB8 M3 H .II.3 6J11!3HeQOB 6blJlII HaH60JIce Bbl-
COKH B CHTyaQHH HeOlIpeJl,eJleHHOCTH (p = 0,5).
KOJ!\I!\IHI1HeHThl HaCrrejl,)'eMOCTII aMlJrrHTYl\l1bIX H BpeMeH-
HhIX nap8MeTpOB YHB H II03,l(HerO IIOJHTHBHOro KOJle6aH!!R
(llllK) npel\CTaBJIeUhl B Ta6JIIIQe 11.13. KaK MI.l BHI\IIM, BJIHKHHe
HaCJ1e.ll:CTBeHHbIX !\I8KTOpOB Ha MeJKHH,l(IIBI1J1,yaJlbHYIO 113MeH'IH-
BOCTb TaKHX 3HI\OreHHbIX nOTeHl1HanOB, KaK YHB H IlllK, 1\0CTa-
TO'lHO BeJIIiKO.
2,6. ll3T-cKaHHpoB8HHe
MeTOJJ. UOJII-rpOHHOH JMHCCHOHHOii TOMorpa!\lHII (ll3T)
3aKnlOQaeTCH B perHcTpaQHH pal\HOaKTHBHblX MeTOK B M03re
'1CJIOBeKa. TexHIIKa ll3T-cK8HllpoBaHHJI, II OTJII'!QHe OT MeTOJl,OB
MarHIITHoro Kl1.epHoro pe30HaHca HilH KOMlIhlOTepHoH TOMorpa-
!\IHH (KspTHHa aHaTOMH'IeCKHX CT)JYKTYP M03ra), .!!aeT KapTHHY
!jJYHKI\HOHHpOB8HHH CT)JYKTYP M03ra. HCnOJIb3YIOT .lI:Ba cnoc06a
perllCT)J811l1H aKTHBHOCTII M03ra - no H3MeHCHHIO nplnoKa KpO-
811 K pa3ill1qHbIM 06JIaCTHM M03ra H nO no-rpe6neHIlIO rn1OK03"1
KJIeTKaMII M03ra (MeTa60JlH3M rnlOK03bI) HeHpoHHaJi aKTIIB-
HOCT", Ha6JIIO.lI:aeMaK npll nepepa60TKe M03rOM HH!\IopMal\I1H,
npHBO.ll:HT K YBerrH'IeHHIO npHToKa KpOBI1 (H IIo-rpe6neHHK [JIIO-
Y.03bl). COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 60JlbllJee KOJlllqeCTBO pal\HOaKTHBHbIX
MeTOK Ha6nlOliaeTCH B l1.aHHoi1 06J1aCTIl. Yc-rpoii:CTBO ll3T-CKaH
487

..........,.."'.,,---.'''....--...-.-''''..
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.I1aBtteHI!JI) H OT 0% )1;0 64't. (JI,nJl l!I1ap1'OJII{iJccKoro )l;aBJlCHllJ!)
.II.ocTaTO'lHOllbIC01(HC I10n3aTeJ111 06HapY)KCHbI H )))IJIJ:)apaMeT-
pOB KfP POJIb lIaCJIellCT6eHHblX ljIaKTopoB oKajRJIRCb AOCTa-
TOqHO Bb\CO!WH II WIH BCeX 'IRCTO'IHblX AIIRna30HO33r.Pe-
3YiIbTilTbi rCHeTHqeCJ(Qfo aHanH3a cnCK1'pBJlLttblX XapaK1'ejm:c-
TIIK 33f B AOlllKbJIbHOM B03paCTC CBlli\eTeJIbC'(Y!OT",H BbICO-,
KoiI:HaCJIeJl,YCMOC'J"1! (01' 55% )1;081%) nOKa3aTeJ1eH Bcet'l.aC-'::
TOTHblX J\HantJOHOII, HRCJlCJ\YcMOCTb HCCKOJIbKO MeH'1We JI.TI"
nOJ<3JaTeJ1eH KQrepeH'I'aoCTH (30o/.......71%)I>0J1blllaJ! 'IacTb!l>e-"
HOTHIIH'IeCKOH H3MCH....I!OCTH 61103J1eKTpH'Ieoit ,i/,!f;J:HB'!9CTH "
M:03r3 B IO,!Ollleci!:OM B03pacre TaKJI(e ol5YCJIOBJleHa reHern'lecii"j!
KHMH cjIal(topRMH (60nee 80"10 - JI.TIH cneK'!'PR.I1b\;lblx,:1\aJ;laK;J:epH-
C1'IIK 33f H OKOJiO 60% - ,II)l" nOKa3RiimeH KorepeH'tHocTh):
CeMeHHLle 33f nOKa3aJ1H, 'ITopJiIl p,eiUmx TH-
nOB 33f 06HaPYJlCIIBaCT aYTocoMHO-JI,OMIIHaHTHblH THn Hacne-
Jl,OBaHHJI HeCKOJIbXO MeHbllllle, HO TeM He MeH",CYl.QeCTBeH-
liMe re)leTII'IecKHc BJlHJlHHil06Ha.PY)J(eHLI H)tJIJI noxa3acH
Pa:JJIllqHblXTnITOB BbI3BaHHbiX nOTeHIU-iaJ!OB. ,:,"..
: '.J:J,CCnel!:9BaHl1e nClfXoIjIB3!!OIlOrtl'lecKPlX xRpaim:pKCTRIC
HCnbl'ryeMblx pR3HblX B03paCTHbIX rpynn nOKa3ano. '1TO OTHOCH-
TCJlbl!hlH BKJIaJ\ re\feTHqCCKnX lj>al<1'0pOB MO)J(CT yi!e:nH'IHBaTbC8
IIJIIIYMeHblllBTbCJI B XOJl,C pa3BHTHJI. H3MeHeHH, Ol\eHH,IC HaCJIe-
p;yt:MOCTH He o6!13aTeJlloHO ojHa'lae-r OJ\HOllpeMeHHoe H3MeHe-
line MoneKYJI!lpHbJX MCXaHH3MOB. Ilpll3HaK B pa3bJX B03paCTaX
MOJICeT onpe.!\eJI!lTLC8 O/l,HlIMH'H TeMII JKe reHRMII;' a Ol\eHKI! HI!.-
cllweMoCTH MOryr I13MeHI!TbCSI B TO JKe BpeMJI, \fa06opD'r, nOl<a-
3aTeJlH' HacJleJ\yeMocTII MorYT OCTaJlaTbCii cTa6I!JlbHblJ.m, UPH
TOM, qTO Ha «!IeHoTHn B pa3Hbie B03paCTHbJe neplioAbI il,eHCTBY-
lOT pa,JJ!bIC reHbI. JIOHCHTIOJI,Hhle HCCJIeJl,OBaHHJlARIOT B03MOJIC-
HOCTI> onpe,lleJlIITb, KaKRe I1MeHHO - bAlm I{ ..Ie Jl(C HJlI! pa3-
Hhle ---:: reHb! BIlOCHTCBOH BKJlBJ\ II JlJMell'lHBOCTI> npnjHaKa Ha
pa3Hb;X 3T3nRX 0llToreHe3a. JIOHrHTIO.l\HOe IICCJJ)I;oBaHHe 33f,
B KOTOpOM Cnel.\naJIbHO CTaBIIJIaCb 3a.!\B'Ia Ol.\eHICH rCHeTHqeC-
1<011 CTa6I1JIhHOCTH, I10Ka3aJ10, '11'0 cneKrpaJIhHble xapBKTepllC-
TIIKII B5 II 7 JleT I1MeIOT )l;OCTaTO'lHO BblCOKlie nOKa3aTeJIII IIa.
CJlep;yeMOCTH II CTa6lfJlbHOCTb 3TIIX nOKa3aTeJlcii ol5yc-
JlOBJIeHB 1'eHeTllqeCKHMH npH'IHHaMI!. BhIHBneHllble 11 5 JleT re-
HeTII'IeCKHe 4j!al<Topbl 061>"CHJlIOT 60JlburyIO '1aTb rC!i(TH'IeC-
KOH I{3MeH'IIIBOCTI{ I{ B 7 m:T. IloJlJllIJI!OTCJI TaKJKe Ii HOBbie reo:':
489
J\aeT KapTHHY M03ra C BbIJ\eJleHHbIMH (W3eTOM) 06J1acTJ!MH C pa3-
JIII'IHI>IMIl ypOBH8MII aKTHBal\l'!lI. Il3T-l1ccJleJ\oBaHHH n03BOJIJI-
!OT JIOKaJlHJOBaTb 06J1aCTH aK'IIIB31.(11II KOpbl npH pellleHHII JlIIHr-
BIICTlIqeCKIIX 3a.!\a'l, COCT08111I8X BHHMallllJ! II rpclloril B ellBH-
CTBeHHOM K HaC'IOHlI.\eMY BpeMeHH reHeTllqeCKOM HCCJlCJ\OBaHI!H
YPOBHSI MeTa60muMa rJI101<03bI, lUMepCHII01'O npH nOMOll.\H no-
3IITpOHHOH 3MnccHoHHOH TOMorpatjJlIH, 6blJlO 06HapY)J(cHo BbI-
COKoe CXO.l\CTBO ypOBHSI MeTa60JlH3Ma rJllOK03bI II npeljlpoHTaJlb-
HOti, Op611TaJlbHOH 06JIaCTJlX JI06HOH KOpbI H B CTPYKTypax npa-
Boro n JleBOrO 6a3aIlbHo1'o 1'aHrJllleB Y M3 6J1H3HeI.(OB (Clark C.
et aI., 1988). ABTOpb! IIOJlaraIOT, '1TO 3TII pe3YJlbTaTbi CBH3alIbi C
$YHKI.(IIOHaJlbHbIMH oc06eHHOCT!!MII YKa3aHHbix M03rOBbiX CrpYK-
TYP ,L(eJIo B TOM, '1TO npH Il3T-cKaHHpoBaHHH IIcnblTyeMblii Ha-
XOIJ;II'ICJI B Jle)J(a'leM 1I0JlOJKeHI1H OKOJlO I\BYX qaCOB, nonOMY
OH 6bIBaeT BblHYJKl\eH MeHSlTb nmy. CrpYKTYPbI Jl(e 6a3aJIbHblX
rBHrmleB CBH3aHbi C HenpOll3BOJlbHbIMI'! IJ;BIIJI(eHJlJlMII II no.l1,l\ep-
JKaHlleM n03b1 BOJMO)KHO, qTO BblCOKlle BHYTPHnapHble Koppe-
JlJlI.\IIH OTpa)Ka!OT CXDlICTBO B cjIYHKI.\HOHHpOBaHIII'I 3TIIX CTPYK-
TYP Y M3. llapaMerpbl MeTa60JlH3Ma 1'1llOK03bl BO tjJpOHTa1lb-
HbIX 06J1aCTJlX MorYT orpaJKaTb OpHCHTHpOBO'lHYIO peaKL\>11O H
OC06eHHOCTI1 BHIIMaHI!SI, nOCKOJlbKY npOL\el\ypa ll3T-CKaHHpo-
BaHH!! J\.IIJI HcnblTYCMblX 6blJla He06bl'lHa. BblCOKHe KOppeJl!!I.\HH
B 3THX 06J1aCTHX orpaJKalOT, no Bceii BIIIIlIMOCTH, CXOJl,CTBO CO-
CTORHn}l BIUlMaHIIJ! Y qlleHOB M3 napb!. K COJKaneHHKJ, B HC-
cllellOBaHHH npllHIIM3JlH yqaCTHe TOllbKO M3 6ml3Hel.(bi (7 nap),
qTO He n03B01lHCT Cl\eJlaTb KaKJlC-IIH60 onpe)\eJleHHble Bb!BOi\b1
o HaClIeJ\yeMocTH H3Y'IaBllIerOCJI nOKaJaTeJIJ!.
nOJThillHHCTBO IICCJle.l\OBaHIfH rCHeTII'IeCKbii )l;eTepMIIHa-
1(1111 nCI{x , x npll3HaKOB CBHJ3;eTeJJI>CTBYeT 0 BJIHJI-
HHII reHeTII'ICCKI{X ljIaKTOpOB Ha UX HH,al{BIIJ\YaJlbHbIe oro6eH-
HOCTH. BJlH"HHe reHeTII'IeeKHX ljJaKTopOB Ha6JII(J)\ae'reJI npaKTII-
'1eCkH Jl,JlJI BCeX IICCJleil,oBaHHbIJt K,HRCTO"l.QeMY BpeMeHIl IICHXO-
qJH3HOJlOrl1'JeCKHX nOll"83aTCJIeH: OT QCC,aO nOKa:JaTeJleii Bbl3-
BaHHblX nOTeHl.\lIaJlOB TaK, Ol\eHKH Ha.Cnep;yeMOCTH KpOBJ!l!otO
lIRBJleHlI1I KOJle6J1IOTCSI OT !3'10 AO 82% (JI,JI" I{:roJIII'IOrO
488

HeTH'ieCKHe ,p3kTOpbl. HOBbIe reHeTH'JeCklie BJUIRHKII CBII33Hbl,
no BceM BepOIITHOCTH, C nepecrpOHkOH HeHpo<\JH3110JIOm'leCKRX
MeX3HII3MOB, JIeJKal1l.HX B OCHOBe Ha6JIIO,lI;aeMbIX nOKa3aTeJIeH
K(.)['epeHTHOCTII. llpH nOM Ha TOM Jke B03paCTIIOM HHTepBaJIe
coxpaHlIeTCJI BiIHIIHlJe OAHIIX R Tex JKe reHeTlI'leCkfix ljJaKTopoB
Ha 3pRTeJI..Hbte Bll, TOr,ll;a KaK B 60JIee CTapweM B03paCTe Jl,JlJI,
60JIbWHHCTBa nOKa3aTeJIeH 3pllTeJIbHbIX Bll relleTII'IeCKaJl 06-
IltHOCTb He npeBblUIaeT 30%. "'"
HCCneJl,OBaHHR reHeTH'IeCKRX OCROI! nCllxolj!H3HOJIOTIIH '1e-
JIOBeKa nOKa ell1e HOCJlT HeCIICTeMaTII'IeCKJJH xapaKTep II, kal(
npal!lIJlO, [lPOOOJI,JITCII 6e3 Ka1<OrO-111160 eJI,HHoro fJJJaHa TeM He
,
MeHee nOJIY'IeHHble I< HaCTOJlD.\eMY BpeMeHH AaHHbie n03BOnJilOT
npOCJIeJI,HTb OqeHb HHTepeCHYIO, Ha Haw B3rJIJI,lI;, 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTh - yneJIllqeuae HaCliMyeMocTIi Tex lIiIH HHI>IX nOKa3aTeJIeil
I! 3KCnepJJMeHTaJIbHI>!X CHT)'atlIIJlX, Tpe6YIOll\HX 60JIbWerO "BKJIIO-
'1eRHK" IIcnblTyeMoro MOJKHO lIanOMHIHb, '1TO ou,emm HBcne,D.)l-
eMOCTIi CJJCTOJIM'IeCKOrO ,lI;aBJIeHHR yoerrll'lHBBIOTCR nO'lTIl B JijlB
pa:m B Q,TBeT Ha 3M0l1110HaJIbHble HarpY3lm; TBJ<JKe B JijlB pa3a
yJle!lIl'IHBaeTCJI HaCJIe,D.)leMOCTb peCnllpaTOpHOH CM:1YCHOHapIIT-
MilK npJJ peWeHHJJ 3BAaq; YBeJlH'II1BaeTCJI ,QJIJJJlHlJe reHeyJJ1JeCKKX
,pBKTOpOB Ha napaMeTpbI llMCA npll npO£'H03e.
B qaCTHOCTH, 6bIJIO 06HapYJKeHO, '1TO YBeJIH'IeRKe Ol1eHKH
RaCneJl,OBBURR pecnHpaTopHOH CIiHYCHoii apllTMHII nplI' <!JYHKl1JJO-
HaJIbHbIX !-IarpY3KaX npOHeXO,!\llT He I! peJYJI"TaTe pOCTa ,!I;JIcnep-
cM, o6ycnoBneHHOH HacneACTBeHHbIMIJ IjJBKTOPBMIf, B B peJyrrb-
TaTe YMeH..weHIIJI JUjCOepCIIH, 06YCJIOBneHHoii B!lIlRH",RMI\ Heclle-
TeMaTII'leCKOH cpe.zu,!. bonce Toro, reHeTl1'1eCKlle c1Ja1<TOpbl, 06yc-
JlOBnHBaIOD.\lIe ,!I;IIcnepclllo npH3HaKa, 6bIJII1 O)J,llIlMII H TeMHJKe
KBK B nOKoe, TaK I{ npH HarpY3Kax. H3 :noro MOJIQIO 3aKJIIO'IHTb,
'11'0, no ,!ceH BepOTIlOCTfI, COC'I'OHHHe "[lOKO>l" 6bUIO Me,!-Iee OJI,HO-
pO)J,llbIM - pa3HOe BOCnpHJlTHe IIcnblTyeM..IMH .l\<lHHOH cHTyal1HII
oTpaJKaJIOCb Ha JJ;l!cnepclIlI IlCCJIeAyeMoro nOKa3aTeJJ.JI. TaKlIM
06P!l30M, COCToHHlle "nOKO\l" H\:CJ10 60JIbW)'lO AOJIlO "CJl)''1aliHoli''
AlIcnepcHI! H npocTO Mellee nOAXoJI,HJIO Jl,JlJI perflCTpaUHH pecnH-
paTOpHoii CHHYCHOH apHTMl1II (Boomsma D. et al., 1990).
B 60JlblllMHCTBe cnY'IaeB BplIA JIM »03MOJKHO rOBopHTt> 0 Ha-
CJle,D.)leMOCTH c1JH3HOJlOrH'IeCKOrO IIOKa3aTeJIJI "caMoro no ee6e",
Ilfle kOIiTeKCTa, BHe onpeAeJIeHIIR ero MeCTa, CMbICJIa, Ij)YHKUIIO-
HaJIbHOH pOJIH B lI,eJlOCTHOH CHCTeMe, B KOTOpylO Oil BKJIlO'IeH B
490
!dOMeH; HCC!leJl,OBaHIIII. Pa60T, BblUOJUieHHbIX B 3TOM J(JIIOqe, Re-
MHoro Q]J.Ha!<o OqeBH.L\IIa KX nepcneKTIIBHOCTh. TaK, nOKa3aH8
p!l3JIHHaJi c-reneHb Hacne)ICT!I,f(lJjJOHII cpe,ll;OBOH 06YCJIOBJleHHo-
CTII KO"\t!9HeIITOB OpHeIlTIipOBO'IHoil H 060POHJITeJlbROli peaKl\HH,
a B HeJ(rrOpbIx CJl)''18HX - pa3ID1'1H81I "pHpOAa HX HacneACTBeH-
HOH 06ycno811eHHocTli (K0'ly6eH E.H., 1983, 1(85). ])bU10 YC1'8-
HOBJleHO, '1TO BJ1HJlRHe HaCJIeJJ;CTBeHHbIX lj)aKTOpOB Ha llMCA 3a-
BHCHT OT ,pYHKl1HOHaJIbHorO YPOBHJI (no ])epHU1TcHHY), Ha KOTO-
pOM npoHcxo)l,;lT np"HlI'l)\e UJeH"H " Oll,e!\Ka CHOlaJIa 06paTHoH
CBJl311 (MaJIblx C.b., 1986; Malykh S.B., 1986).
<1IaKT BbICOKOH RaCJIe,D.)leMOCTII napaMe-rpoB 33f OTKpbIBa-
eT w!IP0KHe nepClleKTHBbI JI,JlJI aHaJIlJ38 cuenneHHJI Jl,llHIloro Koml-
'IecTIICHHOro np"3Ha)\<\ "c onpe,ll;eneHHbIM nmeTlI'IeCKI1M MapKe-
pOM COBpeMeHHble AOCTHJKeHHJI MOJIeKYJIJlpHoil reHeTI1KII 11 CTa-
THCTII!<H ,!I.BlOT B03MOJKHOCTb oueHKH C8\13H .II.HK-MapKepa C q,eHo-
THnH'IecK"M IIpH3HaKOM. AeHCTBHTeJlbHD, HccnC)l.OBaHHe O.CTC>i-
lIJleiiHa H KOMer (Steinlein O. et aI., 1992) n03BOJlHJIO JIOKaJIH30-
BaTl, reH, OTBeTCTBeHHblii 3a HH3KOBMruJHT)',!I.HbIH aJ1b$8-BapH8I{T
33f. OKa3aIIOCb, qTO 1{1J3KOaMnJIIi1'Y,!I;IIbIH aJIblj!a-BapllaHT 33r
CBJlJaH C MapKepOM ,!I;IICTaJIbHOii '13CTII XpOMOCOMbI 20q
P33BIITHe B nOcrre)IHlle fOf(b1 CTaTHCTH'IeCKHX MeTOJl,OB
06eCneqHJIO B03MOJKROCTb Ol1eHKH TaKI{X oj>aKTopOB (:83aIlMO,l.\e H -
CTBHe reHOTHna H B03paCTa, reHOTHlla H nona), KOTopbIe 6blJIII
He,ll;OcTynHbl WUI 06bl'lHorO KOppeJlHUHOHHorD aHaJIlJJa, IIcnon,,-
30BaRlle MHorOMepHblX /dOAeJIeii ,!\aeT Bo3MOJKHOCTb OUCH"Tb re-
He:t"1JeCKIIC ljIaKTOPb\, JIeJK8U1,IIe B OCRO!!e R38KMOCBJl3eii pa3JIl!q-
HbIX 06JI8CTeil M03ra, B3aHMOCBJl3eH pa3HbIX llapaMeTpOB 33r
TaK, MHoroMepHl>lii aHaJl1I3 nOKa3aTeneii 33f, npOBeJlCHHblH K.
BaH EeiiCTepBeJIblU (1996), nOK83aJI, 'ITO B3aHMOCB311 neBoro I{
,"Pan oro nOJI)'llIap'1" 06ycno,,!!eI O)J,IIHM1f I{ TeMI1 Jl(C TeHeTH'Iec-
KJJ/dH <!JaKTOP1f' """

1. KOHl.\enl.\MJI CBOMCTB HepBHoM CMCTeMbl
JlBneHHR KaJICi\OrO COOHCTBa HepOHOH: CIlCTeMbl 06pa3YIOT CHHi\-
pOM, TO eCTb COOOK)'nHOCTb KoppenHpyIOI1I.IIX i\pyr C ApyroM no-
Ka3aTcnCH. B CTPYKTYpC COOHCTB 6b1nll Bbll\CnCHbI nepOH'IHb[e II
oTOpH'IHbIe CBOHCTBa HepBHOH CHCTeMbl. K nepOIl'lHbIM CBOU-
CToaM 6bIllH OTHCCCHbl 'IeTblpe OCHOOHbIX CBOH:CTBa - Cllna,
nOJI,BIIJlCHOCTb, i\IIHaMII'IHOCTb H ,a6JJJJbHOCTb HepOHblX npOl.\ec-
COB. KaJIC)(oe 113 nepBHqHb[X CBOH:CTB xapaKTepll3yeTCJI oc06eH-
ElOCTRMH npOTeKaHIIJI no OTHOWeHHIO K )!;BYM OCHOOHblM HepBHblM
np0l.\eCCaM - TopMOJICeHIlIO II B036YJICl\eHIIJO. BTOpll'lHOe COH-
CTBO xapaKTepmYeT 6MaHC KaJKJI.OrO H3 3THX nepBII'IHb[X CBOIICTB
no B036YJKJI.eHHIO II TOpMOJICCHIlIO. CXeMaTHqeCKOe 11306paJICeHI1e
CTPYKTypbl OCHOBHI>IX CBOHCTB HepBHOH CHCTeMbI IIpHBe)ieHO Ha
pHcYHKe 12.1.
rI1ABA 12. CBOIl1CTBA HEPBHOIl1 CIo1CTEMbl
H)(CR CBOH:CTB HepOHOH: CIlCTeMbI (CHC) 5bIlla Bb[)!;BIIHYTa
H.ll,llaBnOBbIM 0 20-e rOJl,b! Halilcro CToneTHR. OH nOKa3aJI,
'1TO cooikTBa HepBHoH CHCTeMbl HrpalOT onpc.QenJlIOI1I.YIO ponb
B nCllxo!jm3I1onOrll'lecKoH opraHII3al(lll1 HHJI,II0H.!I.YaJIbHOCTII. M):\eJl
CBOii.CTB HepBHoH CIICTCMbI ncma B OCHOBY ero 60nce n03,lU1CH
KOHQenl.\HH "THnoB Bb[CWeH: HepBHOH Jl,eRTCnbHocTII". 3Ta KOH-
QcnL\IIJI, no MHeHll10 B.l\.He6wIIIQblHa (1966), 6bIna onpeJl,eneH-
HblM warOM Ha3aA no cpaBHcHHIO C opHrllHanbHoH H,aecH 06
OCHOBHblX CBOH:CTBaX HepBHoH CIICTCMbl, nocKonbKY coo):\lIna
MHoro06pa311e nCllxonOrJlqeCKHX oc06eHHocTeH K '1eTbIpeM TII-
naM BblcweH HepOHOH ,nCRTCJ1bHOCTII, COBIHI)(aIOI1I.HM c rllnnOK-
paTOBCKIIMH TllnaMIl TeMncpaMeHTa. H)(CII H.ll.llaBnooa 06
OCHOBHb[X COOH:CTBaX HepBHOH CIICTCMbI nOJIY'lIlJ1H )(aJlbHeHWee
pa3BHTlIe B 50-70-c rOi\bl 0 pa60Tax D.M.TcnrroBa II ero co-
Tpy,aHIIKOO. eJlb 3THX HCC1Ie,aooaHIIH OCTaBanaCb npeJICHeH (1I3Y-
'ICHlle CHC KaK oj!aKTOpa I'!H,aIlBH.!I.YanbHo-nCHXOJIOrll'leCKIIX pa3-
nll'lIlH), OJ\HaKO nOI\XoJ\ K 113Y'leHHIO CBOHCTB HepBHoH CI1CTC-
MbI, npei\nOJICCHHb[H D.M.TennoBblM, 6b[n I1Hb[M. OH npe}:\JIo-
JlCHJI, Bo-nepBblx, H3Y'leHHe CBOHCTO HepBHoH CI1CTeMbI OMCCTO
onpc,aeneHIIJI HIIIOB; BO-OTOpbIX, MaTeMaTHKo-cTaTHCTH'leCKIIH
aHamB lI.aHHblX OMCCTO MOHorpa(jJwlel:KOrO onIlCilHII5I', B-TpeTb-
HX, 3KcnepIlMeHTaJIbHbIH, na60paTopHblH MeTO,a BMeCTO aHaM-
HeCTH'IeCKOrO; O-'1CTOepTbIx, IIcnonb30oaHIle "HcnpOH3B0J1bHbIX"
HH.n:HKaTopoB OMCCTO "npoH3BonbHblx"; H, HaKOHel.\, O-nJiTbIX,
OTKa3 OT Ol.\CHO'IHOrO no,axoJl,a K HHI\HBlIl\yanbHbIM pa3nll'lIlJlM
(Hc6bInHl.\bIH B..II.., 1966).
MHOrOJIeTHlie HCC1Ie,aooaHHJI, ObIfionHeHHble 0 J1a60paTo-
pml I) M.TenJ1oo3 - B .II..He5bJJ1HQblHa, n03BOJIllnll HaI1l.ynaTb
HaH60nee 06I11.YlO CTpYKTYPY COOHCTB HepoHoH CHCTeMbl. npo-
492
p."Hble caoMcnol
[ nepBM"IHbI8CBoc;TBa. In.p.KltH.... CBOKCTBa
1  ' CMa <= !'>anaHC  C.na 6
3 P
6 nOA'B$t)ICHOCTb (::: 6ansHc => nOA)I(HOCTb M
' I  
n AHHBMWofHOCTb (::.: 6B118HC => AMHBM\lNHOCTb E
E II
H II
 l1a6HnbHOCTb <= t3anaHc => na6tlnbHOCTb E
PUCYIlOK 12.1
CmpYl<mypa OCH08Hbrx c60ucm8 lIep8Hou cucmeMbl
PaCCMOTpHM OCHOBHble COoHcToa HepBHoH CHCTCM"!. HaH-
60nee 113Y'IeHHbIM CBOHCTBOM HepBHoii CIlCTeMbl RBnJleTCJI COOH-
CTBO CUllb! lIep6Hou cucmeMbl. llo,a CHJ10H HepBHoH CHCTCMbl
Ii II IlaoJ1o» nOH!lMan C!lOC05HOCTb HepnHblx KneTOK "CnbITbI-
BaTb i1J1I1TCnbHoe KOHl.\eHTpHpooaHHoe o036YJKJI.eHHe, He BXOI\R
B COCTOJlHlle 3anpei\CnbHOro TOpMOJlCeHHJI (BbIHOC1lHBOCTb no
OTHoweHHIO K IJ)IIITeJlbHOMY o035YJKJI.eHHIO). Bnocnci1CTBIiH (1933)
JTO onpel\eJIeHI1C 6bIJIO i10nOnHeHO eIl1C O).lllIlM acneKTOM - Bbl-
HOCJlIIBOCTblO no OTHoweHll1O K II,JIIITeJIbHoMY TopMoJICeHHIO. Ta-
KHM 05PaJOM, H.n.llaBJIOO OnpCACJlRJ1 cHny HCpBHOH CIiCTeMbl
KaK cnoc05HoCTb coxpaHRTb B TeqeHHC }:\JIHTenbHOTO JlpeMCHII
COCTORHlle pa50Tocnoc05HoCTli
493

pOHblX ImeTOK no OTHoweHHIO K TopMOJKeHI1IO cnYJK11T OTCYT-
CTOlle H3MeHeHHH coerOOOH qYOCTBHTenbHOCTH, Tor.!\a KaK nOKa-
38TeneM cna60CTH - nOHHJKeHlle qYBCTBHTenbHOCTH npl1 .!\ei!-
CTBHII 1rn<p<pepeHL\HpOBO'lHOrO pa31\paJKHTemi.
fl006U:JK:HOCmb Hep61JOU cucmeMbl xapaKTepH3yeT CKOPOCT-
Hble npOSlBJIeHIlSi paJHo06pa3HbiX <PYHKI1HH. llOJI,BHJKHOCTb He-
pOHOH CIlCTeMbl npOSlBnSleTCSI B CKOpOCTH CMeHbl TOpMOJKeHIlSi
B036YJKI\eHHeM 11 Ha06opOT, .!\HHaMHKe HepBHoro npOL\eCca, ero
Hppall Ha l1 HH II KOHl1eHTj)aL\HI1, H3MeHeHHI1 pCaKL\HH npll1l3MeHe-
HHH BHeWHIIX yenoBlliL OKOHqaTCJ1bHO np06neMa CIIH,!\pOMa nOIl-
BHJKHOCTII TaK II He 6bIna peweHa. B xo.!\e ee pa3pa60TKH 6b1n1l
BbllleneHbI ewe .!\Ba caMOCTOJlTCnbHblX CBoHcTBa - na6HnbHoc-
TH H ,l\IIHalHqHOCTI1 HepBHblx npOl1eCcoB. B KaqeCTBC OCHOBHO-
rO MeTo.!\a onpMeJleHIISI no.n:BIIJKHOCTIl I1CnOnb30BanaCb nepe-
/{enKa 3HaKOB pa3.!\paJKHTeJIeH nOCJIe Bblpa60TKH cooTBeTcTBY-
IOW IlX ycnOBHblX peaKI1HH. HHIIHKaTopoM nO.!\BHJKHOCTIl CJIYJKHT
CKOpOCTb nepCl\enKII CHTHaJlbHOrO 3HaQCHHSI 1\0 Jl,OCTHJKCHIISI
TOro ypOBHSI yenoBHbIx 3<p<peKTOB, KOTOpblH Ha6J11O)J.aJIcJl1\0 nepe-
/{enKIl. Bblwe CKOpOCTb nepe)J.enKI1- Bblllle nO.!\BHJKHOCTb.
JIa6WlbHocmb. ',ha xapaKTepHCTIIKa CKOpOCTH B03HIIKHOBC-
HHSI II npeKpaweHH>I HepBHblX npOl1eCCOB 6blJla BbIl\eJleHa Ten-
nOBbIM (1963) B KaqeCTBe caMocTOSlTCJ1bHOrO CBoHcTBa HCpBHOH
CHCTeMbl. OCHOBHblM MeTOI\OM onpe)J.eneHIISI JIa611nbHocTI1 cny-
JKaT nOKa3aTenil KpllTHqeCKOH '1aCTOTbi cnHSlHHSI MeJlbKaHHH
(KqM), TO eCTb Ta '1aCTOTa MenbKaHIiH CBeTOBblX BcnblllleK,
npll KOTOpOH .l\lICKpeTHbIe BcnbllllKIi BocnpHHHMalOTCSI KaK POB-
HblH CBeT. qeM BblWe qaCTOTa MCKpeTHblX MCJ1bKaIlHH npH KqM,
TeM BbIwe JIa61mbHOCTb HepOHOH CIlCTeMbl.
UHa.MWI'JOcmb Hep6HOU cUCmeMbJ_ BbIl\eneHlle :noro CBOH-
CTBa KaK caMOCTOJlTCJ1bHOrO 0 06weM CHH,!\pOMC nO.!\BIIJKHOCTH
HepOHb!X npOl1eccoB 6bmo 060CHOBaHO B..II..He6wIHQbIHbIM. llol\
.l\lIHaMlfqHOCTblO nOHHMalOT "ncrKOCTb H 6bICTpOTY reHepaL\1f1l
M03rOBbiMli CTPYKTypaMH HepBHoro npoL\eCca B XO)J.C <pOpMHpOBa-
HIiJi B036YMTCJ1bHbIX ruili TOpM03HbiX ycnoBHbIX peaKL\IIH" (He6bI-
JIHL\bIH B)I;., 1966). B KaqeCTBe nOKaJaTenei!IrnHaMH'IHocnl HC-
nOJIb3YeTCJI yenoBHope(jJneKTopHoe H3MCHeHliC 'IaCTOTHo-aMnJIIi-
Tyit HbIX xapaKTepHCTI1K 3ncKTj)03HL\e(jJaJIorpaMMbl. Hcnonb3YJl
30YKOOOH CllrHaJI 0 Ka'lCCTBe ycnoBHoro CTHMYJIa, a 3pllTenbHblH
cTIlMyn - B Ka'leCTBe nOJJ:KpenneIlIlSl, MOJKHO Obl3BaTb ycnooHo-
495
B JIa60paTopHH n.M.TennoBa 6bIn paJpa60TaH PSi/{ MeTO-
IIOB onpC)J.eneHHSI CHJIbI HepBHoH CIlCTeMbI y qenOBeKa OIlHH H3
MeTO.!\OO onpe)J.eJIeHHJI CHJIbl HCpBHOH CIiCTeMbl OCHOBaH Ha 3a-
KOHoMepHOCTI1, nO.!\Me'leHHOH ewe H.ll.ITaOJIOBbIM: nOBblllle-
Hlle IIHTeHCIIBHOCTH cTlIMyna npl1BOilIIT K 3aKoHoMepHoH CMCHe
HppallllL\HII o036YJKI\eHHSI (HHJKaSi IIHTCHCIIBHOCTb) KOHL\CHTpa-
I1I1CH (cpe.!\HSlSlIIHTeHcHoHoCTb), H 3aTeM - BHOOb I1ppal\HaLllleH
(cllnbHaJi IIHTeHcHoHoCTb). 3Ta TaK Ha3bIBaCMaJi "HHI\YKLlHOH-
HaSl" MeTO)J.IIKa Hcnonb3yeT 3(jJ(jJeKT 113MelleHII>I noporoB owy-
weHIIJI OCHOOHoro cTHMYJla npH H3MeileHIIH HHTeHCHBHOCTIi )J.O-
nOJIHHTeJIbHOrO cJIa60ro cTHMYJIa (HcnOJIb3YIOT CBCTOBbIe CTH-
MynbI). llOOblWCHIlC IIHTeHCIlOHOCTH 1\0nOJIHHTCJIbHOrO cTIIMyna
BHa'lane nOBblWaeT 'IYBcTBHTenblIocTb K OCHOOHOMY CHrHaJIY, a
3aTeM CHI'!JKaeT. AIlHaMIlKa qYBCTBHTCJIbHOCTIl K OCHOBHOMY CTH-
Myny 3aBHCHT OT CHnbI HepoHoH CHCTeMbl. AnJi YBenHqCHHJI 3<p-
<peKTa Hcnonb3YlOT Boc.!\eHHe HCnbITyeMblM Ko(jJeHHa, YCIIJlHBa-
IOwero B036Y.!\IITeJlbHbIH npoLlecc, oco6eHHo y HcnblTyeMbIx co
cna60H HepBHoH CIICTCMOH IlpH nOM y HIIX nOBbIllIaCTCSI qYB-
CTOIITcnbHOCTb K cTHMyny, TOrl\a KaK y IIcnblTyeMbIx C CHnbHOH
HepBHOH CIICTeMOH OHa He MeHCTC.
)XBllraTenbHa MeTOI!;HKa OCHOBaHa !fa rIInOTe3e n.M Tcn-
nOBa 0 CBSlJH napaMeTpOB CHnbI H '1YBCTBIHeJIbHOCTII HCpOHOi!
CIICTCMbI. nbIJIO 06HapYJKeHO, '1TO BpeMSI .!\BHraTeJIbHOH peaK-
L\IIII YMeHbIllaeTCSI npH yoeJIH'ICHI1H I1HTeHCHBHOCTH CTIIMYJIa.
):\BHraTenbHaSi MeTOl!;lIKa OCHOBaHa Ha pa3nH'IIISIX B IrnHaMHKe
(K03<P<PIIL\liCHT b*) .n:BHraTCJIbHbIX OTBCTOB Ha cTIIMynbl B03pac-
TalOweH HHTeHCIIBHOCTIl y HcnblTyeMblx C ClinbllOH H cna60H
HCpBHOH CIiCTeMOH YBcnllqCHHC CKOpOCTII )I.BHraTenbHoro OTBe-
Ta npl1 nOBblweHIIH HHTeHCIIBHOCTIl cTHMyna BbIpaJKeHO Cllnb-
Hee y HcnblTYCMblX C CHJIbHOH HepBHOH CIlCTeMOH
B Ka'lCCTBe IIHMKaTOpOB ClInbl no OTHOWCHI'!IO K TOpMO-
JKeHll10 IIcnonb30BanOCb BJlHJlHHe Yl\nHHeHIlSi H MHorOKpaTHoro
nOBTopeHIISI .n:H<p<pepCHLlnpOBOqHOrO pa3.!\paJKIITCJISI Ha a6co-
nlOTHYIO CBeTOSYIO qYBCTBIiTenbHOCTb. llOKa3aTeJICM CHJIbJ He-
. K03c1>4>HLtlleHT "b"(OTpa)t('aer yrOJ1 HaKJ]OHa KpHBO:H) JtBJHleTCJI K03rjJ-
4JHuHelliOM B perpeccHoHoM ypaBHeHHH Y = a + bx, OnHC:bISaiOw,eM co6JlIo.ne
HHe "33KOHa CJ.lJibl" B fiBnraTeJlbUbix peaKLJ,IUIX npw CT}-IMymlU!-tH pa3HOH I1HTeH.
CHBliOCTH
494

pe!jJrrel<TOpHOe 113MeHelll1e KOpKOBOH pIlTMHKII. CKOpOCTb Bblpa-
60TKH YCJ\OImOH eCHHxpOHH3al\HII MO)\(eT CJI}'JKliTb nOKaJaTeJleM
,!{IIHaMH'IHOCTH.
B xop,e HCCJleJl,OBaHHH 06HapY)!(ll)1cJI HHTepeCHbIH IjJaR:T.
OK<l3aJIOCb, qTO OQeHKII CBOHCTB HepBIIOil CI1CTeMbI HC COBnap,a-
lOT y op,Horo Ii Toro )!(e qerrOBeKa npll HCnOJIb30BaHHI'! cTI'!MyrrJl-
QI'!JI pa3HblX MOIJ,<lllbHOCTeu. Heo6xoJ\IIMoeTb 06'bC!leHI! T'IIX
pC3yrrbTaTOB npllBerra HCCJIe.n:oaaTerreii K Bbl).\erreHHIO 0611\JlX H
'1aCTHbIX CBOHCTB. 0611\IIe CBOHCTBa HCPBHOW CHCTeMbI CBit3bI-
BaJIHCb B .II. He6bIJIHl\bIHbIM C Jl,eHTerrbHOCTblO peryrritTOpHbIX
3011 KOpbl rOJJOBHOrO M03ra, TOr)l.a KaK '1aCTHble cBoiicTBa lIe-
pBHOil CIICTCMbl O'lpaJl(aIOT, no ero MlleHHIO, IjJYHKl\IIOHllpOBa-
HHe Tex OTJ\eJlOB KOpbl, KOTopbIe CBH3aHbl C 06pa60TKOH ceH-
COpHOH HHljJopMaQIIII.
HTaK, B paMKax KOHl\enll.... OCHOBHblX CBOHcrB HepBHOil
CHCTeMbl 6blJlH pa3pa60TaHbi MeTO)l.b1 ,!{IIarIlOCT"KII, onpe.11eJJe-
110 1jJ1I3HOJlOrll'leCKOe cOJl,ep)!(aH..e II C'lpYI<Typa nllx CBOHCTB.
CBOHCTBa HepBHOH CHCTeMbl nOApa3.11eJlJlIOTCJI Ha nepBllqHbIe II
BTOpHqHble. llepBH'IHbIe CBOHCTBa - c"JJa, nO.11BH)!(HOCTb, .1111-
HaMII'IHOeTb, na61!nbHOCTb (no B036YJl(.11eHIlIO II TOPMOJKCHIlJO),
BTOplI'IHble - 6aJJaHC nepBl1qHblX CBoiicTB no OTHOIlleHHIO K
.11eHCTBIlIO B036Y)!(JI,eHHJI II TOpMO)!(eHIIJI. 3TH CBoHCTBa MorYT
6blTb KaK '1aCTHblMH, TaR: II 0611\11MI1.
B .11aHHOH rJlase MbI He npeTeH.11yeM Ha norrHOTY 113JJO)J(eHlfJl
KOHQenQIIH CBOHCTI; HepBHOii CIICTeMbI, nOCKOJlbKY CnellHaJJbHO
paCCMa'lpHBaeM TorrbKO re nOIIOJKCHHJI, KOTopbIe HenocpeP,CTBCH-
HO CBSl3aHbI C reHe1'lIqCCKIIMII IICCJJe.110BaHI1HMH CBOHCTB HepBHOH
c..CTeMbI
2. IIIccneAoBaHMJI poml reHOTMna s
tPOpMJllpOB8HJIIM CBOMCTB HepBHOM
CMCTeMbl
HblX pa3Jlliq..H CBOHCTB HepBHoH CllcreMbl .11..KTOBaJJaCb B nep-
BYIO OqepMb caMIIM onpeJl,eJIelllleM nOHJlTHH CHC. CBoilcTBa
HepBHoH CI1CTCMbl, B naBJIOBCKOM nOHIiMaHIIH, npeJ\CTaBIlHIOT
c060ti npllpoAHble oe06eHHoeTH IjJYH1{l\HOHHpOBaHHSI QCllTpaJlb-
HOH HepBHoH CIICTeMbJ. llo MHCH..IO Ii M TenJJoBa, CHC XOTJlII
06J1aAa1OT HeKoropoH oHToreHCTllqeCKOH 113MeHqHBOCTblO, TeM
He MCHee JlBJJJlIOTCit "npHpoAHbIMH, BpO)J(.11eHHbIMII oco6eHHOC-
TJlMII HepBHOH CIICTeMbl" (TennoB Ii.M., 1963). ll03TOMY MCTa-
TO'lHO rrOrl\'IHO, qTO B rraoopaToplili 6 M.TenrroB? - B A He-
6bIJIIIllbIHa OblJIO opraHH30BaHO CIlCTCMaTllqeCKOe l13yqeHIIC rc-
HCT..qeCKOH 06YCJJOBJIeHHocT" HH.11I1BIIJI,yalIbHbIX pa3JI11qllH B
CBOHCTBax HepBHOH CHCTeMbI. 3TII IICCJJe.110BaHHJI nepBOHaqaJIb-
HO 6hIJIII HanpaBneHbl Ha peIlleHHe cneJl,YlOll1l1X 3a)l.aq - onpe-
IJ,eneHlle KpllTepHeB oT60pa MeTOAOB ):(lIarHOCTHKII CBOHCTB HC-
pBHOH CIlCTeMbI II YTO'lHeHlle COJl,epJl(aH..H Toro 111111 IIROI'O
CBOHcna (B 3aBIICI1MOCTil OT ypOBH>! HaCJIeJl,CTBCHHOH ooyc-
JJOBneHHocTH).
K MOMeHTY C03P,aHIIJI B 1972 roAY JIa60paTopllH reHenlqeC-
Koii nCHxoljJ1I3HOJJOrllll rHnOIIOrllqeCKHe oco6eHIIOCTI1 BH)]. y
6nIl3Hel\OB nO'ITII HC 113Y'laIIHCb. IiYKllaJlbHO HeCKOJIhKO pll60T
6bJJlO nOCBJll1\eHO nOH npOOJleMe (KaHaeB RH., 1959; Kph!III0Ba
H.A. 11 np , \1}62; BeJIJlesa 3.B., )KlUIlIHCKaJl M A.,1964, BOpllCOB
A.ll., KacbSlHoB B.M., 1964). B l\eJIOM B 3T1iX pa50Tax KOHCTa-
TlipOBaJJOCb 60JJce BblCOKoe CXOnCTBO M3, nO cpaBHeHll10 C )].3
6J1J13Hel\aMII. C03P,aHlle JJa60paTopllll n03BOJJlIJJ0 cnrralIHpoBaTb
QerrylO cepllJO pa50T, HanpaBJIeHIII>!X Ha BblHCHCHlle POJIlI Ha-
cne.11CTBeHHbiX ljJal<;Topon n ljJopMnpOaaH!1!1 OCHOBl\blX CBonCTB
HepBHoH CIlCTeMbl - CIIJJI>!, nonSII)J(HOCTIi, JJa61\.TIbHOCTII, AIIHa-
M"'1HOCT" II KOHl\eHTpllpoBaIlHOCTI1 HepBHblX npol\eccoB.
HaCne.11CTBeHHaSl 06YCJIOBJJeHHOCTb CHJlbI lIepBIIOH CHCTC-
MbI (no OTHOllleH..1O K H036YJK.11eHIlIO) JlBJJHJJaCh Ha npOTJlJKeHlill
MHOI'll)/; neT OCHOBHblM Upe,!l.t.leTOM reHeTl1qeCKIIX I\CcneAona-
HHH. OTqaCTH no 06'bJlCHHJJOCb TeM, '1TO .11aHHOe CBOHCTBO OKa-
3arrOCb Hall60lIee H3Y'lrHHbIM B PycJIe KOHQenl.\HH CBOHCTB He-
PBHOH CHCTeMb! B JJaOOpaTopliH reHeTI1'1eCKOil nCllxo!j>H31i0nO-
I'IIII HHH 0611\eH II neJl,arOrl1'1eCKOH nCIIXOnOI'llH AIlH CCCP
6bma npOBelI:eHa l.\eJIal! cepHH pa60T no noil np06JIeMe (KaH-
AH.11aTCKl1e I\HccepTal\11H IllrrHXTbI H.<t>., BaclIJIeQ T.B., llaHTe-
rreeBoH T A )
CIICTCMaTHqeCKHe HCCJJe.110BaHI1J1 pOJIH reHOTHna B !jJop-
MllpoBaHHII HHAHBII.11yaJlbHbIJ( oc06eHHocTeH CBOHCTB HepBHoH
cnCTCMbl Ha'laJlIICb B nepBoii nOJlOB..He 70-x rOnOB He06xoAII-
MOCTb 113Y'leHIIJI reHeTII'IeCKOH 06YCJJOBJIeHHOCTH IIHAIIBII.L\YaJIb-
496
497

B OMOH H3 nepBbIx pa60T, pa3Be,!\blBaTeJlbIiOrO, no onpeJ:\e-
neHluo caMHX aBTopoB, xapaKTepa, HanpaBneHHbIx Ha 1'!3Y'leHHe
HacneJ:\CTBeHHOH 06YCJlOBJIeHHOCTH CBOHCTB HepBHOii CI'!CTCMbl,
6bmo I1CnOnb30BaHO )J;Ba HHMKaTopB CHnbI npO[(CCCB B036YJK.l\e-
HJlJr' yrBmeHJle C nO){KpenJlCJIJleM II 3BBHCJlMOCTh BpCMeHJI npo-
CTOH )J;BHraTeJJbHOH peaK[(I1H OT HHTeHCHBHOCTH CTHMYJla (paBIi'l-
r.u;ep60 H.B., ll.I.rrJlXTa H cII., lllH6apOBCKBH f.A, 1969). Pe:lYJIb-
TaTbl HCCJle.D.OBaHIIH He 06HapY)l(Hnll Pa3JJHqHH B YPOBHe CXO.l\CTBa
Me)l(.!I.Y M3 (10 nap 7-19 !JeT) H .II.3 6nH3Hel1BMH (10 nap 6-29
neT) no nOKa3aTeJJJlM yraweHHJI C n0l\l<PenneHlleM Bb!pa6OTaHHoii
peaKl1l111 YCJlOBHOii J:\eCIIHxpOHII3al1I1H aJlbtjla-pI'!TMa. B TO )I(C npe-
MH xapaKTepllCTIiKH tjlOHOBOH 3Hl1etjlaJlorpaMMbl Y HI1X pa3JIH'Ia-
IOTCH. HH.D.CKCbl CYMMBPHOii 3JIeKTpHqeCKOH 3Heprl1H B anbtjla-,
6eTa-I- II 6eTa-2-Mana30Hax Y M3 6JIII3HC110B 60ncc nOXO)l(II,
'1eM Y lP Pe:lYJIbTaTbl aHa!J1I3a (JI,aHHble DOpllCOBOH M.H., 1969)
BermqllHbl K03tj1tj1H[(I1CHTa "b" ()J;BllraTCJIbHaJi MeTO.l\HKa) nOKa3a-
JlH, qTO no BCCM nOKa3aTenJlM K03tj1tj1m.\lIcHTbI paHroBbIx KOppenJl-
1\IIH OKa3aJIHCb BblCOKIIMIi H 3Ha'iIlMbIMII B 06ellx rpynnax 6JIH3HC-
[(OB, npH HH3KHX H HeAocToBepHbIx K03tj1tj1l11\lIeHTaX KoppCnH[(IIH
no 3THM )!(C nOKa3aTeTIJiM Me)l(.!I.Y cnY'IaHHblMIi napaMH, COCTaB-
JlCHHblMH 113 HepOJ:\CTBeHHH!(OB.
B liccne.l\OBaHIiH B.D.llIaap1\a (1975) 6bma o6HapY)l(eHa Ha-
CnC.I\CTBeHHaJl 06YCJIOBJleHHOCTb OCHOBHOro nOKB3BTCJlH CHJIbI
HC - CKOpOCTII pa3BHTIIJI 3anpeJ:\eJIbHOrO TOpMO)l(eHHH.
B pa60Te H.<I>.lllnJlXTbl H T.A.llaHTenccBoH (1978) .MH
Ol\CHKH HacneJ:\CTBeHHbIX tjlaKTOpOB B tjlOpMlfpOBBHHI1 HH.I\IIBIf.n:y-
aJIbHOrO ypOBHJI CIiJIbI HepllHOH CIlCTeMbI no OTHOWCHHIO K B03-
6Y JK .D.CHIfIO HcnOJIb30BBnHCb TpH 3Kcnepl1MeHTaJIbHblX npHCMa:
yrarnCHI1C C nO){KpCnneHHCM B 33f-napHaHTe, pCBKl1l1J1 nepe-
crpOilKII KOpKOBOH PIfTMH!(H HB MeMCHHblC (4-6 f[() qaCTOTbl
CBeTOBOH CTHMynH[(IIH; C06JIJO.I\eHHe "3aKoHa ClfnbI" B )l.BllraTcnb-
HbIX pcaKl1HJlx. B 3KcnepliMCHTC yqaCTBOBanH OT 15 .1\0 26 nap
6TI1i3HeQoB r. MOCKBbI H r BJIaJl,HMllpa B B03paCTe 9-11, 13-16,
33-56 JIeT, a TaK)f(e napbI HepO.l\CTBeHHHKoB. Pe3YJlbTaTbI CBH)1e-
TeJlbCTBYIOT 0 HaCJIe.D.CTBeHHoii 06ycnoBnCHHOCTII pH]:(a nOKa3aTe-
neil, tjllIKCHpYCMbIX npH perlicrpaQHlI oplleHmpOBO'fHblX H ycnoB-
HblX 33f-peaK1\IIH - 3TO MI1TCnbHOCTb nepBoH opHeHTllpOBOq-
HOH peaK1\IIII, Cpe.l\HJIJI ce MHTeJlbHOCTb (.ao MOMCHTa yraweHHJI),
Beml'lIlHa ycnoBHopeq:IJIeKTOpHOH .D.enpeCCHH aJIbtjla-pHTMa, .MH-
498
TeJlbHOCTb 3TOH )f(e peaKUHH B XO)1e yraweHIIH C nO){KpCnJIeHlleM,
cpeAHJlJI MHTeJlbHOCTb cneAoBoii ycnoBHopetjlJleKTopHoH 6noKa:
.l\bl aJlbtjla-pIITMa. llo OCHOBHbIM JKe nOKa3aTenHM Cllnbl HepBHOH
CIICTeMbI no OTHoweHll1O K B036YJKAeHIlIO - CKOpOCTH yrallleHliH
C nOAl<penncHHcM ycnoBHoro petjlJICKCa II npollcHTY coxpaHHoCTH
ycnoBHoi! peaKl.\lIH aJIbtjla-pllTMa - rpynnbI M3 II .II.3 6nll3HCQOB
lie OTJmqaJIHCb APyr OT APyra.
PC3YJIbTaTbI HCnOJIb30BaHliH ABHrareJIbHOH MeTO)l.HKI1 Bbl-
JlBHn\! BJII1J1HHe reHeTI1'1CCKIIX tjlaKTopoB Ha BCnHqHHY K03tj1tj1l1-
l1HeHTa b, npHqeM OC06CHHO OTqeTJIHBO 3TII Bnl1HHI'!H npOJlBJIJI-
!eTCJI B B03paCTe 8-11 II 33-56 JleT (Benll'fHHbl K03tj1tj1HUlleH-
TOB 6nH3KII K TeOpCTllqeCKH B03MO)l(HbIM) Y nO.llpOCTKOB reHC-
TllqCCKl1e BnHJlHHH BblHBJIJlIOTCJI nllwb Ha ypOBHC TeH.IlCHl1HH
llpH o6cYJK]:(eHlIH pe3YJIbTaTOB ocoooe BHIIMaHlle aBTopbI Y.I\CnH-
TIll Ham''fHIO 3HaqHMOH HaCJICACTBeHHOH COCTaBJIJllOrneH 3Heprc-
Tlf'!eCKHX xapaxn:pllCTIiK 33f, nOCKOJIbKY B 1f3MCHCmf/1 J:\aHHbIX
xapaKTepHCTHK, BepOJlTIfO, OTpaJKaeTCH B3aHM0)1eHCTBIIC KOpbl H
nOiU<OpKH, KOTopoe onpe)l,CJIJleT ypOlJCHb peaKTHBHOCTH, npllcy-
IlII1i1 .lJ.aHHOMY IIH.IlHBH.IlY KPOMC Toro, lIeCHHxpOHII3a[(I1H MO)-
rOBOH pIlTMIIKII, B '1aCTHOCTII, B clfTya!.\HH opHeHTllpOBO'fHOH
peaKI.\HH JlBnHCTCJI Cne)1CTBHCM aKTHBHpYIOIIIIIX BTIlIJlHIIH peTH-
KynJlpHOii tjlopMaQIIH cpeAHcro M03ra. HanH'IIIC .IlBHHbIX 0 reliC-
TllqeCKOM BnllJlHHH Ha 3TOT 33f-nOKa3aTenb n03BOnJleT BbI)J;BH-
HYTb nmOTe3Y 0 HacnCACTBeHHoii 06ycnoBncHHOCTH CBOHCTBa
aKTIfBHpOBaHHOCTH HepBHOH CIICTeMbI, o6ycnoBncHHoro Mexa-
HH3MaMI1 HCCne[(HtjlH'ICCKOil aKTHBaUHH.
OTCYTCTBHe AaHHbIX, CBH.I\eTeJIbCTBYIOIIIHX 0 reHeTl1qCCKOH
06YCJIOBJleHHOCTH petjlepeHTlioro nOKB3aTCJIJI Clmb! HepBHOH CHC-
TCMbl, He paCCMaTpHBanOCb aBTopaMH KaK YKa3aHHe liB OTCYT-
CTBHC HaCJIe)1CTBeHHbIX BnHJlHIIH Ha caMO CBOHCTBO, nOCKonbKY, C
O]:(HOi! CTOpOHbI, )J;Ba APyrHx nOKa3aTcnH OKa3aJIHCb rCHeTHqeCKH
06ycnoBncHHbIMH, a C Jl,pyroH - CKOpOCTb yrarneHHJI c nOIlKpcn-
nCHHeM OCTaeTCJI IIH]:(IIBHAYaJlbHO YCTOHqHBOH qepTOH (JlOHrJl-
TIOAlioe Ha6mo)l.cHuC 5 qenOBeK).
B OTJlII'fHe OT Cl1nbI HepBIiOH CIICTeMb!, CBOHCTBO nO.l\BII)((-
HOCTH HMeJIO rOpa3)10 MeHee oAII03Ha'IHYIO TpaKTOBKY B KOHl,\en-
111m CBOHCTB HepBHOH CIICTeMbl, HO 6bInO JIY'fIllC H3yqeHO C TO'lICH
3peHHJI reHCTHqCCKOH 06ycnoBJleHHocTH. UbIJIO npOBe)l,eHO MHO-
)l(eCTBO paOOT Ha JKIIBOTHbIX, AOKa3aBllIIIX AOCTaTO'lHO )l(CCTKYIO
499

J{eTephIHHHpOBallIlOCTh JlH.l<HBJlJ{)'aJIbHb!X pa3J111'1I1H no J{aHHoMy
CBOHCTBY reHonmOM. HCCJICJ{OBaHJI CTeneHJI reHOTllnH'IeCKHX
BJIIIHIIH Ha ,!\aHHoe CBOlfcTBO Y QelToee1\a npOBOJl,f1JIHCb H.H.KI!-
HaeBbIM (l94\), JaperHCTpHpOBaBUlHM 3Ha'iIlTCJ1hHOe CXO,!\CTBO
MeJK,!\Y '1J1eHaMH O,!\IIOH M3 napb!. .II..H.KpbIJ10B C KOJIJleraMIl
(1972), a T<\JOKe H.<I>.KYPI<'1H H JI.H.KYPKqH (1967) nOJIyqHJIH pe-
3YJIbTI!TbI, cBIIJ{eTcnbcTBYlOuIHe 0 BbIpaJKeHHOCTH reHeTllqeCKHx
BJ1I1J1H«ii HI! CKOpOCTb nepeJ(CJ1KIf If npeJ{eJIbHbZH TeMn BhlnOJ1He.
HUJI CJIOJKHOH peaKl\lI1I BbI60pa H3 MYX aJIbTepHaTHB. O.l\flaKO 113-
3a MaJIO'lHCJIeHHOCTH 3KCnepl1MeHTaJIbHbIX rpynn pe3YllbTaTb! HO-
Climl CKopee npelJ,llapHTeJ1bHbIi1 xapaKTep.
T.B Bacl1JIel\ (1975; 1978) npe,!\npIlHJIa Cnel\HaJIhHOC HC'
ci1e.l<osaIlJle, Ja,l\alJeu KOToporo CTaJIO IJ3YQCHHe HaCJ1e,!\CTBeH-
HOH OOYCJIOBJIeHHOCTH HaH6oJ1ee pacnpocTpaHeHHbIx I'!HI\HKaTO-
pOB nO,!\BHJKHOCTH. Oc060e BHHMaHlle Yl\eJIifOCb YHII(jJl1l<aUIII!
MOJl,aJ1bIlOCTII paJ,!\pa)«HTeJleH H peaKI\JlH H MaKCIIMaJIbHOii 3J1H-
MI!Hal\lm BIIIIHII CI!Jlbl lIepBlIOH CIICTeMbI. Cnel\HcjJlIKa ,!\aHHoii
pa60n,1 JaJCnlO'IaJIaCb B TOM, '1TO HaCnel\CTBeHHaJi 06ycJlOBJ1eH-
HOCTb IIHI\HKaTOpOB CBoi1cTBa paCCMaTpliBaJlaCb KaK KpHTCpHH
MJI allamBa co.a;ep)«alllll! caMoro cBoiicTBa nOABJlJKHOCTIJ.
B IIccne,!\OB8miU npllHJlJIII yqacme 20 nap M3 II 20 nap )].3
61!1I3Hel\OB I\BYX BOJpaCTHbIX rpynn - 7-[ 1 H 33-55 JIeT. 3TO
n03B01l11110, C OAHOH CTOpOHbI, BbIJlCHHTb Bonpoc 0 nOABep)«eH-
HOCTII H3Y'IaCMblX npH3HaKoB OHel1lHIIM B03,!\eiicTBHJlM, a C .npy_
rOIl - pacCMOTpCTb BOJpacTHYlO ,!\HllaMIIKY JlcCJ1eJ{yeMblx xa-
paKTCpJlCTHK. Bce nOKa3aTellil 6bIJIli 113MepeHbI no MeTO,!\HKe
XI1JIbqeHKO-EOPHcoBoij H COCTaBJ1JlII TPII rpynnbI: nepe,[JeJIKa
CIlrHaJlbHOro JHaqeHIiJi CTHMYJlOB, nocile,!\eiicTBlie pa3.npa1lCHTe-
JIef! II npc,!\eJIbHbIH TeMn, onpe.n.eJHleMbIH KpllTJlqeCKliM HHTepBa-
!IOU. llo.l\ KpJlTH'IeCKHM HHTepOaJIOM nOHIiMaeTC HIITepBaJl He)«-
,!\y cTliMYJlaMII, npll KOTOpOM HcnbITyeMblH cOBeplliaeT 60llblllC
011lH60K, '1eM npl1 m060M 1i3 rrpe,l\b!I\YU(IIX II 1I0CJlC IWToporo
npOHCXOl\lIT ilHl1Ib YBeilH'Ielllie '1IiCJla 01ll1l6oK.
PeJyllbTaTbl BbIJlBHJlH cJlenYlOl1IYIO KapTliHY. ECJJIi 0 rpy,!\-
HOCTIi nepc,l\eJIKH CY.!l.lITb no 113MeHeIJIIJlM JIaTeHTHbIX nepIiO,!\OB,
TO BJlHHH reHOTl1nH'IeCKHX <jJaKTopOB He 06HapY)l(IIBaCTC
ECnf! JKC CYMTb no n01<a3I1TCIlJlM HJMCHelllfR 'lIfCJIa 0111!160K IJJJIJ
no 06061l\eHHbIM IIHAI1KaTOpaM, OQeHKa BHYTpHnapHoro CXO,!\-
CTBa Bb!JlOJIJieT 3HaQl1TeJIbHYlO ponb reHCTI1'1eCKHX cjJaKTopOB B
50!)
rpynne B3pOCJIbIX 6JI113HeI\OB; B MJla,!\l1IeH rpynne 3Ta TeH,!\eH-
I\HJ\ JIHIUb Hf.\MeqaeTCJ\.
IloC!Ie;!leHCTJJlie pa3JIJ1aJKliTeJleH (KaK nOJlO)!(HTeJlbHbIX, TaK
H TOpM03HbIX) He 06liapYJKHJlO 3aBIICliMOCTii OT liacne,!\cToeH-
HbIX <jJaKTopOB. HanponlB, npC,!\CJlbllhIH TeMn OKa3aJlC B 3Ha-
qIiTCJ1bHOH CTeneml ,!\cTepMHHHpoBaH reHCTH'IeCKIi. DOJIee Toro,
OH OKa3aJICJI CIIHHCTBeHHOH xapaKTepllcTHKoit nOJl,BliJKHOCTII,
KOTOpaJi 06HapY)l(IIila 3Ha'lJlTeJlbHbli1 H OT'IeTnIlBbIH reHCTllqeC-
KHH KOHTpOJlb. Heilpoqm3HOJlOmqec!\oe 06ecnC'IeHlle npe}.l.CJlbHO-
ro TCMna, no MlleHJllO IIBTopa, MO)«eT BKJIJOqaTb cnoC06liOCTb HC-
pBliOH CHCTeMbI cOHacTpaHBaTb pa60TY OT,!\eJIbHbIX HelipOHHb!X
KOMnJleKCOB lJa OCHoBe, cxoJl,Hoif C RBlleHlfeM pe30llallca (Bacl1-
nCQ T.B., 1975), a nonY'leHHble pe3YJlbTaTbI n03BOJlRIOT no,!\-
HTb Bonpoc 0 BbI,!\eJICHliU Jl,aHHbIX npOl\eCCOB B caMOCTOHTenb-
Hoe ClJOMCTBO HepBHOH CIlCTeMbI, nOKa3aTeJICM KOToporo MO-
)«eT CJlY)«HTb npe,!\eJlbHblH TeMn. Ilo MHeHl110 T.B BaCHJlel\, pe-
3YJlbTaTbl HCCJICi\OBaHHJI nO!.\ToepJK,!\aJOT TOT cjJaKT, qTO pa3HbIe
nOKa3aTeJII1, BKJIJO'IaeMbIC B Ci\HHbIH CIIH,!\pOM nOJI.BIIJKHOCTIi, Ha
caMOM ,!\eJle xapaKTepll3YlOT pa3nli'lHble napaMCTpb! ,!\CJlTCJIbHO-
CTH HC.
Hacnel\CTBeHHaJi 06yCJlOBJleliHOCTb Jla6HJIbHOCTII He-
pBHOii CIiCTeUb! 6bIlla IjCllblO HCCJIC,!\OBIIHHR T.A.llaHTellceBoH
H H <I>.WJlJlXTbl (1978). .lI.rui Ol\eHKJI JIa6HJlbHOCTH OHIIIICnOJlb-
30BaJlH H3MepcHIIe KPHTH'ICCKOii '1aCTOTb! CJIHRIIIIR MCJIbKIIHHH
(KqM), perncTpal\HIO pCaK1\1I11 nepec'rpOHKII MOJrOBOii PI1TM"-
KH HII BbICOKHC '1aCTOTbl CBeTOBOH CTHMYJIJlQI1I1, a TaK)«e MaKCII-
MaJIbHOrO II onTHM,WbHoro TeMna nocTYKIIBaHHJI. llOCJICIlIi
" ...." h
MeTO,!\IIKa n03BOIIeT IIJMepTb nCllxliqcCKll1i TCMn , Ii!lli IiH-
,!\HBII,!\yaJIbHblii TeMn IUHfJKeHHif". B IICCJle,!\OBaHHJI KqM JJpIlH-
JlIi Y'lacmc 6I1H3i!eQbI (63 napb! M3 II 60 nap )].3) Tpex B03pa-
CTHblX rpynn - 9-11, 13-16, 33-56 JleT; peaKl\lUI nepc-
C7pOHKH pHTMa- 19 nap M3 Ii 21 napa.II.3 B B03pacTe 13-16
JIeT; TeMna nocTYKIIBaHHH (TennIlHr) - 20 nap M3 JI 20 .II.3 B
B03pacTc 13-16 !leT. Pe3YJlbTIIThI .l\alllfOH pa60TbI CBlIl\eTeJlb-
CTBYIOT 0 JHa'lHTenbHOM BJIIiJlIIHII i!aCJIC,!\CToeHHbIX <jJaKTopoB
Ha IIHJI,HBIiJl,yaJlbHbJe pa3J1HqJlJl Jla6HJ1bHOCTI1 Hepolloi1 CHCTCMbl,
113MCpJleMOH C nOMOl1lblO KqM H peaKQHH nepecTpoHKH M03ro-
BOH pHTMIiKIi. MaKCHMaJIbHbIH Ii OnTHMaJlbHbIH TeMn nocry-
KIiBaHllii Tal()«C IICl1b1ThlBalOT BnllJlHHe reHOTlina. K Co)«aJlC-
501

HIIIO, nil nOKa3areJlII He MorYT CJlYJKIITb qilCTblMII HHJI,I'!KaTOpa-
Mil J1a6HJ1bHOCTI1, nOCKOJlbKY OHII CBJl3aHbI C CI1JIOH HCpBHOH
CHCTeMbI.
feHeTHqeCKHe OCHOBbl .!I.I1HaMH'iHOCTIf HepBHbIX npoQec-
COB HCCJ1eJl,OBaJIlICb B pa60Te f.A.1ll1l6apoBcKoH (1978). ,L(I'!Ha-
MHqHOCTb B paMKBX KOHQenQIIH CBOHCTB HepBHoH CHcreMbI on-
pe,n;emu:TcJI KaK cnoc06HoCTb HepBHoH CHCTeMbl C 50JIbWeH IIJIlI
MeHbweH J1erKOeTbIO 11 6bICTpOTOH reHepHpoBaTb HepBHbIe npo-
Qeecbl B036YJKl\eHI1 I'! TOpMOJKeHIIJI B XOl\e (jJOpMHpoBaHiI yc-
JlOBHopeljlJleKTOpHbIX cB3eH )];JIJI reHeTWleCKoro aHaJII13a CBOH-
eTBa ,l\HHaMHqHOCTH 6bIJ1H BbI6paHbI nOKa3aTeJlH, 06pa3Y1OII(IIe
33f-CIIH.!I.pOM Jl,HHaMHqHOCTH. AHaJ1l13HpOBaJlHCb TPH rpynnbl
nOKa3aTeJleH' xapaKTepllCTHKH 33f nOKOJl, opHeHTHpOBO'IHOH
33f-peaKQHI'! H YCJ10BHopeljlJ1eKTOpHoH 33f-peaKQilH B HCCJIC-
,n;OBaHIIII npllHHJlO yqaCTlle 30 nap M3 II 26 nap )];3 B B03paCTe
10-11 J1eT. OTqeTJ1HBbIC BJ1I1HHI1 reHOTHna o6HapYJKIIBaIOTCJI
B 'iaCTOTllbIX xapaKTepHcTHKax Jl,CJ1bTa-, TeTa- 11 aJIb(!I3-pIlTMOB
(jJOHOBOH 33f. B QeJIOM, y 6J1113HCQOB 10-12 JleT BJ1I1J1Hlle Ha-
CJIe,n;CTBCHHbIX ljIaKTopoB npOJlBJ1J1eTCJI BO Bcex cny'laJlx, r,!\c B
HCCJ1e,l\yeMbIH npll3HaK BKJIlOqCHbl nOKB3aTeJ1l1 ,!\cnpeCCIIH aJIb-
(jJa-pIlTMa: aJIba-IIH,!\eKC, CYMMapHaH 311eprHH aJlb(jJa-n0J10CbI,
.l\J1HTCJIbHOCTb opHeHTllpOBOqHOH II ycnOOHOH 33f-peaKQilH. no
MHCHHIO aBTopa, reHeTllqeCKaH 06YCilOBJICHHOCTb ,l\CnpeCCIiH
aJIba-pHTMa KaK peaKQHI1 ,!\eCl1HxpOHH3aQIIH KOpKOBOH PHTMH-
KII nO,l\TBCpJKJI,aCT nmOTe3Y 0 CBJl3H nOH xapaKTcpllCTIlKIl C re-
HeTII'IeCKiI ,!\eTepMIIHllpOBaHHbIMI1 ocoGeHHocTHMII PCTIIKYJlHp-
HOH (jJopMaQIlIl CTBOJIa M03ra.
llOnbITKa IICCJIC,!\OBaTb HaCJleJl,CTOeHHYIO 06YCIIOBJ1eH-
HOCTb napaMeTjJOB ceHcopHoro pa3iIlI'ICHIIH 6bIJIa npCJI,npHHHTa
M.H EOpliCOBOH (1978). ConOCTaBJIeHl1e nOKa3aTeiIeH MOHO- II
.!I.II311rOTHbiX 6JIII3HeQoB (33 napbI M3 II 35 nap )];3 6JIII3HeQOB B
B03paCTe 17-20 II 27-50 nCT ) He BbIJlBIIJIO pa3JII'!qllH B ypOB-
He BHYTpllnapHoro CXO.!l.CT8a noporOB H JIaTeHTHblX nepHO.!l.OB
pa3JIllqeHIIH rpOMKOCTII 3BYKOB. OJl,HaKO, 06cYJK.!I.a .!I.al!HbJe pe-
3YJIbTaTbI, aBTOp nOJlarae-r, qTO CaMII MeTO.!l.H'IeCKIiC oc06eHHO-
CTII 3KcncpllMeHTa npHBCRIi K CMCillCllliIO 3J1CMCHTOB CIICTCMbl,
BCJIC)(CTBlle '1cro HeB03MOJl(HO 6bIJIO '1CTKO OTBCTHTb Ha Bonpoc,
KaKOH 113 3JICMCHTOB He IICITblTblBaCT reHeTllqCCKHX BJ1HJlHIIH -
ceHcopHOC 3BeHO HJIH, K npilMCpy, 3BeHO npHHHTIIJI pcwcmlH.
502
.II.aHHaJi pa50Ta JlBHJIaCb nepBoH ITOnbITKOH paCCMOTpeHIIH npo-
6iICMbi CBOHCTBa KOHQeHTpilpoBaHHocTII* HepaHbIx npoQeccoB C
n03HQII" reHenlKH nOBC.!I.eHIIH.
B 3aKJI1OqeHlle XOTCJlOCb 61,1 OCTaHOBHTCH eIl(C Ha A8yx
pa60Tax. llepBaH H3 HHX nOCBJlII(eHa HCCJle,!\OBaHIlIO B03paCT-
Hoil .!I.HHaMHKII reHOTHnll'ieeKIIX BJIIIHHHH 11 eTa611JIbHOCTII nOKa-
3aTeJlCH ellJlbl HepaHoi! CHCTeMbl (IllJlXTa HiD., 1981) C nOMO-
WbIO JIOHrHTIO.!I.HOrO MeTo,!\a, qTO .!I.eJlaCT ec B HCKOTOpOH cre-
nCHH YHIIKaJlbHoH.
ABTOpOM 6bIJIa nOCTaBJICHa 3a.na'ia onpe.neJICHIIH OHTore-
HeTI1'1eCKOH YCTOHqllaOCTH HccJlcAyeMblx nOKa3aTeJIeH (JI,aHHbIc
conOCTaBJIHJ1IICb C aHaJlOrllqHblMH, nOJIyqeHHblMH Ha 6J1H3HcQax
Apyroro B03pacTa a npeAbIAYwCM IICCJIe.nOBaHIIH - lllJIJlXTa
RiD., 1975).
B IICeJIeJl,OBaHHH IICnOJlb30BaJICH pH,!\ IIH.!I.ilKaTOpoB CIIJ!bI
HepoHoH CHeTeMbl - 33f-oapHaHT yrarncHHH C nOlI.KpenJIeHlleM,
pcaKQHH ncpecTpoHKII M03roBoH pHTMHKII Ha Me.l\J1eHHbIe '1aCTO-
ThI CBCTOBOH CTI1MYJIJlQIIH II IIBHraTeJIbHaH MCTO.!l.HKa. JIOHrJlTIQ,!\-
HbIii aHaJIH3 npOBOAHJlCH no AaHHbIM, nOJIY'iCHHbIM y 26 '1eIIOBeK
C IIHTepBaJIOM 0 5 JlCT, B no,!\pocTKOBOM H B3pOCJIOM B03pacTax
(CpCAHHH B03paCT 15 H 21 fO,!\).
Pe3YJIbTaTbI CBIIJI,eTelIbcTBYIOT 0 TOM, '11'0 nOKa3aTeJ1H OPH-
eHTHpOBO'lHoi! H yeJIOBHOH peaKQHH (OP H YP) He HCllbITbIBaJOT
BJ1II,nmJl HaCIIC,!\CTBeHHb'X aKTopOB. AHaJIII3 nOKa3aTeJ1cii peat<-
L\HI1 nepeCTpOHt<H M03rOBOH pl1TMIIKI1 BbIHBI1J1 3aBIICHMOCTb onpe-
,!\eJICHHbIX napaMCTpOO OT TeHOTHna II 3aqJHKCHpOBan HeKOTopoe
CHH)j(eHlle BIIHJlHHH rCHoTHna B nepiloJl, 18-25 JIeT; conOCTaBJ1e-
HHe BHYTpHnapHoro CXO,!\CTBa y B3pOCJlblX 6J1i13HeQoB II nOl\poCT-
KOB no IIH,!\CKcaM 33f nOKOH cBI1,!\CTeJIbCTByeT 06 YBelIllqeHHII C
B03paCToM HaCJIe,n;CTBeHHb'X BJIHJlHHH, npcJKJI,c 1Jcero .l\J1 nOKa3a-
TeJ1eH cYMMapHblx 3HeprHH Me.l\J1eHHbIX pl1TMOB H '1aCTOTHbIX xa-
paJ<TepHCTHK.
., KOHUeHTpHpOoaHHOCTb - nmOTe3a 0 cywecT80BaHHH TaKora CBOH-
CTBa JiepBHOH CHCTeMbl 6LIJ1a BhI,lJ,BHHyra E M TennDBblM H }],OJJroe BpeMst pa3-
pa6aTbl08JI3Cb M.H EOpHCOBOH nCfixoqmJI10I10fH1:leCKOe co.n:ep;Kamte :noro
cBoikTBa 33KnEOQaercSi B oco6eHHOCTSlX npOL1ecca ceHcopHoro p33J1H1ieHH$I B
K3<feCTBe IiH,1],HKaTOpa nCnOJIb30B3J1HCb BpeMJ! peaKUHH pa3JJH1.feHUJll{BYX CTI1-
MynO!I 11 BpeM:fI peaKUHH BbJ6opa.
503

llonYJlJlL\HOHHO-reHeTHQeCK!-Ijj nO.1\XOII K H3yqeHllIO Helipo-
IIllHaMHqeCKHX 11 nCHXO.1\llHaMl1qeCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK QeJ100eKa
I'!Cn0J1b300aJ1a 0 cBoe!i pa60Te K.E.EYJlaeBa (1991). llpe)l,Me-
TOM HCCJ1e,/\OBaHHR aBTopa 6bIJIH CBOHCToa HepOHOH CHCTeMbI -
CHJIB H JIa611JIbHOCTb no OTHoweHHIO K o036Y)I(.1\eHHIO. B Kaqe.
CTOC HH,IlHKaTOpa CBo!icTBa CHJlbI HCnOJlb30BaJlCJI nOKa3BTeJIb
OTHoweHIUI cpe.n:Hero BpeMeHH peampOOBHHR Ha CTHMYJIbI (CJlY-
XOBbIe H 3pHTeJIbHble) MHHHMBJIbHOif HHTeHCIIOHOCTH K cpe)'(He.
MY opeMeHII pearllpOBBHHJI Ha CTHMYJIbI MaKCHMaJIbHOH HHTeH-
CIIBIIOCTH. 3TOT HH,IleKC - xapBKTep HaKJlOHa KpHOOH (XHK)
opeMeHIl pearnpOBaHI'!JI - aHaJlOrllqeH K03<!Hjlll1jHCHTy b .JI,JIJI
IIOllraTeJ1bHOH peaKLlHH. KpOMe Toro, JlJtR ,IlllarHOCTIIKII CBOH-
CToa CHJIbI IICnOJIb300aJ1C" eLl\e O,IlIIH HII,IlHKaTOp - no TeMno-
BOH MeTOAIIKe E.Il.HJ1bHHa (BapHaHT TennHHr-TeCTa). Cornac-
HO Tpe6oBaHII"M nOH MeTOAIIKH, I1CnbITyeMbIH AOJ1)1(eH CTyqaTb
KapaH,IlaillOM C MaKCIIMaJ1bHOH qaCTOTOH no weCTH KJ1CTKaM,
nepCXOJ\Jl '1epe3 5 ceKYM OT O,/\HOH KJ1CTKII K .1\pyroH. H.ileR Me-
TO,lUiKII B TOM, '1TO 60JIhWaJl HHTeHCIIBHOCTh Hanp"JKeHHJI npH
ObIllOJ1HeHIIII.JI,aHHOH np06bI 6YI\eT npHOOJI,HTb K 3anpe.1\eJJbHOMY
TOpMO)l(eHHIO IICnbITyeMbIx co CJIa60H HepOHOH CHCTeMOH, qTO
6Y.1\eT oTpa)l(aThCH B YMeHbilleHIIH KOJ1l1qeCTBa YllapoB B nOCJIe-
AIIHX 113 weCTH KJIeTOK. ,AJI>! onpe.1\eJIellll" J1a6HJ1bHOCTH HCnOJIh-
300aJIII KpHTH'IeCKYIO qaCTOTY CJ1H"HH" MeJIbKaHHH (KqM) H
JBYJWBhlX !lI,eJl'IKOB (Ktl3) I1cCJIC,IlOOBHlle 6h1ilO npooeAeHo HB
nonYJIHLlIIJlX C pa3HoH crenCHhIO H30JIHp013aHHOCTH H JlOKaJlIIJO-
BaHHhlX B pa3HbIx 3K0J10rO-reorpa<j!H'IeCKHX YCJIOOHJlX cpel\l,1
06HTaHII". .II.JIJI HCCJIeJl,OBBHHR 6hIJIH oT06paHbI H30JIHTbI B pcc-
ny6iII1Ke ,AarccTaH H aYT6pc]\HbiC nonYJI"LlIIH r.MOCKBbI, a TaK-
)l(e BbI60pKa nOTOMKOB OT 3K30raMHblX 6paKoo .1\areCTaHCIWx
HapOl\lIocTei! HCCJle.n:oBaHHbIe nonYJIRIjlil'! pa3.1\eJl"IOTC" Ha TPH
rpYlTnM:
- OblCOl<OH30JIHpOBaHHbJe (H30JI"Tbl MYHH II TIIH,IlII);
- YMepeHHoH30iIHpooaHHblc (MexeJJbTa, faMHHx 11 '1yp-
TaX);
- aYT6peJI,HbIe (MOCKOBCKB" nonYilJlIjIlJl, nOTOMKH OT 3K-
30raMHbIX 6paKOB Jl,arecTaHcKHx HapOllHOCTCH II pacnaB-
WIIHCJI 1130JIJlT bOTJIHX).
ConOCTaOJIellHe Me)l(HHlllioHAyaJIbHOif <j!eHoTllnHqeCKOH
H3MeHqHBOCTII 0 pa3HbIX nonYJI"IjHJlX ,IlaeT B03MO)l(IIOCTb OIjeH-
504
KII 06WHX i\iIJI pa3HbIx nonYJIJlL\HH 3aKoHoMepHoCTeH, n03ToMY
B pa60Te 6bIJI npOBe.l1eH cpaBHHTeJIbHblH nonYJlRLlHOHHbIH aHa-
JIII3 Cpe.l1HIIX OeJJHqllH H Jl,HCnepcIIH. Pe3YJIbTaTbI OKa3aJIIICb npo-
TI100peQHBbIMH. Tal<, HanpHMep, no OIIHIIM HHJl,HKaTOpaM (XHK)
)j(IITeJIH OIlHoro 1130J1"Ta OTJIHQaIOTC" OT Jl,pyrHx AOCTOBepHO
60JIhWeH CHJIOH HepOHOH CIICTeMbI, TOrAa KaK no IIPyrHM - pa3-
JIHqHH OKa3bIBaIOTCH CJla6bIMH. TeM He MeHee pe3YilbTaTbI CBII-
,IlereJIbCTBYIOT 0 MCJKnonYil>!LllIOHHOH II3MeH'IIIOOCTH 113yqaowHXCH
npH3HaKOB.
.II.ilJl OIjeHKH lIaCJIe.1\yeMocTIi COOHCTO HepBHojj CHCTeMbI
6bIilH npoaHam13HpOBaHbI pC3ynhTarbI .LJ:oyx rpynn pOJ\CTBeH-
HHKOB - "pOllHTeJIH-.r-.eTH' H "cH6cbI" - B H30JHITaX "
MOCKOBCKOH nonYJIJlIjHH. KOJIHqeCTOO nap KOJIe6anOCh OT 57
lID 197 nap B pa3HbIx nonYJIJlL\IIJ1x. B Ta6J1I1L1e npHOe.LJ:eHhI no-
Ka3aTeJIH CXOACTBa no HHJI,HKaTOpaM CHC MeJKIIY pOAcToeH-
HIIKaMH pa3HbIx nonYJlRIjIlH (OT OblCOKOll30illlpooaHHbIx .LJ:O
aYT6peII HbIx ).
Pe3YilbTaThl HCCJIelIOBaHHH C1JHl\eTeilbCTByIOT 0 HailllqHH
CTaTHCTllqeCKII 1\0CTOBepHbIX nOKa3aTeJIeH HaCJIe.LJ:yeMocTH H3Y-
qeHHhlX npH3HaKoB B pa3HbIx nonYJIHlIIIJlX. 05HM i\iIJI HHX "B-
J1"eTCJI HaJIflql1e cna600bIpaJKeHHOrO 3<j!<j!eKTa BHYTpIIJIOKyCHO-
ro 1:(0MIIHl1pOOaHIIH, '1TO MOJKeT CBHD,eTeJ1bCTOOBan B n0J1b3Y
OJIHrOreHHoro HaCJIe.I\OoaHHJI nHX npH3HaKOB.
EblJIO yCTaH08J1eHO, '1TO AJlH HaCJIC.l\yeMocTII 1IHIIIIKaTopa
JIa6HJIbHOCTH K'IM xapaKTepHa U-06pa3HaH 3a8HCHM()Cn OT
CTeneHH HH6pe.I\HOCTH 05CJIel:(OOaHHhiX 1130JlHTOO - no Mepe
YMeHhweHI1H CTeneH11 H30JIHIjIHI nOKa3aTeJIb HaCJIe.LJ:yeMocTII
YMeHblllaeTCJI, HO OHOOb 003paCTaeT 0 aYT6pe.I\HOH 3K30raMHoii
ObI50pKe. CXO.LJ:flaJi TeHl\eHIjIlH 3aMeTHa H i\iIJI .LJ:pyroro nOKa3aTe-
ilJl na5HJIbHOCTII - Kq3. IlOl:(06HbIM JKe 06pa30M Be)'(eT ce6H
Oll,CHKB HaCJ1e.l1YCMOCTIi nOKa3aTeJIIl (CH) C!!OflCTBa CUJlbl He-
pBHOH CHCTeMbI. B TO )j(e OpeMJI HaCJIe,lJ;yeMocTb .LJ:pyrllx nOKa-
3aTeJIeH CHJlbl HepBHoi1 CHCTeMbl (XHK" XHK,) pa3JIllqaeTCH 0
.LJ:oyx OblCOKOll30illlpooaHHbIx nonYJI"l\H>!X: 0 H30JI>!Te MYHH OHa
Bblwe, qeM 0 1130JI>lTe THH.LJ:II (CM n6JIHIJY 12.1). 3TOT <j!aKT,
no MHeHHIO aOTopa, CBII.LJ:eTeJIbCToyeT B nOlIb3Y onpe,/\eJIeHHOH
He3aOHCIIMOCTil reHeTH'IeCKHX CHCTeM, .LJ:eTepMHHHPYIOUIIIX 3TH
.LJ:oe rpynnbl npIl3HaKOB.
505

Ta6J1ua 12.1
K03q)(jiU!/UeHmbl KOppeJ/Jl!/UU Me:J/Coy poocm8eHHUKaMU II
KOMI10lleHmbl ,peHOmUllU'leCKOU oucnepcuu (%) uHouKamopo6
CHC 8 6blCOK0U30JIUp06aHHblX (I), YMepeHHou30JlUp08al/HblX (II)
U aym6peoHbIX (III) 1l0I1YJ/Jl!/WlX
BblBOAbl
ron nOK33aTelU. r.. r m G, G D Ee...... E.
nonYI1HLlilllll
I (My"o) XHK 0409 0,489 86 0 14
,
XHK 0,355 0,465 77 0 23
,
K4M 0.519 0,426 85 9 6
K43 0,333 0.374 69 0 31
DI 0.191 0,356 47 0 53
I (T"H,I\") XHK 0,233 0,305 47 28 0 25
,
XHK 0.279 0,345 56 26 0 18
,
K4M 0,500 0.413 83 0 8 9
K43 0.271 0,339 54 -n 0 19
DI 0,216 0300 47 0 0 53
II (4yPTax) XHK 0,236 0.290 47 Z1 0 25
,
XHKt 0.282 0.416 68 0 0 18
K4M 0,307 0,340 61 13 01 9
K43 0327 0,309 62 0 2 19
a.t 0.149 0,190 30 16 0 53
II (MexM>1,') XHK 0,352 0,400 70 19 0 11
,
XHK, 0.362 0.340 56 0 3 29
K4M 0,328 0,328 86 0 2 32
K43 0,402 0,402 n 15 0 13
DI 0.160 0,140 28 0 2 70
II (raM"X) XHK 0.164 0181 34 0 0 86
,
XHK 0,269 0,330 59 0 0 41
,
K4M 0,410 0,335 77 0 0 23
K43 0,358 0.340 70 0 0 30
DI 0,246 0,239 49 0 0 51
III (60m"x) XHK, 0,484 0.161 32 32 36
XHK 0,415 0,464 67 0 13
.
K4M 0,362 0,401 74 0 26
K43 0.316 0.287 62 0 38
DI 0185 0171 36 0 64
III (:3K30raMH3A XHKc 0,354 0.320 64 0 3 33
....Gap,a) XHKe 0,368 0,296 59 0 7 34
K4M 0408 0,412 82 0 0 16
K43 0,447 0,342 68 0 11 21
DI 0.309 0,210 42 0 39 19
npl1Mel.{aHIII r01) - K03cJ:1l1t.1l1eHTbI I(Qppensll.tH Me>KAY pO,AKTenHMIol M ,Q,eTbMM,
rK> - j«)3cpQ)iII4I1eHT KoppemU-1.MI1 Me>KAY clII6caMM, Gr\ - 8AAMTI4E1Ha.R reH8TI4-
'"IecKaR !«JMnOHeHTa, Go - ,Q,OMMHaKTHaR reHeTMI.feCKaJ:! KOMnOHeHTa, E(.<'?1 - CM-
CTeMaUt4eck8S1 cpe,D.OBaJiI KOMnOHeHT8, Ew - CIlai1tta1l c:pe,qOBaJ:! J[OMnOHeH1"8,
XHK M XHK. - MH,AIIII<a.TOpbl nbl HepBHo CMcreMbi (">c:apal<Tep HalCllOHa KJ>"-
BoA" speMeHIII pearMpoeaHIII:R t'l3 CBeT M 3BYK), CVI- MHAI1KaTop CKJ"Ibi (reMnOBaA
MeTO,Q,Ka E n nbMHa) K4M 'ot K43 - KHAKaTOpbll1afjMnbHOCTM Hep8HO CI4-
I;reMbi {Kp"IeCKaA acrOTa CBeTOBbiX MenbKa.HI"I M 3BYl<OBbIX K08)
KaK MI.l y)l(C ynOMl1l1aJ1H, HCCneJlOBaHIIJI HaCJle;J;CTBeHHOH
06YCJ10BneHHOCTIi CBOHCTB HepBHoil CHCTCMbl 6a3HpOBanltCb Ha
npCJlCTaBJlCHHIIX 0 BpO)l(AeHHOM xapaKTepc 3TI1X CBOHCTB. Ha-
JII!lte reHe1wiecKO!\ 06YCJIOBJleHHocm c.nYJKHnO KpHTepHeM npll-
3HaHHJI 3a .D;aHHuii oc06eHHOCTbIO HepBHOH CHCTeMbl CTII,Tyca
cBoilCTBa (PalH''1-Il{ep60 H B , 1974). 3Ta H.D;CII III1HJlaCb no6y-
AHTeJ1bHbIM MOTH:IIOM WIll OpraHlt3al.\I1H CHCTeMaTH'iCCKIiX HC-
cJ1e;!l;oB;1HHii PoilH HacnMCTBeHHbIX lj>aKTOpOB B 1j>0pMHpoBaHHH
HH.D;HBHJI,yaJlbHblx oco6eHHocTeH HepBHoil CHCTeMbi. Co,rJlaCHO
KOHl\em.\HH Ii.M.TenJ1OBa - B .lI.He6bIJ1Hl..\bIIJa, KaJKJI,Oe"CBOii-
CTBO npeJlCTaBJllleT C060H CHHilpOM ImppeJIHpYlO1I.\HX MeJK co-
50il nOka3aTeJIeil, nonoMY WIll reHeTHqeCKOrO aHaJJI{3a CBOitCTB
HepBHOil CIICTCMbI HcnOJlb30BaJlH, KaK npaBHJlO, L\eJ1bIH P!!JI,
nOKa3aTe1Ieii,
HOrOJleTHl1e CHCTeMaTII'ieCKIIC HCCnCJlGllaHH!! HaCneJl-
cTBeHHoH 06ycJloB..eHHocTH CBOHCTB HepsHoii CIiCTeMbi npllBC-
JIH K AOCTaTO'lHO HCO)\H03Ha'lHbIM pe3ynbTaTaM OKa3aJ10cb.
'iTO HHAIIBHJI,yaJ1bHble OC06CHHOCTII nOKa3aTeJ1eH, BXOAA1I.\IIX B
CHHJlpOM OjI,Horo II Toro JKe cBoiicTsa HepSHOii CHCTeMbl, .ac-
TepMHHHpYIOTC" B OjI,HlIX cny...allx HaCJlCJlCTBeHHbIMII, a B Jl,py-
rilx - Cpe.D;OBbIMH <j>aKTopaMH. TaK, H3 'ieTbIpeX HHjl,HKaTOpOB
CllllbI HepBHoH CHCTeMbI (npOIlBJleHlle "3aKoHa CIIJlbI" B .aBHra-
TeJJbHOil peaKI\HH, CKOPOCTb 3anpCJleJIbHOrO TOpMO)l(eHHJI, peaK-
L\HJI nepecTpoiiKH KOpKOBOii pHTMIIKI1 II peaXl\H>I "yrameHIIJI C
nOJ(lqlenJIeHHeM" B 33f-BBpllaHTe) OCHOBHOii (PCIj>CPCHTHblii),
TO eCTb COOTBeTCTB}101I.\Hii onpeAeJIeHHIO .aaHHoro CBoiicTBa IIH-
JI,IIKaTOp ("yrameHlle C nOJI,KpeIIJIeHIICM") AeTcpMIIHllpyeTc>I
CpCAOBbIMH <l>aKTopaMH, TOrJl,a KaK OCTBllbHbJe - HaCJleJlCTBeH-
HblMH. AHaJlOrH'lHa" KapTHHa IUI>I nOKB3aTeneH nOjI,BlIJKHOCTH
HHAIIBIIJI,yarrbHble oco6eHHocTli OCHOBHoro I1HJ\IIKaTopa - ne-
peAeJIKH npOCTblX jl,Bllr8Te:IlbHblX peaKL\I1H - OnpeAeJlJIlOTCII cpe-
J\OBbIMH lj>aKTopaMH. B TO JKe BpeMJI nOKa3aTenH npe.ae1lbHOrO
TCMna AellTeJlbHOCTIi B 3Ha'lI'!TeJIbHOH CTeneHH 06YCJlOBneHbi
HaCJle.aCTBCHHbIMII cjJaKTopaMH. llOKa3aTeJ1H, BXOAIIIl{He B CHH-
APOM JIa6HJ1l>HOCTH H JI,IIHaMllqHOCTII, Tal<JKe BKJIlOqalOT B ce5"
nOKaJaTCllH pB3HOl! npHpOJl,bl. TeM He MeHee HH.I\HBIIAyaJIbHbIe
oco6eHHOCTH 60JIbWeH ...aCTH nOKa3aTeneH CBoiiCTB HepBHoii
507
506

CIICTet.{bl q,OpMIIPYIOTCJI no.l\ BJlHJlEfHeM H3cne.l\CTReHflbIX q,aI<TO-
pOB. O.!llla H3 npH'IHH 3!H)l pa3J1H'lHH MO)l(eT ObITb CBJl3,U!I\ C
cjJeHOMeEfOM napl.\lIaJIbHOCTH, TO eCTb H3JI!!'llleM Me)J(3HaJIH33-
TOpHblX pa3J1H'IHii B I!MIIX3TOpaX CHC. K CO)J(3iJ!!j!'IO, 3TY rll-
nOTe3Y npOBepllTb He YllaJIOCb, nOGlmJIbxy K KOHI.\Y 70- x rO.l\OB
:<}ICCneL\OB3HIIJI H3CJIeJl,CTBeUHOH 06YCJIORJIeHHOCTH CHC B JIa-
oopaTopHH reHeTH'IeCKOH nCllxoq,H3HOJIOrllll npeICpaTllJIHcb. 06-
ll(He c130iicTBa HepBHoH CHCTeMbl, OTpa1l<aIOll(lIe paGeTY nepe-
Jl,HHX OT]\eJIOB M03ra, HC IICcnel\OB3JIHCb R J1360paTopHH, HO
nOCKonbKY 3TH nOK333TeJIH, B OTJlII'IHe OT '13CTHbIX CHC, CB!!-
3aHbl, no MHeHillO B..II..HeOblJllII:\bIH3, C T3XIIMH reHeTH'leCKH
06YCJlOBJleHHblMH COCTaBJIJ0ll(IIMH TeMnepaMeHT3, KaK aKTHB-
HOCTb H 3MOllHOhanbHOCTb, MO)J(HO c]\enaTb npe.l\nOJlO)J(eHHe 0
3H3'1l1TeJIbHOM BJIHJlHHH HacnellCTBeHHblX q,aKTOpOB Jla oc06eHHO-
CTH 06ll(HX CBOHCTB HepOHOH CHCTeMbl. ApryMeHTOM B nOJIb3Y
31'oro npe]\nOJIO)J(eHHJI MO)J(eT CJIY)J(HTb HaCJIe.l\CTBeHH3J1 oOYC-
nOBneHHOCTb nOKa3aTeJleH HaH60JIee 06ll\ero CBOHCTBa HepBHOH
CIlCTeMbl- "aKTI1Bl1pOOaHHOCTH", OTpa)J(alOll\ere YCTOH'IHRr,le
HH,tI,IIBH)J.}'aJIbHble pa3JIH'IHJI 0 ypOIJHe 3KTIIBaQHH.
rflABA 13. ABrATEIlbHbIE XAPAKTEPCTK
.II.oHraTeJIbHaJi cq,epa qenOBCKa B nCllxoreHeTIIKe I1CCJIe-
J\OBaHa HecpaBHHMO xY)J(e, qeM BblCWlle nCHXHqeCXlle cjJYHKI.\HH.
3TO xa)J(eTCJI CTpaHHblM, raK KaK B MOTopllKe nerKO ObIl\eJIJlIOT-
CII qeTKHC ]\HCKpCTHble npH3HaKfI, na6opaTOpHb1e MOJ(eJUI ]\OC-
TaTOqHO npOCTb!, 11 B KOHeqHOM CqeTe MOTopHKa OX33bIBaeTCJI
i1JIJI nCHxoreHeTllqeCKOrO aHaJIH3a 3HaqHTeJIbHO 60Jlee Y1\06-
HblM 06bexTOM, qeM, HanpHMep, HHTenJJeKT.
CYll\eCTBYIOUllle (BeCbMa HeMHorO'lHCJIeHHble) reHeTH'IeC-
Klle IICCJIeIl:OBaHII!! MOTOpllKJI qel!OBeKa cjJparMeHTapHbl H He
06beJ\IIHeHbl HII norllKOH IIccne)J.OBaHHJI, HH KaKOH-JIH60 06U1eil
KOHl1enTyaJlbHoi! oeHoBoij. 3TO 3aTpYJ\IiJleT aHa1lH3, TeM He MC-
Hce MO)J(HO BblJ\ellllTb qerblpe THna IICCJIeIJ;OBaHIIH. KaK 113Bec-
THO, JII060H Ha5JIIOJ\aeMbtii Ha nOBeJ\eHqeCKOM ypORHe J\BHra-
TeJIbHbIH aXT npeJ(CTaBIIJlCT C060H KOHC'IIiOe 3BeHO 0 cjJyJlKI.\HO-
HMpOBaHHIl CIIO)J(HOii, MHorOYPOBHeBOH, HepapXH'ICCKH opraHH-
30BaHHOH CHCTeMbI, BKJllOqaIOUlCH B ee6J1 6HOXI1MII'IeCKHe H
cjJH3HOJlOnl'leeKHe npOl\eeebl B HepOHO-MbIUle'lHOH TKaHH, 3Hep-
reTHQeCKOe 06eCneqeHHe MbIWeqHOH IJ;CJlTel!bHOCTII, opraHH3a-
l\HIO, ynpaBl!eHHe II OI:\eHKY J\BII)J(CHHJI l\eHTpaJIbHoij HepBHoii
CIICTCMOH H nCHXOJIOrllqeCKlie cjlaKTopbI, oe05eHHO OTqeTnHOO
npOJlBIIJlIOl\UIeCJI a l.\elIelianpaBneHHblX npOll3BOJIbHblX .!J.Bl1ra-
TeJlbHblX aXTax. B 3aBHCII MoeTH OT Taro, KaKOH ypooeHb 06ec-
ne'leHHJI )J.OH)J(eHIIJI 113Y'IaCTeJl, KOHKpCTHoe IIccneJ\OIJaHlle MO-
JKeT 6bITb OTHeceHO K OJ\HOMY H3 qCTblpex TlIllOB: l1ep8blu CBJI-
3aH C H3yqeHHeM CJJO)J(HbIX nOBeJ\eHqeClmX HaBbIKOB; emopou -
CraH]\apT1I30BaHHbIx ABl1raTeJlbHblX npo6; mpemuu - cjJII3HOJIO-
rHqeCKIIX CHCTeM 06eCne'lellllJl MbIUle'lHOH ]\eJlTeJIbHOCTH; H,
Ha"'OHeu, qemeepmblu CBJl3aH C H3Y'IeHlleM Heiipoq,1131101l0rH'IeC-
Koro ypOBHJI
509

1. IIIccneAoBaHMe CnOJKHblX
nOBeAeH'IeCKMX HaBblKOB
BbllllC, 'ICM 3 (4,3%) CXOAHble .n:aHHble nonY'IHJIII JI.fcMa II
JI.HepoHI1 (Gedda L., Neroni L., 1955) npll aHanl'!3e MIIMHKII 56
nap 6J1113HeLlOB (npocMoTp I<IIHO(!IIIJlbMa). B 79% cnY'IaCB Y M3
6nll3HeLloB o611apYJKeHa nonHa!! KOHKOpJJ;aHTHoCTb no MHMI1KC,
TorAa KaK Y .II.3 - JIlillib B 32,5% CJJY'JacB ELI.\e 60JJblIlee CXOJJ;-
CTlJO (89,6%) MIIMHKII y M3 6J1H3HCLIOB 06HapYJKIIJI ll.CI1JJIIHJJ;ep
(Splinder P., 1955).
B HaCTOJlLl.\eC BpeMJI 3TH IICCJIc.n;OBaHH!I npc,LtCTaBJ1AlOT tKO-
pee IICTOpH'IeCKI1i1 IIHTepec. Cne.!l)'eT, O)J.llaKO, OTMeTIITb, '1TO, He-
CMOTP!! Ha MCTO)J.II'leCKI1C lIeJJ;OCTaTKII (OTCYTCTBHe aJJ;CI<BaTHbIX
CTaTIiCTII'IeCKIIX Me'IOAOB o6pa6oTKI1 pe:JynbTaToB, HeHaJl,eJKHOCTb
onpeAeneHII!I 3HrOTHOCTH 5JJH3HeLlOB, cy6beKTIIBHOCTb OLleHOK
BHyTpllnapHoro CXOACTBa B BhmOJlHCHHH )$HraTeJ1bH!>1X H!l.BbIKon),
3TH pa60Tbi I10CTaBIIJJII Ha I10BCCTKY AHH Bonpoc 0 Mecre reeTl1-
'ICCKIIX tjlaKTopOB B <jJOpMllpOBaHIIII MeJKIIHAI1BI1AyaJIbHOIl Ba-
pl1aTIIBHOCTII ABHraTCJJbHbIX KaqeCTB 'IeJJOBeKa.
EOJJblIlC Bcero npOBeAeHO pa60T nepBoro THna, B KOTO-
pblX H3Y'laJIIICb TaKHe CJ,rOiKHble JJ;BHraTCJIbHble HaBbIKH, KaK
nHCbMO, B.n;eBaHHe HI1TKH B I1rOJJKY, XOJKAeHHC no 6pCBHY, 6PH-
ne H T.A. (von Bracken H., 1969).
lleplJble Cnel\HaJlbHble HCCJ\eAonaHIIH HacJ\eAcTBCMMO\\
06YCJIOBJICHHOCTH MOTOpHblX tjlyHKl11iH qeJJOBeKa 6bIJIH nOCB!!llIe-
HbI ABHran:J1bHbIM aKTaM HaqaJIa XOJl,b6b1 y 6iII13HeLlOB B paHHcM
ACTcrnc (C060J1eBa f.B ,1926; EepKoBII'I I1.M., 1930; EOCHK JI ..51.,
1934). 06HapYJKCHO, '1TO, no J{aHHblM pa3nH'IHblX HCCJIc.n;OBaTe-
JJcii., OT 63,1% 11.0 93,1% MOH03HrOTHb!X 61U!.3HClI.OB Ha'Uma1QT
XOAUTb OIl.HOBpeMeHHO, TorAa KaK AJ1!! .l\H311rOTHbIX 6JJ1i3HeLlOB
3TOT nOKa3aTenb 3Ha'lHTenbHO MeHbwe - OT 29,9% .l\O 68,4%
ITo YTBCpJl<.n;eHI1IO H.M.EepKOBII'Ia (1930), HaqaJIO XOJl<IlCHH"
3aBllCHT OT rCHCTH'IeCKIIX <jJaKTopoB, qTO nO.l\TBepJl<JI,aIOT .l\aH-
HblC II lI.Pyrllx aBTopoB.
JI...51.EOCI1K (1934) I10KaJaJJa Ha 60JIblIlOM CTaTlICTHqCCKOM
MaTepllaJIC (63 I1apbI M3, 59 nap OAHOnOJJblX .II.3, 42 napbl pa3110-
nOJJblX 3), qTO 1l0JIH reHeTHqeCKIIX H CPC.l\OBbIX <jJaKTopoB, BJ1H-
"1QIlIUX Ha CpOKI1 Ha'lBJJa cll.l\eHUJI, rrOqTH paBHbI (K03<jJ<jJHljl1eHT
KOppeJJJllI.Hli y M3 paBeH 0,97; Y .II.3 - 0,73). llopa3HTenbHoe
CXO.l\crno jl,BHJKCHHH H nOBeAeHUJI 6JIlI3Hel\OB (Ha npHMepe OAHOH
napbl M3) Ha pa3JJH'IHbIX CTyneHHx paHHcro lleTCTBa 06HapYJKII-
nil A.fe33en II X XaJ1bBapCOH (Gessel A., Halverson H., 1941)
ConOCTaBJJeHlle 612 nOBeAeHqCCKIIX aKTOB Y napTllepoB 6J1H3He-
110Boi1 napbI nOKaJaJIO HX noqTli nOJJI1YIO IIAeHTI1'1HOCTb B 512 CJIY-
qa"x H He3HaqHTeJJbHoe paCXOJl<lleHHe - B OCTaJlbHblX CJJyq<U!x.
HHTepeCHO, '1TO B pJlAe IIccnel\OBaHlIH 6bIJIO 06HapYJKeHO
BJIH!!HHC rCHOTllna Ha HIIl\HBH.l\yaJlbHble OC06CHHOCTH MHMHqCC-
KIIX Jl,BIIJKCHIIH H naHTOMHMHKH (Splinder P., 1955; Gedda L.,
Neroni L., 1955 If ,lip.)
A JIeToBaapa (Lehtovaara A., 1938) 6blJl nepBblM, KTO 3a-
HJlnCJI I'!CCiIe.n;OBaHHeM Hacnc.n;cTBeHHoH o6ycnOBJIeHHOCTil MIIMII-
KII. llape 6ml3HCl\OB nOKa3blBaJIII pa3JJH'IHble KapTHHKII (cMelll-
HblC HJIlI CTpa!llHblc), II O,AIIOBpCMCHHO CHIIMaJIlI Ha KHHOnJICHJ<Y.
lloCJIe aHaJIH3a KIlHOnJJeHKII (69 nap 6JJ113HeLloB) 6blJJO 06HapYJKe-
HO, qTO KOHKopJ{aHTHocTb M3 6J1!13HeUOB (40,8%), 3HaQllTeJlbHO
510
2. IIIccneAoBaHMe cTaHAapTM30BaHHbix
ABMraTenbHblx npo6
CT<lHAapTil30R<lHHb!\: .l\Blu'aTenbHble npo6bI IIIHpOKO I1C-
nOJIb3YIOTCJI B nCHXOJJOrHH KaK 3KcnepllMeHTaJIbHble MO)J;eJlH 113Y-
qCHHJI pa3J1HqHblX nCI1XOnOrll'leCKHX ljIeHoMeHoB K3K 113BeCTHO,
oc06eHHOCTH l\BllraTeJJbHblX pe3Kl\Hi1 MorYT CJIYJKHTb IIHl\IIKaTO-
paMH tjlYHKl.\llOHaJlhHOro COCTO"HH!!, HeHpO)J.IIHaMII'ICCKHX II Tl1nO-
JlOrH'IeCKIIX oco6eHHOCTeH BblCllleH HepBHoH l\eRTenbHOCTII. Hx
HCnOJJb3YIOT IJ,JIJI H3yqeHHJI npoueCCOB npOll3BOJIbHOrO perYilllpo-
BaHH!! CCHCOMOTOpHOH ,Ae"TCJIbHOCTH; no HH.n:HBIIJ{YaJIbHbIM 000-
6CHHOCTJlM npeMCHHbIX, npO.!l)'KTHBHblX II IlpyrHX napaMeTpoB MO-
TOpHKl1 CYiJ,JIT 0 I1CI1XHqeCJ(IIX npOll.CCcax, qepTaX JIH'IHOCTH (JIa-
3ypCKHH A.<D., 1916; Malrno R., 1950; Hc6blJlHLlbIH B .II.., 1960;
EOHKO E.H, 1964; qynpHKoBa H 11.,1967' Cowles M., 1973; Ko-
HOIIKHH a A., 1980; Stelmack R., Ploufte L., 1983). JIa6opaTOpHoe
113Y'lCHHC 3J1eMeHTapHblx .lI.BHraTeJJbHblX peaKUHH .aaeT HcoueHII-
MYIO .lI.1IR nclIXOreHeTHqCCKOrO HCCile.l\OBaHHH B03MOJKHOCTb ypaB-
HHBaTb CpelJ.0BbIe BJIII"HH!! (HanpHMep, paBHo TpeHl1py!! '1JIeHOB
O)J.IIOH 6JIII31-!eUOBOH napbl). KpoMe Toro, IICCilel\OBaHIIH JJa60pa-
511

TOpHblX MOAem:ii MOTOpl1KH I1MelOT ell.\e O.n:HO npeI'!MYll.\eCTBO.
HanOMHI1M, qTO OQeHKa HaCJIel(yeMocTH, norryqaeMaSi 6JI1I3HeQO-
BblM MeTOl(OM, OCHOBaHa Ha AOnYll.\eHlfI1 0 paBeHCTBe cpel( WIJI
qnCHOB M3 '" ,lI;3 nap, II :)TO .1\OnYLQeHMe "BJISleTCJI BeCbMa cepbe3-
Holi npo6neMoii npl1 I1CCJIel\OBaHIUI nCI1XOJIOmqeCKI1X '1epT, TaK
KaK cYll.\eCTBYIOT AaHHbIC, npOTHBOpeqall.\He eMY. llPH 113Y'ICHI1I1
MOTOpHKI1 TaKOe AonYll.\eHHC npCACTaBJIJleTCSI 60JIce npa-
BOMepHhIM, nOCKorrbKY, KaK C'IHTaCT K.MaKHeMap (McNemaT Q ,
1933), qrrCHb! M3 H ,lI;3 nap HMCIOT paBHbIe B03MOJKHOCTH WISI pa3-
BI1T1i" I\Bl1raTeJIbilbIX HallblKoB, 11, CJIeAOBaTenbHo, B nOM cnY'Iae
cpc){a SlBnSleTCSl 60nee OAHOPOI\HOii, '1eM WISI Bb!CWHX nCHXI1'1Ce-
KHX <jJYHKQHH.
B reHeTHqeCKI1X IICCJIel\OBaHIiSiX Hcnorrb3ycTeSi AOeTaTOq-
HO 1III1pOKIIH cnCKTp MOTOpHbIX TCCTOB, ){lIarHOCTllpYIOIllI1X oc-
HOBHble I\BliraTcrrbHbIe KaqCCTBa, npHqCM 31\cCb BbI){eJISIIOTCJI
){Ba OTHOCI1TerrbHO HC3aBI1CIIMbIX nO.1\XOl\a. llepBbII1 npC){CTaB-
JIeH pa60TaMil CneU;lfaJIIfCTOB B o6rracTif <!m31f'feCKOrO BocnlfTa-
HHSI, B 1<0TOpbIX, KaK npaBIIJIO, H3yqalOTCSI BbIHocrrHBocTb, JIOO-
KoeTb 11 CKOpOCTHO-CI1JIOBbIe xapaKTepl1CTHKH '1elIOBeKa npn
BbInOJIHeHl111 CnOpTIIOHblX AOI1JKeHl1ii BTOPOH, c06cTBeHHo
nCHxOrCHCTH'ieeKIIH, nO):(XOA CB"3aH C HCCJIe):(OBaHHCM OCOOCH-
HoeTeK KOopAHHaQlf1f II CKOpOCTHblX xapaKTepl1CTHK M!lKpO-
MOTOpHKH.
OCHOBHb!e HTorH IICCJIel(oBaHHH cnopTIIBHbIX AOHJKeHHH
(Gcdda L., 1960; Ishidoy J., 1957; Wright L., 1961; Kovar R.,
1974, Gcdda L, 1967; CepmeHKo A.ll., 1975; IIIoapQ B.E., 1978)
CYMMHpoBaHbl 0 Ta6JIHQax 13.1-13.3. OHH eBIi.1\eTCJ1bCT8YIOT 06
onpeAenCHHOM OJII1"HHII Hacrrel\CTBcHHb!X <jJaKTopoB Ha MeJKHIi.!l.ll-
BHAyarrbHy:IO BapnaTHBHoCTh BbIOOJIHeHI1S1 pMa MOTOpHblX TeCTOB
II, CJIe,l\OBaTcJIbHO, COOTOeTCTBYIOll.\IIX HM I\BllraTerrbHbI)( cnoc05-
HOCTCH. <DopMHpooaHHc rll6KoCTH Ta306eI\PeHl1bIX cycTaooo, no-
3BOHOqHOro cToJI6a H nJ1e'leBbl:>; CYCTaBOB, OTHOCHTeJIbHOH MbJ-
We'lHOH C!lJIb!, eKopocTHO-CIIJlOObIX xapaKTepllCTI1K 6era, npblJK-
KOB B WIHHY H obIeory, TOJIKaHIISI JlApa B 3Ha'lHTem.HoH Mepe on-
pe,l\eJIJleTcJI HacrreJJ;CTBCHlibIM!I <jJaKTopaMH. MeHce 0)!H03Ha'lHbl
){aHHbIC no a6COJllOTHOH MbIWe'lHOH eHJIe, XOTSI 0 l.\eJIOM 0 ee oa.
pHaTHBHOCTI1 60JlbWy:IO pOJIb, BepOJITHO, lirpa10T <jJaKTopbI CpC)4bI.
HHAIIOHAyaJlbHbIe oc06eHHOCTH nOKa3aTeJIeH nooKOCTH, cY){JI no
pa60TaM JI.YHJlbSiMCa Ii ero KOlUIerH (Williams L , Hearfield V ,
512
Ta6J1ua 13.1
K03<JxPw.iuewnbl HtJCIIedyeMOcmu (ft2) lWl«13ameneU Jl/bUlI£'lHOi1 CUJ161
Alnop Mblwe"4Ha rpynna Bo,pacr 4MCI\O nap I'i'
M3 .113
J,Svancara. 1966 cmf5arenb KMcrlt 6-16 38 156 0.24
O.6.Wsap, 1972 17 26 38 0,71
A Venerando, 1()-13 12 11 0,58
A.Milani-Comparetti, 14-17 12 11 0,58
1973 a. b
R.Kovar. 1981 11-25 15 15 0.4()
n.n.Cap"'eHKO, 1975 12-17 24 26 0,43
A.Venerando. cnI0aTE!nb 1()-13 12 11 0,42
A,Milani-CompareW. npeAnm,,,.. 14-17 12 11 0.80
1973 a, b
R.Kovar.1981 11-25 15 15 0.75
A.Venerando, pa3mfiareJ1b 1()-13 12 11 0,44
A,Milanlomparetti, ryoe."¥I 14-17 12 11 0.74
1973 a,b
R Kovar. 1981 11-25 15 15 0,57
o 6 HOBO*MllOBa, 8-15 15 15 0,11
1976
lI.A.Ca..areeaa, 1976 9,5 20 29 0,71
n.n.cepmeHKo.1975 12,17 24 26 0,40
A,Venerando, pa3rM6aTenb 1()-13 12 11 0,67
A,Milani-Comparettl, roneliM 14-17 12 11 0,78
1973 a, b
A.Yenerando, al5conlO111M 1()'13 12 11 0,78
A Milani.CompareW, MblUJe'.tHaJ! CMl1a 14-17 12 11 0,87
1973 a, b
11 n CepmeH'o.1975 12.17 24 26 0.37
n,n.Cepr.teHKO.1975 DTHoa.renbHM 12-17 24 26 0,64
MDlUJet(HaR a1118
1973) H JI.ll.CeprneHKO (1975), IjIOp.\fHPYIOTCH B OCJJOBHOM no,l\
BJII1HHl1eM CpCAbl.
OCHOBHblM 3KcnepliMeHTaJThHbIM nplleMOM, IICnOJIb3yeMbIM B
HCCneJl,OOaHIiJlX CI<OpOCTHblX XapaKTepHCTIIK )J;llIIraTeJIbHblX aKTOB,
SlB1IJIeTC1I perHCTpaUHH Tel101iHra (reMna J10CTYKlUlaH}!j:i) Ii BpeMe-
513

Ta6J1ull,a ]3,2
K03,pIjJUI/U£Hmbl HaCJIeoyeMocmu (h') 110KQ3mrWJleU CKopocmHO-
CWl08blX mecm08
Ta6/1uIl,a ]3,3
K031jJIjJ u 'lue//mb! H4 c J/eiJyeMocmu (h') /lOKa3ameJ/eu J/08Kocmu u
Zu6Kocmu
HII peaKHI1. 4>YHi\aMCHTailbHoc HCCilei\OBaHHe (1000 HcnblTye-
MbIX) OnTHMaJIbHOrO TCMna nOCT)'KHBaHIIH p)'KaMIII1 HOraMl1, OCY-
ll\eCTBJleHHOe B 30-e IT. H.<I>plllllai13eH-KeiIep (Frischie:.en-Kohler
1., 1933), BbIHBHno BblCOKYIO BHYTpHHHi\HBHi\YaJIbHYIO cTa6l1nb-
HOCTb 3TOH XapaKTepHCTI'!KH. llpll H3Y'IeHHH 6JIH3HeOB 6bIJIO 3a-
(jJHKcHpoBaHo 60JIbWee BHYTpHnapHoe CXO.n:CTBO nOKaJaTencH M3
(cpe,!I,llHJI BHYTpHnapHaH pa3HOCTb pasHa 11,1%), no cpaBHeHHIO C
.II.3 (17,5%). CeMeHHoe HccneJl,OBaHHe OIITHMaJIbHOrO TeMna TaK-
)J(e BbIJlBllnO CXOi\CTBO MeJK,IJ;Y POi\IITCJIJlMII (85 nap) II HX i\eTbMH
(318 '1enOBcK). PeJYJIbTaThI 3T11X 3KcnepHMcHTOB npllBeJIl1 H.<I>pH-
wai13eH-Kenep K BbIDOi\)' 0 3Ha'lHTCilbHOH HacnCi\CTBCHHOH 06yc-
ilOBilCHHOCTIf TCnnllHTa - OIlTHMaJIbHOrO TeMna IJOcTYKIfBaHlfii.
.lI:aHHble pJli\a i\Pyrllx, XOTJI H He Bcex, IICCJlei\OBaHHH TaK)J(e CBH-
Jl,eTeJIbCTBYIOT B nOJlb3Y onpei\eJIeHHOrO Blmai\a Hacnei\CTBeHHblX
(jJaKTopOB B 113MCH'IIiBOCTb 3TOH CKOpOCTHOH xapaKTepHCTIIKII
(Ta6Jil'!lIa 13.4).
Eonbwoe KOJiHqeCTBO (jJaKToB 0 HaCJIei\CTBeHHoH 06yc-
iIOBneHHOCTIi CKOpOCTHblX xapaKTepllcTHK i\BllraTeJIbHblX aKTOB
HaKonJIeHO B paMKax HCCJlei\OBaHHH cBoHcTB HCpBHOH CHCTeMbl
6nH3HclloB, nOCKOiIbKY JlJlJI i\l1arHOCTHKII TaKIIX CBOHCTB, KaK
514
ABrop MblweHaA rpynna B03pacr 4cnD nap h'
M3 A3
L.Williams. 6anaHCMpOBK8 npM 15 15 8 0,48
V He.meld, 1973 nQA"beMe H3
necrl'l
J1.n, Cep",eH.a, 1975 npbl>KOK Baepx c 12-17 24 :16 0,19
orpSHWoIeHHoK
nt1oll.l3AH Onopbl,
H3xoARL4eACI; ti3
B03BblUJeHMK
n n Cepr-..eHKO,1975 "'enH""H" 501" 12-11 24 :16 0.:16
RKov.r.1981 1"M6XOCTb n03BOl10'+ 11-25 15 15 0,69
J1.n Cep",eHKO.1975 HOro cron6a 12-17 24 :16 0,84
n.n C"I'",eH.a,1975 m6KOCTb 1'a305e.q- 12-17 24 :16 0,70
peHHblX cycr3BOB
n.n Cepr-..eHKO,1975 nt6KOCTb Me"teBt>lX 12-17 24 :16 0,91
cycrasou
ABrop M"UJe<lH" rpynn. Bo3P.cr 4McnO nap II'
M3 A3
6.6 Woap4.1972 ', 60".. 60 M &.17 :16 35 0,91
nn.CepOlleHKo,1975 rHa60M 12-17 24 :16 0.48
VWeiss.1979 l5erHa60M 10 180 300 0.85
R.Kovar, 1981 rHa40M 11.25 15 15 0,89
n n.cepr-..eHKO.1975 rHa30M 12-17 24 :16 0,62
J1.A.Ca..8Tee..,1975 6er Ha 20 M 9,5 20 29 0,83
J1 n Cepr-..eH,o,1975 npbl>kOK B ,Q,.nI4HY 12-11 24 :16 0,74
o 6.Ho."""",o.., 1978 npblJKO'I( B AI1MH)' a.l 15 15 0,45
V.weiss.1979 npW)I(()K B ,Q,I1MKY 10 180 300 0,86
R.Kovar, 1981 npblJKO'I( B BbiOOty 11.25 15 15 0.86
J1.AC....ree...1976 npbl>kOK 8 BbiOOty 9,5 20 29 0,82
J1.n.Cep",eHKO,1975 TOl1l(ae pa 12-17 24 :16 0,16
V Weiss.1979 To.nKaHlile RApa 10 180 300 0.71
nOi\BI1)J(HOCTb H Jla6I1nbHOCTb, IICnOnb30BaJlII pa3nHqHblC i\BHra-
TellbHbIC MCTOi\IIKH (TennHHr-TCCT, peaKl\HJI BbI60pa H T. )J;. ).
C nOMOll\blO i\lmraTCJIbHOH MeTO)J;IIKH H3Y'IarraCb nOi\BH)J(-
HOCTb HepBHOH CHCTCMbl Y 6JIII3HeliOB (KaHaeB H.H., 1941; BaclI-
nell T.B., 1975, 1978 H )],p. ), nOKa3aTenH KOTOpOH OKa3aiIHCb Y
M3 6llHJHeliOB O'leHb nOXO)J(HMH.
H.<Z>.KypK'I1f If JI.H.KypK'JH (1967) JlCCnei\OBaJlH 3 napbl
;::t;3 II 3 napbI M3 (8-17 neT) no MeTOi\HKe A.EXIIJIb'lCHKO. Hc-
nbITyeMblM i\eMOHCTpllpOBaJlaCb i\BH)J(Yll\aJlCJI JIeHTa C 11306pa-
)J(eHHJlMI1 Kpyra, KBaJl,paTa II 1'peYTOJIbHHKa, cnei\YIOII.\HMIl B pa3-
JlH'JHOM nopHJU<e. HCnblTyeMblH i\OJl)J(eH 6bIJI Ha nOJIBneHHe KBai\-
paTa H Kpyra Ha)J(HMan KHonKY COOTBeTCTBeHHO npaBoH II JlC-
BOH PYKOH. B Ka'lCCTBC nOKa3aTeJlJl nOi\BH)J(HOCTH HCnOJlb30Ba-
rraCb MaKCHMaJIbHaJi CKOpOCTb, npll KOTOpOH JlCnblTYCMblH He
i\OnYCKail 50JlbWe 5% OWJl60K. EbliIO 06HapYJKelfo, qTO nOKa3a-
515

Tenli nO)lBIIJKIIOCTII Y M3 Gnll31!el.\OB BI!YYplinapl!O Gonee C)(O)l-
I!bl, qeM y f{3 6i\1I3I!eI.\OB.
B paGoTax T.B BaCHJlel\ (1975, 1978) WlH onpe)leneHI\JI
nO)lBIIJKI!OCTH OblJIH BbI6paHLI cne,!(YJOll.\He MeTOJI,HKII' nepe,!(e1I-
KHcllrHanbHoro 3Ha'JeHHH pa3)1paJKIITeneH, H3MepeHIIJI nocne-
Jl.enCTBIfH CTIfMYI!{}B, IfJMCpel/l/H TCMna HeCIlOJKHOH Jl.eHTCllbHO-
CTII. Bce TpH 3KcnepllMeHTaJlbHblX nplfcMa 6blJIII peam130BaHbl
I!a 6a3e MeTOJl.IIKU XIIJ1bqCHKO-EoPIICOBOH ()UlllraTeJlbHaH pe-
aKl.\lUI Bbl60pa 113 Tpex anbTepHaTlIB npH cnY'JllHI!OH noclleAO-
BaTeJlbHOCTII CTIIMYJlOB H YCKOpJlJOlI.(eMCH TeMne IIX npeJl.1>JlBne-
HUJI). Bo Bcex Tpex cnyqaJlX IIcnonb30BaJlIICb OAHII II Te JKe pa3-
)lpaJlmTenli, OiJ,ua II Ta JKe )I,ImraTenbl!aJl peaK!.\HJI H BnllJllme
 '
elfnb! HepBHOIf eliCTeMbl ObIJIO :JnHMIIl!lIpOBaHO. HeCneiJ,OBaHlle
npOBO)lllnOCb C 6nll3Hel.\aMII )lBYX B03paeTI!bIX rpynn (7-11 II
33-55 neT), KaJK.l!aJl BOJpaeTlfaH rpynna BKJl101Jana no 20 nap
M3 II 20 nap OiJ,liOnOJlblX .II.3 6nIl3HeI.\OB. EbIJIa 06HapYJI<CHa pa3-
l!aJl eTenel!b reHeTII'JeCKHX BnHJlHliH I!a pa31!ble nOKa3aTeJJII.
Hall60nee OT'IeTI1I1BYIO 3aBlicuMoeTb OT reHOTIma npO)leMOI!-
CTpHpOBaJl npe,!(enbl!bIi! TeMn peaKl.\lIH Bbl60pa. B HJMCHel!ll!lX
Jla1'eHTl!blX nepllO)lOB BI1I1J1I!II!I cj!aKTopOB HaCJle,!(CTBeHHOCTU He
06I!apYJKI11!aeTCJI, a B Jl.I1HaMIIKe OruU60K reHeTII'JecKIIH KOHT-
pOllb 06HapYJKHBaeTC!I TonbKO B rpy!me B3pOCJIbiX IfCnbITyeMblx.
B pa60Te l' .A.llaHrenecBoi! II H.<!).IlIn!lXTb! (1978) HCCJIe-
iJ,OBanHCb lteKOTOpbJe nOKa3aTeJIH na6lfJIbHOCTIf HepOlfbiX npo-
l.\eCCOB (KYJI,a BXOiJ,JlT II nOKa3aTeJIII TennliHr-TecTa) Y 6n1l3He-
l\OB 13-16 ne! (20 nap M3 II 20 nap .II.3). 06Hapy)I(eHO, '1TO
MaKCIIMaJlbHbll1 II onTUManbHblH TeMn nOCTYKlloaHIIH 3aBHCII1'
OT reH01'Hnll'JeCKIIX cj!aKTopOB (onTHMaJIbl!bIH: Y M3 K03cjllplll.\lf-
eHT KOppe:ruIl\1I1I pasel! 0,78, a .lI3- 0,15; MaKCIiMaTIbl!bJi! TeMn: y
M3 - 0,69, y .II.3 - 0,25).
fHeTII'IeCKIfi1 aHall1f3 BpeMCHI! npocTblX ceHcoMoTOpHblX
peaKUI1 '!(ll npoTHBOpe'lIlBbIe pe3YJ1bTaTbI (Gedda L et aI.,
1970, KomI P. et aI., 1973; llaH1'eJ1CeBa T.A., 1975; Vandenberg
S , 1962; PaBII'I-I.I.(ep60 H. B. C COaBTOpaMH, 1965 II MI!OrHe .!WY-
rHe) - OT !lBHOrO Bnll!llll1H reHOTIma 11;0 OTCYTCl'BHJI TaKOBoro
(m6n. I 3.4). CJle,!(yeT o1'MeTIITb, '11'0 B )laHHbIX uCCnel!OBaHHIIX
ceHcoMOTOpHaJi peaKl\1I1I paccMaTpllBanacb KaK 3neMeHTapHbIH
rOMOreHl!blJ{ aKT, TorJl.a KaK B COBpCMCHHOH nCHJWnOrHII u cj!11_
3110JlOrHH 3Ta peaKl\H!I CqlfTae1'C!I CnOJKHblM no CTpYKType ai<-
5J6
TOM, COCTO!lIl.(IIM H3 HC3aBUCHMbIX D.Pyr OT D.pyra KOMnOHeHTOB -
IlpeMOTOpHoro, CBi/3aHHoro C BOCnpll!lTHCM If 3HalI1I30M nocry-
naJOll.\ejj cTHMyn!lll.illi, iI MOTopHoro, CIIil3al!I!OrO C pCaJlll3al.\lI-
eli Jl.BHJKeHIIJI (boliKO E H... 1964). COOTBeTCTBeHHO If BpeMJI pe-
aKl\HH CKnaD.bIBaeTCJ! U3 "npeMoTopHoro" H "MoTopHoro" Bpe-
Melfll, TO eCTb JlBIIHeTCJI CYMMapHblM nOl<:a3aTeJJeM BpCMeHH npo-
yeKaHH!I no MellbllleH Mepe .l\Byx pa3nl1qHblX npOl.\eCCOB. ll03TOMY
B03MO)l(HO, '1TO nonY'JeHHble paCXO)l(ACHH!I B ou.eHKax HaCJlCA-
CTBeHHOH 06ycnoBIIcHHOCTH 06!!(ero BpeMeHIi pC3Kl\HI'! OOJ.!lC-
II!lIOTC!I pa3nH t lll!lMH B HcnOnb30BaHHbiX MOD.e]J!lJ( )UlHraTeJJ:bHbIX
pe3KUHii, 3KljeHTllpOBIIBWHX O,l\HY HJIH .!WyryIO COCTaBIIJlIOIl.\YIO.
.II.eHcTBHTeJlbHO, reHeTlI'JeCKHH aHanH3 BpeMeHHbIX xapaK-
TCpHCTHK OTJl.eJ!bHblX KOMnOHClfTOO 06!!(cro BpeMelfU pCaKl\UIf,
npOBe.n:eHlfbIH T.A.llaHTeneeBoH (1977), BblJlBIIJI 3TII pa3nH'IIIJI.
B IICCJleAOBaHI'!U Y'lacTBoBaJlH no 20 nap M3 II .II.3, y KOTOpblX
perllcTpHpOBalIHCb npOCTbIe )lBHraTelIbHbIe PCBKl.\I11f Ha 3BYKH
qaCToTo!i 1000 H 500 fl\ II IIHTeHCIIBHOCTbIO 60 AD. KpoMe Toro,
Y Bee.'.: HcnblTyeMblx cjlOpMlfpoBalllf JI.llHr3TeJILHb1H HaBblK peaK-
I.\HII Bb!6opa 113 .l\Byx anbTepHaTIIB (3BYKOBbIe CllfI1aJlbl Te JKe) C
nOCJIeD.YJOll.\eH ee nepe,l\emWH. AHanH3HpOBalIHeb TpH BpeMeH-
HblX napaMeTpa )lBHraTelIbHOH peaKI.\I1i1: I) naTeHTHbIH nepHOiJ,
3IIeKTpOMHorpaMMbI (3MI'), COOTBeTCTBYIOll.\IIH npeMOTopHOMY
BpeMeHH, 2) BpeMJI onepeJKeHIIJI 3Mf-peaKL(lIcH .l\BHraTenbHoro
31j11j)eKTa, 3) BpeMJI caMoro Jl,BIf)l(eHIfJl. CYMMa Jl,BYX nOCneiJ,HHX
napaMeTpOB iJ,aeT MOTopHoe BpeMJI. 3TII napaMeTpbJ aHaJiH3H-
pOBaJlHCb npH cj!OpMHpOBaHHII )UllfraTeilbHoro HaBblKa Ha 3Tane
Bpa6aTblB3HfIII H H3 3Tanc aBTOMaTH3al\HH.
OKa3aIIOCb, '1TO reHOTllnl1'1eCKaJl iJ,eTepMIIHlfpOBaHI!OCTb
opeMeHllblX xapaKTepllCTHK )lBYX KOMnOHeHTOO "MOToplIoro"
BpeMeHH npOJlBII!leTCJlKaK B npOCTOH JI.lIHraTeJlbHOil peaKl\lflf,
TaK 11 B peaKL(HIi BbI60pa Ifa Bcex 3Tanax ee 1jI0pMllpoBalfHJI,
aI\TOMaTII3aL(I1H H nCpe)lenKII. .II.IIJI "npeMOTopuoro" BpeMeHII
aHaJIOrH'JHbIC pe3y"b1'aTbl nonY'JeHbI TOnbKO npll npOCTblX npo-
113BOlIbHbIX peaKI.\H!lX II npl'! aBTOMaTlf3lfpOB3HHOif peaKII.111f Bb/-
50pa. B nepHOiJ, )J(e "Bpa6aTbIBaHHJI", KorAa HaBblK 11111111, cj!op-
MllpyeTcR, JaBIICIIMOCTb "npeMOTOpI!OrO" BpeMeHH 01' ljIaKTo-
POB reHOTHna He 06HapY)l(IIBaeTC!I. llOClIeJl,HIIM, CYJl,!I no )laH-
HLIM T.A.llaHTeneeBOH, H 061>JlCI!!leTCJI OTCYTCTBHe reHOTHI1I1-
'1eCKHX BJlIlJiHHH B CYMMapHOM BpeMeHII peaKI.\HII BbI60pa Ha
517

Ta6Jla 13.4
Ko:)q,qJ!tueHmbl lIaCJleQyeMocmu CKopocmHblX xapwcmepucmuK
OeU2ameJIbllblX peaKuu
ipOpMC OCYU1eCTBilJleTCJI OC03HaHHblH KOHTpom" 6om,lllYlO pOJIb
I1rpalOT tjlaKTopbI cpebl..
AHami3 ycnoBIIH perHCTpaHH ceHcoMOTOpliblX peaKHH
BbIJlBHn TaKJKe 3aBliCHMOCTb relioTHn-cpe.n.oBblx COOTHoU1eHHH B
li3MeHqllBOCTII BpeMeHllbIx xapaKTepHcTHK .n.BHraTcnbHbIX peal{.
IIH OT MOl\anbHOCTH mmepaTIIBHbIX cTHMynoB llclIXOreHeTH-
'1eCKHe IICCJIel\OBaHHJI ABilraTeJIbllbIX peaKL\ilH Ha 3pHTenbHble
CTHMYJlbl CBHAeTenbcTByIOT, Ja HCKnlOqCHileM npO!!CII,eHHOH !fa
8bI6opKe 6JlH3Hel..\oB nopOCTKOBoro B03paCTa pa60TbI C. BaH-
eH6epra {Vandenberg S., (962),0 JHaqilTenbHOM BJIHjlHHH re-
HOTIlna Ha IfHIIBiI.n.yanbHbIe oc05eHHocTII BpeMeHHblx xapaK-
TepHCTIIK. BapHaTIIBHOCTb 1Ke n0l106HbIX nOl<a3aTCJIcii npH HC-
nonb30BaHHH CJIYXOBbIX cTHMynoB B 60JIbllleii Mepe onpe.n.eml-
eTCH tjlaKTopaMII CpeAbI Oco6eHHO OT'leTJIH:BO 3TO npOjlBHnOCb
B paGoTe H.IllBaHl.\apbl (Svancara J., 1971), perl1CTpl1pOBilBIlle-
ro BpeMJI npocToH .n:BH:raTelfbHoif peaKl.\l1H Ha cnYXOBble H 3PIl-
TenbHble cTilMynbl y O,/\Horo II Toro JKC KOHTHHreHTa IICnblTye-
MblX (Ta6mH(a !3.4). nOCKOllbKY BpeMIi peaKl.\HH HI! CTHMYJIbJ
pa3HOH MO,/\3JIbHOCTII perHCTpl1pOBanOCb B CTaH:apTllbIX YCJIO-
BHHX \I 6H:OMeXaHII'1eCKaJl CTpYKTypa .D.BIfJKeHilli 6blJII! II 050HX
cnyqaHX OHHaKOBa, TO pa3JIIf'lHJI B ypoBHe rCHeTiI'1eCKOrO KOII-
tpOJIH MorYT 06bHCHJlTbCJI, OqeBH1I.Ho, TonbKO pa3JIII'IHJJMH II re-
HeTHqeCKOH .n.CTepMHHal.\HI1 npOl.\eCCOB, npOTeKalOU1I1X B ceH-
COPHb!X CI1CTeMax. :3ro '1aCTll'mO COBnaJjaeT C ,/\3HHbIMI1
T.AllaffTeJIceBoii (1977).
HaKOHel.\, B HeKOTopblX pa60Tax 6bJJIa YCTaHOBJleHa 3aBH-
CilMOCTb reHOTIiO-Cpe,1\OBbIX COOTHOIlleHilH He TOJIbKO oT 06y-
'leHHOCTlI HcnbITyeMoro }I MOJjaJ!LHOCTiI cTHMyna, HO H OT B03-
paCTa HcnbITyeMblX. B cnelUJafibHOH CepHH 3KcncpffMeHTOII, npo-
se.n.eHHOH T.A.IlaHTeJJeeBoH (1977), 113yqaJlaCb reHOTHnll'leCKaJl
05ycnoBJleHHocTb BpeMeHiI IJpOCTOH II.Bl1raTeJIbHOn peaKUH11 Ha
CTHMYJIbI pa:!HOH HHTeHCHBHOCTH (3BYKOIIOH CilmaJI '1aCTOTOn
1000 fu II HHTeHCIfBHOCTblO 40, 60,80, 100 H 120 JjE) B pa3Hble
l1epilOllbi OHToreHe3a. B IfCCJIel108aH"H np"HHJlIf Y'IaCTile lIeTiI
AsTop nOI<<13are.m' B03paCT 411cno nap h'
M A
B 6 WBap, 1972 0,6 TennlilHr 5-17 26 35 0,87
TA.IJaHTeneeBa,1978 13-16 20 20 071
T B Ba'>"'e.1975 7-12 20 20 0,64
K.J HOlzinger,1929 13 00 52 0.00
M Z.Sklad,1973 9-13 'D 27 0,39
O.6.HoBO)IOtJ10Ba,1976 1>-15 15 15 0.32
!I n CeprMeH"".1975 12-17 24 26 0,0
LGedda et oi.,1970 BpeMR npoCToCt 10-11 10 1D 0,87
n.n Cep"'eH'o,1975 ABl'lraTeJ1hHO 12-17 24 26 D,&;
P Komi et aI., 1973 peaKU.l1i'1 H3
10-14 15 14 O,&;
J S""ncara, 1%6 3syK08ble
CUIMYJ1b1 6-16 38 156 0,70
B 11 En"'H "AP.. 1974 1>-16 18 'D 0,40
S.VaJ1dBnberg.1962 14-16 42 37 0.22
11 B, PaB""-Ulep60 " AP . BpeMJI npoCTo" 6-29 11 8 0,0
1!!69 ABHrarenbHoH
H <!ItUn.XTa,1975 pea Ha 14-16
3p KT eJ1bHbIe 19 'D 0,0
T B.Bacune, 1975 cntMYl'lbi 7-12 20 20 0,53
33-55 20 20 0.0
J Svaneara.1 %6 1>-16 38 156 0,0
P Komi et al , 1973 BpeMR KOJ1eH- 10-14 15 14 0,98
Horo pe<pnelCc
nIT CeP"'BHKO,1975 ...aCTOTa 6era 12-17 24 26 0,03
06 HOBO)lQt!10Ba,1976 Ha MeCTe 1>-15 15 15 0,24
n n CeP"'BHKO,1975 CKOPOCTb 12-17 24 26 0,43
,ABM>+:eHMFI pyo'!
:nane "Bpa6aTbIBaHilJI". TaKHM 06pa30M, B I1CCne,1\OBaHIfIi BbIJI-
BIIJIaCb 3aBilCIIMOCTb reHOTlln-CpeOBbIX COOTHOWeHffH B BapH-
3THBHOCTiI BpeMeHliblX napaMCTpOB BilJKeHHj( OT ypOBHJI 06y.
'1CHHOCTI1: POJIb reHeTlI'leCKilX tjlaKTOpOB 06HapY1KilBaCTCJI JIIIWL
Ha 3Tanc CtjlopMHpoBaHHoro HaBbIKa, KOrJja II.B!frarenbHa" pC-
aKUI1" Y)!(C aBTOMaTlI3i1pOBaJIaCb H HMeeT CTepeOTimHbIH xa-
paKTep; Ha 3Tane JKe "Bpa6aTblBaHilJI", KOrll.a B pa3BepHYToi!
518
. Heo6xQ.ll.HMO UMeTb 11 BUllY. "TO B HeKOTopblX cepJtAX JTorO HCCJle110"
B3HH.sI T10JI)''':ICH:b! 3H311{nMbJe pa3flHIJH.sI MC)I(l{y M3")13 no nepBMM JJ.8YM H3 yno-
MHYTb]X Dl>lUle napaMeTpOB. T e :]ont Bbl60pKH He npHH3A11e)f(3T O.l1fiOH reJte-
l?anbHofi cOBoKynHoCTH H, CTporo roaopst, He Moryr OblTL cOnOCTaBJIH('J.
519

9-11 nCT (no 20 nap M3 " .II.3, 48 'JenoBeK-Hep0,l:(CTBeHHHKOB),
13-16 JIeT (TaK)!(e no 20 nap M3 II .II.3, 44 HepO,l:(CTBe\J\Jnl<a) H
B3pOCJIbIe 33-56 JIeT (23 napbl M3, 20 nap ,[(3, 40 HepO,l:(CTBeH-
HHKOB). B Mna,l:(lIIeH H craplIleH rpynnax 6bIJIa 3a!j!nl<CHpOBaHa
3aBI1CHMOCTb HH,l:(liBl!P.Y3JIb\JbIX OC06cHHocTeH BpeMeHH peaKIIHH
01' HaCne,l\CTBeHHbl)( ,l\eTepMHHaHT, B nO,l\pOCTKOBOM B03paCTe
3Ta 3aBI1CIIMOCTb He YCTaHOBJleHa. HHTepeCHO OTMCTHTb, 'ITO B
pJl,l\e I1CCJle,l:(OBaHI1H Tenml\Jra H BpeMeHH peaKljHH, CBH,l\eTenb-
CTByroIl\I1X 06 OTCYTCTBHH BJIHJlHI'!JI reHOTHna Ha BapH3THBHOCTb
3TIIX npIl3HaKOB, T3K)J(e np11HIIM3J111 yqaCTHe 6n1l3HeUb( nOl1j)o-
CTKOBoro B03paCTa (CM. T36J1.13.4). llO-BH)I.IIMOMY, rOpMOH3JIb-
\Jble 11 nCIIXOJIOrl'!qeCKHe Oco6eHHOCTII nO,l\pOCTKOBoro B03pac-
Ta MorYT 6bITb O)l.llOH 113 npll'lIlH HeO.l\H03Ha'JHOCTJ.I nOJIY'Jae-
MbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB.
3. Hcc.ne,QOBaHItJl TOHKOM KOOP,Q ItHa 41t1t
MI1 .II.3 pJl,l\a ,l\BHraTeJIbHbI)( npo6 (6poc3Hlle H KaTaHlle MJlqa B
l.\eJlb, npbI)J(OK B BblCOTY C MecTa). BbJ60p np06 onpe,l\enJlncJI
npe,l:(nOn3T3BlIIJlMIICJI TJ.lnaMI1 nCIIXOMOTOpHblJl npOl.\eCCOB, 0)1.1111
113 KOTOpbIX, no MHeHI1IO A.H.MHpeHOBOH, npOTeKaIOT 3BTOMaTJI-
qeCKIf JI He rpe6YIOT CJIO)J(HblX pcrYJIJlljHH (npbI)J(KJ.I B BbICOTy),
l1j)yrHe - BKJIIO'IaIOT B ce6J1 CJIO)J(HYIO KOOp.!UIHaWlIO ,l\DJI)J(CHIIH B
COOTBeTCTBlI11 C onpeAeJIeHHOH CXCMOH (6pocaHHe MJI'I3 B l.\eJIb-
cnO)J(HaJi KOOpAHHal.\lIJI OTHOCHTenb\JO HarJlJlJI,HOro onTJlqeCKOrO
nOJII!; KaTaHlle - Koop)l.llHaUJlJI no BHYTpeHHeH CXCIC). Cpei\HHe
BHYTpllnapHbIe Pa3HJll.\bI JI,JIJI M3 II .II.3 6bImt COOTBeTCTBeHHO: no
npbl)!(KaM B BbICOTY - 1,75 JI 7,6 CM; no 6pocaHllIO MJlqa B
lIeJIb - 0,25 n 1,47 O'lKa; npl1 KaTaHJlI1 Ml!qa B l\enb - ! 5 II 23,8
CM. TaKIIM 06pa30M, pa3nH'I1U1 M3 6JII13He1l0B no nepBOMY TeCTy
B 4 pa3a, no BTOPOMY - B 6 pa3, no TpeTbeMY - B !,6 pa3a MeHb-
lIIe, "eM ,[(3, TO eCTb, no MHeHHIO A.H.MllpeHOBOH, 60nee 31Ie-
MeHTapHbIe no caoeii KOOPAHHal\110HHOH CT]JYKTYPe J].BHraTe1IbHbIe
i\eHCTBI1J1 B 60JlblIleH Mepe KOHTpOiIIlPYIOTCJI TeHomnOM.
B npOBei\CHHOM nO'JTII '1epC3 30 neT HCCJIeAOBaHHI1 C.BaH-
i\eH6epra (Vandenberg S., 1962) HapJl.!lY C MOTOpHbIMIi TeCTaMII1I3
CT3H!j!OpJl,CKOii 6aTapel1 HcnOlIb30BaJlIICb TeCTbI "na6npnHr",
"PIICYHOK C 3epKaJ1a", a TaK)J(e MCTOAHKa "nOBKOCTb 06paIl\eHIIJI
C nIlHI!CTOM". Ilpl1 onpeAeneHnl1 iJ.ImraTeJIbHbIX cnoc06HoCTeii 42
nap M3 H 37 nap .II.3 6bIJIH nOJ1Y'IeHbl AOCTaTO'IHO BbICOKl1e K03!j!-
!j!nuHeHTbI Hacnel\YeMoCTII (OT 0,52 AO 0,71) pe3YJ1bTaTOB BbInOn-
HeHIIH npaKTII'IeCKJI Bcex np06, KpoMe TeCTOB "na6HpHHT" H
"TpcMoMcrp"; OTMe'lCHO, '1TO TO"HOCTb J].B1I)J(eHHH KIICTII PYI< B
60iIblIlCH CTeneHI1 i\eTepMnHl1pYCTCJI reHOTllnOM, 'IeM 60iIee rpy-
6bIe I\BH)J(eHHJI BceH PYKJI.
AHaJ1II3 nCIIXOreHeTH'JecKHx HCCJ1ei\OBaHIIH TOHKOH KOOPAH-
Hal.\nJl JIyqwe Bcero Ha'laTb C pa60Tbi K.MaKHeMapa (McNcmar
Q., 1933), B KOTOpOH 6bIJIO H3Y'IeHO 47 nap M3 H 48 nap.II.3 6J1M3-
HeuOB cTaplIlero II1KOJIbHOrO B03paCTa. HcnbIT)'eMbIc BbIUOJIHJlJIJ.I
i\Dl1raTenbHbIe npo6bI 113 CT3H!j!OPACKOH 6aTapeH MOTOpHbIX Tec-
TOB' "POTOp" (Koer!h W., 1927), "TpeMoMcrp" (Whipple G,
/9/0), "BpaIl\eHl1c cBepJIa", "YnaKODKa KaTYlIIeK", a TaK)I(e "Cop-
mpOBl<a KapT". .II.nJl Bcex TeCTOB P.CHlilOpOM (Seashore R.., 1928)
6bJJIa BbIJIBJIeHa xopowaJl pereCTOBaJi Ha,l:(C)J(HOCTb: K03!j!!j1m-ll'!eH-
Tbl KOppeJlRUlI11 Me)J(AY nepBblM JI nOBTopHblM ('ICPC3 48 '1acoa)
TeCTl1pOBaHIfCM Jl,OCTaTOqHO BbICOKH II KOJIe6JIIOTCJI 01' 0,75.1\0
0,94. K.MaKHeMapoM 6bliIO 3a!j!I1KcHpOBaHO BblCOKoe BHY'qmnap-
Hoe CXOJl,CTBO M3 no nOKaJaTCiIJlM TeCTOB: K03!j!!j!II1.\HeHTbI BHYT-
pl1napHOH KOppenJll.\lIH COCTaBHJ1H 0,95 Jl,nl! M3 II 0,51 - MJI .II.3
("POTOp"); 0,84 JI 0,43 (''TpeMoMeTp''); 0,82 11 0,56 ("BpaIl\CHl1e
CBepJIa"); 0,71 JI 0,44 ("YnaKOBKa KaTyweK"); 0,84 II 0,39 ("Cop-
THpOBxa xapT").
EOJ1blIlee BHYTpllUapHOC CXO](CTBO nOKa3aTeJ1cii M3 6bliIO
3a!j!IIKcHpoBaHo 11 B npOBe,l\CHHOM B Te )J(C rO.!U>1 IICCJleJl,OBaHli11
A.H.MII]JCHOBOH (1934) npH nbIIlOJIHeHHlI 4 napaMI1 M3 H 6 napa-
520
4. MeTo,Q KOHTpO.nbHOrO 6.n1t3HeLla B
ItCc.ne,QOBaHItIt ,QBltraTe.nbHbIX <j:IYHK4ltM
CpaBHeHlle npOllecca pa3BHTW! !j!YHKl\I1ii Y napbl MOH031f-
rOTHblX 6JIH3HeUOB (O,l\HH 113 KOTOpblX TPCHIIPYCTCJI, a p,pyroii
JlBIIJleTCH KOHTponbHblM HCnblTycMblM) n03BOnJleT oueHIfTb CTe-
neHb HaCne,l\CTBeHHoH 06ycnOBJIeHHOCTI1 1f3yqaeMOH !j!YHKl\JlI1.
BnepBbIc MeTO,l\ "B3aIlMoKOHTPOnJl" JlCnOnb30BaJI A.fe33cn
521

(Gessel A, Thompson H., 1929). 3T1IM MeTO.l(OM IICCJTe110BaJIIICb
pa3JTH'IIIJ! B pa3BHTHH napbI 6nH3HeL\OB, Ol1HOrO 113 KOTOpbIX
n0110epraJlH Cnel\llaJlbHOH TpeHllpOBKe MOTOpHblX !jJYHKL\IIH, a
I\pyroii 6bIJT JTlUneH noro B03I\eHCTBIIJI. Ol1HOrO M3 6nH3HeL\a
B B03paCTe 46 Hel1eJlb nOI\BepraJlII CJKel1l1eBHOH 20-MHHYTHOii
TpCHHpOBKe, np0110JlJKaBlIleHCJI 0 TeqeHHe lIIeCTI1 Hel1eJTb, TOr.!l,a
KaK BToporo 6nH3HeL\a cneQllanbHO He TpeHllpOOaJIH. DJlH3HeL\
TpeHllpOBaJlCJI B npco.n:orreHHH He60JlblIlOH l1epCOJ!HHOii rreCTHH-
UbI, a TaKJKe ObmOJlHJlJI ynpaJKHeHIIJI C Ky6I1KaMIl. B KOHue Tpe-
HIIPOBOqHOrO L\HKJla TpeHllpOBaHHaJ! .l(eBOqKa 6e3 TpYl1a npe-
Ol\orreoarra nHTllcTyncH'IaTYIO neCTHHUY, 0 TO opeMJ! KaK ee He-
TpeHllpOBaHHaJl ceCTpa He MOrJla npeOI\OJlCTb rreCTHIIUY l1aJKe C
nOMepJKKOH. qepe3 )10e Hel1eJlII, 00 BpeMJI KOTOpbIX 06a 6rr1l3-
HeL\a He TpeHHpOBaJII-ICb, BTOpaJl l1eBOqKa TaKJKe npeO.l(OJTena
neCTHIIUY 6e3 nOMOIl\II, XOTJI II MeJl,IleHHeC, qeM TpCHl1pOBaHHaJi
)1eBOqKB. B B03paCTe 53 He.l(eJlb I\ByxHe.!l,enbHOH TpeHHpOOKe
nOi1BeprancJ! Jl,pyroH (KOHTPOJlbHbIH) 6JT113HeL\, KOTOpbIH nocrre
:nOH TpCHl1pOBKH norrHOCTblO 110rHaJI TpeHHpOBaHHoro, TO eCTb
B 60Jlcc cTaprneM s03pacTe 110CTaTO'lHO 6!,IJlO )10YX He.!l,errb, qTO-
6bI npeO.!l,oncn pa3HHUY, KOTOpaJl B B03pacTe 46 He.!l,eJlb Jl,OCTH-
raJlaCb 6-HejJ;eJIbHOH TpeHlIpoBKOH. ABTOpbI npHXOl1J!T K BbIBOJl,Y
o nOJlHOH IIl\eHTllqHOCTIi MOTOpHKII Y M3 6JIH3HCL\00, a TaKJKe 0
TOM, qTO TpeHlIpOBKa MOTOplIKH nOqTH He HMeeT 3Ha'leHIIJi MJI
o6Il\ero pa3BIITHJI pe6eHKa, TaK KaK BHYTpcHFllle npOl\eCCbI Hr-
palOT 60rrbLUyro ponb, qeM OHelIlHHC BOJl\eHCTOIIJl.
llpoTIIBOnOnOJKHblC pe3yrrbTaTbI nonyqeHbl A.H.MHpeHo-
BOH (1934) npl1 IICCnel\OBaHHH 4 nap M3 GnH3Hel\OB 4-4,5 rreT.
llocJle onpel1erreHHJI pa3JT11ql1H Me)l(l\Y 6nH3HeL\aMIi M3 napbl B
BbmOrrHCHHI1 !jJlI3l1qCCKIIX ynpa)l(HeHIIH (npblJKOK B BbICOTY, Gpo-
caHHe MJlqa B Qenb, KaTaHlle MJI'Ia 0 l\enb) Gonee cna6bIe napT-
Hepbl 113 KaJKJI,oii napbI nO)1Bepranl1Cb CnCL\lIarrbHOH TeHllpOBKe
B Te'leHHe 4,5 MCCjj'QeB. KOHTponbHoe HcnbITaHlle B KOHL\e Tpe-
HI1POBOqHOrO nepllol1a nOKB3arrO, qTO yoeJl\lqeHlle BblCOTbI npblJK-
Ka Jl,IlJI TPCHHPYMOro COCTaBHrrO 525%, TOrl\a KaK MJI 6iTH3He-
UOB 113 KOHTpOJlbHOH rpynnbI - 277%; ynyqlIlCHIIC )l(e TO'lHOCTIl
nOnal1aHIIJI MJlqa B L\enb npH 6pocaHIIII COOTBeTCTBeHHO )1iTJI
TpCHHPYCMblX II KOHTpOiTbHbIX IIcnbITycMbIX npOH30lIlJTO Ha
184,9% II 119,2% (3a 100% B3J!T pe3ynbTaT Jl,0 TpeHHpoBKII) A
B nOnal1aHIiH MJI'Ia B l\Cnb npll nOMOIllII KaTaHHJI, ecrrH npllHJlTb
CYMMapHoe OTKnOHeHlle OT L\enH y 060llx napTHepoB o TpeHH-
pOBKH 3a 100%, nOCJIe TpCHHpOBKH npoucHT OTKJIOHeHlI1'! )!]lJI '!Pe-
HHpyeMblx paneH 24,8%, a )!]lJI KOHTponbHbIx - 92,6%. Ha OCHO-
8aHIIII nonyqeHHblX .!I,aHHblX aBTOp l1erraeT Cne)1YIOIl\lIe BbIBO-
1\1,1: caMOCTOJlTenbHOe pa3BHTHe Gorree CnO)l(HOH nCllxoMoTOp-
HOH !jJYHKl\HII, He 1)0i1BepraBrneHCJI ynpa)l(HeHIlIO, II.!I,CT MeJl,IleH-
Hce no cpaBHeHll10 C 60Jlce 3ncMeHTapHbIMII !jJYHKL\HJlMII; cnc-
L\lIanbHbIe BHernHlle BJlHJlHI1J1 (TpeHHpoBKa) MorYT pC3KO H3MC-
HIITb !jJeHoTllnllqeC1<oe npOJlBiTeHlle nCllxoMoTOPHbIX !jJYHKUI1H;
paJBIITlle 60rree :)iTeMeHTapHblx nCHxoMoTOPHbIX !jJYHKl\IIH 3aBII-
CHT OT TpCHHpOBKII B MeHbllIeii CTeneHII, '1eM pa3BIITHC 60Jlec
CnOJKHbIX.
BeCbMa IIHTepecHo, qTO B pC3ynbTaTe TpeHHpOBKI! I\Bllra-
TeiTbHbIX !jJYHKUIIH nOBbIllIarrCJI HHTcnncKTyaJlbHbIii ypOBeHb (no
DHHe-TepMeHY) TpcHllpyeMblx 6iTH3Hel\OB, B TO BpeMJI Ka1< y KOH-
TpOJlbHbIX OH OCTaOaJlCJI Ha npCJKHCM ypOBHe.
06CJlel\OBaHlle MOTOpHOH Ol\apeHHOCTII no IlIKane 03C-
pel\KOrO 06HapYJKHiTO TY JKe TeHl\eHL\IIIO, a HMeHHO: nppOCT
i1BllraTerrbHoii YMcnOCTI1 Y BceX TpeHllpOBaBlIIlIXCJI ,!I,eTeH 3Ha-
qHTCnbHO 60Jlb1IlC, qCM Y KOHTporrbHbIX, HeCMOTpJl Ha TO, qTO
)1BHJKeHHJI, BKJllO'!eHHble B :)TY IIIKarry, He BXOl1llJlII B COCTaB Tpe-
HI1POBOqHbIX ynpaJKHeHHH.
5. TpeHllpoBKa II nOKa3aTenb
HacJ1eAyeMocTIi
522
OnllcaHHble BbIlIle I1CCnel\OBaHIIJI K.MaKHeMapa II
T.A IlaHTeneeBoH IIHTepeCHbI TeM, qTO B HIIX cnCQHanbHO npo-
Cne)f(IIBaJlOCb BnllJlHlle 06yqeHIIJI HB reHOTllnll'leCKyro 06ycrroB-
rrCHHOCTb HHI\HBIIl1yarrbHblX OCOGCHHOCTCii KOOpJl,HHal\HII. B 06-
Il\eH !jJopMe Bonpoe 31\eCb CTaBHTCJI CJle.u,yIOIl\IIM oGpa30M: ccrrH 1J
pe3ynbTaTe TpeHllpOBKH pa3nHqllJl Me)f(JI,y M3 II .II.3 no YPOBHIO
BHYTpHnapHoro CXOI\CTBa MeHJllOTCJI, TO 3TO 03Ha'iaeT, qTO npH-
06peTaCMbIH HHl\lIBIII\YaJIbHblH OUbIT MO)l(CT MeHJlTb reHOTHn-cpe-
AOBoe COOTHOlIleHHe B 113MeHqllBOCTII l1aHHOrO npH3HaKa.
AnJl npoBepKII ]Toro npeJl,OOJlOJKeHIIJI K.MaKHeMap npOBeJ1
Cnel\lIaIlbHyro CCplllO :)KCnepHMeHTOB C 06Y'leHHCM' TCCT "POTOp"
523

HcnblT)'eMblH BbIllOJlHJIJI 70 paJ, "YnaKoBKY .KaT)'we.K" II "COPTH-
POBKY KapT" - no 28 p33. YcnewHocTb BbIllOnHeHIIJI TeCTa Ol.\e-
HIIBanaCb B 6aJIilax, II, .KpOMe Toro, perllCTpHpOBaJIOCb BpeMJI BbI-
nOJIHeHH!! KaJKIJ;OrO TeCTa. Cepm! C 06yqCHlleM COCTOJIJI3 113 CeMI!
qaCTeH - no 10 ynpaJKHeHIIH B KaJKIJ;OH Mil TeCTa "POTOP" II no
4 - ,W!JI J1BYX IIPYTI!X. 31j11j1eKT o6YQeHHJI 6b1JI BblJlBJIeH BO Bcex
TeCTax (CM. Ta6JIIIl.\Y 13.5).
KaK BI!JI,I!O H3 Ta6JIIIl.\bI 13.5, CXOIJ;CTBO JlOKa3aTeneH M3
6JIII3Hel\OB no ycnewHoCTH BbIllOJlHeHIIJI TeCTOB "POTOP" II "Yna-
KOBKa KaTyrneK" He 3aBIICIIT OT 06yqeHIIJI, XOTII CXO.llCTBO .II.3
no Mcpe 06Y'le1U1JI y»eJlII'lUBaJIOCb. B BblnOJlHeHHII "COPTI1POB-
KII KapT" B 06eHx rpynnax Ha6mo.llaJIOCb HC3Ha'iIlTeJIbHOe YMeHb-
rneHlle BIlYTjJllnapHOro CXO.llCT8a. Pa3J111'11111 MeJKlJ;y Hi\'1aJIbHbIM
II KOHeqHblM K031j11j111l\lIeHTOM KOppeJIJll\HII Y .II.3 pa8HJl.IlIICb: no
'leery "POTOp" - O,\S7tO,081 II no "YnaXOB1<c KaT)'rnCX"-
0,174:1:0,079; 3TH JKe K031j1Ij1Hl\lIeHTbl ,[(3 Mil BpeMeHHblx nOKa-
3aTeJleH BblnOJlHeHI'!!! y»CJIHqllmiCb no TCCTY "POTO p " C 0 36
o 54 " y , .lIO
, II no naKOBKe KaTyrneK" - C 0,36 .lIO 0,58. ilol\CqeT KO-
31j1<!ml\HeHTOl\ l\HYTpllnapHoH KOppeJIJlIJ,HII no BCtM qaCUM Ct-
pllH BbIJlBlln YBeJIH'IeHl1e CXOIJ;CTBa ,[(3 6JIII3Hel\OB yJl<e Ha Ha-
qanbHOil CT31J;HH 06Y'lCHIiJi.
OCYIl\CCTBJleHHblH T.A.IlaHTeJleeBoH (1977) aHanH3 HHJI,II-
BlllJ;yaJIbHblX oc06eHHocTcH BpeMeHHblX Xi\paKTepllcrx 1\811ra-
TeJlbHOH peaKIJ,HI1 BbI60pa Ha pa3HbIx 3Tanax 1jI0pMnpOBaHHJI
HaBhIKa TaKJKe CBHlJ;eTenbcTBycT 06 YMeHbllleHIIII reHCTH'IeCKIIX
BJlHJlHIIH Ha 3Tane "Bpa6aTbIBaHflJI", qTO CBJl3aHO, KaK CqHTaeT
T.A.ililHTeJ1ec8i\, C BI>ICOI<OH CTeneHblO OC01Hi\HHOCTIl II npoll3-
BOJIhHOH perynJll\lIeH I\BIIJKeHHJ!.
B l\enoM B HCCJ1eI\OBaHHIIX I\BHraTeJIbHbIX oc06eHHocTeH
qeJlOBeKa, Ol\eHIIBaeMbIX no nOJJeIleH'IeCKIIM napaMeTPaM Bb!-
nOllHeHIIJI paJJIII'IHbIX MOTOpllblX 3al\a'l, 6bIJIO YCTaHo8J1cHO BeCb-
Ma 3HaqlfTeJIbHOe BJIIIJlHlfe ljIaKTopoB rCHOTllna B MeJKHHIllfBII-
IlyaJlbHoH BapllaTIIBHocTH nOKa3aTeJIeil rH6KocTII, OTHOCI1TeJIh-
HOH MblWeqHOH CIIJIbI, CKOpOCTHO-CIIJ10BbIX xapaKTepllcTIIK BbI-
nOJIHCHIIJI cnopTHBHblX ynpaJKHeHIIH II BpcMeHHblx xapaKTepllc-
TIIK KOJIeHHOrO peljJJlCKca. HHl\lIBHlJ;yaJIhHbIe JKe oc06eHHocTII
JlOBKOCTH, a6COJIIOTHOH MblWCqHOH CI1JIhI, HanpOTl-IB, IjJOpMIIPY-
IOTCJI B OCHOBHOM nOli BnllJlHHeM ljJaKTopoB cpei.\l>I. Pe3ynhTaTbl
IICCJIel\OBaHIIH Tennl1Hra, CCHCOMOTOpHhlX peaKl\IIH II oco6eHHoc-
TeH TOHKOH KOOpJ\l\Hal\1I1I OKa3b1BalOTCJ! HeoAII03HiI'IHblMII, '1TO,
BepOJITHO, 06bJlCHJ!eTCJI I1X CJIOJKHOH CTpYKTypoii, BKJIIO'IaIOll\eH
pa3HopOlJ;HbIe H He3al\IICHMble IJ;pyr OT IJ;pyra KOMnOIlCIITbI, II
oco6eHHOCTJlMli IIX perYJlJ!IJ,HII. KpOMe Toro, KaK nOK33anll "C-
KOTopbIe IICCJIeIJ;OBaHIIJ!, BJlIIJlHIIC reHeTII'IeCK"X .paKTopOB Ha
MeJKIIHlJ;lIBlI.lIyaJlbHYIO BapHaTIIBHOCTb ,l1BllraTeJlbHbIX KaqeCTB
MOJKeT cyll\eCTBCHHO MeHJ!TbCJI B OHToreHe3e.
6. Cl>1I3110110rl'leCKlle IIccneAOBaHIIJI
524
B rCHeTHqeCKI1X IICCnelJ;OBaHIIJlX IjIlf3HOJlOrll'lCCKHX ljJaKTo-
pOB PCaJIH3i1l\1I11 ,l1BHJKeHI1H B OCHOBHOM 113Y'laJlIICb cnopTHBHblC
cnoco6HOCTH. llepBblMII pa60TaMH 3Toro HanpaBJleHIIJI CTaJIII IIC-
cneIlOBaHHH B.D.IlIBapl\a II H.A.KpaMOBa (1970), i\ TaKJKe
BJvlllccaypaca (K.lissouras V., 1971), YCTaaoBIIBwIIX 3Ha'iIlTeJIb-
Hoe BJlHJlHHe rCHeTlI'IeCKIIX ljJaKTopOB Ha MCJI(HHIlHBHIIYaJIbHYIO
BapHaTIIJJIIOCTb HCKOTOpblX napaMCTpOB Kp08006paIlICHIIJI If MaK-
CIIMaJIbHOrO nOTpe6J1eHHJ! KIICJIOpO.lla (MIlK) npll BbIOOJlHeHI111
cnopTll811bIX IIBHJKeHIIH. HCCJ!eIlOBilHIIJ! MllK OKa3blBaIOTCJI Hal1-
60Jlee HHTepecHblM1J. 31:OT n01\a3i1TeJlb (OT KOToporo B p\\walO-
ll\eH Mcpe 3aBllCIIT ycneWHOCTb B l\IIKnll'leCKIIX BH,l1aX cnopTa)
npll6nH3HTCJlbHO OJl,HHaKoB B pa3HbIX 3THIIQeCKHX rpynnax, He Me-
HJ!CTCJI B OHToreHe3C, MaJIO TpCHllpyeM II OKa3bIBaeTCJI BbICOKO
reHCIWieCKH AeTepMlIHHp08i1HIII>IM (CM. B.E.llfuapu., \978). Ecnll
525
Ta6J1uu,a 11.5
KOJrjJrjJUljueHmb' 8HympU/(}!aCC080u 1<0ppeJIRljuu M3 u3
6J/U3HeIj0i! 8 Haq(lJle U 8 K01/lje mpe1/Up06KU (no MaKHeMan y K
1933) :r .,
Me'rO,Q,I1KI1 B Ha...a.ne rpetHlpo&1G'I 8 KOH1.Ie iJ)eHiolpoBIU'I
 Ha pOTOpe 113 0.450 0.614
M3 0,899 0,894
HaMOTK8 KSTyweK A3 0,413 0,592
M3 0,520 0.608
oopntposl<a KapT 113 0,612 0.538
M3 0.861 0,817

Y'IeCTb, qTO tnopTCMeHbI MeJK.l1YHapOJI,HOrO KJIaCCa HMelOT nOKaJa-
TeJIH MllK, JHa'iIlTeJlbHO npeBblUJaJOlI1l1e IIX cpeJI,HenonYJIHIIIOH-
Hyro BeJlHqIlHY, TO, nO-BII.lIIIMOMY, HHJl,HBH.lIyaJlbHb/H YPOBCHb
MllK MOJKeT c.rryJKHTb IIHljJopMaTHBHblM npH3HaKOM npll nporuo-
311pOBaHHII CnOpTI1BHOH ycneUJHOCTH.
MeJKHHAI1BlIAyaJIbHaH Bapl'!aTIIBHOCTb nOKaJareJleH '1ac-
TOTbl CepJl,e'lHbIX COKpall1eHHH (qCC) npH MaKCHMailbHOH Ha-
rpYJKe H CYMMa BbIi\blXaeMoro CO 2 npll MaKCHMaJlbHOH pa60Te
TaK)I(e JaBIICJlT OT HaCilei\CTBeHHbIX ljJaKTopOB, TOrJl,a KaK HH.lIH-
BlI.lIyailbHbIe oco6eHHOCTH qCC B nOKoe H MaKCIiMailbHaJi BCH-
TlIJIJlQIIJI JIerKIiX JaBHCHT, KaK npaBHilO, OT ljJaKropOB Cpe.llbI
(Ta6il1lQa 13.6).
Ta6J1uqa ]3,6
K03rjJrjJu,/ueHmbl liaCJleiJyeMocmu /leKOmOpblX
rjJU3UoJ/oZU'iec1<.ux l1oKa3ameJ/eu
7. HeMpo4li'l3MOnOrM'IeCKMe i'lCCneAOBaHi'lJI
ABrop nDK83aTenM Bo3j>8cr ltMcnO nap Ii'
M3 .113
B.6 iI1AKpaMOB MaKCMMaJ1bHoe 5-17 8 13 0.79
'970 nO'TjJ<!6J1eH""
V.Klissouraset.al,1973 K14C110pOA8 9-52 23 16 0.94
l Good. et al .1972 10 13 10 0,66
VVenerando, 11).13 12 11 0,66
M.Milanl-Comparetti, 14-17 12 11 0.77
1973 a, b
n.n.CeprMeHKO.1975 12.17 24 26 0,73
VVenerando, 4CC npH M8KQI- 11).13 12 11 0,91
M.Milani-Comparetti, MaJ1bHOM HarpY3Ke 14-17 12 11 0.51
1973 a, b
n n.CeprMeH,o,1975 1217 24 26 0,58
V Klissouras et aI., 1973 9-52 23 16 0,58
V.venerando. MaKQIIMaJ'IbHaJI 11).13 12 11 0,53
M Milanl-Comparetti, BeHTM11.R\.4JII:R nen(HX 14-17 12 11 0,89
1973 a, b
J1 n.CeprM.HKO,1975 12-17 24 26 0,28
V Venerando, cyMMa BblAbixaeMo- 11).13 12 11 0.67
M.Milani-Comparetti, to CO 2 npH Mal(- 14-17 12 11 0,22
1973 a. b ManbHoM Harpy:n:e
n.n.CeprMeHKO,1975 12.17 24 26 0,73
HCnOJIb30BaHlle B reHeTHKe nOBe.lleHIIH MerO.lla perl1CTpa-
llllH nOTeHllHailOB MOJra, CBJlJ8HHbiX C ABH)I(eHlleM (IIMC),
J\aeT BOJMO)((HOCTb OlleHIITb BKJIaA reHCTllqeCKHX ljJaKTopoB B
IIJMeHql1BOCTb 61103ileKTpllqCCKIIX KOppeilHTOB HH.n:HBIIAyanbHblx
oc06eHHOCTeH OpraHHJ811HH H nOCTpoeHHH .lIBIIJKCHHH.
I1cnoJIb30B8HI1e npOllCAYpbl ycpC.II;HeHHJI .ll;aJIO B03MO)((-
HOCTb IICCne.ll;OBaTeilHM BbI.lICnJlTb B 3amlCI1 33f 113MeHeHHH no-
TeHQllaJla, CBH3aHHbIe C opraHII3allHeH II BbmOilHeHHeM.I\BHra-
reilbHoro 8KTa (OTpC3KII 33f CYMMHPYIOTCJI .n:o, BO BpCMH H
noeile )J,BHraTeJlbHOH PcaKlllIlI). B KOMnJIeKCC noreHllllaJIOB (no-
TeHllH8il rOTOBHOCTH, KOMnOHeHTbI PI, N2, P2, N3 II P3), npe.ll-
llIeCTByroIllIIX II conpOBO)((A8101l1I1X pC8JIH3811HIQ ABHr8renbHoro
aKTa, HaXO)J,JIT CBoe OrpaJKCHlle npOlleCCbI nOArOTOBKII, peaJlH-
3aQIIH II OQeHKH .lIBH)I(eHHH.
B IIccneAOBaHIIH C D.MaJIb!X (1986, 1988) 6blJI0 nOKaJa-
HO, qTO B ellTyallHH npOCToro HaJKarHJI H8 KHonKY BO Beex 30-
Hax pcmCTpallHH, KpoMe JIeBOH JI06HOH 06J18CTH, ypoBeHb BHYT-
pllnapHoro CXOi1CTBa aMnnIlTY.lIHO-BpcMeHHbIX nOKaJaTeJIei1 npaK-
THqeCKI'! Bcex KOMnOHCHTOB llMC.II. BbIllIe Y M3, '1eM y 3. B
JleBOH il06HOH 06nacTII OTMeq8eTCH npoTIiBOnOJlO)l(HaJi reHi1eH-
llHJI: BHYTpHnapHOe CXOJICTBO aMnrrllTY.lI1i BpeMeHHbIX nOK8Ja-
TcrreH Bcex KOMnoHeHTOB, KpOMe peal\JljJepeHTHoro nOTeHllHaJI8
P2, Y 3 - JIaJKe HeCKOJlbKO BbI1lle. B cHTyalll1H npOrHOJ8 pa3-
526
illl'lIlH MeJK.l1Y M3 H 3 B YPoBHe BHYTplmapHoro CXO)(CTBa KaK
BpeMeHHb/x, TaK 11 aMnJIHTYJ\HbIX napaMeTpoB IIMC.II., YHB II
P300 YBCllH'IIIBaJIIICb, npll'lCM B cHTyal.\HH HeoJI,H03Ha'iHOrO npo-
rH03a 3TH TeH.lIeHl.(lI1I craHOBHJlIICb Or'leTllI1Bee. llpl1 nporH03e
paBHOBepOJITHbIX e06blrllH CXO.llCTBO aMnJIIITYJI npaKTHqeCKIi
Bcex KOMnOHeHrOB nOTeHllH8rr8, KpOMe llf II P3 JIeBOH JI06HOH
06J18CTH II IIr, N3, P3 np8Boii l.\eHTpaJIbHOH 06rraCTII, 6bIllO 3Ha-
'1HMO Bbl1lle Y M3 CXO)(CTBO BpeMeHHblX napaMeTpOB B l.(eJIOM
H8MHoro HHJKe H y M3, II Y 3. llpH JaBeJIOMO IICTHHHOM npo-
rH03e Ha6rrlO.lIanaCb aHanOrl1'1HaJi KapTIIHa, XOTH pa3nllqllJl M3
II 3 no 8MnrrIlTYJ\1I0-BpeMeHHblM napaMeTp8M IIMC.II., YHB H
527

i
P300 B :nOH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH cHTyal\HI1 HH)I(e, '1eM "PH npo.
rH03e paBHOBepORTHbIX CHrHaJIOB. B l\eJIOM, '1all.\e Bcero BnI'!JI-
HHe reHOTHna 06HapY)I(HBaJIOCb B cHTyal\1111 nporH03a paBHOBe-
pOJITHblX C06bITHH (54% Bcex aHaJlH311pyeMbix nOKa3aTeJIeH),
3HaqllTeJIbHO pe)l(e - np" npocTbIX npOH3BOJIbHbiX )1BH)I(eHHRX
(20%). CHTyal\HJI 3aBen;OMO IICTHHHoro npOrH03a 3aHHMaJIa npo-
Me)l(YTOqHOe nOJIO)l(eHHC (46%). TaKIIM oGpa30M, 3TH pe3YJIbTa-
TbI CBHACTCJIbCTBYIOT 0 3aBHCHMOCTI1 COOTHOWCHIIR rCHCTH'ICC-
KHX II CpC)10IlbIX !jJaKTopOB B BapuaTIIBHOCTII IIMC,[( OT MeCTa
)1BH)I(eHHR B 06ll.\CH crpYKType )1BHraTeJIbHOrO aKTa (60nec non;-
P06HO CM. maBy I I)
AHaJ1H3 BJIHRHHJI rCHeTHqCCKI1X !jJaKTOpOB Ha I1H)1HBIIJ\YflJIb-
HbIe pIiJJII1'1HJI IIMC.II. B XO}J,C pliJBHTHR nOKa3f1JI, qTO BblCOKHC II
3Ha'iIlMbIC KOppCJlS1l\HH y M3 6JIH3Hel\OB Ha6JI1OAalOTCR B OCHOB-
HOM M" nOCneAIIllraTeJIbHblX KOMnoHcHTOB IIMC.II.. ,[(aHHbIC 0
reHeTllqeCKOM KOHTpOJIC llMC,[( B XOAe pa3BIITH" CBH.l\eTeJIbCTBY-
lOT 06 H3MeHeHHH COOTHOWCHH" rCHeTHqeCKHX H cpen;OBblX !jJaK-
TOPOB C B03paCToM, '1TO, B03MO)l(HO, CBR3aHO co CMeHOH M03tO-
BblX McxaHH3MOB opraHH3al\HH Jl,Bl1raTCJIbHOro AeHCTBI1" B OHTO-
reHe3e (KY3HCl\OBa H.B., 1992; MaJIblX C.B., KY3Hel\oBa H.B.,
1992; MaIykh S., Orckhova E., 1995; 0pcxolla E.B., 1996).
B l\eJIOM HeHpoqlH3110norH'IccKoe I'!CCJIen;OBaHlle n;BHra-
TCJIbHOrO aKTa nOKa3aJIO, '1TO II n;eTepMHHal\HII H3MeHqHBOCTH
aMnJIHTyn;Ho-BpeMeHHbIX nOKa3aTCJIeH KOMnOHeHTOB IIMC,[(,
oTpa)l(alOll.\HX oco6eHHocTH l\eHTpaJIbHblX npOl\eCCoB opraHH-
3al\HH II nocTpoeHH" )1BHraTCJIbHbIX aKToB, Ha6JI1on;aIOTCJI cy-
ll.\eCTBeHHbIC pa3JII'!qHR B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MeCTa ABH)I(CHHR B
CTpYKType n;eHcTBHR H OT ypOBHR HCHPO!jJH3 H OJIOrHqCCKOrO
06eCnCqCHHR.
- HCC!Ieil,OBaHHJI !jJ11,IIOnOrH'!cCK!!. CHCTeM 06CCne'leHHJI
M!>!U!C'IHOH AeJllbHOCTH; :",'i .
nr HHII ,;:':"::U::H:;;;,Qr026Cc-'
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KorlJ,a B pe3YJIbTaTe nCHXOreHeTH'ICCKHX I1CCne,IJ.OBaHMi\, npOBC-
.lIeHHbIX, CKa)l(eM, Ha 6JIH3Hel.\aX HJlH Ha npHeMHblX .lIeTJlX, npll-
. B .aaHHoH rJI3»e MitJ 6Y.l1eM qaCTO CCbtnaTbCSI: ttS MaTepHaJ1b1 .lI.BYX
ny6nHK3I1H: I) Michel O.F , Moore C.L. Developmenlal Psychobiology A
Bradford Book. The MIT Press. London, 1995 H 2) Changeux J.P. Neuronal
Man. Pnncelon University Press. 1997.
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537

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538
2. KaK cpeAa MOJKeT B3aMMoA8McTBOBaTb
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539

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540
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542
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II.IIJI nOCJleAOBaTeJIbHOCTH aMIIHOKIICJlOT B 6eJIKe, KOMPyeMoM MH-
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6enKM, OTHOCll\HeCJI K perynHTopHblM EenKM, BJIIIJlIOll\lIe Ha
l'paHCKpIlITI1HIO (<jJaKTophl l'paHCKpHITl(HH), JlOnJiIOTC re-reporeH-
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neHb aKTIIBHOCTI1, C KOTOpOH reH yqacrnYeT 0 CHHTe3e cnel1ll<jJllqec.
Koro II.IIJI Hero 6eJIKa. l1>aKTopbl TPaHCKplfITl(IUI onpeiJ,emIIOT, 5Yil eT
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543

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n BC,Ayll(HX K OpMHpo8amno JpeJJoro 6em::a
IJpoecc TpaHCJ1JILlHH OCYll1ecTB.JIJ[eTCJI Ha pll60cOMe. B 3TOM
npOLlecce Y'IaCTBYeT ell1e OAHH BHA PHK - TpaHcnOpTHa!l PHK
(TPHK). TpaHcnopTHa!l PHK He06xo)J,lllola, nOCXO.JIbKY He CYll1 e -
CTBYeT np!lMOH XOMnneMeHTapHocrn Me)J(,D.)' MPHK H iiMHHOKliC.JIO-
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aIolHHOKHCJ10TaMH. B npoLlecce c60pKI1 6eJIKa pa:JiIH'IaJOT TpH CTa-
)J,IIH - Ha'laJIO, npo.n:omKeHHe H OKOHqaHHC. KaJK,/lllJl H3 3THX CTa-
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CBOIO QJYIiKl\IIIO. 3TOT npoLlecc TaKJKe nOABepJKeH perynJlLlIIII.
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L1I1QJllqHbIX 1I)1J1 noro opraIia, MOJKeT 6hITb OKono 150000
(Changcux J.P., 1997). OJI,HaKO, IiecMoTp" Ha TaKoe MHorooopa:Jlle
3xcnpeccllpYIOll1"XCJI B M03re reIiOB, KOJlH'IeCTBO cllIiTe3lip)'lO-
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CI1TeJlbHO HeBeJlHKO, TpaHCKpHnl\IIJI 3THX reHOB OCYU1.eCTBJI!leTCJI
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o BblCOKOH HHTeHCHBHOCTII TpaHCKpllnl\HH.
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XpOMOCOMax. 113BecTHo, qTO B On.JIOAOTDOpeHHoH JlHl\eKJICTKe
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HO nope3aTb ny l\enb Ha cerMeHTbI (B COOTBeTCTBHH C KO,llHpOBa-
IfHCM 6eJIxa MOJleKYJIJ[pHbiM BeCOM 40000), TO nO.JIY'IIITCJI nplf-
MepHO ABa MIIJIJIHOHa TaKIiX cerMeHTOB. MaKCHMa.JIbIfOe '1HCnO
reHOB He MOJKeT 6b1Tb 60JlbWe :noro '1HC.JIa. EC.JI11 y'ICCTb Ha-
!lII'IHe »eKOi\lIpYIDUlIIX nOCne,llORaTCnbHOCTeH H 60.JIblUOrO KO-
JlII'IeCTBa nOBTOpJIIOU1.HXCJI nOC.JIe,llOBaTe.JIbHOCTeii, TO CTpYK-
545
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eM 3K30HOB II HHTpOIfOB, xapaKTepHO BKJIIOqeHlle B npOl\eCC )],0-
nO.JIHIITC.JIbHOro :Hana peJI,BKl\IUi MPHK. OepOOHa'laJIbHaJi TpaHC-
KpllnUllJI PHK OK.JIIOqaeT CqlfTbIOaHHe Kill< KO,llHPYIOll1HX, TaK II
HeKO)],HpYlOll1I1X yqaCTKOB (QJopMHPyeTC!I He3peJIaJl MPHK). 3a-
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TopaJ[ He HMeeT HeKOl1llpYIOll1llX QJparMeIiTOB. TaKa!l pe)],aKl\HJI
OCYll1eCTBJI!leTCJ[ C nOMOll1bIO Cnel\HaJIbHOrO XJleTOqHOrO Mexa-
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npeo6pa:JYCTCJI B MPHK, KO,llllP)'lOll1YIO HeHporopMoH. A B KJIeT-
Kax U1.IITOBH)],IIOH ;XeJIe3b! arrbTepIiaTIIBHblH CnJlaHCHHr Toro )J(e
npc)],lUccTBcHHIlKa npHBO)],HT K 06pa30BaHHIO MOileKYJlbl MPHK,
KO,llllpYlOll1eH nenTH)], KaJIbI.JIITOHHH. TaKHM 06pa30M, cneLlIIQJH-
Ka TKaHI1 pcryrrllpYeT TOT KOHeqHblH npOI!YKT, KOTOphIH CHHTe3!!-
PYeTCJI Iia OCHOBe O)],Horo II Toro )J(e reHa. CrrC)],OBaTeJIbHO, B03HH-
KalOll1HH B PC3YJIbTaTe KlleTO'lHb!H QJeHOTl1n He onpe,llellJleTcJ[ 0)],-
H03Ha'iHO KO)l,OM .II.HK, a cnaraeTCJI no)]; BJIIIJ[HlleM MHOrl1X '1ac-
TeH KJIeTO'll\oro MexaHH3Ma. TaK '1TO QJopMyna "O)1.lm .en - o)],lIn
6eJIOK" 1I)1J[ MHOrOKJIeTO'lHbIX opraHlf3MOB OKa3arraCb HeBepHOH.
AnbTepHaTHBHbIH CnJIaHCIIHr npIlBO)],HT x YBeJIHqeHIlIO pa3Ho06-
pa311J1 npO)],YKTOB, KOTopbIe MorYT 6hITb 3aKO)],lIpOBaHbl B OJI,HOM
reHe.
544

546
tteqHblH PC3YJIbTST l1eJIOH l1enH npeBpal1\eHHH 3aBIICHT OT JU\HaMH-
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ACT JIH reH 3KcnpeCCH}10BaH, KorAa, r.ll.C H B KaKOH CTeneHH, KaKOH
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6Y.ll.eT MO.LI.IIQJHl1HpOBaH H rAe 6y.ll.CT JIOKaJIH30BaH. PcryJll1l1J1 MO-
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ce npO.ll.OJIJKI1TeJlbHocTb. TaKHM 06PaJOM, 60J1billI1HCTBO perYJIJlTO-
pOB - no ljJaKTOpbl TPaHCKpl1nHH.
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KJ1eTO'lHblX npO.ll.YKTOB npeiJ,CTaBJICHO B HepBHoH eIlCTCMC. 3T0 MO-
JKeT oGeCTIeqHBaTbC JI:BYM nYTMII: JlI160 KaJKiJ,aJl KJleTKa 3Kcnpec-
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3YeT OI\HH II TOT JKe Ha60p reHOB pa3JIHqHblM 06pa30M (BcnOMHHM
aJIbTepHaTHBHbIH CTIJlaHClIHr). B03MOJKHO, B HepBHOH CHCTCMC IIC-
nOJlb3ylOTCJI 06a 3TIIX MexaHH3Ma, KaJKiJ,bIH 113 KOTOpblX l'pc6YeT
BblCOKI1X YPOBHCH pcryJ1J111HII (Lemke G., 1992 ' »).
HeKoTopa qaCTh npOl1CCCOB pcrYJlJll1l111 CBJl3aHa C QJOPMOH
caMoH XpOMOCOMbl. HanpliMep, )I)lJl MJlCKonHTaIOI1\HX xapaKTepHO
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3bIBaeTC, '1TO OAlia !l3 X-XpOMOCOM B KJIeTKaX TeJIa JKCHCKOH OCO-
6H nJIOTHO CKpyqllBaeTCJI H npeBpaIl1ae-rCJI B TaK Ha3bIBaeMOC TCJIb-
LIe Eappa. B TaKOM BHiJ,01l3MeHeHHOM BHiJ,e OqeHb MaJIO reHOB X
XpOMOCOMbl OKaJblBaIOTCJI AOCTynHblMH 1'pSHCKpHnl\lIl1, II OHa QJYH-
Kl\HOHaJIbHO HanOMIIHSeT Gonee MeJIKYIO Y-XpOMOCOMY. TSKaJl
HHSKTI1Bal\l1J1 OCYIl1eCTBJlJleTCJI CJIY'IaHHbIM 06PaJOM 11, ecJlH aillleJIH
oGeHx X-XPOMOCOM paJnll'laIOTCJI, MOJKeT B03HHKHYTh JlBJ1CHHe MO-
3al1qHOCTH, 113BeCTHOC, Hanpl1Mep, I\I!JI KOillCK, HMCIOI1\HX qcpcnSXo-
BYIO pacLl,BeTKY.
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xpOMamUHe. .II.eJ10 B TOM, qTO MOJ1CKYJIa .II.HK He CYl1\eCTBYrT caMa
no cc6c, a HaXOI\HTCJI B C1J1YKType, uMeHyeMoH xpoMaTIIHoM. 3Ta
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CBbfille 90% .[(HK 06bl'lHO 06epHYTO BOKpyr mCTOHHblX KOMn-
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JIeOCO.waMU (npHMcpHO no 150-200 nap oCHoBaHHH B KaJKAOH
547
TYPHble* rCHbl OKaJKYTcJI npCiJ,CTaBJIeHbl JII111Jb Hc60J1blllOH qac-
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Mblilll1 COCTaBJIJlIOT OT 20000.ll.o 150000. llOCJIeiJ,Hee '1HCJIO cono-
CTalll1MO C pa3Hoo6pa311eM MPHK, 06HapY)I{eHHbiM B M03re.
011eHHTb KOJlH'IeCTBO reHOB, KOTopble 3KcnpeCC11pYIOTCJI B
M03re 11 HCaKTUBHbl B Apymx TKaHX opraHH3Ma, MOJKHO 3KcnepH-
MeHTaJIbHO, C03iJ,aBaJi TKaHeCnel111QJII'IHble K.II.HKoBbIe 5u6nHoTe-
KII**. llepBble pa60Tbi no 011CHKC M03rOCnel\IIQJH'IHbIX reHOIi 5blJ111
CiJ,eJIaHbl Ha Kpblcax EblJIO nOKa3aHO, qTO 113 npU6JIII311TenbHo
100000 reHOB, KOTopble COCTaBJIlOT BeCh reHOM KpblCbI, OKOJIO
60000 3KcnpcccllpYIOTCJI B KJleTKaX M03ra, npHqCM OKOJIO nono-
BUHbl 3TIIX reHOB TpaHCKpIl6I1PYIOTC TOJlbKO B M03re, a B APY-
rnx TKaHX 3TI1 reHb! "MOJIqaT" (Milner R.J., Sutcliffe J.G., 1983;
Sutcliffe J.G. ct aI., 1983). HJKao C cOTpYIlHUKSMI1 (Zhao N. ct aI.,
1995) npOBeJl aHaJIH3 K.II.HK-GII6J1HOTeKH M03ra QCnOBeKa. OKaJa
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l'paHcMHTTepbI (nepel\aTqllKH HepBHblX HMnYJIbCoB), Ha pa3JIllq-
HbIe 6eJlKOBble q.aKTopbI pOCTa (cpaKTOp pOCTa HepBOB, Hanpll-
Mep - CM. )(aJIee) TaKIIM 06pa30M, Jl,eHCTBHe pa3Ho06pa3HbiX
KCTpaKITeTO'lHbIX CHrHaJIOB npHBO)(HT K 3anYCKY B KJIerKaX CHC-
TeM BTOpli'lHbIX MeCCeH)(JJ<epOB (nocpeIlHHKOB) H aKTIlBal.(IIH pa3-
JlH'IHbIX l'paHCKpllnI.\HOHHbIX cpaKTopOB, cnoc06HbIX B3aHMO)(eH-
CTBOBaTb J\Pyr C J\PyroM II aKTIIBl1pOBaTb CHHTe3 MPHK reHOB-
MlIweHeii, 06eCne'lIlBaJi TeM caMblM Cnel.\l1cpHqHOCTb II pa3Ho06-
p33l1e BOCnpHJlTHJI KrreTKOH pa3ITH'IHbIX CllrHarrOB (Morgan 1.1.,
Curran 1'" 1991 ' »),
CqI1TaeTCJI, '1TO paHHHe reHbl II HX npOIl)'KTbl MorYT 6blTb
O.l\HUM U3 MexaHH3MOB, nocpellCTBOM KOTOpblX OCYll.(eCTBJIJleTCJI
KOOpMHal.\lIJI MeJK.llY OHTOreHeTHqeCKI1MII C05bITI1J1MII B HepBHOH
CHCTeMe II BO BHewHeH cpe)(e. llOCpeJl,CTBOM Y'laCTUJI paHHI1X rc-
HOB HCKOTOpaJi relleTlI'IeCKaJl aKTUBHOCTb MOJKeT KOHl.(eHl'pHpO-
BaTbCJI B onpel\eJIeHHbiX KJIeTKaX U KOOpJI,HHHpOBaTbCJI C IIpyrll-
Mil np0l.\cccaMII, npOIlCXOIIJlIl.(HMH B HepBHOH CHCTeMe HJIH BO
BHeWHeH cpClle.
Hccrre)(OBaHIIJI nOKa3bIBaIOT, '1TO paHHHH onbIT MOJKeT 3Ha-
'IHTeJIbHO BJIIIJlTb Ha 3KcnpeCCHIO paHHIIX reHOB B KJIeTKaX KOpbI
rOJIOBHoro M03ra. TaK, K M.P03eH (Rosen K.M. et aI., 1992 ' »
H3MepJI ypOBeHb COAep)!(aHII MPHK paHHIIX reHOB B 3pllTeJIb-
HOH II cppOHTaJIbllOii Kope KOTJlT, BOCnl1TbIBaBWHXCJI B TeMHOTe.
OK33aJIOCb, qTO Jl,aJKe KOpOTKa CBeTOBaJi 3KCn03111.\IIJI (Bcero O.!lHH
'lac) I\paMaTllqeCKII YBeJIH'IIIBaeT aKTIiBHOCTb pallllllX reHOB B
3pHTeJIbHOH, HO He BO cppOHTaJIbHOH Kope. npHMC'IaTeJIbHO, '1TO
3Ta aKTHBHOCTb 6bIJIa BbIwe, eCJIIi CBeTOBaJi 3KCn03HI.\IIJI npHXO-
.!lIlITaCb Ha 60JIee paHHIIH nepHO.!l pa3BHTII (5-HeJl,enbHble KOTTa
B cpaBHeH1l1l C 20-lIeJ\eJlbHbIMH). TaKHM 06pa30M, onblT MO)!(eT
perYJlllpOBaTb MOJIeKYJIJlpllYIO reHeTllqecK)'lO aKTHBHOCTb.
HaKOnneHHbIe Jl,aHHble 0 MexaHII3Max 3KcnpeccIIII paHHHX re-
IIOB n03BOJIIIJIII npC)lI10nOJKHTb, '1TO 01111 MorYT IlrpaTb BaJKIIYIO
pOJIb He TOJIbKO B pa3BIITHH HepBHOH CHCTeMbl, HO H 6blTb CBJl3aH-
BnepBble pallllue rellbI 6bIJIH I1l1eHTllcpHl.(I1pOBaHbi B KYJIb-
Type TKaHU npu HccnellOBaHIIH MeXaHll3MOB aKTIIBal.\lIH reHOMa B
OTBeT Ha .!l06aBJIeHHe B cpeJl,y cpaKTopOB pOCTa, npHBOlJ)Ill.(lIX K
KJIeTOqHOIl npOJIllcpepal.(HlI (YBenll'leHHIO MaCCbl KJIeTOK nYTeM
MHT03a) H McpljlepeHI.\HpOBKe. 3TH I1CCJIC.!lOBaHIIJI npHBeJIH K OT-
KpblTlHO KJIaCCa reHaB, KOTopbIe aKTHBl1pYIOTCJI B TeqeHHe He-
CKOJIbKHX MI1HYT nOCJIe B03)(eHCTBI1J1 Ha KJIeTKH cpaKTopOB pOCTa,
npH'IeM 3Ta l'paHCKpHnI.(HOHHaJi IIH.!lYKI.(HJI npOllcxoMT .!laJKe B
TOM CJIY1Jae, eCJIH B cpeJl,y J\06aBJIeHbl HHrH6HTopbl CHHTe3a 6en-
Ka (Greenberg M.E., ZilT E Y., 1984; Lau L.F., Nathans D., 1985).
OKa3aJIOCb, qTO 3TH reHbI KOJ\HPYIOT JllIcpHbIe 6eJIKU, KOTopble
JlBJIJlIOTCJI l'paHCKpl1nI.(IIOHHbIMII cpaKTOpaMII II peryJIUPYIOT 3KC-
npeCCHIO J\PyrllX reHOB.
O.n:HHMH 113 nepBbIX B CeMeHCTBe paHHHX rellOB 6bIJIIIIIJ\eH-
TUCPHQHpOBaHbl rellbI c-fos U c-myc (Grcenberg M.E., Ziff E. Y.,
1984)*.
OKa3aJIOCb, qTO paHIIHe rellbl WllpOKO pacnpoCTpaHellbl B
)!(IIBbIX opraHH3Max, npll'leM O.!lIlH 11 TOT JKe rell BCTpe'laeTCJI Y
* 3a nOcneltHHe rO.!lM 6I.lnO 06HapYJKeHO ewe OKono cra. paHHHx. reHOB,
CPOIIH KOTOpblX HaH60nee H3Y",HblJos-B. c-jun.jun-B. zif/286.fra-l.fra-2, NGFI-
B. c-myb. N-myc. L'myc, els-l, e/s-2, TlS8, TISI. TIS? (Sheng. Greenherg ME.,
1990; Struhl, ]991).
548
549

HbIMII C TaKHMH Ba)l(HblMH npOL\eCCaMI1, KaK 06Y'IeHHe H KOHCOJII1-
J(aL\HSI naMJlTIi (TO eCTb npOL\ecc nepexo)'la HH<popMaL\J{11 H3 KpaT-
KOBpeMeHHOH naMJlTH B Jl,OJII'OBpeMeHHYIO). K HaCTOJlll\eMY MOMeH-
TY WUWnJIeHO O'leHb MHoro .n:aHHbIX 06 3KcnpeCCRH paHHllx reHOB
B M03re JKHBOTHblX npl1 06yqeHHH (AHOXHH K.B., CY)'IaKOB K.B.,
1993; Nikolaev E. et aI., 1992; Heurteaux C. et aI., 1993; McCabe
B.J., Horn G., 1994; Beck C.H.M., Fibider H.C., 1995; Hess U.C. eI
aI., 1995; Lamprecht R., Dudai Y., 1995). 06061l\aJl nOJIY'IeHHble
pe3YJIbTaTbl, MOJKHO BbIjJ;eJIlITb HeCKOJIbKO OCHOBHblX CBOHCTB 3Kcn-
peCC1111 paHHHx reHOB B M03re npH 06Y'IeHHH.
B 06bl'IHOM COCTORHI,", npH OTCYTCTBI1I1 BO BHeWHeii cpe-
)'Ie 3Ha'Il1MbIX pa3)'1paJKHTeJleii, 3KcnpeCCIIJI paHHIIX reHOB B M03-
re JKIIBOTHblX OCYll\eCTBlliIerCJI Ha 6a3a.DbHOM ypOBHe c O'leHb cna-
60H IIHTeHCIIBHOCTblO. llpH nOMell\eHI1H JKHBOTHblX B HOBYIO cpe-
lIY I!JIII 06yqeHl," HX HOBblM HaBbIKaM npOIICXOjJ;HT OqeHb 6bICT-
poe J{ 3Ha'IJ{TeJlbHoe YCI1JIeHl1e 3KCnpeCCI1H paHHI1X reHOB, npH-
qeM Ha6J1IO)'IaeMaSl HHJI,YKL\IIJI TpaHCKpl1nl.\HH jJ;OCTHraeT CBoero
MaKCI1MYMa 'ICpe3 15-30 MI1HYT nocne HaqaJla B03)'1eiicTBIISI, a
YJKe '1epe3 60-90 MIIHYT ypOBeHb MPHK paHHHX reHOB B03Bpa-
ll\aerCJI K nepBOHa'IanbHOMY 6>l30BOMY 3HaqeHI1IO. COOTBCTCTBeHHO
MaKCHMaJIbHblH CHHTe3 6eJIKOB, KO)'lHpyeMblx 3TI1MH reHaMH, )'Ie-
TeKTHPycrCR 'Iepe3 1-2 '1aca nocne B03jJ;eHCTBHSI, II '1epe3 4---c5 qa-
COB IIH)'IYKI.\I1R 3aBepwacrcSI (AHOXHH K.B., CYJI,aKOB K.B., 1993;
Papa M. eI aI, 1993; Handa R.I. et aI., 1993; Melia K.R. et aI.,
1994; Freeman F. et aI., 1995).
llpllMe'IaTeJ1eH TOT ljJaKT, '1TO no Mepe BbIpa60Tl(u H aBTOMa-
TH3al.\IIH HOBoro HaBblKa ypOBeHb 3KcnpeCCJ{11 reHOB c-fos H c-jun
nOCTeneHHO CHHJKaeTCR, a BbInOJIHeHJ{e YJKe npH06pereHHoro HaBbl-
Ka He Bbl3bIBaeT HH)'IYKL\HI1 paHHIIX reHOB. llpHBblKaHHe K npOl.\elIY-
pe, Bbl3blBaKJIl\eH y JiCIIBOTHOro CTpecc, TaKJKe npI1BOjJ;IIT K 3HaqH-
TeJJbHOMY CHli)l(eHHIO 3KcnpeccHH paHHHX reHOB. llPH 3aMCHe HeKO-
TOpbIX 06'beKTOB BO BHewHeii cpe)'le HJIII '1aCTllqHOM H3MeHeHI111 He-
KOTOpbIX napaMeTpoB YCJIOBHOrO Cl1rHaJIa 3aTyxaBwaSl no Mepe
06Y'IeHHSI 3KcnpeccIISI pallHHx reHOB BHOBb Jl,OCTHraer nO'ITI1 nep-
BOHaqanbHOrO ypOBHSI (AHOXHH K.B., CYJI,aKOB K.B., 1993; Niko-
laev E. et aI., 1992; Smith M.A. et aI., 1992; Watanabe Yet aI., 1994;
Melia K.R. et aI., 1994).
3TH ,!I;aHHbIe nocnYJKHJIH OCHOBOii ,lI,JISI nmOTe3bI 0 TOM, 'ITO
aKTHBaL\IIJI B M03re paHHJ{X reHOB npOIlCXOiJ:HT B TOM cnY'IaC, Kor-
550
jJ;a 1KHBOTHOe CTaJIKlI1JaeTCSI C HOBblMI1 ,lI,JISI Hero CHTYaI.\IIRMH, 11 B03-
HJ{KalO!ltaSl npll 3TOM 3KCOpeCCI1R paHHJ{X reHOB oTpaJKaeT cy6'beK-
TJ{BHYIO Ol1eHKY JiCHBOTHbIM HOBH3Hbi (AHOXHH K.B., CY,!I;aKOB
K.B., 1993; Handa R.I. et a!., 1993; Papa M. eI a!., 1993).
B nOCJIeJI,HHe rO,ll,b1 6bIJlII nOJIY'IeHb! npJlMbIe J(OK>l3aTeJIbCTBa
yqacTiISI paHHHx reHOB B MexaHII3MaK 06Y'IeHI1R II ljJopMl1pOBaHI1J1
naMJlTH. COBpeMeHHb!e MeTO,ll,b1 MOJIeKYlliIpHOH 6110JIOrllH n03BOJIJ!-
lOT CneL\J{IjJH'IHO J{ 06paTlIMO 6JIOKHpOBaTb 3KcnpeCCllIO OTjJ;eJlbHbIX
reHOB. 3Toro MOJiCHO ,!I;06I1TbCSI, BBOAH B KJIeTKlI KOpOTKHe nocne-
jJ;OBaTeJIbHOCTH OJIHrOHYKJIeOTII,!I;OB', KOMnJIeMeHTapHblX yqaCTKY
MPHK IIHTepeCYlOll\erO reHa. CBSl3aBWHCb C MPHK, TaKl1e aHTII-
CMb!cnoBble (aHTIICeHC-) nocne,!l;OBaTeJJbHOCTJ{ 6JIOKHPYI<>T TpaHCIIJI-
L\HIO, H B KJIeTKe He CIIHre:mpyercSI 5enoK ,!I;aHHOrO reHa. B 3KcnepH-
MeHTax Ha Kpblcax H L\bITIJlSlTaX 6bl1l0 nOKa3aHo, qTO BBe,!l;eHHe B
KpHTllqeCKHe ,lI,JISI 3anOMIIHaHlfJl 05JIaCTH M03ra aHTIICeHC-OJIllrO-
HYKJICOTI1AOB, BpeMeHHo "BbIKJI1O'IaIOIl\HX" 3Kcnpeccillo reHa c-fos,
1Jbl3blBaer Y 06yqeHHbiX JKHBOTHb!X aMHe3HIO (Lamprecht R., Dudai
Y., 1996; Milcusnic R. et aI., 1996).
3TH ,!I;aHHble CBII)'ICTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, '1TO paHHlle reHbl
OqCHb '1j'BCTBHTeJ1bHO pearllpYIOT Ha 113MeHeHHJI BO BHeWHeH cpe,!l;e
II JlBJIJIIOT C050H KpllTHqeCKOe 3BCHO B MexaHH3Me B03,!1;eiiCTBI1J1 cpe-
Abl H npl105peTaeMOrO B pe3YJlbTare 3Toro I1H,!1,HBI1,!\YaJIbHOrO onb!-
Ta Ha reHOM HepBHblX KJIeTOK.
TaKIIM 06pa30M, 6J1arOAapSl paHHIIM reHaM AaJKe Kp3TKHe
CPCAOBble Cl1rH3JIbl MOI'y-T 6b!Tb npc06pa:JOBaHbI B K3CKa,!l; npOAOJI-
JKI1TeJ1bHbIX C06bITIIH, npllBOAHll\lIX K H3MeHCHlfSlM BHyTplf KJIeTOK
II K MeJKKJICTO'lHbIM B33HMOjJ;eiicIBI1J1M. TeM CaMb!M paHHlfe reHbl
MoI'y-T Y'IaCTBOBaTb KaK B 3aKJlaJI,Ke IICpBHOii CI1CTCMbl B 3M6pllore-
He:Je, TaK II B ee nJlaCTII'IecKIIX H3MeHeHIIJlX nocne pOJI(AeHIIJI.
llOMIIMO paHHIIX reHOB, B perynRQll10 reHHoii aKTIIBHOCTH II
Me1KKJICTO'IHOrO B3311MOAeHCTBIIJI BKJIIO'IeHbl II Jl,PyrHe npOlIY KTbI .
OJI,HI1MIi 1i3 HHX JlBJIJlIOTCJI rOpMOHb!.
3.4. rOpMOHbl H \IX POJII. B reHeTH'IeCKOii perYJUIQHH
f OpMOHbI JlBnRIOTCJI OJI,HIIM 113 6110JIOmqecKIi 3KTIIBHblX CO-
eAHHeHHH, KOTopble TaKJKe cnOC06Hb! npHHIIMaTb yqaCTlle B pcry-
.. OnnroHYKneOTHJI. - (j)opMa HYXflCHHOBOii KHCJlOTbl, f;O,lJ,ep1lCawaJl
OTHOCHTeJ1:bHO MaJ10e "lHC110 HYKneOnt.II.OB (HC 60J1OO 20).
551

JII!11I1 JI,II<j)<pCpeHl'!aI1H II 3KTlIBHOCTH HepBHblX KJJeTOJ< Ha reHe.
TH'IeCKOM ypOBHe. CTepOl1lUibie ropMOHbl (3eTporeH, TCCTOCTepOH,
lIpor=epOH If HeKOTopLfe '!\pyme) HBIH!IOTCJI JKl'!popaCTBOpHMbIMII
MOJleKYJlaMI1, OJJaro,/\apSl qeMY OHH MorYT c8060lUiO npOIlHKaTb qe-
pe3 KIICTO'lllbIe MeMop3Hbi B l\IITOI1J1a3MY II !l,!QJO KJlCTKII. )];JIJ! pery-
JIJ!1\HH KJJeTO'lHOH aKTIIBHOCTJr ropMOIi t/:OJD/(eH He npoCTQ npOHI1K-
HYTb BHyrpb KJICTKH, HO ellje CBJl3aTbCJI co cnelUfqm'leCKHM BHyrpl1-
KneTOqhlM peenTopOM. PeenTOp I1Pei1CT3BJIJ!eT coooii MOJIeKY-
nJlpHbIH KOMnlleKC, I1MelOllIHH 06naCTI> CBSl3blB3HWI C .QHK, 06-
naCTb CBJl3bmaHliJi C ropMoHOM II 0611aCTb, OTBCqaIOlI\Y1O 3a perynJl-
1\11'10 TpaHcIq>HnI1HH. lloCJIe C8J13bIBaHHSI ropMoH3 co CBOIiM peel1-
TOpOM pe3YJIbTllpYlOII1HH KOMI1JleKC cnoco6eH I1pl1KpenHl'bCJI K 3K-
l1 eI 1TOpHbIM yqaCTl<3M Ha XpoMaTHHe H perYJIHpOBaTb TpaHcKplln-
UIUO. PerylIJlUlI1I MOJKeT BMpllJ!<3ThCSI B TOM, 6YAeT Illi IlpOIfCXO.[\llTh
TpaHcKpHn!.\I1J1, KaKOBa 6YJI,eT ee CKOpOCTb 11 C K3Koro yqaCTKa HllII
cauma (caHTy COOTBeTCTByeT Y'lacTOX .II.HK, npeACTaBJlJlIO'lljHH
o.1!UY napy HYKJJeOTII,/\OB), OHa n3'1l!eTCR.
XOTJI CTepOH,!!;Hble ropMOHbI MorYT IlpOHIiKaTb BO Bce KJleT-
KII, HO He Bce KlleTKlf, 3 TOJIhKO KneTKIi-Ml1ll1eHH I1MeIOT AIIJ1 HHX'/
COOTBeTCraYIOlljl'!e pe!.\enl'ophl. rOpMDHbI Moryl' pcrYlllfpOBaTb H
CBIO C06CTBeHHylO aKTlfBHOCTb nocpeACTBOM npOQeCCOB C 06paT-
HOH CBSl3bID, KOTopbIe pcrYJJHpYIOT '1HCIIO pel1enTOpOB B KlleTKaX-
MHlUeHJlX B CTopOHy 110HHJKeHHJI 111111 110BblllJeHIIJ!. H Y Mb!!IlII, 11 Y
'1enOBeKa 113BeCTJrbI MYTaQHH, KOl'OpbIe 33TparHBaIOT CTJJYXrypHblC
rCll/,! MOJ1CKYJIl/pftLIX peQClITOpOB ropMOHOB. ECJI!! TaKHC MYTalUfH
HMelOT MeCTO, TO Bee TKaHH, BKmoqaSl M03r, CTaHOBJlTCSI Heaocnpll-
IfM'IIfBbIMI1 K ,!!;eHCTBHIO COOTBCTCTBYIOIIJ;erO ropMOHa.
Ha npo)1JX!.{1IIO H CCKpCl.\11I0 ropMOHOB 3H3'1lfTCJJb1i0 BJlIII/CT
cpe)10Bajj' CTI1MYIISllUfJl. ll03l'OMY Ha rellel'lI'lecxylO aKTHBHOCTb B
XJleTKaX-MHllIeHJlX MOJKeT BIII'!JlTh CPC.n:OBOH O!]bIT, KOTOpbIii npHBO-
,!!;HT x H3MeHcHHIO CO.1\CpJKaHHJI ropMOHOB B opraHlI3MC. 31'0 CII.\C
O)1IfH nYTb BJJHJlHI'!JI BHCWHeii cpe.!lbl Ha aKl'HBHOCTb reHOB B Pa3BII-
Till{. OC06CHHO IIIlTeHCHBHO H3Y'lae'rcJI BJIHJlIIHe Te<:TOCTepOHa 113
pa3BHTIIC HepBIIoii cHcreMbI H nOBe.aeHI1S1
llOMHMO cnCQI/(pl1qeCKIIX ropMOHa.rJbllhIX PeQenTopOB, Heii-
pOHbl IIMelOT CIl.\e O.lUfI/ Bill.{ pe4cnTopOB, KoropLfe HaXOll'lTCII H3
nOBepXHOCTH KJlCTOK H_ MorYT npllCOeJl,llHIITb K cOOe ropMOHbI, HCH-
pOTpaHCMIITTCPbl H HelipOMOi1YI1!1TOPbI - 3TO TaK Ha3blBaeMble G.
6eJI1(lI.
552
3.5. PerYJlHTOpHali pom. G<-OeJ1KOB
I
I
MHorl1e ropMoHbl, HCHpoTpaHcMHrrepbl 11 HeHpoMoAYJlJI-
TOpbl BJllI!lIOT Ha aKTlIBHOCTb HciipOHOB C nOMOIl.\bIO Cnel\lIaJIb-
HblX 6elIKoBbIx pel\enTOpHblX KOMnJIeKCOB, IIMelOlI/lIXCSI Ha no-
BCpXHOCTIi KJleTKH. 3TH peL\enTOpbI 6bIJIli Ha3BaHhI G-6CilKaMII,
nocKolIbKY OHII COe1!!IH!lIOTCJI C BlfyrpHKIIC'TO'lHbIM ryaH03I1H-TpIf-
<j!oc<j)<lrOM (IT$). G-6cm<ll COCTO!lr"3 TpCX CB!!JaHHbIX C Mcu6pa-
HOII 6ellKoB, KOTopble Ha3bIBaIOl'CJI aJIb<j!a, 6el'a II raMMa Cy6KOM-
nOHeHTaMU. KorAa pel.\enTOp aKTIIBupyercSI, alIbljla cy6KoMno-
HCHT CBJl3bIBaCTCJI C IT4> II OT)1CJ1J1tTCII OT OCTaJIbHbIX Cy6KOMTlO-
lIeHTOB. KaK aJlbijla, Tax H 6el'a-raMMa cy6KoMnOHeHl'bI MorYT
CJlYJKIITb TpIlITepaMH (TO eCTb nYCKOBbIMH MCXaHH3Mal\f) QeJIblX
KaCKa)10B KJleTO'lHbIX CD6blTlIH AKTIIBHpOBaHHbIC G-6cmOl cno-
C06HbI BJlHIITb Ha npOHIIQaeMOCTb MeM6paHHbiX KaHaIIOB, CTI1MY-
nllpOBaTb BbICB060)J(.n;eHlle Ca" 113 KlleTO'lHbIX pC3CpBOB, KOTO-
pblii, B CBOIO OqepCM, MOJKer aKTHB!lpOBaTb Ca'+ -3<1BHCIIMble ijlep-
MCIITbI II 3anYCKaTb l\ellblt! plI,!!; .apyrHX KJIeTOqllblX COOblTI1H, KOTO-
pbIe Moryl' lIenocpe,!!;CTBCHHo 8ilill/Tb Ha Tp3HCKpllnL\1II0, Tp3HCJlJI-
1.\1110 11 nOC1'TpaHCJIJlQI10HHbIC KJIeTOqHble C06bITIIJI B HeHpOHe.
AKTII!IHpOBaHHbIC G-6CIIKf.! 11M ClOT npO,!!;OIIJKHTCJlbIlOCTb
)J(113111f OT ceKYH,l( ,!!;O MIIHYT. 3aTeM npOllcxo.aI1T caMOIIHaKTIIBa-
QII!I G-aJIbijla, nOCJIe qero OH pearrpenlpyCT C oera-raMMa If B03-
BpaIIJ;acl'CSI B IICXoAHoe COCTOlllllfe.
TaKIIM 06pa30M, G-6CJIKII - 3TO elI/c OJl,llH nYTb BilHJlHlI1I
cpeAOBb!X C06bITliH Ha TpaHCKpHnQI1IO, TpaHCJIJlQll10 H nOCTTPaHC-
JIJlI1110HHbie 113MCllelll1J1 B lIepBHoii KJICl'Ke, KOTOpblii OTKpbIBae-r
B03MOJl(HOCTH.LIJI!I BJII1J1HIIJI paHllero OnbITa Ha CTpYKTYPY H ijlYH-
KQIIH HepBHot! TKaHIi.
Mbl CnelUfaJIbHO ,!!;OBOm,IIO nO'!\po6HO OCT3HOBlIJ1HCb Ha He-
KOTOpblX acneKl'ax COBpeMeHHoii MOilcxymqmoii relfeTlIKlI, '1T06b1
nOKa3aTb, lIaCKonbKO BeJIHKI1 B03MOJKHOCTIf perYJI!lQIlIf rellCTII-
qecKoii aKTHBHOCTII HepBHhlX KJ1CTOK, npll'leM lie TOJIbKO CO CTO-
pOHbIIlHYTpIlKl1eTO'lHbIX arelfToB, 1t0 If TaKH"- C06bITIIH B Me)J(-
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554

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556
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II ee nepl-lcpepH'IeCKIIX MllweHeil. HeKOTOpj,lM nonYJlJlQHJlM HeH-
pOHOB q,PH Tpe6yCTcH = BblJKIIBaHIIJI II paCTa. I1H'beKl\IIH q,PH
B pa3BIIBalOLQlliicR JM6pHOH YBCJlliqHBaeT BblJKHBaeMOCTb HeHpo-
HOB B nepHO.!l CCTCCTBeHHOH rll6eJIH KJIeTOK.
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pOHOB HaqHHalOT nOJlBJIJlTbCH HaMHoro pallbwe, 'IeM YCTaHaBnH-
BaIOTC" Bce weCTb CJlOeB KOpbJ. B JTO JKe BpCMJI cpOpMIIPYIOTCH II
ncpBble CI1HanCbl. TaK, npel1.WeCTBeHHlI1m nl-lpaMII)l.l\hlX KJleTOK
nOCbmalOT CBOH aKCOHbI K COOTBeTCTBYIOll\HM Jll1.paM TanaMyca, a
aKCOHbl TBnaMHqeCKHX HCHpOHOB pacryr no HanpaBJIeHHIO K KOpC.
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l\HnpOKHO II CIII\XpOHHO eLQe )1,0 Toro, KaK 06pa3YIDTCII II II III
CJlOI1 (Shatz C.l., Rakic P., 1981 2 ). fJIaBHble nynl CBII3CH B M03-
rOBOH Kope qCJIOBeKa 3aKJIa.!U>IBaIOTCJI ell\e AO pOJKl1.eHIIJI.
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qac. Ha Be.ll.)'ll\eM KOHe ReHpHTa (aKcoHa HJIH /l,eHlJ,pHTa) I1MCcT-
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KOHYC pOCTa, H HCKOTopble al1.re3HBHble 6eJlKH. TpocpllqecKHc
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lOTCJI BaJKHblMH perYJIIiTOpaMIi npol\Ccca o6pa30BaHHJI, pOCTa
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Hanpl!Mep, M030JIHCTOc TeJlO - npOBOl1.JlLQIIH nYTb H3 Ol1.HOrO
nOJlywapH" B ,tqJyroe - B HCOHaTaJIbHbIH nepHO.ll. HCnbIThlBaeT
3HaqHTeJIbHYlO nOTeplO aKCOHOB, qTO CBR3bIBaeTCJI C peOpraHll3a-
I\lIeH naTTepHa npOeKl111H KOPKOBblX HCHpOHOB B npOTIiBOnOJlO)((o
Hoe nOJIywapHe. llpc.lI.nOJlaraeTCH, '1TO 1I0.ll.06HbiC PCKOHCTPYK-
QIIII JlBJlRIOTCJI OKOH'IaTeJlbHbIM pe3YJIbTaTOM KJleTO'lHbIX B3all-
559

MO,lJ.CHCTBHH. MOJKeT 6blTb, CBJI3H, KOTOpble HBJIJlICTCH $YHKI1HO-
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B03MOJKHOCTb Mil H3MeHeHHII nlirrepHIl CBJl3H B TeqeHHe )l(H3HH.
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npOlleCCb! pOCTa TYT JKe npcKpawaIDTclI, 11 KOHYC pOCTa npCBpa-
lI\aeTCJI B HepBHoe OJ(OHqaHHe, Ha KOTOpOM nOCTeneHHO !j>OpMH-
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CBOID KaTerOpl1ID MHweHeH, KOTOpYlO paCnOJHaIDT paCTYLI1He Heii-
pHTbI, YCTaHaBJIIIBaJi CBJlJH TOJIbKO C KJIeTKaMH COOTBeTCTBYIDlI\e-
ro THna. TaKllM 06paJOM, nOBeJl,eHHe KOHyca pOCTa ,lJ.eTepMHHH-
pOBaHO, nO-BH,lJ.HMOMY, JIIIWb HeMHomMH JKeCTKO 3anporpaMMH-
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HaBaHl'!e CBoeH MHweHH. OCTanbHoe onpe,lJ.eJIJleTCH clIyqaHHOCTII-
10111 pa3BIITIIII, qTO npHBO/l,HT K BblCOKOH BapHa6eJIbHOCTH MOp-
C\J01l0rmi HepBHbIX orpOCTKOB.
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CH B03.1\eHCTllHe TpoljJlI'IeCKOrO !/JaJUopa, HaKJlai\blBaeT ome'l3-
TOK Ha xapaKTep pOCTa HepBHbIX OKOH'IaHHH. HanpHMep, qHCJIO
nepBHqHblX lI;eH,lJ.pHTOB, paCTYLl1HX npHMO H3 TCJla HeHpOHa, MO-
JKeT 6bln YBClIH'IeHO nO,lJ.a'leH <I>PH TOilbKO B 3M6pliOHaJIbHblH
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IjJOJIOTli'leCKHe CBoiicTBII, KaK '1HCJlO WllnIlKOB.
rOpMOHbI T3K)I(e MorYT OKa3b1BaTb rpoljJlI'IeCKlle BJIHJlHHJI
Ha pa3BHBaIDLI1HeCII lieHpOHhl, KOTophIe HMeIDT COOTBeTCTBYID-
II\lIe pel1enTopbl Mil 3T1IX ropMOHoB 11 HaKOHel1, '1TO MJI Hac
oe06erIH0 Ba)l(HO, CTHMYJIJlI1HH H3 J!HewHeH cpe,lJ.bI H 06paTHaJ(
CBJl3b OT nOBe,lJ.eHHH IIH,lJ.I1BH,lJ.a MorYT HMeTh eYlI\eCTBCHHOe BIII1-
HHlle Ha C\JOpMHpoBaHHe CBJl3eH B HepBHoH eHCTeMe 3TO OJHa'ia.
eT, '1TO 1i3MeHCHHH B npOTIIJKeHHOCTH H BeTBJIeHIIH ,lJ.eH,lJ.pIlTOB,
06pa30BaHHH ellHanCOB II BeTBneHIUI aKeOHOB HcnblThlBaIDT BJIlI-
!!HHJI paHHero OnblTa, TO eCTb Cpe,lJ.OBbIe BJIHIIHI'!JI. MHorHe H3
3TIIX B1tHJlHH" Jl,eHCTBeHHhl BO BpeMlln03J1,HerO 3M6pHOHaJIbHOrO
HilH paHHero HeOHaTIIJIbHOrO pa3BHTHJI (Rallsehecker J.P.,
560
Marler P., 1987'»), HO IIMelOT MeeTO H B 60nee nOJ,lJ.HHe nepHolI;bl
OHToreHe3a.
TaKHM o6pa30M, HepBHaJi CHCTeMa C031I;aeTCJI rrpeHMYlI(e-
CTBeHHO B nepHolI; 3M6pHoHanbHoH JKHJHII H3 KJIeTOK C OII;HHaKO-
BbIM reHeTllqeCKHM nOTeHI1HaJIOM, KOTophle ,lJ.eJlJlTCH, MHrpHpy-
lOT, ,lJ.H$!j>epeHl.IHPYIOTell, 06pa3YIOT CBJlJII II BhlJKHB310T IIJlH no-
rH6aIDT B nepHolI; eCTeCTBeHllOH rH5eJUI KilCTOK. HepBliaS\ CI1CTe-
Ma crroco6Ha rrepeCrpal1Bl!n CBHJ/! B TC'Ie1U1e JK/!3H11 no,l1 /JJlHJI-
HHeM onhITa. CHHanChl MorYT HC'IeJaTh H rrOS\BJlHTbeS\, a aKCOHhl
H lI;eH.n;pHTbl cnoc06Hhi 06pa30BbIBaTh H y6HpaTh eBOIi orpOCTKl1
B Te'lCHHe CBoeH JKI13HH. 3TO JlBJIJlCTC!I OrpaJKeHHeM nJJaCTHqHO-
CTH HepBHon CI1CTeMbl. HenpephlBHO npOHCXOlI;J!lI(He CTPYKTYP-
Hb1e IlljIYHKQlfOHBJJhHbIe 1f3MelfeHH!/ B RepBRon mCTeMe oTpaJKa-
JOT C06b1Tllij, npOIlCXOII;!lII\He B OCTaJlhlfhlX qaCTIIX 0pI'aHII3Ma If
BO BHeWHeH cpeJl,e. B peJYJlhTaTe B03HHKaeT alI;anTIIBHoe COOTBCT-
CTBHe Me)l()1Y HepBHOH eHCTeMOH H .n;pyrHMH '1aCTJlMH OpI'aHH3Ma, B
oco5eHHOCTIf ceHcopHon H j\BHTaTeJlbHOIl CHCTeMaMlI, qepe3 KOTO-
phJe oCYll1eeTBJIJleTCJI BJaHMO,lJ.eHCTBHe C BHeWHeH epeP;OH.
IIo3TOMY II nOBpeJK)1eHHH M03ra, B03HHKaJOLI111e B paHHIIC
nepHOlI;bI OIuoreHe3a, no BCeH BH,lJ.HMOCTH, BblJhIBaIOT H3MeHe-
HHH, npllHl1linHaJIbHO OTJlHqHhle 01' -rex, 'ITO HMeJOT MeCTO Y B3pOC-
JlhIX. H no OTJIH"He 05YCJlOBJleHO He npoCTO pa3Hhll.! ypOBHeM
nJIaeTII'IHOCTI1. BepOIlTHee BceI'O, OTBeTOM Ha paHHee nOBpeJK,lJ.e-
HHe MOJKeT 5hITh YCTaHOBIJeHlle He05hl'IlIblX HepBHhlx CBH3eH ny-
TeM KOMneHcaTopHoro aKCOHaJIbHOI'O pOCTa, pa3paCTaHIIJlII;CH,lJ.-
pliTOB II 06pa30BaHIIH CHllaneOB. B pe3YJIhTaTe npOHCXOII;JlT 113-
MeHeHHH 1J $YHKQHOHaJlbHOH II CTPYKTYPHOH opraHII3allHH OC-
TaBWeHCJI TKaHH npOHCXO,lJ.HT KaK 5hl $OpMllpOBaHHe HOB oro
M03I'a, 06JIalI;aJOLI1erO HHOH $YHKQHOHaJlhHOH opraHll3al1HeH
(Prechtl H.R., 1982 ' ).
He6oJIbWOH KCKYPC B HeHp03M5pHOlIOrllID I10KaJbIBaeT,
'ITO Ha KaJKJI,OM 3Tane pa3BIITlIH II MopljJOJlOrHqeeKHe, I'! IjJYHKQII-
OHaJlbHbie oC06eHHOCTII OpI'aHI'!3Ma HBJIHIOTCH pe3YJlhTaTOM B3a-
HMolI;eHCTBI'!JI MeJK,!J,Y MHOJKeCTBOM nepeMeHHblx. K HIIM OTHOCHT-
CH Bce THnhl reHOB, B TOM qllCJIe H perYlIliTopHble, paJJlII'IHhle
$II3HKO-XHMH'IeCKlle npOl1eCChl, npOHCXOlI;J!lI\lIe BHYTpI1 opraHH3-
Ma, H BHeWHHe C06bITIIH, BhI3b1BaICLI1He lIeJlble KaCKa)1hl OHTore-
HeTHqecKHX npeBpaLl1eHHH. HeBOJMOJKHO nOHJlTb OTHoweHHJI MeJK-
l1Y opraHH3MOM H TeMH npllqHHaMII, 6JIarOlI;apJl KOTOpbIM OH <pop-
561

MHpYeTCJI, HC npllBneKaJI TeOpHIO MHaMHqeCKHX CIlCTeM, 1160 pa3-
BIIB3lOlI\HiicH opraHlI3M, 6C'JycnoBHo, OTHOCHTCJI K CIfCTCMaM )TOM
kBTerOplll1. .II.JlH n03HaHHH CnOJKHblX H 3anYTaHHbl)( MexaHI!3MOB
pa3BIITI1H HaH60JIee nepcneKTIIBHblMH JlBJIlllOTCII MeJKJI,IICl.\l!nJIII-
HapHble HCCne.I\OBaHHJI, 06'be.I\HHJlIOlI\He nO.I\XO.I\bI TaKliX HaYK,
K3K rCHeTHKa, HeHpoqm3l1onorliH, 3M6pHOJlOrnH, 6HonorHH II nCH-
XOJIOrHH paJBHTlIJI.
5. Pom. 3M6pMOHalTbHOrO M HeOHaralTbHOro
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OnblTa B pa3BMTMM nOBeAeHMA
MbI? KOHTpOJlIIPYIOTCH IDI OHII 311.!\0reHHO IInl1 HBnJllOTCJI pCaKl.\l1eH
Ha CTHMYIDII(HIO? PeJynbTaTb/ pa60T nocne;<HUX neT nOKa3b1BaIOT,
qTO HeKOTopbIe OC06CHHOCTH .I\BHraTem.HoH akTl'!BHOCTIl HBJIJIIOTCJI
pcakLlHcH Ha cneLlHljJl1KY BHYTPHYTp06HOH HJIH paHHeii nOCTHa-
TaJIbHOii cpeJl,bI. OKa3aJIOCb, '1TO nnOJl,bI KpblC cnoc06HbI OTBe'lBn
Ha BHeIIIHlO1O CTHMYJIJlLlHIO, a HepBHaH CIlCTeMB nnOJl,a cnoc06Ha
IJepepa6aTbIBaTb TakTIlJ1bHYJO II npOnpHOl.\el1T11BHYIO ceHcopHylO
HH<jJopMaI.\HIO (Robinson S.R., Smotherman \V.P., 1992 1 ). CneJl,o-
BaTeJIbHO, ceHcopHaH 06paTHaJI CBH3b OT .lI.BHJKeHHH, orpaHl1qeHHbIX
MaTKOH, MO)KeT MOAH<jJHI(HpoBaTb HepBHYIO cllCTeMY Ii ynpaBnJlTb
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pBHOH CIlCTeMbI K BJIHIIHIlIO ceHcopHoro onblTa, MOJKHO npe,WIOJla-
raT(" qTO ee MO/\IIIjJIIKaI.\IIJI (qepe3 06paTHYID CBJl3b) MOiKeT Bbl3bl-
Ban, H3MeHeHHH, COXpaHJllOlI.\HCCII H nocnc p01K.l\eHlfll.
CnOHTaHHaH aKTIIBHOCTb nJlOJl,a '1enOaeKa JlBnJleTCJI CJIOJl<-
HO opraHII30BaHHOH .I\eHTeJIbHOCnlO, B KOTOpOH npe.I\CTaBJIeHbl
pa3J1l1qHble KOMnJIeKCbl I\BII)I(CHIIH, O/\HaKO OKOH'IaTeJlbHOe 3Ha-
qeHlie ec He JlCHO. HanpliMep, Y nJlOI\OB '1acro Ha6J1lOl\aeTC" CO-
npJlJl<eHHaJl aKTHBHOCTb rOJIOBbl II KIICTII Ii cocaHHe 60nbllloro
naJIbLla. B03MOJKHO, 3TO o6ner'laeT nOCTHaTanbHYIO KOOp.I\I'!Ha-
l\HIO )Toii i\eJlTeJlbHOCTI1, xapaKTepHOH IIJIJI MnaJl,eHl.\eB, HaXO)J.H-
lI\HXCJI B COCTOHHIIIII\IICKOM<jJopTa. Ha6nlO,!J.a1OTCJI TaKJKe 3n1l30-
/\H'IeCKlle cnOHTaHHbIe .I\blXaTeJlbHbIe I\BIIJKeHIIJI, KOTOpblC MorYT
6bITb BaJKHblMH .I\JlJI a.I\el<BaTHOii /\liljJljJepeHI.\II3I.\III'! TKaHH JIer-
KIIX H npaBllnbHOH IIHHepBal.\lIH MeJKpe6epHblX MbIIllI.\. H3BeCT-
HO, '1TO Y nJIO)J.OB KpblC OTKJIOHllJOlI\lIeCH OT HOpMbI CBJlJII MeJK-
pe6cpHbIX HepBOB C HeCOOTBeTCT8YIOlI\IIMIi cerMeHTaMIi MblIllI.\
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TenbHblX .I\BIIJKeHIIH (Dennis M.J., Harris A.J., 1979'» llOBTOPJl-
IOlI.\IfHCJI TOK aMHHOTlI'leCKOH JKII)I.KOCTIf B nerKHe 11 06paTHO TaKJKe
BaJI(eH IIJIJI pB'JBIITllII nerKIlX Ii pecnllpal.\HII. fnOTaTeJlbHble .lI.BII)I(e-
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MeHTOB IIIITaHIfJl, ropMoHoB H IIMMYHHblX ljJaKTopoB), a T!\KJKC
6bITb nOJ!.roToBKOH IIJIJI nepexo,Qa K 3arJIaTbIBaHliIO MonOKa 11
COC<!HfIIO IIpoTeKaHfle )J(1f.QKOCTII qepe3 BKYCOBble II 060HJlTenb-
Hble pel.\CIITOPbl 06eCnC'IIIBaeT XHMH'IeCKHe cTIIMYnbI, KOTopbIe
MorYT Hrpan BaJKIiYIO pOJlb B 1II\eHTIlIjJIfKal\1I1f nlllI\lI.
Pa3BIITHe JlBJ!JIeTCJI HenpepbIBJ.lbIM npOl1eCCOM. B 3TOM CMbIC-
ne pOJK,!J;eHlfe, TO eCTb nepexo,Q 113 BHYTpl'!YTp06HOH CPC.I\b1 BO BHe-
yrp06HYIO, IIBnHCTCH IDIIllb ycnOBHOij TO'll<OH OTCqeTa, HCCMOTpJl Ha
BCIO pa.u;HKaJIbHOCTb TaKoro C06b1THJI, KaK pOJK,!J;eHlle. HenpepblB-
HOCTb pB'JIIHTHH nOJ\TBep)K/\aeTCH TeM, qTO HeOHaTaJ1bHoe nOBel\e-
Hlfe Mna)J.lil.\a IIOHaqany BO MHorOM HanOMI1HaeT nOBeJl,eHlle IIJIO-
,Qa BHYTpH MaTKH. TaK, n03a HOBOpOJK,!J;eHHOrO npei\cT3BJlJlCT co-
60ii npo,QonJKeHlle TOH n03b1, KOTopaH 6bIJIa npll06pCTeHa B MaTKe
B nocnelDJllii TpIlMeCTp 6epeMeHHOCTH.
,lI,nJl MneKOnIfTaIOlI\HX, 3M6plfOHaJIbHOe pa3BIITlie KOTOpbIX
npOHcxO,QIfT BHYTpI1 MaTKIf, Ha6JI1OIJ;eHlle 3a 3M6pllOHaJIbHbIM ne-
P"01\0M pa3BHTHJI nOBe,l\CHHJI, K COJl{arreHJIIO, BCCbMa orpaHllqeHO
113-3a MHO)KecTBa TeXHllqeCkliX TpYi\HOCTeH. fopa3,QO 60nbIIIC HH-
1jJ0pMal.\HII IIMeeTCJI Ha HaCTOJllI\HH MOMeHT 06 3M6plloHanbHoM
lJOBC,QCHIiJI nTIIQ. O,!lHaKO IICIIonb30BaHHC npll60poB BHeWHero
MOHIITopllHra II ynbTpa3BYKOBbIX YCTpOHCTB, a TaKJKe pa3pa60TKa
HOllblX MeTOI\OB BbIXaJKHBaHIIJI OqeHb HeJpem.IX Hel\OIiOllleHHblX J!.e-
Teii B nOCllC,!IHee BpCMH paclillpHlllf Halill 3HaHlfR ,Qa)l(c 0 CaMb!X
paHH11X 3Tanax pa3BHTHJI nOBCJI,eHIIJI qenOBeKa.
H3BecTHo, '1TO I\BHiKeHIIJI nno,Qa Ha'iIlHalOTCH O'leHb paHO
Cep.l(QOO!feHWi B0111!fKaKJT np!fMepHO fia 3-4 He)(ene noCJIC omra-
.I\OTBOpeHIIJI, nepBble cnOHTaHHbie lDIlIJKeHIIJI TynoBHlI.\a H KOHeqHO-
CTeii - Ha 10-H HeJl,ene, HO Man Ha'iIlHaeT 01l.\YlI\YTb HX npliMepHO
lIa ceMb He)];eJIb nOJJKe. KaKYIO JKe IjJYHK!(IfOHaJ1!.HYID pon!. Ohmon-
HJlIOT 3TII )J.BHJKeHHJI, nOJIeJHbl nil OHH JI,IIH ,!J.anbHeHIlleH Jl(J[3HII IInll
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562
563

llno)l, MneKOnIlTaIOU{HX, HeCOMHeHHO, OTBeqaeT Ha XI1MHqeC-
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3anOMIIHaTb npeHaTaJIbHblH OnbIT (Robinson S.R., Smotherman
W P., 1992'». HanpHMep, Y KPblC B eCTeCTBeHHblX ycnOBHJlX 3anax
MaTepllHCKI1X COCKOB IIMeeT 06U{He 3neMeHTbi C 3anaXOM aMHHOTH-
'IeCKOH )!(H.!\KOCTII. ECJIII B nOCJ1eAlme )l,H11 6epeMeHHOCTH B aMHIIO-
TH'IeCKyJO )!(H.!\KOCTb BnpblcKHBaTb naxyqHHljllTpaJIb, TO HOBOPO)!(-
.l\eHHble KpblCJlTa npe.l\nOqHTalOT COcaTb 113 06pa60TaHHbiX ljl1Tpa-
nblO COCKOB MaTepH. )]:eTeHbllllll, KOTopbIe HC nO)I,BepranHCb TaKO-
MY BHYTPllYIp06HOMY OnbITY, 1136eralOT naXHYU{I1X ljHTpanblO CO-
CKOB (Pedersen P.E., Blass EM., 1981").
CeHcopHbIe CHCTeMbi pa3B1IBaIOTCJI B nOCne.l\OBaTenbHOCTH,
KOTOpaJi JlBJIHeTCH o6U{eH I\nJl Bcex n03BOHOqHbIX (Gottlieb G ,
197] I» HanpllMep, y KpbICbl, KOTopaH pO)!(AaeTCH He3penoH, eU{e
1\0 pO)!(l\eHlIJI HaqHHalOT cjJYHKljHOHl1pOBaTb 060HJlHl1e, BKYC, TeM-
nepaTypHaJl, TaKTHJIbHaH II BecTH6ynJlpHBJI qYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb
(Alberts JR., 1984 1 ». Y 'IenOBeKB Bce ceHcopHble CIiCTeMbl 06peTa-
lOT cjJYHKljHOHaJIbHblH CTaryC)I,O pO)!()l,eHIIJI. T3K, CJlYXOBaJI CI1CTeMa
nJIO)l,a npHMepHO Ha 6-M MeCHlje 6epeMeHHOCTli YJKe HMeeT OCHOB-
HbIe xapaKTepHbIe 1JepTbl B3pocnoro opraHH3Ma. TaKTIIJIbHaJi pe-
ljenljHJI CKna}.1blBaeTCJI eU{e paHbllle. CnOHTaHHaH aKTHBHOCTb ceH-
COpHblX CHCTeM B03HHKaeT 3a)1,OnrO }.10 pOJKI\CHHH. E)l,HHCTBeHHaJi
CTHMYJIHljHH, KOTopa. He I\OCTllraeT nJIOl\a II He HrpaeT 3aMeTHOH
pOJlI! B pa3BHTHH - 3TO 3pHTeJIbHaH.
I1HTepecHbl Ha6JUO}.1eHHH 3a CJ1yXOBblM onblTOM nnO}.1a CnbI-
waHHe ronoca MaTep!! HBJlHeTCJI 06bl'lHbIM paHHI1M onblTOM nno-
)l,a fonoc MaTepl1 JlerKO npOHI1KaeT 'Iepe3 ee TKaHII H aMHIIOTH-
qeCKYIO )!(II)1,KOCTb. K TOMY )!(e OH COnpOBO)!(}.1aeTCH KI1HCCTeTH-
'IeCKOI1 H TaKTHnbHOI1 CTIIMYJI'ljI1CI1 nnol\a B pe3YJIbTaTe i1BH)!(e-
HHIi }.1HacjJparMbl MaTCpH npH pa3rOBope. TaKHM 06pa30M, pe'lb
MaTep\! }.1aeT nnOI\Y CJlYXOBOH onbIT B COqCTaHHH C BccTlI6ynHp-
HOH II TaKTHJlbHOH CTIIMYJlHQlieli. llJlo)l, oc05eHHO BOcnpHHMqHB
K TOHH'leCKI!M OTTeHKaM peqH MaTepl1, KOTopble HeCYT IIHcjJopMa-
1\1110 II 06 3MOljHOHanbHOM COCTOJlHHIi HMeHHo 6naro}.1apJl 3THM
xapaKTepl1CTliKaM )l,BYX)I,HeBHbIe MJla)l,CHQbl cnoc06HbI Y3HaBaTb
ronoc MaTepH. Ha CJIYXOBYlO cHcTeMY nnO)l,a B031\elicTBYIOT MHO-
nte 3BYKII, rCHepl'!pyeMble MaTepblO. TaKIiM 06pa30M, MaTb 06ecne-
'1HBaeT nno}.1Y pa3Ho06pa3HblH CJIYXOBOI1 onblT, KOTOpblH O'leHb
Ba)!(eH JJ,J1' nOHBJleHIIH MHorHX KorHHTIIBHb!X, 3MOljHOHanbHbiX H
COQHaJIbHblX cnoco6HOCTeH HOBOpO)!(l\eHHOrO (Fifer W.P , Moon
C., 1988 ' »).
DblJIO nOKa3aHo, qTO HOBOpOJK)I,eHHblC cnoc06Hbi I\HcjJcjJe-
peHQHpOBaTb B3pblBHble cornaCHble 3BYKI1 peql1, TaKlle, KaK ")1,"
II "T". 3Ta cnoC06f10CTb CJIIIIlIKOM CnO)!(Ha, '1T06bl npOHCXO)l,HTb
113 npeHaTanbHoro HJIH nOCTHaTaJlbHOrO onbITa, n03TOMY MHO-
mc HHTepnpeTHpyJOT ee KaK CBlI.!teTeJIbCTBO BpO)!()l,eHHblX HepBHblX
MeXaHI13MOB, HaCIpoeHHblX Ha aKYCTHqeCKl1e cBolicTBa pe'll1
(Liebennan P , 1984 1 ». O}.1HaKO Hel\aBHO (Seeback B.S. et aI., 1994'»
5blJIa C03)1,aHa KOMnblOTepHaJi nporpaMMa HeHpoHHoi! ceTII JJ,J1J1
.a;eMOHCTpaljHII Toro, 'ITO TaKoe KaTeropHHHoe pa3JI11'leHlle MO-
)!(eT B03HI1KaTb 113 npeHaTaJlbHOrO cnYXOBoro onbiTa. ABTOpbl
nOi1Bepranll MO}.1elIh B03)1,eHCTBI11O eCTeCTBeHHbIX pe'leBblX 3BY-
KOB, 113MCHeHHbiX B COOTBeTCTBHH co 3BYKBM\!, 1\0cTynHblMH nno-
)l,Y H B COOTBeTCTBHH C orpaHI1'1eHI1J1M!! B nepepa60TKe IIHcjJopMa-
ljl1H cnYXOBOH CI1CTeMOH nJIO}.1a. IIporpaMMa npH06pena cnoc06-
HOCTb K KaTeropHHHOMY pa3nHqeHI11O 3BYKOB pe'lll aHrJIHHCKOro
H3blKa H, 60JIee Toro, OKa3anaCb cnoc06Ha HCnOJlb30BaTb CBoe
KaTerOpl'!HHOe BocnpllHTlle JJ,J1J1 l\eTeKljll1l H pa3J1I1'1eHHJI B3pbIB-
HhlX cornaCHblX Jl3bJKa XHHI\I1. 3TI1 pe3YJIbTaTbi nOKa3bIBa1OT, '1TO
npeHaTanbHblH OnbIT, BnOJlHe BCpOJITHO, HBnJleTCJI OJl,HIIM H3 HC-
TOqHI1KOB HaqanbHOro pa3BHTliH pe'leBbIX HaBbIKOB.
B ljeJIOM HCCJIe,!J;OBBHHH 3M6pl1onOrHH nOBe)J.eHI1J1 )l,eMOHCT-
pl1pYIOT, qTO MHorHe nOBe,!J;eHqeCKHC naTTepHbl 3aKna)l,blBalOTCH
B 3M6pHOHaJIbHbili nepHOA H HMelOT Henocpe,!J;CTBeHHoe OTI10Ille-
I1He K C06bITI1HM, CBJl3aHHbiM C BHYTPIIYTP06HblM onblTOM nJIO)l,a.
llpe.n:nonaraeTCJI, qTO qaCTb nOBe.l\eHH. nnO}.1B HBnJleTCH al\anTa-
Ql1eH K BHYIpHYIp06HbiM YCJlOBIIHM, TOr}.1a KaK MHorHC 3JIeMeH-
TbI nOBe.n:eHIIJI cny)!(aT nOl\rOTOBIiTenbHblM nanOM JJ,J1J1 }.1aJIbHeH-
llIero pa3BHTHJI (Michel G F., Moore C.L., 1995). Hanpl1Mep, pe-
rl1CIpaljHJI 33f y nnO)J.OB 3a HeCKonbKO He)l,enb }.10 POJKI\CHIIH
n03BOJIHeT 3acjJHKcHpoBaTb 113MeHeHIIH, xapaKTepHble .1J,JIJI nepe-
XO)l,OB OT nepHO)l,oB 60p;pcTBoBaHI1J1 KO CHY (Dreyfus-Bnsac C ,
1979 2 ), nplI'ICM B 33f CHa YJKe OTMeqalOTCJI 3nIl30)l,bIIlHTeHCI1B-
HOH aKTlIBHOCTII, xapaKTepHble IIJIH napa,!J;oKcanbHoro CHao
HHTepeCHb!e Ha6JIIO)I,eHHH CBJl3aHb! C xapaKTepHOH .1J,JIH HO-
BOpOJKl\eHHblX aCliMMeTPlleH n03b!, KOTopaH BKJIIO'IaeT npe.l\no-
qHTaCMOe HanpaBJIeHlle opHeHTaQHH rOnOBbI. B nOnOJKeHHII Ha
Cnl1He HOBOPO)!(l1eHHbIif nOBOpa'lIiBaeT ronOBY B OI\HY nopoHY
565
564

(JVlJI 60nbWHHCTlJa Mnall,eHl.\eB qall.!e BnpaBO, qeM BJIeBO)
(Turkewitz G, 1977). Py!\a II Hora Ha TOH CTopoHe, KYl\a nOBepHY-
TO nHI.\O, 06bl'lHO pa30rHYTbI, Torl\a KaK l\PyrHe pYKa H Hora CO-
rHYTbl. PYKa CO CTOpOHbl mll.\a 60JIee aKTlUIHa - KaK no pa3HO-
06pa3HIO, Tal( H no qaCTOTe I\BH)I(eHlIH. CJl,BHr BnpaBO B npeAIIO-
'1HTaeMOM nOnOJKeHHH r0J10BbI HOBOpOJK.n:CHHoro C031\aCT naTe-
panbHoe CMell.!eHHe JVI!I BH3yanH3aQHII PYKH II, Cnel\OBaTenbHO,
JVI!I lI,eHCTBHH TOH PYKOH. 3TO J1aTepanbHoe CMell.!eHHe B ceHCO-
MOTOpHOM OnblTe PYK npel\CKaJblBaeT nOCnell,YKJll.!ee npell,no'lTe-
HHe B Hcnonb30BaHHH PYKH npH KOHTaKTe C npel\MeTaMII B nepH-
01\ OT 61\018 MeC!ll.\eB (Michel G.F., 199Ia ll ).
Boo6ll.!e Bonpoc 0 npOHCXOJKl\eHIUI nonywapHoH cneQHa-
JIH3aQIIH IjJYHKI.\HH H aCIIMMeTpHH PYK nOCTOJlHHO I\HCKYTllpyeTcJI
B HeHponcHxonorHH H rCHeTHKe nOBel\eHHH. I1MeIOTcH rHnOTe3bl
o Hacne.n:cTBeHHoH npHpOl\e 3TIIX aCIIMMeTIJIIH. HanpHMep, B co-
OTBeTCTBHH C runoTe30H M.AHHeTT (Annett M., 1978) q.eHoMeH
npeAIIO'lTeHHJI PYKH Y '1enOBeKa 06'bJlCHJleTCH KaK l\eHCTBlleM re-
HOB, TaK H CJIY'IaHHbIX q.aKTopOB B pa3BHTlIH, npl! 3TOM OTqeTnl!-
BblH CI\BHr B CTOPOHY npaBweH B nonynHI.\HII B l.\eJlOM 06'b!lCHJI-
eTCJ[ l\eHCTBlleM 01\110ro reHa, KOTOpblH M.AHHeTT Ha3blBaCT re-
HOM npaBoro CI\BHra
OJl,HaKO, K3K nOKa3blBalO!_ nOCJIel\HHe Ha6nKJl\eHI1!1, C06bl-
TI!JI paHHero OnbITa, nO-BHI\IIMOMY, MorYT IIrpaTb HeManOBaJK-
HyK> ponb B B03HHKHOBeHlIH nOJlywapHoH CnCl.\IIaJlH3aQHH q.YHK-
QIIH. <1> IIpeBI1K (prevlc F., 1991 ' » npel\IlOnaraCT, qTO npeHanlJIb-
HbIH BeCTH6ynJlpHblH onbIT n)lOl\3 MOJKeT OKa3bIBaTb BnHJlHHe Ha
B031111KHOBeHile HeOHaTaJIbHOH aCIlMMeTpHI1 n03bl. H3BeCTHo, '1TO
nOJIO)l(CHlle nJlO.l\3 MeHJleTCH B TeqeHHC 6epeMeHHOCTH, HO 3CIIM-
MeTpllqHblH xapaKTep '1enOBeqeCKOH MaTKIl B KOM611H31.\HH co cne-
QHq.llqeCKOU rpaBHTaI.\HCH nJlOl\a C03.l\a1OT yCJIOBHJI, pe3ynb-
TaTOM KOTOpblX 6Y.l\eT nOnOJKeHHC nnOl\a, KOTopoe JlBnHeTCJI 60-
nee BepoHTHbIM, 'IeM Bce OCTaJlbHble (HHBepTHpoBaHHbIH nnOI\ co
cnJmoH, nOBepHYToH K neBOH CTopOHe MaTepn). IIpll 3TOM 06101'1-
Hoe .n:BmKeHHe MaTepl1 Bnepel\ 6YI\eT C(J3.n:aBaTb aCI1MMeTpllqHblH
BecTlI6ynJlpHblH onblT JVlH nJIOl\a, nOCKonbKY 3TO I\BIIJKeH!le 5y-
l\eT no-pa3HOMY CKa3blBaTbCH Ha JIeBOM H npaBOM OTOnIlTH'IeC-
KHX opraHax nnO.l\a. Pe3ynbTaToM aCHMMeTpIiH B CTHMYJIJlQIIH
MOJKeT 6blTb 60llbWaJl '1YBCTBIlTenbHOCTb neBoro OTOmlTHqecKoro
opr3Ha, '1eM npaBoro. llOCKonbKY neBblU OTOJ1HTlIqeCKIIH opraH
HMeeT npOCKl.\l1IO B npaBoe nonywapHe, OH 06eCneqHBaeT npaBO-
MY nOJlywapll1O aKTIIsaQIlIO, OTJlHqHyK> OT J!eBoro. AKTIIBaQIIH
lIeBoro opraHa MO)l(eT HMeTb pe3YJ1bT3TOM MOTOPHYIO aKTlISa-
QI1IO MblWQ, KOTOPblC nOBOpaqHBaIOT rOJlOBY BnpaBO H H3rH6a-
lOT TYJlOBIIWC. 3T0 BHOCI1T BKnal\ B nOJIBneHlle aCI1MMetpll1l lIeo-
HaTanbHOH n03bl, qTO, B CBOlO O'iepeJlh, BIIHJleT Ha paJl!lITlle aCIIM-
MeTplill B HcnOJ!b30BaHHIl PYKII Y Mn3.1\eHl\3
BecTII6ymlpH3J1 CIiCTeMa - Ol\lIa H3 Hall60nee paHO pa3BH-
BaJOWIlXC!I ceHcopHblX CIlCTeM, H OHa HBJ!JleTCJI aKTHBHOH BO Bpe-
MH pa3BHTIIJI nJIOl\a. B03MO)l(HO, aCIlMMeTpllqHaJi aKTllBal.\11J1 3TOH
CIlCTeMbl C031\aeT npeAIIOCblJIKH JVlJ[ B03HHKHOBeHHJI pa3J1l1qHblX
q.YHKI.\1I0HallbHbIX aCHMMeTpHH y '1eJIOBeKa llOCKonbKY JVlH JKI1-
BOTHb!X He xapaKTepHO npHMOXOJKAeHlle, 3TOT q.eHOMeH Y HHX He
Ha6nlOAaeTCH <1>. IIpCBHK oTMcqaeT TaK)I(e, qTO nonywapllJl OT-
ilHqaIOTC!I II no xapaKTepy npeo6nal\alOwHX HeHpoTpaHCMIITTe-
pOB B HeKOTopblX CTpYKTypax. ecml AJ]JI npaBoro norryrnaplIJl, no
BceH BHI\IIMOCTH, 60rree xapaKTepHa HOpa.l\peHeprllqeCKaJ[ H ce-
pOToHIlHeprHqeCl(a HHHepBaQII!I, TO .!VIJ[ neBoro - .l\OnaMl1l1ep-
rHqeCKa!l II xonHHeprnqeCKaJ[ B03MOJKHO, aCHMMeTpllJl BecTlI6y-
JlJlpHOrO onblTa OTBeTCTBeHHa H 3a aCHMMeTplllO B 3T11X rnaBHblX
HeHpOTpaHCMIITTepax.
TaKHM 06pa30M, ewe OqeHb Mano H3BeCTHO 0 BJ1HHHHII ca-
Moro paHHero onbITa, CBJlJaHHOrO C 3M6pllOHanbHbIM II HeOHa-
TaJlbHh!M nepHOAaMI1 )l(H3HI1, o.n:HaKO HeKOTopble Ha6J1lOACHIIJ[
CBIIAeTeJIbCTBYlOT 0 TOM, '1TO MHO)l(eCTBO Cpe.l\OBblX q.aKTopOB
MorYT HaKrral\blBaTb OTneqaTOK Ha 1jJ0pMlIposaHHe HepBHOH CII-
CTeMbl II pa3BIITlle 1J0Sel\eHHH
6. POAMTenbcKMe 3c:1>c:I>eKTbi B pa3BMTMM
06pa30BaHHe raMeT, OnJlOAOTBOpeHlle H 3M6pllOHIUlbHoe
pa3BI1THe y MJ1eKOnHTaIOwHX npOI1CXO,ll,JlT BHYTpH opraHH3Ma pO-
I\IITeneH, n03TOMY 101101 Bnpase 33AaTb sonpoc, He BJIHJleT nH
q.H3HOJlOrll'leCKOe COCTOJ[HHe pOIl,HTeneH H3 3TH npOlleCCbl. Oco-
6eHHo BaJKHO JVlJ[ pa3BHTHH opraHII3Ma COCTOJlHHe Bcex q.H311O-
rrOrH'ICCKIIX CIICTeM MaTePH.
566
567

B u:eJlOM MO)!(HO CKa3aTb, '1TO reHOTlln pe6eHKa (TO eCTb
COCTaB reHOB) He HcnbITbIBaeT BJlHJlHHJI TaKHX <j>aKTopOB, KaK B03-
paCT, KO!!H'ICCTBO npeJ].b!J].YU(HX PO.a.OB H!!H eOCTOJlHlfe 3JJ:OpOBbJl
POJJ:HTe!!eH HOpManbHbIe npou:eCCbI MeHOJa, COnpOBO)!(lJ:alOlfe-
CJI peKOM6HHaU:lfeH XpOMOCOM, nO-BIfJ].lfMOMY, He 3aBHCJlT OT CO-
CTOJlHHJJ opraHH3Ma pomlTeJIeii. HaH60!!ee qYBCTBHTeJ1bHblMH K
<j>H3HOITOrH'IeCKOMY COCTOJlHHIO pO,QIITeITeH JlBnJlIOTCJI .a.Ba reHe-
TH'leCKHX npOIjecca - no MYTaI1HIf If KpOCCIfHTOBCp. He 5Y.I1. eM
nOi1Po6J.1O OCTaHaBITHBaTbCJI Ha MYTal.1HOHHOM npou:ecce, nOCKonb-
KY no oc06aJl 06!!aCTb reHCTHKH. OTMCTHM JlHllIb, '1TO cyeCTBY-
lOT pa3JIII'IHbIe MYTareHHble <j>aKTopbl (paAllaU:IIJ1, XIIMH'IeCKl'!e
areHTbl), II, eCITIl OHIl HMenlf MeCTO B nepllOIJ: raMeTOreHe3a, onJlo-
.I1. 0TB OpeHHJI H 3M6pJIOHaJlbHOrO pa3BIfTlfJl, MOT)'T B03HJlKaTb pa3-
JlHqllblC aHOMaJIIfH, nplfqllHOii KOTOpblX JlBJIJlIOTCJI npOH301lleAIIIlfe
MYTaU:1f1f
qTO JKe BJIIIJleT Ha KpOCCHHrOBep? 3KCnepllleHTbl Ha JKIf-
BOTHbIX nOKa3blBaIOT, '1TO qaCTOra KpOCCHHrOBepa 3aBHCIIT OT
B03paCTa 11 COCTOJlHI1J1 npou:eCCOB MeTa60!!H3Ma pO.l1.IITeJleH. ECJIH
6YIJ:eT .n:OKa3aHO TO )!(e caMoe .II,JlJl qenoBeKa, TO 3TO 03Ha'iaCT, '1TO
I\CTlI, pOJKl\eHHble B nepHo.n:bl IlH3Koii qaCTOTbI KpoccHHroBepa,
)l,OJlJKHbl I1MeTb 60JIblllee KOJIllqeCTBO cu:cnneHHblX 6nOKoB anJle-
JleH, )l,OCTaBIIUIXCJI HM C XpOMOCOMOH o.a.lloro H3 npapOI\HTCJIeH
(.n:eI\YIUlOI IIJlI1 6a6YllIKI1), Tor.a.a KaK B nepll0.a.b1 60nee BblCOKOH
'1aCTOTb! KpoccHHroBcpa OHH 6YJI,YT HeCTH CMellIaHHbIe npH3HaKII
o60l1x npapOI\I1TeJleH, nOCKOJIbKY HX XpOMOCOMbl 6YAYT cOJJ:ep-
Jl(aTb yqaCTKH, npOIlCXO)l,JIlIe II OT )l,e.a.YlllKI1, H OT 6a6YllIKII (CM.
cxeMY KpocclIHroBepa B rnaBe 3)
He Tax JJ.aBHO B reHeTllKe 6bIJIO OTKpblTO JlBJleHlle, nOJlY«IIB-
llIee H33BaHIfe 2eHemWleCl<020 UMnpuHmwlZa TepMIlI-1, B03MOJl(HO,
HC COBCCM y.a.a'!HbIH, TaK KaK OH HIII<aKOro OTHOllleHHJI K nOBe-
.n:eHqeCKOMY JlBJleHlI10 IIMnpHHTHHra He HMeCT. fCHeTl'!qeCKIlH IIMn-
pHHTHHI' npOJlBJlJleTCJI B pa3HOH 3KCnpeCCIIII O.a.Horo H Toro Jl(C
reHa B 3aBHCIIMOCTII OT Toro, nony«eH JIH 3TOT reH OT OTu:a ('Ie-
pe3 cnepMHH) HJIH OT MaTepH (qepe3 Jliil\el<neTKY). ECJlH nOJIY-
qllTb MbllllHHblii 3M6pHOH, Bce XpOMOCOMbl KOToporo npOHCXO-
JJ.JlT OT po.a.IITeJlJl o.a.lloro nona, TO OKa3bIBaeTCJI, qTO B03HHKalOT
ABa TilDa aHOMaJlIIH B pa3BHTIfH ECJ1H BCC XpOMOCOMbl nOJIy'!e-
Hbl OT OTu:a, TO B03HHI<alOT aHOM3nllll caMoro 3M6pHOHa, CCITH
Bce XpOMOCOMbI nOJlY'leHbl OT MaTepH, TO B03HIIKalOT HapYllIe-
568
HHJI B pa3BI'!TlIII nJlal\eHTbl (Rennie] , 1993 11 ) TllnH'IHbIM npHMe-
pOM reHeTHqeCKOrO IIMnpllHTllHra JlBITJleTCJI BpeMJI H3qaJIa 3a60-
JleB8HH5I npll xopee feHTHHTToHa: eCJlH naTOJIOTH'lCCKHii aJIJlCJlb
nepe.n:aH OTl\OM, CIIMnTOMbI 60ne3HII n05lBnJllOTCJI 1J 101-10CTI1, a
eCITII MaTepblO, TO He paHee 40 neT TaKHM 06p330M, reHbl, H3XO'
.a.JIHeCJI B XpOMOCOMax, K3K 6b! HeCYT Ha ce6e neqaTb CBoero
npOHCXOJKJJ:eHIIJI (113 JlHu:eKJleTKII HnH 113 cnepMaT030HAa), II .II,JlJl
HOpMaJIhHOrO pa3BIITHJI HYJI(Hbl He npocTo HOpMaJIhHble rCHbl, a
06J133TCIThHO reHbl, nony«eHHble OT KaJK)I,OrO H3 po.a.HTeJIeH.
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MOMY, B npOl.1ecce 06pa30BaHHJI raMeT npOHCXOJl,IlT MOI\IH!IIIKa-
LUfJl reHOB, KOTOpaJi HJJ:eT no-pa3HOMY npl! r3MeTorCHe3e Jliiu:eK-
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ll1HH aT C3Ml\a, COOTBCTCTBeHHO, no n3TTepHY cncpMaT030l!)I,a
HHTepeCHO, '1TO 3TII Mo.a.H<j>IIKaU:1I1I He nepeAalOTCJI qepe3 nOKO-
neHHJI 3TO 03HaqaeT, '1TO Bce reHhI B raMeTaX caMKH, Hanpl1Mep,
6Yl\yT MO)l,I!<j>I1U:l1pOB3HbI no Tllny JlHl\eKJleTKI1 He3aBIICHMO OT
Toro, B KaKoii XpoMocoMe OHII HaXO.D.JITCJI- TOH, qTO YHacJleJJ.o-
BaHa OT )l,eI\YllIKH IIJIH OT 6a6YllIKH
MamepuHcKuU 3rp,pe/m Oc060e MeCTo B pO!l:lfTeJlbCKIiX BITH-
JlHIIJlX H3 p338HTHe 3aHHMaeT TaK Ha3hIB3eMblH MamepuHcKIIU 3rp-
rpeKm BJIlIJlHlle MaTepl1 Ha cjJeHOTl1n nOTOMCTBa 06H3pYJKIIBaeT-
CJI ropa3JJ:O q31l1e, qeM BJlIIJlHHe OTl1a 3TII BJlIIJlHIIJI CBJl3aHbi C
l\HTOnJJa3MaTH'IeCKIIMIl 3<j>cjJeKTaMH JlHu:eKJleTKH, BHYTPHYTPo6-
HblMH C06bITlfJlMH H nOCTHaTaJJbHblMH BITHJlHlfJlMII, CBJl3aHHblMH
CO BCKapMJlHBaHHeM H YXOJl,OM 3a nOTOMCTBOM
Bce TPIf Tllna BJIlIJlHH" MorYT J.13yq3TbCJI B 3KCnepl!MeHTaX
Ha JKHBOTHbIX. [fT06bl OTJI,CJJHTb BJIIIJlHHJI BHYTPHYTPo6HOi! cpe-
I\b] OT BJlIIJlHIIJI JlHl1eKJleTKII, caMKaM o.n:Hoii HH6pellHoii JlI1HIIII
MbIllIeH HnH KpblC lIO cnapHBaHI!JI .n:eJIaeTCJI nepecaJI,Ka JlHl1eKJIeT-
KH OT caMOK APyroH HH6pel\HOii nHHHI1 'IT06bI 113yqaTb BJII1J1-
HHe nOCTHaTaJJhHOH MaTepHHCKoii cpe.a.bl, 06b!qHO nOTOMCTBO
ollHoii caMKH nepellaeTCJlI\JIJI BCKapMJIHBallllJl II BOCnHTIlHH5I )],py-
rOH. TaKIiM 06pa30M, IIYTeM KOM6I1HaU:HIf p33JIHqHbiX CHTY3U:IIH
MOJKHO BblJlCHHTb 3<j><j>eKT KaJK.a.oro H3 TPex TlinOB MaTeplfHCKJlX
BJJHJlHIIH. B 31<CllepHMeHTaX Ha MbIllIax, HanpliMep, 6blJl0 nOKa3a-
1-10, qTO OC06CHHOCTII nOCTHaTaJ1bHbIX M3TepHHCKHX BIIHJlHHii cno-
C06Hhi CHHJK3Tb arpeCCHBHOCTh caMQOB, npOHCXOAJlU{HX H3 rCHe-
569

TllqeCKH 60JIee arpeCCIIBHOH JIlIHHH (Carlier M , Roubertoux P.L.,
Pastoret C., 1991 J). B 3THX JKe 3KcnepHMeHrax 6b1JIO BbIJIBlIeHO, '1TO
Ha arpeCCIIBHOCTb B TOH HJIII HHOH Mepe BIIHRIOT Bce MaTepHHCKHe
cjJaKTopbl TaKllM 06pa30M, OI\IIH II TOT JKe reH IIMeer pa3Hoe cjJe-
HOTllnllqeCKOe npORBneHlle B nOBMeHlI1I 0 3aBIICIIMOCTH OT YCJIO-
BHH pa3BHTHR, onpel\eJ1ReMblX MaTepllHcKHMH cjJaKTopaMH.
Ell1e 01\110 HHTepecHoe Ha6J1IOl\eHlle KaCaeTCJI Tal< Ha3bIBa-
CMOTO X3Hi\.IIHHTa. KOTl\a Il3yqaerca BnllJlHlle paHHero OnblTa Ha
nOBel\CHHe JKIIBOTHbIX, qaCTO I1cn0J1b3YIOT np0l.\el\YPY X3Hi\1IHH-
Ta QHa 3aKJIIOqaeTCR B TOM, 'ITO l\eTeHbl!lleH MbI!lIeH H KpblC B
TeqeHlle OepBblX TPex Hel\eJIb oocne pOJKl\eHHII peryJ1J1pHO 6epyr
B PYKH OKa3aJ10Cb, qTO 6YIIyqH B3pOCJIbIMH, TaKHe JKIIBOTHbIe
npOJlBJIJlIOT 60JIb!llYIO JIl0603HareJlbHOCTb H 3MOI.\HOHaJlbHOCTb,
qeM HHTaKTHble, He nOJIY'IaBIIIHe X3Hi\1IHHra, l\aJl(e eCJIH X3HI\-
III1Hr orpaHHqHBaJICJI TPeXMI1HYTHbIMIl 3nIl30I\a"'H. IIepBoHa'ianb-
HO CqHTanOCb, '1TO H3MeHeHile nOBel\eHHJI JKIIBOTHbIX RBJIJleTCJI
npJlMbIM CJIel\CTBlieM X3Hi\.IIHHra, OI\HaKO nOCJIellYIOll111e Ha61IIO-
l\eHHR 3a B3aHMOOTHO!lleHHJlMH JKHBOTHbIX, nOiIBepras!llHXCH X3HI\-
JIlIHTY, C HX MarCpJlMII nOKa3aJ10, '1TO nOCJIe X3Hi\.IIHHTa 11 Y Mbl-
!lIeH, II y KpbIC MaTepll rOpa31\O 60JIb!lle "TOPMOWI1JIII" CBOHX I\e-
TeHbI!lIeH no cpaoHeHHIO C TeMH, KOTopbIe x3HI\JIHHTY lie nOI\-
BepraJIlICb, TaK qro H3MeHeHHH 0 nooelleHHH MOrJ111 B03HHKHYTb
H 3a C'IeT 113MeHeHIIH, B03HIIK!lIHX B nOBel\eHHII MaTepeH 3Kcne-
pll.MeHraJIbHoii: rpynnbI. .,
HHTepeCHb! TaKJKe Ha61IIOI\eHHR 3a pa3BIITileM HeI\OHO!lleH-
HblX l\eTeil, KOTOpblX nOCJIe pOJKlleHIIR nOMell.\aJIII B IIHKy6aTop
OKa3anOCb, '1ro I\enl, KOTOpbIX BpeMH OT BpeMeHIl BcrpHxliBanH
H rOpMOillllJ1H, 6bIcTPee Ha6HpaJIlI Bec II 6bIJIH BbInHCaHbJ H3
60JIbHHI.\bI paHb!lle KOHTPOJ1bHbIX (Schanberg S M , Field T M.
1987'). '
Y '1eJIOBeKa, KaK Ii Y ilPYTHX MJIeKOnI1TaIOlI.\IIX, TeHaJi cjJH-
3HOJIOrl1qeCKaR 6JIH30CTb MaTepH H pe6eHKa B03HHK3eT B MOMeHT
3aqaTHJlI' coxpaHHCTcj( BnJIOTb 1\0 OTHJlTIlj( OT TpYI\II. llpH 3rOM
He TOJIbKO pc6eHOK HCnbITblBaer BJlHJlHHR co CTOpOHbl cjJH31IOJIO-
rllqeCKOTO II nCI1XII'IeCKOrO COCToaHHII MaTepH, HO II B opraHlI3-
Me Ii nOBe.n:eHIIII MarepH npOHCXOIIJlT OTBerHble 113MeHeHIIJI, CBa-
33HHbie C BblHallIHBaHlleM, pOJKl\eHl1eM, BCKapMJIIIBaHl'!eM H BOC-
nHTaHneM pe6eHKa. fOBOpJlT, qTO MaTb II I\IITR HaXOl\lITCJI B pe-
I.\HOpOKHblX OTHO!llCHHJlX.
570
Qepe3 MaTI, oCYll1eCrBJIaeTCa perYJIRl.\lIR cpel\bI nnOl\a H IIO-
BOpOJK,!\eHHOrO, KOTOpaJi 06eCne'lHBaeT oO)JJJ.epJl(aHHe cnCTeM TO-
MeOCTa3a. BHYTPIIYTP06HaR cpella nO)JJJ.epJICIIBaeT YPOBHlI TeMne-
paTypbl, KHCJIopOl\a, BOl\bI, 3neKTpOJIlITOB II mnaTeJIbHblX Be-
ll1eCTB TIocne pOJK,!\eHHJI Hal160nee YHliBcpcanbHblM pcrYJIlipylO-
II.\IIM BCll1eCTBOM JlBJlaerCH MonOKO MaTepH, KOTopoe nOCTaBJ1aeT
OpraHII3MY pe6eHKa nllTarenbHble Bell1eeTBa, 3nCKTPOJIIITbI, BOilY,
ropMOHbI Ii IIMMYHHble l\!aKTOpbl.
llOMHMO BCKapMJIHBaHlla, C M3TepHHCKIIM YXOI\OM CBJl33HbI H
l{pyrHe perYJIJlTOpHbie npOUCCCbI. B nepBbIe )[(e Jl,HII nocJle pOJICI\C-
Hila B PC3YJIbTaTe pCUHnpOKHbIX OTHOllieHIIH Y Marcpll II pe6eHK3
YCTaHaBnllBaeTca CnCI.\HcjJlI'IeCKHH peJl(IIM 03aHMOl\ciiCTBIIJI. MaTb II
AlITa npllcnoca5JIHBaJOTca I\pyr K ilPyry TaKoe ycraHOBJIeliHC B33-
HMOBJIIIIIHnH npOIlCXOJI,HT YJKe B nepBb!C i\JJC IICl\eJIlI JKII3HH PC6CH-
K3. Te lIerH, KOTopbIe nOCJIe pOJKl\eHlla nona.n:aIOT B 60lIbHII'IHble
YCJIOBHJI (oc06eHHo eCJIH OHII H3XOi\HTCJI B HHKy6aTope, II MaTep!!
He n03BOJ1JleTCR yxaJl(HBaTh 3a pe6eHKoM), B 3TOT nep!!OI\ He !!MCIOT
TeCHblX KOHTaKTOB C MarcpblO, qTO He6naronpllHTHO CKaJbIBaeTCR
Ha IIX nCHXII'IeCKOM paJBIITI1I1. 3Toro He npOHCXOI\HT B TCX cnyqa-
ax, KOTl\a MaTb 1I0nYCKaCTca K YXOI\Y 3a PC6CHKOM (Ringler N M. et
aI., 1974').
HHTepCCHbl MHHble, nOJ1yqeHHbIe Hel\aBHO B HallicH CTjJaHe
Ha MJIal\eHl.\aX co 3pHTeJlbHOH I\cnpHBaUHeii B peJynbraTe BpOJK,!\eH-
HOH Kar3paKTbI. OKaJaJlOCb, '1TO nepBble MCCJll.\bl JlCH3HH RB!lalOrCa
K:>HTIIQeCKHMII, KOTl\a Beeb KOMnneKC B33HMOJl,eHCTBIIII C MaTepblO
HMeer nplIHI.\HnHaJIbHO BaJICHOe 3HaQCHlle i\IlJI Jl,aJIbHCHlllero PaJBII-
TIIa 3MOI.\110Ha.rJbHOrO II COUllaJIbHOrO nOBe)l.eHHa pe6eHKa. HcKJIIO-
qeHlle 113 3roro KOMnneKC3 3pIfTenbHOTo BXOl\a (ynbI5Ka Marepll,
BblpaJICeHlle ee JllIua npll 061l1eHHH) B nepBoe nOJlyrOI\He JKII3HII,
HeeMOTpa Ha TO, qro COXpaHJIJOTCa cnyx01Jble II TaKI'IIJIbHblC KOH-
TaKTbl, npHBOl\l1T B l\aJIbHeH!lIeM K He06paTIIMbiM H3MCHeHI1aM B
3MOl.\IIOHaJIbHOM H COI.\HaJlbHOM nOBC)l.eHHII pe5CHKa, )l.aJf(e ecnH
KaTapaKTa clIHMaercJl Ha nepBOM rOI\Y Jf(1I3HH (B cpeJI,HeM, B weCTb-
BoceMb MCCJlueB), H pe6eHOK Ha'lHHaeT BlI,I!eTb IIO-BH,I!IIMOMY, B
nepBble MeCJlUbl JKH3HH cywecrayer KPHTII'IeC]<I1H nepllO.n. 1I.IDI cjJop-
MHpOBaHHJI KaKH)(-TO 6a30Bb1X xap3KTepHCTlIK, 06eCneqHBalO-
ll1HX B )l.aJIbHeUWeM 3MOUHOHaJlbHOe 11 COUllaJIbHOe OJIaronony'me
pe6eHKa. 3p!l.TeJlbH3R .n:enpltBaUHR B 3TOM nepllO,l!C npHBOI\HT K
He06paTliMbIM H3MeHeHHJlM B nCIIXIIKC pe6eHKa (CeprneHKO E.A. II
571

iJ.P, 1993, CTPOraHOBa T.A !lAP., 1995; CTPOraHOBa l' A., llOCH-
Kepa H H , 1996; CTPOraHOBa T.A., eTm1H M.H., 1997).
TaKHM 06pa30M, paHH!le peQllnpOKHbIe B3aHMolleHcTBH
MaTepH H pe6eHKa UMelOT npHHQllnl1anbHOe 3Ha'leHHe AJjJl alleK-
BaTH oro nC!lxonOm'leCKOrO pa3BUTH pe6etlKa.
MeJ«nOKOJleHHble 8JlUJlIlUlI. Booome CHCTeMbI pOIl!lTenbC-
KOH 3a60TbI Ha paHHHX JTanaX pa3SHTHJI UMelOT HeKOTopble CTa-
611nbHbie oc06eHHOCTlI, KOTopble (jJOpMIiPYIOT qaCTb uereHeTII-
qeCKOH HaCIIC)lCTBeHHOCTH nOTOMCTBa. Hel<OTOpbIe 113 HUX JlBJIJI-
IOTCJI BHJI,OCneQII(jJHqeCKIIMU, IlPynle npliCYmll OTllenbHbIM ceMb-
JIM (TPaIlI'!QH\1, nepellaBaeMbIe H3 nOKoneHH B nOKoneHlie) Ha-
npHMep, MonOllbIe CaMQbI CHer!lp, HaXOWlCb B rHC31le, nepeHH-
MalOT neHHe Toro caMQa, KOTOpblii npHHHMaeT yqaCTHe B BocnH-
TaHHII nOTOMCTBa (llaJKe eCJlH TO npellCTaBHTenb APyroro BHlla,
Hanp\1Mep, KeHapb), U .n:anee nepe,/\alOT ero CBOUM nOTOMKaM
(Immelman K., 1969'J}. B peJynbTaTe MOJKHO nonyql-lTb HeCKonbKO
nOKoneHIIH CHerlipeii, KOTopble nOIOT KaK KeHapH
CYmeCTBYIOT cncQlIqJllqeCKHe BJIlHIHIIJI, CBJlJaHHbIe C rop-
MOHanbHblMH CIJ,BHraMII, KOTOpb!e npOCneJKIIBaIOTC MeJl(JI,Y no-
KOneHHJlMU. 3TH BnlIJlHHJI B03HHKalOT 6J1arOllapJl CIICTeMe MaTe-
pHHCKHX ropMOHOB, KOTopbIe npOUHKalOT qepe3 nJlaQeHTapHbIH
GapbCp H OKaJbfaalOT B031lCHCTBHe Ha pa3BHBa1OLQHiic nJlo,/\.
(Moore C L., 19901)).
Y qenOBeKa COUllanbHble cpellOBbIe ljJaKTopbl, KOTopbIe npH-
BOWIT K B03HHKHOBeHI11O CTpCCC3, OYPHO nepeJKHBaeMblX JMOQHH,
(jJpYCTpaQHli, MorYT BJlHRTb Ha JH,/\OKpHHHYIO cHcTeMY MaTepll II
npllBOIJ,HTb K 113MeHeHlilO npOnOPQIIH onpel\eneHHblx ropMoHoB.
MHorHe 1i3 JTIIX ropMOHOB MorYT npOHIIKaTb qepe3 nJlaQeHTap-
HblH 6apbep B KpOBeHocHyro clICTeMY nlIOi1a U BJIIITb Ha HepBHyro
H HeHpOJHi10KpHHHYIO CIiCTCMY nJlOlJ,a. B peJYJlbTaTe nOBelleHHe
HOBOpOJl(lleHHOrO Hero llaJlbHeHWee pa3BIITHC MorYT OTPaJKaTb
nocne.n:CTBII Tex COQllanbHbIX Cpei10BbIX BnHHllii, KOTopbIe HC-
nblTblDana MaTb B nepHOIl 6epeMeHHOCTII. BJlliJlHHe npeHaTaJlb-
Horo cTpecca HHTeHCIIBHO IICCJlC,/\YeTC Ha )!(UBOTHbIX PC3ynbTa-
Tbl JTUX liccnCIlOBaHIIH nOKa:JblBaIOT, qTO paHHHH cpellOBoii CTPCC-
cop MOJKeT BnHRTb He TonbKO Ha 1I0Bel\eHile B3pocnoii caMKH, HO
OKa3b!BaTb B03,/\eHCTBl1e Ii Ha nOTOMCTBO ee i10qepeH.
KpoMe 3MOQliOHa.IJbHOrO cTpecca, TaK)[(e J.IOBOnbHO HHTeH-
CHBHO HCCJIellYCTCJI BJlHJlHHC HellOCTaTO'lHOrO nllTaHI1J1 MaTepll
572
ua pa3BHTlie IInOAa. B IICCJleIJ,OBaHHX X.Ellp'la (Birch H.G.,
1971, 1972'») 6bIlIO nOKa3aHO, qTO lie TonbKO HeJ.IOCTaTOqHOe nll-
TaHlie MaTepll BO BpeM 6epeMeHHOCTII He6naronpllJlTHO CKa3bl-
BaeTCJI Ha pa3BIITHH pe6eHKa, HO H HeJ.I0CTaTO'iHOe nllTaHlle ca-
Moii MaTepli B paHHeM i1eTCTBe BbI3blBaeT B ec opraHH3Mc Heo-
6paTHMbIe CABl1rH, KOTopble B .aaJIbHeHWeM 0TPIIQaTeJlbHO o11'a-
)!(aIOTCJI Ha TeqeHIiH 6epeMeHHocTII II pa3BliTlIII pe6eHKa, .aa)l(e
ecnH 6YAY'IH B3pocnoH II IIpll BblHaWIIBaHHH pe6eHKa MaTb III1Ta-
JlaCb HOpMaJlbHo.
OlllicaHHbIii 31jJljJeKT ObIlI 06Hapy)!(eH X.EllpqeM B IICCJlC)\O-
BaHIiH Bn\1J1HIIJI COQH03KOHOMllqeCKOrO cTaTyca Ii paCb! Ha co-
CTOJlHlle MJlai1eHl\eB npll pO)!(J(eHlIH (Bec IIPH pOJKIlCHlill, cMepT-
HOCTb, 3a60neBaeMocTb}. 0)[(H)\3J10Cb, qTO oc06eHHocTii Mnallell-
QeB 6YJ(YT KOppCJlHpOBan C COQII03KOHOMII'IeCKHM CTaTycoM Ma-
TepH, OT KOToporo 3aBHCHT KaqCCTBO nllTaHHJI \1 MeJ.I\1U\1HCKOrO
06cnY1l\IIB3H"JI, nonyqaeMOrO MaTepbID 11 nep"oiJ, 6epCMCI\I\OCTJ-I.
BonpeKH O)!(H,/\aHHIO, COCTOJlHHe J.ICTeH KOppeJlHpOBaJlO He C co-
UH03KOHOMH'IeCKliM CTaTYCOM MaTcpH, a c ee pacoH. .II.CTI\ MaTe-
pefi HerpHTJlHCKOrO npoHcxo)J(,/\eHIIJI, nPHHaAJje)[(aBWI\X K cpe,/\-
HeMY KJIaccy, ACMOHCTpHpOBBJI\1 60Jlee HII3Klie nOKaJaTenH, 'IeM
):IeTH 6enb!X MaTepeH HJ Toro )J(e Knacca. COCTOJlH\1e HOBOPO)!(-
J.IeHHbIX Y HerpHTJlHCKHX MaTepeH cpeiUlero Knacca OKBJanOCb He
JlY'Iwe, qeM COCTOJlHHe HOBOp0)J(iJ,eHHbIX Y 6enbIX MaTepeH, npll-
HaJl,IleJKaBWHX K H\13WCMY COQllaJIbHOMY KJIaccy PC3ynbTaTb! Bbl-
JBanll He.aoYMeHHe Tori1a X.DIlP'! peWlln pa3,/\enHTb HerpIlTJlH-
CKIIX MaTepeii Ha .I\IIe rpy"nbl - Tex, KOTopbIe pO,!l.lIJIHCb B YCJlO-
BIIJlX, xapaKTepHblX Jl,IlJI )!(H3HH cpeJ.IHerO KJIaCCa, 1\ Tex, KOTOpb/C
pOAHJlHCb Y pOJ(IITeJleH HH3wero KJlaCCa II nHWb 3aTeM BoneH 06-
CTOJlTeJlbCTlJ CTaJIlI npHHaJl,Ile)[(aTb K CpeJ.IHeMY Knaccy. ,[IeHcTBH-
TeJlbHO, TaKoe pa3.n:eneHlie npllBeJlO K O)J(H,/\aeMbIM KOppeJlJlQliJiM
COCTOJlHHJI HOBOpO)!(lleHHbIX C COL!II03KOHOMH'leCKIIM cTaTycoM
MaTepeii. TaKHM 06pa30M, 60nee cYlQeCTBeHHbIM OKa3aJlCJI COI\II-
03KOIIOMHqeCKliH cTaTYc MaTepeH He B MOMeHT IIX 6epeMCHHOC-
TH, a B MOMeHT HX pOJKJ(eHHJI. 3TO rOBopliT 0 TOM, '1TO npCHa-
TBnbHblH H paHHliii HeOHaTalIbHblH on bIT caMoii MaTepll npllBO-
J.IIIT K KaKHM-TO Heo6paTHMbiM H3MeHeHHJlM, KOTOpbJe 3aTeM CKa-
JbIBalOTCJI B cJlellYlOlQeM nOKoneHl1H
TaKHM 06pa30M, eCTb OCHOBaHHJI nOJIaraTb, qTO CTpecco-
reHHble <jJaKTopbl II HCIlOCTaTOqHoe nHTaHHe B npeHaTaJlbHblH II
573

1l0CTHaTaJIbHblH nepHO]\ MOrYT OTpHl.\aTeJIbHblM 06paJOM CKa3bl-
RaTbCSI Ha pa3BHTHH pe6eHKa, \1 eCJlH 3TO ]\eBO'lKa, TO He06paTH-
MbIe 113MeHeHHJI, npO\1CXO]\SlLQHe B opraHH3Me B nepl10]\ paHHero
OHToreHe3a, MorYT He6narOnpHJlTHbIM 06pa30M nOBnllJlTb Ha ee
1l0TOMCTBO, i1aJKe ecnH B nOCJICi1yIOLQHe nepHO]\bI JKH3HII cpe.!la
6y.n:eT 6J1arononyqHOH.
7. npMHLlMn CMCTeMHOCTM M Mal1eKTMKa
B3aMMoeMcTBMR reHOTMna II cpebl B
pa3BMTMM
fOROpJl 0 pa3BHTHH, Mbl HeOi\HOKpaTHO ynoMHHaJIlI 0 CHC-
TeMHOCTII npOl{eCca pa3BHTIIR H B03MOJKHOCTH erO onHcaHHR C
nOMOLQbIO TeopHH i\lIHaMHqeCKHX CHCTeM Oc06eHHO none3HOH
TeopHSI CHCTeM OKa3bIBaeTCSI np\1 HHTepnpeTaQHH npOl.\eCCOB, co-
npOBOJK]\aIOLQIIX Moplj>oreHe3 HepBHoii CHCTeMbI H pa3BIITHe pa3-
JlII'IHbIX Ij>OpM nOBCi\eHIIR
('"
7.1. BapHa6ciIbHoCTb B HepBHon CHCTeMe
Mbl YJKe rOBOpIlJIII, '11'0 cYLQeCTByeT nopa3HTenbHoc Heco-
OTBeTCTBIlC MeJKI\Y OTHOCHTCJIbHO He60JTbWHM KOJIH'ICCTI30M re-
HOB B KJIeTO'lHOM H)],pe H KOJIOCCaJTbHb!M pa3Ho06pa3HCM KiTe-
TO'lHblX 3JIeMeHTOB B HepBHOH CHCTeMe. B rHCTOnOrHqeCKIIX HC-
CJle.l\OBaHIIJlX M03ra '1eJIOBeKa, HapJlI\Y co CXO.l\CTBOM OCIIOBHblX
npllHI1HnOB KJleTO'lHOrO CTpoeHIIJI (BH]\OCneI.\Hlj>lIqeCKI1X oc06eH-
I10CTeH), Ha6JIIO.I\aeTCSI 3HaqIneJIbHaSi MeJKIIH]\HBHl\yaJIbIlaJi Ba-
pHa6eJlbHOCTb (Hickey l' L., Guillery R.W , 1979 2 »)
MOJKeM nil Mbl CpaBHllTb Moplj>OJIOrHqeCKOe CTpocHHe He-
pBHblX KJIeTOK y 6JIH3Hel.\os? qr06bl Ci\eJIaTb 3TO, He06xol\IIMO B
J(ope M03ra KaJKI\OrO 113 HIIX OTblCKaTb lIi\eHTHqHble no CBOCMY
npOHCXOJK]\eHHIO KJIeTKH II cpaBHHTb HX lj>eHoTHnbl, TO eCTb tIe.
TaJIH CTpOCHW! - !\JOPMY Tena, xapaKTep OTpOC1XOB, KOnl!'lCCTBO
CHHanCOB II T JI,. llOHHTHO, '1TO TaKaJl npOl.leJl,ypa npaKTII'IeCKH
lJeOCYLQCCTBHMa .l\JlSI qenOBeKa, HO MOJKHO nOnbITaTbCJI npo]\e-
J1aTb 3TO .l\JlJI KJlOHOB APYTIIX JK\1BbIX opraH1I3MOB. )(( -II.llIaHJI<c
574

B cBoeH KHHre (Changeux l.-P., 1997) npHBO]\IIT HeCKOJIbKO npll-
MepoB, B KOTOpbIX conOCTaBJIJlIOTCJI oc06eHHocTH CTpOeH\1J1 HeH-
POHOB-6JTHJHeL\OB. HanpHMcp, YJ106HO npoJ1enaTb 3TO .l\JlJI BOJI,JI-
HOH 6JTOXH I\alj>HlIH (Daphl1ia magl1a), KOTopaSl MOJl<CT pa3MHo-
JKaTbCSI napTeHoreHeTH'IeCKH (6e3 Y'laCTHJI CaMl.\a) II ]\aCT KJTOHbl
opraHH3MoB, rCHeTII'IeCKH HJI,eHTH'IHbIx MaTepIlHcKoMY. HepBHaJi
CliCTeMa ]\aIj>HHH npHMMTIIBHa, Ka)j(JI,bIH HeHpoH MOJKeT 6bITb
IIl\eHTIlIj>Hl.\lIpOBaH.
OKa3aJIOCb (Macagno E.R. et aI., 19732»), qTO Y KJTOHOB nllx
JKHBOTHblX He H36J1IOl\aCTCH BapHa6eJTbHOCTH B KOJIHqeCTBe He.
pBHblX KJIeTOK. HanpHMep, rrra3 COCraBJTeH pOBHO H3 176 ceHcop-
HblX HeHpOHOB. 3TH 176 HeHpoHoB 06pa3YIOT KOHTaKTbl co 110
KJIeTKaMH OnTlI'leCKOrO raHrJlHSI. 3,!\ecb TaKJKe HeT HIIKaKIlX Ba,
pH3I1HH. Ka)K)l,bIH ceHcopHbIH HeHpOIJ, B3J1TbIH B OTJ1eJIbHOCTII, KOH-
TaKTHPYeT C OJ1llIlMH H TeMH JKe HeHpOH3M\1 OnTH'IeCKOrO raHrJIIiSI.
3Ta HHBapHaHTHOCTb, O'lCBH,!\HO, 06eCnC'IIiBaeTCSI rCHeTllqeCKH.
OI\HaKO HapJl,!\Y C HHBapHaHTHocTblO HMceTCSI H onpe]\eJIeHHaJi
Baplla6eJIbHOcTb: OHa KacaeTCSI KOJIH'IeCTBa CHHanCOB H 1j>0pMbI
BeTBnelJHR aKCOHOB. HanpHMep, qHCJIO CHHanCOB OI\HHX H TeX JKe
HeHpOHOB Y OTl\enbHbIX oc06eH MOJKeT BapbnpOB3Tb OT 24 1\0 65.
OnpeAeJIeHHaJi Bapl1a6eJIbHOCTb xapaKTepHa TaKJKe .l\JlJI CHMMeT-
pH'IHbIX HeHpoHoB npaBoH II JIeBOH CTOpOHbI TeJTa, HO OHa 3Ha-
'1I1TeJlbHO MeHbwe BapHa5eJIbHOCTli MeJKJ1Y OC06S1MH.
nO]\06Hble Ha6J1IO]\eHHH, CI\en3HHbJe .l\JlSI rllraHTCKHX HeH-
pOHOB pbI6, TaKJKe cnoco6HbiX ]\3BaTb H30reHeTlI'IeCKlle KJIOHbl,
J13IOT C)(OJ1llble pe:JynbTaThI: MeJKHHAHBHiJ.yanhHaJi BapHa6enhHoCTh
y reHeTHqeCKH H,!\eHT\1'1HbIX oc06eii Ha6JIIO]\3eTCJI JlHWb B MeJI-
KIIX l\eTaJIJlX CTpOeHHJI HeHpOHOB (Levinthal F. et aI., 1976 2 »).
MOJKHO JTM npO]\enaTb n0J106HbIe npOl1eJl,ypbI Y MJTeKOnll-
TaIOLQHx? K COJKaJTeHIlIO, Ha nOT 1I0npoc npHJ1eTCJI nOKa l\aTb
OTpIlQaTeJIbHblH OTBeT. Bo-nepBbIX, BOJHHKalOT 3aTVY,!\HeHIISI C
nOJIyqeHueM KJlOHOB JKHBOTHbIX B CTporOM CMblCJIe 3Toro CJIOBa.
MOJKHO, KOHe'lHO, BOCnOJIb30BaTbCJI IIH6pCJI,HbiMII JIlIHIJJlMIi II
COnOCTaBJIJlTb JKIIDOTHbIX C nOqTH H]\eHTH'IHbIMU reHOTllnaMIi.
Oi\HaKO B03HIIKaeT BTopoe 3aTpYJI,HeHlle - 3TO H]\eHTH!\JIIKaQIIH
OJ1llHX H Tex JKC HeiipOHOB BHYIJ1H OlJpe.aeneHHblX KaTerOpJIH. qllc-
JlO HeHpOHOD 3]\eCb DO MHoro pa3 60JIbWe, qeM y npOCTbJX opra-
HII3MOB, U OHO He JlBJTSleTCJI CTporo !\JUKCHpOBaHHbIM. KpOMe Toro,
HeHpOHbl B npOL\CCce pa3BHTHSI He 3aHHMalOT CTOJTb perynSlpHoro
575

7.2.3nHreHe3
nUBbl Mbl nblTaJIIiCb nOKa3aTb, HaCKOJIbKO CJIOJKHbl H HeOi\HO-
3HaqHbi npOl.\eccbl B3aHMOi\eHCTBHI! pa3miqHblX cy6craHI.\HH BHyT-
pli H BHe KJIeTKH, HaCKOJIhKO TeCHO OHH CBJl3aHbl co BceMH C06hI-
THJlMH, KOTopbIe npOIICXOi\JlT BHyrpli H BHe opraHli3Ma, - Ha-
CTOJIbKO, 'ITO rpy i\HO 6WIO 61.1 npeJl,CTaBIITb, '1TO B nOCJIei\OBa.
TeJIbHocrli HYKJIeOTHi\OB MOrJIa 6b! 6biTb 3anllcaHa BCJI nporpaM-
Ma pa3BHTIII!. 3mirCHe3 npc.n:CTaBJlJICT pa3BHTliC KaK CHCTeMHblfi
i\HHaMuqeCKHH npOLlCCC, B KOTOpOM rCHbl MorYT lirpaTb pOJIb CBO-
co6pa3HbIX 'I'pllrrcpOB B npOLlcccaJ< i\1I(jJ(jJepCHUl1pOBKH KJICTOK,
HanpaBJIJlJOIUIiX pa3BliTHe KJleTOK nO TOMY HJIH I1HOMY nYTU*, HO
npll 3TOM CYIUCCTByeT MHO)l(CCTBO HereHeTH'IecKHx (jJaKTOpOB (KJIC-
TO'lHOC OKpYJKeHHe, nocTynJIeHHe pa3JIliqHbIX CHrHaJlOB OT ilPY-
rHX KJIeTO'lHbIX CIICTeM Ii H3 BHelllHCH cpe)\bI, Pa.3JIlIqHble cnY'IaH-
HOCTII pa3BHTlII! H T.i\.), KOTopble MOi\HIjJIIUllpYIOT pa3BHTlle.
)l{aH-IIbep lllaHJKc (Changeux I.-P., 1997) npIIBOi\IIT npH-
Mep C 113BeCTHoH MYTaUHeH aJIb611IilI3Ma, reHeTl1Ka KOTOpoii xo-
pOlliO H3YQeHa. qacToTa BC'I'pe'laeMOCTH 3TOH MYTaUIIH COCTaB-
JIl!eT Oi\UH Ha 17000 'JCJIOBeK. DOJIe3Hb nepeJJ.!leTCI! K3K pel.\eCCHB-
Hblli npH3H3K no npoCTblM MeHi\eJIeBCKIIM 3aKOHaM. MYTaIJ,lIJl npH-
BOi\IIT K nOTcpe J(Q)I(Horo nllrMeHTa MCJIamma II, Ka3aJIOCb 6bi,
He i\OJIJKHa 3a'I'parHBaTb HCpBHyIO CHCTCMY. Oi\HaKO TIUaTeJIbHbJC
aHaTOMH'IeCKHe HCCJIei\OBaHI1I! nOICa3bIBaIOT, qTO Y aJIb6HHOCOB
HMCIOTCJI 3HaqHTeJIbHbie H3MeHCHIIJI B CTpoeH1l1i JIaTCpaJIbHorO
KOJICH'IaTOrO TeJIa II 3plITeJlbHOrO HepBa. 3i\CCb MI.l IIMeeM i\eJIO C
THnH'IHbIM nJIeHO'I'ponHbiM 3(jJq:.CKTOM i\ei1cTBHI! rCHa. MYTaI.\IIH,
3aTparHBaIOII.\HC ueH'I'paJIbHyJO HCPBHYIO CIICTCMY, 'IaIUC Bcero
nJICiiOTpOnHbl. AJIb611HH3M - Oi\Ha 113 HHX. KaK JKe B03HliKaCT
nOT nJICHO'I'pOnHhIH 3$IjJCKT B cnyqae aJIb6lIHli3Ma? MI.l 3HaCI,
qTO aJIb6HHOCbl IIMelOT KpacHblc rJIa3a. 06bl!CHI!eTCJI no TCM,
qTO ceTqaTKa He co.n:epJKIIT nlIrMcHTa MCJIaHIiHa, TaK JKC KaK 11
npo'luc KJICTKIi. CJIOH nHrMCHTHbIX KJIeTOK B CeT'IaTKC nOJlBJIJlCT-
CI! Ha paHHHX CTa,II,HI!X pa3BIITHJI 3M6plioHa, KOri\a HeHpOHbl ceT-
'1aTKIi elI.\e npOi\OJIJKaIOT i\Cm.JThCJI, a 3pliTe1lbHbIH HepB elI.\e ac
H BocnpOI13BOi\IIMOrO B PJ!l\Y nOKOJICHHii nOJIO)l(CHmr, K3K y npH-
MHTI1BHblX .l\aIjJHHH. OnblTbl C XHMepHblMII MbllUaMII* nOKa3blBa-
lOT, 'JTO i\eJIeHlIe H MHrpaI1lUI HCpBHblX KJIeTOK Y MJIeKOnHTalO-
II.\HX He JlBJIJlIOTCI! CTOJIb )l(eCTKO i\eTCpMHHHpOBaHHbIMH, KaK Y
HI1311111X opraH1I3MOB, n03TOMY TOqHOC pacnOJIO)l(eHlie HepBHoii
KJICTKI1 HC JlBJIJleTCI! C'I'poro (jJHKClipOBaHHbIM, H OTblCKaTb "1Ii\eH-
THqHble" HeHpOHb! B M03rC MJIeKOnllTalOlI.\HX npaKTII'ICCKH He-
B03MOJKHO (Mintz B., 1974") OTCIOi\a nOHI!THO, '1TO Baplla6eJIb-
HOCTb C'I'pOCHIiI! HepBHo!! CHCTeMbI MJIeKOnHTalOlI.\HX 3Ha'JHTCJIb-
HO B03paCTaeT H npOJlBJIJlCTCI! He TOJIbKO B BeTBJICHHH OrpOCTKOB
II KOJIH'IeCTBe CI1HanCOB, HO H B qHCJIe H MeCTOnOJIOJKCHHH HeH-
pOHOB. II03TOMY TeM 60JICC HC CJIC.I\yeT OJKIli\aTb JKeCTKo!! BOC-
npOli3BO.!l.liMOCTI1 C'I'pYKTypbl y reHeTllqCCKH II.!I.CHTUqHbIX opra-
HI13MOB. BepOJITHO, B03MO)KHOCTH jUIJi $eHoTHnl1qCCKo!! BapHa-
6CJIbHOCTH M03ra y MJIeKOOliTaIOII.\HX, IJ;a)l(e HMelOlI.\l1X I1lJ;eHTH'I-
HhlC reHOTl1nhI, '1pe3Bblqa!!Ho BCJIliKII
KaKHM Jl<C o6pa30M cJIo)l(HcihuaJl JKliBaJi cTpYKTypa - M03r
qenOBCKa - pa:JBIIBaeTCJI 113 Bcero Oi\HOH KJleTKli, HMeIOlI.\eH BeCb-
Ma orpaHII'IeHHblii Ha60p i\eTCpMHHaHT? OTBCTIITb Ha 3TOT Bon-
pOC HCB03MOJKHO, He npllBJICKaJl TCOpllIO 3nHrCHC3a**.
Pa3BliTHC He JlBJIJlCTCI! npJlMblM CJICi\CTBlleM pa3l3cpTbIBa-
HHH reHCTII'IeCKOii nporpaMMbI. B npei\blIJ;YLQHX pa3.L1eJlaX 3T0!!
... XHMepHbie opraHH3Mbi r1onytalOTCJI nyreM cMeWKBaHHJl3M.6pHoHanLHLlx
KTIeTOK >KHBOTHL1X, n:pllHa.rurejf(aillHX K JI.BYM HIm 60JTee reHeTH1JeCKH pa3nH'lfHblM
mIHHJlM, Y xHMepHoro nOTOMCTBa tPaKTH'-IeCKH 'I.IeTBCpO (uJIn .n.aJKe fiance)
pO,!{HTeJIeH
.. 3mlreHe3 - OlU-Ia H'J TeOP"" 0 3apoJJ;blmeBOM pa3BHTHt1 opraHH3MoB,
npell.nOnaralOW,aK, '1TO paJBHme npe.!I.CTaBJUleT c06oH: npouecc n0CJ1c.aoB3TeJ1bHOrO
B03HHKHOBeHHJI HOBOo6pa.30BaHlu:j:. TeopHSl 3rmreHe3a o03HHKfia B I1pOTHDOBec
reapMH npe4JopMH3Ma, COrJl3CHO KOTOpOH B nOJIOBblX Knen:ax cyrn.eCTBYIOT Bee
3alJaTKH H".!I.HBHlI.yaJ1bHOrO MHoroo6pa3ml, BOJHt1KalOuterOB pa3BHTI111. TepM""
"JI1HreHe3" 6b1n npeW10)Ken Y rapBeCM B 165J ro.llY B COBpeMeHHOU 6HOJIonm
H reHeTHKe paJBHT(fH noJ], 3nHreHe30M nO.IJ.paJYMeB3IOT e.n;HHbn1 CHCTeMHbIH
npou.ecc pa3BHnJ B KOTOpOM npOi1CXO.D.HT noc.ne,!l,OB3TenbHoe paJBepTblBaHHe
remITHQeCKOH ml-cPopM3l.um npH Yl{aCTHU HeiiporYMopaJTbHblX, rOpMOHaJlbHbIX
cpe.aOBbIX " .n.pyrux cpaKTopOB
'" Ew,c B 1940 ro.ny q,YO.I1!1t1HrrOH, OJlHH H3 J.l3BeCTHefiwHx TeOpentKOB
6HOJlOrHM pa3BHTH$I, npeJ1C1Ca33J1 cyntecTJ!JOBaHHe TalC H33h1BaeMbIX "reROB-Ot;-
peKJIlOtlaTeJleii", cnoco6HbiX Hanpa8J1J1Tb pa3BHTHe 6HrIOTeHLl.HaJIbHMX 3M6pJto.
H3J1bH(,.IX KJ1eTOIC no TOM)' WRW HHOMY nyrn, B HaCTO.llw,ee BPCMg cyw.cm08a-
HHe T3KHX reH08 3KcnepHMeHT3JIbKO 1I.0Kiit33HO.
576
577

Ha'lan 1j>0pMHpOBaTbCJI. B )TOT rrCpHO,!J; 3M6pllOHaJIbHbIC HCHpOHbl
CCTqaTl(1I II nHrMeHTllblC I(JIeTKIl TCCIIO conpliKacalOTCJI. BnOJTIIC
BepOHTHO, '1TO MCJK,/:\Y 3THMI1 CJlOJIMII KJICTOK IJpOHCXO,!J;IiT 06MCII
CllrHaJIaMIl. IIplf 3TOM, eCJlH rrllrMellT npllcYTcTByeT, HeHpOHbl
nOCblJIalOT CBOH I\J(COHbJ B npaBIf!1bJlOM HarrpaBiJCmU!, II npollc-
XOI\HT HOpMaJIbHOe <j!OpMllpOBalllle Bcero 3pHTeJlbHoro nym ECJTH
ITIlrMCHTa HeT, HcpBHble BOJTOKHa B 3pHTeJIbilOM lIepBc TCpHIOT
yrropH'/:\O'leHHYlO opraHH3anHlO, 6ecnOpJl,!J;O'lHO rrepeMeWHBalOTcH
H lie ,!J;alOT Toro xapaKTeplloro rrepeKpecTa, KOTOpblH cYlI{eCTBY-
eT B 3pIITeJTbHOM rrYTIl. B pe3YJIbTaTe rrpollcXo,!J;HT peopraHlf3a-
I.\HH !1aTepaJlbllOro KOJIeH'IaTOrO H.l1pa II Bcero 3pHTeJIbHOrO nYTI1
BfllIOTb )(0 KOpbJ M03ra. TaKHM 06pa30M, B p;aHHoH 3M6pIIOHaJIb-
HOH CIICTeMe lIapYllIeHHe B3aHMO,!J;CHCTBIiH MeJK.l1Y .I1BYMJI 3JICMell-
TaMH B cenl KJIeTOqHblX B3allM0.l1eHCTBIIH Bbl3bIBaeT ne.IIblH Kac-
Ka.l1113MCIICIIIIH, 3aTParllBaIOLQHX i1PyrHe 3J1eMCHTbl cllcTeMbl. B
nOM rrpOHBJlHCTCH nJIeHOTpOnHblH 31j>Ij>eKT MYTanllH H BOo6l1{C
31j><j!eKT eJl,HHllqHOrO reHa B pa3BHBalOlI{eHCH CIlCTeMe.
O.!l.HHM H3 BaJKHeHllIlIX 3TanOB Mop(IJOreHe3a HepBHOH CHC-
TeMbJ HBm!CTCH YCT3HOBJIel!IIC Ij>YHKI.\HOH3JIbHblX cBH3eJJ MeJK,/:\y
KJIeTKaMH (KaK MeJK.l1Y caMHMH HeHpOHaMH, TaK I'! MeJK.l1Y HeHpo-
HaMil 11 KJIeTKaMIl Tex oprallOB H TKaHCH, KOTopble OHI1 HHHepBII-
PYIOT). He HYJKHO )\OKa3blBaTb, '1TO OT xapaKTepa HeiipOHHb!X ce-
TeH BO MHorOM 6Y.l1CT 3aBHCeTb H rrOBe.n:CHl1e IIH.l1l1BH.l1a qTO JKC
rrpe.l1CTaB!lHeT C060H 3nllreHC3 HCpBHblX CBH3eH? KaKaJl pOJTb MO-
JKeT 6b1Tb 3.!1.eCb OTBe.n:ella rCHaM H KaKaH - CpC,/:\C?
7.3. TeopHIi JnllrellC3a nYTeM CeJICKTHDHOH CTa611i1H]aHH
CIIHanCOD
OMOH 113 lIaH60iJce H)BeCTHbIX 'feOpllH 3IJHreHe3a lIepBHblX
CBH3eH HBJlJleTCJI TeOpllJl ceneKTIIBHoli cTa6H!II'!3anl1H CIIHanCOB
)K.-ll lllaH)Kc (ClJangeux J -P., 1997). ComacHO nOH TeopHII,
coxpaHellHe OCHOBllbIX rrplfHnHnOB opraHlf3aQIIH l.\eHTPaJIbHOH
lIepBHOH CllCTeMbI 1f3 nOI(OJIelfHH B rrOI(OJIeIlHC, TO eCTb coxpaHC-
HIIC BH.!I.OCrrCI.\If<j!H'ICCKIiX xapaKTcpllCTIIK, 06eCrrC'II1BaeTCJI lIa60.
pOM reHOB, KOTOpblC KOHTpOJnIP)'lOT .I1eJIeHlfe, MllrpaUHlO II ,!J;HI\!-
lj>epeHullaUll1O HepBllbIX I(!ICTOK; rrOBC.l1eHllC KOHyca pOCTa, B3a-
HMHOC YJHaBaHHe KJleTO'lllbIX KaTeropHH; 06pa30BaJIHe lUHpOKO
578

pacrrpOCTpaHeHHblX cBH3eH II Ha'laJlO cnoHTallHoi1 aKTIfBHOCTIl
<JJeHOnInllqeCKaH BapHa6cJlb1lOCTb, xapaKTepHaH .!I.aJKC .l1!IJI reHe-
TH'IeCI(I1 H,/:\enTII'IHbIX opraHH3MoB, oc06eHllO Y BblClIIHX 1j>0PM
MJIeKOITHTaIOLQHX, BKmoqaH qenOBeKa, B031111KaeT B npouecce paJ-
BHTHH. KaK TOJIbKO M6p1lOHaJIbHble HeiipoHbl 3aKaH'IHBaIOT npo-
l\CCC Jl,eJleHHJI, Ha'lHHaeTC!! 6ypHbla II 1136bITOqHblH pOCT lIeHpn-
TOB (aI(COHOB H lIeHJI,pIITOB) II IIX aKTHBHoe BeTBJleHlle Ha nOH
KpHTH'IeCKOH CTa,/:\HH Ha6mo.l1aeTCH MaKCIIMYM 1136bITOqHOCTH H
pa3Hoo6pa3HH CBH3eH, YCTaHaB!IIlBaeMbIX B 06pa3YIOU\IIXC!! Hell-
pOHHbIX ceTHX. 3Ta H36blTOqHOCTb HBJI!!eTCJI BpeMeHHoi1. BCKoe
BCTyrralOT B CIJJIy 06paTHbiC npOueCCpI: HaqllHaeTCJI rll6eJTb Hell-
pOHOB, 3HaqHTCJIbHaft '1aCTb HepBHblX OTpOC1'KOB IIC'Ie3aeT, HCqC-
JalOT H MHonle liD Toro aKTIIBHble CllHanCbI.
HMnYJIbCbl HaqllHalOT UHPKYJTHpOBaTb B paJBHBalOlI{lIXCJI
HcpBnblX CeTHX OqeHb pallO, C Ha4aJlOM IIX 1j>0pMHpOBaHH!!. CHa-
qalIa OHM B03HMKalOT cnOHTaHHO, HO JaTeM MorYT 6blTb BbI3Ba-
Hbl B3aHMOAeHCTBHeM pacTywero oprallH3Ma CO Cpe.l10H. B TOT
rrepHOII, Kor,/:\a lIa6mo.!l.ae-rCH MaKCIIMaJlbHaJi H36bITOqHOCTb, 3M-
6pllOHaJIbHbIe CIiHanCbl MorYT CYlI{eCTBOBaTb B Tpex COCTOftHHHX:
Jla6HJlbHOM, cTa611JIbHOM H BblpOJK)J.alOlI{eMCH. HepBHble HMnYJIb-
CbI nepel(alOTCH TOJIbKO Jl,BYMH nepBblMH THITaMH CI1HanCOB. CII-
HanCbl MorYT nepeXOI\HTb H3 O,!J;Horo COCTOHHHJI B i1Pyroe ECJTU
JIa6HJIbllblH CHllanc rrepexo.a;I1T 113 Jia6111lbHOrO COCTOI!IIItI! B CTa-
611JIbllOe TO nOT npoQecc HaJblBaeTCH CTa611J1HJaQHeH. JIa611JIb-
HblH Clillnc MOJKeT J].ereI1epHpOBaTb (perpeCCIIH), a cTa6HJIbHbIH
BHOBb CTaTb Jla611JIbHblM (Jla6I1JIII3aQIIJI). IIo Mepe c03peBaHIIH B
npoQecce 1j>0pMIJpOBaHliH Ij>YHKUIiOllaJlbHbIX CHCTeM opraHII3Ma
npoHcXO,/:\I1T nOCTOHHHoe B3allMOJl,eHcTBHc MeJKJ].Y BceMIl 3JIeMeH-
TaMH CIlCTeMbl II BlJeWHeii cpC.l10H. B pC3ynbTaTc Ij>YHKUHoHaJlb-
HO 3HaqIJMbie caH3H oCTaIOTcH, npollcxoJ].IJT cTa611JIII3al.\HJI CII-
HaITCOE, OCTaJIhHble (1136bIToqllhle) CBH311 IIC'Ie3aIOT.
llpOQeCCbI perpecclIH, 3nHMIIHaUHH 1136bITO'lI10CTH HB!lJI-
IOTCI! TMIlHqHblM!I AJlH Bcex ypoBHeii pa3BHTIIH HepBHOH CIICTeMbI,
B TOM '1I1CJIe II nOBC.l1CHqecKoro. Tal(, Mbl YJKe ynoMHnanll, qTO C
lIa4aJlOM .n:blxaTeJIbHblX .l1BH)KeHHH nnO.l1a rrpoHcxollllT ynopJl.!l.o-
qeHlle IIHllepnaUHH MeJKpc6epHbix MbIlIJl.\ (Dennis M.J., Hams
A J., 1979 ' ». CB!!311 MeJK.l1Y nOJIylllapHHMl1 '1epC3 MOJOJIIiCTOe Teno
TaK)Ke rrO.l1Bep)KeHbl 3HaqHTeJlbHoH perpecclIlI, npH 3TOM IIcKmoqe-
IIlIe l(al(oro !III60 l(aHaJIa alj>lj>epeHTaQll1l (HanpHMcp, 3pHTeJlblloro)
579


BeileT K coxpaHeHll1O H36bITO'lHOCTIi CBJl3eii (Innocenti G.M.,
FrostD.O., 19792». )f{.-n. IlIali)f(C Ilpt'lInOJISrae-r, 'iTO npoqe<:CI>!
1'!3611paTCiIbHoH 3JI11MHHaqHH Ha OCHOBe II3lfa'laJIbHOH H36bITO'lHO-
CTII lIe)f(aT B OCHOBe o6Y'IeHHJI. B Ka'leCTBC npHMepoB Ha nOBe.n:eH-
'leCKOA! ypoBlie Oli IIpIfBOJUtT npoqeccbl CT8l/0BlIeHml pe'li!. B 1I0pe-
'1eBOH IlepllOIl pe6CHoK npoJl,)'qHpYeT 3HaqlUCJIbHoe KOJIHqeCTBO
caMblX pa3Ho06pa3Hblx 3BYKOB, 1f3 KOTOpbIX TOJlbKO lieMHOrl1e
Ilpe,l(CT8BJICHbl B peqi! B3pOCJIoro. B HIlOHCKOM JjJbIKe, Hanpl'!Mep,
OTCYTCTByroT <jJoHeMbl "r" H "I". B3poenbIe HnOHQh/ C TPY,l(OM pa3-
IIlIqalOT HX, O)\HaKO 23-MeCH'IHbIM MJIa.!{eHqaM HX pa3JIH'IeHHe
)\a= HaCTOJlbKO JKe J1erKo, Kal( H HX cBepCTIIHKaM H3 CTpaIl 3ana-
.n:a (Eimas P.D., 19752); Miyawaki K. et aI., 19752».
TaJ(IIM 06p:tJOM, OCHOBbl <jJeHomnll'leCKOii BapHa5cIIbHoCTH
3aKJIa.D,blBaIOTCJlII3Ha'laJIbIf0, 6lIaro,l(apJl CYlI.{ecTBoBaHHIO MeXaHlI3-
MOB, C03.1UIIOII.\HX i!35bITO'lHOCTb B lJepBHOii CIlCTeMe (llenCHHe, MHr-
paqHJI, .I\IIQ><jJepCHI1HpOBKa, m5b1TO'lHbIH pOCT H BeTBJIeHlle Heiipll-
TOB). IIoenel()IIOll\He npoqeCCbl PCrpecClf1i H CCiICKTIIBHOH CTa6wlII-
3aL\IIH 3aBIICHT OT MHO)KeCTBa clIyqaHHblX c05h/Tltii pa3BIfTHJI, OT
OnblTa KOHKpeTHOro "HI\HBli,II,a, KOTOPbIii He MO)KCT 6blTh a6COJIlOT-
HO IIl(eHTH'lHbIM .l\a)Ke AIUI H30rcHHbIx opraHH3MOB. B pe3YJJbTaTC
KOHe'lHbIH Q>eHOTHn 6Yl(eT OnpCJI,elIJlTbCJI B 3Ha'iIfTeJJbHOH CTcnCHH
npoqeccaMIl B3aHMO.l\ciiCTBHJI 3JIeMeHTOB CHCTCMbl C pa3JmqHblMH
Q>aKTopaMH, HaXOitJlll\l'!MHCJI KaK BHyrpll, TaK H BHC ee, TO eCTb 6y-
1(e1' 3aBHceTb OT Bceii HCTOPHH pa3BI'!TIIJI IIH$BII.I\8.
7.4. CJlY'IaiiHOCTH pa3BHTHII
3) CJ1Y'lai1HocTIl MaTepHHCKoH cpeJ].bI, B KOToPOi1 pa3BIIBa-
eTCJI IIHJI,HBIi.n:;
4) cJlyqaHHOCTIl HCMaTepHHcKOH CpC.n:bI, B KOTOpOH pa3BII-
BaeTCJI HH.I\HBHJI,.
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MeHT HaClIeI(CTBCHHOCTH. leHOTl1n HaCJICl\YCTCJI OT pO)3JITCJICII, 11 Y
nOTOMKa C POJl.l.fTeJIJlMH HMelOTCJI 0611.\He rCHbl, KOTopble BIIHJlIOT Ha
XOA IIHJ].IIBHl\yalIbHoro pa3BHTHJI. 3nHreHeTH'lCCKHe npoqcccbI
BHYTPH opr8HII3Ma npCI(CTaBJIJlIOT C060H BIIIfJlHHJI i\!,ymx KIICTOK
IfIIH HX npOIJ;YKTOB lia aKTHBHOCTb reHomna Jl,aHHOII KJIeTKlI. llo-
CKOJJbKY Bce KJleTKlf opralfH3Ma HMelOT OJl.l.fH H TOT JKe TeHomn, ec-
TeCTBCHHO, '1TO 3nlfrCHCTII'leCKlle BJIHJlHIfJl CBJl3aHbi C HaClIei\CTBCH-
HOCTblO O.l\!laKO 3nlirCHeTll'IeCKl1e npOl.(eCCbl JlBJIJlIOTCJI CTOXaCTl\-
qeCKIIMH, OTKpbITbIMII BJIHJlHIfIO <jJaKTopoB ,:?e)\bl OpraHI13Ma H,
CJlei\OBaTCiIbHO, JII06b1M IICTOpH'ICCKIiM CJ1Y'IaIlHOCTJlM.
Ma-repHHCKaJl cpe)\a MJlCKonHTalOIIX JlBJIHCTCJI oqeHb BaJK-
HbiM 3JICMeHTOM BHeWHeH CpCi\bl. MaTepH 06eCne'lIlBaIOT BHYT-
pllYTPo6HYIO II nOCTHaTaJIbHYIO (YXOi\ 3a MJlai\CHl\eM  BocnHTa-
HHe) cpe.l\Y pc6eHKa. IIOHJlTIIO, '1TO lIa 3T1f yc.nOBIIJI )\eHCTBYCT re-
HOTHn MaTepH qaCTIf'lHo JKe reHbl MaTeplf HBIIJlIOTCJI 0611.\11",H C
nOTOMKOM, n03TOMY MaTepllHCKaJl cpei\a MO>KeT HaClIeJl,OBaTbCJI.
MaTepHHCKaJl CPC)\<I T<lKJKC "YBCTBIITCIlbHa K IICTOpH'leCKIIM CJ1Y-
'1ai1HoCTJlM
HeMaTepllHCKlle Cpei\OBble 3!jJl\!eKTbI TaKJKe BIIHJlIOT Ha Ba-
pHa6cJIbHOCTb p8JBIITIIJI. Crolla BXO.IIJIT Q>IIKTOpbl, KOTopble Bbl-
6lfpaIOTCH caMHM IIHi\IfBI1i\OM HIII1 Q>OpMllpyroTCJI OKPYJKaIOll\lIMII
JIIOJl,bMH, B TOM '1IiCJIe pOi\CTBeHHIfKaMH, c KOTOpblMH Y Hero IIM:-
lOTCJI o611.\IIe rCHb! II03TOMY H 3TH Cpel(OBhlC 3Q>Q>CKTbJ B KOIl-
TO Mepe TI!K)KC naXO.IIJITCJI He TOJIbKO no.ll BIIHJlHlleM CJlY'IaIlHbIX
CPCl\OBbIX C06bITIfH, HO Ii nOi\ BJlHJlHIiCM reHOB, Ii TaKJKe naCJIe-
Jl,)'IOTCJI (rCIIOTIIIl-CpC)\OBaJi KOBapHaI{HJ1). _
TaKliM 06P830M, B COOTBeTCTBHIi C npliBei\eHHOH KJlaCCH-
Q>1iI(aI.(HeH BO Bcex onlfcaHHhIX 3J1CMeHTax BHeWHcii no OTHowe-
HIlIO K i\aHHOMY HH.lIHBIf.!l:Y CpCJI,b! IfMCIOTCIl McxaHII3Mbl .IlJ/R Ha-
CJIeJl,OBaHliJl, KaK reHeTH'leCKOrO, TaK II HerCHeTllqecKOrO Cpa3-
IIH'IHbIe TPa)J.IIUIfH Ii T.n.)
EcreCTBeHHO, Ha pa:JBllme Jl,eifCTB)IIOT II HCHIlCJIC.llYCMblC Q>aK-
TOpbl. 31'0 Te oc06ellHOCTH cpeJl,bI, KOTopble lie CBJl38HbI C 113MeHe-
HIIJlMH, BbI3blBaeMblMIi caMIIM pa3BI1BaIOIl\HMCJI liH)J.HBIIAOM HJlIi
581
Bapl1a6CiIbHOCTb Q>cIIoMelioB pa:JBHTHJI 3aBlfClfT OT MHorHX
np"'lIIH. HaenCi\CTBCHHOCTb IIMeeT TeHAeHl\1i1O YMcHbwan Baplla-
6elIbHoCTb pa3BIfTHJI, Tor)J.a KaK yenoBHJI, He CBJl3aHHbIe C HaCIICi\-
CTBCHHOCTblO, IfMelOT TeH.!{CIII.(HIO ee IlOBblwaTb HeKOTOpblC IIccne-
)\OBaTCIIH pa:JBIiTHJi BbI.n:CJlJlIOT 'leTbIpC Tllna CJIy'laHllbIX (jIaKTopoB,
KOTopbIe BJlIIJlIOT Ha BapHa6CiIbHOCTb P:tJUIfTHJI (Atchley W.R.,
Newman S., 1989; Atchley W.R., Hall RK., 1991')}:
I) clIyqaHHOCTI1 B nOi\60pe pOllllTeJIbCKHX nap, reHbI KOTO-
pblX CJIararoT rCHOTIIn HHI(IIBI1)\a;
2) c.nY'laiiHocTH 3nl!rCHeTHqeCKlfx (TO CCTb BHeUJHIIX no OT-
IIOweHll1O K reHoTlmy) npOI.(CCCOB B npei\CJIax liHl\HBIfi\yalIbHoro
OHTOreHCJa;
580

ero pO,!\CTBeHHbIM Ol<pY)I(elIlleM. OHII MorYT 6blTb Kal< CJTY'IaHlibl-
Mil, Tal< II 3aKOHOMCpHbIMli K 3aKOHOMCpHbIM MOJKHO OTHCCTII
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T.n.), nOBCeMeCTHbIe B031\CHCTBIIR (rpaBII'l'al\HR) I1nll npe,!\CKa3ye-
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npllCYTCTBYIOT TaKjI(e B MaTepllHCKOH II iWyroH COQH3J1bHOii cpe,!\e
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cII6mIHrOB 11 .D.p.). CitY'Iai1Ho l'!itll CHCTCMaTllqeCKIII13MeHHIOIl\l1eCJI
Cpel\OBblC C06bITI1R cnoc06CTByroT BapllaTIIBHOCTH pa3BIITI1R.
Bce BHCIllHlte no OTHOllleHIlIO K rellDM C06b1TIIJI, KOTopbIe
HMCIOT MeCTO B npOl\eCce OHToreHe3a, B COBoKynHoCTIl C reHeTII-
'1eCKI'!MH cjJaKTOpaMH C0311,aJOT TOT q,OH, lia KOTOpOM npOTeKaeT
pa3BlfTlle. DJIarO.D.apJl B03,!\eHCTB!lIO orpOMHoro pa3Ho06pa311R
3aKOHOMepHbIX II cnyqaHHblX C06b1TI'!H B OHToreHe3C.. pa3BHBalO-
ll\lIeCR CHCTeMbI MorYT OpraH!l30BbIBaTbCRII peoprall1l30BbIBaTb-
CR. feHbI .D.eJTalOT paJBHTHe B03MOJKllbIM, 110 H .I1pyrHe KOMnOlleH-
TbI, BitHJlIOll\"e Ha pa3BI1Tlle CIlCTeMbI, RBJIJlIOTCR He MCllee BaJK-
IIblMH YQaCTHIIK3MH np01jCCC3 pa3BIITlfR.
B lIaqaJTe 113JIOJKeHItJl, onpe,!\CJIJlR nOHRTHC cjJeHOTlIna MbI
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CTBHJI reHOTllna II Cpel\b1, O,!\HaKO B CBCTe Toro, qTO ISbIno CKD3a-
110 0 npOllecce IIHl\lIBIIJI,yaJIbHOro pa3BI1TIIJI, Mbll\OJT)I(HbI BHeCTII
HeKOTopoe YTO'lHCHlle B ny cjJOPMYJIlIPOBKY H, HapJlI\Y C lpaKTo-
paMl1 CpCl\bI, ynoMJlHYTb 0 cnY'IaiiHOCTliX pa3BIiT1IJI, KOTopbIe He
MorYT 6bITb CBel\eHbI K q!lCTO CPC)!.OBbIM BJIIIJlH!!RM. ECITH 6bI Mbl
nonbITaJIlICb rpacjJllqeCKII 11306pa3HTb 3DBI1CHMOCTb cjJCHOTlIna OT
pa3JTII'IHbIX ljJaKTopoB (Ha MaHep 3aBIICHMOCTli fjJcHoTlina 0'1' CPC-
I\bI, KOma MbI paCCMilTpllBanll HOp MY peaKQlII1 - CM. PIlCYHKII
46,4.7), TO HaM nOHBJ{06I1JIOCb 6b1 no KpaiiHeii MCpC 'JCTblpCX-
MCpHOC npOCTpaHCTBO, B KOTOpOM, nOM liMO OCCH .!IJIJI reHOTllna
II Cpe}1bl, OIS!lJaTenbHO J{OIlJKHa Ob/JIi! ObI npHCYTCTBOBi!Tb 11 OCb
.!IJIJI cJlyqaHHOCTeii pa3BIITH>I
7.5. IICTOPH3M pa3BHTlIR
KaK nOlt'lepKHBaeT P JICBOHTHH (1993), HCJ1b3 pa3 II Ha-
BcerAa oxapaKTepH30BaTb IIH.!/,IIBuAyaJlbHbIe ocooeHHocTII '1eno-
BCKa, onHcaB Bce xapaKTepllbIe '1epTbI ero cjJcHoTHna (OIIOXHMH-
'1eCKlIe, MopcjJonOmqeCKlle, 1jJ113110nOrH'IeCKHe, 110BeJl,eHqeCKHc).
582
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HOBJleIHIJI. 3TO OTHOCIITCJI KO BceM ypOBHHM cjJYHl<lIllOlIlIpOBa-
HHJI, HaqUHaJi C reHHoro H KOH'Iali nOBeAeH'IeCKIIM Ka)l()!.bIii IIK-
Jl,HBHA B m060H KOHKpeTHblH MOMeHT ero )l(1I3HII npeAcTaBlllieT
C060H pe3YJTb'!'aT Bcex C06bITIIH, npOHCXOltHBlUlfX B HCTOpHII ero
pa3BIITIIR. JhUlJb npoclleltllB II OI1HCaB IICTOpli1O Bcex 113MeHeHIIH,
npOH30llle)\l1lllX B opraHH3Me '1e!lOBel<a H B ero nOBe)!.eHHII B Te-
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onHcaHHe .IlaHItOrO HH.IlHlIlIl\a.
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BHCHT OT TeKYIl\erO COCTOHHR opraHII3Ma II YCJTOBHii cpeAbl, B
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6C30n3CHb1.
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583

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PbIX 3anllcbIBacrcsr B naMJlTH HepBHol! CIiCTeMbl.
BblBOAbl
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m,Ie coornotneHIIsr reueTwieCKHX II cpe.n;OBbOl KOMIIOHeHT I13lo1eH'lll-
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XO;!IfMO nOMHHTb, 'ITO B33J1MOBJIHJlHlfJl reHOTHna H cpe.n:bI B HH-
AIIlIH/lYaJIbHOM pa3BIITHH Hcpa3,!\eJlHMbJ.
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584
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Pa3BHTHC npeACTaBJIHeT C060H JnHreHeTJoIqeCKHH npouecc,
nplllloJl,IQHii K 1j>0pMJlpOaaHlilO 3HaqJolTe.n:bHOH MeJKHJlAHBHilY-
anbHOH aapHa5eJlbHOCTI1 AaJKe y 1!30reHHblX OpraHIIJMOH. OCHoa-
HMN npHLlH!lOM MopcPorene3a HepBHoii CHCTCMbI JlBJIHeTCJI B03-
HHKHOBeHHe MaKCHMaJlbHOH H36bITO'!HOCTH KJleTO'!HblX 3JIeMeH-
TOB H '!X CBJl3eH Ha paHHHX JTanaX paJBIITHH, C nOCJle/IYIOlQeH
JlHMHHaQHeH Ij>YHKQI10HBJlbHO Hecra6HJlLHblX 3neMeHTOB B npO-
lI,ecce peQHnpOKHoro BJaHMO;!eiicTBHJI MeJKJI,Y BceMI! YPOHHJlMH
pa3BJlBaIOlQeHCJI CHCTeMbI, BKJIlO'IaJI BJaItMo,!\eHC'BIDI BH)'TPH.KJIeT-
KII, MeJKJl,)' KJIeTKaMH H TKaHJlMII, MeJK.l\Y oprallH3MOM H cpe.!l.OH.
IIpoll,ecc l\>opMHpOBaHHJI !\>eHOTHna B pa3BIITI!II HOCIIT He-
npcpblBHbIii AltaJIeKTHqeCKHH H IICTopH'IeCJ<;l1it xapaKTep. Ha JIIO-
60M 3Tane OHToreHeJa xapaKTep peaKUHH opr3HII3Ma aa B03i1ell-
C1:B\l.e cpell,bl onpell,eIlI!CTCH Ka1< reHOTltn()M, raK H IICTopHeH Bcex
06CTO>lTeJlbCTB pIl3BII1' H sr.

rflABA 15. J.1CCflE,QOBAHJ.1E CPE,Qbl B rEHETJ.1KE
nOBE,QEHJ.1
B rnaBax 7-9 paccMaTpHBaJIaCb ponb rCHeTllqCCKI1X II cpe-
)\OBbIX lj>aKTopoB B lj>opMHposaHlI1I HH)\HBH)\yaJIbHbIX pa3nll'IHH
B caMblX pa3HblX nCIIXOJlOrl1'1eCKIIX xapaKTepHcTHKax. Ho o6cYJK-
)\eHlle Bonpoca 0 npllpo)\e IIHMBHJI)'anbHblx pa3JI1I'1HH B nCl1xo-
JIOrllqeCKHX Ij>YHKl.\I1J1X He 6y)\eT nOJIHbIM, ecnH orpaHHqHTbCJI
TonbKO Bbl)\eJIeHHeM reHeTllqeCKHX H Cpe)\OBbIX KOMnOHeHT HX
H3MeH'IHBOCTH.
fCHeTHqeCKHe lj>aKTopbl MorYT npommTbC TOJIbKO B cpe-
)\OBblX YCJIOBHJlX. EOJIee Toro, oco6eHHOCTH 3Toro npOJlBJIeHH
(HJIII 3KcnpeCCII rellOB) MorYT MeHHTbCH D 3aBIICilMOCTII OT cpe-
)\OBoro KOHTeKCTa. llOHHMaHlle 3Toro nOTpe60BaJIO OT IICCJIe)\o-
BaTeJICH, 3aHIIMalOII111XCa reHeTlIKOH nOBe)\eHlla, Bo-nepBbIX, ce-
pbe3Horo aHaJIII3a Cpe)\OBblX KOMnOHeHT lj>eHoTllnllqeCKOH )\HC-
nepCIIIIII, BO-BTOpbIX, C03)\aHH TeOpeTH'ICCKHX cxeM, 06'bHCHIIIO-
ll.\HX, KaKOBO B3aHMOBJIllaHile reHOTHna H Cpe)\bl B npol.\CCCC pa3-
BIITII. 3TH )l.Ba Bonpoca H 6Y)\YT o6CYJK)\aTbC B )\aHHOH rJIaBe
1. Cpe.QoBble KOM nOHeHTbl
4IeHOTltnlt'leCKO .Qltcnepcltlt
B TeqeHHC HeCKOJIbKIIX )\eCJlTIIJIeTuii l.\eJIb 60JIbWHHCTBa pa-
60T, npOBO!UIBWIIXCH B reHeTHKe nOBe)\eH!UI, COCTOHJla D K3K MO)l(-
HO 60JIce TO'lHOM onpell.eJIeHHH ,l!OJlH reHCTII'IeCKIIX II cpe.n:OBbIX
KOMnOHeHT lj>eHoTHnHqecKoH McnepCHII npIl3HaKOB, TO eCTb B CO-
3)\aHIII1 TaKl1x 3KcncpllMeHTaJIbHbiX cxeM II pa3pa6oTKe TaKHX CTa-
TlICTII'IeCKIIX MeTO)l.OB, KOTopble n03BOJIHJIlI 61,1 pa3BCCTH reHeTII-
qeCKlle H cpe)\OBble IICTOqHIIKIIIIH)l.IIBHD.YaJIbHbIX pa3JIII'IIIH. Ol.\eH-
KII Cpe,l!OBbIX BJIIIJIHIIH, nonY'laeMble npll nOM, npe)\CTaBnJlJIII CO-
60ii KOMnOHeHTbI ljJeHOnInIl'teCKOHII.HCnepCHH H CBlllI.eTeJlbCTBOBa-
JIll 0 CYMMapHOM 3<pq,eKTe BCCX HCrCHCTl1qeCKllx q,aKTopoB.
586
K HaqaJIY 80-x ro,aoB q,OpMaJIbHblH noJI,Xo,a K aHaJIlI3Y CPC)\O-
BblX IICTOqHHKOB HHII.HBlIlI.)'aJIbHblX pa3nH'IHH nepeCTaJI y,aOBJICTBO-
pHI, IICCJle)\OBaTeJICH, 3aHHMaJOll\IIXCJI H3yqeHlleM pOJIII reHOTllna H
cpe,abl. OCHOBHble npllqllHbl 3Toro COCTOJIJIH B CJIeJl,yiOll\eM.
K 3TOMY BpeJdeHII B reHeTllKe nODe)l.eHIIJI 6bl1l, Bo-nepBbIX,
HaKOnJICH 60JIbWOH II Ha,!1eJKHblH 3KcnepllMeHTanbHblH MaTcpll-
aJI aHaJIH3 KOTOporo y6e.ll:HTeJJbHO )\OKa3b1BaJI, 'ITO reHOTHn BnIIJI-
eT' Ha q,OpMHpOBaHHe HH)\HBII)\yaJIbHbIX pa3nl1qllH B caMblX pa3-
HblX OC06CHHOCTJlX KOrHHTlIBHOH II JIII'IHOCTHOH cljJcp. IIpocTaJ!
KOHCTaTaL\IIB Toro lj>aKTa, 'ITO BapllaTlIBIIOCTb TOHIIJIII IIHOH xa-
paKTepHCTIlKIl IIMeeT reHeTllqeCKYIO KOMnOHeHT)I, CTaJIa lIeIlHTC-
peCHOHl.\CJIbiO HCCJIe)\OBaHIIJ!. BO-BTOpbIX, B reHeTlIKe nOBell.eHlIJI
HaqaJIOCb CIlCTeMaTHqeCKOe H3yqCHHe npOl.\eCca pa3BIITIIJI, KOTO-
poe Tpe60BaJIO 60JIee npHCTarrbHoro BHHMaHHB K YCJIOBIIBM, B
KOTOpblX 3TO pa3BIITHe npOHCXO)\IIT. B-TpCTbilX, 6b1J1I1 norrY'teHbl
)\aHHble 0 TOM, qTO 60JIbWaa 'taCTb Cpe)l.OBOH KOMnOHeHThl q,e-
HOTlInHqeCKOH )l;I1CnepCIII1 CBBJaHa He C 06ll\IIMII cpe)\OBblMII BJ1l1a-
HHJIMI1, a C pa3JIHQalOII1HMHCa (He COBna,aaIDII1HMIl y po,aCTBeHHII-
KOB JKHBYII1HX B OIl.HOH ceMbe). KaK 6b1JIO nOKa3aHO B rJIaBaX
7-9, pa3JIHQaIDll.\aaCB cpel\a BHOCIIT CYlI1eCTBCHHbIH BKJIall. B )l;I1C-
nepc",1 KorHIITHBflblX oco6eHHOCTeH II npaKTHQeCKH onp_ell.eJIJ!eT
CpCJI,OBYID KOMnOfleHTY B )\lIcnepCHBX Tex OC06CHHOCTCH, KOTO-
pble OTIIOCBTCB K nllQHOCTHOH cljJepe. Bcc no n06Y.lI:HJIo HCCne)l.O-
BaTeJIeH 06paTHTbCJI K KaQCCTBeHHOMY aHaJIH3Y Cpe)l.OBblX xapaK-
TepHCTIIK.
1.1. HCCJletlOBaHlle CpCI10BblX YCJlOBHii pa3BHTlIli
t
KaK YJKe HeO)\HOKpaTHo rOBOpllJIOCb B :noH KHl1re, reHCTI1-
Ka nOBeL\eHHJI paccMaTpIlBaeT Tpll OCHOBHblX KOMOOHeHThi lj>eHo-
TIUll-\qeCKo\\ )\!lCoepcHH. O/!,Ha 113 HIIX CBII)\eTCJIbCTByeT 0 B)IIla-
HHH rCHOTHna Ha BapllaTHBHOCTb 113yQaeMOrO npll3HaKa, )1)Ie II.py-
rile _ BBJJBIOTCR nOKa3aTeJIBMH cpenOBblX BJIHBHIIH (o6ll\IIX II
pa3J1HQaIDII1I1XCB). KaKaJI pCaJIbHOCTb HMeeTCJI B BII.n:y, Korna ro-
BOpJlT 06 06ll.\eH H pa3JI1tqaiOII1eHCJI cpen e ?
K o61I1eH cpe,l!e OTIIOCJlT TaKllC BHeWHl1e yCJIOBIIJI, KOTopble
COBna)\aiOT y cpaBHHBacMbIx pOL\CTBeHHIIKoB. HanpllMcp, eCJIlI
cpaBHIIBaIDTcB )l;CTII, JKHBYll\He B O)\HOH CCMbe, IIX 061I1eH Cpe,l!OH
MOJl<HO Cql1TaTb MaTepHaJIbllblH ypoBeHb ceMbH, JKIIJIHll\flble yc.
587

IIOIIIUI, 0t>pa30BaHfle pO.l\HTeJIeH, CTHJIb OTHOl1leHHH pO.l\l1TeJl'eH K
.l\eTHM, nCHXO!lOrH'ieCKHe oc06eHHOCTH po.n:HTeJICH H T..l\.
B Ka'leCTBe pa3J1I1'iaIOlI.\cilc!! Cpe.ll:bI p:iCCMaTpI1BaIOT Te na-
paMeT]JbI cpe.l\OBbIX oc06eHHOCTeii, KOTopbIe He COBna.aaroT y cpaB-
H!iBaeMbIX pOJ{CTBeHHHKOB. TaK, .l\eTlI, 1KHBYII.\lIe B OMOH fI TOH
1Ke ceMbe, MorYT y'IIITbC!! B pa3Hbix KJIaCCaX, '1HTaTb pa3HbIc KHH-
rH, APYJKIITb C pa3HbIMI'! .l\eTbMH Ii T .l\.
Ka3aJIOCb 6b1, pa3rpaHHqeHfle 0611.\HX H pa3JIH'iaIOII.\HXC!!
Cpe.l\OBbIX J!JIlIHHIIH COBepweHHO OqeBH.l\HO, OJl,HaKO, KaK nOKa3a-
JII1 3KcnepllMeHTallbHbie HCCJ!C.l\OBaHHH YCIIOBIIH pa3BIITIIJI .l\eTeii
rpaHHQbl MC1KJ{Y 0611.\eH H pa31111'iaIOlI.\ciic!! CpeJl,OH He CTOJIb O'lC:
BIIJI,HbI, KaJ< M01KeT nOKa3aTbCJI Ha nepBblii J!3rll!!.l\.
.II.1K J!:aHH H Ill.MaKrHp 060611.\11J111 .l\aHHble TPex aHrJlHiic-
KIIX J10HrHTIO.l\OB II pe3YJ1bTaTbl KOJlOpaJ{CKoro HCCJIeJ{OBaHHJI
nplleMHbIx J{eTeii, nOJIyqeHHble npll 06CJIe.n:OBaHIIH KOHTpOllbHOH
BbI60PKH (TO CCTb ceMeii, B KOTOpbIX .l\eTI1 1KHBYT co CBOIIMI1 c06-
CTBeHHblMH pO.l\IITCJI!!MH). Bo Bcex HCCJIe.l\OBaHHJlX oc06eHHoCTII
pa3BHTIIJI c1I6cOB, HX B3aHIdOOTHOWeHH!! .l\pyr C J{pyroM II C po-
MTeJIJlMH 6bmH npOCJ1e1KelIbl OT p01K.l\eHHJI II.O nOJ{pocTKoBoro
B03paCTa. Pe3YJIbT:iTbI noro 060611.\eHHJI COCTOHT II cJ!c.!1)'lOlI.\eM
(Dunn J., McGllire S., 1994).
I H lI.allHblC IIHTepBMO, II HenocpeJ{CTBeHHOe Ha6JIK\;J;cHlle
3a 0611.\eHHeM pO.l\HTeJleii II .l\eTeH nOKa3bloalOT, qTO pO.l\"TeJ1H
'1aCTO no-pa3HOMY OTHOC!!TCH K CBOIlM .l\eTHM. CaMH .l\eTH 3aMe-
qalOT pa3HHQY B OTHOllieHIUI K ce6e \{ K eRoeMY 6paTY IIJlK ceCT-
pe II Y1Ke II 5 JleT MorYT paccKa3an, B '1eM OHa npOHBIIJlCTC!!. B
60J1e: cTapweM, nOJ{poCTKOBOM, B03paCTe nplfMepHo n0J10BIIHa
lI.eTeH e<!ltTaeT, '!TO pO,ll.llTenll OTHOCIlTeH K IIKM He Tal<, KaK K APY-
rOMY pe6eHKY B ceMbe.
B 3Ha'!IITeJIbHOii CTeneHIl 3TH pa3J111'i11!! CBJl3aHbi C pa3HbiM
l\03paeTOM cH5eOB: KaK npaB\JIO, l\3aIlMDOTHOl1leHHJI MaTepll II
nepBoro pe6eHKa, KorlIa OH HaXO.!lHTCH, HanpllMep, B rOIl;OBaJIOM
B03paCTe, OqeHb nOX01KH Ha ee OTHOWeHHJI co BTOpblM pe6eH-
KOM, KOI'lI;a 011 Ha1\O,lJ,IITCJI B TOM 1Ke B03paCTe. OTHoweHHe K .l\e-
TJlM MCHHeTCH no Mepe HX J!3pOCJ!eIJIIJI. Ho CTapl1llle .!IeTII He no-
MHJlT, KaK K HIIM OTHOCHrrllCb paHbwe, a MJIa.I\IllHe He MorYT npelI-
BfI,IJ,eTb, KaK K HIIM 6Y,lJ,YT OTHOCIITbCH, KorlIa OHH nO.l\paeTYT. lb-
3a noro B mo60ii llRHHblii MOMeHT BpeMeHlIlICTIi CKJIOHHbl Cql!-
Tan, '1TO pOll;l!TeJIH OTHOenC!! K HI1M no-pa3HoMY
588
2. .II.eTH, JKHBYII.\He 8 OJl,HOH ceMbe, pa3rrll'!alOTCJI no oeo-
6eHHoeTIlM OTHOIliCHHIIApyr K Apyry. TaK, CJ<.OIl.CTBO B OTHowe-
HHI! lIpyr K APyry 06HapYJKeHO TOJ1bKO y 23% cH6cOB. llO'iTH
norrOBHHa CII6cOB He noxo)J(a no pa3;1bIM nOKaJaTeJ1HM npOJll\Jle-
1'1'51 3a60Thi APyr 0 APyrc; nO'iTK II.8C -rpeTH  R pa3Hoii CTcneHII
npOJlRIIJlIOT lIeraTHBHbIe peaJ<L\HH no OTHoweHHIO II.pyr K Apyry.
3T11 pa3J1H'iIlJl OTqCTJ1I1BO BHMbl pOMTeIDIM. 0 HeCORna.l\e-
Hm y CII5col! pa3J1WiHb\X npOIll\J1eHHH APY)KeJIK\5HII no OTHowe-
HI1IO APyr K /l,pyry 3a5lBJIHIOT 60% pO/l,HTerreii, a 0 HecOBna.n.eHHH y
cH6cOB PaJ]JIf'lHbIX HCI'aTI1BHbIX peaK1!H" APyr Ha Apyr a - 40%.
3. qCM CTBplllC eTaHOBIITCI! pc5eHoK, TeM 50J1bWYIO pOJl" II
ero 1KH3HH HrpaCT 06weHHe co CoepcTHI!KaMH. Kpyr 31:oro 0611.\e-
HHJI, cnocoD BpeMHnpenpOB01K.!IeHIIII, HHTCpecbl, B03HIIK!lIOlL\l1e
6rraro/l,apl! 06wemtIO co CBCpCT1U1K!lMlI, Dl\!l3bIBBIOTC5I B 3HB'!H-
TenbHOH CTeneHI1 HcnOX01K1I Y )l.eTei1 113 0/1;110"11 TOH 1Ke ceMbll
20% CII6cOB CqHTaeT, qTO HX APY3bJl cOllepweHHo HCnOXOJKH, a
42% - qTO Me1K)l.y HHMII eCTb pa3nH'IHJI.
4. OnblT nepeJKI1BaHHII pa3nHqHbiX np06neM (c06cTBeHHblx
II ceMeHHbIx) no-pa3HoMY CKa3blBaeTCJI Ha .l\CTJlX 113 O)l.HO" I! TO"
1Ke ceMhll. nOJIe3HH pOMTeJIeH, CMeHa MeCT01KI!TeJIbCTBa, norepH
pa60Tbi O/l,HHM 1f3 pO)l.HTeJIeH, CMepTb 6JIH3KIIX H T.lI. OKa3blBalOT
Oll;l1HaKOBOe BJ1HJlHHe TorrbKO Ha TpeTb CIIDCOB. K pa3HbiM no-
ClleJl,CTBIIHM nplfl\O,lVlT H C06CTBeHHbIC np06J1eMbI (50JIe3HH, TpYA-
HOCTH, B03J-1I1KalOlL\He B I1IK01le).
J!:pyrlle HCCJIeI\OBUerrH, TaK1KC nO)l.p06HO HCCJ!eAOBaBl1Ilfe
cpeAY II;nH L\erreii reHeTHKIf nOBe.l\eHHJI, npHl1IrrH K BbIBOII.Y, qTO
pa3JIHqHJI MeJKlIY '1J1CHaMH ceMbll YBCJlII'iHBaIOTCH npll He611aro-
norryqHbIX OTHOWCHHIIX B ceMbe - HeAOCTaTO'lHoi! 3MnaTI1H II
3MOQHOHaJlbHOCTI1 OTHOl1leHllii, HcaACKBaTHOCTH cnOC060B KOH-
TponH 3a nOBeJl,eHHeM AeTeH, HH3KOii HHljJopMHpOBaHHOCTfi pO-
.l\HTerreii 0 3aHHTHJlX II HHTepccax AeTeH.
ComaCHO npeAnOJ!OJKeHHIO pJll\a IfCCJIe.l\OBaTeJleii, II;I1CTaH-
QII!! Me1K.IlY 'IJIeHaMI1 CeMbl! onpeAeJlHCTC!! J(OHq,J1I1J<THOCTblO ce-
MeiiHblX OTHOWCH;lH II cnoc05aMif pa3pelliCHlfH 1<0HIjJJIIIKTOB. B
qaCTHOCTH, pOJl,IITeJlH, KOTopbIe He MorYT pa3peWIITb cYII.\eCTBY-
IOlL\He Me1K.!1)' HHMII np06J1eMbl II.pYrHMH cnoco6aMH, HcnOJ!b3YIOT
CBDI! OTHOWCHIIJI C .IlenMH KaK B03M01KHOCTb BblxO.l\a 113 KOHIjJ-
JlHKTHOH CHTyaQIIH CTcnCHb BKJ1IO'ieHHOCTII ,lJ,eTeH B ny cHTya-
lIHIO 06yCJIOBJ!IIBaCT pa3rrll'iIlJl B !IX ceMeHHoii cpCAe. C APyroi1
589

CTOpOHbI, )leTII MOrYT pa3peWaTb CBOII C06CTBeHHble KOHQJJ1I1K-
TbI, BapbllpYJI CTenmb 6JIII30CTIf )lpyr C II,pyroM II C PO)lIlTeJIJlMI'!,
II, TaKilM 06pnOM, YBeJlHqllBaTb 3Ha'iIIMOCTb pa3J1l1qaIOLl.\eitcJI
Cpe)lbI. llOCKOJ1bI<Y B pH)le IICCJIe)lOBaHI1H nOKa3aHa CBJl3b Me)f()ly
KOI!ljJJ1HKTHbIMH OTHOWeHHJlMH pOJ\ll.TeJIeH H I<OH<!JJ1HI<TaMIl Me)f(-
Jl,y cH6caMII, 6bllI0 npe)lJJOJIO)f(eHO, '1TO AllljJljJepeHl1Ha[jHJI Jl,eTeH
B ceMbe (TO eeTb, no eYTII rOBopH, YBCJ1.If'leHHC ypOBHJI cpe)lOBblX
pa3JJllqlIH) JlBJJJleTCJl O)lHO" H3 B03MO)f(HbIX CTpnenlH nOBe.o;ellllJl
B KOHIjJJIHKTHOH clITyal1lI11 (Reiss D. et aI., 1994).
TaKHM 06pa30M, YCJlOBHS! pa30HTHH .n:ereH B OJ\HOH II TOH
)f(e ceMbe OKa3blBaIOTCH pa3HTeJIbHO HenOXO)f(IIMII: K HI1M no-pa:JHO-
MY OTHOCJlTCJI OKpY)J(aIOIl1He, OHII HMelOT pa3Hb1X .l!PY3eii II paJHble
HHTepeCbI, no-pa3HOMY pearHPYIOT Ha OIJ,HII II Te )l(e C06bITlln I'!
no-pa3HoMy OTHOCJlTCn jl,pyr K .lQJyry. Ba)!(Ho OTMeTHTb, '1TO MHO-
rile OC06CIIHOCTII cpe.n:bl, KOTOpbJe, Ha nepBbIH B3r1J".o;, MorYT no-
Ka3aTbCH "06Ll.\HI,m", npll 601Jee TIl\aTeJlhHOM aHaJJH3e OKa3bl-
BaIOTCJI "pa3JIHqaIOIl1I1MIIC"". TaK, O)lHO II TO )\(e ceMeHHoe Co6hI-
Tile, HanpllMep, pa3BO,a pOIJ,IITeJICH, MO)\(eT 6bITb cooepweHHO no-
pa3HOMY BOCnpl1HJlTO .aaYMH ,aeTbMII II IIMeTb .!\II" IfIlX COBeplUeH-
HO paJHble nOCJIe.o;CTBHJI.
"
AH3JJOfll'lHbIe ,aaHHb!e 6blJIIi nOJIY'leHbl 0 6JJIi3He[jOBhIX HC-
CJ1e,aOBaHI1"X. IIpll 06061lleHliII IJ,aHHbIX pa3HbIX OJ1J13Hel.\oobIX
pa60T (rJ1aBa 7, n6J1Hua 7.2) CpelJ,Hlle KOppeJlHUl111 IJ,ml M3 II .II.3
6JTH3HeUOB OKa]3JJHCb paBHbl 0,86 H 0,60. KOMnoHeHTa <!JeHOTH-
nilyeCKOH AllcnepCHH, o6YC1JOOJIeHHan 06Ll.\eH CpeIJ,OH, Bbl;CJleH-
Han Ha OCHooaHHIi 3THX IJ,aHHbIX, paBHa 0,34, nOCKOJIbKY C - r M] -
h ' = r - 2(r - r ) = 1-2 ( 086-060 ) = 086-0,52 = 0,34 TaKIIM
M3 M3;1,3 " ,
06pa30M, 61J113He[joBbIe ,aaHHble nO)lTBCpJl(JI,aIOT, '1TO o6Ll.\aJl cpe-
IJ,a onpeAeJ1J!eT rpeTb BceH BapHaTHBIJOOCTH HHTeJIJ!eKTa.
B I'!CCJIe)lOBaHHnx, npOBe.rr.eHHblX n03lJ,Hee, 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO,
'1TO C B03paCTOM Oe1JH'lHHa cpe.rr.OBblX BmlnHHH, onpeJl,eJIJllOLl.\HX
IIHIJ,llBllljYaJIblIbJe pa3JII1'JHH B HHTeuJIeKTe, HeCKOJ!bKO YMeH1>Wa-
cn H B03paCTaeT pOllb pa3J1lIqalOLl.\eikJl cpe,abI (plomm R., Demse
D 1987' PI om ill R. et aI., 1994).
, Eoee nQKa3aTeJlbHblMI1 ).\JIH nOHI1MaHIIH oa)l(I10CTH pa3JIH-
qalOLl.\eHCJI Cpeljblll ec BKJ1alJ,a B BapHaTIIBHOCTb Pa31J1IqHbIX npll-
3HaKOB OKa3aJTIICb I1CCne.l(OBaHHJJ 1JHqHOCTHOH c<!Jepbl BnepBble
Ha ee 3Ha'lI1TCJThHYIO pOJTh II Ha He601JbWYIO pOJ1b 061l111x CpelJ,OBbIX
BJIHHHHH 06panlJlII BHHMaHllC }].)I(.JIOJJlIIH I'! P.HI1K01JC (Loehlin
J.C ,Nichols R.C, 1976). BHYTpl1napHble KOPpeJlJlLlHIl no pa3HblM
nOKa3aTeJ1HM 1JiI'IHOCTI1, KOTopble TI1 aBTopbI nOJIyql1l111 B CBoeM
I1CCnC.l(OBaHHI1, paBHJJJJI1Cb 1Jp!16mi3IITCJlbHO 0,50 Ii 0,30 JI..'lJl M3
H }].3 6JJII3HeUOB 3TO n03BOJIII1JO rOBOpl1Tb 0 TOM, '1TO Baplla-
THBHOCTb JlH'IHoCTHbJX ClJOHCTB npilMepHO Ha 40% 06YC1JOBJJeHa
feHeTH'ICCKI1MI1 <!JaKTopaMH 11 III1Wb 'IYTb 60JJbWC, '1CM Ha I{)%-
06Ll.\eH cHcTeMaTII'IeCKOH CpCIjOH. TaJo:lIM 06pa30M, pa31JHqalOLl.\a-
Jlc>! cpe)la OKa33JIaCb OTBeTCTBeHHa 3a n01JOBIiHY BapllaTHBHocTH
H3Y'laBWHxcH xapaKTCPHCTIIK' "KopOTKO fOBOpH, - ,ae1JaIOT BbI-
BOAbl aBTopbl, - B c<!Jepe 1JH'lIJOCTH MI,l BHIJ,I1M, '1TO cpe.!!;OBbIe
BJIHJlHHJI IJ,eHCTBYIOT nO'iTlJ BepOJlTHOCT1JbIM 06pa30M Ha Te THlJbJ
nepeMel1HbIX, KOTOpblC nC!1XOJIOrll (II IJ,pYrHe )IIOI\H) rpa'!!;IIL1110H,:
HO paCCMarpl1BalOT KaK Ba)l(Hble ).\JIJI 1JH'IHOCTHOro pa3BIITHn
(Loehlin J.e., Nichols R.e., 1976, c. 92).
A1JaJIOrIlqHble ljaHHbIC 6blJlH nOJJyqeHbl IIpH 06061l.\CHHII
]() 6J1H3HeI.jOSb!X pa60T f.fonp,cMHToM (Goldsmith H.H., 1983).
CpCIJ,HHe KoppeJlHLl1111 ).\JIn M01Jo3I1rOTHbIX II IJ,H3I1rOTHbIX 6J1H3He-
[jOB OKa3a1JI1Cb paOHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO 0,47 H 0,23, qTO CBIIJ\e-
Te1JbCTByeT 06 OTCYTCTBllII 061llllx cpe,aoBblx B1JHJlHHH Ha Baplla-
THBHOCTb JJH'IHOCTHbIX cBoilCTB. OK01JO 50% lIapHaTlIBHOCTII 06yc-
591
1.2. Ponb pa3JIH'IalOw.eHcH cpe,aI.l B B3pHaTHBHOCTH
nCIIXOnom'leCKHX npHJH31WB
H3yqCIJIle K<!'1eCTOeHHblX oco6eHHocTeH CpC.!!;bl IUJIO napaJJ-
1JeJIbHO HCC1JeI\OBaHHlO ee pOJIIi 0 <!JeHoTHIIII'JCCKOH .!!;lIcnepcHiI
pa3JIH'JHblX npIl3HaKOB.
}].o CepC,aI1Hb! 70-x rOIjOB OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe ylJ,e1JH1JOCb
IICCJIe.l10BaJUlIO COBlJlJAaJOJI.(IIX Cpe)lOBbIX B1JHHHl!lf. JlH TlIX l.(e-
JIeH, HanpHMep, ConOCTaB1JH1JI1Cb .lQJyr C I1pyroM npHeMHblC cH6-
Cbl. IIoCKOJIbKY IJ,CTH pa3HLIX pOIJ,HTeJIeii, YCbIHOB1JeHl1bIe B OlJ;HY
ceMblO, He HMCIOT I1HKaKOro reHeTH'IeCKoro CXOI\CTBa, TO Koppe-
JJ"LlI111 Me)l(JI,y HI1MH Moryl' CBII'!!;eTeJIbCTBOBaTb TOJ1bKO 06 061UliX
cpe.o;oBblx YCJIOBIl)!)! pa3BHTlI!1. KaK 6b!1JO nOKa3aHO npH onHca-
HIIII IIHTCJIJIeKTa (rJIaBa 7, Ta6JIIII.\a 7 2), KoppenHQHII MCJIC,/\)' npl1-
eMHLlMH cH6caMli OKa3aJIIICb paBHbI 0,32. TaKHM 06pa30M, no-
qTl1l'peTb BapHaTHBHOCTI'! 06w.ero HHTeJIJIeKTa CB!I3aHa C 061l1eH
cpe.n:oH.
590

1.3. I1CCJle.ll.OBaHHe npHpO,1\hl CpeilOBblX BJlKHHHH
HeCKOJlbKIIMH rO.ll.aMH n03JKe .II..Poy BbmOJlHlln Ha Bb160p-
Ke B3pocnbIx 6nIl3HeL\OB HeCKonbKO pa6oT, KOTopbIe CqHTaIOTCJI
nepBbIMH IICCneJl,OBaHIIHMI1 npllpO.ll.bJ pa3J1I1'1aIOIl{eHCH Cpe.ll.bl B
reHeTlIKe nOBeJl,eHHJI (Rowe D., 1981, 1983). B 3TIIX pa60Tax .II..Poy
paccMal'pHBan cpe.n:oBble nOKa3aTenH TaK, KaK B rCHCTIIKe nOBC-
.lI.eHHH 06bI'!HO paCCMal'pHBaIOTCJI (jJeHoTllnbl: OH nOJIyqHJI OL\eH-
KH CpeilOBbIX YCJIOBIIH pa:JBIITHH OT KaJK.!l,OrO 113 6mI3HeL\OB 11 cpaB-
HHJI >IX BHYl'pHoapHO Y M3 H 3 6JIII3HCL\OB rHnOTe3a nCCJIe.ll.O-
BaHnH COCTOHJIa B CJIe.D.YIOw.eM. EeJIH M3 6JIH3HCL\bl OKaJKYTCH
nOXOJKHMII 60JIbWe, '1eM .II.3 6JII13HeL\bI, no OI1CHKe Cpe.D.OBbIX YC-
JIOBHH, B KOTOpblX OHH BblpOCJIH, 3TO 6YJI,eT CBn.D.eTeJlbCTBOBan
o TOM, 'ITa cpe.D.a, B KOTOpOH JKIIBYT 6JIH3HeL\bI, .11.0 HeKoTopoi1
CTeneHH 3aBHCIIT OT IIX reHOTlma.
KaK CBH.II.eTeJIbCTBYIOT nOJIY'IeHHbIe .Poy pe3YJlbTaTbl, no-
Ka3aTeJIn npIlHHTHJI-OTBepJKeHII" (3MOL\HOHaJIbHa" nOMCpJKKa
pOlJ,lITeJIJlMH pe6eHKa, BKJIlOqeHHOCTb B ero np06JIeMbI) OKa3b1Ba-
IOTC" BHYl'plmapHO 60JIee nOXOJKI1MH Y M3 6JIII3HeL\OB, qeM Y
.II.3. K03(jJ(jJHI.\lIeHTbl BHYl'pI-lKlIaCCOBOH KOppen"l\1I1I nOKa3aTcncii
06Il{eii ceMeHHoii aTMocljJepbI paBHbl Y M3 II 3 6nI\3Hel\OB CO-
OTBeTCTBeHHO 0,63 II 0,21. qTO KacaeTCH cnoco60B, KOTOpblMH
nOJlb30BaJIHCb pOA"TeJIII MJI nOMepJKaHllH .D.I1CL\HnmlHbl B ceMbe
(noKa3aTenll KOHl'pOJIJI), TO TaKoii 3aKOHOMCpHOCTH HC 06Hapy-
JKHBaeTCJI: II napTHepbI M3, 11 napTHepbI 3 6nH3Hel\OBbIX nap
OKa3blBalOTCJI O.D.I1HaKOBO nOXO)f(IIMIi no OL\eHKaM, KOTOpbIC OHH
IJ,alOT 3TIIM cpe.n:OBblM xapaKTepHCTlIKaM.
TaKIIM 06Pa:JOM, .Poy nOKa3aJI, '!TO HeKOTopbIe CpC.D.OBble
ycnOBIiH pa3BIITIIJI MorYT 3aBliCeTb OT reHOTl1na. qeM 60nbwe rene-
TI1'1eCKOe CXOJl,CTBO MeJK.II.Y pO.ll.CT8eHIIIIKaMII, TeM 60nee nOXOJKIIM
06pa30M OHII OL\eHHBaIOT ycnOBH", B KOTOpbIX OHII JKHBYT.
Hall60JIee nOCJleAOBaTeJIbHO reHeTII'IeCKIIH aHann3 Cpe.D.O-
Bb\1\ I\OKB3BTerreH Obm npoBeneH B IICCJleaOB'3.TeJIhCKOM I\pOeKTe
"Pa3JIH'IaIOIl{aJiC" cpeaa 11 pa3BHTI1e nOjJ.pocTKOB", BbmOJIHeH-
HOM nO)1 PYKOBO)J.CTBOM 3BH.D.a Pllcca (Reiss D., 1994, Plomin
R , 1994). .II.JIJI Toro '!TOObI 06"HCHIITb, KaJ( npOBO)1HTC" nO)J.06-
Hble IICCJIe.D.OBaHI1J1, 6Y.D.eT onllcaHa cxeMa opraHlI3aL\1I1I 3Kcnepll-
MeHTa B nOM npoeKTe H npllBe.D.eHbI lIeKOTopbIe 113 nOJlY'IeHHbIX
pe3YJIbTaTOB.
B pa60Te cpaBHIIBanOCb CXO.D.CTBO nap nOlJ,pOCTKOB, Jl(HBY-
Il{HX B O.!lHOH ceMbe II IIMelOIl{IIX pa3Hoe KOJIHqeCTBO 06Il{IIX re-
JlOBJIIIBaeT reHOTlIn, a OCTaBwa"CH qaCTb BapllaTI1BHOCTI'! npllXO-
jl,HTC" Ha pa3JIII'IaIOIl{YlOc" cpe.D.Y (TaK KaK BHYl'pllnapHoe CXO.D.-
CTBO MOH0311rOTHbIX 6JIII3Hel\OB He npeBbIwaeT nOKa3aTeJIJI Ha-
cne.llYeMOCTII, HeT OCHOBaHllii npe,!\nOJIaraTb, '1TO cpe.n:a YCI1JIHBa-
CT CXO,!\CTBO 6nIl3HeL\OB, Bce Cpe.D.OBble BJIIIJlHIl" .D.eHCTBYIOT B Ha-
npaBneHHIl C031\aHIIJI pa3J111'1I1H MeJKIJ,Y MOH03HrOTHbIMil 6n1l3-
HeL\aMII, TO ecn BCJI cpe,!\a HBJIJleTCJI pa3nll'laIOIl{eHCH).
HccneIJ,OBaHIIH, npOBe)1eHHble Ha Hc6nIl3Hel\BX, He npOTIIBO-
peqaT pe3YJIbTaTaM 6JIH3HeL\OBbIX IICCJIe.D.OBaHIIH. TaK, cI>.A3pH C
coaBTopaMII, Hcnonb30llaB pa3HbIe JIllqHOCTHble OnpOCHIIKI1, no-
JlY'IHJIIi Cpel\HIOIO KOppenHL\HIO ,!\n" CII6cOB, paBHYIO 0,16; An"
OTl\OB II cblHoBeH - 0,12; MJI OTL\OB lI.D.o'lepeii - 0,10; MH Ma-
Tepeii H CbIHOBeii - 0,13; MJI MaTepeH H i<o'lepeii - 0,14 (Ahern
F.M. et aI., [982). HCCJleAOBaHHJI nplleMHblX AeTeH TaKJKe .!leMOH-
CTpIlPYIOT HH3Klle K03IjJIjJIILllleHTbl KOppeJIJlLlHII no JlII'IHOCTHbIM
xapaKTepllcTIIKaM (B Cpei<HeM 0,04 - MJI YCbIHOBJIeHHblX .D.eTeH
IJ,Pyr C .l\PyroM; 0,05 - MJI YCbIHOBJIeHHblX l\eTeH H IIX pO.D.HTe-
JIeii-ycbIHOBHTeJIeH).
TaKI'!M 06pa30M, 6blJl CJI,eJIaH BbIBO,Q, '1TO pa3JIH'IalOw.aHCJI
cpe,!\a, Hnll cpe.D.a, HeCOBnal\alOIl{aJi Y qJICHOB OI\HOH ceMbll, B
3Ha'lHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH onpe.D.eJlJleT BapHaTHBHOCTb nOKa3aTeJICH
JIII'IHOCTHOH cljJepbI H BJIH"eT Ha BapHaTHBHOCTb nOKa3aTeJIeH
HHTeJIJleKTa, oco6eHHO BO B3pOCJIOM B03paCTe (pI om in R., Denise
D,1987).
B reHeTIIKe nOBe.D.CHli", Ha'iIlHaJi C caMbIX nepBbIx pa60T,
npoBe.QeHHbIx cI>.raJIbTOHOM, ncpHo,QH'IeCKIl C 60JlbWeH HJII1 MeHb-
weH OCTOpOJl(HOCTblO BbICKa:JbIBaJIaCb MblCJIb a TOM, qTO cpe.QOBble
ycnoBliJi pa3BIITIIIl "IeJ10BeKa MorYT 6blTb CJIe,!\CTBHCM era reHOTII-
nll'leCKH 06ycnOBJICHHblX xapaKTepllCTHK.
llepBoe 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOe HCCJIe,I\OBaHlle, nOi\TBepjI,HBwee
:no npe.D.I10JIOJKeHHe, 6blJI0 BbIOOJlHeHO X.JIliTTOHOM, KOTOpbIii no-
Ka3aJl, 'ITO 60Jlee I\OXOJKee OTHOlIJeHlie pO,!\HTeJleH K M3 6JIH3He-
L\aM, no cpaBHeHlIIO C .II.3, BJlHeTC" cne"CTBHeM 60JIee nOXOJKero
nOBe.D.eHHH M3 6JIII3HeL\OB. POIJ,HTeJIli pearHpYIOT Ha CXOI\CTBO
6JIII3HeL\OB, a He C03.D.aIOT ero - TaKOD 6bIJI BbIBO.D. X.JIHTToHa
(Lytton H., 1977).
592
593

HOB, - M3 H .II.3 6mi3HeL\b!, CI16CbI (pO,!\Hble 6paTbJl H CeC'l'pbl,
1KHBYIl\He B OJl,HOH ceMbe) II ,!\erll, 1KHBYll\l1e B CBO,!\HbIX CeMbJlX
(cII6cbl, IIMeIOIl\He 011;11 11 X H Tex 1Ke pO,!\HTeJleH, HO 1KHBYll\lIe C
MaTepbIO H OrqllMOM lliIli C OTL\OM II MaqeXOH; nOJlycII6Cb!, y KO-
TOpbIX COBna.n:aeT TOJlbKO MaTI, IIiIM TOJlbKO OTeQ; CBO,!\Hble 6pa-
TbJl H CeCTpb!). TaKIlM 06PaJOM, aBTOpb! npoeKTa IIMe1lll BOJM01K-
HOCTb cpaBHHrb B IICCJle.!lOBaHHII 6 rpynn ,!\eTeH H CO'leTaJlH 6J1HJ-
HeQoBb!H MeTO.!!. C ceMeHllblM aHaJlHJOM H co CBoero po,!\a BapHaH-
TOM MeTo,!\a Hccne,!\OBaHHJI YCbIHOBJIeHHb!X .!!.eTeH (Ta6J1I1Qa 15.1).
Ta6J1u/(a 15.1
Cxe,l.ta JKCl1epUMeHma (Reiss D et aI.. 1994)
CTpyKT)'pa <eM.. YpOBeHb reHeTl4l.1eCKOrO cxo,qCTBa
0% 25% 50% 100%
CElOA'Pibie ceMb KepoAHbLe nOJlyc5'l6cbI CMtSc
Aenl
06b1'"1Hble ceMbH c6cbl
06b1I.1Hble ceMb {tinM3He4b1) .113 M3
.II.ilS! IIccne.!!.OBaHIIJI CI16COB 6bIJIl1 oT06paHb! napb! no):{pOCT-
KOB, paJHIIQa B BOJpaCTe Me1K.!l.Y KOTOpbIMH (B OAHOH ceMbe) He npe-
Bblwana '1erb!peX JIeT. CpeAHIIH BOJpacr crapwero pe6eHKa B paJ-
HblX 3KcnepHMeHTa!IbHb!1\: rpYlmax aap!.!lp06aJ1 OT 14,7 f.l.0 15 JleT,
MJlaJl,wero - OT 12,1 IJ;O 13,1. B JKCnepHMeHTe yqaCTBOBaml II
MaJIb'lI1KII, II ,lIeBOqKH, HO IIJ Ka)l(,[\OH ceMbll 6paJIHCb ,lIeTH TOJlbKO
OJl,HOrO nona, TO eCTb cpaBHHBaJIlICb TOJlbKO OAHOnOJlbIe napbI.
IIonyqeHHbIe peJYJlbTaTbI CBHlJ;eTeJlbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, qTO na-
paMeTpbI BJallMOlJ;eHCTlHUI nOApOCTKOB C pOAllTeJlJlMH (BapHa-
TIIBHOCTb JTIIX napaMe'l'pOB) OKaJb!BaIOTCJI CBJlJaHb! C reHOTII-
nOM. Oc06eHHO JTO KaCaeTCJI nOKa3aTCJleH JMOQIIOHaJIbHOCTII 06-
ll\eHI1J1, HaCTOH'IIIBOCTH, BKmo'leHHOCTH, aCOQllaJIbHOrO H npoco.
QllaJlbHOrO nOBe,!\eHHJI, GOJlee qeTBepTIl BapHaTHBHOCTI1KOTOpblX
onpelJ;eJlJlIOTCJI reHOTHnOM. IIoBe,lleHqecKHe xapaKTepllCTIlKII, RO-
TOpb!e o'l'pa1KalOT MeHee o61l\lIe nepeMeHHb!e II CBJlJaHbI C paJpe-
WCHI'!CM np06J1eMHbIX cIITyaQIIH, KaK ORaJaJIOCb, He Hcnb!Tbll!a-
lOT BJIHJlHIIJI reHOTlIna. Cpe,!\HHe ,l\.IIJI Bcex nepeMeHHb!X nOKaJare.
nH H3cneI\YCMOCTH paBH],! 0,21 (OTHoweHlle K MarepH) II 0,23 (OT-
HorneHHe K OTQY)
594
I
J
0606ll\eHHble nOKaJaTeJIl1 B3allMooTHoweHIIH pO,llIlTeJIeH II
.!IneH (cBOWlll\lIeC" K Bb!,lIeJIeHI1IO B JTlIX BJaIlMOOTHoweHH"X no-
JIITIIBHb!X II HeraTHBHblX COCTaBJIJlIOll\IIX) npo,!\eMOHCTpHpOBa-
JIM TaK1Ke orqeTJlHBoe BJ1HJlHHe reHOTIII1a Ha BapllaTIIBHOCTb cpe-
.!IOBblX nOKaJaTeJleii. Pe3YJlbTaTbl (nOKa3aTeJlII HaCne.!lyeMoCTII),
nonyqeHHble npll cpaBHeHlI1I TeOpeTH'IeCKH npe.n:CKaJaHHOrO II
peaJlbHOrO CXOIJ;CTBa CH6cOB, nonYCIIGcoB II ,lIeTeH, 1KIIBYIl\HX B
O,!\HOH ceMbe, HO He I1MelOll\IIX 06ll\1I1\: reHOB (TO eCTb npll no-
C'l'pOeHIIII MOJl,eJleii nO,ll06H"), npeIJ;CT3BJleHb! B ra6JIIIQe 15.2.
Ta6!1u/(a 15.2
reHemU'ieCKaJl KOMI10HeHma 8apuamu8Hocmu cpeo08bIX nOKa3ame-
JleU 110 OaHIJbl.M 0l1pOCHUK08 (l1pu800UmCJl no Plomin R., 1994)
nOK333TenM B3aMMODTHOWeHi1 TMn OTHOweHMIiI nOKa3aTe11b
HacneAyeP-'loCTM
Ou.etH,a nOAPOCTK8
OTHOWeHI4 C MaTepb}Q n03fnl1BHble 30
Heran'lBHble 40
OTHoweH"" C OTLl.OM n03MTMBHble 56
HeraTMBHble 23
OrHOW8H..R C cM600M n03T"BHe 36
HeranlBHble 29
Ou.eHI<8 M3TepM
OrHoweHMfI C nOAPOCTKOM n03MTt'lBHble 21
HBranlBHe 19
OLj,eHKa OT3
OTHoweHMfI c nOAPOCTKOM n031r1TYl8Hble 11
HerSTMBHble 10
AHaJlHJIIPY" :)TlI .!!.aHHble, aBTopbl paGoTb! y.!!.en"IOT oc060e
!lHIIMaHlle paJnlNIIIIM, nO.l!Y'ieHHbIM, C OJJ.HOH CTOpOllbl, no OIl.CH-
RaM CI16cOB, a C IJ,pyroH - no OQeHKaM p0,llHTeJ1eH. .II.eJ10 B TOM,
qTO Ha OQeHKax, JJ.aBaeMbIX nO,llpOCTKaMII, B 60JIbWeH CTeneHII,
'1eM Ha OQeHKax pO/l.HreJ1eH, MorYT CKaJarbCJI reHeTl1qeCKlie BJIII-
"HH". BOCnpHHTlle IJ;eTbMH CBoeH CpelJ;bl onocpel\YeTCJI I1X JlII'IHO-
CTHbIMII H KorHIITIIBHblMIl xapaKTepllCTIiKaMII, BapHaTHBHOCTb
1<:0TOpbIX, KaK MbI Y1Ke JHaCM, /1.0 HeKOTopoii CTeneHII ,lIeTepMHHI1-
pOBaHa reHOrHnOM. qTO 1Ke KacaeTC" OQeHOK pO.!!.IITeJ1eH, TO B
HIIX reHeTllqeCKHe !lJIH"H"" Moryr npOJlBHTbCJI .l!IIWb B TOH CTe-
595

neHH, B KaKOH reHeTH'IeCKOe CXOI\CTBO I\eTeH Bbl3blBaeT 60JIee
noxoJKYIO peaKI.\HIO pOi\I1TeJIeil. KaK BHi\HO no nOJIY'IeHHblM I\aH-
liblM, nOKa3aTenH HaCnCI!)'CMocTH paCCMaTpHBaBWHXCH xapaKTC-
pHCTHK CpC.n:bl no Ol.\eHKaM l1eTeH I\eHCTBHTeJIbHO OKa3bIBalOTCJI
HeCKorrbKO Bblwe, qeM Y pOI1HTCncii.
));0 CHX nop peqb WJIa 0 I\aHHbIX, norryqaeMblX no onpoc-
IIHKaM, TO eCTb He CTOJIbKO 0 pearrbHOM B3aIlMOIleilcTBHH, CKOJIb-
1(0 0 TOM, KaK 3TO B3aHMOI\eHCTBl1e BocnpHHHMaeTCJI ero yqaCT-
IIIIKaMH. EYI1YT JIll nOJlY'leHbl aHallOrl1'iHble .l\aHHbIC npH IIccne-
Jl,OBaHHH pearrhHblX B3aHMOOTHoweHHii pOI1HTerreH Hl1eTeH?
.II.JIH BblHCHeHI1H noro Bonpoca HCCrrei\OBaTeJIIi npe.!VIOJKH-
illi pOI1HTerrHM H l1eTJlM 06CYJKJI,eHHe pa3rrHqHbIX KOH<f!rrHKTHbIX
TeM. IIpol.\ecc 06cYJKIIeHHH 3anHCblBarrCH Ha BlfI\eOnrreHKY II 3a-
TeM 0l.\eHHBaJICH 3KcnepTaMH. B 3TOM cnyqae BapllaTHBHOCTb no-
311TIIBHblX H HeraTIIBHblX peaKI.\HH, TaK JKC KaK 11 I1X cy6J.eKTHB-
HblX Ol.\eHOK, OKa3aJIaCb CBH3aHa C reHOTlinOM, npl1qeM napaMeT-
pbl nOBeAcHHH AeTeH - B 60JIbWeH CTeneHH, qeM napaMeTpbl no-
8eAeHHH pOI\I1TerreH (Ta6JIHl.\a 15.3). HHTepecHo, qTO KOHTpOlIb
3a nOBeI\eHHeM AeTeH co CTOPOHbl MaTcpll He 06HapYJKHJI CBJl311 C
reHOTHnOM, TO eCTb nO.l\TBepI\HrrHCb pe3yrrbTaTbI, nonY'leHHb!e B
6JIH3Hel.\OBOM HCCneI\OBaHHH ));.Poy II CBllIleTeJlbCTBYIOIl(He 0 TOM,
'ITO BapllaTlIBHOCTb OTHIOi\b He BCeX nOKaJaTeneii Cpei\OBOrO B3a-
IfMOI\eHCTBIIJI IfCnbITblBaeT BillIHHHC reHOTHna.
llOCKOJIbKY paJJIlI'IalOIl(aHCJI cpei\a CBJl3aHa He TOJIbKO C pa3-
JlHqlfHMH B ceMbe, HO II C pa3HbIM BHeCCMeHHblM onblTOM, aBTOpb!
npOaHaJIH311pOBaJIH TaKJKe oco6eHHOCTH rpynn CBepCTHHKOB, B KO-
Topble BK1IIOqeH nOJ\POCTOK, 11 ero OTHoweHHH C yqHTeJIJlMIl.
llpll aHaJIH3e oc06eHHOCTeii cBepCTHIfKOB oco6oe BHHMa-
'\HC YAeJIJlJIOCb qeTblpeM THnaM xapaKTcpHCTHK, KOTopble BK1IIO-
'IalIl1 B CC6H n03HTHBHoe COl.\l'!aJ1bHOe B3aHMOI\eHCTBlie (ypOBeHb
cOl.\lIa6eJ1bHOCTII, nOJUJ:epJKKa J\PY3bJlMII APyr APyra), opHeHTa-
1.\1110 (OTHoweHlle K yqe6e, BblpaJKeHHOCTb 06pa30BaTerrbHblx II
npo<f!ecCHOHaJlbHblX l.\eHHOCTeH), OTKnOHCHIiH (aCOl.\lIaJ1bHOe no-
ael1eHHC) H nrroxoe 06paIl(eHlle Apyr C ApyroM (ocKop6rrCHHJI, Apa-
1m). IIorrY'lIlB 3TII qeTb/pe THna xapaKTepHCTI1K Ha OCHOBaHIfH
Ol.\eHOK pO,'lIfTeJIeii II COllOCTaBIIB HX Y 6 rpYITll HCllbITYCMblX, lle-
peqHCJICHHblX B Ta6rrlll:(e 15.1, aBTopbI 06HapYJKI1J1I1, '1TO BHYT-
pllnapHoe CXOJl,CTBO no 3T1IM xapaKTepHCTHKaM B 3HaqllTeJIbHoii
CTeneHIl 3aBIICI1T OT CXOACTBa reHeTH'IeCKoro. llOKa3aTeJ1H Ha-
596
Ta6J1ul(a 153
TeHemutteCKWl KOMnOHeHma 6apuamU8Hocmu cpeoo6blX I10Ka3ame-
JIeiJ 110 oaHHb"" Ha6J11oi)eHUR (npu600UmCJI no P/om;n R., 1994)
nOKaaTeJ1 B3aMoCiTHoweH Tn OTHoweHM n01C338T8nb
Hacne4yeMCCTH
046HKa "OAPOCTK3
OrHoW8HMe K MaTepM n03MTMBHoe 59
tterarl1BHOe 46
OrHoW8HMe I( OTI.I.Y n03KTi4BHOe 64
HeraTMBHoe 52
048HI(3 MaTepM
OrHoLUeH01e IC nonp0C'TK)l "03mBt'loe 16
HeraTitBHOe 38
kOKTponb 00
OueHKa OTI.48
OtHDWetme I( nOAPoCTICY n03MTMBHoe 18
tieraTMBHoe 24
X'OHTponh 24
CJIel!)'eMOCTH, BblqHCJIeHHbIe Ha OCHOBaHlIII 3THX AaHHbIX, onllCbl-
Banll OT norrOBIIHbl AO 85% /J,lIcnepcHH qeTblpex onllcaHHbIX cpe-
AOBblX nOKa3aTeJICH (Ta61I1I1.\a 15.4).
HacneAyeMocTb OKa3bIBaeTCJI 3HaqHMOH II .!VIJI Ol.\eHOK ca-
MIIMH nOApocTKaMH n03HTHBHblX CTOpOH B3allMOOTHOWellllJl C
APY3bJlMH II Y'lIfTeJ1J1MII, XOTH BeJIlI'lHHa nOKa3aTeJleH HacnCl!)'e-
MOCTII 3HaqllTeJIbHO HI1JKe (0,31 tI 0,38 cooTBeTcTBeHHo). BapHa-
TlfBHOCTb HeraTHSHb!X acnCKTOB B33lfMOOTHOillCHI1H OKa3blBa-
eTCH CB>l3aHa npeIlMYII.\eCTBeHHO CO cpe/J,OBblMII ljJaKTopaMH
(Ta61I1II.\a 15.5).
B l.:(eJIOM, AaHHbIe, nOJlyqeHHble B npoeKTe "Pa3J1t1'1alOlI.\aH-
CJI cpeJl,a fl pa3BIITlle nOAPOCTKOB", nOKa3bIBalOT, '1TO reHeTtI'IeC-
KIfC pa3JIII'ItiJI MeJK.l\y J1HJl\bMH MorYT BlIHJlTb Ha oc06eHHOCTII IIX
Cpel1bI.
BaJKHblM pe3yrrbTaToM IICCOeI\OBaHIIH, BbmorrHeHHblX B KOH-
TeKCTe H3Y'lCHIIJI pa3J1I1'1aHJIl(eiicJI Cpel1bl, HBrrJleTCJI TaKJKe BbIBOI1
o TOM, qTO qeM aKTIIBHee BKJllOqeHHOCTb JIIOAeH BO B3aHMoAeil-
CTBHe co Cpe110H, TeM B 60JIbWeH CTeneHIl BapilaTIIBHocTb cpe,no-
BblX nOKa3aTeJIei! 06YCJIOBJIeHa reHOTlInOM. .II.JIH HJ1lIIOCTpaL[11H
3Toro n01l0JKeHIIJI 06paTHMCH eIl(e K O)J:HOH pa60Te, B KOTOpOH
Ha 60rrbilloH BbI60pKe B3pOCJ1bIX 6JIII3Hel.\OB (890 M3 II 1425 .II.3
597

T a6)lUa 15.4
BHympunapHble KOppeJlJ/ljuu U I10Ka3ameJIU HaCJlei)ye.\IOCmU, nOllY-
'1eHHble no xapaKmepUCmUKaM 2pYI1nbl ceepcmHuKo8 (l1puBooumeR
no Plomm R., 1994)
Ta6lla 15.5
BHympul1apHble KOppeJlJ/ljuu U 110KaJamellU Hacllei)yeJUocmu B3au-
Mooeucm8W1l10i)poemK08 co ceepCmHUKaMU U Y'lumeJlJ/JltU (npueo-
i)umcR 110 Plomin R., ]994)
KOJ1I'1"1ecTBO o51..4x reHOB  TMn ceMbH
nOKa3arenH 06b1I.1Hble ceMbM CBOAHble ceMD" h'
10Q% 50% 50% 50% 25% 0
M3 A3 c..ecw cMficw nonycK6cbI HepOAHwe
Aenl
n03MnBHoe
83aVlMoAeCTB...e
04eHKa MaTepH 89 44 41 25 30 03 85
0L4eHK3 OTLI,3 86 66 43 31 40 13 73
OpVleHTaLU"j:I
OeHKa MarepH 77 41 40 14 30 00 73
OueHK3 oru.a 80 50 15 27 52 15 52
ACOl.l.VlanbHOCTb
04eHKa M8TepM 87 58 57 50 50 17 70
04eHKa OTLl.a 78 61 56 54 47 42 49
nnoxHe OTHOweHHR
OeHKa MaTepH 95 46 52 39 58 22 72
OL\eHI<3 OTL.!,a 92 86 51 53 45 09 74
nOK33aTenH Kosu1"1eCTBo o6l4x reHOB 'It nm ceMbM
n03l4TVlBHblX 14 05b1I.CHbie teMbH
Heran"SHbix CBOAHble ceMbM
aC::neKTOB B33MMO- 100% 50% 50% 50% 25% 0 h'
o1ltowe..oti1 M3 A3 cH6cbI cIII6cDI
(oeHIC" .AeTe..) nony- HepoAMble
CM6cbI A9T.
C APY3bstMH
n03HTMBHble 31 21 14 14 -07 04 31
HeraHlBHble 04 06 19 16 07 08 06
C y'H4TeJlRM'"
n03MBHble 45 20 17 02 18 14 38
HeraTHBKbl8 17 06 10 23 07 05 21
nap) onpei1eJIJlnOCb BHYTpHnapHoe CXOi1CTBO C061>ITIiHHOrO onbI-
Ta 6JIH3Hel\OB, TO eCTb npOBepJlJIOCI>, npOHCXOj\jlT JIll B IIX JKH3HH
pa3nHqHbIe CXOi1HbIe C061>/TIIJI. OKa3aJIOCI>, '1TO C '1neHaMIl M3
nap 'Ial11e npOHCXOi1n Oi1I1HaKOBb/e C06bITli, '1eM C 'IneHaMII .II.3
nap, 110 3TO KaCaJIOCb JIHlllb Tex C06bITI1H, KOTopble npOH30lllnH
HenOCpei1CTBeHHO C HIIMH, a He C HX 6nH3KIIMH. HHaqe rOBOp,
IIX C06bITIIHHbIH Onl>lT nOXOJK B TOH CTeneHH, B KaKOH OHH caMH
HenOCpei1CTBeHHO B nllx C06blTlIJIX Y'IaCTBYIOT (Kcndler K.S. e!
a!., l\HT. no Plomin R., 1994).
CXOJl,CTBO napTHepoB M3 nap KaCaeTCJI t!JIIHaHCOBbIX npo-
6JIeM, CJIOJKHOCTeH B MeJKJlII'IHOCTllbIX OTHOllieHIIX H B ceMeHHOH
JK1I31111, TPYi1110CTeH B npoq,eccHOHanl>HOH )l,eneJlI>HOCTII, a TaK-
JKe pa3JIHqHbIX IIHl\IIi1eHTOB (HeC'IaCTHI>IX CJlY'IaeB, Hanai1eHHH,
orpa6JIeHIIH II T.)!,.) llOKaJaTeJIlI Hacnel1}'eMocTH, BbI'IIICJleHHble
no i1aHHbIM 06 3TIIX cpei10BbIX oc06eHHoCTHx, HaXOj\jlTCH B npei1e-
JIax 0,14--{),39. Bce OHII HBIDIIOTCH JHaqHMbIMli, nOCKOJ1bKY BbI60p-
598
Ka BKJIIO'IaeT 60Jlee 2000 nap. llPH I!HTepnpeTal\liH 3TIIX i1aHHbIX
aBTopbl npei1noJIoJKllnll, '1TO CXOi1CTBO 6IIH3He/(OB no pa3HbIM
nCHXOJlOrH'IeCKHM xapaKTepHCTIiKaM, BapliaTHBHOCTI> KOTOpl>lX
CBJl3aHa C reHOTItnOM, npIlBOi1HT II K CXO)l,CTBY HX nOBei1eHHH B
paJJlH'IHl>lX cHTyal\IIJlX, qTO B CBOIO O'lepei11> H HBJIJleTCJI npHqll-
HOH nOHBneHI1H pa3JmqHbiX np06JIeM II CJIOJKIIOCTeH B HX JKHJHH.
Ha npOTHJKeHH>i nOCJIei1HIIX 15 neT aHanOnlqllble HCCnei10-
BaHIIJI pa3nH'IalOl11eHCJI Cpe)l,bl npOBO)l,HnHCb paJHbIMIl MeTO)l,aMII
(c nOMOll\blO onpOCHHKOB, lIa6JIIOi1eHHJlI1 3KcnepHMeHTOB, npei1-
nOJlaralOI11HX HenOCpei1CTBeHHoe BJaHMO)l,eHCTBHe), Ha pa3HI>IX
BbI60pKax pOi1CTBeHIIIIKOB (Ha 6JIII3Hel\aX, cH6cax, nonyclI6cax,
YCbIHOB!IeHHb/x Jl,eTJlx), C Hcnonl>30BaHHeM pa3Hbix Cpel\OBbIX no-
Ka3aTeJIeH (B3aHMooTHollieHIIH C pOI\IITenJlMH, i1PYJbHMII II Jl,pyr C
Jl,pyroM; COBnai1eHHe 3Ha'illMbIX C06blTliH JKII3HH) - BO Bcex cny-
'1aJlx 06HapYJKIIBaJIHCI> HeKoTopbIe cpeAoBble OC06CIlIIOCTlI, CBJI-
3aHHI>Ie C reHOTHI10M (Plomin R , 1994).
06cYJKI\eHlle 3TH X PC3YJIbTaTOB B reHeTHKe nOBel\eHH II B
nCHxonorHII nocnYJKHnO TOnqKOM )J,JIJI C031\aHHH 06'bJiCHHTenl>-
HI>IX MOi1eJIeH, nOKa:JbIBaIOI11I1X, KaKHM 06pa30M reHOTlln II cpei1a
BJaHMOi1eHCTBYIOT B npOl\ecce pa:JBIITH. K IIX 06CYJKi1eHIlIO Mbl
H nepexOMM.
599

2. Bapl'laHTbl B3aI1MQAeMCTBI'IJI reHOTl'lna 1'1
cpe,qbl
CTBYIOlI.\ltX pa30liTinO MaTeMaTl1qeCKI1X cnoco6HOCTcit (cpa1JHHM
cpcJ\)' 1 H cpelIY 2) OlUlaxo It B 6IIarOnpHRTHbIX, H B He6lIarOnpl1-
RTHbIX cpelIoBblx YCJ100HRX I1HiI.IIBlllI C reHOTl1nOM I 6YJI,eT npeBoc-
XOAHTb HH.lI:HBHlIa 2 no ypOBHIO ycnewHocTIl 06yqeHI1J1.
TaKoH THn B3allMOAeHCTBliJi He elIHHCTBeHHO B03MOJKHbIH.
PeaKl.\lIR Ha pa3Hbie BapllaHTbI cpelIOBbIX ycn0811H Y 1I1OAeH C pa3-
HbIMIi rCHOTl1naMH MOJKeT 6bITb npJlMO npOTIIBOnOIIOJl(Hoit Ha-
npllMep, 3KCTPaBepTbi 6YJl,YT ropa31I0 ycnewHee ItHTPOBepTOB B
YCJIOBltJlX, TPe5YlOlI.\IIx nOCTOJlHHOrO 06l1.\eHI1R, a I1HTpOBepTbI
OKaJl(YTCJI npOAYKTIIBHee, eCJII'! AeRTeJIbltOCTb He 6YACT npelIno-
lIaraTb MHOrOqllCJIeHHblX KOHTaKTOB C III01IbMII (PIiCYHOK 6.2 G).
CpelIoBblc YCIIOBHR MorYT onpelIelIRTb, npOJlBRTCR IIII re-
HOTHnII'!eCKHe pa3J1H'JllJI MeJl()J.Y JIlOllbMIl B IIX lj>ellOTHnaX. Ha-
npl1Mep, AeTH, reHeTHqeCKIl pa3JII1'1alOlI.\lleCR no cBoeMY 3MOllH-
ollalIbHoMY cTaTYcy, MorYT He pa31I1f'laTbCJI no oc06eHHOCTJlM
CBoero nOBelIeHIIR, Jl(IIBR 8 cTa6H)lbllbIX YCJ10BIIRX. ECJIII Jl(e B IIX
Jl(H3HH npOH30HJ\)'T pe31<1Ie 113MeHeHIIJI (nepcxOlI 8 lIpyry!O WKO-
ny, pa3BolI pOlIHTeJIeH), ypoBeHb alIanTal.\HH lIeTeH C BblCOKOii
3MOLl,I10HanbHocTbIO MOJ/(eT pC3KO CRH3HTbCJI (PIfCYHOK 6.2 B).
llpH 3KcnepllMeHTaJIbHOM HCCJlCAOBaHIiH TeHOTHn-cpelIO-
Boro B3allMOlIeHCTnHR qall.\e Bcero HCnOJIb3ycTCR MOlICJlb lIBYX-
lj>axTopHoro 3KcnepHMeHTa (pa3Hble reHOTllnbl B pa3Hbix cpelIO-
BblX CIfTyal\IfJ/X) 11:3 rCHCTH'IeCKIfX MeTOlIOD yenoBHJlM lIByx!jJaK-
TopHoro 31<CnepHMeHTa nY'lwe ocero YllODJlCTBOpJlIOT MeTOlI pa3-
lIyqeHHblX 5IIH3HCnOB 11 MeTOll npl1eMHbIX lIeTeH.
KaK 6blJl0 nOKa3aHO B npelIbIlIYll.\l1X rJlaBaX, npHMeHeHlle
MeTo,!{a npueMHbIx lIeTeii n03BOlIJleT HalICJKHO pa31IemITb OJIIIR-
Hlle reHOTHnH'IeCKHX H cpelIoBblx lj>aKTopoB Ha H3yqaeMYIO nCH-
xOJIOrH'IecK}'!O xapaKTepHCTIIKY' lIeTH IIMelOT 05l1.\IIe reHbl co CBO-
HMII 6110JIorHqeCKHMH pOlIliTenJlMH, HO He I1Me!OT C !lIIMH HI'!Ka-
KHX KOHTaKTOB (HHKaKoro CpeJl,OBOrO CXOlICTBa); co CBOIIMH pO-
.lI:HTeJlRMII-YCbIHOBHTeJlJlMIl lIeTH HMelOT 06l1.\}'!O CpelIY, HO He HMe-
lOT HHKaKorO reHeTI1'1eCKOrO CXOlICTBB.
llpHMCHRJI MeTOlI nplleMHblx .n:eTeH Jl,JlJI aHalIH3a reHOTHn-
CpelIoBoro 03aIlMOlIeHCTIlIIR, reHomn YCbIHOBJIeHHblX Jl,eTeH onpe-
AerunoT no lj>eHoTHny HX 6110JIOmQeCKHX MaTepeii, a HX cpeAoBbIe
yenOB",1 0J.\eHI10BIOT, B3J1B mo60H nOKa3BTeJlb YCIIOBHH JKH3HH 0
ceMbe, HX YCbIHOBHBweii, IIJIII JlI05yIO xapaKTepHCTI1KY pOl\liTe-
Jleii-YCblHOBI1TeJIeH llOJlCHI1M 3TO Ha npHMepe.
B reHeTlIl<e noocAeHIIJI onHCbIBaeTCJI lIBa OCIIOBHbIX Bapl1-
BHTa B3aHMOlIeHCTDHR reHOTHna II CpelIbI. KpaTKO OHII GblJlH
npelICTaDJleHbl 0 maDe 6 npll onHcaHIIH CTanICTH'IeCKHX MeTOIlOB
reHeTIlKIl KOJIII'IeCTIleHHbIX !1pH3HaK08. OllllH 113 3TI1X napllaHTOB
npeJl,nOJ1araeT, '1TO cpell08b1e YCJlOBHJI OKa3bIBalOT pa3Hoe 8J1H!!-
Hlle Ha '1eJ100eKa B 3aBIICilMOCTH OT ero reHonma. B reHeTll'leC-
KIIX pa60Tax IIMeHHO OH Ha3b1l!aeTCJI 83allMOlleiicTBileM reHOTII-
na II CpellbI. BTOPOij oapHaHT CBJl3aH C TCM, qTO reHOTllnll'leCKHe
II cpelIOnble lj>aKTopbl KOBaplll'!pYIOT. OH Ha3blBaeTCJI KOBapHa-
1..\1IJ1 (mIl'! KOppeJlRI.\HR) reHOTlina II CpellbI. PaCCMOTplI.M IIX nOlI-
p05Hee I{ npOHJImoCTpHpyeM npOJlBJleHlle 3TIIX 8apliaHTOB 83all-
MOBJ1HJlHIIJI reHOTlina H CpeilbI C nOMOll.\blO ilaHHblX, nonY'IeHHblX
B 3KcnepliMeilTaJIbHbIX IICCJIeIlOBaHII!!X.
2.1. feHoTHnpeiloBoe OJaIlMOi\eHCTBlie
feHornn-cpeiloBoe B3BIIMolIeiiCTIlile OTHOCHTCR K TeM CJ1Y'Ia-
JIM, KorAa npH OIlHHX II Tex Jl(e CpeJl.OBbIX YCJIOBHRX peJYJlbTaTbl
cpeAOBoro 8J1HJlHHR OKa3blBalOTCJl pa3HbfMIf H3-3a reHeTH'IeCKIIX
Pa3J1l1qIlH Me1K)l.Y Jll{)llbMH. Tal<, 06Y'IaJlCb MaTeMaTIlKe 8 O.ll:HOM II
TOM Jl(e I<JIaCce y OlIlJoro H Toro Jl(e Y'IJiTenJl, ileTlllIOCTHrHYT pa3-
HblX pe3YJIbTaTOB B 3aBIICliMOCTil OT IIX cnoco5HoCTeH I< 3TOH IlHC-
IjlllllfuHe. fionee cnoooGHble AeTH oKaiKyrCJI GOlIee "peaKTHBHblMIf",
GbICTpee Gynyr ycaal{BaTb !1peJl,JlaraeMblH Y'Ie6Hblii MaTepllaJI. IIo-
CKOJIbKY MaTeManl'leCKHe cnoc06HOCTH HCfIbITbl8alOT 3Ha'iIlTeJIb-
Hoe BIDIRHlle reHOTllua, MOJl(HO CKa3aTb, '1TO pa3JIHqHble reHOTllnJl-
'leCKUe npCllllOCbllIKIl 3THX clIoco5HOCTCH I!MelOT TeHl1eHUHIO no-
pa3HOMY npOJlOJlJlTbCR B Oi\llHax08blX cpeilOl!bIX yCJlOOIIJlX.
3TOT BapHaHT 03allMOJl,eHCTBIIJI reHOTlina II CpellbI cxeMam-
'1eCKH 1130GpaJl(eH Ha pHCYHKe 6.2 a. CpaoHIlM lIBYX lleTeij - C reHO-
nmOM 1 (AonYCTHM, C BhlCOK!!MII MaTeMaTH'ICCKHMH cnOC06HOCTJI-
Mil) H C reHOTHnOM 2 (c HII3I<IIMH MaTeMaTII'ICCKIIMI'! ClIoc05HOCTJI-
10111). B 6nBrOnpHJlTHbiX cpellOBbIX YCJl0811J1X (y XOpOIlJCf'O Y'lHTeJlR
MBTeMaTHKlI, 0 MaTeMaTII'IeCKOii WKOJle) YPOBeHb 1l0CTH1KeHHH 11
Toro II .l\Pyroro pe6eHKa Gy.n;eT BbIlIJe, qeM B ycrrOBHJlX, He cnocoG-
600
601

MOJl(HO KaJKJlYIO 113 YX Bbl6opOK MaTCpeH (6uoJlOrnqCCKHX
MaTCpeii 11 MaTepeH, YCbIHOBIIBlllUX l\eTcii) pa:II\CJlHTb Ha e rpyn-
nbl B JaBHCIIMocrn OT YPOBH!I IIX IIHTeJIJ1eKTa (Ta6J1H1ja 15 6).
2.2. KOBapHal\llll (KOppMlIl\HII) reHomna H Cpel\bl
\ilHTenneKT HTe.nnekT MaTepeM-YCblHOBMTea
6KOI10n.tl.leCKMX neo (cpeAO."'. yeno...)
M8TepeM (reHOnm) HMKMM BblCOK 
HM3KI11l. 1 2
BblCOJCMM 3 4
fCHOTHn-CpeIl.OBa!l KOBapHaQItJl ((JIII KOPPCJlJlQlljJ) 06yc-
IIOBIIHDaeT, KaK YJI(e rOBOpllJlOCb B rJlaBC 6, OIl.HY IIJ KOMnOHCHT
B CTpYKType <j)eHOTllnllqeCKOH )I.IlCnepCHH npllJHaKa H onllCblBa-
CT TaKlle ClfTyal\IIII, npll KOTOpbIX, HanpllMep, Jl,eTII, 06J1aJl,alO-
ll\I1C paJHbIMI1 reHCTI1'1CCKIt 06YCJlOBJleHHbiMII nCIIXOJIOrll'leCKII-
MH oc06eHHOCT!lMH, HcnblTbIBalOT K TOMY JKC II paJHOe BOJACii-
CTBlle cpel\bl, npl1IJeM B031\elicTBlle cpel\bl He !lBJI!leTCJI He3aBIICII-
MbIM OT IIX rCHOTllna.
a reHOTlln-cpeAOBoii KOppCJI!lQIIII rOBOpJlT, HanpltMCp, B
TCX clIyqaJlX, KOrll.a eCTb COBna;I,eHlle HeKOTopbIX cnoco6HOCTeH,
I\IICnCpCIIII KOTOpblX npe;I,nOJIQ)KIITCJlbHO reHeTII'ICCKH 06YCIIOB-
JleHbl, co CpCI\OBblMII YCJlOBIIJlMIi IIX peaJIIIJaQIIII. MO)f(HO npllBC-
CTIt CJIeJl,YIOll\Hii npllMep reHOTlln-CpC;I,OBOii KOppCJI!ll\IIII: MaTC-
MaTH'IeCKIl O.llapeHHbIe ;I,eTIl oT611palOTCJI II)IJI 60lICC CepbCJHblX
JaH!lTIIH MaTeMaTIIKoii, II, TaKIIM 06pa30M, Cpe;I,OBble YCJlOBIIJI
l\eTeH C MaTeMaTHqCCKIIMII cnOC06HOCTlIMI1 nOMoraIOT II pa3BII-
TllIO 3TIIX cnoc06HOCTCH.
.II.CTlI MorYT caMl1 Dbl611pan Cpe;I,OBbIe BOJ;I,eHCTBII!I HJIII
)f(e npOCTO HJ611paTCJlbHO BocnpllHIlMaTb YCIIOBIIJI, C0311.aBaCMbiC
BocnllTaTell!lMI1. B 3aBIICHMOCTI1 OT aKTHBHOCTI1 pe6eHKa B :nOM
npOI.\CCce Bbl;I,eJlJleTCJI Tpll Blma rCHOTl1n-cpe;I,OBOH KOppeJIJll.\l1II -
naCCI1BHaJl, peaKTlIBHa!l II aKTHBHa!l (Plomin R., DeFries J.e.,
Loehlin J.C., 1977).
1. IIpllMepaMIi naCCU6HQlJ zeHomun-cpeiJo80u KOPPeJ/J/IfUU MO-
rYT 6blTb TaKHe CII'I)'al\l1H, KOr.lla pOl\lITeJIII COJ;I,aIOT PC6CHKY cpe-
I\OBbIe YCIIOD!!!', KoppenHpYIOll\He C reHomnaMII pOJl,llTeJIeii. .II.ony-
CTIIM, IIHTeJlJICKT p0JI,IITclleii - XapaKTepllCTl1Ka, KOTOpaJi CB!lJaHa
C reHOTllnOM, - onpel\CiUleT HX IIHTepeCbI. 3TO, B CBOIO oqepeJU>,
HaKJIa;I,bIBaCT OTneIJaTOK Ha TO, KaK pOJl,llTeJIII II Jl,eTII npOBOJI,JIT
CB060;I,Hoe BpeMJI, KaKlie KHHrll '1I1TaIOT, '1TO BMeCTe 05CYJKl\aIOT.
llOCKOJTbKY;I,eTH II P0Jl,llTeJlIIIIMCIOT 06ll\IIC rCHbI, nOJIYqaCTCJI, '1TO
cpCl\a pe6eHKa, KOPPeJlllPY!I C rCHOTllnOM PO,U,llTeJlCH, O)l.lIOBpeMCH-
HO KoppeJlIlpYCT II C ero co6CTBeHHbiM reHornnOM.
2. Pea/(/'/1U6HaR zeHomun-cpeiJo6aR KoppeJUlI.jUR onllCbmaCT Te
cII'I)'aQI1I1, KOrl\a paJIIII'IHble reHOTllnbl BbI3bIBaIOT PaJllllqHYIO pe-
aKUI1IO OKpYJKaIOll\lIx. HanpllMep, K CTapaTeJlbHblM II BHlIMaTeJlb-
HbIM nepBOKJlaCCHIIKaM YIJIITeJIJI OTHOCJlTC!I 60llce 6I1arOJKClIaTCJ1b-
603
Ta6Jlu/{a 15.6
j{8yxrjJaKmopHMI cxe-t/a aHiIJlU3a 63allMoiJeuCm6W! ZeHOmlll1a u cpeo61
llplI JTOM npe;I,nollaraCTCJI, qTO rpynna l\eTeH, IIMeJOll\HX II
61101l0rl\IJeCKHX MaTepeH. II MaTepeH-YCbIHOBIITCJ1eH C HII3KIIM IIH-
TeJIJIeKTOM (B Ta6IIIII.\C 3Ta rpynna 0603HaqeHa UI'!<j)pOH I), IIMe-
eT II reHOTlinHIJeCKIIC, 11 CpC;I,OBbIe npe;I,nOCbIIIKH II)I!I HII3Koro
pa3BI1TIIJI HHTeJIJIeKTa. .II.eTII, BXOI\!lll1I1C B rpynny 4, IIMCIOT II re-
HCTII'IeCKHe, II cpeAoBblc npeJl,nOCbInKI1 II)I!I paJBIITH!I BbICOKoro
ypOBHJI HHTCJlJICKTa. B rpynnax 2 H 3 HanpaBJIeHIIC cpe;I,OBOrO II
reHOTHnl1qeCKOrO BIIHJlHlIH npoTHBOnOIlOJKHO. llO;I,CTaBIlB B Ta6-
JII1UY BMeCTO I.\II<j)p 1--4 CpCI\I111e nOKaJaTeJlII IIHTelllleKTa I\cTeii,
nOJIY'leUHble B IICClleAOBaHl111 npHeMHblx l\eTeH, MbI CMOJKeM on-
pel\eJIHTb, eCTb JIll B3aI1MO;I,eHCTBlie reHOTHna II CpClI.bl II, CCJII!
CCTb, TO KaKoro THna (HanpIlMep, TaKOC, KaK 6bIII0 nOKa3aHO Ha
pl'!cYHKe 6.2 a I1JI1I Ha pHcYHKe 6.2 B).
IIpll npOBClI.eHHII yxljlaKTopHoro aHaJIII3a lI.aHHblX B Ko-
JlOpall.CKOM HCCJIel\OBaHlIII npllCMHblX lI.eTCH Ha OCHOBaHIIII cpaB-
HeHHJI 200 ceMeH C nplleMHblMlIlI.eTbMH H TaKoro )l(C KOJIIIIJeCTBa
KOHTpOJIbHbIX CCMeH 6bIIIO nOKa3aHo, HanpHMep, '1TO TaKOH no-
Ka3aTCilb TeMnepaMeHTa, KaK aKTIIBHOCTb, IIcnblTblBaeT BIIHJlHlle
reHOTlln-CpeJ1.0BOrO B3aHMOl\eHCTBHH, aHaJlOrll'lHOC TOMY, KOTO-
poe nOKa3aHO Ha pllcYHKe 6.2 B (P10min R. et aI., 1988). BblcoKaR
aKTHBHOCTb AeTeii II.lIarHOCTllpOBallacb npll COqeTaHI1H BblCOKOii
aKTIIBHOCTH KaK 6110JIOrH'ICCKI1X MaTcpeH, TaK 11 MaTcpeH-ycbIHO-
BHTeJIeii. llpll HII3KOH aKTIIBHOCTIl MaTepeii-ycbIHoBIITeJICH paJ-
JIIIIJllii MC)I(J1.Y I\CTbMI1, I1MelOll\I'!MII BblCOKoaKTHBHblX H HI13KO-
aKTHBHblX 61101l0rll'lCCKIIX MaTepeH, He 6b1JIO.
602

HO, qeM K Heco6paHHbIM eTJlM HJIII K )l.eTJlM, HMeIOllIlIM HeD:OCTa-
TO'lHble KOMMYHIIKaTIIBHble HaBblKI1. OrneTHaJI peaJ<I.\IIJI Ha nOBe)l.e-
Hlle eTeH n0D:KPenJIJleT onpeD:eJ1eHHble TIlnbI nOBe.n:eHHJI pe6eHKa H
B 60JlbilleH CTeneHII (mlli, Ha060pOT, B MeHbIlleH) cnoc06CTBYeT IIX
.n:aJIbHeHilleMY pa:JBIITI'!IO. BeJIII 3TII TllnI.! nOBeeHI1J1 IIMelOT CBJl3b
C reHOTHnOM, TO MO)J(HO rOBopllTb 0 peaxTIIBHOH reHOTlln-cpeD:O-
BOH KOppeJIJlUIIII.
3. A KmU811aJ1 zeHomun-Cpe008aJl KoppeJ/Jl/.IUJI CBJl3aHa C Ha-
npaBJIeHHblM oT60pOM 11HHBI1AOM C06CTBCHHbiX cpeAoBblx YCJIO-
BIIH. OplleHTal.\lBl qenOBeKa Ha TO, '1TO ero 60JThille IIHTCpecYeT, '1TO
Y Hero JlY'IIlle nOJl)''1aeTCJI, paCCMaTpllBaeTCJI B paMKax AaHHOH cxe-
MI.l KaK BJIlIJlHlle Ha Jl,eJlTeJ1bHOCTb qeJlOBeKa reHeTllqeCKOH npe,ll.-
pacnOJlO)J(eHHOCTH K TOMY Hill! 11II.0My POAY 3aHJlTJjH.
feHOTHn-cpeD:OBaJl KOppeJ1J1QHJI (naCCIIBHaJl, peaKTHBHaJlII
aKTIIBHaJl) MO)J(eT 6blTb n0J10)J(HTeJlI.HOH II OTpIlQaTeJlbHOH. IIpll-
MepOM nOJIO)J(HTeJlbHOH KoppeJlJlUIIH JlBJIj(CTCJI TaKaJl cIITyaQI1J1,
npH KOTOpOH 06J1aAalOllIHe MY3bIKaJlbHbiMII cnOC06HOCTJlMII po-
D:IITCJ111 C03AaIOT AOMa Bce YCJlOBIIJI AJIJI Toro, '1T06bl pe6eHOK
nOJIY'IIIJI MY3I.lKaJlbHOC 06pa30BaHl1e. B nOM cJIyqae cpeAoBbIe
YCJIOBIIJI pe6eHKa nOJlO)J(IITCJIbHO KOppCJIIIPYIOT C pOAIITeJIbCKIIM
reHOTHnOM 11, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, C ero C06CTBeHHbiM reHOTHnOM.
OrpIlQaTeJlbHaJi reHoTlin-cpeAOBaJi KOppeJ1J1UHj( o6HapY)J(II-
BaeTCJI B TOM cJlyqae, eCJIIi, npOlIOJI)J(aJi npl!Mep C MY3bIKaJlI.HI.!MII
cnOC06HOCTJlMH, pOAllTeJlH C03AaIOT 60JIbWe B03MO)J(HOCTeH 1I.J1J1
3aHJlTHH MY3I.lKOH TOMY pe6eHKY, Y KOToporo 3TH 3aHJlTI1J1 IIAYT
xYJKe (6oJIee oGorameHHaj( cpella MJI MeHee cnoc06Horo pe6eHKa).
HJ1H, HaoGopoT, pOAHTeJ111 MorYT npOTI1BllTbCJI JKeJ1aHIIIO cnoc06-
Horo pe6eHKa CTaTb MY3bIKaHTOM II C031IaBaTb BCJI'IeCKlle npenJlT-
CTBIIJI)JJIJI era MY3b1KaJIbHI.IX 3aHJlTIIH.
POJIb Ka)J()J,oro 113 TpCX BHAOB reHOTHn-cpeAOBOH KOBapHa-
L(HI1 MCHHerCJI C B03paCTOM. ITaccHBHaJ!  B npOQCcce B3pOCJIe-
HIIJI CTaHOBIITCJI Bce MeHee H MeHee BaJKHo!i B AeTepMHHaQll1l no-
BeJl,eHHJI qeJlOBeKa, a aKTIIBHaJi - Ha060pOT, CTaHOBIITCJI onpe-
lIeJIJllOmeH H JlBJ1J1CTCJ! HaH60JIee HenocpClIcTBCHHblM BI.lpa)J(eHH-
CM reHOTl'!na B IIHD:IIBHlIyaJIbHOM onblTC qenoBClla.
B Ka'lCCTBe HnJIIOC1'paUIIH rCHonm-cpeAOBOH KOBap1la1.\11H
MOJKHO npllBeCTH IICCJleAOBaHHe B3allMOOTHOWCHIII1 nOJ1pOCTKOB
H IIX pOJ1I1TeJleH, npOBCJ1eHHOC Ha Bbl60pKe YCbIHOBJleHHblX Jl,eTCH
(Ge X. ct al , 1996).
604
B nOH pa60Te COnOCTaBJIJlJlOCI. TPII rpynnbll1CnI.ITyeMblx -
)1eTH nOApOCTKOBoro B03paCTa, IIX 6HOJlOTHqeCKHe pO)1I1TeJ1l1,
KOTOpI.IX OHH HHKorAa He BHAeJlH, II pOAIITCJ1I1, yCI.IHOBHBWI1C
3TIIX AeTeH B nepBMe HeAeJIII JKH3HII eJIb pa60Tbi COCTOJlJla B
TOM, '1To6M onpeAeJIIITb reHCTII'IeCKYIO 06YCJlOBJIeHHOCTI. HHAII-
BHAyaJlI.HbIX pa3JIII'IIIH B arpCCCI1BHOCTIl. KaK OKa3aJIOCI., CKJIOH-
HOCTb K aCOl.\lIaJlbHOMY nOBe)1eHI1IO Y I\CTCit (Ha'lHHaj( OT BpaJK-
Ae6HOCTil B 06weHHH H KOHqaJl OnbITOM npHeMa HapKOTHKOB)
KOppeJlIIPYeT C aCOUl1aJlI.HOCTI.IO IIX 6110JIOrH'IeCKHX pOAHTeJleH
(c nCIIXOnaTH'IeCKI!MH OTKJlOHeHHJlMIl B nOBe,ll.CHIIII, C aJIl<orOJII.-
HOH II HapKOTH'ICCKOH 3aBHCIIMOCTI.IO). 3TOT ljJaKT CBHAeTeJlI.-
cTByeT 0 BJIIIJ!HHII rCHOTHna Ha BepOJ!THOCTb npOJlBJleHIIJI acoQII-
aJ1bHOCTII B nOBeAeHIlII nOApOCTKOB, O)1.HaKO caMblM IIHTepeCHblM
pe3YJlbTaTOM AaHOH pa60TI.l JlBJIJleTCJI Apyroe.
BbIJlCHIIJlOCI., qTO aCOUIlaJ1I.HOCTb nOBeAeHHJI 6110JIOrHqeC-
KHX pOAHTeJleH CBJl3aHa C oc06eHHOCTJlMII OTHOIlleHHJI pOJl,IITe-
J1CH-YCbIHOBIITeJleH K J1eTJlM. .II.CTII, '1bH 6H0J10TllqCCI<IIC pOAHTeJ1U
CKJIOHHbl K aCOUllaJIbHOMY nOBeAeHIlIO, OAIIOBpeMeHHO nOJ1yqa-
lOT MCHbwe nOAJl,epJKKU OT CBOHX pOJIIITeJlCH-YCblHOBUTeJIeH. Hx
OTUbI 'lame Ol<a3bIBaIOTCJI HCnOCJ1e,ll.OBaTCJ1bHI.IMIl B HX BOcnHTa-
HI1H, pe3KIIMII B 06meHHII C HIIMII, HeonpaBAaHHO C1'porIlMII, He
CKJIOHHblMII K npOJlBl1eHHIO TcnJlblX '1YBCTB. HenOCJIeJ10BaTeJlb-
HOCTb B OTHOilleHIIJlX C AeTbMIl CBOHCTBCHHa H MaTepHM-YCbl-
HOBHTeJ1J1M.
Y'IIITblBaJl, '1TO npaBHJla opraHH3al1HH HCCJ1elIOBaHHJI npH-
CMHblX .n:eTeH (B '1aCTHOCTH, CJIY'IaHHOCTb pacnpeJ1eJIeHIIJI AeTeH
no ceMbJlM) 6bIJIII 1\ nOH pa60Te C06JIlOlJ;eHbl, OCTaeTCJI npeJ1no-
J10)«IITb, QTO peaKUII pOAIITel1eH-YCbIHOBIITCJleH Ha nOBeAeHHc
ACTCH 06YCJ10BJlCHa reHOTllnOM: ACTH C reHeTI1'1eCKOH CI<JlOHHOC-
TbIO K pa3J1I1'1HblM OTKJIOHeHIIHM B nOBeJ1eHHII BI.l3blBalOT 60JIb-
Illce pa3.n:paJKCHHe Y pOJ1HTel1eii, 60nec HeraTHBHble peaKL(HH Ha
CBoe nOBeAeHlle, '1TO, B CBOIO O'lepeAI., YBeJIllqllBaeT nOBeAeHqeC-
KHe np06JIeMI.1 3THX AeTeH 11 noompJ!eT HX CKJlOHHOCTI. K Hapy-
IlleHHIO HOpM nOBeACHHJI. TaKHM 06pa30M, B IICCJ1eAOBaHIIII npo-
AeMOHC1'pHpOBaH npllMep peaKTHBHOH reHOTHn-cpe,D;OBoi! Koppe-
JIHI1I1I1- onpeJ1el1eHHblH rCHOTHn Bbl3bIBaeT onpeJl,CJ1eHHYIO pe-
aKUl110 OKPYJKalOmHX.

3. TeOpeTM'IeCKMe MOAenM, onMcblBalOMe
B3aMMo,QeMcTBMe reHOTMna M cpeAbl
H3 OCHOBHoro Te:mca C.CKapp cneIOT TPH 3aKJlIO'IeHH:
Bo-nepBblx, HHIlIIBII)J. caM C0311;aeT CBOIO cpeJl,Y; BO-BTOpbIX, CO-
31laHHe nOH cpellbI lleTepMIIHllpyeTc B 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH
TeMH CBOHCTBaMII qeJIOBeKa, BapllaTIIBHOCTb KOTOpbIX CBJl3aHa C
reHOTHnOM; B-TpeThIlX, OKPY)I(alOIQlle YCJIOBU H, B '1aCTIIOCTH,
OTHoweHIIC p0I!UTeneH K IlCTRM, IIrpalOT I!OBOJIbHO CKPOMHYIO
pOJlb B 1j>0pMupOBaHHH UHlluBHlI;yanbHblx pa3JIH'IHH Y l!eTeH (no-
CKOJIbKY pOAHTenH JIIIWb pearHPYIOT Ha reHeTH'IeCKI'! 06YCJIOB-
neHHble oc06eHHOCTII nOBelleHH CBOIIX lleTCH).
.II.nJl nOIlTBep)l()leHH 3THX TeOpeTlI'IeCKHX paCCY)I()\eHUH HC-
nonb3YIOTCJI, KaK npaBHJlO, pe3YJIbTaTbi uccnellOBaHlIJI nCHXOJIOrn-
'1eCKHX xapaKTepHCTlIK Y pa3JIY'IeHHbIX 6JI1l3lJeL\OB II YCbIHOBJIeH-
HbIX lleTe!! H proYilbTaTbI, nOilY'IeHHble npll H3Y'IeHHH pa3JJII'IalO-
IQeHC cpe)l,bl (c omlcaHH KOTOpblX Ha'lHHaJIaCb 3Ta nraBa).
Pa3JIyqeHHbie OJlH3HeL\bl, KaK 6bInO nOKa3aHO B npeJl,blllY-
IQHX nraBax, lleMOHcTpHPylOT BbICOKHH ypoBeHb BHYTpunapHoro
CXOllcTBa no PJlIlY nCHXOJIOrH'IeCKHX xapaKTepHCTIIK (npeJl()J.e Bce-
ro, no IIHTeJIJleKTY), HeCMOTp Ha TO, '1TO HX pa3BIITI1e npoucxo-
IlIIT B HenOXO)l(lIX CpellOBbIX yCJIOBHJlX. HCCJIellOBaHHJI YCbIHOB-
lIeHHbIX lleTeH, KaK npaBHJIO, BbIHBIlHIOT HCKOTOpbIH ypoBeHb CXOIl-
CTBa no IIHTeJIJleKTY MeJKJI.Y lleThMI1 H pOIlIlTenHMH, KOTopble OT-
JjailH JjeTe!! Ha DocnHTaHlie B IlPyrue ceMbH, TO eCTb IIHTellJIeKT
lleTeM II IIHTeJIIICKT pOlllITeJIeH KOppeJIHpYIOT, llaJl(e eCJIH lICTH He
3f1a1OT CBDnx 6nOlIOrH'lCCKHX pOJjIlTeJIeH II paCTYT B IlPyroii ce-
Mbe. KoppeJlJlL\HII )l(e YCblHOBJIeHHbIX lleTCH C IIX pOJjHTeIlJlMII-
YCblHOBHTeJIHMH no HHTeJlJIeKTY 06b1qHO OKa3blBalOTCJI HeBbICO-
KHMII, HeCMOTpH Ha TO, '1TO lleTH nOCTOHHO )l(HBYT BMecTe C YCbI-
HOBHBWI1MH HX JIIOJjbMII. HH3KHMH 06b1'1HO OKa3IBaIOTC H KOp-
peJlHL\IIH MeJKlIY YCblHOBJIeHHbIMU m6caMH (l!eTbMII, )l(IIBYII.\UMII
B OJjHOH ceMbe, HO He JlBJlHIOIQUMHCJI pOIlCTBeHHHKaMH)
JIOflfK3 paccYJK)1eHlfif npu uHTepnpeTafjUH TaKHX $aKToB
CJIeJ\YlOII.\aH. EcnH reHbI HanpasJlIOT npol1ecc nplioope-reHHH onI-
Ta, TO ror)J.a CXOJl,CTBO no TaKOH nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH oc06eHHOCTI1,
KaK HHTCJIJleKT, 6YAeT 06YCJIOBneHO KOnHqeCTBOM 06IQHX reHOB Y
pOIlCTBeHHI1KOB. feHeTHqeCKI1 I1lleHTII'IHbIC M3 6JI113HeQbI 0YIlYT
BbI3bIBan oJjIlHaKOBble peaKQHH Y oKpY)I(alOIQHX 11 oT611paTb no-
XO)l(He BHeWHlle ycnoBIiH 1\lI peanll31\QHII CBOHX nOTeHQIIH. B
OTIIH'IHe OT HI1X, YCblHOBJIeHHbIe lleTII, reHCTllqeCKH pa3J1I1'1alO-
IQlleCH, 6YIlYT no-pa3HOMY pearllpoBaTb Ha BHeWHHe ycnOBIiJi
607
B nOM pa31leile rlIaBbI 6YIlYT onllcaHbI qeTblpe cxeMbl
(HJIII MOJjeJIH), 06'bJlCHSlIOIQlle B3allMOBJIlIHHlle reHOTHna II cpe-
.!I:bI H ponb 3Toro B3aliMOBJIIIJlHHJI B pa3BI'!THII. ,QBe H3 3TI1X
cxeM C03J1,aHbI HcnocpellCTBeHHO B reHenIKe nOBeJjeHlfJl, OCHO-
BbIBalOTCJI Ha npe.!l:CTaBJIeHHX 0 reHOTHn-cpeJjOBOM B3aHMO-
lleilcTBl1H H KOBapHaQI'!U reHOTllna II Cpe.!l:bI II npellnOJIaralOT
BellYII.\YIO pOJIb reHOTnna B 1j>0pMupOBaHHH IIH.!I:IIBII,l:tyaJIbHbIX
pa3JII1qUM B nCUXOJIOrllqeCKI1X xapaKTepHCTUKax. .II.Be lIpyrlle
cxeMbI nOBHJIHCb B nCIIXOJIOrllu pa3BUTlIJI H npHlIalOT HaH-
60JIIllee 3HaqCHHe B 1j>0pMupoBaHlfH HH.D;IIBHAyaJIbHbIX pa3JIU-
'1Hii cpeJjOBbiM YCJlOBHSlM.
3.1. IIpH'IHHHo-CJJe.llcTBeHHLlc CBA3!! MeJltay reHOTHnOM H
Cpelloii
AMepllKaHCKHM IICCJIe.llOBaTeJIb CaH,l:tpa CKapp npell-
JIO)l(lIJIa cxeMY aHaJIH3a rCHoTlm-cpe,!!,oBoro B3aHMOBJIHHHHJI,
OpUCHTllpoBaHHYIO npe)l(.!I:e Bcero Ha nOI1CK HanpaBJIeHHJI 31oro
S3aIlMOBJlHJlHHJI. C.CKapp II CTOpOHHHKH 3TOM TCOpeTlI'IeCKOH cxe-
Mb! CqIlTaIOT, 'lTD TeOplfJl nCItXOJIOfll'lCCKOro paJBItTltJl )10Jl1KHa co-
lIep)l(aTb 06'bJlCHeHII Toro, KaK 06paJYIOTCJI HOBJe nCHXOJIOrH'iec-
Kl'!e CTpYKTYPbI Ii HOBbIC narrepHbl B3aJ.1MOllCHcTauH qeJIOBeKa C OK-
PY)l(ltlOIQeH ero lleHCTBIITeJlbHOCTblO. IIOCKOJIbKY, KaK OHII C'IIITa-
lOT, nOHBJIeHHe HOB&IX cnoco60B H SIIAOB allanTaQHH CBH3aHO C
ypOBHeM C03peBaHUJI, OHU npeJIIIOJIaralOT, qTO I1CTOqHlIKOM HOBblX
CTPYl<TYP JlBJIHeTCH reHOTlin (Scarr S., McCartney K., 1983; Scarr
S., 1992, /997).
COrJIaCHO npeJl,CTaBJleHUHM C.CKapp, pOJIb reHOTllna B pa3-
BIITHH COCTOHT B oT60pe CpellOBbIX YCJlOBIIH H B perynSlI.\HH CTe-
neHU HX BJIIiJlHI'!JI Ha pa3BUBalOII.\erOCJI HHllliBIf,lJ,a TaKoM nOI!XO.!l:
Tpe6ycT pa3lleJIeHU CpellOBblX YCJIOBl'!ii Ha Te, KOTopble OKpY)I(a-
lOT IIHIlHBlIlIa, H Te, KOTopble UM "3aMeqaIOTCH" II HHTeplfopH3H-
PYIOTCJI. HMeHHO nOCrrel1Hlle, Te, qTO naCCliBHO IIJIH aKTHBHO BbI-
611palOTCJI HHIlIIBII.!I:OM, aBTopbI U CqHTalOT CYLI{eCTBeHHbIMH .lV1J1
pa3BIITH.
606

HaXO,lVlCI, B Ol\lIHaKOBbIX yenOBIiJlX, Olill 6Y,l\YT oT6l1pan pa3HI,le
Cpel\OBbIe oco6eHHOCTI1 KaK HaH60nee KOMQ>opTHI,!e JIJlJI ce6J1, H
nonOMY 6YJl,YT pa3nll'laTbCJI, HCCMOTp>! Ha TO, qTO Olll! JKHBYT B
O.!UIOH II TOH )((e ceMI,e.
B L\enOM, comaCHO 3TOH TO'JKe 3peHUJI, reHOTHn BI,ICTynaeT
KaK npU'JIIHa, KaK I\BH)((YlL\aJl clina 113MCHeHIIH, a CPCJI,OBblC yeno-
BH>! - KaK CJICI\CTBHe reHOTHnHqeCKOH npcl\jJacnOJIOJKCHHOCTH HH-
Jl,HSlf,lI.a: "Ha:JBaHHe "cpCiJ,OBOC" lie npeBpalL\aeT TOT MJUI HHOH no-
Ka3aTeJlI, B qHCTOe 113MepCHlIe Cpel\I,I... Ha cnoco6 B3allMO,l\eHCTBII!!
ffiO,l\eH co CBOCH Cpe,l\OH - Ha HX onI,IT - BJIIIJlIOT relleTH'JeCKlie
pa3J11I'JIIJI" (Plomm R., Nicdcrhiscr J.M., 1992, <:.163).
Een!! 3Ta TO'lKa 3PCH!!1I cooTBeTcrnyeT JJ;ei!cTBI!TeJlbHOCTI1
,
TO Cpe,l\OBhIe ycnOBlI!! pa3BHTHJI n.OJlJKHbl 6I,!Tb TeM 60rrbwe no-
XOJKI1 y P3JJIHqHblX pO,l\CTBCHHIIKOB, qeM 60nI,we HX reHeTIIIJCC-
Koe CXO,l\CTBO, HanpliMep, qeM 60JlbWe Y pO,l\CTBeHHHlWB 06lL\IIX
rCHOB, TeM 60nbwe ,lI.OJ])KHO 6bITb CXO,ll.CTBO B peaKl1lillX Ha HHX
oKpY)J(aJOI4IfX.
IIpll npoBepKC Horo npc,lI.nOrrOJKeHHII qaCTO H B caMOM D;ene
OKa3bIBaeTCJI, qTO K pO,ll.HI,IM JJ;eTJlM pO.)J.HTenl1 OTHOC>!TCJI 60Jlee
nOXOJKHM 06pa30M, qeM K npHeMHblM. HanpHMCp, TaKOH nOKa3a-
TerrI" KaK IJblpaJKeHHe MaTepblO He,ll.OBonbCTBa H pa3.)J.paJKeHlIJI,
OK3JbIBae1'CJI nOXOJKHM M>! CI16cOB (Man O.)J.IIHaKOBO BMC1' Cc6Ji
npll ccope II C O,ll.IIUM, I'! C JJ;pyrUM pe6eHKoM), MeHce nXOJKHM _
,lI,JIJI norrYCI!6COB H COBceM HenOXOJKHM - ,lI,JIJI ,l\eTeH, He HMCIO-
lL\IIX 06lL\HX reHOB, HO )l(HBYlL\HX B o,ll.l!oil ceMbe (Reiss D. ct aI.,
1994). B JJ;pyroM IIccrreJJ;oBaHUU, npOBe,ll.CHHOM Ha M3 II .II.3 5J1H3-
Hel1ax, cH6cax, n0J1yclI6cax H YCbIHoBneHHblX ,lI.eTJlX, 6blJI0 nOKa-
3aHO, '1TO HeranlBHblC pCaKI{HI1 MaTepeii He TOJIbKO 05ycrroBne-
Hbl reHOTHOOM Jl,eTeH, HO II HMelOT reHe'TI\qeCKHe KOppCrrJlL\HII C
JJ;enpeCClfBIIOCTblO .l(eTeii, TO CCTb reHOTfm He 1'OJlbKO BbI3bIBaCT
onpe,l\CJICHHbIC peaKL\IIH OKpYJKaJOlL\IIX, HO H onocpeA)leT CB>!311
MCJK.)J.y nOKa3aTemiMII pO,l\HTenbcKoro nOBC,lI.CHUIl II nCIIxorrorH-
qeCKoi! al\aOTaL\lIeH pc6eHKa (Pike A. et aI., 1996). AHanOrllqHble
npHMcpbl 6blJIH npHBe,ll.eHbl npH 06cYJKJI,eHHII p a3nH 'IaIOlL\ciicJI
Cpe.lJ;bl B ncpBoii 'IaeTH noii maBU.
Ha OCHOBaHIIH TaKHX ,l\aHHbIX C.CKapp iJ,eJJ.aeT BbII!O,ll. 0 TOM,
'11'0 B npe,ll.eJlax "HopManbHbIx" Cpel\OBblx YCJIOBHH, B ee TepMII-
HonorHH - B npC,lI.enax "Cpe,ll.HlIX OJKH,lI.aCMbIX yenoBlliI" (TO eCTb
YCJlOBI'!H, K01'OpblC He JlB]JJIJOTCJI Bpa)l(}.1c5HbIMH ,lI,JIJI ,l\eTCH, HC Bpe-
608
.
1
Il!!T IIX 31l0pOBbJO H npen.ocTaBJIJlIOT XOTJI 6b1 MIIHUMaJIbHblC B03-
MOJKHOCTH ,lI,JIJI nOJIyqeHlfll' lIHljJopMal{l11! H pa3BlITHJi), HHiW-
Blill,yanbHblc pa3imqllJl no MHorHM nCliXOnOrH'ICCKHM xapaKTepli-
cTHKaM, H npe)l(lIc Bcero no HHTenJIeKTY, 6Yl\YT CBJl3aHbi C pa3n11-
qHJIMIi B Cpe,ll.OBbIX yCnOBIiJlx nfIWb B TOH Mepe, B KaKoH CpcJI,O-
BblC ycnoBHJI IIBnJlIOTC!! OTpa)l(eHlleM rCHOTlina ,l\eTeH. H, cnen.o-
BareJIbHO, Bblpa)/(eHHC "rcHoTHn-CpeIl.OBOC ro3J1MO.!lcJ!cTBJle", no
MHeHHIO C.CKapp, npaBHnbHee 0603HaqaTb KaK 2eHOmUI1 -> cpe-
ooeoe, TO eCTb reHOTlin Be,ll.eT 3a c060il npH06peTeHHe cpen.oBo-
ro OnbITa.
MO)((HO nil cornaCHTbCJI C TaKOH HHTepnpeTaL\HeH S3aI'!MO-
BJlWIHII!I reHOTHna II CPl\11b1? IIo BceH BHJI,I1MOC11l, HCT. Bo-nepBbIX,
Kal< 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO npl! OmtcaHHH rCHenl'lCCKIIX lICCnell,OB[(HIIH
pa3nHqalOll\eHCJI CpC,l\bl, B Tex c)jyqax, Korn.a reHOTHn BJIHJIeT Ha
BapltaTI1BHOCTb Cpell,OBblX ycnOBHH, BeJIW!HHa reHCrH'lCCKOii KOM-
nOHeHTbl 3aqaCTyJO OK33blBaeTC HeBb!COKOH. BO-BTOpbIX, COBceM
He BCC OC06CHHOCTH CpC,l\OBbIX ycnoBllH onOCpC,l\YIOTCJI rCHOTlinOM
pe5CHKa. CBlIlICTeJlbCTBa 31'oro 6blJIII nOJIyqeHbl T3J()((C npH H3yqC-
HIli! pa3JIHqaJOlL\CHCJI cpel\bI H nO,ll.TBep)l(n.eHbI npll naTTepHOBOM
aHanll3e Cpe,ll.OBblX nepCMCHlfblJ( (TO ecTb B HCCJlC,lI.OBaHllax, pac-
CMaTpliBalOlL\IIX He OT,lI.eJlbHbIC CpC,l\OBble napMeTpbl, a L\enblC KOM-
nnCKCbl Cpe.D:OBbIX nepCMeHHbIX).
B nocnellHee BpeMJI npell,CTaBJIeHI!!1 0 npll'-JHHHO-CneIl,CTBCH-
HbIX CBJl3J1X Me)l(n.y rCHOTHnOM It CpC,l\OH, pa3pa6aTblI!aCMbie B re-
HeTliKe nOBe.D:eHlIJI, Ha'UfHaIOT BCC 60JlbillC COOTHOCHTbCJi C pe-
3YJlbTaTaMil nCHXonorllqCCKHX IIccnen.OI!aHIIH, nOCBJlIl\CHHblX npo-
l.\eCCaM cCMeilHoro B3aIlMO,l\eiicTBIIJI. DJIarOAapa nOMY, npOCTa!!
npHqIlHHO-Crre,ll.CTBCHHaJI cxeMa B3aHMon.eHCTBIIJI reHOTHna 11 cpe-
.D:b! npe06pa3yeTca B MHoroljJaKTOpHYIO, paccMaTpllBalOlL\YIO Oll-
HOBpeMcHHOc 1I03.D:eHCT1JHC Ha JICHXOnOrll'JeCKlie oc05eHHOCTli
qenOBeKa pa3Hblx CpC,l\OBbIX xapaKTcpHcTIIK.
Pa60nl, npOBe,ll.eHHbiC B KOHTeKCTC MHoroljJaKTopHblX MO-
,lI.eJleH, nOKa3blBaJOT, qTO npoc1'ble npHqHHHO-cne,ll.CTBeIfHblc cxe-
Mbl JIBHO IlepeOl.\cHIIBBIOT ponb C06CTBeHHOH aKTHBHoCTH pc6eH-
Ka B C03.!1aHIIJI Cpe.!lOBblX ycrroBIIH pa3BHTHJI II, CJIcII,OBaTeJIbHO,
nepeOI.\CHHBalO1' pOJlb rCHomna B 31'01.1 npOL\ecce (Lytton H., 1990,
CongeT R D. ct al , 1995). TeM HC MeHce Ii 3TIt pa60Tbi nO.D:TBCp-
)((1\3101', 'ITO Bbl60p HeKOTopblX Cpell,OBblX rrapaMe1'pOB onocpe-
II,YeTCJI rCItOTllnOM, TO CCTb MO)((HO 3al<JIIOqHTb, 'ITO cxeM3 rCHO-
609

THn -> Cpe,/J.OBOrO B3aHMO,/J.eMCTBHJI, npelUIO)l(eHHaJi C CKapp,
ODIICblBaeT OIlHH H3 BapHaHTOB peaJIbHO cyeCTBYIOHX B3aU-
MOBJIIIJlHIIH Me)l(lIY reHOTHnOM H CpeIlOH, OllllaKO C'iIlTaTb nOT
BapiiaHT ellllHCTBeHHblM HeT HHK3KUX OCHOBaHHH.
3.2. B3311MO.lleHCTBHe reHomn3 II Cpe,llbl K3K IJIYHKIJIIlI HOpMbI
pe3KII,IIH
.lI.PYTaJi TeOpCTHqecKa cxeMa, C0311aHHaJi TaK)I(e B KOHTeKCTe
reHCTHKII nOBelleHII, npe.llCTaBJIJlCT C060H nOnbITKY OOllcaTb B3all-
MOBnllJlHlle reHOTlma H Cpe)l,bI KaK (j>YHKllHIO HOPMb! peaKllllH.
llpe.llCTaBJIeHIIJI 0 HopMe peaKllHII 6b1illl BBe.lleHbI B reHeTlI-
KY T..II.o6)1(aHcKII, a B nCHXOJIOrHIO - H.forreeMaHoM. HopMa
peaKlllIH (B TOM CMbICJIe, B KOTOpOM 3TO nOHTHC Hcnonb3yeT
H.foTTeI;Mall) npe)l.CTaBJlSlCT 1;0601\ lUMpaT)' H3MeH'IMBOCTM 4oeHo-
Tlilla npll HeKOTopOM .lIaHHOM reHOTHne. MeJK.lIY reHOTHnOM H TeM
CBOMCTBOM, KOTopoe OH Jl,eTepMHHHpyeT, He cyecTByeT 011110-
3Ha'iHOrO COOTBeTCTBIIJI. B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT cpellOBbIX yCJlOBIIH,
B 60JIbWeM IIJIH MeHbweH CTeneHI1 6n3ronpIIRTCTBYIDHX npOS!B-
JleHHIO .lIaHHOrO CBOHCTBa, BHeWHl'le npOS!BJIeHH 3Toro CBOHCTBa
6YllYT MeHTbCJI.
llOCKOJIbKY HopMa peaKlllIH onHCblBaeT pa3JIII'III B (j>eHO-
Tllnax KaK (j>YHKllHIO reHOTHna H Cpe)l.bI, 3TO nOHTIle MO)l(eT 6bITb
nOne3Hb]M MJI nOHHMaHl1jJ Toro, KaK (j>OpMHPYIOTCJI I1HI\HBHiJ;y-
anbHble pa3JlH'IH!l. PaCCMOTpHM 3TO Ha npHMepe IIRTenneKTa
(furkheimer E., Gottesman 1., 1991).
Bo-nepBblx, no pe3YJlI>TaTaM 3KcnepHMeHTanbHblx pa60T,
BblOOnHCHHbIX MeTOIlOM npHeMHblX lIeTeH, H3BecTHo, qTO cye-
cTByeT nHHcHHaS! 3aBHCHMOCTb (XOTS! KOppeJlI]IIH He OqeHb Bb]-
COKlle) Me)l(}J;y IIHTe!lJleKTOM 6HOJlOrll'leCKHX pO,/J.lueneH II IIHTeJl-
JIeKTOM ,/J.CTeH. BO-BTOPbIX, IICHXOnOrH'IeeI<He HCCJleIlOBaHIIS! ,/J.O-
Ka3bIB3IOT, '1TO 06e,/J.HeHHble CpCIIOBbre YCJIOBH npHBOIIT K pa3-
BHTHIO HII3Koro ypOBHJI IIHTCJIJIeKTa. B-TpeTbHX, o6aJl cpella
onpe,/J.eJleT He 60nbwe 20% BapllanlBHOCTH IIHTeJIJleKTa y
B3pOClIbIX.
H3 OCROBaHHH 3THX ljJaKToB CTOpOHHHKII reopeTH'IeCKOH
cxeMbI, npeMO)l(eHHol\ H.foTTecMaHoM, Jl,eJlaJOT BI>IBOII, 'ITa HOp-
Ma peaKlllIH M HHTeJlJIeKTa He MeHJleTCJI B HOpMaJIbHbIX cpe,/J.o-
610
I

Bb]X ycnoBIIx, HO cY)J(aeTc - npH 06clIHeHHblx. fpa(j>H'IeCKII
3TO nOK33aHO Ha pllCYHKe 15.1.
KaK BHIIHO no PHCYHKY, B He6naronpHS!THblX CpellOBblX yc-
nOBIIJlX (Ha pHcYHKe K HIIM OTHOCTCJI KpaHHe JICBb]e 3HaqeHII
nOKa3aTeJIeM cpe)l.bI) IIHTeJIJleKT OCTaeTCJI Ha HII3KOM ypOBHe, He-
CMOTP Ha reHeTII'IeCKII npe.n:noCblJlKH. B 60Jlee 6naronoJlY'IHoH
cpe.n:e reHOTlln OnpelleJIJlCT 3H3'111TenbHYlO qaCTb BapllaTIIBHoCTH,
B TO BpeM KaK cpeJl,OBble pa3J1HqllJl MeJK,/J.Y ceMbMH 06ycnOBJIII-
B3IOT JIHWb O'leHb He6oJlbWYIO ee qaCTb.
TaKHM 06pa30M, nOJlY'laeTCH, qTO p33J1H'IIIJI B HOpMaJIbHOH
ceMc«HOH cpe.n:e MorYT JIHWb B He60JlbWOH CTeneHH onpellenJlTb
HH,IJ;HBH,/J.yaJlbHble pa3JIHqllR B HHTenneKTe ,/J.eTeH H B TO JKe Bpe-
MS! - 6bITb KpllTHqeCKHMl1 MJI pa3BIITHJI 3TOH xapaKTepIlCTIIKH.
MHOrHe 3KcnepllMeHTaJlbHblC 113HHbie nCHxonorHII H reHenlKH
nOBe)leHHS! He npOTHBOpeqaT 3TOMY BblBO)l.Y. TaK, C O)l.IIOH eTO-
pOHbl, B reHeTI1Ke nOBe,/J.eHH noaY'IeHO MHOTO )l.OK333TeJlbCTII
Toro, qTO BapHaTHIIHOCTb nCHXOaOrll'leCKIIX xapaKTepHcTHK IIC-
IiIH1'enneKT
CpeA3
PUCVIIOK 15.1
Fw;omemu"ecKaJl cpepa HOpMbl peaKtjuu onJi UHmenneKma
(npu8eoeHO no Turkheimer E., Gollesmal11.. 1991)
611

nblTbIBaeT He6onbwoe BnHHHHe o6weH cpe.n:bl (Plomin R., Denise
D., 1987). C i1PyroH CTOpOHbl, npll HCCnei10BaHHH YCblHoBneHHJI
,LleTeH, npH KOTOpOM OHII nOna,LlalOT I1J He6naronpHHTHblX ycno-
BHH pa3BI1TIIH B xopowlle, nOKa3aHo, '1TO cpe,Lla MO)l(eT HMeTb
3HaqeHlle, KOTopoe TPYW;O nepeOJ..\eHlITb: HHTenJTeKT .!IeTeH, no-
naBWIIX "Pll YCblHOBneHl1If B 6naronpHHTHbie i1JT pa3BlfTHJI YC-
nOBH, 6ance qeM Ha CTaHi1apTIIOe OTKnOHeHHe npeBblwaeT IIH-
TenneKT HX 6HOnOrllQeCKliX MaTepeH (Schiff M., Lewontin R.,
1986).
C TOqKH 3peHII HOpMbl peaKQl111 paccMaTpHBalOTCJI TaKJKe
Te oc06eHHocTH nOBei1eIlHJI, KOTopbIe CBHlleTeJlbCTBYIOT 0 CKJlOH-
HOCTII K acoQlIanbHoMY nOBell.eHHIO (K npaBoHapYllieHIIHM) II Ba-
pHaTHBHOCTb KOTOpblX OKa3aJlaCb CB3aHa C reHOTllnOM
(Gottesman 1.1., Goldsmith H.H., 1993)
PIICK npaBoHapYllleHI'! Y i1eTeii H nOll.pOCTKOB (BepTI1Kanb-
HaJi OCb Ita pllCYHKe 15.2) nOBblwaeTCH npll COqeTaHHH reHeTII-
qeCKOH npei1pacnOJlOJKeHHOCTII K aCOQHalIbHblM ,LleHCTBIIM (Ha-
npl1Mep, Bb!COKOrO ypOBHJI arpeCCI1BHOCTII) H ycnOBI1", 11M cno-
Co6CTBYlOwllX (HH3Koro COQllaJlbHO-)KOHOMHqeCKOrO cTaTyca ce-
PMCK 1 $
npaBOHapyweHItiI
10
5
Cpe,l:la
reHOTM"
PUCYHOK 15.2
TlinOmemU'lecKaJ! ct/Jepa HOpMbl peaKIJUIi 0/111 aCOIJlla/lbH020
n08eOel/lll/(l1puIlOOllmC1l no GOllesman 1.1, Goldsmith H H.. 1993)
612

1011,11, OTCYTCTBI1 KOHTpon 3a nOBeiJ,eHHeM iJ,eTeH co CTOpOHbl po-
IIHTeJleli 11 T.,Ll.).
TaKIIM 06pa30M, na TeOpeTl1qeCKaH cxeMa, 6YiJ,Y'I1I OCHO-
BaHa Ha cOBepweHHo .n:Pyrl1x npeiJ,nOCbIJIKaX, HeJKCnll cxeMa re-
HOTlIn->cpeiJ,OBOrO B3aHMO,LlelicTBHJI, onllcaHHaH B npei\bI,LlY-
weM pa3,Llene, npHBOiJ,HT K nOXOJKHM BbIBOiJ,aM: HHiJ,IIBIIII.YaJIbHble
pa3J1H'IHJI B npeiJ,enax "HopManbHoii" Cpellb! o6ycnOBIteHbJ apc-
HMywecTBeHHo pa3J1HqHHMIl B reHOTHnax.
DIIH3KOH K npe,LlCTaBneHHJlM 0 HopMe peaKQIIH, BJlJleTCJI H
rHnOTe3a, cljJopMynl1pOBaHHaJl B KOHTeKCTe reHC'mqeCKIIX paooT,
o Henl1HeiiHOM xapaKTepe BJIllJ1/jjf}/ 06weii Cpe,Llbl Ha HHTenneKT
(Scarr S., 1992). CornacHo nOH mnOTe3e, qeM 60nbwaJl qaCTb
Bbl60pKI'! 6Yi1eT HaXOiJ,IITbC B oJlarOnpllJlTHblX cpei10Bblx YCJlO-
BHJlX, TeM Bblwe 6yiJ,CT nOKa3aTenb HaCJlei1yeMoCTH liTeM MeHbWC
BCpOJITHOCTb OOHaPY)J(I1Tb CBJl3h MCJKiJ,Y ypOBHeM HHTeJ1neKTa II
OQeHKaMH HaClIei1)'eMOCTII. HHaQe rOBOpJl, B 6naronpllRTHbiX YC-
JlOBIIJlX pa3BI1T1IJ1 Bce i1CTII 5Yi1YT IIMeTb B03MOJKHOCTb MaKCH-
ManbHO npOBIITb CBOI1 reHeTH'IeClme nOTeHl.\l1aJIbl, II n03TOMY
UOKa3aTeJIH HaCJJe.n:YCMOCTI1 5)'i1YT BbICOKHMI1 II Oi1I1HaKOBbIMH B
rpynnax iJ,eTeil C HII3KlIM HHTeJlneKTOM 11 B rpynnax i1eTeil C BbI-
COKHM I1HTenJleKTOM. ECJlI1 )l(e 60nbwaJl qaCTb BhI60PKH 5YlleT
HaXOiJ,HTbC B He6narOnpllJlTHbiX YCIIOBI1J1X pa3BHTI1, TO B rpyu-
ne ,1!eTeH C HII3KHM IIHTeJllIeKTOM OKaJKYTC H Te, qbl1 reHeTllqeC-
KHe npei1nOCblJ1KII He npeAnonaralOT BblCOK01'o ypOBIJR HHTen-
JleKTa, 11 Te, KTO He CMor peanH30BaTb CBOIIX rCHeTllqeCl<l1X npen-
nOCblJIOK BCnei1CTBHe He6IIa1'OnpliRTHbiX Cpei10Bb1X YCJlOBHH. B
rpynne C BblCOKI1M HHTeJlneKTOM 6Yi1YT Te, KTO CMor aKTyaJlH3H-
pOBaTb CBOH 1'eHeTH'IeCKHH nOTeHQHan, HeCMOTpJl Ha He5naro-
npHJlTHbIe YCIIOBIIJI. HJ-Ja norD B rpynne c HIIJKI1M HHTeJlneK-
TOM nOKa3aTenb HaCnei\yeMocTH IIHTeJ1JJeKTa 6YiJ,eT HH)I(e, a KOp-
peJlJlQHJI MeJKi1Y ypOBHeM IIHTelIneKTa 11 nOKa3aTeneM Hacne.n:ye-
MOCTH - nOJlOJKHTeJlbHOH.
JlR npOBepKH noil nmOTe3bI B pRi1e pa60T 6blJlII BhIiJ,eJlC-
HbI rpynnbI IIcnblTyeMblx, pa3J1I1'1alOwIIXCII no ypOBHIO HHTen-
neKTa, H B KaJKi!oli rpynne nOiJ,C'IIITbIBaJlC nOKa3aTenb HaCJleiJ,y-
eMOCTI1. 3aTeM ypOBeHb HHTenneKTa II 1I0Ka3aTerrH HaC.I1ei1yeMoc-
TII 6bllIlI nOi1BeprHYTbI KOPPCIIRQI10HHOM)' aHanH3)'. HeKOTopblC
3KcnepHMeHTalIbHbie i\aHHbIe i1eikTBHTenbHO n0i1TBepi\1I1II1 1'llno-
Te3Y 0 HenHHeHHOH 3aBIICilMOCTil MCJKi1Y nOKa3aTelIilMI1 HHTerr-
613

3.3. I)Ho-3KO!lOrH'IKHii nOi\xoi\ K HCC!le!lOBaHHIO reHOTHn-
cpeJl.OBOrO B38HIIIOAeiicTBHII
TOJl'lKOM JI,IIR pa60T :noro HanpaBJleHHJI nOC!lY)f(Hnll i\aH-
Hble 0 TOM, '1TO BapbHpOBaHlie CPC,u;OBbIX yCJIOBHn npHBO.1l.HT K
H3MeHeHII1O nOKa.3aTeJIeH HaCJIe,u;yeMOCTH HHTeJIJICKTa. ECJlH cpaB-
HHBaeMbIC napbl pa3JIY'ICHHblX pOI\CTBeHHHKOB )f(HBYT B nOXO)f(eH
cpe,u;e, TO nOKa3aTeJIH HaC!lc,u;yeMocTH 0l<a3bIBa1OTCR Bblllle, eC!l1I
B pa3nHqHOH - TO HIIJKe. B KaqeCTBe npHMepa MOJJ<HO npllBCCTH
pe3YJIbTaTbI HCCJIellODaHHJI, B KOTOpOM conOCTaBnJlJIHCb pa3ny-
'1eHHble M3 6J1H3HeQbl, JI<HByll.\He B nOXOJICeH cpCJI,e (HanpHMep, B
60JIbillOM ropOJl.e), U pa3JIyqeHHbie OJIH3HCl.\bI, JKHDYll.\He B pa3-
Hon cpe,u;e (HanpHMep, OJI,HH - B 60JIbillOM ropOi\e, a IIPyroH - B
ManeHbKOM, npOBIIHl.\lla1lbHOM). BHYTpunapHoe CXO,u;CTBO 01lH3-
HeQOB no HHTeJ1JIeKTY B nepoOH rpynne OKa3aJIOCb paBHo 0,80, a
BO BTOPOH - 0,28 (Bronfenbrenner U., 1975).
Ha OCHOBaHlI1I TaKHX ,u;aHHb!X 6blJI0 BblCKa3aHO npe.!U1oJIo-
)l(eHlle, '1TO nOKa3aTeJlb HaC1Ie,u;yeMocTH, KOTOpblH B reHeTHKe no-
BeJl.eHHJI paCCMaTpHBaeTCJI KaK '1aCTb cpeHOTHnH'IeCKOH Baplla-
TIIBHOCTH, CBR3aHHaJi C aMHTIIBHOH reHeTllqeCKOn BapllaTUBHO-
CTb1O, Ha caMOM .n:eJIe HCnblTblOaeT B1IIIJlHHe Cpei\OBblX ycnoBIIH
pa3DIITUR: B nOKa3aTene HaCJIeilyeMoCTH OTpaJICaeTCR aKmYaJIU3U-
p08aHlJblU reHCTHqeCKUii nOTeHl1lla1l, TO eCTb TOJlbKO Ta qaCTb re-
HeTUqeCKOrO nOTeHl.\lIana, KOTopaJi peanH30BanaCb onarO)l.apR
cpe,u;OBbIM ycnoBHJlM pa3BHTHR.
KaK C'IHTaIOT aBTopbl OHO-3KOnOrH'IeCKOH napallHrMbI, B
OJIarOnpllRTon cpene, cnOCOOCTBYIOll.\eH MaKCHMaJIbHOMY npORB-
neHH10 3a,u;aTKOB HHTeJIJIeKTya1lbHoro pa3BHTlIR, nOKa3aTeJlb Ha-
cilenyeMocTH IIHTeJIJIeKTa 6Yi\eT npUOJIHJlCaTbCR K 1,0 ECJlI1 JlCe
Cpe)l.OBble YCJlOBHJI He 0YJl,YT cnOCOOCTBOBaTb IIHTeJIneKTyaJIbHO-
MY pa3BUTH1O, nOl<a3aTenb HacneAyeMocTII 6y,u;eT npU6JIU)f(aTbCJI
K 0,0. TOT q.aKT, qTO B cOBpeMeHHblx HCCJIe)l.OBaHHRx nOKa3aTeJlb
HaCne)l.yeMocTII IIHTeJlJleKTa Ol1eHHBaeTcR KaK paBHblH 0,5, HH-
TepnpCTHpYCTCJI aOTopaMIi napai\llrMbI KaK CBlI)l.eTeJIbCTOO He)l.O-
CTaTOqHO oJlarOnpURTHblX CPC,u;OBbIX YCJlOBHH: OHH He )l.a1OT npo-
ROUTbCJI TOMY, '1TO 3aJ10JKeHO B '1enOBeKe npHpo,u;oiL
K '1I1CJIY Cpe)l.OBbiX yenoBHii, cnOCOOCTBY1Oll.\IIX aKTYaJI1l3a-
QUII reHCTllqCCKOrO nOTCHI.\HaJla, OTHOCJlTCJI, Bo-nepBbiX, oco6eHHO-
CTU HenOcpe)l.CTBeHHOro Me)l(nH'IHOCTHOro B3am.toJl,eiiCTBIIR (IIJIII
npOKCHMaJlbHbIC npOl1eCCbl, onpenemIlOll.\lle 30HY 6J111JKaHillerO Pa.3-
BUTHR) II, BO-BTOPbIX, ,u;UCTaHTHaJl cpena, KOTOpaJi He CBJl3aHa C IIH-
,u;HOHJI,OM HenOCpe)l.CTBeHHO, HO onpe,u;enReT KaqeCTBO npOKCIIMaJIb-
615
JIeKTa 11 YCJlOBHJlMII Cpe)l.OBOrO pa3BHTHJI, o,u;lIaKo, B l1enOM, HC-
CJIc,u;oBaHHH, B KOTOpblX npOBepJlnaCb Obi na rHnOTe3a, - He-
MHoro, H eCTb caMble p3JHb!e pe3YJIbTaTbI: nOJIOJl(IITeJlbHaJl Koppe-
nJlI.\HJI MeJK,u;y IIHTeJlneKTOM II Hacne,u;yeMOCTb1O, OTpHl.\aTenbHaJl
U OTCYTCTBHe cOJl3ei! (Brody N., Cromley M.J., 1995).
06cYJICi\aTb COCTORTeJIbHOCTb cxeM, OCHOBaHHblX Ha npe,u;-
CTaBileHI1J1X 0 HopMe peaKI1I'!H, )l.OBOJlbHO TPyJI,HO, nOCKOJIbKY no-
'1TII HeT 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHbIX )l.aHHbIX, nOJl,ToepJKJl.a1Oll.\HX unu
onpoBepralOll.\HX HMeHHO TaKoH BapuaHT B3al1MOJl.eACTBUR reHO-
THna H CPC,u;bl. CBR3aHo 310 C TeM, qTO npoBc,u;eHlle HCC1Ie,u;OBa-
HI1H HOpMbl peaKQHH Ha '1enOOeKe npaKTH'IeCKH HeD03MOJKHO
(qTO oocY)l(Jl.aJIOCb paHee, B maDe 4). BMecTe C TeM, eCTb OCHOBa-
HHR npe,u;nOJIO)l(IITb, qTO TaKa!! cxeMa MO)l(eT 6blTb BnonHe aJl,el<-
BaTHOH iVIJi Bu,u;ocneQHQ>H'IeCKHX Cpei\OBblX DJIUJlHHii (3BOJI1OI1H-
OHHO CBJl3aHHbiX C Bbl)l(HDaHl1eM BII1\a). Hx KOppen!!Qllu C nCHXO-
nOrHqeCKI1MH oc06eHHOCTJlMH MorYT 06HapY)f(UBaTbCR ,u;CHCTBU-
TenbHO TOJlbKO B 3KcTpeMaJlbHbiX YCJlOBIIRX. qTO JlCe KaCaCTCJI
IIHJl.IIBlI)l.YaJIbHOH Cpe)l.bl, HaXOAAll.\eHCJI B Jl,Hana30He "HOpMaJIb-
HbIX" Cpe)l.OBblX ycnoBIIH, TO BPJl)l. JlU MO)l(HO npe)l.nOJIO)l(IITb,
'1TO Bce OHII COBepllleHHO He CDJl3aHbi C !jJOpMHpOBaHHeM IIH,u;UBII-
,u;yanbHblX pa3nH'IHH.
B nOCnel\Hee i\eCRTllneTlie D nCIIXOnOrHH CTaJIH nOJlBJIRTbCR
COOCTBeHHO nCIIXOnOrH'IeCKlie IIHTepnpCTaQIIH 3MnllpHqeCl<HX )l.aH-
HblX reHeTHKH nOBei\eHIIR, H npe)l(Jl.e ocero - B3aHMOBJlII!!HUJI
reHOTIma H cpe,!];"1 B pa3BHTIIH. 06ll.\HM Jl,IlJI nHX nOnblTOK nCH-
XOnOrHqeCKOH HHTepnpeTaQ11H reHeTI1'1eCKHX 1\aHHbIX JlBJlJleTCJI
npe)l.nOJlO)l(eHl1e 0 TOM, '1TO nOKa3aTenb HacnellyeMocTI1 D TOM
BUllC, B KaKOM OH OI.leHIIBaCTCJI MeTOllaMIi reHeTlIKH nOBc,u;eHUR,
IIBJIReTCR pe3ynbTaToM H reHeTH'IeCKHX, U cpe.n:OBbIX BiHIIIHHH.
HaH60nee nOCJle)l.OBaTenbHO :na n03HlIHII C!jJOPMYJlHpOBa-
Ha 0 01l0-3KOnOrU'IeCKOii (Hnu 6110-cpe,u;OBOH) napa,u;HrMe pa30H-
THJI qeJlODeKa, B KOTOpOH aHaJlH3HpyeTcR ponb cpe,u;OBblX H rCHe-
TU'IeCKHX !jJaKTOpOO B pa3BHTIIH HHTenneKTa (Bronfenbrenner U.,
Ceci S.J , 1993; Ceci S.l. et aI., 1997).
614

HblX npOl.\eeeOB. llOJleHIlM no Ha npllMepe. EcnH pOl\llTenl1 60nb-
lie 06illaIOTCJI e pe6eHKoM (60nblie c HI1M 1aHHMaIOTCJI, IIHTepecy-
IOTCJI ero AenaMH, nOMoralOT eMY B TOM, C qeM OH He MO)f(eT cnpa-
BIITbCJI caM), AeTH pa3BHBaIOTCj( JIY'Iille. B 3TOM COCTOHT ponb npo-
KCHMaJI1>HbIX npOl.\eCCOB. Ho .n;rrJl Toro, 'lTC6b1 0611\CHite C pe6eHKOM
6bIJIO 3<p<PCKTIIBHbIM, pOAHTCJIH AOJI)f(HLI nOHHMaTb, '11'0 pe6eHKY
none3HO, a '11'0 - HeT, B KaKHX cnyqaj(x nOMOl1\b He06xoAIIMa, a B
KaKHX - 6YACT TOpM0311Tb pa3BIITHe pe6CHKa, Acn3Tb ero HecaMO-
CTOJlTeJIbHblM II 3aBIICIIMbIM OT OKpy)J(aiOWHx. 3HaHIIJI pOI\HTenCH,
onpeAeJIJleMblC IIX 06pa30BaHHCM H 06illeH KYJlbTypofi, BpeMJI, KO-
Topoe OHII MorYT nOeBJlTUTh pooeHKY H KOTopoe eBJl3aHO C oco6eH-
HOCTj(MH HX pa60Tbl, BbI60p POI\HTeJjj(MU IIrpYllleK, KHHr, OC06eH-
HOCTeH BpeMj(npenpOBO)f(}J;eHlIJl - Bee 3TO npeACT3BJI>!CT C060H TaK
Ha3bIBaeMble "peCYPCbI AllcTaHTHoH cpeAbI".
llo MHeHHlO aOTopoB 6UO.3KOJI0f\1qCeKOH napa,JUIrMbI, nOKa-
3aTeJlII HacneA)'eMOCTH AOJlJ\(Hbl H3MCHJlTbej( KaK <PYIIJ(l.\IIj( BenHqll'
HbI npOL\eeeOB Me)f(JTUqHOCTliOro B3allMOAeHCTBIIJI H pecypeOB AIIC-
TaIiTHOii cpeAbI, TO ecTb Ka'lCCTBeHHbIX oeo6eHHOCTeii cpeAbI, B KO-
TOpOH no B3auMoAclfCTBlie oCYWeCTEJlJleTC>I.
lloKa3aTenb HaCJIeAyeMocTH, TaKI'!M 06pa30M, OKa3bIBaCTCJI
Toli '1aCTbIO <peHoTHnl1qCCKOH BapliaTlIBHOCTII npH3HaKa, KOTOP,,>I
onpeAeJl>lCTeJl 3KTyanH3I1poBaHHbIM reHCTUqeCKIIM nOTeHl.\lIaJIOM, II
eOAep)f(HT 311aqUTeJlbHbIH cpeAoBoH KOMnOHeHT.
B 3aBUCIIMOCTH OT cpeAoBbIx yeJlOBUH pa3BHTH>I MeHJleTCj(
He TOJlbKO nOKa3aTenb HaCJleAyeMocTu, HO H IIIl1pOTa HHAUBI'!A)'-
anbHblX pa311H'IIIH. qeM XY)f(e 6YAYT yenOBII>! cpeAbI, TeM HH)f(e
6YAeT nOKa3aTeJIb HaCJlCAyeMOCTU I1HTenJIeKTa H TeM 601lbllle 6y-
AeT AucnepeHJI nOKa3aTeJleH IIHTeJIJIeKTa. B o60raweHHOH cpeAe,
Hao60pOT, OAHOBpeMeHHO npOIlCXOAIIT H YBeJlHqeHUe nOKa3aTe-
JIJI lIaeneAyeMOCTlI, H YMCHbllleHHe Allana30Ha HHAHBIIAyanbHblX
pa311l1qHH. ECJJH npe.!\CT3BlfTb ce6e H,tI:eaJIbHYro Cpei1Y, 1J KOTOpoii
,tI:CTI'! CMorYT MaKeHMaJIbHO nOJIHO peaJIH30BaTb CBOI1 reHi:-rnqeCKlle
nOTeHl.\HaJIbl, TO nOl<;aJaTeJlb Hac1IeAyeMoCTH IIHTeJIJleICTa, nOAeqH-
TaHHblii ,I1JHI i1CTeM, Bb!POCIIIIIX B TaKoii cpe.!\e, corJIaCIiO TOqKe 3pt:.
HII>I Y.EpOH!jJeH6peHHepa II C eCH, 6YAU npH61111)ltaTbCJI K 1,0, a
IIH,1JJIBHAyaJIbHbIe paJnllquJI Me)f(AY ACTbMH no IIHTeJlneKTY 6YAYT
He60JIbWIfMU.
qTO )f(e KaCaCTe>l npoQeceoB MC)f(JIl1qHOcTHoro B3auMoAeH-
CTBII>I (B TOH CTeneHH, B KalCOH OHH HMelOT MeCTO B AaHHoH cpeAe
616
Ha npOT>I)f(eHHH HeKoToporo BpeMeHU), TO OHH paCCMaTpHBalOTC>I
KaK MexaHlf3Mbl, nocpeI{CTBOM KOTOPb!)( 3KTYaJIM3HPYlOTC!I reHeTJI-
'1eCKlle nOTelll\HaJIbI. llOCKOfiloKY 3<p<peKTHBHOCTIo npOltCMMallbHblX
npOQeCCOB, a TaKJKe Tpe60BaHH>I K )1I1CTaHTHOH cpe.n:c YBenH'IlIBa-
lOTCJI no Mepe B3pOCneRIf>l pe6eRK3, C B03paeTOM nOK33aTeJlH H8-
CJleI{yeMocTH HHTeJIJIeKTa AOn)f(Hbl BOJpaCTan. YBeJIII'.eHHH HX
MO)f(!JO OJKH,tI:aTh H B 60nce CTa6HII),Holi cpc)1e, 1J0CKOJIbICy CTa6HJIb-
Ha>l cpe.n:a cnoC06CTBYCT CYMMHPOB3HI110 3cj1(jJCKT8 CpeI{OBblX Bi/RJI-
HHii- Tex BJIII>lHUH, KOTOpblC CYl1\eCT60BaJIH AaBHO, II Tex, KOTO-
pblC 1J0JlBllnHCb B AaHHbIH MOMeHT BpcMeHH.
KaK BIII{HO 113 IIccro CKa3aHHoro, 61f0-3KOnOTl1qecKUH no/1.- c
XOi1 K B3aHM0)1eHCTBHlO rCHOTuna U cpeAbI, B OTJlH'IlIe OT onHC8H-
IIbIX paHce CXCM reHOTHn-cpeI\OBOrO B3aHM0)1CHCTBIIR, JHa'U!TeJlbHO
60JlblllYIO pOJIb OTBOI\HT cpeAOBblM ycnOBII>lM pa3BIITIIJI.
CneAye-r OTMeTIITb, qTO 3KcncpHMeHTaJIbHble I{aHHbIe, nOJlY-
'1eHHbIC B reHCTHKe nOlle)l.eHU!I, He npOTHBOpe'laT npe)l.nOJIO)f(eHH-
>1M, BblCKa3blB8eMblM B paMKax 6HO-3KOnOrll'leCKOH napaAllrMbl.
TaK, 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO, '11'0 )1uCnepCI1H nOK33aTC!TCH UHTeJIJleKTa
OKa3bIBaIOTCJI 60JlbWe Y Tex rpynn M3 6JIII3HCL\OB, KOTopble IIMeIOT
60Jlee HII3KHH I1HTenJIeKT IIpH 06">lCHeHHH 3Toro <paKTa 6bl)10
npe/UlOJlOJKeHO, qTO yaeJIlIqeHUe )1l1cnepclIlI CB>l3aHO C He6JIaronpH-
>lTHb!MU ycnoBHJlMu pa3BIITHJI (Bailey M., Horn J., 1986). B reHCTH-
'IeCKHX pa60Tax Heo.n:HOKp3THO AeMoHCTpHpOBallHCb H Apyme 3a-
KOHOMepHOCTII, KOTOpblX MO)f(HO O)f(H)1aTb, IICXO,WI H3 6HO-3KOJIO-
rII'IeCKOrO nOJI,XOAa - YBenHqeHUC HacneAyeMoCTu nOKa3aTeneH
HHTeJIJleKTa C BOJpaC'toM, 601lce BblCOKIiC nOKa3aTcnu HaCJIe)1yeMo-
CTU B 60nce o60rall\eHHOH cpC)1C H B 60nec CTa6HIIbHoil cpCAC.
3.4. CIICTeMHLlii RHanH) CpeJlOBOro KOHTeKCTa
B TpaAlIl.\UOHHbIX HCCJJC)10BaHIIHx, npOBOI\HMblX B reHCTIlKe
nOBe)1eHH>I, epe)1a HC H3MepSleTeJl HenocpeAcTBeHHo B 3KCnepl!-
MCHTe. alia npe.!!CT8BnJleT e060H KOMnoHeHTY B .!!HcnepclIH H3Y-
qaeMOrO npH3HaKa II Bbli1ellJleTeJl M8TeMaTH'IeCKII Ha OCHOBaHHI1
3KCnepl1MeHT8nbHbIx i1aHHbIX, nonY'l8eMbIx I! reHeTI1'1eCKOM uc-
CJIC.l!OB8HHH. DHo-3KOnOrnqeCKa" napaAlirM8, npe.n;rrO)f(eHHaJl Y.n-
pouljJeH6peHllepoM, paccMaTpIiBaeT 3Kcnep1lMeHTaJI)'Hb1H aHaJIII3
HenOCpei1eTBeHHblx 1!3aliMOoTHollleHili! pe6ellK3 C OKPYJK8IOI1\H-
617

MI'! JIlO,ll.bMII KaK He06xo.n:IIMOe YCiIOBI1C lf3yqCHIIH B3aIlMOBJIIIJI-
HItH reHOT/ma If Cpe,ll.bl.
Ell1c 60llbwee BHIIMaHlle cpe,ll.OBbIM YCJIOBIIHM PaJBlITIIH npll-
,lI.aeT P.KelipHC, C'IIITaIOll1I1H, '11'0 lICCJIeAOBaHHe IIMeHHO cpeAo-
BOro KOfITeKcra JlBiIHeTCJlICJIIO'IOM WJH nOHI1MaHIIJI MexaHH3MOB
reHOTHn-cpeAOBoro B3aHMOBJIHJlHIIR.
P KelipHC II cro KOJIiIerli 06paTHJIlI BHIIMaHlIe Ha paCXOJK-
AeHHe AaHHbIX, nOJlY'IaeMbIX B J1a60paTopHblX II eCTeCTBeHHbIX
YCJIOBIIHX, II npcAnoJIO)l(IIJIH, qTO cpeAOBOH KOHTCKCT MOJKCT H3-
MCHHTb nOKa3aTeJIII rCHOTl1n-CpeAOBoro COOTHoweHIIR B Baplla-
THBHOCTH 113y'IaeMbIX nCIIXOJIOrll'leCKHX XapaKTepllCTI1K (Cairns
R.B., McGllire A.M., Gariepy J.-L., 1993). .II.JIR npoBepKII noro
npC,lI.nOJlO)l(eHIIH OHII conOCTaBIIJlII AaHHbIC ABYX KJIaCCl1qCCKHX
6J11'!3HeI.\OBbIX HCCJIeAOBaHllii - JIYll3BHJIbCKOrO 6JIH3Hel.\OBoro
JlOHrllTIOA3 (Wilson R.S., 1983, 1986; Matheny A.P., 1990) II Hc-
CJICAOBaHlIJI 6nH3Hel.\OB H OAHHO'lHOpOJKACHHbIX AeTe", npoBe-
Jl,eHHoro B KaJIrapH (Lytton H., 1980, 1990).
B JI YI'!3BIIJlbCKOM HCCJIe,ll.OBaHIIII OKa33J10Cb, qTO nOKa3aTC-
JIll HaCJ1eAyeMocTII I1HTCJ1J1eKTyaJIblfbIX xapaKTepHcTIIK ,lI.OCTllra-
lOT npllMepHO 20% K TpeTbeMY roll.Y )l(H3HI1I1 npOAOJ1)1(aIOT YBe-
JIH'IHBaTbCI! B ,lI.aJIbHeHweM. OC06CHHOCTH 06ll1CHlIH H B3aIlMO-
AeiiCTBIIR C II.pyruMII JIIOJ1bMI1 npoACMOHCT]JHpOBaJII'! 6pJlce H1I3-
Klle nOKa3aTeJIII HacneAycMOCTI1, HO H OHH YBeJlH'IHBaJ1I1Cb C B03-
pacTOM 3TI1 AaHHbIe cOOTBeTCTBYIOT pe3YJIbTaTaM MHorllX 6J1113-
Hel.\OBbIX IICCJIe,ll.OBaHHH.
B pa60Te X.JIHITOHa npll 06cneAoBaHHII ABYx- II TpCXJIeT-
HIIX 6mf3HeI.\OB 6blJIII nOJIY'lcHbI cOBepweHHo Apyrlle pe3YJILTa-
TbI. DOJILWIIHCTBO nCHXOJIOtllqCCKHX xapaKTepllCTI1K, B TOM 'IIIC-
Jle II nOKa3a1'CJII1 HHTeJIJIeK1'a, OKa3aJlOCb B MI1HIIMaJIbHOH CTene-
HII CBH3aHO C reHeTl'!qeCKIIMII ,paKTOpaMI1: BHYTpHnapHbJC Koppe-
JIHI.\III1 II M3, 11 .II.3 6JIII3Hel.\OB 6blJIIf OqCHb BbICOKIfMH, If pa3HJI-
I.\bI MeJK.l1Y HI'!MH MR MHOruX nOKaJarenCH npaKTllqeCKH He 6bIJIO,
60JIee TOro, B pHAe CJIY'laeB .II.3 6JIII3Hel.\bI oKa3amicb Aa)l(e He-
CKOJlbKO 60Jlee nOXOJKJlMU.
AHaJIII3J1PYJl npllqllHbI 3Toro paCXOJK,ll.eHHH, P KeHpHC npel\-
JIO)l(IIJI CJIe.nyIOIl1ee 06'bHCHeHl1e. B IICCJIeAOBaHHII, npOBeAeHHoM B
KanrapH, 6bma npeMpHHIlTli nonblTK8 nOllY'IHTb .zra/JHble /JC TOnb-
KO B JIa60paTopHbIX, HO II B eC1'eCTBeHHbIX .lI.J1J1 pe6ellKa YCJIOBII-
JlX. 31'0 11 onpe,ll.eJI!fJIo paCXOJKACHlle B AaHHbIX: cpe,ll.oBoH KOH-
618
TeKCT npOBel\eHI'!R 3I<CnepllMeHTa (ecTeCTBeHllble ycnOBIIJI) onpe-
AeJIlfJl 60nce noxolKee nOBCACHHe .l{3 6J1113HeL!oB (napTHcpoB .II.3
nap), qeM 6b1JIO BblRBJIeHO B JIYH3BIIJIbCKOM IICCJIC,lI.oBaHHH.
B Toli JKC pa60rc X.JIH17oHa 6bIJ10 nOKaJaHo, 'ITO OC06CIIHO-
CTIf ceMeHHoro B33HMO,ll.ci/cTBHR (Ko1'opble Half60Jlee 'iaCTO IImOllb-
3yIOTCR KaK rrOK33aTeJIb cpeAbI B HCCne,ll.OBaHHRX reHeTHKH nODe-
AeHIIJI) TaKJKC MeHRIOTCR B 3aDHCHMOCTH OT Cpe,ll.OBOrO KOHTCK-
CTa. B3aHMoAciiCTBYJl B ecn:cTBeHHbIX)JJJH COOR YCJlOBHRX, .II.3 6mB-
Hel.\I.I nOMoralOT Apyr Apyry He B MeHbwei1 CTeneHH, qeM M3
6JIH3Hel.\bI.
He06wiHbIe peJynbTaTbl 6LIJIH nOJ1Y'IeHbl If npH paCCMOT-
peHHIf B3al1MOAeHCTBHJI pOAHTCJIeH H AeTeH. llpH aHaJlH3e npll-
qllH CX0.l1.C1'Ba H pa3J1H'IHJI AeTeH no nCHXOIIOni'leCKIfM xapaKTe-
pllCTIfKaM X.JIIITTOH nOKa3aJI, qTO HeXOTopble oco6elUlOCTH 1l0BC-
Jl,eHHH 1jJ0pMllpyIOTCR nOA BJlHHHlfeM Tex HJIlIlIHblX CBOHCTB 6J1113He-
I.\OB, TO eCTh M3 6J1H3Hel.\bI BbIHYJK,ll.alOT POAHTCJleli OTHOClfTbCR K
ce6e 60Jlce o.n:HHaKOBO, 'IeM )];3 6JTII3Hel.\bI. 3TO npHBo.t\IIT K 60JIb-
wCMy CXOACTBY M3 6J1H3HCI.\OB no PRAY nCllxolloruqCCKHX xa-
paKTepIiCTIII<. OJl,HaI<O OKa3aJIOCb, qTO ,lI.pyrlle nCIIXOJIOrll'leCKlle
oc06eHHOCTII ,pOPMIIPYIOTCJI HcnocpeACTBeHHO nOA BJIIIRHlleM pO-
AHTeJIbCKOrO nOBeAeHIIR. K HHM OTHOCRTCJI, B '1aCTIlOCTH, HeKO-
TopMe xapaKTepHCTI1KH 06eHIIH aTepH C 6J1H3Hel.\aMH (CTpYK-
TypilpOBaHHe 06ll1eHlIJI H KOHTpOJIb). CXOACTBO M3 no 3THM xa.
paKTCpHCTIII<aM He npeBbIwaCT CXOACTBa )];3. 31'11 ,lI.aHHble YKa3bI-
BaIOT Ha Ba)!mylO OC06CHHOCTb, npORBJIHIOwylOcH BO B3aHMO.l1.cH-
CTBIIII pO.l1.llTeneH H AeTeH: BIlIfJlHIIH, Ha6JIIO,lI.aeMbie B npol.\ccce
pa3BIITIIJI, JIBJlJlIOTCR pa:moHanpaBJIeHHbIMII. B .I1.aHHOM cJIyqae-
OT pO.l1.llTeneH K AeT!lM II, Hao60poT, or ,lI.CTeli K pOAIITeJIHM.
B l.\eJlOM 3TII l\aHHbIe I10K33bIBaIOT, qTO IfCClICAOBaHHe p01l1l
reHOTllna II Cpe.zrb1 B pa3BHTIIII HeKoTopoH nCIIXOnOrHqeCKOH xa-
paKrepHcTHKH .I1.0Jl)l(HO yqHTJ,1BaTb KOHTeKcT, B KOTOpOM npoHc-
XO.t\HT pa3BIITlIC H B KOTOpOM MorYT B03HHxaTb pa3HoHanpaB-
JIeHHbIe BJIIIJlHIIJI, 1f3MeHRIOlIe KaK a6COJIIOTHYlO BCJIIIql1HY Ji3Y-
'1aeMoii xapaKTepllcTHKII, TaK II COOTHoweHHe reHOTllnH'IeCKIIX II
CpC.I1.0BbIX ,p3KTOPOB B lIeTepMHHaQlI1I ee BapHaTHBHocTH.
P.KCi1PHC C coaBTopaMIl (Cairns R.B. et aI., 1993) )'KaJblBaIoT
TaKJKe Ha TO, '11'0 B IICCJleAOBaIlHRX, npOBO,!\J!ll1I1XCR B B03paCTIIoli
reHeTIIKC nOBCnCHIIJI, B MIIHHMaJIbllOH CTeneHiI 3aTparl1BaIOTCH 113-
MeHeHHJI cpeAOBbIX ycnOBHH paJBHTHH ECJIII oc06eHHOCTil B3aIlMO-
619

.D:CHCTBIIH .D:eTeH C oKpy)/(alO1I.\1lMH HX II1OJl,bMII TaK I1JIH IIHaqe HaXO-
MT caoe OTpa)/(eHile B rCHeTl1'1eC1<I1X pa60Tax, TO 1<ap.D:H H aJIbHbJe
XapaKTepl1CTHKH KOHTCKCTa paJBI1THH HaX0.D:JITCH BHe pa101< 3TIIX
I1CCrre.D:OBaHHii. BMeCTC C TeM, HMCHHO nOCJIe.n:HHe (HanpI1Mep, OCO-
6CHHOC'TH cy6KyrrbT)'pbl, B KOTOpoii np()HCXO.!\llT pa3BI1THe, 11 .!\IIHa-
MI11<a Ce H3MCHCHIIH; nOJIOBOe C03peBaHHe, I'!MelOII1ee KaK 6HOJIOrl1-
'1eCKI1C .11 eT epMIIHaHTbI, T3K Jj COl.(Ha.JJbHble KOppC.lIJJTbI; H3MCHCHHe
COQH3JlbHOH porrl!) MorYT B 3HaqHTeJlbl!OH C'TcneHI! 11 MCHHTb rCHO-
nm-Cpe.D:DBble lIeTCpMJlIl3IiThI, H IiIIBCJIHpOBaTb BJ/IIHHHJI Hcnocpe.D:-
CTBeHHoro BJaIlMo.n:eHCTBI1H Ha rellOTHn-cpCAoBble COOTHOrnCHHJI.
B33HMOCBR3K YCJIOBHi! pa3BlfTWI C oco6eHHOCTHMil nOBe.n:e-
HI'!JI 6blJIH OT'IeTJIlfBO npo.n:eMOHCTpHpOBaHbl B rCHeT\iqeCKIiX IfCCJIe-.
.n:OB3HHIIX, npOBC.D:eHHbIX Ha )/(HBOTHblX. TaK, H3npHMep, npllll3Y'
qCHHII 3KcnepHMelITaJlbHoro B03ACHCTBI!R Ha nOBe.D:eHlle 6bIJIO no-
Ka3aHO, '1TO npOI{CCCbl C03peBaHHH MorYT CrJIa)/(118aTb HeKOTopblC
pe3YJIbTaTbI I1peABapHTeJlbHOro 06Y'lCHIIH: 6blJI0 npOlJ,eMoHcTlmpo-
BaHO B03BpaIl1eHHe K 3BOJ!JOI{HOHHO o6ycnOBJIeHHbiM TpaCKTOpHJlM
pa3BIITIIJ!, HCCMOTpJ! Ha npO.D:OJI)/(aIOIl\YJOCII Cpe.D:OBYIO CTHMYJIHI{HIO
(Cairns R.B. ct a!., 1993).
DblJIO ta1<)/(C nOKa3aHo, '1TO npH O,!\llOM Jj TOM )/{e reHOTlme,
B 3aBHCliMOCTII OT ycnOBHH pa3BI!TIIH H BpCMCHII B03.n:eiiCTBHR CpC-
.110Boii CTHMY.IIJIl.(HJI (B03p3CTa), MO)/(eI' 5blTb Dblpa6oTano H lI.IIeli-
TlI'lHOe nOBeJl,eHlle, II a6COJIlOTHO pa3HOe (Cairns R.B., Gariepy J.-
L., Hood C ,1990, QHT. no Cairns et aI., 1993).
DblJIO 6bI KpaHHe OnpOMeTqllBO nepeHOCHTb llaHHble, nOJIY-
'1eHHbIC B 3KcnepllMeHT3x Ha )/(HBOTHbIX, Ha '!enOBeKa. O.!\llaKO He
MeHce OnpOMeT'IHBbIM IIBiIJleTCH II ynpOI.l.(eHl1e B )KCnCpIIMeHTaJIb-
IIOM cl1Tyal{lI1'! cpe.!I;OBbiX YCJlOBllii pa:JBI1TI!II 'ICJIOBeKa II HeIJ,OOJ\eH-
Ka Toro (jJaKTa, '1TO 3(jJ(jJCKTIIBHOCTb Cpe.!I;OBbIX YCJIOBII" 3aBI1CHT OT
npoD.OJIJlOlTeJlbHOCTH HX B03.!I;eHCT811J1, B03paCTa, B KOTOpOM OHH
nOJlBJIJlIOTClI, OT IIX COOTHOllleHHJI .n:pyr C l\PyroM II OT CTeneHH rJIO-
6aJIbHOCTII CpC.D:OBbIX BJIIIJlHllii.
.II.JlJI Toro '1T06hl H36c)I(aTb n0.1106HOH onm6KI1, P.KciipHC
npe.Illl3raeT paCWHpHTb IJpeABapllTeJIbHYIO CTa/lHIO reHerll'lCCIWI'Q
Hccne.l\OBamlH OH OTMeqaer, '1TO C06CTBeHHO reHelWICC1<oC HCcnC-
/lOBaHIlC .D:OJIJI(HO npe.D:BapHTbCJI nOJIpo6HbiM al!3JlH30M II caMoii
nCHX0J10THqeC)WH xapaKtepllCTmm, H .l!IIH3MHlm ee pS3BIITIlII.
B TaKOH nOJl,rOToBIITeJlhHoii pa60TC BblJIeJIHeTCJI TPH 3Tana.
Hs ncpBOM 3Tsne Heo6xoJ(lfMO 'IeTI<'0 onpeJl,eJIHTh (no B03MO)/{HOC-
620
TH, B TepMHHax !(QHKpeTHbIX onepal{lIi!) BbI6paHH)'IO nCIIXOJIOI1l-
'1ecKYJO xapaxTepHCTHICY. BropoH :rran COCTOHT B BbIJICHeHHH ,Il,HHa-
MIIKH ee pll3BIIT\1A B '1eTKO Ij!IJKClipyeMblx HopMaTHBHbIx cpe,n;OBbIX
ycnOBHAX, 'lTO npe,!\JIoJlaraer npoBelleHHe nOHrIlTlO,Il,HOrO IICcnC)l.O-
BSHHR. Ha TpeTbeM 3Tane Heo6xo,JUIMO BbIIlCHHTb, KaJ(He CPe.ll.OBbIC
nepeMeHHbIe -lCpaTKOBpeMeHHbIe (C06bITIIJI) II Jl,OnrOBpeMcHHbIe
(ycno8HR) - cnoro6crBYJOT H3MeHeHH1O :rroli xapaJ(TepHCTIIKIl.
TpeTl1H 31'3n npe,!\JIonaraer npOBel\CHlle HC 1'OJIbKO JlOIlTllTlO,!\IIoro,
110 II MCJKKYJIbTY]JHoro 3HI!.IJ1I3B.
llpll TaKOM nOJI,XO.!I;e K aHaJ1II3Y B3allMOl\CHCTBIIA reHomna II
CPe.ll.bI MOJKHO BbIJICHIITb, KaKlle cpel\08bfe YCJIODIfII npllBO K H3-
MeHCHIIIO reaomn-cpe.D:OBOrO COOTIlOI1leHI1J1 B BapHaTIUIHOCTII nCli-
XOJIOrll'lecKlix XapaKTepHCTIlK. Peanll3aL\llll TaKoii cxeMbI IIccnetl.O-
BaHIIJI, npe.D:1llCCTBYIOIl\eH rCHeTlI'IeCI(OMY aHaJIII3Y, Tpe6yer, no
BeeH BII,!UIMOCTII, ItC C'I'OJlbKO co6CTBeltHO 3I(CnepIlMeHT3JlbHbIX I1C-
CJIellOaaHllii, CKOJ1bKO 60JIbWeii Koopl\HHaL\llH C IIccne.D:OBBHIIJ!MH,
npOBO.D:JIIl\HMI1CA B pycne B03paCTHoit nCIIXOJIornll.
K Ha<{aJIY 80-x. roJ(OB alC'*"'fbI  .' fIPOBO.l\ll-
I11,1iJxCA 11 rellC1.1lKe nOBe.D:eHHA,B 3Ha'lIlTeJn,HOii CTeneaK liIeHJ!IOTCII.
Bee 60JIbWHH HHTepee IIccne.n:oBBTeJleIi HS'I'IlHalOT npHBJIeKBTb 1'3-
Klle cxeMbI aHaJ1II3B,I(OTOp1>le n03BOAAlOT He TOJIbKO ,CHIITh KOM-,
noHCHTbI ,Il,HcnepCHII, no II IIOHIITL; reaK"" KaIJe-
CTBeHtn.Je oro6ellHOCT1l CTOSIT 3a c1JOpYB.JIbHbIMIl erBTHCTI'!KDMII,,,
OIJpelleJWOMII AOiOO q>eAOBX ,II,H"P1'!!o6JItcii $tHOTH!1If-
'1ecKOR ,lUICIIePtInt npll3Haxa. . ,.",.. ....,..
3TOT IIHTepee CTHMYJIllpyer IIcqre.n:()aHHJI
cpe,!\bI, KOropa:R onpe.zteJJII 3HD'IHTeJIbH)'IO '1aCTbBapliaTIUIHOCTH
kOrHIITllBHb!X xapKTepHCTIIIC II 60JIbWe nOJlOBIIHbI Bap;:m':%Osrn
oro6eHlrocreJi, OTHDaJItHXc.r I( J1H'IHOCTHOH c4>epe,::;',::,".'
PCJYJlbTaTLI lICCJ1eI\OIlaHHA pa3JI1I'f81OJIteHCA cpe)I.bI nOKa:lbI-,.
BaIOT, <rro HeJCOTOpble cpt./Wohle napaMC1pbI (WI BapllaTIIBHOCTb)..
IIcnblTbIBBlOT BJIIIAHHe reHamna II '!TO 3'00 IIJI14J1H;;:?I!,l'
nCUXOJIOrWiecKHMIl Xa:paKTepHCTHKaMIi IJC/lOBeK!t. .... ...
CpDBHIlTeJtLHO HOBbiMIl TeMaMK JI)IJI r,, "9Be)l.ellWl JIB.
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....,,",,". '.".""'."'. . 62\

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, )'K33b1BaIOT Ha reHOT!!,! ICaJ( HB OCHOBKOH IICTO'l.HHI( II03HHKHOBe-
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HIDI MO)KJJO paCCMaTpllBaTh CKopee !CalC
rIlABA 16. CCIlEAOBAHE PA3BT B
rEHETHKE nOBE.QEHH
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TOB. CKopee, BOnpoC CTaBlITh ./:llIaqe; KqJi lIapHalrT fetlO:':
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I1KlIuBHlIyaJ1hHblX pa3J1HqIlH) CTaHOBIITCH OCHOBHOH npo6ne-
MOH, 06cYJKI\aeMoK B rCHCTI1KC nOBCI1,CHHR. K 3TOAlY BpeAleHH B
rel!eTIIKC nOBeJl,eHIIJI lIaKannllBaeTCJI 60JIblllOH 3KcnepllMel!TaJtb-
HblH Manpllan, n03B0J1HIOll.utij cpaBHIITb reHOTl1nHqecKYIO oGyc-
JIOBJIeHHOCTb H KOrHIrTHBHbIX, H nH'IHOCTHhIX OC06CHHOCTCK 'Ie-
nOBel\a B pa31!blX B03pacTax - OT pO)J()J.eHHH lIO npeKJ10HHOrO
B03paCTa.
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nOJKeHnJI 0 TOM, KaK 113MeHHeTCH HaCJIellyeMocTb nCHXOnOrH'IeC-
KHX XBpaKTcpHCTIIK C B03paCTOM HccnCI1,OnaTeJIII, HaqllllBBllIlle
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COOTHOlliellHC TeHOTllnB II CpClIbl JlBJllleTCJI Gonee IIJIII MeHee no-
CTOJlHHblM Ha npOTJI)I(e1l1l1l JK1I31111 qeJIOBCKa. BnonHe nOrH'IHblM
KB)I(eTCJI IIlIpyroe npe)l.nonO)f(elllle - 0 TOM, '1TO no "'epe COl.\II-
aJIlI3al.\lIIl qenOBeKB pOJ1b rellOTllna B l\eTepMllllal.\1I1I nCIIX0J10rH-
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MY CMhlCJIY II npoTIiBOnOJIO)f(HaR rllnOTe3B, 3aKnlO'IalOll\aJlCJI B
TOM, '1TO 3KCnpecclll! reHOB, )l.CTepMIIHllp}1OIl\HX Te HJ111 HHbIC OCO-
6eHHOCTII, MOJKe1' npORBHTbCJI B nOJIHOH Mepe JlIIWb Tor)l.a, Kor-
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KaK MeH9eTC9 C B03paCToM COOTHOWCHlle reHOTHnl1'1eCKHX II cpe-
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623

1. 3KcnepMMeHTanbHbie nOKa3aTenM pa3SMTMJI
B nCMxonorMM M reHeTMKe noseAeHMJI
2. a CTa611JlbHOCTH MOJKHO CYlIlITb Ha OCHDBaHim U3J.feHe.
HUH or«:l1epcuu nCIIXOnOrH'IecKOH xapaKTepHCTHKH. RenuqllHa lIHC-
neptllH MDJKeT YllellllqllBaTbCJI, eCJIH YCJlOJI<HJlJOTCJI (HIlII CTaHO-
B>1TC>1 60JIee pa3Ho06pa3HbIMH) MexaHII3Mbi perYJIJll\IIH H3y'!ae-
MOTO npll3HaKa.
qacTo YBellll'leHlle AHcnepCHH 06HapY>KIIBaJOT » nepllDlJ:bl
nepeCTpOHKII nCIIXOJIDrnqeCKHX IjJYHKl\HH. CB>13aHO :no C '!'eM, qTO
BD3paCT Ha'!aJIa nepeCTpOHKJI IjJYHKl\1I1I H ee CKOpOCTb Y pa3HbIX
JlH)J,HBHlIDB 3Ha'iIlTeJlbHO pa3J1HqaIOTCJI. IIpmlepDM nucoro YBeJIII-
qeHIIII )J,HCnepCIIII MOT)'T CJIYJKIITb lIaHHble, I10nY'IeHHbIe npll cpaB-
HeHHH ycnewHoCTII J\bmOIlHeHII>1 Jl,eTbMII pa:jHoro B03paCTa TCCTOB
)K.lll'!aJKe Ha KOHcepBal\lllO (Maas H., Molenaar P., 1992). B 4 rO,lJ.a
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lIIaeTCJI K nepBoHa'la!IbHOH BeJIllqllHe.
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pa3BIITIIJI nCIIXOJIOTllqecl<lIe XapaKTepHCTHKII BHB'IaJIe CTaHOBJlTCJI
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CHBHOCTII ero peaKl.\lIii. A6COJIlOTHbiC BenR'IHHbI I!B}IlQTCS! oc-
HOBHblM nOKa3aTeJleM npll Ol.\eHKe YPOljfl>1 pa3BHTH>1 HaBbIKOB
HanpHMep, B nepHOll OBJIMCHilJI qTeHHeM .IIeTlI MOryr paJJIII'IaTb-
C>1 no CKOpOCTII qTeHHII, no KOJ1I1'1eCTBY 01ll1160K, KOTopble OIlH
JleJI3IOT, 'fIlTaJi He3HaKDMblH TeKCT, no CTeneHH nOHIIMaHHJI npo-
qHTaHHOro MaTepnaJla.
AHaJIII3 a6COJlI011IblX BeJlllqllH '1aCTO npllMeHlleTC>1 npH noCT-
pOeHI1H IIH,II,IIBlll\YaJIbHblX 1paeKTOpHH Pa3BHTHJI. H3MepJlJl, HanpH-
Mep, IIfIlIIIBlIJIYaJIbHb,e oca6eHHocrn aI<THBllocrn pe6eHKa HeCKOJIb-
1\0 pa3 B rOJl Ha npOT>1JKeHlIH JlOIllKOJlbHOrO B03paCTa, M01l(HO
nOCTpOHTb rpaqJHK, KOTOpbli! n03BOJIJlT Ol\eHHTb, 6blJlO JlH pa3-
BHTlle :)TOH nCHXOJlOrHqeCKOii xapaKTepllCTlIKH JlIIHeHHblM HJIH
JKe lIJ1>1 pa3BIITlIJI al<TIIBHOCTII XBpaKTepHbl pe31<ne CKa'iKII IIJIII
cnallbl CpaBHIIB TpaeKTopHIi pa3BIITH>1 pa3Hbix .IIeTeH, MOJKHO
BblllemlTb 06wne 3aKoHoMepHocTII pa3BHTHJI (TO eCTb TO, '1TO
CBOHCTBCHHO BceM Jl,eTSlM) II 1III.I111BIIJIYaJlbHble oc06eHHOCTII pa3-
BHTHJI, HanpHMep, THnbl B03pacrnoro H3MeHeHI1J1 aKTHBHOCTH.
624
625

4 CTa611JThHOCTb II lIpeeMCTBeHHoCTb pa3BIITHJI npOJIBJIJIIOT-
CH 8 U3Ml!Hf!HU1( KD8apUOI{Uu (CBH3eH) nCIIXOJIOnl'leCKIIX xapaxrepHC-
TIne, OQeHCHHbIX 0 p!l3HblX 003paCTax. TaK, nO./l,CqllTaB KOppeJIIIlI,II1l
Me1lC.ll.Y IIIITeJIJleKTOM lIeTeH B 5 JleT II HHTeJIJIeKTOM 3THJ( JlCe ./I,eTeH
'1epeJ 10 JleT, MOJICHO BbUICIIIITh, B KaKoH Mepe B3allMOCOJl3aHbI no-
KaJaTeJIH liHTeJIJleKTa B 5 II B 15 JleT. B 3TOM cny'lae BbICOKlle KOp-
PeJIJlQl1il. 6yJIYT CBH,l\eTellbCTBOBaTb 06 YC':Oii'lIlDOCTH HIIJl,HDH,l\Y-
aJIbHblX PaJJIllqllH, TO eCTb 0 TOM, '1TO JJ;eTlI, HMeDIlllle B;,looKllii HH-
TeJIJIelCT B ./I,OIllKOllbHOM D03paCTe, nOJ1Y'IaIOT 60JICC BbICOKIlC 6aJIJIbI
no TeCTaM IIHTeJIJleKTa II B nO}J;jJOCTKOBOM D03paCTe.
K 3TOMY JlCe OHJJ;Y CTa611J1bHOCTIl OTHOCHTCJI H nOIlCK YCTolI-
'1i1BbIX CBJl3ell MeJIClIY q,eHOTllnl'!'1CCKIl pa3J1I1'1HbIMIl xapaKTepllC-
TI1KaMIl. TaK, MOJKHO conOCTaBIITb oc06eHHOCTI1 TeMnepaMeHTa
J1.eTeil B .Il0IllKOJlbHOM B03paCTe II ilX nOKa38TeJIiI 3KCTpaBepCHII-
IIHrpODepClI1I nocJle OKOH'IallilJl IllKOJlbl. IIoJlyqeHHble COJl3H no-
300JlJlT OQeHIITb, B KaKOH CTeneHH, HanpHMep, aKTHBHOCTb II
3MOQIIOllaJlbHOCTb pe6eHKa JlDJlJlIOTCJI OHTOTeHeTII'IeCKIIMII
lIpeiJ,IlleCTBeHHilKaMiI 3KCTpaoepCI1H-HHTpOBepCHII 03pOCJIOro
'1eIl0BeKa.
TaKIIM 06PaJOM, B 003paCTHOH nCHXOJIOnIlI paCCMarpllBaeT-
CJI 4 Tllna 3KcnepHMeHT8JlbHbIX nOKaJaTeJIeii, CBRAeTeJIbCTByroIQI1X
o CTa611J1bHOCTII H npeeMCTBeHHOCTI1 pa3BHTIIJI- I) a6c01IIOTHble
DeJIII'lllHbI nCllXOJlorl1qecKHX xapaKTepHCTHK, 2) IIX Jl,HCUepCHII, 3)
KOBapllaQHH (CDJl311) paJHbIX nOKa3aTeJIeil, 113MepeHHbIx B OJI,HOM H
TOM JlCe B03paCTe, II 4) KOBapllaQHI1 nOKa3aTeJIeii, H3MepeHHbIx B
paJHbIX B03paCTax.
Tenepb paccMo'l'pHM, KaKIIM 06PaJOM CTaOIlJIbHOCTb H npCCM-
CTBeHHOCTb paJBHTIIJI paccMarplloaIOTCJI B reHeTHKe nOBeJJ;eHIIJI.
llpeJKJ\e Beero nOJJ;qepKHeM TO, 0 '1eM YJKe He pa:! rOBopWlOCb
B noil KllII.fe. Bee Jl,aHHble, nOJIY1JaeMble B reHCTIlKe nODe.lleHIIJI, HO-
CJlT nonYJ1l!QlloHHbIi1 xapaKTep, TO eCTb Bee MHHbIe, KOTOpbIe no-
JlY'laIOT IIpH COnOCTaBJIeHHII pa3J1H'IHbIX nap pO./l,CT8eHHHKOB
(6m!3HeQOD, pOllHTeneH H Jl,eTeii II T.JJ;.), IIMeIOT OTliomeHlle He K
aOCOJIIOTHblM BeJIII.'1I1HaM 113Y'laeMblX xapaKTepHCTHK, a TOJlbKO K
IllIlpOe IIlf./I,IIBlI.L\YaJILHbIX pa3J1it'lIIH 110 IICCJic.zrycMoii xapaKTeplIC-
THKe (WlI1, qTO TO JKe caMoe, - K Jl,HcnepCIIH lICC!Ie.u.yeMOH xapaICTe-
pHCTHKH, K CC MeJKHHJl,HOHI\Y8JlbliOH BapllaTHBIiOCTII)
llonYJIJlQIIOHHblH xapaKTep l(aHHbIX 0 lIaCJIeJJ;CTBeIlIlOCTII II
CpCJJ:C onpe,l1,eJlJlCT (jIOPMYJllIpOBKY OCHOBHoro Bonpoca, Ha KOTO-
626
PbI" reHeTHKa nOBeJl,eHHJI nblTaeTCJI OTBeTHTh IIpH H3Y'IeHIII1 pa3-
BI1TilJI: B KaKoii CTeneHII reHOTHnll'leCKlle H Cpe./l,OOble q,aKTopbl
BJIHJlIOT Ha B03paCTHbIe H3MeHeHIIJI HHJl,HBIIAYaJIbHblX pa3JIllqllH
no TOH HJIIIIIHOH nCHXOJIOrH'IecKOH xapaKTepllCTHKe.
COOTOeTCTBeHHO 3TOMY B reHeTHJ<e nOBeAeHIIJI OMlJ,eJIJlIOT-
CII rpll acneKTa aHaJiH3a B03paCTHbIX 113MeHeHIIH, aCCIIMI1J1l1pO-
BaHlible 113 B03paCTHOH nCI1XOIl0rllll. 3To, Bo-nepBbIX, I13MeHeHlJe
C B03paCTOM IJ,I1CnepCHH nCHXOIl0rll'leCKHX XapaKTepllCTKK (11113-
MeHeHlle OTHOCIITeiIblioro BKiIalJ,a reHOTHna II CpeJl,bl II 3TH AI1C-
nepCIIH). BO-OTOPbIX, H3MeHeHHe KOOapl1aQHii nepeMCIIHbIX (IIJIII
H3MeHeHII'e KOppe.nJlQII'OHHb!X H oj>aKTopHMX CrpYKTYP IlCJfXOllo-
rH'IeCKHX xapaKTepHCTIIl<, nPOHCXO./l,JlII\CC 1\ npOQecce pa301lTHJI,
11 113MeHeHlle poml reHOTllna II CpeJl,bI B KOBapHaQHJlX nCIIXOJIO-
rll'leCKIIX xapaKTepIlCTIIK). H, lI-rpeTbHX, 113MeHelille MeJK003paC-
THblX KOBapHaI(JfH, a 'f/!K1Ke reHCTH'IeCKIIX If CpeP;OBbIX XoppeJIJI-
Ullii MeJKlIY nCHXOiIOrH'IeCKHMH H3MepeHHlIMH, nOiIY'IeHHblMII 0
pa3HbiX B03paCTaX (Plomin R., DeFries J C., Fulker D.W., 1988;
Plomin R., 1989).
PaCCMOTpHM, KaK II'ccneP;YCTCJI B reJfeTHXe IlOOep;eHHJJ KaJI(-
./I,blii 113 3TIIX rpex acneKT013 B03paCTHbix H3MeHeHl1ii.
I. a B03paCTHbiX H3MeHeHHJlX IIKJI8)J,a reHOTHnH'IecKllx H cpe-
!10BbIX q,aKTopOB II Jl,HcnepCHII I1CHXOiIOrH'IeCKIIX xapaKTepllCTIIK
CY.IVIT H3 OCHOJ'laHHH cpaBHeHHJI KOMIlOHeHT q,eHOTHI1H'ICCiCOH Jl,HC-
nepCHII, nOJlY'leHHbIX npH aHaJ1HJe oJI,Hoii II TOH JKe nCHXOJlOrn'lec-
Koii XapaKTepllCTHKI'! B pa:JHbIX B03paCTax. HanpllMep, MOJKHO CO-
nOCTaOHTb BHyrpHnapHoe CXOJJ;CfBO M3 H .It3 6iIH3HeQOB no I1HTeJI-
lICKTY B 10 neT II B 15 iIeT. Pa:JiIlI'IIIJI reHoTHn-cpeAoBoro COOTIIO-
IlleHIIJI, nOJlY'IeHI10rO 0 pa:!HbiX B03paCTax, 6YAYT COH,l\eTeJIbCTBO-
oaTh 06 113MCHeHHiI II npoQecce pa:!BHTIIJI pOJIH reHOTllna H cpeJl,bI
B iJ,eTepMHHaQHII HH1'eJUIeKTa (ero IIHI\HBHl\YaJIbHblX pa:!JlH'IIIH).
2. C B03paCToM MOryT MeHJlTbCJI reliOTHnllqecKHe H cpeJl,ODbIe
npH'IlIlIbl KooapilaQlI1I nepeMellHblX ECJIII B nCI1XOJlOrn'leCKOM HC-
cne./l,OBaHHI1 06HapYJKeHbi CBJl311 Me1lC.ll.Y )l;BYMII XapaKTepIlCTHKaMH,
KaJK,!\aJl H3 KOTOpblX IIcnbITblBaeT IIJlllJllIl1e reHOTHna, MOJKHO no-
CT30ilTb 8onpOC 0 TOM, B KaKOH Mepe CBJl311 Me1lC.ll.Y 3THMH xapaKTe-
pllCTlIKaMH onOCpeJl,OllaHbl rCHOTHnOM, 3 B KaKoil - cpe):(OBblMH
q,aKTOpaMII.
Au!! TOro 'IT06bl OT8eTHTb H3 3TOT Bonpoc, D relleTHKe nODe-
l(eHJfJl pa3paOOTaH;,1 CneQHaJlbHble MeTO./l,bI TaK, Hanpl1Mep, 0
627

6JIliJHeQOBOM liCCJIe,IJ.OBaHHIl 0 pOrrH reHOTlina Ii Cpe/(bl II KOBa-
pliaQlI1I .l\Byx nepeMeHHbIX (HanpHMep, Bep6aJ1bHOrO H HeBep63iIb-
1I0ro IIHTCJIJIeKTa) MO)/(HO CYJl,HTb no KpOCC-KOppeJIJlQHJlM OJl,HO-
ro II ,IJ.pyroro 6JIH3HeQa. )];JlJI 3Toro Ha/(o CJIyqaHHbIM 06pa30M
pa3.rteJIIITb Bb160PKY M3 6JIII3HeQOB TaK, '1T06bI B Ka)/(/(ylO Bbl-
60PKY BOWeJI OJl,HH 6rrH3HeQ H3 napbI. llO.rtC'II1TaB KoppemU.\I1H
Me)!(.rty Bep6aJ1bHbIM HHTeJIJIeKTOM M3 6JIH3HeQOB, Borne,IJ.llIHX B
o/(IIY BbI60PKY, Ii HeBep6aJ1bHPfM HHTeJJJIeKTOM M3 6JIH3HeQoB, BO-
we,IJ.WIIX BO BTOPYIO BbI60PKY, MbI nOJIY'lIlM KpOCc-KOppeJIRQHH
Me)!(.rty Bep6aJIbHbIM H HeBep6aJ1bHbIM IIHTeJIJIeKTOM M3 6J1H3He-
[.\OB. HHa'le rOBOpJI, Mbl IIbIRCHHM, HaCKOJIbKO Bep6aJIbHbIiI HH-
TeJDIeKT OJl,HOrO M3 6JIIIJHe!.\a B nape noxo)/( Ha HeBep6aJIbHblH
IIHTeJDIeKT BToporo M3 6JIH3HeQa B nape.
BbmOJIHHB aHaJIOrH'IHYIO npoQe.rtypy iUlJI )];3 61I113HeQoB,
Mbl nOIIY'lHM KpOCc-KOppelIJlWII'J iUlJI )];3 6lIH3HeQoB.
YJl,BOeHHaJi pa3HocTb Me)KJI,Y nOKa3aTelIJlMH KpOCc-Koppe-
JIJlQHH M3 II .II.3 6J11i3HeQoB Ii npe.rtCTaBJIJIeT C060H BKJIaJ1 reHO-
Tllna II <l>cHoTIIUlI'IecKYIO KOppeJIJlQHIO H MaTeMaTUqCCKU Bblpa-
)KaeTCJI CJIe,ll.)'IOIQHM 06 pa30M:
2('M3-'jJJ) =' G.J hi'.h,',
r,IJ.e f M , H f, - KpOCC-KOPPeJIJlQHH M3 11)];3 6JIH3HeQoB no
Jl,BYM xapaKTepHcTHKaM ( B HarneM npHMepe - no Bep6aJIbHoMY
II HeBep6aJIbHoMY IIHTeJlJIeKTY); h,' II h,' - nOKa3aTeJIII Haene/(y-
eMOCTII iUlJI xapaKTepHcTIIK Bep6aJIbHOrO H HeBep6aJIbHOrO HH-
'TemleK'Ta; r G - reHeTM'!eCK311 KOppeJIJI!.\HJI MeJKay nOKa33TcmlMil
Bep63iIbHOrO II Heaep6alIbHoro I!HTeJIJIeKTa.
TaKou 3HaJIH3 lj>eHOTImll'leCKIIX KOppelIJlQHu nOJBOJIReT
nOHRTb npllqHHbl, lIe)!(aIUlie B OCHOBe CaJl311, Ha6JIIO.rtaeMOU Me)K-
Jl,Y Jl,BYMJI xapaKTepHCTHKaMII, H onpe.n:ClIIITb, a KaKOH CTeneHII
reHeTHqeCKlle <l>aKTopbl, a a KaKOU CrenCHI1 - cpe.n:OBbIe 06yc-
J10BJIIIBaIOT CBJl3b MCJKay Jl,BYMR xapaKTepIlCTHKaMIi.
COnOCTaBJIeHHe reHeTllqeCKIiX II lj>eHoTHnll'leCKHX Koppe-
lIRQIIU ,IJ.aeT, KpOMe roro, B03MOJKHOCTb CJI,eJIaTb H HeKOTopbIe
BbIBOJl,bI 0 npHpOlIe reHerH'IeCKHX BJIIIRHHH. TaK, eCJIlI 06Hapy-
JKHBae-rCJI BKJIa.rt reHonma B lj>eHomnH'IecKylO KOppeIDll.(lOO Me)KlIY
Jl,BYMJI qepTaMI1, :no 03Ha'lae-r, qTO cpaBHHBaeMbIe '1epTbI Hcnbl-
TblBalOT CXO/(lIbIe reHeTH'IeCKlie BJIIIJlHHR. ECJIH )!(e 06e qepTbI
IIMelOT BblCOKHe nOKa3aTeJIH HaClIeJl,yeMOCTlI, HO He CBJI3aHbI <l>e-
628
1I0THnllqeCKil (He KOppeJIIIPYIOT Me)KJI,y C060H), TO 03Ha'iaeT,
qTO reHbI, onpeaeJIJIIOIUlle ,IJ.HCnepCHIO OJl,HOH '1epTbI, He on pelIe-
JIJIIOT JI,IICnepCIlIO .rtpyroH qepTbI. YnpOll\aJI, MO)!(HO CKa3aTb, qTO
B nepBOM CJIyqae Ha HH.I\HIIII.rtyaJIbHble pa3JI1lqllR, Ha6JIIOJ1aeMbIe
no O/(IIOH 'IepTe, BIIHJlIOT O;1,HII II Te )Ke rCHbI, a BO BTOpOM CJIY-
qae - pa3HbIe
Benll pOJIb reHOTllna H cpe.I\1>1 B KOBapllaQHH Me)!(I\Y nepe-
MeHHbIMH OKa3b!BaeTCJI OlIlIHaKOIlOH B pa3HbiX B03paCTax, MOJKHO
rOBOpHTb 0 cTa6HJIbHOCTH pa3BIITJlJI, TO eCTb 0 TOM, qTO no Mepe
B3pOCJ1eHHJI He MeHJlIOTCJI npHqllHbl, J1e)!(aIQHe B OCHOBe B3aIlMO-
CBR3eu Jl,BYx nepeMeHHbIx.
3. llo Mepe pa3BIITIIJI MOJICeT MeHIITbCII pOJlb reHOTlina II
cpelIbI B Me)/(B03paCTHbIx KOllapli3QillIX. B reHeTHKe nOBe.rteHHJI
Heo.rtHOKpaTHO npelU1pHHHMaJIl1Cb nOnbITKH CBJI3aTb <l>eHOTllnll-
qecKYIO CT3611JIbHOCTb npH3HaKa C ero reHCTHqCCKOH 06YCJIOJ!-
J1eHHOCTbID. B Te'leHHe .rtOJIToro BpeMeHH OHI1 HOCIIJIH qllCTO onHC3-
TelIbHblii xapaKTep H I1CX0.rtHiIll H3 RBHOH napUJ1JIeJIbHOCTII Jl,Byx
npOQeCCOB - YBeJIHqeHHJI C B03p3CTOM reHeTII'IeCKOii 06ycJIoa-
JIeHHOCTII, HanpllMep, nOKa3aTcJIellllHTeJIJIeKTa H yaeJIII'IeHIIR C
B03pacToM ero cTa6HJIbHOCTH
B HaCTOJlll\ee OpCMJI pom reHOmnH'IecKlix II cpe,IJ.OBbiX <l>al<-
TOpOB II 1I03paCTHOH cTa6HJ1bHOCTH H B B03pacTHoM H3MCHCHUII
JIBJIReTCJI npe.rtMeTOM paCCMOTPCHUJI B 1I0HrIlTIO,IJ.HbIX I1CCJ1e.rtoBa-
HIIJIX, opraHH30BaHHbix no npaBHJIaM reHeTII'IeCKOrO IICCJIeJ:\ooa-
HHJI (TO eCTb n03BOJIRIOIQIIX conOCTaBHTb BHYTPHnapHoe CXOJl,-
CTBO pa3JIllqHbiX pO.rtCTBeHHIIKOB) H J1aIOIQ}\X 1I03MOJICHOCTb 1<0-
lIHqeCTBeHHO OQeHHTb BKJIalI reHOTHna II Cpe.l\bI B <l>eHoTllnll'leC-
KyIO CTaOllJIbHOCTb nCHXOJIOrll'leCKHX xapaKTepHCTHI<.
BbllIeJ1eHlle reHOTllnHqeCKof! II Cpel\OBOH KOMnOHeHT II <l>e-
HOT}\nll'lCCKOH cTa611JIbHOCTH npH3HaKa npOIl3BOJl,HTCJI aHaJIO-
mqHO pa3.n:eJIeHHID H3 reHOTHlIIl'JeCI<He H cpe.rtOBbie KOMnOHeHTbI
KOBapHaQHII MeJK,lI.)' pa3HblMH nCHXOJIOrHQeCKI1>,IU qepT3MII (K3K
3TO 61>IJIO OlIlIcaHO B npel\bllIYIUeM pa3.n:eJIe). TaK, BJ<JI3.I1 reHOTU-
na B <l>eHoTIIIIHqeCKyIO cTa611J1bHOCTb npH3HaKa, Bbl'lIlCJIeHHbIH
Ha OCHooaHHH 6JJH3HeQ OBbIx p, aHHbIX, 6YJl,e-r paBeH:
2(r/ofJ-'P.J) ='G .J h,'.h,',
rlIe r M3 II r)l' - KpOCC-KOppeIIJI!.\llil M3 H .II.3 6JIII3Hel.\OB no
OJl,llOH H Toil JlCC nCIIXOJIornQecKoH xapaKTepHCTIIKe, 113MepeHHOU B
629

2. MeToAbl HccneAOBaHHJI B03paCTHbiX
H3MeHeHHIii B nCHxonorHM II reHeTMKe
nOBeAeHIIJI
(I1JIH MCTO.llOM nonepCqHblX CpC30B) H JIOHrJlTIOJl.HbIM.
Cpa6HW1IeJlbHO-603pacmHou Memoo, KaK BIfJl,HO no ero Ha3Ba-
HIIIO, OCHOBaH H3 cpaBHem!l1 rpynn I1CnblTyeMbIx pa3Horo B03p3C-
Ta. OH n03BOllilCT Jl,OCTaTO'lHO 6blcrpO (B OAHOH 3KcnepllMeHTaJIb-
HOH ceccHlf) COnOCTaBHTb p33HOB03p3CTHbie BbI60pKiI H Cl\eJIaTb
BblBOI\ 0 p33JIHqllJlX Me)f()l,Y HIIMII. K CO)l(3JIeHHIO, BblBOJl,bI TaKHX
HCCJIel\OB3HIIH He Bcer,l\3 MOJKHO IlHTepnpeTIlpOB3Tb C TO'iKII 3pe-
HIISI B03paCTHblX Pa3JIllqHH.
IIpHMeHeHHe cpaBHHTeJIbHO-B03paCTHoro MCTO,l\3 npe)l.1l0JI3-
raCT 3KBIIBaJIeHTHOCTb cp3BHI1BaeMbiX B 3KCnepllMCHTe rpynn no
BceM nap3MeTpaM, KpOMe B03paCTa. aT Toro, H3CKOJIbKO Tll.\aTeJIb-
HO 6YJl.er BblOOJIHeHO 3TO ycnOBHC, 33BIICHT, MO)l(HO JIll 6YJl.er IIH-
TepnperHpOBaTb nOJIY'lCHHblC Pa3JI1lqIlSi Me)f()l,y rpynnaMH R3K IIMe-
1Oll\lIe OTHOlIleHHe K B03paCTHbIM p33JI1I'1HJlM. HanpHMCp, CCJ1H
cp3BHIITb M3JIb'iHKOB 10 JIeT H l\eBOqeK 11 JIeT, TO B nOJ1Y'ieHHbIX
PC3YJIbT3TaX 6YJl.YT CMewaHbl B03paCTHbIC II nOJIOBble pa3JI1f'llfJl, H
Onpel\eJIHTb, K3KOBa pOJlb c06CTBeHHO B03paCTHbIX paJJIIf'lIlH B no-
JlY'leHHbIX pe3YJlbT3TaX, 6YJl,eT HCB03MO)l(HO.
C03.11aHHC OAHOpOAHblX Bbl60pOK - 60JIee cnOJKH3JI np06JIe-
Ma, '1eM 3TO MOJl(CT nOKa3aTbCJI Ha nepBblH B3rJISlI\. TIpe)f()l,e Bcero,
mo6ble nCIIXOJIOrH'ieCKlle X3paKTepHCTIIKH, Il TeM 60Jlee 33KOHO-
MepHOCTlIlIX pa3BIITIIJI, CBSl3aHbl C OrpOMHblM KOJIII'IeCTBOM nepe-
MeHHblX Y'IeCTb B HCCJIel\OB3HHH Bce 3TH nepeMCHHbIe rrpoCTO HC-
pea.nbHO H3-33 3Toro B pe3YJlbTaTaX, nOJIyqeHHblX MCTOI\OM none-
peqHblX CpCJOB, BCCr,l\3 OCT3CTCSI BepOSITHOCTb Toro, 'iTO nOJIyqeH-
HbIe pa3J1HqHSI CBSl3aHbl He TOJ1bKO C B03paCTHbIMH H3MeHeHHRMII,
HO H C Pa3JIHqIlJlMH B Bb16opK3X, KOTopbIe He KOHTpOilllpOBaJlHCb B
3RcnepllMeHTe H OCTaJlilCb HeH3BeCTHblMH 3KcnepHMeHTaTOpy.
06bl'lHO ocrpOTa nOH np06J1eMbI CHlI)I(aCTCJI C nOMOll\blO C031\a-
HHJI 60JlblIlHX penpe3eHTaTIlBHbIX BbI60pOK HcnblTyeMbIx. q3CTb
nap3MeTpOB B cpaBHHBaeMblX Bbl60pK3X ypaBHlmaerCJI, 3 npo .!\py-
me - npeJl,OOJI3r3eTCSi, '1TO pa3JIIl'lIlSi HHBeJIllpyIOTCJ! H3-33 60JIb-
1II0ro KOJ1llqeCTB3 HcnblTyeMblx.
BTOp3J1 np06JIeM3 cpaBHIITeJlbHO-B03paCTHoro MCTOJl,a, npeJl,-
CT3BJIJlIOll\3S1CJI npHHI111nH3JIbHO Hep33pewHMOH, CBJl3aHa C npll-
H3.!I.J1e)l(HOCTblO HCnbITYeMbIX, OAHOBpeMCHHO yq3CTBylOll\ilX B 3KC-
nepHMeHTe, K p33J1I1'1HbIM KoropTaM (TO eCTb C TeM, '1TO rpynnbI
ilcnbITYCMbIX, KOTOpbIC conOCT3BJIJlIOTCJI B 3KcncpHMCHTe, HMelOT
pa3Hbie rol\bI pO)f()l,CHHR).
nepBOM II BO BTOpOM B03paCTax, h,' II h,' - nOKa3aTeJIH Hacne-
Jl,yeMOCTH I\lliI OAHOH II TOH Jl(e X3P3KTeplfCTHKH, nOJIY'IeHHbIe B
nepBOM H BTOpOM B03paCT3X; r G - rCHCTH'IeCKaSi Me)J(IJ03p3CTHaSi
KOppCmII1HJI.
3TOT cnoc06 BWl\eJIeHIIJI reHCTH'IecKIiX H cpe.l10BblX KOMno-
HeHT B cjJeHOTllnll'lecKoH CTa611JIbHOCTll nCIIXOJlOrllqecKlIX XapaKTe-
pllCTIIK npllMeHHM l\JIJ! aHaJIII3a npH'II1H (reHOmnllqeCKIiX II cpel\O-
BbIX HCTOqHIIKOB BapHaTIIBHOCTH) pa3HbiX B03p3CTHbIX H3MeHCHI'!H,
HanpllMep, nOBbIllieHIIH CTa611JIbHOCTH nCIIXOJIOrH'IeCKIfX xapaKTe-
pllCTill< C B03paCTOM HJIlI CHlfJKeHHR cjJCHOTIIOII'IeCKOH CT36HJIbHOC-
TII BO BpeMSI nepecrpOHKII nCI1XOJIOrll'leCKI'!X X3paKTepHCTIIK.
T3KlfM 06PaJOM, npH 3HaJIH3e CT36HJIbHOCTIII! npCCMCTBeH-
HOCTI! pa3BlfTIIJI B reHCTIiKe nOBCJI,eHIIR paccMaTpI1BaeTCJI 3 Tlln3
3KcnepliMCHTaJIbHblX nOKa3aTCJIeH: I) JI,IICnepclIlI nCIIXOJIOrH'IeC-
KIIX xap3KTepllcTIIK, 2) KOB3pllaQI111 p33HbiX nOK333TCJIeit, nOJIY-
'1eHHbIX B OAHOM II TOM )l(e B03p3CTe, If 3) KOB3pllal111H nOK333Te-
JIeH, nOJIY'leHHbIX B p33HbIX B03pacTax. OlleHIIBaJi BKJI3JI, reHOTH-
na If CpCJl,bI B JI,IICnepCHII H KOBaplf3QHH p33J1H'IHbIX nCHXOJIOrll-
'1eCKHX nOK33aTeJIeH, reHCTI1K3 nOBe.l1eHlfJl BbIJlCHHCT MeX3HI'!3Mbl
,
JIe)l(all\He B OCHOBC B03p3CTHbIX 113MeHeHI'!H, H, CJIeI\OBaTeJlbHO,
yrJIy6JIHCT npel\CTaBJleHHSI 0 3aKoHoMepHOCTJlX p33BIITllSi, KOTO-
pble nOJIY'leHbI B B03pacTHoH nCI!XOJIOrlllf.
B npe.l1bI.I1Yll\eM pa3.11eJIe 6bIJIII onlfC3Hbi 3KcnepHMeHTaJ1b-
HbIC nOKaJaTeJIII, KOTopble IICnOJIb3YIOTCJI B B03paCTHoH nCI'!XOJ1O-
rHH II B reHenlKe nOBCl\eHIIJI npll aHaJIII3C npoQecca p33BIITIIJI. B
3TOM pa3.n:eJIe 6y.l1YT paccMoTpeHbl MCTO.l1bI, C nOMOll\bIO KOTO-
pbIX IIccneJl.YIOTCJI B03pacTHbie H3MCHeHIIJI
2.1. CpaBHHTCJIbHO-B03pacTHoii H JIOHrHTIO.QHLIii MeTO.QbI
HCCJlC.QOB3HHII
,[IHarHOCTl1Ka Cn6HJIbHOCTH H npceMcTBeHHOCTH pa3BHTHJI
oCYll\eCTBJIJleTCJI Jl,BYMJI MCTO,l\3MII - Cp3BHHTeJIbHO-B03pacTHbIM
630
631

.II.ml Toro 'IT06bl nOHJlTb, nOqCMY JTO Ba1KHO, npe.!1CTaBHM
ce6c TaKYIO 3KcnepHMCHTaJ1bHYIO pa60TY. IICHX0J10rll, 1KeJIaR CO-
nOCTaBIITb B03paCTHbie pa3J1II'IIIJI, BOCn0J1b3Y!OTCJI apXI1BHblMII
JI,IlHHblMl1 H B03bMYT Jt3 HHX pe3YJIbTaTbl Jl,lJarHOCTHKlIlIHTeJIJI'K-
Ta 8-JIeTHHX I\CTCH, nOJIY'leHHhIC B 20-bIe rO.!1hl. C nOMOI11b!O Me-
TOJl,OB, KOTopble HcnOJIb30BaJ1IICh B TC He3anaMJlTHbie BpeMella,
OHH npOTeCTHpYIOT COBpeMellHhlX 9-JIeTIIHX Jl,eTeH. MO)lmo JIll
6YlleT Ha OCHOBaHHII 3TlIX .!1aHHhlX CYl\llTh 0 pa3JIHqllJlX B IIHTeJI-
JIel<Te 8- II 9-J!eTHHX l\eTeii? Pa3YMeeTCJI, HeT. CpaBHIIBaeMbIe rpyn-
nbI Jl,eTeH pa.!1I1KaJIbHblM 06pa30M pa3JIlI'IaIOTCJI no YCJIOBlIJiM cy-
I11eCTBOBaHHJI. .II.eTH '1HTaIOT pa3HbIe KHlIrll, 3allHMa!OTCJI no pa3-
HbIM nporpaMMaM B WKOJIC, 11M ,!\ocTynHbI COBepweHHO pa3J1l1q-
Hhle HCTO'lHHKI1 1H$opMalm, COl.\lIaJlbHO-3KOIIOMII'ICCKlIe YCJIO-
BHfl 1KH311111\eTell a6COJllOTHO HC conOCTaBI1Mhl, H Bo06I11e Jlerqe
CKa3aTb, qeM 3TII rpynnbl He nOXOJKH, '1eM HaiiTII MeJKIIY 11'1110111
KaKoe-TO CXO.!1CTBO. Ho Be.!1b 3TH Kap,!!I1HaJ!bHble pa3J1l1qlljJ no-
JlBHJ1I'!Ch He BHe3anHO, OHII HaKanJIHBaJIHCb nOHeMHory H3 rOlla B
roll, H n03ToMY cOBpCMeHHhle Jl,eTli (IlOnyCTlIM, Te, 1<0Topble po-
.!111J1HCh B 1989 H B 1990 r.) TOJKe '1yn-'1YTb pa3J1I1'1aIOTCR no YC-
JIOBHJlM JKII3HII. H3-3a noro, cpaBHIIBaJi cOBpeMellHbIx 8- II 9-
JIeTHHX ,!!eTeH, MI.l nOJIY'lIIM B B03paCTHbiX pa3JIH'IIIJlX He60JIb-
wile IICKaJl(CHIIJI, CBJl3aHHbie C pa3J1l1qllJlMII B YCJ10BHJlX Jl(1I3HH.
qeM 60nbwe 6y.n:eT B03paCTHOH IIHTepBaJI, KOTOpbIH IIccne.!1YeTCJI
(qe 60JIbWe pa:JJIH'IlIfl B B03paCTe MeJl(JI.y rpynna"m), TeM B OOJlb-
weH CTeneHH B03paCTHbie pa3J11I'IJIJI OKaJl(YTCJI CMewaHHblMH co
cneH$III<OH YCJlOBH" pa3BHTHJI cpaBHHBaeMblX KoropT.
_ .[{JlJI Toro '1TOObI H30eJl(aTb CMeWeHHJI KoropTHblX pa3JII'!-
'1HII H B03paCTHbIX, IICnOJIb3yeTCJI .!lPyroH MeTOJ1I1CCJ1e.n:OBaHIIJI
pa3BHTllJI- J/O/l.?UI11100HblU Memoo, COCTOJlWHH B )l.JIHTeJIhHOM npo-
CJIeJl(I1BaHHH pa3BHTHR O,!!HOH If TOH Jl(e rpynnbl HCnhITyeMbIX.
KpOMe TOTO, qTO 011 n03RO!lJlCr 01\H0311a'l1l0 p33BecTH ](OrOpT-
HbIe pa3JI11'1I1J1 H pa3JI11'1HJI, CBJl3aHHhlC e B03paCTOM, OH HMeCT H
PM I\PYrllx npeIIMYI11eCTB (Magnusson D., 1993).
B JlOHrHTIOroJOM HCCJlC,!!OBaHHH OTnaJl,aeT lIe06xoroJMOCTh
YPaBHHBaHHjJ BhI60pOK no pa:mo06pa3l1hIM napaMeTpaM. nOCI<OJIh-
I<Y JKenepllMeHTaTophl Bce BpeMJI IIMelOT ,!!eJ10 C OroJOH II TOH Jl(e
BbI60pl<OH IIcnbITyeMbIX. all .!1aeT B03MOJl<HOCTh 3aperHCTpHpo-
Ba:b ,!!I1HaMII'IeCKIIll xapaKTep HCCJ1eJ1yeMhIx napaMeTpOB, lIen!!-
lIel1110CTb HX H3MCIICHHJI C Te'leHHeM BpCMeHH. C ero nOMOI11blO
632
MOJl(HO 06HapYJl(!!Th IIH,!!HBlIl\yaJ1hllhle pa3J1HqHJI B CKOpOCTlI II
CTenellH B03pacTHhix H3MeHeIlI1H, BhIJlCHHTb HHi\lIBIII\YaJIhHble TPa-
el<TOpll1'! pa3BHTIiJI. OH n03BOJlJleT BhIJlCHHTb OTCpO'leHHhIH 3$-
$eKT paJJIlPJHb1X $S]('IOPOR, 'HO Hea03M01!<.RO e/l,eJIaTb npH no-
MOI11H cpaBHIITeJ1bHO-B03paCTlIoro MeTo,!\a OqeBIIJI,HO, lIanpll-
Mep, qTO nJlOXlle yCflOBlIJi pa3BIITHJI MOrYT CKa3blBaTbCJI Ha 3)1,0-
pOBhe, HO '1aCTO BJIlIRHlle 3TIIX ycnoBll1i npOJlBJ1J1eTCJI He lIenoc-
pe.n:CTBeHHO, a enYCTJI KaKoe-TO BpeMJI. Tal<, 6h1J10 nOK33a1l0, QTO
pa3J1H'II1R B KOJ1l1'1eCTBe pecnHpaTopllbl X Ja60J1eBaHnH Y ]IIO)I,eH,
BblPOCWHX B pa3HhlJl YCJlOBI1J1X, He 06m1pYJI<I1BaIOTCJI B 16 fleT, HO
OT"eTJ1HBO BlIl\HbI B 25 neT.
TaKHM 06pa3 0M , B03MOJKHOCTH JIOHfllTlO)I,HOrO MeTOJl,ll B
IICeJle.n:OBaHIIH npOLleccoB pa3BIITHJI 3HaQIlTeJ1hHO Ilmpe, H caM
MeTO,!\ KaJI<CTCR 60nce eCTeCTBeRHbIM WlJI )I,I13rHOCTHKH 113MeHe-
HHIi, npOHcxO)ljlI11HX C Te'leRlIeM BpeMellil. KaK C'IIITaIOT CTOPOR-
IIHI<I1 3Toro MeTOila, eCJ111 XOqeWb nOH!lTb, KaK 1I3Mell!lCTCJI HH,!I.U-
J!H,!\ BO BpeMeRII, Hai\O II H3yqaTb ero BO BpeMeHH; Bce oeTaJ1hHble
nO,!!XOllhl 6Y.!1YT KOCBeRRbIMH (Bergman L R., 1993).
OroJaKo HecMOTpJl Ha Bee cBOIl ,!\OCTOHRCTBa II npCHMYI11e-
CTBa nepe.n: MCTOJJ.OM nonepe'lRhlX cpe30B, nOllrHTlOroJbIII MCTOI\
HIIKOrJl,ll HC 1I0MIIRlIpOBaJI B B03paCTHOH nCHX0J10rHIl. He BbITec-
HIIJ1 OH MeTOI\ nonepe'lllblx' CpeJOB H B HaCTOJlI11ee BpeMJI CBJl3a-
HO no C JJ.BYMJI np1lqHHaM11.
Bo-nepBblx, BpeMJI, Hc06xo,!!HMoe 1J)1J1 npOBe.!1 eHHJI 3Kcnepll-
MeHTa, oprall1l30BallHoro no cxeMe J10Il'mTlO,!\lIoro MeTOJl,ll, TO eC1'b
npOCJIeJl<IIBaHlIe pa3BHTHR OroJOH H Toli Jl(C rpynnbI HcnbITyeMhlJl,
3aBIICHT OT HCCJlel\yeMoro B03paCTHoro nepHOl\a. EC!l11 nCHX0J10rOB
I1HTepecyeT paJBII1'He Jl,eTeH OT poJl<l\ellll Jl 1J.O HaqaJ1a WKOJlbHOrO
06yqeHHJI, Ha IICCJlel\OBaHlle YHJJ.eT 7 fleT. ECJ111 l\eJIblO pa60nl JIB:
JlJlCTCR aHaJ1H3 H3MeHeHllii, npOIICXO)l,JlI11I1X Ha npOTJlJI<Cl!l111 Bcell
1!<.II3RII qeJlOBeKa, J1)IJI 3Toro pOBHO CTOJIbKO BpeMeHII H nOTPe6YeT-
CJI. IIOCKOJ1hKY B 3TOM cnyqae 3Kcnepl1MellTaTopaM, Ha'laBWIIM lie-
CJleI\OBaHHe, He noCqaCTJ1I1BIITCJI YBI'I\eTb ero KOHe, MHOflle npe;:J.-
nO'lHTa!OT pa60TaTb C 60J1ce KOMnaKTllblM CPaBHlITeJlbHO-BOJpaCT-
HblM MCTOI\OM: OH BHOCIIT HeKOTopble HCKaJI<eHIIJI B )l,aH HbIe , HO
BMeCTe C TeM nmBOJ1J1eT XOTR 61.1 oplleHTIlpOBO'lHO Ol\eHHTb Bmpa-
CTHhie pa3J1H'IIIR y1!<.e ceroroJJI, a He '1epe3 Jl,CCJlTKH J1eT.
BO-RTOpblX, !>!HorKC IIceJle/l,OnaTeJIII, pcmaJl 1<0IJKpeTHbie
TeOpCTI1'1eCKlle H npaKTII'IeCKHC 3a.n:aqll, He CBJl3aHHhie C np06J1e-
633

MaMI! pa3BHTIIJI, npOBOMT J<CnepI1MeHTanbHYIO pa60TY Ha BbI-
60pKax pa3Horo B03paCTa, OjI,HH - Ha 0,11;110101 B03paCTe, APyrllc -
Ha ,ll;pyrOM. IIocKom,KY npll TOM qaCTO IIcnonb3yiOTCJI OjI,HHaKO-
Bl>le MeTO,ll;1>I ,ll;HarHOCTIIKH, TO l\aHHbIe 3TIIX HCCJIei10BaHIIH cono-
CTaBnJlIOTCJI I! IICnOJIb3yIOTCJI i1JIJI cpaBHHTeJIbHO-B03paCTHoro
aHaml3a.
2.2. IIpHMeneHlle JlOIIOlTIO):\Horo MeTOl\a II relleTHKe
nOlle):\eHIIK
nll3 B03pacTHbix 113MeHeHJ.lH (onpe.n:eneHJ.le nepJ.lOJl,OB nOBI>IWC-
HIIK II CHJ.lJI(eHIIH cTa611nbHocTli nCIIXOJIOrH'ieCKOH xapaJ<TepIlCTI1-
KH, jl,HarHOcTIIKa Tex B03pacToB, B KOTOpbJe 113MeHHCTCJI CTpYJ<TY-
pa ee cBH3eH " T.i1.), TO B reHeTH'ieCKOM IICCJIe):\OBaHIIH l1eJIb
pa60TbI JlBJIJlCTCJI aHaJIH3 npJ.l'lHH 3TIIX B03paCTHI>IX 113MeHeHHIl.
C nOH L\eJIblO OL\eHIIBaIOTCJI rCHoTllnHqeCKHe H CPCi10 Bb !e i1CTep-
MIiHaHTbl lIIiltHBIli1yaJIbHblX pa3nllqHHII onpe.n:eJIHeTCJI npeCM-
CTBeHHOCTb reHCTII'IeCK"X II Cpei10Bb1X BnllJlHHH
.D:JIJI Toro qT061>1 nOHJlTb, KaKHM 06pa30M MHHb!e JIOHrll-
TIOItH0ro HCCJlCi10BaHHJI MorYT 06cCneqHBaTb HHq,OpMaI1 I1JO 0 npll-
qllHaX B03paCTHbIX 113MeHCHIIH, paCCM01'])IIM caMble npOCTblC 1010-
i1enH aHaJIII3a pe3YJIbTaTOB JIOHrHTIOjl,HOrO J.lCCJlCi10BaHIIJI, npJ.l-
MeHHeMbIe B reHCTI1J<C nOBel\eHIIJI. B Ka'leCTBe npHMepa B03bMeM
M O i1 eJ1H aHaJIII3a l\aHHblX, I1CnOJIb3yeMl>le B WBe.z;tCKOM 6JIII3HCUO-
BOM IICCJIe.z;tOBaHIIII (Pedersen N L., 1993). J.h Hero Jl(e B03bMCM II
,ll;aHHb le no KC1'])aBepC«I!, nOJIY'IeHHbIC npll Jl,BYKparnOM o6cne-
i10BaIiIlH B3pOCJIOH Bb!60PKH M3 « .II.3 6JI«3HCL\OB.
B moGoM rCHeTII'IeCJ<OM HCCJIe.n:OBaHlIII npll conOCTaBJIe-
HIIII pO,ll;CTBeHHHKoB, pa3JIHqalOI1111XcJI no CTenCHIl pO,ll;cTBa, 1010)1(-
HO ollpeJl,eJIIITb KOMnOHeHTbl q,eHOT"nllqeCKOH AllcnepclIlI. JIOH-
rllTIO,II;IIOe IICCJIe,ll;OBaHHe He JlBJIRCTCJI HCKJlJO'ieHlleM: B J<aJl(.z;tOH
TO'lKe JIOHrHTIOJJ;a (TO eCTb B JIJ060M B03paCTe, .z;taHHbIMIl 0 KOTO-
pOM paCI10JIaraCT IIcne.z;tOBaTeJlb) MOJl(HO TaK)I(e onpClI.eJ1I1Tb KOM-
nOHeHTbI q,eIiOTHnJ.lqeCKOH ItHcnepC"II, TO eCTb, B .z;taHHOM CJIY-
qae COOTHoweHHe relleTII'IeCKIIX 11 cpeJl,OBbIX COCTaBJIHlOl11l1X B
06ei\ lll1CnepCHH 3KCTpaBepcHH. B IICI1oJlb3yeMoM HaMil npllMe-
pc lll1CnepCIIJI 3J<CTpaBepCIIII B OGOliX B03paCTax onpe.z;teJIJlJIaCb
He3l1ll.HTIIBHbIM HaCJIeJl,OOaHlleM, 06ll(eH II pa3JIII'IalOl11eHCJI cpe-
i10H. BeJ1I1'!IIHbI KOMI10HeHT q,CHOTllnl1'1eCKOH ItHCnepClI1I npell.-
CTaBJIeHbl B Ta6JIIIL\e 16.1.
Pe3YJlbTaTbl, nOJIY'leHHbIe Ha 3TOM 3Tane JIOHrHTlOltHoro
aHa11113a, MOJKHO 11306pa311Tb rpaq,II'!ecKII. KaJ< nOJ<a3aHO Ha PII-
CYHKe 16.1 a, B KaJK.JI.OM B03paCTe BapllaTIIBHocTb 3KCTpaBepcIIII
HMeeT II reHeTII'ieCKyiO, II cpe.z;toBYIO J<oMnoHeHTY. llpll 3TOM re-
HeTiI'leCKJ.le KOMnOHeHTbI Jl,IICnepcHII 3KCTpaBepcHH pllBHbI IIpll
l1epBOM II BTOpOM 1I3MepeHIIII COOTDeTCTBeHHO 42% II 35%, a cpe-
.n:OBl>Ie KOMIIOHeHTbI i1l1cnepcllI! 3KCTpllBepCHlI, npe.z;tcTIlBJIJlIOl1IlIe
C060H CYMMY 06ll(eH II pa3JIII'IalOll(eHCJI CpClI.bI, paBHbI npll nep-
BOM II BTOPOM 113MepeHIIII COOTBCTCTBeHHO 58% II 65 %.
IIpll IIccne.z;tOBaHHH npOL\eCCOB pa3BHTI1R B reHeTlfKe nOBe-
.z;teHHH IIcnoilb3ylOTCR, KaK 11 B B03pacTHoH nCI1XOJIOrl1l1, cpaBHII-
TCJIbHO-B03pacTHoH H nOHni\TlOltHblH MCTO.z;tbI aHanll3a. CpaBHII-
TeJIbHO-B03pacTHoH MCTO.z;t aHaJIH3a I1pHMeHJlCTCR nOCTOiIbKY, no-
CKOilbKY CYl1IeCTBYIOT ,l:\aHHbIe paGoT, npOBe,llCH HbIX Ha pa3HbIX
B03pac.Tax. 0606111eHII.e 3THX lI.aHHblX n03B0J1J1CT OI.\eHHTh H3MC-
HCHlfe C B03paCTOM pOilll reHOTl'lna J.I cpe.z;tbI B ,lIeTepMHHaLll1I1 HH-
l\HBH.z;tyaJ1bHbIX p!l3nHqIlH. HHaqe rOBOpJl, cpaBH1fTeJlbHO-B03pa-
CTHble Hccne,l:\OBaHlfR, npOBOII.Jll11l1eCJI B reHCTHKC nOBeIl.CHHK, npe.n:-
CTaBJIHIDT COGOH He caMOCTORTerrbHbIe HCCJlei10BaHHJI, a BTOPHq-
HbIH aHaJIH3 YJKe HMeJOll1lfXCJI .z;taHHbIX.
JIoHrllTIO.n:l1bIe HccneJl,OBaHIIJI, npOBO,l:\JlI1II1CCJI B rCHeTHKe
nOlJell.CHIIR, OpraHn3YIOTCJI no ToJ! )l(C cxeMe, '1TO H B B03paCTHOH
nClfxonor.HII, TO eCTb COCTOJIT B npOCJle)l(HBaHHH Ha npOTJI)I(eHHH
HeKOToporo 01'])e3Ka BpCMeElH OItHOH II TOH )l(e rpyn!lbI IIcnblTY-
eMbIX. OIl.HaKO no cpaBHeHHIO C nOHrJ1TroltHb!MII IICCnel\oBaHHJI-
MH, KOTopbIe II3BeCTHbI 113 B03paCTHOH nCIIXOJIOrHII, OHI1 06rral\a-
IDT IUIYMJI oc06eHHocTRMII.
IIepBaJi H3 HIIX 3aKJIIO'IaCTCJI B CneQHq,HKe BbI60pKII HCnbI1Y-
CMbIX. KaK H B mo60H reHeTHqeCKOH pa6oTe, HCnbITyeMble, yqa-
CTBYIOll(lfe B rrOHrllTIOItHOM HCCJIei10BaHHII, lI.0n)l(HbJ 6b1Tb 110Jl,O-
6paHbI TaKHM 06P!l30M, '1T05bI Ha OCHOBaHHI1 nonyqeHHblX ,lIaHHbIX
MOJl(HO 6b1rro npoBecTII reHeTlfqeCKIIH aHaJIH3. B CBR31I C 3THM B
JIOHrllTIOltHbIX IIccne.n:OBaH1IJ1X, BbInOnHReMblX B KOHTCKCTe reHCTH-
KII nOBClI.eHIIR, yqacrnYIOT napbI pOll.CTBeHHHKOB, p!l3JI11'1aJOll(HeCH
no reHCTHqecJ<oMY CXOllCTBY (M3 H .II.3 6J1H3HeL\bl, p0jI,HbIe If I1pH-
eMHbIe cH6cbI H T.i1.).
BTopaJi oc06eHHocTb COCTOIIT B L\eJIJlX Hccne.z;tOBaHIIJI ECJ111
B B03paCTHoH nCIiXOilorlllf 31!JI,a'leH HCCJIei10BaTeJIeH RBJIReTCJI aHa-
634
635

Ta6Jllll(a 16.1
Ko.MnOHeHmb! rpeHomuecKou iJucnepcuu, 8bliJeJleHHbie
8 JlOll2UmlOdHOM UCCJled08al<lltl 3Kcmpa8epcuu (Pedersen N L., 1993)
reHeTMeCK8" 2 OJ
113"eH"eocn. 
3KCTp.
1964
,.=.88
r eH8TMecKWI G 1
1013M8HYH8OCTb
h 1 =.86 11,=.59
B 3K c rp.
1984
CpeAOB....
113MeHi'I0CTb
,.=.58
nOKaaTenlP KOMnOHeHTbI eHOTMnM1.IeCKO AMcnepCH"
il.AAMTK8HOe HeBAAltnlBHOB o6w,aH pa3J1M"'IalOlU8"CJ:t
HacneAobaHMe HaCJ"l9AOBaHMe CP8Aa cpeA3
3KCTpaBepcMfI
3ICcnepMMeHT 1
(1984 r) - 42 06 51
31(CnepMeHT 2
(1987' ) - 35 05 60
a
cpe,QO......
i'l3..e......BOOTb 58%
IIOCKOJlbKY cOBpeMeHHble reHeTllqeCKlle MO)1eJlH n03BOJlJl-
lOT onpe)1eJlIITb o61l\IIe H cnel.\Hoj!HqeCKlle KOMnOHCHTbI Baplla-
TIIBHOCTII, TO eCTb Te, KOTopble JlBJlJlIOTCJI 061l\HMH )J,JIJI nepBoro
If BToporo H3MepeHlfJl 3Kc-rpaBepCIIII II Te, KOTopble Cnelll!(pll'lHbl
TOJIbKO II)IJI BToporo 113MepeHIIJI, TO Ha CJle)1YlOll\eM nane allanH-
3a l1aHHblX nOJIY'IeHllbIC pe3YJJbTaTbI MO)l(HO npe,l\CTaBIITb TaK,
KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pllcYHKe \6.\ 6. feHeTllqCCKaJl JI,IICnepcHJI 3KCT-
paBepcHH, nOJlyqeHHaJi npH BTOpOM H3MepeHHH, pa3,l\eJJJleTCJI lIa
ABe COCTaBJlJlIOIl\IfX: 27% BceH Bapl1aTlfBHOCTH onpe.n:eJJJlcrcJI reMH
)l(e <paKTopaMII, KOTopble HMCJlII MeCTO B nepBoM 3KcnepllMeHTe,
a 8% rCHCnr'leCKOII B8pH8T1IBHOCTH OKa3btB8eTCJI cnet{HI}mqec-
KOH, onpe,l\eJlJlCMOH reHeTllqeCKHMII BJlIIJlHIIJlMI1, nOJlBI1BWHMHCJl
n03)1(e H BblJlBJleHHblMH BO BTOpOM 3KcnepHMeHTe. 3HaqHTeJlbli0
60JlbWe 113MeHJlIOTCJI Cpell.OBble npH'IHHbl BapIl8TI!BHOCTH: TOJlb-
KO 23% cpe.n:oBoH BapllatllBHoCTII onpell.eJJJlIOTCJI Te'dll JKe cpell.o,
BbIMH npll'lIlHaMII, KOTopble IIMeJlII MeCTO npl! nepBoM 113Mepe-
HIIII, a 42% BapliaTIIBHoCTH onpe,l\CJlJlIOTCa Cpe,l\OBbIMIl npH'IHHa-
MH, nOJlBIIBWHMI1CJI KO BpeMeHIl BToporO 3KcnepllMeHTa
Ha TpeTbeM :3Tanc MO)l(HO onpe,l\eJlI1Tb BeJIllqllHY reHeTlI-
qCCKOH KOppeJIJlI1I1I1. ECTh pa3Hbie cnoco6b1 BbI'IIICJICHIIJI reHCTI!-
'1CCKIIX KOppeJIJII.\11H 0111111 113 HIiX COCTOIIT B CJle.n:YIOIl\CM
PacnOJIaraJi )18HHbIMH 6J1113HellOBoro I!CCJIe,l\OBaHIIJI, MbI
MO)l(eM nOIl.CqllTaTb KPOCC-KOPPCJUII.!III1 MeJKII.Y 6J1113HellaMII. KaK
Y)I(e rOBOpl!JlOCb B nepBOM pa3,l\eJle )18HHOH maBbl, YJl,BOeHHaJi
pa3HI!I.\a MeJK.!l.Y KpOCC-KOppCJIaI.!HJlMH M3 If 3 6JIII3Hel.!OB pas-
Ha npOIl3Be,l\eHHIO 11JCX nOKa3aTCJleH ro h,', h,: llOCKOJIbKY Jl,Ba
636
6
Cpe,QOB8R
K3MeH"I1BOCTb 58%
3KCTp.
1984
42%
€\
3KCTp.
1987
65%
8%
3KCTp.
1987
PUC}'HOK 16.1
MoiJeJ/u aHtlJlU3a pe3Yllomamo811cCJled08allWi (Pedersen N.L., 1993)
637

113 HIIX ( h,' H h,') HaM H3BeCTHbill npelJ;CTaBJlHIOT C060H nOKa3a-
TeJUI HacnellyeMoCTH, Mbl M01KeM Bbl'l!!CnllTb Be!1II'IHH:! reHeTR-
'IecKoii KoppenHQHH:
'G=2(, M1' 'm )l.J hi, h,'
nH Hcnonb3yeMoro HaMH npHMepa BenRqHHa reHeTH'IeC-
Koii KOppeJIHQHH 6Yj{eT paBHa 0,88, TO eCTL BapwaTHBHOCTL 3KCT-
paBepCHI'! B Jl,BYX paCCMaTpIlBaBWHXCJ! B03paCTax HcnbITblBaeT
IIJIIIJlHlle npeHMYll1eCTBeHHO O)I,HIIX H Te )J(e reHeTlI'IeCKI'!X (jJaKTO-
POB. AHanOTn'lHbIM 06pa30M M01KilO !lb!'1I1CJIIITb \I npeeMCTBeH-
IIOCTb CpelJ;OBLIX BJlHHHHii. llpll 3TOM BMeCTO IlOKa3aTeneii Ha-
CnelJ;yeMocTH HaIJ;O nOj{CTaBHTL B 1j!0pMyny BeJ!HqIlHbI cpelJ;OBbIX
KOMnOHeHT llHCI1epCHH. TIonY'leHHble pe3YJILTaTbi MO)J(HO TaK)J(e
11306pa3HTL rpa(jJH'IeCIUI B B1.Jlle MOI\CJ1H - PHCYHOK 16.1 B.
Ha OCHOBaHlIH JTHX j{aHHLIX MO)f(HO BLI'IHCJ1I1Tb BKnalJ; reHO-
TIInH'IecKoii KOMnOHeHTLI B ljIeHornnH'IeCK}'IO CTa6HilbHOCTb H3Y'la-
eMoii xap,J1<TepHCTIIIQI (B HaweM npHMepe - 3KCTpaBepCHlt). ECJIII
6LI (jJeHoTllnH'IeCKaJI cTa6HJILHOCTL 3KCTpllBepCHII (TO eCTb Koppe-
J1J1QHJI Me)f(lly nOKaJaTCJ1J1MII 3KCTpaBepCHH, nonyqeHHbIMII B nep-
110M H BTOpOM 3KcnepHMeHTe) 6bIlla paBHa 1,0, TO BKlIaIJ; B Hee re-
MO TIma 6 bIn 6bI paBeH npOH3BelleHHIO TpCX nOKa3aTCJ1eii-
To .J hi ,h,'. llOCKOJIbY.Y B peaJIbHOM 3KcIIepHMeHTe (jJeHoTl'!nHqecKaJl
CTa6Hi!bHOCTL BCCr.ll:a HHJKe 1,0, TO BKnalJ; reHOTl1na B eHOTHnHqeC-
K}'IO CTa611J1bHOCTb paBeH 'IaCTHOMY OT .nCJ1eHH" fo hi', h,' Ha no-
KaJaTelIb (jJeHOTIIOlI'lCCKOH CTa6IiJIbHOCTH, KOTOpblii B llaHHOM npl1-
Mepe paB eH 0,71. Torj{a
r G.J h.' ,h,'/0,71 = 0.88 .J 0,42x0,35/0,71
= (0,88 x 0,648 x 0,592)10,71 = 0,34/0,71 = 0,48
CIIe.nOBaTeJIbHO, reHeTllqeCKHe (jJaKTOpbI onpej{eJIJlIOT 48%
ljIeHoTIIilIl'!eCKOH CTa6HJIbHOCTII 3KCTpaJ!epcHH-HHTpOBepCHH. Co-
OTBeTCTBeHHO, oCTaBWHHCJI npOQeHT (52% (jJeHOTHTIlI'IeCKOH CTa-
611JIbHOC11l 3KCTpaBepclIIl) onpej{eJIJlIOT cpej{oBbIe ljIaKTOpbI.
TaKHM 06pa30M, B nOHrHTIO.lI:I10M Hcenej{OBaHHH, npOBO)!"-
U\eMC" Ha napax pO)J.CTBeHHHK013, MO)f(HD onpe.ll:enI'ITb: I) reHDTllnl'!-
'1eCKHe H CpeJl,DBLIe KOMnOHeHTLI ljIeMoTHnHqeCKOH II;I!CnepCHH B
Ka)f(llOM B03paCTe; 2) BeJJI1'1HHY cneQII(jJH'IeCKIIX 1I.I1J1l(a)f(lloro B03-
paCTa reHOrnnH'IeCKHX H cpeltOBLlx KOMnOHelIT (TO eCTL nORBneHHe
HOBblX reHOrnnllqecKHX H cpelJ;OBbIX BJIJlHHIIH); 3) npeeMCTBeHHoCTb
reHeTllqeCKIIX H Cpe.ll:OBbix Snm!HHH (TO eCTL HX coxpaHHOCTb OT
OllHoro.no j{PYroro B03paCTa); 4) BKJIaIJ; reHOrnnHqeCKI'!X H CpellO-
638
BbiX (jJaI<TOpOB B (jJeHoTRnH'IecKYIO cTa611J1bHOCTL 113yqaeMbIX xa-
paKTepHCTI'lK.
.II.anee, II pa3j{enax 3 H 4, Ha MaTepHane pa60T, npOBel(eH-
HLIX B reHeTHKe nOBej{eHHJI, 6YllYT onHcaHbl OCHOBHLle 3aKOHO-
MepHOCTII, KOTopble 06HaPY)J(HBaIOTCJI npll HCCJIeI(OBaHl!H B03pa-
CTHbIX H3MeHeHIIH B .nCHXOJIOrll'leGKHX xapaKTepllcTIIKax llpH
aHaJIH3e pe3ynbTaToB, KOTOpLIMH pacnOJIaraeT II HaCTOJlll1ee IIpe-
M" reHeTliKa nOlle,D.eHIIJI, 6y.n.yT Hcnonb30BaHbi ,D.aHHLle cpaBHH-
TenLHO-II03pacTHblx H JJOHrHTlOlI;I!LIX Hccne,D.OBaHIIH KorHHTHB-
HOH II nll'lHOCTHOH cljlep.
3, IIIccnOAoBaHM8 B03pacTHbix K3M8H8HMH
KorHMTKBHblX xapaKTepKCTKK B reHeTMKe
nOBeAeHKA
3.1. 1>Jnouel\OBble lICCJle.!lOBaHHII
B03paCTHbIe II3MeHeHHJI I1HTeJlJleKTa, IIbUIBJIeHHblC B 6JIH3-
HeUOBbIX pa60Tax, 6LIJIII npOaHaJJH3HpOBaHbI M.MaKrII C coall-
TopaMH, KOTopble 0606111110H pe3YJIbTaTbI cpasHeHHJI BHYTpHnap-
Horo cxoj{cna 6370 nap M3 II 7212 nap .II.3 6JIH3He1l0B. Bbllle-
JIHB 5 B03paCTHLIx rpynn (4-6 net, 6-12 neT, 12-16 JIeT, 16-
20 JIeT II Bcex OCTanbHblX B3pOCJIbIX), OHII nO,D.C'IHTaJIH nOK33aTe-
JIll BHYTpllnapHoro CXOI(CTBa (B3BeweHHble cpe)I,Hlle KOppeJJH1\IIH)
IVIJI Ka1Kj{oH B03paCTHOH rpynnbl. llOJIY'IeHHble peYJILTaTLI npeJl,-
CTaBlltHbl Ha pllcYHKe 162.
BHYTplmapHOe CXO,D.CTBO M3 6m13HeI10B COXpaHJleTCJI npH-
MepHO Ha OllllOM H TOM 1Ke ypOBHe Ha npOTJOKeHlln nceii )f(H3HH
(JI,a)J(e lIeCKonLKO YBeJIH'I!IBaeTCJI C B03pacToM), a CXO.ll:CTBO .II.3
6JIH3HeQoB, Ha'lHHaJi C nOJl,pOCTKOBOrO B03pacTa, YMeHbWaeTCJI,
npH'IeM BO B3pOCJIOM B03paCTe 3TO YMcHbweHlle OKa3bIBaerCJI
3HaqHTeJILllblM.
COOTi1eTCTB\:HHO 3TOM:! MCHHeTCH H BeJl!l'lHHa KOMnOHeHT
IjIcHOTllnll'leCKOH )l,HcnepclIn: 01\eHKa Hacne.n.ycMocTIl pacTeT OT
40% /1,0 60% or j{OWKOJIbHOrO K IOHowecKoMY B03pacTY H pC3KO
YBeJIH'II'!BaeTCJI BO B3pOCJIOM B03paCTe; OQelUCa 061l1eii cpeJI.l>I, KO-
639

0,6 --
.
M3 
.
.
..
0,8 - - - - - - - --
0.. - - -- J{ 3i. - -- - --..- -- -. - -- -- - - -- -- -- __.
0,4 -. -- -- ---_ __ __ __ - __ __ ___ __  _ _ _____
0,6 - --
h'
--------
04 - --
c'
0,2 --
e'
_2 ----_______ ____________ ___ ____ _
o
4-<1
6-12
12-16
16-20
B3pocnwe
o
4-<1
6-12
12-16
,6-:10
B3pocnbllit
PUCYHOK 16.2
BIIympul1aplloe CXOOcm80 M 3 u /1.3 6J1U311e1/06 U e20 803pacmllble
UUtelleHWl (I/um. 110 McGue M., Bouchard N.J, Iacol1o w.G.,
Lykken D. T., 1993)
PUCYHOk 16.3
B03pacmHbie U3MeHeHWl O/WIIOK KOMnOHeHm ljJeHOmUI1U'leeKOU oue-
l1epcuu UllmeJlJleKma (!jurn. 110 MeGue M., Bouchard N.J.. Iacono
WG., Lykken D. T., 1993)
TopaH ,ll;eTepMHHllpyeT OKorro 30% BapllaTIIBHOCTIf HIl npoTJIJKe-
HIIH Jl,eTCKoro II IO!!OWeCKOro B03paCTa, y BJpOCJIbIX na,ll;aeT ,11;0
HYJlJl; Ol.\eHKa p!l3JIH'IaIOweHCJI cpe.l\bI COXpaHJleTCJI Ha ypoBHe npH-
MepHo 20%)!.JIM Beex BOJpaCTHblX rpynn (pl1eYHoK 16.3).
iloxoJKlle peJYJIbTaTbl obmH nOJIyqeHbl npH conOCTaBJIe-
HHII qeTbIpeX B03paCTHbIx Bbl60pOK B MHHHeeoTcKOM liCCrre,ll;OBa-
HIIII, npoBMeHHOM MeTOJlOM nOnepe'IHblX cpe30B Ha Bb!OOpKe He-
pa3JJY'IeHHbIX 6JJli3liel.\OB (McGue M. et aI., 1993). ConocTaBIIB
BHYTpHnapHoe CXO,lJ;CTBO nOKa3aTeneH IIHTennCKTa y M3 II ,l{3
6m{3!!el.\oB B qeTbIpex B03paeTHblX rpynnax (11-12 rreT, 17-18
JIeT, 30-59 JIeT, II 60-88 neT), aBTopbl nOllyqHJIH TaK)'IO JKe Kap-
TI'!HY, '1TO II npl'! o606weHIIH ,ll;aHHbIX pa3HbIX HccneJl,OBaHIIH, TO
eCTb HeKOTopoe yaellH'lCHHe C B03paCTOM CXOI{CTBa M3 OJIH3He-
OB H CHHJKeHlle BHYTplmapHOro CXO,ll;CTBa JJ:3 OIlIlJHeOB nocrre
IOHoweCKoro B03paCTa. Pe3YJIbl'aTb! OKaJaJlHCb nOXOJKHMI'! II )!.JIJI
06wllx nOKa3aTeJleH IfHTelllleKTa, Ii )!.JIJI nOKa3aTelleH OTJI,eJIbHbIX
Cy6TecTOB. 11, l(1ll( H B CYAUlapHOH paGoTe, C KOTOpOH Mbl Ha'la-
640
1111 onHcaHHe pe3YJIbTaTOB, nOKa3aTeJIH HaCJIep;yeMOeTI1, !TOJIY-
qeHHble B MHHHecOTcKoM IICCJIep;OBaHIIH, YBeJIlf'lIlBamlcb C B03-
pacToM C 20-40% ,lJ.0 60-80%.
XOTJI pe3YllbTaTbI IICelleJl,OBaHIIH, npoBcp;eHHblx MeTop;OM
nOnepe'lHbIX cpe30B, npCI/,OCraOIlHlOT I/,OCTaTOqHO IfHTepccHYIO
HHqmpMal.\HIO, 11)( B03MOJKHOCTII, TeM He MCHec, orpaHII'ICHbI onpc-
p;eJIeHHCM BeJIHql1HbI KOMnOHeHT q,eHOTHnll'leCKOH BapHaTH1JHOC-
TH B pa3HbIX B03paCTa)(.
JIoHrllTIOI/,Hbie IfCClle,lJ;OBaHHH pacnonararoT GOJlce IlJ!lpO-
KHMH B03MOJKHOCTHMIIII ,lJ.alOT GOllce pa3Hoo6pa3HYlO IIHq,opMa-
l\HIO 0 pOJIII reHOTIma H Cpe.ll:bl B pa3BIfTillI.
ilepBoe )!.JIlITCllbHOC npOClleJKIIBaHilC HHTeJlJIel<TyanbHoro
pa3BlfTJ.IJI 6JlHJHeQOB Gwno npD1Je!1eHO B paMKax JIYlf3BllnbCKoro
JIDllrl1TlO)1.IIDrO HCCJIC,lJ.OBaHIIH, B KOTOpOM, KpOMC KorHIITHBHbIX
xapaKTepllCTl1K, paccMaTpHBaJ1\1Cb napaMetpbI q,1I3H'IeCI<Oro pa3BH-
THJlII OC06CHHOCTI1 JIH'IHOCTIJO!l cq,epbl. B JIYl13BHJIbCKOM 6JI1I3He-
110BOM I1ccne!10BaHHIl 6mt3HeQbI TeeTHpOBaJIHCb no HHTenlleKTY,
641

Haql1HaR C nepBOro rO,ll.a JKII3HH )].0 15 JIeT (KaJK,lI.bIe T[JII MCCJlQa
Ha npOTRJKeHHII nepBoro ro)].a, ):\BaJK):\bl B ro,ll. - )].0 TpCX JIeT,
eJKero):\HO -)].09 JleT H nOCJIeiIHHH pa3 - B 15 JIeT).
IIpocJIeJKHBaR pa3BHTHe M3 II .II.3 6JIJI3HeQoB l1a npOTJlJKe-
HIIH 15 JIeT, aBTopbl J1YI13BIIJIbCKOrO 6JlH311eQOBOrO JIOHrHTIOlla
nOKa3aJIl1, qTO B nepBblH ro)]. JKII3HII M3 II .II.3 6JlH3HCQbl nOqTII
He pa3JIHqalOTCR no ypOBHIO BHYTpHnapHoro CXOllCTBa B nOKa:Ja-
TeJlJlX HHTeJlJIeKTa (m6JIHQa 16.2). Ha'lHHaJi c nOJIYTOpa JIeT, CXO):\-
CTBO M3 6JIII3HeQOB 3HaqllTCJIbHO YBCJIlI'IHBaeTCJlII He CHHJKaeT-
CR )].0 15 JIeT. .II.3 6J1H3HeQbl 1l0CTHralOT HaH60JIbWerO cxo)].CTBa B
IIX IIHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHOM ypOBHe K TpeM rO,ll.aM, a 3aTeM C KaJKllblM
rOllOM CTaHOBHCR Bce MeHec nOXOJKIIMIl no CBOHM IIHTeJIJIeKTY-
aJlbHbIM xapaKTepHCTHKaM. 3TII pe3YJIbTaTbl CBlIlleTeJIbCTBYIOT 0
TOM, '1TO reHOTHnll'leCKaJl,ll.eTepMHHaQIIR HHTeJIJleKTa (BKJlall re-
HOTllna B ero IIHJI,IIBHllYaJIbHbie pa3Jll1qIlR) ilMeeT TeHlleHQHIO YBe-
JIII'IIIBaThCR C B03paCToM (Wilson R., (983).
CooTBeTcTBeHHo H3MeHeHHIO pOJIII reHOTllna B npoQecce
pa3BHTlIJlII3MeHJleTCR II pOJIb cpepOBblX q,aKTopoB B lleTepMIIHa-
QIIH nOKa3aTeJleii I1HTeJIJIeKTa. Bo-nepBblx, B nepBMe rO)].bI OHI1
IIrpalOT 60JIee 3HaqHMYIO pOJIb, qeM reHOTIlfill'leCKlle BJIIIJlHHJI.
BO-BTOpbIX, no Mepe B3pOCJIeHIIR IIHllllBHlla 113MeHRIOTCR nOKa3a-
TeJIII o6eH II pa3JI1I'IaIOeiicR cpellbl. ECJlH B nepBblii ro):\ JK1I3-
HII OHII onpc)].eJlRIOT 60JIbWYIO '1aCTb ):\lIcnepCHII, TO B ):\aJIbHeH-
weM IIX pOJlb B BapHaTHBHOCTlIlIHTeJlJIeKTa YMeHbWaeTCR.
B JIYH3BIIJIbCKOM JJOllrHTIO)].e paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb TaKJKe 1111-
II.IIBlIllYaJIbHblC TpaeKTopllH pa3BHTIIJI HHTeJIJIeKTa. Ha OCHOBa-
HHH .lI:aHHblX KaJK,!J.OrO 6JIII3HeQa, nOJIY'IeHHbIX B pa3Hwe nepllO):\bI
BpeMeHH, 6WJIH nOCTpoeHbl npoq,IIJIII HH.IJ.IIBII):\YaJIbHOrO pa3BHTlIR.
CpaBHHB BHYTPIl KaJKJI,OH napbl npoq,11Jl1I 6JIH3HeQOB,
P.YHJlCOH 06HapYJKHJI 3HaqllTeJJbHO 60JJbLllee COBna)].eHHe XOiIa
pa3BIITI1K Y napTHcpOB M3 nap, TO eC'fb y reHenlqeCKM MAeIlTII'I-
HblX 6JIH3HeQOB, no cpaBHeHIlIO C napTHepaMIl .II.3 nap, HMelOl1-
10111 B cpe)].HeM nOJJOBIlHY 06HX reHOB (Wilson R., 1974). llpll-
Mepbl nOJIyqeHHblX llaHHblX (,1\JlR 'IeTblpeX nap M3 II qeThlpex nap
.II.3 6JIII3HeQoB) npe,l{CTaBJIeHbl Ha pllcYHKe 164
KaK BII)l.HO no PIlCYHKY, ypoBeHb IIHTeJliIeKTa M3 6J1113He-
110B B KaJKJI,OH nape (PIlCYHOK 16.4 a) OKa3bIBaeTCJI 60JIee noxo-
JKIIM, qeM YPOBeHb HHTeJJJIeKTa .II.3 6J1113Hel10B (PllcyHOK 16.4 6).
Y M3 6J11I3HeQoB pa3BIITIle xapaKTepll3YeTCJI 60Jlbweii CIIHXPOH-
642
Ta6J1uu,a 16.2
BI/ympunapl/oe cxodcmeo nOKa3ameneu UHmeJUleKma 6J1U3HeIjOQ U
0lJel/l{U KOMnOl/eHm rfyeIlOmUI1U1leclwi1 ducl1epcuu 110 OaHHblM JIyU3-
6W1bCK020 uccneOOeaHllR (ljum. no Wi/SOli R.. 1983)
B03paCT BHyrpl4napHble HaclleAyeMOCTCt 06uI.. Pa3JWIalOw,aACA
Koppel1J!4a.tH cpeAa CpeA"
M3 113 Ii' c' e'
3 Mec 66 67 . - -
6 Mec. 75 72 96 69 25
9 Mec. 67 51 32 35 33
12 u.ec 66 63 10 58 32
18 Mec 82 65 34 48 18
24 Mec 81 73 16 65 19
30 Mec 85 65 40 45 15
36 Mec 88 79 18 60 12
4 rOAa 83 71 24 59 17
5 neT 85 66 38 19 15
6 neT 86 59 54 47 14
7 neT 86 59 54 32 14
a neT 83 66 34 49 17
9 neT 83 65 36 47 17
1511er 88 54 68 20 12
... - KOIHtl.leCTBQ nap 72-146
HOCTbIO. BMeCTe C TeM, CXOI\CTBD B npoq,HJ1RX pa3BHTHJI eCTb II Y
,lJ;3 6J1H3HeOB, COllnallaeT Y HI'IX H 05LI1aJl I\HHaMIIKa H3MeHeHHH;
HanpllMep, TeH)].eHIIR K 3Ha'iIlTeJIbHDMY nOBblLI1eHIlIO Hlll1, Ha-
060POT, CHHJKeHll10 YPOBHR .IHTeJ1JIeKm C 1I03paCTOM OKa3bIBaeT-
CR nOXOJKeH Y 060HX THnOB 6J1H3HeI10B.
ECJlII JKe CpaJ!HIITb IIH.IJ.IIBH.lI:OB, OTHOCRHXCJI K pa3HblM Da-
paM, HanpHMep, o)llloro M3 6J1113Hel1a H3 napbl 1, a )].pyroro -
H3 napbl 4, TO MO)f(HO OT'IeTJ1HBO YBH)l.eTb pa3J1I1'1HK B )l.IIHaMIIKe
paJBIITHR IIIII\IIBIII\OB, He IIMelOLI1I1X IIH 06LI1HX reHOB, HII 06IIX
YC110Blla pa3BHTHR.
ITOI\CqllTaB BH)'TpHnapHble KOppeJ1J1QHII no npoq,IIJIJlM no-
KaJaTeJleH HHTeJIJleKTa, P.YIIJICOH nOJIyqHJ1 60JIce BblCOKlle KOp-
pellR1I1I ,lJ,JIJI M3 6J11I3HeOB, no cpaBHeHll10 C .II.3. B TPII-IIICCTb
JIeT OHII OKa3aJIIICb paBHbl 0,87 ,lJ,JIR M3 6JIH3Hel10B H 0,65 ,1\JlR ,lJ;3
6J1I1JHeQOB, B 6-8 JIeT - 0,81 u 0,61 ,1\JlR M3 1I.II.3 6JIII3HeOB
COOTBeTCTBeHHO (R.Wilson, 1983). TaKIIM o6pa30M, M3 6JJH3He-
I1bl OKa3bIBaIOTCR 6oJ1ee nOXOJKHMI1 I\Pyr Ha llPyra no )J;I1HaMHKe
pa3BIITlIJI, II 3TO n03BOJIKeT npMnUJlOJKllTb, 'ITO HeJIHHeaHOcTb
643

1 M3 2
10 114 130 !lpo,-\ecca pa3BIfTlfH, CKaqKIf If ma)!bl B pa3BHTlfif IIHTeJIneKTyaJIb-
108 , 124 .' HbIX !jJYHKIjIfH )!O HeKOTopOH CTeneHII 3aBHCJlT 01' reHCTI'!'1eCKIfX
102 118 !jJaKTopOB.
96 112 BaJKHO TaKJKC OTMeTHTb, qTO 6JtIf3He,-\OBbIC HCCJIC.l\OBaHIfK
90 YKa3blBalOT Ha B03paCTHbie KOJIe6aHHJI reHOTHn-Cpe)!OBbIX COOT-
84 108
a 78 100 HOIlleHHH. TaK, B nYH3BlfJIbCKOM 6JIH3Hel.\OBOM IfCCJIeAOBaHlf1i
72 94 6wIO !lOKa3aHO, '11'0 K 18 MeCJlIjaM BHYTPlfnapHoe CXO)!CTBO M3
66 58 6JI1I3HC,-\OB 1\0CTHraeT 0,80 H cOXpaHHe1'(:H nplfMcpHO Ha 3TOM YPOB-
10 130 3 130 4 He Ha npOTJlJKeHlf1l )1eTCKOro If nO)1pOCTKOBoro B03paCTa. CXO)!-
121 120 CTBO ,[13 6J1If3HC,-\OB H3MeHJlCTCK OT r0)1a)10 15 JIeT B npClI.eJIax OT
114 110 0,50 )10 0,80, npll'!eM H3MeHeHIIH 3TH HOCKT HCJIHHeHHblH xapaK-
100 Tep, '11'0 YKa3bIBae1' Ha HCJIllHeHHOCTb 1f3MeHCHHH BJIHHHIIH rCHO-
108 Tlfn-Cpe.ll:OBbIX .ll:eTepMIfHaHT (Matheny A.P., 1990).
90
96 eo .II.aHHble .ll:Pyrllx JIOHrHTIO)!HbIX 6JIII3HC,-\OBbIX IICCJJCllOBa-
90 70 . HI1H HHTCJIJICKTa, OXBaTblBalOl'-\HC npllMepHo TaKOH JKe B03pacT-
82 eo HOH !lepHO.l\ n npOBC.II:eHHbie B qexOCJIOBaKIIH, lllBeIj1f1l If POc.
,Q3 CUU, .!ICMOHCTPIfPYJOT 3HarrOrlf'lHbJC pe3YJlbT3Tbi - YBeJIltqeHHe C
1 2 B03paCTOM BJIIfKHIIH rCHOTHna Ha BapH3TI1BHOCTb IIHTCrrJIeKTa
10 130 96 (Drabkova H., 1992; Fischbein S., 1986, EropoBa M.C , 3b1pJlHOBa
.'. .
124 .. 90 . H M., IIbKHKoBa C.,[I., 1995).
118 . 82 ,.
: ".
112 .- 74
6 108 58 3.2. COBMecTHblH aifaJIH3 6J1113HeIjOBbiX .l\aHHbIX H AaHllblX,
100 58
94 50 I nOJlY'leKIlLlX U HCCJre/l.OU81lIlH IIpllCMllblX .l\CTCH
58 42 HaH60Jlee H3I\e)((HOe JIOHrHTIO.l\HOe IfCCJIe.l\OB3Hlfe nplleMHbIX
10 92 3 136 4 I l1eTeH, KOTopoe IfMeCTCJI B HHCTO?Il\CC iipCMJI (KOJIOp3l1CKOe IfCCJle-
84 , 1213 , 110B3Hlle npllCMHblx l1eTci1), n03BOJIJlCT npOCJIel1l1Tb .l\HHaMtIKY B03-
75 . 120  paCTHblX 113MCHeHIIH HaCJlel1yeMoCTIl IIHTCrrJICKTa JIHWb lIO 9 neT.
" .. II. IToKaJaTeJIII Hacne.l\)'eMOCTH, Bbl'lllcncHHble B 3TOM IICCne)10BaHIIII
58 ,. , .'
104 Ha OCHOBaHI1H conOCT3BJIeHHJI P0.l\HbIX If nplfeMHblX CIf6coB, OKa-
eo
96 3blBaIOTCH BbIIllC, '1CM B 6JIII3HeIjOBbiX I1CCOeJl,OBaHHJlX (Cherny S.S ,
52 58 Cardon Lon R., 1994).
44 60 '" . . . . . . ComaCHO 3THM )1aHHbIM, reHOTllnH'!ecK3JllICTepMIIH3IjllH HH-
36121824 3 4 5 6 3 6 12 1824 3 4 5 6
MEC$'Il.\bI rOl',bl MECRl.\bI rOl',bl TCJlJIeKTa HeCKOJIbKO CHH)((aeTCJI B 3 H 4 rOlla, no cpaBHeHll10 C
nepBblMII rO.l\aMIi Jl<1I3HH, B03BpaIl1aerC>I K nepBOH3qanbHoMY ypOB-
PUCYHOK 16.4 HlO K 7 rol1aM 113Ha'IIITeJIbHO yoeJ1H'I11B3erCJI K 9 ro.u.aM (Ta6J11fIja 16.3).
,l{JIJI 60JIce Hal1eJKHOrO onpe.l\eneHIIJI reHOTllnlf'!CCKIlX II cpe-
npOcpUJII/pa38umW! M3 u,lf3 6JIU31Je/to8 (Wilson R., 1978) 110BbiX .l\eTepMIIHaHT IIHTCnJICI(Ta Y lICTeH H 113MeHeHlUi nHX ,!I.e-
644 645

Ta6J1uu.a 16.3
O/feIlKU KOMI10HeHm tj;eHomUI1UqeCKOU iJucnepculI 8 KOJ/opaiJcKoAf
uCCJ/eiJo8aHuu I1pUeAIHblX iJemeu II npu 06'beiJuHeHulI iJalfJlbIX npU£M-
HblX iJemeii II 6Jlll3Helj08 (Cherny 8.8" Cardon LOll R.. 1994;
Fulker D W:. Cherny 8 S. Cardol1 wn R.. 1993)
KOMnOHeHTbI B03paCf
AMcnepc,","
1 2 3 4 7 g
Konop3AcKoe MccneAOSaHiote npMeMHblX ,QeTeK
h' 147 41 32 26 45 60
c' 13 07 22 12 07 16
e' 40 52 47 62 48 24
OCh.e,n14HeHl1e AaHHbiX npHelllHblx AeTe 1'1 5nM3HeoB
h' 51 60 45 50 51 52
c' 12 18 24 17 11 24
e' 37 22 31 33 38 24
TepMHHaHT Ha npOnlJKeHHH Jl,eTcKoro B03paCTa ,[I.<1IYJIKep C CO-
aBTopam npOBeJIH COBMeCTHbIH aHaJ1H3 PC3YJ1bTaTOB, nOJlyqCH-
HbIX B KOJIOpa.ll.CKOM HCCne.ll.OBaHIiH npHcMHblX .lI.eTeH II B Tpex
6JIH3HCOBbIX HCCne.ll.OB3HHJlX - B MaKapTypOBCKOM JIOHrJlTlO.lI.-
HOM 6JIII3HeOBOM HCCJIeIlOBaHlfH, B KOTOpOM HHTCJU1CKTY3nbHoe
pa3BHTI1e 6JIH3HCOB npOCJ1eJKCHO C 14 MecneB AO Tpex JIeT, B
llpocKTe HCCJIeJl,OBaHHn 6JII13HeOB MJIa,l\eH'ICCKOrO B03paCTa, pac-
CMaTpIlBaIOeM pa3BI1TI1e 6nH3l1CUOB lIa npOTI\1KeIUlI1 m:'pBoro
rO.!l.a JK!I3HI1, H B KonopallcKOM 6J1H3HeOBOM I1CCJIeIlOBaHI1I1, B
KOTOPOM nOKa3aTeJIlI HHTeJIJIeKTa 6JIH3HeI10B 6bIJIH nonyqeHbI B
1,2,3,4 ro.!l.a 11 B 7 JIeT (Flllker D.W., Cherny S.S., Cardon Lon
R., 1993).
06'be.ll.HHeHlle .lI.al1HblX, nonY'feHHbIX B KOJIOpallCKoM I1C-
cneAOBaHIfH npHeMHbIx .lI.eTeH, C .lI.aHHbIMl1, nOJlY'leHHbIMI1 B Tpex
JlOHrl1TlO.lI.HblX III:'CJIe.ll.08aHHSlX 6mt3\1eOB, Boo6e He BbUIBRnO
CKOJIbKO-HH6Y.ll.b 3Ha'iIfTeJIbHbIX B03paCTHbIX H3MCHeHIIH B nOKa-
3aTeJIIIX HaCJICllyeMOCTH (Ta6J1IfI1a 16.3).
OCHoBHble OTnH'IIIJI PC3YJIbTaTOB 3Toro 06'be,11,llHcHHOro HC-
cneJl,OBaHIfJl OT 6JI113Hel10BbiX llaHHblX, onl1caHHbIX B npeAbI.lI:yeM
pa3J1,ene, CBII3aHbl co cpelloBblMI1 KOMnOHeHTaMH .lI.lIcnepCI1If. Bo
BCCX B03paCTax (OT rOlla.ll.O 9 JIeT) OI1eHKH OOLL\eH CpeJl,bI OKa3b!lIa-
IOTCII HIfJKe, a pa3JIH'IalOLL\CHCJI CpeJl,bI - Bblwe, qeM ObIJIO nOJ1yqe-
HO npH COnOCTaBJIeHHII M3 H .II.3 6JIII3HCUOB.
646
I
Bce nOKa3aTeJlH, CBl1lleTeJlbcTBylOlUlic 0 pOJIH rCHOTIlOa H
CpCllbl B pa3B!lTHII, nOJIyqeHHble npH COBMeCTHOM aHaJlH3C .lI.aH-
IIbIX, KaK BH.!I.HO H3 Ta6JIHI1bl 16.3, OKa3blBalOTCII 60nee HnH Me-
Hee nOCTOIIHHblMH Ha npOTIIJKCHIfH Bcero IfCCneJ10BaBWCTOCII B03-
paCTHoro nepHO.!l.a. OJl,HaKO co6cTBeHHo BenH'II1Hbl KOMIlOHeHT
I1HCnepC!l11 (h', C' H e') HII'IerO He rOBopllT 0 TOM, KaKOBO npOHC-
xOJK.lI:eHl1e 3TOH cTa6HnbHOCTlI- COXp3HllIOTCJI JIll HeH3MeHHblMI1
reHeTH'IeCKHe II CpeJ10Bble BJ1!1I1HHII, nOMepJKHBalOlUI1e )TY CTa-
6IIJIbHOCTb.
,[Inll Toro qT06b1 oeHHTb npeeMCTBeHHOCTb reHeTH'IeCKHX
IInHJlHIfH, 6blJ1a pa3pa6oTaHa CneHaJlbHall CTaTIICTII'IeCKall MO-
)\enb IIpH nOCTpoeHHH MOl\eJIII Y'lI1TbIBaJlOCb pa3Hoe rCHeTH'IeC-
Koe CXOACTBO MeJKlIY napaMH pOIlCTBeHHHKOB (M3 If .II.3 6mI3HC-
L\aMH, pOIlHblMIl C\16CaMII, npHcMHbIMH CHocaMII), H paCCMaTpIl-
lIanOCb 6 B03pacToB, B KOTOpbIX rrpoBo,11,llm1Cb 3KcnepHMeHTbl, -
1,2,3,4 rO.!l.a, 7 II 9 JleT (Fu1ker D.W.. Chcrny S.S., Cardon Lon
R., 1993).
llpoBepKa C nOM01l.\blO MOACJlH Toro, HaCKOJIbKO COXpaHJI-
IOTCII Te JKe caMble Cpe.ll.OBble II reHCTHqCCKHe BnHIIHHII OT rO.ll.a .!I.O
9 J1eT, nOKa3ana, qTO KapTl1Ha cTa6HnbHocTli II 113MCH'IIIBOCTH
aocomoTHO He COBnaAaeT .1I,ml pa3HbiX KOMnOHeHT <!JeHOTlIOII'IeC-
KOH .lI.HcnepCHIi HHTeJIneKTa (PHCYHOK 16.5).
BJ1I1J1HI1C 06LL\eH Cpe.ll.bl JlBnlleTCJI nonlfOCTblO HeH3McHHbiM
(TeM JKe caMbIM) Il11I1 pa3HbIx B03pacToB, '1TO aBTopbI CBJl3bIBalOT
C .lI.OMHHIIPYIOLL\HM BJlIIJlHlleM COlIanbHO-3KOHOMII'IeCKorO CTa-
Tyca CCMbH, C'IllTaJl, qTO TOJIbKO OH (113 Bcex napaMeTpOB 0611.\ei1
Cpe.ll.bI) MOJKeT 06eCne'lHBaTb KOppeJIJlI.\HIO MeJK.lI.Y nOKa3aTCJ1J1MI1
001l.\eH Cpe.ll.bI Ha npOTIIJKeHI1H AeBJlTH JIeT.
BJlHJlHHII pa3JIHqalO1I.\eHCJI Cpe.ll.bl, Hao60pOT, OKa3blBalOTCJI
cneLlH<!JlfqeCKHMI1 Il11n KaJK)J.OrO KOHKpeTHOrO B03paCTa H COBep-
weHHO He KoppenllPYIOT Apyr C ApyroM B pa3HbIX B03paCTax.
Han60nee CJlOJKHall 3aBilCHMOCTb nonyqeHa 1l11J1 nOKa3aTe-
JlJI HaCJ1C.!I.yeMoCTII. ,[InJi Hero xapaKTepHO H coxpaHeHlle Tex JKe
caMblX reHeTH'IeCKHX BJlHJlHHH Ha npOTIIJKeHHH Bcero paCCMaTpl1-
BaBwerOCII B03paCTHoro nepllOJl,a, 11 nOJlBJIeHHe HOBbIX. TaK, eCTb
06LL\HH <!JaKTOp, .!I.ci1CTBHC KOToporo OOHapYJKIfBaeTCJI B I ro.ll. II
coxpaHlleTCJI .lI.O 9 !leT (XOTJI C B03pacTOM ero BnHIIHlle HeCKOJIbKO
)'MeHbLL\aeTc). B 2 \I 3 rOlla nOIlB)1I1IOTCH HOBblC BnRIIHHH, KOTO-
pble TaKJKe coxpaHlllOTCJI Ha I1pOTIIJKeHIIH Bcero IICCJIeJ1YCMoro
647

r"
. .4' ..
 [ 2roAa i
., 
32/33
t(3
,
.31
nOJ!BHlIaCb B03MO)l(HOCTb Bl(JI!OqHTb B aHaJIH3 60nee CTapUJIIH B03-
paCT - 10 neT (Cherny S.S., Fulker D.W., Hewitt J.K., 1997).
PC3ynbTaTbi 3TOH pa60Tb! nOATBepAllnH BbIBO,!!bl npcl(bl1l,y-
IlIero COBMCCTHoro aHllJI1I3a 6!n!3Hel1oBblx lIaHHblX 1\ AaHHblX npl\-
eMHblX AeTeH: npeeMCTBeHHOCTb BnHHHM o6eH cpeJl,bI Ha npoTH-
1I<eH!1H BoeX 10 JIeT, OTcYTCTBlle npeeMCTBeHHOCTII BO BnllJ!HIIJ!X PaJ-
nll'Ia10111ciicJI CpeJl,bI II KOMnneKcflblH x3p3KTep reHe'IWICCKHX BJ\JfJl-
HIIH 1!3 HI!TeJ/ilCKT (Ha'JIlHaJI C nepBoro rOAa )l(H3HII eCTb reHeTlI'IeC-
KHe BnHJ!HI\JI, coxpaHJ!10111I1ecJ! Ha npoTJ!)I(eHIIII Bcex 10 neT, 3 KPO-
MC Toro, K311<Jl,b11i roll. nOJ!BnJ!IOTCJ! HOBbie reHeTH'leCKl1e BJII\J!Hll>1,
KOTopble, OJlliaJK.II.b! fIOJlBIIB1I1IfCb, He npOilMalOT B .l\aJlbHCii1l1eM).
AHanOrllqHa>l npOL\ell.ypa (COBMeCTHbIH allanll3 lI.aHHblX
6nH3HeQOBbiX I1ccneAoBaHIIH II KonopaliCKoro HccnClIOB3HHJI npH-
eMHblX AeTeH) 6b1na npeAnpllH>lTa npH aHaJllf3e OTJI,ClIbHblX l\OrHlf-
THBHblX cnoc06HoCTcH (Bep6aJlbHblX, npOC1]JaHCTBCHHbIX, CKOpOCTII
BOCnpllJlTHJI II n3MJlTH) II 'IeTblpex B03p3CTHblX rpynn3x - B 3 If 4
rOA3 11 B 7 11 9 neT. HaH60nee I1HTepeCHblM pC3YJlbTaTOM 3Toro aH3-
lIH3a >lBneTC>l He co6CTBeliHO KOHCTaT3L\11J! npeeMCTBeHlIOCTI1 B re-
Honm-cpell.OBblX BIII1J!HIIJlX, a onpe.l\eJIeHHC TOro, KaKllM 06paJOM
3T3 npeeMCTBeHHOCTb onocpell.YeTC 06HM I1HTeJIJlCKTOM (Cardon
Lon R., Fulker D.W., 1993).
.[{nJi Toro '1To6b! nOH!!Tb, B KaKOH CTcneHlI .l\aHHblC, lJony-
'1CIIHble II.IIJI cneQHaJIbllbIX cnoc06HocTeH, OTpaJK31OT BKnali B
HI1X 06111ero I1HTellnCKTa, npll MOlleJlHpOBaHHl1 6bInO oCY111ecTB-
!1eHO pa311CneHI1e K3JKII,oii KOMnOHeHTbI !jJeHoTllnl1'1eCKOii ,\llC-
nepcllu Ha 06111Yro, TO eCTb CBH3<1HHY1O c IjJaKTopOM g, H cnel.\l1-
!jJllqeCKYlO, TO eCTb X3p3KTepH3Y10111Y1O c06CTBeHHO cneL\H3JIbHble
cnoc06HoCTH.
Pe3YJIbTaTbI, nOJIY'leHHble 11)1>1 lIBYX MJIaJJ;illI1X B03paCTHblX
rpynn (3 11 4 roJJ;a), IlOKa3aJUI, qTO reHeTlI'JeCKHe BJIII>lHI1J1 B 3TOM
B03paCTe CB!\33Hbl CI<:opee C 06I.QI1M HHTeJlJIeKTOM (c !jJ<lKTOPOM g)
B 7 neT reHeTllqeCKlie Bml>lHH!! lia Bce cnC!.\lIaJIbHble cno-
C06HOCTII OCT31OTC!\ JII1Wb B HeKOTopOH CTenCHIi CBJ!3aHbl C JIa-
T<.HTHOii f!CpCMeHHoii (06Il1I1M I1HTCnJIeKTOM). B 3TOM B03paCTe
3HaqUTeJIbHeii CTaHoBlltC!\ 1'3 qaCTb relieTHQeCI<OH BapHaTI1BHOC-
TI1, I<:OTOpaJi CB!!3aHa c06CTBeRHO CO CneL\H3nbHblMII cnoc06HOC-
TJlMI'! II lie C1301lHTCJI K BJ1I1J!11111O 06ll.{ero IUlTennCKTa.
B 9 IICT reHeTl1qCCKa BapllaTllBRoCTb Bcex nOKa3aTeneH,
I<:pOMe Bep6aJIbHbiX CnOC06HOC-reii, OnJlTb onpell.enJleTcJI TeM, B
649
G - reHeTl.IeCKe BnRHR
CE - BIlI1RHI1R 0614ei! cpe,z</;>I
He 0603HaqeHbl- B03paCTHo-cne411<pl1l.1eCKl1e CpelJ,OBble BnllRHIIR
PUCYUOK 16.5
M odellb 1(02HumU8H020 pa3Bumwt, B1(flIOaIOUjIlfl 6 B03pacmoB (npu-
8edeuo no Fulker D. w.. Cherny s.s.. Cardon Lon R., 1993)
B03paCTHOrO oTpe3Ka, XOTH C TeqCHIICM BpeMeHH I1X BemlqUHa
YMeHblllaetC. B 4 r01l3 HOBblX reHeTIIQeCKHX Bnll>lHI1H He B03HII-
KaeT, H aBTopbI paCCM3Tpl1B31OT 31'0 KaK nOKa33TeJIb reHeTI1QeC-
KOH cTa6HilbHocm, JaIIO:KeHHOii B l1epl3l>IC TpU TO.IIa JK1131111. B 7
neT OnJlTb nOJ!BlIJlroTCJ! HOBbIe reHeTH'IeCKlle BlIIIJlHH!\, COXpaH>I-
lOHeCJI .IIO 9 JleT, qTO <!BTOpbl CB>l3bIB3IOT C B03p3crOM HaqaJIa
1I1KOllbHoro 06Y'lCR">I. npe.l{b!!BnJ!lO!J.(cro HOBbie TpCOOBaHI1H K
IIHTeJIJIeI(TY3JIl>HOH .!Ie!!TeJIbIiOCTI1 pe6eHKa. B 9 JICT HOBOH BapH-
aTIfBIiOCtlI He nOJlBn!!eTC!\.
CnYCTH HeCKOilbKO JIeT nOCJIe Of!I1CaHHOIi pa60Tbl lIaHHble
KOJTOpaJJ;cKOrO IIcClre.n;OB3HHJ! H Tpex OJIII3HCLtOBbiX J/OHrHTl0l<-
HbIX I1CCJ1e.!!OBaHI1H BHOBb 6bIJIII COBMeCTHO npOaHaJIU311pOBaHbl.
IIocl(onbKY BbI60pKH I1CnblTyeMblX, yq3CTBYI0111HX B 31'HX I1CCJIe-
AOBaHlIJlX, !jJOpMI1PYIOTCR nOCTeneHHO, KOJlUqeCTBO AeTCH Ka)l(1I0-
ro paCCMaTpHB<!CMoro B03paCT<I CTaliO 60JJbU1C II, KpOMe Toro,
648

KaKOil Mepe B Cnel.\HaJ1bHblX cnoco6HOCHX OTpaJKaCTCJI 0611.\I1H
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cnoc06HOCTeH.
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pOAa KpHTH'IeCKIlM. B :no BpCMJI nOJlBilJlIOTCJI HOBbIe reHeTHqeC-
KHe IIJ1HJlHIIJI, AeTepMHHllpYIOII.\He 05 W HH IIHTeJ1J1eKT. OAHOBP:-
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MJI nepeMcHHblMH C'II1TaIOTCJI AocToBepHblMII TOJ1bKO B TOM CJ1Y-
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B lIaqaJIe WKOJ1bHorO o5yqeHI1J1 (B 7 J1eT).
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65!
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650

Ta6J1u/{a 16.4-
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Ta6J1ua 16.6 .
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(Cardol1 L.R., 1994)
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TOqllHKa 113MeHeHui! B CTpYKType KOrHUTl1BHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK,
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ro c(JYHKl.\!fOHHpOBaHHJI.
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653
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652

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TaThl pa6oT, npOBe,l1eHHblX Ha obl60pKax pa3Horo 003pacTa. Ha-
nOMHIIM, 'ITO npll CpaOHeH!1II Cxo.n.CTBa 6JIH3Hel\OB 0 nepOble He-
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TOphlM oc06eHHOCTJlM TeMnepaMeHTa - H 6oJIee) nOXOJIUlMH lIHY'-
plmapHO, '1eM M3 6ml3HCl\bl (Ta6mIl\a 8.9). HHa'le rOBopS!, IIH-
JJ,il1\\lAyaJlbHble pa3JlH'IJlI! II cIIoi1CToax TCMnepaMeHTa B 3TOT ne-
1'HO)]; COBepweHHO He CIIS!3aHbI C reHOTI101I'JeCKHMII pa3JIH'IIIJlMI1,
a nOJIHOCTbIO on1'eileJIRIOTCH TeMH I1ml IIHblMl1 cpellOBblMIi YCJIO-
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l\OB 06'1HCHHeTCH TeM, '1TO oco6eHHoCTII TeMne1'aMCHTa HOBO-
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1'0 (BHYTpIIYTp06Horo) 11 nepllHaTaJlbHOrO (npOl\eCca 1'0Jl,OB) ne-
PHollOB pa3BI\T\J!<. B nOllb3Y 3Toro npe/l,Il0J10)!(eHHJI CBl1)I.eTenbCTBY-
lOT )];aHHble 0 CBJl3H BHYTJJHnapHOro CXOI\CTBa 6JIH3HCL(OB no HCKO-
TOpbIM oc06eHHOCTJlM TeMnepaMeHTa co CXOilCTJI.OM IIX oeca II co
CXO)J,CTBOM IIX 1jJ113110JIOrH'IeCKOH 3peJIOCTH (Loehhn J.e., 1992).
B 60JIee CTapllleM B03paCTe oapllaTlioHocTb nOBe.n.eH'JeCKIIX
oc06eHHOCTeH, OTHOCIIMblX K TeMnepaMeHT)', o6HapYJl(IJBaeT CB3b
C reHOTHnOM. llpl1 nOM nOKa3aTe1ll1 BHYTpl1napHOro CXOliCToa,
nOJ1YQeIUlb\C pa3Hb\MH a\'oTopaMII, \'oapbllpYIOT B O'leHb llmpOKIIX
npeil eJIax . HanplIMep, B I1ccJIeIlOBaHI1H, npOBe.ll:eHHOM Ha 6-Me-
CR'IHbUl 6JIII3Hel\aX (Chen C J. ct a!., 1989, I.\IIT. no Loehlin J.C.,
1992), BHyrpHnapHoe CXO.n.CTOO OKa3aJ10Cb pamlo 0,80 ,!UI M3 H
o 60 _ )J;J1H .L\3 6m13HeQoB. .L{aHHblc, nOJIY'JeHHbIe Ha TOM JKe B03-
;aCTC B JlYH3BIlJIbCKOM HccJ1eIlOBaHHI1 (Wilson R., Matheny A.,
1986), npoileMoHcTpllpOOaJ1H oHYTpl1napHOC CXOACTBO, paoHoe
040 H 0 \6,!U1H M3 H.II.3 6nIl3HCl\OB COOTlleTCTBeHHO.
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'1eJIOBeK'i\. Bbl60pKH IIcnblTyeMbIx npH HCCJ1eilOBaHHI1 ,!\eTCKOrO
B03pacTa, J<aK npaoHno, 6blBalOT He60JIbWIIMII II 06bl'lHO IIC'J}lC-
J1HIOTCH HeCKOJlbKIIMIi l\.eC!(TKaMH nap. Y !\3POCJIblX IICCJleIlYeTCS!
cTaH.n.apTHblH Ha60p JIlI'JHOcTHbIX CBOHCTB, H Bbl60PKH B )Tori
B03pacTHoit rpynne HaC'IHTbIBaIOT COTHH, a Imorlla 11 TbIC'1I1IIC-
nblTyeMblx.
654

HOK, JIaOOpaTOpHblX HaOJIIOJI,eHI1H), ,[{JK.JI03Jl1IH npHIlIeJI K BbIBO-
Jl,Y, qTO pa3JIHqHJI B BeJIII'IHHe BHYTpHnapHOrO CXO)1CTBa MeJKi1j'
M3 H A3 OJIH3Hel1aMII B nOM B03paCTe paBHbl B cpelIHeM 0,12 H,
TaKHM oopa30M, Cpe)1HHH nOKa3aTeJIb HaCJ1C)1yeMOCTI1 paBCH 0,24
(Loehlin J C., [992).
Pe3YJIbTaTbi paooT, npOBe)1eHHbiX Ha OJIH3Hel.\aX OT nepBoro
rO)1a JKH3HH JJ.O IUIYX J1CT, JJ.eMoHCTpllpYIOT nOXOJKHe pe'3YJIbTaTbl:
nOKa3aTeJlH BHY11mnapHoro CXOJJ.CTBa M3 H):I3 6Jl113Hel.\OB BapbH-
PYIOT, HO nOKa3aTeJIH Hacnei1j'eMoCTII npll 3TOM, KaK npaaHJIO, oc-
TalOTCH B jl,Hana30He OT 0,20 1\0 0,40 (HanpHMep, Goldsmith H.H.,
Campos J.1., 1986), a CpelIH1iH nOKa3aTeJIb HaCJ1ei\YeMOCTII B nOM
B03paCTe OKa3b1BaCTCJI paBeH 0,27 (Loehlin lC., 1992).
H3MeHCHI1H CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa, npOHCXOl!JllI1He C B03pa-
CTOM, TaKJKe OKa3bIBaIDTCJI 60JIee nOXOJKI1MI1 Y naprnepoB M3 nap,
no cpaaHeHHIO C napTHepaMH A3 nap.
PaccMOTpeB 113MeHeHHH CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa Ha pa3Jmq-
HblX oTpe'3KaX BpeMeHH (HanpI1Mep, OT 9 1\0 12 MCCHl.\eB, OT 6 1\0 12
H 18 MeCJll.\eB, OT Tpex 1\0 qeTblpeX JlCT), aBTopbl JIYII3BHJIbCKOrO
6JIH3Hel.\OBOrO JIOHrllTlOl\a nOJ1yqHJIH OT'IeTJ1HBble pa3JIHqHJI BO
BHYTpHnapHbIx KOPPeJIHL\HJlX M3 II A3 6JIII3HeL\OB, npH nOM qeM
CTapille CTaHOBHiIHCb OJIII3HeL\bl, TeM OOJ1bWe 61>11111 Pa3J1HqI1H MeJK-
I\Y M3 H A3 OJIH3HeL\aMIi (Ta6J1HL\a 8.13). CpaBHHB CTeneHb CXOi\-
CTBa M3 H A3 OJIH3HCL\OB B B03paCTHbIX H3MeHeHHJlX CBOHCTB TeM-
nepaMeHTa, AJK.JI03JII1H Onpe)1eiIHJI CpC)1Hl'le BHYTpHnapHble KOppC-
JIHL\1U1 M3 H,[{3 OJIH3Hel.\OB. OHH OKa3aJIHCb paBHbI 0,51 H 0,22 WIH
M3 H A3 6JIH3HeL\OB COOTBCTcrneHHO (Loehbn J.C., 1992). TaKIIM
06pa30M, H3MeHeHHC C B03paCTOM CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa IIcnbITbI-
BaCT BJIIIHHHe reHOTHna.
B 60JIee cTapweM B03paCTe, B Ha'laJIe WKOJlbHOrO ooyqeHHJI,
BKJIal\ reHOTIma B BapHaTHBHoCTb CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa (KaK 06
3TOM CBIIJJ.CTCITbCTBYIOT HCMHOrOqlfCITeHHblC IICCJ!C)10BIIHJfJl) coxpa-
HJleTCH npllMepHO Ha TOM )/(e ypOBHe, TO eCTb HH)1HBH)1yaJIbHblC
Pa3JIHqliH B )1HHaMII'IeCKIIX oc06eHHOCTHX nOBe)1eHHJI, Ha6Jl1OJJ.ae-
Mble B 3TOM B03paCTe, OKa3bIBaIOTCJI CBJl3aHbi C reHOTHnOM
4.2. Hccne110BaHHII npHeMHLlx lien"
paMeHTa (B HX BapHaTHBHocTH), B 3Ha'lllTeJlbHOH CTcneHH OTJ1Hqa-
IOTCJI OT pe3YJIbTaTOB, nOJIyqCHHblX 6J!H3HeL\OBbIM MeTOliOM. KaK
rOBOpliJICb B rJIaBe 8, nOKa3aTCJII1 HaCJ1ei\YeMOCTI1 CBOHCTB TeMnc-
paMeHTa, onpelleJIeHHbIe B HCCJIenOBaHIIJlX npHeMHbIx llCTeH, OKa-
3b1BaTCH HH)/(e, '1CM B 6JIH3HeL\OBbIX pa60Tax.
B K0J10paliCKoM IICCJIe)10BaHIIH nplleMHbIx JJ.eTeH (Ha ce-
rOnHJlWHHii )1eHb HaHOOJIee nonp06HoM H WIHTeJ1bHOM IiCCJIeno-
BaHlili TeMnepaMeltTa, npoBeneHHoM MeTonoM npHcMHblX JJ.CTCH)
OC06CHHOCTH J!H'IHOCTHOH c!jJepbl, B TOM '1I1CJIe II TeMnepaMeHTa,
onpe)1CJIJlJ1HCb C nOMOlI1blO Tpex HCTO'lHliKOB IIH!jJOpMal\HII - OL\e-
HOK 3KcnepllMeHTaTopOB, npOBO)1HBllII1X TeCTHpOBaHlle KOrHII-
THBHblX ocooeHHOCTeH neTeH, OL\eHOK o60llx pOlillTeJIeH H KC-
nepTHblX OL\eHOK Bllne03anHCII, C)1eJIaHHOH B npOl.\eCce TeCTllpo-
BaHIIJI neTeH. Ony6JIHKOBaHHbIC B HaCTOJllI1ee BpeMJ! PC3YJIbTaTbI
KaCaIDTCH nepBbIx 10 ITCT )/(II3HII )1CTeH, a HaH6oJ!ec .lI:CTaJIbHO npo-
aHaJIH3I!pOBaHbi nepBble 4 rOlla (Plomin R. et aI., 1988; DeFries
lC., 1994) .
AHaJlH3 pe3YJIbTaTOB B KOJIOpaliCKoM IICC!!ellOBaHHII npo-
BO)1HTCJI TaKIiM 06pa30M, '1TOObI MO)/(HO 6bIJIO Ol\eHIITb: I) S03-
paCTHble H3MeHeHIIJI IIH)1HBllnya!!bHbIX pa3JIHqHH; 2) B03pacTHble
H3MeHeHHJ! reHOTIm-cpel\OBOrO CooTHOWeHlIJI; 3) reHCTH'IeCKOe Ii
cpeJJ.oBoe onocpe,!\oBaHHe CBJl3eH MeJKi1j' xapaKTcpHcmKaMlI; 4)
reHCTl1qCCKHe H3MeHeHHJI; 5) reHoTHn-cpeliOBoe B3aIlMo,!\eHcTBlle;
6) reHoTim-CpeAoBble KOppe!!JlL\HH (Plomin R, et aI., 1988). COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO 3TI1M 3aiJ,aqaM lICCJIel\OBaHHJI 6YJJ.YT onHcaHbI Ha1l60-
JIee IIHTCpCCHble )1aHHble, nOJ1yqCHHble B KOJIOpaliCKoM IIccneno-
BaHIIH npHeMHblX )1CTeH
l rIpH aHaJ1H3e B03paCTHblX 1I3MCHCHHH paccMaTpHBaJIHCb
II3MeHeHHJI C B03paCToM BapliaTIIBHocTH ()1l1CnepcIIH) xapaKTepl1-
CTI1K, li3MeHeHHe KOBapllal.\IIH nepeMeHHblx II H3MeHeHile MeJKB03-
pacTHoii KOOapHal.\HH (oo3pacTHoH cTa6Jf!!bHOCTH npJf3HaKa)
H3McHeHIJJ! B BapHaTliBHocTIl (H3McHeHIIJI B WHpOTC IIH.l\H-
BIIJJ.yaJIbHbIX pa3J1HqHH) JlBJIJlIQTCJI IICKJIIO'IIITeJlbHO BaJKHblMH no
)10YM npllqHHaM. Bo-nepBblx, OHII BJIeKYT 3a COOOH 113MeHeHIJe
Ol.\eHOK reHOTIm-CpelioBoro COOTHO!lIeHIIJI. BO-BTOPbIX, BpeMeH-
Hoe YBeJllJ'ICHlle BapHaTIIBHOCTII MO)/(CT CBIIl\CTeJIbCTBOBaTb 0 TOM,
'1TO IIHlllJBIIJI,yaJIbHbIe pa3JI11qllJl HrpalOT Ba)/(HYIO pOJIb B 3TOT
nepHOiJ, pa3BHTlIJI. 3TI1 H3MeHeHHJI Ol1eHHBaJIHCb C nOMOlI1blO KO-
3!jJ!jJHl.\I1CHTa BapliaTIlBIIOCTH II npOlieMOHCTpHpOBaJIlI J1I1Wb He-
657
HCCJ1ellOBaHliJl, npOBel\eHHble MCTOl\OM nplleMHbIx l\CTeH II
nOCBJllI1CHHble aHaJIH3Y pOJIH reHomna H cpellbI B CBOHCTBax TeMne-
656

60JlbWYIO ,lI,H!\J!\JepeHlJ,HaI.\IHO nOKa3aTeJleH TeMnepaMeHTa C B03-
paCTOM. HHaqe rOBOp, BapllaTIIBHOCTb Pa.3HbIX CBOHCTB TeMne-
paMeHT3 (TO eCTb WlIpOTa IIH,lI,IIBII,lI,yaJlbHblX pa3n1I'1HH B 3THX
CBOHCTBax) npllMepHO O)J,HHaKOBa H MaJlO MeHJleTCR C n03paCTOM.
HeT oc06b1x H3MeHeHIIH H B KOBapHaI.\nJl MeJK.D:Y np1l3HaxaMH (H3-
npllMep, B !\JaKTopHblX cTpYKTypax CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa, no-
JlY'leHHbIX OT OI1HOrO rO,ll,a ,lI,0 '1eTbIpex JIeT).
B03paCTHaR CTa6HJlbHOCTb nOK33aTeIleii TeMnepaMeHTa OKa-
3bIBaeTCR BblCOKOH T01lbKO no ,lI,aHHbIM, nOJlyqeHHblM npll onpo-
ce pOJl,lITCJleH. OL\eHKII 3KcnepliMeHTaTopOB H 3KcnepTOO, OI.\eHH-
BaOWllX BII,lI,e03anHcn, 06J1a.l1a1OT HH3KOH cTa611J1bHOCTbIO.
2. B03pacTHble H3MeHeHHR B npllpo.l1e 1IlW1BH,lI,yanbHbIx pa3-
JlH'IHH, TO eCTb B reHOTHn-CpeJl,OBbIX COOTHOweHHRX, OKa.3bIBaIOTCR
TaK)f(e HeCOOna,ll,alOll\HMH np" pa3HbIx cnoco6ax nOJIyqeHlUI IIH-
!\JopMaI.\HH' no OL\eHKaM 3KcnepHMeHTaTOpOO, nOJlyqeHHbIM B nep-
Bble rOJl,bl )f(1I3HH pe6eHKa, MO)f(HO rOBopHTb 0 HaCJle.l1yeMoCTH HH-
I1HBH.IlY3JIbHbIX pa3JIH'IHii B TaxHX nepeMeHHblX, KaK oplleHTaI.\HJI B
3a.l1aHHlI, a<jJ!\JeKTHBHOCTb-3KCTpaBepTHpOBaHHOCTb " aKTHBHOCTb,
npH'JeM nOKa3aTeJll1 HaCJle.llYeMOCTIi MallO MeHJIiOTCR C 003paCTOM H
OKa.3bIBaIOTCR HH)f(e, qeM B 6JIH3HelJ,OBbIX IICCJIe,ll,OBaHIIx. llo OI.\eH-
KaM poltllTcJleii BHYTpI1JIapHOe CXO,ll,CTBO B 3TOM B03paCTe PO,ll,HbIX
cII6cOB II YCblHOBJIeHHbIX, reHeTH'IeCKlI pa.3JIH'IHbIX, Jl,eTeH He OTJlH-
'1aeTC no BeJlHqI1He. B 601lee CTapWHX BOJpaCTK (7-10 lIeT) H3
OCHOBaHHII 3KcnepTHbiX OL\eHOK MO)f(HO r0130pl1Tb 0 reHe"mqeCKOii
06yc1I08J1eHHocTlI .I1BYX xapaKTepHcTHK TCMnepaMcHTa - COL\lIa-
6eJlbHOCTH H aKTHBHOCTIl (Schmitz S., 1994).
3 B IICCJIej(on3HIIII 6b1l1ff YCT3HOBliCHbl CBI/3I1 MC)f(.I1Y oco-
6CHHOCTRMH TCMncpaMeHTa H nOKa3aTCJlI/MI1 KorHIITHBHoro pa3-
BIITIIJI (cpe.l1H1/ KOppeJlI/I.\H no pa3HblM oco6eHHocTI/M TeMnepa-
MeHTa Ii TpeM TeCTaM IIHTeJIJlCKTa paBHa 0,36). 0l1H3KO Y .I1BYX-
lICTHIIX /l:cTcii KpOCc-KOppeRHI.UfII (KOppCJlH!J.HH Me)l(.1IY CBojjcTBa-
Mil TeMnepaMeHTa O,ll,HOrO pcGeHKa B ceMbC II HHTeJIJIeKTOM ,lI,Py-
roro) He OTJIllqaIOTCJI OT HYJlJl KaK y npHeMllblX, reHeTllqeCKIl He
CBI/3aHHblX Me)l(.I1Y c060H ):JeTeii, TaK II y I'5llOJlorllqeCKIiX CHGCOB
(POI1HbJX 6paneB If ceCTep). SlTO oqeHb Ba)f(Hblii pe3YJlbTaT, no-
CKOJIbKY OH CBlIlI.eTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, '1TO B 2 rO,ll,a Hil TeHoTlln, Hil
06ll\aR cpe.l1a He onOCpe.l1YIOT CBJl3eii Me)f(AY KorHHTHBHOii H JJH'I-
HOCTHOH c!\JepaMII. B 3 rO):Ja KpOCC-KOPPCJIJII-1I111 MC)I(AY HeKOTO-
pblMiI ocoGeHHocnMH TeMnepaMeHTa I1I1HTeJlJleKTOM 110CTllralOT
658
nO'lTI1 0,30, HO TaK)I(e He pa3JII1qaIOTCJI y npHeMHblX II 6110JlOrll-
qeCKHX CH6cOB, TO ccn cnYCTI/ rOj( nOI/BJlSleTCI/ onOCpe.l10BaHlle
CBJl3eH Me)f(.!1Y TeMnepaMeHTOM II HHTeJIJleKTOM 06ll\eH Cp e .l1 oii .
4. rCHeTllqCCKl'le H3MeHeHliJI OT B03paCTa K B03paCTY MorYT
COCTaBJlI/Tb 3Haql1MYlO BeJIllqHHy, CC1IH oapllaTIIBHOCTI, xapaKTe-
pHCTI1KH HCnbITblBaeT BJIlHIHIIC reHOTHna. HHa'ie rOBopJl, 0 TeHe-
TH'IeCKIIX 113MeHeHHSlX MO)f(HO rOBOpllTb Tor):Ja, KOT,lI,a B IIccJJej(Y-
eMbIX B03pacTax TIOJlY'leHbJ 60Jlee IIJIH MeHce BblCOKlle nOKa3aTe-
1111 HaClle.l1yeMocTIi KaK Y)I(e rOBOpIlJJOCb, npll aHaJIli3e pOAHTeJlb-
CKHX OL\eHOK TeMnepaMcHTa AeTeH nOKa3aTeJIIi HaCJIeJl,yeMocTII
OKa3aJ1HCb HII3KHMH. Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHlI1I MOJKHO 6b1JJO O)f(lIjlaTb
HH3KJIX Ol..\eHOK TeHeTH'IeCKOrO onOCpe,ll,OBaHI1J1 B03paCTHblX H3-
MeHeHIIH, HeCMOTpJl Ha cpaBHHTeJIbHO BblCOKYIO !\JeHoTilnHqeC-
KYIO (Ha5JllOjlacMYlO B pearrbHOM nOBe.l1eHHI1) CTa611JlbHOCTb
COOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa. OOJIY'ieHHbIe jlaHHbIe nO.l1TBep)J,HnH 3TH
O)f(II)1.aHHR. OHH OTqeTnHBO npOAeMOHCTpHPOBaJIlI, '1TO !\JeHOTHnll-
qeCKa CTa6HIIbHOCTb CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa B 003paCTe OT O)UlO-
ro rO):Ja AO 'IeTblpeX rreT MOJKet HMeTb TonbKO cpe,ll,OoylO ooyc-
1l0BlIeHHOCTI>: BHYTpHIT3pHOe CXO/l:CTBO P0)UlbIX 6paTben f1 ceCTCp
He npeBbIWaeT, a qaCTo OKa3bIBaeTC>I H HIIJKe nHyrplinapHoro CXO):J-
CToa reHeTIi'leCKH He CBJl3aHHblX MeJK.D:Y coooii .I1eTeH, )f(HOYlI.\IIX C
pO.l1HTeJIJI MII-YCblH OBliTeJl>l M H.
5. reHOmn-Cpeo.OBOe BJ3HMoj(ejjcTBlle OnpeJlelIHeT, B K3-
Koii CTeneHII 3!\J!\JeKT, OKa3bIBaeMblH cpe.l1oii, JaOIiCHT OT reHOTlI-
na qerrOBeKa, )l(HBYlI.\ero B 3TOH cpe.l1e. HeKoTopble CpejlOBble ycno-
BIiJi MorYT OKa3aTbCJI 60Jlce 6rraTOnpHI/THbIMII ,I1J11/ JlID):Jeii C 011;-
HIIM reHOTJlflOM JI MeBee 6naTOIJpllJlTHblMJI ,I1J1!1 JllO.IleH C ,lI,PYTHM
reHOTHnOM.
P.llJIOMHH C C03BTopaMH (Plomin R., 1991; Plomin R., et
ai., 1977, I..\HT. no Plomin R. et aI., 1988) npe.l1I1O)f(JlJlII cnoc06
onp e .1I ene Hl11/ reHonm-Cpe.llOBOrO B3allMO.lleikTBJlJI B HccneAOBa-
HHH npHeMHbIx l1eTeH. IIpH 3TOM npliMeHl/eTCJI jlayx!\JaKTOpHaS
cxeMa aHaJlHJa, KOTOpaJi 6blJla onlicaHa B rJIaBC 15, nOCBJlll\eH-
HOH B3allMOJl,eiicTBliIO reHeTHqeCKHX II Cpe)l.OBbIX !\JaKTopoB. re-
HOTlin YCblHOBJleHHoro pe6eHKa (KOTOpblii OI.\eHIIBaeTCJI no .I1aH-
HbIM ero 6110JlOrllqeCKHX pO,ll,HTeJIeH) II YCJlOBHI/ pa3BIITliI/ (KOTO-
pble OI.\eHHBaIOTCJI no Jl1060ii xapaKTepllCTlI1<C ceMbll YCblHoBHTe-
lIejj) conOCTaBIIJlIOTC C HeKoTopoH nepeMeHHoH, nmOTeTII'IeCKIi
3aOHCHMoii OT reHOTlina H pemcTplipyeMblX YCJIOBIiH Cpe)l.bI.
659

B KorrOpa,nCKOM npOeKTe 6bIrra norryqeHa CBH3b aKTIIBHOC-
TII nplleMHblX ,neTeH (B I ro.ll:) C aKTHBHOCTblO HX 611OJlOrH'IeCKHX
MaTepeH B 3aBHCIIMOCTH OT )!(eCTKOCTII ,nIlCl.\ltnmlHbI B ceMbe, yc-
TaHaBJIIIBaeMOH HX pO,l1HTerrJlMH-YCbIHOBIITeJlJlMH. llPH CKJ!OHHO-
CTH po,nIlTerreH OrpaHH'IHBaTb CBo60i\Y pe6eHKa JTa CBH3b 6blJ!a,
B MeHee )!(eCTKI1X YCJ!OBlfJlX - nponai\arra. B 2 rOi\a aKTlIBHOCTb
pe6eHKa 6bllla CBJl3aHa C aKTHSHOCTbIO HX 611OJIOrlf'JeCKHX MaTe-
peH, eCJ!H B ceMbe peaJ!H30BbIBaJICH 60Jlee JKeCTKIfH CTimb OTHO-
WCHIIH. TaKHM 06pa30M, 60JlbWaH perJIaMeHTal.\lIH ceMeHHblX OT-
HoweHIIH nplfBo,nIfT K YBerrH'IeHI1IO nOKa3aTeJ!JI HaCJIei\yeMOCTIf
no TaKOMY CBOHCTBY TeMnepaMeHTa, KaK aKTHBHOCTb.
Y npHeMHblX i\eTCH, qbll MaTepll HMelOT 60rree BblCOKIiH He-
BpOTII3M, Ha6rrlO,narrOCb 60J!bwe nOBCi\eH'IeCKIfX np06J1eM, He3a-
BIICIIMO OT HeBpOTlf3Ma YCb!HOBIfBWItX H3 MaTepeii. BblCOKIfH JKe
HeBpOTH3M MaTepeH-YCb!HOBHTeJIeH npHBOi\IfJI K POCTY nOBei\CH-
'1eCKIIX npo6rreM Y Bcex i\e-reii, B TOM qHCJJe H Tex, qbH 6HOJIOrH-
qeCKHe MaTepH HMelOT HII3KI1H HeBpOTH3M.
CXOi\CTBO p0,l1HTeJIeii If i\eTeH TaKJKe npOBJIeTCJI B 3aBII-
CHMOCTI1 OT cpe.nOBblX ycrrolmH II OT nCHXOJ!orllqeCKHX oc06eH-
HOCTeH pOi\HTeJleH H i\eTCH. TaK, B TIHI rO.t\a CXOi\CTBO i\eTeH If
pOi\HTeJ!eH no HHTerrJ!eKTY 3aBIICHT OT ypOBHH a1<THBHOCTH pe-
6eHKa, TO eCTb, KaK HHTepnpeTllpYIOT 3TOT lj}aKT aBTopbl HCCJ!C-
i\OBaHI1J1, "BJ1IUIHHC IIHTeJUleKTa pOi\IITeJJeH Ha I1HTeJlJ!eKT pe6eH-
Ka TCM BbIwe, 'IeM Bblwe Y pe6CHKa ypOBeHb aKTHBHOCTlf"
(Plomin R. et aI., 1988, c.242).
B03paCTHaH cTa6HrrbHoCTb HHTeJUleJ(Ta MeHeTCJI B 3aBIICIf-
MOCTH OT HeBpOTlt3Ma 61f0rrOrl1qeCKHX MaTepeH ('IeM HHJKe He.
BpOTII3M, TeM BbIwe MeJKB03paCTHbIe KOppCJIJlUHH, TO eCTb B03-
paCTHaJi cTa6HJ!bHOCTb 6aJUlOB HHTeJIJleKTa). Cpei\OBbIe JKe YCJ!O-
BII" 601lbWe BlIHHIOT Ha YPOBCHb HHTerrJJeKTa Tex /l.eTeH, KOTopble
HMelOT BblCOKYIO 3MoUHoHarrbHocTb. TaKlfM 06pa30M, TeMnepa-
MeHT MOJKeT BbIcTynaTb KaJ( YCJ!OBHe pa3BHTlfH I1HTeJ!J!CKTa.
6. feHoTHn-cpC/l.OBaR KoppenRUHJI nOKaJblOaeT, B KaKoii CTe-
neHII cpe/l.a COOTBeTCTByeT reHomny .lI:eTeH (IIJII1 - npH npoTHBo-
nOnO)!(HOM 3HaKe KOppenJlL\HH - npoTHBonoKaJaHa IIX reHOTlmy).
PaccYJK.!leHHH, neJKawHe B OCHOBe onpe/l.eJ!eHIf reHOTlfn-
Cpei\OBOH KOpperrJlUHH, COCTOJIT B TOM, qTO npH nOJJO)[(IfTeJIbHoi!
KOppeJJUIIH reHOTlfna If Cpei\bl Ij}cHoTHnl1qCCKaH BaplfanlBHOCTb
YBeJIlI'lIfBaCTCH, a "Plf orplfL\aTeJIbHOii KoppenHL\HH - YMcHbwa-
660
CTCH, qTO HenOCpe/l.CTBCHHO cnCi\YCT H3 onpCi\CJ!CHHII q,CHOTl1nll-
qCCKOH /l.IICnepCHH:
Vp = V G + V c + 2cov(GE).
MeTOi\bl onpei\erreHHH, HanplfMep, nOJ!OJKHTerrbHoti nac-
CHBHOH rCHOTHn-CpCi\OBOH KOppeJIHL{IIH (TO eCTb Ha6JJIOi\aeIOM B
Tex crrY'IaJlX, KOr/l.a pe6eHOK C MOMeHTa PO)!(/l.CHHJI nOnaJl,aeT B
cpe/l.Y, 6JIarOnpHJlTHYIO JI,OJI ero reHOTHna) COCTOHT B conOCTaB-
JIeHHH .!lHCnepCIIM JlHTepeCYlOwero CBOHCTBa Y nplleMHblX i\eTeH
II y /l.eTeH, JKI1BYWHX B co6CTBeHHbIX CeMbJlX. Y npHeMHblX .!leTeH
nplf 3Ha'iIfTenbHOH reHonm-cpe.nOBOH KOppCnllL{HH Ij}cHoTHnH-
qCCKaH .nllcnepCH )J;orrJKHa 6blTb MeHbwe, nOCKOJ!I>KY O.!l11H 1f3 ee
J(OMnOHCIfTOB - 2cov(GE) - Y HHX OTCYTCTByeT: pOi\HTerrH-YCbI-
HOOHTCJ!H HC IIMCIOT C HHMH 06ll\HX reHOD.
llpH HCCJ!e.nOBaHIUI reHOTlfn-cpe.nOBbIX KOppenlll.\HH BHOBb
6bl]llf 06Hapy)[(eHbI paCXOJKi\eHIfH MeJKJl.Y n;aHHI>IMIf, norryqCHHbl-
MIf OT pa3HbiX JKCnepTOB. TaK, Ol.\eHKII 3KcncpHMcHTaTopOB no-
Ka3amI, qTO BapHaTHBHOCTb aq,Ij}CKTHBHOCTH-3KCTpaoepCHIf Y
i\CTeH, JKIfBYwHX B C06CTOCHHbiX ceMbHX, Ha 34% npeBOCXOi\IIT
BaplfaTlfBHOCTb :noro JKe nOKa3aTcrrH Y nplleMHbIX n;eTeii B I ro)].
B 2 ron;a OTJ!lIqH paBHbI 3%, B 3 rOi\a - 8%, B 4 rOJl.a BapHa-
TIIBHOCTI> )TOrO n"KaJaTeJIH y npHeMHblX .lI:eTeH Ha'lHHae-r HeCKOrrb-
KO npeoocxoi\IITb BapHaTlfBHOCTb alj}lj}eKTlIBHOCTif-3KcTpaBep-
clm n;eTeH, JKHOYwHX co CBOHMH pOi\HTerrHMif. B L{eJIOM, npHMep-
HO nOJ!OBHHa ,naHHI>IX 0 TemepaMeHTc, nOJ!Y'ICHHbIX OT JKCnCpH-
MCHTaTopOB, cBII,neTcJ!l>cToyeT 0 TOM Hnlf IIHOM ypOBHe (npCHMY-
ll\eCTBeHHO He6ollbWOM) reHOTHn-cpe.nOBOH KOppeJ!JlL{HH.
llo oueHKaM, norryqeHHl>lM OT pOJI.IlTeJIeii, reHOTHn-cpe,no-
Bble KoppeJ!JlL{1II1 nOqTI1 HC 06HapY)l(IfBaIOTCH, 3a IICKJIlOqeHHeM
He60JIblllllX pa3JIHqHii MeJK,lJ.Y nplfeMHblMIf II HenpHeMHblMIf .ACTb-
Mil no 3MOUIiOHaJTbHOCTIf: B 1 rOi\ BapHaTHBHocTb 3MOL{1fOHallb-
HQCTH Y lJ.eTCH, 1KIfBYIUHX co CRonMH 6HOJIOrH'fCCKIiMIi pO,l1HTCnR-
Mil, Bblllle Ha 17%, B 2 rO.!la - Ha 12%, B 3 ro,na pa3HI11.\bI MC)!(-
/l.Y npHeMHblMIf H HenplleMHblMH .n.CTbMH no BaplfaTIiOHOCTI1 3MO-
L{HOHarrbHOCTH He 06HapYJKCHO.
llpHBe,neHHbIe .n.allHble 0 i\IIHaMHKe B H3MeHelllfHX BenH'!II-
Hbl reHOTl'ln-cpeJl,OBOH KOpperrHI.\HII XopOWO COOTBeTCTBYIOT npe.n-
CTaBJleHlf10 0 CMeHe reHOTlfn.cpc.nOBOH KOppeJIRUII1f OT naCCIIB-
Hoil B Mrra)]WHX B03paCTax K peaKTHBHoii If aKTlfBHOH B 60Jlee
CTapll\lfX B03paCTaX, KOr)]a pe6CHOK aKTlIBHQ BbI6lfpaeT II Jl.aJKC
661

4.3. llCCJleAOBaHHil JlH'IHOCTHoii CcjlePLI nOAjloCTKoB H
B3pOCJlLlX
CTaBJIeTCR B03MO;4<HLlM. TeM He MeHee Aa;4<e Te HeMHorlfe AaHHl>le,
KOTOpl>lMH pacnonaraeT Ha cerO.ll:HllIHIIH .lI:eHb reHeTHKa nOBel1e-
HljR, n03BOJIJlIOT BblBHTh HeKOTopble TeHl1eHQlI1I B B03paCTHbiX H3-
MeHeHIIJlX reHOTHn-cpeJ10BbIX COOTIlOllIeHHH.
IIpH HCCJIeJ10BaHHH TeMnepaMeHTa B Tex HeMHomx 6JI1I3He-
QOBblX pa60Tax, KOTopbIe 6bInH npOBCJ1eHhl Ha nO):{pOCTKOBOM II
B3pOCIlOM B03paCTe, KaK npaBHJIO, 06HapYJKHBaeTCJI BJIIIRHlle reHO-
THna Ha BapllaTIfBHOCTb Tex Jl(e CBOHCTB, qTO H B l1eTCKOM B03pac-
Te. K HHM OTHOCHTCH aKTlfBHOCTb, 3MOQIIOHaJIbHOCTb II coQlla6eJIb-
HOCTb (npHMepaMII pe3YJIbTaTOB, nOJlyqeHHhlX B T3KHX pa60Tax,
Moryl' 6blTb l1aHHble, npllBeJ1eHHblC B Ta6nHQax 8.4 II 8.16).
IIpIlHHTO CqllTaTb, '1TO reHon," onpel1CJIReT npHMepHo 30--
40% lJapIlaTHBHoCTH CBOHCTB TeMnepaMeHTa, a OCTaBllIaJlCR '1aCTh
qJeHoTHnH'IecKoH BapliaTHBHoCTH CBR3aHa nO'lTl1 HCKJ1!O'IlITeJlbHO C
Pa3J1I1qaIOJ.QeHcH cpeJ10H. HlIKaKHX OCHoBaHidi npe)J,IIoJlaraTh H3Me-
HeHHe reHoTHrr-CpCl{osoro COOTHOUICHW! B B/ipliaTHBHoCTII CBOHCTB
TeMnepaMeHTa OT nOi1PoCTKoBoro KO B3pocnoMY B03paCT)' B HaCTO-
ll1ee BpCMJI B reHeTlIKe nOBeJ1eHIIJI HeT.
HecKonbKo n0l1p06Hee, 'IeM APyrHe oc06eHHOCTII nll'lHOCT-
HOH cqJepbI, H3yqeHbI oc06eHHoCTil 3KTjJaBepcHH--IIHTjJOBepcHH II
HeBpOTH3Ma.
llpll o6cY)J(JleHHH oco6eHHoCTeH nlf'lHOCTHOH c4Jepbl (miIBa
9) nplfBOl1liJlHCb pe3YJlbTaTbI JIOlIJI,oHCKOro IICCJIeJl,OBaHHJI 6J11'!3He-
QOB, B KOTOpOM COnOCTaBJIRJIHCb TjJII rpynnbl nOKa3aTeneH --
BHYTpltnapHoe CXOl1CTBO B3pocnbIx 6JIII3HeQoB, BHYTpllnapHoe
CXOl1CTBO MH3HeQOB nO.lIPOCTKoBoro B03paCTa II CXO)J;CTBO pO;:l,Ine-
JleH It l{eTell (Eaves L.J., EyseI1ck H.J., Marlin N.G., 1989).
B 3TOM IICCJIe110BaHlfH 6blJllt rronY'IeHbJ BblCOKHe II np3KTH-
'1eCKI'! COBna;:(3IOJ.QIIC B 060HX B03paCTax nOKa3aTeJIII HaCJ1eJ1ycMOc-
TI13KCTpaBepcHI1, HCBpOTlf3Ma H nCIIXOTH3Ma (Ta6JIHQa 9.5), npo,l\e-
MOHCTpHpoBaHa Ba)f(HaJi pOilb pa3JIH'IaIOJ.QeHCJI cpC.l1bI B BapHaTIIB-
HOCT" CBOHCTB JIH'IHOCTII H nOK33aHa npeeMCTBeHHoCTb rCHeTII'IeC-
KI1X IJJlHJlHHH OT nOAPoCTKoaoro KO B3pOCJIOMY B03paCTY. TaKHM
06Pa30M, pe3YilbTaThI JIOH,lWHCKOro HCCJIe.ll:OBaHIiR 6JIH3HeQoB )'Ka-
3bIBalOT Ha TO, qTO BJIlIJlHHC reHOTHna Ha 3KCTpaBepcmO-HHTpO-
BepCHIO, HCBpOTH3M If nCIIXOTH3M, HaqHHa C nOAPOCTKOBoro a03-
paCTa, OK33blBaeTCJI CTa6HJIbHbiM II onpclJ,eI1J1eT 40--50% HX aapH-
aTl1BHOCTH. CTonb Jl(e CTa6HnbHblM OKa3bIBaeTCR H BKna,n pa3nll'la-
lOJ.QeHCJI epcJI,bI B BapllaTIIBHOCTb 3THX Tpex eBOHCTB, KOTOPbIH
663
eaM qJopMHpyeT epel10BbIe YCJIOBIIH B COOTBeTCTBnH co CBOHM re-
HOTllnOM (Searr S., McCartney, 1983; Scarr S., 1992).
IIo l1aHHb!M KOnOpal1KOrO IICCJlel10BaHHJI npllCMHbIX l1e-
TeH, B 60nee CTapllleM B03pacTe (B 7, 8, 9 Ii 10 JleT) CYJ.QeCTBeH-
HbIX BnHHHH reHOTHna Ha BapHaTHBHocTb CBOHCTB TCMnepaMeH-
Ta HC o6HapY)f(lIaaeTcJI, a HHJ1HBHJ1yanbHbIe pa3nH'IHH, Ha6JI1OJ1a-
eMb!e B CBoHcTBax TeMncpaMeHTa, OKa3bIBaIOTCH CBH3aHbl nOqTII
IIcKmoQHTenbHO C pa3JI1jqalOJ.QeHcJI CPC110H (Schmitz S., 1994).
B QenOM, no pe3ynbTaTaM JlOHTliTlOJ1110rO HCCJleJl,OBaHHH
nplleMHbIx J1CTeH MOiKHO Cl1eJIaTb CJlC.lI:YIOJ.QHC BbIBO.l1bI. OQeHKH
HacneJ1yeMocTH, rroJlYQeHHbIe WIJI CBOHCTB TeMnepaMcHTa, OK33a-
JIHCb 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO HH;4<e, qeM TC, KOTopble onpel1eJlJlJInCb no 5JIII3-
HeQOBI>lM l\aHHblM (HanpllMep, B JIYH3BIIJIbCKOM 6nH3HeQOBOM
JIOHrnTlOl1e). HH3KaR reHeTlI'leCKaJl 06YCJIOBJIeHHOCTb nHJ1HBHlJ,y-
aiIbHbIX pa3JI1I'1I1H, OTHOCJlI1lIlXCR K CBOHCTBaM TeMnepaMeHTa,
Ha6mo,l(aJIaCb Ha npOTJliKeHIIH BcerO paccMaTpKBaBwerocK B03-
pacTHoro neplloJ1a C nepBoro rOJ1a )f(K3HII AO 10 JIeT. POJIb reHe-
TnqeCKIIX BJlnJlHnH B qJeHoTHmlqeCKOH cTa611J1bHOCTIl TeMnepa-
MeHTa '1pe3BbIqaHHO Mana. .II.aHHbJe ° reHOTKn-CpC110BbIX B3aH-
MOJ1eHCTBHHX H KoppenHQIIJlX ,!\eMOHCTjJHPYIDT HeMHOrOqnCJICH-
HOCTb 3HaQltMbiX CBH3eH, XOTJI ecn HeKOTopbIe CBH.I1eTeJlbCTBa B
nonb3Y CMeHbl BapnaHTOB reIiOTHn-cpe,l(OBOH KOBapnaQHH OT nac-
CUBHOH K peaJ<TIIBHoH II aKTIIBHOH.
llpllqUHbl paCXOiKl1eHHH B pe3YJIbTaTaX 6JIH3Hel\OBbIX IIC-
CJle)l.OBaHHH II HCCiIeJ10BaHHH nplleMHbIX J1eTeH aBTopbI reHeTH-
'1eCI(f!X pa60T BflJ(>IT B HeaMI1THBHOM HaCJIelIOBaHHH CBOHCTB TeM-
nepaMeHTa H B cnellllqJHqeCKOH M3 II .[13 cpeJ1C, YBeJIK'InBaIDJ.Qei!
CXOACTBO M3 6J1H3Hel\OB II YMeHblllalOJ.QeH CXOACTBO .[13 6nH3Hc-
QOB (qTO nOAP06HO paccMaTpnBaJIOCb B maBe 8).
Ponb reHOTHna II CpelJ;bI B BapHaTHBHOCTI1 oco6eHHOCTeH
JIII'IHOCTHOH c4JepbI n0.lIP0CTKOB II B3POCJIbiX HCCJIeAOBaHa B reHe-
TlIKe nOBeAeHKJlljJparMeHTapHO, H n03TOMY .!\eTaJIbHO npoaHaJJH3H-
pOBan B03paCTHbie K3MeHeHIJJI reHOTl1nnQeCKI1X H cpeJl,OBblX BJIHR-
HIIH B BapHaTHBHOCTII CBOHCTII TeMnepaMeHTa H JIl1qHOCTH IiC npeJl,-
662

06YCJIOBnllBaeT He MeHee nOJlOBIIHbI BapHaTHBIIOCTII B nOK33aTeJIJlX
3KCTpaBepCIIII, HCBpOTHJMa 11 nCHXOTHJMa
AHaJ10Tlt'lHbIU SblBO,!);, TO eCTb npl13HaHlie Toro, 'lTO BKJ1a,l),
reHOTHna B BapHaTIIIIHOCTb 3KCTpaBepCIII1 H HeBpOTII3Ma He MeH-
eTCJI C BOJpaCTOM, 6WI C.lI.elIaH B q,I1HCKOM 6II113Hel\01l0M IICcne.ll:O-
BaHIIII (Rose D., Kaprio J., 1988, l\IIT no Loehlin J.C., 1992). Pa3-
611B BbI60PKY BJpOCJlblX 6JI1I3Hel\OB (24----49 lIeT) Ha 5 BOJpaCTHbIX
rpynn (24--29 neT, 30-34 rO.ll.a II T.l\.), IICCJle.z!OBaTenll o6HapY)f(H-
IIH npllMepHo Ol\IIHaI(OBbie nOKa3aTeJlil BHYTpllnapHoro CXO.ll.-
CTBa 6J1113Hel\OB BO Bcex B03paCTax. IIoKa3aTenil HaCJ1e.ll.ycMocTII
KcTpaBepcHH H HeBpOTH3Ma OKa3a.JII1Cb 6J1113KH K TeM, KOTopble
6bIJ111 nOJlyqeHbl II J101t.ll.OHCKOM 6II113Hel\OBOM IICCJIeIl.OBaHHII.
CoxpaHHocTb npllMepHO OAHOH II TO )((e BeJIiI'lIIHbI reHOTH-
nllqeCKOH COCTaBIIJlIOll\eH II McnepClI11 CBOHCTB IIWIHOCTH Ha npo-
T)((eHIIH B3pOCIIoro B03paCTa He BCer.ll.a nOl\TBep)((lI.aeTC II llPY-
rllx pa60Tax TaK, npOaHaJlll3HpOBaB BHYTpl1napHOe CXO.ll.CTBO
nOKa3ateJleH 3KCTpallepCI1I1-IIHTpOllepCIII1 II HCBpoTII3Ma B Tpex
B03pacTHbix rpynnax (16-28, 29-38 II 39-48 JleT), IIccnellOBa-
TeJlH nonY'IHnll 60nee HII3KHe nOK33aTeJlII HacJlcllyeMocTH II He-
KOTOpOe CHII)((CHlle nOKa3aTeJleH Hacnc.lI.yeMocTIl C II03paCTOM.
.II.nR HCllpoTII3Ma 3TO CHI1)((eHlle 6bIJlO npl1MepHO 0AIIHaKOBbiM II
y MY)(('1HH, II Y )((eHll\HH, IVIR 3KCTpaBepcIIII - Ha6J11011aJIOCb Tonb-
KO y MY)(('1HH (Ta6nllI1a 16.7).
HccnelloBaHlle 6J1113HeI10B npeKJlOHHOrO B03pacTa (Plomin
R., McCleam G.E., 1990) BbIJlBHnO TOT q,aKT, O reHOTHn onpe.ll.e-
JIJleT 41% Bapl1aTHBHOCTH 3KCTpaBeplll'! I'! 31% Bap"aTHBHoCTIl no-
Ka3aTenCH HeBpOTlI3Ma. llpll 3TOM IInl1J1Hlle pa3J1I1'1aIOll\eHCJI CPC-
)1b1, KaK II B l\pyrnx pa60Tax, 3Ha'iIlTeJIb1l0 npeBbIlIJaJIO 06ll\ecpc-
AOBoe. BKJlall pa3J1H'IBIOll\eHCR CpCl\bI B OOll.\YIO McnepcHlo npll-
3HaKa 6bIJI paBCH B :ITOM IICCJIe.ll.OBaHlI1'! 60Jlee '1eM 50% llJIR 3KCTpa-
BepCHII, II 60nee '1eM 60% - llJIJI HeBpOTlI3Ma.
B pJllle HccnelloBaHIiH 6blJIa npellnpHHJlTa nonbI:rKa IIblJlC-
HIITb CBJl3b BHYTP"napHbIx pa3J1I1'1HH C B03paCTOM. ECJlH p33nl1qH
MeJKJ\Y rrapTHepaMH OJIH3Hel\OBoi! napb! (HanpHMep, p33HOCTb MeJf(-
.lI.Y nOKa3aTeJ1eM 3KCTpaBepcIIH OAIIOro onll3HeI1a If nOKa3aTelIeM
3KCTpBBepCIIII APyroro 6JI1I3Hel\a) nOnO)((IITeJIbHO KoppeJlllpYIOT C
B03paCTOM, 3TO CB1fll.eTeJlbCTBYeT 0 TOM, qTO C rOl\aMIf 6nlI3HeI1b1
CTaHOBJlTCJI Bce MeHee nOXO)((IIMI1. H.MapTIIH II P.,lI,J!(ap.ll.aHH npo-
aH8mf3l1pOB8J1H C 3TOH TOqKH JpeH1l1I AaHHbIe ABCT]Jam!ifcKOrO
664
Ta6JJuqal6.7
BHympul1apHble KOppeJIJIljuu Q3POCJJblX 6JJU31telJo«
(lium. no Loehlin J.e.. 1992)
HeBpOHl3M 3KCTpaBepCH
B03paCT M3", M3M 113", 113M M3", M3M 113", ,Q3M
16.18 62 53 29 24 68 51 27 18
29-38 61 39 24 19 60 37 16 19
39-48 42 40 18 18 51 46 14 21
HcclIe.z!OllaHIIJI B3pocnbIX 6J1113Hel\OB (Marlin N., Jardine R., 1986,
WIT. no Loehlin J.e., 1992). BclO IIbl60PKY 6J1113Hel\OB, B03paCT KO-
TOpbIX 6b1J1 OT 1811.0 88 neT, OHII P33l\eJIHJIH Ha 5 n0.!1I1>ynrr - M3.
MYJKqIfHbl, M3-)((CHll1I1HbI, .II.3-MYJ!('1I!HbI, .II.3-JKCHll1I1Hblll p33Hono-
nble 6J1113Hel\bI. qllcneHHocTb nO.!1I1>ynn BapbHpOBaJIa OT 351 1\0
1233 nap, '1TO n03BOJIJleT npe/l.llOJlO)((HTb BbICOK)'IO HajI,eJKHOCTb no-
nY'IeltHblX pe3YJlbTaTOB, KOTOpble COCTOT B CneI\YIOll.\eM.
BHYTPHnapHbIe pa3Hocrn no nOK33ateJIHM 3KCTpaBepCHli He
06HapY)j(IIJlH 3HaqilMbIX CBR3eH C B03paCTOM. qTO )((e KaCaeTCJI no-
Ka3aTeJIell HeBpOTII3Ma, TO II OI\IIOH H3 rpynn - .II.3 J!(eHll.\IIH -
OblJlH norryqeHbi nOJlOJKIITeJlbHbie KOppenIjHlI MCJKJ\Y IIHYT)Jlmap-
HblMII pa3HOCTJIMH no HeBpOTI13MY I! B03paCTOM. TaKIlM 06pa30M,
qeM CTaprne CTaHOBTCJI .II.3 OnH3Hel\bI, TCM 60Jlbrne OHII pa3JI1lqa-
IOTCJI no HeBpOTll3MY.
,lI,JlJI 0010JlCHeHHJI pe3YJlbTaTOB 3Toro I1CCnCl!OBaHIIII npCl!-
JlaralOTCJI .!\Be WBepweHHO pa3nHqHble HHTepnpCTal\1I1I (Lochlin
J.C., 1992). Bo-nepBbIx, Y'lIlTblBaJl, '1TO B03paCT, KaK npaBI!JlO,
CBJI3aH C llJIHTeJlbHOCTblO PB31\eJIbHOrO npOJ!(HBaHII 6JIII3Hel\OB,
MOJKHO npCl\nOJIOJKI1Tb, qTO Cpe.ll.OBble pll3lHl'lHR, RBJ1RlOll.\lfeCR
CJlel\CTBHCM '1BcrnqHOrO p33l!yqCHHR 6JIH3HeI10B, npHBOI\JIT K TOMY,
'1TO 6J1113Hel\bI craHOBJITCH Bce MeHee nOXOJ!(HMII no HCBPOTII3MY.
BO-BTOpbIX, 06pall1aeTc BHIIMaHlle Ha TO, '1TO HCCJleAOBaHlle npo-
BClI.eHO MCTOl1.0M nOnepe'lHblX cpe301l, II, CJleAOBaTeJlbHO, B ero
pC3ynbTaT3X CMCWI1B81OTCII B03paCTHble II KoropTHbIe pa3JJII'IIIJI:
KaK rOIlOpllJlOCb B Ha'laJle 3TOH rnaBbl, JIIOAII pa3Horo B03paCTa
MorYT OTJlllqaTbCJI He TOnbI<O nOTOMY, qTO OHI! npoJ!(I1J111 pa3Hoe
KOnH'IeCTBO neT, HO II 113-3a TorO, '1TO OHII nplfHaIVIeJ!(aT K pa3-
HblM B03paCTHbiM KoropTaM II IIX CTaHOBneHlfC npOIlCXO.ll.llnO B
HCCKOJlbKO OTnllqalOll.\HXC Cpel!OBbIX YCJlOBI!JlX. OTAan npell-
665

nOqTeHlle omlOH H3 :nIlX HHTepnpeTaL\HH MOJKHO 6y,n;eT JlI'!WI.
Tor.Qa, Kor,n;a .lI:aHHble 0 B03paCTHbiX pa3nll'lHS!X 6Y.l\YT nonY'leHbI
B JIoHrHTIO,n;HOM HCCJlelioBaHI'!H, TO eCTI. npH ILT!HTeJIbHOM npo-
CIICJKIIBaHHH OllHDl1 H TO" JKe rpynnbl JlIO.l\eH. B HaCTOJlWee Bpe-
MS! TaKHX HccneliOBaHI1H HeT.
llpH HCClIeliOBaHHII p01I11 reHOTHna H cpellbl B B03paCTI!I.IX
H3MeHeHHJlX i\PyrHx CBOHCTO JUlqHOCTI1 6bllIa npOlleJlaHa TaKaS!
JKe 0606lLlalOwaS! pa60Ta, '1TO II npH HCClIellOBaHIiH B03paCTI!bIX
113MeHeHHH HHTelIlIeKTa. DblJlH c06paHbl 6iIl13HeL\OBble pa60Tbl,
npOne.ll:eHHbIe B reHeTH/{e nOBe.ll:eHHSI nOqTH 3a 20 JleT, H nOIlC'!H-
TaHbl cpellHHe nOKa3aTeJlH Hacne,n;yeMocTH ILT!JI pa3Hbix CBoHCTB
IIHqHOCTH. ABTOpbl :nOH pa60Tbl, K.MaKl(apTHeH C coaBTopaMIl
(McCartney K., Harris M.J., Berniery F., 1990), 0606wlllIII .l\aH-
Hble 103 IICCJ1eIlOBaHIIH H crpynnllpoBaiIl1 Bce JIHqHOCTHble CBOH-
cTBa, paccMaTpHBaBIUHecS! B 3TH X HCClIeIlOBaHHJlX, B 8 KaTero-
pHil. B Ka>KlIoH KaTeroplI1I JIHqHOCTHblX qepT 6bIiIH nO.ll:C'IHTaHbl
BHYTpHnapHbie KOppeJIJlL\HII ILT!JI M3 H ,[\3 6JIII3HeL\OB. Bo Bcex
cnY'laJlx M3 6J1113HeL\bl OK3.3a1IHCb BHYTpHnapHo GOllee nOXOJKII-
Mil, '1eM ,[\3 6JI1I3HeL\b!, a cpellHHe BHYTPllnapHble KoppeiIS!L\IIH
paBIIJlJII'!Cb 0,511LT!S! M3 H O,221LT!S! A3 6JII'!3HeL\OB.
llpoKoppelIHpoBaB B03paCT 61I113HeL\oB (cpeMI'!H B03paCT,
Ha3blBaBIUIIHCS! B KaJK.l\OH H3 I 03-x pa60T, H BapbHpoBaBwHH OT
rO.!la .!Io 50 neT) C BHYTpHnapHbIMH KOpperrSlL\IIJlMI1 6JIH3HeL\OB,
noJlyqeHHblMIl B 3TIIX pa60Tax, aBTOpb! o6HapY>KIIJIII, '!TO B 60JIb-
IUIIHCTBe clIyqaeB B03paCT II BHYTpHnapHoe CXo.!lCTBO CBS!3aHbl
OTpHL\aTeJIbHO: 'IeM CTaplUe CTaHOBJlTCS! 6JI113HeL\bl, TeM MeHblUe
OHII nOXOJKII i\Pyr Ha i\Pyra. CpellHHH K03<j!<pHL\HeHT KoppenS!L\HH
Me>KiJ,y B03paCTOM II BHYTpHnapHbIM CXOJl,CTBOM OKa3aJICJI paBeH
-0,30 MS! M3 H -0,32 MSI A3 6JIH3HeL\OB.
06paTHM BHIIMaHlle Ha pe3YJIbTaTbl 3Toro I1cclIeIlOBaHHJI,
nocKOlIbKY onHcaHHblH B HeM <paKT OTnH'IaeT 3MnHpHKY JlH'IIlO-
CTHblX HCene.!lOBaHIiH OT iJ,aHHbIX, nOIIY'IeHHbIX npH 113yqeHlIH I'!H-
TeJIJIeKTyalIbHblX oc06eliHOCTeH. EenH npH HCCJIellOBaHHl1 HHTeJI-
iIeKTa 6b!JIO nOKa3aHO, '1TO BHYTpHnapHoe CXO.l\CTBO M3 H A3
6mI3HeL\OB IIMeeT pa3HbJe B03paCTHblC TeHlIeHL\HH - HeCKOJIbKO
YBeJIHtIJmaeTcS! Y M3 6J1H3HeL\OB II CYllIeCTBeHHO YMeHbwae-rcS! Y
A3 6J1H3HeQOB, TO npH IICCnel\OBaHlI1I JIHqHOCTH 6blJIO npOlle-
MOHCTplfpOBaHO 3Ha'iIfTeRbHoe CHIf>Kelfl1e BHYTpl1rrapHOro CXO,n;-
CTBa H Y Tex H Y i\PyrIfX.
666
BblSlCHeHlle reHOTHnWIeCKHX II cpel\OBblX <p3KTOpOB B BapHa-
THBHOCTII J1HqHOCTHbIX qepT Ha Bbl60pKe npeKJIOHHOrO B03paCTa
rroKa3aJIO, '1TO reHonlO B Toii IIJlH HHOH CTeneHII lIeTepMIIHHpyeT
monle nH'IHOCTHble oc06eHHocTH (Plomin R., McCleaC/J G.E.,
1990). llOKaJaTeJ1H Haene.u.yeMOCTII, Bb!iJ,erreHHble npH nOCTpocHHH
MO)J.eneH, OKa3aJII1Cb PUBHb! 0,451LT!SI HMnYJIbCIIBHOCTH, 0,23 - MSI
H36eraHHJI MOHOTOHIIII, 0,39 - MSI MOI.\HOHaJIbHOCTII, 0,39 -ILT!JI
C'I]Jaxa, 0,28 -ILT!JI meBa, 0,23 -ILT!JI aKTlIBHOCTH, 0,24 -ILT!SI co-
L\Ha6enbHoCTII, 0,41 -ILT!JI OTKpblTOCTH HOBOMY OnblT)'.
3HaqeHHSI MCMaH MJI 121IH'IHOCTHbIX oc06eHHoCTeH, aHaJIH-
311poBaBlUIIXCJI B nOM IIccneI\OBaHHH, paBHIIJIHCb 0,30 JLT!H rrOKa3a-
TeIDI HaCne/lYeMoCTIl H 0,08 -ILT!JI nOK3.3aTenSi oGll\eH cpel\M,
TaKliM 06pa30M, B npeKJIOHHOM B03pacTe BKJIali rellOTHna
B BapHaTIIBHocTb IIl1qHOCTHbIX '1epT HeCKOJlbKO CHIIJKaeTCSI, no
cpaBHeHlllO c npe.l\bII\Yll\IIMH B03pacTaMil (rJl,e OH paBeH np!lMep-
110 40%), HO TeM He Mellee OCTaeTCJI 3Ha'iIITeJIbHbIM. BKJIali 06-
well cpel\bl B <j!cHOTHnH'IecKYIO I\HcnepcHIO, KaK II B 60JIee MOllO-
AOM B03pacTe (Ha'lHHaSi C IOHolllecKoro), OKaJblBaeTCJI npaKTII-
'1CCKH HC3Ha'lHMbIM, a BKJ1a,n; pa311HqaK>weHCSI cpeAbl onpe)J.emleT
lIaH60nbwylO 'Iacn BapllaTllBHoCTH C1!OiIcTB JIH'IHOCTIJ.
llol\Bo,n;SI IITor HCCJlel\OBaHIIJlM JIH'IHOCTHOH C<pePbl B B03-
pacTHoH reHeTIiKe nOBe,n;eHHSI, MOIKHo cKa3aTb, 'ITO 3TH !lCCJIe)J.o-
BaHH, HCCMOTpSl Ha IIX OTHOCIITeJIbHO He60nblUoe KOJIlI'leCTBo,
n03B0J1l1lOT BblJlBHTb IIHTepeCHble B03paCTHble TeH)J.eHL\lII1. Bo-
nepBblX, C B03paCTOM YMeHblUaeTC BHYTplmapHoe CXOI\CTBO 611H3-
HeL\OB no MHorliM oc06eHHOCTSIM nllqHOCTH. BO-BTOPbIX, nOCKOiIb-
KY 3To YMeHblUeHlle 'IaCTO cBoiicTBeHHO 11M3, H ,[\3 6JIH3HeL\aM,
TO nOKa3aTeJIil HaCJIe.ll:yeMocTH ManO MeHlOTCH Ha npOTJj)j(eHHH
nepHo,n;a 3penOCTH. ECJ1H )j(e B nepllOI\ 3peJIOCTH KaKlle-TO B03pa-
CTHb!e H3MeHeHHSI npOIlCXOI\JlT, TO OIlH CBSl3aHbI C HeKOTopblM
YMeHblUCHlieM nOKa3aTeiIeH HaCnel\yeMOCTH, B-TpeTbIlX, B npe-
/{JIOHHOM B03paCTe nOKa3aTeJ111 HaCJIe.!l.ycMOCTIl oco6eHHOCTeii
IJH'IHOCTH (HX BapllaTI'!BHOCTH) HccKonbKO CHHJKaIOTCSI. B-'1eTBCp-
TbIX, Ha npOTJI)j(eHHIl nOi\POCTKoBOro II 83pocnoro B03paCTa, BKJIlO-
'1aJl npeKJ10HHbIH, COXpaHeTCH BeCbMa 3HaqHMaH p01lb pa3J11lqalO-
weHCJI cpel\bI. KOMnoHeHTa <peHOTllnH'IeCKOii I\IICnepCIIH, CBJl3aH-
lIaSi C pa3J1H'IalOlLlCHC cpel\OIl, 06YCJ10BJIIiBaeT GOJIblUYlO '1aCTb Ba-
pHaTHBHOCT!I CBOHCTB nH'IHOCTII H HMeeT TeH.!IeHL\HIO Y1!eJIH'III-
8aTbCH C B03paCTOM.
667

5. KaKM9 CTOpOHbl pa3B14TMJI MccneAyeT
reHeTMKa nOBeAeHMJI?
!(OTOPbIX HHTepnperaQIIH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOrO MaTCpl1ana HBJIJI-
eTCH KoppeKTHOH H He HapY!lIaeT .lI:OnYtl.\eHHH KOJIl1qeCTBeHHOH
rCHeTHKH.
BMeCTe C TeM HelIb3jJ He 06paTHTb BHHMaHlle Ha TO, qTO,
06pall\aHCb K aHaJIH3Y npOQccca pa3BHTHH nCHXOnOm'lCClmX xa-
paKTepHCTHK, reHCTHKa nOBC)l.eHHH \j)aKTHqeCKH BBO.ll:HT 1:\0nOJI-
HHTelIbHbie orpaHH'IeHHH, He 06ycnOBJIeHHbIe HH TeOpeTH'IeCKIiM
CO)l.epJKaHHeM nOH iI.I1CQIInJlHHbl, HH OC06CHHOCTHMII ee COOCTBCH-
Horo MeTO)l.II'IeCKOrO annapaTa.
llpe)!()I.e Bcero no OTHOCHTCH K Bbl60py nCIIXOJIOrll'leCKI!X
Xapal<TepI!CTHK, I!CnOJIb3yeMb!X npH HCCIIC)l.OBaHHH B03paCTHbix
H3MeHcHIIH B npHpO)l.e HH)l.HBiI.nyanbHblx pa3nH'lHif. B nO)l.aBnR-
IOll\eM 60Jlb!llHHCTBe IICCne)l.OBaHHH OHII CBO,!UITCH K He60JIb!llOMY
qllcny HaH60llee 06061l\eHHbIX nCIIXOnOnl'leCKHX oc06eHHOCTCH.
B KorHHTHBHOH cljJepe K HHM OTHOCJlTCg HHTeJIneKT H CYMMapHble
XapaKTCpHCTHKH HCKOTOpblX KOrHIITH13HbIX cnOCOOHOCTCiI (BCp-
6aJIbHb1X, npOCT]JaHcTBeHHb!X, MaTeMaTH'IeCKHX H ocooeHHOCTeH
naMJlTH). B cljJepe JIHqHOCTH HCCnC)l.OBaTCJIH 'IaCTO orpaHllqllBa-
IOTCH IICnOJIb30BaHIICM TjJHal:\bl, Bb!)l.CJICHHOii f.AH3eHKOM (3KCT-
paBepCIII1-HHTpOBCpCHH, HeBpOTH3Ma 11, pe)!(c, nCIIXOTII3Ma)
3TII nCHXOnOrH'IeClme xapaKTcpIlCTHKH, RBIIRB!lIHeCH Tpa)l.IIL\II-
OHHblM npe)l.MCTOM rCHenlqeCKOrO aHaJIH3a, 3aHHMa1OT Bc.nYIl\Ce
Mcno H B IICCnel\OBaHHHx pa3BHTHH, npOBO)l.HIl\HXCJI B rCHCTIIKC
IlOBe,!1eHIIH
MeTO,!11>l )l.l1arIlOCTHKH 3THX XapaKTepIlCTI1K, 06naJl,aH He-
COI\!HeHliblMH 1\0CTOHIiCTBaMH, HMelOT HeKOTOpbJC KOHCTPYKTHB-
HblC OC06CHHOCTH, CHHJI(alOll\lfC HX pa3pC!lIa1OIl\YW cnOC06HOCTb
npH HCClle,!10BaHlIII npOQeCca pa3BHTHH' Bce OHH CTaH)l.apTH30Ba-
HbI MH Ka)J()l.OrO B03paCTa.
HeCOMHeHHO, '1TO IIcnonb30BaHHC TaKIIX nCHXOJIOrH'IeCKIIX
xapaKTepHCTHK (nOKa3aTenll KOTOpblX CTaH)l.apTH30BaHbl OTHO-
CI1TenbHO B03paCTa) OTHWJI,b He 6eCCMI>lClleHHO B nClIxoreHeTII-
'1eCKOM IICCJlel\OBaHHlI H, B qaCTHOCTH, XOTJI 6bl nOTOMY, '1TO no-
JBOlIHeT npOaHalI113HpOBaTb npHpO)l.Y HopMaTlfBHOH CTa6IIITbHO-
CTH 3THX XapaKTepIlCTHK. O)l.lIaKO OrpaHH'IeHHe IfCCJIe.ll:OBaHlfJl
HCKi11O'IHTCJlbHO TaKIiMIf xapaKTepHCTHKaMIl O)l.1I03Ha'lHO Bel\CT K
nOTepe HH\j)oplolaL\HH 0 npOl.\eCce pa3BIITIfH. Bo-nepBb!X, HC 06Ha-
PYJKHlJaeTCJI nOJ/EneH!!e HOBbIX CEoiicTB !! CT]JYKTYP, qTO JlBnJlCT-
CH O)l.HOH 113 BaJKHCH!lIliX CTOpOH np0l.\eCca pa3BIITIlH. BO-BTO-
669
HMeH npC)l.CTaBlleHHc 0 pe3ynbTaTax, KOTOpblC nOJIyqCHb! B
reHCTIlKe nOBC)l.eHIIH npH HCCJIC)l.OBaHHH pa3BIITliH KorHHTHBHb!){
H JIll'IHOCTHbIX oc05eHHocTeii, nocMoTpHM, HaCKonbKO pa3HocTO-
pOHHe OHII OTpa)!(aWT npoQecc pa3BIITHH.
llpcJK)l.c Bccro, He06xo)l.HMO ell\e pa3 nOIJ;'1CpKHYTb, qTO 3Ta
oonacTb maHHH IIccne)l.)'CT npl1qHHbl 1!3MeHeHIIH C B03pacToM HH-
,!1HBH)l.yaJlbHbIX pa3JI1I'1HH (TO CCTb B03paCTHYW I\HHaMIlKY COOT-
HO!lleHIIH reHonma H CPC.nb! II npeCMCTBeHHOCTb B reHeTHqCCKIIX
If cpC)l.OBbIX B03)1.CHCTBHJlX Ha BapHaTlIBHOCTb 113Y'IaCMOH xapaK-
TepHCTHKH).
B CH1IY 3THX MCTOil.l1'1CCKIU oc06eHHOCTeH (nonynHL\HOHHOro
xapaI<Tcpa MHHbIX, nonY'IaeMblX B reHCTHKC nOBc.neHHH) CC pC3ynb-
TaTbl HC MorYT 6bITb pacnpOCTpaHeHbI Ha aaJIH3 aOCOJIlOTHblX Be-
JIllqHH nCI1XOlIOrH'ICCKIIX np113HaKOB. HCJIb3H YTBepJK,!\aTb, '1TO )(a-
paKTepltCTHKa He 113MeJutJIaCb no a6COi11OTHOH BeJIllqHffC, eCJIII 110-
Jlyqelibl )l.aHHbIC 0 ec BbICOKOH \j)eHOTllnH'IeCKOH cTa5HJIbHOCTI1 It
06 onocpe.noBaHHIl 3TOH CTa6HnbHocTil rCHeTHqeCKHMII BlIIIHHHH-
MH. CoxpaHHoCTb paHroBoro MeCTa I1H)1.I1BI1)1.0B B rpynne (0 'leI\! H
CBIt)l.eTCJ1bCTBYeT \j)eHoTHnll'leCKaH CTa611JIbHoCTb) H BC.llYll\aJl pOilb
reHOTlma B coxpaHeHIIH onpC.I\eJIeHHOrO COOTHO!llCHI1 MCJK.!\Y HH-
llHBltiJ,aMIl HC npe)l.nOlIaralOT HeH3MCIIHOCTlI cpe)I.HerpynnoBoH BC-
illlqHHbl 1t3yqaCMOH xapaKTepHcTHKII H He HCKlllO'I!lIOT KaK pC3KOro
CKa'll{a B ee a5COJIlOTHbiX 3Ha'leHI1J1X, TaK H HX CHH)I(eHIlH.
KOJIllqeCTBeHllaH reHeTltKa nOBeI\CHH He IICCile)l.yeT H co6-
CTBeliHO reHCTII'ICCKHX IIpl1qltH Tex H3MCHeHI1H, KOTopble npOHC-
XO)l.HT C B03paCTOM. I1H)l.HBH)l.yaJIbHble pa3JIllqHH B pa3Hbix B03-
pacTax MorYT 5b!Tb Cne.l\CTBMeM COBepmeHHO pa3HblX nplf'lI'!H.
MorYT H3MeHHTbCH reHbl, KOTopble OTBeTCTBeHHbl 3a li3yqaCMYW
nCHxoJlorH'IecKYw xapaKTepHcTIIKY; H3MeHeHltJl MorYT KaCaTbCJI
3KcnpeccHH reHOB; HaKOHCQ, MO)l(eT MeHJlTbC BlIHHHlle CPClJ;bI (H
no CO)l.cpJKaHHW, H no KOilll'lCCTBeHHbIM npOHBneHIIHM), H HMeH-
HO 3'1'0 113MeHHT OTHOCHTeJIbHble BenH'IHHbl KOMnOlleHT \j)eHOTH-
ml'leCKOH IJ;HCnepclIlI.
3TH orpaHH'leHIIJI (I1nH, BepHee CK83a.Tb, oc06eHHOCTH) p;a.H-
HbIX, nOJIY'lacMblx B reHeTllKe f10lJe)l.eHIIJI, onpC)l.CJIWT paMKII, B
668

PbIX, CTaH,!\apTH30llaHHble OTHOCHTeJlbHO B03paCTa MeTOJl,bI ItMe-
lOT HItJKYIO paJpeWalOlI(Yro cnoc06HOCTL AAII ,!\l1arHOCTHKH ne-
pIlO,!\OB YCKopeHHij H cna,!\oll B pa3BHTHH. B-TPeTbHX, TaKlfe Me-
TOJl,bI nO'lTI1 He '1yaCTBIITeJlbHbl K KaqeCTBeHHoH nepeCTpoiiKe !jJYH-
K!(HH - HH K co,!\epJKaHHIO 3TOli nepeCTpOHKI'!, HH K nepHo,!\aM, II
KOTopbIe OHa npOIlCXO,!\HT.
HeJIb3H CKa3aTb, '1TO II reHeTHKe nOBejJ;eHHH Bo0611(e HH-
Kor,!\a He paCCMaTpliBaJIIICb npO!(eCCbl KaqeCTBeHHOH nepeCTpOH-
KI! ITCIfXOJlOrlf'leCKOH ccpepbl 'IeJlOBelCa, HO paGOTbI, nOCBIIweH-
HbIe 3rOMY acneKTY pa3BHTHII, KpallHe MaJlO'lHCileHHbI.
B ncpBOH IIX TaKIIX pa60T A.P.JIypIlH conOCTaBIIJlnOKa3a-
Teml, C OjJ;HOH cropOHbl, 3pHTeJIbHOH If Henocpe,!\cTlleHHOH CJJO-
BeCHoll naMJlTlI, a C jJ;pyroH - onocpejJ;oBaHHoii naMJlTH y 6JIIf3-
He!(OB .l\IIYX B03paCTHblX rpynn (5-7 JleT II 11-13 ileT). CpaBHIIB
IIX BHYTpllnapHoe CXOjJ;CTBO, OH YCTalfOBHiI, 'lTO IIH'!\HBII'!\YailL-
HbIe pa3iIH'IHII B 3I1eMCHTapHb!X !jJopMax naMHTH 06ycilOBJleHbi
TeHOTHnOM B 060l!x B03paCTax, a onocpejJ;oBaHHhlX 1jJ0pM _ TOJIh-
KO II MJIa)UlleM B03pacre (A.P.JIypI'!II, 1962).
ECTL ,!\aHHble 0 rOM '1TO HH,!\IIBII,lJ.yaJILHLle pa3JIIf'llfH 06-
pa3Horo Mb!WneHHJI, Onpe,IJ.eiIJllOlI(l1e B 3Ha'lI'!TeilLHoH CTeneHH
YMcTBeHHYIO ,!\eJlTenbHOCTh jJ;OWKOilhHIIKOB, 06HapY)f(IIBaIOT
CBJl3b C reHOTllnOM B 6 neT, HO OKa3blBalOTCH CBJl3aHhl T01lhKO CO
Cpe,!\OBhlMH !jJaKTopaMH B 60ilee CTapweM B03paCTe, Kor,!\a HX
POJlb B IIHTeJIJIeKTyailhHoll jJ;eHrCiIbHOCTH H3MeHSleTCH (3blpJlHoaa
H.M., 1992).
M3 PC3YllLTarOB rltKIIX IICCJIe.1l0Bamlii cJIe.1lyer, o cO,IJ.ep-
)«aTenbHhIH aHaJII13 xapaKTepHcTIIK, q,YHK!(1I11 KOTOphlX MeHHIOT-
CJI no Mepe B3pOClleHlIJlI1HI\IIIIII,!\a, Heo6xOI\IIM. OH n03BOIlJleT HC
TOilbKO BblJlCI1HTh caM q,aKT H3MeHeHHH reHOTl1n-Cpel\OBOro CO-
DTHoweHIlII C B03paCTOM, HO II nOHRTh, C qeM caH3aHO 113MeHeHHe
3Toro COOTHOWCHlfH II nO'IeMY OHO MeHReTCJI He paHbwe II He n03-
JlCe, a IIMCHHO B 3TO BpeMR.
H,lJ.eaJIbHbiM nOCTpoeHHeM B03paCTHoro reHeTH'ICCKOro HC-
CJIel\OBaHI!R n03TOMY 6bIJIO fib! COqeTaHlle cTaHjJ;apTH30BaHHblx
MeTOJl,OB .lI:HarHOCTI'!KI! C MeTO,IJ.aMH, 0pHeHTlipobaHHhlMH Ha Ka-
'IecTBeHHblii aHaJIII3 nCIIXOJIOrll'leCKHX xapaKTepHcTIIK If Ha ,!\lfar-
HOCTmey TaKHX nCHXOiIOTII'leclClix ocofieHHoCTeii, IcoTophIe Ha1l60-
nee peJIellaHTHbl cne!(IIq,H'lecKI1M oc06eHHOCTJlM pa3BHTIIJI a ,!\aH-
HOM a03pacTe.
670
CO,IJ.epJKaTeJIhHaJI orpaHII'leHHOCTb jJ;aHHb!X reHeTIIKIl nOBe-
jJ;eHHH He CBOt(IITCJI TOllLKO K Cnelf{pllKe Bbl60pa MCTOt(OB oelt-
KH nCIIXOJIOrHqeCKIIX xapaKTepllcTIIK. He MeHee cepLe3HblM, C 3TOH
TO'lKH 3peHHH, )!BJIJleTCII Bonpoc 0 COOTHOllleHHII OTjJ;enbHbIX 3J1e-
MeHTOB H U.CIIOCTIfOH nCl1x0J10rll'lecKoii crPYKTYPb! a npo!(ecce
pa3BIITIIJI.
B reHeTIlKe nOBe,!\eHHJI a6C0J1IOTHO ,!\OMHHIIPYIOWeH Telt-
neHu.lleH HBIIJleTCJI IICCJ1enOBaHlle OTt(eilbHbIX 3neMeHTOB B CTpYK-
Type nCHXOnOTH'IeCKHX oc06eHHOCTeii 'ICJlOBCKI!, TO ecTb aKL(CHT
Ha TPaeKTOpHHX pa3BIITHJI OT,lJ.eJlbHbIX Xapl!KTepllCTHK (H HB a03-
paCTHOH ,lJ.IIHaMIIKe reHOTHII-cpeI\OBbIX COOTHoweHIIH B Baplla-
TJIBHOCTH I1CHXOJIorHqeC!<:IIX oco6e1lHOCTeH, pBCCMI!TpllBaeMbIX
1130iIllpOBaHHO OT npyrllx nCHXOIIOrHqeCKIIX xapaKTepIlCTHK).
XOTJI B JlOHrHTIOjJ;HblX HCCiIe,!\OBaHHJlX, npOaO,IJ.IIMblX Ha
6Jlli3Heu.ax II B CCMbHX C nplleMHbIMl1 ,!\eTbMH, q,HKCIIPYIOTC)! napa-
Me1TJbl nCIIXOJIorll'leCKHX oco6eHIiOCTeii, OTHOCHII(IIXCH K pa3HblM
cq,epaM, IIX COBMeCTHb!H aHaJIII3 npe,IJ.CTaBJleH B pa60Tax KpaHHe
cKyno. KpOMe Taro, H OT60p 3JIeMeHTOB jJ;JIJI TaKoro conOCTaBJIe-
Hit)! ocrllaJlJ!ey JKCJlIITb J1Y'lwero: KaK npaBIlIIO, OH orpaHII'IeH
Bce TeMII )f(e MaKCHMaJlbHO o606L!(eHHblMIl oco6eHHOCTJlMH IIH-
TeilileKTyailbHoH cq,epbI H HeKOTopbIMH CBOHCTBaMIl IIH'IHOCTII.
11 rilaBHoe, a11allH3 B03paCTHbIX 113MeHeHHH B lIepapXlI1I I1CHXO-
JIOfllqeCKHX caOHCTB (II COOTBeTCTBCHHoe H3MeHeHlle reHOTllnll-
qCCKHX H cpenOBblX BIIIIHHIIH) Bo06L!(e He paCCMaTpllBaeTCH KaK
3ana'l3 B03paCTHOH reHeTlIKI1 nOBe,IJ.eHIlH. Ho, nOCKOllbKY npoJ!a-
JIeltK)! KaJK,!\oro nCKXOJlOrH'IecKoro CBoiiC'l'B1I IfMCIO'I' CBoe IIIIan-
THBHoe 11 q,YHKI.\HOHanbIioe 3HaqeHlie B 3aBIICI1MOCTH OT TOH pOJIII,
KOTOPYIO OHH IIrpalOT B u.eilOCTHOH nCIIXOJlOrl\'IeCKOH CTPYKTY-
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677

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678
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HaTHBHble 4JOpMbl) Ol!HOrO II Toro JKe ZeHa.
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COMax KOToporo pacnOllaralOTCJI H.aeHTH'IHble aJlJ/eJlu O.ll:lIoro II
Toro JKe 2eHa.
679

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yqaCTKaMII B npOl1eCce KpOCCUH208epa. r.x. MorYT HeCTH pa3nl1'1-
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pOH YTpa'iIiBaCTCJI qaCTh reHCTI1'1eCKOro MaTepl1aJ1a.
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JlpyrllX, MR KOTOPOH xapaKTepHa nOBbllIlCHHaJi CTeneHb I1a1UIUK-
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OCHOBHblM HOCHTeJIeM reHeTllqCCKoH IfHIjIOPMal1lfH II BXOJlHT B
eoeTas XpOJl1OCOM.
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680
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jJyMUKIJU,UH - Tlln XpOMOCOMHOH nepecrpoHKII, npH KOTOPOH B03-
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KOH II )J(eHcKoH zWllem np" Otu1OOOm60pcHuU.
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pa3JII\qHbiX 1jI0pMax. H. M01KeT B03HliKaTb B rpynnax opraHH3-
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681

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682
e1' npOl.jeCCbl pOCTa II pereHepal.\l{H.
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(JUZOmbl) H HMelOll\He n03TOMY H!!eHTH1JHble ZeHOmUl1bl.
Mop,pozeueJ - q.opMoo6pa30BaHHe, B03HHI(ROBeHlfC HOBblX q.OpM
H CTpYKTYP B npol.\ecce OHToreHe3a HJ1H q.l1noreHe3a.
MPHK (CM Mampu'/HaJI PHK)
Mymaquu - BHe3aIlHbie eCTeCTBeHHbIe HJI}! HCKYCCTBeHIJO 8b13-
BaHHI>Ie HaCJ1e,1!YCMl>le H3MeHeHI1H HaCJ1e!!CTBCHHoro MaTepllaJ1a.
H ( aHm. heredizy) - CBOHcraO opraHII3MOB o6ec-
lle'JIlBaTb MaTepllaJIbHYIO H q.YHJ<UIIOHanbHYIO npeeMCTBeHHOCTb
MeJKJIY nOKOJlCHHJlMH.
HaCJIeiJyeMocmb (aHm. herizabilily) - KOnllqeCTBeHHaH xapaKTe-
pIlCTHKa, OQeHHBaJOl.UaJ[ BKJIalI zeuomunU<leCKOU COCTaBJIRlOl.UeH II
IlonYJIHl(HOHllylO U3MeH<lU80Cmb npH3HBKa.
HezeHemUWCKaR HUCJleOCm6CHHocmb - npeCMCTBCHHOCTb Me)l()!y
nOKOneHHJlMH, OCYll\eCTBJ1J1eMaH 6e3 yqaCTHJI reHe::If1JCCKHX $aK-
TOpOB, B '!aCTHOCTH, nYTeM 05MeHa IfH$opMBl(lIeH Me)l()!y nOKO-
lteHHJlMIf B XOlle 06y'!eHHJi.
HopMa peaKI4UU - CBOHCTBeHHbIH lIaHHOMY zeHomUI1Y xapaKTep
peaKl.\lIH Ha H3MeHeHlle YCJ10BHH cpeObl
HyKJ/eUH06ble Kue/lOmb! - $OC$OpCOlIepJKall\lIe 5110nOJIHMepbI,
COCTORll\lfe 1'!3 HYKlleomuiJo8. CO,l1ep)/(aT B Ka'leCTBe MOHOMepOB
,I1e30KCH- IInH pH50HYKneOTl\JI.bl. COTBe1'CTBeHHO, pa3nll'laIOT i'Je-
30KCupu6oHyx:eUJl08bJe KUCJ/ombl (lJHK) II Pu60HYKlleUH06ble KUC-
JIombl (PHK). ,[IHK, KJjK npaBIIJlO, HBnJiIOTCH Jl,ByxQenO'le'lHbIMII,
PHK, B OCHOBHOM, o!!/lOl.\enOqe'lHble.
HYKJIeomuiJb!- MOHOMepl>I HYKnelfHOBblX KHCJ10T (lJHK. PHK).
COCTOJIT 113 a30TIICToro OCHOBaIUlJI, yrneBO.l1.HorO KOMnOHeHTa I'!
ocraTKa 1jJ0c$opHoii KIICrrOTbl.
06U4t1Jl cpeiJa (cucmeJo/atnWleCKaR, pa:JOeJleHJ/OJ/, .MeJ/CceMeUJ/OJ/) -
Te 3nCMeHTbI r:peObl, Koropble J/BJIJIJ01'CJI 05ll\IiMII )J)IJI CpaBHHlme-
MblX pO.l3.CTBeHHHKOB.
683

06YJlR,.UJl - Y MJIeKOnJITalOll\l1X BblXOJl, 3penbiX RUl/eKJIemOK 113
1I'IHHKa B nOJIOC1'b TCJIa.
OJlltZozeHbI (ZJla8Uble zeUbl) - HeMHOrOqHCneHHbJe zeHbl, KOHTpO-
nupYIOU\lIe Ka'JeCTBeHHblH npll3HaK (B OTJlI!'lI!e OT nO!IIIreHOB
,
KOHTPOJIlIPYIOU\IIX KOJIllqeCTBeHHblC npH3HaKH). )];eJIeHlle Ha
OJIHrOreHbI II nOJIllreHbI YCJIOBHO.
OnllOOOm60penue - CJII1J1HUe MY)I(CKOH H )l(eHCKOH nOJIOBblX KJIe-
TOK, npHBOJ\JlU\ee K 06pa30BaHHIO 3U20mbl.
OptaJIO<!ene3 - 06pa30BaHHe 3a'laTKOB opraHOB II HX Mq,q,epeH-
UHpOBKa B npouecce OHTO- I1JI1I q,1IJ10reHe3a.
OC06b (UHOU8UO) - HeJ\e!IHMaJi eJl,HIIHua )1(1131111, MOp<jJoqJH3HO-
JIOrliQeeKall eJ\IIHHua, IlpOIlCXOAll\a Y BIII\OB C nOiIOBbIM pa3-
MHO)l(eHIICM 113 OJ\HOH 3Ucombl
lIaHMUKCUfI- cB06oMoe cKpeufu6allue pa3HOnOJIbIX oco6eu C pa3-
HbIMH ZeHOmuJ1L1.M1i B flOI1YJlJ!tpJli.
lIJ/ciiompolUlJ< - MHO)l(ecTBeHHOe J\eHC'I1JHe zeHa, ero C!lOC06HOCTb
B03J\eHCTBOBaTb Ha HeCKO!IbKO I1pU3I«lK08.
lIOJ/UZCllbl - Tlln zeH06, OTBe'lalOll\HX 3a cyU\eCTBOBaHlle KOJlUlfe-
Cm6ellitOU U3MeH'l1i60CmU (eM. TaK)I(e OJlUcOteHbl).
lIoJlUMepUJl (aooumU6Hoe 83aUJlfOOeUCm6ue teH08) -Tun B3aI1MO-
l\eHeTBI1 2eU06, npl1 KOTOpOM CTeneHb paJBIITlI KOJIH'JeCTBeHHO-
ro npll3HaKa onpelJ;em!eTC BJlIllIHHeM lIeCKOJ\bKI1X rellOB, Jl,eii-
CTOYIOU\IIX CXOJ\HbIM 06pa30M (110JIIlMepHble zellbl).
1I0JIUMepllble <!ellbl - zeHbl, l\eHCTBHe KOTOpblX Ha npl13HaK npo-
BJIJleTeR CXOMbIM 06pa30M
lIoJlUJltopiPU3M - HaJIU'IHe B npeJl,e.rrax O.l\Horo BHl\a oco6eu, peJ-
KO OTJIllqaIOll\IIXC no KaKOMY-JII160 npIlJHaKY, He I1MelOll\HX ne-
peXO,!!.HbIX <jJ0pM.
lIoJluHYKJleomuObJ - npllpOMble HnH cIIHTeTH'IeCKue 6HOnOJIII-
Mepbl, COCTORll\l1e 113 Ot;TaTKOB MOHOHyKneOTII)'{OB. npllpOMblMH
II. JlBJIJlIOTCJI HYJ<neIlHOBbie KHeiIOTbI (lJHK, PHK).
lIo,unenmuobl - nOJlIIMepbl, nOCTpoellHble H3 ocraTICOB aMIIHO-
KHcnOT. Bcm<H CHHTe311pYIOTCJI Ha pu60COMax B BHl\e nOJIHnCn-
THJ\HbIX ueneH (OI\IIH zell- OMa nOiIllnenTI1J1,HaR uenb). BeJIOK
MOJl<eT COCTOS!Tb 113 lIeCI<OJlbKHX nOJ1Hllen1'I1,aHblX !.IeneR, KOTO-
pbIe CI1HTeJllpYIOTCJI OTl\enbHO II 3aTeM COe)J,lllIHIOTCH,
1I0J/o6ble JUleml<U (CM. raMembl)
lIo.o6ble XPOMOCVMbl - Y paJI\CnbHOnOJIbiX OpraHHJ/ofOB XpOMO-
COMb!, onpel\eJlHIOll\lIe pa3nHqHJI B KapuomUflax y oc06eu, !lpH-
684
lIa)J.!IeJKaUlIIX pa3HoMY nOJIY PaJJll1qaIOT rOMOTaMeTHblH nOJI -
noJ!, IIMeIOU\IIH lij!e OI\HHaKOBble n.x , Ha3b1BaeMble X-xpoMoeo-
MaMH, II re'feporaMeTHblll 1I0Jl, IIMelOUlHR JIII60 0.l1HY X-xpOMO-
COMY ('filII XO), 111160 napy pa3nH'IaIOU\lIxCH n.x (THn XY) Y
qeJlOBeKa rOMoraMeTHbIM S!BJIJleTCR )l(eHCKHH nOJI, re-reporaMeT-
Hb'M - MYJKCKOil
lloJlycu6cbl - 11J1IlHBHJ\b!, HMeIOll\llt OI\HOro o6ll\cro po)l.ltTenl!
llonYIl1l,.UR - COBoKynllOCTb oc06el' O,!!.Horo Im,aa, 06na,aalOll\I1X
o611\HM zeHopoHoOM II 3aHIIMaIOll\1IX onpeJ\cncHHYIO reppHToplllO.
KOHTaKTb! MC)f(JI)' OC06J1MII OJ\IIOH nonynQHII npOIlCXOJVIT qall\C,
'1eM Me1Kl!Y OC06RMII pa:JHblX nonynHL\Hi1. 3T0 npORBJIHeTC II 60JIee
BhlCOKOM YPOBl\e nmWUKCUU.
lIopozo8blU npU3/UU< - nonllreHHblH (CM. nOJlUZeHbl) npH3HaK, npo-
R1JJ!RIOLQHlIcR JIllIllb Kor,aa cOBoKynHoCTb reHeTHqeClmX II cpeJ\OBbIX
<jJaKTopOJ! npeBbllllaeT onpe,ae.rreHHbIH nopor.
lIpU3I1UK - 3J1e/ofeHT peHOmUl1a, mo60H ero Hl\eHTII(j) l1 u l1 pyeMblH
rrOKa3a.Tcnb.
llpOl<apuombl (iJORoepHbte) - opraHH3Mbl, KneTKII KoropbIX He
IIMelOT orpaHllqeHHOrO MeM6paHOH JlJ\pa.
lIpoMomop - yqaCTOK MOiIeKYJIbI Jl.HK, K KOTOPOMY npHcoe)J,ll-
HRlOrCJI MoneKyiIb! PHK-nonI\Mepa3bl, '11'0 conpOBO)l(,!laeTCH Ha-
'lano).! mpaHcKpunljUU eOOTBeTCTBYIOll\HX zel106.
llpo,.eccuHz - KOMnJleKC npOL\eCCOB 06pa30BaHHJI JpeJIblX Mone-
Kyn PHK H 6eJ!KOB B J<neTKC. Y 3YKapuom II MPHK BKJlIO'IaCT
:Hall Bblpe3aHIIH uHmpOH06 11 06pa30BaH1IH JpenOIl MOJ!CKynbl B
pe3YiIbTaTe CnJlaUCUHza.
P/l3JIU'I(lJOIlRCJl cpeou (CltyqaUHllJI, Hcpa10elteHHOJI. 6HympuceJo,leu-
HllJI) _ Te JJIeMeHTbI CPCl\bl, KOrOpblC He coana,!!.alOT y cpaBHHBa-
eMblX pOitCTBeHHIIKOB
Pa3l1Y'le nnble 6!1UJne,!IoI - Jl.e'IH OT MHoronlIoAHoi1 6epCMeHHoe-
TH, C paHHero B03paCTa BOC!lIITblBaBWlleeR pa3,aenb HO (B paJHblX
ceMbRX H T.n ).
PUlIlIUe <!enOl  zeHbl, Jl,eMOHCTpHpylOll\lle 6bleTpYIO, IIO npCXOJVI-
Il\YIO aKTlIBaL\111O B OTBeT Ha i\eRCTBHe pa3JII1'iHbIX CllrHaiIOB In
\lI\YTpKneTo"Hoi111 JKCTpaKnCTOQHOH cpe,]&! Hx npOI1.YKTbl JlB-
!IRIOTeH paKmOpa.ilfU mpaUCKpUnljUIi 1\ pel YJlllpylOT JKCl1peccu/Q
J\PYrux rCHOB.
Pacell!lellue _ nOJIBneHI!e 1\ nOTOMCTBe zu6puoa oc06eiI C pa3-
HblMII 2e1l0mWlUMU (P no zellomuny) IIJIH reHoTHnHQeCKl1 06yc-
6&5

nOB!IeHHOe pa3!IH'IHC nOTOMKOB no npOJlB!IeHHIO I1pU3I1QKa (P. no
peHomuny).
PeZYJUlIPWpnblU un (2eH-peZYJlJlltlop) - reH, npOJJ,yI<TOM I<OToporo
JlB!IlIeTCJI 6eJlol<-penpeccop, KOI!TpO!IHPYIOIIIHH TpaHCKpllnHIO
.l\pymx reHOB.
PeOYKI.IUOIiHoe OeneHue (CM. Me(03)
PeiJYIIJlUKflU,UJI (CM. PeruzuKQqUJI)
PeKOM6ullflU,UJI - nepepacnpeJl,eJleHlle reHCTllqecKoro MaTepHa!Ia
p0.l\lfTeJIeii B nOTOMC'tBe, npHBOI(JIIl\ee I< Hacne.l\CTBeHHoii KOM6H-
1l8TflBHOH U3MeWlueocmu.
Pe1/JlUK (=peiJYrr.JJUKai.IUR) - npOl,\ecc caMOBocnpOH3BC.l\eIfIlJl
MoneKyn Hy/(.1leJIHOtJ6fX KUc»om (CM. J(H/(, PHK), COnpoaO)l(.l\alO_
II1HHCJI Hacne.a;CTBeIfHOH nepel\aqeH TO'lHbIX KOIII1H reHeTH'IeCKOH
JfH,pOpMall,HII.
Pel{eCCUIlHOCmh - OTCYTCTBHe lJIeHOTllnll'leCKoro IIPOJlBJIeHHII O,l\-
HOro HJ aJI.lUmei} Y i!emep03UZOmHOU OOO6!f.
Pu60nYlUleuH(HJble I(UC//Otllbl (PHK) - nYKJIeUII08ble KUCnombl, 1t0-
JIfiMepbl, COCTORU!ue H3 pIf6oIlYKlIt:OTHJJ;OB, co,a:ep)I(aIl\lie B Ka'le-
crne yrJIeBOJ1.HOrO KOMIIOHeHTa pH603Y, a B Kaqecrne aJOTIICTJ,Jx
OCHOBaHHH 3.l\eHl!H, ryaHHn, ypal.{HIl H I.{HTOJIfIf. Y'laC'tBYIOT B
peaJIlIJallllH reHeTH'IeCKOH IIHIJIOPM3lIHH. PaJ!III'IaIOT HeCKOJIbl<O
pamOBII.lUJOCTeH PHK: MOmpUYl{ble (MPHK), Hnu HWj1opMa!(HOH-
Hble (HPHI<), pH60cOManbHble (PPHK), TpaHcnOpTHble (TPHK).
(CM. TaK)I(eJ(HK. MPHK, HYK.1leUI{08ble KUC.1l0mbl, HYKlieomuiJbl,
Tpancl(punqUJI, TpaHcJlJ/qUJI)
PU60COMa - OpralfOH.l\ KJIeTKH, ocyw;eCTBIlJ/IOW;HH 6HOCllHTeJ
6eJIKa.
PH K (CM. Pu60HYKReUH06ble KUCJ/ombl)
POiJOc//06HOJl - reHeanOrll'leCKaJl cxeMa, HJ06paJl(alOll\all HeKO-
TopbIe xapaKTepHCTIlKIl pOJl,CTBelfHblX OC06eH B p nOKOJIeHHit
CaiUn - JIlO6aJl napa HYKJIeOTH.l\Oa B Jl,BYXl\enOqeqlfOH MOJIeKyne
,L{HI<, MeCTOnOJIO)l(eHlle TOql(OBOH MYTaUIiH
CUaMCKue 6J1UJlle/{bl - 060JHa'leHlle BpOJK,!\eHHoro yPO.l\CTBa MO-
H03uzomHblX 6nU3HeIJ08, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOro COeJlliHeHHeM l<aKHX-
JlH60 '1aCTeii HX TeJIa. C.6. IIMeIOT o6Il\YIO cilcTeMY KpoBo06pa-
ll\eHIIJI.
Cu6cw (CU6I1UNZU) - nOTOMKH O,l1HIIX II Tex )l(C POJUlTeJJeii (6pa-
TbJl H ceCTpbl).
CKpeU8QHUe - npol.\ccc 06'beJlHHeHHJI reHeTH'IeCKOro MaTepHa-
686
na .l\Byx oc06e!i
COJ/fanm'leCKUe KJleml(u - KneTKH !eJIa (He raMeTbl).
CnepJ/famOJouiJ (cnepJ/fUu) - 3peJIaJl2al1J10UOHaJI MYJI(CKaJi nono-
naR KJleTKa.
CllJlaUCUHZ - O.l\HH n3 ::nanoa npOl/eCCUI/2a Y 3YKQPUorn. B pe-
3YJIbTaTC C 1'!3 He3perroii MPHKYJl,aJlJIIOTCR HCKO.ll.llpyIOll\lIe nOCJIe
1I0BaTenbHOCTII (UllmpOHbl), qTO npHBO.D.IIT K 06paJOBaHHIO 3penOll
MPHK.
CpeiJa - B reHeTIIKe cOBoKynHocTb Bcex BHeWHHX, no OTHOllle-
HHIO K rCHoTHny, q,aKTopOB, OKa3bIBalOll\I'!X BJIIIJlHHC H3 pa3BH-
Tne opraHH3Ma HnH ero OTJlCJIbHblX qaCTeH.
CpeiJo8/lJ1 iJucnepculi - CTaTHCTH'IeCKaJi BeJIII'IHHa, OeHIIBaIO-
ll\aJl 1101110 ljJeHoTHIIH'IeCKOH BapHaTHBHOCTIl (CM. It>eHomUnU'lec-
l(aJI UJMeHqU80cmb) npll3HaKa B nonYJ1J1QIIH, B03HIIKaIOll\YIO He-
KJIlOqHTeJIbHO 3a C'IeT BapHaTHBHOCTII Cpe,l1bl (CM. TaK)I(e Jl,uc-
l1epcWi, reHemUqeCKaJI oucnepcW/. tlJellomUnU'IeCKaR QucnepcUJI).
CpeiJoB/lJI UJJ/feN'tU60cmb (MOOUlJJUKaquol/HaR U3MellqUtJocmb) -
U3Mel/I/U60Cmb BhI3BaHHaJi q,aKTopaMIf epc,ltbl H He CBRJaHHaJi C
reHeTI1'1eCKI1M'H H3MeHeHllJlMIi. B OCHOBe nonYJIJlI.\HOHHo!i C.II.
ne)l(!lT pa3HblH xapaKTCp peaKQHI! ;;eHom"n06 Ha IIJMeHCHHe 01(-
PY)f(aIOIl\HX YCJIOBHH (CM. HOpMU peuKquu).
CmpYKmypUblU zen - JIl060H zeH, KOJl,llPYIOll\IIH K3Kyro-JI1!60 7/0-
J/ul1enmuollYKJ l.\el1b IIJIH MOJIeKYJIY PHK. B TOM '1I1CJIe II pezYJIJ/-
mopHbre zeHbl.
C/{ellJleHUe zeNOS - JlBneHl1e, a OCIIOBe KOToporo Jle)l(lIT pacno-
JIO)l(elllle zeM6 B O,a:HOI/ XPOMoCO;lIe. fCllb!, npHH3McJKaIl\Hc 0,11-
Hoil XpOMOCOMe, 06p3JYIOT rpynny CQenneHIIJI. AMeIlU, HaxOI1J1-
ll\IICCR B O.l\IiOH rpynne CQenlleHIIR, HMelOT Teli,l1eHQIlIO HaCJIeJlO-
BaTbCJI COBMeCTHO CTenCHb C r B npc,a:enax OJl,HOH rpynnbl ClIel1-
llCIiHR YMeHblUaCTCR C YBeJIH'JeHlleM paCCTOJlHIIJI Me)l(JlY reHaMH.
a CTel1eHH C r CY.lI:JlT no '1aCTOTe peKOlll6uHUijUU 3THX reHaB B
npoQecce KpOCCU1<20Bl!pa.
TeJlb/{e Eappa - IIHTeHCHBHO KpaCJlll\aJlCJI CTpYKrypa, Ha5mol\a-
1Oll\3J1CJI D JI.l1pax pa3HbiX THnOD KJIeTOX Y CaMOI( MJIeKOnI1TaIO-
Il\IIX. llpe.l\CTaBJIJleT c060lt CHJIbHO cnllpanH300aHHYIO Ii n03TOMY
Heal(THBHYIO X-XpOMOCOMY. HHaKTIIBaQIIJI O.l1HOIt IIJ X-XpOMO-
COM npOIICXO.l\IIT CJIyqaHHblM 06pa30M.
TpallCKpun/{UJI - 6HOCHHTe3 MOJICKYJI PHK H3 COOTBeTCTYIO-
ll\IIX Y'laCTKaxHK, nepBbIH 3Tan peanH3aUIIII reHCTH'IeCXOIIIIII-
687

1jJ0pMaWIII B JKnBb!X KneTKaX. OCYll\eCT1JJIJleTCJI C nOMOll\blO cne-
L\HaJIbHOrO tjJepMeHTa - PHK-nonnMepa3bl.
TpaHCllOKal{UR  Tnn XpOMOCOMHOH nepeCTpOHKH, 3aKnlOqalO-
II.UIHCJI B npeHoce Ol\Horo n) yqaCTKOB XpOMOCOMbl B HOBoe (Heo-
6bI'IHoe) MeCTO
TpaHc.'Ull{UR - cKHTe3 nonKnenTHlIHblX Ileneii OeJIKOB no MaTpH-
LIe JofPHK, npOnCXOllJlll\nH Ha pu60coMax, - 3aKllIOqHtenbHblH
3Tan peaJIll3al\11K reHeTHqeCKOH IIHtjJopMal\nll.
TpunJlem (cM.Kooou)
<1JaKmop pocma ffep608 (<1JPH) - TpotjJl1'leCKIIH tjJaKTOp, nep-
BblM HJI,CHTnljJnl\HpOBaHHbl!i B HepBHOH CIICTeMe CnlMynllPYeT
npOl\eCCbI pOCTa B HCpBHblX ImCTKax, YBeJIHqnBae-r BbIJKI1BaeMOCTb
HeHpOHOB B ncpHOllbI IIX eCTeCTBeHHo!i r116eJlH.
<1Jaxmopw mpaffCKpUnl{UU - BcnOMoraTenbHble 6cnKH, BnKJlIO-
Il\lIe Ha XOll mpallCl(punuu
t})eHomun - COBOKYflROCTb Bcex nplf3HaKOB oc06H B KaJ/(I<f,Iii K08-
KPeTHbIH MOMeHT ee JKH3HH. <I> tjJOpMHPYeTCJlnpH Y'IaCTHH zellomu-
na nOli BnHSlHHeM YCJlOBHi1 cpeobl. <1>. CCTb '1aCTHbIH CJIyqa!i peaJm-
3al\HH reHOTHna B KOHKpeTHbiX YCJlOBlUIX.
<1JeffomUnU'leCKll1l U3MCff'lU60cmb - H3MeH'IHBOCTb !jJeH0I11UI10« B
nOI1YJIRUU. B03HHKaeT 3a CqeT BapHaTlIBHOCTH zelwmun08 H CpC-
lIOBblX ycnoBHH.
<1JcffomUnU'leCKaJI oucnepcUJI -- CTaTI1CTHqeCKaJl BeJlHqHHa, C no-
M01l.\blO KOTOpOH OLleHHBaC'rCJI pa3Max BapHaTHBHOCTH KaKoro-
nll60 KOllU'lecm«eI/IIOlO npU3HaKa B 110I1Yl/JlUU. (CM. TaKJKe UC-
l1epCUJI, FeuemU'leCKaR iJucl1epcUJI. Cpe008aJl iJucnepclIR).
t})ep...effmw - cnelllltjJHqeCKlfe 6cnKH, HrpaI01I.\He pom 6lfonorll-
qeCKHX KaTanH3aTopOB.
XUa.JMa - BII3ya.rrbHO Ha6nlOI\aeMOe npOJlBJIeHlle KpOCCUIl208epa,
3aKIIIOqalO1I.\eeCJI B nCpeKpC1I.\I1BaHHH ZOMOJ/02W1l/blX yqaCTl(OB XPO-
MOCOJoI B MeUtJ3e.
XUMepw - M03aHqHble opraHH3MbI, COqe-raIOll\ne B ce6e KneTKH,
TKaHH II opraHbI pa3nHqHbiX opraHH3MOB. B OCHOBe 06pa30BaHHSI
X. .JIeJKnT 061>e1J;1IHeHHe K.JICTOK, npOHCXOlJ;Jl1I.\HX OT pll3HblX 3Ui!Om.
XpOMamUH - KOMnneKC, COCTO!lIl\HH H3 HK II 6CJIKOB, COCTaB-
JlJlIOIl\HH XpOMOCOMbl 3YKapuom
XPOMOCOMbl - opraHOHlJ;bI KneTO'lHOrO JllJ;pa, JlBnJl101I.\HeCJl HO-
CHTCnJlMII reHCTII'IeCKOH nHljJop.\fal\IIH II onpencn!lI01I.\IIe HaCnelJ;-
CTBeHHble cBoi1CTBa KnCTOK If opraHII3MoB
688
qucmJIJI AUHUJI - reHOTllnlIqCCKIi Ol\Hopol\Hoe nOToMCTBO, nony-
qaeMOe B pe3ynbTaTe caMOOnblJIeHI'!JI Hnl'! CaMOOn.JIOIJ;OTBOpeHnJl
OT OJI,HOH oc06u. q.n. npeIJ;CTaB.JIJle'r c06oi1 rpynny opraHn3MoB,
ZOM03U20mllbLX no 60nbwIIHCTBY reHOB. HHorna 1J:.n. Ha3blBaIOT
Ullopeollble J/llHUU (CM. TaKJKC lfH6peiJHaJl RUHUR).
3K3OlUMUJI- HeaCCOpT3TIIBHoe (CM. AccopmamU6HOcmb) CKpe1l.\H-
BaHHe B npenenax nOI1YJIRUll, 60.JIee qaCTOe CKpC1I.\HB3Hlle Hepon-
CTBeHHblX oco6eH, qeM 3Toro MOJKHO 6bIJIO 6bI OJKHnaTb npll CJlY-
qaHHOI.! non6ope nap. 3. nplIBOAIIT K yneJIH'IeHHIO zemepo3U2omHO-
cmu nOnYJIJll\HII.
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tjJopMaljHJI !VIJI CHHTeJ3 COOTBeTCTByro1l.\erO npo)J;yKTa reHa (6eJIKa).
3. qepe.AYJOTCJI C HCKOAlIPYlO1I.\IIMII tjJparMcHTaMH reHa - UHmpOHa-
Mil. 3., B OTmIqHe OT IIHTpOHOB, nOJIlIOCTblO npenCTaBneHbI B Mone-
Kyne 3peJIOH .\lPHK. (CM. TaKJKe lfllmpoH).
3Kcnpeccufl zeHa - npollBneHHc IJ;eiiCTBHR cella B opraHlf3Mc B
tjJopMe cneLll1tjJHqCCKOrO!VI1I Hcro npl13HaKa. 3.r. CBllne-renbcTBY-
eT 0 ero aKTIIBHOCTII, cOnpOBOJKIJ;alO1I.\eHCJI npOL\CCCaMIi mpaHc-
/(PUI1UU II mpaHCJIRUU.
3M6puozelle3 - 3Tan OHToreHe3a OT 3U20mbl no BbIJIynneHHJI 1I3
IlHl\a. Y M.JIeKOnHTaI01I.\IIX paHHHC CTa,!J;HH OHToreHC3a 1\0 3aBep-
WCHlIJI op2al102eHe3a.
31100zlUlUJI - HeacropT3THBHOC (CM. AccopmamU8HOcmb) CKPell.\lI-
BaHHe II npenenax 11011YJIRtfUU, npellMY1l.\ccrneHHoe cnapHBaHIIC pOn-
CTBeHl!blX oc06eH. 3. npliBOAIIT K YBeJIII'leHHIO lOM03uzomHocmu
nonynJlQHH.
3nuzeffe3 - Ol\Ha H3 TCOpllH 0 3apOnbiweBOM pa3BIITilil opraHlI3-
MOB, npelJ;nOnaralO1I.\aJl, qTO pa3BIITlle npenCTaBJlJlCT C060H npo-
l\eCC nocnenOBaTcnbHoro B03HIIKHOBeHIIJI IIOBo06pa30BaHIli1. B
COBPeMeHHOH 6HonorHil II reHeTHl<e pa3BIITilII non JnllreHe30M
nOlJ;pll3YMeBalOT elJ;lIHblH ClICTeMHb!H npOl..\eCC pa3BHTIIJI, B KOTO-
pOM npOIICXOI\HT nOCJlCIJ;OBaTenbHoe pa3BepTbIBaHne rCHeTH'Iec-
KOH IIl!tjJopMal\1I1I npll Y'laCTIiH HCHporYMopanbHblX, rOpMOHaJIb-
HbIX, CpelJ;OBblX H IJ;pyrllx tjJaKTopOB.
3nucm03 - THn B3allMOl\eHCTBHJI MeJKny HeannenbHbIMH (CM. AR-
JIeRb) Zella..lfU, npH KOTOpOM IJ;eHCTBlle Ol\Horo H3 HHX (rHnOCTaTI1-
qeCKoro) nOl\aBnllCTCJI Jl,eHCTBHCM IJ;pyroro (JnHCTaTII'IeCKoro).
3YKapuombl (RiJepllble) - opraHlI3Mbl, KJleTKH KOTOpbIX CO,!J;ep-
)«aT oljJopMneHHbIe JllJ;pa. K JYKapliOTaM OTHOCJlTCJI Bce BblCWlle
689

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llQUOHblU Ha60p XpOAWCOM 11 nlnaTeJ1bHble Bell\eCTBa, He06xoA/l-
Mble MJI pa3BIITHJI 3apO.!\bIwa.
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Bakwin H. 283
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Bender B 286
Benno R. 444
Bentler P. 209
Bergman I.. 633
Birch H 573
Boomsma D. 222,418,422,426,
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Bouchard T. 258,640,641
Bracken H 510
Brody N. 614
Bronfenbrenner U 615
Browne M 191
Buchsbaum M 474
Buss A. 296,298,299,312,3\4,
315
Byrne B. 284
C
Cairns R 618,619,620,621
Canter S 280,384
Capecchi M. 168
Cardon L 268,272, 274,645,646,
647,648,649,652
Carels G 447
Carlier M. 570
Carter H 24
Ceci S 614
Changeux J 443,534,575, 577,
578
Cherny S 645,646,647,648,649
730
Chipeur H. 262
Claridge G. 406
Conger R 609
Cowles M. 511
Cuttance P 209
Funer J . 23, 208, 268,279,315,357,
358,383,647
G
Gale A. 43 I
GasserT. 433,446,455
Ge X. 604
GeddaL 510,5]1,512,516,518,
526
Gershon E. 474
Gessel A. 510, 522
Giannitrapani D 43 \
Goldsmith H. 208, 235, 320, 321,
357,591,612,613,656
Gordon K. 23
Gottesman!. 320,357,610,612,613
Gottheb G 564
Greenberg M. 548,549
Guilford J 255,278
D
Dahlberg G. 24
Daniels M. 182, 264
Davis H. 433,459
Decker S. 283,284
DeFries j 158,208,283, 284, 287,
3]5,603,627,657
Dennis M. 563,579
Dobzhansky T 538
Drabkova H. 645
Dronsejko K. 411
Duffy F. 43]
Dunkin J. 446
Dunn J. 262, 588
Dustman R. 471
Dworkin R. 355,359,361
lJ
Handa R. 550,551
Harmony T 446
Hastr u pJ.4]8
Hayduk L. 209
Henderson N. 371
BessD. 550
Heurteaux C. 550
Hickey T. 574
Hinde R. 298
Holzinger K. 24,5\8
Hopkins P 4] 8
Horn J 257, 357,617
:HumeW 409,4]1,4\7
Hunt S. 418
Hutten]ocher P 443
Hynek K. 451
E
EavesL. 27,176,183,185,186,211,
222,230,367,368,370.371,663
Edelman G 557
Eimas P. 580
Eischen S. 465
Emde R. 208
Everitt B. 209
Eysenck H 280,367,368,371. 663
F
Faulstich M. 414
Felsenfeld S. 284
Fifer W 565
Fischbein S 268,269,645
Fisher R. 18
Friedman M. 417
Frischeisen-Kohler I. 24
Fulker D. 158, \85,274,627,646,
647,648,649
I
Innocenti G. 580
Inouye E 436,447
lrwm D. 486
IsehusL 418
J
Jinks J. 185
John E 431
John 0 380,382
Joreskog K. 210,211
Jucl-Nielsen N 434
K
Kagan J 208,296,321
Kamitake M 436,447
Kaprio J. 373, 375,664
Kendler K. \85.235,598
Koert\1 W 520
Komi P 516,518
Koriat A. 414
Kovar R 512,515
Krishnaiah P 209
L
LaBuda M. 208
LaderM 409,411,418
Lamprecht R. 550,551
Lau 1.. 548
Lehtovaara A 24,5\0
Lemke G. 547
Lennox W. 433
Lev\-Montalclm R. 558
Levinthal F 575
Lewis B. 284
Lewis E 472
Lieberman P 565
Linkowski P. 448
Loehlin J 267, 268, 328, 357, 359,
371,372,373,374,375,386,389,
396,591,603,655,656,664,665,
670
Long J. 209
LykkenD 408.411,412,434,
436,437,640,641
Lytton H 592,609,618
M
Maas H 625
Macagno E . 575
731

Magnusson D 632
Malmo R 511
Maltzman I. 411
MalykhS. 35,481,491, 528
Manuck S 416
Martin N. 27, 212,367,368,371,
663,665
Matheny A. 208,328,329, 331,618,
645,655
Mather J. 418
Matousek M. 455
Matthews K. 4/7
McAdam D. 486
McArdle J. 210,235
McCabe B. 550
McCartney K. 186,606, 662,666
McDonald R 210
McGue M. 640, 641
McIlhany M. 418
McKinney J. 276
McNemarQ.512,520
Melia K. 550
Merica H, 449
Michel G. 168, 534,541,565,566
Mileusnic R. 551
Milner R. 546
Mintz B. 516
Miyawaki K. 580
Mobus C. 210
Molenaar P. 210 222 444 625
, , ,
Moore C 168, 534, 541, 565, 572
Morgan J 549
Mundy-Castle A. 431
N
Neale M. 214
Neary R. 411
Neils J. 284
Newman H 580
Nichols R. 264,267,268,270,280,
359,591
Nikolaev E. 550
Norman W. 380
732
o
O'Connor S. 465,466
Osborn R. 411
Ott 26, 173
Rose R. 357, 373, 375
Rosen K. 549
Rothbart M. 296,299,317,326
Rowe D. ]82, 315,593
Rudinger G 210
Rust J. 463
Rutter M. 208
p
Papa M. 550,551
Patterson P. 558
Pawlik K. 254
Pearson K. 20
Pedersen N. 263, 274, 316, 317,637
Pedersen P. 564
Penninglon B. 283
Pctri11 S. 268, 272
Picton T. 461
Pike A. 608
Plom!n R. 158 162 181 182 183
186, 187,208, 260,264,266',271:
296,298,299,312,314,315,316,
317,373,389,391, 591, 592,
593,598,599,602,603,608,6J2,
627,657,659,664,667
Polich J. 464, 465
Pollock V. 433
Prechtl H. 561
Previc F. 566
Propping P 425,434,449
Province M. 418
Purves D. 555
S
Salinsky M. 433
Scarr S 186,358,606,613
Schanberg S. 570
Schicken R. 418,419
SchiffM. 612
SchmitzS 315,316,658,662
Seashore R. 520
Seeback B 565
Shapiro A. 418
Shatz C. 559
Sheng M. 549
Short R. 210
Simens H. 23
SimsJ 418
SlatteryM.418
Smith M. 550
Sm,th S. 287
Somsen R. 418,425
Spearman C 20
Splinder J. 510, 511
Stassen H. 433
Steinlein 0 456,491
StelmackR. 411, 51]
Stevenson J. 283
Struhl 549
SutcJiffeJ. 546
Svancara J 512,518, S!9
R
Rachman S. 409
Rakic P. 559
Raney E. 433
Reite D. 469
Rennie J. 569
Reznikoff M. 279
RiceT. 418
Riese M 326,327
RinglerN. 571
Ritter W. 485
Robinson J. 324,325
Robinson S 563,564
T
Tallai P 284
Tallman G 24
Tambs R. 419
Tecce J 486
Theil H 216
Thomas A. 296,299,303,326
Thompson 1. 268,269,522
Tomblin J. 284
Torgersen A. 176,308,311
Turkewitz G 566
Turkheimer E. 610
V
van Baal C 439,444,453,475
van Beijsterveldt C. 439, 444
Verschuer O. 24
Vogel F 430,434,435,447,448,
451,452,456
W
Wad worth S. 269
Waller N. 281
Walter W. 486
Watanabe Y. 550
Weerts T. 485
WertsC.216
Whitehurst G. 284
Whitney G. 13
Wiesel T. 444
WilIiamsL.418,SI2,SIS
Wilson R 208,618,642,644,655
Wright 1. 512
Wright S. 216
Y
Young J. 436, 447
Z
Zhao N. 546
Zuckerman M 473, 482
Zung W. 448
Zvolsky P. 410

CO,QEP>KAHE
2.4. PeKOM6HHal\l1J1 XpOMOCOM B npOl\ecce 06paJOBaHH
nonOBblX KneTOK .... ... ........ ........ ......... .......... .......... 59
2.5. Cl\enJleHIJe H KpoccHHroBep ........ ...... ..' . ....... .. ..... . . 60
2.6. reHeTl1qeCKaJl YHHKaJIbHOCTb HHI1HBI1j\a ...... ........... . 61
3. MOJIeKynJlpHbIe OCHOBbI HaCJIej\cTBeHHOCTII. ........................ 64
3 1. ,[IHK - MaTepHaJIbHaJi cy6CTaHuHJI reHOB. ............... 64
3.2 Onpej\eneHlle reHa. OCHOBHaJlIj>YHKl\HJI reHa ....... ....... 66
3.3. feHeTH'leCKliii KOj\ ... ......... ....................................... ... 68
4. feHbI B XpoMocoMax. MYTaL\I1H ........................ . .................. 70
4 1 IIOHJlTHJI nOKyca II aJIJIeJIJI. MHO)!(eCTBeHHbIe 3J1JIenH.
fOMOJllrOTHoCTb H reTep03HroTHocTb ...... ................. 70
42. feHHble MyTaL\HII............................... ........ ................ .. 71
4.3. XPOMOCOMHblC aHOManliH ...... ....................... ........... 73
5. feHbl B nonynJll\IIJlx. 3aKoH X3pj\II-BaHH6epra .... ........... . 74
fJ1ABA 4. fEHETJ1'IECKHE OCHOBbI
KOJ1H'IECTBEHHOH H3MEH'IHBOCTH ...... ......... ...... 79
1. KOJIlI'1eCTBeHHaJi H3MeHqllBOCTb 11 MeTOj\bl ee onlicaHH .. . 79
1.1. HJMepeHlle KOJIllqeCTBeHHblX npll3HaKoB . ...... . ...... . .79
\.2. XapaKTepHcTIlKIi l\eHTPanbHoH TeHJI,eHl\HII................. 84
1.3. X3paKTepl1CTHKH pa36poca ........ ..... .......... ....... ..... .85
1.4. Me>KrpynnoBble II Me>KIIHj\HBHAYaJIbHble pa3nH'lIlJl..... 85
2. Hacnej\cTBeHHocTb H cpeila KaK lj>aKTOpb! BOJHHKHOBeHHJI
KOJIllqeCTBeHHoR I13MeHqIlBOCTII....... .., ..... ........................ 86
2.1. feHoTHn H !\>eHoTlln ........ .......... ................. ........ ...... 87
2.2. B03HHKHOBeHIIC KOnH'IeCTBeHHoH IIJMeH'IIIBOCTI1 noJl,
j\eHCTBl1eM nonHMepHblx reHOB. feHeTII'leCKaJl
j\lIcnepCHJI ..... ........ ............ ...... .......... ........ ..... . .. 88
2.3. Pa3nHqHbie TllnbI B3aHMoj\eHcTBHJI reHOB ..... ............. 92
24. B03HI1KHOBCHIIC KOJIH'IeCTBeHHoH H3MeHQllBOCTII nOil
j\cHcTBHeM cpej\bI HopMa PCBKL\IIH. Cpej\oBaJi
I1 Hcne pcHJI ....... ......... ........ .. ............. ........ ..... ... .. 9 4
2.5 COBMCCTHblH BKJIa,!!. reHOTllnB H cpe.ll:bI B
KOnl1QeCTBeHHYIO H3MeH'lHBOCTb. feHeTlI'leCKBJI II
cpej\oBaJi AHcnepCHH KaK COCTaBnJlIOLL\lIe
IIonynJlL\HOHHOR lj>eHoTllnll'lCCKOH AlfCnCpcllll....... .....101
3. nOKaJaTenb HacneA)'eMocTIi Hero oC06eHIIOCTII....... ..... 105
3.1. nOKa3aTenb HacneA)'eMocTIi B KOJlHQeCTBCHHoH
reHeTHKe 1\ reHe'rIlKe nOReAeHIIJI..... ........ ........ ....... 105
3.2. qYBCTBI1TenbHocTb nOKa33renJl HaCneJl,yeMoCTIl K
nPE):\HCJIOBHE............ ........... .. .................... . .... 3
...... ....
llACTb I. KP ATKASI HCTOPIDI. rEHETIlKH
IIOBE,JJ:EHllSI .................................... . 9
fJ1ABA 1. KPATl(Ajl HCTOPH>I rEHETHKH........................
nOBE.II.EHH>I ... ...... ..................... ................................. . 11
1.1. 3apmK,!!.eHlle rCHeTliKH nOBCj\eHHJI 'lenOBeKa ............. 13
I 2. CTaHoBnelil1e reHeTHKII nOBCj\eHIlJl 'lenOBeKa K3K . .
caMOCTOJITenbHOH HaY'lHOH AIICl\lmJIllHbl..................... 16
1 3. 3Tan HaKOnneHI1J1 3MnllpH'leCKOrO M3TepllaJIa ............ 22
1.4. COBpeMeHHblH 3Tan p33BHTHJI reHeTHKI1 nOBeAeHIIJI.... 25
1.5. HCTOpllJl pa3BIITIIJI reHeTHKII nOBeACHHJI B POCCHH ..... 28
- E8ZeIJUeCKOe i)BuJlCelJue .................... ...... . 28
- Hcmopufl 6Jlu3IJel108blX uCCJleOo8aJwu. ........ .... ......... 29
llACTh II. 3JIEMEHTAPHhIE OCHOBbI O:6Efi
fEHETMKM ................................................................................... 37
rJIABA 2. nPH3HAKH B nOnYJ1>IH.lIX ..................... .. 40
rJIABA 3 fEHETH'IECKA>I OCHOBA npOCTbIX
KA qECTBEHHbIX nPH3HAKOB. MATEPHAJIbHbIH
;YEiCTPATHACJIE.II.CTBEHHOCTH.... ............................ 47
. 3aKoHbI MeHj\enJi. .. .................. ... ..... .. ... .. 47
1.1. f.MeH,!\eJ1b 11 era onbITbl................... ....... .::.::::::::::::: 47
\.2. MOHOrH6pHAHOe CKpeU1HBaHlie Ii nepBbIH 3aKDH
MeHj\enJl............. ........ 49
... ...... ......................................
1.3. ,[IHrl16pH,!\Hoe cKpeLL\HBaHlle II BTOpOH JaKOH MeH,!\enli 52
2. XPOMOCOMHaJi TCOpliJi HaCne,ll,CTBeHHOCTI1. ... ........ ............ 55
2.1. B03HIIKHoBeHHe XpOMOCOMHOH TCOpHI1
Hacne,!\CTBeHHOCTH ....... ... .. .. . . ..................................55
2.2. .II.Ba THna KneTOQHoro AeneHHJI...... ............................56
2.3. XPOMOCOMbl QenOBeKa. ..... .. ...................................57
734
735

qaCTOTaM reHOTHnOB B nonYJlJI,-\I'!H .......... ......... ....... 107
3.3 'IYBcTBHTeJlbHOCTb IIOKa3aTeJlJI HaCJIeJl,yeMocTH K
H3MeHeHHJlM Cpe.!I.bI .......................... ........ ......... ..... 108
3.4. BaJKHOCTb npaOHJlbHOH HHTepnpeTa,-\HH nOKa3aTeJIJI
HaCJleJljleMocTII ............. .............................................. 112
4. reHoTHn-cpeAoBoe o3aHMOAcHCTBlle ................................... 114
4.1. BKJIa.Q reHoTIm-cpeAoBoro B3al1MOAeHCTBHJI B
IIOnYJIJI,-\HoHHyIO H3MeH'IHOOCTb........ .................... ....114
4.2. reHOTIIII-CpeJl,OoaJl KOBapHaUHJI ................... ........... ..119
3. reHeTHqeCKIiH aHaJlH3 KOB3plla,-\HoHHblX CTpYKTYP ... ... .207
3.1. reHeTllqeCKaJl MOAeJlb KOBapHlipYIOll\lIX npH3HaKoo 207
3 2. AHaJlH3 KooapHa,-\HOHHbIX CTp}'KTYP: TeOpHJI
rraTCHTHbIX nepeMeHHblx .. ....... ............. ..... . .... . . .. 209
3.3 reHeTH'leCKIiH aHaJIli3 KOBaplia,-\lIoHHbIX CTpYKTYP .211
3.4. OueHK3 napaMeTpoB: MeTOA MaKCHMaJIbHOrO
npaBAonOA0511J1............................. .... .. ..................... 214
4 CTpYKTYPHOC MOAerrlipOBaHlie .......... ....... .. ............ 215
41. MOAeJlb JlaTeHTHblX lIepeMeHHblx K HopecKora ..... 215
4.2. npHrrOJKCHHJI MOAeJIH K.HopecKom B fiCHXOreHeTHKC. 225
qACTh m. METOro>I f'EHETHKH IIOBE,L{EHIDI ........... 121
rJIABA 5. 3KCIIEPHMEHTAJIbHbIE CXEMbI rnHETIlKli
nOBE.II.EHl1JI . ......... ... ". ........ ....... ................. ......... . .....123
I. CeMcHHOc Ii reHeTliqeCKOe CXOACTBO ......... ....... .......... .....123
2. Cnoc05b1 KOJlHqeCTBeHHOH o,-\eHKII q,CHoTlifiH'IeCKOrO
CXOACTBa MeJKJljl pO,l\CTBeHHIIICaMH ..... ....... .......... ...... . .125
3. DJlII3HeUbl H 5J1li3He'-toBblii MCTOA .......... ....... ....... ..........130
3.1. DIIOJIOrHJl5J11I3He'-toBocTIi .......................... .......... ......130
3.2. KOHuenl1l1J16J11i3He'-toBoro MeTO,l\a .............. ................ 134
3.3. Pa3HOBHAHOCTH 6JIII3HeUOBoro MeTOAa.. ....................141
4. AHaJlH3 pO,l\OCnOBHblx ...... .................................... ........ 148
5. CCMeHHble IICCJleJl,OBaHHJI .... . ...... ........... ........................... 154
6. MCTOA IIplleMHbIx Ae-reH ..... ..................................... ...........157
7. COlIocTaBneHl1e pe:JYJlbTaTOB, nonY'IeHHblX pa3HbIMH
MeTOJl,aMH... ....... ......... ....... .......... ....... ......... ...... ..... 162
8. MO,l\CJll'!pOBaHHc Ha JKHBOTHblX .......... ........ .................. . ...164
9. AHaJIli3 c'-\cnJleHHJI ... ...... ...... ................... ........ ......... .170
rJIABA 6. KOJIH'IECTBEHHbIE METO.II.bI B rnHETHKE
nOBE.II.EHl1JI ........ ................. ...... ......... ......... ......... .....175
I nOCTpOeHlle MOAeJlH .......................... ......... ........ ....... .176
1.1. MOAeJlb <jJeHoTHlIllqeCKoii CTpYKTYPbl nonYJIJlL\1i1l ..... . 176
1.2. KOMnoHeHTbI rCHeTH'IeCKOH 113MeH'IIiBOCTIi .................178
13. KOMnoHeHTbI CpC,l\OBOH H3MeHQllBOCTH ................ .... .181
1.4. B3aHMO,l\eiicTBliereHOTHlIall CPC,l\bI.. ........ ...... .....183
1.5. reHOTl'ln-Cpe,l\OBaJi ICoBapHaQIIJI ....... . ...... ........ ..186
1.6. KOBaplla,-\HJI MeJKJljl pOACTBeHHHKaMIJ. . ......... ......... .187
2. BbI60p a.QeICBaTHoH MOAeJIIi ... ......... .. ....... ....... ........... 191
2.1. Me-rOAbl o'-teHKII MOllcrreii. .................. ...... ........ .191
2.2 MeTO,l\ HaliMeHbWliX KOa.D:paTOB.... . ....... . ........ .... .. 195
736
qACTh IV.lICCJIE.II.OBAHHE IIClIXOJIOI1fqECKHX
XAP AKTEPlIC'flIK B rEHETlIKE II OBEIlliR ............ 239
rJIABA 7 KorHHTHBHbIE XAPAKTEPHCTHKH .... ...243
I. npe,l\CTaBJleHIIJI 06 IIHTerrrreKTe, IIClIorrb3yeMbIe B reHeTHKe
nOBe,l\eHHJI .......................... .................... .................... .245
1.1. lJ>aICTopHO-aHaJIIiTIi'leCKHH MeTOA BbI)l.eJIeHIIJI
xapaKTepliCTliK IIHTeJlJIeKTyaJlbHOH c<jJepbI... .......246
1.2. nCHXOMCTpHQeCKlie TeOpHI1 IiHTeJIrreKTa .. . . . .. . . . .252
2. Ponb reHOTl1na H cpe)l.bI B BapliaTHBHOCTIi KorHHTHBHbIX
xapaKTepHCTIiK ........ ..... ........ .......... ..... ...... ....................258
2 I. HHTenneKT ................ ..... ....... .. ............................. ...258
22. AKaAeMIiQeCKHe AOCTHJKeHHJI .......................... ...... ... 266
2.3 KOrHlITHBHble ClIoc06HOCTH. .. ........... .... ..... .. . 269
2.4 KOrHHTliBHble CTlfJlH .... ........ ............. ..... ....274
2.5. KpeaTHBHocTb. ...... ..... .. . ... ..... ..... ....................... .277
2.6. HapyweHlie cnoco6HoCTII K 06Y'IeHHIO.............. ..........281
3 HencllxoMeTpH'IeCKlle nOAXOjl,bI K HCCJleAOBaHHIO pOJIII
rCHOTlilIa H cpe,l\bI U KorHIlTliBHOH c<jJcpe. .. .... ..... 287
rJIABA 8 TEMnEPAMEHT. ... ..... . ..... .... ... ..... 294
I. Kpl1TepHH CBOHCTB TeMlIepaMeHTa ................. ....... . . .296
2. CBOHCTBa TeMnepaMeHTa H pOJlb reHOTllIIa B IIX
AeTepMHHaQll1l ............................... .. ..' .. .. ... .. .. 302
2.1. HblO-HopKcKoe JIOHrHTIO,!\Hoe HCCJ1eAOUaHHC
TeMnepaMeHTa ..................... ....... .......... .. 303
2.2. TpexKoMnOHeHTHaJi cTpYKTypa TeMnepaMeHTa ........ 311
2.3 nCHx06HOJIOrl1QCCKaJl MOAeJIb TCMnepaMeHT3 ........ ...317
2.4. HCCJleAOOaHHc 3aTOpMOJKeHHOCTH (rapBap,!\cKoe
HanpaBneHHe HCCJIe,!\OBaHHJI TeMnepaMeHTa) ............ 321
737

2.5. JIYll3BHJIbCKOe 6JIH3HeuO!!Oe HccrreAoBaHHe .. ........... 325
2.6. HccrrcAoBaHHc TemepaMeHl'a B OTe'leCTBCHHOH
nCHxonorHII .......................... .............................. ...... 331
3. HHTcpnpeTaUI1H pC3yrrbTaToB, nOJlyqeHHhlX npH
HccrreAOBaHHH TemepaMeHTa.. .......... ............................. 338
rJIABA 9. JIH'IHOCTb ..... ... .......... ............... .............. . 349
1. HCCJlCAOBaHHH CBOHCTB JIHqHOCTH KpHTep!f3J1bHbIMII
MeTo):\aMH.....................................................................351
1.1. Pa3pa6oTK3 KpHTeplianhHbIx onpocHl1KOB. ............ 352
1.2. HCCJJeJl,OBaHliC pOJll1 reHOTIma II cpCI!hI C nOMOIl\h1O
KpIlTepmUThHbIX onpocHHKOB ......................... ........... 355
2. <DaKTOpI10-aHarrliTl1qeCKHH nOAxOA K HCcrre):\OBaI1I1IO
JIH'IHOCTH ........ .... ........................ ............................ ... ...361
21 " E ,,-
.. HOJIOrll',eCKHe cnOHCTBa JIHqHOCl'H ............. ... .... 363
2.2. CBOHCTBa JlliQHOCTH, BhI):\eJlJ!eMble B TeOp1l11 QepT.... 376
3. HHTepnpeTaUI!JI )laHHblX, nOJlYQCHHhIX npll IIccnC)lOBaHHIi
reHOTIm-CpCJI,OBLlX ):\eTCpMI1HaHT JIl1qHOCTHOH c!jJephl . ......391
IjJYH/(IjUOHaJlbHbIX kazpY31<ax ....... ... ...... .. ....... .. .. . 446
- 33T 8 cocmOJ/kUU Cka . ..... ..... ... ..... . ........... ... 447
- H3J.feHeHWl 33T noo B030eucmBueM XUMU"eCKUX
a2eHmOB ....... .. ...... ............ .......... ............ ..... 449
- B03paCmHbie 2eHemU4eCKue uccneooBaHWI
3neKmpo:JHljeljJano2paMMbl ........ . . ........ .............. .451
- CeMeuHble uccneooBaliWl 33T ... ................... ........... 455
2. DOTcHI.(l!alTbI M03ra, CBJl3aHHbJe c C06hlTlIJlMH ............... .. 458
2.1. CnyxoBble BbI3BaHHhie nOTeHUllaJlbl................. ....... 46\
- Cnyxo8ble Bb!36aHHbl£ nomeHIjUaJ!bl lia npOCmb!e
38YKOBbie cmllMyJlbl...... ......... ... ............................ 463
- OzYXOl!ble Bb138aHllble I10meliljUlVlbl Iitl peoKUe cmUMynbl .. 463
- llpU6bll<aHUe cnyxoBblx 6b13BaliliblX nomeHIjUaJl08. ... 465
- AfacHUm03HI{eljJaJl02pafpU'IeCKOe ucc.e008(mUe
Bbl38aHlibiX cnyxoBblX noneii........ . . ....... ................. 468
2.2. COMaToceHcopHhle BbI3BaHHble nOTeHI.(HaJIbI ............ 469
23. 3pHTeiIbHbIe BbJ3BRHIlblC nOTCHZ.(Harrbl. .................... 470
- 3purnenbHble 8b138aHHble l10mekljUQJlbl Ha I1pocrnbl£
BcnblUlKU c8etna ............ ............. ..... .. ......... ..... ....... 471
- 3purneRbuble Bbl3Bali/{bie nomell/{ua/lb! u tjJeHoMel/
YBenu4eHWl-YMeHbl/JeHllR ..... ..... .. .. .......... ....... .. 473
- 3pUrneJlbHbie Bbl38aHHble llOrneliljUaJlbl Ha peoKue
cmuMYJlbl.... ...... .......... .......... ........ . ...... . .....475
- 3pUrneJlbHbIe Bbl3BaH/{ble l10meHlJuanbl Ha
cmpYKmypupOBakHble 3pumeRbHb!e cmlIMynbi . ...... 476
- 3pumeRbHbie 8bl38aHHbie nOmeHlJuanbl U Olltno2eHe3.. 478
- J]Oll2umlOOkble uccneooBaHWl 3pwnenbHblx 8b136aHHblX
l1omekljUQJl08. ....... ...... ....... ........ ....... .......... .... 478
2.4. nOTeHl.(l1aJIhl M03ra, C!!Jl3aHHb!e C ,!I;BIi)l(CHl1eM (TIMC,lI,).. 480
- n omeHlJuanbl M03za, C8J/3aHHble C o8U:JICellUe.M (n M C) U
OlimO?eke3.. ... . . ........... . .......................... ......... 483
2.5. YcrroBHaJl HeraTHBHaJl BonHa (YHB) .......... .. .......... 485
2.6. n3T.cKaHHpoBaHlle.................... .......... ........... .........487
nIABA 12. CBOHCTBA HEPBHOfi CHCTEMbI ........... ..492
I. KOHl.(enUI!JI CBOHCTB HepBlioii CHCTeMhl... ........ . ......... ....492
2. Hccm:jJ;oBaHHJI porrH reHOl'l1na B ljJopMHpoBaHIIH CIIOHCTB
HepBHoH CHCTeMhI .. ..................... ..................... .................496
rJIABA 13 ABllrATEJIbHbIEXAPAKTEPHCTHKH.......509
I. HCCJIeAOIlaHlic CJlO)l(HblX nOBejJ;eHQeCKIIX HaBhIKon.... ..... 510
739
QACTb V. llCCJIEAOBAHHE IICJfXOJl3J10.JIO-
rlf1IECKHX XAPAKTEPHCTJIK B rEHETIIKE
II OBE.II.ElfiUI ............................................................................. 399
r1IABA 10. BErETATHBHAR HEPBHAJI CHCTEMA ... 406
\. nOTOBhle )l(e.rre3hI. KO)l(HO-raJIhBaHHQeCK3J1 peaKl.\wl (KrP) 406
1.2. reHoTlin Ii cpeA3 K31< !jJaKTOphl Me)l(I!H)J.IIBIiD;YaJIhHoi1
H3MeH'IIfBOCm Krp qeJIOBeKa ............... ........ .............. 408
- Krp 8 cocmOJ/HUU 110OJl ......................... ....... . ......... .. 408
- KTP npu Ope/JJ11Up060'mou U 060POHUtrl£J/bHOU pea .' 409
2. CepACQHO-COCY):\HCTaH CIfCTeMa .............. ........................ .. 41 4
2.1. reHeTlIQeCKHe HCCJICAOBaH!fS! ):\eHTeJIhHOCTH
CepJl,e'lHO-coCYAHCTOH CIiCTeMbI .. ..................... ..... 4 \ 7
- Kp08J11We da8nekue.... . ........... . ........... .. .. .... .. 418
- 'lacmomo cepiJe4l1o-cocyiJucrnblX COKPOUJEkUii ('lCC) 423
- 3J1eKmpOKapouo2paMl.la (3KT) ........ ........ ............... 427
rJIABA II. I.J;EHTPAJIbHAJ[ HEPBHAR CMCTEMA .....429
I. 3I1eKTp03Hl.(c!jJarrorpaMMa.... ......... . ........ . ........ . ....... 429
I I. Hccrre):\oBaHHJI reHeTIIQeCKOii AeTepMI1Hal.(HH 33r
QerrOBeKa ..... ... ............... ...... ........... ........................433
- 33r cocmORkW! nOKOJ/....... ................ ......... . ..... 433
- 3J1eKmpo3HljeljJano2paMMa I1pU pa3Ru4kblX
738

2. HCCrreiJ;OBaHHe CTaHiJ;apTII30BaHHbIX iJ;BHraTerrbHbIX npo6 511
3. HCCrreiJ;OBaHHJI TOHKO" KOOpJl,llHal1IUJ ................................ 520
4. MeTOiJ; KOHTporrbHoro orrH3Hel1a B HCCneiJ;OBaHI1H
iJ;BHraTCJIbHbIX IjJYHKL(HH ............. .. ....... ........ ...... .... 521
5. TpeHHpoBKa H reHoTHn-cpeAoBoe B3aHMoAeHCTBlie ....... .. 523
6. <1>H3HorrOrHqeCKlie IiCCJIeAOBaHHJI ....................................525
7. HeHpoljJ1'!3liOJIOrHQeCKHe HccrrCAOBaHHJI ............................526
qACTh VI. P A3BH111E KAK IIPE)J,MET rEHE'fHKIiI
nOBHJUI .............................................................................. 531
rJIABA 14. rEHOTI1n H CPE.II.A B HH.II.HBH.II.Y AJIbHOM
PA3BllTHI1........................... ................................................. 535
I. KOHl1enL(lIJ1 HOpMbl peaKl1l111 H pa3BIITlie .............................535
2. KaK cpeAa MOJKeT B3al1MOJl,eHCTBOBaTb C reHOTHnOM B
npol1ecce pa3BIITHJI? ..........................................................539
3. MorreKyrrJlpHble acneKTbI pa3BHTIIJI . ......... ......... ..... 541
3.1 I1>cHOTHn Ha KJIeTOQHOM ypOBHe .. .. . ........... 541
3.2. TpaHcKp1lnl1liJl, TpaHCJIJll.\l1H 11 ljJaKTopbI, BJIHHlOLL(HC
Ha 3TII npOl.\eCCbl. . . ... . .. ........ . ...... .. .., 543
3.3 PaHHHe rCHbI II IiX pOJIb B pa3BI1TI1I1.... ........... .......... 548
34 rOpMOHbI IIIIX pOJIb B reHeTHQeCKOH perYJIHL(HH .......... 551
3.5 PerynHTOpHaH ponb G-6eJIKOB .............................. ...... 553
4. MopljJoreHe3 HepBHoii CIICTeMbI 11 ljJaKTopbI, BnHJllOLL(lIe H3
3TOT npol1ecc ........ . ..... ...... ................ ............................ 554
5. POJIb M6pIIOHaJIbHOrO II HeOHaTaJIbHOrO OnblTa B p33BI1THH
nOBe):{eHIIJI.... ................ ......................................................562
6. POAIITeJIbCKHC 31jJljJCKTbl B pa3BIITlIII ..................................... 567
7. nplIHl.\lIn CIICTCMHOCTH H AHarreKTIIKa B3aHMoAeHCTBI1J1
reHOTllna II cpe):{!'1 B p33BHTHII.. .. ....... ................. 574
7 1. BapHa6eJIbHOCTb B HepBHoH CllCTeMe... ........................574
7.2. 3nHreHe3... ..... ... .. .. ...... ...... .., .......................... .. 576
7.3. TeopliJi 3nllreHC3a nYTeM ceneKTIIBHoH CTaOHIIH3al11111
CHHanCOB . .. . ...... .. . .................... .................. ... ...... 578
7.4. CJIYQaHHOCTH pa3BIITHJI . .............. .... ......... ...... .... .580
7.5. HCTOpH3M pa3BIITHJI ..... ....... ... ........... .. . . ...... .582
rJIABA 15 HCCJIE.II.OBAHHE CPE).I;bI B rEHETI1KE
nOBE.II.EHH.H ... ... .. ... . .... ...... ....... ......586
I Cpe):{oBble KOMnOHeHTbl ljJeHoTHnH'IeCKOH ):{HcnepcHH .. . .... 586
1.1. HCCJIe):{oBaHHe cpeAOBblX ycnoBllii pa3BHTHJI .. .... 587
740
1.2. POJIb p33JIH'IalOl1\cHCJI cpe,!I;bI B BapllaTIfBHoCTII
nCHXOJIOrllQeCKI1X npH3HaKoB.. ....... ........................... 590
1.3. HCCJleAOBaHlle npHpOJl,bl cpeAOBblX BJIHJlHl1ii ............. 592
2. BapHaHThl B3aHMOJl,eHCTBHJI rCHOTHna H CpCAbI .. ....... 600
2.1. reHOTHI1-cpeiJ;OBOC B3aHMOJl,cHCTBHe ..........................600
2.2. KOBapHaL(HJI (KoppeJIJlI.\HJI) reHOTlll1a H cpC,!I;bI ..........603
3. TeOpeT!lQeCKlie MOJl,CJI!I, onHCblBaIOI1\He B3allMoAeHCTBHc
reHOTHna Ii cpe,!I;bI........................ ........ ....................... ...606
3.1. npH'IIIHHO-CrreiJ;CTBeHHbIC CBH31i MCJK):{y reHOTHnOM
II cpe):{oH .. ..................................................................606
3 2 B3aIlMo):{eHcTBHe reHOTHna II cpeJJ;b! KaK IjJYHKI.\IIH
HOpMbl peaKI1HH ........................................................... 610
3.3. :6Ho-3KOnOrll'leCKHH nol\XoJl, K HCCJIe.IJ,OBaHHIO reHomn-
cpeJJ;oBoro B3aHMOJl,eHCTBHJI............................ .. .......614
3.4. C!lCTeMHbIH aHaJlH3 CpeiJ;OBOrO KOHTeKCTa... ................ 617
rJIABA 16. HCCJIE).I;OBAHI1E PA3BHTlUI B rEHETHKE
nOBE,ZJ;EHH.H ................................................................. ....623
I. 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIe nOK33aTeIII1 p33BHTHH B nCHXOJIorl111
II reHeTlIKe rrOBeJJ;eHHJI ................................. .....................624
2. Me-ro,!I;b1 HCCJIC.IJ,OBaHHJI B03paCTHblx H3MeHcHHH
B nC!lXOJIorIlH H reHeTHKe nOBeAeHHJI....... ........................ 630
2.1. CpaBHHTeJIbHO-B03paCTHOH H JIOHrHTIOMbIH MeTO,!I;bI
HCCJleiJ;OBaHII!! ............................................................ ..630
2.2. npl1MeHeHHe JIOHrHTIO.D.HOrO MeTO.IJ,a B reHeTI1Ke
nOBeJJ;eHHH ............. ....... ......... ..... ... ....... ................634
3. Hccne.IJ,OBaHHe B03paCTHblX H3MeHeHHH KorHIITIfBHbIX
xapaKTepHCTHK B reHeTHKe nOBe.IJ,eHHJI............................. 639
3.1. DJII13HCI.\OBble HCCJIeiJ;OBaHHJI ..................................... 639
3.2. COBMeCTHblH aHaJIII3 OJIH3Hel10BbIX Jl,aHHbIX H AaHHbIX,
nonY'leHHbIx B IICCne.IJ,OBaHHH npHeMHbIx AeTeH ..... ..... 645
3.3. BmpaCTHble 113MeHeHHJI B crpYKType B3allMOCBJl3eH
KorHIITHBHblX xapaKTepHcTHK .. ...... ... .......... . .....650
4 HccneAoBaHHe B03paCTHbIX H3MeHeHIIH xapaKTepHcTIIK,
OTHOCJlI1\HXCJ\ K iI!I'!HOCTHOH cljJcpc . '" '" .......... ... ... ........ 654
4.1. DJllf3HeI.\OBble I1CCJIeAOBaHI1J1, npoBeAeHHble Ha AeTJlX .. 655
4.2. HCCrreiJ;OBaHHJI npHeMHblx AeTeH ................................... 656
4.3. HCCJIeiJ;OBaHHJI illI'IHOCTHOH CljJephI rrOJJ;pOCTKOB H
B3pOCJIhIX .................................. ............. ....................662
5 K3Klle CTOpOHbI p33BHTHJI HCCJle.n.yeT reHeTllKa nOBeAeHHJI? 668
741

3AKJIIO'IEHHE.......... ......................................................... 673
CJIOBAPb rEHETH'IECKHX TEPMHHOB ......... ........... 677
CIIHCOK PEKOMEH.II.YEMOH JIHTEPATYPbI............ 691
CIIHCOK HTHPOBAHHOH JIHTEPATYPbI ................ 692
ABTOPCKHH YKA3ATEJIb ............................................... 728
,.. ....
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ni)Jlb1tU1i 'R!J(i!ijij} ilWiite )itJIiI>IM
fIlWM :IIOOC:tI.I:. :!tHC1\IU1IIRU,'
.... ;..: i"!'; ....:. 'r.tX .lIa. m:",xMJ)rn1Jsn
. 'iJRy;jp;idx, 'Y,«:611UQs: It :uu.
{:'.Q;: JJPY::)'WQ ,,w.imii; /i.. '.
. :}:)):"Hi«!:.::": JJ ..jt «cijI::::m;::::':'.
. ":' 'qlJ&:j:.ii(lfjb,. .KifHr" Hfi:jjli:ii;.' '. .::'
. ::::}:i\pBbJM: R .::HweH . aHe Mj;i'tl):..:...::.::..
:.:-:':.::.:Cltt!flKatu'uC1(aro ii3itQ:lkt1fnu,'..
". .... :npo6JJ(!Jljarllltll, :"ajljamoiJN:r;"'::::;. :/'.
:::::.: <: :(JIQIIKJtS. iIo:''l:i)lII1.eea''ro: y./.iY.f:::'. .
. :::':., :lIamnl\pRb . :npI.IQI1A\lI\.'Jj:mm::.:::}:::::'::?:'
.. ::/ :.:.1rD,t:..,.,:jQP,,: ,",JJi:I\#: :iJ9.i;::' ...:.....:.
::> ,,: ."ijii..ii: :ii: P!>.;" .... .......:.:: . '.: ..,: ..:.
. 'upH'tteHilH (JI!f.!k . . ::.:.:.:.: :.... . ....:: . .
.. . . OtbJB. '.LWCI;I4a't.. 'Rb: :ti:i:{/:. ::. .:.
lOa9, MKW(,; MQODII:..' t)
. . . op".B, )Ja6Qa1:pJnl: BUa.9.' .
neRXQfe:r..jffi::::::::::{ . :.......::..... . ': ' .
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MaJIbIX Cepreli EOpI'!COBII'I,
Eropoaa Mapl1Ha CepreCBHa,
MellIl<OBa TaTbJlHa AneKCaH,D;pOBHa
OCHOBM nCHXOrEHETHKH
TeXHII'IeCKHH peJl,aKTOp C..nbJ!HK08a
OpHrJman-MaKeT A E. 'lepel108
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21.11.97. IIo,!\nl1c3Ho B neqaTb 08.06.98.
$OpM3T 60x90'j". rapHllTypa ni1MC.
IiYMaI'a TIfnorp.!WI. IIeq3Tb olj>ceTH3>!.YCJI.-
neq.JI. 46,5 Tllp3Jl(3000K3. Tlln.3a1< 312c.
Ii3.n:3TCJlbCTBO "3nl1/1aap". 109017 MocKBa,
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